bdkà 2 fo|kifr dk dkO;

bdkà dh :ijs[kk

2-0 mn~ns';

2-1 çLrkouk

2-2 fo|kifr dk thou ifjp;

2-3 fo|kifr dk le; vkSj jpuk lalkj

2-4 fo|kifr ds dkO; esa Ük`x

a kj

2-5 fo|kifr ds dkO; esa HkfDr

2-6 fo|kifr ds dkO; esa yksd thou

2-7 fo|kifr dh Hkk"kk vkSj dkO; lkSan;Z

2-8 fo|kifr dh dfork dk okpu vkSj vkLoknu

2-9 lkjka'k

2-10 'kCnkoyh

2-11 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

2-12 cksèk ç'uksa ds mÙkj

2-0 mn~ns';

bl bdkbZ dks i<+dj vki %

37
  egkdfo fo|kifr ds laf{kIr thou-ifjp; vkSj mudh thou-dFkk ls tqM+h dqN
Çdonafr;ksa ls ifjfpr gks ldsaxs(
 fo|kifr ds jpukRed nkSj dh fofoèk ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls voxr gks ldsaxs(
 fo|kifr inkoyh esa Ük`x
a kj ds fofoèk :iksa ls ifjfpr gks ldsaxs(
 fo|kifr inkoyh esa HkfDr dh fofoèk èkkjkvksa ls voxr gks ldsx
a s(
 fo|kifr inkoyh esa fpf=r çse vkSj lkSan;Z esa dfo ds tuljksdkj dh tkudkjh
gkfly dj ldsx
a s(
 fo|kifr ds jpuk dkS'ky] 'kCn-la;kstu dh NVk] vkSj muds in-ykfyR; dks tku
ldsax(s vkSj
 fo|kifr ds dqN pqus gq, inksa dh vFkZ-Nfo;ksa ls ifjfpr gks ldsaxsA

2-1 çLrkouk

fganh lkfgR;sfrgkl esa 993 bZ- ls 1318 bZ- ¼vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy ds vuqlkj½ rd ds le;

dks vkfndky ekuk tkrk gSA dkO;-ço`fÙk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy us

fganh lkfgR; ds bl ;qx dks ftu ckjg xzaFkksa dh ço`fÙk;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq,

ohjxkFkkdky dgk gS] muesa ls nks xzFa k& ^dhÆryrk* vkSj ^dhÆrirkdk*]

egkdfo fo|kifr dh çfl) —fr;k¡ gSaA ;s nksuksa —fr;k¡ ohjxkFkk ekuh xà gSa]

tcfd ^dhÆrirkdk* Ük`axkfjd jpuk gSA ijarq rc ls ysdj vc rd ds lekt esa

fo|kifr dh yksdfç;rk dk ewy vkèkkj Ük`axkj] HkfDr vkSj ohj-jl ls vksr-çksr mudh

dkseydkar ^inkoyh* gSA fo|kifr Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh Ük`axkj ,oa HkfDr ijaijk ds çeq[k

LraHk FksA jktnjckj ls ysdj vke ukxfjd ds nSuafnu thou rd esa mudh ^inkoyh* us

laLdkj dh rjg txg ik yh Fkh] ftldk çHkko vkt Ng 'krkCnh ls vfèkd dk le;

chr tkus ds ckotwn cjdjkj gSA ml nkSj dh çpfyr Hkk"kk,¡& laL—r] çk—r vkSj viHkz'a k
38
ij mudk ekr`Hkk"kk eSfFkyh ds leku vfèkdkj FkkA mudh jpuk,¡ laL—r] vogV~B] vkSj

eSfFkyh& rhu Hkk"kkvksa esa feyrh gSaA mudh jpukvksa esa ledkyhu tuthou vkSj Hkk"kk dk

foy{k.k Lo:i ns[kk tk ldrk gSA HkDr leqnk; us mUgsa oS".ko vkSj 'kSo HkfDr ds lsrqcaèk

ds :i esa LohdkjkA *nsfly c;uk lc tu feV~Bk* dk lw= nsdj mUgksaus yksdHkk"kk dh

tupsruk tkxzr dhA vkt Hkh eSfFky yksdkpkjksa esa mudh Ük`axkj vkSj HkfDr dh jpuk,¡

cjcl xw¡tus yxrh gSAa vkxs bl ikB esa Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds çLFkku-fcanq r; djus okys

,sls gh egku jpukdkj egkdfo fo|kifr ds thou vkSj mudh inkoyh ij ppkZ dh tk

jgh gSA

2-2 fo|kifr dk thou ifjp;

dfo dksfdy fo|kifr dk iwjk uke fo|kifr Bkdqj FkkA os fclbokj oa'k ds fo".kq Bkdqj

dh vkBoÈ ih<+h dh larku FksA mudh ekrk xaxk nsoh vkSj firk x.kifr Bkdqj FksA oSls

jkeo`{k csuhiqjh mudh ek¡ dk uke gk¡fluh nsoh crkrs gSa] ij fo|kifr ds in dh Hkfurk

¼gkflu nsoh ifr x#M+ujk;u nsoÇlg ujifr½ ls Li"V gksrk gS fd gk¡fluh nsoh egkjkt

nsoÇlg dh iRuhs dk uke FkkA dgrs gSa fd x.kifr Bkdqj us dfiys'oj egknso ¼orZeku

eèkqcuh ftyk esa vDfLFkr½ dh ?ku?kksj vkjkèkuk dh Fkh] rc tkdj ,sls iq= jRu dh

çkfIr gqÃA

muds tUe-LFkku dks ysdj nsj rd fookn pyrk jgkA yksx mUgsa caxyk ds dfo çekf.kr

djus dk dBksj Je djrs jgsA njvly Ük`axkj-jl ls vksr-çksr mudh jkèkk-—".k fo"k;d

^inkoyh* fefFkyk ds daB-daB esa O;ki xà FkhA mu fnuksa fo|kè;;u djus caxky ds

39
f'k{kkFkÊ fefFkyk vk;k djrs FksA dkO; lapj.k dh çfØ;k tks Hkh jgh gks] ij mUgÈ fnuksa

çcy —".kHkDr pSrU; egkizHkq ds dkuksa esa fo|kifr ds inksa dh eksgd èofu iM+hA os

ea=eqXèk gks mBs vkSj <w¡<-<w¡<dj fo|kifr ds in dhÙkZu dh rjg xkus yxsA ;g ijaijk

pSrU;nso dh f'k";-ijaijk esa Hkyh Hkk¡fr Qfyr gqÃA dà HkDrksa us rks ml çHkko esa dhÙkZuksa

dh jpuk Hkh dÈA QyLo:i caxh; inksa esa fo|kifr ds dkO;-dkS'ky dk opZLo LFkkfir

gks x;kA tc LFkku-fuèkkZj.k dh ckr pyh rks vkuu-Qkuu caxns'kh; fcLQh jktk f'koÇlg

vkSj jkuh yf[kek ryk'k yh xb± vkSj fo|kifr dks caxyk dk dfo çekf.kr fd;k tkus

yxkA vuqeku fd;k tk ldrk gS fd caxyk vkSj eSfFkyh dh fyfi;ksa esa dqN gn rd

lkE; gksuk Hkh blesa lgk;d gqvk gksxkA ij egkegksikè;k; gjçlkn 'kkL=h] tfLVl

'kkjnkpju fe=] uxsaæ ukFk xqIr tSls caxh; fo}kuksa us viuh Hkkxhnkjh ls ;g fookn

lekIr dj fn;k rFkk bUgksua s Li"V dgk fd fo|kifr fefFkyk-fuoklh FksA bl fo"k; ij

loZçFke M‚- fxz;lZu us ppkZ 'kq: dh] vkSj O;ofLFkr rdZ ds lkFk fo|kifr dk fcgkjoklh

gksuk çekf.kr fd;kA

fo|kifr dk tUe-LFkku fcLQh ¼ftyk& eèkqcuh] eaMy& njHkaxk] fcgkj½ gSA jkT;kfHk"ksd

ds yxHkx rhu ekg ckn jktk f'koÇlg us Jko.k lqfn lIreh] o`gLifrokj] ya-la- 293

¼1403 bZ-½ dks rkezi= fy[kdj xtjFkiqj dk ;g xk¡o fcLQh fo|kifr dks fn;k FkkA

egkiq#"kksa ds thou-e`R;q dk dky fuèkkZfjr djrs le; vDlj gekjs ;gk¡ nqfoèkk jgrh gS]

fo|kifr mlds viokn ugÈ gSaA fo}kuksa us bl ij i;kZIr rdZ-fordZ fd;k gSA

fdarq vogV~B esa fy[kh mUgÈ dh ,d dfork dh dqN çkjafHkd iafDr;ksa ds vkèkkj ij

40
mudk tUe 1350 bZ- ¼y{e.k laor 241] 'kd laor 1272½ r; gksrk gSA blls vfèkd

çekf.kd dksà x.kuk ugÈ gks ldrhA

fo|kifr cpiu ls gh dq'kkxzcqf) vkSj jpukèkeÊ LoHkko ds FksA mUgksua s çkjafHkd f'k{kk

egkegksikè;k; gfj feJ ls gkfly dhA muds Hkrhts egkegksikè;k; i{kèkj feJ

fo|kifr ds lgikBh FksA nl-ckjg o"kZ dh ckY;koLFkk ls gh os vius firk x.kifr Bkdqj

ds lkFk egkjkt x.ks'oj ds njckj esa tkus yxs FksA mudh çfl) —fr *dhÆryrk* esa

pkSngoÈ 'krkCnh ds mÙkjkèkZ ds fefFkyk ds {ks=h; tuthou dh vjktd fLFkfr dk nk#.k

fooj.k ntZ gSA *ckypan foTtkoM+ Hkklk] nqgq ufg yXxM+ nqTtu gklk* tSlh xoksZfDr ls

fo|kifr ds vkRefo'okl ds lkFk-lkFk ;g vFkZ Hkh yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd blls iwoZ

mudh dksà egRoiw.kZ jpuk çdk'k esa ugÈ vkà FkhA bu iafDr;ksa dk ,d fufgrkFkZ ;g Hkh

yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd fo}Rlekt esa Ã";kZ o'k fo|kifr ds fy, dqN vokafNr fVIif.k;k¡

Hkh gqà gksaxh] ftl dkj.k mUgsa lTtu-nqtZu dh ?kks"k.kk djuh iM+h gksxhA *dhÆrirkdk*

dk jpukdky Hkh ;gh ekuk tkrk gS] tcfd bl —fr dh vafre iqf"idk esa f'koÇlg dk

;'kksxku gqvk gSA

muds in *Hkub fo|kifr lquq eankfdfu* rFkk *nqYyfg rksgj dr, NfFk ek,* ls Kkr

gksrk gS fd mudh iRuh dk uke eankfdfu vkSj iq=h dk uke nqYyfg FkkA muds iq= dk

uke gjifr vkSj iq=oèkw dk uke panzdyk FkkA 1439 bZ- ¼y{e.k laor~ 329½ ds dkÆrd

èkoy =;ksn'kh ds fnu egkdfo fo|kifr dk volku gqvkA Çdonafr;ksa esa lquk tkrk gS

fd mudh fprk ij vdLekr f'koÇyx çdV gks x;kA ogk¡ vkt Hkh f'koeafnj gSA Qkxqu

eghus esa ogk¡ esyk yxrk gSA igys ogk¡ NksVk-lk eafnj gqvk djrk Fkk] cgqr ckn ds fnuksa
41
esa ckys'oj pkSèkjh uked fdlh tehankj us ogk¡ cM+k-lk eafnj cuokdj]

egkdfo fo|kifr dk ukeksfu'kku feVkdj ml eafnj dk uke ckys'ojukFk j[k fn;kA

lquk ;g Hkh tkrk gS fd ch-,u-MCY;w- jsy iVjh dk çkjafHkd uD'kk fo|kifr dh fprk ls

xqtj jgk FkkA jsyiFk fuekZ.k gsrq tc ogk¡ ds isM+ksa dh Mkysa dkVh tkuh yxÈ] rks Vgfu;ksa

ls [kwu fudyus yxs] vkSj jsy-fuekZ.k ds bathfu;j ?ku?kksj :i ls chekj iM+ x,A fQj

ogk¡ jsyiFk dks Vs<k+ fd;k x;kA

2-3 fo|kifr dk le; vkSj jpuk lalkj

fo|kifr dk ;qx u dsoy fefFkyk ds fy,] cfYd iwjs Hkkjro"kZ ds fy, lkekftd] vkÆFkd

vkSj lkaL—frd& gj –f"V ls mFky-iqFky ls Hkjk FkkA flyflysokj vkØe.k ds dkj.k

iwjk tuthou gj le; ng'kr esa iM+k jgrk FkkA fnYyh ls ysdj caxky rd dh ;k=k

esa vkØe.kdkfj;ksa vkSj vkØkarkvksa ds t;-ijkt; dh rks viuh fLFkfr Fkh] ij ml ng'kr

esa lkekU; ukxfjd Hkh eu ls O;ofLFkfr ugÈ jg ikrs FksA vkØe.k dks tkrs gq, mRlkg

esa vkSj ykSVrs le; ijkt; dh grk'kk esa lSfud dgk¡ & fdruk & fdldks vkgr djrs

Fks] mUgsa irk ugÈ gksrkA ih<+h-nj-ih<+h vgadkj-rqf"V vkSj opZLo-LFkkiuk ds fy, rjg-

rjg ds xBcaèku cu jgs FksA lkearksa dks Hkh rks viuh vfLerk dk;e j[kuh gksrh FkhA ij

bu lcds chp lkfgR; ,oa dyk ds fy, txg Hkh curh jgrh FkhA tkfr-O;oLFkk vkSj

dBksj gks jgh Fkh] ij jktuhfrd –f"Vdks.k ls mlesa ifjorZu dh vis{kk ns[kh tk jgh FkhA

fgan-w eqlyeku ds chp ,d-nwljs dks le>us dh uà n`f"V fodflr gks jgh FkhA vkÆFkd-

lkekftd t:jrksa ds pyrs nksuksa ,d-nwljs ds djhc vk jgs FksA dyk] lkfgR;] laL—fr]

42
èkeZ rFkk n'kZu lacèa kh ekU;rkvksa dks ysdj nksuksa ds chp laokn dh cM+h t:jr vku iM+h

Fkh( ftlesa lkfgR; dh egrh Hkwfedk vfuok;Z FkhA ,sls le; esa fo|kifr dh vU; jpukvksa

dk tks ;ksxnku gS] og rks gS gh] mudh ^inkoyh* us çse] HkfDr vkSj uhfr ds lgkjs cM+k

dke fd;kA inykfyR;] ekèkq;Z] Hkk"kk dh lgtrk] eksgd xs;èkÆerk ls eqXèk gksdj

ledkyhu vkSj vuqorÊ lkfgR;-dyk çseh ,oa HkDrtu Hkk"kk] Hkwxksy] laçnk;] ekU;rk]

tkfr-èkeZ ds caèku rksM+dj fo|kifr ds in xkus yxs FksA mudk ,d ?kksj Ük`axkfjd in

gS& *fd dgc gs lf[k vkuan vksj] fpj fnus ekèko eafnj eksj---* ¼gs lf[k] cgqr fnuksa ckn

ekèko eq>s vius d{k esa feys] eSa vius ml vkuan dh dFkk rqEgsa D;k lqukÅ¡!½A fdarq

pSrU; egkçHkq bl in dks xkrs-xkrs bl rjg foHkksj gks tkrs Fks fd mUgsa ewNkZ vk tkrh

FkhA

fo|kifr ,d rjQ vks;uckj oa'k ds dà jktkvksa dh 'kkldh; uhfr ns[kdj vuqHko-

laiUu gq, Fks] rks nwljh rjQ ledkyhu vkÆFkd] jktuhfrd] 'kkldh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds

chp yksd-o`Ùk ds lw{e euksHkkoksa dks vuqjkxe; –f"V ls ns[k jgs FksA njckj laiksf"kr

jpukdkj gksus ds ckotwn pkj.ko`fÙk mudk LoHkko u FkkA flyflysokj vkØe.k ds ccZj

le; esa ng'kriw.kZ thou O;rhr dj jgs tuekul dh tSlh n'kk os ns[k jgs Fks] mlesa

cM+s dkS'kyiw.kZ <ax ls lkekftd nkf;Ro fuHkkus dh t:jr FkhA bfrgkl lk{kh gS fd gj

dky ds cqf)thoh ledkyhu lekt vkSj 'kklu ds fnXn'kZd gksrs vk, gSaA çR;{k

ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Li"Vr% mifLFkfr 'kkldh; mUekn vkSj yksd thou dh grk'kk dks vuns[kk

dj u, lacaèkksa dh lqLFkkiuk gsrq lkSna ;Z vkSj çse ls csgrj dqN Hkh ugÈ gksrk( QyLo:i

fo|kifr us çse dks gh vius jpuk-laèkku dk eq[; fo"k; cuk;kA laL—r] vogV~B vkSj

43
eSfFkyh& rhu Hkk"kkvksa esa jfpr mudh jpuk,¡ xokg gSa fd os deZdkaM] èkeZ'kkL=] n'kZu]

U;k;] lkSna ;Z'kkL=] laxhr'kkL= vkfn ds çdkaM iafMr FksA HkfDr jpuk] Ük`axkfjd jpukvksa

esa feyu-fojg ds lw{e euksHkko] jfr-vfHklkj ds fo'kn fp=.k] —frRo-o.kZu ls jktiq#"kksa

dk mRlkg o)Zu vkSj uhfr 'kkL=ksa }kjk mUgsa dÙkZO;cksèk nsuk] lkekU; tuthou ds

vkgkj-O;ogkj dh i)fr;k¡ crkuk vkfn gj {ks= dh lehphu tkudkfj;k¡ mudh dkyt;h

jpukvksa esa ntZ gSaA 'kkL= vkSj yksd ds lai.w kZ foLrkj ij mudk vlkèkkj.k vfèkdkj FkkA

mudh çeq[k lkfgfR;d —fr;k¡ gSa& ^dhÆryrk*] ^dhÆrirkdk*] ^HkwifjØek*] ^iq#"k ijh{kk*]

^fy[kukoyh*] ^xksj{k fot;*] ^ef.keatjh ukfVdk*] ^inkoyh*A èkeZ'kkL=h; çeq[k —fr;k¡ gSa&

^'kSoloZLolkj*] ^'kSoloZLolkj-çek.kHkwr laxzg*] ^xaxkokD;koyh*] ^foHkkxlkj*]

^nkuokD;koyh*] ^nqxkZHkfDrrjafx.kh*] ^o"kZ—R;*] ^x;kiÙkkyd*A bu lc esa lokZfèkd yksdfç;

jpuk mudh ^inkoyh* ekuh xbZA

cks/k iz'u

1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds lkFk mÙkj ds :Ik esa fn, x, fodYiksa esa ls lgh fodYi dk

pquko dhft,A

¼d½ ^dhfrZirkdk* fdl izdkj dh jpuk gS\

¼i½ gkL;ijd ¼ii½ uhfrijd ¼iii½ Üka`xkfjd ¼iv½ HkfDrijd

¼[k½ fo|kifr dh jpuk,¡ buesa ls fdl Hkk"kk esa ugha feyrh gSa\

44
 ¼i½ laLÑr ¼ii½ vo/kh ¼iii½ vogV~B ¼iv½ eSfFkyh

¼x½ fo|kifr dh fdl jpuk esa pkSngoha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk)Z ds fefFkyk {ks= dh

vjktd fLFkfr dk o.kZu feyrk gS\

¼i½ inkoyh ¼ii½ dhfrZyrk ¼iii½ iq:"k ijh{kk ¼iv½ xksj{k fot;

¼?k½ fdlds laca/k esa ;g izfl) gS fd os fo|kifr ds in dks xkrs-xkrs ewfNZr

gks tkrs Fks\

¼i½ pSrU; egkizHkq ¼ii½ ukenso ¼iii½ uannkl ¼iv½ buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

¼³½ eSfFkyh Hkk"kk ds vfrfjDr vU; fdl Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk ds yksxksa us fo|kifr dks

viuh Hkk"kk dk dfo ekuk\

¼i½ ejkBh ¼ii½ jktLFkkuh ¼iii½ fla/kh ¼iv½ caxyk

2- fo|kifr dh izeq[k jpukvksa dk ifjp; nl iafDr;ksa esa nhft,A

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45
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2-4 fo|kifr ds dkO; esa Ük`axkj

fo|kifr dh ^inkoyh* ds in nks rjg ds gSa& Ük`axkfjd in vkSj HkfDr inA blds vykok

dqN ,sls in Hkh gS]a ftuesa ç—fr] lekt] uhfr] laxhr vkfn thou-ewY;ksa dks js[kkafdr

fd;k x;k gSA Ük`x

a kfjd inksa esa o;%lafèk] ukf;dk-Hksn] u[k-f'k[k o.kZu] feyu-vfHklkj]

eku-euqgkj] la;ksx-fo;ksx] fojg-çokl vkfn dk foy{k.k fp= mdsjk x;k gSA ,sls inksa

dh la[;k lk<+s lkr lkS ls vfèkd gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd vius fç; l[kk jktk f'koÇlg

ds frjksèkku ¼1406 bZ-½ ds ckn ls fo|kifr us dksà Ük`axkfjd in ugÈ jpk( ckn ds le;

dh mudh lkjh gh jpuk,¡ HkfDr-çèkku in gSa] ;k fQj uhfr] 'kkL=] èkeZ] vkpkj ls lacafèkr

fopkjA HkfDr-çèkku inksa dh la[;k yxHkx vLlh gS(a ftlesa f'ko-ikoZrh yhyk] upkjh]

jke-oanuk] —".k-oanuk] nqxkZ] dkyh] HkSjfo] Hkokuh] tkudh] xaxk oanuk vkfn 'kkfey gSaA

'ks"k inksa esa _rq-o.kZu] csesy fookg] lkekftd thou-çlax] jhfr-uhfr-laHkk"k.k-f'k{kk

vkfn js[kkafdr gSA

muds Ük`axkfjd inksa ds çse vkSj lkSan;Z-foospu ds vkèkkj jkèkk-—".k fo"k;d in gSaA

xkSjryc gS fd iwjs Hkkjrh; ok³~e; esa jkèkk-—".k dh mifLFkfr ikSjkf.kd xfjek vkSj fo".kq

ds vorkj& —".k dh vykSfdd 'kfDr ,oa yhyk ds lkFk gSA ij] fo|kifr ds jkèkk-—".k
46
vykSfdd ugÈ gSa] iwjh rjg ykSfdd gSa] muds çse-O;kikj ds lkjs çlax lkekU; ukxfjd

dh rjg gSaA iwjh ^inkoyh* esa çse vkSj lkSan;Z o.kZu ds fdlh fcanq ij os vkReyhu ugÈ

fn[kkbZ nsrsA gj in esa jlK vkSj jlHkksDrk ds :i esa fdlh u fdlh jktk] lqyrku dh

nqgkà nsrs gSa( ;k uk;d-ukf;dk dks çcksèku-mins'k nsrs gSaA iwjh ^inkoyh* esa çse-O;kikj

ds gj miØe& foHkko] vuqHkko] n'kZu] Jo.k] vuqjfDr] laHkk"k.k] Lej.k] vfHklkj] fojg]

osnuk] feyu] mYykl] lqjfr-ppkZ] lqjfr-ckèkk] vk'kk-fujk'kk ;k fQj lkSan;Z-o.kZu ds gj

Lo:i& ukf;dk Hksn] o;%laf/k] l|%Lukrk] dkenXèkk] uo;kSouk] çxYHkk] vk:<+k] Lodh;k]

ijdh;k vkfn dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, fo|kifr lrr rVLFk gh nh[krs gSaA iwjh ^inkoyh*

esa fo|kifr Hkxon~xhrksins'k ds —".k dh rjg fyIr gksdj Hkh fuÆyIr çrhr gksrs gSaA gj

le; os vius uk;d-ukf;dk ds euksHkkoksa dks js[kkafdr dj ,d lans'k nsrs gq, nh[krs gSaA

thou esa lkSna ;Z vkSj çse ds f'k[kjLFk Lo:i dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, os lHkh inksa esa thou-

ewY; dk lans'k nsrs çrhr gksrs gSaA ukxfjd eu ls grk'kk feVkus vkSj jktkvks]a lqyrkuksa

ds ân; esa ekuoh; dkseyrk Hkjus dk blls csgrj mik; laHkor% ml nkSj esa vkSj dqN

ugÈ gks ldrk FkkA blfy, fo|kifr jfpr ^inkoyh* ds vuq'khyu dh i)fr mlesa fpf=r

çse-çlax vkSj lkSna ;Z-fu:i.k esa dkeqdrk ls ijkaXeq[k gksdj thou-ewY; dh ryk'k gksuh

pkfg,A vke ukxfjd dh rjg mudh ukf;dk fojg esa O;fFkr-O;kdqy gksrh gS vkSj uk;d

dk Lej.k djrh gS] mUgsa ikus dk m|e djrh gS] fdlh rjg dh vykSfddrk muds çse

dks Nwrh rd ugÈA mUgsa panu-ysi Hkh fo"k-ck.k dh rjg nkgd yxrk gS] xgus cks> yxrs

gSa] lius esa Hkh —".k n'kZu ugÈ nsrs] mUgsa vius thus dh fLFkfr 'ks"k ugÈ nh[krhA var esa

dfo ukf;dk dks xq.korh crkdj feyu dh lkaRouk ds lkFk çcksèku nsrs gSaA feyu dh

47
fLFkfr esa çsekrqj ukf;dk lHkh izdkj ls lq[kkuqHko ysrh gSA HkkoksYykl ls Hkjh ukf;dk

vius fç;re dh mifLFfr dk lq[k vyx-vyx bafæ;ksa ls çkIr dj jgh gS& :i fugkjrh

gS] cksy lqurh gS] olar dh eknd xaèk ikrh gS] ;RuiwoZd ØhM+k-lq[k esa yhu gksrh gS]

jfldtu ds jlHkksx dk vuqeku djrh gSA tkfgj gS fd ;kstukc) <ax ls viuh

jpuk'khyrk esa vkxs c<+ jgs dfo dks vius mn~ns'; dh izkfIr gsrq foy{k.k :i ls laiUu

Hkk"kk ds lkFk-lkFk vfHkO;fDr ds lHkh vo;oksa ij iw.kZ vf/kdkj FkkA

2-5 fo|kifr ds dkO; esa HkfDr

HkfDr vkSj Ük`axkj& Hkys gh nks Hkko gksa] ij nksuksa dk mRl ,d gh gSA nksuksa dk ewy vuqjkx

vkSj leiZ.k gSA nksuksa gh Hkko O;fDr ds eu esa çse ls 'kq: gksrs gSaA oSls rks vHkh Hkh dqN

yksx fey tk,¡xs tks HkfDr vkSj çse dks nks fn'kkvksa dk O;kikj ekurs gSaA os lksprs gSa fd

tc rd euq"; dks Kku ugÈ gksrk] ;qokoLFkk ds mUekn esa og L=h ds :i tky esa eksgo'k

Q¡lk jgrk gS] Hkksx esa fyIr jgrk gS( tc vk¡[ksa [kqyrh gSa] Kku p{kq [kqyrs gSa] rc og

HkfDr-Hkko ls Ã'oj dh vksj eqMr+ k gSA ij ,slk lkspuk loZFkk mfpr ugÈ gSA okLrfod

vFkks± esa nksuksa gh miØeksa dk çLFkku fcanq ,d gh gS] O;kikj Øe ,d gh gSA nksuksa dk

fØ;k-O;kikj çse ds dkj.k gh gksrk gS vkSj nksuksa gh esa leiZ.k Hkko jgrk gS] Lohdkj Hkko

jgrk gSA çse esa çsfedk] çseh ds çfr leÆir gksrh gS ;k çseh çsfedk ds çfr] Bhd blh

rjg HkfDr esa HkDr] Hkxoku ds çfr leÆir gksrs gSaA ehjkackà dh dkO; lkèkuk dk mnkgj.k

gekjs lkeus gS] mUgsa —".k dh fç;k ekusa vFkok —".k dh HkDr] la'k; gj fLFkfr esa ekStwn

jgsxkA

48
fo|kifr dh ^inkoyh* esa HkfDr vkSj Ük`axkj ds chp dh foHkktd js[kk dks le>uk FkksMk+

dfBu gSA ekèko dh çkFkZuk ^rksfg tufe iquq rksfg lekvksr] lkxj ygfj lekuk* esa HkfDr

vkSj Ük`axkj ds bl l?ku Hkko dks le>k tk ldrk gSA mRl esa foyhu gks tkus dk ;g

,dkRe] vkRek vkSj ijekRek dh ;g ,dkRerk muds ;gk¡ Ük`axkfjd inksa esa cM+h vklkuh

ls feyrh gSA vius çse-b"V ds çfr mikfldk dk leiZ.k blh rjg dk HkfDriw.kZ leiZ.k

gSA

vU; HkfDrdkyhu dfo;ksa dh rjg fo|kifr ds ;gk¡ u rks Li"V ,ds'ojokn fn[ksxk] u

gh vU; Ük`axkfjd dfo;ksa dh rjg yksyqi HkksxoknA ,d Mwcs gq, dkO; jfld ds bl

leiZ.k esa ,slh thoukuqHkwfr gS fd dgÈ HkfDr] Ük`axkj ij vkSj T;knkrj txgksa ij Ük`axkj]

HkfDr ij p<+rk utj vkrk gSA muds ;gk¡ HkfDr vkSj Ük`axkj dh èkkjk,¡ dÃ-dà fn'kkvksa

esa QwVdj muds thoukuqHko dks QSykrh gSa vkSj dfo ds fojkV vuqHko lalkj dks n'kkZrh

gSaA

HkfDr vkSj Ük`axkj ds tks ekunaM vkt ds çoDrkvksa dh jk; esa O;kIr gS]a ml vkèkkj ij

egkdfo fo|kifr ds dkO; lalkj dks ck¡Vsa] rks jkèkk-—".k fo"k;d T;knkrj xhr Ük`axkfjd

gSa] ij tks HkfDr xhr gSa] muesa çeq[k gSa& f'ko Lrqfr] xaxk Lrqfr] dkyh oanuk] —".k çkFkZuk

vkfnA HkfDr vkSj Ük`axkj ds fo"k; esa oLrqr% geus dqN èkkj.kk,¡ c)ewy dj yh gSaA fo|kifr

ds u[k-f'k[k o.kZuksa ds dkj.k dqN yksxksa dks mudh HkfDr-Hkkouk ij gh 'kd gksus yxrk

gSA ij fo|kifr ds dkO; dks le>us ds fy, rRdkyhu dkO; dh e;kZnkvksa dks le>uk

t:jh gSA fo|kifr ds ;gk¡ tc-rc HkfDrijd inksa esa Ük`axkj vkSj HkfDr dk la?k"kZ Hkh

ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA Ük`x

a kfjd xhrksa esa lkSan;Z] leiZ.k] je.k] foykl] fojg] feyu ds brus
49
i{kksa esa rYyhu fo|kifr( *dh ;kSou fi; nwjs* ds dfo fo|kifr( HkfDrijd xhrksa esa ,dne

ls fouhr gks tkrs gSa( iwoZ esa fd, x, je.k-foykl dks loZFkk fujFkZd crkrs gq, *rksgs

Hktc dksu csyk* dgdj iNrkrs gSa( ^rkry lSdr okfj fcanq le lqr fer jef.k lekts*

dg nsrs gSaA Ük`axkfjd xhrksa dh ukf;dk ds euksosx dks thou nsusokys fo|kifr ml ^jef.k*

dks rIr ckyw ij ikuh dh cwn¡ ds leku dgdj Hkxoku ds 'kj.kkxr gksrs gSaA *ve`r rsft

fd, gykgy ihmy* dgdj egkdfo Lo;a Ük`x

a kj vkSj HkfDr ds lkjs }Sèk dks [kRe dj

nsrs gSaA ;gk¡ dfo dh 'kkyhurk Li"V nh[krh gSA nks dky[kaMksa vkSj nks eu%fLFkfr;ksa esa

,d gh jpukdkj }kjk jpukèkeZ dk ;g QdZ dfo dk i'pkrki ugÈ] mudh rYyhurk

çnÆ'kr djrk gS fd og tgk¡ dgÈ gS] eqdEey gSA

2-6 fo|kifr ds dkO; esa yksd thou

fo|kifr dk jpuk-Qyd cgqvk;keh FkkA thou O;ogkj ds gj igyw ij mudh –

f"V lkoèkku jgrh FkhA njckj-laiksf"kr gksus ds ckotwn mudk ,d Hkh jpukRed m|e

dgÈ pkj.k-èkeZ esa fyIr ugÈ gqvkA gj jpuk ls mUgksaus ledkyhu fpard] lkekftd

vfHkdrkZ] vkSj jktdh; lykgdkj dh ç[kj uSfrdrk dk fuokZg fd;kA yksd thou dh

O;kogkfjdrk] ykfyR;iiw.kZ vFkksZRd"kZ rFkk peRdkfjd lkaxhfrdrk ls Hkjs muds in vke

tu thou esa vR;ar yksdfç; gq,A mudh inkoyh esa O;fDr ds lkekftd thou-;kiu

ds vusd çdj.k& tUe] ukedj.k] eqaMu] miu;u] fookg] iwtk-ikB] yksdksRlo vkfn

miyCèk gSaA vkt Hkh eSfFky tu thou dk dksà mRlo fo|kifr ds xhr ds fcuk laiUu

ugÈ gksrkA jpukdky dh lqfuf'pr tkudkjh miyCèk u gksus ds ckotwn dgk tk ldrk

50
gS fd ;s in ,d yacs le;-Qyd esa jfpr gSaA fefFkyk lesr iwjs iwok±pyh; çns'kksa&

caxky] vle ,oa mM+hlk esa oS".ko lkfgR; ds fodkl esa Hkko ,oa Hkk"kk ekèkq;Z ds dkj.k

fo|kifr dh ^inkoyh* dk viwoZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA oS".ko HkDrksa ds ç;kl ls bu xhrksa dk

çpkj-çlkj eFkqjk-o`na kou rd gqvkA çkIr tkudkjh ds vuqlkj muds inksa dh la[;k

yxHkx ukS lkS gSaA f'koÇlg ds frjksèkku ds ckn vusd o"kks± rd mUgksaus lkaLÑfrd :i ls

le`) {ks= usiky dh rjkÃ] jktcukSyh esa jgdj jpukdeZ fd;kA

cks/k iz'u

3- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds vkxs lgh ¼½ vFkok xyr ¼½ dk fu'kku yxkb,A

¼d½ fo|kifr dh ^inkoyh* esa flQZ Üka`xkfjd jpuk,¡ gSaA ¼ ½

¼[k½ fo|kifr ds inksa esa Üka`xkj-foospu dk vk/kkj jk/kk-Ñ".k dk izse gSA

¼ ½

¼x½ ^inkoyh* esa fo|kifr us vius le; ds uk;d vkSj ukf;dk ds euksHkkoksa

dks fijks;k gSA ¼ ½

¼?k½ fo|kifr ds HkfDrijd inksa esa Üka`xkj vkSj HkfDr dk }a} Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk

gSA ¼ ½

¼³½ fo|kifr dh HkfDr flQZ Ñ".k rFkk f'ko dks fuosfnr gSA ¼ ½

51
4- ^fdlh rjg dh vykSfddrk fo|kifr ds izse dks Nwrh rd ugha gSA* bl dFku dh

leh{kk dhft,A ¼mÙkj ik¡p iafDr;ksa esa nhft,A½

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5- fo|kifr dh HkfDr dh izeq[k fof'k"Vrkvksa dks js[kkafdr dhft,A ¼mÙkj ik¡p iafDr;ksa

esa nhft,A½

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6- fo|kifr ds dkO; esa vfHkO;Dr yksd thou dh fofo/krkvksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

¼mÙkj ik¡p iafDr;ksa esa nhft,A½

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52
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2-7 fo|kifr dh Hkk"kk vkSj dkO; lkSan;Z

^inkoyh* dh Hkk"kk eSfFkyh gS] tcfd vU; jpukvksa dh Hkk"kk laL—r ,oa vogV~BA inksa

dk ladyu rhu fHkUu-fHkUu Hkkf"kd lekt& fefFkyk] caxky vkSj usiky ds fyf[kr ,oa

ekSf[kd lzksrksa ls gqvk gSA Hkkf"kd lajpuk ds xq.klw=ksa ls ifjfpr lHkh yksx bl ckr ls

lger gksaxs fd jpukdkj ls eqDr gqà xs;èkeÊ jpuk yksd-daB esa okl djrh gqà vupkgs

esa Hkh dqN-u-dqN vius ewy Lo:i ls fHkUu gks tkrh gS vkSj fQj ladyd rd vkrs-vkrs

mlesa LFkkuh;rk ds dà vifjgk;Z jax p<+ tkrs gSaA yksd-daB ls ladfyr lkexzh dk rks

;g vfuok;Z foèkku gS! fo|kifr ^inkoyh* bldk viokn ugÈ gSA pkSngoÈ ls chloÈ

'krkCnh rd ds Ng lkS o"kks± dh ;k=k esa bu inksa esa dc] dgk¡ vkSj fduds dkS'ky ls D;k

tqM+k] D;k NwVk] ;g tku ikuk eqf'dy gSA blds vykok ,d rF; ;g Hkh gS fd bu inksa

ds çkjafHkd ladyudrkZvksa dh ekr`Hkk"kk eSfFkyh ugÈ FkhA blfy, èofu;ks]a 'kCnksa] inksa vkSj

lanHkZ-ladsrksa dks fyf[kr :i esa O;Dr djrs gq, fu'p; gh ifjorZu vk x;k gksxkA ij

;g rF; gS fd fo|kifr ds thrs th ^inkoyh* dh iafDr;k¡ eqgkojksa vkSj dgkorksa dh Js.kh

ik xà FkÈA thouksi;ksxh fo"k; ,oa lkaxhfrdrk ds vykok ^inkoyh* dh bl yksdfç;rk

esa yksd-jatd Hkk"kk dh mYys[kuh; Hkwfedk gSA buds ,d-,d in dÃ-dà jkxksa esa xk,

tkrs gSaA

53
fo|kifr ds lHkh in ekf=d le Nan esa jfpr gSaA vfèkdka'k inksa dh jpuk ,d gh Nan

esa gqà gS( ij dà inksa esa fefJr Nan dk Hkh mi;ksx gqvk gS( vFkkZr nks-rhu ;k vfèkd

Nanksa ds pj.kksa dk esy fd;k x;k gSA yxHkx l=g Nan& vghj] yhyk] egkuqHkko] pafMjdk]

gkdfy] pkSiÃ] pkSikÃ] pkScksyk] i)fj] lq[knk] mYykl] :iekyk] ukx] ljlh] lkj]

ejgBkekèkoh] >wyuk vkfn dk Lora= ç;ksx( vkSj v[kaM] fufèk] 'kf'konuk] euksje] dTty]

jtuh] xhrk] xhfrdk] fo".kqin] gfjxhfrdk] rkVad] ohjNan] lekuloS;k tSls Nanksa ds

pj.kksa dks vU; Nanksa esa tksM+dj fd;k x;k gSA mYys[k feyrk gS fd mYykl] ukx] jatuh]

xhrk Nan ds fuekZrk fo|kifr gh gS(a D;ksfa d muls iwoZ ds fdlh jpukdkj ds ;gk¡ ;s pkjks

Nan ugÈ nh[krsA

cks/k iz'u

7- fo|kifr ds dkO;-lkSan;Z ds izeq[k i{kksa dks js[kkafdr dhft,A ¼mÙkj ik¡p iafDr;ksa

esa nhft,A½

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2-8 fo|kifr dh dfork dk okpu vkSj vkLokknu

dfork dk okpu
54
nsf[k,& ifjf'k"V

dfork vkLoknu

 uUnd uUnu dnEcd r:-rj]@fèkjs-fèkjs eqjfy ctkoA ---

lanHkZ

izLrqr dkO;-iafDr;k¡ fo|kifr ds ^inkoyh* ls yh xbZ gSA blesa jk/kk ds izfr Ñ".k ds izse

dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

O;k[;k

bl in esa —".k ¼uan ds uanu½ dh fojg-n'kk dk o.kZu gSA os oa'kh ctkdj fç;rek jkèkk

dks feyu-LFky ij ladsr ls cqyk jgs gSaA dnac ds isM+ rys —".k èkhjs-èkhjs oa'kh ctk jgs

gSaA os ckj-ckj oa'kh ctkdj] ?kj cSBh fç;rek ¼fudsru cbly½ dks feyu-LFky vkSj

le; dk lans'k Hkst jgs gSa ¼vuqeku lgt gS fd feyu gsrq çseh-çsfedk ds chp bl rjg

ds ladsr dk vuqcèa k fiNyh eqykdkr esa gks x;k gksxk½A ;gk¡ jkèkk dks lacksfèkr djrs gq,

dgk x;k gS fd gs lk¡ofj! rqEgkjs fç;re —".k rqels feyus ds fy, O;kdqy ¼fody½ gSaA

;equk rV ds miou esa muds eu esa ,slk m}sx mBk gS fd ckj-ckj mèkj gh eqM+-eqMd
+ j

rqEgkjh ckV tksg jgs gSaA nwèk-ngh-eD[ku ¼xksjl½ cspus tkrh-vkrh gj xksih ls rqEgkjs

ckjs esa os iwNrs jgrs gSaA fo|kifr dgrs gSa fd gs lk¡ofj! rqe rks ije cqf)erh ¼efreku½

55
gks] esjh ckr lquks! lqcqf) ¼lqefr½ laiUu eèkqlnw u ij Hkjkslk djks vkSj mudh

vuqjfDr] LohdkjksA

fo'ks"k

¼i½ Hkk"kk eSfFkfy gSA

¼ii½ ;|fi Hkkjrh; lekt esa jk/kk-Ñ".k bZ'oj ds :i esa Lohdkj fd, x, gSa] ij ;gk¡

izse o.kZu esa fnO;rk ugha gS oju og yksd thou ds vuq:i gSA

 ns[k ns[k jkèkk :i vikjA ---

lanHkZ

izLrqr dkO;-iafDr;k¡ fo|kifr ds ^inkoyh* ls yh xbZ gSA bl i| esa jk/kk ds lkSan;Z dh

vrqyuh;rk dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

O;k[;k

bl in esa dfo viwoZ lqanjh jkèkk dh :ijkf'k ns[k dj pfdr gSaA Hkwry ds leLr lkSan;Z

¼yko.;½ dk lkj feykdj u tkus fdl fofèk foèkkrk us bl ukf;dk ds lkSan;Z dh jpuk

dh! blds vax-vax dk lkSna ;Z ns[kdj euq"; dh dkSu dgs] lkSan;Z ds nsork dkenso

¼vuax½ rd dk eu vèkhj ¼vFkhj½ gks tk,xk] papy gks tk,xk] vius lkSan;Z dk mudk

vgadkj VwV tk,xkA dkenso ds lkSan;Z dk djksM+ksa ckj eaFku djus okys tu dks Hkh i`Foh

ij fujk'k gksdj fxjuk iM+sxk D;ksfa d jk/kk ds viwoZ lkSan;Z ds leku lkSan;Z dgha ugha

56
feysxkA bl lqeqf[k ds lkSan;Z dks fugkjdj yksx foHkksj gksrs jgsaxs vkSj buds pj.kksa esa

yk[kks-djksMk+ s èku ¼yf[kfe&y{eh½ U;ksNkoj djrs jgsaxsA foHkksj gks-gksdj eu gh eu

vfHkyk"kk djrs jgsaxs fd fnu jkr bu pj.kksa dh lsok esa yhu jgsa] bu pj.kksa dh igjsnkjh

djrs jgsaA

 ekèko dh dgc lqUnfj :isA ---

O;k[;k

fo|kifr ds inksa esa jkèkk ds :i-lkSan;Z dk o.kZu ns[krs gh curk gSA o;%lafèk okys inksa

esa ukf;dk dh mez ds Øfed fodkl dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, mUgksaus 'kkjhfjd ifjorZu dk

ek¡ly fp= vR;ar foy{k.krk ls mdsjk gSA jkspd çlax ;g gS fd bl o.kZu esa xgu

ek¡lyrk Hkjus gsrq os ç—fr-fp= dk vn~Hkqr ifjikd djrs gSaA lkSan;Z fu:i.k dh ;g

foy{k.krk rc vkSj fu[kj mBrh gS tc o;%laf/k ds ,sls o.kZu esa jkèkk ds euksHkko Hkh Li"V

gksus yxrs gSaA bl o.kZu esa dfo dk og dkS'ky Li"V gks mBrk gS ftlesa os :ixÆork

ukf;dk dk euksosx Hkh mdsj nsrs gSaA dfo dgrs gSa fd gs ekèko! ml lqanjh jkèkk ds :i

dk o.kZu eSa D;k d:¡! u tkus foèkkrk us fdrus tru ls jkèkk dk :i l¡okjk gS] mUgsa

ns[kdj u;u r`Ir gks tkrs gaSA nksuksa iSj dey ¼iq"i½ ds leku lqna j gSa] pyrh gSa rks

çrhr gksrk gS fd dksà eneLr gfFkuh vk jgh gksA Lo.kZo.kÊ ¼dud½ dsys ds FkaHk tSlh

rjk'kh gqà tk¡?kksa ds Åij Çlg tSlh dej vkSj mlds Åij es#-leku nks o{k vrho

euksgj gSaA ml es# ¼ioZr½ ls Åij ¼eq[keaMgy es½a dey ds leku f[kyh gqà nks vk¡[ksa

deyuky ds fcuk Hkh #fpdj yx jgh gSAa xys esa iM+h gqà ef.k-ekf.kD; ds gkj cgqèkkjk

57
okyh xaxk ¼lqjlfj½ yx jgs gSa] laHkor% bl lqjlfj ds lkfUuè; ls gh ;s ukyfoghu dey

ty ds fcuk Hkh lw[k ugÈ jgs gSaA muds gksB fcack Qy ds leku vkSj nariafDr vukj ds

nkuksa ds leku l?ku] lqxfBr gSa] nsnhI;eku gSaA çrhr gksrk gS fd lw;Z vkSj panzek

¼jfo lfl½ ,d lkFk ikl-ikl fojkteku gSAa lw;Z ds çdk'k ls dey rks f[ky jgs gSa

fdarq paæek dks xzflr djus okys jkgq brus nwj cls gq, gSa fd os fudV ugÈ vk ikrs]

blfy, bl paæek dks xzg.k yxus dh Hkh dksà vk'kadk ugÈ gSA

blls vkxs dfo ,d gh 'kCn ¼lkjax½ dk 'ys"kiw.kZ mi;ksx dj ukf;dk ds dsfy-o.kZu esa

peRdkj Hkj nsrs gSaA *lkjax* 'kCn ds dà vFkZ& gfj.k] dks;y] dkenso] Lru] paæek vkfn

dk vuqie vFkksZRd"kZ ;gk¡ ntZ gSA dfo dgrs gSa fd ukf;dk dh vk¡[kksa dk lkSan;Z gfj.k-

u;u ds leku gS] daB-èofu dks;y ds e/kqj Loj ds leku] rhj-deku tSlh HkkSagksa dks

ns[kdj çrhr gksrk gS fd lk{kkr dkenso èkuq"k rkudj fu'kkuk lkèks gq, gSaA dsfy ds

nkSjku nksuksa Lruksa ij mHkjs nlksa uk[kwuksa ds oØkdkj fu'kku mx vk, nl-nl panzek yx

jgs gSaA vkSj bl rjg dsfy dk eèkqjliku gks jgk gSA *nl lkjax* dk vFkZ dqN yksx

eq[keaMy ij >wy jgh ds'kjkf'k dh nlsd yVsa Hkh yxkrs gSaA bl iwjs fp= ds fu:i.k ds

ckn dfo fo|kifr dgrs gSa fd lqanjh! vkids leku eksgd :i bl txr esa fdlh vkSj

dk ugÈ gSA ftl çdkj Jh—".k ds eksgd :i dk okLrfod Kku jkèkk dks gS] mlh çdkj

jktk f'koÇlg :i ds ukjk;.k gSa vkSj mldk laiw.a kZ Kku mudh jkuh yf[kek nsoh dks gSA

 lqèkkeqf[k ds fofg fujfey ckykA ---

O;k[;k

58
bl in esa fo|kifr viwoZ lqanjh ukf;dk ds fofHkUu vaxksa dk o.kZu djrs gSaA :ijkf'k dh

NVk ls pfdr gksdj dfo dgrs gSa fd paæek ds leku 'khry vkSj ve`r ds leku

lq[kdkjh bl lqèkkeqf[k ckyk dk l`tu foèkkrk us u tkus dSls fd;k! ,slk f=Hkqou fot;h

viwoZ] euHkkou vkSj eaxye; :i rks vU;= nqyZHk gSA lqanj eq[keaMy] dktj-jaftr papy

vk¡[ksa( çrhr gksrk gS fd Lo.kZ-dey ¼dud-dey½ ds chp dksà dky-Hkqtax vB[ksfy;k¡

dj jgk gks] lkSan;Z vkSj papyrk dh çfrewÆr nks [katu vkil esa [ksy dj jgs gksaA ;gk¡

Lo.kZ-dey dk mieku dfo us ukf;dk ds xkSj-o.kZ eq[keaMy ls fy;k gSA ukfHk-fooj ls

Åij dh vksj tkrh gqà f=oyh ¼jksekoyh½ dks dfo us ukxjkt ¼Hkqtfx& Hkqtax½ dgk gS]

tks lqna jh ukf;dk ds fu%'okl ¼fulkl½ ls NwVh ekndrk dk I;klk gS( vkSj mèkj gh c<+s

tk jgk gS( fdarq ukf;dk dh uqdhyh ukd ns[kdj mls x#M+ dh pksap dk Hkze gksrk gS(

vkSj rqjra og o{kksa dh lafèk esa ¼fxfj-lafèk½ esa fNi tkrk gSA dkenso ds èkuq"k ls fudys

rhj rhu yksdksa esa lcls çgkjd gksrs gSaA bl rhj ds f'kdkj fdlh rjg cp ugÈ ldrsA

bl rhj esa rhu fn'kkvksa esa rhu dksus ekus x, gSa] tks Øe'k% rhuksa yksdksa ds çrhd ekus

x, gSaA iqjk.k dFkkvksa esa dkenso ds u;uksa dks ck.k ;k rhj dh laKk nh xà gSA mudh

HkkSagksa dks deku dh laKk nh xà gSA foèkkrk ds fofp= foèkku ij dfo dks dkSrqd gksrk

gS fd ukf;dk ds bl enuksUeÙk rhu gh ck.k ls jfld tu dks ,slk vkgr djrs gSa

fd muds le{k dksà fodYi ugÈ jg tkrkA blfy, ;g lkjk dqN mUgsa gh lkSaidj

dfo fo|kifr dgrs gSa fd gs lqeqf[k! bl jl dk foèkku dksà dSls crk,] jktk f'ko Çlg

:iukjk;.k gSa vkSj yf[kek nsoh dk lkSna ;Z bldk çek.k gSA

 llu-ijl [klq vEcj js@ns[ky èkfu nsgA ---

59
O;k[;k

ukf;dk ds lkSan;Z o.kZu dk ;g peRdkfjd in gSA foy{k.k çfrekuksa }kjk ;gk¡ ukf;dk

ds :i-jax dk fp=.k gqvk gSA 'oklksPNokl dh flgju ls] ;k olareatjh ds Lianu ls]

;k ean iou dh Fkidu ls] ;k mjkstksa dh fFkjdu ls] ;k ân; dh èkM+du ls

¼llu&'oSlu&'oklksPNokl( llu&olareatjh( llu&iou(

llu&llddj&f[klddj½ & buesa ls fdlh ,d] ;k lHkh ds lesfdr Li'kZ ¼ijlsa½ ls

ukf;dk ¼èkfu½ dk vk¡py ¼vacN½ f[kld x;k] bl dkj.k mudh nsg dh vkHkk ns[k ik;kA

çrhr gqvk tSls ?ku?kksj cknyksa ¼uo tyèkj½ ds Hkhrj ls fctyh ¼fctqjh-jsg&fctyh dh

js[kk½ ped mBh gksA ukf;dk dks tkrs gq, ns[kdj vkt esjs eu esa rjg-rjg ds Hkko

¼eksfg mity jax½ meM+ vk,A mudks ns[kdj çrhr gqvk tSls èkjrh ls lgkjk fy, fcuk

¼efg fujvoyac½ dksà Lo.kZyrk ¼dudyrk½ Hkze.k dj jgh gksA ,d viwoZ ckr vkSj ns[kh

fd ml Lo.kZyrk esa ,d tksM+k mjkst-dey fo|eku gS] tks lkeus nh[k jgs eq[kpaæ ds

dkj.k f[ky ugÈ jgk gSA dey rks lw;Z ds le{k f[kyrk gS] paæksn; gksrs gh f[kyk gqvk

dey can gks tkrk gSA bl in dks xkrs gq, dfo fo|kifr dgrs gSa fd bl iwjs –'; dk

jl-eeZ dksà jloar gh le> ldrk gSA gk¡fluh nsoh ds Lokeh jktk nsoÇlg vxe ikj[kh

jfld gSaA

bl in esa mRçs{kk vyadkj dk euksje ifjikd feyrk gSA mies; dks gh mieku eku ysus

ij] vFkkZr vçLrqr dks çLrqr ekudj o.kZu gks rks mRçs{kk vyadkj gksrk gSA bl vyadkj

esa mies;-mieku esa vfHkUurk fn[kkà tkrh gSA ;gk¡ ukf;dk ds vfr'k; xkSj o.kZ nsg ds

60
fy, fctqjh-jsg dh ped çLrqr dj mRçs{kk vyadkj ds lgkjs dkO; lkSna ;Z mifLFkr gqvk

gSA vxyh iafDr;ksa esa Hkh mRçs{kk dh Li"V Nfo fn[kkà nsrh gSA ukf;dk ds xkSjo.kZ ds

dkj.k mUgsa Lo.kZyrk vkSj *efg fujvoyac* dgk x;k gS] ;gk¡ ;g mYys[k djuk çlaxkuqdwy

gksxk fd vejcsfy dk jax Lo.kZ tSlk gksrk gS] vkSj mldk èkjrh ls dksà laidZ ugÈ gksrkA

blh rjg fQj muds eq[k dks paæek vkSj uqdhys mUur mjkstksa dks fcuk f[kyk gqvk dey

dgk x;k gSA vyadkj fu;kstu esa lrdZ] lVhd] lqfu;ksftr çfrekuksa ds mi;ksx gsrq

egkdfo fo|kifr ds tknqà dkO; dkS'ky dh ç'kalk ftruh Hkh gks] de gksxhA

 yksVb èkjfu] mBk, èkfj lksÃA @[kus [ku lk¡l [kus [ku jksÃAA ---

O;k[;k

bl in esa fo|kifr us ukf;dk dh nk#.k fojg-n'kk dk o.kZu fd;k gSA —".k ds fo;ksx

esa os bruh O;kdqy gSa fd èkjrh ij yksV-yksVdj viuk nq[k O;Dr dj jgh gSaA èkjrh ij

lksdj fojgkfXu dks 'kkar djuk pkgrh gSaA {k.k-{k.k jksrh gSa] fQj rfud lk¡l ysdj jksus

yxrh gSAa iy-iy ewÆNr gksrh gSa( daB vo#) gks tkrk gS( D;k gksuk cnk gS] irk ugÈ

pyrkA gs —".k! ukf;dk dh ,slh n'kk ns[kh ugÈ tkrhA vkids gkFkksa ds Li'kZ ds fcuk

budk thuk laHko ugÈ yxrkA dksà HkkX; dh nqgkà ns jgk gS] dksà osn-ea= ti jgk gS]

dksà uoxzg iwt jgk gS] dksà gkFk idM+dj èkkrq-fopkj dj jgk gSA gs —".k! ukf;dk ds

thou esa vk, fo"ke fojg dk vuqeku dksà ugÈ dj jgk gSA

 ekèkc] rksgsa tuq tkg fcnslA ---

61
O;k[;k

fo|kifr dk ;g in ukf;dk ds vklUu ¼fudV vk,½ fojg dk o.kZu gSA fojg 'kCn dk

dks'kh; vFkZ fo;ksx] vHkko] fcNqM+u gS( ij lkfgR; esa bls fç;re ds fo;ksx esa vuqHkwr

vuqjkx ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA çLrqr in esa fç;re-fo;ksx ls gksus okyh ihM+k dk o.kZu

gqvk gSA mu fnuksa fons'k dk vFkZ] vkt tSlk ugÈ Fkk] ijks{k gksus dk vFkZ fons'k yxk

fy;k tkrk FkkA bl in esa ukf;dk] —".k ¼ekèko½ ls fons'k u tkus dk fuosnu dj jgh

gSA dg jgh gS& gs ekèko! vki fons'k u tk,¡! D;ksakfd vki fons'k tk,¡xs rks vius lkFk

esjk vkeksn-çeksn Hkh fy, pys tk,¡xs] okil lans'k D;k yk,¡xsA ou eè; ;k=k djrs gq,

vkidh efr cny tk,xhA gs Lokeh! vki eq>s Hkwy tk,¡xAs Lokeh! eSa ghjk] ef.k] ekf.kD;

dqN Hkh ugÈ ek¡x¡wxh] cl ckj-ckj vkidks gh ek¡xw¡xhA T;ksa gh vki tkus dh ckr djrs gSa]

esjh vk¡[kksa esa vk¡lw bl rjg Hkj vkrs gSa fd vkidh vksj ns[kk rd ugÈ tkrkA ,d gh

uxj esa jgdj ;fn fç;re ij fdlh vkSj dk vfèkdkj gks tk,] rks esjh vfHkyk"kk dSls

iwjh gksxhA dksà dkfeuh vius fç;re ds lkFk gks rks og cgqr lkSHkkX;'kkfyuh ¼lksgkfxfu½

gksrh gS] tSls paæek ds fudV rkjkA fo|kifr dfo dgrs gSa fd gs lqdkfeuh! è;ku ls

lquks! vius ân; dks –<+ djks] vkSj èkS;Z ¼lkjk½ j[kksA

 ds ifrvk y, tk;r js@ eksjk fivre iklA ---

O;k[;k

bl in esa ukf;dk dh fojg-n'kk dk o.kZu gSA fç;re ds ikl i= Hkstus dks vkrqj

ukf;dk O;kdqy gksdj dgrh gSa fd lkou dk eghuk vk x;k] ikol ds fojg dk ;g
62
vlguh; nq[k ân; lg ugÈ ikrk gS( fç;re ds fcuk bl ?kj esa vdsys jgk ugÈ tk jgk

gSA gs lf[k! bl nqfu;k esa nwljksa ds nk#.k nq[k dk Hkh laKku dksà dgk¡ ysrk gS! —".k

us rks esjk eu-gj.k gh dj fy;k] esjk Hkh eu dgk¡ ihNs jgrk] mUgÈ ds lkFk pyk x;k]

xksdqy rt dj —".k ds ikl eèkqijq tk clk] fdruk vi;'k gqvk! gs lf[k! esjs bu

nk#.k nq[kksa ls Hkjk i= esjs fç;re ds ikl dkSu ys tk,xk\ dfo fo|kifr bl osnuk

dks de djrs gq, çcksèku nsrs gSa fd gs ukf;ds! gs lf[k! vius fç; ij vkl j[ksAa bl

dkÆrd eghus esa vkids euHkkou vo'; vk,¡xAs

 eksjk js v¡xuek puu dsfj xfN;kA ---

O;k[;k

bl in esa Hkh ukf;dk ds pje HkkoksYykl dk foy{k.k o.kZu gqvk gSA ukf;dk ds vk¡xu

esa ,d panu dk isM+ gSA ml isM+ ij cSBk ,d dkSvk vkokt ns jgk gS ¼dqjj,½A fefFkyk

esa vkt Hkh fdlh ?kj-vk¡xu esa cSBdj dgÈ dksà dkSvk vkokt yxk,] rks ekuk tkrk gS

fd dksà vfrfFk vkus okys gSaA vc ;g ekU;rk fo|kifr ds bl in dh jpuk ls igys

ls gS ;k bl in dh ;g iafDr gh dgkor gks xÃ] ;g 'kksèk dk fo"k; gS] ij blesa lansg

ugÈ gS fd fo|kifr inkoyh dh vla[; iafDr;k¡ muds thrs-th fefFkyk esa dgkor cu

xà FkÈA vkt Hkh fefFkyk {ks= esa fdlh ds vk¡xu esa dkSvk cksys rks ?kj dh efgyk,¡

vfrfFk-vkxeu dh lwpuk nsus okyk nwr le>dj mls jksVh dk VqdM+k nsdj çlUu+ djrh

gSa vkSj vk¡xu esa ikuh dk fNM+dko dj Hkwfe vkSj okrkoj.k dks 'khry djrh gSAa bl in

dh ukf;dk ml dkSos dh vkokt lqudj eqfnr gks tkrh gSA vius çoklh fç;re ds

63
vkxeu dh dYiuk ls iqyfdr gks mBrh gS] vkSj dkSos dks opu nsrh gS& gs ok;l ¼dkSvk½!

rqEgkjh bl vkokt ls eSa çlUu gw¡A ;fn vkt esjs fç;re vk x,] rks opu nsrh gw¡ fd eSa

rqEgkjh pksap esa lksus dk vkoj.k e<+k nw¡xhA çlUufpr ukf;dk viuh lf[k;ksa ls dgrh

gS& gs lf[k;kas! rqe lc bl mYykle; {k.k esa >wej] yksjh ¼yksdjatd xhrksa dh fof'k"V

'kSfy;k¡½ xkvksA eSa enu-vkjkèkuk esa tkrh gw¡A fQj og fody Hkh gks mBrh gS& pkjkas vksj

f[kys paik] ekSyJh dh lq"kek vkSj pk¡n ds 'khry çdk'k ls ugkà gqà jkr mls vkg~ykfnr

djus yxrh gSA O;kdqyrk esa fpafrr Hkh gks mBrh gS& ,sls esa eSa enu-vjkèkuk Hkh fdl

çdkj d:¡\ vR;fèkd jfr-ihM+k tks gksxh! fo|kifr dfo xkrs gSa& gs ukf;ds! rqEgkjs çhre

xq.kksa ds lkxj gSaA jktk Hkksxh'oj lkjs xq.kksa ds vkxkj gSa] mudh je.kh jkuh inqek nsoh

gSaA

2-9 lkjka'k

egkdfo fo|kifr dh jpukRedrk jkT;kJ; esa jgus ds ckotwn pkj.k-dkO; dh vksj dHkh

mUeq[k ugÈ gqÃA mudk jk"Vª-cksèk] laL—fr-cksèk] bfrgkl-cksèk vkSj lekt-cksèk lnk mudks

lapkfyr djrk jgkA muds lkekftd ljksdkj] jpukRed nkf;Ro] uSfrdrk ,oa fu"Bk ds

çek.k ^inkoyh* ds vykok laL—r vkSj vogV~B esa Hkh jfpr mudh —fr;ksa esa Li"V nh[krs

gSaA ij mUgsa tu-tu rd igq¡pkus dk Js; mudh dkseydkar ^inkoyh* dks tkrk gSA

jktegy ls >ksiM+h rd] nsoeafnj ls jax'kkyk rd] ç.k;-d{k ls pkSiky rd muds in

leku :i ls vkt Hkh lek–r gSaA o;%lafèk] iw.kZ;kSouk] fojgkdqy] dkekrqjk] dkenXèkk

vkfn lHkh dksfV dh ukf;dkvksa ds u[k-f'k[k o.kZu( eku] fojg] feyu] HkkoksYykl o.kZu(

64
f'ko] —".k] nqxkZ] xaxk ds Lrqfr-in esa dfo us lkekftd thou ds O;kogkfjd Lo:i dks

mtkxj fd;k gSA muds in vkt Hkh vke tuthou ds loZfoèk lgpj cus gq, gSa( ukxfjd

thou ds laLdkjksa] yksdkpkjksa esa yksdthou ds vuq"kax cus gq, gSaA fdlh ,d jpukdkj

ds ;gk¡ LFkku-dky-ik=] Çyx-tkfr-oxZ-laçnk;] 'kksd-mYykl] t;-ijkt;] uhfr-èkeZ-

n'kZu-bfrgkl-'kklu] lkfgR;-dyk-laxhr-laL—fr] ;q)-çse-iwtk tSls reke {ks=ksa dk

bruk lw{e vocksèk pfdr djrk gS] ij lR; ;gh gS! ,sls iwoZt lkfgR;lsoh ds vonku

ls xkSjokfUor Hkkjrh; lkfgR; èkU; gSA

2-10 'kCnkoyh

oS".ko & fo".kq ds mikld

'kSo & f'ko ds mikld

egkegksik/;k; & ,d izdkj dh mikf/k

o;%laf/k & iw.kZ fd'kksjkoLFkk ds ckn o iw.kZ ;kSou ls iwoZ dh chp dh fLFkfr

ukf;dk-Hksn & dkO;'kkL= ds vuq:i ukf;dk dh fofHkUu dksfV;k¡

u[k-f'k[k & u[k ls ysdj flj rd 'kjhj ds lHkh vaxksa ds lkSan;Z dk o.kZu

frjks/kku & e`R;q

ykSfdd & lkalkfjd

njckj-laiksf"kr & fdlh jkt njckj esa vkJ; ik, gq,

2-11 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

65
 fo'odfo fo|kifr & lhrkjke >k ^';ke*( izdk'ku foHkkx] fnYyh

 fo|kifr & f'koizlkn flag( yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkckn

 fo|kifr vuq'khyu% [kaM 1 rFkk 2 & ohjsanz lkjax ¼laiknd½( fcgkj fganh xzaFk
vdknseh] iVuk

2-12 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- ¼d½ & ¼iii½

¼[k½ & ¼ii½

¼x½ & ¼ii½

¼?k½ & ¼i½

¼³½ & ¼iv½

2- nsf[k,& Hkkx 2-3

3- ¼d½ & 

¼[k½ & 

¼x½ & 

¼?k½ & 

¼³½ & 

4- nsf[k,& Hkkx 2-4

66
5- nsf[k,& Hkkx 2-5

6- nsf[k,& Hkkx 2-6

7- nsf[k,& Hkkx 2-7

67