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HENRI FAYOL ET « L’INDUSTRIALISATION » DE L’ÉTAT

Luc Rojas

L'Harmattan | « Revue Française d'Histoire des Idées Politiques »

2017/1 N° 45 | pages 165 à 186


ISSN 1266-7862
ISBN 9782343121147
DOI 10.3917/rfhip1.045.0165
Article disponible en ligne à l'adresse :
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https://www.cairn.info/revue-francaise-d-histoire-des-idees-
politiques-2017-1-page-165.htm
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