1 PB

Revue Marocaine de Géomorphologie, N° 3 (2019) pp 25-44.
ISSN: 2508-9382
. ISSN: 2508-9382 . 44 -25.‫( ص‬2019) '()*(‫د ا‬-.(‫) ا‬/0123451/62( 7/849:(‫ ا‬726:(‫ا‬
http://revues.imist.ma/?journal=remageom
‫ا‬ ‫وآ ق ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬

(‫ن )ا ب‬ ‫ھ‬
2
AB4C(‫ ا‬D/‫اھ‬48‫ ا‬-1‫?>)ض‬18 7@4‫ﺛ‬
،A>KV‫ آ‬،"‫)ت‬K.:C6:(‫ت وا‬U)K6:(‫ ا‬7K5)O?" :'KPQ(‫ ا‬RK@43 ،‫)ت‬KLLMC(‫دة ا‬-K.C5 7/2O(‫ ا‬،‫)ض‬/G AH)I(‫ ا‬7.5)0 ،)/3‫ا‬496(‫ ا‬A3 7*?)8 -1
.(touriabouhfad11@gmail.com).‫ب‬49:(‫ا‬
،A>KV‫آ‬،"75‫ا‬-CKb:(‫ ا‬7K/:cC(‫ وا‬7Kd/Q(‫ وا‬7K/84C(‫ "ا‬4KQCM5 ،A>KV‫ آ‬aB‫ا‬4K5 ،]@1KOC(‫ وا‬7K/84C(‫^] ا‬:( ‫ي‬1^6(‫` ا‬B4:(‫ ا‬،)/3‫ا‬496(‫ ا‬A3 '?)8 -2
.(tarqibrahim@gmail.com) ،‫ب‬49:(‫ا‬
Résumé:
Le plateau de Benslimane a des potentialités géo-touristique très importantes, qui

peuvent attirer les amateurs des paysages géomorphologiques et du géo-tourisme du monde
entier, et peut contribuer au développement durable au niveau local par la création des
activités éco-touristiques authentiques, pour atteindre ces objectifs, on à travailler, dans cet
article, sur la définition des potentialités géomorphologiques qui caractérisent la région, ainsi
que le rôle qui peut être joué en vue de créer un développement local durable, et aussi créer
des possibilités d'emploi et d'améliorer le niveau de vie de la population locale.
Nous concluons cet article par une réalisation d’une proposition qui vise à créer un
Parc national d’écotourisme péri-urbain.
Mots clés: tourisme Géomorphologique - paysages Géomorphologique - karst -
développement local - Parc national.
Abstract:
The plateau of Benslimane is characterized by major eco-tourism potential, which can

attract the interested of geomorphological landscapes and geo-tourism from all the world. It
can also contribute to sustainable and local development by Setting up a authentic eco-
tourism activities. The aim of this paper is to define the geomorphological potentialities of
this region, and the role that can be played in creating sustainable local development by
creating jobs to improve living standards of the local population. In the end of this paper, the
realization of a peri-urban Ecotourism National Park is suggested.
Key words: Geomorphological tourism – land scapes Geomorphology - karst - local
development - National Park.
25
Revue Marocaine de Géomorphologie, N° 3 (2019) pp 25-44. ISSN: 2508-9382
. ISSN: 2508-9382 . 44 -25.‫( ص‬2019) '()*(‫د ا‬-.(‫) ا‬/0123451/62( 7/849:(‫ ا‬726:(‫ا‬
67
~.6‫] أن ﺗ‬O:@ ‫ة‬4/QB 7/01(13451/0‫ و‬7/01(1/0 ‫}ھ|ت‬:()^{)zC?)8 ‫)ن‬:/2bc8 7Qz‫` ھ‬/:C‫ﺗ‬
7/2P:(‫ ا‬7/:cC(‫ ا‬R2‫ ﺧ‬A3 D^b‫^) أن ﺗ‬cO:@ ):B ،D().(‫)ء ا‬P{‫• أ‬2CM5 ]5 7/d/Q(‫ ا‬7?)/b(‫اة ا‬1^( 7^0‫^) و‬c5
)^‫از{)ﺗ‬1‫ وﺗ‬7./Qƒ(‫„ ا‬2G 7…3)P:(‫ ا‬A3 D‫)ھ‬b@ A{|IG‫] و‬/†‫ ر‬Ad/8 A?)/V ‫)ط‬‰{ R2‫] ﺧ|ل ﺧ‬5 75‫ا‬-Cb:(‫ا‬
7/01(1/6(‫}ھ|ت ا‬:()8 •@4.C(‫„ ا‬2G ‫)ل‬I:(‫ ھ•ا ا‬A3 )c2:G 7@)9(‫غ ھ•ه ا‬12Q( .7@‫)د‬5|(‫ وا‬7@‫)د‬:(‫{)ﺗ^) ا‬1O5‫و‬
R/IP‫~ ﺗ‬0‫] أ‬5 •8 D^b‫] أن ﺗ‬O:@ ‫ور ا(•ي‬-(‫•ا ا‬B‫ و‬،‫)ن‬:/2bc8 7Qz‫^) ھ‬8 4‫ ﺗ`ﺧ‬AC(‫ ا‬7/01(13451/6(‫وا‬
،~9‰(‫ص ا‬4>( ‫ة‬4315‫ﺧ~ و‬-2( ‫رة‬-5 7ƒ‰{‫ أ‬R2‫ وﺧ‬Ac5)zC(‫)د ا‬LC•U‫‘ ا‬/‰c‫ وﺗ‬75‫ا‬-Cb5 7/2P5 7/:c‫ﺗ‬
~:.(‫)“’ ا‬C{ „2G ‫)ء‬c8 7V‫را‬-(‫” ھ•ه ا‬L2‫ ﺧ‬-•‫ و‬،]//2P:(‫)ن ا‬Ob2( A‰/.:(‫ى ا‬1Cb:(‫] ا‬/bP‫ ﺗ‬A>:‫)ھ‬b‫ﺗ‬
.72@-Q(‫ ا‬7/?)/b(‫)ط ا‬:{˜( ‫ي‬4z? ‫ب‬4• Ad/8 ‫`ه‬Cc5 ‫)ء‬‰{‫اح إ‬4C•‫)زه إ(„ ا‬6{‫ إ‬D‫ ا(•ي ﺗ‬A{‫ا‬-/:(‫ا‬
:™/‫>)ﺗ‬:(‫)ت ا‬:2O(‫ا‬
.Ac‫`ه وط‬Cc5 - 7/2P:(‫ ا‬7/:cC(‫ ا‬-”V‫)ر‬B - ‫)@)ت‬z(‫ا‬-A?)/V1/6(‫ ا‬-^‰:(‫ ا‬-7/0123451/6(‫ ا‬7?)/b(‫ا‬
26
‫‪Revue Marocaine de Géomorphologie, N° 3 (2019) pp 25-44. ISSN: 2508-9382‬‬
‫ا(‪ 726:‬ا(‪ )/0123451/62( 7/849:‬ا(‪-.‬د ا(*)(' )‪ (2019‬ص‪. ISSN: 2508-9382 . 44 -25.‬‬
‫‪http://revues.imist.ma/?journal=remageom‬‬
‫‪89‬‬
‫ﺗ‪ -.‬ا(‪ 7?)/b‬ا(‪ |@-8 )/?)/V )ƒ:{ 7/0123451/6‬ووا?‪-‬ة ‪ ]5‬ا›‪)Oš‬ل ا(‪ 7/?)/b‬ا(‪ 7*@-P‬و‪]5 )G43‬‬
‫‪43‬وع ا(‪ 7?)/b‬ا(‪ 7/d/Q‬ذات ا(‪ ’@`:‬ا(‪ •()• A3 A:2.‬ﺗ‪A^/34‬؛ ‪){1O:()3‬ت ا(‪ 7/01(1/6‬وا(‪)‰:‬ھ‪-‬‬
‫ا(‪ 7/01(13451/6‬ا(‪):/2bc8 7Qz^( 7G1cC:‬ن ‪48 ]5‬وزات †‪ 7@4M‬و‪1>V‬ح ‪-@-š‬ة ا‪-P{U‬ار و•‪7@4M† D:‬‬
‫‪ 7/()G‬و‪)‰5‬ھ‪490 -‬ا‪ 7G1cC5 7/3‬ﺗ‪ ~*:‬أ‪48‬ز اھ‪)5):C‬ت ھ‪1‬اة و‪ AQP5‬ا‪)‰OCV‬ف ا(‪ ،7./Qƒ‬إذ @‪151I‬ن‬
‫‪ )^3)‰OCV)8‬وا‪)C:CVU‬ع ‪)‰:8‬ھ‪-‬ھ)‪ .‬وﺗ‪1I‬م ا(‪ 7?)/b‬ا(‪ „2G 7/01(1/6‬ا‪|9CV‬ل ‪15‬ا•‪ ¢‬ذات ﺧ‪ ¡“)L‬و•‪D/‬‬
‫و‪}5‬ھ|ت ‪ 7G1cC5‬دون أن ﺗ‪)5-2( )^H4.‬ر أو ﺗ‪)b‬ھ‪ A3 D‬ھ‪ )^Cš)‰‬أو اﺧ‪|C‬ل ﺗ‪1‬از{)ﺗ^)‪ ):B ،‬أن ھ•ا ا(‪‘:c‬‬
‫ا(‪)b@ A?)/b‬ھ‪ A3 D‬ﺗ‪1^>5 R/Qƒ‬م ا‪-CVU‬ا‪ 75‬و@‪ DG-‬ا(‪)/†1LM‬ت ا(‪ 7/./Qƒ‬وا(*‪ 7/3)I‬ا(‪):‬د@‪ 7‬وا(|‪)5‬د@‪7‬‬
‫ا(‪1:2( 7/2P:‬ا•‪ ]5 ¢‬ﺧ|ل ا(‪ „2G ¢/6‰C‬ا‪|9CV‬ل ا(‪)6Cc:‬ت ا(‪4C‬ا‪ 7/8‬وا‪-CV‬ا‪.)^C5‬‬
‫@‪ RIP‬ا‪U‬ھ‪):C‬م ‪•^8‬ا ا(‪ •cL‬ا(‪1>/?)/b‬ا“‪-‬ا ا‪ 7/G):C0‬وا•‪)LC‬د@‪ 7‬و‪ 7/d/8‬ﺗ‪ A3 ~*:C‬ﺧ‪43 R2‬ص ‪~9š‬‬
‫‪ ،7/2P5‬وﺗ‪ ‘/‰c‬ا‪)LC•U‬د ا(‪ Ac5)zC‬وﺗ‪1Cb5 ]/bP‬ى ‪ a/G‬ا(‪)Ob‬ن ا(‪ ]//2P:‬و?‪ 7@):‬ا(‪1:‬ا•‪ ¢‬وا(‪)‰:‬ھ‪-‬‬
‫ا(‪ ]5 7/./Qƒ‬ا(‪)5-‬ر وا‪`cCVU‬اف وا(`وال‪ .‬و{…‪4‬ا ›ھ‪ 7/:‬ا(‪ 7?)/b‬ا(‪ 7/01(13451/6‬ا(‪ ”34G AC‬اھ‪)5):C‬‬
‫‪`C5‬ا@‪-‬ا ﺧ)†‪ A3 7‬ا(‪-‬ول ا›{‪ 7/{1bB)V12O‬ﺧ|ل ا(‪4‰.‬ون ‪ 7cV‬ا›ﺧ‪4/‬ة ‪4C26{¤B‬ا وا(‪)@U1‬ت ا(‪-PC:‬ة‬
‫ا›‪ ،7/O@45‬و{…‪4‬ا ›ھ‪ 7/:‬ا(‪4C‬اث ا(‪ A01(1/6‬وا(‪ A01(13451/6‬ا(•ي ﺗ‪ •czCP‬ھ‪):/2bc8 7Qz‬ن و¦‪„c‬‬
‫وﺗ‪1c‬ع ا(‪)‰:‬ھ‪ -‬ا(‪)0 ،7/./Qƒ‬ءت ھ•ه ا(‪-‬را‪ ’().C( 7V‬إ‪ 7/()Oš‬ا(‪}5 ]/8 7•|.‬ھ|ت ا(‪1:‬ا•‪¢‬‬
‫ا(‪7/01(1/6‬وا(‪ 7^0 ]5 7/01(13451/6‬وآ‪)3‬ق ا(‪ 7/:cC‬ا‪)LC•U‬د@‪ 7‬وا‪ 7/G):C0U‬ا(‪ 7^0 ]5 7/2P:‬ﺛ){‪A3 7/‬‬
‫إط)ر ‪-Cb5 7/d/8 7?)/V‬ا‪ 75‬ذات ‪ 7>b23‬ﺗ‪.7/c5)z‬‬
‫(‪ 76().:‬ا(‪1H1:‬ع وا¨‪ 7/()Oš‬أ‪|G‬ه ﺗ‪ D‬اﺧ‪)/C‬ر ‪)65‬ل @‪1cC8 `/:C‬ع و¦‪ •:().5 „c‬ا(‪7/01(1/6‬‬
‫وا(‪ 7/01(13451/6‬وﺗ‪-.‬د ‪)‰5‬ھ‪-‬ه ا(‪ 7/./Qƒ‬ا(‪ AC‬ﺗ‪)::8 ™:b‬ر‪)‰{ 7V‬ط ‪ Ad/8 A?)/V‬ر†‪1>b()B ،]/‬ح‬
‫ا(‪ 7@4ML‬وا‪-P{U‬ارات ا(‪ ،7@1I‬وا(‪4Q‬وزات ا(‪ 7@4ML‬ا(‪4‰Cc:‬ة ‪13‬ق ا(‪1ƒb‬ح ا(^‪ 7/Qz‬و‪1>V 7/()G‬ح‬
‫ا›ود@‪ ،7‬وا(‪1Ô‬ف وا(‪U|‰‬ت وا(‪1/.‬ن وا(‪)@)z‬ﺗ‪ •2CM51‬ا(‪)‰:‬ھ‪ -‬ذات ا(‪A01(1/6().8)ƒ‬‬
‫وا(‪151/6‬ر‪ ~B ،A0123‬ھ•ا ا(‪1cC‬ع داﺧ~ و‪18)¦ ‘V‬ي ذروي @‪1OC‬ن ‪ ]5‬أ‪)6š‬ر ا(‪12Q‬ط ا(>‪ Ac/2‬وا(‪)G4.‬ر‬
‫ا(‪)9:‬ر‪ ،A8‬إ‪ 73)H‬إ(„ ا(‪ 7:/I‬ا(‪4C‬اﺛ‪ 7/‬ا(‪ AC‬ﺗ‪`/:‬ھ) ‪¤B‬رث ‪)5U‬دي‪){ ،‬ھ‪ ]G ©/‬ا(‪ ¢•1:‬ا‪4CVU‬اﺗ‪ A6/‬ا(‪~*:C:‬‬
‫‪ ]5 •84• A3‬أھ‪ D‬ا(‪).:6C‬ت وا(‪4:‬ا‪ `B‬ا(‪49:()8 7@4zP‬ب‪.‬‬
‫‪ ~B‬ھ•ه ا(‪ ¡“)LM‬وا(‪`/::‬ات ‪ ”2*5‬دا‪|( )@1• ).3‬ھ‪):C‬م ‪•^8‬ا ا(‪)6:‬ل ‪ ]5‬أ‪ ~0‬ﺗ‪)6:B •>/cL‬ل‬
‫ط‪ A./Q‬ذو •‪ 7:/‬ﺗ‪4‬اﺛ‪ 7/‬و?‪)z‬ر@‪)5U 7‬د@‪ 7/()G 7‬و‪ •0‬ا(‪)>P‬ظ ‪ •/2G‬وﺗ‪ ]5 •c/5ª‬ا(‪)M:‬ط‪ 4‬ط‪ ”{)B 7/./Q‬أم‬
‫‪ ]5 ،7@4‰8‬ﺧ|ل ا•‪4C‬اح ‪`Cc5 ‘ƒM5‬ه ‪4• Ad/8‬ب ?‪4z‬ي (˜{‪):‬ط ا(‪ 7/?)/b‬ا(‪.72@-Q‬‬
‫(‪ R/IPC‬ا›ھ‪-‬اف ا(‪104:‬ة ‪ ]5‬ا(‪-‬را‪ 7V‬ﺗ‪ D‬إ{‪)6‬ز ‪-/5 'P8‬ا{‪ ]5 A‬ﺧ|ل ﺗ‪ 7dQ.‬ا‪):CV‬رة ‪-/5‬ا{‪¢5 7/‬‬
‫‪ 20 ]5 72O‰5 7c/G‬أ‪4V‬ة ‪ ]5‬ا(‪)Ob‬ن ا(‪ ،]//2P:‬وأﺧ‪4‬ى ‪ ¢5‬زوار وھ‪1‬اة ا(‪1:‬ا•‪ ¢‬ا(‪):/2bc8 7Qz^8 7/?)/b‬ن‬
‫ﺗ‪ ،)P“)V 50 ~*:‬إ‪ 73)H‬إ(„ إ‪40‬اء ‪|8)I5‬ت ‪ 7/^>š‬ھ‪}b5 10 ”:‬و(‪ ]/‬و‪-C5‬ﺧ‪ A3 ]//2P5 ]/2‬ا(‪)ƒI‬ع‬
‫ا(‪ A?)/b‬أو (^‪)LC•U)8 7•|G D‬د ا(‪.A2P:‬‬
‫و•‪)B -‬ن ا(^‪-‬ف ‪ ]5‬ھ•ه ا‪):CVU‬رات وا(‪|8)I:‬ت ﺗ‪ ¬/bP‬ا(‪)Ob‬ن ا(‪ª8 ]//2P:‬ھ‪ 7/:‬ا(‪}:‬ھ|ت ا(‪AC‬‬
‫ﺗ‪ D^CIƒc5 )^/2G 431C‬و‪-5‬ى ر¦‪ A3 D^CQ‬ا‪ )^(|9CV‬وا‪):*CV‬رھ) ‪ A3‬إط)ر ‪)I5‬ر‪ 78‬ﺗ‪)‰‬ر‪ ،7/2P5 7/B‬و‪734.5‬‬
‫‪-5‬ى ا‪-.CV‬ادھ‪4M{|( D‬اط ‪ A3‬ﺗ‪ ‘/‰c‬ا(‪ 7?)/b‬ا(‪ 7/01(13451/6‬وا‪)QICV‬ل ھ‪1‬اﺗ^)‪)b/V ):5 ،‬ھ‪ A3 D‬ﺗ‪7/:c‬‬
‫‪-Cb5 7/2P5‬ا‪ 75‬و@}دي إ(„ ﺗ‪1Cb5 ]/bP‬ى ‪ a/G‬ا(‪)Ob‬ن ا(‪)QCG)8 ،]//2P:‬رھ‪ D‬أھ‪ ‘‰c@ 4LcG D‬ھ•ه‬
‫ا(‪.7/2:.‬‬
‫‪27‬‬
. ISSN: 2508-9382 . 44 -25.‫( ص‬2019) '()*(‫د ا‬-.(‫) ا‬/0123451/62( 7/849:(‫ ا‬726:(‫ا‬
7V‫را‬-(‫)ل ا‬65 ]/‫ط‬1‫ ﺗ‬:1 D•‫ ر‬7I/‫ﺛ‬1(‫ا‬
‫)ن‬KB -KI3 ‫ص‬1KLM(‫„ ا‬K2G 7K/01(13451/6(‫ ا‬7?)/Kb(‫اة ا‬1K‫`وار وھ‬2( 7^01:(‫)رة ا‬:CV|( 7Qbc()8 )5‫أ‬
7K34.5‫ و‬،D^( 7/8‫)ذ‬0 )‫ھ‬4*B‫ أ‬-@-P‫ وﺗ‬،7V‫را‬-(‫ان ا‬-/:8 7/?)/b(‫ ا‬¢•‫ا‬1:(‫„ ا‬2G ‫دد‬4C(‫ ا‬70‫)س در‬/• )^c5 ‫ف‬-^(‫ا‬
‫ى‬-KK5 -KK@-P‫ وﺗ‬،7KKIƒc:()8 )^CKKV‫)ر‬:5 DCKK‫” ﺗ‬KK{)B )KK5 ‫ وإذا‬،‫)ط‬KK‰c(‫•ا ا‬KK‫~ ھ‬KK‫ داﺧ‬7KK/01(13451/6(‫ ا‬7?)/KKb(‫ ا‬¢KK•15
7/?)/Kb(‫)ط ا‬K:c(‫ ا‬7>Kb23 ‫ر‬1Kz? ‫ى‬-K5‫)ب و‬ƒICKV‫ ا‬7KƒP:B ‫)ن‬:/2Kbc8 7QKz‫^) ھ‬8 ‫د‬4>c‫ ﺗ‬AC(‫ ا‬7/:‫ (˜ھ‬D^B‫إدرا‬
.)^C/:‫ھ‬ª8‫^) و‬8 D^/G‫ وو‬D^@-( 72@-Q(‫ا‬
‫)ن‬B -I3،7?)/b(‫)ع ا‬ƒI8 ]//c.:(‫] ا‬/2‫ﺧ‬-C:(‫] وا‬//2P:(‫] ا‬/(‫}و‬b:(‫ ا‬¢5 7/^>‰(‫|ت ا‬8)I:(‫] أن ا‬/? A3
`K/:@ ‫•ي‬K(‫ ا‬A01K(1/6(‫ وا‬A01K(1O@U‫ع ا‬1KcC(‫ وا‬7/d/Q(‫ ا‬7/:‫)›ھ‬8 D^/G‫ى و‬-5 734.5 „(‫†~ إ‬1C(‫^) ا‬c5 ‫ف‬-^(‫ا‬
)KKc/:*‫ ﺗ‬7KK2@-Q(‫ ا‬7?)/KKb()8 DCKK^‫ ﺗ‬7/6/‫اﺗ‬4CKKV‫ ا‬AKKcQ‫ة ﺗ‬4KKO3 AKK3 D^‫اط‬4KKM{‫ ا‬7KK/{)O5‫ إ‬AK3 'KKPQ(‫ وا‬،‫)ن‬:/2KKbc8 7QKKz‫ھ‬
‫`ه‬KCc5 ‘KƒM5 ‫ح‬4KCI5 ¢KH‫ و‬AK3 7B‫)ر‬K‰:(‫ وا‬7:‫)ھ‬Kb:(‫ وا‬،D^C/(‫}و‬Kb5 ”KP‫ ﺗ‬¢KI@ ‫)ل ا(•ي‬6:(‫}ھ|ت ھ•ا ا‬:(
.72@-Q(‫ ا‬7/?)/b(‫)ط ا‬:{˜( ‫ي‬4z? ‫ب‬4• Ad/8
?‫را‬8 ‫ان ا‬8 > ‫ ا‬6< =7 ‫ ا‬.1
B‫ود‬H‫ ا‬I >C F C‫ ر‬A B C‫ر‬ ‫ ا‬D ‫ ط‬.1.1
~KL‫' ﺗ‬/? A•4‰(‫ب ا‬1c6()8 -01‫|ھ) ﺗ‬G‫ أ‬،7>/.H „(‫ إ‬7ƒV1C5 ‫)ت‬G)>‫)رﺗ‬8 ‫)ن‬:/2bc8 7Qz‫` ھ‬/:C‫ﺗ‬
~KL‫„ أن ﺗ‬K(‫ر@’ إ‬-KC()8 7QKz^(‫ر ا‬-KPc‫ وﺗ‬.¬{1K@ ‫د‬U‫ أو‬-KcG ‫م‬332‫] و‬//•4K‰(‫)دة ا‬.KV‫د ا‬U‫ أو‬-cG ‫م‬361 „(‫إ‬
.(1988 ،A{):*.(‫)ن ا‬:?4(‫ ا‬-QG) A849(‫)ل ا‬:‰(‫„ ا‬L•‫ أ‬A3 ‫م‬100 ]5 ~•‫إ(„ أ‬
28
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‫)ن‬:/2bc8 78)98 7/01(13451/6(‫ ا‬-‫)ھ‬‰:(‫د ا‬-.‫ وﺗ‬7/./Qƒ(‫}ھ|ت ا‬:(‫ع ا‬1c‫ ﺗ‬:2 D•‫ ر‬7I/‫ﺛ‬1(‫ا‬
%0.4 ]KG ~KI@ U‫ و‬،%1 •()9(‫ ا‬A3 ‫)وز‬6C@ U •/>‫ وﺧ‬A6@‫ر‬-‫ار ﺗ‬-P{)8 7Qz^(‫™ ھ•ه ا‬ƒV `/:C@
„K2G -KC::(‫ ا‬AQ/*O()KQQIC()8 7ƒQ‫ﺗ‬4:(‫)ت ا‬01:C(‫ود ا‬-? „(‫ إ‬،‘/P:(‫ ا‬1P{ A84¦ A():š -A•4š A81c0 ‫)ه‬6‫)ﺗ‬8
1KK‫ وھ‬،A()KP(‫)?~ ا‬Kb(‫‘ ا‬KM( ‫ازي‬1K5 ‫)ه‬K6‫)ﺗ‬8‫)ن و‬:/2Kbc8 7KKc@-5 ‫)ل‬:Kš 7K@-O(‫|د ا‬K8 -KcG 7K•4>C5 ‫ات‬-K?‫~ و‬OKš
‫اد‬1KK( ‫ى‬4KKb/(‫ ا‬a5‫ا‬1KK^(‫ ا‬-KKcG 7KKI/:G ‫ات‬-KK‫د ﺧ‬1KK0‫ و‬¢KK5 ¢KKƒIC(‫~ ا‬KK/2• ،•KK2:65 AKK3 ‘KKbQc5‫© و‬KKV):C5 ™ƒKKV
7K/(1‫اف ط‬4KG‫ أ‬72OK‰5 ‫)ن‬:/2Kbc8 7Kc@-5 ‫ل‬1K? 7K†)‫ ﺧ‬7K@`‫اﺗ‬1O(‫ارض ا‬1K.(‫ ا‬°K.8 •K8 •KLCc‫) ﺗ‬:B ،‫اط‬4‰(‫ا‬
)K^:‫م أھ‬80 „K(‫ إ‬50 ]/K8 )K5 ‫اوح‬4KC@ ‫)رﺗ>)ع‬8 ™ƒb(‫ق ا‬13 ‫)رزة‬8 A‫ وھ‬،"‫ات‬4ML(‫ "ا‬DV‫) ا‬/2P5 )^/2G R2ƒ@
...7cƒ@1š18 ‫ة‬4M†‫ة و‬4:c(‫ة ا‬4M†
‫ارض‬1.2(7@4MKKKL(‫وزات ا‬4KKKQ(‫) وا‬:‫ھ‬-KKK3‫ وروا‬±>/KKK>c(‫اط وا‬4KKK‰(‫ادي ا‬1‫اﺗ‬-KKK@-M‫)ت وﺗ‬KKK.ƒI‫)ء ﺗ‬c*CKKKV)8
‫ء‬AK‰(‫ ا‬،7K>/>‫)ت ﺧ‬K01:‫د ﺗ‬1K0‫ و‬¢K5 7K8)‫ﺗ‬4(‫© وا‬KV):C(‫ ا‬¢8)K‫• ط‬K/2G •K29@ 7QKz^(‫•ه ا‬K‫™ ھ‬ƒV ‫ن‬¤3 ،7@`‫اﺗ‬1O(‫ا‬
4KKb>@ )KK5 ‫•ا‬KK‫ وھ‬.7KKI:.C:(‫ ا‬7KK/“):(‫)ري ا‬KK6:(‫)ء ا‬c*CKKV)8 4KKPQ(‫ ا‬1KKP{ 7/PƒKKb(‫)ه ا‬KK/:(‫)ب ا‬/KKb{‫ل دون ا‬1KKP@ ‫•ي‬KK(‫ا‬
‫ ﷲ‬-KKQG ‫)@)ت‬KKzB .(Beaudet. G, 1969) 7QKKz^(‫™ ا‬ƒKKV ‫ق‬1KK3 "‫)@)ت‬KKz(‫ "ا‬7KKI29:(‫اض ا‬1KK?›‫)ر ا‬K‰C{‫ا‬
...72PO(‫ة وا‬4/QO(‫ ا‬،7.2I(‫ ا‬،‫ش‬1MQ(‫ ا‬،A‰QP(‫ ا‬،„V15
‫ول‬H‫ ا‬A Q ‫ ا‬R ‫ن‬ ‫ة‬8 ‫ وز و‬M N 9O ‫ا‬ 8FLC -2.1
،AK:P>(‫ي وا‬4KQ:O(‫اد ا‬1K5 7K†)‫ ﺧ‬،‫] ا›ول‬5`K(‫ر ا‬1MK† „K(‫)ل إ‬K6:(‫ (^•ا ا‬7@4ML(‫ة ا‬-G)I(‫ ا‬A:Cc‫ﺗ‬
”KKKb/‰(‫ر ا‬1MKKKL(‫•ه ا‬KKK‫ ھ‬DKKK‫ وأھ‬.‫)وم‬KKKI5‫© و‬KKKV):C5‫• و‬2KKK† )^KKKz.8‫] و‬/KKK(‫ و‬aKKK‫^) ھ‬KKKz.8 ‫ر‬1MKKK† AKKK‫وھ‬
-KKcG‫)?~ و‬KKb(‫‘ ا‬KK‫] ﺧ‬KK5 ‫`اء‬KK0›‫ ا‬°KK.8‫ و‬7KK@‫ح ا›ود‬1>KKV -KKcG ™ƒKKb(‫„ ا‬KK2G ‫ان‬4KK^…@ ‫•ان‬KK2(‫” ا‬KK@`‫ارﺗ‬1O(‫وا‬
‫' أن‬K/? ،]@1KOC(‫ة ا‬4KC3 'K/? ]K5 ‫~ أو‬K†›‫' ا‬K/? ]K5 ‫اء‬1KV ‫ي‬4M† ‫ع‬1cC8 `/:C‫ وﺗ‬.7@4ML(‫وزات ا‬4Q(‫ا‬
)‫ھ‬-K.8 ،A{)KB4Q(‫¡ ا‬K>I(‫] ا‬K5 ‫ن‬1OC‫ ﺗ‬AC(‫• ا‬V‫وا‬4(‫م ا‬-•ªB ‘V‫ي ا›و‬4Q:O(‫) إ(„ ا‬V)V‫ أ‬A:Cc‫ ﺗ‬7/(‫ة ا›و‬-G)I(‫ا‬
‫)ت‬Kc@1O‫~ ﺗ‬OKš „K2G („2G›‫`ي ا‬/>(‫ )ا‬7/:P>(‫ وا‬7/{1>@-(‫وا‬7@‫ر‬12/b(‫وا‬7/b/3‫)ت ا›ردو‬c@1OC(‫• ا‬2CM5 ••).C‫ﺗ‬
D@4KO(‫ ا‬-KQG) AKc/ƒ(‫ ا‬-/Kzc(‫ي وا‬1KzG|(‫¬ ا‬K2O(‫' وا‬KP(‫ وا‬-/Kzc(‫] ا‬K5 ‫ة‬4@)K9C5 ‫)ت‬cPV ]5 7{1O5 7/()CC5
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‫)ب‬KbCB¨ 4Kš)Q:(‫ ا‬4KLc.(‫ ا‬7K/“)cQ(‫^) ا‬C/.KH‫) وو‬K^C/c8 AK3 ‫ة‬4@)K9C:(‫ ا‬72/OK‰C(‫•ه ا‬K‫ ھ‬4QC.‫ وﺗ‬،(1986 ،‫رات‬13
.(1988 ،A{):*.(‫)ن ا‬:?4(‫ ا‬-QG) 7/()P(‫ ا‬7/b@‫)ر‬zC(‫)(^) ا‬Oš‫ أ‬7Iƒc:(‫ا‬
°K.8 ]K5 ‫ن‬1KOC‫ وﺗ‬،¢K@‫ز‬1C(‫© وا‬:Kb(‫ ا‬7K>2CM5 7/KV)@4‫)ت ﺗ‬cPKb8 -K0‫ا‬1CC3 A{)K*(‫] ا‬5`(‫ر ا‬1M† )5‫أ‬
‫)ت‬K:B‫ا‬4C(‫• ا‬K2*:C3 'K()*(‫] ا‬5`K(‫) ا‬5‫ أ‬.±>/>c(‫>)ف واد ا‬H -cG 7†)‫ ﺧ‬،7/c/ƒ(‫ ا‬4†)c.(‫ وا‬7/C(‫)ز‬Q(‫?)ت ا‬1>ƒ(‫ا‬
]K5 ‫ت‬U)K6:(‫ ا‬°K.8 7K/G)84(‫ ا‬7K/“)/?¨‫)ت ا‬Kc@1OC()/ƒ9‫] ﺗ‬/? A3 .¢•‫ا‬1:(‫] ا‬5 -@-.()8 ‫ة‬4‫)ﺛ‬cC:(‫ ا‬7/b2B 'P(‫ا‬
•K22MC‫] ﺗ‬K‰‫^) ﺧ‬6/Kb{ ،AK2P:(‫] ا‬/Kƒ(‫ وا‬AK:ƒ(‫)ل وا‬K54(‫] ا‬K5 7{1O5 7b{)6C5 ‫اد‬15 A‫ وھ‬،7/Qz^(‫ح ا‬1ƒb(‫ا‬
.(Beaudet. G, 1969) 7@-@-? -IG
WX ‫أ‬ M N 9O ‫ ل ا‬VWH‫ل ا‬8C - 3.1
7@‫)و‬KK‰()8 „:KKb:(‫ ا‬AKK3‫ا‬496(‫)ل ا‬KK6:2( ‫)ن‬:/2KKbc8 7QKKz‫ ھ‬AKK:CcC3 7KK/01(13451/6(‫ ا‬7KK/?)c(‫] ا‬KK5 )KK5‫أ‬
7KƒQ‫ﺗ‬45 7/K†)‫ ﺧ‬AK‫ وھ‬.™ƒKb(‫ ا‬7K8)‫)ط ورﺗ‬KbQ{U)8`/:C‫ ﺗ‬AKC(‫" ا‬7/2?)Kb(‫) ا‬ƒ/Kb:(‫] "ا‬K5 ‫`ء‬K0 AK‫ وھ‬،„2>Kb(‫ا‬
‫ر‬1K^‫) ظ‬K^cG ’CK{ -K•‫ و‬.‫] ا›ول‬5`K(‫ ا‬7K@)^c( 7/c/KV4^(‫ ا‬7K/“)cQ(‫)ت ا‬KB4P(‫ وا‬7K/01(1/6(‫ ا‬7K/cQ(‫ر ا‬1Kƒ‫ ﺗ‬7./Qƒ8
„K(‫)س إ‬K@4C(‫• ا‬Kc5 ‫ة‬4ICKb5 „KIQC( ،‫)س‬K@4C(‫)ء ا‬Kc‫~ وأﺛ‬K/Q• )^C@1Kb‫” ﺗ‬K:‫ ﺗ‬7K/“‫ا‬1C(‫)ر@¬ ا‬Kz‫وز ﺗ‬48‫)رات و‬bO{‫ا‬
‫ى‬4KK‫ وأﺧ‬7c/KKV1/5‫و‬7c/V1/28 7KK@4P8 ‫)ت‬.KKH1‫• وﺗ‬KKV‫ روا‬7KK(-^C:(‫) ا‬KK‫`اؤھ‬0‫” أ‬2QICKKV‫) ا‬KK:c/8 ،A()KKP(‫] ا‬5`KK(‫ا‬
‫] ا›ول‬5`K(‫)ت ا‬KB4? ‫)ت‬K>2M5 ‫ أن‬U‫ إ‬.~?)Kb(‫ ﺧ‘ ا‬¢5 ‫ازاة‬1:()8 7/25‫)ن ر‬Q*B ”>2‫)س ﺧ‬V›)8 7/G)8‫ ر‬7@‫•)ر‬
.(Beaudet. G, 1969) )/()? 7Iƒc:(‫• ا‬/2G -01‫)م ا(•ي ﺗ‬.(‫ ا‬Ab@‫)ر‬zC(‫~ ا¨ط)ر ا‬O‰‫” ﺗ‬2‫ظ‬
7V‫را‬-(‫ ا‬7Iƒc:8 7/?1(1/6(‫)ت ا‬c@1OC(‫ وا‬7@1/c813‫ر‬1:(‫ات ا‬-?1(‫ ا‬:3 D•‫ ر‬7I/‫ﺛ‬1(‫ا‬

‫ق‬1K3 )K‫وزھ‬48‫ و‬7KIƒc:(‫ ا‬¢K3‫„ ر‬K(‫ أدت إ‬،7/c/KV4‫ ھ‬7K/“)c8 ‫)ت‬KB4P( ‫)ل‬K6:(‫•ا ا‬K‫ض ھ‬4K.‫ ﺗ‬-I3 ،)51:G
-KK.8‫ و‬،‫)ل‬KK6:(‫ت ا‬1KKV AKKC(‫ ا‬7KKI?|(‫ ا‬7KK@4.C(‫~ ا‬KK5‫ا‬1.( 7KKH4G )KK^2.0 )KK:5 .‫] ا›ول‬5`KK(‫• ا‬KKc5 4KKPQ(‫™ ا‬ƒKKV
-KK@-6‫ وﺗ‬7KK@‫ ا›ود‬RKK/:.‫~ وﺗ‬/OKK‰C(‫)ت ا‬KK/2:G ‘/KK‰c‫)دة ﺗ‬KKG‫„ إ‬KK(‫ إ‬7KK@‫}د‬5 7KK@4.C(‫دت ا‬-KK6‫)م ﺗ‬KKC(‫• ا‬QKKš ™/ƒKKbC(‫ا‬
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‫|ن‬9CKb5 ،¢K•‫ا‬1:(‫] ا‬5 ‫د‬-G A3 4C5 100 ]G -@`@ ):8 ‫)ن‬I:.C@ ‫•ان‬2(‫ ا‬±/>/>c(‫اط وواد ا‬4‰(‫اد ا‬1B ،)^C/5)c@‫د‬
.(1988 ،A{):*.(‫)ن ا‬:?4(‫ ا‬-QG) 7‰^(‫ ا‬7@4ML(‫ورات ا‬4:(‫•(© ا‬8
‫)رود‬Q(‫^• ا‬B ‫ى‬1Cb5 „2G ‫اط‬4‰(‫ح واد ا‬1>V ]5 7G1cC5 7/?)/V13‫ر‬151/0 -‫)ھ‬‰5 :4 D•‫ ر‬7I/‫ﺛ‬1(‫ا‬
‫ر‬1KK^‫~ ظ‬KKQ•‫ و‬AKK:P>(‫ ا‬4KK:9(‫ ا‬-KK.8 )KK5 „KK(‫د إ‬1KK.‫)ن ﺗ‬:/2KKbc8 7QKKz^( 7/KKV)V›‫ ا‬7/KKb@‫)ر‬zC(‫)ل ا‬OKKš›)3
‫ة‬-K?‫)ن و‬:/2Kbc8 7QKz‫„ ھ‬K2G 7/81KV4(‫)ءات ا‬Kƒ9(‫)ر ا‬K‫)ب آﺛ‬K/¦ -KB}@ 'K/? ،)K^•13 7K/G)8‫ر‬-1/2Q(‫|ت ا‬/O‰C(‫ا‬
،7KI?|(‫ ا‬7K/“)cQ(‫اث ا‬-K?›‫• ا‬K8 ”:‫)ھ‬KV ‫•ي‬K(‫ ا‬¢K34(‫)دة ا‬KG‫ إ‬¢K5 ‫`زت‬K.‫ ﺗ‬،7(‫~ وا¨زا‬BµC2( 7H4.5 7/b@‫)ر‬z‫ﺗ‬
.(1988 ،A{):*.(‫)ن ا‬:?4(‫ ا‬-QG) Aš|8›‫^) ا‬.8)‫” ط‬QbCB‫•(© ا‬8‫ و‬،™/ƒbC(‫)ت ا‬/2:G ‫ار‬4:CV‫ ا‬A3 ‫) زاد‬:5
4KK:9(‫ ا‬4KK‫„ إﺛ‬KK2G ¢KK8‫ا‬4(‫] ا‬5`K(‫ ا‬7KK@‫ا‬-8 ¢KK5 ‫ود‬-KKP5 ~OKK‰8 U‫ إ‬7KIƒc:()8 ‫)ب‬KKV‫)ت ا¨ر‬KK/2:G ‫د‬-KK6C‫ ﺗ‬DK(‫و‬
4KK:9(‫)ت ا‬KK/2:G 7KK/:‫• أھ‬KKb? )KK^C/:‫• أھ‬KK2CM‫ ﺗ‬7/81KKV‫)ت ر‬KKB4‫• وراءه ﺗ‬KK2‫ ﺧ‬4KKPQ(‫ ا‬¢KK0‫ا‬4‫ ﺗ‬-KK.8‫ و‬،AG)KK84(‫ا‬
7K{‫)ر‬I5 7K.>‫ﺗ‬45 ”K{)B -K• 7KIƒc:(‫) أن ا‬K:2G ،72QICb:(‫ ا‬7/81V4(‫اض ا‬1?›‫ ا‬D6?‫اﺧ~ و‬-(‫ ا‬1P{ )^5-I‫ى ﺗ‬-5‫و‬
‫ء‬AK‰(‫ ا‬،(Saadi, E, 1988) 4K:9(‫ات ا‬4KC3 ‫|ل‬K‫ب ﺧ‬1Kc6(‫ ا‬AK3 7K@-:P:(‫)ل وا‬:K‰(‫ ا‬AK3 ‫)ط‬84(‫ ا‬ACIƒc5 ¢5
.7/(‫ ا›و‬7@4ML(‫وزات ا‬4Q(‫ ا‬7ƒV‫ا‬18 7(`.c5‫) و‬/()65 ‫ودة‬-P5 7/G)84(‫)ت ا‬B4C(‫~ ا‬.0 ‫ا(•ي‬
،‫] ا›ول‬5`K2( 7@4MKL(‫`ة ا‬/B4()8 ™ƒb(‫)ط ا‬Q‫)ن ارﺗ‬:/2bc8 7Qz‫” ھ‬2:š AC(‫)ت ا‬V‫را‬-(‫• ا‬2¦‫أ‬-B}‫ﺗ‬
،AKV)ƒ@4O(‫ا‬1V)@4C(‫وزات ا‬4K8 °K.8 ‫)ء‬c*CKV)8 7KI?|(‫ ا‬7/81KV4(‫)ءات ا‬Kƒ9(‫)ب ا‬/¦ ”•1(‫ {>¬ ا‬A3 ~6b‫وﺗ‬
]KK5 ‫)ء‬KKƒ¦ 7K d/‫„ ھ‬KK2G AG)KK84(‫„ وا‬KK2G›‫] ا‬/KKV1/2Q(‫] ا‬KK5 7KK•4>C5 ‫)ت‬.KKH1‫وﺗ‬7/c/V1/:(‫ة ا‬4KKC>(‫] ا‬KK5 )KK@)I8 DKK‫ﺛ‬
]KK5 ‫ة‬4K.I:(‫)ت ا‬K•)ƒc(‫„ ا‬K2G ‫•ا‬KB‫ و‬،7/c/KV4^(‫ة ا‬-KKG)I(‫ق ا‬1K3 RK3‫ا‬1‫ دون ﺗ‬¢KH1:C‫ ﺗ‬AKC(‫ ا‬7/PƒKb(‫)ت ا‬Kc@1OC(‫ا‬
.(2004 ،~PB›‫)ر ا‬CM:(‫ )ا‬AV)C@4O(‫ وا‬4:P:(‫@)س ا‬4C(‫ا‬
™ƒKKb(‫„ ا‬KK(‫^) إ‬KKb@‫)ر‬z‫وز ﺗ‬4KK8‫)ن و‬:/2KKbc8 7QKKz‫) ھ‬KK^( ”KKH4.‫ ﺗ‬AKKC(‫ ا‬7KK@4.C(‫~ ا‬KK5‫ا‬1G ‫ت‬-G)KKV -KKI(
AKKK3 ~KKK*:C‫ ﺗ‬،‫ة‬-KKK@43‫`ة و‬KKK/:C5 7KKK/01(13451/0‫ و‬7KKK/01(1/0 -‫)ھ‬KKK‰5 ]@1KKKO‫„ ﺗ‬KKK2G 7KKK2@1‫ ط‬7KKK/01(1/0 •KKKIP(
-‫)ھ‬K‰:(‫] ا‬K5 )K‫ھ‬4/¦‫ف و‬1K^B‫)رات و‬95‫ و‬،7@4M† ‫رات‬-Pc5‫ و‬،AQz^(‫™ ا‬ƒb(‫„ ا‬2G 7@4ML(‫وزات ا‬4Q(‫ا‬
.(2009 ،‫?>)ض‬18 7@4‫ي )ﺛ‬-PC(‫~ وا‬5ªC(‫)(`@)رة وا‬8 ‫ي‬49‫ ﺗ‬AC(‫ا‬
7/?)/KKV1/0 -‫)ھ‬K‰5 ]K5 ‫ه‬431K‫) ﺗ‬K:/3 U‫~ أو‬KK*:C‫ ﺗ‬7K/01(13451/6(‫ وا‬7K/01(1/6(‫ ا‬-‫)ھ‬K‰:(‫•ه ا‬K‫ ھ‬7K/:‫أھ‬
‫)ل‬KKQ6(‫ ا‬R2KKbCB ،‫ة‬45)KK9:(‫)ت ا‬KKH)@‫] ر‬KK5 ‫اع‬1KK{‫ة أ‬-KKG 7KKV‫)ر‬::( 7KK/{)O5‫] إ‬KK5 ‫ه‬431KK‫) ﺗ‬KK:(‫ و‬،‫`وار‬KK(‫• ا‬KK26‫ﺗ‬
‫)ن‬:/2Kbc8 7QKz‫ ھ‬¢K•‫ا‬15 ~.0 ‫ء ا(•ي‬A‰(‫ ا‬،...~/M(‫ب ا‬1B‫ ور‬A‰:(‫ ا‬7H)@‫ي ور‬46(‫ وا‬7/“‫ا‬1^(‫)ت ا‬0‫را‬-(‫وا‬
·KK2Q‫)ب ﺗ‬ƒICKV‫ ا‬7QKbc8 ‫)رود‬KQ(‫• ا‬K^B /7K2‫ﺧ‬-(‫] ا‬/KG ¢K•15 )^KV‫„ رأ‬K2G A‫ﺗ‬ªK@‫ و‬،‫`وار‬K2( )8•K0‫) و‬8)ƒICKV‫ ا‬4K*B‫أ‬
.(2009 ،‫?>)ض‬18 7@4‫ )ﺛ‬%54
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‫)ح‬/b2( ‫)ن‬:/2bc8 7Qz‫ ھ‬¢•‫ا‬15 ‫)ب‬ƒICV‫ ا‬7Qb{ :5 D•‫ ر‬7I/‫ﺛ‬1(‫ا‬

9O ‫\ [ وا ا‬ ‫ ا ^ وف ا‬F ‫ ت أ‬D 4.1
)K5 ‫)ر أي‬KCO^>(‫ أ‬57 A(‫ا‬1K? „K(‫^) إ‬C?)Kb5 ~L‫ ﺗ‬7G1cC5 -0 7@18)¦ ‫وة‬4‫„ ﺛ‬2G ‫)ن‬:/2bc8 D/2•‫ إ‬431C@
A‫ﺗ‬ªK‫ وﺗ‬،)‫ھ‬-K?1( ‫)ن‬:/2Kbc8 7QKz‫^) ھ‬czCP‫)ر ﺗ‬CO‫ أ(• ھ‬12 )^c5 ،D/2•¹( 7/():0¨‫ ا‬7?)b:(‫] ا‬5%25 ‫)دل‬.@
7KK8)¦ •KK{)0 „KK(‫)ن إ‬:/2KKbc8 7KK8)¦ 4KKQC.‫ وﺗ‬.AKK?|>(‫)ل ا‬KK6:2( 7KKLLM:(‫ ا‬7?)KKb:(‫ ا‬-KK.8 7KK/{)*(‫ ا‬7KKQ‫ﺗ‬4:(‫ ا‬AKK3
‘KV1C:(‫ ا‬°/K8›‫ ا‬4KPQ(‫ض ا‬1K? 7KIƒc5‫ب و‬49:()K8 AKc/2>(‫ط ا‬12Q(‫ ا‬72/O‰C( 7@18)9(‫ت ا‬U)6:(‫ ا‬D‫رة أھ‬1:.:(‫ا‬
Sauvage. C, •Kb?‫ و‬.‫ر‬1KL.(‫ ا‬4K5 „K2G 7K/d/8‫ و‬7K/G):C0‫ وا‬7@‫)د‬KLC•‫ وا‬7K/M@‫” أدوار ﺗ)ر‬KQ.( -•‫ و‬.~OB
•K‫ط‬4(‫• ا‬QKš‫ب و‬1Kc6(‫ ا‬AK3 ‫)ف‬6(‫• ا‬Qš ]//‫)ﺧ‬c51/Q(‫] ا‬/•)ƒc(‫] ا‬/8 |†)3 ‫ا‬-? ‫)ن‬:/2bc8 78)¦ 4QC.‫(ﺗ‬1963)
.‫)ل‬:‰(‫ ا‬A3
-/.KL(‫„ ا‬K2G ‫ب‬1Kc6(‫)ه ا‬K6‫ اﺗ‬AK3 AKc/2>(‫ط ا‬1K2Q2( 78)¦ 4‫ آﺧ‬-.‫)ن ﺗ‬:/2bc8 78)¦ ‫)رة إ(„ أن‬š¨‫ر ا‬-6‫ﺗ‬
¢KI‫ب ﺗ‬1Kc6(‫)ه ا‬K6‫ اﺗ‬AK3 ‘K‫ ﺧ‬4K‫ آﺧ‬1K‫ وھ‬،U):Kš ‘35 °33‫ض‬4G ‘‫ ﺧ‬-cG A81c6(‫ھ) ا‬-? ¢I@ '/? ،A:().(‫ا‬
.‫ي‬1/P(‫)ل ا‬6:(‫ (^•ا ا‬7@‫)د‬5|(‫ ا‬7:/I(‫] ا‬5 •G)z@ ):5 ،D().(‫ ا‬A3 Ac/2>(‫ط ا‬12Q(‫)ت ا‬8)¦ ]5 78)¦ ‫ه‬-cG
‫ن‬ F ? ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ ع ا‬C‫د و‬8>C .2
d b‫أر‬ ‫روث‬ :‫ ا رود‬aFb .1.2
7:@-• 7/CV‫)ر‬B 7/5)c@‫„ د‬2G ‫)ل‬Oš›‫ل ا‬-‫ ﺗ‬.2.1.2
)KK^C/:‫) واھ‬KK^C./Q‫ﺗ^) وط‬ªKK‰{ 'KK/? ]KK5 •KK2CM‫) ﺗ‬KK^{‫ أ‬U‫ إ‬،‫)رات‬KK95 ‫ة‬-KKG ‫)ن‬:/2KKbc8 7QKKz‫] ھ‬KKzCP‫ﺗ‬
7KK/./Qƒ(‫اة ا‬1KK‫)رات وھ‬KK9:(‫)ف ا‬KK‰OCV‫اة ا‬1KK^( 7/KKV)V‫•ب أ‬KK0 4KK†)cG 7KK8)*:8 AKK‫ ھ‬،7@‫)ر‬KKzP(‫ وا‬7KK/M@‫)ر‬C(‫ا‬
‫د‬1K.‫” ﺗ‬K@`‫ارﺗ‬1O(‫] ا‬K5 7@4MK† 7K2CB ~‫{” داﺧ‬1O‫ ﺗ‬AC(‫)رود ا‬Q(‫^• ا‬B ‫)رة‬95 ‫„ ا¨ط|ق‬2G )^:‫؛ أھ‬R2bC(‫وا‬
.‫اط‬4‰(‫• واد ا‬/3 R:.‫ ا(•ي ﺗ‬A‫)ﺗ‬PC(‫™ ا‬ƒb2( R8)V Ac‫)ط‬8 A“)5 ‫ى‬465 7ƒV‫ا‬18 ،‫] ا›ول‬5`(‫إ(„ ا‬
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‫)رود‬Q(‫^• ا‬O( A2‫ داﺧ‬-^‰5 :2 ‫رة‬1L(‫)رود – ا‬Q(‫^• ا‬O( A0‫ ﺧ)ر‬-^‰5 :1 ‫رة‬1L(‫ ا‬:6D•‫ ر‬7I/‫ﺛ‬1(‫ا‬
Wailliy. A, (1975) ‫)رود‬Q(‫^• ا‬O( Aƒ/ƒM‫ ﺗ‬DV‫ ر‬:7 D•‫ ر‬7I/‫وﺛ‬

‫)رة‬KQG AK‫ وھ‬7K/:‫ أھ‬4K*B‫) أ‬:‫اھ‬-K?‫ إ‬،‫دم‬4K(‫اد ا‬15 7ƒV‫ا‬18 ]/C2L>c5 ]/‫)رﺗ‬95 ]5 •Ô(‫ن ھ•ا ا‬1OC@‫و‬
‫اط‬4KK‰(‫„ واد ا‬KK2G ~KKƒ‫ وﺗ‬،~‫ﺧ‬-KK:(‫ ا‬-KKcG ‫)ر‬KKC5‫ أ‬7„KK(‫• إ‬KKH4G‫ م و‬25 „KK(‫• إ‬KK(1‫~ ط‬KKL@ AKKI3‫• أ‬QKKš 4KK:5 ]KKG
DK6? AK3 ]O:‫^) ﺗ‬C/:‫ أھ‬،‫ا‬4C5 60 A(‫ا‬1P8 ‫ى‬46:(‫] ا‬G )^G)>‫· ارﺗ‬2Q@‫ و‬،‫ق‬4‰(‫)ه ا‬6‫)ﺗ‬8 7.V‫ وا‬7PC3 7ƒV‫ا‬18
™CK>cC3 Aven Bleton ‫)ة‬:Kb:(‫ وا‬7K/{)*(‫)رة ا‬K9:(‫) ا‬K5‫ أ‬،)K^8 )^/2G ‫ر‬1*.(‫ ا‬D‫ ﺗ‬AC(‫^) وا›دوات وا¼ﺛ)ر ا‬C?)b5
‫اد‬1KK5 7ƒKV‫ا‬18 ‫ءة‬1K2::(‫ ا‬7/Kb2O(‫ ا‬7KIQƒ(‫• ا‬IKV ~K‫] داﺧ‬/KKCPC3 ‫|ل‬K‫] ﺧ‬K5 „K2G›‫)ه ا‬K6‫)ﺗ‬8 7QKz^(‫™ ا‬ƒKV 1KP{
.(Wailliy. A, 1975) )^2>V‫ أ‬-cG ™C>c@ ‫داب‬4V R@4‫] ط‬G „(‫)رة ا›و‬9:()8 ‫ة‬4/‫~ ھ•ه ا›ﺧ‬LC‫ وﺗ‬،‫دم‬4(‫ا‬
‫~ ا¼ن‬Q• 7cV 5160 „(‫د إ‬1.‫ ﺗ‬7@4‰8 7G)c† ‫>)ت‬2M5 .2.1.2
AKK849:(‫)دي ا‬KKc(‫)ء ا‬KKzG‫ف أ‬4KK‫] ط‬KK5 •KK‰CB‫•ي ا‬KK(‫ ا‬¢KK•1:(‫•ا ا‬KK^( „KK(‫• ا›و‬KK/IcC(‫)ت ا‬KK/2:.8 ‫)م‬KK/I(‫ ا‬DKK‫ﺗ‬
‫اد‬1K:(‫ ا‬°K.8 „K2G ‫ر‬1K*.(‫ ا‬DK‫' ﺗ‬K/? ،1950 7cKV •Kc5 Spéléo-Club du Maroc ‫)رات‬K9:(‫)ف ا‬‰OCVU
‫ة‬4KKB ،7KK>2CM5 7/KKV)P{ ¢KKƒ• ،7PƒKKb5 7/KKV)P{ ‫س‬ªKK3) ‫)رود‬KKQ(‫• ا‬KKÔ8 ‫)ش‬KKG ‫•ي‬KK(‫)ن ا‬KKb{¨‫^) ا‬2:.CKKV‫ ا‬AKKC(‫ا‬
7/KKV)P{ ‫ أدوات‬،‫ت‬U):.CKKVU‫)م وا‬KK6?›‫ ا‬7KK>2CM5 7KK@46? ¢KKƒ• ،‫ان‬1KKL(‫ ا‬4KK6? ،‫)ر‬KKM>(‫] ا‬KK5 ‫)ء‬KK{‫ إ‬،7KK@-@-?
5160 ]/K8 )K5 14 ‫ن‬18‫)ر‬O(‫)دة ا‬:8 ):^M@‫ر‬ª‫ ﺗ‬D‫ ﺗ‬،‫)ء‬z/8 7/{)‫ وﺛ‬7@‫)د‬5‫] أو(„ ر‬/CIQ‫( داﺧ~ ط‬...‫ ?)دة‬7@-@-?‫و‬
„KK2G ‫م‬1KV4(‫)ت وا‬K‫ﺗ‬1Pc:(‫ ا‬°KK.8 „K(‫ إ‬73)KH‫ إ‬،(Camps. G, 1992) (110 ±) ‫~ ا¼ن‬KQ• 7cKV 4750‫و‬
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‫اس‬4KH‫© وأ‬K3 ]K5 ‫`اء‬K0‫ أ‬AK3 ~K*:C‫ ﺗ‬7@4K‰8 7K/:…G )K@)I8 „2G )z@‫ر أ‬1*.(‫ ا‬D‫) ﺗ‬:B .•Ô(‫ر داﺧ~ ا‬1ML(‫ا‬
،‫را‬1ƒ‫ وأ•~ ﺗ‬7/“‫ا‬-8 )^{‫„ أ‬2G )^Cd/‫] ﺧ|ل ھ‬5 ‫و‬-Q@ )@)I8 A‫ وھ‬،-M(‫ ا‬D…G ]5 ‫`ء‬0‫أس و‬4(‫ة ا‬4‫}ﺧ‬5 ‫…)م‬G‫و‬
)K^/3 ‫)ش‬KG AKC(‫ ا‬7K/c5`(‫ة ا‬4C>(‫ ا‬-@-P‫] ﺗ‬5 ”cO5 7/:….(‫)@) ا‬IQ(‫){• ا‬0 „(‫`ف إ‬M(‫] ا‬5 )@)I8 „2G ‫ر‬1*.(‫] ا‬O(
‫ر‬1K*.(‫ ا‬DK‫) ﺗ‬K:B .‫~ ا¼ن‬KQ• 7cKV ‫ف‬U‫ة آ‬4K‰G A(‫ا‬1K? ‫ أي‬AC/(1/c(‫ة ا‬4C3 „(‫د إ‬1.‫ ﺗ‬AC(‫ وا‬،‫)رود‬Q(‫^• ا‬B ‫)ن‬b{‫إ‬
]K5 ‫ث‬-K?‫) أ‬K51:G )K^{‫ أ‬U‫ إ‬،7K>2CM5 7Kc5‫„ أز‬K(‫د إ‬1K.‫ ﺗ‬AKC(‫ي ا‬4‰Q(‫)ل ا‬:.CVU‫] ا›دوات ذات ا‬5 -@-.(‫„ ا‬2G
.(Camps. G, 1992) AC/(1/c(‫)ن ا‬b{‫إ‬
7Pƒb5 7/V)P{ ‫س‬ª3 :2 7/3`‫ ﺧ‬A{‫)@) أدوات وأوا‬I8 :1 ،‫)رود‬Q(‫^• ا‬B ~‫^) داﺧ‬/2G 4*G )@)I8 :8 D•‫ ر‬7I/‫ﺛ‬1(‫ا‬
(Bokbot Y et Mikdad A, 2017)
،‫)ورة‬K6:(‫ت ا‬U)K6:(‫] ا‬/K8‫• و‬Kc/8 ‫)ت‬K•|G ‫د‬1K0‫„ و‬2G •Ô()8 )^/2G 4*G AC(‫اد ا‬1:(‫)@) ا‬I8 -B}‫) ﺗ‬:B
7@4MK† ¢Kƒ• ‫|ل‬K‫] ﺧ‬K5 ~‫اﺧ‬-K(‫)ه ا‬6‫)ﺗ‬8 ‫ أو‬،7@4P8 ¢•‫ا‬1• )@)I8 „2G ‫ر‬1*.(‫] ﺧ|ل ا‬5 ،4PQ(‫)ه ا‬6‫ اﺗ‬A3 ‫اء‬1V
.(Wailly A, 1975/1973)±/>/>c(‫)(™ وا‬:(‫رھ) واد ا‬-L5 ‫™ أن‬04@
b‫ و‬X7 ‫ > ا‬O ‫ا‬8‫ ھ‬L ‫ ا‬A C ، ‫ \ را‬:e=9 ‫ ا‬A N ‫ل‬XW .2.2
‫•ه‬KK‫ ھ‬،•KLI(‫ن ا‬1K/G ¢8)Kc5 -KcG ‫)ن‬:/2KKbc8 7Kc@-5 `KB45 ]K5 A•4K‰(‫ب ا‬1KKc6(‫„ ا‬K(‫|ل إ‬K‰(‫•ا ا‬K‫ ھ‬¢KI@
‫)ره‬Kb5 ”KPc@ ،‫اط‬4K‰(‫ واد ا‬-K3‫ روا‬-K?‫ أ‬7K(‫ واد زروا‬AK3 •L@ ‫• ا(•ي‬LI(‫] ا‬/G ‫|ل‬š ¢8)c5 ‫ن‬1O‫ن ﺗ‬1/.(‫ا‬
AK:Cc‫ ﺗ‬7K/c@4¦ 7/c/‫ر ط‬1M† ‘V‫ وو‬AQz^(‫™ ا‬ƒb(‫] ا‬5 ‫ب‬4I()8 7/c/‫ورات ط‬45 ‫ ذات‬7/b2B ‫ر‬1M† ~‫داﺧ‬
.A{1>@-(‫• ا‬IP(‫^) إ(„ ا‬./:0
•K‫)ھ‬/5 •/QK† 7K/:‫ا ›ھ‬4…{ ‫)ن‬:/2bc8 7Qz^8 7/?)/b(‫}ھ|ت ا‬:(‫ ا‬D‫] أھ‬5 •LI(‫] ا‬/G ‫|ل‬š 4QC.@
¢K5 ‫)م‬6Kb{‫ ا‬AK3 )/./Q‫ ط‬U|š |O‰5 4C5 30 ]5 -@‫„ ارﺗ>)ع أز‬2G‫ة و‬4/QB 7G4b8 ™>b(‫„ ا‬2G‫] أ‬5 7I3-C:(‫ا‬
)KK:5 ،‫رال‬1‫)ط‬KK:(‫] ا‬KK5 7KKG1cC5 72/OKK‰‫ وﺗ‬AKKc/2>(‫ط ا‬1KK2Q(‫ وا‬A8‫)ر‬KK9:(‫)ر ا‬KKG4.(‫] ا‬KK5 ~OKK‰:(‫ي ا‬18)KK9(‫ ا‬-^KK‰:(‫ا‬
.7c/Ob(‫وء وا‬-^(‫ ا‬¢8)‫ ط‬7Iƒc:(‫„ ا‬2G A>z@
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‫)ت‬5-KM(‫ ا‬7‫)ط‬Kb8‫] و‬/K/2P:(‫)ن ا‬OKb(‫~ ا‬K5).‫] ﺗ‬Kb? ¢K•1:(‫•ا ا‬K^8 A?)/b(‫•ب ا‬6(‫ ا‬7/:‫] أھ‬5 -@`@ )5‫و‬
¢8)KKKƒ(‫) ا‬KK^/2G •KKK29@ 7KK/?|3 ‫)ت‬KKK01Cc5‫ و‬7ƒ/KKb8 7KKK/2P5 7KK/“‫)ت ¦•ا‬KKKQ0‫ و‬AKK3 7KKK2*:C:(‫ وا‬،‫`وار‬KK2( 7KK5-I:(‫ا‬
‫)د‬KKLC•U‫ ا‬¢8)KK‫)ط ط‬KK‰c(‫•ا ا‬KK‫„ ھ‬KK2G A>KKz@ )KK:5 7?)KKb:(‫ة ا‬4/9KK† 7KK/(`c5 R“‫ا‬-KKP8 )KK^0)C{‫ إ‬DCKK@ ،A01KK(1/Q(‫ا‬
.Ac5)zC(‫ا‬
•C/():0 ‫ز‬4Q‫• ﺗ‬LI(‫] ا‬/G ‫|ل‬š ¢•15 ]5 7/./Q‫ ط‬-‫)ھ‬‰5 :9 D•‫ ر‬7I/‫ﺛ‬1(‫ا‬
F‫ا‬d ‫ط‬ \g‫ا‬ C‫ت رو‬ b ‫ ل‬VW‫ أ‬.3.2
‫ارض‬1.(‫ ا‬.1.3.2
‫`ة‬KK/::(‫ ا‬7KK/./Qƒ(‫ ا‬-‫)ھ‬KK‰:(‫] ا‬/KK8 ]KK5 AKK‫ وھ‬.‫ات‬4MKKL()8 )KK/2P5 „:KKb‫ ﺗ‬7K /01(13451/0 ‫)ل‬OKKš‫ أ‬AKK‫وھ‬
7@4MKL(‫وزات ا‬4KQ(‫ ا‬°K.8 •K8 4K^…‫ ﺗ‬،7K/3‫ا‬4¦1Qƒ(‫ ا‬7K/?)c(‫] ا‬K5 •KC8)‫)ط• ورﺗ‬KbQ{‫ ا‬D¦43 ،AQz^(‫™ ا‬ƒb2(
¢KKC:C(‫] ا‬KK5 R2KKbC:(‫] ا‬KKO:‫ ﺗ‬،‫`ا‬KK/:C5 )KK/3‫ا‬4¦1Q‫ا ط‬-^KK‰5 ‫)ه‬KK@‫ إ‬7KKP{)5 ‫)ر‬KKC5›‫ات ا‬4KK‰.8 7KK.>‫ﺗ‬4:(‫ ا‬7K @`‫ارﺗ‬1O(‫ا‬
‫)@)ت‬Kz(‫ وا‬7KG1cC:(‫ ا‬7K/‫)ﺗ‬Qc(‫ ا‬72/OK‰C(‫ ا‬A3 72*:C:(‫^) وا‬8 7ƒ/P:(‫ ا‬7/./Qƒ(‫ ا‬-‫)ھ‬‰:2( 725)‰(‫ وا‬7.“‫ا‬4(‫ ا‬7@‫ؤ‬4()8
.‫ح‬1>b(‫وا‬
-KI3 ،7/KV)ƒ@4B -1KV)@4C(‫)ر ا‬K:¦›‫اد ا‬-KC5‫• ا‬.KH‫] ا›ول و‬5`K(‫• ا‬Kc5 )K@1/c8 7KIƒc:(‫وز ا‬4KQ( ‫ا‬4…{
7K/“)IC{U‫ ا‬7K@4.C(‫~ ا‬K.0 )K:5 ،)K^c5 7K@‫)ر‬I(‫) ا‬K†1L‫ ﺧ‬،™/ƒKbC(‫] ا‬K5 ~?‫ا‬45 ‫ة‬-.( ‫)ن‬:/2bc8 7Qz‫” ھ‬H4.‫ﺗ‬
.(1988 ،A{):*.(‫)ن ا‬:?4(‫ ا‬-QG)7Q2L(‫ا‬7@`‫ارﺗ‬1O(‫)ت ا‬.>‫ﺗ‬4:(‫• ھ•ه ا‬2M‫ﺗ‬
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7./Qƒ(‫اة ا‬1‫• ھ‬26( AV)V‫~ أ‬5)G 7@`‫ارﺗ‬1B ‫ارض‬1G ]5 72O‰:(‫اط ا‬4‰(‫ واد ا‬R{‫ا‬1‫ ﺧ‬:10 D•‫~ ر‬O‰(‫ا‬
‫•ه‬K‫ ھ‬D:• •2*:‫م ﺗ‬-•›‫ى ا‬1Cb:()3 ،‫ح‬1ƒb(‫رج ا‬-‫] ﺧ|ل ﺗ‬5 ‫@)ت‬1Cb:(‫ري (^•ه ا‬1ƒC(‫ ا‬Rbc(‫„ ا‬26C@‫و‬
‫ى‬1CKKb:(‫ ا‬-KKcG 7KK@4.C(‫ح ا‬1ƒKKV •KK2*:‫ ﺗ‬7KKI?|(‫@)ت ا‬1CKKb:(‫) ا‬KK:c/8 ،4KKC5 350 ‫ق‬1KK>‫)ت ﺗ‬KKG)>‫)رﺗ‬8 ‫ات‬4MKKL(‫ا‬
a5‫ا‬1KK‫ ھ‬-KKcG 7KK@1/c8 •QKKš ™ƒKKb(‫] ا‬KK5 ‫`اء‬KK0‫) أ‬KK^2*:‫ ﺗ‬AKKC(‫@)ت ا‬1CKKb:(‫ ا‬A‫ﺗ‬ªKK‫ وﺗ‬،‫)ن‬:/2KKbc8 7KK8)9( AG)KK>‫رﺗ‬U‫ا‬
.(1988 ،A{):*.(‫)ن ا‬:?4(‫ ا‬-QG) Ac/V1/2Q(‫ ا‬-.8 )5 '()*(‫ى ا‬1Cb:(‫*~ ا‬:C( ‫ات‬4ML(‫ا‬
(‫)@)ت‬z(‫ )ا‬7I29:(‫)ت ا‬z>Mc:(‫ ا‬.2.3.2
7QKz^( )^CKV‫)ء درا‬Kc‫ﺛ‬ª.3){ ‫ة‬-/Kš‫ ر‬D^cK5 ‫)@)ت‬z(‫ ا‬7/()Oš¤8 ]//01(13451/6(‫] ا‬/*?)Q(‫] ا‬5 ‫د‬-G DC‫اھ‬
‫)ن‬K:?4(‫ ا‬-KQG)‫)ن‬:/2Kbc8 7Qz^( •CV‫)ء درا‬c‫ أﺛ‬A{):*.(‫)ن ا‬:?4(‫ ا‬-QG‫( وو‬1987 ،¢3){ ‫ة‬-/š‫)ش )ر‬ƒ8 ‫ي‬-/V
:‫)@)ت‬z(‫] ا‬5 ‫)ن‬G1{ ‫د‬10‫)“’ إ(„ و‬Cc(‫” ا‬L2‫ وﺧ‬،(1988 ،A{):*.(‫ا‬
‫ق‬1K3 ‫رة‬1KƒC:(‫ ا‬7KI29:(‫)ت ا‬Kz>Mc:(‫)ت وا‬Kz@1P()8 ‘Q‫ﺗ‬4K‫ ﺗ‬7/PƒKV 7CKV4B ]KG 7K6‫)@)ت {)ﺗ‬H -
‫(؛‬7/849:(‫>)ء ا‬2…(‫ )ا‬AG)8‫ر‬1/2Q(‫¬ ا‬2O(‫)ء ا‬ƒ¦
‫•ي‬K(‫ وا‬،A“)K‰9(‫ ا‬APƒKb(‫@• ا‬4KLC(‫ ا‬4K†)cG ~K†‫] أ‬K5 ‫)ت‬Kz@1? ~/O‰‫] ﺗ‬G 76‫)@)ت {)ﺗ‬H -
)K^/3 ‫ر‬1KƒC‫ ﺗ‬7KI295 ‫)ت‬Kz>Mc5 )K‫• وراءھ‬K2MCC3 A2/b(‫دم ا‬4(‫اد ا‬1:8 )^0‫)ر‬M5 ‫اد‬-b{U ‫ض‬4.C@
.Ad/Q(‫^) ا‬ƒ/P:( 7/‫)ﺧ‬c51/Q(‫وف ا‬4…(‫ ا‬4/9‫ ﺗ‬¢5 ‫)ط‬Q‫رﺗ‬U)8 ‫)@)ت‬z(‫ا‬
7KI295 ‫اض‬1K?‫ أ‬7K8)*:8 AK‫ وھ‬،‫)ن‬:/2bc8 7Qz‫™ ھ‬ƒV `/:‫ ﺗ‬AC(‫ ا‬7/./Qƒ(‫ ا‬-‫)ھ‬‰:(‫] ا‬5 -.‫)@)ت ﺗ‬z()3
AKKC/2:G ~KK.>8‫ و‬.7cKKb(‫] ا‬KK5 •KK‫ط‬4(‫~ ا‬KKL>(‫|ل ا‬KK‫)ه ﺧ‬KK/:(‫) ا‬KK^8 ¢KK:6C‫ ﺗ‬،RKK:.(‫ وا‬7?)KKb:(‫ ا‬،7KK/:‫ ا›ھ‬7KK‫>)وﺗ‬C5
-K.@ DK( )K^c5 -K@-.(‫~ إن ا‬K8 ،¢K/84(‫~ ا‬KL3 7K@)^c.5 •K/>6C2( ‫ض‬4.CC‫أﺗ‬-K8 AG‫|ل ا(`را‬9CVU‫™ وا‬Cc(‫ا‬-4MQC(‫ا‬
.7@1I(‫ ا‬7@4ƒ:(‫)ت ا‬ƒ•)bC(‫)ء ا‬c‫„ أﺛ‬C? ‫)ه‬/:()8 Á>CP@
،‫{)ت‬-K/.:(‫وار ا‬-K8 -K01‫ ﺗ‬AKC(‫ش" ا‬1KMQ(‫ ا‬7@)KH" :4B•K{ ‫)ن‬:/2Kbc8 7QKz^8 ‫)@)ت‬Kz(‫ز ا‬48‫] أ‬/8 ]5‫و‬
‫ة‬4MK† 7@)KH DK‫ ﺛ‬،‫ة‬40)K^:(‫ر ا‬1K/ƒ(‫] ا‬K5 -K@-.(‫@) ا‬1cV ~QICb‫ ﺗ‬.‫)را‬CO‫ن ھ‬1.8‫ أر‬A(‫ا‬1? „(‫^) إ‬C?)b5 ~L‫وﺗ‬
7@4MK† ‫ارض‬1K.( )K^‫)ورﺗ‬6:8 •KG1{ ]K5 ‫ا‬-K@43 ‫ا‬-^K‰5 72OK‰5 ‫)را‬CO‫ون ھ‬4‰G 7?)b5 „2G ‫ة‬-C::(‫ة ا‬4:c(‫ا‬
]/KG 7KG):68 -K01‫)رات وﺗ‬CO‫ ھ‬7b:‫] ﺧ‬5 -@‫„ أز‬2G ‫ة‬-C::(‫ن ا‬1/.(‫ دوار ا‬7@)H D‫ ﺛ‬،‫ي‬18)¦ ‘V‫ و‬A3 ‫)رزة‬8
...7:@4O(‫ ا‬7@)H‫اب و‬4C(‫ ا‬7@)H „(‫ إ‬73)H‫ إ‬،7¦`/‫ﺗ‬
7K/d/8 ‫ة‬-K“)3 ‫ ذات‬AK‫ وھ‬،AQKz^(‫™ ا‬ƒKb(‫] ا‬K5 %2 ]K5 -K@‫)@)ت أز‬Kz(‫^) ا‬29K‰‫ ﺗ‬AKC(‫ ا‬7?)Kb:(‫ ا‬Aƒ9‫ﺗ‬
‫دة‬-K^5‫)درة و‬K{ 7/‫)ﺗ‬Q{ ‫اع‬1{‫ أ‬1:{ „2G -G)b@ ‫‘ ا(•ي‬V1(‫^) ا‬2.( ~8 .A{‫ا‬1/P(‫ وا‬A‫)ﺗ‬Qc(‫)ھ) ا‬c9( 75)‫ ھ‬7/01(1/8‫و‬
)K:^5 |5)KG‫ و‬،‫ة‬40)K^:(‫ر ا‬1K/ƒ(‫)ت وا‬K{‫ا‬1/P2( )/“‫ردا ¦•ا‬15 )^{1B A3 )z@‫^) أ‬C/:‫„ أھ‬26C‫) ﺗ‬:B .‫اض‬4I{U)8
.‫^)ء‬8‫) و‬I{‫ ورو‬U):0 -^‰:(‫„ ا‬2G A>z‫) زر•)ء ﺗ‬ƒI{ )^{1B ]G ©/‫ {)ھ‬،781‫ط‬4(‫„ ا‬2G 784C(‫ ا‬7…3)P:(
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. ISSN: 2508-9382 . 44 -25.‫( ص‬2019) '()*(‫د ا‬-.(‫) ا‬/0123451/62( 7/849:(‫ ا‬726:(‫ا‬
)KK^/2G ‫ي‬1KKCP‫ ﺗ‬AKKC(‫ ا‬7KK/‫)ﺗ‬Qc(‫)ف ا‬cKK†›‫ع ا‬1KK:65 ]/KK8 ]KK:3 ،(Rhazi. L, 1990) 7KKV‫• درا‬KKb?‫و‬
”KQ*@ )K5 ‫•ا‬K‫ وھ‬.‫ز‬1KP(‫)@)ت ا‬z8 % 20‫ و‬،‫رة‬1:.:(‫ ا‬78)98 ‫د‬1015 ‘I3 )^c5 % 30 ،‫)ن‬:/2bc8 78)¦ ‫)@)ت‬H
.‫)ن‬:/2bc8 7Qz‫)@)ت ھ‬H ‫د‬4>‫„ وﺗ‬c¦
7K26G ©K@4P‫ وﺗ‬A?)/Kb(‫•ب ا‬K6(‫ ا‬4K†)cG ]K5 ‫ا‬4KLcG ™QKL/( ‫)ل‬6:(‫~ ﺗ}ھ~ ھ•ا ا‬5‫ا‬1.(‫~ ھ•ه ا‬B
~OK‰:(‫ ا‬4Kz‫`ام ا›ﺧ‬KP(‫|ل ا‬K‫] ﺧ‬K5 7/01(1O@¨‫ ا‬7:/I(‫ ا‬-@`‫) ﺗ‬:B .‫)ره‬:*CV‫] ا‬b? ‫ إذا‬7/2P:(‫ ا‬7/:cC(‫ ا‬7/:cC(‫ا‬
.Ac/2>(‫ط ا‬12Q(‫)ر ا‬6š‫] أ‬5
]KG )K^Q2¦‫ أ‬¢K0‫ا‬4‫ر وﺗ‬1‫ھ‬-‫ ﺗ‬¢c:‫ ﺗ‬D( ،‫)ن‬:/2bc8 ‫)@)ت‬z( 7/():6(‫ وا‬7/d/Q(‫ وا‬7/01(1/Q(‫ ا‬7:/I(‫ أن ا‬U‫إ‬
،‫)ض‬K>?18 7K@4‫ )ﺛ‬AKd/Q(‫)م ا‬K…c()8 ‫را‬4KH ~OKš )K:5 7G‫ ا(`را‬75)•‫ض إ‬498 )^‫)ھ‬/5 •@4L‫>^) وﺗ‬/>6‫ ﺗ‬R@4‫ط‬
.(2009
Ac/2>(‫ط ا‬12Q(‫ ا‬78)¦‫)@)ت و‬z(‫ وا‬7@4ML(‫وزات ا‬4Q(‫] ا‬/8 )5 ¢:6@ A?)/V1/0 -^‰5 :11 7I/‫ﺛ‬1(‫ا‬
‫ا ا‬ ‫ ا‬8 ‫ روا‬A 8 ‫ ا‬b ‫ا‬ ‫ ا‬.3

‫)ط‬K‰{ `@`.‫ ﺗ‬A3 7:‫)ھ‬b:(‫~ ا‬5‫ا‬1.(‫] ا‬5 |5)G 7V‫را‬-(‫ ا‬7Iƒc:8 7/01(13451/6(‫ ا‬-‫)ھ‬‰:(‫ع ا‬1c‫*~ ﺗ‬:@
‫' أن‬K/? ،‫)رة‬K@`(‫] ا‬K5 •‫>)دﺗ‬CKV‫ ا‬¢K@1cC( 7†43 4“‫`ا‬2( ™c:@ ‫ع‬1cC(‫ أن ھ•ا ا‬7†)‫ ﺧ‬،7/01(13451/6(‫ ا‬7?)/b(‫ا‬
'K/? 7K2‫ﺧ‬-(‫] ا‬/KG /‫)رود‬KQ(‫• ا‬K^B ¢•15 ‫ن ز@)رة‬12z>@ ‫)ن‬:/2bc8 7Qz^8 7/?)/b(‫ ا‬¢•‫ا‬1:(‫] زوار ا‬5 %54
AK:Cc‫ ﺗ‬AKC(‫ وا‬7KG1cC:(‫ ا‬7@4MKL(‫^) ا‬KH‫ار‬1G‫ و‬7K@1I(‫اراﺗ^) ا‬-KP{)8 ‫اط‬4K‰(‫ح واد ا‬1>KV‫)رود و‬KQ(‫^• ا‬B -01@
‫ورة‬4H ‫ح‬4ƒ‫ ﺗ‬7/./Qƒ(‫}ھ|ت ا‬:(‫*~ (^•ه ا‬5›‫|ل ا‬9CVU‫~ ا‬0‫] أ‬5‫ و‬.7/01(1/6(‫• ا‬IP(‫ات وا‬4C>(‫• ا‬2CM:(
‫•ا‬K‫• ھ‬K.2‫أن ﺗ‬7K/01(13451/6(‫ ا‬7?)/Kb2( ]KO:@ ~K^3 .‫ﺛ)ر‬-K{U‫] ا‬K5 )K^/2G ‫)ظ‬K>P(‫^) وا‬C5‫ا‬-CKV‫~ ا‬QV A3 4/O>C(‫ا‬
‫؟‬75‫ا‬-Cb5 7/2P5 7/:c‫ إط)ر ﺗ‬A3 ‫ور‬-(‫ا‬
AKKC(‫`ات ا‬KK/^6C(‫‘ ا‬KKb8‫„ أ‬KK2G 431KKC‫ ﺗ‬U )KK^{‫ أن أ‬U‫ إ‬،7Iƒc:()87/?)/KKb(‫}ھ|ت ا‬KK:(‫د ا‬-KK.‫ ﺗ‬DKK¦‫• ر‬KK{‫ أ‬U‫إ‬
‫)ول‬PcKV ‫•ا‬K^( ،‫ص‬1KLM(‫„ ا‬K2G 7/01(13451/6(‫ ا‬7?)/b(‫ وا‬،)51:G 72@-Q(‫ ا‬7?)/b(‫)ع ا‬ƒ• 4@1ƒ‫ل (^) ﺗ‬1M‫ﺗ‬
7K/d/Q(‫ ا‬7?)/Kb(‫ ا‬7K/:‫ل أھ‬1? ]/(‫}و‬b:(‫] وا‬//2P:(‫] ا‬/2‫ﺧ‬-C:(‫)ت ا‬G)Qƒ{‫ض ا‬4G 7V‫را‬-(‫] ا‬5 ‫ر‬1P:(‫ ھ•ا ا‬A3
DCKK@ „KC? 7K/d/Q(‫ ا‬7?)/Kb(‫ ا‬4@1KƒC( ‘KƒM5 ‫ح‬4KCI5 „K2G ~:.cKV )K:B ،7KIƒc:()8 ‫)ع‬KƒI(‫•ا ا‬K‫ ھ‬4@1Kƒ‫ ﺗ‬RK3‫ أ‬AK3
‫ي‬4KKz? ‫ب‬4KK• 7?)/Kb2( AKKd/8 ‫`ه‬KCc5 ‫)ء‬KK‰{‫ح إ‬4KKCI:8 RK2.C@ 4KK5›‫ ا‬،‫)ع‬KƒI(‫ ا‬AKK3 ]/2‫ﺧ‬-KKC:(‫ي ا‬-K@‫] أ‬/KK8 •.KH‫و‬
.7/01(13451/6(‫ ا‬7?)/b(‫^) ا‬c:H ]5‫ و‬72@-Q(‫ ا‬7/?)/b(‫)ط ا‬:{›
‫ا‬ ‫ = دي‬g‫ط ر ا‬i‫ ا‬.1.3
7KK{)O5 ‫ي‬ªKK8 ‫ص‬1KKLM(‫„ ا‬KK2G 7K /01(13451/6(‫ ا‬7?)/KKb(‫) وا‬KK51:G 7KK2@-Q(‫ ا‬7?)/KKb(‫)ع ا‬KKƒ• „KK…P@ U
„KK2G )‫)دھ‬KKLC•‫ ا‬AKK3 -KK:C.‫)ن ﺗ‬:/2KKbc8 7KKIƒc5 ‫„ أن‬KK2G -KK/BªC(‫ ا‬DCKK@ 'KK/? ،AKK2P:(‫)د ا‬KKLC•U‫)ت ا‬KK@1(‫] أو‬:KKH
7K/01(13451/6(‫ ا‬7?)/Kb(‫ ا‬7/“‫ا‬1K‰G‫ و‬7K@1>G „IQ‫ ﺗ‬A()C()8‫ و‬.7/2?)b(‫ ا‬7?)/b(‫ إ(„ ا‬73)H‫ إ‬7G)cL(‫ وا‬7?|>(‫ا‬
1K(‫ون و‬-/>CKb@ ]@•K(‫] ا‬/K/2P:(‫)ن ا‬Ob(‫¬ ا‬OG ،7/2P:(‫)ت ا‬G):62( 7@‫)د‬LC•U‫ ا‬7@‫دود‬4:(‫„ ا‬2G 4/‫ﺛ‬ª‫دون أي ﺗ‬
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‫)ت‬5-K‫ن ﺧ‬15-KI@ ]@•K(‫)ن ا‬OKb(‫ ا‬7QKbc3 ،4/‫ط‬ªKC(‫ وا‬D/K…cC(‫ وا‬DG-K(‫)ب ا‬K/¦ DK¦‫)ط ر‬K‰c(‫] ھ•ا ا‬5 ‫ود‬-P5 ~O‰8
.7/?)/b(‫ ا‬¢•‫ا‬1:2( ]@‫)ور‬6:(‫)ن ا‬Ob(‫ع ا‬1:65 ]5 %20 A(‫ا‬1P8 ‫ر‬-I‫`وار ﺗ‬2(
DKbI(‫¬ ا‬/K“‫ ر‬-KB‫' أ‬K/? ‫؛‬7KIƒc:()8 ‫)دي‬KLC•U‫)ع ا‬KƒI(‫] ا‬KG ‫ن‬1K/2P:(‫ن ا‬1(‫}و‬Kb:(‫• ا‬KcG 4QG )5 ‫ھ•ا‬
7/?)/KKb(‫)ف ا‬cKK†›‫•ه ا‬KK^8 ‫)م‬KK:C‫ھ‬U‫• ا‬.KKH ‫„ أن‬KK2G •KK.5 )KK‫)ھ‬c@40‫ أ‬7KK28)I5 AKK3 ‫)ن‬:/2KKbc8 7KK():.8 ‫)دي‬KKLC•U‫ا‬
‫ى‬4KK@ ،~K8)I:()8 .•KK{)0›‫)ح ا‬/Kb(‫¬ ا‬KKOG ،AK849:(‫اط] ا‬1KK:(‫ف ا‬4K‫] ط‬KK5 )K^8 ‫)م‬KK:C‫ھ‬U‫ ا‬7K2• „KK(‫د إ‬1K.@ 7K2@-Q(‫ا‬
7K@)G4(‫)م وا‬K:C‫ھ‬U‫ ا‬°.QK( ‘KI3 ‫)ج‬KCP@‫• و‬KC{)O5 •K( A?)/Kb(‫‘ ا‬:cK(‫•ا ا‬K‫ن ھ‬ªK8 DKbI(‫>¬ ا‬cK8 ‫ون‬4‫ن آﺧ‬1(‫}و‬b5
‘/K‰c‫] ﺗ‬K5 •K{1I2M@ )K5‫ و‬7KIƒc:(‫„ ا‬K2G ‫`وار‬K(‫ ا‬-K3‫ا‬1‫ ﺗ‬7K/:‫ھ‬ª8 ©K(‫„ ذ‬2G ]/(-Cb5 ،7/V)V›‫ ا‬7/CPC(‫)ت ا‬/cQ(‫وا‬
.‫)س‬V›)8 ‫ن‬1/2P:(‫)ن ا‬Ob(‫• ا‬c5 -/>Cb@ ‫)دي‬LC•‫ا‬
‫|ل‬9CKV‫ وا‬7K/01(13451/0 7?)/V ‘/‰c‫ ?)ل ﺗ‬A3 7@‫)د‬LC•‫ ا‬7/:c‫ ﺗ‬R/IP‫){^) ﺗ‬O5¤8 ،‫)ن‬:/2bc8 7Qz^3
¢K5 ‫|ت‬8)KI:(‫)“’ ا‬KC{ ‫ أن‬7K†)‫ ﺧ‬.7K/•4ƒ(‫)ور ا‬KP:(‫ وا‬7@4KzP(‫)ت ا‬K.:6C(‫] ا‬K5 •K@4I(‫ ا‬A6/‫اﺗ‬4CVU‫^) ا‬.•15
7?)/Kb(‫„ أن ا‬K2G %100 7QKbc8‫ و‬D^G)K:0‫] إ‬/KQ‫ ﺗ‬،7KIƒc:()8 ‫ن‬1ƒK‰c@ AK2P:(‫ ا‬A{-K:(‫ ا‬¢K:6C:(‫] ا‬5 ‫)ء‬zG‫أ‬
™()KL( ‫ات‬-K“)G RK2‫ وﺧ‬7K/2P:(‫ ا‬7/:cC(‫ ا‬A3 7:‫)ھ‬b:(‫){^) ا‬O5¤8 ‫ص‬1LM(‫„ ا‬2G 7/01(13451/6(‫)م وا‬G ~O‰8
7/8‫ا‬4C(‫)ت ا‬01Cc:(‫و@’ ا‬4‫„ ﺗ‬2G ¢/6‰C(‫ وا‬،~9š •†)c5 4/31‫ﺧ~ وﺗ‬-2( ‫رة‬-5 7ƒ‰{‫ أ‬R2‫ وﺧ‬7/2P:(‫ ا‬7cB)b(‫ا‬
7K^0 ]K5 AK2P:(‫)د ا‬KLC•U‫)ش ا‬K.C{‫ وا‬،7K^0 ]K5 ]//2P:(‫)ن ا‬Ob2( A‰/.:(‫ى ا‬1Cb:(‫] ا‬/bP‫ ﺗ‬A3 7:‫)ھ‬b:(‫وا‬
7K65-c5 ¢@‫)ر‬K‰5 RK2‫ ﺧ‬AK3 ‫^)م‬KV¨‫) ا‬K^{)O5¤8 )K51:G 72@-Q(‫ ا‬7/?)/b(‫)ط ا‬:{›‫„ أن ا‬2G )z@‫وا أ‬-B‫) أ‬:B ،7/{)‫ﺛ‬
‫)د‬KLC•U‫ ا‬7>Kb23 ‫)ر‬K‫ إط‬AK3 ]/K/2P:(‫)ن ا‬OKb(‫)ت ا‬KQ¦‫)ت ور‬/†1L‫ وﺧ‬A2P:(‫ ا‬A./Qƒ(‫‘ ا‬V1(‫ ا‬¢5 7:6bc5‫و‬
‫)ط‬K‰c(‫ ا‬4/8-K‫‘ وﺗ‬/‰c‫ ﺗ‬A3 7:‫)ھ‬b:(‫ ا‬A3 D^CQ¦‫] ر‬G 7V‫رو‬-:(‫ ا‬7c/.(‫اد ا‬43‫] أ‬5 %914QG '/? ،Ac5)zC(‫ا‬
‫)ط‬KK:{›‫ ا‬4KK*B‫] أ‬KK5 „KKIQ‫ ﺗ‬7KK/01(13451/6(‫ ا‬7?)/KKb(‫) أن ا‬KK:2G ‫(؛‬2009 ،‫)ض‬KK>?18 7KK@4‫ )ﺛ‬D^CKKIƒc:8 A?)/KKb(‫ا‬
،]/K/2P:(‫)ن ا‬OKb(‫ ا‬-K/()I‫)دات وﺗ‬KG‫)ت و‬/K†1LM( )K5‫ا‬4C?‫ وا‬7K/./Qƒ(‫)ط ا‬V‫ ا›و‬¢5 )5)6b{‫ ا‬72@-Q(‫ ا‬7/?)/b(‫ا‬
.‫ة‬4/QB 7/CP‫)ت ﺗ‬/c8‫`ات و‬/^6‫• ﺗ‬2ƒC‫ ﺗ‬U )^{‫) أ‬:B
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ C ‫ ت‬9 > .2.3
A?)/KKb(‫)ع ا‬KKƒI(‫ ا‬AKK3 ]/KK/2P:(‫] ا‬/2‫ﺧ‬-KKC:(‫د ا‬-KK.‫ وﺗ‬7KK@‫)ر‬I.(‫ وا‬7KK@‫~ ا¨دار‬KK/•‫ا‬4.(‫)ت وا‬81.KKL(‫ ا‬4KKQC.‫ﺗ‬
‫ وزارة‬7K/8‫و‬-c5 ،7K():.()8 4K/:.C(‫ ا‬DKbI( AKcIC(‫ ا‬DKbI(‫ ا‬،7K():.()8 ‫)دي‬KLC•U‫ ا‬DKbI(‫ ا‬،‫)ت‬K8)9(‫)ه وا‬/:(‫ ا‬7P2L5)
‫~ إن‬K8 ،7K/01(1/6(‫ ا‬7?)/Kb(‫)ع ا‬Kƒ• 7/:c‫• ﺗ‬0‫ و‬A3 •I‫ ﺗ‬AC(‫~ ا‬B)‰:(‫ ا‬D‫( أھ‬...7d/Q(‫)ع ا‬ƒ• ،‫)ت‬ƒb8 7?)/b(‫ا‬
‫ ھ•ه‬7@1b‫ ﺗ‬DC‫ ﺗ‬D( )5 ‫)ع‬ƒI(‫ ا‬7/:c‫ ﺗ‬7()PCV‫„ ا‬2G ‫ن‬1.:6@ D‫)ھ‬c28)• ]:5 4B•(‫ ا‬A>()V ]//2P:(‫] ا‬/(‫}و‬b:(‫~ ا‬0
‫)ط‬K:{›‫• ا‬K2CM5‫ و‬A?)/b(‫‘ ا‬:c(‫ ھ•ا ا‬7/:c‫• ﺗ‬0‫ و‬A3 •I@ ~O‰5 D‫„ أن أھ‬2G ‫وا‬-B‫ أ‬-I3 ‫~؛‬/•‫ا‬4.(‫~ وا‬B)‰:(‫ا‬
‫ة‬4K*B‫)ر و‬6dCKVU)8 7K†)M(‫ ا‬7/{1{)I(‫ وا‬7@‫ ا¨دار‬4‫)ط‬b:(‫د ا‬-.‫~ ﺗ‬O‰5 1‫ ھ‬Ad/Q(‫ ا‬¢8)ƒ(‫ ذات ا‬72@-Q(‫ ا‬7/?)/b(‫ا‬
،`3‫ا‬1KP(‫ وا‬7K/CPC(‫)ت ا‬K/cQ(‫)ب ا‬K/¦ „K(‫ إ‬73)KH‫ إ‬،)@‫د‬1:G‫) و‬/I3‫] أ‬/2‫ﺧ‬-C:(‫] ا‬/8 ):/3 R/bcC(‫)ب ا‬/¦‫] و‬/2‫ﺧ‬-C:(‫ا‬
.7/2P:(‫ ا‬7@‫)د‬LC•U‫)ت ا‬ƒƒM:(‫] ا‬:H 7?)/b(‫م إدراج ا‬-G‫و‬
‫)ن‬:/2KKKbc8 7KKK():.8 AG)KKK:C0U‫)دي وا‬KKKLC•U‫ ا‬DKKKbI(‫¬ ا‬/KKK“‫~ ر‬KKK/Q• ]KKK5 ،]//2P:()c/(‫}و‬KKKb:(‫) أن ا‬KKK:B
‫)ط‬KK:{›‫ وا‬7KK/d/Q(‫ ا‬7?)/KKb(‫) ا‬KK51:G 7?)/KKb(‫ ا‬7KK/:c‫ن ﺗ‬ªKK8 ‫ون‬4@‫ة‬-KK@)@`(‫)دة ا‬KK/• ‫)ت‬KKG):68 ]//G)KK:0 ]@‫)ر‬KK‰Cb5‫و‬
7K(‫و‬-2( 7K.8)C(‫)ت ا‬KbV}:(‫)م وا‬K.(‫)ع ا‬ƒI(‫„ أن ا‬2G ‫ون‬-B}@‫ و‬،‫)ص‬M(‫)ع ا‬ƒI(‫ ا‬7/(‫}و‬b5 ]5 „IQ@ )^c5 7Q@4I(‫ا‬
‫ت‬U)KKB‫ و‬7/(‫}و‬KKb5 „KK(‫ إ‬73)KKH‫ إ‬...7/?)/KKb(‫ى ا‬4KKI(‫)ت وا‬KK:/M:(‫)دق وا‬KKc>(‫)ء ا‬KKc8 •/()KKO‫~ ﺗ‬KK:PCC{‫) أ‬K ^cO:@ U
- D‫ھ‬-K/Bª‫ ﺗ‬¢K5 .)K^:…c‫ ﺗ‬AKC(‫ ا‬7/?)/Kb(‫?|ت ا‬4K(‫] ا‬:KH )K^0‫ وإدرا‬7KIƒc:()8 •K@4.C(‫ ا‬A3 ‫^)ر‬š¨‫>)ر وا‬V›‫ا‬
7K2@-Q(‫ ا‬7/?)/Kb(‫)ط ا‬K:{›‫• ا‬K2CM5 7V‫)ر‬:5 ‫ى‬1Cb5 ‫ا دون‬1(‫زا‬U 78‫)ر‬9:(‫)ح ا‬/b(‫„ أن ا‬2G-).Q‫ ط‬D^@‫• رأ‬b?
.A849:(‫اط] ا‬1:2( ‫دي‬4>(‫ﺧ~ ا‬-(‫ى ا‬1Cb5 •.H 76/C{ 7/01(1/6(‫ ا‬7?)/b(‫^) ا‬c:H ]5‫و‬
AKK3 ~KK*:C‫ ﺗ‬DKK^.5 )KKc‫|ﺗ‬8)I5 ‫)ء‬KKc‫] أﺛ‬/KK/2P:(‫] ا‬/(‫}و‬KKb:(‫)ت ا‬P@4KKL‫] ﺗ‬KK5 )‫)ھ‬c6CcCKKV‫ى ا‬4KK‫)رات أﺧ‬KKš‫إ‬
‫ء‬AK‰(‫ ا‬،AK2P:(‫)دي ا‬K5|(‫)دي وا‬K:(‫روث ا‬1K:(‫ وا‬7K./Qƒ(‫„ ا‬K2G 7K…3)P:(‫ ا‬AK3 7K2@-Q(‫ ا‬7?)/Kb(‫ ا‬7/:‫ھ‬ª8 D^/G‫و‬
.A?)/b(‫• ا‬cL(‫ ھ•ا ا‬¢/6‰‫ف ﺗ‬-^Cb‫’ ﺗ‬5‫ا‬48‫)ر و‬:*CVU‫)درات ا‬Q5 ‫)ب‬/¦ ‫ر‬4Q@ ‫ا(•ي‬
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7/KKV)/V ‫ارات‬4KK• ‫)ذ‬KKM‫• اﺗ‬KK2ƒC@ 4KK5›‫„ أن ا‬KK2G ]/(‫}و‬KKb:(‫ ا‬°KK.8 -KKB}@ ،~KK/•‫ا‬4.(‫•ه ا‬KK‫)وز ھ‬KK6C(‫و‬
،‫)ر‬:*CKVU‫وف ا‬4K‫)ر وظ‬KI.(‫~ ا‬B)K‰5‫ و‬7K/{1{)I(‫ ا‬4‫)ط‬Kb:(‫ات ا‬-K/I.‫ ا¨داري وﺗ‬D/bIC(‫)ء ا‬ƒ‫™ أﺧ‬PL‫ ﺗ‬،7d@40
)KK^c5‫ و‬7K2@-Q(‫ ا‬7/?)/KKb(‫)ط ا‬K:{›‫ ا‬¢/6KK‰‫) وﺗ‬K^()‫•ي ط‬KK(‫)ل ا‬K:‫ ا¨ھ‬AKK3|‫ وﺗ‬،)K‫ھ‬4/9( 7KK/.Q‫~ ﺗ‬K•‫ أ‬7KKIƒc:(‫~ ا‬K.6‫وﺗ‬
]/{‫ا‬1KK• ]KKV‫ و‬...‫)ء‬KK84^B‫)ء و‬KK5‫ق و‬4KK‫] ط‬KK5 7@‫ور‬4KKz(‫ ا‬7KK/CPC(‫ ا‬7KK/cQ(‫ ا‬4/31KK‫ وﺗ‬،7KK/01(13451/6(‫ ا‬7?)/KKb(‫ا‬
4/31K‫ وﺗ‬،7/?)/Kb(‫ ا‬¢@‫)ر‬‰:(‫ ا‬A25)? ‫)ب‬Q‰(‫] ا‬5 7†)‫ام ﺧ‬-Cb:(‫ ا‬A?)/b(‫)ر ا‬:*CVU‫„ ا‬2G 7.6‰5 7@‫)ر‬:*CV‫ا‬
„KKC? D^^/01KK‫)ن وﺗ‬OKKb(‫ ا‬DKKG‫ ود‬،7/?)/KKV ‫ى‬4KK•‫وي و‬µKK5‫` و‬KKB‫ا‬45 ‫)ء‬KKc8‫ و‬7KK5)•‫~ إ‬KK0‫] أ‬KK5 ]@4:*CKKb:2( DG-KK(‫ا‬
~9KK‰(‫ص ا‬4KK3 4/31KK‫ ﺗ‬AKK3 D‫)ھ‬KKb@ ‫{• أن‬ªKKš ]KK5 )KK.Q‫•ا ط‬KK‫ وھ‬،75‫ا‬-CKKb:(‫ ا‬7?)/KKb(‫)دئ ا‬KKQ5‫وط و‬4KK‰( ‫ا‬1ƒQKKzc@
)KK‫`ھ‬c5 ]KKzCPC( )KK^2‫) @}ھ‬KK5 „K 2G 431KKC‫ ﺗ‬7KKIƒc:(‫ أن ا‬7KK†)‫ ﺧ‬،]/KK/2P:(‫)ن ا‬OKKb2( AKK‰/.:(‫ى ا‬1CKKb:(‫] ا‬/KKbP‫ﺗ‬
.7/d/8 7/:‫) ذو أھ‬/c‫وط‬
‫ن‬ 9O ‫ي‬ ‫ ب‬do ‫ه‬Q ‫ ء‬L\‫ ة إ‬Vm N‫ت دا‬X‫ھ‬n .4
7K0)P2( ‫ا‬4K…{‫ و‬،‫)ن‬:/2Kbc8 7QKz‫) ھ‬K^/2G 431KC‫ ﺗ‬AC(‫ ا‬7@‫)ر‬zP(‫ وا‬7/3)I*(‫ وا‬7/./Qƒ(‫){)ت ا‬O5¹( ‫ا‬4…{
‫)ت‬K?4CI:(‫ ا‬7K6/C{ ‫•ا‬KB‫ و‬،‫)ط‬K‰c(‫•ا ا‬K‫)ء ھ‬Kc8‫د ز‬-K.‫ع وﺗ‬1KcC( ‫ا‬4K…{‫ و‬،7K/01(1/6(‫ ا‬7?)/b(‫)ط ا‬‰{ 7/:cC( 7V):(‫ا‬
‫)ن‬:/2KKbc8 7QKKz^8 7KK/./Qƒ(‫ ا‬¢KK•‫ا‬1:(‫] وزوار ا‬/KK/2P:(‫)ن ا‬OKKb(‫ ا‬¢KK5 ‫|ت‬8)KKI:(‫|ل ا‬KK‫] ﺧ‬KK5 )KK^/(‫) إ‬cKKL2‫ ﺧ‬AKKC(‫ا‬
7KK/:cC( AKK2P5 ‘KƒM5 ‫ح‬4KKCI5 ¢KKH‫„ و‬K2G )KKc2:G ،AK2P:(‫ ا‬A{-KK:(‫ ا‬¢KK:C6:(‫)ت ا‬Kd/‫] وھ‬/(‫}و‬KKb:(‫)ت ا‬K?4CI5‫و‬
4K/QO(‫ ا‬A?)/Kb(‫•ب ا‬K6(‫ ذات ا‬¢K•‫ا‬1:(‫• ا‬K2¦‫„ أ‬2G -C:@ 7/01(13451/6(‫ ا‬7?)/b(‫ ذ(© ا‬A3 ):8 72@-Q(‫ ا‬7?)/b(‫ا‬
AKd/8 ‫`ه‬Cc5 ‫)ء‬‰{‫ح إ‬4CI5 DG‫ إط)ر د‬A3 ،‫ى‬4‫ أﺧ‬¢•‫ا‬15‫• و‬LI(‫|ل ا‬š‫)رود و‬Q(‫^• ا‬B )^c:H ]5‫ و‬7Iƒc:()8
.72@-Q(‫ ا‬7/?)/b(‫)ط ا‬:{˜( ‫ي‬4z? ‫ب‬4•
‫)ن‬:/2bcQ( ‫ي‬4z? ‫ب‬4I(‫ ا‬Ac‫ط‬1(‫`ه ا‬Cc:2( ‫ح‬4CI:(‫ ا‬AQ@46C(‫ ا‬A?)/b(‫ار ا‬-:(‫ ا‬:11 D•‫ ر‬7I/‫ﺛ‬1(‫ا‬
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‫ن‬ F do ‫ه‬Q ‫ ء‬L\‫ ة إ‬V pN‫ ت د‬O .1.4

‫وف‬4K‫)“™ ظ‬b(‫„ ا‬2.2^b‫ ﺗ‬AC(‫)رات ا‬b:(‫] ا‬5 -@-.(‫ ا‬-//‰‫)ن ﺗ‬:/2bc8 7Qz^8 7/?)/b(‫ ا‬¢•‫ا‬1:(‫• ا‬2ƒC‫ﺗ‬
‫•ا‬KK^( .¢KK•1:(‫) ا‬KK^8 4KK‫ @`ﺧ‬AKKC(‫ ا‬7KK/3)I*(‫}ھ|ت ا‬KK:(‫ وا‬7KK/./Qƒ(‫ ا‬-‫)ھ‬KK‰:(‫ ا‬7KK3)O8 ‫)ع‬C:CKKVU‫] ا‬KK5 •K cO:‫ا(`@)رةوﺗ‬
‫)ء‬Kc‫] أﺛ‬/*?)KQB)c34‫] ط‬K5 )^Q@46‫ ﺗ‬D‫ وﺗ‬RQV AC(‫ ا‬7/?)/b(‫ ا‬¢•‫ا‬1:()8 ‫ارات‬-:(‫] ا‬5 7G1:65 -@-P‫ ﺗ‬D‫ض ﺗ‬49(‫ا‬
:•2ƒC‫)رات ﺗ‬b:(‫ ھ•ه ا‬،A{‫ا‬-/:(‫~ ا‬:.(‫ا‬
‫ف‬4K.‫ا“‘ ﺗ‬4‫] ﺧ‬:zC‫ار ﺗ‬-5 ~B ‫ل‬1‫„ ط‬2G 7@‫^)ر‬š‫?)ت إ‬1( ¢H18 ،7/>@4.‫•ة ﺗ‬Qc8 ‫ارات‬-:(‫` ا‬/^6‫ﺗ‬ Ä
‫ص‬1KKL{‫ر و‬1KKL8 )KK‫`@`ھ‬.‫ وﺗ‬،)KK‫ھ‬4QG 4KK:@ AKKC(‫ ا‬-‫)ھ‬KK‰:(‫ ا‬DK ‫ وأھ‬7KK/3)I*(‫ وا‬7KK/./Qƒ(‫• ا‬KK‫`اﺗ‬/:5 DKK‫• وأھ‬C3)KKb:8
‫`وار؛‬2( 7?‫ا‬4CV‫)ت ا‬ƒP5 -@-P‫ ﺗ‬¢5 ¢•‫ا‬1:2( 7>2CM5 ‫)ت‬928 7@4/b>‫ﺗ‬
•K2CM5 D@-KI‫)ح وﺗ‬/Kb(‫)ل ا‬QICKVU ‫ن‬1K/2P:(‫)ن ا‬OKb(‫) ا‬K^/2G ‫ف‬4‰@ ¢•‫ا‬1:(‫^•ه ا‬8 7/?)/V ‫وي‬µ5 ‫)ء‬‰{‫إ‬ Ä
.)K^2/‫ھ‬ª‫|?^) وﺗ‬K†‫)دة إ‬G‫ وإ‬7I/C.(‫)@)ت ا‬cQ(‫ ا‬°.8 ‫|ل‬9CV‫] ا‬O:@ )c‫ وھ‬...‫)د‬š‫ وإر‬7@•9‫ وﺗ‬75)•‫] إ‬5 ‫)ت‬5-M(‫ا‬
™>Kb(‫ ا‬7K/()G AK3 7K.•‫ا‬1(‫• ا‬KLI(‫] ا‬/KG ‫|ل‬Kš -KcG 7KI/C.(‫)ت ا‬K5)•¨‫ى ا‬-?‫|ل إ‬9CV‫] ا‬O:@ ،©(‫„ ذ‬2G ‫*)ل‬:B
-K/.8 4K/¦ ‫ات‬1KƒM(‫ ا‬7K8)98 -K0‫ا‬1C:(‫ات" ا‬1KƒM(‫ق "ا‬-Kc3 )z@‫ وأ‬،7G1cC:(‫ ا‬7/./Qƒ(‫ ا‬-‫)ھ‬‰:(‫„ ا‬2G 734‰:(‫وا‬
‫ا‬4K…{ 7@‫)ر‬:.CKVU‫ ا‬7KQIP(‫){• ﺧ|ل ا‬0›‫)ح ا‬/b2( 72Q• ‫)ن‬B )5-.8 ،‫د‬1IG ‫ة‬-G •c5 ~>I:(‫)ن وا‬:/2bc8 78)¦ ]G
]K5 °.QK(‫ه ا‬-LI@ ‫)ن‬B ):B ،Ab>cC(‫^)ز ا‬6(‫„ ا‬H4:( D“|:(‫ات وا‬1ƒM(‫ ا‬78)98 APL(‫)خ ا‬c:(‫ ا‬7/†1LM(
.‫ض‬4:(‫] ا‬5 ‫)ت‬0|.(‫ ا‬-.8 7‫)ھ‬Ic(‫ات ا‬4C3 ‫)ء‬z• ~0‫أ‬
7/d/Q(‫ ا‬7?)/b(‫ ا‬¢•‫ا‬1:8 7/?)/V ‫وي‬µ:B )‫ادھ‬-G‫] إ‬O:@ AC(‫ ا‬7/M@‫)ر‬C(‫)@)ت ا‬cQ(‫] ا‬5 ‫ذج‬1:{ :13 D•‫ ر‬7I/‫ﺛ‬1(‫ا‬
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„K2G ‫رة‬-K• DK^(‫ و‬،7KIƒc:(‫}ھ|ت ا‬K:8 7.KV‫ وا‬7K34.5‫ و‬7K@‫ درا‬DK^( ]//?)/KV ]@-Kš45 ]@1KO‫~ وﺗ‬/‫ھ‬ª‫ﺗ‬ Ä
.7>2CM5 ‫)ت‬928‫ ا(`وار و‬¢5 ~†‫ا‬1C(‫ا‬
„Kc.‫ ﺗ‬7K/2P5 ‫)ت‬K/.:0 RK2‫|ل ﺧ‬K‫] ﺧ‬K5 ‫)ن‬:/2Kbc8 7K8)¦ `K/:@ ‫•ي‬K(‫ ا‬Ad/Q(‫ ا‬A?)/b(‫)ط ا‬‰c()8 •@4.C(‫ا‬ Ä
R@1KKb‫~ ﺗ‬KK0‫] أ‬KK5 7KK/{‫و‬4CO(‫ إ‬¢KK•‫ا‬15 ‫)ء‬KK‰{‫ وإ‬7/?)/KKb(‫}ھ|ت ا‬:()KK8 ‫ف‬4KK.‫)ت ﺗ‬KK@1ƒ5 ‫)ز‬KK6{‫ وإ‬7KK2@-Q(‫ ا‬7?)/Kb()8
.‫)ق‬ƒ{ ¢V‫„ أو‬2G ~@-Q(‫ ا‬A?)/b(‫ج ا‬1Cc:(‫ا‬
7@‫)ر‬KKzP(‫ وا‬7KK/3)I*(‫ ا‬7KK/:‫ز ا›ھ‬4KKQ‫ ﺗ‬AKKC(‫ ا‬7KK/2P:(‫ ا‬7KK@-/2IC(‫)ت ا‬KK01Cc:2( ‫ض‬4KK.:8 7KKIƒc:(‫` ا‬KK@`.‫ﺗ‬ Ä
¢KK•‫ا‬1:(‫ ا‬¢K/:6( 7QKKbc()8 7K@`B45 7KKƒI{ •K{1O( ‫)ن‬:/2KKbc8 `KB4:8 ‫ن‬1KKO@ ‫] أن‬KbPCb@ ‫ض‬4KK.:(‫•ا ا‬K‫ ھ‬،7KIƒc:2(
.~OB 7Iƒc:()8 7@‫)ر‬zP(‫ وا‬7/M@‫)ر‬C(‫• ا‬C/:‫)ر أھ‬QCGU ©(•B‫ و‬،4B•(‫ ا‬7>()V
9O d ‫ه وط‬Q ‫ ء‬L\‫ ح إ‬9 9C O .2.4
4K…{ ‫)ت‬K^0‫|ع و‬ƒCKV‫) ا‬K^/3 DK‫ ﺗ‬AKC(‫ وا‬،7KV‫را‬-(‫)ق ھ•ه ا‬/V A3 ‫`ة‬6c:(‫ ا‬7/{‫ا‬-/:(‫ ا‬7V‫را‬-(‫„ ا‬2G ‫)ء‬c8
]/(‫}و‬KKb5 ]KK5 ،7KK/01(1/6(‫ ا‬7?)/KKb(‫^) ا‬c:KKH ]KK5‫ و‬7KK2@-Q(‫ ا‬7?)/KKb()8 7KK:C^:(‫ ا‬7KK/.:C6:(‫ا“™ ا‬4KK‰(‫• ا‬KK2CM5
‫`ه‬KCc5 ‫)ء‬K‰{‫ح إ‬4KCI:( 7K/cI‫ ﺗ‬7K•)ƒ8 ‫م‬-KI{ ،A{-K:(‫ ا‬¢K:C6:(‫)ت ا‬Kd/‫ وھ‬7K/./Qƒ(‫ ا‬¢K•‫ا‬1:2( ‫)ن وزوار‬OKV‫] و‬//2P5
:A()C(‫ول ا‬-6(‫ ا‬A3 7z@4.(‫ط^) ا‬1ƒ‫ز ﺧ‬48‫*~ أ‬:C‫ ﺗ‬،‫)ن‬:/2bc8 7Iƒc:8 Ad/8
‫ن‬ 9O do ‫ه‬Q ‫ ء‬L\‫ ح إ‬9 9C O
‫؛‬...7@4ML(‫وزات ا‬4Q(‫ ا‬،•LI(‫] ا‬/G ‫|ل‬š ،‫)رود‬Q(‫^• ا‬B ،‫اط‬4‰(‫ح واد ا‬1>V -
-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK@-P‫ﺗ‬
‫)ر(؛‬CO‫ ھ‬12000 A(‫ا‬1?) ‫)ن‬:/2bc8 78)¦ -
¢•1:(‫ا‬
.‫)ن‬:/2bc8 7c@-5 •c:H‫)ن و‬:/2bc8 7Qz‫)ل ھ‬65 -
]K5 -K@-.(‫ ا‬DKz‫اط ﺗ‬4‰(‫ح واد ا‬1>V „2G -C:‫ ﺗ‬7G1cC5 7/01(13451/0‫ و‬7/01(1/0 -‫)ھ‬‰5 -
73)KH‫ إ‬،•KLI(‫] ا‬/KG ‫|ل‬Kš 7K>2M5 7K@1• ‫رات‬-KPc5‫)رود و‬KQ(‫^• ا‬B ‫)رة‬95 )^:‫)رات أھ‬9:(‫ا‬
‫)ن؛‬:/2bcQ( AQz^(‫™ ا‬ƒb(‫ق ا‬13 7@4ML(‫وزات ا‬4Q(‫إ(„ ا‬
•KKKKKKKKKKKKKK†‫و‬
‫ع‬1KKc‫رال وﺗ‬1‫)ط‬K:(‫ي وا‬4KQ(‫)ر ا‬KKG4.(‫ وا‬AKc/2>(‫ط ا‬1K2Q(‫)دة ا‬/Kb8 `KK/:C@ ‫ع‬1KcC5 ‫ي‬18)K¦ ‫)ل‬K65 -
-‫)ھ‬‰:(‫ا‬
‫؛‬a/?12( D^5
`K/:C@ ،7@‫)ر‬:.CKVU‫ ا‬7KQIP(‫ ا‬7K@‫ا‬-8 „K(‫)ؤه إ‬K‰{‫د إ‬1K.@ ‫ي‬4Kz? `KB45 1‫)ن وھ‬:/2bc8 `B45 -
.7/M@‫)ر‬C(‫ وا‬7@‫)ر‬zP(‫ ا‬D().:(‫ وا‬4‫ﺛ‬µ:(‫] ا‬5 -@-.(‫د ا‬1018
‫؛‬A?)/b(‫)ع ا‬ƒI(‫ ا‬A3 ‫ن‬12‫ﺧ‬-C:(‫ن وا‬1(‫}و‬b:(‫ ا‬-

‫ن؛‬1/2P:(‫)ن ا‬Ob(‫ ا‬-
‫)ت‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKd>(‫ا‬
‫؛‬7./Qƒ()8 ‫)ع‬C:CVU‫اة ا‬1‫ وھ‬،‫)رات‬9:(‫ار ا‬19CV‫ وا‬7/01(13451/6(‫ وا‬7/d/Q(‫ ا‬7?)/b(‫اة ا‬1‫ ھ‬-
73-^Cb:(‫ا‬
‫؛‬7/{‫ا‬1/P(‫ وا‬7/‫)ﺗ‬Qc(‫)ء ا‬/?›‫ ا‬D2G‫) و‬/01(1/B‫) وا›ر‬/01(1/6(‫ ا‬D2G A3 ‫ن‬1*?)Q(‫ ا‬-
...•/5|C(‫م ا›رض وا‬12G A3 ‫ن‬1*?)Q(‫ ا‬7Q2ƒ(‫ ا‬-
‫)ن؛‬:/2bc8 7c@-:8 ‫)ت‬8)9(‫)ه وا‬/:(‫ ا‬7P2L5 - ‫)ء‬B4KKKKKKKKKK‰(‫ا‬

‫م ا¼ﺛ)ر؛‬12.( Ac‫ط‬1(‫ ا‬-^.:(‫ وا‬7?)/b(‫ وا‬73)I*(‫زارة ا‬1( 7@1^6(‫ ا‬7/8‫و‬-c:(‫ ا‬- ‫ن‬1/c.:(‫ا‬
41
. ISSN: 2508-9382 . 44 -25.‫( ص‬2019) '()*(‫د ا‬-.(‫) ا‬/0123451/62( 7/849:(‫ ا‬726:(‫ا‬
‫؛‬7/c‫ط‬1(‫ ا‬7/84C(‫ ووزارة ا‬A:2.(‫' ا‬PQ(‫ وا‬A().(‫ ا‬D/2.C(‫ وزارة ا‬-

‫؛‬Ac‫ط‬1(‫`ه ا‬Cc:(‫^) ھ•ا ا‬8‫ا‬4‫„ ﺗ‬2G -C:@ ‫] أن‬O:@ AC(‫)ت ا‬G):6(‫)ن وا‬:/2bc8 D/2•‫ إ‬7():G -
‫؛‬7@4‰Q(‫ ا‬7/:cC2( 7/c‫ط‬1(‫)درة ا‬Q:(‫ وا‬73)I*(‫ وا‬7d/Q()8 7:C^:(‫ ا‬7/2P:(‫)ت ا‬/.:6(‫ ا‬-
‫؛‬7/./Qƒ(‫ ا‬-‫)ھ‬‰:2( 7/‫اﺛ‬4C(‫ وا‬7@‫)ر‬zP(‫ وا‬7/d/Q(‫ ا‬7/:‫)›ھ‬8 ‫)ن‬Ob(‫¬ ا‬/bP‫ ﺗ‬- ~“)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKV‫و‬
‫؛‬7/./Qƒ(‫ ا‬-‫)ھ‬‰:(‫ص (• ا‬4.C‫ ﺗ‬-• ‫ر‬4H ‫] أي‬5 -P(‫~ ا‬0‫] أ‬5 7Q•‫ا‬4:(‫)“~ ا‬V‫`@` و‬.‫ ﺗ‬- ~‫ﺧ‬-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKC(‫ا‬
...-‫)ھ‬‰:(‫ (^•ه ا‬7@‫)ر‬zP(‫ وا‬7/3)I*(‫ وا‬7/01(13451/6(‫ وا‬7/d/Q(‫ ا‬7/:‫)›ھ‬8 •@4.C(‫ ا‬- 7/:/…cC(‫ا‬
‫)دق؛‬c3‫ و‬7@‫و‬4• ‫وي‬µ5‫ و‬7/?)/V ‫ى‬4•‫ و‬7/?)/V ‫)ل‬QICV‫` ا‬B‫ا‬45 ‫)ء‬‰{‫ إ‬-
‫ع‬U-KK{U )KK@‫ ﺗ>)د‬7/:KKV1:(‫)ب ا‬KK‰G›‫] ا‬KK5 )KK^C/Ic‫ارات وﺗ‬-KK:(‫ وا‬7/?)/KKb(‫ات ا‬4KK::(‫ ا‬D/KK…c‫ ﺗ‬-
‫؛‬R“‫ا‬4P(‫)“~ ا‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKV‫و‬
~‫ﺧ‬-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKC(‫ا‬
)KK^C/:‫) وأھ‬KK^M@‫ ﺗ)ر‬،)KK^c@1O‫وف ﺗ‬4KK‫ ظ‬:7KK/./Qƒ(‫ ا‬-‫)ھ‬KK‰:()8 ‫ف‬4KK.‫ ﺗ‬7@‫^)ر‬KKš‫)ت إ‬KK?1( ¢KKH‫ و‬- 7/cIC(‫ا‬
...7/01(1/6(‫ا‬
.7Iƒc:(‫)ء ا‬c8‫] أ‬5 ]/?)/V ]@-š45 ]@1O‫ ﺗ‬-
7K/2P:(‫)ت ا‬K01Cc:(‫ ا‬R@1Kb‫ﺧ~ وﺗ‬-K2( ‫رة‬-K5‫~ و‬9K‰(‫ص ا‬4K>( ‫ة‬431K5 7ƒK‰{‫ أ‬R2‫ ﺧ‬:)@‫)د‬LC•‫ ا‬-
‫)ن؛‬Ob2( ‫دي‬4>(‫ﺧ~ ا‬-(‫ل ا‬-.5 ]5 ¢34(‫وا‬
AK./Qƒ(‫ع ا‬1KcC(‫ ا‬7K/:‫ھ‬ª8 D^b/bP‫] وﺗ‬//2P:(‫)ن ا‬Ob2( A‰/.:(‫ى ا‬1Cb:(‫] ا‬/bP‫ ﺗ‬:)/G):C0‫ ا‬-
‫ا†~؛‬1C(‫ص ا‬43 R2‫|•)ت وﺧ‬G ‘8‫ ور‬7Iƒc:2( A3)I*(‫وا‬
‫اف‬-‫ا›ھ‬
‫)ظ‬K>P(‫ وا‬،)K^.0‫ا‬4‫] ﺗ‬K5 -KP(‫)ت وا‬K8)9(‫„ ا‬K2G ‫)ظ‬K>P(‫ وا‬7/d/Q(‫ وا‬7/3)I*(‫ ا‬7?)/b(‫ ا‬7/:c‫ ﺗ‬:)/d/8 -
A01K(1/0 AKc‫• وط‬KPC5 R2‫ وﺧ‬،7/d/Q(‫از{)ت ا‬1C(‫|ل ا‬C‫] اﺧ‬5 -P(‫ وا‬7/./Qƒ(‫ ا‬-‫)ھ‬‰:(‫„ ا‬2G
.7Iƒc:(‫• ا‬/2G 431C‫ي ا(•ي ﺗ‬4ML(‫ع ا‬1cC2( ‫ا‬4…{
.•/2G ‫>)ظ‬P(‫„ ا‬2G ‫)ن‬Ob(‫ ا‬¢/6‰‫ ﺗ‬¢5 A2P:(‫ ا‬A3)I*(‫اث ا‬4C(‫)ء ا‬/?‫ إ‬:)@‫)ر‬z?‫) و‬/3)I‫ﺛ‬
‫ــ‬sX7 ‫ا‬
،7K/‫اﺛ‬4C(‫ وا‬7K/3)I*(‫ وا‬7K/./Qƒ(‫}ھ|ت ا‬K:(‫] ا‬/K:*‫• ﺗ‬K(|‫] ﺧ‬K5 )c3-^CKV‫•ي ا‬K(‫)ل ا‬KI:(‫ ھ•ا ا‬A3 )c(‫ ?)و‬-I(
)K‫)رھ‬QCG)8 )Kz@‫ وأ‬7K/01(13451/6(‫ وا‬7K/01(1/6(‫) ا‬K^‫}ھ|ﺗ‬5 7†)‫)ن ﺧ‬:/2bc8 7Qz^( 7@‫)د‬5|(‫^) وا‬c5 7@‫)د‬:(‫ا‬
.72@-Q(‫ ا‬7?)/b2( ‫ي‬4z? ‫ب‬4• Ad/8 ‫`ه‬Cc5 ‫)ء‬‰{‫‘ إ‬ƒM:( )c?‫ا‬4C•‫] ﺧ|ل ا‬5 ‫`ا‬/:C5 )/?)/V1/0 ).•15
‫)ت‬KKd>(‫ ا‬¢KK/:0 ‫اك‬4KKš‫ف إ‬-^CKKb‫ ﺗ‬7/B‫)ر‬KK‰‫ ﺗ‬7KK8‫)ر‬I5 ’KK^{ •KK2ƒC@ ‫ع‬1KKc(‫•ا ا‬KK‫] ھ‬KK5 ‫وع‬4KK‰5 •KK/>c‫ أن ﺗ‬U‫إ‬
‫)ن‬OKKb(‫)ل ا‬KK>¦‫ دون إ‬A{-KK5 ¢KK:C65 ‫)ت‬KKd/‫)ح وھ‬/KKV‫] و‬/KK/2P5 ]/(‫}و‬KKb5 ]KK5 ‫ع‬1KKH1:()8 7KK/c.:(‫ ا‬7KK/G):C0U‫ا‬
،‫ح‬4KKCI:(‫•ا ا‬KK‫)ح ھ‬KK6c( 7/KKV)V‫ أ‬7{):KKH ~OKK‰/V 7KK@‫ا‬-Q(‫• ا‬KKc5‫ و‬¢KK/:6(‫اك ا‬4KKš‫ ›ن إ‬،D^“‫را‬µKK8 •KK‫] وا›ﺧ‬/KK/2P:(‫ا‬
‫اث‬4KC(‫„ ا‬K2G ‫)ظ‬K>P(‫ ا‬RK@4‫] ط‬KG 75‫ا‬-CKb:(‫ ا‬7K/8‫ا‬4C(‫ ا‬7K/:cC(‫ ا‬R/IP‫ ﺗ‬1‫ ھ‬7@‫ا‬-Q(‫• ا‬c5 ‫د‬-P:(‫ف ا‬-^(‫ أن ا‬7†)‫ﺧ‬
)‫اھ‬-K‫„ ھ‬K2G 4/Kb(‫] ا‬//:@‫)د‬KB‫] أ‬/*?)KQB )Kc(‫ ?)و‬AKC(‫ ا‬AK‫ ھ‬7/B‫)ر‬K‰C(‫ ا‬7K/6^c:(‫ ھ•ه ا‬،A2P:(‫ ا‬A3)I*(‫ وا‬A./Qƒ(‫ا‬
AK…? )K5 ‫ح إذا‬4KCI:(‫• ا‬K/>c‫)ء ﺗ‬Kc‫) أﺛ‬Kz@‫) أ‬K^8 •K‫ ا›ﺧ‬DCK@ ‫~ أن‬K5ª{ AKC(‫ وا‬A{‫ا‬-K/:(‫~ ا‬K:.(‫~ ا‬K?‫ا‬45 •2CM5 ‫)ء‬c‫أﺛ‬
.‫د‬101(‫` ا‬/? „(‫وج إ‬4M(‫ ا‬7†43‫ل و‬1QI()8
42
. ISSN: 2508-9382 . 44 -25.‫( ص‬2019) '()*(‫د ا‬-.(‫) ا‬/0123451/62( 7/849:(‫ ا‬726:(‫ا‬
: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ <g

،7K/3‫ا‬496(‫ ا‬A3 ‫)زة‬0¨‫~ ا‬/c( 'P8 ،‫)ن‬:/2bc8 78)¦ „2G 7/./Qƒ(‫وف ا‬4…(‫ وا‬7@4‰Q(‫ ا‬7ƒ‰{›‫ ا‬4/‫ﺛ‬ª‫ﺗ‬:(1999) ،db ‫ ا‬p ‫ا اھ‬
.(‫رة‬1‰c5 4/¦) .‫ ص‬68 ،‫)ط‬84()8 7/{)b{¨‫م ا‬12.(‫ ا¼داب وا‬7/2B
‫ ا¼داب‬7K/2B ،‫ث‬1KP8 7K265 ]:KH ‫ر‬-K† ‫)ل‬KI5 ،-K@-0 A?)/KV ‘K:{ ،7K/d/Q(‫ ا‬7?)/b(‫ا‬:(2014) ، \ ‫ة‬8 W‫ ض ور‬m B u
.102-83 :¡† ،4‰c(‫ وا‬7G)Qƒ2( ‫اق‬4•‫ ر‬A8‫ دار أ‬،16 ‫د‬-G ،7@-:P:(‫ ا‬7/{)b{¨‫م ا‬12.(‫وا‬
~K/c( 7K?‫و‬4‫ أط‬،7K/d/Q(‫ ا‬7?)/Kb(‫ ا‬4@1Kƒ‫)ق ﺗ‬K3‫ وآ‬¢K•‫ وا‬،‫)ن‬:/2Kbc8 D/2•¤K8 7K/3)I*(‫ وا‬7/./Qƒ(‫}ھ|ت ا‬:(‫ا‬:(2009) ،‫ ض‬m B u
.(‫رة‬1‰c5 4/¦) ،‫ ص‬202 ،‫)ط‬84(‫ ا‬،7/{)b{¨‫م ا‬12.(‫ ا¼داب وا‬7/2B ،)/3‫ا‬496(‫ ا‬A3 ‫راه‬1CB-(‫^)دة ا‬š
7K/2B ،7K/3‫ا‬496(‫ ا‬AK3 )K/2.(‫)ت ا‬KV‫را‬-(‫م ا‬1K28‫~ د‬K/c( 'KP8 ،‫)ش‬Kƒ8 ‫ي‬-/KV 7QKz^( 7/0123‫ر‬1:/0 7V‫ درا‬:(1987) ، \ ‫ة‬8 W‫ر‬
.‫ ص‬153 .‫)ط‬84(‫ ا‬،7/{)b{¨‫م ا‬12.(‫ا¼داب وا‬
،7K/G)84(‫|ت ا‬/O‰C(‫رات وا‬1ƒC2( 7/0123‫ر‬151/0 7V‫ درا‬7I/{‫ز‬18 ~?)V‫)ن و‬:/2bc8 7Qz‫ھ‬:(1988) ،d\ v> ‫ن ا‬ ‫ا‬8N
.(‫رة‬1‰c5 4/¦) ،‫ ص‬296 .‫)ط‬84()8 7/{)b{¨‫م ا‬12.(‫ ا¼داب وا‬7/2B ،¬5)M(‫ ا‬-:P5 7.5)0 ،)/2.(‫)ت ا‬V‫را‬-(‫م ا‬128‫~ د‬/c( 7()V‫ر‬
7KK/2B ،7K/3‫ا‬496(‫ ا‬AK3 )K/2.(‫)ت ا‬KV‫را‬-(‫م ا‬1K28‫~ د‬K/c( 'KKP8 ،7K/0123‫ر‬1:/0 7KV‫)رة درا‬KO(‫ ا‬7KIƒc5:(1986) ،‫ رات‬w pB wV ‫ ا‬8w N
.(‫ر‬1‰c5 4/¦) ،‫ ص‬216 .‫)ط‬84(‫ ا‬،7/{)b{¨‫م ا‬12.(‫ا¼داب وا‬
.4L5 ،7/31c:(‫ ا‬،‫م‬12.(‫ ا‬7/2B ،)/01(1/6(‫ ا‬7265 ،‫ر‬1ƒC(‫ة وا‬ª‰c(‫م وا‬1^>:(‫ ا‬:7/01(1/6(‫ ا‬7?)/b(‫ا‬:(2012) ،‫ن‬XN ‫ ن‬x
A3 7(‫و‬-(‫راه ا‬1CB‫~ د‬/c( 7?‫و‬4‫ أط‬،‫)ن‬:/2bc8 7Qz‫ ھ‬7()? ،7/:cC(‫ ورھ){)ت ا‬A?|>(‫)ل ا‬6:(‫ ا‬7/5)c@‫د‬:(2004) ،y bH‫ ر ا‬7 ‫ا‬
.‫ ص‬349 ،„(‫ ا›و‬7.Qƒ(‫ ا‬،4‰c2( ‫اق‬4•‫ ر‬A8‫ دار أ‬،‫ة‬-0‫ و‬،7/{)b{¨‫م ا‬12.(‫ ا¼داب وا‬7/2B ،)/3‫ا‬496(‫ا‬
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Revue Marocaine de Géomorphologie, N° 3 (2019) pp 25-44.

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Le plateau de Benslimane a des potentialités géo-touristique très importantes, qui

The plateau of Benslimane is characterized by major eco-tourism potential, which can

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Allan M. (2012):Geotourism: Toward A Better Understanding Of Motivations For A Geotourism

Beaudet G. (1969) : Le plateau central marocain et ses bordures. Etudes géomorphologique,

Grandgirard Vincent. (1997) : Géomorphologie et gestion du patrimoine naturel. La mémoire de la

KabiriHafid, (2002) : Contribution à l’Etude des Potentialités Ecotouristique de la forêt de Ben

Reynard E et autres, (2003) : «Géomorphologie et tourisme: quelle relations» Géomorphologie et

Reynard E et Panizza M, (2005) :Géomorphosites: définition, évaluation et cartographie. In

Reynard E, (2004) :La géomorphologie et la création des paysages. In Paysages géomorphologiques,

Reynard E, (2005) :Géomorphosites et paysages. In Géomorphologie: relief, processus,

Reynard E, Pralong J.-P, (2004) : Paysages géomorphologiques: perspectives et recherches. In

Rhazi L, (1990);Sur le traitement de l’information phytoécologique de quelques dayas de la province

Wailliy Alain (1975) :Bulletin d’archéologie Marocaine, Tome 9, p: 209.

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