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1 A CONNECTED WORLD .............................................................................................................................. 3

1.1 AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS ................................................................................ 3


1.1.1 First Generation IoT: The Tagged Things .............................................................................................. 3
1.1.2 Second Generation IoT: Interconnection of Things and the (Social) Web of Things ............................. 4
1.1.3 Third Generation IoT: Social Objects and Cloud Computing ................................................................. 5
1.2 DEFINING THE CONNECTED WORLD ................................................................................................................... 6
2 A COMPLEX NETWORK OF OBJECTS .......................................................................................................... 8

2.1 NETWORKS IN A NUTSHELL .............................................................................................................................. 8


2.2 A SOCIAL NETWORK OF THINGS ....................................................................................................................... 8

3 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................................................ 10

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