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APÉNDICE V. LA RELATIVIDAD ESPECIAL DE EINSTEIN Y


ALGUNAS TRANSFORMACIONES DE LORENTZ
por Juan Auping, con la asesoría de Alfredo Sandoval Villalbazo

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1. LAS TRANSFORMACIONES DE GALILEO
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