Lexicon v2

MAGIC SQUARE
LEXICON:
Illustrated
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H. D. Heinz & J. R. Hendricks
MAGIC SQUARE
LEXICON:
ILLUSTRATED
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All rows, columns, and 14 main diagonals sum correctly in proportion to length 16 4x4 magic squares.
M AGIC SQUAR E
LEX ICON :
Illustrated
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H. D. Heinz & J. R. Hendricks
Magic Square Lexicon: Illustrated

By
Harvey D. Heinz
&
John R. Hendricks
Published November 2000

By HDH
Second print run July 2005
Copyright 2000 by Harvey D. Heinz
Published in small quantities

by HDH
as demand indicates
ISBN 0-9687985-0-0
Binding courtesy of Pacific Bindery Services Ltd.
For Erna & Celia

Two ladies with patience and forbearance,
while their men are
playing with numbers.
To commemorate the year 2000
Prime magic square A

67
241
577
571
547
769
127
13
223
139
421
673
619
307
331
199
Plus prime magic square B

1933
1759
1423
1429
1453
1231
1873
1987
1777
1861
1579
1327
1381
1693
1669
1801
Equals magic square C

2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
Designed by John E. Everett (July, 2000)

By permission, Carlos Rivera, http://www.primepuzzles.net/
Contents
Tables and Illustrations
iii
Preface 1
xi
Preface 2
xiii
Magic Square Lexicon
1 to 174
References
175
The Authors
81
Magic Square Bibliography
A1-1 to A1-15
John Hendricks Bibliography
A2-1 to A2-3
13
22 10
9
17
23
4
12
12b
20
3
16
14
2
6
11
15
24
8
19
18
21

1 - Two types of almost magic stars ..................................................... 2
2 - The Alphamagic square of order-3 .................................................. 3
3 - An order-4 and an order-5 anti-magic square.................................. 4
4 - Number of anti-magic squares......................................................... 4
5 - Two order-5 anti-magic stars........................................................... 5
6 - The 8 aspects of a magic square. ..................................................... 6
7 - One of four order-3 magic cubes, all associated. ............................ 7
8 - Three associated magic squares....................................................... 8
9 - An order-9 associated, pandiagonal, 32 ply magic square............. 9
10 - One of 4 basic magic cubes .........................................................11
11 - An order-4 Basic magic square ...................................................12
12 - A basic order-6 magic star...........................................................13
13 - Basic tesseract MT# 9 shown in the standard position ................14
14 - A disguised version of MT# 9 (previous figure...........................15
15 - The 58 basic tesseracts of order-3 in indexed order ....................16
16 - An order-8 bent-diagonal magic square ......................................17
17 - An order-9 bimagic square with unusual features .......................19
18 - An order-5 and an order-6 bordered square.................................21
19 -The continuous nature of a pandiagonal magic square.................21
20 -Two order-3 magic squares and their complements .....................23
21 - An order-6 magic square and its complement .............................24
22 - An order-5 pandiagonal and its complement. pair pattern...........24
23 - An order-4 complete cube of binary digits ..................................25
24 - 12 order-3 magic squares form an order-12 composition ...........27
25 - Two order-4 magic squares formed from the above....................27
iii

26 - 2 order-5 magic square that dont obey the rule for Bordered....28
27 - A hypercube of order-3 (a cube) showing the coordinates. .........30
28 - Crosmagic Quadrant pattern for order-9 and order-13 ................32
29 - Diamagic Quadrant pattern for order-9 and order-13..................34
30 - Diametrically equidistant pairs in even and odd orders...............35
31 - A magic square in ternary, decimal 0-8 and decimal 1 to 9.........36
32 - Digital-root magic squares with digital roots of 3, 6 and 9. ........36
33 - Divide magic square from a multiply magic square. ...................37
34 - An order-4 domino magic square. ...............................................37
35 - An order-7 magic square using a complete set of dominoes. ......38
36 - Six doubly-even magic squares in one. ......................................39
37 - The 12 Dudeney groups. .............................................................40
38 - An order-7 magic square with embedded orders 3 and 4. ..........41
39 - Table Summary of magic squares count...................................42
40 - Table Summary of magic stars count. ......................................43
41 - Index # 6 of the 36 essentially different pandiagonals. ...............44
42 - An order-4, doubly-even, within a singly-even order-6. .............45
43 - An order-3 magic square with 2 expansion bands. ......................46
44 - Franklins order-8 magic square..................................................49
45 - Some Franklin order-8 patterns. ..................................................50
46 - Two magic Generalized parts. .....................................................52
47 - Exponential geometric magic square. .........................................53
48 - Ratio geometric magic square. ...................................................53
49 - Order-4 Latin, Greek and Graeco-Latin squares. ........................54
50 - A bipartite anti-magic graph........................................................54
iv

51 - A bipartite super-magic graph. ....................................................55
52 - An order-4 supermagic graph and magic square .........................55
53 - An order-5 star and two isomorphic tree-planting graphs. ..........56
54 - Orders 3 and 4 Heterosquare. ......................................................57
55 - Horizontal and vertical steps in an order-3 magic square............58
56 - This non-normal order-4 magic square does not use integers. ....59
57 - The first 3 order-4 magic squares. ...............................................60
58 - Star A shows the name of the cells, Star B is solution # 1. .........60
59 - The first six order-6 magic stars in tabular form. ........................61
60 - An order-5 with inlaid diamond and even corner numbers. ........62
61 - Comparison of order-4 Inlaid and Bordered magic squares. .......62
62 - The primary intermediate square for order-5...............................63
63 - Pandiagonal order-5 and solution set...........................................64
64 - An order-9 iso-like magic star. ....................................................66
65 - The order-9 diamagic square for the above star. .........................67
66 - An order-8 magic star isomorphic to an order-5 square. .............68
67 - Four aspects of the IXOHOXI magic square...............................69
68 - An order-8 with two half-board re-entrant Knight Tours. ...........71
69 - The two re-entrant knight tour paths for the above square. .........72
70 - Variations of a numerical Latin square........................................73
71 - Bergholts general form for order-4. ...........................................74
72 - A solution set and the resulting magic square. ............................75
73 - An order-7 Lozenge magic square. .............................................76
74 - Lringmagic Quadrant pattern for order-9 and order-13...............76
75 - An order-6 multiply magic square is 22 ply and 32 ply. .......77
76 - Two magic circles........................................................................78

77 - An order-3 basic normal magic cube...........................................79
78 - Number of lower hyperplanes within a given hypercube. ...........80
79 - An order-4 semi-pandiagonal and its magic line diagram. ..........81
80 - A 3 x 9 magic rectangle with correct diagonals...........................82
81 - An order-5 pandiagonal square with special numbers.................83
82 - An order-9 pandiagonal magic square that is also 32-ply............83
83 - An order-12 pattern b normal magic star.....................................84
84 - An order-11 pattern b normal magic star.....................................85
85 - A summary of some magic star facts...........................................86
86 - Order-10 magic stars, Type S and Type T...................................87
87 - The 3-D order-3 magic star. ........................................................89
88 - Comparison of magic squares cubes and tesseracts. ...................90
89 - A magic tesseract shown with Hendricks projection...................91
90 - The above magic tesseract in tabular form. .................................92
91 - Order-3 hypercube comparison. ..................................................93
92 - Magic triangular regions, orders 4 and 6. ....................................94
93 - Transforming a 2-d magic star to 3-D cube and octahedron. ......95
94 - An order-4 magic square mapped to a tetrahedron.....................95
95 - An order-8 most-perfect magic square. .......................................97
96 - An order-4 multiplication magic square and its reverse. .............98
97 - # of segments in n-agonals for dimensions 2, 3, and 4 ................99
98 - Table - Hypercube has both a general and a specific meaning. 100
99 - Four different types of number squares .................................... 101
100 - This bordered magic square consists of two odd orders ......... 102
vi

101 - Two order-3 number squares and magic squares....................104
102 - An add magic square with an inlaid multiply magic square105
103 - A pentagram of five magic diamonds.....................................106
104 - This ornamental magic star consists of two interlocked stars.107
105 - An order-3 cube showing coordinates and line paths. ............108
106 - L. S. Frierson overlapping square, orders 3, 5, 7 and 9. .........109
107 - A. W. Johnson, Jr. bordered palindromic magic square. ........110
108 - An essentially different pandiagonal and a derivative. ...........112
109 - An order-7 pan-magic star. ....................................................113
110 - The order-7 pandiagonal square used for the above star. .......114
111 - A pan-3-agonal magic cube of order 4. ..................................116
112 - Order-5 pandiagonal magic square showing parity pattern. ...117
113 - An order-4 square partitioned into cells. ................................117
114 - Collisons order-14 patchwork magic square. .......................118
115 - An Order-7 with inlaid order-5 pandiagonal magic square. ...120
116 - Values of the corner cells of the order-16 perfect tesseract...121
117 - Order-5 and order-11 perfect prime squares...........................123
118 - Two of 18 order-4 perimeter-magic triangles.........................124
119 - A perimeter-magic order-5 pentagon and order-3 septagon. 124
120 - Three of the 5 anti-magic Octahedrons. .................................125
121 - Plusmagic Quadrant pattern for order-9 and order-13............126
122 - Minimum starting prime for consecutive primes squares.......127
123 - A. W. Johnson, Jr.s bordered, order-8 prime number square.127
124 - Two order-5 prime stars, minimal and consecutive primes. ...128
125 - Pythagorean magic squares, all order-4, Sc2 = sa2 + Sb2.....130
vii

126 - Pythagorean magic squares, orders 3, 4, 5; Sc = sa + Sb.......130
127 - The eight opposite corner pairs of a magic tesseract. .............131
128 - Eight order-13 quadrant magic patterns ................................132.
129 - Even order crosmagic and lringmagic patterns, order 8, 12 ...133.
130 - This order-13 quadrant square is 14 times quadrant magic ....134.
131 - Some patterns of the order-13 quadrant magic square............135.
132 - A regular order-4 magic square from a Graeco-Latin square .137.
133 - Three representations of an order-4 magic square..................138.
134 - Continuous and separate patterns for Order-8 magic stars .....139.
135 - First four solutions, orders 8A and 8B....................................140.
136 - Two traditional tesseract projections. .....................................141
137 - The modern Hendricks projection.........................................141
138 - Order-4 reverse magic square pair..........................................142
139 - A principal reversible square with 2 of its 16 variations. .......143
140 - The 3 principal reversible squares of order-4. ........................144
141 - Number of Most-perfect magic squares .................................145
142 - The Sagrada magic square sums to 33....................................147
143 - The Sator word magic square. ................................................148
144 - An order-7 associated, and thus self-similar, magic square. ..149
145 - An order-4 self-similar magic square that is not associated. ..149
146 - An order-7 semi-magic square of squares. .............................150
147 - Two semi-pandiagonal magic squares....................................151
148 - An order-9 serrated magic square...........................................152
149 - Patterns for the above serrated magic square..........................153
150 - 2 pandiagonal squares contained in the above square. ...........153
viii

151 - An order-6 simple, normal, singly-even magic square. ..........155
152 - An algebraic pattern for an order-6 pandiagonal. ...................156
153 - The order-6 pandiagonal in base 7 and base-10 .....................157
154 - Even and odd number placement in a square and cube. .........158
155 - Species # 1 of the order-3 magic tesseract..............................159
156 - Square of primes make a semi-magic square..........................160
157 - The smallest orthomagic arrangement of distinct squares. .....161
158 - Sringmagic quadrant pattern for order-9 and order-13. ..........161
159 - Order-4, standard position, and two disguises........................162
160 - An order-6 magic star and a disguised version of it. .............163
161 - Subtraction magic square. ......................................................164
162 - Hypercubes number of correct summations. .......................165
163 - Symmetrical cells in even and odd order magic squares. .......166
164 - Two Kravitz Talisman squares. ..............................................167
165 - Transforming an associated magic square to a pandiagonal...168
166 - # of parallel segmented triagonals for orders 3 to 10..............170
167 -Collisons order-5 pandiagonal upside-down magic square. ...171
168 - The smallest possible consecutive primes order-3..................172
169 - The smallest possible consecutive primes type-2 order-3 ......172
170 - An order-8A weakly magic star..............................................173
171 - An unorthodox use of wrap-around........................................174
ix
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11
40
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15
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31
18
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12
45
26
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30
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14
27
16
29
22
25
28
21
34
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20
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24
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43
PREFACE 1.
With the increasing popularity of the World Wide Web has come an
explosive increase in published material on magic squares and cubes.
As I look at this material, I can appreciate how it is expanding our
knowledge of this fascinating subject. However, frequently an author
comes up with a new idea (or what he thinks is a new idea) and defines
it using a term that has been in other use, in some cases, for hundreds of
years.
On the other hand, because the subject is growing so fast, it is
important that new words and phrases be defined and publicized as
quickly as possible. For these reasons, in the winter of 1999 I decided
to research this subject and publish a glossary on my Web page.
While this book is an attempt to standardize definitions, unfortunately
not all magic square hobbyists will have a copy of this book at hand.
Therefore, I suggest that when using a term not too well known, an
attempt be made to clarify its meaning.
After posting the result to my site, I also printed it as a booklet for my
personal reference. Because John Hendricks has been a good source of
information for me, I sent him a copy of the booklet as a courtesy
gesture. He then suggested I publish an expanded version of this in
book form. I was immediately interested, and when he graciously
accepted the request to serve as co-author, I decided, with his
knowledge and experience to support me, I could do it.
What definitions have been included in this book is arbitrary. We have
tried to include the more popular terms by drawing on a wide range of
resources. Inevitably, with a book of this nature, personal preferences
enter the picture. I am sure that every person reading this book will say
to himself at some point why did he bother putting that item in, or why
that illustration, or what about.
In any case I have worked on the assumption that a picture is worth a
thousand words, and so have kept the descriptive text to a minimum. I
have tried, when picking the illustrations, to find items of additional
interest besides just referring to the particular term being defined.
Hopefully, this will encourage the use of the book for browsing as well
as for reference.
xi
Where I felt it would be appropriate, I have included a source

reference. Where a definition appears or is used in a variety of sources,
no mention is made of the source unless one particular location is
especially informative. Where a term or definition is primarily (or
solely) the work of one author, his work is cited as the source.
To add to the usefulness of this reference, I have in many cases,
included relevant facts or tables of comparisons.
In the definitions text, bold type indicates a term that has its own
definition.
This book uses m to indicate order (of magic squares, cubes, etc) and n
to indicate dimension. This is the terminology used by Hendricks in his
writings where so much of the work involves dimensions greater then
2. For magic stars, because all work is in two dimensions, the
traditional n will continue to be used for the order.
Unless I specifically indicate otherwise, all references to magic squares
mean normal (pure) magic squares composed of the natural numbers
from 1 to m2. Likewise for cubes, tesseracts, etc. Normal magic stars
use the numbers from 1 to 2n.
A special thanks to John Hendricks for the support and encouragement
he has given me on this project.
Writing and publishing this book is a first venture for me. My hope is
that it will prove to be an informative and a worthy reference on this
fascinating subject.
Harvey D. Heinz
July 2005
It is now time to print a second run of this book.
I have corrected the mistakes I am aware of that appeared in the first
run.
The only other changes are minor variations in wording, or slight
elaborations where space permitted.
H.D.H
xii
PREFACE 2.
The analogy with squares and cubes is not complete,
for rows of numbers can be arranged side-by-side to
represent a visible square, squares can be piled one
upon another to make a visible cube, but cubes cannot
be so combined in drawing as to picture to the eye their
higher relations.
Magic Squares and Cubes, by W.S. Andrews, Dover Publication.
Faced with that, I proceeded anyway. Many professors, even today,

teach the wrong model of the tesseract The problem has to do with
partitioning the tesseract into cells, so that numbers can be assigned to
various cells & coordinate positions.
In 1950, I sketched the first magic tesseract.. Nobody would look at it.
Andrews had said it was impossible. I did not have a chance to look
into it again for about five years and was on Gimli Airforce Station
during a cold winter with not much else to do. So, I managed to make a
5- and 6-dimensional magic hypercube of order 3. I reasoned that if the
establishment would not look at the magic tesseract, then they might
look at the higher dimensional hypercubes. However, it was not until I
was in Montreal before a mathematician from Seattle, home for
Christmas, heard about me and wished to see my magic hypercubes. As
he looked over it all, he said, This stuff has got to be published.
He phoned a friend at McGill University. The next thing I knew, I got a
reprint order form for my article The Five- and Six-Dimensional Magic
Hypercubes of Order 3 which was published in the Canadian
Mathematical Bulletin, May 1962..
There were many hurdles to overcome with terminology and
symbolism. A simple concept such as a row of numbers is not so
simple in six-dimensional space. One runs out of names row, column,
pillar, post, file, rank,then what? So, the customary practice for
higher dimensional spaces is to number the coordinate axes x1, x2,
xixn . Thus, I coined 1-row, 2-row, 3-row, ,,,, n-row.. There were
both dimension and order to be taken into account now, so I used n for
dimension and m for order. This was to be n-dimensional magic
hypercubes of order m.
xiii
The old guard , adept in cubes, had just finished coining long
diagonal and space diagonal and here I had to put a halt to that
because for 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 dimensions you could not very well have short
diagonal, long diagonal and longer than that diagonal. I noticed
that when one traversed the square that 2 coordinates always changed
on a diagonal as you moved along it. Three coordinates changed for the
space diagonals of the cube, while only two coordinates changed for
the facial diagonals. Therefore, it was clearly in order to talk in terms of
2-agonal, 3-agonal, 4-agonal, , n-agonal depending upon how many
coordinates change as you move along one of them. This means that
triagonal, quadragonal, etc. were born and were a most logical solution
to the problem..
One of the greatest challenges of all, was the concept of a perfect
cube. As a boy, I learned that the four-space diagonals of a cube were
required as well as all rows, columns and pillars to sum a constant
magic sum. It was accepted that facial diagonals alone would be the
requirement for a perfect cube. Eventually, Benson and Jacoby made a
magic cube that had all broken triagonals and all broken diagonals
summing the magic sum in every cross-section of the cube. It was both
pandiagonal and pantriagonal. Thus, it was perfect.
Not until I made the perfect tesseract of order 16 and the 5-dimensional
perfect magic hypercube of order 32 did I realize that perfect means all
planar cross-sections are pandiagonal magic squares and all hypercubes
have everything summing the magic sum
Planck had shown that the order of the hypercube had to be 2n or more
before one could have pandiagonal squares with every cross-section.
However, not until I actually made one did the point become clear. So
the definition of perfect is upgraded. Through every cell on the
hypercube there are (3n-1)/2 different routes that must sum the magic
sum.
Over the years, it has been my pleasure to participate in the
development of mathematics and to offer what I can on the subject.
John R. Hendricks
xiv
Algorithm 1
A
Algorithm
A step-by step procedure for solving a problem by hand or by
using a computer.
Algebraic pattern
A generalized magic square, cube, tesseract, hypercube, or
border, etc. using algebraic digits for the numbers. A pattern is
used extensively for making inlays. See Solution Set.
Almost-magic Stars
A magic pentagram (5-pointed star), we now know, must have 5
lines summing to an equal value.
However, such a figure cannot be constructed using consecutive
integers.
Charles Trigg calls a pentagram with only 4 lines with equal
sums but constructed with the consecutive numbers from 1 to 10,
an almost-magic pentagram.
C. W. Trigg, J. Recreational Mathematics, 29:1, 1998, pp.8-11, Almost Magic
Pentagams
Marin Trenkler (Safarik University, Slovakia) has

independently coined the phrase almost-magic, but generalizes it
for all orders of stars.
His definition: If there are numbers 1, 2, , 2n located in a star
Sn (or Tn) so that the sum on m 2 lines is 4n + 2, on the others
4n + 1 and 4n + 3, we call it an almost-magic star.
See Magic stars type T for information on Sn and Tn.
Marin Trenkler, Magicke Hviezdy (Magic stars), Obsory Matematiky, Fyziky a
Informatiky, 51(1998).
.. Almost-magic Stars
NOTE that by Trenklers definition, the order-5 almost-magic
star has only 3 lines summing correctly. Triggs order-5 (the
only order he defines) requires 4 lines summing the same.
Neither author has defined almost-magic for higher order stars.
NOTE2: This book will retain the customary n as the order for
magic stars but use m to indicate the order of magic squares,
cubes, etc, leaving n free to indicate dimension.
1
10
4
10
2
7
Trigg
6
8
SA5
Trenkler
1 Two types of almost magic stars.

This Trigg Almost-magic order-5 star has 4 lines which sum to
24, and 1 line to 14.
This Trenkler Almost-magic order-5 star has 3 lines which sum
to 22,
1 line to 21 and 1 line to 23.
H.D.Heinz, http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/trenkler.htm
C. W. Trigg, J. Recreational Mathematics, 29:1, 1998, pp.8-11, Almost Magic
Pentagams
Alphamagic square 3
Alphamagic square
22
18
28
15
11
12
25
10
Five
Twent y- eight
Twelve
t went y- t wo
f if t een
eight
eight een
t wo
t went y- f ive
2 - The Alphamagic square of order-3.

Spell out the numbers in the first magic square. Count the letters
in each number word and make a second magic square with
these integers. Lee Sallows discovered this magic square oddity
in 1986.
Lee Sallows, Abacus 4, 1986, pp28-45 & 1987 pp20-29
Anti-magic graphs
See Graphs anti-magic
Anti-magic squares
An array of consecutive numbers, from 1 to m2, where the rows,
columns and two main diagonals sum to a set of 2(m + 1)
consecutive integers.
Anti-magic squares are a sub-set of heterosquares.
Joseph S. Madachy, Mathemaics On Vacation, pp 101-110. (Also JRM 15:4, p.302)
.. Anti-magic squares
65
34
20
22
64
15
13
35
19
23
13
10
67
16
12
38
21
15
25
70
14
32
11
18
24
61
11
10
31
12
14
17
16
63
33
30
37
36
29
68
69
60
62
66
71
3 - An order-4 and an order-5 anti-magic square.

Note that in each case, the sums of the lines form a consecutive
series.
In 1999, John Cormie, a graduate mathematics student at the
University of Winnipeg, did a research project on this subject.
He developed several methods of constructing these squares for
both odd and even orders.
Order
(m)
Magic
squares
Antimagic
squares
880
299,710
275,305,224
4 - Number of anti-magic squares.

Cormie & Lineks anti-magic square page is at
http://www.uwinnipeg.ca/~vlinek/jcormie/index.html
Anti-magic stars 5
Anti-magic stars
A normal magic star diagram, but instead of each line of 4
numbers summing to a constant, each line has a different sum. If
the sums consist of consecutive numbers, the star is anti-magic;
if the sums are not consecutive, the star is a heterostar.
The illustration shows two of the 2208 possible order-5 antimagic stars. Note that there can be no normal magic stars of
order-5, that is those using the integers 1 to 10. The smallest
series possible is 1 to 12 with no 7 or 11.
1
10
10
6
5
5 - Two order-5 anti-magic stars.

C. Trigg, J. Recreational Mathematics, 10:3, 1977, pp 169-173, Anti-magic
pentagrams.
Arithmetic magic squares

Sometimes used to refer to squares that have a magic sum,
especially to differentiate from geometric magic squares
(Andrews).
Arrays
An array is an orderly arrangement of a set of cardinal numbers,
algebraic symbols, or other elements into rows, columns, files, or
any other lines.
.. Arrays
NOTE. For these purposes, the arrays used for magic squares,
cubes and hypercubes would be narrowed down to square and
rectangular ones like matrices and their cubic and higher
dimensional equivalents.
An array may also be a variable in a computer program. For
these purposes, it would be the storage location for the magic
square, cube, etc.
Aspect
An apparently different but in reality only a disguised version of
the magic square, cube, tesseract, star, etc. It is obtained by
rotations and/or reflections of the basic figure.
Once one has a hypercube of any dimension, through mirror
images and rotations one can view the hypercube in many ways.
There are:
A = (2n) n! ways of viewing a hypercube of dimension n.
Dimension (n)
2
3
4
5
Name
square
cube
tesseract
hypercube
Aspects
8
48
384
3840
In counting the number of any given type of hypercube, one can

count all, including the aspects (the long count); or only the basic
ones.
2 7 6
9 5 1
4 3 8
Original
4 3 8
9 5 1
2 7 6
4 9 2
3 5 7
8 1 6
Rotate 90
8 1 6
3 5 7
4 9 2
8 3 4
1 5 9
6 7 2
Rotate 180
6 7 2
1 5 9
8 3 4
6 1 8
7 5 3
2 9 4
Rotate 270
2 9 4
7 5 3
6 1 8
Vertical reflections of squares immediately above
6 - The 8 aspects of a magic square.
.. Aspect 7
.. Aspect
Where n is the order (number of points) of a magic star there are
2n aspects for each star. NOTE that with rectilinear magic
arrays, the number of aspects is determined by the dimension.
With magic stars (which are normally only 2 dimensions) the
number of aspects is determined by the order.
See Isomorphisms.
Associated magic cubes, tesseracts, etc.

Just as the one order-3 magic square is associated, so to are the 4
order-3 magic cubes and the 58 order-3 magic tesseracts. In fact,
all order-3 magic hypercubes are associated.
All associated magic objects can be converted to another aspect
by complementing each number (the self-similar feature). This
figure is another aspect of the cube shown in basic magic cube.
15
19
26
10
6
23
16
14
12
21
5
25
18
22
20
4
24
17
9
11
13
27
7 - One of four order-3 magic cubes, all of which are

associated.
Notice that the two numbers on each side of the center number
sum to 28 which is 33 + 1.
Go to Tesseract to see an order-3 associated 4-dimensional
hypercube.
J. R. Hendricks, Magic Squares to Tesseracts by Computer, Self-published 1999,
0-9684700-0-9, p 59.
Associated magic square

A magic square where all pairs of cells diametrically equidistant from
the center of the square equal the sum of the first and last terms of the
series, or m2 + 1 for a pure magic square. These number pairs are said
to be complementary. This type of magic square is often referred to as a
symmetrical magic square.
The center cell of odd order associated magic squares is always equal
to the middle number of the series. Therefore the sum of each pair is
equal to 2 times the center cell. In an order-5 magic square, the sum of
the 2 symmetrical pairs plus the center cell is equal to the constant, and
any two symmetrical pairs plus the center cell sum to the constant. i.e.
the two pairs do not have to be symmetrical to each other.
In an even order magic square the sum of any m/2 symmetrical pairs
will equal the constant (the sum of the 2 members of a symmetrical pair
is equal to the sum of the first and last terms of the series).
1
15
24
17
16
23
16
14
10
15
20
13
22
11
14
12
21
10
19
13
12
18
11
25
8 - Three associated magic squares.

The order-3 associated magic square with each pair symmetrical
summing to 32 + 1.
summing to 42 + 1
summing to 52 + 1 .
As with any magic square, each associated magic square has 8

aspects due to rotations and reflections. any associated magic
square can be converted to another aspect by complementing
each number (the self-similar feature).
.. Associated magic square 9

.. Associated magic square
There are NO singly-even Associated pure magic squares.
The one order-3 magic square is associative.
There are 48 order-4 associative magic squares.
Order-5 is the smallest order having associated magic squares
that are also pandiagonal.
42
80
64
24
35
46
60
17
50
61
12
43
75
68
25
30
72
20
31
54
56
13
38
76
37
78
71
19
33
53
55
15
48
59
16
41
79
66
23
34
67
27
29
49
63
11
45
74
44
73
69
26
28
51
62
10
52
57
14
39
77
70
21
32
65
22
36
47
58
18
40
81
9 An order-9 associated, pandiagonal, 32-ply magic

square.
Associated magic squares are occasionally referred to as regular.
All associated magic squares are semi-pandiagonal but not all
semi-pandiagonal magic squares are associated.
Note that while an associated magic square is also referred to as
symmetrical, it should properly be called center symmetrical.
There are magic squares (rare) that are symmetrical across a line.
W. S. Andrews, Magic squares & Cubes, 1917, p.266
Benson & Jacoby, Magic squares & Cubes, Dover 1976, 0-486-23236-0
Auxiliary square
See Intermediate square.
10
B
Base
Also called the radix. The number of distinct single-digit numbers,
including zero in a counting system.
When the radix. exceeds ten, then more symbols then the familiar 0, 1,
2, 3,...,9 are required. Sometimes Greek symbols are used. More
common is a, b, c, etc.
It is often convenient to use a number base equal to the order of the
magic figure. The number of digits making up the number in each cell
are then equal to the dimension of the magic figure. When the magic
square (or other figure) is completely designed, the numbers are then
converted to base 10 (decimal) and 1 is added to each to make the
series range from 1 to mn. where m = the order and n = the dimension.
Basic magic cube

There are 4 basic magic cubes of order-3. All four are associated (as is
the single basic magic square). The squares in the three center planes of
these four cubes is magic. Each of the four may be disguised to make
48 other (apparently) different magic cubes by means of rotations and
reflections. These variations are NOT normally considered as new
cubes by the magic square researcher for the purposes of enumeration.
They may become important to use in determining degree of rarity by a
statistician. See Relative frequency.
Which of the 48 aspects is considered to be the basic cube? Normally
that is of no importance. However, if listing all the magic cube
solutions of a given order, it is necessary to have a standard position.
The basic cube is determined in this case by three conditions.
The bottom left corner is the smallest corner.

The value of the second cell of the bottom row is
smaller then the first cell of the second row.
The value of the first cell of the second row is smaller
then the second cell of the first pillar.
.. Basic magic cube 11
.. Basic magic cube

This definition is modeled after Frnicles (1693) definition for
the basic magic square, but with one important difference.
Frnicle considered the starting point for the magic square to be
the top left corner. We have set the starting point for the cube
(and higher dimensions) to be the bottom left corner. This is
consistent with the modern coordinate system in geometry.
While this term will not get the same frequency of use that the
equivalent term for magic squares does, it is presented here in
the interest of completeness.
2
13
22
11
18
20
21
16
5
25
14
3
23
12
7
24
17
1
27
10
6
19
15
26
10 - One of 4 basic magic cubes.

This diagram is the same magic cube illustrated in Fig. 7.
However, this one is normalized to the basic position. The other
is a disguised version of this.
Point of interest. There are 58 basic magic tesseracts of order-3.
Each may be disguised to make 384 other (apparently) different
magic tesseracts by means of rotations and reflections.
There is only 1 basic magic square of order-3.
See Aspects and Basic magic square.
12
Basic magic square

There is 1 basic magic square of order-3 and 880 of order-4,
each with 7 variations due to rotations and reflections. These
variations are called aspects or disguised versions.
In fact, any magic square may be disguised to make 7 other
(apparently) different magic squares by means of rotations and
reflections. These variations are NOT considered new magic
squares for purposes of enumeration.
Any of the eight variations may be considered the basic one
except for enumerating and listing them. Normally, which one
you consider the basic one has no importance. However, for
purposes of listing and counting, a standard must be defined.
Refer to Aspect, Index and Standard Position for a more in-depth
discussion of this subject.
Basic magic squares are also known as Fundamental magic
squares.
14
15
12
16
11
10
13
11 An order-4 Basic magic square.

This order-4 is basic because
The cell in the top left corner has the lowest value of any
corner cell.
The cell to the right of this corner cell has a lower value then
the first cell of row two.
It is now possible to put this magic square in an ordered list
where it appears as # 695 of 880.
Bensen & Jacoby, New Recreations with Magic Squares, Dover, 1976,
0-486-23236-0, p. 123
Basic magic star 13

Basic magic star
All normal magic stars have n lines of 4 numbers that total to the magic
sum.
A magic star may be disguised to make 2n-1 apparently different magic
stars where n is the order (number of points) of the magic star.
These variations are NOT considered new magic stars for purposes of
enumeration. This is also referred to as a fundamental magic star.
Any of these 2n variations may be considered the fundamental one.
However, see Standard position, magic star and Index.
Figure 12 is a basic magic star because:
The point cell with the smallest value is at the top.

The value of the top right valley cell is lower then the top
left one.
This star is number 31 in the indexed list of 80 order-6 basic magic

stars.
Note: One of the authors (Heinz) has found all basic solutions for
magic stars of order 5 to 11 (and some for higher orders).
11
12
10
12 - A basic order-6 magic star.

H.D.Heinz, http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/magicstar_def.htm
14
Basic magic tesseract

23
37
63
34
78
11
66
65
53
29
79
15
9
50
um
28
81
co
l
38
61
69
fi
le
12
67
row
47
20
43
60
51
24
35
76
32
73
18
27
41
55
64
21
44
58
54
42
56
22
39
62
25
36
77
10
80
13
68
49
pillar
70
30
31
75
17
72
5
46
26
40
57
71
14
33
74
16
4
48
19
45
2
52
59
13 - Basic tesseract MT# 9 shown in the standard

position.
One of the authors (Hendricks) has found and listed all 58 basic
magic tesseracts of order-3. He lists and displays them in his
book All Third-Order magic Tesseracts using the following
indexing method:
Identify the lowest of the 16 corner numbers.

Take the adjacent number to this corner in each of the
four lines. Rearrange these four numbers (if necessary)
in ascending order and write them after the corner
number.
In figure 13, the lowest corner number is 12 and the four

numbers adjacent to it are 52, 61,62, and 76. Taking them in
order; row, column, pillar and file they are already in ascending
order, and, because the lowest corner is in the bottom left
position we realize this tesseract is in the standard position. This
definition is consistent with that of the Basic magic cube.
.. Basic magic tesseract 15

.. Basic magic tesseract
The following table is from page 3 of All Third Order Magic
Tesseracts. Column C shows the lowest corner number.
Although 7. 8, and 9 sometimes serve as corners, they never
serve as minimum corners.
In the table, Column # is for Magic Tesseract # (the order that
Hendricks found the tesseract).
Column S is for species (based on arrangement of even and odd
numbers).
Simply sorting the four numbers adjacent to the lowest corner
insures that the tesseracts appear in index order (which is the
order listed here).
For order-3 magic tesseracts, there are three species. For each of
the 58 basic tesseracts, there are 384 aspects or disguised
versions.
See Basic magic cube, Basic magic square, Index, Magic
tesseract, Species and Standard position.
64
67
23
24
28
27
68
65
34
22
66
81
37
38
7
78
74
80
43
79
42
63
61
75
44
45
50
10
5
57
53
13
73
16
60
47
48
14
51
11
41
55
17
54
58
59
46
52
15
49
39
62
31
21
32
9
77
70
71
19
72
40
12
30
69
29
25
35
76
33
20
26
36
56
18
14 A disguised version of MT# 9 (previous figure).
16
.. Basic magic tesseract

C Adjacent axis # S
C Adjacent axis
Numbers
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
45, 51, 53, 54

45, 69, 71, 72
51, 69, 77, 78
53, 71, 77, 80
54, 72, 78, 80
43, 51, 52, 54
43, 69, 70, 72
45, 49. 52, 54
46, 67, 70, 72
49, 69, 76, 78
51, 67, 76, 78
52, 70, 78, 81
52, 72, 76, 81
52, 72, 78, 79
54, 70, 76, 81
54, 70, 78, 79
54, 72, 76, 79
43, 49, 52, 53
43, 67, 70, 71
52, 70, 76, 80
53, 71, 77, 80
45, 47, 48, 54
45, 65, 66, 72
47, 71, 74, 80
48, 66, 80, 81
48, 72, 74, 81
48, 72, 75, 80
53, 65, 74, 80
54, 66, 74, 81
53
55
51
43
45
39
19
21
20
6
28
29
10
30
27
49
47
48
42
40
5
7
17
22
9
41
2
18
8
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
Numbers
38
46
54
34
1
12
11
26
16
15
25
35
36
31
37
32
33
44
50
4
3
13
23
24
56
58
52
14
57
3
3
3
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
54, 66, 75, 80

54, 72, 74, 75
43, 46, 48, 54
43, 64, 66, 72
45, 46, 48, 52
45, 64, 66, 70
48, 72, 73, 79
52, 72, 73, 75
54, 66, 73, 79
54, 70, 73, 75
43, 46, 47, 52
43, 64, 65, 70
52, 70, 73, 74
51, 59, 60, 78
53, 59, 62, 80
54, 60, 62, 81
54, 60, 63, 80
54, 62, 63, 78
49, 58, 60, 78
51, 58, 60, 76
52, 61, 63, 78
54, 60, 61, 79
54, 61, 63, 76
49, 58, 59, 76
52, 61, 62, 76
53, 56, 62, 74
54, 57, 62, 75
54, 57, 63, 74
54, 57, 61, 73
15 - The 58 basic tesseracts of order-3 in indexed order

(C = corner #, # = order discovered, S = species)
J. R. Hendricks, All Third Order Magic Tesseracts, self-published 1999,
0-9684700-2-5
Bent diagonals 17
Bent diagonals
Diagonals that proceed only to the center of the magic square
and then change direction by 90 degrees. For example, with an
order-8 magic square, starting from the top left corner, one bent
diagonal would consist of the first 4 cells down to the right, then
the next 4 cells would go up to the right, ending in the top right
corner.
Bent diagonals are the prominent feature of Franklin magic
squares (which are actually only semi-magic because the main
diagonals do not sum correctly).
Most bent-diagonal magic squares (and all order-4) have the
bent-diagonals starting and ending only in the corners. However,
some (including the order-8 example shown here) may use wraparound but must be symmetric around either the horizontal or the
vertical axis of the magic square.
For example: In the following magic square, line;
1 + 55 + 64 +10 + 47 + 25 + 18 + 40 is correct.
58 + 9 + 7 +52 + 21 + 34 + 48 + 31 is correct.
4 + 54+ 57 +15 + 42 + 32 + 19 + 37 is correct.
40 + 58 + 9 + 7 +10 + 24 + 39 + 41 is incorrect (
because it is not centered horizontally).
1
16
57
56
17
32
41
40
58
55
15
42
39
18
31
64
49
24
25
48
33
63
50
10
47
34
23
26
12
61
52
21
28
45
36
62
51
11
46
35
22
27
13
60
53
20
29
44
37
59
54
14
43
38
19
30
16 - An order-8 bent-diagonal magic square.

This remarkable bent-diagonal pandiagonal magic square has
many combinations of 8 numbers that sum correctly to 260.
18
.. Bent diagonals
The Following are all magic:
8 Rows and 8 columns

16 Diagonals and broken diagonal pairs
8 Bent diagonals in each of 4 directions = 32 total
Any 2 x 4 rectangle (including wrap-around)
Any 2 x 2 square = 130 (including wrap-around)
Corners of any 3 x 3, 4 x 4, 6 x 6 or 8 x 8 square = 130
(including wrap-around)
This magic square is from David H. Ahl Computers in Mathematics: A Sourcebook
of Ideas. Creative Computer Press,1979, 0-916688-16-X, P. 117
Bimagic cube
A magic cube that is still magic when all integers contained
within it are squared.
Hendricks announced the discovery of the worlds first bimagic
cube on June 9, 2000. It is order 25 so consists of the first 253
natural numbers. The magic sum in each row, column, pillar, and
the four main triagonals is 195,325. When each of the 15,625
numbers is squared, the magic sum is 2,034,700,525.
The numbers at the eight corners are; 3426, 14669, 6663, 14200,
9997, 5590,12584, and 4491.
J. R. Hendricks, A Bimagic Cube Order 25, self-published 1999, 0-9684700-6-8 and
& H. Danielsson, Printout of A Bimagic Cube Order 25, 2000
Bimagic square
If a certain magic square is still magic when each integer is
raised to the second power, it is called bimagic. If (in addition to
being bimagic) the integers in the square can be raised to the
third power and the resulting square is still magic, the square is
then called a trimagic square. These squares are also referred to
as doublemagic and triplemagic. To date the smallest bimagic
square seems to be order 8, and the smallest trimagic square
order 32.
Benson & Jacoby, New Recreations in Magic Squares, Dover, 1976, 0-486-23236-0,
pp 78-92
.. Bimagic square 19
.. Bimagic square
1
23 18 33 52 38 62 75 67
48 40 35 77 72 55 25 11
65 60 79 13
21 45 28 50
43 29 51 66 58 80 14
19
63 73 68
26 12
46 41 36 78 70 56
24 16 31 53 39
76 71 57 27 10
15
47 42 34
20 44 30 49 64 59 81
32 54 37 61 74 69
22 17
17 - An order-9 bimagic square with unusual features.

This special order-9 bimagic square was designed by John
Hendricks in 1999. Each row, column, both diagonals and the 9
numbers in each 3 x 3 square sum to 369. If each of the 81
numbers are squared, the above combinations all sum to 20,049.
Different versions of this bimagic square along with theory of
construction appear in Bimagic Squares.
Aale de Winkel reports, based on John Hendricks digital
equations, that there are 43,008 order-9 bimagic squares.
J. R. Hendricks, Bimagic Squares: Order 9 self-published 1999, 0-9684700-6-8
e-mail of May 14, 2000
Bordered magic square

It is possible to form a magic square (of any odd or even order)
and then put a border of cells around it so that you get a new
magic square of order m + 2 (and in fact keep doing this
indefinitely). Each element of the inside magic square (order-3
or 4) must be increased by 2m + 2, with the remaining numbers
(low and high) being placed in the border.
2
Or to put it differently, there must be (m -1)/2 lowest numbers

and their complements (the highest numbers) in the border where
m2 is the order of the square the border surrounds. This applies to
each border.
20
.. Bordered magic square

The outside border is called the first border and the borders are
numbered from the outside in.
When a border (or borders) is removed from a Bordered magic
square, the square is still magic (although no longer normal).
Any (or all) borders may be rotated and /or reflected and the
square will still be magic. The Bordered Magic Square is similar
but not identical to Concentric and Inlaid magic squares.
Orders 5 and 6 are the two smallest orders for which you can
have a bordered magic square.
Benson & Jacoby, Magic squares & Cubes, Dover 1976, 0-486-23236-0, pp 26-33
W. S. Andrews, Magic squares & Cubes, 1917
There are 2880 basic order-5 bordered magic squares (not

counting the 7 disguised versions of each).
There are 328,458,240 different basic order-6 bordered magic
squares.
See Enumeration for more on this and order-6.
J. R. Hendricks, Magic Square Course, 1991, unpublished, pp 85-98
M. Kraitchik, Mathematical Recreations., Dover Publ. , 1942, 53-9354, pp 166-170
All bordered magic squares show a consistent relationship

between the sum of the numbers in each border and the value of
the center cell (or in the case of even order the sum of the center
4 cells.
Notice that here we number the borders from the inside out.
For the order-3 square below:
value of center cell = 13
sum of border 1 = 1 x 8 x 13 = 104
sum of border 2 = 2 x 8 x 13 = 208
next border if there was one would be 3 x 8 x center cell.
For the order-4 square below:
value of center 4 cells = 74
sum of border 1 = 3 x 74 = 222
sum of border 2 = 5 x 74 = 370
next border if there was one would be 7 x sum of center 4 cells.
This feature also applies even if the number series is not

consecutive, such as prime number magic squares
.. Bordered magic square 21

.. Bordered magic square
1
34
33
32
18
21
19
29
11
18
20
25
25
12
11
16
30
22
23
13
16
17
13
20
17
12
26
19
31
24
10
15
14
10
24
21
15
14
27
22
23
35
28
36
18 - An order-5 and an order-6 bordered square.
Broken diagonal pair

Two short diagonals that are parallel to but on opposite sides of a
main diagonal and together contain the same number of cells as
are contained in each row, column and main diagonal (i.e. the
order). These are sometimes referred to as pan-diagonals, and are
the prominent feature of Pandiagonal magic squares.
J. L. Fults, Magic Squares, 1974
10
2
24
16
13
10
2
24
16
13
19
11
8
5
22
19
11
8
5
22
3
25
17
14
6
3
25
17
14
6
12
9
1
23
20
12
9
1
23
20
21
18
15
7
4
21
18
15
7
4
10
2
24
16
13
10
2
24
16
13
19
11
8
5
22
19
11
8
5
22
3
25
17
14
6
3
25
17
14
6
12
9
1
23
20
12
9
1
23
20
21
18
15
7
4
21
18
15
7
4
10
2
24
16
13
10
2
24
16
13
19
11
8
5
22
19
11
8
5
22
3
25
17
14
6
3
25
17
14
6
19 -The continuous nature of a pandiagonal magic

square.
Notice how the two parts of the broken diagonal 24, 5, 6, 12, 18
of the center pandiagonal magic square may be considered
joined to make a complete line of m (in this case 5) numbers.
See Modular space where the broken diagonals become
continuous.
See Pandiagonal, Pantriagonal, etc., for more on n-dimensional.
22
C
Cell
The basic element of a magic square, magic cube, magic star,
etc. Each cell contains one number, usually an integer. However,
it can hold a symbol or the coordinates of its location.
There are m2 cells in a magic square of order m, m3 cells in a
magic cube, m4 cells in a magic tesseract, 2n cells in a normal
magic star, etc. (Note the use of n for order of the magic star.)
RouseBall & Coxeter, Mathematical Recreations and Essays, 1892, 13 Edition,
p.194
Column
Each vertical sequence of numbers. There are m columns of
height m in an order-m magic square.
See Orthogonals for a cube illustrating all the lines.
Complementary numbers
In a normal magic square, the first and last numbers in the series
are complementary numbers. Their sum forms the next number
in the series (m2 + 1). All other pairs of numbers which also sum
to m2 + 1 are also complementary.
If the numbers are not consecutive (the magic square is not
normal), the complement pair total is the sum of the first and the
last number.
Sets of two complementary numbers are sometimes called
complementary pairs.
Associated magic squares have the complementary pair numbers
symmetrical around the center of the magic square.
Please see Associated and Complementary magic squares.
Following are complementary magic squares. Because they are
associated, the middle number in the series is its own complement.
.. Complementary numbers 23
.. Complementary numbers
8
1669
199
1249
619
1039
1459
829
1879
409
409
1879
829
1459
1039
619
1249
199
1669
20 -Two order-3 magic squares and their

complementary magic squares.
Each number in the bottom magic square is the complement of
the number in the top magic square.
Each pair sums to 10 which is 1+ 9 (the first and last

numbers of the series). Also, because the series consist
of 1 to m2 (this is a normal magic square), the sum is m2
+ 1.
Each pair in this prime number magic square sums to
2078 which is 199 + 1879 (the first and last numbers of
the series).
Complementary magic squares

A well know method of transforming one magic square into
another of the same order, is to simply complement each
number. If the magic square is associated, the resulting square is
self-similar. That is, it is the same as the original but rotated 90.
If the complement pairs are symmetrical across either the
horizontal or vertical axis, the resulting complementary magic
square is also self-similar but reflected horizontally or vertically
respectively. Robert Sery refers to this process as
Complementary Pair Interchange (CPI).
Complimenting works even if the numbers are not consecutive.
See Complimentary numbers, figure 20B (above) and figure 21.
24
.. Complementary magic squares

1
35
36
29
42
49
15
14
43
21
47
17
12
45
19
10
33
38
31
40
30
41
34
37
44
20
48
16
13
43
21
49
15
14
29
42
35
36
31
40
33
38
45
19
10
47
17
12
48
16
13
44
20
34
37
30
41
21 - An order-6 magic square and its complementary.

An order-6 pandiagonal magic square using 36 of the numbers
from1 to 49. (It is impossible to form an order-6 pandiagonal
magic square using consecutive numbers.)
It is transformed to another order-6 pandiagonal by subtracting
each number from 50 (the sum of the first and last numbers).
Complementary pair patterns

The two numbers that together sum to the next number in the
series are a complement pair. Join these two numbers with a line.
The resulting pattern may be used as a method of classifying the
magic squares of a given order. See Dudeney groups for more on
this.
There is only 1 pattern for order-3 and 12 patterns for order-4.
No one has yet figured out how many patterns there are for
order-5 or higher.
1 7 19 25 13
20 23 11
12
16 22 14
24 15
10 18 21
5
17
22 - An order-5 pandiagonal magic square and its

complementary pair pattern.
Complete projection cubes 25
Complete projection cubes

On the sci.math newsgroup Dec. 2, 1996 K. S. Brown asked the
following:
Do there exist 4x4x4 cubes of binary digits such that the
projection onto each face of the cube gives the decimal digits
from 0 to 15 (binary 0000 to 1111)?
To state it differently; can each of the four rows of each of the
four horizontal planes of an order-4 cube be filled with binary
digits such that when read in either direction, the decimal
integers 0 to 15 are obtained? And to make the cube complete,
can this be done so the result is valid for each of the other two
orthogonal sets of four planes?
The answer is yes! Dan Cass found such a cube (shown here),
and posted it on Dec. 10, 1996
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
23 - An order-4 complete cube of binary digits.

K. S. Brown shows on his web site at
http://www.seanet.com/~ksbrown/kmath353.htm
that this solution is unique.
26
Components
A magic square, or cube, may be broken down into parts which are
called components. Some authors use the method of components to
build their magic squares. One of these methods which is most
meaningful is to show a magic square broken into two squares where
the various digits are separated, as shown below:
Magic
Square
Decimal
System
3s digit
ternary
number
system
Units
digit
ternary #
system
where the first square is a magic square in the decimal number system.
The second square is a Latin square in the ternary number system of the
3s digit. The third square, is a Latin square in the ternary number
system for the units digit and is a rotation of the second square, The
number one at the end balances the equation.
Composition magic square

It is simple to construct magic squares of order mn (m times n) where m
and n are themselves orders of magic squares. For a normal magic
square of this type, the series used is from 1 to (mn)2. An order 9
composite magic square would consist of 9 order 3 magic squares
themselves arranged as an order 3 magic square and using the series
from 1 to 81.
An order 12 composite magic square could be made from nine order 4
magic squares by arranging the order 4 squares themselves as an order3 square, (or sixteen order 3 magic squares arranged as an order 4
magic square). In either case, the series used would be from 1 to 144.
The example order-12 composition magic square was constructed out
of 16 order-3 magic squares. They are arranged as per the numbers in
the order-4 pattern. Numbers used are consecutive from 1 to 144. The
magic sums of these order-3 squares in turn form another order-4 magic
square.
Composition magic square 27

Composition magic square
8
125
118
123
62
55
60
107
100
105
120
122
124
57
59
61
102
104
106
121
126
119
58
63
56
103
108
101
134
127
132
35
28
33
80
73
78
53
46
51
129
131
133
30
32
34
75
77
79
48
50
52
130
135
128
31
36
29
76
81
74
49
54
47
89
82
87
44
37
42
143
136
141
26
19
24
84
86
88
39
41
43
138
140
142
21
23
25
85
90
83
40
45
38
139
144
137
22
27
20
71
64
69
98
91
96
17
10
15
116
109
114
66
68
70
93
95
97
12
14
16
111
113
115
67
72
65
94
99
92
13
18
11
112
117
110
24 - Twelve order-3 magic squares form an order-12

composition magic square with a magic sum of 870.
14
12
15
366 177 312
15
393
96
10
16
258 123 420
69
11
13
204 285
339
A.
231 150
42
B.
25 - Two order-4 magic squares, from the order-12

composition magic square.
The order-4 pandiagonal magic square used as a pattern to place
the order-3 squares.
The magic sum of each of the order-3 squares form an order 4
pandiagonal magic square with the magic sum 870.
28
Concentric magic square

Traditionally this has been another name for Bordered magic
squares. It has also been used for Inlaid magic squares.
But Collison found several order-5 magic squares (2 are shown
below) by computer search. They depend upon being able to
carry over to the next column excess from the units column,
which is not normally taken into account in constructing
bordered or inlaid magic squares.
24
22
12
24
15
12
19
15
18
21
22
16
13
17
23
13
19
23
10
11
21
16
17
10
25
20
25
14
18
11
14
20
26 - Two order-5 magic square that dont obey the rule

for Bordered or Inlaid magic squares.
See Bordered and Inlaid magic squares.
J. R. Hendricks, The Magic Square Course, self-published 1991, p 88
Congruence, Congruence equation.

See Modular Arithmetic.
Constant (S)
The sum produced by each row, column, and main diagonal (and
possibly other arrangements). This value is also called the magic
sum.
The constant (S) of a normal magic square is (m3+m)/2
If the magic square consists of consecutive numbers, but not
starting at 1, the constant is (m3+m)/2+m(a-1) where a equals
the starting number and m is the order. If the magic square
consists of numbers with a fixed increment, then S = am +
b(m/2)(m2-1) where a = starting number and b = increment.
See Series.
.. Constant (S) 29
.. Constant (S)
For a normal magic square, S = m(m2+1)/2.
For a normal magic cube, S = m(m3+1)/2.
For a tesseract
S = m(m4+1)/2.
In general; for a n-dimensional hypercube S = m(mn+1)/2.

For a normal magic star, when n is the order, S = 4n + 2.
NOTE:Hendricks always uses m to indicate the order and
reserves n to indicate the dimension of the magic object.
See Magic sum and Summations for more information and
comparison tables.
Continuous magic square

See Pandiagonal magic square.
Coordinates
A set of numbers that determine the location of a point (cell) in a
space of a given dimension..
A coordinate system is normally not required for most work in
magic squares. But, for 3-dimensions, or higher, a coordinate
system is essential. Customarily, (x, y, z) are the coordinates for
3-dimensional space and (w, x, y, z) for 4-dimensional space.
Coordinates have been handled by Hendricks in a slightly
different manner. For dimensions less then ten, only one digit is
required per dimension, so the brackets and commas are not
required, thus permitting a more concise and space saving
notation.
For 2-dimensional space, the x-axis is in its customary position
left-to-right. The y-axis is also in its usual position but is
reversed. This is because of the way Frnicle defined the Basic
magic square.
The origin is considered as being at the top-left, rather than the
bottom left of the square.
Rows are parallel to the x-axis and columns are parallel to the yaxis. Pillars are parallel to the z-axis,
30
.. Coordinates
For three dimensions and higher a customary left-to-right x-axis;
a front-to-back y-axis; and, a bottom to top z-axis is used. Then,
the cube is ready to be presented in its usual presentation from
the top layer down to the bottom layer.
When working in 5- and 6-dimensional space and higher, it
becomes more expedient to use numbered axes and the
coordinates become:
(x1, x2, x3,,xi,.., xn)
for an n-dimensional magic hypercube. All xi must lie between 1
and m inclusive which is the order of the hypercube. There really
is no origin, or coordinate axes in Modular space. So, we simply
define them as passing through the coordinate (1,1,1,,1). A
row would be parallel to the x1 axis, a column parallel to the x2
axis, a pillar parallel to the x3 axis , a file parallel to the x4 axis
and we run out of names. Hence, we number the various kinds of
rows according to which axis they are parallel to and say that an
i-row lies parallel to the xi axis.
See modular space and orthogonal.
See Journal of Recreational Mathematics, Vol.6, No. 3, 1973 pp.193-201. Magic
Tesseracts and n-Dimensional Magic Hypercubes.
Coordinates could also be considered as the indices (subscripts)

of a variable array in a computer program used to store a magic
square, cube, etc., being generated or displayed.
233
133
123
313
213
132
332
232
122
322
222
212
312
131
231
331
221
121
111
323
223
113
112
333
211
321
311
27 - A hypercube of order-3 showing the coordinates.
Coordinate iteration 31
Coordinate iteration
Coordinate iteration is a systematic process of moving at unit
intervals from 1 coordinate location to the next coordinate
location along a line in modular space.
Moving along any orthogonal line requires changing only one
coordinate digit, but moving along an n-agonal requires
changing all n coordinate digits. See orthogonal for an
illustration.
Coordinates could also be considered as the indices (subscripts)
of a variable array in a computer program used to store a magic
square, cube, etc., being generated or displayed. In this case,
iterating one subscript at a time would permit storing (or
retrieving) the value of the cells, as you move along the line.
See Pathfinder.
Corners
The corners are those cells where the lines that form the edges of
the hypercube meet. They have coordinates which are either 1 or
m, where m is the order of the hypercube. See Coordinates and
Magic tesseract for illustrations.
There are 2n corners in a hypercube of dimension n.
Counting
How many magic squares, cubes, tesseracts, etc. are there?
There is a long count and a short count. Seasoned researchers in
magic squares and cubes feel there is a duplication involved
when you count rotations and reflections of a known square.
Statisticians wishing to study the probability of a magic square,
require to know them all.
The number of variations, called aspects, due to rotations and
reflections varies with the dimension of the object. For a magic
square (dimension 2) there are 8 aspects. So, for example, the
researcher says there are 880 order-4 magic squares and the
statistician claims there are 7040.Close attention must be paid to
which number is being referred to. Normally, the count of magic
squares considers the basic squares only.
32
.. Counting
Then there are unique magic squares that can be transformed to a
range of magic squares. For example, order-5 has 3600 basic
pandiagonal magic squares. They are derived from 36 essentially
different squares that form 100 squares each by simple
transformations. Furthermore, these 36 squares in turn can be
formed from one square, using more complicated component
substitution methods.
Bensen & Jacoby, New Recreations with Magic Squares, Dover, 1976,
0-486-23236-0, p. 125
For magic stars, the same consideration applies. However, here

the number of aspects changes with the order of the star and is
equal to 2n.
When talking about the number of magic objects, say magic
squares, normally what is meant is the number of basic magic
squares. However, keep the above considerations in mind and
determine what is meant by the context.
Crosmagic
An array of m cells in the shape of an X that appears in each
quadrant of an order-m quadrant magic square.
See Quadrant magic patterns and Quadrant magic square.
28 - Crosmagic Quadrant pattern for order-9 and order13.

H.D.Heinz, http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/quadrant.htm
Cyclical magic squares

This is another, though seldom used, term for regular
pandiagonal magic squares. See Regular and Irregular
Cyclical permutations 33
Cyclical permutations
A pandiagonal magic square may be converted to another by
simply moving one row or column to the opposite side of the
square. For example, an order-5 pandiagonal magic square may
be converted to 24 other pandiagonal magic squares. Any of the
25 numbers in the square may be brought to the top left corner
(or any other position) by this method.
In 3-dimensional space, there can be cyclical permutations of a
plane face of a cube to the other side of the cube. Pantriagonal
magic cubes remain magic when this is done. In 4-dimensional
space, entire cubes may be permuted. The Panquadragonal magic
tesseract has this feature.
See also Transformations and Transposition.
J. R. Hendricks, American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 75, No.4, p.384.
4
1
12
11
2
7
13
3
5
10
34
D
Degree (of a magic square.)
The power, or exponent to which the numbers must be raised, in
order to achieve a magic square. The term is used in Bimagic
and Trimagic squares.
Diabolic magic square

See Pandiagonal magic square.
Diagonal
Occasionally called a 2-agonal. See n-agonal. Also see Broken,
Leading, Long, Main, Right, Opposite Short, Short.
Diagonal Latin square

A Latin square with the extra condition that both the diagonals
also contain one of each symbol. See Latin square.
Diamagic
An array of m cells in the shape of a diamond that
appears in each quadrant of an order-m quadrant
magic square. For order-5 diamagic and crosmagic
are the same.
29 - Diamagic Quadrant pattern for order-9 and order13

Diametrically equidistant 35
Diametrically equidistant
A pair of cells the same distance from but on opposite sides of
the center of the magic square. Other terms meaning the same
thing are skew related and symmetrical cells. The two members
of a complementary pair in an associated (symmetrical) magic
square are diametrically equidistant.
Y
Y
30 - Diametrically equidistant pairs X, Y and Z shown in

an even and an odd order array.
Digital equations
One uses modular arithmetic in finding the various digits that
comprise a number at a specific location in a magic square, or
cube.
If the digits of a number can be expressed as a function of their
coordinate location, then the equation(s) describing the
relationship can be called the digital equations. They are
sometimes referred to as congruence equations or modular
equations.
For example:
If at coordinate location (1, 3) we wish to find the number and it
is known that:
D2 x + y
(mod 3)
AndD1 2x + y + 1 (mod 3
then the two digits D2 and D1 can be found.
D2 1 + 3 4 1 (mod 3)
AndD1 2 + 3 + 1 6 0 (mod 3)
So the number 10 is located at (1, 3).
36
.. Digital equations
10 is in the ternary number system because the modulus is 3.
If the coordinate system is shown by:
(1,3), (2,3), (3,3)
(1,2), (2,2), (3,2)
(1,1), (2,1), (3,1)
and the numbers are all calculated as assigned to their respective
locations, then one achieves the magic square below in the
ternary number system which is then converted to decimal and
finally 1 is added to each number.
10
22
01
02
11
20
21
00
12
31 - The magic square in ternary, decimal 0-8 and dec.

1 to 9.
J. R. Hendricks, Magic Squares to Tesseracts by Computer, Self-published 1998, 09684700-0-9
Digital-root magic squares

A digital root magic square is a number square consisting of
sequential integers starting from 1 to m2 and with each line sum
equal to the same digit when reduced to its digital root. This
type of magic square was investigated by C. W. Trigg in 1984.
He found that there are 27 basic squares of this type for order-3,
nine each of digital root 3, 6, and 9.
1
32 - Digital-root magic squares with digital roots of 3, 6

and 9.
C. W. Trigg, J. Recreational Mathematics, 17:2, 1978-79, pp.112-118, Nine-digit
Digit-root Magic Squares.
Disguised magic square 37

Disguised magic square
See Aspect and Basic magic square.
Division magic square

Construct an order-3 multiply magic square, then interchange
diagonal opposite corners. Now, by multiplying the outside
numbers of each line, and dividing by the middle number, the
constant is obtained.
See Geometric magic square for information and illustrations on
multiply magic squares.
12
18
36
18
36
12
33 - Divide magic square. A. multiply magic square, B.

resulting divide magic square. RB = 5
Domino magic square

It is possible to arrange in the form of magic squares, any set of
objects that contain number representations. Playing cards and
dominos are two types that are often used.
This order-4 requires duplicate dominoes and duplicate numbers
but has four different numbers on each line.
34 An order-4 Domino magic square.
38
.. Domino magic square

Here is an order-7 magic square that uses using a complete set of
dominoes from double-0 to double-6.
35 - An order-7 magic square using a complete set of

dominoes.
p.214.
Double magic square

See bimagic magic square.
Doubly-even
The order (side) of the magic square is evenly divisible by 4. i.e.
4, 8, 12, etc. It is probably the easiest to construct.
The order-8 normal pandiagonal magic square shown here
contains an order-4 pandiagonal (not normal) magic square in
each quadrant and also an order-4 semi-pandiagonal magic
square in the center.
.. Doubly-even 39
.. Doubly-even
1
58
15
56
17
42
31
40
16
55
57
32
39
18
41
50
64
34
25
48
23
63
49
10
47
24
33
26
60
13
54
19
44
29
38
14
53
59
30
37
20
43
52
11
62
36
27
46
21
61
51
12
45
22
35
28
36 - Six doubly-even magic squares in one.

Dudeney group patterns

When each pair of complementary numbers in a magic square
are joined by a line, the resulting combination of lines forms a
distinct pattern which may be called a complementary pair
pattern.
H. E.Dudeney introduced this set of 12 patterns to classify the
880 order 4 magic squares. There are 48 group I, which are all
pandiagonal. The 48 group III are associated All of groups II, III,
IV and V are semi-pandiagonal, as are 96 of the 304 group VI.
The other 448 order-4 magic squares are all simple.
Patterns I to III are fully symmetrical around the center point of
the square. However, be aware that patterns IV to X also appear
rotated 90for some of the basic magic squares. Pattern XI also
appears rotated 180 and 270 while pattern 12 appears rotated
90 and 180.
40
.. Dudeney group patterns
II
III
IV
VI
VII
VIII
IX
XI
XII
37 - The 12 Dudeney groups.
H.E.Dudeney, Amusements in Mathematics, 1917, p 120

Jim Moran Magic Squares, 1981, 0-394-74798-4 (lots of material)
Bensen & Jacoby, New Recreations with Magic Squares, 1976, 0-486-23236-0
Embedded magic square 41
E
Embedded magic square
37
48
38
26
16
49
10
23
47
18
24
15
22
36
11
29
42
20
33
44
25
43
17
35
46
14
21
27
30
19
32
28
40
45
41
31
13
39
12
34
38 - An order-7 magic square with embedded orders 3

and 4.
A magic square (or other magic object) that has another magic
square contained in it.
The order-7 is a simple, normal magic square. The order-4
(square cells) is simple and the order-3 (round cells) is
associated. Neither of these two squares are normal.
This square was designed by David Collison.
PS. There is a bonus serrated magic diamond contained in this
square! Can you see it? Rotate the square 45 to the right. The
first 2 lines (of 6) of the diamond formation are 49, 1 and 7,
22,23, 48. Lines of two sum 50, lines of 3 = 75, of 4 = 100 and
lines of 6 = 150.
J. R. Hendricks, The Magic Square Course, self-published 1991, pp 46-47
42
Enumeration magic squares

This summary is concerned only with the basic number of each
order. To determine the long count,. multiply the number
shown here by the aspects. See Relative frequency.
Order
Square
Cube
Tesseract
5-D
6-D
58
2992
543328
880
275305224
Aspects
48
384
3840
46080
39 - Table Summary of magic squares count.

For Bordered magic squares of order-6 there are 81 different
borders for the order-4 nucleus. There are 4! (factorial) different
ways of permuting non-corner elements along a row edge. The
same with a column edge. And there are 8 ways of rotating and
reflecting the borders. So there are 81 x 4! x 4! x 8 borders and
880 basic order-4 nucleus. So there are 328,458,240 different
order-6 basic bordered magic squares.
For order-5, the total is much smaller because there are only 10
different borders, the variations are (3!)2 and there is only one
nucleus order-3 magic square, making only 2880 basic bordered
magic squares.
0-9684700-2-5, The Magic Square Course, self-published 1991, pp. 85-98.
Enumeration magic stars

This summary is concerned only with the basic number of each
order. The basic count will always be an even number because
all magic stars appear as a complement pair. To determine the
long count. Multiply the number shown here by the aspects.
For magic stars, the order is the same as the number of points.
Unlike magic squares, cubes, etc., regardless of the order of a
normal magic star, there is always four numbers in a line. As the
order increases, the variety of patterns increases. I have
identified these patterns arbitrarily as A, B, C and D, which
covers up to order-12.
.. Enumeration magic stars 43
.. Enumeration magic stars

The total counts arrived at was obtained by exhaustive computer
search. The validity of Heinzs algorithm was confirmed by the
counts for orders 6, 7 and 8 matching those obtained by other
researchers in 1965. Also, all solutions found were successfully
matched in complementary pairs.
Order Aspects
12
80
--
--
--
14
72
72
--
--
16
112
112
--
--
18
3014
1676
1676
--
10
20
115552
10882
10882
--
11
22
53528
75940
75940
53528
12
24
>500000
826112
>500000
>500000
40 - Table Summary of magic stars count.

There are 12 basic magic stars of order-5 using integers from 1
to 12 with no 7 and 11. There are no normal magic stars of
order-5.
There are 168 Trigg type almost-magic stars (order-5) in 14
groups of 12. (Trigg). JRM 29(1), 1998
There are 2208 anti-magic stars order-5 (Trigg). JRM 10(3), 1977
Martin Gardner, Mathematical Carnival, Alfred A. Knoff, 1975, 0-394-49406-7
Essentially different
There are 36 basic essentially different order-5 pandiagonal
magic squares each of which have 99 variations by permutations
of the rows, columns and diagonals. Rotations and reflections are
not included in this count, so the total number of order-5
pandiagonal magic squares is 3600 time 8 rotations and
reflections..
A magic square is essentially different from any other when it
cannot be generated from another essentially different magic
square by:
any combination of the 1-3-5-2-4 transformation,

the interchange of rows/columns with diagonals,
and/or cyclical permutations.
44
.. Essentially different
Which of the set of 100 in each case is the essentially different
one, is determined by
The number in the top left-hand corner is 1,
The number in the cell next to the 1 in the top row is less then
any other number in the top row, in the left hand column or in
the diagonal containing the 1, and
The number in the left-hand column of the second row is less
then the number in the left-hand column of the last row.
There are 3 essentially different pandiagonal magic squares of
order-4 each of which produces 16 variations..
There are 129,600 essentially different pandiagonal magic
squares of order-7 each of which produces 294 variations (there
are no normal pandiagonal magic squares of order-6).
14
20
23
15
18
21
22
10
13
16
11
17
24
19
25
12
41 - Index # 6 of the 36 essentially different pandiagonal

magic squares of order-5.
Bensen & Jacoby, New Recreations with Magic Squares, 1976, 0-486-23236-0,
p 129 & 139.
Eulerian square
See Graeco-Latin square.
Even-order 45
Even-order
The order (side) of the magic square is evenly divisible by two.
See Doubly-even, Singly-even, Odd order.
This order-6 bordered magic square shown here is singly-even,
the inside order-4 magic square is doubly-even.
4
2
7
34
36
28
27
11
22
23
18
10
8
25
16
13
20
29
31
14
19
26
15
6
32
24
17
12
21
5
9
35
30
3
1
33
42 - An order-4, which is doubly-even, within a singlyeven order-6.

Exhaustive search
How do you find all magic squares of a given order?
There are many different methods that may be used to generate
magic squares. However, none will produce all magic squares. In
this age of computers, the alternative is to do a search using an
algorithm that is guaranteed to exhaust all possibilities i.e. to find
all the possible magic squares (of the desired order).
The number of possibilities to be investigated grow very rapidly.
Even lowly order-4 has 20,922,789,888,000 combinations of the
numbers 1 to 16 (42 factorial). Because of this, it is a practical
necessity to use shortcuts to eliminate impossible branches.
While all possible magic squares, including rotations and
reflections will normally be found in an exhaustive search, it is
simple to put conditions in the program to reject these disguised
versions.
46
.. Exhaustive search
As a point of interest, a simple program Heinz wrote to produce
a list of the 880 basic magic squares of order-4 took only 20
minutes on his 450 Mhz machine to search for and find all 880
basic solutions. It simply steps through the values for the
variables A to P assigned to the cells in row order starting with
the upper left cell. It has the following main features
A steps from 1 to 7
shortcut
B steps from 1 to 15
E steps from B + 1 to 16condition for basic magic square
D, M and P step from A + 1 to 16condition for basic square
Each line is tested when completed, program backtracks if line is
not correct shortcut
First column is tested when completed, program backtracks if
not correctshortcut
Expansion band
A band of cells that surround an inlaid or framed magic square.
See Framed magic square.
26
21
33
45
15
32
18
34
10
19
30
38
26
38
27
14
37
39
12
47
27
41
44
11
30
22
49
48
20
29
14
43
28
36
21
19
41
25
43
31
17
37
49
25
13
33
10
44
46
28
40
22
46
42
45
34
11
36
13
42
23
16
35
39
48
23
15
18
47
29
17
35
24
24
16
40
31
20
12
32
A.
B.
43 - An order-3 magic square with 2 expansion bands.

S3 = 75, S5 = 125, S7 = 175.
.. Expansion band 47
.. Expansion band
This illustration demonstrates a feature of framed magic squares
(and bordered magic squares). Each band may be independently
rotated and/or reflected. B. shows the inner order-3 (of fig. A) is
rotated 90 left, the first expansion band is reflected across the
lead diagonal and the outside band is rotated 90 right.
If used in an Inlaid magic cube, Hendricks refers to the
expansion band as an expansion shell.
J.R.Hendricks, Inlaid Magic Squares and Cubes, 1999, 0-9684700-1-7, pp35-48
87 80 85 57 24 17 22 57 69 62 67
82 84 86 57 19 21 23 57 64 66 68
83 88 81 57 20 25 18 57 65 70 63
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
42 35 40 57 60 53 58 57 78 71 76
37 39 41 57 55 57 59 57 73 75 77
38 43 36 57 56 61 54 57 74 79 72
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
51 44 49 57 96 89 94 57 33 26 31
46 48 50 57 91 93 95 57 28 30 32
47 52 45 57 92 97 90 57 29 34 27
48 File
F
File
The fourth dimension orthogonal line of numbers in a tesseract,
or higher order hypercube. Analogous to rows and columns, the
x and y direction lines of numbers in a magic square or cube, and
pillars, the z direction in a magic cube.
J.R.Hendricks, Magic Squares to Tesseracts by Computer, 1998, 0-9684700-0-9
Framed magic square

A subset of Inlaid magic square where an expansion band of
numbers is placed around the inlaid magic square. Or the frame
may be designed first, leaving room for the inlaid squares. The
frame may be one, two, or even more rows and columns thick.
Framed and Bordered magic squares have many features in
common.
When a frame is removed from a Framed magic square, the
square is still magic.
Any (or all) frames may be rotated and /or reflected and the
square will still be magic.
There is a consistent relationship between the sum of all the cells
in each expansion band and the center cell of the square.
However, unlike a Bordered magic square, the interior square
may be a Normal magic square. It is not required that the (m21)/2 lowest and highest numbers of the series be in the expansion
band.
See Bordered magic square and Expansion bands.
J.R.Hendricks, Inlaid Magic Squares and Cubes, 1999, 0-9684700-1-7
Franklin magic square 49

Franklin magic square
This magic square was one of several created by Benjamin
Franklin (1706 1790). It is not a true magic square because the
main diagonals do not sum correctly. It is known mostly for its
bent diagonals and the fact that he considered it the most
magical of all magic squares.
It has many other patterns that are also magic as shown in the
illustration below. Because the square is continuous (it wraps
around), each pattern shown can start on any of the 64 squares.
Franklin created a similar one of order-16 that has even more
patterns.
52 61
14
62 51 46 35 30 19
13 20 29 36 45
53 60
11
59 54 43 38 27 22
12 21 28 37 44
55 58
57 56 41 40 25 24
10 23 26 39 42
50 63
16
64 49 48 33 32 17
15 18 31 34 47
44 - Franklins order-8 magic square

On the next page as some of the patterns that are in this magic
square. Each appears 64 times (using wrap-around). The 8 cell
patterns all sum to 260, the 4 cell patterns to 130.
See also Bent diagonals
50
.. Franklin magic square
The bent
diagonals
45 - Some of the Franklin order-8 patterns.
Fundamental Magic square, cube, tesseract, etc 51

Fundamental Magic square, cube, tesseract, etc
The basic hypercube from which the other disguised versions are
obtained. More commonly referred to as basic magic square, etc.
For more information see aspect, basic and standard position.
Fundamental magic star

The basic magic star from which 2n-1 other disguised versions
are obtained. More commonly referred to as basic magic star.
For more information see aspect, basic and standard position.
21
15
1
7
25
2
11
10
6
18
12
4
14
13
52
G
Generalized parts
Generalized Parts is a term coined by the late David Collison for
formations used in his patchwork magic squares. The parts may be any
size of magic square, rectangle, cross, elbow, tee, etc. The magic sum
for each line is determined by the number of cells in the line.
The examples shown here use consecutive numbers (pure), but in
context in a magic square, the numbers in the part will usually be nonconsecutive.
1 16
14 3
1 12
11 2
5
9
4
8
10
3
7
6
4
13
9
8
Small elbow
7 5 11 15
12 10 6 2
Tee
46- Two magic Generalized parts

See Patchwork magic squares for an example using large elbows
and a cross.
J. R. Hendricks, Inlaid Magic Squares and Cubes, Self-published 1999,
0-9684700-1-7,Appendix
Geometric magic square

Instead of using numbers in arithmetic progression as in a Normal
Magic Square , a geometric progression is used. These progressions
may be exponential or ratio.
In the exponent type the numbers in the cells consist of a base value
and an exponent. The base value is the same in each cell. The
exponents are the numbers in a regular magic square.
Geometric magic square 53

.. Geometric magic square
The ratio type uses a horizontal ratio and a vertical ratio.
The constant is obtained by multiplying the cell contents.
Geometric magic squares are the most common type of multiply
magic squares.
210
21
27
2
2
11
1024
128
64
512
32
2048
47 - Exponential geometric magic square.

A. Here a base of 2 is used. The exponents form a magic square with
SA = 18.
B. The final Exponential geometric magic square with PB = 262,144.
C.
1
50
20
10
20
10
25
25
50
100
100
48 - Ratio geometric magic square.

A. Number square showing ratios; horizontal =2, vertical = 5.
B. Final ratio geometric magic square, PB = 1000
W.S.Andrews, Magic Squares and Cubes, 1917, pp283-294.
Graeco -Latin square

When two Latin squares are constructed, one with Latin letters
and one with Greek letters, in such a way that when superposed,
each Latin letter appears once and only once with each Greek
letter, the resulting square is called a Graeco-Latin square. This
type of square is sometimes referred to as a Eulerian square.
Instead of using Greek letters, it is more common nowadays to
use upper and lower case Latin letters.
See Latin Square and Components.
54
.. Graeco -Latin square

a
a b c d
c d a b
d c b a
b a d c
Latin square
Greek square
Graeco-Latin
49 - Order-4 Latin, Greek and Graeco-Latin squares.
Graph anti-magic
A graph with q edges is said to be anti-magic if it is possible to
label the edges with the numbers 1, 2, 3, , q in such a way that
at each vertex v the sum of the labels on the edges incident with
v is different.
Many anti-magic graphs are isomorphic to magic squares, as the
following example illustrates. This graph is isomorphic to the
order-4 anti-magic square shown in Anti-magic squares. Solid
vertices in this graph represent the rows of the magic square.,
hollow vertices the columns.
Note that unlike anti-magic squares, it is not required that antimagic graphs have the sums form a consecutive series. In fact,
for normal anti-magic squares, at least 1 of the two diagonals
must sum to a value in the middle of the series. In the case of this
graph, the sums form a series from 30 to 38 but with 34 missing.
2
3
15
12
10
8 14
11
1
16
6
13
50 A bipartite antimagic graph.

Hartsfield & Ringel, Journal of Recreational Mathematics, 21:2, 1989, pp107-115
Graph supermagic 55
Graph super-magic
A graph with q edges is said to be super-magic if it is possible to
label the edges with the numbers 1, 2, 3, , q in such a way that
at each vertex v the sum of the labels on the edges incident with
v is the same.
Many super-magic graphs are isomorphic to magic squares, as
the following example illustrates. Solid vertices in this graph
represent the rows of the magic square., hollow vertices the
columns. This graph is bipartite because no two like vertices are
directly connected by an edge.
7
2
9
4
3
6
51 A bipartite super-magic graph.

Hartsfield & Ringel, Journal of Recreational Mathematics, 21:2, 1989, pp107-115
15 14 4
12 6
10 11
13
2 16
15
1
4
14
10
13
3
16
5
12
6
11
52 An order-4 bipartite super-magic graph.
56
Graphs tree planting

A popular classification of recreational mathematics problems
are known as tree-planting problems. The problem specifies how
many trees, how many trees per row, and how many rows.
A magic star may be considered such a graph, with the trees
represented by numbers. For order-5, there are six such graphs
with five lines of four numbers and all being isomorphic.
Ten of the numbers 1 to 12 are used. Leaving out the 7 and the
11 gives 12 solutions with the 5 lines each summing to 24, the
minimal solution.
If the 2 and 8 are left out and the 7 and 11 used, there are 12
solutions with the magic sum of 28.
6
5
3
2
2
4
9
1
10
12
4
10
3 12
10
3
6 12
8 10
12
1
3
4
10
8 8
9
4
3
6
2 12
10
8 5
12
8
53 - An order-5 magic star and five isomorphic treeplanting graphs.

H.D.Heinz, http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/order5.htm
Heterosquare 57
H
Heterosquare
Similar to a magic square except all rows, columns, and main
diagonals sum to different (not necessarily consecutive) integers.
A simple method of generating any order heterosquare is to write
the natural numbers from 1 to 9 in a spiral, starting from a corner
and moving inward, or starting from the center and moving out.
Another method that works for order-4 is to simply write the
numbers in turn line by line, then interchange the 15 and 16 in
the last two cells. A subset of heterosquare is the anti-magic
square.
34
19
10
26
21
10
11
12
42
18
13
14
16
15
58
16
17
12
15
28
32
37
39
33
A. order-3, spirol
B. Order-4, in line
54 - Orders 3 and 4 Heterosquares.

Joseph S. Madachy, Mathemaics On Vacation, 1966, pp 101-110. (Also JRM 15:4,
p.302)
Hexadecimant.
The 4-dimensional equivalent to the 2-dimensional quadrant and
the 3-dimensional octant. These terms are generally more
meaningful with magic squares, cubes and tesseracts of even
order. A magic tesseract may be partitioned into 16 zones which
are each called a hexadecimant.
58
Horizontal step
A magic square may consist of m series of numbers (m = order
of the magic square).
This term refers to the difference between adjacent numbers in
each of the m series. It is not a reference to the columns of the
magic square. The difference between the last number of a series
and the next number of the following series is called the vertical
step.
In a normal magic square, the horizontal step and vertical step
are both equal to 1.
10
10
11
11
55 - Horizontal and vertical steps in a non-normal order3 magic square.

See Order-3, Type 2, where the vertical step is a negative number.
Vertical step also has more information and examples.
A is a number square showing horizontal step = 1, vertical step = 2;
B is the resulting magic square.
If the numbers in each series are multiples of the first number in the
series, the resulting square is multiply magic.
Horizontally paired
Two cells in the same row and the same distance from the center of the
magic square.
Hypercube
A geometric figure consisting of all angles right and all sides
equal. Normally applied to figures of five or more dimensions.
However, a square, cube and tesseract may be considered
hypercubes of two, three and four dimensions. See magic
hypercube.
i-row 59
I
i-row
An i-row is a row, column, pillar, file, etc., of an n-dimensional
hypercube of order-m. Some authors refer to these as the
orthogonals because they are all mutually perpendicular to each
other.
Customarily, a row runs from left to right; a column from front
to back; a pillar runs up and down and a file runs obliquely to the
other three in the projection of a tesseract. There are n(mn-1) irows in an n-dimensional hypercube of order-m. See orthogonals
for an illustration.
Impure magic square

The numbers composing the magic square are not integers or are
not in the range from 1 to m2.i.e. are not consecutive or the series
does not start at 1.
It may contain m series of m numbers where the horizontal
and/or vertical steps are not 1, or it may contain numbers with
random spacing between them.
447.25 545.25 538.25 468.25

524.25 482.25 489.25 503.25
496.25 510.25 517.25 475.25
531.25 461.25 454.25 552.25
56 - This non-normal order-4 magic square does not
use integers.
This magic square with S = 1999 (for the year) is not normal,
because the number series is not consecutive and it does not start
with the number 1. Prime number magic squares are a class that
obviously is not normal.
Indian Magic Square

See pandiagonal magic square
60
Index
The position in a list of magic squares of a given order where a given
magic square fits, after it has been converted to the standard position.
The correct placement or index of magic squares is determined by
comparing each cell of two magic square of the same order starting
with the top leftmost cell and proceeding across the top row, then
across the second row, etc. until the two corresponding cells differ. The
magic square with the smallest value in this cell is then given the lower
index number. See also basic and normalized position.
The concept of indexing is important because it permits direct
comparison of lists of solutions compiled by different researchers.
The index was designed by Bernard Frnicle de Bessy in 1693 when he
published the 880 basic solutions for the order-4 magic square.
Magic stars may be indexed in a similar fashion.
Only normal magic squares and magic stars may be indexed because
non-normal types of these cannot be ordered.
Index # 1
Index # 2
Index # 3
15
16
15
16
16
15
12
14
13
14
13
14
13
10
12
10
12
11
11
11
10
57 - The first 3 order-4 magic squares

1
A.
10
11
3
5
B.
12
58 - Star A shows the name of the cells, B is solution #

1.
.. Index 61
.. Index
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
A
1
1
1
1
1
1
b
2
2
2
2
3
3
c
11
11
12
12
10
10
79
80
5 3 7
6 1 9
D
12
12
11
11
12
12
e
3
4
3
4
2
2
f
5
3
4
5
4
7
G
6
7
8
6
8
5
h
10
8
7
10
6
9
i
9
10
10
9
11
11
J
8
5
5
7
5
8
K
4
6
6
3
9
6
L
7
9
9
8
7
4
11 1 4 10 2 9 6 12 8
10 2 3 11 4 5 8 7 12
59 - The first six and last two order-6 magic stars.

See Standard position, magic squares and Standard position,
magic stars.
Benson & Jacoby New Recreations with Magic Squares, 1976, p.123-124.
Inlaid magic cube.

A normal magic cube containing within itself a inlaid magic
cube of lower order. There may also be or instead, inlaid magic
squares within a cube. The worlds first magic cubes of this sort
are in Hendricks book Inlaid Magic Squares and Cubes, 2nd
edition.
J. R. Hendricks, Journal of Recreational Mathematics, 25:4, 1993, pp 286-288, An
Inlaid Magic Cube
Inlaid magic diamond

A magic diamond is a magic square rotated 45 degrees.
There are 8 possible basic order-5 magic squares that can contain
an order-3 magic diamond. Each may be shown in 8 aspects due
to rotations and/or reflections, making 64 in total.
The inlaid diamond may consist of all odd numbers or a mixture
of odd and even numbers.
62
.. Inlaid magic diamond

10 19 14 20
22 3 21 11 8
2
17 25 13
18 15
6 12
23 4
16 24
5
7
60- An order-5 with inlaid diamond and even corner

numbers.
This is one of two order-5 magic squares with inlaid diamonds that
have even numbers at the corners (the other one is on the cover). The
other six possible for this order have four odd numbers in the four
corners and both even and odd numbers in the diamond.
J. R. Hendricks, Inlaid Magic Squares and Cubes, 1999, 0-9684700-1-7, pp 49-50.
Inlaid magic square

A magic square that contains within it other magic squares. However,
unlike a bordered magic square, which must contain the lowest and
highest numbers in the series, there is no such restriction on the inlaid
magic square. It may even be a normal magic square. Inlays are often
placed in the quadrants of a magic square, and the inlays may
themselves contain inlays. Overlapping magic squares are a form of
Inlaid and Patchwork magic squares. See also Concentric.
14
10
17
18
24
25
11
25
24
12
17
10
23
19
13
21
18
11
13
15
22
23
15
20
16
14
16
20
12
19
22
21
A. Inlaid
B. Bordered
61 Comparison of order-4 Inlaid and Bordered magic

squares.
J.R.Hendricks, Inlaid Magic Squares and Cubes, 1999, 0-9684700-1-7
Inlaid magic tesseract 63

Inlaid magic tesseract
A normal magic tesseract containing within itself an inlaid magic
tesseract of lower order.
There may also be, or instead, inlaid magic squares and/or cubes.
The worlds first of this sort is a magic tesseract of order-6 with
an inlaid magic tesseract of order-3, devised by Hendricks.
Hendricks supplies a copy of this tesseract with books ordered
from him.
Intermediate square
An array formed with upper and lower case letters. By suitable
arrangement of these letters and then assigning values to them, a magic
square may be produced
For order-5, normally the values 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 are assigned to the
capital letters, and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 to the lower case letters in various
combinations. If the letters are arranged so that one upper case and one
lower case letter appears in each row, column and diagonal, the square
is referred to as regular.
Note: Hendricks refers to this type of square as analytical. However, he
uses base m, where m is the order or the magic square. The letters then
represent the digits (i.e. the value are not added together). See
representation.
Generally speaking, an intermediate square may be considered a square
designed as an intermediate step in the construction of a magic square.
A+a
C+d
E+b
B+e
D+c
B+b
D+e
A+c
C+a
E+d
C+c
E+a
B+d
D+b
A+e
D+d
A+b
C+e
E+c
B+a
E+e
B+c
D+a
A+d
C+b
62 - The primary intermediate square for order-5.

All 3600 order-5 pandiagonal magic squares may be generated
from this one basic intermediate square. Benson and Jacoby
provide a concise table (see reference) to produce the 36
essentially different magic squares.
64
.. Intermediate square
Solution Set
1
13 19 25
14 20 21 2
22 3
15 16
A=0
B=5
a=1
b=2
C = 10 c = 3
10 11 17 23 4
D = 15
18 24 5
E = 20 e = 5
12
d=4
63- Pandiagonal order-5 and solution set.

This is number 1 of the 36 essentially different pandiagonal
squares of order-5. It is generated from the above intermediate
square by assigning the values shown. See Solution set.
6 basic intermediate squares will generate all 38,102,400 regular
pandiagonal magic squares of order-7.
W. Benson & O. Jacoby, New Recreations with Magic Squares, Dover Publ., 1976,
0-486-23236-0
Irregular
See Regular & Irregular
Iso-like magic star

An order-8A type magic star can be constructed by a systematic
transformation of magic squares of certain orders. If the
generating square is a plusmagic or diamagic square of order
8n+1 or 8n + 5 and the resulting magic star has 12 lines that sum
correctly, it is an Iso-like magic star.
The name iso-like is derived from the fact that these stars are not
quite isomorphic to the magic square because all the numbers
contained in the square cannot be utilized in the star. See
isomorphic magic stars and pan-magic stars which are closely
related to Iso-like magic stars.
The name pan-magic stars was coined by Aale de Winkel in
1999 when he started investigating their relationship with
pandiagonal magic squares.
.. Iso-like magic star 65

.. Iso-like magic star
One of us (Heinz) subsequently investigated the relationship to
quadrant magic squares and redefined into three separate terms.
Comparison of features: Iso-like, Isomorphic and Pan-magic
stars.
In all cases the star is referred to as order-n where n is the order
of the generating magic square.
Iso-like
Generating magic square is quadrant magic and order 8n + 1 or
8n + 3.
Resulting star is of pattern 8A with 12 lines of m numbers
summing correctly.
Magic square is plusmagic (required to form main diagonals).
If magic square is diamagic, only 10 lines of m numbers sum
correctly and it is called incomplete.
No numbers are duplicated but not all numbers are used.
Isomorphic
Generating magic square is order-4, any type, or order-5
plusmagic only.
Order-4; the star will be type 8A normal with 8 lines of 4
numbers (mapping will vary).
Order-5; the star will be type 8A with 12 lines of 5 numbers.
In both cases, all numbers are used with no duplicates.
Pan-magic
Generating magic square is pandiagonal odd order greater then
five.
Resulting star is of pattern 8A with 10 or 12 lines of m numbers
summing correctly.
Not all numbers are used and there will be either 4 or 8 numbers
duplicated.
A variation is the butterfly, a 12 pointed star with 20 lines of 9
numbers summing correctly.
Note that pan-magic stars do not require that the generating
square be quadrant magic, only pandiagonal.
Because this family of magic stars is always of pattern 8A, the
order refers to the number of cells per line.
66

5
49
39
16
14
40
78
64
69
30
56
79
10
27
51
35
61
44
11
36
20
19
75
57
67
50
45
28
24
80
1
25
15
66
58
41
54
81
12
34
71
47
17
55
33
74
26
52
18
37
42
73
21
68
31
29
72
59
22
64 - An Order-9 incomplete iso-like magic star from an

order-9 diamagic quadrant magic square.
This iso-like pattern has 10 lines of 9 numbers all summing
correctly to 369. It is an order-8A star but in this case is referred
to as order-9, the same as the generating square because all isolike star patterns are the same, regardless of the order or the
magic square. It is constructed from the order-9 diamagic magic
square shown below and contains 65 numbers with no
duplicates. If there are any plusmagic squares of order-9 (none
have been found yet) a complete iso-like magic star (with 12
correct lines) can be obtained. Otherwise, the smallest complete
iso-like star is be order-13.
.. Iso-like magic star 67

14 40 64 30 56 8 79 27 51
9 78 23 49 10 39 65 35 61
44 70 36 60 5 76 19 48 11
75 20 53 16 45 69 32 58
67 28 57
80 25 54 15 41
24 50 13 37 66 29 62 7 81
34 63 6 77 22 46 12 38 71
47 17 43 72 33 59 4 73 21
55 3 74 26 52 18 42 68 31
65 - The order-9 diamagic square used to generate the
isolike magic star (above).
NOTE that we have used m to indicate the order of the magic
squares but the traditional n for the order of the magic star.
See more on this subject at http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/panmagic.htm
and http://www.adworks.myweb.nl/Magic/
Isomorphisms.
A one-to-one correspondence between the elements of two or
more sets that preserves the structural properties of the domain.
Aale de Winkel of the Netherlands who studies these things in ndimensional space, points out that there are four basic
isomorphisms which leave the numbers on the lines, (i-rows),
parallel to the hypercube axes, merely reordered.
1.
2.
3.
4.
The reflection
The transposition: This is a reflection of a square across its main
diagonal. For a cube, this might be a rotation around its main
triagonal.
The pan(re)location: For a magic square see Cyclical
Permutation.
The hyperagonal permutation.
See Aspects, Reflection, Rotation, Translocation.
68
Isomorphic magic stars

An order-8A type magic star constructed by a systematic
transformation using all the numbers of an order 4 or 5 magic
square.
If the magic square is order-4 then the resulting magic star is
normal because it has 8 lines of 4 numbers that sum correctly.
If the originating magic square is order-5, it must be a plusmagic
quadrant magic square and the resulting star has 12 lines of 5
numbers summing correctly. Because it contains five numbers
per line, this star is not normal. Note that all pandiagonal magic
squares are plusmagic quadrant magic squares but all plusmagic
magic squares are not pandiagonal.
In both cases all the numbers in the magic square are used to
form the Isomorphic magic star.
See Iso-like magic stars and Pan-magic stars. Also my web page
on Iso-like Magic Stars.
16
7
14
25
18
2
23
15
4
9
10
17
21
5
8
19
11
24
20
3
22
12
13
14
25 18
15 23 16
17
13 21
11 22 19
24
20
12
10
66 - An order-8A magic star isomorphic to an order-5

quadrant magic square.
H.D.Heinz, http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/panmagic.htm
Ixohoxi magic square 69

Ixohoxi magic square
This novelty magic square is known as the IXOHOXI magic
square. It is magic in all four of the above orientations. It is pandiagonal so 4 rows, 4 columns, 2 main diagonals, 6
complementary diagonal pairs and 16 2 x 2 squares all sum to
19998.
Check this out with a mirror! All numbers in the reflection will
read correct because both the one and the eight are symmetric
about both the horizontal and the vertical axis. Note also that the
name IXOHOXI has the same characteristics. See the Upsidedown magic square which also relies on symmetrical digits 0, 6
and 9.
Original
Rotated 180 degrees
Reflected horizontal
Reflected vertical
67 Four aspects of the IXOHOXI magic square.
70
J
Jaina magic square
Named for the first type of this square found as a Jaina
inscription from the 12th or 13th century found in the City of
Khajuraho, India.
Now commonly called pandiagonal magic squares.
W. S. Andrews, Magic Squares and Cubes, Dover, Publ., 1960, pp124-125
1
4
16
27
35
11
18
34
37
14
12
31
13
25
10
29
15
2
6
Knights tour magic square 71
K
Knights tour magic square
The numbers are placed in the cells by following moves of a
chess knight. Many such tours are possible and many of these
symmetrically beautiful. If there is one knight move from the last
move on the board back to the first move, the tour is said to be
re-entrant. The problem is to end up with a square that is magic.
It seems that no such magic square can exist for order-8, the size
of a chess board. The best that can be hoped for is a semi-magic
square with rows and columns, but not diagonals, summing
correctly to 260.
However, re-entrant tour magic squares are possible for

order-16 and magic squares of orders 4m greater then 16.
15
20
17
36
13
64
61
34
18
37
14
21
60
35
12
63
25
16
19
44
62
33
56
38
45
26
59
22
55
11
27
24
39
43
10
57
54
40
49
46
23
58
32
47
28
51
42
30
53
50
41
48
29
52
31
68 - An order-8 magic square with two half-board reentrant Knight Tours.
72
.. Knights tour magic square
69 - The two re-entrant knight tour paths for the above

magic square.
2 8 9
10
7
1
11
3
10
8
2
11
S=
19
5
6
S=
21
1
1 9 10
6
4
12
3
12
4
5
7
9
11
8
7
S=
20
4
6
2
5 3 12
6 4 12
9
2
S=
7
8
22
5
3
10 1 11
Latin square 73
L
Latin square
A Latin square is an m x m array of m symbols in which each
symbol appears exactly once in each row and each column of the
array. It is not required that the same condition apply to the
diagonal. If they do, the square is called a diagonal Latin square.
Latin squares are frequently used for generating magic squares.
In this case, usually, but not always, they are diagonal Latin
squares. The traditional literal symbols are used when algebraic
digits are required. When numerical symbols are required, they
are specifically 0, 1, 2, , m-1.
1
3
0
2
1
3
0
2
0
2
1
3
0
2
1
3
A simple number square but not Latin.
3
1
2
0
1
3
0
2
2
0
3
1
0
2
1
3
A bare Latin square which follows the definition.
1
3
0
2
0
2
1
3
3
1
2
0
2
0
3
1
A regular Latin square. The diagonals do not include

1 of each symbol, but do sum correctly
0
2
1
3
3
1
2
0
2
0
3
1
1
3
0
2
A diagonal or pure, Latin square. Both diagonals

also contain one of each symbol.
70 - Variations of a numerical Latin square.
74
.. Latin square
The sum of a numerical Latin square
is
S =
m ( m 1)
2
See also Graeco-Latin squares.

0-9684700-0-9, p4
Leading diagonal
Also called left diagonal. It is the line of numbers from the upper
left corner of the magic square to the lower right corner.
See Main Diagonals.
Lines of numbers
In a magic square, cube or hypercube these are more specifically
referred to as rows, columns, diagonals, pillars, files, triagonals,
quadragonals, etc. Each line contains m numbers where m is the
order of the magic array. See also, orthogonals.
In a magic star they are the set of numbers forming a line
between two points.
In a normal magic star there is always four of these numbers per
line, regardless of the order of the star. An ornamental magic star
may have a set of any size.
Literal square
In 1910 Bergholt published a general form square that works
with appropriate solution sets to generate any order-4 magic
square.
Aa
C+a+c
B+bc
D-b
D+ad
Aa+d
Cbd
B+bd
B+b
Dac
Ab+c
C+a
71 - Bergholts general form for order-4
.. Literal square 75
.. Literal square
A = 15
a = 12
10
16
B=8
b=4
13
11
C=2
c = -4
15
D=9
d=8
12
14
72 - A solution set and the resulting magic square.

If a = b = d-c = (A B C + D)/2 the resulting square will be
pandiagonal. If a + c = d = b c and A + C = B + D the magic
square will be associated.
Therefore, the square cannot be both associated and pandiagonal
because in that case A a = B. In fact, the first associated,
pandiagonal magic squares appear in order-5.
See Solution set.
p.211
Long diagonal
Used by many authors on magic cubes to mean the diagonals
which run from a corner of the cube, through the center to the
opposite corner.
Hendricks uses triagonal, or 3-agonal instead.
See Triagonal and Short diagonal.
14
1
18
17
13
19
13
16
17
15
6
9
12
18
14
9 3
5
12
10
19
6
11
16
15
11
7
5
10
76
Lozenge magic square

An odd order magic square where all the odd numbers are
arranged sequentially to occupy a 45 degree rotated square in the
center of the complete magic square. Unlike an Inlaid magic
diamond, the lozenge (diamond) is not magic. The (m2-1)/8 cells
in each of the corner areas contain the even numbers.
The lozenge magic square is a prime example of a parity pattern
because its main feature is the fact that the even and odd
numbers are separated. See also Inlaid diamond.
18 10 2 43 42 34 26
12 4 45 37 29 28 20
6 47 39 31 23 15 14
49 41 33 25 17 9
36 35 27 19 11 3 44
30 22 21 13 5 46 38
24 16 8
7 48 40 32
73 - An order-7 Lozenge magic square.
Lringmagic
An array of n cells in the shape of a large ring that appears in
each quadrant of an order-n quadrant magic square. For order-5
lringmagic and crosmagic are the same.
74 - Lringmagic Quadrant pattern for order-9 and order13

M 77
M
M
M indicates the order or number of cells per side of a magic
hypercube of dimension n.
Many authors use n for this purpose. Hendricks (and this book)
use m for this purpose and reserve n for specifying the
dimension.
However, the more traditional n will be used to indicate the order
of magic stars because normally they are only 2 dimensional (but
see Magic star .. 3-D).
M2 ply
A square is said to be m2 ply when the number in any m x m
group of cells give a constant sum in an arithmetic magic square
, or a constant product in a geometric magic square.
The illustration shows an order-6 pandiagonal geometric magic
square that is 22 ply and 32 ply. The magic product of any 2 x
2 square is 2,176,782,336 and any 3 x 3 squares is
1,023,490,369,077,469,249,536. The magic product of any of the
24 rows, columns or diagonals of the order-6 square is
101,559,956,668,416.
729
16
23328
11664
32
576
324
18
5184
36
162
3888
96
243
48
7776
46656
1458
64
2916
1296
288
81
144
2592
192
972
15552
12
486
75 - This order-6 pandiagonal multiply magic square is

22 ply and 32 ply.
W. S. Andrews, Magic Squares and Cubes, Dover, Publ., 1960 ,p 292.
78
Magic circle, hexagon, cross, etc

Various arrangements of numbers, usually the first n integers,
where all lines or points add up to the same constant value. See
Generalized parts.
This magic circle demonstrates some of the characteristics of
Order-4, Group II magic squares. The first figure has four
numbers in the big circle, each of the four medium circles, and
each of the five small circles, sum to 34. The second figure
shows two other arrangements of four numbers.
Note that the sixteen cells are arranged as a magic square.
2
15
11
13
14
12
16
10
11
6
15
14
16
13
12
10
76 - Two magic circles.
Magic cube
An m x m x m array of cells with each cell containing a number,
usually an integer. These numbers are arranged so that the sum
for each row, each column, each pillar, and the four main
triagonals are all the same. Note that it is not required that the
squares in the 3m planes of the cube have correct diagonals.
If the number series used is consecutive from 1 to m3., the cube
is normal (see next entry). If you added 2 to each number of the
cube in the next illustration, the result would be a non-normal
(impure) magic cube Another example of an impure magic cube
is one constructed only of prime numbers.
Magic cube, normal 79

Magic cube, normal
Similar to a magic square but 3 dimensional instead of two. It
contains the integers from 1 to m3. There are 3m2 + 4 lines that
sum correctly. All rows, columns, pillars, and the four triagonals
must sum to 1/2m(m3+1) (the constant). See Orthogonals. The
minor diagonals do not sum correctly although it is possible that
those in only one plane do.
There are 4 basic magic cubes of order-3, each of which can be
shown in 48 aspects due to rotations and/or reflections.
Following is one of them. See another at Basic magic cube.
Signatures for the four basic cubes are:
1, 15, 17, 23; 2, 15, 18, 24; 4, 17, 18, 26; 6, 16, 17, 26
11
7
23
10
12
22
25
15
14
1
26
27
13
3
20
16
6
19
18
24
17
5
21
77 - An order-3 basic normal magic cube.

Example lines: row; 4, 17, 21; column; 4, 18, 20; pillar; 4 26, 12;
and triagonal; 4, 14, 24. All these lines must sum correctly for
the cube to be magic. See Magic sum and Summations.
J.R.Hendricks, Inlaid Magic Squares and Cubes, 1999
J.R.Hendricks, Magic Squares to Tesseracts by Computer, 1998
Benson & Jacoby, Magic Cubes:New Recreations, 1981
80
Magic diamond
A magic diamond is a magic square rotated 45 degrees. It is
quite similar to a Serrated magic square.
See Inlaid magic diamond.
Magic Graph
See Graphs
Magic hypercube
An n-dimensional array of mn cells containing the numbers1, 2,
, mn arranged in such a way that all rows, columns, etc sum the
magic sum, as well as the 2n-1 n-agonals.
Dimension
Hyper-planes contained in a hypercube

irows
Squares
cubes Tesseracts
5-D
Hyp.
2m
3m
3m
4m3
6m2
4m
5m4
10m3
10m2
5m
6m5
15m4
20m3
15m2
7m
21m
35m
35m
6m
21m2
78 - Number of lower hyperplanes contained within a

given hypercube.
The proceeding table shows the total number of hyper-planes in a
hypercube. From this another table can be compiled that shows the
number of bounding hyper-planes. Use m = 2 and change the word irows to edges.
Remember that i-rows are orthogonals only. Correct n-agonals are not
shown in this table. If the hypercube is perfect, all these hyper-planes
must also have all the n-agonals summing correctly.
J. R. Hendricks, Perfect n-Dimensional Magic Hypercubes of Order 2n,
Self-published,1999, 0-9684700-4-1, p.5.
Magic lines 81
Magic lines
Lines connecting the centers of cells of a Pure Magic Square in
the number order. The line diagrams produced may be used for
purposes of classification.
If the areas between the lines are filled with contrasting colors,
interesting abstract patterns result. These are also called
sequence patterns.
1
6
16
11
15
12
2
5
4
7
13
10
14
9
3
8
79 - An order-4 semi-pandiagonal, its magic line

diagram and the diagram filled in.
Jim Moran, Magic Squares, 1981
See Dudeney patterns for another type of line pattern more

commonly used for classification. It was first used by H.E.
Dudeney to classify the 880 order 4 magic squares. In this
method, each pair of complimentary numbers are joined by a
line. The resulting combination of lines forms a distinct pattern.
H.E.Dudeney, Amusements in Mathematics, 1917, p 120
Jim Moran Magic Squares, 1981, 0-394-74798-4 (lots of material)
Magic object
Used in this book as a general term to indicate any array or other
magic figure that has a magic sum, product, etc. that is in
proportion to the number of cells in the line. Some magic objects
are square, cube, star, circle, rectangle, generalized part, graph,
etc.
82
Magic rectangle
A rectangular array of cells numbered from 1 to m. All rows sum to the
value which is the mean of each cell times the number of cells in the
row. Likewise, all columns sum to the value which is the mean of each
cell times the number of cells in the column. Neither Andrews,
Collison, Hendricks, Moran, Trenkler, or de Winkel require that the
diagonals be magic.
A simple way to construct a magic rectangle, is to take the several layer
of a magic cube and place them side by side. If the cube is diagonal,
pandiagonal or perfect, the diagonals will be correct, otherwise not.
Ed Shineman, in a letter dated March 27, 2000, provided a 4 x 16
magic rectangle in which 4 equally spaced leading and right diagonals
summed correctly.
8
12
22
1
14
27
6
16
20
17
21
4
10
23
9
15
25
2
26
33
13
19
5
18
24
7
11
80 - A 3 x 9 magic rectangle with correct diagonals.

This 3 x 9 magic rectangle was constructed using a method
proposed by Aale de Winkel. Columns and the 3 evenly spaced
diagonals in each direction (starting at columns 1, 4 and 7) sum
to 42, rows sum to 126.
e-mail from Aale de Winkel May 16, 2000
Magic square
An m x m array of cells with each cell containing a number. These
numbers are arranged so that the sum for each row, each column, and
the two main diagonals are all the same. If the numbers used are from 1
to m2 it is a normal magic square. If it has no special features, it is a
simple magic square.
n is called the order by many authors so in that case the array is n x n.
NOTE: In geometry, n is used for the dimension, so when Hendricks
extended the notion of magic squares to higher dimensions, he found it
more practical to use m for the order and reserve n for the dimension of
the magic hypercube. This is the practice that will be followed
throughout this book.
.. Magic square 83
.. Magic square
32
4 23 3 28
17 12 49
22
26 33
10 47
25
19 11 31 20
81 - An order-5 pandiagonal square with magic sum =

90 and containing special numbers.
This magic square was designed to celebrate one of the authors
(Heinz) fathers 90th birthday. In the top row are 3 numbers of his
birth date, April 23, 1903. Because the numbers in this square
are not consecutive and starting with 1, this is not a normal
magic square. However, because all diagonals sum correctly, it
is not simple.
Magic square, normal

A magic square composed of the natural numbers from 1 to m2.
Also called pure, or traditional.
64 24 35 46 60 17
52 57 14
9
40 74 72 22 29 54 58 11
48 59 16
44 73
41 79 66 23 34
38 81 67 20 36 49 56 18
71 19 33 53 55 15
50 61 12
2
42 80
39 77 70 21 32
69 26 28 51 62 10
4
37 78
43 75 68 25 30
45 76 65 27 31 47 63 13
82 - An order-9 pandiagonal magic square that is also

32-ply.
The equation for the constant of a magic square is S = (m3 +
m)/2
84
.. Magic square, normal

Figure 82 is an normal magic square because it uses the numbers
from 1 to m2 (1 81). It is a perfect (pandiagonal) magic square
because all 2m diagonals sum correctly. And it is 32 ply
because all 3 x 3 sub-squares sum correctly.
Magic star
The magic star shown here is index number 437363 of a total of
826112 basic order-12 magic stars of pattern B. Each of 12 lines
of 4 numbers sum to 50. The complement of this star is # 3737
and the complement pair is # 1960. It is normal because it uses
the consecutive numbers from `1 to 2n.
There are a total of 4 patterns for this order. The 826112
solutions of pattern b were found by an exhaustive computer
search lasting 39.5 days. I have found many solutions for each of
the other order-12 patterns, but have been reluctant to devote the
necessary computer time to find all of them.
Note the use of n to indicate order. For orthogonal magic arrays,
this book uses m to indicate order, and n to indicate the
dimension.
See Magic star, normal for more information on this subject and
2
an order-11 example.
20
6
22
This is the first basic

star solution in the
indexed list with 2 as
the top point number.
See Index.
H.D.Heinz,
http://www.geocities.com/~
harveyh/magicstar.htm
21
13
9
23
10
12b
16
4
19
24
3
Index # 437363
15
17
7
12
5
18
83 - An order-12 pattern b normal magic star.
11
14
Magic star, normal 85

Magic star, normal
A normal magic star consists of a set of integers 1, 2, 3, ..., 2n
which are placed at the 2n exterior points of intersection of the
lines which form a regular polygram, such that the sum of the
four integers found in any of the n lines is given by: S = 4n+2
where S is called the magic sum, and n is the order of the star.
Also called pure.
Trenkler calls stars that do not consist of consecutive numbers
starting with 1, Weakly magic stars, and those with four numbers
per line but the two inside numbers placed at interior line
intersections, Type-T stars.
Magic stars have not attracted the attention of mathematicians to
the same extent that magic squares have. Presumably this is
because the unstructured nature of magic stars do not lend
themselves to mathematical analysis as magic squares do. These
solutions were all found by exhaustive computer search.
12
21
15
11
8
1
4
19
13
7
16
3
18
11B
11b
17
Index # 75931
10
20
2
5
14
22
84 - An order-11 pattern b normal magic star.

This is the first basic star solution in the indexed list with 12 as
the top point number. See Index.
Note: All order 5 magic stars are not normal because it is
impossible to construct a magic star of this order using
consecutive numbers.
86
.. Magic Star, Normal

Order
#
#
Series
1 to 12
Patterns
(graphs)
Basic
Solutions
Aspects
24
Continuous
12*
10
1 to 12
26
2 triangles
80
12
1 to 14
30
a-Continuous
b-Continuous
72
72
14
1 to 16
34
a-2 squares
b-Continuous
112
112
16
1 to 18
38
a-Continuous
b-3 triangles
c- Continuous
3014
1676
1676
18
10
1 to 20
42
a-2 pentagrams
b-Continuous
c-2 pentagons
10882
115522
10882
20
11
to 22
46
a-Continuous
b-Continuous
d-Continuous
c-Continuous
53528
75940
53528
75940
22
12
1 to 24
50
a-2 hexagons
b-3 squares
c-4 triangles
d- Continuous
>600000
826112
>600000
>600000
24
85 - A summary of some magic star facts.

Three of the four order-12 lists have not been completed. The
large number of order-10b solutions looks suspicious. However,
all solutions form complement pairs and I have not been able to
find any duplicates. Order-5 is not normal because 7 and 11 are
not used.
The number of aspects for each pattern of each order is equal to
the number of points (rotation) times 2 (reflection).
H.D.Heinz, http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/magicstar.htm
Magic stars type T 87

Magic stars type T
Marin Trenkler of Safarik University, Slovakia, has classified
normal magic stars into two groups. Type S which is the same as
my definition of a normal magic star, contains all the cells in the
outside vertices of the star. The other is type T, which has two of
the four cells of each line in the interior of the star.
1
16 9
4
13
14
M
S10
10-A
18 5
17 3
19
10 7
15
9
20
18
2
8 11
12
1
17
16
14
10
6
5
2
13
15
M
T10
10-A
12
11
19
20
86 - Order-10 magic stars, Type S and Type T.

The type S is a normal magic square by one of the authors
(Heinz) definition and is index # 12195 of pattern B. The type T
is not normal by Heinzs definition, even though it does consist
of the consecutive numbers from 1 to 2n.
Marin Trenkler, Obzory Matematiky, Fyziky a Informatiky, 1998, no. 51, pp.1-7,
Magic Stars
88
Magic star.. 3-D

Magic squares have a 3-D version, the magic cube. Is it possible
for magic stars to also come in 3 dimensions? The answer is yes.
The simplest version is an 8 pointed star consisting of two
interconnected regular tetrahedrons.
There is one solution, using the numbers from 1 to 17, but
without the 3, 9 and 15.It has 12 lines of 3 numbers all summing
to 27.
This is the only solution possible (except for its complement)
using this number set (not counting rotations or reflections). The
magic constant, 27, is the smallest possible for a magic star of
this type.
The three unused numbers 3, 9 and 15 may be incorporated in
the pattern as follows:
Place the number 9 in the center of the star. It forms a magic line
with it's two 'satellites', the 3 and the 15. The 9 also forms magic
lines in conjunction with each of the 4 star point pairs, and with
each of the 3 star midline pairs.
Thus we have a pattern using the consecutive numbers from 1 to
17, forming 22 lines of 3 numbers, all summing to 27
The following diagram is a little confusing. Try to visualize a
tetrahedron with the apex, 14, pointing away, and another
tetrahedron with the apex, 4, pointing towards you. The 3, 9 and
15 are not part of the magic star, but do enhance the pattern.
Aale de Winkel helped to visualize the pattern for an 8-point 3-D
star. He also came up with this solution when Heinz indicated
that numbers 1 to 15 and 1 to 16 didnt work
After I (Heinz) determined that it was impossible to construct a
10-point 3_D star, Hermann Mierendorff provided an
impossibility proof.
See the 3-D page on the Heinz Web site for more information,
better diagrams, and two photographs of a wood block model.
H.D.Heinz, http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/3-d_star.htm.htm
.. Magic star..3-D 89
.. Magic star.. 3-D
2
6
17
15
11
4
13
10
14
12
16
87 - The 3-D order-3 magic star.
Magic Sum
The value each row, column, etc., sums to is called the magic
sum. It is denoted by S.
For a normal n-dimensional magic hypercube of order-m the sum
is
m (mn + 1).
See constant and Summations.
For a magic star, S is the sum of the numbers in each line. For a
normal magic star of order-m, S = 4n + 2.
90
.. Magic Sum
Correct Summations Required

Magic Square
Magic Cube
Magic Tesseract
Regular
Regular
Regular
m rows
m2 rows
m3 rows
m columns
m2 columns
m3 columns
2 diagonals
m2 pillars
m3 pillars
4 3-agonals
m3 files
8
Perfect
Perfect
4-agonals
Perfect
m rows
m2 rows
m3 rows
m columns
m2 columns
m3 columns
m2 pillars
m3 pillars
2m diagonals
4m2 3-agonals
m3 files
6m2 2-agonals
8m3 4agonals
12m3 3agonals
16m3 2agonals
88 - Comparison of magic squares cubes and

tesseracts.
Perfect n-Dimensional Magic Hypercubes of Order 2n, Self-published,1999,
0-9684700-4-1
Magic tesseract 91
Magic tesseract
A magic tesseract is a four-dimensional array, equivalent to the
magic cube and magic square of lower dimensions, containing
the numbers 1, 2, 3, , m4 arranged in such a way that the sum
of the numbers in each of the m3 rows, m3 columns, m3 pillars,
m3 files and in the eight major quadragonals passing through the
center and joining opposite corners is a constant sum S, called
the magic sum, which is given by: S = m(m4+1) and where m
is called the order of the tesseract.
A magic tesseract is also called a 4 dimensional hypercube.
A magic tesseract contains 54 number squares and 8 border
number cubes, not necessarily magic.
27
68
59
46
67
30
48
17
41
65
34
52
36
15
23
14
55
89 - An order-3 magic tesseract shown in Hendricks

projection with corners and center values only.
92
.. Magic tesseract
The full data for the above magic tesseract

65
24
34
31
71
21
27
28
68
22
35
66
72
19
32
29
69
25
36
64
23
20
33
70
67
26
30
(3, x, y, 1)
(3, x, y, 2)
(3, x, y, 3)
43
74
80
40
37
77
44
75
41
81
78
38
73
45
42
79
39
76
(2, x, y, 1)
(2, x, y, 2)
(2, x, y, 3)
52
56
15
12
49
62
59
18
46
57
13
53
50
63
10
16
47
60
14
54
55
61
11
51
48
58
17
(1, x, y, 1)
(1, x, y, 2)
(1, x, y, 3)
90 - The above order-3 magic tesseract in tabular form.

The center cell contains the number 41 (on all order-3 normal
magic tesseracts). The 16 corner values are shown in bold type.
One of the 8 quadragonals is 27 + 41 + 55.
There are 58 basic magic tesseracts of order-3. Each of these has
384 variations (aspects) due to rotations and reflections.
C.Planck (W.S.Andrews, Magic Squares and Cubes,1917, pp
363-375) refers to these as octahedroids, and their space
diagonals as hyperdiagonals.
.. Magic tesseract 93
.. Magic tesseract
Comparing Order-3 Hypercube Dimension Facts
Dimension
Correct
lines
# of Basic
Aspects
31
48
116
58
384
421
2992
3840
1490
543328
46080
91 - Order-3 hypercube comparison.

0-9684700-0-9
0-9684700-2-5
1
6
11
15
17 3
12
14
9
10
13 2 16
18
94
Magic triangular regions

Let Tn be the nth triangular number. Arrange the numbers from 1
to Tn in an equilateral triangular array.
If all the triangular regions of 3 rows within this array sum to the
same value, it is called a magical triangular region (MTR).
Fig. A shows an order-4 MTR using numbers from 1 to Tn (Tn =
10, n is called the order). There are Tn-2 equilateral triangles
within this figure that sum to the same value of 28. One (shown)
has the apex 6, another with apex 8, and the other with apex 2.
Fig. B is an order-6 with 10 such regions. Shown is the one with
apex 21. Also shown is one of three inverted constant-sum
regions making this a type-E MTR. Not shown is an order-5
MTR.
1
18 14
16 15 2
8
6
4
9 5
A.
2
1
7
3 10
6
13 19
20 4 17
B.
8 21
5 11
7 10 12
92 - Magic triangular regions, orders 4 and 6.

Usiskin & Stephanides, J. Recreational Mathematics, 11:3, 1978-79, pp.176-179,
Magic Triangular Regions of Orders 4 and 5.
Katagiri & Kobayashi, J. Recreational Mathematics, 15:3, 1982-83, pp200-208,
Magic Triangular Regions of Orders 5 and 6
Main Diagonals
The two diagonal series of cells that go from corner to corner of
the magic square. Each must sum to the constant in order for the
array to
be magic. The leading (or left) diagonal is the one from upper
left to lower right. The right diagonal is the one from lower left
to upper right.
Mapping 95
Mapping
Mapping is a transformation of one image into another one. See
also Graphs, Isomorphic magic stars and Magic circles.
5
11
6
3
12
10
1
5
12
11
6 2
3
8
9
12
10
10
11
93 - Transforming a 2-d magic star to 3-D cube and

octahedron.
The cube is face perimeter magic with the vertices mapping to
the triangles of the star. The octahedron is vertex magic with the
edges of the eight triangles mapping to the star triangles.
4
16
13
10
14
11
10
13
14
15
12
12
15
16
1
7
11
3
8
9
94 - An order-4 magic square mapped to a tetrahedron.
96
Modular arithmetic
Any system of arithmetic in which any two numbers are
equivalent when they differ by an integral multiple of the
modulus. For example, one writes:
x y (mod m)
means that x-y is divisible by m. Sometimes, this is called clock
arithmetic, which has a modulus 12. Because of the modulus,
this is often called a congruence equation and the regular
congruence symbol with three bars is used instead of the equal
sign.
Collins Dictionary of Mathematics. Hendricks, et al, uses
modular equations to find the digits of a number at a given
location in a magic square, cube, or hypercube.
Modular space
Instead of having the customary infinite continuous
mathematical space for studying magic squares, etc., a lattice, or
framework is designed sufficient to hold the numbers in a square
array, or a cubic array. The x-axis is then of finite length and is
selected to be the same as the order of the magic square, or cube.
This way, there is always a position for each number and a
number at each position. However, the x-axis is bent around and
joins itself in a circle. The order m is modulo m. The y-axis
undergoes the same treatment. One ends up with the best
representation of a 2-dimensional modular space is on the
surface of a donut. The x-axis goes around the ring, torus, or
donut one way and the y-axis perpendicular to it the other way.
The advantage of modular space is that all diagonals become
continuous. The disadvantage is that it seems strange at first.
See coordinates, n-agonals, and Triagonals.
Monagonal
The orthogonal lines of a magic rectilinear object. Also called irows, 1-agonals, summations, orthogonal.
Most-perfect magic square 97

Most-perfect magic square
A normal pandiagonal magic square of doubly-even order with
two added properties. Any two-by-two block of adjacent cells
(including wrap-around) sum to the same value which is 2m2+2,
where m is the order of the magic square, and the integers come
in complementary pairs distanced m along the diagonals.
Most-perfect magic squares can be precisely enumerated because
the have a one-to-one relationship with Reversible squares and
the number of reversible squares may be easily calculated.
All order-4 pandiagonal magic squares are most-perfect, but for
orders greater then 4 an increasingly smaller percentage of
pandiagonal magic squares are most-perfect.
63
61 12 54 10 56
16 50 14 52
59
57
17 47 19 45 28 38 26 40
32 34 30 36 21 43 23 41
53 11 55
64
60
49 15 51 13
58
62
37 27 39 25 48 18 46 20
44 22 42 24 33 31 35 29
95 - An order-8 most-perfect magic square.
K. Ollerenshaw and D. Bre, Most-Perfect Pandiagonal Magic Squares, IMA 1998,
0-905091-06-X
Ian Stewart, Mathematical Recreations, Scientific American, November 1999
Note that both these authors use the series from 0 to m2-1 for
mathematical convenience. The sum of each 2 by 2 square array
is then 2m2-2. They also use n to indicate the order. In keeping
with the rest of this book, we use m for this purpose and reserve
n (when required) for dimension.
H.D.Heinz, http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/most-perfect.htm
98
Multiplication magic square

A magic square where the constant is obtained by multiplying
the values in the cells.
The magic square shown here uses 4 unusual arithmetic series.
When the four cells in each row, column or diagonal are
multiplied together, a magic product of 401,393,664 is obtained.
When the order of the digits in each number is reversed, a new
multiplication magic square is formed with a product of
4,723,906,824.
408 336 244
12
804 633 442
21
122
24
306 448
221
42
36
488 112 204
63
884 211 402
224 102
48
366
A.
12
422 201
603 844
84
663
63
84
B.
24
36
48
21
42
102 204 306 408
201 402 603 804
112 224 336 448
211 422 633 844
122 244 366 488
221 442 663 884
The four arithmetic series for each of the above two

squares.
96 - An order-4 multiplication magic square (not
geometric) and its reverse.
This remarkable square was constructed by R. B. Edwards, an
amateur magician of Rochester, New York. It is the nucleus of
an order-6 Bordered adding magic square. See Order, doublyeven.
See geometric magic square for information on the two most
common types of multiplication magic squares. See also
Division magic square.
Joseph S. Madachy, Mathematics On Vacation, Nelson, 1966, 17-147099-0,
pp.89-90.
N (or n) 99
N
N (or n)
n is used for many things in mathematics. In Geometry it is often
used for the dimension. In magic squares it has been used for the
order. And, when you are counting it may stand for the number
of objects. When it comes to magic cubes, tesseracts and
hypercubes n could very well stand for each of these.
So for higher-dimensional spaces Hendricks (and this book) uses
n for the dimension, m for the order and N for the number of
things. Note, however, that this book still uses n to indicate the
order of magic stars.
n-agonals
A line going from 1 corner, through the center to the opposite
corner, of a magic hypercube greater then dimension-2. Also
called space diagonal. (A 1-agonal is an i-row (orthogonal line).)
Number of broken n-agonals for each continuous one
n
2 seg.
3 segments
4 segments
Total
M1
3(m-1)
(m-1)(m-2)
m2
2(5m-8)
2(2m27m+7)
(m-1)(m-2)(m3)
m3
97 Number of segments in n-agonals for dimensions

2, 3, 4.
For each continuous n-agonal in n-dimensional space, there are a
number of broken n-agonals, depending upon the order of the
hypercube. There are 2 continuous diagonals in a square, 4 continuous
triagonals in a cube, and 8 continuous quadragonals in a tessseract. So,
the numbers in the table must be multiplied by the number of
continuous ones in order to determine how many and of which kind of
n-agonals are in a hypercube.
These numbers only apply in conventional mathematical space. If
modular space is used, then all broken n-agonals become continuous.
See Modular space, Triagonal and Quadragonal.
100
n-Dimensional hypercube of order-m

An imaginary structured object in the format of a lattice
containing mn cells and which resides in an n-dimensional
modular space.
An n-dimensional magic hypercube of order-m may have the
same or lower order magic hypercubes within it.
greater then
Hypercube
point
line segment
a square
a cube or hexahedron
a tesseract
a hypercube
98 - Hypercube has both a general and a specific meaning:

J. R. Hendricks, Inlaid Magic Squares and Cubes, Self-published 1999,
0-9684700-1-7
Nasic magic square

Now commonly called a pandiagonal Magic Square.
The term was first published by A. H. Frost in the Quarterly
Journal of Mathematics, London, 1865 and 1878, pp 34 and 93.
W. S. Andrews, Magic Squares and Cubes, Dover, Publ., 1960, p365
Normal
When used in reference to a magic square, magic cube, magic
star, etc, it indicates that the magic array uses consecutive
positive integers starting with 1 and going to mn (or 0 to mn 1).
An equally popular term for this condition is pure.
Normalized position
See Standard position.
Number of .. 101
Normalizing
Rotating and/or reflecting a magic square or magic star to achieve the
standard position so the figure may be assigned an index number. This
changes an aspect of the magic object to the basic orientation.
Number of ..
Anti-magic squares: see Anti-magic squares
Aspects of a magic square: see Aspects.
Aspects of a magic star: See Magic star, normal.
Basic magic tesseracts: see Basic magic tesseract
Correct lines in a tesseract: see Perfect tesseract
Cubes in a 5-D hypercube; see Magic hypercube
Diagonals in a tesseract: see Summations.
Order-4 magic square types: see Dudeney groups
Squares in a cube: see Magic hypercube
Third order magic squares: see Enumeration-squares
Number square
A square containing different numbers but is not necessarily
magic. One could extend this definition to higher dimensions.
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
99 - Four different types of number squares

A. Numbers are in simple sequence, B. second and third rows are
multiples of first row, C. the three rows are all 3-digit square
numbers.
D. an order-4 Perfect Prime Square. So named because all 4digit numbers in the rows, columns and main diagonals are
distinct 4-digit primes. There are thus 20 distinct 4-digit primes
in this square. There are at least 24 other distinct 1, 2 and 3 digit
primes also in this square.
See Perfect prime squares.
Carlos Rivera, http://www.primepuzzles.net/puzzles/puzz_004.htm
102
O
Octants
The eight parts of a doubly-even order magic cube if you split
the cube in half in each dimension. i.e. if you divide an order-8
cube in this fashion, the octants are the eight order-4 cubes
positioned at each of the eight corners of the original cube.
J.R.Hendricks, Inlaid Magic Squares and Cubes, Self-published 1999,
0-9684700-1-7, pp 123-129
Odd order
The order is not divisible by 2, i.e. 3 (the smallest possible magic
square), 5, 7, etc.
14
10
17
18
11
25
24
19
13
21
22
23
15
16
20
12
100 This inlaid magic square consists of two odd

orders.
This normal order-5 contains an inlaid order-3 magic square.
Oddly-even order
See Singly-even.
Opposite cells 103

Opposite cells
If the coordinates of a cell are (w,x,y,z) then the opposite cell
would be located at (m+1-w, m+1-x, m+1-y, m+1-z) where m is
the order. In general if xi is the coordinate, then xi is replaced by
m+1-xi.
See Symmetrical cells.
Opposite corners
The two cells that are at the ends of an n-agonal are also at
opposite corners of the hypercube.
A corner has coordinates which have either a 1, or an m for
each coordinate. Simply replace the one by the other to obtain
the coordinates of the opposite corner. For example in a 5dimensional magic hypercube, you have a corner at (1,m,1,1,m)
so the opposite corner would be at (m,1,m,m,1).
See Coordinates, Magic tesseract and Perfect magic tesseract for
examples.
Opposite short diagonal pairs

Two short diagonals that are parallel to but on opposite sides of a
main diagonal and each containing the same number of cells.
See Semi-pandiagonal.
J. L. Fults, Magic Squares, Open Court 1974, 0-87548-197-3
Order-3, Type 2 magic squares

A normal order-3 magic square consists of 3 series of numbers
with both the horizontal step and the vertical step positive
numbers. Because the numbers are consecutive, both steps equal
one.
However, a magic square consisting of non-consecutive numbers
may be constructed of three series where the vertical step is a
negative number. Such a magic square is called a type 2 magic
square. It is easy to identify because the number in the bottom
left corner cell is smaller then that in the cell immediately above
it.
104
.. Order-3, Type 2 magic squares

Harry J. Smith speculated on this type of magic square and
coined the term in a letter to Dr. Michael Ecker dated Dec. 8,
1990.
11
11
101 - Two order-3 sets of 3 series and the resulting

magic squares.
A. This number square shows three series with both horizontal and
vertical steps equal to 1.
B. The magic square using the three series in A. It is the only normal
basic order-3 and is a type 1.
C. This number square shows three series with a horizontal step of 2
and a vertical step of 1.
D. The magic square using the three series in A. It is the smallest
possible type 2 magic square. See Vertical step.
Harry J. Smiths web page at http://home.netcom.com/~hjsmith/
Heinzs Type 2 page at http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/type2.htm
Order-m
Hendricks (and this book) always uses m to indicate the order or
number of cells per side of a magic square, cube tesseract, etc. n
is reserved to indicate the number of dimensions of the magic
object.
Order n
n traditionally indicates the number of cells per side of the magic
square, cube, tesseract, etc. However, because he does so much work in
multi-dimensions, Hendricks (and this book) uses m for this purpose.
For a magic star, n indicates the number of points, (and the order) in the
star pattern.
Order, doubly-even 105

Order, doubly-even
The order is evenly divisible by 4. i.e. 4, 8, 12, etc.
This is probably the easiest type of magic square to construct.
The following example shows an order-6 (singly-even) adding
magic square, with an inlaid order-4 (doubly-even) multiply
magic square. The order-6 magic sum is 1,355 and the order-4
magic product is 401,393,664. Neither magic square is normal.
This square was devised by R. B. Edwards, an amateur magician
of Rochester, New York.
See Doubly-even order for another example.
223
283
200
322
163
164
177
408
336
244
12
178
228
122
24
306
448
227
258
36
488
112
204
257
308
224
102
48
366
307
161
282
205
323
162
222
102 - A singly-even add magic square with an inlaid

doubly-even multiply magic square.
Joseph S. Madachy, Mathematics On Vacation, Nelson, 1966, 17-147099-0, p.89
Order, even
The order is evenly divisible by 2. Order 4 is the smallest even
order magic square (it is also doubly-even).
See Even Order and Order, doubly-even for examples.
Order, odd
The order is not divisible by 2, i.e. 3 (the smallest possible magic
square), 5, 7, etc.
See Odd order for an example.
106
Order, singly-even
The order is evenly divisible by 2 but not by 4. i.e. 6, 10, 14, etc.
This order is by far the hardest to construct.
See Order, doubly-even for an example.
Ornamental magic squares

A general term for magic squares containing unusual features.
Some examples are; Bordered, Composition, Inlaid,
Overlapping, Reversible, Lozenge, Serrated, etc.
1
40
70
71
66
36
55
56
26
35
65
64
57
37
21
25
46
7
34
54
67
31
45
14
27
47
74
61
42
79
77
78
44
43
24
23
17
22
11
80
76
19
10
30
41
15
60
50
20
16
75
51
18
49
29
12
13
28
48
73
72
32
9
8
33
53
68
69
52
39
59
62
63
58
38
103 - A pentagram of five magic diamonds.

Each magic diamond sums to 162. In addition each diamond
contains four 2 x 2 cells that sum to 162 as well as four 3 x 3 and
one 4 x 4 diamonds with corner cells also summing to 162.
Within each diamond, each number ends with one of two digits.
Notice the digits 1 to 5 at the points. (Illustration adapted from
W.S. Andrews).
W. S. Andrews, Magic Squares and Cubes, Dover, Publ., 1960, p.172
Ornamental magic stars 107

Ornamental magic stars
Any Magic Star containing unusual features. It may have one
star embedded in another, more then four numbers to a line,
consist of prime numbers (or any unusual number series), etc.
17
19
1
6
3
23
15
20
10
13
12
7
21
9
2
37
8
14
11
16
31
36
104 - This ornamental magic star consists of two

interlocked order-8, pattern B magic stars.
The inner star is a normal magic star in standard position and is,
in fact, index # 30. The outer star is also magic but is not normal
because the numbers are not consecutive and the two inside cells
of each line are in the interior of the star. It sums to 68 in each
line. The normal star, of course, sums to 34.
See an order-9 ornamental star on the back cover of this book.
H.D.Heinz, http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/unusualstr.htm.
108
Orthogonal
Lines that are perpendicular to each other. In the magic square,
the rows and columns are orthogonals.
pillar (z)
333
133
123
313
113
222
322
diag
ona
l
column (y)
112
tr
ia
go
n
al
113
111
211
311
row (x)
105 - An order-3 cube showing coordinates and line

paths
This cube shows the orthogonals, the rows, columns and pillars.
Note that in each case only 1 coordinate changes as you move
along the line. These lines are collectively also called i-rows, 1agonals, or monagonals.
Shown for contrast is a diagonal (311, 322, 333) where 2
coordinates change as you move along it. Also shown is a
triagonal (111, 222, 333), which passes through the center of the
cube and requires a change of all 3 coordinates.
For brevity, no brackets or commas are shown for the
coordinates.
Orthomagic square of squares.

See Square of squares
Overlapping magic squares 109

Overlapping magic squares
A special type of inlaid magic square where 1 square partially
(or completely) overlaps another magic square (probably of a
different order).
71
51 32 50
80
79
21 41 61 56 26 13 69 25 57
31 81 11 20 62 64 18 63 19
34 40 60 43 28 65 17 55 27
48 42 22 54 39 75
10 72
68 53 15 33 16 44 58 77
14 29 67 49 66 24 38 59 23
76 37 70 73
74 78 46 47 52
45 12
36 30 35
106 - This order-9 overlapping magic square by L. S.

Frierson includes orders 3, 5, and 7.
J.R. Hendricks, Friersons Fuddle (Problem #1945), Journal of Recreational
Mathematics, 25:1, 1993, p77
6
22
25
32
1
17
19
20
28
12
10
7
23
26
9
27
31
15
24
11
8
4
14
5
13
16
3
18
29
30
21
110
P
Palindromic magic square
Palindromes are numbers (or letters) that read the same right-toleft as left-to-right. Palindromic magic squares may be any type
of magic square, but consisting only of palindromes.
363 424 646 747 757 767 787 393

696 232 383 898 939 969 242 525
676 949 222 595 737 888 272 545
656 868 959 666 444 373 353 565
636 343 484 333 999 626 878 585
535 292 777 848 262 555 929 686
494 979 838 323 282 252 989 727
828 797 575 474 464 454 434 858
107 - An order-8 bordered palindromic magic square by
A. W. Johnson, Jr.
The magic sums are also palindromes.
S4 = 2442, S6 = 3663 and S8 = 4884.
A. W. Johnson, Jr., Journal of Recreational Mathematics, 21:2, 1989, p.155.
Pandiagonal
Pandiagonal means all diagonal, which means that the broken
diagonals are also included. Sometimes pan-2-agonal is used,
instead, especially in n-dimensional space. A 2-agonal is
described through space if any two coordinates change while the
rest remain constant.
For example in a cube of order 4, one could describe a diagonal
through (1,2,3) by holding y constant while x and z are allowed
to change. Such a set could be:
(1,2,3) ; (4,2,4) ; (3,2,1) ; and (2,2,2)
.. Pandiagonal 111
.. Pandiagonal
In this example x is decreasing in increments of one and z is
increasing by increments of one and all coordinates are kept
within the modulus 4. There are N = n!.mn-1/(n-2)! diagonals in
an n-dimensional magic hypercube of order m, including the
broken ones.
The broken diagonals in a magic square consist of two elements.
In a magic cube there are 2 or 3 element broken triagonals. In a
magic tesseract they may are 2, 3, or 4 element broken
quadragonals. Etc.
See Broken diagonal pair for an illustration
Pandiagonal magic cube

A Pandiagonal Magic Cube has the normal requirements of a magic
cube plus the additional one that all the squares (planes) also be
pandiagonal. Remember that an ordinary magic cube does not require
even the main diagonals of these squares to be correct.
There are 9m2 + 4 lines that sum correctly (m2 rows, m2 columns, m2
pillars, 4 main triagonals and 6m2 Diagonals). Order-7 is the smallest
possible order of pandiagonal magic cube. This is the original
definition of a Perfect Magic Cube.
Pandiagonal magic square

Also known as Diabolic, Nasic, Continuous, Indian, Jaina or
Perfect. To be pandiagonal, the broken diagonal pairs must also sum
to the constant. This is considered the top class of magic squares.
Some pandiagonal magic squares are also associative (order 5 &
higher) . Because of the vast number of combinations possible,
individual magic squares may contain unique features, which make
them more magic.
There are 4m lines that sum correctly (m rows, m columns and 2m
diagonals).
There is only 1 basic order 3 magic square and it is not pandiagonal.
Of the 880 basic order 4 magic squares, only 48 are pandiagonal and
none of these are associative.
112
.. Pandiagonal magic square

Order 5 has 3600 basic pandiagonal magic squares (Only 36
essentially different).
Order 7 has 678,222,720 basic pandiagonal magic squares, of
which 38,102,400 are regular and 640,120,320 are irregular.
Order 8 has more then 6,500,000,000 pandiagonal magic
squares.
There are NO singly-even pandiagonal magic squares All the
above numbers assume we are considering only normal, basic
magic squares.
1
18
24
15
12
20
21
19
25
11
10
16
22
13
12
20
21
23
14
17
10
16
22
13
18
24
15
23
14
17
19
25
11
A.
B.
108 - An essentially different pandiagonal magic square

and one of its 100 transformations.
A. is the original pandiagonal magic square. B is a new
pandiagonal magic square obtained by moving the two top rows
to the bottom. A pandiagonal magic square is a Perfect magic
square. See Essentially different and Regular and irregular.
Pan-magic stars
An order-8A type magic star then can be constructed by a
systematic transformation of odd-order pandiagonal magic
squares greater then order-5. The outside diagonals of the magic
star are formed from pandiagonal pairs one member of which is
a corner cell.
Aale de Winkel investigated this type of magic star in the spring
of 1999 which later resulted in his and my joint investigation of
Iso-like magic stars. (Iso-like magic stars do not require that the
generating square be pandiagonal, but instead uses plusmagic or
diamagic patterns of a Quadrant magic square.)
.. Pan-magic stars 113

.. Pan-magic stars
Unlike iso-magic stars which cannot use all the numbers, panmagic stars may use all the numbers in the originating magic
square but require the use of duplicate numbers to complete the
pattern. In the following example, I use shading to indicate the
duplicate numbers.
A variation of pan-magic stars is what de Winkel calls the
butterfly. See Iso-like magic stars for a comparison of Iso-like,
Isomorphic and Pan magic star features.
32
2
1
22
47
17
36 25
13
41
6
35
34
33
3
14 45
44
24
20
49
15
21
42
23 12
31
40
39
39
28 10 48 30 19
1
29 18
7 38 27
26
47
46
16
109 - An order-7 pan-magic star.

The order is determined by the generating magic square (see next
page) and is the number of cells per line.
114
.. Pan-magic stars
1
19
30
48
10
28
39
49
11
22
40
20
31
41
21
32
43
12
23
33
44
13
24
42
15
25
36
16
34
45
14
17
35
46
26
37
27
38
18
29
47
110 - The order-7 pandiagonal magic square used for

this pan-magic star.
H.D.Heinz, http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/panmagic.htm
See more on this subject at Aale de Winkels Web site at
http://www.adworks.myweb.nl/Magic/
Pan-n-agonal.
All coordinates are changing in unit intervals either plus, or
minus, as one describes a path through space. In an ndimensional magic hypercube of order m, the number of ragonals, where 1<r<n+1 is given by N which is:
N = 2r-1.nCr.mn-1
where m is the order, n is the dimension, r is the space diagonal
of the rth dimension and where C stands for the customary
combinations.
Panquadragonal
Broken quadragonal pairs that are parallel to a quadragonal and
that sum to the magic constant. If all these pairs sum correctly,
the magic tesseract is panquadragonal. It is analogous to a
pandiagonal magic square but instead of moving a row or
column from one side to the other and maintaining the magic
properties, you move any cube from one side to the other. When
one moves along the panquadragonal, 1 cell at a time, four
coordinates change. See also, Pantriagonal.
J.R.Hendricks, The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 75, No. 4, April 1968,
p.384
Pantriagonal 115
Pantriagonal
Sometimes called Pan-3-agonal.
This term is used for cubes, or high dimensional hypercubes. In
n-dimensional space, if any three coordinates are changing while
the rest remain constant, then one describes a triagonal through
space, of which most are broken. The main triagonal is the one
which passes through (1,1,1) and has successive coordinates
(2,2,2),, (m,m,m) in a cube.
In N-dimensional space, the n-agonal may be broken into as
many as n segments. For magic cubes there are:
4 continuous triagonals
12(m-1) triagonals broken into pairs, and
4(m-2)(m-1) triagonals broken into 3 sections.
If all the broken Triagonal lines sum correctly, the magic cube is
pantriagonal.
See Orthogonal and Pan-triagonal magic cube for illustrations.
See n-agonals and Triagonals for tables.
Pan-triagonal magic cube

If all triagonal pairs (Pan-triagonals) sum correctly, the magic
cube is pantriagonal.It is analogous to a pandiagonal magic
square but instead of moving a row or column from one side to
the other and maintaining the magic properties, you may move
any plane from one side to the other.
There are 7m2 lines that sum correctly (m2 rows, m2 columns, m2
pillars, and 4m2 triagonals). There may be some diagonals in the
cube but they are not required. Order-4 is the smallest possible
order pantriagonal magic cube. See also, Pandiagonal magic
cube.
There are 6 fundamental pandiagonal magic squares of order-4
from which the 48 basic squares are derived. There are 20
fundamental pantriagonal magic cubes of order-4 from which the
160 basic cubes are derived.
J.R. Hendricks, Pan-3-agonal Magic Cubes of Order-4, JRM, 13(4), 1980-81, pp
274-281
116
.. Pan-triagonal magic cube

35
62
22
11
19
14
2
47
50
7
4
26
44
53
40
15
18
58
46
30
3
54
49
32
43
48
41
20
60
39
27
13
24
23
56
33
64
34
28
57
51
42
45
17
16
10
31
55
52
29
63
38
59
25
36
61
37
12
21
111 - A pan-3-agonal magic cube of order 4.

One of the four triagonals is 60 + 46 + 5 + 19= 130.
One of the 15 pan-triagonals parallel to it is 6, 17, 59, 48 and is
broken into two parts. Another one of the 15 which is broken
into three parts is 36, 10, 29 55.
See Broken diagonal pairs and Pantriagonals.
Parity patterns 117

Parity patterns.
Parity patterns are the arrangements of the odd and even
numbers in a magic square. Some form pleasing patterns, many
do not. The most pleasing patterns are usually symmetrical.
See Lozenge and Self-similar for other patterns.
3 19 25 12
20 22 11 8
13 9
5 17 21
2 16 23 14 10
24 15 7
1 18
112 - Order-5 pandiagonal magic square with odd

numbers underlined.
Partitioning
Sub-dividing. A square may be sub-divided into cells, as shown
below.
113 - An order-4 square partitioned into cells.

Similarly, a cube may be sub-divided into building blocks, There
are m2 cells in a square of order m and m3 cells in a cube of order
m. There are 3m squares in the cube which may be found by this
partitioning.
In four-dimensional space, the equivalent partitioning yields, m4
cells, 4m cubes and 6m2 squares,
118
Patchwork magic squares

An Inlaid magic square that has magic squares or odd magic
shapes within it. The most common shape is a magic rectangle,
but diamonds, crosses, tees and L shapes are also possible. These
shapes are magic if the constant in each direction is proportional
to the number of cells. For example, a 4 x 6 rectangle may have
the constant of 100 in the short direction and 150 in the long
direction. Diagonals are not required to be magical (except for
squares).
This example by David Collison is an order 14 magic square,
containing 4 order 4 magic squares in the quadrants, a magic
cross in the center, 4 magic tees on the sides, and 4 magic
elbows in the corners.
The order-14 magic sum is 1379 and dividing by 14 gives the
mean for each cell as 98.5. Adding the numbers in each line of a
generalized part and dividing by the number of cells in the line
will, in each case, give the value of 98.5!
154
155
41
44
190
192
193
38
35
161
160
42
43
156
153
195
191
189
159
162
37
36
40
157
91
105
104
94
194
83
113
112
86
163
34
158
39
102
96
97
99
196
110
88
89
107
33
164
177
20
98
100
101
95
140
57
90
108
109
87
171
26
24
173
103
93
92
106
58
139 111
85
84
114
167
30
176
23
178
17
137
136
59
131
65
63
172
27
29
166
174
21
19
180
60
61
66
138 132
134
25
170
31
168
22
175
75
121
120
78
135
62
67
129
128
70
165
32
18
179
118
80
81
115
133
64
126
72
73
123
28
169
146
51
82
116
117
79
188
74
124
125
71
45
152
52
145
119
77
76
122
11
186 127
69
68
130
151
46
54
55
144
141
187
183
13
15
181
12
147
150
49
48
142
143
53
56
10
14
182
184
16
185
50
47
149
148
114 - Collisons order-14 patchwork magic square

contains magic squares, elbows, tees and a cross.
J. R. Hendricks, The Magic Square Course, self-published 1991, p 312.
Pathfinder 119
Pathfinder
An orderly and systematic way to find ones way through ndimensional space. Through any given element, or cell, there are
(3n-1)/2 different paths., or lines, For a square, this means that
there are 4 paths which are a row, a column and two (broken, if
needed) diagonal ways. Through a cell of a cube, there are 13
routes. Through a tesseract, there are 40. One may travel
forwards, or backwards on any route, or path. The method is
found in Magic Squares to Tesseracts by Computer.
See Coordinate iteration.
0-9684700-0-9
Pattern
There are many types of patterns involved in magic squares,
cubes, etc. In fact, the square, cube, star, etc is itself a pattern.
See Algebraic, Complimentary pair, Dudeney Groups, Magic
lines and Parity patterns.
Perfect magic cube

A perfect magic cube is pantriagonal and all of its planes (the
magic squares) are pandiagonal. There are 13 m2 lines that sum
correctly (m2 rows, m2 columns, m2 pillars, 4m2 triagonals and
6m2 diagonals). Order-8 is the smallest possible order perfect
magic cube.
J.R.Hendricks, Magic Squares to Tesseracts by Computer, Self-published 1999.
0-9684700-0-9
*** This is a new definition. ***

An older definition of a Perfect Magic Cube is what Hendricks
now calls a Pandiagonal magic cube. This older definition
probably originated from the fact that a pandiagonal magic
square is perfect. However, perfect is now construed to mean
that it is pandiagonal but all lower order magic objects within it
are perfect. This makes the definition consistent for all
dimensions.
For an Order-8 pandiagonal first published in 1888, see Benson & Jacoby, Magic
Cubes New Recreations, Dover, 1981,0-486-24140-8.
120
Perfect magic square

Another (but not commonly used) name for Pandiagonal magic
square. However, this name shows the relationship of the
highest class of rectilinear magic figures, the perfect square,
perfect cube, perfect tesseract, etc. See Magic sum for a
comparison table.
26
21
33
45
15
32
38
48
28
36
12
30
39
13
49
22
20
19
14
43
25
37
31
10
23
41
46
40
34
11
44
27
42
16
18
47
29
17
35
24
115 Order-7 with an inlaid order-5 pandiagonal magic

square.
Perfect magic tesseract

John R. Hendricks constructed the first perfect magic tesseract
(order-16) in 1998. It was confirmed correct by Clifford
Pickover in 1999. He later published the equations for a 5dimensional perfect magic hypercube of order-32. However, as it
contains the numbers 1 to 33,554,432, he thought it impractical
to publish the hypercube itself!!
A tesseract is a 4-dimensional hypercube. It is perfect if all panquadragonals are correct, and all the magic squares and magic
cubes within it are perfect. i.e. the magic squares are all
pandiagonal and the magic cubes are all pantriagonal and
pandiagonal. There are 40m3 lines that sum correctly. They are
m3 rows, m3 columns, m3 pillars, m3 files, 8m3 quadragonals,
16m3 triagonals, and 12m3 diagonals.
The smallest order perfect tesseract is order-16 and is too big to
reproduce here. However, it is practical to show the outline
diagram with the corner numbers.
.. Perfect magic tesseract 121

.. Perfect magic tesseract
21383
30584
16842
7317
25913
14438
3804
10795
41635
34388
37917
45294
60849
51522
65536
56079
116 - Values of the corner cells of the order-16 perfect

tesseract.
This tesseract utilizes the numbers 1 to 65536 and contains:
49,152 diagonals
65,536 triagonals
32,768 quadragonals
16,384 rows, columns, pillars and files
163,840 ways to sum to 524,296
It also contains 64 perfect magic cubes, and 1536 perfect magic
squares, all of order-16.
122
.. Perfect magic tesseract

With any order perfect magic hypercube, any element can serve
as the starting point on an axis reference system. There are mn
elements and therefore mn different hypercubes for each
essentially different hypercube. As each of these have 2nn!
aspects, one essentially different perfect hypercube will generate
mn2nn! apparently different hypercubes.
*** Perfect magic tesseract is a new definition. ***
Please review the revised definition for the Perfect magic cube.
These new definitions are more compatible with that of a perfect
(pandiagonal) magic square.
J.R.Hendricks, Perfect n-Dimensional Magic Hypercubes of Order 2n, Selfpublished,1999, 0-9684700-4-1
0-9684700-0-9
Clifford A. Pickover, The Zen of Magic Squares, Circles, and Stars, Princeton
University Press, 2002, 0-691-07041-5, page 121.
Heinz-Private correspondence with Hendricks and Pickover, 1999.
Perfect prime squares.

A perfect prime square is not a magic square but a number
square where all rows and columns and main diagonals consist
of distinct prime numbers, reading in both directions, with a
length equal to the order of the square. Of course, with an array
so full of the odd digits, the square will also be rich in smaller
primes.
Originally discovered by L.E. Card in 1968 and rediscovered in
1998 by Carlos Rivera and popularized on his Primes Puzzles
page.
The order-11 (next page) was found in late 1998 by T. W. A.
Baumann of Germany along with many of smaller orders seven
to ten. It contains 48 different 11-digit prime numbers and
appears on Riveras PP&P Web page.
There are no order-3 perfect prime squares because all contain
duplicate 3-digit primes, but such squares exist for all other
orders from 2 to at least 11.
.. Perfect prime squares 123

.. Perfect prime squares.
L. E. Card
T. W. Baumann (Rivera)
117 - Order-5 and order-11 perfect prime squares

L. E. Card, J. Recreational Mathematics, 1:2, 1968, pp.93-99.
Carlos Rivera, http://www.primepuzzles.net/puzzles/
Perimeter magic polygons

A PMP is defined as a regular polygon with consecutive
numbers from 1 to n placed along the perimeter in such a way
that the sums of the integers on each side (edge) is a constant.
The order refers to the numbers along each side of the figure.
There are 18 basic order-4 perimeter magic triangles. Their
magic sums are; 17, 19, 20, 21 and 23. There are 4 basic order-3
perimeter-magic triangles with sums of 9, 10, 11, and 12.
The examples in figures 118 and 119 are edge perimeter magic.
See Mapping for face perimeter and vertex perimeter magic
examples.
124
.. Perimeter magic polygons
5
1
A.
2
4
9
5
B.
4
8
6
7
118 - Two of 18 order-4 perimeter-magic triangles.

Fig. B, constructed by D.M. Collison, is bimagic. If each number
is squared, the triangle is still perimeter magic. Perimeter magic
can also be applied to higher dimensions. See Mapping for
examples of a magic tetrahedron and octahedron.
J. R. Hendricks, The Magic Square Course, self-published 1991, pp.1-4
1
20
1
14
14
9
10
12
9
11
17
45
18
10
22
12
13
13
19
5
16
15
8
5
11
119 - An order-5 pentagon and an order-3 septagon.

Terrel Trotter, Jr., Journal of Recreational Mathematics, 7:1, 1974, pp.14-20,
Perimeter-magic Polygons.
Perimeter anti-magic octahedrons 125

Perimeter anti-magic octahedrons
As all the faces of a polyhedron are triangles, it is impossible to
place distinct integers on its vertices so that every triangle will
have the same perimeter sum. Therefore, no such polyhedron can
be magic. However, if the perimeter sums are all different the
polyhedron will be perimeter anti-magic.
In the case of an octahedron it turns out that there are 15 basic
ways to distribute the digits 1 to 6 on the vertices with eight
different perimeter sums. Of these 15, five produce distinct
perimeter sums for the eight triangles and so are perimeter antimagic.
1
2
A.
4
5
3
1
6 2
B.
3
6
5
4 2
C.
120 - Three of the 5 anti-magic Octahedrons.

Figures A. and B. may each be complemented by subtracting
each number from 7, to provide another solution. C. is selfcomplementing.
C. W. Trigg, Journal of Recreational Mathematics, 11:2, 1978-79, pp.105-107,
Perimeter Anti-magic tetrahedrons and Octahedrons.
Pillars
The Z dimension in a coordinate system of addressing the cells
in a magic cube or higher order hypercube. (x = rows and y =
columns.) See orthogonals.
126
Plusmagic
An pattern of n cells in the shape of a plus sign that appears in
each quadrant of an order-n quadrant magic square.
121 - Plusmagic Quadrant pattern for order-9 and order13

H. D. Heinz, http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/quadrant.htm
Prime number magic squares

A magic square consisting only of prime numbers. They are not
too difficult to construct. The difficulty is in constructing ones
consisting of consecutive primes. The first order 3 magic squares
of this type was only published in 1988 and consists of nine, 10
digit primes. The author proved there are only two such squares
with prime numbers under 231.
Harry L. Nelson, J. Recreational Mathematics, 20:3, 1988, p.214-216.
In 1913 it was proved (?) (Scientific American vol.210, no.3 pp.

126-7) that it is impossible to construct a consecutive prime
number magic square of order smaller then 12. The order 12
magic square shown by the author, however, contained the digit
1 and missed out the digit 2. (Of course the number 1 is no
longer considered a prime, and the number 2 can never appear in
a prime number magic square, because it is the only even prime,
and parity would be destroyed.)
All prime magic figures have a complement solution (see
complement magic squares). However, when you complement
a prime number magic square, most resulting numbers will be
composite, so the complement of a prime number magic square
is almost certainly not a prime number magic square.
.. Prime number magic squares 127

.. Prime number magic squares
Order of Consecutive Prime
square
Lowest prime number in

series
1,480,028,129
31
269
67
122 Starting prime # for consecutive primes magic
square.
2621
2477
2039
1289
3251
1583
3533 2207
3257
1361
3491
2393
2333
2963
1709 1493
2609
1811
2837
2087
2687
1889
2939 2141
2777
2819
2753
1823
1223
3701
1931 1973
2351
2879
1049
3527
2927
1997
1871 2399
1283
2339
2861
2063
2663
1913
2411 3467
1559
3041
1259
2357
2417
1787
3389 3191
2543
2273
2711
3461
1499
3167
1217 2129
123 - A. W. Johnson, Jr.s bordered, order-8 prime

number magic square.
This order-8 is a simple prime magic square summing to 19,000.
The order-6 is pandiagonal with a magic sum of 14,250; and the
order-4 is symmetrical with a magic sum of 9,500.
See Vertical step for the smallest possible consecutive prime
order-3 magic square.
A. W. Johnson, Jr., J. Recreational Mathematics 15:2, 1982-83, p. 84
128
Prime number magic stars

A magic star that consists only of prime numbers is (naturally) a
prime number magic star. Because prime numbers are not
consecutive natural numbers, these stars are not normal.
However, they can consist of consecutive prime numbers, so
there are two types of series to look for, minimal solution prime
stars and consecutive primes, prime stars. And just as with
normal magic stars, rotations and reflections do not count as
unique.
13907
11
23
43
19
13921
13999
31
13
A. 17
#1 of 12
13997
13967
13931
14009
13963
41
B.
13913 #6 of 12 13933
124 - Order-5 prime magic stars. A. is minimal solution,

B. is minimal consecutive primes solution.
The minimal solution for order-6 prime stars uses 12 of the 14
primes (not 37 and 43) from 3 to 47 with 8 basic solutions and a
magic sum of 82. The minimal consecutive primes solution uses
primes 29 to 73 with 20 basic solutions and a magic sum of 204.
An interesting point. Unlike all normal magic stars and all
solutions for the order-5 prime magic star, none of the order-6
minimal solutions consist of complement pairs, and only 4 of the
20 minimal consecutive solutions have complement partners.
H. D. Heinz, http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/primestars.htm
Principal reversible square

See Reversible square, principal
Pure magic square 129

Proper magic cube
Refers to a cube that contains exactly the minimum requirements
for that class of cube. i.e. a proper simple or pantriagonal magic
cube would contain no magic squares, a proper diagonal magic
cube would contain exactly 3m + 6 simple magic squares, etc.
See the table in Summations for minimum requirements.
This term was coined by Mitsutoshi Nakamura in an email of
April 15, 2004.
Pure magic star

See Magic square, normal.
Pure magic star

See Magic star, normal.
Pythagorean magic squares

It is possible to build a set of three magic squares on the sides of a
triangle with sides equal to a pythagorean triplet. R. V. Heath published
several such magic squares in 1933. Here are examples (Heinz) of two
versions of this type of magic square built around the 3, 4, 5
pythagorean triangle.
The first set consists of three order-4 magic squares. The square of the
magic sum of a plus the magic sum of b is equal to the square of
the magic sum of c. The square of any cell in a plus the square of
the corresponding cell in b equals the square of the same cell in c.
In addition, the square of the sums of a added to the squares of the
sums for b for any 2 x 2 set of cells is equal to the square of the sum
of the corresponding 2 x 2 set of cells in magic square c. The four
corners of any 3 x 3 or 4 x 4 square (wrap-around works) also has this
same property, as does the sum of all the cells in the squares.
The second example shows 3 simple magic square of orders 3, 4 and 5
built on the sides of the 3, 4, 5 triangle. The magic constants of a and
b are 27 and 38 which sums to the magic constant of c.
Any addition magic square, when multiplied by members of a
pythagorean triplet, will produce a pythagorean set of magic squares.
R. V. Heath, Mathemagic, Dover, 1953
130
.. Pythagorean magic squares
36
39 21
27
24 6 48 18
33
3
9
42 15
12 30 a
45
48
52 28
36
32 8
24
64
4 44 20 12
56
40
b 16
60
c
40 65 60
70 55 10 35
20 25 80 45
75 50 15 30
125 - Pythagorean magic squares, all order-4, Sc = sa + Sb .

13
8
14
10
11
9
6
13
11
16
c
9
2 25 18 11
21 19 12 10
22 20 13
16 14
23
15
24 17
15
7 a
17
12
12
10
126 - Pythagorean magic squares, orders 3, 4, 5; Sc = sa + Sb.
Quadragonal 131
Q
Quadragonal
A 4-dimensional version of the 2-dimensional diagonal and the
3-dimensional triagonal. However, just as a 2-dimensional
diagonal can exist in spaces higher then 2 dimensions, and a
triagonal in spaces higher then 3 dimensions, so also a
quadragonal can exist in spaces higher then 4 dimensions.
A Magic Tesseract (4- dimensions) requires eight of these lines
of n numbers summing correctly that go from one corner to the
opposite corner through the center of the tesseract. Also called a
4-agonal.
1
7
6
2
2
6
4
7
127 - The eight opposite corner pairs of a magic

tesseract.
0-9684700-0-9, p 116
132
Quadrant
A quarter of a magic square. The four quadrants are; upper-left,
upper-right, lower-left and lower-right. If the magic square is
even, the size of each quadrant is n/2 square. If the magic square
is odd, the size of each quadrant is (m+1)/2 square and the center
row or center column is common to two orthogonally adjacent
quadrants.
Quadrants figure prominently in Quadrant magic squares.
Quadrant magic pattern

An pattern of m cells that appears in each quadrant of an order-m
quadrant magic square and is symmetrical around the center cell
of the quadrant. There are 5 such quadrant patterns for order-5, 7
for order-9, 38 for order-13, and 253 for order-17.
The first patterns discovered were named. Later ones were
identified with an index number. While patterns such as these
can be readily found in magic squares, to qualify as quadrant
magic, the square must contain an identical pattern in all four
quadrants.
Many quadrant patterns have cells that are in common with the
orthogonal adjacent arrays. This is because the center row of the
magic square is common to the two top and bottom arrays..
Likewise, with the center column, which is common to the two
side-by-side arrays.
128 - Some order-13 quadrant magic patterns.

Quadrant magic pattern even order 133

Quadrant magic pattern even order
Even order quadrant magic squares have not yet been
investigated. However, it is now known that they do exist. Any
orders 8m magic square may be quadrant magic. However, two
characteristics are markedly different.
The center cell of the quadrant is not part of the pattern. The
pattern is still required to be symmetrical around the center point
of the quadrant.
Cells are not common to two orthogonally adjacent quadrants.
This is because there is no center row and center column of the
magic square common to two quadrants as it is with odd order
magic squares.
Of the original five first discovered (and named) quadrant
patterns, only the lringmagic, sringmagic (no sringmagic for
order-8) and crosmagic exist in even order. I (Heinz) estimate
that when the subject is investigated, far fewer patterns will be
found to exist for even order then for odd order.
X X
XX
XX
X X
XXXX
X
X
X
X
XXXX
129 - Even order crosmagic and lringmagic patterns for

order 8, sringmagic and lringmagic patterns for order
12.
134
Quadrant magic square

Some magic squares of orders m equal to 4m + 1, have patterns
of m cells appearing in each quadrant that sum to the magic
constant.
See Quadrant magic pattern.
If a magic square contains 4 of these patterns in the 4 quadrants,
and if they are all the same type, it is called a quadrant-magic
square.
Because the center row and the center column of the square is
common to two adjacent quadrants, it is common for a border
cell to be a member of to two different patterns. We have
deliberately chosen the arrays to show below to avoid this.
Quadrant magic squares of odd order were investigated by Aale
deWinkel and Harvey Heinz in 1999. It is now known that there
are equivalent magic squares of even order. See Quadrant
magic pattern- even order.
43
106
13
76
139
33
96
159
53
129
23
86
149
22
85
148
42
105
12
75
138
32
95
158
65
128
157
64
127
21
84
147
41
117
11
74
137
31
94
136
30
93
169
63
126
20
83
146
40
116
10
73
115
9
72
135
29
92
168
62
125
19
82
145
52
81
144
51
114
8
71
134
28
104
167
61
124
18
60
123
17
80
156
50
113
7
70
133
27
103
166
39
102
165
59
122
16
79
155
49
112
6
69
132
5
68
131
38
101
164
58
121
15
91
154
48
111
153
47
110
4
67
143
37
100
163
57
120
14
90
119
26
89
152
46
109
3
66
142
36
99
162
56
98
161
55
118
25
88
151
45
108
2
78
141
35
77
140
34
97
160
54
130
24
87
150
44
107
1
130 - This order-13 quadrant magic square is 14 times

quadrant magic. i.e 14 patterns appear in all 4
quadrants.
.. Quadrant magic square 135

.. Quadrant magic square
That is, there are 14 patterns that each appear in all four
quadrants of the magic square. In fact, of the 38 total magic
patterns possible for order-13, 32 of them appear at least once in
the square and all 32 appear in the top left quadrant.
W
W
W W W W W W W X X X X X
W
Y Y
Y Y
Y
Y Y
Z
Z
Y Y
Y
Z
Z
131 - Some patterns of the order-13 quadrant magic

square
The above diagram shows the above quadrant magic square in
more detail.
We have indicated the center cell of each quadrant and the
outline of the two smaller patterns. However, each pattern must
be considered as occupying a 7 x 7 array so cells on the center
column and center row belong to two adjacent quadrants. Also,
each pattern appears in all four quadrants.
See more on this subject at Aale de Winkels web site at
136
R
Radix
See Base.
Regular magic square

See Associative magic squares
Also a major classification of Pandiagonal magic squares
See Regular & Irregular
Regular & Irregular

A common method of constructing a Pandiagonal magic square
makes use of 2 subsidiary squares where letters are used to
represent various constants. The values in the two squares are
then combined to obtain the value for the corresponding cell of
the magic square. If each letter appears exactly once in each row,
column and diagonal in both squares, the resulting pandiagonal
is considered regular. If they do not appear an equal number of
times in the rows, columns and diagonals of one or both squares,
then the resulting pandiagonal is irregular. All pandiagonal
magic squares of orders 4 and 5 are regular. There are
38,102,400 regular pandiagonals of order 7 and 640,120,320
irregular.
The number of cyclical pandiagonal magic squares of the mth
order (m = prime) is (m-3)(m-4)(m!)2/8.
The term regular sometimes is used for associated magic
squares. [1]
This type of pandiagonal magic square is sometimes called
cyclical. [2]
[1] Andrews, W. S., Magic Squares & Cubes, 2nd edition, Dover Publ. 1960
[2] Benson & Jacoby, New Recreations with Magic Squares, Dover, 1976
0-486-23236-0, p93- 141)
.. Regular & Irregular 137

.. Regular & Irregular
Aa Bb Cc Dd
0+2 4+3 8+1 12+4
16
Dc Cd Ba Ab
12+1 8+4 4+2 0+3
13 12
Bd Ac Db Ca
4+4 0+1 12+3 8+2
15 10
Cb Da Ad Bc
8+3 12+2 0+4 4+1
11 14
A.
B.
C.
132 - A regular pandiagonal magic square from a

Graeco-Latin square.
The two subsidiary squares are combined in A.
Values assigned (in this case) are A, B, C, D = 0, 4, 8 ,12.
Lower case a, b, c, d = 2, 3, 1, 4. These values appear in square
B. They are then added to give the final regular pandiagonal
magic square (C).
See Solution set for a different method.
Reflection
A transformation of a magic square by exchanging the contents
of cells on the right and left sides (or the top and bottom) as
though the matrix was reflected in a mirror See Standard
position, magic square for an illustration of rotation and
reflection.
Relative frequency.
To determine the relative frequency, or degree of rareness of a magic
square, cube, or hypercube, one must find all there are and divide by
the number of ways of placing numbers into the array.
For example: Consider the magic cube of order 3. There are 27
numbers in the cube. This means that there are Factorial 27 = 27! =
1.088886945x1028 ways of arranging numbers.
Out of all the arrangements possible, there are 4 basic cubes, and each
can be shown in 48 aspects due to rotations and reflections. This brings
the total count to 192 magic cubes of order three altogether. (This is
called the long count).
138
.. Relative frequency.
The relative frequency is then approximately 192/27! =
1.763268454x10-26.To calculate the odds against writing out a
magic cube of order three, you simply find the reciprocal, which
turns out to be 5.671286172x1025 : 1.
Relative frequency for some magic squares:
order-3 = 8/9! = 2.204585x10 5 ; order-5 = 275305224/25! =
1.774879092x10-18.
See Enumeration-magic squares.
J. R. Hendricks, The Magic Square Course, self-published 1991.
Representation .. square
A magic square may be shown in different ways. Here are three
of them. See also Intermediate and Literal squares.
aa
bA
Bb
AB
00
13
21
32
10
15
Ab
BB
ba
aA
31
22
10
03
14
11
bB
ab
AA
Ba
12
01
33
20
16
BA
Aa
aB
bb
23
30
02
11
12
13
A. Analytical
B. Intermediate
C. Conventional
133 - Three representations of an order-4 magic

square.
A. A Greaco-Latin square which is obviously pandiagonal. Each
symbol appears exactly 2 times in all 8 diagonals (as well as all
rows and columns.
B. A magic square using quaternary (base 4) numbers. It is derived
from A by assigning these values to the algebraic digits. a = 0, b =
1, B = 2 and A = 3.
C. The final pandiagonal magic square is obtained by converting the
base 4 numbers to base 10 (decimal) and adding 1 to each number.
The advantage of this system is that different values may be

assigned to the algebraic digits to produce different final magic
squares. The value zero is used deliberately so all base 4
numbers contain two digits.
J. R.Hendricks, Inlaid Magic Squares and cubes, Self-published 1999,
0-9684700-1-7, p.7
Representation .. star 139

Representation .. star
Magic stars have been illustrated in several pages in this book.
However, diagrams take up a lot of space. Solution list may be
represented concisely by showing the each solution number by
number in one line of type.
The lines of the illustration are simply filled in as we trace them
in order. The drawing shows the two types of patterns,
continuous or separate, for all magic stars. Note that all orders,
except six, have at least one continuous and, if the order number
is composite, at least one separate pattern. The number of
patterns per order increases for each odd order (orders 9 and 10
have 3 patterns). When you finish tracing the first separate
circuit, start the next circuit at the first vacant cell after passing
the top point (M in the A pattern shown here).
A
A
P
8A
H
D
8B
G
F
L
O
F
G
D
K
134 - Continuous and separate patterns for Order-8

magic stars.
By placing the numbers for the cell names in order we can list
one solution per line
140
.. Representation .. star
The first 4 solutions, in index order for Order-8A
1
3 14 16 2
8 13 5 15 6 12 11 10
3 14 16 2 12 4
9 13 8 10 15 11 7
3 16 14 2 11 7
3 16 14 6 12 2 13 11 8 10 15 7
8 15 5 13 6 10 9 12
5
p
8
The first 4 solutions, in index order for Order-8B

A
3 16 14 2 13 5 11 15 7 10 4
9 12 6
3 16 14 5
7 11 13 4 12 2
9 15 6 10
3 16 14 7
5 15 11 10 6
9 13 2 12
5 12 16 3 11 4 10 15 7
m n
2 13 8
135 - First four solutions for orders 8A and 8B.

H. D. Heinz, http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/magicstar_def.htm
19
10
2
20
22
18
17
8
16
14
23
7
21
12D
12
13
15
11
24
6 14
Representation .. tesseract 141

Representation .. tesseract
Until Hendricks published his version of a tesseract in 1962,
there was no satisfactory way to visualize or diagram a magic
tesseract. Researchers simply tabulated the square (or cube)
arrays in the tesseract.
136 Two traditional tesseract projections.
137 The modern Hendricks Tesseract projection.
142
.. Representation .. tesseract
Fig. 136 are the two old attempts to visualize the tesseract. They
cannot be partitioned which explains why Andrews, Kingery, Dr.
Planck and others had difficulty visualizing it.
Fig. 137 shows the modern method of depicting a magic
tesseract. For order-3, the numbers are placed at the location of
the dots.
Tesseracts of higher orders ( and hypercubes of higher
dimension) rapidly become too complex to show in diagram
form. The preferred alternative is to display them in tabular form
as a series of square arrays. See Magic tesseracts for an
example.
Probably the only practical method for displaying these large
magic figures is the one preferred by one of us (Hendricks).
Simply store the hypercube in a computer program. Then, on
request, print out a magic line that passes through a set of given
coordinates. Or print out the coordinates for a given number. See
Pathfinder.
J. R. Hendricks, Canadian Mathematical Bulletin, vol. 5, no. 2, 1962, p175
Reversible magic square

A pair of magic squares in which the digits of the numbers in
one square are in reverse order to the digits in the numbers of the
other square. See Ixohoxi and Upside-down magic squares
where the effect depends on the symmetry of the digits used.
15
94
36
97
79
63
49
51
96
37
91
18
81
19
73
69
93
16
98
35
53
89
61
39
38
95
17
92
29
71
59
83
Original
Its reverse
138 - A pair of magic squares, which have the digits in

reverse order.
Reversible square 143

Reversible square
This type of square was defined and used by K. Ollerenshaw in
her work with Most-Perfect Magic Squares. While not magic,
they are important because
there is a one-to-one relationship between most-perfect and
reversible squares
the number of reversible squares of a given order may be readily
determined.
Thus by simply calculating the number of reversible squares for a given
order, the number of most-perfect magic squares for that order is
immediately known.
Reversible squares are m x m arrays of the numbers from 1 to m2

(Ollerenshaw uses the series from 0 to m2 1). They have these
additional properties.
The sum of the two numbers at diagonally opposite corners of any
rectangle or sub-square within the reversible square will equal the sum
of the two numbers of the other pair of diagonally opposite corners.
The sum or the first and last numbers in each row or column equal the
sum of the next and the next to last number in each row or column, etc.
Diametrically opposed number pairs sum to m2 + 1.

1
10 11 12
10 11 12
13 14 15 16
13 14 15 16
13 14 15 16
A.
B.
C.
10 11 12
139 - A. Principal reversible square, B and C. 2 of its 16

variations.
These two were obtained by swapping rows (see next entry).
NOTE: I have used the series from 1 to 16 in these examples to
be consistent with the rest of this book. Ollerenshaw and Bre
use 0 to 15.
H. D. Heinz, http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/most-perfect.htm
0-905091-06-X
144
Reversible square, principal

Reversible squares may be assembled in sets whose members
may be transformed from one to another by
Interchanging a pair of complementary rows and/or columns.
Interchanging two rows/columns in one half of the square
together with interchanging the complementary rows/columns in
the other half of the square.
It is therefore necessary to define which is the principle square
from which the others in the set are derived from.
The principle reversible square is defined as that one containing
1 and 2
(0 and 1 if using series from 0 to m2-1) as the first two numbers
in the first row and all its rows and columns have sequences of
integers in ascending order.
1
9 10
11 12
9 10 11 12
9 10 13 14
13 14
13 14 15 16
11 12 15 16
15 16
140 - The 3 principal reversible squares of order-4.

There are three principle reversible squares for order-4, each
may be transformed to 15 other reversible squares, making three
sets of 16, for a total of 48 for order-4. Because each of these
may be mapped to a most-perfect magic square there are 48
most-perfect magic squares for order-4. i.e. all the order-4
pandiagonal magic squares are most-perfect.
.. Reversible square, principal 145

.. Reversible square, principal
Order
N
4
8
12
16
32
Principle
Reversible
square.
Nn
Variation of each
Mn=2n-2{(1/2n)!}2
Mn
Total MostPerfect magic

squares
Nn x M n
3
10
42
35
126
16
36864
5.30842 x 108
2.66355 x 1013
4.70045 x 1035
48
368640
2.22953 x 1010
9.32243 x 1014
5.92256 x 1037
141 Number of Most-perfect magic squares

0-905091-06-X
Right diagonal
The diagonal line of numbers from the lower left to upper right
corners of the magic square.
Rotation
A transformation of a magic square (or other magic object) by
rotating the magic square clockwise or counterclockwise. This
produces a different aspect, (a disguised magic square). 90degree rotations are easily accomplished using a coordinate
system. For a magic square, simply replace all coordinates (x, y)
by (m+1-y, x) and this square is rotated 90 degrees.
For a cube, there are four different kinds of rotation.
Spin where (x, y, z) is replaced by (m+1-y, x, z)

Yaw where (x. y, z) is replaced by (m+1-z, y, x)
Roll where (x, y, z) is replaced by (x, m+1-z. y)
Around main triagonal where (x, y, z) is replaced by (y, z, x)
See associated magic cube and basic magic cube illustrations for
the rotation of a cube.
See Standard position, magic square for an illustration of rotation
and reflection.
146
Row
Each horizontal sequence of numbers. There are n rows of length
n in an order n magic square.
See orthogonals for a magic cube graphic example.
1
16
18
14
11
21 3
6
17
7
8 11D
12
5
15
20
2
10
13
19
4
9
22
S 147
S
S
Indicates the magic sum. See constant.
Sagrada magic square

The Sagrada Familia cathedral in Barcelona, Spain, contains an
unusual magic square.
Both the number 10 and the number 14 are repeated twice and
there is no 12 or 16. The magic sum is 33. So this is not a magic
square in the true sense. But what is its significance?
The Sagrada Familia cathedral is the most important work of
Gaudi, a Spanish architect considered as a true genius. He
worked on this building from 1882 until his death in 1926.
Recently work has resumed in an effort to complete the building.
14
14
11
10
10
13
15
142 - The Sagrada magic square sums to 33.

There is some information about the cathedral at:
http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Sagrada_Familia.html
Two pictures of the magic square may be seen on the Heinz Web site at
http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/unususqr.htm#Sagrada Familia
148
Sator word square

Magic squares are usually considered a numerical construction.
However, in the middle ages when magic squares were
considered amulets, and believed to have magic powers, the
Sator word square was held in high esteem and believed to have
magical powers. It also seemed to be of importance to the early
Christian church.
This order five square is constructed from the Latin palindrome,
SATOR AREPO TENET OPERA ROTAS. Because this phrase
is palindromic, it reads the same backwards as forward.
143 - The Sator word magic square.
Self-similar magic squares

A magic square which after each number is converted to its
complement, is a rotated and/or reflected copy of the original
magic square. This is sometimes referred to as selfcomplimenting.
Mutsumi Suzuki discovered magic squares with this feature and
named it self-similar. He has listed 16 order-5 magic squares and
352 order-4 magic squares of this type.
One of us (Heinz) subsequently realized that any magic square
in which the complementary pairs are symmetric across either
the horizontal or the vertical center line of the square is selfsimilar. The resulting copy is either horizontally or vertically
reflected. Because associated magic squares are symmetric
across both these lines, all such magic squares are self-similar
and the copy is horizontally and vertically reflected from the
original.
Self-similar magic squares 149

.. Self-similar magic squares
For order-4, all 48 group III which are associated, are selfsimilar. Also all group VI, which are not associated but are
symmetric across either the horizontal or vertical axis are selfsimilar.
6
26
45
29
18
42
40
23
43
11
35
20
28
48
12
31
16
36
17
37
25
49
13
33
46
14
34
19
38
22
30
15
39
27
47
10
32
21
41
24
44
144 - An order-7 associated, and thus self-similar,

magic square.
If each number in this square is subtracted from 50, the same
magic square emerges, but rotated 180.The underlined cells
shows the parity pattern (which is unrelated to the self-similar
property).
2
10
15
15
10
12
12
11
16
16
11
13
14
14
13
145 - An order-4 self-similar magic square that is not

associated.
A. shows an order-4 that is not associated and B. shows its
complement, which is self-similar. The process of
complementing each number of a magic object is also known as
complementary pair interchange (CPI).
See Heinz Self-similar Magic Squares page (self-similar.htm)
http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/self-similar.htm
Link to Mr. Suzuki s Magic Squares page from Heinzs links page.
See an excellent paper on this subject in Robert S. Sery, Magic Squares of Order-4 and
their Magic Square Loops, Journal of Recreational Mathematics, 29:4, page 274
150
Semi-diabolic
See Semi-pandiagonal magic square.
Semi-magic square
The rows & columns of the square sum correctly but one or both
main diagonals do not. This may be generalized to n-dimensional
hypercubes by saying if one or more n-agonals do not sum
correctly.
2332
2401 2209
961
169
25
2025
16
324
1521
36
529
1369
676
484
1296 1225
196
5775
361
1681
900
625
1024
784
400
5775
289
256
225
1936 1764
576
729
5775
121
100
1089 2116
64
841
1444 5775
49
144
1600
81
2304 1156 5775
441
5775
1849 5775
5775 5775 5775 5775 5775 5775 5775 7479

146 - An order-7 semi-magic square of squares.
This semi-magic square by D. M. Collison consists of the
squares of the numbers from 1 to 49. See Square of squares.
Kraitchik, Maurice, Mathematical Recreations, Dover Publ., 1953, 53-9354. p. 143
Semi-Pandiagonal
Also known as SemiDiabolic These magic squares have the
property that the sum of the cells in the opposite short diagonals
are equal to the magic constant (subject to the following
conditions).
In an odd order square, these two opposite short diagonals,
which together contain m-1 cells, will, when added to the center
cell equal the squares constant. The two opposite short
diagonals, which together contain m+1 cells, will sum to the
constant if the center cell is subtracted from their total.
Semi-pandiagonal 151
.. Semi-Pandiagonal
In an even order square, the two opposite short diagonals which
together consist of n cells will sum to the square's constant. The
opposite short diagonals that together contain (3/2)m will sum to
3/2 constant., etc.
Of the 880 fundamental magic squares of order 4, 384 are semipan ( 48 of these are also associative).
3
16
22
15
15
20
21
14
11
13
25
13
19
14
12
24
12
18
10
16
11
17
10
23
A.
B.
147 - Semi-pandiagonal magic squares:

A. not associated, B. associated.
The underlined cells indicate the short diagonals.
A. even order, opposite short diagonals = S;
B. odd order, opposite short diagonals plus center = S.
Sequence patterns
The center of the cells containing consecutive numbers are
joined by lines. See magic lines.
Series
Broadly speaking, series refers to the set of numbers that make
up the magic object.
However, it also has a narrower meaning. A magic square
usually contains m series of m numbers. The horizontal step
within each series is a constant. The vertical step between
corresponding numbers of each series is also a constant. This
step can be but need not be the same as the horizontal step.
A normal magic square has the starting number, the horizontal
step and the vertical step all equal to 1.
152
.. Series
After the N initial series are established, the magic square is
constructed using any appropriate method. If m = the squares
order, a = starting number, d = the horizontal step D = the
vertical step, and K = sum of numbers in the first series; then
S = (m3 + m) / 2 + m (a - 1 ) + ( K - m ) [ m ( d - 1 ) + ( D - 1 )]
See Horizontal step, Order-3 type 2, and Vertical step for
examples.
W.S.Andrews, Magic Squares and Cubes,1917, pp 54-63
J.L.Fults, Magic Squares, 1974, pp 37-39
Serrated magic square

This special type of magic square was described by H. A. Sayles
in The Monist sometime between 1905 and 1916 (see footnote).
It is rich in unusual features, some of which are presented here.
14
19 16 30
29 24 40
4
39 17
36 11 25 22
27 10
21 15 32 35 38
20 33 31 26 37
41 18
34 13
12
23
28
148 - Order-9 serrated magic square.
.. Serrated magic square 153

.. Serrated magic square
G.
B.
E.
A.
F.
C.
D.
149 - Patterns for the above serrated magic square

Figure A. represents the diagonal in a conventional magic
square. Here it is the longest horizontal and vertical lines. B.
represents the rows and columns. In this square, there are 16 of
them, the same as the number of boundary cells.
The other figures also appear in this construction, but only
because in this case, the embedded squares are pandiagonal. C
and D each appear nine times, E and F six times, and G 12 times.
You can change the order-4 pandiagonal to an associated magic
square by simply exchanging rows 3 and 4, then columns 3 and
4. Make the necessary changes to the serrated square and notice
the main features are still valid but figures C to G no longer are.
14
30
22
38
16
25
35
19
40
11
32
24
36
15
29
21
37
13
17
26
34
39
10
31
23
27
33
18
20
41
12
28
150 - Two pandiagonal magic squares contained in the

above serrated magic square.
Here we show these two magic squares in the more normal
orientation. Rotate 45 clockwise to see how they fit into the
serrated square.
W.S.Andrews, Magic Squares and Cubes, 1917, pp241-244
154
Short diagonal
One which runs parallel to a main diagonal from 1 side of the
square to an adjacent side. For a magic square of order 2m, each
short diagonal contains m cells. For a magic square of order 2m1, each short diagonal contains (m-1)/2 cells. See Semipandiagonal magic squares and Opposite short diagonals for
illustrations.
Used by some authors on magic cubes to mean the diagonals of a
square face, or cross section of a cube. For this case, Hendricks
uses diagonal, or 2-agonal instead.
See also Long Diagonal.
Simple Magic Square

A square array of numbers, usually integers, in which all the
rows, columns, and the two main diagonals have the same sum.
As these are the minimum specifications to qualify as a magic
square this term signifies it has no special features. The one
order 3 magic square is not simple (it is associative). Of the 880
order 4 magic squares, 448 are classified as simple. A broad
classification of magic squares is;
Simple
Associated
Semi-pandiagonal
Pandiagonal (perfect)
Combinations; Associated with Semi-pandiagonal or
pandiagonal
Singly-even order
The side of the square is divisible by two but not by four. This is
the most difficult order to construct. Order-6 is the smallest
singly-even order magic square.
Also called oddly-even order.
.. Singly-even 155
.. Singly-even order
26 27 22 23
28 25 24 21
34 35 18 19
36 33 17 20
14 15 10 11 30 31
13 16 12
29 32
151 - An order-6 simple, normal, singly-even magic

square
It is not possible to have an order-6 magic square consisting of
the numbers 1 to 36 (or any other consecutive numbers) that is
also pandiagonal or associated.
W. S. Andrews, Magic Squares and Cubes, Dover, Publ., 1960, p.266.
Skew related
More modern terms are Symmetrical cells and Diametrically
equidistant.
RouseBall & Coxeter, Mathematical Recreations and Essays, 1892, (13 Edition,
p.194)
16
13
20
4
22
21
19
15
7
23
9
3
8
18
12
6
17
5
10
12C
11
14
24
156
Solution set
The set of numbers assigned to algebraic symbols which may
bring about the solution one seeks. For example, one seeks a
pandiagonal magic square of order 6. One devises a pattern, as
follows.
bA
cC
aB
BA CC AB
aC
bB
cA
AC BB
cB
aA
bC
CB
CA
AA BC
This pattern shows a general

pandiagonal magic square of
order six. a,A,b,B,c,C stand for
0,1,2,3,4,5 in some order or
other.
There is a provision that

a+A=b+B=c+C=m-1. If you
study the lines of first digits and
ac bb ca Ac Bb Ca
the lines of second digits, you
will find that in the diagonals,
cb aa bc Cb Aa Bc
they will all sum the same sum
which would be 15 from. the
152 - An algebraic pattern for an order-6 pandiagonal
magic square.
ba
cc
ab
Ba
Cc
Ab
In the first column, b+a+c+b+a+c must sum 15, which is

impossible. Therefore, in the number system based six, although
one can get the diagonals to sum a magic sum, we cannot get the
rows and columns to do so. The goal is to obtain a pandiagonal
magic square, not necessarily a normal one. So, what we do is
increase the order m to 7, or any odd number higher than 7 and
get a solution.
Using the number system base 7.with digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 , if we
omit the 3 and use the others, there is a solution. The equation
becomes: a+A=b+B=c+C=7-1=6. Below are one solution (you
can find others), one magic square in the number system base 7
and its conversion to the decimal number system.
Solution set: a = 0, A = 6, b = 4, B = 2, c = 5, C = 1
.. Solution set 157

... Solution set
46
51
02
26
11
62
35
37
21
45
01
42
56
61
22
16
31
42
44
17
14
52
06
41
12
66
21
38
30
10
49
16
40
55
04
20
15
64
29
41
15
13
47
05
44
50
65
24
10
33
36
48
19
54
00
45
14
60
25
40
34
12
43
20
Pandiagonal base 7, then plus 1 to Pandiagonal

base 10
153 - The order-6 pandiagonal in base 7 and base-10
And dont be surprised if you get a bonus, The base ten square
sums 150 and it is bimagic in rows and columns with the sum
5150.
See Intermediate square and Literal square.
1
16
17
7
19
13
11
20
10A
5
8
10
6
3
12
14
15
4
18
158
Space diagonal
A line joining opposite corners of a hypercube. When moving
along the line, all n coordinates will change (n is dimension of
the hypercube).
See triagonals, quadragonals and n-agonals.
Species, order-3
Species is a consideration of the placement of even and odd
numbers in the normal order-3 magic square, cube and tesseract.
This classification has no meaning if the magic square, etc. does
not consist of consecutive numbers. For instance, an order-3
prime number magic square must consist of all odd numbers.
An even number
An odd number
154 - Even and odd number placement in a magic

square and cube.
There is only one basic magic square of order-3, and so only 1
species with the even numbers appearing on the four corners.
The magic cube must have three even numbers on two edges of
each of the six faces. So, even though there are four basic order3 magic cubes, there is only one species.
.. Species, order-3 159

.. Species, order-3
155 - Species # 1 of the order-3 magic tesseract.

There are three types of order-3 magic tesseracts. In each case,
the type of species is determined by the even and odd numbers in
the lines (row, column, pillar, file) radiating from corners that
have odd numbers.
Species # 1; All four lines consist of two even numbers (plus the
odd corner number). Of the 58 basic magic tesseracts, only 2 are
of this species. Species # 2; two lines have all odd numbers, the
other two lines have 2 even numbers (plus the odd corner
number). 24 basic tesseracts are of this species. Species # 3;
Through an odd corner numbers, either the other two numbers
are even in only one line, or odd in only one line. The remaining
32 basic tesseracts belong to this species.
J. R. Hendricks, Species of Third Order Magic Squares and Cubes, JRM 6:3, 1973,
pp.190-192.
0-9684700-2-5, pp 4-7.
160
Square of squares.
This is a Number Square where when you square the numbers
it becomes magic. It is important because you have four types:
Number --- not magic
Semi-magic --- only rows and columns sum correctly
Magic -- sums a constant in first degree
Square of Squares - sums a constant second degree
Bimagic - sums a constant in either degree
Nobody yet has determined if it is possible for a square of
squares to be fully magic (when the original numbers do NOT
form a magic square).
Following are two examples of a semi-magic square of squares.
Kevin Brown calls these Orthomagic squares of squares. Brown
shows proof on his Web site that an order-3 of this type cannot
be magic.
See also Semi-magic for an order-7 example.
155
8571
11 23 71 105
121
61 41 17 119
3721 1681
289
5691
43 59 19 121
1849 3481
361
5691
115 123 107 71

A.
529
5041 5691
5691 5691 5691 2163

B
156 - Square of prime numbers make a semi-magic

square.
A. Original numbers (all primes) but not magic.
B. Square of these prime numbers form a semi-magic square.
.. Square of squares 161

.. Square of squares.
143
4
6849
16
529
2704 3249
23 52
79
32 44 17
93
1024 1936
289
3249
47 28 16
91
2209
256
3249
83 95 85 64
A.
784
3249 3249 3249 2208

B.
157 - The smallest orthomagic arrangement of distinct

squares.
A. Original number square.
B. Squares of numbers. The rows and columns all sum to 3249,
the square of 57.
From Kevin Browns Web site at http://www.seanet.com/~ksbrown/kmath427.htm
Sringmagic
An array of m cells in the shape of a small ring that appears in
each quadrant of an order-n quadrant magic square. This is one
of the first 5 patterns discovered. However, This pattern doesnt
exist for order-5.
158 - Sringmagic quadrant pattern for order-9 and

order-13
162
Standard position - magic square

Any magic square may be disguised to make 7 other
(apparently) different magic squares by means of rotations
and/or reflections. These variations are NOT considered as new
magic squares for purposes of enumeration. For the purpose of
listing and indexing magic squares, a standard position must be
defined. The magic square is then rotated and/or reflected until it
is in this position. This position was defined by Frnicle in 1693
and consists of only two requirements.
Conditions for standard position:
The lowest of any corner number must be in the upper left hand
corner.
The cell in the top row adjacent to the top left corner must be
lower then the leftmost position of the second row (also adjacent
to the top left corner).
This process is called Normalizing. Achieving the first
condition may require rotation. The second may require rotation
and reflection. Once the magic square is in this position, it may
be put in the correct index position in a list of magic squares of a
given order.
This definition has meaning (and relevance) only for a normal
magic square.
Another term often used for a magic square with these
qualifications is Fundamental.
4
15
16
10
14 11
11
13
14
12
16
14
12
11
13
12 13
16
10
15
10
15
A. Standard position
B.
C.
159 Order-4, standard position, and two disguises.

Magic square A. is the basic version; B. copy but vertically
reflected, C copy but rotated 90 clockwise.
Bensen & Jacoby, New Recreations with Magic Squares, 1976, p 123.
Standard position magic star 163

Standard position - magic star
A magic star may be disguised to make 2n-1 apparently different
magic stars where n is the order (number of points) of the magic
star.
Three characteristics determine the Standard position.
The diagram is oriented so only one point is at the top.
The top point of the diagram has the lowest value of all the
points.
The valley to the right of the top point has a lower value then
that of the valley to the left.
This process is called Normalizing. Achieving the first and
second conditions may require rotation. The third may require
reflection. Once the magic star is in this position, it may be put
in the correct index position in a list of magic stars of a given
order.
This definition has
meaning (and relevance) only3 for a normal
1
magic star. See the Heinz web page on Magic Star Definitions.
3
10
A.
12
11
11
10
12
B.
160 - An order-6 magic star and a disguised version of

it.
Star A. is index # 23 of the basic 80 order-6 magic stars. It is in
the standard position because 1 is the smallest point number and
it is at the top. The second condition is that the 6 in the valley to
the right of the top point is smaller then the 9 in the valley to the
left..
Star B. is a disguised version of star A. To be put in the standard
position (normalized) it must first be rotated one position
clockwise, then it has to be reflected horizontally.
H. D. Heinz, http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/magicstar_def.htm
164
Subtraction magic square

Interchange the contents of diagonal opposite corners of an
order-3 addition magic square. Now, if you add the two outside
numbers and subtract the center one from the sum, you get the
constant 5.
The Division magic square is a similar conversion from the
Multiply (Geometric) magic square.
161 - Subtraction magic square

A. order-3 magic square, B. resulting subtract magic square. QB
=5
Summations
The magic sum for an n-Dimensional Magic Hypercube of Order
m is given by:
S = m(1 + mn)/2
In a magic object, there are many lines that produce the magic
sum. The table below, shows the minimum requirement of the
number of lines for various types of magic hypercubes and is
derived from the following equation:
N = 2(r-1)n!m(n-1)/[r!(n-r)!]
Where: N is the number of r-agonals

n is the dimension of the hypercube
m is the order of the hypercube, and
r is the dimension of the hyperplane.
When r = 1, the number of orthogonals is given by N. As well,

shown is the smallest order for the various classifications of
pandiagonal, pantriagonal, etc. which is known. for each
dimension. Some of the tesseracts are not known yet and some of
these varieties have not been constructed yet.
.. Summations 165
.. Summations
This table provides the minimum requirements for each
category. Usually, there are some extra lines which may sum the
magic sum, but not a complete set so as to change the category.
Magic
Lowest
i-row
Hypercube
Order
3
4
2m
2m
2
2m
3
5
4
8?
7
8
3m2
3m2
3m2
3m2
3m2
3m2
3
?
?
4
4m3
4m3
4m3
4m3
?
?
?
16
4m3
4m3
4m3
4m3
Square
Regular
Pandiagonal
Cube
Regular
Diagonal
Pantriagonal
PantriagDiag
Pandiagonal
Perfect
Tesseract
Regular
Pandiagonal
Pantriagonal
Panquadragonal
Pan2 + Pan3
Pan2 +Pan4
Pan3 + Pan4
Perfect
n-agonals
3
Total
2m + 2
4m
3m2 + 4
3m2+6m+4
7m2
7m2+6m
9m2 + 4
13m2
4
4
4m2
4 m2
4
4m2
6m
6m
6m2
6m2
3
12m
16m3
12m3
12m3
3
12m
16m3
16m3
16m3
8
8
8
8m3
4m3 + 8
16m3 + 8
20m3 + 8
12m3
8
8m3
8m3
8m3
32m3 + 8
24m3
28m3
40m3
162 - Hypercubes number of correct summations.
Symmetrical cells
Two cells that are the same distance and on opposite sides of the
center of the cell are called symmetrical cells. In an odd order
square the center is itself a cell. In an even order square the
center is the intersection of 4 cells. Other definitions for these
pairs are skew related and diametrically equidistant (illustration).
166
.. Symmetrical cells
X
2
Z
1/2
163 - Symmetrical cells in even and odd order magic

squares.
X, Y and Z in each case are symmetrical cells. 1 is symmetrical
around the vertical axis only and 2 around the horizontal axis
only.
RouseBall & Coxeter, Mathematical Recreations and Essays,1892 (13 Edition,
p.194,202)
Symmetrical magic square

See Associated Magic Square.
1
20
22
6
23
14
13
24
12A
11
17
18
4
15
19
10
7
12
8
16
21
Talisman magic square 167
T
Talisman magic square
A Talisman square is an m x m array of the integers from 1 to m2
so that the difference (D) between any integer and its neighbors,
horizontally, vertically, of diagonally, is greater then some given
constant. The rows, columns and diagonals will NOT sum to the
same value so the square is not magic in the normal sense of the
word. This type of square was discovered and named by Sidney
Kravitz.
28
10
31
13
34
16
15
12
19
22
25
20
22
18
24
29
11
32
14
35
17
16
13
10
20
23
26
21
23
19
25
30
12
33
15
36
18
17
14
11
21
24
27
D>4
D>8
164 - Two Kravitz Talisman squares

Joseph S. Madachy, Mathemaics On Vacation, 1966, pp 110-112.
Tesseract
A four-dimensional equivalent to a cube. A regular fourdimensional hypercube. It is bounded by 16 corners, 32 edges,
24 squares, 8 cubes. See Basic magic tesseract, Magic
tesseract, Partitioning, Perfect magic tesseract, and
Quadragonal for illustrations.
Pickover, Clifford A., The Zen of Magic Squares, Circles and Stars, Princeton Univ.
Press, 2002, 0-691-07041-5, page 117
168
Transformation
Any order-5 pandiagonal magic square may be converted to
another magic square by permuting the rows and columns in the
order 1-3-5-2-4. Each of these two magic squares can be
transformed to another by exchanging the rows and columns
with the diagonals. Finally, each of these four squares may be
converted to 24 other magic squares by moving one row (or
column) at a time to the opposite side.
See cyclical permutations.
Any order-5 magic square can be transposed to another one by
either of the following two transformations.
Exchange the left and right columns, then the top and bottom rows.
Exchange columns 1 and 2 and columns 4 and 5. Then exchange
rows 1 and 2, and rows 4 and 5.
These methods, of course, also work for all odd orders greater
then order-5.
Another type of transformation converts any magic square to its
compliment by subtracting each integer in the magic square from
n2 + 1. In some cases this results in a copy of the original magic
square.
Still other types of transformations involve complementing digits
of the numbers when represented in the radix of the magic
square order.
See the Heinz Transformation pages which shows more then 45
transformations (for order-4).
2 11
16 5
13 8
3 10
7 14
9 4
12 1
6 15
2 11 5 16
7 14 4 9
12 1 15 6
13 8 10 3
165 - Transforming an associated magic square to a

pandiagonal magic square by changing quadrants to
rows.
H. D. Heinz, http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/transform.htm
Benson & Jacoby, Magic Squares & Cubes, 1976, pp.128-131.
Translocation 169
Translocation
When the left column of numbers is moved to the right side of
the magic square, or vice-versa. Or the top row is moved to the
bottom (or the bottom to the top). For cubes, the front face may
be moved to the back, etc. This works for any dimension of
hypercube, but only if the figure is pan-n-agonal or perfect. If we
tried this with a pan-diagonal magic cube, it would change the
triagonals and the new triagonals may not sum correctly.
In a pan-4-agonal magic tesseract, an entire facial cube may be
shifted to the other side of the tesseract and it remains magic.
This is because we place the emphasis that the main n-agonals
must sum the magic sum.
This is a type of Transformation.
Transposition
The permutation of the rows and columns of a pandiagonal
magic square in order to change it into another pandiagonal
magic square.
For order-5 this is cyclical 1-3-5-2-4. For order-7 there are two
non-cyclical permutations, 1-3-5-7-2-4-6 and 1-4-7-3-6-2-5.
Another transposition method for pandiagonals is to exchange
the rows and columns with the diagonals.
Benson & Jacoby, Magic squares & Cubes, Dover 1976, 0-486-23236-0, pp.146154.
The above authors devote a chapter in their book to

transposition, but freely use the term transformation elsewhere in
the same book. Other authors seem to prefer the term
transformation. In general, either term may be considered any
method of converting one magic square into another one.
Traditional magic square

See Magic square, normal
170
Triagonal
A space diagonal that goes from 1 corner of a magic cube to the
opposite corner, passing through the center of the cube. There
are 4 of these in a magic cube and all must sum correctly (as
well as the rows, columns and pillars) for the cube to be magic.
As you go from cell to cell along the line, all three coordinates
change. In tesseracts this is called a quadragonal. For higher
order hypercubes, this is called an n-agonal or space diagonal.
Of course, with these higher dimensions there are more
coordinates. A triagonal is sometimes called a long diagonal. See
orthogonal for an illustration.
Order
Triagonals in one direction

1 segments 2 segments 3 segments
Total
16
12
12
25
15
20
36
18
30
49
21
42
64
24
56
81
10
27
72
100
166 # of parallel segmented triagonals for orders 3 to 10

Because there are four triagonals in a magic cube, the above
figures must be multiplied by four to obtain the actual number of
triagonals in the cube.
J.R.Hendricks, Inlaid Magic Squares and Cubes, 1999.
Trimagic Square
Also called Triplemagic. A magic square in which all the
number lines sum correctly, when each number is squared the
lines sum correctly, and when each number is cubed the lines
sum correctly. Benson and Jacoby show a method to produce
order-32 trimagic squares, the smallest so far constructed. See
Bimagic Square for an illustration.
Benson & Jacoby, Magic squares & Cubes, Dover 1976, 0-486-23236-0
Upside-down magic square 171
U
Upside-down magic square.
The digits 0, 1 and 8 have horizontal and vertical symmetry and
so read the same right-side up, in reverse, and upside-down. See
Ixohoxi magic square for an order-8 square of this type that
uses digits 1 and 8 only. The 6 and the 9 may be added to this
list, but in their case the upside-down 6 becomes a nine. and the
upside down 9 a six.
The upside-down magic square below is produced using only
these five digits. When it is turned upside down, by 180
rotation, a new magic square is produced. The square may also
be viewed upside down by reflection. This produces still another
magic square, but in this case digits 6 and the 9 are reversed.
Of course, in all cases, the resulting magic square is only a
disguised version of the original. The novelty is due to the fact
that the numbers read correctly. See Ixohoxi.
See also Reversible magic square, which doesnt depend on
symmetrical digits.
00
66 88 99
86 98 0 9 0 6
9 6 0 8 96 08
9 06 8 69 8 0
68 89 90 0
167 - Mr. Collisons order-5 pandiagonal upside-down

magic square.
172
V
Vertical step
The difference between corresponding numbers of the m series.
It is not a reference to the rows of the magic square.In a normal
magic square, the horizontal step and vertical step are both 1.
1480028201
1480028129
1480028183
1480028153
1480028171
1480028189
1480028159
1480028213
1480028141
168 - The smallest possible consecutive prime magic

square.
In fig. 168, the horizontal step is 12 and the vertical step is 6.
Because the vertical step is positive, this is a type 1 magic
square. It was discovered, along with 21 others, by Harry L.
Nelson in 1988.
23813359751
23813359613
23813359727
23813359673
23813359697
23813359721
23813359667
23813359781
23813359643
169 - The smallest possible Type 2 consecutive prime

magic square.
This magic square consists of three triplets of primes with
horizontal step of 30 and vertical step of 6. It was recognized
by Aale de Winkel in August, 1999 as a Type 2 magic square,
working from a list of consecutive prime number sequences
found by Harry L. Nelson in 1988. See Horizontal step and
Order-3, type 2.
W.S.Andrews, Magic Squares and Cubes,1917
E-mail messages between Aale de Winkel, H. D. Heinz, and Harry J. Smith in July
and August, 1999.
Harry L. Nelson, J. Recreational Mathematics, 20:3, 1988, A Consecutive Prime 3 x
3 Magic Square.
H. D. Heinz, http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/type2.htm
Weakly-magic stars 173
W
Weakly- magic stars
Marin Trenkler of Safarik University, Slovakia, refers to a
magic star that does not use consecutive numbers (i.e. not
normal) as weakly-magic.
16
18
3
35
27
34
37
31
12
11
25
29
W
S8
170 - An order-8B star that is weakly magic because

numbers are not consecutive.
H. D. Heinz, http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/trenkler.htm
Marin Trenkler, Magicke Hviezdy (Magic stars), Obsory Matematiky, Fyziky a
Informatiky, 51(1998).
174
Wrap-around
Used in pandiagonal magic squares to indicate that lines are
actually loops. Each edge may be considered to be joined to the
opposite edge. If you move from left to right along a row, when
you reach the right edge of the magic square, you wrap-around
to the first cell on the left.
Or consider that the pandiagonal magic square is repeated in all
four directions. Any n x n section of this array may be
considered as a pandiagonal magic square. This results from the
fact the broken diagonal pairs form complete lines.
See Broken-diagonal pair for an illustration.
1
10
10
11
12
13
14
15
11
12
13
14
15
11
12
13
14
16
17
18
19
20
16
17
18
19
20
16
17
18
19
21
22
23
24
25
21
22
23
24
25
21
22
23
24
10
10
11
12
13
14
15
11
12
13
14
15
11
12
13
14
16
17
18
19
20
16
17
18
19
20
16
17
18
19
21
22
23
24
25
21
22
23
24
25
21
22
23
24
10
10
11
12
13
14
15
11
12
13
14
15
11
12
13
14
171 - An unorthodox use of wrap-around generates an

order-5 magic square.
This unconventional use of wrap-around may be used to generate
odd order magic squares. Broken diagonal pairs better illustrates
the normal meaning of the term.
J. R. Hendricks, The Magic Square Course, self-published 1991, p 67.
References
175
David H. Ahl, Computers in Mathematics: A Sourcebook

of Ideas. Creative Computer Press,1979, 0-916688-16-X,
P. 117
W. S. Andrews, Magic Squares and Cubes, Dover, Publ.,
1960, pp124-125
Benson & Jacoby, Magic squares & Cubes, Dover 1976,
0-486-23236-0
Kevin Brown,
Kevin Brown,
L. E. Card, J. Recreational Mathematics, 1:2, 1968,
pp.93-99.
Cormie & Lineks anti-magic square page at
http://www.uwinnipeg.ca/~vlinek/jcormie/index.html
H. E. Dudeney, Amusements in Mathematics,Dover 1958,
0-486-20473-1 (Reprint of 1917 work)
J. L. Fults, Magic Squares, Open Court 1974,
0-87548-197-3
Martin Gardner, New Mathematical Diversions from
Scientific American, Simon & Schuster 1966, 66-26153.
pp.162-172.
176
H. D. Heinz web page on Iso-like Magic Stars
http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/panmagic.htm
H. D. Heinz web page on Magic Star Definitions
http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/magicstar_def.htm
H. D. Heinz web page, Most-Perfect Magic Squares
http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/most-perfect.htm
H. D. Heinz web page, Quadrant Magic Squares
http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/quadrant.htm
H. D. Heinz web page, Self-similar Magic Squares
http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/self-similar.htm
H. D. Heinz web page, Transformations
http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/transform.htm
H. D. Heinz web page, Trenkler Stars
http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/trenkler.htm
H. D. Heinz Web page on 3-D Magic Stars
http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/3-d_star.htm
H. D. Heinz Web page on Tree-planting graphs.
http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/order5.htm
H. D. Heinz Web page on Unusual Magic Stars.
http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/unusualstr.htm
H. D. Heinz Web page on Order-3 type 2.
http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/type2.htm
177
H. D. Heinz Web page on Prime Magic Stars.
http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/primestars.htm
J. R. Hendricks, All Third Order Magic Tesseracts,
self-published 1999, 0-9684700-2-5
J. R. Hendricks, Bimagic Squares: Order 9, self-published
1999, 0-9684700-6-8
J. R. Hendricks, A Bimagic Cube Order 25, self-published
1999, 0-9684700-6-8 and
Danielsson, Printout of A Bimagic Cube Order 25, 2000
J. R. Hendricks, Inlaid Magic Squares and Cubes,
Self-published 2000, 0-9684700-7-6
J. R. Hendricks, The Magic Square Course, self-published
1991, p 32
J. R. Hendricks, Magic Squares to Tesseracts by Computer,
Self-published 1999, 0-9684700-0-9
J. R. Hendricks, Perfect n-Dimensional Magic Hypercubes
of Order 2n, Self-published,1999, 0-9684700-4-1
J. R. Hendricks, American Mathematical Monthly,
Vol. 75, No. 4, April 1968, p.384
J. R. Hendricks, Canadian Mathematical Bulletin,
Vol. 5, No. 2, 1962, p175
J. R. Hendricks, J. Recreational Mathematics, 25:4, 1993,
pp 286-288, An Inlaid Magic Cube
178
A. W. Johnson, Jr., J. Recreational Mathematics 15:2,
1982-83, p. 84
Katagiri & Kobayashi, J. Recreational Mathematics, 15:3,
1982-83, pp200-208, Magic Triangular Regions of Orders
5 and 6.
M. Kraitchik, Mathematical Recreations., Dover Publ. ,
1942, 53-9354, pp 166-170
Joseph S. Madachy, Mathematics On Vacation, Nelson,
1966, 17-147099-0
Jim Moran Magic Squares, 1981, 0-394-74798-4
Harry L. Nelson, J. Recreational Mathematics, 20:3, 1988,
p.214-216.
Ollerenshaw and D. Bre, Most-Perfect Pandiagonal Magic
Squares, IMA 1998, 0-905091-06-X
Carlos Rivera Prime Problems & Puzzles WWW site
http://www.primepuzzles.net/
RouseBall & Coxeter, Mathematical Recreations and
Essays, 1892, 13 Edition, p.194
Lee SallowsAbacus 4, 1986, pp.28-45 & 1987 pp.20-29
Harry J. Smith at http://home.netcom.com/~hjsmith/
Ian Stewart, Mathematical Recreations column in
Scientific American, November 1999
179
Mutsumi Suzukis large WWW site now at
http://mathforum.org/te/exchange/hosted/suzuki/MagicSqu
are.html
Marin Trenkler, Obzory Matematiky, Fyziky a
Informatiky, 1998, no. 51, pp.1-7, Magic Stars
Marin Trenkler, The Mathematical Gazette March 2000, A
Construction of Magic Cubes.
C. Trigg, J. Recreational Mathematics, 10:3, 1977, pp 169173, Anti-magic pentagrams.
C. W. Trigg, J. Recreational Mathematics, 11:2, 1984-85,
pp.105-107, Perimeter Anti-magic tetrahedrons and
Octahedrons.
C. W. Trigg, J. Recreational Mathematics, 17:2, 1978-79,
pp.112-118, Nine-digit Digit-root Magic Squares.
C. W. Trigg, J. Recreational Mathematics, 29:1, 1998,
pp.8-11, Almost Magic Pentagams
Terrel Trotter, Jr., J. Recreational Mathematics, 7:1, 1974,
pp.14-20, Perimeter-magic Polygons.
Usiskin & Stephanides, J. Recreational Mathematics, 11:3,
1978-79, pp.176-179, Magic Triangular Regions of Orders
4 and 5.
Aale de Winkels WWW site on magic subjects at
180
Some additional Web sites with material on magic squares.
Suzanne Alejandre, magic squares for math education
http://forum.swarthmore.edu/alejzndre/magic.square.html
Holgar Danielsson's Magic Squares at
http://www.magic-square.de
Bogdan Golunskis big magic squares at
www.golunski.de/
Alan Grogonos Magic Squares by Grog
http://www.grogono.com/magic/
Meredith Houltons WWW site
www.inetworld.net/~houlton/
Fabrizio Pivaris strange magic squares WWW site at
www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/3469/ ml
F. Poyo magic Squares, Cubes & Hypercubes
http://makoto.mattolab.kanazawa-it.ac.jp/~poyo/magic/
Kwon Young Shin
http://user.chollian.net/~brainstm/MagicSquare.htm
R. C. Wilke Nested magic squares
http://members.aol.com/robertw653/magicsqr.html
181
The Authors
Harvey D. Heinz
Harvey Heinz was born in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, the
oldest of 5 boys and one girl, and moved to Vancouver, British
Columbia at age 10.
He entered the printing industry at age 15 as an apprentice paper
ruler. At that time, unknown to him, it was already a dying
industry. On his semi-retirement in 1991, he was the only
paperuler still operating from Toronto west, and probably the
only one in all of Canada.
He was always interested in mathematical puzzles and especially
number patterns. He was also interested in electronics and
became an amateur radio operator in 1948, building all his own
equipment. This evolved to where he was building radio
controlled model boats (at a time when all equipment had to be
home constructed). This in turn changed to an interest in
building simple game machines, thus combining his interests in
electronics and mathematical logic. These little machines were
entered in local hobby shows under the nave name of intelligent
machines.
In 1956 Harvey married Erna Goerz and they subsequently had
two sons, Randal and Gerald. It was about this time that
computers and robots were coming onto the scene and he started
devouring everything he could find on these subjects in the
popular press. Of course, all this time he was still collecting
puzzles and number patterns.
In 1958 he designed EDRECO, (Educational RElay Computer),
and after obtaining about 5 tons of obsolete equipment from the
local telephone company, started a computer club of senior high
school students. The club started with about 25 members, but
after three years, when it disbanded, had dwindled down to three
(all original) members. By this time several units of the
computer were built and operating successfully, the most notable
being the arithmetic logic unit (ALU).
182
In 1973, Harvey was suddenly out of a job, so decided to work
part-time at his trade and concentrate on bringing some of his
electronic games to market. During this time, he attended many
free engineering seminars on computer circuits (which were
actually available to anyone) that were put on by the new semiconductor manufacturers as a selling ploy. He also took several
technical courses at the local Institute of Technology by brazenly
writing prerequisite exams.
By 1977, he realized his plans were not practical so he and wife
Erna started a printer trade bookbindery. By 1983 sons Randy
and Gerry were both involved with the company and it was
starting to grow. At that time the boys bought a half interest in
the company so they could participate in this growth. In 1991
Harvey and Erna sold them the other half interest and semiretired.
Now Harvey had time to get back to his hobbies. Building
electronic hardware was now replaced by operating computers.
This fit in perfect with his interest in number patterns! He was
now able to investigate all sorts of patterns that previously he
had just wondered about.
Heinzs major accomplishments in number patterns.
Found all solutions for magic stars orders 6 to 11 (by
computer exhaustion).
Found all solutions for order-12 pattern B magic stars
(826,112) and most for the other 3 patterns of this order.
Found all minimal and smallest consecutive primes solutions
for orders 5 and 6 prime number magic stars.
Discovered a 3-D magic star (in association with Aale de
Winkel).
Investigated Isolike, Pan-magic stars and Quadrant magic
squares also in association with Aale de Winkel).
Investigated Self-similar magic squares.
Publishes a large Web site on number patterns at
http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/
183
The Authors
John R. Hendricks
Mr. Hendricks worked for the Canadian Meteorological Service
for 33 years and retired in 1984. At the beginning of his career,
he was a NATO training instructor. He worked at various
forecast offices in Canada and eventually became a supervisor.
Throughout his career, he was known for his many contributions
to statistics and to climatology.
While employed, he also participated in volunteer service
groups. He was Chairman, Manitoba Branch and earlier
Saskatchewan Branch, The Monarchist League of Canada.
He was appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba as
President, Manitoba Provincial Council, The Duke of
Edinburghs Award in Canada. He was also appointed by the
Governor General of Canada to the National Council of The
Award Program.
Later, he was conferred with the Canada 125 Medal for his
volunteer work.
.John Hendricks started collecting magic squares and cubes
when he was 13 years old. This became a hobby with him and
eventually an obsession. He never thought that he would ever do
anything with it. But soon, he became the first person in the
world to successfully make and publish four, five and sixdimensional magic hypercubes. He also became the first person
to make inlaid magic cubes and a wide variety of inlaid magic
squares. He has written prolifically on the subject in the Journal
of Recreational Mathematics.
184
Several major discoveries he made within the last two years are:
an inlaid magic tesseract.

the placement of numbers for a perfect magic tesseract of
order 16.
the placement of numbers in a perfect five-dimensional
magic hypercube of order 32
a new method of doubling the order of a given square, cube,
or tesseract.
a new method of making bimagic squares of order nine.
the worlds first bimagic cube of order 25.
During his retirement, he has also:

Given many public lectures on magic squares.
Given many lectures to teachers at in-service sessions.
Developed a magic square course for the gifted junior high
students.
Delivered half a dozen colloquia to professors.
Assisted with the Shad Valley program for young people.
Written many books on the subject.
Appendix A1-1
MAGIC SQUARE BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following bibliography consists of books, chapters
from books, and articles published during the 20th century,
that deal with magic squares, cubes, stars, etc.
Because it contain only material that I am personally
acquainted with (except for those mentioned on this page),
it is obviously not complete. However, it does contain more
than 140 items.
H. D. Heinz
For 18th and 19th century books on the subject see Early
Books on Magic Squares, W. L. Schaaf, JRM:16:1:198384:1-6
Some books on magic squares published prior to that time
are
Agrippa
De Occulta Philosophia (II, 42)
1510
Bachet
Problems plaisans et delectables 1624
Prestet
Nouveaux Elemens des
1689
Matmatiques
De la Loubere Relation du Royaume de Siam
1693
Frenicle
Des Quarrez Magiques. Acad. R. 1693
des Sciences
Ozonam
Rcrations Mathmatiques
1697
From
Falkener, Edward, Games Ancient and Oriental, Dover Publ.,
1961, 0-486-20739-0.

Page A1-2
The following books are wholly concerned with magic squares (and related subjects).
Andrews, W.S., Magic Squares & Cubes, Dover Publ., 1960 (original publication Open Court,1917)
This book seems to be the definitive text on magic squares. The essays which comprise this volume appeared first in
an American journal called The Monist between 1905 and 1916 and were written by different authors.
Benson, W. & Jacoby, O., New Recreations with Magic Squares, Dover Publ., 1976, 0-486-23236-0
This book is a serious attempt to bring the theory of magic squares up to date (1976). The authors present a new
method of cyclically developing magic squares. They include a listing of all 880 4 by 4 magic squares. A chapter
shows how to generate all 3600 5x5 pandiagonal magic squares.
Benson, W. & Jacoby, O., Magic Cubes: New Recreations, , Dover Publ., 1981, 0-486-24140-8
This book provides a valuable contribution to the literature, including the first(?) (not by new definition) perfect order8 magic cube..
Candy, A. L. Pandiagonal Magic Squares of Prime Order, self-published 1940. A small hard-bound book with much
theory on this subject.
Fults, John Lee, Magic Squares, Open Court Publ., 1974, 0-87548-197-3
This book contains a wealth of information on all types of magic squares. It is written as a text book and includes
exercises at the end of each chapter.
Hendricks, John R., The Magic Square Course., Unpublished, 1991, 554 pages 8.5 x 11 binding posts.
Written for a high school math enrichment class he conducted for 5 years

Page A1-3
Hendricks, John R., A Magic cube of Order-10, Unpublished, 1998, 23 pages 8.5 x 11 flat stitched.
With an inlaid cube of order-6 and adorned with 12 inlaid magic squares of order-6.
Hendricks, John R., Magic Squares to Tesseract by Computer, Self-published, 1998, 0-9684700-0-9
212 pages plus covers, 8.5 x 11 spirol bound, 100+ diagrams.
Lots of theory and diagrams, new methods and computer programs. 3 appendices.
Hendricks, John R., Inlaid Magic Squares and Cubes, Self-published, 1999, 0-9684700-1-7
206 pages plus covers, 8.5 x 11 spiral bound, 100+ diagrams.
Lots of theory and diagrams. Includes a list of 46 mathematical articles published in periodicals by the author.
Hendricks, John R., All Third-Order Magic Tesseracts, Self-published, 1999, 0-9684700-2-5
36 pages plus covers, 8.5 x 11 flat stitched, 60+ diagrams. Some theory. Lots of diagrams.
Hendricks, John R., Perfect n-Dimensional Magic Hypercubes of Order 2n, Self-published, 1999,
0-9684700-4-1. 36 pages plus covers, 8.5 x 11 flat stitched, some diagrams.
Theory with examples for a cube, tesseract and 5-D hypercube.
Hendricks, John R., A Bimagic Cube of Order 25, Self-published, 2000,
0-9684700-7-6. 14 pages plus covers, 8.5 x 11 flat stitched, some diagrams.
Coordinate equations and a basic program to generate this cube.
A companion booklet by Holger Danielsson shows the horizontal planes of this cube.

Page A1-4
Hendricks, John R., Bi-Magic Squares of Order 9, Self-published, 1999, 0-9684700-6-8 14pp + covers, 8.5 x 11.
A method of generating these squares using equations and coefficient matrices.
Kelsey, Kenneth, The Cunning Caliph, Frederick Muller, 1979, 0-584-10367-0
This is one of the five books (the first one) that make up The Ultimate Book of Number Puzzles.
Kelsey, Kenneth The Ultimate Book of Number Puzzles, Cresset Press, 1992, 0-88029-920-7
This is a combination of 5 books ( four by K. Kelsey & the last one by D. King), all published in Great Britain 19791984 by Frederick Muller Ltd. It consists of numerical puzzles in the form of magic squares, stars, etc. No theory, but
lots of examples (some quite original) and lots of practice material.
Moran, Jim, The Wonders of Magic Squares, Vantage Books, 1982, 0-394-74798-4
A large format book that is simply written with little theory, but demonstrates a large variety of ways to compose
magic squares. Contains a forward by Martin Gardner.
Ollerenshaw, K. and Bre, D., Most-Perfect Pandiagonal Magic Squares, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998, 0-90509106-X
The methods of construction and enumeration of these doubly-even magic squares.
Pickover, Clifford A., The Zen of Magic Squares, Circles, and Stars, Princeton Univ. Press, 2002, 0-691-07041
Completely devoted to magic objects with lots of diagrams.
Swetz, Frank J., Legacy of the Luo Shu, Open Court Publ. 2002, 0-8126-9448-1
All about the order 3 magic square.

Page A1-5
The following books have chapters or sections dealing with magic squares (and related subjects).
Ahl, David H., Computers in Mathematics, Creative Computing Pr., 1979, 0-916688-16-X
Contains some theory and Basic language programs to generate magic squares. Pages 111-117
Berlekamp, E., Conway, J. and Guy, R., Winning Ways vol. II, Academic Press, 1982, 01-12-091102-7
Original material on order-4 magic squares. Also shows a tesseract with magic vertices. Pages 778-783.
Dudeney, H.E., Amusements in Mathematics, Dover Publ., 1958, 0-486-20473-1 Originally published in 1917. Order
4 classes, Subtraction, multiplication, division, domino, etc. List of first prime # magic squares, etc. Pages 119-27 and
245-247
Falkener, Edward, Games Ancient and Oriental and How to Play Them, Dover Publ., 1961, 0-486-20739-0 First
published by Longmans, Green & Co. in 1892, this book contains the original text with no changes, except for
corrections. A comprehensive discussion of magic squares circa 100+ years ago. Pages 267-356
Gardner, Martin, 2nd Scientific American Book of Mathematical Puzzles and Diversions ,Simon and Schuster, 1961,
61-12845. Diabolic hypercube (tesseract), diabolic donut, some history, pages 130-140
Gardner, Martin, Incredible Dr. Matrix, Scribners, 1967, 0-684-14669-X
Anti-magic, multiplication & division, pyramid, etc. Pages 21, 47, 211,246

Page A1-6
Gardner, Martin, Mathematical Carnival, Alfred Knopf, 1975, 0-394-49406-7
Hypercubes, pages 41-54. Magic Stars, pages 55-65
Gardner, Martin Mathematical Puzzles & Diversions, Simon & Schuster, 1959, 59-9501
Chapter 2, Magic With a Matrix, pages 15-22.
Gardner, Martin, New Mathematical Diversions, Simon and Schuster, 1966, 671-20913-2
Euler's spoilers- order-10 Graeco- Latin squares, order-4 playing card magic square. Pages 162-172
Gardner, Martin, Penrose Tiles to Trapdoor Ciphers, Freeman, 1989, 0-7167-1986-X
Alphamagic, smith numbers, 3x3 properties, pages 293-305
Gardner, Martin, Scientific American Book of Mathematical Puzzles and Diversions,, Simon and Schuster, 1959, 599501. Using magic squares for magic tricks, pages 15-22.
Gardner, Martin, Sixth book of Mathematical Games, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1963, 0-684-14245-7
Magic hexagons, pages 23-25. Consecutive prime s. (using #1) pages 86-87
Gardner, Martin Time Travel & Other Mathematical Bewilderments, Freeman Publ., 1988, 0-7167-1924-X
First published enumeration of Order-5 magic squares and information about order-8 magic cubes. Note that Gardner
refers to perfect magic cubes. These are what Hendrick's now calls Diagonal magic cubes. Magic Squares & Cubes.
Pps 213-226.

Page A1-7
Heath, Royal Vale, Mathemagic, Dover Publ., 1953
The author copywrited this material in 1933. Some unusual patterns. Pages 87-123.
Hunter, J. & Madachy, J., Mathematical Diversions, Van Nostrand, 1963,
Theory of magic squares includes a simple method to produce bimagic squares. Pages 23-34.
Kraitchik, Maurice, Mathematical Recreations, Dover Publ., 1953, 53-9354 (origin publisher. W. W. Norton, 1942)
Construction methods, multi-magic, Graeco-Latin, border, order-4 theory, etc. Pages 142-192
Madachy, Joseph S., Mathematics on Vacation, Thomas Nelson Ltd., 1968, 17-147099-0
A good discussion of magic, anti-magic, heterosquare, talisman, etc squares, pages 85-113.
Madachys Mathematical Recreations, Dover Publ., 1979, 0-486-23762-1 is a page-for-page copy.
Meyer, Jerome S., Fun With Mathematics, World Publ., 1952, 52-8434
A good discussion of bi-grades and upside-down magic squares of order-4. Pages 47 to 54.
Olivastro, Dominic, Ancient Puzzles, Bantam Books, 1993, 0-553-37297-1
On a Turtle Shell, pages 103-125, discuss the Lo Shu ,Pandiagonal, Franklin and composite magic squares. Also magic
graphs. However, he erroneously states that no one has yet discovered a magic tesseract.

Page A1-8
Pickover, Clifford A., The Wonder of Numbers, Oxford Univ. Press, 2001, 0-19-513342-0, pp 233-239 plus others.
Pickovers usual great stuff!
Rouse Ball, W. & Coxeter, H., Mathematical Recreations & Essays, 12th Edition, Univ. of Toronto Pr., 1974, 0-80206138-9. Pages 189-221.
This classic work was originally published in 1892. H. S. M. Coxeter brought it up to date with the 1938 publication of
the 11th edition, the 12th edition in 1974 and edition 13 in 1987. Chapter 7 is on magic squares.
Rouse Ball, W. & Coxeter, H., Mathematical Recreations & Essays, 13th Edition, Univ. of Toronto Pr., 1987,
0-486-25357-0. Pages 193-221. See above re edition 12.
Stein, Sherman K. Mathematics: The Man-made Universe, 1963, W. H. Freeman, 63-7786
Chap. 12, Orthogonal Tables. Discussion of Graeco-Latin squares and magic squares. Pages 155-174
Spencer, Donald D. Game Playing with Computers, Hayden, 1968, 0-8104-5103-4
Computer programs and magic square theory. Pages 23-107.
Card, division, upside down, composite, prime, subtracting, etc. Pages 209-224.
Spencer, Donald D. Game Playing with Basic, Hayden, 1977, 0-8104-5109-3
Computer programs and magic square theory. Pages 119-141.
Spencer, Donald D. Exploring Number Theory With Microcomputers, Camelot, 1989, 0-89218-249-0
Computer programs and magic square theory, geometric, talisman, multiplying, heterosquares, prime, etc.
Pages 155-180

Page A1-9
Weisstein, Eric W., Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics, CRC Press, 1999, 0-8493-9640-9
A general mathematical encyclopedia containing more then 14,000 entries so has many on magic square related
subjects.
Weisstein, Eric W., Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics CD-ROM, CRC Press, 1999, 0-8493-1945-5
Contains all of the material in the book, plus interactive graphics and both internal and external hyperlinks.
Games & Puzzles for Elementary and Middle School Mathematics Readings from the Arithmetic Teacher Published by
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1975, 0-87353-054-3.
Readings for Enrichment in Secondary School Mathematics, Bordered Magic Squares
Published by National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1988, 0-87353-252-X,. Pages 195-199.
Marin Trenkler, Magic Cubes, The Mathematical Gazette, 82, (March, 1998), 56-61.
Marin Trenkler Magic rectangles, The Mathematical Gazette, 83, 2000, 102-105
Marin Trenkler, A construction of Magic Cubes, The Mathematical Gazette, 84, (March, 2000), 36-41.
Marin Trenkler, Magic p-dimensional Cubes of order n not 2 (mod 4), Acta Arithmetica (Poland) Acta
Arithmetica, 92(2000), 189-194.

Page A1-10
The following Articles on Magic Squares appear in Recreational Mathematics Magazine
I show these as Title, Author, RMM:issue #:date: pages(s)
More Strictly for Squares
Miscellaneous authors
RMM: # 5
Add Multiply Magic Squares
Walter W. Horner
RMM: # 5
How to Make a Magic Tesserack
Maxey Brooke
RMM: # 5
More Strictly for Squares
Miscellaneous authors
RMM: # 7
Anti-magic squares
J. A. Lindon
RMM: # 7
Geometric magic squares
Boris Kordemskii
RMM:#13
The following Articles on Magic Squares appear in Journal of Recreational Mathematics
I show these as Title, Author, JRM:volume #:issue #:date:pages(s)
Magic Designs
Robert B. Ely III
A Magic Square
William J. Mannke
The Construction of knight Tours
T. H. Willcocks
Mannkes Order-8 Square
Leigh Janes
Construction of Odd Order Diabolic Magic Squares
J.A.H.Hunter
Sums of Third-order Anti-magic Squares
Charles W. Trigg
Triangles With Balanced Perimeters
Charles W. Trigg
Fifth Order Concentric Magic Squares
Charles W. Trigg
Doubly Magic Square with Remarkable Subsidiaries
Charles W. Trigg
Edge Magic and Edge Anti-magic Tetrahedrons
Charles W. Trigg
Normal Magic Triangles of order-n
Terrel Trotter
Edge Anti-magic Tetrahedrons With Rotating Triads
Charles W. Trigg
The Third Order Magic Square Complete
John R. Hendricks
The Pan-3-agonal Magic Cube
John R. Hendricks
Oct. 1961
Oct. 1961
Oct. 1961
Feb. 1962
Feb. 1962
Feb. 1963
p24-29
p30-32
p40-44
p14-19
p14-19
p3-6
JRM:1:1:1968:3-17
JRM:1:3:1968:139
JRM 1:4:1968:225-233
JRM:2:2:1969:96
JRM:2:3:1969:175-177
JRM:2:4:1969:250-254
JRM:3:4:1970:255-256
JRM:4:1:1971:42-44
JRM:4:3:1971:171-174
JRM:4:4:1971:253-259
JRM:5:1:1972:28-32
JRM:5:1:1972:40-42
JRM:5:1:1972:43-50
JRM:5:1:1972:51-52

Perfectly Odd Squares
Latin Squares Under Restrictions and a Jumboization
Magic Squares with Nonagonal & Decagonal Elements
The Pan-3-agonal Magic Cube of Order-5
Anti-magic Squares With Sums in Arithmetic Progression
Graeco-Latin cubes
Species of Third-Order Magic Squares & Cubes
Magic Tesseracts & n-dimensional Magic Hypercubes
Magic Cubes of Odd Order
Trimagic Squares
Perimeter Magic Polygons
Third Order Square Related to Magic Squares
Eight Digits on a Cubes Vertices
Pan-n-agonals in Hypercubes
Not Every Magic Square is a Latin Square
Some Properties of Third Order Magic Squares
9-digit Determinants equal to Their 1st Rows
A Pandiagonal Magic Square of Order-8
Magic Square Time
Perfect Magic Cubes of Order Seven
Infinite Magic Squares
58. Magic Squares
Perfect Magic Icosapentacles
Pan-diagonal Associative Magic Cubes
Related Magic Squares with Prime Elements
Monk A. Ricci
N. T. Gridgeman
Charles W. Trigg
John R. Hendricks
Charles W. Trigg
P. D. Warrington
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
William H. Benson
Terrel Trotter Jr.
Charles W. Trigg
Charles W. Trigg
John R. Hendricks
Joseph M. Moser
Charles W. Trigg
Charles W. Trigg
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
Bayard E. Wynne
Ronald J. Lanaster
Rudolf Ondrejka
Baynard E. Wayne
Ian P. Howard
Gakuho Abe
Page A1-11
JRM:5:2:1972:138-142
JRM:5:3:1972:198-202
JRM:5:3:1972:203-204
JRM:5:3:1972:205-206
JRM:5:4:1972:278-280
JRM:6:1:1973:47-53
JRM:6:3:1973:190-192
JRM:6:3:1973:193-201
JRM:6:4:1973:268-272
JRM:7:1:1974:8-13
JRM:7:1:1974:14-20
JRM:7:1:1974:21-22
JRM:7:1:1974:49-55
JRM:7:2:1974:95-96
JRM:7:2:1974:97-99
JRM:7:2: 1974:100-101
JRM:7:2: 1974:136-139
JRM:7:3:1974:186
JRM:7:3:1974:187-188
JRM:8:4:1975:285-293
JRM:9:2:1976:86-93
JRM:9:2:1976:128-129
JRM:9:2:1976:241-248
JRM:9:4:1976:276-278
JRM:10:2:1977:96-97

Page A1-12
Computer Constructed Magic Cubes

Magic Talisman Squares
Perimeter Antimagic Tetrahedrons
Magic Cubes of Prime Order
The Perfect Magic Cube of Order-4
A Family of Sixteenth Order Magic Squares
The Pan-3-agonal Magic Cube of Order-4
Consecutive-Prime Magic Squares
Special Anti-magic Triangular Arrays
Consecutive-Prime Magic Squares
A Bordered Prime Magic Square
The Construction of Doubly-even Magic Squares
A Unique 9-Digit Square Array
A Sixth Order Prime Magic Square
Magic Triangular Regions of Orders 5 and 6
Irregular Perfect Magic Squares of Order 7
Early Books on Magic Squares
666 Order 4 M. S. (Letter to the Editor)
9-digit Digit-Root Magic & Semi-Magic Squares
Ten Magic Tesseracts of Order Three
A Magic Rooks Tour
Letter to the Editor Borders for 2nd-order square
Generating a pandiagonal Magic Square of Order-8
Vestpocket Biblio. No. 12. Magic Squares and Cubes
A Ninth Order Magic Cube
Ronald J. Lancaster
Greg Fitzgibbon
Charles W. Trigg
K.W.H.Leeflang
John R. Hendricks
. Charles W. Trigg
John R. Hendricks
Alan W. Johnson Jr.
Charles W. Trigg
Alan W. Johnson Jr.
Alan W. Johnson Jr.
Tien Tao Kuo
Vittorio Fabbri
Alan W. Johnson Jr.
Katagiri & Kobayashi
Gakuho Abe
William L. Schaaf
Rudolf Ondrejka
Charles W. Trigg
John R. Hendricks
Stanley Rabinowitz
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
William L. Schaaf
John R. Hendricks
JRM:10:3:1977:202-203
JRM:10:4:1977:279-280
JRM:11:2:1978-79:105JRM:11:4:1978-79:241-257
JRM:13:3:1980-81:204-206
JRM:13:4:1980-81:269-273
JRM:13:4:1980-81:274-281
JRM:14:2:1981-82:152-153
JRM:14:4:1981-82:274-278
JRM:15:1:1982-83:17-18
JRM:15:2:1982-83:84
JRM:15:2:1982-83:94-104
JRM:15:3:1982-83:170-171
JRM:15:3:1982-83:199
JRM:15:3:1982-83:200-208
JRM:15:4:1982-83:249-250
JRM:16:1:1983-84:1-6
JRM:16:2:1983-84:121
JRM:17:2:1985:112-118
JRM:18:2:1986:187-188
JRM:18:3:1986:203-204
JRM:19:1:1987:42
JRM:19:1:1987:55-58
JRM:19:2:1987:81-86
JRM:19:2:1987:126-131

Page A1-13
Constructing Pandiagonal Magic Squares of Odd Order
Creating Pan-3-agonal Magic Cubes of Odd Order
Some Ordinary Magic Cubes of Order 5
A Magic Cube of Order 7
Related Magic Squires
Pandiagonal Magic Squares of Odd Order
Magic Cubes of Odd Order by Pocket Computer
The Diagonal Rule for Magic Cubes of Odd Order
More Pandiagonal Magic Squares
A Consecutive Prime 3 x 3 Magic Square
The Third Order Magic Tesseract
Another Magic Tesseract of Order-3
Creating More Magic Tesseracts of Order-3
Groups of Magic Tesseracts
More and More Magic Tesseracts
The Pan-4-agonal Magic Tesseract of Order-4
A Perfect 4_Dimensional Hypercube of Order-7
Palindromes and Magic Squares
Supermagic and Antimagic Graphs
The Determinant of a Pandiagonal Magic Square is 0
A 5-Dimensional Magic Hypercube of Order-5
The Magic Tesseracts of Order-3 Complete
The Secret of Franklins 8 x 8 Magic Square
Magic Squares Matrices Planes and Angles
Minimum Prime Order-6 Magic Squares
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
Alan W. Johnson Jr.
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
Harry L. Nelson
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
Arkin Arney & Porter
Alan W. Johnson Jr.
N.Hartsfield & G. Ringel
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
Lalbhai D. Patel
Frank E. Hruska
Alan W. Johnson Jr.
JRM:19:3:1987:204-208
JRM:19:4:1987:280-285
JRM:20:1:1988:125-134
JRM:20:1:1988:23-25
JRM:20:1:1988:26
JRM:20:2:1988:81-86
JRM:20:2:1988:87-91
JRM:20:3:1988:192-195
JRM:20:3:1988:198-201
JRM:20:3:1988:214-216
JRM:20:4:1988:251-256
JRM:20:4:1988:275-276
JRM:20:4:1988:279-283
JRM:21:1:1989:13-18
JRM:21:1:1989:26-28
JRM:21:1:1989:56-60
JRM:21:2:1989:81-88
JRM:21:2:1989:97-100
JRM:21:2:1989:107-115
JRM:21:3:1989:179-181
JRM:21:4:1989: 245-248
JRM:22:1:1990: 15-26
JRM:23:3:1991:175-182
JRM:23:3:1991:183-189
JRM:23:3:1991:190-191

Page A1-14
Inlaid Odd Order Magic Squares

A Note on Magic Tetrahedrons
Prime Magic Squares for the Prime Year 1993
An Inlaid Magic Cube
Property of Some Pan-3-Agonal Magic Cubes of Odd Order
Inlaid Pandiagonal Magic Squares
Inlaid Magic Squares
More Magic Squares
More Multiplication Magic Squares
Powers of Magic Squares
Palindromic Magic Squares
Note on the Bimagic Square of Order-3
Magic Squares of Order-4 and Their Magic Square Loops
A Partial Magic Tesseract of Order Two
Magic Reciprocals
Magic Diamond for the New Millenium
From Inlaid Squares to Ornate Cube
Smarandache Magic Problem 2466 sloution
A Purely Pandiagonal 4x4 Square and the Myers-Briggs
Concatenation on Magic Squares
Franklins Other 8-Square
2617 Solution: Magic Cube of Primes
A Unified Classification System for Magic Hypercubes
Square-Ringed Magic Squares
k-Sets of nth Order Magic Squares
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
Alan W. Johnson Jr.
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
John R. Hendricks
Emanuel Emanouilidis
John R. Hendricks
Robert S. Sery
John R. Hendricks
Jeffrey Haleen
E. W. Shineman, Jr.
John R. Hendricks
Charles Ashbacher
Peter D. Loly
Paul C. Pasles
Harvey d. Heinz
H. Heinz and J. Hendricks
Jeffrey Heleen
D. Fell and A. Shulman
JRM:24:1:1992:6-11
JRM:24:4:1992:244
JRM:25:2:1993:136-137
JRM:25:4:1993:286-288
JRM:26:2:1994:96-101
JRM:27:2:1995:123-124
JRM:27:3:1995:175-178
JRM:27:3:1995:179-180
JRM:27:3:1995:181-182
JRM:29:3:1998:176-177
JRM:29:3:1998:177-178
JRM:29:4:1998:265-267
JRM:29:4:1998:265-267
JRM:29:4:1998:290-291
JRM:30:1:1999:72-73
JRM:30:2:1999:112
JRM:30:2:1999:125-136
JRM:30:4:1999:296-299
JRM:31:1:2002-2003:29-31
JRM:31:2:2002:110-111
JRM:31:3:2002:161-166
JRM:31:4:2002: 298
JRM:32:1:2003-2004: 30-36
JRM:32:2:2003:144-146
JRM:32:3:2003:181-192

Page A1-15
Literature On Magic Stars
In contrast to the voluminous literature for magic squares spanning 100's of years, there has been very little published on magic
stars. The main sources of information I have been able to locate are:
H.E.Dudeney, 536 Puzzles & Curious Problems, Scribner's 1967. Pages 145-147 and 347-352.
Martin Gardner, Mathematical Recreations column of Scientific American, Dec. 1965, reprinted with addendum in Martin
Gardner, Mathematical Carnival, Alfred A. Knoff, 1975. Mostly on order 6, but mention made of total basic solutions for orders
7 & 8 (also corrected number for order-6).
Marin Trenkler of Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia published a paper on Magic Stars.
It is called "Magicke hviezdy" (Magic stars) and appeared in Obsory matematiky, fyziky a informatiky, 51(1998), pages 1-7.
(Obsory = horizons (or line of sight) of mathematics, physics and informatics.
Perfect Magic Icosapentacles
Anti-magic Pentagrams
A Magic Asteriod
Magic Pentagram Solutions Over GF(2)
Two New Magic Asteroids
The Magic Hexagram
Letter to the Editor (Magic Asteroids)
Almost Magic
Bayard E. Wynne
Charles W. Trigg
Gakuho Abe
Harold Reiter
Laurent Hodges
John R. Hendricks
Alan W. Johnson Jr.
Charles W. Trigg
The Heinz Web site has 17 pages (currently) on magic stars. They start at
http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/magicstar.htm
JRM:9:4:1976:241-248
JRM 10:3::1977:169-173
JRM:16:2:1983-84:113
JRM:20:2:1988:99-104
JRM:24:2:1992:85-86
JRM:25:1:1993:10-12
JRM:26:2:1994:90-91
JRM:29:1:1998:8-11
1
15
14
44
34
45
16
33
8
43
23
13
35
22
37
24
32
25
21
36
17
42
7
20
12
26
38
31
27
19
28
41
30
6
11
29
40
39
18
4
10
5
The ten nodes of this graph are each connected to all the other nodes
with lines (edges) labeled with the consecutive integers from 1 to 45.
All 9 lines connected to each node sum to the same magic constant.
Appendix 2-1
Bibliography of
Articles written by John R. Hendricks
(Not included material in Appendix 1)
STATISTICAL ARTICLES
1. Extreme Temperature Recurrence, Atmospheric Environment

Service, [AES] TEC 801, 15 February 1974.
2. Probability and Time, Statistical Association of Manitoba, [SAM]
Newsletter Vol.3, No. 3, January 1980.
3. Notes on Probability and Time, SAM Newsletter, Vol. 3, No. 4,
March 1980.
4. Probability Mean Time, AES, Central Region, Technical Notes,
No. 83-1, January 17th 1983.
5. The Standardized Normal Distribution Function and Your Pocket
Computer, The Manitoba Mathematics Teacher, Vol. 15, No. 4,
April 1987.
6. Application of Cube-Root, The Manitoba Mathematics Teacher,
Vol. 16, No. 1, September 1987.
7. The Statistical Probability of Temperatures and Your Pocket
Computer, SAM newsletter Vol.11, No. 5, 11 January 1988.
8. The Statistical Probability of Precipitation and Your Pocket
Computer, SAAAM Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. 6, 1 March 1988.
9. Probability Mean Time, The Manitoba Mathematics Teacher,
Vol. 16, No. 3, March 1988.
10. Probability and Time, Self-published handout material for a talk
to the joint meeting of the Statistical Association of Manitoba and
the American Statistical Society, Red River Chapter held on the
16th day of April 1988 at the Senate chambers of the University of
Manitoba,
11. The Statistical Analysis of the Circumference of an Ellipse, SAM
Newsletter, Vol. 14 No.5, 14th January 1991.
12. Elliptic Arc Lengths, SAM Newsletter, Vol. 14, No. 7, 18 April
1981.
13. An Analysis of the 1993 Summer Rainfall at Winnipeg, AES,
October 1993, Internal Report Number SSD-W93-01, Scientific
Services, Central Region.
A2-2
METEOROLOGY
14. Meteorology, Exercises for Students at R.C.A.F. Station Gimli,

Single A.F.S., Queens Printer, Winnipeg, 1957, Classified.
15. A Problem in Single-Heading Flight for Jet Aircraft, AES, Circ.
3549, TEC 374, 15 October 1981, pp. 1-19
16. Forecasting Takeoff Pressures, AES Circ. 3777, TEC 444, 19th
December 1962.
17. The Diurnal Pressure Graph, AES, Circ. 3802, TEC. 453, 19
February 1963.
18. Using the Normal Curve for Temperature Frequencies, AES, TEC
765, 25 February 1972.
19. Precipitation at Regina in June, AES, TEC 772, 18 July 1972.
20. A Mirage, Zephyr Magazine, December 1972.
21. A Mirage at Regina, Atmosphere, Vol. 1,1No. 1, 1973.
22. A Probability Study of Extreme Temperatures Part I, Theory,
AES Tec 789, 14 August 1973.
23. A Probability Study of Extreme Temperatures Part II, Application
to High Maxima, AES Tec. 790, 14 August 1973
24. A Probability Study of Extreme Temperatures Part III,
Application to Low Minima, High Minima and Low Maxima,
AES, TEC 791, 14 August 1973.
25. A Probability Study of Extreme Temperatures Part IV. Further
Study, AES, TEC 792, 16 November 1973.
26. A Probability Study of Extreme Temperatures Part V, Results and
General Conclusiions, AES, TEC 806, 15 February 1974
27. The Frequency of Thunderstorm Days at Regina, AES, TEC 799,
4 December 1973.
28. Precipitation Probabilities at Regina, AES, TEC 809, 5
Septembeer 1974.
29. Consistency in Forecast Precipitation Probabilities, AES, Central
Region Technical Notes, No. 82-2, Nov. 28, 1982.
A2-3
MISCELANEOUS ARTICLES
30. Magic Forms, Magic Squares: VOXAIR, an Airforce

Newsmagazine, 4 February
.
31. Magic Forms: Magic Cubes, VOXAIR, an Airforce
Newsmagazine, 14 May 1955.
32. Russian Peasant Multiplication, VOXAIR, 23 August 1955
33. The Canadian Monarchy, Saskatchewan Genealogical Society
Bulletin, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1978.
34. The Soul, The Ark, Vol. XLVIII, No. 1, (No. 129), April 1980.
35. The Animal, The Ark, Vol. XLVIX, No. 1, (No. 132), Apr. 1981.
36. Animal Group Names, The Ark, Vol. XLVIX, No. 1, (No. 132) ,
April 1981.
37. A Straight Line, Journal of Recreational Mathematics, Vol. 14(2),
1982
38. The High School Mathematics Club: A Model. The Manitoba
Mathematiccs Teacher, Vol. 14, No. 4, April 1986.
39. The Third-Order Magic Square Complete, The Manitoba
Mathematics Teacher, Vol. 15, No. 2, December 1986.
40. Large Factorial, Journal of Recreational Mathematics, Vol. 21(2),
1989
41. Large Factorial, The Manitoba Mathematics Teacher, Vol. 16,
No. 3, March 1988.
42. Pythagoras Theorem, The Manitoba Mathematics Teacher, Vol.
17, No. 2, January 1989.
43. Magic Cube Terminology, The Manitoba Mathematics Teacher,
Vol. 17, No. 2, January 1989.
44. A Point to Remember, The Manitoba Mathematics Teacher, Vol.
17, No. 3, March 1989.
45. Inlaying Magic Squares, The Manitoba Mathematics Teacher,
Vol 17. No. 4, May 1989.
46. Correcting Imbalance, The Ark, No. 172, Winter 1994..
NOTE (2005): John Hendricks books shown on the following

pages are now all out-of-print.
NOTE (2006): The Magic Square Lexicon: Illustrated
Is still available (2nd run with corrections).
Order via email in Advertisement or online at
http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/
Magic Squares to Tesseracts by Computer

by John R. Hendricks
ISBN 09684700-0-9, 31 December 1998
$32.00 CAN each, or $25.00 U.S. each

206 pages run on 22x28 cm paper, spiral bound,
card covers, indexed.
This book shows the method of construction of magic
squares, magic cubes, and magic tesseracts by the use of
modular equations. Matrices are in the appendix for those
people wishing to do it that way. There is a large section on
geometry. The BASIC program is given, that the author used
in order to achieve the results in his TI 74 BASICALC
programmable battery operated calculator. You might have
to adapt the programs with slight changes to your particular
computer. Many pages are devoted to showing the various
aspects of cubes and tesseracts because of rotations and
reflections.
Shown and explained are the following:
What is meant by a pandiagonal magic cube.
What is meant by a pantriagonal magic cube
What is meant by a PERFECT cube.
Magic tesseracts of orders 3, 4, 5 are shown
The perfect magic tesseract of order 16 is explained in a
separate paper, but the ground work is prepared..
Books are sold privately by John R. Hendricks to those

people who are interested. He may be contacted by
e-mail at magic-cubes@home.com or by phone at
(250)-381-1544, or through his address:
John R. Hendricks
#308 151 St. Andrews St.
Victoria, B.C., V8V 2M9,
CANADA
Inlaid Magic Squares and Cubes, 2nd Edition

Edited by: Holger Danielsson
ISBN 0-9684700-3-3, 14 July 2000.
255 pages on 22x28 cm paper, spiral bound, card covers,
indexed.
This book is especially written for the young people in Junior and
Senior high schools who are interested in mathematics. It is meant
as a source book or REFERENCE book. The method brings in
algebraic digits, rather than algebraic numbers.. Most of the
innovations are due to the authors very own lifetime pursuit of
bigger and better magic squares.
But, even if you have not the time to actually make them yourself,
where else can you obtain such a wide variety of almost every
conceivable type of magic square.
As you know, magic squares of orders 6, 10, 14, etc. are much
more difficult to make than other orders. Well, there is a new
technique for making them in the appendix of the book. There are:
Magic squares with inlaid diamonds

The worlds first inlaid magic cubes
The first magic square with interchangeable parts
Bimagic squares & inlaid bimagic squares
Magic squares of double order
Patchwork squares
Books are sold privately by John R. Hendricks to those people

who are interested. He may be contacted by e-mail at
magic-cubes@home.com, by phone at (250)-381-1544
Various Small Booklets for Sale

36 pages run on 22x28 cm paper, stapled, card covers
All Third Order Magic Tesseracts

ISBN 0-9694700-2-5, 15 February 1999
This booklet contains the 58 basic magic tesseracts as well

as the four basic magic cubes of order 3.
Perfect n-Dimensional Magic Hypercubes

of Order 2n
ISBN 0-9684700-4-1, 21 May 1999
This booklet contains the theory and the BASIC programs

for the TI74 BASICALC calculator to produce both the 16th
order magic tesseract, and the 32nd order 5-dimensional
magic hypercube, as well. A complete review is made of the
definitions of perfect and why the new definition must
prevail.
Curves and Approximations

ISBN 0-9684700-5-X, 4 September 1999
This booklet contains sundry papers, (non-magic square

ones,) which the author has published elsewhere
. Many curves cannot be plotted by the curve-plotting calculators
that abound. This is because x cannot be solved for y, or y for x.
There is another way. Teachers teach the area of an ellipse, but
not the circumference, even though a very close approximation is
available. There are many new curves which are shown that have
loops on them, such as the Cosine Nodosus.
Booklets are sold privately by John R. Hendricks to those people
who are interested. He may be contacted by e-mail at magiccubes@home.com, or by phone at (2250)-381-1544, or through
his address:
A Bimagic Cube: Order 25

ISBN 0-9684700-7-6, 9 June 2000

14 pages run on 22x28 cm paper, stapled, card covers.
This is the worlds first Bimagic Cube . It is of order 25,
which means that it contains 253 numbers. That is 15,625
numbers. The magic sum is 195,325.
But, that is not all. If you square all the numbers in the cube
and then add it up, the sum of the squares is a constant
2,034,700,525.
Now, we are left wondering if there is a smaller bimagic
cube. This booklet provides the theory and the program in
BASIC for the TI-74. BASICALC calculator.
Printout Of a Bimagic Cube: Order 25

by Holger Danielsson
36 pages run on 22x28 cm paper, stapled, card covers
However, Holger Danielsson , a teacher of mathematics and
computer science in a high school in Germany, kindly
provided a layer-by-layer printout of the cube, including
each face and more explanation of the geometry involved.
Some people will likely want the theory. Some may like
only the cube. Others may wish both. Therefore, there is a
deal:
Special Deal: One of each

$12.00 CAN, or $9.00 U.S.
The booklets really go together as a pair.
Books are sold privately by John R. Hendricks to

those people who are interested. He may be contacted
by e-mail at magic-cubes@home.com, by phone at
(250)-381-1544
ORDER THIS BOOK
Magic Square Lexicon:

Illustrated
written by H.D. Heinz and John R. Hendricks
is a true reference book. It has been put together by two
men both of whom have a lifetime of knowledge and
experience in magic squares, cubes and related items.
Harvey Heinz is a mathematical hobbyist. He has pursued
magic circles, spheres, stars, polygrams and a wide range of
other mathematical novelties and oddities.
John Hendricks by contrast, decided to pursue magic
hypercubes in higher dimensional spaces and to unravel and
publicize their mystery.
Fully explained with the help of diagrams and tables is the
new concept of perfect as applied to magic squares, cubes,
tesseracts, etc.
There is nothing else on the

market like it.
Everything you wanted to know and more.
Definitions Tables Examples

Illustrations Terminology
Included are two appendices of bibliographies.
ISBN 0-9687985-0-0, 228 pages 5 x 8, Perfect bound.
WRITE FOR YOUR COPY TODAY!

Please remit $32 Canadian, or $25 U.S. funds per copy to:
H..D. Heinz,
15450 92A Avenue
Surrey, BC, V3R 9B1, Canada
E-mail: harveyheinz@shaw.ca
This book defines 239 terms associated with magic squares, cubes,
tesseracts, stars, etc. Many of these terms have been in use hundreds
of years while some were coined in the last several years. While
meant as a reference book, it should be ideal for casual browsing, with
its almost 200 illustrations and tables, 171 of which are captioned.
While this book is not meant as a "how-to do" book, it should be a
source of inspiration for anyone interested in this fascinating subject.
Many tables compare characteristics between orders or dimensions.
The illustrations were chosen, where possible, to demonstrate
additional features besides the particular definition.
13
26
23
16
10
6
20
17
21
25
24
14
27
22
19
65
10
65
3
65
13
14
17
16
18
65
25
15
23
21
19
12
22
20
65
12
18
65
4
11
24
65
65
65
15
65
11
1
2
26
17
34
36
23
9
20 18
6
30
7
32
17
29
21
16 11
25
19
24 13
8
15
10
28
35
23 4
33
22
5
12
31
31
19
11
13
27
3
29
3
47
14
$ 32.00 Cdn.
$ 25.00 U.S.
ISBN 0-9687985-0-0
41

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MAGIC SQUARE

H. D. Heinz & J. R. Hendricks

100 221 189

102 219 187

162 194 121

105 216 184

164 196 120

108 213 181

109 212 180

168 200 195 163

106 215 183

169 201 119

104 217 185 190 222

110 211 179

107 214 182 188 220 101

170 202 118

171 203 197 165

111 210 178

112 209 177 186 218 103

166 198 117

172 204 116

173 205 115

174 206 114

175 207 113

176 208 199 167 26 122

128 256 2048

H. D. Heinz & J. R. Hendricks

Magic Square Lexicon: Illustrated

Published November 2000

Copyright 2000 by Harvey D. Heinz

Published in small quantities

For Erna & Celia

To commemorate the year 2000

Prime magic square A

Plus prime magic square B

Equals magic square C

Designed by John E. Everett (July, 2000)

Tables and Illustrations

Magic Square Lexicon

Magic Square Bibliography

John Hendricks Bibliography

Tables and Illustrations

Tables and Illustrations

Tables and Illustrations

Tables and Illustrations

76 - Two magic circles........................................................................78

Tables and Illustrations

Tables and Illustrations

Tables and Illustrations

Where I felt it would be appropriate, I have included a source

Faced with that, I proceeded anyway. Many professors, even today,

Marin Trenkler (Safarik University, Slovakia) has

Magic Square Lexicon: Illustrated

1 Two types of almost magic stars.

2 - The Alphamagic square of order-3.

Magic Square Lexicon: Illustrated

3 - An order-4 and an order-5 anti-magic square.

4 - Number of anti-magic squares.

5 - Two order-5 anti-magic stars.

Arithmetic magic squares

Magic Square Lexicon: Illustrated

In counting the number of any given type of hypercube, one can

Vertical reflections of squares immediately above

6 - The 8 aspects of a magic square.