Tamil Book Cover Book Cover 1 of 2

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Book 1 of 2
TôPm – 1 : UôtßY¯ RLWôß !oÜØû\
Ck§V AW£VXûUl" NhPm `WjÕ 39H ¸r AWNôeLm NhPj Õû\«u ùNVpØû\

¿§ûV ¨ûXSôhÓm úSôdLjÕPu GkRùYôÚ Ï¥ULàdÏm ùTôÚ[ôRôWªuûU
ApXÕ úYß CVXôûU«]ôp ¿§ ¡ûPdLôUp CÚdLdáPôÕ GuTRu ùTôÚhÓ
Aû]YÚdÏm ¿§ûV AÔL NU Yônl"m. RÏkR NhPeLs Utßm ©\ §hPeLs
êXUôL CXYN NhP ER® YZeLÜm á±Ùs[Õ,
EfN ¿§Uu\Øm ®ûWYô] ®NôWûQdLô] E¬ûUûV (right to speedy opial) Ck§V

AW£VXûUl" NhPm. `WjÕ 21 ¸r YZe¡Ùs[Õ,
CkR A±ÜûWûV ¨û\úYtßm ùTôÚhÓ SôPô#Uu\m TXYûLVô] Uôtß Y¯

RLWôß !oÜ Øû\Lû[ Ae¸L¬jÕs[Õ, CûY. CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\. NUWN !oÜ
Øû\. Uj§VvR Øû\ Utßm UdLs ¿§Uu\eLs BÏm,
E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\fNhPm. 1908 ©¬Ü 89 TXYûLVô] Uôtß Y¯ RLWôß !oÜ

Øû\Ls êXm RLWôßLû[ !odL Y¯YÏjÕs[Õ,
CfNhPjRu ©¬Ü 89(1) ¸r YZdÏRôWoLs HtßdùLôs#m YûL«p. !oÜdLô]

AmNeLs CÚlTRôL ¿§Uu\m ¨û]jRôp ¿§Uu\m AjRûLV
!oÜdLô] ¨TkRû]Lû[ YûWkÕ AûR YZdÏRôWoL°u LÚjÕdLôL ùLôÓjÕ.
AYoLs ReL[Õ LÚjûRd ùLôÓjRl©u]o ¿§Uu\m
!oÜdLô] ¨TkRû]Lû[ YûWkÕ AkR RLWôû\ CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\. NUWN !oÜ Øû\.
Uj§VvR Øû\ ApXÕ UdLs ¿§Uu\j§tÏ AàlTXôm,
CfNhPj§u ©¬Ü 89(2) ¸r JÚ RLWôß AqYô\ô] !ol©tÏ. Ï±l©hÓ

AàlTlTh¥ÚdÏm úTôÕ :
• CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\dÏ ùNu±ÚkRôp CûNÜ !oÜ Utßm NUWN NhPm. 1996-u
©¬ÜLs CkR CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ Utßm NUNW Øû\dÏ ùTôÚkÕm,
• UdLs ¿§Uu\j§tÏ ùNu\ôp NhP úNûYLs BûQVm NhPm. 1987 ©¬Ü

20(1) T¥ Utßm AfNhPj§u ©\ ©¬ÜLs T¥ SûPùTßm,
1
• ¿§Øû\ !oÜdÏ ùNu\ôp ¿§Uu\m JÚ RÏkR ¨ßY]m ApXÕ
STûW ¨VªjÕ AjRûLV ¨ßY]m ApXÕ STo UdLs ¿§Uu\UôL
AàUô$dLlThÓ NhP úNûY BûQVf NhPj§u Aû]jÕl ©¬ÜL#m
ùTôÚkÕm,
• Uj§VvR Øû\dÏ ùNu\ôp ¿§Uu\m YZdÏRôWoL#dÏ CûPúV NUNW

!o®û] HtTÓj§ Ï±l©PlThP SûPØû\Lû[ LûPl©¥dL úYiÓm,
LhPû[ 10 ®§ 1u ¸r Aû]jÕ Jl"RpLs Utßm Ußl"Lû[Ùm T§Ü ùNnR

©u]o ¿§Uu\m YZdÏRôWoLû[ AYoL#dÏ ®ÚlTUô] HúRàm JÚ UôtßY¯
RLWôß !oÜ Øû\ûV úRoÜ ùNnV á\Xôm, LhPû[ 10 ®§ 1(©) T¥ NUWN ûUVm
ApXÕ A§Lô¬ Øu" B_o BYRtÏ úR§ Ï±jRp Tt±Ùm LhPû[ 10 ®§ 1(£)
NUWN Øû\ ØVt£Ls ùYt±VûPV®pûX Gu\ôp AkR RLWôû\ ¿§Uu\j§tÏ
§Úl© Aàl"m Øû\l Tt±Ùm áß¡\Õ,
CfNhPm. úYß TX NkRolTeL°Ûm Uôtß Y¯ !oÜ Øû\Lû[ TVuTÓjR

GiÔ¡\Õ,
ÏÓmTeL#dÏ CûPúV SPdÏm YZdÏLs Tt± ®Y¬dÏm LhPû[ 32H T¥

GeùLpXôm Nôj§VUô¡\úRô YZd¡u RuûU Utßm NkRolTeL#dÏ ùTôÚkÕm
YûL«p ¿§Uu\eL#dÏ AkR YZdûL ÑêLUôL !olTRtÏ Y¯ ùNnV LPûU
Es[Õ, CRtLôL. ÏÓmT SX ¨"Q¬u ER®ûVÙm ¿§Uu\m SôPXôm, CúR úTôp
AWNôeLm ApXÕ ùTôÕ A§Lô¬ YZdÏRôWWôL CÚdÏm JqùYôÚ YZd¡Ûm
¿§Uu\j§tÏ YZd¡u RuûU Utßm NkRolTeLû[ LÚj§p ùLôiÓ YZdÏ
RôWoLs JÚ NêLUô] !olûT AûPV ER® "¬V LPûU Es[Õ,
Uô§¬ E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\ Uôtß Y¯ RLWôß !oÜ Øû\ ®§Ls
1996 NhPm Utßm 1987 NhPm ¿§Uu\m YZdÏRôWoLû[úV CûNÜ úRoÜ Øû\
NUWNm Øû\ ApXÕ UdLs ¿§Uu\m B¡VYt±p HúRàm JÚ !oÜ Øû\ûV
úRoÜ ùNnÙUôß áßm NkRolTjûR G§oTôodL®pûX, CfNhPeLs ©¬Ü 89u ¸r
!oÜØû\dÏ AàlTlThP ©\Ï Rôu ùTôÚkÕm, (Salem Advocates Bar Association V.
Union of India, AIR 2005 SC 3353).
2
AW£VXûUl" NhPm `WjÕ 21u ¸r Es[ ®ûWÜ ®NôWûQdLô] E¬ûU Utßm
YZdLôÓm ùTôÕ UdL#dÏ ®ûWYôL ¨VôVUôL Utßm A§L ùNX®pXôUp ¿§
YZeÏm ùTôÚhÓ EfN ¿§Uu\m Aû]jÕ EVo ¿§Uu\eL#m NhP
BûQVj§]ôp CVt\lThP Uô§¬ E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\ Uôtß Y¯ RLWôß !oÜ
Øû\ ®§Lû[ Uôt\eL#Pú]ô ApXÕ CpXôUúXô LûPl©¥dLXôm Guß
T¬kÕûW ùNnÕs[Õ, (Salem Advocates Bar Association V. Union of India, AIR 2005 SC 3353).
NhP BûQVj§]ôp CVt\lThP CkR Uô§¬ Uôtß Y¯ !oÜ Øû\ ®§Ls. Uôtß
Y¯ !oÜ Øû\ûV AÔÏm YZdÏRôWoLs LûPl©¥dL úYi¥V
SûPØû\Lû[ áß¡\Õ, CkR ®§L°u ¸r ¿§Uu\eLs YZdÏRôWoL#dÏ RÏkR
T¥VôL Y¯Lôh¥ YZdÏdÏ E¬V Aû]jÕ Ød¡V AmNeLs. YZdÏRôWoLs
LQd¡p GÓjÕd ùLôs[ úYi¥V ©\ ®`VeLs B¡VYtû\ á\ úYiÓm Guß
EjRW®PlThÓs[Õ, Cq®§L°u ¸r ¿§Uu\eLs ùYqúYß !oÜ Øû\L#dÏ
YZdûL Ï±l©hÓ Aàl"m Øû\Ùm !oÜ Øû\ ùYt±VûPVôR ùTô%Õ AûR
¿§Uu\j§tÏ §Úm© Aàl"m Øû\Ùm YZeLlThÓs[Õ, (Salem Advocates Bar
Association V. Union of India, AIR 2005 SC 3353).
NhPj§u TÏ§ 10u ¸r GkR YûL«p !oÜ Øû\ûV úRoÜ ùNnV úYiÓm GuTÕ
ùTôÚjÕm. ®§Ls CVt\ EVo¿§Uu\eL#dÏ A§LôWm Es[Õ, ÏÓmT SX
¿§Uu\ NhPj§p Es[ ®§L#dÏ áÓRXôL CqYôß EVo¿§Uu\eL[ôp
CVt\lThP ®§Ls ùNVpTP úYiÓm, (Salem Advocates Bar Association V. Union of India,
AIR 2005 SC 3353).
CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\
CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ GuTÕ JÚ RLWôû\ YZdÏRôWoLs NôoTt\ JÚ êu\ôm ST¬Pm

(CûNÜ !olTô[o) Ø¥ùYÓdÏm ùTôÚhÓ NUol©dÏm JÚ ¿§ !oÜ Øû\, CûNÜ
!oYô[ÚdÏ ¿§Uu\ SÓYûW ®P TX Lô¬VeLs ùNnYRtLô] RÏ§ CÚkRôÛm
SûPØû\ Utßm Nôh£V ®§Ls ùTôßjÕ CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ ¿§Uu\j§p
YZdLôÓRûX úTôuú\ BÏm,
CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ ùNpÛT¥VôYRtÏ Ck§V JlTkR NhPm 1872 ¸r ùNpÛT¥VôÏm

JÚ CûNÜ !oÜ EPuT¥dûL ØR&p CÚjRp úYiÓm, CkR JlTkR RôWoL#dÏ
JlTkR NhPj§u ©¬Ü 11 Utßm 12 ¸r JlTkRj§p ÖûZYRtLô] RÏ§ CÚdL
úYiÓm,
3
NhPlT¥ úRûYVô] G%jÕ êXm CÚdÏm EPuT¥dûL. ¨ÛûY«p Es[ ApXÕ
YÚeLôX RLWôßLs Utßm AYtû\ CûNÜ !oÜdÏ Aàl"m úSôdLm. R®W JÚ
JlTkRm ùNpÛT¥VôÏm CûNÜ !oÜ EPuT¥dûLVôL LÚRlTÓYRtÏ
úRûYVô]ûY,
• CûNÜ !olTôVj§u Ø¥Ü CÚRWl©]ûWÙm LhÓlTÓjÕYRôL CÚdL

úYiÓm,
• CÚRWl©]ÚdÏm Es[ E¬ûULû[ Tt± Ø¥Ü ùNnÙm !olTôVj§u A§LôW

YWm" CÚRWl©]¬u NmURm êXúUô ¿§Uu\j§u EjRWÜ êXúUô NhPj§u
êXúUô ùT\lTP úYiÓm, úUÛm. CRu êXm RLWôß CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\«p
!odL úYiÓm Guß ùR°YôL CÚjRp úYiÓm,
• !olTôVm êXm CÚ RWl©]¬u ¨ûXØû\ E¬ûULs öQ«dLlTÓm Guß

JlTkRj§p á\lTP úYiÓm,
• !olTôVm CÚ RWl©]¬u E¬ûULû[Ùm TôWThNm CpXôUp ¿§Øû\ NôokR

YûL«p CÚ RWl©]ÚdÏm NUUô] LPûUÙPu ¨VôVUô] Øû\«p SPdL
úYiÓm,
• RLWôûW !olTôVj§tÏ AàlT Ø¥Ü ùNnÙm EPuT¥dûL NhPlT¥ CÚdL

úYiÓm,
• !olTôVm HtùL]úY RLWôß Ï±l©hÓ Aàl©«ÚkRúTôÕ YûWVlThP

RLWôß ùTôÚhÓ Ø¥Ü ùNnV úYiÓm,
• !olTôVm CÚRWl©]PªÚkÕm Nôh£Lû[ ùTtß YôReLû[ úLhL úYiÓm

ApXÕ Yô§Óm YônlûTVôYÕ A°dL úYiÓm, (K.K. Modi v. K.N. Modi, AIR
1998 SC 1297; Bharat Bhusan Bansal V. Uttar Pradesh Small Industries Corporation, AIR 1999
SC 899, Uttar Pradesh Rajkiya Nigam Ld. V. Indure (P) Ltd., AIR 1996 SC 1373).
AWNôeLjÕPu L¥R úTôdÏYWjÕ êXm áP JlTkRm êXm JÚ CûNÜ !oÜ

EPuT¥dûLûV HtTÓjRXôm, (P.B. Ray V. Union of India, AIR 1973 SC 908). B]ôp
CjRûLV JlTkRm Ck§V AW£VXûUl" NhPm 299 ¸r JlTkRj§p ÖûZVdá¥V
RÏkR A§LôWm EûPV AWNôeL A§Lô¬«]ôp UhÓúU HtTÓjR Ø¥Ùm, CqYôß
4
Ae¸LôWm CpXôRYo HtTÓjÕm JlTkRm ùNpÛT¥VôLôÕ, (State of Punjab V. Om
Prakash, AIR 1988 SC 2149).
CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ Utßm YpÛ]o öQ«jRp
YpÛ]o öQ«jRp GuTÕ JÚ RLWôû\ R$lThP êu\ôm STo TôoûY«hÓ

AYÚûPV ¨"QjÕYjûR TVuTÓj§ AûR ¨û\Ü ùNnYÕ BÏm,
AjRûLV öQVm U§lÀÓ. A±ÜNôo ùNôjÕ¬ûU LQd¡ÓRp úTôu\Yt±tÏ
ERÜm, YpÛ]o RuàûPV öQVj§tLô] LôWQeLû[ ùLôÓdL úRûY«pûX,
úUÛm CûNÜ !ol" úTôuß CjRûLV YpÛ]o öQVjûR ùNVpTÓjR Ø¥VôÕ,
CRû] ¿§Uu\j§p G§odLÜm Ø¥VôÕ,
JÚ JlTkRm CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ûVúV HtTÓjÕ¡u\Õ Gußm

YpÛ]o öQVjûRl Tt± á\®pûX GuTûRÙm E£RlTÓjR ¸rdLiPYtû\
¿§Uu\eLs á±Ùs[],
• YÚeLôX RLWôû\ R®odÏm ùTôÚhÓ CpXôUp Øû\Vô] ¨LrLôX RLWôß

CÚjRp
• úRokùRÓdLlThP !olTôVm úRûYVô] Nôh£VeLû[ LÚj§p ùLôiÓ

YZdÏRôWoL°u YôReLû[Ùm úLhÓ ¨VôVUô] Øû\«p !olT°jRp,
• !ol" CÚRWl©]ûWÙm LhÓlTÓjÕm úSôdLjÕPu CÚjRp, (K.K. Modi V.

K.N. Modi, AIR 1998 SC 1297)
CÚRWl©]WôÛm TVuTÓjRlTÓm AûZdÏm Øû\ûV Cß§VôL ùLôs[ Ø¥VôÕ,

AkR JlTkRj§u úSôdLm Utßm LôWQjûR BWôV úYiÓm, “CûNÜ Y¯
!olTô[o” ApXÕ “CûNÜ Y¯ !oÜ Øû\” B¡V ùNôtLs Ø¥Yô]
®[dLeLû[ A°dÏm ùNôtLs ¡ûPVôÕ. CQeL®dLYpX ùNôtLs UhÓúU
BÏm,
G-Ó : ReL#d¡ûPúV Es[ RLWôß Utßm úYßTôÓLû[ !odÏm ùTôÚhÓ JÚ

ÏÓmTj§u CÚ ©¬ÜL#m JÚ JlTkRjûR HtTÓj§d ùLôiP], CkR JlTkRj§u
Ød¡VUô] áß. CÚ ©¬®]oL°ûPúV YÚeLôXj§p ùNôjÕdLû[l ©¬jRp.
AYtû\ JÚ ùTV¬PlThP ¨ßY]m êXm U§l©ÓRp. AYtû\ JÚ Ï±l©hP ©¬Ü
ApXÕ §hPj§u ¸r úYß ùTV¬PlThP ¨ßY]j§]ôp U§l©PlTÓRp
5
B¡VYt±p G%mTdá¥V Aû]jÕ RLWôßLû[Ùm R®olTÕ Guß CÚkRÕ,
úUÛm. CkR JlTkRjûR ùNVpØû\TÓjÕY§p HtTÓm Aû]jÕ CûPëßLs
ùTôßjR Ø¥Ü ¨§ áhPûUl©u RûXY¬Pm ùLôÓdLlThPÕ, AYo úYß
úLs®Lû[ Ø¥Ü ùNnV úYß VôúWàm ¨VªdL A§LôWm ùTt±ÚkRôo, CkR
JlTkRm Nôh£VeLû[ T§Ü ùNnVúYô ApXÕ ¿§Øû\«p !oÜ LôQúYô
YZeL®pûX, G]úY C§p CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ Gu\ ùNôp TVuTÓjRlTh¥ÚkRôÛm
CÕ JÚ YpÛ]o öQVm Gußm CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ CpûX Gußm
!oUô$dLlThPÕ, (K.K. Modi V. K.N. Modi, AIR 1998 SC 1297).
¨ßY]m NôokR CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\
CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV Es[ JlTkRm ùTÚmTôÛm CûNÜ !oÜ EPuT¥dûLûV

ùLôiÓs[Õ, CRu êXm Øu" ¨ßYlThP ®§L°u T¥ HúRàm JÚ ¨ßY]m
CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ûV SPj§ AûR öYô¡dL ¨VªdLlTÓ¡u\Õ,
CjRûLV ¨ßY]eL°u G-Ó : International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), London Court of
International Arbitration (LCIA), and American Arbitration Association (AAA).
CjRûLV ¨ßY]j§u öYô¡l" ùNXÜ ªÏ§VôL CÚlTÕ Ød¡VªpûX Gu\ôp

CkR ¨ßY] Y¯ CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ ùTÚmTôÛm ®ÚmTlTÓ¡\Õ, CkR Øû\ûV
ùNXÜ ùNnÕ ©uTt\dá¥VYoLs ¸rLiP ¨û\Lû[ LÚj§p ùLôs[ úYiÓm,
• ØuúT ¨ßYlThÓ Su\ôL TVuTÓjRlThP ®§L#m SûPØû\L#m,

CR]ôp CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ EP]¥VôL BWm©jÕ ºWôL ùNpÛm,
• öYôL Utßm ùRô¯pÖhT ER®
• úRokR Utßm AàTYØûPV CûNÜ !olTô[oLs,
• !olTô[oLû[ ¨VªjRp YZdLô[oL°u ®iQlTj§u

úT¬p ¨ßY]j§]ôp ùNnVlTÓm,
• CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ûV SPjÕm ùTôÚhÓ £\kR YN§Ls Utßm úNûYLs,
• RVdLUôL CÚdÏm SToLû[ CûNÜ !oÜ Y¯«p úUtùLôs[ FdLlTÓjR

ER®,
6
• CûNÜ !oûY Eß§TÓjÕm Øu]o AûR Cß§VôL Uß BnÜ ùNnÕ G°V
Øû\«p SûPØû\lTÓjRÜm Ae¸LôWm ùT\Üm Y¯ YÏjRp,
• RÏkR A±®l" ùLôÓlTRtLô] ùNVpØû\ TVuLs,
• HúRàm JÚ CûNÜ !olTô[¬u ¨Vªl" G§odLlThPôúXô AYo Wô´]ôUô

ùNnRôúXô EP]¥VôL úYß JÚYûW ùTßYRtÏ G°RôL JÚ CûNÜ
!olTô[o Ï%,
¨ßY] CûNÜ !ol©u A¥lTûP Ïû\Ls ¸rLiPYôß :
• CÕ ùUÕYôL Utßm Lh¥ßdLUô] Øû\
• ùT¬V ùRôûL Es[ RLWôßL°p ¨ßY]eL°p Es[ YN§Ls Utßm

úNûYLû[l TVuTÓjR LhPQØm AdLhPQm RLWô±p Es[ ùRôûLûV
ùTôßjÕ CÚdÏmùTô%Õ ªÏ§VôL CÚdÏm, RLWô±p £±V A[®p ùRôûL
CÚkRôÛm ¨ßY] LhPQm. AkR ùRôûLûV ®P ªÏ§VôL CÚdLXôm,
• £dLp ¨û\kR T'jÕû\ ®§Ls úUÛm ùNXÜLû[ Ht\Xôm, LôX RôURØm

ùNnVXôm,
RtLô&L CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\
YZdÏRôWoL[ôúXúV (¨ßY]m Utßm êu\ôm STo ApXôR) JqùYôÚ YZd¡tLôL

HtTÓjRlTÓm ®§L°u T¥ öY¡dLlTÓm CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ RtLô&L CûNÜ !oÜ
Øû\ G]lTÓm, CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\«p Aû]jÕ ®`VeL#dÏm ARôYÕ. GkR
NhPm ùTôÚkÕm. GkR ®§L°u ¸r CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ ùNVpTÓm. GkR Øû\«p
!olTô[ûW úRokùRÓdLXôm. GkR CPjRp CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ûV úUtùLôs[Xôm.
ùUô¯. Cß§VôL Utßm ªL Ød¡VUôL CûNÜ !oÜ Y¯ êXm !odLlTPúYi¥V
Ød¡V ®`VeLs B¡V Aû]jûRl Tt±Ùm YZdÏRôWoLú[ HtTôÓ ùNnYo,
YZdÏRôWoLs JÚYúWôÓ JÚYo JjÕûZdÏm úSôdLjÕPu Cj!oÜ Øû\ûV

AÔ¡]ôp CÕ £dL]Uô]RôLÜm. ¨ßY] CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ûV ®P
®ûWYô]RôLÜm G°RôL Uôt\dá¥VRôLÜm CÚdÏm,
RtLô&L CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\«u Ïû\Ls
7
• Øu©ÚkúR ®§Ls CpXôRRôp CÚ RWl©]Úm Cß§ YûW Su\ôL JjÕûZdL
úYi¥V úRûY Es[Õ, C§p CÚ RWl©]ÚdÏm A§LlT¥Vô] A§LôWm
Es[Õ,
• ùNVpØû\TÓjR Ø¥VôR !oÜ Øû\ áßLû[ CÚ RWl©]Úm

YûWk§ÚdLdá¥V ATôVm, ùTôÕYôL ©¬ÜLs ªL ®YWUôLÜm TXYûLVô]
ùTôÚs TÓjÕRpLs CÚdÏmT¥Ùm Yû]VlTÓYRôp TXØû\ CûY
¿§Uu\eL#dÏ ùNuß YZdLôPlTP úYi¥V ¨ûXûU HtTÓ¡u\Õ,
• ©ûZVô] SûPØû\Lû[ Jl"dùLôiÓ AûY LûPl©¥dLlTh¥ÚkRôp CûNÜ

!ol" Ø%YÕúU ùNVpTÓjRlTP Ø¥VôRT¥ úTôLXôm,
• LhPQm. ùUô¯ ùTVolTô[oLû[ ¨VªjRp. YZdÏ SûPùTßm Sôs Ï±jRp

B¡VYt±tÏ öYôL úUtTôoûY CÚdLôÕ,
• EhLhPûUl"Ls Utßm úRûYVô] YN§Ls Ïû\Ü,
RtLô&L CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ ¨ßY] CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ûV Øt±Ûm R®ojÕ CÚdL
úYi¥V AY£Vm CpûX, JÚ ¨ßY]j§tÏ Øt±Ûm EhTPôUp Ak¨ßY]j§u
®§Lû[ Utßm LûPl©¥dL CÚ RWl©]Úm Ø¥Ü ùNnVXôm, CpûXùVu\ôp.
JÚ ¨ßY]jûR. CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ûV öYô¡dL ¨VªjÕ B]ôp.
AkR ¨ßY]j§u ®§L°p JÚ TÏ§ûV ®Xd¡d ùLôs[Xôm,
YZdÏRôWoLs ¨ßY]jûR CûNÜ !olTô[ûW ¨VªlTRtÏ UhÓm TVuTÓj§d
ùLôs[Xôm, RtLô&L CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ûV úUtùLôs#m RWl©]o ReL#ûPV
ùNôkR ®§Lû[ LûPl©¥dÏmùTô%Õ AYoLs GkRùYôÚ CûNÜ !oÜ ¨ßY]j§u
®§Lû[Ùm LûPl©¥júRô ApXÕ I,Sô, Uô§¬ ®§Lû[ LûPl©¥dL úRoÜ
ùNnVXôm,
8
NhP Øû\ CûNÜ !ol" Øû\
TX Uj§V Utßm Uô¨X NhPeLs Ï±lTôL CfNhPeL°u ¸r G%m"m

RLWôßL#dÏ !oÜ LôQ CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ûV TVuTÓjR Ï±l©hÓs[Õ, G-Ó :
ªuNôW NhPm 1910. ªuNôW YZeÏRp NhPm 1948 CjRûLV CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ 1996
NhPj§]ôp LhÓlTÓjRlTÓYRôp CqYô\ô] NhPeL°p Es[ CûNÜ !ol"
Øû\ûV TVuTÓjR úYiÓm Gu\ ©¬ÜLs CûNÜ !ol" EPuT¥dûLL[ôL
LÚRlTÓm, (Grid Coporation of Orissa V. Indian Change Chrome Ltd., AIR 1998 Ori 101).
®ûWÜ Y¯ CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ Utßm BYQeLs UhÓm CÚdÏm

CûNÜ !ol" Øû\
CÚ RWl©]Úm YônùUô¯VôL YôReLs NUol©dL úYiPôm Guß Ø¥Ü ùNnRôp

!olTôVm ®ûWYôL CÚ RWl©]Úm ReLs YZd¡tÏ NôRLUôL
NUol©jÕs[ BYQeL°u A¥lTûP«p UhÓúU !ol" YZeLXôm,
1996 NhPj§u ¸r CûNÜ !ol" Øû\
1996 NhPm CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ ùTôßjR ØkûRV NhPeL[ô] CûNÜ !ol" NhPm
1940. CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ (áhÓ EPuT¥dûL Utßm ùTôÕ CQdL JlTkRm) NhPm
1937. Utßm ùY°SôhÓ Ø¥ÜLs (Ae¸LôWlTÓjÕRp Utßm ùNVpTÓjÕRp NhPm)
1961 B¡VYtû\ ¿dÏ¡\Õ,
CfNhPm. NoYúRN ®VôTôW NhPm Ï±jR Id¡V SôÓL°u Ï%Yôp (UNCITRAL)

CVt\lThP ®§Lû[ NôokÕ EsSôhÓ CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\. NoYúRN Y'Lm NôokR
CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\Ls. ùY°SôhÓ Ø¥ÜLû[ ùNVpTÓjÕRp Utßm NUWN
Øû\Lû[ NôokR NhPeLû[ YûWVßjRp. B¡VYtû\l Tt±V
©¬ÜLû[ ùLôiÓs[Õ, CkR Uô§¬ NhPm Utßm ®§Ls CfNhPjûR "¬kÕ
ùLôs[ TVuTÓjR úRûYVô]Rôp 1996 NhPj§u TÏ§VôdLlTP®pûX, (Union of
India V. East Cost Boat Builders & Engineers Ltd., AIR 1999 Del 44).
1996 NhPm Uôtß Y¯ RLWôß !oÜ Øû\L°p JÚ "§V Øuú]t\jûR Ï±d¡\Õ,

1940 NhPj§u ¸r Ø¥Ü ùNnVlThP YZdÏLs CfNhPj§u ¸r GÓdLlTP úYi¥V
Ø¥ÜL°p úRôußm ©WfNû]Lû[ !oÜ ùNnV LY]jÕPu TVuTÓjRlTP
úYiÓm, (Sundaram Finance Ltd. V. N.E.P.C. India Ltd., AIR 1999 SC 565). CfNhPj§u
9
©¬ÜLû[ 1940 NhPj§u ùLôsûLL#dÏ EhTÓjRôUp R$lThP Øû\«p
"¬kÕùLôs[ úYiÓm, (Furest Day Lawson Ltd. V. Juridal Exports Ltd., AIR 2001 SC 2293).
1940 NhPm JÚ CûNÜ !oûY ùNVpTÓjÕYRtÏ Øu" AûR ¿§Uu\j§p RôdLp

ùNnÕ ¿§Uu\ EjRWYôL UôtßYRtÏ úRûYVô] SûPØû\ûV YZdÏ¡\Õ, 1996
NhPj§u Ød¡V úSôdLm ®ûWYôLÜm Uôtß Y¯«Ûm RLWôßLû[ !odL úYiÓm
GuTRôp úUtá±V SûPØû\ CfNhPj§p ¡ûPVôÕ, ùY°SôhÓ
Ø¥ÜLû[ ùNVpTÓjÕYRtÏ áP ARu ùNVpTÓjÕm RuûUûV Ø¥Ü ùNnÕ
AûR ¿§Uu\ EjRWYôdÏYRp Utßm AûR ùNVpTÓjÕRp G] CWiÓ R$lThP
SPY¥dûLLs úRûY«pûX, ùY°SôhÓ Ø¥ûY ùNVpTÓjÕm ¿§Uu\m AkR
Ø% YZdûLÙm JúW SPY¥dûL«p GÓjÕd ùLôs[Xôm, (Furest Day Lawson Ltd. V.
Juridal Exports Ltd., AIR 2001 SC 2293)
1996 NhPj§u ùRôPdLm
CfNhPm BLvÓ 16. 1996 Auß _]ô§T§«u Jl"Rp ùTt\ôÛm CÕ CûNÜ !oÜ
Utßm NUWNm (AYNW NhPj§u) ùRôPof£VôL LÚRlThPRôp CÕ _]Y¬ 25. 1996.
ARôYÕ AYNW NhPm AUÛdÏ YkR úR§«&ÚkÕ AUÛdÏ YkRRRôL
LÚRlTÓ¡\Õ, (Furest Day Lawson Ltd. V. Juridal Exports Ltd., AIR 2001 SC 2293), G]úY.
_]Y¬ 25. 1996dÏ Øu" ùRôPe¡V Aû]jÕ CûNÜ !oÜ SPY¥dûLL#dÏm 1940
NhPm ùTôÚkÕm, (Shetty’s Construction Co. (P) Ltd. V. Konkan Railway Construction, (1998) 5 SCC
599).
1996 NhPm ©¬Ü 85(2)(G) ¸r 1940 NhPm ¿dLlTh¥ÚkRôÛm YZdÏRôWoLs úYß

®RUôL Jl"dùLôi¥ÚkRôXu± AfNhPj§u ©¬ÜLs _]Y¬ 25. 1996 Øu"
ùRôPe¡V Aû]jÕ CûNÜ !oÜ SPY¥dûLL#dÏm ùTôÚkÕm, ©¬Ü 21 ¸r
YZdÏRôWoL#dÏ CûNÜ !oÜ SPY¥dûLûV ùRôPeÏYRtÏ úYß úR§ûV
Ï±lTRtÏ ®Úl"¬ûUûV YZeÏ¡\Õ, G]úY. CûNÜ !ol©p TeúLtÏm CÚ
RWl©]Úm CûNÜ !oÜ SPY¥dûL _]Y¬ 25. 1996dÏ ©\Ï ùRôPeL úYiÓm Guß
Ø¥Ü ùNn§ÚkRôp 1996 NhPj§u ©¬ÜLs ùTôÚkÕm,
CûNÜ !oÜ SPY¥dûLLs 1996 NhPj§tÏ ØuTôLúY ùRôPe¡«ÚkÕ CûNÜ

!olTô[¬u Øu$ûX«p ¨ÛûY«p CÚkRôp YZdÏRôWoLs 1996 NhPm AkR
SPY¥dûLdÏ ùTôÚkÕm Guß Jl"d ùLôs[Xôm, (Thyssen Stanlunion Gmbh V. Steel
Authority of India, (1999) SCC 334).
10
EsSôhÓ CûNÜ !ol" Øû\
EsSôhÓ CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ GuTÕ 1996 NhPj§p YûWVßdLlTP®pûX,

Ck§Vô®p SPdÏm CûNÜ !ol" SPY¥dûL. Cß§«p CfNhPj§p TÏ§ 1-u ¸r
EsSôhÓ !ol©p Ø¥kRôp AÕ EsSôhÓ CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ BÏm, (©¬Ü 2(2) –
2(7) ) G]úY. Ck§Vô®p Ck§VoL°ûPúV Ck§V ¨ûXØû\ NhPj§uT¥
SûPùTßm CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ EsSôhÓ CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ BÏm, (©¬Ü 28(1)(H)),
1996 NhPm TÏ§ - 1
TÏ§ 1-u ¸r Ck§Vô®p CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ûV Tt±V NhPm Utßm SûPØû\l
Tt± Y¬ûNVôL CûNÜ !ol" Øû\«u JqùYôÚ ¨ûX Yô¬VôL. ARôYÕ CûNÜ
!ol" EPuT¥dûL. !olTôVjûR ¨VªjRp. CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ûV SPjÕRp.
!olûT YZeÏRp. !ol"Ls Ae¸LôWm ùTtß ùNVpTÓjRlTÓRp Guß Aû]jûRl
Tt±Ùm ®Y¬d¡\Õ,
CÚ RWl©]Úm RLWôû\ CûNÜ !ol" Øû\dÏ AàlT Jl"d ùLôiP ©\Ï

AYoL°p JÚYo JÚU]RôL C§&ÚkÕ Ruû] ®Xd¡d ùLôs[ Ø¥VôÕ, CûNÜ
!olTôVm CÚ RWl©]ûWÙm Cß§VôL ©ûQdÏm YûL«p !ol" A°dÏm, (©¬Ü
35) AjRûLV !ol" RÏ§Ùs[ A§LôW YWm"ûPV ¿§Uu\j§]ôp Rs#T¥
ùNnVlThPôp Au±. E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\ NhPj§u ¸r ¿§Uu\ !olTôûQ
úTôXúY ùNVpTÓjRlTPXôm (©¬Ü 36),
LhÓlTôPô] ¿§Uu\ RûXÂÓ
CfNhPj§u ¸r ¿§Uu\ RûXÂÓ êXm JÚ YZdûL CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\dÏ AàlT

Y¯ ¡ûPVôÕ, ©¬Ü 5 ¿§ Õû\«u RûXÂhûP ªLÜm Ïû\d¡\Õ, CÕ
CfNhPj§u ©\ úSôdLeL#Pu JjÕ RLWôßLû[ ®ûWYôLÜm Ïû\kR ùNXÜPàm
¿§Uu\j§u RûXÂÓ CpXôUÛm CÚdÏm ùTôÚhÓ HtTÓjRlThÓs[Õ, (P. Anand
Gajapathi Raj V. P.V.G. Raju, AIR 2000 SC 1886).
CûNÜ !oÜ EPuT¥dûL
©¬Ü 11-u ¸r CûNÜ !olTô[ûW ¨VªdÏm A§LôWm CûNÜ !oÜ EPuT¥dûL

CÚlTRtÏ EhThúP TVuTÓjRlTPXôm, CûNÜ !oÜ EPuT¥dûL
11
ùNpÛT¥VôÏUô GuTÕ AÕ CPm ùTt±ÚdÏm JlTkRj§&ÚkÕ úYßThPÕ, CkR
JlTkRm ùNpÛT¥VôLôÕ Guß A±®dLlThPôÛm A§&ÚdÏm CûNÜ !oÜ
EPuT¥dûL Re¡«ÚdÏm, Hù]u\ôp CkR áßLs JlTkRj§u ©\
áßL°&ÚkÕ ©¬dLdá¥VûY, CûNÜ !oÜ áßLs R$úV JÚ JlTkRm
úTôu\ûY, (Firm Ashok Tradors V. Gurumukh Das Saluja, (2004) 3 SCC 155).
CûNÜ !oÜ áß CÚkRôp CûNÜ !oÜ EPuT¥dûL«p Es[ ¨TkRû]LsT¥ CÚ

RWl©]ûWÙm CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\dÏ AàlT úYi¥V Li¥lTô] LPûU
¿§Uu\eL#dÏ Es[Õ (©¬Ü 8), B]ôp. CfNhPm CûNÜ !oÜ EPuT¥dûL«u
CÚ RWl©]Úm ©¬Ü 8u ¸r RÏkR SPY¥dûL GÓdL®pûXùVu\ôp E¬ûU«Vp
¿§Uu\j§u A§LôW YWmûT ¿dLôÕ,
AúR úTôp ¿§Uu\m ©¬Ü 8u ¸r CûNÜ !oÜ EPuT¥dûL«p

Es[ ®`VeLû[ ùTôßjÕ UhÓúU CÚRWl©]ûWÙm CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\dÏ
AàlTXôm, CûNÜ EPuT¥dûLdÏ ùY°úV Es[ HúRàm JÚ ®`VjûRl
ùTôßjÕ YZdÏ ùRôPWlThÓ AûY EPuT¥dûLdÏ EhTPôR RWl©]ÚdÏ CûPúV
CÚkRôp ©¬Ü 8 ùTôÚkRôÕ, “®`Vm” G]lTÓm ùNôp JÚ YZd¡u Aû]jÕ
AeLeLû[Ùm Ï±dL úYiÓm, CûY Aû]jÕm EPuT¥dûL«p
AeLeL[LÜm CÚdL úYiÓm, (Sukanya Holdings Pvt. Ltd. V. Jayesh H. Pandya, (2003) 5 SCC
531).
©¬Ü 8 CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\Vôp RÏ§ÙûPV CûNÜ !olTô[Wôp !odLdá¥V

RLWôßL#dÏ UhÓúU ùTôÚkÕm,
G-Ó : JÚ ¨ßY]jûR êÓYûR ùTôÚhÓ G%m úLs®Lû[ Ø¥Ü ùNnV £X RWl©]o

AûR CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\dÏ AàlT HtßdùLôiÓs[]o, B]ôp. LmùT$
NhPj§u ¸r LmùT$ ¿§Uu\j§tÏ UhÓúU JÚ ¨ßY]jûR êÓm A§LôWm
Es[Õ, CûNÜ !olTô[ÚdÏ JÚ ¨ßY]jûR êÓYRtLô] A§LôW YWm" CpûX
GuTRôp ¿§Uu\m ©¬Ü 8u ¸r CRû] CûNÜ !ol" Øû\dÏ Ï±l©hÓ AàlT
Ø¥VôÕ, (Haryana Telecom Ltd., V. Sterlite Industries (India) Ltd. AIR 1999 SC 2354).
G-Ó : £X RWl©]o JÚ E«p NhP Øû\ BdLlTP úYiÓUô Gu\ úLs®ûV CûNÜ
!ol" Øû\dÏ AàlT HtßdùLôiÓs[]o, CjRûLV YZdÏL°p Ck§V
Yô¬Ñ¬ûU NhPj§u ¸r YZeLlTÓm !ol"Ls inrem GuTRôp CkR úLs®ûV
12
CûNÜ !ol" Øû\dÏ Ï±l©hÓ AàlT Ø¥VôÕ, (Chiranjilal Shrilal Goenka V. Jasjit
Singh, (1993) 2 SCC 507).
©¬Ü 8-u ¸r Es[ ®iQlTm AúR YZd¡úXô ApXÕ AúR ¿§Uu\j§p JÚ

R$lThP ®iQlTUôLúYô RôdLp ùNnVlTPXôm,
ùTôÕYôL ©¬Ü 8u ¸r Es[ ®iQlTm AkR YZd¡p G§o EûW RôdLp

ùNnVlTÓYRtÏ Øu]ôp RôdLp ùNnVlTP úYiÓm, B]ôp. ©W§Yô§ G§o EûW
RôdLp ùNnR ©\Ï CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\dÏ Ï±l©hÓ AàlT ®iQlTm ùNnÕ
ARtÏ Yô§ BhúNTûQ ùR¬®dL®pûX ùVu\ôp ¿§Uu\m AkR RLWôû\ CûNÜ
!ol" Øû\dÏ Ï±l©hÓ AàlTXôm, CkR SPY¥dûL ¿§Uu\j§tÏ ùLôiÓ
YÚYRtÏ ØuúT CûNÜ !oÜ EPuT¥dûL CÚdL úYiÓm Gu\ AY£Vm
¡ûPVôÕ, CkR SPY¥dûL ¨ÛûY«p CÚdÏmùTô%Õ HtTÓjRlTPXôm, JÚ
YZdÏ CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\dÏ Ï±l©hÓ AàlTlThP ©\Ï E¬ûU«Vp YZd¡p
Es[ SPY¥dûLLs Ø¥YûPkRRôL LÚRlTÓm, CûNÜ !olûT G§ojÕ ŸôWQm
ùTßYRtÏ CÚ RWl©]Úm AÔL úYi¥V ¿§Uu\m Tt± ©¬Ü 2(D)«p Ï±l©Pl
ThÓs[Õ, CÕ ©¬Ü 8u ¸r ®iQlTm ùNnR AúR ¿§Uu\m ¡ûPVôÕ, (P. Anand
Gajapathi Raju V. P.V.G. Raju, AIR 2000 SC 1886).
¿§Uu\m Øu" SPY¥dûLLs ¨ÛûY«p CÚdÏmùTô%Õ CÚ RWl©]Úm CûNÜ

!oÜ Y¯«p !oÜ LôQ JlTkRj§p ÖûZkRôp AYoLs 1996 NhPj§u ©¬ÜL°u
T¥ úUp SPY¥dûL GÓdL úYiÓm,
G-Ó : EVo ¿§Uu\m RuàûPV BûQ ©\l©dÏm A§LôW YWmûT TVuTÓj§

GkRùYôÚ YZdûLÙm CûNÜ !olTô[ÚdÏ Ï±l©hÓ Aàl© ARuT¥ !ol"
NUol©dLlThP ©\Ï EjRWÜ YZeL Ø¥VôÕ, (Tamil Nadu Electricity Board V. Sumathi,
AIR 2000 SC 1603).
¿§Uu\j§p YZeLlTÓm CûPdLôX ùNVp EjRWÜLs
CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\Ls ùRôPeLlTÓYRtÏ Øu]úW ©¬Ü 9u ¸r ¿§Uu\eL#dÏ

CûPdLôX ùNVp EjRWÜLû[ ùLôÓdL A§LôWm Es[Õ, CûNÜ !ol"
áßLû[ ùNVpTÓjÕm YûL«p A±®l" Aàl"YRtÏ Øu" áP CkR
EjRWÜLs ©\l©dLlTPXôm, (Sundaram Finance Ltd. V. N.E.P.C. India Ltd. AIR 1999 SC 565)
©¬Ü 9u ¸r CûNÜ !olTôVj§u Cß§Vô] !ol" YZeÏmúTôÕ TôÕLôdL
13
úYi¥V E¬ûULs Åi BLôUp CÚdÏm ùTôÚhÓ ¿§Uu\eLs CûPdLôX
EjRWÜLû[ YZeLXôm, (Firm Ashok Traders V. Gurumukh Das Saluja, (2004) 3 SCC 155).
©¬Ü 21u ¸r A±®l" AàlTlTÓYRtÏ ØuTôLúY ©¬Ü 9u ¸r

CûPdLôX ŸôWQm úLô¬ ¿§Uu\j§u Øu" ®iQlTm RôdLlThPôp ¿§Uu\m
ØR&p ùNpÛT¥VôÏm CûNÜ !oÜ EPuT¥dûL Es[Rô Gußm. ®iQlTRôWo
RLWôû\ CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\dÏ GÓjÕ ùNpX GiQm ùLôiÓs[ôo. Gußm Ruû]
Eß§lTÓj§ ùLôs[ úYiÓm, AqYôß Eß§ AûPkR ©u]o ©¬Ü 9u ¸r
¿§Uu\m YZd¡u úSoÜLs Utßm NkRolTeLû[ LÚj§p ùLôiÓ RÏkR
CûPdLôX ùNVp EjRWûY ©\l©dLXôm, CqYôß EjRWÜ ©\l©dÏmùTô%Õ
CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ûV ùRôPeL ®iQlTRôWo RÏkR SPY¥dûL GÓdL úYiÓm
ùTôÚhÓ ©¬Ü 9u ¸r ¿§Uu\m JÚ ¨TkRû] EjRWûY ©\l©dLXôm, CRu ¸r
®iQlTRôWo CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ûV úUtùLôs[ RÏkR SPY¥dûL
GÓlTRtLôL ¨TkRû]L#m úNodLlTPXôm, (Sundaram Finance Ltd. V. N.E.P.C. India Ltd.,
AIR 1999 SC 565).
JÚ YZdÏ CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\«u ¸r ùNu\ ©\Ï EVo¿§Uu\m CûNÜ !olTô[o

ApXÕ CûNÜ !olTôVj§u Ø¥ÜLú[ôÓ SPY¥dûLLs SPkÕ ùLôi¥ÚdÏm
NUVj§p RûX«PôÕ, YZdÏRôWoL#dÏ ©¬Ü 34 Utßm 37dÏ ¸r UhÓúU
¿§Uu\jûR AÔL AàU§ Es[Õ (SBP and Co. V. Patel Engineering Ltd., 2005 (3) Arb L R
285 (SC)).
CûNÜ !olTôVj§u AûUl"
©¬Ü 2¥ ¸r CûNÜ !olTôVm GuTÕ ©¬Ü 10 Utßm 11u ¸r ¨VªdLlThP JÚ R$

CûNÜ !olTô[o ApXÕ JÚ CûNÜ !olTô[o Ï%ûY Ï±dÏm, CûNÜ
!olTô[oL°u Gi'dûL CWhûPlTûP«p CÚdLdáPôÕ, Hù]$p LÚjÕ
úYßTôÓ CÚl©u NUUô] Gi'dûL«p CÚ RWl©Ûm !olTô[oLs
CÚdÏm ¨ûX G%mTXôm,
CûNÜ !olTô[o ÑRk§WUôLÜm. TôWThNm CpXôUÛm CÚdL úYiÓm,

!olTô[o ¨VªdLlTÓYRtÏ Øu" RuàûPV ÑRk§Wm Utßm TôWThNm CuûUûV
Ï±jÕ NkúRLm GZdá¥V NkRolTeLs Tt±V Aû]jÕ ®YWeLû[Ùm G%jÕ
êXm YZdÏRôWoL#dÏ ùLôÓdL úYiÓm, (©¬Ü 12(1)), úUÛm CfNhPj§u ¸r
CûNÜ !olTô[¬u ¨VU]jûR G§odLÜm. AYÚûPV SPY¥dûLLû[ Ø¥Ü
14
ùNnVÜm. AYÚdÏ T§XôL úYù\ôÚYûW Uôt\m ùNnVÜm. SûPØû\Ls
YZeLlThÓs[] (©¬Ü 13-15),
1996 NhPj§u ¸r CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ GuTÕ NmURj§u A¥lTûP«p SPlTÕ,

G]úY. CÚRWl©]Úm JlTkRjûR ReL#dÏ Ht\Yôß AûUjÕd ùLôs[Xôm, CÚ
RWl©]ÚdÏm CûNÜ !olTô[oLû[ úRokùRÓlT§p A§LThNm ÑRk§Wm ùLôÓdLl
ThÓs[Õ UhÓªpXôUp !olTô[oL°u Gi'dûLûV öQ«lT§Ûm ÑRk§Wm
Es[Õ,
CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV Es[ JlTkRj§u A¥lTûP«p !olTôVm AûUdLl

Th¥ÚkRôp AûR AûUjR Øû\ Utßm A§&ÚlTYoLs NhPj§u TÏ§ 1-dÏ
G§WôL ¨VªdLlTh¥ÚkRôÛm AûR G§odÏm E¬ûU ¡ûPVôÕ, úUÛm. 1996
NhPj§u T¥ JÚ !ol" YZeLlTh¥ÚkRôp AlùTô%Õ !olTôVj§u AûUl"
Utßm SûPØû\ CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV Es[ JlTkRj§tÏ ØWiThÓ CÚkRôÛm
AûR G§odL Ø¥VôÕ, CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV CûNÜ !olTôVj§u AûUl" Utßm
CûNÜ !ol" Øû\dLô] SûPØû\Ls Tt± GkR®R JlTkRØm CpûXùVu\ôp
!olTôVj§u !oÜ 1996 NhPj§tÏ G§oUô\ôL CÚkRôp AûR G§odLXôm, (Narayan
Prasad Lohia V. Nikunj Kumar Lohia, (2002), 3 SCC 572).
CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV Es[ JlTkRm CWiÓ CûNÜ !olTô[oLû[ ¨VªlTRôL

CÚkRôp AÕ UhÓúU AkR JlTkRjûR ùNpÛT¥ CpXôRRôL Uôt\ôÕ,
CqYôß ¨VªdLlThP CWiÓ CûNÜ !olTô[oL#m RûXûU CûNÜ !olTô[WôL
T'"¬V JÚ êu\ôYÕ CûNÜ !olTô[ûW ¨VªdL úYiÓm (©¬Ü 11(3)), CÚ
RWl©]Úm BhúNTûQ Cu± CWiÓ ApXÕ CWhûPlTûP GiÔûPV CûNÜ
!olTô[oLs EûPV CûNÜ !olTôVj§u Øu" SPY¥dûLL°p DÓTh¥ÚkRôp
AYoL#dÏ AjRûLV !olTôVj§]ôp YZeLlTÓm ùTôÕYô] !olûT G§odÏm
E¬ûU ¡ûPVôÕ, CYoLs CkR E¬ûUûV ©¬Ü 4u ¸r ®hÓ ùLôÓjRRôL
LÚRlTÓm, (Narayan Prasad Lohia V. Nikunj Kumar Lohia, (2002), 3 SCC 572).
CûNÜ !olTô[oL°u Gi'dûLûV öQ«jRp Utßm CûNÜ

!olTô[oLû[ ¨VªjRp ùYqúYß R$lThP ùTôßl"Ls BÏm, CûNÜ
!olTô[oL°u Gi'dûL ØR&p CÚ RWl©]WôÛm öQ«dLlTP úYiÓm,
CpûXùVu\ôp CûNÜ !olTôVm JúW JÚ CûNÜ !olTô[ûW ùLôi¥ÚdÏm,
B]ôp. CûNÜ !olTô[¬u ¨VU]m CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV Es[ JlTkRj§u
15
A¥lTûP«p CÚdL úYiÓm, CpûXùVu\ôp NhPj§u ©¬Ü 11u ¸r
Es[ Øû\lT¥ CÚdL úYiÓm,
RûXûU ¿§T§ ©¬Ü 11-u ¸r CûNÜ !olTôVjûR ¨VªdÏm A§LôWm JÚ ¿§Õû\

NôokR A§LôWm BÏm, C§p Ø¥ùYÓdÏm RuûU Es[Rôp CÕ JÚ ¿§jÕû\
EjRWYôL LÚRlTÓm, RûXûU ¿§T§ ApXÕ AYWôp ¨VªdLlThPYo ¸rLiP
Ytû\ CûNÜ !olTô[o ùTôÚhÓ Li¥lTôL Ø¥Ü ùNnV úYiÓm,
• AYÚdÏ A§LôW YWm" Es[Rô.
• CûNÜ !oÜ EPuT¥dûL Es[Rô.
• ®iQlTRôWo AjRûLV CûNÜ !oÜ EPuT¥dûL«p ûLùVôlTm

ChÓs[ôWô.
• A§LôWjûR TVuTÓjÕRtLô] ¨TkRû]Ls LûPl©¥dLlThÓs[Rô. Utßm
• CûNÜ !olTô[o ¨VªdLlTPúYi¥V ùTô%Õ AYÚdÏ ARtúLt\ RÏ§

Es[Rô,
(SBP and Co. V. Patel Engineering Ltd., 2005 (3) Arb LR 285 (SC)).
CkR SûPØû\ !oUô$dÏm RuûUûV ùLôiÓs[Rôp RûXûU ¿§T§. ¿§jÕû\

ApXôR ©\ A§Lô¬L#dÏ CkR ùTôßlûT ùLôÓdL Ø¥VôÕ, G]úY. EfN
¿§Uu\j§u RûXûU ¿§T§ CkR A§LôWjûR EfN ¿§Uu\j§u úYù\ôÚ
¿§T§«PmRôu ùLôÓdL Ø¥Ùm, AúR úTôp EVo ¿§Uu\j§u RûXûU ¿§T§
CkR A§LôWjûR EVo ¿§Uu\j§u úYù\ôÚ ¿§T§«PmRôu ùLôÓdL Ø¥Ùm, CkR
A§LôWjûR UôYhP ¿§T§«Pm ùLôÓlTRtÏ AàU§ ¡ûPVôÕ, (SBP and Co. V. Patel
Engineering Ltd., 2005 (3) Arb LR 285 (SC)).
©¬Ü 11u ¸r CûNÜ !olTô[ûW ¨VªdÏm Øu" ®iQlTRôWo ApXôR Cuù]ôÚ

RWl©]ÚdÏ Yônl" A°dÏm ùTôÚhÓ A±®l" AàlTlTP úYiÓm, (SBP and Co. V.
Patel Engineering Ltd., 2005 (3) Arb LR 285 (SC)).
©¬Ü 11 (6)T¥ EfN ¿§Uu\j§u RûXûU ¿§T§VôúXô ApXÕ AYo ¨VªdÏm

¿§T§VôúXô GÓdLlTÓm Ø¥ÜdÏ G§WôL GkRùYôÚ úUp Øû\ÂÓm ¡ûPVôÕ,
AÕúY Cß§Vô]Õ, B]ôp. EVo ¿§Uu\j§u RûXûU ¿§T§ ApXÕ
16
AYo ¨VªjR ¿§T§«u Ø¥ûY AW£VXûUl" NhPm `WjÕ 136u ¸r úUp
Øû\ÂÓ ùNnVXôm, (SBP and Co. V. Patel Engineering Ltd., 2005 (3) Arb LR 285 (SC)).
©¬Ü 11(2) ¸r CûNÜ !olTô[ûW NoYúRN Y'L CûNÜ !ol" Øû\

ùTôÚhÓ ¨VªlTRtLôL ®iQlTm ùNnVlTÓmùTô%Õ G§o RWl©]o AkR RLWôû\
CûNÜ !ol" Øû\dÏ Ï±l©hÓ AàlT úYi¥ GkRùYôÚ Li¥lTô] áßm
CpûX Guß á±]ôp Ck§Vô®u RûXûU ¿§T§ AkR EPuT¥dûL«p AkR
RLWôß CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\«p !odLlTPúYiÓm Guß Es[Rô Guß !oUô$dÏm
A§LôWjûR ùTtßs[ôo, AkR EPuT¥dûL “ùNnVXôm” Gu\ ùNôpûX TVuTÓj§
CÚ RWl©]ÚdÏm YZdÏ RôdL ùNnVúYô ApXÕ CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\«p RLWôû\
!ojÕd ùLôs[úYô ÑRk§Wm A°j§ÚkRôp EfN ¿§Uu\m ©¬Ü 11(12) ¸r CûNÜ
!olTô[ûW ¨VªdÏm A§LôW YWmûT ùNVpTÓjRdáPôÕ, (Wellington Associates Ltd. V.
Kirit Mehta, AIR 2000 SC 1379).
CûNÜ !olTô[o ¨VªdLlTP úYi¥V ùTô%Õ EfN ¿§Uu\m CÚ RWl©]¬u

ùN[L¬VjûRÙm LÚj§p ùLôiÓ RuàPV ®Úl"¬ûUûV TVuTÓjRXôm, (Dolphin
International Ltd. V. Ronarks Enterprises Inc., (1998) 5 SCC 724).
CûNÜ !olTôVj§u A§LôW YWm"
CûNÜ !olTôVj§tÏ RuàûPV A§LôW YWmûT Tt± Ø¥Ü ùNnÙm A§LôWm

YZeLlThÓs[Õ, úUÛm. CûNÜ !oÜ EPuT¥dûL Es[Rô ApXÕ
ùNpÛT¥VôÏUô Tt±V BhúNTûQLû[Ùm Ø¥Ü ùNnV ARtÏ A§LôWm EiÓ,
CûR ùTôÚhÓ CûNÜ !oÜ áßLs AkR JlTkRj§u TÏ§VôL CÚkRôÛm AkR
JlTkRj§u ©\ ¨TkRû]L°PªÚkÕ R$lThP Øû\«p LÚRlTPúYiÓm,
C§&ÚkÕ CûNÜ !olTôVm JlTkRm. CpXô ¨ûX ùLôiPÕ Utßm ùNpÛT¥
BLôÕ Guß Ø¥Ü ùNnRôÛm CûNÜ !oÜ áßLs ipso jure ùNpÛT¥VôLôÕ Guß
Ø¥Ü ùNnV Ø¥VôÕ GuTÕ ùR°Yô¡\Õ, (Olympus Superstructures (P) Ltd. V. Meena Vijay
Khetan, AIR 1999 SC 2102).
CûNÜ !olTôVj§u A§LôW YWm" Ï±jR Aû]jÕ BhúNTûQÙm !olTôVj§u

Øu" G%lTlTP úYiÓm, !olTôVm A§LôW YWm" CpûX Gu\ YôRjûR Htßd
ùLôiPôp AÕ CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ûV ùTôßjÕ úUp SPY¥dûL GÓdLôUp ©¬Ü
32(2)(£) T¥ CûNÜ !ol" SPY¥dûLLû[ Ø¥jÕd ùLôs#m, B]ôp. CkR Ø¥ûY
G§ojÕ úUp Øû\ÂÓ ùNnVXôm, (©¬Ü 37(2)(G)), !olTôVm A§LôW YWm" CpûX
17
Gu\ YôRjûR ¨WôL¬jRôp CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ SPY¥dûLLú[ôÓ úUp ùNuß
CûNÜ !ol" YZeLXôm, CûR G§ojÕ Tô§dLlThP RWl©]o ©¬Ü 34(2)u ¸r úUp
Øû\ÂÓ ùNnVXôm, ¿§Uu\j§tÏ CûNÜ !olTôVj§u A§LôW YWm" Ï±jR
úLs®Lû[ Tt± Ø¥Ü ùNnV A§LôWm ¡ûPVôÕ,
RûXûU ¿§T§ ©¬Ü 11u ¸r CûNÜ !oÜ EPuT¥dûL ùNpÛT¥VôÏUô Guß Ø¥Ü
ùNnÕ ARu ©u]o AkR RLWôß CûNÜ !olTô[¬Pm CûNÜ !ol" Øû\dLôL
Ï±l©hÓ AàlTlTP úYiÓUô Guß Ø¥Ü ùNnÙm A§LôWjûR ©¬Ü 16 B]ôp
®[dL ®pûX, (Wellington Associates Ltd., V. Kirit Mehta, AIR 2000 SC 1379).
CûNÜ !olTôVm CûNÜ !ol" SPY¥dûLL°uùTô%Õ RLWôßdÏ¬V

ùTôÚû[ TôÕLôdÏm ùTôÚhÓ CûPdLôX EjRWûY YZeLXôm, úUÛm. ©¬Ü 17u
¸r CjRûLV EjRWÜ ùTôÚhÓm TôÕLôl" YZeLXôm, CjRûLV CûPdLôX
EjRWÜdÏ G§WôL ©¬Ü 37(2) ¸r úUp Øû\ÂÓm ùNnVXôm,
©¬Ü 17u ¸r CûNÜ !olTôVj§tÏ CûPdLôX EjRWÜLs YZeÏm A§LôWm

YWm©tÏhThPÕ, !olTôVm ¿§Uu\m CpXôRRôp ARàûPV EjRWÜLs ¿§Õû\
EjRWÜLs úTôp BLôÕ, !olTôVm Ï±l©hÓ Aàl"Rp (reference) ApXÕ CûNÜ
!ol" EPuT¥dûLdÏ G§WôL ApXÕ AYtû\ ®P ®¬YôL GkRùYôÚ EjRWûYÙm
©\l©dL Ø¥VôÕ, CûNÜ !ol" SPY¥dûLL°p TeÏ ùT\ôR SToL#dÏ G§WôL
CYtû\ ùNVpTÓjR Ø¥VôÕ, CûNÜ !olTôVj§tÏ CkRl ©¬®u ¸r RuàûPV
EjRWûY ùNVpTÓjR GkR JÚ A§LôWØm YZeLlTP®pûX, úUÛm. ¿§Øû\«p
ùNVpTÓjRÜm A§LôWm YZeLlTP®pûX, (M.D. Army Welfare Housing Organisation V.
Sumangal Services (P) Ltd., AIR 2004 SC 1344).
CûNÜ !oÜ SPY¥dûLLû[ SPjÕRp
1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 18 ØRp 27 YûW CûNÜ !oÜ SûPØû\Ls Tt±V TpúYß
®§Lû[ YZeÏ¡\Õ, ©¬Ü 18u ¸r CÚ RWl©]Úm NUUôL SPjRlTP úYiÓm
Gu¡u\ ¨TkRû]dÏhThÓ ©¬Ü 19u ¸r CÚ RWl©]Úm ReL#dÏ YN§Vô]
SûPØû\Lû[ HtTÓj§d ùLôs#m ÑRk§WjûR ùTtßs[]o, ©¬Ü 20 CûNÜ
!ol" Øû\«p TeúLtÏm CÚ RWl©]ÚdÏm CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ SûPùT\ ®ÚdÏm
CPjûR úRokùRÓdÏm E¬ûUûV YZeÏ¡\Õ,
18
CûNÜ !olTôVm E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\ NhPj§u ¸r
YZeLlThÓs[ SûPØû\L[ôp LhÓlTPôÕ, CÚ RWl©]Úm SûPØû\ûV Jl"d
ùLôs[ úYiÓm, AYoLs AqYôß Jl"dùLôs[®pûX Gu\ôp CûNÜ !olTô[o
SûPØû\ûV YZeL úYiÓm, AqYôß YZeLlTÓm SûPØû\ CVtûL ¿§
ùLôsûLL#dÏ EhThÓ CÚdL úYiÓm, CVtûL ¿§ ùLôsûL ¨VôVUô]
Øû\«p SPY¥dûLLs ùRôPW Cu±VûUVôRÕ GuTRôp CÕ SûPØû\
NhPjûR ®P úUXôL LÚRlTÓ¡\Õ,
CûNÜ !ol"
!ol" YZeÏm Øû\ LhPôVUôL CfNhPj§u £ßûUTÓjÕm

©¬ÜLû[ Ïû\ÜTÓj§ Ød¡VUôL CûNÜ !olTô[o !ol" YZeÏYûRl Tt±
áß¡\Õ (©¬Ü 28-33),
©¬Ü 28 RLWô±u Ød¡V AmNeL#dÏ ùTôÚkÕ¡u\ ®§Lû[ öQ«lTûRl

Tt±VÕ, ©¬Ü 29 !olTôVj§tÏs Ø¥ùYÓdÏm Øû\ûV Tt±VÕ, ©¬Ü 30 CÚ
RWl©]Úm ReL#dÏsú[úV RLWôû\ !ojÕd ùLôsYûR Tt±VÕ, CkR ©¬Ü CÚ
RWl©]¬u Jl"RúXôÓ CûNÜ !olTôVm Uj§VvR Øû\. NUWN Øû\ ApXÕ úYß
SûPØû\Lû[ CûNÜ !ol" SPY¥dûL«u GkRùYôÚ LhPj§Ûm !olûT
FdÏ®dÏm ùTôÚhÓ TVuTÓjRXôm Guß áß¡\Õ,
1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 31. CûNÜ !ol©u Y¥Ym Utßm Es[PdLjûR Ï±d¡\Õ, 1940
NhPm úTôp ApXôUp CfNhPm CÚ RWl©]Úm !ol©p LôWQeLs ùLôÓdL
úYiPôm Guß JlTkRm êXm ©¬Ü 30u ¸r Jl"d ùLôi¥ÚkRôXu± !olTôVm
JqùYôÚ !ol©tÏm GkR A¥lTûP«p Aj!ol" YZeLlThPÕ Gu\
LôWQeLû[ Li¥lTôL YZeL úYiÓm Guß ©¬Ü 31 áß¡\Õ,
©¬Ü 32 CûNÜ !ol" SPY¥dûLLû[ öQ«jRp Tt±Ùm ©¬Ü 33 !olûT "¬kÕ

ùLôs#Rp Utßm §ÚjÕRp Tt±Ùm úUÛm áÓRp !ol" YZeÏRp Tt±Ùm
áß¡\Õ,
CûNÜ !olûT G§ojÕ ŸôWQeLs
1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 34 CûNÜ !olûT G§ojÕ Es[ ŸôWQeLû[l Tt± áß¡\Õ,
CûNÜ !olûT Rs#T¥ ùNnV ªLd Ïû\kR LôWQeLú[ Es[], AûY :
19
• HúRàm JÚ RWl©]¬u RÏ§«uûU
• ùNpÛT¥VôLôR JlTkRm
• JÚ RWl©]ÚdÏ Øû\Vô] A±®l" CpXôûU
• Ï±l©hÓ Aàl"RÛdÏ G§Wô] !ol" (beyond reference)
• !olTôVj§u AûUlúTô ApXÕ CûNÜ !ol" SûPØû\úVô NhPj§tÏ

"\mTôL CÚjRp,
• RLWôß CûNÜ !ol" Øû\«]ôp !odL Ø¥VôRRôL CÚkRôp,
• !ol" ùTôÕ SX ùLôsûLL#dÏ G§WôL CÚkRôp,
1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 34 I,Sô, Uô§¬ NhPj§u `WjÕ 34I A¥lTûPVôL ùLôiPÕ,
!olûT Rs#T¥ ùNnV. 1940 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 30 ApXÕ 33u ¸r
Es[ LôWQeLû[ ®P 1996 NhPj§p Es[ LôWQeLs ªL Ïû\Yô]ûY, (Olympus
Superstructures (P) Ltd. V. Meena Vijay Khetan, AIR 1999 SC 2102).
CûNÜ !olTô[o CÚ RWl©]ÚdÏ CûPúV Es[ RLWôû\ ùTôßjR Cß§ !olTô[o,

CûNÜ !olTô[o úSoÜLû[ N¬VôL T¬ºXû] ùNnV®pûX Gußm AYo RôUôLúY
Ø¥Ü ùNnÕs[ôo Gu\ LôWQeL#dLôL !olûT G§odL Ø¥VôÕ, (Sudershan Trading Co.
V. Government of Kerala, AIR 1989, SC 890).
CûNÜ !olTô[úW Nôh£VeL°u RWm Utßm A[ûY Tt± Ø¥Ü ùNnÙm JúW SÓYo
BYôo, AúR Nôh£VjûR ¿§Uu\m Uß T¬ºXû] ùNnRôp !olTô[¬u !ol©tÏ
Uô\ôL úYù\ôÚ Ø¥Ü YWXôm Gu\ôÛm ¿§Uu\m !olTô[o Øu"
Es[ Nôh£VjûR Uß T¬ºXû] ùNnV Ø¥VôÕ, (M.C.D. V. Jagan Nath Ashok Kumar,
(1987) 4 SCC 497). AúR úTôp NhPm Tt±V úLs® CûNÜ !olTô[o Øu" ùNuß AYo
Ø¥Ü ùNnRôp AkR NhPjûRl ùTôßjÕ úYß úSôdLm ùLôs[Xôm Gu\
A¥lTûP«p G§odL Ø¥VôÕ, (Alopi Parshad & Sons Ltd., V. Union of India, (1960) 2 SCR
793).
CûNÜ !olTôVj§tÏ !ol" YZeÏm A§LôWm ARtÏ SûPØû\ EjRWÜLs YZeL

Es[ A§LôWjûRÙm. CûNÜ !ol" SPY¥dûL«u CûPúV EjRWÜ YZeÏm
A§LôWjûRÙm ®P úYßThPÕ, AjRûLV EjRWÜLs !ol"Ls CpXôRRôp
20
AYtû\ ©¬Ü 34-u ¸r AûY !olûT Rs#T¥ ùNnVÜm §Úl© AàlTÜm
LôWQUôL CÚdLdá¥VûYVôL CÚkRôÛm G§odL Ø¥VôÕ, G-Ó : CûNÜ
!olTôVj§u A§LôW YWm" ApXÕ TVuTÓjRlTP úYi¥V ¨ûXØû\ NhPm
Tt±V úLs®Lû[ !olTôVm Ø¥Ü ùNnÕ ARu ®û[YôL JÚ !olûT YZeLXôm,
B]ôp. Nôh£VeL°u Ht"jRuûU LiÓ©¥l"L°u GpûX úTôu\ûY SûPØû\
RuûUûV ùLôiÓs[Rôp AûY JÚ EjRWÜ êXUôLúY Ø¥Ü ùNnVlTÓ¡u\],
AûY !ol"Ls BLôÕ,
Acquiescence Utßm estoppel ùLôsûLL°]ôp JÚYo CûNÜ !ol" SPY¥dûLL°p

TeúLt\ ©u]o CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ áßLû[úV G§odL Ø¥VôÕ,
G-Ó : JÚ RWl©]o CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ á±uT¥ CûNÜ !olTôVj§]ôp CûNÜ

!ol" Øû\ SPjRlTÓYRtÏ NmU§jÕ A§p TeúLt\ ©u]o AjRûLV áß
CpûX Gu\ YôRjûR ùLôÓdL Ø¥VôÕ, (Krishna Bhagya Jala Nigam Ltd., V. G. Harish
Chandra Reddy, (2007) 2 SCC 720).
Acquiescence ùLôsûL CûNÜ !olTô[o JÚ RûX ThNUôL RuàûPV A§LôWjûR

®¬Yôd¡d ùLôiÓ Ru Øu" CpXôR ®`VeLû[l ùTôßjÕm A§LôWjûR Htßd
ùLôiPôp ùTôÚkRôÕ,
G-Ó : £X RWl©]o ùY°lTûPVô] JlTkRm êXm YôPûL TQjûR §ÚmT

ùTßYRtLô] úLô¬dûLLû[ ùTôßjÕ UhÓúU CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ûV LûPl©¥dL
Ø¥Ü ùNnR]o, CûNÜ !olTô[o Ï±l©hÓ Aàl"RÛdÏs ÖûZkR ©u]o
RuàûPV A§LôWjûR ®¬ÜTÓj§d ùLôiPôo, BhúNTûQL#dÏl ©\Ïm AYo
AqYôß ùNnRRôp úYß Y¯«u± Aû]jÕ RWl©]Úm SPY¥dûLL°p
TeúLt\]o, AjRûLV TeúLt" Acquiescence BLôÕ, ¨Vªl©tÏ ©u]o CûNÜ
!olTô[o Ru Øu" CÚ RWl©]WôÛm ùLôiÓ YWlThÓs[ ®`VeLû[l Tt±
UhÓúU Ø¥Ü ùNnVXôm, !olTô[o úYß úSôdLjÕPu NhPlT¥ RYß ùNnRôp
AkR !ol" Rs° ûYdLlTPXôm, (Union of India V. M/s. G.S. Afwal, AIR 1996 SC 2965).
CûNÜ !ol"Ls Cß§ RuûU ùTßRp Utßm ùNVpTÓjÕRp
1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 35T¥ AfNhPj§u TÏ§ 1dÏ EhThÓ JÚ CûNÜ !oÜ CÚ
RWl©]ûWÙm AYoLs êXm úLôÚTYoLû[Ùm ùTôÚhÓ Cß§VôLÜm
©ûQdÏmT¥Ùm CÚdÏm, Cß§ Gu¡u\ ùNôpûX !olûTl ùTôßjÕ CkRl
21
©¬®p TVuTÓjÕmùTô%Õ “Cß§ !ol" ” GuTÕPu ÏZlTdáPôÕ, “Cß§”
Gu¡u\ ùNôp JÚ !ol" ©tTôÓ Uôt\lThPôXu± GkR ®`VeLû[l ùTôßjÕ
Es[úRô AûYl Tt± CÚRWl©]ûWÙm AYoLs êXm úLôÚTYoLû[Ùm
ùTôßjÕm Ø¥Yô]RôÏm, Ï±l©hÓ Aàl"R&p HúRàm ®`VeLs ÁRªÚkRôp
áP !ol" ùNVpTÓjRlTPXôm,
CfNhPj§u ©¬Ü 36T¥ CûNÜ !ol" Ut\ !ol"ûWLû[ úTôu\ AúR Y¯«p
AYtû\ G§ojÕ Ï±l©hP LôXj§tÏs Øû\ÂÓ CpXô®hPôúXô ApXÕ
AqYôß CÚkÕ AÕ Rs#T¥ ùNnVlThPúXô ùNVpTÓjRlTPXôm, CûNÜ !ol"
YZdÏ !ol"ûWûV úTôuú\ ùNVpTÓjRlTPXôm GuTRôp CûNÜ !ol" Øû\
SPY¥dûLLs E¬ûU«Vp YZdÏLs úTôuß BLôÕ,
CûNÜ !olûT G§odÏm LôX YWm" Ø¥YûPkRÜPu ¿§Uu\m úYß GÕÜm

ùNnVôUúXúV Aj!ol" EP]¥VôL ©¬Ü 34-u ¸r ùNVpTÓjRdá¥VÕ, ©¬Ü 34u
ùTôÚsTÓR&p úYú\àm NkúRLm CÚkRôp AûY 1996 NhPj§u AûUlûTd
ùLôiÓ. ¿§Uu\j§u A§LôWeLû[ LôXYWm" NhPm ©¬Ü 5u T¥ LhÓlTÓjÕm
YûL«p Ø¥Ü ùNnVXôm, (Union of India V. Popular Constructions, (2001) 8 SCC (470)).
CûNÜ !oÜ Øû\ SPY¥dûLLs 1996 NhPm AUÛdÏ YÚYRtÏ Øu" ùRôPeLl
Th¥ÚkÕ !ol" 1996dÏ ©\Ï YkRôp Aj!ol" CûNÜ !ol"f NhPm 1940T¥
ùNVpTÓjRlTÓm, (Thyssen Stanlunion Gmbh V. Steel Authority of India, (1999) SCC 334).
NoYúRN Y'L CûNÜ !ol" Øû\Ls Utßm ùY°SôhÓ Ø¥ÜLs
NoYúRN Y'L CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ 1996 NhPm ©¬Ü 2Gl ¸r Ck§V NhPj§u ¸r
Y'LjÕYm YônkRÕ Guß LÚRlTÓm NhPlT¥Vô] E\ÜL°p HúRàm JÚ
RWl©]o
• ùY°SôhÓ Ï¥UL]ôLúYô ApXÕ Ck§Vô®tÏ ùY°úV YZdLUôL

Ï¥«ÚlTYWôLúYô CÚkRôp
• Ck§Vô®tÏ ùY°úV T§Ü ùNnVlThP JÚ áhPûUlTôLúYô
• JÚ ¨ßY]m. R$ SToL°u áhPûUl" ARàûPV Ød¡V öYôLm Utßm

LhÓlTôÓ Ck§Vô®tÏ ùY°úV CÚkRôp
22
• ùY°SôhÓ AWNôeLUôL CÚkRôp
CYt±p ùTôÚkRdá¥V NhPm JlTkRjûR ùTôßjÕ Ck§V NhPUôLúYô ApXÕ

ùY°SôhÓ NhPUôLúYô CÚdLXôm (©¬Ü 2(1)(Gl) Utßm 28(1)(©),
1996 NhPj§u TÏ§ 1 Ck§Vô®tÏ ùY°úV SûPùTßm NoYúRN Y'L CûNÜ !oÜ
Øû\L#dÏm CÚ RWl©]Úm ùY°lTûPVô] ApXÕ Uû\ØLUô] JlTkRj§u
êXm ®Xd¡ «ÚkRôp R®W ùTôÚkÕm, ©¬Ü 2(1)(Gl)p YûWVßdLlThÓs[ NoYúRN
Y'L CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ Ck§Vô®tÏs SPdÏm CûNÜ !ol" Øû\Lû[Ùm
ùY°úV SPlTûYLû[Ùm úYßTÓjR®pûX, TÏ§ 2 CQdL SôÓL°p
SûPùTßm CûNÜ !ol" SPY¥dûLL#dÏ UhÓúU ùTôÚkÕm, B]ôp. NoYúRN
Y'L CûNÜ !ol" Øû\ CQdL SôÓ ApXôR úYß SôÓL°Ûm SPdLXôm, 1996
NhPm TÏ§ (1) CQdL SôÓ ApXôR úYß SôÓL°p SPdÏm CûNÜ !ol"
Øû\L#dÏ ùTôÚkRôÕ Guß á\®pûX, CfNhPj§u Ød¡V úSôdLm VôùR$p
NoYúRN Y'L CûNÜ !ol" Øû\L#dÏ JÚ ºWô] NhP AûUlûT HtTÓjR
úYiÓm GuTÕRôu (Bhatia International V. Bulk Tradings, AIR 2002 SC 1432).
G-Ó : CûNÜ !ol" EPuT¥dûL«u ¨TkRû]L°u T¥ CÚ ùY°SôhÓ

RWl©]oL°ûPúV CûNÜ !ol" SPY¥dûL I££ ®§Ls T¥ Ck§Vô®tÏ ùY°úV
SPkRôÛm AjRûLV SPY¥dûLL°p JÚ RWl©]o CûPdLôX
EßjÕdLhPû[ ©¬Ü 9u ¸r úLhLXôm, AjRûLV EßjÕd
LhPû[ AWNôeL ¨ßY]Uô] ONSC-dÏ G§WôL AÕ G§o RWl©]ÚdÏ SPY¥dûLLs
Ø¥Ùm YûW GkRùYôÚ ùRôûLÙm ùLôÓdLd áPôÕ Guß úLôWlThPÕ, AjRûLV
EßjÕd LhPû[ Ck§V GpûXdÏs CÚdÏm ùNôjÕdLû[ ùTôßjÕ
ùNpÛT¥VôÏm, B]ôp. Ck§Vô®tÏ ùY°«p CÚdÏm ùNôjÕdLû[ ùTôßjÕ
EßjÕd LhPû[ úLhLlThPôp ©¬Ü 9u ¸r Es[ ®iQlTm Ck§V
¿§Uu\eL°p ùNpÛT¥VôLôÕ, (Olex Focas Pty. Ltd. V. Skodaexport Co. Ltd., AIR 2000 Del
161)).
1996 NhPj§u TÏ§ 2 ùY°SôhÓ Ø¥ÜLû[ ùNVpTÓjÕRp Tt± áß¡\Õ, C§p

CWiÓ Aj§VôVeLs Es[], ØRp Aj§VôVm ¨ëVôod CQdLm NôokR
!oÜLû[ Tt±VÕ, CûYl Tt± CfNhPj§u ØRp AhPYûQ«p
ùLôÓdLlThÓs[Õ, CWiPôm Aj§VôVm ù_ÉYô CQdLm NôokR !oÜLû[l
Tt±VÕ, CYtû\ 2YÕ Utßm 3YÕ AhPYûQL#Pu úNojÕ T¥dL úYiÓm,
23
“ùY°SôhÓ Ø¥Ü” Gu¡u\ ùNôp Ck§V NhPj§u T¥ Y'Lm NôokRÕ Guß
LÚÕm NhPlT¥Vô] E\®&ÚkÕ G%m RLWôß Tt±V CûNÜ !olûT Ï±dÏm, JÚ
!ol" ùY°Sôh¥p CVt\lThPRôp UhÓªpXôUp AÕ Ck§V NhPj§]ôp
LhÓlTÓjRl TPôR CûNÜ !oÜ EPuT¥dûL«u úT¬p Ht\lTÓYRôp AûR
ùY°SôhÓ Ø¥Ü Gu¡ú\ôm, (N.T.P.C. V. Singer Company, AIR 1993 SC 998).
JÚ ùY°SôhÓ Ø¥Ü 1996 NhPm AUÛdÏ YkRRRtÏ ©\Ï CVt\lThPôp AûR

ùY°SôhÓ !ol" (Ae¸LôWm Utßm ùNVpTÓjÕRp) NhPj§u ¸r ùNVpTÓjR
E¬ûU CpXôRRôp AûR 1996 NhPm TÏ§ 2u ¸r ùNVpTÓjR úYiÓm, ùY°SôhÓ
A§LôW YWm"L°p 1996dÏ Øu]úW CûNÜ !oÜ SPY¥dûLLs ùRôPe¡ CÚkR]
GuTûR LÚj§p ùLôs[ úYiÓm, (Thyssen Stanlunion Gmbh V. Steel Authority of India,
(1999) SCC 334).
Uj§VvR !oÜ
Uj§VvR !oÜ Øû\ GuTÕ ØWiTÓúYôûW ûUVUôLd ùLôiÓ AYoLs

Ru$fûNVô] Øû\«p. ©ûQdLôR YûL«p. UkRQUô] YûL«p. LhPûUl"Pu
SPjRlTÓm JÚ !oÜ Øû\, CûR £\l" T¡oRp AÔÏØû\. úTfÑ YôojûR
Øû\L°p úRokR JÚ NôoTt\. SmTLUô] êu\ôm STo LhÓlTÓjÕYôo, CmØû\
êXm úTfÑ YôojûR SPj§ CÚ RWl©]ûWÙm ©ûQdÏm JÚ Ø¥Ü JlTkRjûR
HtTÓjR Y¯ ùNnYôo, CmØû\ Ø¥Ü JlTkRjRp ¨û\YûPÙm, ¿§Uu\ !ol"
¡ûPVôÕ,
Uj§VvR Øû\«u Ød¡V LY]m JÚYo ÁÕ JÚYo LPkR LôXj§p SPkRYtû\l

Tt± T¯ ÑUjÕYÕ ApX. E\ÜLû[ Y[olTRôÏm, CRu úSôdLm JÚYo
Ït\Yô°Vô ApXÕ ¨WTWô§Vô Guß ¨ì©lTÕ ¡ûPVôÕ, B]ôp. TWvTW "¬RûX
Y[ojÕ CÚ RWl©]Úm AYoL#ûPV SuûUûV U]§p ùLôiÓ RôUôLúY
JlTkRjûR HtTÓjRd ùLôs[ FdÏ®lTRôÏm,
CmØû\«u A¥lTûP ®§Ls ¸rLiPYôß :
• NôoTt\ RuûU : Uj§VvRo YZd¡p Utßm CÚ RWl©]o ÁÕm GkRùYôÚ

®ÚlTØm. Nôo" RuûUÙm CpXôUp CÚdL úYiÓm,
24
• ÑV öQVm : UjRVvR Øû\ CÚRWl©]¬u ÑV öQVjûR A¥lTûPd
ùLôsûLVôL ùLôiÓs[Õ, ARôYÕ. CÚ RWl©]Úm ÑRk§WUôL Ø%
RLY&u A¥lTûP«p Ø¥ÜLû[ úRokùRÓdLXôm, Uj§VvRo CkR
Øû\ûV LhÓlTÓjÕYRtÏ ùTôßl"ûPVYo, CÚ RWl©]Úm CmØû\«u
®û[ûY LhÓlTÓjÕYo,
• UkRQm LôjRp : CÕ ùYt±LWUô] Uj§Vv§tÏ úRûYVô] Ød¡V AeLm,

CÚ RWl©]Úm GkRùYôÚ IVØm Cu± Aû]jÕ ®`VeLû[Ùm
ùY°lTÓjR úYiÓm, AqYôß ùY°lTÓjÕRp ©tLôXj§p AYoL#dÏ
G§WôL TVuTÓjRlTPXôm Guß IVlTPdáPôÕ, CqYôß CpXô®hPôp
úSoûUdúLPô] RWl©]oLs CkR Uj§VvR Øû\ûV RY\ôL TVuTÓj§
CûR JÚ ùT¬V RiPû]Vt\ LiÓ©¥dÏm Øû\VôL TVuTÓjRXôm,
JÚ Uj§VvRo ¸rLiPtû\ ùNnV Øû]V úYiÓm,
• Uj§VvR Øû\ûVl Tt±V Aû]jÕ ®`VeLû[Ùm AYÚm. CÚ

RWl©]Úm UkRQm LôdL úYiÓm, CÕ JlTkRjûR ùNVpTÓjRÜm.
SûPØû\lTÓjRÜm ùY°lTÓjÕRp Aj§VôY£VUôL CÚkRôp R®W Ø¥Ü
JlTkRj§tÏm ùTôÚkÕm,
• CÚ RWl©]WôÛm úYß Y¯«p Jl"Rp CpXô®hPôp Uj§VvRm ùNnTYo

CûNÜj !oYô[WôLúYô. Nôh£VôLúYô GkRùYôÚ CûNÜ !ol"
SPY¥dûL«úXô. ¿§Uu\ SPY¥dûL«úXô Uj§VvR Øû\«p
®Yô§dLlThP ùTôÚhLû[l Tt± B_WôL Ø¥VôÕ, úUÛm. CÚ RWl©]Úm
Uj§VvR Øû\l Tt±V GkRùYôÚ Nôh£VjûRÙm A±ØLlTÓjR Ø¥VôÕ
(JÚ RWl©]o £X úLô¬dûLLû[ Jl"dùLôiPûRl Tt±. AYoL°u
LiúQôhPm AYoLs ùLôÓjR BúXôNû]Ls. AYoLs Jl"d ùLôiPûY
Tt±),
• CmØû\«&ÚkÕ CÚ RWl©]Úm Uj§VvRj§tÏ B_Wô]ôoL[ô CpûXVô.

HúRàm !oÜ LôQlThPRô Gu\ RLYp UhÓúU T§Ü ùNnVlThÓ
A±dûL«Ûm CPm ùT\Xôm,
• ¨VôVUô] Øû\ : Uj§VvRm SûPùTßm Øû\ ARu Cß§ ®û[ûY

úTôuú\ Ød¡VUô]Õ, CÚRWl©]Úm RôeLs ¨VôVUô] Øû\«p
25
SPjRlTÓYRôLÜm AYoL#ûPV ©WfNû]L#dÏ Ød¡VjÕYm
ùLôÓjÕs[RôLÜm LÚRúYi¥VÕ AY£Vm,
• Ru$fûNVô] SûPØû\ : Uj§VvR Øû\ CÚ RWl©]¬u Ø%

NmURjÕPu UhÓúU SPdLdáÓm, CYoLs Uj§VvRj§p ¨û\YûPkR
Ø¥Ü JlTkRj§p ûLùVôlTªhÓ AR]ôp ©ûQdLlTPXôm,
Uj§VvRj§tÏ Øu" RVôo ùNnRp
Uj§VvRo ùTÚmTôÛm RLWôßl Tt± A±kÕd ùLôsYRtLôL CÚ RWl©]¬PØm

Uj§VvRm ùRôPeÏYRtÏ Øu" RLWôßl Tt±V JÚ ùRôÏlûT úLhLXôm,
ØWiTôÓ EûPVYoLs UhÓúU Uj§VvRj§p TeúLtL úYiÓm Guß AY£Vm

¡ûPVôÕ, ©WfNû]dÏ !oÜ LôQdá¥V Aû]YÚm C§p TeúLtLXôm,
JÚ YZd¡tÏ RVôo ùNnÙmúTôÕ Uj§VvRo Utßm Aû]jÕj RWl©]Úm AkR

RLWôû\l Tt± SuÏ BWôV úYiÓm, CRtÏ Uj§VvRo AkR RLWôßdÏ ùTôÚkÕm
NhPm Utßm SûPØû\Lû[l Tt±Ùm. CÚ RWl©]¬u LiúQôhPjûRl Tt±Ùm.
JqùYôÚ RWl©]Úm ªL Ød¡VUôL LÚÕm ©WfNû] Tt±Ùm SuÏ A±k§ÚdL
úYiÓm,
Uj§VvR¬u SPjûR / TôYûQLs (Demeahour)
Uj§VvRo RuàûPV NôoTt\ RuûU Utßm CmØû\«u ÁÕ AYo

ùLôiÓs[ LhÓlTôÓ B¡VYtû\ SuÏ ùY°lTÓjR úYiÓm, AqYôß
ùNnÙmúTôÕ G°Rô]. NôoTt\ YôojûRLû[ TVuTÓj§ TWvTW RuûUûV
ùY°dLôhP úYiÓm, AYÚûPV úTÑmùRô$ ¨Rô]UôLÜm ®VôTôWm úSôdÏPàm
Utßm BWôÙm YûL«Ûm Ø% LY]jÕPu CÚdL úYiÓm, Aû]YÚm
EhLôÚm Øû\dÏ Ød¡VjÕYm ùLôÓjÕ. Aû]YÚm úSÚdÏ úSo úT£d
ùLôsYRtÏm. JÚYo úTÑYûR JÚYo SuÏ úLhTRtÏm ÑTXUôL AûUdL úYiÓm,
ÕYdL YôdÏêXm
JqùYôÚ Uj§VvRØm Uj§VvRWôp JÚ ÕYdL YôdÏêXjÕPu ÕYeL úYiÓm,

CÕ CÚ RWl©]¬u ©u]'dúLtT G°V ùUô¯«p CÚdL úYiÓm, CkR ÕYdL
YôdÏêXj§p Uj§VvRo
26
• Ruû] A±ØLlTÓj§d ùLôiÓ RuàûPV T«t£ Utßm Uj§VvRWôL
CÚkÕ ùYt±dLiP AàTYeLû[l Tt±Ùm á\ úYiÓm,
• Uj§VvR SPY¥dûLLs JÚ JlTkRj§p Ø¥YûPV úYiÓm Gu\ R]Õ

Sm©dûLûV ùY°lTÓjR úYiÓm,
• CÚ RWl©]ûWÙm A±ØLlTÓj§d ùLôs#Uôß AYoLû[ ®iQl©dL

úYiÓm,
• CÚ RWl©]¬PØm AYoLs úRoÜ ùNnÙm ùUô¯ Tt±Ùm

AYoLû[ AûZdÏm Øû\Lû[l Tt±Ùm úLhÓd ùLôs[ úYiÓm,
• CÚ RWl©]¬u YZdL±OoLû[Ùm YWúYtL úYiÓm,
• Uj§VvR Øû\«p CÚ RWl©]ÚdÏm AYoL#ûPV YZdL±OoL#dÏ

HRôYÕ Øu AàTYm Es[Rô GuTûR úLhP±V úYiÓm,
• RuàûPV TôWThNªuûU Utßm NôoTt\ RuûUl Tt± A±®dL úYiÓm,
• UkRQm LôjRp. RÏkR YôojûRLû[l TVuTÓjÕRp. EPpùUô¯. úSÚdÏ

úSo TôojÕ úTÑRp B¡VYt±u Ød¡VjÕYjûR EQojR úYiÓm,
• CmØû\ JÚYûW JÚYo G§Wô°VôL LÚRôR Øû\ Gußm C§p Nôh£VeLs

T§Ü ùNnVlTPôÕ. !ol" A°dLlTPôÕ Gußm A±ÜßjR úYiÓm,
• CmØû\ Ru$fûNVô] RuûUûV EûPVÕ Guß A±ÜßjR úYiÓm,
• CÚ RWl©]o Utßm AYoL#ûPV YZdL±OoL#dÏ AYoLs YôÕûWL°p

á±Ùs[Yt±tÏ úUXôLÜm. úYß RLWôßLû[l Tt±Ùm CmØû\«p úT£j
!ojÕd ùLôs[Xôm Gu\ RLYûX ùLôÓdL úYiÓm,
• ©uTt\ úYi¥V SûPØû\ûV ®[d¡d á± R$lThP AUoÜL#m

CÚdLdáÓm GuTûR ®[dL úYiÓm,
• Ø¥Ü JlTkRm CÚkRôp ApXÕ CpXô®hPôp Øû\úV ARtÏ¬V

SûPØû\Lû[Ùm ®[d¡d á\ úYiÓm,
27
• ¿§Uu\ LhPQm. Ø¥Ü JlTkRm ûLùV%j§hPl ©u]o §Úl©
A°dLlTÓm GuTûR ùR¬®dL úYiÓm,
CÚRWl©]ÚdÏm Uj§VvR Øû\ úYiÓm GuTûR Uj§VvRo Eß§lTÓjRd

ùLôs[ úYiÓm, CÚ RWl©]¬u §(o EQof£ ùY°lTôÓ
Lû[ LhÓlTÓjÕRp. öYôL £dLpLû[ öY¡jRp (KnÜ úSWm. YzeÏm Øû\
úTôu\ûY) B¡VûY Uj§VvR¬u ùTôßlTôÏm, úUÛm. CÚ RWl©]Úm
LûPl©¥dL úYi¥V SûPØû\Lû[ ùR°YôL "¬kÕ ùLôiÓs[]Wô GuTûR
Eß§lTÓjRd ùLôs[ úYiÓm, GkR RWl©]o úYiÓUô]ôÛm ØR&p úTNXôm,
B]ôp. ARtÏ Øu" CÚYÚdÏm NUUô] Yônl" ùLôÓdLlTÓm GuTûR
Uj§VvRo á\ úYiÓm,
Uj§VvRj§u ¨ûXLs Utßm AUoÜLs
A±ØLj§tÏ ©\Ï ¸rdLiP ¨ûXLs ùRôPÚm,
• ©WfNû]ûV "¬kÕdùLôs#m ¨ûX
• úRûYLs Utßm ®ÚlTeLû[ "¬kÕ ùLôs#m ¨ûX
• ©WfNû]ûV YûWVßdÏm ¨ûX
• !oÜ LôQ úYi¥V ®`VeLû[ AûPVô[m LôÔm ¨ûX
• ùYqúYß Y¯Lû[ AûPVô[m LôÔm ¨ûX
• !oÜLû[ U§l©Óm ¨ûX
CkR ùYqúYß ¨ûXLû[j ùRôPokÕ áhPUoÜLs Utßm R$lThP AUoÜLs

CÚdLXôm,
áhPUo®p.
• CÚ RWl©]Úm AYoL#ûPV YZdL±OoL#m CÚlTôo;
28
• G§o RWl©]ûW úYRû]lTÓjÕm YûL«p GûRÙm á\úYiPôm Guß CÚ
RWl©]ÚdÏm BúXôNû] YZeLlTÓm, AjRûLV RLYpLs R$
AUoÜL°p á\Xôm GuTÕm ùR¬®dLlTÓm,
• CÚ RWl©]o AYoL[Õ YZdL±OoLs RûP«pXôUp úTN AàU§dLl TÓYo,
• NôRôWQUôL ØR&p RWl©]Úm ARtÏ ÕûQ ùNnÙm YûL«p

AYoL#ûPV YZdL±OoL#m NhP NmTkRlThP ®`VeLû[l Tt±
ùRôPokÕ úTNXôm,
• CÚ RWl©]¬u SiTo ApXÕ E\®]oL#dÏm úTN Yônl" A°dLlTÓm,
• JqùYôÚ RWl©]o YZdL±Oo úT£ Ø¥jRÕm Uj§VvRo AYoLs

á±VYtû\ ùRôÏjÕ §Úm©d á± HúRàm ®[dLeLs úRûYlThPôp
AYtû\d úLhLXôm,
• JqùYôÚ RWl©]o YZdL±Oo úUÛm HúRàm RLYûX úNojÕd á\Xôm,
• Uj§VvRo Vôo úTN úYiÓm Guß úYiÓúLôs ®ÓjRôÛm ARtÏ CQeL

úYiÓm,
• JÚYo úTÑmùTô%Õ GkRùYôÚ RûPÙm SÓ®p AàU§dLlTPôÕ, CqYôß

Rôu Uj§VvR Øû\«u Li'Vm LôdLlTÓm,
R$lThP AUo®tÏ JÚ RWl©]o ®iQl©dÏm ùTô%Õ Uj§VvRo áhPUoûY

ØR&p ¨û\Ü ùNnV úYiÓm, JÚ RWl©]ÚPu R$ AUoÜ Ø¥kRûRj ùRôPokÕ
Utù\ôÚ RWl©]ÚPàm R$ AUoÜ CÚdL úYiÓm, Uj§VvRo Øu áh¥úV CÚ
RWl©]ÚPàm CjRûLV R$ AUoÜLs JÚYÚPu Utù\ôÚYûW ®P A§L úSWm
ùNpX Yônl" Es[Õ Guß ùR°ÜlTÓjR úYiÓm,
Uj§VvRo JÚ R$ AUoûY ¸rLiP LôWQeL#dLôL TVuTÓjRXôm,
• áhPUoÜL°p T¡W Ø¥VôR R$lThP ®`VeLs Utßm RLYpLû[ T¡okÕ

ùLôs[
• GkRùYôÚ RWl©]¬u SPjûRûV LhÓlTÓjR
29
• Uj§VvR Øû\«p úRdL ¨ûX HtThPôp
• ºWô] Øû\«p CÚ RWl©]ûWÙm ReL[Õ EQof£Lû[ ùY°lTÓjR

AàU§dL
• GRôojRUt\ G§oTôol"Lû[ ùY°lTÓj§ AûY SûPØû\dÏ JqYôÕ

GuTûR ùR¬®dL
• LXkÕûWVôPûX ¨ßj§. !oÜ LôÔRûX úSôd¡ ùNpX
• Ø¥Ü JlTkRj§tLô] Y¯Lû[ BWôV
• JÚ RWl©]¬u Øû]Ü. T§p Øû]ÜLû[Ùm ØuYÚûL – úLô¬dûLûV

Cuù]ôÚYÚdÏ ùR¬®jRp
Uj§VvRo R$ AUoûY ¸rLiP ãr¨ûXL°p R®odL úYiÓm,
• JÚ RWl©]ûW úSW¥VôLúY CQeL ûYdL Ø¥Ùm Gu\ôp
• JÚ RWl©]o Cuù]ôÚ RWl©]ÚdÏ Øu" RuàûPV YôRjûR CQeL

ûYdÏm Øû\«p ùR¬®dL Ø¥Ùm Gu\ôp
Uj§VvRj§u ÖhTeLs
Uj§VvRm GuTÕ ØWiTôÓLû[ EÚUôtßRp Tt±VRôÏm, CÚ RWl©]ÚdÏm

Es[ úYßTôh¥û] Uj§VvRo ùY°úVt\ úYiÓm, JÚY¬u "iTÓjÕm
ApXÕ çiÓRXô] YôdÏêXeLû[ Uj§VvRo NôoTt\ Øû\«p Uôt±
çiÓRp CpXôR YûL«p §Úm©d á± AkR YôdÏêXj§p Es[ Ød¡V
úRûYLû[ UhÓm ùY°lTÓjR úYiÓm, G-Ó : Uj§VvRj§uúTôÕ JÚYo
Utù\ôÚYûWl Tt± ""AYo Guû] ªÏ§VôL LhÓlTÓjÕm TZdLm EûPVYo,
G]úY Sôu GpXôYtû\Ùm Es[Pd¡ ûYjÕd ùLôs[ Yt"ßjRlThÓsú[u@@
Guß áß¡\ôo,
CRtÏ Uj§VvRo ""¿eLs áßYûR AYo ùN® ùLôÓjÕ úLhL úYiÓm Guß
G§oTôod¡ÈoLs@@ Guß Uôt±d á\Xôm, CqYôß áßYRu êXm JÚ G§oUû\
YôNLjûR BdLléoYUô] YôNLUôL Uôt±d á\Xôm, úUÛm. AkR YôdÏêXj§u
30
Ød¡V úSôdLm. ARôYÕ AYo G§oRWl©]¬u ©WfNû]Lû[ ùN®d ùLôÓjÕ úLhL
úYiÓm GuTûR ùR°YôL ùR¬®dLXôm,
©\ Uj§VvR ÖhTeLs
• ùRôÏjR°jRp : Uj§VvRo CÚ RWl©]¬u YôdÏêXeL°u Ød¡V

AmNeLû[ ùR°ÜlTÓj§ ÑÚdLUôL. Ø%ûUVôL. ©ûZ Atß ùRôÏjÕ
A°dLXôm,
• LiúQôhPjûR Ht\p : Uj§VvRo CÚ RWl©]¬u YôdÏêXeLû[l

Tt±Ùm £k§jÕ JqùYôÚY¬u LiúQôhPjûRÙm Htß Øu$ßjÕm
YûL«p AûRl Tt± úTN úYiÓm,
• §ûN §Úl"Rp : Uj§VvRo JÚ ©Wf£û]«&ÚkÕ Utù\ôÚ ©Wf£û]dÏ CÚ

RWl©]ûWÙm §ûN §Úl© AYoLû[ ®YWeLs ÁÕ LY]m ùNÛjR ûYjÕ
ApXÕ A§L çiÓRXô] YôdÏêXj§&ÚkÕ AYoLs LY]jûR §ûN
§ÚlTXôm,
• Rs°ûYjRp : JÚ ØWiTôPô] ãr¨ûXûV R®odÏm ùTôÚhÓ Uj§VvRo

HúRàm JÚ úLs®dLô] T§ûX Rs° ûYdLXôm, CûR áÓRp RLYp
ùTßYRtÏ ApXÕ Y¬ûNVôL ©WfNû]Lû[ ûLVô#mùTôÚhÓm ùNnVXôm,
• SPY¥dûL úUtùLôsYRtLô] Th¥Vp : Uj§VvRo ©WfNû]Lû[ GkR

Y¬ûN«p ®Yô§dL úYiÓm GuTûR Ø¥Ü ùNnYôo,
T§ÛdÏ U§lÀÓ Ïû\jRûX ûLVô#Rp
• Uj§VvRo JÚ RWl©]¬u YôdÏêXj§tÏ ùTôßlúTtß Utù\ôÚ RWl©]o

ARtÏ G§oUû\VôL AkR YôdÏêXm G§o RWl©]Wôp á\lThP
LôWQj§tLôL UhÓúU T§p áßYûR R®odÏm ùTôÚhÓ RLYûX R]dÏ
ùNôkRUôd¡d ùLôs[Xôm,
JÚ Uj§VvRo CÚ RWl©]¬u ®ÚlTeL°&ÚkÕ AYoLû[ §ûN §Úl"YRtÏ
31
• CÚ RWl©]ûWÙm AYoL[Õ ¿iP LôX úSôdLeLû[ LÚj§p ùLôs[ ùNnÕ
ARu êXm HúRàm ùTôÕ ®ÚlTeLs Es[]Yô GuTûR LiÓ©¥dLXôm,
• úUÛm RLYpLû[ úNL¬dÏmùTôÚhÓ TpúYß T§pLs A°dLdá¥V

Yônl"ûPV úLs®Lû[ úLhL úYiÓm,
• CÚ RWl©]¬PªÚkúR Ø¥ÜdLô] Y¯Lû[ úLhP±V úYiÓm,
• Ïû\kR Ød¡VjÕYm ùLôÓdLdá¥VRôL CÚkRôÛm Aû]jÕ Ø¥Ü

Y¯Lû[Ùm ùY°lTÓj§ BúXôNû] ùNnV úYiÓm,
• Aû]jÕ Y¯Lû[Ùm LY]UôL BWôV úYiÓm, Hù]u\ôp !®WUô]

BWônf£dÏ ©\úL AkR !oûY JÚ RWl©]o Jl"dùLôs[ ØuYWXôm,
• Aû]jÕ !oÜ Y¯Lû[Ùm ¸rLiPYtßPu Jl©hÓ TôodL úYiÓm,
o ¿§Uu\m ùNpYÕ êXm JÚYÚdÏ ¡ûPdLdá¥V ªLf £\lTô] Ø¥Ü,

(B.A.T.N.A. – Best Alternative to a negotiated agreement).
o ¿§Uu\m ùNpYÕ êXm JÚYÚdÏ ¡ûPdLdá¥V ªL úUôNUô] Ø¥Ü,

(W.A.T.N.A. – Worst Alternative to a negotiated agreement).
o ¿§Uu\m ùNpYÕ êXm JÚYÚdÏ ¡ûPdLdá¥V ªÏkR Nôj§Vdáß

EûPV Ø¥Ü, (M.L.A.T.N.A. –Most likely alternative to a negotiated agreement).
32
EQof£Lû[ ûLVô#Rp
RuàûPV EQof£Ls ùY°lTÓmúTôÕ Uj§VvRo AûR GqYôß ûLVô[Xôm

GuTûR Øu áh¥úV úVôNû] ùNnÕ A±V úYiÓm,
EQof£Lû[ ûLVô#YRtLô] ùNVp ÖhTeLs ¸rLiPYôß,
• £X ùY°lTôÓLû[ HtL úYiÓm, (R$lThP AUoÜL°p CÚkRôp Suß)
• EQof£Ls úSoûUVô]ûYVô GuTûR AYtû\ SuÏ úLhÓ Eß§lTÓjR

úYiÓm,
• AkR EQof£«u êXd LôWQjûR AûPVô[m ùLôiÓ AkR EQof£dÏ

!oÜ LôQôUp AkR LôWQj§tLô] !oûY LôQúYiÓm,
• ºWô] ¨ûXûUûV TôÕLôdL Øû]V úYiÓm,
• G°Rô] ©WfNû]L#dÏ ®YôRjûR §ûN §ÚlT úYiÓm,
• ©WfNû]Lû[ Ju\u ©u Ju\ôL ûLVô#Rp,
• CÚ RWl©]ûWÙm ReL#ûPV EQof£Lû[ Utù\ôÚYÚPu T¡okÕ

ùLôs[ AûZjÕ AkR ãr¨ûX«u EQof£léoYUô] RôdLp Tt±
ùY°lTÓjR FdÏ®dL úYiÓm,
• KnÜ úSWm GÓjÕd ùLôs#Rp
Uj§VvRj§p AûU§«u CÚl" ¨ûX
Uj§VvRj§p AûU§ûVl TVuTÓjÕYÕ Cu±VûUVôRÕ, Uj§VvRo CÚ

RWl©]¬u CûP¨ßjRm Utßm AûU§L°u Ød¡VjÕYjûRÙm LôWQeLû[Ùm
"¬kÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm, ùTÚmTôÛm JÚ AûU§Vô] RÚQj§tÏ ©\Ï Ød¡VUô]
RLYpLs ùY°lTÓjRlTÓm,
AûU§ úTÑm JÚYÚdÏ ¸rLiP LôWQeL°]ôp ER®VôL CÚdÏm,
• úTÑTYo EûWVôP&u úYLjûR CRu êXm LhÓlTÓjR AàU§d¡\Õ,
• úTÑYRtÏ Øu" úVô£dL AYLôNm ¡ûPd¡\Õ,
33
• úTÑTYo EûWVôPûX ùRôPW úYiÓUô ApXÕ úYiPôUô Guß úRoÜ
ùNnV AàU§d¡\Õ,
AûU§ úLhTYoL#dÏ ¸rLiP LôWQeL°]ôp ER®VôL CÚdÏm,
• JÚY¬u ®ÚlTm. U¬VôûR. ùTôßûUûV ùY°lTÓjR ERÜ¡\Õ,
• YôojûRVôp á\Ø¥VôR ®`VeLû[ "¬kÕd ùLôs[Üm úTÑTYûW SuÏ

LY$dLÜm Yônl" A°d¡\Õ,
Uj§VvRj§p Uu$l" úLôÚRp Utßm ""ØLjûR LôlTôtßRp@@

AÔÏØû\
Uu$l" úLôÚRp GuTÕ G§oYôRm CpXôUp JÚ RYßdLôL Rôu YÚkÕYRôL

Jl"dùLôs#Rp BÏm, JÚ ùNnûLûV §Úm© ùT\ Ø¥Vô®hPôÛm AÕ LY$l"
CpXôUp ùNpXô§ÚdL CÕ Ød¡VUô]Õ,
JÚYo Rôu AYUô]lTPd áÓm Guß AfNlTÓRp JÚ YÛÜûPV EQof£, CÕ

CÚRWl©]Úm ReL#ûPV ¨ûXL°&ÚkÕ Uô\ôUp CÚdLÜm ¿§Uu\j§p
YZdûL ùRôPWÜm Y¯YÏdÏm, G]úY. Uj§VvRo CqYô\ô] ãr¨û«p CÚkÕ
G°RôL ùY°úVßm !oÜ Y¯Lû[ BWôV úYiÓm,
úRdL ¨ûXûV ûLVô#Rp
úRdL ¨ûXûV G§odùLôs#múTôÕ Uj§VvRo ¸rdLiP HúRàm JÚ Øû\ûV

ûLVô[Xôm,
• R$ AUoÜ Utßm áhPUoÜLû[ Uôt± Uôt± úUtùLôiÓ CÚ

RWl©]ûWÙm AYoL#ûPV YZdÏ GqY[Ü ºWô]Õ GuTûR A±V ùNnV
úYiÓm,
• JÚ RWl©]¬u YZdL±Oo RuàûPV Lh£ LôWÚdÏ NhPj§]ôp HtL

Ø¥VôR BúXôNû] ùLôÓjÕ AYo ¿§Uu\j§p ùYt±VûPVXôm Guß
ùTônVô] YôdÏ A°j§ÚkRôp AkR YZdL±OÚPu R$ AUoûY
úUtùLôs[Xôm,
34
• CÚ RWl©]ûWÙm GfN¬jÕ Aû]YûWÙm Juß úNojÕ ©WfNû]ûV HtL
ùNnVXôm,
• LûP£ LhPj§p !oûY úSôd¡ ùNpXdá¥V GkRùYôÚ ØVt£ûVÙm

AàU§dLXôm,
• ãZûX Uôt± Aû]YûWÙm Cû[lTô\ ûYdL SûLfÑûYûV

TVuTÓjRXôm,
• Jl"Rp EûPV ®`VeLû[l Tt± ÁiÓm úTNXôm,
• G°Rô] ©WfNû]Lû[l Tt± ùRôPokÕ ®Yô§dLXôm,
• CÚ RWl©]ûWÙúU úRdL ¨ûX LôWQjûRl Tt± úLhLXôm,
• CjRûLV úRdL ¨ûXûV AÔÏYRtLô] Y¯Lû[Ùm Aû]Y¬PØm

úLhLXôm,
• CÚ RWl©]¬u EûZl" Utßm NôRû]Lû[ "LrkÕ á\Xôm,
• JÚYo Utù\ôÚY¬u ©WfNû]ûVl Tt± £k§dÏUôß ®iQl©dLXôm,
• CÕYûW«Ûm ¨LZôR NmTYeLû[ A¥lTûPVôL ùLôiP (hypothetical)

!oÜLû[ Øu ûYdLXôm,
• Uj§VvRjûR Ø¥Ü ùNnVXôm Guß BúXôNû]d á\Xôm ApXÕ

TVØßjRXôm,
• JÚ YpÛ]o ApXÕ êu\ôm ST¬u TeúLtûT LÚÕUôß úVôNû] á\Xôm,
• EQof£ ùY°lTôÓLû[ AàU§dLXôm,
• Uj§VvR Øû\«&ÚkÕ RtLô&LUô] KnÜ GÓjÕd ùLôs[Xôm,
Ø¥Ü JlTkRm
Ø¥Ü JlTkRm G%j§p CÚdL úYiÓm úUÛm
35
• CÚ RWl©]¬u G§oLôX E\Ül Tt±V YôdÏêXjûR ùLôi¥ÚdL úYiÓm,
• JlTkRjûR ùNVp Øû\lTÓjÕYRtÏ CÚ RWl©]¬u ùTôßlûT Tt±

®[dL úYiÓm,
• ùR°YôL. Ø%ûUVôL. ùNVpØû\lTÓjRdá¥VRôL SûPØû\dÏ ELkRRôL

CÚjRp úYiÓm,
• CÚ RWl©]¬u XôTeLû[ ©W§T&dL úYiÓm, úUÛm NUUôL CÚdL

úYiÓm,
• Vôo ÁÕm T¯ ÑUjRôUp BdLléoYUôL CÚdL úYiÓm,
• ¿§Uu\ !olûTl úTôu\ ùUô¯«p CpXôUp CÚdL úYiÓm,
Ø¥Ü JlTkRm Uj§VvRWôp Yû]VlTP úYiÓm, CpûXùVu\ôp CÚ RWl©]o

áP CûR Yû]VXôm, CûR Yû]Ùm Uj§VvRo YônùUô¯VôL Aû]jÕ
JlTkR ¨TkRû]Lû[Ùm á± Aû]jÕ ùNôtL°u ùTôÚû[Ùm
®[d¡ ¨TkRû]Lû[ Eß§lTÓj§d ùLôiP ©u]úW AûR G%jÕ Y¥®p
Uôt\Xôm,
CqYô\ô] JlTkRjûR Yû]ÙmúTôÕ Uj§VvRo áoûUVVô] / Ï±lTô]

ùNôtLû[ TVuTÓj§ GkR®R NkúRLjûRÙm G%lTdá¥V ùNôtLû[ R®odL
úYiÓm, GÓjÕLôhPôL ¨VôVUô]. ®ûW®p. A¥dL¥. JjÕûZl".
SûPØû\lTÓjRdá¥V úTôu\ûY, ùR°YôL GûR. Vôo. GlùTô%Õ. GqYôß.
GlT¥. GkR A[®p. GkR LôXj§p ùNnYôo GuTûR Ï±dL úYiÓm,
CkR JlTkRm ùR°Yô] ùUô¯«p CÚ RWl©]ÚdÏm HtLdá¥V ùUô¯«p CÚdL

úYiÓm, Ø¥kR A[®tÏ NhPm NôokR YôojûRLû[ R®odLXôm,
JlTkRj§u CÚ RWl©]Úm JlTkRj§u JqùYôÚ Rô°Ûm ûLùV%j§P úYiÓm,

YZdL±Oo AYÚûPV Lh£dLôW¬u ûLùV%jûR Cß§lTdLj§p AjRôh£ ùNnV
úYiÓm, CÚ RWl©]Úm ûLùVôlTm ChPÜPu Uj§VvRo JlTkRj§p
ûLùV%j§hÓ JqùYôÚ RWl©]ÚdÏm JÚ SLûX A°dL úYiÓm,
Uj§VvRjûR Ø¥Ü ùNnRp
36
Uj§VvR Øû\ CÚ RWl©]¬u ØVt£«u ®û[YôRXôp Uj§VvRo ARu Ø¥Ü
ºWôL CÚlTRtÏ ØVt£ ùNnV úYiÓm,
CÚ RWl©]Úm GkR ùYôÚ Ø¥®tÏm YW®pûX Gu\ôp Uj§VvRo AÕYûW«Ûm

SPkÕs[ Øuú]t\j§tÏ AYoLû[ Yôrj§ G§oLôXj§p Ø¥Ü HtTPXôm Gu\
Sm©dûLûV ùR¬®dL úYiÓm, úRôp®VûPkR Uj§VvRm Guß GÕÜm ¡ûPVôÕ,
CÚ RWl©]Úm HúRàm JÚ Ø¥®tÏ YkRôp Uj§VvRo AYoLû[ YôrjR

úYiÓm, Ø¥Ü JlTkRj§u úR§«p Uj§VvRØm Ø¥YûPÙm,
Uô§¬ E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\ Uj§VvR ®§Ls. 2003
Uj§VvR Øû\Lû[l ùTôßjÕ JÚ Ø%ûUVô] NhPm Ck§Vô®p CpûX

Gu\ôÛm EfN¿§Uu\m Aû]jÕ EVo ¿§Uu\eL#m NhP BûQVj§]ôp
YûWVlThP Uô§¬ E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\ Uj§VvR ®§Ls. 2003 I
úYßTôÓL#Pú]ô CpXôUúXô TVuTÓjRXôm Guß T¬kÕûW ùNnÕs[Õ, (Salem
Bar Association V. Union of India, AIR 2005 SC 3353).
CkR ®§Ls Uj§VvRûW ¨VªdÏm Øû\. Uj§VvR¬u RÏ§Ls Utßm

Uj§VvRm ùNnV úYi¥V SûPØû\ Tt± áß¡\Õ, ®§ 12 Uj§VvRo Ck§V
Nôh£Vf NhPm 1872 Utßm E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\ NhPj§tÏ CQeL úYiPôm
Gußm ¨VôVm Utßm ¿§ NôokR ùLôsûLL#dÏ CQe¡ CÚRWl©]¬u E¬ûULs
Utßm LPûULû[ U]§p ùLôiÓ Y'L TVuTôÓLs Utßm NiûP«u
RuûUûV A±kÕ ùNVpTP úYiÓm Guß áß¡\Õ,
®§ 16 Uj§VvRj§p Uj§VvR¬u TeÏ Tt± ®[dÏ¡\Õ, Uj§VvRo CÚ

RWl©]Úm RôUôLúY RLWôßdÏ Ø¥Ü LôQf ùNnV Y¯ ùNnRp úYiÓm, úUÛm.
JÚ RWl©]¬u LiúQôhPjûRl Tt± Cuù]ôÚ RWl©]ÚdÏ á±. Ød¡VUô]
©WfNû]Lû[ AûPVô[m LiÓ. RY\ôL "¬kÕdùLôs#RûX R®ojÕ. CÚ
RWl©]ÚdÏm GÕ Ød¡Vm GuTûR LiP±kÕ TpúYß ®ReL°p !oÜ LôQ
Y¯Lû[ BWônkÕ Ø¥ùYÓdÏm ùTôßl" CÚRWl©]ûWÙm NôokRÕ GuTûR GÓjÕ
EQojR úYiÓm, Uj§VvRo GkRùYôÚ ¨TkRû]ûVÙm LhPôVlTÓj§ HtLf
ùNnVdáPôÕ,
37
®§ 17 CÚ RWl©]o UhÓúU AYoL#ûPV Ø¥ÜdÏ ùTôßl" Gußm Uj§VvRo
GkR®RUô] Ø¥ûYÙm LhPôVlTÓjR Ø¥VôÕ Gußm áß¡\Õ, úUÛm.
Uj§VvRm Ø¥Ü JlTkR§p ¨û\YûPÙm Guß GkR EjRWYôRØm Uj§VvRo
ùLôÓdL CVXôÕ,
CkR ®§L°p Uj§VvR Øû\L°p UkRQm LôjRûXl Tt± LÓm LhÓlTôhÓûPV

©¬ÜLs YZeLlThÓs[Õ, ®§ 11 Uj§VvRo CÚRWl©]ûWÙm R$VôL Nk§jÕ
úTN Y¯ YÏd¡\Õ, ®§ 20 UkRQm LôdL úYiÓm Gu\ ¨TkRû]ÙPu GkR
RWl©]Úm JÚ RLYûX Uj§VvRÚdÏ A°jRôp AûR Utù\ôÚ RWl©]ÚdÏ
ùY°lTÓjR Ø¥VôÕ Guß RûP ®§d¡\Õ, Uj§VvR Øû\l Tt±V Aû]jÕ
®`VeLû[Ùm UkRQm LôdL úYiÓm Gußm. CkR Øû\«u êXm ùT\lTÓm
GkR RLYûXÙm Nôh£VôL úYß GkR SPY¥dûL«Ûm ¸rLiPYtû\ ùTôßjÕ
A±ØLlTÓjRdáPôÕ Guß á\lThÓs[Õ,
• Uj§VvR Øû\«u ùTô%Õ ùY°YÚm GkR®R Jl"Rp ApXÕ JÚ

RWl©]¬u LiúQôhPm
• UkRQUôL A°dLlTÓm BYQeLs. YûWÜLs Utßm RLYpLs
• JÚ RWl©]o Ø¥ÜdLô] Øû]ûY Jl"dùLôiPôWô CpûXVô GuTûRl

Tt±V RLYp
Uj§VvRo ¿§Uu\j§Pm JÚ RWl©]o Uj§VvRj§tÏ YW®pûX Gußm CÚ

RWl©]¬u NmURjÕPu AYÚûPV U§l©p AkR YZdÏ Uj§VvR êXm
Ø¥YûPVdá¥VÕ ApX Gußm CÚ RWl©]Úm RLWôÚdÏ Ø¥Ü LiÓs[]o
GuTûR UhÓúU T¡WXôm Guß ®§ 21 áß¡\Õ,
®§ 24 CÚRWl©]¬ûPúV Yû]VlTÓm JlTkRjûR G%jÕ Y¥®p Uôt±

ûLùVôlTm CP úYiÓm Guß áß¡\Õ, CkR JlTkRm úUp SPY¥dûLdLôL JÚ
L¥RjÕPu Uj§VvR¬]ôp ¿§Uu\j§tÏ AàlTlTÓm, ¿§Uu\m ®§ 25T¥ CûR
EjRWYôL Uôt± BûQl ©\l©dÏm, CkR JlTkRm êXm YZd¡u JÚ TÏ§
UhÓúU ¨û\YûPkRôÛm ¿§Uu\m AkRl TÏ§ûVl ùTôßjÕ EjRWÜ
©\l©dLXôm, Ø¥YûPVôR ©\ TÏ§ûV Tt± ¿§Uu\m Ø¥Ü ùNnR ©\ÏRôu
BûQ ©\l©dL úYiÓm Gu\ AY£Vm ¡ûPVôÕ, CkR CÚ TÏ§L#m ©¬dLd
38
á¥VÕ CpûX Gu\ôp ¿§Uu\m ÁRØs[ TÏ§L#m Ø¥YûPYRtÏ LôdL
úYiÓm,
®§ 27 Uj§VvR¬u Suù]± RWm Ï±jÕ áß¡\Õ
• ®§Lû[ ºWô] Øû\«p LhÓlTôhÓPu LûPl©¥dL úYiÓm,
• Uj§VvR¬u ùTôßl©tÏ JqYôR YûL«p SûPjûRûV úUtùLôs[d

áPôÕ,
• Uj§VvR Øû\«u ¨VôVjûRÙm Li'VjûRÙm ¨ûX¨ßjR úYiÓm,
• Uj§VvRj§p TeúLtÏm CÚ RWl©]Úm A§p Es[ SûPØû\Lû[l Tt±

SuÏ A±kÕs[]o GuTûR Eß§lTÓjR úYiÓm,
• ùRô¯pÃ§Vô] YûL«p CkR Uj§VvRjûR úUtùLôiÓ ¨û\Ü ùNnV RÏ§

Es[Õ GuTûR Eß§lTÓj§d ùLôs[ úYiÓm,
• Uj§VvRj§u TôWThNªuûUûV Tô§dÏm YûL«p GkRùYôÚ E\Ü ApXÕ

®ÚlTm CÚkRôÛm AûR ùY°lTÓjR úYiÓm, ApXÕ AYo NôoTtß
CÚlTôo GuT§p NkúRLm GZdá¥V YûL«p HúRàm CÚkRôÛm AûR
ùY°lTÓjR úYiÓm,
• CÚ RWl©]ÚPàm úTfÑ YôojûR SPjÕm úTôÕ Nôo" RuûUûV

ùY°dLôhÓm YûL«p SPkÕ ùLôs[dáPôÕ,
• RÏkR NhPlT¥ UhÓúU RLWôû\l ùTôÚjR Aû]jÕ SPY¥dûLL#m

úUtùLôs[úYiÓm,
• Uj§VvR Øû\ CÚ RWl©]¬u ÑV öQVj§u A¥lTûP«p SPd¡\Õ

GuTûRÙm CkR Øû\«p CÚ RWl©]Úm RôUôLúY HúRàm JlTkRjûR
HtTÓj§d ùLôs[ úYiÓm GuTûR Ae¸L¬dL úYiÓm,
• ÅQôL Ø¥ÜLs Tt± Ej§WYôRm ùLôÓlTûR RÓjÕ UkRQm LôjRûXl

Tt±V ¨VôVUô] G§oTôolûT LôdL úYiÓm,
NUWN Øû\
39
NUWN Øû\ GuTÕ Uj§VvR Øû\ûV Ï±lTRtÏm £X ùTô%§p TVuTÓjRlTÓm,
£X NhP ¨"QoLs CûR úYß ®RUô] JÚ Uj§VvR Øû\ Gußm C§p NôoTt\
JÚ êu\ôYÕ RWl©]o Uj§VvRûW ®P Cuàm Øû]kÕ CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV
Es[ RLWô±tÏ !oÜ LôQ Y¯ YÏlTôo Guß áßÙs[]o, (Salem Advocates Bar
Association V. Union of India, AIR 2005 SC 3353).
NUWNjûR SPjÕm Øû\ ARtÏ¬V A¥lTûP ®§Ls Utßm Suù]± RWeLs

B¡VûY Uj§VvR Øû\ûVl úTôu\úRVôÏm,
1996 NhPm NUWN Øû\ûVl ùTôßjR ØRp Ø%ûUVô] NhPUôÏm, CfNhPj§u

TÏ§ 3 £±V NkRolTeL#dÏ¬V Uôt\eL#Pu I,Sô,®u NUNW Øû\ ®§Ls. 1980 I
LûPl©¥jÕs[Õ,
1996 NhPm NUWN SPY¥dûLLû[ HúRàm JÚ RWl©]¬u AûZl©u úT¬p

ùRôPeÏRp Tt±Ùm (©¬Ü 62). NUWNm ùNnTY¬Pm YôdÏêXeLû[ NUol©lTûRl
Tt±Ùm. RLWô±u RuûUûV ®[dÏRp Tt±Ùm !odL úYi¥V ©WfNû]Ls
Tt±Ùm áß¡\Õ, (©¬Ü 65), NUWNm ùNnTYo E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\ NhPm Utßm
Ck§Vf Nôh£V NhPj§u LhÓdÏs YWUôhPôo (©¬Ü 66),
NUNWm ùNnTY¬u CÚl" ¨ûX
1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 66 NUWNm ùNnTY¬u CÚl" ¨ûXûV ¸rLiPYôß ®[dÏ¡\Õ,
• NUWNm ùNnTYo RLWô±tÏ ÑêLUô] !oÜ LôÔm ùTôÚhÓ CÚ RWl©]ÚdÏm

ÑRk§WUô] TôWThNUt\ YûL«p ER® ùNnV úYiÓm,
• NUNWm ùNnTYo ¨VôVm. ¿§ B¡V ùLôsûLL°]ôp LhÓlThÓ CÚ

RWl©]¬u LPûULs Utßm E¬ûULû[ LÚj§p ùLôiÓ ®VôTôW
YZdLeLû[Ùm LÚj§p ùLôiÓ RLWôû\ Tt±V ãr¨ûXûVÙm
Øu©&ÚkúR CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV Es[ Y'L TZLLYZdLeLû[Ùm
LÚj§p ùLôiÓ ùNVXôt\ úYiÓm,
• YZd¡u NkRolT ãr¨ûXLs. CÚ RWl©]¬u ®ÚlTeLs HúRàm JÚ

RWl©]o NUWNm ùNnTYo RmúUôÓ R$VôL úTN úYiÓm Guß LÚ§]ôp
ARtÏ CQeÏRp Utßm RLWôßdÏ ®ûWYôL !oÜ LôQ úYiÓm B¡V
40
Aû]jûRÙm LÚj§p ùLôiÓ NUWN SPY¥dûLLû[ Rôu Ht\Õ Guß
LÚÕm Øû\«p SPjRXôm,
• NUWN SPY¥dûL«u GkR LhPj§p úYiÓUô]ôÛm NUNWm ùNnTYo !oÜdLô]

Y¯Lû[ Øu ûYdLXôm, CûY G%jÕ Y¥®p CúdLúYiÓùUußm
ARtÏ¬V LôWQeLs ùTôßjR YôdÏêXm AY£Vm CpûX Gußm
á\lThÓs[Õ,
UkRQm LôjRp. NUWNm Øû\«p JÚ Ød¡VUô] TeÏ Y¡d¡\Õ, 1996 NhPj§u

©¬Ü 69 NUWNm ùNnTYo JqùYôÚ RWl©]ÚPàm R$VôL Nk§jÕ úTÑYRtÏ Y¯
ùNn¡\Õ, ©¬Ü 70 UkRQm LôdL úYiÓm Gu\ ¨TkRû]ÙPu JÚ RWl©]o NUNWm
ùNnTYÚdÏ ùLôÓdÏm GkRùYôÚ RLYûXÙm ùY°lTÓjRdáPôÕ Guß RûP
®§d¡\Õ, ©¬Ü 75 úYß GkR NhPj§p GqYôß á\lTh¥ÚkRôÛm ARtÏ
CQeLôUp NUNW SPY¥dûLLû[ ùTôßjÕ Aû]jÕ ®`VeL#m UkRQm
LôdLlTP úYiÓm Guß A±ÜßjÕ¡\Õ, CjRûLV UkRQm LôjRp Ø¥Ü
JlTkRj§tÏm AûR ¨û\úYt\ Utßm ùNVpTÓjR úRûYlThPôXu± ùTôÚkÕm,
úYß YûL«p CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV Jl"dùLôs[lTh¥ÚkRôp Au± 1996 NhPj§u

T¥ NUWNm ùNnTYo NUWNm ùNnR YZdûLl ùTôßjR GkRùYôÚ ¿§Uu\ ApXÕ
CûNÜ !ol" SPY¥dûL«Ûm CûNÜ !olTô[WôLúYô JÚ RWl©]¬u
YZdL±OWôLúYô ApXÕ HúRàm JÚ RWl©]ÚdÏ Nôh£VôLúYô CÚdLdáPôÕ
Guß áß¡\Õ, (©¬Ü 80)
1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 81u T¥ ¸rLiPYtû\ CÚ RWl©]Úm Nôh£VUôL GkRùYôÚ

CûNÜ !ol" SPY¥dûL«Ûm ¿§Uu\m A±ØLlTÓjRdáPôÕ,
• NUWN Øû\«u ùTô%Õ ùY°YÚm GkRùYôÚ LiúQôhPm ApXÕ Ø¥Ül

Tt±V £kRû]Ls
• NUWN Øû\«uúTôÕ ùY°YÚm GkR®R Jl"Rp
• NUNW ùNnTY¬]ôp Øu ûYdLlTÓm Øû]ÜLs
• JÚ RWl©]o Ø¥ÜdLô] Øû]ûY Jl"dùLôiPôWô CpûXVô GuTûRl

Tt±V RLYp
41
1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 73 CÚ RWl©]Wôp ûLùVôlTªPlTÓm Ø¥Ü JlTkRm
AYoLû[l ùTôßjRYûW«p Cß§Vô]Õ Gußm ©ûQdLdá¥VÕ Gußm
áß¡\Õ, CkR JlTkRm NUWNm ùNnTY¬]ôp AjRôh£ ùNnVlTPúYiÓm, ©¬Ü 74
CjRûLV Ø¥Ü JlTkRj§tÏ ©¬Ü 30u ¸r CûNÜ !ol©tÏ YZeLlTÓm
AúR ¨ûXûV YZeÏ¡\Õ. ARôYÕ ¿§Uu\ EjRWûY úTôuß,
CÚ RWl©]WôÛm ûLùVôlTm CPlTÓm Ø¥Ü JlTkRm E«o ùTßmùTô%ÕRôu

ùYt±LWUô] NUWN SPY¥dûL Ø¥YûPkRRôL LÚRlTÓm, CjRûLV JlTkRm Rôu
1996 NhPm ©¬Ü 74u ¸r CûNÜ !ol©tÏ¬V AúR ¨ûXûV ùTtßs[Õ, (Haresh
Dayaram Thakur V. State of Maharashtra, AIR 2000 SC 2281).
©\ NhPeL°u ¸r NUWN Øû\
TX NhPeLs RLWôßLû[ NUWN Øû\«p !ojÕd ùLôsYRtLô]

©¬ÜLû[ ùLôiÓs[Õ, CûY ùRô¯tNôûX RLWôßLs NhPm. 1947. CkÕ §ÚUQf
NhPm 1948. ÏÓmT ¿§Uu\f NhPm 1984. ¡WôU ¨VôVXôV NhPm 2008 úTôu\ûY,
1987 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 20. UdLs ¿§Uu\eL°]ôp YZdÏLs "Xu ùLôs[lTÓYÕ
Tt± áß¡\Õ, CRuT¥ ¿§Uu\j§&ÚkÕ GkRùYôÚ YZdÏm !oÜ LôiTRtLôL
UdLs ¿§Uu\j§tÏ AàlTlThPôp Ak¿§Uu\m GqY[Ü ®ûWYôL Ø¥ÙúUô
AqY[Ü ®ûWYôL A§u ÁÕ SPY¥dûL GÓjÕ ¿§. ¨VôVm Utßm ©\ NhPd
ùLôsûLLû[ ©uTt± Ø¥Ü ùNnV Øû]V úYiÓm Guß A±ÜßjRlThÓs[Õ,
1987 NhPj§u ¸r ¿§Uu\j§tÏ ùNpYRtÏ Øu" úUtùLôs[lTP úYi¥V NUWNm
Utßm !oÜ Øû\Ls Tt±Ùm á\lThÓs[Õ, ¨WkRW UdLs ¿§Uu\j§p NUWN
Øû\«p !oÜ LôQ YZdûL Aàl"YRtÏ Øu" LûPl©¥dL úYi¥V
SûPØû\Lû[Ùm CÕ áß¡\Õ, ¨WkRW UdLs ¿§Uu\m ÑRk§WUô]. TôWThN
Øû\«p NêLUô] !oÜ LôiTRtÏ CÚ RWl©]ÚdÏm ERY úYiÓm Gußm
CfNhPm áß¡\Õ,
42
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26
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27
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81). C¢u ©UPÍ Á °ß ÇU P £Qº
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28
A G!® © |»[P \
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SCC 266).
°À EÒÍ Á ºA¢u £uÂ °ß£i AÁ º

A¢u £o°À ÇUS® £ x, P°# ¸¢x A¢u £oUP P \»Ä \ú
£nz u v¸®£ £ØÖU P ÒÍ » ®. CvÀ \®£Í ® £Ö® A$ Á »P®
CÚ ®u ºGvºAPv, \[PnA¢un¨£ (1971 3 SCC 870).
\mh®
BQ Á ØÔØS Pmk¨£mhu S®.
{hÁ iU P BQ Á ØÔØS G¢u Á ¸ EÖ¨¤ Ú¸® £ Ö¨£ P © mh º(EÖ¨%

105).
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£n® \®£¢u¨£mh © \ \ \ £°$ ®, u UPÀ

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29
\ £PÎ ! ® \º
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S 6©u
P »© P Akzu \ £ A¢u © \ u Á | ÓÁ ØÓ©À Ç¢u À (EÖ¨$
108) £n®\®£¢u¨£mh © \ u ©UPÍ Á °À ©mk © u UPÀ \´ ¨£h
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30
AÁ \ \mhz u v¸®£¨ £Ó
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AÁ º £] u \mh\
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31
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32
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B"{º AÁ \ \ \mhª ØÖ®

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| » £ x {»zvØS u Á Ú JßÓS®.
(i.]. Á zÁ Gvº¥P º© |»®1987 1 SCC 378).
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33
AIR
1953 8C Ea\}v©ßÓ
AÁ ©v¨!UP P ©mkª ßÓ AuØS RÌ EÒÍ G¢u }v©ßÓ
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wº
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SCC 406)). Ea\
AÁ ©v¨!UP P usiUP» ®. BÚ À AÁ ¸ h Á URÀ u È À {hzx®
E¶©z u u h \´ \´ Á , ¬ i x. (Ea\}v©ßÓ
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Bº
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GÊ zu Í ºuß# AÔU P°À Ea\}v©ßÓ

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u Á °À» u J¸ Â å zvÀ | »{ mhzuUPuÀ» J¸ ©#ÄUP P AÔÂ ¨!
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3SCC 343).
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34
H u!® \mhE¶ © Ç¨£ u AÀ»x }mi¨£ u

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Eu \mhzvÀ £vÄ \´ ¨£mh

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AqQ x. C¢u Á ÇUS | »UPzuUPx GßÖ }v©ßÓ
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{ hP
2000) 9SCC 572).
\ \ Ú°ß «x ¬ Ê wº
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SCC 67).
\mhzv Ú £ ¸ÒÂ Í UP® P q®Á P°À J¸ ¬ UQ Â Ú EÒÍ x GßÖ

\ ßÓ Á Ç[QÚ À, Ax E¶ ©° À SØÓ
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zvÀ ©À ¬ Ó
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132).
35
\ \ Ú Gß£x Auß«x © Ö¨£mh P¸zxUPÒ

EÒÍ u S®. A¢u £S°ß «x Ea\}v©ßÓ
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C¢u | \ \ Ú EÖ¨! 131ß£i Ç¨£u P TÓ
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E º
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EÖ¨! 132À GßÓ TÓ

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Ea\}v©ßÓ
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\mhzv Ú £ ¸Ò Â \ \ Ú EÒÍ u PÄ® Ax
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(E. 133).
\ E¶ © ©ØÖ®
£ Ö¨!P Í TÖ® ©À¬ Ó
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}v©ßÓ B n BS®.
CÖv B n BS®.
36
\´!© Ö
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a\mh® ¤ ¶Ä 151ßRÌAu Ú "v Á ÇUP P GkUQÓ
x. A Gß£Á º
Cu Ú EÖ¨" 133ß RÌ Ea\}v©ßÓ
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AuÚ À EÖ¨" 134A ß£i E º
}v©ßÓ \ ßÖ P ¸QÓº
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Á ÇU P ¤ ¶Ä 151 E¶ ©° À { h¬ Ó\mh¨£i "vu P GkUP | Ú¨£x
CÖv B n AÀ». GÚ Á EÖ¨" 133ß RÌEa\}v©ßÓ
zvÀ ©À¬ Ó
±k
\´ Á sk® GßÖ EÖ¨" 134A&ß RÌ \ ßÖ £Ó¬ i x GßÖ
Ea\ \ © |»®, AIR
1961 SC 794).
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vÀ ©À ¬ Ó \´ E º
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RÌUPshÁ ØÔÀ Jß Ó \´v¸UP Á sk®.
E º
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zvß ©À¬ Ó
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134&Aß RÌ\ ßÖ Á Ç[Q!® Ax EÖ¨" 145(1)ß RÌ EÒÍ
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Pmk¨£ kPÎ ßRÌÇUP Á sk® (2.134) .
Eu n® : A Gß£Á º ¤ ¶Ä 302 C¢v ush Ú \mh¨£i

SØÓ
g\ mh¨£mk Â \ zu À ¤ ¶Ä 304ß RÌ
ush Ú AÎ zux. EÖ¨" 134À EÒÍ Â ku » ¬ Ê © Ú Â ku »

37
\ mh¨£mhÁ ºEÖ¨! 134(1

(a) RÌ \ ßÖ £Ó
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AIR 1962 A, SC 130).
E º
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AußGsnzv » AÀ»x
E¸Á UP¨£mh Á ´ © È
Â sn¨£zvß £¶ » ,
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C¢u \ ßÖ wº
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Á Ç[P¨£mh EhßÁ Ç[P¨£k®. (E. 134&A).
£Sv V À GßÚ TÓ
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\mhzu À E¸Á UP¨£mh }v©ßÓ
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\´ ]Ó
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£ ¸¢u x. (E. 136).
J¸ \ \
EÖ¨! 136ß RÌ ]Ó
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TÓ
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\ \ \
AÁ ¸US CÀ ». ©" ® AÁ º\ m]PÎ ß Á ¸ P Pmh ¨£kzu ¬ i x.
¨£mhx. (áì Á ¢z _Pºª Àì Gvº»m_ª \¢z, AIR 1963
GÚ Á CÆÁ Ö TÓ
SC 677).
38
EÖ¨! 136 Ea\}v©ßÓ

zvØS J¸ £¶ ußÛa \
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® ]Ó
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£z][
a] AvP ¶ (2002) 4 SCC (666).
Gvº á´§ºÁ Í º
Ea\}v©ßÓ
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\ À£kzu C $ ®. (£» ßS© ºGvºí ¶ Ú © |»® (2003) 11 SCC (241).
J¸ SØÓ
Â À Á ÇUQÀ EÖ¨! 136ßRÌ ©À¬ Ó
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g\ mh¨£mhÁ º
PÎ À A G"® {£º
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g\ mh£mhÁ ¸® Â ku » \´ ¨£mhÚº
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© \ º
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Ea\}v©ßÓ
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Au Ú \¶ \´ Ea\}v©ßÓ
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(233).
39
{ h¬ Ó
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Em£mk Ea\ \´ » ® (E. 137).
EÖ¨! 145ßRÌEÒÍ Â vPÒ, C¢u ©ÖB´Ä Pmh Í 47 Â v 1 E¶ ©° À
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40
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GßÖ® u ÀÂ "ØÓ Á m£ Í º CuÚi¨£ h°À Cu Ú Gvº

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41
\mh©ßÓ
zu À C ØÓ
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i x. (H.]. á ì Gvº]Á ß¤ Ò Í , (1984) 2SCC 656).
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P kzu À £¶_ AÎ UP¨£k® GßÖ AÔÂ UP¨£mi¸¢u À, A¢u¨
6
£ ¸ Í Psk¤ izxU P k¨£ u £ x© Úu S®. C[ P, HØ¤ Ú

u¶Â UP Á si vÀ ».
u¶Â UP Á sk®
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¬ ÚÁ Í ¶ß Pmk¨£ mi" ¸¢x, A¢u ¬ ÚÄ ÁÎ
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x. ©ØÖ®B) HØ£ Í ¶ß Pmk¨£ mi" ¸¢x HØ£ Úx
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G k z x UPõm k : K¸ SÔ¨¤ mh Â »US, Ç®# Â Ø£u P, À’ PiuzvÚ

`B’ &US u¶Â zu º
. A¢uU Piu® `B’&°
{ mP$US¨ ¤ ß \ßÓ h¢ux. `B’ uÚx HØ¤ Ú EhÚi P À’-
Â ØS Pi
A¢u Piu® À’- ° Úa \
Ç®¤ ßÂ » HÔÂ mhx. ¬ uØSÔ¨¤ mh Â »US, Ç®¤ Ú Â ØP
À’ ©ÖUQÓº
. À’ A¢u Ç®¤ Ú `B’- US A u Â »°À Â ØP
V. î UQßì ,
(1848) 1 H.L.Cas.381).
Gvº
¬ ÚÄ \´ ¨£k® £m\zvÀ, ¬ ÚÄ P » Áv S®.
Gvº
¬ ÚÁ Úx, J¸ #v ¬ ÚÁ PU P ÒÍ ¨£k®. Ax
HØP¨£mh¤ ßu ßJ¸ J¨£¢u® E¸Á S®.
G k z x UPõm k : uÚx |»zv Ú %.1,000&US Â ØP À’ Â ¸®#QÓÒ.

A¢|»zv Ú £950&US Á [P `B’ Â ¸®#QÓº
. A ©ÖzxÂ kQÓÒ.
EhÚi P £1000& P Au Ú Á [P B J¨#U P ÒQÓºGßÖ A
7
. À’ uÚx
TÖQÓº ¬ uß © ¬ ÚÂ Ú À ¤ oUP¨£h© mh º
.
H ÚÛÀ Ax B&°ß Gvº¬ ÚÂ Ú À P » Á v QÂ mhx. ( í m
V. 3 Beav 334).
£ ÖzuÁ &
£h» ®. HØ£ Úx ¬ ÚÁ P \
Á È UP UP¨£h» ®.
ö \ À » zuUP J ¨ £¢uz v ØPõÚ A Á ] ¯ [ PÒ u ß Û a ø \ ¯ õÚ C ø \ Ä
“G¨ £ Ê uÀ» ® Ç AÀ»x AuØS ©Ø£mh {£º

PÒ
u[P! h \
u¶Â UQßÓº
P Í , AÁ º
PÒ Ax SÔzx C \QßÓº
PÒ GßÖ
£ ¸Ò£k®”(J¨£¢ua \mh®, ¤ ¶Ä 13).
J¨£¢ua \mhzvß ¤ ¶Ä 13, “P¸z u ßÖuÀ (consensus ad idem)"

GßÓ
Es ©°À, AÁ º
PÎ h°À G¢u Ehß£ k® Q h x.
P¸z u ßÖuÀ CÀ» u£m\zvÀ A¢u J¨£¢u® ¬ u" À Ç¢ u
\À» uu S®(void ab initio ).
G k z x UPõm k : “A”
À’- Â ØS Â Í ¨£mkÂ mhx GßÖ
|#¤ UP ¬ i Â iÀ, AÆ Á ¨£¢u® \
© v» À V. vÁ ß\ AIR 1932 Bom 151 ).
J¸ £ ¸s © (Fact) SÔzxz uÁ ÓÚ { UPzxhß

Dk£kQÓº
P Í ßÓÀ, AÆ Á ¨£¢u® \À» x. H ÚÛÀ, A[ P
P¸z u ØÖ © Q h x.
8
S Ô ¨ ¦ : C¢v { miÀ { h¬ Ó
°À EÒÍ J¸ \mh® SÔzuz
uÁ ÓÚ GsnzvÀ J¨£¢u® E¸Á Q°¸¢u À Ax uÂ º
UPzuS¢u
J¨£¢u® Q h x; A u \© zvÀ, C¢v { miÀ, { h¬ Ó
°À
CÀ» u \mh© Úx J¸ £ ¸s © GßÖ P ÒÍ ¨£k®. Ax SÔzu
uÁ ÓÚx, A¢u J¨£¢uz u \À» u UPz uUPx. (J¨£¢ua \mh® ¤ ¶Ä
21).
©
SÔzx uÁ ÓPU P¸v°¸UP Á sk®. J¸Á º©mk © uÁ ÓPU
P¸xuÀ, A¢u Ehß£ mi Ú uÂ º
UPz uS¢u Ehß£ h UP¨
£ x© ÚuÀ». (J¨£¢ua \mh®, ¤ ¶Ä 22).
G k z x UPõm k :
` B’-Â ! h |»z u Á [SÁ uØS À’ C \QÓº

. ÇÁ ¸ ©
A¢u |»zvß AÍ Ä 10 HUPºGßÖ | ÚQÓº
PÒ. BÚ À, Es ©°À
Ax 15 HUPº
. GÚ Á , C¢u J¨£¢u® \À» uu S®. (uº é® ][ V.
_Uª ßuº][, AIR 1998 SC 1400).
G k z x UPõm k : ]» £ ¸mP Í B&Â ØS Â ØP A- Â ¸®"QÓÒ. AÁ º

PÒ
PÒ. À’- Â ß Qh[Q# ¸¢x A¢u £ ¸mPÒ
Ehß£ miÀ Dk£kQÓº
PÍ Á h¨£mkÂ mhÚ Gß£x ÇÁ ¸US © u¶ x. C¢u Ehß£ k®
\ Cß(&)Äß]À V. AIR 1948
Pat 345&GßÓÁ ÇUQ Úz uÊ Â x).
u ß Û a ø \ ¯ õÚ C ø \ Ä
\ Ú C \Â À» ©À J¸
Ehß£ miÀ Dk£mi¸¢u À, A¢u Ehß£ k, uÂ º
UPz uS¢u
Ehß£ h S®.
9
G¨ £ Ê uÀ» ® Kº C \Ä, RÌUPshÁ ØÔÚ À

£ vUP¨£hÂ À » , A¨ £ Ê uÀ» ® Ax ußÛa \ Ú C \Ä
GßÖ \ À»¨£k® GßÖ J¨£¢ua \mhzvß ¤ ¶Ä 14 SÔ¨¤ kQßÓ
x.
Á ! UPmh ®
uP | » Á Ø"ÖzuÀ
v¶zxU P mkuÀ
© \i
uÁ Ö (J¨£¢ua\mh®, ¤ ¶Ä 21 ©ØÖ® 22 \®£¢u¨£mhx).
Á ¾UPmhõ ¯ ®
a
\mh®, 1860Ú À (Indian Penal Code, 1860 ) u h \´ ¨£mh J¸
\ » AÀ»x H u#® \ zv Ú \
Á ¨£ u AÀ»x ukzx Á UP¨£k® GßÖ £ ¬ ÖzxÁ u
Á ! UPmh ® GÚ¨£k® (C¢v J¨£¢ua \mh®, ¤ ¶Ä 15). GÛ#®,
.
G k z x UPõm k : uß# h © ÚÂ $® ©P#® AÁ º

PÍ x \ zv Ú
uÚUS Â ØP Â mh À uØ P » \´xU P Ò Á ß GßÖ À’
P Ê zvkQÓº
PÒ. © ÚÂ $® ©P#® | Úzu À C¢u
J¨£¢uzv Ú uÂ º
UP ¬ i$®. H ÚÛÀ Cx Á ! UPmh zvß £¶À
HØ£kzu¨£mh JßÓS®. V]UP® \å®© , (AIR 198
Mod 414 ) .
uPõu | ø » ÁØ ¦ Ö zuÀ
BvUP® \! zuÁ À» EÓ
Ä | »°À ÇUS® £ x
10
Azu P ¶ h°À HØ£k® J¨£¢u© Úx uP | » Á Ø!Özu" ß

£¶ÀE¸Á Ú JßÖ GßÖ P¸u¨£k® (J¨£¢ua\mh®¤ ¶Ä. 16 (1)).
G[ PÀ» ® J¸Á ¶ß Gsn[PÎ À ©Ø Ó¸Á ºBvP® \# zu

¬ i$® Gß£ u J¨£¢ua\
G[ PÀ» ® J¸Á º ©Ø Ó¸Á º «x Es © Ú AÀ»x

Á Î ¨£ h Ú B% P \
AÀ»x
G[ PÀ» ® J¸Á º Á x, { ´, AÀ»x ©Úx AÀ»x

EhØ \
G k z x UPõm k : J¸ P °À AÓ
UPmh Í °ß £o Í º J¸
£Uu¶h® AÓ
UPmh Í US {ß P h P kUS© Ö Á Ø!ÖzxQßÓº
.
C¢u J¨£¢u® uP | » Á Ø!Özu" ß RÌÁ ¸® £Uu¶Ú À Cu Ú
UP ¬ i$® (]ßÚ®© V.
uÂ º uÁ [P \[P , AIR 1973 Mys 338-Iz
uÊ Â x).
G k z x UPõm k : ª P AvP© Ú Á miUS À' uÚx £nzv Ú

`B’&US PhÚ PU P kUQÓº
. Aa\© zvÀ, \¢ u°À Á mi Â Qu® ª P
AvP© P Ç¢ux. Bu» À Cx uP | » J¨£¢u® Q h x (J¨£¢ua
\mh®, ¤ ¶Ä 16&¶ß GkzxUP m hz uÊ Â x).
÷©õ \ i
\ ÀP%À H u&® JßÔ Úz
\ú À
Ax © \i GÚ¨£k®.
11
J¸ £ ¸s © uÁ Ö GßÖ AÔ¢x® TÖÁ x.
Á sk ©ß ÓJ¸ £ ¸s © u¶¢v¸¢x® © Ó
¨£x.
\ À£kzx® Gsn®CÀ» © » Á USÖv P k¨£x.
H© ØÖ® £ ¸mk J¸ \ »a \´Á x.
\mhzu À © \ \ ÀP Í a \´Á x.
¨ £ vUPUTi
£ ¸s ©PÒ SÔzx ©Í Ú© P Ç¨£x © \i BP x. GÛ!®
GÆ Á Æ \ Á sk ©
AÆÁ ÆÂ h[PÎ À £\ ©À Ç¨£x © \i GßÖ P ÒÍ ¨£k®
(J¨£¢ua \mh®, ¤ ¶Ä 17).
J¸ J¨£¢uz u ©\
A¢u \
Ç¢v¸UP Á sk®.
G k z x UPõm k : "A' uÚx \ zv Ú " B' Â ØS Â ØP " B' Â h®

£" Ú AvP Â »US Á [S£Á º
PÎ ß Piu[P Í U P s¤ UQßÓº
.
"IB' A¢uU Piu[PÒ Es © ÚU P¸v AvP Â »UP Á [P
Ehß£kQÓº
. C¢u J¨£¢uz u "B'&Â Ú À ©\
UP ¬ i#® (á ß ª Ú ì A¨P ºV ¿ ° P´m © À\ì , AIR 1939
uÂ º
Cal 473- Iz uÊ Â x).
Á Ö® A ©v P zuÀ © \i P x. G[ PÀ» ® ]»
G[ PÀ» ® ©Í Ú® £_Á uØS C n S © A[ PÀ» ® ©Í Ú®

© \i GßÖ P ÒÍ ¨£k®. C¢uU P Ò P £ØÔ AÔ J¨£¢ua
\mhzvß¤ ¶Ä 17 ÚU P sP.
12
P ¨¥mk J¨£¢u[PÒ £ ßÓJ¨£¢u[PÎ À A Úzx ¬ UQ © Ú

£ s ©P Í !® Á Î ¨£kzu Á sk®. H ÚÛÀ Azu P
J¨£¢u[PÒ E£¶ © £i (uberrimae fidei), Au Á x ¬ Ê {®¤ U P°À
GÊ QÓJ¨£¢u[PÍ S®.
G k z x UPõm k : J¸ P ¨¥mk J¨£¢uzvØP Ú Â sn¨£zvÀ,

À
J¸ SÔ¨¤ mh £mi°À iU ( ) \´!© Ö SÔ¨¤ h¨£mi¸¢ux.
AqQ°¸¢u º
. B°" ® A¢u¨ £mi°À iU ( ) \´ Â À ». Cx
© \i S®. (ª zy» À { U V ¨
C¢v AIR 1962 SC 814- Iz uÊ Â x.
v ¶z x U Põmh À
v¶zxU P mhÀ GÚ¨£kÁ x:
Es ©°À» u uPÁ » ß Óu ß Es © GßÖ A Ó

Á uØS
AÆÁ Ö A Ó
uÀ
\´!®Á P°À AÀ»x AÁ º

E¶ © \´!® Á P°À, uÁ ÓP
Cmka \ ,
Ph © «Ö P \
E¶ © P ¸® GÁ ¸US® {ß © Q hUPa \´QÓPh © «Ö P
GxÄ®,
\ £ØÔ uÁ ØÔ Ú PÒÍ ª ßÔ °"® \´Â zuÀ GßÓ

£ ¸Ò£kÁ u k AÁ Ø Ó EÒÍ hUPÄ® \´!®. (S.18,
J¨£¢ua \mh®).
13
J¸ J¨£¢uzv Ú
Á sk© Ú À A¢u J¨£¢uzvÀ Dk£kÁ uØS A¢u v¶zxU P mhÀ
J¸Á P°À © \i!®, v¶zxU P mh" ® uÁ ÓÚ
P mh# À A¢uz uPÁ » A Ó

QßÓ
Á ºA¢uz uPÁ » Es © GßÖ
{®$QßÓº
. BÚ À © \i°À A¢uz uPÁ » A Ó
QßÓ
Á ºAx £ ´
GßÖ AÔ¢v¸¢x® A Ó
QßÓº
.
G k z x UPõm k :
Ç¨£u PU TÖQßÓº
. BÚ À J¸ £kU P A ÓE£ QUP ¬ i u
| »°À Ç¨£x AÁ ¸USz u¶ Â À ». C¢u Szu P
£UèP ß V AIR 1971 Lab173 Iz &uÊ Â x).
ö \ À ¾ ø h ø © ² Ò Í J ¨ £¢uz v ØPõÚ A i ¨ £ ø h z ÷u ø ÁPÒ
RÌP q® {£º
PÒ J¨£¢uzvÀ Dk£k® uSv CÀ» uÁ º
PÒ
(J¨£¢ua \mh®, ¤ ¶Ä 11).
E¶ © Á x A h u º(Minors)
^º©Ú®CÀ» u º(unsound mind)
J¨£¢u® ©Ø P ÒÍ AÁ º
P Í B%® H u&® \mhzvÚ À
u h \´ ¨£mi¸¨ £ º (persons disqualified from contracting by
any law to which they are subject).
14
E ¶ ø © Á ¯ x A ø h ¯ õ÷uõº
Ø£kzu¨£k® Ehß£ mh Úx
¬ u! ! ¸¢ u CÀ» | » Úx GßÖ P ÒÍ ¨£k®
E¶ © Á x A h u "A', (CÍ Á º"B' Gß£Á ¶h® Ah© Ú®

Á zu º
. Ah© ÚzvØP ¬ ß" "A'&Â # h A®© "B'&Â ØP "A'
E¶ © Á x A h uÁ ºGßÖ u¶ ¨£kzvÚ º
. B°#® "B', "A'
Â Ú u ß E¶ © Á x A h¢xÂ mhu P GÊ vzu¢x P Ê zvha
\ À! , ¤ ß" J¸ £Sv Ah© Úz u P z u¢x, J¸ Ah© Ú¨
Cancel) "A', Á ÇUSz u hº
¢u º
. "B', RÌUPshÁ Ö
uÚx Á u[P Í ¬ ß Á zu º
. Au Á x (A) "A', J¸ E¶ © Á x
A h¢uÁ º
. (B) AÁ º GÊ vU P kzxÒÍ u À AÁ ºE¶ © Á x
A h uÁ º GßÖ
Ç¨¤ #® J¨£¢u© Úx uÂ º
UPz uS¢u J¨£¢u © ßÔ
}UQÚ $ ® P kUP¨£mi¸US® u P° Úz v¸¨¤ z u¸© Ö

Ó
© Úx C¢u J¨£¢u® CÀ»
| » Úu S® GßÖ®, P kUP¨£mi¸US® £nzv Ú v¸¨¤ U
E¶ © Á x A h u º(CÍ Á º
) J¸ ©v¨" h ©Ó
£ #hß
~ Ç%® J¨£¢uzv Ú \À$ Özu ¬ i%®. H ÚÛÀ AÁ º
P Í J¸
J¨£¢uzvØS¨ £ Ö¨ £ØP \´ ¬ i u °#® H u# ®
©v¨" h ÚÁ Ø Ó
¨ £Ó AÁ º
PÒ uSv%ÒÍ Á º
PÍ Á º
PÒ. (L£º
®
V. AIR 1927 Lah 24 ).
CÍ Á ¶ß \mh¨§º
Á © Ú P ¨£ Í º
, AÁ º\ º
£ P J¸ J¨£¢uzvÀ
Dk£h¬ i%®. C[S J¨£¢ua \mhzvß ¤ ¶Ä 68 ¬ UQ zxÁ ®
£ÖQßÓ
x.
15
"
\mh¨§º
Á © P Bu¶UP Á si Á º, AÁ ºÁ Ê ® uSvUSz u Á Ú
Azv Á] ¨ £ ¸mP Í Á Ç[Q°¸¢u À, AÁ º A¢u¨
£ ¸mP!UP Ú u P° Ú J¨£¢uzvÀ Dk£kÁ uØSz
uSv°À» uÁ ¶ß (CÍ Á ¶ß) \u zxPÎ " ¸¢x v¸®¤ ¨ £Ó
¬ i#®''.
C[S "Azv Á ] ®', GÚ¨£kÁ x ChzvØS Ch®© Ö£k®.
G k z x UPõm k : "A' Gß£Á ºJ¸ u È À¬ ÓSzxa\

AÁ ºAzx Ó
°ß Pmh Í U SÊ Â ØS E¶©® £Ó Â sn¨¤ zx
E¶©¬ ® £ØÓº
. AUSÊ Â ß \mhzvmh[P!US "A', ¬ Ê © P
Ai£o Á sk®GßÖ A¢u E¶©® P ¶ x. "A', £ mi°ß £ x
belt ) RÌ AizuuØP P
AÁ ¸US £3, "A', A¢uz x Ó
°À
¬ ß ÚÖÁ uØP P Á Ç[P¨£mi¸US® E¶©zvØSU Pmk¨£mh
Bu» À AÆ Á ¨£¢u® \À$ ® GßÖ }v©ßÓ
® wº
¨£Î zux. (h °À
V. Á m ]mi ì hi ® " ª hm, (1935) 1 K.B.110).
^º©Ú® C À » õ÷uõº ( Persons of unsound mind)
^º
©Ú®CÀ» u u ¸hß HØ£kzu¨£k® J¨£¢u[PÒ ¬ Ê © P
CÀ» | » Úu S®. J¨£¢uzvÀ Dk£kÁ uØPz u Á Ú ^º
©Ú®
SÔzx J¨£¢ua \mhzvß ¤ ¶Ä 12 Â Í USQßÓ
x. J¸Á º J¨£¢uzvÀ
Dk£k® u¸Á °À, A¢u J¨£¢uzv Ú¨ %¶¢xU P sk, A¢u
J¨£¢uzvÀ uÚUP Ú E¶ © SÔzx £SzuÔÄÒÍ wº
© ÚzvØS
©ØSÔ¨¤ mh J¨£¢ua \mhzvß ¤ ¶Ä 68, ^º

©Ú®
16
J ¨ £¢u® ÷©ØöPõÒ Í A Á ºP ø Í B Ð ® H÷u Ý ® \ mh z v ÚõÀ

u ø h ö \ ´ ¯ ¨ £m i ¸ ¨ ÷£õº
]» \© [PÎ À ]»ºSÔ¨¤ mh J¨£¢u[PÎ À Dk£kÁ uØS

AÁ º
P Í B!® \mhzvÚ À u h \´ ¨£mi¸¨£º
. Aa\© [PÎ À
Azu P J¨£¢u[PÒ \
PÒ S® \mh[PÎ ß
Dk£k® £ x Ax CÀ» | » J¨£¢u© S®.
ö \ À ¾ ø h ø © ² Ò Í J ¨ £¢u [ P Ð UPõÚ A i ¨ £ ø h z ÷u ø ÁPÒ:

\ mh ¨ £ i ¯ õÚ ©Ö£ ¯ ß ( Lawful Consideration)
J¨£¢ua \mhzvß ¤ ¶Ä 2 (d) ©Ö£ Ú Â Í USQßÓ

x. ©Ö£ ß
GÚ¨£kÁ x, ¬ u" À \´ ¨£k® J¸ \ » AÀ»x \´ ©À
uÂ º
¨£ u Á USÖv AÎ ¨£Á ¶ß Â ¸¨£¨£i A © Á sk®.
\´ ¨£h Á sk®. ©ØÖ® CÖv P, A¢ua \ » AÀ»x

\´ ©À uÂ º
¨£ u HØPÚ Á \´x ¬ iUP¨£mi¸UP Á sk®
AÀ»x \´x P si¸UP¨£mi¸UP Á sk® AÀ»x Gvº
P »zvÀ
\´ Á À»u P ÇUP Á sk®.
©Ö£ ß Gß£x £ x© Úu P ÇUP Á si AÁ ] ª À ».

\mhzvß PsPÎ À H u#®J¸ ©v¨$ Ç¢u À £ x© Úx. Au Ú¨
£Ö£Á ¶ß | » a \Ø ÓE º
zu Á À»u P Ax A © Á sk®.
G k z x UPõm k :
©Ö£ ß Cx £¶_ BP x, GßÖ wº

¨£Î UP¨£mhx. (Gì é
17
V. Pì h®ì ©ØÖ® GU éì
ì , (1976) All ER 117 ).
Pª èÚº
G k z x UPõm k : "A',Gß£Á ºuß u¢ uUS J¸ SÔ¨¤ mh u P

AÎ UP J¸ Phß J¨!a^miß (Promissory Note) RÌ
Ph ©¨£mi¸¢u º
. AÁ º G¨ £ Ê x® u ß ÃmiÀ \©© P
{hzu¨£hÂ À » GßÖ !»®¤ U P si¸¢u º
. AÁ º !»®!Á u
|ÖzvÚ À ©ØTÔ J¨!a^miß RÌ \" zu¨£h Á si
u P \" zu¨£h Á si u P \" zuz u Á °À »
GßÓAÁ ºu¢ u TÔÚ º
. AuÚ À "A', !»®!Á u |ÖzvU P sh º
.
¤ ß! AÁ ºu¢ u A¢uz u P v¸®¤ \" zuU P ¸® £ x A u
©ÖzxÂ mh º
. !»®!Á u |ÖzxÁ x J¸ \À»zuUP ©Ö£ ß
Q h x GßÖ }v©ßÓ ¨£Î zux. ( Á m V ¨¿
®wº m, (1853) 23 LJ
Ex 36&Iz uÊ Â x).
(Subpoena) £¶À Á ÇUS Â\ x

n ß£x {® C¢v Á ÇUP¨£i A Ç¨£ n BS®)
J¸ \À" h ©#ÒÍ ©Ö£ ß BP x. ©Ø Ó¸Á ¸US AÀ»x
£ xÁ P \ \´ Á si J¸ Ph © a
\´Á x ©Ø Ó¸ Ehß£ miØP Ú ©Ö£ ß GßÖ P ÒÍ ¬ i x.
\ õº ¦ ÓÄU ÷Põm£õ k ( Doctrine of Privity )
J¸ J¨£¢u© Úx A¢u J¨£¢uzvÀ u hº

¤ À» uÁ º
PÒ ©À G¢u
G k z x UPõm k :
"B', Gß£Á ¶ß {»a\

Gß£Á º $.40,000/& Phß £ØÓº
. ¤ ß! A¢u \ zv Ú "A', "C',US
18
!.44,000/&US Â ØÖÂ mk A¢u Ah© Úz u P° Ú \" zu

!.40,000/- zv Ú AÁ ¶h © P kzx Á zu º
. "B', Phß P kzuÁ º
,
"C',&°ß ©À Phß u P z v¸®£¨ £ÓÁ ÇUS u hº
¢u º
. "C',
A¢u J¨£¢uzvÀ u hº
¤ À» uÁ º
, Bu» À A¢u Á ÇUS uÒ#£i
\´ ¨£mkÂ mhx. (á®Ú uì VI AÆu º £ s h, (1911)
30I.A.7).
C¢u \ º
$ÓÄU P m£ miØS ]» Â vÂ »USPÒ ÇUQßÓ
Ú.
A Á:
Covenants running
with land) : J¸ |»z u Á [S£Á ¸US A¢u |»zvßE¶ © Í ºA¢u
|»® \
GßÓ \´v u¶Â UP¨£mi¸¢u À, AÆ Á ¨£¢u[PÎ À CÁ ºJ¸
.
ö£õÖ ¨ ¦ ¶ ø © £ØÖ ¨ ö£õÖ ¨ ¦ ( Trust of Charge ) : J¸ SÔ¨¤ mh

\ zvß ©À J¸Á º {»%UP P £ Ö¨$¶ © £ØÖ¨ £ Ö¨$
CÀ» Â i%® Au Ú { h¬ Ó
¨£kzu ¬ i&®.
Acknowledgement of Estoppel) : J¨£¢u
u P a \
.
J¨£¢ua \ º
$ÓÄU P m£ mi Ú ©Ö£ ß \ º
$ÓÄhß SÇ¨¤ U
G¢u J¸ E¶ © AÀ»x Ph © Â vUP ¬ i u £ Ê x®,

19
¤ ¶Ä 2(d )&ß £i J¸ J¨£¢uzvØS ©Ö£ ß ÇUS© Ú À Au Ú J¸
G k z x UPõm k : uÚx ©PÎ ß v¸©n \»ÄUP P uÚx P miÀ ]Ö

£Sv Â ØP "A' Gß£Á º Â ¸®¤ Ú º
. A¢uU P mi Ú Â ØP ©À
Â mh À v¸©na \»Á Ú £1000& z u ß u¸Á u P AÁ ß©Pß "B'
Á UPÎ zu º
. AuØS "A' J¨!U P sh º
. ¤ ß! A¢u £nz u
P kUPU P ¶ "A'&Â ß£i ©P"® ©¸©P#® Á ÇUS u hº
¢u º
PÒ.
C[S "A'&Â ß ©PÒA¢u J¨£¢uzvØS ©Ö£ ß AÎ UP Â i#® AÁ º
\º
£ P AÁ ºu¢ u ©Ö£ Ú AÎ zxÂ mhu À, A¢u¨ £nzv Ú
AÁ º V §À, 1 Ventris 318).
Promissory Estoppel)
\ \
£¶© ÔU P ÒÍ ¨£h Á sk®. BÚ À J¸u »£m\© Ú
Á USÖvP Í $® \mh® A[RP¶UQßÓ
x. Aa\© [PÎ À,
Á USÖv Î ¨£Á º uÚUS ©Ö£ ß Hx® CÀ » GßÓ TÓ¬ i x.
G k z x UPõm k
£ x©UPÎ h® Ç¢x %.100/& \¢u Á `& zu º

PÒ. "A' Gß£º
%.100/& \¢u \' zxÁ u P Á UPÎ zu º £ x© Ú AÍ Ä \¢u
Á `& UP¨£mh¤ ß ©' ® Á UPÎ UP¨£mkÒÍ \¢u Pmh¨£k® GßÓ
{®¤ U P°ß £¶À J¨£¢uzvÀ
Dk£mhx. Auß¤ ß, "A' \¢u \' zu ©ÖzxÂ mh º
. "A' \¢u Â Ú
\' zu Á sk® GßÖ }v©ßÓ
® wº
¨£Î zux. AÁ º AÎ zv¸¢u
Au Ú ©Ö£ Ú PU P¸v SÔ¨¤ mh u P a \' zu { ß J¨!U

20
P ÒQ Ó
ß( Pu º â V. P ¶ © P©z (1887) ILR 14 cal
{ z £mh a\ º
64).
J¸ u »£m\© Ú J¨£¢uz u, Á USÖv £ØÔ¸¨£Á º A¢u

Á USÖv \ À£kzu¨£k® GßÓ{®¤ U P°À Ax u hº
£ P J¸
\ »a \´ z u h[S® ¬ ß Au Ú v¸®£¨ £Ó
» ®. AuØS¨
¤Ó
S v¸®£¨ £Ó¬ i x.
J¸ ö \ À¾ ø h ø © ² Ò Í J ¨ £¢uz v ØPõÚ A i ¨ £ ø h z ÷u ø ÁPÒ:

\ mh ¨ § ºÁ ©õÚ ÷ { õUP®
G¢ u¢u { UP[PÒ ©ØÖ® ©Ö£ ßPÒ \mh¨§º

Á© Ú Á
""RÌP s£ Á ©Ö£ ßPÒ ©ØÖ® { UP[PÒ

\mh¨§º
Á© Ú Á: \mhzu À ukUP¨£mh Á ; AÀ»x AÁ Ø Ó
A!©vzu À \mhzvß H u!® Á P [P Í A Á ÃÌzvÂ k®GßÓ
| »°À Ç¨£ Á AÀ»x © \i Ú Á ; AÀ»x ©Ø Ó¸Á ¸U P
\ zvØ P H u!® FÖ Â ÇÂ US® Á P°À
Ç¨£ Á AÀ»x }v©ßÓ
® Au Ú JÊ UPz
'.
C¢u¨ ¤ ¶Â ß RÌ Á Ç[P¨£mi¸US® GkzxUP mkPÒ

C¢u¨¤ ¶Â ß £ ¸ Í ¨ "¶¢xU P ÒÍ ª PÄ® EuÂ P ÇUS®.
AÁ Ø Ó
¨ £iUS© Ö AÔÄÖzu¨£kQÓº
PÒ.
\mhzvØS¨ "Ó
®£ Ú J¸ J¨£¢u® ¬ ØÔ# ® \À# Özu
¬ i uu S®. "GUì hº
¤ P é { ß B¶hºBU] ' (ex turpi causa non
oritur actio) GßÓ Â v © È °ß £ ¸Ò ""CÈ ¬ Ó
a \ ÀÁ È GÇ x
Á ÇUS¶ ©'' ex dolo malo non oritur actio Gß£u S®. £ x{»z
P Ò P Á x: "GUì h » © » { ß B¶hz BU] ' (Á g\z
\ » ßÓÀ Á ÇUS¶ © GÊ uÂ À »).
21
» Pì £ Û hß] (Locus poeniterntiae) GßÓÀ £ Á zvØS

Á ¸¢xuÀ, uß ©Ú u © ØÔU P ÒÍ J¸ Á ´¨!, u ß \ú uÁ Ô Ú
J¨£¢uzv" ¸¢ u ¤ ßÁ [P J¸ Á ´¨!, J¸ vmhÁ mh© Ú

J¨£¢u© P © ÖÁ uØS ¬ ß! ¤ ß Á [P J¸ Á ´¨!, J¸
¬ Ê © h u u hº
¤ " ¸¢x ¤ ßÁ [S® E¶ © ( © ¶ì
V.á ß\ß, 219 Ga 81). J¸ \
A¢ua \
| ÓÁ ØÓ
¨£k® ¬ ß, » Pì £ Û hß] Á¨ £ ß£kzv
v¸®¤ ¨ £Ó ¬ i#®. }v©ßÓ

z u \
SÔU P Ò SÔ¨¤ hzuUP Á P°À | ÓÁ ØÓ
¨£k® ¬ ß Azu P
J¨£¢uzvÀ Dk£mh ©UP P Á ¸zu® u¶Â UP Á sk®. GÛ$®,
A¢u \
J¨£¢uzv Ú \
G k z x UPõm k : J¸ PhÚ Î "A', uÚx £ ¸mP Í "B' Gß£Á ¸US J¸
H© ØÖ® { UQÀ AÁ º \
\
P »zvÀ, "B' A¢u¨ £ ¸mP Í " A'- C' US,
"A'Â ß A$©v°À» ©À . A¢u¨ £ ¸mP Í «mP "A'
P kzxÂ mh º
Á ÇUS u hº . À’ A¢u¨ £ ¸mP Í v¸®£¨ £ÓE¶ ©#ÒÍ Á º
¢u º ,
H ÚÛÀ À’ £ ´ P P© ØÔ £ ¸mPÒ PhÚÎ zuÁ º
P Í H© ØÓ
£ x© ÚuÀ», GÚ Á \
\ À£kzu¨£hÂ À » GßÖ }v©ßÓ
® wº
¨£Î zux. ( h´»º V.
ì , (1875&76) L.R.1. Q.B.D. 291).
£Í Á º
22
£ x©UP!U P AÀ»x £ x {»"U P FÖÂ Í Â US®
| » Úu S®.
“
£ Özx A ©#®. J¨£¢u® G¢u \ \À$ Özu¨£h Á sk ©
A¢u \
\´ ¨£k®. £ x{»U P Ò P Gß£x \ \
Ti x.” (£PÁ ßz ® V. P[
á"â Pº AIR
1940 Bom 369).
Ehß£ kPÎ ß ]»
GkzxUP mkPÒ:
£ P { mhÁ ¸hß Á oP® \´Á x;
£ x A$ Á »P¨ £oP Í Â Ø£x (GkzxUP mk : J¸

£ x¨£o°À ÇUS®FÈ ¸US £n® P kzx, Cß Ú ¸Á º
A¢u Á » ¨ £ÖuØP P, £o°À Ç¢x K´Ä £Ó
a
\
\ » S®. Azu P Ehß£ k CÀ» | » Úu S®. (í m
n V. á.G®. » £ , AIR 1953 Mad 506);
\mh { h¬ Ó a uÁ ÓP £ ß£kzxÁ uØP Ú Ehß£ kPÒ;

\ º
£ P J¸ E¶ ©° À
Á ÇUQÀ \ m] \ ÀÁ uØP Ú Ehß£ k. (åí %vß é î ¨ V.
u zu Á [Ph \»® \mi , AIR 1938 Mad 911 );
º
23
£ [ S Â øÇ Á ÇU Su Â : ¸Á º
©Ø Ó¸Á º u hº
¢u Á ÇUQØS EuÂ Ú À Ax Á ÇUSuÂ GÚ¨£k®.
Cx A¢u Á ÇUQß { UP® ¬ ÓPh Úu P Á AÀ»x ù mh®
P ÒÍ ¨£k®. Au! h Akzu£iu ß P g\® Pk © Ú (more

aggressive) £[SÂ Ç Á ÇUSuÂ GÚ¨£k®. Cx A¢u Á ÇUQÚ À uÚUS
Q hUP¨ £ S® » £z u Gso \´ ¨£kÁ x. ( PÀì V.u ®éß,
(1993) 3 All ER 321) .
©ØTÔ GkzxUP mk uP | » Á Ø"Özu# ß R Ç AÀ»x
AÍ Ä «Ô J¨£¢u© S®.
G k z x UPõm k : À’ GßÓuÛ º |ÖÁ Ú®, `B’ \ [PU

Tmh ©¨"hß J¸ Ehß£iU P HØ£kzvU P shx. A¢u
Ehß£iU P°ß RÌ À’- Â ß FÈ º
PÒ `B’- À Á »
HØÖU P ÒÍ Á sk® AÀ»x J¸ \ Ø£ CÇ¨¥m h HØÖU P sk
£uÂ Â »P Á sk®. Tmh ©¨" `B’.À C n£Á º
P Í
AÔÂ ¨" P kzu À
£ x©Ú x. C¢u Â v J¸ ußÛa \¨ £ UP Ú ©ØÖ® J¸ uÛ º
«Ô J¸ J¨£¢u®, Cx \
Á ÇUS u hº
¢u º
PÒ. Czu P J¨£¢u® £ x{»U P Ò PUS
G hx.
( \ V.
AIR 1986 SC 1571.
24
ö \ À¾ ø h ø © ² Ò Í J ¨ £¢uz v ØPõ Ú A i ¨ £ ø h z ÷u ø ÁPÒ:

\mhzu À Á Î ¨£ h P CÀ» |» UP¨£mi¸UP ©À Ç¨£x
J¨£¢ua \mh® SÔ¨¤ m h AÀ»x Á Î ¨£ h P Á ]»
Ehß£ kP Í CÀ» | » UQ°¸UQßÓ
x. A Á :
\
Ehß£ kPÒ (¤ ¶ÄPÒ 23, 24).
©Ö£ ß CÀ» u Ehß£ kPÒ (¤ ¶Ä 25).
v¸©nz u uk¨£uØP Ú Ehß£ kPÒ (¤ ¶Ä 26).
Á oPz uz uk¨£uØP Ú Ehß£ kPÒ (¤ ¶Ä 27).
\mh{ h¬ Ó uk¨£uØP Ú Ehß£ kPÒ (¤ ¶Ä 28).
|a\ ª À» u ©ØÖ® uÎ Â À» u Ehß£ kPÒ (¤ ¶Ä 29).
ù mh® u hº
£ Ú Ehß£ kPÒ(¤ ¶Ä 30).
\´ C » uÁ ØÔ Úa \´Á uØP Ú Ehß£ kPÒ (¤ ¶Ä 56).
Ehß£ kPÒ CÀ» | » uÚu S®. A¢u Ehß£ k ¬ Ê © P

P Á ,
G¨£i°¸¢u ! ® Ax CÀ» | » Úu S®.
Á oPz u uk¨£uØP Ú J¨£¢u® G¨£i°¸¢u ! ® Ax CÀ»

| » Úu S®.
G k z x UPõm k : J¸ £Sv°À À’ ©ØÖ® `B’ u[PÎ ß P hP Í

Á zv¸¢u º
PÒ. J¸Á ¸US ©Ø Ó¸Á º £ mi . `B’ ußP h
Íº
À’ Á UPÎ zu º
. A¢u
Á USÖv°ß £¶À `B’ P z
. AuØS À’©ÖzxÂ mh º
u¸© Ö Pmh º . Cx Á oPz u u h \´"®
Ehß£ h u» À Cx CÀ» | » Úu S®. (©zí ¨ \¢uºV. S© º
u ì , (1874) x IV Bengal Law Reports 767).
25
C¢u Â vUS RÌUP q® Â vÂ »USPÒ EÒÍ Ú:
: A¢u
\´!®SÔ¨¤ mh £Sv°À
A u uÈ » \´ © m hßGßÓJ¨£¢uzvÀ Dk£kÁ x \À»zuUP
JßÓS®. BÚ À C[ P Ehß£ miß Â vPÒ A| ©P
ÇUPUTh x.
G k z x UPõm k :
x¨£ UQP Í !® Á i £ ¸mP Í !® Psk¤ izx EØ£zv

\
Au Ú Á [Q Á ¸hß RÌUP q® J¨£¢uzvÀ Dk£mh º
. (A) A u
uÈ » Ç£z u¢x BskP"US \´ © m hß. (B) A¢u
u È # US H u$® Á P°À £ mi P ÇUPUTi G¢uz
uÈ »!® \´ © m hß. C¢u Ehß£ miÀ ¬ uØ£Sv
\
CÀ» | » Úu S® GßÖ wº
¨£Î UP¨£mhx ({ º
hßL £Àm
V.© Uê ® { º
hßL £Àm Pßì Asm A®%Ûåß P® £Û
&ª hm., (1894) AC 535 ).
T m k z ö uõ È À \ mh® ( Partnership Act): Á oPz u

uk¨£uØP Ú Ehß£ kPÒ CÀ» | » Úu S® GßÓÂ vUS J¸
Â vÂ »US Tmkz u È À \mh© S® Cx Ca\mhzvß ¤ ¶Ä 11
Tmkz u È À \´£Á º
PÒ A¢u |ÖÁ Úzvß u È À» x ©Ø Ó¸
uÈ »a \´ UTh x GßÖ Pmk¨£ k Â vUP ÁÈÁ P
\´QßÓ
x.
\ mh zuõÀ A [ RP¶UP ¨ £mh Â v Â » USPÒ : \mhzwº

¨'PÎ À
C¢u Â vUS Â »USPÒ A[RP¶UP¨£m
\
26
©mk® Dk£kÁ uØP Ú Ehß£ kPÒ \À»zuUPu S®. J¸ FÈ ºJ¸

|ÖÁ Úzvß £o!¶"® £ x ©Ø Ó¸ |ÖÁ ÚzvÀ £o!¶ © m hß
GßÖ Á USÖv Î ¨£x J¸ \À# h ©"ÒÍ Ehß£ h S®; J¸
}UP¨£h u È» Î ¬ u» Î °ß u È »k £ mi £ k® J¸
uÈ » \´ Â h ©À ukUS® Ehß£ kPÒ A$©vUP¨£h© mh .
{ h¬ Ó
¨£kzuÁ u ¬ Ê © P u h \´"® Ehß£ kPÒ ©ØÖ®
J¸ SÔ¨¤ mh E¶ © { h¬ Ó
¨£kzxÁ uØS Ó U
SÔUS® Ehß£ kPÒ CÀ» | » Ú Á S®.
G k z x UPõm k :
J¸ Ehß£ miß J¸ £Sv £ ® £ }v©ßÓ

zvØS ©mk © A¢u
Ehß£ mi Ú «Ô \ » u» À uÒ%£i \´ ¨£mhx. Es ©°À
Ehß£ k ¬ ØÔ# ® Á ÇUS u k¨£ uz ukUPÂ À ». GÚ Á Cx

\À# h ©"ÒÍ u S®. (í P®][ V. P©ß(C¢v ) &ª hm, AIR
1971 SC 740).
ù mh® SÔzu Ehß£ kPÒ CÀ» | » Úu S®. BÚ À

Â ØS® Â v Â »USPÒ Esk. `ù mh®’ Gß ÓÀ `£¢u ®’ GßÖ
£ ¸Ò. J¸ |a\ ª À» u |PÌÄ SÔzx Pmh¨£k® £¢u zvÀ Á ØÔ
£Ö£Á ¸US £n © AÀ»x £nzvß ©v¨ £ P k¨£uØP Ú
Ehß£ h ù mh® BS®. ù mh® SÔzu Ehß£ kPÒ\mhzvßRÌ
CÀ» | » Úu °$®, Ax \mhzu À ukUP¨£mh JßÖ Q h x.
GÚ Á Ax u hº
£ Ú ©ØÓEhß£ kPÒ \À# ÖzuUPÁ À»Ú.
27
G k z x UPõm k :ù mhzvÚ À HØ£mh Ph Úa \! zu B&US A

£n® u¸QÓº
. C¢u¨£nz u AÁ ºv¸®¤ ¨ £Ó¬ i"®.
\
C ø h ° » õÚ ÷Á Ö£õ k PÒ
\mhzu À ukUP¨£mh J¸ u hº
# \
CÀ» | » Ú J¸ Ehß£ k \mhzu À ukUP¨£mh JßÓP ÇUP
Á si AÁ ] ª À »; C Á uÛÀ, CÁ Ø Ó }v©ßÓ
[PÍ À
\À! Özu ¬ i x. A Úzx \
CÀ» | » Ú Á S®; BÚ À A Úzx CÀ» | » J¨£¢u[PÒ
\
¬ uß © Ehß£ mi Ú \À! Özu ¬ i x. Ax u hº
£ Ú ©ØÓ
u hº
#P Í , A Á \ \zvÀ
{ h¬ Ó
¨£kzu¬ i"®. ( ©ØSÔ¨¤ mh GkzxUP m h¨£ ¸[PÒ).
¤ ¶UP ¨ £ k ® u ß ø ©U ÷Põm k £õ k : ( Doctrine of Severability)
]»\© [PÎ À, J¸ J¨£¢uzvÀ ]» £SvPÒ \mh¨§º

Á © PÄ®
©ØÓ]» \ PÄ® ÇUP Á ´¨#ÒÍ x. Aa\© [PÎ À £ x
Âv uÛÀ:
“… \ \mh¨§º
Á © Ú £SvPÎ $ ¸¢x
¤ ¶zx GkUP ¬ i u £ Ê x, A¢u J¨£¢u® ¬ Ê © P CÀ»
| » Úu S®; G[ PÀ» ®, Au Ú¨ ¤ ¶UP ¬ iQßÓu , A¢u \mh
\mhzu » AÀ»x C ØÓa \mhzu » G¢uÁ P°! ®
\
£Sv° Ú GkzxU P ÒÍ » ®“. (¤ U P¶[ V
P® £Û (1968) LR 3 (P.235).
28
G k z x UPõm k :
\®£¢u© P Á iUP¨£mhx; CvÀ ¬ uØ £Sv \ ®
£Sv \ \À! ÖzuzuUPx.
(u © \ßì " ª hm V. L£ \À wß, (1962) 108
(LR 391).
÷£õ » ø © J ¨ £¢u [ PÒ
]» \© [PÎ À, J¸Á ºG¢u J¸ J¨£¢uz u «Ó» AÀ»x

w[ P \´ Â i#® J¸ \ " Úa \´ \mhzu À
¤ nUP¨£kÁ º
. Azu P ¤ n¨$PÒ £» © J¨£¢u[PÒ
GÚ¨£k®, H ÚÛÀ A Á Es © Ú J¨£¢u[PÎ " ¸¢x GÇ u Á .
\®©uz u Ai¨£ h PU P sh Á AÀ».
GÆÁ Ö Es © Ú J¨£¢u[PÎ h® Ç¢x Á Ö£kQßÓ

Ú Gß£ u
AÔ » ®.
£ » © J¨£¢uU Pmk¨£ k (Quasi cotractural obligation) Gß£x,
¬ ÓØÓ
u Ú À, A uz uk¨£uØS \mh® ©ØÖ® }v°ß P Ò P° ß
Ai¨£ h°À E¸Á UP¨£mkÒÍ x.
¬ Ó
°P¢u Bu ® EÒÍ uU P mh Ai¨£ h Ú Á
¤ ßÁ ¸© Ö:
A¢u Bu ®, Á vUS u ÌÄ HØ£k® Á P°À A ©¢xÒÍ x.
A¢u Bu ® ¬ °P¢ux. (©í ¤ º Q å ºVs ì hm B¨

Ó
G®.¤ ) AIR 1990 SC 313.
29
J¨£¢ua \mhzvß ¤ ¶ÄPÒ 68&72, ¬ Ó

°À» Bu zvß ]»
x. GkzxUP mh P ¤ ¶Ä 71&CÀ “GÁ ßJ¸Á ß
Á iÁ [P Í SÔ¨¤ kQÓ
P ÒQÓ Ú , AÁ ß J¨£ h US (bailee) \©© Ú

£Ö£Á º £ Ö¨¤ À
ÇUQÓß.'' \ zx SØÓ
U P h! ß RÌEÒÍ P ©À ÇUP, A uU
PshÔ¢uÁ º A uz uÚu UQU P ÒÍ ©À, A¢u £ ¸Î ß
Es © Ú, \ U Psk¤ iUP Á sk®.
“B”
” Â ß PnUQÀ ".1,00,000/&z u
“B ” A¢u £nz u GkzxU P sh º
. A u, Á [Q°À
J ¨ £¢uz ø u | ø Ó÷ÁØÖuÀ
J¨£¢uzvß , A u | ÓÁ ØÖÁ u, J¨£¢ua \mh®

AÀ»x ¤Ó
\mh® PÂ mh ! ßÔ, AÀ»x Ph ©°ÛßÖ
Â kÂ zu ! ßÔ, A uU Pmh ©P | ÓÁ ØÓ Á sk® AÀ»x
© Ö£mh P¸zxUPÒ A © v¸¢u À, Auß © Ó

ÄUS ¤ ß,
AÁ ¶ß Á USÖv
\ º
Ä \úÀ J¨£¢uzvÀ, (GkzxUP mh P), KÂ º
£z uz wmk®Ehß£ miÀ AÁ ¶ß
(¤ ¶Ä 37, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
J¨£¢u® uÛzu C À# £Óv¸¢u À, AÀ»x, J¨£¢u®

Azu P Ehß£ m h ukUP v¸¢u À, J¨£¢uzvß E¶ © Íº
AuÛß £ Ú ¤ Ó̧ US, E¶ ©© ØÓ
» ®. J¸
¶ß \®©uz u k J¨£¢uzvß RÌ EÒÍ Ph ©P Í
Á Ó¸Á ¸US E¶ ©© ØÓ
» ®; BÚ À, Cx £vÀ J¨£¢u® \úÀ,
Au Á x ÇUS® J¨£¢uzvØS £v» P #v J¨£¢uz u
30
Á ¨£u P x. (P º
zu P® £Û ! ª hm Vs. & P (C¢v )
AIR 1962 SC 1810.
Á USÖv
» ®& Tmk Á USÖv (Joint Promisers) Á ÇUQÀ,
J¨£¢uz u | ÓÁ ØÓ
A Úzx Tmk Á USÖv Íº
P"®, A u | ÓÁ ØÖÁ uØS,
Tmh PÄ®, uÛzuÛ PÄ® £ Ö¨£ hÄUS EÒÍ Á º
; ©ØÖ®
Á USÖv HØ£Á º
, J¸Á ¶ß « u AÀ»x A Úzx Tmk EÖv
©È Íº
PÒ « u | ÓÁ ØÖÁ uØP P {hÁ iU P GkUP» ®. J¸
Á USÖv AÎ zuÁ ºJ¨£¢uzvß RÌEÒÍ Ph¨£ m h Â kÂ zu À,
Á USÖv AÎ zuÁ º©ØÓTmk
Á USÖv AÎ zuÁ ¶hª ¸¢x £[S PmP» ®. (¤ ¶ÄPÒ40&43, J¨£¢ua
\mh®).
| ø Ó÷ÁØÓ ¬ ø Ú Ä (J ¨ £¢u ¨ ¦ Ò Î )
J¨£¢uzvß J¸ A u | ÓÁ ØÓ¬ Ú¢u £ x, A¢u

| ÓÁ ØÓ¬ ÚÄ J¨£¢u¨#ÒÎ HØÖU P ÒÍ Â À » GßÓÀ, A¢u
£ Ö¨£ P© mh º
. ©ØÖ®
(RÌUPsh) |£¢u ÚPÒ £¶À, A¢u J¨£¢uzvÀ EÒÍ
E¶ ©P Í CÇUP© mh º
.
¬ ÚÄ (¬ Ø£k © È ) |£¢u Ú ØÓ
x.
¬ ÚÄ, \¶ Ú P »®, ©ØÖ®ChzvÀ BUP¨£mhx.
¬ ÚÄ GÁ ¸hß BUP£mh u , AÁ º
, A u BUQ Á º
,
A¢u Á USÖv | ÓÁ ØÓ uSv$ÒÍ Á º ©ØÖ®
©Ú¬ Á ¢uÁ º GßÖ EÖv P AÔ J¸ | ©Ú
Á ´¨ £z u¸®£i \´ Á sk®. (¤ ¶Ä 38, J¨£¢u
\mh®).
31
G k z x UPõm k :
“A (A ) B (B) Â ØS, ]» . “A(A )

£ ¸mPP Í Â ØP C \¢u º
A¢u £ ¸mP Í “B”Â ß u È Ø\
¨£u P J¨£¢uzvÀ EÒÍ x. “A” A¢u
\º £ ¸mP Í “B”- ° ß
\º
UP ¬ Ú¢u º
.
Cx \¶ Ú J¨£¢u¨!ÒÎ AÀ» ©ØÖ® J¨£¢uzvÀ EÒÍ “A”- Â ß
£ Ö¨!PÒ Â kÂ UP¨£hÂ À ». (Re Bsk" # » & P AIR 1932
Cal 879&I \ º
¢ux).
©ØÓ A u HØP ©Ö¨£ u ¬ ß £ _miUP mi Ç¢u À

m Vs.
\ ¢u S© º( »m) AIR 1962 SC 77 .
¬ ß Û P Ì «Ö ø P
Kº , AÁ ¶ß Á USÖv ¬ Ê © P | ÓÁ ØÖÁ u
©ÖzxÂ mh » AÀ»x uß Ú uPÂ ß © \´xÂ mh » A¢u
J¨£¢uzvß ©Ö AuØS \ À» À AÀ»x \ » À \®©u®
u¶Â UP ©À Ç¢u À, AÁ ºA¢u J¨£¢uzvØS ¬ iÄ Á UP» ®.
(¤ ¶Ä 39, J¨£¢u®\mh®)
G k z x UPõm k “A” “B”-

”A” &Â ß Á si° » \º
UP Ehß£ k
£ mkÒÍ º
. “A” Á si Ehß£ k | ÓÁ ØÖÁ uØS ¬ ß £
Â ØÖÂ mh º
. Cx ¬ ßÛPÌ«Ö P P A ©$®. “B” A¢u J¨£¢uz u
\®©vUP» ®AÀ»x A u ¬ ÔUP» ® (á ß Eåº á ßì Vs
AIR 1919 PC 190)
32
J ¨ £¢u v ØPõÚ Põ » ®, , C h® ©ØÖ® Á ø P ¬ ø Ó
A u uPÁ Ú (| © Ú)
46, J¨£¢ua \mh®) & PÒ, A¢u J¨£¢uzvØS P »®
AÁ ] ©ßÖ P¸v°¸¢u À, A u A¢u SÔ¨¤ mh P »zvØSÒ
| ÓÁ ØÓ
Â À » GßÓÀ, Á USÖv HØ£Á º J¨£¢uz u ¬ iÄ
\´ » ® (¤ ¶Ä 18, J¨£¢u \mh®); \
\®£¢u¨£mh J¨£¢uzvØS AÁ ] ®; Ç¨¤ !®,
J¨£¢uzvØS \
\ .
G k z x UPõm k : À’ Â ß, `B’-Â ß ©PÒ v¸©nzvØS CÛ¨"PÒ

\ \Ä . À’- Â h®, `B’, A¢u CÛ¨"PÒ, A¢u
u¶Â zv¸¢u º
uv°À v¸©nzvØS Á ¢x P»¢x P Ò#® Â ¸¢vÚzvØP P GßÖ
; À’
SÔ¨¤ mi¸¢u º ».
\ `B’ J¨£¢uz u ¬ ÔUP» ®.
Á USÖv AÎ ¨£Á º
, A u HØ£Á ¶h® A u | ÓÁ ØÓuPÁ Ú
Chz uU PmP Á sk®; J¨£¢u© Úx Chz uU SÔUPÂ À »
GßÓÀ \¶ Ú Chz u J¨£¢uU TÖPÎ $ ¸¢x PshÔ Á sk®.
G k z x UPõm k : À’, `B’- °hª ¸¢x ]»

S À’-`B’-
£ ¸ÒP Í Á [QÚ À ¤ Ó uÚx A% Á »PzvØS Á ¢x
u P . Cx uPÁ Úx AÀ»; `B’ ¤ Ó
£ØÖU P ÒÍ a \ ßÚ º Á P
\ À» ©À Ç¢v¸¢u À, u P \% zxuÀ `B’ ° ß Á ÇUP© Ú
\ ® P æ ® Vs å[Pº
AIR 1950 MB 72 ).
33
Á USÖv \Â ß£i
J¨£¢uz u | Ó
Ä \´ » ®.
(¤ ¶Ä 50, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
G k zuUPõm k :
|»USi © Í ºÀ’ , Auß E¶ © Í º`B’&US, £n Ag\À

\À
\ È¶ v! ¸¢x PÈ zxU
P ÒQÓº
; À’ A¢u £nz uz PÈ UP Ehß£mi¸¢u ! ßÔ; Cx
\ Vs
uÚ£ â u © â, AIR 1954 Nag 270).
| ø Ó÷ÁØÓ C ¯ » õ ø © ©ØÖ® J ¨ £¢u | ø » U S ø » Ä
| ÓÁ ØÓ C » © U \´x ¬ iUP Á si Ehß£ k

CÀ» | » x (¤ ¶Ä 56, J¨£¢u \mh®); BÚ À, J¸Á º Hu Á x
P ¶ z u Ax | ÓÁ ØÓC » ux AÀ»x \
uÚU P u¶¢v¸¢x® AÀ»x FQzv¸¢x®, BÚ À Cx Á USÖv
HØÓ
Á ¸US u¶ ©À Ç¢u £ x, A u \´x ¬ iUP EÖv
¬ i uÀ
\´ Á sk®.
J¨£¢u® BUP¨£mh¤ Ó
S, A¢u Á USÖv HØ£Á ºukUP C »
AÀ»x \
| ÓÁ ØÓC » x £ Ú À, A¢u \ À | ÓÁ ØÓC » ©À AÀ»x
\m BS® £ x, A¢u J¨£¢u® CÀ» | » h"®. Cx Á
J¨£¢u | »S »Ä P m£ k. (¤ ¶Ä 56, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
34
G k z x UPõm k : À’ Á Ó¸ { miÀ EÒÍ B-!hß BÎ Â u

Gs n AÁ º { miÀ \º
UP J¨£¢uzvÀ ~ Ç¢u º
. ¤Ó
S,
BÎ Â u Gs n´ HØÖ©v
J¨£¢u®, J¨£¢u | »U S »Ä P m£ k Â v°ß RÌ
CÀ» | » Úu À À’, C¢u EÖv | ÓÁ ØÓ
¤ nUP¨£hÂ À ». (xº
P uÂ £Pz Vs. á.¤ . AzÁ Û & P ." m
(1970) 76 Cal WN 528).
J¨£¢uz u | ÓÁ ØÖuÀ, J¨£¢u® | »US »Ä

P m£ miß RÌ| ÓÁ ØÓC » uu P AÀ»x \
Á sk®; | Úzu uÂ h A u | ÓÁ ØÓ ª PU PiÚ© P
EÒÍ u » , AÀ»x S Ó
¢u Fv ® DmhUTi u PÄ® EÒÍ u » ,
J¨£¢u® | ÓÁ ØÓ C » uu P, P¸u¬ i x (A » ¤ åz &
£º
éßì " m Vs #Û ß B¨C¢v , AIR 1960 SC 688).
G k z x UPõm k : À’
`B’US J¸ SÔ¨¤ mh Â »°À Â ØP C \¢u º
. J¨£¢uzvØS ¤ Ó
S,
\
À’ A¢u SÔzu Â »°À Â ØÓÀ » £® Dmh u PshÔ¢u º
; Cx
| ÓÁ ØÓC » © P u; J¨£¢u® \À$ | »°Àu ß EÒÍ x;
©ØÖ® À’ Á USÖv | ÓÁ ØÓÁ sk®.
G¢u |PÌÄPÎ ß ©À P%US Pmk¨£ k CÀ » ,

A¢u |PÌÄ {h¢u J¨£¢u | ÓÁ ØÓ
z u \ URk \´ , PÒ,
(force majeur) \mhUT ÓJ¨£¢uzvÀ \º
UP» ®; A¢u \mhUTÖPÒ
\mhzvÀ Á ÇUP© P | ÓÁ ØÓ C » © P P¸x®
|PÌa] À»
£ ßÓ
Á Ø ÓSÔUS®.
35
£ v À J ¨ £¢u® ö \ ´ uÀ
J¨£¢zvß PÒ, J¸ !v J¨£¢uz u AuØS £v» P

Á UP Á AÀ»x A u ¬ ÔUP Á AÀ»x © ØÓÁ , Ehß£mh À
A Úzx P"® CuØS \®©u® u¶Â zu À AßÔ £vÀ

J¨£¢u® \´ C » x. (¤ ¶Ä 62, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
Â k Â ¨ ¦ , E ¶ ø © Â k ¨ ¦ , J z v ø \ Ä ®, E Í | ø ÓÄ®
Á USÖv AÎ ¨£Á º
, uÚUS P kUP¨£mh Á USÖv
¬ Ê © P AÀ»x J¸£Sv PÂ h Á AÀ»x uÒ"£i
\
Á USÖv
HØÖU P ÒÍ » ®. (¤ ¶Ä 63, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k :& À’#£ ´ 10,000/&I `B’ À’,

5000/&I ; `B’ «v$ÒÍ PhÛ% ¸¢x
P kUQÓº À’& Á Â kÂ UP
Ehß£kQÓº Ä® BS®; CuØS¨¤ ß À’
. Cx Jzv \Ä® EÍ | Ó
\¢z P u Vs
î © » u% UP ß AÍ ®á , AIR 1963 SC 250).
J ¨ £¢u ¬ Ô Ä ©ØÖ® C À » õu | ø » ¯ õ Ú J ¨ £¢z v ß Â ø Í Ä :
J¸ uÂ º
uS (voidable) J¨£¢u® ¬ ÔUP¨£mkÂ mh À,
J¨£¢uzvß ©Ö A u | ÓÁ ØÓAÁ ] ª À »; J¨£¢uz u
¬ ÔUQßÓ º u ß AußRÌ £ØÓ£» Ú ©ØÓ US
\mh®).
Ehß£ h Úx CÀ» u| » Ú u PshÔ ¨£mh » AÀ»x

36
C» £[P Í £ØÓ » AÁ ºA u £ØÓ

Á ¶h® v¸¨¤ U P kUP
Á sk®. AÀ»x AuØS Dk \´ Á sk®. (¤ ¶Ä 65, J¨£¢ua
\mh®).
G k z x UPõm k
J¸ |»USi © Í º À' ` B' G!® Si°¸¨£Á ¶hª ¸¢x

Á h PU Pmk¨£ mka \mhzvÀ SÔ¨¤ mi¸¢u u Â h AvP© Ú
Á h P . À' A¢u AvPz
Á `" zu º u P `B'US v¸¨¤ z
\ Vs áz© À, AIR 1957 Raj 392).
«Ö ø P ° ß Â ø Í Ä : HØÓ x B ØÖP:
SÔ¨¤ mh | »PÎ À, J¸ Eh¢ u Ú J¨£¢uz u «Ô

«x, AÁ º uÚx \mh¨¤ n¨#P Í | ÓÁ ØÓ
Pmh ¨£kzu, ]» {hÁ iU PP Í ©Ø P ÒÁ º
. Cx Á
`SÔzuÁ P © ØÕk’ BS®; ©$ ® Czu P \mhzv¸zu[PÒ
SÔzuÁ P © ØÕk \mh®, 1963&À EÒÍ Ú (SÔzuÁ P © ØÕk
\mh®).
J¨£¢uzvÀ EÒÍ HØÓ

x BØÖP, }v©ßÓ
zvß wº
© Úzvß£i :
Ehß£mh \ » \´x ¬ iUP uu À Â Í ¢u ©´| » Ú

CÇ¨¥m h AÔ \¶ Ú | ©® CÀ» u £ x®, AÀ»x;
Ehß£mh \ » \´x ¬ iUP v¸¨£uØS £n EuÂ

£ x© Ú {èh Dh P ÇUP ¬ i x £ x® A©» UP¬ i%®.
(¤ ¶Ä 10, SÔzuÁ P © ØÕk \mh®).
¤Ó
Á P Á P \´ ¨£mi¸¢u " ßÔ RÌPshÁ Ö FQUP
Á sk®.
37
A \ a \ z u E¶ © © ØÓ
® \´ ¨ £ h¨hhh J¨£¢uzvß
«Ö P £nzu À CÇ¨¥k \´x Â kÂ UP ¬ i x; ©ØÖ®
A \!® \ z u E¶ © © ØÓ
® \´ £ h¨£mh J¨£¢uzvß
«Ö P £nzu À CÇ¨¥k \´x Â kÂ UP ¬ i!®; Cx
RÌUPsh Â v Â » U SU S Em£mhx.
A¢u \ zu Úx \ ¨ £ ¸Í P CÀ» uux

AÀ»x Á vUS Â \å© Ú ©v¨" E h u P ÇzuÀ AÀ»x
A¢u £ ¸mPÒ _»£© P (A[P iPÎ À) Q hUP ©# ¸zuÀ;
©ØÖ®
A¢u \ AÀ»x
Â Í UP®, SÔzuÁ P © ØÕk \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : À’, `B’-US J¸ SÔ¨¤ mh AÍ Ä GLS P kUP

Ehß£mh º
; A¢u \© ® GLS u È Ø\ »PÎ À Á »|Özu®
HØ£mhu À GLS Q h¨£x PiÚ© Úx; J¨£¢uzvß RÌ EÒÍ uÚx
Á USÖv | ÓÁ ØÓ©Özu À ""HØÓ
x BØÖP'' wº
¨ £ AÎ UP
¬ i!®; A¢u \© ®GLS GÎ u P P h°À Q hUPÂ À ». ( í Á º
k C.
¶& P , # m Vs ¤ ¶m
£º All ER 579).
G k z x UPõm k
'A' ]» A¶ ©ØÖ® AÇP Ú £Ç © Ú £ ¸mP Í 'B'&US Â ØP

'B'
A u ©ÖÂ Ø£ Ú \´!® Â £ ¶ P EÒÍ u À, "HØÓ
x BØÖ P '
Vs KB 169).
£ Ö¨"¶ © Í ¶ß \UvUS «Ô u P Á AÀ»x " £ Ö¨"¶ ©

38
A ©UP¨£mi¸¢u À, A u A©À£kzu ¬ i x. (¤ ¶Ä 11, SÔzu Á P

© ØÕk).
: A, J¸ |»z u HÊ Bsk P »zvØS

Szu PUS A, B&!hß HÇ sk P »zvØS A¢u
Szu P Â h Ehß£mh º
.
Szu P HÇ ®Bsk CÖv°À "x¨¤ UP Ehß£mh º
; C¢u J¨£¢u®,
SÔzu Á P°À A©À£kzu ¬ i x (¤ ¶Ä 21(e), (\mh}UP© Ú),
SÔzuÁ P © ØÕk \mh®, 1877&CßGkzxUP mk).
J ¨ £¢uz v ß £S v ø ¯ HØÓ£ i B ØÓÀ
£ xÁ Ú Â v°ß£i, J¨£¢uzvÀ EÒÍ RÌUPsh Á

CÀ» Â iÀ, }v©ßÓ
®, HØÓ
£i BØÖu » Pmh ¨£kzxQÓ
x.
J¨£¢uzvß J¸ º
, AÁ º£Sv ¬ Ê © P | ÓÁ ØÓ
¬ i ©À Ç¢u À, A¢u | ÓÁ ØÓ¬ i u £Sv, J¨£¢uzvß
¬ Ê £Sv° ß ]Ö ©v¨ £ ©mk® £ØÔ¸¢u À, ©ØÖ® A¢u
£Sv £nz uU P sk Dk \´ ¬ i! ©ßÓÀ, }v©ßÓ
®
A¢u PÎ ß Á ÇUQÀ, J¨£¢uzvß G¢u £Sv | Ó
Ä
\
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¨¤ UP» ®;
J¨£¢uzvß , A u ¬ Ê © P | ÓÁ ØÓ¬ i ©À
£ Ú À, ©ØÖ®A¢u | ÓÁ ØÓ£Sv;
J¨£¢uzvÚ Po\© Ú £Sv P Ç¢u À, ©Ö ,

| ÓÁ ØÓ £Sv°ß ©Ö£ ÚS Ó
zx, «v!ÒÍ J¨£¢uzvß
©Ö£ Ú \# zu Ehß£mh À }v©ßÓ
®. ""HØÓ
£i BØÖuÀ''
39
£nzu À CÇ¨¥k \´ ¬ i u | »°À ©Ö & ¬ Ê

J¨£¢uzvØS G¢u J¸ APØÓ
À CÀ» ©À, AuØS ©Ö£ Ú
\! zvÚ » AÀ»x \! zv Â mh » , }v©ßÓ
®, ""HØÓ
x
BÚ À, C¢u SÔzu {º
Ä JÆ Á ßÔ! ®, ©Ö Eh¢ u Íº
,
S Ó
ÄU P AÀ»x {èhzxU P AÀ»x CÇ¨¥kU P E¶ ©
P ¸uÀ E¶ © z xÓ
UP Á sk®.
J¨£¢uzvß J¸ £Sv uÛ SÔzu Á P°À | ÓÁ ØÓ

¬ i"® GßÓÀ, ©ØÖ® A¢u £Sv, SÔzu Á P°À | ÓÁ ØÓ
¬ i u £Sv° # ¸¢x uÛzu |ØP ¬ i¢u À, SÔzu Á P°À
| ÓÁ ØÓ¬ i¢u £Sv HØÓ
£i | ÓÁ ØÓ}v©ßÓ
®B n
¤Ó
¨¤ US®(¤ ¶Ä 12, SÔzuÁ P © ØÕk \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : 'A' 100 HUPº|»z u 'B'&US Â ØP Ehß£mh º

;
S 'A' 98 HUPº|»zvØS ©mk®E¶ ©
¤Ó Í ºGÚÄ®, ©ØÖ®Gg]"ÒÍ
|»u u A$£Â UP A¢u 2 HUPºAÁ ] ª À » ©ØÖ® A¢u {èhz u

£nzu À Dk \´ Ä® AÁ ] ª À »; C¢| »°À, 'B'&BÀ Á ÇUS
£ h¨£mh À 'A', 98 HUPº|»z u 'B'US © ØÓ
Ä®©ØÖ®E¶ © © ØÓu
2 HUPº|»zxU 'A' Á À
Á ÇUS £ h¨£mh À, 98 HUP¸US ¬ ß £ |º
n°zu £nzv# ¸¢x
E¶ © © ØÓ©À EÒÍ 2 HUP¸UP Ú £nz u PÈ zx, 98 HUPº|»z u
£ØÓ
Ähß 'B'
GkzxUP mk (a), (\mh}UP® £ØÓ
) SÔzuÁ P © ØÕk \mh®, 1877).
40
S ÔzuÁ ø P ° À A ©À£ k zu ¬ i ¯ õu J ¨ £¢u [ PÒ
RÌUPsh J¨£¢u[PÒC¢u Á P a \º
¢ux.
\ » | ÓÁ ØÓu CÇ¨¥miØS, £nz uU P sk £ x© Ú

© ØÕk \´ ¬ i!® £ x;
wº
© Úzvß « u \º
¢v¸¢u » AÀ»x Auß uß © »
}v©ßÓ
®, J¨£¢uzvß ¬ UQ © Ú TÖP Í HØÓ
£i BØÖu »
A©À£kzu ¬ i u £ x; ©ØÖ®
C À£ Àwº
© ÛUPUTi J¨£¢u®.
G k z x UPõm k : ‘A’ ©ØÖ® ‘B’ Ehß£mh J¨£¢uzvÀ, G¢u J¸

\ À» ©À J¨£¢uz u CÖv \´
‘B’&US A"©v Á Ç[P¨£mhx. C¢u J¨£¢uz u ‘A’&Á À
SÔzuÁ P°À A©À£kzu ¬ Vs #Û ß B¨ C¢v ,
AIR 1989 Del 227).
J¨£¢uz u | ÓÁ ØÓ
, }v©ßÓ
zu À PsP oUP C » u,
C hÂ h u Ph © C ØÓ Á si u P ÇUS®.
G k z x UPõm k : ‘A’ ©ØÖ® ‘B’ Ehß£mh J¨£¢uzvß RÌ, ‘B’&° ß
P »zvØS E£ QUP ‘B’&Â ØS E¶

£ u ‘A’
C UP ‘B’Â ØS E¶ © Á Ç[P¨£mhx; ©$ ® £ u {À» | »°À
\Uv AÎ UPÄ®. ‘A’&Â ØS £ Ö¨%
Á Ç[P¨£mhx. C¢u J¨£¢uz u ‘B’Â Ú À SÔzuÁ P°À A©À£kzu
41
¬ i x (¤ ¶Ä 2, \mhUTÖ (g), GkzxUP mk, (\mh }UP® £ØÓ

),
SÔzuÁ P © ØÕk \mh®, 1877).
C \Äz wº
Ä¬ Ó\mhzvÀ (1996) EÒÍ u uÂ º
zx, Á Ö G¢u
J¸ J¨£¢uzv! ®, uØ £ x GÊ ® AÀ»x Gvº
P »zvÀ GÊ ®
Á ØÖ ©P Í C \
J¸Á ºAzu P J¨£¢uz u (C \Äz wº
Ä¬ Ó\mh®, 1996 £ ¸¢x®
C \Äz wº
Ä Ehß£ hz uÂ º
zx) C UQ A u | Ó
Ä \´ ©Özu À,
A¢u J¨£¢uzvØS Em£mh \ » | ÓÁ ØÓÁ ÇUS u kzu À, A¢u
J¨£¢u© Úx Ç¨£u À Azu P Á ÇUS u h \´ ¨£k®.
© » SÔ¨¤ mkÒÍ EmTÖPÒ(a), (b), (c) GÆÁ ÓP Ç¨¤ "®,

RÌSÔzxÒÍ \¢uº
¨£[PÎ À, }v©ßÓ
® J¨£¢uz u SÔzu Á P°À
A©À£kzu» ®.
J¸ J¨£¢uz u A©À£kzu Á ÇUS £ h¨£mkÒÍ x.
o A h© Úz u | ÓÁ ØÓÁ AÀ»x Ph"uÂ °ß J¸

£Sv P kUP¨£mkÒÍ | »°À ©ØÖ® A u¨ £ØÓ
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A u ¬ Ê © P v¸¨¤ U P kUP Á ¬ i u | »°À,
AÀ»x
o |ÖÁ Úzvß PhÜmk¨ £ \! zu

£ h¨£mh Á ÇUS.
Á ÇUP Úx:
- Tmh s © J¨£ Á nz u | Ó
Ä \´ ©ØÖ®
42
- |ÖÁ ÚzvÀ EÒÍ Tmh Î °ß £[ P Á [SÁ uØS Á ÇUS

u hº
¢u À.
RÌ EÒÍ |£¢u Ú°ß £¶À, Pmk© Ú® Pmi ¬ i¨£uØP P

£ h¨£mh J¨£¢uz u A©À£kzu Á AÀ»x |»zvÀ Hu Á x
Á »| Ó
Ä \´Á uØP P Á ÇUS u hº
¢u » ;
o Á »°ß C À!, }v©ßÓ

® !¶¢x P Ò"® Á P°À
o J¨£¢uz u | Ó
Ä \ú À Á vUS, {»ß £ US® ©ØÖ®
A u | Ó
Ä \´ Â mh À £nz uU P sk
CÇ¨¥m h Dk \´ ¬ i x; ©ØÖ®
o G¢u |»zvß «x Pmih® PmkÁ u P AÀ»x Á » \´x

¬ i¨£u P ¬ iÁ Q u, A¢u |»zvß E h ©
P sh | »°À (¤ ¶Ä 14, SÔzu Á P © ØÕk \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : ‘A’, EhÚi P Q hUP ©À (A¶ ) EÒÍ J¸

|ÖÁ Úzvß £[ P, ‘B’&Â ØS Â ØP Ehß£mh º S, ‘A’ J¨£¢uz u
. ¤Ó
| ÓÁ ØÓ©Özu À, £nzu À A¢u {èhz u Dk \´ ¬ i uu À
HØÓ ¨ £ ‘B’ £Ó
x BØÖP wº » ®.
(» [ PßAsm Â sm # m Bell, (1992) 1 A11 ER 296)
\º
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Á ÇUP© P, £ozx ÓJ¨£¢u[PÒ (employment contracts) GÚ¨£k®.
\º
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Ehß£ k, HØ£mh À A¢u J¨£¢uz u | Ó
Ä \´ AÁ ¶ßÂ ¸¨£¬ ®,
©Ú¬ ® Ehß£kuÀ AÁ ] ®; AuÚ À Azu P J¨£¢uz u SÔzu
43
]ÀÁ Vs
\ì , AIR 1987 Kant 57).
A GßÓGÊ zu Í ºB GßÓ!zuP Á Î ±mh Í ¶h®J¸ C»UQ z u

. BÚ À B- °Ú À A¢u J¨£¢uz u
¬ iUP Ehß£ k \´xU P sh º
| ÓÁ ØÓC »Â À » (¤ ¶Ä 21, \mhUTÖ (b)°ß GkzxUP mk &
(\mh }UP® £ØÓ
) SÔzu Á P © ØÕka \mhz u \ º
¢ux).
G k z x UPõm k : A-
‘B’& | ª zu º
. C¢u J¨£¢u© Úx Eh¢ u Íº
PÎ ß Â ¸¨£z u
\º
¢x CÀ» uu À C¢u J¨£¢uz uU SÔzu Á P°À A©À£kzu» ®.
]ÀÁ Vs \ì , AIR 1987 Kant 57).
J¨£¢u® «Ó
¨£mh £ x, AuØP Ú CÇ¨¥m h £Ó uSv
CÀ» uÁ º AÀ»x, J¨£¢uzvÀ, | ÓÁ ØÓ©À EÒÍ £Sv
| ÓÁ ØÓuSv°À» ©À £ ÚÁ ºAÀ»x ¬ UQ © Ú TÖP Í «Ô£Á º
\i P {h¨£Á º
, AÀ»x J¨£¢uzvÀ
| ÚzuuØS © Ö£ h P {h¨£Á º
; CÁ º
P"US A#T»© P J¨£¢uz u
Â k¨! AÀ»x ukUP¨£mh \ » uÂ º

zx ußÚ À J¨£¢uzvß RÌ
| ÓÁ ØÖ®£i EÒÍ \ » | ÓÁ ØÔ Â mhu P Á AÀ»x
"HØÓ
£i BØÖu »' AÁ ¸US \ uP© P A©À£kzu ¬ i x. (¤ ¶Ä 16,
SÔzuÁ P © ØÕk \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : 'A', ]» £ ¸mP Í 'B'&Â ØS Â ØP Ehß£mh º

;
]Ôx £ ¸mP Í P kzuÄhß, 'A'Á À, «v$ÒÍ £ ¸mP Í P kUP
C »Â À ». C¢u \ À, J¨£¢uzvß RÌEÒÍ Ph¨£ h | ÓÁ ØÓ
Â ¸¨£ª À» © SÔUQÓ £i BØÖu » 'A'&Á À
x. HØÓ PmP
C » x. (\ß £º
©Úßm £Û¤ m ¤ Ài[ \ éi Vs Á ì hº
ß
44
\ éi(
¢ux) (1921) A11 ER Rep 690).
\º
\
}v©ßÓ
® Á Ç[P AÁ ] ª À »; \
, RÌUPsh | »PÎ À HØÓ
£i
BØÖuÀ wº
¨ £ }v©ßÓ
®AÎ UP x;
J¨£¢uzvß TÖP Í AÀ»x

PÒ J¨£¢uzvÀ Dk£mh £ x |»Â `Ì| » ,
uÂ º
zuS | » P CÀ» v¸¢u ! ®, Á vUS, {º © ØÓ
C» £z u Dmi°¸¢u » ; AÀ»x
vUS HØ£kzv x. BÚ À Azu P £¸[Pèhz u

Á vUS HØ£kzuÂ À » GßÓ £ x; AÀ»x
\© zvÀ uÂ º
zuS | » P CÀ» v¸¢u
£ x®, A u SÔzu | »°À | ÓÁ ØÔÚ À
u P¬ Ó
°À» ©ÀBS®(¤ ¶Ä 20, SÔzuÁ P © ØÕk \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : 'A' J¸ |»z u 'B'Â ØS Â ØP Ehß£mh º

.
Eh¢ u Íº
PÒ
'B'&US u¶¢v¸¢ux; BÚ À 'A'Â ØS u¶ x & HØÓ

£i BØÖuÀ
Vs £ÇÛ ¨£ \mi ºAIR, 1963,
Mad 17).
HØÓ
£i BØÖu! UP P £ h¨£mh Á ÇUQÀ, HØÓ
£i BØÖu! US
© ØÓP Á AÀ»
{èhDk HØÓ
£i | ÓÁ ØÓ¬ i x GßÓ| »° » AÀ»x HØÓ
£i
| ÓÁ ØÖu! US ©» P {èhDk AÁ ] ® GßÖ }v©ßÓ
®
45
| Úzu » {èhDk Á Ç[P» ®. {èhDm h |º

n°US® £ x,
J¨£¢ua \mh®, ¤ ¶Ä 73 RÌ P kUP¨£mkÒÍ P Ò PPÎ ß Á È
|º
n ® \´ Á sk®. (¤ ¶Ä 21, SÔzuÁ P © ØÕk \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : 'A', J¸ Ãm h !.10,00,000/&US 'B'&Â ØS Â ØP

Ehß£mh º
. 'B' u P \" zv ¤Ó
S®, 'A' Ãm h
Á ¸hzvØS ¤Ó
S, 'B'&Â ØS \ uP© P HØÓ
£i BØÖuÀ wº
¨#
Á Ç[P¨£mhx. C¢u Á ÇUQÀ, 'B'Â Ú À Gzu Ú P »® \z u
A$£Â UP ¬ i ©À Ç¢u u AuØS CÇ¨¥k P kUP }v©ßÓ
®
Ai¨£ h°À A ©¢xÒÍ x) (\mh}UP® £ØÓ

) SÔzuÁ P © ØÕk
\mh®, 1877).
J¸ SÔ¨¤ mh u P J¨£¢uz u «Ö® £Êx P kUP

Á sk® GßÖ TÔ°¸¢u À A¢u u P Úx, J¨£¢uz u
| ÓÁ ØÖÁ uØP P ©mk © SÔUP¨£mhx ©ØÖ® A u
| ÓÁ ØÓuÁ ¸US £nzu À Dk \´ \¢uº
¨£® AÎ ¨£uØS AÀ»
GßÖ }v©ßÓ
® P¸vÚ À, A¢u J¨£¢uz u HØÓ
£i BØÓ
» ®; BÚ À,
Czu P `Ì| »°À, SÔ¨¤ mh u P %® P kUP }v©ßÓ
®
B n°hU Th x (¤ ¶Ä 23, SÔzuÁ P © ØÕk \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : 'B'Â ß |»zvÀ , 'A' EÒÍ º

.
'B'&Â h® A$©v Á [Q A¢u |»z u 'C'Â ØS RÌUSzu P P kUP
Ehß£mh º
. AuØS 'B'&Â h® A$©v £Ó Á sk®; A$©v
Q hUPÂ À » GßÓÀ, 'C'Â ØS !.10,000/&I P k¨£u P J¨£¢uzvÀ
S 'A' A$©v
P kUP¨£mkÒÍ x; ¤ Ó £Ó Â sn¨¤ UP ©Özx,
!.10,000/& 'C'Â ØS P kUP ¬ ßÁ ¢u º
; CÆÁ ÇUQÀ, 'B' RÌUSzu PUS
J¨#U P sh À, J¨£¢uz u HØÓ " US 'C'Â ØS E¶ ©
£i BØÓ
46
EÒÍ x. (¤ ¶Ä 20 RÌEÒÍ GkzxUP mk, (\mh}UP® £ØÓ

) SÔzuÁ P
© ØÕk \mh®, 1877).
«Ö ø P ° ß Â ø Í ÄPÒ : CÇ ¨ ¥ k PÒ
J¨£¢uz u «Ö® , A u «ÖÁ u À HØ£k® Â Í Á

AÀ»x J¨£¢uz u C ØÔ £ Ê u A u «ÔÚ À Â ÍÁ u
|º
n°zv¸¢u À, Azu P {èhz u AÀ»x CÇ¨¥m h Dk
\´ Á sk®. (¤ ¶Ä 73, J¨£¢ua \mh®) (C¢u ¤ ¶Â ß RÌ EÒÍ
GkzxUP mkUP Í U P sP).
G k z x UPõm k : 'A' u È Ø\ »!hß Ti Szu Pa \z u

Á [QÚ º
; u È Ø\ »°ß ¬ ß"Ó~ ÇÄÁ °À ª PÄ® SÖQ u P
EÒÍ u À, Auß ¤ ß"Ó
Á °À Á È P \À» Á si u °ØÖ; 'A'Â ß
Á ÇUPÔbº
PÒ, ¤ ß"Ó
Á °À Á È P u È Ø\ »°À ~ Ç A¢u
|»zvß «x AÁ ¸US E¶ © EÒÍ x GßÖ TÔÚ º
PÒ. ¤ ß"Ó|»zvß
E¶ © Í ºA u ©Özx, A-Â ß u È Ø\ » ¤ ß"Ó
© P AqP
\ »
Â ØP {º PÎ ß«x 'A'Á À £ h¨£mh Á ÇUQÀ, 'A'&Â ØS
¢ux. Á ÇUPÔbº
u È Ø\ » |ÖÁ AÁ ¸US \ m h!® ©ØÖ®
\»Á Ú u P !® Á [Q°ß Á mi
ì Vs á®ì
Ask \ º
»ì h m, (1990) 2 A11 ER 815).
£sh[PÒ Â Ø£ Ú J¨£¢u «Ö P°ß CÇ¨¥ h |º

n ® \´
P Í Ea\}v©ßÓ
®SÔ¨¤ mkÒÍ x. A Á
""¬ u» Á u P uÚUS J¨£¢uzvß RÌ SÔ¨¤ mkÒÍ \

P kUP ©À J¨£¢u® «Ó
¨£mh u GÁ ºEÖv \
A¢u J¨£¢uz u | ÓÁ ØÓ
¨£mh u¨ £ À, AuØS Esh Ú
u P AÎ zx Dk \
47
£ x© Ú {hÁ iU PP Í Á v GkUP Á sk®; ©! ® AÁ ¶ß

''
Vs í ¶è\ ì , AIR 1962 SC 366).
G k z x UPõm k : J¸ H»zvÀ, Ea\ 'A', H»z u P

P kUP uÁ ÔÚ º
; C¢u CÇ¨¥m h S Ó
UP, H»ª k£Á º
, Akzu Ea\
H»z u P Ç¢u À, A u HØP Á sk® ( Vs.
¬ Û]£ " mi (1955), Mad LJ 437).
CÇ¨¥m h |º
n ® \´#® £ xU P Ò PPÒ J¨£¢ua \mh®
¤ ¶Ä 73&ß RÌ P kUP¨£mkÒÍ £ x®, Á Æ Á Ö }v©ßÓ
zu À
E¸Á UP¨£mkÒÍ Ú.
G k z x UPõm k : 'A', J¨£ hÄ £Ö£Á

'B'&Â h® Â mka . 'B'&Â ß E h ©°À ÇUS®
\ßÓº £ Ê x,
\À Â »°" ¸¢x,
P ® HØ£mh ¤ Ó
S EÒÍ Â » S Ó
zx, A¢u u P CÇ¨¥h P
n°UP Á sk®(í ß©z» À Vs L¤ Ezvß, AIR 1953, Bhopal 5).
|º
G k z x UPõm k : Pmhh®PmkuÀ J¨£¢u®: 'A', Pmhh®

Pmk® u È », Â mk Â mh º
; A¢u Á » | Ó
Ä \´
u Á Ú u P , CÇ¨¥k u P S®. (y" $i { © Vs
%Û ßB¨C¢v , AIR 1958 AP 533).
G k z x UPõm k : £sh[PÒ Â Ø£ Ú: 'A',

'B'-Ähß Ehß£kQÓº
;
J¨£¢uzvß RÌ 'B' \´ zuUP u, \´ Â iÀ, A¢u £sh[P Í
©ÖÂ Ø£ Ú \´Á uØS 'A' 'B' uÚx
Ph © | ÓÁ ØÓu | »°À, £shzvß©ÖÂ Ø£ Ú uUP P »zvÀ
|PÌ¢v¸¢u À, J¨£¢uzvÀ SÔ¨¤ mh u P°" ¸¢x. ©ÖÂ Ø£ Ú°À
48
Q hzu u P PÈ zu À Á ¸® Á Ö£ m h 'A'&Â ØS {èhDh P

Á Ç[P Á sk®. uUP P »zvØSÒ ©ÖÂ Ø£ Ú { h £Ó
ÂÀ »
GßÓÀ, J¨£¢uzvÀ SÔ¨¤ mkÒÍ u P°! ¸¢x, J¨£¢uz u
CÇ¨¥mkz u P S®. (¤ ì ª ) A¨xÀ» Asm \ßì , ©º

a\ßm
Asm Pª åß H ásm, Vs ·
âÚÀ © Úáº
, "L
C¢v , v¸Á ®, AIR 1987, KOI, 56 ).
J¨£¢uzvÀ Dk£k® £ Ê u, A u «Ö P À Esh S®

CÇ¨¥m h Eh¢ u Íº
PÒÇÁ ¸®AÔ¢v¸¨£ u J¨£¢ua \mhzvß
CÇ¨¥k'' Â v BS®.
G k z x UPõm k : \ A E h¢u
Á Í P®¤ \¶ \ 'B'&Â h® J¨£ hzu º
. 'B', A¢u
E h © ; 'A'
J¨£ hUP u ©vzu º
GßÖ® 'B'&Â ØS
\ » u h°À» ©À C [Q°¸¢u À AuÚ À
Esh S® » £z u £ÖÁ uØP P 'A' Á ÇUS u kzu º
; E h¢u
B, ¬ ß £ AÔ¢v¸¢u À, AuÚ À Esh S® CÇ¨¥m h B AÎ UP

Á si u P ÇUS®. (í m! Vs. £ U \ß hÀ, (1843 & 60) AII ER
Rep 461 ).
G k z x UPõm k : 'A', SÔ¨¤ mh Ch © ßÔÀ

{hUPÂ ¸¢u Â Ç Â À AvP C» £® £Ó| Úzx, ChzvØS J¸ u À
P kzx, A Á P Í Â Ç { h £Ö® ChzvÀ \º

UP TÔÚ º
. A¢u
49
ChzvÀ Â Ç { h £Ó EÒÍ u!®, A[S C» £® Dmh ¬ iÄ

\
\
\»ÄP Í !®, J¨£¢u® HØ£mhÄhß ÇEh¢ u Íº
P"®
Vs ILR 20-21, Mad 478).
u s h ( ø Ú ) ¨ £ n ® ©ØÖ ® A Ö v ° mh CÇ ¨ ¥ k
J¨£¢uz u «Ö P°À J¸ SÔ¨¤ mh u P \# zu

\´ ¨£mi¸¢u » AÀ»x Á Ö Hu Á u
\´ ¨£mi¸¢u » , A¢u
J¨£¢u® «Ö P°À, SØÓ
¬ Ó
±k \´£Á ¸US {ºCÇ¨¥k {º
¢ux
GßÖ |$£n® BPÂ À » GßÓ# ®, ush¨£n© P, SÔ¨¤ mh
u PUSÒ, AÁ ¸US Esh Ú | © Ú CÇ¨¥k Á Ç[P Á sk®.
B°%®, AÖv°mh CÇ¨¥miØS ©» P Á vUS {èh® HØ£mh
(¤ ¶Ä 74, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : A S¨¤ °# ®, T h°# ® Â Ø£ Ú \´x

Á ¢u º
. S¨¤ ©ØÖ® T h°ß £ xP ¨&UP P Â £ ¶PÍ À
\# zu¨£mh u P , AÁ º
PÒ A u v¸¨¤ z u¸® £Êx
u P!® v¸®£U P kUP¨£mhx; u ÈÀ u h'ÔÀ» ©À
{ h £ÖÁ uØP P, uÚx Á iU P Íº
PÎ h® S¨¤ P Í v¸¨¤ U
S¨¤ PÎ ß £ xP ¨¤ ØP P
A ©UP¨£mh u P Auß AÖv°mh CÇ¨¥m h SÔUQÓ
x GßÖ
TÓ ì ( m Vs
¨£mhx (! Ú hm ¨$Á ·
(1977) 3 SCC 530 ).
50
G k z x UPõm k : J¨£¢uzvß TÖPÎ ß£i, Á [SÁ uØS Esh Ú

£nzvß 25%I ¬ ß£n© P \! zu Á sk®. Á [Q uØS Esh Ú
u P \! zuz uÁ ÔÚ À ¬ ß£n© Úx ush CÇ¨£ PU P kUP
CÇ¨£ P P kUP Á si x AÁ ] ®. ( í "© ß P mhß ª Àì Vs

mk, AIR 1970 SC 1986).
u Û J ¨ £¢u [ PÒ (Special contracts): Dm k Ö v ] Ó ¨ ¦
Esh S® {èhz u, Dk \´Á u P, J¸ J¨£¢uzvß RÌ

TÔÚ À, A u ""DmkÖv J¨£¢u®'' Gß£º(¤ ¶Ä 124, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
\´ ©À,
vmhzvß RÌ EÒÍ A Úzx {èhz u#® Dk \´#® P ¨¥k
J¨£¢u¬ ® ""DmkÖv J¨£¢u© S® (ì hm B¨ J¶\ Vs # Ú hm
m, AIR 1977 SC 2671).
DmkÖv E h Á ¶ß E¶ ©PÒ J¨£¢ua \mhzvß ¤ ¶Ä 125 RÌ

AÎ UP¨£mkÒÍ x. DmkÖv E h Á ºußÚ À \! zu¨£mh A Úzx
CÇ¨¥kP Í #®, Á USÖv AÎ zuÁ ¶hª ¸¢x £Ó¬ i#® GßÖ ¤ ¶Ä
TÖQÓ
x.
G k z x UPõm k : 'A', £ ¸ÒP Í Gkzxa \À! ®

|ÖÁ Ú© Ú 'B'&#hß Á si Á h PUS GkUP J¨£¢uzvÀ
Ehß£mh º
; |ÖÁ ÚzvßÂ vPÎ ß£i KmkÚ¶ßPÁ ÚzvØS ¬ PÁ º
PÒ
©Ø Ó¸ |ÖÁ Ú© Ú 'C'&Â ØS 'A' A"¨¤ Ú º

; KmkÚ¶ß
PÁ º
,
|ÖÁ ÚzvØS DmkÖv \´ Á sk®. (QÀ »ì ¤ Ask P
$ m Vs (1973) QB 406).
51
\´ zuUP u
\´ Â iÀ, A u | ÓÁ ØÖÁ u P GÊ zx AÀ»x Á ´ © È À
EÖv \
\
SÔ¨¤ h¨£mkÒÍ x (¤ ¶Ä 126, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
\´£Á º©ØÖ® Dk
\´ ¨£mhÁ º
) ©mk © EÒÍ Úº
. BÚ À
EÒÍ Úº
; ©! ®, DmkÖv J¨£¢uzvÀ, DmkÖv \´£Á ¸US®,
PhÚ Î US® G¢u Á ¸ J¨£¢u¨ ¤ n¨"® CÀ» uu À, DmkÖv
AÎ zuÁ º
, PhÚ Î PnUS £nz u \! zx®£i Á Ø"Özu ¬ i x.
( P.Â . £¶ ®ª ß Vs £Û ßì Ask P ,
AIR 1926 Mad 544).
CÀ » ßÓÀ Ax CÀ» | » h#®. u »UPhÚ Î ° ß

£ ÛØP P Hu Á x \
uS¢u ©Ö£ Ú P ÇUS®(¤ ¶Ä 127, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : 'A', RÌUPshÁ Ö 'B'Â ØS GÊ vÚ º

, ""u Ä \´x
'C'Â ØS $.1,200/& PhÚ P AÎ UPÄ®, u P v¸®¤ AÎ ¨£uØS
G¢u ]UP! ® ÇUP x. Hu Á x ]UPÀ HØ£mh À, AÁ ] © P { ß AuØS
'C'Â ß PhÛØS
¤ n Í º(áPßÚ z £Uè][ Vs \ AIR 1937 Oudh 79).
52
u »UPhÚ Î , uÚx Ph © | ÓÁ ØÓÂ iÀ, ¤ n Î °ß

\´ zuUPv! ¸¢x
¬ u! À u »UPhÚ Î AqQ ¤ß £ ¤ n Î AqP

Á sk® GßÖ J¸ Â v¬ "® CÀ » (Re
Ó
Vs 2 Ch, 300 ).
u »UPhÚ Î ©ØÖ® ¤ n Íº
PÒ ÇÁ ¶ß « u AÀ»x
( \ UP! [P \mi ºVs ush "u£ o \mi , AIR 1928 Mad 1262;
º
vm ][ Vs Säáº
Sº ][, AIR 1919 Lah 355; ¬ ì #®£ [U B¨C¢v !m
Vs © í ©m AiU, AIR 1943 All 289; ì hm £ [U B¨ C¢v Vs
©ßAIR 1998, Ker 161.
â. á. í º
\ P ]» J¨£¢u[P$US }izu À, AuØS,

\mh®)
G k z x UPõm k : \v Gß£Á ¸US A%©vzu

'A' Ehß£mh º
; Cx u hº
J¨£¢u© \ ¬ Á À Vs C¢ u P©º
] À Á [Q ! m,
AIR 1979 SC 102).
¤ n Í ¶ß A%©v £Ó©À, u »PhÚ Î "®, Phß

P kzuÁ ¸® J¨£¢uU TÖP Í © ØÓ
® \ú À, AuØS¨ ¤ ß Á ¸®
u È À¬ Ó
a \ ÀPÎ ! ¸¢x ¤ n Í º Â kÂ UP¨£mk Â kÁ º
.
(¤ ¶Ä 133, J¨£¢ua\
AÀ»x AÁ º TÔ uØS © ÓP Á Phß P kzuÁ º \ À£mhuß
CÇ¢u À, ¤ n Í ºJ¨£¢uzv! ¸¢x Â kÂ UP¨£mk Â kÁ º(¤ ¶Ä

139, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
53
G k z x UPõm k
Á [Q 'B'°À, 'A' u »UPhÚ Î 'C'US AÎ UP¨£mh Ph!US

'A' ¤ n © P
Á [Q°h® 'C' J¨£ hzu º
. 'B' £ ¸mP Í PÁ Úª ß © À u »zx
Â mhx; 'A' £ Ö¨¤ " ¸¢x Â kÂ UP¨£mk Â mh º
. (ì hm £ [U B¨
é Vs \ AIR 1980 SC 1528).
u »UPhÚ Î À| Ó
Ä \´ Á si Hu Á x Ph © | Ó
Ä
\´ z uÁ Ô Â mh », Azu P Ph Ú AÀ»x Ph ©
Phß P kzuÁ º P si¸¢u A Úzx E¶ ©P Í #®, ¤ n Íº

£ÖÁ º(¤ ¶Ä 140, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : 'B'Â ß \ 'A'

Á ¨$z
. 'B' uÚx Tmh Î
\ [Pzvh® AÎ zu º P 'C'
\º
zxU P sh º
. AÁ º
PÎ ¸Á ¸® E¶© Pmhnz u \% zu
'A'
A¢u u P 'B' ©ØÖ®'C'&Â hª ¸¢x «Í ¬ i#®. (L¤ US Vs
\ z, AIR 1983 All 206).
u Û J ¨ £¢u [ PÒ: J ¨ £ ø h Ä
J¸Á º(J¨£ h \´£Á º

), ©Ø Ó¸Á ¶h® (J¨£ h £Ö£Á º
),
£ ¸ÒP Í SÔ¨¤ mh { UPzvØP P J¨£ hzx, J¨£¢uzvÀ, A¢u
\ À | ÓÁ Ô x®, £ ¸ÒP Í z, v¸®¤ U P k¨£u P Á AÀ»x
J¨£ h \´£Á ¶ß Pmh Í US HØ£ A u AÎ ¨£u P Á U,
SÔ¨¤ mkÒÍ u ""J¨£ hÄ'' Gß£º(¤ ¶Ä 148, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
54
G k z x UPõm k : 'B' GßÓ Â kv°À 'A' u[Q°¸¢u º

. uÚx
\ßÓº
; £ ¸mP Í
'A' J¨£ h £Ö£Á º
, 'B' J¨£ h \´£Á º( áß (Jan)
Ask \ßì Vs AIR 1922 All 471).
J¨£¢uzvß RÌ Hu Á u J¨£ hÄUS, Fv © P P kUP

|º
n ® \´ Â À » GßÓÀ, J¨£ hÄUS \»Á Ú u P
J¨£ h \´£Á º
, J¨£ h £Ö£Á ¸US AÎ UP Á sk® (¤ ¶Ä 158,
J¨£¢ua \mh®).
J¨£ hÄ £ ¸ÒP Í , \
\¢uº
¨£zvÀ, J¨£ hÄ £ØÓ £ ¸ÒPÒ u®¬ h u P Ç¢u À
GÆÁ Ö £ xP ¨£ P \
\ À£h Á sk®(¤ ¶Ä 151, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : 'A', ]Ôx \nÀP°Ö PmkP Í 'B'=Â h® P kzx,

©Ø Ó¸ x Ó
¬ PzvÀ \º ; 'B'
US© Ö TÔÚ º
P¨£! À HØÔÚ º
. B°"®, SÔ¨¤ mh x Ó
¬ PzvÀ CÓ
USÁ uØS ©Ó
¢x
uU u À P¨£À Km h Q
£ ¸mPÒ ] u¢uÚ. J¨£ h £Ö£Á ¸UP Ú Ph © 'B'
| ÓÁ ØÓuu À, 'A'
£ä{ z Vs \ L£ ºC¢v , AIR 1924 Cal 92).
SÔU P Ò | ÓÁ ØÓ
¨£mk Â mh » J¨£ h \´£Á º Pm£uØS
¬ ß £, A¢u £ ¸mP Í , J¨£ h \úÁ ¶h © AÀ»x
Pmh Í °ß£i , v¸¨¤ U P kzx Â h Á sk®(¤ ¶Ä 160, J¨£¢ua
\mh®), J¨£ h £ØÓ
Á ¶ß uÁ ÓÀ £ ¸mP Í \ \º
UP
C »Â À » GßÓÀ, AuØSsh Ú \»Äz u P J¨£ h
\´ Á sk®, (¤ ¶Ä 161, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
55
J¨£ hUP¨£mh £ ¸ Í uUP Á ¨£uØP P, J¨£ hÄ £ØÓ

Áº
uÚx vÓ © AÀ»x E Ç¨ £ E£ Qzv¸¢u À, AuØSsh Ú
£ ¸mP Í ußÛh® Á zxU P ÒÍ J¨£ hÄ £ØÓ

Á ¸US E¶ ©
EÒÍ x (¤ ¶Ä 170, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : 'A', ]» £ ¸mP Í 'B'&Â h® P kzx, A u

'B'&Â ß) Qh[QÀ, . CuØP P B&Â ØS
Á zxU P ÒÍ a \ ßÚ º
Pmhn® . 'A'
\! zxÁ u PÄ® TÔÚ º u P AÎ UP u ©u®
\ú À, A¢u £ ¸mP Í 'B'&Â Ú À Á zxU P ÒÍ ¬ i x.
H ÚßÓÀ, £ ¸mP Í Qh[QÀ £ xP ¨£ P Á ¨£uØP P G¢u
vÓ © "® AÀ»x E Ç¨ £"® 'B' E£ QUPÂ À » (P¿ ©À
u \ z Asm P Vs ì Asm
L £º ì # m, AIR 1990 All 214 ).
i »éº
Ph Ú v¸¨¤ z u¸Á uØP P Á AÀ»x, Á USÖv

| ÓÁ ØÖÁ uØP P Á ]» £ ¸mP Í ¤ n P J¨£ hÄ \ú À,
A¢u J¨£ hÄ ""AhS'' BS®. (¤ ¶Ä 172, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
©´| » P Á AÀ»x P Ò| » P Á , £ ¸mP Í AhS
¤ i¨£Á ¶h® J¨£ hUP Á sk® ( P &B¨ î ¢xì u ß £ [U # m Vs
AIR 1932 Cal 524).
u Û ( ] Ó ¨ ¦ ) J ¨ £¢u [ PÒ: ¬ P ø ©
¬ uÀÁ ¶ß \ º
£P \
""¬ PÁ º
''
| ª UP¨£kQÓº(¤ ¶Ä 182, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
uß \´ Á si \ \ À£kÁ x
\´ Á zu À, Axu ß \úu P Á P ÒÍ zuS® GßÓ P m£ miß
56
Vs áPwè
» À, AIR 1970 SC 7 ).
¬ PÁ ¸US®, £o Í ¸US® EÒÍ Á Ö£ k GßÚ Á ßÓÀ,

¬ PÁ ¸US GßÚ \´ Á sk® GßÖ ©mk® ¬ uÀÁ ºTÖÁ º
. BÚ À
£o Í ¸U P GßÚ \´ Á sk® ©ØÖ® G¨£i \´ Á sk®
GßÖ® TÓ Á sk®. (P _Pºª Àì ! ii Vs {¢z Q å º¤ á ¶ ,
AIR 1985 SC 441).
G k z x UPõm k : 'C'&Â ß £ ¸mP Í J¸ Chzv! ¸¢x

©ÖChzvØS Gkzxa \À» 'B', 'A'-I | ª zu º
. 'C'&Â ß £o Íº
PÒ
£ ¸mP Í 'C'&Â ß Chzv! ¸¢x HØÔ . 'A',
Á zu º 'C'&Â ß
ì Vs
uº AIR 1958 Cal 730).
G k z x UPõm k : \ [Pzvhª ¸¢x

A¶] SÔ¨¤ mh u PUS Á [Q, ©ØÓ
ÁºP"US J¸ SÔ¨¤ mh
AÁ º
P"US
AÎ UP¨£mhx. AÁ º
PÒ u[PÍ x \ ¢u £nz uU P sk
u Û [P Í Á [Q £ xP zx Á ¢uÚº
. CÁ º
PÒ ¬ PÁ º
PÒ AÀ»; Â ØÓ
z
u PUS®, Á [Q z u PUS® EÒÍ C» £ Á Ö£ m h J¨£¢u
\ [Pzvh® P kUP Á sk®.
Vs AIR
1989 AP 352).
©ØÖ® A Á A¢u \mh Â Í ÄP Í P sk ÇUS®. (¤ ¶Ä 226,

J¨£¢ua \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : 'B' 'A' | ª UQÓº

. ]Ôx £nz u
'A'&Â ß \ º
£ P 'C'&Â hª ¸¢x 'B' Phß Á [SQÓº
. 'A' A¢u Ph Ú
57
©è \ © ßhÀ Vs § ß £ ì Pº
©í AIR 1916 Pat 54).
¬ P ø © C Ö v ö \ ´ ¯ ¨ £ k ® ` Ì | ø » PÒ
¬ P © uÈ » ¬ PÁ ºÂ mkÂ kuÀ
¬ P © u È À ¬ izx Â kuÀ
©Ú| » CÇ¢x Â kuÀ.
\ » ØÓ
zvÀ EÒÍ
\
wº
ÄÖv \´ ¨£mk Â mhx. (¤ ¶Ä 201, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : £mi ! À EÒÍ u P Á `À \´x, A u

Esi À (draft) 'A'
| ª UP¨£mh º
. A¢u u P A"¨¤ ¤ ßÚº¬ P © ¬ iÄ £Ö®.
(A » ßì £ [U B¨ ]®» ! ii Vs A®¸zéº£ [U, AIR 1915 Labh
214 ).
¬ PÁ ¶ß
EÒÎ h P Á SÔUP» ®, (¤ ¶Ä 186, J¨£¢ua \mh®)
G k z x UPõm k : B#ÒP ¨¥mk |ÖÁ Ú© Ú 'A', uÚx Fv \ª ¨$

vmhzvß RÌ, 'B'&Â ß AvP AÍ Â » Ú Á » ¢ux; 'A'
mP Í PÁ º
©ØÖ® Ehß£mh J¨£¢uzvß£i, uÁ nU Pmhnz u 'B', Á `À
\´x, J¸ P \ 'A'&Â ØS A"¨$Á u P Eß£mh º
;
58
Á » mPÒ uÚx uÁ nU Pmhnz u uÛzuÛ A!¨£z

u Á °À ».
'B' uÁ n¨£nz u \" zu uÁ ÔÚ º

. AuÚ À, |º
n°zu
'A'
Gá© Úº'A'&Â ß \ º
£ P {h¢x P ÒQÓºGßÖ Gso°¸¢u À ¬ P ©
J¨£¢uzvØS Á È Á SUS® ( \º
©ß, »¨ Cßå Vs
AIR 2005 SC 3087).
¬ PÁ ¸US J¸ \ » \ \ »a
\´x ¬ i¨£uØS u Á Ú \mh¬ Ó Ú A Úzx \ »#® \´
E¶ © Esk (¤ ¶Ä 188, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : uÚx Á oP u È » PÁ Û¨£uØS 'A'

'B'&I | ª zu º
; uÈ » {hzu u Á Ú £nz u PhÚ P £Ó
Ä®
'B' \xºÁ v Vs A»P £ z £ [U $ m,
»UÚÆ, AIR 1907 Oudh, 44).
AÁ \
\
\ À£h Á sk® (¤ ¶Ä 189,
J¨£¢ua \mh®), C u ""AÁ ] © Ú P m£ k'' Gß£º
; B°!®, C " ®
Á sk®; AÆÁ Ö \´ Â À » GßÓÀ, ¬ PÁ ¶ß \

m Vs
, AIR 1925 Cal 609 ) .
G k z x UPõm k : A ]Ôx £ ¸mP Í ©Ø Ó¸ x Ó

¬ PzxUS
P¨£$ À Gkzxa \ÀQÓº
; A¢uU P¨£$ ß ¬ u» Î ; ©ØÓx Ó
¬ Pz u
A h¢uÄhß, A¢u £ ¸mP Í Gkzxa \ÀÁ uØP P BC A-Â h®
.A
Pmh º u hº
% P Ò&® | »°À CÀ » ©ØÖ®, A¢u £ ¸mPÒ
59
B A¢u £ ¸mP Í Â ØÖ
Â mh º
. AÁ \ A¢u £ ¸mP Í Â Ø£uØS B
Vs © º
ì,
(1872 ) LR 4 PC 222).
\´ ¨£h Á si \ » AÁ º
AÔÁ uØS ¬ ß £ AÀ»x B nUS ¬ ß £ \´x ¬ izu À, A¢u
\ \ À
HØP¨£mk Â mh À, A u ©ØÓ
Á ¶ß B nUSm£mk \úu P GkzxU
P ÒÍ ¨£k®. (¤ ¶Ä 196, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : 'A' Gß£Á º

, 'B'&Â ßA!©v°ßÔ AÁ ¶ß £nz u
'C'Â ØS PhÚ P AÎ zu º
. AuØS¨¤ ß 'B' Á mi £ØÖU P sk
Ph Ú Á `" ¨£ u#® AuØP Ú ¬ Ó #® u¶Â zu º
. Ca \ À
'A'&Â ß \ \mi Gì .Bº
. G®.H.Bº
.
Vs H.GÀ. P.Bº
. Vs AÇP¨£ \mi, AIR 1915 Mad 859).
\
]» \ ÀP$U P AÀ»x \mh¨¤ n¨%U P , ¬ PÁ ºEhß£mi¸¢u
\ À» » , {hz u » , Azu P
\
Enº
zvÚ À, A¢u \ À ©ØÖ® Ph¨£ iØS ¬ uÀÁ ºPmk¨£kÁ º
(¤ ¶Ä 237, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : 'A' 'B' AÁ ¶ß \ º

£ P &.1,00,000/&
PhÚ P¨ £Ó A!©v £ØÔ¸¢u ' ® 'B' &.1,50,000/& 'C'
Gß£Á ¶hª ¸¢x £ØÖU ; 'C'
P sh º
u¶ x. 'A' ¬ Ê u P #® 'C'
(áU&¨][ Vs AIR 1920 Oudh 105 ).
60
¬ PÁ¶ ß Ph ø ©PÒ
¬ uÀÁ ¶ß Á oPz u AÁ ¶ß Pmh Í ¨£i AÀ»x Azu P

Pmh Í CÀ » ßÓÀ, Á oPz u {hzu A¢u ChzvÀ |»Â Á ¸®
Á ÇUPzvß£i, ¬ PÁ ºAu Ú {hzu Á sk®. CuØS «Öu» P ¬ PÁ º
{ h £ØÓÀ AuÚ À Esh S® {èhz u Dk \´ Á sk®.
C» £® Esh Ú À, A u ¬ uÀÁ ¸UP P mh Á sk®. (¤ ¶Ä 211,
J¨£¢ua \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : 'A' ]Ôx P x © Á [Q, A u

\ B&Â ØS Pmh Í °mh º
. B-A¢u
Px © Á [Q, vÓ
¢u Á si°À A!¨¤ Ú º
. P x © w°Ú À
AÈ ¢x £ Úx; 'A'Â ØP Ú {èhz u, B Dk \
\¢uº© ÀVs L£ u \ AIR 1930 Lah 280).
¬ PÁ º
, uÚx ¬ P © Azu P Á oPzvÀ EÒÍ Á º
, GÆÁ Ö
\ \ » ØÓ Á sk®. ¬ PÁ ¶ß
PÁ Úª ß © AÀ»x vÓ ©°ß © AÀ»x {hz u »,
¬ uÀÁ ¸US Esh Ú CÇ¨¥m h, ¬ PÁ ºDk \´ Á sk®. (¤ ¶Ä
212, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : Á iU P Í ¶ß \ º
£ P £nz u Á `À \´x
-00/&I
Esi À (Draft \ \À Á È Á [Q A!¨¤ x.
Á È °À Esi À u »¢x £ Úx; Azu P u P \
Ag\À Á È P PÁ Úª À» ©À A!¨¤ uØS Á [Q £ Ö¨£ Úx.
(£ [U B¨¥í º" m Vs h h ì P ¨ j»º
ì , AIR 1960 Cal 475).
¬ uÀÁ º PmS® £ Ê x, \¶ Ú PnU P ¬ PÁ º u¶Â UP

Á sk®. (¤ ¶Ä 213, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
61
¬ uÀÁ ¸US, \ ÀPÎ À GÊ ® A Úzx `Ì| »P Í !®

u¶Â UP ©À ©ØÖ® AuØS AÁ ¸ h \®©uz u!® £Ó©À ¬ PÁ º
,
¬ P ©°À Dk£mh À, A¢u \ " ¸¢x Dk£kÁ u ¬ uÀÁ º©Özx,
AußRÌ » Ú!® v¸®£¨ £ÓC # ®. (¤ ¶ÄPÒ
215, 216, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : 'A' uÚx ¬ uÀÁ º 'B'&Â ß ]»

£ ¸mP Í C-Â h® Â ØÓº
, CuØP P 'A'
©ØÖ® C , 'C'
S AÎ zu º
'B'
C» £© S®. (© ßVs BÀì hß, (1893) ILR 16 Mad 238).
¬ PÁ¶ ß E ¶ ø ©PÒ
¬ uÀÁ ¶ß \ º
£P ¬ P
uÚUS ¬ ß£n© P AÀ»x \»Ä \úuØP P AÀ»x Fv © P
\
J¨£¢ua\
Esh Ú u P AÀ»x \ Á US Esh Ú u P ¬ PÁ º
\º
£P £ØÖU P sh \ © ßPÒ AÀ»x
P Qu[PÒ AÀ»x A \!®©ØÖ® A \ \ zxUP Í ¬ PÁ º
, |Özv
ußÛh® Á zv¸UP ¬ i!®(¤ ¶Ä 221, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
G k z x UPõm k : 'A'&Â ß \ º
¤ À, Á h P Á `À \´ 'B'&I
B
u P Vs
AIR 1935 All 922).
¬ PÁ ¸US B n°h \ » \´!® £ Ê x, AuÚ À

Esh S®\mhzvØSm£mh Â Í ÄP Í , ¬ uÀÁ º¬ PÁ ¸US Dk \´
Á sk®. (¤ ¶Ä 222, J¨£¢ua \mh®).
62
G k z x UPõm k : 'A',
'B'&°ß \ º
£ P Á [QÚ º
. A¢u £ ¸mP Í uÚx £nz uU P sk
. À’ A¢u £ ¸mP Í Â ØÖ `B’- °hª ¸¢x «v¨£nz u
'A', Á [QÚ º
v¸®£¨ £Ó
» ®. (£ £é £P » V.
, AIR 1932 Bom 593).
í ®£ßÚÁ º
] Ó ¨ ¦ J ¨ £¢u [ PÒ : T m k z öuõ È À
1932&US ¬ ß! J¨£¢ua \mhzvß £Sv XI, Tmkz u È À

SÔzu \mhzv Ú Á Ç[Q x. £Sv XI, Tmkz u È À SÔzu
¬ Ê © Ú \hh® Q h x. Bu» À Au Ú }UQÂ mk C¢v
Tmkz u È À \mh®, 1932 ( T m k z öuõÈ À \ mh®) C ØÓ
¨£mhx.
B°"® J¨£¢ua \mhzvß ©ØÓ Á P [PÒ C¨ £ Ê x®
{ h¬ Ó
°ÀEÒÍ Ú. (¤ ¶Ä 3, Tmkz u È À \mh®).
Tmkz u
#À Á ¸® » £z u
£Qº
¢x P ÒÍ HØ£kzu¨£mi¸US® Ehß£ h S®. C¢u Ehß£ miÀ
Dk£mi¸US® {£º
PÒ Tmh Î PÒ GÚ¨£kÁ º
PÒ. C¢u Tmh ©¨!
u È À Tmh ©¨! GÚ¨£k®. u È À G¢u¨ £ ¶À {hzu¨£kQÓu
Ax “ u È À Tmh ©¨!¨ £ º
“ GÚ¨£k®. (Tmkz u È À \mh®, ¤ ¶Ä
4).
C» £z u¨ £Qº
¢x P ÒÁ uØP Ú Ehß£ k J¸ Tmkz
u È # ß Azv Á ] © S®. BÚ À {èhz u¨ £Qº
¢x
P ÒÁ uØP Ú Ehß£ k Azv Á] ® Q h x. (Gì . P.P¤ ºV.
AIR 1955 Ori 24; ª º
\ ©À
£PÁ ß u ì V. AIR 1929 All 536).
63
G k z x UPõm k : A GßÓ J¸ Á iÁ ©¨£ Í ¸®, B GßÓ J¸

Á oP¸®, A Á iÁ ©US® £ ¸mP Í Â Ø£uØP Ú Tmkz u È ! À
Dk£h ¬ i Á kUQÓº
PÒ. A¢u Ehß£ miÀÚ RÌ, A¢uz u È ! Ú À
Á ¸® » £z u ÇÁ ¸® £[RmkU P ÒÁ x GßÖ®, {èhz u B
©mk © u [QU P ÒÍ Á sk® GßÖ® J¨"U P ÒQÓº
PÒ. Cx J¸
\À# h ©$ÒÍ Tmkz u È À J¨£¢u© S®. Tmkz u È ! À J¸
Tmh Î ©Ø Ó¸ Tmh Î °ß ¬ PÁ ºGßÖ P¸u¨£kÁ º
. Cz u È À
A Úzx Tmh Î PÎ ß \ º
£P Ä® \´ ¨£k® JßÖ; J¸ Tmh Î
©Ø Ó¸ Tmh Î ° ß ¬ PÁ ºBÁ º
, A u £ À J¸ Tmh Î A ÚzxU
Tmh Î PÎ ß ¬ uÀÁ ¸® BÁ º
. Tmkz u È À u hº
£Ú J¸
Tmh Î °ß \ À A ÚzxU Tmh Î P Í $® ¤ nUS® uß ©
E h x. Tmkz u È À u hº
£Ú £ Ö¨£ hÄP%US JÆ Á ¸
Tmh Î $® uÛ¨£mh ¬ Ó
°À \À# Özu» ®.
(Tmkz u È Ø\mh®, ¤ ¶Ä 18&30). Tmkz u ÈÀ u hº
£Ú
P ¶ [P%US J¸ Tmh Î A¢uU Tmh ©¨¤ ß ¬ PÁ º GßÖ
Tmh ©¨ £ J¸ Tmh Î °ß ¬ PÁ ºGßÖ P ÒÍ ¬ i x. (Tmkz

u È À \mh® 18; P\ V.Pª åÚº B¨
CßP® hUì , AIR 1991 SC 1806; £ Á À V. 2
Ch 160.
G k z x UPõm k : A ©ØÖ® B J¸ Tmh ©¨¤ ß

Tmh Î PÍ PÁ º
PÒ. Tmkz u È ! ØP P J¸ u P B, `C’
Gß£Á ¶h® PhÚ P¨ £ØÓº
. u P v¸¨¤ a \# zu Á si
{ Ò Á ¢ux® `C’ “A”- Â h® PmQÓº
. “A”
Az u P v¸¨¤ a \# zu Á sk®.
J¸ Tmh ©¨" Gß£x \mh¨§º

Á © Ú {£ºQ h x. Ax Á Ö®
uÛ{£º
PÎ ß \
u kUP¨£mh À, Ax AUTmh ©¨¤ ß A ÚzxU Tmh Î P%US
64
u kUP¨£mh JßÓS®. (x! \ V. Pª åÚº B¨

CßP® , AIR 1956 SC 354; A \
hUì , { U§º
H áß] V. AÆ uè S© º
, AIR 1998 SC 352).
Tmh Î P"UP Ú E¶ ©PÒ ©ØÖ® Ph ©P Í J¨£¢uzvß

®. Azu P J¨£¢u® Á Î ¨£ h P Á AÀ»x
EÒÎ h P Á ÇUP» ®. (Tmkz u È À \mh®, ¤ ¶Ä 11).
J¸ {£ºuß# h \ ¢u¨ £ ¶À J¸ J¨£¢uzvÀ Dk£mh À,

AÆÁ Ö Dk£k® £ x AÁ ºTmh Î P ÇUS® Tmh ©¨¤ ØS
\º
£P C nÁ u PU TÓÂ mh À AÀ»x Tmh ©¨¤ ØS \ º
£P
C nÁ u PU P miU P ÒÍ Â mh À, AÁ º Dk£mh J¨£¢uz u
Tmh ©¨¤ ß ©À \À$ Özu ¬ i x. ( uÆâ V. ©uß» À, AIR
1965 SC 139).
G k z x UPõm k : J¸ Tmh ©¨¤ ß Tmh Î Ú A, J¸

À’&Â ß
£ ¶» GkUP¨£kQÓ
x. Tmh ©¨¤ ß £ ¶À AÀ». A¢u À’
AUTmh ©¨¤ ß \ º
£P \ À£hÂ À ». À’ &Â ß \ À
AUTmh ©¨ £ AÀ»x AÁ ØÔß Tmh Î P Í ¤ nUP x.
( uÆâ V. ©uß» À, AIR 1965 SC 139- Iz uÊ Â x).
©õØÖ ¬ ø Ó ¯ õÁ n [ PÒ
C¢v ÂÀ © ØÖ¬ Ó Á n[P"UP Ú \mhz u © ØÖ

¬ Ó ÚÁ n[PÒ \mh®, 1881À (©õØÖ ¬ ø Ó ¯ õÁ n [ PÒ \ mh®)
P n» ®.
© ØÖ¬ Ó Á n® Gß£x Phß J¨%a^m h ,

© ØÖa^m h AÀ»x P \ » P nº
£Á ¸U P AÀ»x
65
J¨!a^m h , © ØÖa^m h AÀ»x P \ » Ax

© ØÓ
¨£hUTh x Gß Ó AÀ»x © ØÓ
¨£hUTi uÀ» GßÓ
Gsnzu À Á iUP¨£mi¸¢u » ßÔ, Auß ©v¨ £ Au ÚU
P n£º
Á ¸U P AÀ»x B n ¨ £ØÔ¸¨£Á ¸U P Á Ç[P» ®.
J¸ Phß J¨!a^miß ©v¨ £ Au ÚU P nº
£Á ¸US Á Ç[P» ®
GßÖ SÔ¨¤ h¨£mi¸¢u » AÀ»x AuÛÀ ÇUS® CÖv
©ØSÔ¨! J¸ Á ØÖ ©ØSÔ¨£ P Ç¢u » Au ÚU
P nº
£Á ¸US Á Ç[P» ®. J¸ Phß J¨!a^mi » , © ØÖa^mi »
AÀ»x P \ »° » AvÀ SÔ¨¤ h¨£mi¸US® u P J¸
SÔ¨¤ mh {£¸USzu ß P kUP Á sk®. A¢u {£º
B n°mhÁ ¸U P AÀ»x B n ¨ £ØÔ¸¨£Á º
B n°mhÁ ¸U P P kUP ¬ i x GßÖ SÔ¨¤ h¨£mi¸¢u " ®,
B nU P P kUP ¬ i#®. (© ØÖ ¬ Ó Á na \mh®, ¤ ¶Ä 13).
BÁ n © ØÖuÀ GÚ¨£kÁ x Ph$Öva ^mk, © ØÓÁ n®,

P \
Ö ¬ Ó Á na \mh®, ¤ ¶ÄPÒ 46&60).
BÁ n © ØÖuÀ £ ¸mk A¢u BÁ nzvß ¤ ßÚ » , Au$hß

C nUP¨£mi¸US® xska ^mi » AÀ»x © ØÖ¬ ÓBÁ n© P
AÁ º Au Ú ©ØSÔUQÓº GßÖ £ ¸Ò. AÁ º ©ØSÔ¨! GÊ x{º

GßÖ A ÇUP¨£kÁ º
. (© ØÖ ¬ Ó Á na \mh®, ¤ ¶ÄPÒ 14&16).
Ph ß J ¨ ¦ a^m k , ©õØÖa^m k ©ØÖ® Põ÷ \ õ ø »
Phß J¨!a^mk Gß£x (£nzu Í Á [Qzu Í AÀ» u Á )

J¸ SÔ¨¤ mh {£¸U P AÀ»x A¢u BÁ nz u P nº
£Á ¸U P
66
J¸ SÔ¨¤ mh u P
P Ê zvh¨£mh J¸ |£¢u Ú ØÓ EÖv Ø! (© ØÖ
¬ Ó Á na \mh®, ¤ ¶Ä 4).
G k zuUPõm k : À’ Gß£Á º `B’ Gß£Á ¶h® J¸ SÔ¨¤ mhz

u P P kzx Á UQÓº
. A¢uz u P À’ P ¸® £ x
`B’, À’- Â ØS Á Ç[SQÓº
.
Cx Phß J¨!a^mk Q h x. H ÚÛÀ, Cx © ØÖ¬ Ó Á n®
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19
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Superintendent of Police, C.B.I. V. Japas Kumar Singh, (2003) 6 SCC 1752 RL2$
"T/X.$Gd=$e%AL2>$CDEY*"-B$f#A-g3,?J$$$
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20
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(2004) 13 SCC 292)'
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21
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22
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8 SCC 770). %
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23
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Ramlal Narang V. State, (1979) 2 SCC 322 Q1OE Hasan Bhai Vali Bhar Quereshi V.
State of Gujarat, (2004) 5 SCC 347 7a9!=k5% Xl$% ^FQC2MGH5%
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24
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26
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>,/?#*)#./2$ @-"#)69)$ A3BCD(5',$ %&',$ E)F0./F0;-G%$ !DH)*$ ;IG%$
J#)0H$ *)HK,$ @8:9$ !5L$ @"#.$ MNO5$ PQ$ 12+$ JER39),S$ !TU$ V$ WTG%,$ MT
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d*)^*$ ± R.P. Kapur V. State of Punjab, AIR 1960 SC 866, State of Haryana V. Bhajan
Lal, (1992 Supp 1 SCC 335) ; Inder Mohan Goswami V. State of Uttaranchal, (2007) 12
SCC 1 ; Divine Retreat Centre V. State of Kerala, (2008) 3 SCC 542; SMS
Pharmaceuticals Ltd. V. Neeta Bhalla, (2007) 4 SCC 70. $
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® { h £ØÓ u P mk®
BQ Á Â vÂ »USPÒ BS®.
ö£õ ¸ s ø ©PÒ _ ¸ UP©õÚ A ø © ¨ ¤ À C ¸ UP ÷Á s k ®
Ch¨£mk®, uv, u P, GsPÒ BQ Á GsÁ iÂ ! ® GÊ zx

Á iÂ ! ® ÇUP \ P Í
£ ß£kzu¨£h Á sk®. \ À£ mk Â Ú ©ØÖ® _mk¨ £ º
uÂ º
UP¨£h Á sk®.
C n¨# A-°À EÒÍ £iÁ ® £ ß£kzu¨£h Á sk®. Cx

£ ¸¢u x £x A u¨ £ ßÖ EÒÍ £iÁ ® £ ß£kzu¨£h
Á sk®. (Pmh Í VII Â v 3, CPC).
A J¸ © v¶ A BP Pmh ®
A$ P \®A$ Vs L£ì » ß¥¥ AIR 1975
AÀ» GßÖ TÔ"ÒÍ x ({ \º
GUJA 81).
\ mk AÀ»x P ¸®E¶ ©
VII Â v 7 CPC).
13
J¸ J¨£¢uz u Á Ö© Ú ©Ö¨£x Auß £ ¸s ©

©Ö¨£u S®. Au! h \mhzuß © ©Ö¨£x BP x. (Pmh Í
VII Â v 8, CPC).
: A Gß£Á º B Gß£Á ¶ß «x J¸ J¨£¢uzvß ©À
J¨£¢uz u ©ÖUQÓº
. C¢u ©Ö¨" A¢u J¨£¢u® CÀ » ß£u S®.
A¢u J¨£¢uzvß \mhzuß © ©ÖUP x. \mh¨£i P C¢u
J¨£¢u® \À» x GßÖ \ ÀÁ uØS B Gß£Á ¶ß uß! h
Á Ö© Ú
©ÖzuÀ £ x© ÚuÀ».
J¸ BÁ nz u Á zx Á vk® £ x Au! h \mh

\´ P \ À# uÀ £ x© Úx. ¬ ÊÁ u$® \ À»z
u Á °À » (Pmh Í VII Â v 9, CPC).
Â v Â » U S: AÁ yÖ Á ÇUQÀ SÔ¨¤ mh Á º
z uPÒ ¬ UQ © Ú Á
A Á uÎ Ä¨£kzu¨£h Á sk®.
AÔÂ ¨¤ ß Á iÁ ® AÀ»x `Ì| » ¬ UQ ® CÀ» u £x

A¢u AÔÂ ¨ £ £ ¸s © P \ À# Á u £ x© Úu S®
(Pmh Í VII Â v 11).
SÔ¨¤ mh Á P°À Á u h¨£h Á sk®. Cx Â v 6ß RÌ

| ÓÁ ØÓ
u% ß \
u Á °À ».
¢u J¸
(Pmh Í VII Â v 16, CPC).

14
C Á RÌUPsh Á BS®.
u Á °À» u, AÁ yÓÚ, £ ¸Ò CÀ» u, Á Ö¨! h

Â å [P Í , AÀ»x
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\´Á u P Á AÀ»x £ v¨£u P Á Ç¢u ÀAÀ»x
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n°zu Á P°À ©ØÖ® ¬ Ó
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\ Ú°À Es © Ú ÂÚ Á
|º
n°¨£uØSz u Á Ú v¸zu© P ÇUP Á sk® (Pmh Í VII
Â v 7).
Pou AÀ»x GÊ zx \
EÒÍ uÁ ÖPÒ (¤ ¶Ä 152 CPC).
º
n°UP
zu À \´ ¨£k® v¸zu® (¤ ¶Ä 153 CPC).
}v©ßÓ
zuÀ ©ØÖ®}USuÀ (Pmh Í I , Â v 10(2) CPC).

\º
}v©ßÓ
zu À \
(Pmh Í VII Â v 1 I 6 CPC ) ©ØÖ®
v¸zxuÀ (Pmh Í VII Â v 1 7 CPC).

15
wº
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» ®.
A Á RÌUPsh Á
v \ Ú°ß ¬ UQ
ÂÚ Â Ú |º
n°UP u Á °À» u £ x H ÚßÓÀ A Á
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Ç¨£u S®.
Á v°ß Á ÇUS \´ ¨ £ S® v¸zuzvÚ À ¬ Ê Á x© P

© Ö® £ Ê x
Â u© P v¸zu® A ©¢u À
v¸zuzvß Â ÍÄ ¬ Ê Á x® Á ÖÂ u© P, !vu P ©ØÖ®

P Ç¢u À ©ØÖ® Ax Á ÇUQß ¤ ß| »°À HØ£mh À
A¢u Â sn¨£® {À» GsnzvÀ E¸Á UP¨£h ©À Ç¢u À
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A#©vUQßÓ
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CPC).
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Pmh Í VII Â v 1 CPC

Â [P Í ¤ ßÁ ¸© Ö \ ÀQÓ
x.
Á ÇUS u UPÀ \´!®}v©ßÓ

zvß £ º
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£ ¸s ©.
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\¶PmkÁ u P Á Ç¢u À A¢u u P \ À»¨£h Á sk®.
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PmhnzvØP P HØÓ
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uø » ¨ ¦ ©ØÖ® ÁÇUQ ß ö£ ¯ º: u »¨# }v©ßÓ

z u¨ £ØÔ
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AÔ¬ P¨£kzx® £Sv, ¬ UQ © Ú ©ØÖ® |!¤ UPz u Á Ú

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GÀ» ¬ UQ ¨ £ ¸s
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£ÓuSv ÚÁ º
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u¢ u À Â Ø£ Úa \ \ z u £ P¨¤ ¶Â Ú
Pmk Á ÇUS u UPÀ \
\ \
Cu"Ò Í EÒÍ x.
\®£¢u¨£mh ]» SÔ¨¤ mh Â vPÒRÌUPsh Á BS®.
Á v £nz u v¸®£¨ £ÓÁ ÇUS u UPÀ \ú À SÔ¨¤ mhz

uÎ Á Ú u P U SÔ¨¤ h Á sk®. J¸ Á Í
C hUP » Á ¸© ÚzvØP P Á ÇUS u UPÀ \ú À Ax
SÔ¨¤ mh u P Ú |º
n°UP ¬ i ©À Ç¢u À AuØS
18
©Ú u P SÔ¨¤ h» ®. (Pmh Í VII Â v

2).
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A h Í® P n u Á Ú \ zvß u£]À Auß GÀ »PÒ
©ØÖ® AÍ Ãmk GsPÒ SÔ¨¤ h¨£h Á sk®. (Pmh Í VII
Â v 3).
Á v \ú À AÁ ¸ h
¬ uÀÁ ºuß" h £ ¶» Á ÇUS u UPÀ \´ u Á Ú
VII, Â v 4).
\º
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AÎ UP Ph ©¨£mhÁ ºGß£ u P s¤ UP Á sk® (Pmh Í VII
Â v 5).
\mh¨£i SÔ¨¤ mh P »zvØS ¤ Ó

S u UPÀ \´ ¨£mh À
\´ ¨£mhx Gß£ u P mh
Á sk®. (Pmh Í VII Â v 6).
Gvº \ À»¨£mh ¬ UQ © Ú
\©º
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AÁ ¸ h Gvº
Á uz u#® A¢u Á ÇUS u Á ÄUS®, }v©ßÓ
® A¢u
\´QÓ
x.
VIII
19
\´ AÁ ¸US A Ç¨£ n P kUP¨£mh

{ Î ! ¸¢x 90 { mPÒ P » AÁ P \® Á Ç[SQÓ
x.
\ À»¨£mh
JÆ Á ¸ £ ¸s © "® ©Ö¨£uØS CPC Á È Á SUQÓ
x.
H© ØÖ® Â u© P Á , £ ¸Ò CÀ» © » , Á ÇUP© Ú ©Ö¨£ P Á
\ \ À»¨£mh JÆ Á ¸ \
\ À»¨£mh JÆ Á ¸ SØÓ
a\ mk®
uÎ Á P Á (A) u Á Ú EmQ h P Á A u HØÖU
P ÒÍ Â À » GßÖ \ À» © » Â mh À Ax
HØÖU P ÒÍ ¨£mhu PU P¸u¨£k®.
\ À»¨£mh JÆ Á ¸
£ ¸s © "® SÔzu Á P°À Â Í UP Á sk®. Ax H© ØÖÁ u P
ÇUPUTh x. JÆ Á ¸ \
J¸ £ ¸s © ©Ö¨£x H© ØÖÁ u Pz u¶¢u À Ax HØÖU
P ÒÁ u PU P¸u¨£k®. C¢u | »°À A¢u HØÖU P ÒÍ £mh u
\ \ ßÖÖv u Á °À » (£ um Asm
P Vs AIR 1963 SC 538)
ÇUP ¬ i"®:
©Ö z x E ø Ó ¨ ¦ : Gvº
Á v \ À»¨£mh £ ¸s ©P Í
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JÆ Á ¸ £ ¸s © "® SÔzu Á P°À Â Í UP Ph ©¨£mhÁ º
.
AÆÁ Ö \´ Â mh À Ax A¢u £ ¸s © HØÖU P ÒÁ uØS
\©© S®.
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JU÷PØ ¤ ß « x ] Ó ¨ ¦ G v ºÁõu® ©ØÖ ® Â Í U SuÀ :

\ À»¨£mh SØÓ
a\ mkP Í HØÖU P ÒÍ » ®. BÚ À !v
£ ¸s ©P Í \ À" A¢u SØÓ
a\ mkP Í AÎ UP ¬ »» ®.
\ \mhÂ Ú Â ß ©À Á ÇUQß | »USz

uUP| » ©ØÖ® Á ÇUS ©v¨! BQ Á ØÔß ©À Gvº
Á u®
GkUP» ®. Á ÇUQß | »USz uS| » «x Á Ö® uPÁ " Ú À
PÒÂ GÊ ¨£¬ i x. Ax Hß | »UPuUPx AÀ» Gß£ u
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£ zv ® \ À»
A#©v$hß
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Á uz u GkUP» ®.
: Pmh Í &8 Â v&9 }v©ßÓ

zvß
A#©v k \¶PmkuÀ AÀ»x Gvº
£ UQ zvß «x
\º
UP¬ i x. ©% ® }v©ßÓ
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©Özx Ó (A) C n¨ £ u UPÀ \´ » ®.
C¢u ©Özx Ó
\ À»¨£mh £ ¸s ©P Í ©Ö¨£uØ P AÀ»x

uÎ Ä¨£kzxÁ uØ P ©mk © £ ß£k®.
21
SØÓa \
Ç¢u ! ® ©ØÖ® SØÓ

\
¤ ßÁ ¸Á ÚÁ Ø ÓEÒÍ hUS®.
¤ ¶Ä 200, SØÓ
{ h¬ Ó
a\mh® 1963&ß RÌ SØÓuÛ º
¬ Ó
¤ ¶Ä 245 S.{.\.&ß RÌ SØÓ

a\
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¤ ¶ÄPÒ 436 AÀ»x 437 S.{.\.&ß RÌ ¤ n Â sn¨£®
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ö \ õz x ¶ ø © ©õØÓ®
J¸Á ¸ h Á Ì{ Î À A \"® (A) A \ \ zxUP Í

\úÀ \ zx¶ ©
\mh® 1899).
\ zx¶ © © ØÓ
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EÒÍ E¶
BS®.
22
\ zx, E¶ © © ØÓ
® Gß£x J¸ {£¶hª ¸¢x ¤ Ó{£¸US
\ » SÔUS®.
© ØÖuÀ Â Á [PÎ ß «x Á » \úÀ.
\´ ¨£h Á si GÀ» { h¬ Ó
P Í !® A ©zuÀ.
\ zx¶ © © ØÓ
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©Ø Ó¸ {£¸US © ØÖÁ x AÀ»x Ah© Ú® AÀ»x £ØÖ¶ ©
©ØÖ® \ \úÀ J¸ \ zx¶ ©
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\úÀ Gß£x \
P mk® £ x ©ØÖ® uÛ º P ¨"P Í B´Á x BS®. \
Cx ¬ ¢ u BÁ n®, E°À ©ØÖ® "v E¶ ©U
\¶ Pa \ßÔ¸UQÓ
x Gß£ u EÖv \´!® Â À»[P \ ßÖP Í
EÒÍ hUQ u S®. \ zx¶ © CÀ» ©À © ØÓ
® \´!® ¬ ¢ u
\ z u \¶ PU P mkÁ vÀ uÎ Â À» ©À
BQ Ú
A \ a \ \´Á vÀ ¬ u# »
\´Á x {À» Á È S®. P » ¬ Ó
Á ¶ \¨£kzu¨£mh A \ a \ n[PÎ ß
u h¶ß \ a \ zvß
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«xÒÍ £ØÖ £ Ö¨! ©ØÖ® Â À»[P[PÎ À EÒÍ AÔU P ©ØÖ®

Á [S£Á ¸US u¶Â UP¨£h Á si uPÁ ÀP Í EÒÍ hUQ u S®.
¶ ©P Í E¸Á USÁ u P Á Â Í ®! P
\´Á u P Á , EÖv \´Á u P Á , Á Ç[SÁ u P Á , S Ó
¨£u P Á
AÀ»x }USÁ u P Á ÇUP» ®.
©Ø Ó¸ Â u© P H u"® E¶ © AÀ»x Ph © E¸Á US®,

© ØÖ®, AÖv \´#®, }miUS®, }US® AÀ»x £vÄ \´#®
G¢u Á ¸ BÁ n¬ ® BÁ n®BS®.
ö \ õz x ¶ ø © ©õØÖ B Á n z v ß £S v PÒ
B Á n z ø u Â Á¶zuÀ
BÁ nz u Â Á ¶¨£x Auß uß © ©ØÖ® Auß £s £ ¬ iÄ

\´Á x BP x. BÁ nzvß £ ¸ÒÂ Í UP® TÖ® £ x BÁ n
Â Á ¶zu$ US AvP ¬ UQ zxÁ ® P kUP¨£h x GßÖ
Es © Ú © ØÓ
z u © Ó
UP» ®. GÚ Á © ØÓ
zvß uß © ©ØÖ®
Es © A h Í ® P n BÁ nzvß Â Á ¶zu$ US A¨£ À
\´ Á sk®.
J¸ BÁ n® J¸ u¢ u# h \ zxUP Í
£ P¨¤ ¶Â Ú \ uÛ¨£mh
\ zx ©P"US © ØÓ
¨£mhu À Ax u Ú
Vs u $ P |»Á ¶ ® ]zyº
, AIR 1982 Ker 330).
ø Pö ¯ õ ¨ £® C k ® ÷u v
JÆ Á ¸ BÁ n¬ ® uv°h¨£h Á sk®.
24
J¸ BÁ n® uv°h¨£h ©À Ç¨£u » AÀ»x

\ zv ª À» u uv P si¸¨£u » Ax \À»zuP x GßÖ
\ À» TÓ ¬ i x. Es © Ú uv PshÔ \ m] ®
HØÖU P ÒÍ ¨£k®. A u ©ÖUS® A!© Ú© P BÁ nzvÀ ÇUS®
uv° » Ax E¸Á UP¨£mhuØP P P Ê zvh¨£mhx GßÖ
P ÒÍ ¨£k®. (¸U©o A®© Ò Vs GvºA[UP®© { "k AIR 1926 Mad
744).
J¸ BÁ nzvØS S Ó
¢u¨£m\
J¨£¢uzvØS uS| » E h Áº
PÍ P ÇUP Á sk®. \ z u
£Ö£Á ºCÍ Á
\z u £Ö£Á ¶ß \ À AÀ»x \´ ©À Â mhvß ©À G¢u J¸
Ph¨£ k® CÀ » ßÓÀ A¢u CÍ Á À AÀ»x S Ó
" h Áº
uS| » CÀ» uÁ º \ ¬ i x.
\¶ P Â Á ¶UP¨£h Á sk®. £ º
uÁ ÓP¨ P kzv¸¢u # ® \ \ m] ®
AÎ UP¨£mh À BÁ n® \À# £i S®.
J¸ Á S¨¤ À EÒÍ uÛ{£º

PÒ A h Í® P n¨£hU
B Á n Áõ \ P [ PÒ
BÁ n Á \P[PÒ Gß£x J¸ BÁ nzvß \ # Özx® £Sv

Â Í US®TØÖPÒ BS®. (Dictionary of English Low - Jowitt).
25
Á \P[PÒ \ ! Özx® £SvUS RÌ © P Ç¢u ! ®

Á \
»º
k Gì uº ¤ ßÁ ¸© Ö TÖQÓº
. "" \ ! Özx® £Sv Ç
£ ¸Ò£kÁ u PÄ®, Á \P[PÒ uÎ Á PÄ® Ç¢u À, Á \P[PÒ
Au Ú wº
© ÛUS®. Á \P[PÒ Ç £ ¸Ò£kÁ u PÄ®, \ ! Özx®
£Sv uÎ Á PÄ® Ç¢u À \ ! Özx® £Sv Au Úz wº
© ÛUS®.
Á \P[PÒ ©ØÖ® \
\ ! Özx® £Sv GkzxU
P ÒÍ ¨£k®''.
® \®£¢u¨£mh \¢ uP[P Í Â Í USÁ uØS

Á \P[PÒ £ ß£kzu¨£mh ! ® \mhzvÀ Ax J¸ u Á Ú £Sv
Vs \ AIR 1967 Cal 119),
Á \P[PÒ J¸ \
\ ! Özx® £Sv B´¢uÔ"® uS¢u \ Â P £ ß£kQÓ
x.
Á \
ö \ õÀ ¾® Á õ \ P [ PÒ : \
\ z u GÆÁ Ö £ØÓº GßÖ TÖÁ x
BS®.
A Ô ¬ P ¨ £ k z x ® Áõ \ P [ PÒ : sn®
AÀ»x EÒ Í sn® BQ Á Ø Ó
U P mkQÓ
x. Á Ö H u#®
BÁ n® AÀ»x J¨£¢uz u ¬ Ê ©¨£kzu C¢u BÁ n®
E¸Á UP¨£mk P ¨£® Ch¨£kQÓ
u Gß£ u"® P mkQÓ
x.
ö \ õz v ß «uõÚ £õz v ¯ ø u & ÷ í £ s h ® (Heybendum )
í £sh® Gß£x Á [S£Á ¸US © ØÓ

¨£k® E¶ ©
Â Í USÁ u S®. í
Pmk¨£kzu¨£mhu Gß£ u AÔ¢x P ÒÍ » ®. © ØÓ
¨£k®
26
\ zu Úx Â À»[Pz u HØ£kzxÁ u P Ç¢u À A u¨ £ØÔ

SÔ¨! í £shzvÀ SÔ¨¤ mi¸UP Á sk®.
E Ò | £¢u ø ÚPÒ
EmTÖ BS®. \z u © ØÖ£Á º

, ©ØÖ® \z u £Ö£Á ¶ß
|£¢u ÚPÒ Á¶ \ PÄ®, uÛzuÛ PÄ® ¬ Ó PÄ®
TÓ
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U P
£ ß£k® Á P°À EÒ|£¢u ÚPÒ ÇUQÓ
x GßÖ SÇ¨£ª À» ©À
u¶"®.
Ò|£¢u ÚPÒ
RÌUPshÁ Ö ÇUP Á sk®.
© ØÖ£Á º © ØÓ
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, © ØÖÁ uØS
Av
\z u Á [S£Á º AÁ ¸US © ØÓ
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A¢u \ zx¶ © © ØÓ
zvß £ ¸Ò G¢uÂ u Â À»[P¬ ®
CÀ» ©À ÇUQÓ
x.
\ z u © ØÖ£Á º \ z u £ÖÁ º
US © ØÓ
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Î UQÓº
.
27
B Á n HØ£õm k £S v A À » x B Á n £S v
£Sv BS®. Cx C¢u BÁ n® RÌUPsh Á P Í TÖQÓ

x GßÖ
u h[S®.
ö \ ¯ Ø T Ö ¨ £S v
\ ØTÖ¨£Sv RÌUPshÁ Ø Ó P shx.
©Ö£ ß & ©Ö£ ß Gß£x HØÖU P ÒÍ ¨£mh AÀ»x

E¸Á UP¨£mh EÖv°ß £v» P J¨!U P ÒÍ ¨£mh £ ¸Ò
BS®. C¢u J¨£¢u® Jzv \Ä EÖvP Í P si¸US® £ x
,
Ä®
Á sk®. ©Ö£ Ûß AÍ Ä C¢u © ØÖu » HØ£kzx® £ x
\Î ¨£ º
PÒ. }v©ßÓ
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SÖUQkÁ vÀ Ga\¶U P P mkQÓ
x.
\ \mhzu À A[RP¶UP¨£mh
HØ S® T Ö
©Ö£ Ú HØÖU P sh uPÁ » u¶Â ¨£x ¬ UQ © Úu S®.

© ØÖa^mk, Ph"Öva^mk, P \ » £ ßÓ © ØÖ¬ Ó
BÁ n[PÎ ß £x ©Ö£ "UP P Á A¢u BÁ n®
\ À£kzu¨£kQÓ
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ö \ ¯ ¾Ö z x ® Á õºz ø uPÒ : C Á © ØÖu# ß uß © $®
Ç £ ¸Ò£h u Á P°% ® ÇUP Á sk®.

28
© ØÓ
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Â Á ¶¨£x BS®. uÎ Á Úu P ÇUP Á sk®. Cx PÁ Úª ßÔ
Ç¢u À Á ÇUSUS Á È Á SUS®. \ zx AÀ»x {»ß J¸ SÔ¨¤ mh
£ ¶À Ç¢u À A¢u ¨ £ ß£kzu Á sk®. © ØÖ¨£k®
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Â » U SP Ð ®, ¬ ß Ý ¶ ø ©P Ð ®
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Em£mhu S®. © ØÓ
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Â »USP Í #® ¬ ß"¶ ©P Í #® TÖ®. Â »US Gß£x £ xÁ Ú
Á º
z uPÍ À Á Ç[P¨£mh ]» £SvP Í v¸¨£ £Ö® \ À BS®.
GÀ» Â »USP!® \ z u¨ £ Öz u ÇUP Á sk®. ©ØÖ®
\ z u © ØÖ® BÁ nzvß
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zvß Â »USPÒ BS®. Cx
uß © PkUS® AÍ ÄUS SÈ u sk® E¶ ©

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¬ ß"¶ © Gß£x © ØÓ
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29
\õ ß ÖÖ v ¨ £S v
BÁ nzvØS \ m] S® C¢u \
£ xÁ P BÁ nzvß P h]¨ £Sv°À RÌUPshÁ Ö
GÊ u¨£kQÓ
x.
""C¢u \ m]PÎ ß ¬ ßÛ »°À ©ØSÔ¨¤ mh Á ¸h® ©ØÖ®

uv°À C¢u BÁ nzvÀ { [PÒ P ¨£ª m h ®''.
Cx Pmh ª À » GßÓ! ®, BÁ n®, EÖvBÁ n®, J¨£¢u®

£ ßÓ
Á ØÔÀ | ÚÄ¨£Sv P Á ¨£x {À»u S®. C¢u BÁ n®
J¸ |ÖÁ Ú® AÀ»x \
Á sk®.
® GÊ v \¶£ º
zu¤ Ó
S \À»zuUPu P © ØÖ® { h¬ Ó
PÒ
| ÓÁ ØÓ
¨£h Á sk®.
\ õ ß öÓõ ¨ £® : \ ß Ó¨£® Gß£x J¸ BÁ n® AÀ»x EÖv

BÁ nzvÀ P ¨£ª k® £ x u[PÒ ¬ ßÛ »°À u ß {h¢ux
GßÖ \ À" Ai°À \ ß Ó¨£UTÔÀ RÌ P ¨£® CkÁ x BS®.
\ m]PÒ P ¨£® Ch Á sk®.
AÁ º
PÒ BÁ n® HØ£kzv Á º P ¨£® Cmh u £ º
zv¸UP
Á sk®.
Ax AÁ ¸ h P ¨£®u ß Gß£ u EÖv \´x P ÒÍ

Á sk®.
JÆ Á ¸® \ m]#® BÁ n® HØ£kzv Á ¶ß ¬ ßÛ »°À

P ¨£ª h Á sk®.
\mhzu À \ À»¨£h ©À Ç¢u À BÁ nzvß \À»zuS

| »US \ m]PÒ P ¨£ª h Á sk® GßÖ AÁ ] ª À ».
30
¤ ßÁ ¸® BÁ n[P Í \ À£kzx® £x \ ß Ó¨£®

AÁ ] © QÓ
x.
Ah© Ú® ¤ ¶Ä 59 \ zx¶ © © ØÖa\mh® P h ¤ ¶Ä 124

\ .© . \mh®.
E°À ¤ ¶Ä 63 C¢v CÓ
[S¶ ©a \mh® 1925.
Pmh Í 6 Â v 15(4) E¶ ©° À { h¬ Ó
a \mhzvß£i
hß \º
zx u UPÀ
\
AÀ»x \ ßÖÖv AvP ¶° Ú À \ ß Ó¨£® Ch¨£mi¸UP Á sk®.
B Á n z ø u £ v Ä ö \ ´ uÀ
BÁ nz u¨ £vÄ \ú! ß { UP® ©ØÖ® P¸zx

RÌUPsh Á BS®.
J¸ £ x BÁ n £vÄ \úÀ ¬ Ó Á Ç[SÁ uØS®
£ x©UP"US J¸ \ z u¨ £ØÔ AÀ»x u US® \mh

E¶ ©PÒ©ØÖ® Ph ©PÒ £ØÔ uPÁ ÀP Í AÎ ¨£uØS®
© \i uk¨£uØS®
u Á Ú \mh¨ £ xP ¨#UP PÄ® £vÄ \úÀ BÁ nzvß

«Ó
UTh x | » $®, ¬ UQ zxÁ z u$® TÖQÓ
x.
( á Qu ì Vs L£Rº
£ shºAIR 1970 Orissa 22).
¤ ßÁ ¸® BÁ n[PÒ Psi¨£ P £vÄa \´ ¨£h Á sk®

(¤ ¶Ä 17 £vÄa \mh® 1908) . (£ v Äa \ mh®).
A \ \ zv Ú Á Ç[S® P h
31
¡Ö !£ ´©v¨¤ ØS ©» Ú A \ a \ zvß ©À EÒÍ
BQ Á Ø Ó HØ£kzx®, Â Í US®, © ØÔ ©US®

Pmk¨£kzx®AÀ»x }US® E°À AÀ» u BÁ n®BS®.
Á Ç[P¨£mh
E¸Á UP Á , © ØÔU P kUP Á , Pmk¨£kzu Á , }UP Á
\ú » HØÖU P Ò"®E°À AÀ» u BÁ n®.
A \ \ zvß Á ¸hzvØS Á ¸h® AÀ»x J¸ Á ¸hzvØS

©» Ú Szu P.
A \ \
E¸Á US® Â Í US®, © ØÖ®, Pmk¨£kzx®, }US® J¸
\´#® BÁ n®.
\ À»¨£mh Â »USPÒ £ P «v#ÒÍ £vÄ

\úÎ $ ¸¢x RÌUPsh Á PÒ Â »UPÎ ¨£kQÓ
x.
\ \ BÁ n®
|ÖÁ Úzvß£[S \®£¢u© Ú BÁ n®.
A \ \
E¸Á UP Á , Â Í UP Á , Pmk¨£kzu Á , }UP Á \´ u
A \ a \
E¸Á UP Á , Â Í UP Á , © ØÓÁ , Pmk¨£kzu Á , }UP Á
\´ u BÁ n®.
32
\ a \ zx Á ¸Á ´ AvP ¶°Ú À
£ P¨¤ ¶Â Ú \
AÓ
UPmh Í P¸Å» AvP ¶°ß \ zx¶ © AÎ UP Á ,
GkUP Á \´!® AÓ| » a \mh® 1890&ß RÌ £ h¨£mh
Ah© Úzvß «x \" zv uØP Ú J¨# Pa ^mk.
Á ¸Á ´ AvP ¶°Ú À, \ z u Á [S£Á ¸US £ x H»zvÀ

Â Ø£ Ú \úuØP Ú \ ßÖ.
¤ ßÁ ¸® BÁ n[PÎ ß £vÄ \´Á x Â ¸¨£zvØSm£mhx

(¤ ¶Ä 18 £vÄa \mh®)
¡Ö $£ ´©v¨#USU RÇ Ú A \ a \ zvß ©À EÒÍ E¶ ©

\´!®.
© ØÓÎ UPÄ®, Pmk¨£kzxÁ x®, AÀ»x }US® E°À AÀ»x
E¸Á UP Á ,Â Í ®# P \´ Á , © ØÔ Î UP Á ,
Pmk¨£kzu Á , }UP Á \´!® ©Ö£ %UP Ú J¨# P.
J¸ Á ¸hzvØS RÇ Ú A \ a \ zx ©À Szu P.
A \!® \ zvß ©À E¶ ©,
\´!®, © ØÔ Î US® Pmk¨£kzx® AÀ»x }UP® \´!®
E°À AÀ» u BÁ n®.
E°À
E° » £vÄ \´Á x Â ¸¨£zvØS Em£mhx. Cx ¤ ¶Ä 63(C)

C¢v CÓ
[S¶ ©a \mh® 1925&ß RÌ \ ß Ó¨£® CkÁ u Âh
S Ó
¢u ©v¨# P shu S®.
33
¤ ¶Ä 32 £vÄa \mhzvß£i, £vÄa \´ ¨£k® G¢u J¸

BÁ n¬ ® £vÄ A! Á »PzvÀ RÌUPsh {£º
PÍ À
¬ ßÛ »¨£kzu¨£h Á sk®:
BÁ nz u \ À£kzx® AÀ»x BÁ nzvß RÌ H u"®

P ¸®{£º
A¢u
¬ PÁ º
.
¤ ¶Ä 38 & £vÄa \
©mk © A[RP¶UP¨£kQßÓ
Ú.
¬ uÀÁ ºÁ ]US® F¶À EÒÍ £vÁ Í º AÀ»x \º

£vÁ Í º
\ Á ]US®
\À! ¨£i UP¨£mh £x
¬ uÀÁ º C¢v Â À Á ]UP ©À Ç¢u À \ ßÖ AvP ¶,

}v©ßÓ
®, }v£v,
\
RÌUPsh {£º
PÒ £vÄ A! Á »Pzv » }v©ßÓ
zv » £x
\
E¶ ©° À AÀ»x SØÓ
Â À { h¬ Ó
°À ] Ó
°ÀEÒÍ Á º
.
}v©ßÓ
zvÀ \mhzvß£i BáºBPz u Á °À» uÁ º
.
34
£vÄ \´ ¨£h Á si BÁ n® £vÄ \´ ¨£h Â mh À

¤ ¶Ä 49 £vÄa \mhzvß RÌAu Ú J¸ \ m] ® BP HØÖU P ÒÍ
\´ ¨£h u BÁ n®
EuÂ \´!® \ m] © P £ ß£kzu¨£h» ®. A¢u EuÂ BÁ n®
£vÄa \´ ¨£h Á si BÁ nzv" ¸¢x uÛ¨£mhu P ÇUP
Á sk®. A¢u x n BÁ n® £vÄ \´ u Á ¨£h u JßÓP
ÇUP Á sk®. ( P.¤ . \í Asm Aßì (¤ ) " m Vs
hÁ »¨ ©sm Pß\Àhsm " ª hm (2008) 8 SCC (564).
\mhzvß RÌ:
© |»zvØS Á Ç[P¨£k®.
\mh ©ØÖ®
x Ó
U P EÒÍ x. (£vÄ 91 ©zv ¨£mi À, 7Á x AmhÁ n).
\mh® ©ØÖ® x Ó
U P EÒÍ x. (£vÄ 63 © |»¨£mi À 7Á x
AmhÁ n).
£vÄPmhnz u Á `" US® ©ØÖ® |º

Á QUS® ¬ Ó£vÄ 44
£ x¨£mi À HÇ Á x AmhÁ n°À EÒÍ x.
£ xÁ P £vÄ Pmhn® \# zu¨£h Á si BÁ n[PÒ:
Â Ø£ Ú
Szu P
Ah© Ú®
P h AÀ»x
Á Ö H u$® Á oP © ØÓ
[PÒ
35
\mh® \ zx¶ © © ØÖ® uß ©US HØ£
EÖ¨!PÎ À \
""J¸ BÁ n® S Ó
£k h
zxhß \" zu¨£mh À }v©ßÓ
® ¤ ¶Ä 33
\mhzvß£i A¢u BÁ n® \ m] © P
HØÖU P ÒÍ ¨£h x'' Vs £ AIR 1978 SC 1393).
©ØÖ® {hzøu ÂvPÒ
¬ uß © Úu P Ç¢u £ v! ®, C¢v £º PÄß]» À
E¶ ©PÒ, ]Ó
¨"¶ ©PÒ ©ØÖ® Pmk¨£ kPÒ, E¶ ©° À { h¬ Ó
\ \
£À Á Ö E º
}v©ßÓ
[PÒ ©ØÖ® © |» £º
PÄß]ÀPÒ Á Szu
\ì , AIR 1993 Bom 217 ).
\mhzvß RÌ H u#® J¸
£mi $ À \ \mh®(¤ ¶Ä 2 (1) (2)).
÷ \ ºU ø P ² ®, £ v Ä® :
C¢v £º PÄß]À Au# h \ ÀP Í | ÓÁ ØÓ

\mhzvßRÌÂ vP Í E¸Á UP» ®. SÔ¨£ P C¢u Â vPÒ
\´ uS¢uÁ º
PÎ ß Á S¨" ©ØÖ® Á PP Í ¨ £ØÔ
x. (¤ ¶Ä 49 (1) (ag
TÖQÓ \mh®).
\mh®, ]» {£º
P Í © |» £mi $ À
\º
UPUTh x GßÖ TÖQÓ
x.
A¢u {£º
PÒ, RÌPshÁ º
PÒBÁ º
.
JÊ UPU Pk \®£¢u¨£mh SØÓ

[PÎ À ush Ú £ØÓ
Áº.
wsh © (SØÓ
[PÒ) \mh®,1955 ß ¤ ¶ÄPÎ ß RÌ TÓ
¨£mh
SØÓ
[P!UP P ush Ú £ØÓ
Áº.
© |» A" Á »P® AÀ»x £o°# ¸¢x }UP¨£mhÁ º AÀ»x

Â »UP¨£mhÁ º AÀ»x JÊ UPU Pk \®£¢u¨£mh
SØÓ
a\ mkUP P }UP¨£mhÁ ºAÀ»x Â »UP¨£mhÁ º
.
BskPÒ AÀ»x £o Í º AÀ»x A" Á »¶ß £o}UP® AÀ»x
¤ ¶Ä 24 A \mh® TÖQÓ
x. (£ º
UP á. Gß. ã Sü
GvºGÀ. ãAì é ®, AIR 1959 Aì é ®134). ¤ ¶Ä 24 (A)(1) ush Ú
GßÖ SÔ¨¤ hÂ À ». C¢u u h SØÓ
®PshÔ ¨£mh BÚ À 1958 ß
RÌ |º
Á QUP¨£k® {£¸US £ ¸¢u x. (¤ ¶Ä 24 (A
\mh®).
\uÃu
£o°h[PÒ J¸ SÔ¨¤ mh ¤ Ø£kzu¨£mh Á S¨¤ Ú¸US
JxUP¨£mi¸UQßÓ
Ú. JxUP¨£mh Á S¨ £a \
Á sk® GßÓ GsnzvÀ Ç¢u ‘A’ Gß£Á º Á » ¨
£ÖÁ uØP P £ ´ Ú \ ßÔu Ç \©º
¨¤ zu º
. £ ´ Ú \ ßÔu Ç
\©º
¤ ¨£x JÊ UPU Ph Ú SØÓ
® GßÖ TÓ
¨£mk A Gß£Á º
usiUP¨£mh º
. A Gß£Á ºAÁ ¸ h Â ku »°À
\ú# À Ç¢x u h
\
hÁ »¨ ©sm, AIR 1995 SC 94).
x¨£ UQ " ® _mhu Pa \ À»¨£kQÓ

x. A Gß£Á ºA¢u SØÓ
zvØP P
usiUP¨£mh º ©ØÖ® E º
}v ©ßÓ
¬ ® A¢u ush Ú EÖv
\
\´ ¬ i!®. © |» £ º
PÄß]" ßJÊ UPU SÊ z u È À AÀ»x ©ØÓ{hz u Pk \úÁ ¸US
hzux. (î ®Pz A" P ß GvºDì Á º
\ z Bº , AIR 1997 SC 864).
\ú# US Â sn¨¤ zu À
\ú# US
©ÖUP¨£kQÓº
.
©ØTÔ GkzxUP miÀ, Pzv À u UQ uØS £v» P
Á [Q, AÀ»x Á ¸© Ú Á ¶x Ó
) \´v¸¢u À, AÁ ºJÊ UPU Ph Ú
SØÓ
® \úÁ ºBQÓº
. GÚ Á AÁ ºÁ ÇUPÔbº£vÄ¨£mi " À Ç¢x
A Gß£Á º Â sn¨¤ zv¸¢x JÊ UPU Ph Ú SØÓ

zvØP P
ush n £ØÖ £mi " À Ç¢x }UP¨£mi¸¢u À, AÁ ¸ h
\´ A$©vUP¨£h © mh º
.
\mh® 1955ß RÌz ush Ú

£ØÔ¸¢u À A Gß£Á ºÁ ÇUPÔbº£mi " À Ç¢x }UP¨£kÁ º
.A u
£ À, Â sn¨£® \úÁ ºwsh © (SØÓ
[PÒ) \mh® 1955 ß RÌ
£vÄ \ú" ÀÇ¢x u h
\´ ¨£kQÓº
.
£ v Ä ö \ ´ u¼À ÷©õ \ i A À » x ö£õ ´ U T ØÖ :
J¸Á º ¬ UQ © Ú £ ¸s ©°ß ©À £ ÚTØÖ AÀ»x

©\
£mi " À \º
zv¸UQÓºGßÖ C¢v £ ºPÄß]À v¸¨v h¢u À,
P®
\´ » ®. A¢u {£¸US AÁ ¸ h £v »U PmP J¸ Á ´¨!
Á Ç[P ©À £ º}UP® \ú À Ax \
\mh®, 1961).
© \i Gß£x J¸ {»£ k £Ö® Gsnzxhß H© ØÖuÀ BS®.

(G”
ì .¤ . \ AIR 1994 SC 583).
¤ (P . ¤ (P)
\´ { kQÓº
Gß£Á ºC¢v ush Úa \mh® ¤ ¶Ä 411 ©ØÖ® 473 ß RÌ £ØÓ
¬ ¢ u ush ÚP Í Á Î UP mhÂ À ». ‘¤ ’ ß £ º£mi " À
Ç¢x }UP¨£mhx. C¢v J¨£¢ua \mh®¤ ¶Ä 17 ßRÌ¤ £_®Ph ©
EÒÍ Á º
. Â sn¨£zvÀ ¬ ¢ u ush ÚP Í U SÔ¨¤ k® £Sv
CÀ» u £ v# ®, ¤ Au Ú Á Î UP mi ÇUP Á sk®. ( á Q¢uº
][ GvºC¢v £ ºPÄß]À, AIR 1975 hÀ" 192).
¤ (P
Á ÇUS |# Á °À Ç¢u u © Ó
zx Â kQÓº
. ¤ (P) Gß£Á º
. (C¢uº][. In re
\mhzvßRÌ¨£vÄ \´ uP uÁ ºBQÓº
1963 (65) PLR 619).
u Ä \´x C¢v J¨£¢u \mh® ¤ ¶Ä 17 ß RÌ EÒÍ
C¢u £SvUP P P sP.
\
£ ºPÄß]À ©Özv¸¢u À, A u ©Özu © |» £ ºPÄß]À ©ØÖ®
\®©u®CßÔ Á Ö G¢u © |»
£ ºPÄß]# ® A \º
US® Â sn¨£zv Ú
HØÖU P ÒÍ x (¤ ¶Ä 27, Á .\mh®1961).
©ØÓ ¨ £ o P Î ß « x u ø h:
\mhz u È » GkzxU P ÒÍ Â ¸¨£® E h Á ºJ¸ Á ´ £

\mhz u È ! À ~ Ç¢u À,
Á sk®. ©ØÓGxÄ® ÇUPUTh x. C¢v £ ºPÄß]À Â vPÒ, 1975

©ØÓ u È ! ß ©À u hP Í Â vUQÓ
x. (Re S,
AIR, 1936 Pat 1).
CÀ » GßÖ uS¢u © |» £ ºPÄß]À P¸vÚ À, A¢u Tmh s ©°À
(BCI Â v PÒ, £S v VI, A z v ¯ õ ¯ ® II, ¤ ¶Ä VII, Â v 47).
EÒÍ Ph ©PÒ |º
Á P
¬ iÄP Í Gk¨£u P Á Au Ú A©À£kzxÁ u P Á ÇUP ¬ i x.
(BCI Â vPÒ, £Sv IV , Azv ®II , ¤ ¶Ä VII , Â v 48 ).
h s ©°ß |ÖÁ Úzvß AÀ»x A ©¨¤ ß

\
\
\´ Th x.
(BCI Â v PÒ, £S v VI , A z v ¯ õ ¯ ® II , ¤ ¶Ä VII , Â v 49).
AÀ»x H u!® £ x |ÖÁ Ú® AÀ»x \mh¨£i Ú A ©¨¤ ß

\ \
(¤ ¶ÄPÒ28 (2) (a) ©ØÖ® 24 (1) (E \mh® \º
zx £iUP
BCI Â vPÒ, £Sv VI , Azv ®II, ¤ ¶Ä VII , Â v 49).
\
£ x |ÖÁ Ú® AÀ»x \mh¨£i Ú A ©¨¤ ß \ º
£ P }v©ßÓ
zvÀ
. (BCI Â vPÒ,
\ À£h Á AÀ»x Á vh Á | ª UP¨£mh {£ºBÁ º
£Sv VI , Azv ® II , ¤ ¶Ä VII , Â v 49).
£ØÓH u!® u È " ßJ¸£[Q Ú Á zv¸¨£
£[S P ÒÍ ¬ i x.
(BCI Â v PÒ, £S v VI , A z v ¯ õ ¯ ® II , ¤ ¶Ä VII , Â v 50).
A Gß£Á º AÁ º \
}v©ßÓ
zvÀ |# Á °À ÇUS® \mh®¤ ¶Ä
17 B ß RÌÁ ÌU P¨ £ ¸$uÂ £iz u P £ØÖU P sk® A u
\ . ‘A’ Gß£Á º{hz uU
\ú º
\´Á v! ¸¢x u h
\´ ¨£kQÓº
. ( åU ©U§¨í \ AIR 2003
NOC 2915).
\mhzvßRÌ A
|ÖÁ Úzvh © AÀ»x J¸ A ©¨¤ h © \

‘A ’
n® :
AÀ»x C ØÓ
¨£mh \mhzu À E¸Á UP¨£mh A ©¨¤ ØP P Á
\ À£hÄ® AÀ»x Á vhÄ® © |» £ º PÄß]À Â vPÎ ß RÌ
A"©vUP¨£h ¬ i#®.
\mhzvß RÌ
CÇ¨¥k Á [SÁ uØS £v» P, A Gß£Á º\
«Ó
Â À ». Tku» P A Gß£Á ¶ß C USÚºAÀ»x u »Á º£uÂ °ß
£oPÒ |º
Á P ¬ i Á k¨£u P ÇUP Á AÀ»x AI Gß£Á º
©» s © C USÚºAÀ»x \
© » EÒÍ GkzxUP miÀ, A Gß£Á º

, ¤Ó
¨$ ¬ Ó
GÛ"® A Gß£Á º ©ØPsh u È ! ß |º

Á PzvÀ uÛzu | »°À
£[S £Ó¬ i x.
J¸ Á
\ u UP Í Fv zvØP P ©Ö B´Ä \´ » ®.
\®£Í zvÀ \mh £ h !zuP[P Í £v¨¤ ØS u º \´ » ®.
© nÁ º
P"US \mhz uº
ÄP"UP P £°Ø] AÎ UP» ®.
uº
Ä Â Ú zu ÒP Í u º \´ Ä® \ u Ú \´ » ®.
!uÀ,
£zv¶ P u È À, \ Ø £ È Ä ©ØÖ® \mh AÀ»x \mh©À» u
£ h[P Í £°ØÖÂ zu# $ ®Dk£h» ®
(BCI Â vPÒ, £Sv VI , Azv ®II , ¤ ¶Ä VII , Â v 51).
© |» £ º PÄß]# ß £i A¢u¨ £o°ß uß © CÁ ¸ h
C¢u Âv C¢v £ º PÄß]À AÆÁ ¨ £ x Á Î °k®

{Ô%ÖzuÀP"US Em£mhx. (BCI Â vPÒ, £Sv VI , Azv ® II ,
¤ ¶Ä VII , Â v 52).
J¸
ÁÇU S ø S Ô ¨ ø £ HØÖU öPõÒ Ð ® Ph ø ©
k®.
| », ©ØÖ®Á Ç[S®uß ©US JÆÄ®AÍ Ä h u P ÇUP Á sk®.
SÔ¨ £ HØP ©ÖUP» ®. (BCI Â vPÒ, £Sv VI , Azv ® II , ¤ ¶Ä VII,

Â v 7).
‘C’ ,C
C JÆ Á ¸
C
Pmhn
\
(» ÀhºGvº\ TºAP©x AIR 1929 Qudh 672).
J¨!U P sh A" Á # À Ç¢x v¸®£¨ £Ó©À ÇUS®Ph ©.
\´
Á sk® (BCI Â vPÒ, £Sv VI , Azv ® II , ¤ ¶Ä VII , Â v 12).
: “A”
\´ Â À ». A AÁ ¸ h
\´ Â À ». A AÁ ºE ÇUP u
Ä® EÖv AÎ UPÂ À ». A A¢u Á ÇUQ# ¸¢x
K´Ä £ÓA!©vUP¨£h© mh º(£ hÀ ©Pß» À uÛä£ ´Gvº£ hÀ
\ AIR 1988 Guj 48).
\
P ÒÍ ©À ÇUS®Ph ©: &
\ m] P A ÇUP¨£kÁ º GßÓ{®£zuS¢u
Á ÇU P HØÖU P sh ¤ Ó
S ¬ UQ © Ú £ ¸s ©Â Ú Â À \ m] P
Th x (BCI Â vPÒ, £Sv VI , Azv ®II , ¤ ¶Ä VII , Â v 13).
\ m] P BS® £ Ê x, ©ØÖ®
{À »snzvß £i v¸®£¨ £Öu" UP Ú Â sn¨£® AÎ UP¨£k®
£ØÖÒÍ x (¤ ¶Ä 151, E¶ ©° À { h¬ Ó\mh®1908).
‘D ’ ¤ (P) °hª ¸¢x £ØÓB n#Öv BÁ n® Jß Ó

a
\©º
¨¤ zu º
. Ax Á ÇUQØS ¬ UQ © Ú JßÓS®. A¢u B n#Öv
‘A ’ ÂÚ À A h Í ® P mku »
AhUQ°¸¢ux. A C¨ £ x B n#Öv BÁ nzvß Es ©z
uß © |$¤ US® ¬ UQ \ m] BQÓº
. A Gß£Á ºC¢u Á ÇUQÀ
\ \´ ¨£kQÓº
(\ AIR 1990 Pat 157).
\ ÚPÒ ©À EÒÍ
{»ß \®£¢u© P ¬ Ê © Ú Á Î ¨£kzxuÀ Ph © E h Á º
.
\ Ú°À A¢u
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» ®.
i. P £ »ß AIR 1979 SC 281 ).
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x (BCI Â vPÒ, £Sv VI , Azv
TÖQÓ ®II , ¤ ¶Ä VII , Â v 15).
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x. ( \ õm ] ¯ \ mh®) J¸
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Evidence Act).
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U Gvº! Ú hm ì hmì 289 USI , 15, (1933)).

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u hº
a] Úu À Cx Á Î ¨£ku# ¸¢x £ xP UP¨£hÂ À »
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Á sk®. (QÍ º
U Gvº! Ú hmì hmhì 289, USI, 15,
(1933).
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¤ ¶Ä II , Â v 18).
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Th x (BCI Â vPÒ, £Sv VI, Azv ®II, ¤ ¶Ä II, Â v 19).
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\¢u GvºC¢v £º
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11 Sec (108).
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vhª À» uÁ ÖUP P J¸ E¸Á UP¨£mh Á ÇU P . P Cx
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uPÁ ÀPÒ ©ØÖ® SÔ¨!PÎ ß£i ©mk © \ À£h Á sk® GßÖ Â v
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143).
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u Â ºU S® Ph ø ©
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Q h¨£Á ØÔß J¸ £Sv Pmhn© P |º
n°UP ¬ i x. (BCI
Â vPÒ, £Sv II, Azv ® II, ¤ ¶Ä II, Â v 20).
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¬ ¢ u \®£Í ® ©ØÖ® £iz u P £ØÖ u¢u À uÚUS ".5000
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x. C¢u HØ£ k A!©vUP¨£h x. (¤ . Á [Ph z¶
u º P\º][, 1975(2) APLJ
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AÀ»x Au Ú Â » P kzx Á [P Á Th x.
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£ ¸¢u x.
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zuUP ¬ Ó
BÁ nzvØS £ ¸¢u x.
£ ¸¢u x (BCI Â vPÒ, £Sv VI, Azv ®II, ¤ ¶Ä II, Â v 21).
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n Á Ç[P¨£kQÓ
x.
A¢u wº
£ n A, C- °h® Ç¢x © ØÔ £ÖQÓº
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BÁ n® D Gß£Á ºC US !. 276 Phß£mhÁ º
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AÍ Ä £nzvØP P A US © ØÓ
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P ¸¶ © Á [Q u À Â v 21ß RÌ, {hz uU Pk SØÓ
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. (Re L,
C ÇzuÁ ºBQÓº AIR 1938 Mad 276). J¸
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£ ¸mk Â Ø£ Ú \´ ¨£k® \ zx.
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AÀ»x Á [P Á AvP \ zv Ú H»® GkUP Á
AÀ»x Á [P Á \´ » ®.
GkUP A"©v AÎ zv¸UP Á sk®. (BCI Â vPÒ, £Sv VI

Azv ®II, ¤ ¶Ä II, Â v 22).
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A
\ À£k® Á ÇUQÀ EÒÍ {»¨£ h Á [Q u À, AÁ ºÂ v 22ß£i
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u È À¬ Ó P AvÀ £[S £Ö® £ x Á [P ¬ i x (BCI Â vPÒ,
£Sv VI , Azv ®II , ¤ ¶Ä II, Â v 22A).
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PmP Á AÀ»x Á [P Á E¶ © EÒÍ \ z u A¢u
\´ » ©. (BCI
Â vPÒ, £Sv VI, Azv ® II, ¤ ¶Ä II , Â v 22).
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PmhnzvÀ \¶ \´ UTh x.
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A C Gß£Á ¸US Á h P £n® ".500

P kUP Á sk®. C Gß£Á ºA
A
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£ Ú £ÖuÀTh x. (BCI, Â vPÒ, £Sv VI, Azv ®II , ¤ ¶Ä
II, Â v 24).
A bº T
. A, AÁ º E°À GÊ x® £vÄ !zuPzvÀ TUS E°À
| ª UP¨£kQÓº
. TßPnÁ ºCÓ
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B A
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{®¤ U P S »¨£u P EÒÍ x (á ß i`é GvºGmÁ º
mAÛ (1994)
25CC 64).
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A¢u PnUS,
Gß£ u P mh Á sk®.
P \ú \»Ä, ©ØÖ®
PmhnzvØP P GkUP¨£mh £n® uv ©ØÖ® ¬ UQ

SÔ¨!P$hß ÇUP Á sk®. ( BCI Â vPÒ, £Sv II, Azv ®
II, ¤ ¶Ä II , Â v 25).
A C
\»ÄUP P %.750I A
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zvÀ £ mk . A
Á zu º
C-ß \®©u® CßÔ \»Ä \´ ¨£h u !. 242I
v¸®£¨ £ØÖ Au Ú Á zxU . A
P sh º C-°h®
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A ©" ® GÆÁ Í Ä £n® \»Ä \´ ¨£mhx, ©ØÖ® }v©ßÓ
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\»ÄUSÔ¨$P Í #® Á zv¸UP Á sk® (M. Re AIR

1957 SC 149).
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\®©uª ßÔ \»ÄUSU
P kzu £nz u Pmhn© P UTh x (BCI Â vPÒ, £Sv VI,
© ØÓ
Azv ®II, ¤ ¶Ä II, Â v 26).
A, v©ßÓ
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\®©u® Ç¢x . A-
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£Ó
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u¶ £kzu Á sk®. (BCI Â vPÒ, £Sv VI,

Azv ®II, ¤ ¶Ä II, Â v 27).
A C
. A A¢u £n® Á [Q
£ÖQÓº u CUS u¶ £kzuÂ À ». A
£n® £ØÓ
Â mh ºGßÖ S C A¢u £nz u
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SØÓ
ª . A A¢u £nz u
ÇzuÁ º BQÓº £ØÓ Eh Ú Au Ú
CUS u¶ £kzu Á sk®. (Re AIR 1961 Ker 209
(FB)).
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Á ÇUSUP P P kUP¨£mh £nz u Pmhn £ UQ À \¶ \´x
P ÒÍ » ®. (BCI Â vPÒ, £Sv VI, Azv ® II , ¤ ¶Ä II, Â v 28).
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Â vPÒ, £Sv VI, Azv ®II, ¤ ¶Ä II, Â v 29).
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.
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¤ ¶Ä II Â v 31).
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P \ À£mi¸US®
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A C G!® "P º
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u ßÖQÓº S A, D
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zvÀ PmP¨£h Á ,
\ À£h Á Th x. (æ ®» À Â ì GvºC¢uº
\¢z á°ß ©ØÖ®
J¸Á ºAIR 2008 MP15 ).
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38).
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First Edition: August, 2010
Bar Council of India Rainmaker Training and Recruitment Pvt. Ltd.

21, A - 4, 2nd Floor,
Rouse Avenue Instutional Area, Sarvodya Enclave,
New Delhi - 110 002 New Delhi - 110017
While the publishers have engaged translators with experience and expertise
in translating legal materials, you would appreciate that certain words or
phrases do not have corresponding words with an identical meaning in other
languages. The publishers have taken the utmost care to prevent any errors,
and disclaim liabilty for any errors that may have crept in regardless. We
invite suggestions for improvement and corrections.

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