AYOLUENGO FIELD, SOUTHWEST CANTABRIAN BASIN
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NORTH-CENTRAL SPAIN
Abstract
Surface seeps and asphalt sands in the western end of
the Cantabrian Basin developed an interest in oil ex-
ploration as early as the nineteen twenties. In spite of
this early start it was not until 127 dry holes had been
drilled in Spanish soil that commercial oil was found in
Ayoluengo on June 6,1964.
The Ayoluengo oil field is located between two small
sub-basins(Polientes and Sedano) that historically were
connected most of the time with the large Cantabrian
Basin to the north. Subsidence of these small basins
during Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous time, as the
result of salt movement, resulted in the deposition of a
marine-continental sand-shale series favourable to the
generation and accumulation of hydrocarbons. Early
migration and entrapment on growing salt structures is
postulated.
Reflection geophysical surveys revealed a subsurface
relief extremely different than that of the surface and
the picture is further complicated by thick sedimentary
wedges. Data vary from good to not usable and at-
tempts are being made to enhance the results by latest
seismic methods.
Development and extension of the Ayoluengo field is
on a primary spacing of 60 acres with the probable need
for infill drilling to improve drainage. To date thirty
wells have been drilled. Twenty-three are producers ;
three are marginal and four dry.
INTRODUCTION
The Ayoluengo oil field is located between the Canta- boundary with Santander and within the Municipal
brian mountains of the north, the Tertiary plateau of limits of the small towns of Sargentes, Ayoluengo, Val-
Old Castille on the south and the Asturian Paleozoic deajos de la Lora and San Andrés.
nucleus to the west (Fig. 1). In relation to the political
by R. SANZ
Spain
Résumé
Des filtrations en surface et des sables asphaltiques
dans l’extrême occidental du Bassin Cantabrique ont
amorcé un interêt dans la recherche de pétrole déjà en
1920-1923. De toutes façons, c’est seulement après 127
forages secs en Espagne qu’on a trouvé de pétrole com-
mercialement exploitable à Ayoluengo, le 6 Juin, 1964.
Le champ d’Ayoluengo est situé entre deux petits
bassins (Polientes et Sedano) qui furent historiquement
liés, la plupart du temps, à l’important bassin Canta-
brique vers le Nord. La subsidence de ces petits bassins
au cours de la période Jurassique Supérieur-Crétacé
Inférieur, conséquence des mouvements des niveaux
salifères, a entraîné le dépôt de séries argilo-sableuses
d’origine semi-marine, semi-continentale, favorable à
la formation et à l’accumulation d’hydrocarbures. On
suppose une migration primaire et l’accumulation dans
des pièges sur des dômes de sel en formation.
Des études par sismiquede réflection ont montré que
le relief en profondeur est extrêmement différent du
relief superficiel. La question est devenue encore plus
compliquée par l’existence d’épais encalements sédi-
mentaires. L‘information varie de bonne à inutile
et on est en train d’essayer d’augmenter les résultats
avec l’emploi des dernières méthodes sismiques.
Le développement du champ d’Ayoluengo est con-
duit sur une maille de 25 Ha. avec la probable necessité
de forages intercalés pour augmenter le drainage.
Jusqu’à présent on a foré 30 puits desquels 23 sont pro-
ductifs, 4 sont secs et 3 sont marginaux.
and administrative divisions of Spain, it is situated in
the northwest corner of the Burgos province, near the
The Ayoluengo field is within the old Government
petroleum reserve of North Burgos, which was pro-
visionally granted to Compañia Arrendataria del
Monopolio de Petróleos, S.A. (Campsa) for explora-
252 New Oil Producing Regions
tion in the year 1946 and definitely in 1956. Its original
area1 extent was 280,000 hectares and it included the
northwest corner of the Burgos province, southernmost
part of Santander province and the northeast piece of
Palencia province. When the present Hydrocarbon
Legislation became Law, Campsa requested permission
to adapt and convert the reserve to the new terms. The
Government in granting this request required a reduc-
’ tion in acreage and a split of the area into two permits:
“Ubierna”, containing 181,019 hectares and “Polientes”
with 15,089 hectares. The Ayoluengo field is within the
Ubierna permit. In October of 1959, Campsa became
associated with the Spanish affiliates of Texaco Inc.
(Texspain) and Standard of California (Calspain) with
a participation of 50%, 25% and 25% respectively, for
the exploration and exploitation of the Campsa per-
mits. American Overseas Petroleum (Spain) Limited
(Amospain) was named Operator for the three com-
panies.
-.
I
l
Fig. I.-Index Map
Prior to 1959, Campsa drilled ten exploratory wells,
of which seven had significant shows. Several wells even
produced small amounts of oil. The best shows were in
wells 2,3,4,5, and 7 which were located on the Zaman-
zas anticline to the northeast of the present Ayoluengo
field (Fig. 2). After Campsa’s association with Texspain
and Calspain, deep drilling was suspended in the
Ubierna permit for nearly two years while geological
and geophysical surveys were conducted. However, five
shallow slim holes were drilled for information and pos-
sible production. On May 5,1964, Ayoluengo No. 1was
spudded and reached the present producing horizon on
June 2,1964. Ayoluengo was the 128th exploratory well
drilled in Spain and its first commercial producer.
GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE REGION
The Iberian Peninsula, like a great part of Europe,
began to emerge from the seas with the first Hercynian
movements, thereby leaving the greatest part of Spain
dry during the Stephanian period. The great orogeny
and granitic intrusions that this movement created in
the northwest and center of the Peninsula cratonized
these regions, metamorphosed the Paleozoic Sediments
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of the Central Plateau and welded them into shields.
Continental massifs also were formed in Aragón, the
Pyrenees and the Betic regions. However, the bordering
areas of these shields and massifs started to subside and
form geosynclines. The region in which the Campsa-
Calspain-Texspain permits are located, is in the area
situated to the north of the Paleozoic shield of Old
Castille and in the Cantabrian Geosynclinal trough.
The Permian and Lower Triassic were periods of
great erosion that bevelled the Hercynian mountains
and deposited considerable thicknesses of clastics
derived from Paleozoic rocks into the synclinal lows.
Middle Triassic or Muschelkalk was a period of
marine transgression, although of relatively short dura-
tion and confined to the deeper troughs. The invasion is
believed to have come mainly from the east and it is
questionable that it reached the Cantabrian basin,
especially in the western part, as marine Sediments
representing this period have not been found in the out-
crop belt. However, the Lower and Middle Triassic has
not been drilled in the deeper part of the basin to prove
or disprove its presence.
At the close of Muschelkalk time uplift or some other
mechanism trapped the Muschelkalk seas and ihereby
initiated the deposition of evaporitic Sediments which
locally were of considerable thickness. These Sediments
later play an important part in the region’s tectonics,
including the destruction as well as the formation of
oil fields. These Sediments are called Keuper after the
Germanic subdivision.
During this desiccating period the base level of the
land was very close to that of the sea, including the
Castillian shield which was very nearly a peneplain.
Widespread submergence of this flat country then oc-
curred, resulting in the deposition of anhydrites, dolo-
mites and limestones. These are called “Carniolas”.
They are very petroliferous, and good shows of hydro-
carbons are abundant. A minor subdivision of the great
Cantabrian basin may have started at this time.
The widespread invasion initiated in “Carniolas”
time persisted during the Liassic, with very thick lime-
stones being deposited in the Hettangian which are in
turn followed by a marly series. This section is also
petroliferous with frequent shows of oil in calcarenites
and in cracks and fissures in the limestones. The separa-
tion of the small Cantabrian sub-basins (Polientes and
Sedano) from the larger synclinal area is accentuated
at this time as evidenced by the Liassic limestones being
missing from an elongated strip between the Cantabrian
range and the sub-Cantabrian mountains.
Marine sedimentation continued during the Dogger
 New Oil Producing Regions
SPAIN
GENERALIZED COLUMNAR SECTION OF
AYOLUENGO FIELD
JO
UPPER .,VUASSIC
/&a/mJ
JURA s s i c
Fig. 2
with the deposition of thin to massive limestones con-
taining some oolites, and locally interbedded marks. At
the end of Dogger time a definite and locally strong
epirogenic uplift took place which caused the sea to
regress from most of the area. An erosional break is
generally present and recognizable in the field and in the
wells.
In the deeper portions of the basins and especially in
the Cantabrian sub-basins (Polientes and Sedano), the
Dogger was followed by the deposition of the so-called
Purbeckian facies of mixed continental-evaporitic-mar-
ine Sediments. Elsewhere continental sedimentation
prevailed. In the restricted areas where the deposition
253
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was of mixed environments hydrocarbons were gener-
ated. The marine incursions most likely came from the
ancient Cantabrian sea to the north.
Only in the deepest portions of the Cantabrian syn-
clinal areas was a marine environment able to hold its
own, as this was a period of oversupply of clastics. In
the main Cantabrian basin a flysch facies was deposited
and in the surrounding areas continental sands and
clays. In the Polientes sub-basin marine tongues were
deposited until Middle Neocomian and then continen-
tal deposition took over completely. At the end of
Neocomian the Aptian sea penetrated from the north-
east, during which period great reefal banks were
254 New Oil Producing Regions
formed in the northern part of the Cantabrian basin.
However, the Aptian invasion only reached the north-
ernmost part of the Polientes basin.
Major uplift and erosion took place prior to Albian
deposition. This period of erosion was the most
damaging of all the tectonic cycles in the Mesozoic as
far as oil accumulations were concened. In the main
portion of the Cantabrian basin, however, sedimenta-
tion was continuous and marine flysch was deposited.
In the sub-basins a strictly continental series was de-
posited. In some parts of Spain this section is called
“Utrillas” facies.
The predominantly continental Albian environment
was terminated by a widespread marine invasion which
started in the Cenomanian and persisted with only one
minor exception until the Alpine orogeny in late
Eocene-early Oligocene. The exception mentioned took
place at the close of the Cretaceous where locally some
continental deposits of Garumnian age were laid down.
Great thicknesses of shallow water shales, marls and
argillaceous limestones were deposited. Eocene sedi-
mentation was already restarted and confined to the
deeper portion of the Cantabrian basin.
Post Alpine Oligocene and Miocene continental and
lacustrian deposits are only present on the easternmost
margin of the Sedano basin. They are, however, very
thick in the Old Castille area to the south.
The small Polientes, Sedano and Bureba sub-basins
are bordered on the northeast and southwest by
strongly folded belts that are oriented northwest-south-
east. In contrast, interior and flanking folds are fairly
simple and oriented northwest-southwest.
It is believed that the structural framework of the
Polientes and Sedano basins is controlled by major
faulting oriented northwest-southeast and to a lesser
degree by faulting oriented northeast-southwest. The
northwest-southeast oriented faults are responsible for
extremely complicated structure with the same orienta-
tion. This complexity has been increased by salt move-
ment and Alpine compressional forces. These fault
systems are pre-Mesozoic in age but have had frequent
rejuvenations, especiallyduring the Alpine orogeny and
to a minor degree Albian time. Strike-slip movement is
postulated for the northwest-southeast faults. It is
further postulated that faulting triggered salt movement cavernous. The age of this unit is indefinite, as it is
and determined the orientation of subsequent folds.
STRATIGRAPHY
Rocks representing Paleozoic, Mesozoic and some dark grey limestones with a few scattered calcarenites
Tertiary outcrop in surrounding areas. However, for and some dolomites at the base; the middle section is
this paper the discussion will be limited to the Mesozoic dark grey marls and shales, and the upper is composed
and in particular to producing horizons.
In general, the Mesozoic conforms to its worldwide
lithologic distribution and, in particular, to the Ger-
manic lithic units : continental redbeds and evaporites
are found in the Triassic carbonates and dark shales in
the Lias and Dogger, sands and shales in the Malm and
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Lower Cretaceous and carbonates in the Upper Cre-
taceous. To date, commercial production has only been
found in the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous sand-
shale series.
Triassic
At this writing, no wells have penetrated the entire
Triassic series within the Polientes-Sedano area: thus,
it is necessary to project from outcrop some 30 to 40
kilometers to the west. In this area the Triassic consists
of two units: the Buntsandstein, which is mainly conti-
nental redbeds, and the Keuper, which is composed of
red and brown variegated gypsiferous clays with charac-
teristic bipyramidal quartz inclusions. In the western
outcrop there are no evaporites although they are pre-
sent in the producing area and over the greater portion
of the Cantabrian basin. The extent of Triassic salt in
the Cantabrian (including the Polientes-Sedano sub-
basins) is fairly well marked on the surface by salt plugs
and diapiric structure.
Thicknesses and stratigraphic relationships of the
Buntsandstein are made difficult by similarity of section
to the Permian and the absence of fossils. Where ob-
served, the Keuper red shales rest conformably on the
upper contact of the Buntsandstein; although there is a
hiatus between the two units. The Keuper in turn has
a gradational contact with the overlying Carniolas.
Marine Jurassic
The lowermost unit of the marine Jurassic is called
“Carniolas”. This unit is mainly dolomite and is a very
distinctive, easily mapped unit in the field even though
boundaries are arbitrary because of gradational con-
tacts. Dolomite porosities are extremely variable, rang-
ing from nil to 25 percent primary. In uplift areas where
percolating ground waters are present, the section is
barren of fossils. It is generally considered Lias but may
be Rhaetic.
Above the Carniolas, the marine Jurassic can easily
be subdivided into three units (Fig. 3) that are uncom-
monly persistent over great distances. The first is mainly
of thin to thick bedded limestones.
In the area of interest, the Carniolas ranges from
 New Oil Producing Regions
Ayolucngo Welts nor I 14,
li
\
Fig. 3-Ayoluengo anticline
150 to 300 meters thick and the marine Jurassic from
400 to 700 meters. The marine Jurassic is very fossili-
ferous and is dated as Lias to Dogger.
Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous
Unconformably overlying the marine Jurassic is a
very thick series of sands and clays with some minor
limestones. This series has been broken down into two
facies: the Lower named Purbeckian and the Upper
Wealdan (these names are used only as a facies distinc-
tion and not in a time sense). The Purbeckian is com-
prised of red and grey, frequently anhydritic clays and
marls; thin bedded lacustrine to marine limestones ;
and sandstones. Facies changes are extremely rapid
horizontally as well as vertically. Similarly, the environ-
ment of deposition changes from brackish to marine to
hypersaline. In contrast the Wealdan is a continental
series of tan, brown, red-brown sandstones interbedded
with red-brown claystones.
On the basis of ostracods and limited palynology, the
Purbeckian facies ranges in age from Kimmeridgian to
Valanginian and the Wealdan, on the basis of position
in section (barren), is Valanginian to Albian (further
north its upper limit is Aptian).
The thickness of these two units is extremelyvariable,
with values ranging from less than 1,000meters to more
than 3,000 in the middle of the Polientes and Sedano
basins.
255
5
- 9
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-2OWm-
GRAPHIC SCALE 1 :50,000
2oa>m. IWOm o mr
The Purbeckian facies is the producing section of the
Ayoluengo field.
Albian and Upper Cretaceous
Separating the Wealdan from the Albian is a major
angular unconformity. Uplift and erosion in pre-
Albian time were very pronounced and destructive.
The Albian in the map area consists mainly of fine to
coarse sandstones to cobble conglomerates. The sand-
stones are strongly cross-bedded. Variegated clays and
siltstones separate the many massive sand units. Lig-
nites are frequently present at the base. Thicknesses
vary from 200 meters to 600 meters.
The overlying Upper Cretaceous consists of alter-
nating argillaceous limestones, marls and infrequent
intercalations of sandstones. The units are remarkably
uniform and reflect a period of stability with very even
sedimentation. Thicknesses in the Polientes and Sedano
basins average 400 to 600 meters.
AYOLUENGO FIELD
The first producing oil well in Spain was completed
on August 12, 1964. Production was from perforations
1,346to 1,351-5meters and on initial tests flowed 85 b/d
of 36 API gravity. As of this writing, 30 wells have been
drilled: 23 oil, 3 marginal and 4 dry. Development
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C'
0011'
New Oil Producing Regions

Fig. 4
0012'
256
 New Oil Producing Regions
drilling has been on a sixty-acre spacing. The present
producing area is calculated as approximately 2,400
productive acres.
The Ayoluengo wildcat was programmed to test two
possible objectives : the first was the marine Jurassic
carbonates, which were rated best because of live oil re-
covered in the old Zamanzas wells. The second was the
Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous sands and shales.
The well proved oil in the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cre-
taceous and non-commercial oil in the Jurassic.
The Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous was down-
rated even though oil sands are present in the Zamanzas
anticline and at Basconcillos del Tozo, the reason
being that the sands in these areas were stratigraphically
close to the generative marine Jurassic. Although not
enough precise data have been acquired it is now almost
certain that hydrocarbons are indigenous to both sec-
tions. The other feature that down-graded the Upper
Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous was the absence of marine
units in outcrop sections to the south and east. It there-
fore made it very questionable that the marine units of
Polientes would extend east as far as Ayoluengo. There
is still no subsurface well control, but seismic indicates a
pinchout of the marine units within the Sedano basin.
The Ayoluengo anticline is a doma1 culmination
located on a large anticlinal uplift. As is common with
structures of this type, it is split down the middle by a
prominent graben feature. The bounding faults are
normal tension relief type faults. The largest is the
Ayoluengo fault with section omission in the wells
averaging around 250 meters. Small faults not recogniz-
able by log correlation are present, but can only be
mapped by fluid anomalies within common reservoirs.
Good well control shows the Ayoluengo and Carmen
faults to be dipping at I 5 5 degrees. The other faults
are interpreted as being steeper with dips averaging
above 70 degrees.
Average formation dip near the producing horizons
is k 15 degrees. This dip becomes steeper with depth
and shallows out towards the surface. This non-con-
formity of structure is due to growth and thinning of
section over the structural high.
Correlation of individual beds has been very difficult
from the start, and even now some sand correlations
are very questionable. The problem is caused by simi-
larity of lithology, numerous small disconformities and
extremely rapid lateral changes of unit thicknesses.
Most fortunately there is one saving feature. Near the
top of the producing section there is a limestone averag-
ing 30 to 50 meters thick which is everywhere present
and a positive correlation point. The next good marker
is the top of the Jurassic carbonates, but unfortunately,
this horizon was not always penetrated.
The reservoirs are mainly sands ; however, the lime-
stone mentioned above is productive in several wells
257
where fracture porosity is present. The sand reservoirs
are very argillaceous with a wide range of porosities.
The normal producing interval porosities average
around 18% but go as high as 28% and as low as 8%.
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Permeabilities also are very variable. X-ray analyses of
the clays in the sands show they are mainly composed
of kaolinite, illite and chlorite with no appreciable
quantity of montmorillonite. In spite of the fact that
these clays are non-swelling, definite blocking problems
have developed, probably from the invasion of fines
from the mud. Petrographic analyses of the sands show
that they were derived from disaggregation of older
rocks, e.g. quartzites, Phyllites, micaceous shale and
red sandstones which are present in the Paleozoics of
the Asturias.
The number of productive reservoirs through the
field is extremely variable and is dependent upon: (1)
sedimentation, (2) structural position, and (3) fault
separation. The discovery well had one good reservoir
3.6 meters (12 feet) thick and several very shaly mar-
ginal sands. In contrast, Ayoluengo No. 5 cut 15hydro-
carbon bearing sands with a net effective thickness of
58 meters (191 feet). In general, the sands tend to shale
out towards the south and west. The best sand develop-
ment occurs to the northeast and east. Gas/oil and oil/
water contacts are not constant throughout the field and
these anomalies are controlled mainly by faulting. Some
faults are more effectivethan others, and this is believed
to be due more to the actual timing of the faulting than
to the amount of final displacement. Because of the
number of fault blocks and the rapid lateral changes in
sand percentage, the thicknesses of the oil columns are
also extremely variable. The maximum thickness is of
the order of 150 meters or 500 feet. Because of insuffi-
cient production history and the many variable and
unknown factors concerning the reservoirs, especially
the type of drive, it is impossible at this time to ac-
curately calculate recoverable reserves.
Salinities of formation waters appear to be a straight
line function of depth for the Wealdan-Purbeckian
facies, with the Wealdan containing fresh water and the
Purbeckian up to 60,000 ppm NaCl. Hydrocarbons in
the Ayoluengo field are not found in waters less saline
than & 20,000 ppm NaCl. Because of good salinity
contrasts, wireline logs are effective for formation
evaluation. However, due to varying shale content in
the reservoirs, invasion, asphalt, high density of shales,
steep dips, etc., it has been necessary to run a large
suite of logs.
Oil gravities generally become lighter with depth;
however, it still is not known whether this is strictly a
depth function or stratigraphic position in section.
Recovered oil shows a gravity range from 20 API to
39 API.
Isopach maps of relatively small stratigraphic units
258 New Oil Producing Regions

within the Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous section show the Acknowledgements

structural axis to be shifting from west to east as the The author wishes to thank the Managements of
section becomes younger. Also, of interest and possible Compañia Arrendataria del Monopolio de Petróleos,
support for an axial migration is the fact that wells on S.A., Texaco Inc. and Standard Oil of California for

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the west flank of the anticline have gas at very low permission to release the information contained in this
structural levels. This may possibly be explained by the paper. The author is also appreciative of the help and
development of an early cresta1gas-cap on the west side data given by the staffs of Campsa and Amospain.
which was prevented from migrating by faulting.
Although the field is fairly well defined by present
drilling, it is expected that production in some of the
REFERENCE
fault blocks can be extended further than presently
developed. 1. TRUSHEIM, F., AAPG 9, 1960, 44,1519-1540.

ABSTRACTO

Campo de Ayoluengo, cuenca Cantabrica

sudoccidental, en el Norte central de España

La existencia de escurrimientos superficiales(chapo- nental de lutita-arena favorable para la generación y

poteras) y arenas asfálticas en la margen occidental de acumulación de hidrocarburos. Se postula una mi-
la cuenca Cantábrica, despertaron un interés en la ex- gración temprana y la acumulación de hidrocarburos
ploración de petróleo desde los años 1920. A pesar de en estructuras salinas en crecimiento.
este temprano principio, no fue sino hasta que se Trabajos geofísicos de reflección revelaron un re-
habían perforado 127 pozos secos en tierra española lieve del subsuelo extremadamente diferente al de la
que se encontró petróleo en forma comercial en superficie y el panorama se complica más adelante por
Ayoluengo, el 6 de junio de 1964. gruesas cuñas sedimentarias. Los datos varían de
El campo petrolero de Ayoluengo está localizado buenos a inservibles y se está intentando mejorar los
entre dos pequeñas sub-cuencas (Polientes y Sedano), resultados por medio de los Últimos métodos sismicos.
que históricamente estuvieron conectadas la mayor EI desarrollo y la extensión del campo Ayoluengo se
parte del tiempo, con la gran cuenca Cantábrica hacia lleva a cabo con un espaciamiento de 25 hectáreas con
el norte. El hundimiento de estas pequeñas cuencas la necesidad probable de perforaciones intermedias
durante el Jurásico superior y el Cretácico inferior, para mejorar su drene. A la fecha se han perforado 30
como resultado de movimientos salinos, dió como pozos. 23 son productivos, 3 son marginales y 4
resultado la depositación de una serie marina-conti- secos.