izLrkouk

eq>s csgn çlUurk gS fd gfj;k.kk izkar eas Mªkbfoax ykblsaflax

iz.kkyh dks lq/kkjus ds fy;s egRoiw.kZ dne mBk;s tk jgs gaSA
Mªkbfoax dh le> ds vHkko vkSj ;krk;kr fu;eksa dh fujarj vogsyuk us gekjh
lM+dksa dks csgn vlqjf{kr cuk fn;k gSA [ksn dh ckr gS fd gekjs ns”k esa okgu
pkydksa] iSny pyus okyksa] lkbfdy pkydksa vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd ;krk;kr iqfyl
dfeZ;ksa dks Hkh ;krk;kr ds fu;eksa dh i;kZIr tkudkjh ugha gSA lqjf{kr Mªkbfoax
dh tkudkjh ds vHkko vkSj ;krk;kr ds fu;eksa dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ykxw u fd;s
tkus ds dkj.k vkt lM+dksa ij vjktdrk dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks xbZ gSA urhtk
;g gS fd Hkkjr esa gj lky 1]50]000 ls Hkh vf/kd O;fDr lM+d nq?kZVukvksa esa
ekjs tkrs gSaA
lM+d lqj{kk pkyd] okgu vkSj lM+dksa dh xq.koÙkk bu rhu dkjdksa ij fuHkZj
djrh gSA buesa ls pkyd dh Hkwfedk lcls vge~ gSSA tc rd Hkkoh pkydksa dks
Mªkbfoax dk leqfpr çf”k{k.k rFkk ;krk;kr ds fu;eksa dh i;kZIr tkudkjh ugha
nh tkrh] lM+d lqj{kk dh ;g Hk;kog fLFkfr Ukgha lq/kjsxhA vr,o lM+d ij
vuq”kklu ykus vkSj nq?kZVukvksa dks jksdus ds fy, okgu pykus gsrq leqfpr
çf”k{k.k fn;k tkuk vkSj ,d çHkkoh ykblsfalax ç.kkyh dks ykxw djuk vfr
vko”;d gSA
bl lUnHkZ esa o’kZ 2012 esa izkar ds iqfyl foHkkx us ,d lkFkZd iz;kl fd;k rFkk
bl Mªkbfoax eSuqvy dk izFke laLdj.k rS;kj fd;k x;kA ftldk mi;ksx izns”k
ds dbZ ftyksa esa Mªkbfoax ykblsal ds vkosndksa ds izf”k{k.k gsrq fd;k x;kA xr
o’kksZa esa dkuwu esa gq;s la”kks/kuksa ds eÌs ut+j bl eSuqvy esa cnyko dh
vko”;drk eglwl gqbZA eq>s [kq”kh gS fd ifjogu foHkkx us ftEesnkjh fuHkkrs gq,
bl dke dks c[kwch vatke fn;k vkSj ;g nwljk laLdj.k rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA
esjs fy;s ;g O;fDrxr xoZ dh ckr gS fd eSa u dsoy bu nksuksa
iz;klksa ls tqM+k jgk gWw vfirq buesa ,d vge Hkwfedk Hkh fuHkkbZ gSA
eq>sa vk”kk gh ugh iw.kZ fo”okl Hkh gS fd ;s iz;kl gekjs Hkkoh ukStoku pkydksa
dks lM+d lqj{kk o ;krk;kr ds fu;eksa ds izfr vkSj vf/kd tkx:d] ftEesnkj o
laosnu”khy cuk;sxsa ,oa muesa vPNh vknrksa o Hkkoukvksa dks iSnk djsxk] ftlls
muds Mªkbfoxa dkS”ky esa lq/kkj vk;sxkA

“k=qthr diwj] vkbZ0ih0,l0

2
 fo"k; lwph
1 ifjp; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
1-1- Mªkbfoax eSuqvy dk mn~ns';---------------------------------------------------- 5
2- Mªkbfoax ykblsal-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
2-1 vk;q laca/kh ;ksX;rk ----------------------------------------------------------------- 6
2-2 Mªkbfoax ykblsal ds çdkj ------------------------------------------------------7
2-3 Mªkbfoax ykblsal ds oxZ -------------------------------------------------------------8
2-4 izf'k{kq ykblsal izkIr djus dh izfdz;k -----------------------------------10
2-5 Mªkbfoax ykblsal izkIr djus dh izfdz;k --------------------------------11
2-6 varjkZ"Vªh; Mªkbfoax ijfeV ¼vkbZñMhñihñ½ izkIr djuk ---------14
2-7 Mªkbfoax ykblsal esa vkSj okgu tksM+uk -----------------------------------14
2-8 Mªkbfoax ykblsal dk uohuhdj.k ----------------------------------------------14
2-9 MqfIydsV Mªkbfoax ykblsal ----------------------------------------------------------15
3- vius okgu dks tkfu;s -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
3-1 czsd ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
3-2 Dyp o ,DlsysVj-----------------------------------------------------------------------------16
3-3 LVh;fjax Oghy-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
3-4 gkWuZ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
3-5 ykblsal IysV -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
3-6 lkbysalj -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
3-7 Vk;j ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
3-8 foaMLØhu rFkk f[kM+fd;k¡----------------------------------------------------------------20
3-9 foaMLØhu okbij ----------------------------------------------------------------------------21
3-10 fn'kk lwpd vkSj LVkWiykbV ---------------------------------------------------------21
3-11 fj¶ysDVj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
3-12 gSM ySEi vkSj fj;jySEi ------------------------------------------------------------------24
3-13 ikfdaZx ykbV -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24
3-14 yky] lQsn] uhyhykbV ;k LikWVykbV dk mi;ksx --------------24
3-15 fj;j&O;wfejj -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
3-16+ lhV cSYVl vkSj ,;j&cSxl ---------------------------------------------------------26
3-17 çnw"k.k fu;a=.k -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------27
3-18 okgu ij D;k ugha gksuk pkfg,\ -------------------------------------------------27
3-19 viuh xkM+h dh tk¡p djsa --------------------------------------------------------------28
4- ;krk;kr ladsr] lwpd vkSj lM+d fpg~u ---------------------------------------------------29
4-1 ladsr] lwpd ¼VªSfQd ykbVsa½----------------------------------------------------------29
4-2 VªSfQd ykbV----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37
4-3 ;krk;kr iqfyl }kjk gkFk ds ladsr---------------------------------------------38
4-4 lM+d ij yxs fpg~u -----------------------------------------------------------------------39

3
5- Mªkbfoax dh ewy ckrs-a ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47
5-1 ,d vPNs pkyd ds xq.k ---------------------------------------------------------------47
5-2 Mªkbfoax pSd fyLV --------------------------------------------------------------------------48
5-3 lqjf{kr Mªkbfoax ds ekxZ n'kZd fu;e ----------------------------------------49
5-4 dksuk dkVuk (Cutting corners) ----------------------------------------------------------------57
5-5 lM+d ij f’k”Vkpkj---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------58
5-6 lqjf{kr Mªkbfoax ds fy, lq>ko ---------------------------------------------------59
5-7 eqM+us ds ladsr -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------61
5-8 xfr lhek----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------62
6- lM+d dks lka>k djuk -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------65
6-1 ck,¡ pyuk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65
6-2 ysu ¼iFk@xyh½ cnyuk ----------------------------------------------------------------65
6-3 eqM+uk ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------66
6-4 vksojVsd djuk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------69
6-5 xksy pDdj ¼jkmaM vckmV½ ---------------------------------------------------------70
6-6 ;w&VuZeksM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------72
6-7 ihNs dh vksj ¼fjolZ esa½ pykuk ----------------------------------------------------72
6-8 Okkgu jksduk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------72
6-9 ikfdaZx --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------73
6-10 lM+d ij vkikr fLFkfr -----------------------------------------------------------------77
7- Mªkbfoax gsrq [krjukd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ -----------------------------------------------------------82
7-1 ekSle dh fLFkfr---------------------------------------------------------------------------------82
7-2 igkM+ksa esa okgu pykuk---------------------------------------------------------------------83
7-3 jkr esa okgu pykuk--------------------------------------------------------------------------83
8- Mªkbfoax laca/kh vijk/k vkSj naM--------------------------------------------------------------------86
8-1 'kjkc ihdj okgu pykuk----------------------------------------------------------------86
8-2 xfr lhek dk mYy?kau djuk-------------------------------------------------------------------86
8-3 [krjukd okgu pkyuk---------------------------------------------------------------------86
8-4 gsyesV dk ç;ksx djuk---------------------------------------------------------------------87
8-5 eksckby Qksu ;k lsyQksu dk mi;ksx------------------------------------------87
8-6 okgu pykrs le; /kweziku djuk----------------------------------------------------87
8-7 nkSM+ ;k xfr dk ijh{k.k -----------------------------------------------------------------88
8-8 fcuk iathdj.k ;k chek ds fcuk okgu dk mi;ksx ---------------88
8-9 ;krk;kr ds eqDRk çokg dks ckf/kr djuk------------------------------------88
8-10 vkikrdkyhu okgu ---------------------------------------------------------------------------88
8-11 nq?kZVuk ds ekeys esa ,d pkyd dk dRkZO; ------------------------------89
9- lkekU; ifjHkk’kk,¡ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------90
10- lanHkZ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------95

4
 ifjp;
Mªkbfoax ,d fo'ks"k vf/kdkj gSA bl vf/kdkj ds lkFk ftEesnkfj;k¡ Hkh vkrh
gSaA okgu pykus dk iw.kZ vkuan ysus ds fy, ;g vko”;d gS fd vkidks
lqjf{kr Mªkbfoax ds fu;e rFkk dkuwuksa dh iw.kZ tkudkjh gks rFkk vki gj
le; mudk ikyu Hkh djsaA ,d okgu pkyd ds :i esa vkidk fujUrj
iz;kl gksuk pkfg, fd vkidk Mªkbfoax dkS”ky csgrj gks rFkk vkidh
Mªkbfoax vkids vius fy,] vkids okgu esa lokj ;kf=;ksa ds fy, rFkk
lM+d ij py jgs vU; pkydksa ds fy, ,d lqjf{kr vkSj lq[kn vuqHko
cusaA
Mªkbfoax ,d tfVy dk;Z gS] ftlesa fo’ke ifjfLFkfr;k¡ fdlh Hkh le; iSnk
gks ldrh gSaA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vkidh çfrfØ;k vkids çf'k{k.k]
lrdZrk vkSj vkids joS;s ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

1-1-Mªkbfoax eSuqvy dk mn~ns';

;g eSuqvy u, Mªkbojksa dks lqjf{kr vkSj ftEesnkjh iw.kZ Mªkbfoax ds fl)kar
lh[kus esa enn djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k gSA bl fdrkc esa okgu pykus
ds ewy fl)krksa dks mnkgj.kksa o fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls n”kkZrs gq, okgu
pkydksa dks tkx:d cukus dh dksf”k”k dh xbZ gSA ;gk¡ ;g crkuk t:jh
gS fd bl eSuqvy dks ;krk;kr ds fu;eksa ds fodYi ds :i esa ugha cfYd
,d ekxZ nf'kZdk ds :Ik esa iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
;fn vki Mªkbfoax ykblsal ds fy, vkosnu dj jgs gSa rks bl eSuqvy ls
vkidks Mªkbfoax ijh{kk gsrq rS;kjh djus esa enn feysxhA ;fn vkids ikl
igys ls gh Mªkbfoax ykblsal gS rc Hkh bl eSuqvy esa fufgr tkudkjh
Mªkbfoax ds ekSfyd fu;eksa ds ckjs esa vkidh le> esa lq/kkj ykus esa
mi;ksxh fl) gksxhA
—i;k /;ku nsa fd bl fdrkc esa nh xbZ tkudkjh ekStwnk fof/k] fu;eksa
vkSj lM+d ladsrksa ds vk/kkj ij rS;kj dh xbZ gS rFkk dkuwu vFkok fu;eksa
es l”kksa/ku gksus dh voLFkk esa vki Lo;a blesa rnkuqlkj cnyko vo”; dj
ysaA
5
 2- Mªkbfoax ykblsal
eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e] 1988 dh /kkjk 3¼1½ ds vuqlkj lkoZtfud lM+dksa ij
dksbZ Hkh eksVj okgu pykus ds fy, izHkkoh Mªkbfoax ykblsal dk gksuk
vko';d gSA fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks fdlh lkoZtfud LFkku ij rc rd
okgu pykus dh vuqefr ugha gksrh] tc rd mlds ikl ml Js.kh ds
okgu dks pykus ds fy, oS/k Mªkbfoax ykblsal uk gksA
Mªkbfoax ykblsal LFkkuh; ykblsal çkf/kdkjh }kjk tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA
gfj;k.kk jkT; esa izR;sd mie.My vf/kdkjh ¼ukxfjd½ dks mlds vf/kdkj
{ks= esa] ifjogu okguksa o vkseuh cl ¼fdjk, dh eksVj xkM+h½ dks NksM+dj]
vU; LkHkh eksVjokguksa ds fy, ykblsal çkf/kdkjh ds :i esa fu;qDr fd;k
x;k gSA nwljs “kCnksa esa] mie.My vf/kdkjh ¼ukxfjd½ gYds eksVj okguksa
rFkk nqifg;k okguksa ds fy, MªkbZfoax ykblsal iznku djrk gSA ifjogu
okguksa ds fy, {ks=h; ifjogu vf/kdkjh vkSj lgk;d ftyk ifjogu
vf/kdkjh ;k jkT; ljdkj }kjk fu;qDr dksbZ vU; O;fDr] vius vf/kdkj
{ks= esa jgus okys O;fDr;ksa dks ykblsal tkjh djus ds fy, izkf/kd`r gSA

2-1- vk;q laca/kh ;ksX;rk

fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks rc rd Mªkbfoax ykblsal tkjh ugha fd;k tk ldrk]
tc rd og ml okgu dh Js.kh gsrq fu/kkZfjr vk;q iwjh ugha dj ysrk]
ftlds Mªkbfoax ykblsal ds fy, mlus vkosnu fd;k gSA Hkkjr esa eksVj
okgu Mªkbfoax ds fy, vk;q lhek fuEukuqlkj gS&
16 lky & 50 lhñlhñ rd dh batu {kerk ds eksVjlkbZfdyA
20 lky &ifjogu okgu ¼lkoZtfud lsok okgu] eky <ksus okys okgu]
'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa dh cl ;k futh lsok okgu½ tks fdjk;s] ikfjJfed ;k
eky <ksus gsrq iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gksA
18 lky &vU; dksbZ okguA
okgu ds ekfyd ;k ftl O;fDr ds fu;a=.k esa og okgu gS] mldh ;g
ftEesnkjh gS fd og fdlh ,sls O;fDr dks] ftlds ikl oS/k ykblsal uk gks
;k tks vk;q laca/kh ;ksX;rk iwjh ugha djrk gks] viuk okgu pykus dh
vuqefr uk nsA bl fu;e dk mYya?ku eksVj okgu vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 180
6
ds rgr vijk/k gS A tks 3 eghus rd dh dSn ;k ikap gtkj :Ik;s ds
tqekZus ;k nksuks gh n.Muh; gS A
2-2-Mªkbfoax ykblsal ds çdkj
Hkkjr esa ykblsal çkf/kdkjh }kjk fuEu çdkj ds Mªkbfoxa ykblsal tkjh fd,
tkrs gSa&
 çf'k{kq ykblsal
Mªkbfoax ykblsal ysus ds bPNqd O;fDr }kjk okgu pykus dk
izf”k{k.k izkIr djus gsrq igys çf'k{kq ykblsal izkIr
djuk vfuok;Z gSA çf'k{kq ykblsal ,d izkFkfed
ijh{k.k ls xqtjus ds i”pkr tkjh fd;k tkrk gS
vkSj ;g ykblsal tkjh djus dh frfFk ls Ng
eghus ds fy, ekU; gksrk gSA
çf'k{kq ykblsal /kkjd dks çf'k{k.k çkIr djus ;k
vH;kl djus ds fy, okgu pykus dh vuqefr
gksrh gSS c'krZs mlds lkFk okgu dh ml Js.kh ds
fy, izHkkoh Mªkbfoax ykblsal /kkjd çf'k{kd gks
rFkk og çf'k{kd bl izdkj ls cSBk gks fd vko';drk iM+us ij
okgu dks fu;af=r dj lds ;k jksd ldsA
çf'k{kq ykblsal /kkjd O;fDr }kjk pyk, tk jgs okgu ds vkxs vkSj
ihNs lQsn i`"B Hkwfe ij yky jax ls 'L' dk fu'kku ¼isaV ;k
fpidk;k gqvk½ çnf'kZr gksuk pkfg,A 'L' v{kj dh Å¡pkbZ de ls de
nl lsaVhehVj] eksVkbZ nks lsaVhehVj o ry ij pkSM+kbZ ukS lsaVhehVj
gksuh pkfg, tSlk fd fp= 1 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
 Mªkbfoax ykblsal
Mªkbfoax ykblsal ik= O;fDr;ksa]
pkgs os Hkkjrh; ukxfjd gksa vFkok fp= 1
fons'kh] dks tkjh fd;k tk ldrk
gSA ykblsal /kkjd dks Mªkbfoax
ykblsal ij mYysf[kr Js.kh ds
okgu pykus dh vuqefr gksrh gSA
Mªkbfoax ykblsal Hkkjr ds gjHkkx
esa oS/k gksrk gSA vkosnd çf'k{kq
ykblsal tkjh gksus dh rkjh[k ds
rhl fnu ckn ls ysdj çf'k{kq
ykblsal dh vof/k dh lekfIr

7
 rd dHkh Hkh Mªkbfoax ykblsal ds
fy, vkosnu dj ldrk gSA
ifjogu okguksa ds vykok vU; okguksa ds fy;s Mz~kbZfoax ykblsal fuEufyf[kr vof/k ds
fy;s oS/k jgsxk %&
Mz~kbZfoax ykblsal tkjh djus vFkok Mz~kbZfoax ykblsal dh oS/krk
uohuhdj.k dh frfFk dks /kkjd dh vk;q ykblsal tkjh djus vFkok uohuhdj.k
dh frfFk ls)
30 o’kZ ls de 40 o’kZ dh vk;q rd
30 o’kZ ls 50 o’kZ rd 10 o’kZ rd
50 o’kZ ls 55 o’kZ rd 60 o’kZ dh vk;q rd
55 o’kZ ;k vf/kd 5 o’kZ rd

ifjogu okguksa ds fy, ykblsal ikap lky dh vof/k ds fy, tkjh vFkok
uohuhd`r fd;k tkrk gSA ijUrq ;fn ykblsal [krjukd ;k [krjukd izd`fr
dk lkeku <ksus ds fy;s gks rks dsoy rhu lky dh vof/k ds fy, tkjh ;k
uohuhd`r fd;k tkrk gSA
 baVjus'kuy Mªkbfoax ijfeV ¼vkbZñMhñihñ½
ftu ns'kksa ds lkFk Hkkjr ds jktuSf;d laca/k ugha gSa] mUgsa NksM+dj
ykblsal çkf/kdkjh Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa dks vU; ns'kksa esa okgu pykus
ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; Mªkbfoax ijfeV tkjh djus gsrw l{ke gksrk gSA
vrajkZ’Vªh; Mªkbfoax ijfeV /kkjd O;fDr }kjk fons”k esa eksVjokgu
pykrs le; ogk¡ ds dkuwuksa vkSj fu;eksa dh ikyuk djuk vfuok;Z
gSA vkbZñMhñihñ] tkjh djus dh frfFk ls vf/kd ls vf/kd ,d lky
;k Mªkbfoax ykblsal dh oS/krk dh vof/k] tks Hkh igys gks] rd ekU;
gksrk gSA
2-3-Mªkbfoax ykblsal ds oxZ
Hkkjr o’kZ esa Mªkbfoax ykblsal okguksa dh Js.kh ds fglkc ls tkjh
fd, tkrs gSaA okguksa dh izR;sd dSVsxjh esa Hkh muds lEHkkfor
bLrseky ds vk/kkj ij ifjogu vFkok xSj ifjogu Js.kh ds vUrxZr
Mªkbfoax ykblsal tkjh fd, tkrs gSaA
okguksa ds fofHkUu oxZ fuEu izdkj ls gSa&
 fcuk fx;j eksVjlkbfdy
fx;j ds fcuk eksVjlkbfdy oxZ ds fy, tkjh ykblsal dsoy fcuk
fx;j okys nksifg;k okgu pykus ds fy, gksrk gSA bl oxZ dk
8
 ykblssal /kkjd O;fDr fx;j ;qDRk nqifg;k okgu vFkok bl oxZ eas
uk vkus okyk okgu ugha pyk ldrkA
 fx;j ;qDRk eksVjlkbfdy
fx;j ;qDRk eksVjlkbfdy ykblsal dsoy eksVjlkbfdy o LdwVj
tSls okgu pykus ds fy, tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA bl oxZ dk ykblssal
/kkjd O;fDr fx;j jfgr ;k fx;j ;qDRk nqifg;k okgu pyk ldrk
gS] ijUrq ,slk dksbZ Hkh okgu ugha pyk ldrk] tks eksVjlkbfdy dh
Js.kh esa uk vkrk gksA
 gYdk eksVj okgu
gYdk eksVj okgu ykblsal eksVjdkjksa] thisa] VªSDVj vkfn okguks dks
pykus ds fy, tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA gYds eksVj okgu ykblsal dks
okgu ds izdkj o mlds iz;ksx ds vk/kkj ij lhfer fd;k tkrk gSA
 ifjogu okgu
ifjogu okgu tSls fd Vªd] cl] i;ZVd okgu] VªSDVj Vªksyh o
ekyokgu vkfn dks pykus ds fy, ifjogu okgu ykblsal tkjh
fd;k tkrk gSA ifjogu okgu eq[; :i ls nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa
;k=h okgu rFkk eky <+ksus okys okguA
 fodyk¡xksa gsrw okgu
;g okguksa dh og Js.kh gS tks “kkjhfjd nks’k ;k fodykaxrk ls
ihfM+r O;fDr;ksa ds mi;ksx ds fy, fo’ks”k :i ls cuk, x, gksa vkSj
dsoy ,sls O;fDr;ksa ds mi;ksx ds fy, ;k muds gh }kjk iz;ksx
fd, tkrs gksaA
 jksM+ jksyj
;g okguksa dk fo”ks’k oxZ gS] ftldk iz;ksx lM+d ds fuekZ.k ds
nkSjku fd;k tkrk gSA
 fo”ks"k fdLe ds okgu
of.kZr fooj.k ds eksVj okgu dks pykus ds fy, /kkjd dks ykblsal
tkjh fd;k tk ldrk gSA okguksa ds bl oxZ ds dqN mnkgj.k
yksMj vkSj [kqnkbZ djus okys] dzsu] QksdZ&fyQ~V] gkosZLVj] Vks&Vªd]
cszdMkmu oSu] cksfjax fjax vkSj fuekZ.k midj.k gSaA

9
 2-4- izf'k{kq ykblsal izkIr djus dh izfØ;k
çf'k{kq ykblsal gsrq vkosnu djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr nLrkost vko';d
gSa&
 fof/kor Hkjk gqvk vkosnu ¼QkWeZ 2½
 fu/kkZfjr 'kqYd
 fuokl izek.k
 vk;q izek.k
 gky gh esa [khaps x, ikliksVZ vkdkj ds rhu QksVks
 vkRe ?kks"k.kk ¼Q‚eZ 1½] ifjogu okgu gsrq çf'k{kq ykblsal çkIr djus
ds fy;s vFkok pkyhl o’kZ ls vf/kd vk;q okys vkosnd ds fy;s
fpfdRlk çek.k i= ¼QkWeZ 1-,½ vko';d gSA
 vkosnd dk orZeku Mªkbfoax ykblsal] ;fn vkosnu ifjogu okgu ds
fy, gS] rFkk
 vkosnd ds ukckfyx gksus dh n'kk esa ekrk&firk ;k vfHkHkkod dh
lgefrA
vkosnd yuZj ykblsal ds fy, ifjogu iksVZy ij
https://parivahan.gov.in/parivahan fyad ij vkWuykbu vkosnu dj ldrs
gSaA
izkFkfed ijh{k.k
mijksDr nLrkostksa ds lkFk vkosnu çi= çLrqr djus ds mijkUr vkosnd
}kjk ,d izkFkfed ijh{kk ikl djuk vko';d gS] rkfd ;g lqfuf”pr
fd;k tk lds fd mldks fuEufyf[kr dk i;kZIr Kku gS%
- ;krk;kr ds fpg~u] ladsr vkSj lM+d ds fu;e]
- nq?kZVuk gksus dh lwjr es pkyd ds dŸkZO;]
- ekuo jfgr jsyos QkVd ls xqtjrs le; j[kh tkus okyh
lko/kkfu;kWa] rFkk
- nLrkost] tks okgu pykrs le; pkyd dks lkFk j[kus pkfg,¡A
vkosnd }kjk ijh{kk esa de ls de 60 çfr'kr lokyksa dk lgh tokc nsuk
vko';d gSA

10
2-5-Mªkbfoax ykblsal izkIr djus dh izfØ;k
vkosnd çf'k{kq ykblsal tkjh gksus dh rkjh[k dss rhl fnu ckn Mªkbfoax
ykblsal ds fy, vkosnu dj ldrk gSA Mªkbfoax ykblsal ds fy, vkosnu
djus gsrq fuEufyf[kr nLrkostksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS&
 fof/kor Hkjk gqvk vkosnu ¼QkWeZ 4½
 ml oxZ ds okgu gsrq çHkkoh çf'k{kq ykblsal] ftlds fy, vkosnu
fd;k tk jgk gS]
 fu/kkZfjr 'kqYd]
 gky gh esa [khaps x, ikliksVZ vkdkj ds rhu QksVks]
 vkRe ?kks"k.kk ¼Q‚eZ 1½] ifjogu okgu gsrq çf'k{kq ykblsal çkIr djus
ds fy;s vFkok vkosnd ds pkyhl o’kZ dh vk;q izkIr dj ysus ij]
fpfdRlk çek.k i= ¼QkWeZ 1-,½ vko';d gSA
 fuokl izek.k]
 vk;q izek.k] rFkk
 Q‚eZ 5 esa Mªkbfoax Ldwy }kjk tkjh çek.k i=] ;fn vkosnd us
çf'k{k.k çkIr fd;k gSA ifjogu okgu gsrq ykblsal çkIr djus ds
vkosnu dh n'kk esa ;g çek.k i= vko';d gSA

Mªkbfoax ijh{k.k
Mªkbfoax ykblsal ds fy, ykblsal çkf/kdkjh dks vkosnu çLrqr djus ds
i'pkr vkosnd dks Mªkbfoax ijh{k.k ls xqtjuk vko';d gSA Mªkbfoax
ijh{k.k ,sls okgu ij fy;k tkrk gS ftl oxZ ds okgu ds fy, vkosnd
}kjk ykblsal pkgk x;k gSA vkosnd dk Mªkbfoax dkS'ky] okgu ckjs
tkudkjh] ;krk;kr dkuwuksa dk Kku] fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa dh le>]
ladsrdksa] lwpdksas vkSj okgu pykrs le; mlds –f"Vdks.k dks tk¡pus ds
fy, fuEufyf[kr ds vk/kkj ij ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gS&
- batu dks LVkVZ djus ls igys cjrh tkus okyh lko/kkfu;ka
- ¼tSls fd fj;j- O;w fejj] lkbM fejj rFkk lhV dks ,MtLV djuk½]
- lqjf{kr vkSj lqpk: :i ls okgu dks lh/ks vkxs c<+kuk]

11
- lM+d dh gkyr o ;krk;kr dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj fx;j cnyuk o
LihM esa ifjorZu djuk]
- okgu dks jksduk] ikdZ djuk] LVkVZ djuk rFkk igkM+h jkLrs vFkok
<yku ij fcuk ihNs f[klds gSaM czsd] ,sDlsyjsVj vkSj QqV czsd dk
mfpr mi;ksx djrs gq, vkxs c<+uk]
- ladsr nsus ls igys fj;j- O;wfejj ¼ihNs dk n`”; fn[kkus okys 'kh”ks½
dk mfpr iz;ksx djrs gq, nkbZa o ckbZa vksj eqM+uk]
- fj;j- O;wfejj ¼ihNs dk n`’; fn[kkus okyk 'kh”kk½ vkSj ladsrksa dk
mfpr iz;ksx djrs gq, vksojVsd djuk rFkk vius okgu dks Bhd
izdkj ls vksojVsd djus nsuk]
- eqM+us gsrq Li"V vkSj vpwd rjhds ls gkFk vFkok fctyh pkfyr
lwpdksa }kjk leqfpr ladsr nsuk]
- mfpr ladsr nsdj o lko/kkuh iw.kZ rjhds ls ysu cnyuk]
- vkikrfLFkfr esa ;k vU; ifjfLFkfr;ks esa okgu jksdukA ;fn vkikr
fLFkfr uk gks rks mfpr ladsr nsrs gq, okgu dks LkM+d ij mi;qDRk
LFkku ij jksduk]
- ;fn okgu esa fjolZ fx;j gS rks okgu dks ihNs dh vksj pykuk]
lhfer LFkku esa Hkh okgu dks fu;af=r ,oa lVhd rjhds ls ckbZa
vFkok nkbZa vksj fjolZ djuk]
- vkxs ds fx;j o fjolZ fx;j dk iz;ksx djrs gq, okgu dk :[k
fcYdqy foijhr fn'kk esa djuk]
- ;krk;kr fpg~uksa] ;krk;kr ladsrksa vFkok ;krk;kr iqfyl vkSj vU;
lM+d mi;ksxdrkZvksa }kjk fn, x, ladsrksa ij lgh vkSj Rofjr
dk;Zokgh djuk]
- vfu;af=r iSny ;k=h ifjiFk] tks VªSfQd ykbV ;k ;krk;kr iqfyl
dfeZ;ksa }kjk fu;af=r ugha gSa]
- lM+d ikj dj jgs iSny ;kf=;ksa dks ojh;rk nsrs gq, okgu pykuk]
- vko';drkuqlkj fx;j cnyuk] czsd yxkuk vkfn rFkk vkRefo'okl
ls okgu ij lkekU; fu;a=.k dk çn'kZu djuk]
- pkSjkgs ij ck,¡ vFkok nk,¡ eqM+rs le; ;k lh/ks pyrs le; mfpr
ysu ¼;k lkbM½ dk iz;ksx djuk]

12
 - iSny ;kf=;ksa] vU; okgu pkydksa vkSj lkbfdy pkydksa dh
xfrfof/k dk iwokZuqeku yxkuk]
- pkSjkgksa ;k vU; taD'kuksa ij igq¡prs le; xfr fu;af=r djrs gq,
lko/kkuh fn[kkuk] fj;j- O;wfejj dk iz;ksx djrs gq, okgu dks lgh
fLFkfr esa j[kuk o fcuk dksuk dkVs gq, nk,¡ eqM+uk]
- fopfyr gq, fcuk Mªkbfoax ij /;ku dsafær djuk o ekufld
pkSdUusiu dk çn'kZu djuk] rFkk
- iSny ;kf=;ksa] vU; okgu pkydksa vkSj lkbfdy pkydksa vkfn dh
lqj{kk dk /;ku j[kuk rFkk muds izfr f'k"Vkpkj dk izn'kZu djukA
;fn vkosnd ijh{k.k esa foQy jgrk gS rks og lkr fnu ds ckn Mªkbfoax
ijh{k.k esa fQj ls Hkkx ys ldrk gSA ;fn dksbZ vkosnd rhu iz;klksa esa Hkh
ijh{kk mRrh.kZ djus esa foQy jgrk gS rks mls iqu% ijh{kk esa cSBus ls iwoZ
lkB fnuksa rd bartkj djuk gksxkA
fdlh O;fDr dks Mªkbfoax ijh{k.k ls NwV nh tk ldrh gS] ;fn
- mlds ikl igys ls gh mlh oxZ dk Mªkbfoax ykblsal gks] ftlds
fy, mlus vc vkosnu fd;k gS rFkk ml ykblsal dh lekfIr dh
rkjh[k rFkk vc fd, x, vkosnu dh rkjh[k ds chp ik¡p lky ls
vf/kd dk varjky u gks] ;k
- mlds ikl igys ls dsUnz ljdkj ds mlh oxZ ds okgu dk Mªkbfoax
ykblsal gks vFkok iwoZ esa jgk gks] ;k
- mlds ikl Hkkjro"kZ ds ckgj fdlh vU; ns'k ds fdlh l{ke
çkf/kdkjh }kjk tkjh mlh oxZ ds okgu dks pykus ds fy, oS/k
Mªkbfoax ykblsal gksA
ykblsal izkf/kdkjh mu vkosndksa dks Hkh Mªkbfoax ijh{k.k ls NwV ns ldrk
gS] ftuds ikl fdlh ,slh laLFkk }kjk tkjh Mªkbfoax çek.k i= gS] ftls
jkT; ljdkj }kjk bl laca/k esa ekU;rk iznku dh xbZ gksA

13
2-6-varjkZ"Vªh; Mªkbfoax ijfeV ¼vkbZñMhñihñ½ izkIr djuk
vkbZMhih ds fy, vkosnu ds lkFk fuEufyf[kr nLrkost çLrqr djus gkasxs&
 fof/kor Hkjk gqvk vkosnu ¼QkWeZ 4-,½]
 ykblsal çkf/kdkjh }kjk tkjh izHkkoh Mªkbfoax ykblsal]
 fu/kkZfjr “kqYd
 gky gh esa [khaps x, ikliksVZ vkdkj ds rhu QksVks]
 fpfdRlk çek.k i= ¼QkWeZ 1&,½]
 oS/k Hkkjrh; ikliksVZ] rFkk
 ohtk dk oS/k çek.k] tgk¡ vko”;d gks
2-7-Mªkbfoax ykblsal esa vkSj okgu tksM+uk
;fn dksbZ O;fDr vius Mªkbfoax ykblsal esa fdlh nwljs oxZ ds okgu dks
tksM+us dk bPNqd gks] rks fuEufyf[kr nLrkostksa ds lkFk ykblsal çkf/kdkjh
dks vkosnu djsxk&
 fof/kor Hkjk gqvk vkosnu ¼Q‚eZ 8½]
 fu/kkZfjr “kqYd]
 izHkkoh izf'k{kq ykblsal ;k Mªkbfoax ykblsal] ftlesa u;k okgu tksM+k
tkuk gS] rFkk
 Q‚eZ 5 esa Mªkbfoax çek.k i=] ;fn vkosnu ifjogu okgu tksM+us
ckjs gSA
,sls izR;sd vkosnu ij Okkguksa ds ftl oxZ dks ykblsal esa tksM+us gsrq
vkosnu fd;k x;k gS] ml oxZ ds ykblsal tkjh djus ckjs vU; lHkh
izko/kku Hkh ykxw gksxsaA
2-8-Mªkbfoax ykblsal dk uohuhdj.k
ykblsal ds uohuhdj.k ds fy, ml ykblsal izkf/kdkjh dks vkosnu nsuk
gksrk gS] ftlds vf/kdkj {ks= esa vkosnd vkerkSj ij jgrk gS ;k dke
djrk gSA
Mªkbfoax ykblsal ds uohuhdj.k ds fy, fuEu nLrkost vko';d gSa&
 fof/kor Hkjk gqvk vkosnu ¼Q‚eZ 9½]
14
  fu/kkZfjr “kqYd]
 gky gh esa [khaps x, ikliksVZ vkdkj ds rhu QksVks¼5ls-eh-x 6l-seh-½
 Mªkbfoax ykblsal ftldk uohuhdj.k fd;k tkuk gS] rFkk
 vkRe ?kks"k.kk ¼Q‚eZ 1½] ;fn vkosnu ifjogu okgu ds ykblsal ds
uohuhdj.k gsrq gks vFkok vkosnd pkyhl o’kZ dh vk;q ikj dj
pqdk gks] rks fpfdRlk çek.k i= ¼QkWeZ 1&,½ vko';d gSA
ykblsal uohuhdj.k dk vkosnu ykblsal ds lekIr gksus ds 30 fnuksa ds
ckn rd Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,slh voLFkk esa ykblsal uohuhdj.k dh
frfFk ls gh uohuhd`r fd;k tkrk gSA
;fn ykblsal uohuhdj.k dk vkosnu ykblsal [kRe gksus ds 5 lky ls
vf/kd vof/k ds ckn izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS rks vkosnd dks fQj ls Mªkbfoax
ijh{k.k ls xqTk+juk gksxkA
2-9-MqfIydsV Mªkbfoax ykblsal
Mªkbfoax ykblsal ds [kks tkus] pksjh gks tkus vFkok [kjkc gks tkus dh n”kk
esa MqfIydsV Mªkbfoax ykblsal tkjh fd;k tk ldrk gSA MqfIydsV ykblsal
gsrq vkosnu djus ds fy, fuEu nLrkostksa dh t:jr gksrh gS&
 fof/kor Hkjk gqvk vkosnu ¼QkWeZ ,p vkj 1½]
 fu/kkZfjr “kqYd] ¼;fn ykblsal fdlh U;k;ky; ;k izkf/kdkjh ds ikl
tek gksrs gq, [kks tkrk gS] rks dksbZ 'kqYd ugha yxrk½]
 gky gh [khaps x, ikliksVZ vkdkj ds nks QksVks] rFkk
 Mªkbfoax ykblsal pkyku esa vFkok fdlh çkf/kdkjh ds ikl tek ugha
gS] ckjs “kiFk i=A

15
 3- vius okgu dks tkfu,
,d pkyd ds fy;s vius okgu dks vPNh rjg tkuuk vR;Ur vko”;d
gSA mls okgu ds fofHkUu fu;a=dksa] lqj{kk iz.kkfy;ksa] lwpdksas] fofHkUu ykbVksa
vkSj vykeZ vkfn ds ckjs esa iw.kZ tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A blfy;s vius
okgu dh mi;ksxdrkZ iqfLrdk ¼user guide½ dks vo”; i<+sa vkSj okgu dh
fofHkUu iz.kkfy;ksa vkSj psrkouh ladsrksa ls ifjfpr gks tk,¡ tSlk fd fp= 2
esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA okgu dh ykbVsa] gkWuZ] czsd] Vk;j vkSj vU; fu;a=dksa
dks fu;fer :i ls pSd djsa vkSj lqfuf”pr djsa fd os lgh dk;Z dj jgsa
gksaA

fp= 2

3-1-czsd
gj eksVj okgu nks Lora= vkSj dkjxj czzsd iz.kkfy;ksa ls lqlfTtr gksrk
gS&gkFk ls lapkfyr ikfdaZx czsd vkSj iSj ls lapkfyr lfoZl czsd
¼fp= 3 ns[ksa½A czsfdax ç.kkyh bruh l{ke gksuh pkfg, tks okgu
dks fu/kkZfjr nwjh ds Hkhrj jksd ys pkgs ifjfLFkfr;k¡ dSlh Hkh
gksaA
3-2-Dyp o ,sDlsyjsVj
Dyp dk iz;ksx fx;j cnyus ;k xkM+h jksdus ds nkSjku bZatu dks
Vªkalfe”ku ls vyx djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS rkfd tc pkyd pkgs]
16

fp= 3
bZatu dh ikoj ifg;ksa rd uk igq¡psA ,sDlsyjsVj tSlk fd uke ls izrhr
gksrk gS] xkM+h dh xfr c<+kus@?kVkus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ¼fp= 3
ns[ksa½A
3-3-LVh;fjax Oghy
LVh;fjax Oghy dks idM+us dk lgh rjhdk gS fd vkids gkFk “Quarter to
three” ;k “ten to two” iksth”ku esa gks] tSlk fd fp= 4 esa fn[kk;k x;k
gSA pkyd dks pkfg, fd LVh;fjax Oghy dks yxkrkj idM+s jgs o mls
dHkh Hkh vfu;fU=r u NksM+sA dHkh ,d gkFk ls xkM+h u pyk;saA blds
vfrfjDr] LVh;fjax Oghy dks ?kqekrs le; dHkh vius gkFkksa dks ØkWl u
djsaA dHkh Hkh LVh;fjax Oghy ds vUnj ls gkFk Mky dj fdlh fLop vkfn
dks gSaMy u djsa tSlk fd fuEu fp=ksa esa n”kkZ;k x;k gSA

fp= 4 fp= 5

fp= 6 fp= 7

17
 fp= 8 fp= 9

3-4- gkWuZ
izR;sd eksVjokgu esa gkWuZ vfuok;Z gksrk gSA gkWuZ dk mn~ns”; /ofu ds
ek/;e ls okgu ds LFkku ;k vkxeu dh i;kZIr psrkouh nsuk gSA ?kaVh
vFkok lk;ju gkWuZ dk fodYi ugha gks ldrsA gkWuZ dk mi;ksx dsoy tgk¡
vko”;d gks ogk¡ djsaA Multi-toned gkWuZ ;kfu gkWuZ tks vusd izdkj dh
/ofu;k¡] ;k vis{kkd`r rh[kh] dBksj ;k psrkouh ij[k vkokt+ fudkyrk gks]
dsoy vkikrdkyhu okguksa tSls fd ,sEcqysal] Qk;j batu] iqfyl okguksa
vFkok iathdj.k izkf/kdkjh }kjk vf/kd`r okguksa ij gh yxk;k tk ldrk
gSA /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd Ik;kZoj.k laca/kh fu;e gkWuZ ds mi;ksx ij Hkh
ykxw gksrs gaSA ,d lkekU; fu;e ds :i esa] vki fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk
/;ku j[ksa&
 vuko';d :Ik ls vkSj yxkrkj gkWuZ uk ctk,¡A
 ekSu {ks=ksa ¼Silence Zones½ esa gkWuZ uk ctk,¡A
 lkbysalj ds vykok fudkl xSlsa fudkyus ds fy, fdlh dV&vkmV
dk iz;ksx uk djsaA
 dBksj] rh[kh] tksjnkj ;k psrkouh ijd vkokt+ fudkyus okys gkWuZ
;kfu lk;ju uk yxok,¡ vkSj uk gh mudk iz;ksx djsaA
 ,slk okgu uk pyk,¡ tks pyrs le; vuqfpr 'kksj djrk gksA
 ,slk okgu uk pyk,¡ ftldk lkbysalj psrkouh ijd vFkok iVk[ks
tSlh vkokt+ djrk gksA
18
3-5-Ykkblsal IysV
iathdj.k fpg~u] ftls ykblsal ;k uacj IysV ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS]
lHkh eksVj okguksa ds lkeus vkSj ihNs nksukas vksj Li"V :i ls iznf'kZr
djuk vfuok;Z gSA uacj IysV ij lQsn cYc ;k fj;j ySEi dk leqfpr
izdk”k jguk pkfg,A
uacj IysV ij v{kj vaxzsth esa o vad vjch esa gksus pkfg, tSls HR 21A
2121A uacj IysV ij nsoukxjh vFkok fdlh vU; fyfi dk iz;ksx oftZr
gSA ifjogu okguksa esa uacj IysV ij uacj ihyh i`’BHkwfe Ikj dkys jax ls
fy[ks gksus pkfg, rFkk vU; lHkh okguksa esa uacj lQsn i`’BHkwfe ij dkys
jax ls fy[ks gksus pkfg,A ykblsal IysV ij iathdj.k la[;k ds vykok
vU; dqN Hkh çnf'kZr] fyf[kr ;k fpf=r ugha gksuk pkfg,A ykblsal IysV
ij v{kjksa vkSj vadksa ds vkdkj ds fuEufyf[kr U;wure ekin.Mksa dk ikyu
djuk vfuok;Z gS&
Okkgu dh Js.kh LFkku Å¡pkbZ eksVkbZ fcp esa
¼feñehñ½ ¼feñehñ½ varj
¼feñehñ½
lHkh eksVjlkbfdy vkSj ihNs&v{kj 35 7 5
frifg;k vekU; dSfjt
vkxs&vad 40 7 5
70 lhlh rd dh batu vkxs&v{kj 15 2-5 2-5
{kerk ds eksVjlkbfdy o vad
vU; eksVjlkbfdy vkxs&v{kj 30 5 5
o vad
bZ&fjD”kk vkSj bZ&dkVZ lfgr ihNs o vkxs 35 7 5
500 lhlh ls vf/kd dh batu v{kj o vad
{kerk okys frifg;k okgu
500 lhñlhñ ls vf/kd ihNs o vkxs 40 7 5
batu {kerk ds frifg;k v{kj o vad
okgu
vU; lHkh eksVj okgu ihNs o vkxs 65 10 10
v{kj o vad

19
okguksa ds fofHkUu oxksaZ ds fy, uacj IysV dk vkdkj fuEufyf[kr :Ik esa
gksuk pkfg,&
nks o rhu ifg;k okgu 200 x 100 feñehñ ¼eksVj lkbfdy esa vkxs ds
fy, 285 x 45 feñehñ ds vkdkj dh vuqefr
gS½
;k=h dkj 500 x 120 feñehñ
vU; gYds eksVjokgu ¼dkj ds 340 x 200 feñehñ
vykok½
d`f’k VªSDVj 285 x 45 feñehñ ¼vkxs½
200 x 100 feñehñ ¼ihNs½

3-6- lkbysalj
lHkh eksVj okguksa esa fudkl xSlksa ds 'kksj dks ftruk gks lds de djus ds
fy, lkbysalj yxk gksuk pkfg,A fdlh Hkh fjlko ds fy, lkbysalj dk
fu;fer :i ls fujh{k.k djsaA
3-7- Vk;j
Vk;j esa gok dk ncko fu/kkZfjr Lrj ij j[ksa rFkk fdlh izdkj ds dV]
njkj] vleku f?klkbZ] iapj vkfn dk irk yxkus ds fy;s Vk;jkas dh
fu;fer tk¡p djasA lkFk gh ,d vfrfjDr Vk;j Hkh j[ksa vkSj blesa gok ds
ncko dh tk¡p le;&le; ij djrs jgsaA
3-8- foaMLØhu (windscreen) rFkk f[kM+fd;k¡
gj eksVj okgu dh vxyh foaMLØhu ySeusfVM ls¶Vh Xykl ls cuh gksuh
pkfg, vkSj cktw dh f[kM+fd;k¡ vkSj ihNs dh f[kM+fd;k¡ ls¶Vh Xykl ls
cuh gksuh pkfg,¡A f[kM++dh VwVus ;k pVdus dh fLFkfr esa bl izdkj ds
dk¡p ds VqdM+s fNVdrs ugha gSaA
lqfuf'pr djsa fd vkidh n`f"V foaMLØhu rFkk fiNyh f[kM+dh esa iM+h gqbZ
njkjksa] xanxh] Hkki] ikuh] cQZ ;k fdlh vU; oLrq ¼tks pkyd vkSj
foaMLØhu ds chp j[kh gkssa½ ds dkj.k ckf/kr uk gks jgh gksaA
blds vykok] dsaæh; eksVj;ku eSuqvy] 1989 ds fu;e 100 ds vuqlkj gj
eksVj okgu dh foaMLØhu vkSj ihNs dh f[kM+dh dk “kh”kk bl izdkj ls
gksuk pkfg, fd çdk'k dk lapj.k 70 izfr'kr ls de uk gksA blh izdkj
cktw dh f[kM+dh ls çdk'k dk lapj.k 50 izfr'kr ls de ugha gksuk
pkfg,A /;ku jgs fd loksZPp U;k;ky; ds funsZ”kkuqlkj okgu dh f[kM+fd;ks
aij fdlh Hkh izdkj dh dkyh fQYe yxkuk iw.kZr% ;k izfrcfU/kr gSA
20
3-9-foaMLØhu okbij
eksVjlkbfdy ;k fodykaxks gsrq okguksa dks NksM+dj gj eksVj okgu dh
foaMLØhu ij ,d fctyh lapkfyr foaMLØhu okbij iz.kkyh yxh gksuh
pkfg,A ckfj'k esa okgu pykrs le; foaMLØhu ls ikuh dks lkQ djus ds
fy, okbij dks gj le; vPNh gkyr es j[ksaA
3-10- fn'kk lwpd vkSj LVkWi ykbV
gj eksVj okgu esa ihys jax dh fVefVekrh gqbZ jks'kuh nsus okys fo|qr
lapkfyr fn”kk lwpd yxs gksus pkfg,¡ ftu dk iz;ksx dj pkyd nk,¡ ;k
ck,¡ eqM+us dk b”kkjk dj ldsA ;s fn”kk lwpd okgu ds nkbZa vkSj ckWbaZ vksj
bl izdkj yxs gksus pkfg, rkfd mUgsa lkeus vkSj ihNs ls Li"V :i ls
ns[kk tk ldsA
eksVjlkbfdy dks NksM+ dj vU; lHkh okguksa esa ihNs dh rjQ nkbZa vkSj
ckbZa vksj yky jax dh LVkWi ykbV yxh gksuh pkfg,A ftl le; iSj ls
lapkfyr czsd dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ml le; ;s ykbVsa izdkf'kr
gksdj okgu ds /khes gksus ;k #dus dh ea'kk dks n'kkZrh gSaA eksVjlkbfdy
ds ihNs dh vksj blh rjg dh ,d LVkWiykbV yxh gksuh pkfg,A blds
vfrfjDr] gj eksVjokgu ds ihNs de ls de ,d ykbV yxh gksuh pkfg,
tks okgu dks fjolZ fx;j esa pykrs le; Lopkfyr :i ls lQsn izdk'k
QSyk,A
mijksDr ykbVksa ds vfrfjDr] eksVjlkbfdy dks NksM+dj vU; lHkh okguksa
esa ,slh iz.kkyh yxh gksuh pkfg, tks nwljs okguksa dks [krjs dh psrkouh nsus
ds fy, lHkh fn'kk lwpd ladsr dks ,d lkFk izdkf'kr dj nsA
;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd mijksDr lwpd lgh dke dj jgs gSa]
budh fu;fer :i ls tk¡p djrs jgsaA

21
3-11- fj¶ysDVj
eksVjlkbfdy o frifg;k okguksa dks NksM+dj vU; lHkh okguksa ds ihNs
nksuksa vksj ,d&,d yky fj¶ysDVj yxk gksuk vko';d gSA eksVjlkbfdyksa
ds ihNs de ls de ,d yky fjQ~ysDVj gksuk pkfg, A bZ&fjD”kk vkSj
bZ&dkVZ lfgr rhu ifg;k okguksa ds vkxs dh rjQ lQsn fjQ~ysfDVo Vsi
vkSj ihNs dh rjQ ,d yky fjQ~ysfDVo Vsi ckWMh dh iwjh pkSM+kbZ esa yxkbZ
tk,xhA vkxs vkSj ihNs Vsi dh pkSMkbZ 20 fe-eh- ls de ugha gksuh pkfg,
vkSj ;g izkekf.kd ekudksa ds vuqlkj gksuh pkfg,A
fj¶ysDVjksa dh vko”;drk dks le>us ds fy, okgu dh fuEufyf[kr
Jsf.k;ksa dk Kku gksuk vko”;d gS&
& Js.kh ,e de ls de pkj ifg;ksa dk ,slk eksVj okgu tks ;kf=;ksa ds
vkokxeu ds fy, ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bu okguksa dh fuEufyf[kr rhu
mi Jsf.k;ka gaS%&
 Js.kh ,e&1% pkSifg;k ;k=h okgu] ftlesa pkyd dh lhV ds vykok
vf/kdre vkB lhVsa gksaA
 Js.kh ,e&2% pkSifg;k ;k=h okgu] ftlesa pkyd dh lhV ds vykok
ukS ;k ukS ls vf/kd lhVsa gksa vkSj mldk dqy vf/kdre Hkkj 5 Vu
ls vf/kd u gksA
 Js.kh ,e&3% pkSifg;k ;k=h okgu] ftlesa pkyd dh lhV ds vykok
ukS ;k ukS ls vf/kd lhVsa gksa vkSj mldk dqy vf/kdre Hkkj 5 Vu
ls vf/kd gksA
& Js.kh ,u de ls de pkjifg;ksa dk ,slk eksVjokgu tks lkeku dh
<qykbZ ds fy, ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bu okguksa dh Hkh rhu mi
Jsf.k;ka gSa%&
 Js.kh ,u&1% pkSifg;k okgu tks lkeku dh <qykbZ ds fy, ç;ksx
fd;k tkrk gks vkSj ftldk dqy vf/kdre Hkkj 3-5 Vu ls vf/kd
u gksA

22
 Js.kh ,u&2% pkSifg;k okgu tks lkeku dh <qykbZ ds fy, ç;ksx
fd;k tkrk gks vkSj ftldk dqy vf/kdre Hkkj 3-5 Vu ls vf/kd
gks ysfdu 12 Vu ls vf/kd u gksA
 Js.kh ,u&3% pkSifg;k okgu tks lkeku dh <qykbZ ds fy, ç;ksx
fd;k tkrk gks vkSj ftldk dqy vf/kdre Hkkj 12 Vu ls vf/kd
gksA
vyx&vyx Js.kh ds okguksa ij fj¶ysDVjksa dk vkdkj vkSj izdkj
fuEu izdkj ls gksuk pkfg,&
 1 vçSy] 2009 ;k mlds ckn fufeZr ,u&1 vkSj ,u&2 Js.kh ds ,sls
ekyokgd okgu ftudk ot+u 3-5 Vu ;k mlls vf/kd ysfdu 7-5
Vu ls de gks] ij vkxs lQsn fj¶ysfDVo Vsi o ihNs yky
fj¶ysfDVo Vsi dh iÍh yxh gksuh pkfg,A nksuksa ifÍ;ksa dh pkSM+kbZ
de ls de 20 feñehñ gksuh pkfg, vkSj ;g okgu dh iwjh pkSM+kà Eksa
yxh gksuh pkfg,A
 1 vçSy] 2009 ;k mlds ckn fufeZr ,u&2 vkSj ,u&3 Js.kh ds ,sls
ekyokgd okgu ftudk ot+u 7-5 Vu ls vf/kd gks] ij muds vkxs
50 feñehñ pkSM+h lQsn fj¶ysfDVo Vsi o ihNs 20 feñehñpkSM+h yky
fj¶ysfDVo Vsi dh iÍh yxh gksuh pkfg,A nksuksa ifÍ;k¡ okgu dh
iwjh pkSM+kà Eksa yxh gksuh pkfg,A
 1 vçSy] 2009 ;k mlds ckn fufeZr ,u&2 vkSj ,u&3 Js.kh esa vkus
okys ,slsVªsyj vkSj lseh& Vªsyj ftudk ot+u 7-5 Vu ls vf/kd gks]
muds vkxs] ihNs o nksuksa vksj iwjs <k¡ps dks ifjjsf[kr djrs gq,
fj¶ysfDV o fpg~u yxs gksus
pkfg,A lkbM fpg~u ihys jax
ds o de ls de 50 feñehñ
eksVs tc fd ihNs ds fpg~u
de ls de 50 feñehñ eksVs
vkSj yky jax ds gksus pkfg,A
fp= 10
okgu ds vkxs Hkh ,d lQsn
jax dh de ls de 30 feñehñ eksVh fj¶ysfDV o Vsi dh iÍh yxh
gksuh pkfg, ¼fp= 10½A
 1 vDrwcj] 2009 ;k mlds ckn fufeZr ,e&2 vkSj ,e&3 Js.kh ds
lHkh okguksa ij 50 feñehñ pkSM+h lQsn fj¶ysfDV o Vsi vkxs o yky
fj¶ysfDV o Vsi ihNs dh vksj yxh gksuh pkfg,A nksuksa ifÍ;k¡ okgu
23
 dh iwjh pkSM+kà Eksa yxh gksuh pkfg,A lkFk gh ,e&3 Js.kh ds lHkh
okguksa ds nksuksa vksj iwjh yackà Eksa 50 feñehñ pkSM+h ihyh fj¶ysfDV o
Vsi dh iÍh yxh gksuh pkfg,A

3-12- gSM ySEi vkSj fj;j ySEi

gj eksVj okgu ij lkeus gSM ykbV vkSj ihNs fj;j ySEi yxk gksuk
pkfg,] ftldk mi;ksx lkeus o ihNs dh vksj lM+d ij jks'kuh djus ds
fy, fd;k tk ldsA
gSM ykbV lw;kZLr ds vk/ks ?kaVs ckn ;k leqfpr jks'kuh uk gksus ij fdlh
Hkh le; tyk ysuh pkfg,A gSM ykbV lM+d ij ,d lkS ipiu ehVj
vkxs rd oLrqvksa] okguksa vkSj yksxksa dks Li"V :i ls fn[kkus esa l{ke gksuh
pkfg,A blds vykok] gSM ykbV esa izdk'k che dks uhps ¼yks&che vFkkZr
fMIIkj ykbV½ djus okyh iz.kkyh Hkh yxh gksxh pkfg, rkfd mlds izdk'k
ls fdlh O;fDr ;k pkyd dh vk¡[ksa pkSaf/k;k u tk,saA
,sls LFkku ij] tgk¡ leqfpr izdk”k O;oLFkk gks] okgu pykrs le; yks&che
¼fMIIkj½ dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A gkbZ&che ds iz;ksx dh flQkfj'k mu
bykdksa esa dh tkrh gS] tgk¡ lM+d ij izdk’k O;oLFkk u gks rFkk ;krk;kr
de gksA ;fn vki fdlh jktekxZ ij ;k=k djrs gq, mPp che dk iz;ksx
dj jgs gksa rks lkeus ls okgu vkus ij yks&che dj ysaA blh izdkj tc
vki fdlh vU; okgu ds ihNs py jgs gksa rks yks&che dk iz;ksx djsa rkfd
vkxs okys pkyd dks dfBukbZ uk gksA
viuh gSM ykbV dks ges”kk lkQ j[ksa vkSj mUgsa fu;fer :i ls O;ofLFkr
djokrs jgsa rkfd lM+d ij mudk y{; Bhd jgsA
3-13- ikfdaZx ykbV
eksVjlkbfdy ds vykok vU; lHkh okguksa ij lkeus dh rjQ nksukas vksj
,d&,d lQsn ;k ihyh rFkk ihNs dh rjQ nksuksa vksj ,d&,d yky
ikfdaZx ykbV yxh gksuh pkfg,A tc Hkh okgu lM+d ij fLFkj [kM+k gks rks
ikfdaZx ykbV tyh gksuh pkfg,A
3-14- yky] lQsn] uhyh ykbV ;k LikWV ykbV dk iz;ksx
fof/k }kjk uhyh] yky] QySf'kax ykbV vFkok f>yfeykrh ykbVksa dk iz;ksx
dsoy fof'k"V mn~ns”; ds lsok okguksa ds fy, lhfer fd;k x;k gSA fdlh
24
Hkh vU; eksVjokgu ij lkeus dh vksj ykycÙkh yxkuk izfrcaf/kr gSA blh
izdkj okgu ds ihNs yky ykbV] iathdj.k fpg~u dks izdkf”kr djus gsrq
,d lQsn ykbV] okgu dks ihNs dh rjQ pykrs le; iz;ksx gsrq ,d
lQsn ykbV o fn'kk lwpd ihyh ykbVksa dks NksM+dj fdlh vU; jax dh ykbV dk
iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
uhyh] yky] lQsn ;k ¶ySf’kax ykbV dk iz;ksx fuEufyf[kr okguksa ij gh fd;k tk
ldrk gS&
 ,Ecqysal okgu ij cSaxuh dk¡p esa fVefVekus okyh yky ykbV]
 dsUnz rFkk jkT; ljdkj }kjk vf/kd`r vkSj vf/klwfpr mPp x.kekU; O;fDr;ksa ds
okguksa ij ykycŸkh ¼¶yS'kj lfgr vFkok fcuk ¶yS’kj ds½]
 jkT; ljdkj }kjk vf/kd`r vkSj vf/klwfpr okguksa ij uhyh cŸkh ¼¶ys’kj lfgr½]
 mPpx.k ekU; O;fDr;ksa ds lqj{kk (Escort) okgu ij uhyh ykbV ¼¶yS'kj lfgr
vFkok mlds fcuk½]
 jkT; ljdkj }kjk vf/klwfpr vkikrdkyhu lsokvksa ds fy, iz;qDRk gksus okys
okguksa ij yky] uhyh ;k lQsn cgqjaxh ykbV]
 iqfyl foHkkx ds vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk bLrseky fd, tkus okys okguksa ij cSaxuh
ykbV] rFkk blds vykok] fdlh Hkh okgu ij vkxs dh vksj LikWV ykbV vFkok
lpZykbV ugha yxkbZ tk ldrh tc rd vlk/kkj.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iath;u
çkf/kdkjh }kjk ,slk djuk vuqeksfnr u gksA
3-15- fj;j&O;w fejj
gfj;k.kk eksVjokgu fu;ekoyh] 1993 ds fu;e 123 ds vuqlkj jksM+ jksyj ds vykok gj
okgu ij] vkarfjd ;k ckg~; fj;j&O;w fejj bl izdkj ls yxk gksuk vfuok;Z gS] ftlls
fd pkyd ihNs dh vksj vU; fdlh okgu dks ns[kus o mldh fLFkfr ckjs irk djus esa
l{ke gksA
okgu esa fnu@jkf= izdkj ¼Day/Night Type½ ds fj;j&O;w fejj dk iz;ksx djuk
pkfg,A bl izdkj ds ‘kh’ks esa jkf=&vankt+ (night mode) gksrk gS tks jkr ds le;
ihNs py jgs okgu dh gsMykbV ls niZ.k esa ifjyf{kr gksus okyh jks'kuh dks de dj
nsrk gSA
vf/kdka'k u, eksVjokguksa esa nksuksa vksj lkbM&O;w fejj yxs gksrs gSaA ;s ‘kh’ks lM+d ds
nksuksa vksj dk n`’; ns[kus esa Mªkboj dh lgk;rk djrs gSaA

25
lkbM&O;w fejj ¼ftUgsa foax&fejj Hkh dgk tkrk gS½ dks eksM+ dj can u j[ksa cfYd
budk iz;ksx djsaA ;g ,d vPNh vknr gSA okgu ds ihNs o vkl&ikl lgh izdkj ls
ns[k ikus ds fy, bu ‘kh’kksa dks lkQ j[ksa vkSj bu ij [kjksap u vkus nsaA pyus ls igys
fj;j&O;w fejj dks lgh fLFkfr esa dj ysa vkSj vius CykbaM LikWV~l dks tku ysaA
3-16- lhV cSYV vkSj ,;j&cSx
lhV cSYV iguuk vR;Ur egŸoiw.kZ gSA blls nq?kZVuk dh fLFkfr esa pksV yxus ;k e`R;q
gksus dh laHkkouk cgqr de gks tkrh gSA
dsaæh; eksVj okgu fu;ekoyh] 1989 ds vuqlkj lhV cSYV ls lqlfTtr okguksa esa pkyd
rFkk vkxs dh lhV ij cSBs ;k=h ds fy, pyrs okgu es gj le; lhV cSYV iguuk
vfuok;Z gSA M1 Js.kh ds ;k=h okguksa ¼pkyd rFkk vf/kdre vkB ;kf=;ksa dh {kerk
okys½ esa fiNyh lhV ij lkeus dh vksj cSBs ;kf=;ksa ds fy, Hkh lhV cSYV iguuk
vfuok;Z gSA
lhV cSYV vkidh lqj{kk ds fy, gSA ;fn vkius lhV cSYV iguh gS rks nq?kZVuk gksus dh
n’kk esa vkids cpus dh laHkkouk dgha vf/kd gks tkrh gS D;ksafd%&
 lhV cSYV nq?kZVuk gksus ij pkyd dks LVh;fjax ds ihNs lgh fLFkfr esa j[krh gS
ftlls okgu ij mldk fu;a=.k cuk jgrk gS]
 lhV cSYV vkids flj o 'kjhj dks okgu ds Hkhrjh fgLls lsV djkus ls cpkrh gS]
rFkk
 lhV cSYV Vdjko dh fLFkfr esa vkidks okgu ls ckgj ugha fxjus nsrhA ;fn
dksbZ O;fDr nq?kZVuk ds nkSjku okgu ls ckgj fxj tk,] mls xaHkhj pksVsa yxus
dh laHkkouk vf/kd gksrh gSA
lhV cSYV dks lgh <ax ls iguuk cgqr egŸoiw.kZ gSA da/ks dk iÍk ges'kk da/ks ds Åij
ls Mkysa] uk dh cktw ds uhps lsA xksn ds iÍs dks isV ij Mkyus ds ctk; ges'kk cSYV ds
Åij ls MkysaA
lhV cSYV dh rjg ,;j&CkSXk Hkh Vdjko ds nkSjku xaHkhj 'kkjhfjd pksV dks jksdus vkSj
e`R;q ls cpus ds fy, egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA ;gk¡ /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd ;fn vkids
okgu esa ,;j&cSx yxs gksa] rks vkidks lhV cSYV vo’; iguuh pkfg,] D;ksafd ,;j&cSx
rHkh pksV dks jksdus esa lgk;d gksrs gSa ;fn vkius lhV cSYV yxk j[kh gksA ;fn vkius
lhV cSYV ugha iguh gS rks ,;j&cSXk ls 'kkjhfjd pksV Hkh yx ldrh gSA

26
3-17- çnw"k.k fu;a=.k
gj eksVj okgu esa iznw"k.k fu;a=.k çek.k i= gksuk pkfg,] tks Ng eghus ds fy, ekU;
gksrk gS vkSj BS-IV ;k BS-VI ekunaMksa ds vuqlkj fufeZr okguksa ds fy, 12 eghus
¼fu;e 115 CMVR)A u, eksVj okgu dks iathdj.k dh frfFk ds ,d o"kZ ckn iznw"k.k
fu;a=.k çek.k i= ds fy, iqu% izekf.kr djokuk gksrk gSA iznw”k.k izek.k i= gj le;
okgu esa gksuk pkfg,A
vius okgu dk j[k j[kko vPNk j[kus vkSj Mªkbfoax ds nkSjku fuEufyf[kr vPNh ckrksa
dk vuqlj.k djus ls uk dsoy ok;q çnw"k.k dks de djus esa enn feyrh gSa cfYd bZa/ku
dh Hkh cpr gksrh gSa&
 batu dks Bhd gkyr esa j[kas vkSj Vk;jksa esa gok dk ncko lgh j[ksaA
 lM+d ij lwpdksas o ;krk;kr ds fu;eksa dk ikyu djsaA
 fu/kkZfjr xfr lhek ds Hkhrj pysaA
 vpkud xfr c<+kus vFkok czsd yxkus ls cpsaA
 okgu esa vuko';d otu u j[ksaA
tgk¡ laHko gks dkj lk¡>h ç;ksx(Car pooling) djsa] rFkk lkoZtfud ifjogu ds lk/kuksa
}kjk] ckbd }kjk ;k iSny ;k=k djus ls ijgst uk djsaA

 ckj&ckj ;k=k djus dh ctk; ,d gh ckj esa vusd dk;Z fuiVk,¡A

 yacs Bgjko] tke vkfn esa batu can djuk uk HkwysaA
3-18- okgu ij D;k ugha yxk gksuk pkfg, \
 lkeus dh vksj yky vFkok uhys jax dh pedrh ;k fVefVekrh cfŸk;k¡]
 LikWVykbV ;k lpZykbV]
 Multi-toned gkWuZ ;k lk;ju tks flyflysokj fofHkUu /ofu;k¡ mRiUu djrk
gks]
 f[kM+fd;ksa ij dkyh fQYe]
 lkbysalj ds vykok fudkl xSlsa fudkyus ds fy, dksbZ vU; dV&vkmV]
 QkSth okgu ljh[kk gjk jax ¼;g jax j{kk foHkkx ds okguksa ds fy, vkjf{kr gS½]
 xgjs uhys jax dh ykbuksa ds lkFk ihys jax dk okgu ¼;g jax ‘kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa
ds okguksa ds fy, vkjf{kr gS½] rFkk

27
  ihys jax dh eksVjlkbfdy ¼eksVjlkbfdy dk ihyk jax iqfyl foHkkx ds fy,
vkjf{kr gS½A
3-19- vius okgu dh fu;fer tk¡p djsa
viuk okgu LVkVZ djus ls igys izfrfnu fuEufyf[kr tk¡p vo’; djsa&
 foaMLØhu vkSj f[kM+fd;ksa esa dksbZ njkj uk gks]
 okbij vPNh gkyr esa gksa]
 okgu ds uhps ikuh ;k rsy ds /kCcs u gksa] D;ksafd ;s fjlko dk ladsr gks ldrs
gSa]
 Vk;jksa esa dV u gksa rFkk muesa gok dk ncko lgh gks]
 lqfuf'pr djsa fd xst ¼iSekus½ Bhd ls dke dj jgs gksa]
 lHkh ySEi vkSj ykbV Bhd ls dke dj jgs gksa] fo'ks"k :i ls jkf= ds nkSjku]
 ykblsal IysV Bhd ls yxh gksa vkSj mu ij iathdj.k la[;k Li”V fn[k jgh gks]
 niZ.k lkQ vkSj Bhd fLFkfr esa gksa] rFkk
 iznw"k.k fu;a=.k dk çek.k i= ekU; gksA
blds vfrfjDr yach ;k=k ij tkus ls igys fuEufyf[kr dh tk¡p djuk Hkh Qk;nsean
gksrk gS&
 cSVjh vPNh gkyr esa gks vkSj dusD'ku Bhd gks]
 batu rsy] batu 'khryd] czsd rsy vkSj foaMLØhu okbij æo dk Lrj fufnZ"V
U;wure Lrj ls Åij gks]
 lHkh ykbVsa] gSMykbV ¼gkbZ&che vkSj ykss&che½] vkSj LikWV@czsd ykbV Bhd ls
dke dj jgh gksa]
 fudkl ç.kkyh esa fjlko u gks]
 okgu dk vfrfjDr Vk;j ¼LVSIuh½ vPNh gkyr esa gks] rFkk
 çkFkfed fpfdRlk fdV] V‚pZ] Vk;j cnyus ds fy, vko';d midj.k rFkk ;fn
laHko gks rks ,d iksVsZcy ¼vklkuh ls ys tkus ;ksX;½ vkx cq>kus dk ;a= okgu esa
j[kk gksA

28
 4- ;krk;kr ladsr] lwpd vkSj lM+d fpg~u
;krk;kr ladsr] lwpd rFkk lM+d ij cus fpg~u Pkkydksa dks lqjf{kr okgu pykus]
;krk;kr dks fu;fer djus] pkyd dks vkxs vkus okys [krjksa ls lko/kku djus o ekxZ esa
miyC/k lqfo/kkvksa ckjs Li"V ekxZn'kZu çnku djus ds fy, cuk;s x;s gSaA ;krk;kr ds
ladsr lM+d ds fu;eksa dk Li”V o lVhd vFkZ csgn ljy rjhds ls rLohjksa ds ek/;e
ls crykrs gSaA blfy, izR;sd okgu pkyd dks lM+dksa o jktekxksZa ij ik;s tkus okys
;krk;kr ladsrksa dk iwjk Kku gksuk pkfg, vkSj bls gj le; mudk ikyu djuk
pkfg,A
4-1- Lakdsr
;krk;kr ds ladsr Hkkjrh; jksM+ dkaxzsl ¼vkbZñvkjñlhñ½ }kjk çdkf'kr fd;s tkrs gSaA ;s
ladsr fpg~uksa vkSj fp=ksa dk mi;ksx dj cuk;s x, gSaA budk ns'kHkj esa leku :i ls
ikyu fd;k tkrk gSA budk vFkZ rqjar Li"V djus ds fy, izR;sd ladsr dks ,d fof’”V
vkdkj vkSj jax bl izdkj ls fn;k x;k gS fd pkyd nwj ls fcuk i<+s gh ek= ns[k dj
bu dk vFkZ le> ldsA lM+d ladsr rhu izdkj ds gksrs gaS&
 vfuok;Z vFkok vkns’kd ladsr
 psrkouh ijd ladsr
 lwpuk ijd ladsr
vfuok;Z vFkok vkns’kd ladsr
bl oxZ ds ladsr vfuok;Z gksrs gSa ;kfu budk gj le; ikyu fd;k tkuk vfuok;Z gSA
LVkWi ladsr^ o ^fxo&os ladsr^ dks NksM+dj vU; lHkh vfuok;Z ladsr vkdkj esa xksy
gksrs gSaA vfuok;Z ladsr uhps n”kkZ;s x;s gaS&
LVkWi ladsr
bl ladsr dk vFkZ gS fd vki :dsa] ns[ksa o tc lqjf{kr gksa
rks vkxs c<a+sA ;g ladsr mu ekxksZa ij iz;qDRk gksrk gS tgk¡
VªSfQd dks eq[; lM+d vFkok pkSjkgs ij izos'k djus ls iwoZ
#duk vfuok;Z gksrk gSSA
fxo&os ladsr
bl ladsr dk vFkZ gS fd vki ,sls okguksa dks jkLrk nsa]
ftUgsa ekxZ dk vf/kdkj (right-of-way) gSA

29
 Ukks& ,UVªh ladsr
;g fpg~u mu LFkkuksa ij yxk;k tkrk gS tgk¡ lHkh okguksa
dk izos'k fu"ks) gksA

vkxs tkuk oftZr ;k fuuks ,UVªh ladsr

;g fpg~u mu txgksa ij gksrk gS tgk¡ okguksa dk izos’k
lh/ks vkxs tkuk fu"ks) gksA

ou&os ladsr
,d fn'kk esa ;krk;kr izfrcfU/kr gSA ;g ladsr n’kkZrk gS
fd VªSfQd dk vkxs tkuk euk gSA

ou&os ladsr
,d fn'kk esa ;krk;kr izfr cfU/kr gSA ;g ladsr n’kkZrk gS
fd lkeus dh fn'kk ls okguksa dk vkuk euk gSA

nksuksa fn’kkvksa esa vkokxeu fuf"k) ladsr

;g fpg~u mu txgksa ij gksrk gS tgk¡ nksuksa fn’kkvksa esa
okguksa dk ;krk;kr oftZr gksA

lHkh okgu fuf"k) Vªd fuf"k) cSy&xkM+h o Bsyk

fuf"k)

30
cSy&xkM+h fuf"k) rkaxk fuf"k) Bsyk fuf"k)

LkkbZfdy fuf"k) iSny ;k=h fuf"k) nk;k¡ eksM+ fuf"k)

Ckk;k¡ eksM+ fuf"k) Okkfil eqM+uk(U-Turn) vksojVsd djuk fuf"k)

fuf"k)

gkWuZ ctkuk fuf"k) uks&ikfdZax #duk ;k ikdZ djuk

fuf"k)

Xkfr lhek pkSM+kbZ lhek Å¡pkbZ lhek

31
 yackbZ lhek Hkkj lhek ,Dly Hkkj lhek

izzfrca/k lekIr vfuok;Z Ckk;k¡ eksM+ lh/kk tkuk vfuok;Z

lh/kk tkuk ;k nk,¡ eqM+uk lh/kk tkuk ;k ck,¡ eqM+uk

vfuok;Z nk;k¡ eksM+
vfuok;Z vfuok;Z

ck,¡ jguk vfuok;Z vfuok;Z lkbfdy ekxZ gkWuZ ctkuk vfuok;Z

psrkouh ijd ladsr

psrkouh ijd ladsr okgu pkydksa dks vkxs vkus okyh vlkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ;k [krjksa
ds ckjs esa lko/kku djus ds fy, gksrs gSaA ;s ladsr vkdkj esa frdksus gksrs gSaA eksVj;ku
vf/kfu;e] 1988 esa fuEufyf[kr psrkouh ijd ladsr of.kZr gSa&

32
 nkbZa vksjeksM+ Ckk¡bZa vksj eksM+ nkbZa vksj nksgjk eksM+

ck¡bZ vksj nksgjk eksM+ nkfgus eqM+dj fQj vkxs Ckk,¡ eqM+dj fQj vkxs

vkxs p<+kbZ gS vkxs mrjkbZ gS ladjkiqy

vkxs lM+d pkSM+h gS vkxs lM+d rax gS fQlyu Hkjh lM+d

fc[kjh ctjh iSny ;k=h ifjiFk lkbfdy ifjiFk

vkxs Ldwy gS dke pkyw gS i'kq

33
iRFkj fxjus dh laHkkouk Ukko pkSjkgk

e/;js[kk esa vUrjky nkbZa vksj jkLrk gS ck¡bZ vksj jkLrk gS

ckbZa rjQ ok; taD’ku nkbZa rjQ ok; taD’ku ok; taD’ku

Vh&taD’ku fo"ke lM+d laxEk fo"ke lM+d laxEk

vkxs eq[; lM+d gS vkxs eq[; lM+d gS xksy pDdj

34
 [krjukd xgjkà jacy fLVªi mHkkj ;k [kjkc jkLrk

LihM&cszdj vkxs cSfj;j gS eksM+ksa dh J`a[kyk

?kkV ;k unh dk fdukjk n~fo&ekxZ izkjEHk n~fo&ekxZ lekIr

ekuo jfgr jsy ysu can

QkVd okyk jsy ifjiFk
ifjiFk ¼nks&ysu ekxZij½

Åij rkj gS ;krk;kr ladsr

lwpuk ijd ladsr

35
lwpuk ijd ladsr okgu pkydksa dks fn'kk] xarO; rFkk lM+d fdukjs miyC/k lqfo/kkvksa
vkfn dh tkudkjh çnku djrs gSaA ;s ladsr vkdkj esa pkSdksj ;k vk;rkdkj gksrs gSa&

vkxkeh fn’kk ladsr xarO; ladsr Xkksy pDdj ij

fn’kk ladsr

fn’kk ladsr LFkku ladsr iqujk’oklu ladsr

iSVªksy iEi nkfguh vksj vLirky ckbZa vksj izkFkfed fpfdRlk

LFky

Hkkstu LFky vYikgkj foJke LFky

vkj&ikj jkLrk ugha gS LkkoZtfud nwjHkk"k cl LVkWi

36
 nksuksa vksj ikfdZax LFky LdwVj o eksVjlkbfdyksa lkbfdyksa gsrq ikfdZax
gsrq ikfdZax LFky LFky

VSDlh LVSaM vkWVks fjD’kk LVaSM Lkkbfdy fjD’kk LVaSM

iSny ;k=h lqjaxiFk jsyos LVs’ku eqjEer lqfo/kk

foijhr fn’kk esa cl ysu cl ysu

4-2- VªSfQd ykbV

VªSfQd ykbVsa pkSjkgksa ij ;krk;kr dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, yxkbZ tkrh gSaA dbZ
pkSjkgksa ij VªSfQd ykbVksa ds Åij fctyh lapkfyr rkj ds fu'kku cus gksrs gSaA ;s rhj
ds fu'kku ;krk;kr ds çokg dks fu'kku dh fn'kk esa fu;af=r djrs gSaA
ykycÙkh
ykycÙkh dk vFkZ gS fd pkSjkgs esa izos'k ls igys LVkWi ykbu ;k iSny ifjiFk ls igys
#dsa rFkk tc rd ykycÙkh gjs jax esa ugh acny tkrh] bart+kj djsaA ykycÙkh ij rhj
ds fu'kku dk eryc gS fd rhj dh fn'kk esa eqM+uk euk gSA

37 fp= 11
ihyh cÙkh
;fn pkSjkgs esa izos'k ls igys cRrh ihyh gks tkrh gS] rks LVkWi ykbu ;k iSny ikj iFk
ls igys gh #d tk,¡A ;fn vkids pkSjkgs esa izos'k djus ds ckn cÙkh ihyh gksrh gS rks
lko/kkuh iwoZd pyrs jgs rFkk pkSjkgk ikj dj ysaA ihys rhj ds fu'kku dk eryc gS rhj
dh fn'kk esa lko/kkuh iwoZd pyukA fp= 12

gjh cÙkh
gjh cŸkh dk vFkZ gS fd vki pkSjkgs esa igys ls py jgs iSny ;kf=;ksa vkSj vU; okguksa
dks txg nsrs gq, lko/kkuh iwoZd vkxs c<+ ldrs gSaA gjk rhj bafxr djrk gS fd vki
viuh mfpr ysu esa jgrs gq, rhj dh fn'kk esa vkxs c<+ ldrs gSaA

fp= 13

¶ySf'kax yky o ihyh cÙkh

¶ySf'kax ykyCkÙkh dk vFkZ gS fd vki LVkWi ykbu ;k iSny ikjiFk ls igys #dsa rFkk
dsoy rHkh vkxs c<sa+ tc lqjf{kr gksA ¶ySf'kax ihyh CkÙkh dk vFkZ gS fd vki /khes o
fp= 14
lko/kkuhiwoZd pyrs jgsaA

iSny ikjiFk lwpd

dbZ txg iSny ikjiFk ij cfÙk;kWa yxh gksrh gSaA ;s lwpd iSny pyus okyksa dks lqjf{kr
:i ls lM+d ikj djus esa enn djrs gSaA ;fn vki iSny ;k=h gSa rks gjh cÙkh ¼ftl
ij iSny pyus dk fpg~u cuk gksrk gS½ gksus ij lM+d ikj dj ldrs gSaA
VSªfQd ykbV dh mYya?kuk dHkh uk djsaA CkÙkh ihyh gksus ds ckn ;fn vkids ikl
fp= 15
lqjf{kr :Ik ls #dus ds fy, i;kZIr txg gks rks #d tk,¡A
4-3- ;krk;kr iqfyl }kjk gkFk ds ladsr
;fn ;krk;kr iqfyldehZ ;krk;kr dks funsZf'kr o fu;af=r dj jgs gks] rks muds gkFk ds
ladsrksa dk ikyu djsa] pkgs os VªSfQd ykbVksa ;k lwpdkas ls fHkUu Hkh D;ksa u gksa] D;ksafd gks
ldrk gS fd dksbZ vkikr fLFkfr gksA fuEufyf[kr fp=ksa ¼16&21½ esa ;krk;kr iqfyl }kjk
fn;s tkus okys fofHkUu ladsr iznf'kZr fd;s x, gSa&

38
 fp= 16 fp= 17 fp= 18
ihNs ls ;krk;kr jksdsa vkxs ls vkus okyk ;krk;kr ihNs o vkxs ls vkusokyk
jksdsa ;krk;kr jksdsa

fp= 19 fp= 20 fp= 21

nk,¡ o ck,¡ ls nk,¡ ls vk jgs ;krk;kr ck,¡ ls vk jgs ;krk;kr

;krk;kr jksdsa dks nk,¡ eqM+us dh dks nk,¡ eqM+us dh
vuqefr vuqefr

csgrj ;krk;kr çca/ku ds fy, ,d ls vf/kd gkFk ds ladsrksa dk ,d lkFk bLrseky Hkh
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
4-4- lM+d ij yxs fpg~u
lM+d ij yxs fpg~u ;krk;kr çca/ku esa cgqr mi;ksxh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa rFkk ;krk;kr
ds çokg dks fu;af=r djus o lM+d lqj{kk dks c<+kok nsus esa enn djrs gSaA blfy;s
pkydksa dks pkfg, fd os lM+d ij yxs fpg~uksa dks vPNh rjg ls le>sa o mudh ikyuk
djsaA dqN ,d egŸoiw.kZ lM+d fpg~uksa dk o.kZu fuEu gS&

39
foPNsfnr dsaæ js[kk

foPNsfnr dsaæh; js[kk ¼fp= 22½ ;krk;kr dh nks foijhr /kkjkvksa dks vyx djrh gSA
dsoy vksoj Vsfdax ds fy, blds nwljh vksj tkus dh vuqefr gS rFkk og Hkh tc
vksojVsd djuk lqjf{kr gksA blds vfrfjDr] ysu fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy, Hkh foPNsfnr
js[kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA foPNsfnr ysu js[kk bafxr djrh gS fd tc lqjf{kr gks
rc vkxs fudyus ds fy, nwljh ysu esa tkus dh vuqefr gSA foPNsfnr dsaæh; js[kk dh
ekfdZax ysu js[kk dh ekfdZax ls vf/kd yach gksrh gS o bldh yackbZ 3 ehVj gksrh gSA

fp= 22

Bksl dsaæ js[kk

Bksl dsaæh; js[kk ¼fp= 23½ bafxr djrh gS fd lM+d ds nwljh vksj tkus dh vuqefr
dsoy ekxZ ds nwljh vksj fLFkr fdlh ifjlj esa izos’k djus vFkok ckgj fudyus] fdlh
ck/kk ls cpus vFkok vU; lM+d ij eqM+us gsrq gh gSA blds vfrfjDr fdlh Hkh
ifjfLFkfr esa Bksl dsUnz js[kk ds nwljh vksj tkuk izfrcfU/kr gSA Bksl dsaæh; js[kk
lk/kkj.kr;k% lQsn jax dh gksrh gS] ysfdu oSdfYid :Ik ls ihys jax dh Hkh gks ldrh
gSA

fp= 23

40
nksgjh dssanzh; vojks/kd js[kk

nksgjh dssanzh; vojks/kd js[kk ¼fp= 24½ bafxr djrh gS fd vkikr fLFkfr dks NksM+dj
lM+d ds nwljh vksj tkus dh vuqefr dnkfi ugha gSA

fp= 24

Bksl o VwVh gqbZ js[kkvksa dk la;kstu

fp= 25
;fn vkidh ysu dh vksj js[kk foPNsfnr gS] rks bldk vFkZ gS fd ;fn lqjf{kr gks rks
vki nwljh vksj yka?k ldrs gSaA blds foijhr ;fn vkidh vksj dh js[kk Bksl gks rks mls
yka?kuk oftZr gSA bl izdkj dh nksgjh js[kk;sa ogk¡ iz;ksx gksrh gSa tgk¡ eksM+ vFkok dksbZ
:dkoV gksus ds dkj.k vkxs i;kZIr nwjh rd fn[kkbZ uk nsrk gks] tSlk fd fp= 25 esa
n’kkZ;k x;k gSA lM+d ds ,sls Hkkx es aikfdZax fuf”k) gksrh gSA

41
LVkWi js[kk

fp= 26

lM+d ij fpfg~ur LVkWi js[kk bafxr djrh gS fd vki bl js[kk ls igys :dsa rFkk eq[;
lM+d ij py jgs ;krk;kr dks jkLrk nsaA vkidks rHkh vkxs c<+uk pkfg, tc ,slk djuk
lqjf{kr gksA tgk¡ iSny ikjiFk gks ogk¡ LVkWi js[kk iSny ikjiFk ls iwoZ fpfg~ur gksrh gSA
LVkWi js[kk ds lkFk LVkWi fpg~u yxk gksrk gS vFkok d¡gh&2 STOP ‘kCn fy[kk gksrk gS
tSlk fd fp= 26 esa n’kkZ;k x;k gSA

Give Way js[kk

fp= 27

;g fpg~u izk;% pkSjkgksa ij nks lekukUrj foPNsfnr js[kkvksa ds :i esa gksrk gSA
lk/kkj.kr;k% bu js[kkvksa ds igys ,d myVk f=dks.k ‘Give way’ 'kCn lfgr lM+d ij
fpf=r gksrk gS ¼fp= 27½ vFkok lM+d ds fdukjs bl izdkj dk lwpd yxk gksrk gSA
bl fpg~u dk vFkZ gS fd vki eq[; lM+d ij VªSfQd dks jkLrk nsa rFkk xSi feyus ij
gh vkxs c<saA

42
T+kscjk ikjiFk

fp= 28

;s lM+d ds lekukarj dkys o lQsn jax dh Øe okj /kkfj;k¡ gksrh gSaA ;s iSny pyus

okyks dks lqjf{kr lM+d ikj djokus ds fy, cukbZ tkrh gSA iSny pyus okyks adks bl
jkLrs ls lM+d ikj djus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gS vFkkZr~ ;fn dksbZ iSny ;k=h t+scjk ikjiFk
ij gks rks vkidks okgu jksduk vfuok;Z gSA Tk+scjk ikjiFk ls igys izk;% ^iSny ikjiFk^
ds lM+d ldsar yxs gksrs gSa tSlk fd fp= 28 esa n’kkZ;k x;k gSA

lkbfdy ysu
fp= 29

lkbfdy ysu fpg~u ¼fp= 29½ dsoy lkbfdy pkydksa ds fy, fo'ks"k :i ls cukbZ xbZ
ysu dks bafxr djrk gSA vU; okguksa dks bl ysu esa ços'k dh vuqefr ugha gksrhA

vkn’kZ pkSjkgk

43
 fp= 30

mijksDr fp= 30 esa ,d vkn’kZ pkSjkgk n’kkZ;k x;k gS] ftlesa LVkWi js[kk,sa] iSny ;kf=;ksa
gsrq ts+cjk ikjiFk] ‘Give way’ ladsr] fLYki ysu ¼pkSjkgs ls cpdj fudyus dk jkLrk½]
fn'kk lwpd rhj ds fu'kku rFkk vU; ;krk;kr fpg~u fn[kk;s x;s gSaA
c‚Dl taD’ku

fp= 31

ckWDl taD’ku esa fp= 31 esa n’kkZ;s vuqlkj ihys jax dh dks.kh; js[kk;sa cuh gksrh gSaA ;s
js[kk;sa bafxr djrh gSa fd okguksa dks bl ckWDl esa rHkh ços'k djuk pkfg, tc vkxs

44
fudkl ekxZ [kkyh gksA ckWDl taD’ku ds vUnj okgu dk
{k.k Hkj :duk Hkh fuf”k) gksrk gSA
Keep Clearfpg~u

fp= 32
Keep Clear fpg~u fp= 32 esa fn[kk;k x;k gS] ;g lM+d fpg~u bafxr djrk gS fd
vadu ds {ks= esa fdlh Hkh okgu dks [kM+k gksus dh vuqefr ugha gSA ;g fpg~u ogk¡
iz;qDRk gksrk gS tgk¡ okguksa }kjk lkbM jksM+ ls vk jgs VªSfQd dks vo:) djus dk
vUns’kk gksrk gSA
Nksj js[kk (Edge line)
fp= 33
lM+d ij Bksl lQsn ¼;k ihyh½ js[kk tSlk fd fp= 33 esa fn[kk;k x;k gS] okgu pykus
gsrq lM+d dh lhek bafxr djrh gSA lQsn Nksj js[kk lM+d ds fdukjs ikfdaZx vFkok

lkbfdy ysu dk ladsr nsus ds fy, Hkh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA ihys jax dh Nksj js[kk
bafxr djrh gS fd lM+d fdukjs ikfdZax izfrcaf/kr gSA
lkbfdy ikjiFk
lkbfdy ikj iFk ¼fp= 34½ lkbfdy lokjksa dks lM+d ikj djus ds fy, cuk;s tkrs gSaA
;s ogk¡ cuk, tkrs gSa tgk¡ lkbfdy ysu lM+d ds ikj tk jgh gksA lkbfdy ikjiFk
izk;% iSny ikjiFk ds lkFk&lkFk cuk, tkrs gSaA
45
 fp= 34

Roj.k (Acceleration) fpg~u

;g fpg~u jktekxksZa ij izos'k ds fy, iz;qDr fd;k
tkrk gS rFkk bafxr djrk gS fd vkidks vius
okgu dh xfr c<+kuh pkfg,A

fp= 35

voRoj.k (Deceleration) fpg~u

;g fpg~u jktekxksZa ls fudkl Lkhu ij iz;qDr
gksrk gS rFkk bafxr djrk gS fd vkidks vius
okgu dh xfr de djuh pkfg,A
fp= 36

lM+d dh iVjh ij fp=.k

dbZ ckj lM+d ;k jktekxZ ds fdukjs ,slh phtsa fp= 37
gksrh gSa tks [krjk iSnk dj ldrh gSaA bl rjg dzeokj dkyh vkSj lQsn /kkfj;k¡
dh oLrqvksa dks dzeokj dkys vkSj lQsn jax ;k
dafir (Staggered) dkys vkSj lQsn jax ls fpf=r
fd;k tkrk gSA fp= 38
dafir dkyh vkSj lQsn /kkfj;k¡

uks ikfdaZx
Ukks ikfdaZx fpg~u vkerkSj ij QqVikFk ds fdukjs
,d Bksl ihyh js[kk ls cuk;k tkrk gS rFkk bafxr
djrk gS fd bl LFkku ij dnkfi ikfdaZx uk djsaA

fp= 39

46
/khjs (SLOW) fpg~u

/khjs (SLOW) lM+d fpg~u pkyd dks fdlh [krjs]

pkSjkgs] eksM+] ladjs iqy ;k ,slh fLFkfr ds ckjs
vfxze psrkouh nsrk gS] tgk¡ xfr /kheh djuk
vko';d gksA fp= 40

cl LV‚i
cl LVkWi (BUS STOP) fpg~u foPNsfnr js[kkvksa okyk
,d vk;rkdkj ckDl gksrk gSA ;g LFkku cl LV‚Ik
ds fy;s vkjf{kr gksrk gS vkSj dsoy ;kf=;ksa dks
mrkjus o p<k+us ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
fp= 41

5- Mªkbfoax dh ewy ckrsa

eksVj okgu ds pkyd ds :i esa ;g t:jh gS fd vki Mªkbfoax djrs le; dqN
egŸoiw.kZ igyqvksa dks le>sa vkSj muls ifjfpr gks tk,¡A ;s oks ljy ckrsa gSa ftudk
ikyu lqjf{kr vkSj j{kkRed Mªkbfoax ds fy, vR;Ur vko’;d gSA
5-1- ,d vPNs pkyd ds xq.k
Mªkbfoax djrs le; gkFkksa o vk¡[kksa ds chp leUo; rFkk ltxrk egŸoiw.kZ gksrh gSA
iwokZuqeku% ,d vPNs pkyd ds fy;s vius vklikl ds ;krk;kr] fofHkUu ladsRkksa o fpg~uksa
rFkk vU; okgu pkydksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk iwokZuqeku yxkuk vfr vko’;d gSA mnkgj.k
ds fy;s ;fn lM+d ds fdukjs dksbZ cPpk [ksy jgk gS] rks lgt vuqeku yxk;k tk
ldrk gS fd og vpkud lM+d ij vk ldrk gSA pkyd ds fy;s ,slh vukisf{kr
ifjfLFkfr;ksa gsrq rS;kj jguk csgn t:jh gSA
,dkxzrk% lM+d ij viuk /;ku dsafær j[ksa vkSj laHkkfor :dkoVksa ds izfr ltx jgsaA
pkyd dks pkfg;s fd og vPNh rjg ls foJke djds] 'kkar eu ls okgu pyk;sA fdlh
Hkh lwjr esa 'kjkc vFkok fdlh nok ds izHkko esa Mªkbfoax dnkfi u djsaA
ldkjkRed –f"Vdks.k% okgu pykrs le; ldkjkRed joS;k cgqr t:jh gSA ,d
ftEesnkj pkyd cusa rFkk lM+d ds vU; mi;ksxdrkZvksa ds izfr f'k"Vkpkj fn[kk,¡A
vkØked joS;k lqjf{kr vkSj ftEesnkj Mªkbfoax ds vuqdwy ugha gksrkA lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa 'kkar jgsaA vkØked pkydksa ds lkFk çfrLi/kkZ ;k xqLlk djus dh ctk; mUgas vkxs
tkus nsaA

47
5-2- Mªkbfoax pSd fyLV
vius okgu esa cSBus ls igys&
 vkjkenk;d diM+s igusaA iSjksa esa fLFkr iSMyksa ij leqfpr idM+ ds fy, Mªkbfoax
ds le; pIiy ;k Lyhij ds ctk; twrs igusA
 ;fn vki ekufld ;k 'kkjhfjd :i ls LoLFk eglwl ugha dj jgs gksa vFkok
Fkds gq, vkSj uhan esa yx jgs gksa] rks okgu u pyk,¡A
;fn vkius dksbZ nok yh gS tks vkidh lqjf{kr Mªkbfoax djus dh {kerk dks çHkkfor dj
ldrh gS vFkok vkius ‘kjkc dk lsou fd;k gS] rks Mªkbo u djsaA 'kjkc ihdj okgu
pykuk eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e] 1988 dh /kkjk 185 ds rgr ,d n.Muh; vijk/k gS] ftlds
fy;s vkidks izFke n`”Vkar esa 6 ekg rd dk dkjkokl ;k nl gtkj :Ik;s dk tqekZuk
vFkok nksuksa gh gks ldrs gSA

 Vk;j iapj] rsy fjlko] [kqyh gqbZ fMDdh vkfn dk irk djus ds fy, vius
okgu dk pkjksa vksj ls fujh{k.k djsAa

vius okgu esa cSBus ds mijkUr&

 vius okgu dks Hkhrj ls Hkyh Hkk¡fr tku ysa rkfd vki fofHkUu ladsr dks o
iz.kkfy;ksa vkfn dk vkjke ls ifjpkyu dj ldsaA
 tk¡p ysa fd vkidh n`f"V foaM Lkhu ij xanxh vFkok [kjksap bR;kfn ds dkj.k
ckf/kr rks ugha gks jgh gSA
 vklikl iwjk –'; ns[k ikus ds fy, vius fj;j&O;w fejj o lkbM&fejj dks
lgh fLFkfr esa djsaA
 lqfuf’pr djsa fd vkids iSj iSMy rd vkjke ls igq¡p jgs gSAa Dyp iSMy dks
Q'kZ rd iwjk nck,¡A ;fn f[kapko iM+rk gks] rks viuh lhV vkSj LVh;fjax Oghy
dks lek;ksftr (adjust) djs arkfd vki vkjkenk;d eqæk esa okgu pyk ldsaA
 lhV csYV yxk,¡ rFkk lHkh ;kf=;ksa ls Hkh lhV csYV iguus dk vuqjks/k djsaA
 lqfuf'pr djsa fd lHkh njokts Bhd ls can gSaA
 eSuqvy Vªkalfe'ku okys okgu esa batu 'kq: djus ls igys tk¡p ysa fd gSaMczsd
yxh gks rFkk fx;j yhoj U;wVªy fLFkfr esa gksA v‚VkseSfVd Vªkalfe'ku okys okgu
esa fx;j yhoj *ih* (P) vFkok *,u* (N) fLFkfr esa gksuk pkfg,A
viuk okgu LVkVZ djuk o pykuk
 dkj ds MS'kcksMZ ij ;fn dksbZ psrkouh ladsr fn[k jgk gks] rks ml dh tk¡p
djsaA vkerkSj ij batu LVkVZ gksrs gh ;s ladsr Lor% can gks tkrs gSaA

48
  ;fn vkidks VªSfQd dh eq[; /kkjk esa feyuk gks rks mfpr bf.MdsVj dk iz;ksx
djsaA
 ;krk;kr esa ‘kkfey gksus ls igys iSny ;kf=;ksa] lkbfdy pkydksa o vU; okguksa
dks ns[k ysa o rHkh eq[; /kkjk esa feysa tc ,slk djuk iwjh rjg ls lqjf{kr gksA
5-3- lqjf{kr Mªkbfoax ds ekxZn’kZd fu;e
bl vuqHkkx esa lqjf{kr Mªkbfoax ds dqN egŸoiw.kZ fu;e crk;s x;s gSaA
vkxs tk jgs okgu ls nwjh
lqjf{kr Mªkbfoax ds fy, vius okgu vkSj vkxs py jgs okgu ds chp mfpr nwjh cuk,
j[ksaA blls vkidks vkxs py jgs okgu dh xfr /kheh gksus dh voLFkk esa vFkok viuh ysu
cnyus gsrq Ik;kZIr le; o Lkhu fey tkrk gSA ,d vPNk pkyd ;krk;kr dh fLFkfr] vius
okgu dh xfr] ekSle rFkk n`’;rk (visibility) ds vuqlkj vxys okgu ls lqjf{kr nwjh r;
djrk gSA lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ks esa bl nwjh dks r; djus ds fy, ^2 lsdaM fu;e^ dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA fp= 42
2 lsdaM fu;e dk eryc gS fd vkidks vius okgu dks vkxs tk jgs okgu ls bruh nwjh
ij j[kuk pkfg, fd ;fn vxyk okgu #d tk, rks vkids okgu dks ml rd igq¡pus esa
de ls de 2 lsdaM yxsa tSlk fd fp= 41 esa n’kkZ;k x;k gSA
bl nwjh dks vk¡dus ds fy, vkxs py jgs okgu ds vkxs ,d fuf'pr oLrq tSls VsyhQksu
dk [kEHkk] iqy ;k dksbZ isM+ pqusaA tSls gh vkids vkxs okyk okgu ml oLrq ds lkFk ls
xqTk+jrk gS vki ^,d gtkj ,d] ,d gtkj nks] ,d gtkj rhu^ dgrs gq, fxurh 'kq: djsa
vkSj ,slk djrs jgsa tc rd vkidk okgu mlh txg rd uk igq¡p tk,A ;fn vki ^,d
gtkj nks^ fxuus ls iwoZ gh ml oLrq rd igq¡p tkrs gSa rks bldk eryc gS fd vxys okgu
ls vkidh nwjh de gSA ;fn ,slk gks rks viuh xfr /kheh djsa rFkk ;gh izfdz;k iqu% djsa
tc rd vki lqjf{kr nwjh ij uk igq¡p tk,¡A
[kjkc ekSle tSls ckfj'k] cQZ] dksgjs ;k jkr ds le; ihNs pyus dh nwjh dks c<+k nsuk
pkfg,A
Vk;j ,oa Vkjed (Tyre and Tarmac)
fu;e

49
tc vkidks viuk okgu fdlh nwljs okgu ds ihNs jksduk gks rks mls bl izdkj jksdsa fd
vkidks vius vkxs okys okgu ds fiNys Vk;jksa ds uhps dh lM+d Hkh fn[kkbZ nsA bldk
eryc gS fd vkids o vkxs okys okgu ds chp djhc 4&5 QhV dh nwjh gksA ;g nwjh
vkids okgu dks ?kqekus esa lgk;d gksxhA ;fn vkids vkxs okyk okgu p<+kbZ ij [kM+k gS o
nq?kZVuko’k ihNs dh vksj py iM+rk gS rks ;g nwjh vkidks Lo;a dks lqjf{kr djus esa enn
djsxhA blh izdkj vxj vkidk okgu <+yku okyh lM+d ij [kM+k gS o nq?kZVuko’k vkxs
py iM+rk gS rks ;g nwjh vkidks izfrfdz;k ds fy, le; nsxh ¼fp= 42 &44½A
fp= 45

fp= 43
fp= 44

Vk;j o Vkjed fu;e dk vuqlj.k djus dk

,d vkSj Qk;nk ;g gS fd VªSfQd tke dh
fLFkfr esa pkydksa dks bruh txg fey tkrh
gS fd os vius okguksa dks ,d lkbM esa dj
ldsa rkfd vkikrdkyhu okgu tSls ,sEcqysal
vkfn dks jkLrk fn;k tk lds ¼fp= 45½A
egŸoiw.kZ fVi% vxj vki vius ihNs [kM+s
okgu dh gSMykbVksa dks ns[k ldrs gSa rks
bldk vFkZ gS fd ihNs okys okgu dh vkids okgu ls nwjh i;kZIr gSA
fp= 46

^,eñ,lñ,eñ^ fu;e (MSM)

,eñ,lñ,eñ fu;e lqjf{kRk Mªkbfoax ds lcls
egŸoiw.kZ fu;eksa esa ls ,d gSA ,eñ,lñ,eñ
dk vFkZ gS fejj] flXuy] eSU;qoj (Mirror,
Signal, Manoeuvre)A tc Hkh okgu dh
fn’kk esa ifjorZu djuk gks tSls fd ysu
cnyuk] vksojVsd djuk vFkok eqM+uk] bl
fu;e dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
fejj dk iz;ksx ,eñ,lñ,eñ fu;e dk çFke pj.k gSA pkyd dks fu;fer :i ls
fj;j&O;w fejj vkSj lkbM&fejj ls lM+d ds nksuksa vksj ns[krs jguk pkfg,A blls eu
50
esa pkjksa vksj ds ;krk;kr dk ,d fp= cu tkrk gS rFkk irk jgrk gS fd vkids vkxs
ihNs rFkk nk,¡ ck,¡ lM+d ij D;k gSA
viuh fn'kk cnyus dh ;kstuk cukus ls iwoZ niZ.k esa /;kuiwoZd ;krk;kr dk fujh{k.k
djsaA blls vkidks vU; okguksa dh fLFkfr] mudh xfr vkSj ;fn fdlh vU; okgu us Hkh
viuh fn’kk cnyus dk ladsr fn;k gS] rks mldk irk py tk,xkA ihNs ds
;krk;kr dk vankt+k yxkus ds fy, vUnj ds fj;j&O;w fejj dks ns[ksaA fQj
lkbM&fejj ls ck¡bZ rFkk nk¡bZ vksj py jgs okguksa dks ns[ksaA /;ku j[ksa fd
vUnj dk fj;j O;w fejj lery gksrk gS tcfd nksuksa lkbM fejj ¼foax
fejj½ mŸky (Convex) gksrs gSa ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i okgu nwjh ij NksVk
izrhr gksrk gS rFkk tSls&2 og utnhd vkrk gS mldk vkdkj c<+rk tkrk
gSA
flXuy nsuk vFkkZr eqM+us gsrq ladsr nsuk ,eñ,lñ,eñfu;e dk nwljk pj.k
gSA ,d ckj tc vkius niZ.k dk fujh{k.k dj fy;k vkSj jkLrk lkQ feyus
ij fn’kk cnyus dk fu.kZ; dj fy;k rks okgu ds fo|qr lapkfyr fn'kk
lwpd vFkok gkFk ls ladsr nsdj vFkok nksuksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, eqM+us dk
ladsr nsa rkfd vU; lM+d mi;ksxdrkZa vkids eqM+us dh ea'kk ls voxr gks
tk,A
eSU;woj bl fu;e dk og pj.k gS] tc vki okLro esa fn’kk cnyus dh
dk;Zokgh djrs gSaA bl pj.k dks vkxs pkj mi&pj.kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k
tk ldrk gS&iksft+'ku] LihM] yqd ¼CykbaM LikWV pSd djus ds fy,½ rFkk
dk;ZokghA
iksft’ku pj.k esa okgu dks ml fLFkfr esa yk;k tkrk gS tgk¡ ls mldh
fn'kk dks vklkuh ls cnyk tk ldsA ;fn vki igys gh fn’kk cnyus ds
fy;s vPNh fLFkfr esa gSa rks vkidks okgu dh fLFkfr cnyus dh vko”;drk
ugha gSA
LihM ;k xfr esa cnyko] fn'kk cnyus ds fy, okgu dks lgh fLFkfr esa
ykus ds ckn vxyk dne gSA lqfuf'pr djsa fd vkidh xfr dh fn'kk
cnyus ds fy, mi;qDRk gksA bl pj.k esa laHko gS fd vkidks viuh xfr
?kVkus dh vko”;drk iM+s ;k fQj dHkh xfr c<+kuk vko”;d gksA dHkh&dHkh
okgu dks iw.kZr;k jksdus dh vko’;drk Hkh iM+ ldrh gSA okgu dk fu;a=.k cuk, j[kus
ds fy, bl nkSjku fx;j cnyuk Hkh vko';d gks ldrk gSA
51
 yqd ¼ns[kuk½ pj.k ;g r; djus ds fy;s
,d vfUre pSd gS fd pkyd fn’kk cnyus
dh dk;Zokgh ‘kq: djs vFkok izrh{kk djsA
;|fi vki iwjh izfØ;k ds nkSjku vfUre
fLFkfr dk vkadyu djrs jgs gSa] ij vkidks
vkxs c<+us ;k izrh{kk djus dk vfUre
fu.kZ; blh LVst ij ysuk gSA bl pj.k esa
vkidks vius da/ks ds Åij ls ck,¡ vFkok
nk,¡ ns[kuk gS fd vkids utnhd dksbZ vU;
okgu rks ugha gSA xnZu ?kqekdj da/ks ds Åij ls ns[kus ls vki mu txgksa dks Hkh pSd
dj ikrs gSa ftUgsa vki niZ.k esa ugha ns[k ikrsA bUgsa CykbaM LikWV (Blind Spots) dgk
tkrk gSA
bl nkSjku nksuksa vksj fdlh vojks/k] lkbfdy pkyd vkSj iSny pyus okyksa dks Hkh pSd
djsaA tc rd vkids o vU; okguksa ds chp leqfpr nwjh u gks] dk;Zokgh u djsaA
,DV ;kfu dk;Zokgh eSU;woj dks iwjk djus dk vfUre pj.k gSA tc iw.kZr;k lqjf{kr gks]
fn’kk cnyus dh dk;Zokgh djsaA
uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa e/; ysu ls nkb ysu ¼rhoz ysu½ esa tkus ds fy, ,eñ,lñ,eñ
fu;e dk iz;ksx n’kkZ;k x;k gSa&

fp= 47

fejj ¼niZ.k½
vklikl ds ;krk;kr dk ekufld fp= cukus ds fy,
pkyd lcls igys niZ.k-vUnj okyk fj;j O;w fejj
rFkk nksuksa foax fejj-dh tk¡p djrk gSA
fp= 48

flXuy ¼ladsr½
52
;krk;kr dk vkadyu djus ds i'pkr pkyd fn’kk ¼bl mnkgj.k esa ysu½ cnyus dk
ladsr nsrk gSA fn'kk cnyus ds fy, le; jgrs vfxze ladsr nsuk vko’;d gSA blls
vU; pkydksa dks viuh fLFkfr o xfr lek;ksftr (adjust) djus dk i;kZIr
fp= 49 le; fey tkrk gSA
eSU;woj iksft’ku ¼fLFkfr½
fn'kk cnyus dk ladsr nsus ds i'pkr okgu dks lgh fLFkfr esa yk,¡A ;fn vki igys ls
gh fn’kk cnyus ds fy;s vPNh fLFkfr esa gksa rks ,slk djus dh t:jr ugha gSA bl
mnkgj.k esa pkyd vius okgu dks ysu ds nkfgus Nksj ij ys tkrk gS ijUrq og viuh
ysu ds Hkhrj gh jgrk gSA
LihM ¼xfr½
bl pj.k esa lqjf{kr :Ik ls ysu cnyus ds fy, vius okgu dh xfr vkSj fx;j dks
lek;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA bl mnkgj.k esa ysu nkbZa vksj cnyh tkuh gS tks vkerkSj ij
rhoz ysu gksrh gS] blfy, pkyd viuh xfr c<+kdj nkbZa ysu esa py jgs okguksa ds
leku ;k mlls FkksM+h vf/kd djrk gSA ;gk¡ /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd okgu dh
xfr rHkh c<+kuh pkfg, tc ,slk djuk lqjf{kr gks vU;Fkk izrh{kk djuh pkfg,A xfr
cnyus ds ckn pkyd rc rd viuh ubZ xfr o fLFkfr dks cuk, j[krk gS tc rd og
ysu cnyus dk dk;Z iwjk ugha dj ysrkA

fp= 50

yqd ¼ns[kuk½

53
 ysu cnyus dh dk;Zokgh djus ls iwoZ ;g
vafre pj.k gSA bl pj.k esa pkyd vius
vklikl o nkfgus da/ks ds Åij ls ihNs
dh vksj ns[krk gS] rkfd ,d vafre fu.kZ;
ys lds fd fn’kk cnyuk lqjf{kr gS
vFkok izrh{kk djuk csgrj gSA

fp= 51

,DV ¼dk;Zokgh½
,d ckj tc pkyd QSlyk dj ysrk gS
fd ysu cnyuk lqjf{kr gS] og fp= esa
fn[kk, vuqlkj fn'kk cnyus dk dk;Z iw.kZ
djrk gqvk lqjf{kr :Ik ls nkbZa ysu esa
pyk tkrk gSA

fp= 52

ekxZ dk vf/kdkj
nwljs yksxksa ds lkFk lM+d lk¡>k djrs le; ekxZ dk vf/kdkj cgqr egŸoiw.kZ fu;e gSA
;g fu;e fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fdl okgu dks igys tkus dk
vf/kdkj gSA lHkh okgu pkydksa vkSj iSny ;kf=;ksa dh ftEesnkjh gS fd ;krk;kr ds
fuckZ/k çokg gsrq os bl fu;e dk ikyu djsaA ;g fu;e f'k"Vkpkj vkSj lkekU; Kku ij
vk/kkfjr gSA
bl fu;e dks le>us ds fy, dqN vke fLFkfr;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k tk jgk gS&

 ,sEcqysal] nedy okgu] iqfyl okguksa tSls vkikrdkyhu okguksa dks gj ifjfLFkfr
esa ges'kk ekxZ dk vf/kdkj feyrk gS ¼ysfdu rHkh tc mudh cŸkh ty jgh gks½A
 t+scjk ikjiFk iSny ;kf=;ksa ds fy, gksrk gSaA ts+cjk ikjiFk vkSj vfu;af=r ¼tgk¡
VªSfQd ykbV ugha yxh gksrh½ iSny ikjiFk ij iSny pyus okyksa dks ekxZ dk
54
 vf/kdkj gksrk gSA ts+cjk ikjiFk ls igys vius okgu dks /khek djsa vkSj lM+d
ikj dj jgs iSny ;kf=;ksa dks igys jkLrk nasA
 ;fn vki xksy pôj (Round about) esa ços'k djus okys gSa rks tks okgu vkids
nkfguh vksj gSa ;kfu igys ls gh xksy pôj esa gSa] mUgsa ekxZ dk vf/kdkj gSA
 fLyi ysu ls ck,¡ eqM+us ds ckn eq[; ;krk;kr esa foy; gksrs le; eq[; lM+d
ij py jgs okgu dks igys jkLrk nsaA
 eq[; lM+d esa feyus ls igys ;fn LVkWi lwpd yxk gks] rks LVkWi ykbu ij
#dsa rFkk eq[; lM+d [kkyh gksus ij gh vkxs c<+saA ,sls esa eq[; lM+d ij py
jgs okgukas dks ekxZ dk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA
 ;fn nks okgu ,d gh le; ,d vfu;af=r taD’ku ij igq¡p tk,¡ rks nkbZa vksj
ds okgu dks ekxZ dk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA
 Tkc nk,¡ eqM+ jgs gksa rks lkeus ls lh/ks vk jgs vFkok ck,¡ eqM+ jgs okguksa dks ekxZ
dk vf/kdkj gSA
 ;fn fdlh pkSjkgs ij lHkh vksj LVkWi lwpd ;k LVkWi ykbu u gks] rks LVkWi
ykbu ij [kM+s okgu dks ml vksj ls vk jgs okguksa dks ekxZ dk vf/kdkj nsuk
pkfg, ftl vksj LVkWi lwpd ;k LVkWi ykbu ugha gSA
 vfu;af=r frjkgs esa ços'k djrs le; eqM+us okys okgu dks lh/ks tkus okys okguksa
ds fy, jkLrk nsuk pkfg,A
 taD’ku ij NksVh lM+d ls vk jgs okguksa dks eq[; lM+d ij py jgs okguksa ds
fy, jkLrk nsuk pkfg,A

55
uhps fn;s x;s fp=ksa esa mi;qZDr fu;eksa dks vkSj vf/kd Li”V fd;k x;k gS&

fp= 53 fp= 54
eq[; lM+d ij gksus ds dkj.k okgu *d* dks okgu *d* eq[; lM+d ds ;krk;kr esa rHkh
ekxZ dk vf/kdkj gSA okgu *[k* eq[; lM+d foy; dj ldrk gS tc ,slk djuk
ij ;krk;kr esa foy; ls igys okgu *d* ds lqjf{kr gksA
xqtjus dh izrh{kk djsxkA

fp= 55
okgu *[k* okgu *d* dks ekxZ dk vf/kdkj
nsxk D;ksafd okgu *d* viuh fn’kk esa eqM+
jgk gS rFkk okgu *[k* foijhr fn’kk esa eqM+
jgk gSA
fp= 56
eq[; lM+d dks NksM+ jgs okgu *d* dks
okgu *[k* dh rqyuk esa ekxZ dk vf/kdkj
gS D;ksafd okgu *[k* eq[; lM+d esa foy;
djuk pkg jgk gSA

56
 fp= 57
nkÃa vksj eqM+us ds fy, okgu *d* lkeus ls
vk jgs okguksa dks ekxZ dk vf/kdkj nsxk rFkk
rHkh eqM+sxk tc mls ;krk;kr esa lqjf{kr
vUrjky miyC/k gksxkA
fp= 58
okgu *d* dks viuh fn’kk esa eqM+uk gS
rFkk okgu *[k* dks foijhr fn’kk esa
tkdj ;krk;kr esa feyuk gSA ;gk¡ okgu
*[k* okgu *d* dks ekxZ dk vf/kdkj nsxkA

fp= 59 esa okgu *d* nkÃa vksj eqM+ jgk

gSA D;ksafd og foijhr fn’kk esa tkdj
;krk;kr esa foy; dj jgk gS blfy, og
rHkh ,slk dj ldrk gS tc nksuksa rjQ
lqjf{kr vUrjky miyC/k gks] tSlk fd
fp= esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA

fp= 59
5-4- dksuk dkVuk(Cutting corners)
dksuk dkVuk Hkkjr dh lM+dksa ij ,d cM+h leL;k gSA T;knkrj okgu pkyd nkfgus
eqM+us dk lgh rjhdk ugha tkurs o dksus dkVus dh xyrh djds] viuh rFkk nwljksa dh
lqj{kk dks [krjs esa Mkyrs gSaA nkfgus eqM+us dk lgh rjhdk gS&vki vius okgu dks lh/ks
ys tk;sa rFkk rHkh eksM+uk ‘kq: djsa tc nkÃa vksj dh lM+d dh e/; js[kk vkids okgu
ds yxHkx chp esa vk tk;s] tSlk fd fp= 60 esa n’kkZ;k x;k gSA bl fu;e dk ikyu
djus ls vki lkbM jksM+ ij lgh ysu esa igq¡psaxsA ;fn vki igys ls gh okgu dks nkfgus
eksM+uk ‘kq: dj nsaxs ¼tSlk fd fp= 61 esa fn[kk;k x;k gS½ rks lkbM okyh lM+d ls vk
jgs okgu ls Vdjkus dk [krjk gksxkA lgh rjhds ls okgu eksM+us ls lkbM jksM+ ls vk
jgs okgu dks vkids okgu dks Li”V :i ls ns[kus esa Hkh enn feyrh gSA

57
 fp= 60 fp= 61
;g fu;e mu okguksa ij Hkh ykxw gksrk gS tks cktw okyh lM+d ls vkdj nkabZ vksj
eqM+dj eq[; lM+d esa foy; dj jgs gksA tSlk fd fp= 62 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSAokgu
*d* ds pkyd dks rc rd lh/ks vkxs c<+uk
pkfg, tc rd mlds okgu dk vxyk Hkkx
lM+d ds djhc&djhc chp esa u ig¡qp tk,]
mlds ckn gh nkabZ vksj eqM+uk pkfg, vU;Fkk
nkabZ vksj ls vk jgs okgu ls nq?kZVuk gks
ldrh gSA

fp= 62

5-5- lM+d ij f’k”Vkpkj

;|fi fiNys vuqHkkx esa crk, x;s * ekxZ ds vf/kdkj ^ laca/kh fl)karksa dk vuqikyu
lkekU;r% ;k ges’kk djuk pkfg;s] ijUrq dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ekxZ dk vf/kdkj gksrs gq,
Hkh pkyd dks vius okgu dks jksd dj lkbM jksM+ ls vkus okys okguksa dks vius ls
igys ;krk;kr esa foy; djus vFkok eq[; ekxZ ij lkeus ls vk jgs okguksa dks nkabZ vksj
eqM+us dk volj vo’; nsuk pkfg,A
,slk djuk u dsoy f’k”Vkpkj vfirq
vPNs ;krk;kr fu;a=.k ds fy;s Hkh
vko’;d gSA tc&tc lM+d ij
VªSfQd vf/kd c<+ tkrk gS] vDlj
,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA
,sls le; esa ;fn eq[; ekxZ ij py
jgs okgu :d dj f’k”Vkpkj u
fn[kk,sa] rks VªSfQd tke gksus dk [krjk
cu tkrk gS ¼tSlk fd fp= 63 esa fp= 63
n’kkZ;k x;k gSA½
58
tc Hkh pkSjkgs ij VªSfQd ykbV [kjkc ;k
cUn gksrh gS rks dqN bl izdkj dk n`’;
ns[kus dks feyrk gS tSlk fd fp= 64 esa
fn[kk;k x;k gSA ,slk f’k”Vkpkj dh deh
ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
HkhM+&HkkM+ okys le; ds nkSjku pkyd dks
pkfg, fd ts+cjk dzkWflax iSny ;kf=;ksa ds
fy, [kkyh NksM+ nsA blh izdkj] fdlh fp= 64

pkSjkgs ij] vxj ladsr gjk Hkh gS ysfdu pkSjkgs ls vkxs lM+d [kkyh ugha gS] rks ,d
fouez pkyd viuh xkM+h pkSjkgs ls igys gh jksd ysrk gS rkfd taD’ku ckWDl [kkyh jgsA
lM+dksa ij] fo’ks”kdj mÙkj Hkkjr esa] f’k”Vkpkj dk vHkko vDlj ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij tc jsy dk
QkVd cUn gks tkrk gS] rks nksuksa vksj
okguksa dh yEch drkjsa yx tkrh gSA
,sls esa dkj o nqifg;k pkyd vkerkSj
ij lkeus ls vk jgh ysu esa ?kqldj
mls tke dj nsrs gSaA ifj.kkeLo:Ik
tSls gh QkVd [kqyrk gS] okgu Qal
tkrs gSa] tSlk fd fp= 65 esa fn[kk;k
x;k gSA fp= 65

5-6- lqjf{kr Mªkbfoax ds fy, lq>ko

lqjf{kr ;k j{kkRed Mªkbfoax dk vFkZ gS fd tqekZus] pkyku] nq?kZVuk] fdlh izdkj ds
uqdlku] pksV vFkok lM+d ij nwljksa ds lkFk fdlh ijs'kkuh ds fcuk vius xarO;
ij lqjf{kr igq¡pukA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ftEesnkjh vkSj lkekU; Kku ds lkFk Mªkbfoax
djukA Mªkbfoax lh[kus dk edln dsoy Mªkbfoax ykblsal çkIr djuk gh ugha gS]
cfYd blds lgh ek;us gSa Mªkbfoax dh vPNh vknrksa dks vkRelkr djukA uhps dqN
egŸoiw.kZ lq>ko gSa tks vkidks ,d lqjf{kr vkSj ftEesnkj pkyd cuus esa lgk;d
fl) gksxsa&
 ;krk;kr fpg~uksa vkSj ladsrksa dk gj le; ikyu djsaA pkgs dksbZ u Hkh ns[k jgk
gks] ykycÙkh ij vo’; #dsaA jksfyax LVkWi ¼LVkWi js[kk ij :ddj /khjs&/khjs
pyrs jguk½ bR;kfn tSlh /kks[kk/kM+h u djsaA LVkWi ykbu LVkWi lwpd ij iwjh
rjg ls #dsaA

59
 Okkgu pykrs gq, fj;j O;w fejj o lkbM fejj ¼niZ.k½ fu;fer :i ls ns[krs jgsa
ftlls vklikl ds ;krk;kr dh tkudkjh jgsA blh izdkj fn’kk cnyrs gq,
da/ks ds Åij ls ihNs ns[kdj CykbaM Li‚V dks vo’; pSd djsaA ges'kk vU;
okguksa] fo'ks"k :i ls cM+s Vªdksa ds CykbaM LikWV ds ckjs esa lko/kku jgsa rFkk nwljs
okguksa ds CykbaM Li‚V ls ckgj jgsaA
 eqM+rs le; ;k ysu cnyrs le; mfpr ladsr nsaA
 lpsr jgsa vkSj yxkrkj lM+d ij laHkkfor [krjksa ds izfr ltx jgsaA
 'kjkc ;k fdlh u'khys inkFkZ ds çHkko esa] uhan esa vFkok ;fn vki Fkdku eglwl
dj jgs gksa rks okgu u pyk,A
 Mªkbfoax djrs gq, /;ku Hkax gksuk [krjukd gks ldrk gSA Mªkbfoax djrs gq,
dksbZ vU; dke Qksu ij ckr djuk] [kkuk] fQYe ns[kuk]
jsfM;ks@lhñMhñIys;j@thñihñ,lñ lek;ksftr djuk] esdvi djuk bR;kfn]
dnkfi u djsaA
 vius okgu dh xfr lM+d] ekSle vkSj vU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj j[ksaA
 vkxs py jgs okgu ls lVdj (Tailgating) u pysa] cfYd mlls lqjf{kr nwjh
cuk;s j[ksaA vkxs okys okgu ls lqjf{kr nwjh fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, 2 lSdaM
fu;e dk ikyu djsaA
 vius okgu dks vPNh gkyr esa j[ksaA foaMLØhu] f[kM+fd;k¡ vkSj niZ.k lkQ j[ksa
vkSj Vk;jksa esa gok dk ncko i;kZIr j[ksaA
 lM+d dks Vªd] lkbfdy] iSny ;k=h] eksVjlkbfdy vkSj lM+d ds vU;
mi;ksxdrkZvksa ds lkFk lekurk o f’k”Vkpkj ds vk/kkj ij lka>k djsaA
 fouez cusa vkSj vkØked Mªkbfoax u djsaA Mªkbfoax dksbZ çfr;ksfxrk
ugha gS ftls thruk t:jh gSA okgu pykus dk iz;kstu dsoy vius
xarO; ij lqjf{kr igq¡puk gSA
 okgu esa lHkh ;kf=;ksa dks lhV csYV iguus ds fy, izsfjr djsaA
f'k'kqvksa vkSj cPpksa dks okgu ds ihNs dh lhVksa ij cSBk,¡A mudks
vkxs cSBkuk vlqjf{kr gks ldrk gSA
 okgu esa çkFkfed fpfdRlk fdV ges’kk j[ksaA
 lM+d dh vlery vkSj ÅcM+&[kkcM+ iVjh ckjs [kklrkSj ij lko/kku jgsa] ;g
lM+d dh rqyuk esa uhph gks ldrh gS vkSj nq?kZVuk dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSA

60
  i'kqvksa vkSj /kheh xfr ls pyus okys okguksa dk /;ku j[ksaA mUgsa /khjs&/khjs vkSj
rHkh ikj djsa tc ,slk djuk lqjf{kr gksA
 vkikrdkyhu okguksa dks jkLrk nsa vkSj mUkdk ihNk dHkh u djsaA vkikrdkyhu
okgu dk lk;ju lqurs gh ysu cny ysa vkSj mUgsa tkus dh txg nsaA
 nqifg;k okgu dh lokjh djrs le; ges’kk gsyesV igusaA
 ekuo jfgr jsyos ykbu dks ikj djrs le; lrdZ jgsaA dsoy fu/kkZfjr Ø‚flax
ls gh jsyos ykbu dks ikj djsaA jsyxkM+h ds lkFk rst+ pyus dh Li/kkZ u djsa]
D;ksafd jsyxkfM+;k¡ izk;% ftruh fn[krh gSa] mlls cgqr rst xfr ls py jgh
gksrh gSaA
 ,d vfHkHkkod ds :i esa ;qok ih<+h dks lqjf{kr Mªkbfoax ds ckjs esa tkx:d
djuk vkidh ftEesnkjh gSA mUgsa vPNh Mªkbfoax djus gsrq çksRlkfgr djsaA ;kn
j[ksa fd ;fn vfHkHkkod Lo;a lqjf{kr Mªkbfoax ds fu;eksa dk ikyu ugha djsaxs rks
mUkds fd'kksj cPps Hkh mudk gh vuqlj.k djsaxsA
 mez c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk O;fDr dh utj detksj gks tkrh gS] ‘kjhj esa ‘kfDr
vkSj yphykiu de gks tkrk gS rFkk izfrfØ;k lqLr gks tkrh gSA ,sls 'kkjhfjd
vkSj ekufld ifjorZu Mªkbfoax dks çHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA blfy, viuh
‘kkjhfjd fo’ks”kdj vk¡[kksa dh fu;fer :i ls tk¡p djok,¡A ;fn vki dksbZ nok
ysrs gSa] rks vius Mªkbfoax dkS'ky vkSj –f"V ij mlds çHkko ckjs irk dj ysaA
 cPpksa dks okguksa ds vUnj ;k vklikl [ksyus vFkok okgu dh fMXxh esa Nqius ds
[krjksa ds ckjs esa vo’; crk;saA dksbZ cPpk xk;c gks tk;s] rks vius okgu vkSj
mldh fMXxh dks rqjUr pSd djsaA
 cPpksa ;k ikyrw tkuojksa dks dHkh Hkh okgu esa vdsyk u NksMsa] pkgs vki FkksM+s
le; ds fy, gh okgu ls nwj tk jgs gksaA
 iSny pyus okyksa ds fy, #dsa vkSj mUgsa igys tkus nsaA blh izdkj cPpksa dk
[kkl /;ku j[ksa] fo’ks”k :Ik ls vkoklh; {ks=ksa esa rFkk Ldwyksa o Ldwy clksa ds
vkl&ikl cPps vpkud vkids jkLrs esa vk ldrs gSaA
5-7- eqM+us ds ladsr
;fn vki xfr /kheh djuk pkgrs gSa vFkok #duk ;k eqM+uk pkgrs gSa] rks mfpr ladsr
nhft, rkfd lM+d ds vU; mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks izfrfØ;k djus dk i;kZIr le; fey
ldsA fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ladsr fn;k tkuk pkfg,&
 ysu cnyus ls iwoZ
61
  /khes gksus ;k #dus ls iwoZ
 pkSjkgs ij eqM+us ls iwoZ
 jktekxZ ij izos'k djus ;k ckgj fudyus ls iwoZ
 lM+d ds fdukjs ls okgu LVkVZ djds ;krk;kr esa foy; djus ds fy, pyuk
'kq: djus ls iwoZ] vkSj
 lM+d ds Nksj ij tkus ;k lM+d ds fdukjs #dus ls iwoZA
viuh fn'kk cnyus ls iwoZ ladsr nsuk vPNh vknr gSA pkgs vkids vkl&ikl dksbZ Hkh
okgu u gks] ladsr vo’; nsaA ladsr le; jgrs nsuk pkfg, rkfd vU; pkydksa dks
izfrfØ;k ds fy, Ik;kZIr le; fey ldsA ysfdu cgqr igys ls ladsr nsuk Hkh Bhd ugha
gksrkA fo’ks”kdj eqM+us dk ladsr rHkh nsuk pkfg, tc vkidk eksM+ utnhd vk tk;sA
cgqr igys ls ladsr u nsaA
fnu ds mtkys esa tc –';rk lkekU; gks] rks vki eqM+us dk ladsr okgu ds fctyh
lapkfyr lwpdksas ds ctk; vius gkFk ls Hkh ns ldrs gSaA jkr ds le; ;k ,slh fLFkfr esa
tc vkids gkFk ds ladsr nwljksa dks u fn[kssa] fctyh lapkfyr ladsrksa dk mi;ksx djsaA
uhps fn, x, fp=ksa es fofHkUu izdkj ds gkFk ds ladsrksa dks Li"V fd;k x;k gS%&

fp= 66 fp= 67 fp= 68

nk,¡ eqM+uk ck,¡ eqM+uk :duk

fp= 69 fp= 70

/khes gksuk ihNs vk jgh dkj vksojVsd dj ldrh gS

5-8- xfr lhek

eksVj okgu nq?kZVukvksa ds ihNs xfr ,d çeq[k dkjd gS] blfy;s pkyd dks fufnZ"V xfr
lhek dk ges’kk ikyu djuk pkfg,A lqjf{kr xfr fuEufyf[kr dkjdksa ij fuHkZj djrh
gS&
62
  lM+d dh fLFkfRk&eksM+] ladjs iqy] xhyh vkSj fQlyu Hkjh lM+d] <hyh ctjh
rFkk ÅcM+&[kkcM+ jkLrs ij xfr de dj ysaA
 n`’;rk&va/ksjk] ckfj'k] dksgjk] /kwy] cQZ] igkM+] vU; :dkoVsa –';rk dks de
dj nsrs gSa] ,sls esa xfr /kheh dj ysaA
 ;krk;kr&Hkkjh ;krk;kr dk vFkZ gS nq?kZVuk dk [krjkA vr,o okgu /khjs
pyk;saA
 ;krk;kr dh xfr&tc vki vU; okguksa ds e/; esa gksa] rks mudh vkSlr xfr
vkids fy, lqjf{kr xfr gS] c’krsZ ;g xfr lhek ds Hkhrj gksA vU; okguksa dh
rqyuk esa rst ;k /khes pyus ls nq?kZVuk dh laHkkouk cuh jgrh gSA
 okgu dh fLFkfr&fo’ks”kdj Vk;jksa vkSj czsd ç.kkyh dh gkyr okgu ij vkids
fu;a=.k dks çHkkfor dj ldrh gSA ;fn vkidk okgu f?kls gq, Vk;j vkSj de
dkjxj czsd iz.kkyh okyk gS] rks /khjs pyus esa gh HkykbZ gSA
 pkyd dh 'kkjhfjd o ekufld fLFkfr&Mªkbfoax djrs le; vkidh ekufld
vkSj 'kkjhfjd fLFkfr vkidh lrdZrk dks çHkkfor dj ldrh gS] ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:Ik okgu ij vkidk fu;a=.k de gks ldrk gSA
vkidh xfr ftruh vf/kd gksxh] vkids ikl çfrfØ;k ds fy, mruk gh de le; gksxk
rFkk vkids /khes gksus ;k #dus dh nwjh c<+ tk;sxhA rst+ xfr ls ;k=k djus ls nq?kZVuk
dh laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA nwljs] ;fn nq?kZVuk cgqr vf/kd xfr ij gks xaHkhj pksV yxus
dk [krjk Hkh vf/kd gks tkrk gSA
xfr lhek
eksVj okgu vf/kfu;e 1988 dh /kkjk 112 ds vuqlkj dksbZ O;fDr fdlh lkoZtfud
LFkku ij vf/kdre xfr lhek ls vf/kd vFkok U;wure xfr lhek ls /khjs okgu ugha
pyk,xkA vf/kdre rFkk U;wure xfr lhek dk fu/kkZj.k jkT; ljdkj }kjk blh izko/kku
}kjk iznÙk ‘kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx dj fd;k tkrk gSA
;fn vki fdlh ckjkr] lsuk ;k iqfyl ds ekpZikLV] lM+d ij ejEer dk;Z ds nkSjku
xqtj jgs gSa] rks vkidh xfr 25 fdñehñ izfr ?k.Vk ls vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg,A
fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds okguksa ds fy, fufnZ"V xfr lhek fuEu rkfydk esa nh xbZ gS%&

63
 Hkkjr esa lM+dksa ij fdyksehVjksa esa izfr ?kaVk vf/kdre xfr
dze la- eksVj ;ku dk oxZ fu;af=r igqap 4 ysu vkSj vf/kd ds Ukxjikfydk vU;
okys ,Dliszlos foHkkftr ogu ekxZ ¼e/; lhekvksa ds lM+ds
ifV~V;ksa@foHkktd okyh Hkhrj LkM+d
lM+ds½
¼1½ ¼2½ ¼3½ ¼4½ ¼5½ ¼6½
1- ,sls eksVj ;ku] ftudk 120 100 70 70
mi;ksx pkyd lhV ds
vfrfjDr vkB lhVksa ls
vuf/kd ;kf=;ksa ds ogu
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS
¼,e1 izoxZ ;ku½
2- ,sls eksVj ;ku] ftudk 100 90 60 60
mi;ksx pkyd lhV ds
vfrfjDr ukS ;k vf/kd
lhVksa ds ;kf=;ksa ds ogu
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS
¼,e2 vkSj ,e3 izoxZ
;ku½
3- ,sls eksVj ;ku] ftudk 80 80 60 60
mi;ksx eky ds ogu ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gS ¼lHkh
,u izoxZ ;ku½
4- eksVj lkbfdy 80* 80 60 60
5- pkSifg;k lkbfdy && 60 50 50
6- frifg;k ;ku && 50 50 50
* ;fn ,Dlizslos ij pyus ds fy, vuqKkr gSA

;fn okgu dh xfr bl vf/klwpuk esa of.kZr vf/kdre xfr ds 5 izfr”kr ds Hkhrj gS] rks eksVj okgu
vf/kfu;e] 1988 dh /kkjk 183 ds rgr xfr lhek ds mYya?ku dk dksbZ laKku ugha fy;k tk,xk A

64
 6- lM+d dks lk>k djuk
gj pkyd dh ftEesnkjh gS fd og dsoy okgu pykus ij /;ku dsafær djs vkSj vius
vklikl dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ckjs tkudkjh j[ksA cgqr lkjh lM+d nq?kZVukvksa dks ek=
;krk;kr fu;eksa dk ikyu djds vkSj vU; pkydksa ds izfr f'k"Vkpkj fn[kk dj jksdk tk
ldrk gSA ;kn j[ksa fd lkoZtfud lM+dsa vkSj jktekxZ lHkh dh lka>h lEifr gSa rFkk
bu ij lHkh dk leku vf/kdkj gSA
;g v/;k; "eksVj okgu Mªkbfoax fofu;e] 2017" ij vk/kkfjr gSA okgu pykus ds ekSfyd
fl)karksa&tSls ekxZ dk vf/kdkj] vksojVsfdax djuk] okgu eksM+uk rFkk ikfdaZx djuk
vkfn ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gSA bl fu;ekoyh dh ikyuk lM+d ij okgu pykrs le;
,d vk/kkjHkwr ekxZ nf'kZdk ds :Ik esa dh tkuh pkfg,A
6-1- ck,¡ pyuk
Hkkjro”kZ esa okgu lM+d ds ckbZa vksj pyk;s tkrs gSaA vius okgu dks ckbZa vksj j[kuk
vkSj lkeus ls vk jgs ;krk;kr dks nkbZa vksj ls tkus nsuk ,d egŸoiw.kZ fu;e gS]
ftldk lnSo ikyu djuk pkfg,A nq?kZVuk ls cpus ds fy, ftruk gks lds ckbZa vksj
jgsaA ;fn vki ,d ysu okys ekxZ ij okgu pyk jgsa gksa rks okgu dks lM+d ds ck;sa Nksj
ds djhc j[ksaA
6-2- ysu ¼ iFk@xyh½ cnyuk
ysu cnyuk [krjukd gks ldrk gS blfy;s ,slk vR;Ur lko/kkuh ds lkFk fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A ysu cnyrs gq, ,eñ,lñ,eñ fu;e dk ikyu djsa rFkk ysu cnyus ls igys
lqfuf'pr djsa fd vkids vkxs] ihNs o lkbM esa i;kZIr [kkyh txg gks rkfd fdlh vU;
okgu ls Vdjko dh lEHkkouk u jgsA
CykbaMLi‚V os LFkku gksrs gSa tks vkids okgu ds fj;j&O;w fejj vFkok lkbM fejj ;kfu
niZ.k esa fn[kkbZ ugha nsrsA ifj.kkeLo:i bu txgksa ij py jgs okgu] iSny ;k=h ;k
vU; oLrq,¡ vkids okgu ds fj;j&O;w fejj vFkok lkbM&fejj esa fn[kkbZ ugha nsrhaA vr%
pkyd dks vius CykbaMLikWV dh tkudkjh gksuk cgqr egŸoiw.kZ gSA ysu cnyus ls igys
vius da/ks ds Åij ls ihNs dh vksj CykbaMLikWV esa okguksa ;k iSny pyus okyksa dks
vo’; ns[ksaA blds vykok] nwljs pkydksa ds CykbaMLikWV esa Mªkbfoax djus ls cpsaA /;ku

65
j[ksa fd okf.kfT;d okguksa ds vkdkj vkSj cukoV ds dkj.k muds CykbaMLikWV {ks= esa cM+s
gksrs gSaA

fp= 71 fp= 72
dkj ds CykbaM Li‚V okf.kfT;d okgu ds CykbaM Li‚V
¼Nk;kafdr {ks=½ ¼Nk;kafdr {ks=½
6-3- eqM+uk
xyr rjhds ls ;k lgh ladsr fn;s fcuk EkqM+Ukk nq?kZVuk dk dkj.k cu ldrk gSA eqM+us
ls igys vius okgu dks mfpr ysu esa lqjf{kr rjhds ls ys tk;saA ysu cnyrs le; ;k
eqM+rs le; ges’kk ,eñ,lñ,eñ fu;e dk ikyu djsaA rHkh eqM+sa tc ,slk djuk lqjf{kr
gksA ck,¡ eqM+rs le; nkbZa vksj ls vk jgs ;krk;kr dk /;ku vo’; j[ksaA blh izdkj nkbZa
vksj eqM+rs le; lkeus ls vFkok ckbZa vksj ls vk jgs ;krk;kr dk /;ku j[ksaA ;fn vkius
ysu cnyuh gks rks viuh ckjh vkus ij ,eñ,lñ,eñ fu;e dk ikyu djus ds ckn gh
,slk djsaA ;fn pkSjkgs ij VªSfQd ykbV ;k iqfyldehZ }kjk ;krk;kr fu;af=r fd;k tk
jgk gks rks mfpr ladsr feyus ij gh eqM+sA
eqM+us dk lgh rjhdk eqM+us dk xyr rjhdk

fp= 73 fp= 74
Ckk¡;k eksM+% ;fn ysu esa eqM+us gsrq rhj ds fu'kku u xyr ck¡;k eksM+% eqM+rs le; ysu tEi uk
cuk;s x;s gkas] rks ,eñ,lñ,eñ fu;e dk ikyu djrs djsaA ;fn ysu esa eqM+us ds rhjuqek fu’kku
gq,s ihNs vk jgs ;krk;kr dks /;ku esa j[kdj o vafdr u gkas rks lcls ckbZa ysu esa tkdj
mfpr ladsr nsrs gq, i;kZIr le; igys lcls ckbZa eqM+saA
ysu esa pys tk,¡A ck,¡ eqM+us dk ladsr fujUrj nsrs
jgsa rkfd vU; yksxksa dks vkidh ck,¡ eqM+us dh ea’kk
dk irk py tk,A rRi’pkr tc lqjf{kr gks]
66
lko/kkuhiwoZd lcls ckbZa ysu esa eqM+saA eqM+rs oDr
pkSjkgs esa py jgs iSny ;kf=;ksa o okguksa dks igys
jkLrk nsa rFkk lh/ks tk jgs ;krk;kr dk /;ku j[ksaA

fp= 75 fp= 76
nk;k¡ eksM+% vius ihNs vk jgs ;krk;kr dks ns[krs gq, xyr nk;k¡ eksM+ % xyr ysu ls nkbZa vksj u
o viuh eqM+us dh ea'kk dk ladsr nsrs gq, le; ls eqM+saA igys e/; js[kk ds lcls ikl dh ysu esa
e/; js[kk ds lcls ikl dh ysu esa pys tk,¡A nk,¡ tk,¡ vkSj fQj nkbZa vksj eqM+sA eqM+rs le; ysu
eqM+us dk ladsr fujUrj nsa rkfd vU; yksxksa dks tEi u djsaA
vkids nk,¡ eqM+us dk irk py tk,A lko/kkuhiwoZd
viuh ysu esa jgrs gq, e/; js[kk ds ckbZa vksj dh
ysu esa eqM+saA eqM+rs le; lh/ks tk jgs ;krk;kr o
lkeus ls vk jgs ;krk;kr dk /;ku j[ksaA

fp= 77 fp= 78
eYVh ysu ck¡;k eksM+% ;fn lM+d ij ,d ;k ,d ls Xkyr eYVh ysu ck¡;k eksM+% eqM+rs le; ysu
vf/kd ysu esa ck;sa eqM+us ds rhjuqek fu’kku cus gksa] dks vpkud tEi u djsa rFkk xyr ysu esa u
rks ihNs ls vk jgs ;krk;kr dks ns[krs gq, o viuh eqMsa+A fdlh nq?kZVuk ls cpus ds fy, viuh
ea'kk dk ladsr nsrs gq, le; ls ckbZa vksj eqM+us ysu esa gh jgsaA
okyh ysu esa pys tk,¡ rFkk ck,¡ eqM+us dk ladsr
fujUrj nsrs gq, rFkk tc lqjf{kr gk]s lko/kkuhiwoZd
eqMsa+A eqM+rs le; viuh ysu esa jgsa rFkk pkSjkgs esa
py jgs iSny ;kf=;ksa o okguksa dks jkLrk nsaA

67
 fp= 79
eYVh ysu nk;k¡ eksM+% ;fn lM+d ij ,d ;k ,d ls
vf/kd ysu esa nk¡;sa eqM+us ds rhjuqek fu’kku cusa gksa
rks ihNs vk jgs ;krk;kr dks ns[krs gq, o viuh
ea'kk dk ladsr nsrs gq, le; ls nkbZa vksj eqM+us
okyh ysu esa pys tk,¡A nk,¡ eqM+us dk ladsr fujUrj
nas rkfd vU; lM+d iz;ksxdRkkZvksa dks vkids nk,¡
eqM+us dh ea’kk dk irk py tk, rFkk tc lqjf{kr
gks lko/kkuhiwoZd eqMsa+A eqM+rs le; viuh ysu esa jgsa
vkSj lh/ks tk jgs o lkeus ls vk jgs ;krk;kr dk
/;ku j[ksaA
fp= 81
Lkgh nk;k¡ eksM+% okgu dks nk,¡ eksM+us ls igys pkSjkgs
esa izos'k djus ds ckn de ls de jkLrs ds pkSFks
fgLls rd lh/ks pysaA rRi’pkr nk¡;s eqM+uk ‘kq: djsa
rFkk lgh ysu esa izos’k djsaA
fp= 80
Xkyr eYVhysu nk;k¡ eksM+% eqM+rs le; ysu dks
vpkud tEi u djsa rFkk xyr ysu esa u
eqMsa+A fdlh nq?kZVuk ls cpus ds fy, viuh
ysu esa gh jgsaA
fp= 82
xyr nk;k¡ eksM+ %pkSjkgs esa izos'k ls igys gh
eqM+uk izkjaHk u djsaA dHkh Hkh e/; js[kk dks u
yka?ksaA ,slk djus ls lkeus ls vk jgs ;krk;kr
ds izokg esa vojks/k iSnk gksrk gSA lkFk gh
vkidk okgu ck,¡ eqM+us okys ;krk;kr dks Hkh
vo:) dj nsrk gS ftlls nq?kZVuk dh
laHkkouk Hkh cuh jgrh gSA
68
 fp= 83 fp= 84
nk,¡ eqM+us dk ladsr ns jgs okgu dks vksojVsd djus nk,¡ eqM+us dk ladsr ns jgs okgu dk
dk lgh rjhdk% nk,¡ eqM+us dk ladsr ns jgs #ds gq, vksojVsd djus dk xyr rjhdk% nk,¡ eqM+us
okgu dks vksojVsd djus dk mfpr rjhdk ckbZa vksj dk ladsr ns jgs #ds gq, okgu dks nkbZa vksj
ls gksrk gSA ,eñ,lñ,eñ fu;e dk ikyu djrs gq, ls vksojVsd u djsaA
vksojVsd djus ds fy, ckbZa ysu esa tkus dk ladsr
nsdj vksojVsd djsaA
6-4- vksojVsd djuk
fdlh vU; okgu dks vksojVsd djus esa lko/kkuh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA rHkh vksojVsd
djsa tc ,slk djuk lqjf{kr gksA lcls igys lqfuf'pr djsa fd vkids vkSj vkxs py jgs
okgu ds chp i;kZIr nwjh gksA blds ckn ,eñ,lñ,eñ fu;e dk ikyu djrs gq, ysu
cnysaA nkbZa vksj eqM+us dk ladsr ns jgs okgu dks NksM+dj vU; lHkh okguksa dks ges'kk
nkbZa vksj ls vksojVsd djsaA
;fn vki ,dy ysu dh lM+d ij vksojVsd djuk pkgrs gSa] rks ,slk rHkh djsa tc
lqjf{kr gks rFkk vkids o lkeus ls vk jgs ;krk;kr ds chp i;kZIr nwjh gksA viuh xfr
rFkk vksojVsd fd;s tkus okys o lkeus ls vk jgs okgu dh xfr dk lko/kkuhiwoZd
vkadyu djus ds ckn rHkh vksojVsd djsa tc vki vksojVsd djus ds mijkUr lqjf{kr
viuh ysu esa okfil vkus dh fLFkfr esa gksa] vU;Fkk izrh{kk djsaA
vksojVsd u djsa ;fn&
 vki pkSjkgs ds ikl gksa vFkok pkSjkgs esa gksa]
 vki eksM+ ij vkxs Li”V u ns[k ldrs gksa]
 vki jsyos Ø‚flax ij vFkok lqjax ds vUnj gksa] vFkok
 lkeus ls vk jgk okgu vksojVsd djus ds fy, lqjf{kr nwjh ij u gksA
;fn dksbZ vU; okgu vkidks vksojVsd dj jgk gks rks vkidks viuh xfr de djds
rFkk lM+d ds ckbZa vksj tkdj ml pkyd dks vkxs tkus nsuk pkfg,A
69
6-5- xksy pDdj (Roundabout)
xksy pDdj pkSjkgs vFkok taD’ku ij ;krk;kr fu;U=.k ds fy;s cuk;s tkrs gSaA ;s izk;%
o`rkdkj vFkok ,d Vkiw dh ‘kDy esa gksrs gSaA okgu buds pkjksa vksj ?kM+h dh lqbvksa dh
fn’kk esa ?kwers gq, vius xUrO; dh vksj c<+rs gSa tSlk fd fp= 85 esa n’kkZ;k x;k gSA
xksy pDdj esa izos’k dj jgs okgu dks vU; lHkh okguksa o iSny ;kf=;ksa dks jkLrk nsuk
pkfg,A xksy pDdj esa izos'k djrs le; vkSj mlls fudyrs le; ,eñ,lñ,eñ fu;e
dk ikyu djuk cgqr egŸoiw.kZ gSA fdlh xksy pDdj ls lqjf{kr o dkjxj rjhds ls
xqtjus ds eq[; fu;e fuEufyf[kr gS%&

fp= 85
1- ges’kk ?kM+h dh lqbvksa dh fn’kk esa pysaA
2- ges’kk vius nkbZa vksj ds okguksa dks ekxZ dk vf/kdkj nsaA
3- lgh fn’kklwpd ladsr nsaA
4- xksy pôj esa izos’k djrs gq, o fudyrs le; ,eŒ,lŒ,eŒ fu;e dk ikyu
djsaA
ck,¡ eqM+uk
Åij fp= esa yky okgu xksy pôj ij ck;sa eqM+us dk lgh rjhdk n’kkZrk gS&
1- ck,¡ eqM+us dk ladsr nsdj ,eŒ,lŒ,eŒ fu;e dk ikyu djrs gq, lcls ckbZa
ysu esa igq¡psaA

70
 2- xksy pôj esa igys ls py jgs ;krk;kr dks jkLrk nsaA blh izdkj iSny ;kf=;ksa
dks ekxZ dk vf/kdkj gksrk gS] mudk Hkh lEeku djsa rFkk mUgas igys jkLrk nsaA
3- ;fn vkxs jkLrk [kqyk gks] rks lcls ckbZa ysu esa jgrs gq, lko/kkuhiwoZd xksy
pôj esa izos’k djsa rFkk ck,¡ eqM+us dk ladsr fujUrj nsrs jgsaA
4- Xkksy pôj esa ckbZa ysu esa jgsa vkSj vius xUrO; ekxZ dh ckbZa ysu esa fudkl
djsaA
lh/ks tkuk
fp= 83 esa ihyk okgu xksy pôj ij lh/ks tkus dk lgh rjhdk n’kkZrk gS&
1- Xkksy pôj esa izos’k gsrq lgh ysu dk p;u djsaA ;fn lM+d ij vafdr u gks rks
vkerkSj ij nkbZa ysu esa jguk lcls lqjf{kr gksrk gSA
2- Xkksy pôj esa igys ls py jgs ;krk;kr dks jkLrk nsaA blh izdkj iSny ;kf=;ksa
dks ekxZ dk vf/kdkj gksrk gS] mudk lEeku djsa rFkk mUgsa igys lM+d ikj
djus nsaA
3- xksy pôj esa nkbZa vksj jgsa] tc rd vkidks ckgj fudyus ds fy, ysu cnyus
dh vko';drk u gksA
4- ftl Hkh ekxZ ls vki ckgj fudyuk pkgrs gSa mlls igys okyk ekxZ fudyrs
gh ckbZa vksj eqM+us dk ladsr nsa vkSj lqjf{kr :i ls ,eŒ,lŒ,eŒfu;e dk
ikyu djrs gq, fudkl djsaA
nk,¡ eqM+uk o ;w&VuZ ysuk
fp= 83 esa uhyk okgu xksy pôj ij nkbZa vksj eqM+us dk lgh rjhdk n’kkZrk gS&
1- nk;sa eqM+us dk ladsr nsa vkSj ,eŒ,lŒ,eŒ fu;e dk ikyu djrs gq, lcls nkbZa
vksj dh ysu esa igq¡apsaA
2- iSny pyus okyksa vkSj xksy pôj esa igys ls gh py jgs okguksa dks jkLrk nsrs
gq, lko/kkuh ls vkxs c<+saA
3- xksy pôj ij nkbZa vksj jgsa] tc rd vkidks ckgj tkus ds fy, ysu cnyus dh
vko';drk u gksA
4- ftl ekxZ ij vki ckgj fudyuk pkgrs gSa mlls igys okys ekxZ dks ikj djus
ds rqjUr ckn ckbZa vksj eqM+us dk ladsr nsa vkSj lqjf{kr :i ls ,eŒ,lŒ,eŒ
fu;e dk ikyu djrs gq, xksy pôj ls ckgj fudy tk;saA
;w&VuZ ysus ds fy, Hkh ;gh j.kuhfr viukbZ tkuh pkfg,A vius okgu dks xksy pôj
ds pkjksa vksj ?kqekrs le; yxkrkj nkbZa vksj eqM+us dk ladsr nsrs jgsa rFkk ftl ekxZ
71
ls vki ckgj fudyuk pkgrs gSa mlls igys okys ekxZ dks ikj djrs gh ckbZa vksj eqM+us
dk ladsr nsa vkSj ,eŒ,lŒ,eŒ fu;e dk ikyu djrs gq, lqjf{kr :i ls ckgj fudy
tk;saA
6-6- ;w&VuZ
;w&VuZ 180 fMxzh ds eksM+ dks dgrs gSaA ;w&VuZ rc fy;k tkrk gS tc vki vius okgu
dks fcYdqy foijhr fn’kk esa ys tkuk pkgsaA dqN LFkkuksa ij* ;w&VuZ fuf”k)* dk ladsr
yxk gksrk gS] ,sls LFkkuksa ij ;w&VuZ u ysaA blds vfrfjDr tgk¡ vlqjf{kr gks vFkok
;krk;kr ckf/kr gksrk gks] ogk¡ Hkh ;w&VuZ u ysaA
6-7- ihNs dh vksj ¼fjolZ es½a pykuk
fdlh okgu dks fjolZ djuk ;kfu cSd djuk eqf’dy gks ldrk gSA blds fy;s
xgu vH;kl vkSj fu;a=.k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA cSd djus ls igys vius okgu
ds pkjksa vksj py dj lqfuf'pr dj ysa fd xkM+h ds ihNs dqN u gksA okgu ds
lkeus o lkbMksa esa Hkh vPNs ls ns[k ysaA okgu dks cSd djrs le; ihNs ds ‘kh’ks ls
fujUrj ihNs ns[krs jgsaA tc vki vius ?kj vFkok xSjkt ls okgu dks ckgj
lkoZtfud lM+d ij ys tkus ds fy, cSd dj jgs gksa rks lcls fudVre ysu esa
/khjs&/khjs vkSj lko/kkuh ls izos’k djsaA jktekxksaZ ij okgu dks cSd djus dh vuqefr
ugha gksrhA dsoy ;krk;kr iqfyl ds funsZ’k ij vki ,slk dj ldrs gSaA cSd djrs
le; vki viuh lhV cSYV [kksy ldrs gS rkfd vkidks ihNs ns[kus esa dfBukbZ u
gksA ;fn lh/kk ihNs vFkok ckbZa fn’kk esa fjolZ dj jgs gksa rks vius ck;s gkFk ls cktw
okyh lhV dks ihNs ls idM+s] blls ihNs eqM+dj ns[kus esa vklkuh gksxhA
6-8- okgu jksduk
#dus ;k /khes gksus ls igys vU; pkydksa dks vius bjkns dk ladsr nsa rFkk dHkh Hkh
vpkud czsd u yxk,¡A /;ku j[ksa fd okgu dks iwjh rjg #dus ds fy, dqN nwjh dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA bl nwjh ds lgh vkadyu ls vki vU; okguksa ls Vdjkus ls cp
ldrs gSaA vius okgu dks jksdus ls igys vki vius vklikl fdlh Hkh [krjs ckjs
lko/kku jgsaA lqjf{kr gksus ij gh okgu dks jksdus gsrq czsd yxk;sA
:dus dk fu.kZ; djus gsrq fy;s x, le; dks izfrfdz;k le; ¼Reaction time½ dgrs gSaA
izfrfdz;k le; pkyd] lM+d] le; rFkk ekSle dh fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA izfrfØ;k
ds nkSjku okgu ftruh nwjh r; djrk gS mls çfrfØ;k nwjh dgk tkrk gSA ,d ckj tc
vki czsd yxkrs gSa rks Vk;j vkSj lM+d ds chp ?k"kZ.k okgu dks /khek djus yxrk gS
vkSj var esa okgu dks jksd nsrk gSA iwjh rjg ls #dus ls igys okgu dqN nwjh r;
72
djrk gS] ftls czsfdax nwjh ¼Breaking distance½ dgk tkrk gSA ;g czsfdax nwjh lM+d vkSj
Vk;j dh gkyr] Vk;j esa gok ds ncko] okgu ds otu] vkSj cszfdax iz.kkyh dh
çHkko'khyrk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA #dus dh dqy nwjh çfrfØ;k nwjh vkSj czsfdax nwjh dk
;ksx gksrh gS ;kfu&
#dus dh dqy nwjh ¾ çfrfØ;k nwjh $ czsfdax nwjh
mnkgj.k ds fy,] 50 fdñehñ@izfr ?k.Vk dh xfr ls py jgs okgu ds pkyd dk
izfrfdz;k le; vkSlru 0-75 lsdsaM gksrk gSA bl xfr ij okgu dh izfrfØ;k nwjh
yxHkx 11 ehVj gksxh rFkk cszfdax nwjh 14 ehVj gksxhA
blfy,] :dus dh dqy nwjh ¾ 11 $ 14 ¾ 25 ehVj
mPp xfr ij ;k=k dj jgk okgu #dus ls iwoZ dkQh yach nwjh r; djrk gSA fuEu
rkfydk esa ,d lkekU; lM+d ij fHkUu&fHkUu xfr ij py jgs okguksa dh :dus dh
dqy nwjh nh xbZ gS%
okgu dh xfr izfrfdz;k nwjh czsfdax nwjh :dus dh dqy nwjh
¼fd-eh-@?k-½ ¼ehVjksa esa½ ¼ehVjksa esa½ ¼ehVjksa esa½
32 6 6 12
48 9 14 23
64 12 24 36
80 15 38 53
96 18 55 73
112 21 75 96

6-9- ikfdZax
;fn lHkh pkyd vius okgu dh lgh ikfdZax djsa] rks lM+d vo:) ugha gksxhA
blfy;s ikfdaZx fu;eksa dk lnSo ikyu djsaA ikfdaZx fpg~u ns[k dj gh okgu ikdZ
djsaA

fuEu LFkkuksa ij ikfdZax u djsa%

73
  tgk¡ ikfdZax fuf"k) ;k vlqjf{kr gks]
 xksypôj ;k pkSjkgs ds vUnj ;k mlds cgqr ikl]
 gksVy] Ldwy] vLirky vFkok fdlh vU; Hkou ds ckgj fudyus ;k Hkhrj tkus
ds jkLrs ds lkeus]
 iSny ;k=h ikj iFk ij ;k mlds fudV]
 QqVikFk ij]
 xyr lkbM ij ;k lM+d ds nkbZa vksj]
 tgk¡ vkidk okgu ;krk;kr ds lkekU; çokg dks vo:) djrk gks] vFkok
 tgk¡ vkidk okgu fdlh vU; okgu dk jkLrk vo:) djrk gksA
;fn vki fdlh eq[; ekxZ ij viuk okgu jksduk ;k NksM+uk pkgrs gS] rks mls jktekxZ
ds eq[; ;krk;kr okys Hkkx ls nwj uhps mrkjdj [kM+k djsa rFkk vU; pkydksa dks lpsr
djus ds fy, fo'ks"kdj jkr ds le; vkikrdkyhu ykbV] ikfdaZx ykbV ;k yks&che
;kfu fMIij yxkdj gsMykbV dk ç;ksx djsaA okgu [kM+k djrs le; ges'kk ikfdaZx czsd
¼;kfu gSaM czsd½ yxk,¡A ikfdaZx dh voLFkk ls pyrs le; vklikl ds ;krk;kr dks
/;ku ls ns[k ysa vkSj mfpr ladsr nsdj ;krk;kr ds izokg esa foy; djus dh viuh
ea'kk t+kfgj djsaA
cPpksa vkSj ikyrw tkuojksa dks :ds gq, okgu esa dHkh Hkh vdsyk u NksMsa+A
lekukarj ikfdaZx
lekukarj ikfdaZx dk vFkZ gS okguksa dks lM+d ds lekukarj ,d nwljs ds Bhd ihNs ,d
ykbu esa [kM+k djukA lkekukarj ikfdZax vkerkSj ij lM+d ds ck,¡ fdukjs ij dh tkrh
gSA lekukarj ikfdaZx dk lgh rjhdk bl izdkj gS&

74
 fp= 86 fp= 87 fp= 88 fp= 89 fp=90
pj.k 1% vkxs [kM+s pj.k 2% LVh;fjax pj.k 3% LVh;fjax Oghy pj.k 4 % vc pj.k 5% LVh;fjax
okgu ds lekukarj Oghy dks ?kM+h dh dks ?kM+hor fn’kk esa LVh;fjax Oghy Oghy dks 360ñ
bl izdkj ls jksdsa mYVh fn’kk esa 360ñ 360ñ ?kqek;saA blls dks 360ñ ?kM+hor ?kM+h dh mYVh
fd nksuksa okguksa ds ?kqek;sa rFkk okgu dks vkidk ifg;k lh/kk gks fn’kk esa ?kqek;sa o fn’kk esa ?kqek;sa
fiNys Vk;j ,d rc rd /khjs /khjs cSd tk,xkA vius okgu dks /khjs /khjs cSd djsa rkfd vkidk
gh js[kk esa gksaA djsa tc rd ck;ka /khjs&/khjs cSd djsa tc tc rd vkidk ifg;k ,d ckj
foax fejj vkxs okyh rd ck;sa foax fejj esa okgu lM+d ds fQj lh/kk gks tk,s
dkj ds fiNys fgLls fiNys njokts dk gSMy Nksj ds lekukarj rFkk vius okgu
ds cjkcj uk vk lM+d ds Nksj dks Nw uk u vk tk;sA dks vkxs ihNs djsa
tk;sA ysA rkfd og nksuksa
okguksa ds Bhd
e/; esa vk tk;sA
lekukarj ikfdaZx ls ckgj fudyus ds fy,]
 ihNs [kM+s okgu dks cpkrs gq, /khjs ls cSd djsaA
 fj;j&O;w fejj esa ihNss ls vk jgs ;krk;kr dks ns[ksa] nk;k¡ lwpd fn[kk dj
ikfdZax ls ckgj vkus dh viuh ea'kk dk ladsr nsa] CykbaM LikWV ds fy, d/ksa ds
Åij ls ihNs dh vksj ns[ksa] rFkk
 LVh;fjax dks nk,¡ eksM+as vkSj /khjs ls vkxs c<+sa rFkk ;krk;kr dh /kkjk esa ‘kkfey
gks tk;saA

dks.kh; ikfdaZx
dks.kh; ikfdZax esa okgu lM+d ds fdukjs lekukarj
fdUrq frjNs [kM+s fd, tkrs gSa tSlk fd fp= 91 esa
fn[kk;k x;k gSA dks.kh; ikfdaZx dk rjhdk fuEu
gS&
fp= 91
1- niZ.k esa ihNs ds ;krk;kr dks pSd djsaA
2- da/ks ds Åij ls CykbaM LikWV pSd djsaA
3- ck¡;s eqM+us dk ladsr nsaA
4- ikfdaZx esa izos’k djsa vkSj ifg;ksa dks lh/kk dj nsaA
75
 5- gSaM czsd yxk,¡ rFkk okgu dks igys fx;j esa Mky nsaA
dks.kh; ikfdaZx ls ckgj fudyus ds fy, niZ.k esa vkSj da/ks ds Åij ls ihNs ns[ksa vkSj
;fn jkLrk lkQ gks rks okgu dks /khjs&/khjs cSd djsaA lkbfdy pkyd] fjD'kk ;k iSny
pyus okyksa dk fo’ks”k :i ls [;ky j[ksaA
yEcor ikfdaZx
ñ
yEcor ikfdZax esa okgu lM+d ij 90 ij [kM+s fd;s tkrs gSaA bl izdkj dh ikfdZax esa
okgu dks cSd djds [kM+k djuk csgrj gksrk gS rkfd og vklkuh ls ckgj fudy ldsA

fp= 92 fp= 93 fp= 94

pj.k 1% ikfdZax LFky esa [kkyh LFkku
ls vkxs [kM+s okgu rd tk,¡ tSlk
fd Åij fn[kk;k x;k gSA viuk
okgu bl izdkj jksdsa fd vkids rFkk
[kM+s gq, okgukas ds chp de ls de
5&6 QqV dh nwjh gks rFkk vkids
okgu dk fiNyk fgLlk [kkyh
ikfdZax LFkku dh nwljh Nksj js[kk dks
yka?k x;k gksA
pj.k 2% LVh;fjax dks iwjh rjg ck,¡
eksM+ nsa] fjolZ fx;j Mkysa o okgu
dks /khjs ls ikfdZax LFky esa cSd djsaA
okgu dks cSd djrs gq, lkbfdy
pkyd] fjD'kk ;k iSny pyus okyksa
dk /;ku j[ksaA
pj.k 3% tc vkidk okgu cxy esa
[kM+s okguksa ds lekukarj gks tk,] rks
LVh;fjax dks lh/kk dj nsa vkSj tc
rd vkidk okgu lgh :i ls ikdZ
uk gks tk,] cSd djrs tk,¡A

yEcor ikfdaZx ls ckgj fudyus ds fy,&

1- ck,¡ ;k nk,¡ eqM+us dk mfpr ladsr nsaA
2- lkbfdy pkyd] iSny pyus okyksa vkSj xqTk+jrs ;krk;kr dk /;ku j[krs gq,
lko/kkuh iwoZd vkxs c<+s tc rd vkidk okgu iwjh rjg ikfdZax ls ckgj u vk
tk,A
3- ftl fn’kk esa vki tkuk pkgrs gSa] viuk okgu ml vksj eksMs+a rFkk iwjh rjg eqM+
tkus rd fn’kklwpd ladsr nsrs jgsA

76
<yku ij ikfdaZx
<yku ij ikfdaZx djrs le; ikfdaZx czsd vo’; yxk;saA blds vfrfjDr] vius okgu ds
vxys ifg;ksa dks uhps fn[kk, x;s fp=kuqlkj eksM+ nsaA vxys ifg;ksa dks bl izdkj eksM+us
dk ykHk ;g gksrk gS fd ;fn ikfdaZx czsd gV tkrh gS vkSj okgu <yku ij py iM+rk
gS rks og QqVikFk ls Vdjkdj :d tk;sxk vkSj ;fn QqVikFk u gks] rks okgu lM+d ls
uhps mrj tk;sxk ftlls lM+d ij pyus okys okgu lqjf{kr jgsxsaA

fp= 95 fp= 96 fp= 97

6-10- lM+d ij vkikr fLFkfr

Pkkgs vki fdruh gh lko/kkuh iwoZd xkM+h pyk jgs gksa ;k vkidk okgu fdruh gh vPNh
gkyr esa D;ksa u gks] fdlh vuisf{kr vkikr fLFkfr dh laHkkouk ges’kk gksrh gSA bl
vuqHkkx esa ,slh dqN vkikr fLFkfr;ksa vkSj muls fuiVus ds mik;ksa ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k
gSA
czsd Qsy gksuk
;fn vkidks czsd lac/kh leL;k dk psrkouh ladsr fn[krk gS rks rqjar vf/k—r lfoZl
lSaVj ij mldh tk¡p djok,¡A ;fn okgu pykrs le; vkidks czsd Qsy gksus dk ‘kd gks
rks czsd iSMy tksj ls dbZ ckj nck,¡A blls czsd esa okgu jksdus ds fy, i;kZIr ncko
cu tkrk gSA ;fn blls ykHk u gks rks okgu dks jksdus ds fy, /khjs /khjs ikfdaZx czsd
yxk,¡A ;fn ;krk;kr de gks vkSj vki /khjs&/khjs okgu dks jksdus dh fLFkfr esa gksa ;kfu
vkids ikl le; vkSj LFkku nksuksa gksa] rks okgu dks NksVs fx;j esa Mkyas vkSj fQj mlls
NksVs fx;j esa MkysaA tc rd vkidk okgu cgqr /khes u gks tk,] ,slk djrs jgsaA mlds
ckn okgu dks lM+d ds ,d vksj ys tk,¡ vkSj gSaM czsd yxkdj jksd nsaA ,slh fLFkfr esa

77
fudVre xSjkt rd okgu dks pykdj ys tkus dk iz;Ru u djsa] vfirq lgk;rk dh
izrh{kk djsaA
LVh;fjax Qsy gksuk
tc okgu LVh;fjax Oghy dks ?kqekus ij eqM+uk can dj nsrk gS rks mls LVh;fjax Qsy
gksuk dgrs gSA ;fn vkidks yxs fd LVh;fjax Qsy gks x;k gS rks okgu dks /khek dj ysaA
czsd rHkh yxk;sa tc nq?kZVuk ls cpus ds fy;s ,slk djuk vko’;d gksA ;fn vkidks czsd
yxkus Hkh iM+sa rks ,slk /khjs /khjs djsaA vpkud czsd yxkus ls okgu fu;a=.k ls ckgj gks
ldrk gSA batu can gksus ij ikoj LVh;fjax Oghy ds l[r gksus dh Hkh lEHkkouk jgrh
gSA ,sls esa okgu dks Mªkbo djrs gq, mls ‘kh?kz LVkVZ djus dk iz;Ru djsaA Dyp iSMy
dks nckdj vkSj pkch dks ?kqekdj okgu dks LVkVZ fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn fQj Hkh
xkM+h LVkVZ u gks] rks vkidks okgu jksduk iM+ ldrk gSA /;ku jgs fd ;fn vkids okgu
esa ikoj czsd gksa rks vkidks okgu jksdus ds fy, czsd t+ksj ls nckuh iM+ ldrh gSaA
Vk;j QVuk
pyrs gq, vpkud Vk;j QVus ls okgu iwjh rjg fu;a=.k ls ckgj gks ldrk gSA vaxzsth
esa bls Cyks&vkmV dgrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa vki LVh;fjax Oghy dks dl dj idM+s jgsa]
okgu dks lh/kk j[ksa rFkk /khjs&/khjs ,sDlsyjsVj ls iSj gVk;saA vpkud czsd u yxk,¡A czsd
dsoy rHkh yxk,¡ tc okgu ij vkidk fu;a=.k gks tk;sA vU; okguksa dk /;ku j[krs
gq, vius okgu dks lM+d ls iwjh rjg uhps mrkj ysaA
vkidh ysu esa lkeus ls vk jgk okgu
;fn vki viuh ysu esas lkeus ls fdlh okgu dks vkrs gq, ns[ksa rks rqjar viuk okgu
/khek djds czsd yxk,¡ vkSj lkeus ls vk jgs okgu ds jkLrs ls ckbZa vksj gV tk,aA
Vdjko ls cpus ds fy, nkbZa ysu esa tkus ls cpsa D;ksafd gks ldrk gS fd nwljk pkyd
viuh ysu esa tkus ds fy, ckbZa vksj tk;s vkSj fQj ls vkids lkeus vk tk,A vxj og
okgu vkidh vksj vkuk tkjh j[krk gS rks lh/kh VDdj ls cpus ds fy, lM+d ls uhps
mrj tk,¡A gkWuZ ctk,¡ vkSj gsM ykbV pedk dj ml pkyd dks lko/kku djsa] D;ksafd
gks ldrk gS fd og uhan esa gks vFkok mldk /;ku dgha vkSj gksA
lM+d ls uhps mrjuk
;fn vkidk okgu lM+d ls mrj dj dPps jkLrs ij vk tk, rks rqjar lM+d ij okfil
tkus dh dksf'k'k u djsaA dPPks jkLrs ij gh jgsa vkSj ,sDlsyjsVj iSMy ls iSj gVkdj
okgu dks /khjs djsaA xfr de gksus ds ckn lqjf{kr gksus ij gh iqu% lM+d ij p<+sa vkSj
fQj ls xfr c<+k,¡A
gsM ykbV [kjkc gksuk
;fn vkids okgu dh gsMykbV vpkud dke djuk can dj ns rks mUgsa iqu% vkWu djus
dh dksf’k'k djsaA dbZ ckj fMIij dk iz;ksx djus ls gsMykbV dke djuk ‘kq: dj nsrh
78
gSA ;fn blls Hkh enn u feys rks ikfdZax ykbV ;k [krjs dh psrkouh nsus okyh ykbV
vkWu djsa rkfd vkidks bruh jks’kuh fey lds ftlls vki vU; okguksa dks viuh fLFkfr
ckjs psrkouh ns ldsa vkSj vius okgu dks lM+d ds uhps mrkj ldsaA
okgu ds gqM ¼ckWfuV½ dk vpkud [kqy tkuk
;fn okgu pykrs le; okgu dk ckWfuV vpkud [kqy tkrk gS rks ,sDlsyjsVj ls rqjUr
viuk iSj gVk ysa vkSj ckWfuV ds uhps ls vkxs dk jkLrk ns[kus dh dksf'k'k djsaA ;fn
blls enn u feys rks f[kM+dh ls viuk flj ckgj fudky dj vkxs ns[ksaA ,slh fLFkfr
esa ekxZn’kZu ds fy, vki ysu fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj vius okgu dks
/khjs&/khjs lM+d ds fdukjs ys tk,¡ vkSj jksd nsaA
,sDlsyjsVj iSMy dk vVd tkuk
;fn vkids okgu dk ,sDlsyjsVj iSMy vVd tkrk gS rks vki mlds uhps viuk iSj ;k
vaxwBk Q¡lkdj Åij dh vksj [khap dj mls eqDr dj ldrs gSaA iSMy dks eqDr djkrs
le; vkxs lM+d ij fuxkg j[ksaA ;fn fQj Hkh iSMy vVdk jgs rks czsd yxk,¡ vkSj
okgu dks U;wVªy fx;j esa MkysaA lqjf{kr jkLrk ns[kdj vius okgu dks fdukjs ij ys
tk,¡A vU; okgu pkydksa dks vkxkg djus ds fy, psrkouh ykbV vkWu djsaA
jsy dh iVfj;ksa ij okgu dk vVd tkuk
;fn vkidk okgu jsy dh iVfj;ksa ij vVd x;k gks vkSj dksbZ jsyxkM+h vk jgh gks rks
vkidks vkSj vkids lg ;kf=;ksa dks rqjar okgu NksM+ nsuk pkfg,A Vªsu ls Vdjk dj
vkids okgu ds VqdM+s nwj&nwj rd fNrjk ldrs gSaA muls cpus ds fy, ftl vksj ls
jsyxkM+h vk jgh gks ml vksj jsy dh iVfj;ksa ls nwj lqjf{kr LFkku ij pys tk,¡A okgu
ls viuk lkeku fudkyus ds fy;s iVfj;ksa ds ikl cus jgus dh xyrh u djsaA
fQlyu] ck<+ izHkkfor ;k xhyh lM+d
ckfj'k ;k cQZ iM+us ds nkSjku lM+d xhyh vkSj fQlyu Hkjh gks ldrh gSaA ,slh lrg
ij rst+ xfr ls okgu pykuk [krjukd gks ldrk gS D;ksafd okgu lM+d ij viuh
idM+ [kks ldrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa xkM+h dks /khjs djus ds fy, ,sDlsyjsVj iSMy ls
viuk iSj gVk ysaA xhyh vFkok fQlyu Hkjh lM+d ij vpkud czsd yxkus ls okgu
fu;a=.k ls ckgj gks ldrk gSA vius LVh;fjax Oghy dks dl dj idM+s j[ksa vkSj okgu
dks tgk¡ rd laHko gks lh/kk j[ksaA LVh;fjax Oghy dks vpkud vkSj vko’;drk ls vf/kd
?kqekus ls okgu viuk larqyu [kks ldrk gSA
vkx yxuk ;k vksoj&ghfVax gksuk
;fn vki okgu ls vkx ;k /kqvk¡ fudyrk ns[ksa rks rqjar okgu dks lM+d ls mRkkj dj
jksd nsaA batu can dj nsa vkSj rqjar lHkh ;kf=;ksa dks okgu ls nwj dj nsaA fdlh
laHkkfor foLQksV ;k vkx dh yiVksa ls ?kk;y gksus ls cpus ds fy, okgu ls lqjf{kr
nwjh cuk, j[ksaA vkx ij ikuh u Mkysa] blls yiVsa vkSj QSy ldrh gaSA ;fn vkids ikl
79
vkx cq>kus dk ;a= gS rks dsoy FkksM+k&lk ckWfuV mBkdj yiVksa ij iz;ksx djsaA ;fn
vkx vf/kd gks rks gqM ;kfu ckWfuV [kksyuk [krjukd gks ldrk gS] ,sls esa nwj [kM+s jgsa
vkSj lgk;rk ek¡xsaA
;fn batu ds vR;f/kd xeZ gksus dk ladsr feys rks okrkuqdwyu tSls vuko';d
midj.kksa dks rqjUr can dj nsa] okgu dks lM+d ds fdukjs ys tk,¡ vkSj mls jksd dj
batu dks rqjar can dj nsaA ;fn lqjf{kr gks rks batu dks BaMk djus ds fy, gqM [kksy
nsaA jsMh,Vj dk <Ddu u [kksysaA BaMk djus dh iz.kkyh ds vR;f/kd xeZ gksus dh voLFkk
esa okgu pykus ls batu dks uqdlku gks ldrk gSA
xgjs ikuh ds vanj fxjus ij
,slh fLFkfr esa vf/kdka'k okgu dqN lsdaM ls ysdj pan feuVksa rd lrg ij rSjrs jg
ldrs gSa D;ksafd xkM+h dh f[kM+fd;k¡ vkSj njokts can gksrs gSA ,sls esa okgu ls rqjar ckgj
vkus dk gj laHko iz;Ru djsaA ikuh ds f[kM+dh ds Lrj rd vkus ls igys gh [kqyh gqbZ
f[kM+dh ls ckgj vk tk,¡A ;fn okgu tyeXu gks tkrk gS rks laHko gS fd okgu ds
vanj vkSj ckgj ikuh dk ncko cjkcj gksus rd njokt+s u [kqysaA okgu ds vUnj iwjh
rjg ikuh Hkjrs gh vki njoktk [kksyus esa dke;kc gks ldrs gSa] ;fn okgu dks
lajpukRed dksbZ {kfr u gqbZ gksA
batu dk otu vkxs gksus ds dkj.k vkerkSj ij okgu igys lkeus dh vksj ls Mwcrs gSaA
,sls esa ihNs ds fgLls esa tks gok dk {ks= curk gS] mlls vkidks lk¡l ysus ds fy, dqN
le; fey tkrk gSA bldk ykHk mBkdj vki ckgj fudyus dh j.kuhfr cuk ldrs gSaA
bl izdkj ckgj fudyus ds fy, vkidks okgu ds fiNys fgLls esa tkus dh t:jr iM+
ldrh gSA ;fn okgu esa vU; ;k=h Hkh gSa] rks okgu ls ,d lkFk ckgj fudyus dk
iz;Ru djsaA
nq?kZVuk ls cpuk
dqN voljksa ij ,slk yxrk gS fd nq?kZVuk gks ldrh gSA nq?kZVuk ls cpus ds fy,
pkyd ds ikl eq[; :i ls fuEufyf[kr fodYi miyC/k gksrs gSa&
czsd yxkdj okgu dks /khek djuk o jksduk ,d fodYi gSA gkyk¡fd] ;fn okgu
,aVh&y‚d czsfdax iz.kkyh ls lqLkfTtr ugha gS rks vpkud tksj ls czsd yxkus ij okgu
fQly ldrk gSA ,sls esa ;fn okgu fQlyuk 'kq: dj ns rks czsd iSMy dks NksM+ nsa vkSj
dqN iy ds ckn bls fQj ls nck,¡A
cpdj lkbM ls okgu fudkyuk (evasive steering) Hkh Vdjko ls cpus dk ,d rjhdk
gS blesa laHkkfor ck/kk dks cpkdj pkyd lkbM ls vius okgu dks fudky ys tkrk gSA
,slk djus ls igys vklikl ds ;krk;kr dh fLFkfr vkSj ftl okgu ls vkids Vdjkus
dk [krjk gS] mldh xfrfof/k ij fuxkg j[kuk egŸoiw.kZ gSA

80
rst+h ls xfr c<+kuk ,d vU; fodYi gS] [kklrkSj ls tc Vdjkus dk [krjk ihNs ls
vFkok lkbM ls gksA eSuqvy Vªkalfe'ku okys okguksa esa rst+h ls xfr c<+kus ds fy, NksVk
fx;j Mkyuk pkfg,A
nq?kZVuk gksus ij [kqn dh vkSj lg;kf=;ksa dh lqj{kk djuk
dbZ ckj vki gj iz;Ru djus ds ckn Hkh nq?kZVuk ls cpus esa dke;kc ugha gks ikrsA lhV
csYV nq?kZVuk esa xaHkhj pksV ;k ekSr ls cpkus ds fy, lcls csgrjhu lqj{kk iznku djrh
gSA nq?kZVuk gksus dh fLFkfr esa fuEufyf[kr fn’kkfunsZ’kksa dh ikyuk djuk ykHkdkjh fl)
gksrk gS%
ihNs ls VDdj yxus ij% ;fn vkidks ihNs ls Vôj yxus dk [krjk gS] rks
 czsd yxkus ds fy, rRij jgsa rkfd vki vkxs tk jgs okgu ls u Vdjk tk,¡A
 vius vkidks LVh;fjax Oghy vkSj lhV ds chp cuk;s j[ksaA
 viuh xnZu dks vpkud >Vdk yxus ls cpkus ds fy, flj dks lhV ds fVdko
ij etcwrh ls fVdk ysaA
lkbM ls VDdj yxus ij% ;fn vkidks lkbM ls Vôj yxus dk [krjk gS]
 ;fn laHko gks rks dksf’k’k djsa fd okgu dh lkbM esa ,sls LFkku ij Vôj yxs
tgk¡ vki vkSj vkids ;k=h lqjf{kr gksaA
 okgu esa ,d vksj fxjus ls cpus ds fy, LVh;fjax Oghy dks etcwrh ls tdM+s
jgsaA
 nq?kZVuk gksus ij okgu xksy xksy ?kwe ldrk gS] ,slh lwjr esa ml ij ‘kh?kz
fu;U=.k dk;e djus ds fy, rS;kj jgsaA
lkeus ls VDdj yxus ij% ;fn vki lkeus ls Vdjkus okys gSa rks ,;jcSx ¼;fn vkids
okgu esa gSa½ Qwy dj vkidks VDdj ds >Vds ls cpk ysaxsA ijUrq ;fn vkidk okgu
,;jcSx ls lqlfTtr ugha gS rks]
 vius flj o psgjs dh lqj{kk ds fy, vius gkFkksa vkSj cktqvksa dk iz;ksx djsaA
 LVh;fjax Oghy ;k foaM 'khYM ls cpus ds fy, viuh lhV ij ,d vksj fxj
tk,¡A

81
 7- Mªkbfoax gsrq [krjukd ifjfLFkfr;k¡
bl v/;k; esa Mªkbfoax dh dqN vPNh çFkkvksa ij çdk'k Mkyk x;k gS ftudk ikyu
dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa okgu pykrs le; fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
7-1- ekSle dh fLFkfr
ckfj'k] cQZ ;k dksgjs esa okgu pykuk [krjukd gks ldrk gSA blfy, ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa okgu pykus ds fy, vfrfjDr Mªkbfoax dkS'ky dh
vko';drk gksrh gS] D;ksafd [kjkc ekSle esa lM+d rFkk
nwljs okguksa vkSj oLrqvksa dks ns[kus dh {kerk de gks tkrh
gSA
lfnZ;ksa ds ekSle esa dksgjs ds dkj.k –';rk dkQh de gks
tkrh gSA blfy, ?kus dksgjs ds nkSjku Mªkbfoax u djsaA ;fn Mªkbo djuk vfr vko’;d
gks rks fuEufyf[kr lko/kkfu;k¡ cjrsa&
 –';rk vuqlkj viuh xfr /kheh j[ksaA fp= 98

 gsMykbV vkWu j[ksaA vk¡[kksa esa rst ped ls cpus ds fy, yks&che dk iz;ksx
djsaA dHkh Hkh vdsyh Qksx ykbV ds lgkjs okgu u pyk,¡A
 ekxZn’kZu gsrq lM+d ds ck,¡ Nksj ij ;krk;kr fpg~uksa ¼lQsn vFkok ihyh
foPNsfnr js[kk½ dk vuqlj.k djsaA
 vko’;drk vuqlkj [krjs dh psrkouh nsus okyh vkikrdkyhu ykbV dk iz;ksx
djsaA
 ;fn vki fdlh okgu ds ihNs py jgs gksa rks mlls viuh nwjh c<+k nsaA
 csgrj –';rk ds fy, foaMLØhu okbij vkSj fMÝkWLVj dk iz;ksx djsaA
Ckkfj’k esa vkidh –';rk de gks tkrh gSA ,sls esa vius okgu dh xfr /kheh dj ysaA
foaMLØhu okbij] yks&che gsMykbV vkSj fMÝkWLVj dk iz;ksx djsaA ckfj’k esa lM+d xhyh
gksdj fQlyu Hkjh gks tkrh gS ftlls lM+d ij
Vk;jksa dh idM+ de gks tkrh gSA blds ifj.kke
Lo:i 'Aquaplaning' ;k 'hydroplaning' uked
fLFkfr cu ldrh gSA
Aquaplaning, lM+d dh fLFkfr] ikuh dh ek=k vkSj
okgu dh xfr ds la;kstu ls mRiUu gksrh gSA bl
fLFkfr esa Vk;j vkSj lM+d dh lrg ds chp ikuh dh iryh ijr cu tkrh gS rFkk
82
okgu dk lM+d ls laidZ VwV tkrk gSA okgu ikuh dh ijr ij pyus yxrk gS rFkk
czsd yxkus] xfr c<+kus vkSj eksM+usa ds nkSjku okgu ?k”kZ.k ds vHkko esa fQlyrk gSA

dks jksdus ds fy, ckfj’k esa vFkok [kM+s ikuh ls xqtjrs gq, vius okgu dh
Aquaplaning
xfr de dj nsaA Vk;jksa esa gok dk mfpr ncko cuk;s j[ksa rFkk f?kls gq, Vk;j cny
nsaA
cQZ vkSj vksys lM+dksa dks xhyk vkSj fQlyu Hkjk cukrs gSaA fQlyu Hkjh lM+d ij
lqjf{kr Mªkbfoax ds fy, /khjs pyuk] /khjs czsd yxkuk vFkok eqM+uk vkSj vkxs py jgs
okgu ls ,d fuf'pr nwjh cuk, j[kuk egŸoiw.kZ gSA
batu LVkVZ djus ls igys okgu ds Åij ls cQZ lkQ dj nsa vkSj fMÝkWLVj dk iz;ksx
djsa rkafd ‘kh’ks lkQ gks tk;saA Nk;knkj txgksa tSls vksoj fczt vkfn ds uhps fo’ks"k
/;ku j[ksa D;ksafd ,sls LFkkuksa ij cQZ yEcs le; rd teh jgrh gSA vius okgu dh
ok;q&lapkj ¼osafVys'ku½ iz.kkyh dks vPNh gkyr esa j[ksa vkSj dkcZu eksuksv‚DlkbM
fo"kkDrrk ls cpus ds fy, fudkl ç.kkyh esa laHkkfor fjlko dh tk¡p djrs jgsaA
Hkkjh fgeikr ds nkSjku Mªkbfoax ds fy, ifg;ksa ij psu ds iz;ksx dh vko’;drk gks
ldrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa B.M ls cpus ds fy, okgu esa dacy vo’; j[ksa D;ksafd vki
Hkkjh cQZckjh esa yEcs le; ds fy, Hkh Q¡l ldrs gSaA
7-2- igkM+ksa esa okgu pykuk
ioZrh; {ks= esa Mªkbfoax djuk fdlh pqukSrh ls de ugha
gSA tc vki igkM+h eksM+ ij igq¡psa rks viuh xfr /kheh
dj ysaA tc fdlh pÍku ;k eksM+ ds dkj.k vkidh n`f”V
fp=100
ckf/kr gks jgh gks] rks vksojVsd u djsa] D;kasfd vki ;g
tkuus dh fLFkfr esa ugha gksrs fd vksojVsfdax djuk lqjf{kr gS ;k ughaA ioZrh; {ks= esa
vius okgu dks ges’kk ckbZa vksj j[ksa D;kasfd ogk¡ lM+dsa vkerkSj ij rax gksrh gSaA tgk¡
gkWuZ ctkuk fuf"k) u gks] ogk¡ vU; pkydksa dks psrkouh nsus ds fy, gkWuZ dk mi;ksx
djsaA blds vykok] HkwL[kyu lEHkkfor {ks=ksa esa] [kkldj ckfj'k ds nkSjku ;k mlds ckn]
fxjrh gqbZ pêkuksa dk fo’ks”k /;ku j[ksaA
7-3- jkr esa okgu pykuk
jkf= ds le; okgu pykuk cM+k pqukSrh iw.kZ gksrk gS D;ksafd de jks’kuh] ped vkSj
Fkdku dh otg ls vkidh vkxs ns[kus dh {kerk vkSj nwljs lM+d mi;ksxdrkZvksa dh
vkidks ns[kus dh {kerk de gks tkrh gSA ,sls esa lqfuf'pr djsa fd vkidh gSMykbV
83
Bhd rjhds ls dke dj jgh gksa] lkeus dh foaMLØhu ¼’kh’kk½ vkSj ihNs dh f[kM+dh lkQ
gks vkSj muesa fdlh izdkj dh [kjksap] njkj bR;kfn u gksA
lw;kZLr ds vk/ks ?k.Vs ckn vFkok ftl le; jks’kuh i;kZIr u gks] viuh gsMykbV vkWu
dj ysaA –';rk de gksus ds dkj.k jkf= ds le; okgu dh xfr de j[kuh pkfg,A ;fn
lkeus ls dksbZ okgu vk jgk gS ;k vki fdlh okgu ds Bhd ihNs py jgs gSa rks viuh
gsMykbV ls vU; pkydksa dks pkSaf/k;kus ls cpkus ds fy;s yks&che ;kfu fMIij dk
bLrseky djsaA
ped&lkeus ls vkus okys okguksa dh ykbV vkSj fj;j&O;w fejj ls ifjyf{kr gksdj ihNs
ls vk jgs okguksa dh gSMykbV dh ped vkidh –f”V dks izHkkfor dj ldrh gSA ;g
ped {k.k Hkj ds fy, vkidks va/kk Hkh cuk ldrh gSA lkeus ls vk jgs okguksa dh ped
dks de djus ds fy, viuh vk¡[ksa lM+d ds ckbZa vksj dsafnzr djsa vkSj lM+d ij ckbZa
rjQ yxs fpg~uksa ij /;ku nsaA ihNs ls vk jgh ped dks de djus ds fy, vius
fj;j&O; wfejj dh fLFkfr esa FkksM+k cnyko djsaA ;fn vkids okgu esa Ms&ukbV izdkj dk
mPpdksfV dk fj;j&O;wfejj yxk gS] rks jkf= ds le; mls ukbV eksM (Night Mode) esa
dj ysaA

fp=101 fp= 102

Fkdku%&eksVj nq?kZVukvksa esa o`f) ds ihNs ,d cM+k dkj.k Fkdku gksrh gSA okf.kfT;d
okguksa ds ekfyd vDlj iSls cpkus ds fy, vius okgu ij ,d gh pkyd j[krs gSA yacs
le; rd yxkrkj Mªkbfoax djus ds dkj.k pkyd lqLr gks tkrk gS vkSj dHkh dHkh mls
uhan Hkh vk tkrh gSA blfy, ;k=k 'kq: djus ls igys rFkk FkksM+s&FkksM+s vUrjky ij
foJke djrs jgsaA Fkdku de djus ds fy, vkidks pkfg, fd&
 tc t:jr eglwl gks] :d tk,¡A okgu ls ckgj vk,¡] vaxM+kbZ ysa o rkth gok
[kk,¡A
 vius lkFk lgpkyd j[ksa o ckjh&ckjh okgu pyk,¡A
 pk;] dkWQh ;k 'khry is; ih,¡A
 pqbZax&xe pck,¡ ;k VkWQh bR;kfn [kk,¡A
 lg;kf=;ksa ds lkFk ckr djsaA

84
 jsfM;ks lqusaA
 ;fn blls ykHk u gksrks fdlh lqjf{kr txg ¼lM+d fdukjs jsLrjk¡] gksVy]
eksVy] <+kck] isVªksy iEi bR;kfn½ ij #dsa] batu can djsa] njokt+s ykWd djsa] gok
ds fy, f[kM+fd;k¡ FkksM+h&lh [kksysa A

85
 8- Mªkbfoax laca/kh vijk/k vkSj naM
;krk;kr ds dkuwu rFkk fu;eksa dks ykxw djus dk mn~ns’; lM+d lqj{kk dks c<+kuk vkSj
lM+d nq?kZVukvkas esa deh ykuk gSA tks pkyd lM+d ds fu;eksa dk mYya?ku djrs gSa]
mudk eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e] 1988 dh fofHkUu /kkjkvksa ds rgr pkyku fd;k tkrk gSA
VªSfQd pkyku dkVus dk mn~ns'; xSj ftEesnkjkuk Mªkbfoax dks grksRlkfgr djuk vkSj
lM+dksa ij vuq'kklu cukuk gSA ;krk;kr ds dqN egŸoiw.kZ fu;eksa vkSj vijk/kksa dh uhps
O;k[;k dh tk jgh gS&
8-1- 'kjkc ihdj okgu pykuk
eksVj okgu vf/kfu;e] 1988 dh /kkjk 185 ds rgr Hkkjr esa ‘kjkc ihdj xkMh pykuk
vijk/k gSA ;fn dksbZ ,slk O;fDr xkMh pykrk gS ;k pykus dk iz;kl djrk gS] rks mls
nafMr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;fn%
- mlds jDr esa ‘kjkc dh ek=k 30 feyh xzke izfr 100 feyh yhVj ls vf/kd ikbZ
tk;s] vFkok
- og fdlh nok ;k u’ks ds brus çHkko esa gks ftlls okgu ij mldk leqfpr
fu;a=.k u jgsA
/kkjk 185 ds v/khu igys vijk/k ds fy, ‘kjkch pkyd dks 6 ekl rd dk dkjkokl
vFkok nks gtkj :i;s rd tqekZuk vFkok nksuksa gks ldrs gSaA rhu o”kZ dh vof/k ds Hkhrj
nksckjk ;g vijk/k djus ij 2 o”kZ rd dk dkjkokl vFkok rhu gtkj :i;s rd tqekZuk
vFkok nksuksa gks ldrs gSaA ;fn dksbZ O;fDr fdlh nwljs O;fDr dks /kkjk 185 ds vijk/k
ds fy, mRizsfjr djrk gS] rks og Hkh eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e 1988 dh /kkjk 188 dk vijk/k
djrk gS] ftlds fy, lt+k ogh gS tks /kkjk 185 ds rgr nh tk ldrh gSA
8-2- xfr lhek dk mYya?ku djuk
eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e] 1988 dh /kkjk 112 ds rgr fu/kkZfjr U;wure vFkok vf/kdre xfr
lhek dk mYya?ku djuk eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e] 1988 dh /kkjk 183 ds rgr vijk/k gSA
blh izdkj] ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vius v/khu fdlh vU; O;fDr dks bl /kkjk dk mYya?ku
djus ds fy, mRizsfjr djrk gS rks og Hkh /kkjk 183 ds rgr nks”kh ekuk tk;sxkA
8-3- [krjukd okgu pkyu
eksVj okgu dks [krjukd rjhds ls pykuk eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e] 1988 dh /kkjk 184 ds
rgr naMuh; vijk/k gSA pkyd okgu dks [krjukd rjhds ls pyk jgk gS] bl ckr dk
86
fu/kkZj.k ;krk;kr dh voLFkk] okguksa dh la[;k] LFkku tgk¡ okgu pyk;k tk jgk gS]
rFkk vU; lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks /;ku esa j[k dj fd;k tkrk gSA
bl /kkjk ds rgr igys vijk/k ds fy, 6 ekl rd dk dkjkokl vFkok ,d gtkj :i;s
rd tqekZuk vFkok nksuksa gks ldrs gSaA rhu lky ds Hkhrj nksckjk vijk/k djus ij nks”kh
dks 2 o”kZ rd dk dkjkokl vFkok nks gtkj :i;s rd tqekZuk vFkok nksuksa dk izko/kku
gSA
blds vykok] tks O;fDr fdlh vU; dks eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e 1988 dh /kkjk 184 ds
vijk/k ds fy, mRizsfjr djrk gS] og bl vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 188 dk vijk/k djrk gS]
ftlds rgr /kkjk 184 ds leku lt+k dk izko/kku gSA
8-4- gsyesV dk iz;ksx djuk
gfj;k.kk eksVj okgu fu;e] 1993 ds fu;e 185 ds vuqlkj fdlh lkoZtfud LFkku ij
fdlh Hkh oxZ ;k Js.kh dh eksVjlkbfdy pyk jgs ;k mldh lokjh dj jgs gj O;fDr
dks Hkkjrh; ekud C;wjks ds ekudksa ds vuq:i cuk gsyesV iguuk gksxkA gkyk¡fd]
eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e] 1988 dh /kkjk 129 ds v/khu nksifg;k okgu pyk jgs ;k mldh
lokjh dj jgs ,sls O;fDr;ksa] ftUgsa eq[; fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh }kjk gsyesV iguus dh NwV
nh xbZ gks vFkok ixM+h /kkjh flD[kksa dks] gsyesV Mkyus dh vko';drk ugha gSA
8-5- eksckby Qksu ;k lsyQksu dk mi;ksx
okgu pykrs le; eksckby Qksu dk iz;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,A ;g eksVj okgu Mªkbfoax
fofu;e] 2017 ds fofu;e 37 dk mYya?ku gS vkSj /kkjk 177&, ds lkFk&lkFk eksVj
okgu vf/kfu;e] 1988 dh /kkjk 184 ds rgr n.Muh; gS A blds vfrfjDr ykblsaflax
izkf/kdkjh dsanzh; eksVj okgu fu;e] 1989 ds fu;e 21 (25) ds rgr ,sls O;fDr dks
okgu pykus gsrq v;ksX; ?kksf”kr dj ldrk gS A
8-6- okgu pykrs le; /kweziku djuk
okgu pykrs le; /kweziku djuk dsanzh; eksVjokgu fu;e] 1989 ds fu;e 21 ¼14½ dk
mYya?ku gSA ykblsal çkf/kdkjh ,sls okgu pkyd dks okgu pykus gsrq v;ksX; ?kksf"kr
dj ldrk gSA ekuuh; iatkc vkSj gfj;k.kk mPp U;k;ky; us Hkh fufer dqekj cuke
paMhx<+ ç'kklu ds ekeys esa funsZ'k fn;k gS fd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr nksifg;k okgu lfgr
fdlh Hkh izdkj ds okgu pykrs le; eksckby Qksu dk iz;ksx vFkok /kqeziku ugha
djsxkA

87
8-7- nkSM+ ;k xfr ijh{k.k djuk
;fn dksbZ O;fDr jkT; ljdkj dh lgefr ds fcuk fdlh lkoZtfud LFkku ij eksVj
okguksa dh nkSM+ ;k xfr ijh{k.k esa Hkkx ysrk gS ;k mldh vuqefr nsrk gS] og eksVj;ku
vf/kfu;e] 1988 dh /kkjk 189 dk vijk/k djrk gSA
8-8- fcuk iathdj.k ;k chek ds fcuk okgu dk mi;ksx
eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e 1988 dh /kkjk 39 dk mYya?ku dj fcuk iathdj.k ds okgu dk
mi;ksx djuk ;k mlds mi;ksx dh vuqefr nsuk eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e] 1988 dh /kkjk
192 ds rgr naMuh; vijk/k gSA ijUrq ;fn eksVj okgu dks fdlh chekj ;k ?kk;y
O;fDr dks vLirky ig¡qpkus] vkink ds le; Hkkstu] nokb;k¡ bR;kfn tSlh jkgr lkexzh
ykus ys tkus ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tkrk gS] rFkk bldh lwpuk {ksf=; ifjogu
izkf/kdj.k ds lfpo dks lkr fnu ds Hkhrj ns nh tkrh gS] rks bls /kkjk 192 dk vijk/k
ugha ekuk tk;sxkA
eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e 1988 dh /kkjk 146 ds rgr chek ds okgu ds mi;ksx dh vuqefr
nsuk ;k mls pykuk eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e] 1988 dh /kkjk 192 ds rgr naMuh; vijk/k gSA
8-9- ;krk;kr ds eqDRk çokg dks ckf/kr djuk
;fn dksbZ O;fDr] fdlh lkoZtfud LFkku ij vius eksVj okgu dks bl rjg j[krk gS
ftlls ;krk;kr dk eqDr izokg ckf/kr gks] rks og eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e 1988 dh /kkjk
201 ds rgr vijk/k djrk gSA
8-10- vkikrdkyhu okgu
eksVj okgu Mªkbfoax fofu;e] 2017 ds rgr vfuok;Z gS fd gj okgu pkyd dks lM+d
ds ,d fdukjs gksdj vfXu'keu lsok okguksa vkSj ,Ecqysal vkfn vkikrdkyhu okguksa dk
‘kh?kz xqTk+jus nsuk pkfg,A
,sls esa pkyd dks] ftruk gks lds] lM+d ds ck,¡ fdukjs dh vksj :duk pkfg,A nks ;k
nks ls vf/kd ysu okyh ou&os lM+d ij] pkSjkgs dks NksM+dj] ftruk gks lds lM+d ds
ut+nhdh Nksj ij :duk pkfg,A blh izdkj cgqysuh; jktekxZ ij lM+d dk fdukjk
vo#) u djsa D;ksafd dbZ ckj eq[; ekxZ vo#) gksus ij vkikrdkyhu okgu lM+d ds
fdukjs dk Ikz;ksx djrs gSaA
vkikrdkyhu okgu dks ns[kdj vpkud czsd u yxk,¡ vkSj u gh vpkud vkxs fudyus
dk Ikz;Ru djsa] cfYd 'kkafr vkSj /kS;ZiwoZd ihNs ls vk jgs ;krk;kr dks ns[krs gq, vius
okgu dks fdukjs ij vFkok vkxs ys tk,¡A dHkh Hkh vkikrdkyhu okgu dk ihNk ;k mls
vksojVsd djus dh dksf'k'k u djsaA
88
8-11- nq?kZVuk ds ekeys esa ,d pkyd dk dRkZO;
ia- ijekuan dVkjk cuke Hkkjr la?k ds ekeys esa o"kZ 1989 esa ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky;
ds vkns'kksa ds i'Pkkr eksVj okgu vf/kfu;e] 1988 esa la'kks/ku fd;k x;k gS ftlds rgr
okgu pkyd o ekfyd nksuksa ds fy, vfuok;Z cuk fn;k x;k gS fd os fdlh Hkh
vkSipkfjdrk dh çrh{kk fd;s fcuk nq?kZVuk ds f'kdkj O;fDr dks ut+nhdh fpfdRld
rd ysdj tk,¡ rFkk fpfdRld Hkh vkSipkfjdrkvksa ds iwjs gksus dh çrh{kk fd, fcuk
?kk;y O;fDr dk bykt djsA
eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e] 1988 dh /kkjk 134 ds rgr tc lM+d nq?kZVuk esa dksbZ O;fDr
?kk;y gksrk gS ;k fdlh rhljs i{k dh laifÙk {kfrxzLr gksrh gS] rks okgu dk pkyd ;k
mldk izHkkjh%
- ;fn HkhM+ ds jks"k ds dkj.k vFkok fdlh vU; dkj.k ls tks mlds fu;U=.k ds
ckgj gks] ,slk djuk lEHko u gks] vFkok ;fn ?kk;y O;fDr ;k mldk
vfHkHkkod ¼?kk;y O;fDr ds ukckfyx gksus dh fLFkfr esa½ dqN vU;Fkk u pkgs]
?kk;y O;fDr dks fpfdRldh; lgk;rk miyC/k djokus gsrq lHkh mfpr dne
mBk,xk o mls fpfdRld ;k vLirky rd ysdj tk,xkA gj jftLVªMZ eSMhdy
izSfDV'kuj ;k vLirky esa M~;wVh ij mifLFkr fpfdRld dk drZO; gksxk fd os
fdlh Hkh vkSipkfjdrk dh çrh{kk ds fcuk nq?kZVuk ds f'kdkj O;fDr dk bykt
djsA
- ogk¡ ekStwn fdlh iqfyl vf/kdkjh }kjk iwNus ij vko';d tkudkjh nsA ;fn
dksbZ iqfyl vf/kdkjh ekStwn u gks rks fpfdRldh; lgk;rk u miyC/k djokus
laca/kh ifjfLFkfr;ksa lfgr ?kVuk dh fjiksVZ fudVre iqfyl LVs'ku esa ftruh
tYnh gks lds] vf/kdre pkSchl ?kaVs ds Hkhrj nsA
- chek daiuh] ftlus chek izek.k i= tkjh fd;k gS] dks ?kVuk ds ckjs esa fyf[kr
:i esa fuEufyf[kr tkudkjh ns%
 chek i‚fylh uacj vkSj mldh oS/krk dh vof/k
 nq?kZVuk dh frfFk] le; vkSj LFkku
 nq?kZVuk esa ?kk;y ;k ekjs x, O;fDr;ksa dk fooj.k
 pkyd dk uke vkSj mlds Mªkbfoax ykblsal dk fooj.kA

89
 9- lkekU; ifjHkk”kk,¡
fuEufyf[kr ifjHkk"kk,¡ eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e] 1988 vkSj dsaæh; eksVjokgu fu;ekoyh] 1989
ls yh xbZ gSa&
 vuqdwfyr okgu% vuqdwfyr okgu dk vFkZ gS ,d eksVj okgu ftls ;k rks fo’ks”k :Ik
ls fMtkbu vkSj fufeZr fd;k x;k gS] ;k ftlesa fdlh Hkh ‘kkjhfjd nks”k ;k
fodykaxrk ls ihfM+r O;fDr ds mi;ksx ds fy, /kkjk 52 dh mi&/kkjk ¼2½ ds rgr
ifjorZu fd, x, gSa] vkSj dsoy ml O;fDr ds }kjk ;k mlds fy, mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
 —f”k VªDVj% ,slk ;a=pkfyr pkSifg;k okgu tks d`f”k dk;ksZa ds fy, mi;qDr midj.kksa
vkSj@;k d`f”k lkexzh ds ifjogu esa iz;qDr Vªsyj ds lkFk dk;Z djus ds fy, cuk;k
x;k gSA ;g ,d xSj&ifjogu okgu gSA
 /kqjh Hkkj% fdlh okgu dh /kqjh ds laca/k esa ,slk dqy Hkkj tks ml /kqjh ds lkFk yxs
dbZ ifg;ksa n~okjk ml Hkwry ij] ftl ij og okgu fVdk gqvk gS] laizsf”kr fd;k
tk,aA
okguksa dh Jsf.k;k¡%
 Js.kh ,y&1% dk vFkZ eksVj okgu vf/kfu;e] 1988 dh /kkjk 2 dh mi&/kkjk 27 esa
ifjHkkf”kr ,slk eksVjlkbfdy gS] ftlesa vf/kdre fu/kkZfjr xfr 70 fdeh@?kaVk ls
vf/kd ugha gS vkSj batu dh {kerk 50 lhlh ls vf/kd u gks vFkok okgu FkfeZd
batu ;qDr gks ;k bldh bySfDVªd eksVj dh ‘kfDr 4-0 fdyksokV ls vf/kd u gks]
 Js.kh ,y&2% ,sls lHkh eksVjlkbfdy gS tks Js.kh ,y&1 es u vkrs gksaA
 Js.kh ,e% bl Js.kh esa os okgu vkrs gSa tks lokjh rFkk mudk lkeku <ksus ds dke esa
yk;s tkrs gSa vkSj ftu esa de ls de pkj ifg;s gksrs gSaA
 Js.kh ,e-1% lokfj;ksa rFkk muds lkeku dks <ksus esa iz;qDr gksus okys ,sls eksVjokgu
ftuesa pkyd dh lhV ds vykok vkB ls vf/kd lhVsa u gksaA
 Js.kh ,e-2% lokfj;ksa rFkk muds lkeku dks <ksus esa iz;qDr gksus okys ,sls eksVjokgu
ftu esa pkyd dh lhV ds vykok ukS ;k ukS ls vf/kd lhVsa gksa vkSj ftudk
vf/kdre okgu Hkkj 5 Vu ls vf/kd u gksA
 Js.kh ,e-3% lokfj;ksa rFkk muds lkeku dks <ksus esa iz;qDr gksus okys ,sls eksVj okgu
ftues apkyd dh lhV ds vykok ukS ;k ukS ls vf/kd lhVsa gksa vkSj ftudk vf/kdre
okgu Hkkj 5 Vu ls vf/kd gksA
 Js.kh ,u% de ls de pkj ifg;ksa okyk ,slk eksVjokgu tks eq[; :i ls lkeku dh
<qykbZ ds fy, ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

90
 Js.kh ,u-1% lkeku <ksus okyk ,slk eksVj okgu ftldk dqy okgu Hkkj 3-5 Vu ls
vf/kd ugha gksA
 Js.kh ,u-2% lkeku <ksus okyk ,slk eksVj okgu ftldk dqy okgu Hkkj 3-5 Vu ls
vf/kd ysfdu 12 Vu ls de gksA
 Js.kh ,u-3% lkeku <ksus okyk ,slk eksVj okgu ftldk dqy okgu Hkkj 12 Vu ls
vf/kd gksA
 iathdj.k izek.k i=% eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e 1988 ds v/;k; 4 ds izko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj
fdlh okgu ds iathd`r gksus ckjs l{ke çkf/kdkjh n~okjk tkjh izek.k i=A
 vuqca/k xkM+h% ,slk eksVjokgu tks HkkM+s ;k ikfjJfed ij ;k=h ;k ;kf=;ksa dk ogu
djrk gS vkSj tks fdlh O;fDr n~okjk ,sls okgu ds laca/k esa fdlh ijfeV ds /kkjd
;k bl mn~ns’; ds fy, mlds n~okjk izkf/kd`r O;fDr ds lkFk vfHkO;Dr ;k fufgr
vuqca/k fd;k gks ftlds rgr ,sls okgu dk mi;ksx fdlh fuf’pr ;k lger nj ij
;k jkf’k ds fy, iw.kZ :i ls ;kf=;ksa dh <qykbZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blesa eSDlh
dSCk vkSj eksVj dSCk Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
 pkyd% fdlh eksVjokgu n~okjk [khaps tk jgs vU; eksVjokgu ds laca/k esa og O;fDr
Hkh 'kkfey gS] tks [khaps tk jgs okgu ds pkyd ds :i esa dk;Z dj jgk gSA
 Mªkbfoax ykblsal% eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e 1988 ds v/;k; 2 ds v/khu fdlh l{ke
izkf/kdkjh }kjk fofufnZ"V O;fDr dks ¼izf’k{kq dks NksM+dj½ eksVjokgu ;k fdlh fufnZ"V
oxZ ;k o.kZu ds eksVjokgu pykus ds fy;s vf/k—r djus okyk ykblsalA
 'kSf{kd laLFkku dh cl% ,slh dksbZ cl] tks fdlh egkfo|ky;] fo|ky;] ;k vU;
'kS{kf.kd laLFkku ds LokfeRo esa gS vkSj ftldk mi;ksx f’k{kk laLFkk ds fdlh fdz;k
dyki ds laca/k esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa ds ifjogu ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
 eky% thfor O;fDr;ksa ds flok; okgu }kjk ys tk;k tkus okyk i'kq/ku vkSj ¼okgu esa
lkekU;r% iz;qDr midj.kksa dks NksM+dj½ dksbZ Hkh oLrq ijUrq fdlh eksVj dk ;k mlls
layXu Vªsyj esa <ks;k tkus okyk lkeku rFkk okgu esa ;k=k dj jgs ;kf=;ksa dk futh
lkeku blesa ‘kkfey ugha gSA
 ekyokgu% ,slk eksVj okgu tks dsoy eky <ksus ds fy;s fufeZr ;k vuqdwfyr gS ;k
,slk dksbZ eksVjokgu tks eky <ksus ds fy;s fufeZr ;k vuqdwfyr ugha gS ijUrq mldk
iz;ksx eky <ksus ds fy, fd;k tk;sA
 dqy okgu Hkkj% fdlh okgu ds laca/k eas okgu dk dqy Hkkj vkSj ml okgu ds fy,
iathdj.k izkf/kdkjh n~okjk Lohd`r Hkkj tks iathdj.k çkf/kdkjh n~okjk çekf.kr vkSj
iath—r gksA
 Hkkjh ekyokgu% ,slk dksbZ ekyokgu ftldk Lkdy okgu Hkkj( ;k ,slk VªSDVj ;k jksM+
jksyj ftldk ynku jfgr Hkkj 12]000 fdyksxzke ls vf/kd gSA
 Hkkjh ;k=h eksVjokgu% dksbZ Hkh ,slk lkoZtfud lsok okgu ;k futh lsok okgu ;k
'kSf{kd laLFkku cl ;k vkseuh cl ftldk ldy okgu Hkkj 12]000 fdyksxzke ls
vf/kd gSA

91
 v'kDr ;k=h xkM+h% fdlh ‘kkjhfjd [kjkch ;k fodykaxrk ls ihfM+r O;fDr ds
mi;ksx ds fy, fo’ks”k :i ls ifjdfYir o fufeZr okgu tks dsoy vuqdwfyr ugha
gS vkSj ftldk mi;ksx ,sls O;fDr n~okjk ;k mlds fy, gh fd;k tkrk gSA
 izf'k{kq ykblsal% n~forh; v/;k; ds vUrxZr fdlh l{ke izkf/kdkjh n~okjk fofufnZ"V
O;fDr dks izf’k{kq ds :Ik esa ,d eksVjokgu ;k fdlh fufnZ"V oxZ ;k fooj.k ds
eksVjokgu dk izf'k{kq pkyd vf/k—r djrs gq, fn;k tkus okyk ykblsalA
 ykblsaflax çkf/kdj.k% ,d çkf/kdkjh tks n~forh; v/;k; ds varxZr ;k dqN ekeyksa
esa r`rh; v/;k; ds varxZr ykblsal tkjh djus ds vf/kdkj izkIr gSaA
 gYdk eksVjokgu ¼L.M.V.½% ,slk ifjogu okgu ;k vkseuh cl ftldk ldy
okgu Hkkj] ,slh eksVj dkj ;k VªSDVj ;k jksM+ jksyj ftldk ynku jfgr Hkkj 7]500
fdyksxkze ls vf/kd ugh agSA
 cM+h VSDlh% ,slk eksVjokgu tks HkkM+s ;k ikfjJfed ij pkyd ds flok; N% ls
vf/kd fdUrq vf/kdre ckjg ;kf=;ksa dk ogu djus ds fy;s fufeZr ;k vuqdwfyr
gSA
 e/;e ekyokgu% gYds eksVj okgu ;k Hkkjh ekyokgu ds vfrfjDr dksbZ Hkh
ekyokguA
 e/;e ;k=h eksVj okgu% ,slk dksbZ lkoZtfud lsok okgu ;k futh lsok okgu ;k
f’k{kk laLFkku cl tks eksVj lkbfdy v’kDr ;k=h xkM+h] gYdk eksVjokgu ;k Hkkjh
eksVjokgu ls fHkUu gSaA
 eksVj VSDlh% ,slk dksbZ eksVj okgu tks HkkM+s ;k ikfjJfed ij] pkyd ds flok;
vf/kdre N% ;kf=;ksa ds ogu ds fy, fufeZr ;k vuqdwfyr gksA
 eksVj dkj% ifjogu okgu] vkseuh cl] jksM+ jksyj] VªSDVj] eksVjlkbfdy ;k
vuqdwfyr okgu ls fHkUu dksbZ eksVj okguA
 eksVjlkbfdy% nksifg;ksa okyk ,slk eksVj okgu ftlesa eksVj okgu ls layXu ,d
vfrfjDr ifg;s okyh lkbM dkj Hkh lEefyr gSaA
 eksVj okgu ;k okgu% lM+dksa ij mi;ksx ds fy, vuqdwfyr dksbZ Hkh ;a=pkfyr
okgu tks fdlh ckgjh ;k vkarfjd lzksr ls ç.kksnu 'kfDr izkIr djrk gks] ftlesa
psfll ¼ftlls okgu dk 'kjhj ugha tksM+k x;k gks½ vkSj Vªsyj Hkh 'kkfey gSaA ijarq
blesa iVfj;ksa ij pyus okys okgu ;k dsoy fdlh dkj[kkus vFkok lhekc)
ifjlj esa iz;ksx fd, tkusokys ;k fdlh Hkh fo'ks"k çdkj ds mi;ksx ds fy,
vuqdwfyr okgu ;k de ls de pkjifg;ksa okys okgu ftuesa iPphl ?ku lsaVhehVj
ls vf/kd dh {kerk dk batu u yxk gks] 'kkfey ugh agSaA
 VªSDVj Vªsyj% ekuuh; itakc vkSj gfj;k.kk mPp U;k;ky; dh [k.M ihB us
;wukbVsM bafM;k ba';ksjsal daiuh fyfeVsM cuke izhriky flag ¼1996&2½ 113
Punj. L.R. 49 ds ekeys esa fu.kZ; fn;k fd Hkys gh ,d Vªsyj fdlh eksVj okgu
n~okjk [khapk tk jgk gks ;g Loa; ,d eksVjokgu dgyk,xk rFkk VªSDVj vkSj Vªsyj
nksuksa feydj ,d ifjogu okgu dgyk;sxsaA

92
 vkseuh cl% dksbZ Hkh eksVjokgu tks pkyd dks NksM+dj N% ls vf/kd ;kf=;ks adks
ys tkus ds fy, fufeZr ;k vuqdwfyr gksA
 ekfyd% ftl O;fDr ds uke dksbZ eksVjokgu iath—r gS vkSj ;fn ,slk O;fDr
ukckfyx gks rks mlds laj{kd] vkSj fdlh fdjk,&[kjhn le>kSrs ;k iês ;k
le>kSrs ds rgr fxjoh okgu ds laca/k es aog O;fDr ftl ds dCt+s esa og okgu
gSA
 lkoZtfud LFkku% ,slh lM+d] xyh] ekxZ ;k vU; LFkku] pkgs og vke jkLrk gks
;k ugha] ftl ij turk dks igq¡pus dk vf/kdkj izkIr gks vkSj dksbZ txg ;k
vÏk tgk¡ ij eaftyh xkM+h n~okjk ;kf=;ksa dks p<+k;k ;k mrkjk tkrkgSA
 futh lsok okgu% ,slk eksVj okgu tks pkyd dks NksM+dj N% ls vf/kd ;kf=;ksa
dks ys tkus ds fy, fufeZr ;k vuqdwfyr gks vkSj lk/kkj.kr;k ,sls okgu ds
ekfyd n~okjk ;k mldh vksj ls mlds O;kikj ;k dkjksckj ds fy, ;kf=;ksa dks
HkkM+s ;k ikfjJfed ls vU;Fkk ys tkus ds mn~ns'; ls iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gksA
blesa lkoZtfud iz;kstuksa ds fy, iz;ksx fd, tkus okyk eksVj okgu ‘kkfey
ugha gSA
 yksd lsok okgu% ,slk eksVj okgu ftldk mi;ksx HkkM+s ;k ikfjJfed ij
;kf=;ksa dk ogu djus ds fy, fufeZr ;k vuqdwfyr gksA blesa eSDlh dSc] eksVj
dSc] vuqca/k xkM+h vkSj eaftyh xkM+h 'kkfey gSaA
 iathd`r /kqjh Hkkj% fdlh Hkh okgu ds /kqjh ds laca/k esa iath;u izkf/kdkjh n~okjk
çekf.kr vkSj iath—r /kqjhHkkjA
 iath;u çkf/kdkjh% eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e] 1988 ds prqFkZ v/;k; ds rgr eksVj
okguksa ds iathdj.k gsrq l'kDr fd;k x;k izkf/kdkjhA
 v/kZ&Vªsyj% Vªsyj ds flok; ,slk okgu tks ;a= pkfyr ugha gS rFkk fdlh eksVj
okgu ls bl izdkj tksM+us ds fy, cuk;k x;k gks fd mldk ,d Hkkx ml
eksVj okgu ls tqM+rk gks o Hkkj dk dqN Hkkx ml eksVj okgu }kjk mBk;k
tkrk gksA
 eaftyh xkM+h% ,slk eksVj okgu tks HkkM+s ;k ikfjJfed ij pkyd dks NksM+dj
N% ;kf=;ksa ls vf/kd dks ys tkus ds fy, fufeZr ;k vuqdwfyr gks vkSj ftlesa
gj ;k=h vyx ls iwjh ;k=k dk vFkok ;k=k ds pj.kksa dk fdjk;k nsrk gksA
 i;ZVd okgu% dksbZ Hkh vuqca/k dSfjt okgu tks blds lac/k esa fu/kkZfjr
fo'ks"krkvksa ds vuqlkj fufeZr ;k vuqdwfyr gksA
 VªDVj% ,d eksVj okgu gS tks iz.kksnu ds iz;kstu ls iz;ksx fd, tkus okys
midj.k ds vykok Lo;a dksbZ Hkkj mBkus ds fy, fufeZr ugha gksrkA ysfdu
blesa jksM jksyj 'kkfey ugha gSA

93
 ;krk;kr ladsr% ,sls lHkh ladsr] psrkouh ladsr LraHk] fn'kk Lkwpd LraHk] lM+d
ij yxk, x, fu’kku vFkok vU; ;qfDr;k¡ tks eksVjokgu pkydksa dh tkudkjh]
ekxZn'kZu ;k funsZ’ku ds fy, gkasA
 Vªsyj% v/kZ&Vªsyj ;k lkbMdkj ds vfrfjDr dksbZ Hkh okgu tks fdlh eksVj okgu
n~okjk [khapk tkrk gks ;k [khaps tkus ds fy, cuk gksA
 ifjogu okgu% lkoZtfud lsok okgu] ekyokgd okgu] 'kSf{kd laLFkku dh cl
;k futh lsok okguA
 [kkyhHkkj% dk;Z ds le; okgu ;k Vªsyj ds lkekU; iz;ksx ds lHkh midj.kksa
lfgr ijUrq pkyd ;k ifjpkyd ds otu dks NksM+dj ,d okgu ;k Vªsyj dk
Hkkj vkSj ;fn okgu esa oSdfYid Hkkxksa ;k midj.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gks] rks
,sls lcls Hkkjh oSdfYid Hkkx ;k midj.k lfgr okgu ;k Vªsyj dk HkkjA
 Hkkj% ftu ifg;ksa ij okgu fVdk gqvk gS] mu n~okjk dqN le; ds fy, lrg
ij laizsf"kr fd;k tkus okyk dqy HkkjA

94
 lanHkZ
1- eksVj;ku vf/kfu;e] 1988
2- dsaæh; eksVj;ku fu;ekoyh] 1989
3- eksVj okgu (Mz~kbfoax) fofu;e] 2017
4- paMhx<+ ;krk;kr iqfyl dh osclkbV
(www.chandigarhtrafficpolice.org)
5- fnYyh ;krk;kr iqfyl dh osclkbV (www.delhitrafficpolice.nic.in)
6- Hkkjrh; lM+d dkaxzsl] ubZ fnYyh
7- lM+d ;krk;kr f'k{kk laLFkku (www.irte.com)
8- Mªkbfoax çf'k{k.k vkSj vuqla/kku laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh (www.idtrmaruti.com)
9- ‘Get There – Your Guide to Travel Safety’, The Auto Club and Minnesota
Safety Council
10- feuslksVk] la;qDr jkT; vesjhdk] pkyd eSuqvy
11- dSaVqdh] la;qDr jkT; vesjhdk] pkyd eSuqvy
12- U;w gSEi’kk;j] la;qDr jkT; vesjhdk] pkyd eSuqvy
13- MkW0 v/khjkt tksxysdj dk CYkWkXk o fofM;®
(http://driving-india.blogspot.in/)

95
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