UPSC

lEiw.kZ

uhfr'kkL=] lR;fu"Bk
vkSj vfHk:fp
LkaLdj.k % izFke
ISBN : 978-81-19130-82-5

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eksckby ,si% Physics Wallah (Iys LVksj ij miyC/)

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;wVÔwc pSuy%
Physics Wallah - Alakh Pandey
UPSC Wallah
UPSC Wallah - Hindi Medium
PSC Wallah - UP Bihar
MPSC Wallah
bZesy% support@pw.live

vf/dkj
lHkh vf/dkj çdk'kd ds ikl lqjf{kr jgsaxsA ys•d ;k çdk'kd dh fyf•r vuqefr ds fcuk bl iqLrd ds fdlh Hkh fgLls dk fdlh Hkh
rjg ls mi;ksx ;k bldh vU; çfrfyfi rS;kj ugha dh tk ldrh gSA

Nk=k leqnk; ds fgr esa%

fdlh Hkh lks'ky ehfM;k pSuy] bZesy vkfn ;k fdlh vU; pSuy ds ekè;e ls eksckby] ySiVkWi ;k MsLdVkWi ds ekè;e ls ihMh,iQ ;k vU;
led{k çk:iksa esa iqLrdksa dh lkWÝV dkWih dk çlkj ,d çdkj dk vijk/ gSA fdlh Hkh O;fÙkQ }kjk viuh fMokbl (midj.kksa) ij iqLrd dh
lkWÝV dkWih dks çlkfjr] MkmuyksM] laxzghr djuk dkWihjkbV vf/fu;e dk mYya?ku gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ bl iqLrd ;k bldh fdlh Hkh lkexzh
dh iQksVksdkWih djuk Hkh voS/ gSA ,slh fdlh Hkh lkWÝV dkWih laca/h lkexzh ds çkIr gksus dh voLFkk esa bls MkmuyksM ;k iQkWjoMZ u djsaA

vLohdj.k%
fo"k; dh xgjh le> j•us okys PW ONLY IAS fo'ks"kKksa ,oa vè;kidksa dh Vhe us iqLrdksa ds fy, dM+h esgur dh gSA tcfd bu iqLrdksa
dks rS;kj djus esa daVsaV cukus okyksa (daVsaV fØ,VlZ)] lEikndksa ,oa çdk'kdksa }kjk iw.kZ ç;Ru fd;k x;k gSA ;g iqLrd 'kSf{kd mís';ksa ds
fy, vfHkçsr gS rFkk ys•d iqLrd esa fufgr fdlh Hkh =kqfV ds fy, ftEesnkj ugha gksxkA fo"k; oLrq dh lVhdrk ds fy, tk¡p dh xbZ gSA
çdk'kd }kjk fo"k;&oLrq dks lVhd ,oa vkf/dkfjd tkudkjh çnku djus ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k gSA
;g iqLrd ,oa blesa fufgr O;fÙkQxr ;ksxnku çdk'kd }kjk dkWihjkbV vf/fu;e ds varxZr lqjf{kr gSaA
çfrfØ;k ds fy, bZesy djsa% support@pw.live

 (;g iqLrd dsoy 'kSf{kd mís'; ds fy, mi;ksx dh tk,xhA)

 izLrkouk
PW ONLY IAS dh ,d vR;f/d dq'ky fo'ks"kK Vhe ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, dM+h esgur djrh gS fd Nk=kksa dks ;wih,llh ijh{kk
ds fy, lokZsÙke lkexzh çkIr gksA
'kq#vkr ls gh daVsaV cukus okyksa (daVsaV fØ,VlZ)] leh{kdksa] MhVhih vkWijsVjksa] çwiQjhMjksa ,oa vU; yksxksa dh iwjh daVsaV Vhe Nk=kksa ds
fy, çHkko'kkyh lkexzh rS;kj djus gsrq vius lokZsÙke Kku rFkk vuqHko ds vuqlkj lkexzh dks vkdkj nsus esa layXu gSA
vè;kidksa us fo"k;&oLrq dks vklkuh ls le>us okyh Hkk"kk esa çLrqr djus dh ubZ 'kSyh viukbZ gS ,oa bl vè;;u lkexzh ds fuekZ.k
ds nkSjku Vhe dks viuk ekxZn'kZu rFkk i;Zos{k.k çnku fd;k gSA
PW ONLY IAS oSpkfjd ,oa euksjatd f'k{kk esa n`<+ fo'okl j•rk gSA PW ONLY IAS Nk=kksa dks xq.koÙkk rFkk Li"Vrk ykus ds fy,
mPp ijh{kk&mUeq• vè;;u&lkexzh çnku djrk gSA
;wih,llh vè;;u lkexzh cgqrk;r ds lkFk cktkj esa miyC/ gS] ijarq PW ONLY IAS fo'ks"kK gekjs ;wih,llh Nk=kksa ds fy, lokZsPp
vè;;u lkexzh çnku djus gsrq fujarj dk;Zjr gSaA
;g vè;;u lkexzh ijh{kk esa iwNs tkus okys ç'uksa dh çpqj fofo/rk ds lkFk vo/kj.kkvksa dks le>us ,oa egkjr gkfly djus ds fy,
cgqvk;keh n`f"Vdks.k viukrh gS rFkk Nk=kksa dks çfr;ksxh ijh{kk ds fy, Kku ls lqlfTtr djrh gSA
bl vè;;u lkexzh dk eq[; mís'; gekjs Nk=kksa dks laf{kIr] Li"V] y?kq ,oa xq.koÙkkiw.kZ fo"k;&oLrq çnku djuk gSA

iqLrd dh fo'ks"krk,a

z fo"k;ksa dh lexz ppkZ] ;wih,llh çkjafHkd vkSj eq[; ijh{kk ds ikB;Øe ds iw.kZr% vuq:i
z fo"k;okj dojst ds fy, ou&LVkWi lkWY;w'ku
z Rofjr le> vkSj iqujh{k.k ds fy, vkjs•] ÝykspkVZ vkSj VkbeykbUl
z bl ijh{kk ds çkjafHkd vkSj eq[; pj.kksa dh ,dhÑr rS;kjh
 fo"k;&lwph
uhfr'kkL=k dk ewy ea=k.............................1&2 1-29 eYw ; laoèkZu esa 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa dh Hkwfedk..... 43
1- uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/............3&51 1-30 lekt dh Hkwfedk.................................. 44
1-31 ewY; f'k{kk ds fy, fliQkfj'ksa.................... 45
1-1 Hkwfedk..................................................3
1-32 ewY;ksa ds {kj.k ds dkj.k.......................... 46
1-2 fofHkUu fo}kuksa }kjk uSfrdrk dh ifjHkk"kk,¡......3
1-33 uSfrdrk ls lacaf/r egRoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh......... 47
1-3 uhfr'kkL=k dk mn~Hko.................................3
1-4 uSfrdrk ds lzksr......................................4 2- vfHko`fÙk.......................................... 52&79
1-5 uSfrdrk dk egRo....................................5 ifjp;................................................ 52
1-6 uSfrdrk ds vHkko ds ifj.kke......................6 2-1 vfHko`fÙk ds vo;o (,chlh ?kVd)............ 52
1-7 uSfrdrk dk {ks=k .....................................6 2-2 vfHko`fÙk dh lajpuk............................... 53
1-8 uSfrdrk dh çÑfr...................................7 2-3 vfHko`fÙk dh Jsf.k;k¡% O;ÙkQ vfHko`fÙk vkSj
1-9 uSfrdrk dk lkj rRo................................8 varfuZfgr vfHko`fÙk................................. 54
1-10 uSfrdrk ds fuèkkZjd rRo............................8 2-4 vfHko`fÙk dh fo'ks"krk,¡............................ 54
1-11 uSfrdrk ds ifj.kke................................ 12 2-5 vfHko`fÙk dk fuekZ.k ,oa mls çHkkfor
djus okys dkjd................................... 56
1-12 uSfrdrk ds vk;ke................................. 14
2-6 vfHko`fÙk ds dk;Z................................... 57
1-13 ,D'ku ,tsaV fl¼kar................................ 26
2-7 vfHko`fÙk ,oa fopkj................................ 58
1-14 VsyhvksykWftdy ,fFkDl
2-8 vfHko`fÙk vkSj O;ogkj.............................. 59
(ifj.kkeksUeq• uSfrdrk)........................... 26
2-9 vfHker vkSj vfHko`fÙk............................. 61
1-15 lkèku cuke lkè; cgl........................... 28
2-10 fo'okl vkSj vfHko`fÙk............................. 62
1-16 uSfrdrk ds le{k pqukSfr;k¡........................ 28
2-11 ewY; vkSj vfHko`fÙk................................. 62
1-17 futh vkSj lkoZtfud lacaèkksa esa uSfrdrk........ 29
2-12 uSfrd vfHko`fÙk..................................... 63
1-18 uksyu lfefr% lkoZtfud thou esa
2-13 lkekftd vfHko`fÙk................................. 65
lkr fl¼kar.......................................... 33
2-14 lekt ds detksj oxks± ds çfr vfHko`fÙk....... 65
1-19 lkoZtfud vkSj futh lacaèkksa dk i`FkDdj.k..... 35
2-15 iwokZxzg................................................ 66
1-20 lkoZtfud lacèa kksa dk futh lacèa kksa ij çHkko......36
2-16 jktuhfrd vfHko`fÙk................................ 67
1-21 lkoZtfud lacèa kksa ij futh lacèa kksa dk çHkko..... 36
2-17 yksdrkaf=kd vfHko`fÙk............................... 69
1-22 lkoZtfud vkSj futh lacaèkksa esa lkekU; 2-18 ukSdj'kkgh vfHko`fÙk................................ 70
uSfrdrk............................................... 36
2-19 lkekftd çHkko..................................... 70
1-23 lkoZtfud vkSj futh lacaèkksa dks 2-20 vuqu;u............................................... 72
larqfyr djuk........................................ 37
2-21 ç'kklu vkSj turk (lkoZtfud)................. 76
1-24 uSfrd fl¼kar(eksjYl)............................. 37
1-25 laoSèkkfud uSfrdrk................................. 39 3- flfoy lsok ds fy, vfHk:fp vkSj
1-26 ekuoh; ewY;........................................ 39 vk/kjHkwr ewY;................................. 80&108
1-27 uSfrd fl¼kar] uSfrdrk vkSj ewY;............... 41 3-1 vfHk:fp............................................. 80
1-28 ewY; laoèkZu esa ifjokj dh Hkwfedk.............. 42 3-2 vfHk:fp ds çdkj................................. 80
 3-3 vfHk:fp cuke dkS'ky] ewY;] n`f"Vdks.k....... 81
3-4 vfHk:fp vkSj flfoy lsok,¡..................... 82
3-5 vU; ewY;ksa ds lkFk vfHk:fp dk lacaèk....... 85
4- HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk.........................109&129
4-1 l
 yksoh vkSj es;j dh HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk
ds pkj Lrj........................................ 113
5- Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa
vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku................130&169
5-1 if'peh n'kZu vkSj if'peh fopkjd.......... 130
5-2 if'peh fopkjd.................................. 130
5-3 eSfd;kosyh dk n'kZu............................. 146
5-4 Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud.................................. 150
5-5 Hkkjrh; ç'kkld................................... 164
5-6 ç'kklu ,oa usr`Ro................................ 167
5-7 ç'kkld] çca/d vkSj usrk...................... 168
6- yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok
ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk...........................170&209
7- 'kklu esa 'kqfprk..............................210&262
7-1 'kqfprk ls rkRi;Z ................................ 210
7-2 'kqfprk & n'kZu ,oa fl¼kar..................... 211
7-3 'kklu esa 'kqfprk gkfly djus ds ekxZ esa
pqukSfr;k¡............................................ 212
7-4 'kklu esa 'kqfprk dks c<+kok nsus ds rjhds....... 212
7-5 yksd lsokvksa ls rkRi;Z........................... 212
7-6 'kklu esa lwpuk lk>kdj.k vkSj ikjnf'kZrk.......219
7-7 lwpuk dk vfèkdkj (vkjVhvkbZ).............. 220
7-8 vkpkj lafgrk vkSj uSfrd lafgrk............... 225
7-9 ukxfjd pkVZj...................................... 232
7-10 dk;Z laLÑfr....................................... 236
7-11 lsok çnk;xh dh xq.koÙkk........................ 239
7-12 lkoZtfud fufèk dk mi;ksx..................... 241
7-13 Hkz"Vkpkj............................................ 242
8- uSfrdrk vkSj mHkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;k¡.......263&272
8-1 ifjp;.............................................. 263
8-2 Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk (AI)............................. 263
8-3 vkHkklh okLrfodrk (VR) vkSj laofèkZr
okLrfodrk (AR)................................. 264
vi
8-4 jkscksfVDl vkSj Lopkyu......................... 266
8-5 tSo çkS|ksfxdh vkSj ck;ksbathfu;fjax............ 267
8-6 varfj{k vUos"k.k vkSj vkSifuos'khdj.k......... 268
8-7 thu ,fMfVax ls lacafèkr uSfrd pqukSrh........ 269
8-8 fMtkbuj cscht ls lacafèkr pqukSfr;k¡.......... 269
8-9 lks'ky ehfM;k ls lacafèkr uSfrd fpark,¡...... 270
8-10 v
 U; mHkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa esa
'kkfey uSfrd eqís................................. 271
8-11 m Hkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa esa uSfrdrk ds
fy;s vkxs dh jkg .............................. 272
9- uhfr'kkL=k% fofo/ fo"k;...................273&298
9-1 ofj"B dk funZs'k cuke tufgr................. 273
9-2 m|e'khy ljdkj................................. 273
9-3 uohu yksd ç'kklu (NPA)...................... 274
9-4 uohu yksd çcaèku (NPM)..................... 276
9-5 fgjklr esa fgalk vkSj ;kruk..................... 277
9-6 çkjafHkd Hkwz.k vuqlaèkku dh uSfrdrk........... 278
9-7 ;q¼ dh uSfrdrk.................................. 279
9-8 ç'kklu esa Hkxor xhrk dh Hkwfedk............ 282
9-9 lSU; lqj{kk esa Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk (AI)%
uSfrd eqís.......................................... 283
9-10 dsaæhdj.k vkSj ,dkfèkdkj....................... 285
9-11 iQkekZL;qfVdy ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k
dh uSfrdrk........................................ 286
9-12 oSokfgd cykRdkj vkSj oSokfgd vfèkdkj...... 288
9-13 tuer loZs{k.k vkSj uSfrd eqís................. 290
9-14 cqYMkst+j ekWMy vkSj çkÑfrd U;k;
dk fl¼kar......................................... 293
9-15 ihr i=kdkfjrk..................................... 295
9-16 'kCnkoyh........................................... 297
'kCnkoyh% mnkgj.k ds lkFk uSfrdrk
ls lacfa /r egRoiw.kZ vo/kj.kk............ 299&310
uSfrdrk vkSj ekuoh; lglacaèk................. 299
eukso`fÙk............................................. 302
vfHk{kerk.......................................... 303
flfoy lsokvksa ds fy, ewyHkwr ewY;......... 304
HkkokukRed cqf¼eÙkk............................. 308
uSfrd 'kklu....................................... 309
bZekunkjh@lR;fu"Bk................................ 309
 uhfr'kkL=k dk ewy ea=k

flfoy lsok ijh{kk ds lkekU; vè;;u 4 & uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp isij ds fy, lHkh uSfrdrk&vk/kfjr
voèkkj.kkvksa vkSj n'kZu dh Li"V vkSj lexz le> fodflr djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blesa mnkgj.kksa] dsl LVMh vkSj lokZsÙke
çFkkvksa dh lgk;rk ls fl¼kar vkSj mfpr mnkgj.k ds chp lgh larqyu LFkkfir djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA mnkgj.kksa] ifjn`';ksa
vkSj okLrfod thou dh fLFkfr;ksa dh lgk;rk ls uSfrdrk dks le>uk lS¼kafrd çLrkoksa dks thoar dj nsrk gS vkSj ,fFkDl dks
,d O;kogkfjd {ks=k cukrk gSA
,fFkDl ds isij esa vko';d çR;sd fo"k; dk ,d fof'k"V vkSj Li"V fopkj j•us ds fy, ¶mnkgj.kksa dh dyk¸ lh•us dh
t:jr gSA bls le>us ds dbZ rjhds vkSj n`f"Vdks.k gks ldrs gSaA ikBdksa dh vklkuh vkSj lqfo/k ds fy,] geus ;g le>kus vkSj
fn•kus dk ç;kl fd;k gS fd uhfr'kkL=k vkSj lacaf/r vo/kj.kkvksa ds ckjs esa gekjs mnkgj.k&vk/kfjr Kku dks dSls mRiUu]
fodflr vkSj le`¼ fd;k tk,A
vH;fFkZ;ksa dks vkerkSj ij ,fFkDl ds isij esa mnkgj.kksa dh xq.koÙkk vkSj çklafxdrk ds laca/ esa leL;kvksa vkSj pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk
djuk iM+rk gSA ikBdksa dks ,fFkDl ds isij esa de le; esa xq.koÙkkiw.kZ mnkgj.k rS;kj djus dh {kerk fodflr djus dh l[r
t:jr gSA bl çdkj ^mnkgj.kksa dh dyk* bl laca/ esa vH;fFkZ;ksa dh enn djus ds fy, lqfopkfjr vkSj 'kks/&vk/kfjr ç;kl
gSA geus okLrfod le; esa mnkgj.k vfHkO;fÙkQ dh çfof/ vkSj rduhd dks lh•us] le>us vkSj mlesa egkjr gkfly djus ds
fy, phtksa dks ljy j•us dh dksf'k'k dh gSA
,sls dqN VsEiysV gSa ftuds vk/kj ij ,d ikBd ,fFkDl dks le>us dh dksf'k'k esa viuh rS;kjh ds nkSjku vius Kku dks lajfpr
vkSj O;ofLFkr dj ldrk gSA ge cM+h la[;k esa flfoy lsok ijh{kk esa vPNk çn'kZu djus okys Nk=kksa ds vuqHkoksa ds vk/kj ij
,slk n`f"Vdks.k vkidks crk jgs gSaA
çfØ;k
mnkgj.kkRed vkSj çfrfuf/ mnkgj.kksa dh dyk fodflr djus ds fy,] gesa fuEufyf•r fn'kkvksa esa lkspus vkSj vius fnekx esa
O;ofLFkr tkudkjh l`ftr djus dh vko';drk gSA ;s pkj VsEiysV gSa ftudk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS%
1- VsEiysV 1% ge vrhr vkSj orZeku ds egku usrkvksa] lq/kjdksa vkSj ç'kkldksa ds thou ds vuqHkoksa@dFkuksa dks ns• ldrs gSa]
bu mnkgj.kksa dh cgqr mi;ksfxrk gS vkSj ;s isij ds lS¼kafrd •.Mksa esa mi;ksxh fl¼ gksrs gSaA ;s bl ckr dks le>us esa Hkh
mi;ksxh gSa fd egku yksx dSls fl¼karksa dks fopkj vkSj ewY; {ks=k ls dk;Z {ks=k esa ykxw djrs gSa vkSj ykrs gSaA
2- VsEiysV 2% euq"; ,d jktuhfrd] lkekftd çk.kh gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ,d egku uSfrd çk.kh Hkh gSA euq"; gksus ds ukrs ge
Lo;a fu;fer :i ls dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj uSfrd eqíksa dk lkeuk djrs gSaA bl çdkj] gesa vke yksxksa ds thou esa uSfrdrk ds
varjlaca/ dks le>us vkSj le>kus ds fy, vius thou dh fLFkfr;ksa vkSj lanHkks± vkSj vius vkl&ikl ds yksxksa ij fopkj
djus dh vko';drk gSA blfy, O;fÙkQxr thou ds vuqHkoksa vkSj mnkgj.kksa dk mi;ksx uSfrdrk esa vR;f/d ykHkdkjh gks
ldrk gSA
3- VsEIysV 3% vDlj uSfrdrk esa dkYifud fLFkfr;k¡] mnkgj.k vkSj dkjZokbZ ds laHkkfor rjhds_ uSfrd D;k gS vkSj D;k ugha gS]
ds chp varj dk Li"V fopkj ns ldrs gSaA vo/kj.kkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk dsl LVMht dks le>us esa bldh dkiQh ç;ksT;rk gSA
4- VsEiysV 4% gesa uSfrd n`f"Vdks.k@fl¼karksa dh dYiuk djus vkSj mUgsa flfoy lsod ds ifjçs{; esa çklafxd cukus dh Hkh
vko';drk gSA bl ekeys esa] ge flfoy lsod@ukSdj'kkg@ç'kkld ;k tks Hkh ç;ksT;rk ifjn`'; gesa çnku djrk gS] dh Hkwfedk
xzg.k dj ldrs gSaA
VsEiysV~l dks le>kus ds fy, mijksÙkQ VsEiysV~l ij vk/kfjr mnkgj.kkRed mnkgj.k mlh fo"k; ij fodflr fd, x, gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] fo"k; & çse vkSj d#.kk
VsEiysV 1% ekud mnkgj.k & xka/hth ds eu esa lekt ds oafprksa ds çfr cgqr lgkuqHkwfr vkSj d#.kk FkhA ;g vLi`';rk vkSj
tkfrxr HksnHkko dks nwj djus ds çfr muds n`f"Vdks.k ls >ydrk FkkA
VsEiysV 2% O;fÙkQxr mnkgj.k & esjs Ldwy ds fnuksa esa ,d fØdsV eSp ds nkSjku eSa ,d ckj fp<+ x;k Fkk vkSj viuh grk'kk esa
,d HkkSadrs dqÙks ij iRFkj iQsad fn;k FkkA nqHkkZX;o'k] og FkksM+k ?kk;y gks x;kA bls iwjk djus ds ckn] ckn esa] mlh ?kVuk us tkuojksa
vkSj mudh ihM+k ds çfr esjh d#.kk dks etcwr fd;k tks igys bruh etcwr ugha FkhA
VsEiysV 3% dkYifud ekeys%

z ,d nq?kZVuk ihfM+r dks utjvankt djrk gS

;g d#.kkHkko dh deh n'kkZrk gSA
O;fDr 1 z

z nq?kZVuk ihfM+r dks ysdj nq•h gksrk gS ysfdu dksbZ ,D'ku ugha ysrk
O;fDr 2 z lekuqHkwfr j•rk gS ysfdu mlesa d#.kkHkko dh deh gS

z nq?kZVuk ihfM+r dks ns•rk gS vkSj rqjar dk;Zokgh djrk gS

O;fDr 3 z ;g d#.kkHkko n'kkZrk gS

VsEiysV 4% flfoy lsod@ukSdj'kkg@ç'kkld & ,d flfoy lsod ds :i esa lPph d#.kk ges'kk dY;k.k dh Hkkouk dks ykxw
djds vkSj l'kfÙkQdj.k ds ç;klksa dh j{kk vkSj dk;kZUo;u djds bZekunkjh ls fn•kbZ tk ldrh gSA ,d n;kyq flfoy lsod dks
mu yksxksa ds fy, ljdkj dh miyC/rk lqfuf'pr djuh pkfg, ftUgsa ,d lH; thou ds fy, ljdkjh lgk;rk dh vko';drk gSA
gkyk¡fd] lexz :i ls ,fFkDl iqLrd bu VsEiysV~l ij dke djus dk ç;kl djrh gSA ikBd dks ¶mnkgj.kksa dh dyk¸
lh•us ds n`f"Vdks.k ds lkFk vPNh rjg ls tqM+us dk ç;kl djuk pkfg, vkSj flfoy lsok eq[; ijh{kk esa ,fFkDl isij
(th,l&4) esa 'kkunkj çn'kZu ds :i esa vafre iqjLdkj çkIr djuk pkfg,A

'kqHkdkeuk,a
Vhe] PW-ONLY IAS

2 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

 1 uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/

^^vkidks tks djus dk vfèkdkj gS ,oa tks djuk lgh gS] ds chp varj dks tkuuk gh uSfrdrk gSA**  µikWVj LVhoVZ
ikBÔØe
z uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&lacaèk% ekuoh; fØ;kdykiksa esa uSfrdrk dk lkj rRo] blds fuèkkZjd ,oa blds ifj.kke_
uSfrdrk ds vk;ke_ futh ,oa lkoZtfud lacaèkksa esa uSfrdrkA
z ekuoh; ewY;% egku usrkvksa] lqèkkjdksa ,oa ç'kkldksa ds thou ,oa mins'kksa ls f'k{kk_ ewY; fodflr djus esa ifjokj] lekt
vkSj 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa dh HkwfedkA

1-1 Hkwfedk ^^uSfrdrk fopkj'khy çkf.k;ksa ds varfuZfgr

z uhfr'kkL=k lekt esa euq"; ds vkpj.k dks fofu;fer ewY;ksa ,oa xfjek ij è;ku dsafær djrs gq,
djus okys fl¼karksa dh :ijs•k gSA ;g D;k lgh gS ,ao beSuqvy dkaV mu fl¼karksa ,oa fu;eksa dh rdZlaxr
tkap gS] tks ekuo O;ogkj dks funZsf'kr
D;k xyr gS ds vkèkkj ij dk;ks± dk ewY;kadu djus ds
djrs gSaA**
fy, ekunaMksa ;k ekudksa dk vè;;u djrk gSA ;g uSfrd
:i ls D;k lgh ;k xyr] mfpr ;k vuqfpr gS] dk ^^uSfrdrk dk lacaèk mi;ksfxrk ds fl¼kar
tkWu LVqvVZ ,oa vkuan dh •kst ds ekè;e ls vfèkdre
vè;;u djrk gSA
fey yksxksa dh lexz •q'kh ,oa dY;k.k c<+kuk
z èkeZ] n'kZu] laLÑfr;k¡] ekuo foosd vkSj varKkZu] jksy gSA**
ekWMy] ifjokj ,oa fe=k] Ldwy vkSj dkWyst] rdZlaxr lksp
^^uSfrdrk lkekftd laLFkkuksa esa U;k; ,oa
vkSj O;fÙkQxr vuqHko lHkh blds mnkgj.k gSaA fu"i{krk ds fl¼karksa ls lacafèkr gSA ;g
Conscience
Morals Integrity ,d ,slk U;k;iw.kZ lekt cuk, tkus dh
tkWu jkWYl
Righteousness vko';drk ij tksj nsrh gS tks U;wure
lqfoèkk çkIr yksxksa dk vfèkdre dY;k.k
Value Ethics Fairness djrk gksaA**
Responsibility
1-3 uhfr'kkL=k dk mn~Hko
Choice Principles vjLrw dh fudksesfd;u uSfrdrk% uhfr'kkL=k dk mYys•
Honesty Honor z

fp=k% uSfrdrk ds ?kVd çkphu ;wukuh n'kZu] fo'ks"k :i ls vjLrw dh Ñfr

^^fudksesfd;u ,fFkDl**] esa feyrk gS ftlesa uSfrd
1-2 fofHkUu fo}kuksa }kjk uSfrdrk dh fl¼karksa ,oa O;ogkj dk O;kid vUos"k.k fd;k x;k gSA
ifjHkk"kk,¡  vjLrw us viuh bl Ñfr esa lnkpkj dh çÑfr] uSfrd

pfj=k ,oa vPNs thou dh •kst ij çdk'k Mkyk gS]

fo}ku uSfrdrk dh ifjHkk"kk uSfrd tkap dh vkèkkjf'kyk j•h gS vkSj uhfr'kkL=k dh
uSfrdrk bl ckr dk vè;;u gS fd dksbZ mRifÙk ,oa vè;;u esa vewY; varnZ`f"V çnku dh gSA
O;fÙkQ dSls vPNk ,oa lnkpkjh thou uSfrdrk 'kCn dh mRifÙk xzhd 'kCn bFkksl vkSj ySfVu
vjLrw z
th ldrk gSA blesa uSfrd pfj=k ,oa xq.kksa 'kCn eksjsl] ls gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZ gS ^^çFkk]** ^^O;ogkj
dh tkap Hkh 'kkfey gSA ds rjhds]** ;k ^^ekuo pfj=kA**
 Pub. Admin

Philosophy Psychology

ETHICS

1-4 uSfrdrk ds lzksr

Sources of Ethics

Religion Traditions Family and Laws Conscience-

and Culture Society Values and Beliefs

fp=k% uSfrdrk ds lzksr

z èkkfeZd vkSj vkè;kfRed fo'okl% èkkfeZd vkSj çfrfcafcr djrs gSa vkSj ekxZn'kZu ,oa tokcnsgh çnku djrs
vkè;kfRed ijaijk,¡ uSfrdrk dh :ijs•k çnku djrh gSa tks gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr esa I;kj dk lkoZtfud çn'kZu
çk;% nSoh; f'k{kkvksa] uSfrd fl¼karksa vkSj èkkfeZd xzaFkksa ij dkuwuu lgh ugha ekuk tkrk gS tcfd if'peh lektksa ls
vkèkkfjr gksrh gSA uSfrdrk ds ;s lzksr èkeZ esa fo'okl djus ,slk ugha gSA
okyksa dks ;g r; djus esa lgk;rk djrs gSa fd D;k lgh z O;kolkf;d vkpkj lafgrk% fpfdRlk] dkuwu] bathfu;fjax
gS ,oa D;k xyr gS vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk djrs vkSj i=kdkfjrk tSls O;kolkf;d {ks=kksa esa fof'k"V vkpkj
gSaA mnkgj.k& fganw èkeZ esa çÑfr dk lEeku ,oa lekt esa lafgrk ekStwn gSa tks is 'ksoj ftEesnkfj;ksa] vkpj.k vkSj uSfrd
cM+ksa ds çfr lEeku ls tqM+h f'k{kk,aA ekudksa dks js•kafdr djrh gSaA ;s lafgrk fdlh fof'k"V is'ks
z nk'kZfud uSfrdrk% ifj.kkeokn] uhfr'kkL=k vkSj lnkpkj ds lanHkZ esa uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus esa ekxZn'kZu çnku djrs gSaA
uSfrdrk tSlh nk'kZfud ijaijk,a rdZlaxr tkap vkSj nk'kZfud z uSfrd fl¼kar ,oa fu;e% uSfrdrk ds <kaps esa] LoRo
fparu ds vkèkkj ij uSfrd fl¼kar ,oa lw=k çnku djrh vfèkdkj] ijksidkj] xSj&nqHkkZouk ,oa U;k; tSls uSfrd fl¼kar
gSaA nk'kZfud uSfrdrk uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus dk n`f"Vdks.k çnku ewyHkwr voèkkj.kkvksa ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA mi;ksfxrkokn]
djrh gS tks rdZ ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA èkeZ'kkL=kh; uSfrdrk ,oa lnkpkj lacaèkh uSfrdrk tSls uSfrd
z lkaLÑfrd vkSj lkekftd ekunaM% lkaLÑfrd vkSj fl¼kar uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa dk vkdyu djus vkSj fu.kZ; ysus
lkekftd ekunaM fdlh fof'k"V leqnk; ;k lekt ds Hkhrj ds fy, O;ofLFkr n`f"Vdks.k çnku djrs gSaA
uSfrd ekudksa dks vkdkj nsrs gSaA lk>k ewY;ksa] jhfr&fjoktksa] z ekuokfèkdkj vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; ekud% ekuokfèkdkjksa lacaèkh
ijaijkvksa vkSj lkekftd vis{kkvksa dk bu ekunaMksa ij çHkko ?kks"k.kk,¡] lEesyu ,oa varjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrs O;fÙkQ;ksa dh
iM+rk gS] tks uSfrd O;ogkj ds fy, LohÑr fn'kkfunZs'k varfuZfgr xfjek vkSj vfèkdkjksa ds lacaèk esa ewyHkwr uSfrd
LFkkfir djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ge bl rF; ls voxr fl¼karksa dh LFkkiuk djrs gSaA ;s uSfrd lzksr U;k;] lekurk
gSa fd czkã.k ;qx esa 'kkdkgkj dks mPp lEeku ds lkFk ns•k vkSj ekuokfèkdkjksa ds çfr lEeku dks c<+kok nsus ds
tkrk Fkk tcfd if'peh lektksa esa ,slk ugha FkkA fy, oSf'od :ijs•k çnku djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
z dkuwuh vkSj fu;ked <k¡ps% dkuwuh vkSj fu;ked <k¡ps fdlh ,ythchVhD;w leqnk; ds çfr èkkj.kk vc ekuokfèkdkjksa dk
lekt esa Lohdk;Z vkSj vLohdk;Z O;ogkj dks ifjHkkf"kr ekU;rk çkIr Hkkx gS vr%] vc bls vfèkdka'k lektksa esa
djrs gSaA ;s dkuwu vkSj fu;e vDlj uSfrd fl¼karksa dks bUgsa uSfrd eqís ds :i esa ugha ns•k tkrk gSA

4 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

z oSKkfud vuqlaèkku vkSj vuqHkotU; lk{;% oSKkfud
vuqlaèkku vkSj vuqHkotU; lk{; fofHkUu dk;ks± ds laHkkfor
ifj.kkeksa] ykHkksa vkSj tksf•eksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh çnku
djds uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus esa enn djrs gSaA lk{;&vkèkkfjr
n`f"Vdks.k fpfdRlk] çkS|ksfxdh vkSj i;kZoj.k uSfrdrk tSls
fofoèk {ks=kksa esa uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus esa ekxZn'kZu çnku djrs gSaA
1-5 uSfrdrk dk egRo
z uSfrd •kdk çnku djuk% uSfrdrk gesa ,d ,slh :ijs•k
çnku djrh gS ftlds ekè;e ls ge dfBu fLFkfr;ksa ls
ikj ik ldrs gSaA
z fu"i{krk vkSj U;k; dks c<+kok nsuk% uSfrdrk ;g
lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd yksxksa ds lkFk mfpr O;ogkj fd;k
tk,] pkgs mudh i`"BHkwfe ;k •kfl;r dqN Hkh gksaA uSfrd
fl¼kar HksnHkko] 'kks"k.k vkSj lÙkk ds nq#i;ksx dh jksdFkke
esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fu"i{krk ,oa U;k; esa
fo'okl j•us okyk dksbZ Hkh flfoy lsod ges'kk fu"i{krk
ls dk;Z djsxk vkSj dHkh Hkh euekus rjhds ls dk;Z ugha
djsxkA
z lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dks c<+kok nsuk% uSfrdrk ds
ekè;e ls O;fÙkQ;ksa ,oa laxBuksa dks lekt ,oa i;kZoj.k ij
muds çHkko ds ckjs esa fopkj djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr fd;k
tkrk gSA ;g ftEesnkjhiw.kZ fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, çksRlkfgr
djrk gS ftlesa O;kid HkykbZ ds fy, nh?kZdkfyd ifj.kkeksa
,oa ykHkksa ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gksaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lfpu
rsanqydj us Hkkjr esa vius çfr lEeku ls tqM+s lkekftd
mÙkjnkf;Ro dks ns•rs gq, 'kjkc daifu;ksa ds foKkiu djus
ls budkj dj fn;kA
Good Soul Dutiful
Importance of
Firm Value
Ethics in Human
Character
Life
based life
Sound
Transparence Decision
z uSfrd eqíksa dk lekèkku •kstus esa lgk;rk% uSfrdrk
uSfrd eqíksa ds ckjs esa fopkj djus ds fy, mi;ksxh lkèku
çnku djrh gSA ;g ges'kk uSfrd leL;kvksa dk lgh mÙkj
çnku ugha djrh gS] ysfdu ;g Hkze dks nwj djus vkSj eqíksa
dks Li"V djus esa enn dj ldrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
xkaèkhth us lq>ko fn;k Fkk fd ;fn 'kkL=k uSfrd fl¼karksa
ds vkèkkj ij vLi`';rk dh vekuoh; çFkk dks eatwjh nsrs
gSa rks blds f•ykiQ tk,aA
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/
z O;fÙkQxr vkSj lkekftd HkykbZ lqfuf'pr djuk%
uSfrdrk ekuo O;ogkj dks funZsf'kr djds ,oa uSfrd
fl¼karksa dks viukdj ,d vPNk thou thus esa euq"; dh
lgk;rk djus dk ,d ç;kl gSA ;g O;fÙkQxr ,oa lkekftd
HkykbZ ds lkFk&lkFk lexz ekuork dh HkykbZ pkgrh gSA
Ethics
Religion
Common to both
z is'ksoj ekin.Mksa dks cuk, j•uk% uSfrdrk vkpj.k
,oa dk;ZfuokZg&{kerk ds ekin.M fuèkkZfjr djrh gSA ;g
eqofDdyksa] xzkgdksa ;k jksfx;ksa dh HkykbZ ,oa lqj{kk lqfuf'pr
djrs gq, is'ksoj O;fÙkQ;ksa ds uSfrd vkpj.k dks funZsf'kr
djrh gSA
z fo'okl ,oa lacaèk cukuk% O;fÙkQ] laxBu vkSj leqnk; lHkh
uSfrd vkpj.k ls ykHkkfUor gks ldrs gSaA ;g fo'oluh;rk]
bZekunkjh vkSj lR;fu"Bk dk vkèkkj rS;kj djrh gS] ftlls
lacaèk vkSj lkekftd lkeatL; etcwr gksrk gSA
Free From Provides
Prejudices Moral Map
Attainment of Significance Self-realisation
‘Summum of Ethics
Bonum’
Improve Decision Creates credibility
Making
fp=k% uSfrdrk dk egRo
z uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa dk lekèkku djuk% bZekunkjh]
fo'oklik=krk ,oa mÙkjnkf;Ro tSls uSfrd ewY; gesa ml
jkLrs ij ys tkrs gSa tks gesa uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa ls vfèkd
çHkkoh <ax ls fuiVus esa enn djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
cq¼] xkaèkhth] vacsMdj] ekfVZu ywFkj fdax twfu;j vkfn
tSlh vfèkdka'k egku gfLr;ksa ds ikl dqN uSfrd fl¼kar
Fks ftlls mUgsa vius lkoZtfud thou esa dfBu fu.kZ; ysus
esa ekxZn'kZu feykA
z i{kikr ,oa iwokZxzg ls eqÙkQ djuk% gekjs nSfud thou esa
uSfrd fl¼karksa ,oa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk mi;ksx djus ls >wBh
ekU;rkvksa ,oa n`f"Vdks.k dks rksM+us esa enn feyrh gS] lkFk
gh i{kikr ,oa iwokZxzg ls Hkh cpk tk ldrk gSA
5
z çHkkoh fu.kZ; ysuk% uSfrdrk ,sls fu.kZ; ysus esa gekjk
ekxZn'kZu djrh gS tks lgh ,oa U;k;laxr gksa vkSj ftlesa
O;fÙkQ ,oa lekt nksuksa dh HkykbZ gksaA
Self Realisation
To Satisfy Creates
Why Ethics?
Basic Needs Credibility
Improved Decision
Making
fp=k% uSfrdrk dk egRo
1-6 uSfrdrk ds vHkko ds ifj.kke
bEeSuq,y dkaV
z dkaV us viuh iqLrd ^^xzkmaModZ vkWiQ n esVkfiQftDl
vkWiQ eksjYl** esa rdZ fn;k gS fd uSfrdrk ds fcuk]
lekt vO;oLFkk vkSj uSfrd vjktdrk esa cny tk,xkA
z mudk rdZ gS fd O;oLFkk cuk, j•us] lg;ksx dks
çksRlkfgr djus vkSj ekuoh; xfjek dh j{kk djus ds
fy, uSfrd fl¼kar ,oa uSfrd drZO; vko';d gSaA
z dkaV ds vuqlkj] uSfrdrk dh vuqifLFkfr ds ifj.kkeLo:i
lkekftd ln~Hkko VwV tk,xk] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i
la?k"kZ] 'kks"k.k vkSj O;fÙkQxr vfèkdkjksa ,oa dY;k.k dh
mis{kk gksxhA
z O;fÙkQxr Lrj ij% nqO;Zogkj] ?kjsyw fgalk] tkfrokn] LokFkZ]
èkks•kèkM+h] csijokgh] vklikl ds HkhM+ dh mnklhurk]
bR;kfnA
 mnkgj.k% eSa ges'kk vius iM+kslh jes'k dks vius
lkFkh ds lkFk nqO;Zogkj djrs gq, vkSj ml ij ySafxd
fVIif.k;k¡ djrs gq, ns•rk gw¡A uSfrd vkpj.k ds vHkko
esa mudk futh thou çHkkfor jgk gSA
z lkekftd Lrj ij% Hkz"Vkpkj dks Lohdkj djuk] efgykvksa
dk oLrqdj.k] HkkSfrdokn esa o`f¼] lkè; ds vkèkkj ij
lkèkuksa dks mfpr Bgjkuk] u'khyh nokvksa dh yr] fgalk]
lkaçnkf;drk] ySafxd vijkèk vkSj efgykvksa] cqtqxks± ,oa
fodykaxksa ds çfr vuknjA
 mnkgj.k% yM+fd;ksa dk ihNk djuk] fdlh dk lkekftd
cfg"dj.k] bR;kfnA
6 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z jktuhfrd Lrj ij% jktuhfr dk vijkèkhdj.k vkSj
vijkfèk;ksa dk jktuhfrdj.k] lÙkk dk nq#i;ksx] lÙkk
dk ladsaæ.k] ny&cny] ljdkj dks vfLFkj djuk] fgalk]
lkaçnkf;drk] èku ,oa ckgqcy dk mi;ksx] lafoèkku dk
nq#i;ksx] bR;kfnA
 mnkgj.k% lkaçnkf;d ,tsaMs ij çpkj djuk] ernkrkvksa
dks fj'or nsuk] jSfy;ksa ;k naxksa esa xM+cM+h iSnk djus ds
fy, xqaMksa dk mi;ksx djuk] bR;kfnA
z ukSdj'kkgh ds Lrj ij% Hkz"Vkpkj] HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn] fo'okl
dh deh] naMkRed iksfLVax] ykyiQhrk'kkgh] lgh fu.kZ; u
ysuk] O;fÙkQxr ykHk] i{kikr] fgrksa dk Vdjko] lÙkk dk
nq#i;ksx] lkoZtfud dY;k.k dh mis{kk] ;kstukvksa ,oa
dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØeksa dk lgh dk;kZUo;u u djuk] bR;kfnA
 mnkgj.k% fu;e rksM+us okys ls fj'or ekaxuk ;k tqekZuk
Hkjus ds cnys VªSfiQd iqfyl dks fj'or nsukA
z varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij% ;q¼fojke dk mYya?ku] lhekorhZ
{ks=kksa ij vfrØe.k] lhek ikj vkradokn] eknd inkFkks±
dh rLdjh] ekuo rLdjh] laxfBr vijkèk] VSDl gSou]
laj{k.kokn] oSDlhu jk"Vªokn] ijek.kqdj.k] la?k"kZ] ;q¼]
varjjk"Vªh; laLFkkuksa dh oSèkrk dks de djuk] bR;kfnA
 mnkgj.k% fiQfyLrhuh {ks=kksa ij btjkby dk voSèk dCtk]
tEew d'ehj esa vyxkookfn;ksa ds fy, ikfdLrku dk
leFkZu] bR;kfnA
z i;kZoj.k ds Lrj ij% ouksa dh voSèk dVkbZ] çkÑfrd
ty fudk;ksa ij vfrØe.k] i'kq nqO;Zogkj] voSèk •uu
vkSj çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa dh deh] oU;tho vijkèk] bR;kfnA
 mnkgj.k% ykHk ds fy, vkS|ksfxd dpjs dks ufn;ksa ;k
vU; ty fudk;ksa esa iQsaduk] foyqIrçk; çtkfr;ksa dk
voSèk :i ls f'kdkj djuk ,oa O;kikj djuk] bR;kfnA
1-7 uSfrdrk dk {ks=k
uSfrdrk dk {ks=k dk;Z ;k O;ogkj ds fl¼karksa@
dkj.kksa ls lacafèkr gS%
z dkSu ls nkf;Ro lHkh ds fy, leku gS\
z lHkh vPNs dk;ks± esa vPNkbZ D;k gS\
z drZO; vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro dh HkkoukA
z O;fÙkQ vkSj lektA
z uSfrdrk esa] ge dsoy ekuo O;ogkj dk vè;;u djrs
gSaA
uSfrd fl¼karksa] ewY;ksa dk vè;;u ,oa ekuo O;ogkj dk
ewY;kadu lHkh uSfrdrk ds {ks=k esa vkrs gSaA ;g lgh vkSj xyr]
vPNkbZ vkSj cqjkbZ ds eqíksa dh tkap djrk gS vkSj uSfrd fu.kZ;
ysus esa ekxZn'kZu gsrq lgk;rk ds fy, :ijs•k çnku djrk
gSA uSfrdrk ds {ks=k dks dbZ 'kk•kvksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k
gS] ftlesa esVk,fFkDl (uSfrdrk dh çÑfr)] ekud uSfrdrk
(uSfrd fl¼kar] fu;e)] vkSj O;kogkfjd uSfrdrk (fof'k"V
lanHkks± esa uSfrdrk) 'kkfey gSaA
lkbeu CySdcuZ dh iqLrd
^^,fFkDl& , osjh 'kkWVZ baVªksMD'ku** blls lacafèkr iqLrd
gS tks uSfrdrk ds {ks=k ij çdk'k Mkyrh gSA ;g uSfrd
fl¼karksa] uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa vkSj jkstejkZ dh ftanxh esa uSfrdrk
ds O;kogkfjd vuqç;ksx dk laf{kIr fooj.k nsrh gSA
z blesa gj çdkj dk Lora=k ekuo O;ogkj 'kkfey gS%
uSfrdrk dk fo"k; blds {ks=k ls ifjHkkf"kr gksrk gSA blesa
Lora=k ekuo O;ogkj (LoSfPNd dk;ks±) ds lHkh lanHkZ
'kkfey gSaA
z ekuo dk O;ogkj (,D'kUl vkWiQ áqeu) vkSj ekuoh;
O;ogkj (áqeu ,D'ku) esa varj% ekuoh; O;ogkj og
gS tks euq"; }kjk lksp&le>dj] tku&cw>dj ,oa fdlh
y{; dks è;ku esa j•dj fd, tkrs gSaA
z ekuoh; O;ogkj dk vè;;u% ekuo dk O;ogkj
lksp&le>dj] LosPNk ls] lpsr :i ls ;k tkucw>dj ugha
fd;k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu ;g euq";ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS
(mnkgj.k ds fy,] lksuk] pyuk] vkfn)A ge uSfrdrk esa
dsoy ekuoh; O;ogkj dk vè;;u djrs gSaA
z Kku ds vU; {ks=kksa ds lkFk tqM+ko% uSfrdrk@ uhfr'kkL=k
ekSfyd :i ls Kku ds vU; lHkh {ks=kksa ls tqM+h gqbZ
gS] ftlesa lekt'kkL=k] jktuhfr foKku] U;k;'kkL=k] fofèk
,oa dkuwuh vè;;u] euksfoKku] ekuo foKku] laLÑfr
vè;;u] ikfjfLFkfrdh ,oa i;kZoj.k vè;;u] vFkZ'kkL=k]
èkeZ] lkSan;Z'kkL=k vkSj vU; lacafèkr {ks=k 'kkfey gSaA
z lHkh {ks=kksa ds eqíksa ls ljksdkj% lokZsÙke dY;k.k dh
•kst esa] uSfrdrk dk lacaèk jktuhfrd] lekt'kkL=kh;]
lkaLÑfrd] ekufld] vkfFkZd] i;kZoj.kh; ,oa èkkfeZd eqíksa
ls gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] bu eqíksa dks uSfrdrk ds {ks=k esa ,d
u;k LFkku feyk gSA
z u, mHkjrs eqíksa dk lekèkku djuk% ubZ çkS|ksfxdh ds
mHkkj ds lkFk uSfrdrk dk nk;jk Hkh foLrkfjr gksrk gS
ftlesa Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk] lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj vksVhVh ij
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/
fo"k; oLrqvksa dk fofu;eu] thu laiknu vkfn tSls u,
mHkjrs eqíksa dks lekèkku djuk 'kkfey gSA
1-8 uSfrdrk dh çÑfr
z uSfrdrk lHkh ekuo lektksa esa fo|eku gS% uSfrdrk
dk mn~Hko ,d nwljs dks igpkuus ,oa nwljksa ds fiNys
O;ogkj dks ;kn j•us dh {kerk okys lkekftd] cqf¼eku]
yacs le; rd thfor jgus okys Lruèkkfj;ksa ds fodkl ds
nkSjku gqvk gSA
z dsoy euq"; ds lanHkZ esa% uSfrdrk dk lacaèk O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj
lewgksa ds dk;ks± ls gSA i'kq] i{kh vkSj dhM+ksa ds O;ogkj dks
uSfrd ekudksa ds varxZr ugha ns•k tkrk gSA dsoy euq";ksa
esa gh vius O;ogkj dks funZsf'kr vkSj fu;af=kr djus dh
{kerk gksrh gSA
z uSfrd ekud ,d lekt ls nwljs lekt esa cnyrs jgrs
gSa% uSfrdrk ds ekud ,d lekt ls nwljs lekt esa cnyrs
jgrs gSa_ fdlh O;ogkj ,d lekt esa uSfrd ekuk tkrk gS
rks ogh nwljs lekt esa vuSfrd ekuk tk ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% vfèkdka'k bLykeh ns'kksa esa xHkZikr fuf"k¼
gSA gkyk¡fd] dbZ vU; ns'kksa esa ;g iwjh rjg ls uSfrd
gSA blds vykok] uSfrdrk vU; dkjdksa ds lkFk&lkFk
le;] ifjfLFkfr] le> vkSj vuqHko ds lkFk fodflr
gksrh gSA
z uSfrd fl¼karksa dh lkoZHkkSfed çÑfr% dqN uSfrd
fl¼kar çÑfr esa lkoZHkkSfed gSa_ os loZlekt ds fy,
nkf;Ro ,oa lnkpkj dk fuèkkZj.k djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
,d uSfrd fl¼kar ,oa lnkpkj ds :i esa lR; O;fÙkQ
,oa lekt dh lhekvksa ls ijs viuh Lohdk;Zrk esa yxHkx
lkoZHkkSfed gSA
z uSfrdrk oSKkfud gS% ftl <ax ls ;g O;ofLFkr Kku dh
ryk'k djrh gSA oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ds :i esa] ;g euq";
ds lokZsÙke fgr ds vkyksd esa lgh ,oa xyr dh O;ofLFkr
O;k[;k ls lacafèkr gSA
z uSfrdrk ekud foKku gS% çR;{koknh foKku ds foijhr]
uSfrdrk dk lacaèk ewY;ksa ls gSA ;g mu ekudksa ;k ekunaMksa
dk vkdyu djrh gS ftuds ekè;e ls ge ;g fuèkkZfjr
dj ldrs gSa fd ekuo dk dk;Z lgh gS ;k xyrA mnkgj.k
ds fy,] uSfrdrk dbZ oSKkfud fo"k;ksa dh rjg fliQZ phtksa
dk o.kZu ugha djrh gS] cfYd bldk lacaèk ekud lykg
ls gS vkSj ;g lq>ko nsrh gS fd fdlh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr esa
D;k djuk pkfg,A
7
1-9 uSfrdrk dk lkj rRo
fdlh Hkh oLrq dk varuhZfgr xq.k tks mlds pfj=k dk fuèkkZj.k
djs mls mldk lkj rRo dgk tkrk gSA uSfrdrk dk lkj bldh
fo'ks"krkvksa] egRo] ykHkksa vkfn dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA
Behaviour
Essence of
Ethics
Choice Actions
fp=k% uSfrdrk dk lkjA
uSfrdrk dk lkj
z uSfrd fl¼kar vkSj ewY;% uSfrdrk ds dsaæ esa uSfrd
fl¼kar vkSj ewY; gSaA ;s fl¼kar] ftuesa bZekunkjh] fu"i{krk]
d#.kk] lgkuqHkwfr] çse] ekuorkokn] v•aMrk] lEeku vkfn
'kkfey gSa] uSfrd O;ogkj dh uhao ds :i esa dke djrs gSa
vkSj O;fÙkQ;ksa dks uSfrd :i ls lgh fu.kZ; ysus esa ekxZn'kZu
çnku djrs gSaA
z lgh ,oa xyr% uSfrdrk esa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd lgh
vkSj xyr dk;ks± ds chp ewyHkwr varj D;k gSA bldk mís';
ekuo O;ogkj dh uSfrdrk dk vkdyu djuk] uSfrd :i
ls Lohdk;Z vkSj uSfrd :i ls vLohdk;Z O;ogkjksa ds chp
varj djus gsrq :ijs•k çnku djuk gSA
z uSfrd mÙkjnkf;Ro% uSfrdrk esa uSfrd mÙkjnkf;Ro dh
voèkkj.kk dks ekU;rk nh xbZ gS] ftlesa bl ckr ij tksj
fn;k x;k gS fd O;fÙkQ;ksa dk ;g drZO; gS fd os uSfrd
:i ls ftEesnkjhiw.kZ dk;Z djsaA ;g O;fÙkQ;ksa dh muds dk;ks±
ds çfr tokcnsgh vkSj nwljksa ij iM+us okys muds ifj.kkeksa
ij tksj nsrk gSA
z uSfrd fu.kZ; ysuk% uSfrdrk esa uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus dh
çfØ;k esa uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa dk vkdyu djuk] fofHkUu
n`f"Vdks.kksa ij fopkj djuk vkSj uSfrd :i ls mfpr dkjZokbZ
dk p;u djuk 'kkfey gSA ;g yksxksa dks tfVy uSfrd
fLFkfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy, vko';d lkèku vkSj n`f"Vdks.k
çnku djrh gSA
z O;fÙkQxr vkSj lkewfgd dY;k.k% uhfr'kkL=k@ uSfrdrk
dk mís'; O;fÙkQxr ,oa lkewfgd dY;k.k nksuksa dks c<+kok
nsuk gSA ;g O;fÙkQ dk dY;k.k] mlds vfèkdkj ,oa mldh
xfjek lqfuf'pr djus ds lkFk&lkFk leqnk;ksa] lektksa ,oa
8 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
i;kZoj.k ij O;kid çHkko ds egRo dks ekU;rk çnku
djrh gSA
z ijLij fojksèkh fgrksa dks larqfyr djuk% uSfrdrk bl rF;
dks ekU;rk çnku djrh gS fd uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa esa vDlj
çfrLièkhZ fgr ,oa ewY; 'kkfey gksrs gSaA blds vuqlkj uSfrd
:i ls lokZfèkd dk;Z&O;ogkj dks fuèkkZfjr djus ds fy,
bu fgrksa ij fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj mUgsa fu"i{k
rjhds ls larqfyr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z uSfrd fodkl ,oa o`f¼% uhfr'kkL=k ds vuqlkj uSfrd
O;ogkj fuf'pr ugha gS cfYd le; ds lkFk fodflr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g uSfrd fu.kZ; çfØ;k ,oa O;ogkj
esa lqèkkj ykus ds fy, O;fÙkQxr fodkl] vkRe&fparu ,oa
fujarj lh•rs jgus ds egRo ij tksj nsrh gSA
z uSfrd usr`Ro% uSfrdrk O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj laxBuksa ds ekxZn'kZu esa
uSfrd usr`Ro dh Hkwfedk ij tksj nsrh gSA uSfrd usrk uSfrd
fl¼karksa dks cuk, j•rs gSa] vPNs mnkgj.k LFkkfir djrs gSa
vkSj nwljksa dks Hkh bldk ikyu djus ds fy, çsfjr djrs gSaA
1-10 uSfrdrk ds fuèkkZjd rRo
DETERMINANTS OF ETHICS
3 Circumstance
• Person • Place • Time
Religion
Constitution Culture
Determinants
Role Model of Society
Ethics
Conscience
Law and
Judiciary
Family and
Teacher
fp=k% uSfrdrk ds fuèkkZjd rRo
z èkeZ% nqfu;k dk gj èkeZ uSfrd thou dh odkyr djrk gS
vkSj uSfrd fl¼kar ;k ekud fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% fganw èkeZ esa deZ dk fl¼kar] bZlkbZ èkeZ
esa Lof.kZe fu;e] bLyke esa nku vkSj lekurk vkfnA
èkeZ&vkèkkfjr uSfrdrk dk lzksr bZ'oj dks ekuk tkrk gSA
gkyk¡fd] uSfrdrk dks èkeZ rd lhfer ugha fd;k tk
ldrk gS vkSj u gh ;g èkeZ ds leku gSA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] ,d ukfLrd O;fÙkQ uSfrd Hkh gks ldrk gS (og
viuh uSfrdrk foosd ls çkIr djrk gS)A
 Religion as a
source of ethics
Hinduism Islam
Charity and
Law of Karma
Equality
z laLÑfr% ftl rjg fdlh lekt ds lnL; dfri; ekin.M
fuèkkZfjr djrs gq, vkil esa jgrs] •krs] ihrs] igurs] mRlo
eukrs gSa ,oa esy&tksy j•rs gSa] mUgsa lkekftd ekinaM
dgk tkrk gS tks O;fÙkQ ds O;ogkj dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA
laLÑfr lgh ,oa uSfrd O;ogkj ds fy, lykg ds :i esa
dk;Z djrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% tc Hkh eSa fdlh ls feyrk gwa vkSj cM+ksa ds
iSj Nwrk gwa rks ges'kk ^^ueLrs** dgrk gwaA bldk dkj.k
Hkkjrh; lekt ls tqM+s O;fÙkQ ds :i esa eq> ij iM+k
lkaLÑfrd çHkko gSA
z lekt% fdlh Hkh lekt esa] vfèkdka'k yksx ,sls ekudksa
dks Lohdkj djrs gSa tks okLro esa uSfrd gksrs gSaA gkyk¡fd]
uSfrdrk dsoy ogh djuk ugha gS ftls lekt Lohdkj
djrk gSA lekt esa O;ogkj ds ekud uSfrdrk ls HkVd Hkh
ldrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh laiw.kZ lekt iwjh rjg ls uSfrd :i ls
Hkz"V gks ldrk gS ;k lkekftd thou ds dqN igyqvksa esa
vuSfrd gks ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% ukth teZuh uSfrd :i ls Hkz"V lekt dk
mnkgj.k Fkk tcfd lrh çFkk ikjaifjd Hkkjr esa ,d
vuSfrd çFkk FkhA
z fofèk% fofèk] O;ogkj ds lacaèk esa oSèk ekud ,oa muds
ifj.kke fuèkkZfjr dj uSfrdrk ds fuèkkZjd ds :i esa dk;Z
djrh gS] ftlls O;fÙkQ uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, çsfjr
gksrs gSaA ;g ,d :ijs•k çnku djrh gS tks lekt ds Hkhrj
Lohdk;Z ,oa vLohdk;Z vkpj.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% Hkz"Vkpkj fuokj.k vfèkfu;e] dkuwuh lhek,¡
r; djrk gS tks bZekunkjh ,oa lR;fu"Bk ds uSfrd
ekudksa ds vuq:i gSA
z ifjokj vkSj f'k{kd% fdlh Hkh ckyd dk ifjokj ,oa
mlds f'k{kd mlds n`f"Vdks.k] O;ogkj dks vkdkj nsus ,oa
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/
Christianity
Golder Rule
muesa ewY;ksa dk fodkl djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
ysfdu dHkh&dHkh] udkjkRed ewY;ksa ls ;qÙkQ ckgjh çHkkoksa
ds dkj.k cPps ikfjokfjd f'k{kkvksa ls HkVd ldrs gSaA
z varjkRek% varjkRek fdlh O;fÙkQ dh lgh ,oa xyr ds ckjs
esa uSfrd le> gS] tks fdlh ds O;ogkj ds ekxZn'kZd ds
:i esa dk;Z djrh gSA varjkRek dk vkeq• uSfrd varKkZu
gSa ftlls irk pyrk gS fd dksbZ dk;Z lgh gS vFkok xyrA
 mnkgj.k% pkSjh pkSjk ?kVuk esa fgalk ds ckn xkaèkhth dk
vlg;ksx vkanksyu ls gVuk mudh varjkRek dh vkokt
ij vkèkkfjr FkkA
z vkn'kZ O;fÙkQRo% vkn'kZ O;fÙkQRo lekt esa vius vPNs
O;ogkj ;k bPNk'kfÙkQ ds dqN ekud LFkkfir djds O;fÙkQ;ksa
ds uSfrd ewY;ksa dks Hkh çHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh dh lknxh] bZekunkjh]
lR;fu"Bk vkSj n;kyq O;ogkj vkt Hkh iwtuh; gSA xkaèkh]
foosdkuUn vkSj vEcsMdj us lekt ds fy, vkn'kZ ds
:i esa dk;Z fd;kA jktusrk vkSj ukSdj'kkg ;qokvksa ds
fy, lR;fu"Bk vkSj bZekunkjh ds mPp uSfrd ekud
LFkkfir dj ldrs gSaA
z lafoèkku% lafoèkku esa O;kid fl¼kar dk çkoèkku gS tks
bl ckr dks fofu;fer djrk gS fd fdl çdkj dh fofèk
,oa dkuwu cuk, tk ldrs gSa vkSj ç'kkld fdl çdkj ds
dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% fu"i{krk] U;k;] lekurk] fdlh ds çfr
HksnHkko ugh djuk vkSj i;kZoj.k dh j{kk lacaèkh drZO;
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa çnku fd, x, dqN uSfrd ewY;
gSa ftUgsa lkekU;r% Hkkjrh; lekt ds lHkh lnL;ksa
vkSj fo'ks"kr% Hkkjr x.kjkT; }kjk viuk, tkus dh
vko';drk gSA
9
z 'kklu% ljdkj ,sls dkuwu ,oa uhfr;ka cukrh gS tks ,d
çdkj ds O;ogkj dks çksRlkfgr djrh gSa tcfd nwljs çdkj
ds O;ogkj dks grksRlkfgr djrh gSaA bl rjg dk çksRlkgu
<k¡pk yksxksa esa uSfrd ekudksa dks vkdkj çnku djrk gS ogha
mudk ikyu Hkh lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
 fofy;e XySMLVksu% ^^;g ljdkj dk drZO; gS fd
og yksxksa ds fy, xyr dke djuk dfBu cuk;s vkSj
muds fy, lgh dke djuk vklku cuk;sA**
 mnkgj.k% LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku us lkiQ&liQkbZ ,oa
LoPNrk ds i{k esa yksxksa ds uSfrd ekudksa dks çHkkfor
fd;k gSA
z U;k;ikfydk% U;k;ikfydk fofHkUu fu.kZ;ksa] ?kks"k.kkvksa ,oa
fn'kkfunZs'kksa ds ekè;e ls uSfrd ekud fuèkkZfjr djrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% lcjhekyk eafnj ekeys esa] Hkkjr ds mPpre
U;k;ky; us lekurk ds vfèkdkj dks cjdjkj j•kA
1997 ds fo'kk•k fn'kkfunZs'k dk;ZLFkyksa ij efgykvksa
ds ;kSu mRihM+u dh jksdFkke ds lacaèk esa dkuwu ds :i
esa ykxw gq,] ftlls efgykvksa dh lqj{kk lqfuf'pr gqbZ
vkSj ySafxd lekurk dks c<+kok feykA
1-10-1 fofèk ,oa uSfrdrk% ekuo vkpj.k ds
fuèkkZjdksa ds :i esa
z ekuo O;ogkj dks fofu;fer djus ds egRoiw.kZ lkèku%
fofèk vkSj uSfrdrk ekuo O;ogkj dks fofu;fer djus vkSj
lH; lekt dh fo|ekurk lqfuf'pr djus ds nks egRoiw.kZ
lkèku gSaA os bl y{; dks fofHkUu rjhdksa ls iwjk djrs gSaA
z fofèk vkpj.k ds U;wure ekudksa dh LFkkiuk djrh
gS% fofèk vkpj.k ds U;wure ekudksa dh LFkkiuk djrh gS
ftudk O;ogkj dks fofu;fer djus gsrq :ijs•k çnku djus
ds fy, vo'; ikyu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
 çfrcaèkksa ds ekè;e ls çorZu% bu ekudksa dks tqekZuk]
dkjkokl] ;k vU; naM tSls çfrcaèkksa dk ç;ksx dj ykxw
fd;k tkrk gSA
Jh vkgwtk dk O;ogkj muds O;ogkj ij dkuwu dk çHkko
foÙkh; O;ogkj dj dkuwu] èkks•kèkM+h dkuwu
dk;ZLFky vkpj.k jkstxkj dkuwu] mRihM+u dkuwu
i;kZoj.k i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dkuwu
futrk MsVk laj{k.k dkuwu
miHkksÙkQk vfèkdkj miHkksÙkQk laj{k.k dkuwu
ckSf¼d dkWihjkbV] isVsaV dkuwu
10
 mnkgj.k% dkuwu ds vuqlkj gR;k] pksjh ,oa geyk
voSèk gSA bUgsa lekt ds fy, gkfudkjd ekuk tkrk
gS vkSj dkuwu dk mís'; yksxksa dks buesa 'kkfey gksus
ls grksRlkfgr djuk gSA
z uSfrdrk uSfrd fl¼karksa dk lewg çnku djrh gS%
uSfrdrk uSfrd fl¼karksa ,oa ewY;ksa dk lewg çnku djrh gS
tks O;fÙkQxr O;ogkj dks funZsf'kr djrh gSA gkyk¡fd uSfrdrk
jkT; }kjk çorZuh; ugha gS] fiQj Hkh os ekuo O;ogkj dks
vkdkj nsus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% ge ges'kk ekurs gSa fd >wB cksyuk] èkks•k
nsuk ;k pksjh djuk xyr gSA Hkys gh ;s dk;Z voSèk u
gksa] fiQj Hkh bUgsa vuSfrd ekuk tkrk gSA
z ekuo O;ogkj dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, nksuksa ds
n`f"Vdks.k vyx&vyx gSa% ekuo O;ogkj dks fu;af=kr
djus ds fy, dkuwu vkSj uSfrdrk ds n`f"Vdks.k vyx&vyx
gSaA dkuwu }kjk ltk dh èkedh dk mi;ksx yksxksa dks
gkfudkjd O;ogkj esa 'kkfey gksus ls jksdus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA blds foijhr] uSfrdrk vfèkd çsjd gS] ;g lgh
vkSj xyr O;ogkj ds fy, yksxksa dks viuh le> dk ç;ksx
djus dh vihy djrh gSA
z ekuo O;ogkj dks fu;af=kr djus ds y{; dks çkIr djus
ds fy, nksuksa lk>k dk;Z djrh gSa% ;|fi] dkuwu vkSj
uSfrdrk nksuksa ekuo O;ogkj dks fu;af=kr djus ds y{; dks
çkIr djus ds fy, lk>k dk;Z dj ldrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% dkuwu dqN O;ogkjksa dks voSèk cuk ldrk
gS] tSls gR;k] vkSj uSfrdrk ml fu"ksèk ds fy, uSfrd
vkSfpR; çnku dj ldrh gSA bl rjg] dkuwu vkSj
uSfrdrk ,d nwljs ds iwjd gks ldrs gSa vkSj lekt dks
vfèkd lH; cukus esa ;ksxnku dj ldrs gSaA
;gka ,d mnkgj.k fn;k x;k gS tks n'kkZrk gS fd ;fn Jh vkgwtk
,d cM+h foÙkh; daiuh esa dke dj jgs gSa rks dSls dkuwu
vkSj uSfrd n`f"Vdks.k muds O;ogkj dks vyx&vyx rjhds ls
fu;af=kr djrs gSa%
muds O;ogkj ij uSfrdrk dk çHkko
foÙkh; ekeyksa esa bZekunkjh vkSj lR;fu"Bk
lEeku] O;kolkf;drk] fu"i{krk
laoguh;rk] laj{k.k
xksiuh;rk] lgefr] lEeku
O;kikj esa bZekunkjh] ikjnf'kZrk
ckSf¼d laink vfèkdkjksa dk lEeku djuk
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
vfrfjÙkQ fopkj fofèk vR;fèkd çfrcaèkkRed gS rks O;fÙkQxr Lora=krk lhfer
z vU; dkjd Hkh ekuo O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djrs gSa% gks ldrh gSA vR;fèkd vuqeR; uSfrdrk ls lkekftd
fofèk vkSj uSfrdrk egRoiw.kZ gSa] ysfdu os ekuo O;ogkj vjktdrk iSnk gks ldrh gSA
dks çHkkfor djus okys ,dek=k dkjd ugha gSaA vU; dkjd z nksuksa dh etcwr uhao dh vko';drk gS% fofèk vkSj
Hkh Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSa] tSls laLÑfr] èkeZ vkSj O;fÙkQxr uSfrdrk nksuksa dh etcwr uhao lH; lekt ds y{; dks
ekU;rk,¡A çkIr djus dk lcls vPNk rjhdk gSA blls ;g lqfuf'pr
z dkuwu vkSj uSfrdrk ds chp larqyu cukuk t:jh% djus esa enn feysxh fd yksx dkuwuh vkSj uSfrd rjhds ls
fofèk vkSj uSfrdrk ds chp larqyu cukuk t:jh gSA ;fn dk;Z dj jgs gSaA
fofèk vkSj uSfrdrk esa varj
igyw fofèk uSfrdrk
çÑfr fu;e vkSj fofu;e tks dkuwuu ckè;dkjh gSa uSfrd ewY; ,oa fl¼kar
{ks=kkfèkdkj ds vkèkkj ij fHkUu gksrh gS gkyk¡fd lkoZHkkSfed fl¼kar ekStwn gSa] mudh O;k[;k,¡
lkoZHkkSfedrk vyx&vyx gSaA
'kklh çkfèkdkjh }kjk cuk, tkrs gSaA O;fÙkQxr ekU;rk,¡] laLÑfr vkSj lekt lHkh dk bl ij çHkko
lzksr iM+rk gSA
mís'; 'kkafr cuk, j•uk vkSj fooknksa dks lqy>kukA uSfrd :i ls Lohdk;Z O;ogkj dks funZsf'kr djrh gSA
buds çorZu ds fy, dkuwuh O;oLFkk dk mi;ksx O;fÙkQxr foosd vkSj lkekftd ekunaMksa ds Hkjksls
çorZu fd;k tkrk gSA
fofèk;ka uSfrd fopkjksa ls çsfjr gks ldrh gSaA uSfrd fl¼karksa ,oa ewY;ksa dks O;ÙkQ djus ds fy, fofèk dk
ijLij çHkko mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

uSfrdrk ds fuèkkZjd rRoksa dk fo'ys"k.k

z ,d gh le; esa dbZ fuèkkZjd rRo dk;Z djrs gSa% ,d gh le; esa dbZ fuèkkZjd rRo lfØ; gksrs gSa] vkSj uSfrd ekud
fofHkUu dkjdksa ds la;qÙkQ çHkko dk ifj.kke gksrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% ljdkj esa flfoy lsodksa dh bZekunkjh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkaLÑfrd vkSj vU; dkjdksa ls çHkkfor

gksrh gSA

Political Factor
Economical Factor
z Pressure from
z Facial financial
influential
difficulties
politician

Other Factor
Social Factor z Lacks proper
z His colleagues ethical training
morality z Facing ethical
Possible factors
dilemma
affecting intergrity
of a civil servant

uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/ 11

z çHkko esa fHkUurk% fofHkUu fuèkkZjd rRo vyx&vyx ek=kk
esa uSfrd ekudksa dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% dqN yksxksa dh oSokfgd ilan O;fÙkQxr
dkjdksa ls çHkkfor gksrh gS] tcfd vU; yksxksa dh
oSokfgd ilan lkekftd ekunaMksa ls çHkkfor gksrh gSaA
z laHkkfor la?k"kZ% uSfrd ekudksa dk fuèkkZj.k djrs le;]
fofHkUu dkjdksa dk Vdjko gks ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% fdlh O;fÙkQ ds fopkj vkSj vuqHko mls
ukfLrd cuk ldrs gSa] tcfd lekt mls èkkfeZd cuk
ldrk gSA
1-11 uSfrdrk ds ifj.kke
uSfrdrk ds ifj.kke O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj lekt ij xgjk çHkko Mky
ldrs gSaA ;gka uhps dqN fcanq fn, x, gSa tks uSfrdrk ds
okLrfod thou ij iM+us okys ifj.kke n'kkZrs gSa%
z fo'okl% O;ogkj esa uSfrdrk fo'okl vkSj lEeku ij
vkèkkfjr yacs le; rd pyus okys fj'rs cukus esa enn
djrh gS tks lH; lekt ds fuekZ.k ds fy, ewyHkwr
vko';drk gSA
z lkekftd ln~Hkko% lekt dh lkewfgd psruk esa lekfgr
uSfrd O;ogkj U;wure la?k"kZ vkSj vfèkdre ln~Hkko
lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
z ldkjkRed çfr"Bk% uSfrd :i ls dk;Z djus ls O;fÙkQxr
vkSj is'ksoj nksuksa gh :iksa esa ldkjkRed çfr"Bk cukus esa
lgk;rk feyrh gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] VkVk dk O;olk; viuh uSfrd
çFkkvksa] tSls fu"i{k O;kikj lksflZax ;k i;kZoj.k ds
vuqdwy fofuekZ.k ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA
z dkuwu dk vuqikyu vkSj naM ls cpko% uSfrd :i
ls dk;Z djds] O;fÙkQ vkSj laxBu dkuwuh tfVyrkvksa vkSj
laHkkfor naM ls cp ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] oksDloSxu mRltZu ?kksVkyk &
oksDloSxu us i;kZoj.k fu;eksa ds vuq:i fn•us ds fy,
mRltZu ijh{k.kksa esa gsjiQsj fd;kA bl vuSfrd O;ogkj
ds ifj.kkeLo:i xaHkhj dkuwuh vkSj foÙkh; ifj.kke gq,]
ftuesa Hkkjh tqekZuk] mRikn okil ysuk vkSj çfr"Bk dks
uqdlku 'kkfey gSA
z nh?kZdkfyd laoguh;rk ,oa liQyrk% uSfrd O;ogkj
nh?kZdkfyd laoguh;rk vkSj liQyrk esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA
12
;g fgrèkkjdksa ds lkFk fo'okl dh ,d etcwr uhao cukrk
gSA ;g fo'okl] oiQknkjh] lg;ksx vkSj fgrèkkjd leFkZu
dks c<+kok nsrk gS] tks lrr fodkl ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA
1-11-1 O;fÙkQ ds fy, ifj.kke
z •q'kh dk lzksr% uSfrd thou dks èku] vkuan] çflf¼ vkfn
ds thou ds ctk; ije •q'kh dk lzksr dgk tkrk gSA ,slh
•q'kh ls ije larqf"V vkSj larks"k feyrk gS] ftlesa O;fÙkQ
dks fdlh Hkh pht dh de ;k T;knk dh vko';drk ugha
gksrh gSA
 vjLrw dk Lof.kZe eè; ekxZ% vjLrw dk nkok gS fd
^^xksYMu ehu** (eè;e ekxZ] la;e] vkfn) dk ikyu
djus ls •q'kh feyrh gS] ftls og ¶;wMseksfu;k¸ dgrs
gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] jÙkQnku djus ls gesa vanj ls
vPNk eglwl gksrk gSA
z lekt ds çfr ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k% uSfrd O;fÙkQ dk
lekt ds çfr ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k gksrk gSA ;g vk'kkokn
fo'okl ,oa lkekftd iwath ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA
z O;fÙkQxr Lohdk;Zrk vkSj ilanhnk gksus esa lqèkkj ykrh
gS% tc dksbZ O;fÙkQ uSfrd O;ogkj çnf'kZr djrk gS] rks
mls lekt esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mlds dk;ks± ds
fy, ljkguk dh tkrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] esjs ekrk&firk
vkSj fj'rsnkj ges'kk esjs ppsjs HkkbZ dks egRo nsrs gSa D;ksafd]
viuh dM+h esgur vkSj n`<+ ladYi ds lkFk] mlus çfrf"Br
flfoy lsok ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ dh gSA
z fo'oluh;rk c<+rh gS% tks yksx uSfrd vkSj bZekunkj gksrs
gSa mu ij nwljs yksx fo'okl djrs gSa vkSj muds 'kCnksa vkSj
dk;ks± esa lkekU; yksxksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd otu gksrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% lafnXèk VªSd fjdkWMZ okys usrkvksa dh rqyuk
esa fu"Bkoku vkSj bZekunkj usrk turk ij vfèkd çHkko
Mkyrs gSaA jktuhfrd ny çfl¼ lkoZtfud gfLr;ksa ls
leFkZu ekaxrs gSaA
z dk;Zflf¼ esa lgk;d% uSfrd O;ogkj u dsoy uSfrd :i
ls vko';d gS] cfYd ;g O;kogkfjd Hkh gSA ftu yksxksa
esa uSfrdrk vkSj ewY; gSa muds yacs le; esa liQy gksus dh
laHkkouk vfèkd gksrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% fdj.k csnh vkSj Vh,lvkj lqcze.;e tSls
bZekunkj yksx ljdkj esa mPp inksa ij jgs gSaA odhyksa]
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 MkWDVjksa vkSj vU; is'ksojksa dh mUufr esa O;kolkf;d
uSfrdrk ,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSA
z fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, vkèkkj çnku djrh gS% vkt ds
tfVy thou esa] uSfrdrk gesa crkrh gS fd tc ge nks
leku vPNs@cqjs fodYiksa ds chp iQals gksa rks D;k djuk
lgh gSA uSfrdrk fu.kZ; ysus okyksa dks vius dk;ks± dks mfpr
Bgjkus dk vkèkkj Hkh çnku djrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% flfoy lsodksa ds ikl fu.kZ; ysus ds
ekxZn'kZu ds fy, ,d vkpkj lafgrk gksrh gSA
1-11-2 lekt ds fy, ifj.kke
z ln~Hkko vkSj 'kkafr dh vksj ys tkrh gS% uSfrd O;ogkj
ikjLifjdrk dh vksj ys tkrk gS] ftlls 'kkafriw.kZ vkSj fLFkj
lekt curk gSA
 mnkgj.k% ;fn iM+kslh ijLij èofu çnw"k.k] LoPNrk
vkSj vU; ekudksa dk lEeku djrs gSa rks muds chp
vPNs lacaèk jgrs gSaA blh rjg] vxj ns'k fu;eksa dk
ikyu djsaxs rks nqfu;k esa 'kkafr jgsxhA
z lq'kklu lqfuf'pr djuk% ç'kklu dh uSfrdrk (ikjnf'kZrk]
tokcnsgh] dkuwu dk 'kklu] vkfn) vfèkd ç'kklfud
çHkko'khyrk vkSj n{krk lqfuf'pr djrh gS] ftlls turk
dks vfèkd larqf"V feyrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% fdj.k csnh us frgkM+ tsy dh fLFkfr dks
cnyus ds fy, bZekunkjh] d#.kk vkSj leiZ.k ds vius
ewY;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k] tks lq'kklu dh liQyrk dh
dgkuh cu xbZA
z U;k; vkSj lekos'ku lqfuf'pr djuk% lkekftd O;ogkj
esa uSfrdrk ls lHkh yksxksa] fo'ks"k :i ls detksj vkSj
laosnu'khy yksxksa dks vksgns vkSj volj dh lekurk] fu"i{k
O;ogkj ,oa vU; ykHk feyrs gSaA vLi`';rk vkSj ySafxd
HksnHkko tSls vU;k; uSfrdrk dh deh ds dkj.k gksrs gSaA
z lerkewyd vkSj lekos'kh fodkl% vkfFkZd {ks=k esa
uSfrdrk egRoiw.kZ gSA uSfrdrk volj dh lekurk] lalkèkuksa
dk leku forj.k] lkekftd xfr'khyrk bR;kfn lqfuf'pr
djrh gSA ?kksVkys] eanh vkSj Je 'kks"k.k lHkh vuSfrd
O;ogkj ds ifj.kke gSaA
z Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa ds fy, vPNk mnkgj.k LFkkfir djuk%
lekt dh uSfrdrk cPpksa ,oa ;qokvksa ds fy, vPNk
mnkgj.k çLrqr djrh gSA os uSfrd O;ogkj lqfuf'pr djus
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/
okys ewY;ksa dks ns•rs gSa] lh•rs gSa ,oa mudk Lo;a esa
fodkl djrs gSaA blds ifj.kkeLo:i ,d fLFkj lkekftd
O;oLFkk curh gSA tc ;qok yM+ds ?kj esa efgykvksa dk
lEeku gksrs ns•rs gSa] rks os vius lkekftd thou esa Hkh
efgykvksa dk lEeku djrs gSaA
z i;kZoj.k ds çfr tkx:drk iSnk djuk% vkt dh
nqfu;k esa] i;kZoj.k vkSj tyok;q xaHkhj fpark dk fo"k; gSaA
i;kZoj.kh; uSfrdrk ;g lqfuf'pr dj ldrh gS fd ekuo
lH;rk LoPN] gfjr vkSj fVdkÅ gks] tks vfLrRo vkSj
fodkl ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA
 mnkgj.k% ikuh] fctyh ;k bZaèku cckZn u djus tSlk
dk;Z i;kZoj.k dks cpkus esa dkiQh enn dj ldrk gSA
z lqèkkj ds fy, çsfjr djuk% ijokg djuk] U;k; vkSj rdZ
lacaèkh uSfrdrk] vU; ckrksa ds vykok] lekt esa lqèkkj ,oa
ifjorZu ykus ds fy, çsfjr djrh gSA bl çdkj] uSfrdrk
,d LoLFk lekt cukus esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] mUuhloha lnh ds Hkkjr esa] mnkj ekuorkoknh uSfrdrk
ls lekt esa lqèkkj vk;k vkSj lrh çFkk] foèkok iqufoZokg
ij çfrcaèk] cgqfookg vkfn tSlh lkekftd cqjkb;ksa dks
de fd;kA
z yksxksa dk fo'okl cuk, j•uk% nqfu;k Hkj esa èkeZ vkSj
ijaijk dks cgqr egRo fn;k tkrk gSA lHkh èkeks± esa uSfrd
O;ogkj fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;k gS vkSj bl çdkj yksxksa }kjk
bls egRo fn;k tkrk gSA ;g lokZsPp lÙkk (tSls bZ'oj)
vkSj bl çdkj lkekftd O;oLFkk esa yksxksa ds fo'okl dks
Hkh cuk, j•rk gSA
z LoLFk lekt cukuk% uSfrd O;ogkj O;fÙkQ;ksa dks mfpr
vkpj.k djus dh çsj.kk nsrk gS] ftldk çfrnku nwljksa }kjk
fd;k tkrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i vPNk dk;Z'khy lekt
curk gS ftlesa fdlh dks gkfu ugha igqapk;h tkrhA
 mnkgj.k% lHkh O;fÙkQ ;fn ;krk;kr fu;eksa dk ikyu
djsa rks lqjf{kr ,oa dq'ky ifjogu lqfuf'pr gks ik,xk]
ftlls lexz :i ls lekt dks ykHk gksxkA
mnkgj.k
Jh 'kekZ] lekt ij ldkjkRed çHkko Mkyus dh vkdka{kk
j•rs FksA flfoy lsok ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ djus ds ckn] og Hkkjrh;
ç'kklfud lsok (vkbZ,,l) esa 'kkfey gks x, vkSj mUgsa
xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds ,d fiNM+s ftys ds ftyk dysDVj ds :i
esa fu;qÙkQ fd;k x;kA vc muds fuEufyf•r dk;Z lekt esa
ldkjkRed ifjorZu yk ldrs gSa%
13
 z Implementing
online portal
Transparent
governance z Showing financial
disclosures

Ethical Person z Recognizing the

Becomes Civil
Empowering plight
Servant then
Marginalized z Collaboration with
his actions
Communities NGOs
and benefits

z Encourages
entrepreneurship
Strengthening z Establishment
Local Economy of small-scale
industries

1-12 uSfrdrk ds vk;ke

uSfrdrk dh 4 'kk•k,¡ gSa vkSj os fuEufyf•r çdkj ds ç'uksa ls fuiVrh gSa%
BRACHES OF ETHICS

Branches of Ethics

Meta Ethics Normative Ethics Desceiptive Ethics Applied Ethics

1-12-1 o.kZukRed uSfrdrk  mnkgj.k% Hkkjr esa leySafxdrk ds çfr n`f"Vdks.k

z MsfoM áwe tSls fo}kuksa us o.kZukRed uSfrdrk dk vè;;u
fd;k gS] tks ,d fof'k"V laLÑfr ;k lekt ds Hkhrj
ekStwn uSfrd ekU;rkvksa] çFkkvksa vkSj O;ogkjksa dk o.kZu vkSj
fo'ys"k.k djus ls lacafèkr gSA ;g fuèkkZfjr djus ds ctk;
fd yksxksa dks uSfrd :i ls dSls O;ogkj djuk pkfg,] ;g
bl ckr dh oLrqfu"B le> çnku djuk pkgrk gS fd os
okLro esa dSls O;ogkj djrs gSaA
z yksxksa dh uSfrd ekU;rkvksa dk vè;;u% ;g ¶ewY;ksa]
dkSu ls dk;Z lgh gSa vkSj dkSuls xyr gSa vkSj uSfrd ,tsaVksa
dh dkSu lh fo'ks"krk vPNh gSa¸ tSlh phtksa ds ckjs esa
vè;;u djrh gSA ;g yksxksa ds uSfrd vkn'kks± vkSj dkuwu
;k jktuhfr ds ekè;e ls lekt fdu dk;ks± dks iqjLÑr ;k
nafMr djrk gS] bl ij Hkh xkSj djrh gSA
le; ds lkFk fodflr gqvk gSA çkjaHk esa] lkaLÑfrd
LohÑfr Fkh] ysfdu fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu us
leySafxd lacaèkksa dks vijkèk ?kksf"kr djus okys dkuwu
is'k fd,A gkyk¡fd] gky ds o"kks± esa ,d mYys•uh;
cnyko vk;k gS] •kldj ;qok ih<+h vkSj 'kgjh vkcknh
ds chp ,ythchVhD;w$ vfèkdkjksa ds fy, Lohdk;Zrk
vkSj leFkZu c<+ jgk gSA o.kZukRed uSfrdrk gesa Hkkjrh;
lekt esa leySafxdrk ds vklikl cnyrh uSfrd
ekU;rkvksa vkSj ewY;ksa dks le>us esa enn djrh gS] tks
lkekftd n`f"Vdks.k dh xfr'khy çÑfr dks n'kkZrh gSA
z ;g uSfrdrk ds çfr ,d ewY;&eqÙkQ n`f"Vdks.k gSA ;g
çFkkvksa vkSj ekU;rkvksa dh uSfrdrk ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; ugha
nsrh gS] cfYd fofHkUu lewgksa ;k laLÑfr;ksa esa ns•h tkus
okyh çFkkvksa dk o.kZu djrh gSA

14 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

1-12-2 esVk&,fFkDl
z esVk&,fFkDl] ftldk vè;;u ts-,y-eSdh tSls fo}kuksa us fd;k gS] Lo;a uSfrdrk dh çÑfr vkSj vkèkkj dh tkap djrh
gSA ;g uSfrd Hkk"kk ds vFkZ] uSfrd nkoksa dh fu"i{krk vkSj uSfrd lR; dh çÑfr ij xkSj djrh gSA esVk,fFkDl uSfrdrk ds
nk'kZfud vkèkkjksa vkSj blesa 'kkfey voèkkj.kkvksa dks le>us dk ç;kl djrh gSA
Meta Ethicaol Philosophies

Moral Objectivism Moral Subjectivism/Moral Relativism Applied Ethics

z There are objective universam and
moral principles valid for all; binding
on all human beings.
z It is morally wrong to torture people or
kill an innocent.
z Morality is not dependent on
society but on individual.
z An individual may have his
own definition of morality
that maynot be universally
applicable.
z Nothing is moral or
immoral.
z Rejects the possibility
of absolute moral or
ethical values.

z uSfrd ewY;ksa ds varfuZfgr fl¼karksa dh tkap djuk% uSfrd voèkkj.kkvksa dh mRifÙk vkSj vFkZ ds vè;;u dks esVk,fFkDl
ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ;g tk¡p djrh gS fd gekjs uSfrd fl¼kar dgk¡ ls mRiUu gq, gSa vkSj mudk D;k vFkZ gSA ;g uSfrd
ewY;ksa ds varfuZfgr fl¼karksa dh tkap djus dk ç;kl djrh gSA
 esVk Lo;a dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] esVk&,fFkDl uSfrdrk ds ckjs esa uSfrdrk gS ;k Lo;a uSfrdrk dk

ewY;kadu gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,]

 xyr dk;Z D;k gS\

 pksjh djuk uSfrd :i ls xyr D;ksa gS\

 nku uSfrd D;ksa gS\

z uSfrd 'kCnksa ds vFkZ ij è;ku dsafær djuk% ;g ¶fdlh fof'k"V fLFkfr esa D;k fd;k tkuk pkfg,\¸ ds O;kogkfjd ç'u
ds ctk; uSfrd 'kCnksa ds vFkZ ij è;ku dsafær djrh gSA bldk lacaèk bl ckr ls ugha gS fd dksbZ dk;Z vPNk gS ;k cqjk]
cfYd bldk lacaèk uSfrdrk dh vPNkbZ vkSj cqjkbZ ls gSA
 ;g ¶Lora=krk¸ vkSj ¶fu;frokn¸ ls gekjk D;k rkRi;Z gS\ tSls eqíksa ,oa ,sls gh vU; eqíksa dh ppkZ djrh gSA

 esVk&uSfrd n'kZu esa uSfrd 'kwU;okn] uSfrd oLrqokn] uSfrd fo"k;okn vkSj uSfrd lkis{kokn 'kkfey gSaA

esVk&,fFkDl dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa ckaVk x;k gS%

;s cqfu;knh eqíksa] tSls fd uSfrd gksuk D;ksa egRoiw.kZ gS] uSfrdrk dk lcls egRoiw.kZ fuèkkZjd rRo D;k
gS & rdZ ;k laosx] bR;kfn] ls fuiVrs gSaA
d- m nkgj.k% ,su jSaM tSlh nk'kZfud] uSfrd fl¼karksa ds vkèkkj ds :i esa rdZ dk mi;ksx djrh gSaA os
1- esVk eqís ekurh gS fd rdZlaxr vgaokn ekuo ilan dk vkèkkj gksuk pkfg,A
•- m nkgj.k% nwljh vksj] egkRek xkaèkh tSls nk'kZfud ekuo foosd dks uSfrd ekunaMksa dh uhao ds :i
esa mi;ksx djrs gSaA mudk nkok gS fd gekjh varjkRek dh vkokt dks nqfoèkk ds le; uSfrd ekxZn'kZd
ds :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ,slh vkokt dk ewY; lokZfèkd gksrk gSA
z ;g 'kk•k ykSfdd fparkvksa ls lacafèkr gS tSls fd D;k uSfrdrk iw.kZ ykSfdd okLrfodrk gS ;k dksbZ
lkekftd jpuk gSA
2- esVk&HkkSfrd eqís z mnkgj.k% Hkxon xhrk dgrh gS fd çR;sd bdkbZ (pkgs ÅtkZ] vkRek] v.kq] xzg] vkfn) dk iwoZ
fuèkkZfjr ekxZ gksrk gS vkSj eks{k çkfIr gsrq mUgs mldk ikyu djuk gksrk gSA blds vuqlkj] uSfrd
ekud dsoy euq";ksa ij gh ugha] cfYd laiw.kZ czãkaM ij ykxw gksrs gSaA

uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/ 15

1-12-3 ekud uSfrdrk
z ekud uSfrdrk dk vè;;u tkWu LVqvVZ fey tSls fo}kuksa
}kjk cM+s iSekus ij fd;k x;k gSA ;g ¶D;k lgh gS vkSj D;k
xyr gS¸ dk fuèkkZj.k djus ds fy, fn'kkfunZs'k çnku djus
ij è;ku dsafær djrh gSA bldk y{; uSfrd fl¼karksa
vkSj fu;eksa dk fuekZ.k djuk gS tks O;fÙkQ;ksa dks uSfrd
fu.kZ; ,oa iQSlyk djus esa lgk;rk djsaA ekud uSfrdrk
dk y{; uSfrd ekudksa dks LFkkfir djuk vkSj ekuo
O;ogkj dh uSfrdrk dk vkdyu djuk gSA
z uSfrd fl¼karksa dh tkap djuk% ;g uSfrd fl¼karksa dh
tkap djrh gS tks crkrk gS fd yksxksa dks lekt esa dSls
dk;Z vkSj O;ogkj djus pkfg,A ;fn dksbZ LFkkfir ekudksa
dk mYya?ku djrk gS rks mlds fy, naM ds lkFk&lkFk
vkSfpR; dk Hkh çkoèkku gSA
ekud uSfrdrk ds fl¼kar
NORMATIVE ETHICAL THEORIES
HOW TO BE
Ethics of character
Character focus Rule/Duty Focus
Kantian
Virtue Ethics deontology
fp=k% ekud uSfrdrk ds fl¼kar
mi;ksfxrkokn
z mi;ksfxrkokn ,d uSfrd fl¼kar gS tks ;g fuèkkZfjr djus
esa ifj.kkeksa ij tksj nsrk gS fd D;k lgh gS vkSj D;k xyr
gSA ;g ifj.kkeokn dk ,d :i gSA
z vfèkdre yksxksa dh vfèkdre HkykbZ% mi;ksfxrkokn ds
vuqlkj] lcls uSfrd fodYi og gS tks vfèkdre yksxksa
dh vfèkdre HkykbZ djrk gksaA
 mnkgj.k% mi;ksfxrkokn dk mnkgj.k & vkradokfn;ksa
dks ekSr dh ltk nh tkrh gSA mi;ksfxrkoknh fl¼kar
ds vuqlkj] vkradokfn;ksa dks ekjuk ,d uSfrd dk;Z
16
z O;ogkj ds ekudksa dh tkap djuk% ;g lgh vkSj xyr
O;ogkj ds ekudksa ij xkSj djrk gS vkSj fdlh fof'k"V eqís
dh uSfrdrk dh ctk; ^fdlh dks dkSu gksuk pkfg,* ls
vfèkd lacafèkr gSA
 ;fn dksbZ LFkkfir ekudksa dk mYya?ku djrk gS rks ltk
ds lkFk&lkFk vkSfpR; dk Hkh çkoèkku gSA
z cqfu;knh uSfrd ekud dSls LFkkfir fd, tk,a] dh
tkap djuk% ekud uSfrdrk esa dsaæh; ç'u ;g gS fd
cqfu;knh uSfrd ekud dSls LFkkfir fd, tk,a vkSj mfpr
Bgjk, tk,aA
z ekud uSfrd fl¼kar% lcls vke ekud uSfrd fl¼kar
mi;ksfxrkokn] drZO;'kkL=k vkSj ifj.kkeokn gSaA
HOW TO ACT
Ethics of right action
Results Focus
Rule Act
Consequentialism Consequentialism
gS D;ksafd ;g vla[; funkZs"k yksxksa dh tku cpkrk gS]
lekt esa 'kkafr cuk, j•rk gS vkSj ns'k ds fodkl esa
lgk;rk djrk gSA fdlh vU; O;fÙkQ dh gR;k djuk
yxHkx lHkh èkeks± esa vuSfrd gS vkSj ;g ,d ekSfyd
ewY; gS tks gekjs ifjokj vkSj ;gka rd fd Ldwy Hkh
gesa fl•krs gSaA
lhek,¡
z •q'kh dks ekiuk vlaHko gS% •q'kh vkSj •q'kgkyh dh
x.kuk] rqyuk ;k ekiuk vlaHko gSA ;g Hkkoukvksa vkSj
laosnukvksa] laLÑfr ;k U;k; dks è;ku esa ugha j•rh gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z mi;ksfxrkokn ,ythchVhD;w leqnk;ksa tSls vYila[;dksa dh
HkykbZ dh mis{kk djrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% ;fn dksbZ fo'ks"k vfèkfu;e vfèkfu;fer
fd;k tkrk gS tks vke turk ds fgr esa gS vkSj lkFk
gh VªkaltsaMj yksxksa ds vfèkdkjksa dk mYya?ku djrk gS]
rks mi;ksfxrkokn bldk cpko djsxkA
z Li"Vr% ifjHkkf"kr uSfrd lajpuk dk fuekZ.k djuk%
mi;ksfxrkokn dh ,d lhek ;g gS fd ;g Li"Vr% ifjHkkf"kr
uSfrd lajpuk dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA mi;ksfxrkoknh uSfrdrk
esa dksbZ vLi"Vrk ugha gS – dksbZ vkpj.k ;k rks xyr gS
;k lgh gSA
z dk;Z ds ifj.kkeksa ,oa Hkfo"; esa mlds ifj.kkeksa ds
ckjs esa vfuf'pr% mi;ksfxrkokn Hkh fuf'pr :i ls
Hkfo";ok.kh ugha dj ldrk gS fd gekjs dk;ks± ds ifj.kke
vPNs gksaxs ;k cqjs & gekjs dk;ks± ds ifj.kke Hkfo"; esa gksaxsA
fMvkUVksykWth (drZO;'kkL=k)
z uSfrdrk dh drZO;&vkèkkfjr ç.kkyh% fMvkUVksykWth
uSfrdrk dh drZO;&vkèkkfjr ç.kkyh gS tks ekurh gS fd
dqN dk;Z muds ifj.kkeksa dh ijokg fd, fcuk varuhZfgr
:i ls lgh ;k xyr gksrs gSa vkSj uSfrd ,tsaVksa dks ifj.kkeksa
dh ijokg fd, fcuk uSfrd vkns'kksa ;k fu;eksa dk ikyu
djuk gksrk gSA
z lgh vkSj xyr ds chp varj djus ds fy, fu;eksa
dk mi;ksx djuk% fMvkUVksykWth ,d uSfrd fl¼kar gS tks
lgh vkSj xyr D;k gS ;g fuèkkZfjr djus ds fy, fu;eksa
dk mi;ksx djrk gSA
 beSuqvy dkaV vDlj fMvkUVksykWth ls tqM+s jgs gSaA dkaV
dk ekuuk Fkk fd uSfrd vkpj.k esa ^^>wB er cksyks**
¶pksjh er djks]¸ ^^èkks•k er nksA** tSls lkoZHkkSfed
uSfrd fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A
z fu;eksa vkSj drZO;ksa dk ikyu djuk% fMvkUVksykWth
le>us esa ,d ljy voèkkj.kk gSA blds fy, cl ;g
vko';d gS fd yksx fu;eksa dk ikyu djsa vkSj vius
drZO;ksa dk ikyu djsaA ;g n`f"Vdks.k gekjs çkÑfrd varKkZu
ls esy •krk gS fd D;k uSfrd gS vkSj D;k uSfrd ugha gSA
z dk;ks± dk ewY;kadu muds ifj.kkeksa ds vkèkkj ij ugha
djrk gS% ifj.kkeokn ds foijhr] tks muds ifj.kkeksa ds
vkèkkj ij dk;ks± dk ewY;kadu djrk gS] fMvkUVksykWth esa
fdlh fLFkfr esa ykxr ,oa ykHkksa dks rkSyus dh vko';drk
ugha gSA O;fÙkQijdrk ,oa vfuf'prrk ls cpk tkrk gS
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/
D;ksafd dsoy fuèkkZfjr fu;eksa dk gh ikyu fd;k tkuk
gksrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% fl¼karoknh n`f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj] ,d flfoy
lsod dks ifj.kkeksa dh ijokg fd, fcuk fn, x, fu;eksa
vkSj fofu;eksa dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A
lhek,¡
z l[rh ls ikyu laHko ugha% fMvkUVksykWth dk l[rh ls
ikyu djus ls ,sls ifj.kke fey ldrs gSa tks dbZ yksxksa dks
vLohdk;Z yx ldrs gSaA
 eku yhft, fd vki ,d lkWÝVos;j bathfu;j gSa]
ftls irk pyrk gS fd dksbZ ijek.kq felkby ykWUp
gksus okyh gS] tks laHkkfor :i ls ;q¼ HkM+dk ldrh
gSA vki usVodZ dks gSd dj ldrs gSa vkSj ykWUp jí
dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu fdlh Hkh lkWÝVos;j flLVe rd
vufèkÑr igqap çkIr djuk vkids is'ksoj vkpkj lafgrk
ds fo#¼ gSA
 fMvkUVksykWth ds vuqlkj bl fu;e dks ugha rksM+k tkuk
pkfg,A ;|fi] felkby ykWUp djus ls gtkjksa yksx ej
tk,axsA
z ekuoh; Hkkoukvksa dh dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha% bl fl¼kar
ds vuqlkj ekuoh; >qdko] Hkkoukvksa vkSj ifj.kkeksa dk
dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa ln~Hkko ykus ;k
vfèkd vPNkbZ gkfly djus ds fy, HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk
(lgkuqHkwfr) dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z vfèkdka'k yksxksa ds fy, blds çfrdwy ifj.kke gks ldrs
gSaA
 mnkgj.k% vkidks >wB ugha cksyuk pkfg, Hkys gh blls
yk•ksa yksxksa dh tku cp tk,A
z dk;ks± ds ifj.kkeksa dks vuns•k djrk gS% dqN yksxksa
dk rdZ gS fd dk;ks± ds ifj.kkeksa dks vuns•k djds]
fMvkUVksykWth uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus ds ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw ls
pwd xbZ gSA
o.kZukRed] ukWeZsfVo vkSj esVk& ,fFkDl ds chp varj
fn•kus ds fy, okLrfod thou dk mnkgj.k%
eSa vkSj esjs nksLr (fçal vkSj ç•j) jkstejkZ dh ftanxh esa
uSfrdrk ij ppkZ dj jgs FksA ge bl ckr ij ppkZ djus yxs
fd ^D;k fdlh dh Hkkoukvksa dh j{kk ds fy, >wB cksyuk
uSfrd :i ls Lohdk;Z gSA*
17
 esjs rdZ o.kZukRed ,fFkDl ij vkèkkfjr Fks% eSaus viuh
O;fÙkQxr ekU;rkvksa vkSj vuqHko dks lk>k fd;k fd >wB
cksyuk dSls xyr gSA ,d ckj eSaus iSlksa dks ysdj vius
ekrk&firk ls >wB cksyk Fkk ftlds fy, mUgksaus eq>s cgqr
MkaVk FkkA
z ;g o.kZukRed ckrphr ge lHkh }kjk ekus tkus okys]
>wB ugha cksyus ds uSfrd fo'oklksa vkSj n`f"Vdks.kksa dh
fofoèkrk dks le>us esa enn djrh gSA
ukWeZsfVo ,fFkDl ij vkèkkfjr fçal ds rdZ% tSls&tSls
ckrphr vkxs c<+h] fçal us ;g ewY;kadu djus ds fy, fd
D;k fdlh dh Hkkoukvksa dh j{kk ds fy, >wB cksyuk uSfrd
:i ls lgh gS ;k xyr gS] ukWeZsfVo ,fFkDl esa xgjkbZ ls
mrj x,A mUgksaus >wB cksyus ds uSfrd fufgrkFkks± dk fo'ys"k.k
djus ds fy, fofHkUu uSfrd fl¼karksa] tSls fMvkUVksykWth ;k
ifj.kkeokn ij fopkj fd;kA mUgksaus bl fo'ks"k fLFkfr esa >wB
cksyus dh uSfrdrk ds ckjs esa ,d lk>k ekud fu.kZ; ij
igqapus ds mís'; ls bZekunkjh] lgkuqHkwfr vkSj >wB cksyus ds
laHkkfor ifj.kkeksa tSls fl¼karksa ij ppkZ dhA
esVk&,fFkDl ij vkèkkfjr ç•j ds rdZ% mUgksaus uSfrd
fu.kZ;ksa dh çÑfr vkSj uSfrd nkoksa ds vkèkkj dk irk yxk;kA
og bl rjg ds lokyksa ij ppkZ djrs gSa fd D;k uSfrd ewY;
oLrqfu"B gSa ;k O;fÙkQijd] uSfrd ekU;rkvksa dks vkdkj nsus
esa lkaLÑfrd lkis{kokn dh Hkwfedk] ;k lkoZHkkSfed uSfrd
fl¼karksa dh fo|ekurkA ;s esVk,fFkdy tk¡p gesa gekjs uSfrd
fu.kZ;ksa ds nk'kZfud vkèkkjksa vkSj uSfrdrk dh çÑfr dh xgjh
le> gkfly djus esa enn djrh gSA
Fkzs'kksYM fMvkUVksykWth
bl leL;k dk ,d laHkkfor lekèkku Fkzs'kksYM fMvkUVksykWth
gS] tks ekurk gS fd gesa ges'kk fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk
pkfg, tc rd fd ge vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr esa u gksa]
ml fLFkfr esa gesa ifj.kkeoknh n`f"Vdks.k ij okil ykSVuk
pkfg,A
vkxs c<+rs gq,] fof'k"V eqíksa ds lacaèk esa uSfrdrk dk vè;;u
fd;k tk ldrk gSA uSfrdrk dks u dsoy Kku dh ,d lS¼kafrd
'kk•k ds :i esa ns•k tkrk gS] cfYd Kku dh ,d O;kogkfjd
'kk•k ds :i esa Hkh ns•k tkrk gS ftldk mi;ksx okLrfod
nqfu;k dh leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk
gSA ç'kklu] fpfdRlk vkSj ehfM;k tSls fofHkUu {ks=kksa dks vius
dk;Zdj.k esa uSfrd eqíksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS vkSj mUgsa
uSfrd ekxZn'kZu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
18
ln~xq.k uSfrdrk
z vfjLVksVsfy;u ln~xq.k uSfrdrk uSfrd O;ogkj dh uhao
ds :i esa ln~xq.k pfj=k y{k.kksa ds fodkl ij tksj nsrh
gSA ;g uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus esa ekxZn'kZu ds fy, lkgl] U;k;
vkSj la;e tSls xq.kksa ds fodkl ij tksj nsdj ,d le`¼
lekt cukus esa xq.kh O;fÙkQ;ksa ds egRo ij tksj nsrh gSA
z uSfrdrk ds fy, pfj=k&vkèkkfjr n`f"Vdks.k% ;g uSfrd
O;ogkj ds vkèkkj ds :i esa vPNs pfj=k y{k.k ;k xq.kksa
ds fodkl ij dsafær gSA
z vH;kl ,oa vknr ls çkIr djuk% ftruk vfèkd ge
bZekunkj] U;k;fç;] lkglh bR;kfn gksus dk vH;kl djsaxs]
mruh gh vfèkd laHkkouk gS fd ge usd balku cusaxsA
z fu;e ;k fl¼kar ugha% ;g dqN fuf'pr rjhdksa ls dk;Z
djus dk LoHkko ;k ço`fÙk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lkgl dk
xq.k dksbZ fu;e ugha gS tks dgrk gS ^^ges'kk ogh djks tks
•rjukd gksA** ;g n`<+rk vkSj ladYi ds lkFk •rjs dk
lkeuk djus dk LoHkko gSA
z vPNs thou ls lacafèkr% ;g u dsoy lgh dke djus
ds ckjs esa gS] cfYd ,d lkFkZd vkSj iw.kZ thou thus ds
ckjs esa Hkh gSA
Love
Purity
Goodness
Hope Trait
Character Examples of Ideals
Virtues
Integrity
Faith
Honor Chastity
Dignity
Value
fp=k% ln~xq.kksa ds mnkgj.k-
ln~xq.k vkSj nqxZq.k
z thou ds fdlh {ks=k esa vPNk lkspus] eglwl djus vkSj
dk;Z djus dk uSfrd :i ls vPNk LoHkko ,d xq.k
gSA blh rjg] cqjkbZ ,d uSfrd :i ls cqjk LoHkko gS
ftlesa cqjk lkspuk] eglwl djuk vkSj cqjk O;ogkj djuk
'kkfey gSA
z ln~xq.k jkstejkZ dh vknrsa ugha gSa_ os pfj=k dk y{k.k
gSa] bl vFkZ esa fd os fdlh ds O;fÙkQRo ds dsaæ esa gSaA
ln~xq.k og xq.k gS tks vius èkkjd dks ,d vPNk balku
cukrk gS] vkSj nqxZq.k og gS tks vius èkkjd dks ,d cqjk
balku cukrk gSA
z ln~xq.kksa esa lPpkbZ] lR;fu"Bk] dM+h esgur vkfn 'kkfey
gSa tcfd nqxZq.kksa esa pksjh] Ny&diV] èkks•kèkM+h vkfn
'kkfey gSaA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
1-12-4 vuqç;qÙkQ uSfrdrk
ç'kklfud uSfrdrk
z ikjnf'kZrk% ç'kklu dks u dsoy dkuwuksa esa ikjnf'kZrk dk
ikyu djuk pkfg,] cfYd Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj èkks•kèkM+h okys
fu.kZ;ksa dks jksdus vkSj turk dks ljdkj dh lVhd rLohj
çnku djus ds fy, LosPNk ls lHkh lwpukvksa dks turk ds
lkeus çdV djuk pkfg,A
 oqMjks foYlu us Bhd gh dgk gS fd] ¶Hkz"Vkpkj xqIr
LFkkuksa esa iuirk gS vkSj lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ls cprk gSA¸
z lR;fu"Bk% lR;fu"Bk dks vDlj ^^ewY;ksa dk ewY;** dgk
tkrk gSA blds fy, ç'kkldksa dks flfoy lsok ewY;ksa dks
fujUrj cuk, j•uk vkSj mu ij n`<+ jgus dh vko';drk
gSA vxj lR;fu"kBk gS rks vkSj dqN ek;us ugha j•rkA ;fn
lR;fu"Bk ugha gS rks vkSj dqN ek;us ugha j•rkA
 mnkgj.k% v'kksd •sedk vkSj latho prqoZsnh tSls
flfoy lsodksa us orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; ds flfoy lsodksa
ds fy, vPNk mnkgj.k LFkkfir fd;k gSA
z oLrqfu"Brk% flfoy lsodksa dks fdlh iwokZxzg ;k i{kikr
ds vuqfpr çHkko ls çHkkfor gq, fcuk] dsoy rF;ksa vkSj
rdZ ds vkèkkj ij fu.kZ; ysuk pkfg,]
 mnkgj.k% fdlh Hkh flfoy lsod dks vius jktuhfrd
ckWl dks nh xbZ lykg O;fÙkQxr ekU;rkvksa ds ctk;
rF;ksa] fo'ys"k.k vkSj rdZlaxr rdZ ij vkèkkfjr gksuh
pkfg,A
z d#.kk% fodkl'khy ns'k esa tgka xjhch vkSj Hkq•ejh O;kid
gS] flfoy lsodksa dks detksj oxks± dh t:jrksa dks iwjk
djus ds fy, muds çfr n;kyq gksuk pkfg,A
 mnkgj.k% ;fn fdlh ;kstuk ds rgr jes'k uked
t:jrean ykHkkFkhZ ds ikl oSèk nLrkost ugha gSa] rks
flfoy lsod dks mldk vkosnu lhèks vLohdkj ugha
dj nsuk pkfg,] cfYd mlds vko';d nLrkost çkIr
djus dk ç;kl djuk pkfg, vkSj mls og ykHk çnku
djuk pkfg, ftldk og gdnkj gSA
z lkoZtfud lsok ds çfr çfrc¼rk% yksdra=k esa 'kklu
esa dbZ pqukSfr;k¡ vkSj ncko 'kkfey gksrs gSa] blfy, flfoy
lsodksa dks pqukSfr;ksa ds ckotwn yksxksa dh lsok djus ds
fy, iwjh rjg ls çfrc¼ gksuk pkfg,A bl rjg dk leiZ.k
;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd flfoy lsod vius yacs dfj;j
ds nkSjku çsfjr jgsaA
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/
 mnkgj.k% ftys ds iqfyl foHkkx dk lkeqnkf;d
iqfyflax ds çfr leiZ.k ml ftys dks feys gkfy;k
la;qÙkQ jk"Vª iqjLdkj ls çnf'kZr gksrk gSA
z fu"i{krk% flfoy lsodksa dks èkeZ] oxZ] tkfr ;k vU;
dkjdksa dh ijokg fd, fcuk lHkh ds lkFk leku O;ogkj
djuk pkfg,A ;g dkuwu ds 'kklu vkSj yksdra=k esa yksxksa dk
fo'okl cuk, j•us ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku
ds vuqPNsn 14 vkSj 15 lHkh Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa dks lekurk
ds vfèkdkj dh xkjaVh nsrs gSaA
fo}kuksa dh jk;
z viuh iqLrd ^^n jsLikWfUlcy ,MfefuLVªsVj% ,u
vçksp Vw ,fFkDl iQkWj n ,MfefuLVªsfVo jksy** esa
Vsjh ,y- dwij yksd ç'kkldksa ds fy, uSfrd O;ogkj
ds egRo ij tksj nsrs gSaA
z dwij dk rdZ gS fd fu.kZ; ysus esa ç'kkldksa dks
tokcnsgh] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj fu"i{krk tSls fl¼karksa }kjk
funZsf'kr gksuk pkfg,A
z og ç'kkldksa }kjk fofHkUu fgrèkkjdksa ds fgrksa dks larqfyr
djus] yksd fgr dks cuk, j•us vkSj ftEesnkjh ls lÙkk
dk ç;ksx djus ds egRo ij tksj nsrs gSaA
z dwij viuh bl Ñfr esa ç'kklfud {ks=k esa uSfrd O;ogkj
ds egRo ij tksj nsrk gS vkSj yksd ç'kklu esa uSfrd
O;ogkj dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, lq>ko nsrk gSA
ukjhoknh uSfrdrk
ukjhoknh uSfrdrk fyax vkèkkfjr n`f"Vdks.k ls ikjaifjd uSfrd
fl¼karksa dk vè;;u vkSj vkykspuk gSA ;g ySafxd lekurk ds
egRo ij tksj nsrh gS vkSj iq#"k&çèkku uSfrd <kaps dks pqukSrh
nsrh gSA
ukjhoknh uSfrdrk esa dbZ vk;ke 'kkfey gSa] tks fuEukuqlkj
gSa%
z ns•Hkky uSfrdrk% dSjy fxfyxu vkSj usy uksfMaXl tSls
fo}kuksa us ns•Hkky uSfrdrk dk fodkl fd;k gS] tks
ns•Hkky vkSj lacaèkijdrk dh uSfrdrk ij tksj nsrh gSA ;g
uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus esa] fo'ks"k :i ls fj'rksa vkSj ns•HkkydrkZ
dh Hkwfedkvksa esa] ns•Hkky] lgkuqHkwfr vkSj varlZacaèk ds
uSfrd egRo ij tksj nsrh gSA
z ySafxd U;k;% ukjhoknh uSfrdrk mu ySafxd iwokZxzgksa vkSj
vU;k;ksa dh vkykspuk djrh gS tks ikjaifjd uSfrd <kaps esa
fufgr gSaA ;g çtuu vfèkdkj] efgykvksa ds f•ykiQ fgalk
vkSj fyax vkèkkfjr HksnHkko tSls eqíksa dks lacksfèkr djrs
19
 gq, ySafxd n`f"Vdks.k dks ekU;rk çnku djus vkSj uSfrd
fo'ys"k.k esa bls 'kkfey djus dh odkyr djrh gSaA
z varlZEcUèkrk% ukjhoknh uSfrdrk fyax vkSj vU; lkekftd
igpkuksa tSls uLy] oxZ ,oa ySafxdrk] dh varlZEcUèkrk dks
ekU;rk çnku djrh gSA fdEcyZs Øsa'kkW tSls fo}ku bl ckr
ij tksj nsrs gSa fd fdl çdkj dbZ Lrj ij mRihM+u ,oa
fo'ks"kkfèkdkj ç.kkfy;k¡] uSfrd vuqHkoksa ,oa uSfrd nkf;Roksa
dks ,d nwljs ls tksM+rh gSa vkSj vkdkj nsrh gSaA
z Lok;Ùkrk vkSj ,tsalh dh uSfrdrk% ukjhoknh uSfrdrk
fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa efgykvksa dh Lok;Ùkrk ,oa
,tsalh dh ekU;rk dh odkyr djrh gSA ;g fir`lÙkkRed
n`f"Vdks.k dk fojksèk djrh gS vkSj viuk thou thus vkSj
ilan ds ekeys esa efgyk l'kfÙkQdj.k dks c<+kok nsrh gSA
z ukjhoknh vkykspuk% ukjhoknh uSfrdrk ikjaifjd uSfrd
fl¼karksa vkSj muds ySafxd iwokZxzgksa dh vkykspukRed tkap
djrh gSA othZfu;k gsYM vkSj ,fylu tSxj tSls fo}kuksa dk
rdZ gS fd uSfrdrk ds {ks=k dks O;kid cukus] inkuqØfer
'kfÙkQ lajpukvksa dks pqukSrh nsus vkSj lkekftd ekunaMksa dks
cnyus ds fy, ukjhoknh n`f"Vdks.k dks 'kkfey fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
ukjhoknh uSfrdrk ,d vfèkd lekos'kh ,oa U;k;laxr uSfrd
<kapk cukus dk ç;kl djrh gS tks efgykvksa vkSj gkf'k, ij
jgus okys lewgksa ds fof'k"V vuqHkoksa vkSj fparkvksa dk lekèkku
djrh gSA ;g ikjaifjd uSfrd voèkkj.kkvksa ij loky mBkrh gS]
ns•Hkky vkSj lacaèkijdrk ds egRo ij tksj nsrh gS] vkSj ySafxd
lekurk ,oa U;k; ds fy, ç;kl djrh gSA ukjhoknh uSfrdrk
'kfÙkQ dh xfr'khyrk] ySafxd igpku vkSj lkekftd vlekurkvksa
dh tkap djds uSfrdrk dh vfèkd U;k;laxr ,oa lekos'kh
le> esa ;ksxnku djuk pkgrh gSA
tSouSfrdrk%
tSo uSfrdrk dk {ks=k ekuo tho foKku vkSj tSo çkS|ksfxdh ds
lacaèk esa uSfrd eqíksa dh tkap djrh gSA tcfd vkèkqfud foKku
ml fcanq rd vkxs c<+ x;k gS tgka ;g ekuo tho foKku dks
cny ldrk gS] tSo uSfrdrk bl rjg ds oSKkfud Kku dk
mi;ksx dSls vkSj D;ksa fd;k tkuk pkfg,] blds fy, dqN uSfrd
fn'kkfunZs'k LFkkfir djrh gSA tSouSfrdrk fuEufyf•r eqíksa dk
lekèkku djrh gS%
z xksiuh;rk% tSo fpfdRlk vuqlaèkku ,oa MsVk laxzg esa
O;fÙkQ;ksa dh xksiuh;rk dk lEeku djuk pkfg, D;ksafd
blesa muds ckjs esa futh] laosnu'khy fpfdRlk tkudkjh
gksrh gSA
20
 yksxksa ds fpfdRlk bfrgkl dk •qyklk ugha fd;k tkuk
pkfg, D;ksafd ;g xksiuh;rk dk guu gS vkSj blls
mldk nq#i;ksx gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fdlh
nh?kZdkfyd thou&?kkrd jksx ls ihfM+r O;fÙkQ 'kk;n
gh bls fdlh vU; O;fÙkQ dks crkuk pkgsxkA
z tSo&pksjh(ck;ks&ikbjslh)% mUur ns'k vkSj muds vUos"kd
m".kdfVcaèkh; {ks=k (ftlesa mPp tSo fofoèkrk gS) esa
fodkl'khy ns'kksa ls tSfod lalkèkuksa (tSls Mh,u,] ifÙk;ka]
Ård] vkfn) dk laxzg.k vkSj mu ij okf.kfT;d vuqlaèkku
djrs gSaA
 tSo&pksjh (ck;ks&ikbjslh) fdlh mUur ns'k }kjk lzksr
ns'k ds lkFk ykHk lk>k fd, fcuk ykHk ds fy,
vis{kkÑr fiNM+s ns'k ls tSfod lalkèkuksa dk mi;ksx
vkSj nksgu gSA ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd fodflr ns'k
fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds lkFk ykHk lk>k fd, fcuk tSfod
lalkèkuksa dk nksgu ugha djsaxsA
 ukxks;k çksVksdkWy esa gLrk{kjdrkZ ns'kksa dks tSo
çkS|ksfxdh ,oa ekuork dh csgrjh ds fy, igqap ,oa
ykHk lk>k djuk lqfuf'pr fd, tkus dh vko';drk
gSA
z xHkZikr% xHkZikr dh uSfrdrk ds lacaèk esa dkiQh cgl py
jgh gSA thou leFkZd mins'kdksa dk rdZ gS fd ekuo thou
çÑfr esa ifo=k gS vkSj ekrk&firk dks bls lekIr djus dk
dksbZ vfèkdkj ugha gSA ekuo thou rc 'kq: gksrk gS tc
dksbZ cPpk xHkZ esa gksrk gS vkSj ,sls ekuo thou dk var
gR;k ds leku gSA
 nwljh vksj] viuh ilan&ukilan ls thus okys leFkZdksa
dk rdZ gS fd ekrk&firk dks ekrk&firk cuus dk p;u
djus ,oa ;kstuk cukus dk iw.kZ vfèkdkj gksuk pkfg,]
ftlesa vokafNr cPps dk xHkZikr djkus dk vfèkdkj
Hkh 'kkfey gSA c<+rh vkèkqfudrk ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr
ds xHkZikr dkuwu esa Hkh <hy nh xbZ gSA
 ogha] Hkkjr esa xHkZikr vHkh Hkh voSèk gSA
z Hkwr&çsr Hkxkus dh fØ;k% ekufld LokLF; ;k raf=kdk
ra=k lacaèkh fLFkfr;ksa ls ihfM+r O;fÙkQ;ksa ds mipkj esa blds
mi;ksx ds dkj.k Hkwr&çsr tSo uSfrdrk ds lanHkZ esa uSfrd
fparkvksa dks tUe nsrk gSA
 tc euksoSKkfud ;k euksjksx fLFkfr;ksa ds mipkj
esa Lok;Ùkrk] lwfpr lgefr] laHkkfor uqdlku vkSj
lk{;&vkèkkfjr fpfdRlk gLr{ksi dh vko';drk ds
eqís mBrs gSa] ftUgsa Hkwr&çsr yx tkus ;k vkè;kfRed
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 O;Fkk ds :i esa xyr le>k tk,] rks ;g tSo uSfrdrk
ds lkFk varlZacafèkr gks tkrk gSA
fpfdRlk uSfrdrk
z thou ds vafre le; esa ns•Hkky% tc fdlh O;fÙkQ
dks fnekxh rkSj ij e`r ?kksf"kr dj fn;k tkrk gS ;k mlds
Bhd gksus dh dksbZ mEehn ugha gksrh gS rks mls thfor j•us
ds fy, thou lgk;d midj.kksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
 thou lgk;d midj.k dc yxkus gSa vkSj dc gVk
ysus gSa] blds lacaèk esa fofHkUu lektksa esa vyx&vyx
uSfrd ekunaM gSaA
 dqN ns'k ejht dks thfor j•uk ilan djrs gSa] tcfd
vU; ns'k ml ejht ds thfor jgus dh laHkkouk u gksus
ij mls gVk nsuk ilan djrs gSa rkfd bl lqfoèkk dk
mi;ksx vU; vk'kktud ejhtksa ds fy, fd;k tk ldsA
z lwfpr lgefr% ejhtksa dks mudh gksus okyh çfØ;k ds
ckjs esa iwjh tkudkjh nh tkuh pkfg, vkSj ml tkudkjh
ds vkèkkj ij lgefr yh tkuh pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy,]
ejhtksa dh lgefr ds fcuk mudh fdMuh ysuk Li"V :i
ls vuSfrd gSA
z jksxh ds lkFk yxko% fpfdRlk uSfrdrk dgrh gS fd
fdlh Hkh MkWDVj dks mu jksfx;ksa ds lkFk HkkoukRed tqM+ko
fodflr djus ls cpuk pkfg, ftudk bykt oSKkfud
rjhds ls fd;k tkuk gSA blls MkWDVj oLrqfu"B] lkglh
bR;kfn cu ikrk gSA nwljh vksj] ,d fopkjèkkjk dk ekuuk
gS fd jksfx;ksa ds çfr cqfu;knh Lrj dh d#.kk vkSj leiZ.k
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z bPNke`R;q% bPNke`R;q dh uSfrd Lohdk;Zrk ns'kdky ds
vkèkkj ij fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA ;g xaHkhj uSfrd ç'u mBkrk
gS fd D;k xaHkhj vifjorZuh; ihM+k ds ekeyksa esa tkucw>dj
ekuo thou dks lekIr djuk Lohdk;Z gSA
 ,d fopkjèkkjk ekuo thou dh ifo=krk esa fo'okl
djrh gS] tcfd nwljh fopkjèkkjk ekuo nq• dks lekIr
djus vkSj vU; t:jrean jksfx;ksa dks lalkèku vkoafVr
djus esa fo'okl djrh gSA
 bl lacaèk esa] Hkkjr ds lokZsPp U;k;ky; us 2011 esa
v#.kk 'kkuckx ekeys esa fuf"Ø; bPNke`R;q dh vuqefr
nh vkSj gky gh esa vlkè; :i ls chekj jksfx;ksa ds
fy, ^vfxze funZs'k* ;k ^fyfoax foy* dh vuqefr nhA
z fpfdRldh; ijke'kZ% MkWDVjksa dks ;g lqfuf'pr djuk
pkfg, fd os vius ejhtksa dks lcls lqyHk] lLrh vkSj
çHkkoh nok,a] ;kuh egaxh isVsaV nokvksa ds ctk; tsusfjd
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/
nok,a fy•saA bldk y{; lkoZtfud LokLF; dh j{kk djrs
gq, t:jreanksa dh lgk;rk djuk gSA
 mnkgj.k% Hkkjr ljdkj tsusfjd nokvksa dh vkiwfrZ
c<+kus ds fy, tu vkS"kfèk ;kstuk pykrh gSA
z jksxh dh igpku% fpfdRlk uSfrdrk ds vuqlkj MkWDVjksa dks
lHkh jksfx;ksa dk bZekunkjh ,oa çfrc¼rk ds lkFk bykt djus
dh vko';drk gksrh gS] pkgs mudh igpku ;k i`"BHkwfe
dqN Hkh gks] Hkys gh jksxh vijkèkh gksA fgIiksØsfVd 'kiFk]
tks MkWDVj ysrs gSa] bl uSfrd ekud dh LFkkiuk djrh gSA
ehfM;k uSfrdrk%
z Lora=krk% ehfM;k (fçaV] bysDVªkWfud] ;k fMftVy) dks
jktuhfrd :i ls rVLFk vkSj ljdkj ls Lora=k gksuk
pkfg,A ehfM;k dh Lora=krk u dsoy okd~ ,oa vfHkO;fÙkQ
dh Lora=k dks c<+kok nsrh gS cfYd yksdrkaf=kd lektksa
esa okn&fookn djus ,oa vlgefr trkus dks Hkh çksRlkfgr
djrh gSA
 orZeku esa] la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk esa] dqN ehfM;k
vkmVysV Lo;a jk"Vªifr }kjk lhèkh vkykspuk vkSj
vieku ds ckotwn] ç'kklu dh uhfr;ksa ij loky mBkus
dk lkgl vkSj n`<+ ladYi fn•k jgs gSaA
z oLrqfu"Brk% ehfM;k dfeZ;ksa dh fjiksVZ O;fÙkQxr iwokZxzg ;k
i{kikr ds ctk; rF;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gksuh pkfg,A ehfM;k
dks lHkh n`f"Vdks.kksa ls lHkh tkudkjh dh fjiksVZ djuh
pkfg,A blesa lHkh n`f"Vdks.kksa ds lkFk&lkFk rF;ksa ij Hkh
mfpr fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
 mnkgj.k% Hkkjr ljdkj us gky gh esa drj ljdkj ds
LokfeRo okys lekpkj pkSuy vy&tthjk dks mlds
i{kikriw.kZ dojst ds dkj.k tEew&d'ehj esa dk;Zdj.k
ij jksd yxk nh gSA
z luluh•st% yksdra=k esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk yksxksa dks mlds
'kq¼re :i esa tkudkjh çnku djuk gS rkfd os lwfpr
fu.kZ; ys ldsaA ehfM;k dks ekdZsfVax ds fy, luluh•st
vkSj cnuke djus okyh •cjksa ls cpuk pkfg,] D;ksafd
blls ruko c<+rk gS ,oa Hkkouk,a HkM+drh gSA
z laikndh; Lora=krk% ehfM;k O;kolkf;d m|e gSa ftUgsa
lapkfyr djus ds fy, èku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA nwljh
vksj] laikndh; vkSj lekpkj fjiksfVZax •aMksa dks foKkiuksa
tSls okf.kfT;d •aMksa ls vyx j•k tkuk pkfg,A
 mnkgj.k% ljdkjsa lekpkj i=kksa dks ljdkjh okf.kfT;d
foKkiuksa ds cnys esa ljdkj dh vkykspuk çdkf'kr
djus ls jksdus ds fy, ckè; dj ldrh gSaA
21
  gkyk¡fd] ,d Lora=k laikndh; foHkkx bldh nksckjk
tk¡p dj ldrk gSA
z LokfeRo% ehfM;k laxBuksa dks fo'ks"k :i ls jktusrkvksa]
O;kikfj;ksa vkSj vU; tSls fufgr LokFkks± ds gkFkksa esa dsafær
LokfeRo ls cpuk pkfg,A ehfM;k LokfeRo dks ;FkklaHko
O;kid :i ls forfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z ftEesnkjh vkSj laosnu'khyrk% lekpkj] fo'ks"k :i ls
ykbo dojst dks doj djrs le;] ehfM;k is'ksojksa dks
;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd mudk dojst O;kid
lkoZtfud fgr dks •rjs esa u MkysA
 mnkgj.k% vkradoknh geyksa] ;q¼ksa vkfn tSls eqíksa dks
doj djrs le;] ehfM;k dks jk"Vªh; fgrksa ds çfr mfpr
ftEesnkjh fuHkkuh pkfg,A
 naxksa vkSj cykRdkj tSls eqíksa ij fjiksfVZax djrs le;
ehfM;k dks cqfu;knh laosnu'khyrk cjruh pkfg, vkSj
fdlh Hkh O;fÙkQ ;k leqnk; dh Hkkoukvksa ;k xfjek dks
Bsl igq¡pkus ls cpuk pkfg,A
i;kZoj.kh; uSfrdrk
Environmental
Ethics
Anthropocentric
Consequentialistic Deontological
z Nature z Kantesian
Management z Rawlesian
fp=k% i;kZoj.kh; uSfrdrk ds vk;ke
z laoguh;rk lqfuf'pr djuk% i;kZoj.k vkSj mlds lalkèkuksa
dk mi;ksx bl rjg ls fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd vkus okyh
ihf<+;ksa vkSj gkf'k, ij jgus okys lewgksa ds ikl viuh
cqfu;knh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, i;kZIr gksaA gesa z i;kZoj.kh; gkfu ds fy, eqvkotk% ;|fi cqfu;knh
çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa dk laj{k.k djuk pkfg, vkSj vkèkqfud
miHkksÙkQkokn ls cpuk pkfg,A xkaèkhth ds vuqlkj] gj fdlh
dh t:jrksa ds fy, lalkèku i;kZIr gS ysfdu fdlh ds
ykyp dks iwjk djus ds fy, ughaA
 mnkgj.k% foKku ds {ks=k esa ih,pMh çkIr djus okyh
igyh Hkkjrh; efgyk deyk lksgksuh dh dgkuhA lksgksuh
oSKkfud Fkh ftUgksaus i;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy dhVuk'kdksa z tSo fofoèkrk dk laj{k.k% i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k dks •Re djus
ds fodkl ij dke fd;k FkkA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd
22
z bZekunkjh% ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd tkudkjh
turk ds lkFk laiw.kZ vkSj lVhd :i ls lk>k dh tk,A dksbZ
Hkh tkudkjh jksdh ugha tk,] Hkys gh og ehfM;k dEifu;ksa
ds fgrksa ds foijhr gksA
z tokcnsgh% ehfM;k dks viuh xyfr;ksa ds fy, tokcnsg
Bgjk;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj xyfr;ksa dks lqèkkjus ds fy, mfpr
dkjZokbZ djuh pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy,] lekpkj dk;ZØeksa
dks lgh tkudkjh çLrqr djrs le; viuh fjiksfVZax esa
=kqfV;ksa dks Hkh Lohdkj djuk pkfg,A
z tkudkjh çkIr djus ds rjhds% vU; ckrksa ds vykok
xksiuh;rk] xfjek vkSj fo'okl cuk, j•rs gq, tkudkjh
çkIr djus ds mfpr rjhdksa dk bLrseky fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
fLVax vkWijs'ku tSls rjhdksa dk mi;ksx dsoy rHkh fd;k
tkuk pkfg, tc os Li"V :i ls lkoZtfud fgr esa gksa]
vkSj muds fy, Li"V fn'kkfunZs'k gksaA
Non-Anthropocentric
Consequentialistic Deontological
z Animal Protection z Animal Rights
z Biocentric holism z Biocentric
holism
i;kZoj.k dh j{kk djuk euq";ksa dh ftEesnkjh gS vkSj
mUgksaus LFkk;h dhV fu;a=k.k lekèkku fodflr djus ds
fy, dke fd;kA
vkfFkZd ,oa ?kjsyw dk;Zdykiksa esa lalkèkuksa dk mi;ksx gksrk
gS vkSj i;kZoj.k çnwf"kr gksrk gS] fiQj Hkh os fodkl ds fy,
vko';d gSaA tks yksx i;kZoj.k dks •jkc djrs gSa] pkgs oSèk
;k vuqfpr dkj.kksa ls] mUgsa {kfriwfrZ mik; djus pkfg,A
 ,d mnkgj.k çfriwjd ouhdj.k gS] ftlds fy, Hkkjr
ljdkj us gky gh esa dkuwu ikfjr fd;k gSA
;k de djus ds fy, gj laHko ç;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 ;g çÑfr ds laj{k.k ds lkFk&lkFk çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa
ij fuHkZj jgus okys thfor çkf.k;ksa ds vfLrRo ds fy,
egRoiw.kZ gSA
 fpidks vkanksyu% Hkkjr esa fpidks vkanksyu dh
dgkuh] ftlus ouksa dh dVkbZ ds f•ykiQ yM+kbZ yM+hA
fpidks vkanksyu 1970 ds n'kd esa ,d vfgald fojksèk
ds :i esa 'kq: gqvk FkkA vkanksyu ds lnL; taxyksa dks
ifo=k ekurs Fks vkSj mUgsa dkVus ls jksdus ds fy, mUgksaus
•qn dks isM+ksa ls fpidk fy;kA
z çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa rd leku igqap% lHkh thfor çkf.k;ksa
dks çÑfr rd leku igqap çkIr gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] gesa ;g
lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd çÑfr dk mi;ksx dsoy dqN
pqfuank yksxksa ds ctk; lHkh ds ykHk ds fy, fd;k tk,A
z çkÑfrd çkf.k;ksa ds thou vkSj vfLrRo dk vfèkdkj%
çR;sd thfor çk.kh dks thou vkSj vfLrRo dk vfèkdkj
gSA euq"; vU; thfor çkf.k;ksa dk miHkksx ;k 'kks"k.k djus
Liberal Ecological
balance
fo}kuksa dh jk;
z ^^i;kZoj.kh; uSfrdrk** esa uSfrdrk ds ikfjfLFkfrdh;
ifj.kkeksa ij tksj fn;k tkrk gSA jksYLVu i;kZoj.kh; eqíksa
ds lekèkku ,oa Hkfo"; dh ihf<+;ksa ds fy, bl xzg
dks lajf{kr djus esa uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus ds egRo ij tksj
nsrs gSaA og dgrs gSa] ^^thoeaMy viuh thou j{kk dj
ldrk gS] ysfdu blesa ekuork dh Hkwfedk bl ckr ls
fuèkkZfjr gksxh fd ge O;fÙkQxr vkSj lkewfgd :i ls
i;kZoj.k ds çfr uSfrd :i ls dk;Z djrs gSa ;k ughaA**
O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk
z ikjnf'kZrk% O;olk;ksa dks vius lapkyu esa ikjn'khZ jguk
pkfg, vkSj vius fgrèkkjdksa ds lkFk lHkh tkudkjh lk>k
djuh pkfg,A cktkj ds Bhd ls dke djus ds fy, ;g
Hkh vko';d gSA
z fgrksa dk Vdjko% O;kolkf;d is'ksojksa dks O;fÙkQxr fgrksa
;k nkf;Roksa dh ijokg fd, fcuk rVLFk vkSj fu"i{k :i
ls dk;Z djuk pkfg,A mUgsa daiuh ds lokZsÙke fgr esa gh
fu.kZ; ysus pkfg,A
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/
ds fy, ugha cuk gSA i`Foh dsoy euq";ksa dh ugha cfYd
lHkh thfor çkf.k;ksa dh gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] oU;thoksa dk laj{k.k blfy, ugha
djuk pkfg, fd euq"; fujarj bldk 'kks"k.k dj lds
cfYd blfy, fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd budk viuk
thou vkSj çÑfr çnÙk vfèkdkj gSaA
 mnkgj.k% bl voèkkj.kk dk foLrkj futhZo i;kZoj.kh;
laLFkkvksa rd Hkh gSA mÙkjk•aM mPp U;k;ky; us gky gh
esa xaxk dks lHkh vfèkdkjksa ,oa nkf;Roksa ds lkFk thfor
O;fÙkQ dk ntkZ fn;k gSA
z çÑfr ek¡% i;kZoj.kfonksa dk ekuuk gS fd ^çÑfr ds ikl
lokZsÙke Kku gS*A gesa bldk lEeku djuk pkfg, vU;Fkk
;g larqyu LFkkfir djus ds fy, viuk çdksi fn•k,xhA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ck<+] pØokr vkSj HkwL•yu dks
çkÑfrd larqyu cuk, j•us ds çkÑfrd rjhdksa ds
:i esa ns•k tkrk gSA
Environmental
Conservation Ethics
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] vkbZlhvkbZlhvkbZ dh iwoZ lhbZvks
pank dkspj dks vius ifr ls lacafèkr laLFkkvksa dks ½.k
nsus esa fgrksa ds Vdjko ds fy, nf.Mr fd;k x;k FkkA
O;fÙkQ;ksa dks fdlh Hkh çdkj fgrksa ds Vdjko dk iwjh
rjg ls •qyklk djuk pkfg,A
z bZekunkjh% fdlh Hkh O;olk; ds nh?kZdkfyd LokLF; ds
fy, uSfrd fl¼karksa dk iw.kZ ikyu vko';d gSA laxBukRed
vkSj lkoZtfud fgrksa dks futh fgrksa ij çkFkfedrk nh tkuh
pkfg,A
 ih,elh cSad vkSj ih,uch cSad tSls gkfy;k ?kksVkys
O;fÙkQ;ksa esa bZekunkjh ds vHkko dk ifj.kke gSaA
 blds vykok] O;olk;ksa dks ;g lqfuf'pr djuk
pkfg, fd os fj'or ;k nykyh dh is'kd'k djds
ljdkj dh lR;fu"Bk dks detksj u djsaA
z i;kZoj.kh; laoguh;rk% m|ksxksa dks bl rjg ls dke djuk
pkfg, ftlls i;kZoj.k dks dksbZ ,slk uqdlku u gksa ftldh
ejEer vkSj iquçkZfIr u gks ldsA mUgsa ÅtkZ n{krk] vif'k"V
mipkj la;a=k] Nrksa ij lkSj ÅtkZ bR;kfn tSls mik;ksa dks ykxw
djds uqdlku dks de djuk pkfg,A gj pht i;kZoj.k
ds lanHkZ esa gh lapkfyr gksrh gS vkSj blds vHkko esa og
dk;Z ugha dj ldrhA
23
z lkekftd ftEesnkjh% pwafd O;olk; equkiQk dekrs gSa]
mudk uSfrd nkf;Ro gS fd os vius equkiQs dk ,d mfpr
fgLlk vius vklikl ds lekt ds dY;k.k esa ;ksxnku djsaA
 xk¡èkhth us ^^VªLVhf'ki dh voèkkj.kk** dks lkeus
j•k] ftlesa èkuh yksx] yksxksa ds lalkèkuksa dks VªLV esa
j•rs gSa vkSj O;kid lkoZtfud fgr ds fy, mudk
mi;ksx djrs gSaA
 m|ksx lekt ds lalkèkuksa (ekuo vkSj çkÑfrd nksuksa)
dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] vkSj mUgsa ikjLifjd vknku&çnku
djuk pkfg,A
 dkWikZsjsV lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro (lh,lvkj) Hkkjr
esa ,d ,slk gh ra=k gSA ;g uSfrd vkSj O;kolkf;d :i
ls mfpr gS D;ksafd ;g fdlh Hkh O;olk; dh Nfo
dks csgrj cukrk gSA
z Jfed vfèkdkj% pwafd m|ksx mRiknu vkSj equkiQk ds fy,
Je ij fuHkZj gSa] blfy, os Jfedksa dks ekuoh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa dke djus ds fy, cqfu;knh vfèkdkj vkSj lqfoèkk,a çnku
djus ds fy, ckè; gSaA blds vykok] osru] ekU;rk vkfn
tSls deZpkfj;ksa dks vPNs ykHk] deZpkfj;ksa dks çsfjr djrs
gSa vkSj mRikndrk dks c<+krs gSaA
 Hkkjr ljdkj us Jfedksa ds mfpr osru ds vfèkdkj
dh j{kk ds fy, U;wure osru dks rdZlaxr cukus vkSj
c<+kus ds fy, osru lafgrk foèks;d is'k fd;k gSA dkyZ
ekDlZ tSls nk'kZfudksa us iwathoknh lekt esa Jfedksa ds
vfèkdkjksa ij tksj fn;k gSA
z tokcnsgh% pwafd O;olk; cM+h ek=kk esa lkoZtfud èku
vkSj lalkèkuksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] O;olk;ksa] fo'ks"k :i ls
cM+s fuxeksa dks vius fgrèkkjdksa ds çfr •qn dks tokcnsg
j•uk pkfg,A
 O;kolkf;d bZekunkjh vkSj fu"i{krk lqfuf'pr djus
ds fy, daifu;ksa dks fu;fer :i ls okf"kZd fjiksVZ]
ys•k ijh{kk vkSj okf"kZd vke cSBdsa (,th,e) cqykuk
lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg,A
z ySafxd lekurk% fir`lÙkkRed lekt esa] O;olk;ksa dks
e'kky okgd ds :i esa dk;Z djuk pkfg, vkSj leku dke
ds fy, leku osru] ekr`Ro vodk'k] ;kSu mRihM+u dks
jksdus okys fudk;ksa dh LFkkiuk djuk vkfn tSlh uhfr;ksa dks
ykxw djds ySafxd lekurk vkSj U;k; dk mnkgj.k LFkkfir
fd tkuk pkfg,A
24
fo}kuksa dh jk;
z fo}ku uSfrdrk vkSj laxBukRed dk;Z&çn'kZu ds chp
lacaèk ij Hkh tksj nsrs gSaA viuh iqLrd ^^,fFkDl ,aM
n daMDV vkWiQ fctusl** esa tkWu vkj- cksVjkbV
O;kolkf;d lanHkZ esa uSfrd O;ogkj ds fufgrkFkZ dh
tkap djrs gSaA
z mudk rdZ gS fd uSfrd O;ogkj dks çkFkfedrk nsus
okyh daifu;ksa esa fo'okl c<+rk gS] mudh çfr"Bk esa
lqèkkj gksrk gS vkSj çfrLièkkZRed ykHk vftZr djrh gSa
(cksVjkbV] 2012)A cksVjkbV dgrs gSa] uSfrdrk ^^daifu;ksa
dks dkuwuh leL;kvksa ls cpkus] oiQknkj xzkgd cukus vkSj
deZpkfj;ksa] xzkgdksa vkSj vkiwfrZdrkZvksa ds lkFk csgrj
lacaèk fodflr djus esa l{ke cukdj O;olk; esa ykHk
çkIr dj ldrh gSA**
Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk lacaèkh uSfrdrk
z ;wjksih; vk;ksx ds vuqlkj] Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk (,vkbZ) lacaèkh
uSfrdrk] ,vkbZ ds fMtkbu] fodkl] dk;kZUo;u vkSj mi;ksx
ds lacaèk esa mBk, x, uSfrd eqíksa ij dsafær gSA blesa psgjs
dh igpku esa iwokZxzg] i{kikr vkfn tSls eqís 'kkfey gSaA
z Hkjkslsean ,vkbZ ds fy, ;wjksih; vk;ksx }kjk tkjh
uSfrd fn'kkfunZs'k%
 ekuo ,tsalh vkSj çcaèk% ,vkbZ flLVe dks mi;ksxdrkZ
,tsalh dk leFkZu djds yksdrkaf=kd] le`¼ ,oa
U;k;laxr lekt cukus esa lgk;rk djuh pkfg,A
 ikjnf'kZrk% ,vkbZ flLVe O;k[;kRedrk ds fl¼kar ij
vkèkkfjr gksuk pkfg, vkSj blesa 'kkfey rRoksa ds chp
ikjnf'kZrk ,oa lapkj gksuk pkfg,A
 fofoèkrk] HksnHkko jfgr vkSj fu"i{krk% fofoèkrk
vkSj lekos'ku dks l{ke djus ds vykok ,vkbZ flLVe
ds iwjs thoupØ esa vuqfpr iwokZxzg ls cpko] igqap]
lkoZHkkSfed fMtkbu vkSj fgrèkkjd dh Hkkxhnkjh 'kkfey
gSA
 tokcnsgh% tokcnsgh dh vko';drk vU;
vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrh gS vkSj fu"i{krk ds fl¼kar
ls fudVrk ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA
lkbcj uSfrdrk
z dkuwu dk ikyu% baVjusV mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks dkuwu dk
ikyu djuk pkfg, vkSj gSfdax] èkks•kèkM+h] ihNk djuk]
ijs'kku djuk vkfn tSlh voSèk xfrfofèk;ksa ds fy, baVjusV
dk mi;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,A
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z ckSf¼d laink vfèkdkj (vkbZihvkj)% vkWuykbu
lkexzh vDlj dkWihjkbV }kjk lajf{kr gksrh gS ftldk vU;
mi;ksxdrkZvksa }kjk lEeku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g osc
uoçorZu vkSj çkekf.kdrk ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA
z xksiuh;rk% cM+s iSekus ij fuxjkuh] Likbos;j bR;kfn tSlh
vkèkqfud rduhd dh miyCèkrk ds ckotwn] mi;ksxdrkZvksa
dks ,d&nwljs dh xksiuh;rk vkSj xfjek dk lEeku djuk
pkfg,A blls igys fd vkWuykbu IysViQkWeZ mi;ksxdrkZvksa
dh futh tkudkjh çkIr dj ldsa] mUgsa mudh lwfpr
lgefr çkIr djuh pkfg,A
z eqÙkQ vkSj •qyk baVjusV% ljdkjksa] lsok çnkrkvksa vkSj vU;
fgrèkkjdksa dks ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, feydj dke
djuk pkfg, fd baVjusV lHkh ds fy, lqyHk vkSj ckèkkvksa
ls eqÙkQ gksaA usV rVLFkrk dh gkfy;k ek¡xksa dk mís'; bl
lkbcjLisl uSfrdrk dks cuk, j•uk gSA
z vkWuykbu O;ogkj esa lHkh dk lEeku djuk% mi;ksxdrkZvksa
ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os lHkh ds fy, ,d lqjf{kr vkSj
fLFkj ekgkSy çnku djus ds fy, vius vkWuykbu O;ogkj
esa cqfu;knh lEeku vkSj f'k"Vkpkj çnf'kZr djsaA Vªksfyax]
nqO;Zogkj vkSj 'kfeZanxh dh gkfy;k ?kVuk,a bl uSfrdrk ds
egRo dks mtkxj djrh gSaA
z lkoZtfud 'kkyhurk% pwafd baVjusV ,d lkoZtfud eap
gS] mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd
mudh lkexzh cPpksa lfgr lHkh n'kZdksa ds fy, mi;qÙkQ gksaA
v'yhyrk vkSj Øwjrk tSlh vkifÙktud lkexzh ls cpuk
pkfg,A
z bZekunkjh vkSj fu"Bk% lks'ky ehfM;k ds ;qx esa] mi;ksxdrkZ]
IysViQkWeZ ds vykok] viuh Lo;a dh lkexzh cuk ldrs gSaA
mi;ksxdrkZvksa vkSj IysViQkWeZ nksuksa dks dsoy lR;] iw.kZ vkSj
lVhd tkudkjh gh cukuh vkSj lk>k djuh pkfg,A bl
ekunaM ds mYya?ku ls iQthZ •cjsa] viQokg iQSykus vkfn
dk •rjk gksrk gS] tks varr% baVjusV ij yksxksa ds Hkjksls
dks de djrk gSA
'kj.kkFkhZ ladV esa uSfrdrk
z xSj&okilh dk fl¼kar% xSj&okilh dk fl¼kar fdlh Hkh
ns'k dks mlds ;gka 'kj.k fy, gq, 'kj.kkFkhZ dks ,sls ns'k
esa okil Hkstus ls jksdrk gS tgka mUgsa mRihM+u dk lkeuk
djuk iM+ ldrk gSA
 gkyk¡fd] yksdrkaf=kd vkSj •qyk lekt gksus dk nkok
djus okys ns'k] vDlj 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dks Lohdkj djus ls
bUdkj djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa okil Hkst nsrs gSaA
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/
z jk"Vªh; ftEesnkjh cuke oSf'od ftEesnkjh% ns'k lhfer
lalkèkuksa] lqj{kk •rjksa vkSj vius ukxfjdksa ds çfr çkFkfed
ftEesnkjh dk gokyk nsrs gq, 'kj.k nsus ls budkj djrs gSaA
 gkyk¡fd] oSf'od leqnk; ds lnL; ds :i esa] bl
ftEesnkjh dk vDlj mYya?ku fd;k tkrk gSA 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa
ls fuiVus esa] jk"Vª mi;ksfxrkoknh vkèkkj (vius ukxfjdksa
dh j{kk) ij vius dk;ks± dks mfpr Bgjkrs gSa] tcfd
èkeZ'kkL=kh; igyw (j{kk djus dk drZO;) dh vuns•h
djrs gSaA
z ekuokfèkdkjksa dk mYya?ku% ekuokfèkdkj thou] Lora=krk
vkSj viuh iw.kZ {kerk dk mi;ksx djus dk volj çkIr
djus dk vgLrkarj.kh; vfèkdkj gSA 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dks Lohdkj
djus ls badkj djuk muds cqfu;knh ekuokfèkdkjksa dk
mYya?ku gSA
z dkaV dk fujis{k vkns'k dk fl¼kar% t:jreanksa ls eq¡g
eksM+uk dkaV dh fujis{k vkns'k ds fl¼kar dk mYya?ku gS
D;ksafd bls ,d lkoZHkkSfed fl¼kar ugha cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
 dqN ns'kksa ij çokfl;ksa dks fons'k uhfr ds ,d midj.k
ds :i esa mi;ksx djus dk vkjksi yxk;k x;k gS] tSlk
fd csyk:l vkSj ;wjksih; la?k ds chp 2021 ds lhek
ladV ds nkSjku ns•k x;k FkkA
 bldk eryc yksxksa dks vius vki esa lkè; ekuus ds
ctk; ml lkè; dks çkIr djus dk lkèku ekuuk gSA
,sls dk;Z xkaèkhth ds tarj (ftlesa lcls detksj O;fÙkQ
ds fgr esa dk;Z djuk gksrk gS) ds vuq:i ugha gSaA
z tUe lacaèkh nq?kZVuk,¡% vfèkdka'k 'kj.kkFkhZ fcuk fdlh
xyrh ds d"V lg jgs gSaA os ^tUe lacaèkh nq?kZVukvksa* ds
ifj.kkeLo:i fgalk dk f'kdkj gks tkrs gSa] tSls fd fdlh
fo'ks"k ns'k (lhfj;k] viQxkfuLrku) esa iSnk gksuk] ,d lrk,
x, leqnk; (vgefn;k] jksfgaX;k) esa iSnk gksuk] bR;kfnA mUgsa
fgalk vkSj mRihM+u ls Hkkxus ds volj ls oafpr djuk gj
uSfrd fl¼kar dk mYya?ku gSA
z ,sfrgkfld mÙkjnkf;Ro% dbZ 'kj.kkFkhZ ladVksa ds fy,
if'peh nqfu;k ftEesnkj gSA vkSifuosf'kd 'kks"k.k vkSj
uhfr;ka (mnkgj.k ds fy, lkbDl&fidksV le>kSrk)] l'kL=k
ekuoh; gLr{ksi ftlds dkj.k x`g;q¼ gqvk (eè; iwoZ esa)]
tyok;q 'kj.kkFkhZ] bR;kfnA mUgsa vius ,sfrgkfld ÑR;ksa ds
fy, tokcnsgh Lohdkj djuh pkfg,A
z lekt ds uSfrd ekud% 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk vekuoh;
O;ogkj vkSj mudh ihM+k dks igpkuus ls badkj djuk
Hkfo"; ds fy, ,d cqjk mnkgj.k gS] ftlls lekt esa
25
 ns•Hkky] lgkuqHkwfr vkSj d#.kk tSls ewY;ksa esa fxjkoV vkrh
gSA
1-13 ,D'ku ,tsaV fl¼kar
z ,d ,slk uSfrd <kapk tks uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus vkSj
ewY;kadu esa ,tsaV ;k O;fÙkQ dh Hkwfedk ij tksj nsrk
gS] ,D'ku&,tsaV fl¼kar gS] ftls O;fDr&vkèkkfjr uSfrdrk
ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
 ;g dk;Z ds uSfrd ewY; dks fuèkkZfjr djus ds fy,
dk;Z djus okys O;fÙkQ ds pfj=k] bjknksa vkSj xq.kksa
ij fopkj djrk gSA ewY;kadu çfØ;k esa O;fÙkQxr
xq.kksa vkSj pfj=k y{k.kksa dks 'kkfey djds] ;g n`f"Vdks.k
uSfrdrk dh vfèkd lexz le> çnku djrk gSA
 vjLrw] vykLMs;j eSdbaVk;j vkSj jkstfyaM gLVZgkml
mu fo}kuksa esa ls gSa ftUgksaus ,D'ku&,tsaV fl¼kar ds
fodkl vkSj vUos"k.k esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
z vjLrw dh ln~xq.k uSfrdrk% ,D'ku&,tsaV fl¼kar dh uhao
vjLrw dh ln~xq.k uSfrdrk }kjk j•h xbZ FkhA vjLrw us vius
iqLrd ^^fudkseSfd;u ,fFkDl** esa rdZ fn;k fd uSfrd
xq.k uSfrd O;ogkj dk vkèkkj gSA
 mUgksaus çLrkfor fd;k fd yksx lkgl] U;k; vkSj la;e
tSls vPNs pfj=k y{k.k fodflr djus dk ç;kl djsaA
vjLrw ds vuqlkj] uSfrd :i ls vPNk dk;Z og gS tks
,d xq.kh O;fÙkQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
z jkstkfyaM gLVZgkml dh ln~xq.k uSfrdrk% jkstkfyaM
gLVZgkml us ln~xq.k uSfrdrk ij vius dke ls ,D'ku&,tsaV
F;ksjh ij çHkko Mkyk] fo'ks"k :i ls viuh iqLrd
¶vkWu oP;Zw ,fFkDl¸ esaA
 mUgksaus uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus esa pfj=k ds y{k.kksa vkSj xq.kksa
ds egRo ij tksj fn;kA gLVZgkml us çLrkfor fd;k
fd xq.kh yksxksa esa dqN pfj=k ds y{k.k gksrs gSa tks mUgsa
uSfrd :i ls lgh fu.kZ; ysus esa ekxZn'kZu djrs gSaA
MhvUVksykWftdy ,fFkDl (drZO;&vkèkkfjr)
z uSfrd drZO;ksa ij è;ku nsa] ifj.kkeksa ij ugha
z ifj.kkeksa ls vfèkd bjknksa dks çkFkfedrk nsrk gSaA blesa
lkèkuksa dh ifo=krk ij è;ku dsfUær fd;k tkrk gSA
z uSfrd ewY; ls vfèkd egRoiw.kZ gSa uSfrd drZO;
z O;fÙkQ ds bjkns egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa
z dk;ks± dh 'kq¼rk mudh vPNkbZ ls igys gS
26
z uSfrd fu.kZ; ij tksj% ,D'ku&,tsaV fl¼kar esa tksj dsoy
,d dkjZokbZ ds ifj.kkeksa (ifj.kkeoknh uSfrdrk ds :i esa)
;k lkoZHkkSfed uSfrd fl¼karksa ds ikyu ij ugha gS (tSlk
fd fMvksUVksykWftdy uSfrdrk esa gS)A
 blds ctk;] uSfrd fu.kZ; dkjZokbZ djus okys O;fÙkQ
ds pfj=k vkSj bjknksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA
 ;g n`f"Vdks.k ekurk gS fd uSfrd dk;Z O;fÙkQ;ksa ds
uSfrd pfj=k vkSj muds }kjk èkkj.k fd, x, xq.kksa ls
mRiUu gksrs gSaA
z O;ogkj dh uSfrdrk dk vkdyu djuk% fdlh O;ogkj
dh uSfrdrk dk vkdyu djrs le;] ,D'ku&,tsaV fl¼kar
O;fÙkQxr çsj.kk] bjkns] uSfrd rdZ vkSj vPNs xq.kksa dks
fodflr djuk tSls dkjdksa ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA
 ;g ekurk gS fd ,tsaV }kjk çnf'kZr xq.kksa ;k nks"kksa ds
vkèkkj ij fdlh dkjZokbZ dh uSfrd :i ls ç'kalk ;k
fuank dh tk ldrh gSA
 D;ksafd ;g uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus dh tfVyrkvksa vkSj
lanHkZ&fuHkZjrk dks igpkurk gS] ;g <kapk uSfrdrk dh
vfèkd lw{e le> çnku djrk gSA
dqy feykdj] ,D'ku&,tsaV fl¼kar uSfrd dk;ks± esa O;fÙkQ
dh Hkwfedk ij è;ku dsafær djds uSfrd O;ogkj dks funZsf'kr
djus esa pfj=k vkSj xq.kksa ds egRo ij tksj nsdj uSfrd fo'ys"k.k
dks le`¼ djrk gSA vjLrw] vykLMs;j eSdbaVk;j vkSj jkstfyaM
gLVZgkml tSls fo}kuksa us bl uSfrd <kaps ds fodkl vkSj vUos"k.k
esa ;ksxnku fn;k] ftlls uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus esa ,tsaV (ml O;fÙkQ)
dh Hkwfedk esa ewY;oku varnZ`f"V çnku dh xbZ gSA
1-14 VsyhvksykWftdy ,fFkDl
(ifj.kkeksUeq• uSfrdrk)
^^Vsyksl** var] iwfrZ] iw.kZrk] y{; vkfn ds fy, çkphu
xzhd 'kCn gSA VsyhvksykWth ,d n'kZu gS tks crkrk gS fd
fdlh ds vkpj.k dk ifj.kke] ml vkpj.k ds lgh ;k
xyr gksus dk vafre fu.kkZ;d gSaA
VsyhvksykWftdy ,fFkDl (ifj.kke&mUeq•)
z dk;ks± ds ifj.kkeksa ij è;ku nsa
z bjknksa ls vfèkd ifj.kkeksa dks çkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA lkèku
lgh u gksus ij Hkh è;ku lgh lkè; ij gksrk gSA
z uSfrd ewY;] drZO;ksa ls vfèkd egRoiw.kZ gS
z O;fÙkQ ds bjknksa dh dksbZ çklafxdrk ugha gS
z dk;ks± dh vPNkbZ gh muds lgh gksus dk fuèkkZj.k djrh gS
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z O;fÙkQ dh uSfrd fLFkfr ij tksj nsrk gS
z uSfrd drZO;ksa dk udkjkRed lw=khdj.k gS
z O;fÙkQxr fgrksa dk dksbZ egRo ugha gS
z dk;Z LokHkkfod :i ls uSfrd ;k vuSfrd gksrs gSa
z vuqç;ksx% vkijkfèkd U;k; ç.kkyh esa MhvksUVksykWftdy
n`f"Vdks.k ykxw fd;k tkrk gS] tks ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS
fd ltk vijkèk ds fy, vkuqikfrd vkSj mfpr FkhA
z VsyhvksykWftdy uSfrdrk] ftls ifj.kkeksUeq• uSfrdrk ds
:i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ,d uSfrd <kapk gS tks muds
ifj.kkeksa ;k urhtksa ds vkèkkj ij dk;ks± ds uSfrd ewY; dk
ewY;kadu djrk gSA ;g bl èkkj.kk ij tksj nsrk gS fd fdlh
dk;Z dh vPNkbZ ;k ewY; mldh uSfrdrk fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA
 tsjseh csaFke] tkWu LVqvVZ fey vkSj ifj.kkeoknh fl¼karksa
us] tSls mi;ksfxrkokn] us VsyhvksykWftdy uSfrdrk ds
fodkl vkSj vUos"k.k esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
z tsjseh csaFke vkSj mi;ksfxrkokn% çHkko'kkyh nk'kZfud]
tsjseh csaFke dks mi;ksfxrkokn ds laLFkkidksa esa ls ,d ekuk
tkrk gS] tks VsyhvksykWftdy uSfrdrk dk ,d çeq• :i gSA
 csaFke us çLrkfor fd;k fd dk;ks± dk ewY;kadu lexz
•q'kh ;k vfèkdre mi;ksfxrk dh mudh {kerk ds
vuqlkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z tkWu LVqvVZ fey vkSj fu;e mi;ksfxrkokn% csaFke ds
mi;ksfxrkokn ds fl¼kar ij dk;Z djrs gq,] tkWu LVqvVZ
fey us fu;e mi;ksfxrkokn dh viuh voèkkj.kk ds lkFk
VsyhvksykWftdy uSfrdrk dks vkxs c<+k;kA
 fey us rdZ fn;k fd dk;ks± dks O;kid fl¼karksa }kjk
funZsf'kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftudk ikyu djus ij
lexz •q'kh vfèkdre gks tk,A u fd çR;sd O;fÙkQxr
dk;Z dh •q'kh ;k mi;ksfxrk ij è;ku dsafær fd;k tk,A
 fey us mu fu;eksa dk ikyu djus ds egRo ij tksj
fn;k tks yacs le; rd vfèkdre •q'kh dks c<+kok nsaA
z dk;Z mi;ksfxrkokn vkSj fu;e mi;ksfxrkokn%
VsyhvksykWftdy uSfrdrk dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k
x;k gS]
 dk;Z mi;ksfxrkokn% ;g O;fÙkQxr dk;ks± dh uSfrdrk
dk muds rRdky ifj.kkeksa ds vkèkkj ij ewY;kadu djrk
gSA ;g çR;sd fLFkfr dh fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks è;ku
esa j•rk gS vkSj ml fo'ks"k mnkgj.k esa lexz mi;ksfxrk
dks vfèkdre djus dk ç;kl djrk gSA
 fu;e mi;ksfxrkokn% ;g lkekU; fu;eksa dk ikyu
djus ij tksj nsrk gS] ftUgsa yxkrkj fd, tkus ij]
lokZsÙke lexz mi;ksfxrk ;k •q'kh feyrh gSA
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/
z dk;ks± dh uSfrd fLFkfr ij tksj nsrk gS
z uSfrd drZO;ksa dk ldkjkRed lw=khdj.k gS
z O;fÙkQxr vkSj nwljksa ds fgrksa dk leku fopkj fd;k tkrk gS
z ifj.kkeksa ds vkèkkj ij dk;ks± dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gS
z vuqç;ksx% fdlh Hkh dkuwu] mlds mís';] fn'kk ;k fMtkbu
dh O;k[;k ds fy, vnkyrksa }kjk VsyhvksykWftdy n`f"Vdks.k
dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
z VsyhvksykWftdy uSfrdrk muds ifj.kkeksa ds vkèkkj ij
dk;ks± dk ewY;kadu djrh gS% bjknksa] xq.kksa ;k drZO;ksa ij
è;ku dsafær djus ds ctk;] VsyhvksykWftdy uSfrdrk muds
ifj.kkeksa ds vkèkkj ij dk;ks± dk ewY;kadu djrh gSA ;g
uSfrd O;ogkj ds vafre y{; ds :i esa vfèkdre lexz
dY;k.k ;k •q'kh ij tksj nsrh gSA VsyhvksykWftdy uSfrdrk
esa] uSfrd ewY;kadu vDlj mi;ksfxrk ds fl¼kar ;k vPNkbZ
ds fdlh vU; ekunaM ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA
z fl¼kar dh vkykspuk% VsyhvksykWftdy uSfrdrk ds
vkykspd ifj.kkeksa dh Hkfo";ok.kh djus esa dfBukbZ] fgrksa
ds laHkkfor Vdjko vkSj O;kid HkykbZ ds fy, O;fÙkQxr
vfèkdkjksa ;k vYila[;d fgrksa dk R;kx fd, tkus dh
laHkkouk ds ckjs esa fpark O;ÙkQ djrs gSaA
MhvUVksykWftdy vkSj VsyhvksykWftdy fl¼karksa
ij vkèkkfjr mnkgj.k
z eku yhft, fd ,d vkneh lM+d fdukjs lks jgs dqÙks
dks ykr ekjrk gSA dqÙkk jksrk gS vkSj Hkkx tkrk gS- dqN
gh nsj ckn lM+d ij ,d dkj bruh rsth ls vkrh gS
fd vxj dqÙkk vHkh Hkh ogha iM+k gksrk rks fuf'pr :i
ls mldh ekSr gks tkrhA
z MhvUVksykWftdy ifjçs{; dgrk gS] vkneh dk
dk;Z cqjk Fkk D;ksafd dqÙkksa dks ykr ekjuk Øwjrk
gS] ysfdu VsfyvykWftdy ifjçs{; ds vuqlkj] ml
O;fÙkQ dk dk;Z vPNk Fkk] D;ksafd blls dqÙks dh tku
cp xbZA
fiQj Hkh] VsyhvksykWftdy uSfrdrk] fo'ks"k :i ls mi;ksfxrkokn]
us uSfrdrk ls lacafèkr cgl ij egRoiw.kZ çHkko Mkyk gS] tks
lkekftd U;k;] uhfr&fuekZ.k vkSj O;fÙkQxr ,oa lkewfgd fgrksa
ds larqyu tSls fo"k;ksa ij cgl dks vkdkj nsrk gSA csaFke vkSj
fey tSls fo}kuksa us VsyhvksykWftdy uSfrdrk ds vè;;u vkSj
uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus esa blds çHkkoksa ds lacaèk esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
fn;k gSA
27
1-15 lkèku cuke lkè; cgl
uSfrdrk esa lkèku cuke lkè; dh cgl esa ç'u ;g gS fd D;k
lkè; lkèkuksa dks mfpr Bgjkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] D;k vPNk
ifj.kke@ lkè; çkIr djus ds fy, vuSfrd lkèkuksa dk
mi;ksx djuk uSfrd gS\ ;g ,d tfVy ç'u gS ftldk dksbZ
vklku mÙkj ugha gS vkSj bl ij dbZ vyx&vyx n`f"Vdks.k gSaA
z lkèku&lkè; Hksn uSfrdrk dh dsaæh; voèkkj.kk gS% ;g
bl fopkj dks lanfHkZr djrk gS fd ftu lkèkuksa ds ekè;e
ls ge vius lkè;ksa dks çkIr djrs gSa og mruk gh egRoiw.kZ
gS ftruk fd Lo;a lkè;A
z nks eq[; uSfrd fl¼kar gSa tks lkèku&lkè; Hksn fo"k;
ij gSa%
 ifj.kkeokn% ;g fl¼kar fdlh dk;Z dh uSfrdrk
dks mlds ifj.kkeksa ds vkèkkj ij vkadrk gSA ;fn
ifj.kke vPNs gSa] rks dk;Z uSfrd ekuk tkrk gS] Hkys
gh mu ifj.kkeksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, mi;ksx fd,
x, lkèku cqjs gksaA
 MhvUVksykWth% ;g fl¼kar ,d fuf'pr rjhds ls
dk;Z djus ds drZO; ;k nkf;Ro ds vkèkkj ij
fdlh dk;Z dh uSfrdrk dk vkdyu djrk gSA
fdlh y{; dks çkIr djus ds fy, mi;ksx fd, tkus
okys lkèku mrus egRoiw.kZ ugha gSa ftruk fd ;g rF;
fd og dk;Z drZO; dh Hkkouk ls fd;k x;k FkkA
z jktuhfrd vkSj lSU; dkjZokb;ksa ds lanHkZ esa lkèku&lkè;
Hksn ij vDlj cgl gksrh gS% mnkgj.k ds fy,] dqN
yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd fdlh vkradoknh lafnXèk ls tkudkjh
fudkyus ds fy, ;kruk dk mi;ksx djuk mfpr gS] Hkys gh
;kruk dks uSfrd :i ls cqjk dk;Z ekuk tkrk gksA
z lkèku&lkè; dk varj O;fÙkQxr uSfrdrk ds fy, Hkh
çklafxd gS% mnkgj.k ds fy,] dqN yksxksa dk ekuuk gS
fd viuh Hkkoukvksa dh j{kk ds fy, fdlh fe=k ls >wB
cksyuk mfpr gS] Hkys gh >wB cksyuk uSfrd :i ls cqjk
dk;Z ekuk tkrk gksA
z bldk dksbZ vklku mÙkj ugha gS fd D;k lkè;&lkèku
dks mfpr Bgjkrk gS% ;g ,d tfVy eqík gS tks çR;sd
ekeys dh fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
z dqN yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd lkè; dHkh Hkh lkèkuksa dks
mfpr ugha Bgjkrk% mudk ekuuk gS fd vPNs y{;ksa dks
çkIr djus ds fy, cqjs lkèkuksa dk mi;ksx djuk ges'kk
xyr gksrk gSA
28
z vU; yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd lkè; dHkh&dHkh lkèkuksa
dks mfpr Bgjkrs gSa% mudk ekuuk gS fd ;fn vPNs lkè;
i;kZIr :i ls egRoiw.kZ gSa rks vPNs lkè; dks çkIr djus
ds fy, dHkh&dHkh cqjs lkèkuksa dk mi;ksx djuk vko';d
gksrk gSA
z lkèku&lkè; Hksn ,d tfVy vkSj pqukSrhiw.kZ eqík gS%
bldk dksbZ vklku mÙkj ugha gS] vkSj çR;sd ekeys ij
mlds xq.kksa ds vkèkkj ij fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
lkèku cuke lkè; cgl ds ,sfrgkfld mnkgj.k
z egkHkkjr% egkHkkjr ,d çkphu Hkkjrh; egkdkO; gS
ftlesa ppsjs Hkkb;ksa ds nks ifjokjksa ds chp tcjnLr
la?k"kZ dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA blls ;g ç'u mBrk gS fd
D;k vPNk lkè; çkIr djus ds fy, vuSfrd lkèkuksa
dk mi;ksx djuk mfpr gSA
z fo;ruke ;q¼ (1954&1975)% la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk
us ,tsaV vkWjsat] ,d jklk;fud gfFk;kj dk mi;ksx
fd;kA gkyk¡fd ,tsaV vkWjsat dks tUe lacaèkh foÑfr vkSj
vU; LokLF; leL;kvksa dk dkj.k ekuk tkrk Fkk] la;qÙkQ
jkT; vesfjdk us bls bl fo'okl ds lkFk mi;ksx djuk
tkjh j•k fd blls mUgsa ;q¼ thrus esa enn feysxhA
z lÝjxsV vkanksyu% lÝjxsV vkanksyu us] •kldj chloha
lnh dh 'kq#vkr esa] efgykvksa ds oksV nsus ds vfèkdkj
ds fy, yM+us ds fy, dbZ rjg dh j.kuhfr;ksa dk
bLrseky fd;kA erkfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk lfou; voKk esa
fojksèk çn'kZu] Hkw• gM+rky vkSj ;gka rd fd laifÙk
dk fouk'k Hkh 'kkfey FkkA tcfd mudk vafre y{;
efgykvksa ds erkfèkdkj vkSj leku jktuhfrd vfèkdkjksa
dks lqjf{kr djuk Fkk] mUgksaus ftu rjhdksa dk bLrseky
fd;k] tSls fd lkoZtfud O;oLFkk dks ckfèkr djuk vkSj
vfèkdkfj;ksa ds lkFk >M+i] mudh j.kuhfr dh uSfrdrk
ds ckjs esa cgl fNM+ xbZ FkhA
1-16 uSfrdrk ds le{k pqukSfr;k¡
z MsVk mYya?ku% laosnu'khy O;fÙkQxr tkudkjh ls tqM+s
gkbZ&çksiQkby MsVk mYya?ku ds ekeys O;fÙkQ;ksa ds MsVk dh
lqj{kk vkSj laj{kk ds ckjs esa uSfrd fpark,a c<+krs gSaA
z gsjiQsj vkSj yf{kr foKkiu% yf{kr foKkiu ds mís'; ls
O;fÙkQxr MsVk lax`ghr djuk] ml O;fÙkQ dh lwfpr lgefr]
mldh Lok;Ùkrk vkSj miHkksÙkQk O;ogkj ds laHkkfor gsjiQsj
ds ckjs esa fpark,a iSnk djrk gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z LFkSfrd uSfrdrk% bl çdkj ds uSfrd n`f"Vdks.k dh
mEehn fdlh vfLrRooknh O;fÙkQ ls dh tk ldrh gS] tks
ekuo çÑfr ;k fdlh Hkh çÑfr ;k lkj rRo dh voèkkj.kk
dks Lohdkj ugha djrk gSA
z uSfrd lkis{kokn vkSj uSfrd fo"k;fu"Bokn% uSfrd
lkis{kokn dk ekuuk gS fd lkoZHkkSfed uSfrd fl¼kar
ekStwn ugha gSaA tcfd uSfrd fo"k;fu"Bokn dk ekuuk gS
fd oLrqfu"B uSfrd fl¼kar lR; gSa fd dqN dk;Z gj le;
lHkh ds fy, lgh gksrs gSa vkSj dqN dk;Z gj le; lHkh
ds fy, xyr gksrs gSaA
z uSfrd vkReokn% ;g rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd ekuo O;ogkj
ds {ks=k esa] tks ,d O;fÙkQ ds fy, lR; gS og t:jh ugha
fd lHkh ds fy, ;k ;gka rd fd fdlh vkSj ds fy, Hkh
lR; gksA bl n`f"Vdks.k esa] D;k lgh gS vkSj D;k xyr ;g
O;fÙkQxr ilan dk ekeyk gSA yksxksa dh uSfrd ekU;rkvksa
dk ewY;kadu ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z lkaLÑfrd vkSj uSfrd vkReokn% ,d laLÑfr esa]
cgqfookg dks lgh vkSj uSfrd ekuk tkrk gS] tcfd nwljs
esa] bldh dM+h fuank dh tkrh gSA ,d gh ns'k ;k laLÑfr
ds Hkhrj] erfHkUurk gks ldrh gSa% dqN Hkkjrh; foèkok
iqufoZokg dk fojksèk djrs gSa] tcfd vU; bldk leFkZu
djrs gSaA
z uSfrd vgaokn% blesa ;g èkkj.kk gS fd yksxksa dks vius
Lo;a ds fgrksa ds vuq:i dk;Z djuk pkfg,A ;g ,d
çdkj dk lq•okn gS] bl fl¼kar esa nq%• dks de djrs
gq, vfèkdre lq• çkIr djus dk çLrko fd;k x;k gSA
z fu;frokn dk fl¼kar% ekurk gS fd ekuoh; fu.kZ; vkSj
dk;Z ckgjh rkdrksa }kjk fuèkkZfjr gksrs gSaA muesa Lora=k bPNk
dk vHkko gS vkSj os lpsr ;k tkucw>dj uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus
esa vleFkZ gSaA os vPNs vkSj cqjs dk;ks± ds chp p;u ugha
dj ldrs gSa vkSj bl çdkj vius dk;ks± ds fy, okLro esa
os ftEesnkj ugha gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i] iq#"kksa dks muds dk;ks±
ds fy, uSfrd :i ls ftEesnkj ugha Bgjk;k tk ldrk gSA
z fuxjkuh vkSj ljdkjh ?kqliSB% tSls&tSls ljdkjksa vkSj
dkuwu çorZu ,tsafl;ksa dh fuxjkuh {kerkvksa dk foLrkj gks
jgk gS] xksiuh;rk ds mYya?ku vkSj lÙkk ds laHkkfor nq#i;ksx
ds ckjs esa fpark,a c<+rh gSaA xksiuh;rk vfèkdkjksa ds lkFk
lqj{kk vko';drkvksa dks larqfyr djuk] fo'ks"k :i ls cM+s
iSekus ij fuxjkuh dk;ZØeksa vkSj psgjs dh igpku çkS|ksfxdh
tSls {ks=kksa esa] ,d fooknkLin uSfrd eqík gSA
z Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk vkSj ,YxksfjFke esa iwokZxzg% fu;qfÙkQ]
½.k vuqeksnu vkSj vkijkfèkd U;k; tSls fu.kZ; ysus dh
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/
çfØ;kvksa esa Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk vkSj ,Yxksfjne dk mi;ksx
uSfrd fpark,¡ c<+krk gSA ;fn bu ç.kkfy;ksa dks fu"i{krk vkSj
lekosf'krk dks è;ku esa j•dj fMtkbu ugha fd;k x;k]
rks blesa iwokZxzg ,oa HksnHkko dks cuk, j•us] lkekftd
vlekurkvksa dks etcwr djus dh {kerk gSA
1-17 futh vkSj lkoZtfud lacaèkksa esa uSfrdrk
xkaèkhth ds fopkj
euq"; lkekftd çk.kh gSaA blfy,] ge ijLij O;ogkj djrs gSa
vkSj tc ge ijLij O;ogkj djrs gSa rks ge dqN lacaèk fodflr
djrs gSaA xkaèkh th us dgk] ^^vfgald vkSj lR; lekt cukus
ds fy, fj'rksa dk vPNk gksuk cgqr t:jh gSA**
Appreciation
Principles of
Respect Relationships Acceptance
Understanding
fp=k% pkj fl¼karksa ij vkèkkfjr fj'rs
1-17-1 futh lacaèkksa esa uSfrdrk
Private Relationships
Couples Family and Friends/Peer Society/
Kinship[ Groups Surroundings
fp=k% futh lacaèkksa esa uSfrdrk
z bldk lacaèk mu uSfrd ewY;ksa ls gS ftudk ikyu dksbZ Hkh
O;fÙkQ vius futh thou esa ikfjokfjd fj'rksa] nksLrh vkfn
tSls fofHkUu fj'rksa ds fuokZg ds le; djrk gSA
z futh lacaèkksa esa dqN çeq• ewY; fuEufyf•r gSa%
 fo'okl% fo'okl og uhao gS ftl ij vkidk fj'rk
lcls dfBu le; dk lkeuk dj ldrk gSA okLro
esa] vki fo'okl ds fcuk nh?kZdkfyd lacaèk dk;e
ugha j• ldrsA fj'rs VwVus dk ,d dkj.k fo'okl dh
deh Hkh gSA
 ijLij lEeku% fdlh Hkh O;fÙkQ dks n;kyq] çfrc¼]
lPpk vkSj bZekunkj cus jgus esa ;g iQk;nsean gSA blls
fj'rs etcwr cukrs gSa vkSj ,d&nwljs ds lkFk mfpr
O;ogkj gksrk gSA
29
  lR;fu"Bk dk fu;e% lR;fu"Bk dk fu;e dgrk gS
fd O;fÙkQ dks >wB ugha cksyuk pkfg, vkSj vius okns
iwjs djus pkfg,A
 lqèkkj dk fu;e% ;fn dksbZ xyrh gks tk, rks O;fÙkQ
dks mlesa lqèkkj djus dk ç;kl djuk pkfg,A
 ÑrKrk% vxj fdlh us enn dh gS rks mls ;kn j•uk
pkfg,A
 oiQknkjh% vius lkFkh vkSj ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds çfr
leiZ.kA
z I;kj% gj pht ls I;kj djuk] Hkys gh mlesa •kfe;k¡ gksaA
z fu"Bk% ;g oSokfgd lacaèkksa dk ,d çeq• pkyd vkSj
oSokfgd uSfrdrk dk lkj gSA bldk rkRi;Z dkeqd fod"kZ.kksa
;k O;fHkpkj ls cprs gq, vius thou lkFkh ds çfr oiQknkj
cus jguk gSA
z xksiuh;rk% futh fj'rksa dks ifo=k cuk, j•us ds fy,
xksiuh;rk vkSj futrk vko';d gSA
 mnkgj.k% eSa vke rkSj ij vius nksLrksa] lgdfeZ;ksa vkSj
vU; yksxksa dh vuqefr ds fcuk muds jgL;ksa dks lk>k
djus ls cprk gwaA ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd eSa le>rk
gwa fd mudh xksiuh; tkudkjh mtkxj djus ls gekjs
fj'rksa esa dyg vkSj ruko iSnk gks ldrk gSA mudh
futrk dk lEeku djuk vkSj mudk Hkjkslk cuk, j•uk
esjs fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA ftl çdkj eSa viuh futrk dks
egRo nsrk gw¡] mlh çdkj eSa nwljksa dks Hkh ogh f'k"Vkpkj
çnku djrk gw¡A muds jgL;ksa dks xksiuh; j•dj] eSa mUgsa
fn•krk gwa fd eSa muds fo'okl dks egRo nsrk gwa vkSj
mldk lEeku djrk gwa] tks gekjs fj'rs dks etcwr vkSj
xgjk djus esa enn djrk gSA
z tokcnsgh vkSj ftEesnkjh% futh fj'rksa esa] O;fÙkQ dks
fofHkUu ftEesnkfj;k¡ nh tkrh gSa tSls fd cPps] thou lkFkh]
ekrk&firk vkfn ds çfr ftEesnkjhA blds fy, muds çfr
viuh ftEesnkjh dks iwjk djus ds lkFk&lkFk ,slk u djus
dh fLFkfr esa muds çfr tokcnsg gksuk vko';d gSA
z lfg".kqrk vkSj LohÑfr% lfg".kqrk nwljksa ds ewY;ksa vkSj
ijLij erHksnksa dks igpkuus vkSj mudk lEeku djus dh
{kerk gSA lfg".kqrk Lo;a }kjk Fkksih xbZ ckèkkvksa dks nwj
djrh gS] ftlls O;fÙkQ vfèkd O;kid :i ls lksp ldrk
gS vkSj vfèkd vkarfjd 'kkafr dk vuqHko dj ldrk gSA
 lfg".kqrk vkSj LohÑfr nksuksa ls lekt esa la?k"kZ de
gksrk gS vkSj ln~Hkko iSnk gksrk gS] •kldj Hkkjr tSls
ns'k esa] tgka dbZ èkeZ] laLÑfr;ka vkSj fopkjèkkjk,a gSaA
30
futh lacaèkksa esa uSfrdrk vke rkSj ij fuEufyf•r }kjk
funZsf'kr gksrh gSa%
z O;fÙkQxr xq.k% ;s vke rkSj ij futh fj'rksa esa uSfrdrk dk
ekxZn'kZu djus ds fy, mi;ksx fd, tkrs gSa% futh fj'rksa
esa uSfrdrk dk fuèkkZj.k djus esa lPpkbZ vkSj bZekunkjh
egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSaA blls O;fÙkQ ds n`f"Vdks.k vkSj O;ogkj
dk irk pyrk gSA
z lkoZHkkSfed ekuoh; ewY;% uSfrd O;ogkj ds fy, LFkkfir
ekud lkoZHkkSfed ewY;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA
 mnkgj.k% cM+ksa dk lEeku ,d lkoZHkkSfed ewY; gS
tks futh lacaèkksa esa ,d ekxZn'kZd fl¼kar ds :i esa
dk;Z djrk gSA
z èkeZ% èkkfeZd vkSj vkfLrd yksx bZ'oj dks çlUu djus vkSj
eks{k çkIr djus ds fy, bZ'ojh; vkns'kksa dks Lohdkj djrs
gSa vkSj vius O;fÙkQxr thou esa mudk ikyu djrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% bZlkb;ksa ds fy, ifjokj] iM+ksfl;ksa vkSj cM+s
iSekus ij lekt ds lkFk O;ogkj djus ds fy, nl
vkKk,¡ (ckbcy ls) ekxZn'kZd ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSaA
z lkekftd ekunaM% dqN ewY; i;kZoj.kh; dkjdksa ls lh•s
tkrs gSa tks euq";ksa dks çHkkfor djrs gSa] tSls ifjokj]
lgdehZ lewg] lekt] bR;kfnA
 mnkgj.k% eSa vius ekrk&firk ls lh•rk gwa fd ifjokj
ds cM+ksa ds lkFk dSls ckrphr dh tkrh gSA
z ns'k dh fofèk% dqN uSfrd fl¼kar dkuwuksa vkSj laoSèkkfud
ewY;ksa }kjk 'kkflr gksrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds rgr efgykvksa dh 'khy
dk vieku u djuk ,d ekSfyd drZO; gSA
futh lacaèkksa esa uSfrdrk dk egRo
z thou dks vPNk cukrk gS% O;fÙkQ dfBu le; ls vklkuh
ls fudy ikrs gSa vkSj vPNk thou O;rhr dj ikrs gSaA
z lgh fu.kZ; ysuk% blls ge vPNs fu.kZ; ys ikrs gSa]
•kldj tc fgrksa esa Vdjko gksaA
z pfj=k fodkl% bZekunkjh] lR;fu"Bk] lekurk vkfn tSls
vPNs ewY;ksa ds ikyu ls blesa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
z cPpksa ds fy, uSfrd ikB% futh fj'rksa esa uSfrd thou]
fo'ks"k :i ls ?kj ij] cPpksa ds O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djrk gS
vkSj muds uSfrdrk ds igys ikB ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
z lkoZtfud thou esa Lohdk;Zrk% uSfrdrk ds lkFk
O;fÙkQxr lacaèk O;fÙkQ dks lkoZtfud thou esa vfèkd
Lohdk;Z cukrk gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z dfe;ksa ds çfr vfèkd lgu'khyrk% vkilh fo'okl] çse vkSj fuHkZjrk ds dkj.k] yksxksa esa futh lacaèkksa esa dfe;ksa ds çfr
lgu'khyrk vfèkd gqvk djrh gSA
1-17-2 lkoZtfud lacaèkksa esa uSfrdrk
ETHICS IN PUBLIC RELATIONSHIP

Public Ethics

Social Ethics Political Ethics Organisational Ethics Internation Ethics

z Respect and TC towards z Constitutionalism z Corporate Social z Respect to International

other communities
z Peace and Harmony
z Coexistence
z Social Equality
z Transparencyin
Governance
z Accountability
z Public service
z Social welfare
Responsibility
z Efficiency
z Cost Benefit Analysis
z Honesty and Hardwork
z Code of conduct
treates and Conventions
z Global Peace
z Disarmament
z Ethics in Diplomacy

fp=k% lkoZtfud lacaèkksa esa uSfrdrk

z lkoZtfud lacaèkksa esa uSfrdrk mu uSfrd ewY;ksa ;k uSfrd  çklafxd lafgrkvksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, ,d
ekudksa dks lanfHkZr djrh gS ftudk ,d O;fÙkQ vius is'ksoj ç.kkyh LFkkfir djukA
O;ogkj vkSj O;kolkf;d O;ogkj esa ikyu djrk gSA lÙkk  fdlh lkoZtfud vfèkdkjh dks in ds fy, ;ksX; vkSj

lkoZtfud lacaèkksa esa uSfrdrk dks fu;af=kr djrh gSA
mnkgj.k% fdlh LokLF; lsok daiuh ds tulaidZ
vfHk;ku esa] tulaidZ is'ksoj
z iwjs vfHk;ku esa uSfrd ewY;ksa vkSj uSfrd ekudksa dk ikyu
djrk gSA
z ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd lHkh lapkj lR;] lVhd vkSj
ikjn'khZ gksaA
z jksfx;ksa vkSj xzkgdksa dh xksiuh;rk vkSj futrk dk lEeku
djrk gSA
fdlh Hkh çdkj ds fgrksa ds Vdjko ls cpk tkrk gS tks
z ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd muds ikl eksecfÙk;ksa
vfHk;ku dh lR;fu"Bk ls le>kSrk dj ldrk gksaA
z fgrèkkjdksa ds lkFk lekos'kh vkSj lEekutud rjhds ls
tqM+rk gSA
z LokLF; lsok daiuh dh ldkjkRed vkSj uSfrd Nfo
cukus dk ç;kl djrk gSA
z fdlh Hkh is'ks dh lR;fu"Bk ds fy, egRoiw.kZ ewY;ksa
dh cgqr egÙkk gksrh gS% bZekunkjh] fuLokFkZrk] fo'ks"kKrk]
•qykiu] tokcnsgh] fu"i{krk vkSj vU; çeq• ewY; ekuoh;
dk;ks± dk ekxZn'kZu djus ds fy, vko';d gSa vkSj fdlh
Hkh is'ks dh lR;fu"Bk ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA
z fdlh Hkh uSfrd <kaps esa fuEufyf•r ?kVd vo';
gksus pkfg,%
 uSfrd ekudksa vkSj çFkkvksa dks lafgrkc¼ djukA
 lkoZtfud fgr vkSj O;fÙkQxr fgr ds chp Vdjko ls
cpus ds fy, O;fÙkQxr fgrksa dk •qyklk djukA
v;ksX; Bgjkus ds fy, ekunaM LFkkfir djukA
mnkgj.k% lkoZtfud lacaèkksa esa uSfrdrk
eSlwj ds nhoku dk in Lohdkj djus ls
igys mUgksaus vius lHkh fj'rsnkjksa dks jkf=k
Hkkst ij vkeaf=kr fd;kA mUgksaus Li"V :i
ls dgk fd og bl çfrf"Br in dks bl
'krZ ij Lohdkj djsaxs fd muesa ls dksbZ
Hkh ,glku ds fy, muls laidZ u djsaA
lj ,e
vktdy ,slh ckrsa lquus dks ugha feyrhaA
fo'os'ojS;k
ds nks lsV FksA ,d futh rkSj ij •jhnk x;k
Fkk vkSj O;fÙkQxr mís';ksa ds fy, mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk Fkk] tcfd nwljk ljdkj }kjk
çnku fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj dsoy ljdkjh
dk;ks± ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA
tc çèkku ea=kh ds :i esa ,d ;k=kk ds
nkSjku ,d diM+k fey ds ekfyd us mUgsa
egaxh lkfM+;k¡ nsus dh is'kd'k dh] rks
'kkL=kh us dsoy ogh •jhnus vkSj Hkqxrku
yky cgknqj djus ij tksj fn;k tks og •jhn ldrs
'kkL=kh FksA mUgksaus vius csVs dh vuqfpr inksUufr
dks Hkh myV fn;kA 1956 esa vfj;kyqj Vªsu
nq?kZVuk ds ckn] 'kkL=khth us jsy ea=kh ds
:i esa uSfrd ftEesnkjh ysrs gq, vius in
ls bLrhiQk ns fn;kA

uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/ 31

lkoZtfud lacaèkksa esa uSfrdrk dh Hkwfedk ls Åij mBsaA ;g O;fÙkQ dks vkarfjd larqf"V çnku djrk gS
z fgrksa ds Vdjko dks lqy>kus ds fy, uSfrd fn'kk&funZs'k% vkSj lkFk gh mlds lgdfeZ;ksa dks lsok ds y{;ksa dks çkIr
uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa ls fuiVus vkSj fgrksa ds Vdjko dks lqy>kus djus ds fy, çsfjr djrk gSA
ds fy, ,d uSfrd fn'kk&funZs'k cukukA O;fÙkQxr thou dk Responsibility Compassion Work
çHkko vDlj fdlh Hkh O;fÙkQ ds dk;Z vkSj lkoZtfud {ks=k & Commitment
Accountability
esa mldh Hkwfedk ij iM+rk gSA Transparency
z lkoZtfud lacaèkksa dks ekuoh; cukus esa ;ksxnku% futh Legality &
Excellence
lacaèkksa esa uSfrdrk lkoZtfur lacaèkksa dks ekuoh; cukus esa Rationality Ethics of Public
;ksxnku nsrh gS vkSj O;fÙkQ dh uSfrd O;oLFkk ds fuekZ.k Administation:
Responsiveness &
Maxims of Fusion
esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA ;fn dksbZ O;fÙkQ vius Resilience
O;fÙkQxr thou esa bZekunkjh dks egRo nsrk gS] rks og vius
Utilitarianism
lkoZtfud thou esa Hkh bZekunkj gks ldrk gSA Integrity
z ftEesnkjhiw.kZ i{k leFkZu vkSj lapkj% O;fÙkQxr ewY;ksa ls National Interest
Justice
ftEesnkjhiw.kZ i{k leFkZu vkSj lapkj gks ikrk gSA
z lkekftd dY;k.k% blesa çkfèkdkj dks cuk, j•uk] gky ds o"kks± esa flfoy lsodksa dk eukscy fxjrk tk jgk
gSA mlds çeq• dkj.k fuEufyf•r gSa%
O;oLFkk esa lkoZtfud fo'okl dks fodflr djuk vkSj
c<+kuk vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k çkIr djuk 'kkfey gSA z tokcnsgh vkSj ftEesnkjh dk vHkko% tc phtsa vPNh
py jgh gksrh gSa] rks cgqr lkjs yksx Js; ysus dks rS;kj gksrs
z çHkkoh vkSj larqfyr fu.kZ; ysuk% vfèkd fu"i{k vkSj
gSa] ysfdu tc phtsa xyr gks tkrh gSa] rks dksbZ Hkh ftEesnkjh
larqfyr fu.kZ; ysus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA
ysus dks rS;kj ugha gksrk gSA
z dk;kZy;@laLFkk@laxBu dh fo'oluh;rk% uSfrd
z uSfrdrk] ewY;ksa] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vkè;kfRedrk dks R;kx
tulaidZ esa fdlh Hkh tkudkjh] pkgs og laosnu'khy gks nsuk% HkkSfrdokn vkSj lkalkfjd liQyrk ds fy, budh
;k ugha] dks O;ogkj esa ykrs le; ikjnf'kZrk cuk, j•us frykatyh ns nh tkrh gSA
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA rF; vkSj dYiuk ds chp dh
z lkekftd Lohdk;Zrk% lexz :i ls lekt us Hkz"V O;fÙkQ;ksa
js•kvksa dks èkqaèkyk djus ls fo'oluh;rk de gks ldrh dks Lohdkj djuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA vPNs yksxksa dh pqIih
gS vkSj fdlh dk;kZy;@laLFkk@laxBu dh çfr"Bk èkwfey gks dqN yksxksa ds uSfrd iru ls Hkh vfèkd •rjukd gSA ewY;ksa
ldrh gSA dks LFkkfir djus esa ifjokj] Ldwy] lekt vkSj laLFkku
z yksxksa ds lkFk Hkjkslsean lacaèk% fo'okl ds ekè;e ls] ,d foiQy jgs gSaA
laxBu fofHkUu fgrèkkjdksa ds lkFk Bksl lacaèk cuk ldrk z esxk ç'kklu] èkheh dk;Zç.kkyh vkSj fu.kZ; ysus esa nsjh%
gS] ftls ges'kk uSfrd n`f"Vdks.k viukdj çkIr fd;k tk çR;sd foHkkx vkSj laLFkku yacor vkSj {kSfrt nksuksa rjg
ldrk gSA vkpkj lafgrk dk ikyu djus ls] laxBuksa vkSj ls c<+ jgk gSA blls inkuqØe esa Hkze iSnk gksrk gS] ftlds
vke turk ds chp vR;ar vko';d fo'okl ds fodkl ifj.kkeLo:i fu.kZ; ysus esa nsjh gksrh gSA
esa lgk;rk fey ldrh gSA z uje lekt] turk dh feyhtwyh jk;] vkSj jktuhfr]
z lkStU;% Hkkjr esa flfoy lsodksa ds vkfèkdkfjd vkpj.k O;kikj ,oa ukSdj'kkgh dk xBtksM+% turk xyr dk;Z ij
esa ;g vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA blls vke turk esa viusiu Øksèk ugha djrh ;k mls cnkZ'r dj ysrh gSA blls fu.kZ;
dh Hkkouk iSnk gksrh gSA ysus okyksa dks Hkfo"; esa vkSj ,sls vijkèk djus dh vfèkd
 mnkgj.k% ç'kkar uk;j (vkbZ,,l) ds vke turk ls
NwV fey tkrh gSA
fuiVus ds n`f"Vdks.k us mUgsa ¶dysDVj HkkbZ¸ miuke fn;kA blesa lqèkkj ds ç;kl
z lsok dh Hkkouk% lsok ds mís'; dks iwjk djus ds fy, z ikjnf'kZrk c<+k,¡% ,sls dkuwu cukdj ftuds fy, flfoy
;g vko';d gSA flfoy lsodksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd lsodksa dks vius vkfèkdkfjd fu.kZ;ksa dks mfpr Bgjkus dh
os lkoZtfud fgr esa lsok çnku djus ds fy, vius drZO; vko';drk gksaA

32 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

z fOgflyCyksvj laj{k.k vfèkfu;e% vkfèkdkfj;ksa ds xyr
dk;ks± dk mfpr ^lkoZtfud fgr esa •qyklk* djus okyksa
dh j{kk ds fy,A
z lR;fu"Bk dh uSfrd ys•k ijh{kk% lcls egRoiw.kZ
çfØ;kvksa dh lR;fu"Bk ds çfr •rjksa dh igpku djuk
vkSj çHkkoh cká ,oa vkarfjd f'kdk;r fuokj.k ç.kkyh
cukukA
z vuq'kklukRed dkjZokbZ% uSfrdrk ds fu;e rksM+us vkSj
mudk mYya?ku djus ds ifj.kkeLo:i mu ij vuq'kklukRed
fu;eksa ds rgr n.M vkSj ltk nh tkuh pkfg,A
z dEI;wVjhdj.k vkSj fMftVyhdj.k% mu pj.kksa dks gVk
nsa ftuds fy, yksxksa dks viuk dke djokus ds fy,
ukSdj'kkgksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gksaA
1-18 uksyu lfefr% lkoZtfud thou esa
lkr fl¼kar
Selflessness
Accountability
Integrity
Principles of
Relationships Openness
Objectivity Leadership
Honesty
;wukbVsM fdaxMe esa lkoZtfud thou esa ekudksa lacaèkh
lfefr] ftls uksyu lfefr ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS]
us uhps mfYyf•r lkoZtfud thou ds lkr fl¼karksa dh
:ijs•k rS;kj dh gS%
z fu%LokFkZrk% lkoZtfud vfèkdkfj;ksa dks dsoy tufgr
esa fu.kZ; ysuk pkfg,A mUgsa vius] vius ifjokj ;k vius
nksLrksa ds fy, vkfFkZd ;k vU; ykHk ds fy, ,slk ugha
djuk pkfg,A
 mnkgj.k% tc yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh çèkku ea=kh Fks] rks
mUgksaus dHkh Nqêðh ugha yhA tc mudh e`R;q gqbZ rks muds
ikl dsoy dqN #i;s] dtZ vkSj dqN lkeku cpk FkkA
ifj.kkeLo:i] mUgksaus ges'kk jk"Vª dks igys j•k vkSj
bls vius vafre {k.kksa rd fuHkk;kA
z lR;fu"Bk% lnk lR; dk ikyu djuk vkSj yxkrkj ,oa
fcuk f>>ds uSfrd fl¼karksa dk ikyu djukA lkoZtfud in
èkkjdksa dks vius vkfèkdkfjd drZO;ksa brj fdlh O;fÙkQ ;k
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/
laxBu ds çfr fdlh Hkh foÙkh; ;k vU; nkf;Ro ds rgr
Lo;a dks ugha j•uk pkfg,A
 mnkgj.k% ;w- lX;e (rfeyukMq ds ,d flfoy lsod)
& viuh 20 o"kks± dh lsok esa] mUgsa yxHkx 20 ckj
LFkkukarfjr fd;k x;k gSA og tgka Hkh tkrs gSa Hkz"Vkpkj
ls yM+us ds fy, tkus tkrs gSaA og viuh laifÙk dk
•qyklk djus okys igys vkbZ,,l vfèkdkjh Hkh FksA
 egkRek xkaèkh vkSj vczkge fyadu nksuksa vuqdj.kh; usrk
Fks tks viuh bZekunkjh ds fy, tkus tkrs FksA
 ladV ds le; esa] nksuksa vius ewY;ksa ds çfr lPps jgs]
tSls xqykeh ds mUewyu ds fy, fyadu dh çfrc¼rk
vkSj vfgalk ds çfr xkaèkhth dh çfrc¼rkA
z oLrqfu"Brk% bldk rkRi;Z O;fÙkQxr iwokZxzg ;k jk; ds
ctk; LFkkfir rF;ksa vkSj vkadM+ksa ds vkèkkj ij fu.kZ; ysus
ls gSA lkoZtfud in èkkjdksa dks lkoZtfud dk;Z djrs
le; ;ksX;rk&vkèkkfjr fu.kZ; ysus pkfg,] tSls lkoZtfud
fu;qfÙkQ;k¡ djuk] vuqcaèk nsuk] ;k iqjLdkj vkSj ykHk ds fy,
O;fÙkQ;ksa dh fliQkfj'k djukA
 mnkgj.k% ikfdLrku ij Hkkjr dh 1971 dh thr ds
çeq• okLrqdkjksa esa ls ,d lSe ekusd'kkW dks vçSy]
1971 esa çèkku ea=kh bafnjk xkaèkh dks Li"V :i ls ;g
crkus ds fy, tkuk tkrk gS fd Hkkjrh; lsuk ;q¼ ds
fy, rS;kj ugha FkhA ;g dgrs gq, fd mudk dke thrus
ds fy, yM+uk gS] mUgksaus dqN eghuksa dk vuqjksèk fd;k
& ,d vuqjksèk ftls Jherh xkaèkh us Lohdkj fd;k]
ftudk Js; mudks tkrk gSA ekusd'kkW us Hkkjr dks lcls
rhoz vkSj mYys•uh; lSU; thrksa esa ls ,d çnku dhA
z tokcnsgh% lkoZtfud in èkkjd vius fu.kZ;ksa vkSj dk;ks±
ds fy, turk ds çfr tokcnsg gksrs gSa vkSj muds dk;kZy;
dks ysdj tks Hkh mfpr tkap gksa mls mUgsa Lohdkj djuk
pkfg,A
 mnkgj.k% çèkku ea=kh tokgjyky usg: ds vèkhu jsy
ea=kh ds :i esa] yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh us vxLr] 1956 esa
vkaèkz çns'k ds egcwcuxj esa ,d cM+h jsy nq?kZVuk ds
ckn bLrhiQk ns fn;k] ftlesa 112 yksxksa dh ekSr gks xbZA
mUgksaus uSfrd ftEesnkjh vkSj tokcnsgh Lohdkj djrs
gq, bLrhiQk ns fn;k] ysfdu usg: us mUgsa vU;Fkk euk
fy;kA 'kkL=kh ds dk;ks± us flfoy lsodksa ds fy, turk
ds çfr tokcnsg gksus dk mPp ekud LFkkfir fd;kA
33

lkoZtfud lacaèk esa uSfrdrk
z f}rh; ,vkjlh ds vuqlkj% lkeqnkf;d ukxfjd&dsafær
lkoZtfud lsok forj.k ds fy, eqÙkQ] ikjn'khZ vkSj
tokcnsg ljdkj vko';d gSA
z eSDl oscj ds vuqlkj% ,d iw.kZr% fodflr ukSdj'kkgh
dh 'kfÙkQ çfLFkfr çR;sd LFkku ij O;kid gksrh gSA
tokcnsgh ds fcuk] ukSdj'kkgh ÚsadLVhu ds nkuo ds
leku gksxh] ftlus vius ekfyd ls lEcUèk foPNsn dj
fy;k FkkA
z bZekunkjh% bldk rkRi;Z gS ^^fo'oluh;] fu"Bkoku] fu"i{k
vkSj bZekunkj gksuk**A ,d bZekunkj O;fÙkQ diV&eqÙkQ] lPpk
vkSj bZekunkj gksrk gS vkSj >wB ugha cksyrk gSA lkoZtfud
inèkkjdksa dks vius lkoZtfud drZO;ksa ls lacafèkr fdlh
Hkh futh fgr dh ?kks"k.kk djuh pkfg, vkSj lkoZtfud fgr
dh j{kk ds le{k mRiUu gksus okys fdlh Hkh Vdjko dk
lekèkku djus ds fy, dne mBkus pkfg,A
 mnkgj.k% ,d bZekunkj flfoy lsod dks vius dk;Z
vkSj laifÙk ds ckjs esa lkoZtfud gksuk pkfg,] viuh
xyfr;ksa dks Lohdkj djuk pkfg, vkSj nwljksa ij
ftEesnkjh Mkyus ;k fNikus ds LFkku ij mUgsa lqèkkjus
dk ç;kl djuk pkfg,A
z usr`Ro% lkoZtfud inèkkjdksa dks vuqdj.kh; usr`Ro çnku
djuk pkfg, vkSj bu fl¼karksa dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj leFkZu
djuk pkfg,A
 mnkgj.k% bafnjk xkaèkh us vkWijs'ku Cyw LVkj ds ckn
vius fl• vaxj{kdksa dks gVkus ds lHkh lq>koksa dk
fojksèk fd;k D;ksafd blls lkaçnkf;d foHkktu iSnk gks
tk,xkA bl rF; ds ckotwn fd ns'k dh lHkh tkap
lkoZtfud vkSj futh lacaèkksa esa uSfrdrk dh rqyuk
lEcUèk dk çdkj lkoZtfud lacaèkksa esa uSfrdrk
leqnk;] lekt] O;olk; vkfn ls lacafèkr
;g fdlls lacafèkr gS\
gSA
lEcUèk dh çÑfr D;k gS\ çÑfr esa vkSipkfjd-
lkekftd ,oa O;fÙkQxr ekunaMksa ij
lzksr D;k gSa\
vkèkkfjrA
dkSu lk Hkkx cM+h fu;eksa&fofu;eksa dh cM+h HkwfedkA
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS\
cká :i ls vkjksfir vkSj fu;af=kr dk;kZy;
fu;a=k.kdrkZ
fu;eA
34
,tsafl;ksa us fnoaxr çèkkuea=kh ls muds lqj{kk foLrkj
ls nks vaxj{kdksa dks gVkus dk vkxzg fd;k Fkk] og
f>>d jgh Fkha D;ksafd mUgsa Hk; Fkk fd blls fookn
iSnk gks tk,xkA
z •qykiu% lkoZtfud inèkkjdksa dks vius lHkh fu.kZ;ksa vkSj
dk;ks± esa ftruk laHko gks •qykiu gksuk pkfg,A mUgsa vius
fu.kZ;ksa ds fy, dkj.k crkuk pkfg, vkSj tkudkjh dks
dsoy rHkh çfrcafèkr djuk pkfg, tc Li"V :i ls ;g
O;kid lkoZtfud fgr ds vuq:i gksA
 mnkgj.k% iwoZ lh,th fouksn jk; us 2th ?kksVkys dk
•qyklk djds lh,th dk;kZy; dks lkoZtfud vkSj
ikjn'khZ 'kfÙkQ'kkyh 'kfÙkQ esa cny fn;kA
vksbZlhMh vkSj ,d uSfrd cqfu;knh <kapk
vksbZlhMh us vokaNuh; O;ogkj dks fofu;fer djus ;k tkapus
vkSj lkoZtfud vfèkdkfj;ksa ds vPNs vkpj.k dks çksRlkfgr
djus ds fy, çksRlkgu Lo#i dbZ midj.kksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa
dk ftØ djrs gq, ,d uSfrd cqfu;knh <kaps dk vkÞoku
fd;kA vksbZlhMh dk 8 lw=kh pkVZj bl çdkj gS_
1- uSfrd 'kklu ds fy, jktuhfrd çfrc¼rk
2- ,d çHkkoh dkuwuh <kaps dk fuekZ.k]
3- ,d dq'ky tokcnsgh ra=k fodflr djuk]
4- O;kogkfjd vkpkj lafgrk fodflr djus dh vko';drk]
5- O;kolkf;d lekthdj.k ra=k (çf'k{k.k lfgr)]
6- lgk;d lkoZtfud lsok 'krks± dk fuekZ.k]
7- ,d dsaæh; uSfrdrk leUo; fudk; dh vko';drk]
8- çgjh ds :i esa dk;Z djus esa l{ke ,d ÅtkZoku
ukxfjd lekt dh vko';drkA
futh lacaèkksa esa uSfrdrk
fudVre ifjokj] nksLrksa vkfn dh fparkA
çÑfr esa vukSipkfjd-
O;fÙkQxr ewY;ksa] uSfrdrk vkSj ifjokj ewY;ksa ij
vkèkkfjr
euksHkkoksa vkSj Hkkoukvksa dh cM+h HkwfedkA
LoSfPNd vkSj Lo;a vkjksfir
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 lafgrkdj.k lafgrkc¼
ekunaMksa dk mYya?ku gksus ij dkuwuh] mYya?ku vke rkSj ij nafMr ugha fd;k tkrk gS ysfdu
mYya?ku ds ckn D;k
lkekftd vkSj O;kolkf;d fufgrkFkZA
çHkko gksrs gSa\
1-19 lkoZtfud vkSj futh lacaèkksa dk i`FkDdj.k
1-19-1 vyxko ds dkj.k
z nksuksa vyx&vyx rjhds ls dk;Z djrs gSa% futh vkSj
lkoZtfud lEcUèk vR;ar fHkUu rjhdksa ls lapkfyr gksrs gSa
vkSj bl çdkj çR;sd lanHkZ esa mfpr O;ogkj djus ds fy,
mUgsa vyx&vyx O;oâr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z ,d&nwljs dh leL;kvksa ls çHkkfor ugha gksuk pkfg,%
u rks lkoZtfud vkSj u gh futh lacaèkksa dks ,d&nwljs dh
leL;kvksa ls çHkkfor gksuk pkfg,A futh eqíksa dk lkoZtfud
çn'kZu ij çHkko ugha iM+uk pkfg,A
z mnkgj.k% yksx mEehn djrs gSa fd O;fÙkQxr eqíksa dh
ijokg fd, fcuk yksd lsod viuk loZJs"B çn'kZu djsaxsA
lkoZtfud lacaèkksa ds mrkj&p<+ko dk vlj gekjs O;fÙkQxr
O;ogkj ij ugha iM+uk pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d iqfyl
vfèkdkjh dh dk;Z fLFkfr dk ?kj ij mlds O;ogkj ij
çHkko ugha iM+uk pkfg,A
z nksuksa dks la;qÙkQ djus ls tfVyrk,¡ iSnk gksrh gSa% nks
çdkj ds lacaèkksa dks feykus ls vDlj tfVyrk,¡ iSnk gksrh
gSaA futh lacaèkksa ds çpkj ls HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn vkSj i{kikr
dks c<+kok feyrk gSA futh {ks=k esa lkoZtfud lacaèkksa dk
ços'k futh thou dh ifo=krk] xksiuh;rk vkSj ,dkUrrk dks
•rjs esa Mkyrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% egkHkkjr esa] la?k"kZ blfy, mRiUu gqvk
D;ksafd èk`rjk"Vª us vius lkoZtfud vkSj futh lacaèkksa dks
fefJr dj fn;k FkkA tc og pkgrs Fks fd v;ksX; gksus
ds ckotwn mudk csVk jktk cus] rks mUgksaus vius csVs
ds lkFk vius futh lacaèkksa dks vius lkoZtfud fu.kZ;
ysus dks çHkkfor djus dh vuqefr nhA
z nksuksa {ks=kksa ls i`Fkd vis{kk,a% pwafd lekt yksxksa dk muds
lkoZtfud vkSj futh {ks=kksa esa vyx&vyx fofèk ls vkdyu
djrk gS] blfy, mUgsa i`Fkd j•uk lcls vPNk gSA
 mnkgj.k% egkRek xkaèkh dks ¶jk"Vªfirk¸ ds :i esa
lEekfur fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu mUgsa vius csVs ds
lkFk vius tfVy lacaèkksa ds fy, ftEesnkj ugha Bgjk;k
tkrk gSA
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/
lkekU;r%] lafgrkc¼ ugha-
blds lkekftd ifj.kke gks ldrs gSa tSls lekt esa
çfr"Bk dh gkfu-
z fgrksa ds Vdjko dks jksdus esa enn djrk gS% lkoZtfud
vkSj futh lacaèkksa dks vyx djus ls fgrksa ds Vdjko dks
jksdus esa enn feyrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% iwoZ lhchvkbZ çeq• jathr flUgk us ,d ekeys
esa ,d vkjksih ls mlds ?kj ij eqykdkr dh (O;fÙkQxr
lacaèkksa ds dkj.k) vkSj blls mudh lR;fu"Bk ij loky
mBk;k x;kA blls cpk tk ldrk Fkk ;fn lkoZtfud
vkSj futh lacaèkksa dks vyx j•k x;k gksrkA
z ifo=krk cuk, j•us ds fy, fefJr ugha fd;k tk
ldrk% lkoZtfud lEcUèk brus tfVy vkSj çxk<+ gks ldrs
gSa fd futh thou dh ifo=krk cuk, j•us ds fy, mUgsa
futh lacaèkksa ds lkFk fefJr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
 mnkgj.k% jktusrk çk;% vius futh thou dks vius
lkoZtfud thou ls vyx j•rs gSa D;ksafd muds
lkoZtfud thou dh O;kid tkap vkSj vkykspuk dh
tkrh gSA
1-19-2 vyxko ds lkFk leL;k,¡ vkSj pqukSfr;k¡
z O;ogk;Z ugha% D;ksafd lkoZtfud vkSj futh lEcUèk çk;%
vksojySi vkSj fefJr gksrs gSa] blfy, mUgsa vyx ugha j•k
tk ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk ds jk"Vªifr vkSj mudh
iRuh] çFke efgyk ds chp ,d egRoiw.kZ lkoZtfud
lacaèk gSA la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk esa jktusrkvksa ds ifjokjksa
vkSj fookgksa ij eqÙkQ ppkZ gksrh gSA
z vokaNuh;% lkoZtfud vkSj futh lacaèkksa dk dBksj
i`FkDdj.k çfr&mRiknd gks ldrk gSA nksuksa çdkj ds fj'rs
,d&nwljs ls ykHkkfUor gks ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% ifjokj vkSj nksLrksa dk leFkZu yksxksa dks
is'ksoj :i ls vkxs c<+us esa enn dj ldrk gSA
dk;ZLFky ij fe=k] yksxksa dks çsfjr vkSj larq"V jgus esa
lgk;rk djrs gSaA
z çcaèkuh; ugha% ;fn lkoZtfud vkSj futh lacaèkksa dk
vyx&vyx rjhds ls O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gS rks O;fÙkQ;ksa
dks Hkze vkSj ekufld ruko dk vuqHko gks ldrk gSA
35
  mnkgj.k% iqfyl vfèkdkjh tks dke ij vkSj ?kj ij
(Øe'k% l[r vkSj vPNk) vyx&vyx O;ogkj djrs
gSa] os Hkzfer vkSj Nykoj.k ;qÙkQ eglwl dj ldrs gSaA
z i`Fkd ugha fd;k tk ldrk% D;ksafd dqN ewY; vkSj
uSfrdrk lkoZtfud vkSj futh nksuksa fj'rksa }kjk lk>k dh
tkrh gSa] blfy, nksuksa çdkj ds fj'rksa ds fy, leku O;ogkj
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% ifjokj vkSj dk;ZLFky nksuksa esa lR;fu"Bk vkSj
fouezrk okaNuh; gSA
1-20 lkoZtfud lacaèkksa dk futh lacaèkksa ij
çHkko
ldkjkRed
z çsj.kk% gekjk lkoZtfud thou çk;% gekjs futh thou ds
fy, ,d lh• ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS] tks gesa vius
O;ogkj esa lqèkkj djus ds fy, çsfjr djrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% dk;ZLFky ij ySafxd lekurk ij dk;Z'kkyk,¡]
ifr;ksa dks ?kj ij viuh ifRu;ksa ds lkFk csgrj O;ogkj
djus ds fy, çsfjr djrh gSaA
z ewY;% lkoZtfud fj'rksa dh dBksj okLrfodrk,a (tSls
ysu&nsu vkSj vlaosnu'khyrk) gesa vius futh fj'rksa ds
egRo vkSj muds }kjk çnku fd, tkus okys HkkoukRed
leFkZu dh ljkguk djrh gSaA
 mnkgj.k% lgdfeZ;ksa }kjk Ny] vDlj yksxksa dks vius
nksLrksa vkSj ifjokj dh eklwfe;r vkSj lân;rk dk
,glkl djkrk gSA
z ekuoh;% futh lacaèk uSfrdrk] tSls çse vkSj viuRo dk
mi;ksx lkoZtfud lacaèkksa dks vfèkd ekuoh; vkSj n;kyq
cukus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% ,d ftyk dysDVj] tks vius futh thou esa
çse vkSj viuRo djrk gS] viuh vkfèkdkfjd Hkwfedk
esa xjhcksa vkSj t:jreanksa ds çfr n;kyq gks ldrk gSA
udkjkRed
z fLiyvksoj% tc yksx lkoZtfudrk esa fueXu gksrs gSa] rks
os vius futh thou esa Hkh mlh rjg dk O;ogkj djuk
tkjh j•rs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% vijkèkh ;k vlkekftd rRo ?kj ij Hkh
fgald vkSj dBksj O;ogkj çnf'kZr djrs gSaA
z le; çcaèku% lkoZtfud thou esa vR;fèkd Hkkxhnkjh]
vDlj yksxksa dks vius futh thou ls le; dk R;kx djus
36
ds fy, etcwj djrh gS] ftldk muds futh lacaèkksa ij
udkjkRed çHkko iM+rk gSA
1-21 lkoZtfud lacaèkksa ij futh lacaèkksa dk
çHkko
ldkjkRed
z ikjLifjd lacaèk% futh fj'rs yksxksa dks çse] viuRo]
lgkuqHkwfr vkfn tSls ewY; fl•krs gSa] ftUgsa os viuh
xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj djus ds fy, vius lkoZtfud lacaèkksa esa
nksgjk ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% Mxyl eSdxzsxj tSls euksoSKkfudksa ds vè;;u
ls irk pyk gS fd çcaèkdksa dk fo'okl] vkRefo'okl]
fouezrk vkfn muds vèkhuLFkksa dh çsj.kk dks c<+krs gSaA
z ldkjkRed euksn'kk% ftu yksxksa ds futh fj'rs lgt
vkSj •q'kgky gksrs gSa] os vfèkd larq"V gksrs gSa] tks mUgsa
lkoZtfud :i ls csgrj O;ogkj djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
¶lq•h iRuh] lq•h thou¸ dgkor ds ihNs ;gh rdZ gSA
udkjkRed
z ruko% nksLrksa] ifjokj] thoulkFkh vkSj vU; yksxksa ds lkFk
futh lacaèkksa esa ruko dk dkj.k curk gS vkSj lkoZtfud
O;ogkj ij udkjkRed çHkko Mkyrk gSA LoLFk futh lacaèk
,d cqfu;knh vko';drk gS ftls vPNs lkoZtfud lacaèk
cukus ds fy, iwjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
 mnkgj.k% LoLFk ikfjokfjd thou cuk, j•us ds fy,
daifu;ka vius deZpkfj;ksa vkSj ifjokjksa ds fy, vodk'k
iSdst çnku djrh gSaA
z iwokZxzg% futh fj'rs vDlj lkoZtfud {ks=k esa O;kIr gks
tkrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% tc fdlh fo'ks"k leqnk; ls gekjk dksbZ fe=k
,d fuf'pr rjhds ls dk;Z djrk gS] rks ge lEiw.kZ
leqnk; ds ckjs esa ,d jk; cuk ysrs gSaA
1-22 lkoZtfud vkSj futh lacaèkksa esa lkekU;
uSfrdrk
z lR;fu"Bk% nksuksa çdkj ds fj'rs lPps O;ogkj dh vis{kk
djrs gSa] ftlds fcuk Hkjkslk vkSj fo'okl [kRe gks tkrk
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fookg ds lkFk&lkFk ofj"B&vèkhuLFk
lacaèkksa ds fy, fu"Bk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% lkoZtfud lacaèkksa esa] eSa ges'kk ikjn'khZ vkSj
lPpkbZ ls laokn djrk gwa] ftlls fo'oluh;rk vftZr
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 djus esa enn feyrh gSA futh lacaèkksa esa] eSa eqÙkQ vkSj
lR;fu"B okrkZ dks çkFkfedrk nsrk gwa] ftlls fo'okl
,oa lacaèkksa dks çxk<+ cukus esa çksRlkgu feyrk gSA
z ikjLifjd dkjd% nksuksa lEcUèk ;kaf=kd ugha gSa] cfYd
blesa varoZS;fÙkQd O;ogkj 'kkfey gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] nksuksa
i{kksa dks ,d&nwljs dks csgrj <ax ls le>us ds fy,
O;fÙkQ;ksa esa ekSfyd laosnu'khyrk] lgkuqHkwfr] viuRo vkfn
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% dbZ O;olk;ksa us ikjLifjd lacaèkksa dks csgrj
cukus ds fy, vius deZpkfj;ksa dks laosnu'khyrk
çf'k{k.k (Vh&xzqi çf'k{k.k) çnku djuk 'kq: dj fn;k
gSA
z tokcnsgh% nksuksa fj'rksa esa] gesa vius dk;ks± ds fy, tokcnsg
Bgjk;k tkrk gSA fo'okl vkSj vkRefo'okl cuk, j•us ds
fy,] gesa vius dk;ks± ds çfr tokcnsg gksuk pkfg,
 mnkgj.k% yksxksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os ?kj vkSj
dk;ZLFky nksuksa txg vius foÙkh; fu.kZ;ksa dk è;ku j•saA
z n;k% nwljksa dh enn djuk ,d vPNk dke gS tks lkoZtfud
vkSj futh nksuksa fj'rksa esa okafNr gSA
 mnkgj.k% yksx u dsoy vius ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dh
cfYd lgdfeZ;ksa] iM+ksfl;ksa vkfn dh Hkh lgk;rk djrs
gSaA
1-23 lkoZtfud vkSj futh lacaèkksa dks
larqfyr djuk
z mfpr ifjJe ds lkFk mfpr dk;Z djuk% gekjs thou
esa lEcUèk cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSa] blfy, gesa mfpr dk;Zdykiksa
dk è;ku j•uk pkfg,A lkoZtfud vkSj futh lacaèkksa esa
dk;Zdykiksa ds fy, vyx&vyx uSfrdrk,a gSaA os ;g
lqfuf'pr djrs gSa fd lEcUèk lqpk: :i ls pysaA
z dqN ewY; nksuksa {ks=kksa esa dke djrs gSa% futh vkSj
lkoZtfud lacaèkksa dks vyx&vyx O;ogkj djuk vke ckr
gS D;ksafd muds fy, vyx&vyx O;ogkj dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA vkxs dh tkap ls irk pyrk gS fd] gkykafd
nksuksa vyx&vyx gSa] fiQj Hkh muesa dqN leku fo'ks"krk,a
gSaA lkoZtfud vkSj futh nksuksa lacaèkksa esa dqN ewY;ksa dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
z lqLi"V vyxko ugha gks ldrk% ifj.kkeLo:i] larqyu
cukus ds fy, Kku vkSj ljyrk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
gkyk¡fd lkoZtfud vkSj futh fj'rksa dks i`Fkd :i esa ns•k
tkuk pkfg,] ysfdu mUgsa lqLi"V :i ls foHkkftr djds
ugha ns•k tkuk pkfg,A
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/
z nksuksa fj'rksa dh fujarjrk dk mi;ksx djsa% gesa ;g
le>uk pkfg, fd os dSls varfØZ;k djrs gSa vkSj ,d
dk mi;ksx nwljs dks ykHk igqapkus ds fy, dSls fd;k tk
ldrk gSA gesa ;g Hkh le>uk pkfg, fd lkoZtfud vkSj
futh nksuksa lacaèkksa esa dqN ewyHkwr ewY;ksa dk çn'kZu fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
 ;g vfèkd lgk;d gksxk ;fn ge lkoZtfud vkSj futh
lacaèkksa dh uSfrdrk dks vyx&vyx fgLlksa ds ctk;
,d lkrR; ds :i esa ekusaA
1-24 uSfrd fl¼kar (eksjYl)
z ySfVu 'kCn eksjSfyl ls fy;k x;k gS] ftldk vFkZ gS
^^ikjaifjd jhfr&fjokt**A
z uSfrd fl¼kar O;fÙkQxr ekU;rk,a gSa fd D;k lgh gS vkSj
D;k xyr gSA uSfrd fl¼kar ds foijhr fl¼kar] O;ogkj
ds ekud gSa tks lkekftd O;ogkj ds ctk; fdlh O;fÙkQ
ij ykxw gksrs gSaA
z O;fÙkQxr vuqHko] pfj=k] foosd vkSj vU; dkjd lHkh]
uSfrd fodkl esa ;ksxnku djrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] leySafxdrk dks lekt esa vuSfrd
ekuk tk ldrk gS ysfdu bls fdlh O;fÙkQ }kjk uSfrd
fl¼kar ds :i esa ns•k tk ldrk gSA
uSfrd fopkj vkSj voèkkj.kk,¡
z O;fÙkQoknh% tSlk fd igys dgk x;k gS] uSfrdrk ,d
O;fÙkQxr voèkkj.kk gS tks çR;sd O;fÙkQ ds foosd]
ikyu&iks"k.k] ekul vkfn dk ifj.kke gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d O;fÙkQ ekalkgkjh Hkkstu dks
uSfrdrk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls ns• ldrk gS ftls vU; yksx
ugha ns• ldrsA
z uSfrd n`f"Vdks.k% uSfrd n`f"Vdks.k dk fuekZ.k O;fÙkQ
dh uSfrdrk ds ifj.kkeLo:i gksrk gSA ;s uSfrd eqíksa ij
n`f"Vdks.k gSaA yksxksa esa fdlh eqís dks vuqdwy ;k çfrdwy
:i ls ns•us dh uSfrd çkFkfedrk fodflr gks tkrh gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] :f<+oknh n`f"Vdks.k okyk O;fÙkQ
vfèkdka'k nf{k.kiaFkh uhfr;ksa dks ldkjkRed ekurk gSA
z fofHkUu Lrjksa ij uSfrdrk esa fHkUurk% uSfrdrk ,d O;fÙkQ
ls nwljs O;fÙkQ vkSj ,d lekt ls nwljs lekt (lkewfgd
uSfrdrk) esa cgqr fHkUu gksrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% e`R;qnaM ij fopkj] mUewyu ls ysdj pj.kc¼
mUewyu o nqyZHkre fl¼kar ls ysdj lfØ; çfrèkkj.k
rd ds gSaA
37
z xfr'khyrk% ;|fi uSfrd ekud fLFkj gSa] ysfdu tSls&tSls yksx ubZ tkudkjh] thou 'kSyh] laLÑfr vkfn ds laidZ esa vkrs
gSa] os cny ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% u'khyh nokvksa ds nq#i;ksx dks ,d le; vijkèk ekuk tkrk Fkk] ysfdu c<+rh tkx:drk vkSj le> ds lkFk]

yksxksa us bls ,d chekjh ds :i esa ns•uk 'kq: dj fn;k gS ftlds fy, lgk;rk vkSj mipkj dh vko';drk gSA
uSfrdrk vkSj uSfrd fl¼kar esa varj%
xq.k uSfrdrk (,fFkDl) uSfrd fl¼kar (eksjYl)
ewy xzhd 'kCn ^^,Fkksl** dk vFkZ gS ¶pfj=k¸A ySfVu 'kCn ^^eksl** dk vFkZ ^^jhfr** gSA
vkpj.k ds fu;eksa dks ekuo dk;ks± ds ,d lgh ;k xyr vkpj.k ds lacaèk esa fl¼kar ;k O;ogkjA tcfd
çÑfr fo'ks"k oxZ ;k fdlh fo'ks"k lewg ;k laLÑfr uSfrdrk ;g Hkh crkrh gS fd D;k djsa vkSj D;k u djsa] uSfrdrk
ds lacaèk esa ekU;rk nh tkrh gSA varr% lgh vkSj xyr dk ,d O;fÙkQxr fn'kkfunZs'k gSA
lzksr lkekftd O;oLFkk& cká O;fÙkQxr&vkarfjd
uSfrdrk ifjHkk"kk ds fy, nwljksa ij fuHkZj gSA vkerkSj ij lqlaxr] gkyk¡fd ;fn fdlh O;fÙkQ dh ekU;rk,¡ cny
os ,d fuf'pr lanHkZ esa lqlaxr gksrs gSa ysfdu tkrh gSa rks ;g cny ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] leySafxdrk
çR;kLFkrk lanHkks± ds chp fHkUu gks ldrs gSaA ds ckjs esa fopkj] ppsjs HkkbZ&cgu dk fookg ,d O;fÙkQ ls nwljs
uSfrdrk i;kZIr lhek rd lR;] d#.kk] vfgalk O;fÙkQ esa cnyrk jgrk gSA
vkfn ds fy, lkoZHkkSfed jgrh gSA
uSfrdrk ,d fo'ks"k le; vkSj LFkku ds Hkhrj ;g lkaLÑfrd ekunaMksa ls lEc¼ gksrh gSA
Lohdk;Zrk is'ksoj vkSj dkuwuh fn'kkfunZs'kksa }kjk 'kkflr
gksrh gSA
gky ds fnuksa esa flfoy lsodksa ds uSfrd {kj.k ds dqN ekeys lkeus vk, gSa%
uSfrd {kj.k ds dkj.k bls Bhd djus dk ç;kl
z tokcnsgh vkSj ftEesnkjh dk vHkko% vxj dqN Hkh z ikjnf'kZrk c<+kuk% çHkkoh dkuwu ftuesa flfoy lsodksa
vPNk gksrk gS] rks ;g nkok djus okys yksxksa dh dksbZ deh dks vius vkfèkdkfjd fu.kZ;ksa ds fy, dkj.k crkus dh
ugha gS fd blds ihNs os gh yksx gSa] ysfdu vxj dqN vko';drk gksrh gSA
Hkh xyr gksrk gS] rks dksbZ Hkh ftEesnkjh ysus ds fy, rS;kj z fOgfly&Cyksvj laj{k.k dkuwu% vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk xyr
ugha gSA dk;ks± ds mfpr ^lkoZtfud fgr •qykls* dh laj{kk ds
z uSfrdrk] ewY;ksa] lR;kfu"Bk vkSj vkè;kfRedrk dk fy,A
R;kx% HkkSfrdokn vkSj lkalkfjd liQyrk dh rqyuk esa bu z vuqlaèkku vkSj vè;;u% tulaidZ is'ksojksa dks uSfrd eqíksa
phtksa dk R;kx fd;k tkrk gSA esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, Lo;a dks lokZsÙke :i ls rS;kj
z lkekftd LohÑfr% Hkz"Vkpkj ds çfr lekt dh LohÑfr djus ds fy, vdknfed vuqlaèkku vkSj eqíksa ds çcaèku dh
vkSj lgu'khyrk mPp cuh gqbZ gSA vPNs yksxksa dk ekSu] dqN lokZsÙke çFkkvksa dk vè;;u djuk pkfg,A
yksxksa ds uSfrd {kj.k ls Hkh vfèkd •rjukd gSA z ,fFkDl ys•kijh{kk% lokZfèkd egRoiw.kZ çfØ;kvksa dh
z esxk ç'kklu] èkheh dk;Zç.kkyh vkSj fu.kZ; ysus esa v•aMrk ds fy, tksf•eksa dh igpku djuk] çHkkoh oká
foyEc% çR;sd foHkkx vkSj laLFkku esa yacor vkSj {kSfrt vkSj vkarfjd f'kdk;r vkSj fuokj.k çfØ;k,aA
nksuksa rjg ls fodkl gks jgk gSA blls inkuqØe esa Hkze iSnk z vkpkj lafgrk dk mYya?ku vkSj voueu% blesa
gks x;k gS ftlls fu.kZ; ysus esa nsjh gks jgh gSA vuq'kklukRed fu;eksa ds rgr eatwjh vkSj ltk dk çkoèkku
z uje&lekt] lfg".kq turk dh jk;] vkSj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
jktuhfrd&O;olk;&ukSdj'kkgh dk xBtksM+% turk z daI;wVjhdj.k vkSj fMftVyhdj.k% eè; Lrj dks [kRe
xyr dkeksa ij vlarq"V vkSj vlfg".kq gksrh gSA blls fu.kZ; djuk] ftlesa yksxksa dks dke ds fy, ukSdj'kkgksa ij fuHkZj
ysus okyksa dks Hkfo"; esa ,sls vijkèk u djus ds çfr vfèkd jguk iM+rk gS
Lora=krk feyrh gSA z lhlhVhoh yxkuk% blls ;g Mj iSnk gksrk gS fd mu ij
utj j•h tk jgh gSA

38 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

1-25 laoSèkkfud uSfrdrk r; djuk 'kkfey gksrk gS fd fdu ewY;ksa dks vfHkofèkZr
djuk gSA tc yksxksa ds ewY; fHkUu gksrs gSa rks la?k"kZ mRiUu
z laoSèkkfud uSfrdrk dk vFkZ laoSèkkfud ewY;ksa ds vafre
gks ldrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i çkFkfedrkvksa vkSj
fl¼karksa dk ikyu djuk ;k muds çfr oiQknkj jguk gSA
okaNuh;rkvksa esa Vdjko gksrk gSA
z blesa ,d lekos'kh vkSj yksdrkaf=kd jktuhfrd çfØ;k ds
z ewY; lh•s vkSj vkjksfir fd, tkrs gSa% ewY; çÑfr }kjk
çfr çfrc¼rk 'kkfey gS ftlesa O;fÙkQxr vkSj lkewfgd
fufeZr ugha gksrs gSaA mUgsa lh•k vkSj laLdkfjr fd;k tkrk
nksuksa fgr larq"V gksrs gSaA
gSA ifjokj] mldk okrkoj.k vkSj ijaijk,¡ lHkh ewY;ksa ds
z Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds lanHkZ esa laoSèkkfud uSfrdrk ds çeq•
fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
rRo gSa & fofèk dk 'kklu] lekurk dk vfèkdkj] Beliefs
lkekftd U;k;] jk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj v•aMrk]
èkeZfujis{krk] O;fÙkQxr Lora=krk vkSj vfHkO;fÙkQ dh
Lora=krk vkfnA Marals Values Ethics
z lqçhe dksVZ us 4&1 ds cgqer ds iQSlys ds rgr lcjhekyk z Individual z Society
eafnj esa lHkh mez dh efgykvksa dks ços'k dh vuqefr nsus z Intrinsic z External
ds fy, laoSèkkfud uSfrdrk ij Hkjkslk fd;k FkkA uorst Attitude
flag tkSgj cuke Hkkjr la?k ekeys esa] lqçhe dksVZ us èkkjk
377 ds iqjkus çkoèkku dks jí dj fn;k vkSj laoSèkkfud Behaviours
uSfrdrk dks cjdjkj j•kA fp=k% ewY;ksa ds ?kVd
1-26 ekuoh; ewY; ekU;rk
uSfrd fl¼kar&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&uSfrdrk
z ewY; dkjZokbZ ;k ifj.kkeksa ds mfpr ço`fÙk;ksa ds lacaèk esa
O;kid çkFkfedrk,a gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i] ewY; fdlh O;fÙkQ O;fÙkQxr lekt
dh lgh vkSj xyr] ;k ¶D;k gksuk pkfg,¸ dh Hkkouk dks oká
çfrfcafcr djrs gSaA ;g fdlh dh vkRe&voèkkj.kk dk ,d vkrafjd n`f"Vdks.k
egRoiw.kZ igyw LFkkfir djrk gS vkSj O;fÙkQ ds ekxZn'kZd O;ogkj
fl¼karksa ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
fp=k% ewY;ksa ds ?kVd
Core Emotions Values mnkgj.k
Belief
eksgu d#.kk vkSj lgkuqHkwfr dks egRo nsrk gSA eatqyh
O;fÙkQxr Lora=krk vkSj Lok;Ùkrk dks egRo nsrh gSaA lqeu
cqfu;knh ekU;rk $ Hkkouk,a ¾ ewY; i;kZoj.kh; lrrrk vkSj laj{k.k dh odkyr djrh gSaA njfo'k
z dHkh&dHkh O;fÙkQxr ekU;rkvksa dks ewY; dgk tkrk ckSf¼d ftKklk vkSj Kku dh •kst dks çkFkfedrk nsrk gSA
gS% O;fÙkQxr ekU;rk,a tks yksxksa dks ,d ;k nwljs rjhds ls ;s O;fÙkQ ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds fofHkUu lewgksa] Øe'k% lgkuqHkwfr]
dk;Z djus ds fy, çsfjr djrh gSa mUgsa ewY; dgk tkrk Lok;Ùkrk] laj{k.k vkSj Kku&çkfIr dk çfrfufèkRo djrs gSaA
gSA ;s ewY; vU; ds vykok uSfrd@uSfrd fl¼kar] èkkfeZd]
jktuhfrd] lkekftd ;k dykRed gks ldrs gSaA 1-26-1 fofHkUu çdkj ds ewY;
z ewY;ksa ds çfr ço`fÙk% yksx vke rkSj ij mu ewY;ksa dks z lkè; ewY; vkSj lkèku ewY;% lkè; ewY; Lo;a lkè;
viukus ds fy, iwoZ ço`Ùk gksrs gSa ftuds lkFk os cM+s gq, gSa] fdlh vU; lkè; dks çkIr djus dk lkèku ugha] tSls
gSA yksx ;g Hkh ekurs gSa fd os ewY; ^^lgh** gSa D;ksafd os çlUurk] eqfÙkQ bR;kfnA lkè; ewY;] lkèku ewY; ds mi;ksx
mudh laLÑfr ds ewY; gSaA ds ekè;e ls çkIr fd, tkrs gSaA
z uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus esa ewY;ksa dh mi;ksfxrk% uSfrd fu.kZ;  mnkgj.k% Hkkjrh; ijaijk esa] èkeZ] vFkZ vkSj dke lkèku

ysus esa çk;% ewY;ksa dks ,d nwljs ds fo#¼ rkSyuk vkSj ;g ewY; gSa] tcfd eqfÙkQ lkè; ewY; gSA

uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/ 39


Individual
Values
Social
Values
Universal
Values
z lkis{k vkSj fujis{k ewY;% lkis{k ewY; yksxksa ds chp vkSj
cM+s iSekus ij fofHkUu laLÑfr;ksa ds yksxksa ds chp fHkUu
gksrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% HkkSfrdoknh ewY; O;fÙkQxr vkSj lekt
fof'k"V gSaA ,d fujis{k ewY; nk'kZfud :i ls iw.kZ gS
vkSj O;fÙkQxr vkSj lkaLÑfrd n`f"Vdks.k ls Lora=k gS]
lkFk gh ;g Kkr ;k vuqHko&tU; gSA vfgalk] lekurk]
xSj&HksnHkko bR;kfnA
z lajf{kr ewY;% lajf{kr ewY; og gS ftls dksbZ O;fÙkQ NksM+us
dks rS;kj ugha gS] Hkys gh ,slk djus ds ykHk dqN Hkh gksaA
 mnkgj.k% dqN yksx fdlh vU; O;fÙkQ dks ekjus ds
fy, rS;kj ugha gks ldrs gSa] Hkys gh blls dbZ vU;
yksxksa dh tku cp jgh gksA
z O;fÙkQxr ewY;% O;fÙkQxr ewY; os gSa tks vdsys O;fÙkQ
}kjk fuèkkZfjr fd, tkrs gSa] pkgs mlds lkekftd lEcUèk
dqN Hkh gksaA
 mnkgj.k% Je dh xfjek] laosnu'khyrk] LoPNrk]
fouezrk] bZekunkjh] bR;kfnA
z lkeqnkf;d ewY;% lkeqnkf;d ewY; os ewY; gSa tks iwjs
leqnk; }kjk lk>k fd, tkrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% cM+ksa dh ns•Hkky djuk vkSj mudk lEeku
djukA
z vkarfjd vkSj cká ewY;% vkarfjd ewY; os gSa ftudk Lo;a
esa vkarfjd ewY; gksrk gS] tSls 'kkafr] çse] bR;kfnA cká ewY;
dsoy rHkh ewY;oku gksrs gSa tc mudk mi;ksx vkarfjd
ewY; ds lkFk dqN çkIr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] èku vkSj cqf¼] cká ewY; gSa ftudk
mi;ksx le`f¼ vkSj Kku tSls vkarfjd ewY;ksa dks eglwl
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ewY; foHkktu ijLij
vuU; ugha gSA
 mnkgj.k% ,d èkkfeZd iqLrd dks mlds vkarfjd ewY;
(èkkfeZd lans'k@fl¼kar) ds dkj.k egRo fn;k tk ldrk
40
gS ;k D;ksafd ;g eks{k ;k fuokZ.k tSls mPp y{;ksa dh
çkfIr esa lgk;rk djrh gSA
z uSfrdrk] vuSfrdrk vkSj uhfr&fujs{krk% ewY;ksa dks
lgh vkSj xyr ds vuqlkj oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
uSfrd ewY; os gSa tks lgh dk;Z dks çksRlkfgr djrs gSa]
tSls bZekunkjh] lgkuqHkwfr] bR;kfnA vuSfrd ewY; os gSa tks
ykyp vkSj okluk tSls xyr dk;ks± dks çksRlkfgr djrs gSaA
uhfr&fujs{k ewY; os gSa tks u rks uSfrd gSa vkSj u gh vuSfrd
vkSj ftudk uSfrdrk ls dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ugha gS] mnkgj.k ds
fy,] lqanjrk] fiQVusl bR;kfnA
Cognition (belief)
Things we hold to
be true.
Peripheral Core (Strong)
(Weak) Belief Belief
Emotion
Value
What is important
to us.
fp=k% ewY; ç.kkyh
laoSèkkfud ewY;
z U;k;] Lora=krk] lekurk] caèkqRo] xSj&HksnHkko] èkeZfujis{krk]
lfg".kqrk] detksj oxks± ds çfr d#.kk vkfnA
1-26-2 ewY;ksa dk egRo
z ekuo O;ogkj dk ekxZn'kZu djrk gS% ewY; og fl¼kar
vkSj ekSfyd n`<+ fo'okl gSa tks O;ogkj ds fy, ,d lkekU;
ekxZn'kZd ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA n`f"Vdks.k vkSj O;ogkj
ewY;ksa ls çHkkfor gksrs gSaA
z uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus esa çsjd 'kfÙkQ% ewY;ksa dks lkoZHkkSfed
:i ls uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus esa ,d çsjd 'kfÙkQ ds :i esa
ekU;rk çkIr gS & ewY;ksa dks uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus esa ,d çsjd
'kfÙkQ ds :i esa lkoZHkkSfed :i ls ekU;rk çkIr gSA os
mudh ,sfPNd xfrfofèk;ksa ds fy, vkèkkj ds :i esa dke
djrs gSa vkSj fdlh O;fÙkQ dh ilan dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA
z vPNs thou ds fy, vkarfjd lanHkZ% O;fÙkQxr ewY;
thou esa D;k vPNk] ykHkdkjh] egRoiw.kZ] mi;ksxh] lqanj]
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 okaNuh; vkSj jpukRed gS] blds fy, ,d vkarfjd lanHkZ
çnku djrs gSaA
z D;k lgh gS vkSj D;k xyr gS] blds chp varj djus
esa enn djrk gS% lHkh ewY;ksa esa çHkkoh] laKkukRed vkSj
fn'kkRed igyw gksrs gSa tks gesa ;g r; djus esa ekxZn'kZu
djrs gSa fd D;k lgh gS vkSj D;k xyr gSA
z 'kkafr vkSj fLFkjrk dks c<+kok nsrk gS% ekuoh; ewY;
ekuoh; lacaèkksa ds çcaèku ds fy, ,d midj.k gSa vkSj
ruko vfèkd gksus ij 'kkafr ds fy, ,d midj.k gSaA ewY;
gesa ,d&nwljs ds lkFk ln~Hkko ls jgus vkSj O;fÙkQxr Lrj
ij 'kkafr esa ;ksxnku djus esa l{ke cukrs gSaA
z ewY; fof'k"V dk;ks± vkSj fLFkfr;ksa ls ijs foLrkfjr
gksrs gSa% ewY; fof'k"V dk;ks± vkSj fLFkfr;ksa ls ijs foLrkfjr
gksrs gSaA
z mnkgj.k] vkKkdkfjrk vkSj bZekunkjh ,sls ewY; gSa tks
dke ;k Ldwy ds lkFk&lkFk •sy] O;olk; vkSj jktuhfr
esa Hkh çklafxd gks ldrs gSaA ;g ewY;ksa dks ekunaMksa vkSj
n`f"Vdks.k tSlh vfèkd lhfer voèkkj.kkvksa ls vyx djrk
gS] tks vkerkSj ij fof'k"V dk;ks±] oLrqvksa ;k fLFkfr;ksa dks
lanfHkZr djrs gSaA
z ekudksa ;k ekunaMksa ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS% ewY;ksa
dk mi;ksx dk;ks±] uhfr;ksa] yksxksa vkSj ?kVukvksa ds p;u ;k
ewY;kadu esa ekudksa ;k ekunaMksa ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
yksx vius iksf"kr ewY;ksa ds laHkkfor ifj.kkeksa ds vkèkkj ij
fu.kZ; ysrs gSa fd D;k vPNk gS ;k cqjk] D;k djuk mfpr
gS ;k D;k ugha djuk pkfg,A
1-27 uSfrd fl¼kar] uSfrdrk vkSj ewY;
z ewY;ksa esa lHkh uSfrdrk,a vkSj uSfrd fl¼kar 'kkfey gSaA lHkh
ewY; uSfrd ugha gSa- mnkgj.k ds fy,] cgknqjh-
z ;g ,d ewY; gS] ysfdu ;g uSfrd ugha gSA tks O;fÙkQ
lkglh ugha gSa mUgsa vuSfrd ugha ekuk tk ldrkA
z gekjs lekt esa laj{k.k ,d ewY; gS] ysfdu uSfrdrk
ughaA
z tkiku tSls dqN ns'kksa esa uSfrdrk ds lkFk&lkFk le; dh
ikcanh dks egRo fn;k tkrk gSA dM+h esgur ,d ewY; gS]
ysfdu ;g uSfrd ewY; ugha gSA
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/
Values Ethics
Morality
fp=k% uSfrd fl¼kar] uSfrdrk vkSj ewY;
uSfrd fl¼kar ds mnkgj.k
z ^^dsjy esa ,d ;qok yM+ds us vius Ldwy cSx esa feys
1 yk• #i;s ykSVk fn,A mlus dgk fd mlus vius
ekrk&firk ls lh•k gS fd ges'kk og pht okil ykSVkvks
tks mldk ugha gSA** ;g uSfrd fl¼kar dk ,d mnkgj.k
gS D;ksafd yM+ds us bl rF; ds ckotwn fd og iSls
vius ikl j• ldrk Fkk] lgh dke fd;kA mUgksaus
bZekunkjh] lR;fu"Bk vkSj Bksl uSfrd ekunaM dk çn'kZu
fd;kA ,sls dk;Z ,d vuqLekjd ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa
fd lgh dk;Z djsaA ;qok nqfu;k esa cnyko yk ldrs gSaA
z fiQYe ds ik=kksa ls% ckWyhoqM fiQYe ^^yxku** esa] ik=k
uSfrd fl¼kar çnf'kZr djrs gSa tc os mRihM+u ds vkxs
>qdus ls euk djrs gSaA vkfej •ku }kjk vfHkuhr Hkqou
ds usr`Ro esa] os vaxzstksa }kjk yxk, x, vU;k;iw.kZ djksa ds
f•ykiQ ,dtqV gksrs gSaA ckèkkvksa ds ckotwn] os fu"i{krk]
bZekunkjh vkSj lR;fu"Bk ds fl¼karksa dks dk;e j•rs
gSa] vius vfèkdkjksa ds fy, yM+rs gSa vkSj ,d jk"Vª dks
çsfjr djrs gSaA
1-27-1 tc iwjk flLVe gh Hkz"V gks rks uSfrd dSls
cus jgsa\
z O;fÙkQxr bZekunkjh cuk, j•sa% nwljksa dks bZekunkjh dk
mins'k nsus ls igys] vkidks igys bls O;ogkj esa ykuk
pkfg,A Hk; ;k ncko ds ctk; n`<+ fo'okl ds lkFk
bZekunkj jgsaA
z vius dke dks vPNh rjg ls tkusa% vius vèkhuLFkksa dks
mfpr fn'kk esa ys tkus ds fy,] vkidks dkuwuksa] fu;eksa vkSj
çfØ;kvksa dks muls csgrj rjhds ls tkuuk pkfg,A
z lkgl% vius çcaèkdksa dks ekSf•d :i ls viuh lR;fu"B
jk; nsdj lkgl dk çn'kZu djsaA vius vèkhuLFkksa ij
lkgliwoZd çHkkoh cusa
41
z iQwV Mkyks vkSj jkt djks% csbZekuksa dks utjvankt djrs
gq, bZekunkjksa dk leFkZu djsaA fdlh Hkh deZpkjh ds vPNs
dke dks lkoZtfud :i ls ekU;rk nsaA
z nwljksa ds fy, çsj.kk cusa% vki nqfu;k esa tks cnyko ns•uk
pkgrs gSa] og cudj nwljksa dks çsfjr djsaA
z n;kyq cusa% vèkhuLFkksa ds çfr n;kyq jgsa vkSj dfBu le;
esa mudh enn djsaA HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk dk çn'kZu djsaA
z dkuwu dk ikyu djsa% vuisf{kr tYnckth u djsaA ,d Hkh
vkijkfèkd ÑR; vkidks thou Hkj ijs'kku dj ldrk gS
vkSj vkidh çfr"Bk dks u"V dj ldrk gSA blls vkidh
fo'oluh;rk Hkh de gksrh gSA
z usr`RodrkZ cusa% usr`Ro djsa] ftEesnkjh dks ;=k&r=k vkjksfir
djus dh vknr u MkysaA
z vius fl¼karksa ds fy, d"V lgsa% bZekunkjh fcuk dher
ds ugha feyrhA rcknyksa ds fy, lnSo rS;kj jgsaA ,dfu"B
eu] lokZsÙke foJkeLFky gSA
1-28 ewY; laoèkZu esa ifjokj dh Hkwfedk
ifjokj ,d lkekftd laLFkk gS ftlesa lkekU; fo'okl] èkeZ]
jhfr&fjokt] laLÑfr] Hkk"kk vkSj thou 'kSyh dk caèku gksrk gSA
;g ijaijkvksa vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa dks fiNyh ih<+h ls vxyh ih<+h
rd fojklr ds :i esa vkxs c<+krk gSA
m¼j.k
z ¶Lo&fufeZr O;fÙkQ vfLrRo esa ugha gSA ge gtkjksa vU;
yksxksa ls feydj cus gSa¸A
z ^^,d vkneh vkerkSj ij vius lcls djhch ikap yksxksa
ds fudVLFk gksrk gSA**
z ifjokj lkekU; fo'okl] èkeZ] jhfr&fjokt] laLÑfr] Hkk"kk
vkSj thou 'kSyh ds caèku ls caèkh ,d lkekftd laLFkk
gSA ;g ijaijkvksa vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa dks fiNyh ih<+h ls
vxyh ih<+h rd fojklr ds :i esa vkxs c<+krk gSA
viuRo ;k naM
lEeku ifjokj nku
Je dh çfr"Bk gekjs ekrk&fiVk }kjk f'k{k.k
fp=k% ewY;ksa ds fodkl esa ifjokj dh HkwfedkA
z cPpksa ds fy, ewY; f'k{k.k dh çFke ikB'kkyk% ewY;
çk;% lkaLÑfrd çfØ;kvksa] fo'ks"k :i ls ekrk&firk ls
42
cPpksa rd çlkj vkSj lapj.k ;k lekthdj.k ds ekè;e ls
çkIr fd, tkrs gSaA
 cPpksa ds fy,] ifjokj vkSj ekrk&firk ewY; f'k{k.k
dh çFke ikB'kkyk ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA os ;qokvksa
esa bZekunkjh vkSj lPpkbZ tSls ewY; mRiUu djrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; ikjaifjd ifjokjksa esa nknk&nknh çk;% vius
cPpksa dks egkHkkjr vkSj jkek;.k tSlh ifo=k iqLrdksa ls
uSfrd@uSfrd fl¼kar ijd dgkfu;k¡ lqukrs gSaA os muds
lkFk vius thou ds vuqHko vkSj lcd Hkh lk>k djrs
gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i] ;qok muls ewY;ksa dh çkjafHkd f'k{kk
çkIr djrs gSaA
z viuh ilan dk dfj;j cukus dh vktknh% pkgs og
•sy gks] dyk gks] iQS'ku gks ;k dqN vkSjA os gh gSa tks
vius 'ks"k thou dk vkuan ys ldrs gSaA
z HkkoukRed lgk;rk çnku djsa% mls ,sls udkjkRed
fopkjksa ls ckgj fudkyus ds fy, vko';d HkkoukRed
lgk;rk] ns•Hkky vkSj ijke'kZ çnku djukA
z ruko nwj djus esa enn ds fy, ikBÔsrj xfrfofèk;ksa
dks çksRlkfgr djuk% mls fiQYe fn•kus ys tk,a vkSj ?kj
ij •qf'k;ksa ds ckjs esa ckr djsaA ;s lHkh] cPps dks fiQj ls
ÅtkZoku cuk ldrs gSaA
z ifjokj f'k{k.k dk ,d vukSipkfjd rjhdk çnku
djrk gS% ,d cPpk varfuZfgr :i ls I;kj] d#.kk]
vkRe&R;kx vkSj lk>k djus vkSj ns•Hkky ds ewY;ksa dks
fodflr djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] cPpksa dks vius yap
ckWDl dks vius nksLrksa ds lkFk vkSj vius f•ykSuksa dks
HkkbZ&cguksa ds lkFk lk>k djuk fl•k;k tkrk gS] ftlls
muesa nku vkSj HkkbZpkjs dh Hkkouk iSnk gksrh gSA
z cPpksa ds fy, jksy ekWMy% ekrk&firk vkSj ifjokj ds
lnL; cPpksa ds fy, jksy ekWMy gksrs gSa] vkSj os çk;% muds
dk;ks± vkSj O;ogkjksa dk vuqlj.k djrs gSaA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn firk mldh eka dks çrkfM+r
djrk gS] rks cPps esa efgykvksa ds fy, leku ewY; gksus dh
laHkkouk gksrh gS] gkykafd] ;fn ifjokj ds lnL; efgykvksa
ds lkFk leku O;ogkj djrs gSa vkSj mudk lEeku djrs gSa]
rks ;qok }kjk Hkfo"; esa Hkh ,slk gh djus dh laHkkouk gSA
 ;fn os tkucw>dj ;krk;kr dkuwuksa dk mYya?ku djrs
gSa] rks muds cPps Hkh ,slk gh djsaxsA
 ;fn fdlh yM+ds dk ikyu&iks"k.k ,sls lekt esa gksrk
gS tgka yM+fd;ksa ds lkFk nks;e ntZs ds ukxfjd ln`'k
O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gS] rks og viuh iRuh ds lkFk
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 Hkh ,slk gh O;ogkj djsxk vkSj blesa dqN Hkh xyr
ugha ns•sxkA
 ;fn ekrk&firk futh vkSj lkoZtfud laifÙk] nksuksa ij
LoPNrk ds çfr bZekunkj gSa] rks muds cPps Hkh ,sls
gh gksaxsA
z jpukRed vkSj fouk'kdkjh nksuksa Hkwfedk,¡% ifjokj
cPpksa esa vkn'kZ LFkkfir djus esa ykHkdkjh vkSj gkfudkjd
nksuksa Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA
 jpukRed Hkwfedk dk ,d mnkgj.k cqtqxZ ;k vaèks yksxksa
dks lM+d ikj djus esa lgk;rk djuk gS] tks cPpksa
esa muds ekrk&firk }kjk iSnk dh xbZ cM+ksa dk lEeku
djus dh voèkkj.kk ls mRiUu gksrk gSA gekjh laLÑfr
esa] vfèkdka'k yksx cpiu esa gh vius ifjokjksa esa tkfr
O;oLFkk dh le> gkfly dj ysrs gSa vkSj fodflr
dj ysrs gSaA
z ekrk&firk }kjk fl•k, x, ewY;ksa esa cnyko% ,d vkSj
ço`fÙk tks ge ns• ldrs gSa og gS ekrk&firk }kjk fl•k,
x, ewY;ksa esa cnykoA os lg;ksx ds LFkku ij çfrLièkkZ dks]
ifjokj vkSj lkewfgdrk ds LFkku ij O;fÙkQokn dks rFkk
larqf"V vkSj R;kx ds LFkku ij miHkksÙkQkokn dks çkFkfedrk
nsrs gSaA
z ifjokj vkSj O;fÙkQxr ewY;ksa ds chp fopyu% ikjaifjd
ifjokjksa ds fo?kVu] ekrk&firk nksuksa ds dkedkth gksus
dh vfuok;Zrk] rduhd&foLiQksV vkSj lkfFk;ksa ds çHkko
ds dkj.k] gky ds o"kks± esa çFke ewY; çnkrk ds :i esa
ifjokj dh Hkwfedk esa fxjkoV vkbZ gSA blds vykok]
f'k{kk] vkykspukRed lksp] ehfM;k vkSj tkx:drk ds
ifj.kkeLo:i] cPps ikfjokfjd ewY;ksa dks vLohdkj dj
ldrs gSa vkSj muls foyx gks ldrs gSaA
1- vkKkdkfjrk
2- iqjLdkj ,oa
6- vkUrjhdj.k
naM
3- vPNk
5- lkekftd
ckyd
vuqcaèk
4- fu;e ,oa
fofu;e
fp=k% ewY; laoèkZu
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/
ewY; laoèkZu esa ifjokj dh Hkwfedk ds mnkgj.k
z dkYifud% feLVj ,Dl vkSj felst ,Dl vius ?kj esa
ySafxd lekurk dks lfØ; :i ls c<+kok nsrs gSaA os fu.kZ;
ysus esa vius csVs vkSj csVh dks 'kkfey djrs gSa] mUgsa
viuh egRokdka{kkvksa dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, çksRlkfgr
djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa ySafxd :f<+okfnrk dks pqukSrh nsuk
fl•krs gSaA os ,sls ewY;ksa dks LFkkfir djrs gSa tks muds
cPpksa dks lEeku vkSj fu"i{krk dk ekWMy cukdj lekt
esa ySafxd lekurk dh odkyr djus ds fy, l'kÙkQ
cukrs gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i] os çk;% Ldwy vkSj lgdehZ
lewgksa esa ySafxd lekurk dh odkyr djrs gSaA
z okLrfod thou% ^^gj lky fnokyh ds nkSjku] eqacbZ
esa ,d ifjokj us t:jreanksa dks diM+s nku djus dh
ijaijk 'kq: dhA** muds cPps vc cM+s gks x, gSa vkSj
mUgksaus bl ijaijk dks tkjh j•k gS] ftlls muesa lekt
dks okil nsus dk ewY; iSnk gqvk gSA**
1-29 ewY; laoèkZu esa 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa dh
Hkwfedk
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ds vuqlkj] cPpksa esa laLdkj fodflr
djus dk lcls çHkkoh lkèku f'k{kk gSA thou ds çFke o"kZ esa]
Ldwy ,d ,slk LFkku gS tgk¡ O;ofLFkr f'k{kk çnku dh tkrh
gSA Ldwy cPpksa dks lcls vfèkd volj vkSj vuqHko nsrk gSA
blds vykok] ,d cPps dks Ldwy esa igyh ckj mlds ifjokj
ds vykok leqnk; ds lnL;ksa] tSls mlds lkfFk;ksa] fo|kfFkZ;ksa]
f'k{kdksa vkSj vU; deZpkfj;ksa ls ifjfpr djk;k tkrk gSA ;g
cPps dks fl•krk gS fd lekt esa vius O;ogkj dks dSls fu;af=kr
fd;k tk,A
m¼j.k
z ¶cqf¼eÙkk ds lkFk pfj=k gh f'k{kk dk lPpk y{; gSA¸
 & ekfVZu ywFkj fdax
z ¶ewY;&foghu f'k{kk euq"; dks vfèkd prqj 'kSrku cukrh
çrhr gksrh gSA¸ & lh ,l yqbZl
z ¶f'k{kk dk mís'; efLr"d dks fparu] ân; dks eglwl
djuk vkSj 'kjhj dks dk;Z djuk fl•kuk gSA¸
& tkWu MwbZ
z ,d etcwr ewY; ç.kkyh çnku djuk% ekrk&firk dk
çeq• dk;Z vius cPpksa esa ewY;ksa dks fodflr djuk
gSA gkyk¡fd] f'k{kd vkSj Ldwy blesa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
43
 fuHkkrs gSa D;ksafd Nk=k Ldwyksa vkSj laLFkkuksa esa vfèkd z ikBÔØe vkSj ikBÔiqLrdsa Hkh cPpksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dks
le; fcrkrs gSaA Nk=k Ldwyksa esa vkSj ckn esa dkWystksa esa çHkkfor djrh gSa%
lh•rs gSa fd lekt esa dSls O;ogkj djuk gSA lgdehZ dh  Úkalhlh Økafr% Lora=krk] lekurk] caèkqRoA

Hkwfedk dks utjvankt ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ;g  vkèkqfud bfrgkl% fçVksfj;k rd xkaèkh dh Vªsu ;k=kk
ewY; lap; vkSj ewY; vkarfjddj.k esa vR;fèkd egRoiw.kZ & vU;k; ds f•ykiQ •M+s gksukA
cuh gqbZ gSA  laoSèkkfud vkn'kks± esa yksdra=k] èkeZfujis{krk vkSj lR;]
lgkuqHkwfr vkSj d#.kk
çse o d#.kk tSls ekuoh; ewY; 'kkfey gSaA
 lkfgR;% ;g gesa ekuo LoHkko vkSj ,d fuf'pr ;qx
ewY;ksa dks fodkl esa
vPNk ukxfjd oSKkfud ds çeq• lkekftd vkn'kks± ds ckjs esa fl•krk gSA
f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk
cukuk n`f"Vdks.k  foKku ds ckjs esa ftKklk% blls èkkfeZd :f<+okfnrk vkSj

vuq'kklu le;c¼rk cqjh çFkkvksa ds ckjs esa ç'u mBrs gSaA

z •sy Hkkouk vkSj Vhe Hkkouk ds ewY;% de mez esa dbZ
fp=k% ewY;ksa ds fodkl esa f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk
•syksa esa Hkkx ysus dk volj fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa Vhe Hkkouk
fodflr djus esa enn djrk gSA
z lexz O;fÙkQRo fodkl% lexz fodkl ds fy, f'k{kk
egRoiw.kZ gS%
 fofHkUu laLÑfr;ksa ds chp d#.kk] bZekunkjh vkSj
Parents

Leaders

CHILD ikjLifjd lkgp;Z dh Hkkouk iSnk djuk_

 d#.kk vkSj fuLokFkZrk çnku djus ds fy, o`¼kJeA

 lfg".kqrk vkSj èkeZfujis{krk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,

laxzgky; vkSj lkaLÑfrd dsaæA

Teacher
 i;kZoj.k ds çfr tkx:drk iSnk djus ds fy, o`{kkjksi.k

vkSj lM+d dh liQkbZA

z ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, lcls çHkkoh  ;ksx vkidh lksp dks vkarfjd cukus esa enn djrk gSA

,tsaV% f'k{kk esa etcwr vkSj LFkk;h ewY;ksa dks mRiUu djus ,d ckj tc vkidk è;ku dsafær gks tk,xk rks vkids
dh {kerk gSA f'k{kk ges'kk ,d ewY; ç.kkyh ij vkèkkfjr ikl fopkjksa dh vfèkd Li"Vrk gksxhA
 ,drk esa fofoèkrk] laoSèkkfud uSfrdrk vkSj xkaèkh tSls
jgh gS tks 'kkjhfjd] ckSf¼d] uSfrd vkSj vkè;kfRed thou
nk'kZfudksa dh varnZ`f"VA
ds fodkl dks c<+kok nsrh gSA
z cqfu;knh f'k"Vkpkj vkSj ewY;% tkikuh ç.kkyh esa] cPpksa cqf¼eÙkk ewY; ijd
pfj=k
dks Ldwy esa muds çFke pkj o"kks± ds nkSjku cqfu;knh f'k{kk
f'k"Vkpkj vkSj ewY; fl•k, tkrs gSaA
fp=k% ewY; ijd f'k{kk
 cPpksa dks ;g Hkh fl•k;k tkrk gS fd os vius
'kkSpky;ksa dks Bhd ls dSls lkiQ djsaA uhnjySaM esa 1-30 lekt dh Hkwfedk
d{kk esa IykfLVd dh vuqefr ugha gSA çÑfr ds z lekt] vukSipkfjd f'k{kk ds dsaæ esa gS tks lnL;ksa dh
çfr ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k LFkkfir djus ds fy, Nk=kksa fojklr lqfuf'pr djrh gSA ;g cPps ds fodkl dks çse
dks igys dqN o"kks± rd çkÑfrd ifjos'k esa i<+k;k vkSj LokfeRo dh Hkkouk ds lkFk viukrk gS] cPps dks
tkrk gSA lkekftd iSVuZ vkSj n'kZu dks egRo nsuk fl•krk gSA

44 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

z lekt] lkekftd ijaijk ds ekè;e ls ewY; çnku
djrk gS% varjaxrk] Hkk"kk] çse] lekurk] thus dh bPNk]
dk;Z] O;ogkj] uSfrdrk] ,drk] yxko vkSj bZ";kZ ds ewY;
lHkh lkekftd ijaijk ds ekè;e ls mèk`r ewY; gSaA ;s Li"V
fo'ks"krk,a gSa tks ,d cPpk lekt ls lh•rk gSA lg;ksxkRed
ç;kl ds ekè;e ls] lekt tkfr tSlh lkekftd mnklhurk
dh leL;kvksa dks lekIr djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
Hkkjrh; lekt esa cqtqxks± ds iSj NwukA
z lekt ds ekè;e ls laLÑfr dk lapj.k% euq"; ekufld
vkSj ckSf¼d :i ls fodflr gksus ds fy, lekt esa ekStwn
jgrk gSA lekt gekjh laLÑfr dh j{kk djrk gS vkSj mls
Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa rd igqapkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ihiy ds
isM+ vkSj ifo=k xaxk unh dh iwtkA
z O;fÙkQxr vuq'kklu lekt }kjk naM vkSj iqjLdkj ds
ekè;e ls yxk;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr esa
fczfV'k dky ds nkSjku nDdu fdlku foæksg esa fdlkuksa
}kjk lkgwdkjksa ds f•ykiQ lkekftd cfg"dkj dk bLrseky
fd;k x;k FkkA
z lekt esa euq"; dk vfLrRo ekufld vkSj ckSf¼d :i
ls fodflr gksus esa gSA
z uSfrdrk vkSj lnkpkj dk iks"k.k djrk gS% lekt gekjh
laLÑfr dks lajf{kr djrk gS vkSj Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa rd igqapkrk
gSA O;fÙkQ esa uSfrdrk ,oa lnkpkj dk iks"k.k lekt }kjk
gksrk gSA
z lfg".kqrk vkSj jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk fodflr djrh
gS% lekt ds ekè;e ls lfg".kqrk vkSj jk"Vªh; ,drk yk;h
tkrh gSA lfg".kqrk rc fodflr gksrh gS tc dksbZ O;fÙkQ
dbZ tkfr;ksa] èkeks± vkSj {ks=kh; i`"BHkwfe ds O;fÙkQ;ksa okys
leqnk; esa jgrk gSA
z lg;ksxkRed ç;kl ds ekè;e ls] lekt tkfr tSlh
lkekftd mnklhurk dh leL;kvksa dks lekIr djrk gSA
z lekt esa vuq:irk LFkkfir dh tkrh gS% ,d O;fÙkQ
vius lkfFk;ksa dh udy djus ds fy, etcwj gksrk gSA
;fn os èkweziku djsaxs] rks og èkweziku djsxk_ ;fn os ,dy
ifjokjksa esa jgrs gSa] rks mls vius la;qÙkQ ifjokj ls vyx
gksus dh vko';drk eglwl gksxh] bR;kfnA
z lekt ds u, lnL;ksa ds chp O;ogkj iSVuZ dk iks"k.k
djrk gS% ;qok fofHkUu çdkj ds O;ogkj iSVuZ ls lEcafèkr
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/
gksrs gSa vkSj lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk lkekU; dkj.k fodflr djrs
gSa_ iM+ksl dk egRo] fofoèkrk esa ,drk] ekuo lsok gh
bZ'oj lsok] lg;ksx vkSj o`gn~&ln~xq.kA
vkS|ksxhdj.k dh rhoz rkfdZdrk vkSj xgurk ds lkFk] lkSan;Z
cksèk] lkÞpk;Zrk] HkkoukRed foosd vkSj vkè;kfRed ewY; rsth
ls fcxM+ jgs gSaA ;g O;kid iSekus ij HkkSfrdokn vkSj varjjk"Vªh;
iwathokn ds lkFk Hkh rst gks x;k gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] ewY;
laoèkZu esa Ldwy] lekt vkSj f'k{kdksa dh Hkwfedkvksa dks fiQj ls
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd ewY; ifj{ks=k dh rsth ls
mis{kk gqbZ gS vkSj ekuo thou esa ewY;ksa dks iquthZfor djus dh
,d mHkjrh gqbZ vko';drk gSA
lekt dh Hkwfedk
z lekt dh jpukRed Hkwfedk% fdlh O;fÙkQ ds O;fÙkQRo
ds fodkl esa lekt egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA
uSfrd ewY;ksa dks O;kid :i ls dk;e j•dj ;g
O;fÙkQ;ksa dks uSfrd gksus ds fy, çksRlkfgr dj ldrk gSA
z lekt dh fouk'kdkjh Hkwfedk% blh çdkj] lekt
,d vijkèk dks ,d milkaLÑfrd vo;o ds :i esa
fodflr djus esa fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA ;fn
;g vuSfrd O;ogkj@dk;ks± dks vLohÑr ugha djrk gS]
rks ;g lekt esa uSfrdrk ds ekudksa dks de dj ldrk
gS vkSj blds ifj.kkeLo:i vkijkfèkd xfrfofèk;ksa esa
o`f¼ gks ldrh gSA
ewY; cksèk esa lekt dh Hkwfedk ds mnkgj.k
z fiQYe ds ik=kksa ls% Hkkjrh; lekt esa ewY;ksa dks LFkkfir
djus esa lekt dh Hkwfedk ij fiQYe ^^rkjs tehu ij**
çdk'k Mkyrh gSA n'khZy liQkjh }kjk vfHkuhr bZ'kku dh
;k=kk ds ekè;e ls] lekt mlds O;fÙkQRo dks ekU;rk
vkSj leFkZu çnku djrk gS] lgkuqHkwfr] LohÑfr vkSj
le> dks c<+kok feyrk gSA ;g lkewfgd ç;kl mUgsa
vuq'kklu viukus vkSj lkekftd çHkko dh ifjorZudkjh
'kfÙkQ dks çnf'kZr djrs gq, O;fÙkQxr fodkl gkfly
djus esa enn djrk gSA
1-31 ewY; f'k{kk ds fy, fliQkfj'ksa
z ewY;&vkèkkfjr f'k{kk% ewY; f'k{kk dks laiw.kZ 'kS{kf.kd
çfØ;k esa ,dhÑr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A O;fÙkQ ds O;fÙkQRo
dk fuekZ.k f'k{kk ls gksuk pkfg,A f'k{kk ,slk lwpuk çdk'k
gksuk pkfg, tks nqfu;k dk lE;d fn'kk esa ekxZn'kZu djsA
45
 Ldwy esa cqfu;knh ekuoh; fl¼karksa ij tksj fn;k tkuk
pkfg,A
z xyr ewY;ksa dk iqufuZekZ.k% ewY;ksa dks çnku djus ds
vykok] 'kS{kf.kd laLFkku vkSj f'k{kd fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk
fl•k, x, xyr ewY;ksa ds iqufuZekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkk ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fyax iwokZxzg] 'k=kqrk]
lkaçnkf;drk ;k tkfrokn dks Nk=kksa esa mfpr n`f"Vdks.k iSnk
djds lekIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z f'k{kd Nk=kksa ds jksy ekWMy ds :i esa% Ldwy ds ckn]
fd'kksj dkiQh le; Ldwyksa esa fcrkrs gSa] blfy, f'k{kd]
ekrk&firk dh rjg] vius Nk=kksa ds fy, jksy ekWMy ds
:i esa dke djrs gSaA
z ifj.kkeLo:i] f'k{kd çR;{k ;k vçR;{k :i ls mu
ewY;ksa dks viukdj Nk=kksa esa uSfrd vkn'kZ iSnk dj ldrs
gSaA ,d f'k{kd dks vius Nk=kksa ds fy, ,d vkn'kZ uSfrd
mnkgj.k çLrqr djuk pkfg,A f'k{kd ls vis{kk dh tkrh
gS fd og u dsoy Kku vtZu ds ,d lw=kèkkj ds :i esa
dk;Z djs] cfYd ,d ewY; LFkkfir djus okys vkSj vkarfjd
vfLrRo ds ifjorZd ds :i esa Hkh dk;Z djsA
HkkSfrd ekufld
lexz f'k{kk
ckSf¼d
vkè;kfRed
z ewY;ksa dks fodflr djus ds fy, •syiw.kZ f'k{kk%
f'k{kd&çf'k{kd Nk=kksa dks fu"i{k •sy] bZekunkjh] lkgl
vkSj lg;ksx tSls ewY;ksa dks fodflr djus ds fy, d{kk
esa lfØ; •syksa esa layXu dj ldrs gSa_ lEeku vkSj çse
mu lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk varfØZ;k ds ekè;e ls csgrj :i ls
lh•k tkrk gS ftuds ikl fofoèk lkaLÑfrd] tkrh; vkSj
O;fÙkQRo fo'ks"krk,a gSaA
z lexz n`f"Vdks.k% vius y{;ksa dks çkIr djus ds fy,
dk;Z djus ds fy, çfrc¼ gksus ij] çR;sd dk;Z dk
ewY;kadu mu lkoZHkkSfed vkn'kks± ds çdk'k esa fd;k tkuk
pkfg, ftUgsa lekt Lohdkj djrk gSA ,sls O;ogkj çÑfr]
ikfjfLFkfrdh ;k lkekU; :i ls thou ds fy, fouk'kdkjh
ugha gksus pkfg,A ewY;ijd f'k{kk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lkoZHkkSfed
çlUurk ;k lHkh ds çfr ln~Hkkouk dh fn'kk esa ys tkrh gSA
46
z çkS|ksfxdh vkSj ewY; f'k{kk% D;ksafd çkS|ksfxdh lkFkZd
fuekZ.k vkSj vFkZghu fouk'k nksuksa esa l{ke gS] blfy, Hkfo";
ds VsDuksØsV dks çkS|ksfxdh ds jpukRed vkSj fouk'kdkjh
nksuksa igyqvksa ls iwjh rjg voxr djkdj rS;kj djus ds
fy, ewY; f'k{kk dh vko';drk gSA
1-32 ewY;ksa ds {kj.k ds dkj.k
z HkkSfrdokn% bDdhloha lnh esa O;fÙkQxr] lkekftd] jk"Vªh;]
uSfrd] uSfrd fl¼kar vkSj vkè;kfRed ewY;ksa dk O;kid
{kj.k ns•k x;k gSA c<+rs O;kolk;hdj.k ds lkFk&lkFk
HkkSfrdoknh ykHkksa dh c<+rh fpark] lkekftd ewY;ksa vkSj
uSfrdrk dks detksj dj jgh gSA
ewd
mnklhurk HkkSfrdokn
ewY;ksa ds {kj.k gsrq lkekftd lEc¼rk
iQsd U;wt
mÙkjnk;h dkjd esa fjfÙkQ
,oa viQokg
O;fÙkQokn uSfrd {kj.k
z lkekftd ,dtqVrk vkSj fLFkjrk esa 'kwU;rk% fufgr
LokFkZ] vkradokn] O;oèkku vkSj lkalkfjd thou rd igqap
lHkh us lkekftd ,dtqVrk vkSj fLFkjrk esa ,d fjfÙkQ esa
;ksxnku fn;k gSA blfy, ewY; èkhjs&èkhjs {kfrxzLr vkSj u"V
gksrs tk jgs gSaA
z uSfrd iru% c<+rh la'k;okfnrk] vfèkdkjksa vkSj drZO;ksa
ds chp dk varjky] HkkSfrdoknh >qdko] uSfrd iru vkSj
fgalk us euq"; ds Kku dks {kfr igqapk;k gSA
z èkkfeZd usrkvksa dh foiQyrk% nqfu;k Hkj esa çeq• èkkfeZd
vuq;kf;;ksa ds chp dêðjokn ds mn; us vklUu vkSj mHkjrs
ladV dks fu;af=kr djus esa èkkfeZd usrkvksa vkSj çkfèkdj.k
dh v{kerk dks mtkxj fd;k gSA
z ikjaifjd ikfjokfjd lajpukvksa dk fo?kVu% ikjaifjd
ifjokj uSfrd f'k{kk vkSj ekxZn'kZu dk ,d çeq• lzksr gSA
gkyk¡fd] gky ds o"kks± esa] lEcUèk&foPNsn] ,dy&ekrk&firk
okys ?kjksa vkSj fefJr ifjokjksa tSls dkjdksa ds dkj.k
ikjaifjd ikfjokfjd lajpuk,¡ fo?kfVr gqbZ gSaA blls cPpksa ds
fy, uSfrd ewY;ksa dks lh•uk vkSj vkRelkr djuk vfèkd
dfBu gks x;k gSA
z jksy ekWMy dh deh% vrhr esa] yksxksa dks vius ekrk&firk]
f'k{kdksa vkSj vU; jksy ekWMy ls uSfrd ewY; lh•us dh
vfèkd laHkkouk FkhA gkyk¡fd] orZeku fo'o esa] ;qokvksa
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 ds fy, Li"V jksy ekWMy dh deh gSA blls muds fy,
etcwr uSfrd ewY;ksa dks fodflr djuk vkSj vfèkd dfBu
gks ldrk gSA
fu"d"kZ (ewY;)
z ewY; vkSj ewY;ijd f'k{kk lexz :i ls ekrk&firk]
f'k{kdksa vkSj lekt ds fy, fpark dk fo"k; cu xbZ gSA ewY;
ekxZn'kZd fl¼kar gSa tks gekjh oSf'od n`f"V] O;ogkj vkSj
n`f"Vdks.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa vkSj os fdlh Hkh lekt ;k
jk"Vª ds fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA lR;] çse]
vfgalk] bZekunkjh] le;c¼rk] lR;fu"Bk] vkRe&vuq'kklu]
lekurk] lkgl] LoPNrk] yksdra=k vkSj vkRefuHkZjrk dks
;qok eu esa LFkkfir djuk gksxkA ;s fl¼kar u dsoy fdlh
O;fÙkQ ds O;fÙkQRo fodkl ds fy, cfYd lexz :i ls
ekuo tkfr ds vfLrRo ds fy, Hkh vko';d gSaA
1-33 uSfrdrk ls lacaf/r egRoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh
z uSfrd ,vkbZ ç'kklu% ftEesnkj vkSj tokcnsg ,vkbZ
çFkkvksa dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ,vkbZ çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds
fodkl vkSj mi;ksx ds fy, uSfrd <kaps] fn'kkfunZs'kksa vkSj
fu;eksa dh LFkkiuk ,d çeq• dsaæ&fcanq gSA
z uSfrd miHkksÙkQkokn% rsth ls] miHkksÙkQk vius Ø; fu.kZ;ksa
ds uSfrd fufgrkFkks± ij fopkj dj jgs gSa] ftlesa fu"i{k
O;kikj] fVdkÅ lksflZax vkSj dkWikZsjsV lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro
tSls dkjd 'kkfey gSaA
z Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk (,vkbZ) uSfrdrk% fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa
,vkbZ ds c<+rs mi;ksx ds lkFk] blds fodkl] rSukrh vkSj
laHkkfor çHkkoksa ds lacaèk esa uSfrd fopkjksa us egRoiw.kZ è;ku
vkdf"kZr fd;k gSA
z uSfrd vuqHkwfr% ;g bl ckr dk vè;;u gS fd yksx
uSfrd fu.kZ; dSls ysrs gSaA ;g ,d tfVy çfØ;k gS ftlesa
fofHkUu çdkj ds laKkukRed dkjd 'kkfey gksrs gSa] tSls
rdZ {kerk] nwljksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dks le>us dh {kerk vkSj
lgkuqHkwfr j•us dh {kerkA uSfrd vuqHkwfr fdlh O;fÙkQ
dh lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd i`"BHkwfe ds lkFk&lkFk muds
O;fÙkQxr vuqHkoksa ls Hkh çHkkfor gksrh gSA
z uSfrd ewdrk% ;g vuSfrd O;ogkj ns•rs le; ekSu
jgus dh ço`fÙk gSA ;g rc Hkh gks ldrk gS tc yksx ,sls
rjhdksa ls laokn djrs gSa tks mudh uSfrd ekU;rkvksa vkSj
çfrc¼rkvksa dks vLi"V djrs gSaA ;g dbZ dkj.kksa ls gks
ldrk gS] tSls çfr'kksèk dk Mj] lafyIrrk dh bPNk] ;k
fdlh ds Lo;a ds uSfrd fu.kZ; esa vkRefo'okl dh dehA
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/
z ,Yxksfjne iwokZxzg% ,Yxksfjne vkSj e'khu yfuZax flLVe esa
iwokZxzg ds ckjs esa fpark,a lkeus vkbZ gSa] tks Lopkfyr fu.kZ;
ysus ds uSfrd fufgrkFkks± dks mtkxj djrh gSa tks dqN lewgksa
ds f•ykiQ HksnHkko dj ldrh gSa ;k ekStwnk vlekurkvksa
dks l'kÙkQ dj ldrh gSaA
z xksiuh;rk cuke lqj{kk% O;fÙkQxr xksiuh;rk vfèkdkjksa
vkSj mUur lqj{kk mik;ksa dh vko';drk ds chp py jgh
cgl] fo'ks"k :i ls fuxjkuh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa vkSj jk"Vªh; lqj{kk
ds lanHkZ esa] uSfrd nqfoèkk,a iSnk djrh gSA
z uSfrd vnwjnf'kZrk% uSfrd eqíksa dks Li"V :i ls ns•us esa
vleFkZrkA ,slk rc gks ldrk gS tc yksx vius rkRdkfyd
y{;ksa ;k fgrksa ij brus vfèkd dsafær gksrs gSa fd os vius
dk;ks± ds uSfrd fufgrkFkks± ij fopkj djus esa foiQy gks
tkrs gSaA eksjy ek;ksfi;k n`f"V esa deh vuSfrd O;ogkj
dks tUe ns ldrh gS] tSls èkks•k nsuk] >wB cksyuk ;k pksjh
djukA eksjy ek;ksfi;k ,d 'kCn gS ftls feusV MªejkbV vkSj
iSfVªd eiQhZ us vius 1992 ds ys•] ¶ekdZsfVax esa uSfrd
eqís¸ esa x<+k FkkA
z laKkukRed iwokZxzg% ;g fparu dh ,d lqO;ofLFkr =kqfV
gS tks rc gksrh gS tc yksx vius vklikl dh nqfu;k esa
tkudkjh dk çlaLdj.k vkSj O;k[;k dj jgs gksrs gSaA ;s
=kqfV;k¡ yksxksa dks rdZghu fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, çsfjr dj
ldrh gSaA
z vkc¼ uSfrdrk% ;g fopkj fd yksxksa dh uSfrd fodYi
pquus dh {kerk vkarfjd vkSj oká dkjdksa }kjk lhfer gSA
bu dkjdksa esa laKkukRed iwokZxzg] lkekftd ncko vkSj
laxBukRed ekunaM 'kkfey gks ldrs gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i]
vke rkSj ij uSfrd yksx Hkh dHkh&dHkh vuSfrd fu.kZ;
ys ldrs gSaA
z vuq:irk iwokZxzg% nwljksa ds lkFk lfEeJ.k ds fy, viuh
ekU;rkvksa ;k O;ogkj dks cnyus dh ço`fÙkA ;g ,d çdkj
dk lkekftd çHkko gS tks yksxksa dks HkhM+ ds lkFk pyus
ds fy, çsfjr dj ldrk gS] Hkys gh os yksx tks dj jgs
gSa] mlls vlger gksaA
z ,fFkdy iQsfMax% ;g ,u VsuC#ulsy vkSj MsfoM esfld
}kjk vius 1999 ds ys•] “Ethical Fading” The Role of
Self-Deception in Unethical behaviour" esa mèk`r ,d 'kCn
gSA uSfrd iru rc gksrk gS tc yksx ,sls fu.kZ; ysrs gSa tks
os ml fLFkfr esa ugha ysrs ;fn mUgsa mu fu.kZ;ksa ds uSfrd
fufgrkFkks± ds ckjs esa iwjh tkudkjh gksrhA
z Hkwfedk uSfrdrk% ;g fopkj fd lekt esa mudh Hkwfedk
ds vkèkkj ij yksxksa ds vyx&vyx uSfrd ekud gks ldrs
47
 gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] tc ,d MkWDVj fdlh ejht dk
bykt dj jgk gksrk gS rks mlds uSfrd ekud vyx&vyx
gks ldrs gSa] ctk; blds fd tc og vius lgdfeZ;ksa ds
lkFk ckrphr dj jgk gksA ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd MkWDVj
ls çR;sd Hkwfedk esa ,d fuf'pr rjhds ls O;ogkj djus
dh vis{kk dh tkrh gS vkSj ;s vis{kk,a ,d&nwljs ds lkFk
fojksèkkHkklh gks ldrh gSaA
z dk;ZLFky uSfrdrk% fu"i{k Je çFkkvksa] fofoèkrk vkSj
lekos'ku o uSfrd usr`Ro tSls eqíksa us è;ku vkdf"kZr
fd;k gS D;ksafd laxBu uSfrd dk;Z okrkoj.k cukus vkSj
lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd pqukSfr;ksa dk lekèkku djus dk
ç;kl djrs gSaA
z uSfrd fujis{krk% ;g fo'okl gS fd lkoZHkkSfed uSfrd
ekud gSa tks lanHkZ ds fujis{k lHkh ij ykxw gksrs gSaA bldk
rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fujis{k] dqN dk;Z ges'kk
lgh ;k xyr gksrs gSaA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1- ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd ekuoh; dk;ks± esa uSfrdrk dk ikyu
fdlh laxBu@ç.kkyh ds lqpk: lapkyu dks lqfuf'pr
djsxkA ;fn gka] rks uSfrdrk ekuo thou esa D;k c<+kok
nsuk pkgrh gS\ uSfrd ewY; mlds nSfud dkedkt esa
vkus okys la?k"kks± ds lekèkku esa dSls lgk;rk djrs gSa\
(mÙkj 150 'kCnksa esa nsa) (2022)
2- vkidks D;k djus dk vfèkdkj gS vkSj D;k djuk mfpr
gS] blds chp varj tkuuk uSfrdrk gSA &ikWVj LVhoVZ-
(mÙkj 150 'kCnksa esa nsa) (2022)
3- ¶vxj fdlh ns'k dks Hkz"Vkpkj eqÙkQ gksuk gS vkSj Js"B
O;fÙkQ;ksa dk ns'k cuuk gS] rks eq>s n`<+rk ls yxrk gS fd
rhu çeq• lkekftd lnL; gSa tks cnyko yk ldrs gSaA
os firk] ekrk vkSj f'k{kd gSaA & vCnqy dykeA (mÙkj
150 'kCnksa esa nsa) (2022)
4- fuEufyf•r ij çR;sd 30 'kCnksa esa laf{kIr uksV~l fy•sa%
(i) laoSèkkfud uSfrdrk (ii) fgrksa dk Vdjko (2022)
5- ¶ge oká nqfu;k esa rc rd 'kkafr ugha çkIr dj ldrs
tc rd fd ge vius Hkhrj 'kkafr çkIr ugha dj ysrsA¸
&nykbZ ykek (mÙkj 150 'kCnksa esa) (2021)
6- ijLij fuHkZjrk ds fcuk thou dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gSA gesa
,d&nwljs dh t:jr gS] vkSj ;g ge ftruh tYnh lh•saxs
fd ;g ge lHkh ds fy, csgrj gSA &,fjd ,fjdlu
(mÙkj 150 'kCnksa esa) (2021)
48
7- ^^'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dks ml ns'k esa okil ugha Hkstk tkuk pkfg,
tgka mUgsa mRihM+u ;k ekuokfèkdkjksa ds mYya?ku dk lkeuk
djuk iM+sA** eqÙkQ lekt ds lkFk yksdrkaf=kd gksus dk
nkok djus okys jk"Vª }kjk uSfrd vk;keksa dk mYya?ku
fd, tkus ds lanHkZ esa dFku dk ijh{k.k djsaA (2021)
8- O;kid jk"Vªh; 'kfÙkQ (lh,uih) ds fuEufyf•r rhu
çeq• ?kVdksa vFkkZr ekuo iwath] lkWÝV ikoj (laLÑfr vkSj
uhfr;ka) vkSj lkekftd ln~Hkko ds laoèkZu esa uSfrdrk
vkSj ewY;ksa dh Hkwfedk ij ppkZ dhft,A (2020)
9- ¶f'k{kk dksbZ fu"ksèkkKk ugha gS_ ;g O;fÙkQxr vkSj lkekftd
ifjorZu ds lokZaxh.k fodkl ds fy, ,d çHkkoh vkSj
O;kid midj.k gSA mijksÙkQ dFku ds vkyksd esa ubZ
f'k{kk uhfr] 2020 (NEP, 2020) dk ijh{k.k dhft,A
 (2020)
10- fofèk;ksa vkSj fu;eksa ds chp varj crk,a- mUgsa rS;kj djus
esa uSfrdrk dh Hkwfedk ij ppkZ djsaA (2020)
11- lkoZtfud thou ds ewy fl¼kar D;k gSa\ buesa ls fdUgha
rhu dks mi;qÙkQ mnkgj.kksa lfgr Li"V dhft,A (150
'kCn) (2019)
12- ^laoèS kkfud uSfrdrk* 'kCn dk D;k vFkZ gS\ dksbZ laoèS kkfud
uSfrdrk dks dSls dk;e j• ldrk gS\ (2019)
13- flfoy lsok ds lanHkZ esa lkoZHkkSfed çÑfr ds rhu cqfu;knh
ewY;ksa dks crk,a vkSj muds egRo ij çdk'k MkysaA (150
'kCn) (2018)
14- tufgr ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ yksd fgr esa flfoy lsodksa
}kjk viuk, tkus okys fl¼kar vkSj çfØ;k,¡ D;k gSa\
(150 'kCn)  (2018)
15- dk;ks± dh uSfrdrk ds lacaèk esa] ,d n`f"Vdks.k ;g gS fd
lkèku lokZsifj egRo ds gSa vkSj nwljk n`f"Vdks.k ;g gS fd
lkè;] lkèku dks mfpr Bgjkrk gSA vkids vuqlkj dkSu
lk n`f"Vdks.k vfèkd mi;qÙkQ gS\ vius mÙkj dk vkSfpR;
fl¼ dhft,A (2018)
16- vkèkqfud le; esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk ladV vPNs thou
dh ladh.kZ èkkj.kk ls tqM+k gSA ppkZ dhft,A (2017)
17- crk,a fd uSfrdrk lkekftd vkSj ekuo dY;k.k esa dSls
;ksxnku nsrh gSA (2016)
18- dkuwu vkSj uSfrdrk dks ekuo vkpj.k dks fu;af=kr djus
ds nks midj.k ekuk tkrk gS rkfd bls lH; lkekftd
vfLrRo ds fy, vuqdwy cuk;k tk ldsA ppkZ djsa fd
os bl mís'; dks dSls çkIr djrs gSaA mnkgj.k nsrs gq,
fn•k,¡ fd nksuksa vius n`f"Vdks.k esa fdl çdkj fHkUu gSaA
 (2016)
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
19- ^i;kZoj.kh; uSfrdrk* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ vè;;u D;ksa
vko';d gS\ i;kZoj.kh; uSfrdrk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls fdlh
,d i;kZoj.kh; eqís ij ppkZ djsaA (150 'kCn)(2015)
20- fuEufyf•r ds chp varj djsa (2015)
a- fofèk vkSj uSfrdrk
b- uSfrdrkijd çcaèku vkSj uSfrdrk dk çcaèku-
c- O;fÙkQxr uSfrdrk vkSj O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk-
21- ewY;ksa ,oa uSfrdrk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ O;kolkf;d
:i ls l{ke gksus ds lkFk&lkFk uSfrd gksuk fdl çdkj
egRoiw.kZ gS\ (2013)
22- çk;% dgk tkrk gS fd jktuhfr vkSj uSfrdrk ,d lkFk ugha
py ldrha- bl lacaèk esa vkidh D;k jk; gS\ mnkgj.k
nsdj vius mÙkj dh iqf"V dhft,A (2013)
dsl LVMh
1- vki ,d cM+s 'kgj ds uxj fuxe vk;qÙkQ gSa] vkidh Nfo
,d cgqr gh bZekunkj vkSj drZO;fu"B vfèkdkjh dh gSA
vkids 'kgj esa ,d fo'kky cgqmís'kh; ekWy fuekZ.kkèkhu gS
ftlesa cM+h la[;k esa nSfud osru Hkksxh deZpkjh dk;Zjr gSaA
,d jkr] cjlkr ds nkSjku] Nr dk ,d cM+k fgLlk <g
x;k] ftlls nks ukckfyxksa lfgr pkj etnwjksa dh rRdky
e`R;q gks xbZA dbZ vU; yksx xaHkhj :i ls ?kk;y gks x,
ftUgsa rRdky fpfdRlk lgk;rk dh vko';drk FkhA bl
nq?kZVuk ds ifj.kkeLo:i cM+k gaxkek gqvk vkSj ljdkj
dks tkap xfBr djuh iM+hA vkidh çkjafHkd tkap ls
dbZ folaxfr;ksa dk irk pyk gSA fuekZ.k esa ç;qÙkQ lkexzh
fuEu xq.koÙkk dh FkhA LohÑr Hkou ;kstuk esa dsoy ,d
cslesaV dh vuqefr ds ckotwn] ,d vfrfjÙkQ cslesaV dk
fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA uxj fuxe ds fcfYMax baLisDVj
}kjk le;&le; ij fd, tkus okys fujh{k.k ds nkSjku
bls utjvankt dj fn;k x;kA vkidh iwNrkN esa] vkius
ns•k fd 'kgj ds tksuy ekLVj Iyku esa xzhu csYV vkSj
fLyi jksM ds fy, fuèkkZfjr {ks=kksa ij vfrØe.k gksus ds
ckotwn ekWy ds fuekZ.k dks gjh >aMh ns nh xbZ FkhA ekWy
ds fuekZ.k dh vuqefr fiNys uxj fuxe vk;qÙkQ }kjk nh
xbZ Fkh tks u dsoy vkids ofj"B vkSj is'ksoj :i ls
vkids ifjfpr gSa] cfYd vkids vPNs fe=k Hkh gSaA çFke
n`"V;k ekeyk uxj fuxe ds vfèkdkfj;ksa vkSj fcYMjksa ds
chp O;kid lkaBxkaB dk çrhr gksrk gSA vkids lgdehZ
vki ij iwNrkN èkheh xfr ls djus dk ncko Mky jgs
gSaA fcYMj] tks vehj vkSj çHkko'kkyh gS] jkT; dSfcusV esa
,d 'kfÙkQ'kkyh ea=kh dk djhch fj'rsnkj gSA fcYMj vkidks
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/
ekeys dks jiQk&niQk djus ds fy, euk jgk gS vkSj ,slk
djus ds fy, vkidks eksVh jde nsus dk oknk dj jgk
gSA mUgksaus ;g Hkh ladsr fn;k fd ;fn ;g ekeyk tYn
ls tYn muds i{k esa gy ugha gqvk_ rks muds dk;kZy;
esa dksbZ gS tks POSH vfèkfu;e ds rgr vkids f•ykiQ
ekeyk ntZ djus dh çrh{kk dj jgk gSA ekeys esa 'kkfey
uSfrd eqíksa ij ppkZ dhft,A bl fLFkfr esa vkids ikl
D;k fodYi miyCèk gSa\ viuh fpfUgr dk;Zokgh dh
O;k[;k dhft,A (2020)
n`f"Vdks.k
z çLrkouk% O;fÙkQxr cuke O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk]
bZekunkjh vkSj lkgl tSls uSfrd igyqvksa cuke pkiywlh
vkSj 'kkfey fgrèkkjdksa tSls eqíksa dh igpku djukA
z eq[; Hkkx% fdlh dY;k.kdkjh ifj;kstuk ls fodklkRed
ifj;kstukvksa esa èku ds iqufoZfu;kstu esa 'kkfey uSfrd
eqíksa dh igpku dhft,A ;ksX;rk ds vkèkkj ij fofHkUu
fodYiksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
z fu"d"kZ% ;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj fofHkUu laHkkfor fodYiksa@
çfrfØ;kvksa dh •kst djukA dkjZokbZ dk lokZsÙke laHko
rjhdk pquuk vkSj mls uSfrd fl¼kar ds lkFk çekf.kr
djukA
2- jkts'k dqekj ,d ofj"B yksd lsod gSa] tks bZekunkjh vkSj
Li"Vokfnrk gsrq çfrf"Br gSa] orZeku esa foÙk ea=kky; esa
ctV çHkkx ds çeq• ds :i esa rSukr gSaA mudk foHkkx
orZeku esa jkT;ksa dks ctVh; lgk;rk çnku djus esa O;Lr
gS] ftuesa ls pkj jkT;ksa esa foÙkh; o"kZ ds Hkhrj pquko gksus
gSaA bl lky ds okf"kZd ctV esa jk"Vªh; vkokl ;kstuk
(,u,p,l) ds fy, 78300 djksM+ #i;s vkoafVr fd,
x,] tks lekt ds detksj oxks± ds fy, dsaæ çk;ksftr
lkekftd vkokl ;kstuk gSA twu rd ,u,p,l ds fy,
775 djksM+ #i;s fudkys tk pqds gSaA okf.kT; ea=kky; yacs
le; ls fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, ,d nf{k.kh jkT;
esa ,d fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k (,lbZtsM) LFkkfir djus dk
ekeyk pyk jgk FkkA dsaæ vkSj jkT; ds chp nks lky dh
foLr`r ppkZ ds ckn] dsaæh; eaf=keaMy us vxLr esa bl
ifj;kstuk dks eatwjh ns nhA vko';d Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k ds
fy, çfØ;k 'kq: dh xbZ FkhA vBkjg eghus igys] ,d
çeq• lkoZtfud {ks=k bdkbZ (ih,l;w) us {ks=kh; xSl fxzM
ds fy, mÙkjh jkT; esa ,d cM+k çkÑfrd xSl çlaLdj.k
la;a=k LFkkfir djus dh vko';drk dk vuqeku yxk;k
FkkA vko';d Hkwfe igys ls gh ih,l;w ds dCts esa gSA
xSl fxzM jk"Vªh; ÅtkZ lqj{kk j.kuhfr dk ,d vfuok;Z
49
 ?kVd gSA oSf'od fufonk ds rhu nkSj ds ckn] ifj;kstuk
,d cgqjk"Vªh; daiuh] esllZ XYZ gkbMªksdkcZu dks vkoafVr
dh xbZ FkhA cgqjk"Vªh; daiuh dks Hkqxrku dh igyh fd'r
fnlacj esa nh tkuh gSA foÙk ea=kky; ls bu nks fodklkRed
ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, vfrfjÙkQ 6000 djksM+ #i;s ds le;
ij vkoaVu ds fy, dgk x;k FkkA ,u,p,l vkoaVu ls
bl iwjh jkf'k ds iqufoZfu;kstu dh fliQkfj'k djus dk
fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA iQkby dks mudh fVIif.k;ksa vkSj vkxs
dh çfØ;k ds fy, ctV foHkkx dks Hkst fn;k x;k FkkA
dsl iQkby dk vè;;u djus ij] jkts'k dqekj dks ,glkl
gqvk fd bl iqufoZfu;kstu ls ,u,p,l ds fu"iknu esa
vR;fèkd nsjh gks ldrh gS] tks fd ofj"B jktusrkvksa dh
jSfy;ksa esa cgq&çpkfjr ifj;kstuk gSA blds vuq:i] foÙk
dh vuqiyCèkrk ls ,lbZtsM esa foÙkh; uqdlku gksxk vkSj
,d varjjk"Vªh; ifj;kstuk esa Hkqxrku esa nsjh ds dkj.k
jk"Vªh; 'kfeZanxh gksxhA jkts'k dqekj us bl ekeys ij vius
ofj"Bksa ls ppkZ dh- mUgsa crk;k x;k fd jktuhfrd :i ls
laosnu'khy bl fLFkfr ij rqjar dkjZokbZ djus dh t:jr
gSA jkts'k dqekj dks iSlksa dh gsjkiQsjh dk ,glkl gqvkA
,u,p,l laln esa ljdkj ds fy, dfBu ç'u •M+s dj
ldrk gSA
bl ekeys ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf•r ij ppkZ dhft,%
z fdlh dY;k.kdkjh ifj;kstuk ls fodklkRed ifj;kstukvksa
ds fy, èku ds iqufoZfu;kstu esa 'kkfey uSfrd eqísA
z lkoZtfud èku ds leqfpr mi;ksx dh vko';drk dks
ns•rs gq,] jkts'k dqekj ds fy, miyCèk fodYiksa ij ppkZ
dhft,A D;k R;kxi=k nsuk ,d mfpr fodYi gS\ (2020)
n`f"Vdks.k
z çLrkouk% ekeys esa Vdjko dk o.kZu djrs gq, ifjp;
nsaA
z eq[; Hkkx% ç'u ds igys Hkkx esa] iqufoZfu;kstu esa
'kkfey uSfrd eqíksa dh igpku dhft,A ç'u ds nwljs Hkkx
esa lkoZtfud èku ds leqfpr mi;ksx dh vko';drk
ij ppkZ dhft,A çR;sd fodYi ds xq.k vkSj nks"kksa dks
le>krs gq, jkts'k dqekj ds le{k miyCèk dkjZokbZ dh
ppkZ dhft,A
z fu"d"kZ% fiQj] jkts'k dqekj }kjk viukbZ tkus okyh
dkjZokbZ dk lq>ko nhft,A
3- jkes'oj us çfrf"Br flfoy lsok ijh{kk liQyrkiwoZd
mÙkh.kZ dh vkSj og bl volj ls mRlkfgr Fks fd mUgsa
flfoy lsok ds ekè;e ls ns'k dh lsok djus dk volj
50
feysxkA gkyk¡fd] lsokvksa esa 'kkfey gksus ds rqjar ckn] mUgsa
,glkl gqvk fd phtsa mruh vPNh ugha gSa ftruh mUgksaus
dYiuk dh FkhA mUgksaus ik;k fd mUgsa lkSais x, foHkkx
esa dbZ rjg dh folaxfr;ka O;kIr gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
fofHkUu ;kstukvksa vkSj vuqnkuksa ds rgr èku dk nq#i;ksx
fd;k tk jgk FkkA vkfèkdkfjd lqfoèkkvksa dk mi;ksx çk;%
vfèkdkfj;ksa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa }kjk O;fÙkQxr t:jrksa ds fy,
fd;k tkrk FkkA dqN le; ckn mUgksaus ns•k fd deZpkfj;ksa
dh HkrhZ dh çfØ;k Hkh ekud ds vuq:i ugha FkhA Hkkoh
mEehnokjksa dks ,d ijh{kk nsuh Fkh ftlesa cgqr vfèkd
udy py jgh FkhA dqN vH;fFkZ;ksa dks ijh{kk esa ckgjh
lgk;rk çnku dh xbZA jkes'oj us bu ?kVukvksa dks vius
ofj"Bksa ds è;ku esa yk;kA gkyk¡fd] mUgsa lykg nh xbZ fd
os viuh vk¡•sa] dku vkSj eq¡g can j•sa vkSj bu lHkh phtksa
dks utjvankt djsa tks mPp vfèkdkfj;ksa dh feyhHkxr ls
gks jgh FkhaA jkes'oj dks cgqr fujk'kk vkSj vlgtrk eglwl
gqbAZ og vkils lykg ysus ds fy, vkids ikl vkrk gSA
mu fofHkUu fodYiksa dks bafxr djsa tks vkids vuqlkj bl
fLFkfr esa miyCèk gSaA vki mls bu fodYiksa dk ewY;kadu
djus vkSj viuk, tkus okys lcls mi;qÙkQ ekxZ dks pquus
esa dSls enn djsaxs\ (250 'kCn) (20 vad) (2014)
n`f"Vdks.k
z çLrkouk% O;fÙkQxr fgrksa ds fy, lkoZtfud lalkèkuksa dk
mi;ksx] foHkkxh; mnklhurk] lrdZrk vkSj laxBukRed
uSfrdrk tSls uSfrd eqíksa ij ppkZ djsaA
z eq[; Hkkx% ;ksX;rk ds vkèkkj ij fofHkUu fodYiksa dk
fo'ys"k.k dhft, tSls ofj"Bksa ls lykg Lohdkj djuk]
ewY;kadu fjiksVZ dk elkSnk rS;kj djuk ;k fOglyCyksvj
ds :i esa dk;Z djukA blds vykok] ppkZ dhft, fd
vuqu; tSls uSfrd ewY; dSls lgk;d gks ldrs gSaA
z fu"d"kZ% fiQj] uSfrd ewY;ksa ds vkèkkj ij jkes'oj }kjk
viukbZ tkus okyh dkjZokbZ dk lq>ko nhft,A
4- foÙk ea=kky; esa ,d ofj"B vfèkdkjh ds :i esa] ljdkj
ftu uhfrxr fu.kZ;ksa dh ?kks"k.kk djus okyh gS] muds
ckjs esa dqN xksiuh; vkSj egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh rd vkidh
igqap gSA bu fu.kZ;ksa dk vkokl vkSj fuekZ.k m|ksx ij
nwjxkeh çHkko iM+us dh laHkkouk gSA vxj fcYMjksa dks
;g tkudkjh igys ls fey tk, rks os Hkkjh equkiQk dek
ldrs gSaA fcYMjksa esa ls ,d us ljdkj ds fy, cgqr lkjs
xq.koÙkkiw.kZ dke fd, gSa vkSj og vkids ml rRdky
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 ofj"B dk djhch ekuk tkrk gS] tks vkils mÙkQ fcYMj
dks ;g tkudkjh çnku djus ds fy, dgrk gSA
vkids fy, D;k fodYi miyCèk gSa\
buesa ls çR;sd fodYi dk ewY;kadu dhft, vkSj dkj.k
crkrs gq, og fodYi pqfu, ftls vki viuk,axsA
(20 vad] 250 'kCn) (2013)
n`f"Vdks.k
z çLrkouk% O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk ds mYya?ku tSls uSfrd
igyqvksa dh O;k[;k dhft, vkSj blesa 'kkfey fofHkUu
fgrèkkjdksa dh igpku dhft,A
z eq[; Hkkx% fofHkUu laHkkfor fodYiksa dh •kst djuk
tSls fd ofj"B dks vfèkfu;e dh vufèkÑrrk ds ckjs
esa crkuk ;k fcYMjksa dh tkudkjh dk •qyklk djukA
z fu"d"kZ% miyCèk lokZsÙke fodYi dk lq>ko nsa tks
uSfrdrk dks è;ku esa j•rk gksA
5- vki ,d vkxkeh bUiQksVsd daiuh ds dk;Zdkjh funs'kd
gSa tks cktkj esa viuk uke dek jgh gSA Jh ,] tks ,d
LVkj dykdkj gSa] ekdZsfVax Vhe dk usr`Ro dj jgs gSaA
,d o"kZ dh vYi vofèk esa] mUgksaus bl çdkj ls jktLo
nksxquk djus ds lkFk&lkFk daiuh ds fy, ,d mPp czkaM
bfDoVh cukus esa enn dh gS] fd vki mUgsa inksUufr nsus
ds ckjs esa lksp jgs gSaA gkyk¡fd] efgyk lgdfeZ;ksa ds
çfr muds joS;s ds ckjs esa vkidks dbZ lzksrksa ls tkudkjh
feyrh jgh gS_ fo'ks"kr% efgykvksa ij Hkís desaV~l djus dh
mudh vknr- blds vykok] og viuh efgyk lgdfeZ;ksa
v v
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&laca/
lfgr Vhe ds lHkh lnL;ksa dks fu;fer :i ls v'yhy
,l,e,l Hkstrk gSA ,d fnu] nsj 'kke] Jherh ,Dl]
tks Jh , dh Vhe ds lnL;ksa esa ls ,d gSa] vkids ikl
ijs'kku gksdj vkrh gSaA og Jh , ds fujarj nqO;Zogkj
ds ckjs esa f'kdk;r djrh gS] tks mlds çfr vokaNuh;
:i ls c<+ jgk gS vkSj ;gka rd fd vius dsfcu esa mls
vuqfpr rjhds ls Nwus dh dksf'k'k Hkh dh gSA mUgksaus viuk
R;kxi=k ns fn;k vkSj vkidk dk;kZy; NksM+ fn;kA
vkids fy, D;k fodYi miyCèk gSa\
buesa ls çR;sd fodYi dk ewY;kadu dhft, vkSj dkj.k
crkrs gq, og fodYi pqfu, ftls vki viuk,axsA
(20 vad] 250 'kCn) (2013)
n`f"Vdks.k
z çLrkouk% eqís vkSj uSfrd igyqvksa dh igpku dhft,]
O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk] vkpkj lafgrk vkSj çkfèkdkj ds
nq#i;ksx ij Hkh ppkZ dhft,A
z eq[; Hkkx% xq.kksa ds vkèkkj ij fofHkUu laHkkfor fodYiksa
dh •kst dhft,A blds vykok] uohure rF;ksa vkSj
vkadM+ksa ds lkFk dk;ZLFky ij ;kSu mRihM+u dks jksdus
vkSj çfrcafèkr djus ds fy, ,llh fo'kk•k fn'kkfunZs'kksa
vkSj foèkk;h mik;ksa ds ckjs esa ppkZ dhft,A
z fu"d"kZ% efgykvksa ds fy, laLFkkxr lqj{kk mik;ksa dks
etcwr djus ds mik;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk miyCèk lokZsÙke
fodYi dk lq>ko nhft,A
v
51
 2 vfHko`fÙk

¶vfHko`fÙk ,d NksVh lh oLrq gS tks cM+k cnyko ykrh gSA¸ µfoaLVu ,l- pfpZy

ikB;ozQe
vfHko`fÙk% fo"k;&oLrq@vo;o] lajpuk vkSj dk;Z_ bldk çHkko rFkk fopkj vkSj O;ogkj ls lacaèk_ uSfrd vkSj jktuhfrd
vfHko`fÙk_ lkekftd çHkko vkSj vuqu;u

ifjp;
vfHko`fÙk ekuo euksfoKku dk ,d ewyHkwr igyw gS tks gekjs
fopkjksa] Hkkoukvksa vkSj O;ogkjksa dks çHkkfor djrh gSA ;g
yksxksa] ?kVukvksa] fopkjksa ;k fLFkfr;ksa ds çfr gekjs iwokZxzg ;k
n`f"Vdks.k dks lanfHkZr djrh gSA
vfHko`fÙk ldkjkRed] udkjkRed ;k rVLFk gks ldrh
gSA bu vfHko`fÙk;ksa dks O;fÙkQxr vuqHkoksa] lkaLÑfrd çHkkoksa]
ikyu&iks"k.k vkSj lkekftd laidks± lfgr fofHkUu dkjdksa ds
ekè;e ls fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vfHko`fÙk;k¡ fuf'pr
ugha gksrh gSa vkSj ubZ tkudkjh] varnZ`f"V ;k O;fÙkQxr fodkl ds
vkèkkj ij le; ds lkFk cny ldrh gSaA
vfHko`fÙk ds ?kVd
Components of Attitude
m¼j.k
z ¶vki vDlj viuh vfHko`fÙk cnydj viuh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dks cny ldrs gSa¸A µ,ysuksj :tosYV
z ¶vfHko`fÙk ,d NksVh lh pht gS tks cM+k cnyko ykrh gSA¸
 µfoaLVu pfpZy
2-1 vfHko`fÙk ds vo;o (,chlh ?kVd)
z vfHko`fÙk ds vo;o mu rjhdksa dks lanfHkZr djrs gS
ftuds }kjk fo'oklksa] ewY;ksa vkSj Hkkoukvksa tSlh
fofHkUu euksoSKkfud lajpukvksa dks vfHko`fÙk esa O;ÙkQ
fd;k tkrk gSA

Affective Component Behavioural Cognitive Component

(Emotional Aspect of Component (Thought aspect of
Attitude) (Tendency to act) Attitude)

Neutral Attitudes

Positive Attitudes Negative Attitudes

fp=k% vfHko`fÙk ds vo;o

1- vfHko`fÙk dk çHkko'kkyh ?kVd% vfHko`fÙk dk HkkoukRed ?kVd fdlh fo'ks"k fo"k;] O;fÙkQ ;k fLFkfr ls tqM+h HkkoukRed
çfrfØ;kvksa] Hkkoukvksa vkSj euksHkko dks 'kkfey djrk gSA ;g vfHko`fÙk fo"k; ds çfr O;fÙkQ ds HkkoukRed vfHkfoU;kl
dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA vfHko`fÙk ds çHkko'kkyh ?kVd esa 'kkfey gSa%
 mnkgj.k% jkWdh vius ilanhnk cSaM ds
ykbo laxhr lekjksg esa Hkkx ysus ds nkSjku
HkkoukRed mRlkfgr vkSj vkuafnr eglwl djrk gSA
çfrfØ;k,¡% ;g HkkoukRed tqM+ko cSaM vkSj laxhr ds
çfr mldh lexz ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk esa
;ksxnku nsrk gSA
mnkgj.k% ts,u;w vkSj Mh;w ds Nk=k vke
rkSj ij vius fo'ofo|ky; ds çfr xoZ vkSj
fu"Bk dh xgjh Hkkouk fodflr djrs gSa]
Hkkouk,¡ rFkk
bls O;fÙkQxr fodkl vkSj ;knxkj ;knksa dk
euksHkko%
LFkku ekurs gSaA ;s laosnuk,¡ vkSj Hkkouk,¡
muds ekr` laLFkku ds çfr muds etcwr
ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k esa ;ksxnku djrh gSaA
2- vfHko`fÙk dk O;kogkfjd ?kVd% vfHko`fÙk dk O;kogkfjd
?kVd fdlh vfHko`fÙk ls tqM+s dk;ks±] bjknksa vkSj vfHkO;fÙkQ;ksa
ls lacafèkr gksrk gSA ;g n'kkZrk gS fd vfHko`fÙk fdl çdkj
voyksduh; O;ogkj esa ifjofrZr gksrh gSA vfHko`fÙk ds
O;kogkfjd vo;o esa 'kkfey gSa%
mnkgj.k% i;kZoj.k&leFkZd O;ogkj okys
lanhi dk iqupZØ.k] iqu% ç;ksT; mRiknksa
fØ;k ço`fÙk;k¡% dk mi;ksx djus vkSj ÅtkZ laj{k.k tSls
i;kZoj.k&vuqdwy O;ogkjksa esa layXu gksus
ds çfr ,d etcwr >qdko gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k% f'ko ,d LFkkuh; nku ds fy,
LosPNk ls dke djus ds çfr ldkjkRed
vfHkçsr ;k vfHko`fÙk j•rk gSA og lfØ; :i ls
okLrfod Lo;alsoh voljksa dh ryk'k djrk gS]
O;ogkj% vk;kstuksa ds fy, uke ntZ djkrk gS vkSj
bl mís'; dk leFkZu djus ds fy, viuk
le; vkSj ç;kl lefiZr djrk gSA
mnkgj.k% vHk; ;wVÔwc ij ,-vkj- jgeku
ds laxhr dk;ZØe ns•dj] muds lk{kkRdkj
vfHkO;fÙkQ;k¡ lqudj vkSj nwljksa ds lkFk muds dke ij
vkSj ppkZ djds •qys rkSj ij ,-vkj- jgeku ds
çfrfØ;k,¡% çfr viuh ljkguk vkSj ç'kalk O;ÙkQ djrk
gSaA ;s Hkko ,-vkj- jgeku ds çfr mldh
ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk dks n'kkZrs gSaA
3- vfHko`fÙk dk laKkukRed ?kVd% fdlh vfHko`fÙk dk
laKkukRed ?kVd mu fo'oklksa] fopkjksa vkSj Kku dks lanfHkZr
djrk gS tks fdlh O;fÙkQ dh vfHko`fÙk dks vkdkj nsrs
gSaA blesa èkkj.kk] O;k[;k vkSj le> dh ekufld çfØ;k,¡
'kkfey gSaA vfHko`fÙk dh laKkukRed lkexzh esa 'kkfey gSa%
vfHko`fÙk
mnkgj.k% vkidk dksbZ fe=k gks ldrk gS
tks ekurk gks fd fu;fer O;k;ke vPNs
fo'okl vkSj
LokLF; vkSj nh?kkZ;q dks c<+kok nsrk gSA ;g
Kku%
fo'okl O;k;ke ds çfr mldh ldkjkRed
vfHko`fÙk dk laKkukRed vkèkkj cukrk gSA
mnkgj.k% xzsVk FkucxZ oSKkfud lk{;ksa]
lekpkj fjiksVks± vkSj O;fÙkQxr fVIif.k;ksa
fopkj vkSj ds vkèkkj ij tyok;q ifjorZu dks ,d
èkkj.kk,¡% xaHkhj oSf'od eqík ekurh gSaA ;g èkkj.kk
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vkSj fLFkjrk ds çfr
mudh vfHko`fÙk dks çHkkfor djrh gSA
mnkgj.k% u;k LekVZiQksu •jhnus ij fopkj
djrs le;] eSa ges'kk bldh fo'ks"krkvksa]
lwpukvksa dk çn'kZu vkSj xzkgd leh{kkvksa ds ckjs esa
çØe.k djuk% tkudkjh ,d=k djrk gw¡A LekVZiQksu ds çfr
esjh vfHko`fÙk vfèkdrj blh tkudkjh ds
vkèkkj ij curh gSA
jksukYMks dk mnkgj.k
z iqrZxky ds iQqVckWy f•ykM+h jksukYMks] gaxjh ,oa
iqrZxky ds chp VwukZesaV ds vius igys eSp ls iwoZ çsl
okrkZ ds fy, cSBsA mUgksaus ns•k fd muds Bhd lkeus
dksdk&dksyk dh nks cksrysa j•h gqbZ FkhaA mUgksaus rqjar
'khry is; dks dSejs dh utj ls nwj dj fn;k vkSj
mldh txg ikuh dh cksry j• nhA fn, x, mnkgj.k
esa] vfHko`fÙk ds fuEufyf•r ,-&ch-&lh- ?kVd ns•s x,%
z The feeling of disgust towards
Affective Coca-Cola.
component
z Removal of the Coca-Cola bottles.
Behavioural
component
z Knowledge of Ronaldo that Coca-
Cognitive Cola Is bad for health.
component
2-2 vfHko`fÙk dh lajpuk
z laKkukRed] HkkokRed vkSj O;kogkfjd ?kVdksa ds Hkhrj
rFkk muds chp ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed fu.kZ; dSls
O;ofLFkr gksrs gSa] bls vfHko`fÙk lajpuk }kjk lacksfèkr
fd;k tkrk gSA
53
z vfHko`fÙk ds rhuksa igyw gj le; ldkjkRed ugha gksrs gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] fdlh O;fÙkQ ds eu esa thou cpkus ds
vuqdwy fopkj gks ldrs gSa ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i og
jÙkQnku dj ldrk gSA fiQj Hkh] tc ,slk djus ds fy,
dgk tkrk gS] rks fdlh O;fÙkQ dk O;ogkj lqbZ;ksa ds Mj
tSlh vfç; Hkkoukvksa ls ckfèkr gks ldrk gSA
z vfHko`fÙk lajpuk ds nks n`f"Vdks.k gSa%
1- ,d&vk;keh ifjçs{;% ,d&vk;keh n`f"Vdks.k ds
vuqlkj] ldkjkRed fo'okl] Hkkouk,¡ vkSj O;ogkj]
udkjkRed fo'oklksa] Hkkoukvksa vkSj O;ogkj ds fodkl
dks jksdrs gSaA bl çdkj] ;g n`f"Vdks.k crkrk gS
fd dksbZ Hkh vfHko`fÙk lacaèkh nqfoèkk ugha gksxh vkSj
vfHko`fÙk fo"k; ds çfr O;fÙkQ dk n`f"Vdks.k lqlaxr gSA
Mildly positive Mildly negative
belief, emotions belief, emotions
and behaviour and behaviour
Highly positive Neutral Highly negative
belief, emotions belief,
and behaviour emotions and
behaviour
fp=k% vfHko`fÙk dk ,d&vk;keh ifjçs{;
2- f}&vk;keh ifjçs{;% bl ifjçs{; ds vuqlkj]
ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed igyqvksa dks nks vyx&vyx
vk;keksa esa laxzfgr fd;k tkrk gSA ,d vk;keh
ifjçs{; esa] fo'okl] Hkkouk vkSj O;ogkj ds dbZ
ldkjkRed rRo gksrs gSa] tcfd bl ifjçs{; ds
varxZr dbZ udkjkRed rRo gksrs gSaA bl fl¼kar ds
vuqlkj] euq"; esa ldkjkRed ;k udkjkRed vfHko`fÙk
dk dksbZ Hkh vuqikr gks ldrk gSA
High High
Positive Positive
NEGATIVE ELEMENT
 FkksM+h ldkjkRedrk vkSj mPp udkjkRedrk] FkksM+h
udkjkRedrk vkSj de ldkjkRedrk] ;k u rks
ldkjkRedrk vkSj u gh udkjkRedrk (;kuh] ,d
rVLFk fLFkfr) dks ,d vfHko`fÙk esa 'kkfey fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
2-3 vfHko`fÙk dh Jsf.k;k¡% O;ÙkQ vfHko`fÙk
vkSj varfuZfgr vfHko`fÙk
1- O;ÙkQ vfHko`fÙk% bls ¶Lo&lwfpr vfHko`fÙk¸ ds :i esa
Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;g vfHko`fÙk gekjh lpsr vuqHkwfr esa
varfuZfgr gS ;k ljy 'kCnksa esa] blesa 'kkfey O;fÙkQ viuh
vfHko`fÙk ls voxr gSA
2- varfuZfgr vfHko`fÙk% T;knkrj vrhr dh ;knksa }kjk
fu;af=kr] ;g vfHko`fÙk gekjs vpsru laKku esa varfuZfgr gSA
;g vutkus esa gekjs vuqHkoksa] lh•] varfuZfgr ewY;ksa vkSj
fdlh O;fÙkQ ds varfuZfgr O;fÙkQRo ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrh
gSA
O;ÙkQ vkSj varfuZfgr vfHko`fÙk ds chp varj bl çdkj
gS%
O;ÙkQ vfHko`fÙk varfuZfgr vfHko`fÙk
;g vfHko`fÙk ds çfr lpsr ;g vpsru ;k Lopkfyr
tkx:drk gSA vfHko`fÙk gSA
;g LoSfPNd vkSj fu;a=k.kh; ;g vuSfPNd vkSj de
gSA fu;a=k.kh; gSA
;g vklkuh ls igq¡p ;ksX; ;g de igq¡p ;ksX; gS vkSj
vkSj fjiksVZ djus ;ksX; gSA vklkuh ls fjiksVZ ugha dh tkrh
gSA
;g ewY;ksa] fo'oklksa vkSj ;g lkekftd fLFkfr ij
okafNr çfrfØ;kvksa dks vkèkkfjr vuqHkoksa dks n'kkZrh
n'kkZrh gSA gSA
mnkgj.k% fdlh mRikn ds mnkgj.k% cpiu ds fnuksa esa

Low High
Negative Negative
çfr ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk ekrk&firk }kjk mi;ksx fd,
D;ksafd mldk fuekZ.k tkus okys mRiknksa ds çfr
i;kZoj.k&vuqdwy rjhds ls ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙkA
Low Low fd;k x;k FkkA
Positive Positive
Low High
Negative Negative 2-4 vfHko`fÙk dh fo'ks"krk,¡
vfHko`fÙk esa dbZ çeq• fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSa tks O;fÙkQ ds LoHkko
POSITIVE ELEMENT ;k O;fÙkQRo dks vkdkj nsrh gSa vkSj O;fÙkQ dks çHkkfor djrh gSaA
fp=k% vfHko`fÙk dk f}&vk;keh ifjçs{; ;s fo'ks"krk,¡ gesa ;g le>us esa enn djrh gSa fd vfHko`fÙk;k¡

54 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

dSls curh gSa] cuk;h j•h tkrh gSa vkSj O;ÙkQ dh tkrh gSaA ;gk¡
vfHko`fÙk;ksa dh dqN egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk,¡ nh xbZ gSa%
z ewY;k¡duijd% vfHko`fÙk;k¡ LokHkkfod :i ls ewY;k¡duijd
gksrh gSa] ftldk vFkZ gS fd muesa yksxksa] oLrqvksa] fopkjksa ;k
?kVukvksa dk ewY;k¡du ;k fu.kZ; 'kkfey gksrk gSA vfHko`fÙk;k¡
ldkjkRed (vuqdwy) ;k udkjkRed (çfrdwy) gks ldrh
gSa vkSj os fdlh pht ds ckjs esa gekjs lexz ewY;k¡du ;k
jk; dks n'kkZrh gSaA
 mnkgj.k% lksue okaxpqd dh i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds çfr
ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk gks ldrh gS D;ksafd mudk ekuuk
gS fd ;g xzg vkSj mlds lalkèku Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa dh
HkykbZ ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA
z le; ds lkFk lh•uk% vfHko`fÙk;k¡ lekthdj.k] vuqHko
vkSj gekjs okrkoj.k esa fofHkUu çHkkoksa ds laidZ ds ekè;e
ls çkIr dh tkrh gSaA os le; ds lkFk ifjokj] nksLrksa]
ehfM;k vkSj lkekftd ekunaMksa ds lkFk ijLij fØ;k ds
ekè;e ls lh•h tkrh gSaA
Growing Goodness
Peaceful
& Helping hand in
life/society
society
Importance of
Reflects back Good Thoughts
same goodness Good Attitude Intentions
Good Good Behaviour
Action / Attitude
 mnkgj.k% ;fn vki fdlh fo'ks"k jktuhfrd ny dk
leFkZu dj jgs gSa rks ml jktuhfrd ny ds çfr vkidh
vfHko`fÙk vkids ifjokj dh jktuhfrd ekU;rkvksa]
jktuhfrd vfHk;kuksa ds laidZ vkSj ehfM;k dojst ls
çHkkfor gks ldrh gSA
z fLFkj vkSj LFkk;h% vfHko`fÙk;k¡ vis{kkÑr fLFkj vkSj LFkk;h
gksrh gSa] ftldk vFkZ gS fd os le; ds lkFk cuh jgrh gSaA
 mnkgj.k% esjh nknh] mudh ;qokoLFkk ls gh ,d èkkfeZd
efgyk gksus ds ukrs] jkstkuk ,d eafnj esa tkrh Fkha vkSj
og viuh e`R;q rd èkeZ ds çfr bl vfHko`fÙk ds lkFk
cuh jghaA
z O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djrh gS% vfHko`fÙk;ksa dk O;ogkj
ij egRoiw.kZ çHkko iM+rk gSA os gekjs dk;ks±] fodYiksa
vkSj fu.kZ;ksa dks vkdkj nsrh gSaA vfHko`fÙk;k¡ gekjh çsj.kk]
çkFkfedrkvksa vkSj bjknksa dks çHkkfor djds gekjs O;ogkj
dk ekxZn'kZu djrh gSaA
vfHko`fÙk
 mnkgj.k% esjs firk dk 'kkjhfjd LokLF; ds çfr cgqr
ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k gSA og •qn dks fu;fer O;k;ke
esa O;Lr j•rs gSa vkSj LoLFk thou 'kSyh dh vknrksa
dks cuk, j•rs gSaA ;g 'kkjhfjd LokLF; ds çfr mudh
vfHko`fÙk dks n'kkZrk gSA
z laxfr% laxfr dk rkRi;Z fdlh n`f"Vdks.k ds fofHkUu ?kVdksa
ds chp vuqdwyrk ;k lqlaxrrk ds Lrj ls gSA tc dksbZ
vfHko`fÙk lqlaxr gksrh gS] rks laKkukRed] HkkoukRed vkSj
O;kogkfjd igyw ,d&nwljs ds lkFk lajsf•r gksrs gSaA
 mnkgj.kkFkZ% i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds çfr vfHko`fÙk%
 laKkukRed ?kVd% fo'okl fd çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa
dk laj{k.k egRoiw.kZ gSA
 çHkko'kkyh ?kVd% LFkk;h çFkkvksa ds çfr ldkjkRed
HkkoukRed çfrfØ;kA
 O;kogkfjd ?kVd% iqupZØ.k esa layXu gksuk] vkSj
i;kZoj.k&vuqdwy mRiknksa dk mi;ksx djukA
 bl mnkgj.k esa] vfHko`fÙk ds lHkh rhu ?kVd
lqlaxr gksrs gSaA os i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds çfr
ldkjkRed #• n'kkZrs gSaA
z rhozrk% vfHko`fÙk dh rhozrk fdlh oLrq] O;fÙkQ ;k voèkkj.kk
ds çfr vuqdwyrk ;k çfrdwyrk ds Lrj dk çfrfufèkRo
djrh gSA dqN vfHko`fÙk;k¡ vfroknh Hkh gks ldrh gSaA
vfrokfnrk dk rkRi;Z fdlh vfHko`fÙk dh çcyrk ;k
rhozrk ls gSA
 vfHko`fÙk% jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjk
 vfrokfnrk% vR;fèkd mnkj ;k :f<+oknh fopkj
j•ukA
 mnkgj.k% ,d O;fÙkQ] tks lkekftd lekurk vkSj
dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØeksa (vR;fèkd mnkjoknh) dh
odkyr djus esa n`<+rk ls fo'okl djrk gS ;k
dksbZ ,slk O;fÙkQ] tks lhfer ljdkjh gLr{ksi vkSj
eqÙkQ&cktkj fl¼karksa (vR;fèkd :f<+oknh) dk n`<+rk
ls leFkZu djrk gSA
 nksuksa gh ekeyksa esa] O;fÙkQ viuh jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjk
ds çfr etcwr vkSj Hkkoqd vfHko`fÙk j•rs gSa] tks
mudh ekU;rkvksa vkSj ewY;ksa esa vfrokfnrk dk çn'kZu
djrh gSA
z fof'k"Vrk esa fHkUurk% fof'k"Vrk ,d n`f"Vdks.k dh Li"Vrk
vkSj lVhdrk dks lanfHkZr djrh gSA blesa fdlh fo'ks"k oLrq]
O;fÙkQ ;k voèkkj.kk ij Li"V è;ku dsafær djuk 'kkfey gSA
vfHko`fÙk;k¡ viuh fof'k"Vrk esa fHkUu gks ldrh gSa] O;kid
ls ysdj ladh.kZ rdA mnkgj.k ds fy,%
55
  vfHko`fÙk% Hkkstu lacaèkh çkFkfedrk,¡
 O;kid fof'k"Vrk% fofHkUu O;atuksa dks vktekus vkSj
u, Loknksa dh •kst ds çfr ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk
j•ukA
 ladh.kZ fof'k"Vrk% brkyoh O;atuksa ds çfr fof'k"V
#fp rFkk ikLrk vkSj fiTtk dks çkFkfedrk nsukA
 bl mnkgj.k esa] O;kid fof'k"Vrk fofHkUu çdkj ds
Hkkstu ds fy, lkekU; •qysiu dks n'kkZrh gS] tcfd
ladh.kZ fof'k"Vrk brkyoh O;atuksa ds fy, vfèkd
fof'k"V çkFkfedrk dks bafxr djrh gSA
mnkgj.k
fir`lÙkkRed lekt esa] ,d cPpk vius ifjos'k ls lh•rk
gS fd efgyk,¡ dbZ Lrjksa ij iq#"kksa ls derj gksrh gSaA
cPps dh 'kknh gks tkrh gS vkSj mls ,d csVh vkSj ,d csVk
iSnk gksrk gSA pw¡fd mlds lalkèku lhfer gSa] blfy, mldh
csVh ds çfr mldk HkkoukRed xBu mls ,d lkoZtfud
Ldwy esa HkrhZ djkuk gS] tcfd og vius csVs dks ,d dkWUosaV
Ldwy esa HkrhZ djkrk gSA ckn esa thou esa] tc mls ,glkl
gqvk fd yM+fd;k¡ Hkh leku :i ls l{ke gSa vkSj fofHkUu
{ks=kksa esa mRÑ"V çn'kZu dj jgh gSa] rks og viuh çfrfØ;k
cny nsrk gS] og fyax ds vkèkkj ij HksnHkko fd, fcuk mlds
csVs vkSj csVh nksuksa dks f'k{kk ds leku volj nsrk gSA (;g
cnys gq, n`f"Vdks.k ij vkèkkfjr gSA)
2-5 vfHko`fÙk dk fuekZ.k ,oa mls çHkkfor
djus okys dkjd
vfHko`fÙk dSls vkSj D;ksa fodflr gksrh gS] ;g dbZ dkjdksa ls
çHkkfor gks ldrk gS] ftuesa 'kkfey gSa%
Experiences
Formation of Perceptual
Personality Attitude Biases
Association Observation
z O;fÙkQxr vuqHko ;k oS;fÙkQdrk% vuqHko dk lhèkk çHkko
bl ckr ij iM+rk gS fd vfHko`fÙk;k¡ dSls fodflr gksrh gSaA
os voyksdu ;k çR;{k O;fÙkQxr vuqHko ds ifj.kkeLo:i
çdV gks ldrh gSaA
 mnkgj.k% tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj lkSj iSuyksa ds ykHkksa ds
ckjs esa i<+us ds ckn] eSaus vius firk ls gekjs uofufeZr
?kj ij lkSj iSuy yxkus dk vkxzg fd;k vkSj geus
56
blds foÙkh; vkSj i;kZoj.kh; ykHkksa dks ns•kA blls
eq>s lkSj ÅtkZ ds çfr vuqdwy vfHko`fÙk fodflr djus
esa enn feyhA
z lkekftd dkjd% lkekftd Hkwfedk,¡ bl ckr dks lanfHkZr
djrh gSa fd O;fÙkQ;ksa dks fdlh fof'k"V fLFkfr ;k Hkwfedk esa
dSls dk;Z djuk pkfg,A lkekftd ekunaM os fn'kk&funZs'k gSa
ftUgsa lekt us Lohdk;Z O;ogkj ds fy, LFkkfir fd;k gSA
 mnkgj.k% eSa bl dk;Z ds çfr bPNqd gw¡ D;ksafd esjs
lkekftd nk;js esa lkSj ÅtkZ ds ckjs esa ldkjkRed
èkkj.kk gS] ge lHkh esa deksos'k blh rjg dh vfHko`fÙk
viukus dh laHkkouk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] esjh ,d fe=k ,d uohdj.kh;
ÅtkZ iQeZ esa dke djrh gSA og lkSj ÅtkZ ds çfr esjh
vfHko`fÙk dks çHkkfor djus okys uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ lzksrksa
dks lfØ; :i ls c<+kok nsrh gS vkSj mudh odkyr
djrh gSA
z lh•uk% vfHko`fÙk;ksa dks lh•us ds fy, fofHkUu rduhdksa
dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA foi.kd ¹Øsrk&foØsrkº
vuqdwfyr vuqfØ;k ds ekè;e ls fdlh fuf'pr mRikn
ds ckjs esa vkidh jk; dSls çHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% esjs HkkbZ us ,d ;qok] vkd"kZd O;fÙkQ dks
,d Vsyhfotu foKkiu esa fpf=kr m".kdfVcaèkh; leqæ
rV ij eLrh djrs gq, ,d •sy is; dh pqLdh ysrs
ns•kA fiQj mlus foKkiu dh HkO; vkSj vkd"kZd dYiuk
ds dkj.k bl fo'ks"k is; dks ldkjkRed :i ls tksM+uk
'kq: dj fn;kA
z çkuqdwyu daMh'kfuax% blds vfrfjÙkQ] vfHko`fÙk;k¡
fØ;kçlwr çkuqdwyu ls çHkkfor gks ldrh gSaA
 mnkgj.k% ,d ;qod ftlus gky gh esa èkweziku 'kq:
fd;k Fkk] mls vkifÙk;ksa ,oa iQVdkj dk lkeuk djuk
iM+k] vkSj vDlj tc Hkh og muds vkl&ikl flxjsV
tykrk Fkk rks mls tkus ds fy, dgk tkrk FkkA vius
vkl&ikl ds yksxksa dh bl çfrfØ;k ds ifj.kkeLo:i
mlus èkhjs&èkhjs èkweziku ds çfr udkjkRed vfHko`fÙk
fodflr dh vkSj èkweziku NksM+us dk ladYi fy;kA
z voyksdu% blds vykok] yksx vius vkl&ikl ds yksxksa
dks ns•dj vfHko`fÙk;k¡ viukrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d eè;e oxhZ; ifjokj dk cPpk]
vius ekrk&firk dh vfHko`fÙk;ksa dks ns•dj] vkerkSj ij
fdlh xjhc O;fÙkQ ;k ?kjsyw ukSdj vkfn ds çfr leku
n`f"Vdks.k çnf'kZr djuk 'kq: dj nsrk gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z vuqu;u% çsjd foKkiu vfHk;kuksa ds ekè;e ls] daifu;ksa fdlh fo'ks"k lewg ;k leqnk; ls lacafèkr gksus dh Hkkouk
dk y{; vius mRiknksa ds çfr miHkksÙkQkvksa dh vfHko`fÙk;ksa esa ;ksxnku djrh gSaA
dks vkdkj nsuk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d lkSan;Z çlkèku  mnkgj.k ds fy,] ge Hkkjrh;ksa dh viuh lkaLÑfrd

czkaM O;fÙkQ;ksa dks ;g le>kus ds fy, çsjd lans'k vkSj n`';ksa fojklr ds çfr ,d etcwr ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk gS]
dk mi;ksx dj ldrk gS fd mudk mRikn mudh lqanjrk tks gesa vius lkaLÑfrd lewg ls tqM+ko eglwl djus esa
dks c<+k,xk vkSj muds vkRefo'okl dks çksRlkfgr djsxkA enn djrh gS vkSj gekjh igpku dh Hkkouk dks etcwr
z ekWMfyax dh Hkwfedk% djrh gS] •kldj tc ge fons'k tkrs gSaA
 lsfyfczVh çHkko% lsfyfczVh vDlj jksy ekWMy ds :i Socialisation
esa dke djrs gSa rFkk mudh vfHko`fÙk vkSj O;ogkj
Society
muds vuq;kf;;ksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dks vkdkj ns ldrs gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] tc ,e-,l- èkksuh tSls yksdfç; School
,FkyhV LoLFk vkSj lfØ; thou'kSyh dks c<+kok nsrs
Family
gSa] rks muds vuq;k;h leku vfHko`fÙk vkSj O;ogkj
viuk ldrs gSaA Child
'kkL=kh; ;k ikoyksfo;u daMh'kfuax (fpjçfrf"Br
çkuqdwyu)% boku ikoykso }kjk •kstk x;k
mUgksaus dqÙkksa esa çkuqdwfyr çfrfØ;k çkIr djus ds fy, igys
ls rVLFk mÙkstuk (?kaVh dh vkokt] ftl ij dqÙkksa ls dksbZ
çfrfØ;k ugha feyrh Fkh) dks ldkjkRed mÙkstuk (dqÙks dk
Hkkstu) ds lkFk tksM+kA çkuqdwfyr çfrfØ;k ds dkj.k] dqÙkksa
esa dsoy ?kafV;k¡ ctkus ls ykj dk L=kko gqvkA Grown Up Child
Attitude (+ve) Attitude (–ve)
2-6 vfHko`fÙk ds dk;Z Rational Stereo-type
vfHko`fÙk;k¡ O;fÙkQ;ksa ds thou esa muds fopkjksa] Hkkoukvksa vkSj Liberal Prejudice
O;ogkjksa dks çHkkfor djrs gq, dbZ dk;Z djrh gSaA ;gk¡ mnkgj.kksa Secular Hostile
lfgr vfHko`fÙk;ksa ds dqN lkekU; dk;Z fn, x, gSa% Humble Aggressive
Intervention
z mi;ksfxrkoknh dk;Z% vfHko`fÙk;k¡ O;fÙkQ;ksa dks iqjLdkjksa Elite
dks vfèkdre djus vkSj naM dks de djus esa enn djds Violent
mi;ksfxrkoknh dk;Z dj ldrh gSaA Emotionally
Formal Informal
 mnkgj.k% Hkkjr jRu] iÁ Hkw"k.k] iÁ foHkw"k.k vkfn tSls
Unstable
iqjLdkj ukxfjdksa esa muds lacafèkr dk;ks± vkSj lkekftd
Training Reward,
lsok ds çfr ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk fodflr djus ds Role modeling,
Value based education
fy, ljdkj }kjk fn, tkrs gSaA Leadership, Social
or Punishment for influence
z Kku dk;Z% vfHko`fÙk;k¡ lkekftd nqfu;k ds ckjs esa tkudkjh deviance
dks O;ofLFkr vkSj ljy cukdj Kku dk;Z dj ldrh gSaA
z vga&j{kkRed dk;Z% vfHko`fÙk;k¡ O;fÙkQ;ksa ds vkRe&lEeku
 mnkgj.k% ;fn vkidks vkbZ,lvkbZ,l 'kklu ds nkSjku
dh j{kk djds vkSj ,d ldkjkRed vkRe&Nfo cuk,
lhfj;k tSls ns'k esa tkus dk ekSdk fn;k tkrk gS] rks j•dj vga&j{kkRed dk;Z dj ldrh gSaA os O;fÙkQ;ksa dks
fuf'pr :i ls vki blls cpsaxs D;ksafd vki ,d viuh ekU;rkvksa ;k O;ogkjksa dks mfpr Bgjkrs gq, fpark]
flfoy lsok ds mEehnokj gSa vkSj vkidks irk gS fd Hk; ;k •rjs ls fuiVus esa enn dj ldrh gSaA
ogk¡ vkidk thou •rjs esa gksxkA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] gks ldrk gS fd vki eslh dh rjg
z lkekftd igpku dk;Z% vfHko`fÙk;k¡ O;fÙkQ;ksa dks mudh iQqVckWy u •sy ik,¡A bl okLrfodrk dks Lohdkj djus
lkekftd igpku dks ifjHkkf"kr djus vkSj O;ÙkQ djus esa ds ctk;] dksbZ viuh vkRe&Nfo cuk, j•us ds fy,
enn djds ,d lkekftd igpku dk;Z dj ldrh gSaA os ;g nkok dj ldrk gS fd mUgsa iQqVckWy ilan ugha gSA

vfHko`fÙk 57
 Rationalisation vfHko`fÙk fopkj vkSj O;ogkj nksuksa dks vkdkj nsus esa egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA vfHko`fÙk] fopkj vkSj O;ogkj ds chp lacaèk
dks bl çdkj la{ksi esa çLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS%
Ego Defensive
Denial Tools Projection
2-7 vfHko`fÙk ,oa fopkj
z vfHko`fÙk tkudkjh dh O;k[;k vkSj ewY;k¡du ds fy,
Repression ,d :ijs•k çnku djds fopkjksa dks çHkkfor djrh gSaA
z ewY;&vfHkO;atd dk;Z% vfHko`fÙk;k¡ O;fÙkQ;ksa dks vius os O;fÙkQ;ksa dks vius vkl&ikl dh nqfu;k dks ns•us vkSj
ewyHkwr ewY;ksa vkSj fo'oklksa dks O;ÙkQ djus dh vuqefr nsdj le>us ds rjhds dks vkdkj nsrh gSaA vfHko`fÙk;k¡ fiQYVj
ewY;&vfHkO;atd dk;Z dj ldrh gSaA os vkRe&vfHkO;fÙkQ ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSa ftlds ekè;e ls O;fÙkQ tkudkjh
ds lkèku ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSa vkSj fdlh O;fÙkQ ds lalkfèkr djrs gSa] ftlls vfHko`fÙk fo"k; ls lacafèkr fopkjksa
uSfrd ;k oSpkfjd #• dks n'kkZrh gSaA vkSj jk; dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,% ,d flfoy lsod bZekunkjh vkSj vfHko`fÙk fopkj
dkuwu ds 'kklu ds çfr çfrc¼rk O;ÙkQ djrs gq, 'kwU; vfHko`fÙk dk rkRi;Z fdlh oLrq] fopkj tkudkjh dks lalkfèkr
Hkz"Vkpkj lfg".kqrk vfHko`fÙk j• ldrk gSA O;fÙkQ ;k voèkkj.kk ds çfr djus] fopkjksa dk fo'ys"k.k
z O;ogkj ekxZn'kZu dk;Z% vfHko`fÙk;k¡ O;fÙkQ;ksa ds O;ogkj ewY;k¡du ;k Hkkouk ls gSA djus vkSj jk; ;k fo'okl
vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dks çHkkfor djds ,d O;kogkfjd ekxZn'kZu blesa ldkjkRed ;k udkjkRed cukus dh laKkukRed
dk;Z dj ldrh gSaA os fodYi pquus vkSj dk;ks± dk ekxZn'kZu vfHkfoU;kl 'kkfey gSA çfØ;k dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
djus ds fy, ,d :ijs•k çnku djrh gSaA vfHko`fÙk;k¡ HkkoukRed :i ls fopkj vfèkd rdZlaxr
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d flfoy lsod] ftlds fopkjksa vfèkd çsfjr gksrh gSa vkSj blesa vkSj rkfdZd gksrs gSa]
vkSj n`f"Vdks.k esa lekurk fufgr gS] og lekt ds lHkh fdlh O;fÙkQ ;k oLrq ds çfr ftuesa vkykspukRed
oxks± ds lkFk 'kkyhurk ls O;ogkj dj ldrk gSA HkkoukRed çfrfØ;k,¡] ilan lksp] fo'ys"k.k vkSj
z vkRe&tkx:drk dk;Z% vfHko`fÙk;k¡ yksxksa dks mu phtksa vkSj ukilan 'kkfey gksrh gSaA leL;k&lekèkku 'kkfey gksrk
rd igq¡pus esa enn dj ldrh gSa tks muds fy, ykHknk;d gSA
gSa vkSj mu phtksa ls cpk ldrh gSa tks muds fy, gkfudkjd vfHko`fÙk;k¡ vis{kkÑr fLFkj fopkj vfèkd {kf.kd gksrs gSa
gSaA vkSj LFkk;h gksrh gSa] tks le; vkSj ubZ tkudkjh] n`f"Vdks.k
ds lkFk O;ogkj vkSj fu.kZ; ;k vuqHkoksa ds vkèkkj ij
 mnkgj.k% LoLFk Hkkstu ds çfr rkU;k dh ldkjkRed
ysus dks çHkkfor djrh gSaA cny ldrs gSaA
vfHko`fÙk mls ikSf"Vd Hkkstu pquus vkSj gkfudkjd
vkgkj lacaèkh vknrksa ls cpus ds fy, çsfjr djrh gSA vfHko`fÙk;k¡ fopkjksa ds iQksdl fopkj vfHko`fÙk;ksa ds fuekZ.k
vkSj fn'kk dks vkdkj ns ldrh ;k la'kksèku esa ;ksxnku dj
z lkekftd lek;kstu dk;Z% vfHko`fÙk;k¡ gesa lkekftd
gSaA ldrs gSaA tkudkjh dk
lek;kstu esa lgk;rk djrh gSaA vfHko`fÙk;k¡ gesa nqfu;k ds fo'ys"k.k djuk] rdks± dk
ckjs esa gekjh èkkj.kk dks ljy cukus vkSj bls gekjs fy, vkykspukRed ewY;k¡du
vfèkd çcaèkuh; cukus esa enn djrh gSaA djuk vkSj dbZ n`f"Vdks.kksa ij
 mnkgj.k% ekbdy dh •qys fopkjksa okyh vfHko`fÙk mls fopkj djuk vfHko`fÙk;ksa dks
fofoèk lkaLÑfrd n`f"Vdks.kksa dks viukus] lkekftd vkdkj ns ldrk gSA
laidZ dks lqfoèkktud cukus vkSj oSf'od nqfu;k esa vfHko`fÙk;k¡ O;ogkj dks çHkkfor fopkj fu.kZ; ysus dh uhao
le> dks c<+kok nsus dh vuqefr nsrh gSA dj ldrh gSa vkSj dk;ks± dk çnku djrs gSa vkSj muds
vfHko`fÙk;ksa ds ;s dk;Z n'kkZrs gSa fd os O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fopkjksa] ekxZn'kZu dj ldrh gSaA os fo'ys"k.k] fu.kZ; vkSj rdZ
Hkkoukvksa vkSj O;ogkjksa dks vkdkj nsus esa dSls egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk O;fÙkQ;ksa dks muds n`f"Vdks.k ds vkèkkj ij O;fÙkQ;ksa }kjk
fuHkkrh gSaA vfHko`fÙk;k¡ O;fÙkQ;ksa dks lkekftd nqfu;k esa lapkyu ds vuq:i dk;Z djus ;k mu pqus x, fodYiksa dks çHkkfor
djus] mudh igpku ifjHkkf"kr djus] pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus] dkj.kksa dk leFkZu djus ds dj ldrs gSaA
ewY;ksa dks O;ÙkQ djus rFkk muds fo'oklksa vkSj ewY;k¡duksa ds fy, çsfjr dj ldrh gSa ftu
vkèkkj ij muds dk;ks± dk ekxZn'kZu djus esa enn djrh gSaA ij os fo'okl djrs gSaA

58 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

dsl LVMh% vfHko`fÙk cuke fopkj & ernku O;ogkj ij 2-8 vfHko`fÙk vkSj O;ogkj
çHkko
jktuxj uked ,d dkYifud Hkkjrh; 'kgj z O;ogkj ls rkRi;Z ml rjhds ls gS ftlls dksbZ O;fÙkQ ;k
esa] ,d LFkkuh; foèkku lHkk pquko py jgk tho fofHkUu mÙkstukvksa] fLFkfr;ksa ;k ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds tokc
gSA 'kgj esa nks eq[; mEehnokj gSa% jkgqy 'kekZ esa dk;Z djrk gS ;k vkpj.k djrk gSA
ifjfLFkfr%
vkSj fç;k nslkbZA jktuxj ds fuokfl;ksa dh z blesa cksyuk] fgyuk&Mqyuk] Hkkoukvksa dks O;ÙkQ djuk]
mEehnokjksa dh ;ksX;rk vkSj jktuhfrd ,tsaMs ds fu.kZ; ysuk vkSj lkekftd laidZ esa 'kkfey gksuk tSlh
ckjs esa vyx&vyx jk; vkSj ekU;rk,¡ gSaA fØ;k,¡ 'kkfey gks ldrh gSaA
jktuxj fuoklh jkts'k] jkgqy 'kekZ ds çfr
Attitude precedes Behaviour
vuqdwy vfHko`fÙk j•rs gSaA mudk ekuuk gS fd Behaviour is a reflection of Attitude
jkgqy ,d dfj'ekbZ vkSj xfr'khy usrk gSa tks Attitude + Reaction = Behaviour
'kgj esa ldkjkRed cnyko yk ldrs gSaA jkts'k Favourable
lfØ; :i ls jkgqy dh jSfy;ksa esa Hkkx ysdj] UnFavourable
vfHko`fÙk muds vfHk;ku iksLVj çnf'kZr djds vkSj muds
ifjn`';% ckjs esa ldkjkRed ckrsa iQSykdj mudk leFkZu Prejudice (–ve) Bureaucratic (–ve)
djrs gSaA jkgqy ds çfr jkts'k dh vfHko`fÙk Casteism Complacency
muds O;ogkj dks vkdkj nsrh gS D;ksafd og Communalism Red Tapism
mRlkgiwoZd muds vfHk;ku esa Hkkx ysrs gSa Gender Bias Elite orientation
vkSj nwljksa dks muds fy, oksV djus ds fy, Discrimination Sluggishness
çksRlkfgr djrs gSaA Patriarchy Rule Adherence
Social Conflicts Administrative Malpractices
blds foijhr] jktuxj dh ,d vU; fuoklh z Corruption
z Dowry
nhik] mEehnokjksa dk ewY;k¡du djus ds fy, z Honor killing z Bribery
,d fopkj'khy n`f"Vdks.k viukrh gSA og z Lack of freedom to girls z Misuse of Authority
jkgqy 'kekZ vkSj fç;k nslkbZ nksuksa dh fiNyh z Child marriage z Goal Shifting
miyfCèk;ksa] jktuhfrd lac¼rk vkSj çLrkfor
uhfr;ksa dh vkykspukRed tk¡p djrh gSaA nhik
Quitting
f'k{kk] LokLF; ns•Hkky vkSj volajpuk ds Negative
Disqualifying

Depression
in an Exam

fopkj fodkl tSls çeq• eqíksa ij mEehnokjksa ds #• Attitude

Suicidal tendencies
ifjn`';% ij fopkj djrh gSaA lkoèkkuhiwoZd fopkj djus Using one's acquired knowledge
Positive
ds ckn] mUgksaus fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd fç;k nslkbZ Attitude
in some other field.
dh uhfr;k¡ 'kgj ds fy, muds vius ewY;ksa Exploring alternate career options
where one can excel.
vkSj vkdka{kkvksa ds lkFk vfèkd fudVrk ls esy
•krh gSaA fç;k ds çfr xgjk HkkoukRed yxko Negative
Population Burden
u gksus ds ckotwn] nhik us vius fopkj'khy
Population

Attitude
of India

Drain on Resources
ewY;k¡du ds vkèkkj ij mUgsa oksV nsus dk iQSlyk Human Resource
Positive
fd;kA Attitude Increased Demographic dividend
Attitude Thought
Candidate – Rahul Candidate – Priya 2-8-1 O;ogkj ij vfHko`fÙk dk çHkko
Voter – Deepa
Voter – Rajesh (friend z vfHko`fÙk dks lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa esa dqN rjhdksa ls O;ogkj
Deepa Critically
of Rahul)
Thought assess walk djus dh ço`fÙk ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA vfHko`fÙk
Rajes Attitude Compaignity done by both ,d O;fÙkQxr fo'ks"krk gS] tcfd O;ogkj ,d lkekftd
for friend
candidate
Attend Examine Track
fo'ks"krk gSA
Rajesh Action Rajesh
Rally of record z vfHko`fÙk;k¡ O;ogkj dk ekxZn'kZu djrh gSa% vfHko`fÙk;k¡
Rahul Action Political attitude
Display O;ogkj ds fy, ekxZn'kZu ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSa fd
compaign Check Ideology O;fÙkQ dqN fLFkfr;ksa dks dSls le>rs gSa vkSj çfrfØ;k nsrs
poster of candidate
gSaA

vfHko`fÙk 59
 z vfHko`fÙk;k¡ lkekftd var%fØ;kvksa dks çHkkfor djrh
Behaviour gSa% vfHko`fÙk;k¡ lkekftd var%fØ;kvksa esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrh gSaA os bls çHkkfor dj ldrh gSa fd O;fÙkQ nwljksa
Attitude ds lkFk dSls ckrphr djrs gSa] fj'rs cukrs gSa vkSj lapkj
esa layXu gksrs gSaA
Values
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] fofoèk laLÑfr;ksa ds çfr lfg".kq
vkSj lekos'kh vfHko`fÙk okys jksfgr }kjk fofHkUu i`"BHkwfe
Beliefs
ds yksxksa dks xys yxkus vkSj mudk lEeku djus dh
vfèkd laHkkouk gSA
O;ogkj ij vfHko`fÙk dk çHkko
vfHko`fÙk O;ogkj
z vfHko`fÙk;k¡ fu.kZ; ysus dks çHkkfor djrh gSa% vfHko`fÙk;k¡
O;fÙkQxr Lrj
fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa dks çHkkfor djrh gSa D;ksafd O;fÙkQ
z rUnq#Lr vkSj LoLFk z larqfyr vkgkj vkSj mfpr
viuh ilan dks viuh vfHko`fÙk;ksa ds lkFk lajsf•r djrs gSaA
jgukA uhan ysukA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] LokLF; lacaèkh fparkvksa ds dkj.k
z Kku çkIr djukA z i<+ukA
';ke dh iQkLV iQwM ds çfr udkjkRed vfHko`fÙk gS]
lkekftd Lrj
og T;knkrj le; ,sls Hkkstu dk lsou djus ls cprk
gS vkSj LokLF;o¼Zd fodYi pqurk gSA z fyax ds çfr rVLFkA z fyax laosnhdj.kA
z i;kZoj.k dh fparkA z oujksi.k vfHk;kuA
Behaviour Attitude
ç'kklfud Lrj
z detksj oxZ ds çfr z 'kklu esa ç'kklfud uSfrdrk
lgkuqHkwfrA vkSj bZekunkjh dk ikyuA
z vfHko`fÙk;k¡ fØ;k dks çHkkfor djrh gSa% vfHko`fÙk;k¡
z yksd lsok vkSj lekt z laoSèkkfud ewY;ksa ds çfr
dk;ks± dks lhèks rkSj ij çHkkfor dj ldrh gSaA tc O;fÙkQ dY;k.kA çfrc¼rkA
fdlh dkj.k ;k eqís ds çfr etcwr vfHko`fÙk;k¡ j•rs gSa]
rks os blds leFkZu ;k odkyr djus ds fy, dkjZokbZ djus 2-8-2 vfHko`fÙk&O;ogkj lqlaxfr
dh vfèkd laHkkouk j•rs gSaA z vfHko`fÙk&O;ogkj lqlaxfr ml Lrj dks lanfHkZr djrh gS
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] eSa i'kq vfèkdkjksa ds ckjs esa Hkkoqd ftl rd vfHko`fÙk O;ogkj dk iwokZuqeku dj ikrh gSA
gw¡] blfy,] eSa fojksèk çn'kZuksa esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ywaxk
z vfHko`fÙk vkSj O;ogkj ds chp lacaèk tfVy gksrk gS rFkk
;k i'kq dY;k.k ds eqís dk leFkZu d:axkA
;g fLFkfrtU; ckèkkvksa] lkekftd ekunaMksa vkSj O;fÙkQxr
z vfHko`fÙk;k¡ èkkj.kkvksa dks vkdkj nsrh gSa% vfHko`fÙk;k¡
fo'ks"krkvksa tSls fofHkUu dkjdksa ls çHkkfor gksrk gSA
;g fuèkkZfjr djrh gSa fd O;fÙkQ tkudkjh dks dSls le>rs gSa
Affective Component + Congitive component = Behaviour
vkSj mldh O;k[;k dSls djrs gSaA os iwokZxzg ;k fiQYVj(er)
fp=k% O;ogkj dk fuekZ.k
cuk ldrs gSa ftlds ekè;e ls yksx nqfu;k dks ns•rs gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] lanhi dh fdlh fo'ks"k jktuhfrd z gkyk¡fd] vfHko`fÙk&O;ogkj lajs•.k ds mnkgj.k gks
ny ds çfr udkjkRed vfHko`fÙk gS] og ldkjkRed ldrs gSa] ckgjh ckèkkvksa] ijLij fojksèkh çsj.kkvksa ;k
igyqvksa dks •kfjt djrs gq, uhfr;ksa dks vfèkd vU; gLr{ksi djus okys dkjdksa ds dkj.k n`f"Vdks.k vkSj
vkykspukRed n`f"V ls ns• ldrk gSA O;ogkj ds chp folaxfr;k¡ mRiUu gks ldrh gSaA

60 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

 vfHko`fÙk&O;ogkj esa ,d:irk@lqlaxfr
vfHko`fÙk O;ogkj
z vfHko`fÙk gekjh vuqHkwfr (Kku ;k lwpuk) dk ,d vkarfjd z O;ogkj fdlh n`f"Vdks.k dh vfHkO;fÙkQ ;k çn'kZu gSA
?kVd gSA
z vfHko`fÙk fdlh O;fÙkQ ds ekufld n`f"Vdks.k dks lanfHkZr z O;ogkj ls rkRi;Z fdlh O;fÙkQ ;k lewg ds vU;
djrh gS] ftl rjg ls og fdlh O;fÙkQ ;k oLrq ds ckjs esa O;fÙkQ;ksa ds çfr dk;ks± vkSj vkpj.k ls gSA
lksprk gS ;k eglwl djrk gSA
z ;g vfèkd O;fÙkQxr gSA z ;g vfèkd lkekftd gSA
z fdlh O;fÙkQ dh vfHko`fÙk eq[; :i ls mlds thou ds nkSjku z O;fÙkQ dk O;ogkj fLFkfr ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij vkèkkfjr
çkIr vuqHkoksa vkSj voyksduksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gSA gksrk gSA
z vfHko`fÙk fdlh dh Hkkoukvksa] fopkjksa vkSj fopkjksa dks n'kkZrh gSA z O;ogkj fdlh dh vfHko`fÙk dks çfrfcafcr djrk gS
D;ksafd dk;Z gekjs fopkjksa dk çfrfcac gksrs gSaA
z i;kZoj.k] vuqHko vkSj uSfrd ewY; tSls dkjd eq[; :i ls z vfHko`fÙk;k¡] pkfjf=kd xq.k rFkk var%lzkoh vkSj raf=kdk
vfHko`fÙk;ksa dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA çfrfØ;kvksa tSls tSfod dkjd gekjs O;ogkj dks
çHkkfor djrs gSaA
z mnkgj.k% xzkeh.k {ks=k esa dke djus okys ,d flfoy lsod us z mnkgj.k% ,d ljdkjh dk;kZy; esa dke djus okys
ns•k fd dbZ xzkeh.k tu xjhch esa th jgs FksA muds ikl lkiQ ,d flfoy lsod dks dbZ NksVs cPpksa okys ,d xjhc
ikuh ;k LoPNrk lqfoèkkvksa rd igq¡p ugha Fkh vkSj muds ikl ifjokj ls ,d vkosnu çkIr gqvkA flfoy lsod dks
•kus ds fy, i;kZIr Hkkstu ugha FkkA flfoy lsod us xzkeh.kksa ifjokj ds çfr lgkuqHkwfr eglwl gqbZ vkSj mlus muds
dh cqfu;knh vko';drkvksa rd igq¡p dks csgrj cukus ds fy, vkosnu dh lkoèkkuhiwoZd leh{kk djus ds fy, le;
LFkkuh; ljdkj ds lkFk dke fd;k vkSj mUgksaus xzkeh.k yksxksa fy;kA mlus ifjokj ls mudh fLFkfr ds ckjs esa Hkh iwNk
dh vk; mRiUu djus ds rjhds •kstus esa Hkh enn dhA flfoy vkSj leqnk; esa lalkèkuksa ls tqM+us esa mudh enn dhA
lsod ds dk;ks± ls irk pyk fd og okLro esa xjhcksa ds ckjs flfoy lsod ds O;ogkj ls irk pyk fd os okLro
esa fpafrr Fks vkSj muds thou dks csgrj cukus esa enn djus esa ifjokj dh HkykbZ ds ckjs esa fpafrr FksA
ds bPNqd FksA
vfHko`fÙk fuekZ.k ,oa ifjorZu
çR;{k vuqHko] lekthdj.k] f'k{kk vkSj çsjd lans'kksa ds laidZ tSlh fofHkUu çfØ;kvksa ds ekè;e ls vfHko`fÙk;ksa dk fuekZ.k
fd;k tk ldrk gSA le; ds lkFk vfHko`fÙk;ksa dks çHkkfor vkSj la'kksfèkr Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA vfHko`fÙk ifjorZu çsjd
lapkj] laKkukRed vlaxfr] lkekftd çHkko ;k O;fÙkQxr vuqHkoksa ds ekè;e ls gks ldrk gS tks ekStwnk vfHko`fÙk;ksa
dks pqukSrh nsrs gSaA

Behaviour Habit Attitude Value Character Destiny

dqy feykdj vfHko`fÙk;ksa dk lacaèk fopkj vkSj O;ogkj
nksuksa ls gksrk gSA os O;fÙkQ;ksa ds lkspus vkSj tkudkjh dh O;k[;k
djus ds rjhds dks vkdkj nsrh gSa rFkk os O;ogkj lacaèkh bjknksa
vkSj dk;ks± dk ekxZn'kZu djrh gSaA gkyk¡fd] ;g fopkj djuk
egRoiw.kZ gS fd vfHko`fÙk&O;ogkj laxfr ges'kk iw.kZ ugha
2-9 vfHker vkSj vfHko`fÙk
z vfHker fdlh oLrq ds ckjs esa fdlh O;fÙkQ dh lksp ;k
fo'okl gS] pkgs og vPNh gks ;k cqjhA ;g ,d O;fÙkQ ls
nwljs O;fÙkQ esa fHkUu gks ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa ds fu;a=k.k] if'peh vkSj

gksrh gS vkSj O;fÙkQxr dkjdksa rFkk çklafxd çHkkoksa ds vkèkkj iwohZ nqfu;k esa tyok;q ifjorZu ds fy, ,sfrgkfld
ij fHkUurk,¡ gks ldrh gSaA ftEesnkjh ij ijLij fojksèkh vfHker gSaA

vfHko`fÙk 61
 vfHker vfHko`fÙk z ;g fiNys vuqHko] z ;g gekjs vkarfjd ewY;ksa
z ;g iQSlys dh vfHkO;fÙkQ z ;g ,d fuf'pr rjhds ls lkaLÑfrd vkSj lkekftd vkSj ekU;rkvksa ls mRiUu
gSA dk;Z djus dh ço`fÙk gSA ekunaMksa ;k f'k{kk ls gksrh gSA
z ;g ekSf•d ;k fyf•r z vfHko`fÙk dk vuqeku mRiUu gks ldrk gSA
vfHkO;fÙkQ rd gh ekSf•d vkSj xSj&ekSf•d z fo'okl cnyus ls z vfHko`fÙk cnyus ls
lhfer gSA nksuksa vfHkO;fÙkQ;ksa ls vfHko`fÙk cny ldrh gSA fo'okl esa Hkh cnyko
yxk;k tkrk gSA vk ldrk gSA
z ;g rF;ksa ;k Kku ij z ;g Lo;a dh fo'okl z mnkgj.k% ,d O;fÙkQ z mnkgj.k% O;fÙkQ dk
vkèkkfjr gks Hkh ldrk ç.kkyh ls mRiUu gksrk gSA dks fdlh fo'ks"k bZ'oj fu;fer :i ls ml bZ'oj
gS vkSj ugha HkhA esa fo'okl gks ldrk gSA dks ç.kke djukA
z vfHker vke rkSj ij z ;g fdlh O;fÙkQ] LFkku
LoHkko ls nwljksa ds fy, ;k okrkoj.k vkfn ds çfr Cognition (belief)
Things we hold to
mfpr gksrk gSA Lo;a dh ilan ;k ukilan be true.
ls vfèkd lacafèkr gSA
z mnkgj.k% ,d ys• z mnkgj.k% ljdkj ds
ds ekè;e ls yksdra=k fofHkUu :iksa dk vè;;u
ij ldkjkRed vfHker djds ys•d dh yksdra=k Peripheral Core (Strong)
O;ÙkQ djrk ,d ys•dA ds çfr ldkjkRed (Weak) Belief Belief
vfHko`fÙk gSA
Emotion
2-10 fo'okl vkSj vfHko`fÙk
z fo'okl fdlh pht dks lR; ;k okLrfod ekuus dk n`<+ Values Attitude
fo'okl ;k LohÑfr gSA
Behaviours
z ;s O;fÙkQxr vuqHkoksa] Kku] lkaLÑfrd çHkkoksa vkSj
lkekftd laidks± ds ekè;e ls curs gSaA
2-11 ewY; vkSj vfHko`fÙk
z fo'okl èkeZ] uSfrdrk] jktuhfr] foKku vkSj vU; lfgr
dbZ çdkj ds fo"k;ksa ls lacafèkr gks ldrk gSA z ewY; xgjkbZ ls LFkkfir fo'okl vkSj fl¼kar gSa tks O;fÙkQ;ksa
z mnkgj.k% vkfLrd bZ'oj ds vfLrRo esa fo'okl djrs gSa] ds O;ogkj vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dk ekxZn'kZu djrs gSa] ;s n'kkZrs
tcfd ukfLrd blds vfLrRo ls budkj djrs gSaA gSa fd thou esa D;k egRoiw.kZ vkSj okaNuh; ekuk tkrk gSA
z mnkgj.k% fdlh O;fÙkQ dh bZekunkjh (ewY;) mls ges'kk
Attitude
lp cksyus ds fy, etcwj djrh gS] Hkys gh ;g dfBu ;k
Values
vlqfoèkktud gksA
ewY; vfHko`fÙk
Beliefs
z ewy ekU;rk,¡ vkSj z ewY;k¡dukRed fu.kZ; vkSj
fl¼karA çkFkfedrk,¡
z fLFkj vkSj fVdkÅA z ifjorZu ;k la'kksèku ds
fo'okl vfHko`fÙk vèkhuA
z ;g ,d ,slk fopkj gS z ;g ,d ekufld LoHkko z O;ogkj vkSj fu.kZ; z O;ogkj vkSj fopkjksa dh
ftls O;fÙkQ lR; ekurk gS ftldk ifj.kke ,d ysus dks çHkkfor djrk vfHkO;fÙkQ dks çHkkfor
gSA fo'ks"k O;ogkj gksrk gSA gSA djrh gSA

62 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

z fdlh ds pfj=k esa z vuqHkoksa vkSj lkekftd z udkjkRed i{k ij] uSfrd vfHko`fÙk dk mi;ksx vkradokn
xgjkbZ ls fufgrA çHkkoksa }kjk vkdkj fn;k ds fgald ÑR;ksa dks mfpr Bgjkus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk
tkrk gSA gSA ;g ifjokj] lekt] èkeZ] f'k{kk vkfn ls vkdkj ysrk gSA
z mnkgj.k% bZekunkjh] z mnkgj.k% fdlh jktuhfrd  mnkgj.k% vkWuj fdfyax ds çfr ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k

lR;fu"Bk] U;k;A mEehnokj ds fy, leFkZu] dks ifjokj ds xkSjo dks cpkus ds vkèkkj ij mfpr
fdlh fo'ks"k Hkkstu dks Bgjk;k tkrk gSA fookg iwoZ ifr&iRuh dh rjg jgus
ilan@ukilan djukA ds çfr ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk fj'rksa dks oS;fÙkQdrk vkSj
Lora=krk ds vkèkkj ij mfpr Bgjk;h tkrh gSA
mnkgj.k% fopkj vkSj fo'okl cnyus ls Awareness
vfHko`fÙk esa cnyko Empathy Strong emotions

dsl LVMh% esjs iM+ksl esa ,d leqnk; gS tgk¡ ekufld

LokLF; ,d vR;fèkd dyafdr@ykaf{kr fo"k; ekuk tkrk
gSA ekufld chekjh ds çfr xyr èkkj.kk,¡ vkSj udkjkRed
vfHko`fÙk;k¡ çpfyr gqbZa] ftlls lkekftd vyxko gqvk vkSj
ekufld LokLF; lgk;rk lsokvksa rd igq¡p lhfer gks xbZA
ekufld LokLF; leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djus okys yksxksa dks
vDlj HksnHkko dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk Fkk vkSj vkdyu fd,
tkus ds Mj ls os enn ysus ls f>>drs FksA mudh fo'okl
ç.kkyh dks cnyuk cgqr eqf'dy dke gS ysfdu vxj eq>s
ekSdk fn;k x;k rks eSa fuEufyf•r mik; ykxw d:axkA
Awareness campaign
Efforts which Personal stories &
Could be taken to
Testimonials
change the belief Peer Support &
system & thoughts Community Network
Encourage help-
seeking Behaviour
2-12 uSfrd vfHko`fÙk
z uSfrd vfHko`fÙk fdlh O;fÙkQ ds uSfrd fl¼karksa] ewY;ksa vkSj
uSfrd ekudksa ds çfr mlds ewY;k¡du] fo'okl vkSj LoHkko
dks lanfHkZr djrh gSA
z blesa uSfrd <kapk 'kkfey gS tks fdlh O;fÙkQ ds O;ogkj]
fu.kZ; ysus rFkk uSfrd vkSj uhfrijd ekeyksa esa fu.kZ; dk
Moral
Altruism Attitude Reverence
Fidelity
Faithfulness
Truthfulness
uSfrd vfHko`fÙk dk egRo%
z O;fÙkQ ds fo'okl ij fparu% uSfrd vfHko`fÙk fdlh
O;fÙkQ ds fo'oklksa] ewY;ksa rFkk lgh vkSj xyr] vPNs vkSj
cqjs ,oa uSfrd :i ls Lohdk;Z ;k vLohdk;Z ds ckjs esa
fu.kZ; dks n'kkZrh gSA
z uSfrd rdZ dks vkdkj nsuk% ;s fdlh ds uSfrd rdZ dks
vkdkj nsrh gSa vkSj mu fLFkfr;ksa esa O;ogkj dk ekxZn'kZu
djrh gSa ftuesa uSfrd nqfoèkk,¡ ;k uSfrd fopkj 'kkfey
gksrs gSaA
z lkekftd egRo% lkekftd ,drk dks c<+kok nsus] fu"i{krk
dks c<+kok nsus rFkk O;fÙkQxr vkSj lkekftd lanHkks± esa
uSfrd ekudksa dks cuk, j•us ds fy, uSfrd vfHko`fÙk;k¡
vko';d gSaA
z O;fÙkQxr lR;fu"Bk% O;fÙkQxr lR;fu"Bk cuk, j•us ds
fy, uSfrd vfHko`fÙk vko';d gSA ;g pqukSfr;ksa ;k çyksHkuksa
dk lkeuk djus ij Hkh vius uSfrd ewY;ksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z
djus ds fy, ,d O;fÙkQ dh çfrc¼rk dks n'kkZrh gSA
 fdlh ds uSfrd fl¼karksa dks cuk, j•uk LokfHkeku]

ekxZn'kZu djrk gSA
z lHkh n`f"Vdks.kksa dk lacaèk uSfrdrk ls ugha gSA uSfrd
vfHko`fÙk;k¡ O;fÙkQxr ewY;ksa] lkekftd ekunaMksa] lkaLÑfrd
dkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfud n`f"Vdks.k ls çHkkfor gksrh gSaA
 mnkgj.k% lkaiksa ds çfr jkgqy dh vfHko`fÙk dk
uSfrdrk ls dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ugha gS] cfYd ;g Mj
vkRe&lEeku vkSj çkekf.kdrk dh Hkkouk dks c<+krk gSA
z O;olk;ksa esa uhfrijd fu.kZ; ysuk% uSfrd vfHko`fÙk;k¡
mu O;olk;ksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls egRoiw.kZ gSa ftuesa uSfrd
fu.kZ; ysus dh vko';drk gksrh gS] tSls& LokLF; ns•Hkky]
dkuwu] f'k{kk vkSj O;olk;A
 etcwr uSfrd vfHko`fÙk;ksa okys is'ksoj tfVy uSfrd

ls çsfjr gSA blh çdkj fdlh fo'ks"k O;atu ds çfr pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus] uSfrd fopkjksa dks çkFkfedrk nsus
mldh vfHko`fÙk dsoy mldh O;fÙkQxr ojh;rk] vkSj ftudh os lsok djrs gSa mu yksxksa ds fgrksa dks
ilan@ukilan dks n'kkZrh gSA gkyk¡fd] yksdra=k ds çfr cuk, j•us okys fodYi pquus ds fy,] csgrj <ax ls
mldh vfHko`fÙk esa uSfrd fufgrkFkZ gksaxsA lqlfTtr gksrs gSaA

vfHko`fÙk 63

mnkgj.k% egku O;fÙkQRoksa }kjk
çnf'kZr uSfrd vfHko`fÙk;k¡
z lqdjkr vkSj IysVks esa uSfrd vfHko`fÙk;k¡ Fkha ftlesa
mudk ekuuk Fkk fd vU;k; djus dh rqyuk esa vU;k;
lguk csgrj gSA
z vU;k; ls yM+us ds ,d midj.k ds rkSj ij vfgalk esa
xk¡èkhth dk ekSfyd fo'okl FkkA
uSfrd n`f"Vdks.k ds vk;ke%
z uSfrd fl¼kar vkSj ewY;% uSfrd vfHko`fÙk;k¡ ekSfyd
fl¼karksa vkSj ewY;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gSa ftUgsa O;fÙkQ lgh
vkSj xyr dk fuèkkZj.k djus esa egRoiw.kZ ekurs gSaA bu
fl¼karksa esa fu"i{krk] U;k;] bZekunkjh] d#.kk] Lok;Ùkrk ds
fy, lEeku vkSj v•aMrk 'kkfey gks ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d etcwr uSfrd vfHko`fÙk j•us
okyk ,d flfoy lsod fu"i{krk dks çkFkfedrk ns
ldrk gS rFkk lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ekeyksa esa leku
O;ogkj dh odkyr dj ldrk gSA
z uhfrijd fu.kZ; ysuk% uSfrd vfHko`fÙk;k¡ bl ckr dks
çHkkfor djrh gSa fd O;fÙkQ uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus ds rjhds dks
dSls viukrs gSaA os ,d uSfrd fn'kk&funZs'k çnku djrh gSa
rFkk O;fÙkQ;ksa dks vius uSfrd fl¼karksa vkSj ewY;ksa ds vuq:i
fodYi pquus ds fy, ekxZn'kZu çnku djrh gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] bZekunkjh ds çfr uSfrd vfHko`fÙk
j•us okyk ,d flfoy lsod mu fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh
lPpkbZ dks çkFkfedrk nsxk tgk¡ >wB cksyuk iQk;nsean
yx ldrk gSA
z uSfrd ftEesnkjh% uSfrd vfHko`fÙk esa nwljksa ds vkSj lekt
ds çfr uSfrd ftEesnkjh dh Hkkouk 'kkfey gksrh gSA
uSfrd ftEesnkjh ds ifj.kkeLo:i ;g ewY;k¡du djus dh
vko';drk gS fd fdlh ds dk;Z nwljksa dks dSls çHkkfor
dj ldrs gSa rFkk vius fu.kZ;ksa ds fy, ftEesnkjh Lohdkj
djus ij tksj fn;k tkrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] lgkuqHkwfr dh uSfrd vfHko`fÙk okyk
,d flfoy lsod t:jrean yksxksa dh enn djus ds
fy, lfØ; :i ls èkekZFkZ xfrfofèk;ksa esa layXu gks
ldrk gSA
z uSfrd fodkl% uSfrd vfHko`fÙk le; ds lkFk lekthdj.k]
f'k{kk vkSj O;fÙkQxr vuqHkoksa ds ekè;e ls çdV vkSj
fodflr gksrh gSA
 tSls&tSls O;fÙkQ ifjiDo gksrs gSa vkSj uSfrd fparu esa
layXu gksrs gSa] uSfrd vfHko`fÙk;k¡ vfèkd lw{e vkSj
ifj"Ñr gks tkrh gSaA
64
z uSfrd lkgl% uSfrd vfHko`fÙk;k¡ uSfrd lkgl ds :i esa
çdV gks ldrh gSa] ftlesa fdlh dh uSfrd ekU;rkvksa ds
fy, •M+s gksus vkSj uSfrd pqukSfr;ksa ;k xyr dk;ks± ds lkeus
dkjZokbZ djus dh bPNk 'kkfey gSA
 etcwr uSfrd vfHko`fÙk;ksa okys O;fÙkQ vU;k; ;k
vuSfrd O;ogkj ds f•ykiQ cksydj lkgl dk
çn'kZu dj ldrs gSa] Hkys gh blesa O;fÙkQxr tksf•e
;k çfrfØ;k 'kkfey gksA
ekuoh; dk;ks± ij uSfrd vfHko`fÙk dk çHkko
ldkjkRed udkjkRed
z ijksidkfjrk z Lo;a lsod uSfrdrk
z Lo;alsok z ;q¼
z v•aMrk z ujlagkj
z lkekftd lsok z naxs
z nku@ijksidkj z vkradokn
uSfrd vfHko`fÙk;ksa ds mnkgj.k%
z bZekunkjh% usgk ,d bZekunkj i=kdkj gS tks lp cksyus ds
egRo esa fo'okl djrh gSA og yxkrkj turk dks lVhd
vkSj fu"i{k tkudkjh çnku djus dk ç;kl djrh gS] Hkys gh
bldk eryc 'kfÙkQ'kkyh fufgr LokFkks± dks pqukSrh nsuk gksA
z d#.kk% ,d lefiZr ulZ] ½pk] ejhtksa ds lkFk viuh
nSfud ckrphr esa d#.kk dk çrhd gSA og è;ku ls lqurh
gS] lkaRouk nsrh gS vkSj mudh HkykbZ lqfuf'pr djus ds
fy, vfrfjÙkQ ç;kl djrh gS] pqukSrhiw.kZ le; ds nkSjku
lgk;rk dk ,d lzksr çnku djrh gSA
z U;k;% ekuokfèkdkj odhy jkgqy U;k; dh çcy Hkkouk
ls çsfjr gSaA og ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vFkd la?k"kZ
djrs gSa fd lhekar leqnk;ksa dks dkuwuh çfrfufèkRo rd
leku igq¡p feys] ç.kkyhxr ifjorZu dh odkyr dh tk,
vkSj HksnHkkoiw.kZ çFkkvksa dks pqukSrh nh tk,A
z lR;fu"Bk% ,d uSfrdrk ls ;qÙkQ O;kolkf;d us=kh] vk;q"kh]
vius fu.kZ; ysus esa vVwV lR;fu"Bk çnf'kZr djrh gSA og
Hkz"V vkpj.k esa 'kkfey gksus ls budkj djrh gS] vius
laxBu ds Hkhrj ikjnf'kZrk dks c<+kok nsrh gS rFkk vius
deZpkfj;ksa vkSj fgrèkkjdksa ds lkFk fu"i{krk ,oa lEeku ds
lkFk O;ogkj djrh gSA
z Lok;Ùkrk dk lEeku% ukxfjd vfèkdkj dk;ZdrkZ fufru
O;fÙkQxr Lok;Ùkrk dk lEeku djus esa n`<+rk ls fo'okl
djrs gSaA og lhekar lewgksa ds vfèkdkjksa dh odkyr djrs
gSa] mUgsa viuk i{k j•us ds fy, l'kÙkQ cukrs gSa vkSj mUgsa
fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa lfØ; :i ls 'kkfey djrs gSa
tks muds thou dks çHkkfor djrk gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z i;kZoj.kh; ftEesnkjh% i;kZoj.k oSKkfud fufèk i;kZoj.kh; Attitude Thought
ftEesnkjh dh xgjh Hkkouk j•rh gSaA og laèkkj.kh; çFkkvksa Candidate – Rahul Candidate – Priya
Voter – Deepa
ds ckjs esa tkx:drk c<+kus ds fy, yxu ls dke djrh gSa] Voter – Rajesh (friend Critically
Deepa
laj{k.k igy esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysrh gSa vkSj nwljksa dks of Rahul) assess walk
Thought
Rajes Attitude Compaignity done by both
xzg dh j{kk gsrq dkjZokbZ djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrh gSaA for friend
candidate
Attend
Rajesh Action Rally of Examine Track
uSfrd vfHko`fÙk;ksa dk fufgrkFkZ% Rajesh
Rahul record
Action Political
ldkjkRed fufgrkFkZ udkjkRed fufgrkFkZ Display
affiliation
compaign
etcwr Hkkoukvksa ls yksx bldk mi;ksx fgald Check Ideology
z z poster
of candidate
caèkk gqvk gSA blfy,] O;ogkj vkSj ikxyiu dks
;g lkekftd cfg"dkj mfpr Bgjkus ds fy, dj fu"d"kZr% uSfrd vfHko`fÙk;k¡ O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fo'oklksa] ewY;ksa rFkk
ds Mj ls gksus okys ldrs gSa vkSj fiQj Hkh] uSfrd fl¼karksa vkSj uSfrd ekudksa ds çfr LoHkko dks 'kkfey
fopfyr O;ogkjksa dks lekt bls Lohdkj djsxk djrh gSaA ;s uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus] uSfrd ftEesnkjh vkSj uSfrd
jksdrk gS] tSls& cky D;ksafd uSfrd vfHko`fÙk lkgl dk ekxZn'kZu djrh gSaA uSfrd vfHko`fÙk;ksa ds mnkgj.kksa esa
mRihM+u ;k vukpkjA etcwr Hkkoukvksa ij bZekunkjh] d#.kk] U;k;] lR;fu"Bk] Lok;Ùkrk ds çfr lEeku vkSj
vkèkkfjr gSA i;kZoj.kh; ftEesnkjh 'kkfey gSaA ldkjkRed uSfrd vfHko`fÙk;ksa
z mnkgj.k% O;fÙkQ dks z mnkgj.k% fdlh O;fÙkQ dks dks viukus vkSj c<+kok nsus ls] O;fÙkQ vfèkd uSfrd vkSj
lkeatL;iw.kZ lekt esa ;ksxnku ns ldrs gSaA
ijksidkfjrk] Lo;alsok èkkfeZd vkSj {ks=kh; eqíksa dks
vkSj lekt lsok dh lgh Bgjkus ds fy, naxksa]
vksj çsfjr djrk gSA ujlagkj vkSj vkradokn dh
2-13 lkekftd vfHko`fÙk
vksj çsfjr djrk gSA z ;g ,d O;ogkj çfr:i] ,d lkekftd mÙkstuk ds çfr
z uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus dk z bldk ifj.kke uSfrd ,d okrkuqdwfyr çfrfØ;k ;k çR;kf'kr ço`fÙk gSA ;g
ekxZn'kZu djrk gSA fujis{krk vkSj vuE;rk gks lekt] laLÑfr] laxBuksa] laLFkkuksa vkfn tSlh lkekftd
ldrk gSA laLFkkvksa ds çfr ,d O;fÙkQ dk n`f"Vdks.k gSA
z lkekftd ,drk vkSj z uSfrd èkekZfHkeku vkSj z bls O;fÙkQxr vuqHkoksa vkSj voyksduksa }kjk vkdkj fn;k x;k
fo'okl dks c<+kok nsrk Js"Brk dks tUe ns ldrk gSA blls iwoZço`fÙk;k¡ lh•h tk ldrh gSaA
gSA gSA mnkgj.k
z O;fÙkQxr ,oa lkekftd z uSfrd iqfyflax vkSj U;kf;d ,ythchVhD;w leqnk; ds çfr eq[;èkkjk lekt dh
mÙkjnkf;Ro ij cy nsrk vfHko`fÙk dks c<+kok fey vfHko`fÙkA
gSA ldrk gS
z U;k; vkSj fu"i{krk dh z uSfrd la?k"kZ vkSj nqfoèkk,¡
Hkkouk dks c<+kok nsrk iSnk dj ldrk gSA
2-14 lekt ds detksj oxks± ds çfr vfHko`fÙk
gSA detksj oxks± ds çfr ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk%
lkekftd eqís ls lacafèkr uSfrd vfHko`fÙk% z ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk] O;fÙkQ dh lgkuqHkwfr vkSj ns•Hkky
djus okys LoHkko dks n'kkZrh gSA ;g detksj vkSj lhekar
tyok;q ifjorZu
oxZ ds çfr d#.kk dk çrhd gSA
dsl LVMh% esjs fe=k] tkWu us tyok;q ifjorZu ds çfr
z lkekftd lekos'ku vkSj lekurk% ,d ,slh vfHko`fÙk
udkjkRed vfHko`fÙk fodflr dj yh gSA mudk ekuuk gS
dks viukuk tks lkekftd lekos'ku vkSj lekurk dks c<+kok
fd O;fÙkQxr dkjZokbZ ls dksbZ •kl iQdZ ugha iM+ ldrk vkSj
nsrh gS] detksj oxks± ds O;fÙkQ;ksa ds vfèkdkjksa vkSj lEeku
ehfM;k bl eqís dks c<+k&p<+kdj is'k djrh gSA vc tyok;q
dks igpkurh gSA blesa leku volj] lalkèkuksa rd igq¡p
ifjorZu ds çfr mudh udkjkRed vfHko`fÙk dks cnyuk esjs
vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djuk
Åij gS tks okLro esa okLrfod gSA
'kkfey gSA

vfHko`fÙk 65
  mnkgj.k% ldkjkRed dkjZokbZ uhfr;ksa dk leFkZu
djuk ftldk mís'; dqN leqnk;ksa ds lkeus vkus okys
,sfrgkfld uqdlkuksa dks nwj djuk gS] tSls fd 'kS{kf.kd
laLFkkuksa ;k jkstxkj esa vkj{k.kA
z odkyr vkSj leFkZu% detksj oxks± ds çfr ldkjkRed
vfHko`fÙk esa muds vfèkdkjksa ds fy, lfØ; :i ls odkyr
djuk] mudh vkokt dks c<+kuk vkSj mUgsa l'kÙkQ cukus ds
fy, lgk;rk çnku djuk 'kkfey gSA blesa vlekurk dks
dk;e j•us okyh ç.kkyhxr ckèkkvksa dks igpkuuk vkSj
pqukSrh nsuk 'kkfey gSA
 mnkgj.k% fdlh ekuokfèkdkj laxBu esa 'kkfey gksuk
;k mu vfHk;kuksa esa Hkkx ysuk] tks lhekar leqnk;ksa ds
vfèkdkjksa vkSj eqíksa ds ckjs esa tkx:drk c<+krs gSaA
detksj oxks± ds çfr udkjkRed vfHko`fÙk%
z HksnHkko vkSj iwokZxzg% detksj oxks± ds çfr udkjkRed
vfHko`fÙk HksnHkko] :f<+okfnrk vkSj iwokZxzg ds :i esa çdV
gksrh gSA blesa bu oxks± ds O;fÙkQ;ksa ds lkFk xyr O;ogkj
djuk] mUgsa voljksa ls oafpr djuk ;k mudh {kerkvksa ;k
ewY; ds ckjs esa i{kikriw.kZ fo'okl j•uk 'kkfey gSA
 mnkgj.k% uLyh; :ijs•k esa layXu gksuk ;k tkfr]
fyax ;k fodykaxrk ds vkèkkj ij HksnHkkoiw.kZ fopkj
O;ÙkQ djukA
z mis{kk vkSj mnklhurk% detksj oxks± ds çfr mis{kk vkSj
mnklhurk muds la?k"kks± vkSj pqukSfr;ksa ds çfr fpark dh deh
;k mis{kk dks n'kkZrh gSA blesa ,d fuf"Ø; #• 'kkfey
gS tgk¡ O;fÙkQ vlekurk ;k vU;k; dks lacksfèkr djus ds
fy, lfØ; :i ls 'kkfey ugha gks ldrs gSa ;k dne ugha
mBk ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% lkekftd vU;k; dh ?kVukvksa dks utjvankt
djuk ;k detksj leqnk;ksa dks çHkkfor djus okys eqíksa
ij vk¡•sa ewan ysukA
z dyadhdj.k vkSj lhekarhdj.k% udkjkRed vfHko`fÙk
detksj oxks± dks dyafdr djus vkSj lhekarhdj.k djus]
:f<+okfnrk dks etcwr djus vkSj mUgsa eq[;èkkjk ds lekt
ls vyx djus esa ;ksxnku dj ldrh gSaA ;g cfg"dj.k vkSj
lhfer voljksa ds pØ dks dk;e j•rh gSA
 mnkgj.k% lhekar leqnk;ksa ds O;fÙkQ;ksa dks mudh
lkekftd] vkfFkZd ;k lkaLÑfrd i`"BHkwfe ds vkèkkj
ij èkedkuk ;k mudk cfg"dkj djukA
flfoy lsod ds fy, vfHko`fÙk dk egRo
z n;kyq joS;k% flfoy lsodksa dks detksj oxks± ds çfr
d#.kk çnf'kZr djuh pkfg, vkSj mUgsa Åij mBkus ds fy,
viuh 'kfÙkQ dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A
66
z lfg".kqrk% flfoy lsodksa dks detksj oxks± dh t:jrksa dks
iwjk djus ds fy, lfg".kq gksuk pkfg,A
z ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa ls ifjfpr gksuk% flfoy lsodksa dks
lhekar ukxfjdksa ds ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa ds ckjs esa irk gksuk
pkfg,A
z lokZsn; vkSj vaR;ksn;% flfoy lsodksa dks lHkh ds mRFkku
dh Hkkouk ls dke djuk pkfg,] fo'ks"kdj xjhcksa ds
mRFkku dhA
z lfØ; lgkuqHkwfr% flfoy lsodksa dks detksj oxks± ds çfr
lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ n`f"Vdks.k fodflr djuk pkfg,A
z :f<+okfnrk vkSj iwokZxzgksa ls cpuk% flfoy lsodksa dks
O;fÙkQ;ksa ds çfr vius O;ogkj esa iwokZxzgksa vkSj :f<+okfnrk
ls nwj jguk pkfg,A
 mnkgj.k% vkbZ,,l vfèkdkjh vfer xqIrk dh igy
¶Mfy;k (Vksdjh) tykvks¸ us mÙkj çns'k ds cnk;w¡
ftys esa eSyk <ksus dh çFkk dks •Re djus esa enn dhA
2-15 iwokZxzg
z blesa iwoZ&fu.kZ; 'kkfey gksrs gSa tks vkerkSj ij fdlh lewg
ds lnL;ksa ds ckjs esa udkjkRed gksrs gSaA
z ;g ,d lewg ds lnL;ksa ds çfr ,d fujkèkkj vkSj vDlj
udkjkRed vfHko`fÙk gSA yksxksa ds O;ogkj ij bldk xgjk
çHkko iM+rk gSA
z ;g ,d ,slh èkkj.kk gS tks rdZ ;k O;fÙkQxr vuqHko }kjk
lefFkZr ugha gSA ;g eq[; :i ls fdlh lkekftd lewg esa
O;fÙkQ dh lnL;rk ij fuHkZj gSA
z iwokZxzgh vfHko`fÙk j•us okys yksx lewg ds çR;sd lnL;
dks ,d tSlk fpf=kr djrs gSaA ;g vDlj HksnHkko esa rCnhy
gks tkrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% iwokZxzg fd efgyk,¡ xkM+h ugha pyk ldrha]
nfyrksa ds ikl ;ksX;rk ugha gS] vkfnoklh xans gSa vkfnA
iwokZxzg vkSj :f<+okfnrk ds chp varj
:f<+okfnrk iwokZxzg
;g fdlh O;fÙkQ ;k yksxksa ds ;g fdlh O;fÙkQ ;k lewg
lewg ds ckjs esa ,d fopkj gSA ds ckjs esa vfHko`fÙk vkSj
Hkkouk,¡ gSaA
;g çÑfr esa ldkjkRed vkSj ;g udkjkRed joS;k gSA
udkjkRed nksuksa gSA
mnkgj.k% vesfjdk esa Hkkjrh; mnkgj.k% vesfjdk esa
leqnk; ds ckjs esa ;g èkkj.kk gS v'osr leqnk; ds çfr
fd os cqf¼eku gSa rFkk xf.kr iwokZxzg fd os u'ks ds vknh
vkSj daI;wVj esa vPNs gSaA gSaA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
iwokZxzg dk çfrdkj dSls djsa\
Tackling Prejudice
Direct/Formal Indirect/Informal
Intervention Intervention
Government and Leadership
Administration Social influence/Persuasion
Judiciary Role modeling
Law and Legislations Generation of resources
z dkj.k vkSj lzksr dh igpku djuk% iwokZxzg ds ewy
dkj.kksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, mldh mRifÙk dk fuèkkZj.k
djukA
z vfèkxe iwokZxzgksa ds voljksa dks de djuk% iwokZxzg dks
c<+kok nsus okyh i{kikrh tkudkjh ;k okrkoj.k ds laidZ
dks de djukA
z ikjLifjd fØ;k vkSj laokn dks çksRlkfgr djuk%
fofHkUu i`"BHkwfe ds yksxksa ds fy, ikjLifjd fØ;k djus]
laokn esa 'kkfey gksus vkSj vius vuqHkoksa dks lk>k djus
ds voljksa dks lqxe cukukA •qys fopkjksa okyh ckrphr
dks çksRlkfgr djus ls :f<+;ksa dks pqukSrh nsus] ijkuqHkwfr dks
c<+kok nsus vkSj le> ds lsrq cukus esa enn feyrh gSA
z :f<+okfnrk vkSj iwokZxzgksa dks pqukSrh nsuk% vkykspukRed
lksp vkSj :f<+;ksa vkSj iwokZxzgksa ij loky mBkus dks çksRlkfgr
djukA O;fÙkQ;ksa dks viuh èkkj.kkvksa vkSj ekU;rkvksa dh tk¡p
djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djuk vkSj fofoèk n`f"Vdks.k rFkk
vuqHkoksa ds laidZ ds ekè;e ls mUgsa pqukSrh nsukA
z leku voljksa dks c<+kok nsuk% lHkh O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fy,
leku voljksa vkSj leku O;ogkj dh odkyr djuk] pkgs
mudh i`"BHkwfe dqN Hkh gksA mu uhfr;ksa vkSj igyksa dk
leFkZu djuk ftudk mís'; ç.kkyhxr iwokZxzgksa dks •Re
djuk ,oa lHkh ds fy, leku volj cukuk gSA
z vpsru iwokZxzg dks lacksfèkr djuk% vpsru iwokZxzgksa ds
ckjs esa tkx:drk c<+kuk] tks vDlj gekjh èkkj.kkvksa vkSj
fu.kZ;ksa dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA O;fÙkQ;ksa dks vius Lo;a ds
iwokZxzgksa ij fopkj djus rFkk vkRe&tkx:drk vkSj f'k{kk
ds ekè;e ls muds çHkko dks de djus ds fy, dne
mBkus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djukA
z mnkgj.k ds vkèkkj ij usr`Ro djuk% çHkko dh fLFkfr
esa O;fÙkQ;ksa dks lekos'kh O;ogkj vkSj vfHko`fÙk dk çn'kZu
djuk pkfg,] nwljksa ds vuqlj.k ds fy, ,d mnkgj.k
LFkkfir djuk pkfg,A usrkvksa dks vius laxBuksa vkSj leqnk;ksa
esa fofoèkrk] fu"i{krk vkSj lekosf'krk dks lfØ; :i ls
c<+kok nsuk pkfg,A
vfHko`fÙk
z lkeqnkf;d lafyIrrk% lkeqnkf;d igyksa vkSj xfrfofèk;ksa
esa Hkkx ysuk]tks fofHkUu i`"BHkwfe ds yksxksa dks ,d lkFk ykrs
gSaA iwokZxzg vkSj HksnHkko dks nwj djus ds fy, lkeqnkf;d
laxBuksa ds lkFk lg;ksx djukA
2-16 jktuhfrd vfHko`fÙk
z jktuhfrd vfHko`fÙk;k¡ jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjkvksa] uhfr;ksa vkSj
ç.kkfy;ksa ds çfr gekjh ekU;rkvksa] ewY;ksa vkSj >qdko dks
n'kkZrh gSA jktuhfrd vfHko`fÙk dks le>uk ;g le>us ds
fy, egRoiw.kZ gS fd O;fÙkQ vius jktuhfrd O;ogkj dks
dSls vkdkj nsrs gSa] uhfrxr fodYi dSls pqurs gSa vkSj
yksdrkaf=kd çfØ;k esa dSls ;ksxnku djrs gSaA
jktuhfrd vfHko`fÙk ds çdkj
ldkjkRed udkjkRed
fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjk
fopkjèkkjk ;k jktuhfrd ;k jktuhfrd ny ds çfr
ny ds fy, mRlkg] vk'kk] vkØks'k] ?k`.kk] vfo'okl]
ns'kHkfÙkQ vkSj çseA mnklhurk] fpark vkSj Hk;A
jktuhfrd vfHko`fÙk dk xBu%
z jktuhfrd vfHko`fÙk dbZ dkjdksa ls vkdkj ysrh gS] ftuesa
ikyu&iks"k.k] f'k{kk] lekthdj.k] O;fÙkQxr vuqHko vkSj
ehfM;k ds laidZ 'kkfey gSaA
z ifjokj] lkFkh vkSj leqnk; jktuhfrd ewY;ksa vkSj fopkjèkkjkvksa
dks çlkfjr djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
z blds vykok] lkekftd ?kVuk,¡ vkSj jktuhfrd vfHk;ku
Hkh èkkj.kkvksa vkSj fo'oklksa dks vkdkj nsdj jktuhfrd
vfHko`fÙk ds fuekZ.k ij çHkko Mky ldrs gSaA
jktuhfrd vfHko`fÙk dk egRo%
z jktuhfrd vfHko`fÙk vko';d gS D;ksafd ;g gekjs jktuhfrd
n`f"Vdks.k dks vkdkj nsrh gS] fu.kZ; ysus dks çHkkfor djrh
gS vkSj jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh dks çsfjr djrh gSA
z ;g jktuhfrd voèkkj.kkvksa] nyksa vkSj uhfr;ksa dk ewY;k¡du
djus rFkk muds lkFk tqM+us ds fy, ,d :ijs•k çnku
djrh gSA
z viuh jktuhfrd vfHko`fÙk dks le>us ls] ge vius Lo;a
ds n`f"Vdks.k esa varnZ`f"V çkIr djrs gSa vkSj jktuhfrd
ifjn`'; ds ckjs esa tkuus ds fy, csgrj <ax ls lqlfTtr
gks tkrs gSaA
67
os y{k.k] tks gekjs jktuhfrd vfHkfoU;kl dks çHkkfor
djrs gSa%
Voting
behaviours
Political Political
activism ideology
Manifestations
of political
attitudes
Party Policy
affiliations preferences
Political debate &
discourse
z cfgeZq•rk% ;g lkekftd vkSj HkkSfrd nqfu;k ds fy,
ÅtkZoku n`f"Vdks.k gSA blesa lkekftdrk] xfrfofèk] eq•jrk
vkSj ldkjkRed laosnukRedrk tSls y{k.k 'kkfey gSaA
z lgefr% ;g ,d lekt&leFkZd fo'ks"krk gSA blesa ijksidkj]
dkseyrk] fo'okl vkSj fouezrk tSls y{k.k 'kkfey gSaA
z dÙkZO;fu"Bk% ;g dk;Z vkSj y{;&mUeq• O;ogkj dh lqfoèkk
çnku djrh gS tSls fd dk;Z djus ls igys lkspuk] ekunaMksa
vkSj fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk] ;kstuk cukuk] laxfBr djuk
vkfnA
z HkkoukRed fLFkjrk% HkkoukRed fLFkjrk O;fÙkQ dks thou
dh leL;kvksa dks le>us dk ,d ,dhÑr vkSj larqfyr
rjhdk fodflr djus esa l{ke cukrh gSA ;g laxBukRed
{kerk vkSj lajfpr èkkj.kk O;fÙkQ dks okLrfodrk&mUeq•
lksp] fu.kZ; vkSj ewY;k¡du {kerk fodflr djus esa enn
djrh gSA bldk rkRi;Z le LoHkko ls gSA
z vuqHko ds çfr •qykiu% ;g fdlh O;fÙkQ ds vuqHkokRed
thou dh pkSM+kbZ] xgjkbZ] ekSfydrk vkSj tfVyrk dk o.kZu
djrk gSA
gekjh jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjkvksa dks çHkkfor djus okys
dkjd%
z èkeZ% èkeZ gekjs uSfrd n`f"Vdks.k dks vkdkj nsrk gS tks cnys
esa gekjh jktuhfrd vfHko`fÙk dks vkdkj nsrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% jketUe Hkwfe vkanksyu dh i`"BHkwfe esa yksxksa
us èkkfeZd lac¼rk ;k èkkfeZd eqíksa ij vius #• ds
dkj.k fo'ks"k jktuhfrd nyksa ds çfr >qdko fodflr
fd;kA blh rjg Kkuokih (okjk.klh) vkSj bZnxkg
efLtn (eFkqjk) dh i`"BHkwfe esa èkkfeZd iwtk LFkyksa
ls lacafèkr gkfy;k lkoZtfud cglksa vkSj bl eqís ij
fofHkUu jktuhfrd nyksa ds #• us lkekftd jktuhfrd
èkzqohdj.k dks tUe fn;k gSA
68
z vk;q% lkekU; vFkks± esa o`¼ yksx :f<+oknh gksrs gSa vkSj ;qok
yksx mnkj gksrs gSa vkSj bl çdkj ,d fo'ks"k fopkjèkkjk ds
lnL; gksrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% ;qok ih<+h mu jktuhfrd nyksa dk leFkZu
djus dh vfèkd laHkkouk j•rh gS tks O;fÙkQRo vkSj
Lora=krk dk leFkZu djrs gSa vkSj vius ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa
jkstxkj rFkk vFkZO;oLFkk dks 'kkfey djus okys nyksa
dk leFkZu djrs gSa] tcfd iqjkuh ih<+h vDlj vius
jktuhfrd ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa èkkfeZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd eqíksa
okys jktuhfrd nyksa dk leFkZu ikrh gSA
z vkfFkZd fLFkfr% xjhc yksx lektoknh fopkjèkkjk dh vksj
>qdrs gSa vkSj vehj yksx iw¡thoknh fopkjèkkjk dh vksj
>qdrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% xjhc yksx mu nyksa dks oksV nsus dh vfèkd
laHkkouk j•rs gSa tks mUgsa eqÝr esa lfClMh okys Hkkstu]
LokLF; lsok] f'k{kk vkfn dk oknk djrs gSa_ tcfd
vkfFkZd vfHktkr oxZ iw¡thoknh ,tsaMs & O;kikj lqxerk]
fons'kh fuos'k dks lqfoèkktud cukus] futhdj.k vkSj
vFkZO;oLFkk ds mnkjhdj.k dk leFkZu djrk gSA
z ifjokj% cPps vius ekrk&firk dh fopkjèkkjk dk vuqdj.k
djrs gSaA
z f'k{kk% Ldwy dh fopkjèkkjk vkSj ikBÔØe Nk=kksa dh
fopkjèkkjk dks vkdkj nsus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% phuh f'k{kk ç.kkyh lkE;oknh fopkjèkkjk dk
leFkZu djrh gS vkSj blfy, os yksdrkaf=kd ns'kksa ls
?k`.kk djrs gSaA
z tkfr% ,d O;fÙkQ ml fopkjèkkjk dks viukus dh laHkkouk
j•rk gS tks mldh tkfr }kjk lefFkZr gSA
 mnkgj.k% Hkkjr esa pquko vHkh Hkh tkfr ds vkèkkj ij
yM+s tkrs gSaA ,d jktusrk }kjk fdlh tkfr ds mEehnokj
dks fVdV nsus dh vfèkd laHkkouk gksrh gS] ftlds ikl
fdlh fuokZpu {ks=k esa cgqer gSA
z tkrh;rk% yksx vDlj ml jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjk ls çHkkfor
gksrs gSa tks mudh tkrh;rk dk leFkZu djrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% æfoM+ eqUus=k dM+xe (Mh,eds)] f'kjksef.k
vdkyh ny vkfn jktuhfrd ny viuh jktuhfrd
fopkjèkkjk tkrh;rk ij vkèkkfjr djrs gSaA
z lks'ky ehfM;k% vk-bZVh- ds ;qx esa lks'ky ehfM;k yksxksa
dh jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjkvksa dks çHkkfor djus okyk çpkj
dk ,d çeq• lkèku cu x;k gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
  mnkgj.k% orZeku esa] lks'ky ehfM;k ij yksx leku fu"d"kZ%
fopkjèkkjk okys O;fÙkQ;ksa ls f?kjs jgrs gSa vkSj viuh jktuhfrd vfHko`fÙk;k¡ fo'oklksa] uhfrxr çkFkfedrkvksa vkSj
jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjk dks etcwr djrs gSaA jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh dks vkdkj nsrh gSaA fofoèk n`f"Vdks.k dks
z euksoSKkfud dkjd% dqN O;fÙkQ euksoSKkfud :i ls nwljksa le>uk vkSj mudk lEeku djuk lekos'kh yksdra=k dks c<+kok
dh rqyuk esa mnkjokn ;k :f<+okn ds çfr vfèkd vuqdwfyr nsrk gSA •qyk laokn] vkykspukRed lksp vkSj ijkuqHkwfr] thoar
gksrs gSaA mnkjoknh gksus ds fy, vO;oLFkk ds çfr vR;fèkd foe'kZ rFkk ldkjkRed lkekftd ifjorZu dks c<+kok nsrh gSA
lgu'khyrk dh vko';drk gSA
jktuhfrd vfHko`fÙk ds vk;ke% 2-17 yksdrkaf=kd vfHko`fÙk
z oSpkfjd igq¡p% jktuhfrd vfHko`fÙk mnkjokn] :f<+okn] z ;g flfoy lsodksa dh mu vfHko`fÙk;ksa dks lanfHkZr djrh
lektokn] eqfÙkQokn vkSj cgqr dqN lfgr fopkjèkkjkvksa ds gS tks fu.kZ; ysus esa yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kok nsrh gSaA
,d LisDVªe (o.kZØe) dks iQSykrh gSA çR;sd fopkjèkkjk ;g 'kfÙkQ ;k çkfèkdkj ds çfrfufèk eaMy dks c<+kok nsrh gSaA
ewY;ksa] fo'oklksa vkSj uhfrxr çkFkfedrkvksa ds ,d fof'k"V  mnkgj.k% Hkkjrh; ukSdj'kkg 'kklu çfØ;kvksa vkSj
lewg dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gS] tks O;fÙkQ;ksa dks mudh fu.kZ; ysus esa ikjnf'kZrk] tokcnsgh vkSj ukxfjd
jktuhfrd vfHko`fÙk dks le>us ds fy, ,d O;kid Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djds ,d yksdrkaf=kd vfHko`fÙk
:ijs•k çnku djrh gSA çnf'kZr djrs gSaA
z uhfr çkFkfedrk,¡% os bu eqíksa dks dSls lacksfèkr fd;k
fo'ks"krk,¡% yksdrkaf=kd vfHko`fÙk esa fu;e vkSj fofu;eu ds
tkuk pkfg,] bl ij gekjh jk; dk ekxZn'kZu djrh gSa] ,d
lkFk&lkFk d#.kk] lfg".kqrk vkSj lekosf'krk ij vfèkd è;ku
n`f"V çnku djrh gSa ftlds ekè;e ls ge uhfrxr çLrkoksa
dk ewY;k¡du djrs gSa vkSj fu.kZ; ysrs gSaA fn;k tkrk gSA bldh fuEufyf•r fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa&
 mnkgj.k% Hkkjr esa] O;fÙkQxr uhfr çkFkfedrk,¡ èkeZ]
z fu.kZ; tuer ij vkèkkfjr gksrs gSaA
tkfr] {ks=kh; igpku vkSj lkekftd vkfFkZd i`"BHkwfe z cgqer ds fopkj lgh gksrs gSaA
tSls dkjdksa ds vkèkkj ij fHkUu gks ldrh gSaA z ;g lcls cM+h la[;k esa yksxksa dh larqf"V dks vfèkdre
z laLFkkuksa esa Hkjkslk% jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k esa ljdkj] djrh gSA
U;k;ikfydk vkSj ehfM;k lfgr jktuhfrd laLFkkuksa esa z ;g fuokZfpr çfrfufèk;ksa }kjk lefFkZr gksrh gSA
gekjk Hkjkslk vkSj fo'okl Hkh 'kkfey gSA
xq.k nks"k
lekt ij çHkko% z ;g yksxksa dh lfØ; z ,d O;kid ijke'kZ
z jktuhfrd vfHko`fÙk;k¡ ernku O;ogkj] jktuhfrd lac¼rk Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kok nsrh fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k
vkSj fgr lewgksa ds xBu dk fuèkkZj.k djrh gSaA gSA blfy,] ;g tehuh dks èkhek vkSj le; ysus
z ;s tuer dks çHkkfor djrs gSa] lkoZtfud uhfr lacaèkh Lrj ij yksdrkaf=kd okyk cukrh gSA
cglksa dks vkdkj nsrh gSa vkSj lkekftd vkanksyuksa dks laLFkkuksa dks c<+kok nsxh z lekt ds gj oxZ dks
pykrh gSaA vkSj etcwr djsxhA larq"V djus esa dfBukbZ
z blds vykok] jktuhfrd vfHko`fÙk;k¡ yksdra=k ds dkedkt z ;g 'kklu dks vfèkd gksrh gSA dHkh&dHkh] bl
dk vfHkUu vax gSa D;ksafd ;s ukxfjdksa dks viuh çkFkfedrk,¡
tokcnsg cukrh gSA rjg dk joS;k fodkl
O;ÙkQ djus vkSj fuokZfpr vfèkdkfj;ksa dks tokcnsg j•us
tuHkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr çfØ;k esa ckèkk cu tkrk
esa l{ke cukrh gSaA z

djrh gSA gSA

mf}dkl vkSj ifjorZu% mnkgj.k% ou
z dk;ZØe ds fMtkbu@ z
z jktuhfrd vfHko`fÙk;ka fLFkj ugha gSa_ ;s le; ds lkFk vfHkdYi vkSj dk;kZUo;u vfèkfu;e 2006 ds
fodflr vkSj cny ldrh gSaA tSls&tSls lekt vkSj rgr i;kZoj.kh; eatwjh
esa yphykiu ykrh gSA
ifjfLFkfr;k¡ cnyrh gSa] O;fÙkQ viuh jktuhfrd ekU;rkvksa ds dkj.k vuqlwfpr {ks=k
dk iqueZwY;k¡du dj ldrs gSa] ftlls mudh vfHko`fÙk;ksa z blds varxZr vfèkd
ikjnf'kZrk vkSj dq'ky esa •uu vkSj vkS|ksfxd
vkSj fopkjèkkjk esa cnyko vkrk gSA u, fopkjksa] vuqHkoksa ;k fodkl ifj;kstukvksa dh
lEeksgd rdks± dk çn'kZu jktuhfrd vfHko`fÙk;ksa dks pqukSrh lkoZtfud lsok dk
forj.k gksxkA eatwjh esa nsjhA
ns ldrk gS vkSj u;k vkdkj ns ldrk gSA

vfHko`fÙk 69
2-18 ukSdj'kkgh vfHko`fÙk z ukSdj'kkgh vfHko`fÙk dh fo'ks"krk,¡% dkuwu dh l[rh ij
vkèkkfjr fu.kZ;] lHkh fu;eksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa dk ikyu djuk
z ,d ukSdj'kkgh vfHko`fÙk ,d ekufldrk ;k n`f"Vdks.k dks rFkk tuer ds egRo dh deh fuokZfpr çfrfufèk;ksa dk
lanfHkZr djrh gS tks ,d laxBukRed ;k laLFkkxr lek;kstu fojksèk djrh gSA
ds Hkhrj fu;eksa] çfØ;kvksa vkSj vkSipkfjdrkvksa ds dBksj Public interest
SOP framework Value based Bottom-up

ikyu dh fo'ks"krk gSA People

centric
Bureaucratic Democratic
 mnkgj.k% dksbZ Hkh ljdkjh ,tsalh ifjorZu ds çfrjksèk attitude attitude Inclusive
Procedure Constitution
vkSj LFkkfir çfØ;kvksa dks ckfèkr djus ds Mj ls uohu orintation Participative
Accountability Value
rduhdksa dks viukus ls budkj djrh gSA Balanced based
approaach
z ;g rVLFkrk] oLrqfu"Brk] fu"i{krk vkSj xSj&i{kikr ij
vkèkkfjr gSA fp=k% yksdrkaf=kd vkSj ukSdj'kkgh vfHko`fÙk ds chp larqyu n`f"Vdks.k

yksdrkaf=kd vfHko`fÙk ukSdj'kkgh vfHko`fÙk

z ;g lgHkkxh] ekuorkoknh vkSj yphys n`f"Vdks.k vkSj
ÅèoZxkeh (mèoZeq•h) fu.kZ; ysus ij vkèkkfjr gSA
z ;g tokcnsgh] yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh] ikjnf'kZrk] dkuwu ds
yphysiu vkSj lkoZtfud fgr ij vfèkd è;ku dsafær
djrh gSA
z ;g yksxksa dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kok nsrh gSA
z ;g ikjnf'kZrk vkSj lekosf'krk ds ewY;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA
z mnkgj.k% ftu laLFkkuksa dks ,d lekos'kh n`f"Vdks.k dh
vko';drk gksrh gS] tSls& dY;k.kdkjh mik; vkSj lkoZtfud
lsok çnku djus ds fy,] ,d yksdrkaf=kd vfHko`fÙk dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
z ;g inkuqØfer vuq'kklu] vkns'kksa ds çfr varfuZfgr
vkKkdkfjrk] VkWi&Mkmu (vèkkseq•h) funZs'kksa vkSj fu;e&c¼
dks n'kkZrh gSA
z ;g fu;eksa] çfØ;kvksa] VkWi&Mkmu ('kh"kZ&ikn) vkSj dsaæhÑr
fu.kZ; ysus dks etcwr djus vkSj mudk ikyu djus ij
dsafær gSA
z fu;e ds :i esa vke yksxksa ds çfr mnklhurk lokZsPp gS]
u fd ukxfjdA
z ;g oLrqfu"Brk ,oa rVLFkrk ij vkèkkfjr gSA
z mnkgj.k% ,sls dk;Z] tgk¡ Je dk foHkktu O;ofLFkr gS
vkSj vkns'k laLFkkxr gS] ukSdj'kkgh vfHko`fÙk esa mi;ksfxrk
ik ldrs gSaA
 fczfV'k ;qx dh vkSifuosf'kd ukSdj'kkgh] oscsfj;u ekWMy

 u, yksd çcaèku tSls u, ukSdj'kkgh ekWMy (,utsM)A vkfnA

ljdkjh dk;ZØeksa dks liQy cukus ds fy, O;ogkj dks
cnyukA D;k djus dh vko';drk gS\
z vfHk;ku esa lkaLÑfrd vkSj lkekftd ijaijkvksa dk
mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,% mnkgj.k ds fy,] ^csVh
cpkvks] csVh i<+kvks* ds liQy dk;kZUo;u ds fy,] gekjs
xzaFkksa dk lanHkZ fy;k tk ldrk gS tgk¡ efgykvksa dks 'kfÙkQ
ds vorkj ds :i esa iwtk tkrk gSA
z fparu l=k% tgk¡ ljdkjh vfHkdÙkkZ yksxksa dks dqN y{;ksa
ds fy, iwoZ&çfrc¼ dj ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] bldk
mi;ksx ^LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku* esa fd;k tk ldrk gS tgk¡
LoPNkxzgh yksxksa dks LoPNrk y{;ksa ds fy, iwoZ&çfrc¼
djsaxsA
z yksxksa dks ewrZ ifj.kkeksa dk ,glkl djkuk% mu yksxksa ds
mnkgj.k fn•kdj] tks dk;ZØe ls ykHkkfUor gq, gSaA
z ukxfjdksa vkSj ljdkj ds chp HkkoukRed tqM+ko dk
fuekZ.k% ljdkj dk ikjn'khZ lapkj vkSj lfØ; tqM+ko
ukxfjdksa ds lkFk HkkoukRed tqM+ko] fo'okl vkSj lkekftd
çxfr ds fy, lk>k ftEesnkjh dh Hkkouk dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
2-19 lkekftd çHkko
z lkekftd çHkko ml çfØ;k dks lanfHkZr djrk gS ftlds
}kjk O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fopkj] Hkkouk,¡ vkSj O;ogkj nwljksa
dh mifLFkfr ;k dk;ks± ls çHkkfor gksrs gSaA
z ;g gekjh vfHko`fÙk] fo'oklksa vkSj dk;ks± ij vU;
yksxksa dk çHkko gSA lkekftd çHkko fofHkUu :iksa esa gks
ldrk gS] ftlesa vuq:irk] vuqikyu vkSj vkKkdkfjrk
'kkfey gSaA

70 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

 Charisma Presentation z vkarfjddj.k% ;gk¡ nks O;fÙkQ ,d gh fo'okl ç.kkyh
lk>k djrs gSaA vuqikyu ds fy, cuk, x, mnkgj.k esa
Peer pressure
Enablers of social
Content ;fn nwljk O;fÙkQ Hkh uLyoknh fVIi.kh djrk gS] rks ;g
influence vkarfjddj.k dk ekeyk gSA
Master-servant Dependence on
relationship social approval Presentation
os rjhds ftuls O;fÙkQ lkekftd çHkkoksa ij çfrfØ;k Emphasis on Techniques of Deficiency
djrs gSa% similarly social influence principle
z vuqikyu% ,d O;fÙkQ] nwljs O;fÙkQ }kjk iwjh rjg ls
vk'oLr ugha gksrk gS] ysfdu lrg ds Lrj ij lgefr Manipulation based
on authority
fn•krk gSA
 mnkgj.k% ,d ckrphr esa] ,d çcaèkd ,d ,slh lkekftd çHkko ds çdkj%
fVIi.kh djrk gS tks ,d ifj;kstuk ds ifj.kke ds lacaèk 1- ekud çHkko% ,d O;fÙkQ ilan fd, tkus vkSj Lohdkj
esa rdZghu yxrh gSA lg;ksxh çcaèkd vk'oLr ugha gksrk
fd, tkus ds fy, HkhM+ dk vuqlj.k djrk gSA lkekU;
gS] ysfdu vius çcaèkd dk •aMu djus ls cprk gSA
;gk¡ lg;ksxh çcaèkd dsoy vuqikyu fn•krk gSA ekU;rkvksa] ewY;ksa] vfHko`fÙk vkSj O;ogkj ij lger gksus ls]
z igpku% bl ekeys esa] ,d O;fÙkQ]nwljs çHkko'kkyh O;fÙkQ ,d O;fÙkQ viuh LohÑfr vkSj thfor jgus dh laHkkoukvksa
dks viuk vkn'kZ ekurk gSA dks c<+krk gSA
 mnkgj.k% ,d dkWyst dk Nk=k isIlh ihrk gS D;ksafd 2- lwpukRed çHkko% ,d O;fÙkQ HkhM+ ds lkFk pyrk gS
mldk ilanhnk lsfyfczVh bldk leFkZu djrk gSA D;ksafd og lksprk gS fd HkhM+ mlls vfèkd tkurh gSA

lkekftd çHkko ds mnkgj.k

O;fÙkQ A vius nksLrksa dks ubZ O;fÙkQ B dk dfj'ekbZ usr`Ro ,d lewg O;fÙkQ C ds çHkko'kkyh lks'ky ehfM;k
i;kZoj.k&vuqdwy thou'kSyh viukus ds dks Lo;alsok djus vkSj ,d LFkkuh; nku iksLV ls lkoZtfud tkx:drk vkSj tqM+ko
fy, eukrk gS] ftlls mudh miHkksx dh dk;ZØe ds fy, èku tqVkus ds fy, çsfjr esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
vknrksa ij ldkjkRed çHkko iM+rk gSA djrk gSA
nks çdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ lwpukRed çHkko iSnk djrh gSa% z çkfèkdkj% oSèk vfèkdkj okys yksx nwljksa dks çHkkfor djrs
1- vLi"V fLFkfr;k¡% tc O;fÙkQ ugha tkurs fd D;k djuk gSA gSaA
2- ladV dh fLFkfr% tc fdlh O;fÙkQ ds ikl ;g lkspus  mnkgj.k% jksy ekWMy] dfj'ekbZ O;fÙkQRoA

dk le; ugha gksrk gS fd D;k djuk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
HkxnM+ ds nkSjkuA
lkekftd çHkko ds fl¼kar%
z ikjLifjdrk% yksx tks çkIr djrs gSa] mls okil ns nsrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% ,d&nwljs dk vfHkoknu djrs le; eqLdqjkgV
dk vknku&çnku djuk& ijLij lEeku dh HkkoukA
z fujarjrk% vke rkSj ij] yksx vius fiNys dk;ks±] jk; vkSj
nkoksa ds vuq:i gksus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA
z lkekftd çek.k% yksx vDlj ;g ns•dj fu.kZ; ysrs gSa
fd blh rjg ds voljksa ij nwljksa us D;k fd;k gSA
z ilan% yksx vDlj mu yksxksa ls çHkkfor gksrs gSa] ftUgsa os
ilan djrs gSaA
z vHkko% oLrq,¡ vkSj volj rc vfèkd okaNuh; gks tkrs gSa]
tc os de lqyHk gksrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% lhfer laLdj.k ;k fcØh ds fy, vafre
lIrkg tSls ukjksa dk mi;ksx rRdky çHkko Mkyrk çrhr
gksrk gSA
lkoZtfud Hkkouk lanHkZ% vksfM'kk Vªsu nq?kZVuk
z vksfM'kk ds ckyklksj ftys esa gky gh esa gqbZ jsy nq?kZVuk
esa yxHkx 200 yksxksa dh ekSr gks xbZ vkSj dbZ yksx
?kk;y gks x,A
z fcuk #ds dke djus okys MkWDVjksa vkSj vLirky ds vU;
deZpkfj;ksa ds vykok] lekt Hkh lcls vPNs lgk;dksa
esa ls ,d cu x;kA

vfHko`fÙk 71
 z Vªsu nq?kZVuk us xzkeh.kksa ds ekuoh; i{k dks fn•k;k gS n'kZdksa ds vuq:i gksuk pkfg,A ;g vDlj vfHko`fÙk ;k
tks jÙkQnku djus ds fy, fpfdRlk dsaæksa ds ckgj cM+h O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djus ds fy, Hkkoukvksa] ewY;ksa vkSj
la[;k esa drkj esa •M+s FksA dqN ukxfjd lekt lewgksa rdZ dk lgkjk ysrk gSA
us Hkh bl usd dke esa enn dhA z Jksrkx.k@n'kZd% yf{kr n'kZdksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa]
z turk }kjk dh xbZ bl dkjZokbZ ds ifj.kkeLo:i vko';drkvksa vkSj fo'oklksa dks le>uk vko';d gSA
vko';drk ls vfèkd jÙkQ miyCèk FkkA vuqu;u rduhdksa dks n'kZdksa dh #fp;ksa] ewY;ksa vkSj
çsj.kkvksa ds lkFk çfrèofur djus ds fy, vuqdwfyr fd;k
ekunaM tkuk pkfg,A
z ;s lewg&vk;ksftr ekU;rk,¡ gSa fd lnL;ksa dks fdlh z lapkj pkSuy@ekè;e% ftl ekè;e ls lans'k fn;k tkrk gS]
fn, x, lanHkZ esa dSls O;ogkj djuk pkfg,A og vuqu;u dks Hkh çHkkfor djrk gSA blesa vkeus&lkeus
z ;s vukSipkfjd le> gSa tks lekt ds O;ogkj dks dh ckrphr] fyf•r lkexzh] fMftVy IysViQkWeZ ;k tulapkj
fu;af=kr djrh gSaA ekè;e pkSuy 'kkfey gks ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% Hkkjrh; lekt esa iSj Nwuk lEeku dk vuqu;u dk ekeyk
çrhd ekuk tkrk gSA rkfdZd vihy% HkkoukRed vihy% lkekftd çek.k%
fu"d"kZ% O;fÙkQ A O;fÙkQ B ekufld O;fÙkQ C •q'k
ikjaifjd LokLF; ds lkFk xzkgdksa ;k xzkgdksa
dqy feykdj] lkekftd çHkko ekuo O;ogkj vkSj fu.kZ; ysus
thok'e bZaèku viuh pqukSfr;ksa ds ls ç'kalk&i=k
esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ;g tkucw>dj ;k vutkus esa]
ij uohdj.kh; ckjs esa ,d O;fÙkQxr vkSj liQyrk dh
çR;{k ;k vçR;{k ekè;e ls ?kfVr gks ldrk gS vkSj ;g gekjs
ÅtkZ lzksrksa ds dFkk lk>k djds ,d dgkfu;ksa dk mi;ksx
thou ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dks çHkkfor djrk gSA lkekftd
ykHkksa ds ckjs HkkoukRed vihy djrk gS] rkfd nwljksa
çHkko dks le>us ls gesa lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa ls fuiVus] lewg
esa nwljksa dks djrk gS] rkfd yksxksa dks fdlh fof'k"V
dh xfr'khyrk dks le>us rFkk vius Lo;a ds ewY;ksa ,oa gekjs
eukus ds fy, ls ekufld dY;k.k mRikn ;k lsok dks
fopkjksa vkSj dk;ks± ij nwljksa ds çHkko nksuksa ij fopkj djrs gq,
rF;ksa] vkadM+ksa dks çkFkfedrk vktekus ds fy,
lwfpr fodYi cukus esa enn feyrh gSA
vkSj fo'ks"kK nsus vkSj ekufld çsfjr fd;k tk lds]
2-20 vuqu;u fopkjksa dk LokLF; tkx:drk bl ckr ij tksj nsrs
mi;ksx djds dks c<+kok nsus okys gq, fd blus muds
z vuqu;u ls rkRi;Z fdlh fo'ks"k fo'okl] vfHko`fÙk ;k ,d vPNh rjg ç;klksa dk leFkZu thou esa dSls lqèkkj
O;ogkj dks viukus ds fy, fdlh dks çHkkfor djus ;k ls 'kksèk ,oa djus dk vkxzg fd;k gSA
le>kus dh çfØ;k ls gSA blesa fdlh dh jk; cnyus ;k rkfdZd ekeyk fd;k tk ldsA
mUgsa dksbZ fof'k"V dkjZokbZ djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djus cukrk gSA
ds fy, lapkj vkSj rdZ&fordZ rduhdksa dk mi;ksx djuk
'kkfey gSA vuqu;u ds dk;Z%
z vuqu;u ekuo ikjLifjd fØ;k dk ,d ewyHkwr igyw gS z orZeku dBksj vfHko`fÙk dks detksj djuk% tc n'kZdksa
vkSj foKkiu] foi.ku] jktuhfr rFkk ikjLifjd lacaèkksa lfgr dh vfHko`fÙk foijhr gksrh gS] rks vuqu;u n'kZdksa dks orZeku
fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vfHko`fÙk ds lkFk de lgt cukus esa enn dj ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] Jh vCnqy dyke th dh egkurk ds ckjs
vuqu;u ds rRo%
esa ckr djus ls bLykeksiQksfc;k okys yksxksa dh eqlyekuksa
z lzksr@laçs"kd (vuqu;dÙkkZ)% çsjd lans'k nsus okys
O;fÙkQ ;k bdkbZ dks lzksr ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA lzksr ds çfr dBksj vfHko`fÙk <hyh gks ldrh gSA
dh fo'oluh;rk] fo'ks"kKrk vkSj laHkkouk vuqu;u dh z uSfrd çkuqdwyu% vuqu;u yksxksa dh lkekftd vfHko`fÙk
çHkko'khyrk ij egRoiw.kZ çHkko Mky ldrh gSA esa cnyko yk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] LVs'ku dks
z lans'k% lans'k dh lkexzh vkSj lajpuk ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk lkiQ&lqFkjk j•us dh fu;fer ?kks"k.kk,¡ yksxksa dks viuk
fuHkkrh gSA ,d çsjd lans'k Li"V] rkfdZd vkSj yf{kr O;ogkj cnyus ds fy, çsfjr djrh gSaA

72 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

z çfrjksèk dks de djuk% tc n'kZdksa us fopkjksa dk eè;e
fojksèk fd;k gS] rks vuqu;u n'kZdksa dks rVLFkrk dh vksj
ys tk ldrk gSA
z vfHko`fÙk cnyuk% tc n'kZdksa ds ikl dksbZ çfrc¼
vfHko`fÙk ugha gS] rks vuqu;u vfHko`fÙk cnyus esa enn dj
ldrk gSA
z vfHko`fÙk dks rhoz djuk% tc n'kZdksa dh vfHko`fÙk leku
gks] rks vuqu;u orZeku vfHko`fÙk dks c<+k ldrk gSA
vuqu;u dh fofèk;k¡%
fp=k% vuqu;u ds rjhds
z rdZ }kjk vihy (yksxl@'kCn)% bl fofèk esa nwljksa
dks eukus ds fy, rkfdZd rdZ] lk{; vkSj rdZlaxr rF;
çLrqr djuk 'kkfey gSA ;g lans'k dk leFkZu djus ds fy,
rF;ksa] vkadM+ksa] fo'ks"kKksa dh jk; vkSj rkfdZd fu"d"kks± ij
fuHkZj djrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% xk¡èkh th us fczfV'k yksxksa ds bl fo'okl esa
rkfdZd •kfe;ksa dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gq, muds dkj.k
dh vihy dh fd cy] Hkkjr ij 'kklu dj ldrk gSA
z Hkkoukvksa }kjk vihy (ikFkksl@d#.kk)% bl fofèk esa
n'kZdksa dh laosnukvksa vkSj Hkkoukvksa dks vkdf"kZr djuk
'kkfey gSA laosnukRed vihy O;fÙkQxr mik[;kuksa dk
mi;ksx djds ;k n'kZdksa ds lkFk çfrèofur gksus okys
'kfÙkQ'kkyh vk[;kuksa dk fuekZ.k djds dgkuh dgus esa
çHkkoh gks ldrh gSA
mnkgj.k% i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh fn'kk esa dkjZokbZ djus ds fy,
nwljksa dks eukus ds fy, tyok;q ifjorZu ls çHkkfor O;fÙkQ;ksa
dh fny ngyk nsus okyh dgkfu;ksa dk mi;ksx djuk gSA
z çkfèkdkj }kjk vihy (,Fkksl@yksdkpkj)% bl fofèk esa
lans'k dk leFkZu djus ds fy, fo'oluh; lzksrksa] fo'ks"kKksa
vfHko`fÙk
z O;ogkj çkIr djuk% tc n'kZd vuqu;dÙkkZ ds lkFk n`<+rk
ls rkyesy fcBkrs gSa] rks vafre mís'; n'kZdksa dks vfHku;
djus ds fy, çsfjr djuk gksrk gSA
Public Government
Subordinate Agents of
employees persuasion
Private sector
for funding
Superior officers
;k vfèkdkfj;ksa dk gokyk nsuk 'kkfey gSA çkfèkdj.k ls
vihy djuk nwljksa dks le>kus esa çHkkoh gks ldrk gS] tc
os çkfèkdj.k dks tkudkj vkSj Hkjkslsean ekurs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% u, fpfdRlk mipkj dh çHkko'khyrk dk
leFkZu djus ds fy, çfl¼ oSKkfudksa vkSj fo'ks"kKksa
dk gokyk nsukA
 m¼j.k% ¶bl {ks=k ds vxz.kh fo'ks"kK MkW- tsu fLeFk ds
vuqlkj] bl mipkj us uSnkfud ijh{k.kksa esa mYys•uh;
ifj.kke fn•k, gSaA¸
z lkekftd çek.k% ;g fofèk bl fl¼kar ij fuHkZj djrh
gS fd yksx nwljksa ds dk;ks± vkSj fopkjksa ls çHkkfor gksrs
gSaA ç'kalk&i=k] leh{kk,¡] leFkZu ;k dsl LVMh lkekftd
çek.k ds mnkgj.k gSa ftudk mi;ksx jk; çHkkfor djus ds
fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% ekfVZu ywFkj fdax twfu;j us 'kkafriw.kZ fojksèk
çn'kZuksa ds ekè;e ls ukxfjd vfèkdkj vkanksyu ds fy,
O;kid leFkZu dks mtkxj djds] nwljksa dks lekurk ds
dkj.k esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, çsfjr djds lkekftd
çek.k dk mi;ksx fd;kA
73
z ikjLifjdrk@vU;ksU;rk% ;g fofèk bl fl¼kar ij vkèkkfjr Civil servant
Task Change Negative
gS fd yksx çkIr midkj ;k fj;k;rksa dks okil djus ds attitude

fy, ckè; eglwl djrs gSaA dqN ewY; dh is'kd'k djds Persuasion Techniques applied
;k fj;k;r nsdj] O;fÙkQ nwljksa esa ½.kxzLrrk dh Hkkouk
iSnk dj ldrs gSa] ftlls muds vuqjksèkksa ;k n`f"Vdks.kksa dk Active Conduct a Reward Engagement
vuqikyu djus dh vfèkd laHkkouk gks tkrh gSA listening cleaniness meritorious with
drive studentgs of Community
 mnkgj.k% laHkkfor xzkgdksa dks fdlh lkWÝVos;j mRikn district
dk fu%'kqYd ijh{k.k çnku djuk] ikjLifjdrk dh Impact Impact Impact
Hkkouk iSnk djuk vkSj muds fujarj mi;ksx dh laHkkouk Less Protest & Change Development People
c<+kukA Demonstration in of Role Model will start
Attitude contributing
z vHkko% ;g fofèk fdlh mRikn] volj ;k fopkj dh
lhfer miyCèkrk ;k deh dh èkkj.kk dk ykHk mBkrh gSA vuqu;u ds uSfrd fopkj%
;g rkRdkfydrk ;k pwdus ds Mj dh Hkkouk iSnk djrh z ;g lqfuf'pr djuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd n'kZdksa ds lkFk
gS] O;fÙkQ;ksa dks rRdky dkjZokbZ djus ;k nqyZHk lalkèku ;k NsM+NkM+ ;k èkks•k fn, fcuk] vuqu;u rduhdksa dk mi;ksx
ykHk dks lqjf{kr djus ds fy, vuqu;u lans'k dks Lohdkj ftEesnkjh ls vkSj ikjn'khZ :i ls fd;k tk,A
djus ds fy, çsfjr djrh gSA z Lok;Ùkrk ds fy, lEeku% vuqu;u dks O;fÙkQ;ksa dh
 mnkgj.k% rkRdkfydrk dh Hkkouk iSnk djus vkSj Lok;Ùkrk vkSj Lora=k bPNk dk lEeku djuk pkfg,A blesa
rRdky dkjZokbZ dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, fdlh fdlh dh jk; ;k fu.kZ; dks mudh bPNk ds f•ykiQ
mRikn ;k lsok ds fy, lhfer le; dk çLrko cukukA çHkkfor djus ds fy, tcjnLrh] Nylkèku (fofèk) ;k
z daVªkLV (rqyuk) vkSj Úsfeax (fu:i.k)% bl fofèk esa Hkzked j.kuhfr dk mi;ksx 'kkfey ugha gksuk pkfg,A
lans'k ;k tkudkjh dks bl rjg ls rS;kj djuk 'kkfey gS z bZekunkjh vkSj ikjnf'kZrk% uSfrd vuqu;u ds fy,
tks èkkj.kk dks çHkkfor djrk gSA ,d rqyuk ;k fojksèkkHkkl tkudkjh vkSj rdZ çLrqr djus esa bZekunkjh ,oa ikjnf'kZrk
çLrqr djds] O;fÙkQ;ksa dks lans'k ;k fodYi dks vfèkd dh vko';drk gksrh gSA Hkzked ;k >wBs nkoksa ls cprs gq,]
lVhd rFkk fo'oluh; tkudkjh çnku djuk egRoiw.kZ gS
vuqdwy ;k ykHkçn le>us ds fy, jkth fd;k tk ldrk
tks nwljksa dks èkks•k ns ldrs gSa ;k Nylkèku (fofèk) @
gSA
gsjiQsj dj ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% ojh;rk dks çHkkfor djus ds fy, ,d ds
z lwfpr lgefr% fdlh dks eukus dk ç;kl djrs le;] ;g
Åij nwljs ds ykHkksa ij tksj nsrs gq,] lkFk&lkFk nks
lqfuf'pr djuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd muds ikl lHkh çklafxd
fodYi çLrqr djukA tkudkjh rd igq¡p gks vkSj mUgsa ,d lwfpr fu.kZ; ysus
mnkgj.k% dsl LVMh dk volj gksA vuqu;u dks fdlh ds Kku dh deh dk
XYZ uked ,d 'kgj dh dYiuk djsa] tgk¡ vkcknh ds iQk;nk ugha mBkuk pkfg, ;k ,slh j.kuhfr dk mi;ksx ugha
,d egRoiw.kZ fgLls us lekt ds çfr udkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k djuk pkfg, tks rdZiw.kZ fu.kZ; ysus dh mudh {kerk dks
fodflr fd;k gSA os fofHkUu ekè;eksa ls viuh ?k`.kk O;ÙkQ lhfer djrh gSA
djrs gSa] tSls fd lkoZtfud fojksèk] vkykspuk ls Hkjs lks'ky z fofoèk n`f"Vdks.k ds fy, lEeku% uSfrd vuqu;u fofoèk
ehfM;k vfHk;ku rFkk ljdkj vkSj lkoZtfud laLFkkuksa ds ckjs n`f"Vdks.k vkSj ewY;ksa dk lEeku djrk gSA ;g dqN lewgksa
esa yxkrkj f'kdk;rsaA bu O;fÙkQ;ksa ds chp çpfyr Hkkouk ds HksnHkko ;k gkf'k, ij tkus ls cpus ds fy, n'kZdksa ds
O;oLFkk ds çfr eksgHkax] vfo'okl vkSj grk'kk dh gSA bl O;fÙkQxr erHksnksa] ekU;rkvksa vkSj lkaLÑfrd i`"BHkwfe dks
eqís dks gy djus ds fy, fu;qÙkQ ,d flfoy lsod ds :i Lohdkj djrk gS vkSj mu ij fopkj djrk gSA
esa] vkidk y{; mudh udkjkRed vfHko`fÙk dks cnyuk z larqfyr çLrqfr% uSfrd vuqu;u esa fo"k; ;k eqís ds ckjs
rFkk ukxfjdksa vkSj lekt ds chp vfèkd ldkjkRed ,oa esa ,d larqfyr n`f"Vdks.k çLrqr djuk 'kkfey gSA ;g
jpukRed lacaèkksa dks c<+kok nsuk gSA çfrokn ;k oSdfYid n`f"Vdks.k dks Lohdkj djrk gS vkSj

74 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

 çLrqr djrk gS] ftlls O;fÙkQ;ksa dks fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k dk
vkykspukRed ewY;k¡du djus rFkk lwfpr fu.kZ; ysus dh
vuqefr feyrh gSA
z HkkoukRed Nylkèku (fofèk) ls cpuk% vuqu;u dsoy
HkkoukRed Nylkèku (fofèk) ;k vihyksa ij fuHkZj ugha
gksuk pkfg, tks O;fÙkQ;ksa ds Mj] vlqj{kk ;k detksfj;ksa
dk iQk;nk mBkrs gSaA ;g rdZlaxr vkSj mfpr rdks± ij
vkèkkfjr gksuk pkfg, tks rdZ ,oa lk{; dks vkdf"kZr
djrs gSaA
Case Study: Persuasion in Pandemic Phase
Persuasion in Pandemic
→ Credibility of Speaker → Prime minister himself
→ Credibility of Argument → To Fight COVID-19
→ Emotional Appeal → For Public Safety
vuqu;u ds mnkgj.k fofHkUu lanHkks± esa ik, tk ldrs
gSa] tSls fd%
z foKkiu vfHk;ku] ftudk mís'; miHkksÙkQkvksa dks mRikn ;k
lsok •jhnus ds fy, jkth djuk gSA
z jktuhfrd Hkk"k.k vkSj vfHk;ku]tks tuer dks çHkkfor djus
vkSj er lqjf{kr djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA
z lkoZtfud lsok ?kks"k.kk,¡] lhV csYV iguus ;k èkweziku NksM+us
tSls O;ogkjksa dks çksRlkfgr djrh gSaA
z foØsrk çsjd rduhdksa dk mi;ksx djrs gS] fdlh lkSns dks
iwjk djuk ;k xzkgdksa dks jkth djukA
z ikjLifjd lapkj] tgk¡ O;fÙkQ nwljksa dh jk; ;k dk;ks± dks
çHkkfor djus dk ç;kl djrs gSaA
z dqy feykdj] vuqu;u ,d xfr'khy çfØ;k gS ftlesa
dq'ky lapkj vkSj ekuo euksfoKku dh le> 'kkfey gSA
bldk mi;ksx vfHko`fÙk] fo'okl rFkk O;ogkj dks vkdkj
nsus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS],oa bldk uSfrd vkSj ftEesnkj
vuqç;ksx thou ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa ldkjkRed ifj.kke
yk ldrk gSA
vfHko`fÙk
TARES ijh{k.k
z TARES ijh{k.k uSfrd fodYi pquus vkSj cpko djus ds
fy, ,d ekxZn'kZd ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
z uSfrd vuqu;u ds ikap fl¼karksa ij è;ku dsafær djus
ds fy, csdj vkSj ekfVZalu (2001) }kjk ijh{k.k
fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA
z ;g <k¡pk mi;ksfxrkokn ds fl¼kar ds rgr dk;Z djrk
gS] tks ekurk gS fd fdlh dkjZokbZ ds ifj.kke mldh
uSfrdrk dk ewY;k¡du djrs le; dkjZokbZ ds fy, leku
:i ls egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA
z TARES lR;rk (lans'k dh)] çkekf.kdrk (vuqu;dÙkkZ
dh) lEeku (vuqu;dÙkkZ ds fy,) lerk (vuqu;dÙkkZ
vihy dh) vkSj lkekftd ftEesnkjh (lkekU; HkykbZ
ds fy,) dk laf{kIr :i gSA
vuqu;u ds vkSj vfèkd mnkgj.k
z dj pksjh ls cpus ds fy, vk; dk çdVhdj.k%
bZekunkjksa dk lEeku] bZekunkj djnkrkvksa dks iqjLÑr
djukA
z csVh cpkvks] csVh i<+kvks@lsYiQh fon MkWVj%
yM+fd;ksa ds çfr yksxksa dh vfHko`fÙk cnyus ds fy,A
z ljdkjh lfClMh vkSj eqÝr oLrq, NksM+us ds fy,
#GiveItUp vfHk;kuA
z turk dk è;ku vkdf"kZr djus vkSj vuqu;u ds ekè;e
ls lkoZtfud leFkZu bdêòk djus ds çrhdkRed lkèku
ds :i esa vFkZ vkoj] i`Foh fnol] ou fnol ,oa
oU;tho fnol dks fpfÉr djukA
z tyok;q ifjorZu ds fo#¼ oSf'od ukxfjdksa dks çsfjr
djukA
vuqu;u dks çHkkoh cukuk%
z vius n'kZdksa dks tkuuk% çHkkoh vuqu;u ds fy, vius
n'kZdksa dks le>uk egRoiw.kZ gSA vius lans'k dks rnuqlkj
rS;kj djus ds fy, muds ewY;ksa] fo'oklksa vkSj #fp;ksa ij
'kksèk djukA fo"k; ij muds Kku ds Lrj ij fopkj djuk
vkSj vius rdZ bl rjg ls rS;kj djuk]tks muds vuq:i gksaA
z fo'oluh;rk LFkkfir djuk% vius vki dks tkudkj
vkSj fo'oluh; ds :i esa çLrqr djds fo'okl vkSj
fo'oluh;rk dk fuekZ.k djukA vius rdks± dk leFkZu djus
ds fy, lk{;] rF;ksa vkSj fo'ks"kKksa dh jk; dk mi;ksx
djukA
75
z laosnukvksa ls vihy% laosnuk,¡ vuqu;u esa egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSaA lEeksgd dgkfu;ksa] O;fÙkQxr mik[;kuksa
;k 'kfÙkQ'kkyh dYiuk dk mi;ksx djds vius n'kZdksa ds
laosnukRed igyw dk ykHk mBkukA
z lkekftd çek.k dk mi;ksx djuk% yksx vDlj bl
ckr ls çHkkfor gksrs gSa fd nwljs D;k lksprs gSa vkSj D;k
djrs gSaA mu O;fÙkQ;ksa ;k lewgksa ds mnkgj.k ;k ç'kalk&i=k
çnku djds lkekftd çek.k dk mi;ksx djuk] ftUgksaus
igys gh vkids n`f"Vdks.k dks viuk fy;k gS ;k okafNr
dkjZokbZ dh gSA blls irk pyrk gS fd nwljksa dks vkidk
rdZ vkd"kZd yxrk gSA
z çfroknksa dks lacksfèkr djuk% vius n`f"Vdks.k ds çfr
laHkkfor çfroknksa ;k vkifÙk;ksa dks Lohdkj djuk vkSj mudk
lekèkku djukA vius n'kZdksa dh fparkvksa dk vuqeku yxkuk
vkSj mu vkifÙk;ksa dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, lcwr ;k
rdZ çnku djukA
z Li"V ykHk çnku djuk% vius n`f"Vdks.k dks Lohdkj djus
;k okafNr dkjZokbZ djus ds ykHkksa ;k iQk;nksa dks Li"V :i
ls crkukA fn•kuk fd ;g dSls fdlh leL;k dk lekèkku
djsxk] muds thou dks csgrj cuk,xk ;k muds ewY;ksa
ds lkFk lajsf•r djsxkA vius vuqu;u dks vkSj vfèkd
lEeksgd cukus ds fy, vYidkfyd vkSj nh?kZdkfyd nksuksa
ykHkksa ij çdk'k MkyukA
z çsjd Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx djuk% çsjd Hkk"kk rduhdksa dk
mi;ksx djds viuk lans'k rS;kj djukA vius rdks± dks
;knxkj vkSj çHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy, nksgjko] :id vkSj
Toyar Hkk"kk tSls vkyadkfjd midj.kksa dk mi;ksx djukA
mRlkg vkSj dkjZokbZ dks çsfjr djus ds fy, vius lans'k
dks ldkjkRed vkSj vk'kkoknh Loj esa fy•ukA
z fotqvy ,M~l (n`'; lkèku) dk mi;ksx djuk% n`';
lkèku_ tSls& pkVZ] xzkiQ vkSj bUiQksxzkfiQDl] vkids çsjd
lans'k dks c<+k ldrs gSaA os tfVy tkudkjh dks ljy cukus]
MsVk dks vfèkd lqyHk cukus vkSj ,d n`'; çHkko cukus esa
enn djrs gSa tks vkids rdks± dk leFkZu djrk gSA n`';
vkids n'kZdksa dks layXu dj ldrs gSa vkSj rFkk vkids
lans'k dks vkSj vfèkd ;knxkj cuk ldrs gSaA
z lEekutud lapkj cuk, j•uk% vuqu;u çfØ;k ds
nkSjku lEekutud jguk vkSj ldkjkRed ygtk cuk,
j•ukA fojksèkh n`f"Vdks.k ij geyk djus ;k mls NksVk djus
ls cpuk D;ksafd blls j{kkRedrk vkSj çfrjksèk gks ldrk gSA
z vuqorhZ dkjZokbZ vkSj lqn`<+hdj.k% viuk çsjd lans'k
nsus ds ckn] çeq• fcanqvksa dks lqn`<+ djus vkSj laokn tkjh
76
j•us ds fy, vius n'kZdksa ds lkFk vuqorhZ dkjZokbZ djukA
fdlh Hkh 'ks"k ç'u ;k fparkvksa dks lacksfèkr djuk] ;fn
vko';d gks rks vfrfjÙkQ tkudkjh çnku djuk vkSj mUgsa
okafNr dkjZokbZ djus ds ykHkksa vkSj dkj.kksa dks ;kn fnykukA
vuqu;u dk fojksèk djus ds rjhds%
z vfHko`fÙk lajksi.k% ftl rjg ,d detksj ok;jl ds
laidZ esa vkus okyk O;fÙkQ fdlh chekjh ds çfr çfrjksèkh
gks tkrk gS] mlh rjg ,d O;fÙkQ tks çfrokn ds laidZ esa
vk pqdk gS] mlesa vuqu;u ds çfr çfrjksèk fodflr gks
tkrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% Nk=kksa ds ,d lewg dks ,d fooknkLin eqís
ij dbZ n`f"Vdks.k vkSj çfroknksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk
gS] ftlls os i{kikriw.kZ tkudkjh ds f•ykiQ çfrjksèk
fodflr dj ldrs gSa vkSj viuh vkykspukRed lksp
{kerkvksa dks c<+k ldrs gSaA
z iwoZ lwpuk nsuk@psrkouh% tc fdlh O;fÙkQ dks
vuqu;u&fou; ds ç;klksa ds ckjs esa iwoZ lwpuk nh tkrh
gS] rks mlesa euksoSKkfud çfrfØ;k fodflr gks tkrh gS tks
mUgsa ,sls ç;klksa dk fojksèk djus ds fy, çsfjr djrh gSA
z çrhixkeh çHkko@cwejSax çHkko% tc dksbZ O;fÙkQ fdlh
vfHko`fÙk oLrq ds çfr euksoSKkfud çfrfØ;k fodflr djrk
gS] rks vuqu;u ds ç;kl dk leku :i ls etcwr çfrfØ;k
ds lkFk eqdkcyk fd;k tkrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% dksfoM&19 egkekjh ds nkSjku fpfdRlk
deZpkfj;ksa ij yksxksa }kjk geyk fd;k x;k Fkk D;ksafd
mUgksaus chekjh ds mipkj ds çfr udkjkRed vfHko`fÙk
fodflr dh FkhA
z lap; (lwpuk ;k Kku dk)% ,d LoLFk O;fÙkQ tks
vPNh rjg ls i<+k gqvk gS vkSj laKkukRed vkSj lkekftd
lalkèkuksa ls ySl gS] og vuqu;u dk csgrj <ax ls fojksèk
djus esa l{ke gSA
2-21 ç'kklu vkSj turk (lkoZtfud)
turk ds çfr ç'kklu dh vfHko`fÙk%
z ç'kkldksa vkSj turk ds chp O;kid lkaLÑfrd varj%
pw¡fd ç'kkld cM+s iSekus ij mPp eè;e oxZ ls vkrs gSa
rFkk xzkeh.k turk ls fuiVrs gSa tks xjhc vkSj vf'kf{kr gSaA
z ukSdj'kkgh crkrh gS fd yksx vius vfèkdkjksa ls vufHkK gSaA
z Kku dh deh% ç'kkldksa dks yxrk gS fd yksxksa dks fu;eksa
vkSj fofu;eksa dh i;kZIr tkudkjh ugha gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z jktuhfrd ncko% flfoy lsodksa dh f'kdk;r gS fd yksx
jktusrkvksa ds ekè;e ls mu ij ncko cukus dh dksf'k'k
djrs gSaA
z lg;ksx dh deh% mUgsa ;g Hkh f'kdk;r gS fd ukxfjd
lekt esa cnyko ykus esa mudk lg;ksx ugha djrs gSaA
ljdkjh vfèkdkjh yf{kr lewg dks eukus esa l{ke D;ksa
ugha gSa\
z bldk dkj.k dqN ckèkkvksa dh mifLFkfr gS% vFkZ foKku]
euksoSKkfud vkSj 'kkjhfjd ckèkk,¡A
z lapkj ckèkk,¡% lkoZtfud vfèkdkjh Hkk"kk ckèkkvksa]
lkaLÑfrd erHksnksa ;k tfVy 'kCntky ds dkj.k yf{kr
lewg rd vius lans'k dks çHkkoh <ax ls laçsf"kr djus ds
fy, la?k"kZ dj ldrs gSaA ;fn lans'k dks Li"V :i ls vkSj
lacafèkr rjhds ls laçsf"kr ugha fd;k tkrk gS] rks ;g bfPNr
n'kZdksa ds lkFk çfrèofur gksus esa foiQy gks ldrk gSA
z vyx&vyx ewY; vkSj ekU;rk,¡% yf{kr lewg vyx&vyx
ewY;] ekU;rk,¡ vkSj fopkjèkkjk j• ldrs gS] tks lkoZtfud
vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk odkyr fd, tk jgs lans'k ;k uhfr;ksa ds
lkFk vlaxr gSaA n`f"Vdks.k esa ;s varj çfrjksèk iSnk dj ldrs
gSa vkSj vuqu;u dks pqukSrhiw.kZ cuk ldrs gSaA
z ijkuqHkwfr vkSj le> dh deh% lkoZtfud vfèkdkjh
yf{kr lewg dh fparkvksa] t:jrksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa dks
le>us esa foiQy gks ldrs gSaA muds n`f"Vdks.k ds lkFk
ijkuqHkwfr ds fcuk vkSj mudh fof'k"V fparkvksa dks lacksfèkr
fd, fcuk] mUgsa çHkkoh <ax ls jkth djuk eqf'dy gks
tkrk gSA
ç'kkldksa ds çfr turk dh vfHko`fÙk
z ç'kkldksa ds f•ykiQ Hkz"Vkpkj] ekeyksa ds fuiVku esa nsjh]
'kks"k.k] i{kikr vkfn ds ckjs esa lkoZtfud f'kdk;rsaA
z yksd vfèkdkfj;ksa dh lR;fu"Bk ds ckjs esa turk dks lansg
gSA
z mUgsa yxrk gS fd yksd vfèkdkjh fdlh Hkh ekuoh; fopkj
ls jfgr gSaA
z os fcpkSfy;ksa ds fy, xqatkb'k iSnk djrs gSa tks cnys esa
mudk iQk;nk mBkrs gSaA
z la'k;okn vkSj vfo'okl% tula[;k dk ,d ,slk oxZ Hkh
gS tks Hkz"Vkpkj] ukSdj'kkgh ykyiQhrk'kkgh vkSj v{kerk ds
dkj.k ç'kkldksa ds çfr la'k;iw.kZ ;k vfo'oklh gks ldrk
gSA os ç'kkldksa dks Lo;a lsod vkSj turk dh t:jrksa ds
çfr vuqÙkjnk;h ekurs gSaA
vfHko`fÙk
z vlekurk vkSj iwokZxzg dh èkkj.kk% lekt ds dqN oxks±
dk ekuuk gks ldrk gS fd ç'kkld vius fu.kZ; ysus esa
iwokZxzg ;k i{kikr çnf'kZr djrs gSa] ftlls vleku O;ogkj
vkSj volj ns•us dks feyrs gSaA ;g èkkj.kk tkfr] èkeZ ;k
{ks=kh; vlekurk tSls dkjdksa ls çHkkfor gks ldrh gSA
turk vkSj ç'kklu ds chp lacaèk dSls lqèkkjsa\
z ç'kklu esa ,d tulaidZ ,tsalh cukuk% turk vkSj
ç'kklu ds chp ekè;e ds :i esa dk;Z djukA (&lhih
Hkkacjh)
z turk dks viuh udkjkRed Hkwfedk NksM+dj ldkjkRed
Hkwfedk viukuh pkfg,% fdlh Hkh ljdkjh dk;ZØe dh
liQyrk ds fy, ukxfjdksa dk leFkZu vkSj lg;ksx t:jh gSA
z ç'kklu dks turk] fo'ks"kdj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ds yksxksa ls fujarj
laidZ cuk, j•uk pkfg,A (gksrk lfefr)
Legal Ethical
Attitude Attitude
Compassionate
Attitude
z lkekftd ys•kijh{kk] ftlesa ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ls ifj;kstuk dk
ys•kijh{k.k 'kkfey gSA
z lkoZtfud cSBdksa dks vfuok;Z cukdj flfoy lsodksa rd
igq¡p c<+kukA
z bZ&xouZsal] tks ljdkj dks ukxfjdksa ds njokts rd igq¡pkus
esa enn djrk gSA
z ukxfjdksa dks çkIr gksus okyh lsok dh xq.koÙkk vkSj f'kdk;r
fuokj.k ra=k ds ckjs esa tkx:d djus ds fy, ukxfjd pkVZjA
var esa] vuqu;u vPNk ;k cqjk gks ldrk gS] blfy, ;g eglwl
djuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd ;g vPNs fopkjksa] mRiknksa vkSj dkj.kksa dks
c<+kok ns ldrk gS] ysfdu ;fn bldk nq#i;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] rks
;g tksM+&rksM+ vkSj vuSfrd gks ldrk gSA fdlh Hkh çsjd ç;kl
dks yksxksa dh Lok;Ùkrk vkSj dY;k.k dk lEeku djuk pkfg,A
foxr o"kksZa ds ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1- vfHko`fÙk ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gS] tks ekuo ds fodkl esa
fuos'k (buiqV) dk dke djrk gSA ,slh mi;qÙkQ vfHko`fÙk
dk fodkl dSls djsa] tks ,d yksd lsod ds fy,
vko';d gS\ (2021)
77
 2- fuEufyf•r m¼j.k vkids fy, D;k ek;us j•rs gSa\
(i) ¶çR;sd dk;Z dh liQyrk ls igys mls lSdM+ksa
dfBukbZ;ksa ls xqtjuk iM+rk gSA tks n`<+fu'p;h gSa os gh
nsj&lcsj çdk'k dks ns• ik,axsA¸ µLokeh foosdkuan
(2021)
3- ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk ,d yksd lsod dh vfuok;Z fo'ks"krk
ekuh tkrh gS ftls çk;% furkUr ncko esa dk;Z djuk iM+rk
gSA ,d O;fÙkQ dh ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk esa D;k ;ksxnku
nsrk gS\ (2020)
4- ^?k`.kk O;fÙkQ dh cqf¼eÙkk vkSj vUr%dj.k ds fy, lagkjd
gS tks jk"Vª ds fpr~ dks fo"kkÙkQ dj ldrh gSA¸ D;k vki
bl fopkj ls lger gSa \ vius mÙkj dh rdZlaxr O;k[;k
djsaA (2020)
5- uSfrd vkpj.k okys r#.k yksx lfØ; jktuhfr esa 'kkfey
gksus ds fy, mRlqd ugha gksrs gSaA mudks lfØ; jktuhfr
esa vfHkçsfjr djus ds fy, mik; lq>kb,A (2017)
6- lkekU;r% lk>k fd, x, rFkk O;kid :i ls ekspkZcan
uSfrd ewY;ksa vkSj nkf;Roksa ds fcuk u rks dkuwu] u rks
yksdra=kh; ljdkj] u gh cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk Bhd ls dk;Z
dj ik,¡xsA bl dFku ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ ledkyhu
le; ds mnkgj.k }kjk le>kb,A (2017)
7- LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku dh liQyrk esa lkekftd çHkko
vkSj vuqu; dSls ;ksxnku ns ldrs gSa\ (2016)
8- j{kk lsokvksa ds lanHkZ esa] ^ns'kHkfÙkQ* jk"Vª dh j{kk esa
vius thou dk cfynku nsus dh rRijrk dh ekax djrh
gSA vkids vuqlkj] jkstejkZ ds ukxfjd thou esa ns'kHkfÙkQ
dk D;k vFkZ gS\ mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb, vkSj vius mÙkj
dh iqf"V dhft,A (2014)
9- vDlj dgk tkrk gS fd ^jktuhfr* vkSj ^uSfrdrk* ,d
lkFk ugha pyrhaA bl lacaèk esa vkidh D;k jk; gS\
mnkgj.k nsdj vius mÙkj dh iqf"V dhft,A (2013)
foxr o"kks± dh dsl LVMh
10- thou] dk;Z] vU; O;fÙkQ;ksa ,oa lekt ds çfr gekjh
vfHko`fr;ka vkerkSj ij vutkus esa ifjokj ,oa ml
lkekftd ifjos'k ds }kjk #fir gks tkrh gSa] ftlesa ge
cM+s gksrs gSaA vutkus esa ukxfjdksa ds fy, vokaNuh; gksrs
gSaA
(a) vkt ds f'kf{kr Hkkjrh;ksa esa fo|eku ,sls vokaNuh;
ewY;ksa dh foospuk dhft,A
(b) ,slh vokaNuh; vfHko`fÙk;ksa dks dSls cnyk tk ldrk
gS rFkk yksd lsokvksa ds fy, vko';d le>s tkus
78
okys lkekftd&uSfrd ewY;ksa dks vkdka{kh rFkk dk;Zjr
yksd lsodksa esa fdl çdkj laof¼Zr fd;k tk ldrk
gS\ (2016)
n`f"Vdks.k
z blesa 'kkfey uSfrd eqíksa vkSj fgrèkkjdksa dh igpku djsaA
z thou] dk;Z vkSj lekt esa vutkus esa vkdkj nh xbZ
vfHko`fÙkvksa vkSj ewY;ksa dh •kst djsaA
z vkt ds f'kf{kr Hkkjrh;ksa esa çpfyr vokaNuh; ewY;ksa
dks igpkusa vkSj mu ij ppkZ djsaA
z vkdka{kh vkSj lsokjr flfoy lsodksa esa lkekftd uSfrd
ewY;ksa dks fodflr djus ds fy, fd, tkus okys mik;ksa
dk lq>ko nhft,A
z dkjZokbZ ds lokZsÙke laHko rjhds dh igpku dhft,A
11- gky esa vkidks ,d ftys ds ftyk fodkl vfèkdkjh ds
rkSj ij fu;qÙkQ fd;k x;k gSA mlds ckn tYnh gh vkius
ik;k fd vkids ftys ds xzkeh.k bykdksa esa yM+fd;ksa dks
Ldwy Hkstus ds eqís ij dkiQh ruko gSA
xk¡o ds cM+s eglwl djrs gSa fd vusd leL;k,¡ iSnk gks
xbZ gSa D;ksafd yM+fd;ksa dks i<+k;k tk jgk gS vkSj os ?kj ds
lqjf{kr okrkoj.k ds ckgj dne j• jgh gSaA mudk fopkj
;g gS fd yM+fd;ksa dh U;wure f'k{kk ds lkFk tYnh ls
'kknh dj nh tkuh pkfg,A f'k{kk ds ckn yM+fd;k¡ ukSdjh
ds fy, Hkh Li¼kZ dj jgh gS] tks ijaijk ls yM+dksa dk
vuU; {ks=k jgk gS] vkSj iq:"kksa esa csjkstxkjh esa o`f¼ dj
jgh gSA
;qok ih<+h eglwl djrh gS fd orZeku ;qx esa] yM+fd;ksa
dks f'k{kk vkSj jkstxkj rFkk thou&fuokZg ds vU; lkèkuksa
ds leku volj çkIr gksus pkfg,A leLr bykdk o;kso`¼ksa
vkSj ;qokvksa ds chp rFkk mlls vkxs nksuksa ihf<;ksa esa
L=kh&iq#"kksa ds chp foHkkftr gSA vkidks irk pyrk gS
fd iapk;r ;k vU; LFkkuh; fudk;ksa esa ;k O;Lr pkSjkgksa
ij Hkh] bl eqís ij xjekxje okn&fookn gks jgk gSA
,d fnu vkidks lwpuk feyrh gS fd ,d vfç; ?kVuk
gqbZ gSA dqN yM+fd;ksa ds lkFk NsM+•kuh dh xbZ tc
os Ldwyksa ds jkLrs esa FkhaA bl ?kVuk ds iQyLo:i dbZ
lkekftd lewgksa ds chp >xM+s gq, vkSj dkuwu rFkk
O;oLFkk dh leL;k iSnk gks xbZA xjekxje okn&fookn ds
ckn cM+s&cw<+ksa us yM+fd;ksa dks Ldwy tkus dh vuqefr u
nsus vkSj tks ifjokj muds gqDe dk ikyu ugha djrs gSa]
,sls lHkh ifjokjksa dk lkekftd cfg"dkj djus dk la;qÙkQ
fu.kZ; ys fy;kA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 (a) yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk esa O;oèkku Mkys fcuk] yM+fd;ksa
dh lqj{kk dks lqfj{kr djus ds fy, vki D;k dne
mBk,¡xsa\
(b) ihf<;ksa ds chp lacaèkksa esa lejlrk lqfuf'pr djus ds
fy, vki xk¡o ds o;kso`¼ksa dh fir`ra=kkRed vfHko`fÙk
dk fdl çdkj çcaèku dk vkSj <kyus dk dk;Z djsaxsA
n`f"Vdks.k
z mBk, tk ldus okys fofHkUu dneksa ds ckjs esa lksfp,A
z bl eqís dks gy djus ds fy, rRdky çfrfØ;kvksa vkSj
nh?kZdkfyd mik;ksa esa dneksa dks foHkkftr dhft,A
z bl leL;k dks gy djus ds fy, dqN vfHkuo dneksa
ds ckjs esa lksfp,A
z ekr`lÙkkRed vfHko`fÙk dks cnyus ds fy, lkekftd
çHkko vkSj vuqu;u dh fn'kk esa lksfp,A
z mu rjhdksa ;k ,tsaVksa ds ckjs esa lkspsa tks xk¡o ds cqtqxks±
dks çHkkoh <ax ls jkth dj ldrs gSaA
z vkidks xk¡o dh lksp vkSj fo'okl ç.kkyh dks cnyus
dh fn'kk esa dke djuk gksxkA
a
v v v
vfHko`fÙk
12- yksd lsodksa dh vius dk;Z ds çfr çnf'kZr nks vyx&vyx
çdkjksa dh vfHko`fÙk;ksa dh igpku vfèkdkjhra=kh; vfHko`fÙk
vkSj yksdrkaf=kd vfHko`fÙk ds :i esa dh xbZ gSA
(a) bu nks inksa ds chp foHksnu dhft, vkSj muds
xq.kksa&voxq.kksa dks crkb,A
(b) vius ns'k dk rsth ls fodkl dh n`f"V ls csgrj
ç'kklu ds fuekZ.k ds fy, D;k nksuksa esa larqyu LFkkfir
djuk laHko gS\ (2015)
n`f"Vdks.k
z igys nksuksa çdkj dh vfHko`fÙk;ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A
z xq.k ,oa nks"k mnkgj.k lfgr fyf•,A
z lcls igys ;g er jf•, fd nksuksa vfHko`fÙk;k¡ larqfyr
gks ldrh gSa ;k ughaA
z ml fLFkfr ds vkèkkj ij vius rdZ nsa vkSj lq>ko nsa
fd bu vfHko`fÙk;ksa dks cuk, j•us ls ç'kklu dks csgrj
cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
79
 flfoy lsok ds fy,
3 vfHk:fp vkSj vk/kjHkwr ewY;
^^vfHk:fp Kku vkSj miyfCèk ds chp dk lsrq gSA**
ikBÔØe
flfoy lsok ds fy, vfHk:fp vkSj vkèkkjHkwr ewY;% bZekunkjh] fu"i{krk vkSj xSj&i{kikr] oLrqfu"Brk] yksd lsok ds çfr
leiZ.k] detksj oxks± ds çfr lgkuqHkwfr] lfg".kqrk vkSj d#.kkA
3-1 vfHk:fp
z ljy 'kCnksa esa vfHk:fp ls vk'k;] ,d LokHkkfod çfrHkk
;k fdlh fof'k"V dkS'ky ;k {kerk ds çfr >qdko gSA
;g fdlh fo'ks"k {ks=k esa vPNk çn'kZu djus dh laHkkouk
;k {kerk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] xf.kr esa #fp j•us okys
fdlh O;fÙkQ esa tfVy xf.krh; ç'uksa dks le>us vkSj gy
djus dh LokHkkfod {kerk gks ldrh gSA
Intellectual
Aptitude
Emotional Physical
mnkgj.k
z eku yhft, fd ek;k ,d flfoy lsod gSA ek;k dks
,d nwjnjkt ds xkao esa LoPN is;ty miyC/ djkus
ds mís'; ls ,d ifj;kstuk dh ns•js• djus dk
dke lkSaik x;k gSA viuk dke 'kq: djus ls igys]
ek;k xkao dh ikuh dh t:jrksa] lalk/uksa dh miyC/
rk vkSj laHkkfor i;kZoj.kh; çHkkoksa dk vkdyu
djrs gq, xgu 'kks/ djrh gSA
z vius fo'ys"k.k ds nkSjku] ek;k dks irk pyrk gS
fd ,d futh daiuh us dkiQh vf/d ykxr ij
vko';d cqfu;knh <k¡pk çnku djus ds çLrko ds
lkFk mlls laidZ fd;k gSA gkyk¡fd] uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus
dh ek;k dh vfHk:fp mls vkxs fo'ys"k.k djus ds
fy, çsfjr djrh gSA mls irk pyrk gS fd ,d LFkkuh;
xSj&ykHkdkjh laxBu ds ikl de ykxr ij ifj;kstuk
dks ykxw djus dh fo'ks"kKrk vkSj lalk/u gSa] ftlls
xkao dks vkfFkZd :i ls ykHk gksxkA
µtkWu lh- eSDlosy
z futh daiuh pquus ds fy, fofHkUu lzksrksa ls ncko ds
ckotwn] ek;k uSfrd fl¼karksa ds çfr viuh çfrc¼rk
ij dk;e jgrh gSA
z viuh vfHk:fp ds vk/kj ij] og fo'ks"kKksa ls ijke'kZ
djrh gS] nh?kZdkfyd çHkkoksa ij fopkj djrh gS] vkSj
vius fu.kZ; ds uSfrd çHkkoksa dk vkdyu djrh gSA var
esa] ek;k xSj&ykHkdkjh laxBu dk pquko djrh gS]
D;ksafd ;g fu"i{krk] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj ykxr&çHkko'khyrk
ds fl¼karksa ds vuq:i gSA
z ek;k dk fu.kZ; uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus dh mldh
vfHk:fp dks n'kkZrk gSA O;fÙkQxr fgrksa ;k ckgjh
çHkkoksa ij xkao ds dY;k.k dks çkFkfedrk nsdj] og
;g lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd ifj;kstuk dks uhfriwoZd
iwjk fd;k tk,] ftlls vkxs pydj leqnk; dks ykHk
gksxkA mlds dk;Z fo'okl dks çsfjr djrs gSa] lq'kklu
dks c<+kok nsrs gSa vkSj yksd ç'kklu ds nk;js esa uSfrd
fu.kZ; ysus esa vfHk:fp ds egRo dks n'kkZrs gSaA
3-2 vfHk:fp ds çdkj
Aptitude
Physical Mental
General Mental Capacity to adhere
Capacity to the foundational
values of civil
service
Means Value End Value
1- 'kkjhfjd vfHk:fp% 'kkjhfjd vfHk:fp ls rkRi;Z fdlh  ekufld vfHk:fp 'kS{kf.kd çn'kZu] is'ksoj
O;fÙkQ dh 'kkjhfjd dk;ks± ;k xfrfofèk;ksa dks çHkkoh <ax liQyrk vkSj ckSf¼d xfrfofèk;ksa esa egRoiw.kZ
ls djus dh {kerk ls gSA blesa rkdr] lgu'kfÙkQ] leUo;] Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA
yphykiu vkSj lexz 'kkjhfjd LokLF; tSls rRo 'kkfey gSaA  mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,ihts vCnqy dyke tSls oSKkfud]
 'kkjhfjd vfHk:fp mu {ks=kksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls egRoiw.kZ ftUgksaus etcwr ekufld vfHk:fp dk çn'kZu fd;k]
gS ftuesa 'kkjhfjd Je dh vko';drk gksrh gS] tSls fuf'pr :i ls vlkèkkj.k fo'ys"k.kkRed dkS'ky]
•sy] 'kkjhfjd Je okyh ukSdfj;ka] ;k lSU; lsokA ifjdYiuk {kerk vkSj fofHkUu oSKkfud fl¼karksa ds
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] mlsu cksYV tSlk is'ksoj ,FkyhV tks chp leUo; LFkkfir djus dh {kerk j•rs gksaxsA
vlkèkkj.k 'kkjhfjd vfHk:fp çnf'kZr djrk gS] mlds Aptitude Attitude
ikl vius pqus gq, •sy esa mRÑ"Vrk çkIr djus ds fy,
vko';d rkdr] xfr vkSj piyrk gSA z Inborn
z Based on
Nature Human Nurture environment
2- ekufld vfHk:fp% ekufld vfHk:fp ls rkRi;Z fdlh z Genetic z Acquired
O;fÙkQ dh laKkukRed dk;ks± vkSj ckSf¼d xfrfofèk;ksa ds z Potential z Learned
fy, {kerk gSA blesa rdZ'kfÙkQ] Le`fr] leL;k&lekèkku] z Socialisation
è;ku] jpukRedrk vkSj vkykspukRed lksp lfgr fofHkUu
ekufld {kerk,a 'kkfey gSaA fp=k% vfHk:fp vkSj eukso`fÙk ds chp varj

3-3 vfHk:fp cuke dkS'ky] ewY;] n`f"Vdks.k

ekunaM vfHk:fp dkS'ky ewY; n`f"Vdks.k
fdlh fof'k"V {ks=k ds çfr vftZr Kku] ;ksX;rk,¡ vkSj O;fÙkQxr ekU;rk,¡ vkSj yksxksa] ?kVukvksa ;k oLrqvksa
ifjHkk"kk >qdkoA fo'ks"kKrkA fl¼kar tks O;ogkj dks ds çfr LoHkko ;k
funZsf'kr djrs gSaA ekufldrkA
tUetkr ;ksX;rk,¡ vkSj le; ds lkFk lh•uk vkSj O;fÙkQxr ekU;rk,a] ekU;rkvksa] ewY;ksa vkSj
vkèkkj {kerk,¡A fodklA ikyu&iks"k.k vkSj thou vuqHkoksa ij vkèkkfjrA
ds vuqHkoA
tUe vkSj çkjafHkd voLFkk f'k{k.k] çf'k{k.k vkSj vH;kl O;fÙkQxr ekU;rkvksa vkSj O;fÙkQxr èkkj.kk vkSj
varfuZfgr ls mifLFkrA ds ekè;e ls fodflrA vuqHkoksa ds ekè;e ls O;k[;k ds vèkhuA
fodflrA
vH;kl vkSj vfèkxe ls bls çf'k{k.k ,oa vuqHko ds lpsr ç;kl ds ekè;e ls lpsr ç;kl ds ekè;e ls
fodkl ifj"Ñr vkSj csgrj fd;k tk ekè;e ls fodflr fd;k tk bls lqn`<+ vkSj fodflr fodflr vkSj csgrj fd;k
ldrk gSA ldrk gSA fd;k tk ldrk gSA tk ldrk gSA
dkS'ky çkIr djus ds fy, dk;ks± ;k xfrfofèk;ksa ds fy, ,d lnkpj.k vkSj uSfrd O;ogkj ,oa dk;ks± dks
uhao ,d etcwr vkèkkj çnku dkS'ky dk mi;ksx djrk gSA vkèkkj ds :i esa dk;Z çHkkfor djrk gSA
djrk gSA djrk gSA
le; ds lkFk vis{kkÑr le; ds lkFk bls c<+k;k] vkRe&fparu ds ekè;e vuqHkoksa vkSj fodYiksa ds
vk;q fLFkj v|ru ;k cnyk tk ldrk ls fodflr vkSj vkdkj vkèkkj ij fodflr vkSj
gSA fn;k tk ldrk gSA cny ldrs gSaA
fo'ks"kKrk ds laHkkfor {ks=kksa fof'k"V dk;ks± esa çHkkoh uSfrd vkSj uhfrijd O;fÙkQxr fodkl] lacaèkksa
dh igpku djus esa enn dk;Zfu"iknu dks l{ke djrk fodYiksa dk ekxZn'kZu vkSj liQyrk dks vkdkj
egÙo
djrk gSA gSA djrk gS] vkSj pfj=k dks nsrk gSA
ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA

flfoy lsok ds fy, vfHk:fp vkSj vk/kjHkwr ewY; 81

 la[;kRed vfHk:fp] çksxzkfeax dkS'ky] lapkj bZekunkjh] lR;fu"Bk] ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k]
mnkgj.k ekSf•d vfHk:fp] vkSj dkS'ky] usr`Ro dkS'kyA lEeku] d#.kkA fodklkRed ekufldrk]
LFkkfud vfHk:fpA lgkuqHkwfrA
3-3-1 vfHk:fp cuke cqf¼eÙkk] {kerk vkSj #fp
ekunaM vfHk:fp cqf¼eÙkk {kerk :fp
LokHkkfod çfrHkk ;k fdlh le>] rdZ'kfÙkQ vkSj fdlh fof'k"V dk;Z O;fÙkQxr vkuan] ftKklk] ;k
ifjHkk"kk fof'k"V {ks=k ds çfr >qdkoA vkSj leL;k&lekèkku dks djus esa fuiq.krk ;k fdlh ckr ds çfr tquwuA
dh laKkukRed {kerkA dq'kyrkA
tUetkr ;ksX;rk,¡ vkSj {kerk,¡A laKkukRed {kerk vkSj lh•us vkSj vH;kl ls O;fÙkQxr çkFkfedrk,¡ ;k
vkèkkj ekufld {kerk,a vftZrA >qdko
le; ds lkFk vis{kkÑr fLFkj IQ ijh{k.k vkSj vH;kl ls fodflr vkSj le; ds lkFk ifjorZu ;k
laKkukRed ewY;kadu csgrj fd;k tk ldrk gSA fodkl ds vèkhuA
çÑfr ds ekè;e ls ekik tk
ldrk gSA
vH;kl vkSj vfèkxe ls bls f'k{kk vkSj ckSf¼d çf'k{k.k vkSj vuqHko ls ,Dlikstj ds ekè;e ls
fodkl ifj"Ñr vkSj csgrj fd;k tk xfrfofèk;ksa ds ekè;e fu•kjk tk ldrk gSA vUosf"kr vkSj fodflr fd;k
ldrk gSA ls c<k;k tk ldrk gSA tk ldrk gSA
fof'k"V {ks=kksa esa dkS'ky vkSj leL;k&lekèkku] fof'k"V dk;ks± ;k xfrfofèk;ksa fdlh {ks=k fo'ks"k esa tqM+ko
{kerkvksa ls lacafèkr gSA vkykspukRed lksp gsrq mi;ksx dh tkrh gSA vkSj çsj.kk c<+krk gSA
vuqç;ksx vkSj vfèkxe ds fy,
vuqç;qÙkQ
dk;ks± vkSj xfrfofèk;ksa esa egkjr 'kS{kf.kd vkSj fof'k"V Mksesu esa çn'kZu O;fÙkQxr fodYiksa vkSj
çHkko gkfly djus esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA O;kolkf;d liQyrk vkSj liQyrk dks çHkkfor xfrfofèk;ksa dk ekxZn'kZu
dks çHkkfor djrh gSA djrh gSA djrk gSA
ekSf•d vfHk:fp] rkfdZd rkfdZd&xf.krh; cqf¼] ,FkysfVd {kerk] laxhr lkfgR;] •sy] laxhr vkSj
mnkgj.k vfHk:fpA Hkk"kkbZ cqf¼eÙkkA {kerk vkSj dykRed iQksVksxzkiQh esa #fpA
{kerkA

3-4 vfHk:fp vkSj flfoy lsok,¡

z vfHk:fp flfoy lsokvksa esa O;fÙkQ;ksa dh is'ksoj Hkwfedkvksa esa mudh {kerkvksa vkSj laHkkO;rk dks vkdkj nsdj ,d egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA ;g yksxksa dh varfuZfgr çfrHkk] dkS'ky vkSj {kerkvksa dks lanfHkZr djrk gS] tks flfoy lsok esa liQyrk ds
fy, vko';d gSaA vfHk:fp ewY;kadu fof'k"V Hkwfedkvksa ds fy, lgh vfHk:fp okys O;fÙkQ;ksa dh igpku djus esa enn
djrk gS] ftlls mudh {kerkvksa vkSj lsok dh vko';drkvksa ds chp csgrj rkyesy lqfuf'pr gksrk gSA

Domain + Emotional + Ethical + = Aptitude of

Attitude
Competence Intelligence Behaviour Civil Servant

fp=k% ewY; fuekZ.k vfHk:fp

82 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

flfoy lsokvksa esa lkekftd {kerk ds fodkl esa vfHk:fp
dh Hkwfedk
z çHkkoh lapkj vkSj ikjLifjd dkS'ky% çHkkoh lapkj
vkSj ikjLifjd dkS'ky dh vfHk:fp flfoy lsodksa dks
lgdfeZ;ksa] fgrèkkjdksa vkSj turk ds lkFk etcwr lacaèk
LFkkfir djus esa l{ke cukrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% çHkkoh lapkj vfHk:fp okyk ,d flfoy
lsod fofHkUu leqnk;ksa ds lkFk leUo; cuk ldrk
gS] fo'okl vkSj le> dks c<+kok ns ldrk gSA ;g
èkkfeZd&laosnu'khy {ks=kksa esa ln~Hkko LFkkfir djus esa
lgk;d gks ldrk gSA
z Vhe odZ vkSj lg;ksx% Vhe odZ vkSj lg;ksx ds fy,
vfHk:fp flfoy lsodksa dks lg;ksx vkSj rkyesy dks
c<+kok nsrs gq, fofoèk Vheksa esa çHkkoh <ax ls dk;Z djus
esa l{ke cukrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% Vhe odZ ds fy, etcwr vfHk:fp okyk
,d flfoy lsod ijLij lac¼ ifj;kstukvksa dk
usr`Ro dj ldrk gS] fofHkUu foHkkxksa ds chp leUo;
dks c<+kok ns ldrk gS tSls fd xqtjkr esa ,d u;k
Role of Aptitude in the
Development of Social Competence
in Civil Services
Effective
Teamwork and
Communication and
Collaborationrk
Interpersonal Skills
Ex: Collaboration for Ex: working for setting
bringing religious up new semiconductor
harmony factory
flfoy lsokvksa esa uhfrijd {kerk ds fodkl esa vfHk:fp
dh Hkwfedk
z vkykspukRed lksp vkSj uSfrd fu.kZ;% vkykspukRed
lksp vkSj uSfrd fu.kZ; dh vfHk:fp flfoy lsodksa dks
uSfrd fufgrkFkks± dk vkdyu djus vkSj mudh is'ksoj
mÙkjnkf;Ro esa lS¼kafrd fodYi pquus dk vfèkdkj nsrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% vkykspukRed lksp j•us okyk ,d flfoy
lsod lM+d fuekZ.k fufonk esa fgrksa ds laHkkfor Vdjko
dh igpku dj ldrk gS vkSj mldk lekèkku dj
flfoy lsok ds fy, vfHk:fp vkSj vk/kjHkwr ewY;
lsehdaMDVj dkj•kuk LFkkfir djus ds fy, dke
djukA
z lkaLÑfrd laosnu'khyrk vkSj fofoèkrk% lkaLÑfrd
laosnu'khyrk vkSj fofoèkrk dh vfHk:fp flfoy lsodksa
dks fofoèk leqnk;ksa ds lkFk tqM+us vkSj fofHkUu fopkjksa dk
lEeku djus esa l{ke cukrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% lkaLÑfrd laosnu'khyrk ds çfr xgjh
vfHk:fp j•us okyk ,d flfoy lsod ,slh uhfr;ka
cuk ldrk gS tks vaMeku fudksckj ds vkfnokfl;ksa tSls
LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dh lkaLÑfrd fojklr dk lEeku vkSj
lqj{kk djrh gSaA
z lkoZtfud Hkk"k.k vkSj çsjd lapkj% lkoZtfud Hkk"k.k
vkSj çsjd lapkj ds fy, vfHk:fp flfoy lsodksa dks
çHkkoh <ax ls turk rd lans'k igqapkus vkSj uhfrxr cnyko
djus esa l{ke cukrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% lkoZtfud Hkk"k.k dh xgu vfHk:fp j•us
okyk ,d flfoy lsod {ks=k esa LoPNrk tSls egRoiw.kZ
lkekftd eqíksa ds ckjs esa tkx:drk c<+kus ds fy,
çHkko'kkyh Hkk"k.k ns ldrk gSA
Public Speaking
Cultural Sensitivity and
and Persuasive
Diversity
Communication
Ex: Protecting cultural Ex: Speech for better
heritage of Andaman cleanliness and its
tribes importance
ldrk gS] tc mldk HkkbZ ml {ks=k dk cM+k lM+d
Bsdsnkj gSA
z lekuqHkwfr vkSj d#.kk%
lekuqHkwfr vkSj d#.kk dh vfHk:fp flfoy lsodksa dks
lekos'kh vkSj U;k;laxr uhfr;ksa dks c<+kok nsus] O;fÙkQ;ksa dh
t:jrksa vkSj n`f"Vdks.k ij fopkj djus dh vuqefr nsrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% lekuqHkwfr j•us okyk ,d flfoy lsod
fHk•kfj;ksa vkSj jsgM+h&iVjh okyksa vkfn ds fy, ,sls
dY;k.k dk;ZØe cuk ldrk gS tks muds lkeus vkus
okyh fof'k"V pqukSfr;ksa dk lekèkku djrs gSaA
83
z uSfrd usr`Ro vkSj fu.kZ; ysuk% uSfrd usr`Ro vkSj fu.kZ;
ysus dh vfHk:fp flfoy lsodksa dks viuh Vheksa dks
çsfjr djus vkSj ,d uSfrd dk;Z laLÑfr cukus dh vuqefr
nsrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% uSfrd usr`Ro ds fy, etcwr vfHk:fp okyk
,d flfoy lsod vkpkj lafgrk LFkkfir dj ldrk gS
vkSj fdlh cM+h daiuh dks foHkkx ds vkarfjd fooj.k
yhd djus ;k bZekunkjh vkSj lR;fu"Bk dk ikyu djus
tSlh uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa ij lgdfeZ;ksa dks ekxZn'kZu çnku
dj ldrk gSA
z lS¼kafrd #• viukuk vkSj vuSfrd vkpj.k dks
lacksfèkr djuk% uSfrd lkgl dh vfHk:fp flfoy
lsodksa dks pqukSrhiw.kZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh lS¼kafrd #•
viukus vkSj vuSfrd vkpj.k dks lacksfèkr djus dh 'kfÙkQ
nsrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% uSfrd lkgl dh vfHk:fp j•us okyk
,d flfoy lsod laxBu ds Hkhrj uSfrd çFkkvksa dh
odkyr djrs gq, Hkz"Vkpkj ;k dnkpkj dks mtkxj dj
ldrk gSA

Role of Aptitude in the

Development of Ethical Competence
in Civil Service

Principled Stand and

Critical Thinking and Empathy and Ethical Leadership and
Address Unethical
Moral Judgement Compassion Decision-Making
Practices

Ex: Designing welfare Ex: Solving ethical

Ex: Not giving tender Ex: Exposing
programmes for dilemmas like leaking
for road construction to corruption or
beggars, street vendors internal details of department
his brother misconduct
etc or following honesty and
integrity.

flfoy lsokvksa esa is'ksoj {kerk ds fodkl esa vfHk:fp muds lacfa èkr {ks=kksa esa tfVy pqukSfr;ksa dh igpku djus vkSj
dh Hkwfedk mudk lekèkku djus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% leL;k&lekèkku ds fy, etcwr vfHk:fp
Holistic
Skills + Values = Competence j•us okyk ,d flfoy lsod ç'kklu dks lekèkku
çnku djds egkuxjksa esa Hkkjh ;krk;kr dh leL;k
dks gy djus ds fy, vfHkuo lekèkku fodflr dj
z fujarj vfèkxe vkSj O;kolkf;d fodkl% fujarj vfèkxe
ldrk gSA
vkSj is'ksoj fodkl ds fy, vfHk:fp flfoy lsodksa dks
z j.kuhfrd ;kstuk vkSj laxBukRed çcaèku% j.kuhfrd
fodflr uhfr;ksa] çkS|ksfxfd;ksa vkSj lokZsÙke çFkkvksa ds lkFk
;kstuk vkSj laxBukRed çcaèku dh vfHk:fp flfoy lsodksa
v|ru j•rh gSA
dks lalkèkuksa dk dq'kyrkiwoZd çcaèku djus vkSj okafNr
 mnkgj.k% ,d etcwr vfHk:fp okyk flfoy lsod
ifj.kke çkIr djus esa enn djrh gSA
lh• ldrk gS fd 'kklu esa ,vkbZ dk mi;ksx dSls
 mnkgj.k% j.kuhfrd ;kstuk ds fy, etcwr vfHk:fp
fd;k tk, ;k Hkkjr esa cSafdax ç.kkyh ds fy, CykWdpsu
okyk ,d flfoy lsod ns'k esa ?kVrs Hkwty Lrj ds
rduhd dk mi;ksx dSls fd;k tk,A
eqís dks gy djus ds fy, nh?kZdkfyd uhfr;ka fodflr
z leL;k&lekèkku vkSj fo'ys"k.kkRed lksp% leL;k&lekèkku
vkSj fo'ys"k.kkRed lksp dh vfHk:fp flfoy lsodksa dks dj ldrk gSA

84 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

 Role of Aptitude in the
Development of Professional
Competence in Civil Services
Continuous Strategic
Problem-Solving
Learning and Analytical Planning and
Organisaitonal
Professional Thinking
Management
Development
Ex: Finding solving
Ex: Learning Ex: developing
use of A.I in of traffic problem
governance in cities
long-term policies
for decreasing
ground water level
3-5 vU; ewY;ksa ds lkFk vfHk:fp dk lacaèk
z vfHk:fp vkSj lR;fu"Bk% vfHk:fp uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus
vkSj fdlh ds dk;ks± esa lR;fu"Bk cuk, j•us dh {kerk
dks c<+krh gSA
 mnkgj.k% foÙk ;k ys•kadu tSls {ks=k esa vfHk:fp
j•us okys Jh jeu foÙkh; ikjnf'kZrk] uSfrd çFkkvksa
vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, vius dkS'ky
dk mi;ksx djds lR;fu"Bk dk çn'kZu dj ldrs gSaA
z vfHk:fp vkSj lg;ksx% vfHk:fp •qys fnekx] yphysiu
vkSj nwljksa ds lkFk dke djus dh bPNk dks c<+kok nsdj
çHkkoh Vhe odZ vkSj lg;ksx dks c<+kok nsrh gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] fMtkbu] dksfMax vkSj ekdZsfVax
tSlh fofHkUu vfHk:fp;ksa okys lnL;ksa okyh ,d Vhe
viuh&viuh {kerkvksa dk ykHk mBkdj uohu mRikn
;k lsokvksa dk fuekZ.k dj ldrh gSA
z vfHk:fp vkSj n`<+ ladYi% vfHk:fp dks n`<+ ladYi vkSj
n`<+rk ls c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA tc O;fÙkQ viuh LokHkkfod
çfrHkk dks lqèkkjus vkSj mRÑ"Vrk çkIr djus dh çcy bPNk
ds lkFk tksM+rs gSa] rks mudh vfHk:fp c<+ tkrh gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] esjs nksLr jkt esa Ldwy ds le; esa
fØdsV dh çfrHkk FkhA mlus n`<+ ladYi fn•k;k vkSj
yxkrkj ç;kl fd;k] vc og lujkbtlZ gSnjkckn dh
vksj ls vkbZih,y Vhe esa •sy jgs gSaA
z vfHk:fp vkSj lekuqHkwfr% vfHk:fp nwljksa ds n`f"Vdks.k
dks le>us vkSj muls tqM+usa esa enn djrh gS vkSj lekuqHkwfr
vkSj n;kyqrkiw.kZ fu.kZ; ysus dks c<+kok nsrh gSA
flfoy lsok ds fy, vfHk:fp vkSj vk/kjHkwr ewY;
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] dkmalfyax ;k euksfoKku ds çfr
LokHkkfod vfHk:fp okyh fel #fp] lekuqHkwfr dh
,d etcwr Hkkouk ds lkFk] mu yksxksa dks çHkkoh <ax ls
ijke'kZ nsrh gSa ftUgsa HkkoukRed leFkZu dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA
z vfHk:fp vkSj usr`Ro% vfHk:fp usr`Ro dkS'ky fodflr
djrh gS] tSls çHkkoh lapkj] fu.kZ; ysuk vkSj lk>k y{;ksa
ds fy, nwljksa dks çsfjr djukA
 tc eSa fcØh foHkkx ds varxZr ,d daiuh esa dke dj
jgk Fkk rc esjs mPp vfèkdkjh us çHkkoh lapkj vkSj
j.kuhfrd lksp dkS'ky dk la;kstu fd;k] ftlls iwjh
Vhe dks ldkjkRed cnyko vkSj lkewfgd y{;ksa dks
çkIr djus ds fy, çsj.kk feyhA
z vfHk:fp vkSj O;kolkf;drk% is'ksoj vfHk:fp] mRÑ"Vrk
vkSj n{krk ds lkFk Hkwfedk dh vis{kkvksa dks iwjk djus dh
{kerk esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA
z vfHk:fp vkSj tu lsok% vfHk:fp flfoy lsodksa
dks dq'kyrkiwoZd vkSj çHkkoh <ax ls vius drZO;ksa vkSj
ftEesnkfj;ksa dks iwjk djus esa l{ke cukdj xq.koÙkkiw.kZ tu
lsokvksa dh çnk;xh esa lg;ksx djrh gSA
Professionalism Adaptability Decision making
Communication
Skills
Role of Aptitude Inclusivity
Innovation for Civil Services
Optimism
Persuasive
Leadership Stewardship
Skills skills
fp=k% flfoy lsokvksa ds fy, vfHk:fp dh Hkwfedk
flfoy lsok ljdkj dh ,d egRoiw.kZ laLFkk gSa ftUgsa uhfr
dk;kZUo;u vkSj çHkkoh 'kklu vkSj lkekftd U;k; lqfuf'pr
djus dk dk;Z lkSaik x;k gSA blds vykok] os jktuhfrd
dk;Zikfydk dks ijke'kZ Hkh nsrs gSaA pw¡fd vfHk:fp ,d
tUetkr {kerk gS] blfy,] dksbZ O;fÙkQ fdlh vfHk:fp dks
fodflr ugha dj ldrk gS ;fn ;g fdlh ds euksHkkSfrd ra=k
ls iwjh rjg ls vuqifLFkr gSA dk;Z fu"iknu ds fy,] flfoy
lsodksa ds fy, vfHk:fp ls ijs dh ;s lsok,¡ vko';d gSaA
flfoy lsodksa ds fy, ewyHkwr ewY;
z ewY; O;fÙkQxr fl¼kar ;k xq.k gSa tks fdlh O;fÙkQ ;k
lewg ds fu.kZ; vkSj O;ogkj dk ekxZn'kZu djrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% enj Vsjslk us lekuqHkwfr dks lokZsPp ewY;
ekuk vkSj thou Hkj bldk çn'kZu fd;kA
85
z flfoy lsodksa ds fy, ewyHkwr ewY; cqfu;knh fl¼kar
vkSj uSfrd ekud gSa tks mudh yksd lsok Hkwfedk esa
muds O;ogkj vkSj fu.kZ; ysus esa ekxZn'kZu djrs gSaA
;s ewY; muds is'ksoj vkpj.k dk vkèkkj curs gSa vkSj
lR;fu"Bk dks cuk, j•us] tu fo'okl dks c<+kok nsus vkSj
çHkkoh vkSj mÙkjnk;h 'kklu nsus ds fy, ,d <kaps ds :i
esa dke djrs gSaA
z mu fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa vkSj vfèkdkjksa ds lacaèk esa ,d ekud
lgefr çnku djrs gSa ftuds ukxfjd gdnkj gSaA
 mnkgj.k% d#.kk ds ewyHkwr ewY; us vkbZ,,l vfèkdkjh
ç'kkar uk;j dks daiSlusV dksf>dksM ifj;kstuk 'kq: djus
ds fy, çsfjr fd;kA
Empathy & Impartiality &
Compassion Non-Partisahip
Foundational
Integrity
Tolerance Values for Civil
Servant
Dedication to Objectivity
Public Service
fp=k% flfoy lsodksa ds fy, ewyHkwr ewY;
mnkgj.k
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,tsalh ds fy, dke djus okyh flfoy
lsod usgk ls fefy,A mudh Hkwfedk esa muds {ks=k esa m|ksxksa
}kjk i;kZoj.k vuqikyu lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fu;eksa dh
fuxjkuh djuk vkSj mUgsa ykxw djuk 'kkfey gSA
usgk xgu fujh{k.k vkSj tkap djds lR;fu"Bk dk;e j•rh
gS vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd daifu;ka i;kZoj.k
ekudksa vkSj fu;eksa dk ikyu djsaA og fdlh Hkh çdkj
dh fj'or•ksjh ;k çHkko dks Lohdkj djus ls badkj
djrh gS tks mlds dke dh lR;fu"Bk ls le>kSrk dj
ldrk gSA
fu"i{krk usgk ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ ewY; gS] D;ksafd og
lHkh O;olk;ksa ds lkFk leku O;ogkj djrh gS] pkgs mudk
vkdkj ;k çHkko dqN Hkh gksA og fu"i{k vkSj mfpr vkdyu
djrh gS] mYya?ku dh igpku gksus ij tqekZuk yxkrh gS ;k
lqèkkjkRed dkjZokbZ djrh gSA
usgk vius fu"d"kks±] fd, x, dk;ks± vkSj fy, x, fu.kZ;ksa
dk lkoèkkuhiwoZd nLrkosthdj.k djds viuh ftEesnkjh
dks xaHkhjrk ls ysrh gSA og tkurh gS fd mlds dk;ks± dk
lhèkk çHkko i;kZoj.k ds laj{k.k vkSj leqnk; ds dY;k.k
ij iM+rk gSA
86
,d is'ksoj ds :i esa] usgk uohure i;kZoj.k dkuwuksa vkSj
fofu;eksa ls v|ru jgrh gSaA og viuh fo'ks"kKrk c<+kus vkSj
;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, çf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa vkSj lEesyuksa
esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysrh gS rkfd mlds dk;Z i;kZoj.k
laj{k.k esa lokZsÙke çFkkvksa ds vuq:i gksaA
usgk vkS|ksfxd xfrfofèk;ksa ls çHkkfor leqnk;ksa dk lEeku
djrh gSaA og lfØ; :i ls fgrèkkjdksa ds lkFk tqM+rh
gS] mudh fparkvksa dks lqurh gS vkSj fVdkÅ çFkkvksa dks
viukus dh odkyr djrh gSA og i;kZoj.kh; eqíksa ds ckjs esa
tkx:drk c<+kus ds fy, çHkkoh <ax ls laokn djrh gS vkSj
O;olk;ksa] ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa vkSj lkeqnkf;d lewgksa ds chp
lg;ksx dks çksRlkfgr djrh gSA
ewyHkwr ewY;ksa ds çfr viuh çfrc¼rk ds ekè;e ls] usgk
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa ;ksxnku nsrh gS] leqnk; ds LokLF; vkSj
fgrksa dh j{kk djrh gS] vkSj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,tsalh ds
dkedkt esa turk ds fo'okl dks dk;e j•rh gSA
ewyHkwr ewY;ksa dk fodkl
z dsaæh; flfoy lsok (vkpj.k) fu;e] 1964 vkSj
vf•y Hkkjrh; lsok (vkpj.k) fu;e] 1968 esa lR;fu"Bk
vkSj drZO; ds çfr leiZ.k tSls ewY;ksa dk mYys• gSA
z elkSnk yksd lsok foèks;d] 2007 esa lafoèkku ds vkn'kks±
ds çfr fu"Bk] lq'kklu dks çkFkfed y{;] vjktuhfrd
dkedkt] oLrqfu"Brk] fu"i{krk] fu.kZ; ysus esa mÙkjnkf;Ro
vkSj ikjnf'kZrk] flfoy lsodksa dk ;ksX;rk&vkèkkfjr p;u]
O;; esa viO;; dk ifjgkj tSls ewY;ksa bR;kfn dh x.kuk
dh xbZ gSA
z nwljs ç'kklfud lqèkkj vk;ksx dh 10oha fjiksVZ esa
laoSèkkfud Hkkouk dks dk;e j•us ds vykok lR;fu"Bk vkSj
vkpj.k ds mPpre ekudksa_ fu"i{krk vkSj xSj&i{kikriw.kZrk_
lkoZtfud lsok ds çfr leiZ.k_ vkSj detksj oxks± ds çfr
lekuqHkwfr vkSj d#.kk tSls ewY;ksa dh fliQkfj'k dh xbZ gSA
z lkoZtfud thou esa uSfrd ekudksa dh lfefr (uksyu
lfefr) us 1995 esa yksd thou ds fy, vkpj.k ds lkr
ekxZn'kZd fl¼karksa dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k] tks gSa% mÙkjnkf;Ro]
fuLokFkZrk] lR;fu"Bk] •qykiu] usr`Ro] bZekunkjh vkSj
oLrqfu"BrkA
ewyHkwr ewY;ksa dh vko';drk%
z uSfrd <k¡pk% ewyHkwr ewY; ,d uSfrd <k¡pk çnku djrs
gSa tks yksxksa vkSj laxBuksa ds vkpj.k vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dk
ekxZn'kZu djrk gSA os uSfrd fl¼karksa ds :i esa dk;Z djrs
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 gSa tks bZekunkjh] lR;fu"Bk] fu"i{krk vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro dks
c<+kok nsrs gSaA
z Hkjkslk vkSj fo'oluh;rk% ewyHkwr ewY; lekt ds Hkhrj
Hkjkslk vkSj fo'oluh;rk cukus esa ;ksxnku djrs gSaA tc
O;fÙkQ vkSj laLFkku bu ewY;ksa dks dk;e j•rs gSa] rks os vius
dk;ks± vkSj bjknksa esa vkRefo'okl vkSj fo'okl iSnk djrs gSaA
z lq'kklu% os mu fl¼karksa vkSj ekudksa dks LFkkfir djrs gSa
ftuds }kjk ljdkjh vkSj lkoZtfud laLFkku lapkfyr gksrs
gSa] ikjnf'kZrk] mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj lalkèkuksa ds dq'ky mi;ksx
dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA
z lkekftd ,dtqVrk% lfg".kqrk] lEeku vkSj lekosf'krk
tSls ewY; fofHkUu O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj lewgksa ds chp lkeatL;iw.kZ
lacaèkksa dks c<+kok nsdj lkekftd ,dtqVrk dks c<+kok nsrs
gSaA os ,d ,slk okrkoj.k cukrs gSa tgka fofHkUu fopkjksa dks
egRo fn;k tkrk gS] vkSj HksnHkko vkSj iwokZxzg dks de
fd;k tkrk gSA
z la?k"kZ lekèkku% ewyHkwr ewY; la?k"kks± vkSj fooknksa dks
lqy>kus ds fy, vkèkkj çnku djrs gSaA os ckrphr] le>kSrk
vkSj 'kkafriw.kZ ckrphr dks c<+kok nsrs gSa] ftlls ruko c<+us
ds ctk; lekèkku dh lqfoèkk feyrh gSA
z ekuokfèkdkj vkSj U;k;% xfjek] lekurk vkSj U;k; tSls
ewY; ekuo vfèkdkjksa ds fy, ekSfyd gSaA bu ewY;ksa dks
dk;e j•us ls yksxksa ds vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk lqfuf'pr gksrh
gS] pkgs mudh i`"BHkwfe dqN Hkh gks] vkSj ,d U;k;iw.kZ vkSj
U;k;laxr lekt dks c<+kok feyrk gSA
3-5-1 lR;fu"Bk
m¼j.k
^^lR;fu"Bk lgh dk;Z dj jgh gksrh gS] rc Hkh tc dksbZ
ugha ns• jgk gksA** µlhoh jeu
^^lR;fu"Bk pfj=k dh vkRek gSA** µegkRek xkaèkh
z lR;fu"Bk ,d O;fÙkQxr xq.k gS ftldk vFkZ gS bZekunkj
gksuk vkSj etcwr uSfrd fl¼kar j•ukA bldk vFkZ gS mfpr
dk;Z djuk] Hkys gh og dfBu ;k vyksdfç; gksA lR;fu"B
yksx Hkjkslsean gksrs gSaA mu ij Hkjkslk fd;k tk ldrk gS fd
os vius okns fuHkk,axs vkSj tks dgsaxs mls djsaxsA
flfoy lsok ds fy, vfHk:fp vkSj vk/kjHkwr ewY;
Say/ Belief/
Think Feel
Integrity
Do/Act
z mnkgj.k%
z Refuses to cheat on a test, even
though they know they will get a
better grade if they do.
Student
z Returns a donation from a special
interest group, even though they could
use the money to win the election.
Politician
z Refuses to cut corners on safety, even
though it would save them money.
Businessman
z egÙo%
 lkekftd dY;k.k% flfoy lsodksa dks lekt ds çfr
vikj 'kfÙkQ;k¡ vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro çnku fd, tkrs gSaA
mudh fu"i{krk vkSj bZekunkjh lkekftd dY;k.k vkSj
fodkl ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA
 laoSèkkfud nkf;Ro% Hkkjr dh laçHkqrk] ,drk vkSj
v•aMrk dks cuk, j•uk vkSj mldh j{kk djuk jkT;
ds uhfr funs'kd fl¼karksa esa of.kZr gS] blfy, ;g ,d
laoSèkkfud vkSj uSfrd nkf;Ro gSA
 Hkz"Vkpkj ls yM+uk% yksd ç'kklu esa Hkz"Vkpkj dk
eqdkcyk djuk vko';d gS] tks dbZ yksxksa dks mfpr
vfèkdkjksa ls oafpr djrk gS vkSj gekjs vkfFkZd fodkl
esa Hkh ckèkk Mkyrk gSA
 leqnkf;d vko';drk,¡% yksd lsodksa ds dk;ks± dk
leqnk; ds pfj=k ij lhèkk vlj iM+rk gS] blfy, muesa
lR;fu"Bk gksuh pkfg, tks mUgsa xyr fu.kZ; ysus ls
jksdrh gS tks fd lekt dks uqdlku igqapk ldrs gSaA
 lkoZtfud lalkèkuksa dk çcaèku% os ukxfjdksa ds ykHk
ds fy, lkoZtfud lalkèkuksa vkSj mUgsa lkSais x, èku ds
87
 çcaèku ds fy, ftEesnkj gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fodkl
ds fy, mi;ksx dh tkus okyh èkujkf'k djksa ds ekè;e
ls tqVkbZ xbZ gS vkSj bldk mi;ksx lkoZtfud dY;k.k
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
 lq'kklu% lq'kklu çnku djus] dfeZ;ksa dks bZekunkjh
ls vius drZO;ksa dk ikyu djus esa l{ke cukus vkSj
csgrj ç'kklu dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, lkoZtfud {ks=k
esa lR;fu"Bk egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g lq'kklu ds fy, vkSj
mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj ikjnf'kZrk ds çfrjksèk ds dkj.k gksus
okyh foiQyrkvksa dks jksdus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA
 y{;ksa dh çkfIr% lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd
U;k; vkSj lekt esa izfr"Bk vkSj volj dh lekurk ds
y{;ksa ds fodkl vkSj miyfCèk esa flfoy lsodksa dh
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
 fu"i{k O;ogkj% turk vkSj mudh leL;kvksa dks viuh
lokZsÙke {kerkvksa ds vuqlkj fu"i{k] dq'kyrkiwoZd
vkSj laosnu'khy rjhds ls fuiVkus ds fy, LoHkko esa
lR;fu"Bk egRoiw.kZ gSA
 'kfÙkQ dk nq#i;ksx ugha% ;g lqfuf'pr djrh gS
fd flfoy lsod vius futh fgr dks vkxs c<+kus ds
fy, vius vkfèkdkfjd in dk nq#i;ksx ugha djrs gSa]
mnkgj.k ds fy, ,iQvkbZvkj ntZ djus ds fy, iqfyl
 drZO; ikyu% lR;fu"B O;fÙkQ vius drZO;ksa dk ikyu
foosd ds lkFk djrk gSA tSls iqfyldfeZ;ksa dks fugRFks
'kkafriw.kZ çn'kZudkfj;ksa ij xksyh pykus dk vkns'k fn;k
tk, rks] bZekunkj iqfyldehZ vkns'k dk ikyu djsaxs ij
lR;fu"B iqfyldehZ xksyh pykus ls budkj dj nsaxsA
Right course Consistency
of conduct
Integrity
Results Open stand
fp=k% lR;fu"Bk dh pkj&pj.kh; çfØ;k
z iQk;ns%
 Hkjkslk% yksx vki ij Hkjkslk djsaxs vkSj vki ij
fo'okl djus dh vfèkd laHkkouk gksxhA
 lEeku% yksx vkidh lR;fu"Bk vkSj uSfrd fl¼karksa ds
fy, vkidk lEeku djsaxsA
 bZekunkjh% vki ;g tkurs gq, Lo;a ds lkFk jg ik,axs
fd vkius lgh dke fd;k gSA
 eu dh 'kkafr% vkidks ;g tkudj ekufld 'kkafr

}kjk fj'or ysukA feysxh fd vki >wB ugha cksy jgs gSaA
z lR;fu"Bk ds çdkj%
lR;fu"Bk ds
ifjHkk"kk vkèkkj mnkgj.k
çdkj
laxBu ;k laLFkk ds Hkhrj uSfrd ekunaM] ikjnf'kZrk] mÙkjnkf;RoA ,d Lora=k vkpkj lfefr dh LFkkiukA
laLFkkxr
uSfrd ekudksa] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj
lR;fu"Bk
mÙkjnkf;Ro dk ikyuA
O;fÙkQxr lacaèkksa] çfrc¼rkvksa vius O;fÙkQxr thou esa uSfrd nksLrksa ;k ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ls fd, x,
vkSj ftEesnkfj;ksa esa bZekunkjh] fl¼karksa vkSj ewY;ksa dks dk;e j•uk] okns dks fuHkkuk fd vki ;wih,llh dh
O;fÙkQxr fujarjrk vkSj uSfrd O;ogkj Hkjkslsean gksuk vkSj bZekunkjh ls dk;Z rS;kjh ds fy, dM+h esgur djsaxs vkSj
lR;fu"Bk dk çn'kZu djukA djukA ml okns ds vkèkkj ij vki ?kj ls nwj
gksus ds ckotwn ijh{kk esa liQy gksrs gSaA
dk;ZLFky ;k is'ksoj laLFkkuksa esa is'ksoj vkpj.k esa fu"i{krk] ikjnf'kZrk flfoy lsodksa dk fj'or•ksjh] èkks•kèkM+h
bZekunkjh] uSfrd O;ogkj vkSj vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro ds fl¼karksa dks ;k lkfgfR;d pksjh tSlh vuSfrd
is'ksoj ekudksa vkSj ewY;ksa dk dk;e j•uk vkSj lgdfeZ;ksa] xzkgdksa xfrfofèk;ksa esa 'kkfey gksus ls budkj
is'ksoj ikyu djukA vkSj fgrèkkjdksa ds lkFk fo'okl vkSj djrs gq,] xzkgdksa ;k lgdfeZ;ksa dh
lR;fu"Bk fo'oluh;rk cuk, j•ukA xksiuh; tkudkjh dks lqjf{kr j•rs gSa
vkSj mfpr çkfèkdj.k ds fcuk bldk
•qyklk ugha djrs gSaA

88 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

 uSfrd fl¼karksa vkSj ewY;ksa dk vius uSfrd ewY;ksa vkSj dk;ks± ds chp
ikyu djuk] uSfrd fodYi larqyu çnf'kZr djuk] vkSj tks uSfrd
uSfrd
viukuk vkSj ekU;rkvksa vkSj :i ls lgh gS mlds fy, •M+k gksukA
lR;fu"Bk
n`<+ fo'oklksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z
djukA
lR;fu"Bk ds fcuk vU; ewY; vFkZghu gSa%
lR;fu"Bk ds fcuk] vU; ewY; vFkZghu gks ldrs gSa D;ksafd
muesa Bksl vkèkkj dh deh gksrh gS vkSj muesa gsjiQsj ;k mis{kk
dh vk'kadk gksrh gSA
z Hkjkslk% ;fn fdlh O;fÙkQ esa lR;fu"Bk dh deh gS vkSj
og ckj&ckj okns rksM+rk gS ;k èkks•kiw.kZ O;ogkj djrk gS]
rks Hkjkslk •Re gks tkrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d çcaèkd tks yxkrkj viuh
Vhe ds ;ksxnku dks Lohdkj fd, fcuk mlds dke dk
Js; ysrk gS] Vhe ds Hkhrj mlij fo'okl detksj gks
tkrk gSA
z lEeku% tc fdlh esa lR;fu"Bk dh deh gksrh gS] rks os
viekutud ;k vuSfrd dk;ks± esa layXu gks ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d jktusrk tks Hkz"V vkpj.k ;k
csbZekuh esa fyIr gksrk gS og turk vkSj vius lg;ksfx;ksa
dk lEeku •ks nsrk gSA
z mÙkjnkf;Ro% lR;fu"Bk ds fcuk] O;fÙkQ vius dk;ks± ds
fy, mÙkjnkf;Ro ls Hkkx ldrk gS] ftlls naMeqfÙkQ dh
laLÑfr dks c<+kok feysxkA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d vfèkdkjh tks ifj.kkeksa dk
lkeuk fd, fcuk èku vkSj foÙkh; vfHkys•ksa esa gsjkiQsjh
djrk gS] laxBu ds Hkhrj mÙkjnkf;Ro dh voèkkj.kk
dks detksj djrk gSA
z fo'oluh;rk% lR;fu"Bk dk fo'oluh;rk ls xgjk lacaèk
gSA ;fn fdlh O;fÙkQ esa lR;fu"Bk dh deh gS] rks muds
'kCn vkSj dk;Z fo'oluh;rk •ks nsrs gSa] ftlls nwljksa ds
fy, mu ij Hkjkslk djuk ;k fo'okl djuk eqf'dy gks
tkrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d foØsrk tks fdlh mRikn dh
{kerkvksa ds ckjs esa yxkrkj >wBs nkos djrk gS] og
xzkgdksa ds chp fo'oluh;rk •ks nsrk gSA
z uSfrd O;ogkj% lR;fu"Bk uSfrd vkpj.k dk ewy vkèkkj
gSA tc fdlh esa lR;fu"Bk dh deh gksrh gS] rks os fj'or
ysus ;k detksj O;fÙkQ;ksa dk 'kks"k.k djus tSlh vuSfrd
xfrfofèk;ksa esa layXu gks ldrs gSaA
flfoy lsok ds fy, vfHk:fp vkSj vk/kjHkwr ewY;
xSjdkuwuh çFkkvksa esa 'kkfey gksus ls
budkj djuk] vU;k; ;k HksnHkko ds
f•ykiQ cksyuk vkSj t:jreanksa ds çfr
n;k vkSj lgkuqHkwfr fn•kukA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d LokLF; ns•Hkky is'ksoj ftlus
esfMdy vfHkys•ksa esa gsjkiQsjh dh] og ejhtksa dh HkykbZ
vkSj fo'okl dks •rjs esa Mkyrk gSA
lR;fu"Bk esa 'kkfey gSa%
z uSfrd fl¼karksa dh lqn`<+rk
z 'kqfprk
z bZekunkjh vkSj yxu
z fdlh ds fopkj] ok.kh vkSj dk;ks± ds chp leUo;
z rdZlaxr fl¼karksa ds çfr fu"Bk
lkoZtfud thou esa lR;fu"Bk
z lkoZtfud thou esa lR;fu"Bk dk rkRi;Z lkoZtfud in ij
vklhu ;k yksd lsok esa 'kkfey O;fÙkQ;ksa ls visf{kr uSfrd
vkpj.k vkSj uSfrd bZekunkjh ls gSA blesa vkfèkdkfjd
drZO;ksa vkSj ftEesnkfj;ksa dks iwjk djrs le; bZekunkjh]
ikjnf'kZrk vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro ds lkFk dk;Z djuk 'kkfey gSA
z dkfeZd ea=kky;% dkfeZd ea=kky; ds vuqlkj] lR;fu"Bk
okyk O;fÙkQ ¶ges'kk •qys] fu"i{k vkSj ikjn'khZ rjhds ls
O;ogkj djrk gS] viuh çfrc¼rkvksa dk lEeku djrk gS
vkSj yksd lsok ewY;ksa dks cuk, j•us ds fy, dke djrk
gSA¸
z uksyu lfefr% lkoZtfud thou esa ekudksa ds fl¼karksa
ij xfBr uksyu lfefr ds vuqlkj] lkoZtfud thou esa
lR;fu"Bk dk vFkZ gS ¶lkoZtfud inksa ds èkkjdksa dks •qn
dks ckgjh O;fÙkQ;ksa ;k laxBuksa ds fy, fdlh Hkh foÙkh; ;k
vU; nkf;Ro ds varxZr ugha j•uk pkfg, tks mUgsa vius
vkfèkdkfjd drZO;ksa ds çn'kZu esa çHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA¸
z tufgr% lR;fu"B lkoZtfud vfèkdkjh tufgr esa dke
djus] vke HkykbZ dks çkFkfedrk nsus vkSj O;fÙkQxr ykHk
;k ckgjh çHkkoksa ds ctk; fl¼karksa vkSj ewY;ksa ds vkèkkj
ij fu.kZ; ysus dh etcwr çfrc¼rk }kjk funZsf'kr gksrs gSaA
os mPp Lrj dh O;kolkf;drk cuk, j•rs gSa] dkuwuh vkSj
uSfrd ekudksa dk ikyu djrs gSa vkSj fgrksa ds Vdjko ls
cprs gSaA
z Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj fj'or•ksjh ls nwj jguk% lkoZtfud
thou esa lR;fu"Bk dk vFkZ fdlh Hkh çdkj ds Hkz"Vkpkj]
89
 fj'or•ksjh ;k vuqfpr çHkko ls cpuk Hkh gS tks lkoZtfud
fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa dh lR;fu"Bk vkSj fu"i{krk ls
le>kSrk dj ldrk gSA
z fo'okl dk;e j•uk vkSj çHkkoh lalkèku mi;ksx%
blds fy, ukxfjdksa }kjk yksd vfèkdkfj;ksa ij j•s
x, fo'okl dks dk;e j•uk vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djuk
vko';d gS fd lkoZtfud lalkèkuksa dk mi;ksx foosdiw.kZ
rjhds ls vkSj lekt ds ykHk ds fy, fd;k tk,A
z yksd ç'kklu esa ^vuqikyu dh uSfrdrk* vkSj ^lR;fu"Bk
dh uSfrdrk* ds chp varj djrs gSaA
 vuqikyu dh uSfrdrk yksd lsodksa dks Lora=k uSfrd
lksp ds fcuk dkuwuksa] fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa dk l[rh
ls ikyu djus dk funZs'k nsus ij dsafær gSA ;g ckâ;
:i ls yxk, x, vkns'kksa vkSj funZs'kksa ij tksj nsrk gSA
 lR;fu"Bk dh uSfrdrk dk mís'; flfoy lsodksa ds
uSfrd rdZ dkS'ky dks fodflr djuk gS] ftlls os
Lora=k :i ls uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj ldsaA
;g dsoy ckgjh vkns'kksa vkSj naMksa ij fuHkZj jgus ds
ctk; uSfrd pfj=k ds vkarfjd fodkl] vkRe&ftEesnkjh
vkSj uSfrd ekunaMksa ds lfØ; ikyu ij tksj nsrk gSA
z mnkgj.k%
 ,lvkj 'kadju (1934&2010) f=kiqjk ds eq[; lfpo
Fks vkSj mUgsa fofHkUu lewgksa ds xaHkhj ncko dk lkeuk
djrs gq, caèkqvk etnwjh mUewyu vfèkfu;e] 1976 dks
ykxw djus esa vius ;ksxnku ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA
 lR;sUæ nqcs us ,u,p,vkbZ esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds f•ykiQ yM+rs
gq, viuh tku xaok nhA
 fr#usYybZ ukjk;.k vÕ;j 'ks"ku Hkkjr ds 10osa eq[;
pquko vk;qÙkQ (1990&96) Fks] ftUgksaus ns'k esa cM+s iSekus
ij dnkpkj dks lekIr djds pquko lqèkkj fd, vkSj
Hkkjr ds pquko vk;ksx ds ntZs vkSj mifLFkfr dks fiQj
ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;kA
yksd lsok esa lR;fu"Bk dk ßkl
z ,sfrgkfld dkjd% Hkkjr esa Hkz"Vkpkj vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu
ds nkSjku mRiUu gqvk tc Hkkjrh; vfèkdkfj;ksa dk de osru
ds dkj.k Hkz"V vkpj.k vknr cu x;kA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] dq[;kr ^c['kh'k* ç.kkyhA
z cnyko% rsth ls 'kgjhdj.k vkSj vkS|ksxhdj.k us HkkSfrd
laifÙk vkSj vkfFkZd 'kfÙkQ dks lkekftd fLFkfr dk çeq•
fuèkkZjd cuk fn;k gS] ftlls viuh gSfl;r cuk, j•us
90
dk ç;kl djus okys flfoy lsodksa ds chp Hkz"Vkpkj c<+
x;k gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] Bsds nsus ds fy, fj'or Lohdkj
djukA
z vkfFkZd dkjd% vi;kZIr ikfjJfed vkSj c<+rh thou;kiu
ykxr] tks fo'ks"k :i ls osruHkksxh oxZ dks çHkkfor djrh
gS vkSj blls Hkz"Vkpkj esa c<+kok gksrk gS D;ksafd O;fÙkQ vius
foÙkh; ladVksa dh HkjikbZ djuk pkgrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ykblsal ;k ijfeV tkjh djukA
z detksj tuer% yksx vDlj Hkz"Vkpkj dh fjiksVZ djus
ds ctk; fj'or dh is'kd'k dk lgkjk ysrs gSa] tks Hkz"V
çFkkvksa ds f•ykiQ ,d etcwr tuer dks c<+kok nsus dh
vko';drk ij çdk'k Mkyrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] dkxth dkjZokbZ esa rsth ykus ;k
tqekZus ls cpus ds fy, fj'or nsukA
z tfVy ljdkjh çfØ;k,¡% fofHkUu ljdkjh foHkkxksa esa
cksf>y çfØ;k,¡ csbZeku çFkkvksa vkSj 'kfÙkQ ds nq#i;ksx ds
volj iSnk djrh gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ukSdj'kkg dkxth dkjZokbZ esa rsth
ykus ;k fu;eksa dks njfdukj djus ds fy, fj'or dh
ekax djrs gSaA
z vçHkkoh Hkz"Vkpkj fojksèkh dkuwu% iqjkus dkuwu vkSj
Hkz"Vkpkj ds ekeyksa ds fy, vi;kZIr naM ls U;k; esa nsjh
gksrh gS vkSj fu.kkZ;d lquokbZ vkSj l[r naMksa ds dk;kZUo;u
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ekeyksa dks fcuk fuiVku ds o"kks±
rd •hapk tk jgk gSA
z yksd lsokvksa dks laj{k.k% Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk vuqPNsn
311] Hkz"V O;fÙkQ;ksa ds f•ykiQ vuq'kklukRed dkjZokbZ
djus esa mPp vfèkdkfj;ksa dh vfuPNk ds lkFk feydj]
Hkz"Vkpkj ds f•ykiQ çHkkoh mik;ksa esa ckèkk Mkyrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkz"V vfèkdkfj;ksa ij vuq'kklukRed
dkjZokbZ ;k rcknyksa ls cpkukA
z fgrksa dk Vdjko% vius O;fÙkQxr fgrksa dh iwfrZ ds fy,
okf.kfT;d vkSj vkS|ksfxd fnXxtksa vkSj Hkz"V vfèkdkfj;ksa
ds chp feyhHkxr ls Hkz"V vkpj.k dks c<+kok feyrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] O;fÙkQxr midkj ;k foÙkh; fj'or
ds cnys esa daifu;ksa dks Bsds nsukA
z ncko lewgksa dk çHkko% vius leqnk;ksa ds fy, ykHk
pkgus okys ncko lewg] tSls fd O;kikj la?k vkSj okf.kT;
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 eaMy] çHkko Mkydj vkSj i{kikr dks c<+kok nsdj Hkz"Vkpkj ikjn'khZ vkSj •qyk gks] dkuwu vkSj ç'kklfud U;k; ds
esa ;ksxnku djrs gSaA vuq:i gksA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ekSfæd ykHk ds cnys vuqdwy
lR;fu"Bk le>kSrk%
uhfr;ksa ;k NwV dh iSjoh djukA
z lR;fu"Bk le>kSrk ;k baVhfxzVh iSDV ,d lrdZrk midj.k
lR;fu"Bk ij f}rh; ç'kklfud lqèkkj vk;ksx (,vkjlh) gS tks laHkkfor foØsrkvksa@cksyhnkrkvksa vkSj •jhnkj ds chp
dh fliQkfj'ksa ,d le>kSrs dh ifjdYiuk djrk gS] tks nksuksa i{kksa dks
f}rh; ç'kklfud lqèkkj vk;ksx (,vkjlh) us yksd ç'kklu vuqcaèk ds fdlh Hkh igyw ij dksbZ Hkz"V çHkko ugha Mkyus
ç.kkyh esa lqèkkj ds fy, ,d foLr`r •kdk rS;kj fd;kA blus ds fy, çfrc¼ djrk gSA
fuEufyf•r fliQkfj'ksa nha%
z blds dk;kZUo;u dks bafMisaMsaV ,DlVuZy ekWfuVlZ (vkbZbZ,e)
z ,d O;fDr dks djuk pkfg,% vius drZO;ksa ds nkSjku }kjk lqfuf'pr fd;k tkrk gS tks fufoZokn lR;fu"Bk ds
vftZr tkudkjh dk mi;ksx djds vkfèkdkfjd inksa dk yksx gSaA
nq#i;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,] migkj ;k vkfrF; Lohdkj ugha
djuk pkfg, tks mlds fu.kZ;ksa ls le>kSrk dj ldrk gS] ;k Vªkalisjsalh baVjus'kuy (VhvkbZ)
çkfèkdkj ds fcuk tkudkjh dk •qyklk ugha djuk pkfg,A z Vªkalisjsalh baVjus'kuy ,d xSj&ljdkjh oSf'od laxBu gS
z ,d O;fDr dks djuk pkfg,% vius drZO;ksa vkSj nkf;Roksa tks Hkz"Vkpkj ls yM+us vkSj 'kklu vkSj lkoZtfud thou esa
dks ftEesnkjh ls iwjk djuk pkfg,] is'ksoj rjhds ls dk;Z ikjnf'kZrk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, lefiZr gSA
djuk pkfg, vkSj turk dk fo'okl cuk, j•uk pkfg,] z Vªkalisjsalh baVjus'kuy mÙkjnk;h vkSj ikjn'khZ ç.kkfy;ksa dks
;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd lkoZtfud èku vkSj lalkèkuksa c<+kok nsus esa bZekunkjh vkSj uSfrd O;ogkj ds egRo ij
dk dq'kyrkiwoZd mi;ksx fd;k tk,] lkoZtfud vkpj.k tksj nsrk gSA
bZekunkjh vkSj lR;fu"Bk ds chp varj
ekinaM bZekunkjh lR;fu"Bk
ifjHkk"kk lPpk gksuk vkSj vius dgs ij dk;e jgukA ewY; ra=k] fopkj vkSj dk;ks± esa ,d:irkA
lR;rk >wB cksyus ls gekjh bZekunkjh lekIr Hkh ldrh gS vkSj ugha HkhA lR;fu"Bk ds fy, lR;rk igyh 'krZ gSA
bZekunkjh okLrfod vkpj.k dks çfrfcafcr dj Hkh ldrh gS okLrfod vkpj.k esa >yduk pkfg,-
vkpj.k
vkSj ugha HkhA
lR;fu"Bk ds fcuk bZekunkj gks ldrs gSa & dsoy 'kCn] dksbZ bZekunkjh ds fcuk ;g laHko ugha gks ldrk_
ijLij lacaèk
O;ogkj ughaA 'kCnksa vkSj dk;ks± esa leUo; gksrk gSA
?kVd bZekunkjh lR;fu"Bk ds ?kVdksa esa ls ,d gSA lR;fu"Bk] bZekunkjh dk lqijlsV gSA
yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh viuh bZekunkjh vkSj uSfrd çfrc¼rk ds Vh,u 'ks"ku viuh lR;fu"Bk ds fy, tkus
mnkgj.kkFkZ fy, tkus tkrs gSaA jsy ea=kh ds :i esa muds dk;Zdky ds nkSjku tkrs FksA
,d jsy nq?kZVuk gksus ij mUgksaus bLrhiQk ns fn;kA
z ljnkj iVsy ds 'kCnksa esa] ¶Hkkjr dh ,drk ,d etcwr
bZekunkjh dh nqdkusa
vkSj Lora=k vf•y Hkkjrh; lsok ij fuHkZj djrh gS tks z gky gh esa] LVwMsaV iqfyl dSMsV (,lihlh) ifj;kstuk ds
Lora=k :i ls viuh jk; O;ÙkQ dj ldrh gS vkSj lqjf{kr fgLls ds :i esa dsjy ds yxHkx 15 Ldwyksa esa ^bZekunkjh
eglwl djrh gSA ;g igpkuuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd esgur dh nqdkusa* •ksyh xbZaA
z blus Nk=kksa ds fy, Hkjkslk] lPpkbZ vkSj lR;fu"Bk ij
vkSj bZekunkjh ds ekè;e ls çkIr dq'ky] vuq'kkflr vkSj dqN ewY;oku f'k{kkvksa ij è;ku dsafær fd;kA
larq"V lsok] yksdrkaf=kd O;oLFkk esa çHkkoh ç'kklu ds z bu nqdkuksa ds dkmaVjksa ij dksbZ lsYleSu ugha gksrk gS
fy, vko';d gS] lÙkkoknh 'kklu ls Hkh vfèkdA blfy,] vkSj Nk=k çR;sd oLrq ds fy, iSls est ij j•s dysD'ku
ckWDl esa Mky ldrs gSaA os vanj tkdj viuh ilan dh
lR;fu"Bk yksd thou esa cgqr egRo j•rh gS] ftlls oLrq pqu ldrs gSa vkSj çnf'kZr ewY; lwph ds vkèkkj ij
lkekftd ln~Hkko dks c<+kok feyrk gSA mlds fy, Hkqxrku dj ldrs gSaA

flfoy lsok ds fy, vfHk:fp vkSj vk/kjHkwr ewY; 91

3-5-2 fu"i{krk] xSj& i{kikriw.kZrk vkSj rVLFkrk
m¼j.k
^^xSj&i{kikriw.kZrk gekjh ekU;rkvksa dks R;kxus ds ckjs esa
ugha gS] cfYd gekjs erHksnksa dks nwj djus vkSj vke lekèkku
fudkyus ds ckjs esa gS tks iwjs lekt dks ykHkkfUor djrk gSA**
 µcjkd vksckek
^^fu"i{krk U;k; dh vkRek gSA blds fy, gesa fcuk fdlh
iwokZxzg ds U;k; djuk] fcuk fdlh iwokZxzg ds lquuk vkSj
fu"i{krk vkSj lekurk ds lkFk dk;Z djuk vko';d gSA**
 µegkRek xkaèkh
^^rVLFkrk gesa phtksa dks fofHkUu dks.kksa ls ns•us vkSj futh
iwokZxzgksa ls çHkkfor gq, fcuk lwfpr fu.kZ; ysus dh vuqefr
nsrh gSA**  µeykyk ;wlqiQtbZ
ifjn`'; mnkgj.k
School Teacher Can be partial
z Responsible for assigning gradee
to students
z Has personal relations with few
students
Can be impartial
z flfoy lsodksa ds fy, fu"i{krk% flfoy lsodksa ds fy,]
fu"i{krk nks vyx&vyx Lrjksa ij dke djrh gS &
 jktuhfrd fu"i{krk% bldk rkRi;Z flfoy lsodksa
dh viuh O;fÙkQxr jk; ds ckotwn] fofHkUu jktuhfrd
fopkjèkkjk okyh ljdkjksa esa leku :i ls lsok djuk gSA
 yksd fu"i{krk% bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ,d flfoy
lsod fdlh O;fÙkQ ;k fgr fo'ks"k ds f•ykiQ HksnHkko
fd, fcuk fu"i{k] xSj&i{kikriw.kZ] mís';iw.kZ vkSj
U;k;laxr rjhds ls vius nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djrk gSA
z fu"i{krk dk egRo%
 lgh dkjZokbZ% ,d flfoy lsod fdlh Hkh çdkj ds
èkkfeZd] jktuhfrd ;k lkekftd iwokZxzgksa ls eqÙkQ gksdj
naxksa] lkaçnkf;d fgalk ;k ,slh tfVy fLFkfr ds ekeys
esa lgh dkjZokbZ djus esa l{ke gksrk gS vkSj fu"i{krk
dk;e j•rk gSA
 fufgr LokFkZ% Hkkjr tSls fofoèkrkiw.kZ ns'k esa] ;fn
flfoy lsod fufgr LokFkks± ds fy, cgqla[;dksa ds çfr
i{kikrh gks tkrk gS] rks vYila[;dksa dh vkokt dks
92
fu"i{krk%
z fu"i{krk dk vFkZ fu"i{k ,oa xSj&i{kikrh gksuk gSA ;g ,d ;k
nwljs i{k ds lkFk i{kikr fd, fcuk fu.kZ; ysus dk xq.k gSA
 ,d fu"i{k O;fÙkQ lHkh ds lkFk leku O;ogkj djrk
gS vkSj futh Hkkoukvksa] jk; ;k ckgjh çHkkoksa dks vius
fu.kZ; esa gLr{ksi ugha djus nsrk gSA
 os fu"i{k fu.kZ; ysus ls igys lHkh n`f"Vdks.kksa vkSj
lcwrksa ij fopkj djrs gq, rVLFk vkSj oLrqfu"B gksus
dk ç;kl djrs gSaA
 fu"i{krk ;g lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd lHkh dks mfpr
ekSdk fn;k tk, vkSj fu.kZ; O;fÙkQxr iwokZxzgksa ds ctk;
;ksX;rk ij vkèkkfjr gksaA
 mnkgj.k% dksbZ U;k;kèkh'k fdlh O;fÙkQ dks dsoy
fdlh leqnk; fo'ks"k ls gksus ;k lks'ky ehfM;k fjiksVks±
ds vkèkkj ij nks"kh ugha eku ldrk cfYd mls dkuwu
dh mfpr çfØ;k dk ikyu djuk iM+rk gSA
Will lead to Distrust
Encourages Unhealthy competition
Erosion of respect
Transparency
Responsibility
Will lead to
Integrity
Respect
nck;k tk ldrk gSA flfoy lsodksa dks vYila[;dksa
dh lqj{kk djuh pkfg,A
 yksxksa dk dY;k.k% vèkhuLFkksa ds ewY;kadu esa_
;kstukvksa] dk;ZØeksa dh leh{kk_ dh xbZ dkjZokbZ dh
fjiksVZ cukus esa] fu"i{krk flfoy lsodksa dks lPph
rLohj çLrqr djus esa lgk;rk djrh gS tks varr% turk
ds dY;k.k ds fy, lgk;d gksrh gS
Non-
Political Civil Service
Impartiality Partisanship Neutrality
fp=k% flfoy lsok esa rVLFkrk dk egRo
 ewY;ksa dks dk;e j•uk% fu"i{krk lekurk] Lora=krk]
HkkbZpkjs dks dk;e j•us_ gkf'k;s ij iM+s rcds vkSj
vehjksa ds ckjsa esa cjkcj lkspus esa enn djrh gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
  dk;Z laLÑfr% ldkjkRed ,oa vuqdwy dk;Z laLÑfr
dk fuekZ.kA
 vU;% Lo;a dks HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn]jktuhfrd&dkWikZsjsV
lkaBxkaB_ Hkz"Vkpkj ls eqÙkQ j•ukA
xSj&i{kikriw.kZrk
z xSj&i{kikr] ljy 'kCnksa esa] jktuhfrd ekeyksa ;k lac¼rkvksa
esa fu"i{k vkSj rVLFk jgus dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
 bldk vFkZ gS fd dksbZ O;fÙkQ ;k laxBu fu"i{k jgrk
gS vkSj fdlh fo'ks"k jktuhfrd ny ;k fopkjèkkjk dk
i{k ugha ysrk gSA
 blds ctk;] os O;fÙkQxr iwokZxzgksa ;k fdlh fo'ks"k
jktuhfrd ny ds çfr fu"Bk ds Hkko ls eqÙkQ gksdj]
eqíksa vkSj fu.kZ;ksa dks fu"i{krk ls djrs gSaA
 xSj&i{kikriw.kZrk fu"i{krk] •qykiu vkSj dbZ igyqvksa
ij fopkj djus dh {kerk dks c<+kok nsrh gS] ftlls
;g lqfuf'pr gksrk gS fd fu.kZ; fdlh fo'ks"k jktuhfrd
,tsaMs dh iwfrZ ds ctk; O;kid leqnk; ds lokZsÙke
fgr esa fd, tkrs gSaA
ifjn`'; mnkgj.k
eku yhft, dksbZ U;k;kèkh'k ,d ,sls vnkyrh ekeys dh
vè;{krk dj jgk gS ftlesa fofHkUu jktuhfrd nyksa ds
nks O;fÙkQ 'kkfey gSa vkSj ftuds chp dkuwuh fookn gSaA
U;k;kèkh'k nksuksa i{kksa }kjk çLrqr rdks± dks è;ku ls lqurk gS]
 lVhdrk% xSj&i{kikriw.kZ fjiksfVZax fdlh fo'ks"k
jktuhfrd ny ;k fopkjèkkjk dks c<+kok nsus dh bPNk
ls çHkkfor ugha gksrh gSA ;g i=kdkfjrk tSls {ks=kksa esa
egRoiw.kZ gS] tgka turk dks lwfpr djus ds fy, lVhd
fjiksfVZax vko';d gSA
 Hkjkslk% D;ksafd turk xSj&i{kikriw.kZ laLFkkuksa dks fu"i{k
vkSj oLrqfu"B ekurh gS] blfy, muds Åij turk dk
fo'okl vfèkd gksus dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA ;g ljdkj
tSls {ks=kksa esa egRoiw.kZ gS] tgka laLFkkuksa ij Hkjkslk mudh
çHkko'khyrk ds fy, vko';d gSA
 fo'oluh;rk% xSj&i{kikrh O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fo'oluh;
gksus dh vfèkd laHkkouk gksrh gS] D;ksafd mUgsa fu"i{k
vkSj O;kogkfjd ekuk tkrk gSA ;g f'k{kk tSls {ks=kksa esa
egRoiw.kZ gS] tgka Nk=kksa dks mPp xq.koÙkk okyh f'k{kk
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fo'oluh;rk vko';d gksrh
gSA
xSj&i{kikr lqfuf'pr djus ds rjhds
 dsaæh; flfoy lsok vkpj.k fu;e] 1964] vkSj
vf•y Hkkjrh; lsok vkpj.k fu;e] 1968% os
flfoy lsodksa dks turk ds lkFk vius O;ogkj esa
Vky&eVksy dh j.kuhfr u viukrs gq, viuk drZO;
iwjh fu"Bk ls fuHkkus ds fy, dqN fn'kkfunZs'k fuèkkZfjr
djrs gSaA
 vkpkj lafgrk] 1997% ;g Hkkjr esa yksd lsodksa ds

lcwrksa dh tkap djrk gS] vkSj dkuwu dks oLrqfu"B vkSj fy, vkpkj lafgrk ykxw djus dh igyh igy Fkh]
fu"i{k :i ls ykxw djrk gSA ftls csgrj ç'kklu dh fn'kk esa ,d dne ekuk x;kA
fdlh Hkh O;fÙkQxr jk; ;k jktuhfrd >qdko ds fcuk] m¼j.k
U;k;kèkh'k iwjh dk;Zokgh ds nkSjku fu"i{k jgrs gSa] vkSj ;g ¶i{kikr gekjk egku vfHk'kki gSA ge Hkh vklkuh ls eku ysrs
lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd fu.kZ; iwjh rjg ls ekeys dh xq.knks"kksa gSa fd gj pht ds nks igyw gksrs gSa vkSj ;g gekjk drZO; gS
vkSj ykxw dkuwuksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA fd ge ,d ;k nwljs i{k ij jgsaA** µtsEl gkoZs jkWfcUlu
fu"i{krk ds çfr U;k;kèkh'k dh çfrc¼rk nksuksa i{kksa ds fy,
leku O;ogkj vkSj fu"i{k ifj.kke dh xkjaVh nsrh gS] xSj i{kikriw.kZrk fu"i{krk
pkgs mudh jktuhfrd lac¼rk dqN Hkh gksA z ;g ,d çdkj dk z fdlh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr
n`f"Vdks.k gSA esa ,d çdkj dk
z mnkgj.k% O;ogkj gSA
 Vh,u 'ks"ku dks eq[; pquko vk;qÙkQ ds :i esa mudh z ;g jktuhfrd z ;g u dsoy jktuhfrd
xSj&i{kikriw.kZ Hkwfedk ds fy, ;kn fd;k tkrk gSA dk;Zikfydk ds lkFk dk;Zikfydk cfYd yksxksa
z xSj&i{kikriw.kZrk dk egRo% flfoy lsodksa ds lacaèkksa ds lkFk Hkh flfoy
 fu"i{krk% xSj&i{kikriw.kZ fu.kZ; O;fÙkQxr iwokZxzgksa ;k ls lacafèkr gS vkSj bl lsodksa ds lacaèkksa ls
jktuhfrd lac¼rk ls çHkkfor ugha gksrs gSaA ;g fofèk çdkj ;g ,d ladh.kZ lacafèkr gS vkSj bl
tSls {ks=kksa esa egRoiw.kZ gS] tgka U;k; lqfuf'pr djus ds voèkkj.kk gSA ;g ,d çdkj ,d O;kid
fy, fu"i{k fu.kZ; vko';d gSaA jktuhfrd rVLFkrk gSA voèkkj.kk gSA

flfoy lsok ds fy, vfHk:fp vkSj vk/kjHkwr ewY; 93

rVLFkrk
z rVLFkrk dk rkRi;Z fdlh la?k"kZ ;k vlgefr dh fLFkfr
esa fu"i{k jguk vkSj fdlh dk i{k u ysuk gSA bldk
vFkZ gS fu"i{krk vkSj oLrqfu"Brk dh fLFkfr cuk, j•uk]
fofHkUu igyqvksa ;k fodYiksa ds fu"i{k ewY;kadu dh
vuqefr nsukA
 rVLFkrk esa ,d larqfyr vkSj rVLFk n`f"Vdks.k ds fy,
O;fÙkQxr iwokZxzgksa vkSj fopkjksa dks vyx j•uk
laoSèkkfud inksa dh rVLFkrk %
z gky gh esa laoSèkkfud inksa tSls jkT;iky (egkjk"Vª] if'pe
caxky) vkSj jkT; dh foèkkulHkkvksa ds vè;{k vkfn dh
rVLFkrk jktuhfrd rVLFkrk ds fl¼kar ds vkèkkj ij
lokZsPp U;k;ky; dh tkap ds nk;js esa vk xbZ gSA
z laoSèkkfud inksa ds ekeys esa rVLFkrk ds fl¼kar dk
egRo
 laoSèkkfud fo'okl dks dk;e j•uk ftlds fy, dk;ks±

'kkfey gSA esa rVLFkrk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

 ;g Li"V vkSj fu"i{k ewY;kadu dh vuqefr nsrk gS]  laoSèkkfud dk;kZy;ksa esa fufgr 'kfÙkQ dk fdlh jktuhfrd

vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd fu.kZ; ;k dk;Z i{kikr i{k esa >qdko yksdra=k esa jktuhfrd fu"i{krk dks
;k iwokZxzg ls çHkkfor ugha gSaA çHkkfor dj ldrk gSA
 rVLFkrk vDlj eqÙkQ] oLrqfu"B vkSj lHkh i{kksa ;k  orZeku esa] lgdkjh la?kokn dh vko';drk gS vkSj

n`f"Vdks.kksa ds lkFk leku O;ogkj djus ls tqM+h gksrh gSA laoSèkkfud inksa dh rVLFkrk dh vuqifLFkfr jkT;ksa vkSj
 flfoy lsok rVLFkrk dk rkRi;Z jktuhfrd fu"i{krk dsaæksa] tSls if'pe caxky vkSj dsaæ ljdkj ds chp
ls gSA la?k"kZ iSnk djrh gSA
z rVLFkrk ds çdkj% Political Partiality
 fuf"Ø; rVLFkrk% blesa flfoy lsod dsoy jktuhfrd Politicised Bureaucracy
dk;Zikfydk ds vkns'k dh vuqikyuk djrs gSa vkSj ,sls Partisanship
esa os dqN dkuwuh ;k laoSèkkfud çkoèkkuksa dk mYya?ku
dj ldrs gSaA blfy,] ;g vokaNuh; gS D;ksafd ;g Political Impartialilty
çfrc¼ ukSdj'kkgh ds fopkj dks tUe nsrk gSA Neutral Bureaucracy
 lfØ; rVLFkrk% vfèkdkjh fdlh fo'ks"k i{k dk
Non-Partisanship
vuqlj.k fd, fcuk ogh djsaxs tks lafoèkku] dkuwu]
fu;e vkSj dk;kZy; fu;e iqfLrdk vkfn dgrs gSaA fp=k% rVLFkrk dk egRo
bldh vfèkdrk dHkh&dHkh flfoy lsok lfØ;rk dks z rVLFkrk dh pqukSfr;k¡%
tUe ns ldrh gSA  Lora=k laLFkkvksa dk vHkko% LFkkukarj.k] inLFkkiu ,oa

çfrc¼ ukSdj'kkgh
udkjkRed igyw
bldk rkRi;Z jktuhfrÑr
ukSdj'kkgh ls gS] tgka
ç'kklfud ra=k dsoy
lÙkkèkkjh jktuhfrd ny ds
ladh.kZ fgrksa dh iwfrZ djrh
gS] mnkgj.k ds fy, ukth
teZuh dk ç'kklfud ra=kA
ldkjkRed igyw
bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd
flfoy lsod jkT;] lafoèkku]
dkuwu vkfn ds mís';ksa
ds çfr çfrc¼ gSa vkSj
jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk ds
dk;ZØeksa esa fo'okl j•rs gSa
c'krZs fd os jkT;] lafoèkku
vU; lsok 'krks± ds fy, Lora=k laLFkkvksa dk vHkko gSA
ifj.kkeLo:i] flfoy lsod viuh ilanhnk iksfLVax vkSj
vU; lqfoèkk,a ikus ds fy, fdlh u fdlh jktuhfrd
ny ds lkFk tqM+ tkrs gSaA
 xksiuh;rk% vkfèkdkfjd dkedkt esa xksiuh;rk] ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk vkSj flfoy
lsodksa ds chp viuh xSjdkuwuh larqf"V dks iwjk djus
ds fy, ,d lkaBxkaB fodflr gksrh gSA
 lsok esa vkSj varj&lsok çfr}af}rk% çR;sd ljdkjh

vkfn ds mís';ksa ds lkFk tqM+s lsok esa Hkk"kk] èkeZ] tkfr vkSj {ks=k ds vkèkkj ij fofHkUu
gq, gksaA blesa os lÙkk:<+ xqV gksrs gSaA vius xqV ds fy, inksUufr vkSj lqfoèkk,a
ny ds jktuhfrd n'kZu ij gkfly djus ds fy,] os jktusrkvksa dh bPNk ds vkxs
rduhdh lykg nsrs gSaA >qdrs gSaA

94 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

  xSjdkuwuh jktuhfrd ,tsaMs% çfrc¼ ukSdj'kkgh dh dks çkFkfedrk nsrs gSaA cgqr ls yksx ,sls vfèkdkjh dks
xyr èkkj.kk] tgka flfoy lsod ,d fo'ks"k jktuhfrd ilan ugha djrs tks fu"i{k vkSj Li"V lykg nsrk gSA
ny ds jktuhfrd ,tsaMs dks iwjk djus dh dksf'k'k
jktuhfrd rVLFkrk laoSèkkfud inksa ds Åij fu"i{krk] lfg".kqrk
djrs gSaA
 pquko vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj% eaf=k;ksa dks pquko vfHk;kuksa ds vkSj fopkjksa dh Lora=krk ds yksdrkaf=kd fl¼karksa dks cuk, j•us
foÙkiks"k.k ds fy, cgqr vfèkd èku dh vko';drk gksrh dh ftEesnkjh Mkyrh gS vkSj bu inksa ij cSBs O;fÙkQ;ksa dk vkpj.k
gS] blfy, os ,d lqfoèkktud vèkhuLFk vfèkdkfj;ksa ,slk gksuk pkfg, fd dksbZ jktuhfrd gLr{ksi u gksA
fu"i{krk] xSj&i{kikriw.kZrk vkSj rVLFkrk ds chp varj%
ekunaM fu"i{krk xSj i{kikriw.kZrk rVLFkrk
lHkh i{kksa ;k O;fÙkQ;ksa ds lkFk jktuhfrd ekeyksa esa fu"i{k vkSj oLrqfu"B ,oa fu"i{k fLFkfr cuk, j•uk]
leku :i ls vkSj fcuk i{kikr rVLFk jguk vkSj fdlh dk i{k ysrs fdlh i{k dk i{k u ysuk ;k fdlh Hkh
ifjHkk"kk
ds O;ogkj djuk] fu.kZ; ysus esa gq, fn•us ls cpukA fLFkfr esa i{kikr u djukA
fu"i{krk lqfuf'pr djukA
U;k;] 'kklu vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dh eq[;:i ls jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa] vke rkSj ij mu fLFkfr;ksa esa ykxw gksrh
çfØ;kvksa lfgr fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa yksd lsok] vkSj ç'kklfud Hkwfedkvksa gS tgka rVLFk n`f"Vdks.k dh vko';drk
ykxw gksrk gS] tgka lHkh i{kksa ds esa çklafxd gS tgka fdlh fo'ks"k gksrh gS] tSls la?k"kks± esa eè;LFkrk djuk]
çklaxfdrk
lkFk fu"i{k vkSj leku O;ogkj jktuhfrd lewg ;k ikVhZ dk i{k ckrphr dks lqfoèkktud cukuk] ;k
vko';d gSA fy, fcuk lkoZtfud fgr dks iwjk fu"i{k fjiksfVZax lqfuf'pr djukA
djus ij è;ku dsafær fd;k tkrk gSA
fdlh fo'ks"k fLFkfr ;k fu.kZ; fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd ny ds çfr ,d larqfyr vkSj oLrqfu"B n`f"Vdks.k
ysus dh çfØ;k esa 'kkfey lHkh i{kikr ;k iwokZxzg ls cpdj dh lqfoèkk çnku djuk] mu fLFkfr;ksa
mís'; O;fÙkQ;ksa ;k ikfVZ;ksa ds fy, jktuhfrd çfØ;kvksa vkSj yksd esa fu"i{k ewY;kadu] fu.kZ; ;k dk;ks± dh
fu"i{krk] U;k; vkSj leku lsok esa tu fo'okl] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vuqefr nsuk tgka i{k ysus ls rVLFkrk ls
O;ogkj lqfuf'pr djukA fo'oluh;rk dks c<+kok nsukA le>kSrk gks ldrk gSA
fu"i{k fu.kZ;] lHkh ds fy, jktuhfrd lac¼rk ls Lora=krk] oLrqfu"B ewY;kadu] O;fÙkQxr iwokZxzg ;k
çeq• y{k.k leku fopkj] iwokZxzg ;k nqjkxzg i{kikriw.kZ fgrksa ds çfr rVLFkrk vkSj fufgr LokFkks± dk vHkko] ijLij fojksèkh
dk vHkko] fu"i{krk gSA lkoZtfud fgr ds çfr çfrc¼rkA nyksa ;k fopkjksa ds çfr rVLFkrkA
,d fu"i{k U;k;kèkh'k ,d ,d yksd lsod ;k ljdkjh vfèkdkjh nks ijLij fojksèkh i{kksa ds chp 'kkafr okrkZ
vnkyrh ekeys dh lquokbZ dj tks lÙkk esa fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd ny dh lqfoèkk çnku djus okyk eè;LFk
jgk gS] tks vfHk;kstu vkSj cpko dh ijokg fd, fcuk rVLFk jgrk gS fu"i{k #• cuk, j•rk gS vkSj fu"i{k
mnkgj.k nksuksa ds lkFk leku O;ogkj vkSj tu fgr dh lsok djrk gSA ckrphr lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
djrk gS vkSj iwjh rjg ls lk{;
vkSj dkuwu ij vkèkkfjr fu.kZ;
djrk gSA
3-5-3 oLrqfu"Brk O;fÙkQxr jk; ;k Hkkoukvksa ls eqÙkQ gksus ds xq.k ls

m¼j.k gSA blesa O;fÙkQxr iwokZxzgksa ;k çkFkfedrkvksa dks fdlh ds

^^oLrqfu"Brk og ckSf¼d dBksjrk gS tks gesa rF;ksa dks jk; fu.kZ; dks çHkkfor djus dh vuqefr fn, fcuk] fdlh
ls vyx djus esa enn djrh gSA** µiQjhn tdkfj;k fLFkfr ;k tkudkjh dks fu"i{k :i ls ns•uk 'kkfey gSA
z oLrqfu"Brk ls rkRi;Z fdlh pht dks le>rs le; ;k  lekurk ds vafre ewY; dks çkIr djus ds fy,
mldk ewY;kadu djrs le; fu"i{k] U;k;ksfpr vkSj oLrqfu"Brk ,d vFkZiw.kZ ewY; gSA

flfoy lsok ds fy, vfHk:fp vkSj vk/kjHkwr ewY; 95

  oLrqfu"Brk ds fy, rF;ksa vkSj lcwrksa dh tkap djuk]
fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ij fopkj djuk vkSj O;fÙkQijd
Hkkoukvksa ds ctk; rkfdZd rdZ ds vkèkkj ij fu.kZ;
ysuk vko';d gSA
 ;g ,d rVLFk n`f"Vdks.k cuk, j•us vkSj gekjs vklikl
dh nqfu;k dks le>us vkSj O;k[;k djus esa fu"i{krk
vkSj lVhdrk ds fy, ç;kl djus ds ckjs esa gSA
z uksyu lfefr% uksyu lfefr ds vuqlkj] fu"i{krk dks
lkoZtfud thou esa ewyHkwr ewY;ksa esa ls ,d ds :i esa
js•kafdr fd;k x;k gSA
 ;g bl ckr ij tksj nsrh gS fd lkoZtfud dk;kZy;
esa O;fÙkQ;ksa dks lkoZtfud ekeyksa dk lapkyu djrs
le; fu"i{krk çnf'kZr djuh pkfg,] tSls fd fu;qfÙkQ;k¡
djuk] vuqcaèk nsuk vkSj iqjLdkj vkSj ykHk ds fy,
O;fÙkQ;ksa dh fliQkfj'k djukA
 lfefr bl ckr ij tksj nsrh gS fd fu.kZ; fdlh Hkh
O;fÙkQxr iwokZxzg ;k i{kikr ls jfgr] xq.knks"k ds vkèkkj
ij gksus pkfg,A
mnkgj.k
z Hkkjr ds vkS"kfèk egkfu;a=kd us turk ds ncko ds
ckotwn dksfoM&19 oSDlhu dh eatwjh ds fy, i;kZIr
MsVk lqfuf'pr fd;kA
z i{kikr ugha cfYd xq.knks"k ds vkèkkj ij vuqcaèk nsuk]
fu;qfÙkQ;k¡ djuk] vkSj iqjLdkj vkSj ykHk nsukA
flfoy lsod ds fy, oLrqfu"Brk dh vko';drk%
z fu"i{krk% oLrqfu"Brk flfoy lsodksa dks fcuk fdlh
iwokZxzg ;k i{kikr ds viuk dke djus] lHkh O;fÙkQ;ksa
vkSj ekeyksa ds lkFk leku O;ogkj djus esa enn djrh gSA
;g lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd fu.kZ; fcuk fdlh O;fÙkQxr ;k
O;fÙkQijd çHkko ds xq.knks"k ds vkèkkj ij gksaA
z tu fo'okl% oLrqfu"Brk ;g çnf'kZr djds flfoy lsok esa
tu fo'okl dks c<+kok nsrh gS fd fu.kZ; oLrqfu"B ekunaMksa
ds vkèkkj ij vkSj turk ds lokZsÙke fgr esa fd, tkrs gSaA
;g ç'kklfud ra=k dh lR;fu"Bk vkSj fo'oluh;rk dks
cuk, j•us esa enn djrk gSA
z çHkkoh leL;k&lekèkku% oLrqfu"Brk flfoy lsodksa dks
lHkh çklafxd dkjdksa vkSj lk{;ksa ij fopkj djrs gq,
fLFkfr;ksa vkSj eqíksa dk fu"i{k :i ls fo'ys"k.k djus esa
l{ke cukrh gSA ;g leL;kvksa ds ewy dkj.kksa dh igpku
djus vkSj O;fÙkQxr iwokZxzgksa ;k iwoZdfYir èkkj.kkvksa ls eqÙkQ
gksdj mfpr lekèkku •kstus esa enn djrh gSA
96
z ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh% oLrqfu"Brk fu.kZ; ysus dh
çfØ;kvksa esa ikjnf'kZrk dks c<+kok nsrh gS] ;g lqfuf'pr
djrh gS fd fu.kZ; vPNh rjg ls LFkkfir] mfpr vkSj tkap
dk lkeuk dj ldus esa l{ke gSaA ;g fd, x, dk;ks± ds
fy, Li"Vhdj.k vkSj vkSfpR; dh tokcnsgh dks c<+krk gSA
z laxfr vkSj ,d:irk% oLrqfu"Brk flfoy lsok ds Hkhrj
lqlaxr ekudksa vkSj çFkkvksa dks LFkkfir djus esa enn djrh
gS] ;g lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd leku ekeyksa ds lkFk leku
O;ogkj fd;k tk,A ;g euekus ;k HksnHkkoiw.kZ fu.kZ; ysus
ds tksf•e dks de djrk gS] fu"i{krk vkSj leku O;ogkj
dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
z lk{;&vkèkkfjr n`f"Vdks.k% oLrqfu"Brk flfoy lsodksa
dks vius dke esa oLrqfu"B lk{;] vkadM+ksa vkSj fo'ys"k.k
ij Hkjkslk djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrh gSA ;g rF;ksa ds
vkèkkj ij lwfpr fu.kZ; ysus] O;fÙkQxr jk; ;k O;fÙkQijd
O;k[;kvksa ds çHkko dks de djus esa enn djrh gSA
z O;kolkf;drk% oLrqfu"Brk flfoy lsodksa ds fy, is'ksoj
vkpj.k dk ,d çeq• xq.k gSA ;g tufgr dh lsok djus
vkSj lq'kklu] uSfrdrk vkSj v•aMrk ds fl¼karksa dks cuk,
j•us ds çfr mudh çfrc¼rk dks n'kkZrk gSA
oLrqfu"Brk esa vo'; gksuk oLrqfu"Brk ugha gksuh
pkfg, pkfg,
lk{;ksa] rF;ksa vkSj fodYiksa dks ijke'kZ nsrs le; ;k fu.kZ;
çLrqr djrs gq, tkudkjh vkSj ysrs le; vlqfoèkktud
lykg çnku djukA rF;ksa ;k çklafxd fopkjksa dks
utjvankt djukA
;ksX;rk ds vkèkkj ij fu.kZ; fy, x, fu.kZ;ksa ls mRiUu gksus
okys dk;ks± ls cpukA
fo'ks"kK vkSj is'ksoj ijke'kZ dk mfpr è;ku j•ukA
oLrqfu"Brk dSls fodflr dj ldrs gSa
z ikjnf'kZrk% vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e ds csgrj dk;kZUo;u ds
lkFk ikjnf'kZrk] tks ;g lqfuf'pr djsxh fd fu.kZ; lud
ds ctk; rF;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gksaA ikjnf'kZrk vkSj •qykiu
fu"i{krk ds vk'oklu dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
z lwpuk çcaèku ç.kkyh% ;g lqfuf'pr djsxh fd dksbZ Hkh
laxBu ?kVukvksa] fu.kZ;ksa] lwpukvksa vkfn dk mfpr fjdkWMZ
vkSj nLrkost j•sA ;g ,d tkap ds :i esa dk;Z djsxk vkSj
lkFk gh fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ buiqV çnku djsxkA
z çf'k{k.k% çf'k{k.k mu yksxksa dks lgh ekxZn'kZu çnku djrk
gS tks lsok,¡ çnku dj jgs gSaA blls ;g Hkh lqfuf'pr
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 gksrk gS fd yksd lsodksa dks irk gS fd D;k djus dh
vko';drk gSA
z lekykspukRed lksp% ,d ^ckck* esa fo'okl j•us okys
,d dsaæh; ea=kh ds vkns'k ij ,,lvkbZ us mÙkj çns'k
ds mUuko ftys esa lksus dh •kst 'kq: dhA mUgksaus mPp
vfèkdkfj;ksa ds vkns'kksa dk vk¡• ew¡n dj ikyu djds
lekykspukRed lksp dh deh fn•kbZA
z fu.kZ;ksa dh leh{kk djus dk vfèkdkj% U;kf;d@ç'kklfud
çfØ;k ds Hkhrj] djkèkku] Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k vkfn tSls
vihyh; cksMks± ds fy, ,d ra=k gksuk pkfg,A
z lqus tkus dk vfèkdkj % vDlj vfèkdkjh yksxksa dh
f'kdk;rsa ;k jk; Bhd ls ugha lqurs vkSj ogh djrs gSa tks
muds eu esa gksrk gSA vr% ubZ ;kstukvksa esa ^lkekftd
ys•kijh{kk@tulquokbZ* ?kVd gksus pkfg,A
oLrqfu"Brk ij vkykspukRed ifjçs{;
z oscsfj;u ekWMy ds vo'ks"k% dqN fo}kuksa dk rdZ gS fd
fu"i{krk ij vR;fèkd tksj ç'kklu ds ikjaifjd oscsfj;u
ekWMy esa fufgr gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ukSdj'kkgh mnklhu
gks ldrh gSA
z mudk ekuuk gS fd fu"i{krk dk dM+kbZ ls ikyu fu.kZ;
ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa jpukRedrk vkSj uohurk dks nck
ldrk gSA
z MsVk dh lhfer miyCèkrk% Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'k esa]
oLrqfu"B fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, i;kZIr MsVk dh miyCèkrk ,d
pqukSrh gks ldrh gSA fo'oluh; vkSj O;kid MsVk dh deh
fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa l[r fu"i{krk ds vuqç;ksx esa
ckèkk cu ldrh gSA
z jpukRedrk ij çfrcaèk% oLrqfu"Brk] vius LoHkko ls]
jpukRed lksp vkSj oSdfYid lekèkkuksa dks grksRlkfgr
djrh gSA mPp Lrj ij fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, vDlj tfVy
leL;kvksa ds lekèkku ds fy, O;fÙkQijd fu.kZ; vkSj uohu
n`f"Vdks.k dh vko';drk gksrh gS] tcfd fupys Lrj ds
dk;ks± ds fy, fu"i{krk dks vfèkd mi;qÙkQ ekuk tkrk gS
ftlesa nksgjk, tkus okys dk;Z 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
z HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ij tksj% vkykspdksa dk rdZ gS fd
fu"i{krk fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa ls Hkkoukvksa dks •Re
djus ij vR;fèkd tksj nsrh gSA gkyk¡fd] ledkyhu le>
;g ekurh gS fd HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ds ekè;e ls fu.kZ;
ysus dh lqfoèkk esa Hkkouk,¡ egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh
gSa] ftlesa mRiknd rjhds ls Hkkoukvksa dks igpkuuk vkSj
mfpr :i ls çcafèkr djuk 'kkfey gSA
ifjn`'; mnkgj.k
dYiuk djsa fd ,d ljdkjh foHkkx xjhch mUewyu tSls
xaHkhj lkekftd eqís ds lekèkku ds fy, uhfr;ka cukus ds
fy, ftEesnkj gSA bl foHkkx esa fu.kZ; ysus dk ikjaifjd
n`f"Vdks.k l[r fu"i{krk ij vkèkkfjr gS] tgka fu.kZ; iwjh
rjg ls lkaf[;dh; MsVk vkSj la[;kRed ladsrdksa ds vkèkkj
ij fd, tkrs gSaA
gkyk¡fd] vkykspdksa dk rdZ gS fd bl ifjn`'; esa dsoy
fu"i{krk ij fuHkZj jgus ls egRoiw.kZ xq.kkRed igyqvksa vkSj
uohu lekèkkuksa dh vuns•h gks ldrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
;fn MsVk xjhch nj esa fxjkoV fn•krk gS] ysfdu vkcknh dk
,d cM+k fgLlk vHkh Hkh vkfFkZd dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk dj
jgk gS] rks ,d oLrqfu"B n`f"Vdks.k ls leL;k ds lekèkku
ij fopkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA blls lgkuqHkwfr dh deh gks
ldrh gS vkSj xjhch ds varfuZfgr dkj.kksa dks lacksfèkr djus
esa foiQyrk gks ldrh gSA
blds foijhr] ,d vfèkd larqfyr n`f"Vdks.k tks O;fÙkQxr
dgkfu;ksa] lkeqnkf;d varnZ`f"V vkSj jpukRed fopkjksa tSls
O;fÙkQijd dkjdksa ij fopkj djrk gS] vfèkd O;kid vkSj
çHkkoh lekèkku çnku dj ldrk gSA Hkkoukvksa dks 'kkfey
djds vkSj lkekftd lanHkZ dh xgjh le> ls] fu.kZ;drkZ
,slh uhfr;ka fodflr dj ldrs gSa tks xjhch ds ewy dkj.kksa
dks lacksfèkr djrh gSa vkSj ldkjkRed cnyko ykrh gSaA

oLrqfu"Brk cuke rVLFkrk

oLrqfu"Brk rVLFkrk
rF;kRed tkudkjh vkSj lk{; ds vkèkkj ij fu.kZ; ysus ij blesa fu"i{k #• cuk, j•uk vkSj rjiQnkjh ;k i{kikr ls cpuk
è;ku dsafær djrk gSA 'kkfey gSA
fu.kZ; ysus esa O;fÙkQxr jk; vkSj Hkkoukvksa ls cpus ij tksj i{kikr fn•k, fcuk rVLFk fLFkfr cuk, j•us dh ekax djrk
nsrk gSA gSA
U;k;ksfpr vkSj fu"i{k fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, MsVk] vuqlaèkku vkSj çkFkfedrk ;k iwokZxzg fn•k, fcuk lHkh i{kksa ;k O;fÙkQ;ksa ds
oLrqfu"B ekunaMksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA lkFk leku O;ogkj djus dh ekax djrk gSA

flfoy lsok ds fy, vfHk:fp vkSj vk/kjHkwr ewY; 97

 bldk mís'; ,d oLrqfu"B n`f"Vdks.k çnku djuk vkSj O;fÙkQijd
çHkkoksa ls cpuk gSA
foKku] vuqlaèkku vkSj MsVk fo'ys"k.k lfgr fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
yksd lsok ds çfr leiZ.k
z leiZ.k fdlh fo'ks"k xfrfofèk] O;fÙkQ ;k mís'; ds fy,
viuk le;] è;ku] ÅtkZ ;k Lo;a dks nsus ;k ykxw djus
esa l{ke gksus dk xq.k gSA ;g çfrc¼rk ls fHkUu gS] tks
vkSipkfjd :i ls vuqx`ghr@ckè; gS] tcfd leiZ.k tquwu
ds lkFk ,d çfrc¼rk gS vkSj dqN vkn'kks± ls çsfjr gksdj
drZO; dh Hkkouk ls funZsf'kr gksrh gSA
 ^yksd lsok ds çfr leiZ.k* dk rkRi;Z turk dh
HkykbZ dks lokZsifj j•uk gS tks ;g lqfuf'pr djsxk fd
,d flfoy lsod dh drZO; Hkkouk mldh vkfèkdkfjd
ftEesnkjh ds lkFk ,dhÑr gksA
z mnkgj.k% ds- fot; dqekj ,d Hkkjrh; iqfyl lsok
(vkbZih,l) vfèkdkjh FksA mUgksaus 1990 ds n'kd ds
var esa foæksgh lewg fycjs'ku VkbxlZ vkWiQ rfey bZye
(,yVhVhbZ) dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, Hkkjr ds rfeyukMq
jkT; esa Lis'ky VkLd iQkslZ (,lVh,iQ) dk usr`Ro djus esa
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
Willing to go
beyond duty
Seeks neither Public welfare
Qualities of an
rewards nor officer dedicated
above personal
recognition to public services
interest
for efforts
fp=k% yksd lsokvksa ds fy, lefiZr ,d vfèkdkjh ds xq.k
vius thou ds fy, egRoiw.kZ pqukSfr;ksa vkSj •rjksa dk lkeuk
djus ds ckotwn] dqekj us {ks=k esa dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk cuk,
j•us dh fn'kk esa vFkd ç;kl fd;kA mUgksaus eSnku ij jgdj]
viuh Vhe dk vkxs c<+dj usr`Ro djds vkSj mxzokn dk çHkkoh
<ax ls eqdkcyk djus ds fy, j.kuhfrd ;kstuk,¡ rS;kj djds
vR;fèkd leiZ.k çnf'kZr fd;kA
lkoZtfud lsok ds çfr mudh vVwV çfrc¼rk turk dh lqj{kk
ds fy, •qn dks uqdlku igqapkus dh mudh bPNk ls Li"V FkhA
mUgksaus leqnk; dh HkykbZ vkSj 'kkafr lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,]
vDlj O;fÙkQxr le; vkSj vkjke dk R;kx djrs gq, vFkd
98
bldk mís'; mu fLFkfr;ksa esa rVLFk fLFkfr cuk, j•uk gS tgka
ijLij fojksèkh fgr ;k jk; 'kkfey gksaA
vDlj fookpu] eè;LFkrk vkSj la?k"kZ lekèkku tSls lanHkks± esa
ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA
ç;kl fd;kA
lkoZtfud lsok ds çfr dqekj ds leiZ.k us mUgsa u dsoy vius
lkFkh vfèkdkfj;ksa ls] cfYd ftl turk dh mUgksaus lsok dh]
mlls Hkh igpku vkSj lEeku feykA
z egRo%
 ;g mUgsa viuk dke djrs jgus ds fy, çsfjr j•rk gS]
Hkys gh og mckÅ] vokafNr ;k FkdkÅ gksA
 bldh vR;fèkd vko';drk gS D;ksafd flfoy lsodksa
dks fu;fer :i ls dfBu vkSj fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk
lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
 ;g flfoy lsodksa esa mudh ukSdjh vkSj yksxksa ds çfr
lgkuqHkwfr ykrk gSA
 lafoèkku ds vkn'kks±] tSls U;k;] lekurk vkfn dks lkdkj
djus ds fy, lkoZtfud lsok vR;fèkd egRoiw.kZ gSA
+ =
Commitment Perseverance Dedication
uke fooj.k
,lvkj 'kadju ,d Hkkjrh; flfoy lsod]
lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ vkSj f=kiqjk jkT; ds eq[;
,lvkj lfpo Fks] ftUgsa 1976 ds caèkqvk etnwjh
'kadju mUewyu vfèkfu;e dks ykxw djus esa muds
;ksxnku ds fy, tkuk tkrk gS] ftlus Hkkjr
esa caèkqvk etnwjh dks lekIr dj fn;kA
viuh mPp Lrj dh bZekunkjh vkSj lR;fu"Bk
ds fy, tkus vkSj lEekfur fd;s tkrs gSaA mUgsa
xqM+xkao esa voSèk Hkwfe lkSns dks jí djus vkSj
v'kksd
ljdkj ds le{k dbZ vfu;ferrk,a lkeus
•sedk
ykus ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA blds pyrs
muds dfj;j esa 50 ls T;knk ckj LFkkukarj.k
gks pqdk gSA
lh,th çeq• ds :i esa vius dk;Zdky ds
fouksn jk; nkSjku mUgksaus 2th ?kksVkyk] dks;yk ?kksVkyk
vkfn tSls dbZ ?kksVkys mtkxj fd;sA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 og viuh fe=krkiw.kZ iqfyflax ds fy, tkus
egs'k Hkkxor tkrs gSa vkSj flfoy lsok ijh{kk ds vH;fFkZ;ksa
dks fu%'kqYd çf'k{k.k Hkh nsrs gSaA
lkoZtfud lsok ds çfr muds leiZ.k ds fy,
vkeZLVªkax
lcls çfrf"Br vkbZ,,l iqjLdkj ls lEekfur
ise
fd;k x;kA
vius vfèkdkj {ks=k esa Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj voSèk
nqxkZ 'kfÙkQ
jsr •uu ds f•ykiQ cM+s iSekus ij vfHk;ku
ukxiky
'kq: djus ds ckn og yksxksa dh utj esa vkbZaA
Hkkjrh; ou lsok ds ,d vfèkdkjh] tks lks'ky
ehfM;k ds ekè;e ls yksxksa dks laj{k.k vkSj
çoh.k dLoka
okfudh ds ckjs esa tkx:d djus ds ç;klksa
ds fy, tkus tkrs gSaA
3-5-4 lfg".kqrk
z ljy 'kCnksa esa lfg".kqrk dk vFkZ gS nwljksa ds erHksnksa]
fo'oklksa vkSj fopkjksa dks Lohdkj djuk vkSj mudk
lEeku djuk] Hkys gh os gels fHkUu gksaA blesa nwljksa ds
çfr •qys fopkjksa okyk] le>nkj vkSj èkS;Zoku gksuk 'kkfey
gS] pkgs mudh tkfr] èkeZ] laLÑfr ;k i`"BHkwfe dqN Hkh
gksA lfg".kqrk ln~Hkko] lgkuqHkwfr vkSj fofoèk n`f"Vdks.k vkSj
vuqHko okys yksxksa ds lkFk 'kkafriwoZd lg&vfLrRo dks
c<+kok nsrh gSA
Social Harmony
Tolerance
Participatory Inclusive
Democracy Growth
fp=k% lgu'khyrk dh f=kewfrZ
z mnkgj.k% ds'ko nsfljktw ,d vkbZ,,l vfèkdkjh Fks
ftUgksaus Hkkjr ljdkj esa fofHkUu inksa ij dk;Z fd;kA
nsfljktw gkf'k, ij jgus okys leqnk;ksa ds çfr] fo'ks"kdj
LokLF; lsok {ks=k esa vius lekos'kh vkSj lfg".kq n`f"Vdks.k
ds fy, tkus tkrs FksA
 Hkkjr esa LokLF; vkSj ifjokj dY;k.k foHkkx ds iwoZ
lfpo ds :i esa] mUgksaus ,pvkbZoh@,M~l vkSj ekufld
LokLF; lacaèkh leL;kvksa ls çHkkfor yksxksa lfgr
detksj yksxksa ds vfèkdkjksa vkSj dY;k.k dh odkyr
djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
flfoy lsok ds fy, vfHk:fp vkSj vk/kjHkwr ewY;
 nsfljktw us buls tqM+s HksnHkko vkSj vfHk'kki dks •Re
djus dh fn'kk esa dke fd;k vkSj lekos'kh uhfr;ksa vkSj
dk;ZØeksa dks c<+kok fn;kA
 tu LokLF; pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus esa lfg".kqrk vkSj
lgkuqHkwfr ds çfr mudh çfrc¼rk us mUgsa ,d
vuqdj.kh; flfoy lsod cuk fn;kA
m¼j.k
^^lfg".kqrk dk vFkZ gS gj balku dks os vfèkdkj nsuk tks vki
vius fy, pkgrs gSaA** µFkkWel isu
lfg".kqrk dk egRo%
z 'kkafr% lfg".kqrk lekt esa LFkk;h 'kkafr cuk, j•us ds fy,
egRoiw.kZ gSA
z ekuo fodkl% ekuo vfèkdkjksa] cgqyokn] yksdra=k vkSj
fofèk ds 'kklu dks dk;e j•rh gS] ftlls ekuo fodkl
laHko gksrk gSA
z uokpkj% u, vkfo"dkjksa dks l{ke cukrk gS vkSj lekt
esa ;FkkfLFkfr dks nwj djrk gS D;ksafd ;g vfHkO;fÙkQ dh
Lora=krk dks l{ke cukrk gSA
z lekurk% çR;sd O;fÙkQ ds uSfrd ewY; dks dk;e j•rh
gS D;ksafd tkWu LVqvVZ fey ds vuqlkj lHkh O;fÙkQ;ksa dk
uSfrd ewY; leku gSA
z yksd lsok% flfoy lsodksa dks yksd lsok esa l{ke cukrh
gS D;ksafd gekjs tSls fofoèk lekt dks lHkh dh leku :i
ls lsok dh vko';drk gSA
z lekosf'krk% ;g lekt esa yksxksa dks muds ;kSu #>ku
dh ijokg fd, fcuk lek;ksftr djrk gSA mnkgj.k&
,ythchVhD;w lekt dh Lohdk;ZrkA
z O;kid lksp% flfoy lsodksa dh lksp dks O;kid cukrk
gS vkSj U;k;] fu"i{krk vkSj oLrqfu"Brk tSls ewY;ksa dks
dk;e j•rk gSA
z vuqdwyu'khyrk% vius jkT; ds vykok fdlh vU; jkT;
esa rSukr ,d flfoy lsod dks viuh lfg".kq ;ksX;rk ds
vuq:i <yus vkSj yksxksa dh lsok ds fy, •qn dks lefiZr
djus esa leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA
z èkeZfujis{krk% lafoèkku esa fufgr èkeZfujis{krk ds mPp
vkn'kZ dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, ,d xq.k ds :i esa lfg".kqrk
egRoiw.kZ gSA vlfg".kqrk vU;k; vkSj fgalk dks tUe nsrh
gS tks lkaLÑfrd :i ls fofoèk jk"Vª esa larqfyr fodkl
ds fy, ?kkrd gSaA
99
z lkgl% nwljksa ds vfèkdkjksa ds fy, yM+us dk lkgl & z mnkgj.k%
lfg".kqrk nwljksa dks lEeku nsrh gS vkSj blfy, muds  ,d flfoy lsod cgqlkaLÑfrd dk;ZØeksa vkSj lekjksgksa
vfèkdkjksa ds fy, yM+us dk lkgl nsrh gS tSls ,ythchVhD;w
dk vk;kstu djds] fofoèk ijaijkvksa ds fy, lfg".kqrk
leqnk;] vYila[;dksa vkfn ds lkFk uLyh; HksnHkko ds
f•ykiQ yM+ukA vkSj ç'kalk ds ekgkSy dks c<+kok nsdj leqnk; ds Hkhrj
z csgrj fu.kZ;% lgu'khyrk vkosxiw.kZ fu.kZ;ksa ls cprh gSA lkaLÑfrd lekosf'krk dks lfØ; :i ls c<+kok nsrk gSA
blls le; cprk gS vkSj gkfu rFkk uqdlku dks de djus  ,d flfoy lsod lkoZtfud lquokbZ ;k lkeqnkf;d
esa enn feyrh gSA fofHkUu oxks± ds chp LoLFk cgl vkSj cSBdksa ds nkSjku fofHkUu fopkjksa dks è;ku ls lqurk gS]
ppkZ dh vuqefr nsrk gS vkSj blds ifj.kke yksdrkaf=kd
;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd lHkh ds fopkj lqus tk,a
gksrs gSaA 'kkafr ds le; esa] yksxksa dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj
HkkoukRed :i ls vkxs c<+us dk ekSdk feyrk gSA vkSj uhfr;ka cukrs le; ;k fu.kZ; ysrs le; fofHkUu
z oS;fÙkQdrk vkSj fofoèkrk% lfg".kqrk ,d ,sls lekt dk n`f"Vdks.kksa ij fopkj fd;k tk,A
fuekZ.k djrh gS ftlesa yksx ewY;oku vkSj lEekfur eglwl  ,d flfoy lsod nks fojksèkh lkeqnkf;d lewgksa ds chp
dj ldrs gSa] vkSj ftlesa çR;sd O;fÙkQ ds fy, txg gksrh eè;LFk ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS] laokn dh lqfoèkk
gS] çR;sd O;fÙkQ ds vius fopkj] lksp vkSj lius gksrs gSaA
çnku djrk gS] lgkuqHkwfr dks c<+kok nsrk gS] vkSj ,d
z lEeku% lfg".kqrk oS;fÙkQdrk vkSj fofoèkrk dh vuqefr
nsrh gSA ;g vkilh lEeku vkSj tu dY;k.k ds ckjs esa ,slk lekèkku <wa<rk gS tks mudh fparkvksa dks gy djrk
gS] u fd bl ckjs esa fd dkSu lgh gS vkSj dkSu xyr gSA gS vkSj ln~Hkko dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
fofHkUu Lrjksa ij lfg".kqrk dh Hkwfedk%
Lrj Hkwfedk
z nwljksa dk lEeku djuk vkSj viuh bPNk nwljksa ij u Fkksiuk fl•krk gSA
O;fÙkQxr Lrj z mnkgj.k% xksekal lekt esa ,d leqnk; ds fy, fuf"k¼ gks ldrk gS ysfdu vxj ;g fdlh dh laLÑfr dk
fgLlk gS rks ;g gekjs n`f"Vdks.k vkSj lksp dks O;kid cukus esa enn djrk gSA
z 'kkafr dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
lkekftd Lrj z mnkgj.k% iwoZ iwohZ ikfdLrku esa mnZw ykxw djus ds dkj.k ikfdLrku dk foHkktu gqvk] tcfd Hkk"kkbZ
lfg".kqrk us Hkkjr esa ,drk dks etcwr fd;k gSA
z oSèkrk c<+krk gS vkSj fofHkUu eqíksa ij lexz n`f"Vdks.k çnku djrk gSA
'kklu Lrj
z mnkgj.k% tutkrh; iap'khy mÙkj&iwohZ {ks=k esa yksdra=k dks c<+kok nsus esa dkiQh gn rd ennxkj jgk gSA
z 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dks c<+kok nsrk gS-
varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj z mnkgj.k% btjkby vkSj vjc ns'kksa ds chp lfg".kqrk dh deh ds dkj.k bl {ks=k esa vDlj la?k"kZ gksrs
jgrs gSaA
lfg".kqrk vkSj LohÑfr ds chp varj
Prohibition Tolerance Acceptance

lgu'khyrk
fofoèk n`f"Vdks.kksa ds çfr •qys fopkjksa okyk gksuk
nwljksa dks vyx&vyx vkLFkk dh vuqefr nsuk
erHksnksa ds ckotwn 'kkafriwoZd lg&vfLrRo esa jguk
vlqfoèkk ;k vlgefr gks ldrh gS
ijLij lEeku dh Hkkouk dks c<+kok nsrk gS
LohÑfr
fofoèk n`f"Vdks.kksa dks iwjh rjg ls viukuk
fofHkUu vkLFkkvksa dks viukuk vkSj mUgsa eukuk
erHksnksa dks iwjh rjg ls Lohdkj djuk vkSj ,dhÑr djuk
fcuk fu.kZ; ;k vlqfoèkk ds Lohdkj djuk
lekosf'krk vkSj viusiu dh Hkkouk dks c<+kok nsrk gS

100 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

 nkf;Ro dh Hkkouk ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gS okLrfod le> vkSj ç'kalk ij vkèkkfjr
O;fÙkQxr iwokZxzg gks ldrs gSa nwljksa dks fcuk fdlh i{kikr ds oSls gh Lohdkj djuk tSls os gSa
okLro esa Lohdkj fd, fcuk lgu dj ldrs gSa fcuk fdlh 'krZ ;k vkifÙk ds Lohdkj djuk
mnkgj.k%eSa vkidh ekU;rkvksa ds lkFk jg ldrk gwa Hkys gh eSa mnkgj.k % eSa vkidh ekU;rkvksa dks vkidk ,d vfHkUu vax
muls lger ugha gwaA ekudj Lohdkj djrk gwa vkSj mldk lEeku djrk gwaA
3-5-5 lgkuqHkwfr vkSj d#.kk
m¼j.k
^^d#.kk dksbZ èkkfeZd O;ogkj ugha gS] ;g ekuo O;ogkj gS]
;g foykflrk ugha gS] ;g gekjh viuh 'kkafr vkSj ekufld
fLFkjrk ds fy, vko';d gS] ;g ekuo vfLrRo ds fy,
vko';d gSA**  µnykbZ ykek
^^lgkuqHkwfr lcls cM+k xq.k gSA blls lHkh xq.k çokfgr gksrs
gSaA blds fcuk] lHkh xq.k ,d dk;Z gSaA**  µ,fjd tksuZ
lekuqHkwfr
z lekuqHkwfr ls rkRi;Z nwljs ds LFkku ij Lo;a dh dYiuk
djus vkSj nwljksa dh Hkkoukvksa] bPNkvksa] fopkjksa vkSj dk;ks±
dks le>us dh {kerk ls gS ;k ;g fdlh vU; O;fÙkQ dh
HkkoukRed fLFkfr vkSj fopkjksa dks le>us] vuqHko djus
vkSj çfrfØ;k djus dk ,d dk;Z gSA
 blesa Lo;a dks fdlh vkSj ds LFkku ij j•uk] dYiuk
djuk fd os dSlk eglwl dj jgs gksaxs] vkSj okLro esa
mudh Hkkoukvksa ls tqM+uk 'kkfey gSA
 lekuqHkwfr gesa nwljksa ls tqM+us] d#.kk fn•kus vkSj t:jr
iM+us ij leFkZu ;k lgk;rk çnku djus dh vuqefr
nsrh gSA
 ;g lgkuqHkwfr ls ijs gS] D;ksafd blesa okLro esa nwljksa
dh Hkkoukvksa dks le>uk vkSj muds lkFk rkyesy
fcBkuk 'kkfey gSA
ifjn`'; mnkgj.k
eku yhft, fd lkoZtfud ifjogu dh ns•js• ds fy,
ftEesnkj ,d ljdkjh vfèkdkjh gSA ,d fnu] mUgsa ,d
n`f"Vckfèkr O;fÙkQ ls f'kdk;r feyrh gS] tks vi;kZIr
igqap lkèkuksa ds dkj.k cl ç.kkyh dk mi;ksx djus esa
dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk dj jgk gSA f'kdk;r dks •kfjt
djus ;k lkekU; çfrfØ;k nsus ds ctk;] vfèkdkjh •qn dks
n`f"Vckfèkr O;fÙkQ dh txg ij j•dj lksprk gSA
flfoy lsok ds fy, vfHk:fp vkSj vk/kjHkwr ewY;
og O;fÙkQ dh pqukSfr;ksa dks xgjkbZ ls le>us vkSj muds
çR;{k vuqHkoksa dks lquus ds fy, muds lkFk ,d cSBd dh
O;oLFkk djrs gSaA vfèkdkjh fo'ks"kKksa ls Hkh ijke'kZ djrk gS
vkSj laHkkfor lekèkkuksa dh igpku djus ds fy, 'kksèk djrk
gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] og n`f"Vckfèkr ;kf=k;ksa dh lgk;rk ds
fy, vkWfM;ks ?kks"k.kkvksa] Li'kZ ladsr vkSj çf'kf{kr deZpkfj;ksa
dks rSukr djus dk çLrko djrs gSaA
viuh lekuqHkwfr vkSj le> ds ekè;e ls] vfèkdkjh leL;k
ds lekèkku vkSj lkoZtfud ifjogu ç.kkyh dh igqap esa
lqèkkj ds fy, lfØ; dne mBkrk gSA blls u dsoy
n`f"Vckfèkr O;fÙkQ;ksa dks ykHk gksrk gS] cfYd lHkh ;kf=k;ksa ds
fy, vfèkd lekos'kh vkSj lgHkkxh okrkoj.k Hkh curk gSA
z lekuqHkwfr ds rhu rjhds%
 HkkokRed lekuqHkwfr% nwljksa dh Hkkoukvksa dks lk>k
djus dh {kerkA
 laKkukRed lekuqHkwfr% nwljksa dh Hkkoukvksa dks le>us
dh {kerkA
 HkkoukRed lekuqHkwfr% fdlh dh Hkkoukvksa dks
fofu;fer djus dh {kerkA
z flfoy lsokvksa esa lekuqHkwfr dk egRo%
 lekuqHkwfr dh deh ls nwljksa ds fopkjksa dh le> ladh.kZ
gks tkrh gSA
 mnkgj.k % ySafxd leL;kvksa ls lacafèkr eqís]
VªkaltsaMjksa dks gksus okys HksnHkko vkfn tks lkekftd
v'kkafr dk dkj.k cu ldrs gSaA
 lekuqHkwfr tehuh lPpkbZ dks le>us esa enn djrh gS
tks uhfr fuekZ.k vkSj dk;kZUo;u esa fn•kbZ nsxhA
 mnkgj.k % tutkfr;ksa esa dqN ikjEifjd ewY; gksrs
gSa tks ljdkj ds fu;eksa ds foijhr gksrs gSaA ;gka yksd
lsodksa esa lekuqHkwfr vkfnoklh vkcknh ds fy, ,d
lgk;d ds :i esa dk;Z djsxhA
 ukSdj'kkgh dh çHkko'khyrk esa o`f¼ D;ksafd os fu;e
dk ikyu ugh] cfYd fu;eksa ds ihNs dh Hkkouk] ;kuh
yksxksa ds dY;k.k dk ikyu djsaxsA
101
  lekuqHkwfr gesa nwljksa dh Hkkoukvksa dks le>us esa enn
ifjn`'; mnkgj.k
djrh gS vkSj bl çdkj gekjh HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk esa
MkW- çdk'k vkeVs vkSj mudh iRuh MkW- eankfduh vkeVs
lqèkkj djrh gSA dh dgkuh gS] ftUgksaus Hkkjr ds egkjk"Vª ds lqnwj taxyksa esa
Feeling the same vkfnoklh leqnk;ksa dh lsok ds fy, viuk thou lefiZr dj
condition as the
fn;kA nksuksa MkWDVjksa us ekfM;k &xksaM vkfnoklh yksxksa ds chp
Empathy person
jgus vkSj mUgsa LokLF; ns•Hkky vkSj lgk;rk çnku djus ds
fy, vkjkenk;d 'kgjh thou NksM+ fn;kA
MkW- çdk'k vkSj MkW- eUnkfduh fcuk fdlh fpfdRlk lqfoèkk
When okys lqnwj xkao gseydlk esa ,d vLirky LFkkfir fd;kA
someone in mUgksaus vkfnoklh yksxksa dks eqÝr fpfdRlk lqfoèkk çnku dh]
Distress
fofHkUu chekfj;ksa] pksVksa vkSj fodykaxrkvksa dk mipkj fd;kA
Sympathy Compassion
mUgksaus vkl&ikl ds xkaoksa esa fu;fer LokLF; f'kfoj Hkh
Feeling sorrow or Feeling care & vk;ksftr fd,] mu yksxksa rd Hkh igqaps tks vLirky ugha
concern for other warmth for other tk ldrs FksA
person person
gkyk¡fd] mudh d#.kk LokLF; ns•Hkky ls dgha vkxs rd FkhA
mUgksaus eglwl fd;k fd vkfnoklh leqnk; xjhch] vf'k{kk
d#.kk (lekuqHkwfr $ dkjZokbZ)
vkSj cqfu;knh lqfoèkkvksa dh deh ls tw> jgs FksA viuh
z d#.kk nwljksa dh ihM+k ds çfr le> ;k lekuqHkwfr gSA fpfdRlk lsokvksa ds vykok] MkW- çdk'k vkSj MkW- eankfduh
lkèkkj.k lekuqHkwfr ls vfèkd] d#.kk vkerkSj ij ^nwljksa us vkfnoklh yksxksa ds mRFkku ds fy, fofHkUu fodklkRed
dh ihM+k dks de djus dh lfØ; bPNk* dks tUe nsrh ifj;kstuk,a 'kq: dhaA mUgksaus fodykax O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fy, Ldwy]
gSA O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k dsaæ vkSj iquokZl dk;ZØe LFkkfir fd,A
 blesa nwljksa dh ihM+k dks de djus vkSj n;k] le> vkSj
tutkrh; leqnk;ksa ds dY;k.k ds çfr mudh d#.kk vkSj
leiZ.k us mUgsa vR;fèkd lEeku vkSj ç'kalk fnykbZA muds
leFkZu fn•kus dh okLrfod bPNk 'kkfey gSA
fuLokFkZ dk;Z us u dsoy LokLF; ns•Hkky vkSj f'k{kk çnku
 d#.kk nwljksa dh Hkkoukvksa vkSj t:jrksa ds çfr dh cfYd vkfnoklh laLÑfr dks lajf{kr djus vkSj leqnk;
laosnu'khy gksus vkSj fdlh Hkh laHko rjhds ls mudh dks l'kÙkQ cukus esa Hkh enn dhA
enn djus ds fy, dkjZokbZ djus dks rS;kj jgus ds
z mnkgj.k%
ckjs esa gSA
 Hkjr okVokuh dks Hkkjr esa ekufld :i ls chekj yksxksa
 ;g ,d gkfnZd çfrfØ;k gS tks lHkh O;fÙkQ;ksa dh lk>k
dks cpkus vkSj iquokZl ds fy, 2018 esa jseu eSXlsls
ekuork vkSj ijLij tqM+ko dh igpku djrh gS] tks gesa iqjLdkj feykA
t:jr ds le; nwljksa ds çfr ijokg vkSj lekuqHkwfr  vkbZih,l vfèkdkjh egs'k eqjyhèkj Hkkxor dks ekuo

fn•kus ds fy, çsfjr djrh gSA rLdjh ls fuiVus ds muds vFkd ç;klksa ds fy,
VªSfiQfdax bu ilZUl (VhvkbZih) fjiksVZ ghjkst vokMZ
Desire for
2017 ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA
action
 vkbZ,,l vfèkdkjh Lokjksfp"k lkseoa'kh us dqiksf"kr

cPpksa dks fpyfpykrh xehZ ls cpkus ds fy, iks"k.k

iquokZl dsaæksa esa ,;j daMh'kuj yxkdj mudh HkykbZ
dks çkFkfedrk nhA
m¼j.k
Empathy Compassion ^^d#.kk èkeZ uked o`{k ds ewy esa gSA** µHkkxon xhrk

102 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

z flfoy lsodksa ds fy, d#.kk dk egRo%
 flfoy lsod ifjorZu ds dkjd gksrs gSa vkSj d#.kk
mUgsa yksxksa dh enn djus vkSj yksxksa dk dY;k.k
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, çsfjr djrh gSA
 d#.kk ,d flfoy lsod ds n`f"Vdks.k esa mnkjrk]
n;kyqrk vkSj le> tSls vU; ldkjkRed xq.kksa ds lkFk
lqèkkj djrh gSA
fo}s"k] mnklhurk] lgkuqHkwfr]lekuqHkwfr vkSj d#.kk ds chp varj
 ;g tu&dsafær] ekuoh;] feyulkj ç'kklu ds ekè;e
ls dq'ky lsok forj.k esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA
 ;g flfoy lsodksa dks ukxfjdksa] fo'ks"kdj ladVxzLr
yksxksa dh t:jrksa ds çfr mÙkjnk;h cukrk gSA
 d#.kk fuLokFkZrk vkSj fcuk fdlh LokFkZ ds ns'k] lekt
vkSj mlds yksxksa ds fy, lsok dh Hkkouk Hkh iSnk djrh
gS] tks flfoy lsodksa dks çsfjr j•rh gSA

Feeling Sympathy Empathy Compassion Action

z y{; lewg ds fy, udkjkRed Hkkouk,¡ z mnkgj.k% ;fn dksbZ Hkw•k O;fÙkQ Hkkstu ds fy, vkids
(ysfdu ?k`.kk ugha)A ikl vkrk gS] rks vki enn djus ds ctk; mls MkaVrs gSaA
fo}s"k
z y{; lewg dks d"V vkSj vlqfoèkk
igq¡pkus dk ç;klA
z vklfÙkQ dk vHkkoA z mnkgj.k% ;fn dksbZ Hkw•k O;fÙkQ Hkkstu ds fy, vkids
mnklhurk z lkekU; :i ls mis{kk dk O;ogkj] vkSj ikl vkrk gS] rks vki mlds çfr mnklhu jgrs gSaA
nwljksa dh t:jrksa ds lacaèk esa v#fpA
z nwljksa ds ladV dh LohÑfr z mnkgj.k% ;fn dksbZ Hkw•k O;fÙkQ Hkkstu ds fy, vkids
ikl vkrk gS] rks vki mls dksYM fMªad] ÚwVh bR;kfn çnku
lgkuqHkwfr
djrs gSa] tcfd ml O;fÙkQ dks nky &jksVh dh vko';drk
gSA
z miyCèk djkbZ tkus okyh lgk;rk z mnkgj.k % ;fn dksbZ Hkw•k O;fÙkQ Hkkstu ds fy, vkids
ladVxzLr O;fÙkQ@lewg dh t:jrksa vkSj ikl vkrk gS] rks vki mls og çnku djrs gSa ftldh mls
lekuqHkwfr vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj gksrh gS ysfdu vko';drk gS vFkkZr nky jksVhA
lgk;rk ds çfr #>ku dqN gn rd de
lfØ; gksrk gSA
z O;fÙkQ ls vyx yxkoA z mnkgj.k % ;fn dksbZ Hkw•k O;fÙkQ Hkkstu ds fy, vkids
lekuqHkwfr $ ladVxzLr yksxksa dh ihM+k dks ikl vkrk gS] rks vki mls nky&jksVh çnku djrs gSa] ysfdu
d#.kk z

de djus dh lfØ; bPNkA ;g Hkh lqfuf'pr djrs gSa fd mls fu;fer Hkkstu feys
vkSj mls bl rjg Hkh• u ekaxuh iM+sA
3-5-6 vU; egRoiw.kZ ewY;
z vuq'kklu] fu;eksa] fn'kkfunZs'kksa vkSj fnup;kZ dk lqlaxr vkSj O;ofLFkr rjhds ls ikyu djus dh {kerk
dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
z blesa vkRe&fu;a=k.k] vkKkdkfjrk vkSj LFkkfir ekunaMksa ;k vis{kkvksa dk ikyu 'kkfey gSA
vuq'kklu
z ckèkkvksa ;k pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ij Hkh dk;ks± ;k O;ogkjksa ds çfr çfrc¼ n`<+ ladYi jgukA
z okafNr y{;ksa vkSj ifj.kkeksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, nSfud thou] dk;Z ;k fdlh Hkh ç;kl esa ,d lajfpr
vkSj laxfBr n`f"Vdks.k cuk, j•ukA
z bldk vFkZ gS fdlh ,sls dk;Z gsrq fujarj ç;kl vkSj n`<+ ladYi ftlesa fdlh dks liQyrk çkIr djus esa
dfBukb;ksa ;k nsjh dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gksA
n`<+rk
z lekt esa O;ogkfjd ifjorZu (•qys esa 'kkSp] Vhdkdj.k ds çfr f>>d dks nwj djuk) ykus ds ç;klksa esa
le; yxrk gS vkSj n`<+rk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

flfoy lsok ds fy, vfHk:fp vkSj vk/kjHkwr ewY; 103

 z bldk rkRi;Z rdZ ds mi;ksx ls Lo;a ij fu;a=k.k vkSj vuq'kklu j•us dh {kerk ls gSA cqf¼] varnZ`f"V
foosd
vkSj Kku vDlj foosd ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA
z bldk rkRi;Z lkoZtfud n`f"Vdks.k ls O;kid tufgr ds fy, dqN lwpukvksa vkSj ekeyksa dh xksiuh;rk
cuk, j•uk gSA
xksiuh;rk
z mnkgj.k% lwpuk dk vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e] 2005 vkSj vkfèkdkfjd xksiuh;rk vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 8 O;kid
lkoZtfud fgr esa xksiuh;rk çnku djrh gSA
z bldk rkRi;Z ikjn'khZ fu.kZ; ysus ds lkFk&lkFk lwpuk lk>k djus ls gSA nwljs vFkZ esa] blesa dYiuk'khyrk
vkSj Rofjr igqap dh ço`fÙk tSlh fo'ks"krk,a 'kkfey gSaA
ikjnf'kZrk z ikjnf'kZrk ij uksyu fjiksVZ% lkoZtfud in èkkjdksa dks vius lHkh fu.kZ;ksa vkSj dk;ks± ds ckjs esa ftruk
laHko gks mruk ikjn'khZ gksuk pkfg,A mUgsa vius fu.kZ;ksa ds fy, dkj.k crkuk pkfg, vkSj tkudkjh dks
dsoy rHkh Nqikuk pkfg, tc O;kid tufgr Li"V :i ls bldh ekax djsA
z fuLokFkZrk dk vFkZ gS tufgr dh lsok djuk vkSj mls vius LokFkZ ls Åij j•ukA
z fu%LokFkZrk ij uksyu fjiksVZ% yksd in èkkjdksa dks dsoy tufgr ds lanHkZ esa dk;Z djuk pkfg,A mUgsa
fuLokFkZrk
vius] vius ifjokj ;k vius nksLrksa ds fy, foÙkh; ;k vU; ykHk çkIr djus ds fy, ,slk ugha djuk pkfg,A
z mnkgj.k% enj Vsjslk us Lo;a dks ihfM+r vkSj çrkfM+r ekuork dh fu%LokFkZ lsok ds fy, lefiZr dj fn;kAA
fu"d"kZ
flfoy lsokvksa ds fy, ewyHkwr ewY; uhfrijd vkpj.k vkSj çHkko'khyrk dks vkdkj nsus esa egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA lR;fu"Bk bZekunkjh]
ikjnf'kZrk vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro lqfuf'pr djrh gSA fu"i{krk mfpr vkSj U;k;laxr O;ogkj dks c<+kok nsrh gSA rVLFkrk i{kikr ls cpkrh
gSA oLrqfu"Brk rdZlaxr fu.kZ; ysus esa l{ke cukrh gSA lfg".kqrk lekosf'krk vkSj lEeku dks c<+kok nsrh gSA lekuqHkwfr vkSj d#.kk
flfoy lsodksa dks mÙkjnk;h 'kklu ds fy, yksxksa dh t:jrksa ls tksM+rh gSA lkFk feydj] ;s ewY; lq'kklu dks dk;e j•rs gSa
vkSj lekt esa lqèkkj ykrs gSaA
ifjHkk"kk vkSj mnkgj.kksa dk lkjka'k
ifjHkk"kk% lR;fu"Bk dk vFkZ gS gj le; bPNqd i{kksa ds chp leku fLFkfr;ksa esa leku ekudksa ;k uSfrd
lR;fu"Bk
fl¼karksa dks viukukA
mnkgj.k % ofj"B vkbZ,,l vfèkdkjh] v'kksd •sedk us vius fopkjksa] dk;ks± esa fujarjrk ds lkFk is'ksoj
lR;fu"Bk fn•kbZ gS vkSj vkpj.k dk lgh rjhdk pquk gSA
ifjHkk"kk % ;g uSfrdrk ;k lgh vkSj xyr ds ekudksa ds vuqç;ksx esa fLFkjrk vkSj bZekunkjh dks lanfHkZr
uSfrd lR;fu"Bk
djrk gS_ bldk mi;ksx nwljksa ds lkFk&lkFk Lo;a dks vkadus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k % cq¼ us ^fopkjksa] 'kCnksa vkSj deks±* dh 'kq¼rk ij tksj fn;k vkSj bl uSfrd fl¼kar ds çfr
fcuk 'krZ çfrc¼rk fn•kbZA
laLFkkxr lR;fu"Bk ifjHkk"kk % fdlh laxBu ;k laLFkk ds Hkhrj uSfrd ekudksa] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro dk ikyuA
mnkgj.k % fgrksa ds Vdjko ls cpus vkSj U;k; ds fl¼karksa ds vuq:i ,d Lora=k vkpkj lfefr dh
LFkkiuk djukA
ifjHkk"kk % bldk rkRi;Z vkykspuk ;k çyksHku ds ckotwn Hkh is'ksoj ewY;ksa] ekudksa vkSj ekunaMksa ds vuqlkj
is'ksoj lR;fu"Bk
fujarjrk vkSj bPNk ds lkFk dk;Z djuk gSA
mnkgj.k % latho prqoZsnh us ,El] fnYyh ds eq[; lrdZrk vfèkdkjh ds :i esa vius dk;Zdky ds nkSjku
is'ksoj lR;fu"Bk fn•kbZ vkSj dbZ cM+s ?kksVkyksa dks mtkxj fd;kA
bZekunkjh ifjHkk"kk % bldk lhèkk&lk vFkZ gS fd fopkjksa vkSj dk;ks± esa oSlk gh çn'kZu djuk tSls os okLro esa gSaA
lR; dks dk;e j•ukA
rF;ksa ls NsM+NkM+ u djukA

104 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

 fu"i{k] rdZlaxr vkSj ljkguh; fu.kZ; djuk
mnkgj.k % fj'or u ysuk ,d visf{kr O;ogkj gSA ;fn okLro esa dksbZ bls dHkh ugha ysrk rks ;g bZekunkjh
gSA yksx dke esa bZekunkjh ds fy, mudk lEeku djrs gSaA
ifjHkk"kk % fu"i{krk ls rkRi;Z ,d O;fÙkQ ;k lewg dk nwljs ls vfèkd leFkZu u djus ls gSA bldk
ekuuk gS fd fu.kZ; iwokZxzg] iwokZis{kk ;k vuqi;qÙkQ dkj.kksa ls ,d O;fÙkQ ;k nwljs O;fÙkQ dks ykHk igqapkus
fu"i{krk ds ctk; oLrqfu"B ekudksa ij vkèkkfjr gksus pkfg,A
mnkgj.k % dksbZ U;k;kèkh'k fdlh O;fÙkQ dks dsoy fdlh leqnk; fo'ks"k ls gksus ;k lks'ky ehfM;k fjiksVks±
ds vkèkkj ij nks"kh ugha eku ldrk vkSj mls dkuwu dh mfpr çfØ;k dk ikyu djuk iM+rk gSA
ifjHkk"kk % xSj&i{kikr ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd vfèkdkjh dks viuk dk;Z fcuk fdlh Mj ;k fdlh
jktuhfrd ny ds i{kikr ds djuk gSA ç'kkld ds ewY; lafoèkku ls funZsf'kr gksaxs] fdlh jktuhfrd ny
xSj i{kikr ds n'kZu ls ughaA
mnkgj.k % lquhy vjksM+k dks eq[; pquko vk;qÙkQ ds :i esa mudh xSj&i{kikriw.kZ Hkwfedk ds fy, ;kn
fd;k tkrk gSA
ifjHkk"kk % rVLFkrk jktuhfrd rVLFkrk ds fof'k"V lanHkZ esa gS] vFkkZr flfoy lsodksa vkSj jktuhfrd
dk;Zikfydk ds chp lacaèkA rVLFkrk dk rkRi;Z jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk dks rF;] iQhMcSd] jk; vkfn
çnku djus esa i{kikrh u gksuk vkSj jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk }kjk vknsf'kr dk;ks± dks JeiwoZd iwjk djuk
rVLFkrk gS] pkgs dksbZ Hkh jktuhfrd ny lÙkk esa gksA
mnkgj.k % gky ds fnuksa esa] jkT;iky (tSls egkjk"Vª] if'pe caxky)] jkT; foèkku lHkkvksa esa vè;{k tSls
fofHkUu laoSèkkfud inksa dh rVLFkrk ^jktuhfrd rVLFkrk ds fl¼kar* ds vkèkkj ij lokZsPp U;k;ky; dh
tkap ds nk;js esa vk xbZ gSA
ifjHkk"kk % oLrqfu"Brk ds fl¼kar dk rkRi;Z gS fd fu.kZ; vkSj dk;Z voyksdu ;ksX; ?kVukvksa ij vkèkkfjr
gksus pkfg, vkSj Hkkoukvksa] iwokZxzgksa ;k O;fÙkQxr iwokZxzgksa ls çHkkfor ugha gksus pkfg,A
oLrqfu"Brk
mnkgj.k % Hkkjr ds vkS"kfèk egkfu;a=kd us turk ds ncko ds ckotwn dksfoM&19 oSDlhu ds vuqeksnu
ds fy, i;kZIr vkadM+s lqfuf'pr fd,A
ifjHkk"kk % bldk eryc gS fd flfoy lsod inZs ds ihNs ls dke djrs gSa vkSj ehfM;k dh lqf•Z;ksa
vkSj turk dh utjksa ls nwj jgrs gSaA flfoy lsodksa dks u rks liQyrk dk Js; fn;k tkrk gS vkSj u gh
foiQyrk ds fy, nks"kh Bgjk;k tkrk gSA ;g jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk dh ftEesnkjh gS-
vekurk
mnkgj.k % eqanM+k Mhy ?kksVkys (1957) esa] Nkxyk vk;ksx us ekuk fd ¶ea=kh VhVh Ñ".kekpkjh vius lfpo
(,p-,e-iVsy) ds dk;ks± ds fy, laoSèkkfud :i ls ftEesnkj gSa vkSj og muds ihNs fNi ugha ldrs ;k
rdZlaxrrk ds vkèkkj ij blls budkj ugha dj ldrsA¸ urhtru] ea=kh us bLrhiQk ns fn;kA
leiZ.k fdlh fuf'pr dk;Z ds çfr çfrc¼ gksus dk xq.k gSA çfrc¼rk vkSipkfjd nkf;Ro gS ysfdu
tulsok ds çfr
leiZ.k drZO; vkSj ewY;ksa dh Hkkouk ls funZsf'kr gksrk gSA blfy,] leiZ.k dks ¶n`<+rk ds lkFk çfrc¼rk
leiZ.k
dh xq.koÙkk¸ ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
ifjHkk"kk % bldk vFkZ gS fdlh ,sls dk;Z gsrq fujarj ç;kl vkSj n`<+ ladYi ftlesa fdlh dks dfBukb;ksa
dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gks ;k liQyrk çkIr djus esa nsjh gks jgh gksA
n`<+rk
mnkgj.k % lekt esa O;ogkfjd ifjorZu (•qys esa 'kkSp] Vhdkdj.k ds çfr f>>d dks nwj djuk) ykus
ds ç;klksa esa le; yxrk gS vkSj n`<+rk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
ifjHkk"kk % lkgl ihM+k] nnZ] •rjs] vfuf'prrk] ;k èkedh dk èkS;Z vkSj uSfrd n`<+ fo'okl ds lkFk
lkgl lkeuk djus dk fodYi vkSj bPNk gS tks vko';d vkSj uSfrd :i ls lgh dkjZokbZ dks js•kafdr djrk
gSA lkgl fliQZ 'kkjhfjd cgknqjh ugha gSA

flfoy lsok ds fy, vfHk:fp vkSj vk/kjHkwr ewY; 105

 mnkgj.k % vksfM'kk dh ekulh cfjgk ds lkgl us dksfoM&19 ds dkj.k gq, ykWdMkmu ds nkSjku rfeyukMq
ds 30 Hkêðksa ls 6000 çoklh Jfedksa dks cpkus esa enn dhA
ifjHkk"kk % mÙkjnkf;Ro dk rkRi;Z gj fnu vkus okys u, voljksa vkSj pqukSfr;ksa vkSj turk dh mHkjrh
mÙkjnkf;Ro
t:jrksa ds çfr pkSdl jgus vkSj çfrfØ;k nsus ls gSA
mnkgj.k % LVho tkWCl viuh bZesy vkbZMh vius deZpkfj;ksa ds lkFk lk>k djrs Fks vkSj mudh f'kdk;rksa
ds fy, miyCèk jgrs FksA
ifjHkk"kk % bldk rkRi;Z rdZ ds mi;ksx ls Lo;a dks fu;af=kr vkSj vuq'kkflr djus dh {kerk ls gSA cqf¼]
foosd
varnZ`f"V vkSj Kku vDlj foosd ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA
mnkgj.k % flfoy lsok esa lkoZtfud {ks=k esa fu.kZ; ysuk 'kkfey gSA flfoy lsodksa dks O;kogkfjd ekeyksa
dk O;fÙkQ ekuk tkrk gSA os yksxksa ds lkFk dkiQh fu;fer laidZ esa jgrs gSaA flfoy lsodksa dks xqeuke
vkSj foosdiwoZd <ax ls ekeyksa ls fuiVuk iM+rk gSA
ifjHkk"kk % bldk rkRi;Z O;kid tufgr ds fy, lkoZtfud n`f"Vdks.k ls dqN tkudkjh] ekeyksa dh
xksiuh;rk
xksiuh;rk cuk, j•us ls gSA
mnkgj.k % lwpuk dk vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e] 2005 vkSj vkfèkdkfjd xksiuh;rk vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 8 O;kid
tufgr esa xksiuh;rk çnku djrh gSA
ifjHkk"kk % bldk rkRi;Z ikjn'khZ fu.kZ; ysus ds lkFk&lkFk lwpuk lk>k djus ls gSA nwljs vFkZ esa] blesa
•qykiu
dYiuk'khyrk vkSj Rofjr igqap dh ço`fÙk tSlh fo'ks"krk,a 'kkfey gSaA
mnkgj.k % vkjVhvkbZ lwpuk rd igqap çnku djrk gS] tks xjhcksa vkSj lekt ds detksj oxks± dks lkoZtfud
uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ks± ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ekaxus vkSj çkIr djus dk vfèkdkj nsrk gS] ftlls mudk dY;k.k
gksrk gSA
fuLokFkZrk ifjHkk"kk % fu%LokFkZrk dk vFkZ gS tufgr esa dk;Z djuk vkSj mls vius LokFkZ ls Åij j•uk gSA
mnkgj.k % enj Vsjslk us Lo;a dks ihfM+r ,oa çrkfM+r ekuork dh fuLokFkZ lsok ds fy, lefiZr dj fn;kA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk) 4- D;k ,d liQy flfoy lsod cuus ds fy, fu"i{krk vkSj
1- ckSf¼d {kerk vkSj uSfrd xq.kksa ds vykok] lekuqHkwfr vkSj xSj&i{kikriw.kZrk dks vifjgk;Z xq.k ekuk tkuk pkfg,\
d#.kk dqN vU; egRoiw.kZ xq.k gSa tks flfoy lsodksa dks mnkgj.k lfgr ppkZ dhft,A (150 'kCn) (2021)
egRoiw.kZ eqíksa ls fuiVus ;k egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; ysus esa vfèkd 5- ,d çHkkoh yksd lsod cuus ds fy, vko';d nl
vfuok;Z ewY;ksa dh igpku dhft,A yksd lsodksa esa vuSfrd
l{ke gksus dh lqfoèkk çnku djrs gSaA mi;qÙkQ mnkgj.k
vkpj.k dks jksdus ds rjhdksa ,oa mik;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
lfgr le>kb;sA (150 'kCn) (2022)  (150 'kCn) 2021
2- lHkh flfoy lsodksa dks miyCèk djk, x, fu;e vkSj 6- ik¡p uSfrd xq.kksa dh igpku dhft, ftuds vkèkkj ij dksbZ
fofu;e leku gSa] fiQj Hkh dk;Zfu"iknu esa varj gksrk gSA ,d flfoy lsod ds dk;Zfu"iknu dh :ijs•k rS;kj dj
ldrk gSA lwph esa muds 'kkfey fd, tkus dk vkSfpR;
ldkjkRed lksp okys vfèkdkjh ekeys ds i{k esa fu;eksa
fl¼ dhft,A (150 'kCn) (2021)
vkSj fofu;eksa dh O;k[;k djus vkSj liQyrk çkIr djus
7- ^yksd lsod* 'kCn ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ ,d yksd
esa l{ke gksrs gSa] tcfd udkjkRed lksp okys vfèkdkjh lsod dh visf{kr Hkwfedk ij fopkj dhft,A(150 'kCn)
ekeys ds fo#¼ mUgha fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa dh O;k[;k  (2019)
djds y{; gkfly djus esa vleFkZ gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k 8- ¶ukSdjh ij yksxksa dks j•rs le;] vki rhu xq.kksa dh
lfgr ppkZ dhft,A (150 'kCn) (2022) ryk'k djrs gSa% lR;fu"Bk] cqf¼eÙkk vkSj ÅtkZ vkSj ;fn
muds ikl igyk xq.k ugha gS] rks ckdh nks vkidks lekIr
3- ¶lR;fu"Bk ,d ,slk ewY; gS tks euq"; dks l'kÙkQ cukrk dj nsaxsA¸ & okjsu ciQsVA orZeku ifjn`'; esa bl dFku
gSA¸ mi;qÙkQ mnkgj.k lfgr iqf"V dhft,A (150 'kCn) ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ O;k[;k dhft,A (150 'kCn)
 (2021)  (2018)

106 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

 9- tufgr ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ yksdfgr esa flfoy lsodksa
}kjk viuk, tkus okys fl¼kar vkSj çfØ;k,¡ D;k gSa\
 (150 'kCn) (2018)
10- flfoy lsokvksa ds lanHkZ esa lkoZHkkSfed çÑfr ds rhu
cqfu;knh ewY;ksa dks crkb, vkSj muds egRo ij çdk'k
Mkfy,A (150 'kCn) (2018)
11- flfoy lsok ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf•r dh çklafxdrk dh
tk¡p dhft,% (,) ikjnf'kZrk (ch) mÙkjnkf;Ro (lh)
fu"i{krk vkSj U;k; (Mh) n`<+ fo'okl dk lkgl (bZ)
lsok dh HkkoukA (2017)
12- lR;fu"Bk ds ijh{k.kksa esa ls ,d gS le>kSrk djus ls iw.kZ
budkjA okLrfod thou ds mnkgj.k ds lkFk O;k[;k
dhft,A (2017)
13- lkoZtfud {ks=k esa fgrksa dk Vdjko rc mRiUu gksrk gS
tc (,) vkfèkdkfjd drZO;] (ch) lkoZtfud fgr] vkSj
(lh) O;fÙkQxr fgr ,d nwljs ds Åij çkFkfedrk ys jgs
gksaA ç'kklu esa bl Vdjko dks dSls gy fd;k tk ldrk
gS\ mnkgj.k lfgr o.kZu dhft,A (2016)
14- fu"i{krk vkSj xSj&i{kikr dks yksd lsokvksa esa ewyHkwr ewY;
D;ksa ekuk tkuk pkfg,] fo'ks"kdj orZeku lkekftd&jktuhfrd
ifjçs{; esa\ vius mÙkj dks mnkgj.k lfgr Li"V dhft,A
 (2015)
15- yksd lsodksa dks ^fgrksa ds Vdjko* dk lkeuk djus dh
laHkkouk gSA ^fgrksa ds Vdjko* 'kCn ls vki D;k le>rs
gSa vkSj ;g yksd lsodksa ds fu.kZ; ysus dks dSls çHkkfor
gksrk gS\ ;fn fgrksa ds Vdjko dh fLFkfr dk lkeuk djuk
iM+s] rks vki bls dSls gy djsaxs\ mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk
ls le>kb;sA (2015)
16- lkoZtfud lsok esa fo'oluh;rk vkSj èkS;Z ds xq.k dSls
çdV gksrs gSa\ mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;sA 2015
17- dsoy dkuwu dk vuqikyu gh i;kZIr ugha gS] drZO;ksa ds
çHkkoh fuoZgu ds fy, yksd lsod esa uSfrd eqíksa ds çfr
lqfodflr laosnu'khyrk Hkh gksuh pkfg,A D;k vki lger
gSa\ nks mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls Li"V dhft,] tgka (i)
dksbZ dk;Z uSfrd :i ls lgh gS] ysfdu dkuwuh :i ls
ugha vkSj (ii) dksbZ dk;Z dkuwuh :i ls lgh gS] ysfdu
uSfrd :i ls ughaA (2015)
18- yks d ls o dks a }kjk vius dke ds çfr çnf'kZ r nks
vyx&vyx çdkj ds n`f"Vdks.kksa dh igpku dh xbZ gS%
ukSdj'kkgh joS;k vkSj yksdrkaf=kd joS;kA ,) bu nksuksa 'kCnksa
ds chp varj dhft, vkSj muds xq.k vkSj nks"k fyf•,A
flfoy lsok ds fy, vfHk:fp vkSj vk/kjHkwr ewY;
ch) D;k gekjs ns'k ds rst fodkl ds fy, csgrj ç'kklu
cukus ds fy, nksuksa dks larfq yr djuk laHko gS\ (2015)
19- yksd lsok ds lanHkZ esa ^mÙkjnkf;Ro* dk D;k vFkZ gS\ yksd
lsodksa dk O;fÙkQxr vkSj lkewfgd mÙkjnkf;Ro lqfuf'pr
djus ds fy, D;k mik; fd, tk ldrs gSa\ (2014)
20- Kku ds fcuk lR;fu"Bk fucZy vkSj vFkZghu gS] ysfdu
lR;fu"Bk ds fcuk Kku •rjukd vkSj Hk;kud gSA bl
dFku ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ vkèkqfud lUnHkZ ls mnkgj.k
nsdj viuk n`f"Vdks.k Li"V dhft,A (2014)
21- yksd lsodksa ij Hkkjh uSfrd ftEesnkjh gksrh gS D;ksafd os
lÙkk ds inksa ij gksrs gSa] cM+h ek=kk esa lkoZtfud èku dks
laHkkyrs gSa] vkSj muds fu.kZ;ksa dk lekt vkSj i;kZoj.k ij
O;kid çHkko iM+rk gSA ,slh ftEesnkjh laHkkyus ds fy,
viuh uSfrd {kerk esa lqèkkj ds fy, vkius D;k dne
mBk, gSa\ (2014)
22- (a) yksd lsok ds lanHkZ esa fuEu 'kCnksa ls vki D;k le>rs
gSa\ (250 'kCn 10 vad)
1- lR;fu"Bk
2- vè;olk;
3- lsok&Hkko
4- çfrc¼rk
5- lkgliw.kZ n`<+rk
(b) nks
,sls vU; xq.k crkb, ftUgsa vki yksd lsok ds fy,
egÙoiw.kZ le>rs gSaA vius mÙkj dk vkSfpR; le>kb,A
 (100 'kCn 10 vad)
dsl LVMh
1- lquhy ,d ;qok flfoy lsod gSa vkSj viuh ;ksX;rk]
lR;fu"Bk] leiZ.k vkSj dfBu ,oa d"Vlkè; dk;ks± dks
djus ds fy, fujarj ç;kl djus ds fy, tkus tkrs
gSaA muds çksiQkby dks è;ku esa j•rs gq,] muds mPp
vfèkdkfj;ksa us mUgsa ,d cgqr gh pqukSrhiw.kZ vkSj laons u'khy
dk;Z laHkkyus ds fy, pqukA mUgsa voSèk jsr •uu ds
fy, dq[;kr vkfnoklh cgqy ftys esa rSukr fd;k x;kA
ogka ij unh ry ls jsr fudkyuk vkSj Vªdksa ds ekè;e
ls <qykbZ djuk vkSj mls dkys cktkj esa cspuk cM+s iSekus
ij gksrk FkkA ogka ij voSèk jsr •uu ekfiQ;k LFkkuh;
inkfèkdkfj;ksa vkSj vkfnoklh ckgqcfy;ksa ds leFkZu ls dke
dj jgk Fkk] tks cnys esa pqfuank xjhc vkfnokfl;ksa dks
fj'or nsrs Fks vkSj vkfnokfl;ksa dks Mjk èkedk dj j•rs
FksA ,d rst rjkZj vkSj ÅtkZoku vfèkdkjh gksus ds ukrs
lquhy us tehuh gdhdr vkSj ekfiQ;k }kjk dqfVy vkSj
107
 lafnXèk ra=k ds ekè;e ls viukbZ tkus okyh dk;Zç.kkyh
dks rqjar le> fy;kA iwNrkN djus ij mUgsa irk pyk fd
muds vius dk;kZy; ds dqN deZpkjh muds lkFk feys
gq, gSa vkSj mUgksaus ,d djhch vifo=k lkaBxkaB dj j•h
gSA lquhy us muds f•ykiQ dM+h dkjZokbZ 'kq: dh vkSj
jsr ls Hkjs Vªdksa ds voSèk lapkyu ij Nkisekjh 'kq: dj
nhA ekfiQ;k ckS•yk x;k D;ksafd igys dbZ vfèkdkfj;ksa us
ekfiQ;k ds f•ykiQ ,sls dne ugha mBk, FksA dk;kZy; ds
dqN deZpkjh] tks dfFkr rkSj ij ekfiQ;k ds djhch Fks]
us mls lwfpr fd;k fd vfèkdkjh ml ftys esa ekfiQ;k
ds voSèk jsr •uu dk;ks± dks •Re djus ds fy, n`<+
ladfYir gS vkSj blls mUgsa viwj.kh; {kfr gks ldrh gSA
ekfiQ;k mudk nq'eu gks x;k vkSj tokch geyk 'kq:
dj fn;kA vkfnoklh ckgqcfy;ksa vkSj ekfiQ;kvksa us mUgsa
xaHkhj ifj.kke Hkqxrus dh èkedh nsuh 'kq: dj nhA muds
ifjokj (iRuh vkSj cw<+h eka) dk ihNk fd;k x;k vkSj
mu ij vkHkklh fuxjkuh j•h xbZ vkSj bl rjg mu lHkh
dks ekufld ;kruk] ihM+k vkSj ruko dk lkeuk djuk
iM+kA ekeys us rc xaHkhj :i èkkj.k dj fy;k tc ,d
ckgqcyh muds dk;kZy; esa vk;k vkSj mUgsa èkedh nh fd
os Nkisekjh vkfn can dj nsa] vU;Fkk mudk gJ muds
dqN iwoZofrZ;ksa ls vyx ugha gksxk (nl o"kZ igys ekfiQ;k
us ,d vfèkdkjh dks ekj Mkyk Fkk)A
1- bl fLFkfr ls fuiVus ds fy, lquhy ds ikl miyCèk
fofHkUu fodYiksa dh igpku dhft,A
2- vius }kjk lwphc¼ çR;sd fodYi dk vkykspukRed
ewY;kadu dhft,A
3- vkids vuqlkj mijksÙkQ esa ls fdls viukuk lquhy ds
fy, lcls mi;qÙkQ gksxk vkSj D;ksa\ (mÙkj 250 'kCnksa
esa nhft,) (2021)
n`f"Vdks.k
z blesa 'kkfey uhfrxr eqíksa dh igpku dhft,A
z fgrèkkjdksa dh igpku dhft,A
z lquhy ds fy, miyCèk fofHkUu fodYiksa dh igpku
dhft,A
z blds xq.k vkSj nks"kksa ds vk/kj ij fodYi rykf'k,A
z lcls mi;qÙkQ dkjZokbZ crkb,A
v v
108
2- vkèkqfud yksdrkaf=kd jktuhfr esa] jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk
vkSj LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk dh voèkkj.kk gSA fuokZfpr tu
çfrfufèk jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk cukrs gSa vkSj ukSdj'kkgh
LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk cukrh gSA ea=kh uhfrxr fu.kZ; ysrs gSa
vkSj ukSdj'kkg mUgsa fØ;kfUor djrs gSaA vktknh ds ckn
'kq#vkrh n'kdksa esa] LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk vkSj jktuhfrd
dk;Zikfydk ds chp lacèa k ,d&nwljs ds {ks=k dk vfrØe.k
fd, fcuk] vkilh le>] lEeku vkSj lg;ksx ij vkèkkfjr
FksA gkyk¡fd] ckn ds n'kdksa esa fLFkfr cny xbZ gSA ,sls
mnkgj.k gS]a tc jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk
ij vius ,tsaMs dk ikyu djus ds fy, tksj nsrh gSA
bZekunkj ukSdj'kkgksa ds çfr lEeku esa fxjkoV vkbZ gSA
jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk esa LFkkukarj.k] iksfLVax vkfn tSls
fu;fer ç'kklfud ekeyksa esa 'kkfey gksus dh ço`fÙk c<+
jgh gSA bl ifjn`'; esa] ^ukSdj'kkgh ds jktuhfrdj.k* dh
,d fuf'pr ço`fÙk gSA lkekftd thou esa c<+rs HkkSfrdokn
vkSj vtZu'khyrk us LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk vkSj jktuhfrd
dk;Zikfydk nksuksa ds uSfrd ewY;ksa ij Hkh çfrdwy çHkko
Mkyk gSA bl ^ukSdj'kkgh ds jktuhfrdj.k* ds D;k ifj.kke
gSa \ ppkZ dhft,A (250 'kCn) (2019)
n`f"Vdks.k
1- blesa 'kkfey uhfrxr eqíksa dh igpku dhft,A
2- jktuhfrdj.k vkfn tSls 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
3- O;k[;k dhft, fd lkekftd thou esa c<+rs
HkkSfrdokn vkSj vtZu'khyrk us fdl çdkj LFkk;h
dk;Zikfydk vkSj jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk nksuksa ds
uSfrd ewY;ksa ij çfrdwy çHkko Mkyk gSA
4- ^ukSdj'kkgh ds jktuhfrdj.k* ds ifj.kke crkb,A
5- blls fuiVus ds mik; crkb,A
v
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 4 HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk
¶HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ekuo ÅtkZ] lwpuk] lacaèk vkSj çHkko ds lzksr ds :i esa Hkkoukvksa dh 'kfÙkQ vkSj dkS'ky dks le>us vkSj
çHkkoh <ax ls ykxw djus dh {kerk gSA¸
ikBÔØe
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk% voèkkj.kk] mudh mi;ksfxrk] ç'kklu vkSj 'kklu esa vuqç;ksxA
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk dh voèkkj.kk
z HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk (bZvkbZ) dk rkRi;Z ^viuh vkSj nwljksa
dh Hkkoukvksa dks igpkuus] mudk nksgu djus] mUgsa dk;ks±
esa ykxw djus vkSj mUgsa fofu;fer vkSj çcafèkr djus dh
{kerk ls gSA
z HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk dks vkRe&tkx:drk] vkRe&fu;eu]
çsj.kk] lgkuqHkwfr vkSj lkekftd dkS'ky ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k x;k gSA bls ekuo dkedkt dk ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw
ekuk tkrk gS tks thou ds dbZ igyqvksa] tSls lacaèk] dk;Z
vkSj dY;k.k dks çHkkfor djrk gSA
z bls loZçFke 1990 esa tkWu es;j vkSj ihVj lyksoh tSls
'kksèkdrkZvksa us çfrikfnr fd;k FkkA euksoSKkfud MSfu;y
xksyseSu us bl 'kCn dks yksdfç; cuk;kA
z xksyseSu us lq>ko fn;k fd Hkfo"; esa dh liQyrk ds fy,
HkkokukRed cqf¼eÙkk laKkukRed cqf¼ ls nksxquk egRoiw.kZ
gSA 80» o;Ld miyfCèk HkkokukRed cqf¼eÙkk ls çkIr
gksrh gSA
Hkkoukvksa dh voèkkj.kk vkSj ?kVd
z HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk dks le>us ds fy, Hkkoukvksa ds lHkh
igyqvksa dks le>uk t:jh gSA
z Hkkouk] ftls ,glkl ;k euksn'kk ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk
gS] ,d lgt ekufld fLFkfr gSA
z ;g vuqHkwfr vkSj O;ogkj ds lkFk&lkFk n`f"Vdks.k ds rRoksa
esa ls ,d gSA
z Hkkoukvksa dks vkerkSj ij etcwr] ldkjkRed ;k udkjkRed
ekuk tkrk gSA ;s Hkkouk,a fdlh O;fÙkQ ;k oLrq ij funZsf'kr
gksrh gSaA phtksa ds çfr gekjk n`f"Vdks.k Hkkoukvksa ls çHkkfor
gksrk gS] tks dHkh&dHkh laKku ij gkoh gks ldrk gSA
µjkWcVZ ds- dwij
z mnkgj.k ds fy,]
 ldkjkRed Hkkouk,a% •q'kh] eqLdqjkgV] galh] vkfn
 udkjkRed Hkkouk,a% Øksèk] bZ";kZ] ?k`.kk] vkfnA
Head Heart El
(IQ) Emotions
z Hkkoukvksa ds rhu vyx&vyx ?kVd gksrs gSa%
 O;fÙkQijd vuqHko% lkekftd euksoSKkfud •q'kh]
nq•] Hk; vkSj Øksèk tSlh lkoZHkkSfed Hkkoukvksa dh
igpku djrs gSa] ysfdu ;s vuqHko O;fÙkQijd gksrs gSa
vkSj cgqr fHkUu gks ldrs gSaA fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa fefJr
Hkkouk,a vke gksrh gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] xqLlk] tks gYdh >qa>ykgV ls ysdj
vaèkk dj nsus okys xqLls rd gks ldrk gSA
 'kkjhfjd çfrfØ;k% 'kkjhfjd çfrfØ;k ls rkRi;Z
Hkkoukvksa ds çfr 'kjhj dh çfrfØ;k ls gS] ftlesa ilhuk
vkus ls ysdj fny dh rst èkM+du rd 'kkfey gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] xqLls esa mPp jÙkQpkiA
 O;ogkfjd çfrfØ;k% O;ogkfjd çfrfØ;k Hkkoukvksa
dh okLrfod vfHkO;fÙkQ dks lanfHkZr djrh gSA ;g
vkarfjd çfrfØ;kvksa dk ckgjh ladsr gSA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] •q'kh esa ge galrs gSa ;k eqLdqjkrs gSa tcfd nq%•
esa ge lqLr yxrs gSa vkSj jks Hkh ldrs gSaA gkykafd] ;g
O;fÙkQijd gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] tc ,d eka vius uotkr f'k'kq
dks ns•rh gS] rks og ue vka•ksa ls viuh •q'kh O;ÙkQ
dj ldrh gSA

Hkkjrh; n'kZu vkSj HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk
z ;ksx vkSj è;ku% iratfy ds ;ksx lw=k ds vuqlkj] ;ksx
vkRe&tkx:drk vkSj HkkoukRed fofu;eu dks c<+kok
nsus ds fy, è;ku vkSj ekbaMiQqyusl vH;kl ij tksj
nsrk gSA bldk mís'; vfèkd HkkoukRed larqyu vkSj
cqf¼eÙkk rd igqapuk gSA
z osnkar vkSj vkRe&ijh{k.k% v}Sr osnkar n'kZu] fo'ks"k
:i ls] Lo;a dh çÑfr vkSj Hkkoukvksa ls blds lacaèk
dh tkap djrk gSA ;g HkkoukRed yphysiu dks c<+kok
nsrk gS vkSj Hkkoukvksa ls vyx gksus dh Hkkouk iSnk djus
esa enn djrk gSA
z HkfÙkQ vkSj d#.kk% ;g vH;kl lgkuqHkwfr vkSj lHkh
çkf.k;ksa ds varlZacaèk dh le> dks çksRlkfgr djds
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk esa lqèkkj djrk gSA
 Kku vkSj vkRe&fparu% Kku ;k Kku dk ekxZ]
Lo;a ij vkRefujh{k.k vkSj çfrfcac ij tksj nsrk
gSA ;g yksxksa dks vius fopkjksa vkSj Hkkoukvksa lfgr
okLrfodrk dh çÑfr ij loky mBkus ds fy,
çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,% Hkxon xhrk ds vuqlkj] O;fÙkQ
dk eu fu;af=kr vkSj fLFkj gksrk gSA bl çdkj og
viuh bafæ;ksa dks fu;a=k.k esa j•rk gS vkSj lokZsPp
vkRe ij dsafær j•rk gSA
z deZ vkSj fu%LokFkZ O;ogkj% deZ dh voèkkj.kk
fu%LokFkZ O;ogkj dh vko';drk ij tksj nsrh gSA
Hkkoukvksa ds çdkj
z çkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d Hkkouk,a%
 çkFkfed Hkkouk,a% lcls igys O;ÙkQ djus ds fy,]
çkFkfed Hkkouk,a fdlh fLFkfr ds çfr fof'k"V vkSj
çR;{k HkkoukRed çfrfØ;k,a gksrh gSaA
 f}rh;d Hkkouk,a% ;s çkFkfed Hkkoukvksa ds çfr
HkkoukRed çfrfØ;k,a gSaA
z ldkjkRed ,oa udkjkRed Hkkouk,a%
 ldkjkRed Hkkouk,a% os Hkkouk,a tks vuqHko djus
esa vkuannk;d gksa] ldkjkRed Hkkouk,a gSaA os ubZ
laHkkoukvksa ds fy, •qyh gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] I;kj] •q'kh] çlUurk vkfnA
 udkjkRed Hkkouk,a% os Hkkouk,a ftUgsa vuqHko djuk
gesa vkuannk;d ugha yxrk] os udkjkRed Hkkouk,a gSaA
110
Happiness
Contentment
Confidence
Calmness
Exhilaration
Enthusiam
Positive Emotions
Disquiet Negative Emotions
Frustration
Fear
Anger Anxiety
Depression
fp=k% ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed Hkkouk,a
 mnkgj.kkFkZ nq%•] Øksèk] ladV vkfnA
Hkkoukvksa ds dk;Z
z çsj.kk vkSj dkjZokbZ% Hkkouk,¡ 'kfÙkQ'kkyh çsjd gSa tks uSfrd
O;ogkj dks lapkfyr djrh gSaA
 d#.kk vkSj lgkuqHkwfr] mnkgj.k ds fy,] esjs iM+ksl
dh ,d efgyk lM+d ds dqÙkksa ds çfr ldkjkRed
Hkkoukvksa ls çsfjr gksdj nSfud vkèkkj ij LFkkuh; dqÙkksa
dks •kuk f•ykrh gSA
 udkjkRed Hkkouk,a] tSls vijkèkcksèk ;k 'kfeZanxh]
vuSfrd O;ogkj dks lgh djus ;k Hkfo"; dh dkjZokbZ
esa la'kksèku djus ds fy, vkarfjd ladsrksa ds :i esa
dke dj ldrh gSaA
z uSfrd tkx:drk vkSj laosnu'khyrk% Hkkouk,a uSfrd
fparkvksa ds ckjs esa gekjh tkx:drk dks c<+krh gSa vkSj
fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa uSfrd vk;keksa dks igpkuus esa gekjh
lgk;rk djrh gSaA
z uSfrd varKkZu% Hkkouk,a uSfrd fLFkfr;ksa ij Rofjr vkSj
lgt çfrfØ;k çnku dj ldrh gSa] tks gekjs çkjafHkd
uSfrd fu.kZ;ksa dk ekxZn'kZu djrh gSaA os uSfrd lgh ;k xyr
gksus dh Hkkouk çnku djrs gSa tks gekjh rRdky çfrfØ;kvksa
vkSj uSfrd varKkZu dks çHkkfor djrs gSa] tfVy uSfrd
nqfoèkkvksa ls fuiVus esa gekjh lgk;rk djrs gSaA
z uSfrd ewY;kadu% fLFkfr;ksa vkSj dk;ks± ds uSfrd vk;keksa
dk vkdyu djus esa Hkkouk,a egRoiw.kZ gSaA os fdlh ?kVuk
;k O;ogkj ds uSfrd egRo dk O;fÙkQijd ewY;kadu çnku
djrs gSa] uSfrd :i ls mfpr ;k vuqfpr D;k gS] blds
ckjs esa gekjh èkkj.kkvksa dk ekxZn'kZu djrs gSaA
z varoZS;fÙkQd dk;Z% Hkkouk,a gekjs O;ogkj dk ekxZn'kZu
djrh gSa vkSj fu.kZ; ysus esa enn djrh gSa rkfd ge thfor
jg ldsa vkSj euq"; ds :i esa dk;Z dj ldsaA
 mnkgj.k% •q'kh jpukRed lksp dks c<+kok nsrh gS vkSj
u, fopkjksa dks vuqefr nsus ds fy, gekjk è;ku dsafær
djrh gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd dk;Z% Hkkouk,a lekt vkSj z fu.kZ; ysuk% Hkkouk,a rsth ls fu.kZ; ysus esa lgk;rk djrh
laLÑfr;ksa ds fuekZ.k vkSj j•j•ko esa enn djrh gSaA gSa D;ksafd etcwr udkjkRed Hkkoukvksa ls tqM+s fodYi iwjh
 mnkgj.k% fo'okl tSlh Hkkouk,a vDlj ,d lkekftd rjg lekIr gks tkrs gSaA
xksan ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSa tks lewgksa dks ,d lkFk  mnkgj.k% fdlh ikfjokfjd feyu lekjksg esa fdlh

j•rh gSaA tSls fdlh lkekU; mís'; ds fy, xSj ljdkjh jsLrjka esa •kuk vkWMZj djrs le; esjs ifjokj dk çR;sd
laxBuksa esa dke djus okys yksxA lnL; og •kuk vkWMZj djrk gS tks mls ilan gSA

Emotion Physiological Cognitive appraisal Subjective Behavioral response

Provoking response to identify the cause Experience - how we show or
event arousal of arousal Feeling react to our feeling

fp=k% Hkkouk dk ra=k

Hkkouk cuke vuqHkwfr cuke euksn'kk
Hkkouk vuqHkwfr euksn'kk
mÙkstukvksa ;k ?kVukvksa ds çfr Hkkouk,a vkSj fopkj O;fÙkQijd yacs le; rd pyus okyh vkSj O;kid
ifjHkk"kk çfrfØ;k,a tks rhoz] laf{kIr vkSj vuqHko ykrh gSaA HkkoukRed fLFkfr;ka tks fof'k"V ?kVukvksa
fof'k"V gksrh gSaA ds fy, de fof'k"V gksrh gSaA
vkerkSj ij] ;s laf{kIr gksrs gSa] lsdaM feuVksa ls ysdj ?kaVksa rd yacs le; ?kaVksa] fnuksa ;k gÝrksa rd py ldrh gSA
vofèk
ls feuV rd pyrh gSaA rd py ldrh gSA
HkkoukRed çfrfØ;k,a fof'k"V O;fÙkQijd vuqHko fopkjksa] vkarfjd dkjd (tSls] fopkj] 'kkjhfjd
dkj.k ?kVukvksa] fLFkfr;ksa ;k mÙkstukvksa ls fo'oklksa ;k O;k[;kvksa ds dkj.k fLFkfr) vkSj ckgjh ifjfLFkfr;ka vke rkSj
mRiUu gksrh gSaA gksrs gSaA ij çHkko'kkyh gksrh gSaA
'kkjhfjd mifLFkfr vkSj voyksdu ;ksX; vkarfjd vuqHko vkSj Hkkoukvksa dh vke rkSj ij ckgjh :i ls O;ÙkQ ugha fd;k
vfHkO;fÙkQ O;ogkj (tSl]s psgjs ds Hkko] 'kkjhfjd O;fÙkQxr O;k[;k,¡ ges'kk fn•kbZ tkrk gS] ysfdu fdlh ds lexz vkpj.k ;k
Hkk"kk) esa ifjorZu vDlj ns•s tkrs gSAa ugha nsrh gSaA LoHkko ij çHkko iM+ ldrk gSA
Øksèk] •q'kh] Hk;] vk'p;Z] ?k`.kk vkSj •q'kh] I;kj] vijkèkcksèk] 'keZ] ldkjkRed euksn'kk] udkjkRed euksn'kk]
mnkgj.k
mnklhA bZ";kZ] xoZA 'kkafr] fpM+fpM+kiu] mnklhA
Hkkouk cuke vuqHkwfr cuke euksn'kk ds chp varj le>kus ds fy, mnkgj.k
vius Ldwy ds fnuksa dh dYiuk dhft, tc vki Nk=k FksA vki d{kk esa cSBs Fks tc vkids f'k{kd us vçR;kf'kr :i ls ,d
vk'p;Ztud ijh{kk dh ?kks"k.kk dhA vkb, ns•sa fd bl fLFkfr esa vkidh Hkkouk] vuqHkwfr vkSj euksn'kk dSls çdV gksrh gSa%

z Feeling of a sudden rush of anxiety and fear, accompanied by a

racing heart and sweaty palms.
Emotions

z Feeling overwhelmed, worried about our preparedness for the

test, and frustrated that we didn’t have prior knowledge of it.
Feelings

z If we receive positive feedback, our mood might become more

positive and relieved.
z If we feel dissatisfied with our performance, our mood may turn
Mood more negative or disappointed.

HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk 111

HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk (bZvkbZ) ds rRo
MSfu;y xksyseSu ds vuqlkj] HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ds 5 rRo
gSa%
1- vkRe&tkx:drk% HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk esa O;fÙkQ viuh
Hkkoukvksa ds lkFk lgt gksrs gSa vkSj nwljksa ij muds çHkko
dks le>rs gSaA ftl rjg ls vki eglwl djrs gSa mls
le>uk vkSj Lohdkj djuk vDlj ml ij dkcw ikus dk
igyk dne gksrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% ,d daiuh esa ,d çcaèkd Jh •Uuk cgqr
lq;ksX; O;fÙkQ gSa ysfdu vPNk O;ogkj ugha djrs gSaA
•Uuk th dks bl fo'ks"krk ds ckjs esa Li"V :i ls irk
ugha gSA og vDlj vius O;ogkj ds dkj.k nwljksa dks
ukjkt djrs gSaA og vDlj dke iwjk u gksus] Nqêðh dh
ekax vkfn ij vius vèkhuLFkksa ij fpYykrs utj vkrs
gSaA ;fn mUgksaus vius dfu"Bksa ds dke dks le; ij
iwjk djus vkSj fu;fer dke djus dk egRo le>kus
dh dksf'k'k dh gksrh] rks csgrj ifj.kke fey ldrs FksA
2- Lo&fu;eu% xyfr;ksa vkSj fj'rksa dks uqdlku ls cpus ds
fy, vkosxksa vkSj Hkkoukvksa ij fu;a=k.kA
 mnkgj.k% xkaèkhth dk lR;kxzg ftlesa xaHkhj neu ds
f•ykiQ Hkh ,d vfgald çn'kZudkjh cuuk 'kkfey
Fkk] tks ,d lR;kxzgh }kjk Hkkoukvksa vkSj Øksèk ij
vkRe&fu;eu dh ekax djrk FkkA
3- vkarfjd çsj.kk% xksyseSu HkkSfrd iqjLdkjksa ds ctk; dke
ds çfr tquwu dk lq>ko nsrs gSa] HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk esa
lqèkkj djrs gSa] ftlls fujarj çsj.kk] Li"V fu.kZ; ysus vkSj
laxBukRed y{;ksa dh le> iSnk gksrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% dksfoM&19 egkekjh us MkWDVjksa ij Hkkjh ruko
Mkyk vkSj mUgsa ejhtksa ds fy, dke djrs jgus ds fy,
vkarfjd çsj.kk <wa<uh iM+hA
Self Awareness
Element of
Social Self Regulation
Skills Emotional
Intelligence
Internal
Empathy
Motivation
fp=k% HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ds rRo
4- lekuqHkwfr% bldk rkRi;Z nwljksa dh txg ij gksuk gSA
lekuqHkwfr Lo;a dks mldh fLFkfr esa j•dj nwljksa dh fLFkfr
dks le>us dh ekax djrh gSA
112
 mnkgj.k% ,d flfoy lsod dks fu;qÙkQ gksus ls igys
Lo;a ,d vke vkneh gksus ds ukrs vke ukxfjdksa dh
leL;kvksa ds çfr lekuqHkwfr j•uh pkfg, vU;Fkk og
ns'k dh tM+ksa ls tqM+ko •ks ldrk gSA
5- lkekftd dkS'ky% xksyseSu lkekftd dkS'ky dk o.kZu
¶,d mís'; ds lkFk fe=krk¸ ds :i esa of.kZr djrs gSaA
lkekftd dkS'ky esa eS=khiw.kZ] fouez vkSj lEekutud gksuk
vkSj O;fÙkQxr vkSj laxBukRed ykHkksa ds fy, LoLFk lacaèkksa
dks c<+kok nsuk ,oe lexz dY;k.k dks c<+kuk 'kkfey gSA
 mnkgj.k% vyhx<+ ds ,l,lih vkdk'k dqygfj
çn'kZudkfj;ksa dh HkhM+ esa fugRFks pys x, vkSj Nk=kksa ls
fojksèk ds vfèkdkj dks igpkurs gq, 'kkafriw.kZ jgus dh
vihy dhA mUgksaus HkhM+ dks 'kkafr çnku djus ds fy,
mRÑ"V lkekftd dkS'ky dk çn'kZu fd;kA
xksyseSu ds vuqlkj] tks O;fÙkQ bu fo'ks"krkvksa dks viukrs gSa]
mUgsa ,slk u djus okys O;fÙkQ;ksa dh rqyuk esa liQy gksus dh
dgha vfèkd laHkkouk gksrh gSA gkyk¡fd] O;fÙkQ dsoy bu dkS'kyksa
ds lkFk iSnk ugha gksrs gSa cfYd mUgsa lh•k tk ldrk gSA
Hkkoukvksa dk fofu;eu
z Hkkoukvksa dks igpkuuk% viuh Hkkoukvksa ds çfr
tkx:d gksuk vkSj muds dkj.k vkSj Lo#i dks le>ukA
z dkj.k dks le>uk% mu fLFkfr;ksa] ?kVukvksa ;k fopkjksa
dh igpku djuk tks fof'k"V Hkkouk,a iSnk djrs gSaA
z lkeuk djus dh j.kuhfr;ka viukuk% xgjh lk¡l ysuk]
ldkjkRed vkRe&ppkZ djuk] ;k Hkkoukvksa dks çHkkoh
<ax ls çcafèkr vkSj fofu;fer djus ds fy, leFkZu
ekaxuk tSlh rduhdksa dks viukukA
Hkkoukvksa dk çHkko
z O;ogkfjd çHkko% Hkkouk,a gekjs dk;ks±] fu.kZ;ksa vkSj
nwljksa ds lkFk gekjs ckrphr djus ds rjhds dks çHkkfor
djrh gSaA
z ikjLifjd çHkko% Hkkouk,a gekjs lapkj] lgkuqHkwfr vkSj
nwljksa ds lkFk tqM+us ds rjhds dks çHkkfor djds gekjs
fj'rksa dks çHkkfor djrh gSaA
z dY;k.k çHkko% Hkkouk,a gekjs ekufld vkSj HkkoukRed
dY;k.k dks egRoiw.kZ :i ls çHkkfor djrh gSa] lexz
thou larqf"V vkSj •q'kh dks çHkkfor djrh gSaA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
4-1 lyksoh vkSj es;j dh HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ds pkj Lrj
Hkkoukvksa dks le>uk
Hkkoukvksa dks le>us esa igyk
dne mUgsa lVhd :i ls
le>uk gSA dbZ ekeyksa esa]
blesa 'kkjhfjd Hkk"kk vkSj psgjs
ds Hkko tSls v'kkfCnd ladsrksa
dks le>uk 'kkfey gks ldrk
gSA
Hkkoukvksa ds lkFk rdZ djuk
blesa lksp vkSj laKkukRed
xfrfofèk dks c<+kok nsus ds
fy, Hkkoukvksa dk mi;ksx djuk
'kkfey gSA ge ftl ij è;ku
nsrs gSa vkSj ftl ij çfrfØ;k
djrs gSa] mls çkFkfedrk nsus esa
Hkkouk,a enn djrh gSaA ge mu
phtksa ds çfr HkkoukRed :i ls
çfrfØ;k djrs gSa tks gekjk è;ku
vkdf"kZr djrh gSaA
Hkkoukvksa dks le>uk
ftu Hkkoukvksa dks ge vuqHko
djrs gSa muds dbZ çdkj ds
vFkZ gks ldrs gSaA ;fn dksbZ
xqLls okyh Hkkouk,a O;ÙkQ dj
jgk gS] rks i;Zos{kd dks mlds
xqLls dk dkj.k vkSj bldk D;k
eryc gks ldrk gS] bldh
O;k[;k djuh pkfg,A
Hkkoukvksa dk çcaèku
;g HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk
dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk
gSA Hkkoukvksa dks fu;af=kr
djuk] mfpr çfrfØ;k nsuk
vkSj nwljksa dh Hkkoukvksa dk
tokc nsuk HkkoukRed çcaèku
ds lHkh egRoiw.kZ igyw gSaA

ek'kZeSyks ç;ksx z csgrj lapkj dkS'ky% tks yksx HkkoukRed :i ls cqf¼eku

gksrs gSa os nwljksa dh ckr lqurs gSa vkSj çHkkoh <ax ls laokn
z ek'kZeSyks ç;ksx] tks NksVs cPpksa ds lkFk fd;k x;k djuk tkurs gSa (xksyseSu 1997)A
Fkk] ls irk pyk fd ftu yksxksa us cM+s buke ds i{k esa z csgrj leUo;% bZvkbZ ,d yksd lsod dks vfèkd pkSdl
rRdky larqf"V dk fojksèk fd;k] mUgksaus thou esa csgrj vkSj lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ cukrk gSA
çn'kZu fd;kA z fo?kVudkjh Hkkoukvksa dk çcaèku% mPp ncko okys
z bl ç;ksx esa vkRe&fu;eu] vkosx fu;a=k.k vkSj ekgkSy esa dke djus okys ,d flfoy lsod dks vDlj
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ds chp lacaèk ij çdk'k Mkyk jktuhfrd ncko] thou dh èkefd;ksa vkfn dk lkeuk
x;k gSA djuk iM+rk gSA
z Lo&fu;eu HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw z csgrj uhfr dk;kZUo;u% ,d vè;;u ds vuqlkj] ,sls
gS D;ksafd ;g yksxksa dks vius vkosxksa dks çcafèkr djus lg;ksfx;ksa ds lkFk dke djuk tks Lo;a&tkx:d ugha gSa]
vkSj nh?kZdkfyd y{;ksa ds vkèkkj ij csgrj fu.kZ; ysus ,d Vhe dh liQyrk dks vkèkk dj ldrs gSa tcfd ruko
dh vuqefr nsrk gSA dks Hkh c<+ ldrk gS vkSj çsj.kk de gks ldrh gSA
z O;fÙkQ Lo&fu;eu dkS'ky fodflr djds viuh Enhance
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk esa lqèkkj dj ldrs gSa] ftlls emotional
csgrj fj'rs] 'kS{kf.kd ;k O;kolkf;d liQyrk vkSj lexz literacy
dY;k.k gksrk gSA Recognise
Exercise patterns in
z ek'kZeSyks ç;ksx HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk fodflr djus vkSj optimism reactions and
ldkjkRed thou ifj.kke çkIr djus esa vkRe&fu;a=k.k behaviours
vkSj foyafcr larqf"V ds ewY; ij çdk'k Mkyrk gSA Six
Competencies
HkkoukRed #i ls cqf¼eku yksxksa ds y{k.k of EI

Engage Evaluating
z rdZlaxr fu.kZ; ysuk% vPNs HkkoukRed xq.kd okyk O;fÙkQ cost and
intrinsic
vius dk;ks± ds fufgrkFkZ dks le>sxk vkSj rdZlaxr :i ls motivation benefits of
fu.kZ; ysxkA choice
Use emotions
 mnkgj.k% vafdr ,d flfoy lsod gSA og vius
as strategic
ftys esa lkekftd dY;k.k ds fy, èku vkoafVr djrk resources
gSA og ,d O;kid ewY;kadu çfØ;k ds ckn rdZlaxr
fu.kZ; ysrk gSA fp=k% bZvkbZ dh Ng fo'ks"krk,a

HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk 113

z usr`Ro dks çksRlkfgr djuk% gj pht ds dsaæ esa vkRe&tkx:drk gSA ;g fdlh dh viuh rkdr vkSj •kfe;ksa dks le>us
ds vykok Hkkoukvksa dks igpkuus dh {kerk vkSj fdlh (yksd lsod ds) vkSj mldh Vhe ds çn'kZu ij muds çHkko dk
o.kZu djrk gSA
z çfr#i dh igpku% bZvkbZ O;fÙkQ esa çHkkoh leL;k&lekèkku ;k fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, nwljksa ds HkkoukRed çfr#i] çfrfØ;kvksa
vkSj O;ogkj dks igpkuus dh {kerk gksrh gSA

mnkgj.k
,d cgqjk"Vªh; daiuh ds çcaèkd jkgqy ls feysa] tks fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ds dbZ y{k.k çnf'kZr djrk gS%
z High-pressure meeting he
notices feelings of frustration.
Self
Awareness z Takes a moment to
acknowledge his emotions.

Rahul's z His team members is

several traits struggling with a personal
of Emotional issue.
Intelligence Empathy
z Takes the time to listen
in different attentively, express genuine
situations concern.
z Conflict between team
members.
Emotional z Remains composed and
Regulation objective.
z Refrains from reacting
impulsively.

HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk (bZvkbZ) ds fofHkUu ekWMy
z {kerk ekWMy% bZvkbZ dk {kerk ekWMy fdlh O;fÙkQ dh
Hkkoukvksa dks çHkkoh <ax ls le>us vkSj çcafèkr djus
dh {kerk ij tksj nsrk gSA ;g HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ds
laKkukRed igyqvksa ij çdk'k Mkyrk gS vkSj bZvkbZ dks
,d ekufld {kerk ds :i esa ekurk gSA mPp bZvkbZ O;fÙkQ
Hkkoukvksa dks igpkuus] muds dkj.kksa dks le>us vkSj mudh
çfrfØ;kvksa dks fofu;fer djus esa dq'ky gksrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] mPp bZvkbZ okys Jh jkgqy psgjs
ds Hkkoksa dh O;k[;k djus vkSj viuh Vhe ds lnL;ksa
dh HkkoukRed fLFkfr dk lVhd vkdyu djus esa
mRÑ"V gSaA
z fof'k"Vrk ekWMy% HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk (bZvkbZ) O;fÙkQRo
y{k.kksa dk ,d lewg gS tks Hkkoukvksa dh èkkj.kk vkSj çcaèku
dks çHkkfor djrk gSA mPp bZvkbZ okyk O;fÙkQ fofHkUu
fLFkfr;ksa esa HkkoukRed :i ls cqf¼eku O;ogkj çnf'kZr
djrs gSa] tks vkRe&tkx:drk] vkRe&fu;eu] lekuqHkwfr
vkSj lkekftd dkS'ky tSls fLFkj y{k.kksa ij è;ku dsafær
gksrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] Jh jkgqy lanHkZ dh ijokg fd,
fcuk yxkrkj nwljksa ds çfr lekuqHkwfr vkSj le> çnf'kZr
djrs gSaA
z fefJr ekWMy% HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk (bZvkbZ) dk fefJr
ekWMy {kerk vkSj fo'ks"krk ekWMy dks tksM+rk gS] tUetkr
{kerkvksa vkSj lh•s x, dkS'ky dks igpkurk gS] vkSj
laKkukRed vkSj O;fÙkQRo&vkèkkfjr igyqvksa dks ,dhÑr
djrs gq, csgrj bZvkbZ ds fy, çf'k{k.k vkSj vH;kl dk
lq>ko nsrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] fefJr ekWMy ds vuqlkj] Jh jkgqy
esa Hkkoukvksa dks le>us dh çkÑfrd {kerk gks ldrh
gS] lkFk gh os Hkkoukvksa dks çcafèkr djus vkSj çcaèku
vkSj mudh Vhe ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk ldkjkRed lacaèk
cukus esa lh•s gq, dkS'ky dk çn'kZu Hkh dj ldrs gSaA

114 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

  çsj.kk% mPp HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk okys O;fÙkQ vR;fèkd
Emotional
Intelligence
çsfjr gksrs gSa vkSj os dHkh&dHkh foiQyrkvksa ls vklkuh
ls fuiV ldrs gSaA
 vko';drkvksa vkSj bPNkvksa ds chp varj% ,d
Emotional Perceiving
bZvkbZ fnekx mu phtksa ds chp varj djus esa l{ke gS
Intelligence Emotions
ftudh mUgsa vko';drk gS vkSj tks phtsa os pkgrs gSaA
;g fof'k"V miHkksx dks jksdrk gSA
 fo'okl dk fuekZ.k% bZvkbZ fo'okl vkSj xgjs lacaèkksa

dks c<+kok nsrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fdlh lkFkh ds

Managing Understanding lkFk O;fÙkQxr detksfj;k¡ lk>k djus ls HkkoukRed
Emotions Emotions
varjaxrk c<+rh gSA
 yphysiu dks c<+kok nsuk% çfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk (bZvkbZ) dh cgqvk;keh
eísutj] bZvkbZ yphysiu dks c<+kok nsdj ldkjkRed
mi;ksfxrk n`f"Vdks.k dks çcafèkr djus esa enn djrk gSA
z futh thou esa% z lkoZtfud thou esa%
 la?k"kZ lekèkku% bZvkbZ ls ;qÙkQ yksx tfVy O;fÙkQ;ksa]
 usr`Ro% HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk usr`Ro {kerkvksa dks c<+krh
yksxksa ds lewgksa ;k rukoiw.kZ fLFkfr;ksa dks dwVuhfr ls gS] çHkkoh fu.kZ; ysus esa l{ke cukrh gS] nwljksa dks çsfjr
laHkky ldrs gSaA ;g lg;ksxkRed lekèkku •kstus esa vkSj çksRlkfgr djrh gS vkSj lg;ksx dks c<+kok nsrh gSA
lgk;rk djrk gSA  mnkgj.k% egkRek xkaèkh us fofoèk n`f"Vdks.kksa ds

Understands Understands lkFk lgkuqHkwfr O;ÙkQ dh] vke lgefr cukbZ vkSj
own emotion emotions of
other
çHkkoh bZvkbZ dk çn'kZu djrs gq, d#.kk ds lkFk
usr`Ro fd;kA
EI person
 lkoZtfud Hkk"k.k vkSj çHkko% bZvkbZ O;fÙkQ;ksa dks

Develops more vius n'kZdksa ls çHkkoh <ax ls tqM+us vkSj layXu djus
EI persons esa enn djrk gSA
Helps them
& other  mnkgj.k ds fy,] lanhi ekgs'ojh] n'kZdksa ds lkFk

vius çHkkoh tqM+ko ds lkFk mudh leL;kvksa ds

 ekufld LokLF;% ;g gesa viuh Hkkoukvksa vkSj ruko
dks çcafèkr djus esa enn djrk gSA ;g gesa volkn
vkSj fpark ls cpkrk gSA
 fu.kZ; ysuk% 'kksèkdrkZ bl ckr ls lger gSa fd ,d
vPNs fu.kZ; dh dqath fdlh ds fu.kZ; esa lksp vkSj
Hkkouk nksuksa dk la;kstu gSA
 vk'kkokn% ;g gekjh udkjkRed Hkkoukvksa dks fu;af=kr
lekèkku esa mudk ekxZn'kZu djus esa l{ke gSaA
 la?k"kZ lekèkku vkSj ckrphr% bZvkbZ la?k"kks± dks lqy>kus
vkSj çHkkoh <ax ls ckrphr djus dh lqfoèkk çnku
djrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij çèkkuea=kh ujsaæ eksnh }kjk
dwVuhfrd ckrphrA
 lacaèk cukuk vkSj cuk, j•uk% bZvkbZ lgdfeZ;ksa]

djus esa enn djrk gS vkSj fdlh dk;Z ds fy, vk'kk ?kVdksa vkSj fgrèkkjdksa ds lkFk etcwr lacaèk cukus esa
vkSj laHkkouk dk mfpr ifjçs{; çnku djrk gSA lgk;rk djrk gSA ;g lkeqnkf;d Hkkouk dks c<+kok
 O;fÙkQxr fodkl% 'kksèk ds ekè;e ls ;g irk pyk nsrk gSA
gS fd HkkoukRed :i ls cqf¼eku yksx O;fÙkQxr vkSj  vkykspuk vkSj ncko ls fuiVuk% bZvkbZ O;fÙkQ;ksa

O;kolkf;d thou nksuksa esa csgrj ifj.kke çkIr djrs dks vkykspuk] lkoZtfud tkap vkSj mPp ncko okyh
gSaA os vius thou esa ldkjkRed cnykoksa dks Lohdkj fLFkfr;ksa dks laHkkyus ds fy, yphysiu vkSj HkkoukRed
djus ds fy, dkiQh yphys gksrs gSaA rkdr ls ySl djrk gSA

HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk 115

  lekuqHkwfr% bZvkbZ turk dh t:jrksa vkSj fparkvksa ds
çfr lekuqHkwfr vkSj le> dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
z jktuhfr esa%
 çHkkoh lapkj% mPp&HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk okys jktusrk
viuh lapkj 'kSfy;ksa dks viukdj fofHkUu lkaLÑfrd]
Hkk"kkbZ vkSj lkekftd&vkfFkZd lewgksa ls tqM+ ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% ,d jktusrk xzkeh.k {ks=k esa ,d jSyh dks
lacksfèkr djrs gq, lacafèkr Hkk"kk vkSj dgkfu;ksa dk
mi;ksx dj jgk gS tks LFkkuh; leqnk; dh Hkkoukvksa
vkSj vkdka{kkvksa ls tqM+rh gSaA
 vke lgefr dk fuekZ.k% mPp&HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk
okys jktusrk vke lgefr cukdj la?k"kks± dks lqy>k
ldrs gSa vkSj jk"Vªh; fgrksa dks vkxs c<+k ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] la;qÙkQ jk"Vª esa Hkkjr ds çfrfufèk
us vkradokn ds f•ykiQ oSf'od lkewfgd dkjZokbZ
ds fy, vke lgefr cukus esa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
 lekuqHkwfr vkSj tehuh Lrj ij tqM+ko% HkkoukRed
cqf¼eÙkk jktusrkvksa dks lfØ; :i ls lquus vkSj muds
lkFk tqM+dj yksxksa dh fparkvksa dks le>us esa enn
djrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% jktusrk vkink@vijkèk@çkÑfrd vkinkvksa
ds ihfM+rksa ls feyus tkrs gSaA
 lkekftd foHkktu dks laHkkyuk% lkekftd] èkkfeZd
vkSj tkfrxr foHkktu Hkkjr dh jktuhfr dks vkdkj nsrs
gSaA HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk jktusrkvksa dks bu tfVyrkvksa ls
fuiVus] lkekftd ,dtqVrk dks c<+kok nsus vkSj leqnk;ksa
dks tksM+us esa enn djrh gSA
z ç'kklu esa%
 çHkkoh 'kklu% mPp HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk okys ç'kkld
Hkkjrh; vkcknh dh fofoèk vko';drkvksa vkSj Hkkoukvksa
dks le> ldrs gSaA os fofHkUu {ks=kksa] laLÑfr;ksa vkSj
lkekftd vkfFkZd lewgksa dh fparkvksa dks lacksfèkr djrs
gq, lekuqHkwfriw.kZ 'kklu esa layXu gks ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% Jhuxj ds ftyk dysDVj 'kkfgn bdcky
pkSèkjh us d'ehj ds detksj xkaoksa esa 320 iqy
cuk, gSaA blls gtkjksa yksxksa vkSj Ldwyh cPpksa dks
dusfDVfoVh feyh gSA ;k=kk dh nwjh de djus ds
vykok] bl igy ls ck<+ esa tkueky ds uqdlku esa
Hkkjh deh vkbZ gSA
z lkaLÑfrd laosnu'khyrk% Hkkjr cgqHkk"kh] èkkfeZd vkSj
lkaLÑfrd gSA HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ç'kkldksa dks bl
fofoèkrk dk lEeku djus] uhfr fuekZ.k vkSj dk;kZUo;u esa
116
lekosf'krk vkSj lkaLÑfrd laosnu'khyrk dks c<+kok nsus esa
enn djrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% lh-ch- eqFkEek igyh efgyk vkbZ,iQ,l
vfèkdkjh vkSj jktnwr FkhaA mUgsa ySafxd eqíksa vkSj tkfr
lacaèkh eqíksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA bl çdkj] mUgksaus
bu lHkh ls la?k"kZ fd;k vkSj ,f'k;k] vÚhdk vkSj ;wjksi
tSls fofHkUu LFkkuksa esa viuh iwjh ÅtkZ ds lkFk fofHkUu
{kerkvksa esa lsok dhA
z lkeqnkf;d lgHkkfxrk% HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ç'kkldksa dks
LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa ls tqM+us esa enn djrh gSA {ks=kh; vkSj
lkeqnkf;d vko';drkvksa] fparkvksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa dks
le>us ls ç'kkldksa dks Hkkjr ds fy, uhfr;ka vkSj dk;ZØe
rS;kj djus esa enn feyrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% dSiQs ,cy igy rfeyukMq ds FkwFkqdqMh
esa ftyk dysDVj (Mhlh) lanhi uanwjh }kjk 'kq: dh
xbZ FkhA vkbZ,,l vfèkdkjh us fnO;kax O;fÙkQ;ksa ds
vkRefo'okl] m|e'khyrk dh Hkkouk dks c<+kok nsus
vkSj muesa vkRefuHkZjrk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, ,d
dSiQs dh LFkkiuk dhA
z la?k"kZ lekèkku% HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk fofHkUu ç'kklfud
lsfVaXl esa la?k"kks± dks lqy>kus vkSj ruko dks çcafèkr djus
esa enn djrh gSA mPp&bZvkbZ ç'kkld varj&lkeqnkf;d
fooknksa esa eè;LFkrk dj ldrs gSa] laokn dks c<+kok ns ldrs
gSa vkSj le> dks c<+kok ns ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% uksjksUgk ,d vkbZlh,l vfèkdkjh FksA mUgsa
iafMr tokgjyky usg: }kjk lhèks xksok ds eq[; ukxfjd
ç'kkld ds :i esa fu;qÙkQ fd;k x;k FkkA mUgksaus eè;
çns'k jkT; esa lkaçnkf;drk vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dk lkeuk
djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
z lkoZtfud lsok forj.k% HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ç'kkldksa
dks lekuqHkwfr vkSj n{krk ds lkFk lkoZtfud lsok,¡ çnku
djus esa enn djrh gSA ukxfjdksa dh HkkoukRed t:jrksa
dks le>dj] ç'kkld lsok forj.k ra=k dks fMtkbu
vkSj dk;kZfUor dj ldrs gSa tks mÙkjnk;h] ikjn'khZ vkSj
ukxfjd&dsafær gSaA
 mnkgj.k% tcfd vkWuykbu ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k ,si ls
Hkjk gqvk gS] iqMqpsjh ds ftyk dysDVj MkW- Vh v#.k
us viuh rjg dk igyk ,si cuk;k] ftlus iqMqpsjh
esa rkykcksa] >hyksa vkSj 206 fdeh yach ugjksa lfgr
198 ty fudk;ksa dks iquthZfor fd;kA ¶uhj ikfèkoq¸
ft;ksVSfxax] vf}rh; vkbZMh uacj] rkykcksa vkSj VSadksa ij
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 thvkbZ,l vkSj v{kka'k vkSj ns'kkarj ds lkFk ty fudk;ksa
dks fMftVy cukrk gSA
z ladV çcaèku% Hkkjr dks çkÑfrd vkinkvksa] lkoZtfud
LokLF; vkikr fLFkfr;ksa vkSj vU; ladVksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gSA HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk çHkkfor O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj leqnk;ksa
dh HkkoukRed HkykbZ ij fopkj djrs le; ç'kkldksa dks
d#.kk] yphykiu vkSj Rofjr fu.kZ; ysus esa enn djrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% MkW- jktsaæ Hkk#n dks uanqjckj esa ,d fnu esa
gqbZ dksfoM&19 dh o`f¼ dks 75 çfr'kr rd de djus
vkSj ftys dks vkWDlhtu dh vko';drk ds ekeys esa
vkRefuHkZj cukus dk xkSjo çkIr gSA
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ds rRo vkSj flfoy lsokvksa esa
mudk mi;ksx
z vkRe&tkx:drk% vkRe&tkx:drk okys flfoy lsodksa
dks viuh Hkkoukvksa] 'kfÙkQ;ksa] detksfj;ksa vkSj ewY;ksa
dh xgjh le> gksrh gS] tks fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa çHkkoh
HkkoukRed çcaèku dks l{ke cukrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% vkRe&tkx:drk okys flfoy lsod 'kkar
vkSj la;fer ppkZ ds fy, Lo&fu;eu rduhdksa dk
vH;kl djds mPp ncko okyh cSBdksa ds nkSjku vèkhjrk
dk çcaèku dj ldrs gSaA
z Lo&fu;eu% Lo&fu;eu okys flfoy lsod HkkoukRed
larqyu cuk, j•rs gSa] cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy gksrs
gSa vkSj rdZlaxr fu.kZ; ysrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% flfoy lsod }kjk Lo&fu;eu }kjk xaHkhj
fLFkfr esa rdZlaxr fu.kZ; ysukA
z vfHkçsj.kk% çsfjr flfoy lsodksa esa yphysiu vkSj
ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k ds lkFk pqukSfr;ksa ij dkcw ikus]
mís';] çfrc¼rk vkSj mPp ekudksa dh ,d etcwr Hkkouk
gksrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% ,d çsfjr flfoy lsod O;kid lkoZtfud
fgr ds fy, ukSdj'kkgh ckèkkvksa ls ijs ,d dne mBk
jgk gSA
z lekuqHkwfr% lekuqHkwfr Hkkoukvksa vkSj n`f"Vdks.kksa dks le>us
vkSj lk>k djus dh {kerk gS] tks flfoy lsodksa dks lfØ;
Jo.k] okLrfod fpark vkSj fofoèk n`f"Vdks.kksa ij fopkj
djds ukxfjdksa] lgdfeZ;ksa vkSj fgrèkkjdksa ls tqM+us esa
l{ke cukrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% dksf>dksM ds ftyk dysDVj ç'kkar uk;j
us vuqdaik dksf>dksM dh LFkkiuk dh] tks ,d
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk
Lo;alsod&lapkfyr ifj;kstuk gS tks fofHkUu çdkj dh
lkoZtfud lsok,a çnku djrh gSA
z lkekftd dkS'ky% flfoy lsodksa esa lkekftd dkS'ky
çHkkoh lapkj] lg;ksx vkSj lacaèk&fuekZ.k dks l{ke cukrk
gS] ftlls os tfVy ckrphr dks usfoxsV djus vkSj fofoèk
fgrèkkjdksa dks çHkkfor djus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% vkbZ,,l vfèkdkjh vksih pkSèkjh us f'k{kk
igy ^Nw yks vkleku* ls dq'ky Jfedksa dh miyCèkrk
dh deh dh leL;k dk lekèkku fd;kA
z ruko çcaèku% HkkoukRed xq.kd O;fÙkQ dks fparktud
fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkkoukvksa dks çcafèkr djus dh vuqefr nsrk
gS] tks fdlh ds 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld dY;k.k dks cuk,
j•us esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% ,d flfoy lsod dks mPp çkfèkdkjh dk
ncko gksus ij Hkh rdZlaxr fu.kZ; ysuk iM+rk gSA
z vuqdwyu'khyrk% HkkoukRed xq.kd okys flfoy lsod
viuh 'kkafr] Hkkoukvksa ij fu;a=k.k vkfn ds dkj.k fofHkUu
vkSj ;gka rd fd pqukSrhiw.kZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh vuqdwyu
djus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% vkbZ,,l vfèkdkjh fLerk lHkjoky us iQaM
;ksj flVh uked ,d vfHk;ku 'kq: djds foÙkh; ladV
dk tokc fn;k] ftlesa mUgksaus fuokfl;ksa ls uDly
çHkkfor {ks=kksa esa cqfu;knh <kaps ds fuekZ.k esa enn djus
ds fy, dgkA
la{ksi esa]
mPp HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk okys flfoy lsodksa esa vkRe&tkx:drk]
vkRe&fu;eu] çsj.kk] lgkuqHkwfr vkSj lkekftd dkS'ky gksrs gSaA
bu vk;keksa dks fodflr djds] os vius fu.kZ; ysus] lapkj
vkSj lacaèkksa dks c<+k ldrs gSa] ftlls vfèkd çHkkoh vkSj
lekuqHkwfriw.kZ lkoZtfud lsok forj.k gks ldsxkA
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk (bZvkbZ) dk fodkl vkSj lqèkkj
z O;fÙkQxr Lrj ij%
 vkRe&tkx:drk c<+kuk% fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa ds çfr
viuh HkkoukRed çfrfØ;kvksa vkSj mu çfrfØ;kvksa ds
varfuZfgr dkj.kksa ij fopkj djuk pkfg,A bl çdkj]
ekbaMiQqyusl tuZfyax vkSj fo'oluh; yksxksa ls buiqV
çkIr djuk vkRe&tkx:drk c<+kus esa enn dj ldrk
gSA
 Hkkoukvksa dks igpkuk vkSj oxhZÑr djuk%
HkkoukRed 'kCnkoyh c<+kus vkSj Hkkoukvksa dks igpkuus
117
 vkSj oxhZÑr djus dh viuh {kerk esa lqèkkj djuk
pkfg,A
 HkkoukRed çcaèku% lkal ysus ds O;k;ke] è;ku]
'kkjhfjd O;k;ke] ;k foJke vkSj ruko de djus dks
c<+kok nsus okyh xfrfofèk;ksa esa layXu gksuk lHkh bldk
fgLlk gks ldrs gSaA
 lfØ; Jksrk% nwljksa dh Hkkoukvksa dks le>dj vkSj
lk>k djds] lfØ; :i ls lquus dk vH;kl djds]
oSdfYid n`f"Vdks.k ij fopkj djds vkSj •qn dks nwljksa
ds LFkku ij j•dj lekuqHkwfr dks c<+kok nsuk pkfg,A
 lapkj dkS'ky esa lqèkkj% ckrphr esa ekSf•d vkSj
xSj&ekSf•d nksuksa ladsrksa ij è;ku nsrs gq, lfØ; Jo.k]
v'kkfCnd lapkj vkSj eq•j cksyus dk vH;kl djds
lapkj dkS'ky dks c<+kuk pkfg,A
 xyfr;ksa ls lh•uk% viuh xyfr;ksa ls lh•sa vkSj
fopkj djsa fd viuh HkkoukRed çfrfØ;kvksa vkSj
O;ogkjksa dks dSls lqèkkjsaA
 Lo&ns•Hkky dks çkFkfedrk nsuk% O;k;ke] 'kkSd vkSj
ekufld LokLF; lgk;rk ds ekè;e ls foJke] ruko
esa deh vkSj vPNs rduhdksa dk vH;kl djuk pkfg,A
Communication
skills
Imparting
Emotional
values
literacy
Improve Developing Role
Listening EI Modelling
3Ds
Generating
Empathy
Debate
Dissension Discussion
fp=k% bZvkbZ dk fodkl
z flfoy lsodksa esa%
 {kerk fuekZ.k dk;ZØe% dkfeZd vkSj çf'k{k.k foHkkx
(MhvksihVh) flfoy lsodksa dh HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk esa
lqèkkj ykus ds mís'; ls fofHkUu çdkj ds {kerk fuekZ.k
dk;ZØe is'k djrk gSA bu dk;ZØeksa esa 'kkfey fo"k;ksa esa
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk] ikjLifjd dkS'ky] la?k"kZ lekèkku
vkSj ruko çcaèku ds ikBÔØe 'kkfey gSaA
 ,dhÑr ljdkjh vkWuykbu çf'k{k.k (vkbZthvksVh)%
dkfeZd] yksd f'kdk;r vkSj isa'ku ea=kky; dk
vkbZthvksVh IysViQkWeZ HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk vkSj lacafèkr
dkS'ky ij vkWuykbu çf'k{k.k ekWMÔwy çnku djrk
118
gSA flfoy lsod vius HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk dkS'ky
dks csgrj cukus ds fy, bu ekWMÔwy dk mi;ksx dj
ldrs gSaA
 jk"Vªh; çf'k{k.k uhfr% ljdkj us jk"Vªh; çf'k{k.k
uhfr ykxw dh] tks flfoy lsodksa ds chp HkkoukRed
cqf¼eÙkk ds fodkl ij tksj nsrh gSA ;g uhfr çf'k{k.k
laLFkkuksa dks vius çf'k{k.k ikBÔØe esa HkkoukRed
cqf¼eÙkk ds rRoksa dks 'kkfey djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr
djrh gSA
 lekuqHkwfr çf'k{k.k% flfoy dfeZ;ksa dks lgkuqHkwfr
fl•k,aA lfØ; :i ls lquuk] ifjçs{; ysuk vkSj
lekuqHkwfr enn dj ldrh gSA bls ckj&ckj {ks=k ds nkSjksa
ls gkfly fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% jksfg.kh HkthHkkdjs (lyse ftys dh ftyk
dysDVj)] tks ,d lhekar fdlku dh csVh gSa]
tu&dsafær 'kklu ds fy, tkuh tkrh gSaA
 çHkkoh lapkj% lfØ; Jo.k] HkkoukRed vfHkO;fÙkQ vkSj
fLFkfrtU; lapkj esa çf'k{k.k }kjk ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa
esa lapkj dkS'ky esa lqèkkj djuk pkfg,A
 mnkgj.k% ns'k dh laLÑfr vkSj fofHkUu vU; igyqvksa
ds ckjs esa mudh le> c<+kus ds fy, vkbZ,,l
ifjoh{kkfFkZ;ksa dks Hkkjr n'kZu esa ys tk;k tkrk gSA
 la?k"kZ lekèkku çf'k{k.k% flfoy dk;ZdrkZvksa dks
la?k"kZ lekèkku] lg;ksxkRed leL;k&lekèkku vkSj fouez
ckrphr] HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk vkSj Vhe odZ dks c<+kus
esa çf'kf{kr djuk pkfg,A
 usr`Ro fodkl% çsj.kknk;d usr`Ro] lgkuqHkwfr vkSj
dk;ZLFky ldkjkRedrk fodflr djus ds fy, ljdkjh
deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk&dsafær dk;ZØe
'kq# djuk pkfg,A
 çn'kZu dk fujarj ewY;kadu% çn'kZu leh{kk] dksfpax
vkSj lgdehZ çfrfØ;k ds ekè;e ls HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk
dk vkdyu djus ds fy, ukxfjd vfèkdkfj;ksa dks
çksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A
 lgk;d dk;Z okrkoj.k% ijke'kZ vkSj ruko çcaèku
dk;ZØeksa ds ekè;e ls HkkoukRed dY;k.k vkSj
dk;Z&thou larqyu dks c<+kok nsukA
 vuqHkokRed f'k{kk% HkkoukRed vkSj O;ogkfjd
ifjorZuksa ds fy, vuqHkokRed f'k{kk vkSj ikjaifjd
d{kkvksa ds ckgj thou xfrfofèk;ksa dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA bls f'k{k.k gLrkarj.k ds ekè;e ls çkIr fd;k
tk ldrk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fd yksx çn'kZu lqèkkj
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 ds fy, çf'k{k.k esa tks lh•rs gSa mldk mi;ksx dSls  mnkgj.k] Hkkjh deh vkSj vçkI; fjfÙkQ;ksa ds dkj.k]
djrs gSaA yksd lsodksa ij dke dk Hkkjh ncko gSA
Emotional z lkaLÑfrd varj% ukSdj'kkgksa vkSj turk ds chp lkaLÑfrd
Intelligence varj lekuqHkwfr] le> vkSj lapkj dks de djrk gS] ftlls
lapkj vkSj le> çHkkfor gksrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% fcgkj ds ,d ukSdj'kkg dks dsjy esa rSukr
Emotional Perceiving
Intelligence Emotions gksus ij lkaLÑfrd varj vkSj lkaLÑfrd tkx:drk dh
deh dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA bls dsoy le;
ds lkFk lkaLÑfrd laosnu'khyrk ls gh de fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
Understanding
z ç'kklu esa çkS|ksfxdh dk lekos'k% ç'kklu esa çkS|ksfxdh
Managing
Emotions Emotions HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk esa ckèkk Mkyrh gS] D;ksafd blesa
Hkkoukvksa dk vHkko gSA
fp=k% bZvkbZ dk fodkl  mnkgj.k% >kj•aM dh ,d yM+dh larks"kh dqekjh dh

HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk dk
okLrfod thou dk mnkgj.k%
,d lkWÝVos;j daiuh esa dke djrs le; esjh eqykdkr
iadt uked lgdehZ ls gqbZA iadt futh thou esa ,d
pqukSrhiw.kZ nkSj dk lkeuk dj jgs Fks] ftldk vlj muds
çn'kZu vkSj LokLF; ij iM+ jgk FkkA eSaus mlds ihNs gVus]
O;ogkj esa fpM+fpM+kiu c<+us vkSj dk;Z'khyrk esa deh ns•hA
Hkw• ds dkj.k e`R;q gks xbZA jk'ku dkMZ dks vkèkkj dkMZ
ls fyad u dj ikus ds dkj.k jk'ku nsus ls badkj dj
fn;k x;kA
z vR;fèkd xqeukeh vkSj inkuqØe% ukSdj'kkgh esa xqeukeh
etcwr gks ldrh gS] ysfdu vR;fèkd inkuqØe vkSj xqeukeh
ftEesnkjh ysus dh çsj.kk esa ckèkk cu ldrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% ,d ljdkjh vfèkdkjh mPp vfèkdkfj;ksa ls

eSaus fuEufyf•r dk;Z fd;k (HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ls vkns'k dh deh dk cgkuk cukdj fdlh fujkfJr (ik=k
lacafèkr)% ysfdu vko';d nLrkostksa dh deh okys) dks ihMh,l
Me Pankaj ykHk nsus ls budkj dj ldrk gSA
Situation z çf'k{k.k dk vHkko% Hkkjrh; ukSdj'kkgh eq[; :i ls
rduhdh dk;ks± ij çf'k{k.k nsrh gS] blesa HkkoukRed
cqf¼eÙkk dk vHkko gS] vkSj çf'k{k.k ikBÔØe dks cnyus
Pankaj is feeling esa vfuPNk dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
low due to less
productivity  mnkgj.k% fof'k"V HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk çf'k{k.k
dk;ZØeksa ;k dk;Z'kkykvksa dh deh ds ifj.kkeLo:i
Use of EI lgkuqHkwfr] lfØ; Jo.k vkSj la?k"kZ lekèkku tSlh çeq•
n{krkvksa ds fodkl esa varj gks ldrk gSA
Understand Emotions Provide resources z ifjorZu dk fojksèk vkSj ,d ikjaifjd ekufldrk%
of Pankaj & Suggestions ç'kklu dks ifjorZu ds çfrjksèk ds lkFk&lkFk ,d ikjaifjd
for performance ekufldrk dk Hkh lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gS tks HkkoukRed
improvement
cqf¼eÙkk ij inkuqØe vkSj vfèkdkj dks egRo nsrk gSA ;g
z ç'kklu esa HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk (bZvkbZ) ds fodkl esa çfrjksèk u, n`f"Vdks.k viukus vkSj HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk
pqukSfr;ka fodflr djus dh igy dks viukus dh bPNk dks ckfèkr
z dke dk ncko% yksd lsodksa ij vR;fèkd dke dk ncko dj ldrk gSA
gksrk gS ftlls ¶tks djuk gS djks¸ n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl  mnkgj.k% ofj"B vfèkdkjh HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk çFkkvksa

gksrk gSA dks ykxw djus ds çfr çfrjksèkh gks ldrs gSa D;ksafd

HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk 119

 mudk ekuuk gS fd os vuko';d gSa ;k ekStwnk ç.kkyh
ds foijhr gSaA
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk (bZvkbZ) dk udkjkRed mi;ksx
z nwljksa ds lkFk NsM+NkM+% bZekunkjh ds fcuk nwljksa dh
Hkkoukvksa dks ij•us vkSj muesa gsjiQsj djus esa ekfgj O;fÙkQ
okLrfod Hkkoukvksa dks xqIr j• ldrk gS vkSj nwljksa dh
vfHkO;fÙkQ;ksa dks fNik ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% lks'ky ehfM;k IysViQkWeZ ij yksx ladV vkfn
tSlh Hkkoukvksa dk iQk;nk mBkdj nwljs yksxksa ds lkFk
NsM+NkM+ djrs gSaA
z lapkj dh deh% vR;fèkd Hkkouk fofu;eu vkSj de
lkekftd dkS'ky ds ifj.kkeLo:i lapkj lacaèkh leL;k,a
gks ldrh gSaA
 mnkgj.k% ;fn dksbZ O;fÙkQ (A) lapkj dkS'ky esa vPNk
ugha gS vkSj fdlh (B) ls feyrs le; dksbZ Hkkouk (tSls
eqLdqjkgV) ugha fn•krk gS] rks ml O;fÙkQ (B) dks
O;fÙkQ (A) ls ckr djus esa de #fp gksxhA
z iwokZuqeku 'kfÙkQ dk vHkko% ,d vkSj vkykspuk ;g gS fd
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ukSdjh ds çn'kZu ;k usr`Ro çHkko'khyrk
tSls egRoiw.kZ ifj.kkeksa dh yxkrkj Hkfo";ok.kh ugha djrh
gSA vkykspdksa ds vuqlkj] HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk vkSj okafNr
ifj.kkeksa ds chp lacaèk vDlj detksj ;k vlaxr gksrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% mPp HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk Ldksj okys O;fÙkQ
ges'kk viuh is'ksoj Hkwfedkvksa esa mRÑ"Vrk çkIr ugha
dj ldrs gSa ;k çHkkoh usr`Ro dkS'ky dk çn'kZu ugha
dj ldrs gSaA
z dkS'ky ls Hkzfer% bZvkbZ ,d dkS'ky ds ctk; ,d
okaNuh; uSfrd xq.k gSA ,d vPNh rjg ls fodflr bZvkbZ
u dsoy y{;ksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, ,d lgk;d midj.k
gS] cfYd nwljksa dks gsjiQsj djus ds fy, ,d vaèksjs i{k ds
gfFk;kj ds :i esa Hkh gSA
z cqf¼eÙkk dk ,d :i ugha% ;g vkykspuk bl ckr ij
tksj nsrh gS fd oSKkfud tkap ds fy, jpukRed oSèkrk
vkSj fujarjrk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bZvkbZ ls igys]
euksoSKkfudksa us lS¼kafrd :i ls {kerkvksa vkSj miyfCèk;ksa]
dkS'ky vkSj vknrksa] n`f"Vdks.k vkSj ewY;ksa] O;fÙkQRo y{k.kksa
vkSj HkkoukRed fLFkfr;ksa dks çfrf"Br fd;k FkkA bl çdkj]
bZvkbZ ,sls 'kCnksa vkSj ifjHkk"kkvksa dks fefJr vkSj Hkzfer Hkh
dj ldrk gSA
z vU;k; ds çfr lgu'khyrk% ;fn fdlh O;fÙkQ dk
Hkkoukvksa ij vR;fèkd fu;a=k.k gS rks og viuh mu
120
Hkkoukvksa dks nck ldrk gS ftudk >qdko U;k; dh vksj
gks ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% ,d O;fÙkQ viuh n;k dh Hkkouk dks fu;af=kr
dj ldrk gS tc og ns•rk gS fd dksbZ O;fÙkQ Hkkstu
ekax jgs fdlh xjhc O;fÙkQ dks MkaV jgk gSA
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ds mnkgj.k
z flfoy lsod ds :i esa% ,d xjhc cqtqxZ vkfnoklh
tksM+s dks jk'ku forfjr djds] flfoy lsod lqJh iVsy
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk dk çn'kZu djrh gSaA lhfer vkiwfrZ
dh uSfrd nqfoèkk dk lkeuk djrs gq,] og d#.kk]
fu"i{krk vkSj lEeku dks çkFkfedrk nsrh gSA og lfØ;
:i ls lquus] mudh vuwBh t:jrksa dks le>us vkSj
U;k;] lekuqHkwfr vkSj xfjek ds fl¼karksa dks dk;e j•rs
gq, leku forj.k lqfuf'pr djrh gSA
z fiQYe ds fdjnkjksa ls% ckWyhoqM fiQYe ¶fM;j ftanxh¸
esa 'kkg#• •ku }kjk fuHkk;k x;k fdjnkj MkW- tgkaxhj
•ku HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk dk çn'kZu djrk gSA og
vkfy;k Hkêð }kjk vfHkuhr ukf;dk dk;jk dks mldh
Hkkoukvksa dh •kst djus] vkRe&tkx:drk iSnk djus
vkSj LoLFk fj'rs fodflr djus] mudh fpfdRlh; ;k=kk
ds nkSjku lekuqHkwfr] le> vkSj d#.kk dk çn'kZu djus
esa ekxZn'kZu djrk gSA
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk (bZvkbZ) ds fy, pqukSfr;k¡
z vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal% ,vkbZ ij c<+rh fuHkZjrk
lkaLÑfrd erHksnksa vkSj HkkoukRed vfHkO;fÙkQ;ksa dks le>us
esa ckèkk mRiUu djrh gS] tks ,Yxksfjne esa iwokZxzgksa dks
mtkxj djrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk esa mi;ksx dh tkus
okyh psgjs dh igpku rduhd jax ds yksxksa ds çfr
i{kikrh jgh gS vkSj fofHkUu jaxksa ds yksxksa dk xyr
feyku fd;k x;k gSA
z vR;fèkd jktuhfrdj.k% vR;fèkd jktuhfrdj.k ls
bZekunkj vfèkdkfj;ksa ij turk dk ncko c<+rk gS vkSj
jktuhfrd :i ls tqM+s vfèkdkfj;ksa ds chp ^gk¡ dh Hkkouk*
c<+rh gSA
 mnkgj.k% Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo loZs{k.k us ,d ckck dks
ekuus okys dsaæh; ea=kh ds vkns'k ij mÙkj çns'k esa lksus
dh •kst 'kq: dhA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj iQthZ •cjsa% lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj
iQthZ •cjsa rdZlaxrrk dks de djrh gSa] ftlls vfèkdkfj;ksa
ij Rofjr ifj.kke nsus dk ncko c<+rk gSA
 mnkgj.k% xq#xzke ds js;ku baVjus'kuy Ldwy ekeys esa]
iqfyl us Rofjr ifj.kke fn•kus ds fy, cl pkyd
ij vkjksi yxk;k] ysfdu ckn esa ekeyk lhchvkbZ }kjk
vius gkFk esa ysus ds ckn mls fjgk dj fn;k x;kA
z vkWuykbu xse vkSj ,si% vkWuykbu xse cPpksa dk le;
cckZn djrs gSa] •sy ds ik=kksa ds vkèkkj ij mudh lkspus
dh çfØ;k vkSj pfj=k fodkl dks vkdkj nsrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% fVd Vksd ,si ftlus yksxksa dks fcuk fdlh
egRoiw.kZ lkexzh ds dsoy çpkj ds fy, ohfM;ks cukus
ds fy, çsfjr fd;kA
z Ldwy esa opZqvy d{kk,a vkSj xfrfofèk;ka% dksjksuk dky
ds nkSjku] Nk=kksa dk baVjusV ls tqM+ko çkÑfrd bZvkbZ fodkl
esa ckèkk Mkyrk gS] ftlls os okLrfod nqfu;k ls vyx gks
tkrs gSa vkSj muds lh•us ds vuqHkoksa ij vlj iM+rk gSA
 mnkgj.k% lewg dk;ZØeksa vkSj •syksa dk vk;kstu ugha
HkkoukRed xq.kd (bZD;w)
z HkkoukRed xq.kd (bZD;w) fdlh O;fÙkQ dh viuh Hkkoukvksa
vkSj nwljksa dh Hkkoukvksa dks le>us vkSj çcafèkr djus dh
{kerk dk ,d eki gSA ;g ,d çdkj dh ^HkkoukRed
cqf¼eÙkk*A
 tSls% ckSf¼d xq.kd fdlh O;fÙkQ dh cqf¼ dks ekirk gS]
oSls gh HkkoukRed xq.kd fdlh O;fÙkQ ds HkkoukRed
dkS'ky dks ekirk gSA
z ;g vius vki esa vkSj nwljksa ds lkFk gekjh ckrphr esa
Hkkoukvksa ds ckjs esa tkx:d gksus vkSj mUgsa vPNh rjg ls
laHkkyus ls lacafèkr gSA
z mnkgj.k% esjs Ldwy f'k{kd viuh Hkkoukvksa dks igpkuus
vkSj çcafèkr djus] nwljksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dks le>us vkSj
çHkkoh lapkj vkSj lgkuqHkwfr ds ekè;e ls ldkjkRed
lacaèkksa dks c<+kok nsdj mPp HkkoukRed xq.kd (bZD;w)
çnf'kZr djrs gSaA

fd;k tk jgk gS ftlls Vhe odZ] usr`Ro] d#.kk vkfn IQ EQ

tSls ewY;ksa dk neu gks ldrk gSA
z dBksj dkuwu% l[r vkpkj lafgrk] fu;e tks ukSdj'kkgksa dks
eaf=k;ksa ds fu.kZ;ksa ds fy, ckè; djrs gSa vkSj os uktk;t
Get you hired Gets you promoted
ekaxksa dks fljs ls •kfjt ugha dj ldrsA
 mnkgj.k% ikeksfyu xzkÝV ekeys esa vkjksih dsjy ds

iwoZ eq[; lfpo ftth FkkWelu dks yxHkx 15]000 Vu

ikeksfyu vk;kr djus ds ljdkj ds iQSlys dk ikyu The Professional Success
djuk iM+kA
iSjkehVj mPp HkkoukRed xq.kd fuEu HkkoukRed xq.kd
mPp Lrj ij vkRe&tkx:drk] viuh Hkkoukvksa] vkRe&tkx:drk dh deh] viuh Hkkoukvksa vkSj O;ogkj
Lo tkx:drk
'kfÙkQ;ksa vkSj detksfj;ksa dks igpkuuk vkSj le>ukA ij muds çHkko dks igpkuus vkSj le>us esa dfBukbZA
fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa Hkkoukvksa vkSj rdZlaxrrk
fu.kZ; ysus esa Hkkoukvksa dks 'kkfey djus esa dfBukbZ]
fu.kZ; ysuk dks è;ku esa j•k tkrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i dsoy rdZ ij fuHkZj jguk] ;k Hkkoukvksa ls vR;fèkd
vPNh rjg ls lwfpr fodYi çkIr gksrs gSaA çHkkfor gksukA
etcwr usr`Ro {kerk] nwljksa dks çsfjr djuk vkSj tc fdlh usrk esa nwljksa dks çsfjr djus vkSj layXu djus
usr`Ro dkS'ky ldkjkRed dk;Z okrkoj.k dks c<+kok nsukA dh {kerk dk vHkko gksrk gS] rks og lhfer ;k vlefFkZr
O;ogkj çnf'kZr dj ldrk gSA
mPp vuqdwyu'khyrk] ifjorZu dks usfoxsV djus ifjorZu çfrjksèk] ubZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy <yus esa
vuqdwyu {kerk vkSj yphysiu ds lkFk vfuf'prrk ls fuiVus dh dfBukbZ] ;k vçR;kf'kr pqukSfr;k¡A
{kerk ds lkFkA
nwljksa ds n`f"Vdks.k vkSj Hkkoukvksa dks è;ku esa j•rs lekuqHkwfr dh deh] vU; yksxksa dh Hkkoukvksa vkSj
lekuqHkwfr gq, mUgsa le>us vkSj muds lkFk lekuqHkwfr j•us vuqHkoksa dks le>us vkSj muls tqM+us esa dfBukbZA
dh etcwr {kerkA

HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk 121

 HkkoukRed xq.kd (bZD;w) dh voèkkj.kk dks Li"V djus esa enn ds fy, mnkgj.k
z dYiuk dhft, fd vkidh fe=k ehjk la?k"kZ dj jgh gSA ukSdjh NwVus ds ckn ls og mnkl gSA mldk mPp HkkoukRed
xq.kd gS ftlds dkj.k vki ns•rs gSa fd ehjk nq•h vkSj ijs'kku gSA
z mPp HkkoukRed xq.kd okys fe=k ds :i esa] vkidks ehjk dk leFkZu djus dh vko';drk gSA vki dg ldrs gSa] ^ehjk]
vkt rqe mnkl yx jgh gksA lc Bhd rks gS\* vki mldh Hkkoukvksa dks Lohdkj djds fn•krs gSa fd vki mldh
ijokg djrs gSaA
z ehjk viuh grk'kk vkSj fujk'kk O;ÙkQ djrh gSA mldh Hkkoukvksa dks lqusa vkSj ;g dgdj iqf"V djsa] ^ukSdjh tkuk nq•
dh ckr gSA ijs'kku gksuk lkekU; gSA* vki ehjk dh Hkkoukvksa dks le>dj vkSj lekuqHkwfr j•dj mldk leFkZu djsaA
z blds ckn] vkidk mPp HkkoukRed xq.kd ehjk dks viuh Hkkoukvksa dks çcafèkr djus esa enn djrk gS vkSj mls çksRlkfgr
djrk gSA vki dg ldrs gSa] ^rqEgkjs ikl dbZ ewY;oku dkS'ky vkSj vuqHko gSaA rqEgsa ;s ckèkk,a ugha jksdsaxhA pyks
ukSdjh <wa<us ds rjhds ds ckjs esa feydj lksprs gSaA rqe dkfcy gksA*
z vkidh lgkuqHkwfr vkSj çksRlkgu ehjk dks çsfjr djrk gSA og vkidh nksLrh dks etcwr djus] vkids leFkZu dh ljkguk
djrh gSA vkidk mPp HkkoukRed xq.kd ehjk dks HkkoukRed :i ls] vkRefo'okl okil ikus vkSj ubZ ukSdjh •kstus esa
enn djrk gSA
z vkids mPp HkkoukRed xq.kd us vkidks ehjk dh Hkkoukvksa dks igpkuus] mlds lkFk lekuqHkwfr j•us vkSj ldkjkRed
çfrfØ;k nsus esa enn dhA blls ehjk dks enn feyh vkSj vkidk fj'rk etcwr gqvkA

ckSf¼d xq.kd (vkbZD;w)

z ckSf¼d xq.kd (vkbZD;w) fdlh O;fÙkQ dh laKkukRed {kerkvksa dks ekirk gSA ;g mudh lksp] rdZ] leL;k&lekèkku vkSj
lh•us dh {kerkvksa dk vkdyu djrk gSA
z ;g fdlh O;fÙkQ ds 'kS{kf.kd vkSj laKkukRed çn'kZu dks fuèkkZfjr djrk gS] tks leL;kvksa dks çHkkoh <ax ls le>us] tqM+us
vkSj gy djus dh mudh {kerk dks n'kkZrk gSA
Knowledge

Fluid Quantitative
Factor of IQ Reasoning
Reasoning

Working Visual-Spatial
memory Processing
fp=k% vkbZD;w ds dkjd
HkkoukRed xq.kd vkSj ckSf¼d xq.kd ds chp varj
HkkoukRed xq.kd (bZD;w) ckSf¼d xq.kd (vkbZD;w)
z fdlh O;fÙkQ dh Hkkoukvksa dks le>us vkSj çcafèkr djus z fdlh O;fÙkQ dh laKkukRed {kerkvksa vkSj cqf¼eÙkk dks
dh {kerk dks ekirk gSA ekirk gSA
z vkRe&tkx:drk] lgkuqHkwfr vkSj Hkkouk fofu;eu lfgr z rkfdZd rdZ] leL;k&lekèkku vkSj Le`fr tSlh laKkukRed
HkkoukRed dkS'ky ij è;ku dsafær djrk gSA {kerkvksa ij è;ku dsafær djrk gSA
z fj'rs cukus vkSj cuk, j•us] la?k"kks± dks lqy>kus vkSj çHkkoh z 'kS{kf.kd vkSj laKkukRed çn'kZu] leL;k&lekèkku vkSj ubZ
lapkj esa enn djrk gSA tkudkjh lh•us esa enn djrk gSA
z fdlh O;fÙkQ dh HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ;k ¶HkkoukRed z fdlh O;fÙkQ dh ckSf¼d {kerkvksa ;k ¶laKkukRed cqf¼eÙkk¸
rhozcqf¼¸ dks n'kkZrk gSA dks n'kkZrk gSA

122 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

z mPp HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk lgkuqHkwfr] vuqdwyu'khyrk vkSj z mPp ckSf¼d xq.kd fo'ys"k.kkRed lksp] 'kS{kf.kd liQyrk
yphysiu ls tqM+k gSA vkSj laKkukRed çn'kZu ls tqM+k gSA
z vkRe&tkx:drk] lgkuqHkwfr çf'k{k.k vkSj HkkoukRed z vkuqoaf'kd vkSj i;kZoj.kh; çHkko ds lkFk vis{kkÑr fLFkj
fofu;eu vH;kl ds ekè;e ls fodflr vkSj lqèkkj fd;k vkSj de yphyk ekuk tkrk gSA
tk ldrk gSA
z vko';d ugha gS fd ;g mPp ckSf¼d xq.kd ls lacafèkr z t:jh ugha fd ;g mPp HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ls lacafèkr gksA
gksA
z ckSf¼d xq.kd &lacafèkr dkS'ky ds mnkgj.k% Hkkoukvksa dks z ckSf¼d xq.kd &lacafèkr dkS'ky ds mnkgj.k% leL;k&lekèkku]
igpkuuk] nwljksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dks le>uk vkSj la?k"kks± dks vkykspukRed lksp vkSj rkfdZd rdZA
çHkkoh <ax ls çcafèkr djukA
vkb, ckSf¼d xq.kd (vkbZD;w) dh voèkkj.kk dks Li"V djus esa
enn ds fy, ,d mnkgj.k ij fopkj djsa
z dYiuk dhft, fd vkdka{kk vkSj jhrk xf.kr ds nks ijh{kkFkhZ gSaA vkdka{kk dk ckSf¼d xq.kd mPp gS] tcfd jhrk dk vkSlrA
z budk ijh{k.k tfVy xf.kr ç'uksa ls 'kq: gksrk gS ftlds fy, vkykspukRed lksp vkSj leL;k&lekèkku dh vko';drk gksrh
gSA vkdka'kk dh mPp cqf¼ mls leL;kvksa dk Rofjr fo'ys"k.k djus] voèkkj.kkvksa dks tksM+us vkSj çHkkoh lekèkku •kstus
dh vuqefr nsrh gSA og leL;kvksa dks tYnh vkSj rkfdZd :i ls gy djrh gS ysfdu =kqfV&ço.k jgrh gSA
z gkykafd] jhrk dk ckSf¼d xq.kd vkSlr gS ftlds dkj.k mlds fy, phtsa dfBu gksrh gSaA xf.krh; fl¼kar vkSj ,d O;ofLFkr
n`f"Vdks.k mudh i¼fr;k¡ gSaA og leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, vPNs rdZ dk mi;ksx djrh gS] Hkys gh blesa vfèkd
le; yxsA
z ;g mnkgj.k vkdka{kk vkSj jhrk ds ckSf¼d xq.kd ds varj dks n'kkZrk gSA vkdka{kk dk mPp vkbZD;w mls leL;kvksa dks
rsth ls gy djus esa enn djk gS] tcfd jhrk dk vkSlr vkbZD;w mls èkhek dj nsrk gS ysfdu lVhdrk cuk, j•rk gSA
z fu"d"kZr% ckSf¼d xq.kd vkSj HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ds la;kstu ls vPNs ifj.kke çkIr djus esa enn feyrh gSA HkkoukRed
cqf¼eÙkk esa Hkkoukvksa dks çHkkoh <ax ls le>uk] çcafèkr djuk vkSj O;ÙkQ djuk 'kkfey gS tks çHkkoh vkSj dq'ky fu.kZ;
ysus esa enn djrk gSA blds foijhr] ckSf¼d xq.kd rsth ls fu"iknu vkSj leL;k&lekèkku esa rsth ykus esa enn djrk gSA

Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk cuke HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk

vjLrw
¶dksbZ Hkh Øksfèkr gks ldrk gS] ;g vklku gS_ ysfdu lgh O;fÙkQ ij] vkSj lgh ek=kk esa] vkSj lgh le; ij] vkSj lgh mís';
ds fy,] vkSj lgh rjhds ls Øksfèkr gksuk gj fdlh ds o'k dh ckr ugha gSA¸ ;g vklku ugha gSA**

iSjkehVj Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk (,vkbZ) HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk (bZvkbZ)

z ,d e'khu ;k daI;wVj flLVe dh ekuo
cqf¼ dk vuqdj.k djus vkSj ,sls dk;Z
ifjHkk"kk
djus dh {kerk ftuds fy, lkekU; :i
ls ekuo cqf¼ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z vkokt igpkuuk] çkÑfrd Hkk"kk
çlaLdj.k vkSj pkSVckWV ,vkbZ flLVe
ekuo var%fØ;k dks euq";ksa ds lkFk ckrphr djus dh
vuqefr nsrs gSa] ysfdu muesa HkkoukRed
le> vkSj tqM+ko dk vHkko gksrk gSA
z viuh vkSj nwljksa dh Hkkoukvksa dks igpkuus] le>us vkSj
çcafèkr djus dh {kerk] lkFk gh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa
Hkkoukvksa dk çHkkoh <ax ls mi;ksx djus dh {kerkA
z HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk çHkkoh ekuoh; laidZ dh vuqefr
nsrk gS] tSls lfØ; gksdj lquuk] lgkuqHkwfr] v'kkfCnd
ladsrksa dks le>uk vkSj lacaèk fuekZ.kA

HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk 123

 z ,vkbZ ,Yxksfjne Hkkjh ek=kk esa MsVk
lalkfèkr djus vkSj iwoZfuèkkZfjr fu;e
fu.kZ; ysuk
çfr#i ds vkèkkj ij rkfdZd fu.kZ; ysus
esa l{ke gSaA
z Lopkyu] MsVk fo'ys"k.k] iwokZuqekfur
ekWMfyax] jkscksfVDl] vkHkklh lgk;d
vuqç;ksx
vkSj vU; m|ksx lHkh Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk
dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
z Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk (,vkbZ) esa ekuo
tSlh HkkoukRed le>] varKkZu vkSj
O;fÙkQijd vuqHkoksa dk vHkko gS]
lhek,a
ftlls tfVy ekuoh; Hkkoukvksa vkSj
lanHkks± dks iwjh rjg ls le>us dh bldh
{kerk lhfer gks tkrh gSA
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk cuke lgkuqHkwfr cuke lekuqHkwfr
z lgkuqHkwfr% ;g Lo;a dk eglwl fd, fcuk nwljksa dh
Hkkoukvksa dks le>us ls lacafèkr gSA ;g ml O;fÙkQ ds çfr
n;k ds lkFk&lkFk n;k ds leku Hkkouk gS ftlus fdlh
vokafNr ifjn`'; dk lkeuk fd;k gksA
z lekuqHkwfr% ;g nwljksa ds z Apathy: Indifference
n`f"Vdks.k ls lkspus vkSj z Sympathy: Kindness
eglwl djus ls lacafèkr z Empathy: Experience
gSA lekuqHkwfr vkSj d#.kk z Compassion: Action
dk ç;ksx vfèkdrj ,d
nwljs ds LFkku ij fd;k tkrk gSA tSlk fd Lokeh foosdkuUn
z HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk esa fu.kZ; ysus esa Hkkoukvksa ij fopkj
djuk] Lo;a vkSj nwljksa ij Hkkoukvksa ds çHkko dks igpkuuk
vkSj lwfpr fu.kZ; ysuk 'kkfey gS tks rdZlaxrrk vkSj
HkkoukRed dkjdksa nksuksa dks è;ku esa j•rs gSaA
z ikjLifjd lacaèk] usr`Ro] Vhe odZ] xzkgd lsok] la?k"kZ
lekèkku] vkSj lekuqHkwfr vkSj ekuoh; Hkkoukvksa dh le>
dh vko';drk okyh Hkwfedk,a lHkh bZvkbZ ls ykHkkfUor
gksrh gSaA
z bZvkbZ esa O;fÙkQxr varj ekStwn gSa] vkSj blds fodkl ds
fy, le;] vH;kl vkSj vkRe&çfrfcac dh vko';drk
gksrh gS] ftuesa ls lHkh O;fÙkQijd gks ldrs gSa vkSj
oLrqfu"B :i ls ek=kk fuèkkZfjr djuk dfBu gks ldrk gSA
us dgk Fkk] ^^cqf¼eku fnekx ds ctk; n;kyq ân;
okys O;fÙkQ dks çkFkfedrk nsa**A
z lgkuqHkwfr vkSj lekuqHkwfr esa nwljksa dh Hkkoukvksa dks igpkuuk
vkSj mu ij çfrfØ;k nsuk 'kkfey gSA nwljh vksj] HkkoukRed
cqf¼eÙkk esa dkS'ky dk ,d O;kid lewg 'kkfey gksrk gS
ftlesa vkRe&tkx:drk vkSj Lo;a vkSj nwljksa dh Hkkoukvksa
dks le>uk vkSj çcafèkr djuk nksuksa 'kkfey gSaA
z HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk dsoy Hkkoukvksa dks Lohdkj djds
vkxs c<+dj HkkoukRed tkx:drk] fofu;eu vkSj çHkkoh
ikjLifjd dkS'ky fodflr djus ij è;ku dsafær djrk gSA
z ifjn`';% ,d fe=k dh gky gh ukSdjh pyh xbZ&

Feeling Sympathy Empathy Compassion Action

HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk (bZvkbZ) lgkuqHkwfr lekuqHkwfr

bl ifjn`'; esa mPp HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk
okyk O;fÙkQ fuEufyf•r çnf'kZr djsxk%
vkRe&tkx:drk% os viuh Hkkoukvksa vkSj
ukSdjh NwVus ds ckjs esa vius fdlh Hkh
iwokZxzg ;k iwoZèkkj.kk dks igpkusaxsA
Lo&fu;eu% os viuh Hkkoukvksa dks Lo;a
çcafèkr djsaxs vkSj fdlh Hkh udkjkRed
;k vkykspukRed çfrfØ;k ls cprs gq,
la;fer jgsaxsA
lgkuqHkwfr% fe=k dh ukSdjh NwVus ij
lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ çfrfØ;k esa leku vuqHko
lk>k fd, fcuk fpark] d#.kk vkSj leFkZu
O;ÙkQ djuk 'kkfey gksxkA
mnkgj.k% ,d lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ O;fÙkQ dg
ldrk gS] ^^eq>s vkidh ukSdjh ds ckjs esa
lqudj nq• gqvkA ;g okLro esa nq•n gSA
;fn eSa vkidh dqN enn dj ldrk gwa
;k ;fn vkidks fdlh ls ckr djuh gS]
rks eSa vkids lkFk gwaA**
os vius fe=k ij ukSdjh NwVus ds çHkko dks
Lohdkj djrs gq, lfØ; :i ls vius fe=k
dh Hkkoukvksa dks le>saxs vkSj lk>k djsaxsA
lkekftd dkS'ky% os vius nksLrksa ds lkFk
çHkkoh <ax ls laokn djsaxs] lgk;rk çnku
djsaxs] vkSj ;fn mi;qÙkQ gks rks lalkèku ;k
ekxZn'kZu çnku djsaxsA

124 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk vkSj lkekftd vfHk{kerk
z lkekftd vfHk{kerk vkSj HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ,d nwljs
ls lacafèkr voèkkj.kk,a gSa tks fdlh O;fÙkQ dh lkekftd
var%fØ;k dks çHkkoh <ax ls usfoxsV djus dh {kerk dks
çHkkfor djrh gSaA
z lkekftd vfHk{kerk esa laKkukRed {kerk,a] HkkoukRed
çfØ;k,a] O;ogkj dkS'ky] lkekftd tkx:drk vkSj
ikjLifjd lacaèkksa ls lacafèkr O;fÙkQxr vkSj lkaLÑfrd ewY;
'kkfey gSaA
z ;g mez] O;fÙkQ vkSj fLFkfr ds vkèkkj ij fHkUu gksrk gS]
ftlls ;g ikjLifjd lacaèkksa dk ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw cu
tkrk gSA
z mnkgj.k% ckj&ckj èkedkus dk f'kdkj gksus ds ckotwn]
eSaus 'kkafr ls tokc nsdj] eqís dks n`<+rk ls lacksfèkr djds]
Hkjkslsean O;fÙkQ;ksa ls enn ekaxdj vkSj nwljksa ds fy,
lgkuqHkwfr cuk, j•dj lkekftd {kerk dk çn'kZu fd;k
gS] ftlls ,d vPNk vkSj lekos'kh ekgkSy LFkkfir gqvk gSA
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk vkSj lkekftd cqf¼eÙkk
z lkekftd cqf¼eÙkk (,lvkbZ) ,d O;fÙkQ dh vU; yksxksa
dh Hkkoukvksa dks le>us vkSj fdlh fn, x, fLFkfr esa
lcls çHkkoh çfrfØ;k pquus ds fy, lw{e O;ogkj ladsrksa
dks i<+us dh {kerk gSA
z ;g yksxksa dks liQyrkiwoZd lacaèk cukus vkSj lkekftd
okrkoj.k esa usfoxsV djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
Patience
Tactfulness
Traits of Socially Tolerance
Self
Confidence Intelligent Person
Social
Memory Effective listening
fp=k% lkekftd :i ls cqf¼eku O;fÙkQ ds y{k.k
z mnkgj.k% egkRek xkaèkh us lkekftd cqf¼eÙkk dk çn'kZu
fd;k tc mUgksaus vfgalk ds ekè;e ls Hkkjrh; Lora=krk
dk usr`Ro djus dk fodYi pqukA mUgksaus ekuk fd fgalk ls
dsoy vfèkd jÙkQikr gksxkA mUgsa vius mís';ksa dks çkIr
djus ds fy, vaxzstksa ds lkFk lacaèk LFkkfir djuk egRoiw.kZ
FkkA og fo'okl vkSj lg;ksx dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, vius
lkekftd dkS'ky dk mi;ksx djus esa l{ke Fks] ftlls
varr% Hkkjrh; Lora=krk çkIr gqbZA
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk
lkekftd cqf¼eÙkk ds çeq• rRo
z ekSf•d çokg vkSj laoknkRed dkS'ky% lkekftd :i
ls cqf¼eku O;fÙkQ laosnu'khyrk vkSj mi;qÙkQrk cuk, j•rs
gq, fofoèk O;fÙkQ;ksa ds lkFk tqM+ ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% Lokeh foosdkuUn us f'kdkxks esa vius
O;k[;ku esa ^vesfjdk dh cguksa vkSj Hkkb;ksa* okD;ka'k
dk lw{erk ds lkFk ç;ksx fd;kA
z lkekftd Hkwfedkvksa] fu;eksa vkSj fLØIV dk Kku%
lkekftd :i ls cqf¼eku O;fÙkQ fofHkUu Hkwfedkvksa esa
mRÑ"Vrk çkIr djrs gSa vkSj lkekftd ekunaMksa dks le>rs
gSaA
 mnkgj.k% xkaèkhth Lora=krk&iwoZ Hkkjr esa efgykvksa
ds fy, fuèkkZfjr lkekftd Hkwfedkvksa ls vPNh rjg
ifjfpr FksA mUgksaus mUgsa Lora=krk laxzke esa Hkkx ysus
dh vuqefr nsus ds fy, ,d mfpr j.kuhfr rS;kj dhA
z lquus dk çHkkoh dkS'ky% lkekftd :i ls cqf¼eku O;fÙkQ
vPNs Jksrk gksrs gSa vkSj mudk n`f"Vdks.k ldkjkRed gksrk
gS] ftlls os nwljksa ds lkFk etcwr lacaèk cukrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% iwoZ jk"Vªifr ds-vkj- ukjk;.ku ,pvkbZoh
laØfer O;fÙkQ ls gkFk feykus okys vkSj ldkjkRed
joS;k fn•kus okys igys lkoZtfud O;fÙkQ (mijk"Vªifr
ds :i esa) cusA
z çHkko çcaèku dkS'ky% lkekftd :i ls cqf¼eku O;fÙkQ
viuh Nfo vkSj çkekf.kdrk dks çHkkoh <ax ls larqfyr
djrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% csaxyq# ds fMIVh dfe'uj psru flag jkBkSM+
us çn'kZudkfj;ksa ls ckr dh vkSj mUgsa 'kkar djus ds
fy, jk"Vªxku xk;kA
z la?k"kZ lekèkku% lkekftd cqf¼eÙkk ds fy, la?k"kZ lekèkku
dkS'ky dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blesa jpukRed :i ls
la?k"kks± dk çcaèku vkSj lekèkku djuk] mfpr lekèkku <wa<uk
vkSj ldkjkRed lacaèkksa dks cuk, j•rs gq, vlgefr ;k
fooknksa dks çHkkoh <ax ls lqy>kuk 'kkfey gSA
 mnkgj.k% ,d cSBd dh lqfoèkk çnku djuk ftlesa
fojksèkh i{k viuh fparkvksa dks O;ÙkQ djrs gSa] lfØ;
:i ls çR;sd O;fÙkQ ds n`f"Vdks.k dks lqurs gSa] vkSj
ikjLifjd :i ls ykHkçn lekèkku rd igqapus esa mudh
lgk;rk djrs gSaA
z lacaèk fuekZ.k% fj'rksa dk fodkl vkSj iks"k.k djuk lkekftd
cqf¼eÙkk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw gSA blesa nwljksa ds lkFk
ldkjkRed lacaèk cukuk vkSj cuk, j•uk] fo'okl iSnk
125
 djuk vkSj lkekftd laidZ dh xfr'khyrk dks le>uk
'kkfey gSA
 mnkgj.k% lgdfeZ;ksa ds lkFk lfØ; tqM+ko] lkekftd
dk;ZØeksa esa mifLFkfr vkSj muds thou vkSj dk;Z esa
okLrfod #fp ds ekè;e ls ,d etcwr is'ksoj usVodZ
dk fuekZ.k djukA
z lkekftd vuqdwyu'khyrk% lkekftd lanHkZ vkSj fofHkUu
O;fÙkQ;ksa ;k lewgksa dh vko';drkvksa ds tokc esa fdlh
ds O;ogkj vkSj lapkj 'kSyh dks lek;ksftr djus dh {kerk
dks lkekftd vuqdwyu'khyrk dgk tkrk gSA blesa fofHkUu
lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa esa vuqdwyuh;] yphyk vkSj •qys fopkjksa
okyk gksuk 'kkfey gSA
 mnkgj.k% fofoèk lewg ds yksxksa dh çkFkfedrkvksa
vkSj lkaLÑfrd ekunaMksa dks lek;ksftr djus ds fy,
viuh lapkj 'kSyh vkSj ygts dks la'kksfèkr djuk ,d
mnkgj.k gSA
z varKkZu vkSj lkekftd laosnu'khyrk% lkekftd cqf¼eÙkk
varKkZu vkSj lkekftd laosnu'khyrk ls çHkkfor gksrh gSA
blesa lkekftd xfr'khyrk dh lgt le>] vudgs ladsrksa
ds çfr laosnu'khy gksuk vkSj fdlh fLFkfr ds HkkoukRed
ekgkSy dk lVhd vkdyu djuk 'kkfey gSA
 mnkgj.k% ,d cSBd esa ruko dk irk yxkuk vkSj
varfuZfgr fparkvksa dks lacksfèkr djds vkSj •qys vkSj
lEekutud lapkj dks çksRlkfgr djds bls de djukA
lkekftd cqf¼eÙkk dk mnkgj.k
z fiQYe ds pfj=k ls% ckWyhoqM fiQYe ^^3 bfM;V~l**
esa vkfej •ku }kjk fuHkk;k x;k fdjnkj jSapks] lkekftd
cqf¼eÙkk dk çn'kZu djrk gSA og lkekftd ckèkkvksa dks
ikj djrs gq,] thou ds lHkh {ks=kksa ds yksxksa ls lgtrk
ls tqM+rk gSA viuh lekos'kh ekufldrk ds ekè;e ls]
og Vhe odZ] le> vkSj lEeku dks c<+kok nsrk gS]
O;fÙkQxr vkSj 'kS{kf.kd fodkl ds fy, lkeatL;iw.kZ
vkSj lgk;d okrkoj.k dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ls lacafèkr çeq• 'kCnkoyh vkSj
ifjHkk"kk
z HkkoukRed yphykiu% vliQyrkvksa ls mcjus] ifjorZu
ds vuqdwy gksus vkSj ruko vkSj çfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls
çHkkoh <ax ls fuiVus dh {kerkA blesa ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k
cuk, j•uk] vk'kkoknh cus jguk vkSj rukoiw.kZ fLFkfr;ksa
esa Hkkoukvksa dks fu;af=kr djus esa l{ke gksuk 'kkfey gSA
126
z HkkoukRed tkx:drk% Lo;a vkSj nwljksa esa Hkkoukvksa
dks igpkuus vkSj le>us dh {kerkA Hkkoukvksa dh csgrj
le> gkfly djus ds fy,] psgjs ds Hkko] 'kkjhfjd Hkk"kk
vkSj ekSf•d Loj tSls HkkoukRed ladsrksa dks igpkuuk
vko';d gSA
z HkkoukRed fofu;eu% vkosxh ;k fouk'kdkjh çfrfØ;kvksa
ls cpus ds fy, fdlh dh Hkkoukvksa dks çHkkoh <ax ls
çcafèkr vkSj fu;af=kr djus dh {kerkA Hkkoukvksa dks fu;af=kr
djus ds fy,] ;g xgjh lk¡l ysus] foJke rduhd vkSj
laKkukRed jhÝjsfeax tSlh rduhdksa dks fu;ksftr djrk gSA
z lkekftd dkS'ky% lkekftd dkS'ky esa ldkjkRed fj'rs
cukus vkSj cuk, j•us] çHkkoh <ax ls laokn djus vkSj nwljksa
ds lkFk lg;ksx djus dh {kerk 'kkfey gSA lfØ; :i ls
lquuk] la?k"kZ lekèkku] Vhe odZ] vkSj çHkkoh ekSf•d vkSj
xSj&ekSf•d lapkj lHkh vko';d gSaA
z HkkoukRed piyrk% bls rsth ls cnyrh vkSj vçR;kf'kr
nqfu;k esa viuh Hkkoukvksa ds lkFk&lkFk nwljksa dh Hkkoukvksa
dks usfoxsV djus vkSj vuqdwfyr djus dh {kerk ds :i
esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA blesa ckèkkvksa vkSj vliQyrkvksa
ds lkeus vuqdwyu'khy] •qys fnekx okyk vkSj yphyk
gksuk 'kkfey gSA
z lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ usr`Ro% ,d usr`Ro 'kSyh tks deZpkfj;ksa ;k
Vhe ds lnL;ksa dh Hkkoukvksa vkSj vuqHkoksa dks le>us vkSj
muds lkFk tqM+us ij tksj nsrh gSA lgkuqHkwfr'khy usrk lfØ;
:i ls lqurs gSa] okLrfod fpark fn•krs gSa] vkSj ,d lgk;d
vkSj lekos'kh dk;Z okrkoj.k dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA
z HkkoukRed dY;k.k% bls HkkoukRed :i ls LoLFk vkSj
yphyk gksus dh fLFkfr ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k
gSA blesa ruko ls fuiVuk] ldkjkRed jguk vkSj fdlh ds
O;fÙkQxr vkSj O;kolkf;d thou esa iw.kZrk vkSj mís'; dh
Hkkouk iSnk djuk 'kkfey gSA
z HkkoukRed :i ls cqf¼eku dh fu;qfÙkQ% ukSdjh ds
mEehnokjksa dk mudh HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk ds lkFk&lkFk
muds rduhdh dkS'ky ds vkèkkj ij ewY;kadu vkSj p;u
djus dk vH;klA fu;ksÙkQk le>rs gSa fd mPp HkkoukRed
cqf¼eÙkk okys yksx Vhe odZ] lg;ksx vkSj ikjLifjd lacaèkksa
esa csgrj çn'kZu djrs gSaA
z HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk çf'k{k.k% O;fÙkQ;ksa ;k laxBuksa
dks muds HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk dkS'ky dks fodflr djus
vkSj lqèkkjus esa enn djus ds fy, fMtkbu fd, x,
dk;ZØe ;k gLr{ksiA lapkj] Vhe odZ vkSj lexz HkkoukRed
dY;k.k esa lqèkkj ds y{; ds lkFk ;s ikBÔØe vDlj
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 vkRe&tkx:drk] vkRe&fu;eu] lgkuqHkwfr vkSj lkekftd
dkS'ky ij tksj nsrs gSaA
z f'k{kk esa HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk% 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk esa
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk n{krkvksa dk lekos'kA f'k{kdksa }kjk
Nk=kksa dh 'kS{kf.kd liQyrk vkSj O;fÙkQxr fodkl esa
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA HkkoukRed
cqf¼eÙkk çf'k{k.k Nk=kksa ds lkekftd&HkkoukRed dkS'ky]
lgkuqHkwfr vkSj yphysiu esa lqèkkj dj ldrk gSA
z dk;ZLFky esa HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk% is'ksoj O;oLFkk esa
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk dkS'ky dk vuqç;ksxA mPp HkkoukRed
cqf¼eÙkk okys deZpkfj;ksa dks fu;ksÙkQkvksa }kjk egRo fn;k
tkrk gS D;ksafd os dk;ZLFky dh xfr'khyrk dks çHkkoh
<ax ls usfoxsV dj ldrs gSa] la?k"kks± dk çcaèku dj ldrs
gSa vkSj lgdfeZ;ksa vkSj xzkgdksa ds lkFk ldkjkRed lacaèk
cuk ldrs gSaA
z HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk vkSj ekufld LokLF;% HkkoukRed
cqf¼eÙkk vkSj ekufld LokLF; ds chp lacaèkksa dh ,d
ijh{kkA 'kksèk ds vuqlkj] mPp HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk okys
yksx viuh Hkkoukvksa dks csgrj <ax ls le>us vkSj fu;af=kr
djus esa l{ke gksrs gSa] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ekufld
LokLF; ifj.kke csgrj gksrs gSa vkSj ekufld LokLF; fodkjksa
dk tksf•e de gksrk gSA
z HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk vkSj fofoèkrk% fofoèk HkkoukRed
vuqHkoksa] n`f"Vdks.kksa vkSj lkaLÑfrd lanHkks± dks igpkuuk
vkSj mudh ljkguk djukA HkkoukRed :i ls cqf¼eku
gksus dk vFkZ gS fofHkUu i`"BHkwfe ds yksxksa dh HkkoukRed
t:jrksa vkSj vuqHkoksa ds çfr laosnu'khy gksuk] lkFk gh ,d
lekos'kh vkSj U;k;laxr okrkoj.k dks c<+kok nsukA
z HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk vkSj çkS|ksfxdh% bl ckr dh tkap
djuk fd çkS|ksfxdh HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk dks dSls çHkkfor
djrh gSA tSls&tSls çkS|ksfxdh gekjs thou dks vkdkj ns
jgh gS] HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk dkS'ky dks csgrj cukus vkSj
fMftVy O;kdqyrk ;k vkWuykbu lapkj xfr'khyrk tSlh
laHkkfor pqukSfr;ksa dk lekèkku djus ds fy, çkS|ksfxdh dk
mi;ksx dSls djsa] ;g lh•us esa #fp c<+ jgh gSA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1- cqf¼eÙkk ;g tkuus esa fufgr gS fd D;k ekuuk gS vkSj
D;k vuns•k djuk gSA ,d vfèkdkjh dk vius lkeus
ekStwn eq[; eqíksa dh vuns•h djrs gq, ifjfèk esa gh my>s
jguk] ukSdj'kkgh esa dksbZ nqyZHk ckr ugha gSA (2022)
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk
2- foosd ds ladV ds ekeys esa D;k HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk
ml uSfrd ;k uSfrd #• ls le>kSrk fd, fcuk ml ij
dkcw ikus esa enn djrh gS ftldk vki ikyu djus dh
laHkkouk j•rs gS\a vkykspukRed ijh{k.k dhft,A (2021)
3- HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk (bZvkbZ) ds eq[; ?kVd D;k gSa\ D;k
mUgsa lh•k tk ldrk gS\ ppkZ dhft,A (2020)
4- ^^HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk vkidh Hkkoukvksa dks vkids fo#¼
djus ds ctk; vkids fy, dke djus dh {kerk gSA** D;k
vki bl n`f"Vdks.k ls lger gS\a ppkZ dhft,A (2019)
5- orZeku lanHkZ esa vkids fy, bu m¼j.kksa dk D;k vFkZ
gS% ^^Øksèk vkSj vlfg".kqrk lgh le> ds nq'eu gSa** &
egkRek xkaèkhA (2018)
6- ^^,d vPNk dke djus esa] gj ml pht dh vuqefr gS
tks Li"V :i ls ;k Li"V fufgrkFkZ ls fuf"k¼ ugha gS**A
,d yksd lsod }kjk vius drZO;ksa ds fuoZgu ds lanHkZ
esa mi;qÙkQ mnkgj.kksa ds lkFk dFku dk ijh{k.k dhft,A
 (2018)
7- vki ç'kklfud çFkkvksa esa HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk dks dSls
ykxw djsaxs\ (2017)
8- Øksèk ,d gkfudkjd udkjkRed Hkkouk gSA ;g futh
thou vkSj dkedkth thou nksuksa ds fy, gkfudkjd gSA
(a) ppkZ dhft, fd ;g fdl çdkj udkjkRed Hkkoukvksa
vkSj vokaNuh; O;ogkjksa dks tUe nsrk gSA (b) bls dSls
çcafèkr vkSj fu;af=kr fd;k tk ldrk gS\ (2016)
9- lHkh euq"; lq• dh vkdka{kk j•rs gSaA D;k vki lger
gSa\ vkids fy, lq• dk D;k eryc gS\ mnkgj.k lfgr
le>kb;sA (2014)
10- HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk D;k gS vkSj bls yksxksa esa dSls fodflr
fd;k tk ldrk gS\ ;g fdlh O;fÙkQ dks uSfrd fu.kZ;
ysus esa dSls enn djrk gS\  (2013)
11- ^varjkRek dh vkokt* 'kCn ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
varjkRek dh vkokt lquus ds fy, vki •qn dks dSls
rS;kj djrs gSa\ (2013)
12- ^foosd ds ladV* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ vius thou dh
,d ?kVuk crkb, tc vkids lkeus ,slk ladV vk;k Fkk
vkSj vkius mldk lekèkku dSls fd;kA (2013)
dsl LVMh
1- iou fiNys nl o"kks± ls jkT; ljdkj esa ,d vfèkdkjh ds
:i esa dk;Zjr gSaA fu;fer LFkkukarj.k ds rgr mUgsa nwljs
foHkkx esa rSukr fd;k x;k FkkA og ikap vU; lg;ksfx;ksa ds
lkFk ,d u, dk;kZy; esa 'kkfey gq,A dk;kZy; dk çeq•
dk;kZy; ds dkedkt ls ifjfpr ,d ofj"B vfèkdkjh FkkA
127
 lkekU; iwNrkN ds nkSjku] iou dks irk pyk fd mldk
ofj"B vfèkdkjh ,d dfBu vkSj vlaosnu'khy O;fÙkQ gksus
dh çfr"Bk j•rk gS] ftldk viuk ikfjokfjd thou
v'kkar gSA 'kq: esa rks lc Bhd yx jgk FkkA gkyk¡fd]
dqN le; ckn iou dks yxk fd ofj"B vfèkdkjh mls
viekfur djrk vkSj dHkh&dHkh dqN vuqfpr Hkh djrkA
cSBdksa esa iou tks Hkh lq>ko fn, ;k fopkj O;ÙkQ fd,]
mUgsa fljs ls •kfjt dj fn;k x;k vkSj ofj"B vfèkdkjh
nwljksa dh mifLFkfr esa ukjktxh O;ÙkQ fd,A ;g ckWl dh
dk;Z'kSyh dk ,d çfr#i u cu x;k fd mls •jkc Nfo
esa fn•k;k tk,] mldh dfe;ksa dks mtkxj fd;k tk,
vkSj mls lkoZtfud :i ls viekfur fd;k tk,A ;g
Li"V gks x;k fd gkykafd dke ls lacafèkr dksbZ xaHkhj
leL;k,¡@dfe;ka ugha Fkha] ysfdu ofj"B vfèkdkjh ges'kk
fdlh u fdlh cgkus ls mls MkaVrs vkSj fpYykrs jgrs
FksA yxkrkj mRihM+u vkSj lkoZtfud vkykspuk ds dkj.k
iou us vkRefo'okl] vkRe&lEeku vkSj larqyu •ks
fn;kA iou dks ,glkl gqvk fd mlds ofj"B vfèkdkjh
ds lkFk mlds lacaèk vfèkd fo"kkÙkQ gksrs tk jgs Fks vkSj
blds dkj.k] og yxkrkj ijs'kku vkSj fpafrr jgus yxk
FkkA mudk eu udkjkRedrk ls Hkjk gqvk FkkA blls mUgsa
ekufld ;kruk vkSj ihM+k gqbZA vk•fjdkj bldk muds
futh vkSj ikfjokfjd thou ij cqjk vlj iM+kA vc og
?kj ij Hkh çlUu] •q'k vkSj larq"V ugha FksA cfYd fcuk
fdlh dkj.k ds og viuh iRuh vkSj ifjokj ds vU;
lnL;ksa ij viuk vkik •ks nsrs FksA ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k
vc lq•n ,oa lkSgknZiw.kZ ugha jgkA mudh iRuh tks ges'kk
mudk lkFk nsrh Fkha] og Hkh mudh udkjkRedrk vkSj
'k=kqrkiw.kZ O;ogkj dk f'kdkj gks xbZaA dk;kZy; esa mRihM+u
vkSj vieku ds dkj.k muds thou ls vkjke vkSj •q'kh
yxHkx xk;c gks xbZA bl çdkj] blls muds 'kkjhfjd
vkSj ekufld LokLF; dks uqdlku igqapkA
(a) bl fLFkfr ls fuiVus ds fy, iou ds ikl D;k
fodYi miyCèk gSa\
(b) dk;kZy; vkSj ?kj esa 'kkafr] lqdwu vkSj vuqdwy
okrkoj.k ykus ds fy, iou dks D;k n`f"Vdks.k
viukuk pkfg,\
(c) ,d ckgjh O;fÙkQ ds :i esa] bl fLFkfr ls mcjus
vkSj dk;Z çn'kZu] ekufld vkSj HkkoukRed LoPNrk
esa lqèkkj ds fy, ckWl vkSj vèkhuLFk nksuksa ds fy,
vkids D;k lq>ko gSa\
(d) mijksÙkQ ifjn`'; esa] vki ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa esa fofHkUu
Lrjksa ij vfèkdkfj;ksa ds fy, fdl çdkj ds çf'k{k.k
dk lq>ko nsaxs\ (2021 ;wih,llh eq[; ijh{kk)
128
n`f"Vdks.k
z ifjp;% eqís dh igpku] HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk dh
vuqifLFkfr] ofj"B ukxfjdksa vkSj fgrèkkjdksa }kjk vfèkdkj
dk nq#i;ksx tSls uSfrd igywA
z eq[; Hkkx% •k| daiuh ds lqj{kk ekudksa vkSj LokLF;
ekunaMksa ds mYya?ku ds fy, l{ke çkfèkdkjh }kjk dh
tkus okyh dkjZokb;ksa dh igpku djukA ppkZ dhft,
fd iou dks fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij D;k n`f"Vdks.k viukuk
pkfg,A dsl esa 'kkfey uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa dh igpku
djukA
z fu"d"kZ% miyCèk fodYiksa vkSj •k| daiuh }kjk dh tkus
okyh visf{kr dkjZokbZ ij çdk'k MkyukA
2- vki xaHkhj çkÑfrd vkink ls çHkkfor {ks=k esa cpko
vfHk;ku dk usr`Ro dj jgs gSaA gtkjksa yksx cs?kj gks x, gSa
vkSj Hkkstu] ihus ds ikuh vkSj vU; cqfu;knh lqfoèkkvksa ls
oafpr gks x, gSaA Hkkjh o"kkZ vkSj vkiwfrZ ekxks± ds {kfrxzLr
gksus ls cpko dk;Z ckfèkr gks x;k gSA lhfer cpko dk;ks±
esa nsjh ls LFkkuh; yksx xqLls esa gSaA tc vkidh Vhe
çHkkfor {ks=k esa igqaprh gS rks ogka ekStwn yksx Vhe ds
dqN lnL;ksa ds lkFk èkDdk&eqDdh vkSj ekjihV Hkh djrs
gSaA vkidh Vhe dk ,d lnL; xaHkhj :i ls ?kk;y Hkh
gks x;k gSA bl ladV dk lkeuk djrs gq,] Vhe ds dqN
lnL; viuh tku dks •rjk gksus ds Mj ls vkWijs'ku can
djus dk vuqjksèk dj jgs gSaA
,s l h dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ks a es a vkidh çfrfØ;k D;k
gksxh\ ,d yksd lsod ds mu xq.kksa dh tkap dhft,
ftudh ml fLFkfr ls fuiVus ds fy, vko';drk gksxhA
 (2019 ;wih,llh eq[; ijh{kk)
n`f"Vdks.k
z ifjp;% eqís] uSfrd igyqvksa vkSj fgrèkkjdksa dh igpku
djukA
z eq[; Hkkx% cpko vfHk;ku esa pqukSfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.kA
;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj fofHkUu laHkkfor fodYiksa@çfrfØ;kvksa
dh •kst djukA yksd lsod ds xq.kksa dh ijh{kkA
z fu"d"kZ% dkjZokbZ dk lokZsÙke laHko rjhdk pqudj fLFkfr
dk tokc nsaA
3- MkW- ,Dl ,d 'kgj ds vxz.kh fpfdRld gSaA mUgksaus ,d
èkekZFkZ VªLV dh LFkkiuk dh gS ftlds ekè;e ls og
lekt ds lHkh oxks± dh fpfdRlk vko';drkvksa dks iwjk
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 djus ds fy, 'kgj esa ,d lqij&Lisf'k;fyVh vLirky
LFkkfir djus dh ;kstuk cuk jgs gSaA la;ksx ls] jkT; dk
og fgLlk o"kks± ls misf{kr jgk gSA çLrkfor vLirky
{ks=k ds fy, ojnku lkfcr gksxkA vki ml {ks=k dh dj
tkap ,tsalh dk usr`Ro dj jgs gSaA MkWDVj ds fDyfud
ds fujh{k.k ds nkSjku vkids vfèkdkfj;ksa dks dqN cM+h
vfu;ferrk,a feyhaA muesa ls dqN Bksl vkèkkj gSa ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i dj esa dkiQh o`f¼ gqbZ gS ftldk Hkqxrku
mUgsa vc djuk pkfg,A MkWDVj lg;ksxh gSA og rqjar dj
dk Hkqxrku djus dk opu nsrk gSA gkyk¡fd] muds dj
vuqikyu esa dqN vU; dfe;k¡ gSa tks iwjh rjg ls rduhdh
çÑfr dh gSaA ;fn bu rduhdh pwdksa ij ,tsalh }kjk
dkjZokbZ dh tkrh gS] rks MkWDVj dk dkiQh le; vkSj ÅtkZ
mu eqíksa ij •pZ gks tk,xh tks brus xaHkhj] vR;ko';d
;k ;gka rd fd dj laxzg çfØ;k ds fy, lgk;d ugha
gSaA blds vykok] iwjh laHkkouk gS fd blls vLirky ds
fuekZ.k dh laHkkouk,a çHkkfor gksaxhA
vkids lkeus nks fodYi gSa%
(a) O;kid n`f"Vdks.k viukrs gq,] i;kZIr dj vuqikyu
lqfuf'pr dhft, vkSj mu pwdksa dh vuns•h dhft,
tks dsoy rduhdh çÑfr dh gSaA
(b) dsl dks l[rh ls vkxs c<+k,a vkSj lHkh ekspks± ij
vkxs c<+sa] pkgs og egRoiw.kZ gks ;k dsoy rduhdhA
dj ,tsalh ds çeq• ds :i esa] vki dkSu lh dkjZokbZ
dk fodYi pqusaxs vkSj D;ksa\
 (2018 ;wih,llh eq[; ijh{kk)
v v
HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk
n`f"Vdks.k
z ifjp;% eqís] uSfrd igyqvksa vkSj fgrèkkjdksa dh igpku
djukA
z eq[; Hkkx% ekeys esa 'kkfey mís'; vkSj O;fÙkQijd
eqíksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk & dj vuqikyu vfu;ferrk,a
vkSj MkWDVj dh ea'kkA
z okLrfod cuke bfPNr mís'; dh igpku djukA
z igpku iwNrkN vkSj O;fÙkQijd fo'ys"k.kA
z fofHkUu laHkkfor fodYiksa dh •kst djuk vkSj ;ksX;rk
ds vuqlkj mudk ewY;kadu djukA
z fu"d"kZ% dkjZokbZ dk lokZsÙke laHko rjhdk pqudj fLFkfr
dk tokc nsaA
4- vki fdlh laxBu ds ekuo lalkèku foHkkx ds çeq•
gSaA ,d fnu ,d deZpkjh dh MÔwVh ij e`R;q gks xbZA
mudk ifjokj eqvkots dh ekax dj jgk FkkA gkyk¡fd]
daiuh us eqvkotk nsus ls budkj dj fn;k D;ksafd tk¡p
esa irk pyk fd nq?kZVuk ds le; og u'ks esa FkkA daiuh
ds deZpkjh e`rd ds ifjokj dks eqvkotk nsus dh ekax
dks ysdj gM+rky ij pys x;sA çcaèku cksMZ ds vè;{k us
vkidh vuq'kalk ekaxh gSA vki çcaèku dks D;k fliQkfj'ksa
nsaxs\ çR;sd vuq'kalk ds xq.k vkSj nks"kksa ij ppkZ dhft,A
(20 vad) (250 'kCn) (2017 ;wih,llh eq[; ijh{kk)
n`f"Vdks.k
z ifjp;% eqís] uSfrd igyqvksa vkSj fgrèkkjdksa dh igpku
djukA
z eq[; Hkkx% çLrkoksa ds xq.k vkSj nks"kksa ds vkèkkj ij
çcaèku dks fliQkfj'ksa djukA
z fu"d"kZ% lokZsÙke dkjZokbZ dh igpku djukA
v
129
 Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa
5 vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku

¶vxj eq>ls iwNk tk, fd fdl vkdk'k ds uhps ekuo eu us vius dqN lcls vPNs migkjksa dks iwjh rjg ls fodflr fd;k
gS] thou dh lcls cM+h leL;kvksa ij xgjkbZ ls fopkj fd;k gS] vkSj muesa ls dqN ds lek/ku •ksts gSa tks IysVks vkSj dkaV dk
vè;;u djus okyksa ds fy, Hkh è;ku nsus ;ksX; gSa] rks eq>s Hkkjr dh vksj b'kkjk djuk pkfg,A¸ µeSDl eqyj

ikB;ozQe
Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnkuA
5-1 if'peh n'kZu vkSj if'peh fopkjd
n'kZu% vFkZ vkSj vo/kj.kk
z fiQykWliQh xzhd 'kCn&fiQykslksfiQ;k ls fy;k x;k gS ftldk
vFkZ gS ^Kku (izKk) ds izfr vuqjkx* tksfd iwoZ&lqdjkrh
fopkjd ikbFkkxksjl (NBh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ) }kjk x<+k x;kA
z n'kZu gekjs vklikl dh nqfu;k ds ckjs esa lkspus vkSj
loky iwNus dk ,d rjhdk gSA ;g gekjs fopkjksa vkSj rdZ
dk mi;ksx djds phtksa dks le>us dh dksf'k'k djus ds
ckjs esa gSA
 dYiuk dhft, fd vki bl ckjs esa mRlqd gSa fd phtsa
D;ksa gksrh gSa ;k D;k lgh vkSj xyr gSA n'kZu ,d
midj.k dh rjg gS tks vkidks mu lokyksa dk irk
yxkus vkSj tokc •kstus esa enn djrk gSA
z çkphu xzhl esa] lqdjkr vkSj IysVks tSls egku nk'kZfud FksA
mUgksaus thou] Kku vkSj gesa dSls thuk pkfg,] blds ckjs esa
xgjkbZ ls lkspus ds fy, vius fnekx dk bLrseky fd;kA
mUgksaus cM+s loky iwNs tSls ¶thou dk vFkZ D;k gS\¸ ;k
¶ge dSls tkurs gSa fd D;k lp gS\¸
z n'kZu vkt Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g gesa •qn dks] nqfu;k dks
vkSj blesa gekjh txg dks le>us esa enn djrk gSA ;g
,d xkbM dh rjg gS tks gesa phtksa dh le> cukus vkSj
vPNs fu.kZ; ysus esa enn djrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] eku ysa fd vkids ikl ,d nksLr gS
tks bl ckjs esa cgl dj jgk gS fd >wB cksyuk lgh
gS ;k ughaA n'kZu vkidks ;g lkspus esa enn djsxk fd
lp cksyuk D;ksa egRoiw.kZ gS vkSj >wB cksyus ds ifj.kke
D;k gks ldrs gSaA ;g vkidks ;g irk yxkus esa enn
djsxk fd vkidks D;k yxrk gS fd D;k djuk lgh gSA
euq"; ,d lkekftd çk.kh gS tks çÑfr vkSj ml lekt esa
dk;Z dkj.k laca/ dks le>us dh dksf'k'k djrk gS ftlesa
og jgrk gSA
5-2 if'peh fopkjd
5-2-1 lqdjkr
z mudk tUe 470 bZlk iwoZ ,Fksal esa gqvk Fkk vkSj ml le;
ds lkoZtfud gfLr;ksa vkSj vf/dkfj;ksa ds lkFk muds laokn
vkSj cgl ds fy, tkus tkrs gSaA bl rduhd dks eS;wfVDl
dgk tkrk gSA
lqdjkr dk n'kZu
z lqdjkr dks mudh lksØfs Vd fof/ ds fy, tkuk tkrk gS] tks
iwNrkN vkSj laokn dk ,d :i gS ftlesa vkykspukRed lksp
dks çksRlkfgr djus vkSj vkRefujh{k.k dks çksRlkfgr djus ds
fy, tkap ç'u iwNuk 'kkfey gSA bl i¼fr ds ekè;e ls]
lqdjkr us yksxksa dh /kj.kkvksa dks pqukSrh nsu]s folaxfr;ksa dks
çdV djus vkSj xgjh lPpkb;ksa rd igqp a us dk y{; j•kA
 dk;kZUo;u% flfoy lsokvksa ds lanHkZ esa] ukSdj'kkg vkSj
ç'kkld •qys laokn dks c<+kok nsus] rdZlaxr tkap esa
layXu gksus vkSj vPNh rjg ls lwfpr fu.kZ; ysus ds
fy, lksØsfVd fof/ dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% uhfrxr ppkZvksa ds nkSjku] flfoy lsod iwjh
rjg ls fo'ys"k.k dks çksRlkfgr djus vkSj lek/ku ij
igqapus ls igys fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ij fopkj djus ds
fy, tkap ç'uksa dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
z lqdjkr us çfl¼ :i ls nkok fd;k fd og cqf¼eku
Fkk D;ksafd og tkurk Fkk fd og lc dqN ugha tkurk
FkkA mlus vius Kku dh lhekvksa dks Lohdkj fd;k vkSj
¶lqdjkrh vKkurk¸ dh fLFkfr dks xys yxk fy;k] ;g
ekurs gq, fd lh•us ds fy, ges'kk vkSj vf/d gksrk gSA
 dk;kZUo;u% flfoy lsok esa] ;g n'kZu flfoy lsodksa
dks ,d fouez vkSj xzg.k'khy n`f"Vdks.k dks viukus ds
fy, çksRlkfgr djrk gS] ;g ekurs gq, fd le>us vkSj
•kstus ds fy, ges'kk vf/d gksrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% flfoy lsodksa dks ;g Lohdkj djuk pkfg,
fd muds ikl fodkl ds fy, txg gS vkSj u,
n`f"Vdks.k vkSj fopkjksa ds fy, •qys jgsaA
z ln~xq.k uSfrdrk% lqdjkr us uSfrd ln~xq.k vkSj uSfrd
vkpj.k ds egRo ij tksj fn;kA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd Kku
vkSj vkRe&fujh{k.k dh •kst dks lnkpkjh pfj=k fodflr
djus vkSj •qn dks uSfrd :i ls csgrj cukus dh fn'kk esa
funZsf'kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A lqdjkr us rdZ fn;k fd ekuo
thou dk vafre y{; ;wMseksfu;k çkIr djuk gS] ftldk
vuqokn vDlj ¶le`¼¸ ;k ¶vPNh rjg ls thuk¸ ds :i
esa fd;k tkrk gSA
 dk;kZUo;u% flfoy lsokvksa ds nk;js esa] yksd lsodksa
ls uSfrd ewY;ksa dks cuk, j•us] v•aMrk dk çn'kZu
djus vkSj turk dh HkykbZ dks çkFkfedrk nsus dh
mEehn dh tkrh gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ln~xq.k uSfrdrk dk ikyu djus okyk
,d flfoy lsod Hkz"V çFkkvksa dk fojks/ dj ldrk
gS] U;k;laxr dk;Z dj ldrk gS] vkSj ,sls fu.kZ; ys
ldrk gS tks O;fÙkQxr ykHk ds ctk; lekt ds fy,
nh?kZdkfyd ykHkksa ij fopkj djrs gSaA
z ijhf{kr thou% lqdjkr us vkRe&fparu vkSj vkRe&Kku
dh •kst dh odkyr dhA lqdjkr us çfl¼ :i ls ?kks"k.kk
dh Fkh fd ¶vifjf{kr thou thus yk;d ugha gSA¸ mudk
ekuuk Fkk fd lkFkZd vkSj iw.kZ thou thus ds fy, O;fÙkQ;ksa
dks vius fo'oklksa] ewY;ksa vkSj dk;ks± ij yxkrkj loky
mBkuk pkfg, vkSj mudh tkap djuh pkfg,A lqdjkr us
vkRefujh{k.k vkSj vkRe&tkx:drk dks çksRlkfgr djrs gq,
rdZ fn;k fd O;fÙkQxr fodkl vkSj uSfrd fodkl ds fy,
vkRe&Kku vko';d gSA
 dk;kZUo;u% flfoy lsok ds lanHkZ esa] flfoy lsod
vius mís';ksa] iwokZxzgksa vkSj O;fÙkQxr ewY;ksa dk vkdyu
djus ds fy, fu;fer vkRefujh{k.k esa layXu gks ldrs
gSaA vius Lo;a ds dk;ks± vkSj fo'oklksa dh xaHkhj tkap
Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku
djds] os ;g lqfuf'pr dj ldrs gSa fd muds fu.kZ;
vkSj uhfr;ka fu"i{k vkSj U;k; ds fl¼karksa ds lkFk
lajsf•r gSaA
z lekurk vkSj U;k;% lqdjkr us lekurk vkSj U;k; ds
vkn'kks± ij tksj fn;kA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd çR;sd O;fÙkQ
ds ikl vkarfjd ewY; gksrk gS vkSj mlds lkFk fu"i{krk
vkSj lEeku ds lkFk O;ogkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A lqdjkr us
rdZ fn;k fd U;k; esa çR;sd O;fÙkQ dks og nsuk 'kkfey
gS tks os ns; gSa vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd dkuwu vkSj
lkekftd lajpuk,a lekurk vkSj U;k; ijk;.krk ds fl¼karksa
ij vk/kfjr gSaA
 dk;kZUo;u% Hkkjr dh flfoy lsokvksa esa] ;g n'kZu
yksd lsodksa dks lHkh ukxfjdksa ds fy, fu"i{krk]
lekosf'krk vkSj leku mipkj ds fy, ç;kl djus dk
vkÞoku djrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] flfoy lsod mu uhfr;ksa dks ykxw
djus dh fn'kk esa dke dj ldrs gSa tks lkekftd
vlekurkvksa dks de djrs gSa] lkoZtfud lsokvksa rd
leku igqap çnku djrs gSa] vkSj lalk/uksa ds forj.k esa
U;k; ds fl¼karksa dks cuk, j•rs gSaA
lqdjkr ds n'kZu vkSj blds
vuqç;ksx dk mnkgj.k
jkgqy uke dk ,d O;fÙkQ gS tks i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds ckjs
esa Hkkoqd gSA lqdjkr ds vkRe&ijh{kk vkSj Kku dh •kst
ij tksj nsus ls çsfjr gksdj] jkgqy us vius LFkkuh; leqnk;
ds lkeus vkus okyh ikfjfLFkfrd pqukSfr;ksa dks le>us dk
iQSlyk fd;kA
jkgqy vkykspukRed lksp esa layXu gksus vkSj vius {ks=k
dks çHkkfor djus okys i;kZoj.kh; eqíksa ij 'kks/ djus ls
'kq: djrs gSaA og fo'ks"kKksa ls Kku dh ryk'k djrk gS]
oSKkfud lkfgR; i<+rk gS] vkSj LFkk;h çFkkvksa ij lkeqnkf;d
dk;Z'kkykvksa esa Hkkx ysrk gSA Kku dh bl •kst ds ekè;e
ls] jkgqy ikfjfLFkfrd pqukSfr;ksa vkSj laHkkfor lek/kuksa dh
O;kid le> fodflr djrs gSaA
uSfrd ln~xq.k ij lqdjkr ds è;ku dsafær djus ls çsfjr]
jkgqy fLFkjrk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, viuh thou 'kSyh esa
cnyko dks ykxw djuk 'kq: dj nsrk gSA og jhlkbfDyax]
ÅtkZ laj{k.k vkSj lkoZtfud ifjogu dk mi;ksx djus tSlh
i;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy vknrksa dks viukdj vius dkcZu infpÉ
dks de djrk gSA og vius Kku vkSj vuqHkoksa dks nwljksa ds
lkFk Hkh lk>k djrk gS] mUgsa leku çFkkvksa dks viukus ds
fy, çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
131
 tSls&tSls jkgqy i;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa viuh Hkkxhnkjh dks
xgjk djrk gS] mUgsa larqf"V vkSj •q'kh dk vuqHko gksrk gSA
og tks uSfrd dk;Z djrk gS og lqdjkr ds ,d lnkpkjh
thou thus vkSj leqnk; vkSj i;kZoj.k nksuksa dh HkykbZ esa
;ksxnku nsus ds n'kZu ds lkFk lajsf•r gksrk gSA Kku dk ihNk
djds] uSfrd ln~xq.k dk vH;kl djds] vkSj ldkjkRed
çHkko cukus dk ç;kl djds] jkgqy i;kZoj.kh; fLFkjrk ds
fy, viuh çfrc¼rk esa mís';] larks"k vkSj •q'kh dh Hkkouk
ikrs gSaA
;g mnkgj.k n'kkZrk gS fd lqdjkr ds n'kZu dks okLrfod
thou fLFkfr;ksa ij dSls ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gS] tgka Kku]
uSfrd ln~xq.k vkSj lkekU; 'kqHk dh •kst ls O;fÙkQxr •q'kh
vkSj iwfrZ dh Hkkouk gks ldrh gSA
5-2-2 IysVks
z IysVks ,d çkphu xzhd nk'kZfud Fks ftudk tUe xzhd
bfrgkl ds 'kkL=kh; dky ds nkSjku ,Fksal esa gqvk FkkA IysVks
us ,Fksal esa vdkneh dh LFkkiuk dh] ,d nk'kZfud Ldwy
tgka mUgksaus nk'kZfud fl¼karksa dks i<+k;k tks IySVksokn ds
:i esa tkuk tkus yxkA
IysVks dk n'kZu
z xqiQk dk :id% IysVks dh xqiQk dk :id ,d dgkuh gS
tks ,d dSnh dh vKkurk ls vkReKku rd dh ;k=kk dks
n'kkZrh gSA :id esa] dSfn;ksa dks ,d va/sjh xqiQk ds vanj
tathjksa ls cka/k tkrk gS] ,d nhokj dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk
gS vkSj dsoy muds ihNs vkx }kjk Mkyh xbZ oLrqvksa dh
Nk;k ns•us esa l{ke gksrk gSA dSnh tks xqiQk ls cprk gS
vkSj ckgjh nqfu;k dks ns•rk gS] og nk'kZfud dk çfrfuf/Ro
djrk gS tks Kku çkIr djrk gS vkSj HkkSfrd {ks=k dh lhfer
le> dks ikj djrk gSA
 dk;kZUo;u% xqiQk dk :id ,d ,sls O;fÙkQ ij ykxw
fd;k tk ldrk gS tks fofHkUu fopkjksa vkSj n`f"Vdks.kksa
ds lhfer laidZ ds lkFk ,d can vkSj çfrca/kRed
okrkoj.k esa cM+k gqvk gSA tc ;g O;fÙkQ u, Kku vkSj
vuqHkoksa ds laidZ esa vkrk gS] rks os ,d ifjorZudkjh
;k=kk ls xqtjrs gSa] vKkurk ds :id ¶xqiQk¸ ls cprs
gSa vkSj nqfu;k dh viuh le> dk foLrkj djrs gSaA
z vkdkj dk fl¼kar% IysVks ds vkdkj dk fl¼kar crkrk gS
fd izR;; ;k laizR;; dh ,d ifjiw.kZ nqfu;k gS tks gekjs
}kjk ns•h tkus okyh HkkSfrd nqfu;k ls vyx ekStwn gSA bl
ifjiw.kZ nqfu;k esa] lqanjrk] U;k; vkSj lR; tSlh phtksa ds
vkn'kZ laLdj.k gSaA
132
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] vkb, ,d ldZy dh vo/kj.kk ds
ckjs esa lkspsaA HkkSfrd nqfu;k esa] ge o`Ùk •hap ldrs
gSa] ysfdu os dHkh Hkh iwjh rjg ls xksy ugha gksrs gSaA
gkykafd] IysVks ds vuqlkj] ,d ldZy dk ,d vkn'kZ
:i gS tks :iksa dh nqfu;k esa ekStwn gSA HkkSfrd lalkj
esa ge tks Hkh o`Ùk ns•rs gSa] og ml vkn'kZ :i dh
viw.kZ çfrfyfi ek=k gSA
 dk;kZUo;u% Hkkjr esa] nsorkvksa ;k nsorkvksa dh vo/kj.kk
esa ,d leku fopkj ns•k tk ldrk gSA yksx f'ko]
fo".kq ;k y{eh tSls nsorkvksa esa fo'okl djrs gSa] tks
'kfÙkQ] çse ;k le`f¼ tSls iw.kZ xq.kksa dk çfrfuf/Ro
djrs gSaA bu nsorkvksa dks mu xq.kksa ds vkn'kZ :iksa ds
:i esa ns•k tkrk gSA
z nk'kZfud&jktk% IysVks dk ekuuk Fkk fd vkn'kZ jkT; dks
nk'kZfud&jktkvksa }kjk 'kkflr fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftuds ikl
cqf¼eÙkk] Kku vkSj :iksa dh xgjh le> gSA ;s nk'kZfud&jktk
rdZ ds lkFk 'kklu djsaxs] vius Lo;a ds fgr ds ctk; iwjs
lekt dh HkykbZ vkSj U;k; dk ihNk djsaxsA IysVks us rdZ
fn;k fd dsoy nk'kZfud&jktkvksa ds ekè;e ls ,d U;k;iw.kZ
vkSj lkeatL;iw.kZ lekt çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z vkn'kZ jkT; vkSj U;k;% IysVks us nk'kZfud&jktkvksa }kjk
'kkflr ,d vkn'kZ jkT; dh dYiuk dh] tSlk fd igys
mYys• fd;k x;k gSA IysVks dh vkn'kZ fLFkfr esa] O;fÙkQ;ksa
dks mudh çkÑfrd {kerkvksa vkSj ;ksX;rkvksa ds vk/kj ij
Hkwfedk,a lkSaih tk,axh] ftlls ,d lkeatL;iw.kZ lekt dk
fuekZ.k gksxk tgka çR;sd O;fÙkQ viuh {kerk ds vuqlkj
;ksxnku nsrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% IysVks ds vuqlkj] U;k; rc çkIr gksrk gS
tc çR;sd O;fÙkQ lekt esa viuh mfpr Hkwfedk dks
iwjk djrk gS] vkSj nk'kZfud&jktk cqf¼eÙkk vkSj Kku ds
lkFk 'kklu djrs gSaA
z Kku dk fl¼kar (Kku&ehekalk)% IysVks ds Kku ds fl¼kar
ls irk pyrk gS fd lPpk Kku laosnh vuqHko ls ugha
cfYd rdZlaxr tkap vkSj fparu ds ekè;e ls çkIr gksrk
gSA IysVks ds vuqlkj] Kku dk mPpre :i :iksa dk Kku gS
& ifjiw.kZ vkSj vifjorZuh; vkn'kZ tks HkkSfrd nqfu;k ls ijs
ekStwn gSaA laosnh /kj.kk dsoy jk; ;k fo'okl çnku djrh
gS tks =kqfViw.kZ ;k ifjorZu ds v/hu gks ldrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% dYiuk djsa fd ,d O;fÙkQ fofHkUu vkdkjksa]
vkÑfr;ksa vkSj lkefxz;ksa dh fofHkUu dqflZ;ksa dk lkeuk
dj jgk gSA IysVks ds vuqlkj] os dsoy laosnh /kj.kk
ds vk/kj ij ,d dqlhZ dh çÑfr ds ckjs esa jk; j•
ldrs gSaA gkykafd] dqlhZ ds vkn'kZ :i ds lPps Kku esa
lkekU; lkj ;k lgh dqflZ;ksa dks igpkuuk 'kkfey gksxk
tks lHkh HkkSfrd dqflZ;ksa dh udy djrs gSaA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
5-2-3 vjLrw
z vjLrw çkphu xzhl ds ,d nk'kZfud vkSj cgqK FksA mudk
ys•u çkÑfrd foKku] n'kZu] Hkk"kk foKku] vFkZ'kkL=k]
jktuhfr] euksfoKku vkSj dyk rd iQSyk gqvk gS
vjLrw dk n'kZu%
z ln~xq.k uSfrdrk% vjLrw dk ekuuk Fkk fd ,d vPNk
vkSj iw.kZ thou thus dh dqath xq.kksa dh •srh esa fufgr gSA
ln~xq.k ldkjkRed pfj=k y{k.k gSa tks O;fÙkQ;ksa dks uSfrd
mRÑ"Vrk vkSj larqyu dk thou thus esa l{ke cukrs gSaA
vjLrw us lkgl] n;k] bZekunkjh vkSj la;e tSls xq.kksa dks
ekuo mRd"kZ ds fy, egRoiw.kZ ekukA
Cardinal Virtues
Temperance
Prudence
Courage
Justice
 mnkgj.k% ek;k uke dk ,d O;fÙkQ tks yxkrkj nwljksa
ds çfr n;k vkSj d#.kk ds ÑR;ksa dk çn'kZu djrk gSA
ek;k ,d LFkkuh; vkJ; esa Lo;alsod gSa] t:jrean
yksxksa dh enn dj jgs gSa vkSj muds la?k"kks± ds çfr
lgkuqHkwfr fn•k jgs gSaA n;k ds xq.k dks ewrZ :i nsdj]
ek;k u dsoy mu yksxksa ds thou dks csgrj cukrh gS
ftudh og enn djrh gS] cfYd O;fÙkQxr iwfrZ vkSj
uSfrd HkykbZ dh Hkkouk dk Hkh vuqHko djrh gSA
z eè;e ekxZ (Golden Mean)% vjLrw us çLrkfor fd;k fd
ln~xq.k nks pje lhekvksa ds chp gksrs gSa] ftUgsa fodkjksa ds
:i esa tkuk tkrk gSA mUgksaus vf/drk vkSj deh ds chp
¶eè;e ekxZ¸ ;k eè;e vkSj larqfyr n`f"Vdks.k •kstus dh
odkyr dhA vjLrw ds vuqlkj vfroknh O;ogkjksa ds eè;
esa ln~dk;Z ,oa O;ogkj ik;s tkrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% pyks lkgl dk ln~xq.k ysrs gSaA vjLrw dk
lq>ko gS fd lkgl ykijokgh (vR;f/d cgknqjh) vkSj
dk;jrk (cgknqjh dh deh) ds chp fufgr gSA ,d
O;fÙkQ tks lkgl ds lqugjs vFkZ dk çn'kZu djrk gS]
tc vko';d gks rks cgknqjh ls dk;Z djrk gS] ysfdu
vuko';d tksf•e ;k ew•Zrk ds fcanq rd ughaA os
vR;f/d lrdZ gksus vkSj vR;f/d ykijokg gksus ds
chp larqyu ikrs gSaA
Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku
z iz;kstuokn vkSj mís';iw.kZ thou% vjLrw dk ekuuk Fkk fd
çÑfr esa gj pht dk ,d mís'; ;k vafre y{; (Vsyksl)
gksrk gSA mUgksaus rdZ fn;k fd euq"; dk ,d fof'k"V mís';
gS & viuh {kerk dks iwjk djus vkSj ;wMseksfu;k çkIr djus
ds fy, dkj.k dk mi;ksx djuk] ftls vDlj ¶mRd"kZ¸ ;k
¶vPNs thou¸ ds :i esa vuqokfnr fd;k tkrk gSA vjLrw
ds vuqlkj] ;wMseksfu;k (dY;k.k] •q'kh) iq.; dh •kst
vkSj viuh mPpre {kerkvksa dh çkfIr ds ekè;e ls çkIr
dh tkrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% jksfgr dks laxhr dk 'kkSd gS vkSj og ,d
dq'ky laxhrdkj cuus ds fy, viuk thou lefiZr
djrk gSA jksfgr ?kaVksa vH;kl djrs gSa] laxhr fl¼kar dk
vè;;u djrs gSa] vkSj çn'kZu djrs gSaA vius tquwu dk
ihNk djds vkSj viuh laxhr {kerkvksa dks fodflr
djds] jksfgr ,d laxhrdkj ds :i esa vius iz;kstu
;k mís'; dks iwjk djrk gSA vius leiZ.k ds ekè;e
ls] og iwfrZ] miyfC/ vkSj ;wMs;eksfu;k dh Hkkouk dk
vuqHko djrk gSA
z çkÑfrd dkuwu% vjLrw dk çkÑfrd dkuwu dk fopkj bl
fo'okl esa fufgr gS fd çÑfr esa ,d varfuZfgr vkns'k
vkSj mís'; gS tks ekuo vkpj.k dk ekxZn'kZu djrk gSA
vjLrw ds vuqlkj] euq"; esa •q'kh dh ryk'k djus vkSj rdZ
ds vuqlkj thus ds fy, ,d LokHkkfod >qdko gSA mudk
ekuuk Fkk fd rdZ ds ekè;e ls] O;fÙkQ çkÑfrd dkuwuksa
dks le> ldrs gSa tks ekuo O;ogkj vkSj lekt ds mfpr
dkedkt dks fu;af=kr djrs gSaA
xksYMu ehu ds fl¼kar dk mnkgj.k% foyafcr
fodkl ifj;kstuk ekeyk
z Jh ,l ikfVy] ,d Hkkjrh; flfoy lsod] ,d fodkl
ifj;kstuk dks eatwjh nsus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSa tks jkstxkj
iSnk djsxk vkSj taxy ds ,d cM+s fgLls dks lkiQ djrs
gq, LFkkuh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks c<+kok nsxkA ifj;kstuk
fooknkLin gS vkSj dbZ yksxksa ds thou ij egRoiw.kZ
çHkko Mkyrh gSA
z nks pje lhekvksa ds chp ,d eè;e fLFkfr •kstus ds
fy,] Jh ikfVy lko/kuhiwoZd ifj;kstuk ds i{kksa vkSj
foi{kksa ij fopkj djrs gSa] fgr/kjdksa ds lkFk feyrs gSa
vkSj blds i;kZoj.kh; çHkko ij 'kks/ djrs gSaA
133
 z vkf•jdkj] og dqN la'kks/uksa ds lkFk ifj;kstuk
dks eatwjh nsrk gS] ftlls MsoyilZ dks ifj;kstuk ds
i;kZoj.kh; çHkko dks de djus vkSj ,d u, oU;tho
vHk;kj.; ds fy, Hkwfe vyx j•us dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA
z ;g fu.kZ; lgh ugha gS] ysfdu ;g ,d fu"i{k vkSj
larqfyr gS] tks lHkh fgr/kjdksa ds lokZsÙke fgrksa dks
lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
z xksYMu ehu ds fl¼kar dks ykxw djds] flfoy lsod
;g lqfuf'pr dj ldrs gSa fd muds fu.kZ; fu"i{k]
U;k;iw.kZ vkSj uSfrd gSaA
n'kZu 'kkL=k dk vuqç;ksx%
z uSfrdrk vkSj ln~x.q k uSfrdrk&vk/kfjr n`f"Vdks.k%
ln~x.q kksa vkSj uSfrd pfj=k ij vjLrw ds tksj dk uSfrd
fl¼karksa vkSj :ijs•kvksa ij egRoiw.kZ çHkko iM+k gSA muds
fopkj ykxw uSfrdrk] is'ksoj uSfrdrk vkSj pfj=k f'k{kk tSls
{ks=kksa esa çHkko'kkyh jgs gSAa ln~x.q k uSfrdrk dk n`f"Vdks.k]
tks ,d vPNk thou thus ds fy, ln~x.q kksa dks fodflr djus
ij è;ku dsfa ær djrk gS] vjLrw ds n'kZu ls çsj.kk ysrk gSA
z f'k{kk% vjLrw ds n'kZu us 'kSf{kd fl¼karksa vkSj çFkkvksa dks
çHkkfor fd;k gSA ln~xq.kksa ds fodkl vkSj pfj=k fodflr
djus ds egRo esa muds fo'okl us Ldwyksa esa pfj=k f'k{kk
vkSj uSfrd fodkl ds n`f"Vdks.k dks lwfpr fd;k gSA f'k{kd
vDlj Nk=kksa esa n;kyqrk] bZekunkjh vkSj yphykiu tSls
ln~xq.kksa dks LFkkfir djus dk ç;kl djrs gSa] tks vjLrw ds
uSfrd mRÑ"Vrk ij tksj nsus ls vkdf"kZr gksrs gSaA
z usr`Ro vkSj çca/u% usr`Ro ij vjLrw ds fopkj çca/u vkSj
laxBukRed vè;;u ds {ks=k esa ykxw fd, x, gSaA Kku]
fu"i{krk vkSj lkgl tSls ln~xq.kksa dks çnf'kZr djus okys
,d ln~xq.kh usrk dh mudh vo/kj.kk us usr`Ro fl¼karksa
vkSj çFkkvksa dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA laxBu vDlj mu usrkvksa
dh ryk'k djrs gSa tks bu ln~xq.kksa dks ewrZ :i nsrs gSa vkSj
uSfrd vkpj.k vkSj nh?kZdkfyd liQyrk dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA
z jktuhfrd fl¼kar% vjLrw ds jktuhfrd n'kZu dk
jktuhfrd fl¼kar vkSj 'kklu ij LFkk;h çHkko iM+k gSA
vkn'kZ jkT;] ukxfjdksa dh Hkwfedk vkSj larqfyr vkSj U;k;iw.kZ
lekt ds egRo ij muds fopkjksa us lfn;ksa ls jktuhfrd
fopkjdksa dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA yksdra=k] dkuwu dk 'kklu
vkSj yksd&dY;k.k tSlh vo/kj.kk,a vjLrw ds dk;ks± esa
viuh tM+sa ikrh gSaA
134
z vuqç;qÙkQ foKku% tho foKku vkSj HkkSfrdh tSls fofHkUu
oSKkfud fo"k;ksa esa vjLrw ds ;ksxnku dk LFkk;h çHkko iM+k
gSA tcfd muds dqN fof'k"V oSKkfud fl¼karksa dks ikj dj
fy;k x;k gS] voyksdu] oxhZdj.k vkSj rkfdZd fopkj dh
mudh i¼fr us oSKkfud tkap vkSj vuqla/ku dh uhao j•hA
z O;fÙkQxr fodkl% vjLrw dk n'kZu O;fÙkQxr fodkl vkSj
vkRe&lq/kj ds fy, varnZ`f"V vkSj ekxZn'kZu çnku djrk gSA
rdZ] vkRe&fufj{k.k vkSj ln~xq.kksa dh •kst ij mudk tksj
fdlh ds pfj=k dks fodflr djus vkSj vf/d iw.kZ thou
thus ds fy, ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vjLrw ds n'kZu dh vkykspuk%
z eu&'kjhj leL;k vkSj }Srokn% vkRek dks 'kjhj ls vyx
djus dh vjLrw dh /kj.kk dh mlds }Sroknh pfj=k ds fy,
vkykspuk dh xbZ gS] tks eu vkSj 'kjhj dh varlZaca/ vkSj
vU;ksU;kJ;rk dh O;k[;k djus esa foiQy gSA
z vi;kZIr vuqHkotU; fof/% vkykspdksa dk rdZ gS fd
vjLrw dh fuxeu vkSj lhfer vuqHkotU;voyksduksa ij
fuHkZjrk us vf/d dBksj oSKkfud i¼fr ds fodkl esa ck/k
mRiUu dh] tks rc ls vk/qfud oSKkfud tkap ds fy,
egRoiw.kZ cu xbZ gSA
z vjLrw ds uSfrd <kaps esa lkaLÑfrd lkis{krkokn dh
vkykspuk dh xbZ gS D;ksafd ;g Li"V lkoZHkkSfed uSfrd
fl¼kar ugha nsrk gS vkSj blds ctk; bafxr djrk gS fd xq.k
vkSj uSfrdrk lanHkZ&fuHkZj gSa vkSj dqN lewgksa ;k laLÑfr;ksa
ls lacaf/r gSaA
z efgykvksa vkSj nklksa dks ckgj j•k x;k gS% vjLrw ds
n'kZu esa efgykvksa vkSj nklksa dks iw.kZ ukxfjdrk ls ckgj
j•us vkSj vuqfpr lkekftd ç.kkfy;ksa dks cuk, j•us ds
fy, vkykspuk dh xbZ gS] fo'ks"k :i ls jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh
vkSj çkf.k;ksa ds inkuqØe ij muds fopkjA
z vlekurk vkSj inkuqØe% dqN fojksf/;ksa dk rdZ gS fd
vjLrw dh çkÑfrd inkuqØeksa dh ekU;rk] tSls 'kkldksa
vkSj 'kkflrksa ds chp foHkktu] neudkjh 'kfÙkQ laca/ksa dks
c<+kok nsrh gS vkSj lkekftd fodkl vkSj lekurk esa ck/k
Mkyrh gSA
z mís';okn vkSj inkFkZokn% vkykspdksa dk rdZ gS fd
vjLrw dk inkFkZoknh ifjçs{;] tks phtksa vkSj ?kVukvksa ds
fy, fuf'pr lkj vkSj mís';ksa dks tksM+rk gS] okLrfodrk
ds xfr'khy vkSj fodkl'khy pfj=k dh gekjh le> esa
ck/k Mkyrk gSA
z mís';okn% vjLrw ds n'kZu dk mís';oknh ifjçs{;] tks
crkrk gS fd çÑfr esa gj pht dk ,d iwoZfu/kZfjr mís';
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 gS] vuqHkotU; çek.k dh deh vkSj ekuodsafær /kj.kkvksa z dkaV dh uSfrdrk dk fooj.k mudh rhu iqLrdksa & n
ij fuHkZj gksus ds fy, vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA iQkmaMs'ku vkWiQ esVkfiQftDl vkWiQ eksjYl (1785)]
n fØfVd vkWiQ çSfDVdy jhtu (1788)] vkSj
5-2-4 beSuqvy dkaV
n esVkfiQftDl vkWiQ eksjYl (1798) esa MhvkWUVksykWftdy
z beSuqvy dkaV ,d teZu nk'kZfud vkSj çeq• çcq¼ fopkjd
ijaijkvksa esa fiQV cSBrk gSA
FksA dkaV] tks dksfuXtcxZ esa iSnk gq, FksA Kkuehekalk]
z dkaV uSfrdrk ds ikjaifjd fl¼karksa (ln~xq.k fl¼karksa vkSj
rRoehekalk] uhfr'kkL=k vkSj lkSan;Z'kkL=k esa muds O;kid
ifj.kkeokfn;ksa) dks •kfjt djrs gSa vkSj rdZ nsrs gSa fd
vkSj O;ofLFkr dk;ks± ds fy, mUgsa vk/qfud if'peh n'kZu
uSfrd dk;Z uSfrdrk ds lokZsPp fl¼kar ij vk/kfjr gSa tks
esa lcls çHkko'kkyh 'kf[l;rksa esa ls ,d ekuk tkrk gSA
mís';iw.kZ] rdZlaxr vkSj Lora=k :i ls pquk x;k gSA
z dkaV ^fujis{k vkns'k* dks uSfrd nkf;Ro dk ,dek=k laHko ekud ekurs gSaA
Watching TV (Leisure)
Select an action from
several possible Jogging?Exercise (Fitness)
Function of Human Will
courses of action Studying/Working (Economic reasons)
Engaging into a group discussion
among peers/family members,
Wilful Decision Browsing Social Media Sites (Non
economic activity/Leisure)
Objective Considerations Subjective Considerations

Driven by rationality Driven by Emotions

[A rational consideration that influences the will must be a single principle of obligation in form of Command]

Categorical Imperative Dictates the universalizability of our actions

Imperatives [Commands that dictate a particular course of action]

Categorical Hypothetical

z Moral commands one follows irrespective of his
desires/motives.
z Absolute Command (not based on subjective considerations).
z Supreme principle of morality is a categorical imperative
since it is not conditional on preferences.
z Example - Divine commandments, Social norms, Cultural
Prescriptions: Non violence, Truthfulness, Celibacy,
Monogamy.
z Commands that are dependent on preferences
for a particular end/objective/desire.
z Moral commands that are conditional on
personal desire or motive (driven by ones
goals).
z Example: Clearing UPSCto be inducted as
a civil servant with an objective of Public
service.

dkaV dk n'kZu% uSfrd fl¼kar dks fojks/kHkkl ds fcuk lkoZHkkSfed :i ls

z fujis{k vkns'k% fujis{k vkns'k dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ & ,d
fcuk 'krZ uSfrd nkf;Ro tks lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ckè;dkjh
gS vkSj fdlh O;fÙkQ ds >qdko ;k mís'; ij fuHkZj ugha gSA
dkaV dk n'kZu ^fijis{k vkns'k* dh vo/kj.kk ds vklikl
dsafær gS] tks ,d uSfrd fl¼kar gS tks uSfrd fu.kZ;
ysus dk ekxZn'kZu djrk gSA dkaV ds vuqlkj] fdlh dks
bl rjg ls dk;Z djuk pkfg, fd muds dk;ks± ds ihNs
ykxw fd;k tk ldsA
z pkj fujis{k vkns'k gSa%
1- nwljksa ds lkFk og O;ogkj u djsa tks vki ugha pkgrs
fd nwljs vkids lkFk djsaA
2- mu fl¼karksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z djsa ftUgsa lkoZHkkSfed
dkuwuksa ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3- yksxksa dks lkè; ds lk/u ds :i esa mi;ksx u djsaA

Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku 135

 4- ekuoh; dk;ks± ls lexz :i ls lekt dks ykHk gksuk
pkfg,A
 mnkgj.k% lanhi dks ,d uSfrd nqfo/k dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gSA mlds ikl ;k rks fdlh nksLr dh j{kk ds fy,
>wB cksyus ;k lp crkus vkSj laHkkfor :i ls vius
nksLr dh çfr"Bk dks uqdlku igqapkus dk fodYi gSA
dkaV dh fujis{k vkns'k ds fy, lanhi dks ;g fopkj
djus dh vko';drk gksxh fd D;k >wB cksyuk lHkh
fLFkfr;ksa esa uSfrd :i ls mfpr gks ldrk gSA ;fn
>wB dks lkoZHkkSfed :i ls Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS] rks
;g ,d fojks/kHkkl dks tUe nsxk tgka lPpkbZ viuk
ewY; •ks nsrh gSA blfy,] dkar ds vuqlkj] lanhi dks
lp cksyus dks çkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg,] D;ksafd bls
lkoZHkkSfed uSfrd fl¼kar ds :i esa ykxw fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
z uSfrd Lok;Ùkrk vkSj drZO;% dkaV us uSfrd Lok;Ùkrk
ds egRo ij tksj fn;k] tks ckgjh çHkkoksa ;k bPNkvksa ds
ctk; rdZlaxrrk vkSj lkoZHkkSfed uSfrd fl¼karksa ds vk/kj
ij uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk gSA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd
O;fÙkQxr bPNkvksa ;k ifj.kkeksa ds ckotwn] rdZlaxr vkSj
uSfrd fl¼karksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z djuk O;fÙkQ;ksa dk uSfrd
drZO; gSA
 mnkgj.k% le`f¼ dks ,d •ks;k gqvk cVqvk feyrk gS
ftlesa cM+h jkf'k gksrh gSA ;|fi le`f¼ vklkuh ls vius
fy, iSlk j• ldrh Fkh] dkaV dk n'kZu mls uSfrd
drZO; ls ckgj dk;Z djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djsxkA
le`f¼ vius lgh ekfyd dks cVqvk okil djus ds
fy, etcwj eglwl djsxh] D;ksafd og ekurh gS fd
bZekunkjh vkSj nwljksa ds laifÙk ds vf/dkjksa dk lEeku
djuk lkoZHkkSfed uSfrd fl¼kar gSa tks O;fÙkQxr bPNkvksa
;k rRdky ykHkksa ls ijs gSaA
z O;kogkfjd cqf¼ vkSj 'kqHk ladYi% O;kogkfjd cqf¼ ds
egRo vkSj ln~Hkkouk ls dk;Z djus ds fopkj esa fo'okl
djrs FksA dkar ds vuqlkj] uSfrd dk;ks± dks rdZlaxrrk
vkSj uSfrd :i ls lgh djus ds bjkns ls funZsf'kr fd;k
tkuk pkfg,] O;fÙkQxr fgrksa ;k ckgjh ifj.kkeksa dh ijokg
fd, fcukA
 mnkgj.k% dj.k ,d LFkkuh; cs?kj vkJ; esa Lo;alsod
gSaA Lo;alsok ds fy, dj.k dh çsj.kk O;fÙkQxr ykHk
136
;k ekU;rk ls çsfjr ugha gS] cfYd t:jrean yksxksa dh
enn djus dh okLrfod bPNk ls çsfjr gSA dkaV dj.k
ds dk;ks± dks uSfrd :i ls ljkguh; ekusaxs D;ksafd os
O;kogkfjd dkj.k vkSj uSfrd :i ls lgh dke djus
dh vPNh bPNk ls funZsf'kr gksrs gSaA
z lkoZHkkSfedrk vkSj uSfrd nkf;Ro% dkaV us rdZ fn;k fd
uSfrd fl¼karksa dks lkoZHkkSfed :i ls ykxw gksuk pkfg,A
dk;ks± dk ewY;kadu bl vk/kj ij fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd
D;k mUgsa fojks/kHkkl ds fcuk ,d lkoZHkkSfed fu;e ds
:i esa yxkrkj ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA uSfrd nkf;Ro mu
fl¼karksa dh rdZlaxr ekU;rk ls mRiUu gksrs gSa ftUgsa yxkrkj
cjdjkj j•k tk ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% vgen ,d nqdku ls pksjh djus ij fopkj
djrk gS D;ksafd og blds fy, Hkqxrku fd, fcuk ,d
fo'ks"k oLrq pkgrk gSA dkaV ds n'kZu dks ykxw djrs gq,]
vgen ;g igpku ysxk fd vxj pksjh dks lkoZHkkSfed
:i ls Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS] rks ;g futh laifÙk dh
vo/kj.kk dks detksj djsxk vkSj fojks/kHkklksa dks tUe
nsxkA blfy,] vgen Lohdkj djsxk fd pksjh djuk
uSfrd :i ls xyr gS vkSj bl rjg ds O;ogkj esa
'kkfey gksus ls cpsaA
z lkè;ksa ds lkezkT; vkSj ekuo dh xfjek% dkaV lHkh
O;fÙkQ;ksa dh varfuZfgr xfjek esa fo'okl djrs FksA mUgksaus
rdZ fn;k fd euq";ksa dks viuh Lok;Ùkrk vkSj uSfrd ewY;
dk lEeku djrs gq, vius vki esa lkè; ds :i esa ekuk
tkuk pkfg,A ;g ifjçs{; fu"i{krk] lekurk vkSj çR;sd
O;fÙkQ ds ewY; dh ekU;rk ds egRo ij tksj nsrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% ,d fofo/ lekt esa] dkar dk n'kZu O;fÙkQ;ksa
ds fu"i{k vkSj leku mipkj dh odkyr djsxk] pkgs
mudh tkfr] fyax ;k lkekftd fLFkfr dqN Hkh gksA
bldk eryc gS fd çR;sd O;fÙkQ dh Lok;Ùkrk dk
lEeku djuk] leku volj lqfuf'pr djuk] vkSj ,d
U;k;iw.kZ lekt dks c<+kok nsuk tgka lHkh O;fÙkQ;ksa ds
lkFk xfjek ds lkFk O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj muds
vf/dkjksa dh j{kk dh tkrh gSA
VsfyvksykWftdy n`f"Vdks.k%
z ¶Vsyksl¸ ,d çkphu xzhd 'kCn gS ftldk vFkZ gS ¶var]¸
¶iwfrZ]¸ ¶iw.kZrk]¸ ¶y{;]¸ vkSj blh rjgA VsyhykWth ,d
n'kZu gS tks ekurk gS fd fdlh ds dk;ks± ds ifj.kke bl
ckr dk vafre fu.kZ; gSa fd dkjZokbZ lgh Fkh ;k xyrA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
drZO;oknh vkSj mís';oknh fl¼karksa ds chp varj
drZO;oknh uhfr'kkL=k (drZO;&vk/kfjr)
z ifj.kkeksa ds ctk; uSfrd nkf;Roksa ij è;ku dsafær djsaA
z ifj.kkeksa dh rqyuk esa bjknksa dks çkFkfedrk nsrk gS
z uSfrd ewY; dh rqyuk esa uSfrd drZO; vf/d egRoiw.kZ gSaA
z O;fÙkQxr bjkns egRoiw.kZ gSaA
z dk;ks± dh 'kq¼rk mudh vPNkbZ ls igys vkrh gSA
z ,d O;fÙkQ dh uSfrd fLFkfr ij dsafær gS
z uSfrd ftEesnkfj;ksa dk ,d udkjkRed lw=khdj.k gksrk gSA
z O;fÙkQxr çkFkfedrk,a vçklafxd gSaA
z ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj dk;Z ;k rks uSfrd ;k vuSfrd gSaA
drZO;oknh vkSj mís';oknh fl¼karksa
ij vk/kfjr mnkgj.k
z vkneh lM+d fdukjs lks jgs dqÙks dks ykr ekjrk gS%
eku yhft, fd ,d vkneh lM+d fdukjs lks jgs dqÙks
dks ykr ekjrk gSA
 dqÙkk jksrk gS vkSj Hkkx tkrk gSA dqN {k.k ckn]
,d dkj bruh rsth ls lM+d ij vkrh gS fd og
fuf'pr :i ls dqÙks dks ekj nsrh vxj og vHkh
Hkh ogka iM+k gksrkA
z ifjçs{;% drZO;oknh ifjçs{; dgrs gSa] vkneh dh
dkjZokbZ •jkc Fkh D;ksafd dqÙkksa dks ykr ekjuk Øwj gS]
ysfdu mís';oknh ifjçs{; ds vuqlkj] mldh dkjZokbZ
vPNh Fkh] D;ksafd blus dqÙks ds thou dks cpk;kA
fu"d"kZ%
z vkijkf/d U;k; ç.kkyh esa] ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,
,d drZO;oknh n`f"Vdks.k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS fd
ltk fd, x, vijk/ ds fy, vkuqikfrd vkSj mi;qÙkQ gSA
nwljh vksj] mís';oknh n`f"Vdks.k dk mi;ksx vnkyrksa }kjk
fdlh Hkh dkuwu] mlds mís';] fn'kk ;k fMtkbu dh O;k[;k
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
5-2-5 tsjseh csaFke
z tsjseh csaFke (1747&1832) ,d fczfV'k nk'kZfud] U;k;fon~
vkSj lekt lq/kjd Fks ftUgsa O;kid :i ls vk/qfud
mi;ksfxrkokn dk tud ekuk tkrk gSA csaFke us bl fl¼kar
dks vius n'kZu ds ¶ekSfyd fl¼kar¸ ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku
mís';oknh uhfr'kkL=k (ifj.kke&mUeq•)
z vius dk;ks± ds ifj.kkeksa ij fopkj djsaA
z bjknksa ij ifj.kkeksa dks çkFkfedrk nsrk gS
z drZO;ksa ij uSfrd ewY; dks çkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA
z O;fÙkQxr bjkns vçklafxd gSaA
z dk;ks± dh 'kq¼rk mudh vPNkbZ ls fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA
z dk;Z dh uSfrd fLFkfr ij è;ku dsafær djrk gS
z uSfrd ftEesnkfj;ksa dk ,d ldkjkRed lw=khdj.k gksrk gSA
z vius vkSj vU; yksxksa ds fgrksa ds fy, leku fopkj
z dk;ks± ds ifj.kkeksa dk mi;ksx mudk ewY;kadu djus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
fd;k fd ¶vf/dre yksxksa dk vf/dre lq• gh lgh
vkSj xyr dk eki gS¸A
csaFke dk n'kZu
z mi;ksfxrkokn% csaFke dk n'kZu mi;ksfxrkokn ds vklikl
dsafær gS] tks ekurk gS fd dk;ks± dk ewY;kadu mudh
mi;ksfxrk ;k muds }kjk mRiUu •q'kh dh ek=kk cuke muds
dkj.k gksus okyh ihM+k ;k nnZ dh ek=kk ds vk/kj ij fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A fdlh dkjZokbZ dk uSfrd ewY; blds ifj.kkeksa
vkSj blls çHkkfor O;fÙkQ;ksa dh HkykbZ ij blds lexz çHkko
ls fu/kZfjr gksrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% ,d daiuh dh dYiuk djsa tks fopkj dj
jgh gS fd lrr çFkkvksa esa fuos'k djuk gS ;k ughaA csaFke
ds mi;ksfxrkokn ds vuqlkj] daiuh dks lrr çFkkvksa dks
viukus ds laHkkfor ykHkksa vkSj gkfu dk vkdyu djuk
pkfg,A os i;kZoj.k ij çHkko] deZpkfj;ksa dh HkykbZ
vkSj xzkgdksa dh larqf"V dk ewY;kadu djsaxsA i;kZoj.kh;
uqdlku esa deh vkSj fgr/kjd larqf"V esa lq/kj lfgr
lexz mi;ksfxrk ij fopkj djds] daiuh ,d fu.kZ; ys
ldrh gS tks mi;ksfxrkoknh fl¼karksa ds lkFk lajsf•r gSA
 vf/dre lq• dk fl¼kar% csaFke dk n'kZu ^vf/
dre yksxksa dk vf/dre lq•* ds fl¼kar }kjk funZsf'kr
gSA fdlh dkjZokbZ dk uSfrd ewY; •q'kh ;k vkuan dks
vf/dre djus vkSj dkjZokbZ ls çHkkfor yksxksa dh lcls
cM+h la[;k ds fy, ihM+k ;k nnZ dks de djus dh
{kerk ls fu/kZfjr gksrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% eku yhft, fd dksbZ ljdkj f'k{kk ls
lacaf/r lkoZtfud uhfr ij fu.kZ; ys jgh gSA csaFke ds
137
 ^vf/dre lq•* dk fl¼kar dk mi;ksx djrs gq,] ljdkj
fofHkUu fgr/kjdksa] tSls Nk=kksa] f'k{kdksa] ekrk&firk vkSj
O;kid leqnk; ij uhfr ds laHkkfor çHkko ij fopkj
djsxhA os vkdyu djsaxs fd uhfr xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk
rd igqap dSls c<+k ldrh gS] 'kSf{kd ifj.kkeksa esa lq/kj
dj ldrh gS] vkSj lexz lkekftd dY;k.k esa ;ksxnku
ns ldrh gSA
z ek=kkRed n`f"Vdks.k% csaFke dk n'kZu uSfrdrk ds fy, ,d
ek=kkRed n`f"Vdks.k ysrk gS] tgka •q'kh vkSj nnZ dks ekik
tkrk gS vkSj fdlh dkjZokbZ ds uSfrd ewY; dks fu/kZfjr
djus ds fy, rqyuk dh tkrh gSA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd vkuan
vkSj nnZ dk vkdyu mudh rhozrk] vof/] fuf'prrk vkSj
muds lexz çHkko dh x.kuk djus ds fy, vU; dkjdksa ds
lanHkZ esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% eku yhft, fd ,d uxj ifj"kn ,d u,
ikdZ ds LFkku ij fu.kZ; ys jgh gSA csaFke ds ek=kkRed
n`f"Vdks.k esa euksjatd voljksa] 'kkjhfjd O;k;ke vkSj
csgrj ekufld dY;k.k ds lanHkZ esa leqnk; ds lnL;ksa
}kjk çkIr laHkkfor vkuan dk vkdyu djuk 'kkfey
gksxkA os èofu çnw"k.k esa laHkkfor deh vkSj gfjr LFkkuksa
ds fuekZ.k ij Hkh fopkj djsaxsA ek=kkRed :i ls fdlh
Hkh laHkkfor udkjkRed ifj.kkeksa ds f•ykiQ mRiUu
lexz vkuan dh rqyuk djds] ifj"kn ,d fu.kZ; ys
ldrh gS tks lexz mi;ksfxrk dks vf/dre djrh gSA
z gsMksfud dSydqyl% csaFke us ¶gsMksfud dSydqyl¸ dh
vo/kj.kk fodflr dh] tks fdlh dkjZokbZ ;k uhfr dh
lexz •q'kh ;k mi;ksfxrk dh x.kuk djus dh ,d fof/
gSA blesa lexz dY;k.k ij muds 'kq¼ çHkko dks fu/kZfjr
djus ds fy, rhozrk] vof/] fuf'prrk vkSj •q'kh vkSj nnZ
ds vU; dkjdksa ij fopkj djuk 'kkfey gSA
 mnkgj.k% lkekftd dY;k.k dk;ZØeksa dks fuf/ nsus
ds fy, mPp vk; okys O;fÙkQ;ksa ij djksa dks c<+kus
dh uhfr ij fopkj djus okyh ljdkj ij fopkj djsaA
csaFke ds gsMksfud dSydqyl dk mi;ksx djrs gq,] os
csgrj lkekftd dY;k.k vkSj gkf'k, dh vkcknh ds
chp ihM+k esa deh ls çkIr laHkkfor vkuan dk ewY;kadu
djsaxsA os mPp vk; okys O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fy, mPp djksa ds
dkj.k gksus okys nnZ dk Hkh vkdyu djsaxsA bu dkjdksa
dks rkSydj] ljdkj ,d fu.kZ; ys ldrh gS tks lexz
mi;ksfxrk dks vf/dre djrh gSA
138
mi;ksfxrkokn
z mi;ksfxrkokn ,d uSfrd fl¼kar gS tks mu dk;ks± dh
odkyr djrk gS tks •q'kh ;k vkuan dks c<+kok nsrs gSa
tcfd mu dk;ks± dk fojks/ djrs gSa tks nq• ;k uqdlku
dk dkj.k curs gSaA
z ,d mi;ksfxrkoknh n'kZu lkekftd] vkfFkZd ;k jktuhfrd
fu.kZ; ysrs le; lexz :i ls lekt dh csgrjh dk
y{; j•sxkA
5-2-6 ts ,l fey
z tkWu LVqvVZ fey ,d vaxzsth nk'kZfud] jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL=kh]
laln lnL; vkSj flfoy lsod FksA 'kkL=kh; mnkjokn
ds bfrgkl esa lcls çHkko'kkyh fopkjdksa esa ls ,d]
mUgksaus lkekftd fl¼kar] jktuhfrd fl¼kar vkSj jktuhfrd
vFkZO;oLFkk esa O;kid :i ls ;ksxnku fn;kA
fey dk n'kZu%
z mi;ksfxrkokn% csaFke dh rjg] fey dk n'kZu mi;ksfxrkokn
ij vk/kfjr gS] tks lq[k dks vf/dre djus vkSj lcls cM+h
la[;k esa yksxksa ds fy, nq%[k dks de djus dk ç;kl djrk
gSA gkykafd] fey ds mi;ksfxrkokn ds laLdj.k esa lq[k ds
xq.kkRed igyqvksa ij vf/d tksj fn;k x;k gS] mPp ;k
vf/d ifj"Ñr lq•ksa dks fuEu ;k vk/kj lq•ksa dh rqyuk
esa vf/d ewY;oku ekuk tkrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% ,d O;fÙkQ tks vius lIrkgkar dks ohfM;ks
xse •syus ;k LFkkuh; pkSfjVh esa Lo;alsok djus ds chp
fu.kZ; ysrk gSA fey ds mi;ksfxrkokn ds vuqlkj] mUgsa
çR;sd fodYi dh lq[k ds xq.kkRed igyqvksa ij fopkj
djuk pkfg,A Lo;alsok iwfrZ dh xgjh Hkkouk yk ldrh
gS] nwljksa dh HkykbZ esa ;ksxnku dj ldrh gS] vkSj mPp
uSfrd ewY;ksa ds lkFk lajsf•r gks ldrh gS] ftlls ;g
dsoy O;fÙkQxr euksjatu dh rqyuk esa vf/d ewY;oku
vkSj okaNuh; fodYi cu ldrk gSA
z mi;ksfxrk vkSj O;fÙkQxr Lora=krk dk fl¼kar% fey us
uSfrd fu.kZ;ksa ds ekxZn'kZu esa mi;ksfxrk ds fl¼kar ij tksj
fn;k] ysfdu mUgksaus O;fÙkQxr Lora=krk vkSj Lok;Ùkrk ds
egRo ij Hkh tksj fn;kA mUgksaus rdZ fn;k fd O;fÙkQ;ksa dks
viuh •qf'k;ksa dks ikus ds fy, Lora=k gksuk pkfg, tc rd
fd ;g nwljksa dks uqdlku u igqapk,A
 mnkgj.k% Hkkjr tSlk lekt leySafxd fookg ds
oS/hdj.k ij fopkj dj jgk gSA fey dk n'kZu
leku&fyax fookg dks oS/ cukus dk leFkZu djsxk]
D;ksafd ;g mu O;fÙkQ;ksa dks Lora=krk vkSj •q'kh nsxk tks
,sls fookg esa ços'k djuk pkgrs gSaA tc rd mldk
feyuk nwljksa dks uqdlku ugha igqapkrk gS] rc rd ;g
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 O;fÙkQxr Lora=krk ds fl¼kar ds lkFk lajsf•r gksrk gS
vkSj lexz lq[k dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
z uqdlku dk fl¼kar% fey us uqdlku ds fl¼kar dks is'k
fd;k] ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd O;fÙkQ;ksa dks viuh bPNkuqlkj
dk;Z djus ds fy, Lora=k gksuk pkfg, tc rd fd muds
dk;Z nwljksa dks uqdlku ugha igqapkrs gSaA mUgksaus rdZ fn;k
fd lekt dks dsoy O;fÙkQ;ksa ds dk;ks± esa gLr{ksi djuk
pkfg, tc nwljksa dks Li"V vkSj çR;{k uqdlku gksrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% 'kjkc ;k MªXl tSls inkFkks± ds fofu;eu ij
fopkj djrs le;] fey ds uqdlku fl¼kar dk lq>ko
gksxk fd lekt dks dsoy rHkh gLr{ksi djuk pkfg,
tc bu inkFkks± dh •ir ;k mi;ksx ls nwljksa dks uqdlku
gksA O;fÙkQ;ksa dks viuh ilan cukus dh Lora=krk gksuh
pkfg, tc rd fd os nwljksa ds vf/dkjksa ;k dY;k.k
dk mYya?ku ugha djrs gSaA
z O;fÙkQxr fodkl vkSj fofo/rk% fey us ekuo lq[k dks
c<+kok nsus esa O;fÙkQxr fodkl vkSj fofo/rk ds egRo dks
ekU;rk nhA mUgksaus rdZ fn;k fd fofHkUu çdkj dh jk;
vkSj n`f"Vdks.k dh vuqefr nsuk ckSf¼d vkSj uSfrd fodkl
esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% f'k{kk ds lanHkZ esa] fey dk n'kZu ,d
lekos'kh vkSj fofo/ ikBÔØe dk leFkZu djsxk tks
Nk=kksa dks fopkjksa] laLÑfr;ksa vkSj n`f"Vdks.kksa dh ,d
foLr`r J`a•yk dks mtkxj djrk gSA ;g egRoiw.kZ lksp
dkS'ky ds fodkl dh vuqefr nsrk gS] lgkuqHkwfr dks
c<+kok nsrk gS] vkSj vf/d thoar vkSj ckSf¼d :i ls
le`¼ lekt dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
z mPp vkSj fuEu lq•% fey us mPp vkSj fuEu lq•ksa ds
chp varj fd;k] eu vkSj cqf¼ ds mPp lq•ksa dks de
'kkjhfjd ;k dkeqd lq•ksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d ewY;oku
ekukA mUgksaus rdZ fn;k fd ckSf¼d] uSfrd vkSj lkSan;Z lq•ksa
dk ihNk djus ls vf/d lexz •q'kh feyrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% eku yhft, fd fdlh O;fÙkQ ds ikl]
'kke dks fdlh fj;fyVh Vhoh 'kks ns•us ;k n'kZu ij
fopkjksÙkstd O;k[;ku esa Hkkx ysus ds chp fodYi gSA
fey ds vuqlkj] O;k[;ku ,d mPp vkuan çnku djrk
gS D;ksafd ;g eu dks layXu djrk gS] ckSf¼d fodkl
dks c<+kok nsrk gS] vkSj nh?kZdkfyd lq[k esa ;ksxnku
nsrk gS] tcfd Vhoh 'kks de vkuan çnku djrs gSa tks
rRdky ysfdu {kf.kd lq[k çnku djrs gSaA
z ek=kk ij xq.koÙkk% tcfd csaFke ds mi;ksfxrkokn us lexz
lq[k ;k vkuan ds vf/dredj.k ij tksj fn;k] fey us rdZ
fn;k fd vkuan dh xq.koÙkk ek=kk ls vf/d egRoiw.kZ gSA
Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku
mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ckSf¼d vkSj uSfrd lq•] tks eu ds
mPp ladk;ksa dks layXu djrs gSa] de 'kkjhfjd lq•ksa dh
rqyuk esa vf/d LFkk;h vkSj lkFkZd •q'kh çnku djrs gSaA
 fey ds vuqlkj] ,d Dykfld miU;kl i<+uk ohfM;ks
xse •syus dh rqyuk esa mPp xq.koÙkk okyk vkuan ekuk
tk ldrk gSA ,d vPNh rjg ls fy•s x, miU;kl dks
i<+us dk vuqHko eu dks layXu djrk gS] dYiuk dks
mÙksftr djrk gS] vkSj çfrfcac vkSj O;fÙkQxr fodkl
ds volj çnku djrk gSA
5-2-7 FkkWel gkWCl
iw.kZ Lora=krk ;q¼ dks vkeaf=kr djrh gS] vkSj leiZ.k ;q¼ ds
f•ykiQ ,d vPNh jksdFkke gSA µgkWCl
z FkkWel gkWCl baXySaM ds ,d nk'kZfud FksA gkWCl dks mudh
iqLrd ysfo;kFku (1651) ds fy, tkuk tkrk gS] ftlesa
^lkekftd vuqca/ fl¼kar* dk ,d çHkko'kkyh lw=khdj.k
'kkfey gSA
vuqca/okn
z vuqca/ egRoiw.kZ le>kSrs gSa tks yksx ,d nwljs ds lkFk
djrs gSaA os gesa fu;eksa vkSj vis{kkvksa dks fu/kZfjr djus
esa enn djrs gSa fd gesa dSls O;ogkj djuk pkfg,
vkSj ckrphr djuh pkfg,A tc ge ,d vuqca/ dk
ikyu djrs gSa] rks bldk eryc gS fd ge vius okns
fuHkk jgs gSa vkSj ogh dj jgs gSa tks ge djus ds fy,
lger gq, FksA
z bl fl¼kar ds vuqlkj] ;fn ge nwljksa ds lkFk fd, x,
le>kSrksa ij fVds jgrs gSa] rks gekjs O;ogkj dks uSfrd
ekuk tkrk gSA ;g dgus dk ,d rjhdk gS fd vkius tks
djus dk oknk fd;k Fkk mls djuk vPNk gSA
z dHkh&dHkh] ,d fo'ks"k çdkj dk vuqca/ gksrk gS ftls
lkekftd vuqca/ dgk tkrk gSA ;g rc gksrk gS tc
ljdkj ;k jkT; vius yksxksa ds lkFk ,d le>kSrk djrs
gSaA ljdkj dh yksxksa ds çfr dqN ftEesnkfj;ka] ;k drZO;
gSa] vkSj yksxksa ds ikl ljdkj ds çfr nkf;Ro Hkh gSaA
z ,d egRoiw.kZ O;fÙkQ ftlus bl fopkj ds ckjs esa ckr
dh og gkWCl FkkA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd yksx vius Lo;a
ds fgr esa dk;Z djrs gSa] ftldk vFkZ gS fd os ,sls
dke djrs gSa tks •qn dks ykHk igqapkrs gSaA vuqca/okn
esa] uSfrdrk dks ,d lgdkjh xfrfof/ ds :i esa ns•k
tkrk gS tgka yksx vius Lo;a ds fgr ds fy, ,d lkFk
dke djrs gSaA ;g dgus tSlk gS fd mu phtksa dks djuk
vPNk gS tks vkids vkSj nwljksa nksuksa ds fy, lgk;d gSaA
139
FkkWel gkWCl dk n'kZu
n'kZu fooj.k
z muds vuqlkj] euq"; LokHkkfod :i ls LokFkhZ] Øwj] gR;kjk vkSj vkRe&laj{k.k ls çsfjr gSaA
z urhtru] os 'kkafr vkSj fLFkjrk cuk, j•us esa vleFkZ gSaA bls lacksf/r djus ds fy,] yksx ,d jkT; ;k
ljdkj cukus ds fy, ,d lkekftd vuqca/ ds ekè;e ls ,d lkFk vkrs gSaA
ekuo çÑfr z mnkgj.k% ,d xaHkhj pØokr ;k ck<+ ds ckn] tgka lalk/u nqyZHk gks tkrs gSa] yksx tek•ksjh ;k la?k"kZ
esa layXu gks ldrs gSa D;ksafd os vius vkSj vius ifjokjksa ds fy, vko';d vkiwfrZ lqjf{kr djus dk
ç;kl djrs gSaA ;g O;ogkj gkWCl ds bl n`f"Vdks.k dks n'kkZrk gS fd euq";] vius tUetkr LokFkZ ls
çsfjr] ladV ds le; lkaçnkf;d lg;ksx ij vius vfLrRo vkSj dY;k.k dks çkFkfedrk ns ldrs gSa tc
lalk/u nqyZHk gksrs gSa vkSj lkekftd rkuk&ckuk rukoiw.kZ gksrk gSA
z mudk ekuuk Fkk fd çÑfr dh fLFkfr esa] euq"; vius LokFkks± dks iwjk djus ds fy, nqyZHk lalk/uksa ds
fy, fujarj la?k"kZ esa layXu gSA ;g la?k"kZ ;q¼ dh fLFkfr dks tUe ns ldrk gS] tgka la?k"kZ vkSj çfrLi/kZ
çÑfr dh çcy gksrh gSA
voLFkk z mnkgj.k% jokaMk ujlagkj% jokaMk ujlagkj ,d Hk;kud ?kVuk Fkh ftlesa dsoy 100 fnuksa esa 800]000 ls
vf/d yksx ekjs x, FksA ujlagkj tkrh; ?k`.kk ls çsfjr Fkk] vkSj ;g Hkwfe tSls nqyZHk lalk/uksa ds fu;a=k.k
ds fy, la?k"kZ ls c<+ x;k FkkA
z gkWCl }kjk dYiuk dh xbZ ysfo;kFku jkT;] O;oLFkk cuk, j•us] dkuwuksa dks ykxw djus vkSj O;fÙkQ;ksa dks
uqdlku ls cpkus dh {kerk ds lkFk ,d loZ&'kfÙkQ'kkyh laçHkq çkf/dj.k gSA
z og fof'k"V çko/kuksa ds lkFk ,d ysfo;kFku jkT; dh odkyr djrk gSA
z 'kklu djus dh iw.kZ 'kfÙkQ
z yksxksa dks jkT; ds fo#¼ foæksg djus dk vf/dkj ugha gS
z yksxksa ds ikl iw.kZ vf/dkj ugha gSa
ysfo;kFku jkT;
z ukxfjdksa esa vkKkdkfjrk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, jkT; dks ukxfjd f'k{kk ij tksj nsuk pkfg,
z mnkgj.k% mÙkj dksfj;k esa fde tksax&mu% mÙkj dksfj;k esa fde tksax&mu ds 'kklu dks ,d ysfo;kFku
jkT; dk vk/qfud mnkgj.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA
z ljdkj ds ikl iw.kZ 'kfÙkQ gS] vlarks"k vkSj foæksg dks nck fn;k tkrk gS] ukxfjdksa ds ikl iw.kZ vf/dkj
ugha gksrs gSa] vkSj ukxfjd f'k{kk dk mi;ksx vkcknh ds chp vkKkdkfjrk dks çsfjr djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA
FkkWel gkWCl ds n'kZu dh çklafxdrk% z çÑfr dh fLFkfr vkSj ekuo çÑfr% fujarj la?k"kZ vkSj
z varjkZ"Vªh; laca/ vkSj jktuhfrd ;FkkFkZokn% vkRe&laj{k.k ;q¼ dh fLFkfr ds :i esa çÑfr dh fLFkfr dh gkWCl dh
vkSj jk"Vªksa ds çfrLi/hZ pfj=k ij gkWCl dk è;ku varjkZ"Vªh; Nfo lkekftd O;oLFkk ds egRo vkSj 'kkafr vkSj fLFkjrk
dks cuk, j•us esa ljdkj dh Hkwfedk ds ckjs esa fparkvksa
ekeyksa esa ;FkkFkZoknh fopkjksa ds lkFk çfrèofur gksrk gSA
ls esy •krh gSA
z uSfrd vkSj jktuhfrd ftEesnkfj;ka% gkWCl dh Fkhfll
z vkRe&fgr vkSj bPNk% gkWCl dk ekuo LoHkko dk
fd O;fÙkQ;ksa dks ,d laçHkq çkf/dj.k ds v/hu gksus dh
n`f"Vdks.k vfuok;Z :i ls Lo&fgr ls çsfjr gS vkSj uqdlku
uSfrd vkSj jktuhfrd vko';drk gS] jktuhfrd 'kfÙkQ dh ls cpus dh bPNk O;fÙkQxr mís';ksa vkSj •q'kh dh •kst ij
oS/rk vkSj O;fÙkQxr vf/dkjksa dh lhekvksa ij cgl ds vk/qfud rdks± ds fy, çklafxd gSA
fy, çklafxd gSA z vuqHkotU; i¼fr vkSj HkkSfrdokn% gkWCl dk HkkSfrdoknh
z jktuhfr vkSj lkekftd vuqca/% gkWCl dk laçHkqrk vkSj n'kZu ekuo O;ogkj vkSj lkekftd ?kVukvksa dks le>us ds
lkekftd vuqca/ dk n'kZu orZeku jktuhfrd fl¼kar vkSj fy, oSKkfud vkSj vuqHkotU; n`f"Vdks.k ds fy, çklafxd
'kklu ds eqíksa ds fy, çklafxd gSA gSA

140 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

FkkWel gkWCl ds n'kZu dh vkykspuk%
z yksxksa dh laçHkqrk dh deh% gkWCl ds jktuhfrd fl¼kar
dh vyksdrkaf=kd gksus vkSj fu.kZ; ysus esa ukxfjd Hkkxhnkjh
dks lhfer djus ds fy, vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA
z uSfrdrk ds fy, fufgrkFkZ% gkWCl ds uSfrd <kaps dh
ifj.kkeoknh gksus vkSj vf/dkjksa] U;k; vkSj lekurk ij
vk/kfjr uSfrd vkn'kks± dks detksj djus ds fy, vkykspuk
dh xbZ gSA
z vf/uk;dokn ds lkFk fujis{krk% etcwr laçHkq lÙkk ij
gkWCl ds è;ku dh vkykspuk vf/uk;dokn dks c<+kok nsus
vkSj dqN yksxksa ds gkFkksa esa lÙkk ds lqn`<+hdj.k ds fy,
dh xbZ gSA
z çÑfr dh fLFkfr vkSj ekuo çÑfr% gkWCl }kjk çÑfr dks
vkarfjd :i ls vjktd vkSj fgald ds :i esa fpf=kr djus
dh ekuo O;ogkj dks vfrljyhÑr djus vkSj lg;ksx]
nku dh laHkkoukvksa vkSj uSfrd Hkkoukvksa dh mifLFkfr dh
vuns•h djus ds fy, vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA
z vgaokn vkSj O;fÙkQokn% ekuo LoHkko dh tfVyrk dks
utjvankt djus ds fy, O;fÙkQ;ksa dh ekSfyd çsj.kkvksa ds
:i esa Lo&fgr vkSj vkRe&laj{k.k ij gkWCl ds tksj dh
vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA
z ekuo mRd"kZ dk nk;jk lhfer gS% HkkSfrd dY;k.k vkSj
lqj{kk ij gkWCl ds tksj dh ekuo mRd"kZ ds vU; egRoiw.kZ
?kVdksa] tSls O;fÙkQxr iwfrZ] vkè;kfRed ewY;ksa vkSj cqfu;knh
tkWu ykWd dk n'kZu
n'kZu fooj.k
z ykWd us lgefr ls Lora=krk vkSj 'kklu dh
odkyr dhA mUgksaus ¶thou&Lora=krk&laifÙk¸
Lora=krk
dks çR;sd O;fÙkQ ds rhu çkÑfrd vf/dkjksa
ds :i esa igpkukA
z ykWd us efgykvksa ds vf/dkjksa dk leFkZu
fd;k vkSj muds fy, leku voljksa dk
dksbZ
vkÞoku fd;kA
fir`lÙkk ugha
z ykWd ds vuqlkj] O;fÙkQ;ksa dks vius Lo;a
ds Je ds ekè;e ls laifÙk çkIr djus vkSj
laifÙk
j•us dk çkÑfrd vf/dkj gSA
z ykWd us vYila[;d vf/dkjksa dk leFkZu
fd;k vkSj ,d fo"ke lekt dh odkyr
lfg".kqrk
dh tgka fofHkUu laLÑfr;ksa ds yksx
lg&vfLrRo esa gSaA
Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku
vfLrRo ls ijs mPp mís';ksa dh •kst dh vuns•h ds fy,
vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA
lkekftd vuqca/
z jkT; ,d ikjLifjd le>kSrs ds ekè;e ls ljdkj (jkT;)
vkSj ukxfjdksa ds chp ,d vuqca/ dk ifj.kke gS tgka
ukxfjd vius dqN lkekU; vf/dkjksa dks vkReleiZ.k
djrs gSa vkSj laçHkq jkT; }kjk mUgsa vk'oklu fn, x,
O;fÙkQxr vf/dkjksa dh lqj{kk vkSj lkoZtfud lsokvksa ds
çko/ku ds cnys esa djksa ds Hkqxrku ds lkFk dkuwuksa dk
ikyu djus ds fy, lger gksrs gSaA
z ,d ljdkj dsoy rHkh oS/ gS tc og lkekftd vuqca/
vkSj lgefr le>kSrs ls esy •krh gSA
5-2-8 tkWu ykWd
z tkWu ykWd (1632&1704) ,d vaxzst nk'kZfud vkSj
fpfdRld Fks] ftUgsa O;kid :i ls lcls çHkko'kkyh çcq¼
fopkjdksa esa ls ,d ekuk tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa vDlj ¶mnkjokn
ds firk¸ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
z ykWd dks] Úkafll csdu dh ijaijk esa igys fczfV'k
vuqHkookfn;ksa esa ls ,d ekuk tkrk gS] lkekftd vuqca/
fl¼kar ds fy, leku :i ls egRoiw.kZ gSA
z muds dk;Z dk Kkuehekalk vkSj jktuhfrd n'kZu ds fodkl
ij egRoiw.kZ çHkko iM+kA
mnkgj.k
z lafo/ku ds laLFkkidksa us vuqPNsn 19 vkSj 21 esa thou
vkSj Lora=krk ds vf/dkj dks 'kkfey fd;k gSA
z Hkkjr esa Je lq/kjksa dk mís'; fyax vk/kfjr HksnHkko dks
•Re djuk vkSj dk;Zcy esa efgykvksa ds fy, leku osru
vkSj volj lqfuf'pr djuk gSA
z chlhlhvkbZ }kjk efgyk fØdsV Vheksa dks leku eSp iQhl
dk Hkqxrku djus dh gkfy;k ?kks"k.kkA
z tc dksbZ vkfo"dkjd ;k fuekZrk ,d u;k vkfo"dkj]
lkWÝVos;j] dykRed dk;Z] ;k ckSf¼d laink dk dksbZ Hkh
:i fodflr djrk gS] rks mUgsa LokfeRo dk nkok djus
vkSj vius fuekZ.k ds ykHkksa dk vkuan ysus dk vf/dkj gSA
z /kfeZd ekU;rkvksa esa varj ds ckotwn] fganw] eqfLye] bZlkbZ]
fl•] ckS¼ vkSj vU; yksx Hkkjr esa mRihM+u ;k HksnHkko
ds fcuk vius&vius /eks± dk ikyu djrs gq, lkFk&lkFk
jgrs gSaA
141
5-2-9 :lks
z thu&tSDl :lks (1844&1910) ftusok ds ,d nk'kZfud] ys•d vkSj laxhrdkj FksA muds jktuhfrd n'kZu us ;wjksi ds Kkuksn;
ds ;qx dh çxfr ds lkFk&lkFk Úkalhlh Økafr ds igyqvksa vkSj vk/qfud jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj 'kSf{kd fopkjksa ds fodkl
dks çHkkfor fd;kA
:lks dk n'kZu
n'kZu fooj.k mnkgj.k
z euq"; Lora=k iSnk gksrk gS ysfdu lkekftd z ,d cPpk Lora=k iSnk gksrk gS] ysfdu vius ifjokj]
tathjksa ls ca/k gksrk gSA Ldwy ikBÔØe] ljdkj ds dkuwuksa ds ikyu vkSj
vkneh dh
z ,d vkneh lksp ldrk gS fd og nwljksa dk varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwuksa (vkoztu] ohtk vkSj ukxfjdrk)
Lora=krk
ekfyd gS] ysfdu og muls vf/d xqyke ds vuqikyu ds fy, ftEesnkfj;ksa ls ca/k gksrk gS] tks
cuk gqvk gSA O;fÙkQ;ksa ij yxk, x, tathjksa dks n'kkZrk gSA
z yksdra=k esa turk ije lÙkk gksrh gS vkSj z yksdra=k lkewfgd bPNk'kfÙkQ dk lcls cM+k mnkgj.k
lkekU; bPNk laçHkqrk yksxksa vkSj mudh lkewfgd bPNk ds gS tgka yksxksa dk oksV ;g fu/kZfjr djrk gS fd dkSu
Hkhrj gksrh gSA lÙkk esa vkus okyk gSA
z futh laifÙk ds fopkj dks •kfjt djrs gq,] z Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kjksa ds fgLls ds :i esa gncanh ds
;g odkyr dh tkrh gS fd /u dks dsoy dk;kZUo;u dk mís'; futh /u lap; dks lhfer
laifÙk cqfu;knh t:jrksa dks iwjk djuk pkfg,] tks djuk vkSj Hkwfe dk iqufoZrj.k djuk gS rkfd ;g
lektokn dh vksj >qdko dk ladsr nsrk gSA lqfuf'pr fd;k tk lds fd gj fdlh dks viuh
cqfu;knh t:jrksa ds fy, i;kZIr Hkwfe rd igqap gksA
z f'k{kk iqLrdksa ls vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ds ctk; z johaæukFk VSxksj dh 'kkafrfudsru] cPpksa ds fy, çÑfr
f'k{kk çÑfr ds ekè;e ls çkIr dh tkuh pkfg,A ds fudV laidZ esa cM+s gksus ds fy, ,d Lora=k vkSj
fuMj okrkoj.k cukus ds fopkj ij vk/kfjr gSA
5-2-10 tkWu jkWYl
z tkWu ckWMZyh jkWYl (1921&2002) la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk ds ,d uSfrd] dkuwuh vkSj jktuhfrd nk'kZfud FksA 1999 esa] mUgsa
rdZ vkSj n'kZu ds fy, 'kkWd iqjLdkj ds lkFk&lkFk jk"Vªh; ekufodh ind Hkh feykA
z tkWu jkWYl dks ^ledkyhu lafonkokn* ds tud ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS vkSj og f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds ckn ds lcls çHkko'kkyh
vesfjdh nk'kZfud gSaA muds n'kZu dks jkWfYl;uokn Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
Rawl’s Concept of Social Justice

First Principle Second Principle

Concerns Political Concerns Socio-

Institutions economic Institutions

Freedom of speech They are attached to offices and

and Expression
Human Rights
Rights of Private individuals
corporations or workers to
own private property
Basic liberties could be limited
for the sake of liberty.
positions open to all under conditions
of fair equality of opportunity
They are to be to the greatest benefit
of the least advantaged members of
society-Difference Principle

142 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

tkWu jkWYl dk n'kZu
fo"k; eq[; fcanq
z çR;sd vehj vkSj xjhc O;fÙkQ dks leku
cqfu;knh vf/dkj gksus pkfg,] tSls Lora=krk]
oksV nsus dk vf/dkj vkSj lkoZtfud in
lekurk laHkkyus dk vf/dkjA
z vf/dka'k ns'kksa esa bu vf/dkjksa dks
jktuhfrd vf/dkj dgk tkrk gSA
z O;fÙkQ;ksa (vehj cuke xjhc) ds chp
foHksnd iQk;ns vkSj uqdlku esa varj ds dkj.k]
lekurk lekt esa mudh fLFkfr ds vk/kj ij
fofHkUu vf/dkjksa dk vkuan fy;k tkrk gSA
z U;k; fu.kZ; ysus esa mi;ksx fd;k tkus okyk
,d ekud gS ftlesa fcuk fdlh iwokZxzg ds
U;k; dk
rF;ksa ij fopkj djuk 'kkfey gSA
fl¼kar
z bls ¶vKku dk inkZ¸ ;k ¶ewy fLFkfr¶ ds
:i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
z lkekftd vuqca/ fl¼kar dk ,d ?kVd]
vKkurk dk inkZ] gesa fu"i{krk ds fy,
fopkjksa dk ewY;kadu djus dh vuqefr nsrk
gSA
vKkurk dk
z dksbZ ugha tkurk fd vKkurk ds inZs ds
inkZ
ihNs os dkSu gSaA
z mUgsa vius lkekftd oxZ] vius ykHkksa] viuh
dfe;ksa ;k ;gka rd fd vius O;fÙkQRo ds
ckjs esa dksbZ tkudkjh ugha gSA
z fparu'khy larqyu cqfu;knh fl¼karksa vkSj
fof'k"V vkdyuksa ds chp tkucw>dj
ikjLifjd lek;kstu dh çfØ;k }kjk igqaps
fparu'khy fo'oklksa ds laxzg ds chp larqyu ;k
larqyu lqlaxrrk dh fLFkfr gSA
Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku
mnkgj.k
z dbZ ns'kksa esa fookg lekurk dh ekU;rk ;g lqfuf'pr
djrh gS fd leku&fyax okys tksM+ksa ds ikl leku
vf/dkj vkSj dkuwuh lqj{kk gS tks igys foijhr&fyax
okys tksM+ksa ds fy, vuU; FkhA ;g leku ewy vf/dkjksa
ds fl¼kar vkSj xSj&HksnHkko ds çfr çfrc¼rk dks n'kkZrk
gS Hkkjr esa rhu rykd dks voS/ cukdj efgykvksa dks
nh xbZ lekurk Hkh ,d mnkgj.k gSA
z dqN lekt bu erHksnksa dks vkj{k.k dgrs gSa] tcfd vU;
bUgsa ldkjkRed HksnHkko dgrs gSaA
z çxfr'khy dj fu/kZj.k] xjhcksa dks lkekftd ykHk çnku
djus okys ljdkjh dk;ZØeA
z ldkjkRed dkjZokbZ dk;ZØe] ekuo vf/dkjksa dh
lkoZHkkSfed ?kks"k.kkA
z vKku ds ijns dks le>us ds fy,] dYiuk djsa fd vki
ij nksLrksa ds lkFk lk>k djus ds fy, fit~tk dkVus dk
dk;Z fn;k x;k gSA
z vki ,d VqdM+k •kus okys vkf•jh O;fÙkQ gksaxsA vki
;FkklaHko lcls cM+k fgLlk çkIr djuk pkgrs gSa] vkSj
,slk djus dk ,dek=k rjhdk lHkh Lykblksa dks ,d gh
vkdkj dk cukuk gSA
z ;fn fdlh dks pksjh ds vkjksi esa tsy esa Mky fn;k x;k
gS] rks fdlh vU; pksj dks fjgk dj nsuk vlaxr vkSj
vuSfrd gksxk ;fn nksuksa ekeys lHkh egRoiw.kZ rjhdksa ls
leku gSaA
z blh rjg] ;fn ge fcuk Li"Vhdj.k ds ,d O;fÙkQ ds
lkFk nwljs ls csgrj O;ogkj djrs gSa] rks ge ij HksnHkko
dk vkjksi yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
z xHkZikr] e`R;qnaM] i'kq vf/dkjA
143

^vKkurk ds inZs* dk mnkgj.k
z jktho] fgeky; ds ,d NksVs ls 'kgj dk ,d xjhc
vkneh Fkk] tks dHkh Hkh ckgjh nqfu;k ds laidZ esa ugha
vk;k Fkk vkSj mlds ikl T;knk f'k{kk Hkh ugha FkhA
z ,d fnu] ,d vtuch muds ikl vk;k vkSj mUgsa lekt
ds fy, fu;e cukus dk ekSdk fn;kA
z jktho mu ewY;ksa dks pquuk pkgrs Fks ftuls gj fdlh dks
iQk;nk gks] Hkys gh mudh i`"BHkwfe dqN Hkh gks] Hkys gh
mUgsa nqfu;k ds ckjs esa T;knk tkudkjh ugha FkhA
z mUgksaus xjhcksa dh t:jrksa] f'k{kk] LokLF; ns•Hkky ds
egRo vkSj i;kZoj.k dh j{kk ds ckjs esa lkspkA
z var esa] mUgksaus ,sls vkn'kks± ij fu.kZ; fy;k tks leku
volj çnku djsaxs] tSls lHkh ds fy, f'k{kk vkSj mfpr
dj] lkFk gh i;kZoj.k dk [;ky j•uk vkSj lkekftd
U;k; dks c<+kok nsukA
z ml vtuch us jktho ds iQSlys dks eatwjh ns nh] ftlls
muds eu esa ;g loky mBus yxk fd Hkfo"; esa lekt
dSlk gksuk pkfg,A
z jktho dks ,glkl gqvk fd mudk tUe fdlh Hkh
lkekftd oxZ esa gks ldrk gS] blfy, og xjhcksa vkSj
gkf'k, ij jgus okys yksxksa ds vf/dkjksa dh j{kk djuk
pkgrs FksA
z lekt esa viuh fLFkfr u tkuus dh vo/kj.kk us jktho
dks fu"i{k vkSj fu"i{k fodYi pquus esa enn dh] Hkys
gh blls mUgsa lh/s rkSj ij dksbZ iQk;nk u gqvk gksA
U;k; ds fl¼kar dh vkykspuk%
z O;ogk;Zrk vkSj dk;kZUo;u ls lacaf/r eqís% vkykspdksa
dks okLrfod nqfu;k dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jkWYl ds fl¼kar
dks ykxw djus dh O;ogk;Zrk ij lansg gSA
z xSj&if'peh n`f"Vdks.kksa dh mis{kk% vkykspdksa dk rdZ gS
fd U;k; dk fl¼kar if'pe&dsafær gS vkSj blesa xSj&if'peh
n`f"Vdks.k 'kkfey ugha gks ldrs gSaA
z O;fÙkQxr vf/dkjksa dk cfynku fd;k tkrk gS%
vkykspdksa dk rdZ gS fd jkWYl dk fl¼kar lkekftd
lekurk ds fy, O;fÙkQxr vf/dkjksa dk cfynku dj
ldrk gSA
z ;ksX;rk ij vi;kZIr è;ku% vkykspdksa dk rdZ gS fd
jkWYl dk fl¼kar lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ifj.kke cukus esa
;ksX;rk ds egRo dks iwjh rjg ls lacksf/r ugha djrk gSA
144
z U;k; dh ,dy vo/kj.kk dks ykxw djuk% vkykspdksa
dk rdZ gS fd jkWYl dk fl¼kar U;k; dh ,d gh vo/kj.kk
dks ykxw djrk gS tks vU; n`f"Vdks.kksa dh mis{kk djrk gSA
z iqufoZrj.k ij vR;f/d tksj fn;k x;k gS% vkykspdksa
dk rdZ gS fd jkWYl dk fl¼kar iqufoZrj.k ij cgqr vf/d
è;ku dsafær djrk gS vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl dh mis{kk djrk
gSA
ledkyhu lafonkokn
z ledkyhu lafonkokn ,d nk'kZfud n`f"Vdks.k gS tks
uSfrd vkSj jktuhfrd ç.kkfy;ksa dks vkdkj nsus esa
lkekftd vuqca/ksa vkSj le>kSrksa ds egRo ij tksj nsrk
gSA
z ;g U;k;laxr vkSj fLFkj lekt ds fuekZ.k esa lg;ksx]
fu"i{krk vkSj ikjLifjd ykHk ds egRo ij tksj nsrk gSA
z tkWu jkWYl vkSj FkkWel LdSuykWu tSls fo}kuksa us ewy fLFkfr]
vKkurk dk inkZ vkSj mfpr le>kSrs dh vo/kj.kk tSls
fopkjksa ij fopkj djds bl <kaps esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
z vk/qfud lafonkokn mu uSfrd vkSj jktuhfrd fl¼karksa
ds fy, vk/kj rS;kj djuk pkgrk gS tks O;fÙkQxr
vf/dkjksa] lkekftd lg;ksx vkSj lkekU; fgrksa dh •kst
dks çkFkfedrk nsrs gSaA
5-2-11 eSDl oscj
z eSfDlfefy;u dkyZ ,fey oscj (1864 & 1920) ,d
teZu lekt'kkL=kh] bfrgkldkj] odhy vkSj jktuhfrd
vFkZ'kkL=kh Fks ftUgsa ledkyhu if'peh lekt ds fodkl
ds lcls çHkko'kkyh fopkjdksa esa ls ,d ekuk tkrk gSA
z muds fopkjksa dk lkekftd fl¼kar vkSj vuqla/ku ij
egRoiw.kZ çHkko iM+k gSA tcfd oscj •qn dks lekt'kkL=kh
ugha ekurs Fks] mUgsa dkyZ ekDlZ vkSj ,fey nq•hZe ds lkFk
lekt'kkL=k ds laLFkkidksa esa ls ,d ekuk tkrk gSA
oscj dk n'kZu
z oLVZgsu (le>)% oscj O;fÙkQ }kjk vius fØ;k ls tqM+s
O;fÙkQijd vFkks± dks le>dj lkekftd fØ;k dks le>us
ds egRo esa fo'okl djrs FksA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] fojks/ vkanksyuksa dk vè;;u djus
esa] oscj ds oLVZgsu ds n'kZu dks fu;ksftr djus okys
lekt'kkL=kh çn'kZudkfj;ksa dh çsj.kkvksa] ewY;ksa vkSj
fo'oklksa dks le>us dh dksf'k'k djsaxs] ctk; muds
ckgjh O;ogkjksa dh tkap djus dsA vius dk;ks± ds ihNs
ds dkj.kksa dks le>dj] lekt'kkL=kh •sy esa lkekftd
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 xfr'khyrk vkSj O;kid lkekftd eqíksa esa varnZ`f"V çkIr
djrs gSaA
z vkn'kZ izk:i% oscj us tfVy lkekftd ?kVukvksa dks
le>us vkSj fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy, ¶vkn'kZ çk:i¸
dh vo/kj.kk is'k dhA ,d vkn'kZ izk:i ,d lkekftd
?kVuk dh vko';d fo'ks"krkvksa dk ,d vewrZ çfrfuf/Ro
gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] yksdra=k dh vo/kj.kk dk vè;;u
djus esa] ,d vkn'kZ izk:i dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldrk
gS ftlesa Lora=k pquko] jktuhfrd çfrfuf/Ro vkSj
ukxfjd Lora=krk dh lqj{kk tSls çeq• rRo 'kkfey gSaA
;g vkn'kZ izk:i 'kks/drkZvksa dks yksdra=k ds okLrfod
nqfu;k ds mnkgj.kksa dh igpku vkSj rqyuk djus esa enn
djrk gS] vkn'kZ ls lekurk vkSj fopyu dks mtkxj
djrk gSA
z ukSdj'kkgh% oscj us cM+s iSekus ij ukSdj'kkgh vkSj lekt ij
muds çHkko dk vè;;u fd;kA mUgksaus laxBukRed y{;ksa
dks çkIr djus esa mudh rdZlaxrrk vkSj n{krk dks ekU;rk
nh] ysfdu laHkkfor eqíksa dh Hkh igpku dh] tSls fd ,d
voS;fÙkQd vkSj dBksj ç.kkyh dk mn~HkoA
 ukSdj'kkgh dk ,d mnkgj.k Li"V inkuqØe] ekudhÑr
çfØ;kvksa vkSj fo'ks"k Hkwfedkvksa ds lkFk ,d ljdkjh
,tsalh gSA tcfd ukSdj'kkgh n{krk vkSj O;oLFkk ykrh
gS] ;g ykyiQhrk'kkgh vkSj yphysiu dh deh dks Hkh
tUe ns ldrh gSA
z çksVsLVsaV uSfrdrk vkSj iwathokn% oscj us çksVsLVsaVokn vkSj
iwathokn ds mn; ds chp laca/ dk irk yxk;kA mUgksaus
rdZ fn;k fd dqN çksVsLVsaV /kfeZd ewY;] tSls çksVsLVsaV dk;Z
uSfrdrk] tks dM+h esgur] vuq'kklu vkSj ferO;f;rk ij
tksj nsrh gS] us iwathoknh Hkkouk ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku fn;kA
 bldk ,d mnkgj.k çksVsLVsaV lq/kj ds bfrgkl esa ns•k
tk ldrk gS] tgka ferO;f;rk] vkRe&vuq'kklu vkSj
ifjJe ds /kfeZd ewY;ksa dks vkfFkZd liQyrk vkSj /u
ds lap; vkSj vkS|ksfxd iwathokn ds fodkl dks c<+kok
nsus esa lgk;d ekuk tkrk FkkA
z lkekftd fØ;k vkSj lkekftd O;oLFkk% oscj us
fofHkUu çdkj dh lkekftd fØ;k ds chp varj fd;k] tks
lkekftd O;oLFkk dks vkdkj nsus okys O;fÙkQ;ksa ds dk;Z
vkSj O;ogkj gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ewY;&rdZlaxr fØ;k dqN ewY;ksa ;k
fl¼karksa ds çfr çfrc¼rk ls çsfjr gksrh gSA ,d O;fÙkQ
tks drZO; dh Hkkouk ls lkoZtfud lsok esa viuk
Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku
dfj;j cukuk pqurk gS vkSj vf/d ls vf/d HkykbZ
esa ;ksxnku djus dh bPNk ewY;&rdZlaxr fØ;k dks
çnf'kZr djrk gSA fofHkUu çdkj dh lkekftd fØ;kvksa
dks le>dj] lekt'kkL=kh fo'ys"k.k dj ldrs gSa fd
os lkekftd lajpukvksa ds xBu vkSj j•j•ko esa dSls
;ksxnku djrs gSaA
z ewY; rVLFkrk% oscj us lkekftd foKku esa ewY; rVLFkrk
dh odkyr dh] ;g lq>ko nsrs gq, fd 'kks/drkZvksa
dks vius O;fÙkQxr ewY;ksa vkSj fo'oklksa dks muds mís';
fo'ys"k.k ls vyx djus dk ç;kl djuk pkfg,A
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] /kfeZd çFkkvksa dk vè;;u djrs
le;] oscj ds ewY; rVLFkrk ds n'kZu dk ikyu djus
okys lekt'kkL=kh dk mís'; vius Lo;a ds fu.kZ; ;k
iwokZxzgksa dks ykxw fd, fcuk ,d /kfeZd lewg dh
çFkkvksa vkSj fo'oklksa dks le>uk gksxkA fu"i{krk cuk,
j•us ls] 'kks/drkZ lkekftd ?kVukvksa dh Li"V vkSj
vf/d fu"i{k le> çnku dj ldrs gSaA
5-2-12 tsEl eSfMlu
z tsEl eSfMlu twfu;j (1751&1836) ,d vesfjdh jktusrk]
jktuf;d vkSj laLFkkid firk Fks] ftUgksaus 1809 ls 1817
rd ns'k ds pkSFks jk"Vªifr ds :i esa dk;Z fd;k FkkA eSfMlu
dks la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk ds lafo/ku vkSj fcy vkWiQ jkbV~l
ds fuekZ.k vkSj çpkj esa mudh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ds fy,
¶lafo/ku ds firk¸ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
tsEl eSfMlu dk n'kZu
z x.kra=kokn% eSfMlu ljdkj ds ,d x.krkaf=kd :i esa
fo'okl djrs Fks] tgka lÙkk yksxksa }kjk vk;ksftr dh tkrh
gS vkSj fuokZfpr çfrfuf/;ksa ds ekè;e ls ç;ksx dh tkrh
gSA mUgksaus fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k esa ukxfjd Hkkxhnkjh vkSj
lkoZtfud fopkj&foe'kZ ds egRo ij tksj fn;kA
 mnkgj.k% Hkkjr ,d lalnh; x.kjkT; ds :i esa dk;Z
djrk gS] tgka 'kfÙkQ yksxksa esa fufgr gSA Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa
dks fu;fer pqukoksa ds ekè;e ls ernku djus vkSj
yksdrkaf=kd çfØ;k esa Hkkx ysus dk vf/dkj gS] tks
ljdkj ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ij vius çfrfuf/;ksa dks pquus
esa viuh vkokt dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA
z 'kfÙkQ;ksa dk i`FkDdj.k% eSfMlu us 'kfÙkQ;ksa ds i`FkDdj.k
dh odkyr dh] ftlesa fofHkUu 'kk•kvksa (fo/k;h] dk;Zdkjh
vkSj U;kf;d) ds chp ljdkjh çkf/dj.k dks foHkkftr
djuk 'kkfey gSA ;g vyxko 'kfÙkQ dh dsUnzhdj.k dks
145
 jksdus vkSj O;fÙkQxr Lora=krk dh j{kk ds fy, fu;a=k.k vkSj
larqyu dh ,d ç.kkyh ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ljdkj dh rhu vyx&vyx
'kk•kvksa dh LFkkiuk djrk gS% fo/kf;dk] dk;Zikfydk
vkSj U;k;ikfydkA fo/kf;dk] ftls laln ds :i esa
tkuk tkrk gS] dkuwu cukus ds fy, ftEesnkj gS]
dk;Zdkjh 'kk•k jk"Vªifr vkSj eaf=kifj"kn ds ekè;e ls
mu dkuwuksa dks fu"ikfnr djrh gS] vkSj lokZsPp U;k;ky;
dh vè;{krk okyh U;k;ikfydk dkuwuksa dh O;k[;k
djrh gS vkSj mudh laoS/kfudrk lqfuf'pr djrh gSA
'kfÙkQ;ksa dk ;g i`FkDdj.k fu;a=k.k vkSj larqyu dh
ç.kkyh dks cuk, j•us esa enn djrk gSA
z la?kokn% eSfMlu us la?kokn dh vo/kj.kk dk leFkZu
fd;k] ftlesa dsaæ ljdkj vkSj {ks=kh; ;k jkT; ljdkjksa ds
chp 'kfÙkQ dk foHkktu 'kkfey gSA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd
ljdkj ds nks Lrjksa ds chp 'kfÙkQ dk larqyu O;fÙkQxr
vf/dkjksa dh j{kk esa enn djrk gS vkSj vR;kpkj dks
jksdrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% Hkkjr ,d la?kh; ç.kkyh dk ikyu djrk
gS tgka 'kfÙkQ dsaæ ljdkj vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa ds chp
foHkkftr gksrh gSA
z O;fÙkQxr vf/dkjksa dh lqj{kk% eSfMlu O;fÙkQxr vf/dkjksa
vkSj Lora=krk dh j{kk ds çcy leFkZd FksA og laHkkfor
ljdkjh vfrØe.k ls O;fÙkQxr Lora=krk dh j{kk ds egRo
esa fo'okl djrs FksA
 mnkgj.k% Hkkjr ds lafo/ku esa ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dh
,d O;kid lwph 'kkfey gS tks O;fÙkQxr Lora=krk dh
j{kk djrh gSA
5-2-13 eSfd;kosyh
z eSfd;kosyh (1469&1527) ,d brkyoh iqutkZxj.k
bfrgkldkj] jktuhfrK] jktuf;d] nk'kZfud] ekuorkoknh
vkSj ys•d FksA mUgksaus 1513 esa viuh lcls çfl¼ Ñfr
^n fçal* fy•hA eSfd;kosyh ds fy,] lkekftd jktuhfrd
thou dk lokZsPp mís'; lÙkk çkIr djuk vkSj /kj.k
djuk gSA

5-3 eSfd;kosyh dk n'kZu

n'kZu fooj.k vuqç;ksx vkSj mnkgj.k
eSfd;kosyh 'kkldksa dks lykg nsrs gSa fd os 'ksj ,d 'kkld vius y{;ksa dks çkIr djus vkSj lÙkk
'ksj vkSj ykseM+h ds
('kfÙkQ vkSj cy) vkSj ykseM+h (pkykd vkSj cuk, j•us ds fy, Ny vkSj voljokn lfgr
xq.kksa dk la;kstu nwjnf'kZrk) nksuksa ds xq.kksa dks /kj.k djsaA j.kuhfrd j.kuhfr dk mi;ksx dj ldrk gSA
eSfd;kosyh 'kkldksa dks viuh çtk ls yksdfç;rk] 'kkldksa dks yksxksa ds leFkZu dks cuk, j•us vkSj
yksxksa dh yksdfç;rk
ln~Hkkouk vkSj Lusg çkIr djus dh lykg nsrs gSaA laHkkfor v'kkafr ;k fojks/ dks jksdus ds fy, yksxksa
thruk
ds dY;k.k vkSj larqf"V dks çkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg,A
eSfd;kosyh us 'kkldksa dks lykg nh gS fd os 'kkldksa dks tkudkj vkSj bZekunkj O;fÙkQ;ksa dh
cqf¼eku yksxksa dh
•qn dks cqf¼eku lykgdkjksa ds lkFk ?ksj ysa tks lykg ysuh pkfg, rkfd os lwfpr fu.kZ; ys ldsa
ifj"kn lp cksy ldrs gSaA vkSj vyxko ;k pkVqdkfjrk ds uqdlku ls cp ldsaA
eSfd;kosyh dk lq>ko gS fd 'kkldksa dks 'kkldksa dks j.kuhfrd :i ls Hkkoukvksa dk ykHk
x.kukRed] voljoknh gksuk pkfg, vkSj mBkuk pkfg, vkSj fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, ,d 'kkar vkSj
Hkkouk&eqÙkQ fu.kZ;
Hkkoukvksa ls çHkkfor ugha gksuk pkfg,A rdZlaxr n`f"Vdks.k cuk, j•rs gq,] jkT; ds ykHk ds
fy, lkoZtfud Hkkoukvksa dk iQk;nk mBkuk pkfg,A
Hkkjrh; n'kZu tSls ifo=k xzaFkksa ds vè;;u ds ekè;e ls ije okLrfodrk
z Hkkjrh; n'kZu esa nk'kZfud fopkjksa dh ,d le`¼ vkSj fofo/ vkSj Lo;a dh çÑfr dh iM+rky djrk gSA ;ksx n'kZu
ijaijk 'kkfey gS tks Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa gtkjksa o"kks± esa vkRe&lk{kkRdkj vkSj eqfÙkQ ds fy, 'kjhj] eu vkSj vkRek
fodflr gqbZ gSA ;s n'kZu vfLrRo dh çÑfr] Kku] uSfrdrk ds feyu ij tksj nsrk gSA lka[; n'kZu okLrfodrk dh
vkSj ekuo thou ds mís'; ds ckjs esa ekSfyd ç'uksa esa }Sroknh çÑfr vkSj vfLrRo ds HkkSfrd vkSj vkè;kfRed
mrjrs gSaA ;gk¡ dqN çeq• Hkkjrh; n'kZu dk laf{kIr ifjp;
igyqvksa ds fo'ys"k.k dh iM+rky djrk gSA
fn;k x;k gS%
z fganw n'kZu% fganw n'kZu osnkar] ;ksx vkSj lka[; lfgr fopkj z ckS¼ n'kZu% xkSre cq¼ }kjk LFkkfir ckS¼ /eZ] ihM+k dks
ds fofHkUu Ldwyksa dks 'kkfey djrk gSA osnkar mifu"knksa nwj djus vkSj vkReKku çkIr djus ds lk/u ds :i esa pkj

146 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

 vk;Z lR;ksa vkSj v"Vkafxd ekxZ ij tksj nsrk gSA ckS¼ n'kZu
u'ojrk] vukRe vkSj psruk dh ifjorZu'khy çÑfr tSlh
vo/kj.kkvksa dh iM+rky djrk gSA ckS¼ n'kZu ds Ldwyksa esa
Fksjokn] egk;ku vkSj otz;ku 'kkfey gSa] ftuesa ls çR;sd
vf}rh; varnZ`f"V vkSj çFkkvksa dh is'kd'k djrk gSA
z tSu n'kZu% egkohj }kjk LFkkfir tSu /eZ] eqfÙkQ dh •kst
vkSj vfgalk ds uSfrd fl¼kar ij dsafær gSA tSu n'kZu deZ
dh vo/kj.kkvksa] tUe vkSj e`R;q ds pØ vkSj vfgalk]
lR; vkSj riL;k ds ekè;e ls vkè;kfRed eqfÙkQ ds ekxZ
dh •kst djrk gSA
z fl• n'kZu% xq# ukud }kjk LFkkfir fl• /eZ bZ'oj ds
çfr leiZ.k] lekurk vkSj lkekftd U;k; ij tksj nsrk gSA
fl• n'kZu uSfrd thou] fuLokFkZ lsok vkSj vkè;kfRed
fodkl dh fujarj •kst ds egRo ij tksj nsrk gSA
deZ dk fl¼kar
z tc dksbZ vkRek fdlh HkkSfrd 'kjhj ls tqM+h gksrh gS] rks
mlls nSoh; fu;eksa dk ikyu djus vkSj dqN dk;Z djus
dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA
z ekU;rk ;g gS fd vPNs deZ djus ls lq• feyrk gS]
tcfd cqjs deZ djus ls nq• feyrk gSA
z ekuo vkRek 'kk'or gS vkSj fujarj deks± esa yxh jgrh
gS] vkSj og vius deks± ds ifj.kkeksa dks Hkksxus ls cp
ugha ldrhA ;g tks nsrk gS ogh çkIr djrk gSA
5-3-1 fganw n'kZu vkSj uSfrd ifjçs{; ds egRoiw.kZ
Ldwy
;gka /eZ 'kCn dk vFkZ dsoy /eZ ugha gS_ cfYd ;g drZO;]
nkf;Ro vkSj /kfeZdrk dk çrhd gSA
Schools of Hindu Philospphy
Orthodox Heterodox
Schools Schools
z Samkhya z Buddhism
z Yoga z Jainism
z Nyaya z Ajivika
z Vaisheshika z Charvaka
z Purva Mimamsa
z Uttara Mimamsa
z U;k;% U;k; Hkkjrh; n'kZu dk ,d Ldwy gS tks rdZ vkSj
Kkuehekalk ij dsafær gSA uSfrd n`f"Vdks.k ls] U;k; uSfrd
Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku
O;ogkj ds ekxZn'kZu esa lgh Kku vkSj le> ds egRo ij
tksj nsrk gSA ;g nkok djrk gS fd uSfrd fu.kZ; Bksl rdZ
vkSj lk{; ij vk/kfjr gksus pkfg,A
z oS'ksf"kd% oS'ksf"kd ,d nk'kZfud Ldwy gS tks rRoehekalk
vkSj okLrfodrk dh çÑfr dh •kst djrk gSA uSfrd
n`f"Vdks.k ls] oS'ksf"kd uSfrd ftEesnkjh vkSj tokcnsgh dh
vo/kj.kk ij tksj nsrk gSA ;g nkok djrk gS fd O;fÙkQ
vius dk;ks± ds fy, ftEesnkj gSa vkSj mUgsa uSfrd fl¼karksa
ds vuqlkj dk;Z djus dk ç;kl djuk pkfg,A
z lka[;% lka[; n'kZu dk ,d }Sroknh Ldwy gS tks vfLrRo
dh çÑfr vkSj inkFkZ vkSj psruk ds chp varj ij çdk'k
Mkyrk gSA uSfrd n`f"Vdks.k ls] lka[; Kku vkSj vkRe&cks/
ds ekè;e ls eqfÙkQ (eks{k) dh vo/kj.kk ij çdk'k Mkyrk
gSA ;g vkè;kfRed eqfÙkQ çkIr djus ds fy, HkkSfrd
bPNkvksa vkSj vklfÙkQ;ksa ls ijs tkus dh vko';drk ij
tksj nsrk gSA
z ;ksx% ;ksx ,d nk'kZfud vkSj O;kogkfjd Ldwy gS tks
czãkaMh; psruk (czkã.k) ds lkFk O;fÙkQxr Lo (vkRek)
ds feyu ij dsafær gSA uSfrd n`f"Vdks.k ls] ;ksx iFk ds
vfHkUu vax ds :i esa uSfrd ewY;ksa vkSj uSfrd vkpj.k ij
tksj nsrk gSA ;g larqfyr vkSj uSfrd thou thus ds fy,
vkRe&vuq'kklu] vkRe&fu;a=k.k vkSj ln~xq.kksa ds fodkl dh
odkyr djrk gSA
z iwoZ ehekalk% iwoZ ehekalk n'kZu'kkL=k dk ,d Ldwy gS tks
eq[; :i ls oSfnd vuq"Bkuksa vkSj xzaFkksa dh O;k[;k ls
lacaf/r gSA uSfrd n`f"Vdks.k ls] iwoZ ehekalk osnksa esa fu/kZfjr
vuq"Bkuksa vkSj vkns'kksa ds vuqlkj fdlh ds drZO;ksa vkSj
ftEesnkfj;ksa (Lo/eZ) dks fuHkkus ij egRoiw.kZ tksj nsrh gSA
z mÙkj ehekalk (osnkar)% osnkar n'kZu'kkL=k dk ,d Ldwy gS
tks mifu"knksa vkSj osnksa ds vè;;u vkSj O;k[;k ij dsafær
gSA uSfrd n`f"Vdks.k ls] osnkar /eZ (/kfeZdrk)] vfgalk
(vfgalk) vkSj fuLokFkZ lsok ds fl¼karksa ij tksj nsrk gSA
;g fdlh ds okLrfod Lo:i dh çkfIr vkSj Lo;a vkSj
nwljksa ds Hkhrj nsoRo dh igpku ij tksj nsrk gS] ftlls
uSfrd vkpj.k vkSj d#.kk iSnk gksrh gSA
Hkkjrh; n'kZu ds ;s Ng Ldwy uSfrdrk vkSj uSfrd vkpj.k ij
vyx&vyx n`f"Vdks.k çnku djrs gSaA
147
5-3-2 jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr dk lkj
pfj=k uSfrd lcd
z fookg% viuh iRuh ds çfr oiQknkjh çnf'kZr
djukA
z lkekftd lafonkokn% turk@çtk ds lkFk
laca/ksa dks egRo nsukA
jke
z 'kklu% ifjokj ls Åij turk dks çkFkfedrk
nsukA
z fe=krk% guqeku th ds lkFk fe=kor O;ogkj
djukA
z HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk% vR;f/d Hkkoukvksa
n'kjFk ls çHkkfor gq, fcuk fu.kZ; ysukA
vkSj z lkekftd çHkko% ldkjkRed vkSj
dSds;h
udkjkRed nksuksa lkekftd çHkkoksa ds egRo
ij çdk'k MkyukA
z ykyp% lÙkk dh vR;f/d bPNk vkSj uSfrd
fu.kZ; dh deh ds ifj.kkeksa dk fp=k.kA
jko.k
z Kku vkSj cqf¼% uSfrd ckSf¼drk ds egRo
ij tksj nsukA
z /eZ% fdlh ds drZO; vkSj /kfeZdrk dks
Hkh"e
dk;e j•ukA
z ldkjkRed lksp% gj fLFkfr esa lek/ku vkSj
ldkjkRedrk •kstukA
lafonkokn% viuh ckr j•us vkSj nkf;Roksa
vtZqu z
vkSj dks iwjk djus ds egRo dks le>ukA
Ñ".k
z VsyhvksykWftdy ,fFkDl% dk;ks± ds uSfrd
Lo:i dks fu/kZfjr djus ds fy, muds
ifj.kkeksa ij fopkj djukA
z leiZ.k vkSj /S;Z% vVwV leiZ.k vkSj /S;Z
dk çn'kZu djukA
z çse] larqf"V vkSj •q'kh% Hkxoku jke dh
'kcjh
lsok esa 'kk'or •q'kh vkSj larqf"V ikukA
z lekurk vkSj lEeku% 'kcjh ds çfr Hkxoku
jke dk leku O;ogkj vkSj lEekuA
z ftEesnkjh% lhekvksa dks tkurs gq, Hkh viuh
tVk;q
ftEesnkfj;ksa dks iwjk djukA
148
5-3-3 jkek;.k dh f'k{kk,a
z /eZ dk ekxZ pquuk% jko.k ds NksVs HkkbZ foHkh"k.k us jke ds
f•ykiQ yM+kbZ esa vius HkkbZ dh enn u djus dk fodYi
pqukA og vPNh rjg tkurk Fkk fd mlds HkkbZ us ,d
efgyk dk vigj.k djds vijk/ fd;k gSA
z fdrus Hkh 'kfÙkQ'kkyh gks tk,a] ijarq fouez cus jgsa%
Hkxoku guqeku vdsys gh jko.k dh lsuk dk lkeuk djus
dh {kerk j•rs FksA gkyk¡fd] mUgksaus Hkxoku jke dh fnO;rk
ds çfr lefiZr gksdj mUgsa vko';d dk;Z djus fn;kA
z lR; dh ges'kk thr gksrh gS% jkek;.k dk ewy lans'k ;g
gS fd cqjkbZ pkgs fdruh Hkh 'kfÙkQ'kkyh D;ksa u gks] vPNkbZ
ml ij lnSo fot; çkIr djsxhA
 lR; dh ges'kk thr gksrh gS] O;fÙkQ esa lnSo usd ân;
,oa mRÑ"V vkn'kZ fo|eku gksus pkfg,A
z ,drk thou esa fdlh Hkh dfBukbZ dks nwj dj ldrh
gS% ,drk dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh gesa liQyrk dh ekxZ
ij ys tkrh gSA
z drZO; ds çfr xgu :i ls çfrc¼ jguk% jke u dsoy
lhrk ds ifr Fks] cfYd v;ksè;k ds jktk Hkh Fks vkSj jktk
dh ftEesnkjh viuh çtk dks çlUu j•uk gSA
 ifj.kkeLo:i] mUgsa turk dh •kfrj viuh iRuh dks
NksM+us ds fy, etcwj gksuk iM+k D;ksafd mUgksaus mudh
lrhRo ij lansg trk;k FkkA
 ,d ifr ds :i esa og viuh iRuh ds çfr drZO;c¼
FksA ysfdu ,d jktk ds :i esa] mUgsa viuh O;fÙkQxr
bPNkvksa ls igys viuh çtk dh bPNkvksa ds ckjs esa
lkspuk FkkA
z lHkh ds lkFk leku O;ogkj djuk% Hkxoku jke us lHkh
ds lkFk leku O;ogkj fd;k] ftlls mUgksaus lHkh dk I;kj
vkSj lEeku gkfly fd;kA
 tc 'kcjh (½f"k dh csVh) us mUgsa twBs csj ds iQy
fn,] rks mUgksaus fcuk fdlh fgpfdpkgV ds mUgsa •k
fy;kA og ges'kk nwljksa ds çfr n;kyq vkSj fouez FksA
 gesa bl xq.k dks xgjkbZ rd lh•uk pkfg,A gesa ges'kk
lHkh ds lkFk leku O;ogkj djuk pkfg, vkSj in]
fyax] mez ;k tkfr ds vk/kj ij HksnHkko ugha djuk
pkfg,A
z ges'kk mRÑ"V laxfr j•uk% ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd vkidk
ifjos'k vkidks oSlk cukrk gS tSlk vki gSaA jkek;.k esa Hkh
mRÑ"V laxfr ds egRo ij tksj fn;k x;k gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
  n'kjFk dh rhljh iRuh] jkuh dSds;h] jke dks vius
csVs ls Hkh vf/d I;kj djrh Fkh] ysfdu mudh nklh
eaFkjk us muds eu esa fo"k Hkj fn;k] vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i]
dSds;h us jke ds fy, pkSng o"kZ dk ouokl ekaxkA
 ,d cqjk O;fÙkQ vkids vanj dh lHkh vPNkb;ksa dks u"V
dj ldrk gS] ;gh dkj.k gS fd gesa yxkrkj vPNh
laxfr cuk, j•us dh vko';drk gS rkfd ge le;
ds lkFk lq/kj dj ldsaA
5-3-4 Hkxon&xhrk }kjk nh xbZ uSfrd f'k{kk
z lR; dh thr gksxh% ges'kk 'kfÙkQ'kkyh lk/u gksxk] vkSj
lR; dks dHkh fNik;k ugha tk ldrkA
 mnkgj.k ds fy, Ropk dk jax ,d tSfod dkj.k gS]
ysfdu uLyokn ,d lkekftd leL;k gSA if'peh
'kfÙkQ;ksa us bl okLrfodrk dks fNikus dk ç;kl fd;k]
ysfdu nf{k.k vÚhdk esa usYlu eaMsyk dh jaxHksn
fojks/h yM+kbZ us varr% fn•k;k fd uLy ,d lkekftd
leL;k ek=k gSA
z drZO; vkSj lsok% Hkxon xhrk lsok vkSj leiZ.k dh Hkkouk
ds lkFk vius drZO;ksa dks iwjk djus ds egRo ij tksj nsrh
gSA flfoy lsodksa dh ftEesnkjh gS fd os turk dh lsok
djsa vkSj lekt ds dY;k.k ds fy, dke djsaA
 mnkgj.k% ,d flfoy lsod yxu ls vius drZO;ksa dk
ikyu djrk gS] tSls dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk, j•uk] tu
lsok,a miyC/ djkuk] ;k ,slh uhfr;ka ykxw djuk tks
lekt esa gkf'k, ij jgus okys oxks± dk mRFkku djrh gSaA
os fuLokFkZ lsok ds fl¼kar dks viukrs gq,] O;fÙkQxr
fgrksa ij turk dh HkykbZ dks çkFkfedrk nsrs gSaA
z uhfrxr fu.kZ; ysuk% xhrk /kfeZdrk vkSj uSfrd fl¼karksa
ds vk/kj ij uhfrxr fu.kZ; ysus dk ewY; fl•krh gSA
flfoy lsodksa dks vDlj tfVy fu.kZ;ksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gS ftuds fy, uhfrxr fu.kZ; vkSj lekt ij iM+us
okys O;kid çHkko ij fopkj djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% ,d flfoy lsod dks ,slh fLFkfr dk lkeuk
djuk iM+rk gS tgka mUgsa Hkz"V vkpj.k dk ikyu djus
;k bZekunkjh cuk, j•us ds chp fodYi pquuk gksxkA
vius dk;ks± dks uSfrd fl¼karksa ds lkFk tksM+dj] os ,sls
fu.kZ; ysrs gSa tks turk dh HkykbZ dks çkFkfedrk nsrs
gSa] Hkys gh bldk vFkZ pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk ;k
çpfyr ekunaMksa ds f•ykiQ tkuk gksA
z ifj.kkeksa ds çfr vuklfÙkQ% xhrk ifj.kkeksa ds çfr
vklfÙkQ ds fcuk vius drZO;ksa dk ikyu djus ds egRo
Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku
ij tksj nsrh gSA flfoy lsodksa dks viuh ftEesnkfj;ksa ij
è;ku dsafær djus vkSj O;fÙkQxr egRokdka{kkvksa ;k ekU;rk
ls çHkkfor gq, fcuk vius drZO;ksa dk ikyu djus dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% ,d flfoy lsod dsoy O;fÙkQxr ykHk
;k jktuhfrd igpku ls çsfjr gksus ds ctk;] fdlh
ifj;kstuk ;k uhfr dk;kZUo;u ij vFkd ifjJe djrk
gS] vkSj mu yksxksa ds dY;k.k ij è;ku dsafær djrk gS
ftudh og lsok djrk gSA
z lekurk vkSj fu"i{krk% xhrk lekurk vkSj fu"i{krk ds
vkn'kks± dks c<+kok nsrh gSA flfoy lsodksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh
gS fd os lHkh ukxfjdksa ds lkFk leku lEeku ls O;ogkj
djsa] tu lsokvksa dh fMyhojh esa fu"i{krk lqfuf'pr djsa
vkSj U;k; ds fl¼karksa dks dk;e j•saA
 mnkgj.k% ,d flfoy lsod tkfr] iaFk ;k
lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds ckotwn ljdkjh lsokvksa
vkSj lalk/uksa rd leku igqap lqfuf'pr djrk gSA og
HksnHkko dks lekIr djus dk ç;kl djrk gS vkSj ,d
lekos'kh vkSj U;k;iw.kZ lekt cukus dh fn'kk esa dke
djrk gSA
z vkRe&fparu vkSj vkRe&lq/kj% xhrk yksxksa dks vkRe&fparu
vkSj fujarj vkRe&lq/kj esa layXu gksus ds fy, çksRlkfgr
djrh gSA flfoy lsodksa ls vius dk;ks± ij fopkj djus]
vuqHkoksa ls lh•us vkSj ,sls xq.k fodflr djus dh vis{kk
dh tkrh gS tks mudh çHkko'khyrk vkSj uSfrd vkpj.k esa
;ksxnku djrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% ,d flfoy lsod fu;fer :i ls viuk
vkRe&ewY;kadu djrk jgrk gS] lgdfeZ;ksa vkSj ukxfjdksa
ls çfrfØ;k ysrk gS] vkSj is'ksoj fodkl dk;ZØeksa esa
lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysrk gSA mudk y{; turk dh
csgrj lsok djus ds fy, vius dkS'ky] Kku vkSj
uhfrxr tkx:drk dks c<+kuk gSA
5-3-5 bLykeh uhfr'kkL=k
z thou ds ,d O;kid rjhds ds :i esa bLyke ,d laiw.kZ
uSfrd ç.kkyh dks lekfgr djrk gS tks blds oSf'od
n`f"Vdks.k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw gSA
z bLyke ekurk gS fd uSfrdrk in lkis{k ugha gSa] vkSj blds
ctk;] ,d lkoZHkkSfed ekud dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa ftlds
}kjk dk;ks± dks uSfrd ;k vuSfrd ekuk tk ldrk gSA
z bLyke dh uSfrd ç.kkyh u dsoy uSfrdrk dks ifjHkkf"kr
djrk gS] cfYd O;fÙkQxr vkSj lkewfgd nksuksa Lrjksa ij bls
çkIr djus ds fy, ekuo tkfr dk ekxZn'kZu Hkh djrh gSA
149
 uhfrxr ifjçs{; esa bLyke ds fl¼kar
rkSghn (,drk)_ ,gfrjke (lEeku)_ b•ykl (bZekunkjh)_
g;k (uezrk)_ bfÙkQlkn (la;e@fouezrk)_ f/Ø (Lej.k)_
bYe (Kku dh •kst)
z bLykeh n`f"Vdks.k ls] ekuo thou dk mís'; bZ'ojh; bPNk
ds vuq:i bl lkalkfjd thou esa bZ'oj vkSj mlds crk,
x, fl¼karksa (vkns'kksa) ds çfr iw.kZ leiZ.k gS] vkSj bl
rjg bl lalkj esa 'kkafr çkIr djuk vkSj thou esa LFkk;h
liQyrk çkIr djuk gSA
z eqfLye dqjku vkSj iSxacj (gnhl) dh ijaijkvksa dks vius
uSfrd ekxZn'kZd ds :i esa ns•rs gSaA
z O;ogkj ds fy, ekxZn'kZd fl¼kar og gS ftls dqjku vy
vey vLlfyg & usd dke ds :i esa lanfHkZr djrk gSA
;g 'kCn lHkh deks± dks 'kkfey djrk gS] u fd dsoy
bcknr ds ckgjh dkedkt dksA
z ,d eqlyeku ls visf{kr dqN çkFkfed pkfjf=kd y{k.k
gSa /eZijk;.krk] fouezrk vkSj bZ'oj ds çfr mÙkjnkf;Ro dh
xgjh HkkoukA
z bZ'oj ds çfr vkLFkk vkSj fujarj tkx:drk U;k; ds fnu
euq"; dks vkpj.k esa uSfrd vkSj HkfÙkQ vkSj leiZ.k ds lkFk
bjknksa esa bZekunkj gksus esa l{ke cukrh gSA
z lnkpkj vkSj vPNs vkpj.k dh dqath bZ'oj ds lkFk ,d
etcwr fj'rk gS] tks gj le; vkSj gj txg lc dqN ns•rk
gSA og fnyksa ds jgL;ksa vkSj lHkh dk;ks± ds ihNs ds bjknksa
dks tkurk gSA
z blfy,] bLyke lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa uSfrd O;ogkj dk
vkns'k nsrk gS _ tc dksbZ ugha tkurk rks bZ'oj dks gj ckr
dh tkudkjh gksrh gSA nqfu;k dks /ks•k nsuk laHko gks ldrk
gS] ysfdu l`f"VdrkZ dks /ks•k nsuk laHko ugha gSA
z bLyke esa nku lcls ljkguh; dk;ks± esa ls ,d gSA
 tdkr@tdkr] okf"kZd nku tks ,d fuf'pr Lrj ls Åij
/u vftZr djus okys çR;sd eqlyeku ds fy, vfuok;Z
gS] bLyke ds cqfu;knh fl¼karksa esa ls ,d gSA
z bLyke uSfrdrk vkSj mls c<+kus okys ekeyksa dk leFkZu
djrk gS] vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj bls iQSykus okys ekeyksa dk
fojks/ djrk gSA bLyke esa fu"ks/kKkvksa vkSj fu"ks/ksa dks blh
vkyksd esa ns•k tkuk pkfg,A
150
bLyke esa fufgr uSfrd ewY;
z n;kyqrk  nku  fu"i{krk vkSj U;k;
z {kek  bZekunkjh  vius okns fuHkkuk
z /S;Z  lkekftd lekurk  Øks/ ij fu;a=k.k j•uk
z O;oLFkk  ekrk&firk ,oa cM+ksa dk vknj djuk
5-4 Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud
z Hkkjrh; nk'kZfudksa us n'kZu'kkL=k ds {ks=k esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
fn;k gSA
z bu fo}kuksa esa ckS¼ /eZ ds laLFkkid xkSre cq¼ tSls
çkphu ½f"k;ksa ls ysdj vkfn 'kadj] ftUgksaus fganw n'kZu
dks iquthZfor fd;k] lÙkk] psruk vkSj uSfrdrk dh ekSfyd
vo/kj.kkvksa dk vè;;u fd;kA
z Lokeh foosdkuUn vkSj ftíw Ñ".kewfrZ fo'o dks Hkkjrh;
n'kZu dk ifjp; fn;k] tcfd johUæukFk VSxksj us n'kZu vkSj
ys•u dk la;kstu fd;kA
z mudh f'k{kk,¡ dbZ yksxksa dks çsfjr vkSj çHkkfor djrh jgrh
gSa] lÙkk dh çÑfr vkSj vkarfjd 'kkafr dh •kst esa varnZ`f"V
çnku djrh gSaA
5-4-1 egkRek cq¼
z xkSre cq¼ ,d riLoh] /kfeZd usrk vkSj f'k{kd Fks tks
bZlk iwoZ NBh vkSj ik¡poha 'krkCnh ds chp çkphu Hkkjr esa
FksA mudh f'k{kk,¡ ckS¼ n'kZu] jhfr&fjoktksa vkSj /eZ dk
vk/kj cu xbZaA
z ckS¼ uhfr'kkL=k u rks euq"; }kjk vius mi;ksfxrkoknh mís';ksa
ds fy, cuk, x, euekus ekunaM gSa] u gh mUgsa euekus <ax
ls ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA
z ckS¼ uhfr'kkL=k ekuo fufeZr fu;eksa ;k lkekftd çFkkvksa ij
vk/kfjr ugha gSA ;g cnyrh lkekftd ijaijkvksa ij ugha]
cfYd çÑfr ds 'kk'or fu;eksa ij vk/kfjr gSA
z ckS¼ uhfr'kkL=k% ;g fu/kZfjr djrh gS fd dksbZ xfrfof/
mlds mís'; ds vk/kj ij ykHknk;d ;k gkfudkjd gSA
 ykyp] uiQjr ;k LokFkZ ls çsfjr dk;ks± dks gkfudkjd
ekuk tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa vdqlky dEek dgk tkrk gSA
 dqlky dEek nku] çse vkSj Kku ds fl¼karksa ij dsafær
vPNs vkSj iq.; dk;ks± dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 3- nq• ds var dk lR;% ;fn bPNk lekIr gks tk,xh] rHkh
cq¼ }kjk dgs x, okD;
nq• #d tk,xkA ;g voLFkk tc lHkh bPNk,¡ lekIr gks
z ?k`.kk ?k`.kk ls ugha] çse ls gh lekIr gksrh gS_ ;g 'kk'or tkrh gSa] ckS¼ /eZ esa bls ¶fuokZ.k¸ dgk tkrk gSA
fu;e gSA
4- nq%•ksa ds var dk ekxZ% bl ekxZ dks v"Vkafxd ekxZ dgk
z vki tks dgrs gSa og ugha cfYd vki tks djrs gSa og
tkrk gSA ;g lkalkfjd lq• vkSj d"Vnk;d riL;k ds chp
vkidks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA
,d eè; ekxZ ij tksj nsrk gSA
z dksbZ O;fÙkQ blfy, cqf¼eku ugha dgykrk fd og
ckj&ckj cksyrk gS_ ysfdu ;fn og 'kkafriw.kZ] çseiw.kZ vkSj iap'khy (ikap ifjgk;Z)
fuMj gS rks og okLro esa cqf¼eku dgykrk gSA ckS¼ /eZ vius vuq;kb;ksa dks lH; leqnk;ksa esa ,d lkFk jgus
z eu vkSj 'kjhj nksuksa ds LokLF; dk jgL; vrhr ds ds fy, LosPNk ls ikap f'k{kkvksa dks viukus dk vkxzg djrk
fy, 'kksd djuk ;k Hkfo"; ds ckjs esa fpark djuk ugha gSA ;s gSa & fgalk u djuk] pksjh u djuk] >wB u cksyuk]
gS] cfYd orZeku {k.k dks cqf¼ekuh vkSj bZekunkjh ls ;kSu nqjkpkj u djuk vkSj eknd inkFkks± dk lsou u djukA
thuk gSA
vk/qfud le; esa çklafxdrk%
ckS¼ /eZ ds vuqlkj thou v"Vkafxd ekxZ z lpsru% tSlk fd cq¼ us fl•k;k Fkk] vk/qfud nqfu;k esa
ds fy, vko';d rhu ckrsa lpsru dk vH;kl çeq•rk ls c<+k gSA
1- Kku (çKk)% ;g lE;d 1-  E;d Kku (;k fopkj)
l  ;g orZeku dh tkx:drk iSnk djus] ruko de djus]

n`f"Vdks.k ls vkrk gS] vkSj
;g lE;d bjkns dh vksj
ys tkrk gSA
2- uSfrd vkpj.k ('khy)%
lE;d n`f"Vdks.k vkSj bjkns
uSfrd vkpj.k ds ekxZn'kZd
gSa & lE;d ok.kh] lE;d
vkpj.k] lE;d vkthfodk
vkSj lE;d ç;klA
3- ,dkxzrk (lekfèk)% bldk
dsanz lE;d lpsru vkSj
lE;d è;ku ds fy,
^vkRe&xfrfof/* gSA tc
Kku] uSfrdrk vkSj ,dkxzrk
thou dk ,d rjhdk cu
tkrs gSa_ O;fÙkQ dks vkReKku
çkIr gksrk gSA
pkj vk;Z lR;%
1- nq• dk lR;% ge pkgs fdruk Hkh la?k"kZ dj ysa] gesa pje
2- lE;d ladYi è;ku vkSj tu dY;k.k esa lq/kj ds fy, mi;ksxh rjhds
çnku djrk gSA
3- lE;d ok.kh
 ;g gesa vk/qfud thou ds O;frØeksa vkSj my>uksa dks
4- lE;d vkpj.k (;k
vf/d Li"Vrk vkSj vkarfjd 'kkafr ds lkFk gy djus
dk;Z)
esa l{ke cukrk gSA
5- lE;d vkthfodk
z eè; ekxZ% cq¼ }kjk lkeatL; LFkkfir djus vkSj vfrokn
6- lE;d ç;kl ls cpus ij è;ku vc fo'ks"k :i ls çklafxd gSA
7- lE;d lpsru] vkSj  eè;e ekxZ gesa èkzqohdj.k vkSj vfrokn dh fo'ks"krk
8- lE;d è;ku (;k okys lekt esa vius fopkjksa] dk;ks± vkSj n`f"Vdks.kksa esa
,dkxzrk) la;e] ln~Hkko vkSj larqfyr n`f"Vdks.k viukus dk vkxzg
djrk gSA
z ihM+k ls f'k{kk,¡% nq%• vkSj mldk dkj.k] jks/ vkSj eqfÙkQ
dk ekxZ vkt ds ifjos'k esa vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA
 os gesa d"V dh O;kidrk dh ;kn fnykrs gSa vkSj blds
dkj.kksa dks le>us vkSj ml ij dkcw ikus ds fy, ,d
lk/u gSaA
z lc dqN vLFkk;h gS% vfuR;rk ij cq¼ dh f'k{kk gesa
crkrh gS fd lc dqN vLFkk;h vkSj ifjorZu'khy gSA
 ;g f'k{kk gesa rsth ls vkSj ges'kk cnyrh nqfu;k esa

lq• ;k larqf"V ugha fey ikrh gSA nq• gekjs chp lk>k lkeatL;] vuqdwyu vkSj vfLrRo ds vYidkfyd igyw
ds ckjs esa vf/d tkx:drk iSnk djus dk vkxzg
fd;k tkus okyk lkekU; ca/u gSA blfy, d"V gh gekjs
djrh gSA
vfLrRo dk okLrfod lR; gSA
z d#.kk% d#.kk ij cq¼ dh f'k{kk,a n;k] lgkuqHkwfr vkSj
2- vR;f/d bPNk% r`".kk] vR;f/d bPNk,a vkSj okLrfodrk nwljksa dh HkykbZ ds ewY;ksa ij tksj nsrh gSaA d#.kk ,sls
ds ckjs esa vKkurk gh nq• dk dkj.k gSA lekt esa O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj lewgksa ds chp le> iSnk dj ldrh

Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku 151

 gS] ck/kvksa dks nwj dj ldrh gS vkSj 'kkafr dks c<+kok ns
ldrh gS tks vDlj foHkkftr vkSj lgkuqHkwfr dh deh
okyk fn•kbZ nsrk gSA
dkSfVY;
z dkSfVY;@pk.kD; (375&283 bZlk iwoZ) çkphu Hkkjr ds
,d f'k{kd] ys•d] j.kuhfrdkj] nk'kZfud] vFkZ'kkL=kh]
U;k;fon vkSj jkt lykgdkj FksA ikjaifjd :i ls mUgsa
çkphu Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd xzaFk vFkZ'kkL=k ds ys•d dkSfVY;
;k fo".kqxqIr ds :i esa igpkuk tkrk gSA
dkSfVY; dk n'kZu%
Seven Prakritis (Saptangas) are constitutive of
the State
1. Swamin Ruler
2. Amatya Ministers
3. Janapada Territory and Population
4. Durga Fort/Capital city
5. Kosa Treasury
6. Danda Coercive power of the state/ Punitive justice
7. Mitra Ally
z 'kklu O;oLFkk% jktk dh •q'kh mldh çtk dh •q'kh esa
fufgr gksrh gSA mldk è;ku dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ij gksuk
pkfg,A
 ¶;Fkk jktk rFkk çtk¸ jktk dh bZekunkjh] n{krk vkSj
mÙkjnkf;Ro ds egRo ij çdk'k Mkyrh gSA
z jkt½f"k dh vo/kj.kk% ,d vkn'kZ usrk jktk vkSj ½f"k
dk feJ.k gksrk gSA
 ,d jktk dh rjg] og xfr'khy] lfØ; vkSj fu.kZ;
ysus dh {kerk j•rk gSA
 lkFk gh mls ,d ½f"k dh rjg cqf¼eku cudj lalkj
ds vkè;kfRed vkSj mPp Lrj ls tqM+us esa l{ke gksuk
pkfg, vkSj n'kZu ij è;ku dsafær djuk pkfg,A
 mlesa vkea=k.k çÑfr] vkRe&la;e vkSj vkRek] cqf¼
vkSj varKkZu vkSj mRlkg dk xq.k gksuk pkfg,A
z foKku 'kfÙkQ dk ,d lzksr% mUgksaus bl ckr dh odkyr
dh fd foKku 'kfÙkQ dk ,d cM+k lzksr gSA mudk ekuuk
Fkk fd ^'kfÙkQ rkdr gS vkSj ;g og rkdr gS tks eu dks
cny nsrh gSA*
z ;FkkFkZoknh jktuhfr vkSj O;kogkfjdrk% dkSfVY; dk
n'kZu 'kklu ds fy, O;kogkfjd n`f"Vdks.k ij tksj nsrk gS]
tgka 'kkld vkn'kZoknh /kj.kkvksa ij jkT; dh fLFkjrk vkSj
dY;k.k dks çkFkfedrk nsrs gSaA ;g jktuhfrd okLrfodrkvksa
152
ds vk/kj ij O;kogkfjd fu.kZ; ysus dh vko';drk dks
igpkurk gSA
 mnkgj.k% vk/qfud le; esa] jktuhfrd usrk vDlj
;FkkFkZoknh jktuhfr;ksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] tSls xBca/u
cukuk ;k mu ns'kksa ds lkFk jktuf;d okrkZ esa 'kkfey
gksuk] ftudh fopkj/kjk,a ijLij fojks/h gks ldrh gSaA
;s dkjZokb;ka jk"Vªh; fgrksa dh O;kogkfjd çkfIr vkSj
fLFkjrk ds laj{k.k ls çsfjr gksrh gSaA
z jktdkt vkSj 'kklu% dkSfVY; dk n'kZu çHkkoh jktdkt
vkSj 'kklu ij tksj nsrk gS] ftlesa ç'kklu] dkuwu vkSj
vFkZ'kkL=k ls lacaf/r fl¼kar 'kkfey gSaA ;g bl ckjs esa
ekxZn'kZu djrk gS fd 'kkld jkT; ds dq'ky dkedkt dks
dSls lqfuf'pr dj ldrs gSa vkSj lkekftd O;oLFkk cuk,
j• ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% dbZ ns'kksa esa ç'kklfud vkSj ukSdj'kkgh ra=k
dkSfVY; ds 'kklu fl¼karksa ls çsj.kk ysrs gSaA bu ra=kksa
dk mís'; fu.kZ; ysus vkSj lkoZtfud lsok çnk;u esa
n{krk] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro dks c<+kok nsuk gSA
z 'kfÙkQ vkSj dwVuhfr dk mi;ksx% dkSfVY; us varjkZ"Vªh;
{ks=k esa 'kfÙkQ vkSj dwVuhfr ds egRo dks igpkukA mudk
n'kZu lq>ko nsrk gS fd 'kkldksa dks vius jkT;ksa ds fgrksa
dh j{kk vkSj mUgsa vkxs c<+kus ds fy, j.kuhfr;ka viukuh
pkfg,A
 mnkgj.k% varjjk"Vªh; laca/ksa esa] ns'k vDlj vius
jk"Vªh; fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, jktuf;d okrkZ esa layXu
gksrs gSa] lSU; cyksa dks rSukr djrs gSa] ;k vkfFkZd ykHk
dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA ;s dk;Z dkSfVY; ds n'kZu esa
mfYyf•r 'kfÙkQ vkSj dwVuhfr ds fl¼karksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA
z tklwlh vkSj vklwpuk% dkSfVY; dk n'kZu 'kklu vkSj
fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ midj.k ds :i esa tklwlh
vkSj vklwpuk dh Hkwfedk ij tksj nsrk gSA ;g lwfpr
fodYi pquus vkSj laHkkfor •rjksa dks de djus ds fy,
tkudkjh dh vko';drk dks igpkurk gSA
 mnkgj.k% nqfu;k Hkj dh ljdkjksa ds ikl •qfiQ;k
,tsafl;ka gSa vkSj laHkkfor lqj{kk •rjksa ds ckjs esa
tkudkjh bdêòk djus] varjjk"Vªh; ?kVukØe dh fuxjkuh
djus vkSj jk"Vªh; fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, •qfiQ;k
vfHk;ku pykrh gSaA ;s dkjZokb;ka •qfiQ;k tkudkjh
,d=k djus ij dkSfVY; ds tksj ds vuq:i gSaA
z uhfr'kkL=k vkSj uSfrd 'kklu% dkSfVY; dk n'kZu tgka
jktuhfr dh O;kogkfjd okLrfodrkvksa dks Lohdkj djrk
gS] ogha ;g uhfrxr vkpj.k vkSj uSfrd 'kklu ds egRo
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 dks Hkh Lohdkj djrk gSA ;g yksd dY;k.k dh odkyr
djrk gS vkSj lgh dk;Z djus dks dk;e j•rk gSA
 mnkgj.k% ledkyhu 'kklu esa] usrkvksa ls uSfrd ekudksa
dk ikyu djus vkSj uSfrd usr`Ro n'kkZus dh vis{kk dh
tkrh gSA lkekftd dY;k.k] Hkz"Vkpkj ls yM+us vkSj
ekuokf/dkjksa dh j{kk djus okyh uhfr;ka dkSfVY; n'kZu
ls çHkkfor uhfrxr 'kklu ds fl¼karksa dks n'kkZrh gSaA
vk/qfud le; esa çklafxdrk%
dkSfVY; ds lq'kklu ds ladsrd
,d vkn'kZ jktk dks vius O;fÙkQRo dks drZO;ksa ds lkFk
tksM+uk pkfg,A µfuoZS;fÙkQdrk
,d vkn'kZ jktk dks y{; pwds fcuk vfr ls cpuk pkfg,A
µeè;eekxZ@eè;e ekxZ
jktk vkSj yksd lsodksa dks fuf'pr osru vkSj HkÙks feyus
pkfg,A µHkz"Vkpkj ls cpuk
jktk vkSj lsodksa dk eq[; drZO; dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk cuk,
j•uk gSA pksjh vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj ls gksus okyh gkfu dh HkjikbZ
jktk vkSj mlds lsod ds osru ls dh tkuh pkfg,A
µmÙkjnkf;Ro
jktk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ drZO; Hkz"V vf/dkfj;ksa ds f•ykiQ
fuokjd vkSj naMkRed mik; djuk gSA µU;k;
eaf=k;ksa ds LFkku ij vPNs eaf=k;ksa dks ykukA
µLFkkukUrj.k vkSj iQsjcny
jktk vkSj eaf=k;ksa ds fy, vkpkj lafgrkA µvuq'kklu fç;
vekR;ksa dh fu;qfÙkQ ftudk p;u ;ksX;rk ds vk/kj ij gksrk
FkkA µukSdj'kkgh
5-4-2 fr#oYyqoj
z fr#oYyqoj] ;k oYyqoj] ,d çfl¼ rfey dfo vkSj
nk'kZfud FksA
z mUgsa çeq• :i ls mudh jpuk ¶fr#Ddqjy¸ ds fy,
tkuk tkrk gS] tks uhfr'kkL=k] jktuhfr vkSj vFkZ'kkL=k ds
lkFk&lkFk çse ij fy•s x, nksgksa dk laxzg gSA
z bl jpuk dks rfey lkfgR; dk ,d mRÑ"V vkSj O;kid
:i ls ç'kaflr dk;Z ekuk tkrk gSA
z jktuhfr esa fr#oYyqoj dk ;ksxnku lHkh yksxksa ds dY;k.k
ds fy, orZeku yksdrkaf=kd 'kklu ij ykxw gksrk gSA
Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku
fr#oYyqoj dk n'kZu%
z {kek% çfr'kks/ vkidks FkksM+s le; ds fy, •q'kh nsxk]
ysfdu /S;Z vkSj {kek vkidks thou Hkj •q'kh nsxhA
z lE;d ok.kh% ;gka rd fd vkx ls gksus okyh ihM+k Bhd
gks tkrh gS ijUrq ok.kh ls gksus okyh ihM+k dHkh Bhd ugha
gksrhA
z jk"Vª&ns'k% ,d jk"Vª dks ik¡p vko';d dkjdksa ij è;ku
dsafær djuk pkfg,% HkykbZ] le`f¼] lqj{kk vkSj mRiknuA
z lR;rk% ;gka rd fd ,d >wB dks Hkh lp ekuk tk ldrk
gS ;fn og gkfudkjd u gks vkSj mlds Li"V iQk;ns gksaA
z bZ'oj vkSj /eZ% bZ'oj vkSj HkkX; u Hkh pkgsa rks Hkh vkids
lPps ç;kl gh liQy gksaxsA
z vuqç;ksx% fr#oYyqoj dk oSf'od fopkj yksxksa] leqnk;ksa
vkSj ns'kksa ds chp orZeku çfrdkj vkSj çfr'kks/ ds fy,
,d ekxZn'kZd ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA fr#oYyqoj ds
fopkj dks ukfLrdksa }kjk vf/d liQyrk çkIr djus] xka/h
dh nwljksa dks mudh vKkurk ds fy, {kek djus dh {kerk
vkSj cq¼ ds v"Vkafxd ekxZ tSls mnkgj.kksa ls lg;ksx
feyrk gSA
lar jfonkl
z jfonkl] eè; dky esa ,d çeq• fganw lar vkSj nk'kZfud
FksA fuEu vk; okys ifjokj ls vkus ds ckotwn muesa dksbZ
ghu Hkkouk ugha FkhA mUgksaus vPNkbZ dks cqjkbZ esa cnykA
z /eZ ij n`f"Vdks.k%
 og /eZ dks ,d cqfu;knh ekuoh; vko';drk ekurs gSaA
 euq"; dh /kfeZd ço`fÙk Hkw•&I;kl ls fHkUu gksrh gSA
 muds vuqlkj] ;fn vkRe&cks/ vkRek dk çdk'k gS] rks
vkRe&udkj vkRek dk va/dkj gSA
 og va/dkj esa ,df=kr yksxksa dks muds HkkX; dh vksj
ys tk ldrs gSaA
 jfonkl mu /kfeZd ekU;rkvksa dh vkykspuk djrs gSa tks
ekuoh; rdZ ds vuq:i ugha gSaA
 og O;FkZ /kfeZd vkMacjksa dk fojks/ djrs gSaA
 jfonkl HkfÙkQ ls tqM+s va/fo'oklksa ls ?k`.kk djrs gSaA
mudh vf/dka'k çfrc¼rk lsok esa FkhA
z ekuo vfLrRo%
 jfonkl ds vuqlkj] ekuo vfLrRo fo'ks"k gS vkSj vPNs
dk;ks± ds ifj.kkeLo:i vftZr fd;k x;k gSA
 viuk thou lokZsPp ekuoh; bPNkvksa rd igq¡pus ds
fy, lefiZr djuk pkfg,] tks vuq'kklu dh uSfrd
lafgrk dk ikyu djds gh çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
153
  jfonkl vius f'k";ksa dks vgadkj] Øks/] ykyp] eksg]
bZ";kZ vkSj bPNk ds nks"kksa ls Åij mBus ds fy, çksRlkfgr
djrs gSaA
 fu;frokn ds vHkko esa gh lPph Lora=krk çkIr gks
ldrh gSA
 rdZ] /eZ vkSj fparu lHkh dks mPp çkFkfedrk nh xbZ
gSA
 rdZ fo'oluh; ,oa egRoiw.kZ gSA jfonkl ds n'kZu
dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a vkRe&mRFkku vkSj iw.kZ Lora=krk ds
fl¼kar gSaA
5-4-3 Lokeh foosdkuan
z Lokeh foosdkuUn (1863 & 1902) ,d Hkkjrh; fganw lar]
nk'kZfud] ys•d vkSj /kfeZd f'k{kd FksA mUgksaus if'peh
nqfu;k dks osnkar vkSj ;ksx ls ifjfpr djkus esa ,d egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA mUgsa fganw /eZ dks ,d egRoiw.kZ varjjk"Vªh;
/eZ ds Lrj rd igqapkus vkSj varj/kfeZd tkx:drk dks
c<+kok nsus dk Js; fn;k tkrk gSA
Lokeh foosdkuUn dk n'kZu%
z f'k{kk% turk dks tkx`r djus ds fy, mUgksaus jke&Ñ".k
fe'ku vkSj varr% jke&Ñ".k eB dh LFkkiuk dhA mUgksaus
detksj vkè;kfRed ekU;rkvksa dh vkykspuk dh vkSj
/kfeZd rdZ dh ckr dhA
z HkkbZpkjk% fo'o /eZ laln esa vius ,sfrgkfld Hkk"k.k ds
ekè;e ls] mUgksaus Hkkjrh;ksa vkSj nqfu;k Hkj ds yksxksa ds chp
HkkbZpkjs dks c<+kok fn;kA
z cqf¼okn ;k Kku ehekalk% og Hkkjr esa ,d cqf¼oknh
vkanksyu ds ç.ksrk vkSj osnkar n'kZu ds vuq;k;h FksA ,d
•q'kgky thou ds fy,] mUgksaus if'peh vkSj Hkkjrh; fopkjksa
ds la'ys"k.k dh ckr dhA
z ,drk vkSj lkoZHkkSfed HkkbZpkjk% Lokeh foosdkuUn us
lHkh çkf.k;ksa dh varfuZfgr ,drk ij tksj fn;k vkSj
lkoZHkkSfed HkkbZpkjs ds fopkj dks c<+kok fn;kA mudk ekuuk
Fkk fd ckgjh erHksnksa ls ijs] lHkh O;fÙkQ;ksa dks tksM+us okyk
nsoRo ,d vke lw=k gSA
z ekuork dh lsok% Lokeh foosdkuUn us ekuork dh
fu%LokFkZ lsok dh vo/kj.kk ij tksj fn;kA mudk ekuuk
Fkk fd lPph vkè;kfRedrk d#.kk] lkekftd lsok vkSj
oafprksa ds mRFkku ds ekè;e ls O;ÙkQ dh tkrh gSA
z foKku vkSj vè;kRe dk ,dhdj.k% Lokeh foosdkuUn us
foKku vkSj vè;kRe ds lkeatL;iw.kZ ,dhdj.k dh odkyr
dhA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd nqfu;k dh lexz le> çnku
154
djus ds fy, oSKkfud çxfr vkSj vkè;kfRed varnZ`f"V dks
,d&nwljs dk iwjd gksuk pkfg,A
z 'kfÙkQ vkSj vkRefo'okl% Lokeh foosdkuUn us vkarfjd
'kfÙkQ] vkRefo'okl vkSj fuMjrk ds fodkl ij tksj fn;kA
mudk ekuuk Fkk fd O;fÙkQ;ksa dks viuh lhekvksa dks ikj
djuk pkfg, vkSj viuh okLrfod {kerk dk ,glkl djuk
pkfg,A
z ;qok l'kfÙkQdj.k% Lokeh foosdkuUn lkekftd ifjorZu
vkSj jk"Vª&fuekZ.k ds ,tsaV ds :i esa ;qokvksa dh 'kfÙkQ esa
fo'okl djrs FksA mUgksaus viuh ÅtkZ vkSj vkn'kZokn dks
jpukRed vkSj egku dk;ks± dh vksj yxkus dh vko';drk
ij tksj fn;kA
orZeku le; esa çklafxdrk%
z lgvkfLrRo] lfg".kqrk vkSj vkilh le>% Lokeh
foosdkuUn dk lgvkfLrRo] lfg".kqrk vkSj vkilh le>
dk lans'k] /kfeZd erHksnksa ds ckotwn] vkt dh nqfu;k
esa egRoiw.kZ gS] tgka /kfeZd fookn vkSj mxzokn yxkrkj
pqukSfr;ka cus gq, gSaA
z 'kkafriw.kZ vkSj lkeatL;iw.kZ lekt% mudh f'k{kk,¡ ,d
vf/d 'kkafriw.kZ vkSj lkeatL;iw.kZ lekt esa ;ksxnku ns
ldrh gSa ftlesa vU; /eks±] laLÑfr;ksa vkSj fopkj/kjkvksa dks
ekU;rk nh tkrh gS vkSj mUgsa egRo fn;k tkrk gSA
z Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa ds fy, çsj.kk% foosdkuUn dh f'k{kk,¡
Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa dks Hkkjr dh le`¼ vkè;kfRed fojklr vkSj
orZeku nqfu;k esa iqjkuh vkè;kfRed ijaijkvksa ds egRo ds
fy, çsfjr dj ldrh gSaA
z Hkkjrh; vkè;kfRed ijaijkvksa dh çklafxdrk% og
if'peh nqfu;k esa Hkkjrh; vkè;kfRed ijaijkvksa dh
çklafxdrk ij tksj nsus okys igys yksxksa esa ls ,d Fks] vkSj
mudh f'k{kk,a vkSj ç;kl ;qokvksa dks bls cuk, j•us vkSj
c<+kok nsus ds fy, çsfjr dj ldrs gSaA
z fopkj vkSj f'k{kk,¡% Lokeh foosdkuUn ds fopkj vkSj
f'k{kk,¡ vkt Hkh ;qokvksa ds fy, cgqr çklafxd gSaA
vkRefuHkZjrk] /kfeZd ,drk vkSj f'k{kk dh vko';drk
dk mudk lans'k lHkh egRoiw.kZ f'k{kk,a gSa tks ;qokvksa dks
vk/qfud nqfu;k dh ck/kvksa vkSj laHkkoukvksa dk çca/u
djus esa lgk;d gks ldrh gSaA
ge ijke'kZ vkSj çsj.kk ds fy, bl egku vkè;kfRed xq: dh
vksj ns• ldrs gSa D;ksafd ge yxkrkj fofHkUu lkekftd vkSj
vkfFkZd dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk dj jgs gSaA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
5-4-4 eksgunkl djepan xka/h
xka/hth dk ea=k
tc Hkh vki Hkze esa gksa] ;k tc vgadkj cgqr vf/d gks
tk,] rks lcls xjhc vkSj detksj iq:"k@efgyk dk psgjk ;kn
dhft,] ftls vkius ns•k gks] vkSj •qn ls iwfN,] D;k vki
tks dne mBkus tk jgs gSa] og mlds fy, mi;ksxh gksxkA
D;k blls Hkw•s vkSj vkè;kfRed deh okys yk•ksa yksxksa dks
Lojkt feysxk\ fiQj vkidk vgadkj Lor% gh nwj gks tk,xkA
egkRek xka/h dh egRoiw.kZ f'k{kk,¡%
z vfgalk% xka/h dk vfgalk dk fl¼kar 'kkafriw.kZ rjhdksa ds
ekè;e ls la?k"kks± dks gy djus vkSj fopkj] ok.kh vkSj
vkpj.k esa fgalk dks nwj djus ij tksj nsrk gSA mudk ekuuk
Fkk fd vfgalk ,d 'kfÙkQ'kkyh vL=k gS tks O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj
lekt dks cny ldrh gSA
 çklafxdrk% vkt dh nqfu;k esa] tgka fofHkUu Lrjksa
ij la?k"kZ vkSj ruko gS] vfgalk vkSj 'kkafriw.kZ çfrjks/
ij xka/h dh f'k{kk,a lkekftd U;k;] ekuokf/dkj
vkSj la?k"kZ lek/ku ds fy, vkanksyuksa dks çsfjr djrh
jgrh gSaA
z lPpkbZ vkSj bZekunkjh% xka/hth us thou ds lHkh igyqvksa
esa lPpkbZ vkSj bZekunkjh ds egRo ij tksj fn;kA og dfBu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh lp cksyus vkSj O;fÙkQxr vkSj lkoZtfud
thou esa bZekunkjh cjrus esa fo'okl djrs FksA
 çklafxdrk% vlR; tkudkjh vkSj /ks•s ds ;qx esa]
lR; vkSj bZekunkjh ij xka/h dh f'k{kk,a gesa bZekunkjh]
ikjnf'kZrk vkSj Hkjksls ds egRo dh ;kn fnykrh gSaA ,d
U;k;iw.kZ vkSj uSfrd lekt ds fuekZ.k ds fy, yksd
ppkZ vkSj O;fÙkQxr laca/ksa esa lPpkbZ dks cjdjkj j•uk
egRoiw.kZ gSA
z lR;kxzg% lR;kxzg vfgald çfrjks/ dk ,d n'kZu vkSj
rjhdk gS ftls xka/hth us fodflr fd;k FkkA blesa vU;k;
dk lkeuk djus vkSj ldkjkRed cnyko ykus ds fy, lR;]
vkRe&cfynku vkSj vfgald dk;ks± dh 'kfÙkQ dk mi;ksx
djuk 'kkfey gSA
 çklafxdrk% xka/h dh lR;kxzg dh vo/kj.kk vU;k;]
mRihM+u vkSj vlekurk ds f•ykiQ 'kkafriw.kZ fojks/ vkSj
ukxfjd çfrjks/ esa layXu vkanksyuksa vkSj O;fÙkQ;ksa dks
çsfjr djrh gSA ;g lR; vkSj vfgalk vk/kfjr lkewfgd
dkjZokbZ dh 'kfÙkQ ij tksj nsrk gSA
z lknxh vkSj U;wureokn% xka/hth ,d ljy vkSj U;wure
thou 'kSyh thrs Fks] HkkSfrdokn dks de djus vkSj vYi
Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku
lk/uksa ds lkFk jgus ds egRo ij tksj nsrs FksA mudk ekuuk
Fkk fd lPpk /u HkkSfrd laifÙk ds ctk; larqf"V vkSj
vkarfjd le`f¼ esa fufgr gSA
 çklafxdrk% miHkksÙkQkoknh lekt esa] lknxh vkSj
vYiokn ij xka/h dh f'k{kk,a gesa HkkSfrd laink ls ijs
ewY;ksa dks çkFkfedrk nsus dh ;kn fnykrh gSaA thou
dk vf/d fVdkÅ vkSj lpsr rjhdk viukus ls futh
dY;k.k vkSj i;kZoj.kh; fLFkjrk esa ;ksxnku fey ldrk
gSA
z lekurk vkSj lkekftd U;k;% xka/h us tkfr] /eZ] fyax
;k lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds fujis{k lHkh yksxksa ds chp
lekurk dh odkyr dhA mUgksaus HksnHkko] vLi`';rk vkSj
vU; çdkj ds lkekftd vU;k; ds f•ykiQ yM+kbZ yM+hA
 çklafxdrk% lekurk vkSj lkekftd U;k; ij xka/h
dh f'k{kk,a vkt Hkh çklafxd gSaA os leku vf/dkjksa]
ySafxd lekurk] lekosf'krk vkSj lHkh :iksa esa HksnHkko
ds mUewyu ds fy, ç;kl djus okys vkanksyuksa vkSj
O;fÙkQ;ksa dks çsfjr djrs gSaA
z ij&lsok% xka/h us nwljksa dh fuLokFkZ lsok vkSj lekt ds
dY;k.k ds egRo ij tksj fn;kA og gkf'k, ij x, yksxksa
ds mRFkku vkSj lHkh dh HkykbZ ds fy, dke djus esa
fo'okl djrs FksA
 çklafxdrk% lsok vkSj d#.kk ij xka/h dh f'k{kk,a
ijksidkj] lkeqnkf;d fodkl vkSj lkekftd lsok igy
esa 'kkfey O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj laxBuksa dk ekxZn'kZu djrh gSaA
os gesa lekt esa ldkjkRed ;ksxnku nsus vkSj ihM+k de
djus ds gekjs lkewfgd mÙkjnkf;Ro dh ;kn fnykrs gSaA
VªLVhf'ki ;k U;kflrk%
z /uoku yksxksa dks yksxksa ds dY;k.k dks è;ku j•rs gq, VªLV
ds VªLVh ds :i esa dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
z VªLVhf'ki dh vo/kj.kk ;g Li"V djrh gS fd /u vkSj
lalk/u] pkgs mudk ¶ekfyd¸ dksbZ Hkh gks] mUgsa lekt
vkSj mlds iwjs yksxksa dh csgrjh esa enn djuh pkfg,] vkSj
;g mu yksxksa ij ftEesnkjh Mkyrk gS ftuds ikl ,slk djus
ds fy, /u gSA
z ;g mudh vfgalk fopkj/kjk dk çR;{k vorkj gS] vFkkZr
çHkko'kkyh dks ckgjh ncko ls etcwj gksdj] viuh bPNk
ls ,slk djuk gksxkA
z gkyk¡fd] yacs le; esa] vkSj ftl lekt esa ge jgrs gSa
mldh okLrfodrkvksa esa] ;g j.kuhfr vf/d fVdkÅ gksxhA
155
VªLVhf'ki fopkj dh çklafxdrk%
Development models centred around
Relevance of
Trusteeship
preservation of nature.
Corporate Social Responsibility.
Addressing Income Inequality and Poverty.
Channelisation of revenue for social welfare.
z vlekurk dh O;kidrk% gky gh esa vkWDliQSe ds
,d 'kks/ ftldk 'kh"kZd ¶bubDofyVh fdYl¸ gS] us
varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij vkSj Hkkjr nksuksa esa] dksfoM egkekjh ds
dkj.k c<+s vkfFkZd varj ij çdk'k Mkyk gSA vlekurk ds
ifj.kkeLo:i gj pkj lsdaM esa de ls de ,d O;fÙkQ
dh e`R;q gks tkrh gSA
z i;kZoj.k dk {k;% xzhugkml xSl mRltZu fo'o dh
tyok;q dks çHkkfor dj jgk gS vkSj fofHkUu çdkj dh
fouk'kdkjh vkink,¡ vkSj chekfj;k¡ iSnk dj jgk gSA
z çkÑfrd lalk/uksa dk vfr nksgu% •fut] rsy] xSl vkSj
dks;yk xSj&uohdj.kh; lalk/u gSaA dPps eky vkSj ÅtkZ
lzksrksa ds :i esa mudk mi;ksx i`Foh ds HkaMkj dks lekIr
dj nsrk gSA
VªLVhf'ki 21oha lnh dh fofHkUu pqukSfr;ksa dk lek/ku
çnku djrh gS%
z lrr miHkksx% nwljksa dks uqdlku igq¡pk, fcuk dsoy mruk
gh miHkksx djsa tks vko';d gksA
z Je dh xfjek% vPNk U;wure thou;kiu osru vkSj n;kyq
dk;Z ifjfLFkfr;k¡ çnku djukA
z mfpr laifÙk laforj.k% xjhcksa ds lkekftd dY;k.k dh
ns•Hkky djuk le`¼ yksxksa dk uSfrd nkf;Ro gSA
z ekuo thou dk lao/Zu% xka/h dh VªLVhf'ki vo/kj.kk
ds dsaæ esa ekuo thou dk fodkl] mRFkku vkSj lao/Zu gS]
u fd ekuo vkSj lkekftd ewY;ksa ds fy, U;wure lEeku
ds lkFk mPp Lrj dk thouA
lokZsn;%
¶O;fÙkQ dh HkykbZ lHkh ds dY;k.k esa fufgr gSA lekos'kh
fodkl ds ihNs ;gh ewy fopkj gSA¸
z ^lokZsn;* nks 'kCnksa ^loZ* vkSj ^mn;* ls feydj cuk gSA ;g
lcds mRFkku ds vFkZ dks n'kkZrk gSA ;g ^lHkh dh HkykbZ*]
^lHkh dh lsok* vkSj ^lHkh dk dY;k.k* vkfn dk vFkZ
Hkh nsrk gSA bldk laca/ xka/hoknh lektokn ls gSA bldk
mís'; lHkh dk lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl gSA n'kZu dk
vk/kj lkekU;rk gS vFkkZr tks dk;Z fdlh O;fÙkQ fo'ks"k ;k
lewg fo'ks"k ds fy, ugha cfYd lHkh ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS
156
z fuEufyf•r mnkgj.k ^lokZsn;* n'kZu dks çnf'kZr djrs gSa%
(a) vkRefuHkZj xzkeh.k usVodZ dk fuekZ.k ftlesa mRiknu
dk çkFkfed y{; Lo&miHkksx gSA
(b) ikfjokfjd ca/uksa dks c<+kok nsuk tks jÙkQ laca/ksa ls ijs
gksaA
(c) lHkh dks leku :i ls çfrfuf/Ro fn;k tkuk pkfg,
vkSj Lora=krk ds ewY; dks c<+kok fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
(d) çse] HkkbZpkjk] lR;] vfgalk vkSj vkReksRlxZ dh Hkkouk
lHkh yksxksa esa O;kIr gksxhA vfgalk lekt dh uhao gksxhA
(e) ogka dksbZ nyh; O;oLFkk ;k cgqer dk fu;a=k.k ugha
gksxk vkSj lekt cgqer vR;kpkj dh cqjkbZ ls eqÙkQ gks
tk,xkA
(f) jktuhfr vc lÙkk dk lk/u ugha] cfYd lsok dk
lk/u gksxhA
lR;kxzg%
z lR;kxzg ds fl¼kar dk mn~Hko mifu"knksa ds lkFk&lkFk
gh cq¼] egkohj vkSj fy;ks VkWYLVkW; vkSj tkWu jfLdu tSls
dbZ vU; egku yksxksa dh f'k{kkvksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
z lk/u vkSj mís';% xka/h ds lR;kxzg ds n'kZu dks vfgald
çfrjks/ ;k lfou; voKk ds ,d rjhds ds :i esa le>k
tk ldrk gS tks lR; vkSj vfgalk dh 'kfÙkQ ds ekè;e ls
vU;k; dk lkeuk djus vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu ykus dk
ç;kl djrk gSA
z mnkgj.k% vkb, ,d ,sls n`'; ij fopkj djsa tgka ,d
leqnk; dks fodkl ifj;kstuk ds dkj.k vius ?kjksa ls
vuqfpr csn•yh dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA fgalk ;k
vkØked Vdjko dk lgkjk ysus ds ctk;] leqnk; us
lR;kxzg djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA os 'kkafriw.kZ fojks/ çn'kZu
djrs gSa] /juk ;k Hkw• gM+rky tSls lfou; voKk ds dk;ks±
esa 'kkfey gksrs gSa] vkSj vfgald rjhdksa ls vius mís'; ds
ckjs esa tkx:drk c<+krs gSaA
lR;kxzg ds LraHk (uSfrd igyw) & lR;kxzg ds rhu LraHk%
Three Pillars of Satyagraha
Satya Ahimsa Tapasya
z lR; ds fy, xka/hoknh •kst vfgalk dh uhao ij fVdh
gqbZ gSA
z fookn lek/ku ds fy, egkRek xka/h us lR;kxzg dk mi;ksx
fd;k ¹lR; ij vkxzg ;k lR; ds fy, çsj.kkº ftlds
rhu LraHk gSa%
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 1- lR; µ ftldk vFkZ gS eqÙkQrk] bZekunkjh vkSj fu"i{krk%
(a) çR;sd O;fÙkQ ds fopkj vkSj ekU;rk,¡ lR; n'kkZrh gSa_
(b) lR; dks vkSj tkuus ds fy, gesa vius lR; dks
lg;ksxiwoZd lk>k djuk pkfg,_ bldk rkRi;Z laokn
djus dh bPNk vkSj ,slk djus ds n`<+ ladYi ls gSA
2- vfgalk µ nwljksa dks pksV igqapkus ls budkj%
(a) vfgalk dks gekjs lR; dks laçsf"kr djus vkSj lk>k djus
dh gekjh bPNk ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
(b) fgalk ls ppkZ ds ekè;e can gks tkrs gSa_ vfgalk
dh vo/kj.kk vf/dka'k çeq• /eks± esa fn•kbZ nsrh
gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fd ;|fi vf/dka'k yksx bldk
vH;kl ugha djrs gSa] fiQj Hkh bls ,d vkn'kZ ds
:i esa lEeku fn;k tkrk gS_ vfgalk gekjh fpark dh
vfHkO;fÙkQ gS fd gekjh viuh vkSj vU; yksxksa dh
ekuork çdV gks vkSj mldk lEeku fd;k tk,A
(c) vkSj vfgalk ds fy, gesa vius fojksf/;ksa ls lPpk çse
djuk lh•uk pkfg,A
3- riL;k µ vkReksRlxZ dh bPNk%
z (a) ,d lR;kxzgh dks vius çfr}a}h ij bl rjg ds
cfynku ;k ihM+k dks Fkksius ds ctk;] la?k"kZ ds dkj.k gksus
okys fdlh Hkh cfynku ;k ihM+k dks lgu djus ds fy,
rS;kj jguk pkfg,A
(b) lR;kxzgh dks yxkrkj fojksf/;ksa dks cpus dk jkLrk
fn•kuk pkfg,A
(c) bldk mís'; lR; vkSj U;k; dh O;kidrk dks mtkxj
djuk gS] u fd çfr}a}h dks gjkukA
xka/h th }kjk lR;kxzg dk ç;ksx%
z vkè;kfRed cy dk gfFk;kj% vU;k; ds fojks/ esa
lR;kxzg dks vkè;kfRed cy dk vL=k Hkh ekuk x;k gSA
z thou ds ,d rjhds ds :i esa% xka/h th us lR;kxzg
dks thou ds ,d rjhds ds :i esa ns•k] mUgksaus Hkkjr ds
Lora=krk laxzke ds nkSjku] ljdkjh lÙkk dks pqukSrh nsus vkSj
yksxksa ds vke ykHk ds fy, fofo/ y{;ksa dks çkIr djus ds
fy, lR;kxzg dks ,d gfFk;kj ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k FkkA
z vkanksyu% 1930 dk lfou; voKk vkanksyu] tks nkaMh esa
ued dkuwu ds mYya?ku ds lkFk 'kq: gqvk] vkSj Hkkjr
NksM+ks vkanksyu xka/hth vkSj muds lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk lR;kxzg
dks vkfRed cy ds gfFk;kj ds :i esa bLrseky djus ds
mRÑ"V mnkgj.k FksA
Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku
orZeku le; esa lR;kxzg dh çklafxdrk%
z vkS|ksfxd çfr"Bkuksa esa fooknksa ds lek/ku ds fy,%
vkS|ksfxd O;oLFkk esa vlgefr vkSj fooknksa ds 'kkafriw.kZ
lek/ku ds fy, vU; j.kuhfr;ksa dk ,d O;ogk;Z fodYi
gksxkA
z :l&;wØsu ;q¼ tSlh ;q¼ fLFkfr;ksa dks gy djus ds
fy,% :l&;wØsu la?k"kZ tSlh ;q¼ ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks gy djus
ds fy,] ;FkklaHko lcls vklku rjhds ls lR; vkSj vfgalk
ds fl¼karksa dk vH;kl djuk fuLlansg 'kkafr vkSj lkeatL;
LFkkfir djus esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsxkA
z Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj HkkSfrdokn dh vksj nkSM+ dks de djus
ds fy,% vkt dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk
esa] O;fÙkQ dks /u] lq• vkSj 'kfÙkQ ds çHkko ls nwj djus
dh rRdky vko';drk gSA
z Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj HkkSfrdokn dh nkSM+ dks de djus ds
fy,% tgka Hkh mís'; /u] dY;k.k vkSj çxfr gS] lR; vkSj
vfgalk ges'kk ykHkdkjh gksaxs] D;ksafd lR; vkSj vfgalk ds
fcuk] dksbZ 'kkafr ugha gks ldrh gS] vkSj 'kkafr ds fcuk]
dksbZ fodkl ugha gks ldrk gSA
jktuhfr ij xka/h ds fopkj%
z jktuhfr dk mís';% og jktuhfr dk vafre mís'; ekuo
tkfr ds laiw.kZ dY;k.k dk ekè;e ekurs gSa vkSj blfy,
blesa fgalk] Øwjrk] vU;k; vkSj mRihM+u ds fy, dksbZ txg
ugha gSA ;fn vPNs ifj.kke çkIr djus ds fy, çkfIr dk
ekè;e lekurk] vPNs vkSj 'kq¼] uSfrd ewY;ksa dk gksuk
vko';d gS] rks ;g vfuok;Z gSA
z ledkyhu jktuhfr dks 'kkyhu cukuk% xka/hth dk eq[;
y{; Øks/] 'k=kqrk vkSj gBokn dks nwj djds ledkyhu
jktuhfr dks 'kkyhu cukuk FkkA
z lkewfgd 'kfÙkQ dks laxfBr djuk% mudh vfgald
jktuhfr lkewfgd 'kfÙkQ dks bl rjg laxfBr djus dh
j.kuhfr Fkh tks vuqdj.kh; vkSj vuwBs rjhds ls uSfrd f'k{kk
çnku djrh gSA
z jktuhfr vkSj uSfrdrk ;k /eZ% xka/hth us ges'kk jktuhfr
dks uSfrdrk ;k /eZ ds :i esa ns•k] vkSj mUgksaus jktuhfr
dks ckSf¼d dk;Z dh ctk; gkfnZd Je ds :i esa ns•kA
z lefiZr vkSj çfrc¼ jktuhfrd% mUgksaus ,d lefiZr
vkSj çfrc¼ jktuhfrd yksdkpkj dh odkyr dh ftlus
jktuhfr esa ¶xyr dk;ks±¸ dh vko';drk dks •kfjt dj
fn;kA
157
xka/hth dh X;kjg çfrKk,¡% z ;wØsu vkSj :l ds chp felkbyksa dk
Truth Remove ekuork
Fearlessness untouchability
ç;ksxA
jfgr foKku
z tklwlh ds fy, çkS|ksfxdh dk nq#i;ksxA
Bread labour Self Discipline z vuSfrd O;kolkf;d çFkk,¡] tSls
Equality of all 'kks"k.kdkjh Je fLFkfr;k¡] vuSfrd
Gandhi’s 11 Non-possession
religion vows vkiwfrZ J`a•yk çca/u] ;k vkØked ewY;
Control of fu/kZj.k j.kuhfr;k¡A
Swadeshi Palate uSfrdrk z vf/d ykHk çkIr djus ds fy, vko';d
jfgr O;kikj oLrqvksa dh tek•ksjh djds mudh dher
Non
Stealing Non c<+k nsukA
Violence z fliQZ iSlk dekus ds fy, ?kfV;k mRikn
z xka/hth ds lkr iki% cspukA
 xka/h th us vius lkIrkfgd i=k ¶;ax bafM;k¸ esa bu z vkØked ½.k vkSj 'kks"k.kdkjh ½.kA
lkr ikiksa dk mYys• fd;k FkkA z lHkh /eks± esa /kfeZd dêðjokn lkaçnkf;d
ikiksa dk mnkgj.k ruko dks tUe nsrk gS tSlk fd gky gh
çdkj esa Úkal esa ns•k x;k gSA
R;kx jfgr z fgalk HkM+dkus] dqN lewgksa ds f•ykiQ
z /eZ vk/kfjr oksV cSad dh jktuhfrA
fl¼kar /eZ HksnHkko djus ;k uiQjr dks c<+kok nsus
z jktusrkvksa }kjk O;fÙkQxr ykHk ds fy,
foghu ds fy, /eZ dk mi;ksx djuk /kfeZd
fd;s x;s >wBs oknsA
jktuhfr f'k{kkvksa esa fuLokFkZrk vkSj R;kx ds ewy
z jktuhfrd in dh •jhn&iQjks[rA
fl¼karksa dk •aMu djrk gSA
dke ds z çkWiVhZ dh •jhn&iQjks[r ij nyky Hkkjh
fcuk /u ek=kk esa deh'ku ysrs gSaA vPNs thou ij xka/hth ds fopkj%
(ifjJe z dqN mnkgj.kksa esa dbZ jktusrkvksa vkSj z lekt lsok% fu%LokFkZ lkekftd dk;Z xka/h th ds fy,
jfgr flfoy lsodksa }kjk fj'or] O;fÙkQxr vkè;kfRed mRFkku vkSj r`fIr dh çcy Hkkouk dk lzksr
èkuksiktZu) migkj Lohdkj djukA
FkkA xka/hth ds vuqlkj] ¶vius dks •kstus dk lcls vPNk
z nh?kZdkfyd ifj.kkeksa ij fopkj fd,
rjhdk Lo;a dks nwljksa dh lsok esa •ks nsuk gSA¸
fcuk O;fÙkQxr lq• ;k lqfo/k dh bPNk
ls çsfjr gksdj ouksa dh dVkbZ] çnw"k.k z LoPNrk% xka/hth ds vuqlkj] ¶bZ'ojHkfÙkQ ds Bhd ckn
foosd jfgr vkSj vfr miHkksx tSlh xfrfof/;k¡ bl LoPNrk dk LFkku gS¸ LoPNrk vkSj LoLFkrk ekufld
lq• lkekftd iki dks n'kkZrh gSaA dY;k.k vkSj ldkjkRed fopkjksa dks c<+kok nsrh gSA blds
z uhfrxr vkSj uSfrd fufgrkFkks± ij fopkj vykok] xka/h th us bl vo/kj.kk dk mi;ksx djds
fd, fcuk] voS/ tqvk xfrfof/;k¡] tSls LoPNrk vkSj blfy, eSyk <ksus dh çFkk vkSj vLi`';rk dh
•syksa ;k rk'k ds •sy ij lêðk yxkukA leL;k dks gy djus dk ç;kl fd;kA
z lkewfgd fouk'k ds gfFk;kj cukus ds z u'kk% xka/h th us 'kjkc ij çfrca/ yxkus ds fy, vfHk;ku
fy, oSKkfud Kku dk mi;ksxA pyk;k vkSj u'ks dh fuank dhA ;g gekjh vkRek] cqf¼ vkSj
z vYVªklkmaM ijh{k.kksa dk mi;ksx djds Hkkoukvksa dks çnwf"kr djrk gS vkSj vuSfrd O;ogkj dks
dU;k Hkwz.k gR;k ds dkj.k ¶efgykvksa ds
pfj=k foghu c<+kok nsrk gSA
de gksus¸ ds gkfy;k ekeysA
Kku z riL;k% xka/h th U;wure vko';drkvksa ds lkFk la;fer
z 'kS{kf.kd /ks•k/M+h tSls lkfgfR;d pksjh]
vuqla/ku vkadM+ksa dh tkylkth] ;k thou dh odkyr djrs FksA og Kku] uSfrdrk] vkLFkk
nwljksa dks xqejkg djus ds fy, tkudkjh vkfn tSlh mPp&Lrjh; bPNkvksa dks iwjk djus esa fo'okl
esa gsjiQsj djukA djrs FksA blds vykok] xka/h th us dgk fd tc Hkkjr ds

158 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

 vf/dka'k yksx xjhch vkSj Hkw• ls ihfM+r gksa rc HkkSfrd
foykflrk mudh varjkRek ds fo:¼ gSA
z ijksidkfjrk% xka/h th us ijksidkfjrk dks u dsoy ,d
LoSfPNd vPNs dk;Z ds :i esa cfYd ,d U;k;iw.kZ vkSj
fVdkÅ lkekftd O;oLFkk ds fuekZ.k ds fy, laiUu yksxksa
ds fy, ,d nkf;Ro ds :i esa Hkh c<+kok fn;kA xka/h th
ds vuq;k;h fouksck Hkkos us bls Hkwnku vkanksyu ds :i esa
vkxs c<+k;kA
flfoy lsok esa xka/hokn
lekos'kh uhfr;ka rS;kj djuk% ,d flfoy lsod dks ;g
lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd ljdkjh uhfr;ksa dk ykHk lcls
t:jrean rd igqapsA xka/hth dk vaR;ksn; ds ekè;e ls
lokZsn; dk n`f"Vdks.k rHkh çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS tc
dY;k.kdkjh uhfr;ka lekos'kh vkSj lqfunZsf'kr gksaA
lalk/uksa dk foosdiw.kZ mi;ksx% lHkh lkoZtfud lalk/uksa
dk mi;ksx fu"i{k vkSj ikjn'khZ rjhds ls fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
lkoZtfud /u ds de mi;ksx vkSj nq#i;ksx dks jksduk
flfoy lsodksa dk drZO; gSA
gkf'k, ij jgus okys yksxksa ds fy, fo'ks"k çko/ku%
,d flfoy lsod dks ;g lkspuk pkfg, fd mlds dk;ks±
ls lekt ds gkf'k, ij jgus okys oxks± dks dSls ykHk gksxkA
yxkrkj lkoZtfud vkykspuk ls fuiVuk% flfoy lsod
vius dk;ks± ds fy, yxkrkj lkoZtfud vkykspuk ds v/hu
jgrs gSaA ,d flfoy lsod dks ,sls fu.kZ; ysuk can ugha
djuk pkfg, ftlls xjhcksa vkSj oafprksa dks iQk;nk gks] Hkys
gh blds fy, mls vkykspuk dk lkeuk djuk iM+sA
xka/h vkSj lrr fodkl y{;%
i`Foh çR;sd euq"; dh vko';drk dks iwjk djus ds fy, i;kZIr
lalk/u miyC/ djkrh gS] ysfdu fdlh ds ykyp dks iwjk djus
ds fy, ughaA µegkRek xka/h
z ,lMhth dks oguh;rk ij tksj nsus ds dkj.k tkuk tkrk gSA
fLFkjrk dk ;g fopkj xka/hth dh f'k{kkvksa esa Hkh çeq•rk
ls vkrk gSA
ge vkt tks djrs gSa] ogh gekjk Hkfo"; gSA gesa çkÑfrd
lalk/uksa & ty] ok;q] Hkwfe & dks vius iwoZtksa ls fojklr ds
:i esa ugha ns•uk pkfg,A
z xka/hth çkÑfrd lalk/uksa dks gekjh vxyh ih<+h }kjk fn;k
x;k ½.k ekurs FksA
z xka/h dk ekuuk Fkk fd çkS|ksfxdh vkSj uokpkj dks yksxksa
dh lsok esa yxk;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj jkstxkj dh O;kid
laHkkouk,a iSnk djuh pkfg,_ bldk mi;ksx yksxksa dks
Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku
ukSdfj;ksa ls fudkyus vkSj dqN yksxksa ds fy, equkiQk dekus
ds lk/u ds :i esa ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z mUgksaus xzkeh.k jkstxkj vkSj y?kq m|ksxksa dks xjhch mUewyu]
xzkeh.k {ks=kksa dks 'kgjh {ks=kksa ds cjkcj ykus vkSj fodkl dks
LFkkuh; cukus ds lk/u ds :i esa ns•kA
z xka/h th lrr miHkksx vkSj mRiknu ds O;fÙkQxr vH;kl
ds çrhd FksA mUgksaus bl ckr ij tksj fn;k fd nqfu;k dh
fLFkjrk ds fy,] O;fÙkQxr ftEesnkjh egRoiw.kZ gS tSlk fd
,lMhth esa vuqeku yxk;k x;k gSA
z xka/h pkgrs Fks fd euq"; Lo;a bl çfØ;k esa çeq• ifjorZu
dkjd cusaA blh rjg dk fopkj ,lMhth esa varfuZfgr gS_
ifjorZu dk fl¼karA
lrr fodkl ,tsaMk] 2030 dh çeq• vkdka{kk dks blds
lw=kokD; ^yho uks ou fcgkbaM* }kjk n'kkZ;k x;k gSA xka/h
th dk fopkj Fkk] fdlh lekt dh çxfr lcls laosnu'khy
vkSj lcls detksj yksxksa dh fLFkfr ls fu/kZfjr gksuh pkfg,A
5-4-5 veR;Z lsu
veR;Z dqekj lsu ,d Hkkjrh; vFkZ'kkL=kh vkSj nk'kZfud gSa]
ftUgksaus 1972 ls Hkkjr] baXySaM vkSj la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk esa
vè;kiu vkSj dk;Z fd;k gSA muds dqN fopkj bl çdkj gSa%
z lekt dY;k.k% ljdkj dks lkewfgd o`f¼ vkSj fodkl ds
fy, futh vf/dkjksa ds lkFk&lkFk vYila[;d vkdka{kkvksa
ds eqís ij Hkh è;ku nsuk pkfg,A
z ekuo fodkl% mUgksaus çLrko fn;k fd ljdkjksa dks vkfFkZd
eqíksa ij è;ku dsafær djus ds ctk; f'k{kk] lkoZtfud
LokLF;] •k| forj.k vkSj vU; lkekftd ifjorZuksa dks
çkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg,A
z {kerk n`f"Vdks.k% ekSfæd lanHkZ esa ewY;kadu djus ds
ctk;] ljdkj vkSj yksxksa dks dkS'ky] ewY;ksa vkSj dY;k.k
ds fy, uSfrdrk ds fodkl ij è;ku dsafær djuk pkfg,A
z vuqç;ksx% muds fopkjksa dks laxzghr fd;k x;k gS] vkSj
la;qÙkQ jk"Vª us thMhih vkSj th,uih tSls vkfFkZd fodkl
ekunaMksa dks etcwr ds fy, ekuo fodkl lwpdkad cuk;k
gSA
5-4-6 johUæukFk VSxksj
z caxky ds dfo] ys•d] ukVddkj] laxhrdkj] nk'kZfud]
lekt lq/kjd vkSj fp=kdkj johUæukFk VSxksj dk tUe 7
ebZ] 1861 dks dydÙkk esa gqvk FkkA mUuhloha lnh ds var
vkSj chloha lnh dh vkjaHk esa] mUgksaus caxkyh lkfgR; vkSj
laxhr ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; dyk esa ifjorZu ykus ds fy,
çklafxd vk/qfudrkokn dk bLrseky fd;kA
159
z f'k{kk ij VSxksj ds fopkj% VSxksj us ,d ,slh iqLrd dh
dYiuk dh ftlesa iwohZ vkSj if'peh vkn'kks± dk lfEeJ.k
gksA mUgksaus Hkkjrh; n'kZu dk vè;kReokn vkSj if'peh yksxksa
dk çxfr'khy n`f"Vdks.k dks feyk;kA
z çÑfroknh% VSxksj ,d çÑfroknh Fks] vkSj çÑfr lokZsÙke
f'k{kd gSA çÑfr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks os ifjfLFkfr;k¡ çnku djsxh
ftldh mUgsa lh•us dh vko';drk gSA
 fo|kFkhZ ij dqN Hkh lh•us ds fy, dksbZ ckgjh ncko
ugha gksuk pkfg,A çÑfr mlds O;fÙkQRo vkSj n`f"Vdks.k
dks <kysxhA
z f'k{kk esa u, ekud% VSxksj us igyh ckj cPpksa ds fy,
iqLrd& dsafær f'k{kk dks vLohdkj djds Hkkjrh; f'k{kk esa
,d u;k ekud LFkkfir fd;kA
rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k% xka/h vkSj VSxksj
lekurk,¡
z varj lkaLÑfrd n`f"Vdks.k vkSj çHkko FkkA
z thou ds çfr HkkSfrdoknh n`f"Vdks.k ds vkykspd (nksuksa
vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds vkykspd Fks)A
z thou ds vkè;kfRed vk;keksa ij cy fn;kA
z çÑfr ds vuq:i jgus ij tksj fn;k& i;kZoj.kh;
fLFkjrkA
z O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ds leFkZdksa us f'k{kk ds if'peh
ekWMy dk fojks/ fd;kA
dchj
z lar dchj nkl dk tUe mÙkj çns'k ds okjk.klh 'kgj esa
gqvk FkkA og 15oha lnh ds jgL;oknh dfo] lar vkSj lekt
lq/kjd Fks tks HkfÙkQ vkanksyu ds çcy leFkZd FksA
z lfg".kqrk ij dchj ds fopkj% lar dchj us Hkkjrh;
leqnk;ksa] vFkkZr~ fganw vkSj eqlyekuksa] tks cgqla[;d Fks] dks
,dtqV djus dk ç;kl fd;kA
 mUgksaus fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku nksuksa ,d gh feêðh ds
cus gSa ¶tSlh miekvksa dk ç;ksx fd;kA
 mudh f'k{kk,a vc fo'ks"k :i ls çklafxd gSa tc nqfu;k
Hkj esa /kfeZd la?k"kZ c<+ jgs gSaA
z Kku ij dchj ds fopkj% dchj Kku ds fodkl ij
tksj fn;kA
160
z O;kogkfjd vkSj okLrfod f'k{kk% VSxksj dk ekuuk Fkk
fd f'k{kk Ñf=ke vkSj vdknfed ds ctk; O;kogkfjd
vkSj okLrfod gksuh pkfg,A f'k{kk dks fuLlansg f'k{kkFkhZ dh
jpukRed {kerk esa lq/kj djuk pkfg,A
z 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe esa yfyr dyk,¡% VSxksj us vius 'kSf{kd
dk;ZØe esa yfyr dykvksa dks mPp egRo fn;kA •sy] u`R;]
laxhr] jaxeap] fp=kdyk vkfn tSlh xfrfof/;k¡ f'k{kkçn
ekuh tkrh FkhaA
z f'k{kk ds ekè;e ls xjhch mUewyu% VSxksj gekjs ns'k dh
xzkeh.k xjhch ls voxr FksA ifj.kkeLo:i] mUgksaus f'k{kk
ds ekè;e ls bls nwj djus dh ekax dhA fofHkUu f'kYiksa esa
çkIr O;kogkfjd çf'k{k.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i Nk=k vius {ks=k
esa fo'ks"kK dkjhxj cu tk,axsA
varj
z xka/hth us pj•k vkSj Lons'kh ij tksj fn;k vkSj VSxksj oSf'od
vFkZO;oLFkk ds lkFk ,dhdj.k esa fo'okl djrs FksA
z xka/hth Hkkjr&dsafær jk"Vªokn ds çcy leFkZd Fks _ tcfd çFke
fo'o ;q¼ ds ckn VSxksj dk n`f"Vdks.k cny x;k_ tc mUgsa
,glkl gqvk fd jk"Vªokn us ekuork ds cqfu;knh vkn'kks± vkSj
/u vkSj tehu ij dCtk djus ds rjhds dk mYya?ku fd;kA
z xka/hth us vkRefuHkZjrk dh odkyr dh_ VSxksj us çse vkSj
lg;ksx ij vk/kfjr Lons'kh lekt dk ç;ksx fd;kA
 ¶vxj eSa lp cksyrk gwa] rks yksx eq>s ekjus ds fy,
nkSM+ iM+rs gSa] ysfdu vxj eSa >wB cksyrk gwa] rks os
eq> ij Hkjkslk djrs gSa]¸ ,slk og vius nksgksa ds lkFk
foLrkj ls crkrs gSaA
 ;g Lo;a ds fy, çkekf.kd Kku çkIr djus dh
vko';drk dks n'kkZrk gSA
 orZeku le; esa Hkh] dbZ yksx dM+oh lPpkbZ ls mísfyr
gSa] ysfdu vius fopkjksa ds vuq:i >wB vkSj eè;erk
dks lgu djus dks rS;kj gSaA
z tkfr O;oLFkk vkSj dqçFkk fojks/h% dchj tkfr O;oLFkk
ds dêðj fojks/h FksA
 mUgksaus bl ckr ij tksj fn;k fd bZ'oj us lcdks leku
cuk;k gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
  mUgksaus vius f'k";ksa dks NqvkNwr] Å¡p&uhp dh Hkkouk
vkfn vekuoh; çFkkvksa dks R;kxus ds fy, çksRlkfgr
fd;kA
 og iRFkj dh ewfrZ;ksa dh iwtk vkSj dbZ nsoh&nsorkvksa
dh iwtk ds lkFk&lkFk /kfeZd vuq"Bkuksa vkSj lekjksgksa
ds Hkh fojks/h FksA
z d#.kk% dchj ik•aM ds dêðj fojks/h Fks vkSj nksgjs ekunaM
j•us okyksa dks Lohdkj ugha djrs FksA
 mUgksaus yxkrkj vU; thoksa ds çfr n;k vkSj 'kq¼ çse dks
c<+kok fn;kA ftldh vktdy FkksM+h deh gSA
z HkkbZpkjs dh vVwV dM+h% mUgksaus vius vklikl vkn'kks±
vkSj fo'oklksa dks dk;e j•us okys lH; yksxksa dks lkFk
j•us dh vko';drk dks js•kafdr fd;k] vkSj mUgksaus bl
ckr ij tksj fn;k fd çse gh ,dek=k ,slk ekè;e gS tks
iwjh ekuo tkfr dks HkkbZpkjs dh vVwV dM+h esa ,dtqV
djus esa l{ke gSA
 mUgksaus lHkh ls 'k=kqrk R;kx dj lHkh ds çfr çse viukus
dk vkÞoku fd;kA vR;f/d miHkksÙkQkokn vkt nqfu;k
ij Hkkjh iM+ jgk gSA
5-4-7 jktk jke eksgu jk;
z osnkar n'kZu% mUgksaus osnkar n'kZu dks iquthZfor djds fganw
/eZ dks :f<+okn vkSj va/fo'okl ls eqÙkQ djus dk ç;kl
fd;kA mUgksaus vko';d /kfeZd fl¼karksa ds :i esa Kku]
vkReKku vkSj vkè;kfRedrk dh odkyr dhA
z ekuorkokn vkSj ekuoh; ewY;% jkW; 'kkafr] 'kkyhurk]
n;kyqrk vkSj U;k; tSls ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds dêðj leFkZd FksA
mUgksaus xjhcksa] detksjksa vkSj gkf'k;s ij iM+s yksxksa ds dY;k.k
ds fy, dke fd;k D;ksafd mudk ekuuk Fkk fd gj fdlh
dks •q'kgky thou thus dk vf/dkj gSA
z f'k{kk% jkW; ,d f'k{kkfon~ Fks ftUgksaus if'peh rduhdh
f'k{kk dks ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; ikBÔØe esa 'kkfey djus dh
odkyr dhA mUgksaus caxky esa 1825 esa osnkar dkWyst dh
LFkkiuk dh vkSj fganw dkWyst dh LFkkiuk esa MsfoM gs;j
dk lg;ksx fd;kA
z ,ds'ojokn% jkW; us bZ'oj dh ,d gksus dh ?kks"k.kk dh
vkSj dgk fd lHkh /eZ ,d gh vafre lR; vkSj eks{k ds
vyx&vyx jkLrs gSaA
z loZns'kh;okn% jkW; fofHkUu jk"Vªksa ds yksxksa dks ,d cM+s
ifjokj dh mi&bdkb;ksa ds :i esa ns•rs Fks tks ,d nwljs
ij fuHkZj gSa vkSj mUgsa yksd dY;k.k ds fy, feydj dke
djuk pkfg,A jkW; us Úkalhlh jk"Vªokfn;ksa dk leFkZu fd;k
Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku
vkSj baXySaM tkus ds fy, leqæ ikj u djus dh ijaijk dk
mYya?ku djus okys igys O;fÙkQ FksA
z rdZokn vkSj vk/qfudrk% :lks dh rjg] jkW; us lokZsÙke
dk;Z dks fu/kZfjr djus esa ijaijk vkSj va/fo'okl dh rqyuk
esa rdZ vkSj rdZlaxrrk dks vf/d egRoiw.kZ ekukA jkW; dks
¶vk/qfud Hkkjr ds tud¸ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS D;ksafd
mUgksaus lkekftd ifjorZu vkSj mRFkku ds ,d lk/u ds :i
esa vk/qfud f'k{kk ij tksj fn;k FkkA
z lq/kjoknh% jkW; lkekftd ifjorZu dks lkekftd çxfr
vkSj jk"Vªh; le`f¼ çkIr djus dk lk/u ekurs FksA
 mUgksaus yksxksa dks laxfBr djds] ljdkj ls iSjoh djds]
'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk djds] Lo;alsoh laxBu
cukdj lkekftd ifjorZu ds fy, dk;Z fd;kA
 jkW; us efgykvksa dh leL;kvksa tSls fo/ok iqufoZokg]
lgefr dh mez] lrh çFkk vkfn dk lek/ku djus dh
odkyr dhA
 blls lrh çFkk ij jksd vkSj cgqfookg ij jksd tSls
lq/kjkRed dkuwu ikfjr gq,A
5-4-8 bZ'ojpan fo|klkxj
z ekuorkokn vkSj {kerk% mUgksaus tksj fn;k fd uSfrd
O;ogkj ekuoh; xfjek dk lEeku djrk gS vkSj çR;sd
O;fÙkQ dks viuh iwjh {kerk çkIr djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
 çR;sd euq"; dh dqN cqfu;knh vko';drk,¡ vkSj
vf/dkj gksrs gSa ftUgsa iwjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
 euq"; dks ijaijk dh lk/kj.k oLrq ds :i esa ugha]
cfYd vius HkkX; fu;a=kd ds :i esa ns•k tk ldrk gSA
z f'k{kk dk egRo% fo|klkxj f'k{kk dks yksxksa vkSj lekt
dh çxfr dh dqath ds :i esa ns•rs FksA
 fo|klkxj us lkspk fd vè;;u vkSj fopkjksa dks O;kid
cukuk yksxksa esa lEeku vkSj Lora=krk dh Hkkouk iSnk
djus dk lcls vPNk rjhdk gS] tks mUgsa Lora=krk vkSj
fodkl ds fy, çsfjr djrk gSA
 fo|klkxj us bl dkj.k ls fupyh tkfr;ksa vkSj oafprksa
ds fy, ,d laLÑr dkWyst dh LFkkiuk dhA
z lq/kjoknh% mUgksaus lkekftd ifjorZu dks lkekftd vkSj
jk"Vªh; fodkl dh iwokZis{kk ekukA
 mudk ekuuk Fkk fd usr`Ro djuk vkSj çxfr ds fy,
ç;kl djuk f'kf{kr vkSj l{ke yksxksa dk nkf;Ro gSA
z ySafxd lekurk% fo|klkxj ,d d:.kk ân; vkSj lkekftd
fpard FksA og ySafxd lekurk ds fy, lkekftd ifjorZuksa
esa vxz.kh FksA
161
  mUgksaus fo/ok iqufoZokg] ckfydk f'k{kk vkSj cgqfookg
vkSj cky fookg dks lekIr djus dh odkyr dhA
z fo}ku vkSj f'k{kd% muds O;kid vkSj xgu 'kS{kf.kd Kku
ds fy, mUgsa ^fo|klkxj* (Kku dk egklkxj) miuke ls
lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA
 mUgksaus cksukZs iksfjpkW; tSlh çfl¼ jpuk,¡ Hkh fy•haA
fo|klkxj laLÑr dkWyst ds çkpk;Z Fks vkSj mUgksaus dbZ
'kSf{kd vkSj ç'kklfud lq/kj fd;sA
 mUgksaus tsbZMh csF;wu dh 1849 esa] igyk efgyk Ldwy]
csF;wu Ldwy LFkkfir djus esa Hkh enn dhA
5-4-9 MkW chvkj vacsMdj
z MkW- chvkj vacsMdj Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds çkFkfed okLrqdkjksa
esa ls ,d FksA og ,d çfl¼ jktuhfrK vkSj mRÑ"V
U;k;fon~ FksA NqvkNwr vkSj tkfrxr lhekvksa tSlh leL;kvksa
dks •Re djus ds vEcsMdj ds ç;kl mRÑ"V FksA vius iwjs
thou esa] nfyrksa vkSj vU; lkekftd :i ls oafpr lewgksa
ds vf/dkjksa ds fy, yM+kbZ yM+hA
z vafre] •ks, gq, vkSj lcls de% vacsMdj us ^vafre]
•ks, gq, vkSj lcls de* yksxksa ds fy, U;k; dh ekax dh
vkSj Hkkjr ds fganw vNwrksa vkSj vU; tkfr;ksa ds ,d çdkj
ds Økafrdkjh usrk ds :i esa mHkjsA
z 'kwæ dkSu Fks% mUgksaus rdZ fn;k fd tkfr O;oLFkk] ftlus
czkã.kksa vkSj vU; mPp tkfr;ksa }kjk 'kwæksa vkSj vNwrksa dks
m¼`r djus ds fy, ekgkSy çnku fd;k] Hkkjr esa lkekftd
U;k; dh fdlh Hkh deh dk vk/kj FkhA
z lkekftd fu"i{krk çkIr djuk% mudk fopkj Fkk fd
tkfr mUewyu ds ekè;e ls lkekftd fu"i{krk çkIr fd,
fcuk Hkkjr esa dksbZ Hkh yksdra=k LFkkfir ugha fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
 ifj.kkeLo:i] mUgksaus ,d ,slk in pquk tks dkaxzsl vkSj
xka/h nksuksa ds fcYdqy foijhr FkkA
z lkekftd U;k; dk vHkko% mudk ekuuk Fkk fd tkfr
O;oLFkk ds ifj.kkeLo:i lkekftd U;k; dh deh dks
mPp tkfr;ksa }kjk dHkh Hkh lekIr ugha fd;k tk,xk D;ksafd
;g muds fgrksa dh iwfrZ djrh gS] vkSj fdlh Hkh if'peh
'kSyh dh ç.kkyh }kjk Hkh ugha D;ksafd fo/kf;dk ls ysdj
lHkh laLFkk,¡ U;k;ikfydk ij mPp tkfr;ksa dk opZLo gksxk
tks ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, O;oLFkk esa gsjiQsj vkSj
fu;a=k.k djsaxs fd 'kwæksa vkSj vNwrksa dk mRFkku u gksA
z vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k% mudk ;g Hkh ekuuk Fkk fd pw¡fd tkfr
O;oLFkk dh vkfFkZd 'kks"k.kdkjh cqfu;kn ls Åaph tkfr;ksa
162
dks cgqr iQk;nk gqvk] blfy, os dHkh Hkh fLFkfr dks cnyus
ds fy, rS;kj ugha gksaxsA
z laoS/kfud xkjaVh% blhfy, mUgksaus fo/kf;dk ls ysdj
vnkyrksa rd yksdrkaf=kd laLFkkvksa esa fupyh tkfr;ksa vkSj
nfyrksa ds fy, laoS/kfud xkjaVh vkSj lh/h Hkkxhnkjh dh
ekax dhA
lekurk dk vf/dkj (vuqPNsn 14&18)] thou vkSj
Lora=krk dk vf/dkj (vuqPNsn 21)] cksyus vkSj vfHkO;fÙkQ
dh Lora=krk (vuqPNsn 19)] jktuhfrd vf/dkj (o;Ld
erkf/dkj vkSj pqukoh çfØ;k esa Hkkx ysus dk vf/dkj) vkSj
fofHkUu ekè;eksa ls lkekftd lekos'ku dks MkW- vEcsMdj }
kjk tkfrxr igpku] fyax] uLy ;k ewy dh ijokg fd, fcuk
lHkh ds fy, cqfu;knh çkÑfrd vkSj ekuokf/dkj lqfuf'pr
djus ds fy, Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA
tkfr igpku vkSj lkekftd n`f"Vdks.k ij vEcsMdj
ds fopkj%
z nfyr 'kCn T;ksfrck iQqys }kjk x<+k x;k Fkk] iQyLo:i
mRihM+u ds bl çrhd dks vEcsMdj us vLohdkj dj
fn;k (gky gh esa bl laca/ esa lqçhe dksVZ esa ;kfpdk,a
nk;j dh xbZ gSa fd lkoZtfud mi;ksx esa vuqlwfpr tkfr
dk uke çfrLFkkfir fd;k tk,)_ ftUgksaus fganw lekt ds
Hkhrj vkfFkZd vkSj 'kSf{kd :i ls fujk'k fganqvksa dks vyx
djus ds fy, xksyest lEesyu (1930 ds n'kd) vkSj ml
vof/ ds nkSjku vk;ksftr tux.kuk ds nkSjku ckgjh tkfr;ka
;k cfg"Ñr tkfr;ka tSls 'kCnksa dk çLrko j•k FkkA
z ;g vuqHko djuk vke ckr gS fd dqN uke dqN jk"Vªksa
vkSj Hkkoukvksa ls tqM+ tkrs gSa] tks euq";ksa vkSj phtksa ds
çfr fdlh O;fÙkQ ds n`f"Vdks.k dks fu/kZfjr djrs gSaA (tkfr
dk mUewyu] vEcsMdj] 1936)] czkã.k] {kf=k;] oS'; tSls
'kCn vkSj 'kwæ tkfr&vk/kfjr inkuqØe (fdlh ds tUe
ds dkj.k) ij vk/kfjr ,d lkekftd igpku ls tqM+s gSaA
z iqjkus uke dks tkjh j•uk lq/kj dks fujFkZd cukuk gS_
prqoZ.kZ dks vuqefr nsuk lkekftd foHkktu dk lwpd gSA
z vNwrksa ds çfr Åaph tkfr ds fganqvksa dk lkekftd joS;k
uke esa gh varfuZfgr gS (fganqvksa ls nwj] vacsMdj }kjk
fuca/)A
z vNwr tkurs gSa fd tkfr@O;olk;&vk/kfjr igpku ukeksa
dks tkjh j•us ls mUgsa lkekftd iwokZxzg dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gS_ blfy, os jfonkl] ckYehfd tSls ukeksa dks j•uk
ilan djrs gSa ;k vkfnæfonkl tks lqj{kkRed efyufdj.k
ls xqtjus dh çfØ;k ls tqM+k gks ldrk gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
5-4-10 oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy
z cqfu;knh vf/dkj vkSj Lora=krk% mudk n`<+ fo'okl Fkk
fd cqfu;knh vf/dkj vkSj Lora=krk O;fÙkQxr vkSj jk"Vªh;
fodkl nksuksa ds fy, egRoiw.kZ FksA
z 'kks"k.k vkSj lÙkk dh euekuh% mUgksaus yxkrkj 'kks"k.k]
ljdkj ds vuqfpr djksa vkSj fj;klrksa esa dqçca/u dh
vkykspuk dhA
z euekus <ax ls tCrh dk fojks/ fd;k% mUgksaus laifÙk
dh vU;k;iw.kZ tCrh dk fojks/ fd;k vkSj Hkwfe lq/kj vkSj
egRoiw.kZ O;olk;ksa ds jk"Vªh;dj.k ij fu;eksa dh odkyr
dhA
z fganw /eZ dks vk/qfud cuk;k% fganw /eZ dks vk/qfud
cukus vkSj vU; /eks± ds O;fÙkQ;ksa dh lqj{kk ds muds ç;klksa
us /kfeZd Lora=krk dh mudh bPNk dks çnf'kZr fd;kA
z jktuhfrd ewY; ç.kkyh% ifj.kkeLo:i] mudh jktuhfrd
ewY; ç.kkyh mnkjokn] :f<+okn vkSj dY;k.k dk ,d
mRÑ"V feJ.k FkhA
z jk"Vªokn vkSj ns'kHkfÙkQ% muds fopkj esa] jkT; dk xBu
vkSj j•j•ko jk"Vªokn vkSj ns'kHkfÙkQ dh etcwr Hkkouk ls
gqvk FkkA
z O;fÙkQxr Lora=krk% ;g lafo/ku ds çko/kuksa ds vuq:i
Fkk] ,d jk"Vª&jkT; cukuk Fkk] mUgksaus fiNM+s leqnk;ksa vkSj
efgykvksa dh eqfÙkQ ds fy, ncko Mkyk] vkSj xka/hoknh
jpukRed dk;ZØe ds ekè;e ls fganw&eqfLye ,drk LFkkfir
djus ds fy, vkSj lkekftd ,dhdj.k vkSj jktuhfrd
ykecanh ds fy, mPp tkfr;k¡ dk mUgksaus dq'kyrkiwoZd
mi;ksx fd;kA
z Hkkouk vkSj dk;Z esa ekuorkoknh% mUgksaus ,d jk"Vª
dks ,sls ns'k ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tks ¶lajpuk esa
yksdrkaf=kd] uhao esa jk"Vªoknh] vkSj Hkkouk vkSj dk;Z esa
ekuorkoknh gksA¸ iVsy us 'kjkc ds lsou] vLi`';rk]
tkfrxr iwokZxzg vkSj efgykvksa dh Lora=krk ds f•ykiQ
xqtjkr vkSj vU; txgksa ij tksjnkj vfHk;ku pyk;kA
5-4-11 ,ihts vCnqy dyke
z voqy ikfdj tSuqykCnhu vCnqy dyke chvkj ,d Hkkjrh;
,;jksLisl oSKkfud vkSj jktusrk Fks] ftUgksaus 2002 ls 2007
rd Hkkjr ds 11osa jk"Vªifr ds :i esa dk;Z fd;kA mudk
tUe vkSj ikyu&iks"k.k rfeyukMq ds jkes'oje esa gqvk
vkSj mUgksaus HkkSfrdh vkSj ,;jksLisl bathfu;fjax dk vè;;u
fd;kA
Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku
z 'kklu% dyke ds vuqlkj] bls bl ckr ls ekik tkrk gS fd
;g yksxksa dh ekaxksa ds çfr fdruk lfØ; vkSj mÙkjnk;h gSA
 'kklu dks O;fÙkQ;ksa dks uSfrd :i ls bZekunkj] ckSf¼d
:i ls Js"B vkSj mPp xq.koÙkk okyk thou thus esa
lgk;rk djuh pkfg,A
 ;g Kku vtZu vkSj lao/Zu ds ekè;e ls çkIr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
z dyke us ,d lkekftd fxzM fodflr djus dk lq>ko
fn;k ftlesa ,d Kku fxzM] LokLF; fxzM vkSj bZ&xouZsal fxzM
'kkfey gSa tks iwjk fxzM esa iQhM djrs gSaA
Kku fxzM
;g ukxfjdksa dks yksdrkaf=kd rjhds ls mfpr Kku ds lkFk
l'kÙkQ cuk,xk] ftlls ,d Kku lekt dk fodkl lqfuf'pr
gksxkA
LokLF; fxzM
xq.koÙkkiw.kZ LokLF; lsokvksa dk ykHk t:jreanksa rd igqapsA
blls muds thou dh xq.koÙkk esa o`f¼ gksxh vkSj O;fÙkQxr
mRikndrk esa o`f¼ gksxhA blls ns'k dk fodkl rsth ls gksxkA
bZ&xous±l fxzM
ljdkjh lsokvksa esa ikjnf'kZrk vk,xh vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr gksxk
fd os ek=kk ;k xq.koÙkk esa deh fd, fcuk lHkh yksxksa rd
leku :i ls igqapsaA
dyke dh ik¡p lw=kh 'kiFk&
1- eSa ftl {ks=k esa lsok djrk gwa ogka ds yksxksa esa 'kr&çfr'kr
lk{kjrk lqfuf'pr djus dk ç;kl d:axk] lkFk gh fdlh
Hkh cPps dks Ldwy ls nwj ugha jgus nwaxkA
2- eSa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kj ykus vkSj yM+fd;ksa vkSj
yM+dksa ds fy, ySafxd lekurk gkfly djus dk ç;kl
d:axkA
3- eSa ;g lqfuf'pr d:axk fd dksbZ Hkh eq>s Hkz"Vkpkj ds
ykyp esa iQalus ds fy, jkth u dj ldsA
4- eSa fdlh Hkh ftys esa vius dk;Zdky ds nkSjku de ls de
,d yk• isM+ yxkÅaxk vkSj mudk j•j•ko d:axkA
5- eSa ml ftys esa de ls de ikap PURA ifjljksa dks iwjk
djus dk ç;kl d:axk tgka eq>s fu;qÙkQ fd;k x;k gS] lkFk
gh xzkeh.k daifu;ksa dh LFkkiuk ds ekè;e ls de ls de
25» vkcknh ds fy, ukSdjh dh laHkkouk,a iSnk d:axkA
163

dyke ds vuqlkj] flfoy lsodksa dks
iratfy ds çsjd 'kCnksa dks ges'kk
;kn j•uk pkfg, (;ksx lw=k ls)
tc vki fdlh egku mís';] fdlh vlk/kj.k ifj;kstuk ls
çsfjr gksrs gSa] rks vkids lHkh fopkj vius ca/u rksM+ nsrs
gSa% vkidk eu lhekvksa dks ikj dj tkrk gS] vkidh psruk
gj fn'kk esa iQSy tkrh gS] vkSj vki •qn dks ,d ubZ] egku
vkSj vn~Hkqr nqfu;k esa ikrs gSaA lqIr 'kfÙkQ;k¡] {kerk,¡ vkSj
çfrHkk,¡ thfor gks tkrh gSa] vkSj vki vius vki dks mlls
dgha vf/d egku O;fÙkQ ikrs gSa ftruk vkius dHkh lius
esa Hkh ugha lkspk FkkA
5-5 Hkkjrh; ç'kkld
5-5-1 bZ Jh/ju
z ,yêðqoykfiy Jh/ju Hkkjrh; jkT; dsjy ds ,d Hkkjrh;
bathfu;j vkSj jktuhfrK gSaA mUgsa Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud ifjogu
dk psgjk cnyus dk Js; fn;k tkrk gS
z mUgsa ¶Hkkjr dk esVªks eSu¸ Hkh dgk tkrk gS] mUgksaus Hkkjr
esa lkoZtfud ifjogu dks fiQj ls ifjHkkf"kr djus dh fn'kk
esa dke fd;kA
z lkE;rk% muds liQy m|eksa esa ls ,d fnYyh esVªks Fkk]
tgka mUgksaus lHkh ds fy, mfpr fVdV vkSj efgykvksa ds
fy, lqjf{kr ifjogu dh is'kd'k dhA
z dk;ZLFky uSfrdrk% mudk rdZ gS] ¶dk;ZLFky uSfrdrk ,d
etcwjh gS] fodYi ughaA¸ mUgksaus dk;ZLFky esa le;c¼rk]
O;kolkf;drk vkSj ;ksX;rk dh vko';drk ij cy fn;kA
z n`<+rk% xst dh ilan ij jsy ea=kh ds lkFk vlgefr ds
ckotwn] og mPpre Lrj ds dksad.k jsyos dk fuekZ.k djus
esa liQy jgsA viuh yxu vkSj n`<+rk ls mUgksaus ea=kh dks
euk fy;kA
5-5-2 Vh,u 'ks"ku
z og rfeyukMq dSMj ds ,d vkbZ,,l vf/dkjh Fks ftUgksaus
Hkkjr esa pqukoh ç.kkyh ij vius izkf/dkj dh eqgj yxkbZA
z usr`Ro% mUgksaus dbZ pqukoh xM+cfM+;ksa dk irk yxk;k] ftuesa
nks"kiw.kZ pquko ukekoyh] cwFk ij dCtk] pquko çpkj vkfn
'kkfey gSaA blds ckn mUgksaus lHkh rRoksa ij n`<+rk ls dke
fd;k vkSj vf/dkfj;ksa ds vuqlj.k ds fy, ekud LFkkfir
fd,A
164
z vuq'kklu% og dkuwu ds çfr viuh vfMx çfrc¼rk ds
fy, tkus tkrs FksA mUgksaus lqfuf'pr fd;k fd muds lg;ksxh
dehZ vkSj jktusrk fu;eksa dk ikyu djsaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] 1994 esa] mUgksaus ç/ku ea=kh dks
pqukoh dnkpkj ds fy, nks ekStwnk dSfcusV eaf=k;ksa dks
c•kZLr djus dh fliQkfj'k dhA
 mudh i¼fr dks 'kwU; foyac vkSj 'kwU; deh n`f"Vdks.k
ds :i esa tkuk tkrk FkkA
z uoksUes"kh% og pqukoksa ds nkSjku vkn'kZ vkpkj lafgrk dks
çHkkoh <ax ls ykxw djus okys igys O;fÙkQ Fks] tks vc
Hkkjrh; pqukoksa dh ,d vfHkUu fo'ks"krk cu xbZ gSA
5-5-3 MkW Vh v#.k] vkbZ,,l
z buksosfVo] VsDuksØsV% mUgksaus ,d ,si cuk;k ftldk
mi;ksx iqMqpsjh esa rkykcksa] >hyksa vkSj 206 fdyksehVj
yach ugjksa lfgr 198 ty lqfo/kvksa dks iquthZfor djus
ds fy, fd;k x;k gSA ;g ,si ^uhj if/oq* ft;ksVSfxax]
vf}rh; vkbZMh uacj] rkykcksa ij thvkbZ,l vkSj v{kka'k
vkSj ns'kkarj funZs'kkad }kjk ty fudk;ksa ds fMftVyhdj.k
esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
z i;kZoj.kfon~% fjeksV lsaflax mixzgksa dk mi;ksx djds]
,si Hkwty Lrj] feêðh dh ueh dh ek=kk vkSj vkdkj dh
fLFkfr dks viMsV djrk gSA dk;ZØe u dsoy dk;kdYi
çfØ;k dks rst djus esa enn djrk gS] cfYd ;g Hkh
lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd yksx ty fudk;ksa dks çnwf"kr u djsa
;k vfrØe.k u djsaA
5-5-4 ,l lhje laHkkf'kok
z d#.kk% mUgksaus n;k Hkko ls vkJ; x`gksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj
lapkyu ds fy, mn;e pkSfjVscy lkslkbVh dh LFkkiuk
dhA mudk ,d mís'; jkT; dh ^uEeqMs dksf>dksM* fodkl
ifj;kstuk ds fgLls ds :i esa lM+d ij jgus okyksa ds fy,
vkJ; x`g miyC/ djkuk FkkA fiNys 18 eghuksa esa] bl
igy us yxHkx 1]500 cs?kj yksxksa dks lM+dksa ls gVkdj
fofHkUu vkJ; ?kjksa esa igqapk;k gSA
z drZO;ijk;.krk] lsok ds çfr leiZ.k vkSj d#.kk%
blds vykok] ftyk ç'kklu us cs?kjksa dks muds ifjokjksa ls
feykus ds lkFk&lkFk dkS'ky çf'k{k.k vkSj ukSdjh ds volj
çnku djus dh ftEesnkjh Hkh yhA
z ekuork% yxHkx 1]000 dSfn;ksa dks vU; phtksa ds vykok
cky dVkus] ltZjh] ijke'kZ vkSj fpfdRlk tkap ds ekè;e
ls mudh HkykbZ ds fy, Hkkstu vkSj ns•Hkky çnku dh xbZA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z uoksUes"kh vkSj n;kyq% ftuds ikl vkbZMh dkMZ ugha Fks
mUgsa u, dkMZ fn, x,] vkSj mUgsa fLFkj vk; vftZr djus
esa lgk;rk ds fy, ,d lk{kjrk dk;ZØe] ^Kkuksn;e* ds
lkFk&lkFk çek.ku ijh{kk Hkh vk;ksftr dh xbZA
5-5-5 'kkfyuh vxzoky
z uoksUes"kh fopkj% oMksnjk esa ikuh dh xaHkhj deh dh
leL;k ds lek/ku ds fy,] mUgksaus Ldwyksa esa o"kkZ ty
lap;u LFkkfir djus dk ,d ljy lek/ku rS;kj fd;k]
ftlls yk•ksa Nk=kksa dks gj lky 10 djksM+ yhVj ikuh cpkus
esa enn feyhA
z o"kkZ dky fuf/% bls 2020 esa ykWUp fd;k x;k Fkk] vkSj
;g Nr ls o"kkZ ty ,d=k djrk gS vkSj bls ikbi ds
ekè;e ls tehu esa ,d d{k esa Hkstrk gSA fiQj cksjosy esa
ikuh dks pkSEcj }kjk fiQYVj djds fjlk;k tkrk gS] ftlls
çR;{k Hkwty iquHkZj.k lqfuf'pr gksrk gSA
z usr`Ro% ¶iwjs oMksnjk esa fofHkUu dk;Z'kkyk,¡] çfr;ksfxrk,¡
vkSj dk;ZØe vk;ksftr fd, x,] tgk¡ cPpksa us czkaM
,acslMj ds :i esa dke fd;k vkSj yksxksa dks laj{k.k ds
egRo ij f'kf{kr fd;k x;kA
5-5-6 MkW vkn'kZ flag
z usr`Ro% mUgksaus xzkeh.kksa dks tkx:d djus] vfrØe.k gVkus]
dpjk Mafiax de djus vkSj unh rV ij •qys esa 'kkSp ij
jksd yxkus tSls dne mBk,A ftyk vf/dkjh us fuokfl;ksa
dks •qys esa 'kkSp vkSj unh esa dpjk fuiVku ds ckjs esa Hkh
f'kf{kr fd;kA
z vk;kstd] uoksUes"kh fopkj% mUgksaus ykWdMkmu dk mi;ksx
ftys dh ,d ejrh gqbZ unh dks iquthZfor djus ds fy,
fd;k] ftlesa mu yksxksa dks jkstxkj fn;k x;k] ftUgksaus
dksfoM&19 egkekjh ds dkj.k viuh vkthfodk •ks nh FkhA
z foosd% ,sls le; esa tc cgqr ls yksx viuh ukSdfj;k¡
•ks jgs Fks vkSj cM+s iSekus ij osru dVkSrh dk lkeuk dj
jgs Fks] MkW vkn'kZ us i;kZoj.k ladV dk lek/ku djus ds
lkFk&lkFk jkstxkj l`tu ds volj dk Hkh ykHk mBk;kA
5-5-7 vuqie 'kekZ
z le>nkjh% ck;ksxSl la;a=k eka 'kkjnk nsoh eafnj çca/u
lfefr ds o`¼kJe dh dqN t:jrksa dks iwjk djus esa enn
djrk gS] tgka ;g fuokfl;ksa ds fy, lqcg vkSj 'kke dh
pk; rS;kj djus ds fy, i;kZIr xSl mRiUu djrk gSA ;g
ifjlj esa mRiUu gksus okys xhys dpjs dks de djus esa Hkh
enn djrk gSA
Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku
z usr`Ro% y{; xzkeh.kksa ds fy, jkstxkj ds volj iSnk djus
esa enn djuk Fkk vkSj lkFk gh mRiUu IykfLVd dpjs dk
dq'kyrkiwoZd çca/u djuk FkkA
z vfHkuo n`f"Vdks.k% ou foHkkx us yxHkx ik¡p yk• ikS/s
yxk,] ftuesa ls çR;sd IykfLVd dh FkSyh esa yisVk gqvk
vk;kA
z i;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy% bl rF; ds ckotwn fd yxHkx
5]000 fdyks IykfLVd dpjk tek gks x;k Fkk] ;g
i;kZoj.kh; mís';ksa ds fy, leiZ.k dk Hkko ifjyf{kr
djrk gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i eSgj ds rhu xkaoksa ds fy,
nh?kZdkfyd jkstxkj ds volj iSnk djus ds fy, 5000
fdyksxzke IykfLVd dpjs dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA
5-5-8 /eZ flag eh.kk
z i;kZoj.k ds fy, fpark% mÙkjk•aM vkSj fgeky; miegk}hi
esa çkÑfrd >juksa dk yqIr gksuk fpark dk dkj.k gSA çHkkxh;
ou vf/dkjh /je flag eh.kk us bl ij è;ku fn;k vkSj
bldk lek/ku djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA
z usr`Ro% mUgksaus vkSj mudh Vhe us fVgjh x<+oky esa 66
fgeky;h >juksa dks iquthZfor djus dk dk;Z fd;k tks 23
xkaoksa esa ,d yk• ls vf/d yksxksa dks LFkk;h ty vkiwfrZ
çnku dj jgk gSA
5-5-9 nkeksnj xkSre lokax
z lekos'kh% efgykvksa ds fy, fn'kk eksckby ,si tkjh fd;k
x;k vkSj ikap eghuksa esa blds 12-57 yk• MkmuyksM
gq,A
z VsDuksØsV vkSj buksosVj% Hkkjr ds 'kh"kZ Mhthih ukfer]
mUgksaus vka/z iqfyl foHkkx esa fofHkUu rduhdh uokpkjksa dks
ykxw fd;k gS ftlls ,iQvkbZvkj] f'kdk;rsa vkSj ,lvks,l
vuqjks/ ntZ djuk vklku vkSj rst gks x;k gSA
z •qykiu vkSj tokcnsgh% çkS|ksfxdh dh çxfr us foHkkxksa esa
ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh c<+kus esa lgk;rk dh gSA vf/dkjh
}kjk ,d ubZ iQkby çca/u ç.kkyh dh 'kq:vkr ls tkap dh
xfr vkSj 85 çfr'kr ekeyksa dks iwjk djus esa lgk;rk feyhA
z tu&dsafær vkSj mi;ksxdrkZ&vuqdwy% ,ih iqfyl lsok
uked ,d eksckby ,fIyds'ku LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk] vkSj
ikap eghuksa ds Hkhrj] 2]64]000 ,iQvkbZvkj MkmuyksM
dh xbZaA
5-5-10 MkW laxzke flag ikfVy
z d#.kk% iqfyl v/h{kd MkW- laxzke flag ikfVy }kjk 'kq:
fd;k x;k ,d dk;ZØe ftlus xqêðh dks;k vkfnoklh
165
 tutkfr ds 5000 ls vf/d lnL;ksa dks LokLF; ns•Hkky
esa csgrj igqap çkIr djus esa lgk;rk dh gSA
z çHkkoh lalk/u çca/u% 2019 ls] MkW laxzke us ftys dh
100 ls vf/d cfLr;ksa ds 5]000 ls vf/d vkfnokfl;ksa
dks iks"k.k dh deh] gheksXyksfcu] Ropk vkSj vU; lacaf/r
chekfj;ksa tSlh fofHkUu fparkvksa ls fuiVus esa lgk;rk dh gSA
 bl vf/dkjh ds ç;klksa ls vkfnoklh leqnk; ds lnL;ksa
dks 7 yk• #i;s dh fpfdRlk lgk;rk çkIr gqbZ gSA
5-5-11 lkaFkk 'khyk uk;j
z lkaFkk 'khyk uk;j% 1973 cSp dh vkbZ,,l vf/dkjh]
uk;j dks ,d dq'ky ç'kkld ekuk tkrk gSA mUgsa 2000 ds
n'kd dh 'kq#vkr esa o"kkZ ty lap;u dks vfuok;Z cukdj]
çR;sd ?kj esa fo'ks"k VSad vkSj ikbi LFkkfir djds psUubZ dks
ty ladV ls cpkus dk Js; fn;k tkrk gSA
5-5-12 v#.kk lqanjjktu
z ,d fctusloqeu dh rjg lksprh gS% iQksClZ if=kdk us
dsjy dSMj dh bl vkbZ,,l vf/dkjh dks ¶,d ,slh
vkbZ,,l vf/dkjh tks ,d fctusloqeu dh rjg lksprh
gS¸ ds :i esa [;kfr feyh gSA vkbZVh lfpo ds :i esa]
mUgksaus dsjy esa bZ&xouZsal dks vkxs c<+kus esa egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA mUgksaus dqnqEcJh ifj;kstuk dk Hkh usr`Ro
fd;k] tks vc efgyk l'kfÙkQdj.k dk ,d pednkj
mnkgj.k gS] tks dkedkth oxZ dh efgykvksa ds fy,
nh?kZdkfyd jkstxkj ds volj iSnk dj jgh gSA
5-5-13 fLerk lHkjoky
z ihiqYl vkWfiQlj% mUgsa ¶ihiqYl vkWfiQlj¸ Hkh dgk tkrk
gSA
z vius 'kgj dks iQaM djsa% okjaxy esa uxj vk;qÙkQ ds :i
esa dke djrs gq,] mUgksaus ¶iQaM ;ksj flVh¸ ;kstuk 'kq:
dh] ftlds ekè;e ls futh Hkkxhnkjh ds rgr cM+h la[;k
esa lkoZtfud mi;ksfxrkvksa] tSls iQqVfczt] VªSfiQd taD'ku]
ikdZ vkSj cl LVkWi dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA
5-5-14 jtuh ls•M+h flCcy
z lkgl% jkT; esa çkFkfed f'k{kk funs'kd ds :i esa] mUgksaus
ljdkj ds ncko dk lkeuk fd;k vkSj tschVh HkrhZ ?kksVkys
dk inkZiQk'k fd;kA
z bZekunkjh% bl ?kksVkys esa fj'or nsus okyksa dks ukSdjh nsus
ds fy, f'k{kdksa dh p;u lwph esa cnyko fd;k x;k FkkA
tc flCcy ls iwNk x;k fd D;k og /ks•k/M+h esa ,d i{k
Fkh] rks vius dfu"B vf/dkfj;ksa dh mifLFkfr esa] flCcy
166
us ewy lwph okyh vyekjh dks eksVh lwrh ifêð;ksa ls can
dj fn;k vkSj lhy dj fn;kA mUgksaus muls fofHkUu LFkkuksa
ij ifêð;ksa ij gLrk{kj djus vkSj lcwr ds rkSj ij rLohjsa
ysus ds fy, Hkh dgkA
5-5-15 Mh lqCck jko
lqCckjko vkjchvkbZ ds 22osa xouZj FksA
z foÙkh; lekos'ku] foÙkh; lk{kjrk% Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ds
xouZj ds :i esa] mUgksaus foÙkh; lekos'ku] foÙkh; lk{kjrk
vkSj xzke vkmVjhp dk;ZØeksa dk fujh{k.k fd;kA
z ubZ f=kyEek% mUgksaus jkWcVZ eqaMsy vkSj ekdZl Ýysfeax dh
¶bEikWflcy fVªfuVh¸ ds foijhr] lsaVªy cSadjksa dh ubZ
f=kyEek ij ,d fl¼kar Hkh fodflr fd;k] ftls ¶gksyh
fVªfuVh¸ dgk x;kA
z A Brief History of Time: og LVhiQu gkWfdax dh ç'kaflr
iqLrd] "A Brief History of Time" dh leh{kk djus okys
igys O;fÙkQ FksA
5-5-16 Hkwis'k pkS/jh
z fepZ dh •srh djus okys fdlkuksa dh nqnZ'kk% fetksje
ds lcls nf{k.kh ftys fl;kgk esa fdlkuksa dh fLFkfr Hkkjr
ds vU; Hkkxksa ds fdlkuksa ls vyx ugha FkhA
z eqís% vU;k;iw.kZ cktkj njksa vkSj HkaMkj.k lqfo/kvksa dh
deh tSls eqíksa ls ijs'kku gksdj] ;s fdlku fepZ dh lcls
csgrjhu fdLeksa esa ls ,d & cM~lZ vkbZ] dks fdlh Hkh nj
ij csp jgs FksA
z eqís dks lqy>kus ds fy, dne mBk;k x;k% ;g rc rd
Fkk tc rd fl;kgk ftys ds iwoZ mik;qÙkQ (Mhlh) Hkwis'k
pkS/jh us gLr{ksi ugha fd;kA
z iSdsTM fepZ ikmMj% nks lky rsth ls vkxs c<+s] vkSj
fdlku vc mRikfnr iSdsTM fepZ ikmMj 700@800 #i;s
çfr fdyksxzke ij csp jgs gSa] tcfd igys rkth fepZ dh
nj 50&100 #i;s çfr fdyksxzke FkhA
z csgrj fLFkfr% vkt] ftys esa 280 ls vf/d fdlku
yxHkx 102]580 fdyksxzke rkth fepZ mxkrs gSa] ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i yxHkx 3]200 fdyksxzke lw•h fepZ çkIr
gksrh gSA
5-5-17 va'kqy xqIrk
z vLirky dk iqufuZekZ.k% ,d vkbZ,,l vf/dkjh] va'kqy
xqIrk] egkekjh ls cgqr igys pqipki ,d ttZj vLirky
dks ,d lLrs LokLF; fDyfud esa cny jgs FksA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z bafM;u jsM ØkWl gkWfLiVy dh leL;k,a% tc mUgksaus
2019 esa bankSj ds egw Nkouh ds lc fMfotuy eftLVªsV
(,lMh,e) ds :i esa inHkkj laHkkyk] rks mUgsa bafM;u
jsM ØkWl gkWfLiVy (IRCH) dh dbZ leL;kvksa ls voxr
djk;k x;kA
 ¶,sls dbZ eqís Fks ftu ij rRdky è;ku nsus dh
vko';drk Fkh] ftuesa ulks± vkSj MkWDVjksa dh deh ls
ysdj vfu;fer dk;Zlwph] vi;kZIr fpfdRlk lqfo/k,a
vkSj cqfu;knh funku lsok,a vkSj cM+s iSekus ij fj'or•ksjh
'kkfey FkhA¸
 ckn esa vLirky dks ,d dksfoM&19 ns•Hkky lqfo/k
esa cny fn;k x;kA
z dksjksuk ok;jl ls yM+kbZ% ^vLirky dh lqfo/kvksa vkSj
ikjn'khZ çca/u us dksjksuk ok;jl ls yM+us esa yksxksa dk
vkdyu fd;k FkkA*
5-5-18 vkse dlsjk
z ,ubZbZVh vkSj tsbZbZ vkosnd% 2012 cSp ds vkbZ,,l
vf/dkjh vkse çdk'k dlsjk] tks orZeku esa ftyk dysDVj
ds :i esa dk;Zjr gSa] ds ikl nSfud vk/kj ij ,ubZbZVh
vkSj tsbZbZ vkosndksa ds fpafrr ekrk&firk vkSj çksiQsljksa ds
iQksu vkrs FksA
z ekufld vkSj HkkoukRed dY;k.k% vkse fpafrr Fks fd
ykWdMkmu Nk=kksa ds ekufld vkSj HkkoukRed dY;k.k dks
•jkc dj nsxk] tks igys ls gh dfBu ijh{kkvksa dh rS;kjh
ds nkSjku vdsysiu vkSj fpark tSlh fparkvksa ls ihfM+r FksA
z ?kj okilh% vkse vkSj mudh ç'kklu Vhe us iwjs fopkj&foe'kZ
ds ckn iwjs Hkkjr esa 50]000 cPpksa dks fudkyus vkSj mUgsa
lqjf{kr ?kj ykSVus esa lgk;rk djus ds fy, ,d lVhd
j.kuhfr rS;kj dhA ¶Nk=kksa dk igyk lewg 17 vçSy dks
vkSj vafre 12 ebZ dks jokuk gqvkA¸
z FkSaD;wMh,edksVk% bls eukus ds fy, Nk=kksa us twu esa ,d
fnu ds fy, fV~oVj ij gS'kVSx # FkSaD;wMh,edksVk dk
bLrseky fd;kA
5-5-19 gf"kZdk flag
z vlarqfyr fyaxkuqikr% gf"kZdk flag us eè; çns'k ds
Vhdex<+ ftys esa ,d dysDVj ds :i esa vlarqfyr fyax
vuqikr ds lkFk&lkFk efgykvksa esa mPp ekr` e`R;q nj]
LoPNrk dh deh vkSj lk{kjrk tSlh vU; fyax laca/h
fparkvksa dks ns•kA
z lHkh efgyk fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk% 2012 cSp ds
vkbZ,,l vf/dkjh us 35 xzke iapk;rksa esa lHkh efgyk
fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk djds cnyko ykus dk oknk fd;kA
Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku
z efgyk MªkWivkmV dks de djuk% mUgksaus cqtqxZ efgykvksa
vkSj MªkWivkmV djus okyh efgykvksa dks laxfBr djus esa
enn djus ds fy, LFkkuh; efgykvksa dks VÔwVj ds :i
esa fu;qÙkQ fd;kA
z ifjp;kRed 'kS{kf.kd ikBÔØe% gf"kZdk us ,d
ifjp;kRed 'kS{kf.kd ikBÔØe cuk;k tks uke fy•uk]
gLrk{kj djuk lh•uk] cqfu;knh vadxf.kr vkSj lkekU;
LokLF; vkSj LoPNrk tkx:drk tSls dkS'ky ij dsafær gSA
z mifLFkfr c<+kuk% nks eghus ds ikBÔØe esa] çR;sd Ldwy
esa vkSlru 20&30 efgyk,¡ Fkha tks lIrkg esa rhu ls pkj
fnu ,d ?kaVs ds ikB esa bZekunkjh ls Hkkx ysrh FkhaA
5-5-20 jes'k ?kksyi
z 9 lky ds cPps dks cpk;k% >kj•aM ds cksdkjks ftys ds
csjeks ds lc fMfotuy eftLVªsV jes'k ?kksyi us 2015 esa
lqfer uked 9 lky ds cPps dks cpk;kA
z cPpksa dk ukekadu% rc ls] mUgksaus dbZ Ldwy ç.kkfy;ksa esa
yxHkx 35 cPpksa dk ukekadu djk;k gSA jes'k orZeku esa
dksMjek ds mik;qÙkQ gSa] tgka mUgksaus ikap cPpksa dk ukekadu
ljdkjh vkoklh; fo|ky;ksa esa djk;k gSA
z egRoiw.kZ dkxth dkjZokbZ% bruk gh ugha] cfYd mUgksaus
ljdkjh ykHk çkIr djus ds fy, vk/kj vkSj jk'ku dkMZ
tSls egRoiw.kZ nLrkost çkIr djus esa Hkh ;qokvksa dh lgk;rk
dhA mUgksaus •qn dks liuk dqekjh] ,d vukFk 11 o"khZ;
yM+dh dk vfHkHkkod Hkh fu;qÙkQ fd;k gSA
5-6 ç'kklu ,oa usr`Ro
z ç'kklu% bls lger y{;ksa dks dq'kyrkiwoZd iwjk djus ds
fy, nwljksa ds lkFk vkSj muds ekè;e ls dke djus dh
çfØ;k ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA ;g eq[; :i ls
ekStwnk midj.kksa vkSj lajpukvksa dk mi;ksx djds oLrqfu"B
çfØ;kvksa] fn'kkfunZs'kksa] uhfr;ksa vkfn ds dk;kZUo;u ls
lacaf/r gSA
z usr`Ro% bldk laca/ ekuo vkSj HkkSfrd lalk/uksa ds funZs'ku
vkSj fu;a=k.k ls gS rkfd ewY; iSnk fd;k tk lds vkSj
ledkyhu le; vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ds vuqlkj lajpuk,a
fodflr dh tk ldsa vkSj bl çdkj ifjHkkf"kr y{;ksa vkSj
mís';ksa ls csgrj çn'kZu fd;k tk ldsA
z mnkgj.k% tcfd ,d ç'kkld us lM+d fuekZ.k ds fy,
ljdkj }kjk /ujkf'k tkjh djus dk bartkj fd;k gksxk]
vkeZLVªkax ise us ØkmMiQafMax ds ekè;e ls 100 fdeh yach
lM+d dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
z {kerk fodkl vkSj çf'k{k.k% Hkkjr esa lq'kklu ds fy,
dq'ky ç'kkldksa vkSj usrkvksa dk fodkl djuk egRoiw.kZ
167
 gSA ç'kkldksa dks tfVy ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus vkSj
liQyrkiwoZd usr`Ro djus ds fy, vko';d dkS'ky vkSj
Kku çnku djus ds fy, fujarj {kerk fodkl vkSj çf'k{k.k
dk;ZØeksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z lkoZtfud Hkkxhnkjh vkSj tqM+ko% gky ds o"kks± esa ç'kklu
vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa lkoZtfud Hkkxhnkjh vkSj
Hkkxhnkjh ij tksj c<+ jgk gSA Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa] çHkkoh usrk
os gSa tks ukxfjdksa dks lfØ; :i ls 'kkfey djrs gSa] mudh
leL;kvksa dks lqurs gSa] vkSj uhfr fuekZ.k vkSj dk;kZUo;u
esa mudh çfrfØ;k dks 'kkfey djrs gSaA
z lekos'ku vkSj fofo/rk% Hkkjr dbZ Hkk"kkvksa] vkLFkkvksa
vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa okyk ,d fofo/ ns'k gSA Hkkjr esa
liQy ç'kklu vkSj usr`Ro dks bl fofo/rk ds ckjs esa
tkx:drk vkSj ljkguk ds lkFk&lkFk lekt ds lHkh oxks±
ds fy, lekos'ku vkSj fu"i{k fodkl ds çfr çfrc¼rk
dh vko';drk gSA
z uhfr dk;kZUo;u vkSj jktuhfrd bPNk'kfÙkQ% Hkkjr esa
çHkkoh ç'kklu vkSj usr`Ro uhfr;ksa vkSj lq/kjksa dks ykxw djus
ds fy, jktuhfrd bPNk'kfÙkQ ij fuHkZj gSA ifjorZu dks
c<+kok nsus] ukSdj'kkgh ck/kvksa dks nwj djus vkSj ljdkjh
ifj;kstukvksa ds liQy dk;kZUo;u dks lqfuf'pr djus ds
fy, etcwr usr`Ro dh vko';drk gSA
z tokcnsgh vkSj ikjnf'kZrk% Hkkjrh; ç'kklu vkSj usr`Ro
esa tokcnsgh vkSj ikjnf'kZrk rsth ls egRoiw.kZ gksrh tk jgh
gSA usrkvksa dks turk ds çfr ftEesnkj gksuk vko';d gS]
lwpuk dk vf/dkj vf/fu;e tSlh ç.kkfy;k¡ O;fÙkQ;ksa dks
ljdkjh tkudkjh çkIr djus dh vuqefr nsrh gSaA
z jktuhfrd ç'kklu% Hkkjrh; ifjos'k esa ç'kklu vkSj usr`Ro
,d nwljs ls vfHkUu :i ls tqM+s gq, gSaA jktuhfrd usrkvksa
ds ikl i;kZIr ç'kklfud vf/dkj gksrs gSa] vkSj dq'ky
5-7-1 çca/d vkSj usr`Ro ds chp varj
iSjkehVj çca/d
z fuf"Ø; n`f"Vdks.k tks crk, x, mís'; rd
vkmVyqd
lhfer gSA
z bUgsa vke rkSj ij fu;qÙkQ fd;k tkrk gSA
fu;qfÙkQ
y{;ksa ds çfr z y{;ksa ds çfr voS;fÙkQd] ,dfn'kkRed
n`f"Vdks.k n`f"Vdks.k
z yksxksa ds lkFk de HkkoukRed tqM+ko] ckrphr
tu çca/u yksxksa dks lkSaih xbZ fof'k"V Hkwfedkvksa rd
gh lhfer gSA
fu"d"kZ
fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa us vius fl¼karksa vkSj n'kZu ds ekè;e ls] blesa ls rdZlaxr ewY;ksa dks fudkyus ds fy, ,d etcwr uSfrd
vkSj ckSf¼d vk/kj çnku fd;k vkSj mudk ;ksxnku fo'ks"k :i ls 'kklu ds {ks=k esa vkSj lkekU; :i ls lekt esa vf/d uSfrd
ifjçs{; ykus dh fn'kk esa vxz.kh jgk gSA
168
ç'kklu lHkh Lrjksa ij ljdkj ds lqpk: lapkyu ds fy,
egRoiw.kZ gSA
z ukSdj'kkgh lajpuk% Hkkjr esa ,d lqLFkkfir ukSdj'kkgh
lajpuk gS tks ç'kklu vkSj usr`Ro esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrh gSA Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok (vkbZ,,l) ,d
çfrf"Br ljdkjh lsok gS tks ns'k Hkj esa ç'kklfud ukSdfj;ksa
dks Hkjus ds fy, mRÑ"V çfrHkk dh ryk'k djrh gSA
z fodsaæhdj.k vkSj LFkkuh; 'kklu% Hkkjr esa] 'kfÙkQ vkSj
vf/dkj dsaæ ljdkj] jkT; ljdkjksa vkSj LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa
tSls uxj ikfydkvksa vkSj iapk;rksa ds chp foHkkftr gSaA
dq'ky lsok forj.k vkSj 'kklu dh xkjaVh ds fy,] çHkkoh
ç'kklu ds fy, lHkh Lrjksa ij etcwr usr`Ro dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA
5-7 ç'kkld] çca/d vkSj usrk
z ç'kkld% ;g og O;fÙkQ gksrk gS tks laxBu dh j.kuhfrd
n`f"V cukus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA ,d ç'kkld ,d laxBukRed
lajpuk rS;kj djrk gS vkSj nh?kZdkfyd ;kstukvksa ij è;ku
dsafær djrk gSA
z çca/d% ;g og O;fÙkQ gS tks ç'kkld ds n`f"Vdks.k dks
lapkyu ;kstukvksa esa cnyus vkSj rS;kj laxBukRed lajpuk
esa dke djus okys dfeZ;ksa dks funZsf'kr djus vkSj i;Zos{k.k
djus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA
z usrk% ;g og O;fÙkQ gS tks nwljksa dks ekxZn'kZu vkSj çsfjr
djrk gS ftlesa dHkh&dHkh çca/d Hkh 'kkfey gks ldrs gSaA
os nwjn`f"V&mUeq• gksrs gSa vkSj Vhe dks ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k
çnku djrs gSaA
usr`Ro
z egRokdka{kh n`f"Vdks.k_ os ubZ lajpuk ;k çfØ;k,¡
vkjaHk djrs gSaA
z mUgsa fu;qÙkQ fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k os fdlh lewg ds
Hkhrj ls mHkj ldrs gSaA
z O;fÙkQxr Hkkxhnkjh] y{;ksa ds çfr lexz n`f"Vdks.k
z yksxksa ds lkFk mPp HkkoukRed tqM+ko_ dHkh&dHkh]
dbZ yksx lokZsÙke ifj.kke çkIr djus ds fy, çfrLi/hZ
vkSj çsj.kknk;d Hkkoukvksa dk vkÞoku djrs gSaA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 foxr o"kZ ds iz'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1- ¶gj dke dks liQy gksus ls igys lSdM+ksa dfBukb;ksa ls
xqtjuk iM+rk gSA¸ tks yksx n`<+ jgsaxs] os nsj&lcsj çdk'k
ns•saxsA µLokeh foosdkuUn (150 'kCn) (2021)
2- ¶ge ckgjh nqfu;k esa rc rd 'kkafr ugha çkIr dj ldrs
tc rd fd ge vius Hkhrj 'kkafr çkIr ugha dj ysrsA¸
µnykbZ ykek (150 'kCn) (2021)
3- ijLij fuHkZjrk ds fcuk thou dk dksbZ eryc ugha gSA
gesa ,d&nwljs dh t:jr gS] vkSj ftruh tYnh ge ;g
lh• ysaxs] ;g ge lHkh ds fy, csgrj gksxkA µ,fjd
,fjdlu 'kCn (150 'kCn) (2021)
4- cq¼ dh dkSu&lh f'k{kk,¡ vkt lcls vf/d çklafxd gSa
vkSj D;ksa\ ppkZ dhft,A (2020)
5- Hkkjr esa ySafxd vlekurk ds fy, ftEesnkj eq[; dkjd
D;k gSa\ bl laca/ esa lkfo=khckbZ iQqys ds ;ksxnku dh
ppkZ dhft,A (2020)
6- ¶fdlh dh fuank u djsa% ;fn vki enn ds fy, gkFk c<+k
ldrs gSa rks ,slk djsaA¸ ;fn ugha rks vki gkFk tksfM,s
vius Hkkb;ksa dks vk'khokZn nks vkSj mUgsa muds ekxZ ij
tkus nksA¸ µLokeh foosdkuUn (2020)
7- ¶•qn dks •kstus dk lcls vPNk rjhdk •qn dks nwljksa
dh lsok esa •ks nsuk gSA¸ µegkRek xka/h (2020)
8- ¶uSfrdrk dh ,d ç.kkyh tks lkis{k HkkoukRed ewY;ksa ij
vk/kfjr gS] ,d ek=k Hkze gS] ,d iwjh rjg ls vf'k"V
vo/kj.kk gS ftlesa dqN Hkh ;qfÙkQlaxr ugha gS vkSj dqN
Hkh lp ugha gSA¸ µlqdjkr (2020)
9- ¶,d vijhf{kr thou thus yk;d ugha gSA¸ µlqdjkr
 (2019)
10- ¶euq"; dsoy vius fopkjksa dk mRikn gSA¸ og tks lksprk
gS] og cu tkrk gSA¸ µ,eds xka/h (2019)
11- ¶tgk¡ ân; esa /kfeZdrk gS] ogk¡ pfj=k esa lqanjrk gSA¸
tc pfj=k esa lqanjrk gksrh gS] rks ?kj esa ln~Hkko jgrk gSA
tc ?kj esa ln~Hkko gksrk gS] rks jk"Vª esa O;oLFkk gksrh gSA
tc jk"Vª esa O;oLFkk gksrh gS] rks fo'o esa 'kkafr gksrh gSA¸
µ,ihts vCnqy dyke (2019)
12- ¶egku egRokdka{kk ,d egku pfj=k dk tquwu gSA blls
laiUu yksx cgqr vPNs ;k cgqr cqjs dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA
lc dqN mu fl¼karksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS tks mUgsa funZsf'kr
djrs gSaA µusiksfy;u cksukikVZA mnkgj.k nsrs gq, mu 'kkldksa
v v v
Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k ds uSfrd fopkjdksa vkSj nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku
dk mYys• djsa (i) ftUgksaus lekt vkSj ns'k dks uqdlku
igqapk;k] (ii) ftUgksaus lekt vkSj ns'k ds fodkl ds fy,
dke fd;kA (2017)
13- egkRek xka/h dh lkr ikiksa dh vo/kj.kk ij ppkZ dhft,A
 (2016)
14- Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa tkWu jkWYl dh lkekftd U;k; dh
vo/kj.kk dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A (2016)
15- Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.k ljdkjh •tkus dk nq#i;ksx] ç'kklfud
v{kerk rFkk jk"Vªh; fodkl ds ekxZ esa ck/k mRiUu gksrh
gSA dkSfVY; ds fopkjksa ij ppkZ dhft,A (2016)
16- eSDl oscj us dgk fd ftl rjg ds uSfrd ekunaM
ge O;fÙkQxr foosd ds ekeyksa ij ykxw djrs gSa] mls
lkoZtfud ç'kklu ij ykxw djuk cqf¼ekuh ugha gSA
;g le>uk egRoiw.kZ gS fd jkT; ukSdj'kkgh dh viuh
Lora=k ukSdj'kkgh uSfrdrk gks ldrh gSA bl dFku dk
vkykspukRed fo'ys"k.k dhft,A (2016)
17- ¶detksj dHkh ekiQ ugha dj ldrs_ {kek rkdroj dh
fo'ks"krk gSA¸ (2015)
18- ge ml cPps dks vklkuh ls ekiQ dj ldrs gSa tks va/sjs
ls Mjrk gS_ thou dh vlyh =kklnh rc gksrh gS tc
yksx jks'kuh ls Mjrs gSaA (2015)
19- thou esa uSfrd vkpj.k ds lanHkZ esa fdl ç[;kr O;fÙkQRo
us vkidks lcls vf/d çsfjr fd;k gS\ mudh f'k{kkvksa
dk lkj crk,a] fof'k"V mnkgj.k nsa vkSj o.kZu djsa fd
vki bu f'k{kkvksa dks vius uSfrd fodkl ds fy, dSls
ykxw djus esa l{ke gSaA (2014)
20- bl /jrh ij gj fdlh dh t:jrksa ds fy, dkiQh dqN
gS ysfdu fdlh ds ykyp ds fy, ugha &egkRek xka/h
 (2013)
21- yxHkx lHkh euq"; çfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk dj
ldrs gSa] ysfdu ;fn vki fdlh O;fÙkQ ds pfj=k dk
ijh{k.k djuk pkgrs gSa] rks mls 'kfÙkQ nsa & vczkge fyadu
 (2013)
22- eSa mls cgknqj ekurk gw¡ tks viuh bPNkvksa ij fot; çkIr
djrk gS ctk; ml O;fÙkQ dks ftlus vius 'k=kqvksa ij
fot; çkIr dh gS µvjLrw (2013)
23- ,d O;fÙkQ dh HkykbZ lHkh dh HkykbZ esa fufgr gSA¸ bl
dFku ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ bl fl¼kar dks lkoZtfud
thou esa dSls ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gS\ (2013)
169
 yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok
6 ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk
¶dsoy ,d o`gr ljdkj gh varr% ek;us ugha j•rh gS cfYd egRoiw.kZ gS fd ç'kklu esa uSfrdrk ds lekos'k dks ,d csgrj
ljdkj gh lqfuf'pr dj ldrh gSA blesa dksbZ Hkh lansg ugha gksuk pkfg, fd ç'kklu esa uSfrdrk dks dk;e j•us esa lgu'khyrk]
bZekunkjh] oiQknkjh] çlUurk] f'k"Vkpkj vkSj blh rjg ds vU; xq.kksa dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA¸ µikWy ,p- ,Iiych

ikB;ozQe
yksd ç'kklu esa lkoZtfud@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk% fLFkfr vkSj leL;k,a_ ljdkjh vkSj futh laLFkkuksa esa uSfrd
fpark,¡ vkSj nqfo/k,¡_ uSfrd ekxZn'kZu ds lzksr ds :i esa dkuwu] fu;e] fofu;e vkSj var%dj.k_ mrjnkf;Ro vkSj uSfrd 'kklu_
'kklu esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dks lqn`<+ cukuk_ varjkZ"Vªh; laca/ksa vkSj foÙk iks"k.k esa uSfrd eqís_ fuxe ls lacaf/r 'kklu ç.kkyhA
yksd ç'kklu dk vFkZ z uhfr fØ;kUo;u% ;g uhfr;ka Hkh cukrk gS vkSj ykxw djrk
z yksd ç'kklu vè;;u vkSj vH;kl ds {ks=k dks lanfHkZr gS] muds fodkl] dk;kZUo;u vkSj okafNr ifj.kke çkIr
djrk gS] tks ljdkjh uhfr;ksa] dk;ZØeksa vkSj lsokvksa ds djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ;g uhfr fMtkbu
çca/u vkSj dk;kZUo;u ij dsafær gSA djus vkSj çHkkoh dk;Zokgh ds chp ds varj dks de djrk
z lkoZtfud y{;ksa dks çkIr djus vkSj lekt ds fgrksa dh gS] ftlls uhfr;ksa dk ewrZ ifj.kkeksa ds :i esa çdVhdj.k
lsok ds fy, lkoZtfud lalk/uksa dk fu;kstu] vk;kstu] lqfuf'pr gksrk gSA
leUo;u vkSj fu;a=k.k 'kkfey gSA z lkoZtfud Hkkxhnkjh% lkoZtfud ç'kklu ukxfjdksa dh
z la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk ds iwoZ jk"Vªifr oqMjks foYlu us yksd vko';drkvksa ds çfr lekosf'krk vkSj tokcnsgh lqfuf'pr
ç'kklu dks lkoZtfud dkuwu ds foLr`r vkSj O;ofLFkr djus ds fy, fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa lkoZtfud
fu"iknu ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA mUgksaus ljdkjh Hkkxhnkjh dks çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
laLFkkuksa dks nks vyx&vyx {ks=kksa& ç'kklu vkSj jktuhfr z lkekftd lekurk% ;g fu"i{krk] lkekftd U;k; vkSj
esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA lsokvksa rd leku igqap dks c<+kok nsus vkSj lkekftd
z yksd ç'kklu esa uhfr fuekZ.k] ctV] dkfeZd çca/u] vlekurkvksa dks lacksf/r djus dk ç;kl djrk gSA
lkoZtfud lsok forj.k vkSj fu;ked fujh{k.k tSlh fofHkUu z dk;Zdkjh 'kk•k esa ladsæ.k% yksd ç'kklu lHkh ljdkjh
xfrfof/;k¡ Hkh 'kkfey gSaA 'kk•kvksa rd foLr`r gS] ysfdu vke rkSj ij ;g dk;Zdkjh
'kk•k ds Hkhrj dsafær gS] tks fnu&çfrfnu ds ç'kklu ds
z bldk çkFkfed mís'; çHkkoh vkSj dq'ky 'kklu lqfuf'pr
fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA bl 'kk•k esa lkoZtfud ç'kkld uhfr
djuk] lkoZtfud dY;k.k dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj lkekftd
dk;kZUo;u] lsok forj.k vkSj fu;ked dk;ks± dh ns•js•
vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djuk gSA
djrs gSaA
yksd ç'kklu dh cqfu;knh fo'ks"krk,¡ z thou dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kj ykus dk y{;% bldk
z rVLFk ç.kkyh% yksd ç'kklu jktuhfrd lac¼rk ls Lora=k mís'; csgrj lkoZtfud lsokvksa vkSj cqfu;knh <kaps ds
gksdj jkT; vkSj lkoZtfud fgrksa dh lsok djus ,oa fu.kZ; ekè;e ls lekt dh csgrjh dh fn'kk esa dke djrs
ysus rFkk dk;ks± esa fu"i{krk ds fl¼karksa dks cuk, j•us ds gq,] fu;ked fujh{k.k] vko';d lsok,a çnku djds vkSj
fy, rVLFk :i ls dke djrk gSA lkekftd t:jrksa dks lacksf/r djds ukxfjdksa ds thou
z lkewfgd n`<+bPNk% ;g jkT; ds mís';ksa vkSj lkoZtfud dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kj djuk gSA
fgr ij è;ku dsafær djrs gq,] dkuwuksa vkSj fofu;eksa dk z lkoZtfud {ks=k ij tksj% lkoZtfud ç'kklu ykHk dekus
vuqikyu lqfuf'pr djrs gq, yksxksa dh lkewfgd bPNk ds ds ctk; lkoZtfud {ks=k dks çkFkfedrk nsdj] turk ds
vuq:i gksrh gSA dY;k.k ij è;ku dsafær djds vkSj lkekftd ftEesnkjh
 vkSj tokcnsgh ds lkFk dke djds futh ç'kklu ls •qn z futh ç'kklu dk y{; ykHkçnrk gS rks
dks i`Fkd djrk gSA ogha lkoZtfud ç'kklu ds mís';ksa dks
lkoZtfud vkSj futh ç'kklu ds chp varj dsoy ekSfæd lanHkZ esa ugha ekik tk
ç'kklu ukSdj'kkgh lhekar ldrk gSA yksd ç'kklu turk dh HkykbZ
çfriQy dk vkSj foÙkh; ykHk ls ijs lkekftd y{;ksa
ç'kklu jkT; ds ,d ukSdj'kkgh fu;qÙkQ vf/dkfj;ksa ds
LFkk;h i{k dk çfrfuf/Ro vk/kj ij ukxfjd lsokvksa dks fl¼kar dks çkIr djus ij è;ku dsafær djrk gSA
djrk gS] tks uhfr;ksa dks bafxr djrh gS] ftUgsa lkekU; z mnkgj.k% jsyos vkSj ,;jykbal ds fdjk;ksa
dk;Zokgh esa cnyus ds 'kS{kf.kd miyfC/ ds vk/kj ij dh rqyuk djsa] blls ykHkçnrk esa varj
fy, ftEesnkj gSA blesa pquk tkrk gSA blfy, os çÑfr irk pyrk gSA
jktuhfrd vf/dkfj;ksa esa lkekU;K gksrs gSa vkSj bldh
lfgr ljdkj ds lHkh fo'ks"krkvksa esa inkuqØe] fu;eksa lkoZtfud lsok ewY;
dh ,d ç.kkyh] fu"i{krk vkSj ;g yksd lsodksa ds vkpj.k vkSj O;ogkj dks vkdkj nsrk gSA ;s
midj.k 'kkfey gSaA rVLFkrk 'kkfey gSaA
fl¼kar lkoZtfud {ks=k esa dke djus okyksa dh ewy ekU;rkvksa
lkoZtfud ç'kklu dks futh ç'kklu ls vyx djus okys vkSj ftEesnkfj;ksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA
fl¼kar Rule
Neutrality
z ç'kklu lkoZtfud vkSj futh nksuksa laLFkkxr O;oLFkk esa gksrk Orientation
Rationality
gS]tcfd yksd ç'kklu dk laca/ ljdkjh ç'kklu ls gS rks
ogh¡ futh ç'kklu dk laca/ futh O;kolkf;d laxBuksa ds Traditional
Values in
ç'kklu ls gSA Administration
Impartiality
Formal
lkoZtfud ç'kklu dks futh ç'kklu ls vyx djus okys Behaviours
pkj fl¼kar Impersonality
Efficiency

z lkoZtfud ç'kklu lkekU; vkSj leku

dkuwuksa vkSj fofu;eksa ds rgr lapkfyr
Social Justice Compassion
gksrk gS] tcfd futh ç'kklu O;fÙkQxr Responsibility
,d:irk O;olk;ksa ds fy, fof'k"V fofHkUu fu;eksa Innovation Outcome
dk fl¼kar vkSj fofu;eksa ds v/hu gksrk gSA Contemporary Orientation
z mnkgj.k% lhvkjihlh dkuwu lHkh ij Accountability Values in
Administration Exemplary
leku :i ls ykxw gksrs gSaA Responsiveness Behaviour

z yksd ç'kklu fo/k;h fudk;ksa }kjk ckgjh
foÙkh; fu;a=k.k ds v/hu gS] tks ljdkjh
jktLo vkSj O;; dh ns•js• djrs gSaA
cká foÙkh; blds foijhr] futh ç'kklu dk laxBu
fu;a=k.k dk ds Hkhrj vkarfjd foÙkh; fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA
fl¼kar z mnkgj.k% gekjs ikl foÙk dk fu;fer
vkWfMV djus ds fy, CAG ds :i esa
,d laoS/kfud fudk; gSA
z yksd ç'kklu vius jktuhfrd ofj"Bksa
vkSj varr% mu yksxksa ds çfr tokcnsg gS]
eaf=kLrjh; ftudh og lsok djrk gSA futh ç'kklu
mÙkjnkf;Ro vius 'ks;j/kjdksa ;k ekfydksa ds çfr
dk fl¼kar tokcnsg gSA
z mnkgj.k% gekjh laln esa ç'udky ,slh
ftEesnkjh lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
Transparency
Dedication to
Public Service
yksd ç'kklu ds dqN çeq• ewY; fuEufyf•r gSa%
z lkoZtfud fgr ds çfr çfrc¼rk% yksd lsodksa dks
turk dh lsok djus vkSj mudh HkykbZ esa o`f¼ djus gsrq
lefiZr gksuk pkfg,A os O;fÙkQxr ;k fo'ks"k fgrksa ls vf/d
mu yksxksa dh t:jrksa vkSj dY;k.k dks çkFkfedrk nsrs gSa]
ftudh os lsok djrs gSaA
z lR;fu"Bk dks dk;e j•uk% yksd lsodksa ls lR;fu"Bk
vkSj uSfrd vkpj.k ds mPpre ekudksa dks cuk, j•us dh
vis{kk dh tkrh gSA mUgsa fgrksa ds Vdjko] Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj
vuSfrd O;ogkj ls cprs gq, bZekunkjh] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj
ftEesnkjh ls dke djus dh t:jr gSA

yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk 171

z fu"i{krk vkSj U;k;laxfr% yksd lsodksa dks lHkh O;fÙkQ;ksa
vkSj lewgksa ds lkFk fu"i{k vkSj fcuk i{kikr ds O;ogkj
djuk pkfg,A mUgsa oLrqfu"B ekunaMksa ds vk/kj ij fu.kZ;
ysuk pkfg,] lsokvksa vkSj voljksa rd leku igqap lqfuf'pr
djuh pkfg, vkSj i{kikr ;k HksnHkko ls cpuk pkfg,A
z mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj ftEesnkjh% yksd lsod vius dk;ks± vkSj
fu.kZ;ksa ds fy, tokcnsg gSaA muls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd
os vius dke ds ifj.kkeksa dh ftEesnkjh ysa] viuh fu.kZ;
ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa ikjn'khZ jgsa] vkSj turk vkSj çklafxd
fgr/kjdksa ds lkeus viuh ilan dks mfpr Bgjk,¡A
z dkuwu vkSj lafo/ku dk lEeku% yksd lsod vius dke
dks fu;af=kr djus okys dkuwuksa] fofu;eksa vkSj laoS/kfud
çko/kuksa dk ikyu djrs gSaA os O;fÙkQxr vf/dkjksa dk
lEeku vkSj lqj{kk djrs gSa] dkuwu ds 'kklu dks dk;e
j•rs gSa vkSj mfpr çfØ;k lqfuf'pr djrs gSaA
z çHkkoh vkSj dq'ky lsok iznk;xh% yksd lsod turk
dks lsok,¡ çnku djus esa çHkko'khyrk vkSj n{krk ds fy,
ç;kl djrs gSaA muls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os lalk/uksa dk
ftEesnkjhiwoZd çca/u djsa] ykxr&çHkko'khyrk dh ryk'k
djsa vkSj lsok forj.k esa fujarj lq/kj ds fy, ç;kl djsaA
z O;kolkf;drk vkSj ;ksX;rk% yksd lsodksa dks fo'ks"kKrk
ds vius {ks=kksa esa mPp Lrj dh O;kolkf;drk vkSj ;ksX;rk
cuk, j•us dh vko';drk gSA muls vis{kk dh tkrh gS
fd os vius Kku vkSj dkS'ky dks yxkrkj v|ru djsa]
is'ksoj ekudksa dk ikyu djsa vkSj vius çn'kZu esa lq/kj
djus dk ç;kl djsaA
z ikjnf'kZrk vkSj •qykiu% yksd lsodksa dks turk dks
lqyHk vkSj le; ij tkudkjh çnku djds ikjnf'kZrk dks
c<+kok nsuk pkfg,A mUgsa •qyh ckrphr esa 'kkfey gksus]
lkoZtfud Hkkxhnkjh dks çksRlkfgr djus vkSj fu.kZ; ysus
dh çfØ;kvksa esa tokcnsgh lqfuf'pr djus dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA
z uSfrd usr`Ro% usr`RodrkZ dh Hkwfedk esa yksd ç'kkld
uSfrd Hkwfedk ekWMy ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA muls uSfrd
O;ogkj çnf'kZr djus] vius laxBuksa ds Hkhrj ,d uSfrd
laLÑfr dks c<+kok nsus vkSj uSfrd fparkvksa dh fjiksfVZax vkSj
lek/ku ds fy, ra=k LFkkfir djus dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA
z fofo/rk vkSj lekos'ku dk lEeku% yksd lsod mu
O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj leqnk;ksa dh fofo/rk dks egRo nsrs gSa
vkSj mudk lEeku djrs gSa] ftudh os lsok djrs gSaA os
lekosf'krk dks viukrs gSa] leku O;ogkj lqfuf'pr djrs gSa
vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa fofo/rk dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA
172
mnkgj.k% ,d mPp inLFk ljdkjh vf/dkjh ,d çeq•
cqfu;knh <kapk ifj;kstuk dh ns•js• ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA og
fuEufyf•r rjhdksa ls fofHkUu lkoZtfud lsok ewY;ksa dk ikyu
dj ldrk gS%
ewY; mnkgj.k
ljdkjh vf/dkjh lq'kklu vkSj uSfrdrk
ds fl¼karksa ds vk/kj ij fu.kZ; ys ldrs
lR;fu"Bk dks
gSaA og bZekunkjh ds mPpre ekudksa dks
dk;e j•uk
cuk, j•rs gq, fgrksa ds Vdjko vkSj
O;fÙkQxr iwokZxzg ls cprs gSaA
vf/dkjh fofHkUu fgr/kjdksa ls buiqV
ij fopkj dj ldrk gS vkSj ,d çeq•
fu"i{krk ,oa
cqfu;knh <kapk ifj;kstuk ls lacaf/r
U;k;laxfr
fu.kZ; ysus esa U;k;laxr mipkj vkSj
U;k; lqfuf'pr dj ldrk gSA
vf/dkjh turk dks fu;fer çxfr viMsV]
foÙkh; fjiksVZ vkSj ifj;kstuk ewY;kadu
mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj
çnku djrk gSA ifj;kstuk ds ifj.kkeksa
ftEesnkjh
dk LokfeRo ysrk gS vkSj pqukSfr;ksa ;k
vliQyrkvksa dk rqjar lek/ku djrk gSA
vf/dkjh turk ds lkFk ifj;kstuk ds
ckjs esa çklafxd tkudkjh vkSj MsVk
ikjnf'kZrk vkSj
lk>k djds] ,d •qyh vkSj lekos'kh
•qykiu
fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k dks c<+kok nsdj
ikjnf'kZrk lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
vf/dkjh viuh Vhe ds fy, ,d
ldkjkRed mnkgj.k LFkkfir djrs gSa]
bZekunkjh] O;kolkf;drk vkSj uSfrd
uSfrd usr`Ro
O;ogkj dks c<+kok nsrs gSa] vkSj O;fÙkQxr
ykHk ;k jktuhfrd mís';ksa ij turk dh
HkykbZ dks çkFkfedrk nsrs gSaA
lkoZtfud ç'kklu esa uSfrdrk dh vko';drk
yksd ç'kklu esa uSfrdrk fuEufyf•r dkj.kksa ls
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS%
z dq'ky lalk/u mi;ksx% uSfrdrk ;g lqfuf'pr djrh gS
fd lkoZtfud lalk/uksa dk mi;ksx Hkz"Vkpkj ;k nq#i;ksx
ds fcuk dq'kyrkiwoZd vkSj çHkkoh <ax ls fd;k tk,A
uSfrd çFkk,¡ lkoZtfud ç'kkldksa dks muds dk;ks± ds fy,
tokcnsg cukrh gSa] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj ftEesnkj lalk/u çca/u
dks c<+kok nsrh gSaA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z lkekftd U;k;% lafo/ku vkSj jkT; ds uhfr funZs'kd
fl¼karksa esa mfYyf•r lkekftd U;k; y{;ksa dks çkIr djus
ds fy, uSfrd yksd ç'kklu vko';d gSA ;g lekt ds
detksj oxks± ds fy, lekurk vkSj lerk lqfuf'pr djus
ds lkFk gh lekosf'krk vkSj fu"i{krk dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
Legality &
Justice Empathy &
Rotationality
Compassion
Innovation Dedication
Accountability &
Ethics in Public to work
Administration Honesty &
Transparency
Integrity
Responsive &
Resilience National
Interest
z nqfo/kvksa dk lek/ku% tSls&tSls lkoZtfud ç'kklu
vf/d tfVy gksrk tkrk gS] uSfrd fl¼kar ç'kkldksa dks
ckj&ckj vkus okyh nqfo/kvksa dks gy djus esa ekxZn'kZu djrs
gSaA uSfrd fu.kZ;&çfØ;k turk dh HkykbZ dks çkFkfedrk
nsrh gS] la?k"kks± dk lek/ku djrh gS vkSj lkekftd ewY;ksa
dks dk;e j•rh gSA
z fu.kZ;u% yksd ç'kklu esa uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus esa fu"i{krk]
rVLFkrk vkSj U;k; 'kkfey gksrk gSA blesa O;fÙkQxr ykHk ij
lkewfgd fgrksa dks çkFkfedrk nsuk 'kkfey gSA ,sls fu.kZ;ksa
ls lekt dks ldkjkRed ifj.kke feyrs gSaA
z lkoZtfud fo'okl% uSfrd yksd ç'kklu yksxksa ds chp
fo'okl vkSj Hkjksls dks c<+kok nsrk gSA tc ç'kkld l{kerk]
fu"i{krk] bZekunkjh vkSj fu"Bk çnf'kZr djrs gSa] rks blls
lkoZtfud lsokvksa dh çHkko'khyrk esa turk dk fo'okl
c<+rk gSA
z lkekftd iwath% uSfrd yksd ç'kklu fo'oluh;rk LFkkfir
djrk gS vkSj ukxfjd lekt ds lkFk lg;ksx dks c<+kok
nsrk gS] ftlls ns'k ds Hkhrj lkekftd iwath dk fodkl
gksrk gSA ;g lg;ksx ç'kklu vkSj ukxfjdksa ds chp laca/ksa
dks etcwr djrk gS] uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa ds dk;kZUo;u
dks lqfo/ktud cukrk gSA
z lokZsn;@vaR;ksn;% uSfrd yksd ç'kklu lekt ds xjhc
vkSj detksj oxks± ds çfr lgkuqHkwfr vkSj d#.kk dks viukrk
gSA ;g lkekftd leL;kvksa dh csgrj le> dks c<+kok nsrk
gS vkSj gkf'k, ij jgus okys leqnk;ksa ds mRFkku ds fy,
lek/ku •kstus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
 ,d mYys•uh; mnkgj.k vkbZ,,l vf/dkjh ,l- 'kadju
}kjk ca/qvk Je mUewyu vf/fu;e dk dk;kZUo;u gS]
yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk
tks lkekftd U;k; vkSj ekuokf/dkjksa ds çfr çfrc¼rk
dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA
z Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn dks de djuk% uSfrdrk
lkoZtfud ç'kklu esa Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn ls
fuiVus ds fy, ,d :ijs•k çnku djrh gSA uSfrd ekud
fu"i{krk] v•aMrk vkSj ;ksX;rk dks c<+kok nsrs gSa] i{kikr]
fj'or•ksjh vkSj lkoZtfud fo'okl dks detksj djus okyh
vuSfrd çFkkvksa ds tksf•e dks de djrs gSaA
z dkuwu ds 'kklu dks dk;e j•uk% yksd ç'kklu esa
uSfrdrk dkuwu ds 'kklu dk ikyu lqfuf'pr djrh gSA
ç'kkld dkuwuh <kaps] fofu;eksa vkSj laoS/kfud çko/kuksa
dk ikyu djus] tokcnsgh dks c<+kok nsus vkSj ç'kklfud
ç.kkyh dh v•aMrk dks cuk, j•us ds fy, uSfrd fl¼karksa
ls ca/s gksrs gSaA
z la?k"kZ lek/ku vkSj vke lgefr fuekZ.k% uSfrd fl¼kar
lkoZtfud ç'kkldksa dks laokn] vke lgefr fuekZ.k vkSj
lkekU; HkykbZ dks çkFkfedrk nsus ds ekè;e ls la?k"kks± dks
gy djus esa ekxZn'kZu djrs gSa] ftldk y{; ,sls U;k;laxr
lek/kuksa dk y{; j•uk gS tks lexz :i ls lekt dks
ykHk igqapkrs gSaA
z lrr fodkl% uSfrd yksd ç'kklu nh?kZdkfyd i;kZoj.kh;]
lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd çHkkoksa ij fopkj djds] Hkfo";
dh ihf<+;ksa ds fy, lalk/u laj{k.k] lkekftd dY;k.k
vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkjrk lqfuf'pr djds lrr fodkl dks
çkFkfedrk nsrk gSA
Hkkjrh; yksd ç'kklu esa uSfrdrk dh fLFkfr
z Hkkjrh; ç'kklu esa uSfrdrk fodflr djus ds
çko/kuksa esa 'kkfey gSa%
 dsaæh; lsok vkpj.k fu;e] 1964% ;s fu;e flfoy
lsodksa ds fy, D;k djsa vkSj D;k u djsa dh :ijs•k
rS;kj djrs gSa] muds dke esa iw.kZ lR;fu"Bk] drZO;
ds çfr leiZ.k vkSj jktuhfrd rVLFkrk ds egRo ij
tksj nsrs gSaA
 vf•y Hkkjrh; lsok vkpj.k fu;e] 1968% ;s fu;e
Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok (IAS)] Hkkjrh; iqfyl lsok
(IPS)] vkSj Hkkjrh; ou lsok (IFoS ) ds vf/dkfj;ksa
ij ykxw gksrs gSaA os mPp uSfrd ekudksa] v•aMrk]
bZekunkjh] jktuhfrd rVLFkrk] ;ksX;rk&vk/kfjr fu.kZ;
ysus] fu"i{krk] fu"i{krk] tokcnsgh vkSj ikjnf'kZrk dh
vko';drk ij çdk'k Mkyrs gSaA
 vkpkj lafgrk] 1997% Hkkjr esa yksd lsodksa ds
fy, vkpkj lafgrk ykxw djus dk ;g igyk ç;kl
173
 Fkk] ftldk mís'; csgrj ç'kklu dks c<+kok nsuk
FkkA gkyk¡fd] bls fo'ks"k :i ls yksd lsodksa ds
fy, tkjh ugha fd;k x;k Fkk] ftlls bldk çHkko
lhfer gks x;kA
z ;s çko/ku yksd lsodksa ds fy, fn'kkfunZs'k ds :i esa dke
djrs gSa] tks uSfrd vkpj.k] O;kolkf;drk vkSj mudh
Hkwfedkvksa vkSj ftEesnkfj;ksa esa lR;fu"Bk] fu"i{krk vkSj
tokcnsgh ds fl¼karksa ds ikyu ds egRo ij tksj nsrs gSaA
z Hkkjrh; ç'kklu dh uSfrd uhao dks etcwr djus ds fy,
bu fu;eksa dk çHkkoh dk;kZUo;u vkSj çorZu lqfuf'pr
djuk vko';d gSA
Hkkjrh; ç'kklu esa uSfrdrk dh leL;k,¡
Hkkjrh; ç'kklu esa uSfrdrk ls tqM+h leL;kvksa esa 'kkfey gSa%
z lhfer uSfrd lk{kjrk% dbZ ç'kkldksa esa uSfrd eqíksa dh
O;kid le> dk vHkko gS] os dsoy fu;e iqfLrdkvksa
ij fuHkZj jgrs gSa vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dks çHkkfor djus okys
O;kid lkaLÑfrd] lkekftd vkSj i;kZoj.kh; dkjdksa dh
mis{kk djrs gSaA
z xksiuh;rk% lwpuk dk vf/dkj (vkjVhvkbZ) vf/fu;e
ds vfLrRo ds ckotwn] Hkkjrh; ç'kklu ds Hkhrj vR;f/d
xksiuh;rk dh laLÑfr cuh gqbZ gS] vDlj vkjVhvkbZ
vf/fu;e ds çko/kuksa ds rgr Hkh tkudkjh rd igqap ls
budkj fd;k tkrk gSA
z lkekftd ncko% ç'kkldksa dks vius ifjokjksa] fj'rsnkjksa]
lkfFk;ksa vkSj vU; yksxksa ls vuqfpr ekaxksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gS] tks uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus ls le>kSrk dj ldrs gSaA
z jktuhfrd çHkko% ukSdj'kkg vius jktuhfrd ofj"Bksa
ds çfr tokcnsg gksrs gSa] ftlds dkj.k dHkh&dHkh os
,sls fu.kZ; ysrs gSa tks vkfFkZd var%dj.k ij jktuhfrd
vR;ko';drkvksa vkSj vYidkfyd y{;ksa dks çkFkfedrk
nsrs gSaA
z f'kdk;r fuokj.k ra=k dk vHkko% ç'kklfud dfe;ksa ds
laca/ esa laxfBr tuer dh deh ns•h tkrh gS] ftlds
dkj.k turk ds chp muds vf/dkjksa ds laca/ vkSj
vf/dkfj;ksa ds f•ykiQ f'kdk;r ntZ djus ds ra=k ds ckjs
esa tkx:drk dh deh gSA
z lwpuk dk lkoZtkfud gks tkuk vFkok yhd gks tkuk%
vf/dkjh dHkh&dHkh xksiuh;rk cuk, j•us ds fy,
la?k"kZ djrs gSa] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i yafcr dj o`f¼ ;k
deZpkfj;ksa dh ykxr esa dVkSrh ds mik;ksa tSlh laosnu'khy
tkudkjh turk ds chp yhd gks tkrh gSA
174
z vi;kZIr fOglyCyksvj laj{k.k% ;|fi fOglyCyksvj
laj{k.k vf/fu;e] 2014 ykxw gS rFkkfi fOgflyCyksvj
dks vDlj mRihM+u dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] vr%
f'kdk;rdrkZvksa ds f•ykiQ tokch dk;Zokgh djus okys
yksd lsodksa ds f•ykiQ etcwr naM çko/ku dh vko';drk
gSA
z çf'k{k.k vkSj {kerk fuekZ.k dh deh% f'k{kk vkSj
O;kolkf;d fodkl esa uSfrdrk ij vi;kZIr tksj lkoZtfud
ç'kkldksa ds chp uSfrd tkx:drk] fu.kZ; ysus ds dkS'ky
vkSj is'ksoj vkpj.k dks ckf/r djrk gS] tks O;kid çf'k{k.k
dk;ZØeksa dh vko';drk ij çdk'k Mkyrk gSA
z ykijokgh% dqN lkoZtfud vf/dkjh ;k rks viuh
O;kolkf;d ftEesnkfj;ksa dks iwjk djus esa foiQy jgrs gSa
;k mUgsa ykijokgh ls fuHkkrs gSa] ftlls jkT; vkSj leqnk;
dks uqdlku gksrk gSA ;g ykijokgh vDlj vius drZO;ksa
vkSj ftEesnkfj;ksa ds çfr #fp dh deh ls mRiUu gksrh gSA
z Hkz"Vkpkj% vfuok;Z dk;Z dks djus gsrq Hkh fj'or•ksjh vkSj
Hkz"Vkpkj vke lk/u ds :i esa çpfyr gks x, gSa] ftlls
ljdkjh foHkkxksa ds Hkhrj vuSfrd çFkkvksa dh O;kid
laLÑfr cu xbZ gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkz"Vkpkj /kj.kk lwpdkad] 2022 esa
Hkkjr dks 85oka LFkku fn;k x;k gSA
z detksj çorZu ra=k% lkoZtfud ç'kklu esa uSfrd vkpj.k
dk detksj çorZu tokcnsgh dks detksj djrk gS vkSj
ekStwnk fu;eksa ds ckotwn n.M ls eqfÙkQ dh laLÑfr dks
c<+kok nsrk gSA vuSfrd O;ogkj dks jksdus ds fy, dM+h
fuxjkuh vkSj vuq'kklukRed dkjZokb;ka egRoiw.kZ gSaA
z lkoZtfud Hkkxhnkjh dk vHkko% fu.kZ; ysus vkSj uhfr
fuekZ.k esa lhfer lkoZtfud Hkkxhnkjh uSfrd 'kklu esa ck/k
Mkyrh gSA O;kid ukxfjd lgHkkfxrk lkoZtfud ç'kklu esa
lekosf'krk vkSj ikjnf'kZrk dks c<+kok nsrh gSA
Hkkjrh; ç'kklu esa uSfrd pqukSfr;k¡
Hkkjrh; ç'kklu esa uSfrd eqís çpfyr gSa vkSj ljdkj ds
dkedkt dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA bu eqíksa esa fuEufyf•r
'kkfey gSa%
z foosdk/hu 'kfÙkQ;ksa dk nq#i;ksx% foosdk/hu 'kfÙkQ;ksa
dk mi;ksx vDlj O;fÙkQxr ykHk ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS]
ftlls i{kikr gksrk gS vkSj lkoZtfud dY;k.k dh mis{kk
gksrh gSA
z fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa dks vuqfpr egRo% fu;eksa
vkSj fofu;eksa ds vuqikyu ij vR;f/d è;ku nsus ls
ykyiQhrk'kkgh iSnk gksrh gS ftlls U;k; vkSj fu"i{krk esa
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 ck/k vkrh gSAmfpr drZO; dh txg ukSdjh dh tckcnsgh
T;knk egRoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA
z •jkc iqjLdkj vkSj ltk ra=k% i{kikr vkSj jktuhfrd laca/
iqjLdkj vkSj naM fu/kZfjr djrs gSa rFkk ;ksX;rk&vk/kfjr
ç'kklu dks vçHkkoh cukrs gSaA
z lapkj dh deh% Hkkjrh; ç'kklu can lapkj vkSj lhfer
lkoZtfud tqM+ko ls xzLr gSA dBksj inkuqØfer lajpuk,¡
çHkkoh lapkj dks vkSj Hkh ckf/r djrh gSaA
z mnklhurk dh ço`fÙk% ç'kkld vDlj dk;ks± dks ,d foHkkx
ls nwljs foHkkx esa LFkkukarfjr djds pqukSrhiw.kZ fLFkfr;ksa ls
fuiVus ls cprs gSa] ftlls lfØ; leL;k&lek/ku dh
deh gks tkrh gSA
z laj{k.k% jktuhfrd laj{k.k ç'kkldksa dh fu;qfÙkQ dks
çHkkfor djrk gS] mPp Lrj ij ,slk fo'ks"k :i ls ns•k
tkrk gSA fu;ked fudk;ksa esa lsokfuo`fÙk ds ckn ds dk;Z
vDlj ;ksX;rk ds ctk; jktuhfrd laca/ksa ij vk/kfjr
gksrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] fu;ked vkSj vU; fudk;ksa esa
ofj"B vf/dkfj;ksa dks lsokfuo`fÙk ds ckn dk dk;ZHkkj
cM+s iSekus ij jktuhfrd laj{k.k ds vk/kj ij fn;k
tkrk gSA
z vR;f/d lqj{kk% lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn 311 }kjk çnku fd,
x, vR;f/d lqj{kk çko/ku tokcnsgh dks de djrs gSa vkSj
vuq'kklukRed mik;ksa ds çHkkoh çorZu esa ck/k Mkyrs gSaA
z xyr dYiuk okys y{;% dqN y{;ksa dks çkIr djus ls
tqM+s çksRlkgu vutkus esa udkjkRed O;ogkj dks c<+kok ns
ldrs gSa] ftlls ç'kklu ds uSfrd <kaps ls le>kSrk gks
ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] vksfM'kk esa mRdy xzkeh.k cSad ds
çca/d us tu/u •krs ls iSls fudkyus ds fy, 100
o"khZ; efgyk ds HkkSfrd lR;kiu ij tksj fn;kA
z HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn% HkkbZ& Hkrhtkokn dh çFkk ls tgka
O;fÙkQ;ksa dks lkoZtfud inksa ij fu;qÙkQ djus esa O;fÙkQxr
laca/ ;ksX;rk ij gkoh gks tkrs gSa vkSj ;s lkoZtfud lsok
dh xq.koÙkk vkSj fu"i{krk dks u"V dj nsrs gSaA
z d#.kk dh deh% Hkkjrh; ç'kklu esa fu.kZ; ysus dh
çfØ;k vDlj O;fÙkQ;ksa dh Hkkoukvksa vkSj lqfo/k ij fopkj
djus ds ctk; fu;eksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa ds dBksj ikyu dks
çkFkfedrk nsrh gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i lgkuqHkwfr dh
deh ns•h tkrh gS vkSj dHkh dHkh U;k; Hkh csgrj rjhds
ls ugha gks ikrk gSA
yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk
z ifj.kkeksa dks vf/d egRo nsuk% uSfrd çfØ;kvksa ds
ctk; vafre ifj.kkeksa dks vR;f/d egRo nsus ls fl¼karksa
ls le>kSrk gks ldrk gS vkSj vuSfrd çFkkvksa esa layXu
gks ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] fdlh nok daiuh }kjk fodflr
nok dks çekf.kr djuk] Hkys gh mlus vuSfrd rjhdksa
dk bLrseky fd;k gksA
z iSjoh% ncko lewg egRoiw.kZ jktuhfrd çHkko Mkyrs gSa]
ftlls muds fgrksa dh iwfrZ gksrh gS] Hkys gh os nh?kZdkfyd
:i ls ykHkdkjh u gksaA jktuhfrd ncko vDlj ç'kkldksa
dks mudh ek¡xsa ekuus ds fy, etcwj djrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] fofHkUu jktuhfrd nyksa us fdlkuksa
ds fy, ½.k ekiQh dh ekax dh gSA
z fgrksa dk Vdjko% ç'kklfud çfØ;kvksa dh v•aMrk dh
j{kk djus vkSj lkoZtfud vf/dkfj;ksa }kjk O;fÙkQxr ;k
foÙkh; fgrksa dks fu.kZ; ysus ls le>kSrk djus ls jksdus ds
fy, fgrksa ds Vdjko dh igpku djus vkSj çca/u djus
ds fy, etcwr ra=k vko';d gSaA
z fyax iwokZxzg vkSj HksnHkko% uSfrd yksd ç'kklu dks
fyax&mÙkjnk;h uhfr;ksa dks c<+kok nsus vkSj lHkh fyaxksa ds
fy, leku volj lqfuf'pr djus] lekurk vkSj lekosf'krk
ds fl¼karksa dks c<+kok nsdj fyax iwokZxzgksa vkSj HksnHkkoiw.kZ
çFkkvksa dks lacksf/r djus dh vko';drk gSA
f}rh; ç'kklfud lq/kj vk;ksx (Administrative
Reforms Commission) dh fVIif.k;k¡
f}rh; ç'kklfud lq/kj vk;ksx (,vkjlh) us Hkkjrh;
ç'kklu esa uSfrd eqíksa ds laca/ esa dbZ fVIif.k;k¡ dh gSa]
ftuesa 'kkfey gSa
z Hkz"Vkpkj ,d egRoiw.kZ fpark dk fo"k; gSA ukSdj'kkgh
ds 'kh"kZ Lrj ij ,slk fo'ks"k :i ls ns•us dks feyrk gSA
z yksd lsod ukxfjdksa dh f'kdk;rksa dks nwj djus esa
çfrc¼rk dh deh fn•krs gSaA
z ykyiQhrk'kkgh vkSj tfVy çfØ;k,¡ ukxfjdksa ds fy,
dfBukb;ksa dk dkj.k curh gSaA
z nqyZHk tokcnsgh tgk¡ mPp vf/dkfj;ksa ls dh xbZ
f'kdk;rksa dks vDlj utjvankt dj fn;k tkrk gSA
z dbZ yksd inkf/dkfj;ksa dk joS;k vgadkj vkSj mnklhurk
;qÙkQ gksrk gSA
z vf/dkfj;ksa ds ckj&ckj LFkkukarj.k ls mudh çHkko'khyrk
vkSj tokcnsgh de gks tkrh gSA
z jktusrkvksa vkSj ukSdj'kkgksa ds chp lkaBxkaB dk vfLrRoA
175
yksd lsodksa ds vuSfrd O;ogkj ds dkj.k ljdkjh vkSj futh laLFkkuksa esa uSfrd fpark,¡ vkSj nqfo/k,¡
yksd lsodksa ds vuSfrd O;ogkj ds dkj.kksa dks fofHkUu z uSfrd nqfo/k,¡ mu fLFkfr;ksa dks lanfHkZr djrh gSa] tgk¡
dkjdksa dks ftEesnkj Bgjk;k tk ldrk gS% O;fÙkQ;ksa dks nks ;k nks ls vf/d fodYiksa ds chp p;u
z ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ% vkSifuosf'kd fojklr vkSj fojklr esa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] ftuesa ls dksbZ Hkh fodYi O;kIr
feyh ukSdj'kkgh lajpuk uSfrd 'kklu ds ctk; fu;a=k.k leL;k dks iwjh rjg ls gy ugha djrk gSA
vkSj 'kks"k.k ij dsafær FkhA z ;s nqfo/k,¡ ,d ekufld la?k"kZ iSnk djrh gSa D;ksafd muesa
z lkekftd lanHkZ% Hkkjrh; lekt esa Hkz"Vkpkj lkekU; gks uSfrd vfuok;Zrk,¡ 'kkfey gksrh gSa] tgk¡ ,d dk ikyu
x;k gS] blds vklikl udkjkRed /kj.kk,a de gks xbZ gSaA djus ls nwljs dk mYya?ku gksrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa]
 Hkkjr Hkz"Vkpkj loZs{k.k 2019 ds vuqlkj] 51»
O;fÙkQ;ksa dks dfBu fu.kZ;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] ftu
mÙkjnkrkvksa us fj'or nsus dh ckr Lohdkj dhA ij lko/kuhiwoZd fopkj djus vkSj uSfrd fl¼karksa ij fopkj
z dkuwuh&U;kf;d lanHkZ% iqjkus dkuwu vkSj flfoy lsodksa djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
ds fy, uSfrd fparkvksa ds laca/ esa fof'k"V fn'kkfunZs'kksa dh z ljdkjh vkSj futh nksuksa laLFkkuksa esa uSfrd nqfo/kvksa dk
deh] tSls fd 1861 dk Hkkjrh; iqfyl vf/fu;eA lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
z jktuhfrd lanHkZ% jktuhfr esa vijkf/;ksa dh ?kqliSB us
Different course
vuSfrd yksd lsodksa ds lkFk xBtksM+ iSnk dj fn;k gS] of actions to
ftlls os uSfrd ekgkSy esa Hkh vuSfrdrk dh vksj vxzlj gSA choose from
 yksdlHkk pqukoksa esa] 159 laln lnL;ksa ds f•ykiQ
Individual must No perfect
xaHkhj vkijkf/d ekeys gksus dh lwpuk feyh Fkh] make a decision solution, some
ftuesa cykRdkj] gR;k] gR;k dk ç;kl] vigj.k vkSj about course of ethical principle is
efgykvksa ds f•ykiQ vijk/ ds vkjksi 'kkfey FksA action compromised
Ethical
z laxBukRed igyw% ukSdj'kkgh dk O;kid foLrkj jktuhfrd dilemma
dk;Zikfydk ds fy, bls çHkkoh <ax ls çcaf/r vkSj fu;af=kr
djuk pqukSrhiw.kZ cuk nsrk gSA
z vR;f/d lqj{kk% Hkz"Vkpkj fuokj.k vf/fu;e vkSj lafo/ku fp=k% fdlh fLFkfr dks uSfrd nqfo/k cukus
ds vuqPNsn 311 tSls vf/fu;eksa esa lqj{kk ds fy, çko/kuksa ds fy, rhu vko';d 'krZsa
dk vDlj Hkz"V vkSj vuSfrd flfoy lsodksa }kjk nq#i;ksx z bu fLFkfr;ksa esa lkeuk dh tkus okyh dqN uSfrd nqfo/kvksa
fd;k tkrk gSA ds dqN mnkgj.k ;gka fn, x, gSa%
ljdkjh vkSj futh laLFkkuksa }kjk lkeuk dh tkus okyh uSfrd nqfo/k,¡
z jktuhfrd dk;kZy; /kjdksa vkSj lkoZtfud fgr ds çfr oiQknkjh dks larqfyr djuk% flfoy lsodksa
dks rc nqfo/k dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gS] tc jktuhfrd usrkvksa ds çfr mudh oiQknkjh turk
ds lokZsÙke fgrksa dh lsok djus ds muds nkf;Ro ls Vdjkrh gSA
z xksiuh;rk vkSj ikjnf'kZrk ds eè; larqyu cuk, j•uk% ljdkjh vf/dkjh vDlj laosnu'khy
tkudkjh laHkkyrs gSa] ftUgsa xksiuh; j•k tkuk pkfg,A gkyk¡fd] tc xksiuh;rk dh vko';drk ds dkj.k
ljdkjh laLFkku ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh ls le>kSrk fd;k tkrk gS rks mUgsa nqfo/k dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA
z O;fÙkQxr uSfrdrk cuke laxBukRed ekaxksa dks dk;e j•uk% flfoy lsodksa dks ,slh fLFkfr;ksa
dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gS] tgka laxBukRed ekaxsa ;k uhfr;ka mudh O;fÙkQxr uSfrd ekU;rkvksa ds
lkFk la?k"kZ djrh gSa] ftlls mUgsa dfBu fodYi pquus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z O;fÙkQxr ykxr uSfrd nqfo/k,¡ (Personal Cost Ethical Dilemmas)% ;g rc ?kfVr gksrh gSa tc
uSfrd vkpj.k dk vuqikyu djus ij fu.kZ; ysus okys dks ,d egRoiw.kZ O;fÙkQxr dher pqdkuh
iM+rh gS] tSls fd mudh fLFkfr dks •rjs esa Mkyuk] voljksa dks •ksuk] ;k fj'rksa esa ruko iSnk djukA

176 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

 z ^lgh cuke xyr* uSfrd nqfo/k% ;g okLrfod uSfrd ewY;ksa ds ijLij fojks/h leqPp;ksa ls mRiUu
gksrh gSa] tgk¡ dksbZ Li"V lgh ;k xyr fodYi ugha gksrk gSA mnkgj.kksa esa lkoZtfud lsok esa ikjnf'kZrk
vkSj xksiuh;rk ds chp la?k"kZ ;k dkuwu ykxw djrs le; U;k; vkSj n;k ds chp p;u 'kkfey gSA
z la;qÙkQ uSfrd nqfo/k,a% blesa oks fLFkfr;k¡ 'kkfey gSa] tgk¡ ,d yksd lsod dks lgh cuke lgh vkSj
O;fÙkQxr ykxr uSfrd nqfo/kvksa ds la;kstu dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] tks ,d tfVy pqukSrh is'k djrk
gS] ftlds fy, fojks/kHkklh ewY;ksa vkSj O;fÙkQxr ifj.kkeksa dks larqfyr djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z ykHk vf/dredj.k vkSj lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dks larqfyr djuk% futh laxBuksa dks rc nqfo/kvksa dk
lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gS tc ykHk dh mudh •kst uSfrd :i ls dk;Z djus vkSj muds dk;ks± ds
lkekftd vkSj i;kZoj.kh; çHkkoksa ij fopkj djus dh mudh ftEesnkjh ls Vdjkrh gSA
z fOglyCyksvlZ dh j{kk cuke laxBukRed v•aMrk cuk, j•uk% futh laLFkkuksa esa deZpkfj;ksa dks
laxBu ds Hkhrj vuSfrd çFkkvksa dk irk pyus ij nqfo/k dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA mUgsa ;g
futh laLFkku
r; djuk gksxk fd xyr dke dh fjiksVZ djuh gS ;k ugha] ftlls mUgsa laHkkfor :i ls çfr'kks/ dk
lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gS ;k laxBu dh çfr"Bk dks uqdlku igq¡p ldrk gSA
z xzkgd larqf"V vkSj uSfrd ekudksa dks larqfyr djuk% futh {ks=k ds deZpkfj;ksa dks nqfo/k dk
lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gS] tc mUgsa uSfrd fopkjksa ij xzkgd larqf"V dks çkFkfedrk nsus ds ncko dk
lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] tSls fd Hkzked tkudkjh çnku djuk ;k mRikn dh xq.koÙkk ls le>kSrk djukA
z ljdkjh vkSj futh nksuksa laLFkkuksa esa] ijLij fojks/h ewY;ksa] nkf;Roksa vkSj ftEesnkfj;ksa ds dkj.k uSfrd nqfo/k,¡ mRiUu gksrh gSaA
z bu nqfo/kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, uSfrd fl¼karksa] dkuwuh nkf;Roksa vkSj dkjZokbZ ds fofHkUu rjhdksa ds laHkkfor ifj.kkeksa ij
lko/kuhiwoZd fopkj djus dh vko';drk gSA
yksd lsodksa }kjk lkeuk dh tkus okyh uSfrd nqfo/k,¡
z yksd lsodksa }kjk lkeuk dh tkus okyh uSfrd nqfo/k,¡ vDlj tfVy gksrh gSa vkSj muds is'ksoj nkf;Roksa vkSj lkoZtfud fgr
ij lko/kuhiwoZd fopkj djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

Personal z Example: Injuring a

cost Ethical valuable relationship.
dilemma

z Example:
 ?
 Right versus
Responsiblity of
right Ethical
remaining open vs.
dilemma
oath of secrecy.
Ethical dilemma

Conjoint z Example:
Ethical Transparency
dilemma vs. harming a
relationship.

fp=k% yksd lsodksa }kjk lkeuk dh tkus okyh uSfrd nqfo/k,¡

z yksd lsodksa }kjk lkeuk dh tkus okyh dqN lkekU; uSfrd nqfo/k,¡ uhps mfYyf•r gSa%
 fgrksa dk Vdjko% yksd lsodksa dks futh vkSj lkoZtfud fgrksa ds chp Vdjko dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] tks O;fÙkQxr

laca/ksa] foÙkh; fgrksa ;k fiNys laxBuksa ls çHkkfor gksrs gSa] ftlls muds fu.kZ; ysus esa iwokZxzg mRiUu gksrk gSA

yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk 177

 mnkgj.k ds fy, LoxhZ; v#.k tsVyh th us oksMkiQksu
ekeys dks ugha laHkkyk Fkk D;ksafd muds fgrksa dk
Vdjko mRiUu gks jgk Fkk D;ksafd os igys oksMkiQksu ds
lykgdkj FksA
 ijLij fojks/h ewY;% yksd lsodksa dks nqfo/kvksa
dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] tc muds O;fÙkQxr ewY;
lkoZtfud ç'kklu ds ewY;ksa ds lkFk Vdjkrs gSa] ftlls
mudh O;kolkf;d ftEesnkfj;ksa ds lkFk viuh ekU;rkvksa
dks lesVus dh mudh {kerk dks pqukSrh feyrh gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d yksd lsod futrk ds vf/dkj
ds çfr mPp lEeku ds dkj.k vk/kj ds mi;ksx ds
f•ykiQ gks ldrk gS] ysfdu mls lkoZtfud forj.k
ç.kkyh (ihMh,l) ds fy, bldk mi;ksx djuk iM+
ldrk gSA
 ofj"Bksa }kjk Fkksih xbZ uSfrd nqfo/k,¡% yksd lsodksa
dks vDlj uSfrd nqfo/kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS]
tc mUgsa vius is'ksoj uSfrdrk dks ofj"Bksa dh ekaxksa ds
lkFk lkeatL; fcBkuk iM+rk gS] tks vf/dkj ds çfr
vkKkdkfjrk ds lkFk uSfrd v•aMrk dks larqfyr djus
dh pqukSrh dks mtkxj djrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d yksd lsod ½.k ekiQh ds
f•ykiQ gks ldrk gS ysfdu ofj"Bksa ds vkns'kksa ds dkj.k
mls vkns'k dk ikyu djuk gksxkA
 vkpkj lafgrk dk vuqikyu% yksd lsod uSfrd
nqfo/kvksa ls tw>rs gSa] tc mudh O;fÙkQxr çsj.kk
;k iqjLdkjksa dh LohÑfr vkpkj lafgrk ds fu/kZfjr
fn'kkfunZs'kksa ls Vdjkrh gS] ftlls os ca/s gksrs gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d yksd lsod dh jk; gks ldrh
gS fd NksVs migkj mlds drZO; dks iwjk djus ds fy,
çsj.kk ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa ysfdu ;g vkpkj lafgrk
ds fo#¼ gSA
 O;kolkf;d çfrc¼rk cuke yksd dY;k.k% yksd
lsodksa dks turk dh rRdky t:jrksa vkSj dY;k.k ds
lkFk fu;eksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa ds çfr viuh çfrc¼rk
dks larqfyr djrs le; nqfo/kvksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gS] ftlds fy, fu"i{krk] U;k; vkSj tokcnsgh
ij lko/kuhiwoZd fopkj djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d yksd lsod nLrkosth lcwr
dh deh ds dkj.k ,d fujkfJr O;fÙkQ dks ljdkjh
vf/dkj nsus ls budkj dj ldrk gSA
 xksiuh;rk vkSj ikjnf'kZrk% yksd lsodksa dks ikjnf'kZrk
vkSj tokcnsgh lqfuf'pr djrs gq, laosnu'khy tkudkjh
178
dh xksiuh;rk cuk, j•us ds laca/ esa nqfo/kvksa dk
lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] ftlds fy, xksiuh;rk vkSj turk
ds tkudkjh rd igqapus ds vf/dkj ds chp larqyu
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d yksd lsod ls ijLij
fojks/h ekaxsa mRiUu ldrh gSa] tks lwpuk ds vf/dkj
ds lkFk&lkFk vkf/dkfjd xksiuh;rk vf/fu;e ds
fuEufyf•r çko/kuksa ls fpafrr gSA
 lhfer lalk/u vkSj çkFkfedrk% çfrLi/hZ ekaxksa ds
chp lhfer lalk/uksa dk vkoaVu djrs le; yksd
lsodksa dks uSfrd nqfo/kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS]
ftlls mUgsa turk dh t:jrksa vkSj dY;k.k ij fopkj
djrs le; dqN dk;ZØeksa ;k lsokvksa dks çkFkfedrk
nsus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z bu uSfrd nqfo/kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, yksd lsodksa dks
uSfrd rdZ esa layXu gksus] çklafxd uhfr;ksa vkSj fofu;eksa
ls ekxZn'kZu ysus] lgdfeZ;ksa ;k ofj"Bksa ls ijke'kZ djus
vkSj lkoZtfud fgr ij vius dk;ks± ds laHkkfor ifj.kkeksa
ij fopkj djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z yksd lsodksa ds fy, viuh fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa
lR;fu"Bk] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh ds fl¼karksa dks cuk,
j•uk vko';d gSA
'kklu esa uSfrd nqfo/kvksa dk lek/ku
'kklu esa uSfrd nqfo/kvksa ds lek/ku esa dbZ çeq• igyw
'kkfey gSa%
The provisions of Indian Constitution.
Democratic accountability of administration.
The rule of law and the principle of legality.
Professional integrity, impartiality and
neutrality.
Larger public good.
Responsiveness to society.
z lkoZtfud fgr dks çkFkfedrk nsuk% lkoZtfud
vf/dkfj;ksa dks fu.kZ; ysrs le; ;k dk;Zokgh djrs le;
vius Lo;a ds fgr ij turk ds dY;k.k vkSj HkykbZ dks
çkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg,A
z laiw.kZ ewY;kadu% lHkh miyC/ fodYiksa vkSj muds laHkkfor
ifj.kkeksa ij fopkj djds uSfrd nqfo/kvksa dk lko/kuhiwoZd
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 ewY;kadu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A O;kid fo'ys"k.k ml fu.kZ;
dks pquus esa enn djrk gS] tks lexz ykHk dks vf/dre
djrk gS vkSj uqdlku dks de djrk gSA
z fu"i{krk% uSfrd nqfo/kvksa dk lkeuk djus ij yksd lsodksa
dks fu"i{k vkSj oLrqfu"B jguk pkfg,A fu"i{krk vkSj U;k;
lqfuf'pr djus okys rVLFk jsiQjh ds leku] i{kikr ;k
O;fÙkQxr iwokZxzgksa ds fcuk fu.kZ; fy, tkus pkfg,A
z xka/h ds tarj (Talisman) dk mi;ksx djuk% lcls
detksj yksxksa ij muds çHkko ds vk/kj ij dk;ks± dk
vkdyu djus ds egkRek xka/h ds fl¼kar dk ikyu djrs
gq,] lekt ds lcls detksj O;fÙkQ;ksa ;k lewgksa ij fu.kZ;
ds çHkko ij fopkj djuk pkfg,A
z var%dj.k dk mi;ksx djuk% fdlh ds var%dj.k ij
fopkj vo'; djsa] ysfdu ;g è;ku j•sa fd ;g ges'kk
lVhd ;k fo'oluh; ugha gks ldrk gSA dk;Zokgh dk
lgh rjhdk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fdlh ds var%dj.k
ds ihNs ds uSfrd rdZ dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu djuk
egRoiw.kZ gSA
z y{;ksa dk ,dhdj.k% O;fÙkQxr] laxBukRed vkSj lkekftd
y{;ksa dks ,dhÑr djus ls uSfrd nqfo/kvksa dks de djus
esa enn fey ldrh gSA ,slk lek/ku <wa<uk pkfg, tks
lHkh fgr/kjdksa ds O;kid mís';ksa ds vuq:i gks] ln~Hkko
dks c<+kok ns ldrk gks vkSj la?k"kks± dks de dj ldrk gksA
z dkuwu ds 'kklu vkSj oS/rk dk ikyu% 'kklu esa dkuwu
dk 'kklu vko';d gSA yksd lsodksa dks dkuwuh <kaps ds
Hkhrj dk;Z djuk pkfg, vkSj LFkkfir fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa
dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A oS/rk vkSj oS/kfudrk ds fl¼karksa
dks dk;e j•us ls uSfrd ekudksa dks cuk, j•us esa enn
feyrh gS vkSj uSfrd nqfo/kvksa ds nkSjku fu.kZ; ysus esa
ekxZn'kZu feyrk gSA
z fgr/kjd tqM+ko% çklafxd fgr/kjdksa dks 'kkfey djuk
vkSj mudk buiqV ekaxuk ewY;oku n`f"Vdks.k vkSj varnZ`f"V
Process of Resolving Ethical dilemma
Recognize Ethical Gathering
Dilemma Information
Evaluate Decision Implement
Decision
¶fdlh laxBu esa uSfrdrk lcls Åij ls 'kq: gksuh pkfg,A ;g usr`Ro dk eqík gS vkSj eq[; dk;Zdkjh dks ,d mnkgj.k LFkkfir
djuk pkfg,A**
yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk
çnku dj ldrk gSA fo'ks"kKksa] çHkkfor O;fÙkQ;ksa ;k lewgksa
vkSj turk ds lkFk ijke'kZ csgrj fu.kZ; ysus vkSj çfØ;k
esa fo'okl dks c<+kok nsus esa ;ksxnku ns ldrk gSA
z uSfrd fn'kkfunZs'k vkSj vkpkj lafgrk% yksd lsodksa
dks mudh Hkwfedkvksa ds fy, LFkkfir uSfrd fn'kkfunZs'kksa
vkSj vkpkj lafgrk dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A ;s <k¡ps uSfrd
O;ogkj ds fy, fl¼kar vkSj ekud çnku djrs gSa] lkoZtfud
vf/dkfj;ksa dks nqfo/kvksa ls fuiVus vkSj vius dk;ks± esa
bZekunkjh cuk, j•us esa enn djrs gSaA
z uSfrd çf'k{k.k vkSj f'k{kk% uSfrd fl¼karksa vkSj fu.kZ;
ysus dh çfØ;kvksa ij fujarj çf'k{k.k vkSj f'k{kk çnku djuk
yksd lsodksa dks uSfrd nqfo/kvksa dks çHkkoh <ax ls lacksf/r
djus ds fy, vko';d midj.kksa ls ySl dj ldrk gSA
uSfrd tkx:drk vkSj {kerk dks c<+kok nsuk 'kklu <kaps ds
Hkhrj uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus dks c<+krk gSA
z tokcnsgh vkSj ikjnf'kZrk% uSfrd nqfo/kvksa dks gy djus
esa tokcnsgh vkSj ikjnf'kZrk ds fl¼karksa dks dk;e j•uk
egRoiw.kZ gSA yksd lsodksa dks vius dk;ks± vkSj fu.kZ;ksa ds
fy, tokcnsg gksuk pkfg,] vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k esa
ikjnf'kZrk fo'okl cukus vkSj fgrksa ds laHkkfor Vdjko dks
de djus esa enn dj ldrh gSA
z ewY;kadu vkSj fparu% fiNys fu.kZ;ksa vkSj muds ifj.kkeksa
ij fu;fer ewY;kadu vkSj fparu Hkfo"; dh uSfrd nqfo/kvksa
ds fy, ewY;oku varnZ`f"V çnku dj ldrk gSA liQyrkvksa
vkSj vliQyrkvksa nksuksa ds vuqHkoksa ls lh•dj uSfrd 'kklu
çFkkvksa esa fujarj lq/kj esa ;ksxnku fn;k tk ldrk gSA
z uSfrd fujh{k.k ra=k% uSfrd lfefr;ksa ;k yksdiky dk;kZy;ksa
tSls etcwr fujh{k.k ra=k dks ykxw djus ls uSfrd fparkvksa
dks nwj djus] ekxZn'kZu çnku djus vkSj 'kklu esa uSfrd
ekudksa dk vuqikyu lqfuf'pr djus esa enn fey ldrh
gSA ;s ra=k tokcnsgh dks c<+kok nsrs gSa vkSj uSfrd nqfo/kvksa
ds lek/ku dk leFkZu djrs gSaA
Identify Analyze
Stakeholder Options
Make a Applying Ethical
Decision Principles
µ,MoMZ gsuslh
179
futh laLFkkuksa esa uSfrd fpark,¡
futh laLFkkuksa esa uSfrd nqfo/k,¡ m|ksx] daiuh laLÑfr vkSj
fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vk/kj ij fHkUu gks ldrh gSaA dqN
lkekU; uSfrd fpark,¡ vkSj nqfo/k,¡ ftudk futh laLFkkuksa dks
lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gS] fuEufyf•r gSa%
z ykxr esa dVkSrh vkSj deZpkjh LokLF;@lqj{kk dks
larqfyr djuk% •pks± dks de djus vkSj dk;ZLFky esa
deZpkfj;ksa dh HkykbZ vkSj lqj{kk dks çkFkfedrk nsus ds chp
larqyu LFkkfir djus ds fy, la?k"kZ djukA
z xksiuh;rk vkSj çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx% muds xksiuh;rk
vf/dkjksa vkSj O;fÙkQxr Lora=krk dk lEeku djrs gq,
oS/ O;kolkf;d mís';ksa ds fy, deZpkjh xfrfof/;ksa dh
fuxjkuh dh uSfrd nqfo/k ls fuiVukA
z ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh% fo'okl] fo'oluh;rk vkSj
uSfrd O;kolkf;d çFkkvksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, bZekunkjh]
lVhd fjiksfVZax vkSj Li"V lapkj ds fl¼karksa dks dk;e
j•ukA
z vkrafjd O;kikj% futh laLFkkuksa esa rc ,d uSfrd eqík
mRiUu gksrk gS] tc daiuh ds vf/dkjh LVkWd VªsfMax esa
'kkfey gksus ds fy, daiuh ds ckjs esa xksiuh; tkudkjh dk
xyr rjhds ls mi;ksx djds vuqfpr ykHk çkIr djrs gSa]
ftlls fuos'kdksa dks uqdlku gksrk gSA
z mfpr dkedkth fLFkfr;k¡% çfrLi/hZ osru vkSj ykHkksa lfgr
mfpr O;ogkj lqfuf'pr djuk] vkSj ,d xSj&HksnHkkoiw.kZ
dk;Z okrkoj.k cukuk tks fofo/rk vkSj deZpkjh dY;k.k
dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
z uSfrdrk vkSj ewY;&vk/kfjr nqfo/k,a% dk;ZLFky esa uSfrd
pqukSfr;ksa dk lek/ku djus ds fy, fgrksa ds Vdjko dk
çca/u djuk vkSj fofo/ n`f"Vdks.k] ewY;ksa vkSj lkaLÑfrd
erHksnksa dks nwj djukA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] chlhlhvkbZ ds uSfrd vf/dkjh
us :ik dks fgrksa ds Vdjko dk uksfVl fn;k xq#ukFk
rfeyukMq fØdsV ,lksfl,'ku ds vè;{k vkSj lkFk gh
bafM;k lhesaV~l fyfeVsM (psUubZ lqij fdaXl dh ewy
daiuh) ds funs'kd gSaA mUgsa vkbZlh,y ,oa psUubZ lqij
fdaXl fØdsV fyfeVsM (lh,ldslh,y) ds lkFk ?kfu"B
laca/ ds fy, vçR;{k :i ls fgrksa ds Vdjko dk
nks"kh ik;k x;k gSA
z i;kZoj.kh; çHkko% uSfrd :i ls ftEesnkj fodYi
pquuk tks fLFkjrk dks çkFkfedrk nsrs gSa vkSj i;kZoj.k ij
udkjkRed çHkkoksa dks de djrs gSa] Hkys gh blesa vfrfjÙkQ
180
ykxr yxs ;k O;kolkf;d çFkkvksa esa egRoiw.kZ cnyko dh
vko';drk gksA
z fuxe ç'kklu vkSj usr`Ro% laxBu ds lHkh Lrjksa ij
v•aMrk vkSj uSfrd ekudksa dks cuk, j•us ds fy, etcwr
uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus dh :ijs•k LFkkfir djuk] tokcnsgh dks
c<+kok nsuk vkSj fgrksa ds Vdjko ls cpukA
z fuxe lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro (lh,lvkj)% lkFkZd
lkekftd igy esa layXu gksuk] lkeqnkf;d fodkl esa
;ksxnku nsuk vkSj lkekftd pqukSfr;ksa dk lek/ku djukA
z MsVk xksiuh;rk vkSj lqj{kk% xzkgdksa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dh
O;fÙkQxr vkSj laosnu'khy tkudkjh dks vuf/Ñr igqap]
mYya?ku ;k nq#i;ksx ls cpkukA
z vkiwfrZ J`a•yk uSfrdrk% laiw.kZ vkiwfrZ J`a•yk esa uSfrd
çFkkvksa dks lqfuf'pr djuk] ftlesa vkiwfrZdrkZvksa ds
lkFk mfpr O;ogkj] ftEesnkj lksflZax vkSj tcju Je ;k
'kks"k.kdkjh çFkkvksa ds mi;ksx ls cpuk 'kkfey gSA
z ofj"B ds çfr oiQknkjh cuke laxBu dh oiQknkjh%
deZpkfj;ksa dks vDlj rc uSfrd fparkvksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gS tc mUgsa vius rRdky ofj"B dh oiQknkjh vkSj
lexz laxBu ds çfr mudh çfrc¼rk ds chp larqyu
cSBkuk iM+rk gSA
z ys•kadu /ks•k/M+h% futh laLFkkuksa esa] vuSfrd O;ogkj
rc mRiUu gksrk gS tc daifu;ka fuos'kdksa dks vkdf"kZr
djus ds mís'; ls] csgrj foÙkh; ifj.kke is'k djus ds fy,
tkucw>dj jktLo c<+kdj ;k •pks± esa gsjiQsj djds ys•kadu
/ks•k/M+h esa layXu gksrh gSaA
z uSfrd foi.ku vkSj foKkiu% foKkiu vkSj foi.ku
çFkkvksa esa bZekunkjh vkSj lR;fu"Bk dks dk;e j•uk] >wBs
;k Hkzked nkoksa ls cpuk vkSj uSfrd vuqu; dh lhekvksa
dk lEeku djukA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d bZekunkj lsYleSu dks
nks"kiw.kZ fpfdRlk mRikn cspuk iM+ ldrk gS] tks jksxh
ds LokLF; dks çHkkfor dj ldrk gSA
z lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd çHkko% ftEesnkjh ls] ikjn'khZ
rjhds ls vkSj daiuh ds ewY;ksa ds vuq:i lkekftd vkSj
jktuhfrd çHkko dk ç;ksx djuk] ,sls dk;ks± ls cpuk
tks yksdrkaf=kd çfØ;kvksa dks uqdlku igqapk ldrs gSa ;k
vuqfpr çHkko iSnk dj ldrs gSaA
fparkvksa ds lek/ku ds rjhds
z uSfrd <k¡ps vkSj vkpkj lafgrk dh LFkkiuk% futh
laLFkku O;kid <k¡ps vkSj vkpkj lafgrk fodflr djrs gSa]
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 tks laxBu ds Hkhrj uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus vkSj O;ogkj ds fy,
Li"V fn'kkfunZs'k çnku djrs gSaA
z uSfrdrk çf'k{k.k vkSj f'k{kk çnku djuk% uSfrd
tkx:drk] fu.kZ; ysus ds dkS'ky vkSj uSfrd nqfo/kvksa dh
le> c<+kus ds fy, dk;ZØeksa esa fuos'k djukA
z uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa dks ykxw djuk% lajfpr
çfØ;k,a LFkkfir djuk tks uSfrd fufgrkFkks± ij fopkj djsa]
fgr/kjd çHkkoksa dk ewY;kadu djuk vkSj fu.kZ;ksa dks uSfrd
fl¼karksa ds lkFk lajsf•r djukA
z miHkksÙkQk laj{k.k% miHkksÙkQkvksa dh lqj{kk vkSj vf/dkjksa
dks çkFkfedrk nsuk] Hkzked çFkkvksa ls cpuk vkSj mPp
xq.koÙkk okys mRikn vkSj lsok,¡ çnku djukA
z fOgflyCyksvj ra=k dh LFkkiuk% futh laLFkku ds
deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, vuSfrd O;ogkj dh xksiuh; :i ls
fjiksVZ djus ;k uSfrd mYya?kuksa ds ckjs esa fpark,a mBkus]
çfr'kks/ ls lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus vkSj uSfrd nqfo/kvksa ds
lek/ku dks l{ke djus ds fy, ekxZ rS;kj djukA
z uSfrd vkWfMV vkSj fuxjkuh djuk% uSfrd tksf•eksa dh
igpku djus] vuqikyu lqfuf'pr djus vkSj nqfo/kvksa dks
lfØ; :i ls lacksf/r djus ds fy, çFkkvksa dk fu;fer
:i ls ewY;kadu djukA
z fgr/kjdksa dks 'kkfey djuk% deZpkfj;ksa] xzkgdksa]
vkiwfrZdrkZvksa vkSj leqnk;ksa dks muds n`f"Vdks.k dks le>us
vkSj uSfrd eqíksa dk lek/ku djus ds fy, lfØ; :i ls
'kkfey djukA
z m|ksx la?kksa ds lkFk lg;ksx djuk% lokZsÙke çFkkvksa dks
lk>k djus] pqukSfr;ksa ij ppkZ djus vkSj m|ksx&O;kih uSfrd
ekudksa dks fodflr djus ds fy, lkfFk;ksa vkSj la?kksa ds
lkFk lk>snkjh djukA
z uSfrd usr`Ro dks c<+kok nsuk% usrkvksa dks uSfrd Hkwfedk
ekWMy ds :i esa j•rs gq, lHkh Lrjksa ij lR;fu"Bk]
tokcnsgh vkSj uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus dh laLÑfr dks c<+kok
nsukA

uSfrd fparkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, futh laLFkkuksa esa viuk;k x;k fl¼kar
z cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe ftl estcku ns'k esa dke djrs gSa] ogka ds lkaLÑfrd vkSj uSfrd ekunaMksa dks
viuk ldrs gSaA ;g n`f"Vdks.k mUgsa LFkkuh; cktkj esa çlkj djus dh vuqefr nsrk gS ysfdu vxj ;g
lkoZHkkSfed uSfrd ekudksa ls le>kSrk djrk gS rks blls uSfrd fpark,¡ iSnk gks ldrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds
uSfrd lkis{kokn fy,] eSdMkWuYM~l Hkkjr esa chiQ vkSj iksdZ cxZj ugha csprk gSA
z uSfrd lkis{kokn estcku ns'k ds cktkj esa vfLrRo cuk, j•us esa l{ke cukrk gS ysfdu vxj blesa
cky Je tSls lkoZHkkSfed uSfrd ekunaMksa ds foijhr çFkk,a 'kkfey gSa rks ;g daiuh dh varjjk"Vªh;
çfr"Bk dks uqdlku igqapk ldrk gSA
z futh laLFkku uSfrd ekudksa ds ,d leqPp; dk ikyu djrs gSa] tks mu lHkh ns'kksa esa lkoZHkkSfed :i
ls ykxw gksrs gSa] tgka os lPpkbZ dh rjg O;olk; djrs gSa] vkSj xzkgdksa dks xq.koÙkkiw.kZ lsok lkoZHkkSfed
uSfrd uSfrdrk gSA ;g n`f"Vdks.k fujarjrk vkSj mPp uSfrd ftEesnkjh ij tksj nsrk gS ysfdu lkaLÑfrd
lkoZHkkSfedrk fofo/rk ds lEeku esa pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk dj ldrk gSA
z uSfrd lkoZHkkSfedrk mPp uSfrd ftEesnkjh vkSj ekuokf/dkjksa ds l[r ikyu dks dk;e j•rh gS ysfdu
dqN ekeyksa esa bls lkaLÑfrd lkezkT;okn dks Fkksius ds :i esa ekuk tk ldrk gSA

uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, ,d lkekU; :ijs•k

Recognizing the Getting the Deciding Conscience and Decision

ethical dilemma facts/data Approach aptitude making

fp=k% uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k

z uSfrd nqfo/k dks igpkuuk vkSj ifjHkkf"kr djuk% ekStwnk uSfrd eqís dks Li"V :i ls Li"V djuk vkSj blesa 'kkfey ijLij
fojks/h ewY;ksa ;k fl¼karksa dh igpku djukA fgr/kjdksa vkSj fu.kZ; ds laHkkfor çHkko ij fopkj djukA
z çklafxd tkudkjh bdêòk djsa% uSfrd nqfo/k ls lacaf/r lHkh çklafxd rF;] MsVk vkSj tkudkjh ,d=k djukA blesa fLFkfr
ij ykxw gksus okys dkuwuksa] fofu;eksa] uhfr;ksa vkSj is'ksoj vkpkj lafgrk dks le>uk 'kkfey gks ldrk gSA

yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk 181

z fodYiksa dks igpkusa vkSj mudk ewY;kadu djuk%
dk;Zokgh ds laHkkfor ikBÔØeksa dh ,d J`a•yk rS;kj djuk
tks uSfrd nqfo/k dk lek/ku dj ldsaA çR;sd fodYi dk
ewY;kadu mlds laHkkfor ifj.kkeksa] tksf•eksa vkSj ykHkksa ds
vk/kj djus ds lkFk gh ;g è;ku j•uk fd ;g uSfrd
fl¼karksa vkSj ewY;ksa ds lkFk dSls lajsf•r gksrk gSA
z uSfrd fl¼karksa dks ykxw djuk% fLFkfr dk fo'ys"k.k djus
vkSj fu.kZ; ysus esa ekxZn'kZu djus ds fy, uSfrd fl¼karksa
dk mi;ksx djukA lkekU; uSfrd fl¼karksa esa mi;ksfxrkokn
(lexz •q'kh dks vf/dre djuk)] /eZ'kkL=kh; uSfrdrk ;k
MksUVksykWth (drZO;ksa vkSj uSfrd fu;eksa ds vk/kj ij dk;Z
djuk)] vkSj lnkpkj uSfrdrk (O;fÙkQxr pfj=k vkSj xq.kksa
ij è;ku dsafær djuk) 'kkfey gSaA
z fgr/kjdksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ij fopkj djuk% fu.kZ; ls
çHkkfor lHkh fgr/kjdksa ds n`f"Vdks.k vkSj fgrksa dks è;ku
esa j•ukA fofHkUu O;fÙkQ;ksa] lewgksa ;k O;kid lekt ij
laHkkfor çHkkoksa ij fopkj djukA
z fu.kZ;u vkSj dk;Zokgh% fodYiksa ds ewY;kadu ds vk/kj
ij] dkjZokbZ dk og rjhdk pquuk] tks uSfrd nqfo/k dk
lcls vPNk lek/ku djrk gks vkSj uSfrd fl¼karksa vkSj
ewY;ksa dks dk;e j•rk gksA dk;kZUo;u ds fy, ,d ;kstuk
fodflr djuk vkSj fu.kZ; dks çHkkoh <ax ls laçsf"kr djukA
z fparu djuk vkSj lh•uk% fu.kZ; dks ykxw djus ds ckn
blds ifj.kkeksa ij fopkj djukA fu.kZ; dh çHkko'khyrk dk
vkdyu djuk vkSj Hkfo"; esa uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus ds fy,
lh•s x, fdlh Hkh lcd ij fopkj djukA
ukSdj'kkgh uSfrdrk vkSj lkoZtfud uSfrdrk ds chp ,d
fojks/kHkkl
z lkoZtfud ç'kklu vkSj ukSdj'kkgh ç.kkfy;ksa ds {ks=k ds
fy, fof'k"V uSfrd fopkjksa vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa
dks lanfHkZr djrh gSA
z ;g ekurk gS fd ukSdj'kkgh lanHkZ esa] fu.kZ; ysuk
laxBukRed y{;ksa] dkuwuh <kaps] çfØ;kRed vko';drkvksa
vkSj dq'ky dkedkt dh vko';drk tSls dkjdksa ls
çHkkfor gks ldrk gSA
z ukSdj'kkgh uSfrdrk Lohdkj djrh gS fd lkoZtfud ç'kklu
esa uSfrd vkSj uSfrd ekunaMksa ds vuqç;ksx esa O;fÙkQxr
var%dj.k dh rqyuk esa vyx&vyx fopkj gks ldrs gSaA
z nwljh vksj] lkoZtfud uSfrdrk mu uSfrd ekudksa vkSj
fl¼karksa dks lanfHkZr djrh gS] ftUgsa vke rkSj ij cM+s iSekus
ij lekt }kjk Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA
182
z lkoZtfud uSfrdrk esa os ewY;] fo'okl vkSj ekunaM
'kkfey gSa] tks O;fÙkQ;ksa ds O;ogkj dks funZsf'kr djrs gSaA
z lekt ds Hkhrj D;k lgh gS vkSj D;k xyr] mfpr vkSj
fu"i{k gS] dh lk>k le> dks n'kkZrk gSA
ukSdj'kkgh uSfrdrk vkSj lkoZtfud uSfrdrk ds chp varj
dks fuEufyf•r rjhdksa ls le>k tk ldrk gS%
z lanHkZ vkSj iQksdl% ukSdj'kkgh uSfrdrk ukSdj'kkgh ç.kkyh
ds Hkhrj laxBukRed y{;ksa vkSj n{krk dks çkIr djus ij
dsafær gS] tcfd lkoZtfud uSfrdrk O;kid lkekftd eqíksa
vkSj vke HkykbZ dks lacksf/r djrh gSA
z ck/k,a vkSj ysu&nsu (Constraints and Trade-offs)%
ukSdj'kkgh uSfrdrk lhfer lalk/uksa vkSj dkuwuh <kaps tSls
fof'k"V ck/kvksa vkSj ysu&nsu ds Hkhrj lapkfyr gksrh gS]
tcfd lkoZtfud uSfrdrk dkjdksa vkSj ewY;ksa dh ,d
foLr`r J`a•yk ij fopkj djrh gSA
z tokcnsgh% ukSdj'kkgh uSfrdrk laxBukRed tokcnsgh
lajpukvksa ds v/hu gS] tcfd lkoZtfud uSfrdrk lkekftd
ekunaMksa] dkuwuh ç.kkfy;ksa vkSj yksdrkaf=kd çfØ;kvksa ds
ekè;e ls ykxw dh tkrh gSA
z fgrksa dks larqfyr djuk% ukSdj'kkgh uSfrdrk esa n{krk
vkSj dkuwuh vuqikyu tSls çfrLi/hZ fgrksa dks larqfyr djuk
'kkfey gS] tcfd lkoZtfud uSfrdrk fu"i{krk] U;k;]
lekurk vkSj O;fÙkQxr vf/dkjksa dh j{kk ij tksj nsrh gSA
z gkyk¡fd ukSdj'kkgh uSfrdrk vkSj lkoZtfud uSfrdrk
ds vyx&vyx fopkj gks ldrs gSaA ;g è;ku j•uk
egRoiw.kZ gS fd os iwjh rjg ls vyx laLFkk,¡ ugha gSaA
z ukSdj'kkgh ç.kkfy;k¡ varr% lkoZtfud fgr dh lsok ds
fy, ekStwn gSa vkSj mUgsa O;kid lkekftd ewY;ksa vkSj uSfrd
ekunaMksa ds vuq:i gksuk pkfg,A
z pqukSrh yksd ç'kklu dh vuwBh ekaxksa vkSj lkoZtfud
uSfrdrk dks js•kafdr djus okys uSfrd fl¼karksa ds chp
larqyu cukus esa gSA
z bls uSfrd <kaps] fn'kkfunZs'kksa vkSj tokcnsgh ra=kksa ds ekè;e
ls çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks ukSdj'kkgh fu.kZ; ysus dh
çfØ;kvksa ds Hkhrj ikjnf'kZrk] v•aMrk vkSj tokcnsgh dks
c<+kok nsrs gSaA
fgrksa dk Vdjko
z ^^fgrksa dk Vdjko** ml fLFkfr dks lanfHkZr djrk gS]
tgka ,d yksd lsod ds O;fÙkQxr fgr ;k nkf;Ro] pkgs
foÙkh;] is'ksoj ;k O;fÙkQxr] muds vkf/dkfjd drZO;ksa ;k
ftEesnkfj;ksa ds lkFk Vdjko gksrs gSaA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z ;g rc gksrk gS] tc fdlh yksd lsod ds futh fgr dks vyx djus ij fopkj djuk pkfg,| ftlesa lh/s rkSj
mudh fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k dks vuqfpr rjhds ls çHkkfor ij muds O;fÙkQxr fgr 'kkfey gksaA ;g fu"i{krk lqfuf'pr
;k le>kSrk dj ldrs gSa] ftlls laHkkfor iwokZxzg ;k djrk gS vkSj turk dk fo'okl cuk, j•rk gSA
vuqfpr ykHk gks ldrk gSA Checks & Awareness
Corporate vs Balances
Use of standard
private operating
Risk
management Resolving procedural
COI
Redefining and
Conflict of Foundational values
enforcing code
Interest Public vs private (Nolan committee) Aoountablity
Corporate vs of conduct
public interest interest z Upward

z Downward
z yksd lsodksa dh fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k esa fgrksa dk Vdjko z Horizontal

fofHkUu rjhdksa ls çdV gks ldrk gSA ;s dqN lkekU;
vfHkO;fÙkQ;ksa esa 'kkfey gSa%
 foÙkh; fgr% tc fdlh yksd lsod dh dksbZ O;fÙkQxr
foÙkh; fgLlsnkjh ;k laLFkk gksrh gS] tks mudh vkf/dkfjd
{kerk esa fy, x, fu.kZ; ls çHkkfor gks ldrh gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d lkoZtfud vf/dkjh fdlh
daiuh dks vuqca/ nsus esa 'kkfey gksrk gS] ftlesa mudk
;k muds ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dk foÙkh; fgr gksrk gSA
 O;fÙkQxr laca/% tc O;fÙkQxr laca/] tSls ikfjokfjd
;k ?kfu"B fe=krk] fdlh yksd lsod ds fu.kZ; ;k fu.kZ;
ysus dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d yksd
lsod ljdkjh lalk/uksa ds vkoaVu esa vius fe=k ds
O;kolkf;d fgrksa dk i{k ysrk gSA
 jkstxkj ds ckn dh fpark,¡% lkoZtfud lsok NksM+us
ds ckn] iwoZ yksd lsodksa ds ikl nkf;Ro ;k foÙkh;
laca/ gks ldrs gSa] tks in ij jgrs gq, muds dk;ks± ;k
fu.kZ;ksa dks çHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA bl fLFkfr dks vDlj
^^ifjØkeh njoktk (revolving door)** leL;k ds :i
esa tkuk tkrk gSA
z fgrksa ds Vdjko dh fLFkfr dks gy djus ds fy,]
yksd lsodksa ds fy, bZekunkjh vkSj ikjnf'kZrk ds lkFk dk;Z
djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA
fuEufyf•r dne ,sls fooknksa ls fuiVus esa enn dj
ldrs gSa%
z çdVhdj.k% yksd lsodksa dks fgrksa ds fdlh Hkh laHkkfor
Vdjko ds ckjs esa vius ofj"Bksa] lgdfeZ;ksa ;k mi;qÙkQ
çkf/dkfj;ksa dks crkuk pkfg,A ;g ikjnf'kZrk dks c<+kok
nsrk gS vkSj fLFkfr dk ewY;kadu djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
z vyx gksuk% ;fn fgrksa dk Vdjko mRiUu gksrk gS] rks ,d
yksd lsod dks fdlh Hkh fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k ls •qn
z uSfrd ekxZn'kZu% uSfrd fn'kkfunZs'kksa vkSj vkpkj lafgrk dk
ikyu vko';d gSA yksd lsodksa dks LFkkfir fu;eksa dk
ikyu djuk pkfg,] tks fgrksa ds Vdjko dks fu;af=kr djrs
gSa vkSj O;fÙkQxr ykHk ds ctk; turk ds lokZsÙke fgr esa
fu.kZ; ysrs gSaA
z Lora=k leh{kk% dqN ekeyksa esa] fdlh uSfrd lfefr ;k
fujh{k.k fudk; ls Lora=k leh{kk ;k jk; ekaxus ls fgrksa ds
Vdjko dks mfpr rjhds ls laHkkyus ds ckjs esa ekxZn'kZu
fey ldrk gSA
z bu pj.kksa dk ikyu djds] yksd lsod fgrksa ds Vdjko
ls fuiV ldrs gSa vkSj viuh fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa dh
v•aMrk dks cuk, j• ldrs gSa] varr% O;fÙkQxr fopkjksa
ls Åij turk ds fgr dh lsok dj ldrs gSaA
uSfrd ekxZn'kZu ds lzksr ds :i esa dkuwu] fu;e vkSj
fofu;e
Constitution
Law
Act
Regulations
Rules
z ;s Lohdk;Z O;ogkj ds fy, ,d :ijs•k çnku djds vkSj
dkuwuh lhekvksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djds uSfrd ekxZn'kZu ds lzksr
ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA

yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk 183

z os lekt ds Hkhrj fu"i{krk] U;k; vkSj O;fÙkQxr vkSj
lkewfgd fgrksa dh lqj{kk dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA
z ;s dkuwuh <k¡ps fofHkUu lkekftd eqíksa] lkoZtfud
dY;k.k vkSj O;fÙkQxr vf/dkjksa dh j{kk dk lek/ku
djrs gSaA
z tcfd dkuwu ckè;dkjh ekud fu/kZfjr djrs gSa]
fu;e vkSj fofu;e mUgsa fof'k"V {ks=kksa ds fy, O;kogkfjd
fn'kkfunZs'kksa esa ifjofrZr djrs gSaA
z gkyk¡fd] uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus dk nk;jk dkuwuh vko';drkvksa
ls ijs gS] ftlds fy, ewY;ksa] fl¼karksa vkSj lkekftd
vis{kkvksa ij fopkj djuk vko';d gSA
dkuwu%
z dkuwu vkSipkfjd fu;e gksrs gSa] tks fo/k;h :i ls
vf/fu;fer fd, x, gSa vkSj lekt ds Hkhrj lHkh ij
ykxw gksrs gSaA
z bUgsa ljdkj }kjk fo/k;h çfØ;k ds ekè;e ls cuk;k
vkSj ykxw fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa U;k;ikfydk] fo/kf;dk
vkSj lkoZtfud vf/dkjh 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
z dkuwu ,d fof'k"V lafgrk esa fy•s tkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa ykxw
djus ls igys ernku lfgr fofHkUu çfØ;kvksa ls xqtjuk
iM+rk gSA
z os O;fÙkQ;ksa dh HkykbZ vkSj vf/dkjksa dh j{kk djus vkSj
yksxksa vkSj ljdkj ds chp laca/ksa dks fofu;fer djus ds
fy, rS;kj fd, x, gSaA
z dkuwu U;kf;d ç.kkyh }kjk ykxw fd, tkrs gSa] vkSj tks
O;fÙkQ mUgsa rksM+rs gSa mUgsa tqekZuk] dkjkokl ;k lkeqnkf;d
lsok tSls dkuwuh ifj.kkeksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA
z dkuwu fofHkUu çdkj ds gksrs gSa] tSls vkijkf/d dkuwu]
ukxfjd dkuwu vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwuA
fu;e
z fu;e fof'k"V fLFkfr;ksa dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, O;fÙkQ;ksa
;k laxBuksa }kjk cuk, x, fn'kkfunZs'k ;k vkpkj lafgrk gSaA
z os dkuwuksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d yphys gksrs gSa vkSj vDlj
fof'k"V lewgksa ;k laLFkkuksa ds Hkhrj ykxw fd, tkrs gSaA
z fu;e fdlh laxBu ;k leqnk; ds Hkhrj O;oLFkk] ln~Hkko
vkSj lqpk: dkedkt cuk, j•us ds fy, rS;kj fd, tkrs
gSaA
z os vf/d vukSipkfjd gks ldrs gSa vkSj cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
ds vk/kj ij mUgsa vuqdwfyr ;k lek;ksftr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
184
z fu;e vkerkSj ij ml O;fÙkQ ;k bdkbZ }kjk ykxw fd, tkrs
gSa] tks mUgsa cukrk gS vkSj mlds ifj.kke Hkh ml bdkbZ
}kjk fu/kZfjr gks ldrs gSaA
z fu;e rksM+us ij dkuwu rksM+us dh rqyuk esa de xaHkhj
ifj.kke gks ldrs gSa vkSj ;g lanHkZ vkSj fu;e ykxw djus
okys çkf/dkjh ds vk/kj ij fHkUu gks ldrs gSaA
fofu;e
z fofu;e] dkuwuksa ls çkIr foLr`r vkSj fof'k"V midj.k]
vkpj.k dks vkdkj nsus vkSj dkuwuh <kaps ds Hkhrj vuqikyu
lqfuf'pr djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
z dkuwuksa ds dk;kZUo;u vkSj dk;kZUo;u ds fy, ,d O;kid
:ijs•k çnku djus ds fy,] vDlj fofHkUu foHkkxksa ds
ekè;e ls dk;Zdkjh 'kk•k }kjk cuk, tkrs gSaA
z dkuwuksa ds foijhr] tks ,d O;kid <kapk LFkkfir djrs gSa]
fu;e fof'k"V fo"k;ksa dh isphnfx;ksa ij è;ku dsafær djrs
gSa] ftldk mís'; dkuwuh ç.kkyh ds Hkhrj lqpk: dkedkt
dks lqfo/ktud cukuk vkSj tfVyrkvksa dk lek/ku djuk
gSA
z ftEesnkfj;ksa dks cukus] lhfer djus vkSj vkoafVr djus
ls] fu;e lekt ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dks fu;af=kr djus ds
fy, egRoiw.kZ midj.k ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
dkuwu vkSj fu;e ds chp varj
iSekuk dkuwu fu;e
fu;e vkerkSj ij dkuwu dk mís';
O;fÙkQxr HkykbZ ij lkoZtfud HkykbZ dks
mís';
è;ku dsafær djrs gSaA c<+kuk vkSj lkoZtfud
fgrksa dh lsok djuk gSA
ljdkj ;k fo/k;h laxBuksa ;k O;fÙkQ;ksa }kjk
fudk;ksa }kjk fu/kZfjr LFkkfir fn'kkfunZs'k ;k
vf/dkj
dkuwuh :i ls vkpkj lafgrkA
ckè;dkjh fu;eA
fdlh vf/dkj {ks=k fdlh fo'ks"k lewg] laxBu
;k lekt ds Hkhrj ;k fLFkfr ds fy, fof'k"V
ç;ksT;rk
lHkh ij ykxw gksrk gks ldrk gSA
gSA
U;kf;d ç.kkyh ds de vkSipkfjd vkSj vke
ekè;e ls vkSipkfjd rkSj ij vkarfjd ra=k ;k
çorZuh;rk vkSj çorZuh;A lkekftd ekunaMksa ds
ekè;e ls ykxw fd;k
tkrk gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 fo/k;h çfØ;kvksa fdlh vkSipkfjd fo/k;h z ekuokf/dkj laj{k.k% lgkuqHkwfr vkSj d#.kk dks c<+kok
fuekZ.k }kjk cuk;k x;k] çfØ;k ds fcuk O;fÙkQ;ksa nsdj] ;s dkuwuh <kaps ekuokf/dkjksa dh lqj{kk dks çkFkfedrk
çfØ;k ftlesa ernku vkSj ;k laxBuksa }kjk cuk;k nsrs gSaA
vuqeksnu 'kkfey gSA x;kA  eksVj okgu la'kks/u vf/fu;e] 2019] vPNs yksxksa

bldk mís'; O;ogkj fdlh fof'k"V lanHkZ ;k dks nhokuh ;k vkijkf/d ekeyksa ls cpkrk gS] d#.kk
dks fofu;fer djuk laxBu ds Hkhrj lqpk: vkSj lgk;rk dh laLÑfr dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
mís'; vkSj lekt esa dkedkt dh lqfo/k ds uSfrd ekxZn'kZu ds lzksr ds :i esa dkuwuksa] fu;eksa vkSj
O;oLFkk cuk, j•uk fy, fMtkbu fd;k x;kA fofu;eksa dh lhek,a
gSA z çorZu dk vHkko% vi;kZIr çorZu dkuwuksa] fu;eksa vkSj
dkuwuksa dk mYya?ku fu;eksa dks rksM+us ij fofu;eksa }kjk çnku fd, x, uSfrd ekxZn'kZu dks detksj
djus ij tqekZuk ;k çorZu bdkbZ }kjk fu/kZfjr dj nsrk gS] ftlls vuSfrd O;ogkj tkjh jgrk gSA
ifj.kke
dkjkokl tSls dkuwuh ifj.kke Hkqxrus iM+ ldrs
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] 2015 esa] oksDloSxu dks vius
ifj.kke gks ldrs gSaA gSaA
Mhty okguksa esa ,sls lkWÝVos;j LFkkfir djrs gq,
uSfrd ekxZn'kZu ds lzksr ds :i esa dkuwu] fu;e vkSj ik;k x;k Fkk] tks mRltZu ijh{k.kksa esa /ks•k/M+h
fofu;e djrs FksA blls okguksa dks dkuwu }kjk vuqefr ls
dkuwu] fu;e vkSj fofu;e uSfrd ekxZn'kZu ds egRoiw.kZ lzksrksa 40 xquk vf/d çnw"kd mRlftZr djus dh vuqefr
ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa] ;s tokcnsgh lqfuf'pr djrs gSa vkSj fey xbZA oksDloSxu o"kks± rd blls cp fudyus esa
liQy jgk D;ksafd mRltZu fu;eksa ds çorZu esa deh
fofHkUu ra=kksa ds ekè;e ls ,d U;k;iw.kZ lekt dks c<+kok nsrs gSa%
FkhA mRltZu fu;eksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, i;kZoj.k
z foosdk/hu 'kfÙkQ;ksa dk fofu;eu% ;s <k¡ps yksd lsodksa laj{k.k vf/fu;e ds ikl oksDloSxu ds vuqikyu
ds fy, fof'k"V fn'kkfunZs'k LFkkfir djrs gSa] foosdk/hu dh i;kZIr fuxjkuh djus ds fy, lalk/u ugha FksA
'kfÙkQ;ksa ds nq#i;ksx dks jksdrs gSa vkSj fu"i{k 'kklu dks ifj.kkeLo:i] oksDloSxu mu okguksa dh fcØh tkjh
c<+kok nsrs gSaA j•us esa l{ke jgk tks i;kZoj.k dks çnwf"kr dj jgs
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] dsaæh; flfoy lsok vkpj.k fu;e] FksA
1964] çkf/dkj ds nq#i;ksx dks jksdus ds fy, uSfrd z Vky&eVksy dh ço`fÙk% O;fÙkQ vkSj laxBu dkuwuksa] fu;eksa
ekunaMksa dh :ijs•k rS;kj djrk gSA vkSj fofu;eksa dh çHkko'khyrk dks de djrs gq, uSfrd
z dk;Zokgh vkSj fuf"Ø;rk ij fu;a=k.k% os ldkjkRed ekudksa dks njfdukj ;k njfdukj djus dk ç;kl dj
çksRlkgu vkSj udkjkRed fuokjd çnku djrs gSa] O;fÙkQ;ksa ldrs gSaA
dks okafNr O;ogkj dh vksj funZsf'kr djrs gSa vkSj vuSfrd  mnkgj.k ds fy,] euh ykWfUMªax] lkbcj vijk/

dk;ks± dks jksdrs gSaA vkfnA

 Hkz"Vkpkj fuokj.k vf/fu;e Hkz"Vkpkj dks grksRlkfgr
z dfe;ka <wa<uk% dkuwuksa] fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa esa ifjn`';ksa
djrk gS] tcfd egkRek xka/h jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj
xkjaVh vf/fu;e ikjnf'kZrk ds fy, lkekftd ys•k
ijh{kk dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
z lkekftd U;k; dks c<+kok nsuk% dkuwu] fu;e vkSj
fofu;e lekurk vkSj Lora=krk tSls vk/qfud ekuokf/dkj
fl¼karksa dks dk;e j•rs gSa] vkSj vf/d U;k;laxr lekt
esa ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA
 ukxfjd vf/dkj fuokj.k vf/fu;e% 1955]
lkekftd U;k; dh j{kk djrs gq,] vLi`';rk ij
jksd yxkrk gSA
dh v/wjh dojst dk iQk;nk mBk;k tk ldrk gS] ftlls
vuSfrd çFkkvksa dks ?kfVr gksus esa enn fey ldrh gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] 2G LisDVªe ekeyk bl ckr dk
mnkgj.k gS fd dSls dkuwu dh •kfe;ksa dk iQk;nk
mBkdj vuSfrd xfrfof/;ksa dks vatke fn;k tk
ldrk gSA 2008 esa] Hkkjr ljdkj us nwjlapkj daifu;ksa
dks 2th LisDVªe ykblsal dh uhykeh dhA gkyk¡fd]
ykblsal ds fy, vkjf{kr ewY; dSls fu/kZfjr fd;k
tk,] bl ij ljdkj ds ikl dksbZ Li"V uhfr ugha
FkhA bl •keh dk iQk;nk dqN VsyhdkWe daifu;ksa
us mBk;k] ftUgksaus ykblsal ds fy, vis{kk ls dkiQh

yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk 185

 de Hkqxrku fd;kA ifj.kkeLo:i] ljdkj dks vjcksa
MkWyj ds jktLo dk uqdlku gqvkA
z lhfer nk;jk% dkuwu] fu;e vkSj fofu;e vDlj fof'k"V
{ks=kksa ;k m|ksxksa ij è;ku dsafær djrs gSa] ftlls mHkjrs eqíksa
;k {ks=kksa ds fy, uSfrd ekxZn'kZu esa varjky jg tkrk gS]
ftUgsa i;kZIr :i ls doj ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr esa lks'ky ehfM;k ds
fofu;eu dh deh] fxx bdkWuehA
z vuE;rk% dkuwuksa] fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa dh fLFkj çÑfr
lekt esa mHkjrh uSfrd pqukSfr;ksa vkSj çxfr ds vuqdwy
gksus dh mudh {kerk esa ck/k Mky ldrh gS] ftlls iqjkuk
;k vçHkkoh ekxZn'kZu gks ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr esa MsVk lqj{kk ij iqjkus
dkuwu] Hkkjr esa Je vf/dkjksa ij fLFkj dkuwuA
z vuisf{kr ifj.kke% vPNs bjknksa ds ckotwn] dkuwuksa] fu;eksa
vkSj fofu;eksa ds dHkh&dHkh vuisf{kr ifj.kke gks ldrs
gSa] tks uSfrd fopkjksa ds lkFk Vdjko iSnk dj ldrs gSa ;k
ubZ uSfrd nqfo/k,¡ iSnk dj ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr esa 500 vkSj 1000 #i;s
ds uksVksa ds foeqæhdj.k ds dbZ vuisf{kr ifj.kke
gq,] tSls vFkZO;oLFkk esa O;o/ku vkSj xjhcksa dks
gksus okyh dfBukbZA
z udkjkRed /kj.kk% dqN fu;eksa ds çfr çfrjks/ ;k
udkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k xSj&vuqikyu vkSj uSfrd O;ogkj dh
mis{kk dk dkj.k cu ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k fu;eksa dk
fojks/ vDlj bl /kj.kk ij vk/kfjr gksrk gS fd
i;kZoj.k fu;eksa dk ikyu vFkZO;oLFkk dks uqdlku
igqapk,xkA
z lkaLÑfrd lkis{kokn% dkuwuksa] fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa esa
varfuZfgr uSfrd ekud fofo/ lkaLÑfrd n`f"Vdks.kksa ds
lkFk lajsf•r ugha gks ldrs gSa] ftlls fofHkUu lektksa vkSj
lanHkks± esa lkoZHkkSfed uSfrd fl¼karksa dks ykxw djus esa
pqukSfr;k¡ iSnk gksrh gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr esa dkyhu m|ksx esa cky
Je dk mi;ksxA
z tfVyrk vkSj vfrfu;eu% vR;f/d tfVyrk vkSj fu;eksa
dh cgqrk;r Hkze vkSj vuqikyu cks> iSnk dj ldrh gS]
ftlls O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj laxBuksa ds fy, uSfrd fu.kZ; çHkkoh
<ax ls ysuk pqukSrhiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr esa iQkekZL;qfVdy m|ksx dks
fu;af=kr djus okys fu;eksa dk pØO;wgA
186
z lkekftd ifjiDork dh deh% uSfrd ekudksa dks viukus ds
fy, lekt dh rRijrk vkSj ifjiDork dkuwuksa] fu;eksa vkSj
fofu;eksa dh çHkko'khyrk dks çHkkfor djrh gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] eqfLye lekt ds dqN oxks±
}kjk rhu rykd dkuwu dk fojks/] vkSj fganw lekt
ds dqN oxks± }kjk lcjhekyk ekeys ij mPpre
U;k;ky; ds iQSlys dk fojks/A
z O;fÙkQxr tokcnsgh dk vHkko% dsoy ckgjh fu;eksa ij
fuHkZj jgus ls uSfrd O;ogkj ds fy, O;fÙkQxr tokcnsgh
de gks ldrh gS D;ksafd O;fÙkQ O;fÙkQxr uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus
ds ctk; dkuwuh vuqikyu dh ftEesnkjh dks Vky ldrs gSaA
z uSfrd :i ls vLi"V {ks=kksa ds fy, vi;kZIr ekxZn'kZu%
dkuwu] fu;e vkSj fofu;e mu fLFkfr;ksa esa Li"V ekxZn'kZu
çnku djus ds fy, la?k"kZ dj ldrs gSa] tgka uSfrd fodYi
O;fÙkQijd gksrs gSa ;k uSfrd nqfo/k,a 'kkfey gksrh gSa] ftuds
fy, xgu çfrfcac vkSj uSfrd rdZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z vi;kZIr lalk/u% uSfrd ekudksa ij çorZu] fuxjkuh vkSj
f'k{kk ds fy, lhfer lalk/u uSfrd O;ogkj dks c<+kok
nsus esa dkuwuksa] fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa dh çHkko'khyrk dks
detksj dj ldrs gSaA
z uSfrd ewY;ksa esa cnyko% uSfrd ewY; vkSj lkekftd
ekunaM le; ds lkFk fodflr gksrs gSa] vkSj dkuwu] fu;e
vkSj fofu;e ges'kk bu cnykoksa ds lkFk rkyesy ugha j•
ikrs gSa] ftlls uSfrd ekxZn'kZu esa varjky iSnk gksrk gSA
uSfrd ekxZn'kZu ds lzksr ds :i esa var%dj.k
m¼j.k
z ¶U;k; dh vnkyrksa ls Hkh Åaph ,d vnkyr gS vkSj
og varjkRek dh vnkyr gSA ;g vU; lHkh vnkyrksa
dk LFkku ysrk gSA¸ µegkRek xka/h
z ¶;fn vki çfrfnu vius vki ls ckr djrs gSa rks vki
vius vanj ls ,d csgrj balku fudky ldrs gSa¸A
blfy, mldh ftanxh esa dgha u dgha txg cukuk csgn
t:jh gSA µLokeh foosdkuUn
z ¶uSfrdrk euq"; dh og xfrfof/ gS] tks mlds Lo;a ds
O;fÙkQRo dh vkarfjd iw.kZrk dks lqjf{kr djus ds fy,
funZsf'kr gksrh gSA¸ µvYcVZ f'oRtj
z var%dj.k] dkuwuksa vkSj fu;eksa ds nk;js ls ijs pyk
tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;g fof'k"V dk;ks± ij uSfrd fu.kZ; ykxw
djrk gSA ;g ,d O;fÙkQxr uSfrd fn'kk&funZs'k ds :i esa
dk;Z djrk gS] tks O;fÙkQ;ksa dks muds O;ogkj dh lgh ;k
xyr dk fu/kZj.k djus esa ekxZn'kZu djrk gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z dkuwuksa vkSj fu;eksa ds foijhr] var%dj.k ckgjh :i ls  nks"kiw.kZ var%dj.k% ftl O;fÙkQ us dqN xyr fd;k
Fkksik ugha tkrk gS cfYd O;fÙkQ dh uSfrdrk dh vkarfjd gS og vius var%dj.k ls fudyus okys nnZ ;k
Hkkouk ls mRiUu gksrk gSA vijk/ dks eglwl djrk gSA
z ;g O;fÙkQxr ewY;ksa] fo'oklksa vkSj vuqHkoksa ls vkdkj ysrk  mnkgj.k% ;krk;kr fu;eksa dks rksM+us okyk dksbZ
gS] tks bls çR;sd O;fÙkQ ds fy, O;fÙkQijd vkSj vf}rh; ckbd pkyd fdlh nq?kZVuk dk dkj.k cuus ;k
cukrk gSA ;krk;kr esa gaxkek •M+k djus ;k fu;eksa dk ikyu
z psruk esa dsoy Hkkoukvksa ;k Hkkoukvksa ij fuHkZj jgus ds u djus ds dkj.k ikl ls xqtj jgh ,Ecqysal esa nsjh
ctk; ckSf¼d fu.kZ; ysuk 'kkfey gSA blesa O;fÙkQ;ksa dks
djus ds ckn nks"kh eglwl dj ldrk gSA vkpj.k ls
vius dk;ks± ds uSfrd fufgrkFkks± dk ewY;kadu djus ds fy,
var%dj.k dk ladV iSnk gks ldrk gS vkSj vkarfjd
vkRe&fparu vkSj vkykspukRed lksp esa layXu gksus dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA fparu ls mlds O;ogkj esa lq/kj gks ldrk gSA
z O;ogkj ds fy, ,d lkekU; :ijs•k çnku djrs gSa] psruk  ?k`f.kr O;ogkj% ,d O;fÙkQ ,slh fLFkfr esa de
O;fÙkQ;ksa dks uSfrd tfVyrkvksa vkSj uSfrd /wlj {ks=kksa ls çsj.kk vkSj Hkkxhnkjh fn•k ldrk gS] tks mlds
fuiVus esa enn djrk gS] tgka fof'k"V ekxZn'kZu dh deh var%dj.k ds fo#¼ gS vkSj bl çdkj og uSfrd :i
gks ldrh gSA ls lgh jkLrk viukus ds fy, bPNqd gksxkA
z psruk ikyu&iks"k.k] laLÑfr vkSj O;fÙkQxr ekU;rkvksa lfgr  mnkgj.k% ,d iqfyl vf/dkjh dks 'kkafriw.kZ fojks/
fofHkUu dkjdksa ls çHkkfor gksrk gS] ysfdu ;g vkRe&ijh{kk çn'kZu ij ykBhpktZ djus ds fy, çsj.kk dh deh
vkSj u, Kku vkSj n`f"Vdks.k ds ,dhdj.k ds ekè;e ls gks ldrh gSA ;fn og mldh varjkRek ds f•ykiQ
O;fÙkQxr fodkl vkSj uSfrd fodkl dh Hkh vuqefr nsrk gSA gS] Hkys gh ,slk djus dk vkns'k fn;k x;k gksA
z psruk O;fÙkQ;ksa dks muds dk;ks± ds fy, ftEesnkj Bgjkrk
dkuwu vkSj var%dj.k ds chp varj
gS vkSj fdlh dk O;ogkj muds uSfrd ewY;ksa ds vuq:i
gS ;k ugha] blds vk/kj ij vijk/ ;k larqf"V dh Hkkouk iSekuk dkuwu var%dj.k
iSnk gks ldrh gSA 'kklh fudk;ksa }kjk O;fÙkQxr ewY;ksa vkSj
z vewrZ fl¼karksa vkSj O;kogkfjd vuqç;ksx ds chp varj dks lzksr fufeZr o çofrZr fo'oklksa ds ekè;e ls
ikVdj var%dj.k uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fodflr
fuHkkrk gS] ftlls O;fÙkQ;ksa dks vius dk;ks± dks lgh vkSj ckgjh] dkuwuh :i ls vkarfjd] O;fÙkQxr
xyr dh viuh O;fÙkQxr le> ds lkFk lajsf•r djus dh ykxw fu;e uSfrd fn'kk&funZs'k]
çÑfr
vuqefr feyrh gSA fdlh O;fÙkQ dk
z var%dj.k uSfrdrk ls tqM+k gqvk gS vkSj O;kogkfjd fLFkfr;ksa vkarfjd niZ.kA
ls fuiVus ds nkSjku lkeus vkrk gSA ;g fuEufyf•r rjhds mís';iw.kZ ,oa ekudhÑr çR;sd O;fÙkQ ds fy,
ls uSfrd ekxZn'kZu ds lzksr ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS% vk/kj O;fÙkQijd vkSj vf}
 uSfrd nqfo/kvksa dk lek/ku% var%dj.k gekjs
rh;
uSfrd vkSj uSfrd fl¼karksa ds vk/kj ij lgh fu.kZ; fof'k"V ,oa vuqns'kkRed ewY;kadukRed ,oa
çdk;Z
ysus esa enn djrk gS vkSj bl çdkj uSfrd nqfo/kvksa fparu'khy
dks gy djus esa enn djrk gSA cká ra=kksa ds ekè;e ls Lo&vkjksfir vkSj
çorZu
 fgrksa ds Vdjko ls cpuk% var%dj.k O;fÙkQ ds
ykxw fd;k x;k Lo&fofu;fer
varfuZfgr uSfrd ewY;ksa dh ;kn fnykrk gS vkSj gesa ckgjh O;ogkj vkSj vkarfjd uSfrd fu.kZ;
fgrksa ds Vdjko ls cpus esa enn djrk gSA dsaæ ifj.kkeksa ij è;ku nsuk vkSj fl¼karksa ij è;ku
 mnkgj.k% ,d uSfrd is'ksoj HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn] i{kikr
nsuk
vkfn dh laHkkoukvksa ls cpus ds fy, vius fj'rsnkjksa O;ogkj ds fy, ,d uSfrd tfVyrkvksa ls
ds fgrksa ds Vdjko dk lkeuk djus ij is'ksoj ewY;ksa lykg lkekU; :ijs•k çnku fuiVus esa O;fÙkQ;ksa dk
dks çkFkfedrk nsxkA djrk gS ekxZn'kZu djrk gS

yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk 187

 vuqikyu u djus ds ewY;ksa ds lkFk lajs•.k
vuqikyu ifj.kke ij vk/kfjr vijk/cks/
;k larqf"V dh Hkkouk,¡
uSfrd ckjhfd;ksa dks O;fÙkQxr fodkl vkSj
lhek,¡ lacksf/r djus esa lhfer uSfrd fodkl
fd;k tk ldrk gS
vuqikyu ds fy, ckgjh O;fÙkQxr ftEesnkjh vkSj
ftEesnkjh çorZu dh vko';drk tokcnsgh
gksrh gS
^var%dj.k* ij nk'kZfud cgl
z fofHkUu nk'kZfudksa us var%dj.k dh çÑfr vkSj Hkwfedk ij
fofo/ n`f"Vdks.k çLrqr fd, gSaA ;gka muds n`f"Vdks.k gSa%
(a) tkWu ykWd% var%dj.k dks tUetkr fl¼karksa ds çek.k
ds :i esa ns•k tkrk gS] ysfdu cgl bl ckr dks ysdj
mBrh gS fd D;k ;s fl¼kar uSfrd iw.kZrk çnku djrs
gSa\ vkSj D;k os çÑfr esa mís';iw.kZ ;k O;fÙkQijd gSa\
O;fÙkQxr var%dj.k ij vk/kfjr dk;ks± dh fofo/rk
mudh fo'oluh;rk ij loky mBkrh gSA
(b) FkkWel gkWCl% xyriQgeh dh laHkkouk dks è;ku
esa j•rs gq,] iwjh rjg ls var%dj.k ds vk/kj ij
cukbZ xbZ jk;] Hkys gh bZekunkjh ls j•h xbZ gks] ij
ges'kk fufoZokn :i ls Hkjkslk ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
O;fÙkQxr var%dj.k dh Hkzkafr ds fy, vkykspukRed
ijh{k.k dh vko';drk gSA
(c) ,fjp ÚkWe% var%dj.k dks ,d vkRe&fparu'khy
çfØ;k ds :i esa ns•k tkrk gS] tks O;fÙkQ;ksa dks
mudh iwjh {kerk dk ,glkl djus dh fn'kk esa
ekxZn'kZu djrk gSA ;g gekjs çkekf.kd Lo dh vkokt
dk çfrfuf/Ro djrk gS] tks gesa O;fÙkQxr fodkl vkSj
vkRe&cks/ dh vksj ys tkrk gSA
(d) beSuq,y dkaV% vkykspukRed var%dj.k dh vo/kj.kk
is'k dh xbZ gS] ftldh rqyuk ,d ekufld vnkyr ls
dh tkrh gS] tks fopkjksa vkSj dk;ks± dk ewY;kadu djrh
gSA fdlh ds var%dj.k dk vuqlj.k djus ls mRiUu
vkarfjd 'kkafr vPNs deZ djus ds fy, çkFkfed çsj.kk
ugha gksuh pkfg,| blds ctk;] uSfrd dk;ks± dks drZO;
dh Hkkouk ls fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z ;g igpkuuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd drZO;fu"B fu.kZ; mudh
lkis{krkoknh çÑfr ds dkj.k xyr gks ldrs gSaA bls Lohdkj
djus esa vliQy gksus ls var%dj.k ds lkFk NsM+NkM+ gks
ldrh gS] ftlls xSj&iq.; vkSj LokFkhZ dk;ks± ds fy,
vuqfpr vkSfpR; çnku fd;k tk ldrk gSA
188
z i;kZIr ckgjh] ijksidkj vkSj ekud vkSfpR; ds fcuk]
var%dj.k dks uSfrd :i ls va/k ekuk tk ldrk gS tks
fd laHkkfor :i ls O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj laiw.kZ ekuork nksuksa ds
fy, •rjukd gks ldrk gSA
z fu.kZ; ysus esa var%dj.k ds ftEesnkj mi;ksx dks lqfuf'pr
djus ds fy, uSfrd fopkj&foe'kZ vkSj O;kid uSfrd <kaps
ij fopkj vko';d gSA
z ;s nk'kZfud n`f"Vdks.k var%dj.k dh tfVyrk vkSj egRo
dks mtkxj djrs gSa] fdlh ds var%dj.k dh O;k[;k vkSj
mls ykxw djus esa egRoiw.kZ fo'ys"k.k] vkRe&çfrfcac vkSj
uSfrd rdZ dh vko';drk ij tksj nsrs gSaA
iwoZorhZ var%dj.k vkSj ifj.kkeh var%dj.k
z iwoZorhZ var%dj.k og gS] tks Hkfo"; ds
dk;ks± ds fy, ,d ekxZn'kZd ds :i esa
dk;Z djrk gS] gesa mUgsa djus ;k muls cpus
ds fy, çsfjr djrk gSA
iwoZorhZ
z mnkgj.k% ,d O;fÙkQ laHkkfor i'pkrki
var%dj.k%
ds dkj.k yky flXuy ij #d tkrk gSA
uSfrdrk esa] ,d iwoZorhZ var%dj.k tks gekjs
Hkfo"; ds dk;ks± ds fy, ekxZn'kZd gS]
vf/d egRoiw.kZ gSA
z ifj.kkeh var%dj.k og gS] tks gekjs fiNys
dk;ks± ds U;k;k/h'k ds :i esa dk;Z djrk
gS vkSj gekjs vkRe&vuqeksnu ;k fiNys
ifj.kkeh
dk;ks± ds i'pkrki ds lzksr ds :i esa dk;Z
var%dj.k%
djrk gSA
z mnkgj.k% ,d O;fÙkQ yky flXuy ikj dj
tkrk gS vkSj fiQj nks"kh eglwl djrk gSA
uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus dh ekxZnf'kZdk
uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus esa ekxZn'kZd ds :i esa var%dj.k dh Hkwfedk
ds laca/ esa ;gka dqN eq[; fcanq fn, x, gSa%
z var%dj.k ij ifjçs{;% çkjafHkd bZlkbZ ekU;rkvksa esa bldh
mRifÙk ls ysdj eu ds ,d Hkkx ds :i esa euksoSKkfud
fopkjksa rd var%dj.k ij fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k gSaA flxeaM
Úk;M us varjkRek dh O;k[;k esa oSKkfud Kku ij tksj
fn;k] tcfd /eZfujis{k n`f"Vdks.k O;fÙkQxr vuqHkoksa vkSj
ikyu&iks"k.k ds dkj.k uSfrd ewY;ksa dh O;fÙkQijdrk dks
mtkxj djrs gSaA
z uSfrd fu.kZ; ysuk% tc uSfrd fu.kZ; dh ckr vkrh gS
rks uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus dk mís'; lokZsÙke fodYi cukus
esa lgk;rk djuk gSA /eZfujis{k n`f"Vdks.k esa lgh ekxZ
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 fu/kZfjr djus dh Li"V i¼fr dk vHkko gks ldrk gS]
tcfd /kfeZd n`f"Vdks.k] tSls fd lsaV ikWy dh varjkRek
dh lkoZHkkSfed vo/kj.kk] bls lHkh O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fy, lqyHk
,d uSfrd ekxZn'kZd ds :i esa ns•rs gSaA
z tokcnsgh vkSj var%dj.k% uSfrd ekxZn'kZd ds :i esa
var%dj.k dk mi;ksx djuk lgh dke djus ds fo'okl ds
rgr fd, x, vijk/ksa ds fy, tokcnsgh ij loky mBkrk
gSA ;fn mudh varjkRek us mUgsa xqejkg fd;k gks rks blls
O;fÙkQ;ksa dks ftEesnkj Bgjkus esa tfVyrk,¡ iSnk gksrh gSaA
z lsaV vkWxLVhu dk n`f"Vdks.k% lsaV vkWxLVhu us varjkRek
dks bZ'oj dh vkokt ds :i esa ns•k] tks O;fÙkQ;ksa dks lgh
vkSj xyr dk;ks± dks le>us ds fy, ekxZn'kZu djrh FkhA
muds vuqlkj] var%dj.k gesa ges'kk vPNs dh vksj vkSj cqjs
ls nwj ys tkrk gSA /kfeZd n`f"Vdks.k ls] var%dj.k dks uSfrd
fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, ,d fo'oluh; ekxZn'kZd ekuk tkrk gSA
z vyx&vyx n`f"Vdks.k% tcfd /kfeZd fopkj var%dj.k
dh fo'oluh;rk ij tksj nsrs gSa] /eZfujis{krkokfn;ksa dks
vkifÙk gks ldrh gS vkSj os bldh lhekvksa dks mtkxj
dj ldrs gSaA uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus ds ekxZn'kZd ds :i esa
var%dj.k dh Hkwfedk ij lgefr fdlh ds fo'okl vkSj
nk'kZfud #• ds vk/kj ij fHkUu gks ldrh gSA
var%dj.k% ukSdj'kkgksa] jktusrkvksa vkSj ukxfjdksa ds fy,
uSfrd ekxZn'kZu
z ukSdj'kkgksa] jktusrkvksa vkSj ukxfjdksa ds fy, uSfrd fu.kZ;
ysus dk ekxZn'kZu djus esa var%dj.k egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrk gSA bu lanHkks± esa var%dj.k ds çHkko ds laca/
esa eq[; fcanq ;gka fn, x, gSa%
(a) jktuhfrd usrk% var%dj.k jktuhfrd usrkvksa ds fy,
,d uSfrd fn'kk lwpd ;a=k ds :i esa dk;Z djrk
gSA ;g mUgsa Hkz"Vkpkj] HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn vkSj LokFkZ dk
fojks/ djus esa enn dj ldrk gSA mUgsa lekt ds
lokZsÙke fgr esa dk;Z djus vkSj laoS/kfud fl¼karksa dks
cuk, j•us dk vkxzg dj ldrk gSA jktuhfrd usrkvksa
dks O;fÙkQxr ykHk ds ctk; mu ukxfjdksa dh t:jrksa
dks çkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg,] ftUgksaus mUgsa pquk gSA
(b) ukSdj'kkgh Lrj% ukSdj'kkgksa dks ;g r; djrs le;
uSfrd nqfo/kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS fd D;k
vkns'k dk vk¡• can djds ikyu djuk pkfg, ;k
Lora=k fu.kZ; ysuk pkfg,A varjkRek ,d ekxZn'kZd
vkokt ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gS] tks mUgsa jk"Vª dh
lsok djus vkSj v•aMrk vkSj bZekunkjh cuk, j•us ds
muds drZO; dh ;kn fnykrh gSA ukSdj'kkg ukxfjdksa
yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk
vkSj jktusrkvksa ds chp ,d dM+h ds :i esa dk;Z djrs
gSa vkSj muds fy, uSfrd fl¼karksa dk ikyu vko';d
gSA
Act of 'advising' that Mental act of
a particular act is 'commanding' that a
better or worse to do particular act 'is to be
done'
Four
Acts of Antecedent
Conscience
Act of 'permitting' Act of 'forbidding'
that a particular act is ' that a particular act
allowed' by one's own 'is not to be done'
moral values
(c) cM+s iSekus ij ukxfjd% lkewfgd vkSj O;fÙkQxr nksuksa
Lrjksa ij ukxfjd var%dj.k lekt dh fLFkfr dks
vkdkj nsus esa egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g ukxfjdksa dks pqukoksa
esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysus] vyksdrkaf=kd çFkkvksa
ds f•ykiQ vlgefr trkus vkSj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa
;ksxnku nsus ds fy, çsfjr djrk gSA viuh varjkRek
dh vkokt lqudj] ukxfjd HkhM+ ds U;k; dks jksd
ldrs gSa vkSj vf/d U;k;iw.kZ vkSj lekos'kh lekt dks
c<+kok ns ldrs gSaA
(d) mRÑ"Vrk ds fy, ç;kl% var%dj.k O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj
laLFkkuksa dks mRÑ"Vrk vkSj fujarj lq/kj ds fy,
çksRlkfgr djrk gSA ;g uSfrd iru dks jksdus esa enn
djrk gS vkSj 'kkldh; laLFkkuksa esa fo'okl cgky djrk
gSA fdlh ds var%dj.k ls tqM+s fl¼karksa vkSj ewY;ksa dks
dk;e j•uk lekt dh csgrjh esa ;ksxnku ns ldrk gSA
var%dj.k dk ladV
z 'kCn ¶var%dj.k dk ladV¸ fdlh O;fÙkQ }kjk vuqHko
dh xbZ vkarfjd la?k"kZ ;k mFky&iqFky dh fLFkfr dks
lanfHkZr djrk gS] tc muds O;fÙkQxr uSfrd fl¼kar
ckgjh nckoksa ;k vis{kkvksa] drZO; ;k ml dk;Z ls
Vdjkrs gSa] ftls djus dh muls vis{kk dh tkrh gSA
z ;g ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS] tgka fdlh O;fÙkQ dh lgh vkSj
xyr dh le>] muds ewY;ksa vkSj mudh uSfrd ekU;rkvksa
dks pqukSrh nh tkrh gS] ftlls ijs'kkuh gksrh gS vkSj fu.kZ;
ysus ;k vius var%dj.k ds vuq:i dk;Z djus esa la?k"kZ
gksrk gSA
z lkoZtfud {ks=k esa] var%dj.k dk ladV fofHkUu rjhdksa ls
çdV gks ldrk gSA dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf•r gSa%
189
  uSfrd fu.kZ; ysuk% O;fÙkQ Lo;a dks dfBu fodYiksa
ls tw>rk gqvk ik ldrs gSa] ftlds fy, mUgsa vius
O;fÙkQxr ewY;ksa dks lkekftd vis{kkvksa ;k laLFkkxr ekaxksa
ds fo#¼ rkSyuk gksxkA ;g vkarfjd la?k"kZ lkoZtfud
uhfr fu.kZ; ysrs le;] fooknkLin eqíksa ij #• viukrs
le;] ;k uSfrd nqfo/kvksa ls fuiVrs le; çdV gks
ldrk gSA
 uSfrd usr`Ro% lkoZtfud {ks=k esa usrkvksa dks vDlj
var%dj.k ds ladV dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] tc
muds fu.kZ; nwljksa dh HkykbZ ij çHkko Mkyrs gSaA
O;kid uSfrd fufgrkFkks± ij fopkj djrs gq,] os loky
dj ldrs gSa fd D;k O;fÙkQxr ykHk ;k 'kfÙkQ dks
çkFkfedrk nh tk, ;k vius ?kVdksa ds lokZsÙke fgr esa
dk;Z fd;k tk,A
 lfou; voKk% dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] O;fÙkQ dfFkr
vU;k; ;k vuSfrd çFkkvksa ds f•ykiQ fojks/ djus ds
fy, lfou; voKk ds dk;ks± esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy,
etcwj eglwl dj ldrs gSaA blesa ekStwnk ç.kkfy;ksa
;k uhfr;ksa dks pqukSrh nsus ds fy, vfgald çfrjks/]
lkoZtfud çn'kZu ;k lfØ;rk ds vU; :i 'kkfey
gks ldrs gSaA
 uSfrd fookn% ekuokf/dkj] lkekftd U;k; vkSj
i;kZoj.k tSls uSfrd eqíksa ij lkoZtfud cgl vkSj
fookn var%dj.k ds ladV dks tUe ns ldrs gSaA yksx
vius O;fÙkQxr ewY;ksa dks çpfyr fopkjksa ;k lkekftd
ekunaMksa ds lkFk lkeatL; fcBkus ds fy, la?k"kZ djrs gSaA
 lkoZtfud lsok vkSj tokcnsgh% lkoZtfud vf/dkfj;ksa
vkSj usrkvksa dks vDlj fojks/kHkklh vis{kkvksa ;k nckoksa
dk lkeuk djus ij var%dj.k ds ladV dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gSA jktuhfrd nckoksa ;k le>kSrkoknh fLFkfr;ksa ds
lkFk O;fÙkQxr bZekunkjh vkSj lkoZtfud fgr ds çfr
çfrc¼rk dks larfq yr djuk pqukSrhiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA
 eq•fcjh% laxBuksa ;k laLFkkuksa ds Hkhrj Hkz"Vkpkj]
dnkpkj] ;k vuSfrd O;ogkj ds mnkgj.k O;fÙkQ;ksa dks
var%dj.k ds ladV dk lkeuk djus ds fy, çsfjr dj
ldrs gSaA os bl nqfo/k dk lkeuk djrs gSa fd xyr
dke dks mtkxj djsa] O;fÙkQxr vkSj O;kolkf;d urhtksa
dk tksf•e mBk,a ;k pqi jgsaA
 uSfrd lfØ;rk% lkoZtfud gfLr;k¡ ;k ukxfjd tks
lkekftd U;k;] ekuokf/dkj ;k i;kZoj.kh; fLFkjrk dh
odkyr djrs gSa] mUgsa ç.kkyhxr eqíksa ;k lkoZtfud
mnklhurk dk lkeuk djrs le; var%dj.k ds ladV
190
dk vuqHko gks ldrk gSA os vius n`<+ fo'okl vkSj
lkFkZd ifjorZu ykus esa vkus okyh ck/kvksa ds chp
ruko ls tw> ldrs gSaA
z lkoZtfud {ks=k esa var%dj.k dk ladV rc mRiUu gksrk
gS tc O;fÙkQ uSfrd nqfo/kvksa] uSfrd fooknksa] tokcnsgh
pqukSfr;ksa ;k ,slh fLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gSa tks muds
O;fÙkQxr ewY;ksa vkSj fo'oklksa dks pqukSrh nsrs gSaA
z blls vkarfjd mFky&iqFky] uSfrd ladV vkSj fdlh dh
bZekunkjh vkSj uSfrd fl¼karksa dks cuk, j•rs gq, tfVy
fu.kZ; ysus esa la?k"kZ gks ldrk gSA
foosd dk ladV
z 'kCn ¶foosd dk ladV¸ fdlh O;fÙkQ }kjk vuqHko fd;s
xbZ vkarfjd la?k"kZ ;k vleatL; dh fLFkfr dks lanfHkZr
djrk gS tc muds O;fÙkQxr uSfrd fl¼kar ckgjh nckoksa
;k vis{kkvksa] drZO; ;k ml dk;Z ls Vdjkrs gSa ftls djus
dh muls vis{kk dh tkrh gSA
z ;g ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS tgka fdlh O;fÙkQ dh lgh vkSj
xyr dh le>] muds ewY;ksa vkSj mudh uSfrd ekU;rkvksa
dks pqukSrh nsrh gS] ftlls ijs'kkuh gksrh gS vkSj fu.kZ; ysus
;k vius foosd ds vuq:i dk;Z djus esa la?k"kZ gksrk gSA
z lkoZtfud {ks=k esa] foosd dk ladV fofHkUu rjhdksa ls çdV
gks ldrk gSA dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf•r gSa%
 uSfrd fu.kZ; ysuk% O;fÙkQ Lo;a dks dfBu fodYiksa ls
tw>rk gqvk ik ldrs gSa ftlds fy, mUgsa vius O;fÙkQxr
ewY;ksa dks lkekftd vis{kkvksa ;k laLFkkxr ekaxksa ds
fo#¼ rkSyuk gksxkA ;g vkarfjd la?k"kZ lkoZtfud uhfr
fu.kZ; ysrs le;] fooknkLin eqíksa ij #• viukrs le;]
;k uSfrd nqfo/kvksa ls fuiVrs le; çdV gks ldrk gSA
 uSfrd usr`Ro% lkoZtfud {ks=k esa usrkvksa dks vDlj
foosd ds ladV dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS tc muds
fu.kZ; nwljksa ds fgrksa ij çHkko Mkyrs gSaA O;kid uSfrd
fufgrkFkks± ij fopkj djrs gq,] os loky dj ldrs gSa
fd D;k O;fÙkQxr ykHk ;k 'kfÙkQ dks çkFkfedrk nh tk,
;k vius ?kVdksa ds lokZsÙke fgr esa dk;Z fd;k tk,A
 lfou; voKk% dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] O;fÙkQ dfFkr
vU;k; ;k vuSfrd çFkkvksa ds f•ykiQ fojks/ djus ds
fy, lfou; voKk ds dk;ks± esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy,
etcwj eglwl dj ldrs gSaA blesa ekStwnk ç.kkfy;ksa
;k uhfr;ksa dks pqukSrh nsus ds fy, vfgald çfrjks/]
lkoZtfud çn'kZu ;k lfØ;rk ds vU; :i 'kkfey
gks ldrs gSaA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
  uSfrd fookn% ekuokf/dkj] lkekftd U;k; vkSj
i;kZoj.k tSls uSfrd eqíksa ij lkoZtfud cgl vkSj
fookn foosd ds ladV dks tUe ns ldrs gSaA yksx
vius O;fÙkQxr ewY;ksa dks çpfyr fopkjksa ;k lkekftd
ekunaMksa ds lkFk lkeatL; fcBkus ds fy, la?k"kZ djrs gSaA
 lkoZtfud lsok vkSj tokcnsgh% lkoZtfud vf/dkfj;ksa
vkSj usrkvksa dks vDlj fojks/kHkklh vis{kkvksa ;k nckoksa
dk lkeuk djus ij foosd ds ladV dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gSA jktuhfrd nckoksa ;k le>kSrkoknh fLFkfr;ksa ds
lkFk O;fÙkQxr bZekunkjh vkSj lkoZtfud fgr ds çfr
çfrc¼rk dks larqfyr djuk pqukSrhiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA
 fOgflyCyksfoax% laxBuksa ;k laLFkkuksa ds Hkhrj Hkz"Vkpkj]
dnkpkj] ;k vuSfrd O;ogkj ds mnkgj.k O;fÙkQ;ksa dks
foosd ds ladV dk lkeuk djus ds fy, çsfjr dj
ldrs gSaA os bl nqfo/k dk lkeuk djrs gSa fd xyr
dke dks mtkxj djsa] O;fÙkQxr vkSj O;kolkf;d urhtksa
dk tksf•e mBk,a ;k pqi jgsaA
 uSfrd lfØ;rk% lkoZtfud gfLr;k¡ ;k ukxfjd tks
lkekftd U;k;] ekuokf/dkj ;k i;kZoj.kh; fLFkjrk dh
odkyr djrs gSa] mUgsa ç.kkyhxr eqíksa ;k lkoZtfud
mnklhurk dk lkeuk djrs le; foosd ds ladV dk
vuqHko gks ldrk gSA os vius n`<+ fo'okl vkSj lkFkZd
ifjorZu ykus esa vkus okyh ck/kvksa ds chp ruko ls
tw> ldrs gSaA
z lkoZtfud {ks=k esa foosd dk ladV rc mRiUu gksrk gS tc
O;fÙkQ uSfrd nqfo/kvksa] uSfrd fooknksa] tokcnsgh pqukSfr;ksa
;k ,slh fLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gSa tks muds O;fÙkQxr
ewY;ksa vkSj fo'oklksa dks pqukSrh nsrs gSaA
z blls vkarfjd mFky&iqFky] uSfrd ladV vkSj fdlh dh
bZekunkjh vkSj uSfrd fl¼karksa dks cuk, j•rs gq, tfVy
fu.kZ; ysus esa la?k"kZ gks ldrk gSA
foosd ds ladV dk lek/ku
foosd ds ladV dks gy djus ds fy, vkRefujh{k.k] uSfrd
rdZ vkSj lkglh fu.kZ; ysus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;gka dqN
dne fn, x, gSa tks O;fÙkQ;ksa dks ,sls ladV ls fuiVus vkSj
mldk lek/ku djus esa enn dj ldrs gSa%
z ewY;ksa ij fparu djuk% vius ewy ewY;ksa vkSj fl¼karksa dks
Li"V djus vkSj le>us ds fy, le; fudkysaA bl ckr ij
fopkj djsa fd vkids fy, lcls T;knk D;k ek;us j•rk
gS] vkidh ekU;rk,¡ ;k vkids }kjk cuk, j•s tkus okys
uSfrd ekudA
yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk
z lwpukvksa dk laxzg.k djuk% ekStwnk eqís ls lacaf/r
çklafxd tkudkjh vkSj n`f"Vdks.k dh ryk'k djsaA fLFkfr]
blds fufgrkFkZ vkSj dkjZokbZ ds laHkkfor rjhdksa dh O;kid
le> gkfly djus ds fy, vkykspukRed lksp vkSj
vuqla/ku esa layXu jgsaA
z ekxZn'kZu çkIr djuk% fo'oluh; lykgdkjksa] lykgdkjksa
;k lacaf/r {ks=k esa fo'ks"kKrk okys O;fÙkQ;ksa ls ijke'kZ ysaA
,sls yksxksa ds lkFk ppkZ esa 'kkfey gksa tks vkidh le>
dks O;kid cukus ds fy, fofo/ n`f"Vdks.k vkSj varnZ`f"V
çnku dj ldrs gSaA
z uSfrd <k¡ps% vius vki dks uSfrd <k¡pksa ;k fl¼karksa ls
ifjfpr djk,a tks fu.kZ; ysus esa ekxZn'kZu dj ldrs gSa]
tSls mi;ksfxrkokn] /eZ'kkL=k] ;k lnkpkj uSfrdrkA ;s <k¡ps
fdlh fLFkfr ds uSfrd vk;keksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy,
,d O;ofLFkr n`f"Vdks.k çnku dj ldrs gSaA
z ifj.kkeksa dk ewY;kadu djuk% fofHkUu fodYiksa vkSj dk;ks±
ds laHkkfor ifj.kkeksa ij fopkj djsaA fgr/kjdksa] O;kid
leqnk; vkSj viuh uSfrd v•aMrk ij çHkko dk vkdyu
djsaA vYidkfyd vkSj nh?kZdkfyd ifj.kkeksa dks larqfyr
djsa vkSj lokZsÙke lexz uSfrd HkykbZ ds fy, ç;kl djsaA
z varjkRek ls ijke'kZ ysuk% viuh vkarfjd vkokt] varKkZu
;k foosd dks lqusaA viuh vkarfjd Hkkoukvksa vkSj O;fÙkQxr
fo'oklksa ij è;ku nsaA viuh uSfrd ço`fÙk ij Hkjkslk j•sa]
ysfdu ;g Hkh vkykspukRed :i ls ewY;kadu djsa fd D;k
os rdZlaxr uSfrd fl¼karksa ij vk/kfjr gSaA
z lkglh dkjZokbZ% ,d ckj tc vki vius ewY;ksa vkSj
uSfrd fo'ys"k.k ds vuq:i fu.kZ; ij igqap tk,a] rks ml
ij dkjZokbZ djus dk lkgl tqVk,aA vius uSfrd #• dks
dk;e j•us ls mRiUu gksus okyh laHkkfor pqukSfr;ksa] çfrjks/
;k O;fÙkQxr cfynkuksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, rS;kj jgsaA
z laokn vkSj tqM+ko% mu yksxksa ds lkFk •qys laokn esa
'kkfey gksa tks vkids fu.kZ; esa 'kkfey gks ldrs gSa ;k
çHkkfor gks ldrs gSaA tc laHko gks rks leku vk/kj ryk'ksa]
le> fodflr djsa vkSj lg;ksx dks c<+kok nsaA jpukRed
çfrfØ;k ds fy, •qys jgrs gq, vius rdZ vkSj bjknksa dks
Li"V :i ls laçsf"kr djsaA ,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa ofj"B] lgdehZ
vkSj leku fLFkfr ds vuqHko okys yksx fo'ks"k :i ls cgqr
ennxkj gks ldrs gSaA
z fujarj vuqHkoksa ls lh•uk% vuqHko ls fodkl vkSj lh•us
ds volj dks viuk,aA vius fu.kZ;ksa ds ldkjkRed vkSj
udkjkRed nksuksa ifj.kkeksa ij fopkj djsa vkSj Hkfo"; esa
vius uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus ds dkS'ky dks fu•kjus ds fy,
mudk mi;ksx djsaA
191
z laoS/kfud uSfrdrk% ekuorkokn ds fopkj foosd ds
ladV dh fLFkfr;ksa esa lafo/ku ds fl¼kar vkSj ekuokf/dkj
ekxZn'kZd lkfcr gks ldrs gSaA
D;k varjkRek uSfrd O;ogkj ds fy, ,d iw.kZ ekxZn'kZd
gS\
ugha] foosd uSfrd O;ogkj dk iw.kZ ekxZn'kZd ugha gSA ,sls dbZ
dkjd gSa tks bldh fo'oluh;rk vkSj çHkko'khyrk dks lhfer
dj ldrs gSa%
z foosd dk ladV% ,slh fLFkfr;k¡ gksrh gSa tgk¡ fdlh O;fÙkQ
dk foosd Li"V uSfrd ekxZn'kZu çnku djus esa foiQy gks
ldrk gSA vLi"V ifjfLFkfr;k¡] ijLij fojks/h ewY;] ;k
ijLij fojks/h drZO; foosd dk ladV iSnk dj ldrs gSa]
ftlls O;fÙkQ vfuf'pr gks tkrk gS fd D;k lgh gS vkSj
D;k xyrA
z foosd dk xyr çf'k{k.k% uSfrd f'k{kk vkSj vknr fuekZ.k
ls foosd fodflr gksrk gSA ;fn fdlh dks vuSfrd O;ogkj
dk ikyu djus ds fy, çf'kf{kr ;k vuqdwfyr fd;k x;k
gS] rks mudk foosd mUgsa uSfrd fodYiksa ds çfr fo'oluh;
:i ls ekxZn'kZu ugha dj ldrk gSA
z uSfrdrk@laLÑfr;ksa dk çHkko% foosd fdlh fo'ks"k
lekt ;k okrkoj.k dh uSfrdrk vkSj lkaLÑfrd ekunaMksa
ls çHkkfor gksrk gSA fofHkUu laLÑfr;ksa esa vyx&vyx
uSfrd n`f"Vdks.k gks ldrs gSa] vkSj fdlh O;fÙkQ dk foosd
lkekftd ekunaMksa ds lkFk lajsf•r gks ldrk gS] Hkys gh
os ekunaM uSfrd :i ls lafnX/ gksaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn fdlh O;fÙkQ dk ikyu&iks"k.k
fir`lÙkkRed ifjos'k esa gqvk gS rks efgykvksa ds çfr
mlds O;ogkj ds çfr mldh varjkRek uSfrd ekxZn'kZu
çnku ugha djsxhA
z lkekftd ncko dk çHkko% lkekftd ;k O;kolkf;d
nckoksa ls foosd çHkkfor ;k vfrjaftr gks ldrk gSA
lkekftd vLohÑfr dk Mj] is'ksoj ifj.kke] ;k lkfFk;ksa
dk ncko fdlh O;fÙkQ ds uSfrd fu.kZ; ls le>kSrk dj
ldrk gS vkSj mUgsa vius foosd ds fo#¼ dk;Z djus ds
fy, çsfjr dj ldrk gSA
;s dkjd n'kkZrs gSa fd foosd lhekvksa ds v/hu gS vkSj fofHkUu
ckgjh dkjdksa ls çHkkfor gks ldrk gSA gkyk¡fd] foosd uSfrd
fu.kZ; ysus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gS] uSfrd O;ogkj
ds fy, vf/d O;kid vkSj fo'oluh; ekxZnf'kZdk lqfuf'pr
djus ds fy, bls vkykspukRed lksp] uSfrd rdZ vkSj uSfrd
fl¼karksa ij fopkj ds lkFk iwjd fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
tokcnsgh vkSj uSfrd 'kklu
z lkoZtfud vf/dkfj;ksa dks vius dk;ks± rFkk vf/dkjksa ds
çfr tokcnsg Bgjkus dh vo/kj.kk esa ,d ,slh çfØ;k
192
'kkfey gS ftlds ekè;e ls muds dk;ks± vkSj fodYiksa dh
ckjhdh ls tkap dh tkrh gS rkfd ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k
tk lds fd os viuh ftEesnkfj;ksa] nkf;Roksa vkSj ukSdjh ds
drZO;ksa dks iwjk djrs gSaA
z tokcnsgh esa nks eq[; igyw 'kkfey gSa%
1- mÙkjnkf;Ro% lkoZtfud vf/dkfj;ksa dks vius fu.kZ;ksa
vkSj dk;ks± ds fy, tokcnsg gksuk pkfg,A mUgsa viuh
ilan vkSj O;ogkj ds laca/ esa turk vkSj fujh{k.k
laLFkkuksa dks Li"Vhdj.k vkSj vkSfpR; çnku djuk
pkfg,A ;g ikjnf'kZrk lÙkk ds nq#i;ksx dks jksdus esa
enn djrh gS vkSj ftEesnkj vkpj.k dks c<+kok nsrh
gSA
2- çorZu ;k ykxw djuk% tokcnsgh ds fy, vuqfpr
dk;ks± ;k LFkkfir fu;eksa ds mYya?ku ds ifj.kkeksa dks
ykxw djus ds fy, ra=k ds vfLrRo dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA lkoZtfud vkSj tokcnsg laLFkkuksa nksuksa ds ikl
O;ogkj dks lq/kjus ds mik; djus vkSj O;fÙkQ;ksa ;k
laxBuksa dks tokcnsg cukus dk vf/dkj gksuk pkfg,A
Answerability + Enforceability = Accountability
tokcnsgh dh vko';drk
z yksdrkaf=kd 'kklu% tokcnsgh lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd
lkoZtfud vf/dkjh yksxksa ds çfr tokcnsg gksa] yksdrkaf=kd
fl¼karksa vkSj ukxfjd Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kok nsaA
z lkoZtfud fo'okl% tokcnsgh vf/dkfj;ksa dks muds
dk;ks± ds fy, tokcnsg cukdj vkSj fdlh Hkh xyr
dke dks lacksf/r djds ljdkj esa turk ds fo'okl vkSj
fo'okl dks c<+krh gSA
z Li"Vrk vkSj n{krk% tokcnsgh ds fy, Li"V dk;Z fofunZs'kksa]
le;lhek vkSj lalk/u vkoaVu dh vko';drk gksrh gS]
ftlls 'kklu dh çHkko'khyrk vkSj n{krk esa lq/kj gksrk gSA
z vfu;ferrkvksa dh jksdFkke% tokcnsgh ç'kklfud
vfu;ferrkvksa vkSj uhfr;ksa ds vuqfpr dk;kZUo;u dks
jksdus esa enn djrh gS] ftlls csgrj 'kklu ifj.kkeksa esa
;ksxnku feyrk gSA
z mipkjkRed dkjZokbZ% tokcnsgh xyfr;ksa ;k dnkpkj dh
igpku vkSj lq/kj esa l{ke cukrh gS] ftlls ;g lqfuf'pr
gksrk gS fd vf/dkfj;ksa dks mÙkjnk;h Bgjk;k tkrk gS vkSj
lq/kjkRed mik; fd, tkrs gSaA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z ikjnf'kZrk% tokcnsgh fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa ikjnf'kZrk
dks c<+kok nsrh gS] ukxfjdksa dks 'kklu esa fgr/kjd cukrh
gS vkSj fo'okl dks c<+kok nsrh gSA
z iQhMcSd ra=k% tokcnsgh ,d iQhMcSd ra=k LFkkfir djrh
gS tgka ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh fpark,a vkSj iQhMcSd fu.kZ; fuekZrkvksa
rd igqap ldrs gSa] ftlls mÙkjnk;h 'kklu dh lqfo/k
feyrh gSA
tokcnsgh dk egRo
z lÙkk ds nq#i;ksx ij fu;a=k.k% mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj çorZu ra=k
lkoZtfud vf/dkfj;ksa dks vR;kpkjh cuus vkSj turk ds
lokZsÙke fgrksa ds f•ykiQ dke djus ls jksdrs gSaA
z fgrksa ds Vdjko ij fu;a=k.k% tokcnsgh Lohdk;Z dk;ks± dh
lhekvksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djus] fgrksa ds Vdjko dh laHkkouk
dks de djus vkSj lkoZtfud vf/dkfj;ksa dks turk ds
fgr esa dk;Z djus dks lqfuf'pr djus esa enn djrh gSA
Legal Institutional
Financial
Accountability
Ethical
Democratic
Individual
fp=k% tokcnsgh ds vk;ke
z lkoZtfud fgr dh lsok% lkoZtfud lsokvksa dk mís';
turk dks ykHk igqapkuk gS] vkSj tokcnsgh ;g lqfuf'pr
djrh gS fd vf/dkjh turk dh t:jrksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z
djsa vkSj vius dk;ks± ds fy, tokcnsg gksaA
z U;k; vkSj lekurk% tokcnsgh yksd lsodksa dks muds dk;ks±
ds fy, ftEesnkj Bgjkdj U;k;] lekurk vkSj laoS/kfud
vkn'kks± dh çkfIr dks c<+kok nsrh gSA
z lkoZtfud lsokvksa dh oS/rk% tokcnsgh ;g lqfuf'pr
djds lkoZtfud lsok ds çfr oiQknkjh dks c<+kok nsrh
gS fd dk;ks± ij lko/kuhiwoZd fopkj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj
euekuh vkSj xyr /kj.kk okyh uhfr;ksa dks jksdk tkrk gSA
tokcnsgh ds çdkj
z {kSfrt tokcnsgh% jkT; laLFkk,¡ lÙkk ds nq#i;ksx vkSj
Hkz"Vkpkj dks jksdus ds fy, vU; ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa dh
ns•js• vkSj fofu;eu djrh gSaA
 mnkgj.kksa esa vkarfjd ys•kijh{kk] yksdiky dk;kZy;
vkSj ç'kklfud vnkyrsa 'kkfey gSaA
z yacor tokcnsgh% ukxfjd] ukxfjd lekt vkSj ehfM;k
uhps ls Åij rd lkoZtfud vf/dkfj;ksa dks tokcnsg
cukrs gSaA
yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk
 blesa pquko] lkoZtfud lquokbZ] ukxfjd çfrfØ;k]
ehfM;k tkap vkSj lkoZtfud Hkkxhnkjh tSls ra=k 'kkfey
gSaA ;g lq'kklu ekudksa ds dk;kZUo;u dks lqfuf'pr
djrk gS vkSj lÙkk ds nq#i;ksx dks jksdrk gSA
z jktuhfrd tokcnsgh% O;fÙkQxr eaf=kLrjh; ftEesnkjh
jktuhfrd usrkvksa dks muds ea=kky;ksa ds fu.kZ;ksa vkSj dk;ks±
ds fy, tokcnsg cukrh gSA
 bLrhiQk] c•kZLrxh vkSj jktuhfrd ifj.kke foiQyrkvksa
;k dnkpkj ds lkekU; ifj.kke gSaA ;g jktuhfrd
usrkvksa ds dk;ks± esa ikjnf'kZrk vkSj ifj.kke lqfuf'pr
djrk gSA
z lkekftd tokcnsgh% ukxfjdksa vkSj ukxfjd lekt }kjk
lapkfyr] blesa lkoZtfud vf/dkfj;ksa dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh
vkSj fuxjkuh 'kkfey gSA
 ukxfjd&usr`Ro okys vkWfMV] Hkkxhnkjh çfØ;kvksa vkSj
lkeqnkf;d Hkkxhnkjh ds ekè;e ls] ;g tokcnsgh
lqfuf'pr djrk gS vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dks çHkkfor djrk gSA
vkarfjd vkSj cká tokcnsgh
z ckgjh (dk;Zikfydk ds ckgj)% laln] U;k;ikfydk]
yksdiky] fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd vkSj dsaæh;
lrdZrk vk;ksx ckgjh tokcnsgh ra=k ds :i esa dk;Z
djrs gSa tks ikjnf'kZrk] oS/rk vkSj mfpr 'kklu lqfuf'pr
djus ds fy, dk;Zdkjh 'kk•k ds dk;ks± dh ns•js• vkSj
fuxjkuh djrs gSaA
z vkarfjd (dk;Zdkjh ds Hkhrj)% dk;Zdkjh 'kk•k ds
Hkhrj vkarfjd tokcnsgh ra=k esa ofj"B vf/dkjh 'kkfey
gksrs gSa tks buke vkSj naM] vuq'kklukRed çfØ;kvksa
vkSj çn'kZu çca/u ç.kkfy;ksa dks ykxw djrs gSaA vkarfjd
vkWfMV vkSj f'kdk;r fuokj.k ra=k Hkh tokcnsgh dks
c<+kok nsus vkSj vkarfjd eqíksa dks lacksf/r djus esa
Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
os laLFkk,¡ vkSj ra=k tks tokcnsgh dks c<+kok nsrs gSa
z pquko% pqukoh çfØ;k ukxfjdksa dks
ernku vkSj vius çfrfuf/;ksa dks pquus
ds ekè;e ls lkoZtfud vf/dkfj;ksa dks
tokcnsg cukus dh vuqefr nsrh gSA
z lwpuk dk vf/dkj (vkjVhvkbZ) vf/
jkT; ds fu;e% ;g ukxfjdksa dks ikjnf'kZrk vkSj
ckgj tokcnsgh dks c<+kok nsrs gq, lkoZtfud
(ÅèokZ/j) vf/dkfj;ksa }kjk j•h xbZ tkudkjh rd
igqapus dk vf/dkj nsrk gSA
z ukxfjd fujh{k.k lfefr;k¡% ;s lfefr;k¡
ljdkjh dk;ks± vkSj uhfr;ksa dh fuxjkuh
vkSj ewY;kadu esa ukxfjdksa dks 'kkfey
djrh gSaA
193
 z ukxfjd lekt@çgjh fudk;% tokcnsgh vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro ds chp varj
xSj&ljdkjh laxBu vkSj ukxfjd lekt iSekuk tokcnsgh mÙkjnkf;Ro
lewg ikjnf'kZrk vkSj lq'kklu dh odkyr fdlh dk;Z ;k dksbZ drZO; ;k
djds ljdkj dks tokcnsg cukus esa dkjZokbZ ds ifj.kke dk;Z lkSaik ;k
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
ifjHkk"kk ds fy, tokcnsg lkSaik tkuk vkSj
z ehfM;k% Lora=k ehfM;k laxBu ljdkjh gksukA mls iwjk djus dk
xfrfof/;ksa ij fjiksfVZax djds vkSj fdlh nkf;Ro gksukA
Hkh xyr dke dks mtkxj djds ,d
fuxjkuhdrkZ ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA dsaæ ifj.kke drZO; ;k dk;ZA
z lsok forj.k loZs{k.k% ukxfjdksa ds chp fdlh ckgjh lzksr LosPNk ls
fd, x, loZs{k.k lkoZtfud lsokvksa dh ls yxk;k ;k lkSaik xzg.k fd;k ;k
çÑfr
xq.koÙkk vkSj çHkko'khyrk dk vkdyu x;kA çR;k;ksftr fd;k
djrs gSa] çn'kZu vkSj tokcnsgh ij tkusokykA
çfrfØ;k çnku djrs gSaA O;kid vkSj fof'k"V vkSj dsafær
{ks=k
z ukxfjd pkVZj% ;s nLrkost ukxfjdksa ds foLrkfjr
vf/dkjksa vkSj gdnkfj;ksa dks js•kafdr vkerkSj ij fofHkUu Lrjksa vkSj
djrs gSa vkSj tokcnsgh dks c<+kok nsrs mPp&Lrjh; inksa ls lac¼
gq, lsok forj.k ds fy, ekud fu/kZfjr Lrj
Hkwfedkvksa ;k inksa fd;k tk ldrk
djrs gSaA ls tqM+k gksrk gSA gSA
z ofj"B vf/dkjh% os iqjLdkj vkSj naM liQyrkvksa vkSj fdlh dk;Z dks
ç.kkfy;ksa] vuq'kklukRed çfØ;kvksa vkSj vliQyrkvksa iwjk djus ;k
çn'kZu çca/u ds ekè;e ls dk;Zdkjh LokfeRo lfgr ifj.kke dk drZO; dks iwjk
'kk•k ds Hkhrj tokcnsgh ykxw djrs gSaA LokfeRo ysukA djus dk LokfeRo
z lhchvkbZ@iqfyl@lrdZrk% ;s ,tsafl;ka ysukA
ljdkj ds Hkhrj Hkz"Vkpkj] dnkpkj blesa fu.kZ; ysuk blesa nwljksa }kjk
vkSj fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa ds mYya?ku ;k fu.kZ; ysus fy, x, fu.kZ;ksa
ds f•ykiQ tkap djrh gSa vkSj dkjZokbZ iQSlyk&fuekZ.k dk vf/dkj gksuk dks fØ;kfUor
'kkfey gks ldrk djuk 'kkfey gks
djrh gSaA
gSA ldrk gSA
z vkarfjd ys•kijh{kk% vkarfjd O;fÙkQxr Hkkxhnkjh lkSais x, dk;ks± ;k
ys•kijh{kk bdkb;ka vuqikyu lqfuf'pr dh ijokg fd, drZO;ksa dks iwjk
jkT; ds djus vkSj fdlh Hkh vfu;ferrk dh mÙkjnkf;Ro fcuk] ifj.kkeksa ;k djus ds fy, mÙkj
Hkhrj igpku djus ds fy, ljdkjh foHkkxksa ifj.kkeksa ds fy, nsukA
({kSfrt) dh foÙkh; vkSj ifjpkyu çfØ;kvksa dk mÙkj nsukA
ewY;kadu djrh gSaA vafre ifj.kke fof'k"V dk;ks± ;k
z f'kdk;r fuokj.k ra=k% Hkz"Vkpkj fuokj.k vkSj fgr/kjdksa drZO;ksa dks iwjk
egÙo
vf/fu;e vkSj vkf/dkfjd xksiuh;rk ij çHkko ij tksj djus ij tksj nsrk
vf/fu;e tSls ra=k f'kdk;rksa] f'kdk;rksa nsrk gSA gSA
vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj ;k dqç'kklu ds ekeyksa dk LFkkukarfjr ;k nwljksa dks
lek/ku djrs gSaA çR;k;ksftr ugha gLrkarfjr ;k
LFkkukarj.k
fd;k tk ldrkA çR;k;ksftr fd;k
z bZ&xouZsal ra=k% çxfr vkSj jk"Vªh;
tk ldrk gSA
bZ&xouZsal ;kstuk (,ubZthih) tSls eap
ljdkjh çfØ;kvksa esa ikjnf'kZrk] n{krk tokcnsgh lqfuf'pr djus ds rjhds vkSj lk/u
vkSj tokcnsgh c<+kus ds fy, çkS|ksfxdh z fgr/kjdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh% lkoZtfud vf/dkfj;ksa ls muds
dk ykHk mBkrs gSaA vkf/dkfjd drZO;ksa ds ckjs esa loky djus ds fy,

194 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

 fgr/kjdksa dks l'kÙkQ cukuk tokcnsgh dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] eujsxk ds rgr lks'ky vkWfMV tSlh igy
esa lkoZtfud dk;ZØeksa ds çn'kZu dk vkdyu djus esa
fgr/kjdksa dks 'kkfey djuk 'kkfey gSA
z ikjnf'kZrk vkSj lfØ; çdVhdj.k% lwpuk dk vf/dkj
(vkjVhvkbZ) dkuwuksa ds çHkkoh dk;kZUo;u ds ekè;e ls
ikjnf'kZrk dks c<+kok nsuk lkoZtfud vf/dkfj;ksa dks dkuwu
vkSj lafo/ku dk ikyu djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
lwpuk dk lfØ; çdVhdj.k turk dks muds vf/dkjksa ds
ckjs esa f'kf{kr djrk gS vkSj mUgsa mu vf/dkjksa dh iwfrZ ij
loky mBkus esa enn djrk gSA
z Lora=k U;k;ikfydk% dkuwu ds 'kklu dks dk;e j•uk
U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=krk vkSj çHkko'khyrk ij fuHkZj djrk
gSA çfØ;k Kkiu vkSj bZ&vnkyrksa ds mi;ksx tSls mik;
tokcnsgh lqfuf'pr djus esa U;k;ikfydk dh Hkwfedk dks
etcwr dj ldrs gSaA
z vkof/d pquko% pquko yksdra=k esa tokcnsgh dh vafre
vfHkO;fÙkQ ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA os turk dks mlds
çn'kZu ds vk/kj ij ljdkj dks iqjLÑr ;k nafMr djus
esa l{ke cukrs gSa] ftlls lÙkk esa cSBs yksxksa ij fu;a=k.k
feyrk gSA pquko lq/kj vkSj tkx:d ,oa ifjiDo ernkrk
tokcnsgh esa ;ksxnku djrs gSaA
'kklu esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk lqn`<hdj.k
lq'kklu ç'kklu vkSj yksxksa nksuksa dh ftEesnkjh ysus dh {kerk
ij fuHkZj djrk gSA µih,e ujsaæ eksnhA
z 'kklu% ;w,uMhih ds vuqlkj] 'kklu dk rkRi;Z fdlh ns'k
ds ekeyksa ds çca/u ds fy, jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj
ç'kklfud çkf/dj.k ds ç;ksx ls gSA blesa ljdkjksa] laLFkkuksa
vkSj çkf/dkjh inksa ij cSBs O;fÙkQ;ksa }kjk dh xbZ fu.kZ; ysus
dh çfØ;k,a] uhfr;ka vkSj dk;Z 'kkfey gSaA
Ethical
Morals and Ethical Values
Governance
Good
Efficiency and Inclusivity
Governance
Governance
Implementation of
laws and rules
z lq'kklu% fo'o cSad lq'kklu dks ml rjhds ds :i esa
ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS ftlesa fodkl ds fy, ns'k ds vkfFkZd
vkSj lkekftd lalk/uksa ds çca/u esa 'kfÙkQ dk ç;ksx fd;k
yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk
tkrk gSA ;g çHkkoh vkSj tokcnsg laLFkkuksa] ikjnf'kZrk]
dkuwu ds 'kklu vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa ukxfjdksa
dh lekos'kh Hkkxhnkjh dh vko';drk ij tksj nsrk gSA
z la;qÙkQ jk"Vª }kjk lq'kklu ds vkB fl¼kar%
1- Hkkxhnkjh% ;g fl¼kar 'kklu çfØ;kvksa esa efgykvksa]
lekt ds detksj oxks± vkSj gkf'k, ij jgus okys lewgksa
lfgr lHkh yksxksa dks 'kkfey djus ds egRo ij tksj
nsrk gSA ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd fu.kZ; ysus esa mudh
vkokt lquh tk, vkSj ml ij fopkj fd;k tk,A
2- dkuwu dk 'kklu% lq'kklu ds fy, dkuwuh <kaps ds
fu"i{k çorZu vkSj vYila[;dksa vkSj detksj vkcknh
lfgr ekuo vf/dkjksa dh lqj{kk dh vko';drk gksrh
gSA ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd dkuwu lHkh O;fÙkQ;ksa ij
leku :i ls ykxw gksaA
Effective &
Follows the Efficient Accountability
Consensus
Rule of law
Good Oriented
Governance
Transparent
Participatory
Equitable &
Responsive
Inclusive
3- loZlEefr mUeq•h% 'kklu dk mís'; iwjs leqnk; ds
lokZsÙke fgrksa dh lsok djus okys fu.kZ;ksa rd igqapus ds
fy, fofHkUu fgrksa esa eè;LFkrk vkSj lkeatL; LFkkfir
djuk gksuk pkfg,A ;g fofHkUu fgr/kjdksa ds chp
laokn vkSj lg;ksx dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
4- ikjnf'kZrk% ;g fl¼kar turk dks vklkuh ls le>us
;ksX; :i esa i;kZIr tkudkjh çnku djus ij tksj nsrk
gSA ikjnf'kZrk fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa •qykiu]
tokcnsgh vkSj lkoZtfud tkap lqfuf'pr djrh gSA
5- tokcnsgh% lq'kklu ds fy, laLFkkuksa vkSj usrkvksa dks
ukxfjdksa dh t:jrksa] fparkvksa vkSj f'kdk;rksa ds çfr
mÙkjnk;h gksuk vko';d gSA blesa ukxfjd f'kdk;rksa
dks lacksf/r djuk vkSj mudk fuokj.k djuk] le;
ij vkSj dq'ky lsok,a çnku djuk vkSj ukxfjd&mUeq•
uhfr;ksa dks c<+kok nsuk 'kkfey gSA
6- çHkkoh vkSj dq'ky% 'kklu ds ifj.kkeLo:i laLFkkuksa
ds fuiVku esa lalk/uksa dk çHkkoh vkSj dq'ky mi;ksx
gksuk pkfg,A bldk y{; b"Vre ifj.kke çkIr djuk
vkSj turk dks xq.koÙkkiw.kZ lsok,¡ çnku djuk gSA
7- U;k;laxr vkSj lekos'kh% lq'kklu ;g lqfuf'pr
djrk gS fd lHkh O;fÙkQ vkSj lewg 'kkfey eglwl
195
 djsa] fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa mudh fgLlsnkjh gks
vkSj voljksa vkSj lalk/uksa rd mudh leku igqap gksA
;g fu"i{krk dks c<+kok nsrk gS vkSj vlekurkvksa dks
de djrk gSA
8- tokcnsg% tokcnsgh lq'kklu dk ,d ewyHkwr fl¼kar
gSA blesa dk;ks±] fu.kZ;ksa] uhfr;ksa vkSj muds ifj.kkeksa dks
Lohdkj djuk vkSj ftEesnkjh ysuk 'kkfey gSA tokcnsgh
'kklu çfØ;kvksa esa ikjnf'kZrk] v•aMrk vkSj fo'okl
lqfuf'pr djrh gSA
Objectivity
Truth
Integrity
Altruism Justice
Ethical
Good Governance
Fairness
Governance
fp=k% uSfrd 'kklu ds igyw
z uSfrd 'kklu% uSfrd 'kklu lkoZHkkSfed ewY;ksa vkSj uSfrd
fl¼karksa ds ikyu dks çkFkfedrk nsrk gS] ;g lqfuf'pr
djrk gS fd fu.kZ; vkSj dk;Z lPpkbZ] bZekunkjh] lR;fu"Bk
vkSj lkoZtfud fgr }kjk funZsf'kr gksa] v•aMrk] fo'okl
vkSj ekeyksa ds çHkkoh çca/u dks c<+kok nsaA
Good Ethical
Governance
Governance Governance
uSfrd 'kklu dk egRo
Hkkjr tSls fo'kky tula[;k vkSj lhfer lalk/uksa okys ns'k esa
uSfrd 'kklu dk egRoiw.kZ egRo gSA ;g 'kklu ds dbZ çeq•
igyqvksa ds fy, vk/kj ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS%
z lkekftd U;k;% uSfrd 'kklu lkekftd U;k; dh
laoS/kfud n`f"V ds vuq:i gS] vlekurkvksa dks de djus
vkSj lHkh ukxfjdksa ds fy, leku volj lqfuf'pr djus
dk ç;kl djrk gSA
z turk dk fo'okl% lR; vkSj ikjnf'kZrk dks cjdjkj j•rs
gq,] uSfrd 'kklu turk ds fo'okl] lg;ksx vkSj leUo;
dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
 lwpuk dk vf/dkj vf/fu;e] 2005 tSlh igy
ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh dks c<+krh gSA
z ekuokf/dkjksa dks dk;e j•uk% uSfrd 'kklu lHkh
O;fÙkQ;ksa] fo'ks"k :i ls lekt ds gkf'k, ij vkSj detksj
oxks± ds fy, cqfu;knh ekuokf/dkjksa dh lqj{kk vkSj iwfrZ dks
çkFkfedrk nsrk gSA
196
 jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk vf/fu;e tSls dkuwu t:jrean
yksxksa ds fy, Hkkstu rd igqap lqfuf'pr djrs gSaA
z lkoZHkkSfed ewY; ç.kkyh% fu"i{krk vkSj fu"i{krk esa
fufgr uSfrd 'kklu] fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa] fu;qfÙkQ;ksa
vkSj lalk/u vkoaVu esa HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn vkSj i{kikr dk
eqdkcyk djrk gSA
z n{krk% bZekunkjh vkSj uSfrd vkpj.k }kjk funZsf'kr uSfrd
'kklu] ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd lkoZtfud lalk/uksa dk
mi;ksx çHkkoh <ax ls vkSj dq'kyrk ls fd;k tk,] ftlls
Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj dqçca/u dk tksf•e de gksA
z d#.kk% uSfrd 'kklu lekt ds xjhcksa vkSj detksj oxks±
dh t:jrksa ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsrs gq, d#.kk ij tksj nsrk gSA
fdiQk;rh fdjk;s dh vkokl ;kstuk tSlh igy dk mís';
çoklh Jfedksa ds fy, fdiQk;rh vkokl çnku djuk gSA
Effective
Good Good Ethical
+ + = & Efficient
Governance Intentions Governance
Governance
End
Means
tgka ikjnf'kZrk ls Hkz"Vkpkj de gksrk gS] ogha lq'kklu
ikjnf'kZrk ls vkxs c<+dj •qykiu çkIr djrk gSA •qysiu dk
vFkZ gS fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k esa fgr/kjdksa dks 'kkfey djukA
ikjnf'kZrk lwpuk dk vf/dkj gS tcfd •qykiu Hkkxhnkjh dk
vf/dkj gSA µih,e ujsaæ eksnh
varjkZ"Vªh; laca/ksa vkSj foÙk iks"k.k esa uSfrd eqís
z varjkZ"Vªh; uSfrdrk lkoZHkkSfed ekudksa vkSj ewY;ksa ds
,d lewg dks lanfHkZr djrh gS tks jk"Vªksa ds varjkZ"Vªh;
O;ogkj esa muds O;ogkj vkSj dk;ks± dk ekxZn'kZu vkSj
fofu;eu djrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] vf/dka'k ns'k cqfu;knh fl¼karksa ds
,d lewg ds :i esa cqfu;knh ekuokf/dkjksa dks dk;e
j•rs gSa vkSj mudh j{kk djrs gSaA
z varjjk"Vªh; laca/ksa vkSj iQafMax esa uSfrd eqís tfVy vkSj
cgqvk;keh gSa] tks oSf'od ekeyksa esa fu"i{krk] U;k; vkSj
tokcnsgh ds fl¼karksa ds fy, pqukSfr;ka iSnk djrs gSaA
z ;s eqís ekuoh; lgk;rk] vkfFkZd fodkl] i;kZoj.k laca/h
fpark,¡] ekuokf/dkj vkSj Hkw&jktuhfrd 'kfÙkQ xfr'khyrk
tSls fofo/ lanHkks± ls mRiUu gksrs gSaA
z oSf'od Lrj ij fLFkjrk] lg;ksx vkSj lrr fodkl dks
c<+kok nsus ds fy, bu uSfrd fparkvksa dks lacksf/r djuk
egRoiw.kZ gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
varjkZ"Vªh; uSfrdrk dk egRo
varjkZ"Vªh; uSfrdrk dk egRo cgqvk;keh gS vkSj varjkZ"Vªh;
laca/ksa dks vkdkj nsus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ;gka blds
egRo dk foLr`r fooj.k fn;k x;k gS%
z ftEesnkjh% varjkZ"Vªh; uSfrdrk le`¼ jk"Vªksa dks de fodflr
ns'kksa dh çxfr esa ;ksxnku nsus vkSj ekuo fodkl ds fy,
lk>k ftEesnkjh lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ftEesnkj Bgjkrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% isfjl tyok;q le>kSrk vkSj lkekU;] ysfdu
foHksfnr ftEesnkfj;k¡ (lhchMhvkj fl¼kar)A
z ekuoh; uSfrdrk% varjjk"Vªh; laca/ksa esa uSfrdrk foKku]
j{kk vkSj lqj{kk esa çxfr dks ekuo vf/dkjksa dk mYya?ku
djus ls jksdrh gS] gfFk;kj ds nq#i;ksx dks jksdus ds fy,
,eVhlhvkj vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k lewg tSls laxBuksa ds ekè;e
ls lg;ksx dks c<+kok nsrh gSA
z d#.kk% varjkZ"Vªh; uSfrdrk pqukSrhiw.kZ le; ds nkSjku jk"Vªksa
ds chp ,dtqVrk dks c<+kok nsrh gS] ftldk mnkgj.k
xjhc jk"Vªksa dks COVID-19 Vhdkdj.k çnku djus ds fy,
lg;ksx gSA
Defence
Sovereignty
Environment
International
Culture
Ethics
Politics Economics
Human Rights
z 'kkafr vkSj ln~Hkko% varjjk"Vªh; laca/ksa esa uSfrdrk jk"Vªksa
ds chp 'kkafriw.kZ vkpj.k vkSj lekurk dks c<+kok nsrh gS]
ftldk mnkgj.k 'kkafr ds fy, oSf'od ç;kl ds :i esa
la;qÙkQ jk"Vª dh LFkkiuk gSA
z oS/rk% varjkZ"Vªh; uSfrdrk uSfrd fl¼karksa vkSj varjkZ"Vªh;
ekunaMksa ds ikyu ds vk/kj ij jk"Vªksa dks oS/rk çnku djrh
gS] tcfd mYya?ku djus okyksa dks varjkZ"Vªh; oS/rk •ksus
dk tksf•e gksrk gS] tSlk fd viQxkfuLrku esa rkfycku ds
lkFk ns•k x;k gSA
z ekuokf/dkj laj{k.k% varjkZ"Vªh; uSfrdrk jk"Vªksa dks
ekuokf/dkjksa dks çkFkfedrk nsus ds fy, çsfjr djrh gS]
ftldk mnkgj.k 'kj.kkFkhZ ladVksa dks lacksf/r djus vkSj
ySafxd lekurk dh odkyr djus esa lg;ksx gSA
z oSf'od leL;kvksa dk lek/ku% varjkZ"Vªh; uSfrdrk
vkradokn tSlh oSf'od pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy, jk"Vªksa
yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk
ds chp lg;ksxkRed ç;klksa dks çksRlkfgr djrh gS] tSlk
fd •qfiQ;k tkudkjh lk>k djus vkSj lefUor dk;ks± ds
ekè;e ls ns•k tkrk gSA
z O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk% varjkZ"Vªh; uSfrdrk lqfuf'pr djrh
gS fd cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;k¡ uSfrd :i ls dke djsa] mfpr
djksa dk Hkqxrku djsa vkSj oSf'od U;wure dj le>kSrs vkSj
vk/kj {kj.k vkSj ykHk LFkkukarj.kls fuiVus tSlh igyksa ds
lkFk lekt esa ;ksxnku djsaA
z uLyokn% varjkZ"Vªh; uSfrdrk jk"Vªksa dks uhfr;ksa ls uLyokn
dks feVkus ds fy, etcwj djrh gS] varjkZ"Vªh; ncko nf{k.k
vÚhdk esa jaxHksn dks lekIr djus esa Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; laca/ksa esa uSfrd fpark,¡
varjkZ"Vªh; laca/ksa esa uSfrd fparkvksa esa mu eqíksa dh ,d foLr`r
J`a•yk 'kkfey gS tks jk"Vªksa ds chp ckrphr vkSj oSf'od
leqnk;ksa ij muds çHkko ls mRiUu gksrh gSaA ;s fpark,¡ oSf'od
pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus esa uSfrd fopkjksa vkSj ftEesnkj dk;ks± dh
vko';drk dks n'kkZrh gSaA ;gk¡ varjkZ"Vªh; laca/ksa esa dqN çeq•
uSfrd fpark,¡ gSa%
z ftEesnkjh vkSj lekurk dk vHkko% tyok;q ifjorZu
ds fy, ,sfrgkfld :i ls ftEesnkj fodflr ns'k vDlj
vius dk;ks± ds fy, i;kZIr ftEesnkjh ysus esa foiQy jgrs
gSaA tokcnsgh dh ;g deh fodkl'khy vkSj vYi fodflr
ns'kksa dks çfrdwy :i ls çHkkfor djrh gS] tks blds dkj.kksa
esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn, fcuk tyok;q ifjorZu ds ifj.kkeksa
dk •kfe;ktk Hkqxrrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] tyok;q ifjorZu ij isfjl le>kSrk%
la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk vkSj phu tSls nqfu;k ds dqN
lcls cM+s xzhugkml xSl mRltZdksa us vHkh rd le>kSrs
dh iqf"V ugha dh gSA çeq• ns'kksa }kjk vuqleFkZu dh
;g deh isfjl le>kSrs dh çHkko'khyrk vkSj tyok;q
ifjorZu dks lacksf/r djus dh bldh {kerk dks detksj
djrh gSA
z oSf'od xjhch% le`¼ vkSj xjhc jk"Vªksa ds chp rhoz varj
leku lalk/u forj.k vkSj cqfu;knh ekuokf/dkjksa rd igqap
ds ckjs esa uSfrd ç'u mBkrk gSA tcfd vehj ns'kksa esa
yksx çpqj lalk/uksa vkSj ,d 'kkunkj thou 'kSyh dk vkuan
ysrs gSa] xjhc ns'kksa esa yksxksa ds ikl vDlj Hkkstu] LoPN
ikuh] LokLF; ns•Hkky vkSj f'k{kk tSlh lcls cqfu;knh
vko';drkvksa rd Hkh igqap ugha gksrh gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] fo'o cSad dh vR;f/d xjhch
dh ifjHkk"kk% fo'o cSad vR;f/d xjhch dks çfr
fnu $1-90 ls de ij thou ;kiu djus ds :i
197
 esa ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA fo'o cSad ds vuqlkj] 2015
esa 689 fefy;u yksx vR;f/d xjhch esa jg jgs FksA
gkyk¡fd] ;g la[;k vkt vf/d gksus dh laHkkouk gS]
D;ksafd COVID-19 egkekjh us yk•ksa vkSj yksxksa dks
xjhch esa /dsy fn;k gSA
z rhljh nqfu;k ds çfr mnklhurk% ladV ds le; esa]
ns'k oSf'od fgrksa ij vius Lo;a ds fgrksa dks çkFkfedrk
nsrs gSaA ;g vkRe&dsafær n`f"Vdks.k varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx esa
ck/k Mky ldrk gS] la?k"kks± dks c<+k ldrk gS vkSj
xjhch] tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj lkoZtfud LokLF; ladV tSlh
oSf'od pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds lkewfgd ç;klksa esa ck/k
Mky ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] jksfgaX;k 'kj.kkFkhZ ladV rc mHkjk
tc 2017 esa E;kaekj dh lsuk us jksfgaX;k vYila[;dksa
ij vR;kpkj fd;k] ftlds dkj.k mudk ckaXykns'k esa
foLFkkiu gqvkA varjkZ"Vªh; çfrfØ;k vi;kZIr jgh gS
,oa ns'k jksfgaX;k 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dks Lohdkj djus esa f>>d
jgs gSaA bls jksfgaX;k ds lkFk fo'okl?kkr vkSj oSf'od
,dtqVrk dh foiQyrk ds :i esa ns•k x;k gSA
z tokcnsgh dk vHkko% oSf'od laLFkk,¡ vDlj tokcnsgh
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, la?k"kZ djrh gSa] fo'ks"kdj 'kfÙkQ'kkyh
ns'kksa ds chpA tokcnsgh dh bl deh ds dkj.k varjjk"Vªh;
dkuwu dk mYya?ku] ekuokf/dkjksa dk guu vkSj oSf'od
'kklu ç.kkfy;ksa esa fo'okl dk ßkl gks ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] la;qÙkQ jk"Vª lqj{kk ifj"kn la;qÙkQ
jk"Vª ds Hkhrj lSU; dkjZokbZ vkSj çfrca/ksa ij vf/dkj
j•us okyh çHkko'kkyh laLFkk gSA gkyk¡fd] bls tokcnsgh
dh deh ds fy, vkykspuk dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS]
ftlesa dqN ns'kksa }kjk ekuokf/dkjksa ds guu dks lacksf/r
djus esa foiQyrk Hkh 'kkfey gSA
z LokFkZ% jk"Vª vDlj oSf'od leqnk; dh lkewfgd HkykbZ
ij vius Lo;a ds ladh.kZ LokFkks± dks çkFkfedrk nsrs gSaA
bls cktkj dh dherksa esa gsjiQsj djus ds fy, vksisd ns'kksa
}kjk dPps rsy ds fu;af=kr mRiknu ;k COVID-19 Vhdksa
ds fy, isVsaV NwV ij vke lgefr dh deh] thou j{kd
mipkjksa rd leku igqap esa ck/k tSlh dkjZokb;ksa ds :i
esa ns•k tk ldrk gSA
z lkoZHkkSfed ekudksa dk vHkko% varjjk"Vªh; laca/ksa esa
lkoZHkkSfed ekudksa ds vHkko ds ifj.kkeLo:i vDlj
fu.kZ; ysus esa vlaxrrk gksrh gS vkSj oSf'od fl¼karksa ij
jk"Vªh; fgrksa dks çkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA
198
 ekuokf/dkjksa ;k varjjk"Vªh; ekunaMksa ds mYya?ku ds
ckotwn lg;ksfx;ksa dk leFkZu ;k j{kk djrs gSaA
z uLyokn% uLyokn nqfu;k Hkj esa ,d O;kid leL;k cuh gqbZ
gS] dbZ lektksa esa uLy ;k tkrh;rk ds vk/kj ij ç.kkyhxr
HksnHkko vkSj vleku O;ogkj tkjh gSA uLyokn dks lacksf/r
djus ds fy, lekurk] lekosf'krk vkSj lkekftd U;k; dks
c<+kok nsus ds fy, varjjk"Vªh; laLFkkuksa lfgr lHkh Lrjksa
ij Bksl ç;klksa dh vko';drk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] CySd ykbOl eSVj vkanksyu fo'o
Lrj ij dkys yksxksa ds f•ykiQ uLyokn vkSj iqfyl
dh ccZjrk dk fojks/ djrk gSA blus uLyokn ds ckjs
esa tkx:drk c<+kbZ gS vkSj dkWUiQsMjsV ewfrZ;ksa dks gVkus
tSls cnykoksa dks tUe fn;k gSA gkyk¡fd] uLyokn vHkh
Hkhdk;e gS] vkSj blds mUewyu gsrq vkSj ç;klksa dh
vko';drk gSA
z detksj gksrh oSf'od laLFkk,¡% f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds ckn
LFkkfir oSf'od laLFkkvksa esa orZeku okLrfodrkvksa dks
csgrj <ax ls çfrfcafcr djus vkSj ledkyhu pqukSfr;ksa dk
çHkkoh <ax ls lek/ku djus ds fy, lq/kj dh vko';drk
gSA le; ij lq/kjksa vkSj cnyrh Hkw&jktuhfrd xfr'khyrk
ds çfr vuqdwyu dh deh oSf'od eqíksa dks lacksf/r djus
esa bu laLFkkuksa dh oS/rk vkSj çHkko'khyrk dks detksj
dj ldrh gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] MCY;wVhvks us mPp dkcZu mRltZu
okys ns'kksa esa mRikfnr oLrqvksa ij VSfjiQ yxkus dh
vuqefr nsus ls budkj dj fn;k gSA bl fu.kZ; dh
i;kZoj.k lewgksa }kjk vkykspuk dh xbZ gS] ftudk rdZ
gS fd blls tyok;q ifjorZu ls fuiVuk vkSj vf/d
dfBu gks tk,xkA
z ladV vkSj lg;ksx dh vko';drk okys le; esa
uSfrdrk dk vHkko% fu"i{krk] U;k;] ekuokf/dkj vkSj
i;kZoj.kh; fLFkjrk tSls fl¼karksa }kjk funZsf'kr uSfrd fu.kZ;
vDlj jktuhfrd fopkjksa vkSj vYidkfyd fgrksa ls detksj
gks tkrs gSaA ;g oSf'od leL;kvksa dk LFkk;h vkSj U;k;laxr
lek/ku •kstus dh {kerk ls le>kSrk djrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] dqN ns'kksa us COVID-19 Vhdksa dh
tek•ksjh dj yh gS] tcfd vU; us ok;jl ds ckjs esa
MsVk lk>k djus ls budkj dj fn;k gSA blls çHkkoh
Vhds vkSj mipkj fodflr djuk vf/d dfBu gks x;k
gS vkSj blls egkekjh yach gks xbZ gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
varjkZ"Vªh; fuf/;u esa uSfrd eqís varjkZ"Vªh; uSfrd eqíksa ls fuiVus ds fy, oSf'od ç;kl
varjkZ"Vªh; iQafMax dk rkRi;Z vehj vkSj mUur ns'kksa }kjk xjhc eqís vkSj oSf'od ç;kl
ns'kksa dks fodklkRed] lqj{kk vkSj vU; mís';ksa ds fy, nh tkus ekuokf/dkj mYya?ku ds eqís
okyh lgk;rk ls gSA gkyk¡fd] ;g lgk;rk fuEufyf•r uSfrd
z jktuhfrd gLr{ksi ds dkj.k ekuokf/dkjksa dk
eqís çLrqr djrh gS%
mYya?ku gksrk gS% jk"Vªksa ds vkarfjd ekeyksa esa ckgjh
z jk"Vªksa dh laçHkqrk dks u"V djuk% iQafMax ij nkrk dh
'kfÙkQ;ksa ds gLr{ksi ds ifj.kkeLo:i vDlj ekuokf/dkjksa
'krZsa çkIrdrkZ ns'kksa dh laçHkqrk vkSj fu.kZ; ysus ij mYya?ku
dk guu gksrk gSA
dj ldrh gSaA
z fons'k uhfr ds ,d midj.k ds :i esa vkradokn%
 mnkgj.k% vkbZ,e,iQ us 1991 esa foÙkh; ladV ds
dqN jkT; viuh fons'k uhfr ds y{;ksa dks çkIr djus
nkSjku Hkkjr ij fof'k"V uhfr;ka ykxw dhaA
ds lk/u ds :i esa vkradokn dks fu;ksftr djrs
z etcwjh dk iQk;nk mBkuk% 'kfÙkQ'kkyh ns'k vius fgrksa gSa] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ekuokf/dkjksa dk mYya?ku
dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, çkIrdrkZ jk"Vªksa dh detksfj;ksa dk gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ikfdLrku dk y'dj vkSj
iQk;nk mBk ldrs gSaA
tS'k&,&eksgEen dks leFkZu ;k bZjku dk fgtcqYykg
 mnkgj.k% phu dh ½.k&tky dwVuhfr xjhc ns'kksa esa
dks leFkZuA
cqfu;knh <kaps dh t:jrksa dk iQk;nk mBk jgh gSA
z 'kj.kkFkhZ eqík% ;wjksih; ns'kksa us ;q¼xzLr {ks=kksa ls Hkkxus
z ,uthvks dks iQafMax% ,uthvks dks iQafMax çnku djus okys okys 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, viuh lhek,a can dj nh gSa]
nkrk ns'k fpark iSnk dj ldrs gSa ;fn ;g muds vius fgrksa ftlls detksj vkcknh vko';d lqj{kk vkSj leFkZu ds
dh iwfrZ djrk gS ;k çkIrdrkZ ns'kksa ds vkarfjd ekeyksa esa fcuk jg xbZ gSA
gLr{ksi djrk gSA
oSf'od ç;kl
 mnkgj.k% ;g vkjksi yxk;k x;k gS fd dqN xSj
z ekuo vf/dkjksa dh lkoZHkkSe ?kks"k.kk (;wMh,pvkj)%
ljdkjh laxBuksa dks Hkkjr esa ijek.kq ÅtkZ la;a=kksa ds
;wMh,pvkj ekSfyd vf/dkjksa vkSj Lora=krk dh :ijs•k
f•ykiQ fojks/ çn'kZu ds fy, /u çkIr gqvkA
rS;kj djrk gS ftlds lHkh O;fÙkQ gdnkj gSa] ftlesa
z fDyfudy ijh{k.k% /u miyC/ djkrs gq, xjhc ns'kksa
ukxfjd] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd
esa fDyfudy ijh{k.k vk;ksftr djuk lwfpr lgefr vkSj
vf/dkj 'kkfey gSaA
çfrHkkfx;ksa ds vf/dkjksa dh lqj{kk ds ckjs esa uSfrd ç'u
mBk ldrk gSA z ekuokf/dkj ifj"kn vkSj ekuokf/dkj mPpk;qÙkQ dk
dk;kZy; (vks,plh,pvkj)% ekuokf/dkj ifj"kn]
 mnkgj.k% xjhc vÚhdh ns'k cM+h nok daifu;ksa ds
vks,plh,pvkj ds lkFk] nqfu;k Hkj esa ekuokf/dkjksa dks
fDyfudy ijh{k.kksa ds dsaæ jgs gSaA
c<+kok nsus vkSj mudh j{kk djus] mYya?kuksa dh tkap
z uo&mifuos'kokn% varjkZ"Vªh; iQafMax vkSj cktkj j.kuhfr
djus vkSj dkjZokbZ ds fy, fliQkfj'ksa djus ds fy, dke
vkfFkZd fuHkZjrk LFkkfir djds vkSj LFkkuh; laLÑfr;ksa dks
djrh gSA
u"V djds uo&mifuos'kokn dks c<+kok ns ldrh gSA
z ,eusLVh baVjus'kuy% ekuokf/dkjksa dh odkyr djus
 mnkgj.k% cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa ij çkIrdrkZ ns'kksa esa
okys Lo;alsodksa dk ,d varjjk"Vªh; laxBu] ,eusLVh
if'peh laLÑfr dks c<+kok nsus dk vkjksi yxk;k x;kA
baVjus'kuy ekuokf/dkjksa ds guu] tkx:drk c<+kus vkSj
z vkrad foÙkiks"k.k% voS/ iQafMax pkSuyksa dk mi;ksx cnyko ds fy, ncko Mkyus ij Lora=k fjiksVZ rS;kj
vkradokn ds foÙkiks"k.k ;k euh ykWfUMªax ds fy, fd;k djrk gSA
tk ldrk gS] ftlls lqj{kk tksf•e iSnk gks ldrk gS vkSj
z ns'kksa ds ç;kl% Hkkjr vkSj ckaXykns'k tSls ns'kksa us
uSfrd fl¼karksa dk mYya?ku gks ldrk gSA
'kj.kkFkhZ ladV ls fuiVus ds fy, ekuoh; n`f"Vdks.k
 mnkgj.k% vkradoknh xfrfof/;ksa vkSj dkys /u dks
dk çn'kZu djrs gq, jksfgaX;k 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dks vkJ; vkSj
b/j&m/j djus ds fy, varjjk"Vªh; iQafMax ds nq#i;ksx
lgk;rk çnku dh gSA
ds mnkgj.k

yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk 199

z ekuoh; lgk;rk% oSf'od ç;kl Hkkstu dh deh vkSj
vU; rRdky t:jrksa ds tokc esa vko';d oLrq,a vkSj
lgk;rk çnku djds viQxkfuLrku tSls la?k"kZ {ks=kksa esa
dfBukbZ dks de djus ij dsafær gSaA
z la;qÙkQ jk"Vª 'kkafr lsuk% la?k"kZ {ks=kksa esa 'kkafr vkSj
ln~Hkko LFkkfir djus ds fy, rSukr] la;qÙkQ jk"Vª 'kkafr
lsuk fe'ku ekuokf/dkjksa dh j{kk vkSj detksj vkcknh
dh j{kk djus esa enn djrs gSaA
tyok;q ifjorZu ds eqís
z varjkZ"Vªh; lekurk laca/h fpark,¡% tyok;q ifjorZu
ds fy, lcls de ftEesnkj vkSj blds çHkkoksa ls fuiVus
dh lhfer vkfFkZd {kerk okys ns'k vDlj lcls vf/d
çHkkfor gksrs gSa] tSlk fd ek'kZy }hi lewg ds ekeys
esa ns•k x;k gSA
z lkekU; ysfdu foHksfnr ftEesnkfj;k¡% tyok;q ifjorZu
dks lacksf/r djus esa orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; dh ihf<+;ksa
ds chp vkSj fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds chp
ftEesnkfj;ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djus vkSj vyx&vyx djus
esa pqukSfr;k¡ mRiUu gksrh gSaA
z tyok;q ifjorZu ij lansg% dqN O;fÙkQ ;k lewg
tyok;q ifjorZu dh okLrfodrk dks udkjrs gSa ;k
mldh mis{kk djrs gSa] ftlls bl eqís ds lek/ku ds
oSf'od ç;klksa esa ck/k vkrh gSA
oSf'od ç;kl
z etcwr tyok;q dkjZokbZ ds fy, çfrc¼rk% ns'k
tyok;q ifjorZu ls fuiVus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ dkjZokbZ
djus ds fy, çfrc¼ gSa] ftlesa LFkk;h thou 'kSyh]
lpsr miHkksx vkSj vif'k"V esa deh dks c<+kok nsuk
'kkfey gSA
z foÙkh; midj.k% /u tqVkus vkSj fVdkÅ çFkkvksa dks
çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, fofHkUu foÙkh; ra=k] tSls fd
çnw"kd osru fl¼kar] dkcZu VSDl] ÅtkZ cpr çek.ki=k
vkSj gfjr ckaM] viuk, tkrs gSaA
z fe'ku buksos'ku% ;g LoPN ÅtkZ uokpkj esa rsth ykus
ds fy, 22 ns'kksa vkSj ;wjksih; la?k dks 'kkfey djus
okyh ,d oSf'od igy gS ftlesa ikap o"kks± esa ljdkjksa
ds LoPN ÅtkZ vuqla/ku ,oa fodkl fuos'k dks nksxquk
djus dh çfrc¼rk 'kkfey gSA
z vkfFkZd fodkl dks mRltZu ls vyx djuk% ç;kl
xzhugkml xSl mRltZu dks de djrs gq,] lrr fodkl
dks c<+kok nsrs gq, vkfFkZd fodkl çkIr djus ij dsafær
gSaA
200
z Xyklxks tyok;q f'k•j lEesyu% çeq• ns'kksa us dkcZu
rVLFk cuus ds fy, vius y{;ksa dk •qyklk fd;k gS]
vkSj tyok;q foÙk vkSj tyok;q foÙk forj.k ;kstuk ds
laca/ esa ppkZ gqbZ gSA
z LoPN fodkl ra=k (lhMh,e)% mRltZu esa deh ykus
ds fy, D;ksVks çksVksdkWy ds rgr LFkkfir ,d cktkj ra=k]
fodflr ns'kksa dks fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa mRltZu&dVkSrh
ifj;kstukvksa dks ykxw djus vkSj çekf.kr mRltZu dVkSrh
(lhbZvkj) ØsfMV vftZr djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
z uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ lzksrksa vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkuksa ij
è;ku% lg;ksx dks lqfo/ktud cukus vkSj thok'e bZa/u
ij fuHkZjrk dks de djus ds fy, uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ dks
c<+kok nsus vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; lkSj xBca/u tSls varjkZ"Vªh;
laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk ij tksj fn;k x;k gSA
z gfjr vkoj.k dks c<+kuk% gfjr vkoj.k dk foLrkj
djus vkSj xzhugkml xSl mRltZu dks vo'kksf"kr djus ds
fy, vf/d dkcZu flad cukus ds ç;kl fd, tkrs gSaA
vU; ekeys
z dksfoM&19 tSlh twuksfVd chekfj;k¡% twuksfVd
chekfj;ksa dk mn~Hko vkSj çlkj oSf'od pqukSfr;k¡ iSnk
djrk gS] ftlds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx vkSj rS;kjh dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
z vR;f/d eNyh idM+uk% eNyh idM+us dh vfLFkj
çFkkvksa ds dkj.k leqæh lalk/uksa dh deh ls ikfjfLFkfrdh
ra=k vkSj nqfu;k Hkj esa eNyh idM+us okys leqnk;ksa dh
vkthfodk dks •rjk gSA
z IykfLVd dpjs dk lap;% egklkxjksa vkSj LFkyh;
okrkoj.k esa IykfLVd dpjs ds vR;f/d lap; ls
oU;thoksa] ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k vkSj ekuo LokLF; ij
gkfudkjd çHkko iM+rk gSA
z varfj{k eycs dk lap;% varfj{k eycs dk çlkj mixzgksa
vkSj varfj{k xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, tksf•e iSnk djrk gS]
ftlls varfj{k eycs dks de djus vkSj çcaf/r djus
ds fy, lg;ksxkRed ç;klksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
oSf'od ç;kl
z twuksfVd jksxksa dh fuxjkuh djus okyk WHO iSuy%
fo'o LokLF; laxBu us twuksfVd jksxksa dh fuxjkuh djus]
oSf'od rS;kfj;ksa dks c<+kus vkSj lefUor çfrfØ;kvksa dh
lqfo/k ds fy, ,d iSuy dh LFkkiuk dh gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 z Vhdk fodkl ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx% twuksfVd
jksxksa ls fuiVus ds fy, Vhds fodflr djus ds fy,
lg;ksxkRed ç;kl py jgs gSa] tSlk fd dksfoM&19 dh
oSf'od çfrfØ;k esa ns•k x;k gSA
z isVsaV NwV ds fy, :ijs•k% vko';d LokLF; ns•Hkky
çkS|ksfxfd;ksa rd leku igqap lqfuf'pr djus ds mís';
ls] dksfoM&19 tSlh twuksfVd chekfj;ksa ds fy, nokvksa]
Vhdksa vkSj fpfdRlk midj.kksa ls lacaf/r ckSf¼d laink
vf/dkjksa dks ekiQ djus ds laca/ esa ppkZ py jgh gSA
z vkbZihvkj ds çorZu ds fy, fn'kkfunZs'k% fo'o
z mnkgj.k% ,d daiuh dk funs'kd eaMy ,d ubZ iQeZ ds
laHkkfor vf/xzg.k ij fopkj djus ds fy, cSBd djrk gSA
cksMZ ds lnL; bls eatwjh nsus ds fy, ernku djus ls igys
ysunsu ds tksf•eksa vkSj ykHkksa dk lko/kuhiwoZd ewY;kadu
djrs gSaA pw¡fd cksMZ daiuh ds 'ks;j/kjdksa ds lokZsÙke fgr esa
dke dj jgk gS] blfy, vf/xzg.k çfØ;k lHkh fgr/kjdksa
dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, dh tkrh gS] ;g mRÑ"V fuxfer
ç'kklu dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA
Respect
stakeholders

O;kikj laxBu (MCY;wVhvks) us uokpkj dh j{kk vkSj

egRoiw.kZ çkS|ksfxfd;ksa rd igqap lqfuf'pr djus ds chp Community Contribute
larqyu cukrs gq, ckSf¼d laink vf/dkjksa ds çorZu ds Development to Socio-eco
development
fy, fn'kkfunZs'k LFkkfir fd, gSaA
z vfuok;Z ykblsaflax% vkikr fLFkfr esa] vfuok;Z Principles of
ykblsaflax dks ykxw djus dk çko/ku gS] ftlls ns'kksa dks Support Corporate
responsible Government Avoid illicit
lkoZtfud LokLF; ladVksa ls fuiVus ds fy, vko';d globalization activities
nokvksa vkSj çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds mRiknu ds fy, ykblsal nsus
dh vuqefr feyrh gSA
Sustainable
varjkZ"Vªh; uSfrdrk lkoZHkkSfed ewY;ksa dk ,d lewg gS tks Principle of and inclusive
jk"Vª&jkT;ksa ds dk;ks± vkSj O;ogkjksa dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA Trusteeship growth
varjkZ"Vªh; laca/ksa esa jkT; dks drkZ dgk tkrk gSA blfy,] lHkh fp=k% fuxfer ç'kklu ds fl¼kar
fu.kZ;ksa dks jkT; ds jk"Vªh; fgrksa dh j{kk djrs gq, bls vkSj vkxs
c<+kuk pkfg, (eSfd;kosfy;u uSfrdrk) ysfdu bls uSfrdrk ds fuxfer 'kklu ds çeq• rRo
:i esa Hkh ns•k tkuk pkfg,A z funs'kd eaMy% cksMZ fuxfer ç'kklu esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuxfer 'kklu fuHkkrk gS] j.kuhfrd fn'kk çnku djrk gS vkSj tokcnsgh
lqfuf'pr djrk gSA ;g 'kh"kZ vf/dkfj;ksa dh fu;qfÙkQ]
z dSMcjh lfefr ds vuqlkj] fuxfer ç'kklu og ç.kkyh gS
ftlds }kjk daifu;ksa dks funZsf'kr vkSj fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk çn'kZu dh fuxjkuh vkSj egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; ysus ds fy,
gS rkfd bls lHkh fgr/kjdksa vkSj cM+s iSekus ij lekt ds ftEesnkj gSA blds vykok] fuxfer dkedkt esa bZekunkjh
lokZsÙke fgr esa pyk;k tk ldsA lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vc Lora=k funs'kdksa dh fu;qfÙkQ
z ;g ç.kkfy;ksa] çfØ;kvksa vkSj fl¼karksa dk ,d lewg gS tks dh tkrh gSA
fuxfer fu"i{krk] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh dks c<+kok nsuk z 'ks;j/kjd vf/dkj% fuxfer ç'kklu 'ks;j/kjd vf/dkjksa
lqfuf'pr djrk gSA dh lqj{kk ij tksj nsrk gS] ftlesa oksV nsus] tkudkjh rd
z fdlh daiuh ds çHkkoh çca/u vkSj fujh{k.k ds fy, igqapus vkSj fuos'k ij mfpr fjVuZ çkIr djus dk vf/dkj
fuxfer ç'kklu egRoiw.kZ gSA 'kkfey gSA 'ks;j/kjdksa ds ikl daiuh ds fu.kZ;ksa dks çHkkfor
z blesa lajpuk,a] ra=k vkSj çFkk,a 'kkfey gSa tks fuxfer djus vkSj çca/u dks tokcnsg Bgjkus dh 'kfÙkQ gksrh gSA
laLFkkvksa ds O;ogkj vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa dk z uSfrdrk vkSj lR;fu"Bk% fuxfer ç'kklu fdlh laxBu
ekxZn'kZu vkSj fofu;eu djrh gSaA ds Hkhrj uSfrd O;ogkj vkSj lR;fu"Bk dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
z fuxfer ç'kklu dk çkFkfed mís'; 'ks;j/kjdksa] deZpkfj;ksa] blesa vkpkj lafgrk LFkkfir djuk] dkuwuksa vkSj fofu;eksa
xzkgdksa] vkiwfrZdrkZvksa vkSj O;kid leqnk; lfgr fofHkUu dk vuqikyu lqfuf'pr djuk vkSj ikjnf'kZrk] bZekunkjh vkSj
fgr/kjdksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk djuk gSA fu"i{krk dh laLÑfr dks c<+kok nsuk 'kkfey gSA

yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk 201

  mnkgj.k% ,d daiuh dk funs'kd eaMy 'ks;j/kjdksa ds
lokZsÙke fgr esa dk;Z djds] fgrksa ds Vdjko ls cpdj
vkSj vius fu.kZ; ysus esa ikjn'khZ gksdj mPpre uSfrd
ekudksa dks dk;e j•rk gSA
z ikjnf'kZrk vkSj çdVhdj.k% daifu;ksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh
gS fd os 'ks;j/kjdksa vkSj fgr/kjdksa dks le; ij vkSj
lVhd tkudkjh çnku djsaA ikjnf'kZrk esa foÙkh; çn'kZu]
tksf•e vkSj vU; HkkSfrd tkudkjh dk Li"V lapkj 'kkfey
gSA çdVhdj.k dh vko';drk,a fofHkUu U;k;ky;ksa esa
vyx&vyx gksrh gSa ysfdu vke rkSj ij bldk mís';
fuos'kdksa dk fo'okl vkSj cktkj n{krk c<+kuk gksrk gSA
z tksf•e çca/u% çHkkoh fuxfer ç'kklu esa mu tksf•eksa
dh igpku djuk vkSj çca/u djuk 'kkfey gS tks daiuh
ds çn'kZu vkSj çfr"Bk dks çHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA blesa
tksf•e ewY;kadu çfØ;kvksa] vkarfjd fu;a=k.k vkSj tksf•e
'keu j.kuhfr;ksa dks ykxw djuk 'kkfey gSA
z tokcnsgh vkSj ys•k ijh{k.k% fuxfer ç'kklu vf/dkfj;ksa
vkSj cksMZ ds çn'kZu dh fuxjkuh vkSj ewY;kadu ds fy,
ra=k LFkkfir djds tokcnsgh ij tksj nsrk gSA ckgjh ys•k
ijh{kd foÙkh; ikjnf'kZrk lqfuf'pr djus vkSj daiuh ds
foÙkh; fooj.kksa dk Lora=k lR;kiu çnku djus esa egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
z fgr/kjd tqM+ko% vPNk fuxfer ç'kklu lHkh fgr/kjdksa
ds fgrksa ij fopkj djrk gS vkSj muds lkFk ckrphr vkSj
tqM+ko dks çksRlkfgr djrk gSA blesa deZpkjh] xzkgd]
vkiwfrZdrkZ] LFkkuh; leqnk; vkSj daiuh ds lapkyu ls
çHkkfor vU; lacaf/r i{k 'kkfey gSaA
Respect
Community
Stakeholders
Development Contribute
to Socio-eco
development
Support Principles of
Corporate
responsbible
globalization Governance
Avoid illict
activities
Community
Development Sustainable
& inclusive
growth
vPNs fuxfer 'kklu dk egRo
fuxfer ç'kklu dk egRo egRoiw.kZ gS vkSj bls fofHkUu igyqvksa
esa ns•k tk ldrk gS%
202
z 'ks;j/kjd vf/dkjksa dh lqj{kk% ;g 'ks;j/kjdksa ds fgrksa
dh j{kk djrk gS vkSj mUgsa fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa
vkokt çnku djrk gSA
4 Pillart of Corporate Governance
Protection of shareholders' right, equitable
Fairness treatment and redressal of violations
Independence
Minimise or avoid conflict of interest and
independent directors and advisors
Accountability
Management is accountable to board and
board to shareholders
Timely accurate disclosure on all material
Transparency
matters
z fuos'kdksa dk c<+k gqvk fo'okl% lq'kklu çFkk,¡
ikjnf'kZrk] tokcnsgh vkSj uSfrd vkpj.k dks c<+kok nsrh gSa]
tks fuos'kdksa dks vkdf"kZr djrh gSa vkSj daiuh esa mudk
fo'okl c<+krh gSaA
z csgrj foÙkh; çn'kZu% çHkkoh ç'kklu tksf•eksa dks de
djds] ifjpkyu n{krk dks c<+kdj vkSj iwath dks vkdf"kZr
djds csgrj foÙkh; çn'kZu vkSj nh?kZdkfyd fLFkjrk esa
;ksxnku nsrk gSA
z fgr/kjd fo'okl vkSj çfr"Bk% etcwr fuxfer ç'kklu
deZpkfj;ksa] xzkgdksa vkSj leqnk; lfgr fgr/kjdksa ds chp
fo'okl dks c<+kok nsrk gS] tks daiuh dh çfr"Bk vkSj czkaM
ewY; dks c<+krk gSA
z dkuwuh vkSj fu;ked vko';drkvksa dk vuqikyu%
lq'kklu dkuwuksa] fofu;eksa vkSj fuxfer ç'kklu dksMksa dk
vuqikyu lqfuf'pr djrk gS] ftlls dkuwuh vkSj çfrf"Br
eqíksa dk tksf•e de gks tkrk gSA
z dq'ky fu.kZ; ysuk% Li"V 'kklu lajpuk,a vkSj çfØ;k,a
dq'ky fu.kZ; ysus esa l{ke cukrh gSa] ftlls cktkj esa
cnykoksa ds volj ij Rofjr çfrfØ;k nsus dh lqfo/k
feyrh gSA
z nh?kZdkfyd ewY; fuekZ.k% fuxfer ç'kklu nh?kZdkfyd
j.kuhfrd y{;ksa ds lkFk vYidkfyd mís';ksa dks larqfyr
djrs gq, LFkk;h fodkl vkSj ewY; fuekZ.k ij è;ku dsafær
djrk gSA
z çhfe;e% lq'kkflr daifu;ka cktkj esa çhfe;e dekrh gSa]
fuos'kd viuh fo'oluh;rk vkSj de tksf•e ds dkj.k
'ks;jksa ds fy, vf/d Hkqxrku djus dks rS;kj jgrs gSaA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

Accountability
Auditing
Functions of Transparency
Corporate
Governance
Compliance Fairness
z fons'kh fuos'k% ikjn'khZ vkSj tokcnsg fuxfer çFkk,¡ fons'kh
fuos'k dks vkdf"kZr djrh gSa] D;ksafd os ,d vPNh rjg ls
çcaf/r bdkbZ dk fo'okl vkSj vk'oklu çnku djrh gSaA
z detksj dkuwuksa ds fy, eqvkotk% etcwr iQeZ&Lrjh;
ç'kklu fuxfer dkuwuksa ;k muds çorZu esa dfe;ksa dks
nwj dj ldrk gS] D;ksafd ;g v•aMrk vkSj fu"i{krk dks
dk;e j•rk gSA
z Hkz"Vkpkj dk 'keu% çHkkoh 'kklu lajpuk,a vkSj uhfr;ka
/ks•k/M+h vkSj ?kksVkyksa dh laHkkouk dks de djrh gSa]
uSfrd O;ogkj dks c<+kok nsrh gSa vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj ds tksf•e
dks de djrh gSaA
z fuxfer fLFkjrk% fgr/kjd&dsafær 'kklu fo'okl cukrk
gS vkSj daiuh ds dk;ks± dks vis{kkvksa vkSj t:jrksa ds lkFk
tksM+dj nh?kZdkfyd fLFkjrk lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
z HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn ij vadq'k% lq'kklu çFkk,a ;ksX;rk
vkSj leku voljksa dks egRo nsrh gSa] fu.kZ; ysus esa
HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn vkSj i{kikr ij vadq'k yxkrh gSaA
z vkarfjd tkap vkSj larqyu% etcwr ç'kklu dqçca/u]
fgrksa ds Vdjko vkSj lalk/uksa ds nq#i;ksx dks jksdus]
tokcnsgh vkSj ikjnf'kZrk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ra=k
LFkkfir djrk gSA
Hkkjr esa fuxfer ç'kklu ds eqís
z xBtksM+% daifu;ka fuos'kdksa] fu;kedksa vkSj fgr/kjdksa dks
/ks•k nsus ds fy, ys•k ijh{kdksa ds lkFk feyhHkxr djrh
gSa] tSlk fd lR;e ?kksVkys vkSj Mh,p,iQ,y ekeys tSls
ekeyksa esa ns•k x;k gSA
z mPp tksf•e% daiuh ds ekfyd viuh O;fÙkQxr {kerk esa
egRoiw.kZ tksf•e mBk jgs gSa vkSj pqdkus esa vleFkZ gSa] tSls
fd dSiQs dkWiQh Ms ekeys esa oh- fl¼kFkZA
z çeksVj&usr`Ro okyk cksMZ% çeksVjksa dh vè;{krk okys cksMZ]
ftlls laHkkfor fgrksa dk Vdjko gksrk gS vkSj fu.kZ; ysus
yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk
esa Lora=krk dh deh gksrh gS] ftldk mnkgj.k tsV ,;jost
esa ujs'k xks;y us çLrqr fd;k gSA
z fuxjkuh dh deh% detksj çorZu ra=k vkSj oS/kfud
ifjorZuksa ds ckotwn •jkc fuxjkuh] ½.k nsus okys
laLFkkuksa esa i{kikr dh vuqefr nsrh gS (mnkgj.k ds fy,]
vkbZlhvkbZlhvkbZ cSad] pank dkspj ekeyk)A
z Lora=krk dk vHkko% Lora=k funs'kdksa dks fu.kZ; ysus esa
ncko vkSj lhekvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] tSlk fd
VkVk&feL=kh ekeys esa ns•k x;kA
z Øksuh dSfiVfyTe% djhch lg;ksfx;ksa dks ikjLifjd ykHk
fn;k x;k] ftlls vuqfpr ykHk gqvk] tSls fd dks;yk
?kksVkys esa dSfIVo dks;yk CykWd vkoaVuA
z ØsfMV jsfVax eqís% fgrksa dk Vdjko] lwpuk varjky vkSj
xSj&jsfVax O;olk; ØsfMV jsfVax ,tsafl;ksa dh fo'oluh;rk
dks çHkkfor djrs gSa] tSlk fd gky ds vkbZ,y ,aM ,iQ,l
ladV esa ns•k x;k gSA
Hkkjr esa uSfrd fuxfer ç'kklu lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,
ekStwnk mik; vkSj igy
z daiuh vf/fu;e] 2013% Hkkjr esa daifu;ksa ds fuxfer
u] fuekZ.k vkSj dkedkt dks fu;af=kr djrk gS] 'ks;j/kjdksa
dks l'kÙkQ cukrk gS vkSj fuxfer ç'kklu ds fy, mPp
ewY;ksa ij tksj nsrk gSA
z çfrHkwfr vuqca/ (fofu;eu) vf/fu;e] 1956% bldk
mís'; O;kikfjd ysunsu dks fofu;fer djds çfrHkwfr;ksa esa
vokafNr ysunsu dks jksduk gSA
z Hkkjrh; çfrLi/kZ vk;ksx% çfrLi/kZ laLÑfr dks c<+kok
nsus vkSj cuk, j•us] ,dkf/dkjoknh ço`fÙk;ksa ij vadq'k
yxkus vkSj fu"i{k vkSj uohu O;kolkf;d çFkkvksa dks çsfjr
djus ds fy, LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
z jk"Vªh; daiuh dkuwu U;k;kf/dj.k% ukxfjd çÑfr ds
fuxfer fooknksa ls fuiVrk gS vkSj fnokyk vkSj fnokfy;kiu
lafgrk ds rgr fu.kkZ;d çkf/dkjh ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
z ys•kadu ekud% foÙkh; fjiksfVZax esa lajpuk ykus vkSj
ys•kadu uhfr;ksa] udnh&çokg fooj.k] lacaf/r&ikVhZ
çdVhdj.k vkSj cgqr dqN ds çdVhdj.k dks vfuok;Z
djus ds fy, Hkkjrh; pkVZMZ vdkmaVsaV~l laLFkku }kjk tkjh
fd;k x;kA
z Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr vkSj fofue; cksMZ (lsch) fn'kkfunZs'k%
fu;ked çkf/dj.k lwphc¼ daifu;ksa dh ns•js• djrk gS]
fuos'kdksa dh lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fofu;e] fu;e
vkSj fn'kkfunZs'k tkjh djrk gSA
203
z lfpoh; ekud% daiuh vf/fu;e ds çko/kuksa ds vuqlkj
daiuh lfpoksa ds fy, ekud LFkkfir djus ds fy, Hkkjrh;
daiuh lfpo laLFkku (vkbZlh,lvkbZ) }kjk tkjh fd;k
tkrk gSA
Hkkjr esa fuxfer ç'kklu ls lacaf/r lfefr;k¡
z blus funs'kd eaMy esa dk;Zdkjh vkSj
xSj&dk;Zdkjh funs'kdksa ds mfpr feJ.k
ds egRo ij tksj fn;kA
z de ls de rhu Lora=k funs'kdksa okyh
dqekj ,d ys•kijh{kk lfefr dh LFkkiuk dh
eaxye fliQkfj'k dh xbZA
fcM+yk z funs'kdksa vkSj ofj"B çca/u dk ikfjJfed
lfefr fu/kZfjr djus ds fy, ,d ikfjJfed
fjiksVZ lfefr dk lq>ko fn;k x;k FkkA
(2000) z funs'kd eaMy dks çfr o"kZ U;wure pkj
cSBdsa vk;ksftr djus dh fliQkfj'k dh
xbZ FkhA
z 'ks;j/kjdksa dks muds fuos'k ds laca/ esa
O;kid tkudkjh çnku dh tkuh FkhA
z blus ys•k ijh{kk xzkgdksa ds fy, dqN
xSj&ys•k ijh{kk lsokvksa] tSls ewY;kadu
lsokvksa vkSj vkarfjd ys•k ijh{kk ij
çfrca/ yxkus dh fliQkfj'k dhA
z ys•k ijh{kdksa dk ,d vfuok;Z jksVs'ku
çLrkfor fd;k x;k Fkk] ftlesa vkWfMV
ujsl ,p
lk>snkj vkSj Vhe ds de ls de ipkl
paæk lfefr
çfr'kr lnL;ksa dks gj ikap lky esa
(2002)
?kqek;k tkuk FkkA
z vkWfMV iQeks± dks vkWfMV layXurk dh 'krks±
ls lger gksus ls igys vkWfMV lfefr ;k
funs'kd eaMy dks Lora=krk dk okf"kZd
çek.ku çnku djuk vko';d fd;k tkuk
FkkA
z blus ys•k ijh{kk lfefr;ksa dh ftEesnkfj;ksa
dks etcwr djus dh fliQkfj'k dh] ftlesa
de ls de ,d lnL; dks foÙkh; :i
ukjk;.k ls tkudkj gksuk vkSj nwljs lnL; dks
ewfrZ lfefr ys•kadu ;k lacaf/r foÙkh; çca/u n{krk
(2003) j•us dh vko';drk 'kkfey gSA
z lfefr us foÙkh; •qyklksa dh xq.koÙkk esa
lq/kj ij tksj fn;k] fo'ks"k :i ls lacaf/r
i{k ysunsu ls lacaf/rA
204
z blus 'kfÙkQ larqyu vkSj c<+h gqbZ tokcnsgh
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ps;jilZu vkSj
lhbZvks@,eMh dh Hkwfedkvksa dks vyx
djus dh fliQkfj'k dhA
z lfefr us vfr çfrc¼rk dks jksdus vkSj
çHkkoh cksMZ Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djus ds
fy, ,d O;fÙkQ ds fy, vkB funs'kdksa
dh vf/dre lhek dk çLrko j•kA
z ikjnf'kZrk vkSj fu"i{krk c<+kus ds fy,
lwphc¼ daifu;ksa esa de ls de vk/s
cksMZ lnL;ksa dk Lora=k funs'kd gksuk
vko';d FkkA
z lfefr us Lora=k funs'kdksa ds fy, U;wure
;ksX;rk vfuok;Z djus vkSj muds çklafxd
mn; dksVd
dkS'ky vkSj fo'ks"kKrk dk •qyklk djus
lfefr
dk lq>ko fn;kA
(2017)
z blus dkWjiksjsV dnkpkj dh fjiksfVZax dks
çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, fOglyCyksvlZ
dks çfrj{kk çnku djus ds fy, lsch
(Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr vkSj fofue; cksMZ) dks
'kfÙkQ;ka nsus dk çLrko j•kA
z lfefr us fliQkfj'k dh fd lkoZtfud
{ks=k dh daifu;ksa dks csgrj fuxfer
ç'kklu çFkkvksa dks lqfuf'pr djus ds
fy, uksMy ea=kky;ksa ds ctk; lwphc¼
fu;eksa }kjk 'kkflr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
mUur çdVhdj.k vko';drkvksa dk
z
lq>ko fn;k x;k] tSls fd iQaM mi;ksx]
vkWfMVj ØsMsaf'k;Yl] vkWfMV iQhl vkSj
vU; çklafxd tkudkjh dk iwjk •qyklkA
fuxfer lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro (lh,lvkj)
¶fuxfer lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro & vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj
i;kZoj.kh; :i ls fVdkÅ rjhds ls O;olk; lapkfyr djus
ds fy, ,d daiuh dh vius fgr/kjdksa ds çfr çfrc¼rk
gSA cM+s iSekus ij] vkSj cM+s iSekus ij •jhn&iQjks[r ds lkFk]
lexz :i ls lekt xq.kd ewY; çHkkoksa dk ykHkkFkhZ gSA
 µgsafMªFk okuyksu fLeFk twfu;j]
esÝykoj&Iyk;ekmFk ds lhbZvks
z fuxfer lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro (lh,lvkj) ,d vo/kj.kk
gS tks vius deZpkfj;ksa] muds ifjokjksa] LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa vkSj
cM+s iSekus ij lekt ds fy, thou dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kj
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 djrs gq, uSfrd :i ls O;ogkj djus vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl
esa ;ksxnku nsus dh daiuh dh çfrc¼rk ij tksj nsrh gSA
z blesa daifu;ksa }kjk vius dkuwuh nkf;Roksa ls ijs tkdj lekt
ij ldkjkRed çHkko Mkyus ds fy, dh xbZ LoSfPNd
dkjZokb;ka vkSj igy 'kkfey gSaA
z Hkkjr esa daiuh vf/fu;e] 2013 ds rgr] lh,lvkj ds
çko/ku /kjk 135 esa mfYyf•r gSaA
z ;g çko/ku fof'k"V ekunaMksa dks iwjk djus okyh daifu;ksa
ij ykxw gksrk gS] tSls fd 500 djksM+ #i;s ;k mlls vf/d
dk 'kq¼ ewY;] 1]000 djksM+ #i;s ;k mlls vf/d dk
dkjksckj] ;k 5 djksM+ #i;s ;k mlls vf/d dk 'kq¼ ykHkA
z fiNys rhu o"kks± esa vius vkSlr 'kq¼ ykHk dk de ls de
2» lh,lvkj xfrfof/;ksa ij •pZ djuk vfuok;Z gSA
,slh xfrfof/;k¡ ftUgsa lh,lvkj
ds :i esa fy;k tk ldrk gS
z f'k{kk dk çpkj&çlkj
z vR;f/d Hkq•ejh vkSj xjhch dk mUewyu
z ySafxd lekurk vkSj efgyk l'kfÙkQdj.k
z cky e`R;q nj dks de djuk vkSj ekr` LokLF; esa lq/kj
djuk
z ,pvkbZoh&,M~l] eysfj;k vkSj vU; chekfj;ksa ls yM+uk
z i;kZoj.k fLFkjrk
z lkekftd O;olk; ifj;kstuk,¡
z jkstxkj O;kolkf;d dkS'ky dks c<+kuk
z foKku] çkS|ksfxdh vkSj fpfdRlk tSls fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa
vuqla/kuA
z dsaæ ;k jkT; ;k fdlh jkT; ds LokfeRo okyh daifu;ksa
}kjk foÙk iksf"kr buD;wcsVjA
z mnkgj.k% Hkkjr esa Ckzqd dkWjiksjs'ku Ldwyksa ds fuekZ.k]
O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k nsus] LokLF; ns•Hkky çnku djus vkSj
lrr Ñf"k dks c<+kok nsus ds ekè;e ls fuxfer lkekftd
ftEesnkjh fuHkkrk gSA ;s ifj;kstuk,¡ lekos'kh fodkl vkSj
nh?kZdkfyd fodkl dks c<+kok nsrs gq, xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa dks
l'kÙkQ cukrh gSaA ,chlh dkWikZsjs'ku LFkkuh; laxBuksa ds lkFk
lg;ksx djds] lkekftd çxfr dks çksRlkfgr djds vkSj
lHkh ds fy, ,d mTtoy Hkfo"; dk fuekZ.k djds xjhc
O;fÙkQ;ksa ds thou dks çHkkoh <ax ls çHkkfor djrk gSA
yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk
daiuh (lh,lvkj uhfr) la'kks/u fu;e] 2021
z fuEufyf•r xfrfof/;ksa dks lh,lvkj ls ckgj j•k
x;k gS%
 xfrfof/;k¡ lh,lvkj xfrfof/;ksa ls ckgj j•dj
O;olk; ds lkekU; Øe esa dh tkrh gSa_
 Hkkjr ds ckgj dh xbZ xfrfof/;k¡_
 jktuhfrd nyksa dks ;ksxnku_
 daiuh ds deZpkfj;ksa dks ykHk igq¡pkus okyh
xfrfof/;k¡_
 çk;kstu ds vk/kj ij daiuh }kjk lefFkZr xfrfof/;k¡_
 oS/kfud nkf;Ro dks iwjk djus ds fy, dh xbZ
xfrfof/;k¡A
z fMtkbu vkSj ewY;kadu ds fy, ckgjh laxBu dh fu;qfÙkQ
dh vuqefrA
z daifu;ksa dks ,d okf"kZd dk;Z ;kstuk cukdj daiuh ds
cksMZ dks lkSaiuh gksxhA
z daifu;ksa dks ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gksxk fd ç'kklfud
vksojgsM dqy lh,lvkj O;; dk 5» ls vf/d u gksA
z vf/'ks"k dk mi;ksx vU; mís';ksa ds fy, ugha fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
z 10 djksM+ 3 foÙkh; o"kZ ls vf/d ds lh,lvkj nkf;Ro
okyh daifu;ksa dks çHkko ewY;kadu djus ds fy, ,d
Lora=k ,tsalh dks fu;qÙkQ djuk gksxkA
z osclkbV ij lh,lvkj ifj;kstukvksa dk vfuok;Z •qyklkA
fuxfer lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dk egRo
z uSfrd vihy% lh,lvkj xka/hth dsU;kflrk ds fl¼kar ds
vuq:i gS] tks daifu;ksa ls ftEesnkj vkSj uSfrd ukxfjdksa
ds :i esa dk;Z djus dk vkxzg djrk gSA
z larqf"V% daifu;ksa dks u dsoy vius 'ks;j/kjdksa cfYd
vU; fgr/kjdksa dks Hkh larq"V djus dk y{; j•uk pkfg,
tks daiuh ds lapkyu vkSj i;kZoj.k ls çR;{k ;k vçR;{k
:i ls çHkkfor gksrs gSaA
z lkoZtfud Nfo% lh,lvkj xfrfof/;ksa esa layXu daifu;ka
vDlj ldkjkRed czkaM Nfo vkSj turk dh utjksa esa vPNh
çfr"Bk dk vkuan ysrh gSaA TATA xzqi vkWiQ daiuht viuh
lh,lvkjigyksa ds dkj.k ,d etcwr lkoZtfud Nfo okys
laxBu dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA
z ykblsal% lh,lvkj daifu;ksa dks LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dk
fo'okl vkSj leFkZu gkfly djus esa enn djrk gSA
lkeqnkf;d fodkl ds fy, lalk/u vkoafVr djds] daifu;k¡
205
 mu leqnk;ksa dh HkykbZ ds çfr viuh çfrc¼rk çnf'kZr
djrh gSa ftuesa os dke djrh gSaA
z miHkksÙkQkvksa dk Hkjkslk% dbZ miHkksÙkQk lfØ; :i ls ,slh
daifu;ksa dh ryk'k djrs gSa tks /ekZFkZ dk;ks± dk leFkZu
djrh gSaA blfy,] lh,lvkj xzkgdksa dks vkdf"kZr djrk gSA
z ykHkçnrk% lh,lvkj xfrfof/;k¡ fdlh daiuh dh
ykHkçnrk esa ;ksxnku dj ldrh gSaA uSfrd vkpj.k vkSj
lkekftd :i ls ftEesnkj çFkk,a miHkksÙkQk ds Ø; fu.kZ;ksa
dks çHkkfor djrh gSa] ftlls xzkgd fu"Bk vkSj cktkj
fgLlsnkjh esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
z çfrLi/kZRed ykHk% tks daifu;k¡ lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro ds
çfr viuh çfrc¼rk çnf'kZr djrh gSa] os vius çfrLif/Z;ksa
ls •qn dks vyx dj ldrh gSa vkSj lkekftd :i ls
tkx:d miHkksÙkQkvksa dks vkdf"kZr dj ldrh gSaA
z deZpkfj;ksa dk eukscy c<+kuk% lh,lvkj çFkkvksa dk
deZpkfj;ksa ds eukscy ij ldkjkRed çHkko iM+rk gSA
tc deZpkjh viuh daiuh dks lkekftd :i ls ftEesnkj
xfrfof/;ksa esa lfØ; :i ls layXu gksrs ns•rs gSa] rks ;g
daiuh dh lgkuqHkwfr vkSj ewY;ksa esa muds fo'okl dks etcwr
djrk gS] ftlls mPp ukSdjh larqf"V feyrh gSA
fuxfer lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro (lh,lvkj) ls lacaf/r
eqís%&
z •jkc dk;kZUo;u% dbZ daifu;ksa esa lh,lvkj dks ykxw djus
esa j.kuhfrd lksp vkSj uohurk dk vHkko gSA lh,lvkj dks
vDlj lkFkZd çHkko okys cM+s y{; ds ctk; egt ,d
/ekZFkZ ç;kl ds :i esa ns•k tkrk gSA
z etcwr uhfr dk vHkko% nh?kZdkfyd vkSj vPNh rjg
ls ifjHkkf"kr lh,lvkj uhfr dk vHkko çHkkoh lh,lvkj
dk;kZUo;u esa ck/k Mkyrk gSA Li"V fn'kk ds fcuk] lh,lvkj
•pZ okafNr mís';ksa ds vuq:i ugha gks ldrk gSA
z xfrfof/;ksa dk nksgjko% leUo; ds fcuk leku lh,lvkj
xfrfof/;ksa esa 'kkfey gksus okyh fofHkUu daifu;ka lg;ksxkRed
n`f"Vdks.k ds ctk; çfrLi/hZ gks ldrh gSaA blls ç;klksa dk
nksgjko gksrk gS vkSj çHkko •afMr gksrk gSA
z vfrfjÙkQ fuxfer dj ds :i esa ns•k tkuk% dqN yksx
lh,lvkj nkf;Ro dks 2» dj ds :i esa ns•rs gSa ftls
daifu;ksa dks lkekftd fodkl ds fy, LoSfPNd ;ksxnku
ds :i esa ekuus ds ctk; •pZ djus dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA
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z O;; dk fo"ke iSVuZ% lh,lvkj ç;kl egRoiw.kZ lkekftd
vkSj i;kZoj.kh; pqukSfr;ksa dks lacksf/r djus ij è;ku dsafær
djus ds ctk; eq[; :i ls daiuh ds ifjpkyu ifjçs{;
vkSj lqfo/k }kjk lapkfyr gks ldrs gSaA
vkxs dh jkg
z okf"kZd iqjLdkj% daifu;ksa dks mudh vuqdj.kh; lh,lvkj
xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, okf"kZd iqjLdkjksa
dh LFkkiuk djds mUgsa daiuh ds vkdkj ds vk/kj ij
oxhZÑr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z tokcnsgh% daifu;ksa dks ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd
mudh lh,lvkj xfrfof/;ksa ds Li"V mís'; vkSj ekius
;ksX; y{; gksaA çxfr ij utj j•us ds fy, etcwr fuxjkuh
vkSj ewY;kadu ra=k ekStwn gksuk pkfg,A
z lg;ksx% daifu;ksa dks LFkkuh; t:jrksa dh xgjh le>
gkfly djus vkSj çHkkoh lh,lvkj igy dks ykxw djus
esa mudh fo'ks"kKrk dk ykHk mBkus ds fy, LFkkuh; xSj
ljdkjh laxBuksa vkSj lkeqnkf;d laxBuksa ds lkFk lg;ksx
djuk pkfg,A
z vf/d tkx:drk% lh,lvkj ds ckjs esa tkx:drk c<k;k
tkuk pkfg,A ,slk fo'ks"k :i ls tehuh Lrj ij gksuk pkfg,
rkfd ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk lds fd LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dks
fuxfer equkiQs ls lkekftd fodkl dk mfpr fgLlk feysA
batsrh Jhfuokl lfefr dh fliQkfj'ksa
z lh,lvkj O;; dks dj dVkSrh ;ksX; cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A
z daifu;ksa dks •pZ u dh xbZ /ujkf'k dks rhu ls ikap
lky rd vkxs ys tkus dh vuqefr fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
z daiuh vf/fu;e] 2013 dh vuqlwph 7 dks lrr fodkl
y{;ksa ds lkFk lajsf•r fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z LFkkuh; {ks=k çkFkfedrkvksa dks jk"Vªh; çkFkfedrkvksa ds
lkFk larqfyr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z 5 djksM+ ;k mlls vf/d ds lh,lvkj nkf;Roksa ds fy,
çHkko ewY;kadu vè;;u 'kq: fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z ,elh, iksVZy ij dk;kZUo;u ,tsafl;ksa dk iathdj.k
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z ;ksxnkudrkZvksa] ykHkkfFkZ;ksa vkSj ,tsafl;ksa dks tksM+us ds
fy, ,d lh,lvkj fofue; iksVZy fodflr fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
z lkekftd ykHk ckaM esa lh,lvkj dh vuqefr fn;k
tkuk pkfg,A
z lkekftd çHkko okyh daifu;ksa dks c<+kok fn;k tkuk
pkfg,A
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
fu"d"kZ
z bu eqíksa dks lacksf/r djus vkSj lq>k, x, mik;ksa dks
ykxw djus ls] lh,lvkj fuxfer lkekftd ftEesnkjh ds
fy, ,d vf/d çHkko'kkyh vkSj vPNh rjg ls lajfpr
n`f"Vdks.k cu ldrk gS] ftlls daifu;ksa vkSj lekt nksuksa
dks ykHk gksxkA
dqN lelkef;d eqís@ekeyk çdj.k
Hkkjr esa 'kjkccanh
z Hkkjr esa 'kjkc•ksjh ,d egRoiw.kZ eqík gS] ftu jkT;ksa esa
'kjkc ij çfrca/ gS] ogka tgjhyh 'kjkc ds lsou ls gksus
okyh ekSrksa ij fpark,a c<+ jgh gSaA
z blds vykok] 'kjkc dh •ir esa lexz o`f¼ lkekftd
çxfr dh fn'kk ij loky mBkrh gSA
eq[; vfHkdrkZ%
z jkT; ljdkjsa% lkoZtfud LokLF; fopkjksa ds lkFk 'kjkc
O;olk; ls jktLo l`tu dks larqfyr djrs gq,] çfrca/
vkSj fofu;eksa lfgr 'kjkc uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djus ds fy,
ftEesnkj gSaA
z O;fÙkQ vkSj leqnk;% ;s 'kjkc ds lsou esa layXu gksrs gSa
vkSj LokLF; tksf•eksa vkSj laHkkfor lkekftd ifj.kkeksa dk
lkeuk djrs gSaA
z 'kjkc m|ksx% ;s eknd is; inkFkks± ds mRiknu] foi.ku vkSj
fcØh esa 'kkfey gSaA
z lkoZtfud LokLF; çkf/dj.k% iqjkuh chekfj;ksa] fgalk vkSj
lM+d nq?kZVukvksa lfgr 'kjkc ds lsou ls LokLF; ij iM+us
okys çHkkoksa dks ysdj fpafrr gSaA
z lekt vkSj lkaLÑfrd ekunaM% 'kjkc dh •ir ij
vyx&vyx lkekftd n`f"Vdks.k] bls lkekftd&/kfeZd
vuq"Bkuksa dk ,d fgLlk ekuus ls ysdj 'kjkccanh dh
odkyr djus rd lhfer gSA
uSfrd eqís%
z O;fÙkQxr Lora=krk vkSj lkoZtfud LokLF; dks larqfyr
djuk% 'kjkc ds lsou ds gkfudkjd çHkkoksa dks nwj djus
ds fy, O;fÙkQxr Lora=krk dks cuk, j•us vkSj lkoZtfud
LokLF; ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi djus ds chp larqyu cukukA
z LokLF; vkSj lqj{kk laca/h fpark,¡% 'kjkc ls tqM+s LokLF;
ifj.kkeksa] lkekftd fgalk vkSj lM+d nq?kZVukvksa ls tqM+h
uSfrd nqfo/k,¡A
z jktLo cuke detksj O;fÙkQ% 'kjkc O;olk; ls mRiUu
jktLo vkSj 'kjkc ds uqdlku ls detksj O;fÙkQ;ksa dh lqj{kk
ds chp la?k"kZ ds çca/u esa uSfrd fopkjA
z ftEesnkj foi.ku vkSj le>nkj 'kjkc ihuk% vYdksgy
mRiknksa ds foi.ku vkSj ftEesnkj vkSj eè;e ihus dh çFkkvksa
dks c<+kok nsus ds laca/ esa uSfrd fpark,aA
yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk
z voS/ 'kjkc O;olk;ksa dk eqdkcyk% oS/ m|ksx okys
ukSdfj;ksa dh lqj{kk djrs gq, voS/ 'kjkc O;olk;ksa ds
fodkl dks lacksf/r djukA
z lkekftd ekunaM cuke O;fÙkQxr foosd% 'kjkc dh
•ir ls lacaf/r lkekftd ekunaMksa dks ykxw djus vkSj
O;fÙkQ;ksa ds O;fÙkQxr foosd dk lEeku djus ds chp uSfrd
nqfo/kvksa dks nwj djukA
z fofo/ lkekftd n`f"Vdks.k% 'kjkc dh •ir ij
vyx&vyx lkekftd n`f"Vdks.k dks le>uk vkSj lacksf/r
djuk] ftlesa lkekftd&/kfeZd vuq"Bkuksa ls ysdj 'kjkccanh
dh odkyr rd 'kkfey gSA
vkxs dh jkg%
z fopkj'khy fu.kZ; ysuk% 'kjkccanh dks lacksf/r djus
ds fy, uhfr;ka vkSj gLr{ksi rS;kj djrs le; O;fÙkQxr
Lora=krk] lkoZtfud LokLF; vkSj lkekftd ftEesnkjh dks
è;ku esa j•ukA
z uSfrd fl¼karksa dks dk;e j•uk% ;g lqfuf'pr djuk
fd 'kjkccanh ls fuiVus dh j.kuhfr;k¡ uSfrd ekudksa vkSj
dkuwuh <k¡ps dk ikyu djsaA
z lkoZtfud LokLF; gLr{ksi% tkx:drk vfHk;ku] f'k{kk
vkSj 'kjkc ls lacaf/r eqíksa ds bykt rd igqap tSlh çHkkoh
lkoZtfud LokLF; igy dks çkFkfedrk nsukA
z ftEesnkj m|ksx çFkk,a% vYdksgy m|ksx ds Hkhrj ftEesnkj
foi.ku] tokcnsgh vkSj lkekftd ftEesnkjh dks c<+kok nsukA
z dkuwu çorZu vkSj ukSdjh lqj{kk% oS/ m|ksx ukSdfj;ksa dh
lqj{kk djrs gq, voS/ 'kjkc dkjksckj ls fuiVus ds fy,
dkuwu çorZu ç;klksa dks etcwr djukA
z f'k{kk vkSj tkx:drk% 'kjkc ds nq#i;ksx ds LokLF;
tksf•eksa vkSj ifj.kkeksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsdj O;fÙkQ;ksa
dks l'kÙkQ cukukA
z lgk;rk vkSj iquokZl% 'kjkc dh yr ls tw> jgs O;fÙkQ;ksa
ds fy, lgk;rk ç.kkyh] ijke'kZ vkSj iquokZl dk;ZØe
çnku djukA
dk;Z laLÑfr esa ifjorZu%
z gky ds fnuksa esa] fofHkUu dkjdksa ls çHkkfor gksdj dk;Z
laLÑfr esa egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu gq, gSaA ;s ifjorZu dk;Zcy
dh c<+rh t:jrksa] çkS|ksfxdh esa çxfr vkSj COVID&19
egkekjh ds çHkko ls çsfjr gSaA vkb, ns•s x, ifjorZuksa ds
ckjs esa tkusa%
 yacs le; rd dke ds ?kaVs
 nwjLFk dk;Z esa mYys•uh; o`f¼
 vkWVkses'ku vkSj vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal (,vkbZ) dks
rsth ls viuk;k tkuk
207
  çkS|ksfxdh&l{ke fuxjkuh
 deZpkjh dY;k.k vkSj ekufld LokLF; ij è;ku nsuk
 nwjLFk lg;ksx vkSj fMftVy Vwy dh vksj cnyko
 vko';drk&vk/kfjr ikjLifjd lapkj
ifj.kke%
z çksRlkgu dkjh laLÑfr% LVkVZvi laLÑfr ds çHkko us
dk;Z ds çfr çksRlkgu dh ekufldrk dks tUe fn;k gS]
tks deZpkfj;ksa dks vR;f/d dke djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr
djrk gSA
z pqipki NksM+uk% /qa/yh lhek,¡ vkSj vfrfjÙkQ le; rd
dke djus ds ifj.kkeLo:i deZpkjh U;wure dk;Z djrs
gSa] dk;Z lhek,¡ fu/kZfjr djrs gSa] ;k vfrfjÙkQ eqvkots dh
ek¡x djrs gSaA
z 'kkafriw.kZ fu"dklu% dqN daifu;ka vfç; dk;Z okrkoj.k
cukrh gSa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dks fcuk c•kZLrxh ds ukSdjh
NksM+us ds fy, ckè; djrh gSaA
z ewu ykbfVax (Moon Lighting)% nwjLFk dk;Z vkSj çkS|ksfxdh
çxfr us ewu ykbfVax (Moon Lighting) c<+k nh gS] tgka
deZpkjh vius fu;fer jkstxkj ds ckgj vfrfjÙkQ ukSdfj;ka
ysrs gSaA
uSfrd fpark,a%
z LokLF; vkSj fpark% çkS|ksfxdh ij c<+rh fuHkZjrk vkSj yacs
le; rd dke djus ls deZpkjh ds LokLF; ij udkjkRed
çHkko iM+ ldrk gS vkSj fparktud fLFkfr mRiUu gks ldrh gSA
z leqnk; dh Hkkouk esa fxjkoV% nwjLFk dk;Z vkSj gkbfczM
ekWMy ls deZpkfj;ksa ds chp leqnk; vkSj tqM+ko dh Hkkouk
de gks ldrh gSA
z vikjnf'kZrk vkSj fu"i{krk% pqipki dk;Z NksM+us vkSj
pqipki fudky nsus tSlh çFkk,¡ •qys lapkj esa ck/k Mkyrh
gSa vkSj fu;ksÙkQk rFkk deZpkfj;ksa ds eè; fo'okl dks •Re
djrh gSa] ftlls ikjnf'kZrk vkSj fu"i{krk ds ckjs esa fpark,¡
c<+ tkrh gSaA
z LokLF; tksf•e% dke ds c<+s gq, ?kaVs LVªksd vkSj ân;
jksx tSlh LokLF; leL;kvksa ls tqM+s gSaA
vkxs dh jkg%
z ewY;&vk/kfjr dk;Z laLÑfr% LoLFk dk;Z okrkoj.k dks
c<+kok nsus ds fy, ekuoh; laca/] fo'okl] HkykbZ vkSj
ftEesnkj çkS|ksfxdh ds mi;ksx dks çkFkfedrk fn;k tkuk
pkfg,A
z uSfrd çkS|ksfxdh mi;ksx% fMftVyhdj.k ds ykHkksa dks
xksiuh;rk] lqj{kk vkSj LoLFk çkS|ksfxdh çFkkvksa ds lkFk
larqfyr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
208
z deZpkjh dY;k.k% 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld LokLF; dks
çkFkfedrk fn;k tkuk pkfg, o dk;Z&thou larqyu vkSj
lexz dY;k.k dks c<+kok fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
z ikjn'khZ lapkj% laxBuksa ds Hkhrj ikjnf'kZrk] fu"i{krk vkSj
vkilh lEeku dks c<+kok fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
z LokLF; tksf•eksa dks lacksf/r djuk% mfpr uhfr;ksa vkSj
lgk;rk ç.kkfy;ksa ds ekè;e ls yacs le; rd dke djus
ls tqM+s LokLF; tksf•eksa dks de fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
fojks/ dh uSfrdrk
z jdkj }kjk 'kq: dh xbZ vfXuohj ;kstuk (2022) dk mís';
O;fÙkQ;ksa dks f=k&lsokvksa esa HkrhZ djuk Fkk] ysfdu de
dk;Zdky vkSj isa'ku ykHkksa dh vuqifLFkfr dh fparkvksa ds
dkj.k bPNqd mEehnokjksa ds fojks/ dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA
eq[; vfHkdrkZ%
z bPNqd mEehnokj% f=k&lsokvksa esa 'kkfey gksus ds bPNqd
O;fÙkQ ftUgksaus vfXuohj ;kstuk dk fojks/ fd;k] csgrj
fu;eksa vkSj 'krks± ds fy, viuh fparkvksa vkSj ekaxksa dks
O;ÙkQ fd;kA
z ljdkjh vf/dkjh% vfXuohj ;kstuk dks ykxw djus vkSj
çn'kZudkfj;ksa }kjk mBkbZ xbZ fparkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy,
ftEesnkj gSaA
z vke turk% fojks/ çn'kZuksa ls çHkkfor] ftlesa nSfud thou
esa O;o/ku] lkoZtfud laifÙk dks laHkkfor uqdlku vkSj
çn'kZudkfj;ksa ds uSfrd vkpj.k ds ckjs esa fpark,a 'kkfey gSaA
uSfrd eqís%
z fojks/ dk vf/dkj cuke uSfrd vkpj.k% çn'kZudkfj;ksa
us fojks/ djus ds vius laoS/kfud vf/dkj dk ç;ksx
fd;k] ysfdu uSfrd fpark,a rc iSnk gqbZa tc dqN yksx
fgald ;k fouk'kdkjh O;ogkj esa 'kkfey gq,] çn'kZuksa ds
'kkafriw.kZ bjkns dks detksj fd;k vkSj lkoZtfud laifÙk dks
uqdlku igqapk;kA
z ukxfjd drZO; vkSj ftEesnkj dkjZokbZ% çn'kZudkfj;ksa dk
drZO; Fkk fd os lkoZtfud vkSj futh laifÙk dh j{kk djsa
vkSj vfHkO;fÙkQ ds vfgald lk/uksa dks c<+kok nsaA uSfrd
vkpj.k ds fy, mUgsa fgalk ;k fouk'k dk lgkjk ysus ds
ctk; ukxfjd ftEesnkfj;ksa dks fuHkkus vkSj 'kkafriw.kZ ckrphr
esa 'kkfey gksus dh vko';drk FkhA
z vf/dkjksa vkSj ftEesnkfj;ksa dk larqyu% çn'kZudkfj;ksa dks
viuh f'kdk;rsa O;ÙkQ djus dk vf/dkj Fkk] ysfdu vke
turk lfgr nwljksa ij muds dk;ks± ds çHkko ij fopkj djus
dh Hkh mudh ftEesnkjh FkhA uSfrd fojks/ ds fy, vius
vf/dkjksa dk ç;ksx djus vkSj nwljksa ds vf/dkjksa vkSj HkykbZ
dk lEeku djus ds chp larqyu •kstus dh vko';drk gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z yksdrkaf=kd uSfrdrk dks dk;e j•uk% Hkk"k.k vkSj
vfHkO;fÙkQ dh Lora=krk] 'kkafriw.kZ lHkk vkSj çn'kZu
dk vf/dkj yksdrkaf=kd uSfrdrk ds ewyHkwr rRo gSaA
çn'kZudkfj;ksa vkSj vf/dkfj;ksa dks ;g lqfuf'pr djus dh
t:jr Fkh fd lkekftd O;oLFkk vkSj lkoZtfud lqj{kk
cuk, j•rs gq, bu vf/dkjksa dk lEeku fd;k tk,A
lek/ku vkSj vkxs dh jkg%
z laokn vkSj tqM+ko% ljdkj vkSj çn'kZudkjh usrkvksa dks
çn'kZudkfj;ksa }kjk mBkbZ xbZ fparkvksa dks nwj djus vkSj
ikjLifjd :i ls lger lek/ku •kstus ds fy, jpukRed
ckrphr djuh pkfg,A ;g n`f"Vdks.k uSfrd vkpj.k vkSj
'kkafriw.kZ lek/ku dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
z uSfrd fojks/ laLÑfr dks c<+kok nsuk% fojks/ vkanksyuksa
dks vius jSadksa ds Hkhrj vfgalk] lekosf'krk] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj
tokcnsgh ij tksj nsuk pkfg,A ;g ,d uSfrd okrkoj.k
dks c<+kok nsrk gS tks 'kkafriw.kZ lg&vfLrRo vkSj lkekftd
ln~Hkko ds fl¼karksa dks dk;e j•rk gSA
z f'k{kk vkSj tkx:drk% uSfrd fojks/ çFkkvksa vkSj ukxfjd
ftEesnkfj;ksa ds ckjs esa tkx:drk dks c<+kok nsus ls O;fÙkQ;ksa
dks çn'kZuksa ds nkSjku ftEesnkj vkpj.k ds egRo dks le>us
esa enn fey ldrh gSA f'k{kk dk;ZØe fojks/ ds uSfrd
vk;keksa ij tksj ns ldrs gSa vkSj vfHkO;fÙkQ ds 'kkafriw.kZ
lk/uksa dks çksRlkfgr dj ldrs gSaA
z dkuwuh vkSj lkekftd tokcnsgh% fojks/ çn'kZu ds nkSjku
fdlh Hkh vuSfrd ;k voS/ dkjZokbZ ds fy, O;fÙkQ;ksa dks
ftEesnkj Bgjkus ds fy, vf/dkfj;ksa dks ekStwnk dkuwuksa dks
ykxw djuk pkfg,A ;g fouk'kdkjh O;ogkj dks jksd ldrk
gS vkSj fojks/ leqnk; ds Hkhrj uSfrd vkpj.k dh laLÑfr
dks c<+kok ns ldrk gSA
fu"d"kZ%
z laxBuksa dks viuh dk;Z laLÑfr dks cnydj cnyrh
xfr'khyrk ds vuq:i <yuk gksxkA yphysiu] lekos'ku
vkSj uokpkj dks viukus ls deZpkjh tqM+ko] mRikndrk
vkSj dY;k.k c<+rk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i nh?kZdkfyd
liQyrk vkSj çfrLi/kZRedrk feyrh gSA
foxr o"kks± ds iz'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1- ^'kfÙkQ dh bPNk vfLrRo j•rh gS] ysfdu bls rdZlaxrrk
vkSj uSfrd drZO; ds fl¼karksa }kjk funZsf'kr djus ds
lkFk&lkFk o'k esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA* varjkZ"Vªh; laca/ksa
ds lanHkZ esa bl dFku dk ijh{k.k djsaA (2020)
v v v
yksd ç'kklu esa yksd@ukxfjd lsok ewY; vkSj uSfrdrk
2- ^varjkRek ds ladV* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ ;g lkoZtfud
{ks=k esa dSls çdV gksrk gS\ (2019)
3- yksd ç'kklu esa uSfrd nqfo/kvksa dks gy djus dh çfØ;k
dh O;k[;k djsaA (2018)
4- 'kfÙkQ] 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dks varjkZ"Vªh; laca/ksa dk vk/kj
ekuk tkrk gSA Li"V djsaA (2017)
5- lkoZtfud {ks=k esa fgrksa dk Vdjko rc mRiUu gksrk gS
tc (a) vkf/dkfjd drZO;] (b) lkoZtfud fgr] vkSj
(c) O;fÙkQxr fgr ,d nwljs ds Åij çkFkfedrk ys jgs
gksaA ç'kklu esa bl la?k"kZ dks dSls gy fd;k tk ldrk
gS\ mnkgj.k lfgr o.kZu djsaA (2017)
6- fuxfer lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro daifu;ksa dks vf/d
ykHknk;d vkSj lrr cukrh gSA fo'ys"k.k djsaA(2017)
7- ¶eSDl oscj us dgk fd ftl rjg ds uSfrd vkSj uSfrd
ekunaM ge O;fÙkQxr foosd ds ekeyksa ij ykxw djrs
gSa] mls lkoZtfud ç'kklu ij ykxw djuk cqf¼ekuh ugha
gSA ;g le>uk egRoiw.kZ gS fd jkT; dh ukSdj'kkgh dh
viuh Lora=k ukSdj'kkgh uSfrdrk gks ldrh gSA bl dFku
dk vkykspukRed fo'ys"k.k dhft,A (2016)
8- varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij] vf/dka'k ns'kksa ds chp f}i{kh; laca/
vU; ns'kksa ds fgrksa dh ijokg fd, fcuk vius Lo;a ds
jk"Vªh; fgr dks c<+kok nsus dh uhfr ls lapkfyr gksrs gSaA
blls jk"Vªksa ds chp la?k"kZ vkSj ruko iSnk gqvkA uSfrd
fopkj ,sls rukoksa dks lqy>kus esa dSls enn dj ldrk
gS\ fof'k"V mnkgj.kksa lfgr ppkZ djsaA (2015)
9- yksd lsodksa dks ¶fgr la?k"kZ¸ ds eqíksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+ ldrk gSA vki ¶fgr la?k"kZ¸ 'kCn ds ckjs esa D;k
le>rs gSa vkSj ;g yksd lsodksa ds fu.kZ; ysus esa dSls
çdV gksrk gS\ ;fn fgrksa ds Vdjko dh fLFkfr dk lkeuk
djuk iM+s rks vki bls dSls gy djsaxs\ mnkgj.kksa dh
lgk;rk ls le>kb;sA (2015)
10- uSfrdrk ekuo thou esa D;k c<+kok nsuk pkgrh gS\ yksd
ç'kklu esa ;g vf/d egRoiw.kZ D;ksa gS\ (2014)
11- lkoZtfud lsok ds lanHkZ esa ^tokcnsgh* dk D;k vFkZ gS\
yksd lsodksa dh O;fÙkQxr vkSj lkewfgd tokcnsgh lqfuf'pr
djus ds fy, D;k mik; viuk, tk ldrs gS\a  (2014)
12- ^varjkRek ds ladV* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ vius thou dh
,d ?kVuk crkb, tc vkids lkeus ,slk ladV vk;k Fkk
vkSj vkius mldk lek/ku dSls fd;kA (2013)
13- ^varjkRek dh vkokt* 'kCn ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
varjkRek dh vkokt lquus ds fy, vki •qn dks dSls
rS;kj djrs gSa\ (2013)
209
 7 'kklu esa 'kqfprk

ikBÔØe
'kklu esa 'kqfprk% yksd lsok dh voèkkj.kk_ 'kklu vkSj 'kqfprk dk nk'kZfud vkèkkj_ ljdkj esa lwpuk lk>k djuk vkSj ikjnf'kZrk]
lwpuk dk vfèkdkj] uSfrdrk ds fu;e] vkpkj lafgrk] ukxfjd vfèkdkj i=k] dk;Z laLÑfr] lsok vnk;xh dh xq.koÙkk] lkoZtfud
èku dk mi;ksx] Hkz"Vkpkj dh pqukSfr;k¡A
z dq'ky ,oa çHkkoh 'kklu ç.kkyh vkSj lkekftd
mnkgj.k
vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, 'kklu esa 'kqfprk vko';d ,oa
z nks çeq• 'kgjksa dks tksM+us okys u, jktekxZ ds fuekZ.k
cqfu;knh 'krZ gSA
ds mís'; ls cukbZ xbZ bl ifj;kstuk dk {ks=k ds
z ljdkj esa 'kqfprk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, Hkz"Vkpkj dk u lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl ij dkiQh çHkko iM+us dh
gksuk vR;ar vko';d gSA mEehn gSA bl ifj;kstuk ds dk;kZUo;u esa fofHkUu
z bl gsrq vko';d vU; ckrksa esa] lkoZtfud thou ds ljdkjh foHkkxksa] fofu;ked fudk;ksa vkSj flfoy lsok
lHkh igyqvksa dks fu;af=kr djus okys çHkkoh dkuwu] fu;e vfèkdkfj;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dh vko';drk gSA
vkSj fofu;e] lkFk gh mu dkuwuksa dk çHkkoh ,oa U;k;laxr z vkidks bl ifj;kstuk dk eq[; dk;Zdkjh vfèkdkjh
dk;kZUo;u 'kkfey gSaA fu;qÙkQ fd;k x;k gSA
laosnuk fu"i{krk z bl ifj;kstuk ds vk;kstuk pj.k esa ;g ns•k x;k gS fd
çLrkfor jktekxZ ?kus ou {ks=k ls gksdj xqtj jgk gS] tks
ikjnf'kZrk
lR;fu"Bk dbZ yqIrçk; çtkfr;ksa dk ?kj gS vkSj ikfjfLFkfrd :i
lafo/ku ds çfr ls laosnu'khy i;kZokl gSA
xksiuh;rk 'kklu esa 'kqfprk
çfrc¼rk z blls i;kZoj.k dk;ZdrkZvksa] LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa vkSj
tulsok ds çfr oU;tho laj{k.k ls lacafèkr laxBuksa ds chp fpark c<+
tokcnsgh
lefiZr bZekunkjh xbZ gSA
fp=k% 'kklu esa 'kqfprk z vkids le{k ,d xaHkhj pqukSrh gS% D;ksafd vkids
vèkhuLFk deZpkjh LFkkuh; yksxksa ls lLrh nj ij tehu
7-1 'kqfprk ls rkRi;Z •jhn jgs gSa rkfd bls ljdkj dks mPp dher ij csp
ldsaA vki bl fLFkfr ls dSls fuiVsaxs\
z ;g bZekunkjh] vkSfpR;] ikjnf'kZrk ,oa lPpfj=krk tSls
etcwr uSfrd ewY; èkkj.k djus vkSj mudk dBksjrk ls
ikyu djus dk xq.k gSA lkekU;r% bls Hkz"Vkpkjjfgr n`f"Vdks.k
ekuk tkrk gSA 'kqfprk fl¼ lR;fu"Bk gSA ifj;kstuk ds eq[; dk;Zdkjh vfèkdkjh ds :i esa] eSa
z pwafd ;g O;fÙkQxr ,oa lkeqnkf;d vkn'kks± tSls vewrZ Hkkoksa ifj;kstuk ds dq'ky ,oa le; ij dk;kZUo;u gsrq mÙkjnk;h
ij vkèkkfjr gS] vr% 'kqfprk csbZekuh ls cpus ls dgha gwaA bl ekeys esa] esjs vèkhuLFk deZpkjh tks dqN Hkh dj jgs
gSa og dkuwuu lgh gS] ijarq os uSfrd :i ls Hkz"V gSa] D;ksafd
vfèkd c<+dj gSaA
os Hksfn;k O;kikj (insider trading) dj jgs gSa vkSj vius ykHk
bZekunkjh lR;fu"Bk 'kqfprk ds fy, LFkkuh; yksxksa dks mudh tehu dk de ewY; nsdj
fp=k% bZekunkjh] lR;fu"Bk vkSj 'kqfprk ds chp lacaèk muds fgrksa dks gkfu igq¡pk jgs gSaA
7-2 'kqfprk & n'kZu ,oa fl¼kar
z 'kklu dk nk'kZfud vkèkkj çkphu ;wuku esa
feyrk gSA
z vjLrw us n'kZu ,oa jktuhfr dks ,d lkFk tksM+kA
 mUgksaus uSfrdrk (bFkksl) 'kCn dk vkfo"dkj fd;k
vkSj dgk fd uSfrdrk ,oa jktuhfr] vè;;u dh nks
vyx&vyx ijarq ckjhdh ls lac¼ 'kk•k,a gSa] D;ksafd
uSfrdrk fdlh O;fÙkQ ds dY;k.k dk fo'ys"k.k djrh
gS] tcfd jktuhfr jkT; dh HkykbZ ls lacafèkr gSA
z eSfd;koyh us viuh iqLrd ¶fçUl¸ esa rdZ fn;k gS
fd vPNs 'kkld dks çHkko'kkyh gksus ds fy, dHkh&dHkh
^^vPNk u gksuk** Hkh vo'; lh•uk pkfg,A
 mUgsa vius jkT; esa fLFkjrk cuk, j•us ds fy, U;k;]
lR;fu"Bk ,oa d#.kk tSlh uSfrd fparkvksa dh vogsyuk
djus ds fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg,A
z gkWCl dh ¶lkekftd vuqcaèk¸ dh voèkkj.kk dks tkWu
ykWd us pqukSrh nh FkhA
 lkekftd vuqcaèk ds vuqlkj jkT; çkfèkdkj dk
lzksr turk dh bPNk gS vkSj jkT; dk O;fÙkQ;ksa ds çfr
fof'k"V mÙkjnkf;Ro gSA
z pqafd lkekftd vuqcaèk dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd yksxksa us vius
vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy, jkT; ij fo'okl fd;k gS] ;g
fo'okl gh 'kqfprk dk nk'kZfud vkèkkj çnku djrk gSA
 'kklu esa 'kqfprk dh voèkkj.kk crkrh gS fd tks yksx
'kklu esa gSa mUgsa vU; yksxksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd uSfrd
gksuk pkfg, vkSj bl ckr dk fo'okl gksuk pkfg, fd
lÙkk esa cSBs yksx uSfrdrk ds lkFk dk;Z djsaxsA
z ljdkj dh Hkkjrh; èkkj.kk uSfrdrk ij vkèkkfjr gSA
 viuh çtk dks larq"V j•uk jktk dk drZO; gSA
 egkHkkjr ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh O;fÙkQ èkeZ dh j{kk ds
fy, jktk curk gS u fd euekuk vkpj.k djus ds fy,A
z pk.kD; dh ¶vFkZ'kkL=k¸ (nwljh vkSj rhljh 'krkCnh
bZlk iwoZ) Hkkjrh; 'kklu ds nk'kZfud vkèkkj dk Bksl
fooj.k gSA
 pk.kD; us èkeZ 'kkL=kksa ds vkèkkj ij jktk ds 'kklu djus
ds vfèkdkj dk leFkZu fd;k gS] ysfdu og jktlh
rkuk'kkgh ds fojksèkh FksA
7-2-1 'kqfprk ds fl¼kar
z ;wukbVsM fdaxMe esa] 'kklu esa 'kqfprk ,oa lR;fu"Bk ij
è;ku dsfUær djrs gq,] lkoZtfud thou esa O;ogkj ds
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
ekunaMksa dh leh{kk djus gsrq 1994 esa uksyu lfefr dh
LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA
z lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa] tks 1995 ls 1997 ds chp vusd
çdk'kuksa ds :i esa tkjh dh xbZa] esa ;wds ds lkoZtfud
laLFkkuksa esa lR;fu"Bk ,oa fo'okl dks c<+kus ds mís';
ls lkoZtfud thou ds lkr fl¼kar Hkh fn, x, FksA
z bUgsa ^^uksyu fl¼kar** dgk tkrk gSA ;g 'kklu ,oa
'kqfprk ds nk'kZfud vkèkkj ds fodkl ds led{k gSaA
fu%LokFkZrk
tokcnsgh usr`Ro
lkoZtfud lacaèkksa •qykiu
esa ewY;% uksyu (ikjnf'kZrk)
lfefr
oLrqfu"Brk lR;fu"Bk
bZekunkjh
1- [kqykiu% lkoZtfud vfèkdkfj;ksa dks vius dk;ks± esa •qyk
vkSj ikjn'khZ gksuk pkfg,] vkSj mUgsa turk ds lkFk tkudkjh
lk>k djus ds fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg,A
2- bZekunkjh% turk vkSj vius lgdfeZ;ksa ds lkFk ckrphr esa
lkoZtfud vfèkdkfj;ksa dks lPpk vkSj bZekunkj gksuk pkfg,A
3- usr`Ro% lkoZtfud vfèkdkfj;ksa esa egku usr`Ro ds xq.k gksus
pkfg, tks ,sls ldkjkRed mnkgj.k çLrqr djsa ftudk vU;
O;fÙkQ vuqlj.k dj ldsaA
4- fu%LokFkZrk% lkoZtfud vfèkdkfj;ksa dks O;fÙkQxr ykHk ds
ctk; lkoZtfud fgr esa dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
5- lR;fu"Bk% lkoZtfud vfèkdkfj;ksa dks mu fLFkfr;ksa ls
cpuk pkfg, ftuesa mudh bZekunkjh ,oa fu"i{krk ij loky
mBk;k tk ldrk gSA
6- oLrqfu"Brk% lkoZtfud vfèkdkfj;ksa dks vius fu.kZ; lk{;ksa
ds vkèkkj ij ysus pkfg, vkSj vius O;fÙkQxr fo'oklksa dk
çHkko fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k ij ugha iM+us nsuk pkfg,A
7- tokcnsgh% lkoZtfud thou esa usr`Ro dks vius dk;ks± ds
fy, tokcnsg gksuk pkfg, vkSj vius fu.kZ;ksa dks mfpr
Bgjkus ds fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg,A
mPpre U;k;ky; us vkxs dgk fd ^^lkoZtfud thou ds ;s
fl¼kar çR;sd yksdra=k esa lkekU; :i ls ykxw gksrs gSa vkSj
çR;sd lkoZtfud in èkkjd ds vkpj.k dh tkap djrs
le; bUgsa è;ku esa j•k tkuk pkfg,A** ;g bl lacaèk esa gS
211
fd lkoZtfud in èkkjdksa dks dfri; vfèkdkj dsoy turk dh
HkykbZ ds fy, lkSais tkrs gSa] vr% dk;kZy; yksxksa ds fo'okl
ds çfr tokcnsg gSA
7-3 'kklu esa 'kqfprk gkfly djus ds ekxZ
esa pqukSfr;k¡
z lekt esa 'kfÙkQ dh ,sfrgkfld ,oa lkekftd fo"kerk,¡%
Hkkjr esa yxHkx 90 çfr'kr dk;Zcy vlaxfBr {ks=k esa dke
djrk gSA
 laxfBr {ks=k ds 'ks"k Jfedksa ds ikl lqjf{kr ukSdjh vkSj
fu;fer ekfld osru gS vkSj os çR;{k ;k vçR;{k :i
ls jkT; ds deZpkjh gSaA
 'kfÙkQ dh bl çdkj dh fo"kerk uSfrd O;ogkj ds
vuq:i dk;Z djus ds lkekftd ncko dks de djrh
gSA
z ewY;ksa vkSj laLFkkvksa dk {kj.k% laoSèkkfud ,oa yksdrkaf=kd
laLFkkvksa esa ?kksj foÑfr ds dkj.k in dh 'kiFk dk
tkucw>dj mYya?ku fd;k tkuk] O;oLFkk esa bruh xgjkbZ
rd O;kIr gS fd vfèkdka'k yksx Hkz"Vkpkj dks vifjgk;Z
ekurs gSa vkSj blls yM+us ds fdlh Hkh ç;kl dks fujFkZd
ekurs gSaA
z lekt esa O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkj dh laLÑfr% ;g nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gS
fd Hkz"Vkpkj dbZ yksxksa ds fy, vknr dk fo"k; cu x;k
gSA ;g bruh xgjkbZ rd O;kIr gS fd Hkz"Vkpkj dks vc
,d lkekftd fu;e ekuk tkrk gSA
 voSèk èku dk ykyp] vR;fèkd dsaæhdj.k] Hkz"Vkpkj
dh laLÑfr ds dqN dkj.k gSaA
z laLFkkuksa ds dkedkt esa ikjnf'kZrk dk vHkko% ikjnf'kZrk
bZekunkjh dh vkèkkjf'kyk gSA laxBu esa vikjn'khZ dkedkth
ekgkSy ds dkj.k] laLFkkuksa ds ç'kklu esa bZekunkjh cuk,
j•uk eqf'dy gSA
z dkuwuksa ds fu"i{k vkSj çHkkoh dk;kZUo;u dk vHkko%
tehuh Lrj ij leL;kvksa ds lekèkku esa dkuwuksa dh
çHkko'khyrk dk irk dkuwuksa ds dk;kZUo;u ls gh pyrk gSA
fdlh Hkh dkuwu dk •jkc dk;kZUo;u cM+s ls cM+s dkuwu
dks Hkh vçHkkoh cuk nsrk gSA
7-4 'kklu esa 'kqfprk dks c<+kok nsus ds
rjhds
'kklu esa 'kqfprk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, dbZ mik; fd,
tkus vko';d gSa%
212
z csukeh ysunsu (fu"ksèk) vfèkfu;e] 1988 dh èkkjk
5 dks ykxw fd, tkus dh vko';drk% ;g vfèkfu;e]
ftlesa dkuwu dh ukS èkkjk,a gSa] 'kk;n bls la'kksfèkr ,oa
vfèkd etcwr fd, tkus dh vko';drk gSA
 ;g dk;Z Hkz"V yksd lsodksa ij fuokjd ds :i esa dk;Z
djsxk vkSj fuf'pr :i ls ;g 'kklu esa 'kqfprk ykus
okyk mik; fl¼ gksxkA
z Hkz"Vkpkj ls vftZr dekbZ dks Nhu ysuk% dsoy vkbZihlh
;k Hkz"Vkpkj fuokj.k vfèkfu;e (ihlh,) ds rgr eqdnek
pykuk i;kZIr ugha gS] flok; bl rF; ds fd ,sls eqdnes
cgqr de gh pyk, tkrs gSa vkSj tc pyk, Hkh tkrs gSa]
rks ltk 'kk;n gh dHkh gksrh gSA
 yksd lsodksa dh voSèk :i ls vftZr laifÙk dks tCr
djus dk çkoèkku djus okys dkuwu dh vko';drk gSA
 tc rd Hkz"Vkpkj ls vftZr laifÙk ugha Nhuh tkrh rc
rd Hkz"Vkpkj ls lgh ek;us esa vkSj çHkkoh <ax ls ugha
yM+ ik,axsA
z flfoy lsodksa dh tokcnsgh fuèkkZfjr djuk% yksd
lsodksa dh tokcnsgh okys fl¼kar Li"V ,oa fu"i{k gksus
pkfg, ftlesa fuMjrk ls dk;Z fd;k tk lds vkSj yksd
lsodksa ds okLrfod usd fu;rh ls fd, dk;ks± dks le>us
esa l{ke ugha gksuk pkfg,] Hkys gh mlls lacafèkr gksaA
z ,d ,lk O;kid dkuwu cuk, tkus dh vko';drk
gS ftlesa ;g çkoèkku gks fd tgka dgha Hkh yksd lsodksa
}kjk nqHkkZoukiw.kZ fd, x, dk;ks± ;k Li"V pfj=k ds vHkko
esa jkT; dks gkfu gks] mUgsa jkT; dks muds }kjk gq, uqdlku
dh HkjikbZ ds fy, mÙkjnk;h Bgjk;k tkuk lds vkSj blds
vykok] mu ij dBksj gtkZuk Hkh yxk;k tk ldsA
z ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh dks c<+kok nsuk% lwpuk dk
vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e (vkjVhvkbZ) ds varxZr fn, x, mik;ksa
dks Bhd ls ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blh çdkj] ukxfjd
vfèkdkj i=k ds çkoèkkuksa dks laLFkkxr cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A
z flfoy lsok cksMZ dks l'kÙkQ cukuk% ;g flfoy lsodksa
dks LFkkukarj.k vkSj rSukrh esa jktuhfrd gLr{ksi ls cpk,xkA
bl çdkj] rVLFkrk] xSj&i{kikriw.kZrk vkSj fu"i{krk tSls
ewY;ksa dks c<+kok feysxkA
7-5 yksd lsokvksa ls rkRi;Z
z turk dh vksj ls ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa ;k laxBuksa }kjk dh
tkus okyh foLr`r lsokvksa dks yksd lsok,¡ dgk tkrk gSA
 ;s lsok,¡ lexz lekt dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk
djus ds fy, fMtkbu dh xbZ gSa vkSj budk foÙk
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 iks"k.k djksa] 'kqYdksa ;k vU; çdkj ds ljdkjh jktLo
ls gksrk gSA
 f'k{kk] LokLF; ns•Hkky] ifjogu] lkoZtfud lqj{kk
(iqfyl vkSj vfXu'keu lsok,¡)] LoPNrk] ty vkiwfrZ]
ÅtkZ forj.k] vif'k"V çcaèku vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k
dk;ZØe lHkh lkoZtfud lsokvksa ds mnkgj.k gSaA
z ljdkj dk mÙkjnkf;Ro% vkerkSj ij] ljdkjh ,tsafl;ka ;k
ljdkj
fufèk@ dj@
z yksd fgr% yksd lsokvksa dk l`tu vkSj forj.k vke yksxksa
dh HkykbZ ds fy, vkSj turk ds lexz fgrksa dks c<+kus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
 ;s O;fÙkQxr ykHk ls vfèkd ukxfjdksa dh HkykbZ dks
çkFkfedrk nsrh gSaA
laxBu yksd lsok,a çnku djrs gSa ;k mudh ns•js• djrs gSaA
 ljdkjsa vius ukxfjdksa dks cqfu;knh lsokvksa dh

ctV tqekZuk vkiwfrZ lqfuf'pr djus ds lkFk&lkFk lsokvksa ds

ç'kklu ukxfjd
lsok
z forj.k dk Lrj% lsok ds vkdkj vkSj çÑfr ds vkèkkj
ij] ljdkjh laxBu vDlj LFkkuh;] {ks=kh; ;k jk"Vªh; Lrj
ij ;s lsok,¡ çnku djrs gSaA
z yksd lsokvksa dk mís';% yksd lsokvksa dk ewyHkwr mís';
lHkh O;fÙkQ;ksa dks vko';d lsokvksa ds çkoèkku rd leku
igqap lqfuf'pr djds] lkeqnkf;d dY;k.k ,oa fodkl dks
c<+kok nsuk gSA
 os yksd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus dk ç;kl djrs
gSa ftUgsa futh O;olk;] lkeF;Z] lkoZHkkSfedrk] ;k
lkekftd egRo tSls vusd dkj.kksa dh otg ls iwjh
rjg ls laHkkyus esa l{ke ugha gks ldrs gSaA
7-5-1 yksd lsok dh fo'ks"krk,¡
yksd lsokvksa esa dbZ çeq• fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gSa tks mUgsa futh
lsokvksa ls vyx djrh gSaA bu fo'ks"krkvksa esa fuEufyf•r
'kkfey gSa%
forj.k dks fofu;fer djus ,oa mudh fuxjkuh djus
ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ihus ;ksX; ikuh]
LokLF; lsok,¡ ,oa f'k{kkA
z igqap vkSj lkoZHkkSfedrk% yksd lsokvksa dk y{;
lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr] LFkku ;k vU; tulkaf[;dh;
fo'ks"krkvksa dh ijokg fd, fcuk mUgsa lekt ds lHkh
lnL;ksa ds fy, miyCèk djkuk gSA
 budh fo'ks"krk] ;g xkjaVh nsrs gq, fd lHkh dks
cqfu;knh vko';drkvksa rd leku igqap çkIr gks]
vFkkZr lkoZHkkSfed dojst çnku djuk gksrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e esa 6
ls 14 o"kZ dh vk;q ds lHkh cPpksa ds fy, vfuok;Z
f'k{kk dk çkoèkku gSA
z lekurk vkSj lkekftd U;k;% yksd lsokvksa dk y{;
vlekurkvksa dks de djuk vkSj lkekftd U;k; dks c<+kok
nsuk gSA

ukxfjd
vfuok;Zrk dsfUær çHkqrk

ljdkj }kjk lekurk

pkfyr ,oa
fu"i{krk
lqfoèkk
uSfrdrk
çnkrk

vewrZ ,oa yksd

vn`'; lsok dh çHkqrk
fo'ks"krk,a

fp=k% yksd lsokvksa ds xq.k

'kklu esa 'kqfprk 213

  ;s lkekftd t:jrksa dks iwjk djrh gSa vkSj igqap ,oa  mudk vk'k; nh?kZdkfyd lsok,a vkSj vkèkkjHkwr <kapk
volj dh •kbZ dks ikVus dk dk;Z djrh gSa vkSj ;g çnku djuk gksrk gS ftlls orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; nksuksa
lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd lHkh fuokfl;ksa] fo'ks"k :i ls ihf<+;ksa dks ykHk gksA
gkf'k, ij jg jgs yksxksa ,oa oafpr leqnk;ksa dks vko';d  mnkgj.k ds fy,] chvksih ladV ls fuiVus ds
lsok,a çkIr gksaA fy, o"kZ 1991 ds mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] fujkfJrksa dk mRFkku vkSj oS'ohdj.k ds lqèkkjksa ds ekè;e ls yacs le; rd
lkekftd lekurk çkIr djuk lqfuf'pr djus ds ds fy, Hkkjrh; lekt esa vkèkkjHkwr cnyko fd;k
fy, mUgsa fj;k;rh Hkkstu] ikuh ,oa ifjogu lsok x;k gSA
çnku fd;k tkukA
;s fo'ks"krk,a lkewfgd :i ls lkoZtfud lsokvksa dh çÑfr vkSj
z xSj&ykHkdkjh mís';% futh lsokvksa ds foijhr] yksd mís'; dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSa] turk dh HkykbZ dks c<+kok nsus]
lsok,¡ iSlk dekus dks çkFkfedrk ugha nsrh gSaA gkyk¡fd mUgsa leku igqap lqfuf'pr djus vkSj lekt dh vko';d t:jrksa
èku dh vko';drk gksrh gS] mudk y{; iSlk dekuk ugha dks iwjk djus esa mudh Hkwfedk ij tksj nsrh gSaA
gS cfYd xq.koÙkkiw.kZ lsok,¡ çnku djuk gS ftlls lexz :i
ls lekt dks ykHk gksaA
Holistic Professional Ethical
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e 2009] Competence Service Service Conscience
vk;q"eku Hkkjr vkSj jk"Vªh; fofèkd lsok çkfèkdj.k
vfèkfu;eA A mix bag Helps in ethical
of ethical Conscience decision making
z tokcnsgh vkSj ikjnf'kZrk% yksd lsokvksa dh tkap dh competence and & Procedure
tkrh gS vkSj turk }kjk mUgsa tokcnsg Bgjk;k tkrk gSA Professional followed
competence
 ljdkjksa vkSj lkoZtfud ,tsafl;ksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh

gS fd os vius lapkyu esa ikjn'khZ gksa] lsok forj.k] 7-5-2 yksd lsokvksa dk egRo
dk;Z&fu"iknu vkSj ifj.kkeksa ds lacaèk esa tkudkjh tkjh
fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls] lekt esa yksd lsok lokZsifj gS%
djsaA mUgsa turk ds izfr tokcnsg gksuk pkfg, vkSj mUgsa
muds dk;ks± ds fy, mÙkjnk;h Bgjk;k tk ldrk gSA z loZtu fgr% yksd lsok dk mís'; lkekU; tu dh HkykbZ
djuk gS vkSj lexz :i ls lekt ds fgrksa dks vkxs c<+kuk
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] vkjVhvkbZ] yksdiky] dsaæh;

lrdZrk vk;ksx vkfn ds çkoèkku lkoZtfud lsokvksa gSA

esa ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA
z fofu;eu vkSj fujh{k.k% fofu;ked <k¡ps vkSj fujh{k.k
ç.kkfy;k¡ yksd lsokvksa dks fu;af=kr djrh gSaA
 ljdkjsa yksd lsokvksa dh çHkko'khyrk] lqj{kk vkSj
xq.koÙkk dh xkjaVh ds fy, fofu;eu] ekud vkSj fu;e
cukrh gSaA
 os vuqikyuk dh fuxjkuh Hkh djrh gSa vkSj tgka
vko';d gks] yksd fgr dh j{kk ds fy, gLr{ksi Hkh
 ;g vko';d lsok,a çnku djus] lkekftd dY;k.k
dks c<+kok nsus vkSj lkewfgd ekaxksa dks iwjk djus ij
dsafær gS ftUgsa futh {ks=k Bhd ls iwjk djus esa l{ke
ugha gks ldrs gSaA
z lekurk vkSj lekos'ku% lkoZtfud {ks=k vlekurkvksa
dks de djus vkSj lkekftd U;k; çkIr djus ds fy,
egRoiw.kZ gSA
 bldk mís'; ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd ewy fuokl]

djrh gSaA èku ;k Hkwxksy dh ijokg fd, fcuk lekt ds lHkh

 mnkgj.k ds fy,] lsch] Hkkjrh; çfrLièkkZ vk;ksx] lnL;ksa dks ekSfyd lsokvksa vkSj voljksa rd igqap
vkjchvkbZ] vkfn dh LFkkiukA çkIr gksA
z nh?kZdkfyd ifjçs{;% yksd lsokvksa esa vDlj lkekftd  lkoZtfud lsok nwfj;ksa dks ikVdj vkSj lekosf'krk dks

fodkl vkSj Hkfo"; dh t:jrksa dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, c<+kok nsdj fu"i{k ,oa vfèkd U;k;laxr lekt esa
nh?kZdkfyd ifjçs{; gksrk gSA ;ksxnku nsrh gSA

214 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

z lkoZtfud LokLF; vkSj lqj{kk% LokLF; lsok] LoPNrk
vkSj lkoZtfud lqj{kk tSlh yksd lsok,¡ lkoZtfud LokLF;
vkSj lqj{kk ds laj{k.k ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA
 os turk dh HkykbZ ,oa lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djrs gq,
O;fÙkQ;ksa ,oa leqnk;ksa dks •rjksa] chekfj;ksa vkSj vkikr
fLFkfr;ksa ls cpkrh gSaA
z vkèkkjHkwr <k¡pk vkSj fodkl% ifjogu usVodZ] ÅtkZ
fxzM] ty vkiwfrZ ç.kkyh vkSj vif'k"V çcaèku lqfoèkkvksa
tSls egRoiw.kZ vkèkkjHkwr <k¡ps dk fodkl ,oa j•j•ko
lkoZtfud lsokvksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
 ;s cqfu;knh <kapk ifj;kstuk,a vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok
nsus] thou dh xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj djus vkSj nh?kZdkfyd
fodkl dks c<+kok nsus esa enn djrh gSaA
z f'k{kk vkSj Kku% lkoZtfud lsok esa f'k{kk ç.kkfy;k¡ 'kkfey
gSa tks ;g lqfuf'pr djrh gSa fd lHkh dks mPp xq.koÙkk
okyh f'k{kk rd igq¡p çkIr gksA
 ;g jpukRedrk] vkfFkZd mRikndrk vkSj lkekftd
çxfr dk leFkZu djrs gq, ,d tkudkj vkSj dq'ky
dk;Zcy ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA
z yksdrkaf=kd ljdkj% lkoZtfud {ks=k yksdrkaf=kd ljdkj
ls vVwV :i ls tqM+k gqvk gSA ;g xkjaVh nsrh gS fd
lkoZtfud lalkèkuksa dk çcaèku Bhd ls vkSj turk ds
lokZsÙke fgr esa fd;k tk,A
 ukxfjdksa ds çfr tokcnsg] lkoZtfud vfèkdkjh
viuh lsok forj.k esa yksdrkaf=kd ewY;ksa] ikjnf'kZrk
,oa uSfrd ekudksa dk lEeku djus dk ç;kl djrs gSaA
z ladV çcaèku vkSj vkink çfrfØ;k% ladV vkSj vkinkvksa
ds nkSjku] lkoZtfud lsok,a egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSaA os
yksxksa] mudh laifÙk vkSj vkèkkjHkwr <kaps dh lqj{kk lqfuf'pr
djrs gq, vkink çfrfØ;k] jkgr vkSj iquokZl lacaèkh lsok,a
çnku djrs gSaA
 fdlh vkink ds ckn] yksd lsok ,tsafl;ka ç;klksa esa
leUo; djrh gSa] lgk;rk çnku djrh gSa vkSj leqnk;ksa
dks iqufuZekZ.k esa lgk;rk djrh gSaA
z lkekftd dY;k.k vkSj lgk;rk% yksd lsokvksa esa lekt
ds detksj O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj lewgksa dk lg;ksx djus vkSj
lgk;rk djus okys lkekftd dY;k.k dk;ZØe 'kkfey gSaA
 ;s t:jrean O;fÙkQ;ksa dh HkykbZ vkSj thou dh xq.koÙkk
esa lqèkkj ds fy, mUgsa lkekftd lqj{kk] LokLF; ns•Hkky
dojst] vkokl lgk;rk vkSj vU; çdkj dh lkekftd
lgk;rk çnku djrs gSaA
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
z i;kZoj.kh; çcaèku% lkoZtfud {ks=k esa i;kZoj.kh; fLFkjrk
dh vko';drk dks O;kid :i ls ekU;rk nh tk jgh gSA
 i;kZoj.k dh j{kk djus] tyok;q ifjorZu dks de
djus vkSj ÅtkZ] ifjogu] vif'k"V çcaèku vkSj laj{k.k
tSls {ks=kksa esa laoguh; çFkkvksa dks çksRlkfgr djus ds
fy, ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa }kjk i;kZoj.k uhfr;ksa ,oa igyksa
dks ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA
dqy feykdj] yksd lsok ,d vPNs dk;Z'khy lekt ds fodkl
ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g lkekftd t:jrksa dks iwjk djrh gS]
egRoiw.kZ lsokvksa rd igqap lqfuf'pr djrh gS] lekurk ,oa
fofoèkrk dks c<+kok nsrh gS vkSj yksdrkaf=kd ewY;ksa dk ikyu
djrh gSA yksd lsok lkoZtfud fgr esa dk;Z djds leqnk;ksa]
O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj lexz :i ls lekt dh mUufr esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA
7-5-3 yksd lsokvksa ds le{k pqukSfr;k¡
;|fi] yksd lsok,¡ lekt dh HkykbZ ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSa] fiQj
Hkh mUgsa dbZ leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS tks mudh
çHkko'khyrk vkSj muds forj.k esa ckèkk igq¡pk ldrh gSaA yksd
lsokvksa ls tqM+s dqN çeq• eqís bl çdkj gSa%
z foÙkh; lhek,¡% pwafd yksd lsok,¡ vDlj ljdkjh foÙkiks"k.k
ij fuHkZj gksrh gSa] foÙkh; lhek,¡ muds lalkèkuksa dks lhfer
dj ldrh gSaA vi;kZIr foÙkiks"k.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i mi;qÙkQ
deZpkfj;ksa] vkèkkjHkwr <kaps] midj.k vkSj lsok vnk;xh
dh deh gks ldrh gS] ftlls lsok dh xq.koÙkk vkSj igqap
çHkkfor gks ldrh gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] yksd ys•k lfefr (ih,lh) us
^lkoZtfud foÙkh; çcaèku ç.kkyh ¹ih,iQ,e,lº ds
dk;kZUo;u* ij viuh 54oha fjiksVZ esa ctV] çkstsfDVax
vkSj èku ds mi;ksx esa oSKkfud rjhdksa dks 'kkfey djds
foÙkh; fu;kstu esa jktdks"kh; foosd ij tksj fn;k gSA
z tfVy fu.kZ; ysuk% ukSdj'kkgh çfØ;k,¡ vkSj fu.kZ; ysus
dk tfVy <k¡pk lkoZtfud {ks=k ds laxBu dks uqdlku
igq¡pk ldrs gSaA
 blls lsok forj.k esa nsjh] v{kerk,a vkSj cnyrh
t:jrksa ,oa vuqjksèkksa ij çfrfØ;k djus esa dfBukbZ gks
ldrh gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] fcuksn dqekj pkSèkjh ,d usikyh
vjcifr gSa vkSj pkSèkjh lewg ds vè;{k ,oa lHkkifr
gSa] tks vkfrF; vkSj ikd dyk m|ksx nksuksa {ks=kksa esa dk;Z
djrs gSa (os çfl¼ okbZ&okbZ uwMYl dk mRiknu djrs
gSa)A mUgksaus 2010 esa lwjr esa tehu •jhnh] mudh ogka
gksVy cukus dh ;kstuk Fkh] ysfdu ykblsal çkIr djus
215
 ds fy, muds }kjk fd, x, dbZ o"kks± ds ç;klksa ds
ckn mUgksaus bl ifj;kstuk dks NksM+ fn;kA
z tokcnsgh vkSj ikjnf'kZrk lacaèkh pqukSfr;k¡% Li"V
dk;Z&çn'kZu mik;ksa dk vHkko] fjiksfVZax dh detksj
çfØ;kvksa ,oa çfrcafèkr yksd laidZ ds dkj.k tokcnsgh
,oa lkoZtfud fo'okl ckfèkr gks ldrk gSA
z dk;Zcy lacaèkh eqís% lkoZtfud {ks=k çf'kf{kr ,oa çsfjr
dk;Zcy ij fuHkZj djrk gSA gkyk¡fd] lhfer eqvkotk
lajpukvksa] futh {ks=k dh çfrLièkkZ vkSj ukSdj'kkgh dk;Z
laLÑfr;ksa tSls dkj.kksa ls] çfrHkk'kkyh O;fÙkQ;ksa dks vkdf"kZr
djuk vkSj cuk, j•uk eqf'dy gks ldrk gSA
z tfVy fgrèkkjd çcaèku% fofHkUu fgrksa vkSj ,tsaMk okys
dbZ fgrèkkjd vDlj yksd lsokvksa esa 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
 fofHkUu fgrèkkjdksa ds fgrksa dks larqfyr djuk vkSj
dq'ky lg;ksx ,oa leUo; lqfuf'pr djuk dfBu gks
ldrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i laHkkfor la?k"kZ] nsjh vkSj
lsok forj.k esa le>kSrk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA
z çkS|ksfxdh esa rsth ls gks jgs lqèkkj yksd lsokvksa ds fy,
voljksa ds lkFk&lkFk dfBukb;k¡ Hkh çLrqr djrs gSaA
 çkS|ksfxdh tgka n{krk vkSj lsok vnk;xh esa c<+ksrjh yk
ldrh gS ogha ubZ çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dks viukus ,oa ,dhÑr
djus ds fy, i;kZIr fuos'k] çf'k{k.k vkSj cnyko ds
çfr çfrjksèk ikj ikus dh vko';drk iM+ ldrh gSA
z cnyrh vko';drk,¡ vkSj c<+rh ek¡x% lekt dh
vko';drk,¡ ,oa vis{kk,¡ lnSo cnyrh jgrh gSaA
 cnyrh tulkaf[;dh] rduhdh esa lqèkkj vkSj c<+rh
lkekftd&vkfFkZd fparkvksa ds çfr yksd lsokvksa dks
vuqdwfyr fd, tkus dh vko';drk gSA
 c<+rh gqbZ ekaxksa ,oa lhfer lalkèkuksa ds chp larqyu
lkèkus esa lsok forj.k ij ncko iM+ ldrk gS vkSj
cnyrh t:jrksa dks dq'kyrkiwoZd iwjk djus dh {kerk
ckfèkr gks ldrh gSA
z jktuhfrd gLr{ksi vkSj vfLFkjrk% jktuhfrd gLr{ksi
ds dkj.k yksd lsokvksa esa vlaxr uhfr;ka] ckj&ckj iquxZBu
vkSj usr`Ro ifjorZu gks ldrk gSA
 bu eqíksa ds dkj.k lsok fujarjrk ckfèkr gks ldrh
gS] laLFkkxr fLFkjrk dks •rjk gks ldrk gS vkSj
nh?kZdkfyd ;kstuk ,oa mudh çHkkodkfjrk çHkkfor gks
ldrh gSA
z vkikrdky vkSj ladV çcaèku% ogha nwljh vksj] cM+s
iSekus ij vkinkvksa ;k vkikr fLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k yksd
lsok ,tsafl;ksa dh {kerk ,oa lalkèkuksa ij cks> iM+ ldrk
216
gS] ftlls muds fy, le; ij ,oa çHkkoh lgk;rk çnku
djuk eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA
fu"d"kZ
bu dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy,] mfpr foÙk] laxBukRed
lqèkkj] lqO;ofLFkr çfØ;k,¡] csgrj tokcnsgh ra=k] dk;Zcy
fodkl vkSj uohu lekèkku viukus tSlh lfØ; igyksa dh
vko';drk gSA fujarj leh{kk djuk] lh•uk vkSj cnyrh ekaxksa
ds vuqlkj cnyko] yksd lsokvksa dks bu leL;kvksa ls mcjus
vkSj turk dks dq'ky ,oa çHkkoh lsok,a çnku djus esa enn
dj ldrk gSA
7-5-4 yksd lsokvksa dh cnyrh çÑfr
z fu;ked ds LFkku ij lqfoèkkçnkrk gksuk% igys yksd
lsok ls rkRi;Z iqfyl jkT;] dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk cuk,
j•us] dh voèkkj.kk ds rgr lekt ds fy, gkfudkjd
xfrfofèk;ksa dks fofu;fer djuk FkkA
 ml ifjn`'; esa] fu"i{krk] çfØ;kRed 'kq¼rk] oSèkrk]
bZekunkjh flfoy lsok ds çeq• ewY; gqvk djrs FksA
 'kklu ds cnyrs gq, ifjn`'; us ljdkj dks futh i{kksa
ds fy, ,d lqfoèkkçnkrk ds :i esa dk;Z djus dk
volj fn;kA
 lqfoèkk çnkrk dh Hkwfedk esa ljdkj ls ;g vis{kk
dh tkrh gS fd og ml i{k dh t:jrksa dks le>sa
vkSj mldh dk;Zç.kkyh dks vklku cuk,a vkSj mldk
ekxZn'kZu djsaA
 bl mHkjrh Hkwfedk us yksd lsok dks çfØ;kRed 'kq¼rk
ds LFkku ij yphysiu ij tksj nsus dks foo'k fd;k gSA
 fofu;ked dk;ks± ds dkj.k fofu;eu vèkhu i{kksa
ds dk;Z&çn'kZu dk fujh{k.k djus vkSj muds }kjk
xSj&vuqikyuk ij rnuqlkj tqekZuk yxkus dh vko';drk
gqbZ gSA
z fofu;eu ls fodkl dh vksj cnyko% fofu;eu dk
rkRi;Z fuxjkuh ls gS] tcfd fodkl dk rkRi;Z yksd
dY;k.k gsrq lsokvksa ds çkoèkku ls gSA
 fodkl lacaèkh lsok,a (f'k{kk] LokLF;] ½.k] jkstxkj]
Hkkstu] vkfn) T;knkrj lekt ds lcls oafpr oxks± ds
fy, gksrh gSa] ftlds fy, lknxh ,oa lgkuqHkwfr tSls
ewY;ksa dk ikyu fd, tkus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z {ks=kh; larqyu cuk, j•us ij è;ku fn;k tkrk tk jgk gSA
NksVs 'kgjksa vkSj ns'k ds lHkh fiNM+s bykdksa dks è;ku j•dj
fu.kZ; fy, tk jgs gSaA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z ç'kklu esa rduhdh dk lekos'k% O;fÙkQ;ksa ds thou esa ifj.kke&çcaèku] çfrLièkkZ] yphykiu] iwathokn] cktkj
çkS|ksfxdh ds ços'k dh LokHkkfod çfrfØ;k ds :i esa] opZLo vkSj ;ksX;rk tSls futh {ks=k ds fl¼kar 'kkfey gSaA
ç'kklu dks çkS|ksfxdh ds ços'k dks fofu;fer djuk ,oa
ijaijkxr yksd lsok ewY;
lqfoèkktud cukuk nksuksa dk;Z djus gksaxs] ftlls 'kklu esa
VsDuksØsV dks 'kkfey djuk vko';d gks tk,xkA
çklafxd vçklafxd
 cgqr lkjs iQksjsafld fo'ks"kK] lkbcj lqj{kk fo'ks"kK

,oa fuekZrk 'kklu ds {ks=k esa vk, gSa ftlls yksd lsok bZekunkjh çfØ;kxr lVhdrk
forj.k] varfoZ"k;d fo"k; cu x;k gS ftlesa Vhe fu"i{krk inkuqØe
Hkkouk] çkS|ksfxdh baVjiQsl vkSj fo'ks"kKrk tSls dbZ u, oLrqfu"Brk xksiuh;rk
yksd lsok ewY; lkeus vk, gSaA
HksnHkko u djuk dsUæh;dj.k
 gkyk¡fd blls inkuqØe vkSj dsaæh;dj.k tSls ikjaifjd

yksd lsok ewY;ksa dk {kj.k gqvk gSA leiZ.k

z lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh% 'kklu esa lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ds vkxeu oSèkrk
ls 'kklu ,oa turk ds chp dh nhokj dks rksM+ fn;k gSA fp=k% yksd lsokvksa ds cnyrs ewY;A
blls okLrfod le; esa ,d lkFk vusd ukxfjdksa dks lsok
 ikjaifjd yksd lsok dks v{ke crk;k x;k Fkk]
çnku fd;k tkuk laHko gqvk gSA
iQkbyksa dk xksy&xksy ?kweuk] Lor% inksUufr vkSj
z blds dkj.k uokpkj] inkuqØe] ikjnf'kZrk] }kj ij lsok
tokcnsgh u gksuk] ftlus orZeku ifjn`'; esa çklafxdrk
miyCèk djokuk vkSj dq'kyrk tSls u, yksd lsok ewY;ksa
•ks nh gS] ;g inkuqØe] vkofèkdrk] foosdkfèkdkj
dk mn~Hko gqvk gSA
vkSj xksiuh;rk tSls ikjaifjd yksd lsok ewY;ksa dks u"V
z u;k yksd çcaèku (,uih,e)% ,uih,e dk lanHkZ yksd dj jgk gSA
ç'kklu esa futh {ks=k ds çcaèku fl¼karksa ds vuqç;ksx ls
 Vhe odZ] usr`Ro] lekurk] yphykiu vkSj nwjnf'kZrk
gS] ftlesa dk;Z&fu"iknu ls tqM+s iqjLdkj] xzkgd&dsafærrk]
tSls u, yksd lsok ewY;ksa us çklafxdrk gkfly dj
uokpkj] m|e'khyrk dh Hkkouk] lewg esa dk;Z djuk]
yh gSA
yksd lsok ewY;ksa esa cnyko ds dkj.k

'kklu dh çÑfr esa cnyko ç'kklfud dk;Zdj.k esa cnyko

u;k yksd ç'kklu çklafxdrk] lerk] fu"i{krk] bZ&'kklu uokpkj vkSj çkS|ksfxdh
ewY;] ifjorZuksUeq•] tokcnsg
fodsUæhÑr ç'kklu
u;k yksd çcaèku
lkekftd ys[kk ijh{k.k
fodkl ç'kklu ds lkFk&lkFk ç'kklfud fodkl fuxjkuh jkT; ls
dY;k.kdkjh jkT; flfVtu
pkVZj
lq'kklu tu lgHkkfxrk] ikjnf'kZrk] vuqfØ;kRed] U;k;laxr vkSj lekos'kh] çHkkodkjh vkSj ikjnf'kZrk
n{k] tokcnsgh] dkuwu dk 'kklu] lgefr ewydA
fp=k% yksd lsokvksa dh çÑfr esa cnyko gsrq ftEesnkj dkjd

'kklu esa 'kqfprk 217

7-5-5 yksd lsokvksa esa uSfrdrk lacaèkh fpark,¡
turk ds lokZsÙke fgr esa dk;Z djus vkSj fu.kZ; çfØ;k ,oa dk;ks±
esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dks cuk, j•us dh yksd lsodksa dh ftEesnkjh ds
dkj.k yksd lsok esa uSfrdrk ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA ljdkj
esa dqN fof'k"V uSfrd fpark,a fuEu gSa%
z fgrksa dk Vdjko% yksd lsodksa dks O;fÙkQxr fgrksa ,oa
yksd drZO; ds chp Vdjko ls cpuk pkfg,A
 blesa mu fLFkfr;ksa ls cpuk 'kkfey gS ftuesa O;fÙkQxr
foÙkh; ykHk ;k O;fÙkQxr lacaèk ds dkj.k fu.kZ; çfØ;k
çHkkfor gks ldrh gksa ;k muds dk;ks± esa fu"i{krk ,oa
lR;fu"Bk ckfèkr gks ldrh gksaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] lsokfuo`Ùk flfoy lsod futh {ks=k
esa ukSdfj;ka ys jgs gSa vkSj foÙkh; vfu;ferrkvksa esa
fyIr gSaA
z yksd lsodksa ls muds dk;ks± vkSj muds fodYiksa esa ikjnf'kZrk
,oa tokcnsgh dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA
z lkoZtfud lalkèkuksa ds mi;ksx] •jhn çfØ;kvksa esa
ikjnf'kZrk dh xkjaVh] i{kikr ;k HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn dks jksdus
ds fy, mUgsa tokcnsg Bgjk;k tkuk pkfg,A
z U;k;laxrrk vkSj fu"i{krk% lHkh yksxksa ds lkFk U;k;laxr
,oa leku O;ogkj djrs gq, yksd lsodksa dks fu"i{k rjhds
ls vkSj fcuk fdlh i{kikr ds dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
 O;fÙkQxr iwoZ èkkj.kkvksa ;k i{kikr ds ctk;] mUgsa
;ksX;rk] oLrqfu"B ekudksa vkSj tu fgr dks vkèkkj
cukuk pkfg,A
z yksd lsod vDlj laosnu'khy lkexzh laHkkyrs gSa vkSj mUgsa
O;fÙkQ;ksa dh xksiuh;rk vkSj futrk ds vfèkdkjksa dk lEeku
djuk pkfg,A mUgsa mfpr MsVk lqj{kk mik;ksa dk ikyu djuk
pkfg, vkSj xksiuh; tkudkjh dk mi;ksx dsoy dkuwuh
mís';ksa ds fy, gh djuk pkfg,A
z O;kolkf;drk vkSj lR;fu"Bk% yksd lsodksa dks
O;kolkf;drk vkSj lR;fu"Bk ds lkFk vkpj.k djuk pkfg,A
 blesa bZekunkjh] lR;fu"Bk vkSj nwljksa ds çfr lEeku
ds lkFk dk;Z djds laLFkk esa fo'okl vkSj turk dk
fo'okl cuk, j•uk 'kkfey gSA
z turk ls tqM+ko vkSj tu Hkkxhnkjh% yksd lsodksa dk
;g nkf;Ro gS fd os turk ds lkFk tqM+sa] mudh fparkvksa
dks lqusa vkSj mUgsa fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa ;Fkksfpr :i
ls 'kkfey djsaA
218
 tc okLrfod tu Hkkxhnkjh ugha gksrh gS ;k tc turk
ds er ij fopkj fd, fcuk fodYi pqus tkrs gSa] rks
uSfrd dfBukb;k¡ mRiUu gksrh gSaA
z uSfrd 'kfÙkQ ,oa çkfèkdkj% yksd lsod turk }kjk mUgsa
lkSaih xbZ 'kfÙkQ ,oa çkfèkdkj dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA 'kfÙkQ
ds nq#i;ksx ;k Hkz"Vkpkj ls cprs gq,] bl 'kfÙkQ dk uSfrd
:i ls mi;ksx djuk egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA
z lapkj ,oa ikjnf'kZrk esa uSfrdrk% xqejkg djus ;k rF;ksa
dks fNikus ls fo'okl de gks ldrk gS vkSj turk dks
lwfpr fu.kZ; ysus ls jksdk tk ldrk gSA
z uSfrd usr`Ro ,oa vuqdj.kh; O;fÙkQRo% lkoZtfud {ks=k ds
usrkvksa dk dke uSfrd ekud cukuk vkSj vius vèkhuLFkksa
,oa O;kid leqnk; ds chp ,d vkn'kZ O;fÙkQRo ds :i
esa dke djuk gSA
fu"d"kZ
ljdkj esa uSfrd pqukSfr;ksa dk lekèkku djus ds fy, Li"V uSfrd
ekud] vkpkj lafgrk vkSj çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe 'kq: fd, tkus
pkfg,A etcwr uSfrd usr`Ro] çHkkoh ,oa tokcnsgh çfØ;k,a vkSj
uSfrd O;ogkj ,oa lR;fu"Bk dks çksRlkfgr djus okyh laLÑfr
dh Hkh vko';drk gSA
7-5-6 yksd lsok lafgrk
z yksd lsok foèks;d] 2007 ds çk:i esa] f}rh; ç'kklfud
lqèkkj vk;ksx (,vkjlh) us ,d yksd lsok lafgrk dh
'kq:vkr dh odkyr dh gSA vk;ksx vkWLVªsfy;k] iksySaM vkSj
,sls gh vU; ns'kksa ds lafoèkkuksa esa 'kkfey ,sls vuqPNsnksa
ls çsfjr FkkA
z vk;ksx mu okaNuh; fo'ks"krkvksa dks fufnZ"V djrk gS ftlls
flfoy lsokvksa esa dq'kyrk vk ldsA
d- muesa fu"i{krk] lR;fu"Bk] tu lsok ds çfr leiZ.k]
jktuhfrd rVLFkrk] 'kqfprk ds Js"Bre ekudksa dk
ikyu djuk] fu"i{krk] de HkkX;'kkyh yksxksa ds çfr
lgkuqHkwfr vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
z vk;ksx bu ekunaMksa dks lkekU; :i ls ykxw djus esa vkus
okyh dfBukbZ dks Lohdkj djrk gSA gkyk¡fd] vk;ksx us
dgk gS fd laxBuksa ds vanj usr`Ro inksa ij cSBs O;fÙkQ;ksa
ds bu ewY;ksa dks ykxw djus ds ç;klksa ls fLFkfr esa dqN
varj vk ldrk gSA
z vk;ksx ds vuqlkj] yksd lsok lafgrk ls dkfeZdksa ds
fy, vius vkfèkdkfjd nkf;Roksa dks l{kerk ,oa tokcnsgh]
lkoèkkuh ,oa deZBrk] bZekunkjh] fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds
vkSj dkuwu ds vuq:i iwjk djuk vklku gks tk,xkA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z blesa f=kLrjh; O;kid flfoy lsok lafgrk dh ifjdYiuk
dh xbZ gSA
1- lokZsPp Lrj% mu vkn'kks± ,oa uSfrd ekudksa dh
laf{kIr ,oa Li"V O;k[;k ftudk la?kh; lsodksa dks
ikyu djuk pkfg,A
2- nwljk Lrj% flfoy lsodksa ds vkpj.k dks fu;af=kr
djus okys O;kid fl¼karksa dh :ijs•k çnku djrk gSA
3- rhljk Lrj% ;g foLr`r vkpkj lafgrk gS tks Lohdk;Z
,oa fuf"k¼ vkpj.k dh lwph fofufnZ"V djrk gS vkSj
lVhd ,oa Li"V rjhds ls dk;Z djrk gSA
z vk;ksx dk ekuuk Fkk fd ljdkjh lsok foèks;d ds ekè;e
ls vkpkj lafgrk dks oSèkkfud Lo:i çnku djus ls ljdkjh
lsod ,sls O;ogkj] fodYi ,oa dk;ks± dks viukus ds fy,
çksRlkfgr gksaxs ftlls turk dks ykHk igqapsaA
7-6 'kklu esa lwpuk lk>kdj.k vkSj ikjnf'kZrk
'kklu esa lwpuk lk>k djuk vkSj ikjnf'kZrk yksdrkaf=kd 'kklu
vkSj lkoZtfud tokcnsgh ds egRoiw.kZ rRo gSaA buesa ljdkjh
laLFkkuksa }kjk turk ds lkeus tkudkjh dk lfØ; çdVhdj.k
'kkfey gS] ftlls ;g lqfuf'pr gksrk gS fd ukxfjdksa dks ljdkjh
xfrfofèk;ksa] fu.kZ;ksa vkSj uhfr;ksa ds ckjs esa çklafxd vkSj le;
ij tkudkjh fey ldsA
^^ikjnf'kZrk ,d fodYi ugha gS] cfYd ,d vkèkqfud vkSj
çHkkoh 'kklu ds fy, ,d vko';drk gSA**
 µfØLVhu ysxkMZ
ikjnf'kZrk dh ifjHkk"kk
z ikjnf'kZrk dsoy tkudkjh lk>k djus ls lacafèkr ugha gS]
cfYd ljdkj dh xfrfofèk;ksa ds fy, •qykiu] bZekunkjh
vkSj tokcnsgh ls Hkh lacafèkr gSA
z ikjnf'kZrk ls rkRi;Z gS fd ykxw dkuwuksa vkSj fofu;eksa ds
vuqlkj fu.kZ; dSls fy, tkrs gSa vkSj ykxw fd, tkrs gSaA
 bldk rkRi;Z ;g Hkh gS fd tkudkjh vklkuh ls i<+us
;ksX; çk:iksa esa vklkuh ls miyCèk gksA ;g mu yksxksa
ds fy, lqyHk gks tks ,sls fu.kZ;ksa vkSj muds dk;kZUo;u
ls çHkkfor gksaxsA
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
'kklu esa lwpuk vkSj ikjnf'kZrk dk egRo
ikjnf'kZrk vkSj lwpuk 'kklu ds çeq• ?kVd gSa] tks çHkkoh]
tokcnsg vkSj yksdrkaf=kd 'kklu ds fy, vkèkkj rS;kj djrs gSaA
muds egRo ds dqN egRoiw.kZ dkj.k fuEu gSa%
Transparency
Accountability
information
sharing
Corruption
Discretion
z tokcnsgh% tc vke turk ds ikl ljdkjh çfØ;kvksa]
uhfr;ksa vkSj çn'kZu ds ckjs esa tkudkjh rd igqap gksrh gS]
rks ;g vfèkd tkap dks çksRlkfgr djrh gS] Hkz"Vkpkj dks
de djrh gS vkSj turk dk fo'okl c<+krh gSA
z fo'okl% ikjnf'kZrk ljdkj vkSj mlds ?kVdksa ds chp
fo'okl dks c<+kok nsrh gSA tc ljdkjsa viuh xfrfofèk;ksa]
fu.kZ; ysus vkSj lalkèku vkoaVu esa •qyh vkSj ikjn'khZ gksrh
gSa] rks ;g 'kkldh; laLFkkuksa dh oSèkrk dks etcwr djrh gS
vkSj lkoZtfud fo'okl dks çksRlkfgr djrh gSA
 vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e] ukxfjd pkVZj] bZ&xouZsal igy]
ukxfjd lekt vkanksyu vkfn tokcnsgh esa lgk;rk ds
fy, dqN ra=k gSaA
z lwfpr fu.kZ;% lwpuk rd igqap ukxfjdksa dks muds thou]
leqnk;ksa vkSj ljdkj dh lexz fn'kk ds ckjs esa lwfpr fu.kZ;
ysus esa l{ke cukrh gSA
 ;g yksxksa dks lkoZtfud cglksa esa Hkkx ysus] uhfrxr
ppkZvksa esa ;ksxnku nsus vkSj mu eqíksa ij lwfpr jk; cukus
esa l{ke cukrk gS tks muls lacafèkr gSaA
z lkoZtfud Hkkxhnkjh% ;g 'kklu çfØ;kvksa esa lkFkZd
lkoZtfud Hkkxhnkjh dh vuqefr nsrk gSA ftu ukxfjdksa ds
ikl egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh rd igqap gS] os fu.kZ; ysus esa Hkkx
ysrs gSa] buiqV çnku djrs gSa] uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dks
vkdkj nsus esa enn dj ldrs gSaA
219
z lk{; vkèkkfjr fu.kZ; ysuk% ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd
fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k lk{; vkèkkfjr vkSj lekos'kh gSA
lwpuk rd igqap uhfr fuekZrkvksa dks lqfoK uhfr;ka fodflr
djus esa lgk;rk djrh gS tks dbZ n`f"Vdks.kksa vkSj fofHkUu
fgrèkkjdksa ds vuqHkoksa dks è;ku esa j•rh gSaA
z Hkz"Vkpkj dks çfrcafèkr djuk% Hkz"Vkpkj dh jksdFkke
vkSj lkeuk djus esa ikjnf'kZrk ,d etcwr lkèku gSA tc
ljdkjh çfØ;kvksa] ysu&nsu vkSj ctV dks lkoZtfud fd;k
tkrk gS] rks ;g Hkz"V vkpj.k ij ,d fuokjd ds :i esa
dk;Z djrk gSA
 ;g c<+h gqbZ tokcnsgh] vfu;ferrkvksa dh •kst vkSj
ljdkj ds Hkhrj uSfrd O;ogkj dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
z lalkèkuksa dk dq'ky vkoaVu% 'kklu esa ikjnf'kZrk ;g
xkjaVh nsrh gS fd lkoZtfud lalkèkuksa dk vkoaVu dq'ky
vkSj çHkkoh rjhds ls fd;k tkrk gSA tc ctVh; vkoaVu]
lkoZtfud O;; vkSj •jhn çfØ;kvksa ij tkudkjh vklkuh
ls miyCèk gksrh gS] rks ;g cckZnh dh jksdFkke esa lgk;rk
djrh gS] fu"i{k çfrLièkkZ dks çksRlkfgr djrh gS vkSj
lkoZtfud fuos'k esa èku dk ewY; lqfuf'pr djrh gSA
z lkekftd caèku% ikjnf'kZrk vkSj lwpuk dk vknku&çnku
lwpuk fo"kerk dks nwj djds vkSj lekt ds fofHkUu oxks±
ds chp le> c<+kdj lkekftd lkeatL; dks c<+kok
nsrk gSA
 lVhd vkSj laiw.kZ tkudkjh rd igqap lapkj dks çksRlkfgr
djrh gS] fo'okl iSnk djrh gS vkSj fofHkUu lkekftd
lewgksa ds chp nwfj;ksa dks de djrh gSA
z oSf'od Nfo esa lqèkkj% ikjn'khZ 'kklu ç.kkfy;ka varjkZ"Vªh;
lg;ksx vkSj fodkl dks c<+kok nsrh gSaA ikjn'khZ 'kklu
çfØ;kvksa ls fuos'k vkdf"kZr djus] varjkZ"Vªh; lgk;rk çkIr
djus vkSj vU; ns'kksa ds lkFk çHkkoh lg;ksx cukus dh
laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA
bl çdkj ikjnf'kZrk vkSj lwpuk rd igqap lq'kklu dh egRoiw.kZ
vkèkkjf'kyk,a gSaA ;s tokcnsgh] fo'okl] ukxfjd Hkkxhnkjh] lwfpr
fu.kZ; ysus vkSj dq'ky lalkèku vkoaVu dks çksRlkfgr djrs gSaA
220
lkoZtfud dk;kZy;ksa esa lwpuk lk>kdj.k vkSj
ikjnf'kZrk esa lqèkkj ds fy, ra=k
z vkjVhvkbZ% lwpuk vknku&çnku vkSj ikjnf'kZrk lqfuf'pr
djus ds fy, ljdkj }kjk vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e ykxw
fd;k x;k FkkA ifj.kkeLo:i] bls v{kj'k% fØ;kfUor
fd;k tk,xkA
z ikjnf'kZrk dh 'kiFk% ukSdj'kkgksa vkSj jktusrkvksa dks
ikjnf'kZrk dh 'kiFk fnykukA
z vkfèkdkfjd xksiuh;rk vfèkfu;e% bls fujLr fd;k
tkuk pkfg, rkfd nksuksa vfèkfu;e ,d&nwljs dk •aMu
u djsaA
z bZ&xouZsal% fu;fer viMsV ds lkFk lwpuk dk fuckZèk
çokg lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, bZ&xouZsal rduhd cuk,aA
 xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh {ks=kksa ds chp fMftVy ckèkk dks
ikVsa rkfd xzkeh.k fuoklh lsokvksa rd igqap cuk
ldsaA
z xzkeh.k jkstxkj dk;ZØeksa esa lkekftd vads{k.k dk
mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z ehfM;k% tu tkx:drk c<+kus vkSj fo'okl dk;e djus
ds fy, ehfM;k dk mi;ksxA
z ukxfjd pkVZj% miyCèk lsokvksa dh lwph çdkf'kr dh
tkuh pkfg,A
7-7 lwpuk dk vfèkdkj (vkjVhvkbZ)
z la;qÙkQ jk"Vª egklHkk ds 1946 ds ladYi 59 us lwpuk
dh Lora=krk dks vfHkO;fÙkQ dh Lora=krk ds ,d vko';d
?kVd ds :i esa ekU;rk nhA
z lwpuk dk vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e% vfèkfu;e çR;sd ukxfjd
dks lkoZtfud çkfèkdj.kksa }kjk j•h xbZ tkudkjh rd igqapus
dk vfèkdkj nsrk gSA
 ukxfjd ljdkjh fu.kZ;ksa] uhfr;ksa] dk;ZØeksa]
ifj;kstukvksa vkSj fjdkWMZ lfgr lkoZtfud egRo ds
fdlh Hkh ekeys ij tkudkjh dk vuqjksèk dj ldrs gSaA
Hkkjr esa vkjVhvkbZ dh mRifÙk
Hkkjr esa vkjVhvkbZ fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ ehy dk iRFkj
lkfcr gqvk ftlds çxfr dk Rofjr fooj.k fn;k x;k gS%
z vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e ls igys] ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa ls
tkudkjh çkIr djus ds fy, dqN fodYi FksA
 gkykafd dbZ jkT;ksa ds ikl vius Lo;a ds lwpuk
vfèkfu;e Fks] ysfdu dksbZ O;kid jk"Vªh; dkuwu ugha FkkA
 1986 esa lqçhe dksVZ us dqyoky cuke t;iqj uxj
fuxe ekeys esa dgk fd lwpuk ds vfèkdkj ds fcuk
cksyus vkSj vfHkO;fÙkQ dh Lora=krk vFkZghu gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z ikjnf'kZrk dh odkyr vkSj ekax% fiNys dqN o"kks± esa]
ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa] dk;ZdrkZvksa vkSj ehfM;k odkyr
us O;kid lwpuk ds vfèkdkj dkuwuksa dh ekax c<+k nh FkhA
 vkjVhvkbZ igy dk mís'; •qykiu] tokcnsgh vkSj
ukxfjd l'kfÙkQdj.k dks c<+kuk gSA
 1994 esa] etnwj fdlku 'kfÙkQ laxBu (,eds,l,l)
us vkjVhvkbZ dk;kZUo;u ds fy, igyk tehuh Lrj dk
vkanksyu 'kq: fd;kA
 ihiqYl vkjVhvkbZ jk"Vªh; vfHk;ku% 1996 esa LFkkfir
ihiqYl vkjVhvkbZ ds fy, jk"Vªh; vfHk;ku us ljdkj ds
fy, vkjVhvkbZ dkuwu dk igyk elkSnk fodflr fd;kA
 rfeyukMq 1997 esa vkjVhvkbZ dkuwu ikfjr djus okyk
igyk Hkkjrh; jkT; FkkA
z Hkkjrh; laln us 2005 esa vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e ikfjr fd;k
vkSj mlh o"kZ 15 twu dks bls jk"Vªifr dh lgefr çkIr gqbZA
;g 12 vDVwcj 2005 dks çHkkoh gqvk] ftlls ukxfjdksa ds
fy, lkoZtfud laLFkkvksa }kjk j•s x, MsVk rd igq¡pus ds
fy, ,d vkSipkfjd :ijs•k rS;kj dh xbZA
7-7-1 vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e 2005 dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a
z ;g iwjs ns'k ij ykxw gksrk gS (èkkjk 1(2))A
z lkoZtfud çkfèkdj.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS% èkkjk
2(,p) ds rgr ^^lkoZtfud çkfèkdj.k** dk vFkZ gS
LFkkfir ;k xfBr Lo'kklu dk dksbZ çkfèkdj.k] fudk; ;k
laLFkku&
 lafoèkku }kjk ;k mlds varxZr_
 laln@jkT; foèkkueaMy }kjk cuk, x, fdlh vU;
dkuwu }kjkA
 mfpr ljdkj }kjk tkjh vfèklwpuk ;k vkns'k }kjk] vkSj
blesa 'kkfey gS&
 ljdkjh LokfeRo okyh] fu;af=kr ;k i;kZIr :i ls
foÙkiksf"kr laLFkk_
 xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa dks mfpr ljdkj }kjk çnku dh
xbZ èkujkf'k }kjk çR;{k ;k vçR;{k :i ls i;kZIr
:i ls foÙkiksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
z fufnZ"V çfrfØ;k le;% lkoZtfud ,tsafl;ksa dks lwpuk
vuqjksèkksa dk mÙkj 30 fnuksa ds Hkhrj nsuk gksxkA fdlh O;fÙkQ
ds thou ;k Lora=krk ls tqM+h ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] 48 ?kaVksa ds
Hkhrj çfrfØ;k tkjh dh tkuh pkfg,A
 ;fn MsVk fdlh vU; ljdkjh ,tsalh ds ikl gS] rks
bls ikap fnuksa ds Hkhrj LFkkukarfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z lwpuk çdVhdj.k% vfèkfu;e esa lkoZtfud ,tsafl;ksa dks
lfØ; vkèkkj ij dqN Jsf.k;ksa dh tkudkjh dk •qyklk
djus dh vko';drk gSA
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
 mUgsa vius dk;ks±] 'kfÙkQ;ksa] fu;eksa] fofu;eksa] ctVh;
vkoaVu vkSj lkoZtfud vuqcaèk fooj.k ds ckjs esa
tkudkjh çdkf'kr djuh gksxhA
 blls ikjnf'kZrk c<+rh gS tcfd O;fÙkQ;ksa }kjk lwpuk
vuqjksèk nkf•y djus dh vko';drk de gks tkrh gSA
z NwV% vfèkfu;e mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks fufnZ"V djrk gS ftuds
rgr tkudkjh jksdh tk ldrh gSA jk"Vªh; lqj{kk] j{kk]
laçHkqrk] xksiuh;rk] okf.kfT;d fo'okl vkSj dSfcusV iQkbysa
NwV esa ls gSaA
 gkyk¡fd] ;s cfg"dj.k ,d lkoZtfud fgr ijh{k.k ds
vèkhu gSa] vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj ekuokfèkdkj mYya?kuksa ds
ckjs esa tkudkjh fNikbZ ugha tk ldrh gSA
z vihy vkSj f'kdk;rsa% vfèkfu;e nks&Lrjh; vihy ç.kkyh
cukrk gSA ;fn fdlh lwpuk vuqjksèk dks vLohdkj dj fn;k
tkrk gS ;k dksbZ çfrfØ;k ugha feyrh gS] rks vkosnd ds
ikl çFke vihyh; çkfèkdkjh ds ikl vihy nk;j djus
ds fy, 30 fnu dk le; gksrk gSA
 ;fn vihy vLohdkj dj nh tkrh gS] rks vkosnd
ds ikl jk"Vªh; ;k jkT; Lrj ij lwpuk vk;ksx ds ikl
,d vkSj vihy nk;j djus ds fy, 90 fnu dk le;
gksrk gSA
z lwpuk vk;ksx% vfèkfu;e la?kh; Lrj ij ,d dsaæh;
lwpuk vk;ksx (lhvkbZlh) vkSj jkT;&Lrjh; lwpuk vk;ksx
(,lvkbZlh) cukrk gSA
 ;s vk;ksx fu"i{k laLFkkvksa ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa tks
vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e dh vihyksa vkSj f'kdk;rksa dks
lqurs gSaA
 muds ikl lwpuk tkjh djus dk vkns'k nsus]
voKkdkjh lkoZtfud deZpkfj;ksa ij tqekZuk yxkus vkSj
vfèkfu;e dk ikyu djus dh xkjaVh nsus ds funZs'k nsus
dk vfèkdkj gSA
 vkjVhvkbZ la'kksèku vfèkfu;e 2019] dsaæ ljdkj
dks lhvkbZlh dk osru r; djus dh 'kfÙkQ nsrk gSA
z naM vkSj mipkj% vfèkfu;e] vfèkfu;e dk vuqikyu u
djus ij tqekZuk vkSj mipkj LFkkfir djrk gSA
 lkoZtfud deZpkjh tks vuqfpr rjhds ls tkudkjh rd
igqap jksdrs gSa ;k nsjh djrs gSa] mUgsa nafMr fd;k tk
ldrk gS] vkSj çHkkfor vkosnd dks eqvkotk fn;k tk
ldrk gSA
 vfèkfu;e esa lwpuk ds çokg dks vo#¼ djus okys
lkoZtfud vfèkdkfj;ksa ds fy, vuq'kklukRed naM Hkh
'kkfey gSA
z vkjVhvkbZ vkfèkdkfjd xksiuh;rk vfèkfu;e dks Hkh •Re
dj nsrk gSA èkkjk 8(2) esa O;kid lkoZtfud fgr dh iwfrZ
221
 ds fy, vkfèkdkfjd xksiuh;rk vfèkfu;e] 1923 ds rgr
NwV çkIr tkudkjh ds çdVhdj.k dk çkoèkku gSA
vkjVhvkbZ vkSj U;k;ikfydk
z vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e us vius çkoèkkuksa dks iwjk djus ds
fy, lokZsPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;kèkh'k vkSj jkT;ksa
ds mPp U;k;ky;ksa ds eq[; U;k;kèkh'kksa dks 'kfÙkQ;ka
çnku dhaA
z lqçhe dksVZ us dsaæ ljdkj ds vkjVhvkbZ&vuqdwy fu;eksa
dks vius fy, viuk;kA
z lqHkk"k vxzoky dsl%
 lqçhe dksVZ us Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;kèkh'k ds dk;kZy;
dks vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e ds rgr ,d lkoZtfud
çkfèkdj.k ?kksf"kr fd;kA lqçhe dksVZ us ;g Hkh dgk
fd futrk dk vfèkdkj ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw gS vkSj
Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;kèkh'k ds dk;kZy; ls tkudkjh
nsus dk fu.kZ; ysrs le; bls ikjnf'kZrk ds lkFk
larqfyr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
 vkjVhvkbZ dk mi;ksx fuxjkuh ds midj.k ds :i
esa ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ikjnf'kZrk ls fuiVus
ds nkSjku U;kf;d Lora=krk dks è;ku esa j•uk gksxkA
 ttksa dh fu;qfÙkQ ls tqM+s eqís ij lqçhe dksVZ us dgk
fd fu;qfÙkQ ds fy, dkWysft;e }kjk vuq'kaflr ttksa
ds dsoy ukeksa dk gh •qyklk fd;k tk ldrk gS]
dkj.kksa dk ughaA
vkjVhvkbZ vkSj jktuhfrd ny
z 2013 esa dsaæh; lwpuk vk;ksx dh iw.kZ ihB us jk"Vªh;
jktuhfrd nyksa dks vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e ds nk;js esa
yk;kA
Significance of Political parties
to be brough under RTI
Ensures Financial Informed
Accountability
transparency citizenry
jktuhfrd nyksa dks vkjVhvkbZ yksd çkfèkdj.k ds
varxZr ykus ds lacaèk esa fpark,a
z vkjVhvkbZ dk mi;ksx nqHkkZoukiw.kZ mís'; ls mu jktuhfrd
j.kuhfr;ksa dks le>us ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS tks
mudh thr dh laHkkoukvksa dks ckfèkr dj ldrh gSaA
z vk;dj vfèkfu;e] 1961 esa igys ls gh çkoèkku gSaA
tu çfrfufèkRo vfèkfu;e] 1951 vko';d ikjnf'kZrk
dh ekax djrk gSA
222
7-7-2 vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e dk egRo
z ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh% ljdkjh dk;ks± esa ikjnf'kZrk
dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e vko';d gSA
;g ukxfjdksa dks ljdkjh fu.kZ;ksa] uhfr;ksa vkSj xfrfofèk;ksa
ds ckjs esa tkudkjh rd igqap çnku djrk gS] ftlls os
lkoZtfud vfèkdkfj;ksa dks muds dk;ks± ds fy, ftEesnkj
Bgjk ldrs gSaA
 ;g ikjnf'kZrk] Hkz"Vkpkj dks de djus] fu"i{k
çFkkvksa dks c<+kok nsus vkSj ftEesnkj 'kklu ds dk;kZUo;u
esa lgk;rk djrh gSA
z ukxfjdksa dk l'kfÙkQdj.k% vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e ukxfjdksa
dks 'kklu esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysus dk ,d midj.k nsdj
l'kÙkQ cukrk gSA ;g O;fÙkQ;ksa dks lkoZtfud eqíksa ij Kku
çkIr djus esa l{ke cukrk gS] ftlls mUgsa f'kf{kr fu.kZ;
ysus] lkoZtfud ppkZvksa esa Hkkx ysus vkSj uhfr fuekZ.k esa
;ksxnku djus dh vuqefr feyrh gSA
 ;g ukxfjdksa dks vius vfèkdkjksa dk ç;ksx
djus] viuh fparkvksa dks O;ÙkQ djus vkSj lkoZtfud
vfèkdkfj;ksa dks ftEesnkj Bgjkus dh {kerk nsrk gSA
z Hkz"Vkpkj ls eqdkcyk% vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e Hkz"Vkpkj ds
f•ykiQ yM+kbZ esa ,d 'kfÙkQ'kkyh lkèku gSA ;g O;fÙkQ;ksa
dks ljdkjh vuqcaèkksa] •pks± vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa ds
ckjs esa tkudkjh rd igqap dh vuqefr nsdj Hkz"V çFkkvksa
ij ,d fuokjd ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
 ;g Hkz"Vkpkj] vfu;ferrkvksa vkSj vfèkdkj ds nq#i;ksx
dks mtkxj djus] lkoZtfud ç'kklu esa ikjnf'kZrk vkSj
v•aMrk dks çksRlkfgr djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
z lq'kklu% vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e ikjnf'kZrk] tokcnsgh vkSj
ukxfjd Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, midj.k fodflr djds lq'kklu
dks çksRlkfgr djrk gSA ;g ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa vkSj lkoZtfud
çkfèkdj.kksa dks vfèkd lfØ; :i ls tkudkjh lk>k djus]
ukSdj'kkgh nsjh dks de djus vkSj ukxfjd iwNrkN ds çfr
çfrfØ;k esa lqèkkj djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
 blds ifj.kkeLo:i lsok forj.k] n{krk vkSj ljdkjh
çHkko'khyrk esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
z ukxfjdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh vkSj lwfpr fu.kZ; ysuk%
vfèkfu;e ukxfjdksa dks tkudkjh rd igqap çnku djds
yksdrkaf=kd çfØ;kvksa esa ukxfjd Hkkxhnkjh dks çksRlkfgr
djrk gS tks mUgsa lkoZtfud ekeyksa esa jpukRed :i ls
dk;Z djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
  ;g ukxfjdksa dks uhfrxr ppkZvksa esa Hkkx ysus] ljdkjh
dk;ks± dh fuxjkuh djus vkSj Hkjkslsean MsVk ds vkèkkj
ij f'kf{kr fu.kZ; ysus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
z lkoZtfud çkfèkdj.k ds dk;ks± ij tkap% vkjVhvkbZ
vfèkfu;e ukxfjdksa dks tkudkjh çkIr djus vkSj fu.kZ;ksa
dks pqukSrh nsus dh vuqefr nsdj lkoZtfud çkfèkdj.kksa ds
dk;ks± ij tk¡p ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
 ;g lÙkk ds nq#i;ksx] euekus fu.kZ; ysus vkSj
lkoZtfud lalkèkuksa ds vufèkÑr mi;ksx dks jksdus esa
lgk;rk djrk gSA
 lkoZtfud çkfèkdj.k turk ds çfr tokcnsg gSa] vkSj
vfèkfu;e ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd os ,slk ikjn'khZ
vkSj tokcnsg rjhds ls djsaA
z ehfM;k vkSj ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa dh Hkkxhnkjh%
vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh dks c<+kok
nsus esa ehfM;k vkSj ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk dks
c<+kok nsrk gSA
 bl vfèkfu;e dk mi;ksx i=kdkjksa vkSj ukxfjd lekt
dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk tkudkjh çkIr djus] lkoZtfud fgr
dh leL;kvksa dh tkap djus vkSj lkoZtfud vfèkdkfj;ksa
dks tokcnsg cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
 blls ukxfjd lekt }kjk 'kklu dh tkap dks c<+kok
feyrk gS vkSj ,d fuxjkuhdrkZ ds :i esa ehfM;k dh
Hkwfedk etcwr gksrh gSA
z lfØ; çdVhdj.k dks çksRlkfgr djuk% vfèkfu;e
lkoZtfud vfèkdkfj;ksa dks vfxze :i ls tkudkjh dk
•qyklk djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrk gSA blls ukxfjdksa
ij lwpuk vuqjksèk ntZ djus dk cks> de gks tkrk gS vkSj
;g lqfuf'pr gksrk gS fd egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh turk rd
vklkuh ls igqap ldsA lfØ; çdVhdj.k ,d •qys lekt
dks c<+kok nsrk gS vkSj ukxfjdksa vkSj lkoZtfud vfèkdkfj;ksa
ds chp fo'okl iSnk djrk gSA
bl çdkj] vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e ikjnf'kZrk] tokcnsgh] lkoZtfud
l'kfÙkQdj.k vkSj vPNh ljdkj dks c<+kok nsrk gSA ;g ukxfjd
Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+krk gS] Hkz"Vkpkj ls yM+rk gS vkSj yksdrkaf=kd
çfØ;kvksa dks c<+kok nsrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ,d vfèkd
lekos'kh vkSj tokcnsg lekt dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
7-7-3 vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e ds eqís vkSj pqukSfr;ka
z vkjVhvkbZ c<+rs cSdykWx ls ckfèkr gS% lwpuk dk
vfèkdkj (vkjVhvkbZ) vfèkfu;e dkuwu cuus ds l=kg
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
lky ckn] Hkkjr ds 26 lwpuk vk;ksxksa ds ikl yxHkx 3-15
yk• f'kdk;rsa ;k vihysa yafcr gSaA
 lrdZ ukxfjd laxBu dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] vk;ksxksa
ds le{k vihy ;k f'kdk;rksa dk cSdykWx lky&nj&lky
yxkrkj c<+ jgk gSA
 lokZfèkd yafcr ekeyksa vkSj vihyksa okys jkT; egkjk"Vª
(99]722)] mÙkj çns'k] dukZVd] fcgkj vkSj vU; gSaA
z vfèkdka'k vk;ksx de {kerk ij dke dj jgs gSa% dkuwu
ds vuqlkj] çR;sd vk;ksx esa ,d usrk vkSj vfèkdre nl
vk;qÙkQ gksus pkfg,A
 lrdZ ukxfjd laxBu (,l,u,l) vkSj lsaVj iQkWj
bfDoVh LVMht (lhbZ,l) us vDVwcj 2020 esa Hkkjr
ds lwpuk vk;ksxksa ds çn'kZu ij ,d fjiksVZ dkMZ çLrqr
fd;kA
z fjÙkQ usr`Ro in% fjiksVZ dkMZ ds vuqlkj] ns'k ds 29 lwpuk
vk;ksxksa esa ls ukS (31») fcuk lwpuk vk;qÙkQ çeq• ds
dke dj jgs FksA
z fuf"Ø; lwpuk vk;qÙkQ% Øe'k% nks lky vkSj ,d lky
ls vfèkd le; ls] >kj•aM vkSj f=kiqjk esa vkbZlh iwjh rjg
ls fuf"Ø; gSaA
z lkoZtfud lwpuk vfèkdkjh (ihvkbZvks) fjDr in%
Vªkalisjsalh baVjus'kuy ds vuqlkj] lwpuk vk;qÙkQ ds
,d&pkSFkkbZ (dqy 165 esa ls 42) in fjÙkQ gSaA ef.kiqj]
rsyaxkuk] if'pe caxky vkSj vkaèkz çns'k mu jkT;ksa esa ls gSa
tgka dksbZ lwpuk vk;qÙkQ ugha gSA
z tqekZuk yxkus esa vfuPNk% vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk
20 vkbZlh dks lwpuk çnku djus ls xyr budkj ds
f•ykiQ fuokjd ds :i esa xyrh djus okys lkoZtfud
lwpuk vfèkdkfj;ksa (ihvkbZvks) ij 25] 000 #i;s rd dk
tqekZuk yxkus dk vfèkdkj nsrh gSA gkykafd] ^^vkbZlh us
mu ekeyksa ds csgn NksVs fgLls ij tqekZuk yxk;k] ftuesa
tqekZuk yxk;k tk ldrk Fkk]** vkSj ^^vk;ksx ihvkbZvks ls
dkuwu dk ikyu u djus ds fy, mudk vkSfpR; crkus ds
fy, Hkh vfuPNqd çrhr gksrk gSA**
 dsoy 3-8» ekeys tgka tqekZuk yxk;k tk ldrk gS]
mUgsa çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 dqy ekeys ftu ij tqekZuk yxk;k tk ldrk Fkk] mlds
3-8» ekeys ij gh tqekZuk yxk;k x;k FkkA
z ikjnf'kZrk dk vHkko% blesa dgk x;k gS fd leh{kk ds
fgLls ds :i esa vko';d vfèkdka'k lkexzh bu lfefr;ksa
dh okf"kZd fjiksVZ esa miyCèk gksuh pkfg, FkhA 29 vkbZlh
223
 (Information commissions) esa ls 20 (69») us vHkh rd
2020&21 ds fy, viuh okf"kZd fjiksVZ çdkf'kr ugha dh gSA
 blds vykok] vfèkdka'k lwpuk vk;ksxksa us fdlh o"kZ
esa ,d vk;qÙkQ dks fdrus ekeyksa dks laHkkyuk pkfg,]
blds fy, dksbZ fn'kkfunZs'k LFkkfir ugha fd, gSaA
z vkjVhvkbZ vuqjksèkksa dh vLohÑfr ds fy, dksbZ oSèk
Li"Vhdj.k ugha fn;k x;k% 2019&20 esa] dsaæ us lHkh
vkjVhvkbZ ç'uksa esa ls dsoy 4-3» dks •kfjt dj fn;kA
gkyk¡fd] buesa ls yxHkx 40» vLohdj.kksa esa oSèk vkSfpR;
dk vHkko Fkk D;ksafd mUgksaus vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e ds
vfèkÑr NwV •aMksa esa ls ,d dk gokyk ugha fn;k FkkA
z O;fÙkQxr tkudkjh rd igqap ls budkj% èkkjk 8(1)
(ts) O;fÙkQxr tkudkjh rd igqap ls budkj djus dh
vuqefr nsrh gS ;fn çdVhdj.k dh fdlh lkoZtfud
xfrfofèk ;k lkoZtfud fgr ls dksbZ çklafxd tqM+ko ugha
gS ;k O;fÙkQ dh xksiuh;rk dk vuqfpr mYya?ku gksus dh
laHkkouk gSA
 bl •aM dk mi;ksx lHkh oSèk budkjksa esa ls ,d frgkbZ
esa fd;k x;k FkkA
z tkudkjh lk>k djus ls NwV% vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 24] tks
lqj{kk vkSj •qfiQ;k ,tsafl;ksa ls lacafèkr lkexzh dks NwV nsrh
gS & Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj ekuokfèkdkjksa ds mYya?ku ds vkjksiksa dks
NksM+dj & dk Hkh vDlj mi;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk] tks gj ikap
vuqes; budkjksa esa ls ,d ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA
 Ñf"k ea=kky; us yafcr eqdnes dk gokyk nsrs gq,
Ñf"k lqèkkj mik;ksa ij iwoZ&foèkku ijke'kZ ij tkudkjh
ds fy, lwpuk dk vfèkdkj (vkjVhvkbZ) vuqjksèk dks
vLohdkj dj fn;k gSA
z vkjVhvkbZ dk;ZdrkZvksa dh gR;k% vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e
dks viukus ds ckn ls gj lky yxHkx 28 vkjVhvkbZ
vfèkoÙkQkvksa dks Mjk;k x;k] mu ij geyk fd;k x;k
;k mudh gR;k dj nh xbZA lkS ls vfèkd vkjVhvkbZ
dk;ZdrkZvksa dh gR;k dj nh xbZ] 182 ij geyk fd;k
x;k vkSj 188 dks ijs'kku fd;k x;k gS ;k èkedk;k x;kA
z fu;qfÙkQ;ka fofoèk ugha gSa fu;qfÙkQ;ksa esa fofofèkdj.k dk
vHkko% vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 12 (5) esa vk;qÙkQksa
dks ¶dkuwu] foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh] lkekftd lsok] çcaèku]
i=kdkfjrk] ekl ehfM;k] ;k ç'kklu vkSj 'kklu esa O;kid
Kku vkSj vuqHko ds lkFk lkoZtfud thou esa çfrf"Br
O;fÙkQ;ksa¸ esa ls pquk tkuk vko';d gSA**
 gkyk¡fd] 84» lhvkbZlh ukSdj'kkgh i`"BHkwfe ls vkrs
gSa] ftuesa 65» lsokfuo`Ùk vkbZ,,l vfèkdkjh gSaA
224
z fjdkWMZ fujh{k.k ds nkSjku vkus okyh ckèkk,a% vfèkfu;e
ds vuqlkj] tkudkjh vuqjksfèkr çi=k esa nh tkuh pkfg,] tc
rd fd ;g lkoZtfud çkfèkdj.k ds lalkèkuksa dks vleku
:i ls fopfyr u dj nsA
z vi;kZIr ekuo lalkèku% Vªkalisjsalh baVjus'kuy ds vuqlkj]
lwpuk vk;qÙkQ ds ,d&pkSFkkbZ (dqy 165 esa ls 42) in
•kyh gSaA ef.kiqj] rsyaxkuk] if'pe caxky vkSj vkaèkz çns'k
esa pkj vkbZlh esa dksbZ çeq• ;k vxqvk ugha gSaA
z vkosnu nkf•y djrs le; vkus okyh ckèkk,a%
mi;ksxdrkZ eSuqvy miyCèk ugha djk, x, gSaA mi;ksxdrkZ
xkbM dh deh ds dkj.k lwpuk pkgus okyksa ds fy,
vkjVhvkbZ vuqjksèk lcfeV djus dh çfØ;k ds ckjs esa
lh•uk eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA
z •jkc xq.koÙkk dh tkudkjh% vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e ds
vuqikyu ds fy, cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj mfpr ra=k dh deh
ds dkj.k çnku dh xbZ tkudkjh dh xq.koÙkk cgqr [kjkc gSA
çnku fd;k x;k MsVk ;k rks vkaf'kd gS ;k ek=kk esa deh gSA
z O;ogkfjd çf'k{k.k dk vHkko% vkjVhvkbZ ,d xfr'khy
vfèkfu;e gS] ftlesa fu;fer vkèkkj ij u, vk;ke is'k
fd, tkrs gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i] ihvkbZvks ds ikl vkjVhvkbZ
iqu'p;kZ çf'k{k.k ;k ,dy lwpuk HkaMkj rd igqap gksuh
pkfg,A
z MsVkcsl dk vHkko% vkjVhvkbZ vkosndksa dk dksbZ dsaæhÑr
MsVkcsl ugha gS] blfy, dksbZ fuxjkuh vkSj leh{kk ç.kkyh
ugha gSA vkosndksa ds lwpuk vuqjksèkksa vkSj lwpuk çnkrkvksa
dh çfrfØ;kvksa dk ,d dsaæhÑr MsVkcsl ihvkbZvks dks èkkjk
25(1) ds vuqlkj ,d lVhd vkSj le; ij ladyu çLrqr
djus dh vuqefr nsxkA
z lhvkbZlh dk;kZy; detksj% 2019 dk vkjVhvkbZ
(la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e dsaæ ljdkj dks la?kh; vkSj jkT;
nksuksa Lrjksa ij lwpuk vk;qÙkQksa ds fy, jkstxkj ds fu;e vkSj
'krZsa fuèkkZfjr djus dk vfèkdkj nsrk gSA
 bl la'kksèku us la?kh; ljdkj dks vlaxr 'kfÙkQ;ksa ls
l'kÙkQ cukdj lhvkbZlh dh Lok;Ùkrk dks lhfer dj
fn;k gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

vkfèkdkfjd xksiuh;rk vfèkfu;e (vks,l,)
vkSj vkjVhvkbZ ds fy, blds fufgrkFkZ
z ;g ns•rs gq, fd gekjs ikl fczfV'k dky dk vkSifuosf'kd
vkfèkdkfjd xksiuh;rk vfèkfu;e (vks,l,) Fkk] geus
Lora=krk ds ckn Hkh ç'kklfud Lrj ij xqIr rjhds ls
dk;Z djuk tkjh j•kA
z 1964 ds dsaæh; flfoy lsok vkpj.k fu;e ljdkjh
deZpkfj;ksa dks fcuk vuqefr ds fdlh ds lkFk vkfèkdkfjd
nLrkost lk>k djus ls jksddj vkfèkdkfjd xksiuh;rk
vfèkfu;e dks lqn`<+ djrs gSaA
vkfèkdkfjd xksiuh;rk vfèkfu;e ds lkFk leL;k,a
z nwljh ,vkjlh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] lwpuk dk vfèkdkj
vfèkfu;e ds dk;kZUo;u esa lcls leL;kxzLr eqík
vkfèkdkfjd jgL; gSA
z vks,l, dh èkkjk 5 esa dgk x;k gS fd dksbZ Hkh O;fÙkQ
tks fdlh fuf"k¼ LFkku ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrk gS] ;k
,slh tkudkjh tks nq'eu jkT; dh lgk;rk dj ldrh
gS] ;k ftls mls fo'okl esa lkSaik x;k gS] ;k ftls mlus
viuh vkfèkdkfjd fLFkfr ds ifj.kkeLo:i çkIr fd;k
gS] og ^vijkèk* djrk gSA
 ;g èkkjk fdlh Hkh çdkj dh lkexzh ij ykxw gksrh
gS ftls ^^xqIr** ds :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gSA
z vfèkfu;e esa ^^vkfèkdkfjd jgL;** 'kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr
ugha fd;k x;k gS] ftlls yksd lsodksa ds fy, fdlh Hkh
pht dks ¶xqIr¸ ds :i esa yscy djuk vklku gks x;k gSA
z vks,l, ij 'kkSjh lfefr ds vuqlkj] ^^;g vks,l,
gS ftls dbZ gydksa esa ljdkj dh vR;fèkd xksiuh;rk
ds fy, eq[; :i ls ftEesnkj ekuk x;k gSA** blds
^^dSp&vkWy** pfj=k dh O;kid vkykspuk gqbZ gS vkSj
blesa la'kksèku dh ekax dh xbZ gSA
7-7-4 v
 kjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e dks etcwr djus ds
mik;
z ljdkjksa dks vkjVhvkbZ dk;kZUo;u lsy LFkkfir djuk pkfg,A
z vkjVhvkbZ vkosnu djus esa ukxfjdksa dh lgk;rk ds fy,
jk"Vªh; bZ&xouZsal ;kstuk ds rgr LFkkfir dbZ ,Dlsl pSuyksa]
lkekU; lsok dsaæksa dh LFkkiuk djds vuqjksèk lqfoèkk esa
lqèkkj djuk pkfg,A
z lHkh lkoZtfud çkfèkdj.kksa esa vkjVhvkbZ ds çHkkoh
dk;kZUo;u dh fuxjkuh dk dke lhvkbZlh vkSj ,lvkbZlh
dks lkSaik tkuk pkfg,A
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
z eq[; lwpuk vk;qÙkQ dh vè;{krk esa uksMy dsaæh; ea=kky;]
,lvkbZlh vkSj jkT; çfrfufèk;ksa ds lkFk ,d jk"Vªh; leUo;
lfefr (,ulhlh) dk xBu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z vuqlwph 2 esa fufnZ"V lHkh laxBuksa }kjk ihvkbZvks dh
fu;qfÙkQ dh tkuh vko';d gSA
z lkoZtfud çkfèkdj.kksa dks la?kh; vkSj jkT; Lrjksa ij lwphc¼
fd;k tkuk pkfg,] vkSj lkoZtfud çkfèkdj.kksa ds fy,
osc&vkèkkfjr vuqç;ksxksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z çR;sd ftys esa ,d flaxy foaMks ,tsalh dh LFkkiuk djuh
pkfg,A
z okf"kZd xksiuh; fjiksVZ] ijh{kk ç'u i=k vkSj lacafèkr ekeyksa
dks doj djus ds fy, vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e ds rgr NwV
esa la'kksèku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z r`rh;&i{k vkWfMfVax dks laLFkkxr cukuk pkfg,A
vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e ikjnf'kZrk] tokcnsgh] lkoZtfud
l'kfÙkQdj.k vkSj vPNh ljdkj dks c<+kok nsrk gSA ;g ukxfjd
Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+krk gS] Hkz"Vkpkj ls yM+rk gS vkSj yksdrkaf=kd
çfØ;kvksa dks c<+kok nsrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ,d vfèkd
lekos'kh vkSj tokcnsg lekt curk gSA
7-8 vkpkj lafgrk vkSj uSfrd lafgrk
z vkpkj lafgrk% vkpkj lafgrk fdlh laxBu ;k is'ks ds
Hkhrj O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fy, visf{kr O;ogkj vkSj vkpj.k ds
ekudksa dks js•kafdr djrh gSA
 ;g fn'kkfunZs'k çnku djrk gS fd O;fÙkQ;ksa dks nwljksa ds
lkFk dSls ckrphr djuh pkfg,] fu.kZ; ysuk pkfg, vkSj
laxBu ds ewY;ksa vkSj fl¼karksa dks cuk, j•uk pkfg,A
 vkpkj lafgrk vius lnL;ksa ds chp lR;fu"Bk]
O;kolkf;drk vkSj uSfrd O;ogkj dks c<+kok nsus esa
enn djrh gSA
z uSfrd lafgrk% uSfrd lafgrk fl¼karksa vkSj fn'kkfunZs'kksa dk
,d lewg gS tks fdlh fof'k"V is'ks ;k laxBu ds Hkhrj
O;fÙkQ;ksa ds uSfrd vkSj uSfrd O;ogkj dks fu;af=kr djrh gSA
 ;g uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, ,d :ijs•k çnku djrk
gS vkSj vius lnL;ksa dh uSfrd ftEesnkfj;ksa vkSj nkf;Roksa
dks LFkkfir djrk gSA
7-8-1 vkpkj lafgrk
vkpkj lafgrk ewY;ksa] fu;eksa] ekudksa vkSj fl¼karksa dk ,d
lewg gS tks ;g crkrk gS fd fu;ksÙkQk fdlh laxBu ds Hkhrj
deZpkfj;ksa ls D;k vis{kk djrs gSaA
225
z flfoy lsod fu;eksa ds nks O;oLFkk ds vèkhu gSa% ,d
vf•y Hkkjrh; lsokvksa ds fy, vkSj nwljk dsaæh; flfoy
lsokvksa ds fy,A vfèkdkjh dk O;ogkj vkSj vkpj.k fo'ks"k
:i ls ifjHkkf"kr vkpj.k fu;eksa }kjk 'kkflr gksrk gSA
z 1968 ds ,vkbZ,l vkpj.k fu;e vkSj 1964 ds lhlh,l
vkpj.k fu;e ewy :i ls ,d gh gSaA
 ;s 1962 esa rRdkyhu x`gea=kh yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh }kjk
xfBr ,d lfefr ds lq>koksa ij vkèkkfjr FksA
 bl Hkz"Vkpkj fujksèkd lfefr dh vè;{krk jkT;lHkk
lnL; ds laFkkue us dhA
vkpkj lafgrk dh fo'ks"krk,a
vkpj.k fu;e O;fÙkQxr lR;fu"Bk dh èkqaèkyh voèkkj.kk ls ysdj
vfèkd lVhd xfrfofèk;ksa rd] eqíksa dh ,d foLr`r J`a•yk dks
lacksfèkr djrs gSaA
z lR;fu"Bk vkSj fu"i{krk% fu;e 3(1) ds vuqlkj] ¶lsok
dk çR;sd lnL; gj le; iw.kZ lR;fu"Bk vkSj drZO; ds
çfr leiZ.k cuk, j•sxk vkSj ,slk dqN Hkh ugha djsxk tks
lsok ds lnL; ds fy, v'kksHkuh; gksA¸
z futh jkstxkj jksduk% ,vkbZ,l vkpj.k fu;e] fu;e
4(1) esa vfèkd Li"V gSaA blesa dgk x;k gS] ^^lsok dk
dksbZ Hkh lnL; fdlh futh miØe ;k xSj&ljdkjh laxBu
esa vius ifjokj ds fdlh Hkh lnL; ds fy, jkstxkj lqjf{kr
djus ds fy, çR;{k ;k vçR;{k :i ls vius in ;k çHkko
dk mi;ksx ugha djsxkA**
z jktuhfrd rVLFkrk% ^^lsok dk dksbZ Hkh lnL; fdlh Hkh
jktuhfrd ny ;k fdlh Hkh laxBu dk lnL; ugha gksxk]
;k vU;Fkk jktuhfr esa Hkkx ugha ysxk] u gh og fdlh Hkh
jktuhfrd vkanksyu ;k jktuhfrd xfrfofèk esa Hkkx ysxk] ;k
lgk;rk djsxk] ;k fdlh vU; rjhds ls lgk;rk djsxk]**
fu;e 5 (1) fufnZ"V djrk gSA
z fu"i{krk% fu;e 5(4) esa dgk x;k gS fd ^^lsok dk dksbZ
Hkh lnL; fdlh foèkkf;dk ;k LFkkuh; çkfèkdj.k ds fdlh
Hkh pquko esa çpkj ugha djsxk ;k vU;Fkk gLr{ksi ugha djsxk]
;k mlds lacaèk esa vius çHkko dk mi;ksx ugha djsxk] ;k
mlesa Hkkx ugha ysxkA**
z O;fÙkQxr jk; O;ÙkQ djus ij çfrcaèk% ,vkbZ,l fu;eksa
ds fu;e 7 ds vuqlkj] ¶lsok dk dksbZ Hkh lnL;] fdlh
Hkh lkoZtfud ehfM;k ij fdlh Hkh jsfM;ks çlkj.k ;k lapkj
esa ;k xqeuke :i ls] NÁ uke ls ;k vius uke ls ;k
fdlh vU; O;fÙkQ ds uke ij ;k çsl dks fdlh Hkh lapkj
ehfM;k esa ;k fdlh Hkh lkoZtfud vfHkO;fÙkQ ds :i
esa çdkf'kr ugha djsxk] dksbZ rF; ;k jk; dk c;ku ugha
nsus nsxk] tks dsaæ ljdkj ;k fdlh jkT; dh fdlh orZeku
;k gky dh uhfr ;k dkjZokbZ dh çfrdwy vkykspuk ds
çHkko dks n'kkZrk gksA¸
226
z ukxfjd&dsafær ç'kklu dks c<+kok nsuk% ^^lsok dk
çR;sd lnL; vU; ckrksa ds vykok] turk ds lkFk mPp
uSfrd ekudksa] lR;fu"Bk vkSj bZekunkjh_ jktuhfrd rVLFkrk_
tokcnsgh vkSj ikjnf'kZrk_ turk ds çfr tokcnsgh] fo'ks"k
:i ls detksj oxZ ds izfr f'k"Vkpkj vkSj vPNk O;ogkj
cuk, j•sxkA**
vkpkj lafgrk ls tqM+s eqís
z vLi"V çÑfr% fu;e 3(1) ds rgr fofu;eu tkucw>dj
vLi"V gS] vkSj bldk mi;ksx fdlh Hkh çdkj ds vijkèk
dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS]
Hkys gh nkos fdlh vU; fu;e ds varxZr ugha vkrs gksaA
 gkyk¡fd dksbZ Hkh fo'ks"k vkpj.k fu;e] tkfrokn
ds çlkj dks lacksfèkr ugha djrk gSA fu;e 3(1) ds
rgr tkfroknh O;ogkj dks ¶lsok ds lnL; ds fy,
v'kksHkuh;¸ ds :i esa ns•k tk ldrk ns•us dh ckr
dgrk gSA
z tkx:drk vkSj çf'k{k.k dh deh% lcls xaHkhj dfBukb;ksa
esa ls ,d vkpkj lafgrk ij i;kZIr tkx:drk vkSj çf'k{k.k
dh deh gSA
 dbZ ljdkjh deZpkjh lafgrk dh lVhd vko';drkvksa
vkSj ekunaMksa ls vufHkK gks ldrs gSa] ftlls vutkus
esa mYya?ku ;k xyriQgeh gks ldrh gSA
z vlaxr çorZu% vkpkj lafgrk dks dqN ekeyksa esa vlaxr
:i ls ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 mYya?ku ds fy, vuq'kklu ;k naM foHkkxksa ;k {ks=kksa
ds chp fHkUu gks ldrs gSa] ftlls vuqfprrk ;k
vU;k;ksfpr mnkjrk dk vkHkkl gksrk gSA blls lafgrk
dh çHkko'khyrk vkSj vkRefo'okl fo'oluh;rk dks
uqdlku igqapus dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA
z jktuhfrd gLr{ksi% jktuhfrd gLr{ksi vkpkj lafgrk
dks cuk, j•uk dfBu cuk ldrk gSA flfoy vfèkdkjh
fu"i{krk vkSj fu"i{krk ds vkn'kks± dk ikyu djus ds
ctk; jktuhfrd mís';ksa ds vuq:i dke djus ds ncko
dk vuqHko dj ldrs gSaA
z fgrksa dk Vdjko% gkykafd vkpkj lafgrk fgrksa ds Vdjko
ls fuiVrh gS] ysfdu mudk irk yxkuk vkSj mUgsa çHkkoh
<ax ls çcafèkr djuk dfBu gks ldrk gSA
 flfoy vfèkdkfj;ksa ds O;fÙkQxr ;k ikfjokfjd lacaèk
gks ldrs gSa tks muds fu.kZ; ysus dks çHkkfor djrs gSa]
ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i fgrksa dk laHkkfor Vdjko gksrk gSA
z fOglyCyksvj lqj{kk% xyr dke ;k vkpkj lafgrk ds
mYya?ku dk •qyklk djus okys fOglyCyksvj dks çfr'kksèk
dk Mj gksrk gS ;k i;kZIr lqj{kk dh deh gksrh gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
  ifj.kkeLo:i tokcnsgh vkSj •qysiu ds dkj.k O;fÙkQ;ksa
dks uSfrd mYya?kuksa dh fjiksVZ djus ls grksRlkfgr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
z lhfer ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh% vkpkj lafgrk ds
dk;kZUo;u esa ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh dh deh gks ldrh
gSA D;ksafd turk ds ikl tkap] vuq'kklukRed mik;ksa vkSj
ifj.kkeksa ls lacafèkr tkudkjh rd lhfer igqap gks ldrh
gS] flLVe esa fo'okl çHkkfor gks ldrk gSA
z vi;kZIr fuxjkuh vkSj fjiksfVZax fofèk;ka% vkpkj lafgrk
dh çHkko'khyrk çHkkoh fuxjkuh vkSj fjiksfVZax fofèk;ksa ij
fuHkZj gSA gkyk¡fd] vuqikyu dh fuxjkuh vkSj mYya?ku dh
fjiksfVZax ds fy, flLVe vkSj çfØ;kvksa esa dfe;ka ekStwn gks
ldrh gSa] ftlls le; ij dkjZokbZ vkSj lekèkku esa ckèkk
vk ldrh gSA
z mHkjrh uSfrd dfBukb;ka% rduhdh liQyrkvksa] oS'ohdj.k
vkSj cnyrs lkekftd ekunaMksa ds dkj.k] vkpkj lafgrk
ges'kk c<+rh uSfrd dfBukb;ksa vkSj tfVyrkvksa dk lkeuk
ugha djrh gSA bu c<+rh uSfrd pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus
ds fy, fu;fer v|ru vkSj lek;kstu dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA
z vi;kZIr lkoZtfud Hkkxhnkjh% vkpkj lafgrk vius
fuekZ.k vkSj dk;kZUo;u esa turk dks i;kZIr :i ls 'kkfey
djus esa foiQy gks ldrh gSA lkoZtfud Hkkxhnkjh vkSj
iQhMcSd dks 'kkfey djus ls ;g xkjaVh fey ldrh gS fd
lafgrk ukxfjdksa dh vis{kkvksa vkSj fparkvksa dk çfrfufèkRo
djrk gSA
bu fparkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy,] tkx:drk c<+kus] laiw.kZ
çf'k{k.k çnku djus] çorZu çfØ;kvksa dks etcwr djus] ikjnf'kZrk
c<+kus vkSj laiw.kZ flfoy lsok esa ,d uSfrd laLÑfr dks c<+kok
nsus ds fy, fujarj ç;kl fd, tkus pkfg,A mHkjrh dfBukb;ksa
dk lkeuk djus vkSj rsth ls cnyrs ifjos'k esa çklafxdrk cuk,
j•us ds fy,] vkpkj lafgrk dk fu;fer vkèkkj ij ewY;kadu
vkSj v|ru fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
Hkkjr esa flfoy lsokvksa ds fy, vkpkj lafgrk ds
vuqç;ksx
z bZekunkjh cuk, j•uk% lafgrk ljdkj esa bZekunkjh ds
egRo ij tksj nsrh gSA ;g fu.kZ; ysus] èku çcaèku vkSj
lkoZtfud ckrphr lfgr flfoy lsod ds dke ds lHkh
rRoksa esa bZekunkjh] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj ftEesnkjh dks çksRlkfgr
djrk gSA
z fgrksa ds Vdjko dks jksduk% lafgrk fgrksa ds Vdjko ls
fuiVrk gS vkSj la?kh; vfèkdkfj;ksa dks ,slh fLFkfr;ksa dks
igpkuus vkSj çcafèkr djus dh lykg nsrk gSA
 ;g lqfuf'pr djus esa enn djrk gS fd ljdkjh
deZpkjh O;fÙkQxr ;k futh fgrksa dks vkfèkdkfjd
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
nkf;Roksa dks vuqfpr :i ls çHkkfor djus ls jksddj
lkoZtfud fgr dks çkFkfedrk nsrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] flfoy lsodksa }kjk laifÙk ds
LoSfPNd çdVhdj.k tSls çkoèkkuA
z fu"i{krk fodflr djuk% lafgrk flfoy dk;ZdrkZvksa
ds vius dk;ks± esa fu"i{k jgus ds egRo ij tksj nsrh
gSA ;g ukxfjd vfèkdkfj;ksa dks lHkh ukxfjdksa dks leku
vkSj U;k;laxr lsok,a çnku djus dh vko';drk ds
}kjk fuokfl;ksa dks HksnHkko] i{kikr vkSj vuqfpr O;ogkj
ls cpkrk gSA
z tokcnsgh lqfuf'pr djuk% ;g ukxfjd vfèkdkfj;ksa ds
turk ds fy, lqyHk gksus] f'kdk;rksa dks rqjar lacksfèkr djus
vkSj muds dk;ks± vkSj fodYiksa ds fy, tokcnsg gksus ds
egRo ij tksj nsrk gSA
z xksiuh;rk% lafgrk xksiuh;rk dh vko';drk vkSj laosnu'khy
tkudkjh dh lqj{kk ij tksj nsrk gSA flfoy lsodksa ls vis{kk
dh tkrh gS fd os vkfèkdkfjd nLrkostksa vkSj MsVk dks
lkoèkkuh ls laHkkysa] ;g lqfuf'pr djrs gq, fd xqIr lkexzh
dk çkfèkdj.k ds fcuk •qyklk ugha fd;k tk,A
z Hkz"Vkpkj fuf"k¼ gS% lafgrk Li"V :i ls ljdkjh
deZpkfj;ksa dks Hkz"V vkpj.k] fj'or•ksjh] ;k lkoZtfud
lalkèkuksa ds nq#i;ksx esa 'kkfey gksus ls jksdrh gSA ;g
flfoy vfèkdkfj;ksa dks muds lkeus vkus okys fdlh Hkh
xyr dke dh fjiksVZ djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrk gS
vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj ds çfr 'kwU; lfg".kqrk dh laLÑfr fodflr
djrk gSA
z O;kolkf;drk dks çksRlkfgr djrk gS% ;g fujarj lh•us]
is'ksoj fodkl vkSj mPp lsok forj.k ekudksa ds ikyu ds
egRo ij tksj nsrk gSA
z lkoZtfud fo'okl dks etcwr djuk% lafgrk esa ukxfjd
vfèkdkfj;ksa dks bZekunkjh] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh ds lkFk
dk;Z djus dh vko';drk gS] tks lHkh ljdkjh laLFkkuksa
esa turk ds fo'okl dks cuk, j•us ds fy, vko';d gSaA
z vuq'kklukRed dkjZokbZ ds fy, vkèkkj çnku djuk%
lafgrk dh vko';drkvksa dk mYya?ku djus okys flfoy
lsod vuq'kklukRed dkjZokbZ ds vèkhu gSaA
 ;g vfèkdkfj;ksa dks tkap djus] vuq'kklukRed dkjZokbZ
'kq: djus vkSj nqO;Zogkj ds fy, mfpr naM ;k ifj.kke
nsus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
vkpkj lafgrk dks etcwr djus ds fy, vko';d mik;
z vkpj.k fu;eksa ds liQy dk;kZUo;u dks lqfuf'pr djus ds
fy,] f'kdk;r çfØ;k dks lqO;ofLFkr fd;k tkuk pkfg,
vkSj ikjnf'kZrk dks çksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
227
z mHkjrh dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djus vkSj mudh çklafxdrk
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fu;eksa dh fu;fer vkèkkj ij
leh{kk vkSj v|ru fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vkSj tu tkx:drk igy flfoy
vfèkdkfj;ksa dks mudh Hkwfedk vkSj xSj&vuqikyu ds
fufgrkFkZ dks le>us esa enn dj ldrs gSaA
z ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa] ukxfjd lekt vkSj vke turk ds
chp lg;ksx flfoy lsodksa ds chp tokcnsgh vkSj uSfrd
O;ogkj dh laLÑfr fodflr djus esa enn dj ldrk gSA
Hkkjr dh flfoy lsokvksa esa uSfrd] is'ksoj vkSj lkoZtfud&mRlkgh
laLÑfr dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, vkpkj lafgrk dk dk;kZUo;u
egRoiw.kZ gSA flfoy vfèkdkjh lafgrk dk ikyu djds vkSj ftu
ukxfjdksa dh os lsok djrs gSa muds çfr viuh ftEesnkfj;ksa dks
iwjk djds dq'ky vkSj liQy 'kklu esa ;ksxnku djrs gSaA
7-8-2 uSfrd lafgrk
z uSfrd lafgrk dk mís'; eq[; :i ls lHkh fu.kZ; ysus ds
fy, ekxZn'kZu çnku djuk vkSj lHkh fu.kZ;ksa ds fy, ,d
lk>k uSfrd <kapk rS;kj djuk gSA ;g fo'ks"kKksa dks mu
çfØ;kvksa dks le>us esa Hkh lgk;rk djrk gS ftUgsa fu"ikfnr
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z ;g fdlh fof'k"V laxBu] la?k ;k is'ks ds lnL;ksa ds chp
lgh O;ogkj dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, rS;kj fd, x,
ekunaMksa dh ,d ç.kkyh gSA
z uSfrd lafgrk dsoy fiNys laxBukRed vkSj O;fÙkQxr
vuqHkoksa ds ctk; mu ÑR;ksa ds vkèkkj ij cuk;h xbZ gS
ftUgsa laxBu ?kfVr gksus ls jksduk pkgrs gSaA
uSfrd lafgrk ds mís';
z uSfrd lafgrk ds nks ekSfyd vkSj egRoiw.kZ mís'; gSa%
1- çkFkfed y{; O;ogkj ds uSfrd vkSj O;kolkf;d
ekudksa dks cuk, j•uk gSA
 ;s yksxksa dks muds çn'kZu ds lkFk&lkFk bZekunkjh
vkSj nkf;Ro ds çfr mudh çfrc¼rk ds fy,
tokcnsg cuk, j•rk gSA
2- nwljk y{; is'ksojksa esa lfg".kqrk] xkSjo vkSj ftEesnkjh
dh Hkkouk iSnk djus ds fy, is'ksoj O;ogkj dks
ifjHkkf"kr djuk gSA
People outside the organisation can
Objectives of code of
expect a degree of uniformity from the/
standardisation of norms/values
Ethics
Individuals within the organisation can call
upon their colleagues and mutual adherence
to certain organisation principles.
Sets bars of standards/values for the
organisation and the personnels.
228
Hkkjr esa uSfrd lafgrk dh orZeku fLFkfr
z Hkkjr esa] ç'kklfud vfèkdkfj;ksa ds fy, dksbZ uSfrd
lafgrk ugha gS] bl rF; ds ckotwn fd vU; ns'kksa esa leku
lafgrk,a ekStwn gSaA
z Hkkjr esa] gekjs ikl fofHkUu vkpj.k fu;e gSa tks fofHkUu
çdkj ds lkekU; dk;ks± ij jksd yxkrs gSaA
 ;s vkpj.k fu;e ,d dk;Z djrs gSa] ysfdu ;s uSfrd
lafgrk ugha gSaA
uSfrd lafgrk dh fo'ks"krk,a
;g O;ogkj ds çR;kf'kr ekunaMksa dks lkeus j•rk gS vkSj uSfrd
O;ogkj ds fy, ,d :ijs•k ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA uSfrd
lafgrk dh ewyHkwr fo'ks"krk,a fuEu gSa%
z oLrqfu"Brk% uSfrd lafgrk ls igys vDlj mís'; vkSj
fe'ku dh Li"V mn~?kks"k.kk dh tkrh gSA ;g laxBu ;k is'ks
ds O;kid mís';ksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa dk o.kZu djrk gS] blds
ckn vkus okys uSfrd ekunaMksa ds fy, lanHkZ çnku djrk gSA
z ekxZn'kZd vkpj.k% uSfrd lafgrk O;ogkj dks funZsf'kr
djus okys vko';d uSfrd fl¼karksa dks Li"V djrh gSA bu
fl¼karksa esa bZekunkjh] fu"i{krk] lEeku] tokcnsgh] ikjnf'kZrk
vkSj O;kolkf;drk 'kkfey gSaA
 ;s uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus vkSj O;ogkj ds fy, vkèkkj rS;kj
djrs gSaA
z vuqç;ksx vkSj dk;Z{ks=k% uSfrd lafgrk dk vuqç;ksx vkSj
dk;Z{ks=k foLr`r gSA ;g fufnZ"V djrk gS fd D;k ;g fdlh
laxBu ;k is'ks ds lHkh lnL;ksa ij ykxw gksrk gS] ;k ml
laxBu ;k is'ks ds fof'k"V inksa ;k foHkkxksa ij ykxw gksrk gSA
 ;g mu lhekvksa vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks Hkh fufnZ"V djrk
gS ftuesa uSfrd lafgrk dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk gSA
z fof'k"V vkpj.k ekud% uSfrd lafgrk esa fof'k"V vkpj.k
ekud 'kkfey gksrs gSa ftudk O;fÙkQ;ksa ;k laxBuksa ls ikyu
djus dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA
 ;s ekud fo"k;ksa dh ,d foLr`r J`a•yk dks doj djrs
gSa] ftuesa fgrksa dk Vdjko] xksiuh;rk] xzkgd ;k
fgrèkkjd lacaèk] ftEesnkj lalkèku çcaèku] dkuwuksa vkSj
fofu;eksa dk vuqikyu vkSj is'ksoj {kerk 'kkfey gSaA
z vuqikyu vkSj çorZu% ;g uSfrd eqíksa ds fy, fjiksfVZax
çfØ;k,a fuèkkZfjr dj ldrk gS] f'kdk;rksa dh tkap dj
ldrk gS vkSj lafgrk ds mYya?ku ds fy, vuq'kklukRed
dkjZokbZ ;k naM yxk ldrk gSA ;g Lo&fu;eu vkSj
Lo&fuxjkuh ds egRo ij Hkh tksj nsrk gSA
z uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus lacaèkh ekxZn'kZu% uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus ij
lykg çnku djus ds fy, vDlj uSfrd lafgrk dk mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA
 ;g O;fÙkQ;ksa ;k laxBuksa dks tfVy uSfrd my>uksa
ls fuiVus vkSj lafgrk ds uSfrd fl¼karksa vkSj ekudksa
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 ds vuq:i fu.kZ; ysus esa lgk;rk djus ds fy, ,d
:ijs•k ;k fofèk çnku djrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] dkWikZsjsV lkekftd ftEesnkjh ds
çkoèkku uSfrd rjhds ls fuos'k dk ekxZn'kZu djrs gSaA
z vkofèkd leh{kk vkSj v|ru% uSfrd lafgrk fLFkj ugha
gksrh gSA;g le; ds lkFk fodflr gksrh gSA c<+rh uSfrd
nqfoèkkvksa vkSj lkekftd ekudksa esa cnyko ls fuiVus esa
bldh çklafxdrk vkSj çHkko'khyrk dh xkjaVh ds fy,
fu;fer vkèkkj ij bldh tkap vkSj la'kksèku fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
z laxBukRed laLÑfr ,dhdj.k% laxBukRed laLÑfr esa
,d çHkkoh vkpkj lafgrk 'kkfey dh tkrh gSA çf'k{k.k]
lapkj vkSj usrkvksa dh çfrc¼rk lHkh bls lqn`<+ djrs gSaA
 ;g laxBu ds lk>k ewY;ksa vkSj fo'oklksa dk fgLlk cu
tkrk gS] tks lHkh Lrjksa ij O;ogkj vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dks
fu;af=kr djrk gSA
z igqap vkSj lapkj% lHkh fgrèkkjdksa dh uSfrd lafgrk rd
vklku igqap gksuh pkfg,A bls deZpkfj;ksa] lnL;ksa ;k vU;
lacafèkr i{kksa dks i;kZIr :i ls lwfpr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z ckgjh ekud lajs•.k% dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa vkpkj lafgrk
is'ksoj la?kksa] fu;ked çkfèkdj.kksa ;k m|ksx&fof'k"V fu;eksa
}kjk fuèkkZfjr ckgjh ekudksa ;k lafgrk ds lkFk lajsf•r ;k
lacafèkr gks ldrh gSA ;g cM+s uSfrd <kaps ds vuq:i vkSj
vuqikyu lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
;s y{k.k la;qÙkQ :i ls uSfrd O;ogkj dks c<+kok nsus] fu.kZ;
ysus dks funZsf'kr djus vkSj laxBuksa ;k O;olk;ksa ds vanj ,d
lR;fu"Bk laLÑfr ds fuekZ.k esa uSfrd lafgrk dh çHkko'khyrk
vkSj çHkko esa ;ksxnku djrs gSaA
flfoy lsok ds fy, uSfrd lafgrk dh mi;ksfxrk
flfoy lsok esa uSfrd lafgrk uSfrd O;ogkj] O;kolkf;drk
vkSj ç'kklfud ra=k esa turk ds fo'okl dks c<+kok nsus esa enn
djrh gSAflfoy lsok uSfrd lafgrk ds egRoiw.kZ ykHk fuEu gSa%
z dkuwu ds 'kklu dks c<+kok nsrk gS% vkpkj lafgrk
ukxfjd vfèkdkfj;ksa ds O;ogkj dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy,
Li"V ekunaM vkSj fl¼kar nsrh gSA ;g flfoy lsodksa dks
uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus] bZekunkjh ds lkFk dk;Z djus vkSj mudh
lkoZtfud lsok ftEesnkfj;ksa dks iwjk djus esa lgk;rk djus
ds fy, O;ogkj ekudksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA
 ,d vkbZ,,l vfèkdkjh] jtuh lsdjh us fj'or•ksjh
ls budkj fd;k] vkSj mUgksaus gfj;k.kk esa tschVh ?kksVkys
(tkyh nLrkostksa dh enn ls twfu;j csfld çf'kf{kr
(tschVh) f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfÙkQ) dk inkZiQk'k fd;kA
z uSfrd fu.kZ; ysuk% ;g lafgrk ds ewY;ksa] fl¼karksa vkSj
ekudksa dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus ds fy,
,d :ijs•k çnku djrk gSA ;g flfoy lsodksa dks mudh
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
xfrfofèk;ksa ds uSfrd fufgrkFkks± dk vkdyu djus vkSj
turk dh HkykbZ dks çkFkfedrk nsus okys fu.kZ; ysus esa
lgk;rk djrk gSA
z bZekunkjh vkSj O;kolkf;drk cuk, j•uk% uSfrd lafgrk
ljdkj esa bZekunkjh vkSj O;kolkf;drk dks çksRlkfgr djrh
gSA ;g flfoy vfèkdkfj;ksa ds fy, mPp uSfrd ekudksa
dks cuk, j•us] vius fj'rksa esa is'ksoj gksus vkSj lkoZtfud
lsok ewY;ksa dks cuk, j•us dh vis{kk,a LFkkfir djrk gSA
 blls ljdkj ds çfr turk dk Hkjkslk vkSj fo'okl
c<+rk gSA
z fgrksa ds Vdjko dks jksduk% vkpkj lafgrk fgrksa ds
Vdjko ls fuiVrh gS vkSj la?kh; vfèkdkfj;ksa dks ,sls fooknksa
dh igpku djus] fjiksVZ djus vkSj çcaèku djus dh lykg
nsrh gSA ;g mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh jksdFkke esa lgk;rk djrk
gS ftuesa O;fÙkQxr fgr lkoZtfud lsok ÑR;ksa dh fu"i{krk
dks çHkkfor ;k •rjs esa Mky ldrs gSaA
z uSfrd lafgrk ljdkjh lsokvksa esa ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh
ds egRo ij tksj nsrh gSA ;g çklafxd tkudkjh ds Rofjr
çdVhdj.k] mfpr lalkèku mi;ksx vkSj lVhd fjdkWMZ j•us
dks çksRlkfgr djrk gSA ;g flfoy lsodksa dks muds fu.kZ;ksa
vkSj dk;ks± ds fy, tokcnsg cukrk gSA
z lkoZtfud fgr dks c<+kok nsuk% vkpkj lafgrk flfoy
lsok esa lkoZtfud fgr ds egRo ij tksj nsrh gSA
 ;g flfoy vfèkdkfj;ksa dks vkns'k nsrk gS fd os ftu
ukxfjdksa dh lsok djrs gSa muds dY;k.k vkSj HkykbZ dks
çkFkfedrk nsuk pkfg,A ;g ,sls vkpj.k dks grksRlkfgr
djrk gS tks lkoZtfud fgr dks •rjs esa Mkyrk gS ;k
flfoy lsok dh v•aMrk ls le>kSrk dj ldrk gSA
z dkuwuh vkSj fu;ked vuqikyu cuk, j•uk% uSfrd
lafgrk ;g lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd yksd lsok vfèkdkjh
dkuwuh vkSj fu;ked ekudksa dk ikyu djuk gSaA ;g vius
dk;ks± ds fu"iknu esa dkuwuksa] fofu;eksa vkSj uhfr;ksa dk
ikyu djus ds fy, ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa ds nkf;Roksa ij
tksj nsrk gSA
 ;g dkuwuh drZO;ksa ds nk;js esa uSfrd O;ogkj dks
çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
z lkoZtfud fo'okl vkSj vkRefo'okl c<+kuk% uSfrd
lafgrk dk ikyu djds] flfoy deZpkjh uSfrd O;ogkj]
O;kolkf;drk vkSj lkoZtfud lsok ds çfr viuk leiZ.k
çnf'kZr djrs gSaA
 ukxfjd] flfoy lsodksa dks tokcnsg] ikjn'khZ vkSj
turk dh HkykbZ ds fy, lefiZr ekurs gSa] ftlls
flfoy lsok esa turk dk Hkjkslk vkSj fo'okl c<+rk gSA
z uSfrd usr`Ro vkSj laxBukRed laLÑfr% uSfrd lafgrk]
flfoy lsok esa uSfrd usr`Ro dks c<+kok nsrh gSA ;g ofj"B
229
 vfèkdkfj;ksa vkSj çcaèkdksa dks laxBu ds fy, okrkoj.k rS;kj
djus vkSj uSfrd O;ogkj dk mnkgj.k nsdj ,d uSfrd
laLÑfr dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrk gSA ;g
flfoy lsok esa lR;fu"Bk] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh ds
vkn'kZ LFkkfir djrk gSA
z fujarj lqèkkj vkSj lh•uk% flfoy lsok esa] uSfrd lafgrk
fujarj lh•us] çf'k{k.k vkSj fodkl dh uhao ds :i esa
dk;Z djrh gSA ;g ukxfjd vfèkdkfj;ksa dks uSfrd fparkvksa
ds ckjs esa lkspus] uSfrd ppkZvksa esa Hkkx ysus vkSj mudh
uSfrd ftEesnkfj;ksa dk csgrj Kku çkIr djus ds fy,
çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
flfoy lsok ,d etcwr vkpkj lafgrk fodflr vkSj fØ;kfUor
djds lR;fu"Bk] O;kolkf;drk vkSj uSfrd O;ogkj dh laLÑfr
dks çksRlkfgr dj ldrh gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] turk dk fo'okl
etcwr gksrk gS] lsok çn'kZu esa lqèkkj gksrk gS vkSj flfoy lsok
{ks=k esa lq'kklu ds ewY;ksa dks cjdjkj j•k tkrk gSA
uSfrd lafgrk ds lkFk leL;k,a
gkyk¡fd uSfrd lafgrk O;ogkj dks funZsf'kr djus vkSj uSfrd
O;ogkj dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, ,d mi;ksxh vkèkkj gks ldrh
gS] ysfdu blds vuqç;ksx ds lkFk dqN fpark,¡ ;k pqukSfr;k¡ Hkh
gks ldrh gSaA ;gka dqN lkekU; fpark,a gSa tks uSfrd lafgrk dk
mi;ksx djrs le; mHkj ldrh gSa%
z lhfer çorZu ra=k% ,d uSfrd lafgrk dks ykxw djuk
eqf'dy gks ldrk gSA ;fn ikyu dh fuxjkuh djus]
mYya?kuksa dh tkap djus vkSj mfpr ifj.kke nsus ds fy,
i;kZIr ç.kkfy;k¡ ugha gSa] rks lafgrk ds fu;eksa dk ikyu
djus esa O;fÙkQ;ksa dh #fp de gks ldrh gSA
z laxBukRed laLÑfr ds lkFk la?k"kZ% uSfrd lafgrk dqN
mnkgj.kksa esa çeq• laxBukRed laLÑfr ;k ekunaMksa ds lkFk
la?k"kZ dj ldrk gSA
 O;fÙkQ;ksa dks lafgrk dk ikyu djus esa dfBukb;ksa dk
vuqHko gks ldrk gS ;k uSfrd ekudksa ls le>kSrk djus
ds fy, etcwj eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gS ;fn lafgrk esa
O;ÙkQ ewY;ksa vkSj fl¼karksa vkSj laxBu ds vanj okLrfod
çFkkvksa ds chp xyr lajs•.k gSA
z uSfrd nqfoèkk,a vkSj nqxZe {ks=k (grey area)% okLrfod
nqfu;k dh ifjfLFkfr;ka vDlj fcuk fdlh Li"V lekèkku
ds dfBu uSfrd ç'u çLrqr djrh gSaA
 uSfrdrk dh ,d lafgrk gj laHko ifjn`'; dks doj
ugha dj ldrk gS] ftlls O;fÙkQ vkxs c<+us ds ckjs esa
vfuf'pr gks tkrs gSaA nqxZe {ks=k Hkze iSnk dj ldrs gSa
vkSj lafgrk dks lgh <ax ls ykxw djuk eqf'dy cuk
ldrs gSaA
z ;fn tokcnsgh çfØ;kvksa esa dfe;k¡ gSa rks O;fÙkQ vkpkj
lafgrk dk lEeku djus ds fy, de etcwj eglwl dj
230
ldrs gSaA mYya?ku ds fy, gksus dh fLFkfr esa vi;kZIr
;k dksbZ ifj.kke u gksus ls lafgrk dh çHkko'khyrk de gks
ldrh gS vkSj O;ogkj ij bldk çHkko de gks ldrk gS
z lkaLÑfrd vkSj çklafxd fofoèkrk,¡% fdlh fof'k"V
lkaLÑfrd ;k laxBukRed lsfVax ds fy, fy•h xbZ vkpkj
lafgrk fofHkUu i`"BHkwfe ds yksxksa ds vf}rh; n`f"Vdks.k vkSj
ewY;ksa dks è;ku esa j•us esa foiQy gks ldrh gSA
 lkaLÑfrd erHksn bl ckr dks çHkkfor dj ldrs gSa fd
uSfrd ekunaMksa dh O;k[;k vkSj ykxw dSls fd;k tkrk
gS] ftlls fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dksM ds lkoèkkuhiwoZd
fo'ys"k.k vkSj vuqdwyu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z uSfrd ifjn`'; fodflr djuk% le; ds lkFk] lkekftd
ewY; vkSj uSfrd ekunaM cny tkrs gSaA uSfrdrk dh ,d
lafgrk iqjkuh gks ldrh gS ;k ubZ uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa vkSj
pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus esa foiQy gks ldrh gSA
 ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd ;g çklafxd cuh gqbZ
gS vkSj orZeku uSfrd ekunaMksa dk çfrfufèkRo djrh
gS] bldk fu;fer vkèkkj ij leh{kk vkSj v|ru fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
z uSfrd lkis{kokn% fofHkUu yksxksa ;k lewgksa esa vyx&vyx
uSfrd fo'okl ;k lkaLÑfrd ekunaM gks ldrs gSaA uSfrdrk
dh ,d lafgrk ekSfyd uSfrd ewY;ksa dk ikyu djrs gq,
dbZ n`f"Vdks.kksa dks ,dhÑr djus vkSj lekos'k dh xkjaVh nsus
esa dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk dj ldrk gSA lkoZHkkSfed uSfrd
ekunaMksa vkSj lkaLÑfrd laosnu'khyrk ds chp larqyu cukuk
eqf'dy gks ldrk gSA
z uSfrd usr`Ro vkSj jksy ekWMfyax% vkpkj lafgrk ds çHkkoh
gksus ds fy,] ofj"B vfèkdkfj;ksa vkSj laxBukRed usrkvksa
dks etcwr uSfrd usr`Ro vkSj Hkwfedk ekWMfyax çnku djuh
pkfg,A ;fn usrk uSfrd ekudksa dk lEeku ugha djrs
gSa ;k nwljksa dks tokcnsg ugha Bgjkrs gSa] rks lafgrk dh
fo'oluh;rk vkSj çHkko çHkkfor gksxkA
bu fparkvksa dks lacksfèkr djus ds fy, fu;fer lafgrk leh{kk
vkSj la'kksèku] O;kid çf'k{k.k vkSj tkx:drk dk;ZØe] etcwr
çorZu ra=k vkSj ,d uSfrd laxBukRed laLÑfr ds fodkl tSls
fujarj ç;klksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA xfr'khy uSfrd lanHkZ ds
lkFk çklafxdrk] çHkkodkfjrk vkSj laxrrk lqfuf'pr djus ds
fy,] uSfrd lafgrk dk fu;fer :i ls ewY;kadu vkSj lek;kstu
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
vko';d mik;
z nwljh ,vkjlh (10 oha fjiksVZ) ds vuqlkj_ dkfeZd
ç'kklu dk uohuhdj.k & ubZ Åapkb;ksa dks ikj djuk] ,d
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 O;kid flfoy lsok lafgrk dks rhu Lrjksa ij ladfYir
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z igyk Lrj% vkn'kks± vkSj uSfrd ekudksa dk ,d Li"V vkSj
laf{kIr c;ku ekud tks ,d flfoy dk;ZdrkZ dks cuk,
j•uk pkfg,] mPpre Lrj ij fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
 bu fl¼karksa dks jktuhfrd rVLFkrk] mPpre uSfrd
ekudksa dks cuk, j•us vkSj fdlh ds dk;ks± ds fy,
ftEesnkjh Lohdkj djus ds lanHkZ esa ,d flfoy lsod
dh turk dh vis{kkvksa dk çfrfufèkRo djuk pkfg,A
z nwljk Lrj% ,d flfoy lsod ds dk;ks± dks fu;af=kr djus
okys cqfu;knh fl¼karksa dks nwljs Lrj ij O;ÙkQ fd;k tk
ldrk gSA blesa uSfrd lafgrk 'kkfey gksxhA
z rhljs Lrj ij] ,d fof'k"V vkpkj lafgrk gksuh pkfg,
tks Lohdk;Z vkSj fuf"k¼ O;ogkj vkSj ÑR;ksa dh ,d lwph
çnku djrh gS tks Li"V vkSj lkns rjhds ls dk;Z djrh gSA
vkpkj lafgrk vkSj uSfrd lafgrk ds chp varj
ekinaM vkpkj lafgrk
z ,d fof'k"V laxBu ;k is'ks ds Hkhrj
vFkZ O;fÙkQ;ksa ds visf{kr O;ogkj vkSj dk;ks±
dks fufnZ"V djrk gSA
z fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa ij dsafær gS tks
ij cy nsrk gS O;ogkj vkSj vkpj.k dks fu;af=kr djrs
gSaA
z mfpr O;ogkj ds fy, fof'k"V fn'kkfunZs'k
çnku djrk gS] vDlj fgrksa ds Vdjko]
nk;jk
xksiuh;rk] O;kolkf;drk vkSj tokcnsgh
tSls eqíksa dks lacksfèkr djrk gSA
z vDlj xSj&vuqikyu ds fy,
vuq'kklukRed mik;ksa vkSj ifj.kkeksa ds
ekè;e ls ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA vkerkSj
çorZu
ij ml laxBu ;k is'ksoj fudk; }kjk
fodflr vkSj ykxw fd;k tkrk gS ftlls
O;fÙkQ lacafèkr gksrs gSaA
z eq[; :i ls fdlh fof'k"V laxBu ;k is'ks
ds Hkhrj O;ogkj dks fofu;fer djus ls
dk;Z lacfa èkr gSA vDlj vfèkd fof'k"V vkSj
foLr`r] fnu&çfrfnu ds dk;ks± vkSj fu.kZ;ksa
ds fy, O;kogkfjd ekxZn'kZu çnku djrk gSA
z fofHkUu laxBuksa ;k O;olk;ksa ds chp
ifjorZu'khyrk fHkUu gks ldrs gSa] çR;sd dh fof'k"V
vko';drkvksa vkSj lanHkZ dks n'kkZrs gSaA
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
z çorZu ra=k% ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ,d çfØ;k ykxw
dh tk ldrh gS fd usr`Ro ds inksa ij jgus okys] fo'ks"k
:i ls] viuh daifu;ksa ds lHkh lnL;ksa esa bu fl¼karksa dks
LFkkfir djus dk ç;kl djrs gSaA
z ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS fd vk;qÙkQ dh ftEesnkfj;ksa esa
fuEufyf•r 'kkfey gSa%
 vkpkj lafgrk dk vuqikyu lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,
,tsafl;ksa dh çfØ;kvksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa dh çHkko'khyrk
dk ewY;kadu djukA
 ,d Lora=k ,tsalh dks laxBuksa@foHkkxksa dk vkWfMV djuk
pkfg, vkSj flfoy lsok vkn'kks± dk lEeku djus ds
fy, mBk, x, dneksa dk ewY;kadu djuk pkfg,A
dsaæh; flfoy lsok çkfèkdj.k dks ;g ftEesnkjh nh tk
ldrh gSA
uSfrd lafgrk
z uSfrd fl¼karksa] ewY;ksa vkSj ekudksa dks js•kafdr djrk gS
tks fdlh fo'ks"k is'ks ;k {ks=k esa uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus vkSj
O;ogkj dk ekxZn'kZu djrs gSaA
z O;kid uSfrd fl¼karksa vkSj vkn'kks± ij tksj nsrk gS ftUgsa
O;fÙkQ;ksa dks cuk, j•us dh vkdka{kk djuh pkfg,A
z fu"i{krk] bZekunkjh] v•aMrk vkSj lkekftd ftEesnkjh
tSls dkjdksa dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus ds
fy, ,d vfèkd O;kid <kapk çnku djrk gSA
z vuq'kklukRed dkjZokb;ksa ij de tksj nsus ds lkFk]
uSfrd fl¼karksa dk ikyu djus ds fy, O;fÙkQxr
çfrc¼rk vkSj O;fÙkQxr ftEesnkjh ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
is'ksoj la?kksa ;k fudk;ksa }kjk fodflr fd;k tk ldrk
gS] ysfdu O;kid lkekftd ewY;ksa vkSj uSfrd ekudksa
}kjk funZsf'kr Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z bldk mís'; O;fÙkQxr pfj=k dks vkdkj nsuk] fof'k"V
O;kolkf;d lanHkks± ls ijs uSfrd O;ogkj dks c<+kok nsuk
gSA vke rkSj ij vfèkd O;kid vkSj fl¼kar&vkèkkfjr]
fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa O;k[;k vkSj vuqç;ksx dh vuqefr
nsrk gSA
z dqN lkoZHkkSfed fl¼kar gks ldrs gSa] ysfdu fdlh
fo'ks"k is'ks ;k {ks=k ds fy, çklafxd fof'k"V fopkjksa dks
Hkh 'kkfey dj ldrs gSaA
231
7-9 ukxfjd pkVZj pkVZj dks ykxw djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;k Fkk] fo'ks"k :i
ls mPp lkoZtfud baVjiQsl okys {ks=kksa esaA
viuh 12 oha fjiksVZ esa] nwljs ,vkjlh esa ukxfjd pkVZj
z foèkk;h dkjZokbZ% Hkkjr esa ukxfjd pkVZj dks vkSipkfjd
dks ,d lkèku ds :i esa of.kZr fd;k tks ,d laxBu dks
leFkZu çnku djus ds fy, 2011 esa jsftMsaV~l pkVZj fcy
ikjn'khZ] tokcnsg vkSj ukxfjd&vuqdwy cukus dk ç;kl djrk
2011 esa is'k fd;k x;k FkkA
gSA ukxfjd pkVZj vfuok;Z :i ls ,d laxBu }kjk çnku fd,
 bldk bjknk fuokfl;ksa dks oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh
tkus okys lsok ekudksa ds ckjs esa fd, x, le>kSrksa dh ,d
J`a•yk gSA lkef;d forj.k lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ,d :ijs•k
rS;kj djuk gSA
7-9-1 ukxfjd dk vFkZ  blesa fdlh Hkh lkoZtfud çkfèkdj.k dks vfèkfu;e dks

z ukxfjd pkVZj esa ukxfjd 'kCn mu xzkgdksa dks lanfHkZr djrk viukus ds Ng eghus ds Hkhrj ukxfjd pkVZj çdkf'kr
gS ftuds fgrksa vkSj ewY;ksa dks ukxfjd pkVZj }kjk lacksfèkr djuk gksxk ;k 50]000 #i;s rd dk tqekZuk Hkjuk gksxkA
fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj bl çdkj u dsoy ukxfjd] cfYd lHkh  Hkkjr ljdkj us ukxfjd pkVZj (www-goicharters-
fgrèkkjdksa] vFkkZr ukxfjdksa] xzkgdksa] xzkgdksa] mi;ksxdrkZvksa] nic-in) ds fy, ,d O;kid eap cuk;k vkSj çdkf'kr
ykHkkfFkZ;ksa] vU; ea=kky;ksa @ foHkkxksa @ laxBuksa] jkT; ljdkjksa] fd;k gS] ftlesa dsaæ ljdkj ds fofHkUu ea=kky;ksa]
la?k jkT; {ks=k ç'kklu] vkfn dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA foHkkxksa vkSj laxBuksa }kjk tkjh fd, x, ukxfjd pkVZj
z bl ç;kl esa u dsoy dsaæ ljdkj ds ea=kky;] foHkkx vkSj 'kkfey gSaA
laxBu] cfYd jkT; ljdkj ds foHkkx vkSj dsaæ 'kkflr z iapk;rh jkt ea=kky; us ,d vkn'kZ iapk;r ukxfjd
çns'k ç'kklu Hkh 'kkfey gSaA pkVZj çdkf'kr fd;kA
Satisfaction  ;g LFkkuh; lrr fodkl y{;ksa (,lMhth) ds lkFk
of Citizens Interacting &
training for ç;klksa dk feyku djrs gq, 29 {ks=kksa esa lsokvksa dh
Accountability responsive vkiwfrZ djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k FkkA
climate
xzke iapk;r ukxfjd pkVZj dk egRo
Entitlement
of users, Characteristics of Participatory z O;kolkf;drk% ;g iapk;r dh dk;Zç.kkyh dks c<+krk
services, & Citizen Charter formulation gS vkSj fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds lekt ds lHkh {ks=kksa rd
standard of staff &
users igqapus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
z lsok forj.k dh fuxjkuh vkSj ewY;kadu% iapk;rksa ds
Simple & Feedback & okns lsok forj.k dh fuxjkuh vkSj ewY;kadu ds fy,
Useful performance
Audit
egku egRoiw.kZ ekudksa ds :i esa dke djrs gSaA
Procedure & Cost
Display z tehuh Lrj ij vfèkd tokcnsgh% blls fuokfl;ksa dks
vius vfèkdkjksa dks le>us esa enn feysxh vkSj lkFk gh
fp=k% ukxfjd pkVZj dh fo'ks"krk,a iapk;rksa vkSj muds fuokZfpr çfrfufèk;ksa dks lhèks yksxksa
7-9-2 ukxfjd pkVZj dk fodkl ds çfr tokcnsg cuk;k tk ldsxkA
z çèkku ea=kh tkWu estj ds uD'ksdne ij pyrs gq,]
;wukbVsM fdaxMe 1991 esa ukxfjd pkVZj LFkkfir djus 7-9-3 ukxfjd pkVZj ds ?kVd
okyk igyk ns'k FkkA ,d etcwr ukxfjd pkVZj esa fuEufyf•r rRoksa dks 'kkfey
z vU; ns'kksa us fof'k"V {ks=kh; vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus fd;k tkuk pkfg,% fotu vkSj fe'ku laxBukRed oÙkQO;µ
ds fy, rqyuh; blls feyrh tqyrh ;kstuk,a 'kq: dha] z laxBu ds O;kolkf;d ysunsu dk fooj.k
ftues ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh vkfn rRo cus jgs dh z ^ukxfjdksa* ;k ^xzkgdksa* dh tkudkjhA
èkkj.kk lqlaxr jghA z çR;sd ukxfjd@;k xzkgd lewg dks vyx ls nh tkus okyh
z Hkkjr esa eq[;eaf=k;ksa dk lEesyu% bls 24 ebZ] 1997 dks lsokvksa dk fooj.k] ftlesa ekud] xq.koÙkk] le; vofèk
eq[;eaf=k;ksa ds lEesyu esa is'k fd;k x;k Fkk] tgka ukxfjd vkSj lsok,a dSls@dgka ls çkIr djsaA

232 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

z f'kdk;r fuokj.k ra=k ds ckjs esa tkudkjh vkSj bldk mi;ksx
dSls djsaA
z ^ukxfjdksa* ;k ^xzkgdksa* dh vis{kk,¡A
z vfrfjÙkQ okns] tSls lsok forj.k foiQyrk dh fLFkfr esa
çfriwfrZA
z xq.koÙkk% lsok dh xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj
z fodYi% tgka Hkh vkSj tc Hkh O;kogkfjd gks] miyCèk
djk;k tkuk pkfg,A
z lsok forj.k ekud% Li"V :i ls crkuk fd D;k vis{kk
djuh pkfg, vkSj ;fn vis{kk,a iwjh u gksa rks D;k djuk
pkfg,A
z ikjnf'kZrk% ukxfjd pkVZj çfØ;k vkSj f'kdk;r fuokj.k
ra=k dks foLrkj ls crkrk gSA
z tokcnsgh O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj laxBuksa nksuksa ij ykxw gksrh gSA
7-9-4 ukxfjd pkVZj ds fl¼kar
ewy :i ls rS;kj fd, x, ukxfjd pkVZj vkanksyu ds Ng
fl¼kar Fks%
1- xq.koÙkk% lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj_
2- fodYi% tgka Hkh laHko gks_
3- ekud% fufnZ"V djsa fd ekud iwjs u gksus ij D;k vis{kk
dh tk, vkSj dSls dk;Z fd;k tk,_
4- ewY;% djnkrkvksa ds iSls ds fy,_
5- tokcnsgh% O;fÙkQ vkSj laxBu_ vkSj
6- ikjnf'kZrk% fu;e@çfØ;k,a@;kstuk,a@f'kdk;rsaA
bUgsa ckn esa Je ljdkj }kjk lsok forj.k (1998) ds
fuEufyf•r ukS fl¼karksa ds :i esa foLr`r fd;k x;k Fkk%&
1- lsok ds ekud r; djuk_
2- lq>koksa ds fy, •qys jgsa vkSj iwjh tkudkjh çnku djsa_
3- lykg ysa vkSj 'kkfey djsa_
4- igqap dks çksRlkfgr djsa vkSj ilan dks c<+kok nsa_
5- lHkh ds lkFk mfpr O;ogkj djsa_
6- tc phtsa xyr gks tk,a rks mUgsa lgh djsa_
7- lalkèkuksa dk çHkkoh <ax ls mi;ksx djsa_
8- uoçorZu vkSj lqèkkj djsa_
9- vU; çnkrkvksa ds lkFk dk;Z djsa-
7-9-5 ukxfjd pkVZj dh fo'ks"krk,a
ukxfjd pkVZj dh çkFkfed fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf•r gSa
ukxfjd pkVZj dh çkFkfed fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf•r gSa%
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
z lsok forj.k ekudksa dk ,d lsV% pkVZj dks Li"V lsok
xq.koÙkk ekudksa dks LFkkfir djuk pkfg, rkfd yksx le>
ldsa fd lsok çnkrkvksa ls D;k mEehn djuh gSA
 ;s vko';drk,a mi;qÙkQ] Hkjkslsean] voyksdu ;ksX;]
lVhd vkSj le;c¼ gksuh pkfg,A
z lsok forj.k ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tkudkjh% mi;ksxdrkZvksa
dks mfpr le; ij vkSj lgh txg ij lVhd vkSj laf{kIr
tkudkjh rd igqap gSA
 vke vkneh ds 'kCnksa esa] pkVZlZ dks lqyHk lalkèkuksa
ds ckjs esa iwjh rjg ls vkSj foLr`r tkudkjh çnku
djuh pkfg,A
z ilan vkSj mi;ksxdrkZvksa ds lkFk laidZ% pkVZj miHkksÙkQkvksa
dks miyCèk gksus ij lsokvksa dk fodYi çnku djsxkA lsok
vis{kkvksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djus vkSj lsok forj.k dh fLFkjrk
cuk, j•us ds fy,] lsok ds mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks fu;fer vkSj
O;ofLFkr vkèkkj ij ijke'kZ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z lsok forj.k esa fu"i{krk vkSj lgk;rk% pkVZj eS=khiw.kZ
vkSj pkSdl lkoZtfud lsok dh laLÑfr cukus esa enn
djsxkA
z ukxfjdksa dh vkifÙk;ksa vkSj f'kdk;rksa dk lekèkku
fd;k tkrk gS% mPp xq.koÙkk okyh lsok çnku djus vkSj
f'kdk;rksa dk liQyrkiwoZd lekèkku djus ds chp ,d
etcwr lacaèk gSA çksRlkfgr djus vkSj fparkvksa ij çfrfØ;k
nsus ls f'kdk;rksa ds dkj.kksa dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 f'kdk;rksa esa ^^#>kuksa** dks igpkuus ls lsok çnkrk
dks lajpukRed vkSj iqjkuh fparkvksa dks nwj djus dh
vuqefr feyrh gSA
Transparency
Specific
Option for
Standardization
Choice
Citizen’s
Charter
Equality and Courtesy
Value
Complaint
Mechanism
Fig: Features of Citizen Charter
7-9-6 ukxfjd pkVZj ds lkFk Hkkjr dk vuqHko
z Mh,vkjihth vkSj miHkksÙkQk leUo; ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyh]
,d xSj ljdkjh laxBu] us vDVwcj 1998 esa dbZ ljdkjh
233
 laLFkkuksa ds ukxfjd pkVZjksa dk ,d vè;;u fd;kA Hkkjr
esa igy dh çkjafHkd voLFkk dks ns•rs gq,] fu"d"kZ dkiQh
vk'kkoknh FksA
z Mh,vkjihth us ukxfjd pkVZjksa ds vfèkd lVhd]
ek=kkRed vkSj oLrqfu"B vkarfjd vkSj cká ewY;kadu ds
fy, ,d ekudhÑr ra=k fodflr djus ds fy, 2002&03
esa ,d fo'ks"k laxBu dh HkrhZ dhA
z ,tsalh dh ewY;kadu fjiksVZ ds çeq• fu"d"kks± esa 'kkfey
gSa% vfèkdka'k ekeyksa esa pkVZj ijke'kkZRed çfØ;k ds ekè;e
ls rS;kj ugha fd, x, Fks_ lsok çnkrk vke rkSj ij pkVZj
dh fopkjèkkjk] y{;ksa vkSj çeq• fo'ks"krkvksa ls vifjfpr
gksrs gSa_ vkSj pkVZjksa dks tkaps x, fdlh Hkh foHkkx esa i;kZIr
çpkj ugha fn;k x;kA
z ukxfjd pkVZj ds ckjs esa tkx:drk c<+kus ;k pkVZj ds
fofHkUu ?kVdksa ij Jfedksa dks çf'kf{kr djus ds fy, Li"V
:i ls dksbZ èkujkf'k fuèkkZfjr ugha dh xbZ gS_
z pkVZj vHkh fodkl ds çkjafHkd ;k eè; pj.k esa gSaA
Hkkjr esa ukxfjd pkVZj dh dfe;ka%
z vi;kZIr :i ls fufeZr vkSj laxBukRed {kerk dk
vHkko% lsok le; lkfj.kh] f'kdk;r lekèkku ra=k vkfn
tSlh egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh xk;c gSA
z lkoZtfud tkx:drk dh deh gS% lkoZtfud f'k{kk vkSj
lapkj ç;kl vçHkkoh jgs gSaA
z ukxfjd pkVZj dks fodflr vkSj la'kksfèkr djrs le;
ewY;kadu vkSj vkarfjd çfØ;kvksa esa lqèkkj ds lanHkZ esa
i;kZIr tehuh dk;Z dk vHkko gSA
z dksbZ v|ru u gksuk% pkVZj ds fuekZ.k dks ,d ckj dh
?kVuk ds :i esa ns•k tkrk gS ftls fu;fer :i ls v|ru
ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
z fgrèkkjdksa ls dksbZ ijke'kZ ugha% tc pkVZj dk elkSnk
rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS] rks vafre mi;ksxdrkZvksa] ukxfjd
lekt vkSj vU; fgrèkkjdksa ls ijke'kZ ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
 tc pkVZj dk elkSnk rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS rks cqtqxks± vkSj
xjhcksa ds fgrksa dh vuns•h dh tkrh gSA
 ,tsalh vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dk ukxfjdksa ds çfr O;ogkj vkSj
joS;k lqèkkj çfrjksèk esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA
z le> dk vHkko% lsok çnkrkvksa esa pkVZj dh voèkkj.kk]
y{;ksa vkSj vko';d rRoksa dh le> dk vHkkoA
 lHkh ea=kky;ksa vkSj foHkkxksa dks vHkh rd flVhtu pkVZj
ykuk ckdh gSA
z lfØ; leiZ.k dh deh% dbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] lsok çnkrkvksa
esa ekudksa vkSj lsok forj.k esa leiZ.k vkSj lVhdrk dh
deh gksrh gSA
z f'kdk;r fuokj.k ç.kkfy;ksa dk vHkko% ukjkt i{k
dh vuqifLFkfr esa] dq'ky vkSj i;kZIr f'kdk;r fuokj.k
ç.kkfy;k¡ vDlj LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa tkudkjh ugha nsrh gSaA
z vfuPNk% laxBu vDlj ukxfjd pkVZj ds nkf;Roksa dks iwjk
djus esa vfuPNqd gksrs gSa D;ksafd mUgsa vius deZpkfj;ksa ij
Fkksius dk dksbZ mís'; ;k bPNk ugha gksrh gSA

+
Transparency

Good Governance is the

+
Accountability Citizen Technology, Citizen’s
Charter Charter is the Tool
Citizen
Friendliness

ukxfjd pkVZj dks ykxw djus ds mik;

f}rh; ,vkjlh us lsok forj.k esa ukxfjd pkVZj dh liQyrk vkSj fLFkjrk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fuEufyf•r dk;ks± dh fliQkfj'k dh%
z ukxfjd pkVZj dks çHkkoh cukuk% pkVZj esa mfYyf•r vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus esa foiQyrk dh fLFkfr esa tqekZuk eqvkots
ds mik; dks Li"V :i ls crkuk pkfg,A
z O;kid ijke'kZ çfØ;k% laLFkku ds vanj vkSj laxBu rFkk ukxfjd lekt ds chp ijke'kZ dh odkyr djds ,d ukxfjd
pkVZj fodflr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z foiQyrk dh fLFkfr esa] ,d i;kZIr f'kdk;r fuokj.k ç.kkyh gksuh pkfg,A ukxfjd pkVZj esa Li"V :i ls ml jkgr dk mYys•
gksuk pkfg, tks laxBu fufnZ"V lsok ekunaMksa dks iwjk djus esa foiQy gksus ij çnku djus ds fy, ckè; gSA

234 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

z ,d vkdkj dk •kdk lHkh ds fy, mi;qÙkQ ugha gS% djrk gS vkSj forj.k dks c<+kok nsus dh viuh {kerk esa
ljdkjh laxBuksa dh {kerk,a] lalkèku vkSj ftEesnkfj;ka leku yxkrkj lqèkkj djrk gS rks gh og mRÑ"V lsok forj.k n{krk
ugha gSa] vkSj ns'k Hkj esa ukxfjd pkVZj dks ykxw djus dh çkIr dj ldrk gSA
dkiQh vko';drk gSA
Citizen Charter
z n`<+ çfrc¼rk gksuh pkfg,% ukxfjd pkVZj fof'k"V gksuk
pkfg, vkSj] tc Hkh laHko gks] ek=kkRed 'krks± esa ukxfjdksa
dks lsok forj.k ekudksa ds nkf;Roksa ls ckgj j•k tkuk
pkfg,A
z ukxfjd pkVZjksa dk fu;fer vkèkkj ij ewY;kadu vkSj ifjorZu
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A Grievance Service Delivery
z oSèkkfud vk'oklu% ukxfjd pkVZj esa lsok,¡ çkIr djus ds Redressal Capability
vfèkdkj ds fy, oSèkkfud vk'oklu 'kkfey gksuk pkfg,A
Fig: Trinity of Sevottam Model
z lwpuk vkSj lqfoèkk dsaæ cuk,a% foèks;d ds vuqlkj çR;sd
lkoZtfud çkfèkdj.k dks dq'ky vkSj çHkkoh lsok forj.k lsoksÙke ekWMy dk egRo
vkSj f'kdk;r fuokj.k çnku djus ds fy, lwpuk vkSj z vçSy 2009 ls twu 2010 rd] lsoksÙke ekWMy dks igyh
lqfoèkk dsaæksa dk fuekZ.k djuk vko';d FkkA ckj cM+s lkoZtfud baVjiQsl okyh X;kjg ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa
z ¶gj foHkkx esa ,d ukxfjd pkVZj ,d etcwr lans'k nsxk esa ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA
fd ljdkj Hkz"Vkpkj dks jksdus vkSj fu;af=kr djus ds fy, z blds ckn chvkbZ,l us vkbZ,l 15700% 2005 ekud
çfrc¼ gSA¸ rS;kj fd;k] tks lkoZtfud lsok laxBuksa dks mRÑ"Vrk dk
lsoksÙke çrhd çnku djus dh vuqefr nsrk gS ;fn os çcaèku
7-9-7 lsoksÙke ekWMy
ç.kkfy;ksa ds ,d lsV dks ykxw djrs gSa vkSj mldk vuqikyu
z lsoksÙke ekWMy lkoZtfud lsok forj.k esa mRÑ"Vrk çnf'kZr djrs gSaA
çkIr djus ds fy, ,d :ijs•k gSA
z lsoksÙke ekWMy dks ukxfjd pkVZj dks ykxw djus] f'kdk;r
 lsoksÙke ekWMy dks ukxfjd pkVZj dh foiQyrk ds
lekèkku çfØ;k dks ykxw djus vkSj lsok,a çnku djus dh
ifj.kkeLo:i cuk;k x;k Fkk tks vius ne ij lkoZtfud laxBu dh {kerk dk vkdyu djus ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k
lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj ds ekeys esa okafNr x;k gSA
ifj.kke mRiUu djus esa foiQy jgk FkkA
Improvement in quality
z lsoksÙke ekWMy vkarfjd çfØ;kvksa dh n{krk vkSj lsok of public service delivery
forj.k dh xq.koÙkk ij muds çHkko dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds
Citizen Redress Capacity
fy, ,d rduhd gSA Satisfaction Enhancement
Empowerment
lsoksÙke ekWMy dks rhu ekWMÔwy esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k
gS%
Service Delivery
Public Grievance

1- ukxfjd pkVZj% çHkkoh pkVZj dk;kZUo;u dh vko';drk gS]

Charter Mark

capability
Redresss

tks yksxksa ds fy, iQhMcSd çnku djus ds fy, ,d ç.kkyh

LFkkfir djrk gS fd daifu;ka lsok forj.k vko';drkvksa
dks dSls fuèkkZfjr djrh gSaA
2- yksd f'kdk;r fuokj.k çfØ;k% ,d çHkkoh f'kdk;r
fuokj.k çfØ;k dh vko';drk gksrh gS] tks vafre fu.kZ; Integrated Approch
dh ijokg fd, fcuk] ukxfjd dks laxBu }kjk leL;kvksa
ls fuiVus ds rjhds esa vfèkd lgt eglwl djkrh gSA fu"d"kZ
3- lsok forj.k dh {kerk,¡% ;fn dksbZ laxBu liQy lsok ukxfjd pkVZj 'kklu esa lqèkkj] lkoZtfud fo'okl c<+kus vkSj
forj.k ds fy, eq[; ?kVdksa dks vPNh rjg ls fu;af=kr ukxfjd&dsafær lsok forj.k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, ,d midj.k

'kklu esa 'kqfprk 235

ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ;g lkoZtfud lsokvksa dks vfèkd
lqyHk] tokcnsg vkSj mudh vko';drkvksa ds çfr mÙkjnk;h
cukdj ukxfjdksa dks l'kÙkQ cukrk gSA
7-10 dk;Z laLÑfr
z dk;Z laLÑfr mu ewY;ksa] O;ogkjksa] ekunaMksa vkSj çFkkvksa dks
lanfHkZr djrh gS tks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa fd dksbZ O;olk;
;k laxBu dSls pyrk gSA
z blesa laxBu ds fe'ku vkSj ewY;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tk
ldrk gS] deZpkjh ,d&nwljs ds lkFk vkSj çcaèku ds lkFk
dSls tqM+rs gSa] lg;ksx vkSj Vhe odZ dk Lrj vkSj dk;ZLFky
dk lexz n`f"Vdks.k vkSj okrkoj.kA
z ,d ldkjkRed dk;Z laLÑfr ls deZpkjh •q'kh vkSj
mRikndrk esa o`f¼ gks ldrh gS] tcfd ,d udkjkRed
dk;Z laLÑfr ls dkjksckj vkSj de eukscy c<+ ldrk gSA
ldkjkRed dk;Z laLÑfr ds ?kVd
z lapkj Li"Vrk vkSj ikjnf'kZrkA
z lrr f'k{kk vkSj O;fÙkQxr fodkl dks çkFkfedrk nh
tkrh gSA
z viuRo vkSj Vhe odZ dh HkkoukA
z fofoèkrk vkSj lexzrk dks egRo fn;k tkrk gSA
z lHkh deZpkfj;ksa ds lkFk fu"i{k ,oa leku O;ogkj
fd;k tkrk gSA
z dk;Z vkSj O;fÙkQxr thou dk LoLFk larqyuA
ldkjkRed dk;Z laLÑfr dk egRo
z dk;ZLFky laLÑfr deZpkfj;ksa esa loZJs"B ykus vkSj mUgsa yacs
le; rd cuk, j•us ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA
z laxBu dks deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, ,d vuqdwy okrkoj.k çnku
djuk pkfg, rkfd os ,d&nwljs ds dke esa gLr{ksi djus
ds ctk; vius dke ij è;ku dsafær dj ldsaA
,d LoLFk dk;Z laLÑfr dh fo'ks"krk,a
z vuqdwy dk;Z okrkoj.k esa deZpkjh vfèkd •q'k vkSj vfèkd
mRiknd gksrs gSaA
z •qyk vkSj ikjn'khZ% ,d vPNh dk;Z laLÑfr laxBu ds
lHkh Lrjksa ij •qys vkSj ikjn'khZ lapkj dks c<+kok nsrh gSA
deZpkjh vius fopkjksa] fparkvksa vkSj vkykspuk dks O;ÙkQ
djus ds fy, Lora=k gSa] vkSj çcaèku lfØ; :i ls lqurk
gS vkSj jpukRed çfrfØ;k nsrk gSA
z fo'okl vkSj lEeku ,d liQy dk;ZLFky laLÑfr ds
egRoiw.kZ rRo gSaA deZpkfj;ksa dks vius usrkvksa] lgdfeZ;ksa
236
vkSj Vheksa ij Hkjkslk gksrk gS vkSj os fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa]
;ksxnkuksa vkSj i`"BHkwfe;ksa dks egRo nsrs gSaA
z Li"V ewY; vkSj mís';% deZpkjh laxBu ds fe'ku vkSj
ewY;ksa dks le>rs gSa] vkSj mudk dke bu fopkjksa dks
çfrfcafcr djrk gS] vFkZ vkSj fn'kk çnku djrk gSA
z lg;ksx vkSj Vhe odZ% deZpkfj;ksa dks lg;ksx djus] Kku
vkSj dkS'ky lk>k djus vkSj ,d&nwljs dh liQyrk ds fy,
çksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA
 csgrj leL;k&lekèkku] uokpkj vkSj mRikndrk
çHkkoh VheodZ ls mRiUu gksrh gSA
z dk;Z&thou larqyu% fu;ksÙkQk yphyh dk;Z O;oLFkk dks
çksRlkfgr djrs gSa] deZpkfj;ksa dh HkykbZ dks çkFkfedrk
nsrs gSa] vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dks LoLFk dk;Z&thou larqyu çkIr
djus esa enn djus ds fy, lalkèku vkSj lgk;rk nsrs gSaA
z ,d vPNh dk;Z laLÑfr esa deZpkfj;ksa ds ç;klksa vkSj
liQyrkvksa dks ekU;rk nh tkrh gS vkSj iqjLÑr fd;k
tkrk gSA
z O;kolkf;d fodkl% ,d vPNh dk;Z laLÑfr fujarj
lh•us vkSj is'ksoj fodkl ij vfèkd è;ku nsrh gSA fu;ksÙkQk
dkS'ky fodkl] çf'k{k.k vkSj dSfj;j inksUufr ds volj
çnku djds yksxksa dks c<+us vkSj viuh iwjh {kerk çkIr
djus ds volj iSnk djrs gSaA
z ,d LoLFk dk;Z laLÑfr esa fofoèkrk vkSj lekos'ku dks
egRo fn;k tkrk gS vkSj viuk;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d
,slk okrkoj.k cukdj jpukRedrk] uohurk vkSj O;kid
n`f"Vdks.k dks c<+kok nsrk gS ftlesa fofHkUu i`"BHkwfe ds yksx
Lohdk;Z] lEekfur vkSj 'kkfey eglwl djrs gSaA
z dk;ZHkkj larqyu vkSj ;FkkFkZoknh vis{kk,¡% ,d LoLFk
dk;Z laLÑfr Lohdk;Z dk;ZHkkj vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dh ;FkkFkZoknh
vis{kkvksa dks çksRlkfgr djrh gSA ;g ;g lqfuf'pr djds
cuZvkmV dks jksdus ds fy, dke djrk gS fd ukSdjh dh
mEehnsa çcaèkuh; gSa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa ds ikl vius nkf;Roksa
dks iwjk djus ds fy, vko';d lalkèku vkSj leFkZu gSA
z Lok;Ùkrk vkSj l'kfÙkQdj.k% ,d etcwr dk;Z laLÑfr
deZpkfj;ksa dks mudh Hkwfedkvksa esa Lok;Ùkrk vkSj fu.kZ;
ysus dk vfèkdkj nsdj l'kÙkQ cukrh gSA ;g yksxksa ls vis{kk
djrk gS fd os viuh ukSdjh dk LokfeRo ysa] Lora=k fu.kZ;
ysa vkSj laxBu dh liQyrk esa ;ksxnku nsaA
•jkc dk;Z laLÑfr ls tqM+h leL;k,a vkSj pqukSfr;k¡
,d •jkc dk;Z laLÑfr esa fofHkUu gkfudkjd y{k.k gks ldrs
gSa tks deZpkfj;ksa ds eukscy] mRikndrk vkSj laxBu ds lexz
çn'kZu ij udkjkRed çHkko Mkyrs gSaA •jkc dk;Z laLÑfr dh
dqN vke y{k.k uhps fn, x, gSa%
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z laokn dh deh% •jkc dk;Z laLÑfr esa] vDlj deZpkfj;ksa
vkSjk çcaèku ds chp çHkkoh lapkj dh deh gksrh gSA blls
xyriQgfe;k¡] Vdjko vkSj Vhe odZ vkSj lg;ksx esa ckèkk
vk ldrh gSA
z Hkjksls dk vHkko% LoLFk dk;Z laLÑfr ds fy, Hkjkslk
vko';d gS] ysfdu •jkc dk;Z laLÑfr esa vDlj Hkjksls
dh deh gksrh gSA deZpkjh vlgk;] vç'kaflr] ;k de
egRo okyk eglwl dj ldrs gSa] ftlls mudk eukscy de
gks ldrk gS vkSj dke ds çfr tqM+ko de gks ldrk gSA
z •jkc lw{e çcaèku% •jkc dk;Z laLÑfr;ksa esa vDlj
vR;fèkd lw{e çcaèku 'kkfey gksrk gS] tgka çcaèkd vius
deZpkfj;ksa ds dke ds gj igyw dh ckjhdh ls tkap vkSj
fu;a=k.k djrs gSaA ;g ,d ?kqVuHkjk ekgkSy cuk ldrk gS
tks jpukRedrk] Lok;Ùkrk vkSj O;fÙkQxr fodkl esa ckèkd
gksrk gSA
z igpku vkSj iqjLdkj dh deh% tc deZpkfj;ksa ds
;ksxnku vkSj miyfCèk;ksa dks igpku ;k iqjLdkj ugha feyrk
gS] rks blls çsj.kk dh deh vkSj grksRlkgu dh Hkkouk iSnk
gks ldrh gSA
z mPp VuZvksoj nj% •jkc dk;Z laLÑfr mPp VuZvksoj nj
(deZpkfj;ksa }kjk laLFkku NksM+us dh nj) esa ;ksxnku dj
ldrh gS] D;ksafd deZpkjh vlarq"V jgrs gSa vkSj dgha vkSj
jkstxkj ds volj ryk'k ldrs gSaA yxkrkj VuZvksoj Vhe
dh xfr'khyrk] laLFkkxr Kku vkSj mRikndrk ij udkjkRed
çHkko Mkyrk gSA
z èkedh ;k mRihM+u% ,d •jkc dk;Z laLÑfr esa èkedh]
mRihM+u ;k HksnHkko Hkh 'kkfey gks ldrs gS] ftlls
deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, 'k=kqrkiw.kZ vkSj vlqfoèkktud okrkoj.k
iSnk gks ldrk gSA bl rjg ds O;ogkj ls deZpkfj;ksa esa
HkkoukRed leL;k,a gks ldrh gSa] ukSdjh ls larqf"V de
gks ldrh gS vkSj lexz dY;k.k esa fxjkoV vk ldrh gSA
z dk;Z{ks=k vkSj futh thou esa larqyu dk vHkko% ,d
•jkc dk;Z laLÑfr vDlj dk;Z {ks=k vkSj thou esa larqyu
ds egRo dh mis{kk djrh gSA deZpkfj;ksa ls yacs le;
rd dke djus] vR;fèkd dk;ZHkkj ysus ;k vO;ogkfjd
le;&lhek esa dke iwjk djus dh vis{kk dh tk ldrh
gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i mudks Fkdku gksxh vkSj muds
O;fÙkQxr thou ij udkjkRed çHkko iM+sxkA
z ifjorZu dk fojksèk% •jkc dk;Z laLÑfr esa] vDlj
ifjorZu vkSj uokpkj dk fojksèk gksrk gSA laxBu iqjkuh
çFkkvksa] çfØ;kvksa vkSj çkS|ksfxfd;ksa esa my>k jg ldrk gS]
tks çxfr vkSj vuqdwyu {kerk esa ckèkd gksrk gSA
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
z deZpkfj;ksa ds fodkl dk vHkko% ,d •jkc dk;Z
laLÑfr vkerkSj ij deZpkfj;ksa ds fodkl vkSj o`f¼ ds
voljksa dh mis{kk djrh gSA blls og dk;kZy; lhfer
dkS'ky] de çsj.kk vkSj ukSdjh ls vlarqf"V ds lkFk ,d
fLFkj dk;Zcy esa cny ldrk gSA
z udkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k vkSj fuEu eukscy% •jkc dk;Z
laLÑfr;k¡ deZpkfj;ksa ds chp udkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k dks
c<+kok nsrh gSa] ftuesa la'k;] mnklhurk vkSj vyxko 'kkfey
gSaA fuEu eukscy O;kid gks tkrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i
mRikndrk de gks tkrh gS] vuqifLFkfr dh vknr c<+ tkrh
gS vkSj laxBukRed y{;ksa ds çfr çfrc¼rk dh deh gks
tkrh gSA
bu y{k.kksa dks igpkuuk vkSj mudks gy djuk laxBuksa ds fy,
,d ldkjkRed dk;Z laLÑfr fodflr djus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ
gS tks deZpkfj;ksa dh HkykbZ] larqf"V vkSj mRikndrk dks c<+kok
nsrh gSA
Hkkjrh; dk;ZLFky laLÑfr dh çeq• leL;k,a
z ^HkkxnkSM+ Hkjh laLÑfr*% ,d çdkj dh xgu
dk;Z'kSyh&Hkkjrh; dk;ZLFky esa çpfyr gS] tSlk fd dbZ
vU; ,f'k;kbZ m|ksxksa esa gSA
z ;g laLÑfr vHkko dh ekufldrk ls çsfjr gS] ftlesa
dgk x;k gS fd çR;sd deZpkjh dks 1-30 djksM+ ls
vfèkd yksxksa ds lkFk volj vkSj lalkèku lk>k djus
gksaxs] vkSj dsoy brus gh lalkèku miyCèk gSaA
 blls vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk iSnk gksrh gS] tks yksxksa dks
•jkc dk;Z laLÑfr dh cqjkb;ksa esa my>k, j•rh gSA
z fdlh Hkh deZpkjh dks mlds dke dh xq.koÙkk ds ctk;
dk;Z ds ?kaVksa dh la[;k ds vkèkkj ij vkadus dh çFkk
u dsoy Hkkjr esa cfYd iwjs ,f'k;k esa O;kIr gSA tkiku
dh djks'kh laLÑfr bl lkaLÑfrd èkkj.kk ds ifj.kke
dk mnkgj.k gSA
z vkbZ,yvks dh Xykscy ost fjiksVZ 2020&21 ds
vuqlkj] Hkkjrh; nqfu;k esa lcls lcls yacs le; rd
dke djus vkSj de osru ikus okyksa esa ls ,d gSaA dke
ds ?kaVksa dks 48 ?kaVs rd c<+k;k tk ldrk gS] ftlls
Hkkjr lcls yacs dk;Zfnol okys ns'kksa esa ikaposa LFkku
ij vk tk,xkA
z gky esa vkbZ egkekjh us bl HkkxnkSM+ Hkjh laLÑfr ds
dkj.k mRiUu gksus okyh fofHkUu dfBukb;ksa dks mtkxj
fd;k gS] tSls vR;fèkd vis{kk vkSj deZpkfj;ksa ij dke
ds cks> okys dk;ZLFkyA
z blds vykok] vkWfliQkbM (vkWfliQkbZ dk rkRi;Z
vuE;] ikjaifjd vkSj ifjorZu ds çfr çfrjksèkh gksus ls
gS) inkuqØe Hkkjrh; dk;ZLFkyksa dks çHkkfor djrk gSA
237
flfoy lsodksa ds chp •jkc dk;Z laLÑfr ds fy,
ftEesnkj dkjd
z ukSdj'kkgh mnklhurk% ukSdj'kkgh dks fo'ks"kkfèkdkj çkIr
jgrs gS vkSj mls yksxksa] fo'ks"kdj detksj oxks± dh t:jrksa
ds çfr mnklhu ekuk tkrk gSA liQyrk dks utjvankt djrs
gq,] ukSdj'kkgh Hkkjh Hkjde osru vkSj inksUufr dk vkuan
ysrh jgrh gSA dkyZ ekDlZ us ukSdj'kkgh dh ,slh •kfe;ksa
dks Li"V fd;k gSA
z çn'kZu ewY;kadu dk vHkko% deZpkjh ds çn'kZu dh
mfpr] ekius ;ksX; vkSj oLrqfu"B rjhds ls leh{kk ugha dh
tkrh gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] mRÑ"V çn'kZu ds fy, iqjLdkj
vkSj ekU;rk dh deh gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i Jfedksa ds
chp çsj.kk vkSj ç;kl dk Lrj de gks x;k gSA
z vi;kZIr dk;Zfu"iknu mÙkjnkf;Ro% •jkc dk;Zfu"iknu]
=kqfV;ksa ;k foyac ds fy, flfoy vfèkdkfj;ksa dks mÙkjnk;h
ugha Bgjk;k tkrk gSA blls •jkc dk;Zfu"iknu dks c<+kok
feyrk gS tcfd lcls •jkc çn'kZu djus okyksa dks ckgj
ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
z ofj"Brk fl¼kar% inksUufr ofj"Brk vkSj lsok ds fuf'pr
o"kks± ds iwjs gksus ij fuHkZj gksrh gS] vkSj ;ksX;rk dks i;kZIr
egRo ugha fn;k tkrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i deZpkjh vkRelarq"V
gks tkrs gSa vkSj muesa vPNk çn'kZu djus dh bPNk de
gks tkrh gSA
z jkstxkj lqj{kk% vR;fèkd jkstxkj lqj{kk vkSj yach lsok
vofèk dh xkjaVh ls vkRelarqf"V vkrh gS D;ksafd deZpkjh
ekurs gSa fd •jkc çn'kZu ds ckotwn mudh ukSdjh cuh
jgsxhA
z çfØ;k&mUeq•% ljdkj esa ifj.kke çkIr djus ds ctk;
fu;eksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa dk ckjhdh ls ikyu djus ij tksj
fn;k tkrk gSA
z ljdkj ds ikl miyCèk foÙk dh ek=kk lhfer gS] fo'ks"k
:i ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ekuo
lalkèku vkSj dk;kZy; LFkyksa esa fuos'k dh deh gksrh gSA
z •jkc çf'k{k.k% flfoy lsod] fo'ks"k :i ls fupys
ik;nku ij ekStwn yksx] flfoy lsok ds fl¼karksa vkSj dkS'ky
dks viukus ds fy, Bhd ls çf'kf{kr ugha gksrs gSa ftlls
mRiknu esa o`f¼ ugha gks ikrhA blds ifj.kkeLo:i lkjs
dk;Zcy esa leiZ.k dh deh vkSj •jkc dk;Zfu"iknu dh
ço`fÙk iSnk gksrh gSA
238
flfoy lsok esa dk;Z laLÑfr ds lqèkkj gsrq vko';d
mik;%
z laosnu'khyrk çf'k{k.k% fØl vkfxZfjl rduhd (ftls
Vh&xzqi çf'k{k.k ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS) dk mís';
deZpkfj;ksa ds chp vkilh le> vkSj lEeku esa lqèkkj djuk
gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ikjLifjd lacaèk etcwr gksrs gSaA
blls erHksn de gksrs gSa vkSj eukscy c<+rk gSA
z tu lquokbZ% turk dh leL;kvksa dks •qys vkSj çHkkoh
rjhds ls lqy>kus ds fy, fu;fer vkèkkj ij tu lquokbZ
vk;ksftr dh tkuh pkfg,A blls mÙkjnkf;Ro c<+rh gS
vkSj lsok çnk;xh dh xq.koÙkk esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA jktLFkku
esa ;g dkiQh liQy jgk gS ftls tu lquokbZ ds uke ls
tkuk tkrk gSA
z etcwr iQhMcSd ra=k% laxBuksa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dks muds
çn'kZu ij Li"V vkSj yxkrkj iQhMcSd feyrs jguk pkfg,A
;g mUgsa lqèkkj ykxw djus vkSj vius dk;Z lapkyu esa lqèkkj
djus ds fy, çsfjr djrk gSA
z yksd lsok xkjaVh% fofHkUu Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa esa ykxw yksd
lsok xkjaVh vfèkfu;e tSls dkuwuh lkèkuksa dk mi;ksx lsok
çnk;xh ds fy, fof'k"V dkuwuh ekunaM LFkkfir djus
ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g deZpkfj;ksa ds fy,
drZO;fuoZgu dks ,d dkuwuh nkf;Ro cukrk gS vkSj lkFk
gh deZpkjh tkx:drk Hkh c<+krk gSA
z fu"iknu&vkèkkfjr osru% flfoy lsodksa dk osru iwjh
rjg ls fuf'pr ugha gksuk pkfg, vkSj blesa ,d ?kVd
'kkfey gksuk pkfg, tks muds fu"iknu ds lkFk c<+sA ;g
vPNh miyfCèk dks çsfjr Hkh djrk gS vkSj igpku Hkh
fnykrk gSA
z lhlhVhoh fuxjkuh vkSj bZ&xouZsal% fuxjkuh ls deZpkfj;ksa
ij utj jgrh gS] ftlls dM+h esgur djus ds fy,
çksRlkgu c<+rk gSA ;g vuqfpr O;ogkj dks jksdus dk Hkh
dke djrk gSA
z futh {ks=k dh çFkkvksa ls lh•uk% pwafd futh {ks=k dh
dk;Z laLÑfr esa lkoZtfud {ks=k dh rqyuk esa dqN iQk;ns gSa]
blfy, ljdkj }kjk futh {ks=k dh dqN çFkkvksa dks viuk;k
tk ldrk gSA blesa dk;Zfu"iknu&y{;] dk;Zfu"iknu
&vkèkkfjr ikfjJfed] çcaèkdh; Lok;Ùkrk] HkrhZ djus vkSj
ukSdjh ls fudkyus dh lqfoèkk bR;kfn 'kkfey gks ldrs gSaA
dk;Z laLÑfr esa lqèkkj gsrq vko';d mik;%
z çR;sd deZpkjh dks ,d vyx O;fÙkQ ds :i esa ns•k tkuk
pkfg,A deZpkfj;ksa dk ewY;kadu fo'ks"k :i ls muds çn'kZu
ds vkèkkj ij fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
  dk;ZLFky ij O;fÙkQxr lacaèkksa dks ihNs j•uk pkfg,A
fdlh ds lkFk fliQZ blfy, fo'ks"k rjg dk O;ogkj u
djsa D;ksafd og vkidk fj'rsnkj gSA
z igpku nsuk vkSj iqjLÑr djuk egRoiw.kZ gS% vPNk
çn'kZu ugha djus okys O;fÙkQ;ksa dks nks"k nsus ds ctk;] mUgsa
vxyh ckj csgrj çn'kZu djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djsaA mUgsa
rqjar ukSdjh ls fudkyus ds ctk; ,d vkSj ekSdk nsaA
z dk;ZLFky ij ppkZ dks c<+kok nsuk ,d vPNk fopkj
gS% csgrj fu"d"kZ fudkyus ds fy, deZpkfj;ksa dks vkil
esa eqíksa ij ppkZ djuh pkfg,A gj fdlh dks viuh ckr
Lora=k :i ls O;ÙkQ djus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg,A
 etcwr deZpkjh laidZ vkSj LoLFk daiuh laLÑfr ds
fy, lHkh Lrjksa ij ikjnf'kZrk vko';d gSA
 dk;ZLFky ij vkadM+ks esa gsjiQsj vkSj NsM+NkM+ iwjh rjg
ls çfrcafèkr gSA okafNr yksxksa dks tkudkjh igqapus nsuk
pkfg,A
z laxBu dks deZpkjh&vuqdwy fu;eksa vkSj ekudksa dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa ls deZpkfj;ksa
dks ykHk gksuk pkfg,A
z deZpkfj;ksa ls laxBu ds fu;eksa dks ikyu djus dh vis{kk
dh tkrh gSA dk;ZLFky ij mPp Lrj dk vuq'kklu cuk,
j•uk egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA
z orZeku fLFkfr esa ^^rkuk'kkgh joS;k** vuqfpr gSA
fu;ksÙkQkvksa dks vius deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, ekxZn'kZd ds :i
esa dke djuk pkfg,A ofj"Bksa dks deZpkfj;ksa dks ekxZn'kZu
çnku djuk vkSj vko';drkuqlkj mudk ekxZn'kZu djuk
vko';d gSA
z vius lacaèkksa dks xgjk djus ds fy,] deZpkfj;ksa dks
Vhe&fuekZ.k xfrfofèk;ksa esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, çksRlkfgr
djukA deZpkfj;ksa dks mudh orZeku {kerkvksa esa lqèkkj djus
esa lgk;rk djus ds fy,] çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe] dk;Z'kkyk,¡]
lsfeukj vkSj çLrqfr;k¡ vk;ksftr djukA mUgsa vkus okys
pqukSrhiw.kZ le; ds fy, rS;kj djukA mUgsa vçR;kf'kr
fLFkfr;ksa ;k dk;ZLFky laLÑfr esa cnyko dh fLFkfr ds
fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg,A
fu"d"kZ
daifu;ksa vkSj laxBuksa dks ,d mRiknd] O;Lr vkSj •q'k deZpkjh
lewg dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, ldkjkRed dk;Z laLÑfr dk
fuekZ.k vkSj cuk, j•us dks çkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg,A dk;Z laLÑfr
çR;sd laxBu dk ,d vfuok;Z ?kVd gS vkSj bldk deZpkfj;ksa
ds eukscy] çn'kZu vkSj dY;k.k ij dkiQh çHkko iM+ ldrk
gSA ,d ldkjkRed dk;Z laLÑfr mRikndrk] jpukRedrk vkSj
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
lg;ksx dks c<+kok nsrh gS] tcfd ,d udkjkRed dk;Z laLÑfr
bu xq.kksa esa ckèkd gksrh gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i de eukscy
vkSj mPp VuZvksoj gksrk gSA
7-11 lsok çnk;xh dh xq.koÙkk
fdlh Hkh ljdkj dh çeq• ftEesnkjh vius ns'kokfl;ksa dks
xq.koÙkkiw.kZ lsok,¡ çnku djuk gSA LokLF; lsok vkSj f'k{kk ls
ysdj lkoZtfud lqj{kk vkSj cqfu;knh <k¡ps rd ljdkjh lsok,¡]
mlds ns'kokfl;ksa ds nSfud thou ij lhèkk çHkko Mkyrh gSaA
tu fo'okl] larqf"V vkSj drZO;fu"Bk dks LFkkfir djus vkSj
cuk, j•us ds fy, mPp xq.koÙkk okyh lsok,¡ çnku djuk
egRoiw.kZ gSA
Hkkjr esa lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk dh pqukSfr;k¡%
ljdkjh lsok çnk;xh dh xq.koÙkk ij dbZ dkjdksa dk çHkko iM+
ldrk gSA blds dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf•r gSa%
z vi;kZIr lalkèku% ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd lsok,¡ çnku
djus ds fy, i;kZIr foÙkh; vkSj ekuo lalkèku miyCèk gSa]
lsok dh xq.koÙkk cuk, j•us ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA
z l{ke vkSj lqçf'kf{kr dfeZ;ksa dh deh% ljdkjh
deZpkfj;ksa ds dkS'ky vkSj fo'ks"kKrk mPp xq.koÙkk okyh
lsok,a çnku djus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA fujarj çf'k{k.k
vkSj is'ksoj fodkl çnku djus ls ;g xkjaVh fey ldrh gS
fd deZpkfj;ksa ds ikl çHkkoh lsok,a çnku djus ds fy,
vko';d dkS'ky vkSj fo'ks"kKrk gSA
z ifjHkkf"kr uhfr;ka vkSj çfØ;k,a LFkkfir djus ls ;g
lqfuf'pr djus esa enn fey ldrh gS fd lsok,a yxkrkj
vkSj dq'kyrk ls çnku dh tkrh gSaA
z ukSdj'kkgh vkSj ykyiQhrk'kkgh% tfVy uhfr;ka] çfØ;k,a
vkSj fu;e lsok,a çnku djus esa nsjh vkSj vdq'kyrk iSnk
dj ldrs gSaA
z ,tsafl;ksa ds chp leUo; dh deh% ijLij fojksèkh
çkFkfedrk,¡ ;k ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa vkSj foHkkxksa ds chp
leUo; dh deh lsok çnk;xh dks èkhek dj ldrh gSA
z fofHkUu fgr lewgksa dh vko';drkvksa ds lkFk larqyu%
ljdkjksa dks vDlj fofHkUu lewgksa dh vko';drkvksa dks
larqfyr djuk pkfg,] tSls vk;q lewg] vk; Lrj ;k
HkkSxksfyd fLFkfrA lHkh fuokfl;ksa dh vko';drkvksa vkSj
vis{kkvksa dks iwjk djuk pqukSrhiw.kZ gks ldrk gSA
7-11-1 xq.koÙkkiw.kZ lsok çnk;xh ds y{k.k
z fo'oluh;rk% xq.koÙkkiw.kZ lsok çnk;xh lrr vkSj Hkjkslsean
gksrh gSA ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks lsok,a le; ij vkSj fcuk fdlh nks"k
239
 ;k #dkoV ds çkIr gksus dh mEehn djuh pkfg,A blesa
lger lsok,a çnku djuk vkSj fufnZ"V ekunaMksa dk ikyu
djuk 'kkfey gSA
z xq.koÙkkiw.kZ lsok çnk;xh ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh bPNkvksa]
vuqjksèk vkSj fparkvksa ij è;ku nsrk nsrh gSA blesa le; ij
vkSj çHkkoh laokn] leL;k&lekèkku vkSj xzkgdksa dh ekaxksa
dks iwjk djus ds fy, vkxs vkus dh bPNk 'kkfey gSA
z ;ksX;rk vkSj fo'ks"kKrk% xq.koÙkkiw.kZ lsok çnk;xh l{ke
vkSj tkudkj deZpkfj;ksa }kjk lefFkZr gksrh gSA
 lsok çnkrkvksa ds ikl lsokvksa dks liQyrkiwoZd vkSj
dq'kyrk ls fu"ikfnr djus ds fy, vko';d dkS'ky]
çf'k{k.k vkSj fo'ks"kKrk gksrh gSA os m|ksx esa cnykoksa
vkSj lokZsÙke çFkkvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh j•rs gSaA
z oS;fÙkQdj.k% xq.koÙkkiw.kZ lsok çnk;xh çR;sd ykHkkFkhZ dh
fof'k"Vrk dks igpkurk gS vkSj lsok vuqHko dks oS;fÙkQÑr
djus dk ç;kl djrk gSA
 blesa fof'k"V miHkksÙkQk vko';drkvksa] ilan vkSj
fLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj lsokvksa dks çnku djuk 'kkfey gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] flVhtu pkVZj ds çkoèkku
z Li"V laokn% xq.koÙkkiw.kZ lsok çnk;xh lsok çnkrkvksa vkSj
ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ds chp Li"V vkSj çHkkoh laokn ij fuHkZj
gSA blesa ljy] lqxe rjhds ls tkudkjh] funZs'k vkSj
v|ru tkudkjh laçsf"kr djus ds lkFk&lkFk ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh
çfrfØ;k dks lfØ; :i ls lquuk 'kkfey gSA
z n{krk vkSj le;c¼rk% xq.koÙkkiw.kZ lsok çnk;xh dq'ky
vkSj le;c¼ nksuksa gksrh gSA blesa foyac dks de djuk]
lapkyu dks lqxe cukuk vkSj lger le;&lhek ds Hkhrj
lsok,a çnku djuk 'kkfey gSA ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks yach ykbuksa
;k vuko';d ykyiQhrk'kkgh dk lkeuk ugha djuk iM+sA
z fof'k"Vrkvksa ij è;ku% xq.koÙkkiw.kZ lsok çnk;xh
fof'k"Vrkvksa ij è;ku nsrk gSA blesa lsok çnk;xh esa 'kq¼rk]
lVhdrk vkSj laiw.kZrk dh xkjaVh 'kkfey gSA lsok çnkrk
NksVh&NksVh tkudkfj;ksa ij è;ku nsrs gSa tks ykHkkFkhZ ds
vuqHko ij cM+k çHkko Mky ldrs gSaA
z fujarj lqèkkj% xq.koÙkkiw.kZ lsok çnk;xh fujarj lqèkkj ds
fy, lefiZr gksrh gSA blesa lsok çnk;xh çfØ;kvksa dh
yxkrkj leh{kk vkSj ewY;kadu djuk] lqèkkj ds volj <wa<uk
vkSj xzkgd larqf"V vkSj laxBukRed çn'kZu esa lqèkkj ds fy,
cnyko djuk 'kkfey gSA
240
lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj ds fy, vko';d mik;
z çHkkoh laokn vkSj lg;ksx% ,tsafl;ksa vkSj foHkkxksa ds
chp çHkkoh laokn vkSj lg;ksx lsok leUo; vkSj çnk;xh
esa lqèkkj dj ldrk gSA
z çkS|ksfxdh lsok çnk;xh dh n{krk vkSj çHkkodkfjrk esa lqèkkj
dj ldrh gS] ysfdu ;g lqfuf'pr djuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd
fu;ksftr çkS|ksfxdh fo'oluh; vkSj ç;ksÙkQk vuqdwy gksA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ts,,e(JAM) fVªfuVh] çxfr iksVZy]
bZ& Økafr iksVZy vkfn dh 'kq:vkrA
z cnyrh ekaxksa vkSj vis{kkvksa ds çfr mÙkjnkf;Ro%
ljdkjksa dks vius ukxfjdksa dh cnyrh t:jrksa vkSj
vis{kkvksa ds çfr tkx:d jguk pkfg,] vkSj mUgsa ges'kk
viuh lsok çnk;xh dks c<+kus vkSj u;k djus ds rjhdksa dh
ryk'k djuh pkfg,A
 çR;sd foHkkx ,oa ea=kky; }kjk flVhtu pkVZj miyCèk
djkukA
 fV~oVj lsok% ljdkj dh uohure lks'ky ehfM;k
ifj;kstuk,a ukxfjdksa dks lsokvksa dk vuqjksèk djus]
f'kdk;r ntZ djus vkSj Rofjr çfrfØ;k çkIr djus dh
lqfoèkk nsrh gSA
z ikjnf'kZrk vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro% lsok çnk;xh çfØ;k esa
ikjnf'kZrk vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro lqfuf'pr djus ls ukxfjd Hkjksls
vkSj fo'okl ds fodkl esa lgk;rk fey ldrh gSA
 MhchVh ds ekè;e ls ihMh,l ds nq:i;ksx dks jksdukA
z Li"V y{; vkSj dk;Zfu"iknu ekunaM LFkkfir djuk%
Li"V y{; vkSj dk;Zfu"iknu ekud LFkkfir djus ls ;g
xkjaVh nsus esa enn fey ldrh gS fd lsok,a yxkrkj vkSj
liQyrkiwoZd çnku dh tkrh gSaA
 yksd lsok xkjaVh vfèkfu;e% 2010 esa eè; çns'k ls
'kq: gksdj jkT; ljdkjksa us ih,lth vfèkfu;e ykxw
fd;k gS tks lsok çnk;xh ds fy, le; lkfj.kh vkSj
xSj&vuqikyu dks fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA
z lsok çnk;xh dh çfØ;k esa ukxfjdksa dks 'kkfey djuk%
lsok çnk;xh çfØ;k esa ukxfjdksa dks 'kkfey djus ls ;g
xkjaVh fey ldrh gS fd lsok,¡ mu yksxksa dh t:jrksa vkSj
vis{kkvksa dks iwjk djrh gSa tks mudk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
 f}rh; ,vkjlh us ukxfjd&dsafær ç'kklu dh fliQkfj'k
dh FkhA
z is'ksoj fodkl vkSj çf'k{k.k esa fuos'k djuk% fujarj
çf'k{k.k vkSj is'ksoj fodkl ;g xkjaVh nsus esa lgk;rk dj
ldrk gS fd ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ds ikl mPp xq.koÙkk
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 okyh lsok,a çnku djus ds fy, vko';d dkS'ky vkSj
fo'ks"kKrk gSA
 ljdkj us {kerk fuekZ.k ds fy, 360&fMxzh feM&dSfj;j
çf'k{k.k ekWMÔwy is'k fd;kA
z fu;eksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa dks ljy cukuk% uhfr;ksa vkSj
çfØ;kvksa dks ljy cukus ls ukSdj'kkgh de djus vkSj lsok
çnk;xh n{krk c<+kus esa enn fey ldrh gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ck;ksesfVªd&vkèkkfjr jk'ku dkMZ
lqj{kk ra=kA
fu"d"kZ
ljdkjksa ds fy, mRÑ"V lsok,¡ çnku djuk dfBu gS] ysfdu
blds fy, fofHkUu lekèkku vkSj lokZsÙke çFkk,¡ miyCèk gSaA
buesa Li"V y{; vkSj çn'kZu ekud fuèkkZfjr djuk] lsok çnk;xh
esa ukxfjdksa dks 'kkfey djuk] fujarj lqèkkj ykus ds fy,
dk;Zfu"iknu vkadM+ksa dk mi;ksx djuk] çf'k{k.k vkSj is'ksoj
fodkl esa fuos'k djuk] uhfr;ksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa dks ljy cukuk]
n{krk esa lqèkkj ds fy, çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx djuk] ,tsalh
lg;ksx vkSj leUo; dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj xzkgd lsok laLÑfr
dks c<+kok nsuk 'kkfey gSA
7-12 lkoZtfud fufèk dk mi;ksx
'kCn ^^lkoZtfud foÙk iks"k.k** dk rkRi;Z jkT; ;k ljdkj
}kjk jktuhfrd nyksa vkSj@;k jktusrkvksa dks miyCèk djk, x,
èku ;k lalkèkuksa ls gSA çR;{k dj] vçR;{k dj] xSj&dj vk;
vkSj ckgjh foÙkiks"k.k lHkh ljdkj ds jktLo esa ;ksxnku djrs
gSaA bu lkoZtfud fufèk;ksa dks lkoZtfud fufèk dgk tkrk gS
vkSj bUgsa fu;ekuqlkj •pZ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
7-12-1 l
 koZtfud fufèk ds mi;ksx ls lacafèkr
leL;k,a
z jkT;ksa }kjk ;kstuk O;; dk de mi;ksx ;kstukvksa dks ykxw
djus dh çfØ;k esa laLFkkxr vkSj çfØ;kRed ckèkkvksa ds
lkFk&lkFk ftyk&Lrjh; ;kstuk çfØ;k esa dfe;ksa ls Hkh
tksM+k tk ldrk gSA
 Je lacaèkh lalnh; LFkk;h lfefr dgk fd ctV vuqeku
esa ea=kky; ds fy, vkoaVu esa ₹12]065-49 djksM+ dh
o`f¼ gqbZ gS] ysfdu 15 iQjojh] 2021 rd dsoy
₹2]566 djksM+ gh O;; fd, tk lds] tks fd dsoy
52-8» èkujkf'k ds mi;ksx ds cjkcj gSA
z ;kstuk xfrfofèk;ksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, vi;kZIr
deZpkfj;ksa] {kerk fuekZ.k ij vi;kZIr è;ku vkSj ;kstuk
çfØ;k esa lkeqnkf;d Hkkxhnkjh dh lhfer Hkwfedk ds
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
ifj.kkeLo:i ;kstukvksa esa fodsUæhÑr ;kstuk esa deh
vkbZA
 Je lacaèkh lalnh; LFkk;h lfefr dk ;g Hkh ekuuk
gS fd èku ds vR;fèkd de mi;ksx us dqN ;kstukvksa
ds çn'kZu dks çHkkfor fd;k gS] ftlls yf{kr lewg
dks ykHk igqapkus esa bu ;kstukvksa dk ç'kaluh; mís';
foiQy gks x;k gSA
z ;kstukvksa dh ctVh; çfØ;kvksa esa #dkoVsa] tSls èku
ds çokg esa foyac] O;; ds fy, eatwjh vkns'k tkjh
djus esa nsjh] jkT;ksa esa fu.kZ; ysus dh dsaæhÑr çfØ;k]
ftyk@mi&ftyk Lrj ds vfèkdkfj;ksa dks foÙkh; 'kfÙkQ;ksa
dk vi;kZIr gLrkarj.k vkSj lHkh jkT;ksa ds fy, çk;ksftr
;kstukvksa ds ekunaM ds fy, ,d leku dsaæh; O;oLFkkA
ljdkjh ys•s
z Hkkjr dh lafpr fufèk% bl fufèk dk xBu Hkkjrh;
lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn 266(1) ds vuqlkj fd;k x;k FkkA
 Hkkjr dh lesfdr fufèk esa ljdkj ds lHkh çR;{k
vkSj vçR;{k dj jktLo] mèkkj •pZ vkSj ½.k
Hkqxrku 'kkfey gSaA
z Hkkjr dh vkdfLedrk fufèk% Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk
vuqPNsn 267(1) Hkkjr vkdfLedrk fufèk dh LFkkiuk
dh ckr djrk gSA
 Hkkjr dh vkdfLedrk fufèk dk j•j•ko jk"Vªifr dh
vksj ls foÙk ea=kky; esa Hkkjr ljdkj ds ,d lfpo
}kjk fd;k tk,xkA
 vçR;kf'kr •pks± gsrq Hkkjr dh vkdfLedrk fufèk ls
vfxze jkf'k nh tk,xhA
z yksd ys•k % Hkkjr ds yksd ys•k dks"k dh LFkkiuk
lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn 266 (2) ds vuqlkj dh x;h gSA
 ;g mu ysu&nsu dk ys•k&tks•k j•rk gS ftlesa
ljdkj fliQZ ,d cSadj ds :i esa dk;Z dj jgh gSA
z dk;ZØeksa esa vko';drk&vkèkkfjr ctV dh deh] ftls
vDlj okLrfod bdkbZ ykxr ds i;kZIr fo'ys"k.k ds fcuk
fd;k tkrk gS] ls irk pyrk gS fd dqN ;kstukvksa ds fy,
vkoaVu Åij ls uhps vkSj vokLrfod :i ls fd, x,A
z èku dk nqfoZfu;kstu%
 lkoZtfud èku ds nqfoZfu;kstu esa lkaln }kjk ,eih,y,Mh
ds èku dk vius futh VªLVksa vkSj lkslk;fV;ksa esa fuos'k
gSA
 xSjdkuwuh ifj;kstukvksa dh fliQkfj'k] dk;kZUo;u
,tsafl;ksa ds p;u ij tksj nsuk] Bsdsnkjksa dks Hkqxrku
241
 dks fu;af=kr djus dh ekax djuk] vkSj ikjnf'kZrk vkSj
tokcnsgh ls yxkrkj budkj djuk] ;s lc èku ds
nqfoZfu;kstu dks c<+krs gSaA
z nq:i;ksx%
 lkoZtfud èku ds nq#i;ksx esa i;kZIr vfèkdkj ds fcuk
•pZ djuk ;k ,slk •pZ 'kkfey gS tks ykxw dkuwu]
fofu;eksa] uhfr;ksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa ds fy, ds ifjis{k esa
voSèk ;k fojksèkkHkklh gSA
 ,slh •jhnkjh tks vuko';d :i ls vfr';ksfÙkQiw.kZ
eg¡xh gks vkSj laxBu dh okf.kfT;d ;k ifjpkyu
vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i u gks] lkoZtfud èku dk
nq#i;ksx Hkh gks ldrh gSA
 lkoZtfud laifÙk;ksa ds nq#i;ksx esa ljdkjh laifÙk dk
vuqfpr ;k voSèk mi;ksx vkSj ,slh laifÙk;ksa dh j{kk
djus esa foiQyrk nksuksa 'kkfey gSaA
 fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd (lh,th) us 2012
esa ik;k fd rRdkyhu 'kkldh; fudk; us 1993
ls 2006 rd lkoZtfud vkSj futh iQeks± dks 216
dks;yk CykWdksa dks xyr rjhds ls vkoafVr fd;k]
ftlesa yk•ksa MkWyj cckZn gq, FksA
z jktuhfrd lÙkk ikus ds fy, eqÝr phtsa miyCèk djkuk%
vrkfdZd vkSj eqÝr esa feyh phtsa yksxksa dks yqHkkrh gSaA
;g fiQtwy•phZ ljdkj ds foÙk ij ncko Mkyrh gSA ;g
lÙkk:<+ ny dks lHkh ds fy, mfpr rjhds ls •pZ djus
esa ckèkk Mkyrk gSA
z fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd (lh,th) dh lhfer
'kfÙkQ;k¡% Hkkjr ds fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd lkoZtfud
èku ds laj{kd gSa vkSj jkT; vkSj dsaæ nksuksa Lrjksa ij ns'k
dh laiw.kZ foÙkh; ç.kkyh dks fu;af=kr djrs gSa] ysfdu ;g
dsoy O;; ds ckn •krs dh ys•kijh{kk dj ldrs gSaA
lh,th ;g lqfuf'pr ugha dj ldrs fd èkujkf'k lgh <ax
ls •pZ dh tk,A
yksd foÙk esa lqèkkj ds fy, vko';d mik;
z foÙkiks"k.k dh fLFkjrk% lkoZtfud èku dk mi;ksx djus
okyh ,d lkoZtfud bdkbZ dks vius foÙkiks"k.k fu.kZ;ksa
ds çHkko vkSj Hkfo"; ds foÙkiks"k.k dh t:jrksa ij fopkj
djuk pkfg,A
242
 lkoZtfud laxBuksa dks nh?kZdkfyd lsok çnk;xh dks
•rjs esa Mkys fcuk fdlh mís'; ds fy, fu"i{k vkSj
mfpr foÙk iks"k.k djuk pkfg,A
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] moZjd lfClMh çÑfr dks uqdlku
igqapk jgh gS vkSj i;kZoj.kh; pqukSfr;k¡ iSnk dj jgh gSA
z lkoZtfud fufèk;ksa ds mi;ksx ds fl¼karksa dk ikyu%
lkoZtfud fufèk;ksa dks fu;ksftr djus okyh lkoZtfud
laLFkkvksa dks bu fn'kkfunZs'kksa dk ikyu djuk pkfg,%
 ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa dks dkuwu dk ikyu djukA lkoZtfud
fufèk;ksa dk mi;ksx l{ke çkfèkdkjh dh lgefr ls
djukA
 vukfèkÑr •pZ ls vfrO;; dk dkj.k curk gSA fufèk;ksa
dk mi;ksx Hkh vius bfPNr mís'; ds fy, fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
 mÙkjnkf;Ro% lkoZtfud fufèk;ksa dk mi;ksx djus okyh
ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa dks vius lapkyu ds iw.kZ vkSj lVhd
•krs ys•s çLrqr djus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg, vkSj dfe;ksa
dks nwj djus ds fy, i;kZIr 'kklu vkSj çcaèku gksuk
pkfg,A
z lq'kklu dks c<+kok nsuk% lq'kklu ds fy, fodsaæhdj.k]
foèkk;h •kfe;k¡] lhohlh vkSj vkjVhvkbZ tSlh lkoZtfud
laLFkkvksa dks etcwr djuk] ç'kklfud tokcnsgh vkSj yksd
foÙk dks liQyrkiwoZd fu;ksftr djus ds fy, ,d vfèkd
yksdrkaf=kd lekt dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z èku dk lnqi;ksx% ljdkj dks lkekftd ykHk vkSj O;;
dks larqfyr djds b"Vre lkoZtfud O;; dk irk yxkdj
vkSj mls cuk, j•uk pkfg,A ljdkjh èku dk ,d&,d
:i;k lekt ds ykHk ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
fu"d"kZ
xqM xouZsl vkSj fMftVyhdj.k us Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj •kfe;ksa dks de
fd;k gS] ysfdu vHkh Hkh ,d yack jkLrk r; djuk ckdh gSA tu
Hkkxhnkjh] ,tsafl;ksa vkSj ukSdj'kkgh esa uSfrd ftEesnkfj;ka c<+kuk]
;kstuk dk;kZUo;u vkSj vkmViqV ij è;ku dsafær djuk vkSj
çfØ;kvksa esa ikjnf'kZrk ykus ls bl dk;Z esa enn fey ldrh gSA
7-13 Hkz"Vkpkj
z Vªkalisjsalh baVjus'kuy }kjk tkjh fd, x, Hkz"Vkpkj cksèk
lwpdkad] 2022 ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr 180 ns'kksa esa ls 85oka
lcls de Hkz"V ns'k gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
7-13-1 Hkz"Vkpkj ds çdkj (tSlk fd f}rh; ,vkjlh ds lnL;ksa dks fu;qÙkQ djds viuh 'kfÙkQ dks lqjf{kr
}kjk fn;k x;k gS) djus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA
feyhHkxr ls fd;k x;k z fgrksa dk Vdjko% ;g iqfyl uSfrdrk vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj ds
tcjnLrh Hkz"Vkpkj cM+s eqís dk ,d NksVk ysfdu egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA
Hkz"Vkpkj
z ;gka ukxfjd dks lsok z fj'or nsus okys vkSj yksd z i{kikr lÙkk ds nq#i;ksx dk ,d lkèku gS ftldk vFkZ gS
ikus ds fy, fj'or nsuh lsod ds chp feyhHkxr ^^futhdj.k** vkSj jkT; lalkèkuksa dk vR;fèkd i{kikriw.kZ
iM+rh nsus ds fy, etcwj gksrh gSA vkoaVu] Hkys gh ;s èku dSls vftZr fd;k x;k gksA
fd;k tkrk gSA z bu nksuksa dks lekt dh  i{kikr vtufc;ksa ls igys fe=kksa vkSj ifjokj dks

z tc ukxfjd Hkz"Vkpkj dk
fojksèk djus dk ç;kl
djrs gSa rks mUgsa cgqr
vfèkd uqdlku mBkuk
iM+rk gSA
z ;g foyac] mRihM+u]
volj] dherh le;
vkSj osru dh gkfu vkSj
dHkh&dHkh thou ;k vax
•ksus ds laHkkfor •rjs ds
:i esa Hkh gks ldrk gSA
dher ij ykHk gksrk gSA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] lkoZtfud
dk;ks± ds fy, Bsds nsu]s
eky vkSj lsokvksa dh
•jhn] deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ
vkfn esa Hkz"VkpkjA
çkFkfedrk nsus dh varfuZfgr ekuoh; ço`fÙk gSA i{kikr
Hkz"Vkpkj ls tqM+k gqvk gS D;ksafd ;g lalkèkuksa ds Hkz"V
forj.k dks bafxr djrk gSA ;g flDds dk nwljk igyw
gS] tgka Hkz"Vkpkj lalkèkuksa ij dCtk gSA
z èkks•kèkM+h ,d foÙkh; vijkèk gS ftlesa èkks•kèkM+h]
?kksVkys ;k tkylkth 'kkfey gSA tkylkth dks ljdkjh
vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk O;fÙkQxr ykHk çkIr djus ds fy,]
tkudkjh] rF;ksa vkSj fo'ks"kKrk ds gsjiQsj ;k fo:i.k ds
:i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] tks jktusrkvksa vkSj ukxfjdksa
ds chp dh dM+h gksrs gSaA
 tkylkth rc gksrh gS tc ,d ljdkjh vfèkdkjh

Hkz"Vkpkj ds çdkj
z xcu mu yksxksa }kjk lalkèkuksa dh pksjh gS ftUgsa mUgsa lalkèkuksa
dks ç'kkflr djus dk dke lkSaik x;k gS x;k gksA ,slk rc
gksrk gS tc csbZeku deZpkjh vius ekfydksa ls pksjh djrs
gSaA tc dksbZ ljdkjh deZpkjh ml lkoZtfud laLFkk ls
pksjh djrk gS ftlesa og dk;Zjr gS vkSj mu lalkèkuksa ls
pksjh djrk gS ftUgsa og turk dh vksj ls ç'kkflr djus
ds fy, ckè; gS] ;g ,d xaHkhj vijkèk gSA
z HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn i{kikr dk ,d :i gS ftlesa ,d
vfèkdkjh vius futh fj'rsnkjksa vkSj ifjokj ds lnL;ksa
(iRuh] HkkbZ&cgu] cPps vkSj llqjky okyksa) dks çkFkfedrk
nsrk gSA
 dbZ vfu;af=kr 'kkldksa us ljdkjh ra=k ds Hkhrj egRoiw.kZ
jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lSU;@lqj{kk Hkwfedkvksa esa ifjokj
(eq[;) tks vius ofj"Bksa (eq[;) }kjk lkSais x, vkns'kksa
;k dk;ks± dks iwjk djus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrk gS]
O;fÙkQxr ykHk ds fy, lwpuk dks miyCèk djkus esa
gsjiQsj djrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i bl ?kVuk dk
vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa }kjk vè;;u ds fy, fçafliy&,tsaV ;k
çksRlkgu fl¼kar dk O;kid :i ls mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA
z fj'or•ksjh% fj'or ,d Hkz"V lacaèk esa fn;k ;k çkIr
fd;k x;k Hkqxrku (iSls ;k oLrq ds :i esa) gSA fj'or
,d fuf'pr 'kqYd] vuqcaèk dk ,d çfr'kr] ;k dksbZ
vU; ekSfæd ;k oLrqxr migkj gS tks fdlh ,sls ljdkjh
vfèkdkjh dks çnku fd;k x;k tks jkT; dh vksj ls vuqcaèk
dj ldrk gS ;k vU;Fkk fuxeksa ;k O;fÙkQ;ksa] O;kikfj;ksa vkSj
xzkgdksa dks ykHk igqapk ldrk gSA

Corruption = Monopoly + Discretion – Accountability

z Competition z Decentralisation z RTI

z e-bidding z Delegation z Citizen Charter
z Public procurement z Devolution z Social audit

7-13-2 Hkz"Vkpkj ls mRiUu pqukSfr;k¡

z Hkz"Vkpkj ls ykHk ikus okys yksx ;FkkfLFkfr cuk, j•us dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa vkSj fdlh Hkh lqèkkj dk fojksèk djrs gSaA

'kklu esa 'kqfprk 243

z ;g mRikndrk de djrk gS vkSj vkS|ksfxd uhfr;ksa dh
çHkko'khyrk dks de djrk gSA
z cqfu;knh <kaps dh foiQyrk% ekfiQ;k èku 'kksèku vkSj iSlk
dekus ds fy, fuekZ.k dk mi;ksx djrk gSA
 fj'or•ksjh] i{kikr vkSj çHkko&O;kikj dk ç;ksx
Hkwfe&mi;ksx vkSj çkfèkdj.k lhekvksa dk mYya?ku djus
esa fd;k tkrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i •rjukd
bekjrsa curh gSaA
z mPp Hkz"Vkpkj okys ns'kksa esa f'k{kk] LokLF; ns•Hkky vkfn
tSls lkekftd fuos'k de gksrs gSaA
z blls turk ds chp vlekurk iSnk gksrh gSA vlekurk ij
vkWDliQSe dh gkfy;k fjiksVZ blh vksj b'kkjk djrh gSA
z O;kikj lqxerk detksj gksrh gSA gkyk¡fd Hkz"Vkpkj ds vkfFkZd
çHkkoksa ds lVhd vkadM+s vkuk eqf'dy gS] varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk
dks"k (vkbZ,e,iQ) ds 2016 ds 'kksèk ls irk pyk gS fd
vdsys fj'or•ksjh ij çfr o"kZ $1-5 ls $2 fVªfy;u rd
•pZ gksrk gSA
z ykyiQhrk'kkgh% lkoZtfud lsok {ks=k esa Hkz"Vkpkj vPNs
dk;ks± ds lapkyu ds fy, mPp tksf•e iSnk djrk gSA
daifu;ksa dks fdlh Hkh çfØ;k ;k lkSns dks vafre :i nsus
ds fy, vokafNr ykyiQhrk'kkgh] NksVs&eksVs Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj
fj'or•ksjh dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
z Hkz"Vkpkj ls jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa oSèkrk •Re gks tkrh
gS vkSj xSj&ljdkjh dkjdksa dks •qyh NwV fey tkrh gSA
mnkgj.k& okeiaFkh mxzokn
7-13-3 Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.k
laFkkue lfefr (1963) us Hkkjr esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds fuEufyf•r
dkj.kksa dh igpku dh%
z ljdkj dk ,dkfèkdkj% ljdkj fofu;ked dk;ks± ds
ekè;e ls ftruk çcaèku dj ldrh gS mlls vfèkd
ftEesnkjh vius Åij ys ysrh gSA
z O;kid foosdkfèkdkj% ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dh fofHkUu
Jsf.k;ksa esa fufgr 'kfÙkQ;ksa ds ç;ksx esa foosd dk nk;jkA
z tfVy dkuwu vkSj fu;e% turk ds lkFk dkedkt esa
fofHkUu ekeys tks ukxfjdksa ds fy, muds nSfud thou esa
egRoiw.kZ gSa] ls fuiVus esa cksf>y çfØ;k,aA
z vU; dkj.k%
a- naMkRed dkjZokbZ ds fy, detksj dkuwuh <kapk%
xyr ifjHkkf"kr uhfr;ksa] detksj fu;ked <kaps vkSj
eaf=k;ksa vkSj mPp ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa ds chp cM+s
vfoosd ds dkj.k ,slk gksrk gSA
244
b- jktuhfrd Hkz"Vkpkj% ,d fuokZpu {ks=k ds fo'kky
HkkSxksfyd {ks=k ds dkj.k] dbZ txg rks 20 yk• ls
vfèkd ernkrkvksa ds dkj.k] fdlh mEehnokj dks
pquko yM+us ds fy, Hkkjh ek=kk esa èku •pZ djuk iM+rk
gSA
c- vfr&fofu;eu% ,d detksj ljdkj ds lkFk feydj]
Hkz"Vkpkj dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
d- ukSdj'kkgh dh ykyiQhrk'kkgh vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dks
c<+kok nsuk% bls jkWcVZ esVZu us mi;qÙkQ :i ls mtkxj
fd;k gS] ^^tc fu;e •sy ls vfèkd egRoiw.kZ gks
tkrk gS**A
e- vfHktkR; oxZ dk mn; vkSj mnkjhdj.k ds ckn
Hkz"Vkpkj% cM+s O;olk;ksa] jktusrkvksa vkSj ukSdj'kkgksa ds
chp lkaBxkaB ds dkj.k cM+s iSekus ij Hkz"Vkpkj iuirk
gS] tSlk fd Vªkalisjsalh baVjus'kuy us mtkxj fd;k gSA
f}rh; ,vkjlh us mPp Hkz"Vkpkj ds rhu çeq•
dkj.kksa dh igpku dh
1- igyk] vkSifuosf'kd 'kfÙkQ vkSj euekuh dk gksukA
lÙkk&yksyqi lekt esa jktusrk uSfrdrk ls HkVd ldrs
gSaA
2- nwljk] gekjk lekt vR;fèkd vleku gSA lÙkk dh
fo"kerk ds dkj.k Hkz"Vkpkj vklku gSA
3- rhljk] Hkkjrh; x.kjkT; dh çkjafHkd uhfr;ksa
us ukxfjdksa dks jkT; dh n;k ij NksM+ fn;kA
vfrfu;eu] vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa ij egRoiw.kZ lhek,a]
Hkkjh ljdkjh fu;a=k.k] dbZ {ks=kksa esa ljdkj dk yxHkx
,dkfèkdkj] vkSj vHkko okyh vFkZO;oLFkk us vfu;af=kr
Hkz"Vkpkj dks c<+kok fn;k gSA
7-13-4 ljdkjh lsokvksa ij Hkz"Vkpkj dk çHkko
z nwljksa dks nwf"kr djrk gS% Hkz"Vkpkj LotU; gS] ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i Hkz"V ÑR;ksa dk flyflyk 'kq: gks tkrk gSA
Hkz"Vkpkj fuEufyf•r ifj.kkeksa ds dkj.k laiw.kZ ç'kklu vkSj
'kklu ç.kkyh dks uqdlku igq¡pkrk gS%
z LuksckWfyax% Hkz"V vkpj.k ds NksVs&NksVs mnkgj.k cM+s
Hkz"Vkpkj esa cny tkrs gSaA Hkz"Vkpkj ls le; ij u fuiVuk
vkSj vka•sa ewan ysuk ;g n'kkZrk gS fd ;g Lohdk;Z gSA blls
;g laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gS fd mYya?kudrkZ ckj&ckj vkSj
cM+s iSekus ij Hkz"Vkpkj esa layXu gksaxsA
z ,d fu;e cu tkuk% ftu mYya?kuksa dh vuns•h dh tkrh
gS ;k laxBu }kjk mfpr rjhds ls fuiVk ugha tkrk gS] mUgsa
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 Lohdk;Z ekuk tk ldrk gSA blls ;g laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gS
fd laxBu esa vU; yksx Hkh bldk vuqlj.k djus ds fy,
mfpr ;k çksRlkfgr gks ldrs gSaA
z Hkz"Vkpkj dk fofdj.k% flfoy lsok ds fdlh ,d {ks=k esa
Hkz"Vkpkj iwjh flfoy lsok dh çfr"Bk dks uqdlku igq¡pkrk
gSA ukxfjd vkSj ehfM;k] lkekU; rkSj ij] ljdkj dh
fofHkUu 'kk•kvksa ds chp varj ugha djrs gSaA
 ifj.kkeLo:i] laiw.kZ lkoZtfud ra=k ij Hkz"Vkpkj dk
vkjksi yx tkrk gS] ftlls bldh oSèkrk de gks tkrh
gSA
z ikjnf'kZrk% lkoZtfud {ks=k esa ikjnf'kZrk ,d çeq• fl¼kar
gSA flfoy lsod ,d eNyh?kj okys ekgkSy esa dke djrs
gSa] ,sls esa mu ij ges'kk vkSj gj rjiQ ls utj j•h tkrh gS
vkSj ,d eSXuhiQkbax ysal ls muds ckjs esa tkap dh tkrh gSA
 bl çdkj Hkz"V ÑR;ksa dk ehfM;k }kjk irk yxk, tkus
vkSj mtkxj gksus dh vfèkd laHkkouk gksrh gS] ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i vDlj tu vkØks'k iuirk gS vkSj turk
dk fo'okl de gksrk gSA
7-13-5 Hkkjr esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds y{k.k
lafoèkku ds dkedkt dh leh{kk ds fy, jk"Vªh; vk;ksx }kjk
'kklu esa 'kqfprk ij tkjh ijke'kZ i=k esa Hkkjr esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds
fuEufyf•r y{k.kksa dks crk;k x;k gS%
1- igyk] Hkkjr esa Hkz"Vkpkj MkmuLVªhe ds ctk; viLVªhe
esa gksrk gSA mPpre Lrj ij Hkz"Vkpkj fodkl ds mís';ksa]
dk;ZØeksa vkSj ifj;kstukvksa ls lacafèkr egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ;ksa dks
çHkkfor djrk gSA
2- nwljk] Hkkjr esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds ifg, ugha cfYd ia• gSaA Hkkjr
esa Hkz"Vkpkj ls dek;k x;k èku rLdjh }kjk rqjar gh ns'k ds
ckgj lqjf{kr fBdkuksa ij ys tk;k tkrk gSA
 tcfd iwath dk iyk;u nwljs ns'kksa esa Hkh gksrk gS]
ijarq bldk cM+k fgLlk fuos'k fd;k tkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa
esa] nqfu;k ds vU; {ks=kksa esa Hkz"V èku dk mi;ksx fons'kh
•krksa dks Hkjus dh rqyuk esa O;kikj ds foÙkiks"k.k ds
fy, fd, tkus dh vfèkd laHkkouk gSA
3- rhljk] Hkkjr esa Hkz"Vkpkj vDlj dkjkokl dh ctk; mUufr
dh vksj ys tkrk gSA cM+s Hkz"Vkpkjh 'kk;n gh dHkh idM+s
tkrs gSa] tc rd os nwljh Vhe ls u gksaA
 blds foijhr] fodflr ns'kksa esa vDlj ,d mÙkjnkf;Ro
ra=k gksrk gS tgka 'kh"kZ usrkvksa dh Hkh tkap dh tkrh gS
vkSj mu ij eqdnek pyk;k tkrk gSA
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
 Hkkjr esa Hkz"Vkpkj dk lcls ijs'kku djus okyk igyw
;g gS fd csbZeku vDlj cgqr 'kfÙkQ'kkyh gksrs gSa vkSj
os bZekunkj tokcnsgh çfØ;k ls ugha xqtjrs gSaA
4- pkSFkk] Hkz"Vkpkj Hkkjr esa gksrk gS] tgka yk•ksa yksx xjhch esa
jgrs gSa vkSj LokLF; ns•Hkky] f'k{kk] lqjf{kr is;ty vkSj
LoPNrk tSlh cqfu;knh vko';drkvksa rd mudh igqap ugha
gSA vfèkdka'k vkcknh xjhc vkSj fujkfJr gS] tcfd dqN
yksx Hkz"Vkpkj ds ekè;e ls èku vftZr djrs gSaA
7-13-6 Hkz"Vkpkj ls fuiVus ds rjhds vkSj lkèku
z vkpkj lafgrk vkSj uhfr lafgrk dk dM+kbZ ls ikyu%
fofHkUu vfèkdkfj;ksa ds fy, LFkkfir vkpkj lafgrk dks
,d uhfr lafgrk }kjk lefFkZr fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftls
vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk vkarfjd :i ls vkRelkr djus dh
vko';drk gSA
 bldk çHkko ;g gksxk fd yksd lsodksa dks lgh vkpj.k
fn•kus ds fy, ncko Mkyus dh t:jr ugha iM+sxhA
z laLFkkxr mik;ksa dk çHkkoh dk;kZUo;u% lekt dh
vko';drkvksa dh cnyrh xfr'khyrk ds vuqlkj tokcnsgh
ra=k] pkgs os çHkkoh dkuwu] ra=k] çfØ;k,a ;k lkèku gksa] dk
l[r vkSj fodflr dk;kZUo;u egRoiw.kZ gSA
z çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx% 'kklu esa ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh
lqfuf'pr djus] çeq• fgrèkkjdksa ds chp xfr'khy vkSj
fujarj laidZ djus ds fy, bZ&xouZsal vkSj vkbZlhVh midj.kksa
dk mi;ksxA
z turk ds gkFk esa 'kfÙkQ% ukxfjdksa dks Hkh vius O;ogkj
esa cnyko ykus dh t:jr gS vkSj mUgsa viuk dke rsth ls
iwjk djokus ds fy, ^LihM euh* ds ekè;e ls vfèkdkfj;ksa
dks fj'or nsus ls cpuk pkfg,A
fu"d"kZ
;fn Hkkjr esa Hkz"Vkpkj dk Lrj LdSafMusfo;kbZ ns'kksa ds cjkcj de
gks tk,] rks ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa 1-5» dh o`f¼ gksxh vkSj
fuos'k esa 12» dh o`f¼ gksxhA ;fn fons'kksa ls lkjk dkyk èku
okil yk;k tk, rks Hkkjr viuk dtZ pqdk ldrk gSA
7-13-7 Hkkjr esa Hkz"Vkpkj ls fuiVus ds fy, orZeku
ra=k
Hkz"Vkpkj ls fuiVus ds fy, dkuwu
z Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk] 1860%
 xSjdkuwuh rjhds ls laifÙk •jhnus ;k cksyh yxkus ij
èkkjk 169 ds varxZr vFkZnaM ds lkFk nks o"kZ rd ds
dkjkokl dk çkoèkku gSA
245
  fdlh yksd lsod ij eqdnek pykus ds fy, jkT; ;k
dsaæ ljdkj ls iwoZ eatwjh dk çkoèkku vko';d gSA
z csukeh ysunsu (fu"ksèk) vfèkfu;e] 1988 %
 ;g csukeh ysunsu (nwljs O;fÙkQ ds xyr uke ij laifÙk
•jhnuk tks blds fy, Hkqxrku ugha djrk gS) ij
çfrcaèk yxkrk gS] flok; blds fd tc bls iRuh ;k
vfookfgr csVh ds uke ij •jhnk x;k gksA
 csukeh ysunsu (fu"ksèk) la'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 2016
 tqekZus ds lkFk dkjkokl dks lkr o"kZ o"kZ rd c<+k
fn;k x;k gSA
 xyr tkudkjh nsus ij ikap o"kZ dk dkjkokl vkSj
tqekZuk gks ldrk gSA
 vkjaHkdrkZ vfèkdkjh laifÙk j•us ds fy, ,d vkns'k
ikfjr dj ldrk gS vkSj fiQj ekeys dks fu.kkZ;d
çkfèkdkjh dks Hkst ldrk gS] tks lk{;ksa dh tkap djsxk
vkSj ,d vkns'k ikfjr djsxkA
 vihyh; U;k;kfèkdj.k fu.kZ; çkfèkdkjh ds vkns'kksa ds
f•ykiQ vihy dh lquokbZ djsxkA
 mPp U;k;ky; vihyh; U;k;kfèkdj.k ds vkns'kksa ds
fo#¼ vihy lqu ldrk gSA
z Hkz"Vkpkj fuokj.k vfèkfu;e] 1988%
 ;g yksd lsodksa }kjk Hkz"Vkpkj ds lacaèk esa naM dk
çkoèkku djrk gS vkSj mu yksxksa ds fy, Hkh tks Hkz"Vkpkj
ds ÑR; dks c<+kok nsus esa 'kkfey gSaA
 2018 ds la'kksèku us yksd lsodksa }kjk fj'or ysus vkSj
fdlh Hkh O;fÙkQ }kjk fj'or nsus nksuksa dks vijkèk ?kksf"kr
dj fn;kA
z èku 'kksèku fuokj.k vfèkfu;e] 2002%
 euh ykWfUMªax voSèk lzksrksa ls vftZr èku dks oSèk fn•kus
dh çfØ;k gSA
 ;g vfèkfu;e çorZu funs'kky; dks euh ykWfUMªax tkap
djus dk vfèkdkj nsrk gSA
 blesa tqekZus ds lkFk&lkFk dBksj dkjkokl dk Hkh
çkoèkku gSA
 cSafdax daifu;ka vkSj foÙkh; eè;LFk vfèkfu;e ds
varxZr fufnZ"V çÑfr vkSj ewY; ds foÙkh; ysunsu ds
fjdkWMZ cuk, j•us ds fy, ckè; gSaA
z daiuh vfèkfu;e] 2013%
 ;g dkWikZsjsV ç'kklu vkSj dkWikZsjsV {ks=k esa Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj
èkks•kèkM+h dh jksdFkke dk çkoèkku djrk gSA
246
 ^èkks•kèkM+h* 'kCn dks O;kid ifjHkk"kk nh xbZ gS vkSj ;g
daiuh vfèkfu;e ds varxZr ,d vkijkfèkd vijkèk gSA
 fo'ks"k :i ls èkks•kèkM+h ls tqM+s ekeyksa esa] dkWikZsjsV
ekeyksa ds ea=kky; ds varxZr xaHkhj èkks•kèkM+h tkap
dk;kZy; (,l,iQvkbZvks) LFkkfir fd;k x;k gS] tks
liQsniks'k vijkèkksa vkSj daifu;ksa esa vijkèkksa ls fuiVus
ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA
 ,l,iQvkbZvks daiuh vfèkfu;e ds çkoèkkuksa ds varxZr
tkap djrk gSA
Hkz"Vkpkj ls fuiVus ds fy, laLFkk,¡
z yksdiky vkSj yksdk;qÙkQ%
 yksdiky vkSj yksdk;qÙkQ vfèkfu;e] 2013] la?k
Lrj ij yksdiky vkSj jkT; Lrj ij yksdk;qÙkQ dh
LFkkiuk dk çkoèkku djrk gSA
 mUgksaus dqN yksd vfèkdkfj;ksa ds f•ykiQ Hkz"Vkpkj ds
vkjksiksa dh tkap dh gSA
 yksdiky ds vfèkdkj {ks=k esa çèkku ea=kh] ea=kh] lkaln]
lewg d] •] x vkSj ?k vfèkdkjh vkSj dsaæ ljdkj ds
vfèkdkjh 'kkfey gSaA
 buds ikl Hkz"V rjhdksa ls vftZr laifÙk ;k vU; ykHkksa
dks tCr djus dh 'kfÙkQ gSA
 yksdiky dks Hkz"Vkpkj fuokj.k vfèkfu;e 1988] ds
varxZr ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ds f•ykiQ dfFkr vijkèkksa
ls lacafèkr f'kdk;rsa çkIr djus vkSj mUgsa laHkkyus ds
fy, dkuwuh :i ls vfuok;Z fd;k x;k gSA
 yksdiky ls tqM+s eqís %
 U;k;ikfydk }kjk iw.kZ cfg"dkj% tks U;k;ikfydk
dks tokcnsg cukus dh laHkkoukvksa dks ckfèkr djrk
gSA
 çèkku ea=kh dh tkap djus dk dksbZ iw.kZ vfèkdkj
ugha% ;g vfèkfu;e ijek.kq ÅtkZ vkfn tSls dqN
ekeyksa esa çèkku ea=kh ds f•ykiQ tkap ij jksd
yxkrk gSA
 fOgfly&CyksvlZ dks T;knk lqj{kk ugha% ;g
Hkz"Vkpkj ds f•ykiQ vfHk;ku esa ckèkk ds :i esa
dk;Z djrk gSA
 yksdiky dh fu;qfÙkQ esa nsjh% o"kks± ls rduhdh
eqíksa ds dkj.k yksdiky dh fu;qfÙkQ esa nsjh gksrh
jgh gSA
z eq[; lrdZrk vk;ksx (lhohlh)%
 dsaæh; lrdZrk vk;ksx lokZsPp lrdZrk laLFkk gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
  lhohlh dh LFkkiuk ljdkj }kjk 1964 esa ds- laFkkue dh
vè;{krk okyh Hkz"Vkpkj fuokj.k lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa
ij dh xbZ FkhA
 lhohlh fdlh Hkh ea=kky; ;k foHkkx ls Lora=k gS vkSj
dsoy laln ds çfr tokcnsg gSA
 blds ikl dqN Jsf.k;ksa ds yksd lsodksa }kjk Hkz"Vkpkj
fuokj.k vfèkfu;e] 1988 ds varxZr fd, x, dfFkr
vijkèkksa dh tkap djus dk vfèkdkj gSA
 bldh okf"kZd fjiksVZ vk;ksx }kjk fd, x, dk;ks± dk
fooj.k nsrh gS vkSj ç.kkyhxr foiQyrkvksa dh vksj
b'kkjk djrh gS ftlls ljdkjh foHkkxksa esa Hkz"Vkpkj
iuirk gSA
 lhohlh dh lhek,¡%
 bls ,d lykgdkj fudk; ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gS
ftlds ikl vkijkfèkd ekeys ntZ djus dh dksbZ
'kfÙkQ ugha gSA
 mlds ikl Hkz"Vkpkj ds ekeyksa ij dkjZokbZ djus ds
fy, lalkèkuksa vkSj 'kfÙkQ;ksa dk vHkko gSA
z dsaæh; tkap C;wjks%
 f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds nkSjku •jhn esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds ekeyksa
dh tkap ds fy, 1941 esa fo'ks"k iqfyl laLFkk ds :i
esa lhchvkbZ dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA
 lhchvkbZ dk xBu laFkkue lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa ij x`g
ea=kky; ds ,d çLrko }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA
 bldh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk Hkz"Vkpkj dks jksduk vkSj
ç'kklu esa lR;fu"Bk cuk, j•uk gSA ;g lhohlh dh
ns•js• esa dke djrk gSA
 ;g lacafèkr foHkkx ds vuqjksèk ij ;k lacafèkr foHkkx ds
ijke'kZ ls vkfFkZd vkSj jktdks"kh; dkuwuksa ds mYya?ku
ls tqM+s ekeyksa dh tkap djrk gSA
 ;g xaHkhj çÑfr ds vijkèkksa dh tkap djrk gS] ftudk
jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; çHkko gksrk gS vkSj tks is'ksoj
vijkfèk;ksa ;k laxfBr fxjksgksa }kjk fd, tkrs gSaA
 ;g fofHkUu jkT; iqfyl cyksa vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj fojksèkh
,tsafl;ksa dh xfrfofèk;ksa dk leUo; djrk gSA
 ;g vijkèk ds vkadM+s j•rk gS vkSj vkijkfèkd tkudkjh
çlkfjr djrk gSA
 baVjiksy ds lkFk i=kkpkj ds fy, lhchvkbZ Hkkjr dh
çfrfufèk gSA
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
lhchvkbZ ls tqM+s eqís%
z Lora=krk dk vHkko % lhchvkbZ vius deZpkfj;ksa ds fy,
x`g ea=kky; ij fuHkZj gSA
z jktuhfrd gLr{ksi % ljdkj ds vR;fèkd gLr{ksi ds
dkj.k lokZsPp U;k;ky; us lhchvkbZ dks fiatjs esa can rksrk
dgk gSA
z jkT; ljdkj ij fuHkZjrk% tkap 'kq: djus ls igys
lhchvkbZ dks lacafèkr jkT; dh lgefr dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA if'pe caxky jkT; us lhchvkbZ dks nh xbZ lkekU;
lgefr okil ys yh FkhA
z tokcnsgh dk vHkko% D;ksafd lhchvkbZ vkjVhvkbZ ds
nk;js ls ckgj gSA
z iwoZ lgefr% dsaæ ljdkj dks la;qÙkQ lfpo vkSj mlls Åij
ds Lrj ds vfèkdkfj;ksa ij tkap 'kq: djus ds fy, iwoZ
lgefr dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
fOglyCyksbax
;g fdlh çkfèkdkjh O;fÙkQ ;k turk }kjk lkoZtfud] futh ;k
rhljs {ks=k ds laxBuksa ds Hkhrj dfFkr fj'or•ksjh] v{kerk]
Hkz"Vkpkj] èkks•kèkM+h] ;k vuSfrd O;ogkj dks mtkxj djus dk
dk;Z gSA
fOglyCyksbax dh mRifÙk%
z 2001 esa] fofèk vk;ksx us fliQkfj'k dh fd Hkz"Vkpkj ls
fuiVus ds fy, fOglyCyksvlZ dh lqj{kk ds fy, ,d
dkuwu cuk;k tk,A
z 2003 esa] fcgkj esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktekxZ çkfèkdj.k ds
,d çkstsDV bathfu;j lR;sUæ nqcs }kjk Lof.kZe prqHkZqt
ifj;kstuk esa Hkz"Vkpkj dks mtkxj fd;k x;k FkkA
 uoacj 2003 esa x;k esa mudh xksyh ekjdj gR;k dj nh
x;h- gR;k ds vkjksi esa 2010 esa rhu yksxksa dks mezdSn
dh ltk lqukbZ xbZ FkhA
 mudh gR;k ds ckn fOglyCyksvj dh lqj{kk ds fy,
dkuwu cukus dh ekax mBhA
z 2004 esa] Hkkjr ds lokZsPp U;k;ky; us ,d ;kfpdk
ds tokc esa] dsaæ ljdkj dks ¶dkuwu cukus ls igys
fOglyCyksvj dh f'kdk;rksa ij dkjZokbZ ds fy, ç'kklfud
ra=k¸ LFkkfir djus dk vkns'k fn;kA
z tokc esa] ljdkj us 2004 esa ^ifCyd baVjsLV
fMLDykstj ,aM çksVsD'ku vkWiQ bUiQkWeZlZ jstksY;w'ku
(ihvkbZMhihvkbZvkj)* tkjh fd;kA
z f}rh; ç'kklfud lqèkkj vk;ksx us Hkh lq>ko fn;k fd u;k
dkuwu cukdj fOgly&CyksvlZ dks lqjf{kr fd;k tk,A
247
z varjkZ"Vªh; lafèk;ksa esa lqèkkj% 2005 esa] Hkkjr us Hkz"Vkpkj
ds f•ykiQ la;qÙkQ jk"Vª ?kks"k.kki=k ij gLrk{kj fd, tks
f'kdk;r djus okyksa ds fy, i;kZIr lqj{kk vkSj lqj{kk mik;
çnku djrk gS vkSj Hkz"V yksd lsodksa ij fjiksfVZax dh lqfoèkk
çnku djrk gSA
 fOgly Cyksvj laj{k.k foèks;d 2011 esa is'k fd;k x;k
Fkk vkSj 2014 esa ,d vfèkfu;e cu x;kA
vfèkfu;e dh eq[; fo'ks"krk%
z fOgly&CyksvlZ dh lqj{kk djuk% ;g mu yksxksa dks
mRihM+u ls cpkrk gS tks nqO;Zogkj] vfèkdkj ds tkucw>dj
nq#i;ksx] ;k fdlh ljdkjh vfèkdkjh }kjk fdlh 'kfÙkQ ds
foosd ds euekus mi;ksx dh fjiksVZ djrs gSa] lkFk gh ;g
fOgfly&CyksvlZ dh igpku dks lqjf{kr j•rk gSA
z lqj{kk mik; çnku djuk% blds vykok] vfèkfu;e ,slh
f'kdk;r ntZ djus okys O;fÙkQ dks mRihM+u ds f•ykiQ
i;kZIr lqj{kk çnku djrk gSA
z f'kdk;r ntZ djus ds fy, lhfer le; lhek% ;g
dkuwu xqeuke vkjksiksa ij jksd yxkrk gS vkSj Li"V :i
ls fufnZ"V djrk gS fd tc rd oknh viuh igpku ugha
crkrk] rc rd l{ke çkfèkdkjh }kjk dksbZ dkjZokbZ ugha dh
tk ldrh gSA
 f'kdk;r lkr o"kZ dh vofèk ds Hkhrj ntZ dh tk
ldrh gSA
z >wBs nkoksa dks vijkèk ?kksf"kr djuk% tks dksbZ Hkh vutkus
esa ;k nqHkkZoukiw.kZ :i ls oknh dh igpku dk •qyklk djrk
gS mls rhu o"kZ rd dk dkjkokl vkSj 50]000 #i;s rd
ds tqekZus dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
z mPp U;k;ky; esa vihy% dksbZ Hkh O;fÙkQ tks l{ke
çkfèkdkjh ds vkns'k ls larq"V ugha gS] mlds ikl lacafèkr
mPp U;k;ky; esa vihy nk;j djus ds fy, vkns'k dh
rkjh• ls lkB fnu dk le; gksrk gSA
z NwV% ;g vfèkfu;e fo'ks"k lqj{kk lewg (,lihth) ds
deZpkfj;ksa vkSj vfèkdkfj;ksa ij ykxw ugha gksrk gS] ftldk
xBu fo'ks"k lqj{kk lewg vfèkfu;e 1988 ds varxZr fd;k
x;k FkkA
z fOgly CyksvlZ vfèkfu;e] vkfèkdkfjd xksiuh;rk
vfèkfu;e] 1923 dk vfèkØe.k (supersede) djrk gS] tks
,d f'kdk;rdrkZ dks l{ke çkfèkdkfj;ksa ds le{k tu fgr
esa •qykls djus dh vuqefr nsrk gS] Hkys gh os vkfèkdkfjd
xksiuh;rk vfèkfu;e] 1923 dk mYya?ku dj jgs gksa] ysfdu
ns'k dh laçHkqrk dks •rjs esa ugha Mkyrs gSa Mky jgk gksA
248
z igpku dk •qyklk djus ls lqj{kk% ;fn vko';d
le>k tk, rks lrdZrk vk;ksx foHkkx ds çeq• dks NksM+dj
f'kdk;rdrkZ dh igpku dk •qyklk ugha djsxkA ;g
vfèkfu;e fdlh Hkh ,sls O;fÙkQ dks nafMr djrk gS ftlus
f'kdk;rdrkZ dh igpku dk •qyklk fd;k gksA
z f'kdk;rdrkZ dh igpku% çR;sd f'kdk;r esa f'kdk;rdrkZ
dh igpku 'kkfey gksuh pkfg,A
fOglyCyksvj laj{k.k vfèkfu;e] 2014 ls lacafèkr
leL;k,a
z dk;kZUo;u esa nsjh% fOglyCyksvj laj{k.k vfèkfu;e ds
dk;kZUo;u esa nsjh gqbZ gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] dqN yksxksa dks
vkjVhvkbZ dk;ZdrkZ ;k fOglyCyksvj gksus ij çrkfM+r fd;k
x;k] mu ij geyk fd;k x;k ;k mudh gR;k dj nh x;hA
z xqeuke f'kdk;rksa dh vuqefr ugha% vfèkfu;e xqeuke
f'kdk;rksa dh vuqefr ugha nsrk gS tks vfèkfu;e ds ewy
mís'; dks foiQy dj jgk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, & bl rjg
ls vfèkdkjh dh igpku mtkxj gks ldrh gS vkSj mldh
tku dks •rjk gks ldrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy, & lR;sUæ nqcsA
z laxBukRed dk;kZUo;u vçHkkoh gS% dbZ m|ksxksa esa]
fOglyCyksvj dk;ZØe ij Jfedksa dks funZs'k nsus ds fy,
fOglyCyksvj uhfr fu;e iqfLrdk dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k
tkrk gSA
z Hkkjr esa fOglyCyksvj dks cgqr de lqj{kk çkIr gS vkSj
blfy, os fu;ked ;k vius fu;ksÙkQkvksa dks nLrkosth lk{;
Hkstus ls vk'kafdr jgrs gSaA
z ekeys c<+ jgs gSa% us'kuy LVkWd ,Dlpsat vkWiQ bafM;k
ds fuÝVh baMsDl dh 50 daifu;ksa esa ls yxHkx ,d frgkbZ
us viuh fiNys foÙkh; o"kZ dh okf"kZd fjiksVZ esa dgk fd
mUgsa 2018 esa 3]508 fOgly&Cyksvj f'kdk;rsa çkIr gqbZ] tks
fiNys o"kZ çkIr 3]139 f'kdk;rksa ls vfèkd FkhaA
z fOgfly&Cyksvj la'kksèku foèks;d 2015 ls lacafèkr
leL;k,a% ;g fiNys vfèkfu;e ds dbZ çkoèkkuksa dks
detksj djrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy,
z bl foèks;d ds varxZr ,sls ekeys dk çdVhdj.k ugha
fd;k tk ldrk] tks vkfèkdkfjd xksiuh;rk vfèkfu;e]
1923 ds varxZr fuf"k¼ gSA
 ;g jk"Vªh; lqj{kk ds eqíksa dks blds nk;js ls ckgj j•us
ds çkoèkku 'kkfey djrk gSA
z cgqr vfèkd NwV% ;g fofHkUu vkèkkjksa ij cgqr lkjh
tkudkjh dks turk ds fy, nqxZe cuk nsrk gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
  ysfdu ;g foèks;d jkT;lHkk esa ikl ugha gks ldk
vkSj ebZ 2019 esa 16oha yksdlHkk Hkax gks tkus ij ;g
lekIr gks x;kA
vko';d mik;
f}rh; ,vkjlh us fuEufyf•r mik;ksa dh fliQkfj'k dh%
z funkZs"k eq•fcjksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, mfpr dkuwu ykxw fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
z l'kÙkQhdj.k% fofèk vk;ksx }kjk çLrkfor fuEufyf•r rtZ
ij eq•fcjksa dks lqj{kk çnku djus ds fy, rqjar dkuwu
cuk;k tkuk pkfg,%
 >wBs nkoksa] èkks•kèkM+h ;k Hkz"Vkpkj dks mtkxj djus okys
fOglyCyksvlZ dks xksiuh;rk vkSj xqeukeh lqfuf'pr
djds] muds dfj;j esa mRihM+u ls lqj{kk] vkSj 'kkjhfjd
uqdlku vkSj mRihM+u dks jksdus ds fy, vU; ç'kklfud
mik;ksa }kjk lajf{kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z dkuwu esa dkWikZsjsV fOglyCyksvlZ dks 'kkfey fd;k tkuk
pkfg, tks tkucw>dj pwd ;k deh'ku ds ÑR;ksa ls
lkoZtfud fgr dks gqbZ xaHkhj {kfr ;k èkks•kèkM+h dk irk
yxkrs gSaA
 lsch us gky gh esa ,d fVfiax eSdsfuTe is'k fd;k gSA
lsch van:uh O;kikfj;ksa ds f•ykiQ tkudkjh vkSj liQy
dkjZokbZ ds fy, ₹1 djksM+ rd dk iqjLdkj nsxhA blus
,d ¶lg;ksx vkSj xksiuh;rk¸ ra=k Hkh cuk;k gSA
Hkz"Vkpkj mUewyu gsrq fd;s x;s vU; mik;
z Hkkjr ljdkj ^^Hkz"Vkpkj ds f•ykiQ 'kwU; lgu'khyrk**
ds fy, çfrc¼ gS vkSj mlus dbZ Hkz"Vkpkj fojksèkh mik;
ykxw fd, gSa] ftuesa 'kkfey gSa%
z ukxfjd&vuqdwy lsokvksa esa ikjnf'kZrk c<+kus ds fy,
ç.kkyhxr lqèkkj ykxw fd, tkus pkfg,A
 blesa çR;{k ykHk gLrkarj.k ;kstuk ds ekè;e ls] fofHkUu
ljdkjh dk;ZØeksa ds rgr ukxfjdksa dks dY;k.kdkjh
ykHkksa dk çR;{k vkSj ikjn'khZ gLrkarj.k 'kkfey gSA
 bZ&VsaMfjax ,d çdkj dh lkoZtfud •jhn gSA
 bZ&xouZesaV dk;kZUo;u ,oa çfØ;k ,oa ç.kkyh ljyhdj.k
 ljdkjh •jhn ds fy, xouZesaV bZ&ekdZsVIysl (GeM)
dh 'kq#vkr dh tk jgh gSA
z ljdkjh foHkkxksa esa xzqi ^ch* (vjktif=kr) vkSj xzqi ^lh*
dh iksfLVax ds fy, lk{kkRdkj jksd fn, x, gSaA
z fu;eksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa esa v|ruhdj.k% vuq'kklukRed
çfØ;kvksa ds fy, vfèkd fof'k"V le; lkfj.kh çnku
djus ds fy, dsaæh; flfoy lsok (oxhZdj.k] fu;a=k.k vkSj
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
vihy) fu;e vkSj vf•y Hkkjrh; lsok (vuq'kklukRed
vkSj vihy) fu;e nksuksa dks v|ru fd;k x;k gSA
 fj'or•ksjh dks Li"V :i ls vijkèk ?kksf"kr djus ds
fy, Hkz"Vkpkj fuokj.k vfèkfu;e 1988 dks la'kksfèkr
fd;k x;k gSA
z lwpuk dk vfèkdkj (vkjVhvkbZ) vfèkfu;e 2005 esa lwpuk
ds vfèkdkj ds fy, ,d O;kogkfjd <kapk cukus ds
fy, ikfjr fd;k x;k Fkk] ftlls ukxfjdksa dks lkoZtfud
,tsafl;ksa }kjk j•s x, MsVk rd igqap çkIr djus dh vuqefr
fey ldsA
foxr o"kksZa osQ iz'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1- fOgfly&Cyksvj] tks lacafèkr vfèkdkfj;ksa dks Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj
voSèk xfrfofèk;ksa] xyr dk;ks± vkSj dnkpkj dh fjiksVZ
djrk gS] mls fufgr LokFkks±] vkjksih O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj mldh
Vhe }kjk xaHkhj •rjs] 'kkjhfjd uqdlku vkSj mRihM+u dk
lkeuk djus dk tksf•e gksrk gSA fOgfly&Cyksvj dh
lqj{kk ds fy, lqj{kk ra=k dks etcwr djus ds fy, vki
dkSu ls uhfrxr mik; lq>k,axs\ (2022)
2- fuEufyf•r ij çR;sd 30 'kCnksa esa laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf•,%
 (2022)
a- laoSèkkfud uSfrdrk
b- ,d ,slh fLFkfr ftlesa ljdkjh vfèkdkjh dk fu.kZ;
mldh O;fÙkQxr :fp ls çHkkfor gks
c- lkoZtfud thou esa bZekunkjh
d- fMftVyhdj.k dh pqukSfr;k¡
e- drZO; ds çfr leiZ.k
3- fodkl y{;ksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, lkoZtfud èku
dk çHkkoh mi;ksx egRoiw.kZ gSA lkoZtfud èku ds de
mi;ksx vkSj nq#i;ksx ds dkj.kksa vkSj muds fufgrkFkks± dh
vkykspukRed tkap dhft,A (2019)
4- fodkl y{;ksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, lkoZtfud èku dk
çHkkoh mi;ksx egRoiw.kZ gSA lkoZtfud èku ds de mi;ksx
vkSj nq#i;ksx ds dkj.kksa vkSj muds fufgrkFkks± dh lekspuk
dhft,A (2019)
5- lkoZtfud thou ds ewy fl¼kar D;k gSa\ buesa ls fdUgha
rhu dks mi;qÙkQ mnkgj.kksa lfgr Li"V dhft,A(2019)
6- 'kklu esa laHkkO;rk ds ckjs esa vki D;k le>rs gSa\ 'kCn
dh viuh le> ds vkèkkj ij] ljdkj esa bZekunkjh
lqfuf'pr djus ds mik; lq>k,¡A (2019)
249
 7- ¶yksd lsod }kjk drZO; dk ikyu u djuk Hkz"Vkpkj dk
,d :i gS¸ D;k vki bl fopkj ls lger gSa\ vius
tokc dk vkSfpR; fl¼ dhft,A (2019)
8- ,slk fopkj gS fd 'kkldh; xksiuh;rk vfèkfu;e lwpuk
dk vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e ds dk;kZUo;u esa ckèkk gSA D;k
vki bl n`f"Vdks.k ls lger gSa\ (2019)
9- rdZlaxr fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, buiqV ds ,d fo'oluh; lzksr
ds :i esa fMftVy çkS|ksfxdh dk çHkko ,d cgl dk
eqík gSA mi;qÙkQ mnkgj.k ds lkFk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu
dhft,A (2019)
10- ¶yksd lsod }kjk drZO; dk ikyu u djuk Hkz"Vkpkj dk
,d :i gS¸ D;k vki bl fopkj ls lger gSa\ vkius
tokc dk vkSfpR; lkfcr dhft,A (2019)
11- ukxfjd pkVZj vkanksyu ds ewy fl¼karksa dh O;k[;k dhft,
vkSj blds egRo ij çdk'k MkysaA (2019)
12- fgrksa ds Vdjko ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ okLrfod vkSj laHkkfor
fgrksa ds Vdjko ds chp varj dks mnkgj.k lfgr Li"V
dhft,A (2018)
13- mi;qÙkQ mnkgj.kksa ds lkFk ^^uSfrd lafgrk** vkSj ^^vkpkj
lafgrk** ds chp varj Li"V dhft,A (2018)
14- ¶lwpuk dk vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e dsoy ukxfjdksa ds
l'kfÙkQdj.k ds ckjs esa ugha gS] ;g vfuok;Z :i ls
tokcnsgh dh voèkkj.kk dks fiQj ls ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA
ppkZ dhft,A
15- ¶vxj fdlh ns'k dks Hkz"Vkpkj eqÙkQ gksuk gS vkSj lqanj
fnekxksa dk ns'k cuuk gS] rks eq>s n`<+rk ls yxrk gS fd
rhu çeq• lkekftd lnL; gSa tks cnyko yk ldrs gSaA
os firk] ekrk vkSj f'k{kd gSaA & , ih ts vCnqy dykeA
fo'ys"k.k dhft,A (2017)
16- jk"Vªh; laifÙk esa o`f¼ ds ifj.kkeLo:i blds ykHkksa dk
leku forj.k ugha gks ldkA blus dsoy dqN ^^cgqla[;dksa
dh dher ij ,d NksVs ls vYila[;d oxZ ds fy,
vkèkqfudrk vkSj le`f¼ ds {ks=k** cuk, gSaA U;k;ksfpr
Bgjkb,A (2017)
17- f}rh; ç'kklfud lqèkkj vk;ksx }kjk vuq'kaflr yksd lsok
lafgrk ij ppkZ dhft,A (2016)
18- vuq'kklu dk rkRi;Z vke rkSj ij vkns'kksa dk ikyu djuk
vkSj vèkhurk ls gSA gkyk¡fd] ;g laxBu ds fy, çfrdwy
gks ldrk gSA ppkZ dhft,A (2015)
250
19- dqN gkfy;k ?kVukØe tSls fd vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e dh
'kq:vkr] ehfM;k vkSj U;kf;d lfØ;rk vkfn] ljdkj
ds dkedkt esa vfèkd ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh ykus esa
lgk;d lkfcr gks jgs gSaA gkyk¡fd] ;g Hkh ns•k tk jgk
gS fd dbZ ckj ra=k dk nq#i;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA nwljk
udkjkRed çHkko ;g gS fd vfèkdkjh vc Rofjr fu.kZ;
ysus ls Mj jgs gSaA bl fLFkfr dk foLrkj ls fo'ys"k.k
dhft, vkSj lq>ko nsa fd bl }a} dks dSls gy fd;k tk
ldrk gSA lq>ko nsa fd bu udkjkRed çHkkoksa dks dSls
de fd;k tk ldrk gSA (2015)
20- vDlj dgk tkrk gS fd xjhch Hkz"Vkpkj dks tUe nsrh gSA
gkyk¡fd] ,sls mnkgj.kksa dh dksbZ deh ugha gS tgk¡ laiUu
vkSj 'kfÙkQ'kkyh yksx cM+s iSekus ij Hkz"Vkpkj esa fyIr gSaA
yksxksa esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds ewy dkj.k D;k gSa\ mnkgj.k lfgr
vius mÙkj dk leFkZu dhft,A (2014)
21- lkoZtfud thou esa ^bZekunkjh* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
orZeku le; esa bldk vH;kl djus esa D;k dfBukb;k¡ gSa\
bu dfBukb;ksa dks dSls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gS\ (2014)
22- vkt ge ikrs gSa fd vkpkj lafgrk fuèkkZfjr djus] lrdZrk
lsy@vk;ksx LFkkfir djus] vkjVhvkbZ] lfØ; ehfM;k vkSj
dkuwuh ra=k dks etcwr djus tSls fofHkUu mik;ksa ds ckotwn]
Hkz"V vkpj.k fu;a=k.k esa ugha vk jgs gSaA d) vkSfpR; ds
lkFk bu mik;ksa dh çHkko'khyrk dk ewY;kadu dhft,A
•) bl •rjs ls fuiVus ds fy, vfèkd çHkkoh j.kuhfr;ka
lq>k,aA (2014)
dsl LVMh
dsl LVMh% 2022
çHkkr ,d çfrf"Br cgqjk"Vªh; daiuh LVfyZax bysfDVªd fyfeVsM
esa mikè;{k (foi.ku) ds in ij dk;Zjr FksA ysfdu fiQygky
daiuh eqf'dy nkSj ls xqtj jgh Fkh D;ksafd fiNyh nks frekfg;ksa
esa fcØh esa yxkrkj fxjkoV ns•h tk jgh FkhA mudk fMohtu]
tks vc rd daiuh ds foÙkh; LokLF; esa ,d çeq• jktLo
;ksxnkudrkZ Fkk] vc muds fy, dqN cM+s ljdkjh vkWMZj çkIr
djus dh csrkc Hkjld dksf'k'k dj jgk FkkA ysfdu muds
lokZsÙke ç;klksa ls dksbZ ldkjkRed liQyrk ugha feyhA
mudh ,d is'ksoj daiuh Fkh vkSj muds LFkkuh; ekfydksa ij
muds yanu fLFkr eq[;ky; ls dqN ldkjkRed ifj.kke fn•kus
dk ncko FkkA dk;Zdkjh funs'kd (Hkkjr çeq•) }kjk yh xbZ
fiNyh çn'kZu leh{kk cSBd esa muds •jkc çn'kZu ds fy, mUgsa
iQVdkj yxkbZ xbZ FkhA mUgksaus mUgsa vk'oklu fn;k fd mudk
çHkkx Xokfy;j ds ikl ,d xqIr LFkkiuk ds fy, j{kk ea=kky;
ls ,d fo'ks"k vuqcaèk ij dke dj jgk gS vkSj 'kh?kz gh fufonk
çLrqr dh tk jgh gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
og vR;fèkd ncko esa Fkk vkSj cgqr ijs'kku FkkA ftl ckr us
fLFkfr dks vkSj vfèkd •jkc dj fn;k og Åij ls nh xbZ
psrkouh Fkh fd ;fn lkSnk daiuh ds i{k esa ugha gqvk] rks mldk
çHkkx can djuk iM+ ldrk gS vkSj mls viuh vkd"kZd ukSdjh
NksM+uh iM+ ldrh gSA
,d vkSj vk;ke Fkk tks mls xgjh ekufld ;kruk vkSj ihM+k
ns jgk FkkA ;g muds O;fÙkQxr vfuf'pr foÙkh; LokLF; ls
lacafèkr FkkA og nks Ldwy&dkWyst tkus okys cPpksa vkSj viuh
cw<+h chekj ek¡ ds lkFk ifjokj esa vdsyk dekus okyk FkkA f'k{kk
vkSj fpfdRlk ij Hkkjh •pZ ds dkj.k muds ekfld osru iSdst
ij cM+k ncko iM+ jgk FkkA cSad ls fy, x, vkokl ½.k ds
fy, fu;fer bZ,evkbZ vifjgk;Z gS vkSj dksbZ Hkh fMiQkWYV mls
xaHkhj dkuwuh dkjZokbZ ds fy, mÙkjnk;h cuk nsxkA
mijksÙkQ i`"BHkwfe esa] og fdlh peRdkj ds ?kfVr gksus dh vk'kk
dj jgk FkkA vpkud ?kVukØe cny x;kA muds lfpo us crk;k
fd ,d lTtu lqHkk"k oekZ muls feyuk pkgrs Fks D;ksafd mudh
#fp daiuh esa çcaèkd ds in esa Fkh tks muds }kjk Hkjk tkuk
FkkA mUgksaus vkxs crk;k fd mudk lhoh j{kk ea=kh ds dk;kZy;
ds ekè;e ls çkIr gqvk gSA
mEehnokj&lqHkk"k oekZ ds lk{kkRdkj ds nkSjku] mUgksaus mUgsa
rduhdh :i ls etcwr] lkèku laiUu vkSj ,d vuqHkoh
foi.kudrkZ ik;kA ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd og fufonk çfØ;kvksa
ls vPNh rjg ifjfpr Fkk vkSj bl lacaèk esa vuqorhZ dkjZokbZ
djus vkSj laidZ djus esa ekfgj FkkA çHkkr dks yxk fd og
ckdh mEehnokjksa dh rqyuk esa csgrj fodYi gS] ftudk gky
gh esa fiNys dqN fnuksa esa mlus lk{kkRdkj fy;k FkkA
lqHkk"k oekZ us ;g Hkh ladsr fn;k fd muds ikl cksyh nLrkostksa
dh çfr;ka Hkh gSa ftUgsa ;wfud bysDVªkWfuDl fyfeVsM vxys fnu
viuh fufonk ds fy, j{kk ea=kky; dks lkSaisxkA mUgksaus mi;qÙkQ
fu;eksa vkSj 'krks± ij daiuh esa vius jkstxkj dh 'krZ ij mu
nLrkostksa dks lkSaius dh is'kd'k dhA mUgksaus Li"V fd;k fd bl
çfØ;k esa] LVfyZax bysfDVªd fyfeVsM viuh çfr}a}h daiuh dks
iNkM+ ldrh gS vkSj cksyh vkSj Hkkjh j{kk ea=kky; dk vkWMZj
çkIr dj ldrh gSA mUgksaus ladsr fn;k fd ;g muds vkSj daiuh
nksuksa ds fy, iQk;ns dh fLFkfr gksxhA
çHkkr ,dne lUu jg x;kA ;g lnek vkSj jksekap dk fefJr
,glkl FkkA og vlgt Fkk vkSj ilhuk cgk jgk FkkA ;fn
Lohdkj dj fy;k tkrk gS] rks mudh lHkh leL;k,a rqjar xk;c
gks tk,axh vkSj mUgsa cgqçrhf{kr fufonk gkfly djus vkSj bl
rjg daiuh dh fcØh vkSj foÙkh; fLFkfr dks csgrj cukus ds fy,
iqjLÑr fd;k tk ldrk gSA og Hkfo"; dh dkjZokbZ dks ysdj
vleatl esa FksA mUgsa lqHkk"k oekZ dh fgEer ij vk'p;Z gqvk
fd mUgksaus pksjh&fNis viuh gh daiuh ds dkxtkr fudky fy,
vkSj çfr}a}h daiuh dks dke nsus dh is'kd'k dhA ,d vuqHkoh
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
O;fÙkQ gksus ds ukrs] og çLrko@fLFkfr ds i{k vkSj foi{k dh
tkap dj jgs Fks vkSj mUgksaus mls vxys fnu vkus ds fy, dgkA
A- ekeys esa 'kkfey uSfrd eqíksa ij ppkZ dhft,A
B- mijksÙkQ fLFkfr esa çHkkr ds ikl miyCèk fodYiksa dh
vkykspukRed foospuk dhft,A
C- mijksÙkQ esa ls dkSu&lk çHkkr ds fy, lcls mi;qÙkQ gksxk
vkSj D;ksa\ (250 'kCn)
n`f"Vdks.k
z 'kkfey fgrèkkjdksa] eqís vkSj uSfrd igyqvksa dh igpku
dhft,A
z çHkkr ds ikl miyCèk fodYiksa ij ppkZ dhft,%
 lqHkk"k oekZ dk çLrko Bqdjk nsA
 ?kVuk dh fjiksVZ djs
 dkuwuh lykg ysaA
z lcls mi;qÙkQ fodYi ij ppkZ dhft,A
dsl LVMh% 2022
jes'k ,d jkT; flfoy lsok vfèkdkjh gSa ftUgsa 20 lky dh lsok
ds ckn ,d lhekorhZ jkT; dh jktèkkuh esa rSukr gksus dk volj
feykA jes'k dh eka dks gky gh esa dSalj dk irk pyk gS vkSj
mUgsa 'kgj ds çeq• dSalj vLirky esa HkrhZ djk;k x;k gSA muds
nks fd'kksj cPpksa dks Hkh 'kgj ds lcls vPNs ifCyd Ldwyksa esa
ls ,d esa ços'k feyk gSA jkT; ds x`g foHkkx esa funs'kd in ij
fu;qfÙkQ ds ckn jes'k dks •qfiQ;k lw=kksa ls xksiuh; fjiksVZ feyh
fd iM+kslh ns'k ls voSèk çoklh jkT; esa ?kqliSB dj jgs gSaA
mUgksaus vius x`g foHkkx dh Vhe ds lkFk O;fÙkQxr :i ls lhek
pkSfd;ksa dh vkSpd tkap djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA mUgsa vk'p;Z
gqvk tc mUgksaus lhek pkSfd;ksa ij lqj{kkdfeZ;ksa dh feyhHkxr ls
?kqliSB dj jgs 12 lnL;ksa okys nks ifjokjksa dks jaxs gkFkksa idM+
fy;kA vkxs dh iwNrkN vkSj tkap esa irk pyk fd iM+kslh ns'k
ls çokfl;ksa dh ?kqliSB ds ckn muds vkèkkj dkMZ] jk'ku dkMZ
vkSj oksVj vkbZMh tSls nLrkost Hkh iQthZ cuk, tkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa
jkT; ds ,d fo'ks"k {ks=k esa clkus ds fy, etcwj fd;k tkrk
gSA jes'k us foLr`r fjiksVZ rS;kj dj jkT; ds vij lfpo dks
lkSaihA gkykafd mUgsa vij x`g lfpo us ,d lIrkg ckn ryc
fd;k gS vkSj fjiksVZ okil ysus dk funZs'k fn;k gSA vfrfjÙkQ x`g
lfpo us jes'k dks crk;k fd muds }kjk lkSaih x;h fjiksVZ dks
mPp vfèkdkfj;ksa us ljkgk ugha gSA mUgksaus vkxs mUgsa psrkouh
nh fd ;fn og xksiuh; fjiksVZ okil ysus esa foiQy jgrs gSa] rks
mUgsa u dsoy jkT; dh jktèkkuh ls çfrf"Br fu;qfÙkQ ls ckgj
dj fn;k tk,xk] cfYd fudV Hkfo"; esa gksus okyh mudh vkxs
dh inksUufr Hkh •rjs esa iM+ tk,xhA
251
 1- lhekorhZ jkT; ds x`g foHkkx ds funs'kd ds :i esa jes'k
ds ikl D;k fodYi miyCèk gSa\
2- jes'k dks dkSu&lk fodYi viukuk pkfg, vkSj D;ksa\
3- çR;sd fodYi dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft,A
4- jes'k dks fdu uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk
gS\
5- iM+kslh ns'k ls voSèk çokfl;ksa dh ?kqliSB ds •rjs
ls fuiVus ds fy, vki D;k uhfrxr mik; lq>k,axs\
 (mÙkj 250 'kCnksa esa nsa)
n`f"Vdks.k
z 'kkfey fgrèkkjdksa] eqís vkSj uSfrd igyqvksa dh igpku
dhft,A
z jes'k ds fy, miyCèk fodYiksa ij ppkZ dhft,%
 fjiksVZ okil ysa-
 fjiksVZ cuk, j•sa-
 dkuwuh lykg@fOglyCyksbax djsaA
z jes'k ds fy, vuq'kaflr fodYiA
 fodYi dk uSfrd vkSj vkykspukRed ewY;kadu djsA
z voSèk çoklu ls fuiVus ds fy, uhfrxr mik;ksa ij
ppkZ djsA
z fOglyCyksbax ds egRo dk ftØ djrs gq, lekiu
dhft,A
dsl LVMh% 2022
vkidks vuqikyu vkSj mldh vuqorhZ dkjZokbZ lqfuf'pr djus
ds fy, i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k fu;a=k.k cksMZ esa vuqHkkx ds çeq• ds
:i esa fu;qÙkQ fd;k x;k gSA ml {ks=k esa cM+h la[;k esa NksVs
vkSj eè;e m|ksx Fks ftUgsa eatwjh nh xbZ FkhA vkius ik;k fd ;s
m|ksx dbZ çoklh Jfedksa dks jkstxkj çnku djrs gSaA vfèkdka'k
vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa dks i;kZoj.k vukifÙk çek.k i=k çkIr gks
pqdk gSA i;kZoj.k eatwjh dk mís'; mu m|ksxksa vkSj ifj;kstukvksa
ij vadq'k yxkuk gS tks dfFkr rkSj ij {ks=k esa i;kZoj.k vkSj
thfor çtkfr;ksa dks ckfèkr djrs gSaA ysfdu O;ogkj esa- buesa ls
vfèkdka'k bdkb;k¡ ok;q] ty vkSj e`nk çnw"k.k tSls dbZ rjhdksa
ls çnw"k.kdkjh bdkb;k¡ cuh gqbZ gSaA ,sls esa LFkkuh; yksxksa dks
yxkrkj LokLF; leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA
;g iqf"V dh xbZ fd vfèkdka'k m|ksx i;kZoj.k vuqikyu dk
mYya?ku dj jgs FksA vkius lHkh vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa dks l{ke
çkfèkdkjh ls u, i;kZoj.k eatwjh çek.ki=k ds fy, vkosnu
djus ds fy, uksfVl tkjh fd;kA gkyk¡fd] vkidh dkjZokbZ dks
vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa ds ,d oxZ] vU; fufgr LokFkhZ O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj
252
LFkkuh; jktusrkvksa ds ,d oxZ ls 'k=kqrkiw.kZ çfrfØ;k feyhA
Jfed Hkh vkids çfr cgqr 'k=kqrkiw.kZ gks x, D;ksafd mUgsa yxk
fd vkidh dkjZokbZ ls ;s vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ka can gks tk,axh
vkSj ifj.kkeh csjkstxkjh ls mudh vkthfodk esa vlqj{kk vkSj
vfuf'prrk iSnk gks tk,xhA m|ksxksa ds dbZ ekfydksa us vkils
;g vuqjksèk fd;k fd vkidks dBksj dkjZokbZ ugha djuh pkfg,
D;ksafd blls mUgsa viuh bdkb;ka can djus ds fy, etcwj gksuk
iM+sxk vkSj Hkkjh foÙkh; uqdlku gksxk] cktkj esa muds mRiknksa dh
deh gks tk,xhA blls tkfgj rkSj ij etnwjksa vkSj miHkksÙkQkvksa
dh rdyhiQsa c<+saxhA Jfed la?k us Hkh bdkb;ksa dks can djus ds
f•ykiQ vuqjksèk djrs gq, vkidks ,d vH;kosnu Hkstk] vkidks
blds lkFk gh vKkr yksxksa ls èkefd;k¡ feyuh 'kq: gks xbZaA
gkyk¡fd vkidks vius dqN lgdfeZ;ksa ls leFkZu çkIr gqvk]
ftUgksaus vkidks i;kZoj.kh; vuqikyu lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,
Lora=k :i ls dk;Z djus dh lykg nhA LFkkuh; xSj ljdkjh
laxBu Hkh vkids leFkZu esa vk;s vkSj mUgksaus çnw"k.k iQSykus
okyh bdkb;ksa dks rqjar can djus dh ekax dhA
1- nh xbZ fLFkfr esa vkids fy, D;k fodYi miyCèk gSa\
2- vkids }kjk lwphc¼ fodYiksa dh vkykspukRed
foospuk dhft,A
3- i;kZoj.kh; vuqikyu lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vki
fdl çdkj dh O;oLFkk dk lq>ko nsaxs\
4- vius fodYi dk ç;ksx djus esa vkidks fdu uSfrd
nqfoèkkvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k\ (mÙkj 250 'kCnksa esa
nsa)
n`f"Vdks.k
z 'kkfey fgrèkkjdksa] eqís vkSj uSfrd igyqvksa dh igpku
dhft,A
z ,d vfèkdkjh ds :i esa miyCèk fodYiksa ij ppkZ
dhft,%
 l[r vuqikyu ykxw djuk
 ckrphr vkSj lg;ksx djuk-
 dkuwuh lgk;rk ysuk-
 fuxjkuh ,oa fujh{k.k dks lqn`<+ djukA
z fofHkUu fodYiksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk vkSj xq.kksa ds
vuqlkj fodYiksa dk ewY;kadu djukA
z i;kZoj.kh; vuqikyu lqfuf'pr djus ds ra=k ij ppkZ
dhft,A
z ,d vfèkdkjh ds :i esa vkids lkeus vkus okyh uSfrd
nqfoèkkvksa ij ppkZ dhft,A
z lrr fodkl ds egRo ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, fu"d"kZ
fudkysaA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
dsl LVMh% 2021
,d fo'ks"k jkT; dh jktèkkuh esa ;krk;kr dh HkhM+ dks de djus
ds fy, ,d ,fyosVsM dkWfjMksj dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk jgk gSA
vkidks vkidh O;kolkf;d ;ksX;rk vkSj vuqHko ds vkèkkj ij
bl çfrf"Br ifj;kstuk ds çkstsDV eSustj ds :i esa pquk x;k
gSA bl ifj;kstuk dks vxys nks o"kks± esa 20 twu 2021 rd iwjk
djus dh le; lhek gS] D;ksafd tqykbZ 2021 ds nwljs lIrkg esa
pquko dh ?kks"k.kk ls igys bl ifj;kstuk dk mn~?kkVu eq[;ea=kh
}kjk fd;k tkuk gSA Vhe ds vuqlkj] laHkor% •jkc lkexzh ds
bLrseky ds dkj.k ,fyosVsM dkWfjMksj ds ,d ik;s esa ekewyh
njkj ns•h xbZA vkius rqjar eq[; vfHk;ark dks lwfpr fd;k vkSj
vkxs dk dke jksd fn;kA vkids }kjk vkdyu fd;k x;k Fkk
fd ,fyosVsM dkWfjMksj ds de ls de rhu ik;ksa dks rksM+dj
iqufuZekZ.k fd;k tkuk gSA ysfdu bl çfØ;k ls ifj;kstuk esa de
ls de pkj ls Ng eghus dh nsjh gksxhA ysfdu eq[; vfHk;ark
us fujh{k.k ny dh fVIi.kh dks bl vkèkkj ij •kfjt dj fn;k
fd ;g ,d NksVh lh njkj Fkh tks fdlh Hkh rjg ls iqy dh
etcwrh vkSj LFkkf;Ro dks çHkkfor ugha djsxhA mUgksaus vkidks
fujh{k.k ny ds fujh{k.k dks utjvankt djus vkSj mlh xfr
vkSj pky ls dke djrs jgus dk vkns'k fn;kA mUgksaus vkidks
crk;k fd ea=kh dksbZ nsjh ugha pkgrs D;ksafd og pkgrs gSa fd
eq[;ea=kh pquko ?kksf"kr gksus ls igys ,fyosVsM dkWfjMksj dk
mn~?kkVu dhft,A vkidks ;g Hkh crk;k fd Bsdsnkj ea=kh dk
nwj dk fj'rsnkj gS vkSj og pkgrk gS fd og bl ifj;kstuk dks
iwjk djsA mUgksaus ;g Hkh ladsr fn;k fd vfrfjÙkQ eq[; vfHk;ark
ds :i esa vkidh inksUufr ea=kky; esa fopkjkèkhu gSA gkyk¡fd]
vkius n`<+rk ls eglwl fd;k fd ,fyosVsM dkWfjMksj ds ?kkV
esa ekewyh njkj iqy dh lsgr vkSj thou ij çfrdwy çHkko
Mkysxh vkSj blfy, ,fyosVsM dkWfjMksj dh ejEer u djuk
cgqr •rjukd gksxkA
1- nh xbZ 'krks± ds rgr] ,d çkstsDV eSustj ds :i esa vkids
fy, D;k fodYi miyCèk gSa\
2- çkstsDV eSustj dks fdu uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+ jgk gS\
3- çkstsDV eSustj dks fdu O;kolkf;d pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk
djuk iM+ ldrk gS vkSj ,slh pqukSfr;ksa ij dkcw ikus ds
fy, mldh çfrfØ;k D;k gS\
4- fujh{k.k ny }kjk mBkbZ xbZ fVIi.kh dks utjvankt djus ds
D;k ifj.kke gks ldrs gSa\ (mÙkj 250 'kCnksa esa nsa)
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
n`f"Vdks.k
z eqís] uSfrd igyqvksa vkSj fgrèkkjdksa dh igpku dhft,A
z uSfrd eqíksa dks igpkusa-
z fofHkUu fodYiksa dk irk yxk,a vkSj ;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj
mudk ewY;kadu dhft,A
z dkjZokbZ dk lokZsÙke laHko rjhdk pqusa-
dsl LVMh% 2021
vki ,d eè;eoxhZ; dLcs esa ,d fMxzh dkWyst ds okbl
fçafliy gSaA fçafliy gky gh esa lsokfuo`Ùk gq, gSa vkSj çcaèku
muds çfrLFkkiu dh ryk'k dj jgk gSA ,sls fopkj Hkh gSa fd
çcaèku vkidks fçafliy ds :i esa inksUur dj ldrk gSA blh
chp] okf"kZd ijh{kk ds nkSjku fo'ofo|ky; ds mM+unLrs us nks
Nk=kksa dks vuqfpr lkèkuksa dk ç;ksx djrs gq, jaxsgkFk idM+ fy;kA
bl ÑR; esa dkWyst ds ,d ofj"B O;k[;krk O;fÙkQxr :i ls
bu Nk=kksa dh enn dj jgs FksA ;g lhfu;j ysDpjj eSustesaV dk
djhch Hkh gksrk gS- Nk=kksa esa ls ,d LFkkuh; jktusrk dk csVk Fkk
tks dkWyst dks orZeku çfrf"Br fo'ofo|ky; ls lac¼ djkus ds
fy, ftEesnkj FkkA nwljk Nk=k ,d LFkkuh; O;olk;h dk csVk Fkk
ftlus dkWyst pykus ds fy, vfèkdre èkujkf'k nku dh FkhA
vkius rqjar bl nqHkkZX;iw.kZ ?kVuk ds lacaèk esa çcaèku dks lwfpr
fd;kA çcaèku us dgk fd gj gky esa mM+unLrs ds lkFk leL;k
dk lekèkku dhft,- mUgksaus vkxs dgk fd bl rjg dh ?kVukvksa
ls u dsoy dkWyst dh Nfo •jkc gksxh cfYd lkFk gh jktusrk
vkSj O;olk;h Hkh dkWyst ds lapkyu ds fy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ
O;fÙkQRo gSa- vkidks ;g Hkh ladsr fn;k x;k Fkk fd fçafliy ds
:i esa vkidh vkxs dh inksUufr mM+u nLrs ds lkFk bl eqís dks
lqy>kus dh vkidh {kerk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA blh chp vkids
ç'kklfud inkfèkdkjh }kjk vkidks ;g lwpuk nh x;h fd Nk=k
la?k ds dqN lnL; dkWyst xsV ds ckgj ofj"B O;k[;krk ,oa
bl ?kVuk esa 'kkfey Nk=kksa ds fo#¼ fojksèk çn'kZu dj jgs gSa
rFkk nksf"k;ksa ds fo#¼ dM+h dkjZokbZ dh ekax dj jgs gSa-
1- ekeys esa 'kkfey uSfrd eqíksa ij ppkZ dhft,A
2- okbl fçafliy ds :i esa vkids ikl miyCèk fodYiksa
dh lekykspuk dhft,A vki dkSu lk fodYi viuk,axs
vkSj D;ksa\ (mÙkj 250 'kCnksa esa nsa)
253

n`f"Vdks.k
z 'kkfey fgrèkkjdksa] eqís vkSj uSfrd igyqvksa dh igpku
dhft,A
z okbl fçafliy ds :i esa miyCèk fodYiksa ij ppkZ
dhft,%
 mM+u nLrs dks fjiksVZ dhft,A
 Ýykbax LDokM ls ckrphr dhft,-
 dkuwuh lykg vkSj vU; fodYi •kstsaA
z okbl fçafliy ds :i esa vkids }kjk pqus x, fodYiksa
dk o.kZu dhft,A
z O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk ds egRo ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq,
fu"d"kZ fudkysaA
dsl LVMh% 2021
dksjksuksok;jl chekjh (COVID&19) egkekjh rsth ls fofHkUu
ns'kksa esa iQSy xbZ gSA 8 ebZ 2020 rd Hkkjr esa dksjksuk ds 56342
ikWftfVo ekeys lkeus vk pqds FksA 135 vjc ls vfèkd dh
vkcknh okys Hkkjr dks viuh vkcknh ds chp dksjksuksok;jl ds
lapj.k dks fu;af=kr djus esa dfBukbZ gqbZA bl çdksi ls fuiVus
ds fy, dbZ j.kuhfr;k¡ vko';d gks xbZaA Hkkjr ds LokLF; vkSj
ifjokj dY;k.k ea=kky; us bl çdksi ds ckjs esa tkx:drk
c<+kbZ vkSj dksfoM&19 ds çlkj dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, lHkh
vko';d dkjZokbZ dhA Hkkjr ljdkj us ok;jl ds lapj.k dks
de djus ds fy, iwjs ns'k esa 55 fnuksa dk ykWdMkmu ykxw
fd;kA Ldwy vkSj dkWyst f'k{k.k&lh•us&ewY;kadu vkSj çek.ku
ds oSdfYid rjhds esa LFkkukarfjr gks x, FksA vkWuykbu eksM bu
fnuksa yksdfç; gks x;k gSA bl fLFkfr ls fuiVus ds fy, vko';d
ekuo lalkèku] èku vkSj vU; lqfoèkkvksa ds ekeys esa lhfer
cqfu;knh <kaps ds dkj.k Hkkjr bl rjg ds ladV ds vpkud
geys ds fy, rS;kj ugha FkkA bl chekjh us ,d rjiQ tkfr]
iaFk] èkeZ dh ijokg fd, fcuk fdlh dks ugha NksM+k vkSj nwljh
rjiQ fdlh dks Hkh ugha NksM+kA vLirky ds fcLrj] vkWDlhtu
flysaMj] ,Ecqysal] vLirky ds deZpkjh vkSj 'e'kku ?kkV esa
deh lcls egRoiw.kZ igyw FksA vki ml le; ,d lkoZtfud
vLirky esa vLirky ç'kkld gSa tc dksjksuksok;jl us cM+h
la[;k esa yksxksa ij geyk fd;k Fkk vkSj vLirky esa fnu&c&fnu
ejhtksa dk rkark yxk gqvk FkkA
1- ;g tkurs gq, Hkh fd ;g ,d vR;fèkd laØked chekjh
gS vkSj lalkèku vkSj cqfu;knh <k¡pk lhfer gSa] jksfx;ksa dh
ns•Hkky ds fy, vius uSnkfud vkSj xSj&uSnkfud deZpkfj;ksa
dks fu;qÙkQ djus ds vkids ekunaM vkSj vkSfpR; D;k gSa\
254
2- ;fn vkidk futh vLirky gS rks D;k vkidk vkSfpR; vkSj
fu.kZ; lkoZtfud vLirky tSlk gh jgsxk\ (250 'kCn)
n`f"Vdks.k
z eqís] uSfrd igyqvksa vkSj fgrèkkjdksa dh igpku dhft,A
z jksfx;ksa ds chp lhfer miyCèkrk lalkèkuksa ds vkoaVu ds
ekunaM vkSj vkSfpR; dh igpku dhft,A
z ;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj mUgsa rkSyrs gq, fofHkUu laHkkfor
fodYiksa dk irk yxk,aA
z vkSfpR; ds lkFk dkjZokbZ dk lokZsÙke laHko rjhdk pqusaA
dsl LVMh% 2021
Hkkjr fLFkr ,d çfrf"Br •k| mRikn daiuh us varjjk"Vªh;
cktkj ds fy, ,d •k| mRikn fodflr fd;k vkSj vko';d
vuqeksnu çkIr djus ds ckn mldk fu;kZr 'kq: dj fn;kA daiuh
us bl miyfCèk dh ?kks"k.kk dh vkSj ;g Hkh ladsr fn;k fd tYn
gh ;g mRikn ?kjsyw miHkksÙkQkvksa ds fy, yxHkx leku xq.koÙkk
vkSj LokLF; ykHk ds lkFk miyCèk djk;k tk,xkA rnuqlkj]
daiuh us vius mRikn dks ?kjsyw l{ke çkfèkdkjh ls vuqeksfnr
djk;k vkSj mRikn dks Hkkjrh; cktkj esa ykWUp fd;kA daiuh
le; ds lkFk viuh cktkj fgLlsnkjh c<+k ldrh gS vkSj ?kjsyw
vkSj varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij i;kZIr ykHk dek ldrh gSA gkyk¡fd]
fujh{k.k ny }kjk fd, x, ;kn`fPNd uewuk ijh{k.k esa ik;k x;k
fd mRikn l{ke çkfèkdkjh ls çkIr vuqeksnu ds foijhr ?kjsyw
Lrj ij cspk tk jgk gSA vkxs dh tkap esa ;g Hkh irk pyk fd
•k| daiuh u dsoy ,sls mRikn csp jgh Fkh tks ns'k ds LokLF;
ekudksa dks iwjk ugha dj jgs Fks] cfYd vLohÑr fu;kZr mRiknksa
dks Hkh ?kjsyw cktkj esa csp jgh FkhA bl çdj.k us •k| daiuh
dh çfr"Bk vkSj ykHkçnrk ij çfrdwy çHkko MkykA
1- vki D;k lksprs gSa fd fuèkkZfjr ?kjsyw •k| ekud dk
mYya?ku djus vkSj vLohÑr fu;kZr mRiknksa dks ?kjsyw cktkj
esa cspus ds fy, •k| daiuh ds f•ykiQ l{ke çkfèkdkjh
}kjk D;k dkjZokbZ dh tkuh pkfg,\
2- ladV dks gy djus vkSj viuh •ksbZ çfr"Bk okil ykus ds
fy, •k| daiuh ds ikl D;k dkjZokbZ miyCèk gS\
3- ekeys esa 'kkfey uSfrd nqfoèkk dh tk¡p dhft,A (250
'kCn)
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp

n`f"Vdks.k
z eqís] uSfrd igyqvksa vkSj fgrèkkjdksa dh igpku djukA
z •k| daiuh }kjk lqj{kk ekudksa vkSj LokLF; ekunaMksa ds
mYya?ku ds fy, l{ke çkfèkdkjh }kjk dh tkus okyh
dkjZokb;ksa dh igpku djukA
z ekeys esa 'kkfey uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa dh igpku djukA
z miyCèk fodYiksa vkSj •k| daiuh }kjk dh tkus okyh
visf{kr dkjZokbZ ij çdk'k MkyukA
dsl LVMh% 2020
jkts'k dqekj ,d ofj"B yksd lsod gSa] tks bZekunkjh vkSj
Li"Vokfnrk dh çfr"Bk j•rs gSa] orZeku esa foÙk ea=kky; esa
ctV çHkkx ds çeq• ds :i esa rSukr gSaA mudk foHkkx orZeku
esa jkT;ksa dks ctVh; lgk;rk ds vk;kstu esa O;Lr gS] ftuesa ls
pkj jkT;ksa esa foÙkh; o"kZ ds Hkhrj pquko gksus gSaA bl lky ds
okf"kZd ctV esa lekt ds detksj oxks± ds fy, dsaæ çk;ksftr
lkekftd vkokl ;kstuk] jk"Vªh; vkokl ;kstuk (,u,p,l) ds
fy, 8300 djksM+ #i;s vkoafVr fd, x, FksA twu rd ,u,p,l
ds fy, 775 djksM+ #i;s fudkys tk pqds gSa-
okf.kT; ea=kky; yacs le; ls fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,
,d nf{k.kh jkT; esa ,d fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k (,lbZtsM) LFkkfir
djus dk ekeyk pyk jgk FkkA dsaæ vkSj jkT; ds chp nks lky
dh foLr`r ppkZ ds ckn] dsaæh; eaf=keaMy us vxLr esa bl
ifj;kstuk dks eatwjh ns nhA vko';d Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k ds fy,
çfØ;k 'kq: dh xbZA
vBkjg eghus igys ,d vxz.kh lkoZtfud {ks=k bdkbZ (ih,l;w)
us {ks=kh; xSl fxzM ds fy, mÙkjh jkT; esa ,d cM+k çkÑfrd
xSl çlaLdj.k la;a=k LFkkfir djus dh vko';drk dk vuqeku
yxk;k FkkA tehu igys ls gh ih,l;w ds dCts esa gSA xSl fxzM
jk"Vªh; ÅtkZ lqj{kk j.kuhfr dk ,d vfuok;Z ?kVd gSA oSf'od
cksyh ds rhu nkSj ds ckn] ifj;kstuk ,d cgqjk"Vªh; daiuh] esllZ
XYZ gkbMªksdkcZu dks vkoafVr dh xbZ FkhA cgqjk"Vªh; daiuh dks
Hkqxrku dh igyh fd'r fnlacj esa nh tkuh gSA
foÙk ea=kky; ls bu nksuksa fodklkRed ifj;kstukvksa ds fy,
vfrfjÙkQ 6000 djksM+ #i;s ds le; ij vkoaVu ds fy, dgk
x;k FkkA bl laiw.kZ jkf'k dks ,u,p,l vkoaVu ls iqu% fofu;ksx
djus dh vuq'kalk djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA iQkby dks mudh
fVIif.k;ksa vkSj vkxs dh çfØ;k ds fy, ctV foHkkx dks Hkst
fn;k x;k FkkA dsl iQkby dk vè;;u djus ij] jkts'k dqekj
dks ,glkl gqvk fd bl iqufoZfu;kstu ls ,u,p,l ds fu"iknu
esa vR;fèkd nsjh gks ldrh gS] tks fd ofj"B jktusrkvksa dh
jSfy;ksa esa cgqr çpkfjr ifj;kstuk gSA blds vuq:i] foÙk dh
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
vuqiyCèkrk ls ,lbZtsM esa foÙkh; uqdlku gksxk vkSj varjjk"Vªh;
ifj;kstuk esa Hkqxrku esa nsjh ds dkj.k jk"Vªh; 'kfeZanxh gksxhA
jkts'k dqekj us bl ekeys ij ofj"Bksa ls ppkZ dh- mUgsa crk;k
x;k fd jktuhfrd :i ls laosnu'khy bl fLFkfr ij rqjar
dkjZokbZ djus dh t:jr gSA jkts'k dqekj dks ,glkl gqvk fd
,u,p,l ls èku dk fopyu laln esa ljdkj ds fy, dfBu
loky •M+k dj ldrk gSA
bl ekeys ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf•r ij ppkZ dhft,%
1- fdlh dY;k.kdkjh ifj;kstuk ls fodkl ifj;kstukvksa
ds fy, èku ds iqufoZfu;kstu esa 'kkfey uSfrd eqísA
2- lkoZtfud èku ds leqfpr mi;ksx dh vko';drk dks
ns•rs gq,] jkts'k dqekj ds fy, miyCèk fodYiksa ij
ppkZ dhft,A D;k bLrhiQk nsuk ,d ;ksX; fodYi gS\
 (250 'kCn)
n`f"Vdks.k
z eqís] uSfrd igyqvksa vkSj fgrèkkjdksa dh igpku djukA
z fdlh dY;k.kdkjh ifj;kstuk ls fodklkRed ifj;kstukvksa
esa èku ds iqufoZfu;kstu esa 'kkfey uSfrd eqíksa dh igpku
dhft,A
z fofHkUu laHkkfor fodYiksa@çfrfØ;kvksa dh •kst djuk
vkSj ;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj ewY;kadu djukA dkjZokbZ dk
lokZsÙke laHko rjhdk pqudj fLFkfr dk tokc nsukA
dsl LVMh% 2020
vki ,d cM+s 'kgj ds uxj fuxe vk;qÙkQ gSa] vkidh Nfo ,d
cgqr gh bZekunkj vkSj lR;fu"B vfèkdkjh dh gSA vkids 'kgj
esa ,d fo'kky cgqmís'kh; ekWy fuekZ.kkèkhu gS ftlesa cM+h la[;k
esa nSfud osru Hkksxh deZpkjh dk;Zjr gSaA ,d jkr] cjlkr ds
nkSjku] Nr dk ,d cM+k fgLlk <g x;k] ftlls nks ukckfyxksa
lfgr pkj etnwjksa dh rRdky e`R;q gks xbZA dbZ vU; yksx
xaHkhj :i ls ?kk;y gks x, ftUgsa rRdky fpfdRlk lgk;rk dh
vko';drk FkhA bl nq?kZVuk ds ifj.kkeLo:i cM+k gaxkek gqvk
vkSj ljdkj dks tkap cSBkuh iM+hA
vkidh çkjafHkd tkap ls dbZ folaxfr;ksa dk irk pyk gSA fuekZ.k
esa ç;qÙkQ lkexzh ?kfV;k xq.koÙkk dh FkhA LohÑr Hkou ;kstuk esa
dsoy ,d cslesaV dh vuqefr ds ckotwn] ,d vfrfjÙkQ cslesaV
dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA uxj fuxe ds fcfYMax baLisDVj }kjk
le;&le; ij fd, tkus okys fujh{k.k ds nkSjku bls utjvankt
dj fn;k x;kA vkidh iwNrkN esa] vkius ns•k fd 'kgj ds
tksuy ekLVj Iyku esa xzhu csYV vkSj fLyi jksM ds fy, fuèkkZfjr
{ks=kksa ij vfrØe.k gksus ds ckotwn ekWy ds fuekZ.k dks gjh >aMh
255
ns nh xbZ FkhA ekWy ds fuekZ.k dh vuqefr fiNys uxj vk;qÙkQ
}kjk nh xbZ Fkh tks u dsoy vkids ofj"B vkSj is'ksoj :i ls
vkids ifjfpr gSa] cfYd vkids vPNs fe=k Hkh gSaA
çFke n`"V;k ekeyk uxj fuxe ds vfèkdkfj;ksa vkSj fcYMjksa ds
chp O;kid lkaBxkaB dk çrhr gksrk gSA vkids lgdehZ vki ij
iwNrkN èkheh xfr ls djus dk ncko Mky jgs gSaA fcYMj] tks
vehj vkSj çHkko'kkyh gS] jkT; dSfcusV esa ,d 'kfÙkQ'kkyh ea=kh
dk djhch fj'rsnkj gSA fcYMj vkidks ekeys dks jiQk&niQk djus
ds fy, euk jgk gS vkSj ,slk djus ds fy, vkidks eksVh jde
nsus dk oknk dj jgk gSA mUgksaus ;g Hkh ladsr fn;k fd vxj
bl ekeys dk tYn ls tYn muds i{k esa lekèkku ugha fd;k
x;k rks muds dk;kZy; esa dksbZ gS tks vkids f•ykiQ POSH
vfèkfu;e ds rgr ekeyk ntZ djus dh çrh{kk dj jgk gSA
ekeys esa 'kkfey uSfrd eqíksa ij ppkZ dhft,A bl fLFkfr esa
vkids ikl D;k fodYi miyCèk gSa\ viuh pquh gqbZ dk;Zokgh
dh O;k[;k dhft,A (250 'kCn)
n`f"Vdks.k
z eqís] uSfrd igyqvksa vkSj fgrèkkjdksa dh igpku djukA
z fdlh dY;k.kdkjh ifj;kstuk ls fodklkRed ifj;kstukvksa
esa èku ds iqufoZfu;kstu esa 'kkfey uSfrd eqíksa dh igpku
dhft,A
z ;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj fofHkUu laHkkfor fodYiksa@çfrfØ;kvksa
dh •kst djukA
z dkjZokbZ dk lokZsÙke laHko rjhdk pqusa-
dsl LVMh% 2019
bZekunkjh vkSj lR;fu"Bh flfoy lsodksa dh igpku gSA bu
xq.kksa okys flfoy lsodksa dks fdlh Hkh etcwr laxBu dh jh<+
ekuk tkrk gSA drZO; dh iafÙkQ esa] os fofHkUu fu.kZ; ysrs gSa]
dHkh&dHkh dqN okLrfod xyfr;k¡ gks tkrh gSaA tc rd ,sls
iQSlys tkucw>dj u fy, tk,a vkSj O;fÙkQxr rkSj ij iQk;nk u
gks] rc rd vfèkdkjh dks nks"kh ugha dgk tk ldrkA gkyk¡fd]
,sls fu.kZ; dHkh&dHkh nh?kZdkfyd :i ls vçR;kf'kr çfrdwy
ifj.kkeksa dk dkj.k cu ldrs gSaA
gky ds fnuksa esa] ,sls dqN mnkgj.k lkeus vk, gSa ftuesa flfoy
lsodksa dks okLrfod xyfr;ksa ds fy, iQalk;k x;k gSA mu ij
vDlj eqdnek pyk;k x;k vkSj ;gka rd fd mUgsa tsy Hkh Hkstk
x;kA bu ?kVukvksa us flfoy lsodksa ds uSfrd <kaps dks cqjh rjg
fgykdj j• fn;k gSA
;g ço`fÙk flfoy lsokvksa ds dkedkt dks dSls çHkkfor djrh
gS\ ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, D;k mik; fd, tk ldrs gSa
fd bZekunkj flfoy lsodksa dks mudh okLrfod xyfr;ksa ds
fy, iQalk;k u tk,\ vkius tokc dk vkSfpR; lkfcr dhft,A
 (250 'kCn)
256
n`f"Vdks.k
z eqís] uSfrd igyqvksa vkSj fgrèkkjdksa dh igpku dhft,A
z flfoy lsodksa dh cnyrh Hkwfedk vkSj ikjaifjd ewY;ksa
ds lkFk ifj.kkeh Vdjko ij ppkZ dhft,A
z vkfèkdkfjd drZO; ds ikyu esa flfoy lsodksa ds
lkeus vkus okyh pqukSfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A flfoy
lsodksa ds dkedkt ij çHkko dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
z flfoy lsodksa dk eukscy lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd,
x, mik;ksa ds lkFk fu"d"kZ fudkysaA
dsl LVMh% 2019
vki xaHkhj çkÑfrd vkink ls çHkkfor {ks=k esa cpko vfHk;ku
dk usr`Ro dj jgs gSa] gtkjksa yksx cs?kj gks x, gSa vkSj Hkkstu]
ihus ds ikuh vkSj vU; cqfu;knh lqfoèkkvksa ls oafpr gSaA Hkkjh
ckfj'k vkSj vkiwfrZ ekxks± ds {kfrxzLr gksus ls cpko dk;Z ckfèkr
gks x;k gSA lhfer cpko dk;ks± esa nsjh ds f•ykiQ LFkkuh; yksxksa
esa xqLlk iui jgk gSA tc vkidh Vhe çHkkfor {ks=k esa igqaprh
gS rks ogka ekStwn yksx Vhe ds dqN lnL;ksa ds lkFk èkDdk&eqDdh
vkSj ekjihV Hkh djrs gSa- vkidh Vhe dk ,d lnL; xaHkhj :i
ls ?kk;y Hkh gks x;k gSA bl ladV dk lkeuk djrs gq, Vhe ds
dqN lnL; vkils vius thou dks •rjk crkrs gq, vkWijs'ku
can djus dk vuqjksèk djrs gSaA
,slh dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vkidh çfrfØ;k D;k gksxh\ ,d
yksd lsod ds mu xq.kksa dh tk¡p dhft, ftudh fLFkfr;ksa dks
çcafèkr djus ds fy, vko';drk gksxhA (250 'kCn)
n`f"Vdks.k
z ;gka 'kkfey uSfrd eqíksa vkSj fgrèkkjdksa ij ppkZ dhft,A
z ,d usrk ds rkSj ij lcls igys LFkkuh; yksxksa ds xqLls
ds dkj.kksa dks le>us dh dksf'k'k dhft,-
z çfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, ,d
flfoy lsod esa vko';d xq.kksa ij ppkZ dhft,A
z lkoZtfud lsokvksa esa vk'kkokn vkSj usr`Ro ds egRo ij
çdk'k Mkyrs gq, fu"d"kZ fudkysaA
dsl LVMh% 2019
lhekar jkT; ds ,d ftys esa] u'khys inkFkks± dk •rjk cM+s iSekus
ij gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i euh ykWfUMªax] iksLr dh •srh] gfFk;kjksa
dh rLdjh vkSj f'k{kk yxHkx Bi gks xbZ gSA O;oLFkk pjejkus
ds dxkj ij gS- viq"V fjiksVks± ls fLFkfr vkSj Hkh •jkc gks xbZ gS
fd LFkkuh; jktusrk] lkFk gh dqN ofj"B iqfyl vfèkdkjh] Mªx
ekfiQ;k dks xqIr laj{k.k çnku dj jgs gSaA ml le; fLFkfr dks
lkekU; cukus ds fy, ,d efgyk iqfyl vfèkdkjh dks iqfyl
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
vèkh{kd ds :i esa fu;qÙkQ fd;k tkrk gS] tks ,slh fLFkfr;ksa ls
fuiVus esa vius dkS'ky ds fy, tkuh tkrh gSA
;fn vki ogh iqfyl vfèkdkjh gSa] rks ladV ds fofHkUu vk;keksa
dh igpku dhft,A viuh le> ds vkèkkj ij ladV ls fuiVus
ds mik; lq>k,¡A (250 'kCn)
n`f"Vdks.k
z iqfyl vèkh{kd ds :i esa blesa 'kkfey uSfrd eqíksa ij
ppkZ dhft, vkSj tehuh fLFkfr dk vkdyu dhft,A
z ,d ;kstuk fodflr dhft, vkSj dk;kZfUor dhft,A
 dkuwu dks l[rh ls ykxw dhft,
 leqnk; ds lkFk dke dhft,-
 leL;k ds lzksr dks yf{kr dhft,-
 leqnk; ds fy, f'k{kk dk leFkZu dhft,-
z lkoZtfud lsokvksa ds forj.k esa lkeqnkf;d lgHkkfxrk
vkSj vkmVjhp ds egRo ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, fu"d"kZ
fudkysaA
dsl&LVMh% 2018
ea=kky; esa ,d ofj"B vfèkdkjh ds :i esa] vkids ikl
lkoZtfud Mksesu esa vfèklwfpr gksus ls igys egRoiw.kZ uhfrxr
fu.kZ;ksa vkSj lM+d fuekZ.k ifj;kstukvksa tSlh vkxkeh cM+h
?kks"k.kkvksa rd igqap gksrh gSA ea=kky; ,d esxk lM+d ifj;kstuk
dh ?kks"k.kk djus okyk gS ftlds fy, fp=k igys ls gh ekStwn
gSaA futh i{kksa ls U;wure Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k ds lkFk ljdkjh Hkwfe
dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, ;kstukdkjksa }kjk i;kZIr ns•Hkky dh
xbZ FkhA ljdkjh fu;eksa ds vuqlkj futh ikfVZ;ksa ds fy, eqvkots
dh nj dks Hkh vafre :i fn;k x;kA ouksa dh dVkbZ dks de
djus dk Hkh è;ku j•k x;kA ,d ckj ifj;kstuk dh ?kks"k.kk gks
tkus ds ckn] ;g mEehn dh tkrh gS fd ml {ks=k vkSj mlds
vklikl fj;y ,LVsV dh dherksa esa Hkkjh mNky vk,xkA bl
chp] lacafèkr ea=kh bl ckr ij tksj nsrs gSa fd vki lM+d dks
bl rjg ls cuk,a fd ;g muds 20 ,dM+ ds iQkeZgkml ds
djhc vk tk,A og ;g Hkh lq>ko nsrk gS fd og çLrkfor esxk
jksM ifj;kstuk esa vkSj mlds vklikl] çpfyr nj ij] tks fd
cgqr ekewyh gS] vkidh iRuh ds uke ij çpfyr nj ij] tks
fd cgqr ekewyh gS] ,d cM+k Hkw•aM •jhnus dh lqfoèkk çnku
djsxkA og ;g dgdj Hkh vkidks le>kus dh dksf'k'k djrk
gS fd blesa dksbZ cqjkbZ ugha gS D;ksafd og dkuwuh rkSj ij tehu
•jhn jgk gSA ;fn vkids ikl tehu •jhnus ds fy, i;kZIr èku
ugha gS rks og vkidh cpr dks iwjk djus dk Hkh oknk djrk
gSA gkyk¡fd] iqulZajs•.k ds dk;Z ls] cgqr lkjh Ñf"k Hkwfe dk
vfèkxzg.k djuk iM+rk gS] ftlls ljdkj ij dkiQh foÙkh; cks>
iM+rk gS] vkSj fdlkuksa dk foLFkkiu Hkh gksrk gSA tSls fd ;g
i;kZIr ugha gS] blesa cM+h la[;k esa isM+ksa dks dkVuk 'kkfey gksxk
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
ftlls blds gfjr vkoj.k dk {ks=k u"V gks tk,xkA bl fLFkfr
dk lkeuk djrs gq,] vki D;k djsaxs\ fgrksa ds fofHkUu Vdjkoksa
dh vkykspukRed tkap dhft, vkSj crk,a fd ,d yksd lsod
ds :i esa vkidh ftEesnkfj;ka D;k gSaA (250 'kCn)
dsl&LVMh% 2017
rhu eaftyksa dh vuqefr okyh ,d bekjr] ftls ,d fcYMj
}kjk voSèk :i ls 6 eaftyksa rd c<+k;k tk jgk Fkk] <g xbZA
ifj.kkeLo:i] efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa lfgr dbZ funkZs"k etnwjksa
dh e`R;q gks xbZA ;s etnwj vyx&vyx txgksa ls vk, çoklh
gSa- ljdkj us rqjar ihfM+r ifjokjksa dks udn jkgr dh ?kks"k.kk
dh vkSj fcYMj dks fxjÝrkj dj fy;kA ns'kHkj esa gks jgh ,slh
?kVukvksa ds dkj.k crk,a\ mudh ?kVuk dks jksdus ds mik;
lq>k,¡A (250 'kCn)
n`f"Vdks.k
z eqís] uSfrd igyqvksa vkSj fgrèkkjdksa dh igpku djukA
z ijLij fojksèkh ewY;ksa vkSj fgrksa ds Vdjko dk fo'ys"k.k
dhft,A
 fgrksa ds Vdjko dks jksdus ds fy, mik; lq>k,aA
z fodkl vkSj fVdkÅ vkthfodk ds rjhdksa ds chp cgl
ij ppkZ dhft,A
z ,d yksd lsod ds :i esa Hkwfedkvksa vkSj drZO;ksa dh
igpku dhft,A
z dkjZokbZ dk lokZsÙke laHko rjhdk pqusa-
z is'ksoj uSfrdrk ds egRo vkSj lwpuk ds lfØ; çdVhdj.k
dh vko';drk ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, fu"d"kZ fudkysaA
dsl LVMht% 2018
;g ,d ,slk jkT; gS tgka 'kjkccanh ykxw gS- vkidks gky gh
esa 'kjkc ds voSèk vklou ds fy, dq[;kr ftys dk iqfyl
vèkh{kd fu;qÙkQ fd;k x;k FkkA voSèk 'kjkc ds dkj.k dbZ ekSrsa
gksrh gSa] budh fjiksVZ ugha dh tkrh gS ;k mUgsa ntZ ugha fd;k
tkrk gS] vkSj ftyk vfèkdkfj;ksa ds fy, ,d cM+h leL;k dk
dkj.k curh gSA vc rd dk n`f"Vdks.k bls dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk
dh leL;k ds :i esa ns•uk vkSj rnuqlkj fuiVuk FkkA Nkis]
fxjÝrkjh] iqfyl ekeys vkSj vkijkfèkd eqdnes & bu lcdk
dsoy lhfer çHkko FkkA leL;k igys dh rjg gh xaHkhj cuh
gqbZ gS- vkids fujh{k.k ls irk pyrk gS fd ftys ds os fgLls
tgka vklou iQyrk&iQwyrk gS] vkfFkZd] vkS|ksfxd vkSj 'kSf{kd
:i ls fiNM+s gq, gSaA •jkc flapkbZ lqfoèkkvksa ds dkj.k Ñf"k
cqjh rjg çHkkfor gksrh gSA leqnk;ksa ds chp ckj&ckj gksus okyh
>M+iksa us voSèk vklou dks c<+kok fn;kA yksxksa dh fLFkfr lqèkkjus
ds fy, u rks ljdkj dh vksj ls vkSj u gh lkekftd laxBuksa
257
dh vksj ls vrhr esa dksbZ cM+h igy dh xbZ FkhA leL;k dks
fu;a=k.k esa ykus ds fy, vki dkSu lk u;k rjhdk viuk,axs\
 (250 'kCn] 20 vad)
n`f"Vdks.k
z eqís] uSfrd igyqvksa vkSj fgrèkkjdksa dh igpku djukA
z 'kjkc dh vufèkÑr fcØh ls tqM+s uSfrd eqíksa ij ppkZ
dhft,A
z fLFkfr dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, viuk n`f"Vdks.k Li"V
dhft,A
z csjkstxkjh vkSj vijkèk ds chp ds nq"pØ vkSj jkstxkj
çnku djus ds rjhdksa dk gokyk nsrs gq, fu"d"kZ fudkysaA
dsl LVMh% 2018
,d cM+k dkWikZsjsV ?kjkuk cM+s iSekus ij vkS|ksfxd jlk;u cukus dk
dke djrk gSA blesa ;g vfrfjÙkQ bdkbZ LFkkfir djus dk çLrko
j•rk gSA i;kZoj.k ij gkfudkjd çHkko ds dkj.k dbZ jkT;ksa us
blds çLrko dks vLohdkj dj fn;kA ysfdu ,d jkT; ljdkj
us vuqjksèk Lohdkj dj fy;k vkSj lHkh fojksèkksa dks njfdukj djrs
gq, ,d 'kgj ds djhc bdkbZ dh vuqefr ns nhA ;g bdkbZ 10
lky igys LFkkfir dh xbZ Fkh vkSj gky rd iwjs tksjksa ij FkhA
vkS|ksfxd vif'k"Vksa ds dkj.k gksus okyk çnw"k.k {ks=k dh Hkwfe]
ikuh vkSj iQlyksa dks çHkkfor dj jgk FkkA blls balkuksa vkSj
tkuojksa ds fy, xaHkhj LokLF; leL;k,a Hkh iSnk gks jgh FkhaA blus
vkanksyu dh ,d Jà•yk dks tUe fn;k ftlesa gtkjksa yksxksa us
Hkkx fy;k] ftlls dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk dh leL;k iSnk gks xbZ
ftlds fy, dM+h iqfyl dkjZokbZ dh vko';drk iM+hA yksxksa ds
vkØks'k ds ckn jkT; ljdkj us iQSDVªh dks can djus dk vkns'k
fn;kA iQSDVªh ds can gksus ls u dsoy os Jfed csjkstxkj gks x,
tks iQSDVªh esa dk;Zjr Fks cfYd os Hkh tks lgk;d bdkb;ksa esa
dke dj jgs FksA bldk mu m|ksxksa ij Hkh cgqr cqjk çHkko iM+k
tks blds }kjk fufeZr jlk;uksa ij fuHkZj FksA ,d ofj"B vfèkdkjh
ds :i esa vkidks bu eqíksa ls fuiVus dh ftEesnkjh lkSaih xbZ gS]
vki bls dSls lacksfèkr djsaxs\ (250 'kCn)
n`f"Vdks.k
z eqís] uSfrd igyqvksa vkSj fgrèkkjdksa dh igpku dhft,A
z lexz çÑfr esa lkekftd vkfFkZd ,oa i;kZoj.kh; çHkko
dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
z fofHkUu laHkkfor fodYiksa dk irk yxk,a vkSj mUgsa xq.kksa
ds vkèkkj ij rkSysaA
z bl •rjs dks fu;af=kr djus vkSj leL;k dk nh?kZdkfyd
lekèkku çnku djus ds fy, mBk, tkus okys fofHkUu
dneksa dh fliQkfj'k djukA
z dkjZokbZ dk lokZsÙke laHko rjhdk pqudj fLFkfr dk
tokc nsaA
258
dsl&LVMh% 2018
daI;wVj fo'ks"kK vkSj iwoZ lhvkbZ, ç'kkld ,MoMZ LuksMsu us
ljdkjh fuxjkuh dk;ZØeksa ds vfLrRo ds ckjs esa xksiuh; ljdkjh
nLrkost çsl dks tkjh fd,A dbZ dkuwuh fo'ks"kKksa vkSj vesfjdh
ljdkj ds vuqlkj] mudh dkjZokbZ us 1971 ds tklwlh vfèkfu;e
dk mYya?ku fd;k] ftlus jkT; ds jgL;ksa dks yhd djus dks
ns'kæksg ds ÑR; ds :i esa igpkukA fiQj Hkh] bl rF; ds ckotwn
fd mlus dkuwu rksM+k] LuksMsu us rdZ fn;k fd dkjZokbZ djuk
mldk uSfrd nkf;Ro FkkA mUgksaus •qykls dk vkSfpR; crkrs gq,
dgk fd mudk drZO; Fkk fd ¶turk dks lwfpr djsa fd muds
uke ij D;k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj muds f•ykiQ D;k fd;k tkrk
gSA¸ LuksMsu ds vuqlkj] ljdkj }kjk xksiuh;rk ds mYya?ku dks
oSèkrk dh ijokg fd, fcuk mtkxj fd;k tkuk Fkk D;ksafd ;gka
lkekftd dkjZokbZ vkSj lkoZtfud uSfrdrk ds vfèkd egRoiw.kZ
eqís 'kkfey FksA dbZ yksx LuksMsu ls lger FksA dqN yksxksa us rdZ
fn;k fd mUgksaus dkuwu rksM+k vkSj jk"Vªh; lqj{kk ls le>kSrk fd;k]
ftlds fy, mUgsa tokcnsg Bgjk;k tkuk pkfg,A
D;k vki bl ckr ls lger gSa fd LuksMsu ds dk;Z dkuwuh :i
ls çfrcafèkr gksus ds ckotwn uSfrd :i ls mfpr Fks\ D;ksa ;k
D;ksa ugha\ bl ekeys esa çfrLièkhZ ewY;ksa dks rkSydj rdZ çLrqr
dhft, (250 'kCn] 20 vad)
n`f"Vdks.k
z ,MoMZ LuksMsu ds ekeys dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,] ftUgksaus
fuxjkuh dk;ZØeksa ds ckjs esa xksiuh; ljdkjh nLrkost
yhd fd, FksA
z mlds dk;ks± dh oSèkrk vkSj eq•fcjh ds fy, mlds }
kjk çnku fd, x, uSfrd vkSfpR; ds chp la?k"kZ dks
Li"V dhft,A
z bl ekeys esa çfrLièkhZ ewY;ksa ij ppkZ dhft,] ftlesa
dkuwu dks cuk, j•us] jk"Vªh; lqj{kk cuk, j•us] O;fÙkQxr
xksiuh;rk vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk djus vkSj ljdkjh dk;ks±
esa ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh dks c<+kok nsus dk egRo
'kkfey gSA
z uSfrd fl¼karksa] laHkkfor ifj.kkeksa vkSj lekt] xksiuh;rk
vkSj ljdkjh ikjnf'kZrk ds fy, O;kid fufgrkFkks± ij
fopkj djrs gq,] LuksMsu ds dk;Z uSfrd :i ls mfpr
Fks ;k ugha] bl ij vius O;fÙkQxr n`f"Vdks.k ls fu"d"kZ
fudkysaA
dsl&LVMh% 2017
vki ,d ljdkjh foHkkx esa tu lwpuk vfèkdkjh (ihvkbZvks)
gSaA vki tkurs gSa fd vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e 2005 ç'kklu
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
esa ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh dh ifjdYiuk djrk gSA bl
vfèkfu;e us dfFkr :i ls euekus <ax ls fd, tkus okys
ç'kklfud O;ogkj vkSj dk;ks± ij vadq'k yxkus dk dke fd;k
gSA gkyk¡fd] ,d ihvkbZvks ds :i esa vkius ns•k gS fd ,sls
ukxfjd gSa ftUgksaus vius fy, ugha cfYd ,sls fgrèkkjdksa dh
vksj ls vkjVhvkbZ vkosnu nk;j fd, gSa tks dfFkr rkSj ij
vius fgrksa dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, tkudkjh rd igqap pkgrs
gSaA ogha] ,sls vkjVhvkbZ dk;ZdrkZ Hkh gSa tks fu;fer :i ls
vkjVhvkbZ vkosnu nk;j djrs gSa vkSj fu.kZ; fuekZrkvksa ls èku
mxkgh djus dk ç;kl djrs gSaA bl çdkj dh vkjVhvkbZ
lfØ;rk us ç'kklu ds dkedkt ij çfrdwy çHkko Mkyk gS
vkSj laHkor% mu vkosnuksa dh okLrfodrk dks Hkh •rjs esa Mky
fn;k gS ftudk mís'; vfuok;Z :i ls U;k; çkIr djuk gSA
okLrfod vkSj xSj&okLrfod ,fIyds'kuksa dks vyx djus ds
fy, vki D;k mik; lq>k,axs\ vius lq>koksa ds xq.k&nks"k crkb;sA
 (250 'kCn] 20)
n`f"Vdks.k
z ;gka 'kkfey fgrèkkjdksa vkSj bl ekeys ds vè;;u esa
,d fgrèkkjd ds :i esa vkids lkeus vkus okyh uSfrd
fparkvksa dh igpku dhft,A
z okLrfod vkSj xSj&okLrfod nksuksa vkjVhvkbZ vkosnuksa
dh mifLFkfr dks igpkusa] tks ç'kklu ds dkedkt vkSj
vkjVhvkbZ çfØ;k dh oSèkrk dks çHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA
z U;k; ikus ds mís'; ls vkSj O;fÙkQxr fgrksa ;k tcju
olwyh ls çsfjr ,fIyds'kuksa ds chp varj djus dh
vko';drk ij ppkZ dhft,A
z okLrfod vkSj xSj&okLrfod vkosnuksa ds chp varj djrs
gq, vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e dh v•aMrk(integrity)
cuk, j•us ds egRo ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, lq>k, x,
mik;ksa dk lkjka'k çLrqr dhft,A
dsl LVMh% 2017
vki ,d bZekunkj ,oa ftEesnkj flfoy lsod gSaA vki vDlj
fuEufyf•r ckrs ns•rs gSa%
1- ,d lkekU; èkkj.kk gS fd uSfrd vkpj.k dk ikyu
djus ls O;fÙkQ dks Lo;a dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+ ldrk gS vkSj ifjokj ds fy, leL;k,¡ iSnk gks
ldrh gSa] tcfd vuqfpr çFkk,¡ dSfj;j ds y{;ksa rd
igq¡pus esa enn dj ldrh gSaA
2- tc vuqfpr lkèku viukus okys yksxksa dh la[;k cM+h
gS] rks uSfrd lkèkuksa ds çfr #>ku j•us okys ,d NksVs
ls vYila[;d ls dksbZ iQdZ ugha iM+rkA
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
3- uSfrd lkèkuksa ls fpids jguk cM+s fodklkRed y{;ksa
ds fy, gkfudkjd gS
4- gkyk¡fd dksbZ Lo;a dks cM+s vuSfrd dk;ks± esa 'kkfey
ugha dj ldrk gS] NksVs migkj nsuk vkSj Lohdkj djuk
ç.kkyh dks vfèkd dq'ky cukrk gSA
5- mijksÙkQ dFkuksa dk muds xq.k&nks"kksa lfgr foospuk
dhft,A (250 'kCn)
n`f"Vdks.k
z çLrqr ifjçs{; dks le>us ds fy, çR;sd dFku dk
O;fÙkQxr :i ls fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
z uSfrd vkpj.k vkSj O;fÙkQxr vkSj O;kolkf;d ifj.kkeksa
ij blds çHkko ds lacaèk esa çR;sd dFku dh varfuZfgr
èkkj.kkvksa vkSj fufgrkFkks± dks igpkusaA
z uSfrd vkpj.k dk mnkgj.k LFkkfir djus vkSj 'kklu
vkSj lkoZtfud lsok esa bZekunkjh dh laLÑfr dks c<+kok
nsus esa flfoy lsodksa vkSj usrkvksa dh Hkwfedk ij çdk'k
MkysaA
z O;fÙkQxr] O;kolkf;d vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k ds fy,
uSfrd vkpj.k ds egRo ij tksj nsus okys eq[; fcanqvksa
dks la{ksi esa çLrqr dhft,A
dsl&LVMh% 2016
ljLorh vesfjdk esa ,d liQy vkbZVh is'ksoj FkhaA ns'k ds fy,
dqN djus dh ns'kHkfÙkQ dh Hkkouk ls çsfjr gksdj og Hkkjr ykSV
vkbZaA dqN vU; leku fopkjèkkjk okys nksLrksa ds lkFk feydj]
mUgksaus ,d xjhc xzkeh.k leqnk; ds fy, ,d Ldwy cukus ds
fy, ,d ,uthvks cuk;kA
Ldwy dk mís'; ekewyh ykxr ij lokZsÙke xq.koÙkk okyh
vkèkqfud f'k{kk çnku djuk FkkA mls tYn gh irk pyk fd mls
dbZ ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa ls vuqefr ysuh gksxhA fu;e vkSj çfØ;k,¡
dkiQh Hkzfer djus okyh vkSj cksf>y FkhaA ftl ckr us mUgsa lcls
T;knk fujk'k fd;k og Fkh nsjh] vfèkdkfj;ksa dk mnklhu joS;k
vkSj fj'or dh yxkrkj ekaxA muds vuqHko vkSj muds tSls dbZ
vU; yksxksa ds vuqHko us yksxksa dks lkekftd lsok ifj;kstukvksa
dks viukus ls jksdk gSA
LoSfPNd lkekftd dk;ks± ij ljdkjh fu;a=k.k dk ,d mik;
vko';d gSA ysfdu bldk ç;ksx tcjnLrh ;k Hkz"V rjhds ls
ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vki dkSu
ls mik; lq>k ldrs gSa fd mfpr fu;a=k.k rks j•k tk, ysfdu
lkFkZd] bZekunkj ,uthvks ç;klksa dks foiQy u fd;k tk,\
 (25 vad)
259
 n`f"Vdks.k
z orZeku fLFkfr dk vkdyu dhft, vkSj fgrèkkjdksa dh
igpku dhft,A
z LoSfPNd lkekftd dk;ks± ij ljdkjh fu;a=k.k lqfuf'pr
djus ds egRo ij çdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA
 fofu;ked çfØ;kvksa dks lqO;ofLFkr dhft,A
 -fOglyCyksvj laj{k.k vkSj f'kdk;r fuokj.kA
 vkWuykbu iksVZy vkSj lwpuk çlkjA
z gM+rky ij fu;a=k.k j•us vkSj usd bjkns okys] bZekunkj
,uthvks ç;klksa dk leFkZu djus ds chp larqyu ds
egRo ds lkFk fu"d"kZ fudkysaA
dsl LVMh% 2016
•uu] ckaèk vkSj vU; cM+s iSekus dh ifj;kstukvksa ds fy,
vko';d Hkwfe T;knkrj vkfnokfl;ksa] igkM+h fuokfl;ksa vkSj
xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa ls vfèkxzfgr dh tkrh gSA foLFkkfirksa dks dkuwuh
çkoèkkuksa ds vuqlkj vkfFkZd eqvkotk fn;k tkrk gSA gkyk¡fd]
Hkqxrku esa vDlj nsjh gksrh gSA fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa] ;g foLFkkfir
ifjokjksa dk vfèkd le; rd Hkj.k&iks"k.k ugha dj ldrkA
bu yksxksa ds ikl fdlh vU; O;olk; esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy,
foi.ku ;ksX; dkS'ky ugha gSA os varr% de osru ikus okys
çoklh etnwj cudj jg tkrs gSaA blds vykok] mudk thou
u"V gks tkrk gSA bl çdkj] lkeqnkf;d fodkl ds ikjaifjd
rjhdksa dk ykHk m|ksxksa] m|ksxifr;ksa vkSj 'kgjh leqnk;ksa dks
tkrk gS tcfd ykxr bu xjhc vlgk; yksxksa ij Mkyh tkrh
gSA ykxr vkSj ykHk dk ;g vU;k;iw.kZ forj.k vuSfrd gSA eku
yhft, fd vkidks ,sls foLFkkfir O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fy, ,d csgrj
eqvkotk&lg&iquokZl uhfr dk elkSnk rS;kj djus dk dke lkSaik
x;k gS] rks vki bl leL;k ls dSls fuiVsaxs vkSj vkidh lq>kbZ
xbZ uhfr ds eq[; rRo D;k gksaxs\ (250 'kCn)
n`f"Vdks.k
z bl ekeys esa 'kkfey fgrèkkjdksa vkSj uSfrd eqíksa dh
igpku dhft,A
z fLFkfr dk vkdyu%
 cM+s iSekus dh ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k
ls mRiUu ykxr vkSj ykHkksa ds vU;k;iw.kZ forj.k dks
igpkusa] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i vkfnokfl;ksa] igkM+h
fuokfl;ksa vkSj xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa dk foLFkkiu gksrk gSA
z cM+s iSekus dh ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k dh
çfØ;k esa uSfrd fparkvksa dks nwj djus vkSj ykxr vkSj
ykHkksa dk mfpr forj.k lqfuf'pr djus ds egRo ij
tksj nsaA
260
dsl LVMh% 2015
;g ,d vkink&ço.k jkT; gS tgka vDlj HkwL•yu] taxy dh
vkx] ckny iQVuk] ck<+ vkSj Hkwdai vkfn vkrs jgrs gSaA buesa ls
dqN ekSleh vkSj vDlj vçR;kf'kr gksrs gSaA vkink dh Hk;kogrk
ges'kk vçR;kf'kr gksrh gSA ,d ekSle ds nkSjku] ckny iQVus
ls fouk'kdkjh ck<+ vkSj HkwL•yu gqvk] ftlls cM+h la[;k esa
yksx grkgr gq,A lM+dksa] iqyksa vkSj fctyh mRiknu bdkb;ksa tSls
cqfu;knh <kaps dks cM+k uqdlku gqvkA blds dkj.k 100000 ls
vfèkd rhFkZ;k=kh] i;ZVd vkSj vU; LFkkuh; yksx fofHkUu ekxks±
vkSj LFkkuksa ij iQal x,A vkids mÙkjnkf;Ro okys {ks=k esa iQals
yksxksa esa ofj"B ukxfjd] vLirkyksa esa ejht] efgyk,a vkSj cPps]
iSny ;k=kh] i;ZVd] lÙkk:<+ ny ds {ks=kh; vè;{k vius ifjokj
ds lkFk] vkSj vfrfjÙkQ tsy deZpkjh 'kkfey FksA jkT; ds ,d
flfoy lsok vfèkdkjh ds :i esa] vki bu yksxksa dks cpkus dk
Øe D;k gksxk vkSj D;ksa\ vkSfpR; nhft,-
n`f"Vdks.k
z fLFkfr dk vkdyu%
 çHkkfor {ks=kksa] iQals gq, yksxksa dh la[;k vkSj cqfu;knh
<kaps dks gq, uqdlku dh xaHkhjrk lfgr vkink dh
lhek ds ckjs esa tkudkjh bdêòk dhft,A
z iQals gq, O;fÙkQ;ksa dks mudh fLFkfr;ksa dh rkRdkfydrk
vkSj muds lkeus vkus okys tksf•e ds Lrj ds vkèkkj
ij cpkus ds fy, çkFkfedrk Øe LFkkfir dhft,A
 cpko ç;klksa dk leUo;-
z fudklh ds vkns'k dk vkSfpR; fl¼ dhft,-
dsl LVMh% 2014
vktdy nqfu;k Hkj esa vkfFkZd fodkl ij tksj c<+ jgk gSA
lkFk gh] fodkl ds dkj.k gksus okys i;kZoj.kh; {kj.k dks ysdj
Hkh fpark c<+ jgh gSA dbZ ckj] gesa fodklkRed xfrfofèk vkSj
i;kZoj.kh; xq.koÙkk ds chp lhèks Vdjko dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk
gSA u rks fodkl çfØ;k dks jksduk ;k de djuk laHko gS] u
gh i;kZoj.k dks •jkc djrs jguk mfpr gS] D;ksafd blls gekjs
vfLrRo dks gh •rjk gSA
dqN O;ogk;Z j.kuhfr;ksa ij ppkZ dhft, ftUgsa bl la?k"kZ dks
•Re djus ds fy, viuk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ftlls lrr
fodkl gks ldrk gSA  (250 'kCn)
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 n`f"Vdks.k
z vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj i;kZoj.kh; fxjkoV ds chp c<+rs
la?k"kZ dh voèkkj.kk dk ifjp; nsaA
z la?k"kZ dks le>uk%
 la?k"kZ ds ihNs ds dkj.kksa ij ppkZ dhft,] tSls
i;kZoj.kh; çHkkoksa ij i;kZIr fopkj fd, fcuk
vkfFkZd fodkl dh •kstA
 ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k] tSo fofoèkrk] çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa
vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu ij vfu;af=kr fodkl ds
ifj.kkeksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
z var esa] vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k nksuksa
ij fopkj djrs gq, lrr fodkl çkIr djus ds fy,
O;ogk;Z j.kuhfr;ksa dh vko';drk ij çdk'k MkysaA
dsl LVMh% 2014
gekjs ns'k esa xzkeh.k yksxksa dk dLcksa vkSj 'kgjksa dh vksj iyk;u
rsth ls c<+ jgk gSA blls xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh nksuksa {ks=kksa esa xaHkhj
leL;k,a iSnk gks jgh gSaA njvly] phtsa okLro esa vlguh; gksrh
tk jgh gSaA D;k vki bl leL;k dk foLrkj ls fo'ys"k.k dj
ldrs gSa vkSj u dsoy lkekftd&vkfFkZd cfYd bl leL;k ds
fy, ftEesnkj HkkoukRed vkSj O;ogkfjd dkjdksa dk Hkh ladsr
ns ldrs gSa\ lkFk gh] Li"V :i ls crk,a fd D;ksa&
1- f'kf{kr xzkeh.k ;qok 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa LFkkukarfjr gksus dk
ç;kl dj jgs gSa_
2- Hkwfeghu xjhc yksx 'kgjh efyu cfLr;ksa dh vksj
iyk;u dj jgs gSa_
3- ;gka rd fd dqN fdlku viuh tehu csp jgs gSa vkSj
NksVh&eksVh ukSdfj;ka ysdj 'kgjh bykdksa esa clus dh
dksf'k'k dj jgs gSaA
4- vki dkSu ls laHkkfor dne lq>k ldrs gSa tks gekjs
ns'k dh bl xaHkhj leL;k dks fu;af=kr djus esa dkjxj
gksaxs\
n`f"Vdks.k
bl dsl LVMh ds fy, xjhch vkSj csjkstxkjh ds chp lacaèk
ds lexz Kku dh vko';drk gS tks xzkeh.k ;qokvksa ds chp
çoklu dk dkj.k cu jgk gSA
z c<+rs xzkeh.k&'kgjh çokl vkSj xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh nksuksa
{ks=kksa ij blds çHkko dk ,d flagkoyksdu çnku dhft,A
'kklu esa 'kqfprk
z leL;k dk fo'ys"k.k % çoklu eqís esa ;ksxnku nsus okys
lkekftd&vkfFkZd] HkkoukRed vkSj O;ogkfjd dkjdksa
dk vUos"k.k dhft,A
z çoklu ds dkj.k%
 f'kf{kr xzkeh.k ;qok % f'kf{kr O;fÙkQ;ksa dks 'kgjh {ks=kksa
dh vksj vkdf"kZr djus okys dkjdksa vkSj voljksa
dh tkap dhft,A
 Hkwfeghu xjhc yksx% Mªkbfoax ds dkjdksa ij ppkZ
dhft,A\
dsl&LVMh% 2013
fuEufyf•r ç'uksa esa] çLrqr ekeyksa dk è;kuiwoZd vè;;u
dhft, vkSj fiQj fuEufyf•r ç'uksa ds mÙkj nsa%
,d tu lwpuk vfèkdkjh dks vkjVhvkbZ vfèkfu;e ds rgr
,d vkosnu çkIr gqvk gSA tkudkjh ,d=k djus ds ckn]
ihvkbZvks dks irk pyrk gS fd tkudkjh mlds }kjk fy, x,
dqN fu.kZ;ksa ls lacafèkr gS] tks iwjh rjg ls lgh ugha ik, x,A
vU; deZpkjh Hkh Fks tks bu fu.kZ;ksa esa i{kdkj FksA tkudkjh dk
•qyklk djus ij muds vkSj muds dqN lg;ksfx;ksa ds f•ykiQ
ltk dh laHkkouk ds lkFk vuq'kklukRed dkjZokbZ gksus dh
laHkkouk gSA xSj&çdVhdj.k ;k vkaf'kd çdVhdj.k ;k tkudkjh
ds NÁ çdVhdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i de ltk gksxh ;k dksbZ
ltk ugha gksxhA
ihvkbZvks oSls rks ,d bZekunkj vkSj drZO;fu"B O;fÙkQ gksrk gS
ysfdu ;g fo'ks"k fu.kZ;] ftl ij vkjVhvkbZ vkosnu nk;j fd;k
x;k gS] xyr fudykA og vkids ikl lykg ds fy, vkrk gSA
fuEufyf•r dqN lq>k, x, fodYi gSaA Ñi;k çR;sd fodYi
ds xq.k vkSj nks"kksa dk ewY;kadu dhft,%
1- ihvkbZvks ekeys dks vius ofj"B vfèkdkjh ds ikl Hkst
ldrk gS vkSj mldh lykg ys ldrk gS vkSj lykg ds
vuqlkj l[rh ls dk;Z dj ldrk gS] Hkys gh og ofj"B
dh lykg ls iwjh rjg lger u gksA
2- ihvkbZvks Nqêðh ij tk ldrk gS vkSj ekeys dks dk;kZy; esa
vius mÙkjkfèkdkjh ds ikl NksM+ ldrk gS ;k vkosnu dks
fdlh vU; ihvkbZvks dks LFkkukarfjr djus dk vuqjksèk dj
ldrk gSA
3- ihvkbZvks lPpkbZ ls tkudkjh dk •qyklk djus ds ifj.kkeksa
ij fopkj dj ldrk gS] ftlesa mlds dfj;j ij çHkko
Hkh 'kkfey gS] vkSj bl rjhds ls mÙkj ns ldrk gS ftlls
mls ;k mlds dfj;j dks dksbZ •rjk u gks] ysfdu lkFk gh
261
 bldh lwpuk lkexzh ij FkksM+k le>kSrk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
lwpukA
4- ihvkbZvks vius vU; lg;ksfx;ksa ls ijke'kZ dj ldrk gS tks
fu.kZ; esa i{kdkj gSa vkSj mudh lykg ds vuqlkj dkjZokbZ
dj ldrs gSaA
5- Ñi;k mfpr dkj.k crkrs gq, ;g Hkh crk,a (mijksÙkQ
fodYiksa rd lhfer fd, fcuk) fd vki D;k lykg nsuk
pkgrs gSaA (20 vad)
n`f"Vdks.k
z fgrèkkjdksa] eqíksa vkSj uSfrd igyqvksa dh igpku dhft,A
z miyCèk fodYiksa dks igpkusa vkSj çR;sd fodYi dk
ewY;kadu dhft,A
 ekeys dks ojh; vfèkdkjh ds ikl Hkstuk vkSj mudh
lykg ds vuqlkj l[rh ls dke djuk-
 Nqêðh ij tkuk ;k vkosnu ds LFkkukarj.k dk vuqjksèk
djukA
 ijke'kZ nsus okys lgdehZ tks fu.kZ; ds i{kdkj FksA
z ,d mi;qÙkQ fodYi pqusa vkSj ml fodYi dks pquus ds
fy, uSfrd vkSj O;kogkfjd dkj.k crk,aA
v v
262
dsl&LVMh% 2013
foÙk ea=kky; esa ,d ofj"B vfèkdkjh ds :i esa] vkids ikl mu
uhfrxr fu.kZ;ksa ds ckjs esa dqN xksiuh; vkSj egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh
rd igqap gS tks ljdkj ?kksf"kr djus okyh gSA bu fu.kZ;ksa dk
vkokl vkSj fuekZ.k m|ksx ij nwjxkeh çHkko iM+us dh laHkkouk
gSA vxj fcYMjksa dks ;g tkudkjh igys ls fey tk, rks os
Hkkjh equkiQk dek ldrs gSaA fcYMjksa esa ls ,d us ljdkj ds
fy, cgqr lkjs xq.koÙkkiw.kZ dke fd, gSa vkSj og vkids rRdky
ofj"B dk djhch ekuk tkrk gS] tks vkils mÙkQ fcYMj dks ;g
tkudkjh crkus ds fy, dgrk gSA (20 vad)
1- vkids fy, D;k fodYi miyCèk gSa \
2- buesa ls çR;sd fodYi dk ewY;kadu dhft, vkSj dkj.k
crkrs gq, og fodYi pqusa ftls vki viuk,axsA
n`f"Vdks.k
z eqís vkSj uSfrd igyqvksa dh igpku dhft,A
z miyCèk fodYiksa dks igpkusaA
 çR;sd fodYi dk ewY;kadu dhft,A
z ilanhnk fodYi pqusa vkSj dkj.k crk,aA
v
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 8 uSfrdrk vkSj mHkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;k¡
8-1 ifjp;
z mHkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;k¡ çkS|ksfxdh ds uohu vkSj mUur {ks=kksa
dks lanfHkZr djrh gSa ftuesa lekt ds fofHkUu igyqvksa
ij egÙoiw.kZ çHkko Mkyus dh {kerk gksrh gSA tSls&tSls
;s çkS|ksfxfd;k¡ fodflr gksrh tk jgh gSa] uSfrd fopkj
mÙkjksÙkj egÙoiw.kZ gksrs tk jgs gSaA
z ;s bl vFkZ esa uoksUos"kh gSa fd buds }kjk fo'o ds le{k
mRiUu pqukSfr;ksa ds u, vkSj csgrj lekèkkuksa dks çkIr
fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
z ;s vHkh Hkh fodkl ds pj.k esa gSa ,oa muls dksbZ Hkh ugha
;k lhfer la[;k esa mRikn ;k lsok,¡ fufeZr dh xbZ gSaA bu
çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ls egÙoiw.kZ vkfFkZd ewY; vkSj xfrfofèk
mRiUu gksus dh mEehn gSA
z ;gk¡ mHkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa vkSj muls tqM+s uSfrd fufgrkFkks±
ds dqN mnkgj.k fn;s x, gSa%
8-2 Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk (AI)
Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk (Artificial Intelligence-AI) daI;wVj foKku dh
,d 'kk•k gS tks ,sls dk;ks± dks djus esa l{ke rFkk cqf¼eÙkk
;qÙkQ e'khusa cukus ij dsafær gS ftuds fy;s vkerkSj ij ekuo
cqf¼ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blesa daI;wVj flLVe vkSj
,Yxksfjne dks fodflr djuk 'kkfey gS tks balkuksa dh
rjg gh lh•us rdZ djus] leL;k dk lekèkku djus ,oa
fu.kZ; ysus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA
AI ds vuqç;ksxksa ds mnkgj.kksa esa fljh vkSj ,ysDlk tSls
opZqvy vflLVsaV] lsYiQ&Mªkbfoax dkjsa] èkks•kèkM+h dk
irk yxkus okyh ç.kkfy;k¡ vkSj vkWuykbu IysViQkWeZ ij
oS;fÙkQÑr vuq'kalk,¡ 'kkfey gSaA
Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk (AI) uSfrd vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksa ls lacafèkr eqíksa
dh ,d 'k`a•yk çLrqr djrh gS ftu ij lkoèkkuhiwoZd fopkj
djus dh vko';drk gSA ;gk¡ dqN çeq• fpark,a gSa%
z AI }kjk uSfrd fu.kZ; ysuk% AI ç.kyh ;k ra=k esa dqN
fLFkfr;ksa esa uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus dh vko';drk gks ldrh
gS] tSls laHkkfor nq?kZVukvksa ds chp p;u djus okys
Lok;Ùk okguA AI ra=k dks çksxzke djus gsrq uSfrd fl¼karksa
dks fuèkkZfjr djuk vkSj uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa dh tfVyrkvksa dks
lacksfèkr djuk ,d egÙoiw.kZ uSfrd pqukSrh gSA
z ekuo AI vU;ksU;fØ;k vkSj fuHkZjrk% tSls&tSls AI dk
gekjs nSfud thou esa vfèkdkfèkd mi;ksx c<+rk tk jgk
gS] oSls gh AI fufeZr ra=k ij vR;fèkd fuHkZjrk ds dkj.k]
ekuo dkS'ky dk {kj.k vkSj ekuo lalkèku dh laHkkfor
gkfu ls lacafèkr fpark,a mRiUu gksrh tk jgh gSaA bu uSfrd
fopkjksa esa ekuo fu;a=k.k dks lajf{kr djuk] ikjnf'kZrk dks
c<+kok nsuk vkSj lkFkZd ekuo&AI lg;ksx dks cuk, j•uk
'kkfey gSA
z Lok;Ùk gfFk;kj vkSj ;q¼% Lok;Ùk gfFk;kj ç.kkfy;ksa
(Autonomous Weapons Systems) dk fodkl e'khuksa ds
?kkrd mi;ksx ls lacafèkr uSfrd eqíksa dks mRiUu dj ldrk
gSA fparkvksa esa ekuo fu;a=k.k dk vHkko] vaèkkèkqaèk mi;ksx
dh laHkkouk vkSj l'kL=k la?k"kks± esa uSfrd fopkjksa dk {kj.k
'kkfey gSA
z jkstxkj dk foLFkkiu vkSj vkfFkZd çHkko% AI Lopkyu
esa fofHkUu m|ksxksa dks ckfèkr djus rFkk jkstxkj ds foLFkkiu
dks dks mRiUu djus dh {kerk gSA uSfrd fopkjksa esa
lkekftd&vkfFkZd çHkko dks lacksfèkr djuk] iqu% çf'k{k.k
ds volj lqfuf'pr djuk vkSj çHkkfor Jfedksa gsrq mfpr
ifjorZu dks c<+kok nsuk 'kkfey gSA
z iwokZxzg vkSj HksnHkko% AI ra=k çf'k{k.k MsVk esa ekStwn
iwokZxzgksa dks cuk, j• ldrs gSa] ftlls fu;qfÙkQ] ½.k
vuqeksnu ;k vkijkfèkd U;k; tSls {ks=kksa esa HksnHkkoiw.kZ
ifj.kke gks ldrs gSaA AI fodkl esa fu"i{krk lqfuf'pr
djuk vkSj HksnHkko ls cpuk ,d egÙoiw.kZ uSfrd pqukSrh gSA
z xksiuh;rk vkSj MsVk lqj{kk% AI cM+h ek=kk esa MsVk ij
fuHkZj djrk gS] ftlls O;fÙkQxr tkudkjh dh xksiuh;rk
vkSj lqj{kk ds ckjs esa fpark,a c<+ tkrh gSaA uSfrd fopkjksa esa
lwfpr lgefr çkIr djuk] laosnu'khy MsVk dh lqj{kk djuk
vkSj vufèkÑr igqap ;k nq#i;ksx dks jksduk 'kkfey gSA
z tokcnsgh vkSj ikjnf'kZrk% AI ra=k tfVy gks ldrs
gSa] ftlls mudh fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa dks le>uk
 pqukSrhiw.kZ gks ldrk gSA ikjnf'kZrk dk vHkko tokcnsgh ds
ckjs esa fparkvksa dks c<+krh gS] D;ksafd ;g fuèkkZfjr djuk
eqf'dy gks tkrk gS fd ifj.kkeksa ds fy;s dkSu ftEesnkj gS
;k laHkkfor =kqfV;ksa ;k iwokZxzgksa dks lacksfèkr djuk eqf'dy
gks tkrk gSA
z vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd vlekurk% ;fn AI çkS|ksfxfd;ksa
rd igqap vkSj ykHk dqN yksxksa ds gkFkksa esa dsafær gSa rks AI
ekStwnk vlekurkvksa dks c<+k ldrh gSA AI ds ykHkksa vkSj
voljksa dk leku forj.k lqfuf'pr djuk ,d egÙoiw.kZ
uSfrd fopkj gSA
AI ds vuSfrdiw.kZ mi;ksx dks n'kkZus okys
mnkgj.k
z MhiiQsd eSfuiqys'ku% AI ,Yxksfjne vR;fèkd
fo'oluh; MhiiQsd lkexzh fufeZr dj ldrk gS] tSls
eSfuiqysVsM ;k gsjiQsj dh xbZ Nfo;ka ;k ohfM;ks] ftldk
mi;ksx yksxksa dks èkks•k nsus vkSj gsjiQsj djus ds fy;s
fd;k tk ldrk gSA blls xyr lwpuk] igpku dk xyr
mi;ksx rFkk jktuhfr ,oa lkoZtfud ppkZ lfgr fofHkUu
lanHkks± esa nq#i;ksx dh laHkkouk ds lacaèk esa uSfrd fpark,a
iSnk gksrh gSaA
z vkWVksuksel osiUl@Lok;Ùk gfFk;kj% AI&lapkfyr
Lok;Ùk gfFk;kjksa (Autonomous Weapons) dk fodkl
;q¼ ds {ks=k esa uSfrd fparkvksa dks c<+krk gSA ;s gfFk;kj
laHkkfor :i ls ekuoh; gLr{ksi ds fcuk thou&;k&e`R;q
ds fu.kZ; ys ldrs gSa] ftlls fu;a=k.k vkSj tokcnsgh dk
uqdlku gks ldrk gSA Lok;Ùk gfFk;kjksa ls tqM+s tksf•eksa
esa vkdfLed {kfr] la?k"kks± dk c<+uk rFkk ;q¼ esa uSfrd
fopkjksa dk {kj.k 'kkfey gSA
z ,YxksfjFke VªsfMax eSfuiqys'ku% foÙkh; cktjksa esa mi;ksx
fd, tkus okys AI ,Yxksfjne ls O;fÙkQxr ykHk ds
fy;s gsjiQsj fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] gkbZ
ÚhDosalh VªsfMax (High-frequency trading) vHkwriwoZ xfr
ls cktkj ds mrkj&p<+ko dk iQk;nk mBk ldrk gS]
ftlls laHkkfor :i ls cktkj esa gsjiQsj] vuqfpr ykHk
vkSj vR;fèkd vfLFkjrk mRiUu gks ldrh gSA
AI dh fo'ooluh;rk gsrq ;wjksih; vk;ksx }kjk tkjh
uSfrd fn'kk&funZs'k%
1- ekuo lewg vkSj fujh{k.k% AI ç.kkyh dks mi;ksxdÙkkZ
lewg dk leFkZu djds] ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks c<+kok nsus
vkSj ekuo fujh{k.k dh vuqefr nsdj ,d yksdrkaf=kd]
264
le`¼ vkSj U;k;laxr lekt gsrq çorZd ds :i esa dk;Z
djuk pkfg;sA
2- rduhdh etcwrh vkSj lqj{kk% AI ç.kkyh dks yphyk vkSj
lqjf{kr gksuk vko';d gSA
3- xksiuh;rk vkSj MsVk xouZsal% xksiuh;rk vkSj MsVk lqj{kk
gsrq iw.kZ lEeku lqfuf'pr djus ds vykok] MsVk dh
xq.koÙkk vkSj çkekf.kdrk ij fopkj djrs gq, rFkk MsVk rd
oSèk igqap lqfuf'pr djrs gq, i;kZIr MsVk xouZsal ra=k Hkh
lqfuf'pr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
4- ikjnf'kZrk% AI ç.kkyh O;k[;kRedrk ds fl¼kar ij
vkèkkfjr gksuk pkfg;s vkSj blesa 'kkfey rÙoksa&MsVk] flLVe
vkSj O;olk; ekWMy esa ikjnf'kZrk vkSj lapkj 'kkfey gksuk
pkfg;sA
5- fofoèkrk] xSj&HksnHkko vkSj fu"i{krk% fofoèkrk vkSj
lekos'ku dks l{ke djus ds vykok AI ç.kkyh ds iwjs
thoupØ esa vuqfpr iwokZxzg ls cpko] igqap] lkoZHkkSfed
;kstuk ,oa fgrèkkjd dh Hkkxhnkjh 'kkfey gSA
6- lkekftd vkSj i;kZoj.kh; dY;k.k% AI ç.kkfy;ksa ls
Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa lfgr lHkh euq";ksa dks ykHk gksuk pkfg;s
vr% ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tkuk pkfg;s fd os fVdkÅ vkSj
i;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy gksaA
tokcnsgh% tokcnsgh dh vko';drk vU; vko';drkvksa dks
iwjk djrh gS vkSj fu"i{krk ds fl¼kar ls fudVrk ls lacafèkr gSA
fu"d"kZ%
tSls&tSls AI çkS|ksfxfd;ka gekjs thou ds fofHkUu igyqvksa
esa vkxs c<+ jgh gSa vkSj ,dhÑr gksrh tk jgh gSa] uSfrd
fn'kk&funZs'kksa dks çkFkfedrk nsuk rFkk mudk ftEesnkjhiw.kZ mi;ksx
lqfuf'pr djuk vfuok;Z gSA AI ij uSfrd fopkj u dsoy
lkoZtfud fo'okl cuk, j•us ds fy;s vko';d gS] cfYd ,d
,sls Hkfo"; dks vkdkj nsus ds fy;s Hkh vko';d gS tgka AI
çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk mi;ksx ekuork dY;k.k ds fy;s fd;k tk,A
;g lqfuf'pr djuk ,d lkewfgd ftEesnkjh gS fd AI uSfrd
:i ls vkxs c<+s] ftlls O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj lekt dks lexz :i ls
ykHk fey ldsA
8-3 vkHkklh okLrfodrk (VR) vkSj
laofèkZr okLrfodrk (AR)
vkHkklh okLrfodrk (Virtual Reality-VR) mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks
,d flE;qysVsM fMftVy (Simulated Digital) okrkoj.k esa ys
tkrh gS tks okLrfod nqfu;k ls iwjh rjg ls vyx gks ldrk gSA
blesa vke rkSj ij ,d VR gsMlsV iguuk 'kkfey gksrk gS tks
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
vkidh vka•ksa vkSj dkuksa dks <drk gS vkSj okLrfod nqfu;k ls
vyx dj nsrk gS vkSj vkidks vkHkklh okrkoj.k esa Mqcks nsrk gSA
VR dk mi;ksx vkerkSj ij xsfeax] çf'k{k.k fleqys'ku] opZqvy
Vwj vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd fpfdRlh; vuqç;ksxksa esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
nwljh vksj] laofèkZr okLrfodrk (Augmented Reality-AR)]
okLrfod nqfu;k ij vkHkklh rÙoksa dks çLrqr djrh gS] vfrfjÙkQ
fMftVy tkudkjh ds lkFk okLrfod nqfu;k ds okrkoj.k dks
c<+krh gSA AR dk vuqHko LekVZiQksu] VScysV ;k LekVZ Xykl
tSls midj.kksa ds ekè;e ls fd;k tkrk gS] tks okLrfod nqfu;k
ds n`'; dks ,d=k djus vkSj ml ij vkHkklh oLrqvksa ;k
tkudkjh dks çR;kjksfir djus ds fy;s dSejksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy;s] AR dk mi;ksx okLrfod thou dh Nfo
ds Åij fMftVy tkudkjh çnf'kZr djus gsrq fd;k tk ldrk
gS] tSls fd ykbo eSi (Live Map) ij fn'kk&funZs'k fn•kuk ;k
vius fyfoax :e esa vkHkklh iQuhZpj j•dj ;g ns•uk fd
;g dSlk fn•sxkA
VR vkSj AR ls lacafèkr dqN uSfrd fpark,¡ uhps nh
xbZ gSa%
z xksiuh;rk vkSj MsVk lqj{kk%
 fpark% VR@AR fMokbl O;fÙkQxr MsVk ,d=k vkSj
lalkfèkr djrs gSa] ftlls xksiuh;rk vkSj MsVk lqj{kk ls
lacafèkr fpark,a c<+ tkrh gSaA
 mnkgj.k% ,d VR ,fIyds'ku mi;ksxdÙkkZ dh
xfrfofèk;ksa] baVjSD'ku vkSj 'kkjhfjd çfrfØ;kvksa dks
VªSd dj ldrk gS] tks laosnu'khy gks ldrk gS rFkk
vufèkÑr igqap ;k nq#i;ksx dks jksdus gsrq mfpr MsVk
lqj{kk mik;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z uSfrd mi;ksx vkSj lkexzh%
 fpark% VR@AR çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk mi;ksx gkfudkjd]
vkifÙktud ;k vuSfrd lkexzh cukus vkSj forfjr djus
gsrq fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% VR@AR vuqHko tks fgalk] ?k`.kkLin Hkk"k.k ;k
Li"V lkexzh dks n'kkZrs gSa] muls udkjkRed lkekftd
vkSj euksoSKkfud çHkko mRiUu gks ldrs gSa] ftlls
mfpr lkexzh fuekZ.k vkSj forj.k lqfuf'pr djus gsrq
fn'kk&funZs'kksa vkSj fofu;eksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z fMftVy fMokbM vkSj ,Dlsl%
 fpark% VR@AR çkS|ksfxfd;ksa rd igqap lhfer gks
ldrh gS] tks laHkkfor :i ls ekStwnk vlekurkvksa dks
c<+k ldrh gSA
uSfrdrk vkSj mHkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;k¡
 mnkgj.k% VR@AR midj.k vkSj vuqHko egaxs gks
ldrs gSa ,oa mudh miyCèkrk dqN tulkaf[;dh ;k
HkkSxksfyd {ks=kksa rd lhfer gks ldrh gSA ;g ,d
fMftVy foHkktu dks mRiUu dj ldrk gS] tgka dqN
O;fÙkQ;ksa ds ikl gh mUur vuqHkoksa rd igqap gksrh gS
tcfd vU; ds ikl ughaA
z uSfrd çfrfufèkRo vkSj iwokZxzg%
 fpark% VR@AR vuqç;ksxksa dks iwokZxzg vkSj :f<+okfnrk
ls cprs gq, fu"i{k vkSj lekos'kh çfrfufèkÙo gsrq
ç;kl djuk pkfg;sA
 mnkgj.k% ;fn AR dk vuqç;ksx okLrfod nqfu;k dh
oLrqvksa ;k yksxksa ij fMftVy tkudkjh dks vè;kjksfir
djrs gSa] rks uLy] fyax ;k vU; fo'ks"krkvksa ds vkèkkj
ij iwokZxzgksa ds çcy gksrs ;k :f<+okfnrk dks cuk,
j•us dk tksf•e mRiUu gks ldrk gSA uSfrd fopkjksa
esa fofoèk vkSj lekos'kh çfrfufèkRo lqfuf'pr djuk
'kkfey gSA
fu"d"kZ%
bu uSfrd fparkvksa dks lacksfèkr djus ds fy;s m|ksx ekudksa]
fn'kk&funZs'kksa vkSj fofu;eksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA VR@AR
çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds fuekZrkvksa vkSj çnkrkvksa dks mi;ksxdÙkkZ dh
lqj{kk] xksiuh;rk vkSj lekos'kh lkexzh fuekZ.k dks çkFkfedrk nsus
dh vko';drk gSA ikjnf'kZrk] lwfpr lgefr vkSj mi;ksxdÙkkZ
dh tkx:drk ftEesnkjiw.kZ mi;ksx dks c<+kok nsus rFkk VR vkSj
AR çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ls tqM+s laHkkfor uSfrd eqíksa dks de djus esa
egÙoiw.kZ gSaA
esVkolZ vkSj blls tqM+s uSfrd eqísa
esVkolZ ,d vkHkklh okLrfodrk LFkku (Virtual Reality
Space) ;k ,d lkewfgd vkHkklh lk>k LFkku (Collective
Virtual Shared Space) dks lanfHkZr djrk gS tgk¡ yksx
f=k&vk;keh okrkoj.k (Three-Dimensional Environment) esa
fMftVy oLrqvksa ds }kjk ,d&nwljs ls ckrphr dj ldrs gSaA
bls vDlj ,d O;kid vkSj ijLij tqM+s fMftVy ;wfuolZ ds
:i esa ns•k tkrk gS tks O;fÙkQxr vkHkklh okLrfodrk vuqHkoksa
ls ijs iQSyk gqvk gS
esVkolZ dh voèkkj.kk] vkHkklh okLrfodrk (VR)] laofèkZr
okLrfodrk (AR) vkSj baVjusV ds vfHklj.k }kjk fufeZr ,d
vkHkklh lk>k LFkku] dbZ uSfrd eqíksa dks çLrqr djrs gSaA ;gk¡
esVkolZ ls tqM+h dqN uSfrd fpark,a nh xbZ gSa%
z xksiuh;rk vkSj MsVk lqj{kk% esVkolZ esa] mi;ksxdÙkkZ
vkHkklh ckrphr esa layXu gksrs gSa] Nfo fufeZr djrs gSa
265
 vkSj O;fÙkQxr tkudkjh lk>k djrs gSaA mi;ksxdÙkkZ ds MsVk
laxzg] HkaMkj.k vkSj mi;ksx ds lkFk&lkFk vufèkÑr
igqap] MsVk mYya?kuksa vkSj O;fÙkQxr tkudkjh ds nq#i;ksx
dh laHkkouk ds lacaèk esa uSfrd fpark,a mRiUu gksrh gSaA
z igpku vkSj çkekf.kdrk% esVkolZ okLrfod vkSj
vkHkklh igpku ds chp dh js•kvksa dks èkqaèkyk dj nsrk
gSA igpku dh pksjh] çfr:i.k vkSj udyh O;fÙkQRoksa ds
fuekZ.k ds ckjs esa ,d uSfrd fpark gS tks vkHkklh okrkoj.k
esa èkks•kèkM+hiw.kZ xfrfofèk;ksa ;k èkks•s dks mRiUu dj ldrh
gSA
z fMftVy foHkktu vkSj lekos'ku% esVkolZ ekStwnk
vlekurkvksa dks c<+k ldrk gS] ftlls mu yksxksa ds chp
fMftVy foHkktu mRiUu gks ldrk gS ftuds ikl vko';d
çkS|ksfxfd;ksa vkSj lalkèkuksa rd igqap gS vkSj ftuds ikl
ugha gSA uSfrd fopkjksa esa U;k;laxr igqap vkSj lekosf'krk
lqfuf'pr djuk vkSj lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr ;k vU;
dkjdksa ds vkèkkj ij laHkkfor HksnHkko ;k cfg"dkj dks
lacksfèkr djuk 'kkfey gSA
z ckSf¼d laink vkSj dkWihjkbV% esVkolZ esa] mi;ksxdÙkkZ
vkHkklh laifÙk] fMtkbu vkSj lkexzh cuk vkSj lk>k dj
ldrs gSaA blls ckSf¼d laink vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk djus]
vufèkÑr udy ;k forj.k dks jksdus ,oa jpukdkjksa
vkSj uoçorZdksa gsrq mfpr eqvkotk lqfuf'pr djus esa
uSfrd eqís mBrs ldrs gSaA
z euksoSKkfud vkSj lkekftd çHkko% esVkolZ dh O;kid
çÑfr mi;ksxdÙkkZvksa ij euksoSKkfud vkSj lkekftd çHkko
Mky ldrh gSA uSfrd fpark,¡ yr]vkHkklh yr] ekufld
LokLF; vkSj okLrfod thou ds fj'rksa ,oa lkekftd
lacaèkksa ij çHkko ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerh gSaA
z uSfrd çfrfufèkRo vkSj lkaLÑfrd fofu;ksx% esVkolZ ds
Hkhrj] mi;ksxdÙkkZ Nfo vkSj vkHkklh okrkoj.k cuk ldrs
gSa tks fofHkUu igpku] laLÑfr;ksa ;k leqnk;ksa dk çfrfufèkRo
dj ldrs gSaA lEekutud çfrfufèkRo lqfuf'pr djuk]
lkaLÑfrd fofu;ksx ls cpuk vkSj fofoèkrk vkSj lekosf'krk
dks c<+kok nsuk egÙoiw.kZ uSfrd fparktud fopkj gSaA
fu"d"kZ%
bu uSfrd eqíksa dks lfØ; :i ls lacksfèkr djds] ge Hkfo";
ds esVkolZ dh fn'kk esa ç;kl dj ldrs gSa tks thou dks le`¼
cukrk gS] ldkjkRed vuqHkoksa dks c<+kok nsrk gS rFkk mu ewY;ksa
,oa fl¼karksa dks dk;e j•rk gS tks gekjh okLrfod nqfu;k
dh ckrphr dk ekxZn'kZu djrs gSaA uSfrd fopkjksa dks esVkolZ
çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds fodkl] rSukrh vkSj fofu;eu dk ekxZn'kZu
266
djuk pkfg;s] ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg;s fd ;g ,d ,slk {ks=k
cu tk, tks vius mi;ksxdrkZvksa ds vfèkdkjksa vkSj xfjek dk
lEeku djrs gq, lexz :i ls lekt dks ykHk igqapk,A
8-4 jkscksfVDl vkSj Lopkyu
jkscksfVDl (Robotics) vkSj Lopkyu (Automation) nks ijLij
tqM+s gq, {ks=k gSa ftuesa dk;ks± dks Lopkfyr djus vkSj U;wure
ekuoh; gLr{ksi ds lkFk lapkyu djus gsrq çkS|ksfxdh dk
mi;ksx 'kkfey gSA
jkscksfVDl ls rkRi;Z jkscksV ds fMtkbu] fodkl vkSj lapkyu
ls gSA jkscksV ,d ;kaf=kd midj.k gS ftls fof'k"V dk;ks± ;k
fØ;kvksa dks djus ds fy;s çksxzke fd;k x;k gSA ;s dk;Z ljy
nksgjko okyh fØ;kvksa ls ysdj tfVy xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj i;kZoj.k
ds lkFk var%fØ;kRed rd gks ldrs gSaA jkscksV fofHkUu m|ksxksa
esa layXu gks ldrs gSa] tSls fofuekZ.k] LokLF; ns•Hkky]
Ñf"k vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd gekjs nSfud thou esa (mnkgj.k
ds fy;s] jkscksfVd oSD;we Dyhuj)A
nwljh vksj] Lopkyu] çR;{k ekuo Hkkxhnkjh dh vko';drk
ds fcuk] dk;ks± dks Lopkfyr :i ls djus ;k flLVe dks
fu;af=kr djus gsrq çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx djus dh çfØ;k
gSA blesa fofHkUu çfØ;kvksa dh fuxjkuh vkSj fu;a=k.k ds fy;s
lkWÝVos;j] lsalj vkSj fu;a=k.k ç.kkfy;ksa dk mi;ksx 'kkfey gSA
Lopkyu dk mís'; lapkyu dks lqO;ofLFkr djuk] n{krk
esa lqèkkj djuk rFkk ekuoh; =kqfV dks de djuk gSA
dqN uSfrd fpark,¡ gSa%
z foLFkkiu vkSj vkfFkZd çHkko%
 fpark% jkscksfVDl vkSj Lopkyu ls jkstxkj ds voljksa
esa deh ds dkj.k foLFkkiu gks ldrk gS] ftldk çHkko
Jfedksa vkSj leqnk;ksa ij iM+ ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k% fofuekZ.k esa c<+rs Lopkyu ds ifj.kkeLo:i
ekuo Jfedksa ds fy;s jkstxkj ds volj de gks
ldrs gSa] ftlls csjksttxkjh vkSj vk; vlekurk tSlh
lkekftd vkfFkZd pqukSfr;k¡ mRiUu gks ldrh gSaA
z uSfrd mi;ksx vkSj tokcnsgh%
 fpark% jkscksV vkSj Lok;Ùk ç.kkfy;ksa dks uSfrd vkSj
tokcnsghiw.kZ fuekZ.k vkSj mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
 mnkgj.k% ;g ;q¼ ds fy;s mi;ksx fd, tkus okys lSU;
Mªksu] ?kkrd fu.kZ; ysus dh ftEesnkjh e'khuksa dks lkSaius
ds uSfrd fufgrkFkZ vkSj vuisf{kr ukxfjd grkgrksa dh
laHkkouk ds ckjs esa fparkvksa dks c<+krs gSaA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z lqj{kk vkSj nkf;Ro%
 fpark% jkscksV vkSj Lok;Ùk ç.kkfy;ksa dh lqj{kk lqfuf'pr
djuk vkSj nq?kZVukvksa ;k {kfr ds fy;s nkf;Ro dk
fuèkkZj.k djukA
 mnkgj.k% Lo&pkfyr dkjsa loky mBkrh gSa fd nq?kZVuk
dh fLFkfr esa dkSu ftEesnkj gS & okgu fuekZrk] lkWÝVos;j
Msoyij] ;k okgu ekfydA
z ekuo&e'khu laidZ vkSj Lok;Ùkrk%
 fpark% jkscksfVd ç.kkfy;ksa ij lkFkZd ekuo fu;a=k.k
cuk, j•uk vkSj Lok;Ùkrk ds mfpr Lrj ij fopkj
djukA
 mnkgj.k% 'kY; fpdRlk çfØ;kvksa esa lgk;rk djus
okys esfMdy jkscksV dks ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg;s
fd ekuo 'klz&fpfdRld ds ikl jksxh dh ns•&Hkky
gsrq vafre fu.kZ; ysus dk vfèkdkj vkSj ftEesnkjh Hkh
cjdjkj j•saA
z Ethical Design and Bias:
z uSfrdrk iw.kZ fMtkbu@•kdk vkSj iwokZxzg
 fpark% i{kikr vkSj HksnHkkoiw.kZ O;ogkj ls cprs gq,
uSfrd fopkjksa ds lkFk jkscksV vkSj AI ç.kkyh dk •kdk
;k fMtkbu dk fuekZ.k djukA
 mnkgj.k% HkrhZ esa AI&vkèkkfjr HkrhZ ç.kkyh dks iwokZxzgksa
dks lekIr djus vkSj tkfr] fyax ;k vU; lajf{kr
fo'ks"krkvksa dh ijokg fd, fcuk lHkh mEehnokjksa ds
fy;s mfpr vkSj leku volj lqfuf'pr djus gsrq
fMtkbu fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
fu"d"kZ
jkscksfVDl vkSj Lopkyu ds lkekftd çHkko dk ewY;kadu
fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA vkfFkZd vlekurkvksa] uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa vkSj
ekuo&jkscksV laidZ lfgr lekt ij bu çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds O;kid
çHkkoksa ij fopkj djuk egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;g lqfuf'pr djus gsrq
lkoèkkuhiwoZd fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg;s fd jkscksfVDl vkSj
Lopkyu ds ykHk leku :i ls forfjr fd, tk, rFkk ekuoh;
ewY;ksa vkSj vfèkdkjksa dk lEeku fd;k tk,A
8-5 tSo çkS|ksfxdh vkSj ck;ksbathfu;fjax
tSo çkS|ksfxdh vkSj ck;ksbathfu;fjax rsth ls vkxs c<+us okys
{ks=k gSa ftuesa fofHkUu {ks=kksa ds fy;s uohu lekèkku fodflr
djus gsrq tSfod fl¼karksa] midj.kksa vkSj rduhdksa dk
vuqç;ksx 'kkfey gSA tSo çkS|ksfxdh vkSj ck;ksbathfu;fjax dk
,d mnkgj.k vkuqoaf'kd :i ls la'kksfèkr iQlyksa (Genetically
Modified Crops-GMOs) dk fodkl gSA gkyk¡fd] os egÙoiw.kZ
uSfrdrk vkSj mHkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;k¡
uSfrd fparkvksa dks Hkh mBkrs gSaA ;gk¡ tSo çkS|ksfxdh vkSj
ck;ksbathfu;fjax ds dqN çeq• uSfrd fpark,¡ fuEufyf•r gSa%
z vkuqoaf'kd :i ls gsjiQsj vkSj la'kksèku%
 fpark% tsusfVd bathfu;fjax vkSj thoksa ds la'kksèku ds
uSfrd çHkko gks ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% vkuqoaf'kd :i ls la'kksfèkr iQlysa laHkkfor
i;kZoj.kh; çHkkoksa] ekuo LokLF; ij vKkr nh?kZdkfyd
çHkkoksa vkSj vkuqoaf'kd :i ls la'kksfèkr thoksa (GMOs)
ds LokfeRo vkSj fu;a=k.k ls lacafèkr fparkvksa dks
c<+krh gSaA
z Dyksfuax vkSj çtuu çkS|ksfxdh%
 fpark% Dyksfuax vkSj lgk;d çtuu çkS|ksfxfd;k¡
ekuo xfjek] igpku vkSj Dyksu ;k vkuqoaf'kd :i ls
la'kksfèkr O;fÙkQ;ksa dh uSfrd fLFkfr ls lacafèkr uSfrd
ç'u mBkrh gSaA
 mnkgj.k% tkuojksa ;k laHkkfor :i ls euq";ksa dh
Dyksfuax ls O;fÙkQRo] Lok;Ùkrk vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ds 'kks"k.k
;k nq#i;ksx dh laHkkouk ds ckjs esa fpark,a mRiUu gksrh
gSaA
z tSo lqj{kk vkSj nksgjs mi;ksx vuqlaèkku%
 fpark% tSo çkS|ksfxdh dh çxfr ls ykHkdkjh vkSj
gkfudkjd nksuksa vuqç;ksx gks ldrs gSa] ftlls tSo lqj{kk
tksf•e mRiUu gks ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% flaFksfVd tho foKku esa fodkl] tSls
laHkkfor •rjukd jksxtudksa dk fuekZ.k] gkfudkjd
thoksa dk tku&cw>dj ;k vkdfLed :i ls eqÙkQ gksuk
vkSj etcwr lqj{kk mik;ksa dh vko';drk ds ckjs esa
fparkvksa dks c<+krk gSA
z igqap vkSj lekurk%
 fpark% tSo çkS|ksfxdh çxfr rd leku igqap lqfuf'pr
djuk rFkk fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy {ks=kksa ds chp
vlekurkvksa ls cpukA
 mnkgj.k% thu Fksjsih ;k oS;fÙkQÑr nokvksa tSls thou
j{kd tSo çkS|ksfxdh mipkjksa dh miyCèkrk vkSj lkeF;Z]
fo'ks"k :i ls gkf'k, ij jgus okys leqnk;ksa rFkk vkfFkZd
:i ls oafpr {ks=kksa ds fy;s leku igqap dks cuk, j•us
ls lacafèkr fparkvksa dks c<+krh gSaA
z lwfpr lgefr vkSj ekuo fo"k; vuqlaèkku%
 fpark% ekuo fo"k;ksa ls tqM+s vuqlaèkku ds lapkyu gsrq
lwfpr lgefr] xksiuh;rk lqj{kk vkSj uSfrd fopkjksa dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
267
  mnkgj.k% u, tSo çkS|ksfxdh gLr{ksiksa dk ijh{k.k djus
okys uSnkfud ijh{k.kksa dks uSfrd fl¼karksa dk ikyu
djuk pkfg;s] ;g lqfuf'pr djrs gq, fd çfrHkkfx;ksa
dks vuqlaèkku esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh ds tksf•eksa] ykHkksa vkSj
fufgrkFkks± dks iwjh rjg ls le>uk pkfg;sA
z i;kZoj.kh; çHkko vkSj ikfjfLFkfrd uSfrdrk%
 fpark% tSo çkS|ksfxdh vuqç;ksxksa ds i;kZoj.kh; ifj.kke
gks ldrs gSa vkSj ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k ds laj{k.k ds lacaèk
esa uSfrd fparkvksa dks c<+k ldrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% jksx fu;a=k.k ds fy;s vkuqoaf'kd :i ls
la'kksfèkr ePNjksa tSls vkuqoaf'kd :i ls la'kksfèkr thoksa
dks i;kZoj.k esa eqÙkQ djus ds fy;s lkoèkkuhiwoZd
tksf•e ewY;kadu] i;kZoj.kh; çHkko vè;;u vkSj
lkoZtfud Hkkxhnkjh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
fu"d"kZ%
uSfrd fparkvksa dks lacksfèkr djds] ge ,d etcwr uSfrd
vkèkkj ds lkFk tSo çkS|ksfxdh vkSj ck;ksbathfu;fjax dh {kerk
dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ;g ftEesnkjiw.kZ çFkkvksa vkSj uSfrd
<kaps ds ekè;e ls dh laHko gS fd ge ,d ,slk Hkfo"; dk
fuekZ.k dj ldrs gSa tgk¡ tSo çkS|ksfxdh dh çxfr ekuork dh
csgrjh vkSj gekjs xzg ds laj{k.k esa ;ksxnku nsxhA
8-6 varfj{k vUos"k.k vkSj vkSifuos'khdj.k
varfj{k vUos"k.k (Space Exploration) vkSj mifuos'khdj.k
(Colonization) oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh çxfr ls lacafèkr {ks=k
gSa tks vyx çdkj dh uSfrd fparkvksadks çLrqr djrs gSaA ;gk¡
varfj{k vUos"k.k vkSj mifuos'khdj.k ls lacafèkr dqN çeq•
uSfrd igyw fn;s x, gSa
z xzg lqj{kk vkSj i;kZoj.k uSfrdrk%
 fpark% vkdk'kh; fiaMksa dh v•aMrk dks cuk, j•uk
vkSj i`Foh ls gksus okys çnw"k.k ls cpukA
 mnkgj.k% laHkkfor vykSfdd thou dh j{kk djus vkSj
çkphu okrkoj.k ds oSKkfud ewY; dks cuk, j•us ds
fy;s i`Foh ls lw{e thoksa ds lkFk vkdk'kh; fiaMksa ds
lanw"k.k dks jksdus gsrq l[r çksVksdkWy dk ikyu fd;k
tkrk gSA
z lalkèkuksa dk vkoaVu vkSj fu"i{krk%
 fpark% varfj{k vUos"k.k vkSj mifuos'khdj.k esa lalkèkuksa
dk leku forj.k vkSj mi;ksxA
 mnkgj.k% ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd •fut ;k ty tSls
vykSfdd lalkèkuksa ds nksgu ls lHkh ns'kksa dks ykHk
268
gks vkSj dqN 'kfÙkQ'kkyh laLFkkvksa }kjk ,dkfèkdkj ;k
'kks"k.k u gksA
z ekuo LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k%
 fpark% varfj{k ;k=kk vkSj laHkkfor nh?kZdkfyd
mifuos'khdj.k ds nkSjku varfj{k ;kf=k;ksa ds LokLF;
vkSj dY;k.k dh j{kk djukA
 mnkgj.k% yacs le; rd varfj{k fLFkfr;ksa vkSj i`Fkd
vkSj lhfer okrkoj.k esa jgus dh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk
djus okys varfj{k ;kf=k;ksa ds fy;s i;kZIr LokLF;
ns•Hkky] fofdj.k lqj{kk vkSj euksoSKkfud lgk;rk
çnku djukA
z varfj{k eyck vkSj laoguh;rk%
 fpark% varfj{k eycs ds mRikn dks de djuk vkSj
varfj{k xfrfofèk;ksa dh nh?kZdkfyd fLFkjrk lqfuf'pr
djukA
 mnkgj.k% eycs dks gVkus vkSj muds ifjpkyu thou
ds var esa fu;af=kr iqu% ços'k ;k fuiVku gsrq mixzgksa
vkSj varfj{k ;ku dks fMtkbu djus lfgr ftEesnkjiw.kZ
varfj{k eycs dh çcaèku çFkkvksa dks ykxw djukA
z lkaLÑfrd vkSj LFkkfud%
 fpark% varfj{k vUos"k.k vkSj mifuos'khdj.k ds lacaèk
esa lkaLÑfrd fojklr vkSj Lons'kh yksxksa ds vfèkdkjksa
dk lEeku djukA
 mnkgj.k% varfj{k&lacaèkh xfrfofèk;ksa ds fy;s viuh
iSr`d Hkwfe ;k {ks=kksa ds mi;ksx ds lacaèk esa fu.kZ; ysus
dh çfØ;kvksa esa LFkkfud leqnk;ksa dks igpkuuk vkSj
'kkfey djuk] ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd muds lkaLÑfrd
ewY;ksa vkSj vfèkdkjksa dks cjdjkj j•k tk,AA
z varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx vkSj lgHkkfxrk%
 fpark% varfj{k vUos"k.k vkSj mifuos'khdj.k esa varjkZ"Vªh;
lg;ksx] lg;ksx vkSj ykHkksa dks lk>k djukA
 mnkgj.k% 'kkafriw.kZ vUos"k.k dks c<+kok nsus] la?k"kks± ls
cpus vkSj ekuork dh lkekU; HkykbZ dks c<+kok nsus gsrq
jk"Vªksa] varjkZ"Vªh; varfj{k ,tsafl;ksa vkSj futh laLFkkvksa
ds chp lg;ksxkRed ç;klksa dks çksRlkfgr djukA
fu"d"kZ%
varfj{k vUos"k.k vkdk'kh; fiaMksa ds laj{k.k] LFkkfud thou :iksa
dh lqj{kk vkSj ftEesnkjiw.kZ lalkèku mi;ksx ds lacaèk esa uSfrd
ç'u mBkrk gSA mifuos'khdj.k ds ç;kl lekurk] 'kklu vkSj
vkdk'kh; okrkoj.k ij çHkko ds eqíksa dks lkeus ykrs gSaA ;g
uSfrd fufgrkFkks± ij fopkj'khy fparu ds ekè;e ls gS fd ge
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
varfj{k vUos"k.k vkSj mifuos'khdj.k ç;klksa dks 'kq: dj ldrs
gSa tks oSKkfud çxfr] rduhdh çxfr vkSj i`Foh ,oa laHkkfor
Hkfo"; ds varfj{k vkokl nksuksa dh HkykbZ esa ;ksxnku djrs gSaA
8-7 thu ,fMfVax ls lacafèkr uSfrd pqukSrh
ifjp;
thu ,fMfVax (Gene Editing)] fo'ks"k :i ls CRISPR&Cas9
ç.kkyh ds lkFk] dbZ uSfrd eqís dks çLrqr djrk gS ftu ij
lkoèkkuhiwoZd fopkj djus dh vko';drk gSA ;gk¡ thu ,fMfVax
ls tqM+h dqN çeq• uSfrd fparkvksa ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gS%
z áweu thu ,fMfVax% çkFkfed uSfrd fparkvksa esa ls ,d
ekuo Hkwz.k] 'kqØk.kq] ;k vaMs (jksxk.kq dksf'kdkvksa) esa thu
,fMfVax djus ls lacafèkr gSA teZykbu ds ifjofrZr gksus ds
laHkkfor :i ls vkuqoaf'kd ifjorZu gks ldrs gSa tks Hkfo";
dh ihf<+;ksa dks fojklr esa feysaxs] ftlls ekuo fodkl]
vkuqoaf'kd fofoèkrk ,oa vuisf{kr ifj.kkeksa ij nh?kZdkfyd
çHkko ds ckjs esa loky mBsaxsA
z lao¼Zu esa uSfrd mi;ksx% thu ,fMfVax rduhdksa dk
mi;ksx xSj&fpfdRlh; mís';ksa ds fy;s fd, tkus dh
laHkkouk gS] tSls fd dqN 'kkjhfjd ;k laKkukRed y{k.kksa
dk c<+kukA ;g mu yksxksa ds chp foHkktu dks mRiUu
djus ds ckjs esa fparkvksa dks iSnk djrk gS tks lao¼Zu
(Enhancements) dk •pZ ogu dj ldrs gSa vkSj tks ugha
dj ldrs gSa] ekStwnk lkekftd vlekurkvksa dks c<+k jgk
gS vkSj laHkkfor :i ls ^^fMtkbuj csch** (Designer Baby)
ifjn`'; dks tUe ns jgk gSA
z lwfpr LohÑfr% tc thu ,fMfVax dh ckr vkrh gS]
•kldj ekuo uSnkfud ijh{k.kksa ds lanHkZ esa] lwfpr LohÑfr
lqfuf'pr djuk egÙoiw.kZ gSA O;fÙkQ;ksa dks thu ,fMfVax ds
tksf•eksa] ykHkksa] vfuf'prrkvksa vkSj laHkkfor nh?kZdkfyd
ifj.kkeksa ds ckjs esa O;kid tkudkjh çnku djus ds ckjs esa
uSfrd fpark,¡ gSa] ftlls mUgsa ,sls gLr{ksiksa esa 'kkfey gksus
ds fy;s Lok;Ùk fu.kZ; ysus dh vuqefr feyrh gSA
z y{; ls brj çHkko vkSj vuisf{kr ifj.kke% thu
,fMfVax rduhdsa vHkh rd iwjh rjg ls lVhd ugha gSa
vkSj tgk¡ vuisf{kr vkuqoaf'kd ifjorZu gksrs gSa] ogk¡ y{;
ls ijs çHkkoksa dk tksf•e gksrk gSA blls thu ,fMfVax ls
xqtjus okys O;fÙkQ;ksa ds LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k ij laHkkfor
vçR;kf'kr ifj.kkeksa vkSj nh?kZdkfyd çHkkoksa ds ckjs esa
fpark,a mRiUu gksrh gSaA
z U;k;laxrrk (bfDoVh) vkSj igqap% thu ,fMfVax
çkS|ksfxfd;ksa rd U;k;laxr igqap dk uSfrd ç'u egÙoiw.kZ
uSfrdrk vkSj mHkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;k¡
gSA ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd ;s çkS|ksfxfd;k¡ dqN O;fÙkQ;ksa
;k leqnk;ksa rd lhfer gksus ds ctk; lHkh ds fy;s lqyHk
gSa] ekStwnk lkekftd vlekurkvksa dks c<+kus vkSj mu yksxksa
ds chp foHkktu iSnk djus ls jksdus gsrq egÙoiw.kZ gS
ftuds ikl vkuqoaf'kd gLr{ksi rd igqap gS vkSj ftuds
igqap ugha gSA
z lqj{kk vkSj nh?kZdkfyd çHkko% uSfrd fparkvksa esa
Dyhfudy lsfVaXl esa ykxw gksus ls igys thu ,fMfVax
gLr{ksiksa dh lqj{kk vkSj nh?kZdkfyd çHkkoksa dk i;kZIr :i
ls vkdyu djuk 'kkfey gSA thu ,fMfVax çfØ;kvksa ls
xqtjus okys O;fÙkQ;ksa dh lqj{kk vkSj HkykbZ lqfuf'pr djus
gsrq xgu çhfDyfudy vkSj fDyfudy vuqlaèkku] dBksj
fu;ked fujh{k.k vkSj fujarj fuxjkuh vko';d gSA
z uSfrd <k¡ps vkSj fofu;eu% thu ,fMfVax ds fy;s etcwr
uSfrd <k¡ps vkSj fu;e fodflr djuk vko';d gSA bu
:ijs•kvksa esa thu laiknu ls tqM+s tfVy uSfrd fopkjksa dks
lacksfèkr djus vkSj mÙkjnk;hiw.kZ vuqlaèkku vkSj uSnkfud
vuqç;ksxksa gsrq ekxZn'kZu çnku djus ds fy;s var%fo"k;
lg;ksx] lkoZtfud Hkkxhnkjh vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; lgefr 'kkfey
gksuh pkfg;sA
fu"d"kZ%
;s uSfrd eqís oSKkfudksa] uhfr fuekZrkvksa] uSfrdrkokfn;ksa] LokLF;
ns•Hkky is'ksojksa vkSj turk dks 'kkfey djrs gq, ,d fopkj'khy
vkSj lekos'kh laokn dh vko';drk ij çdk'k Mkyrs gSa rkfd
thu laiknu rduhd dk fodkl lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldsA
vkSj bldk bl çdkj ls mi;ksx fd;k tk, tks uSfrd fl¼karksa
dks dk;e j•us] lkekftd HkykbZ dks c<+kok nsus rFkk O;fÙkQ;ksa
vkSj lekt ij lexz :i ls laHkkfor çHkko ij fopkj djus
esa l{ke gksA
8-8 fMtkbuj cscht ls lacafèkr pqukSfr;k¡
fMtkbuj csch@f'k'kq (Designer Baby) vtUes cPpksa esa
dqN y{k.kksa dks pquus ;k la'kksfèkr djus gsrq vkuqoaf'kd
bathfu;fjax vkSj çtuu çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk mi;ksx djus
dh voèkkj.kk dks lanfHkZr djrs gSaA blesa okafNr fo'ks"krkvksa
dks c<+kus ;k vokafNr fo'ks"krkvksa dks lekIr djus ds fy;s
Hkwz.k dh vkuqoaf'kd lajpuk esa gsjiQsj djuk 'kkfey gSA tcfd
vkuqoaf'kd :i ls la'kksfèkr cPps iSnk djus dk fopkj
laHkkfor ykHk vkSj laHkkouk,a c<+krk gS] ;g egÙoiw.kZ
uSfrd fparkvksa dks Hkh mRiUu djrk gSA
z ;wthfuDl dh uSfrd fpark,¡% fMtkbuj cscht dh ryk'k
dks ;wthfuDl (Eugenics) ds :i esa ns•k tk ldrk gS]
269
 tks lkekftd vkn'kks± ;k çkFkfedrkvksa ds vkèkkj ij y{k.kksa
ds p;u vkSj gsjiQsj ds ckjs esa uSfrd fparkvksa dks c<+krk
gSA blls okafNr ekunaMksa dks iwjk ugha djus okys O;fÙkQ;ksa
ds lkFk HksnHkko] ç'ufpUg vkSj voewY;u gks ldrk gSA
z vfLFkj@uktqd >qdko% fMtkbuj f'k'kqvksa ds lkFk mRiUu
fparkvksa ds dkj.k bl ckr dh laHkkouk vfèkd gS fd ;s
vkuqoaf'kd gsjiQsj ds vfèkd pje :iksa dh vksj ys tkrh
gSaA çkS|ksfxdh dk nq#i;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k fpfdRlk
vko';drk ls ijs bldk foLrkj fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlls
,d ,slk lekt cu tk,xk tgk¡ vkuqoaf'kd o`f¼ vkn'kZ
cu tk,xh] ftldk lkekftd vlekurk vkSj ekuo thou
ds miHkksÙkQkdj.k ij çHkko iM+sxkA
z lwfpr LohÑfr% tc vkuqoaf'kd la'kksèku (Genetic
Modification) dh ckr vkrh gS rks lwfpr LohÑfr dk
uSfrd fl¼kar egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;g vtUes cPps ds vfèkdkjksa
vkSj Lok;Ùkrk rFkk mudh vksj ls fu.kZ; ysus dh ekrk&firk
dh ftEesnkjh ij loky mBkrk gSA ;g lqfuf'pr djuk
egÙoiw.kZ gS fd ekrk&firk ds ikl vkuqoaf'kd la'kksèku ds
tksf•eksa] ykHkksa vkSj nh?kZdkfyd ifj.kkeksa ds ckjs esa lVhd
vkSj fu"i{k tkudkjh gksA
z vuisf{kr ifj.kke vkSj vkuqoaf'kd fofoèkrk% O;fÙkQ;ksa
dh vkuqoaf'kd lajpuk esa cnyko ls muds LokLF; vkSj
dY;k.k ij vuisf{kr ifj.kke gks ldrs gSaA blds vfrfjÙkQ]
vkuqoaf'kd fofoèkrk ij laHkkfor çHkko ds ckjs esa fpark,a gSa
;fn dqN y{k.kksa dks yxkrkj pquk ;k lekIr dj fn;k tkrk
gS] ftlls thu iwy ds Hkhrj fHkUurk dk uqdlku gksrk gS
vkSj ubZ chekfj;ksa ;k i;kZoj.kh; pqukSfr;ksa ds çfr laHkkfor
detksfj;ka mRiUu gksrh gSaA
z lkekftd fufgrkFkZ% vkuqoaf'kd la'kksèku çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dh
miyCèkrk vkSj lkeF;Z lkekftd vlekurk ds ckjs esa
fpark,¡ c<+krh gSA ;fn dsoy vehjksa ds ikl bu çkS|ksfxfd;ksa
rd igqap gS] rks ;g ekStwnk vlekurkvksa dks c<+k ldrk gS
vkSj vkuqoaf'kd :i ls c<+h gqbZ rFkk xSj&c<+h gqbZ vkcknh
ds eè; ,d vkSj foHkktu iSnk dj ldrk gSA
fu"d"kZ%
tSls&tSls lekt çxfr dj jgk gS vkSj oSKkfud çxfr tkjh gS]
•qyh vkSj lekos'kh ppkZ esa 'kkfey gksuk egÙoiw.kZ gS ftlesa
fo'ks"kK] uhfr fuekZrk] uSfrdrkoknh vkSj vke turk lfgr
fofHkUu fgrèkkjd 'kkfey gksaA bu ppkZvksa esa fMtkbuj cscht dh
•kst ls tqM+s uSfrd fufgrkFkks±] tksf•eksa vkSj laHkkfor nh?kZdkfyd
ifj.kkeksa dk irk yxk;k tkuk pkfg;sA
270
8-9 lks'ky ehfM;k ls lacafèkr uSfrd fpark,¡
vkt ds fMftVy ;qx esa lks'ky ehfM;k ls lacafèkr uSfrd fpark,a
rsth ls è;ku vkdf"kZr dj jgh gSaA tcfd lks'ky ehfM;k
IysViQkeZ dusfDVfoVh] lwpuk lk>kdj.k vkSj lkeqnkf;d
fuekZ.k ds volj çnku djrs gSa] os dbZ uSfrd fparkvksa
dks Hkh mRiUu djrs gSa ftu ij è;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA
z xyr lwpuk vkSj nq"çpkj% lks'ky ehfM;k xyr lwpuk
vkSj nq"çpkj ds çlkj dk çtuu LFky cu x;k gS] ftlds
egÙoiw.kZ lkekftd ifj.kke gks ldrs gSaA >wBh ;k Hkzked
tkudkjh vklkuh ls ok;jy gks ldrh gS] ftlls turk dh
jk;] jktuhfrd ppkZ vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd lkoZtfud LokLF;
igy Hkh çHkkfor gks ldrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% COVID&19 egkekjh ds nkSjku >wBh lwpukvksa
ds çlkj] tSls fd dfULijlh F;ksjh vkSj Hkzked mipkj]
dk lkoZtfud LokLF; ç;klksa vkSj oSDlhu LohÑfr ij
gkfudkjd çHkko iM+k gSA
z vkWuykbu mRihM+u vkSj lkbcjcqfyax% lks'ky ehfM;k
ij xqeuke vkSj O;kid igqap O;fÙkQ;ksa dks gkfudkjd
xfrfoèk;ksa esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy;s çksRlkfgr dj ldrh
gSA uSfrd fparkvksa esa çHkkoh fjiksfVZax ra=k ykxw djuk] l[r
lkeqnkf;d fn'kk&funZs'k ykxw djuk vkSj ldkjkRed vkSj
lqjf{kr vkWuykbu okrkoj.k dks c<+kok nsuk 'kkfey gSA
 mnkgj.k% fV~oVj ;k baLVkxzke tSls IysViQkeks± ij
lkbcjcqfyax ds mnkgj.k] tgk¡ O;fÙkQ;ksa dks yxkrkj
mRihM+u] èkefd;ksa ;k vkWuykbu 'kfeZanxh dk f'kdkj gksuk
iM+rk gS] ihfM+rksa ds ekufld dY;k.k ij udkjkRed
çHkko n'kkZrs gSaA
z ,YxksfjFke iwokZxzg vkSj gsjiQsj% lks'ky ehfM;k IysViQkeZ
}kjk mi;ksx fd, tkus okys ,Yxksfjne lkexzh dks O;ofLFkr
djus ,oa mi;ksxdÙkkZ ds vuqHkoksa dks oS;fÙkQÑr djus
ls i{kikr vkSj gsjiQsj gks ldrk gSA ;g çfrèofu d{kksa]
fiQYVj cCy vkSj ekStwnk iwokZxzgksa dks etcwr djus ;k
èkzqohdj.k n`f"Vdks.k dks tdjus dh {kerk ds ckjs esa fpark
mRiUu djrk gSA uSfrd fparkvksa esa ,YxksfjFke fu.kZ; ysus esa
ikjnf'kZrk lqfuf'pr djuk] lkexzh vuq'kalkvksa esa fofoèkrk
vkSj lekosf'krk dks c<+kok nsuk ,oa gsjiQsj rFkk ,YxksfjFke
HksnHkko dh laHkkouk dks lacksfèkr djuk 'kkfey gSA
z ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k ij çHkko% lks'ky
ehfM;k ds vR;fèkd mi;ksx ds lkFk&lkFk fujarj rqyuk]
lR;kiu&pkgus vkSj thou ds D;wjsVsM fp=k.k] O;fÙkQ;ksa ds
ekufld LokLF; ,o dY;k.k ij gkfudkjd çHkko Mky
ldrs gSaA uSfrd fopkjksa esa fMftVy dY;k.k dks c<+kok nsuk]
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 lks'ky ehfM;k ds ftEesnkj mi;ksx dks çksRlkfgr djuk]
lks'ky ehfM;k ds udkjkRed çHkkoksa ls çHkkfor yksxksa ds
fy;s lalkèku vkSj lgk;rk çnku djuk 'kkfey gSA
z cPpksa vkSj detksj O;fÙkQ;ksa ij çHkko% ;qok mi;ksxdÙkkZ
vuqfpr lkexzh] lkbcjcqfyax vkSj gkfudkjd vkWuykbu
O;ogkj ds laidZ esa vk ldrs gSaA blds vykok] lks'ky
ehfM;k fo'ks"k :i ls ;qok mi;ksxdÙkkZvksa ds chp vi;kZIrrk]
de vkRelEeku vkSj 'kkjhfjd Nfo ls lacafèkr eqíksa dks
mRiUu dj ldrk gSA uSfrd fparkvksa esa vk;q&mi;qÙkQ lkexzh
fiQYVj ykxw djuk] ukckfyxksa dh lqj{kk ds fy;s l[r
fn'kk&funZs'k ykxw djuk] cPpksa vkSj detksj vkcknh ds
chp fMftVy lk{kjrk ,oa lks'ky ehfM;k ds ftEesnkjiw.kZ
mi;ksx dks c<+kok nsuk 'kkfey gSA ;wVÔwc ;k fVdVkWd tSls
IysViQkWeZ csgrj lqj{kk vkSj vk;q&mi;qÙkQ fn'kk&funZs'kksa dh
vko';drk ij çdk'k Mkyrs gSaA
fu"d"kZ%
lks'ky ehfM;k IysViQkeks± ds Hkhrj ,d uSfrd laLÑfr dks c<+kok
nsuk egÙoiw.kZ gS tks ikjnf'kZrk] mi;ksxdÙkkZ l'kfÙkQdj.k vkSj
O;fÙkQxr vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk dks egÙo nsrk gSA ,d LoLFk
fMftVy ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dks cuk, j•us ds fy;s vfHkO;fÙkQ
dh Lora=krk vkSj mfpr lkexzh ekWMjs'ku ds eè; larqyu cukuk
egÙoiw.kZ gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ] fMftVy lk{kjrk] vkykspukRed
lksp vkSj lgkuqHkwfr dks c<+kok nsus ls mi;ksxdÙkkZvksa dks uSfrd
vkSj ftEesnkj rjhds ls lks'ky ehfM;k ifjn`'; dks usfoxsV djus
esa enn fey ldrh gSA
8-10 vU; mHkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa esa
'kkfey uSfrd eqís
z CykWdpsu çkS|ksfxdh%
 uSfrd fpark,¡% CykWdpsu çkS|ksfxdh MsVk xksiuh;rk]
lqj{kk vkSj voSèk xfrfofèk;ksa dks vklku cukus dh
{kerk ls lacafèkr fparkvksa dks c<+krh gSA
 mnkgj.k% fcVdkWbu tSlh fØIVksdjsalh euh ykWfUMªax vkSj
voSèk ysu&nsu ls lacafèkr gSA
z tsusfVd bathfu;fjax vkSj thu ,fMfVax%
 uSfrd fpark,¡% tsusfVd bathfu;fjax vkSj thu ,fMfVax
lgefr] vkuqoaf'kd HksnHkko vkSj vuisf{kr ifj.kkeksa ds
lacaèk esa uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa dks iSnk djrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% CRISPR&Cas9] ,d thu&,fMfVax midj.k]
ekuo thukse dks cnyus ds uSfrd fufgrkFkks± ls lacafèkr
ç'uksa dks mBkrk gSA
uSfrdrk vkSj mHkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;k¡
z baVjusV vkWiQ fFkaXl (IoT)%
 uSfrd fpark,¡% IoT MsVk lqj{kk] xksiuh;rk vkSj O;fÙkQxr
tkudkjh ds laHkkfor nq#i;ksx ds ckjs esa fparkvksa dks
c<+krk gSA
 mnkgj.k% LekVZ gkse fMokbl tks O;fÙkQ;ksa dh nSfud
xfrfofèk;ksa ds ckjs esa MsVk ,d=k vkSj lapkfjr djrs gSa]
xksiuh;rk mYya?ku vkSj MsVk lqj{kk ds ckjs esa fparkvksa
dks c<+krs gSaA
z 5G rduhd%
 uSfrd fpark,¡% 5G rduhd MsVk xksiuh;rk] lkbcj
lqj{kk vkSj laHkkfor LokLF; tksf•eksa ls lacafèkr fparkvksa
dks c<+krh gSA
 mnkgj.k% 5G usVodZ dh rSukrh vkSj midj.kksa dh c<+h
gqbZ dusfDVfoVh O;fÙkQxr MsVk dh lqj{kk vkSj lkbcj
geyksa dh laHkkouk ij loky mBkrh gSA
z uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ çkS|ksfxdh%
 uSfrd fpark,¡% uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ çkS|ksfxfd;k¡ i;kZoj.kh;
çHkko] lalkèku forj.k vkSj lkekftd lekurk ds ckjs
esa fparkvksa dks c<+krh gSaA
 mnkgj.k% cM+s iSekus ij lkSj ;k iou ÅtkZ ifj;kstukvksa
ds fodkl ,oa dk;kZUo;u ls Hkwfe&mi;ksx la?k"kZ vkSj
leqnk;ksa dk laHkkfor foLFkkiu gks ldrk gSA
z uSuksVsDuksykWth%
 uSfrd fpark,¡% uSuksVsDuksykWth LokLF; vkSj i;kZoj.kh;
tksf•eksa ds lkFk&lkFk fuxjkuh ;k gfFk;kj fodkl esa
laHkkfor nq#i;ksx ds ckjs esa fpark,¡ mRiUu djrh gSA
 mnkgj.k% miHkksÙkQk mRiknksa esa uSukseVsfj;Yl dk mi;ksx
ekuo LokLF; vkSj i;kZoj.k ij muds nh?kZdkfyd
çHkkoksa ds ckjs esa loky mBkrk gSA
z DokaVe dEI;wfVax%
 uSfrd fpark,¡% DokaVe daI;wfVax MsVk lqj{kk] ,fUØI'ku
vkSj orZeku fØIVksxzkfiQd flLVe dks ckfèkr djus dh
{kerk ds ckjs esa fparkvksa dks c<+krh gSA
 mnkgj.k% 'kfÙkQ'kkyh DokaVe daI;wVjksa dk fodkl
laosnu'khy tkudkjh ds fy;s tksf•e mRiUu dj ldrk
gS rFkk MsVk lqj{kk dks cuk, j•us gsrq ubZ ,fUØI'ku
fofèk;ksa dh vko';drk gks ldrh gSA
z ckW;ksesfVªDl%
 uSfrd fpark,¡% ck;ksesfVªd çkS|ksfxfd;k¡ xksiuh;rk]
lgefr vkSj O;fÙkQxr ck;ksesfVªd MsVk ds laHkkfor
nq#i;ksx ds ckjs esa fparkvksa dks c<+krh gSaA
271
  mnkgj.k% lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ij iQsf'k;y fjdkWfXu'ku
VsDuksykWth (Facial Recognition Technology) dk mi;ksx
xksiuh;rk ds guu vkSj igpku esa laHkkfor iwokZxzgksa ds
ckjs esa loky mBkrk gSA
8-11 mHkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa esa uSfrdrk ds
fy;s vkxs dh jkg
z uSfrd <k¡pksa dk fodkl% O;kid uSfrd <k¡ps LFkkfir fd;s
tkus pkfg;s tks mHkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa }kjk mRiUu vf}rh;
pqukSfr;ksa dk lekèkku djsaA bu çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds fodkl vkSj
mi;ksx dks funZsf'kr djus gsrq bu :ijs•kvksa esa tokcnsgh]
ikjnf'kZrk] xksiuh;rk vkSj lekosf'krk tSls fl¼karksa dks
'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
z çfrikyd lg;ksx% çkS|ksfxdh fuekZ.kdÙkkZ] uhfr fuekZrkvksa]
uSfrdrkokfn;ksa] 'kksèkdÙkkZvksa vkSj ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa
lfgr fofHkUu fgrèkkjdksa ds chp lg;ksx dks çksRlkfgr
fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA lg;ksxkRed ç;kl uSfrd fparkvksa dks
igpkuus vkSj mudk lekèkku djus] ftEesnkj çFkkvksa dks
c<+kok nsus vkSj laHkkfor uqdlku dks de djrs gq, mHkjrh
çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds ykHkksa dks vfèkdre djus esa enn dj
ldrs gSaA
z uSfrd f'k{kk vkSj çf'k{k.k dks c<+kok nsuk% mHkjrh
çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds fodkl] rSukrh vkSj 'kklu esa 'kkfey
çkS|ksfxdh is'ksojksa vkSj fgrèkkjdksa ds fy;s uSfrd f'k{kk vkSj
çf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dks c<+kukA blls uSfrd fopkjksa ds ckjs
esa tkx:drk c<+sxh vkSj O;fÙkQ;ksa dks uSfrd :i ls lwfpr
fu.kZ; ysus ds fy;s Kku vkSj dkS'ky ls ;qÙkQ fd;k tk,xkA
z uSfrd çHkko vkdyu ykxw djuk% mHkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa
ds fMtkbu vkSj fodkl çfØ;kvksa esa uSfrd çHkko vkdyu
dks ,dhÑr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA bu ewY;kaduksa esa laHkkfor
uSfrd fufgrkFkks±] lkekftd çHkkoksa vkSj çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ls tqM+s
tksf•eksa dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkuk pkfg;s] ftlls fdlh Hkh
uSfrd fparkvksa dks lfØ; :i ls igpkuus vkSj lacksfèkr
djus esa enn feysxhA
v v
272
z lkoZtfud laokn esa layXu gksuk% mHkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ls
lacafèkr uSfrd fopkjksa ij •qys vkSj lekos'kh lkoZtfud
laokn dks c<+kok nsuk pkfg;sA ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy;s
ukxfjdksa] lkeqnkf;d laxBuksa vkSj lykgdkjh lewgksa dks
'kkfey dj O;kid n`f"Vdks.k dks è;ku esa j•k tk,A ;g
lkoZtfud le> dks c<+kok nsxk] tkx:drk dks c<+k,xk
vkSj uSfrd eqíksa ij lkewfgd fu.kZ; ysus esa l{ke cuk,xkA
z fu;ked <k¡ps dh LFkkiuk% fu;ked <k¡ps fodflr djsa
vkSj ykxw djsa tks mHkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds uSfrd fodkl]
rSukrh vkSj mi;ksx dks fu;af=kr djrs gSaA bu :ijs•kvksa dks
uokpkj vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k }kjk larqfyr djuk pkfg;s]
uSfrd ekudksa dks cuk, j•uk lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg;s vkSj
tokcnsgh ,oa fujh{k.k ds fy;s ra=k çnku djuk pkfg;sA
z varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx dks c<+kok% mHkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa esa
uSfrdrk ij varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx vkSj lgHkkfxrk dks c<+kok
nsukA fofHkUu ns'kksa vkSj {ks=kksa esa lokZsÙke çFkkvksa] Kku vkSj
vuqHkoksa dks lk>k djus dks çksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
blls uSfrd çFkkvksa ds fy;s oSf'od ekunaM vkSj ekud
LFkkfir djus esa enn feysxh ,oa uSfrd pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus
esa fujarjrk lqfuf'pr gksxhA
z lrr~ fuxjkuh vkSj ewY;kadu% mHkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds
uSfrd fufgrkFkZ vkSj lkekftd çHkkoksa dh fujarj fuxjkuh
vkSj ewY;kadu ds fy;s ra=k ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA blls
fu;fer ewY;kadu ls mHkjrh uSfrd fparkvksa dh igpku
djus] rnuqlkj uSfrd <kaps dks vuqdwfyr djus vkSj uSfrd
ekudksa ds lkFk py jgs vuqikyu dks lqfuf'pr djus esa
enn feysxhA
fu"d"kZ
bu mik;ksa dks ykxw djds] ge mHkjrh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds fodkl
vkSj rSukrh ds fy;s ,d mÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZ vkSj uSfrd n`f"Vdks.k
dks c<+kok ns ldrs gSaA ;g gesa fu"i{krk] xksiuh;rk] tokcnsgh
vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k ds fl¼karksa dks dk;e j•rs gq, bu
çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dh ifjorZudkjh {kerk dk mi;ksx djus esa l{ke
cuk,xkA
v
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 9 uhfr'kkL=k% fofo/ fo"k;
9-1 ofj"B dk funZs'k cuke tufgr
fdlh ofj"B ds funZs'k vkSj tufgr ds chp Vdjko ,slh fLFkfr
esa gksrk gS tgka çkfèkdkj okys fdlh O;fÙkQ }kjk fd;k
x;k fu.kZ; ;k dkjZokbZ tufgr ;k lekt ds cM+s fgr ds
fo:¼ gksrh gSA
mnkgj.k
z dYiuk dhft, fd vki ,d ,slh ljdkjh ,tsl a h
ds fy, dke djrs gSa tks fuekZ.k ifj;kstukvksa dk
fujh{k.k vkSj vuqeksnu djus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gS
rkfd ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk lds fd os lqj{kk
ekudksa dks iwjk djrs gSAa ,d fnu] vkidk ofj"B
vfèkdkjh vkidks ,d Hkou ifj;kstuk esa dqN lqj{kk
mYya?kuksa dks utjvankt djus dk funZ's k nsrk gS
D;ksfa d ifj;kstuk fuekZrk ds ljdkj esa çHkko'kkyh
yksxksa ls djhch lacèa k gSAa ,slk djds] vkidk ofj"B
vfèkdkjh ifj;kstuk dh vuqeksnu çfØ;k esa rsth ykuk
pkgrk gS vkSj laHkkfor Vdjko ls cpuk pkgrk gSA
z gkyk¡fd] ,d flfoy lsod ds :i esa] vkidh
çkFkfed ftEesnkjh turk dh j{kk djuk vkSj mudh
lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djuk gSA vkius ns•k fd ;s lqj{kk
mYya?ku egRoiw.kZ gSa vkSj buds }kjk Hkfo"; esa bl Hkou
esa jgus okyksa ds fy, •rjukd fLFkfr iSnk gks ldrh
gSA ;fn vki vius ofj"B ds funZs'kksa dk ikyu djrs gSa]
rks vki ,d vlqjf{kr Hkou dks eatwjh vkSj fuekZ.k dh
vuqefr nsdj tufgr ls le>kSrk djsaxsA
z bl fLFkfr esa] vkidks vius ofj"B vfèkdkjh ds
funZs'kksa dk ikyu djus vkSj tufgr dks dk;e j•us
ds chp ,d nqfoèkk dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA uSfrd
:i ls dk;Z djus ds fy,] vkidks lqj{kk mYya?kuksa dk
nLrkosthdj.k djds] vius mPp vfèkdkfj;ksa ;k mi;qÙkQ
fu;kedksa dks leL;k dh fjiksVZ djds vkSj lqj{kk ekudksa
ds xgu fujh{k.k vkSj ikyu dh odkyr djds tufgr
ds fy, dk;Z djus dh vko';drk gks ldrh gSA ;g
dkjZokbZ vkids ofj"B vfèkdkjh ds funZs'kksa dk ikyu
djus ds ctk; Hkfo"; esa bl Hkou esa jgus okyksa dh
lqj{kk vkSj HkykbZ dks çkFkfedrk nsrh gSA
z ;g è;ku j•uk egRoiw.kZ gS fd ,d flfoy lsod ds
:i esa] vkidk drZO; turk dh lsok vkSj dkuwu
dk ikyu djuk gSA dHkh&dHkh] bldk ifj.kke vius
ofj"Bksa ds funZs'kksa dks pqukSrh nsuk gks ldrk gS tc ;g
tufgr ds lkFk Vdjko dh fLFkfr iSnk gksA tks lgh
gS] mlds fy, •M+s gksdj] vki turk ds fgrksa dh
j{kk lqfuf'pr djrs gq, flfoy lsok dh v•aMrk vkSj
fo'oluh;rk esa ;ksxnku djrs gSaA
z ofj"B vfèkdkjh ds funZs'k vkSj tufgr ds chp Vdjko
flfoy lsodksa ds fy, uSfrd nqfoèkk,¡ iSnk djrk gSA vaèk
vkKkdkfjrk dh ctk; tu lqj{kk dks çkFkfedrk nsuk
egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA O;kid HkykbZ ds fy, •M+s gksus esa
mYya?kuksa dh fjiksVZ djuk] mfpr çfØ;kvksa ij tksj
nsuk vkSj uSfrd ekudksa dks cuk, j•uk 'kkfey gSA
ftEesnkjh ls dk;Z djds] flfoy lsod lkoZtfud fgrksa
dh j{kk djrs gSa vkSj laLFkkxr lR;fu"Bk cuk, j•rs gSaA
9-2 m|e'khy ljdkj
m|e'khy ljdkj ls rkRi;Z ,slh ljdkj ls gS tks leL;kvksa
dks lqy>kus vkSj lkoZtfud lsok,a çnku djus ds fy,
m|e'khyrk vkSj uohu n`f"Vdks.k viukrh gSA blesa
O;olkf;d ekufldrk dks viukuk vkSj ldkjkRed cnyko
ykus vkSj lkoZtfud lsok çnk;xh dks c<+kus ds fy, jpukRedrk]
tksf•e ysuk vkSj vuqdwyu'khyrk tSls m|e'khyrk fl¼karksa
dks ykxw djuk 'kkfey gSA
vkslcksuZ vkSj xScyj us m|e'khy ljdkj ds fy, nl
lw=kh dk;ZØe dk çLrko j•k] tks fuEufyf•r fl¼karksa ij
tksj nsrk gS%
1- fofoèk eky vkSj lsok çnkrkvksa ds chp çfrLièkkZ dks
çksRlkfgr djukA
2- ukSdj'kkgh dks de djds ukxfjdksa dks l'kÙkQ cukukA
 3- çn'kZu dk ewY;kadu dsoy buiqV ds vkèkkj ij ugha] cfYd
ifj.kkeksa ds vkèkkj ij djukA
4- dBksj fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa ds ctk; fe'ku&lapkfyr
n`f"Vdks.k ij è;ku dsafær djukA
5- turk dks xzkgd ds :i esa ns•uk vkSj mUgsa fodYi çnku
djukA
6- çfrfØ;k'khy lekèkkuksa ds ctk; fuokjd mik;ksa ij tksj
nsukA
7- çHkkoh vkSj dq'ky O;; dks çkFkfedrk nsuk] u fd dsoy
iSlk •pZ djus dksA
8- lgHkkxh çcaèku dks viukuk vkSj fu.kZ; ysus esa fgrèkkjdksa
dks 'kkfey djukA
9- ukSdj'kkgh çfØ;kvksa ij cktkj ra=k dks çkFkfedrk nsukA
10- lkeqnkf;d leL;kvksa ds lekèkku ds fy, lkoZtfud] futh
vkSj LoSfPNd {ks=kksa ds chp lg;ksx dks çksRlkfgr djukA
ljdkj dh m|e'khy Hkwfedk esa fuEufyf•r igyw
'kkfey gSa%
z ubZ bdkb;ksa esa fuos'k% ljdkj mu m|ksxksa esa fuos'k djrh
gS ftuesa egRoiw.kZ iwath fuos'k dh vko';drk gksrh gS ;k
ftUgsa jk"Vª ds fgrksa vkSj tu dY;k.k dks c<+kus ds fy,
vko';d ekuk tkrk gSA
z ekStwnk bdkb;ksa dk vfèkxzg.k% ljdkj vkfFkZd :i
ls ladVxzLr ;k vykHkdkjh bdkb;ksa dks iquthZfor djus
ds mís'; ls mudk vfèkxzg.k djrh gSA chekj bdkb;ksa
dk LoLFk bdkb;ksa ds lkFk vkesyu çksRlkfgr djus ds
fy, 1977 esa ,d foy; ;kstuk 'kq: dh xbZ Fkh] ftlls
vo'kksf"kr bdkb;ksa dks dj ykHk fey ldsA
z jk"Vªh;dj.k% dqN m|ksx fo'ks"k :i ls lkoZtfud {ks=k ds
fy, vkjf{kr gSa] ljdkj mudk LokfeRo vkSj fu;a=k.k vius
gkFk esa ysrh gSA
ljdkjh fuos'k vkerkSj ij fuEufyf•r m|ksxksa esa ns•k
tkrk gS%
z Hkkjh vkSj cqfu;knh m|ksxksa tSls mPp tksf•e okys m|ksxA
z iw¡thoknh m|ksxA
z de ykHk nj okys m|ksxA
z yach fuekZ.k vofèk okys m|ksxA
z jk"Vªh; egRo ds m|ksxA
274
mnkgj.k
z eku yhft, fd vki vius 'kgj esa i;ZVu dks c<+kok
nsus ds fy, ftEesnkj ,d LFkkuh; ljdkjh ,tsalh ds
fy, dke djrs gSaA ijaijkxr :i ls] ,tsalh i;ZVdksa
dks vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, czks'kj vkSj foKkiuksa tSls
ikjaifjd rjhdksa ij fuHkZj jgh gSA
z m|e'khy lksp okys ,d flfoy lsod ds :i esa]
vki O;kid n'kZdksa rd igqapus vkSj i;ZVdksa ds
lkFk vfèkd çHkkoh <ax ls tqM+us ds fy, çkS|ksfxdh
vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k dk mi;ksx djus dh {kerk dks
igpkurs gSaA vki ,d ç;ksÙkQk&vuqdwy eksckby ,si
cukus tSls uohu fopkjksa dk çLrko nsrs gSa tks LFkkuh;
vkd"kZ.k okyh txgksa] baVjSfDVo ekufp=k vkSj oS;fÙkQÑr
vuq'kalkvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh çnku djrk gSA
z bu m|e'khy fopkjksa dks çLrqr djds] vkidk y{;
lexz i;ZVd vuqHko dks c<+kuk] vkxarqdksa dh la[;k dks
c<+kuk vkSj LFkkuh; O;olk;ksa ds jktLo esa o`f¼ djuk
gSA vki bu igyksa dks fodflr vkSj dk;kZfUor djus
ds fy, rduhd&çseh is'ksojksa] LFkkuh; m|fe;ksa vkSj
lkeqnkf;d fgrèkkjdksa dk lg;ksx ysrs gSaA
z viuh m|e'khy ljdkjh lksp ds ekè;e ls] vki
lkoZtfud lsok çnk;xh ds fy, ,d lfØ; vkSj
xfr'khy n`f"Vdks.k viukrs gSaA vki voljksa dh
ryk'k djrs gSa] uik rqyk tksf•e ysrs gSa] vkSj leqnk;
ds fy, csgrj ifj.kke çkIr djus ds fy, cnyrh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks yxkrkj viukrs gSaA bl m|e'khyrk ls
uokpkj vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok feyrk gS vkSj
'kgj ds i;ZVu m|ksx ij ldkjkRed çHkko iM+rk gSA
,d m|e'khy ljdkj lkoZtfud lsok,a çnku djus ds fy,
uokpkj vkSj lfØ; n`f"Vdks.k viukrh gSA ;g ifj.kkeksa]
ukxfjd l'kfÙkQdj.k vkSj lg;ksx dks çkFkfedrk nsrk gSA
m|e'khyrk ds fl¼karksa dks viukdj] flfoy lsod ldkjkRed
ifjorZu ykrs gSa] fodkl dks c<+kok nsrs gSa vkSj lkeqnkf;d
dY;k.k dks c<+krs gSaA os ç;ksÙkQk&vuqdwy ,sIl vkSj fgrèkkjdksa
dh Hkkxhnkjh tSlh igyksa ds ekè;e ls xzkgd&dsafær vuqHko
mRiUu djrs gSa] ,oa çxfr ds fy, mRçsjd dk dk;Z djrs gSaA
9-3 uohu yksd ç'kklu (NPA)
uohu yksd ç'kklu (,uih,) yksd ç'kklu ds fy, ,d
vkèkqfud n`f"Vdks.k dks lanfHkZr djrk gS tks ukxfjd Hkkxhnkjh]
lkekftd lekurk vkSj lkekftd vko';drkvksa ds çfr
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
çfrfØ;k ij dsafær gSA bldk mís'; lg;ksx] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj
tokcnsgh ij tksj nsdj ldkjkRed cnyko ykuk vkSj lkoZtfud
lsok çnk;xh esa lqèkkj djuk gSA
ljy 'kCnksa esa uohu yksd ç'kklu ljdkj dks vfèkd
tu& dsafær cukus vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds ckjs esa gS
fd ;g lHkh ds fy, çHkkoh <ax ls vkSj fu"i{k :i ls dke
djsA ;g fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa ukxfjdksa dks 'kkfey djus
vkSj mudh t:jrksa vkSj leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds egRo dks
igpkurk gSA
uohu yksd ç'kklu dh fo'ks"krk,a
uohu yksd ç'kklu (,uih,) dbZ fof'k"V fo'ks"krk,a
çnf'kZr djrk gS%
z vuqns'kkRed çÑfr% ,uih, dh fo'ks"krk ,d vuqns'kkRed
n`f"Vdks.k gS] tks çHkkoh yksd ç'kklu çFkkvksa ds fy,
fn'kkfunZs'k vkSj fliQkfj'ksa çnku djrk gSA
z ewY;&vkèkkfjr voèkkj.kk% ,uih, yksd ç'kklu esa ewY;ksa
ds egRo dks igpkurk gS vkSj uSfrd fopkjksa vkSj tufgr
ij tksj nsrk gSA
z ifjorZu dh vksj mUeq•hdj.k% ,uih, cnyrh
okLrfodrkvksa dks viukus vkSj yksd ç'kklu esa mHkjrh
pqukSfr;ksa dk lekèkku djus ij dsafær gSA
z yphykiu vkSj xfr'khyrk% ,uih, lekt dh c<+rh
t:jrksa dks csgrj <ax ls iwjk djus ds fy, yphysiu vkSj
mÙkjnk;h dks çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
z uhfr;ksa ij çHkko% ,uih, dk y{; mu uhfr;ksa dks
çHkkfor djuk gS tks dke dh xq.koÙkk dks c<+krh gSa vkSj
,slh uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djus esa l{ke gSaA
z xzkgd&mUeq• n`f"Vdks.k% ,uih, ukxfjdksa dks yksd
ç'kklu dk xzkgd ekurs gq, mudh t:jrksa vkSj vis{kkvksa
ij tksj nsrk gSA
z yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh% ,uih, yksd ç'kklu dh fu.kZ; ysus
dh çfØ;kvksa esa turk dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh dh odkyr
djrk gS] lgHkkxh 'kklu dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
uohu yksd ç'kklu dk fo"k;
z uohu yksd ç'kklu (,uih,) ,d vkanksyu gS tks 1960
ds n'kd esa ikjaifjd yksd ç'kklu dh dfFkr dfe;ksa ds
tokc esa mHkjkA ,uih, us yksd ç'kklu esa tu Hkkxhnkjh]
ukxfjd vko';drkvksa ds çfr tokcnsgh vkSj lkekftd
lekurk ds egRo ij tksj fn;kA
z uohu yksd ç'kklu ds pkj çeq• fo"k; gSa%
1- çklafxdrk% ,uih, us ukxfjdksa dh vko';drkvksa ds fy,
yksd ç'kklu ds çklafxd gksus ds egRo ij tksj fn;kA
uhfr'kkL=k% fofo/ fo"k;
bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd yksd ç'kkldksa dks ukxfjdksa dh
t:jrksa ds çfr mÙkjnk;h gksuk pkfg, vkSj leL;kvksa dks
gy djus ,oa ukxfjdksa ds lkFk dke djus ds fy, rS;kj
jguk pkfg,A
2- ewY;% ,uih, us yksd ç'kklu esa ewY;ksa ds egRo ij Hkh
tksj fn;kA bldk eryc ;g Fkk fd yksd ç'kkldksa dks
lkekftd lekurk]fu"i{krk vkSj n{krk tSls ewY;ksa ds ,d
lewg }kjk funZsf'kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
3- Hkkxhnkjh% ,uih, us yksd ç'kklu esa ukxfjd Hkkxhnkjh ds
egRo ij Hkh tksj fn;kA bldk eryc ;g Fkk fd yksd
ç'kkldksa dks ukxfjdksa dks fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k esa Hkkx
ysus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djuk pkfg, vkSj ukxfjdksa ds lkFk
lÙkk lk>k djus ds fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg,A
4- ifjorZu% ,uih, us yksd ç'kklu esa ifjorZu ds egRo ij
Hkh tksj fn;kA bldk eryc ;g Fkk fd yksd ç'kkldksa
dks ukxfjdksa dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, vius dke
djus ds rjhds dks cnyus ds fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg,A
uohu yksd ç'kklu ds çeq• ehy ds iRFkj
z guh fjiksVZ (1967)% guh fjiksVZ] ftls vkfèkdkfjd rkSj
ij ^^yksd lsok esa dkfeZd ç'kklu** ds :i esa tkuk
tkrk gS] us ljdkjh çn'kZu esa lqèkkj ds fy, dkfeZd çcaèku]
çf'k{k.k vkSj HkrhZ ij è;ku dsafær djrs gq, yksd ç'kklu
esa O;kid lqèkkjksa dh vko';drk ij çdk'k MkykA
z fiQykMsfYiQ;k lEesyu (1967)% fiQykMsfYiQ;k lEesyu
esa yksd ç'kklu esa pqukSfr;ksa vkSj voljksa ij ppkZ djus ds
fy, fo}ku] fpfdRld vkSj uhfr fuekZrk ,d lkFk vk,A
blus ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa ds dkedkt esa ukxfjd Hkkxhnkjh]
tokcnsgh vkSj vuqfØ;k'khyrk ds egRo ij tksj fn;kA
z feuksC#d (Minnowbrook) lEesyu (1968)% feuksC#d
lEesyu yksd ç'kklu fo}kuksa dk ,d egRoiw.kZ tekoM+k
Fkk tks cnyrs lekt esa yksd ç'kklu dh Hkwfedk ij dsafær
FkkA blus lg;ksxkRed 'kklu dh vksj cnyko] lkekftd
lekurk dks lacksfèkr djus vkSj yksd çcaèku ds u, rjhdksa
dks viukus dk vkÞoku fd;kA
z egRoiw.kZ çdk'ku% fofHkUu çdk'kuksa us u, yksd ç'kklu
ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku fn;k] ftlesa M~okbV okYMks }kjk
^^yksd ç'kklu vkSj tufgr**] ds ekè;e ls yksd
ç'kklu ds uSfrd vkSj ewY;&vkèkkfjr vk;keksa ij tksj fn;k]
vkSj ch xkb ihVlZ }kjk ¶ukSdj'kkgh dh jktuhfr¸] ftlus
ukSdj'kkgh laLFkkuksa ds Hkhrj jktuhfrd xfr'khyrk dk irk
yxk;k] 'kkfey gSaA bu çdk'kuksa us uohu yksd ç'kklu
vkanksyu ds fl¼karksa vkSj çFkkvksa esa lS¼kafrd :ijs•k vkSj
varnZ`f"V çnku dhA
275
iqjkus yksd ç'kklu vkSj u;s yksd ç'kklu ds chp varj
igyw iqjkuk yksd ç'kklu
dsaæ ukSdj'kkgh lajpuk vkSj inkuqØe
fu.kZ; çfØ;k dsaæhÑr] Åij ls uhps n`f"Vdks.k
mÙkjnkf;Ro fu;e&dkuwuksa ds vuqikyu ij tksj
ukxfjd lgHkkfxrk lhfer ukxfjd Hkkxhnkjh
y{; fLFkj ç'kklu vkSj fu;fer çfØ;k,¡
yphykiu dBksj vkSj ukSdj'kkg
lwpuk rd lhfer ikjnf'kZrk vkSj lkoZtfud
ikjnf'kZrk
igqap
leL;k lekèkku çfrfØ;k'khy leL;k&lekèkku
çfØ;kvksa vkSj çksVksdkWy dk ikyu djus
{kerk
ij tksj
tu lsok forj.k ukSdj'kkgh vkSj ykyiQhrk'kkgh ij tksj
mnkgj.k
z eku yhft, fd vki 'kgjh fu;kstu ds fy,
ftEesnkj LFkkuh; ljdkjh foHkkx ds fy, dke djrs
gSaA ijaijkxr :i ls] 'kgj ds fodkl ds lacaèk esa
vfèkdka'k fu.kZ; leqnk; ds lq>ko ds fcuk fd, tkrs
Fks] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ,slh ifj;kstuk,a curh Fkh tks
ges'kk fuokfl;ksa dh t:jrksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa ds vuq:i
ugha gksrh FkhaA
z gkyk¡fd] ,uih, fl¼karksa dks viukus ds lkFk] vkidk
foHkkx LFkkuh; leqnk; dks ;kstuk çfØ;k esa 'kkfey
djus dk fu.kZ; ysrk gSA vki fuokfl;ksa ls çfrfØ;k
vkSj muds fopkj tkuus ds fy, lkoZtfud cSBdsa]
dk;Z'kkyk,a vkSj vkWuykbu loZs{k.k djrs gSaA ;g
lekos'kh n`f"Vdks.k leqnk; ds lnL;ksa dks viuh
leL;kvksa dks O;ÙkQ djus] 'kgj ds fy, vius n`f"Vdks.k
lk>k djus vkSj fu.kZ; ysus esa Hkkx ysus dh vuqefr
nsrk gSA
z çkIr buiqV ds vkèkkj ij] vkidk foHkkx leqnk; dh
çkFkfedrkvksa dks lacksfèkr djus ds fy, 'kgjh fodkl
;kstukvksa dks la'kksfèkr djrk gSA vki lqfuf'pr djrs
gSa fd lkekftd lekurk dks c<+kok nsus vkSj lHkh
fuokfl;ksa ds fy, thou dh xq.koÙkk c<+kus ds fy,
fdiQk;rh vkokl] gfjr LFkku vkSj csgrj cqfu;knh <kaps
dks ;kstukvksa esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
uohu yksd ç'kklu (,uih,) ukxfjd Hkkxhnkjh] lkekftd
lekurk vkSj mÙkjnk;h yksd lsok forj.k ij dsafær gSA
276
uohu yksd ç'kklu
ukxfjd&dsafær n`f"Vdks.k] mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj n{krk
fodsaæhÑr] lgHkkxh n`f"Vdks.k
ifj.kkeksa vkSj ifj.kke&vkèkkfjr mÙkjnkf;Ro ij tksj
ukxfjdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh vkSj lgHkkfxrk esa o`f¼
uokpkj] vuqdwyu'khyrk vkSj fujarj lqèkkj
cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fy, yphyh vkSj vuqdwyuh;
ikjnf'kZrk] •qykiu vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro
lfØ; leL;k&lekèkku vkSj jksdFkke
n{krk] ykxr&çHkko'khyrk vkSj lsok çnk;xh ij tksj
xzkgd&mUeq• lsokvksa vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro ij tksj
blesa leqnk; dks fu.kZ; ysus vkSj mudh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus
esa 'kkfey djuk 'kkfey gSA
9-4 uohu yksd çcaèku (NPM)
uohu yksd çcaèku (,uih,e) ,d yksd ç'kklfud n`f"Vdks.k gS
tks futh {ks=k ls çcaèku rduhdksa dks ysdj n{krk] çHkko'khyrk
vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro ij tksj nsrk gSA bldk mís'; ljdkjh dk;ks±
dks vfèkd O;olk;& mUeq• vkSj ifj.kke&mUeq• cukuk gSA
ljy 'kCnksa esa] ,uih,e ,d vPNh rjg ls çcafèkr O;olk;
dh rjg] ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa dk vfèkd dq'kyrk ls lapkyu
ds ckjs esa gSA ;g Bksl ifj.kke çkIr djus] vuko';d ukSdj'kkgh
esa dVkSrh djus vkSj yksd vfèkdkfj;ksa dks muds çn'kZu ds fy,
mÙkjnk;h cukus ij dsafær gSA
mnkgj.k
z eku yhft, ,d ljdkjh vLirky gS tks ,uih,e
fl¼karksa dks viukrk gSA ,oa ijaijkxr :i ls] vLirky dks
yach çrh{kk lwph] vdq'ky çfØ;kvksa vkSj tokcnsgh
dh deh dh fo'ks"krk ls igpkuk tkrk gksxkA
z gkyk¡fd] ,uih,e ds dk;kZUo;u ds lkFk] vLirky
çcaèku lapkyu dks lqO;ofLFkr djus ds fy, lqèkkj
is'k djrk gSA og ckèkkvksa dh igpku djrs gSa vkSj
çrh{kk le; dks de djus ds mik;ksa dks ykxw djrs gSa]
tSls csgrj ijke'kZ cqfdax ç.kkyh vkSj csgrj jksxh la[;k
çcaèkuA ejhtksa dks le; ij vkSj xq.koÙkkiw.kZ LokLF;
lsok,a çnku djus ij è;ku dsafær fd;k x;k gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 z blds vfrfjÙkQ] vLirky vius deZpkfj;ksa ds fy,
Li"V dk;Z fu"iknu y{; fuèkkZfjr djrk gS] fu;fer
:i ls muds çn'kZu dh fuxjkuh djrk gS] vkSj mRÑ"V
çn'kZu djus okys deZpkfj;ksa dks miyfCèk;ksa dks iqjLÑr
djrk gSA ;g n`f"Vdks.k mÙkjnkf;Ro dh Hkkouk iSnk djrk
gS vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dks viuh Hkwfedkvksa esa mRÑ"V çn'kZu
djus ds fy, ç;kl djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
z ,uih,e fl¼karksa dks viukus ls] vLirky vfèkd
dq'ky] jksxh& dsafær vkSj tokcnsg cu tkrk gSA
bldk mís'; ykxr çHkkoh rjhds ls xq.koÙkkiw.kZ LokLF;
lsok,¡ çnku djuk gS] ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd lkoZtfud
lalkèkuksa dk dq'kyrkiwoZd mi;ksx fd;k tk, vkSj jksfx;ksa
dks og ns•Hkky rqjar feys ftldh mUgsa vko';drk gSA
uohu yksd çcaèku (NPM) n{krk] çHkko'khyrk vkSj
mÙkjnkf;Ro ij tksj nsrs gq, ljdkj dks vfèkd O;olk;&mUeq•
cukrk gSA ;g ifjpkyu dks lqO;ofLFkr djus vkSj ifj.kkeksa esa
lqèkkj djus ds fy, futh {ks=k ls çcaèku rduhdksa dks viukrk
gSA ,uih,e dk y{; ukSdj'kkgh de djds vkSj ifj.kke&mUeq•
n`f"Vdks.k dks c<+kok nsdj yksd lsok çnk;xh dks etcwr djuk
gSA
9-5 fgjklr esa fgalk vkSj ;kruk
fgjklr esa fgalk vkSj ;kruk ls vk'k; ,slh ?kVukvksa ls gS ftlesa
iqfyl ;k lqèkkj lqfoèkkvksa tSlh dkuwu çorZu ,tsafl;ksa dh
fgjklr esa yksxksa ds lkFk fgalk] nqO;Zgkj] vkSj ;kruk dh
?kVuk,a gksrh gSaA blesa canh cuk, x,] fxjÝrkj fd, x, ;k
fgjklr esa j•s x, yksxksa dks igqapkbZ xbZ 'kkjhfjd] euksoSKkfud
;k HkkoukRed {kfr 'kkfey gSA
fgjklr esa fgalk vkSj ;kruk dh ?kVuk rc gksrh gS tc
çkfèkdkfj;ksa dh fgjklr esa yksxksa ds lkFk fgalkRed
O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA blesa 'kkjhfjd fgalk tSls fiVkbZ ;k
;kruk ds rjhds] lkFk gh euksoSKkfud nqO;Zogkj] tSls vieku
;k èkedh 'kkfey gks ldrs gSaA
jk"Vªh; ekuokfèkdkj vk;ksx (NHRC)
Hkkjr esa 2021 esa fgjklr esa fgalk ds 12]000 ls vfèkd
ekeys lkeus vk,A ;s ekeys vDlj ntZ ugha fd, tkrs gSa]
vkSj fgalk ds vijkfèk;ksa dks 'kk;n gh dHkh U;k; ds dV?kjs
esa yk;k tkrk gSA
uhfr'kkL=k% fofo/ fo"k;
gkfy;k mnkgj.k
z 17 iQjojh] 2023 dks t;jkt uke ds 20 o"khZ; O;fÙkQ
vkSj mlds 58 o"khZ; firk iQsfuDl dks rfeyukMq dh
lFkkudqye iqfyl us udyh 'kjkc cspus ds vkjksi esa
fxjÝrkj fd;k FkkA iqfyl us fgjklr esa nksuksa yksxksa dks
dfFkr rkSj ij ihVk vkSj ;kruk,a nh vkSj fxjÝrkjh ds dqN
?kaVksa ds Hkhrj gh mudh ekSr gks xbZA bl ?kVuk ls Hkkjr
esa O;kid vkØks'k iQSy x;k vkSj blesa 'kkfey iqfyl
vfèkdkfj;ksa dks mÙkjnk;h Bgjkus dh ekax dh xbZA jk"Vªh;
ekuokfèkdkj vk;ksx (,u,pvkjlh) us Hkh ekeys dk Lor%
laKku ysrs gq, tkap ds vkns'k fn, gSaA
z 2021 esa mÙkj çns'k iqfyl us vdhy uke ds 22 o"khZ;
'k[l dks pksjh ds vkjksi esa fxjÝrkj fd;k FkkA fgjklr esa
iqfyl us dfFkr rkSj ij mls ihVk vkSj ;kruk,a nh vkSj
dqN fnuksa ckn mldh e`R;q gks xbZA
z 2020 esa gfj;k.kk esa tquSn uke ds 16 lky ds yM+ds dks
xksekal ys tkus ds vkjksi esa iqfyl us fxjÝrkj fd;k
FkkA fgjklr esa iqfyl us dfFkr rkSj ij mls ihVk vkSj
;kruk,a nh vkSj dqN fnuksa ckn mldh e`R;q gks xbZA
z 2019 esa mÙkj çns'k esa iqfyl us vYrkiQ uke ds ,d 23
o"khZ; O;fÙkQ dks ekvksoknh gksus ds vkjksi esa fxjÝrkj
fd;k FkkA fgjklr esa iqfyl us dfFkr rkSj ij mls ihVk
vkSj ;kruk,a nh vkSj dqN fnuksa ckn mldh e`R;q gks xbZA
blesa 'kkfey uSfrd eqís
z ekuoh; xfjek% fgjklr esa fgalk O;fÙkQ;ksa dh varfuZfgr
xfjek dks detksj djrh gS] blls lHkh ds lkFk fu"i{k
vkSj lEekutud O;ogkj ds fl¼kar dk mYya?ku djrh gSA
z ekuokfèkdkj% fgjklr esa fgalk cqfu;knh ekuokfèkdkjksa
dk mYya?ku djrh gS] ftlesa thou] Lora=krk] lqj{kk dk
vfèkdkj vkSj ;kruk ;k viekutud O;ogkj ls lqj{kk
'kkfey gSA
z lÙkk dk nq#i;ksx% fgjklr esa fgalk vfèkdkj ds nq#i;ksx
dks n'kkZrh gS] rFkk dkuwu çorZu vkSj fgjklr ,tsafl;ksa esa
turk ds Hkjksls dks rksM+rh gSA
z tokcnsgh vkSj U;k;% uSfrd O;ogkj dks c<+kok nsus]
Hkfo"; esa gksus okys nqO;Zogkj dks jksdus vkSj U;k; ç.kkyh
esa fo'okl cgky djus ds fy, fgjklr esa fgalk ds fy,
vijkfèk;ksa dks ftEesnkj Bgjkuk egRoiw.kZ gSA
z jksdFkke vkSj lqj{kk dk drZO;% fgjklr esa fgalk dh
?kVuk dks de djus vkSj fgjklr esa O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fy, ,d
lqjf{kr okrkoj.k lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fuokjd mik;
djuk ,d uSfrd nkf;Ro gSA
277
z O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk% fgjklr esa fgalk is'ksoj uSfrdrk ds
foijhr gS] tks vfèkdkjksa dk lEeku djus] dkuwu dks cuk,
j•us vkSj tufgr dh lsok djus dh ekax djrh gS]ftlls
is'ks esa fo'okl de gksrk gSA
fd, x, mik;
z ekuokfèkdkj laj{k.k vfèkfu;e] 1993% bl vfèkfu;e
us jk"Vªh; ekuokfèkdkj vk;ksx (,u,pvkjlh) vkSj jkT;
ekuokfèkdkj vk;ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dhA ,u,pvkjlh ds ikl
fgjklr esa fgalk lfgr ekuokfèkdkj mYya?ku ds ekeyksa dh
tkap djus dh 'kfÙkQ gSA
 jk"Vªh; ekuokfèkdkj vk;ksx (,u,pvkjlh) us jkT;ksa
vkSj dsaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa dks dbZ lykg tkjh dh gSa]
ftlesa crk;k x;k gS fd fgjklr esa fgalk dks jksdus ds
fy, mUgsa D;k dne mBkus pkfg,A
 bu lykgksa esa iqfyl LVs'kuksa esa lhlhVhoh dSejksa dh
LFkkfir djuk] ekuokfèkdkjksa ij iqfyl vfèkdkfj;ksa
dk çf'k{k.k vkSj fgjklr esa fgalk ds ihfM+rksa dks dkuwuh
lgk;rk dk çkoèkku 'kkfey gSA
z vkijkfèkd dkuwu (la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e] 2013% bl
vfèkfu;e us fgjklr esa fgalk ls fuiVus ds fy, Hkkjrh;
naM lafgrk esa u, çkoèkku is'k fd,A bu çkoèkkuksa esa fgjklr
esa ekSr ds fy, ekSr dh ltk vkSj iqfyl fgjklr esa xaHkhj
pksV igqapkus okyksa ds fy, vkthou dkjkokl 'kkfey gSA
z Hkkjr dk lokZsPp U;k;ky;% blus fgjklr esa fgalk dh
leL;k ds lekèkku ds fy, dbZ fu.kZ; Hkh tkjh fd, gSaA
bu fu.kZ;ksa esa 'kkfey gSa%
 Mhds clq fn'kkfunZs'k% ;s fn'kkfunZs'k 1994 esa tkjh
fd, x, Fks vkSj mUgksaus fgjklr esa fgalk dks jksdus ds
fy, dbZ mik; fuèkkZfjr fd;sA bu mik;ksa esa fxjÝrkjh ds
dkj.kksa dh tkudkjh ikus dk vfèkdkj] fxjÝrkjh ds 24
?kaVs ds Hkhrj eftLVªsV ds lkeus is'k gksus dk vfèkdkj
vkSj MkWDVj }kjk tkap djkus dk vfèkdkj 'kkfey gSA
 çdk'k flag fn'kkfunZs'k (2006)% ;s fn'kkfunZs'k
2006 esa tkjh fd, x, Fks vkSj mUgksaus iqfyl dh
dk;Zç.kkyh esa lqèkkj ds fy, dbZ mik; fuèkkZfjr fd,
FksA bu mik;ksa esa Lora=k iqfyl f'kdk;r çkfèkdj.k
dh LFkkiuk vkSj iqfyl tokcnsgh dh ,d ç.kkyh dk
fuekZ.k 'kkfey gSA
z dqN jkT; ljdkjksa us Hkh fgjklr esa fgalk dh leL;k
ds lekèkku ds fy, dne mBk, gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
egkjk"Vª jkT; ljdkj us fgjklr esa fgalk ds ekeyksa dh
tkap ds fy, ,d fo'ks"k tkap ny (,lvkbZVh) dh
278
LFkkiuk dh gSA rfeyukMq jkT; ljdkj us ,d u;k dkuwu
Hkh is'k fd;k gS tks iqfyl vfèkdkfj;ksa ds fy, fxjÝrkj
fd, x, O;fÙkQ ds ifjokj dks fxjÝrkjh ds 24 ?kaVs ds
Hkhrj lwfpr djuk vfuok;Z cukrk gSA
vkxs dk jkLrk
z fgjklr esa fgalk ds f•ykiQ dkuwuksa dks etcwr cukuk%
fgjklr esa fgalk ds f•ykiQ dkuwuksa dks etcwr djus dh
t:jr gS rkfd bu vijkèkksa dks djus okyksa dks nafMr fd;k
tk ldsA
z iqfyl dh tokcnsgh esa lqèkkj% iqfyl dks vius dk;ks± ds
fy, tokcnsg Bgjk;k tkuk pkfg,] Hkys gh os fgjklr esa
fgalk djrs ik, tk,aA ;g Lora=k iqfyl f'kdk;r çkfèkdj.k
cukdj vkSj iqfyl tokcnsgh dh ç.kkyh dks etcwr djds
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z n.M ls eqfÙkQ dh laLÑfr dks cnyuk% n.M ls eqfÙkQ
dh laLÑfr dks cnyus dh t:jr gS rkfd fgjklr esa fgalk
djus okys yksxksa dks nafMr fd;k tk ldsA ;g fgjklr esa
fgalk dh leL;k ds ckjs esa tkx:drk c<+kdj vkSj ;g
lqfuf'pr djds fd;k tk ldrk gS fd iqfyl dks muds
dk;ks± ds fy, tokcnsg Bgjk;k tk,A
z fu"i{k lquokbZ dk vfèkdkj% fgjklr esa fgalk vkSj ;kruk
O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fu"i{k lquokbZ ds vfèkdkj dk Hkh mYya?ku dj
ldrh gSA ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd mudk mi;ksx tcjnLrh
vijkèk Lohdkj djus ;k xokgksa dks Mjkus&èkedkus ds fy,
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z ewY; vkarfjddj.k •aM dks c<+kuk% iqfyl çf'k{k.k esa
iquthZou dh vko';drk gSA è;ku dkuwu ykxw djus okyksa ls
gVdj ekuokfèkdkjksa vkSj tu dY;k.k ds lqfoèkk çnkrkvksa
ij dsafær gksuk pkfg,A dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk dks ukxfjdksa dks
vuq'kkflr djus ds ctk; ukxfjdksa dh Lora=krk ds vuqHko
dks csgrj cukus ds lkèku ds :i esa ns•k tkuk pkfg,A
9-6 çkjafHkd Hkwz.k vuqlaèkku dh uSfrdrk
gky gh esa Hkwz.k LVse dksf'kdkvksa ij gq, vuqlaèkku us bldh
uSfrd fparkvksa ij cgl NsM+ nh gS] blfy, blesa 'kkfey eqíksa
dk vè;;u djuk egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA
ifjp;
z Hkwz.kh; LVse dksf'kdk vuqlaèkku ls rkRi;Z ekuo Hkwz.k ls
çkIr Hkwz.kh; LVse dksf'kdkvksa ij fd, x, oSKkfud
ijh{k.k ls gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z Hkwz.k LVse dksf'kdk vuqlaèkku ,d tfVy uSfrd nqfoèkk
çLrqr djrk gS]D;ksafd blesa nks uSfrd fl¼karksa ds chp
p;u dh vko';drk gksrh gS%
a- jksdus dk drZO; ;k
b- leL;kvksa dks de djuk vkSj ekuo thou ds ewY;
dk lEeku djus dk drZO;A
z eq[; ç'u çkjafHkd Hkzw.k dh uSfrd fLFkfr ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerk
gS vkSj D;k bls ,d O;fÙkQ ekuk tkuk pkfg, ;k ughaA
çkjafHkd Hkwz.k vuqlaèkku ds i{k esa uSfrd rdZ
z Hkwz.k dh fodklkRed {kerk% xHkkZ'k; esa çR;kjksi.k ls
igys çkjafHkd Hkwz.k esa iw.kZ fodflr balku ds :i esa
fodflr gksus dh {kerk ugha gksrh gSA blfy,] ;g rdZ
fn;k tk ldrk gS fd mldh uSfrd fLFkfr iw.kZ fodflr
O;fÙkQ ds leku ugha gSA
z vfèk'ks"k Hkwz.k% çtuu fDyfud vDlj çR;kjksi.k dh
vko';drk ls vfèkd Hkwz.k cukrs gSa]ftlls vfèk'ks"k Hkwz.k
dk fuiVku djuk gksrk gSA vuqlaèkku mís';ksa ds fy, bu
vfrfjÙkQ Hkwz.kksa dk mi;ksx mUgsa u"V djus ds ctk; muls
laHkkfor ykHk çkIr djus dk ,d rjhdk çnku djrk gSA
z fpfdRlk çxfr vkSj thou cpkuk% çkjafHkd Hkwz.k
vuqlaèkku] fo'ks"k :i ls Hkwz.k LVse dksf'kdkvksa ds {ks=k esa]
u, fpfdRlk mipkjksa dk irk yxkus dh {kerk j•rk gS tks
dbZ yksxksa dh leL;kvksa dh leL;kvksa dks de dj ldrs gSa
vkSj thou dh xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj dj ldrs gSaA ;fn bl rjg
ds vuqlaèkku ls egRoiw.kZ fpfdRlh; liQyrk feyrh gS rks
;g Hkwz.k dks u"V djus ls vfèkd egRoiw.kZ gks ldrk gSA
çkjafHkd Hkwz.k vuqlaèkku ds fo#¼ uSfrd rdZ
z ,d iw.kZ ekuo ds :i esa fodflr gksus dh {kerk%
eq[; uSfrd fpark bl fo'okl ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerh gS fd
çkjafHkd Hkwz.k esa ,d iw.kZ ekuo ds :i esa fodflr gksus
dh {kerk gksrh gSA bl ifjçs{; dk rdZ gS fd vuqlaèkku
mís';ksa ds fy, tkucw>dj Hkwz.k dks u"V djuk ekuo thou
dks lekIr djus ds cjkcj gSA
z èkkfeZd vkSj nk'kZfud ifjçs{;% fofHkUu èkkfeZd vkSj
nk'kZfud ijaijk,¡ ;g fo'okl j•rh gSa fd Hkwz.k esa vkRek
dh mifLFkfr ;k ekuo thou dh varfuZfgr xfjek ds dkj.k
uSfrd egRo gksrk gSA ;s n`f"Vdks.k thou dh ifo=krk ij
tksj nsrs gSa vkSj nwljksa ds ykHk ds fy, ,d thou dk
cfynku djuk vuSfrd ekurs gSaA
z ekuoh; xq.kksa dk ewY; fuèkkZj.k% ekuoh; {kerkvksa dks
Js"B vkSj fuEu dh Jsf.k;ksa esa j•k tkrk gSA blls rFkkdfFkr
uhfr'kkL=k% fofo/ fo"k;
Js"B xq.kksa dh deh okys yksxksa ds çfr iwokZxzgksa vkSj HksnHkko
dks etcwr gksus dh laHkkouk gSA
vkxs c<+us dk jkLrk
z vuqlaèkku dk uSfrd rjhds ls djuk% ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd
çkjafHkd Hkwz.k lfgr LVse dksf'kdkvksa ls tqM+s lHkh vuqlaèkku
mfpr fujh{k.k vkSj LFkkfir fn'kkfunZs'kksa vkSj fofu;eksa ds
vuqikyu ds lkFk uSfrd rjhds ls fd, tk,aA
z lkoZtfud tqM+ko vkSj laokn% fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa vkSj
ewY;ksa dks 'kkfey djrs gq, çkjafHkd Hkwz.k vuqlaèkku ds
uSfrd vk;keksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, lkekftd ppkZ tkjh
jguh pkfg,A lkoZtfud Hkkxhnkjh ,sls fu;eksa vkSj uhfr;ksa
dks fodflr djus esa ;ksxnku ns ldrh gS tks oSKkfud
çxfr dh •kst vkSj ekuo thou ds ewY; ds lEeku ds
chp larqyu cukrs gSaA
z oSdfYid vuqlaèkku n`f"Vdks.k% ,sls oSdfYid vuqlaèkku
ç;klksa dk irk yxkus vkSj fodflr djus dk ç;kl fd;k
tkuk pkfg, ftuesa Hkwz.k dks u"V fd;k tkuk 'kkfey u
gksA blesa o;Ld LVse dksf'kdkvksa] çsfjr IyqfjiksVsaV LVse
dksf'kdkvksa vkSj vU; uohu rduhdksa dh •kst 'kkfey gSA
fu"d"kZ
çkjafHkd Hkwz.k vuqlaèkku dh uSfrdrk ,d xgjh uSfrd nqfoèkk
iSnk djrh gS] tks fpfdRlk çxfr ds laHkkfor ykHkksa dks
larqfyr djrh gS vkSj çkjafHkd Hkwz.k ds vkarfjd ewY; vkSj
uSfrd fLFkfr ds f•ykiQ ihM+k dks de djrh gSA tkjh ppkZ
vkSj fofoèk n`f"Vdks.kksa ij fopkj ;g lqfuf'pr djrs gq, fd
oSKkfud çxfr ftEesnkjh vkSj uSfrd rjhds ls çkIr dh tkrh
gS] ,d uSfrd <kaps dks vkdkj nsxkA
9-7 ;q¼ dh uSfrdrk
:l vkSj ;wØsu ds chp py jgs la?k"kZ us cy ds mi;ksx
vkSj ;q¼ ds lapkyu ds lacaèk esa egRoiw.kZ uSfrd fpark,a iSnk
dj nh gSaA
ifjp;
z ;q¼ dh uSfrdrk ,d tfVy vkSj fooknkLin fo"k;
gS tks l'kL=k la?k"kZ esa 'kkfey gksus ds uSfrd fufgrkFkks±
dh tkap djrk gSA
z blesa ;q¼ dk lgkjk ysus ds vkSfpR;] ;q¼ ds lapkyu
vkSj yksxksa vkSj lekt ij ;q¼ ds ifj.kkeksa dk ewY;kadu
djuk 'kkfey gSA
279
z oSèk vfèkdkj] mfpr dkj.k] vkuqikfrdrk vkSj xSj&yM+kdksa
dh lqj{kk tSls uSfrd fl¼kar ;q¼ dh uSfrd vkSfpR;rk ds
ewY;kadu dk ekxZn'kZu djrs gSaA
z ;q¼ dh uSfrdrk varjjk"Vªh; dkuwuksa vkSj lafèk;ksa ds ikyu]
ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks c<+kok nsus vkSj 'kkafriw.kZ la?k"kZ lekèkku
dh •kst ij Hkh fopkj djrh gSA
U;k;laxr ;q¼ fl¼kar ;k tLV okWj F;ksjh
z tLV okWj F;ksjh ,d <kapk gS tks ;q¼ vkjaHk djus vkSj
;q¼ lapkyu ds fy, uSfrd vkSfpR; fuèkkZfjr djus ds
fy, fl¼kar vkSj ekunaM çnku djrk gSA
z bldk ,d ,frgkfld vkèkkj ftlesa 5oha lnh esa lsaV
vkWxLVhu vkSj 13oha lnh esa lsaV FkkWel ,fDoukl us
;ksxnku fn;kA
z fl¼kar dh nks eq[; 'kk•k,¡ gSa% twl ,M csye (JusAd
bellum) vkSj twl bu csYyks (Jus in Bello)A twl ,M csye
;q¼ dk lgkjk ysus ds vkSfpR; ij dsafær gS] tcfd twl bu
csYyks ;q¼ ds nkSjku uSfrd vkpj.k ls lacafèkr gSA ;s 'kk•k,¡
;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, feydj dke djrh gSa fd
;q¼ uSfrd :i ls ftEesnkj rjhds ls lpkfyr fd;k tk,A
z tLV okWj F;ksjh ds fl¼karksa ds vuqlkj] ,d ;q¼ dks
uSfrd :i ls mfpr Bgjk, tkus ds fy, dbZ ekunaMksa
dks iwjk djuk gksxk%
 oSèk çkfèkdj.k% ,d ekU;rk çkIr vkSj oSèk 'kkldh;
çkfèkdj.k] vkerkSj ij ,d jkT; ;k ljdkj] dks gh
;q¼ esa tkus dk fu.kZ; ysuk pkfg,A
 mfpr dkj.k% ;q¼ dk mfpr dkj.k gksuk pkfg,] tSls
vkØe.kdkjh ds fo:¼ vkRej{kk] funkZs"k yksxksa dh
lqj{kk] ;k U;k; LFkkfir djus ds fy,A
 lgh bjknk% ;q¼ NsM+us ds ihNs dk bjknk uSfrd :i ls
bZekunkj gksuk pkfg,] ftldk y{; LokFkZ ;k cnyk ysus
ds ctk; mfpr vkSj 'kkafriw.kZ ifj.kke çkIr djuk gksA
 liQyrk dh laHkkouk% ;q¼ ds okafNr mís';ksa dks çkIr
djus dh leqfpr laHkkouk gksuh pkfg,A fujFkZd ;k
fujk'kktud ;q¼ vU;k;iw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA
 vafre mik;% ;q¼ vafre mik; gksuk pkfg,] ftldk
mi;ksx la?k"kZ dks lqy>kus ds lHkh 'kkafriw.kZ rjhdksa ds
lekIr gks tkus ds ckn gh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
 vkuqikfrdrk% ;q¼ ls gksus okyh gkfu ml ykHk ds
lekuqikrh gksuh pkfg, ftls çkIr djus dk ç;kl
fd;k x;k gSA vR;fèkd cy ç;ksx ;k vlaxr {kfr dks
vU;k;iw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA
280
z bu fl¼karksa ds vykok] rhu çeq• fl¼kar gSa tks ;q¼
ds lapkyu dk ekxZn'kZu djrs gSa (Jus in Bello)%
 foHksn% yM+kdksa vkSj xSj&yM+kdksa ds chp varj fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A xSj&yM+kdksa] tSls fd ukxfjdksa] fpfdRlk
dfeZ;ksa vkSj ;q¼cafn;ksa dks tkucw>dj gksus okys uqdlku
ls cpk;k tkuk pkfg,A
 vkuqikfrdrk% cy dk mi;ksx lSU; mís'; ds fy,
vkuqikfrd gksuk pkfg, vkSj blls vuko';d uqdlku
;k d"V ugha gksuk pkfg,A
 lSU; vko';drk% ;q¼ ds nkSjku dh tkus okyh
dkjZokb;ka okafNr mís'; dks çkIr djus ds fy, lSU;
:i ls vko';d gksuh pkfg,A vuko';d fouk'k ;k
{kfr dks uSfrd :i ls vLohdk;Z ekuk tkrk gSA
z bu fl¼karksa dk ikyu djrs gq,] tLV okWj F;ksjh l'kL=k
la?k"kZ esa 'kkfey gksus ds uSfrd fufgrkFkks± dk vkdyu djus
vkSj ;q¼ ds le; esa fu.kZ; ysus dk ekxZn'kZu djus ds fy,
,d uSfrd <kapk LFkkfir djus dk ç;kl djrh gSA
;q¼ ds ifj.kke
;q¼ ds ifj.kke egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSa vkSj lekt ds fofHkUu igyqvksa
ij nwjxkeh çHkko Mkyrs gSaA dqN lkekU; ifj.kke fuEufyf•r gSa%
z thou dh gkfu vkSj d"V% ;q¼ esa vDlj ekuo thou
dh gkfu gksrh gS] ftlesa lSU;dehZ vkSj ukxfjd nksuksa 'kkfey
gksrs gSaA ;g O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj muds ifjokjksa ds fy, 'kkjhfjd
pksVksa] euksoSKkfud vk?kkr vkSj HkkoukRed d"V dk dkj.k
curk gSA
z laifÙk dk lkewfgd fouk'k% ;q¼ksa esa gfFk;kjksa vkSj lSU;
j.kuhfr dk mi;ksx 'kkfey gksrk gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i
cqfu;knh <kapksa] ?kjksa] lkaLÑfrd fojklr LFkyksa vkSj lkoZtfud
lqfoèkkvksa dk fouk'k gks ldrk gSA bl {kfr ds iqufuZekZ.k
esa o"kks± ;k n'kdksa dk le; yx ldrk gS] ftlls çHkkfor
leqnk; vkSj vfèkd çHkkfor gksrs gSaA
z udkjkRed vkfFkZd çHkko% ;q¼ksa dk vFkZO;oLFkk ij
gkfudkjd çHkko iM+rk gS] ftlesa O;kikj esa O;oèkku]
cqfu;knh <kaps dks uqdlku vkSj mRiknd {kerk dk uqdlku
'kkfey gSA tks lalkèku fodkl vkSj dY;k.k ds fy,
vkoafVr fd, tk ldrs Fks] mUgsa lSU; O;; ds fy, mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i turk ds fy, vkfFkZd
vfLFkjrk vkSj dfBukbZ gksrh gSA
z vkthfodk ij çHkko% ;q¼ Ñf"k] m|ksx vkSj okf.kT;
lfgr lekt ds lkekU; dkedkt dks ckfèkr djrk gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 yksxksa dk foLFkkiu] vkthfodk dk fouk'k vkSj vkiwfrZ J`a•ykvksa esa O;oèkku ls xjhch] •k| vlqj{kk vkSj jkstxkj ds voljksa
dh gkfu gks ldrh gSA
z cqfu;knh ekuokfèkdkjksa ls mYya?ku% ;q¼ ds nkSjku] vDlj ekuokfèkdkjksa dk mYya?ku fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa euekus <ax ls
fxjÝrkfj;ka] ;kruk] tcju foLFkkiu] ;kSu fgalk vkSj LokLF; ns•Hkky vkSj f'k{kk rd igqap ckfèkr gksuk 'kkfey gSA ;s mYya?ku
;q¼ ls çHkkfor yksxksa vkSj leqnk;ksa dh xfjek vkSj dY;k.k dks de djrs gSaA
;q¼ ls lacafèkr varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwu vkSj le>kSrs
z ftusok le>kSrs varjkZ"Vªh; ekuoh; dkuwu dh vkèkkjf'kyk gSA
z ;g mu yksxksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, dkuwuh <kaps dh :ijs•k rS;kj djrk gS tks lhèks rkSj ij ;q¼
esa Hkkx ugha ys jgs gSa] ftuesa ukxfjd] fpfdRlk dehZ vkSj ;q¼ canh 'kkfey gSaA
ftusok le>kSrs vkSj z le>kSrs l'kL=k la?k"kks± ds nkSjku yksxksa ds lkFk ekuoh; O;ogkj] ;kruk ij jksd vkSj
vfrfjÙkQ çksVksdkWy ekSfyd ekuokfèkdkjksa ds lEeku ds fy, fu;e LFkkfir djrs gSaA
z vfrfjÙkQ çksVksdkWy vfrfjÙkQ lqj{kk çnku djrs gSa vkSj dqN gfFk;kjksa ds mi;ksx] xSj&varjkZ"Vªh;
l'kL=k la?k"kks± esa ihfM+rksa dh lqj{kk vkSj yM+kdksa vkSj oSèk y{;ksa dh igpku tSls eqíksa dk
lekèkku djrs gSaA
z la;qÙkQ jk"Vª pkVZj dk vuqPNsn 2(4) xSj&gLr{ksi fl¼kar ij tksj nsrk gS] fdlh Hkh jkT;
dh {ks=kh; v•aMrk ;k jktuhfrd Lora=krk ds f•ykiQ cy ç;ksx ;k cy dh èkedh ij jksd
xSj&gLr{ksi dk la;qÙkQ
yxkrk gSA
jk"Vª pkVZj fl¼kar
z :lh geys dks bl fl¼kar ds mYya?ku ds :i esa ns•k tkrk gS vkSj ;g varjjk"Vªh; dkuwu ds
varxZr vkØe.k gSA
z ;g çLrko vkØe.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS] ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd blesa ,d jkT; }kjk
nwljs jkT; dh laçHkqrk] {ks=kh; v•aMrk ;k jktuhfrd Lora=krk ds f•ykiQ l'kL=k cy dk
la;qÙkQ jk"Vª egklHkk
mi;ksx 'kkfey gSA
ladYi 3314 (1974)
z bldk ekuuk gS fd fdlh rhljs jkT; ds f•ykiQ vkØe.k ds fy, fdlh vU; jkT; }kjk vius
{ks=k dk mi;ksx djus dh vuqefr nsuk vkØe.k ekuk tk,xkA
z ;wMh,pvkj ,d ,sfrgkfld nLrkost gS tks ekSfyd ekuokfèkdkjksa vkSj Lora=krk dks fuèkkZfjr
djrk gSA
z bls la;qÙkQ jk"Vª egklHkk }kjk 1948 esa viuk;k x;k Fkk vkSj ;g ekuokfèkdkjksa dh j{kk ds
fy, ,d oSf'od ekud ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
ekuokfèkdkjksa dk
z ;wMh,pvkj lHkh yksxksa dh varfuZfgr xfjek vkSj leku vfèkdkjksa ij tksj nsrk gS] pkgs
lkoZHkkSe ?kks"k.kki=k
mudh jk"Vªh;rk ;k ntkZ dqN Hkh gksA
(;wMh,pvkj)
z blesa thou] Lora=krk vkSj lqj{kk dk vfèkdkj] ;kruk vkSj Øwj O;ogkj dk fu"ksèk vkSj
fu"i{k lquokbZ dk vfèkdkj tSls vfèkdkj 'kkfey gSaA
z ;wMh,pvkj ,d ,slk uSfrd vkSj dkuwuh <kapk çnku djrk gS tks Lora=krk] lekurk vkSj U;k;
dks c<+kok nsus esa varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; dk ekxZn'kZu djrk gSA
;q¼ esa uSfrdrk dks c<+kok nsus ds rjhds z uSfrd fu.kZ; ysuk% lSU; fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa
z varjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrksa dks etcwr djuk% ekStwnk le>kSrksa uSfrd fopkjksa dks çkFkfedrk nsukA
dk vuqikyu c<+kuk vkSj ;q¼ esa mHkjrh pqukSfr;ksa dk z uSfrd usr`Ro dks c<+kok nsuk% lSU; laxBuksa ds Hkhrj
lekèkku djus ds fy, mudk foLrkj@v|ru djukA uSfrd usr`Ro dh laLÑfr dk iks"k.k djuk] uSfrd ewY;ksa
z f'k{kk vkSj çf'k{k.k% lSU; dfeZ;ksa dks uSfrd fl¼karksa vkSj fl¼karksa dk mnkgj.k çLrqr djus vkSj mUgsa dk;e j•us
vkSj l'kL=k la?k"kZ ds dkuwuksa ij O;kid f'k{kk çnku djukA okys usrkvksa ds egRo ij tksj nsukA

uhfr'kkL=k% fofo/ fo"k; 281

z la?k"kZ dh jksdFkke vkSj lekèkku ds ç;kl djuk% lSU;
gLr{ksi dh vko';drk dks de djrs gq,] dwVuhfr]
ckrphr vkSj eè;LFkrk ds ekè;e ls la?k"kks± dks jksdus vkSj
'kkafriw.kZ lekèkku dks c<+kok nsus ds ç;klksa dks çkFkfedrk
nsukA
z ekuoh; lgk;rk dks c<+kok nsuk% çHkkfor vkcknh] fo'ks"k
:i ls ukxfjdksa vkSj detksj lewgksa dk dY;k.k vkSj lqj{kk
lqfuf'pr djrs gq,] la?k"kZ {ks=kksa esa ekuoh; lgk;rk vkSj
lgk;rk ç;klksa dks miyCèk cukuk vkSj leFkZu djukA
z uSfrd vuqlaèkku vkSj uokpkj dks c<+kok nsuk% lSU;
çkS|ksfxdh vkSj j.kuhfr esa vuqlaèkku vkSj uokpkj dks
çksRlkfgr djuk tks uSfrd fl¼karksa ds lkFk lajsf•r gks] tSls
fd ukxfjd {kfr dks de djuk] ekuokfèkdkjksa dk lEeku
djuk vkSj 'kkafriw.kZ ifj.kkeksa dks c<+kok nsukA
z lEeku dh laLÑfr fodflr djuk% lSU; laLFkkuksa ds
Hkhrj ,d ,slh laLÑfr dks c<+kok nsuk tks ekuokfèkdkjksa]
xSj&yM+kdw çfrj{kk vkSj vkuqikfrdrk vkSj HksnHkko ds
fl¼karksa dks egRo nsrh gS vkSj lEeku dks c<+kok nsrh gSA
z 'kkafriw.kZ la?k"kZ lekèkku dks c<+kok nsuk% l'kL=k gLr{ksi
dh vko';drk dks jksdus ds y{; ds lkFk la?k"kks± dks gy
djus ds fy, dwVuhfr] ckrphr vkSj 'kkafriw.kZ rjhdksa dks
çkFkfedrk nsukA
z mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj U;k; LFkkfir djuk% ;q¼ vijkèkksa vkSj
ekuokfèkdkjksa ds mYya?ku ds fy, O;fÙkQ;ksa dks mÙkjnk;h
Bgjkus] U;k; LFkkfir djuk vkSj Hkfo"; esa vuSfrd dk;ks±
dks jksdus ds fy, etcwr ra=k LFkkfir djukA
z laokn vkSj dwVuhfr% vuko';d ;q¼ksa dks jksdus ds fy,
'kkafriw.kZ ckrphr vkSj jktuf;d lekèkku ij tksj nsukA
z tu tkx:drk vkSj lgHkkfxrk% f'k{kk vkSj ppkZvksa ds
ekè;e ls ;q¼ ds uSfrd vk;keksa ds ckjs esa tu tkx:drk
c<+kukA
fu"d"kZ
U;k;laxr ;q¼ fl¼kar vkSj fn'kkfunZs'k dk mís'; l'kL=k la?k"kZ
esa 'kkfey gksus dk uSfrd vkSfpR; lqfuf'pr djuk gSA lsaV
vkWxLVhu vkSj lsaV FkkWel ,fDoukl ds ,sfrgkfld ;ksxnku
ij vkèkkfjr tLV okWj F;ksjh] nks eq[; 'kk•kvksa ls ;qÙkQ ,d
:ijs•k çnku djrh gS% twl ,M csye (;q¼ dk lgkjk ysus dk
vkSfpR;) vkSj twl bu csYyks (;q¼ ds nkSjku uSfrd vkpj.k)A
;s 'kk•k,¡ ;q¼ ds uSfrd vkSfpR; ds fy, ekunaM LFkkfir djus
ds fy, feydj dke djrh gSa] ftlesa oSèk çkfèkdkj] mfpr
dkj.k] usd bjknk] liQyrk dh laHkkouk] vafre mik; vkSj
vkuqikfrdrk 'kkfey gSaA
282
9-8 ç'kklu esa Hkxor xhrk dh Hkwfedk
ifjp;
z Hkxor xhrk ,d ifo=k fganw èkeZxzaFk gS vkSj bldk o.kZu
egkHkkjr egkdkO; esa ik;k tkrk gSA blesa vtZqu vkSj
Hkxoku Ñ".k ds chp ,d laokn 'kkfey gS] tks thou]
drZO; vkSj vkè;kfRedrk ds ckjs esa xgu ç'uksa dh •kst
djrk gSA
z xhrk èkeZ dh voèkkj.kk ij tksj nsrh gS] deZ ;ksx]
HkfÙkQ ;ksx vkSj Kku ;ksx lfgr vkè;kfRed Kku ds
fofHkUu ekxZ çLrqr djrh gSA
z ;g èkkfeZd thou] vkRe&lk{kkRdkj vkSj loZ 'kfÙkQeku
ds çfr leiZ.k gsrq ekxZn'kZu çLrqr djrh gSA
z xhrk dh f'k{kkvksa dk Hkkjrh; n'kZu ij xgjk çHkko iM+k gS
vkSj ;g nqfu;k Hkj ds yksxksa dks mudh vkè;kfRed ;k=kkvksa
ds fy, çsfjr djrh jgh gSA
ç'kklu esa Hkxor xhrk dh Hkwfedk
Hkxon xhrk ç'kkldksa dks fofHkUu igyqvksa ij cgqewY; varnZ`f"V
çnku djrh gS%
z vuklfÙkQ vkSj drZO;% xhrk bl ckr ij tksj nsrh gS
fd dsoy viuk drZO; fuHkkuk gh i;kZIr ugha gS] cfYd
,slk O;fÙkQxr bPNkvksa vkSj ifj.kkeksa ls oSjkX; ds lkFk
djuk pkfg,A ç'kkld O;fÙkQxr ykHk ds ctk; lekt dh
HkykbZ ij è;ku dsafær djrs gq,] fu%LokFkZ Hkko ls viuh
ftEesnkfj;ksa dks fuHkkus ds fy, bl fl¼kar dks viuk
ldrs gSaA
z lnkpkj dk fl¼kar% xhrk èkeZfu"B ç'kklu ds vko';d
xq.kksa ij çdk'k Mkyrh gS] tSls 'kkar vkSj vuqÙksftr eu]
fu.kZ; ysus esa n`<+ jguk] fu"i{k jguk vkSj vius drZO; esa
larq"V jguk] vkSj fe=k vkSj 'k=kq] lEeku vkSj vieku ds
lkFk lekurk dk O;ogkj djukA ;s xq.k ç'kkldksa dks muds
dk;ks± vkSj ijLij O;ogkj esa ekxZn'kZu djrs gSaA
z usr`Ro fodkl% xhrk HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk tSls çHkkoh
usr`Ro xq.kksa dks fodflr djus] uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa dks gy
djus vkSj mnklhurk vkSj fu"i{krk dh Hkkouk dks c<+kok
nsus ds fy, ekxZn'kZu çnku djrh gSA ;s xq.k ç'kkldksa dks
tfVy ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fuiVus vkSj nwljksa dks çsfjr djus esa
enn djrs gSaA
z èkeZ vkSj 'kkldh; fl¼kar% xhrk esa èkeZ dh voèkkj.kk
gekjs lkaLÑfrd thou ds vko';d fopkjksa vkSj 'kkldh;
fl¼karksa dh igpku djrh gSA ç'kkld vius fu.kZ;ksa vkSj
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 uhfr;ksa esa U;k;] èkeZfu"Bk vkSj ln~Hkko dks cuk, j•us ds
fy, bu fl¼karksa dk lgkjk ys ldrs gSaA
z deZ ;ksx vkSj Kku ;ksx% xhrk deZ ;ksx (fu%LokFkZ deZ
dk ekxZ) vkSj Kku ;ksx (Kku dk ekxZ) dks 'kk'or vkuan
vkSj lR; çkIr djus ds rjhdksa ds :i esa çLrqr djrh gSA
ç'kkld leiZ.k ds lkFk vius drZO;ksa dk ikyu djds]
Kku çkIr djds vkSj vkRe&lqèkkj djds bu ekxks± dk mi;ksx
dj ldrs gSaA
z lkekftd vkSj O;fÙkQxr dY;k.k dk ,dhdj.k% xhrk
O;fÙkQxr vkSj lkekftd fgrksa ds ,dhdj.k ij tksj nsrh
gSA ;g lekt ds Hkhrj O;fÙkQ;ksa ds varlZacaèk dks mtkxj
djrs gq, O;fÙkQxr fodkl ds egRo dks çnf'kZr djrh gSA
z fu"dke deZ% xhrk lR; fu"Bk vkSj vkè;kfRed fodkl ds
ekxZ ds :i esa] O;fÙkQxr bPNkvksa vkSj vgadkj ls jfgr]
fuLokFkZ deks± dks c<+kok nsrh gSA vklfÙkQ dks nwj djds
vkSj drZO; ij è;ku dsafær djds yksx uSfrd vkpj.k dk
thou th ldrs gSaA
z deZ iQy ds çfr vuklfÙkQ% xhrk bl ckr ij tksj nsrh gS
fd yksxksa dks deZ djus dk vfèkdkj gS] ysfdu vius deks±
ds ifj.kkeksa dks fu;af=kr djus dk ughaA ç'kkld O;fÙkQxr
iqjLdkjksa ;k ifj.kkeksa ls tqM+s fcuk] vius drZO;ksa vkSj dk;ks±
ij è;ku dsafær djds bl f'k{kk dks viuk ldrs gSa] bl
çdkj liQyrk ;k foiQyrk ls tqM+s ruko vkSj fpark dks
de dj ldrs gSaA
z Hkksx vkSj riL;k dk la'ys"k.k% xhrk thou ds çfr ,d
larqfyr n`f"Vdks.k çnku djrh gS] Hkksx vkSj riL;k dks
,dhÑr djrh gSA ;g yksxksa dks vius tquwu dks fnO;rk
çnku djus vkSj HkkSfrd xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj vkè;kfRed fodkl
ds chp lkeatL; •kstus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
z nSfud drZO;ksa dk ekxZn'kZu% xhrk O;fÙkQ dh çÑfr vkSj
Hkwfedk ds vuqlkj mlds nSfud drZO;ksa dks iwjk djus ds
fy, ekxZn'kZu djrh gSA ;g jkstejkZ dh ftanxh esa uSfrd
dk;ks± dks le>us vkSj fu"ikfnr djus ds fy, ,d :ijs•k
miyCèk djkrh gSA
z fu;frokn vkSj bPNk dh Lora=krk% xhrk fu;frokn vkSj
bPNk dh Lora=krk dh voèkkj.kkvksa dk la'ys"k.k djrh gSA
;g O;fÙkQxr n`<+ ladYi vkSj nSoh; dkjZokbZ ds çfr leiZ.k
ds egRo ij tksj nsrs gq, ifj.kkeksa dks fu;af=kr djus esa
nSoh; Hkwfedk dks Lohdkj djrh gSA
z uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa dk lekèkku% oSjkX; vkSj fuLokFkZ deZ
ij xhrk dh f'k{kk,¡ uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa ds lekèkku djus esa
lgk;rk dj ldrh gSa] fo'ks"k :i ls Lo&fgr vkSj tufgr
uhfr'kkL=k% fofo/ fo"k;
ds chp Vdjko ls mRiUu gksus okyh nqfoèkkvksa dks gy
djus esaA
z lkoZHkkSfed çklafxdrk% xhrk dk lans'k lkoZHkkSfed :i
ls O;kid vkSj dkykrhr gSA bldh f'k{kk,a ledkyhu
lekt esa egRo j•rh gSa] tks larqfyr vkSj uSfrd thou
'kSyh dh vksj yksxksa dk ekxZn'kZu djrh gSa] •kldj ,sls
le; esa tc HkkSfrdokn lkekftd ln~Hkko ds fy, •rjk
cu tkrk gSA
z 'kklu esa Hkwfedk% xhrk dh uSfrd f'k{kk,¡ çHkkoh] mÙkjnk;h
vkSj lekos'kh 'kklu miyCèk djkus esa yksd lsodksa dk
ekxZn'kZu dj ldrh gSaA uSfrd O;ogkj] fu.kZ; ysus vkSj
,d uSfrd dk;ZLFky cukus ij tksj nsdj] ;g uSfrd 'kklu
çFkkvksa esa ;ksxnku dj ldrh gSaA
fu"d"kZ
var esa] Hkxor xhrk oSjkX;] drZO;] lnkpkj] usr`Ro vkSj
uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus esa ewY;oku varnZ`f"V çnku djds ç'kklu
esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA ;g lkekftd vkSj O;fÙkQxr
dY;k.k ds ,dhdj.k ij tksj nsrh gS] fuLokFkZ dk;ks± dks c<+kok
nsrh gS vkSj nSfud drZO;ksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, ekxZn'kZu çnku
djrh gSA xhrk dh vuklfÙkQ] Hkksx vkSj riL;k ij f'k{kkvksa
ds lkFk&lkFk fu;frokn vkSj bPNk dh Lora=krk ds la'ys"k.k
dh lkoZHkkSfed çklafxdrk gSA xhrk ds fl¼karksa dks ykxw djds]
ç'kkld uSfrd 'kklu çFkkvksa dks c<+kok ns ldrs gSa vkSj ,d
lkeatL;iw.kZ vkSj lekos'kh okrkoj.k rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA
9-9 lSU; lqj{kk esa Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk (AI)%
uSfrd eqís
gky gh esa uhnjySaM us lsuk esa ,vkbZ ds mi;ksx ij igys
oSf'od lEesyu dh estckuh dh ftlesa Hkkjr lfgr nqfu;k dh
lHkh çeq• lSU; 'kfÙkQ;ksa dks vkeaf=kr fd;k x;k FkkA
ifjp;
z pwafd Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk (,vkbZ) yxkrkj fodflr gks jgh
gS vkSj lSU; lqj{kk esa rsth ls çeq• Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gS]
blfy, blls mRiUu gksus okys uSfrd ç'uksa dks gy fd;k
tkuk vko';d gSA
z ,vkbZ rduhd daI;wVjksa dks vkadM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djds
vkSj ekuoh; lksp vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dk vuqdj.k djus mlds
vuqlkj çfrfØ;k nsus esa l{ke cukrh gSA
z ;|fi] tSlk fd ,vkbZ ekuoh; {kerkvksa ls ijs gS] blfy,
;g lqfuf'pr djuk egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gS fd lSU; lanHkks±
esa ,vkbZ dk mi;ksx djus ls igys ekuo vkpj.k dks
283
 fu;af=kr djus okys uSfrd fl¼karksa ij mfpr fopkj fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
blesa 'kkfey uSfrd eqís
lSU; lqj{kk esa Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk (,vkbZ) egRoiw.kZ uSfrd fparkvksa
dks tUe nsrh gS ftls blds mi;ksx ls igys lacksfèkr fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A ;s uSfrd eqís fuEufyf•r gSa%
z futrk vkSj ekuokfèkdkjksa dk mYya?ku% fuxjkuh vkSj
x'r ds fy, ,vkbZ midj.kksa dk mi;ksx futrk ds vfèkdkj
vkSj vU; ekSfyd ekuokfèkdkjksa dks •rjs esa Mky ldrk gS]
•kldj lhek {ks=kksa vkSj mxzokn çHkkfor {ks=kksa esaA vkadM+s
,d=k djus vkSj mldk fo'ys"k.k djus esa ,vkbZ dh O;kid
{kerk,a futh Lora=krk dk vfrØe.k dj ldrh gSaA
z ekuo O;ogkj vkSj ekU;rkvksa dks cnyuk% lÙkkoknh
'kklu esa] turk ds O;ogkj vkSj ekU;rkvksa esa gsjiQsj djus
ds fy, ,vkbZ çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] phu ds f'kuft;kax çkar esa] mbxqj
eqlyekuksa dks fu;af=kr djus vkSj nckus ds fy, psgjs dh
igpku vkSj fuxjkuh rduhdksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
blh rjg] O;fÙkQxr Lora=krk vkSj Lok;Ùkrk dks lhfer djrs
gq,] ukxfjdksa ds O;ogkj dk vkdyu vkSj fu;a=k.k djus ds
fy, lkekftd ØsfMV Ldksj ç.kkyh fodflr dh tk jgh gSA
z ekuo cqf¼ vkSj {kerk dks o'k esa djuk% lSU; lqj{kk ds
fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, ,vkbZ ç.kkyh ij c<+rh fuHkZjrk ekuo
cqf¼eÙkk vkSj vuqHko dh Hkwfedk dks de dj ldrh gSA
tcfd ,vkbZ vkadM+k&vkèkkfjr fo'ys"k.k dj ldrh gS]
ysfdu blesa ekuo fu.kZ; dh rjg çklafxd le>] varKkZu
vkSj j.kuhfrd lksp dk vHkko gSA
z HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk vkSj lgkuqHkwfr% ,vkbZ esa HkkoukRed
cqf¼eÙkk vkSj lgkuqHkwfr dk vHkko gS] tks lSU; lqj{kk
vfHk;kuksa esa egRoiw.kZ gSaA pqukSrhiw.kZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ekuo
lSfud lkSgknZ] HkkoukRed leFkZu vkSj lgkuqHkwfr ij Hkjkslk
djrs gSaA ,vkbZ&fu;af=kr ;k Lok;Ùk ç.kkfy;k¡ leku Lrj
dk HkkoukRed lg;ksx ugha dj ldrh gSa] tks laHkkfor
:i ls lSU; dfeZ;ksa ds eukscy vkSj dY;k.k dks çHkkfor
dj ldrh gSaA
z ;q¼ esa vkuqikfrdrk% lSU; vfHk;kuksa esa ,vkbZ dh 'kq:vkr
ls fgalk vkSj fouk'k esa o`f¼ gks ldrh gSA Lok;Ùk gfFk;kjksa
vkSj ,vkbZ&lapkfyr fu.kZ;&çfØ;k ds ifj.kkeLo:i
vlaxr çfrfØ;k,a vkSj laikf'oZd {kfr (collateral damage)
gks ldrh gS] ftlls vkuqikfrdrk vkSj gkfu de djus ds
fl¼karksa ds vuqikyu ds ckjs esa fpark,a c<+ ldrh gSaA
284
z mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj ftEesnkjh% ikjaifjd ;q¼ esa] yksxksa dks
uSfrd fl¼karksa ds mYya?ku ds fy, mÙkjnk;h Bgjk;k tk
ldrk gS vkSj ;q¼ vijkèkksa ds fy, ifj.kke Hkqxrus iM+
ldrs gSaA gkyk¡fd] Lopkfyr e'khuksa vkSj ,vkbZ flLVe dh
Hkkxhnkjh mÙkjnkf;Ro ds eqís dks tfVy cukrh gSA e'khuksa dks
muds dk;ks± ds fy, uSfrd :i ls ftEesnkj ugha Bgjk;k tk
ldrk gS] ftlls vuSfrd ;k Øwj dk;ks± ds fy, ftEesnkjh
vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro r; djus ij ç'ufpUg yxrs gSaA
mBk, tk ldus okys dne
lSU; lqj{kk esa Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk(,vkbZ) ds mi;ksx ls tqM+s uSfrd
eqíksa ij è;ku nsus ds fy, fuEufyf•r dne mBk, tk ldrs gSa%
z uSfrd <k¡ps% lSU; lqj{kk esa ,vkbZ ds mi;ksx ds fy,
fof'k"V O;kid uSfrd <k¡ps dk fodkl djukA bu :ijs•kvksa
esa xksiuh;rk vfèkdkj] ekuokfèkdkj] ;q¼ esa vkuqikfrdrk]
tokcnsgh vkSj vU; çklafxd uSfrd fparkvksa dks lacksfèkr
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A mUgsa fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, ekxZn'kZu çnku
djuk pkfg, vkSj mÙkjnk;h ,vkbZ mi;ksx ds fy, fl¼kar
LFkkfir djuk pkfg,A
z varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx% lSU; lqj{kk esa ,vkbZ ds mi;ksx ds
lacaèk esa oSf'od ekunaMksa vkSj fofu;eksa dks LFkkfir djus
ds fy, jk"Vªksa ds chp varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx vkSj laokn dks
c<+kok nsukA blls ,dhÑr n`f"Vdks.k lqfuf'pr djus vkSj
vuSfrd çFkkvksa dks jksdus esa enn fey ldrh gSA
z uSfrd fn'kkfunZs'k vkSj çf'k{k.k% lSU; lqj{kk esa 'kkfey
lSU; dfeZ;ksa vkSj ,vkbZ MsoyilZ ds fy, Li"V uSfrd
fn'kkfunZs'k fodflr fd, tk,aA ,sls çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe
vk;ksftr djuk tks ,vkbZ ds ftEesnkj vkSj uSfrd mi;ksx
ij è;ku dsafær djrs gSa] ekuo fujh{k.k] varjjk"Vªh; dkuwuksa
vkSj le>kSrksa dk ikyu vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa
ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks cuk, j•us ds egRo ij tksj nsrs gSaA
z tu lg;ksx vkSj ikjnf'kZrk% lSU; lqj{kk esa ,vkbZ ds
mi;ksx ds ckjs esa tu lg;ksx vkSj tkx:drk dks c<+kok
nsukA ppkZvksa vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa turk]
ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa vkSj fo'ks"kKksa dks 'kkfey djds
eqÙkQ ckrphr] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro dks çksRlkfgr
djukA blls fparkvksa dks de djus] fo'okl cukus vkSj
;g lqfuf'pr djus esa enn feysxh fd ,vkbZ rSukrh esa
lkekftd ewY;ksa ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA
z ekuo&e'khu lg;ksx% lSU; lqj{kk esa mi;ksx dh tkus
okyh ,vkbZ ç.kkfy;ksa esa ekuo fujh{k.k vkSj fu;a=k.k ds
egRo ij tksj nsukA euq";ksa vkSj e'khuksa ds ,d lkFk dke
djus ds fopkj dks c<+kok nsuk] ,vkbZ ç.kkyh bls iwjh
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 rjg ls çfrLFkkfir djus ds ctk; ekuo fu.kZ; ysus dh
{kerk dks c<+krh gSA ;g n`f"Vdks.k ,vkbZ dh {kerkvksa vkSj
ekuo fu.kZ; ds uSfrd fopkjksa ds chp larqyu lqfuf'pr
dj ldrk gSA
z lrr ewY;kadu vkSj vuqdwyu% lSU; lqj{kk esa rSukr ,vkbZ
ç.kkfy;ksa ds py jgs ewY;kadu vkSj vkdyu ds fy, ra=k
LFkkfir djukA ,vkbZ vuqç;ksxksa ds uSfrd fufgrkFkZ vkSj
çHkko dh fu;fer :i ls leh{kk djuk] fodflr uSfrd
ekudksa vkSj lkekftd ewY;ksa ds lkFk lajsf•r djus ds fy,
vko';d lek;kstu vkSj v|ruhdj.k djukA
z cgqfo"k;d n`f"Vdks.k% ,vkbZ fodkl vkSj lSU; lqj{kk
esa rSukrh ds fy, cgqfo"k;d n`f"Vdks.k dks c<+kok nsukA
fofoèk n`f"Vdks.k çnku djus vkSj uSfrd fufgrkFkks± ij lexz
fopkj lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, uSfrdrk] dkuwu] lkekftd
foKku vkSj n'kZu lfgr fofHkUu {ks=kksa ds fo'ks"kKksa dks
'kkfey djukA
z uSfrd ijh{kk vkSj çek.ku% lSU; lqj{kk esa mi;ksx dh tkus
okyh ,vkbZ ç.kkfy;ksa ds uSfrd ys•kijh{kk vkSj çek.ku ds
fy, ra=k LFkkfir djukA Lora=k r`rh;&i{k laxBu LFkkfir
uSfrd ekudksa dk vuqikyu lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ,vkbZ
çkS|ksfxfd;ksa }kjk uSfrd çFkkvksa vkSj vuqikyu dk vkdyu
dj ldrs gSaA
fu"d"kZ
lSU; lqj{kk esa ,vkbZ dk vuqç;ksx uSfrd fparkvksa dks c<+krk gS]
ftlesa xksiuh;rk dk mYya?ku] gsjiQsj] de gksrh ekuo cqf¼eÙkk]
lgkuqHkwfr dh deh] vkuqikfrdrk vkSj tokcnsgh pqukSfr;ka
'kkfey gSaA bu fparkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, uSfrd <k¡ps]
varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx] çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe] tu lgHkkfxrk]
ekuo&e'khu lg;ksx] fujarj ewY;kadu vkSj cgq&fo"k;d
n`f"Vdks.k vko';d gSaA ;s mik; ,vkbZ ds mÙkjnk;h mi;ksx
dks lqfuf'pr djrs gSa] ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks cuk, j•rs gSa vkSj
futh vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk djrs gSaA
9-10 dsaæhdj.k vkSj ,dkfèkdkj
ifjp;
z dsaæhdj.k vkSj ,dkfèkdkj ,sls 'kCn gSa tks ,d bdkbZ ;k
laLFkkvksa ds ,d NksVs lewg ds Hkhrj 'kfÙkQ vkSj fu;a=k.k
dh ,dkxzrk dks lanfHkZr djrs gSaA
z ,d dsaæh; bdkbZ esa vfèkdkj ;k çHkko ds lesdu dks
dsaæhdj.k dgk tkrk gS] tcfd ,dkfèkdkj rc gksrk gS tc
,d ,dy fuxe ;k lewg ,d fuf'pr cktkj dks fu;af=kr
uhfr'kkL=k% fofo/ fo"k;
djrk gS] ftlls çfrLièkkZ lekIr gks tkrh gS ;k dkiQh
de gks tkrh gSA
z ;s fopkj U;k;] çfrLièkkZ vkSj nq#i;ksx dh laHkkouk ds ckjs
esa uSfrd leL;k,a iSnk djrs gSaA
dsaæhdj.k vkSj ,dkfèkdkj dks le>uk
z dsaæhdj.k% 'kfÙkQ dh ,dkxzrk%
 ifjHkk"kk vkSj nk;jk% dsaæhdj.k ,d bdkbZ ;k laLFkkvksa
ds ,d NksVs lewg esa 'kfÙkQ] vfèkdkj ;k fu;a=k.k dh
,dkxzrk gSA ,d inkuqØfer laxBu ds lkFk] fu.kZ; ysus
dks vDlj 'kh"kZ ij dsaæhÑr fd;k tkrk gSA
 uSfrd fopkj%
 fu"i{krk vkSj tokcnsgh% dsaæhdj.k ds
ifj.kkeLo:i 'kfÙkQ vkSj fu.kZ; ysus okys çkfèkdj.k
ds U;k;laxr forj.k ls lacafèkr fpark,a mRiUu gksrh
gSaA ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh dh deh gksus ij lÙkk
dk nq#i;ksx gks ldrk gSA
 Hkkxhnkjh vkSj çfrfufèkRo% fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa dks
lqfuf'pr djus vkSj vkoktksa ds gkf'k, ls cpkus ds
fy,] lekos'kh fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k vko';d gSA
z ,dkfèkdkj% cktkj dk opZLo
 ifjHkk"kk vkSj nk;jk% ,dkfèkdkj rc gksrk gS tc
,d ,dy iQeZ ;k lewg ,d cktkj ij gkoh gksrk gS]
eky ;k lsokvksa dh vkiwfrZ ij fo'ks"k fu;a=k.k j•rk
gSA urhtru] cgqr de ;k dksbZ çfrLièkkZ ugha gksrh gSA
 uSfrd fopkj%
 çfrLièkkZ vkSj uokpkj% ,dkfèkdkj çfrLièkkZ dks
nck nsrk gS] tks uokpkj dks nck ldrk gS] xq.koÙkk
esa lqèkkj ds fy, çksRlkgu dks de dj ldrk gS
vkSj miHkksÙkQk fodYiksa dks lhfer dj ldrk gSA
 miHkksÙkQk dY;k.k% ,dkfèkdkj xfrfofèk;ksa ds
ifj.kkeLo:i mPp ykxr] de mRikn dh xq.koÙkk
vkSj miHkksÙkQkvksa ds fy, de fodYi gks ldrs gSa]
ftlls mUgsa uqdlku gks ldrk gSA
uSfrd fpark,a
z çfrLièkkZ dk vHkko% dsaæhdj.k vkSj ,dkfèkdkj çfrLièkkZ
esa ckèkk Mkyrs gSa] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i de xzkgd fodYi]
de uokpkj vkSj ewY; esa gsjiQsj dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA
'kfÙkQ dk ;g ladsUæ.k cktkj dh xfr'khyrk vkSj Lora=k ,oa
fu"i{k çfrLièkkZ ds fl¼karksa dks detksj djrk gSA
z vlekurk% ladsafær 'kfÙkQ lkekftd vlekurkvksa dks vkSj
•jkc dj ldrh gSA ,dkfèkdkj vDlj lalkèkuksa] vkiwfrZ
285
 J`a•ykvksa vkSj forj.k usVodZ dks fu;af=kr djrs gSa] ftlls
mUgsa vlaxr 'kfÙkQ dk bLrseky djus vkSj NksVh iQeks±]
Jfedksa vkSj xzkgdksa lfgr detksj fgrèkkjdksa dk nq#i;ksx
djus dh vuqefr feyrh gSA blls vkfFkZd varjky c<+us
vkSj lkekftd xfr'khyrk ckfèkr gksus dh laHkkouk gSA
z miHkksÙkQk dY;k.k% ,dkfèkdkjoknh xfrfofèk;k¡ mRikn dh
xq.koÙkk de djds] ykxr c<+kdj vkSj xzkgd lsok esa
fxjkoV djds miHkksÙkQkvksa dks çHkkfor dj ldrh gSaA ;fn
fo'oluh; fodYi miyCèk ugha gSa rks miHkksÙkQkvksa ds ikl
dqN gh fodYi jg ldrs gSa vkSj mUgsa ,dkfèkdkjoknh
nq#i;ksx dk vuqHko gks ldrk gSA
z uSfrd usr`Ro% dsaæhÑr laLFkk,a vkSj ,dkfèkdkj lekt
dks ykHk igqapkus ds fy, viuh 'kfÙkQ vkSj çHkko dk
mi;ksx djus dh uSfrd pqukSrh dk lkeuk djrs gSaA uSfrd
usr`Ro ds fy, ikjnf'kZrk] tokcnsgh vkSj muds fu.kZ;ksa vkSj
dk;ks± ds O;kid lkekftd ifj.kkeksa ds ckjs esa tkx:drk
vko';d gSA
uSfrd pqukSfr;ksa dks de djuk
z fu;ked <k¡ps% ljdkjsa vkSj fu;ked ,tsafl;ka fu"i{k
çfrLièkkZ dh xkjaVh nsus vkSj dsafær 'kfÙkQ ds nq#i;ksx dks
jksdus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSaA çHkkoh fu;e vkSj
vfo'okl dkuwu] leku volj ds laj{k.k] LoLFk çfrLièkkZ
dks c<+kok nsus vkSj miHkksÙkQkvksa vkSj NksVs cktkj lgHkkfx;ksa
ds fgrksa dh lqj{kk esa lgk;rk dj ldrs gSaA
z fofoèkrk vkSj uokpkj dks c<+kok nsuk% fofoèkrk dks
çksRlkfgr djuk vkSj ,slk okrkoj.k cukuk tks uokpkj
vkSj m|ferk dks c<+kok ns] dsaæhdj.k vkSj ,dkfèkdkj ds
udkjkRed ifj.kkeksa dks de djus esa enn dj ldrk gSA
,d lekos'kh laLÑfr cukdj vkSj LVkVZvi vkSj NksVs m|eksa
dk leFkZu djds lekt vfèkd çfrLièkkZ] u, fopkjksa vkSj
vkfFkZd çxfr ls ykHk mBk ldrk gSA
z lkekftd ftEesnkjh% ,dkfèkdkj vkSj dsaæhÑr fuxeksa
dks uSfrd O;kolkf;d çFkkvksa vkSj lkekftd ftEesnkjh
dks çkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg,A blesa fVdkÅ rduhdksa dk
mi;ksx djuk] leqnk; dks okil ykSVkuk vkSj deZpkfj;ksa]
vkiwfrZdrkZvksa vkSj xzkgdksa ds lkFk mfpr O;ogkj djuk
'kkfey gSA lkoZtfud fo'okl cuk, j•us ds fy, uSfrd
O;kolkf;d ç'kklu vkSj ikjnf'kZrk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z miHkksÙkQk l'kfÙkQdj.k% xzkgdksa dks muds vfèkdkjksa ds
ckjs esa f'kf{kr djuk] f'kf{kr fu.kZ; ysus esa l{ke cukuk
vkSj lkewfgd dkjZokbZ dks çksRlkfgr djuk O;fÙkQ;ksa dks
,dkfèkdkjoknh O;ogkj ls yM+us ds fy, l'kÙkQ cuk ldrk
286
gSA miHkksÙkQk odkyr lewg]m|ksx fuxjkuhdrkZ vkSj lwpuk
rd •qyh igqap lHkh vfèkd larqfyr cktkj ifjn`'; cukus
esa enn dj ldrs gSaA
fu"d"kZ
dsaæhdj.k vkSj ,dkfèkdkj uSfrd dfBukb;k¡ iSnk djrs gSa ftuds
fy, lkoèkkuhiwoZd fopkj vkSj dkjZokbZ dh vko';drk gksrh
gSA tcfd dsaæhdj.k n{krk esa lqèkkj dj ldrk gS vkSj lapkyu
dks lqO;ofLFkr dj ldrk gS] bls fu"i{krk] çfrLièkkZRedrk
vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k ds vkn'kks± ds lkFk tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A
fofu;ked <kaps tks LoLFk cktkj xfr'khyrk dk leFkZu djrs
gSa] uokpkj dks c<+kok nsrs gSa] vkSj miHkksÙkQkvksa vkSj NksVs cktkj
lgHkkfx;ksa ds vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk djrs gSa] lekt ds fy, ,d
y{; gksuk pkfg,A var esa] ge ,d vfèkd fu"i{k vkSj fVdkÅ
vkfFkZd ifjn`'; dks c<+kok ns ldrs gSa tks uSfrd ekudksa dks
lajf{kr djds] fofoèkrk dk leFkZu djds vkSj O;fÙkQ;ksa dks
l'kÙkQ cukdj lHkh fgrèkkjdksa dks ykHkkfUor djrk gSA
9-11 iQkekZL;qfVdy ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dh
uSfrdrk
ifjp;
z iQkekZL;qfVdy ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k oSf'od LokLF; ns•Hkky
ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd ;g thou dks c<+kus vkSj
lajf{kr djus okyh egRoiw.kZ nok,a vkSj mipkj çnku djrk
gSA gkyk¡fd] ;g tfVy m|ksx uSfrd pqukSfr;ksa ls jfgr
ugha gSA
z ;g ys• nok ewY; fuèkkZj.k] nokvksa rd igqap] vuqlaèkku
uSfrdrk vkSj LokLF; vkSj equkiQs ds larqyu tSls egRoiw.kZ
eqíksa ij è;ku dsafær djrs gq, iQkekZL;qfVdy ikfjfLFkfrdh
ra=k dh uSfrdrk dh tkap djrk gSA
D;k MkWDVj nok m|ksxksa ls eqÝr migkj Lohdkj
dj ldrs gSa\
z Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk ifj"kn (O;kolkf;d vkpj.k] f'k"Vkpkj
vkSj uSfrdrk) fofu;eksa ds vuqlkj] fpfdRldksa dks
migkj] ;k=kk lqfoèkk,a] vkfrF;] udn ;k ekSfæd vuqnku
tSlh ifjyfCèk;ka Lohdkj djus ls çfrcafèkr fd;k x;k
gSA
z eqÝr oLrqvksa dks Lohdkj djus ij (5]000 #i;s rd
ds çksRlkgu ds fy,) ^^fuank** ls ysdj rhu lky rd
dh vofèk ds fy, Hkkjrh; esfMdy jftLVj ;k jkT;
esfMdy jftLVj ls gVkus rd dbZ çdkj ds çfrcaèk
yx ldrs gSaA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
uSfrd fopkj vkSj pqukSfr;ka
z nok ewY; fuèkkZj.k vkSj lkeF;Z%
 ykHk vkSj igqap dks larqfyr djuk% mfpr ewY;
LFkkfir djuk tks ykHkçnrk dks vuqefr nsrk gS vkSj ;g
lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd lHkh O;fÙkQ;ksa dks iQkekZL;wfVdYl
rd lLrh igqap gksA
 ewY; fuèkkZj.k esa vlekurk,¡% {ks=kksa vkSj ns'kksa ds chp
nok ewY; fuèkkZj.k esa varj] de foÙkh; lalkèkuksa okys
yksxksa ds fy, igqap dks lhfer djrk gSA
z nokvksa rd igqap%
 LokLF; ns•Hkky lacaèkh vlekurk,¡% HkkSxksfyd] vk;
vkSj LokLF; ns•Hkky cqfu;knh <kaps tSls dkjdksa ds
dkj.k nokvksa rd vleku igqapA
 Åaph dhersa vkSj lhfer miyCèkrk% Åaph dherksa]
deh ;k forj.k usVodZ dh deh ds dkj.k lhfer
igqapA
z vuqlaèkku uSfrdrk%
 lwfpr lgefr% ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd vuqlaèkku esa
Hkkx ysus okys lwfpr vuqefr çnku djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa
laHkkfor tksf•eksa vkSj ykHkksa ds ckjs esa i;kZIr tkudkjh
nh tkrh gSA
 MsVk çkekf.kdrk vkSj fjiksfVZax% vuqlaèkku MsVk laxzg]
çlaLdj.k vkSj ijh{k.k ifj.kkeksa dh ikjn'khZ fjiksfVZax esa
çkekf.kdrk cuk, j•uk MsVk çkekf.kdrk vkSj fjiksfVZax
ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
z foi.ku çFkk,a vkSj ikjnf'kZrk%
 Hkzked foKkiu% iQkekZL;qfVdy foi.ku rduhdksa dh
lPpkbZ vkSj fu"i{krk ds ckjs esa uSfrd fpark,a] tks
fuèkkZfjr fu.kZ;ksa dks çHkkfor dj ldrh gSaA
 fgrksa dk Vdjko% iQkekZL;qfVdy fuxeksa vkSj LokLF;
ns•Hkky dfeZ;ksa ds chp foÙkh; lacaèkksa dk •qyklk djus
esa ikjnf'kZrk lqfuf'pr djuk] tks fpfdRlk fu.kZ;ksa dks
çHkkfor djus dh {kerk j•rs gSaA
z ckSf¼d laink vfèkdkj vkSj oSf'od LokLF;%
 vfHkxe vojksèk% fo'ks"k :i ls de vk; okys ns'kksa
esa thou j{kd iQkekZL;wfVdYl rd lLrh igqap dh
vko';drk ds lkFk ckSf¼d laink vfèkdkj laj{k.k dks
larqfyr djukA
 isVsaV vkSj fofu;ked ckèkk,a% isVsaV vkSj fofu;ked
çfrcaèkksa ds lkFk&lkFk O;kikj le>kSrksa dks fu;fU=kr
uhfr'kkL=k% fofo/ fo"k;
djuk tks lLrh tsusfjd nokvksa rd igqap dks lhfer
djrs gSaA
z dkWikZsjsV lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro (CSR)%
 uSfrd O;kolkf;d çFkk,¡% ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd
iQkekZL;qfVdy O;olk; vkiwfrZ J`a•yk çcaèku vkSj
dkWikZsjsV ç'kklu lfgr vius ifjpkyu ds lHkh fgLlksa
esa uSfrd O;kolkf;d çFkkvksa dk ikyu djsaA
 i;kZoj.kh; çHkko% iQkekZL;qfVdy fofuekZ.k] vif'k"V
çcaèku vkSj fVdkÅ çFkkvksa ds i;kZoj.kh; çHkko dks
lacksfèkr djukA
uSfrd pqukSfr;ksa dks de djuk
z ikjn'khZ ewY; fuèkkZj.k ekWMy% ikjn'khZ ewY; fuèkkZj.k ekWMy
ykxw djuk tks vuqlaèkku ,oa fodkl ykxr] lkoZtfud
LokLF; çHkko vkSj fofHkUu lewgksa ds fy, lkeF;Z tSls rRoksa
dks è;ku esa j•rk gSA
z lkeF;Z ds fy, lg;ksx% mfpr ewY; fuèkkZj.k ij ckrphr
djus vkSj vyx&vyx ewY; fuèkkZj.k vkSj NwV tSls mik;ksa ds
ekè;e ls lkeF;Z lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ljdkjksa] LokLF;
ns•Hkky ç.kkfy;ksa vkSj xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa (,uthvks) ds
lkFk dke djukA
z foHksnd ewY; fuèkkZj.k vkSj ykblsal% de vk; okys
ns'kksa esa vkSj lkoZtfud LokLF; vkikr fLFkfr;ksa ds nkSjku
fdiQk;rh igqap dks l{ke djus ds fy, foHksnd ewY;
fuèkkZj.k ekWMy vkSj ykblsal le>kSrksa dks ykxw djukA
z uSfrd fn'kkfunZs'k vkSj fujh{k.k% varjjk"Vªh; laxBuksa }kjk
ifjHkkf"kr tSls fd] etcwr uSfrd fl¼karksa vkSj fofu;eksa dk
ikyu] lkFk gh vuqlaèkku çfrHkkfx;ksa ds dY;k.k dks lajf{kr
djus ds fy, uSfrd lfefr;ksa }kjk fujh{k.kA
z ikjn'khZ fjiksfVZax vkSj MsVk lk>kdj.k% ijh{k.k ifj.kkeksa
dh fjiksfVZax esa ikjnf'kZrk dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj foKku dks
vkxs c<+kus vkSj fo'okl LFkkfir djus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h
MsVk lk>kdj.k dks c<+kok nsukA
z uSfrd foi.ku dksM% O;ogkj ds l[r foi.ku ekunaMksa
dk ikyu djuk tks çpkj dk;ks± esa ikjnf'kZrk] lVhdrk vkSj
v•aMrk dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA
z LoSfPNd ykblsaflax vkSj Kku gLrkarj.k% LoSfPNd
ykblsaflax le>kSrksa ds ekè;e ls tsusfjd mRikndksa ds lkFk
lg;ksx djds vkSj Kku gLrkarj.k dks c<+kok nsdj lLrh
nokvksa dh miyCèkrk c<+kukA
z ckSf¼d laink esa yphykiu% lkoZtfud LokLF; vkikr
fLFkfr;ksa dks gy djus vkSj egRoiw.kZ nokvksa rd igqap dks
287
 c<+kok nsus ds fy, vfuok;Z ykblsaflax tSls ckSf¼d laink
vfèkdkjksa ds yphysiu dh odkyr djukA
z ftEesnkj dkWikZsjsV ç'kklu% uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus] ikjnf'kZrk
vkSj tokcnsgh ij tksj nsus okyh etcwr dkWikZsjsV ç'kklu
lajpukvksa dks ykxw djuk ftEesnkj dkWikZsjsV ç'kklu ds :i
esa tkuk tkrk gSA
fu"d"kZ
nok dk ewY; fuèkkZj.k] nokvksa rd igqap] vuqlaèkku uSfrdrk]
foi.ku j.kuhfr;k¡] ckSf¼d laink vfèkdkj vkSj dkWikZsjsV lkekftd
ftEesnkjh os lHkh eqís gSa ftudk nok O;olk; lkeuk djrk gSA
m|ksx ,d uSfrd okrkoj.k LFkkfir dj ldrk gS tks ikjn'khZ
ewY; fuèkkZj.k] lg;ksx] uSfrd fn'kkfunZs'k] ftEesnkj foi.ku]
fu"i{k ckSf¼d laink çcaèku vkSj lkekftd ftEesnkjh ij tksj
nsdj leku igqap] jksxh dY;k.k] uokpkj vkSj oSf'od LokLF;
dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
9-12 oSokfgd cykRdkj vkSj oSokfgd vfèkdkj
lanHkZ
z Hkkjr esa oSokfgd cykRdkj vkSj nkEiR; vfèkdkjksa dk ç'u
,d fooknkLin eqík jgk gSA 2017 esa] Hkkjrh; lqçhe dksVZ us
èkkjk 375 ds mièkkjk dk gokyk nsrs gq, NqV çnku dh vkSj
iQSlyk lquk;k fd oSokfgd cykRdkj Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk
(vkbZihlh) ds rgr ,d vijkèk ugha gS] tks oSokfgd
cykRdkj dks cykRdkj dh ifjHkk"kk ls NwV nsrk gSA ;g
fu.kZ; ¶nkEiR; vfèkdkjksa¸ dh voèkkj.kk ij vkèkkfjr Fkk
vkSj bls efgykvksa ds ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks detksj djus
ds fy, vkykspuk dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA
z 2020 esa] 2017 ds iQSlys dks iyVus dh ekax djrs gq,
lqçhe dksVZ esa ,d ;kfpdk nk;j dh xbZ FkhA ;kfpdk esa rdZ
fn;k x;k gS fd èkkjk 375 esa viokn mièkkjk vlaoSèkkfud
gS vkSj oSokfgd cykRdkj dks vijkèk ekuk tkuk pkfg,A
lqçhe dksVZ dks vHkh ;kfpdk ij iQSlyk ysuk gS-
z gkyk¡fd] gky ds o"kks± esa ldkjkRed fodkl gq, gSaA
2021 esa] fnYyh mPp U;k;ky; us ekuk fd ?kjsyw fgalk ls
efgykvksa dh lqj{kk vfèkfu;e] 2005 ds rgr oSokfgd
cykRdkj ?kjsyw nqO;Zogkj dk ,d :i gSA ;g fu.kZ;
oSokfgd cykRdkj ds ihfM+rksa dks vnkyrksa ds ekè;e ls
eqvkots vkSj lqj{kkRed vkns'kksa lfgr ukxfjd mipkj çkIr
djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
288
oSokfgd cykRdkj dks le>uk
z oSokfgd cykRdkj% oSokfgd cykRdkj dksbZ Hkh vokafNr
laHkksx ;k ços'k gS] tks iRuh ds lgefr ds cSxj cy] cy
dh èkedh ds ekè;e ls çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
z oSokfgd vfèkdkj% oSokfgd vfèkdkj fookg&fufeZr
vfèkdkj gSa] ;kuh ifr ;k iRuh dk nwljs ifr ;k iRuh ds
lekt esa vfèkdkjA bu vfèkdkjksa dks dkuwu }kjk ekU;rk
çkIr gS] nksuksa fookg] rykd vkSj blh rjg ls fuiVus
okys O;fÙkQxr dkuwu esa] vkSj vkijkfèkd dkuwu esa ifr
;k iRuh dks j•j•ko vkSj xqtkjk HkÙkk ds Hkqxrku dks
vfuok;Z djrs gSaA
uSfrd eqís
z lEeku ds lkFk thus ds vfèkdkj dk mYya?ku% oSokfgd
cykRdkj fdlh efgyk ;k iRuh ds lEeku ds lkFk thus
ds vfèkdkj dk mYya?ku djrk gSA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds
vuqPNsn 21 ds vuqlkj] ekuoh; xfjek ds lkFk thus dk
vfèkdkj thou ds vfèkdkj (,d ekSfyd vfèkdkj) dk
fgLlk gSA
z ;kSu xksiuh;rk ds eqís% egkjk"Vª jkT; cuke eèkqdj ukjk;.k
ds ekeys esa] lqçhe dksVZ us iQSlyk lquk;k fd çR;sd efgyk
viuh ;kSu xksiuh;rk dh gdnkj gS vkSj ;g fdlh ds fy,
Hkh •qyk ugha gS fd og tc pkgs mldh xksiuh;rk dk
mYya?ku dj ldsA
z 'kkjhfjd vkRefu.kZ; dk vfèkdkj% çR;sd O;fÙkQ dks
vius 'kjhj ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysus dk vfèkdkj gSA blh rjg]
,d efgyk dk ;kSu lacaèk cukus ;k u djus ;k lgefr
nsus dk fu.kZ; mlds }kjk fy, x, lcls O;fÙkQxr fu.kZ;ksa
esa ls ,d gSA •qn dks vfHkO;ÙkQ djuk ,d vfèkdkj gS-
z lekurk ds vfèkdkj dk mYya?ku% blh rjg] Hkkjr esa]
vkbZihlh dh èkkjk 375 ds rgr cykRdkj vkSj oSokfgd
cykRdkj ds lkFk HksnHkkoiw.kZ O;ogkj] lkFk gh vkbZihlh
dh èkkjk 376 ds rgr nksuksa ds fy, nh xbZ vyx&vyx
ltk,a] lekurk ds vfèkdkj dk mYya?ku djrh gSaA
(vuqPNsn 14)A
z cykRdkj rykd dk vkèkkj ugha gS% D;ksafd oSokfgd
cykRdkj 1954 ds fo'ks"k fookg vfèkfu;e lfgr fdlh Hkh
O;fÙkQxr dkuwu ds rgr rykd dk vkèkkj ugha gS] blfy,
bls rykd vkSj ifr ;k iRuh ds f•ykiQ Øwjrk ds vkèkkj
ds :i esa mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i]
efgyk,¡ vlgk; cuh jgrh gSa vkSj pqipki lgrh jgrh gSaA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 ifjn`'; mnkgj.k
z ;|fi lkjk vkSj vCnqy fookfgr gSa] vCnqy vDlj lkjk
ds lkFk mldh Li"V lgefr ds fcuk ;kSu xfrfofèk;ksa
esa layXu gksrk gSA lkjk dk 'kks"k.k fd;k x;k gS] ysfdu
og bl ekeys dks vkxs c<+kus ls Mjrh gS D;ksafd lekt
mEehn djrk gS fd oSokfgd vfèkdkjksa dks lger gksus
ds vfèkdkj ij ojh;rk nh tk,A
z uSfrd fopkj%
 viuh 'kknh esa lkjk dh lgefr ds vfèkdkj dk
lEeku djuk] lkFk gh mldh lhekvksa dks Lohdkj
djuk] egRoiw.kZ uSfrd eqís gSaA
 fookg esa 'kfÙkQ dh xfr'khyrk dks igpkuuk egRoiw.kZ
gS] D;ksafd vCnqy dk xSj&lgefr okyk O;ogkj lkjk
dh Lok;Ùkrk vkSj lekurk dh mis{kk djrk gSA
 pwfa d nksuksa tksMk+ as dks ;kSu lhekvksa vkSj vis{kkvksa ds ckjs
esa bZekunkj laokn djuk pkfg,] blfy, bl eqís dks gy
djus ds fy, •qyk lapkj vkSj fo'okl egRoiw.kZ gSA
z çLrko%
 lkjk us vuqefr ds egRo vkSj viuh Lok;Ùkrk ij
tksj nsrs gq, vCnqy ds lkFk leL;k ij ppkZ dhA os
•qydj laokn djrs gSa] lhek,¡ fuèkkZfjr djrs gSa vkSj
lkjk dh lgefr dks çkFkfedrk nsrs gSaA
 vCnqy ftEesnkjh Lohdkj djrk gS] lkjk dh ckèkkvksa
dk lEeku djus dk oknk djrk gS] vkSj mlls Li"V
vuqefr ekaxrk gSA os lkaLÑfrd ekunaMksa ls gVdj
vius fj'rs esa lgefr dks çkFkfedrk nsrs gSaA lkjk
vkSj vCnqy ,d uSfrd vkSj lg;ksxkRed fookg
lacaèk cukus ds fy, lg;ksx djrs gSaA
vkoj.k dk fl¼kar
z dojpj(vkoj.k) dk fl¼kar ,d dkuwuh fl¼kar Fkk
tks ekurk Fkk fd tc ,d efgyk 'kknh djrh gS] rks
mldh dkuwuh igpku vkSj vfèkdkj mlds ifr ds lkFk
fefJr gks tkrs gSaA
z ifj.kkeLo:i] mldh dkuwuh {kerk lhfer Fkh vkSj og
laifÙk ugha j• ldrh Fkh] vuqcaèk esa ços'k ugha dj
ldrh Fkh] ;k Lora=k dkuwuh fLFkfr ugha j• ldrh FkhA
z ;g voèkkj.kk ml le; çpfyr lkekftd ekudksa vkSj
ySafxd vlekurk dks n'kkZrh gSA
z gkyk¡fd] bldh HksnHkkoiw.kZ çÑfr ds dkj.k] bl
voèkkj.kk dh vR;fèkd fuank dh xbZ gS vkSj vkèkqfud
dkuwuh ç.kkfy;ksa esa O;fÙkQxr vfèkdkjksa vkSj ySafxd
lekurk ds egRo dks igpkurs gq, bls vke rkSj ij
lekIr dj fn;k x;k gSA
uhfr'kkL=k% fofo/ fo"k;
uSfrd fufgrkFkZ
nwljh vksj] fookg] nwljs ifr ;k iRuh ds 'kjhj ij LokfeRo
;k fu;a=k.k çnku ugha djrk gSA oSokfgd cykRdkj ds uSfrd
ifj.kkeksa dks le>uk fdlh Hkh fj'rs esa Lok;Ùkrk] lgefr vkSj
xfjek ds vkn'kks± dks cuk, j•us ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA
z Lok;Ùkrk% çR;sd O;fÙkQ dks vius 'kjhj ds ckjs esa fu.kZ;
ysus dk vkarfjd vfèkdkj gS] ftlesa ;kSu O;ogkj esa 'kkfey
gksuk ;k u djuk Hkh 'kkfey gSA fookg ds vanj Lok;Ùkrk
ds bl vfèkdkj dks fcuk fdlh viokn ds cjdjkj j•k
tkuk pkfg,A
z lgefr% lgefr uSfrd ;kSu lacaèkksa dh uhao gSA bls Lora=k
:i ls fn;k tkuk pkfg,] mRlkgiwoZd çkIr fd;k tkuk
pkfg, vkSj vPNh rjg ls lwfpr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
lgefr ;k cy dh vuqifLFkfr oSokfgd fLFkfr dh ijokg
fd, fcuk] fdlh Hkh ;kSu laidZ ds uSfrd vkèkkj dks
detksj djrh gSA
z xfjek% oSokfgd cykRdkj ihfM+rk ds 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld
LokLF; dk mYya?ku djrk gSA LoLFk] U;k;laxr vkSj uSfrd
oSokfgd lk>snkjh ds fuekZ.k ds fy, çR;sd lkFkh dh xfjek
dk lEeku djuk vko';d gSA
oSokfgd cykRdkj dks vijkèk cukus ds f•ykiQ rdZ
z ,d laLFkk ds :i esa fookg dks vfLFkj djuk% blesa
ifjokjksa esa iw.kZ mFky&iqFky iSnk djus vkSj ,d laLFkk
ds :i esa fookg dks vfLFkj djus dh {kerk gS] ftlls
ikfjokfjd eap dks uqdlku igq¡prk gS tks ikfjokfjd ewY;ksa
dks dk;e j•rk gS vkSj ns'k ds vfLrRo esa ;ksxnku nsrk
gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa fookg dks ,d laLdkj ds :i esa
ns•k tkrk gSA
z dkuwu dk nq#i;ksx% ;g dkuwu dk nq#i;ksx djds ifr;ksa
dks ijs'kku djus dk ,d vklku lkèku cu ldrk gS]
ftldh rqyuk vkbZihlh dh èkkjk 498A (,d fookfgr
efgyk dks mlds ifr vkSj llqjky okyksa }kjk fn;k x;k
mRihM+u) ds c<+rs nq#i;ksx ls dh tk ldrh gSA
z tkx:drk vfèkd egRoiw.kZ gS% dsoy oSokfgd cykRdkj
dks vijkèk ?kksf"kr djuk bls lekIr djus ds fy, i;kZIr
ugha gks ldrk gS D;ksafd ,slh ?kVuk dks jksdus ds fy,
^^uSfrd vkSj lkekftd tkx:drk** vko';d gSA
z lcwr çkIr djus dh leL;k% ,slh fLFkfr esa lcwr çkIr
djuk ,d tfVy leL;k gSA tc oSokfgd cykRdkj dks
vijkèk ekuk tkrk gS] rks vijkèk lkfcr djus dk cks>
;k rks iRuh ij gksrk gS ;k ifr ij ftls viuh csxqukgh
289
 lkfcr djuh gksrh gS] ftlls bls ykxw djuk csgn eqf'dy
gks tkrk gSA
z futrk ds •fykiQ% dqN yksxksa dk dguk gS fd oSokfgd
cykRdkj dks vijkèk cukus ls ljdkj dks yksxksa ds futh
thou esa gLr{ksi djus dh vuqefr fey tk,xhA ;g
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn 21 esa thou ds vfèkdkj
dh xkjaVh esa fufgr futrk ds vfèkdkj dk mYya?ku gksxkA
z lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrk% lk{kjrk] vfèkdka'k efgykvksa ds
fy, foÙkh; l'kfÙkQdj.k dh deh] lkekftd n`f"Vdks.k]
fo'kky fofoèkrk] xjhch vkfn tSls rRoksa ds dkj.k Hkkjr esa
vf}rh; pqukSfr;k¡ gSa] vkSj oSokfgd cykRdkj dks vijkèk
?kksf"kr djus ls igys mudk lkoèkkuhiwoZd vè;;u fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
vkxs dh jkg
oSokfgd cykRdkj ds eqís dks lacksfèkr djus vkSj varjax lacaèkksa
esa lgefr ds egRo dks igpkuus ds fy, dbZ egRoiw.kZ ç;kl
fd, tkus pkfg,A
z dkuwuh lqèkkj% U;k;ewfrZ oekZ lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa dks
viuk,a] tks bl ckr ij tksj nsrh gS fd lgefr ds
ewY;kadu esa vkjksih vkSj f'kdk;rdrkZ ds chp lacaèk ij
fopkj ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd
oSokfgd cykRdkj dks ,d xaHkhj vijkèk ds :i esa ns•k
tk, vkSj bls gYds esa u fy;k tk,A
z fookg foPNsn% oSokfgd cykRdkj ds ihfM+rksa dks fookg
foPNsn ds ekè;e ls dkuwuh mik; çnku djsaA ;g O;fÙkQ;ksa
dks dkuwuh vyxko ;k rykd dh ekax djus dh vuqefr
nsrk gS] ftlls mUgsa viekutud lacaèk NksM+us dh vuqefr
feyrh gSA
z n`f"Vdks.k esa cnyko% dkuwuh lqèkkjksa ds vykok] lgefr
vkSj ySafxd lekurk ds ckjs esa lkoZtfud n`f"Vdks.k esa
cnyko dks çksRlkfgr djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA blds fy,
lkoZtfud tkx:drk vfHk;ku vkSj 'kSf{kd igy dh
vko';drk gS tks fookfgr ;k varjax lacaèk dh fLFkfr dh
ijokg fd, fcuk efgykvksa dh Lok;Ùkrk vkSj 'kkjhfjd
v•aMrk ds vfèkdkjksa ds Kku dks c<+kok nsA
z çf'k{k.k vkSj laosnhdj.k% lqfuf'pr djsa fd vfHk;kstdksa]
iqfyl vfèkdkfj;ksa vkSj vU; dkuwu çorZu vfèkdkfj;ksa dks
oSokfgd cykRdkj ds ekeyksa dks laHkkyus ds rjhds ij
O;kid çf'k{k.k feysA blesa laosnu'khyrk dk çf'k{k.k]
fj'rksa ds Hkhrj 'kfÙkQ vkSj fu;a=k.k dh xfr'khyrk dks
igpkuuk vkSj lHkh ihfM+rksa ds lkFk 'kkyhurk vkSj lEeku
ds lkFk O;ogkj djuk 'kkfey gSA
290
z lgk;rk lsok,¡% oSokfgd cykRdkj ds ihfM+rksa ds fy,
lgk;rk lsok,¡ LFkkfir djsa] tSls gsYiykbu] ijke'kZ vkSj
lqjf{kr {ks=kA fgald fLFkfr;ksa ls cpus ds bPNqd O;fÙkQ bu
,tsafl;ksa ds HkkoukRed leFkZu] dkuwuh lgk;rk vkSj funZs'k
ls ykHk mBk ldrs gSaA
oSokfgd cykRdkj ds f•ykiQ yM+kbZ esa gkfy;k
?kVukØe
oSokfgd cykRdkj ds f•ykiQ Hkkjr dh yM+kbZ esa dqN
gkfy;k ?kVukØe ;gka fn, x, gSa%
z 2021 esa% fnYyh mPp U;k;ky; us 2021 esa ekuk fd
efgykvksa dk laj{k.k vkSj ?kjsyw nqO;Zogkj vfèkfu;e]
2005 ds rgr oSokfgd cykRdkj ,d çdkj dk ?kjsyw
nqO;Zogkj gSA
z 2022 esa% jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx (,ulhMCY;w) us 2022
esa oSokfgd cykRdkj dh ?kVukvksa ls fuiVus ds fy,
fliQkfj'ksa dhaA fu;eksa ds vuqlkj] iqfyl dks oSokfgd
cykRdkj dh fLFkfr;ksa esa ,iQvkbZvkj ntZ djuh pkfg,]
vkSj U;k;kèkh'kksa dks ,sls ekeyksa ds çfr xzg.k'khy gksuk
pkfg,A
z 2023 esa% efgyk ,oa cky fodkl ea=kky; (MWCD)
us 2023 esa oSokfgd cykRdkj dks vijkèk ?kksf"kr djus
okyk ,d çLrkfor foèks;d is'k fd;kA ljdkj orZeku
esa foèks;d ij fopkj dj jgh gSA
fu"d"kZ
oSokfgd cykRdkj ,d dfBu fo"k; gS ftldh xgu tkap dh
vko';drk gSA oSokfgd cykRdkj dks vijkèk cukus ls u dsoy
enn feysxhA cfYd] ekStwnk dkuwuksa esa •kfe;ksa dks Bhd djus
vkSj mUgsa nwj djus dh t:jr gS] lkFk gh mu vçpfyr dkuwuksa
dks •Re djus dh t:jr gS tks efgykvksa vkSj lexz :i ls
lekt dh HkykbZ ds f•ykiQ dke djrs gSaA lHkh fgrèkkjdksa ds
lkFk lkoZtfud ijke'kZ vkSj ppkZ gh jkLrk gks ldrk gSA
9-13 tuer loZs{k.k vkSj uSfrd eqís
ifjp;
z tuer loZs{k.k yksxksa ds ,d fof'k"V uewus ds vkèkkj ij
turk dh jk; dk loZs{k.k gSA
z vkerkSj ij] tuer loZs{k.kksa dk mís'; ç'uksa dh ,d
J`a•yk iwNdj vkSj fiQj vuqikr ;k fo'okl varjky dk
mi;ksx djds lkekU;hdj.k djds tula[;k dh jk; dk
çfrfufèkRo djuk gSA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
z ,fXtV iksy ds foijhr] tks ernku ds ckn vk;ksftr fd,
tkrs gSa] vksfifu;u iksy pquko ls igys vk;ksftr fd,
tkrs gSaA
Hkkjr esa tuer loZs{k.kksa dk fofu;eu
z vuqPNsn 324 ds rgr fu;e% Hkkjr ds pquko vk;ksx
(bZlhvkbZ) us 1998 esa lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn 324 ds rgr
fu;e çdkf'kr fd,] tks ehfM;k dks çfrcafèkr le; ds
Hkhrj jk; vkSj ,fXtV iksy ds fu"d"kks± dks çlkfjr djus
ls jksdrs gSaA
 lqçhe dksVZ us 1999 esa iQSlyk lquk;k fd vkSipkfjd
ltk ds vHkko esa] bZlhvkbZ ,sls pqukoksa ij jksd yxkus
ds fy, dksbZ fu;e ykxw ugha dj ldrk gSA
z tuçfrfufèkRo vfèkfu;e] 1951 dh èkkjk 126 (A)
dks 2010 esa tksM+k x;k Fkk rkfd dsoy ,fXtV iksy dks
çfrcafèkr fd;k tk ldsA
 yksd çfrfufèkRo vfèkfu;e] 1951 dh èkkjk 126(1)
(B) ml ernku ftys esa pquko ls 48 ?kaVs igys
bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k esa tuer loZs{k.kksa ds çlkj ij
jksd yxkrh gSA
 ltk% èkkjk 126(1) (B) dk mYya?ku djus ij èkkjk
126(2) ds rgr nks lky rd dh dSn] tqekZuk ;k nksuksa
ls nafMr fd;k tkrk gSA
tuer loZs{k.k ds lkFk uSfrd eqís
z i{kikrh vkSj isM U;wt% bldk ekuuk gS fd dqN pquko
çk;ksftr] çsfjr vkSj i{kikriw.kZ gSaA
 i{kikriw.kZ uewus ls xyr vkSj Hkzked ifj.kke fey
ldrs gSa tks O;kid vkcknh ds fopkjksa dks çfrfcafcr
ugha djrs gSaA
 dSfEczt ,ukfyfVdk ?kksVkyk i{kikriw.kZ jk; cukus dk
,d dq[;kr mnkgj.k gSA
z vikjn'khZ vkSj i{kikrh uewukdj.k% O;kogkfjd :i ls
lHkh pquko vikjn'khZ gksrs gSa] ftlesa rduhd ds ckjs esa
cgqr de tkudkjh çnku dh tkrh gSA
 ,slh •kfe;ksa okys dbZ ^^ernku** xyr lwpuk ds
leku gSa] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ¶vuqfpr çHkko¸ iM+
ldrk gS] tks vkbZihlh èkkjk 171 (lh) ds rgr ,d
¶pqukoh vijkèk¸ gSA
 vkjih vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 123 (2) esa bls ¶Hkz"V
vkpj.k¸ ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
z tuer loZs{k.k dh bZekunkjh ij lansg% çsl dkmafly
vkWiQ bafM;k ds vuqlkj] vkt] D;ksafd bPNqd O;fÙkQ;ksa ;k
uhfr'kkL=k% fofo/ fo"k;
lewgksa }kjk tkfroknh] èkkfeZd vkSj tkrh; vkèkkj ij lw{e
vkSj lw{e çpkj ds lkFk&lkFk dfFkr pquko loZs{k.k tSls
ifj"Ñr lkèkuksa ds mi;ksx ds ekè;e ls ernkrkvksa dks
xqejkg djus vkSj xqejkg djus ds fy, fçaV ehfM;k dk
'kks"k.k fd;k tk jgk gSA
z pqukoh çfØ;k ij vuqfpr çHkko% tuer loZs{k.kksa dk
pquko çfØ;k dh ifo=krk vkSj v•aMrk ij lhèkk çHkko
iM+rk gSA
 muesa ernku O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djus vkSj pqukoh
urhtksa dks cnyus dh {kerk gksrh gSA
 2014 dh 'kq#vkr esa ,d Vsyhfotu lekpkj dk;ZØe
ds fLVax vkWijs'ku us dkiQh gypy epk nh FkhA
 de ls de 11 ernku iQeks± dks ernku esa xM+cM+h
djrs gq, jaxs gkFkksa idM+k x;kA
 ;s ernku daifu;k¡ =kqfV ds varj] mEehnokj dh thr
ds varj] fdlh ikVhZ ds fy, lhV ds vuqeku dks
xyr lkfcr djus ;k udkjkRed MsVk dks fNikus ds
fy, rS;kj FkhaA viQlksl dh ckr gS fd bl •qykls
dks og è;ku ugha feyk ftldk ;g gdnkj FkkA
z cSaMoSxu çHkko% cSaMoSxu çHkko dk nkok gS fd ernkrk
¶cSaMoSxu ij dwnrs gSa¸] ftldk vFkZ gS fd ;fn dksbZ ikVhZ
pquko esa c<+r gkfly dj jgh gS] rks ikVhZ ernkrkvksa ls
vfèkd leFkZu çkIr djsxh] vkSj blds foijhr ;fn ikVhZ
pquko esa gkj jgh gSA
z vuqfpr vkSj vokLrfod nkos% loZs{k.kdrkZ O;kid nkos
djds fLFkfr dks vkSj •jkc dj nsrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] vkWfLVª;k ds dêðjiaFkh pkalyj
lscsfLV;u dqtZ ij iQksu loZs{k.kksa dh O;oLFkk djus vkSj
mUgsa oSèk tuer loZs{k.k ds :i esa çLrqr djus ds fy,
lekpkj ehfM;k dks •jhnus dk vkjksi yxk;k x;k gSA
z laHkkfor uqdlku vkSj çHkko% dqN ekeyksa esa] tuer
loZs{k.kksa ds vuisf{kr ifj.kke gks ldrs gSa] tSls fd turk
dh jk; ;k pquko ifj.kkeksa dks çHkkfor djukA
 pquko ifj.kke ernkrkvksa dks çHkkfor dj ldrs gSa ;k
pqukoksa esa Hkkxhnkjh dks grksRlkfgr dj ldrs gSa] ftlls
laHkkfor :i ls fo"ke ifj.kke gks ldrs gSaA
blls lacafèkr] tuer loZs{k.k okLrfod vkadM+s dk lVhd
çfrfufèkRo ugha djrs gSaA blds vykok] os fof'k"V jktuhfrd
nyksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, pqukoksa ls igys fo'ks"k :i ls
çlkfjr fd, tkrs gSaA
291
D;k vksfifu;u iksy ij çfrcaèk yxkus ls leL;k dk
lekèkku gks ldrk gS\
dbZ jktuhfrd oSKkfudksa us vksfifu;u iksy ij iwjh rjg
ls çfrcaèk yxkus dh ekax dh gSA ysfdu blesa fuEufyf•r
eqís gksaxs%
z fcuk lksps&le>s çfrfØ;k,¡% pquko iwoZ vksfifu;u iksy
ij iw.kZ çfrcaèk yxkus] ;k uksfVl ds fnu ls 'kq: gksus
okys fu"ksèk dh ekax] fcuk lksps&le>s dh xbZ çfrfØ;k
dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gS tks gekjh vfèkdka'k uhfr;ksa ij
gkoh gks xbZ gSA
z U;kf;d tkap ikl djus esa foiQy% vfHk;ku dh vofèk
ds fy, iw.kZ çfrcaèk dks vnkyr esa cjdjkj ugha j•k tk
ldrk gSA
z cksyus vkSj vfHkO;fÙkQ dh Lora=krk ds •fykiQ% ;g
le>uk eqf'dy gS fd bl rjg ds fu"ksèk dks laoSèkkfud
:i ls çnÙk vfHkO;fÙkQ dh Lora=krk ij ¶mfpr çfrcaèk¸
ds :i esa dSls mfpr Bgjk;k tk ldrk gSA
z bls ykxw djuk csgn dfBu gksxk- ;g lkoZtfud LFkkuksa
ij èkweziku ij çfrcaèk dh rjg dsoy dkxtksa ij ekStwn
gks ldrk gSA
z dkuwu dk ikyu djus okyh ,tsafl;ksa dks nafMr djsa%
;g lHkh oSèk vkSj dkuwu dk ikyu djus okyh ,tsafl;ksa dks
ckgj dj ldrk gS] ftlls jkr Hkj pyus okys vkWijs'kuksa
}kjk pyk, tkus okys vokafNr loZs{k.kksa ds fy, eSnku •qyk
jg tkrk gSA
z Hkz"Vkpkj dks c<+kok nsuk% ;g fuf'pr :i ls tkudkjh
ds fy, ,d dkyk cktkj rS;kj djsxk] ftlesa ikjn'khZ vkSj
tokcnsg ernku dh txg xqIr ernku vkSj iQqliQqlkgVsa
ys ysaxhA
mik;ksa dh t:jr
z ,d laHkkfor n`f"Vdks.k ,d Lora=k fu;ked gksxk% tSls
fd fczfV'k iksfyax dkmaflyA
 uewuk vkdkj] rduhd] le; lhek vkSj vuqlaèkku
deZpkfj;ksa ds çf'k{k.k dh xq.koÙkk ds vykok] lHkh
ernku laxBuksa dks leh{kk ds fy, çk;kstd dk •qyklk
djuk gksxkA blh rtZ ij Hkkjr Hkh viuh is'ksoj laLFkk
LFkkfir dj ldrk gSA
292
 2015 esa fcgkj pquko ds ckn] Ng çeq• ,tsafl;ksa us
Hkkjrh; ernku ifj"kn uked ,d Lo&fu;ked bdkbZ
ds xBu ij ppkZ dhA djhc Ng lky esa dksbZ fodkl
ugha gqvkA
z ,d vkpkj lafgrk fodflr djuk% ,d tuer loZs{k.k
vkpkj lafgrk ekStwn gksuh pkfg,A uewuk Úse] uewuk vkdkj]
vkSj uewuk fudkyus ds fy, mi;ksx dh tkus okyh fof'k"V
çfØ;k çdkf'kr dh tk,xh] lkFk gh çkIr uewus dh
lkekftd çksiQkby Hkh çdkf'kr dh tk,xhA
z ikjnf'kZrk esa lqèkkj% loZs{k.k djus okys lewg dk LokfeRo
vkSj VªSd fjdkWMZ] lkFk gh çk;kstdksa ds uke lkoZtfud
fd, tk,axsA
z uewuk =kqfV dks nwj djuk% uewuk Úse] uewuk vkdkj] vkSj
lVhd uewuk çfØ;k fu;ksftr_ çkIr uewus dh lekt'kkL=kh;
çksiQkby dks lkoZtfud fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z tkjh djus dk le;% jktuhfrd çfØ;kvksa ij fdlh Hkh
vuqfpr çHkko dks de djus ds fy, pquko ifj.kkeksa ds
le; vkSj tkjh djus esa uSfrd fopkj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
z xksiuh;rk dh j{kk djuk% O;fÙkQxr tkudkjh dks lqjf{kr
:i ls ,d=k vkSj laxzghr fd;k tkuk pkfg,] vkSj ;g
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ifj.kkeksa dh fjiksVZ djrs le;
xqeuke gksuk pkfg, fd O;fÙkQ;ksa dh igpku ugha dh tk
ldrh gSA
 blds vfrfjÙkQ] ,d=k fd, x, MsVk dk mi;ksx dsoy
crk, x, vuqlaèkku mís';ksa ds fy, fd;k tkuk pkfg,
vkSj fdlh vU; vlacafèkr xfrfofèk;ksa ds fy, ughaA
z rVLFkrk dks cuk, j•uk% çeq• ;k i{kikrh ç'uksa ls cpus
ds fy, lkoèkkuh cjruh pkfg, tks çfrHkkfx;ksa dh jk; dks
vuqfpr :i ls çHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA
 loZs{k.kdrkZvksa dks lVhd vkSj fu"i{k ifj.kke çkIr
djus ds fy, ç'u fMtkbu esa rVLFkrk vkSj fu"i{krk
ds fy, ç;kl djuk pkfg,A
fu"d"kZ
dqy feykdj] tuer loZs{k.k turk dh jk; esa ewY;oku
varnZ`f"V çnku dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu ,d=k fd, x, MsVk dh
çkf.kdrk vkSj lVhdrk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, uSfrd fopkj
egRoiw.kZ gSaA bu uSfrd fparkvksa dks lacksfèkr djds] ge tuer
loZs{k.kksa dh fo'oluh;rk vkSj lwfpr fu.kZ; ysus esa muds
;ksxnku dks cuk, j• ldrs gSaA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
9-14 cqYMkst+j ekWMy vkSj çkÑfrd U;k; dk
fl¼kar
ifjp;
z 'kklu ds ^^cqyMkstj ekWMy**] ftlesa ltk ds :i
esa laifÙk dk foèoal 'kkfey gS] fd çkÑfrd U;k; ds
fl¼kar dk mYya?ku djus ds fy, vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA
çkÑfrd U;k; dk fl¼kar] ftls vkWMh vYVje ikVZse fu;e
(AudiAlteram Partem rule) ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS]
ds fy, vko';d gS fd O;fÙkQ;ksa dks nafMr djus ls igys
fu"i{k lquokbZ nh tk,A
z bldk eryc gS fd mUgsa muds f•ykiQ vkjksiksa dk uksfVl
fn;k tkuk pkfg,] viuk ekeyk is'k djus dk volj fn;k
tkuk pkfg,] vkSj odhy }kjk çfrfufèkRo djus dk vfèkdkj
fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
çkÑfrd U;k; ds rRo
çkÑfrd U;k; ds fl¼kar esa vkerkSj ij fuEufyf•r rRo
'kkfey gksrs gSa%
z lquokbZ dk vfèkdkj% O;fÙkQ;ksa dks viuk ekeyk is'k djus
dk vfèkdkj gS vkSj fu.kZ; ysus okys }kjk muds rdks± vkSj
lcwrksa ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA
 blesa vkjksiksa dk tokc nsus] xokgksa ls ftjg djus vkSj
nyhysa is'k djus dk vfèkdkj 'kkfey gSA
z fu"i{k fu.kZ;drkZ% vfèkdkfj;ksa dks ekeys ds urhts esa
dksbZ O;fÙkQxr fgr ;k dksbZ iwoZdfYir èkkj.kk ugha gksuh
pkfg, tks muds iQSlys dks çHkkfor dj ldrh gSA
z ekeys dh lwpuk% O;fÙkQ;ksa dks muds f•ykiQ ekeys dh
i;kZIr lwpuk nh tkuh pkfg,] ftlesa vkjksiksa dh çÑfr]
ftu lcwrksa ij Hkjkslk fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj laHkkfor ifj.kke
'kkfey gSaA
 ;g O;fÙkQ;ksa dks vius cpko dks i;kZIr :i ls rS;kj
djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
z ,d fu"i{k U;k;kfèkdj.k dk vfèkdkj% fu.kZ; ysus okyk
fudk; ;k U;k;kfèkdj.k fu"i{k gksuk pkfg, vkSj fgrksa ds
fdlh Hkh Vdjko ls eqÙkQ gksuk pkfg,A
 fu.kZ; O;fÙkQxr iwokZxzgksa ;k ckgjh nckoksa ds ctk;
lk{; vkSj ykxw dkuwu ij vkèkkfjr gksuk pkfg,A
z fu.kZ; ds dkj.kksa dk vfèkdkj% O;fÙkQ;ksa dks fu.kZ; ds
fy, fyf•r dkj.k çkIr djus dk vfèkdkj gSA ;g mUgsa
fu.kZ; ds ihNs rdZ dks le>us vkSj ;g fuèkkZfjr djus dh
vuqefr nsrk gS fd D;k dksbZ dkuwuh =kqfV;ka dh xbZ FkhaA
uhfr'kkL=k% fofo/ fo"k;
çkÑfrd U;k; ds rhu fl¼kar
1- Audi alteram partem (lquus dk vfèkdkj)% ;g
fl¼kar bl ckr ij tksj nsrk gS fd fookn ;k fu.kZ;
ysus dh çfØ;k esa 'kkfey lHkh i{kksa dks lqus tkus dk
vfèkdkj gSA
d- bldk eryc gS fd O;fÙkQ;ksa dks vius ekeys is'k
djus] muds f•ykiQ yxk, x, vkjksiksa ;k rdks± dk
tokc nsus vkSj fu.kZ;&fuekZrk }kjk muds rdks± vkSj
lcwrksa ij fopkj djus dk volj feyuk pkfg,A
2- Nemo judex in causa sua (iwokZxzg ds fo#¼
fu;e)% ;g fl¼kar crkrk gS fd fu.kZ; ysus okys dks
fu"i{k vkSj fu"i{k gksuk pkfg,A
d- ;g ,sls O;fÙkQ;ksa dks fu.kZ; ysus ls jksdrk gS ftudh
ekeys ds urhts esa O;fÙkQxr #fp gS ;k dksbZ
iwoZdfYir èkkj.kk gSA
•- fu.kZ; ysus okyksa ds fgrksa dk dksbZ Vdjko ugha gksuk
pkfg, tks muds fu.kZ; dks çHkkfor dj ldrk gS]
vkSj mUgsa ekeys dks •qys fnekx vkSj rVLFkrk ds
lkFk ns•uk pkfg,A
3- fu"i{k lquokbZ vkSj rdZlaxr fu.kZ; dk fu;e% bl
fl¼kar esa fofHkUu rRo 'kkfey gSa tks fu"i{k lquokbZ esa
;ksxnku djrs gSaA
d- blesa ekeys dh i;kZIr lwpuk dk vfèkdkj (vkjksiksa
dh çÑfr] lk{; vkSj laHkkfor ifj.kkeksa lfgr)]
dkuwuh çfrfufèkRo dk vfèkdkj] xokgksa ls ftjg
djus dk vfèkdkj vkSj fu.kZ; ds fy, dkj.k çkIr
djus dk vfèkdkj 'kkfey gSA
bu fl¼karksa dk mís'; ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd fu.kZ; ysus dh
çfØ;k fu"i{k] ikjn'khZ vkSj tokcnsg gksA os ç'kklfud dkuwu]
vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokgh vkSj U;kf;d çfØ;kvksa lfgr fofHkUu
dkuwuh lanHkks± ij ykxw gksrs gSaA
cqYMkst+j laLÑfr dk vkSfpR;
z Rofjr U;k;% vkt cqYMkst+j ,d ,sls 'kklu dk çfrfufèkRo
djrk gS tks mu O;fÙkQ;ksa ij vR;kpkj gS] tks ekurs gSa fd
mUgksaus dqN xyr fd;k gSA
 ogka dksbZ iwNrkN ugha Fkh] vnkyrh iQSlyksa dk bartkj
ugha Fkk vkSj dkuwuh çfØ;kvksa dh dksbZ t:jr ugha FkhA
 pkgs Hkkxs gq, tksM+s gksa]dkuwu rksM+us okys gksa] ;k
lkeqnkf;d fgalk gks] iqfyl tYnckth esa cqyMkstj ds
ekè;e ls ltk nsus dh vksj #• dj jgh gSA
293
z lhekar rRoksa ij nkf;Ro% jkT; dh xfrfofèk;ksa ds j{kd
vDlj 2009 ds lqçhe dksVZ ds iQSlys dk gokyk nsrs gSa
ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd fdlh ?kVuk ds nkSjku fdlh Hkh
fgalk dh ftEesnkjh dk;ZØe ds vk;kstdksa dh gksrh gSA
 iQSlys ds vuqlkj] vk;kstdksa dks bl rjg dh fgalk ls
mRiUu nkoksa dk fuiVkjk djuk pkfg,A
 gkykafd] ;s yksx iQSlys ds vU; igyqvksa dh vuns•h
djrs gSa] tSls fd vk;kstdksa dks fgalk esa lgHkkxh
LFkkfir djus dh iwoZorhZ vko';drk gSA
z jkT; }kjk vfrØe.k fojksèkh vfHk;ku% cqYMkst+j us
iM+ksl esa ¶voSèk :i ls¸ cuh bekjrksa ;k ?kj ds foLrkj
dks èoLr dj fn;k gS] tgka gky gh esa fnYyh] eè; çns'k
vkSj xqtjkr esa lkaçnkf;d >M+isa ntZ dh xbZaA
z Hkfo"; ds vijkèkksa vkSj vijkfèk;ksa dks çfrcafèkr djsa%
;g vijkèk vkSj voSèk xfrfofèk;ksa dks jksdus dk ,d rjhdk
gSA fopkj ;g gS fd vxj yksxksa dks irk gS fd dkuwu rksM+us
ij mudh laifÙk èoLr dj nh tk,xh] rks muds ,slk djus
dh laHkkouk de gksxhA
cqYMkst+j laLÑfr ds lkFk uSfrd eqís
dkuwu dh mfpr çfØ;k ds fcuk laifÙk dk foèoal dbZ
rjhdksa ls çkÑfrd U;k; ds fl¼kar dk mYya?ku gS%
z ;g O;fÙkQ;ksa dks lquokbZ ds vfèkdkj ls oafpr djrk
gS% ;fn laifÙk dks uksfVl ;k lquokbZ ds volj ds fcuk
èoLr dj fn;k tkrk gS] rks O;fÙkQ;ksa dks ;g le>kus dk
ekSdk ugha fey ldrk gS fd mudh laifÙk dks èoLr D;ksa
ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z dkuwu dh mfpr çfØ;k dks detksj djrk gS% laifÙk
dk foèoal ltk dk ,d :i gks ldrk gS] tks Lora=krk ls
oafpr gksus dk ,d :i gSA
 çkÑfrd U;k; ds fl¼kar ds rgr] O;fÙkQ;ksa dks dkuwu
dh mfpr çfØ;k ds fcuk nafMr ugha fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
z O;fÙkQ;ksa ij fouk'kdkjh çHkko% laifÙk dk foèoal
O;fÙkQ;ksa ds thou ij fouk'kdkjh çHkko Mky ldrk gSA
 ;g mUgsa muds ?kjksa ls foLFkkfir dj ldrk gS] muds
O;olk;ksa dks u"V dj ldrk gS] vkSj mUgsa vkthfodk
dks çHkkfor dj ldrk gSA
z vuqPNsn 300A dk mYya?ku% ^^dkuwu ds vfèkdkj ds
vykok fdlh dks Hkh mldh laifÙk ls oafpr ugha fd;k
tk,xk**A
294
z lokZsPp U;k;ky; dk mYya?ku% Hkkjr ds lokZsPp U;k;ky;
us foèoal ds lanHkZ esa çkÑfrd U;k; ds fl¼kar ds egRo
dks igpkuk gSA
 ,e-lh- esgrk cuke xqtjkr jkT; ds ekeys esa] U;k;ky;
us ekuk fd dkuwu dh mfpr çfØ;k ds fcuk laifÙk dk
foèoal lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn 21 ds rgr thou vkSj
Lora=krk ds vfèkdkj dk mYya?ku gSA
 U;k;ky; us ;g Hkh ekuk fd laifÙk dk foèoal ltk
dk ,d :i gks ldrk gS] tks Lora=krk ls oafpr djus
dk ,d :i gS] vkSj ;g ltk dkuwu dh mfpr çfØ;k
ds fcuk ugha nh tk ldrh gSA
z dksbZ iwoZ lwpuk ugha% ;g çkoèkku xkjaVh nsrk gS fd
O;fÙkQ;ksa dks NksM+us ds fy, i;kZIr le; gSA blls igys fd
mUgsa tkus ds fy, etcwj fd;k tk,] pys tk,aA
z 'kfÙkQ ds i`FkDdj.k dk vfrØe.k% dk;Zikfydk
U;k;kèkh'k] twjh vkSj tYykn dh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSA
z ;g lkewfgd naM dk ,d :i gS% tc iwjs leqnk;@ifjokj
dh laifÙk dks èoLr dj fn;k tkrk gS] rks vDlj funkZs"k
yksx gh lcls vfèkd çHkkfor gksrs gSaA
 blls vlarks"k vkSj Øksèk gks ldrk gS] tks la?k"kZ dks vkSj
c<+kok ns ldrk gSA
mik;ksa dh t:jr
z dkjZokbZ ls igys uksfVl nsuk% csn•yh ls igys] 1985 dk
,sfrgkfld vksYxk Vsfyl iQSlyk bl ckr ij çdk'k Mkyrk
gS fd uksfVl dh vko';drk gS] lkFk gh vfrØe.k djus
okyksa lfgr çHkkfor yksxksa dh ckr lquuk Hkh vko';d gSA
z U;k;ikfydk dks etcwr cukuk% tSls iQkLV&VªSd vnkyrksa
dh LFkkiuk] vkSj U;kf;d dk;Zokgh esa ikjnf'kZrkA
z lkewfgd naM ds •fykiQ •M+s gksa% vnkyr dks bl
rF; dk Hkh lkeuk djuk pkfg, fd bl rjg ds foèoal
lkewfgd naM gSa] ftudk lkewfgd naM ds ctk; O;fÙkQxr
ftEesnkjh ij vkèkkfjr vkèkqfud dkuwuh ç.kkyh esa dksbZ
LFkku ugha gSA
z dkuwuksa dk çHkkoh dk;kZUo;u% gfj;k.kk] mÙkj çns'k vkSj
mÙkjk•aM tSls jkT;ksa esa O;oèkku ds dkj.k laifÙk ds uqdlku
dh HkjikbZ ds fy, dkuwu ekStwn gSaA
fu"d"kZ
^^lafnXèk** yksxksa ds ?kjksa vkSj O;olk;ksa dks èoLr djus ds fy,
cqyMkstj rSukr djus dh fooknkLin j.kuhfr LFkkuh; vkcknh dks
viwj.kh; {kfr igqapkrh gSA fdlh vU; leqnk; ds fuoklh mfpr
lquokbZ ds fcuk vfu;af=kr cqYMkst+j ls ihfM+r gksaxsA ;s dkjZokb;ka
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
laf{kIr gSa] ysfdu ;g nkx dk;e jgrk gS vkSj dkuwuh ç.kkyh
ds ckjs esa eqís mBkrk gSA vnkyr dks ;g lans'k nsuk pkfg, fd
Hkkjr esa dkuwu dk 'kklu etcwr gSA
9-15 ihr i=kdkfjrk
tkWu LVqvVZ fey
gj fdlh dh jk; lquh tkuh pkfg,] Hkys gh og ,d ikxy
vkneh gksA D;ksafd gj jk; esa lPpkbZ dk ,d fgLlk gksrk gSA
ifjp;
z i=kdkfjrk vke turk ds fy, lekpkj vkSj lkekftd eqíksa
dks bdêòk djus] fo'ys"k.k djus vkSj çlkfjr djus dk is'kk
gSA ehfM;k lzksrksa dk çeq• dk;Z turk dks çcq¼ djuk
vkSj fo'oluh;] fu"i{k tkudkjh çnku djuk gSA vkt]
i=kdkfjrk ,d uSfrd ladV dk lkeuk dj jgh gS] bldh
jsfVax yxkrkj fxj jgh gS vkSj ,d yksdrkaf=kd ,tsalh ds
:i esa bldh O;ogk;Zrk dks lansg ls ns•k tk jgk gSA
i=kdkfjrk ij xkaèkhoknh uSfrdrk
z egkRek xkaèkh us ,d lsok ds :i esa i=kdkfjrk ds egRo
ij tksj fn;k] u fd ikuh dh vfu;af=kr èkkjk ds :i esaA
z mUgksaus lkekftd ftEesnkjh ds fopkj ij tksj nsrs gq,
dgk fd i=kdkfjrk dks luluh•st] fo:i.k vkSj rF;ksa
ds gsjiQsj ls cprs gq, leiZ.k ds lkFk yksxksa dh lsok
djuh pkfg, vkSj mUgsa f'kf{kr djuk pkfg,A
z mUgksaus ykHk ds fy, i=kdkfjrk esa uSfrd ekudksa dh
vko';drk ij tksj fn;kA
ehfM;k uSfrdrk ds rRo
ehfM;k uSfrdrk esa fl¼karksa vkSj ekudksa dk ,d lewg 'kkfey gS
tks ehfM;k is'ksojksa ds uSfrd O;ogkj vkSj çFkkvksa dk ekxZn'kZu
djrk gSA gkyk¡fd lkaLÑfrd vkSj çklafxd dkjdksa ds vkèkkj
ij fof'k"V rRo fHkUu gks ldrs gSa] ;gk¡ dqN egRoiw.kZ rRo gSa
tks vkerkSj ij ehfM;k uSfrdrk ls tqM+s gSa%
z lPpkbZ vkSj lVhdrk% ehfM;k is'ksojksa dh uSfrd ftEesnkjh
gS fd os lPpkbZ vkSj lVhd :i ls fjiksVZ djsaA mUgsa rF;ksa
dks lR;kfir djuk pkfg,] lzksrksa dh tkap djuh pkfg,]
vkSj fu"i{k vkSj larqfyr rjhds ls tkudkjh is'k djuh
pkfg,A
 blesa >wBh tkudkjh] Hkzked lqf•Z;ksa vkSj Hkzked laiknu
çFkkvksa ds çlkj ls cpuk 'kkfey gSA
uhfr'kkL=k% fofo/ fo"k;
z Lora=krk vkSj fu"i{krk% ehfM;k dks vuqfpr çHkko]
jktuhfrd ncko ;k fgrksa ds Vdjko ls Lora=krk cuk,
j•uh pkfg,A i=kdkjksa dks i{kikr] iwokZxzg ;k O;fÙkQxr ;k
dkWikZsjsV ,tsaMs dks c<+kok nsus ls cprs gq, fu"i{krk ds fy,
ç;kl djuk pkfg,A
z xksiuh;rk% ehfM;k is'ksojksa dks O;fÙkQ;ksa ds xksiuh;rk
vfèkdkjksa dk lEeku djuk pkfg, vkSj O;fÙkQxr tkudkjh
dks lkoèkkuh ls laHkkyuk pkfg,A
z laosnu'khyrk vkSj lEeku% ehfM;k dks lkaLÑfrd]
èkkfeZd] uLyh; vkSj ySafxd fofoèkrk ds çfr laosnu'khyrk
vkSj lEeku çnf'kZr djuk pkfg,A
 mUgsa :f<+okfnrk dks dk;e j•us] HksnHkkoiw.kZ çFkkvksa esa
'kkfey gksus ;k uiQjr iQSykus okys Hkk"k.k dks c<+kok
nsus ls cpuk pkfg,A
 ftEesnkj fjiksfVZax ds fy, gkf'k, ij ekStwn ;k detksj
leqnk;ksa ij Hkk"kk] n`'; vkSj vk[;kuksa ds laHkkfor çHkko
ij fopkj djuk vko';d gSA
z tokcnsgh vkSj ikjnf'kZrk% ehfM;k laxBuksa vkSj is'ksojksa
dks vius dk;ks± vkSj fu.kZ;ksa ds fy, tokcnsg gksuk pkfg,A
 v'kqf¼;ksa ;k xyfr;ksa ds ekeys esa lqèkkj vkSj Li"Vhdj.k
rqjar tkjh fd, tkus pkfg,] vkSj n'kZdksa ls çfrfØ;k ;k
f'kdk;rksa dks xaHkhjrk ls fy;k tkuk pkfg,A
z uqdlku dks de djuk% ehfM;k is'ksojksa dks laosnu'khy
;k nnZukd ?kVukvksa dh fjiksVZ djrs le; uqdlku dks de
djus dk ç;kl djuk pkfg,A
 luluh•st] vuko';d fgalk] ;k xksiuh;rk ds vkØe.k
ls cpk tkuk pkfg, tc rd fd lkoZtfud fgr ds
fy, vko';d u gksA
z lkekftd ftEesnkjh% ,d LoLFk vkSj lwfpr lekt dks
c<+kok nsus esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk gSA ehfM;k is'ksojksa dks
lkoZtfud fgr dks çkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg,] lkoZtfud cgl
esa ;ksxnku djuk pkfg,] vkSj ukxfjd tqM+ko dks c<+kok
nsuk pkfg,A
;s rRo ftEesnkj vkSj uSfrd ehfM;k çFkkvksa ds fy, ,d vkèkkj
çnku djrs gSaA ehfM;k uSfrdrk dk ikyu n'kZdksa ds lkFk
fo'okl cukus esa enn djrh gS] i=kdkfjrk v•aMrk dks c<+kok
nsrh gS] yksdra=k vkSj lwpuk çlkj ds ,d egRoiw.kZ LraHk ds
:i esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk dk leFkZu djrk gSA
ihr i=kdkfjrk ds lkFk uSfrd eqís
ihr i=kdkfjrk] i=kdkfjrk dh ,d 'kSyh dks lanfHkZr djrh gS
tks ikBdksa dks vkdf"kZr djus vkSj ifjlapj.k dks c<+kus ds fy,
295
luluh] vfr'k;ksfÙkQ vkSj lekpkjksa dh foÑfr ij tksj nsrh gSA
bl çdkj blesa fuEufyf•r uSfrd eqís tqM+s gq, gSa%
z lVhdrk vkSj lPpkbZ% ihyh i=kdkfjrk vDlj rF;kRed
lVhdrk ij è;ku vkdf"kZr djus dks çkFkfedrk nsrh gSA
 blls xyr lwpuk] viQokgsa vkSj vlR;kfir nkoksa dk
çlkj gks ldrk gSA
 2017 esa] ,d çeq• v•ckj us igys iUus ij ,d 'kh"kZd
çdkf'kr fd;k ftlesa nkok fd;k x;k fd tEew&d'ehj
dBqvk ekeys esa cykRdkj dk dksbZ lcwr ugha FkkA
 ;g ekeyk tEew&d'ehj ds dBqvk esa vkB lky
dh cPph ds cykRdkj vkSj gR;k ls tqM+k gSA ckn
esa ;g •qyklk gksus ds ckn fd okLro esa cykRdkj
ds lcwr Fks] gSM~ykbUl dks okil ys fy;k x;k FkkA
z luluh vkSj vfr'k;ksfÙkQ% ihr i=kdkfjrk lekpkjksa dks
luluh•st cukus dh ço`fÙk j•rh gS] vDlj luluh•st
lqf•Z;ka ;k vk[;ku cukus ds fy, rF;ksa dks c<+k&p<+kdj
;k foÑr djrh gSA
 ;g lkoZtfud èkkj.kk esa gsjiQsj dj ldrk gS] vuko';d
?kcjkgV iSnk dj ldrk gS vkSj O;fÙkQ;ksa ;k laLFkkuksa dh
çfr"Bk dks uqdlku igqapk ldrk gSA
 nks gtkj #i;s dk uksV fookn% nks gtkj #i;s dk
u;k uksV tkjh gksus ds ckn] dqN çfrf"Br lekpkj
pkSuyksa }kjk iQthZ •cj pykbZ xbZ fd uksV ds LFkku
dks VªSd djus ds fy, uksV esa ,d thih,l&l{ke
ekbØksfpi tqM+k gqvk gSA
z fu"i{krk vkSj larqyu dh deh% uSfrd i=kdkfjrk fofHkUu
n`f"Vdks.kksa dks çLrqr djds vkSj eqís dk O;kid n`f"Vdks.k
çnku djds fjiksfVZax esa fu"i{krk vkSj larqyu ds fy, ç;kl
djrh gSA
 nwljh vksj] ihr i=kdkfjrk i{kikriw.kZ gks ldrh gS] tks
fdlh fo'ks"k dFkk ;k ,tsaMs dk leFkZu djus ds fy,
,drjiQk ;k vèkwjh tkudkjh çLrqr djrh gSA
 çpfyr vk[;kuksa dks pqukSrh nsus okys ç'uksa dks nck
fn;k tkrk gS vkSj lkoZtfud vkokt ls oafpr dj
fn;k tkrk gSA
z turk ds fgr dks detksj djrk gS% ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa
vkSj lÙkk ds fdlh Hkh nq#i;ksx ij ^psd ,aM cSysal* ds
:i esa dk;Z djus ds ctk;] eq[;èkkjk ds ehfM;k us dq[;kr
;q¼ksa esa fu;ksftr çpkj gfFk;kjksa dh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS] tc
lHkh çdkj ds lapkj pkSuyksa dks çfrcafèkr fd;k x;k Fkk
vkSj vkfèkdkfjd fopkjksa dks çlkfjr djus ds fy, mi;ksx
fd;k x;k FkkA
296
 vfèkdkfj;ksa ds lkeus fu"i{k eqíksa dks mBkus vkSj LoLFk
çopu esa layXu gksus esa O;fÙkQ;ksa dh lgk;rk djus ds
ctk;] eq[;èkkjk dk ehfM;k ukxfjdksa dks ,sls eapksa ls
oafpr djus dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
z Hkxok i=kdkfjrk% Hkxok i=kdkfjrk] ^ihr i=kdkfjrk* dk
,d :i] i=kdkfjrk dks lanfHkZr djrk gS tks ^jkT;* dks ,d
Lok;Ùk bdkbZ ds ctk; viuh bdkbZ ds :i esa ns•rk gSA
;g eq[; :i ls Vsyhfotu ekè;e esa è;ku nsus ;ksX; gSA
z xksiuh;rk dk guu% ihr i=kdkfjrk dHkh&dHkh O;fÙkQ;ksa
dh lgefr ds fcuk O;fÙkQxr fooj.k] futh ckrphr] ;k
n•y nsus okyh rLohjsa çdkf'kr djds mudh xksiuh;rk
ij geyk djrh gSA
 blesa 'kkfey O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fy, xaHkhj ifj.kke gks ldrs
gSa vkSj xksiuh;rk vfèkdkjksa dk lEeku djus ds ckjs esa
uSfrd fparkvksa dks mBkrs gSaA
 bl rjg ds ehfM;k laLFkku ehfM;k Vªk;y djrs gSa]
tSlk fd lq'kkar flag jktiwr gR;k ekeys esa gqvk Fkk]
tks lkoZtfud O;oLFkk ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] ftls
cuk, j•us esa ljdkjh çpkj midj.k dh Hkwfedk dks
viuk;k tkrk gSA
z tuer esa gsjiQsj% ihr i=kdkfjrk esa Hkkoukvksa] iwokZxzgksa
;k iwokZxzgksa dk iQk;nk mBkdj tuer esa gsjiQsj djus dh
{kerk gSA
 blls lekt dk èkqzohdj.k] ?k`.kk dk çlkj vkSj
yksdrkaf=kd foe'kZ dks detksj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z tokcnsgh dh deh% ihr i=kdkfjrk uSfrd ftEesnkjh ij
O;kolkf;d liQyrk dks çkFkfedrk ns ldrh gSA
 mPp çlkj ;k n'kZdksa dh la[;k dh •kst i=kdkfjrk
dh v•aMrk vkSj tokcnsgh ds egRo dks de dj
ldrh gSA
 i=kdkfjrk laxBuksa vkSj O;fÙkQxr i=kdkjksa dks vius }kjk
mRikfnr lkexzh vkSj lekt ij blds çHkko ds fy,
tokcnsg gksuk pkfg,A
z ehfM;k dh fo'oluh;rk dks uqdlku% ihr i=kdkfjrk
lexz :i ls ehfM;k esa turk ds fo'okl dks •Re dj
ldrh gSA
 tc lekpkj vkmVysV luluh vkSj fDydcsV j.kuhfr
dks çkFkfedrk nsrs gSa] rks ;g iwjs is'ks dh fo'oluh;rk
dks de djrk gS vkSj lwpuk ds fo'oluh; lzksr ds
:i esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk dks de djrk gSA
ftEesnkj i=kdkfjrk dh lVhdrk] fu"i{krk] fu"i{krk vkSj
lkoZtfud fgr ds fy, lEeku ds fl¼karksa dks cuk, j•uk
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
pkfg,A bu fl¼karksa dk ikyu ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd
ehfM;k laxBu fo'oluh; vkSj ftEesnkj tkudkjh çnku djds
yksdrkaf=kd lektksa esa viuh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dks iwjk djsaA
t:jh mik;
z O;fÙkQxr ftEesnkfj;ksa dks r; djuk% i=kdkfjrk dh
uSfrd ftEesnkjh turk dks lVhd vkSj lR;kfir tkudkjh
çnku djuk gS] ftlls mUgsa lwfpr fu.kZ; ysus esa l{ke
cuk;k tk ldsA
z uSfrd ekudksa dks c<+kok nsus okys ehfM;k laxBu%
ehfM;k laxBuksa dks vius Lo;a ds lapkyu ds Hkhrj uSfrd
i=kdkfjrk ekudksa dks çkFkfedrk vkSj c<+kok nsuk pkfg,A
 blesa lVhdrk] fu"i{krk vkSj ftEesnkj fjiksfVZax ds
fy, Li"V fn'kkfunZs'k LFkkfir djuk vkSj ykxw djuk
'kkfey gSA
 i=kdkjksa ds fy, O;kolkf;d fodkl vkSj çf'k{k.k
dk;ZØeksa dks çksRlkfgr djus ls uSfrd çFkkvksa dks
c<+kok nsus esa Hkh enn fey ldrh gSA
z i=kdkfjrk Lo&fofu;eu% os vkpkj lafgrk fodflr vkSj
ykxw dj ldrs gSa tks i=kdkjksa ds ikyu ds fy, uSfrd
ekudksa vkSj fl¼karksa dks js•kafdr djrs gSaA
 blesa luluh dks grksRlkfgr djus] rF;ksa dh tkap dh
vko';drk vkSj larqfyr fjiksfVZax lqfuf'pr djus ds
mik; 'kkfey gSaA
z rF;&tkap vkSj lR;kiu% rF;&tkap igy dks c<+kok nsuk
vkSj etcwr lR;kiu çfØ;kvksa esa fuos'k djuk xyr lwpuk
vkSj viQokgksa ds çlkj ls fuiVus esa enn dj ldrk gSA
 ehfM;k laxBu çdk'ku ;k çlkj.k ls igys tkudkjh dks
lR;kfir djus ds fy, lefiZr Vheksa dh LFkkiuk dj
ldrs gSa ;k Lora=k rF;&tkap laxBuksa ds lkFk lg;ksx
dj ldrs gSaA
z LokfeRo vkSj foÙk iks"k.k esa ikjnf'kZrk% ehfM;k laxBuksa
dks vius LokfeRo lajpukvksa vkSj foÙk iks"k.k lzksrksa ds ckjs
esa ikjn'khZ gksuk pkfg,A
 blls fgrksa ds fdlh Hkh laHkkfor Vdjko dh igpku
djus esa enn feyrh gS vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr gksrk gS
fd laikndh; fu.kZ; ckgjh nckoksa ls vuqfpr :i ls
çHkkfor ugha gksrs gSaA
 ehfM;k LokfeRo vkSj fuos'k çdVhdj.k ekunaMksa ds
lacaèk esa VªkbZ dh fliQkfj'kksa dks ykxw djus ls lekpkj
ehfM;k {ks=k ds fy, vko';d ikjnf'kZrk cuk, j•us
esa enn feysxhA
uhfr'kkL=k% fofo/ fo"k;
z ehfM;k lk{kjrk vkSj lkoZtfud tkx:drk% 'kSf{kd
laLFkku] ehfM;k laxBu vkSj ukxfjd lekt ,sls dk;ZØeksa
dks fodflr djus ds fy, lg;ksx dj ldrs gSa tks
ehfM;k lk{kjrk dkS'ky dks c<+krs gSa] O;fÙkQ;ksa dks lzksrksa dk
ewY;kadu djuk] iwokZxzgksa dh igpku djuk vkSj fo'oluh;
vkSj vfo'oluh; tkudkjh ds chp varj djuk fl•krs gSaA
z f'k{kk esa uSfrd i=kdkfjrk% i=kdkfjrk Ldwyksa vkSj 'kS{kf.kd
laLFkkuksa dks vius ikBÔØe ds fgLls ds :i esa uSfrd f'k{kk
dks çkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg,A
 uSfrd çFkkvksa] ehfM;k uSfrdrk dksM vkSj ihr i=kdkfjrk
ds çHkko ds egRo ds ckjs esa bPNqd i=kdkjksa dks i<+kus
ls muds dfj;j dh 'kq#vkr ls gh ftEesnkj i=kdkfjrk
ewY;ksa dks LFkkfir djus esa enn fey ldrh gSA
z fu;ked fujh{k.k% fu;ked fudk; ;k Lora=k ehfM;k
ifj"kn ehfM;k lkexzh dh fuxjkuh vkSj ihr i=kdkfjrk
ls lacafèkr f'kdk;rksa dks lacksfèkr djus esa Hkwfedk fuHkk
ldrs gSaA
 bu fudk;ksa ds ikl f'kdk;rksa dh tkap djus] psrkouh
tkjh djus vkSj uSfrd ekudksa dk mYya?ku gksus ij
mfpr çfrcaèk yxkus dh 'kfÙkQ gksuh pkfg,A
z lkoZtfud tokcnsgh ra=k% ehfM;k laxBuksa ds ikl
lkoZtfud f'kdk;rksa vkSj çfrfØ;k dks lacksfèkr djus ds
fy, Li"V ra=k gksuk pkfg,A
 blesa vuSfrd fjiksfVZax çFkkvksa ds ckjs esa lkoZtfud
fparkvksa dks çkIr djus vkSj lacksfèkr djus ds fy,
yksdiky dk;kZy;ksa ;k lefiZr IysViQkeks± dh LFkkiuk
'kkfey gks ldrh gSA
fu"d"kZ
ihr i=kdkfjrk dks lacksfèkr djus ds fy, ehfM;k laxBuksa]
i=kdkjksa] fu;kedksa] 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa vkSj turk dks 'kkfey
djrs gq, ,d cgqvk;keh n`f"Vdks.k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
lkewfgd :i ls uSfrd i=kdkfjrk ekudksa dks c<+kok nsus vkSj
cuk, j•us ls] ihr i=kdkfjrk ds udkjkRed çHkko dks de
djuk vkSj vfèkd ftEesnkj vkSj fo'oluh; ehfM;k ifjn`';
dks c<+kok nsuk laHko gSA
9-16 'kCnkoyh
1- fujUrj ç;Ru (Perseverance)%
 ;g dfBukb;ksa ;k ckèkkvksa dk lkeuk djrs gq, Hkh ,d
y{; dh vksj dke djuk tkjh j•us dh {kerk gSA ;g
297
 vius mís';ksa ds çfr çfrc¼ jgus vkSj mUgsa çkIr djus
dh fn'kk esa vFkd ç;kl djus dk xq.k gSA
 mnkgj.k Hkkjr ds ^^esVªks eSu** Jhèkju dh dgkuh gSA
Jhèkju fnYyh esVªks ds fuekZ.k ds fy, ftEesnkj Fks] tks
nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h vkSj lcls liQy esVªks ç.kkfy;ksa esa
ls ,d gSA ifj;kstuk dks dbZ pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+k] ysfdu Jhèkju n`<+ jgs vkSj bls iwjk gksrs ns•kA
2- lkoèkkuh (Prudence)%
 ;g fu.kZ; ysus esa Bksl fu.kZ;] lkoèkkuh vkSj
O;kogkfjd Kku dk ç;ksx djus dh xq.koÙkk dks lanfHkZr
djrk gSA blesa miyCèk fodYiksa ij lkoèkkuhiwoZd
fopkj djuk] laHkkfor tksf•eksa vkSj ykHkksa dk ewY;kadu
djuk vkSj fopkj'khy fo'ys"k.k ds vkèkkj ij le>nkj
fodYi cukuk 'kkfey gSA
 bldk mnkgj.k Hkkjr ds iwoZ eq[; pquko vk;qÙkQ ,l vkj
'kadju dh dgkuh gSA 'kadju dks mudh lkoèkkuhiwoZd
v v
298
;kstuk vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djus dh çfrc¼rk ds fy,
tkuk tkrk Fkk fd pquko fu"i{k vkSj ikjn'khZ rjhds ls
vk;ksftr fd, tk,aA og vyksdfç; gksus ij Hkh dBksj
fu.kZ; ysus dh bPNk ds fy, tkus tkrs FksA
3- vkRela;e (Self-Restraint)%
 vkRe&la;e fdlh dh Hkkoukvksa] fopkjksa vkSj O;ogkjksa
dks fu;af=kr djus dh {kerk gSA ;g çyksHku dk fojksèk
djus vkSj ,sls rjhds ls dk;Z djus dh {kerk gS tks
fdlh ds ewY;ksa ds vuq:i gksA
 mnkgj.k ds fy, flfoy lsodksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS
fd os vius dke esa fu"i{k vkSj oLrqfu"B jgsa] vkSj mUgsa
vius O;fÙkQxr iwokZxzgksa dks vius fu.kZ;ksa dks çHkkfor
djus okys çyksHku dk fojksèk djus esa l{ke gksuk
pkfg,A mUgsa dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh viuh Hkkoukvksa
dks fu;af=kr djus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg,] vkSj mUgsa gj
le; is'ksoj rjhds ls dk;Z djus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg,A
v
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 'kCnkoyh% mnkgj.k ds lkFk
uSfrdrk ls lacaf/r egRoiw.kZ vo/kj.kk
uSfrdrk vkSj ekuoh; lglacaèk
1- uhfr'kkL=k
 ;g ije lq• dh çkfIr ds lkèku ds :i esa ekuoh;
dk;ks± dk muds lgh ;k xyr gksus ds n`f"Vdks.k ls
O;ofLFkr vè;;u gSA
 mnkgj.k% fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk] dke esa bZekunkj
jguk] lEcUèkksa esa fu"Bkoku jguk vkfnA
2- ekudh; uhfr'kkL=k%
 ekudh; uhfr'kkL=k] blesa uSfrd ekudksa dk ,d lewg
'kkfey gS tks lgh ;k xyr vkpj.k dk fuèkkZj.k djrk
gSA bls vuqns'kkRed uhfr'kkL=k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
 mnkgj.k_ vjLrw dk lnkpkj uhfr'kkL=k] beSuq,y dkaV
dk MsaVksykWftdy ,fFkDl] ts-,l- fey dk mi;ksfxrkokn
;k ifj.kkeokn vkSj Hkxon~ xhrk dk fu"dke deZA
3- lnkpkj uhfr'kkL=k
 bldk mís'; uSfrd pfj=k dks le>uk vkSj mlds vuqlkj
thou thuk gSA ;g fl¼kar vjLrw }kjk fn;k x;k FkkA
 mnkgj.k% IysVks ds vuqlkj lkgl] la;e] U;k;] foosd
vkfn tSls] 4 çeq• xq.kksa dk O;ogkj djds ,d
lEekutud vkSj uSfrd pfj=k dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
4- vfèk&uhfr'kkL=k
 ;g uSfrd voèkkj.kkvksa dh mRifÙk vkSj vFkZ ds vè;;u
dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA ;g bl ckr dk vè;;u gS fd
uSfrd 'kCn vkSj fl¼kar D;k lanfHkZr djrs gSaA
 ^^uSfrd fu.kZ; ;k 'krks± dk vFkZ D;k gS\** tSls ç'uksa
dk ;s lekèkku djrs gSaA
5- O;fÙkQxr uSfrdrk
 ;g fdlh O;fÙkQ ds fy, fof'k"V gS vkSj O;fÙkQ ds
uSfrd ekudksa vkSj vkpkj lafgrk dks fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA
 egkRek xkaèkh viuh bZekunkjh] R;kx] lPpkbZ vkSj
vuq'kklu ds xq.kksa ds dkj.k gh mPp O;fÙkQxr uSfrdrk
ds çrhd gSaA
6- O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk
 ;g mu uSfrd fl¼karksa ;k ewY;ksa dks lanfHkZr djrk gS
tks O;olk;ksa vkSj O;fÙkQ;ksa ds O;kolkf;d xfrfofèk;ksa
esa 'kkfey gksus dh fofèk;ksa dks fu;af=kr djrs gSaA
 fcuk lgefr çkIr fd, daifu;ksa }kjk miHkksÙkQkvksa ls
,d=k fd, x, MsVk dk mi;ksx ugha djuk O;kolkf;d
uSfrdrk dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA
7- uSfrd nqfoèkk
 ;g ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS tc nks leku :i ls egRoiw.kZ
uSfrd ewY; ,d&nwljs ds lkFk Vdjko djrs gSa vkSj
O;fÙkQ dks nwljs ds eqdkcys ,d dks pquus dh nqfoèkk
gksrh gSA
 ,d flfoy lsod (bZekunkj] drZO;fu"B vkfn gksdj)
jsr •uu ekfiQ;kvksa ls vius ifjokj dks uqdlku igqapkus
(nwljksa ds thou dh j{kk djus) dh ckj&ckj èkefd;ksa
ds ckotwn jsr •uu ekfiQ;kvksa ds fo#¼ dke djrk gS
8- lhfer @ ifjc¼ uSfrdrk
 ;g mu ç.kkyhxr vkSj iwokZuqes; fofèk;ksa dks lanfHkZr
djrk gS ftlesa yksx vius O;ogkj ds fufgrkFkZ dks
le>s fcuk fu.kZ; ysrs gSaA
 fufgr iwokZxzg] vFkkZr lekurk dk i{kèkj O;fÙkQ
vutkus esa fyax ;k uLy ds vkèkkj ij HksnHkko dj
ldrk gSA
9- uSfrd vO;ÙkQrk@iru
 ,slk rc gksrk gS tc fdlh fu.kZ; dk uSfrd igyw
n`f"V ls vks>y gks tkrk gS vkSj O;fÙkQ fdlh fu.kZ;
dh uSfrdrk ls vfèkd mlds vU; igyqvksa ij è;ku
dsafær djrk gSA ;g uSfrd ekudksa dk mYya?ku djds
gksus okys vijkèk&cksèk dks de djus esa enn djrk gSA
 tSls&cM+s fuxeksa }kjk ykHk ds fy, xzhuokWf'kax dh çFkkA
10- fofèk
 ;g ,d ckè;dkjh 'kfÙkQ gS vkSj blesa vius ukxfjdksa ds
O;ogkj dks fofu;fer djus ds fy, fdlh fo'ks"k ns'k
;k leqnk; }kjk ekU;rk çkIr fu;eksa dk lewg 'kkfey gSA
  tSls&Hkkjr ds lafoèkku esa] yksxksa ds ykHk ds fy,
foèkkf;dk }kjk fofufeZr dkuwu tSls POCSO] POSH]
vkfnA
11- fu;e
 ;g vke rkSj ij fu;e ;k çfØ;k,a gSa] tks xfrfofèk ds
,d fof'k"V {ks=k ds Hkhrj vkpj.k dks fu;af=kr djrk
gSA ;fn bls oSèkkfud vko';drkvksa ls tksM+k tk, rks
;g ,d ckè;dkjh 'kfÙkQ gks ldrh gSA
 laln ds lnuksa esa dkedkt ds lapkyu ds fu;e
lnu dh dk;Zokgh dks fu;af=kr djus dh fofèk;ksa vkSj
çfØ;kvksa dks fu;af=kr djrs gSaA
12- mi;ksfxrkokn
 blds varxZr];fn dksbZ dk;Z vfèkd yksxksa ds fy,
vuqdwy gks] rks og uSfrd :i ls lgh ekuk tkrk gSA
,d O;fÙkQ dh lcls cM+h •q'kh ls T;knk cM+h la[;k
esa yksxksa dh •q'kh vfèkd egRoiw.kZ gSA
 bldh odkyr tsjseh csaFke (ek=kkRed mi;ksfxrkokn)
vkSj ts-,l- fey (xq.kkRed mi;ksfxrkokn) us dh FkhA
mnkgj.k&vehjksa ls xjhcksa rd vk; dk iqufoZrj.kA
13- gkfu fl¼kar
 blesa dgk x;k gS fd yksx viuh bPNk ds vuqlkj
dk;Z djus ds fy, Lora=k gSa tc rd fd muds dk;ks±
ls vU; O;fÙkQ;ksa dks uqdlku u igqapsA ;g ts-,l- fey
}kjk fn;k x;k FkkA
 egkekjh iQSyus ds nkSjku nwljksa dks uqdlku ls cpkus ds
fy, O;fÙkQ;ksa dk Vhdkdj.k lqfuf'pr djukA
14- èkeZ'kkL=k@drZO; 'kkL=k
 èkeZ'kkL=k] drZO;&vkèkkfjr uSfrdrk gSA (;g xzhd 'kCn
Mhvksu ls vk;k gS] ftldk vFkZ gS drZO;)A ;g dk;ks±
ls gh lacafèkr gS u fd dk;ks± ds ifj.kkeksa lsA opu
fuHkk, tkus pkfg, D;ksafd ifj.kkeksa dh ijokg fd,
fcuk mUgsa fuHkkuk lgh gSA
 Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds nkSjku xkaèkhth }kjk mi;ksx
fd, x, èkeZ'kkL=k fl¼karksa ds :i esa lR;kxzg vkSj
vfgalkA
15- uSfrdrk
 ;g fdlh O;fÙkQ ds Lohdk;Z çfrc¼rkvksa ds lewg dks
lanfHkZr djrk gS] Hkys gh mUgsa nwljksa }kjk vLohdkj
dj fn;k x;k gksA ,d uSfrdrkoknh ;q¼ dk i{kèkj gks
ldrk gS] Hkys gh vU; yksx ,slk u djsaA
300
 fdlh O;fÙkQ ds uSfrd fl¼kUr mls vfookfgr ekrkvksa
;k fyo&bu&fjys'kuf'ki dks çksRlkfgr djus ;k Lohdkj
djus dh vuqefr ns ldrs gSA
16- lq•okn
 ;g uSfrd n'kZu ds lanHkZ esa] larki dks de djds &
vius Lo;a ds lq• dks mPpre uSfrd ewY; çnku djus
ls gSA ;g bl fo'okl ls tqM+k gS fd çlUurk ;k d"V
dh vuqifLFkfr] dkjZokbZ ds laHkkfor fn'kk dh uSfrdrk
dk fuèkkZj.k djus esa lokZfèkd egRoiw.kZ fl¼kar gSA
 dksbZ O;fÙkQ dsoy vkuan çkIr djus ds fy, u'khyh
nokvksa dk vaèkkèkqaèk lsou djrk gSA
17- ekuoh; ewY;
 ;s O;fÙkQxr fl¼kar ;k xq.k gSa tks fdlh O;fÙkQ ;k lewg
ds fu.kZ; vkSj O;ogkj dk ekxZn'kZu djrs gSaA
 lekurk vkSj U;k; vkfn ds fopkjA
 tkuojksa tSls thfor çkf.k;ksa ds çfr n;k Hkko j•uk
ekuoh; ewY; dk ,d mnkgj.k gks ldrk gSA
18- ijksidkfjrk
 bldk rkRi;Z vius Lo;a ds fgr ds ctk; nwljksa ds
lokZsÙke fgr esa dk;Z djuk gSA
 v{k; ik=k iQkmaMs'ku oafpr cPpksa dks eqÝr Hkkstu
çnku djrk gSA
19- ijksidkjh èkks•k
 ;g nwljksa ds dY;k.k ds fy, èkks•kèkM+h dks lanfHkZr
djrk gS D;ksafd tc blls nwljksa dks ykHk gksrk gS rks
yksxksa ds fy, vius vlaxr dk;Z dks rdZlaxr cukuk
vklku gksrk gSA blls O;fÙkQ dks Lo;a ykHk gks Hkh ldrk
gS vkSj ugha HkhA
 tklwl vius ns'k dh enn ds fy, viuh igpku xqIr
j•rk gS] ijh{kk esa udy djkus esa vius ,d djhch
nksLr dh enn djukA
20- laKkukRed iwokZxzg
 ftl rjg ls dksbZ fo'ks"k O;fÙkQ ?kVukvksa] rF;ksa vkSj
vU; yksxksa dks le>rk gS] og muds vius fo'ks"k
fo'oklksa vkSj vuqHkoksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gS vkSj mfpr
;k lVhd ugha Hkh gks ldrk gSA
 ekr`Ro dh ftEesnkfj;ksa ds dkj.k efgykvksa dks dke ds
fy, de l{ke ekuuk] •ki iapk;r }kjk vkWuj fdfyax
dks oSèk cukukA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
21- laKkukRed vlaxfr
 bls ekufld O;Fkk dh fLFkfr Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS
tc fdlh ds fo'okl] n`f"Vdks.k] ewY;ksa vkSj O;ogkj
;k dk;ks± ds eè; la?k"kZ gksrk gSA
 vfgalk esa fo'okl j•us okys vkbZih,l vfèkdkjh dks
dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk, j•us ds fy, ykBhpktZ dk vkns'k
nsuk iM+rk gSA
22- iqf"Vdj.k iwokZxzg
 ;g micafèkr djrk gS fd yksx LokHkkfod :i ls ,slh
tkudkjh dks ilan djrs gSa tks mudh igys ls ekStwn
ekU;rkvksa dh iqf"V djrh gSA
 pquko çpkj ds nkSjku] yksx fofHkUu mEehnokjksa ds ckjs
esa vius n`f"Vdks.k dh iqf"V djus okyh tkudkjh dh
ryk'k djrs gSa] tcfd vius fopkjksa ds fojksèkkHkklh
fdlh Hkh tkudkjh dks utjvankt dj nsrs gSaA
23- vuq:irk iwokZxzg
 ;g yksxksa dh ço`fÙk gksrh gS fd os vius futh fu.kZ;
dk mi;ksx djus ds ctk; vius vkl&ikl ds yksxksa
dh rjg O;ogkj djus yxrs gSaA
 ,d fof'k"V dSfj;j iFk dk vuqlj.k djuk tks lekt
ds vuqlkj lqjf{kr gS] nku esa ;ksxnku nsuk tSlk fd vU;
yksx dj jgs gSa] ty laj{k.k djuk vkfnA
24- o`f¼okn
 o`f¼okn og fiQlyu Hkjh <yku gS tks çk;% yksxksa dks
vutkus esa vuSfrd O;ogkj dh vksj mUeq• dj nsrh gSA
 ys•kadu èkks•kèkM+h NksVh la[;kvksa esa gsjkiQsjh ls 'kq:
gksrh gSA
25- uSfrdoku
 ,d uSfrdoku esa lgh vkSj xyr dks igpkuus vkSj
vius dk;ks± ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksus dh {kerk gksrh gSA
 lkekU;r%] euq";ksa dks uSfrd ,tsaV ekuk tkrk gS] tcfd
tkuojksa dks ughaA LoLFk efLr"d okys fdlh Hkh o;Ld
dks uSfrd ,tsaV ekuk tk ldrk gS tcfd f'k'kqvksa dks
uSfrd ,tsaV ugha ekuk tkrk gSA
26- uSfrd ewdrk
 ,slk rc gksrk gS tc yksx vuSfrd O;ogkj ns•us ij
Hkh ekSu jguk ilan djrs gSaA
 vfèkdka'k yksx Hkz"Vkpkj ns•rs gSa ysfdu dsoy dqN
gh yksx bldh fjiksVZ djus dk lkgl j•rs gSaA ?kjsyw
fgalk] ngst] cky fookg tSls cqjs ÑR;ksa ij yksxksa dk
ekSu jgukA
'kCnkoyh% mnkgj.k ds lkFk uSfrdrk ls lacaf/r egRoiw.kZ vo/kj.kk
27- uSfrd fudV&n`f"V nks"k
 bl 'kCn dks feusV MªejkbV vkSj iSfVªd eiQhZ }kjk x<+k
x;k Fkk vkSj bls uSfrd eqíksa dks Li"V :i ls ns•us esa
vleFkZrk ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk gSA
 czkthy ljdkj i'kqikyu vkSj lks;kchu mRiknu ds fy,
vestu o"kkZou esa ouksa dh dVkbZ lacaèkh xfrfofèk;ksa dh
vuqefr ns jgh gSA
28- uSfrd larqyu
 ;g og fopkj gS tks vfèkdka'k yksxksa dh ekufld
lax.kuk ls lacafèkr gS tgka os viuh Nfo dh rqyuk
,d vPNs O;fÙkQ ds :i esa djrs gSaA ;fn os viuh
ldkjkRed vkRe&Nfo ds vuq:i dqN djrs gSa] rks
mUgsa lax.kuk ds vPNs i{k esa vfèk'ks"k eglwl gksrk gSA
 nku ;k ØkmMiQafMax IysViQkWeZ ij nku djus ls gesa vius
ckjs esa vPNk eglwl gksrk gSA
29- uSfrd lkis{kokn
 bldh voèkkj.kk gS fd uSfrd ekudksa dk dksbZ
lkoZHkkSfed ;k iw.kZ lsV ugha gSA os lkaLÑfrd :i ls
ifjHkkf"kr gSaA gkyk¡fd dqN ,sls ewY; gks ldrs gSa tks
yxHkx lkoZHkkSfed çrhr gksrs gSa] tSls bZekunkjh vkSj
lEeku] ysfdu tc yksx nqfu;k Hkj esa uSfrd ekudksa
dk ewY;kadu djrs gSa rks laLÑfr;ksa esa fofHkUu varj
fn•kbZ nsrs gSaA
 LGBTQ$ yksxksa dks la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk] Úkal vkfn esa
vfèkdkj çkIr gSa ysfdu ckaXykns'k] C#usbZ] viQxkfuLrku
vkfn esa ;g xSjdkuwuh gSA
30- uSfrd 'kwU;okn
 uSfrd 'kwU;okn vfèk&uSfrd'kkL=kh; n`f"Vdks.k gS ftlesa
dqN Hkh rVLFk%]u uSfrd :i ls lgh ;k u uSfrd :i
ls xyr gSA
 bldk ekuuk gS fd dksbZ Hkh oLrqfu"B uSfrd rF; ugha
gS] uSfrd :i ls dqN Hkh vPNk] cqjk] xyr] lgh
vkfn ugha gS & D;ksafd dksbZ uSfrd lR; ugha gSA uSfrd
'kwU;okn ds vuqlkj fdlh dks ekjuk xyr ugha gksxk
ysfdu ;g lgh Hkh ugha gksxkA
31- vufHkKrk dk vkoj.k
 ;g yksxksa dks ,d U;k;iw.kZ vkSj fu"i{k lekt LFkkfir
djus esa enn djrk gS D;ksafd os viuh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls
vufHkK gksrs gSaA tSlk fd tkWu jkWYl us le>k;k gS] gesa
dYiuk djuh pkfg, fd ge vufHkKrk ds vkoj.k ds
ihNs cSBs gSa tks gesa ;g tkuus ls jksdrk gS fd ge dkSu
301
 gSaA U;k; ds fl¼kar iwokZxzg ls eqÙkQ gksus pkfg, vkSj
vufHkKrk ds vkoj.k esa fodflr gksus pkfg,A
 ukSdjh ds fy, baVjO;w esa vad nsus ls igys lk{kkRdkjdrkZvksa
dks mEehnokjksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr] tkfr vkfn ds ckjs
esa ugha irk gksrk gSA
32- ijksidkj
 ;g n;k] n;kyqrk] mnkjrk] nku] ijksidkfjrk] çse]
ekuork vkSj nwljksa ds dY;k.k dks c<+kok nsus ds dk;ks±
dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
 dksjksuk ok;jl egkekjh ds chp] dsjy ds dUuwj ftys
ds ,d fnO;kax chM+h dk;ZdrkZ tuknZu us vius thou
dh lkjh cpr & ₹2 yk• eq[;ea=kh vkink jkgr dks"k
(lh,eMhvkj,iQ) esa nku dj nh FkhAmuds ikl fliQZ
₹850 cpsA
33- lR;rk
 ;g nwljksa dks lPpkbZ ls voxr djkus ds fy, O;fÙkQ;ksa
ds uSfrd nkf;Ro dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
 MkWDVj&jksxh lacaèk] ftlesa MkWDVj jksxh dks fdlh fo'ks"k
mipkj ds nq"çHkkoksa ds ckjs esa lwfpr djrk gSA
34- fouezrk
 ;g fouez gksus ;k Lo;a dks vfHkeku vkSj vgadkj ls
eqÙkQ j•us dh fLFkfr gSA
 ,d ckj ,d dk;ZØe ds nkSjku] MkW- dyke (Hkkjr ds
iwoZ jk"Vªifr) us muds fy, fuèkkZfjr dqlhZ ij cSBus ls
budkj dj fn;k] D;ksafd og dqlhZ vU; dqflZ;ksa dh
rqyuk esa vkdkj esa cM+h FkhA
35- ÑrKrk
 ;g fdlh pht ;k O;fÙkQ ds çfr vkHkkj dh Hkkouk gSA
 •q'k jgus ds fy, O;fÙkQ dks NksVh&NksVh phtksa tSls
ifjokj] nksLr] vPNk LokLF;] ukSdjh vkfn ds fy,
vkHkkjh gksuk pkfg,A
eukso`fÙk
1- vfHko`fÙk
 ;g fdlh fo'ks"k oLrq dk i{k ;k foi{k esa ewY;kadu
djus dh euksoSKkfud ço`fÙk gSA blds rhu ?kVd gSa&
laKkukRed (fo'okl vkSj fopkj)] HkkoukRed (Hkkouk
;k laosx)] vkSj O;ogkfjd (ço`fÙk ;k iwoZço`fÙk)A
 ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk% {kek'khy] mnkj] ÑrKrk]
deZBrk] bZekunkjhA
302
 udkjkRed vfHko`fÙk% Øksèkh] fujk'kkoknh] vkylh]
LokFkhZ] vgadkjhA
 ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k okyk ,d flfoy lsod nfyrksa
ds çfr d#.kk tSls laoSèkkfud yksdkpkj vkSj ewY;ksa dks
dk;e j•sxkA
2- O;ogkj
 ;g og rjhdk gS ftlls dksbZ O;fÙkQ Lo;a vkpj.k djrk
gSA gekjk O;ogkj dkiQh gn rd gekjh eukso`fÙk ls
vkdkj ysrk gSA ,d ldkjkRed eukso`fÙk] vPNs O;ogkj
ds :i esa çdV gksrh gSA ;g fdlh fo'ks"k fØ;k] O;fÙkQ
;k okrkoj.k ds çfr O;fÙkQ dh çfrfØ;k gSA
 lapkj] lksp] çsj.kk vkfn O;ogkj dh vfHkO;fÙkQ;k¡ gSaA
3- Li"V eukso`fÙk
 bls ^^Lo&çnf'kZr eukso`fÙk** Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g
eukso`fÙk gekjh lpsr vuqHkwfr esa varfuZfgr gS ;k ljy
'kCnksa esa] blesa 'kkfey O;fÙkQ viuh eukso`fÙk ls voxr
gSA
 Li"V joS;k% ,d iQqVckWy ç'kald vtufc;ksa ds lkFk
,d lHkk esa eslh dh tlhZ igus ,d O;fÙkQ ds lkFk
?kqyuk&feyuk ilan djsxkA
4- varfuZfgr eukso`fÙk
 ;g cgqèkk vrhr dh Lej.kksa ls lapkfyr gksrk gS] ;g
eukso`fÙk gekjs vpsru laKku esa varfuZfgr gksrh gSA ;g
gekjs vuqHkoksa ds dkj.k vuk;kl gh mRiUu gks tkrk gSA
 nqO;Zogkj djus okys lkFkh ds leku vkokt okys O;fÙkQ
ds vklikl vutkus esa vlgt eglwl djukA
5- jk;@fopkj
 ;g fdlh pht ds ckjs esa fdlh O;fÙkQ ds fopkj ;k
fo'okl gSa] pkgs og vPNk gks ;k cqjkA ;g ,d O;fÙkQ
ls nwljs O;fÙkQ esa fHkUu gks ldrk gSA
 if'peh vkSj iwohZ nqfu;k esa ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa ds laxzg]
tyok;q ifjorZu dh ,sfrgkfld mÙkjnkf;Ro ij ijLij
fojksèkh jk; gSaA
6- fo'okl
 bldk vFkZ fdlh ,slh pht ds ckjs esa fuf'pr gksuk
gS tks vfLrRo esa gS ;k lR; gSA fo'okl dks O;fÙkQ;ksa
}kjk Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS] lR; ekuk tkrk gS ;k ,d
jk; ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA
 fo'okl dk dksbZ Bksl çek.k gks Hkh ldrk gS vkSj
ugha HkhA
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
  vkfLrd bZ'oj ds vfLrRo esa fo'okl djrs gSa tcfd
ukfLrd bls vLohdkj djrs gSaA
7- uSfrd eukso`fÙk
 uSfrd eukso`fÙk esa uSfrd fu.kZ; (lgh vkSj xyr)
'kkfey gksrs gSa vkSj ;g fdlh O;fÙkQ ds ewY;ksa dks
n'kkZrs gSaA ;g ,d uSfrd ço`fÙk gksrh gS tks ,d O;fÙkQ
dks nwljs ls i`Fkd djrh gSA
 vU;k; ls yM+us ds ,d midj.k ds :i esa vfgalk esa
xkaèkhth dk ekSfyd fo'oklA
8- lkekftd eukso`fÙk
 ;g lekt] laLÑfr] laxBuksa] laLFkkuksa vkfn tSlh
lkekftd laLFkkvksa ds çfr ,d O;fÙkQ dk n`f"Vdks.k
gSA ;g O;fÙkQxr vuqHkoksa vkSj fopkjksa ls fuèkkZfjr gksrk
gSA blls iwoZço`fÙk lh•h tk ldrh gSaA
 fo'ks"kr%] leku&fyax ;k varj&èkkfeZd fookg ds çfr
lekt ds dbZ oxks± esa çfrdwy lkekftd ço`fÙk gksrh gSA
9- iwokZxzg
 ;g fdlh fo'ks"k O;fÙkQ ;k O;fÙkQ;ksa ds lewg vkSj
çkFkfedrkvksa ds çfr ,d vuqfpr ukilanxh gSA ;g
vke rkSj ij fdlh Hkh dkj.k ;k rdZ ls jfgr ,d
iwoZdfYir èkkj.kk gSA
 if'peh ns'kksa esa jaxHksn }kjk i{kikriw.kZ O;ogkjA
10- :f<+okfnrk
 ;g fyax] ySafxd igpku] uLy vkSj tkrh;rk] jk"Vªh;rk]
vk;q] lkekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr] Hkk"kk vkfn ds vkèkkj
ij ,d fof'k"V lewg ds ckjs esa ,d iwoZdfYir èkkj.kk
gSA ;g lkekftd laLFkkvksa vkSj O;kid laLÑfr esa
varfuZfgr gksrh gSA
 xqykch jax dks yM+fd;ksa ls vkSj uhys jax dks yM+dksa ds
lkFk tksM+k tk jgk gSA
11- jktuhfrd eukso`fÙk
 ;g jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa vkSj usrkvksa tSls jktuhfrd
fo"k;ksa ds çfr gekjk n`f"Vdks.k gS vkSj ;g dkiQh gn
rd gekjs O;fÙkQRo o`fÙk;ksa ls fuèkkZfjr gksrk gSA
 Lora=krk vkSj Lok;Ùkrk dk i{kèkj O;fÙkQ mnkjoknh
fopkjèkkjk okys jktuhfrd nyksa dk i{k ysxkA
12- yksdrkaf=kd eukso`fÙk
 ;g er&fHkUurk dks LFkku nsrk gS vkSj fgrèkkjdksa dh
Hkkxhnkjh dks çksRlkfgr djrk gSA lkoZtfud lsok ds
ekeys esa] ;g uhfr fuekZ.k vkSj dk;kZUo;u ds fofHkUu
pj.kksa esa yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
'kCnkoyh% mnkgj.k ds lkFk uSfrdrk ls lacaf/r egRoiw.kZ vo/kj.kk
 lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ vUuk gtkjs us xzkeh.k fodkl]
Hkz"Vkpkj ds fy, viuh yM+kbZ esa yksdrkaf=kd eukso`fÙk
dk ifjp; fn;k FkkA
13- ukSdj'kkgh eukso`fÙk
 ;g ;kstukvksa ds dk;kZUo;u esa ukSdj'kkgksa dh eukso`fÙk
dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA vke rkSj ij bldh fo'ks"krk
ykyiQhrk'kkgh] VkWi&Mkmu vçksp vkSj ekunaMksa dk
dM+kbZ ls ikyu gS ftlesa fdlh ds çfr yphysiu dh
dksbZ xqatkb'k ugha gSA
 vafre ifj.kke ls vfèkd çfØ;k dks egRo nsukA
14- uSfrd fuxjkuh
 bls lrdZrkokn ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ;g lekt
esa ,d fo'ks"k vkpkj lafgrk dks ykxw djus ds fy,
lrdZ lewgksa }kjk fd, x, dk;ks± dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
 iq#"kksa ds fy, è;ku HkVdkus okyh ekuh tkus okyh
efgyk iks'kkd dks dqN lektksa esa uSfrd fuxjkuh dk
lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
15- lkekftd çHkko
 ;g fdlh O;fÙkQ ds fopkjksa] Hkkoukvksa vkSj dk;ks± ij
oká dkjdksa eq[; :i ls lkekftd lewgksa dk çHkko gSA
 xk¡o ls 'kgj tkus ij] dksbZ O;fÙkQ lgdehZ lewgksa ds
çHkko esa viuk igukok ifjofrZr dj ldrk gSA
16- vuqu;
 bls fdlh O;fÙkQ ds n`f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu ykus ds ç;kl
ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 LoPN Hkkjr fe'ku yksxksa dks 'kkSpky; dk mi;ksx djus
ds fy, çsfjr dj jgk gSA
vfHk{kerk
1- vfHk{kerk
 vfHk{kerk] fdlh O;fÙkQ dh uohu dkS'ky] Kku vkSj
{kerkvksa dks çkIr djus vkSj ykxw djus dh çkÑfrd
{kerk ;k çfrHkk dks lanfHkZr djrh gSA bls çk;% fdlh
fo'ks"k {ks=k ;k O;olk; esa liQyrk ds fy, fdlh O;fÙkQ
dh {kerk ds eki ds :i esa ns•k tkrk gSA
 lfpu rsanqydj dh cYysckth ;ksX;rk us mUgsa viuh
ih<+h dk ,d liQy f•ykM+h cuk;kA
2- dkS'ky
 dkS'ky dks fdlh dk;Z ;k dk;ks± ds lewg dks çHkkoh
<ax ls vkSj dq'kyrkiwoZd fu"ikfnr djus dh lh•h xbZ
{kerk ;k fo'ks"kKrk ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
303
 vH;kl] vuqHko vkSj çf'k{k.k] dkS'ky fodflr djus
esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA
 rduhdh ;k gkMZ fLdy] vkerkSj ij fdlh fo'ks"k
O;olk; ;k m|ksx ds fy, fof'k"V gksrs gSa] tcfd
lkWÝV fLdy ikjLifjd vkSj vfèkd gLrkarj.kh; gksrs gSa
vkSj dbZ vyx&vyx lanHkks± esa mi;ksxh gks ldrs gSaA
rduhdh ;k gkMZ fLdy tSls dksfMax ;k vdkmafVaxA
3- #fp
 fdlh fo'ks"k xfrfofèk] fo"k; ;k VkWfid ds çfr
LokHkkfod >qdko ;k ilan tks fdlh O;fÙkQ dks mlh
esa layXu gksus vkSj vkxs c<+us ds fy, çsfjr djrh gSA
 iQqVckWy •syus esa #fp us fy;ksusy esLlh vkSj fØfLV;kuks
jksukYMks tSls f•ykfM+;ksa dks mRÑ"Vrk gsrq çsfjr fd;kA
4- cqf¼eÙkk
 cqf¼eÙkk Le`fr] jpukRedrk] rkfdZd rdZ'kfÙkQ] le>]
leL;k&lekèkku] fLFkfrtU;@LFkkfud tkx:drk vkSj
vuqHko ls lh•us tSlh laKkukRed {kerkvksa dh ,d
foLr`r J`a•yk dk ifj.kke gSA
 HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk] vFkkZr Hkkoukvksa dk vuqHko djus@
le>us] O;ÙkQ djus vkSj fu;af=kr djus dh {kerkA
5- ;ksX;rk
 fdlh fo'ks"k xfrfofèk ;k dk;Z dks djus dh çkÑfrd
;k vftZr {kerk dks ;ksX;rk dgk tkrk gSA 'kkjhfjd]
laKkukRed ;k O;ogkfjd blds dqN çdkj gSaA
 yksxksa dks çsfjr djus dh {kerk] HkhM+ dks fu;af=kr djus
dh {kerk] fo'ys"k.kkRed {kerk vkfnA
6- ewY;
 ewY; ekxZn'kZd fl¼kar vkSj fo'okl gSa tks fdlh O;fÙkQ
ds O;ogkj] fu.kZ; vkSj n`f"Vdks.k dks fuèkkZfjr djrs gSaA
ewY; lgh vkSj xyr] vPNs vkSj cqjs vkSj D;k lkFkZd o
larqf"Vnk;d gS] ds ckjs esa gekjh èkkj.kkvksa dks çHkkfor
djrs gSaA ikyu&iks"k.k] laLÑfr] fo'okl ç.kkyh] f'k{kk
vkSj O;fÙkQxr vuqHko tSls dkjd fdlh O;fÙkQ ds fy,
ewY;&fuèkkZj.k esa viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA fdlh O;fÙkQ
dh ekU;rk,a vkSj n`f"Vdks.k fodflr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk
le; ds lkFk ewY; Hkh ifjofrZr gks ldrs gSaA
 blds mnkgj.kksa esa bZekunkjh] lEeku] mÙkjnkf;Ro]
d#.kk] fu"i{krk vkSj lR;fu"Bk vkfn ewY; 'kkfey gSaA
7- fl¼kar
 fl¼kar ekxZn'kZd voèkkj.kk,¡ gSa tks O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj
laxBuksa dks fu.kZ; ysus] çkFkfedrk,¡ fuèkkZfjr djus vkSj
dk;ks± ;k ifj.kkeksa dk ewY;kadu djus esa enn djrh gSaA
304
 laèkkj.kh;rk% Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa dh viuh t:jrksa dks iwjk
djus dh {kerk ls le>kSrk fd, fcuk orZeku t:jrksa
dks iwjk djus dk fl¼karA
 fu"i{krk% nwljksa ds fy, U;k;laxr vkSj lerkiw.kZ
O;ogkjA
8- çoh.krk (Proficiency)
 fdlh fo'ks"k dk;Z ;k xfrfofèk ds dq'ky] çHkkoh vkSj
lVhd çn'kZu ds fy, vfèkdkfèkd ;ksX;rk dks çoh.krk
dgk tkrk gSA dsafær O;kid vH;kl vkSj vuqHko ls
çoh.krk mn~Hkwr gksrh gSA
 Hkk"kk n{krk] dksfMax] xf.kr vkfn esa çoh.krkA
9- miyfCèk
 miyfCèk dks fdlh y{; ;k dk;Z dh liQy ifj.kfr ds
:i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA dq'ky vkSj dsafær
ç;kl vkSj n`<+rk ds ifj.kkeLo:i okafNr ifj.kke çkIr
gksrk gS ftls miyfCèk dgk tkrk gSA
 miyfCèk ls larqf"V] xoZ vkSj iw.kZrk dh Hkkouk tkx`r
gksrh gS] vkRefo'okl] çsj.kk vkSj mPp vkRe&lEeku
dh vfHko`f¼ gksrh gSA
 fdlh çkstsDV dks le; ij iwjk djukA
 Hkkjrh; fØdsV Vhe us 1983 vkSj 2011 fo'o di
thrdj iwjs ns'k esa miyfCèk dh Hkkouk iSnk dhA
flfoy lsokvksa ds fy, ewyHkwr ewY;
1- lR;fu"Bk (Integrity)
 ;g bZekunkj gksus dk xq.k gS] ftlesa l'kÙkQ uSfrd
fl¼kar gksrs gSa] tks ifjorZuh; ugha gSaA
 lj ,e fo'os'ojS;k% eSlwj ds nhoku dk in Lohdkj
djus ls igys mUgksaus vius lHkh fj'rsnkjksa dks jkf=k Hkkst
ij vkeaf=kr fd;k FkkA mUgksaus muls Li"V :i ls dgk
fd og bl çfrf"Br in dks bl 'krZ ij Lohdkj djsaxs
fd muesa ls dksbZ Hkh vuqxzg ds fy, muls laidZ ugha
djsxkA ,slh ckrsa vktdy lquus dks ugha feyrhaA dgk
tkrk gS fd muds ikl eksecfÙk;ksa ds 2 lsV gqvk djrs
FksA ,d futh rkSj ij •jhnk x;k Fkk ftldk mi;ksx
mUgksaus vius futh dke ds fy, fd;k Fkk vkSj nwljk]
ljdkj }kjk çnku fd;k x;k Fkk ftldk mi;ksx mUgksaus
dsoy vkfèkdkfjd dke ds fy, fd;k FkkA
 yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh% çèkkuea=kh ds :i esa ,d diM+k
fey ds nkSjs ij] tc ekfyd us mUgsa egaxh lkfM+;k¡ nsus
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 dh is'kd'k dh] rks 'kkL=kh us dsoy ogh •jhnus vkSj
Hkqxrku djus ij tksj fn;k tks og ogu dj ldrs FksA
2- bZekunkjh
 ;g lR; ds lkFk •M+s jgus ;k lR;fu"B gksus dk xq.k gSA
 dsjy dSMj ds vkbZ,,l jktw ukjk;.k Lokeh dks ljdkj
esa Hkh Hkz"Vkpkj dks mtkxj djus ds fy, tkuk tkrk
gS vkSj mudk 20 ckj LFkkukUrj.k fd;k tk pqdk gSA
3- fu"i{krk
 ;g fu"i{k gksus] ;k fdlh Hkh pht ;k O;fÙkQ ds çfr
i{kikrh u gksus dk xq.k gSA
 uhye latho jsîóh (Hkkjr ds NBs jk"Vªifr vkSj nks ckj
yksdlHkk vè;{k)] vè;{k pqus tkus ij viuh ikVhZ
NksM+us okys igys vè;{k FksA mUgksaus dk;Zokgh Hkh bruh
lqpk# :i ls lapkfyr dh fd muds dk;Zdky ds nkSjku
,d ckj Hkh foi{k us okdvkmV ugha fd;kA
4- xSj&i{kikr
 bldk rkRi;Z fdlh jktuhfrd ny ;k fopkjèkkjk ds
çfr lEc¼rk dh deh ls gSA xSj&i{kikriw.kZ ehfM;k
yksdra=k ds lcls etcwr LraHkksa esa ls ,d gSA
 MkW- ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke dks muds lkns thou vkSj
xSj&i{kikriw.kZ vkpj.k ds fy, yksxksa vkSj fofHkUu
jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk ekuk tkrk FkkA
5- fgrksa dk Vdjko
 tc fdlh O;fÙkQ ;k laxBu dks çfrLièkhZ fgrksa ;k fu"Bk
dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS tks mfpr] fu"i{k] U;k;ksfpr
;k mís';iw.kZ jhfr;ksa ls dk;Z djus dh mudh {kerk esa
gLr{ksi dj ldrk gS] rks bls fgrksa ds Vdjko ds :i
esa tkuk tkrk gSA ;g rc gksrk gS tc fdlh O;fÙkQ ;k
laxBu dk dksbZ O;fÙkQxr] foÙkh; ;k vU; fgr gksrk
gS tks muds O;kolkf;d ;k uSfrd nkf;Roksa ls Vdjk
ldrk gSA
 ,d i=kdkj tks fdlh ,slh daiuh ij fjiksfVZax dj
jgk gS ftlesa mldk foÙkh; fgr gS] mls i{kikrh ;k
xSj&i{kikriw.kZrk dh deh ds :i esa ns•k tk ldrk gSA
6- ln~Hkko
 ln~Hkko dk rkRi;Z O;fÙkQ;ksa ;k lewgksa ds chp 'kkafriw.kZ
lg&vfLrRo ;k le>kSrs dh fLFkfr ls gSA ;g ,d ,slh
fLFkfr gS ftlesa fofHkUu rRo ;k Hkkx bl rjg ls ,d
lkFk vkrs gSa tks lq•n] larqfyr vkSj ikjLifjd :i ls
etcwr gksrk gSA
'kCnkoyh% mnkgj.k ds lkFk uSfrdrk ls lacaf/r egRoiw.kZ vo/kj.kk
 O;fÙkQxr ln~Hkko vkarfjd 'kkafr ;k larqyu dh Hkkouk
gS] tgka fdlh O;fÙkQ ds fopkj] Hkkouk,a vkSj dk;Z
lajsf•r vkSj lefUor gksrs gSaA
 lkekftd ln~Hkko ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS ftlesa fofHkUu
lkaLÑfrd] tkrh; ;k èkkfeZd lewg 'kkafriwoZd vkSj
lEekuiwoZd lg&vfLrRo esa jgrs gSaA
 i;kZoj.kh; ln~Hkko ekuoh; xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj çkÑfrd
fo'o ds chp ,d larqyu gS] tgka i;kZoj.k dks
ifjjf{kr vkSj lajf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA
7- oLrqfu"Brk
 bldk rkRi;Z] viuh O;fÙkQxr ekU;rkvksa vkSj Hkkoukvksa
ds LFkku ij rF;ksa dk ikyu djuk gSA
 vuqcaèk çnku djuk] fu;qfÙkQ;k¡ djuk vkSj ;ksX;rk ds
vkèkkj ij iqjLdkj nsuk u fd i{kikr ds vkèkkj ijA
8- rVLFkrk
 ;g fdlh Hkh eqís] Vdjko ;k ifjfLFkfr esa fdlh dk
i{k u ysus dh fLFkfr gSA
 iwoZ pquko vk;qÙkQ Vh ,u 'ks"ku viuh rVLFkrk ds
fy, tkus tkrs Fks vkSj mUgksaus pquko lqèkkjksa dk lw=kikr
fd;k FkkA
9- vukerk
 yksd lsok dh n`f"V ls bldk rkRi;Z vkoj.k ds ihNs
jguk gSA ;g flfoy lsokvksa esa LFkkf;Ro vkSj rVLFkrk
dh voèkkj.kkvksa ls lacafèkr gSA
 ;g vko';d gS fd flfoy lsod (LFkk;h dk;Zdkjh
vfèkdkjh) fofHkUu jktuhfrd nyksa dh ljdkjksa dks
Lora=k vkSj Hk;&eqÙkQ :i ls (rVLFkrk) lykg nsaA dbZ
MkWDVjksa] iSjkesfMDl vkSj esfMdy LVkiQ us vuke :i
ls COVID&19 egkekjh ds f•ykiQ yM+kbZ esa ;ksxnku
fn;k gSA
10- yksd lsok ds çfr leiZ.k
 ;g turk ds dY;k.k dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,
vius drZO; ds çfr ,d yksd lsod dh çfrc¼rk
dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
 ,l- vkj- 'kadju] vkbZ,,l] dks ihiqYl eSu ds :i esa
tkuk tkrk Fkk D;ksafd mUgksaus caèkqvk etnwjh ds mUewyu
dk usr`Ro fd;k vkSj gkf'k, ij jgus okys leqnk;ksa ds
dY;k.k ds fy, cgqr dke fd;kA
11- lfg".kqrk (Tolerance)
 lfg".kqrk gekjs oSf'od laLÑfr;ksa dh le`¼ fofoèkrk]
gekjh vfHkO;fÙkQ ds Lo:iksa vkSj ekuo gksus ds gekjs
rjhdksa dk lEeku] LohÑfr vkSj ljkguk gSA (;wusLdks)A
305
  v'kksd us èkEe ds ekè;e ls vkSj vdcj us nhu&,&bykgh
ds ekè;e ls fofHkUu èkeks± ds lHkh O;fÙkQ;ksa ds çfr
lfg".kqrk dk mins'k fn;kA
12- LohÑfr
 bldk rkRi;Z O;fÙkQ dk thou ds nq• vkSj lq• nksuksa
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks Lohdkj djuk gSA
 •syksa ds f•ykM+h ijkt; Lohdkj djrs gSa vkSj mu
ijkt;ksa ls lh•rs gSaA
13- fo}s"k] mnklhurk] lgkuqHkwfr
 fo}s"k% ;g fdlh O;fÙkQ ;k oLrq ds çfr rhoz v:fp
;k 'k=kqrk dh Hkkouk gSA
 jksfgaX;k ujlagkj us E;kaekj esa vYila[;d lewgksa ds çfr
fo}s"k dks n'kkZ;kA
 mnklhurk% ;g fdlh O;fÙkQ ;k oLrq ds çfr mnklhu
gksus dh çÑfr gSA ;g fdlh pht ds çfr fpark] Hkkouk]
o`fÙk;ksa] >qdko vkfn dh vuqifLFkfr ls fpfÉr gksrk gSA
 :l&;wØsu ;q¼ dk vkjEHk] lÙkk esa cSBs yksxksa dh vke
turk ds çfr mnklhurk dks n'kkZrk gSA
 lgkuqHkwfr% ;g fdlh dh ihM+k ds çfr n;k] nq%• vkSj
d#.kk dh Hkkouk gSA bls fdlh •kl eqís ij lgefr
ds rkSj ij Hkh le>k tk ldrk gS
 fuHkZ;k dkaM ds ckn ns'kHkj esa fudkys x, dSaMy ekpZ
us ihfM+rk vkSj vke rkSj ij lHkh efgykvksa ds çfr
lgkuqHkwfr fn•kbZA
14- lekuqHkwfr
 ;g nwljksa dh Hkkoukvksa dks le>us] nwljksa ds n`f"Vdks.k
ls ns•us] Lo;a dks mudh txg ij j•us dh {kerk gSA
 vkbZ,,l ftrsaæ dqekj lksuh us dqN oafpr cPpksa dks
dBksj lfnZ;ksa esa uaxs iSj Ldwy tkrs ns•dj pj.k iknqdk
vfHk;ku 'kq: fd;k vkSj mUgsa twrs forfjr fd,A
15- d#.kk
 ;g nwljksa ds nnZ dks eglwl djus vkSj muds d"V dks
nwj djus esa mudh enn djus dh Hkkouk gSA
 enj Vsjslk dks xjhcksa vkSj oafprksa ds çfr mudh lsok
ds fy, d#.kk dh çfrewfrZ ekuk tkrk gSA
16- fu"diVrk@lPpkbZ@bZekunkjh fu"Bk
 fu"diVrk] fdlh ds fopkjksa] dk;ks± vkSj nwljksa ds lkFk
laO;ogkj esa bZekunkj] okLrfod vkSj lPpk gksus dk
xq.k gSA ;g ,d ,slk xq.k gS ftlesa Lo;a dks vfHkO;ÙkQ
djus vkSj nwljksa ds lkFk O;ogkj djus esa çkekf.kd]
ikjn'khZ vkSj ljy gksuk 'kkfey gSA fu"diVrk@lPpkbZ
306
esa fnu&çfrfnu dh xfrfofèk;ksa dks bZekunkjh ls djuk
'kkfey gks ldrk gSA
 le; ij dk;kZy; vkuk] lHkh vkfèkdkfjd ysunsu vkfn
dk fjdkWMZ j•ukA
17- n`<+rk
 n`<+rk pqukSfr;ksa] ckèkkvksa vkSj vliQyrkvksa ds ckotwn
fdlh y{; ;k dk;Z dks tkjh j•us dk xq.k gSA blesa
dfBukb;ksa ;k vliQyrkvksa dk lkeuk djus esa n`<+
ladYi] n`<+rk vkSj yphysiu dk la;kstu 'kkfey gSA
fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa liQyrk çkIr djus ds fy, ;g ,d
egRoiw.kZ xq.k gSA
 çdk'k cYc ds vkfo"dkj esa 1000 ls vfèkd ckj
vliQy gksus ds ckotwn FkkWel ,fMlu us dke tkjh
j•k FkkA
18- lkgl
z lkglh] fuMj gksus vkSj pqukSfr;ksa] dfBukb;ksa ;k ;gka rd
fd •rjs dk lkeuk djus vkSj ml ij dkcw ikus ds fy,
rS;kj gksus dk xq.k gSA
 tks lgh gS mlds fy, •M+k gksuk] okafNr ifj.kke çkIr
djus ds fy, vko';d gksus ij tksf•e mBkuk vkSj Hk;
dk eqdkcyk djuk lkgl ds vuq:i gSA
19- ikS#"k
 ikS#"k ,d ,sls xq.k dks lanfHkZr djrh gS tks gesa lkgl]
n`<+rk vkSj vkarfjd 'kfÙkQ dh xgjh Hkkouk ds lkFk
thou dh dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djus esa l{ke cukrh
gSA
 ,d lSfud ftldk futh thou vO;ofLFkr gS]
•rjukd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gq, vius ns'k
dh j{kk ds fy, viuh tku tksf•e esa Mkyrk gS vkSj
gkj ugha ekurkA
20- vuqfØ;'khyrk
 vuqfØ;'khyrk ls rkRi;Z fdlh fLFkfr] vuqjksèk ;k
mÙkstuk ds çfr 'kh?kz vkSj mfpr :i ls çfrfØ;k djus
dh {kerk ls gSA
 2006 cSp ds vkbZih,l vfèkdkjh f'konhi okeu ykaMs
us dbZ vijkfèk;ksa dks fxjÝrkj fd;k] efgykvksa dh
lqj{kk dh fn'kk esa dke fd;k vkSj iQkekZL;qfVdy
ekfiQ;k ls eqdkcyk fd;k] NsM+NkM+ djus okyksa ds
f•ykiQ dM+h dkjZokbZ dh vkSj yksxksa ds fy, cgqr
vklkuh ls miyCèk jgsA gj fnu lSdM+ksa lans'k çkIr gksrs
Fks vkSj mUgksaus ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k fd çR;sd lans'k
ij è;ku fn;k tk,A
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
21- foosd
 foosd dk rkRi;Z fu.kZ; ysus vkSj dkjZokbZ djus esa
lkoèkku] lrdZ vkSj cqf¼eku gksus ds xq.k ls gSA
laHkkfor tksf•eksa dk vuqeku yxkus ds fy, vPNs
fu.kZ; vkSj nwjnf'kZrk dk mi;ksx djuk vkSj tYnckth
;k vkosxiw.kZ fu.kZ;ksa ls cpuk O;fÙkQ dks foosdiw.kZ
cukrk gSA
 ,d is'ksoj rc foosd'khyrk fn•krk gS tc og vius
dke dh xq.koÙkk dks çkFkfedrk nsrk gS vkSj •qn dks
igys ls csgrj cukrk gSA
22- la;e
 la;e dk rkRi;Z O;ogkj esa vkRe&fu;a=k.k vkSj la;e
cjrus vkSj vkosxiw.kZ O;ogkj ls cpus dh {kerk gS]
•kldj tc lafyIrrk gksA la;e] O;fÙkQ;ksa dks larqyu
cuk, j•us vkSj pje lhekvksa ls cpus dh vuqefr
nsrk gSA
 la;e ls dksbZ O;fÙkQ lkfFk;ksa ds ncko ds dkj.k
;k fdlh vU; dkj.k ls gkfudj@O;FkZ xfrfofèk;ksa esa
'kkfey ugha gks jgk gSA
23- xksiuh;rk
 xksiuh;rk ls rkRi;Z laosnu'khy ;k oxhZÑr tkudkjh]
MsVk ;k Kku dks futh j•us vkSj vufèkÑr O;fÙkQ;ksa
;k vuisf{kr O;fÙkQ;ksa ds lkeus blds çdVhdj.k dks
jksdus ds O;ogkj@vk'oklu ls gSA
 ;kSu vijkèkksa ds ihfM+rksa dh igpku dk •qyklk u djuk%
igpku dh j{kk dh tkrh gS rkfd mUgsa vuko';d
migkl] lkekftd cfg"dkj vkSj mRihM+u dk f'kdkj
u gksuk iM+sA
24- çkdVÔ@•qykiu
 çkdVÔ] ikjn'khZ] lekos'kh vkSj lqyHk gksus dh fLFkfr
dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA çkdVÔ] fo'okl] mÙkjnkf;Ro
dh laLÑfr dks c<+kok nsrk gS lkFk gh Kku vkSj voljksa
rd igqap c<+kdj] uokpkj dks c<+kdj vkSj vfèkd
lekos'kh lekt cukdj lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl
dh vksj ys tkrk gSA
 jktLFkku ljdkj dk tulwpuk iksVZy çkdVÔ dks c<+kok
nsrk gS
25- fu%LokFkZrk
 fu%LokFkZrk ls rkRi;Z Lo;a dh vis{kk nwljksa dh t:jrksa
vkSj dY;k.k ds çfr vfèkd fpafrr gksus ds xq.k ;k
fLFkfr ls gSA fuLokFkZrk Lo;a dks dbZ vyx&vyx
rjhdksa ls çdV dj ldrh gS] ftlesa n;kyqrk] mnkjrk]
ns'kHkfÙkQ vkSj ijksidkfjrk ds dk;Z 'kkfey gSaA
'kCnkoyh% mnkgj.k ds lkFk uSfrdrk ls lacaf/r egRoiw.kZ vo/kj.kk
 Hkkjr ds ohj lSfud viuh ekr`Hkwfe dh j{kk ds fy,
vius çk.k U;kSNkoj dj nsrs gSaA
26- tokcnsgh
 tokcnsgh ls rkRi;Z fdlh ds dk;ks±] fu.kZ;ksa vkSj çn'kZu
ds fy, ftEesnkj gksus vkSj mu dk;ks± ds ifj.kkeksa ds
fy, tokcnsg gksus dh fLFkfr ls gSA blesa fdlh ds
dk;ks± dks Lohdkj djuk vkSj mudk LokfeRo ysuk vkSj
;fn vko';d gks rks mUgsa le>kus vkSj mfpr Bgjkus
ds fy, rS;kj jguk 'kkfey gSA
 fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•kijh{kd vius dk;ks± ds fy, laln
ds çfr tokcnsg gS
27- mÙkjnkf;Ro
 mÙkjnkf;Ro ls rkRi;Z O;fÙkQ dh bPNk ds ifj.kkeksa dks
Lohdkj djus vkSj fdlh fo'ks"k Hkwfedk] fLFkfr ;k
fLFkfr ls tqM+s drZO;ksa vkSj vis{kkvksa dks iwjk djus dh
bPNk vkSj {kerk ls gSA
 dkWikZsjsV iQeZ dh dkWikZsjsV lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro fl¼kar
bls ls lEcaf/r gSA
28- çR;;h drZO;
 çR;;h drZO; ,d dkuwuh nkf;Ro dks lanfHkZr djrk gS
ftls ,d i{k dks nwljs i{k ds lokZsÙke fgr esa djuk
gksrk gSA çR;;h drZO; okyh ikVhZ dks çR;;h dgk tkrk
gS] vkSj ftl i{k ij drZO; cdk;k gS mls ykHkkFkhZ
dgk tkrk gSA
 ,d flfoy lsod dk çR;;h drZO; turk ds lokZsÙke
fgr esa dk;Z djus vkSj viuh 'kfÙkQ;ksa vkSj lalkèkuksa dk
ftEesnkj vkSj tokcnsg rjhds ls mi;ksx djus ds muds
nkf;Ro dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
29- ftEesnkfj;ksa dk çlkj
 ftEesnkfj;ksa dk çlkj] ftls ckbZLVSaMj çHkko ds
:i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ,d lkekftd ifj?kVuk gS
ftlesa O;fÙkQ;ksa }kjk vius dk;ks± dh ftEesnkjh ysus ;k
vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr esa gLr{ksi djus dh laHkkouk de
gksrh gS tc vU; yksx ekStwn gksrs gSaA ;g vU; dkjdksa
ds vykok lkekftd ekunaMksa] lewg vuq:irk vkSj
O;fÙkQxr ftEesnkjh dh deh ds dkj.k gks ldrk gSA
 ;fn nksLrksa dk ,d lewg fdlh dks èkedkrs gq, ns•rk
gS] rks muds gLr{ksi djus dh laHkkouk de gks ldrh
gS ;fn muesa ls çR;sd ;g ekurk gS fd lewg esa dksbZ
vkSj ,slk djsxkA
307
30- vuq'kklu
 vuq'kklu fu;eksa ds ,d lewg ;k vkpkj lafgrk dks
lanfHkZr djrk gS ftldk ikyu dksbZ O;fÙkQ fdlh
fuf'pr y{; dks çkIr djus ;k ,d fuf'pr ekud vkSj
larqyu cuk, j•us ds fy, djrk gSA ;g vkRe&fu;a=k.k
dk dk;Z gS vkSj fod"kZ.kksa dk lkeuk djus ij Hkh
LohÑr fu;eksa ;k ekudksa dk ikyu djus dh {kerk gSA
 vuq'kklu] Hkkjrh; lsuk dk es#naM gSA vuq'kklu ds
ekè;e ls] blus o"kks± ls O;oLFkk vkSj mRÑ"Vrk cuk,
j•h gSA
31- pfj=k
 pfj=k fdlh O;fÙkQ ds dqN xq.kksa] ewY;ksa vkSj y{k.kksa ds
ifj.kkeLo:i mldh uSfrdrk vkSj uSfrd igpku dks
ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA
 lÙkklhu yksx vkpkj lafgrk dk ikyu djrs gSa vkSj
vius in dk nq#i;ksx ugha djrsA
32- rdZlaxrrk
 rdZlaxrrk dk rkRi;Z vkykspukRed fparu djus]
fofHkUu fodYiksa ij fopkj djus vkSj ;qfÙkQijd vkSj
rkfdZd rjhds ls ;kuh lk{;ksa vkSj rF;ksa ds vkèkkj ij
lwfpr fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk ls gSA
 yksx vfèkd Hkqxrku okyh ukSdfj;ksa dh ctk; ,slh
ukSdfj;ka pqurs gSa tks muds dkS'ky vkSj #fp;ksa ds
vuq:i gksaA
HkkokukRed cqf¼eÙkk
1- Hkkouk,¡
 Hkkouk,¡ tfVy euksoSKkfud vkSj 'kkjhfjd çfrfØ;k,¡ gSa
tks ;k rks fdlh oká mÙkstuk ;k vkarfjd fopkjksa vkSj
Hkkoukvksa ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gSaA Hkkouk,¡ LokHkkfod
:i ls vPNh ;k cqjh ugha gksrh gSa] cfYd os gekjs
ekufld vkSj 'kkjhfjd dY;k.k ds LokHkkfod vkSj
vko';d igyw gSaA Hkkouk,¡ ldkjkRed ;k udkjkRed
gks ldrh gSa vkSj mudh rhozrk lkèkkj.k ls rhoz rd
gks ldrh gSA
 dqN lkekU; ldkjkRed Hkkouk,¡ çlUurk] larqf"V
vkSj mRlkg gSa] tcfd Øksèk] Hk; vkSj mnklh lkekU;
udkjkRed Hkkouk,¡ gSaA
2- HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk
 ;g Hkkoukvksa dks vuqHko djus@le>us] O;ÙkQ djus
vkSj fu;af=kr djus] rukoiw.kZ xfrfofèk;ksa ds nkSjku ;k
rukoiw.kZ fLFkfr;ksa esa la;e cuk, j•us dh {kerk dks
lanfHkZr djrk gSA
308
 •sy ds nkSjku y{; dk ihNk djuk] 'kkar jguk vkSj
O;fÙkQxr thou esa v'kkafr ds ckotwn dk;ZLFky ij
è;ku dsafær j•ukA
3- bZD;w cuke vkbZD;w (EQ vs IQ)
 IQ ;k baVsfytsal dks'ksaV ,d cqf¼ ijh{k.k Ldksj gSA
ijh{k.k dk mís'; fdlh O;fÙkQ dh lkspus vkSj rdZ
djus dh laKkukRed {kerk dk vkdyu djuk gSA
 EQ ;k HkkoukRed yfCèk dks ,d O;fÙkQ dh viuh
vkSj nwljs O;fÙkQ dh Hkkoukvksa dks igpkuus dh {kerk
ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA HkkoukRed cqf¼eÙkk
fdlh O;fÙkQ dh Hkkoukvksa dks le>us] fu;af=kr djus]
ewY;kadu djus vkSj O;ÙkQ djus dh {kerk dks ekirh gSA
 IQ ;k baVsfytsal dks'ksaV (IQ or Intelligence Quotient)
 ;g laKkukRed {kerkvksa dk eki gS ftlesa çlaLdj.k]
Kku] Le`fr vkSj rdZ 'kkfey gSA ;g f'k{kkfonksa] fo'ks"kKrk]
vkykspukRed lksp vkSj rdZ dks çHkkfor djrk gSA
 EQ ;k HkkoukRed HkkxiQy (EQ or Emotional
Quotient)
 ;g HkkoukRed ;ksX;rk ds eki dks lanfHkZr djrk
gSA blesa Hkkoukvksa dks igpkuuk] fu;af=kr djuk vkSj
lokZsÙke vkSj lcls çHkkoh rjhds ls mi;ksx djuk
'kkfey gSA
 ;g çsj.kk] lgkuqHkwfr] lacaèk] vkRe&tkx:drk vkSj
vkRe&fu;a=k.k dks çHkkfor djrk gSA ,sls ifjn`'; esa
tgka nks O;fÙkQ mPp ncko okyh ukSdjh ds fy, vkosnu
dj jgs gSa] ,d ds ikl ,d fof'k"V vkbZD;w gS ;kuh
mlds ikl vfèkd laKkukRed {kerk vkSj dkS'ky gSa
ysfdu og ncko esa vklkuh ls fujk'k gks tkrk gS tcfd
nwljs ds ikl ,d vkbZD;w gS tks dbZ yksxksa ds cjkcj
gS ysfdu mldk bZD;w mPp gS tks mls ukSdjh ds fy,
vfèkd mi;qÙkQ cukrk gSA
4- lkekftd cqf¼eÙkk
 ;g lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa vkSj var%fØ;kvksa dks çHkkoh
<ax ls le>us vkSj usfoxsV djus dh {kerk gSA blesa
nwljksa dh Hkkoukvksa] vko';drkvksa vkSj n`f"Vdks.kksa ds
çfr tkx:d vkSj laosnu'khy gksuk vkSj ldkjkRed
o jpukRed rjhds ls nwljksa ds lkFk vUrfØZ;k djus
ds fy, ml le> dk mi;ksx djus esa l{ke gksuk
'kkfey gSA
 ,d Vhe yhMj us uksfVl fd;k fd mudh Vhe dk ,d
lnL; ehfVax ds nkSjku ijs'kku vkSj fopfyr yx jgk
gSA O;ogkj dks utjvankt djus ;k vkykspukRed gksus
ds ctk;] usr`RodrkZ cSBd ds ckn Vhe ds lnL; dks
,d rjiQ ys tkrk gS vkSj iwNrk gS fd D;k lc dqN
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp
 Bhd gSA usr`RodrkZ è;ku ls lqurk gS vkSj lgk;rk ,oa
çksRlkgu çnku djrk gS] ftlls Vhe ds lnL; dks ;g
eglwl djus esa enn feyrh gS fd mldh ckr lquh
tkrh gS vkSj mls egRo fn;k tkrk gSA
5- ijLij fuHkZjrk
 ijLij fuHkZjrk dks nks ;k nks ls vfèkd laLFkkvksa ds chp
lacaèk ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS ftlesa çR;sd
bdkbZ leFkZu] lg;ksx ;k ikjLifjd ykHk ds fy, nwljs
ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ,sls O;fÙkQ] lewg ;k ç.kkfy;k¡ tks
,d&nwljs ls tqM+s gq, gSa vkSj ,d&nwljs dh xfrfofèk;ksa
vkSj mifLFkfr ls çHkkfor gSa] mUgsa vU;ksU;kfJr dgk
tkrk gSA
 'kklu% fofHkUu ea=kky; vkSj foHkkx] lsok forj.k
ds lqpk: lapkyu ds fy, dk;kZRed vkSj rduhdh
lgk;rk ds fy, ,d&nwljs ij fuHkZj gSaA
 lkekftd O;oLFkk,¡% ,slh fLFkfr ftlesa fofHkUu lewg
;k leqnk; lalkèkuksa] lsokvksa ;k lqj{kk ds fy, ,d&nwljs
ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA
bZekunkjh@lR;fu"Bk
 vFkZ'kkL=k% ,slh fLFkfr ftlesa cktkj] ns'k ;k {ks=k
O;kikj] fuos'k ;k çkS|ksfxdh gLrkarj.k ds fy, ,d&nwljs
ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA
uSfrd 'kklu
1- uSfrd 'kklu
 ;g lPpkbZ] bZekunkjh] lR;fu"Bk] ikjnf'kZrk vkfn
tSls uSfrd fl¼karksa }kjk lapkfyr fu;eksa] çFkkvksa vkSj
çfØ;kvksa ds lsV dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
 çHkkoh f'kdk;r fuokj.k ds fy, dsaæ ljdkj dk
CPGRAMS iksVZy vkSj jktLFkku ljdkj dk laidZ
iksVZyA
2- vUr%dj.k
 ;g fdlh ds dk;ks± dh uSfrdrk ds lacaèk esa ,d
O;fÙkQxr fu.kZ; gSA ;g dqN xyr djus ds fy,
vijkèkcksèk vkSj lgh ds fy, xoZ dh Hkkouk iSnk
djrk gSA
 t;iqj esa ,d ch,l,iQ toku] ftrsaæ flag us 11 yk•
#i;s dk ngst ysus ls budkj dj fn;k vkSj blds
cnys] fu'kkuh ds rkSj ij 11 #i;s vkSj ukfj;y fy;kA
3- dkWikZsjsV ç'kklu
 ;g fu;eksa] çFkkvksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa dk lewg gS ftldk
mi;ksx fdlh daiuh dks lapkfyr djus ;k çcafèkr djus
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA dSMcjh lfefr ds vuqlkj]
dkWikZsjsV ç'kklu og ç.kkyh gS ftlds }kjk daifu;ksa dks
funZsf'kr vkSj fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gSA
'kCnkoyh% mnkgj.k ds lkFk uSfrdrk ls lacaf/r egRoiw.kZ vo/kj.kk
 okWjsu ciQsV dks 3 Ps& Principal] Purpose] and People
ij vkèkkfjr uSfrd O;olk; j.kuhfr ds fy, tkuk
tkrk gSA
4- ykyiQhrk'kkgh
 ;g fu;eksa ;k çfØ;kvksa ds vfr ikyu dks lanfHkZr
djrk gS tks u dsoy dk;Z dks tfVy cukrk gS cfYd
ifj.kke esa foyac Hkh djrk gSA
 ,d tfVy djkèkku lajpuk vkSj iQkbfyax çfØ;kA
5- HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn
 ;g vius fdlh fudV O;fÙkQ dks vuqfpr ykHk igqapkus
ds fy, viuh 'kfÙkQ ;k in ds nq#i;ksx dks lanfHkZr
djrk gSA
 ,d jktuhfrd usrk vkarfjd pqukoksa vkSj ikVhZ ds vU;
lnL;ksa dks mfpr ekSdk nsus ds ctk; vius csVs dks
ikVhZ dk vè;{k fu;qÙkQ djrk gSA
1- lR;fu"Bk
 lR;fu"Bk dk rkRi;Z bZekunkj] uSfrd vkSj uSfrd
vkpj.k ds çfr etcwr çfrc¼rk ls gSA ;g fdlh
O;fÙkQ ;k laxBu ds vius dk;ks± vkSj fu.kZ; ysus esa
lR;fu"Bk] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh ds mPp ekudksa
ds ikyu dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA lR;fu"Bk okyk ,d
lkoZtfud vfèkdkjh lkoZtfud fgr esa dk;Z djsxk]
vius foÙkh; ysunsu ds ckjs esa ikjn'khZ gksxk vkSj fgrksa
ds Vdjko ls cpsxkA
 ,d i=kdkj tks lR;fu"Bk dk ikyu djrk gS og
lR;ijd fjiksVZ djsxk vkSj lwpuk ds vius lzksrksa ds
ckjs esa ikjn'khZ gksxkA os luluh•st vkSj iwokZxzg ls
cpsaxs vkSj lqfuf'pr djsaxs fd mudh fjiksfVZax lVhd
vkSj rF;&vkèkkfjr gksA
2- ikjnf'kZrk
 ikjnf'kZrk lHkh çdkj ds ekuoh; lacaèkksa vkSj lapkj esa
Li"Vrk vkSj bZekunkjh ds fl¼kar dks lanfHkZr djrh gS]
pkgs og O;fÙkQxr lacaèkksa] O;olk; ;k ljdkj esa gksA
blesa fdlh ds dk;ks±] bjknksa vkSj çsj.kkvksa ds ckjs esa
•qyk vkSj lPpk gksuk vkSj nwljksa dks çHkkfor djus okyh
tkudkjh vkSj çfØ;kvksa rd igqap çnku djuk 'kkfey
gSA ekuo laidZ ds lHkh {ks=kksa esa bZekunkjh] fo'okl
vkSj tokcnsgh dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, ikjnf'kZrk ,d
egRoiw.kZ fl¼kar gSA
 ,d lks'ky ehfM;k IysViQkWeZ tks ikjn'khZ gS] lkoZtfud
:i ls viuh lkexzh ekWMjs'ku uhfr;ksa dk •qyklk djrk
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 gS] rkfd mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks irk pys fd D;k vuqefr
gS vkSj D;k ughaA
3- vkpkj lafgrk
 vkpkj lafgrk fn'kkfunZs'kksa ;k fl¼karksa dk ,d lewg gS
tks fdlh O;fÙkQ] laxBu ;k is'ks ds O;ogkj ds fy,
uSfrd ekudksa vkSj vis{kkvksa dks js•kafdr djrk gSA ;g
uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, ,d :ijs•k çnku djrk gS
vkSj lR;fu"Bk] O;kolkf;drk vkSj tokcnsgh dks c<+kok
nsus esa enn djrk gSA
 esfMdy dkmafly vkWiQ bafM;k (,elhvkbZ) dh vkpkj
lafgrk vkSj fofu;e Hkkjr esa fpfdRldksa ds fy,
uSfrd ekud fuèkkZfjr djrs gSa] ftlesa fpfdRlk is'ks
dh xfjek vkSj lEeku cuk, j•us] jksxh ds dY;k.k
dks çkFkfedrk nsus vkSj fgrksa ds Vdjko ls cpus tSls
fl¼kar 'kkfey gSaA
4- vkpkj lafgrk
 vkpkj lafgrk fn'kkfunZs'kksa ;k fl¼karksa dk ,d lewg gS
tks O;fÙkQ;ksa ;k laxBuksa ds fy, Lohdk;Z O;ogkj dh
:ijs•k rS;kj djrk gSA ;g fgrksa ds Vdjko] xksiuh;rk
vkSj dkuwuksa vkSj fofu;eksa ds vuqikyu tSls eqíksa dk Hkh
lekèkku dj ldrk gSA dbZ laxBuksa vkSj O;olk;ksa dh
viuh vkpkj lafgrk gksrh gS] ftUgsa çk;% vuq'kklukRed
dkjZokbZ ;k mYya?ku ds vU; ifj.kkeksa ds ekè;e ls
ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA
 Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr vkSj fofue; cksMZ (SEBI) ds ikl
vius deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, ,d vkpkj lafgrk gS tks ikyu
fd, tkus okys uSfrd vkSj is'ksoj ekudksa dh :ijs•k
rS;kj djrh gSA
5- ukxfjd pkVZj
 ukxfjd pkVZj ,d ,slk nLrkost gS tks fdlh ljdkj
;k lkoZtfud lsok çnkrk }kjk vius ukxfjdksa ;k xzkgdksa
ds çfr dh xbZ çfrc¼rkvksa dks js•kafdr djrk gSA
pkVZj lsok ds mu ekudksa dks fuèkkZfjr djrk gS ftudh
laxBu ls vis{kk dh tk ldrh gS] ftlesa lsok dh
xq.koÙkk vkSj Lrj] dk;ks± dks iwjk djus esa yxus okyk
le; vkSj lsokvksa dh igqap 'kkfey gSA ;g ukxfjdksa
ds fy, lkoZtfud lsok çnkrkvksa dks muds dk;ks± ds
fy, tokcnsg Bgjkus vkSj csgrj lsokvksa dh ekax djus
dk ,d midj.k gSA
tSls&ljdkj ds fofHkUu ea=kky;ksa vkSj foHkkxksa ds
ukxfjd pkVZjA
v v
310
6- Hkz"Vkpkj
 Hkz"Vkpkj] csbZekuh ;k vuSfrd O;ogkj dk ,d :i gS
ftlesa O;fÙkQxr ykHk ds fy, lÙkk dk nq#i;ksx 'kkfey
gSA Hkz"Vkpkj dbZ :i esa gks ldrk gS] ftuesa fj'or•ksjh]
xcu] HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn vkSj èkks•kèkM+h 'kkfey gSaA
 2th LisDVªe ?kksVkyk 2008% ;g ekeyk lapkj vkSj
lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ea=kky; }kjk 2th LisDVªe ykblsal ds
vkoaVu esa dfFkr vfu;ferrkvksa ls tqM+k FkkA
7- fo'oluh;rk
 gj le; bZekunkj] fu"diV jgus dk xq.k tks O;fÙkQ dks
fo'oluh; cukrk gSA
 iQsd U;wt vkSj viQokgksa ds cM+s iSekus ij çlkj us
lks'ky ehfM;k dh fo'oluh;rk dks de dj fn;k gSA
8- HksnHkko
 ;g fdlh O;fÙkQ ;k lewg ds lkFk mudh uLy] fyax]
tkfr vkfn ds vkèkkj ij vuqfpr vkSj iwokZxzgiw.kZ
O;ogkj gSA
 uLyh; HksnHkko% egkRek xkaèkh dks mudh Ropk ds jax
ds dkj.k Vªsu esa çFke Js.kh ds fMCcs ls ckgj iQsad
fn;k x;k FkkA
9- vfèkekuh O;ogkj
 ;g dqN O;fÙkQ;ksa ;k O;fÙkQ;ksa ds lewgksa dks nh xbZ
fj;k;r ;k fo'ks"kkfèkdkj dks lanfHkZr djrk gS ftlls
muds fy, dqN ykHk vfèkd lqyHk gks tkrs gSaA
 fodykax O;fÙkQ;ksa dks lkoZtfud lqfoèkkvksa rd vklkuh
ls igqapus esa enn djus ds fy, mUgsa çkFkfedrk nh
tkrh gSA
10- lk>k dY;k.k
 ;g mu lqfoèkkvksa dks lanfHkZr djrk gS tks cM+s iSekus
ij lekt dks ykHkkfUor djrh gSa vkSj LokHkkfod :i
ls leqnk; ds lHkh lnL;ksa }kjk lk>k dh tkrh gSaA
 lkoZtfud ifjogu vkSj euksjatu lqfoèkk,¡] U;kf;d
ç.kkyh] ukxfjd Lora=krk tSls okd Lora=krk vkSj la?k
dh Lora=krk] LoPN gok vkSj LoPN ty_ vkSj jk"Vªh;
j{kkA
11- feF;k@vlR;rk
 fdlh vlR; ;k xyr dFku ;k nkos dks feF;k dgk
tk ldrk gSA tkucw>dj ;k vutkus esa c;ku esa fd;k
x;k nkok >wB] viQokgsa] xyriQgeh vkSj xyr c;kuh
dh rjg Hkzked gks ldrk gSA
 fcØh c<+kus ds fy, foKkiunkrk dbZ ckj vius mRiknksa
ds ckjs esa vlR;@vfr'k;ksfÙkQiw.kZ nkos djrs gSaA
v
uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk:fp