UPSC

lEiw.kZ
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk

flfoy lsok ijh{kkvksa ds fy, ,d lexz lek/kku

 UPSC
lEiw.kZ

Hkkjrh;
vFkZO;oLFkk
O;oLFkk
LkaLdj.k % izFke
ISBN : 978-81-19013-85-2

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vfèkdkj
lHkh vfèkdkj çdk'kd ds ikl lqjf{kr jgsaxsA ys•d ;k çdk'kd dh fyf•r vuqefr ds fcuk bl iqLrd ds fdlh Hkh fgLls dk fdlh Hkh
rjg ls mi;ksx ;k bldh vU; çfrfyfi rS;kj ugha dh tk ldrh gSA

Nk=k leqnk; ds fgr esa%

fdlh Hkh lks'ky ehfM;k pSuy] bZesy vkfn ;k fdlh vU; pSuy ds ekè;e ls eksckby] ySiVkWi ;k MsLdVkWi ds ekè;e ls ihMh,iQ ;k vU;
led{k çk:iksa esa iqLrdksa dh lkWÝV dkWih dk çlkj ,d çdkj dk vijkèk gSA fdlh Hkh O;fÙkQ }kjk viuh fMokbl (midj.kksa) ij iqLrd dh
lkWÝV dkWih dks çlkfjr] MkmuyksM] laxzghr djuk dkWihjkbV vfèkfu;e dk mYya?ku gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ bl iqLrd ;k bldh fdlh Hkh lkexzh
dh iQksVksdkWih djuk Hkh voSèk gSA ,slh fdlh Hkh lkWÝV dkWih lacaèkh lkexzh ds çkIr gksus dh voLFkk esa bls MkmuyksM ;k iQkWjoMZ u djsaA

vLohdj.k%
fo"k; dh xgjh le> j•us okys PW ONLY IAS fo'ks"kKksa ,oa vè;kidksa dh Vhe us iqLrdksa ds fy, dM+h esgur dh gSA tcfd bu iqLrdksa
dks rS;kj djus esa daVsaV cukus okyksa (daVsaV fØ,VlZ)] lEikndksa ,oa çdk'kdksa }kjk iw.kZ ç;Ru fd;k x;k gSA ;g iqLrd 'kSf{kd mís';ksa ds
fy, vfHkçsr gS rFkk ys•d iqLrd esa fufgr fdlh Hkh =kqfV ds fy, ftEesnkj ugha gksxkA fo"k; oLrq dh lVhdrk ds fy, tk¡p dh xbZ gSA
çdk'kd }kjk fo"k;&oLrq dks lVhd ,oa vkfèkdkfjd tkudkjh çnku djus ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k gSA
;g iqLrd ,oa blesa fufgr O;fÙkQxr ;ksxnku çdk'kd }kjk dkWihjkbV vfèkfu;e ds varxZr lqjf{kr gSaA
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 (;g iqLrd dsoy 'kSf{kd mís'; ds fy, mi;ksx dh tk,xhA)

 izLrkouk
PW ONLY IAS dh ,d vR;fèkd dq'ky fo'ks"kK Vhe ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, dM+h esgur djrh gS fd Nk=kksa dks ;wih,llh ijh{kk
ds fy, lokZsÙke lkexzh çkIr gksA
'kq#vkr ls gh daVsaV cukus okyksa (daVsaV fØ,VlZ)] leh{kdksa] MhVhih vkWijsVjksa] çwiQjhMjksa ,oa vU; yksxksa dh iwjh daVsaV Vhe Nk=kksa ds
fy, çHkko'kkyh lkexzh rS;kj djus gsrq vius lokZsÙke Kku rFkk vuqHko ds vuqlkj lkexzh dks vkdkj nsus esa layXu gSA
vè;kidksa us fo"k;&oLrq dks vklkuh ls le>us okyh Hkk"kk esa çLrqr djus dh ubZ 'kSyh viukbZ gS ,oa bl vè;;u lkexzh ds fuekZ.k
ds nkSjku Vhe dks viuk ekxZn'kZu rFkk i;Zos{k.k çnku fd;k gSA
PW ONLY IAS oSpkfjd ,oa euksjatd f'k{kk esa n`<+ fo'okl j•rk gSA PW ONLY IAS Nk=kksa dks xq.koÙkk rFkk Li"Vrk ykus ds fy,
mPp ijh{kk&mUeq• vè;;u&lkexzh çnku djrk gSA
;wih,llh vè;;u lkexzh cgqrk;r ds lkFk cktkj esa miyCèk gS] ijarq PW ONLY IAS fo'ks"kK gekjs ;wih,llh Nk=kksa ds fy, lokZsPp
vè;;u lkexzh çnku djus gsrq fujarj dk;Zjr gSaA
;g vè;;u lkexzh ijh{kk esa iwNs tkus okys ç'uksa dh çpqj fofoèkrk ds lkFk voèkkj.kkvksa dks le>us ,oa egkjr gkfly djus ds fy,
cgqvk;keh n`f"Vdks.k viukrh gS rFkk Nk=kksa dks çfr;ksxh ijh{kk ds fy, Kku ls lqlfTtr djrh gSA
bl vè;;u lkexzh dk eq[; mís'; gekjs Nk=kksa dks laf{kIr] Li"V] y?kq ,oa xq.koÙkkiw.kZ fo"k;&oLrq çnku djuk gSA

iqLrd dh fo'ks"krk,a

z fo"k;ksa dh lexz ppkZ] ;wih,llh çkjafHkd vkSj eq[; ijh{kk ds ikB;Øe ds iq.kZr% vuq:i
z fo"k;okj dojst ds fy, ou&LVkWi lkWY;w'ku
z Rofjr le> vkSj iqujh{k.k ds fy, vkjs•] ÝykspkVZ vkSj VkbeykbUl
z bl ijh{kk ds çkjafHkd vkSj eq[; pj.kksa dh ,dhÑr rS;kjh
 fo"k;&lwph
1. vFkZ'kkL=k dh ewy voèkkj.kk,¡................... 1–13
z vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj vFkZ'kkL=k ds chp varj..........1
z vFkZ'kkL=k dk vè;;u D;ksa\.........................1
z vFkZ'kkL=k vkSj blds mi•aM.........................1
z ldkjkRed vFkZ'kkL=k vkSj ekud@fu;ked
vFkZ'kkL=k dh voèkkj.kk...............................1
z lef"V ,oa O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k..........................2
z vFkZ'kkL=k vè;;u ds fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k...........3
z chftax vke lgefr ;k jkT; iwathokn ;k
fodkl dk phu ekWMy...............................7
z okf'kaxVu vke lgefr................................7
z lSafV;kxks vke lgefr.................................8
z okf.kT;okn..............................................8
z O;ogkfjd vFkZ'kkL=k...................................9
z gfjr vFkZ'kkL=k.........................................9
z LokLF; vFkZ'kkL=k......................................9
z vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds {ks=k vkSj çdkj...................9
z ?kjsyw vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj blds {ks=k................. 11
z dqtusV~l oØ......................................... 12
z i;kZoj.k dqtusV oØ................................ 13
2. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh ize[q k fo'ks"krk,¡.....14–20
z Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ .............. 14
z vkSifuosf'kd dky ds nkSjku Hkkjrh;
vFkZO;oLFkk............................................ 15
z 1991 ds lqèkkjksa ds ckn Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk..... 18
3. jk"Vªh; vk; ys[kkadu................................ 21–40
z vk; dh voèkkj.kk.................................. 21
z dkjd vk; vkSj xSj&dkjd vk; dh
voèkkj.kk.............................................. 21
z mRiknu dkjdksa dh voèkkj.kk .................... 21
z vk; dk pØh; çokg............................... 22
z ?kjsyw cpr............................................ 23
z vkfFkZd {ks=k (?kjsyw) dk vFkZ..................... 24
z jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk ds rjhds.................. 24
z fdlh ns'k ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh x.kuk......25
z ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP)............................. 25
z Hkkjr ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh
{ks=kh; lajpuk......................................... 27
z thMhih viLiQhfrdkjd@fMÝysVj.................. 28
z lkadsfrd vkSj okLrfod thMhih.................. 28
z gfjr thMhih dh voèkkj.kk ...................... 29
z 'kq¼@fuoy ?kjsyw mRikn............................. 30
z ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn (GNP)..................... 30
z GDP cuke GNP ................................ 31
z 'kq¼@fuoy jk"Vªh; vk; (NNP)@jk"Vªh;
vk; (NI).......................................... 32
z fLFkj cuke J`a•yk vkèkkfjr fofèk .............. 32
z dkjd@lkèku ykxr (FC) vkSj cktkj ewY;
(MP) dh voèkkj.kk................................ 33
z orZeku vkSj fLFkj ewY; dk vFkZ.................. 33
z ewY; oèkZu dh voèkkj.kk........................... 33
z ldy ewY; oèkZu (GVA)........................ 34
z jk"Vªh; vk; (NI) dh x.kuk esa o"kZ 2015
esa ifjorZu fd;k x;k............................... 34
z la'kksfèkr ldy ?kjsyw mRikn J`a•yk.............. 34
z jk"Vªh; vk; ds ekiu ls lacafèkr laLFkku%
CSO; NSSO; NSC.............................. 35
z O;fÙkQxr vk; (PI) vkSj ç;ksT; vk; (DI)..... 36
z iwath mRiknu vuqikr (CoR)...................... 36
z varj.k vnk;xh ............................................. 37
z lhtusysVh@ekSlehiu rRo dh voèkkj.kk ........ 37
z laHkkfor thMhih@thMhih dh laHkkouk ........... 37
z çfr O;fÙkQ vk; (PCI)........................... 38
z vFkZO;oLFkk ds vkSipkfjd vkSj
vukSipkfjd {ks=k..................................... 38
z Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu ls tqM+s eqís...... 38
z jk"Vªh; ys•k ls lacafèkr eqíksa dk lekèkku....... 40
4. vkfFkZd lao`f¼ vkSj fodkl..................... 41–53
z vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dh voèkkj.kk...................... 41
z vkfFkZd laof` ¼ dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd.....41
z vkfFkZd lao`f¼ ekius dh vko';drk............ 42
z pØh; o`f¼ vkSj lajpukRed o`f¼............... 43
 z lao`f¼ cuke fodkl................................ 43
z vkfFkZd lao`f¼ ds ladsrd......................... 43
z vFkZO;oLFkk esa fofHkUu {ks=kksa dk fgLlk........... 44
z vkfFkZd fodkl....................................... 44
z vkfFkZd fodkl ds ladsrd........................ 45
z jkstxkjghu lao`f¼.................................... 48
z fodflr] fodkl'khy vkSj lcls de
fodflr ns'kksa dh voèkkj.kk....................... 49
z uhfr vk;ksx% Hkkjr @75&vkfFkZd lao`f¼
dks c<+kus dk mís';................................. 50
z vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2021% vlekurk vkSj
o`f¼&la?k"kZ ;k lfEeyu\........................... 51
z pØh; vFkZO;oLFkk ;k pØh;rk................... 53
5. Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu......................... 54–65
z fu;kstu dk vFkZ..................................... 54
z fu;kstu osQ çdkj.................................... 54
z cgq Lrjh; ;kstuk.................................... 55
z iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa osQ y{;....................... 56
z ;kstuk osQ mís';..................................... 56
z nqfoèkk% Ñf"k cuke vkS|ksxhdj.k.................. 57
z Hkkjrh; ;kstuk dh foiQyrk,¡ vkSj dfe;k¡...... 58
z fodkl dk usg:&egkyuksfcl ekWMy............. 59
z Hkkjr dh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡........................ 59
z uhfr vk;ksx........................................... 63
6. fuèkZurk vkSj vlekurk............................. 66–84
z fofHkUu laLFkkvksa vkSj laxBuksa }kjk çnÙk
fuèkZurk dh ifjHkk"kk,a............................... 66
z fuèkZurk vkSj vlekurk osQ lacaèk esa
laoSèkkfud çkoèkku................................... 66
z lrr fodkl dk y{; vkSj fuèkZurk.............. 67
z fuèkZurk osQ çdkj.................................... 67
z fuèkZurk osQ çfr n`f"Vdks.k.......................... 67
z fuèkZurk js•k dh voèkkj.kk......................... 67
z Hkkjr esa fuèkZurk dk vkdyu% fuèkZurk ij
lfefr;k¡............................................... 68
z fuèkZurk osQ vkdyu dk egRo vkSj mi;ksfxrk.... 71
z fuèkZurk dk vkdyu djus esa pqukSfr;k¡........... 71
z fuèkZurk osQ çHkko'kkyh ekiu osQ fy,
lekèkku................................................ 71
z ikapoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1974&79) dh
eq[; fo'ks"krk,a% xjhch gVkvks..................... 72
z veR;Z lsu }kjk fuèkZurk dh voèkkj.kk........... 72
z lkekftd vkfFkZd vkSj tkfr tux.kuk........... 72
z fuèkZurk vkSj vlekurk ls lacafèkr
lwpdkad@fjiksVZ........................................ 74
z fuèkZurk osQ dkj.k.................................... 75
z xjhch dk cgqvk;keh çHkko........................ 77
z ¶fuèkZurk dk L=khdj.k¸ dh voèkkj.kk........... 79
z Hkkjr esa lkekftd {ks=k.............................. 80
z foÙkh; lekos'ku vkSj fuèkZurk mUewyu........... 81
z fuèkZurk mUewyu esa Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa
(SHG) dh Hkwfedk................................. 81
z fuèkZurk mUewyu osQ ç;kl.......................... 82
z Hkkjr esa xjhch dks de djus dh fn'kk esa
uhfr;k¡ vkSj dk;ZØe................................ 82
z fuèkZurk mUewyu dk;ZØeksa dh çHkkoghurk
osQ dkj.k.............................................. 84
z xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa fuèkZurk mUewyu dh
j.kuhfr;k¡.............................................. 84
7. jkstxkj] csjkstxkjh vkSj dkS'ky fodkl.... 85–100
z jkstxkj................................................. 85
z çeq• jkstxkj vkSj csjkstxkjh ladsrd............. 86
z csjkstxkjh............................................... 87
z Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh dh çÑfr...................... 89
z ykHkdkjh jkstxkj vkSj bldh vko';drk........ 90
z vukSipkfjd jkstxkj.................................. 91
z fuf'pr vofèk jkstxkj.............................. 93
z FTE ds ykHk........................................ 94
z dkS'ky fodkl........................................ 96
z fxx odZj.............................................. 97
z lkekftd lqj{kk lafgrk 2020.................... 100
8. lekos'kh fodkl.................................... 101–110
z lekos'kh fodkl dh fo'ks"krk,a.................. 101
z lekos'kh fodkl ds rRo......................... 102
z lekos'kh fodkl % laoSèkkfud vfèkns'k......... 102
z lekos'kh fodkl ds fy, n`f"Vdks.k............. 103
z lrr fodkl y{; vkSj lekos'kh fodkl...... 104
z lekos'kh fodkl ds vk;ke...................... 104
z lekos'kh fodkl vkSj 12oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk..... 105
z uhfr vk;ksx vkSj lekos'kh fodkl }kjk
Hkkjr @75.......................................... 105
z lekos'kh fodkl çkIr djus ds fy,
uhfrxr gLr{ksi.................................... 106
z i;kZoj.k cuke fodkl............................ 106
z lekos'kh fodkl çkIr djus esa pqukSfr;ka....... 107
z ekiu (lwpdkad vkSj fjiksVZ) lekos'kh
fodkl............................................... 108
v
 z Hkkjr esa lekos'kh fodkl ;kstukvksa ds
lacaèk esa fpark,a..................................... 108
z fo'o vkfFkZd eap vkSj lekos'kh fodkl...... 109
z fu"d"kZ............................................... 110
9. èku vkSj eqnzk iz.kkyh............................ 111–134
z èku dk vFkZ........................................ 111
z èku dk dk;Z........................................ 111
z eqæk dk fodkl.................................... 111
z vkHkklh@fØIVksdjsalh................................ 114
z eqæk ds çdkj....................................... 114
z eqæk dk l`tu...................................... 114
z eqæk dh ekax........................................ 115
z eqæk dh vkiwfrZ & ekSfæd leqPp; ............ 117
z eqæk xq.kd........................................... 119
z eqæk lapyu dk osx ............................. 120
z Hkkjr esa ØsfMV fuekZ.k............................ 120
z eqæk ds çdkj....................................... 120
z Hkkjr esa eqæk........................................ 121
z Hkqxrku ds rjhds ds vkèkkj ij dkMZ ds
çdkj................................................. 123
z ¶yhxy VsaMj@ dkuwuh :i ls oSèk eqæk¸....... 124
z CykWdpsu vkSj fMfLVªC;wVMs ystj VsDuksykWth..... 124
z fØIVks djsalh........................................ 125
z Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; Hkqxrku fuxe..................... 126
z fMftVy Hkqxrku.................................... 127
z fMftVy ysunsu yksdiky (2019)............. 130
z Hkqxrku ç.kkyh ds fy, ubZ vaczsyk bdkbZ
(,u;wbZ)............................................. 131
z epZsaV fMLdkmaV jsV (,eMhvkj)................ 131
z dS'kysl ;k ysl&dS'k vFkZO;oLFkk dks
c<+kok nsus dh igy............................... 132
z Hkkjr esa ,Vh,e ds yscy........................ 132
z foeqæhdj.k dh voèkkj.kk........................ 132
z dkyk èku............................................ 133
10. Hkkjr esa cSafdax ç.kkyh......................... 135–160
11. Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad (vkjchvkbZ) vkSj
Hkkjr esa ekSfæd uhfr............................ 161–189
z osQaæh; cSad dk vFkZ............................... 161
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dk bfrgkl.................. 161
z vktknh osQ ckn ls vkjchvkbZ dk
fodklewyd bfrgkl.............................. 161
z vkjchvkbZ dk laLFkkxr laxBu.................. 162
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dh lajpuk.................. 163
vi
z vkjchvkbZ osQ dk;Z................................ 164
z vkjchvkbZ dh lgk;d daifu;k¡................. 166
z vkjchvkbZ osQ çdk'ku............................. 169
z vkjchvkbZ dh U;wure vkjf{kr ç.kkyh......... 169
z vkjchvkbZ dh vk; osQ lzksr..................... 169
z vkjchvkbZ dk O;;................................ 170
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad vfèk'ks"k gLrkarj.k.......... 171
z vkjchvkbZ dh Lok;Ùkrk vkSj Lora=rk........... 172
z vkjchvkbZ dh ubZ igy........................... 174
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dh ekSfæd uhfr............ 174
z ekSfæd uhfr dh fLFkfr........................... 176
z Hkkjr dh ekSfæd uhfr osQ midj.k............. 176
z Hkkjr esa ekSfæd uhfr ............................ 180
z xSj ijaijkxr ekSfæd uhfr......................... 182
z ekSfæd çkfèkdj.k& ubZ mHkjrh pqukSfr;k¡........ 184
z ekSfæd uhfr lapj.k................................ 185
z vkjchvkbZ vkSj fMftVy eqæk.................... 186
z Hkkjr dh le;js[kk vkSj fØIVksD;wjsalh.......... 188
12. Hkkjr esa foÙkh; laLFkku........................ 190–196
z jk"Vªh; o`Qf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad
(ukckMZ)............................................. 190
z Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad (flMch).... 191
z ,fDte cSad......................................... 192
z jk"Vªh; vkokl cSad (NHB).................... 193
z fu;kZr ½.k xkjaVh fuxe (ECGC)............ 194
z eqæk................................................... 195
z foÙkh; fLFkjrk vkSj fodkl ifj"kn (FSDC).....195
13. chek {ks=k................................................ 197–219
z chek dh mRifÙk.................................... 197
z tksf•e vkSj foifÙk................................ 197
z laHkkfor dkj.k..................................... 197
z chek ;ksX; tksf•e................................. 198
z chek dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj bldh cqfu;knh
fo'ks"krk,¡............................................ 198
z chek osQ ewy fl¼kar.............................. 199
z Hkkjr esa chek {ks=k% MsVk vkSj vkadM+s........... 200
z chek {ks=k dk bfrgkl vkSj fodkl
(jk"Vªh;dj.k lfgr).............................. 200
z vkfFkZd lqèkkj vkSj chek {ks=k dks
fiQj ls •ksyuk..................................... 202
z chek {ks=k] cSafdax {ks=k ls fdl çdkj
fHkUu gS\............................................. 203
z chek osQ çdkj...................................... 203
UPSC
WALLAH
 z thou vkSj lkekU; chek osQ chp eq[;
varj.................................................. 206
z ,yvkbZlh esa ,iQMhvkbZ lqèkkj................... 206
z ,yvkbZlh dk fofuos'k............................ 206
z deZpkjh jkT; chek fuxe........................ 207
z fMikWftV ba';ksjsal ,aM ØsfMV xkjaVh
dkWjiksjs'ku (DICGC)%............................ 208
z Hkkjrh; fu;kZr ½.k xkjaVh fuxe (bZlhthlh).....208
z fu;ked laLFkku% isa'ku fufèk fu;ked
,oa fodkl çkfèkdj.k (ih,iQvkjMh,)........ 209
z fu;ked laLFkku% Hkkjrh; chek fu;ked
vkSj fodkl çkfèkdj.k (IRDAI)................... 210
z iquchZek.............................................. 211
z ekbØks&ba';ksjsal..................................... 213
z chek ços'k vkSj chek ?kuRo dh voèkkj.kk.....214
z •jkc chek ços'k osQ dkj.k...................... 214
z chek {ks=k dh vko';drk vkSj egRo.......... 215
z chek {ks=k osQ fy, pqukSfr;k¡ .................... 215
z chek {ks=k esa lqèkkj................................. 216
z chek {ks=k dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, vuqdwy
uhfrxr mik;....................................... 218
z chek {ks=k esa lqèkkj vkSj lqèkkj osQ
fy, lfefr;k¡....................................... 218
14. Hkkjrh; iwath ck”kkj.............................. 220–250
z iwath cktkj dh voèkkj.kk........................ 220
z foÙkh; cktkj dh voèkkj.kk...................... 220
z foÙkh; cktkj dh Hkwfedk ....................... 221
z foÙkh; cktkj osQ dk;Z ......................... 221
z foÙkh; cktkj osQ çdkj .......................... 221
z eqæk cktkj (euhekdZsV) vkSj iw¡th cktkj
(osQfiVy ekfdZV) ................................ 229
z çkFkfed cuke f}rh;d cktkj.................. 231
z iwath cktkj osQ midj.k........................... 231
z ½.k vkSj bfDoVh osQ chp varj................ 234
z ok;nk vuqcèa k dh rqyuk esa Hkfo"; vuqcèa k..... 234
z jkT; fodkl ½.k (,lMh,y).................. 235
z ,Dlpsat VªsMsM iQaM~l (ETF)........................... 235
z cká okf.kfT;d mèkkj............................. 236
z Hkkjr esa ckgjh okf.kfT;d mèkkj................. 236
z Hkkjr esa çfrHkwfr cktkj........................... 237
z Hkkjr esa LVkWd ,Dlpsat........................... 239
z varjkZ"Vªh; LVkWd ,Dlpsat........................ 241
z Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr vkSj fofue; cksMZ (lsch).....242
z deksfMVh ,Dlpsat................................. 243
z deksfMVh cktkj.................................... 243
z j.kuhfrd fofuos'k................................. 245
z fj;y ,LVsV fuos'k VªLV........................... 246
z volajpuk fuos'k VªLV (INVITS)................. 247
z REIT vkSj INVITS osQ chp varj............ 248
z fMikWftVjh fjflIV (DR).................................. 248
z ØsfMV fMiQkWYV LoSi (COsQ)������������������������249
15. yksd foÙk (ctV vkSj jktdks"kh; uhfr).... 251–274
z lkoZtfud foÙk dk vFkZ%......................... 251
z ctV dk vFkZ...................................... 251
z ctV ls lacafèkr laoSèkkfud çkoèkku............ 252
z fufèk;ksa osQ fy, laoSèkkfud çkoèkku............ 253
z oksV vkWu vdkmaV.................................. 254
z varfje ctV........................................ 254
z ljdkjh ctV osQ mís'; ......................... 254
z ctV osQ çdkj..................................... 255
z ctV rS;kj djus osQ fofHkUu rjhosQ............. 255
z ctV dk egRo vkSj egÙkk....................... 260
z Hkkjrh; ctV osQ eqís vkSj pqukSfr;k¡............. 261
z ljdkjh ctV osQ ?kVd........................... 261
z foÙk ea=kky; vkSj mlosQ foHkkx................. 264
z ?kkVs dh voèkkj.kk vkSj blosQ fofHkUu çdkj..... 264
z ghukFkZ çcUèku dh voèkkj.kk ................... 267
z Hkkjr esa ghukFkZ çcUèku........................... 268
z eqæhÑr ?kkVk........................................ 268
z jktdks"kh; mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj ctV çcaèku
vfèkfu;e (,iQvkjch,e)] 2003, 2013..... 269
z lkoZtfud O;;..................................... 270
z lkoZtfud ½.k@jk"Vªh; ½.k..................... 270
z jktdks"kh; uhfr..................................... 273
z jktdks"kh; lesdu................................. 274
16. Hkkjrh; djkèkku iz.kkyh....................... 275–314
z Hkkjrh; djkèkku dk lkekU; ifjn`';........... 275
z Hkkjr esa djkèkku dk fodkl..................... 275
z djkèkku 'kfÙkQ dk laoSèkkfud forj.k........... 276
z dj jktLo dk forj.k............................ 276
z ,Me fLeFk }kjk djkèkku ds fl¼kar............ 277
z djksa ds çdkj....................................... 277
z djkèkku dh fofèk;k¡............................... 278
z çR;{k djkèkku ç.kkyh............................. 279
z dj mRIykodrk.................................... 287
z ykiQj oØ.......................................... 287
vii
 z Vksfcu dj........................................... 288
z fixksfo;u dj...................................... 288
z vfèkHkkj.............................................. 288
z midj................................................ 289
z midj vkSj vfèkHkkj tkjh djuk................. 289
z vçR;{k djkèkku.................................... 290
z oLrq vkSj lsok dj (th,lVh).................. 294
z dj vkSj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk vuqikr....... 299
z bdks&loZs{k.k 2019% O;ogkfjd vFkZ'kkL=k
dj vuqikyu esa lqèkkj djrk gS................. 300
z djkèkku vkSj jktdks"kh; {kerk ij
vkfFkZd loZs{k.k.................................... 302
z dj dh pksjh........................................ 302
z dj oapuk........................................... 303
z jkmaM fVªfiax......................................... 305
z nksgjk djkèkku ifjgkj le>kSrk (MhVh,,)......305
z vkèkkj {kj.k vkSj ykHk LFkkukarj.k
(chbZih,l)......................................... 306
z gLrkarj.k ewY; fuèkkZj.k........................... 307
z çHkkoh çcaèku dk LFkku (ihvksbZ,e)........... 308
z lkekU; ifjotZu jksèkh fu;e (xkj)............. 309
z dj vkradokn vkSj mRihM+u...................... 309
z djnkrk pkVZj vkSj ctV 2020.................. 311
z Hkkjr esa ,d Lora=k yksdiky dk ekeyk&
djnkrkvksa ds vfèkdkjksa ds çorZu dks
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,........................... 312
z oSf'od U;wure dj (th,eVh)................. 312
17. eqnzkLiQhfr.............................................. 315–324
z eqækLiQhfr dh voèkkj.kk%......................... 315
z viLiQhfr dh voèkkj.kk.......................... 315
z rqyuk%eqækLiQhfr cuke viLiQhfr............... 315
z eqækLiQhfr ds dkj.k............................... 317
z ekax tU; cuke ykxr tU; eqnzkLiQhfr......... 318
z eqækLiQhfr ds çdkj................................ 318
z rqyuk% gsMykbu cuke dksj eqækLiQhfr......... 319
z vkèkkj çHkko........................................ 319
z fiNys o"kZ ds ç'u (çkjafHkd).................. 320
z ykxr eqækLiQhfr lwpdkad (lhvkbZvkbZ)....... 321
z mRiknd ewY; lwpdkad (ihihvkbZ)............ 321
z vkokl ewY; lwpdkad (,pihvkbZ)............ 321
z thMhih fMÝysVj................................... 321
z eqækLiQhfr y{;hdj.k% eqækLiQhfr dh lhek
esa mrkj&p<+ko ij gkfy;k viMsV.............. 322
viii
z eqækLiQhfr ds çHkko vkSj ifj.kke............... 323
z eqækLiQhfr dks fu;af=kr djus ds mik;.......... 324
z fu"d"kZ............................................... 324
18. cká {ks=k................................................ 325–341
z •qyh vFkZO;oLFkk ................................. 325
z can vFkZO;oLFkk.................................... 326
z Hkqxrku larqyu@Hkqxrku ns;........................ 326
z 1991 esa Hkkjr dk chvksih ladV............... 328
z O;kikj larqyu...................................... 330
z lsokvksa dk larqyu................................. 330
z varj.k dk larqyu................................. 330
z eqæk ifjorZuh;rk................................... 330
z fofue; njsa.......................................... 332
z lêðk.................................................. 333
z C;kt njsa vkSj fofue; njsa........................ 333
z vk; vkSj fofue; njsa............................. 333
z varjkZ"Vªh; fofue; nj çcaèku ç.kkfy;ksa
esa ifjorZu........................................... 333
z #i;s dk varjkZ"Vªh;dj.k vkSj blds ykHk...... 335
z nqyZHk vkSj lqyHk eqæk dh voèkkj.kk........... 336
z fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k (,lbZtsM).................. 337
z lkekU; ifjgkj fojksèkh fu;e (xkj)............ 337
z fons'kh eqæk eqæk HkaMkj@ifjlaifÙk................. 337
z ek=kkRed lgtrk vkSj la?kh; Vsifjax dh
voèkkj.kk............................................ 338
z èku çs"k.k............................................ 338
z lkWojsu osYFk iQaM@lkWojsu buosLVesaV iQaM...... 339
z f}i{kh; fuos'k lafèk vkSj chvkbZih, .......... 340
z {ks=kh; O;kikj le>kSrs............................. 341
19. fofue; nj iz.kkyh............................... 342–349
z fofue; njksa dh voèkkj.kk....................... 342
z Hkkjr esa fofue; nj çcaèku ds mís';.......... 342
z Hkkjr dh fofue; nj ds fuèkkZjd............... 342
z Hkkjr esa fofue; nj 'kklu....................... 342
z çHkkoh fofue; njksa dh voèkkj.kk.............. 344
z mnkjhÑr fofue; nj çcaèku ç.kkyh............ 345
z fdlh eqæk ds voewY;u dh voèkkj.kk........ 345
z eqæk voewY;u dk dkj.k......................... 345
z eqæk voewY;u ds uqdlku....................... 346
z ,d eqæk ds ewY;ßkl dh voèkkj.kk........... 346
z voewY;u cuke ewY;ßkl........................ 346
z eqæk vfèkewY;e dh voèkkj.kk................... 347
z vfèkewY;u dk çHkko.............................. 347
z ewY;ßkl cuke vfèkewY;u....................... 347
UPSC
WALLAH
 z oSf'od vkjf{kr eqæk.............................. 347
z vkjf{kr eqæk dk egRo........................... 347
z Mh&MkWyjkbts'ku dh orZeku ygj............... 347
z eqæk ;q¼............................................. 348
z vkbZ,e,iQ fo'ks"k vkgj.k vfèkdkj
(,lMhvkj)........................................ 348
z IMF esa Hkkjr dk dksVk.......................... 349
z Ø; 'kfÙkQ lerk (ihihih) dh voèkkj.kk..... 349
z Ø; 'kfÙkQ lerk vkSj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn..... 349
20. vkèkkfjd lajpuk.................................. 350–368
z ÅtkZ volajpuk.................................... 353
z lM+d volajpuk................................... 355
z jsyos volajpuk.................................... 357
z foekuu volajpuk................................. 360
z canjxkg vkSj tyekxZ volajpuk................ 363
21. ykWftfLVDl {ks=k.................................... 369–375
z ykWftfLVDl% mís';................................ 369
z ykWftfLVDl% rF; ,oa vk¡dM+s .................. 369
z ykWftfLVDl {ks=k dk egRo....................... 370
z ykWftfLVDl {ks=k osQ eqís vkSj pqukSfr;ka......... 370
z ljdkj }kjk mBk, x, dne..................... 372
z çèkkuea=kh xfr 'kfÙkQ fe'ku....................... 373
z u;k jk"Vªh; ykWftfLVDl dkuwu................... 373
z vle esa cgq&ekWMy ykWftfLVDl ikdZ.......... 374
z jk"Vªh; ykWftfLVDl uhfr (,u,yih) 2022..... 375
z ,dhÑr ykWftfLVDl varjiQyd eap........... 375
22. fuos'k ekWMy.......................................... 376–388
z fuos'k dk ifjp; vkSj voèkkj.kk............... 376
z vktknh osQ ckn ls Hkkjr esa fuos'k ekWMy
dk bLrseky......................................... 376
z orZeku fLFkfr....................................... 377
z çeq• ç;qÙkQ fuos'k ekWMy ....................... 377
z lksyks Loku ekWMy.................................. 377
z iQsYMeSu egkyuksfcl ekWMy..................... 377
z jko&eueksgu ekWMy............................... 377
z vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuos'k dk egRo................. 378
z fuos'k dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd........... 378
z fuos'k osQ lzksr...................................... 378
z fuos'k çfØ;k esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys
ekWMy................................................ 379
z {ks=k fof'k"V lkoZtfud futh Hkkxhnkjh
(ihihih)............................................ 381
z DyLVj&vkèkkfjr fuos'k ekWMy................... 383
z ihihih ekWMy ij iqufoZpkj vkSj iqu#¼kj
ij fot; osQydj lfefr dh fjiksVZ............ 383
z fons'kh fuos'k ekWMy............................... 384
z fuos'k ekWMy osQ ckn Hkkjr dk LFkku.......... 387
z uhfr vk;ksx% ^ubZ INDIA @75
osQ fy, j.kuhfr*................................... 388
23. Hkkjr esa Ñf"k {ks=k................................. 389–458
z Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ {ks=k osQ cqfu;knh
ewyHkwr fl¼kar...................................... 389
z ;w,u&,lMhth vkSj Ñf"k ........................ 390
z Hkkjrh; lafoèkku vkSj Ñf"k....................... 390
z Hkkjrh; Ñf"k dh orZeku fLFkfr................. 390
z Hkkjr osQ fy, Ñf"k {ks=k dk egRo............. 391
z Hkkjr esa Ñf"k {ks=k osQ eqís........................ 391
z Ñf"k ladV osQ ifj.kke............................ 392
z •afMr Hkwfe tksr................................... 393
z fdlkuksa dh vk; nksxquh djuk% nyobZ
lfefr vkSj uhfr vk;ksx.......................... 394
z Ñf"k mRiknksa osQ ewY; esa mrkj&p<+ko
dh pqukSfr;ka ....................................... 396
z fdlku dh vkRegR;k............................. 397
z ckxokuh {ks=k ...................................... 398
z ifj'kq¼ •srh........................................ 400
z o"kkZ vkèkkfjr ('kq"dHkwfe) Ñf"k ............... 401
z 'kwU; ctV çkÑfrd Ñf"k (tsMch,u,iQ)......403
z ,dhÑr Ñf"k ç.kkyh (vkbZ,iQ,l)............ 404
z Ñf"k f'k{kk.......................................... 405
z Ñf"k esa vuqlaèkku vkSj fodkl................... 407
z Ñf"k foLrkj......................................... 407
z Ñf"k ;a=khdj.k...................................... 408
z cht m|ksx.......................................... 410
z ewY; J`•a yk vkSj xzkeh.k vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk..... 411
z Ñf"k ij dksfoM&19 dk çHkko ................ 411
z i'kqikyu volajpuk fodkl fufèk
(,,pvkbZMh,iQ).................................. 413
z Hkkjr esa flapkbZ ç.kkyh............................ 413
z flapkbZ ç.kkyh osQ çdkj.......................... 414
z flapkbZ dk egRo vkSj vko';drk.............. 415
z lw{e flapkbZ ç.kkyh............................... 415
z Hkkjr esa Hkwty dh deh.......................... 419
z çèkkuea=kh Ñf"k flapkbZ ;kstuk
(ih,eosQ,lokbZ) ................................. 421
ix
 z iQly ç.kkyh esa pkoy vkSj xsgwa dh mit
esa fxjkoV osQ dkj.k............................... 424
z Ñf"k mit dk HkaMkj.k] ifjogu vkSj
foi.ku ............................................. 426
z Ñf"k mRikn dk ifjogu.......................... 429
z Ñf"k mRikn dk foi.ku........................... 430
z Ñf"k foi.ku dk fofu;eu% ,ih,elh......... 432
z Ñf"k fu;kZr.......................................... 435
z fdlku mRiknd laxBu (,iQihvks)............ 437
z Ñf"k ½.k vkSj foÙk............................... 439
z fdlku ifjokjksa dh ½.kxzLrrk dh fLFkfr..... 439
z Ñf"k foÙk vkSj lac¼ eqís......................... 440
z iQly chek......................................... 442
z çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k Ñf"k vuqnku ls
lacafèkr eqís.......................................... 443
z çR;{k Ñf"k vuqnku................................ 444
z vçR;{k Ñf"k vuqnku.............................. 445
z Hkkjrh; vuqnku O;oLFkk.......................... 445
z Ñf"k vuqnku ds ldkjkRed çHkko.............. 446
z Ñf"k vuqnku ds fufgrkFkZ......................... 447
z vuqnku us Hkkjr esa foÑfr;ksa dk usrR` o fd;k.... 447
z vkxs c<+us ds fodYi............................. 448
z •k| vuqnku% jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk vfèkfu;e
(,u,iQ,l,) 2013.............................. 448
z çR;{k udn varj.k@çR;{k ykHk varj.k
(MhchVh)............................................ 449
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu vkSj vuqnku O;oLFkk..... 450
z U;wure leFkZu ewY; (,e,lih)................ 451
z ,e,lih 'kklu dk egRo vkSj ykHk........... 452
z ,e,lih vkSj iQly iSVuZ ds chp lglacèa k..... 453
z ,e,lih 'kklu ls tqM+h leL;k,a vkSj
pqukSfr;ka............................................. 454
z uhfr vk;ksx }kjk ewY; deh Hkqxrku
(ihMhih) ;kstuk................................... 455
z fdlkuksa ij jk"Vªh; vk;ksx% LokehukFku
lfefr (2004) dh fliQkfj'ksa................... 456
z •k| vkSj Ñf"k uhfr ij jes'k paæ
lfefr (2013).................................... 457
z ,e,lih ds fodYi............................... 457
z xUus ds fy, mfpr vkSj ykHkdkjh ewY;....... 457
24. fdlkuksa dh lgk;rk gsrq bZ&çkS|ksfxdh.... 459–464
z Ñf"k esa bZ&çkS|ksfxdh dks viukus dk egRo..... 459
z fdlkuksa ds fy, bZ&çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx..... 460
z Ñf"k esa vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal (,vkbZ)..... 460
z Ñf"k esa bZ&çkS|ksfxdh ls lacafèkr igy......... 461
x UPSC
z fdlkuksa vkSj bysDVªkWfud çkS|ksfxdh ls
tqM+h jkT;&Lrjh; igy........................... 462
z dsl LVMh vkSj lokZsÙke çFkk,a................... 463
z Ñf"k esa bZ&çkS|ksfxdh dks viukus esa
pqukSfr;ka vkSj ckèkk,a............................... 463
25. gfjr Økafr............................................. 465–470
z ifjp; vkSj i`"BHkwfe ............................. 465
z gfjr Økafr dh vko';drk...................... 465
z gfjr Økafr ds ?kVd.............................. 465
z gfjr Økafr ds pj.k ............................. 466
z gfjr Økafr dk ldkjkRed çHkko .............. 466
z gfjr Økafr ds udkjkRed çHkko................ 467
z ekeyksa dk vè;;u% iatkc {ks=k ................ 467
z laèkkj.kh; vkthfodk ds fy, f}rh; gfjr
Økafr ................................................ 468
z iwohZ Hkkjr esa gfjr Økafr ykuk
(chthvkjbZvkbZ) .................................. 469
z pkj LraHk tks gfjr Økafr 2-0 dks l{ke
cuk,axs .............................................. 469
z lnkcgkj Økafr .................................... 470
z gfjr Økafr(Hkkjr) ds vUrxZr ;kstuk,a........ 470
26. i'kqikyu dk vFkZ'kkL=k......................... 471–480
z i'kq@i'kqèku ikyu dk ifjp;.................... 471
z i'kq ikyu dk mís';.............................. 471
z Hkkjr esa i'kq ikyu vFkZO;oLFkk dh {kerk......471
z 20oha i'kqèku x.kuk................................ 472
z i'kq ikyu dk egÙo@vko';drk .............. 472
z i'kqèku fodkl esa pqukSfr;k¡....................... 473
z i'kqèku {ks=k dks c<+kok nsus gsrq mik;........... 473
z uhfr vk;ksx% bafM;k@75 i'kqikyu ij
fliQkfj'ksa............................................. 474
z ctV ?kks"k.kk,¡ 2022&23......................... 474
z i'kq/u {ks=k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy;s ljdkj
}kjk egÙoiw.kZ igysa............................... 475
z xjhch mUewyu j.kuhfr;ksa dh dqath ds :i esa
i'kq/u {ks=k.......................................... 476
z i'kqikyu {ks=k&2020 ds fy;s vkRe fuHkZj
Hkkjr iSdst......................................... 476
z fu"d"kZ............................................... 477
z eRL; {ks=k% uhyh Økafr............................ 477
z Ms;jh {ks=k% 'osr Økafr (vkWijs'ku ÝyM)...... 478
27. Hkkjr esa [kk| izlaLdj.k vkSj
lacafèkr m|ksx................................ 481–491
z •k| çlaLdj.k dk ifjp;....................... 481
z Hkkjr esa •k| çlaLdj.k dh fLFkfr ........... 481
WALLAH
 z •k| çlaLdj.k •k| inkFkks± ds çdkj.......... 482
z •k| çlaLdj.k dk nk;jk ...................... 482
z •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dk egRo .............. 482
z •k| çlaLdj.k ds çeq• •aM................... 483
z •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dh viLVªhe vkSj
MkmuLVªhe vko';drk,a........................... 483
z Hkkjr esa •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksxksa ds fodkl
esa ckèkk,¡@leL;k,a.................................. 484
z •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksxksa ds fodkl ds fy,
vko';d lekèkku@mik;.......................... 485
z •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,
ljdkj dh igy................................... 486
z Hkkjr esa xqykch Økafr............................. 487
z jk"Vªh; •k| çlaLdj.k uhfr (2021).......... 488
z uhfr vk;ksx% •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksxksa ij
Hkkjr @ 75 NITI AAYOG.................. 489
z vkiwfrZ J`a•yk çcaèku.............................. 490
28. lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh.................... 492–501
z ifjp;............................................... 492
z lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh dh i`"BHkwfe........ 492
z ihMh,l ds mís';................................. 492
z ihMh,l dk egRo................................. 492
z ihMh,l dh dk;Zç.kkyh.......................... 493
z Hkkjr esa ihMh,l ls tqM+s eqís.................... 493
z ihMh,l ds fy, lqèkkj............................ 494
z ihMh,l dh n{krk esa lqèkkj ds mik;.......... 495
z •k| lqj{kk.......................................... 495
z oSf'od Hkq•ejh lwpdkad......................... 496
z jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk vfèkfu;e 2013............ 496
z ,u,iQ,l, jSafdax 2022.......................... 498
z •k| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus esa
varjkZ"Vªh; igy.................................... 498
z dsl LVMh% cksYlk iQSfefy;k (czkthy)........ 498
z ou us'ku ou jk'ku dkMZ ;kstuk................ 499
z ciQj ekunaM........................................ 499
z lqjf{kr HkaMkj....................................... 501
z fu"d"kZ............................................... 501
29. vkS|ksfxd {ks=k....................................... 502–530
z m|ksxksa dk oxhZdj.k............................... 502
z vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dh lajpuk........................ 503
z 2021&22 ds vkfFkZd loZs{k.k ij vkèkkfjr
rF; vkSj vkadM+s................................... 503
z Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd uhfr;k¡........................ 503
z 1991 ls iwoZ dh vfèkdka'k uhfr;ksa dh
çeq• fo'ks"krk;sa&................................... 506
z uohu vkS|ksfxd uhfr (,uvkbZih) 1991...... 507
z 1991 dh ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds voxq.k...... 508
z lkoZtfud {ks=k ds miØe........................ 509
z fofuos'k.............................................. 511
z orZeku fofuos'k uhfr (2021&22)............. 513
z fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k................................. 514
z vkB çeq• m|ksxksa dk lwpdkad................. 516
z m|ksxksa dk okf"kZd loZs{k.k........................ 516
z ,e,l,ebZ {ks=k..................................... 518
z vkS|ksfxd Økafr 4&0.............................. 520
z vkS|ksfxd xfy;kjk................................. 522
z jk"Vªh; fuos'k vkSj fofuekZ.k {ks=k
(,uvkbZ,etsM).................................... 523
z LVhy m|ksx......................................... 524
z ,Y;wehfu;e m|ksx................................. 524
z ifjèkku rFkk twrs ds {ks=k.......................... 525
z O;kikj djus esa vklkuh........................... 526
z O;kikj djus esa vklkuh 2&0..................... 527
z Je dkuwu lqèkkj % Je lafgrk.................. 528
z vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ds orZeku eqís.................... 529
z vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ds fy, ;kstuk,¡ rFkk igy.....529
30. lsok {ks=k................................................. 531–537
z lsok {ks=k dk vfèkdkj {ks=k....................... 531
z lsok {ks=k dk egRo................................ 531
z lsok {ks=k dh mPp o`f¼ ds fy,
mÙkjnk;h dkjd.................................... 531
z pSafi;u lsok {ks=k................................... 531
z lsok {ks=k dk çn'kZu............................... 532
z lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh vkSj O;olk; çfØ;k
çcaèku lsok,a........................................ 534
z lapkj {ks=k........................................... 534
z miLdj {ks=k......................................... 535
z canjxkg vkSj f'kfiax lsok,a....................... 535
z lsok {ks=k esa orZeku pqukSfr;ka..................... 535
z ljdkj dh igysa ................................. 536
31. Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lqèkkj......................... 538–547
z fodkl j.kuhfr;ksa osQ fofHkUu çdkj............ 538
z vkfFkZd lqèkkj yksdfç; gq,...................... 539
z Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa dh vko';drk....... 539
z lqèkkjksa dh çÑfr................................... 540
z D;k lqèkkj LoSfPNd Fks ;k vfuok;Z\........... 540
xi
 z ml le; bu lqèkkjksa ls lacafèkr vk'kadk,a
D;k Fkha\............................................. 540
z ;s lqèkkj ewy :i ls nks Jsf.k;ksa osQ varxZr
fd;s x, Fks......................................... 540
z vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa dk ldkjkRed vkSj
udkjkRed çHkko................................... 540
z vkfFkZd lqèkkj osQ lanHkZ esa jkT; dh Hkwfedk
dks iqu% ifjHkkf"kr djuk.......................... 541
z Hkkjr cuke phu% ,d rqyukRed vè;;u...... 541
z mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.k
(LPG) lqèkkj.........................................542
z vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa dh ihf<+;ka........................ 543
z Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa dh leh{kk............. 545
z vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa dk vèkwjk ,tsaMk................. 545
z ifjorZudkjh lqèkkj vkfFkZd fodkl ij
osQafær................................................ 547
32. Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lqèkkj.............................. 548–556
z ifjp;............................................... 548
z Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lajpuk.............................. 548
z Hkwfe lqèkkj osQ mís';.............................. 548
z Hkwfe lqèkkjksa osQ pj.k.............................. 549
z Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dh t:jr............................ 549
z Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dh liQyrk............... 549
z Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dh foiQyrkvksa osQ
dkj.k................................................ 550
z Hkwfe lqèkkjksa osQ iQk;ns............................. 550
z Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dh dfe;ka........................... 550
z Hkwfe lqèkkjksa esa ckèkk,a.............................. 551
z efgyk,a vkSj Hkwfe vfèkdkj...................... 552
z ekWMy fdjk;snkjh vfèkfu;e 2021.............. 553
z uhfr vk;ksx ,D'ku ,tsaMk% Ñf"k Hkwfe
uhfr&iêðs vkSj fjdkWMZ.............................. 554
z Hkwfe vfHkys•ksa dk fMftVyhdj.k............... 554
z Hkwfe lqèkkj vkSj Ñf"k mRikndrk................. 555
33. Hkkjr esa ekuo fodkl.......................... 557–567
z ekuo fodkl dk vFkZ............................ 557
z ekuo fodkl ds vk;ke.......................... 557
z ekuo fodkl gsrq n`f"Vdks.k...................... 557
z ekuo fodkl dks ekiuk.......................... 558
z ekuo iwath cuke ekuo fodkl................. 563
xii
z tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k............................. 564
z dsaæh; ctV 2022% loZ lekos'kh dY;k.k
dsfUær............................................... 566
34. czsVu oqM~l laLFkku................................ 568–580
z varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k (IMF).................... 568
z fo'o cSad vkSj fo'o cSad lewg................ 574
35. fo'o O;kikj laxBu.............................. 581–590
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds fodkl dk ifjp;
vkSj le;js•k....................................... 581
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds mís';................... 581
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh dk;Zç.kkyh............ 582
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh 'kklh lajpuk......... 582
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds fl¼kar.................. 583
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds lkFk eqís vkSj
pqukSfr;k¡............................................. 584
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu vkSj vuqnku O;oLFkk..... 585
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh vuqnku dk
oxhZdj.k............................................. 585
z Ñf"k ij le>kSrk (AOA)...................... 586
z cktkj rd igqap................................... 586
z ?kjsyw vuqnku........................................ 586
z fu;kZr lfClMh...................................... 587
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds rgr ihl DykWt+...... 587
z eksLV iQsoMZ us'ku (,e,iQ,u) dk ntkZ....... 587
z ckSf¼d laink vfèkdkj ds O;kikj lacaèkh
igyw (TRIPS).................................. 588
z HkkSxksfyd ladsr (GI)........................... 589
z Hkkjr dh O;kikj fpark,a vkSj fo'o O;kikj
laxBu................................................ 589
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu vkSj Hkkjrh; Ñf"k........ 589
z fu"d"kZ............................................... 590
36. varjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; laLFkku..................... 591–596
z ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad ............................. 591
z 'ka?kkbZ lg;ksx laxBu (,llhvks)............... 592
z vkfFkZd lg;ksx vkSj fodkl laxBu............ 593
z fczDl (czkthy] :l] Hkkjr] phu vkSj
nf{k.k vÚhdk).................................... 595
UPSC
WALLAH
 1 vFkZ'kkL=k dh ewy vo/kj.kk,¡
vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj vFkZ'kkL=k ds chp varj
z tc yksx vFkZO;oLFkk esa lkekftd xfrfof/ ds :i esa
oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds LVkWd]mRiknu]O;kikj] forj.k vkSj
miHkksx dks lqfo/ktud cukus ds fy, ,d lkFk vkrs gSa_
rks bls vFkZO;oLFkk ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ;g laiw.kZ
xfrfof/ oLrqvksa dks •jhnus vkSj cspus ;k fofue; (,d
oLrq ;k lsok dk nwljs ds cnys vknku&çnku) ds fy,
laiUu dh tkrh gSA
z nwljh vksj] vFkZ'kkL=k ,d 'kS{kf.kd fo"k; gS tks lkekU; :i
ls vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa dk vè;;u djrk gS vkSj nqyZHkrk@
vHkko gksus ij Hkh bls çkIr djus dk ç;kl djrk gSA ;g
Oikos (ifjokj] ?kj] laifÙk) vkSj Nomos (dkuwu ;k
ekunaM) dks feyk dj cuk gSA fczfV'k vFkZ'kkL=kh fy;ksusy
jkWfcUl ds vuqlkj] vFkZ'kkL=k ^nqyZHkrk dk foKku* gSA
vFkZ'kkL=k dk vè;;u D;ksa\
z vFkZO;oLFkk vHkko ij vk/kfjr fo"k; gSA pw¡fd lalk/u
(Hkkstu] Hkwfe] bZa/u] /u vkfn) lhfer ;k nqyZHk gksrs gS]
tcfd t:jrsa varghu ;k vlhfer gksrh gSaA
z ,sls esa miyC/ lalk/uksa ds lkFk t:jrksa dks larqfyr
djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA vFkZO;oLFkk gesa rdZlaxr :i ls nqyZHk
lalk/uksa dk çca/u djus vkSj çkFkfedrk,a r; djus esa
l{ke cukrh gSA
z vkfFkZd rdZlaxrrk esa vc mRiknu] forj.k vkSj •ir ds
ikjaifjd vè;;uksa ds lkFk U;k;laxrrk (equity) vkSj
/kj.kh;rk (sustainability) Hkh 'kkfey gSA
z vFkZ'kkL=k dk çkjafHkd dsaæfcanq dsoy fdlh Hkh rjg ls
lEifÙk ds fuekZ.k ij Fkk tcfd ml le; ekuoh; vk;ke
vuqifLFkr FkkA
z blus foiUurk vkSj vlekurk dh fLFkfr mRiUu dh gSA
vR;f/d dke vkSj de osru okyh vkcknh] dke dh
vekuoh; fLFkfr;k¡ vkfn ,d xaHkhj eqík FkhaA
z dqN le; ckn] tc lekt le`¼ gqvk vkSj yksdra=k etcwr
gqvk_ vFkZ'kkL=k dk eq[; è;ku dY;k.k ij dsfUær gks
x;kA
vFkZ'kkL=k vkSj blds mi•aM
z miHkksx% ;g vkfFkZd xfrfof/ dk 'kq#vkrh fcanq gS D;ksafd
;g ekax dks fu/kZfjr djrk gSA vf/'ks"k vkSj ?kVrh lhekar
mi;ksfxrk ds lkFk miHkksÙkQk O;ogkj ds vk/kj ij ekax ls
fuiVk tkrk gSA
z mRiknu% ;g og çfØ;k gS ftlesa buiqV dks vkmViqV esa
cnyk tkrk gSA blesa mRiknu ds dkjd] vFkkZr~ Hkwfe] Je]
iwath vkSj laxBu 'kkfey gSaA ;g buiqV vkSj vkmViqV ds
chp laca/ksa dks Hkh lacksf/r djrk gSA
z fofue;% ;g fofHkUu cktkjksa esa ewY; ds fu/kZj.k ls
lacaf/r gSA blesa O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; 'kkfey gSaA miHkksx
mRikn ij fuHkZj djrk gS tks miHkksÙkQk ij tkdj lekIr
gksrk gSA
z forj.k% fdlh Hkh çdkj dk mRiknu Hkwfe] Je] iwath vkSj
laxBu dk ifj.kke gSA mRiknu ds ;s pkj dkjd laifÙk esa
fgLlsnkjh j•rs gSaA bl mi&foHkktu esa mRiknu ds dkjdksa
(fdjk;k] etnwjh] C;kt vkSj ykHk) vkSj mudh dherksa ds
çfriQy dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
ldkjkRed vFkZ'kkL=k vkSj ekud@fu;ked
vFkZ'kkL=k dh vo/kj.kk
z vFkZ'kkL=k dks dyk vkSj foKku nksuksa ds :i esa ekuk
tkrk gSA
z ldkjkRed vFkZ'kkL=k rF;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gS tSls os
gksrs gSa vkSj dkj.kksa dh tkap djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh dherksa esa o`f¼ D;ksa gqbZ gS\
z tcfd] fu;ked vFkZ'kkL=k çÑfr esa funZs'kkRed gSA ;g
crkrk gS fd ^oLrqvksa dh dhersa D;k gksuh pkfg,\ blfy,
;g O;fÙkQijd gS vkSj lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd vkSj jktuhfrd
vk;keksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
z bl çdkj] ldkjkRed vFkZ'kkL=k ^dSls* vkSj ^D;ksa* ls
lacaf/r gSA tcfd fu;ked ^D;k gksuk pkfg,* ls lacaf/r gSA
 ldkjkRed vFkZ'kkL=k ds mnkgj.k
z ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa /u ds var%{ksi.k ls dhersa
c<+ tk,axhA
z csgrj flapkbZ vkSj moZjd igq¡p ls •k|kUu mRiknu
esa o`f¼ gksxhA
z c<+rh tUe nj vkSj ?kVrh e`R;q nj dk vFkZ gS fd
tula[;k o`f¼ nj c<+ jgh gSA
fu;ked vFkZ'kkL=k ds mnkgj.k
z ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqækLiQhfr viLiQhfr ls csgrj gSA
z ljdkj dks vFkZO;oLFkk esa vlekurkvksa dks de djus dk y{;
j•uk pkfg,A
z ;fn ,d de fodflr vFkZO;oLFkk foykflrk vkSj gkfudkjd miHkksx
oLrqvksa ds vf/d mRiknu dh rjiQ c<+ jgh gS_ rks ;g okaNuh;
ugha gSA

lef"V ,oa O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k

z egkeanh (1930 ds n'kd) us vFkZ'kkL=k dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k& lef"V vkSj O;f"VA
z lcls igys lef"V tks eq[;r% cM+s iSekus ij 'kkfey eqíksa ls çHkkfor gksrk Fkk] çHkko esa vk;kA
z tkWu esukMZ dhUl dks lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k dk firk ekuk tkrk gSA
z csgrj le> ds fy,] ;fn O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k taxy esa ,d o`{k gS] rks lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k iwjk taxyA
O;f"V vkSj lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k ds vè;;u dk egRo%
z ;g gesa ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds lapkyu dks le>us esa enn djrk gSA
z ;g uhfr vkSj fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, midj.k çnku djrk gSA
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k z ;g vFkZO;oLFkk esa vkfFkZd dY;k.k ds Lrj dks le>us esa enn djrk gSA
z ;g lalk/uksa ds dq'ky mi;ksx vkSj vkoaVu esa enn djrk gSA
z O;f"V vkfFkZd vè;;uksa ds vk/kj ij Hkfo";okf.k;k¡ dj ldrs gSaA
z ;g cM+s Lrj ij vFkZO;oLFkk ds dkedkt dks le>us esa enn djrk gSA
z ;g vFkZO;oLFkk esa cqfu;knh leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, mi;qÙkQ j.kuhfr fodflr djus
esa enn djrk gSA
lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k
z blds }kjk Hkfo"; dh leL;kvksa vkSj t:jrksa dks le> ldrs gSa vkSj rnuqlkj j.kuhfr cuk ldrs gSaA
z rqyuk vkSj fofHkUu vkfFkZd ladsrdksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj ldrs gSaA
z blds vè;;u ls Hkfo"; ds ladVksa ls cpus vkSj Hkfo";ok.kh djus esa enn fey ldrh gSA
O;f"V vkSj lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k ds chp varj%
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k
z ;g iwjh vFkZO;oLFkk ds NksVs ?kVdksa dks è;ku esa j•rk gSA z lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k lexz :i ls vFkZO;oLFkk dk vè;;u gSA
z ;g O;fÙkQxr ,tsaVksa ds ekeyksa ls lacaf/r gSA tSls fd ,d z vFkZO;oLFkk dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy, VkWi&Mkmu n`f"Vdks.kA
miHkksÙkQk ;k fuekZrk ,d fuf'pr fu.kZ; D;ksa ysrk gSA z lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k dks ^vk; fl¼kar* ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
z vFkZO;oLFkk dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy, ckWVe&vi z mnkgj.k ds fy, ;g jk"Vªh; vk;] jkstxkj] eqækLiQhfr] xjhch]
n`f"Vdks.kA vlekurk] fuos'k vkSj cpr] iwath fuekZ.k] cqfu;knh <kaps
z O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k dks ^çkbl ;ksjh* ds uke ls Hkh tkuk ds fodkl] varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj] O;kikj larqyu vkSj Hkqxrku
tkrk gSA larqyu] fofue; nj vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl dh xfr'khyrk dks
z mnkgj.k ds fy, ;g miHkksÙkQk ds fodYiksa vkSj muds le>us dh dksf'k'k djsxkA
fu.kZ;ksa dks le>us dh dksf'k'k djsxkA z lef"V vuqHkotU; fVIif.k;ksa ij vk/kfjr gS ftudh dsoy
z dherksa dks dSls fu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk gS] ds fl¼karksa ls fl¼kar O;k[;k ugha dj ldrsA
fodflr gqvkA z blesa ,d çfrLi/hZ fopkj/kjk gS tSls& U;w dsusfl;u ;k
z ;gk¡ dksbZ çfrLi/hZ fopkj/kjk ugha gSA DykfldyA

2 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z O;f"V vkSj lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k nksuksa vU;ksU;kfJr vkSj
iwjd gSa D;ksafd buesa dbZ vfrO;kih ;k ijLij tqM+s gq,
eqís gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] eqækLiQhfr esa o`f¼ ls dPps eky
esa o`f¼ gksxh ftlls ewY; o`f¼ gksxh ftldk miHkksÙkQkvksa
dks Hkqxrku djuk gksxkA blh çdkj] dj] midj vkSj
eqækLiQhfr y{;hdj.k uhfr vkfnA
z eslks&vFkZ'kkL=k] lef"V vkSj O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k ds eè;orhZ
Lrj dk vè;;u djrk gSA tSls vkWVks lsDVj] baÚkLVªDpj
vkfnA
z bl O;LFkk esa fopkj vkSj n`f"Vdks.k ds dbZ foHkkx gSaA gky
gh esa] O;ogkfjd vFkZ'kkL=k] dY;k.kdkjh vFkZ'kkL=k vkSj
oguh;rk Hkh fl¼karksa ds dsaæ ds :i esa mHkj jgs gSaA
vkfFkZd ,tsaV ;k bdkb;k¡
z ;s ,sls O;fÙkQ ;k laLFkku gSa tks vkfFkZd fu.kZ; ysrs gSaA
z miHkksÙkQk r; djrs gSa fd os fdu oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa
dk vkSj fdruh ek=kk esa miHkksx djrs gSaA
z tcfd] mRiknd ;g r; djrs gSa fd os dkSu&lh vkSj
fdruh ek=kk esa oLrq ;k lsok dk mRiknu djrs gSaA ;s
nksuksa vkfFkZd ,tsaV ;k bdkb;k¡ gSaA
z ;s ljdkjsa] fuxe] cSad vkfn Hkh gks ldrs gSa tks C;kt
njsa] djk/ku] fuos'k vkfn r; dj ldrs gSaA
vFkZ'kkL=k vè;;u ds fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k
1- jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL=k%
z bl n`f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj] jktuhfr vkSj vFkZ'kkL=k dk
,d lkFk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS rkfd ;g le>k tk
lds fd ,d fo'ks"k lkoZtfud uhfr ,d fuf'pr fn'kk
D;ksa ysrh gSA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkwfe lq/kj ,d jktuhfrd fu.kZ; gks
ldrk gS_ ysfdu bldk çHkko ns'k dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr]
Ñf"k] fuos'k] vkthfodk vkfn ij Hkh iM+rk gSA
z ;g n`f"Vdks.k gesa ;g le>us esa enn djrk gS fd ,d
fuf'pr fu.kZ; D;ksa fy;k x;k Fkk vkSj blds ihNs dk
lanHkZ D;k FkkA mnkgj.k ds fy, mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k
vkSj oS'ohdj.k dk fodkl ,d vkfFkZd ç.kkyh ds :i
esa ;w,l,lvkj vkSj lkE;okn ds iru ds vkl&ikl gqvkA
z phu esa] jktuhfrd ç.kkyh vFkZO;oLFkk dh çkFkfedrkvksa
vkSj uhfr;ksa dks r; djrh gSA jktuhfr ewY; fu/kZfjr djrh
gS ysfdu vFkZ'kkL=kh dhersa fu/kZfjr djrs gSaA
2- mnkj vkSj uo&mnkjoknh vFkZ'kkL=k%
z ,Me fLeFk us vFkZO;oLFkk esa ^vn`'; gkFk* (Invisible
Hand) ds fopkj dk çLrko fn;k_ vFkkZr vius Lo;a
ds fgr ds fy, dke djus okys yksx vuSfPNd :i ls
lkekftd ykHk vkSj lkoZtfud oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djrs gSaA
z vkfFkZd rdZlaxrrk% ;g n'kZu bl fo'okl ij vk/kfjr
gS fd O;fÙkQ ,d vkfFkZd ç.kkyh ds Hkhrj rdZlaxr fu.kZ;
ysrs gSaA çR;sd O;fÙkQ dk Lo&fgr lHkh ds fy, ,d lkekU;
fgr cu tkrk gSA
z jkT; dh Hkwfedk% mi;ZqÙkQ fl¼karksa ds vk/kj ij] ,Me
fLeFk us dgk fd jkT; dks cqfu;knh <kaps] j{kk] U;k;ikfydk
vkfn tSlh lgk;rk lsok,a çnku djus ds fy, •qn dks
lhfer djuk pkfg,A
z yslst iQs;j n`f"Vdks.k (Laissez-faire approach)%
vFkZO;oLFkk dks cktkj dh rkdrksa ij NksM+ fn;k tkuk
pkfg,A (Úsap vFkZ& yksxksa dks viuh bPNkuqlkj djus nsuk)A
z 20 oha 'krkCnh dh 'kq#vkr esa la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk
fdlh mnkj vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k
gSA tcfd ekxZjsV FkSpj ds ckn fczVsu vkSj ,yihth
(mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.k) lq/kjksa ds ckn
Hkkjr uo&mnkjoknh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds mnkgj.k gSaA

z laifÙk dk futh LokfeRo vkSj mÙkjkf/dkj dk dkuwu % Hkwfe] iwath] e'khu] •ku vkfn tSls lHkh
lalk/u futh O;fÙkQ;ksa ds LokfeRo esa gSa vkSj os viuh bPNk ds vuqlkj budk mi;ksx] j•j•ko] fcØh
dj ldrs gSaA ;g laifÙk muds mÙkjkf/dkfj;ksa dks gLrkarfjr dh tk ldrh gSA
z ilan vkSj m|e dh Lora=krk % O;fÙkQ viuh ilan ds LFkku ij fdlh Hkh O;kikj ;k O;olk; dks dj
iwathoknh
ldrs gSaA blh rjg] miHkksÙkQk viuh bPNk ds vuqlkj mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa dks •jhnus ds fy, Lora=k gSaA
vFkZO;oLFkk
z eq[; mís'; ykHk% çR;sd fuekZrk dk mís'; ykHk dks vf/dre djuk gSA ;g lHkh vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa
dh fo'ks"krk,a%
ds ihNs dh rkdr gSA
z fu'kqYd çfrLi/kZ % •jhnkjksa vkSj foØsrkvksa dh ilan ij ljdkj dk dksbZ fu;a=k.k ugha gSA ;g mUgsa cktkj
esa •jhnus vkSj cspus ls ugha jksd ldrh gSA muds chp çfrLi/kZ gksrh gSA
z ewY; ra=k % cktkj dh 'kfÙkQ;k¡ ;kuh ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ dherksa dks fu/kZfjr djrh gSaA

vFkZ''kkL=k
vFkZ kkL=k dh
dhewewyyvo/kj.kk,¡
vo/kj.kk,¡ 3
 z ljdkj dh Hkwfedk % ;g dsoy j{kk] lkoZtfud LokLF;] f'k{kk vkfn tSlh cqfu;knh lsok,a çnku djrh
gS vkSj bldh cgqr lhfer Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
z vk; dh vlekurk % ;g ns•k x;k gS fd vehj vkSj vehj gks tkrs gSa ,oa xjhc vkSj xjhc ftlls
vkfFkZd vlekurk,a c<+ tkrh gSaA
z de ljdkjh gLr{ksi% cktkj dh rkdrsa çHkkoh gksrh gSa vkSj O;fÙkQ ij fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA
z mRiknu ds fy, lalk/uksa dk dq'ky mi;ksx% pwafd bldk mís'; ykHk gksrk gS] blfy, uqdlku ls cpus
ds fy, lalk/uksa dk dq'kyre ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
z dM+h esgur dks çksRlkfgr djrk gS% voljksa dk lokZÙs ke mi;ksx djus vkSj ykHk dks vf/dre djus ds fy,A
z vkfFkZd çxfr% mRiknu vkSj mRikndrk cgqr vf/d gS vkSj blfy, iwathoknh ns'kksa esa mPp thou Lrj gSA
xq.k%
z miHkksÙkQk dks egRo fn;k tkrk gS% miHkksÙkQk larqf"V gj fuekZrk dk vafre y{; gksrk gSA
z iwath fuekZ.k dh mPp njsa% cpr varr% lalk/uksa ds mRiknu ds fy, fuos'k dk dkj.k curh gSA bl
çdkj] iwath mRiknu rsth ls gksrk gSA
z ubZ rduhdh dk fodkl% cktkj ij çHkqRo dks cuk, j•us vkSj mRiknu esa lq/kj djus ds fy,_ ubZ
rduhdh fu;fer :i ls fodflr dh tkrh gSA
z ykHk vf/dre% i;kZoj.k ;k lekt ds fgrksa ij è;ku fn;s fcuk ykHk dks egÙo fn;k tkrk gS |
z O;kikj pØ% cktkj dh foiQyrk ,d egRoiw.kZ eqík gS ;kuh] eqÙkQ cktkj esa udkjkRed çHkko ds lkFk
oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk çHkkoghu forj.kA
z lwpuk@tkudkjh esa vlekurk% lwpuk lHkh ds fy, leku :i ls miyC/ ;k lqyHk ugha gksrh gSA bl
voxq.k% çdkj] vkfFkZd rdZlaxrrk ,d O;fÙkQ ls nwljs O;fÙkQ esa fHkUu gksxhA
z oLrqvksa dh cckZnh vkSj gkfudkjd oLrq,a % mRiknksa ds nksgjko ls lalk/uksa dh cckZnh gksrh gSA ;gk¡
rd fd ;fn gkfudkjd oLrqvksa dh ekax gS rks mudk Hkh mRiknu fd;k tkrk gSA
z oxZ vk/kfjr lekt% vk; ds vk/kj ij lekt dk o`gn~ Lrjhdj.k iwathifr;ksa vkSj Jfedksa ds :i esa
fd;k x;k gSA
 mijksÙkQ lhekvksa us cM+s iSekus ij vlekurk,a vkSj xjhch  ljdkj ls vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, dqN fuf'pr
iSnk dh gSA ysfdu lkE;oknh ekWMy ds foiQy gksus ds {ks=kksa ij •pZ djus dh vk'kk dh tkrh gS tks futh
ckn 20oha 'krkCnh ds var esa mnkjokn ds fopkjksa us fuos'k vkdf"kZr djsxk] ukSdfj;k¡ iSnk djsxk vkSj ekax
okilh dh ftls uo&mnkjokn dgk x;kA ,oa O;kikj esa o`f¼ djsxkA mnkgj.k ds fy, ih,e
 laf{kIr :i esa bls bl çdkj vfHkO;ÙkQ fd;k x;k gS& ^og xzke lM+d ;kstuk ;k eujsxkA
ljdkj lcls vPNh gS tks lcls de 'kklu djrh gS*A  ½.k esa o`f¼ ds fy, dsaæh; cSad ls C;kt njksa dks
 dksfoM egkekjh ds ifj.kkeLo:i vkfFkZd ladV ds ckn_
de djus dh vk'kk dh tkrh gS tks ldkjkRed :i
futhdj.k dh uo&mnkjoknh uhfr;ksa vkSj çeq• {ks=kksa esa ls çHkkfor djrk gS_ ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ tks fd vkfFkZd
ljdkj dh de Hkwfedk ij fiQj ls ç'u mBk, tk jgs gSaA xfrfof/;ksa dks c<+kok nsaxhA
3- dhusfl;u vFkZ'kkL=k%
z ;g n`f"Vdks.k ,d LFkkfir n`f"Vdks.k (Time&Tested
 ;g mUgha fl¼karksa ds vklikl dsafær gS tks mnkjoknh
Approach) gS vkSj 2008 ds ladV ds ckn fo'o Lrj
fopkj/kjk esa 'kkfey gSa] ysfdu vko';d gksus ij
ij mi;ksx esa yk;k x;k FkkA
jkT; dk gLr{ksi ,d egRoiw.kZ varj gSA
4- lektoknh vkSj lkE;oknh vFkZ'kkL=k%
 iai çkbfeax% fxjkoV ;k eanh dh vof/ ds nkSjku
jkT; ls vkfFkZd çksRlkgu çnku djus dh vk'kk dh z lkE;oknh vFkZ'kkL=k% ;gk¡] futh laifÙk dh vo/kj.kk
tkrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj us yxHkx 20 ekStwn ugha gksrh gSA jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk iwjh rjg ls ljdkj
yk• djksM+ ($275 fcfy;u) ds vkRefuHkZj Hkkjr ds gkFkksa esa gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, lksfo;r la?k] D;wck]
iSdst dh ?kks"k.kk dh gSA phu] ykvksl vkfnA

4 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z lektoknh vFkZ'kkL=k% ;g ekurk gS fd vkfFkZd lalk/uksa  blus lkekftd&vkfFkZd fu;kstu dks dsaæhÑr fd;k gSA
dk ,d cM+k fgLlk ljdkj ds gkFkksa esa gksuk pkfg,A bl  Hkkjr us ,slk blfy, fd;k D;ksafd iwathoknh ekWMy ds
n`f"Vdks.k dk ekuuk gS fd mRiknu ds lk/u vkaf'kd :i lkFk gekjk vuqHko •jkc Fkk vkSj gekjs ikl futh {ks=k
ls Jfedksa ds fu;a=k.k esa jgsaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,yihth dk vHkko FkkA
lq/kj ls igys Hkkjr] usiky vkfnA
 blds vykok] ç/kuea=kh usg: pkgrs Fks fd Hkkjr ,d
z lektoknh vFkZ'kkL=k dk ,d mnkgj.k usg:oknh
dY;k.kdkjh jkT; cusA lksfo;r la?k dh ^fu;ksftr
vFkZ'kkL=k gSA
vFkZO;oLFkk* (Planned Economy) ekWMy ml le;
 jkT; ds ikl cqfu;knh {ks=kksa dk LokfeRo gksrk gS &
vPNh rjg ls dke dj jgh FkhA
cSafdax] cqfu;knh <kapk] lapkj vkfnA
z mRiknu ds lk/uksa dk lkoZtfud LokfeRo% mRiknu ds lk/uksa ij ljdkj dk LokfeRo gksrk gSA
z dsaæh; ;kstuk% lHkh çeq• fu.kZ; VkWi&Mkmu rjhds ls vkSj ,d dsaæh; çkf/dj.k }kjk fy;s tkrs
gSa] mnkgj.k ds fy, Hkkjr esa ;kstuk vk;ksx] phu esa iksfyr C;wjksA
z vf/dre lkekftd ykHk% /u dk forj.k ,d çeq• y{; gksrk gS /u mRiknu ughaA
lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk z çfrLi/kZ dk vfLrRo ugha% miHkksÙkQkvksa ds ikl lhfer fodYi gksrk gSA
dh fo'ks"krk,a% z dher ra=k dh vuqifLFkfr% dhersa ljdkj }kjk fu/kZfjr dh tkrh gSa] u fd cktkj }kjkA
z vk; dh lekurk% futh laifÙk vkSj mÙkjkf/dkj dk dkuwu ;k rks vR;f/d fofu;fer gksrk gS
;k fcYdqy ekStwn ughaA
z volj dh lekurk% eqÝr LokLF;] f'k{kk vkSj vU; lqfo/k,a leku volj lqfuf'pr djrh gSaA
z oxZghu lekt% jkT; dh n`f"V esa vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds ekeys esa gj O;fÙkQ leku gSA
z vlekurkvksa esa deh% vehjksa }kjk xjhcksa vkSj lalk/uksa ds 'kks"k.k dh vuqefr ugha gksrh gSA
z lalk/uksa dk rdZlaxr vkoaVu% dsaæh; çkf/dj.k forj.k dh ;kstuk cukrk gS ftlls cckZnh
de gksrh gSA
z oxZ la?k"kks± dh vuqifLFkfr% vehj vkSj xjhc ds chp dksbZ la?k"kZ ugha gS D;ksafd lekt oxZghu
lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk
gksrk gSA
ds xq.k%
z O;kikj pØksa dk var% de vkfFkZd mrkj&p<+ko D;ksafd vkfFkZd fodkl dh ;kstuk ,d dsaæh;
çkf/dj.k }kjk cukbZ tkrh gSA
z lkekftd dY;k.k dks c<+kok nsrk gS% /u@laifÙk forj.k jkT; }kjk fu"i{k rjhds ls fd;k
tkuk gksrk gSA
z ykyiQhrk'kkgh% v{kerk] Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj i{kikr ds dkj.k nsjh gksrh gSA
z çksRlkgu dh vuqifLFkfr% dM+h esgur djus dk cgqr de ykHk gS D;ksafd jkT; çfrLi/kZ dh
vuqefr ugha nsrk gS vkSj equkiQs dks grksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA
lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk z pquus dh lhfer Lora=krk% miHkksÙkQk vkSj mRiknd nksuksa ds ikl de fodYi gksrk gS D;ksafd
ds voxq.k% jkT; ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ fu/kZfjr djrk gSA
z 'kfÙkQ dk ldsaæ.k % LFkkuh; l'kfÙkQdj.k vkSj çfrfuf/Ro vuqifLFkr gksrk gSA
z lsok dh •jkc xq.koÙkk% /u@laifÙk dk l`tu /hek vkSj cgqr de gksrk gS bl çdkj çkS|ksfxdh
fodkl vkSj dq'ky 'kklu çHkkfor gksrk gSA
5- fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk% nksuksa dh cqjkb;ksa dks •Re djus vkSj iwathokn vkSj lektokn
z ;gk¡ futh vkSj lkoZtfud nksuksa {ks=k lg&vfLrRo esa gksrs nksuksa ds ldkjkRed fodYiksa dks pquus dh ço`fÙk j•rk gSA
gSa vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl dh fn'kk esa ,d lkFk dk;Z djrs z mnkgj.k ds fy, Hkkjr] phu] fo;ruke vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd
if'peh iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk,a ftuds ikl dY;k.kdkjh
gSaA ;g iwathokn vkSj lektokn nksuksa dk la;kstu gSA ;g
dk;ZØe gSaA

vFkZ''kkL=k
vFkZ kkL=k dh
dhewewyyvo/kj.kk,¡
vo/kj.kk,¡ 5
 z laifÙk vkSj mRiknu ds lk/uksa dk LokfeRo% lkoZtfud vkSj futh nksuksa {ks=kksa dk LokfeRoA gkykafd
fu.kZ; ysus esa jkT; dk iyM+k Hkkjh gksrk gSA
z lkoZtfud vkSj futh {ks=k lg&vfLrRo esa gSa% futh {ks=k mu m|ksxksa ls lEc¼ gS tgk¡ mís'; ykHk
gksrk gS tcfd ljdkj mu {ks=kksa ls lEc¼ gS tks tu dY;k.k lqfuf'pr djrs gSaA
fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk
z vkfFkZd fu;kstu% jk"Vªh; Lrj ij lkoZtfud vkSj futh nksuksa {ks=kksa ds fy, fu;kstuA
dh fo'ks"krk,a%
z vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dk lek/ku% dher ra=k vkSj jkT; gLr{ksi bl leL;k dks gy djrk gS fd fdruk]
D;k vkSj fdlds fy, mRiknu djuk gS vkSj mls dSls forfjr djuk gSA
z Lora=krk vkSj fu;a=k.k% futh {ks=k dks fdruh Lora=krk feysxh] bl ij jkT; dk vafre :i ls fu;a=k.k
gksrk gSA
z rst vkfFkZd fodkl% ;g lkoZtfud vkSj futh nksuksa y{;ksa (dY;k.k vkSj ykHk) dh iwfrZ dh
vuqefr nsrk gSA
z larqfyr vkfFkZd fodkl% fofHkUu {ks=kksa ij i;kZIr è;ku fn;k tkrk gS D;ksafd jkT; iwathoknh
vFkZO;oLFkk dh rjg vlac¼ ugha gSA
fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk
z lalk/uksa dk mfpr mi;ksx% ljdkj fu;af=kr djrh gS fd futh {ks=k dk fdruk foLrkj gksuk pkfg,A
ds xq.k%
bl çdkj] tc Hkh vko';drk gksrh gS] jkT; mfpr fu.kZ; ysrk gSA
z vkfFkZd lekurk% djk/ku çxfr'khy gS vkSj /u dk forj.k csgrj gSA
z vU; ykHk% ljdkj Je dkuwuksa] djk/ku] lfClMh vkfn ds ekè;e ls xjhc vkSj detksj oxks± ds
fgrksa dh j{kk djrh gSA
z leUo; dk vHkko% pwafd futh vkSj lkoZtfud nksuksa {ks=kksa ds vyx&vyx mís'; gSa_ vr% leUo;
dfBu gksrk gSA
z çfrLi/hZ joS;k% ljdkjh vkSj futh nksuksa {ks=k lg;ksx dh rqyuk esa çfrLi/kZ vf/d djrs gSaA
fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk z v{kerk% lqLr ukSdj'kkgh] ykyiQhrk'kkgh] Hkz"Vkpkj O;oLFkk dks v{ke cukrs gSaA
ds voxq.k% z jk"Vªh;dj.k dk Mj% futh Hkkxhnkjksa dks çkS|ksfxdh mUu;u vkSj cM+s fuos'k djus ls grksRlkfgr
djrk gSA
z c<+rh vlekurk% pwafd lalk/uksa ds LokfeRo] mÙkjkf/dkj dkuwuksa vkSj futh laifÙk;ksa dh vuqefr
gksrh gS blfy, vlekurk,¡ vf/d gSaA
6- xka/hoknh vFkZ'kkL=k% z xka/h VkWYlVkW; vkSj tkWu jfLdu ls çHkkfor Fks tc
z ;g /u ds forj.k vkSj vkfFkZd çca/u ds ckjs esa egkRek mUgksaus çLrko fn;k fd çR;sd O;fÙkQ dks vk; ds fy, dqN
xka/h ds fopkjksa ds ,d lsV@leqPp; ij vk/kfjr Je djus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg,A mUgksaus 'kkjhfjd Je dks
gSA frjLdkj dh n`f"V ls ugha ns•kA
z ;|fi ;g vkarfjd :i ls lektoknh gS_ ysfdu ,d z ^VªLVhf'ki* xka/h dk ,d vU; fl¼kar gSA blds vuqlkj]
dsaæhÑr n`f"Vdks.k dh fliQkfj'k ugha djrk gSA i;kZIr O;fÙkQxr vko';drkvksa ;k fuos'k ds fy, cpr
ds ckn] LokfeRo@ekfyd dks xjhc ds dY;k.k ds fy,
z ;g Je dh leku Hkkxhnkjh vkSj dqN uSfrd lq>koksa ds
vf/'ks"k dk VªLV cukuk pkfg,A
vk/kj ij fodsaæhÑr fodkl dk leFkZu djrk gSA
7- fodklkRed vFkZ'kkL=k%
z ;g LFkkuh; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh fliQkfj'k djrk gS tgk¡
z çfr O;fÙkQ vk;] ekuo fodkl lwpdkad vkSj çlUurk
LFkkuh; lalk/u LFkkuh; t:jrksa dks iwjk djrs gSa vkSj
lwpdkad ds vk/kj ij jk"Vªksa dks fodflr] fodkl'khy vkSj
jkstxkj gj txg leku :i ls miyC/ gksrk gSA vfodflr lewgksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA
z ;g lkekU;r% e'khuksa ds mi;ksx ij vkifÙk ugha djrk z f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds ckn] Lora=krk çkIr djus okys ns'kksa
gS] ysfdu mu çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds f•ykiQ gS tks Je dh dks •jkc vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj cM+h vkcknh fojklr esa feyh
txg ysrs gSaA tks xjhch ls =kLr FkhA

6 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z bu ns'kksa ds ikl futh {ks=k ugha Fkk vkSj mudh leL;kvksa
ds lek/ku ds fy, muds ikl dksbZ ekWMy ugha FkkA
z futh ;k lkoZtfud ;k nksuksa ds feJ.k ds ekè;e ls ;g
fopkj/kjk LokLF;] f'k{kk vkSj jkstxkj ij dsafær FkhA
z blds dqN çeq• vFkZ'kkL=kh veR;Z lsu] T;ka æst] tkslsiQ
fLVfXyV~t vkSj tsiQjh lSDl gSaA
chftax vke lgefr ;k jkT; iwathokn ;k
fodkl dk phu ekWMy
z ;g 1978 ds ckn ls phu ds Msax f'k;kvksfiax
(Deng Xiaoping) }kjk viukbZ xbZ uhfr;ksa dks lanfHkZr
djrk gS ftls okf'kaxVu vke lgefr ds fodYi ds
:i esa vxzsf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA
z bl vke lgefr dk fopkj tkslqvk dwij jseks }kjk 2004
esa çpkfjr fd;k x;k FkkA
z ;gk¡] vf/uk;doknh jkT; çeq• Hkkxhnkj gksrk gS tks
iwathokn ;k cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk dh vuqefr nsrk gS vkSj
O;olk;ksa dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA
z bl vke lgefr ds rhu eq[; LraHk gSa%
1- fujarj ç;ksx vkSj uokpkjA
2- Øfed lq/kjksa ds lkFk 'kkafriw.kZ] forj.kkRed fodklA
3- vkRefu.kZ; vkSj pqfuank fons'kh fopkjksa dk lekos'kA
z ;g è;ku vkdf"kZr djrk gS fd tc if'peh vFkZO;oLFkk,a
la?k"kZ dj jgh Fkha rc phu çxfr dj jgk FkkA ;g phuh
fo'ks"krkvksa ds lkFk iwathokn gSA
z dqN fo'ks"kKksa us ?kks"k.kk dh fd ^cktkj dh ekSr@var*
(Death of Market) gqvk gSA ysfdu phu esa vkfFkZd
fodkl /hek gksus ds lkFk_ vFkZ'kkL=kh bl ekWMy dk vk¡•
can djds ikyu djus esa lko/kuh cjrus dh lykg nsrs gSaA
vkykspuk%
z tks vkfFkZd ekWMy phu ds fy, liQy jgk t#jh ugha fd
lHkh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds fy, dke djsA
z dqN yksx laj{k.kokn ds mn; vkSj oS'ohdj.k esa deh ds
fy, mu ns'kksa dks nks"kh Bgjkrs gSa tks rsth ls fodkl ds
fy, chftax vke lgefr dh vksj >qds FksA
okf'kaxVu vke lgefr
z ;g vkbZ,e,iQ] fo'o cSad vkSj vesfjdh Vªstjh foHkkx
}kjk lq>k;k x;k ,d uhfrxr lq/kj FkkA blus rRdky
enn ds ctk, cktkj dh rkdrksa dh Hkwfedk c<+kus ds
fy, lajpukRed lq/kjksa dh fliQkfj'k dhA
vFkZ''kkL=k
vFkZ kkL=k dh
dhewewyyvo/kj.kk,¡
vo/kj.kk,¡
z ;g 'kCn igyh ckj 1989 esa tkWu fofy;Elu uked
,d vesfjdh vFkZ'kkL=kh }kjk x<+k x;k FkkA blesa mu
fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy, uhfrxr lq>ko Fks ftUgsa vkfFkZd
enn dh vko';drk FkhA
z blesa 10 lw=kh; lq/kj uhfr;k¡ Fkha%
1- jktdks"kh; ?kkVs ls cpus ds fy, jktdks"kh; vuq'kkluA
2- mPp vkfFkZd fjVuZ vkSj vk; forj.k esa lq/kj dh
{kerk nksuksa dh is'kd'k djus okys {ks=kksa dh vksj
lkoZtfud O;; çkFkfedrk,aA tSls çkFkfed LokLF;
ns•Hkky] çkFkfed f'k{kk vkSj cqfu;knh <kapkA
3- lhekar njksa dks de djus vkSj dj vk/kj dks O;kid
cukus ds fy, dj lq/kjA
4- cktkj ds vuqlkj C;kt nj mnkjhdj.kA
5- ,d çfrLi/hZ fofue; nj
6- O;kikj mnkjhdj.k
7- ,iQMhvkbZ çokg dk mnkjhdj.k
8- futhdj.k
9- fofu;eu
10- lqjf{kr laifÙk vf/dkj
z ckn ds le; esa] bls ^uo&mnkjokn] cktkj #f<+okn
(Market Fundamentalism) vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd oS'ohdj.k*
tSls 'kCnksa ls tksMk+ tkus yxkA bls bl pje fo'okl ds :i
esa ns•k x;k Fkk fd cktkj lc dqN laHkky ldrs gSAa
çHkko%
z blus mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.k çfØ;k
dks tUe fn;kA
z tks ns'k Hkqxrku larqyu ladV ds dkj.k vkbZ,e,iQ ;k
fo'o cSad ls enn ekaxus x, Fks_ vkfFkZd ekeyksa esa jkT;
dh de Hkwfedk vkSj futh {ks=k dh cM+h Hkwfedk ds lkFk
lekIr gqvkA
z blls MCY;wVhvks tSls varjkZ"Vªh; fudk;ksa }kjk oS'ohdj.k dks
c<+kok nsus ds ekè;e ls VSfjiQ esa deh vkbZA
z ns'kksa dks mu mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa dk mRiknu djus ds fy,
dgk x;k tgk¡ mUgsa çfrLi/kZRed ykHk FkkA
lhek,a%
z eqÙkQ O;kikj dsoy ns'kksa ds fy, rHkh iQk;nsean gksrk gS tc
?kjsyw m|ksx çfrLi/kZ djus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA vU;Fkk] ;g
gkfudkjd gSA
z ,d gh rjhdk lHkh ds fy, mi;qÙkQ ugha gSA dqN ns'k]
jkT; ds gLr{ksi ls rsth ls vkSj csgrj fodkl dj ldrs
gSaA tSls phu vkSj fo;rukeA
7
z cqfu;knh lkekftd t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ls igys futhdj.k
,d jk"Vª dks lhfer@de miHkksÙkQkvksa okyk cuk ldrk vkSj
fuos'kdksa dks fuos'k ls jksd ldrk gS D;ksafd vk; dk Lrj
de gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, vkbZ,e,iQ ds ncko esa cksfyfo;k
us vius ty m|ksx dk futhdj.k dj fn;k vkSj ftlds
ckn dbZ yksx yacs le; rd ikuh dk •pZ ugha mBk ik,A
z c<+k gqvk fofu;eu vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks foÙkh; vkinkvksa ds
çfr vf/d laosnu'khy cuk ldrk gSA 2008 ds lc&çkbe
ladV us mu vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks çHkkfor fd;k ftUgksaus
vkokl cktkj esa fuos'k fd;k FkkA
z 1990 ds nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ vkfFkZd ladV us bu fl¼karksa
dks vyksdfç; cuk fn;k D;ksafd bu ns'kksa us laçHkq jk"Vªksa
ds fy, vkfFkZd fodkl dh 'krks± dks fu/kZfjr djus dks
vesfjdk ds n•y ds :i esa ns•kA
Hkkjr vkSj okf'kaxVu vke lgefr%
z jktdks"kh; ekeyksa esa larqyu cuk, j•uk vkSj O;kid
vkfFkZd fLFkjrk çkIr djuk_ Hkkjr us lw>cw> vkSj jktdks"kh;
etcwrh fn•kbZ gSA
z bls foÙkh; mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj ctV çca/u vf/fu;e 2003
ds ikyu ds fy, dkuwuh :i ls vfuok;Z cuk fn;k x;k
FkkA (FRBM vf/fu;e)
z ysfdu] egkekjh us nqfu;k Hkj dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ij cgqr
ncko MkykA blds pyrs vkbZ,e,iQ vkSj fo'o cSad us
nqfu;k Hkj dh ljdkjksa dks jktdks"kh; ?kkVs ds •rjksa dks nwj
j•rs gq, vf/d •pZ djus dk lq>ko fn;kA
z Hkkjr us vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok nsus vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk
dks iVjh ij ykus ds fy, cM+s iSekus ij •pZ djus ds
mik; Hkh fd,A
z ;g ,d foLrkjoknh jktdks"kh; uhfr gS ftlls fodkl esa
o`f¼ gksus dh vk'kk gSA
uohure #>ku%
z pwafd egkekjh us nqfu;k dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds fy, vf}rh;
leL;k,a iSnk dha_ vkbZ,e,iQ vkSj fo'o cSad us jktdks"kh;
lesdu ls fopyu dk lq>ko fn;kA mUgksaus ljdkjh •pZ
c<+kus dh fliQkfj'k dhA
z Hkkjr esa T;knkrj C;kt nj dh rqyuk esa mPp fodkl nj
gSA bl çdkj_ ;g uhfr fodkl dks c<+kok nsus esa enn
djsxh u fd de djsxhA ;g dtZ&thMhih vuqikr esa Hkh
deh djsxhA
z Hkkjr ds cqfu;knh ladsrd etcwr gSa vkSj bl çdkj
vFkZO;oLFkk de ls de 2030 rd bl rjg ds vkØked@
vf/d •pZ dks laHkky ldrh gSA
8 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
lSafV;kxks vke lgefr
z bls fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy, okf'kaxVu lgefr dk
fodYi ekuk tkrk gSA
z bldh fliQkfj'k fo'o cSad lewg ds rRdkyhu vè;{k
tsEl oksYiQsalksu us dh FkhA
z ;g vkfFkZd ds lkFk gh lkekftd lekos'k ij è;ku dsafær
djrk gS vkSj bl çdkj chftax dh vke lgefr ds djhc
gS] ftlesa lkekftd igyw Hkh 'kkfey gSA
z fo'o cSad us foÙkh; lgk;rk ds vykok] LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa
ds vuq:i oSf'od çFkkvksa vkSj lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx
djus dk lq>ko fn;kA
z blus ljdkjksa dks lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj
lekos'kh fodkl ij è;ku dsafær djus esa l{ke cuk;kA
Hkkjr esa Hkh ,slk gh ns•k tk jgk gSA
okf.kT;okn
z bl fopkj/kjk ds vuqlkj ljdkj ds ikl ,slh uhfr;k¡
gksuh pkfg, tks fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsaA
z ;g vis{kk djrk gS fd fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj ds fuekZ.k
ls vf/d fuos'k vk,xk] ½.k lLrk gksxk vkSj vU;
ykHk gksaxsA
z ;g 16 oha vkSj 18 oha 'krkCnh ds chp ;wjksi esa çeq•
fopkj FkkA ,slh vis{kk dh tkrh Fkh fd lcls T;knk Lo.kZ
okys ns'k iwjh nqfu;k esa ncnck cuk;saxsA
z 1980 ds n'kd ds ckn ls phu }kjk okf.kT;okn
ds ,d ekWMy dk ikyu fd;k x;k Fkk_ blus fons'kh
daifu;ksa dks fu;kZr mís';ksa ds fy, phu esa fuekZ.k djus
dh vuqefr nh FkhA blls phuh daifu;k¡ çfrLi/kZ djus ds
fy, vkxs vkbZaA
z ysfdu phu us vk;kr çfrLFkkiu uhfr dk ikyu ugha fd;k_
;kuh fu;kZr djus ds fy, mls vk;kr djuk iM+rk FkkA
z ,d vU; ekWMy VªEi ç'kklu ds nkSjku la;qÙkQ jkT;
vesfjdk }kjk fn;k x;kA O;kikj ;q¼ksa dk mi;ksx ckdh
nqfu;k ds lkFk vesfjdh O;kikj ?kkVs dks de djus ds fy,
fd;k x;k FkkA blesa 'kkfey gSa%
 O;kikj le>kSrksa ij fiQj ls ckrphrA
 vk;kr ij mPp VSfjiQ yxkukA
 vesfjdk fufeZr mRiknksa ds fy, cktkj •ksyus ds fy,
jkT; 'kfÙkQ dk mi;ksx djukA
 fo'o O;kikj laxBu tSls cgqi{kh; fudk;ksa dks detksj
djukA
 vkçoklu ekunaMksa dks dM+k djukA
UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
O;ogkfjd vFkZ'kkL=k
z ;g yksxksa ds vkfFkZd O;ogkj dk vè;;u djus vkSj
mldks çHkkfor djus ds rjhdksa vkSj lh•us ds fofHkUu
{ks=kksa dk mi;ksx djrk gSA
z ,Me fLeFk dk vn`'; gkFk dh vo/kj.kk ekurh gS fd
yksx ^rdZlaxr* fu.kZ; ysrs gSa_ ysfdu O;ogkfjd vFkZ'kkL=k
,d rF; ds :i esa bls vLohdkj djrk gSA
z fjpMZ Fksyj (vFkZ'kkL=k dk ukscsy] 2017) dk dguk
gS fd yksxksa ds O;ogkj esa folaxfr;k¡ gks ldrh gSa ftUgsa
ekStwnk rdZlaxr fl¼karksa }kjk le>k;k ugha tk ldrk gSA
z ;g yksxksa ds O;ogkj esa okaNuh; ifjorZu ykus ds fy,
>Vds@gYds /Dds@ ^ut* (nudges) dks c<+kok nsrk
gSA ;s >Vds O;f"V vkSj lef"V nksuksa vFkZ'kkL=k ij çHkko
Mky ldrs gSaA
z vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2019 esa ukscsy iqjLdkj fotsrk fjpMZ
Fksyj ds O;ogkj vFkZ'kkL=k fl¼kar dk mYys• fd;k x;k
gS] ftlesa O;ogkj ifjorZu dks ,d ^egRokdka{kh ,tsaMs*
ds :i esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA ;g Hkkjr esa lkekftd
ifjorZu yk,xk] vkSj 2024&25 rd 5 fVªfy;u MkWyj dh
vFkZO;oLFkk esa cnyus esa enn djsxkA
z bldk mi;ksx Hkkjr esa LoPN Hkkjr fe'ku] tu /u ;kstuk]
csVh cpkvks csVh i<+kvks vkfn tSlh ;kstukvksa esa fd;k x;k gSA
gfjr vFkZ'kkL=k
z ;g gesa Hkwfe] ok;q vkSj ty çnw"k.k ds eqís ij ykxr
ds ckjs esa lwfpr djrk gS tks i;kZoj.k dks è;ku esa j•s
fcuk vkfFkZd fodkl ds dkj.k vkrk gSA
z ;g gesa ml fodkl ds ckjs esa psrkouh nsrk gS tks
vfLFkj gS vkSj tks mRikndrk ds uqdlku dk dkj.k
curk gSA ;g çÑfr vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl ds chp lkeatL;
dh odkyr djrk gSA
z ;g vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj i;kZoj.kh; dY;k.k rhuksa dks
,d lkFk vkxs c<+kus dks çksRlkgu nsrk gSA
z Hkkjr esa fodkl fVdkÅ ugha jgk gS & mnkgj.k ds fy,
gfjr Økafr ns'k ds cM+s fgLlksa esa Hkwfe {kj.k vkSj ikuh dh
deh dk dkj.k cuh gSA
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds {ks=k vkSj çdkj
z vkfFkZd xfrfof/ ds vuqlkj ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuEufyf•r {ks=k gSa%
z bl {ks=k esa çkÑfrd lalk/uksa dk nksgu djus okyh vkfFkZd xfrfof/;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA
z Ñf"k xfrfof/;k¡] •uu] rsy vUos"k.k vkfn lHkh mi&{ks=k blls lacaf/r gSaA
çkFkfed {ks=k
z tc Ñf"k] jk"Vªh; vk; vkSj vkthfodk esa U;wure 50» ;k mlls vf/d dk ;ksxnku nsrh gS_ vFkZO;oLFkk
dks ^Ñf"k vFkZO;oLFkk* dgk tkrk gSA
vFkZ''kkL=k
vFkZ kkL=k dh
dhewewyyvo/kj.kk,¡
vo/kj.kk,¡
z 1798 esa FkkWel ekYFkl dk ^tula[;k ds fl¼kar ij ,d
fuca/* lcls 'kq#vkrh psrkofu;ksa esa ls ,d gSA
z 1972 esa jkse Dyc }kjk fodkl dh lhekvksa uked
fjiksVZ Hkh vlrr fodkl ds ckjs esa gekjk è;ku •haprh
gSA
z la;qÙkQ jk"Vª ds ,d fudk; dh 1987 dh ^gekjk lkekU;
Hkfo";* 'kh"kZd okyh czaVySaM vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ us lrr
fodkl dks ^,d ,slk fodkl tks Hkfo"; dh ihf<+;ksa
dh viuh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus dh {kerk ls le>kSrk
fd, fcuk orZeku dh vko';drk dks iwjk djrk gS*
ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;kA
z fofy;e ukWMZgkWl (vFkZ'kkL=k dk ukscsy 2018) us tyok;q
ifjorZu dks nh?kZdkfyd lef"V vkfFkZd fo'ys"k.k esa
,dhÑr fd;kA
z gky gh esa] fofHkUu fudk;ksa vkSj ljdkjksa us gfjr vFkZO;oLFkk
dks ekius ds fy, u, lwpdkadksa dk ç;ksx fd;k gSA
xzhu thMhih] lkekftd çxfr lwpdkad vkSj i;kZoj.k
çn'kZu lwpdkad blds dqN mnkgj.k gSaA
LokLF; vFkZ'kkL=k
z vFkZ'kkL=k dh ,d 'kk•k tks LokLF; {ks=k esa n{krk] ewY;ksa
vkSj O;ogkj ls lacaf/r gSA blesa 'kkfey gSa%
 LokLF; ladsrd
 fuokjd vkSj mipkjkRed mik;
 fpfdRlk vuqla/ku vkSj f'k{kk
 xzkeh.k LokLF; fe'ku] vkS"kf/ ewY; fu;a=k.k
 uotkr f'k'kq ns•Hkky] ekr`Ro vkSj cky LokLF;
 LokLF; vkfn ds fy, ctVh; vkoaVuA
z LokLF; vFkZ'kkL=kh LokLF; ns•Hkky ç.kkyh vkSj mu
O;ogkjksa dk vè;;u djrs gSa tks LokLF; dks çHkkfor djrs
gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, /weziku] 'kjkc ihuk vkfnA ;s fu/kZfjr
djrs gSa fd bl {ks=k dks yf{kr djus okys mik;ksa esa lq/kj
dSls fd;k tk,A LokLF; vFkZ'kkL=k esa dbZ çdkj dh ykxrksa]
foÙkh; O;; vkSj 'kqYdksa dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA
9
 z blesa os lHkh vkfFkZd xfrfof/;k¡ 'kkfey gSa ftuesa çkFkfed {ks=k ls fudkys x, dPps eky dk çlaLdj.k
'kkfey gSA
f}rh;d {ks=k z fofuekZ.k ,d mi&{ks=k gS tks ,d cM+k jkstxkj çnku djus okyk {ks=k jgk gSA
z ;fn fofuekZ.k dk ;ksxnku jk"Vªh; vk; vkSj jkstxkj esa U;wure 50» gS_ vFkZO;oLFkk dks vkS|ksfxd
vFkZO;oLFkk dgk tkrk gSA
z bl {ks=k esa lsokvksa okyh vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa dk opZLo gS_ tSls f'k{kk] cSafdax] LokLF; lsok vkfnA
r`rh;d {ks=k z fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dks ^lsok vFkZO;oLFkk* dgk tk ldrk gS tc blesa lsok {ks=k dh xfrfof/;k¡ çHkkoh
gksrh gSaA
prqFkZ {ks=k z ;g fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ekuo lalk/uksa dh xq.koÙkk r; djrk gSA bls ^Kku {ks=k* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
z ukSdj'kkgh vkSj dkWikZsjsV {ks=k_ tgk¡ lHkh mPp&Lrjh; fu.kZ; fy, tkrs gSa] bl Js.kh ds varxZr vkrs gSaA
iape {ks=k
blesa 'kkfey yksx cgqr de gSa ysfdu viuh Hkwfedk ds dkj.k lekt esa mPp Lrj ij gksrs gSaA

Kku vFkZO;oLFkk
z ;gk¡] vuqla/ku vkSj fodkl ij vk/kfjr uokpkj dks isVsaV vkSj ckSf¼d laink ds vU; :iksa ds :i esa iathÑr fd;k tkrk gSA
z ,d Kku vFkZO;oLFkk esa foKku vkSj vdknfed Nk=ko`fÙk dk O;kolk;hdj.k gksrk gSA
z ;g T;knkrj mPp fodflr ns'kksa esa ekStwn gS vkSj uokpkj ds fy, ekStwn dq'ky Je] lapkj usVodZ vkSj çksRlkgu ij fuHkZj
djrk gSA
z LokfeRo ds vk/kj ij_ vFkZO;oLFkk dks fuEufyf•r rhu {ks=kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS%
z blesa ,sls laxBu vkSj fudk; gksrs gSa tks iwjh rjg ls ;k dsaæ ;k jkT; ljdkjksa ;k LFkkuh;
fudk;ksa dh fgLlsnkjh ds lkFk LokfeRo] fu;af=kr vkSj çcaf/r gksrs gSaA
z eq[; è;ku turk dh lsok vkSj muds dY;k.k ij gksrk gSA
z ;g dj laxzg] MÔwVh] mRikn 'kqYd vkfn ls çkIr iwath ds vk/kj ij pyk;k tkrk gSA
lkoZtfud {ks=k z ;g {ks=k ukSdjh dh lqj{kk] vkokl] HkÙks vkSj isa'ku ,oa vU; ykHk çnku djrk gSA
z ;g Hkkjr esa ukSdjh ds fy, ,d ilanhnk {ks=k gS D;ksafd ;g mi;ZqÙkQ ykHk çnku djrk gS vkSj
fudkys tkus dh laHkkouk de gSA
z lkoZtfud {ks=k ds dqN çeq• {ks=k jsyos] j{kk] iqfyl] ukxfjd ç'kklu] LokLF;] f'k{kk vkfn
gSaA
z ;gk¡ LokfeRo] çca/u vkSj fu;a=k.k O;fÙkQ;ksa] lewgksa ;k futh LokfeRo okyh daifu;ksa
ds ikl gksrk gSA
z bl {ks=k ds fnu&çfrfnu ds O;olk; vkSj lapkyu esa ljdkj dk dksbZ gLr{ksi ugha gksrk gSA
z eq[; iQksdl yksd dY;k.k ugha cfYd ykHk gksrk gSA blfy,] ykxr esa dVkSrh vkSj n{krk
bl {ks=k dh igpku gSA
z futh {ks=k_ çorZdksa@ekfydksa dh iwath] ½.k] 'ks;j] fMcsapj vkfn }kjk lapkfyr gksrk gSA
futh {ks=k z ;g {ks=k csgrj osru] ;ksX;rk vk/kfjr inksUufr vkSj vPNs dke dh ekU;rk çnku djrk
gSA blesa dM+h esgur djus ds fy, çksRlkgu gksrk gSA
z deZpkfj;ksa dks c•kZLr fd;k tk ldrk gS ;fn os vPNk çn'kZu ugha djrs gSa ;k daiuh ykxr
esa dVkSrh djus dk iQSlyk djrh gSA blesa çfrLi/hZ ekgkSy gksrk gS vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dks
çksRlkgu ds :i esa cksul feyrk gSA
z dqN çeq• futh {ks=k vkbZVh] foÙk] ijke'kZ] lsok vk/kfjr m|ksx] iQkekZ m|ksx] vkfrF; vkSj
i;ZVu vkfn gSaA

10 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 z;g ,d ;k dbZ lkoZtfud vkSj futh {ks=k ds fudk;ksa ds chp ,d lk>snkjh gS tks vkerkSj
ij nh?kZdkfyd ifj;kstuk fodflr djus ds fy, gksrh gSA
z ;g ,d fuf'pr ifj;kstuk ds fy, /u vkSj fo'ks"kKrk dks vkdf"kZr djus esa enn djrk gS
tks vkerkSj ij vke turk ds ykHk ds fy, gksrk gSA tSls esVªks] gokbZ vîós] nwjlapkj cqfu;knh
<kapk vkfnA
z tSls&tSls rst vkSj csgrj ç'kklu nsus dh ekax c<+rh gS_ tfVyrk vkSj Lrj ds vuqlkj pqukSrh
c<+rh gSA bl çdkj] ihihih nksuksa {ks=kksa ds loZJs"B dks la;ksftr djus dk ç;kl djrk gSA
z bl ekWMy ds ykHk bl çdkj gSa%
lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh
z lkoZtfud {ks=k dh tokcnsgh vkSj futh {ks=k dh n{krk% futh {ks=k csgrj miHkksÙkQk larqf"V]
(ihihih)
ubZ rduhdh vkSj vfHkuo n`f"Vdks.k ykrk gSA lkoZtfud {ks=k iw.kZrk dk fo'okl] tokcnsgh
vkSj de ykyiQhrk'kkgh dks ykrk gSA
z le; vkSj ykxr c¼ dk;Z dh lekfIr% futh {ks=k rsth ls çkS|ksfxdh dks viukrk gS vkSj
;g O;; vkSj le; ds lkFk vf/d dq'ky gksrk gSA
z lalk/uksa dh miyC/rk% ljdkj dks vdsys lalk/u tqVkus esa eqf'dy gksrh gSA blfy,]
fuos'kdksa (fons'kh vkSj ?kjsyw) dks vkeaf=kr djuk ,d cqf¼ekuh iw.kZ dne gSA
z fofHkUu çdkj dh ihihih ifj;kstuk,¡ LokLF; ] fctyh] jsyos 'kgjh cqfu;knh <kaps vkfn {ks=kksa
esa 'kq: dh xbZ gSaA
z dk;Z dh fLFkfr ds vk/kj ij vFkZO;oLFkk dks fuEufyf•r nks {ks=kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS%
z bl {ks=k esa dke djus dh fLFkfr vPNh vkSj LFkk;h gSA deZpkfj;ksa dks lkekftd lqj{kk ykHk (Hkfo";
fuf/] isa'ku] LokLF; chek vkfn) Hkh feyrs gSaA
laxfBr {ks=k z bl {ks=k esa ukSdfj;k¡ ljdkj ds ikl iathÑr gSa vkSj mu ij fofHkUu dkuwu vkSj fu;e ykxw gksrs gSaA
z deZpkfj;ksa dks ukSdjh dh lqj{kk] dke ds fuf'pr ?kaVs vkSj vfrfjÙkQ osru feyrk gS
z bl {ks=k esa Hkkjr esa ukSdfj;k¡ cgqr de gSA
z bl {ks=k esa os dkexkj 'kkfey gSa tks Lojkstxkj] fxx bdkWueh dkexkj vkSj fngkM+h etnwj
gSaA
z laxfBr {ks=k ds os Jfed tks ^vlaxfBr Jfed lkekftd lqj{kk vf/fu;e* 2008 esa mfYyf•r
dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa ds varxZr ugha vkrs gSa] os bl {ks=k dk fgLlk gSaA
z jkstxkj vkdfLed vkSj ekSleh gS vkSj blfy, Jfed laxfBr ugha gSa vkSj iwjh rjg ls viuh nSfud
vlaxfBr {ks=k
dekbZ (T;knkrj ekeyksa esa) ij fuHkZj gSaA
z dksbZ dkuwuh ;k lkaxBfud lqj{kk ugh feyrh gS vkSj fLFkj vk; vkSj jkstxkj dh deh gSA
z vxj lqj{kk çnku dh Hkh xbZ gks rks bls ykxw djuk eqf'dy gS D;ksafd Jfed fc•js gq, gSaA
z mi;ZqÙkQ dk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd ;g {ks=k egRoiw.kZ ugha gSA ;g jk"Vªh; vk; esa yxHkx 60» dk ;ksxnku
nsrk gSA

?kjsyw vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj blds {ks=k
z ,d vFkZO;oLFkk dks ?kjsyw vkSj ckgjh@'ks"k fo'o esa foHkkftr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d ?kjsyw vFkZO;oLFkk esa lHkh fuoklh
vkfFkZd bdkb;k¡ 'kkfey gksrh gSaA ;s gSa%
z ifjokj% mu yksxksa dk ,d lewg tks vkokl lk>k djrs
gSa] lkewfgd :i ls cpr djrs gSa] dqN fuf'pr oLrqvksa
vkSj lsokvksa dk miHkksx djrs gSa vkSj mRiknd xfrfof/ esa
layXu gks ldrs gSaA
z dkuwuh laLFkk,a% dkuwuh laLFkk,a os gSa tks vius vf/dkjksa ds
rgr vkfFkZd ysunsu] fu.kZ; ysus vkSj vuqca/ksa dks ykxw djus
esa layXu gSaA tSls ljdkjsa] fuxe ;k m|e] xSj&ykHkdkjh
laLFkk,a (dkuwuh ;k lkekftd laLFkk,a) vkfnA

vFkZ''kkL=k
vFkZ kkL=k dh
dhewewyyvo/kj.kk,¡
vo/kj.kk,¡ 11
z ?kjsyw vFkZO;oLFkk dks rhu cM+s {ks=kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS%
z blesa os lHkh foHkkx 'kkfey gSa tks yksxksa dks eqÝr lsok,a çnku djrs gSaA bl {ks=k esa fdlh foHkkx dks
mlds mís';ksa vkSj dk;ks± ds vk/kj ij 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS] u fd LokfeRo ds vk/kj ijA
z dk;Z%
lkekU; ljdkjh
 djksa ;k vU; vk; ds ekè;e ls foÙkiksf"kr fuf'pr oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dks ifjokjksa dks çnku djukA
{ks=k%
 gLrkarj.k ds ekè;e ls /u dk iqufoZrj.kA

 xSj&cktkj oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk mRiknu djukA

 mnkgj.k j{kk] 'kklu] jk"Vªh; lqj{kk] LokLF;] f'k{kk vkfn gSaA

z ;g ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds lHkh okLrfod ;k xSj&foÙkh; rRoksa dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA

z blesa 'kkfey gSa%
 m|e (xSj&foÙkh; fuxe) & os ?kjsyw bdkb;k¡ tks cktkj oLrqvksa (tks cktkj ewY;ksa ij csph tkrh gSa)

okLrfod {ks=k% vkSj xSj&foÙkh; lsokvksa ds mRiknu esa 'kkfey gSaA

 ifjokj@?kjsyw {ks=k (Households)

 ifjokjksa dh lsok çnku djus okys xSj&ykHkdkjh laLFkkuA

 ;g og {ks=k gS tks /u ;k /u /kj.k djus okys {ks=k dks 'kkfey djrk gSA

z ;g vFkZO;oLFkk esa iSlk@foÙk tkjh djus okyk {ks=k gSA blesa eq[; :i ls foÙkh; xfrfof/;ksa vkSj
eè;LFkrk esa 'kkfey fuxe gksrs gSaA
z mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d cSad] tks m/kj ysrk vkSj nsrk gS] ,d laLFkk tks 'ks;j/kjdksa ls bfDoVh@ 'ks;jksa esa
foÙkh; {ks=k% fuos'k djus ds fy, /u vkdf"kZr djrh gS] ,d fudk; tks ikWfylh/kjdksa ls çkIr /u ls çfrHkwfr;ksa
esa fuos'k djrk gSA
z blesa mu fuxeksa dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k gS tks foÙkh; vkfLr;ksa dk çko/ku ds fy, vius •krs ij
ns;rk ugha j•rs gSaA tSls nyky] Mhyj] LVkWd ,Dlpsat] fons'kh eqæk ,Dlpsat] çfrHkwfr cktkj vkfnA
3- ,d okf.kfT;d cSad }kjk O;kikfjd daiuh dks /u
Hkkjr esa lsok vk/kfjr fodkl
m/kj nsukA
z Hkkjr Ñf"k ls lh/s lsok {ks=k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa 4- fdlh dkWikZsjsV fudk; dk fons'k esa #i;k vafdr ewY;
ifjofrZr gks x;k_ bl çdkj] 1990 ds n'kd ds nkSjku ds ckaM tkjh djukA
vkS|ksfxd vFkZO;oLFkk dks NksM+ fn;k x;kA dwV%
z ;g Hkkjr esa ^jkstxkjghu fodkl* ds pj.k ds çeq• (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
dkj.kksa esa ls ,d gS D;ksafd fofuekZ.k {ks=k] lsok {ks=k dh (b) dsoy 2, 3 vkSj 4
rqyuk esa vf/d jkstxkj iSnk djrk gSA (c) dsoy 1, 2 vkSj 4
z ;gk¡ rd fd lsokvksa ds varxZr Hkh_ vk/qfud lsok,¡ (d) dsoy 1, 2, 3 vkSj 4
(lapkj] vkbZVh] foÙkh;] O;kikj vkfn) •qnjk vkSj Fkksd
cktkjksa tSlh ikjaifjd lsokvksa ij gkoh gSaA dqtusV~l oØ
z ;g ,d dkYifud myVk ;w&oØ gS tks vkfFkZd fodkl
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) ds nkSjku çfr O;fÙkQ vk; ds lkis{k vkfFkZd vlekurk dks
1. fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu&dkSu ls dk;Zdyki vFkZO;oLFkk n'kkZrk gSA
esa okLrfod {ks=kd dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa\ z lkbeu dqtusV~l vFkZ'kkL=kh us bl oØ dks fodflr
fd;k FkkA
1- fdlkuksa dk viuh iQlysa dkVukA z ;g le>us esa enn djrk gS fd tc vFkZO;oLFkk eq[;
2- diM+k feyksa dk dPps dikl dks diM+s esa ifjofrZr :i ls Ñf"k ls vkS|ksfxd gks tkrh gS rks ;s nks pj dSls
djukA cnyrs gSaA

12 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ;g n'kkZrk gS fd vk; vlekurk igys c<+rh gS vkSj fiQj i;kZoj.k dqtusV~l oØ
çfr O;fÙkQ vk; c<+us ds lkFk pje ij igq¡pus ds ckn
z dqtusV~l oØ esa la'kks/u fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds
de gks tkrh gSA
çnw"k.k Lrj esa o`f¼ vkSj ckn esa fxjkoV dks çnf'kZr
djus ds fy, yksdfç; gqvk gSA
z ;g igys thu xzkWleSu vkSj ,yu Øqxj }kjk fodflr
fd;k x;k vkSj ckn esa fo'o cSad }kjk yksdfç; gqvkA
vlekurk

z ;g ewy oØ ds leku iSVuZ dk ikyu djrk gSA

z la'kksf/r oØ ds vuqlkj] i;kZoj.k ladsrd rc rd
fcxM+rs gSa tc rd fd vFkZO;oLFkk vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds
çfr O;fÙkQ vk; ,d egRoiw.kZ eksM+ rd ugha igq¡prh gSA
z ubZ rduhdh vkSj vf/d /u dk mi;ksx ladsrd esa fiQj
z baXySaM] LohMu] Úkal vkSj teZuh dh rsth ls vkS|ksfxd
ls lq/kj 'kq: djrk gSA
vFkZO;oLFkk,a oØ dk vuqlj.k djrh fn•kbZ nsrh gSaA ysfdu
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk esa fu;eu esa o`f¼ ds
uhnjySaM vkSj ukWoZs esa ,slk ugha gqvk vkSj os vlekurk dk dkj.k lYiQj MkbvkWDlkbM ds Lrj esa esa deh vkbZ] tcfd
,d vyx vuqHko çnf'kZr djrs gSaA lM+dksa ij dkjksa dh la[;k fLFkj jgh ;k vf/d gqbZ gSA
VªsM&vkWiQ (Trade-offs)
z vFkZ'kkL=k dh ewy /kj.kk ^vHkko* gSA ftlds dkj.k VªsM&vkWiQ dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA
z ;g uhfrxr fu.kZ; ls lacaf/r gksrk gS tks ,d y{; dks çkFkfedrk nsrk gS ;k nwljs dks çkIr djus ds fy, ,d y{; ls
le>kSrk djrk gSA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,_ vkjchvkbZ eqækLiQhfr dks yf{kr djus ds fy, C;kt njksa esa o`f¼ djsxk] Hkys gh ;g dne vkfFkZd
fodkl dks lhfer djsA
z blh rjg] ljdkj dqN Ñf"k •pks± dks lfClMh nsus ds fy, m/kj ys ldrh gSA ;g ljdkjh ½.k dks c<+krk gS] ysfdu xjhch
ij fopkj djrk gS vkSj fLFkjrk lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
volj ykxr
z tc Hkh ge VªsM&vkWiQ djrs gSa ;kuh ,d y{; dks nwljs ij çkFkfedrk nsrs gSa rks ogk¡ ,d fNih gqbZ volj ykxr gksrh gSA
z ;g nwljs fodYi ;k nwljs lcls vPNs fodYi dks ugha pquus dh ykxr gksrh gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,_ iSlk lM+d cukus ;k Ldwy cukus ds fy, •pZ fd;k tk ldrk gSA vxj ge lM+dsa cukrs gSa_ fiQj Ldwyksa
dk fuekZ.k u djus ds dkj.k ge ftu ykHkksa dks NksM+ nsrs gSa] muds fy, volj dh dher pqdkuh iM+rh gSA
z blh rjg] ge viuk iSlk cpr •krs esa j• ldrs gSa ;k bls fuos'k dj ldrs gSaA vxj ge iSls dk fuos'k djrs gSa rks
fiQj ge cpr •krs esa iSlk j•us ij C;kt ds lanHkZ esa fodYi ykxr ogu djrs gSaA

foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)

1. ;fn ljdkj }kjk turk dks dksbZ oLrq fu'kqYd miyC/ djkbZ tkrh gS] rks% (2018)
(a) fodYi ykxr 'kwU; gksrh gSA
(b) fodYi ykxr dh mis{kk dh tkrh gSA
(c) fodYi ykxr dks mRikn ds miHkksÙkQk ls dj nsus okyh turk dks varfjr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
(d) fodYi ykxr dks mRikn ds miHkksÙkQk ls ljdkj dks varfjr dj fn;k tkrk gSA

v v v

vFkZ''kkL=k
vFkZ kkL=k dh
dhewewyyvo/kj.kk,¡
vo/kj.kk,¡ 13
 2 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡
z Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ,d eè;e vk; okyh fodkl'khy
cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk gSA ukWfeuy thMhih ds vuqlkj ;g nqfu;k
dh 5oha lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk gS vkSj Ø; 'kfÙkQ lerk
ds vuqlkj rhljh lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk gSA (ihihih)
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,¡
xq.k (STRENGTHS):
z fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk% Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk n'kkZrh gS fd
vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl esa futh vkSj lkoZtfud nksuksa
{ks=k ,d lkFk dSls dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA ;g lektoknh
vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d la;kstu
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,% futh {ks=k dk edln ykHk vkSj
lkoZtfud {ks=k dk edln dY;k.k gSA mnkjhdj.k us futh
{ks=k esa 'kklu dh Hkwfedk dks lhfer djus esa enn dhA
z Ñf"k dh ç/kurk% Hkkjr esa dqy dk;Z'khy tul¡[;k dk
nks frgkbZ] çR;{k ;k vçR;{k :i ls Ñf"k ,oa lEc¼
{ks=kksa esa layXu gSaA Ñf"k {ks=k dh ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa
Hkkxhnkjh yxHkx 16-38» (2020&21) jgh gSA Ñf"k {ks=k
dPpk eky miyC/ djkrk gS rFkk Ñf"k mRiknu ij fuHkZjrk
jk"Vª dh •k| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus esa Hkh lgk;d gSA
Ñf"k ls lacaf/r vU; {ks=kksa esa Ms;jh] eRL; ikyu] ckxokuh]
i'kqikyu vkfn 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
z mHkjrh vFkZO;oLFkk% Hkkjr ,d fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkk
gS ,oa etcwr vkfFkZd fodkl] O;kikj dh ek=kk] c<+h gqbZ
rjyrk] mPp çfr O;fÙkQ vk;] ,iQMhvkbZ] ½.k cktkj vkfn
ds ekè;e ls oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk esa viuk LFkku çkIr fd;k
gSA 2030 rd Hkkjr ds tkiku ls vkxs fudyus vkSj ,f'k;k
dh nwljh lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk cuus dh laHkkouk gSA
z tulkaf[;dh;@tukafddh; ykHkka'k% Hkkjr esa tula[;k
lajpuk dh lgk;rk ls vkfFkZd fodkl dh vikj laHkkouk,¡
gSaA fo'o esa Hkkjr dh dk;Z'khy tula[;k dk fgLlk (15
ls 64 o"kZ dh vk;q ds yksx) xSj&dk;Z'khy tula[;k vk;q
oxZ (65 ls Åij) ls vf/d gSA Hkkjr dks vU; ns'kksa dh
rqyuk esa 28 o"kZ dh vkSlr vk;q ds lkFk ;qok jk"Vª ds
:i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
z rhoz 'kgjhdj.k esa o`f¼% o`f¼ vifjgk;Z gS vr% yksx
vkfFkZd] tulkaf[;dh;] lkekftd vkfn dkj.kksa ls xzkeh.k
ls 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa iyk;u djrs gSaA çR;sd ns'k us 'kgjhdj.k
dk vuqHko fd;k gS vkSj vHkh Hkh 'kgjhdj.k esa rhoz o`f¼
gks jgh gSA Hkkjrh; tula[;k rsth ls c<+ jgh gS vkSj ldy
?kjsyw mRikn esa 'kgjh {ks=k dk ;ksxnku 60» ls vf/d gSA
'kgjhdj.k esa rhoz o`f¼ ds dqN dkj.k fuEufyf•r gSa%&
 rsth ls c<+rk lsok {ks=k% ;g lcls cM+k vkSj rsth
ls c<+us okyk {ks=k gSa] ftlesa O;kikj] gksVy] ifjogu]
chek] fj;y ,LVsV] i;ZVu vkfn tSls fofHkUu çdkj ds
is'ks 'kkfey gSaA Hkkjr fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa lsok,¡ çnku djus
okys 'kh"kZ 10 ns'kksa esa 'kkfey gSA
 i;ZVu {ks=k fons'kh eqæk vkfn ds ekè;e ls gekjh
vkfFkZd o`f¼ esa ,d çeq• ;ksxnkudrkZ gSA
 Hkkjrh; vkbZ-Vh- m|ksx ns'k dk 'kh"kZ fu;kZr lsok çnkrk
gSA lkWÝVos;j vkSj bathfu;fjax dk rsth ls foLrkj gks
jgk gS vkSj jktLo esa ;ksxnku dj jgs gSaA
 varfj{k {ks=k rsth ls c<+ jgs gSa rFkk ek¡x vk/kfjr
ekWMy dks cny jgs gSaA
 canjxkg lsok,¡] vk;kr&fu;kZr lsokvksa] dkxkZs {kerkvksa
esa o`f¼ vkSj canjxkg vk/kfjr fodkl ds ekè;e ls
ns'k esa fodkl dks c<+kok ns jgs gSaA
pqukSfr;ka@detksfj;ka
z çfr O;fÙkQ vk; dk fuEu Lrj% fodflr ns'kksa dh rqyuk
esa Hkkjr dh çfr O;fÙkQ vk; cgqr de gSA dsaæh; lkaf[;dh
dk;kZy; (lh,lvks) ds vuqlkj 2021&22 ds nkSjku çfr
O;fÙkQ vk; 18-3 çfr'kr c<+dj 1-5 yk• #i;s gks xbZA
fLFkj dherksa ij çfr O;fÙkQ vk; 2021&22 esa iwoZ&dksfoM
Lrj ls uhps 91]481 #i;s jghA
z fo'kky tula[;k% Hkkjrh; tula[;k rsth ls c<+ jgh gS
vkSj la;qÙkQ jk"Vª dh ,d fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd 2023
esa] Hkkjr phu dks ihNs NksM+ dj nqfu;k dk lcls vf/d
vkcknh okyk ns'k cu tk,xkA tula[;k o`f¼ dh mPp nj
us vFkZO;oLFkk dh fodkl nj ds foijhr dk;Z fd;k gSA
z vkfFkZd fo"kerk rFkk fu/Zurk% Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh
vkfFkZd fo"kerk,¡ fparktud gS tgk¡ 'kh"kZ 10» Hkkjrh; tks
jk"Vªh; vk; dk 57» ls vf/d vftZr djrs gSa] lekt esa
vkfFkZd fo"kerk dk dkj.k cus gSaA COVID&19 us xjhch
ds Lrj esa o`f¼ dh gS vkSj vc xjhch js•k ls uhps (BPL)
jgus okys yksxksa dk mPp çfr'kr gSA vk; ds vleku
forj.k ds dkj.k vehj vkSj vehj gksrk tk jgk gS rFkk
xjhc vkSj xjhc gksrk tk jgk gS tks ns'k dh vkfFkZd çxfr
esa ck/k mRiUu djrk gSA
z iqjkuh rduhd% ubZ çkS|ksfxfd;k¡ eg¡xh gSa vkSj mUgsa lapkfyr
djus ds fy, dkS'ky ;qÙkQ dk;Zcy dh vko';drk gksrh
gSA ekuo iw¡th dh deh vkSj dq'ky Je dh vuqifLFkfr
vFkZO;oLFkk esa çkS|ksfxdh ds çlkj esa çeq• ck/k,¡ gSaA xjhc
fdlku vkSj lw{e ;k y?kq m|ksx vk/qfud vkSj vf/d
mRiknd rduhfd;ksa dks ogu ugha dj ldrs gSa tks vkfFkZd
fodkl esa ladV mRiUu djrh gSaA
z vi;kZIr jkstxkj l`tu% c<+rh vkcknh ds lkFk csjkstxkj
;qokvksa dk çfr'kr Hkh c<+ jgk gSAlkFk gh gekjh vFkZO;oLFkk
dh o`f¼ dh rqyuk esa jkstxkj l`tu ugha gks jgk gS]
bls jkstxkj jfgr o`f¼ (Jobless Growth) ds :i esa
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA yxHkx vk/h dkedkth vkcknh
Ñf"k esa yxh gqbZ gS vkSj csjkstxkj dk;Z'khy tul¡[;k
vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, pqukSfr;k¡ mRiUu djrh gSA
z vkof/d Je cy loZs{k.k (PLFS) fn•krk gS fd
2019&20 esa 4-8» dh rqyuk esa 2020&21 esa csjkstxkjh nj
fxjdj 4-2» gks xbZA
 xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa 3-3» vkSj 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa 6-7» dh
csjkstxkjh nj ntZ dh xbZA
 lsaVj iQkWj ekWfuVfjax bafM;u bdksukWeh (CMIE) ds MsVk
ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr dh csjkstxkjh nj vDVwcj 2022 esa
7-77» ij igq¡p xbZ gSA
z iw¡th fuekZ.k dh fuEu nj% vk; dk fupyk Lrj] iw¡th
fuekZ.k dh fuEu nj ds dkj.k gS vkSj thou Lrj esa lq/kj
dk ,dek=k rjhdk ldy iw¡th fuekZ.k dh nj esa o`f¼
djuk gSA Hkkjr dks ges'kk iw¡th dh leL;k dk lkeuk djuk
iM+k vkSj ewY;ßkl dks larqfyr djus ds fy, 15 çfr'kr
ls vf/d dh ldy iw¡th fuekZ.k dh vko';drk FkhA
gkyk¡fd] okLrfod ldy fu;r iw¡th fuekZ.k (GFCF) nj
GDP ds çfr'kr ds :i esa twu 2022 ds frekgh esa 29-2
çfr'kr jgk gS
z v/kslajpuk lqfo/kvksa dk vHkko% ifjogu] lapkj]
fctyh mRiknu] cSafdax vkSj ½.k lqfo/k,¡] LokLF;]
Hkkjrh; vFkZ
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
O;oLFkkdhdhizeizq[ek q[fo'ks
k fo'ks "krk,¡
"krk,¡
'kS{kf.kd laLFkku vkfn 'kkfey gSaA Hkkjr ds çkÑfrd
lalk/uksa dk U;wu mi;ksx Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd o`f¼ esa ck/d
gSA 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr dh
yxHkx 7 çfr'kr vkcknh xzkeh.k vkSj Lye {ks=kksa esa jgrh gSA
NFHS ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa yxHkx 83» ?kjksa esa 'kkSpky;
dh lqfo/k miyC/ gS] rFkk yxHkx 50» ?kjksa rd gh LoPN
uy ty dh miyC/rk gS bl çdkj U;wu v/kslajpukvksa dk
vHkko Hkkjrh; Jfedksa dh n{krk de dj nsrh gSA
vkSifuosf'kd dky ds nkSjku Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
z Hkkjr esa fczfV'k 'kklu ds vkxeu ls igys Hkkjrh;
vFkZO;oLFkk Lora=k Fkh vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls vius gLrf'kYi
m|ksxksa ds fy, tkuh tkrh FkhA gekjh vFkZO;oLFkk ds
orZeku Lo#i dh mRifÙk fczfV'k 'kklu dh yach vof/ esa
gqbZ gSA vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dk mís'; Hkkjr ds lalk/
uksa dk nksgu djuk vkSj fczVsu ds c<+rs vkS|ksxhdj.k ds
fy, dPps eky ds vkiwfrZdrkZ ds :i esa bldk mi;ksx
djuk FkkA 'kks"k.kdkjh çÑfr us ;g le>us esa enn dh
fd Hkkjr dks fdl çdkj ds fodkl vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk dks
viukuk pkfg,A
 fczfV'k 'kklu ls iwoZ vf/dka'k yksxksa dh eq[;
vkthfodk Ñf"k FkhA Hkkjrh; gLrdyk m|ksx lwrh
vkSj js'keh oL=kksa] dherh iRFkjksa] elkyksa] /krq ds
dke] phuh vkfn dh mÙke xq.koÙkk ds fy, nqfu;k Hkj
ds cktkjksa esa [;kfrçkIr FkkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ratsc
(eyey) caxky vkSj <kdk ds vkl&ikl ds LFkkuksa
esa çfl¼ ,d çdkj dk dikl Fkk ftlus yksdfç;rk
gkfly dh vkSj eyey dgyk;kA
z vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ds nkSjku vkfFkZd fodkl us
Hkkjr dh Lora=k vFkZO;oLFkk dks dsoy dPps eky ds
vkiwfrZdrkZ ds :i esa cny fn;k vkSj fczVsu esa fufeZr
mRiknksa dk dsoy miHkksÙkQk cu dj jg x;kA muds }kjk
mi;ksx dh tkus okyh vkfFkZd uhfr;k¡ xzsV fczVsu ds vkfFkZd
fgrksa dh j{kk vkSj çpkj dj jgh FkhaA
z vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dh vkfFkZd uhfr;k¡ fczfV'k 'kklu
ds vkfFkZd fgrksa ds laj{k.k vkSj lao/Zu gsrq vf/d FkhaA
mUgksaus dHkh Hkh Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; vk; dk vuqeku yxkus dk
xaHkhj ç;kl ugha fd;kA Hkkjrh; vFkZ'kkL=kh vuqekudrkZvksa
ftUgksaus Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd fudklh(/u cfgxZeu) ds ihNs
ds dkj.k dks mtkxj djus dh dksf'k'k dh] ftuesa nknkHkkbZ
ukSjksth (Poverty and Un-British Rule in India)] oh-ds-
vkj-oh- jko vkSj vkj-lh- nslkbZ çeq• FksA
15
 z ns'k dh vf/dre tula[;k Ñf"k ç/ku Fkh vkSj 80» yksx xk¡oksa esa jgrs Fks vkSj Ñf"k ls
thfodksiktZu djrs FksA cM+h vkcknh Ñf"k {ks=k esa 'kkfey Fkh ysfdu fiQj Hkh xfrghurk vkSj fuEu
mRikndrk dk lkeuk dj jgh FkhA ;g fxjkoV fofHkUu Hkw&jktLo cankscLrksa ds dkj.k gqbZ FkhA
z rRdkyhu caxky vkSj iwohZ jkT;ksa ds dqN fgLlksa esa tehankjh O;oLFkk ykxw dh xbZ vkSj Ñf"k ls
gksus okyk ykHk dk'rdkjksa ds ctk; tehankjksa dks tkrk FkkA dsoy vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj us gh ugha
cfYd tehankjksa us Hkh Ñf"k dh fLFkfr esa lq/kj ds fy, dqN Hkh ugha fd;kA mudh eq[; #fp
Ñf"k Hkwfe ds lq/kj ij è;ku fn, fcuk yxku olwy djuk FkkA
z Hkwfe tksr NksVh vkSj fc•jh gqbZ Fkh] ftlls •srh djuk eqf'dy gks x;k FkkA çfr gsDVs;j mRikndrk
Ñf"k {ks=kd dk Lrj Hkh de FkkA
(Agricultural z Ñf"k vPNs mRiknu ds fy, o"kkZ ij vR;f/d fuHkZj Fkh ysfdu de o"kkZ dk vFkZ gS vYi
Sector) mRiknuA
z Ñf"k dk O;kolk;hdj.k] udnh iQlyksa dh mRikndrk dh ekax] flapkbZ lqfo/kvksa dh deh] moZjdksa
dk vi;kZIr mi;ksx vkfn lHkh Ñf"k mRikndrk vkSj fdlkuksa dh nqnZ'kk dh fujk'kktud fLFkfr
dks vkSj xaHkhjrk ls çnf'kZr dj jgs Fks A
z foHkktu ds dkj.k Ñf"k mRiknu dks >Vdk yxk] ftlds dkj.k vR;f/d flafpr vkSj mitkÅ Hkwfe
ikfdLrku esa vofLFkr gksus ds dkj.k Hkkjr ds mRiknu ij çfrdwy çHkko iM+kA twV mRiknu esa
blh rjg ds nqHkkZX; dk lkeuk djuk iM+k tc vf/dre twV mRiknd {ks=k ckaXykns'k (rRdkyhu
iwohZ ikfdLrku) dk fgLlk cu x;k tgk¡ dHkh Hkkjr dk ,dkf/dkj gqvk djrk Fkk vkSj vc mls
Hkkjh uqdlku mBkuk iM+kA
z vkSifuosf'kd dky esa Hkkjrh; gLrdyk m|ksx fo'oO;kih yksdfç;rk vkSj oL=kksa dh ekax
çkIr djus ds ckn Hkh vius vkS|ksfxd vk/kj dk foLrkj ugha dj ldkA xSj&vkS|ksfxdhdj.k
dh vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj dh uhfr ds dkj.k gLrf'kYi m|ksxksa dk iru gqvk vkSj bls cnyus ds
fy, dksbZ vU; m|ksx ugha yxk, x,A fovkS|ksxhdj.k ds ihNs vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj ds mís'; Fks%
z fczVsu esa LFkkfir gksus okys m|ksxksa ds fy, lLrs nj ij dPps eky ds fu;kZrd ds :i esa Hkkjr
dk mi;ksx djuk vkSj fczfV'k mRiknksa dks Hkkjrh; cktkj esa mPp nj ij cspukA
z mu m|ksxksa ds rS;kj mRiknksa ds fy, Hkkjrh; cktkj dks Mafiax xzkmaM ds :i esa mi;ksx djuk vkSj
vius ns'k dh enn ds fy, mudk foLrkj tkjh j•ukA
z Hkkjr esa gLrf'kYi m|ksxksa esa fxjkoV ds dkj.k cM+s iSekus ij csjkstxkjh ns•h xbZA blls Hkkjrh;
cktkj esa oLrqvksa dh ekax esa o`f¼ gqbZ ftls fczVsu ls lLrs fufeZr eky ds vk;kr ls iwjk fd;k
vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd
x;kA
(Industrial Sector)
z vkS|ksxhdj.k dks c<+kok nsus esa enn djus ds fy, dqN gh iw¡thxr fofuekZ.k m|ksx ekStwn FksA
dqN Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk LFkkfir dqN dikl vkSj twV diM+k feysa T;knkrj egkjk"Vª vkSj xqtjkr esa if'peh
rV ij ekStwn Fkha] ysfdu blus ikjaifjd gLrf'kYi m|ksxksa dks çfrLFkkfir djus esa enn ugha dhA
z ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa u, vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dh fodkl nj dk ;ksxnku cgqr de Fkk vkSj
lkoZtfud {ks=kd dh lgk;rk ds fy, Hkh cgqr lhfer FkkA vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj }kjk fd,
x, dqN dk;Z] ftUgsa mUgksaus vius ykHk ds fy, fodflr fd;k] ckn esa lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fy,
mi;ksxh lkfcr gq,] os Fks jsyos] fctyh mRiknu] lapkj] canjxkg] Mkd ç.kkyh vkfnA
z fczfV'k 'kklu dk mís'; dHkh Hkh ,sls m|ksx dk fodkl djuk ugha Fkk tks fczfV'k m|ksx
dk eqdkcyk dj ldsA ;g ges'kk iw¡thxr oLrqvksa ds fy, Hkkjrh; m|ksx dks fczfV'k m|ksx ds
v/hu cukuk pkgrk FkkA

16 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 z nks ;k nks ls vf/d ns'kksa ds chp oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk vknku&çnku fons'kh O;kikj dgykrk
gSA Hkkjr çkphu dky ls jk"Vªksa ds lkFk O;kikj dj jgk gS] ysfdu çfrca/kRed uhfr;ksa]
O;kikj vkSj fu;kZr ij yxk, x, 'kqYdksa ds dkj.k ;g lc cny x;k] ftlus Hkkjr ds fons'kh
O;kikj dks çfrdwy :i ls çHkkfor fd;kA Hkkjr dPps js'ke] dikl] Åu] phuh] uhy] twV] elkyksa
vkfn dk fu;kZrd Fkk] ysfdu rS;kj eky tSls lwrh] js'keh vkSj Åuh diM+ksa dk vk;krd cu x;kA
z Hkkjr ds fu;kZr ij fczVsu dk fu;a=k.k Fkk vkSj vf/dka'k O;kikj dks phu] lhyksu (Jhyadk)
fons'kh O;kikj vkSj bZjku (iQkjl) tSls dqN iM+kslh ns'kksa rd lhfer dj fn;k x;kA
(Foreign Trade) z O;kikj dk lcls egRoiw.kZ fgLlk fu;kZr vf/'ks"k Fkk vkSj blus Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks
xaHkhj :i ls çHkkfor fd;kA fu;kZr vf/'ks"k ds ifj.kkeLo:i lksus ;k pk¡nh dk çokg ugha
gqvk_ cfYd bldk mi;ksx fczVsu esa LFkkfir dk;kZy;ksa }kjk fd, x, •pks± ds Hkqxrku ds fy,
fd;k tkrk FkkA Hkkjr ds vanj vkSj ckgj vkSifuosf'kd ljdkjksa }kjk yM+s x, ;q¼ ij •pZ vkSj
vn`'; oLrqvksa ds vk;kr ls /u dh fudklh gqbZA
z HksnHkkoiw.kZ VSfjiQ@ç'kqYd vkSj O;kikj uhfr;k¡ fons'kh O;kikj esa ck/d jgh gSaA Lost ugj ds
•qyus ls Hkkjr ds fons'kh O;kikj ij fczVsu dk fu;a=k.k etcwr djus esa enn feyhA
z Hkkjr dh tula[;k dh tux.kuk 1881 esa vk;ksftr dh xbZ Fkh vkSj Hkkjr dh tula[;k
o`f¼ ds varj dks fn•k;k x;k FkkA
z lexz lk{kjrk Lrj 16» ls de Fkk tks 2011 esa c<+dj 74» gks x;kA
z Hkkjr ds fofHkUu HkwHkkx vdky ls xaHkhj :i ls çHkkfor Fks vkSj mudh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ
tulkaf[;dh;@ ds fy, cqfu;knh t:jrksa ij vk; dk Hkkx •pZ fd;k x;k FkkA
tukafddh; fLFkfr;k¡ z mPp tUe vkSj e`R;q nj (;g ,d o"kZ esa çfr gtkj tUe ysus okys vkSj ejus okys cPpksa dh
(Demographic la[;k dks lanfHkZr djrk gS)A
Conditions) z lkoZtfud LokLF; <k¡ps ,oa lqfo/kvksa dk vHkko] rFkk O;kid chekfj;k¡A
z mPp e`R;q nj (;g çfr gtkj thfor tUeksa ij ,d o"kZ dh vk;q rd igqapus ls igys ejus okys
f'k'kqvksa dh la[;k dks lanfHkZr djrk gS)A
z vkSifuosf'kd dky ds nkSjku O;kid xjhch us muds 'kklu ds rgr Hkkjr dh vkcknh dh
lcls •jkc fLFkfr dks çnf'kZr fd;kA
O;kolkf;d lajpuk z O;olk; esa fo'ks"k ifjorZu ugha gqvk D;ksafd vf/dre tula[;k Ñf"k (70&75 çfr'kr)
(Occupational ij vkfJr FkhA fofuekZ.k rFkk lsok {ks=k dh fgLlsnkjh Øe'k% 10&15 iQhlnh jghA
Structure) z mM+hlk] jktLFkku vkSj iatkc ds Ñf"k esa dk;Zcy dh fgLlsnkjh esa o`f¼ ns•h xbZA
z ewyHkwr volajpuk lqfo/k,¡ tSls jsyos] VsyhxzkiQ] iksLV] canjxkg vkfn dks yksxksa è;ku esa j•dj
fodflr ugha fd;k x;k ] cfYd okLrfod mís'; igq¡p dk foLrkj djuk vkSj vkSifuosf'kd fgrksa
dks iwjk djuk FkkA
z vkSifuosf'kd dky ds nkSjku lM+dksa dk fuekZ.k Hkkjr ds Hkhrj lsuk dks tqVkus vkSj dPps eky
dks xzkeh.k bykdksa ls fudVre jsyos LVs'ku rd igq¡pkus rFkk mUgsa baXySaM vkSj vU; fons'kh Hkwfe
esa fu;kZr djus ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA
vk/kfjd l¡jpuk z Hkkjr esa jsyos dk vkjEHk 1854 esa gqvk tks vaxzstksa }kjk fd, x, lcls egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnkuksa esa
(Infrastructural ls ,d FkkA ysfdu jsyos }kjk çkIr lkekftd lkaLÑfrd ykHk vkfFkZd gkfu ls vf/d Fks vkSj
Sector) fu;kZr dk ykHk Hkkjrh; yksxksa rd dHkh ugha igq¡pkA
z blus yksxksa dks yach nwjh dh ;k=kk djus esa enn dh vkSj lkaLÑfrd vkSj HkkSxksfyd ck/kvksa
dks rksM+ fn;kA
z blus Hkkjrh; Ñf"k ds O;kolk;hdj.k esa Hkh enn dh fdUrq blls xzkeh.k Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
dh vkRefuHkZjrk dks foijhr :i ls çHkkfor fd;kA
z ikuh vkSj leqæ ds varnZs'kh; O;kikj ekxZ dk fodkl vi;kZIr Fkk vkSj ljdkjh •tkus ls Hkkjh
ykxr ij cuk;k x;k FkkA

Hkkjrh; vFkZ
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
O;oLFkkdhdhizeizq[ek q[fo'ks
k fo'ks "krk,¡
"krk,¡ 17
z Lora=krk ds le; fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dk çHkko Li"V z 1991 esa] Hkkjr dks ckgjh ½.k esa o`f¼ ls lacaf/r vkfFkZd
FkkA Ñf"k {ks=k esa vf/'ks"k Je vkSj csgn de mRikndrk ns•h ladV dk lkeuk djuk iM+k vFkkZr ljdkj fons'kksa ds vius
xbZ] vkSj vkS|ksfxd {ks=k vk/qfudhdj.k] fofo/hdj.k vkSj ½.kksa ds Hkqxrku esa vleFkZ FkhA
fuos'k ls cgqr nwj FkkA yksxksa ds dY;k.k ds fy, xjhch vkSj z fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj ftls dsaæh; cSad (RBI) O;kikj larqyu
csjkstxkjh ds fy, lkoZtfud uhfr;ksa dh vko';drk FkhA la{ksi dks fu;a=k.k esa j•us vkSj isVªksy vkSj vU; egRoiw.kZ oLrqvksa
es]a lkekftd&vkfFkZd pqukSfr;ksa ij dkcw ikuk cgqr dfBu FkkA ds vk;kr ds fy, cuk, j•rk gS] 15 fnuksa ds fy, Hkh
vi;kZIr Lrj rd fxj x;kA
1991 ds lq/kjksa ds ckn Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk z ladV ds dkj.k vko';d oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa o`f¼ gqbZ
z Hkkjr cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj ljdkj dks fodklkRed j.kuhfr;ksa dks cnyus esa enn
ç.kkyh nksuksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks tksM+dj ,d fefJr djus ds fy, u, uhfr fu;eksa dks ykxw djus ds fy,
vFkZO;oLFkk dk vuqlj.k djrk jgk gSA etcwj gksuk iM+kA
1990 ls iwoZ dh lq/kj vof/
z ;kstuk ds igys rhu n'kdksa ds nkSjku fodkl nj esa deh vkSj vkSlr fodkl nj 3-5&4 çfr'kr FkhA
z Ñf"k ç/ku lekt dh otg ls Ñf"k {ks=k dh o`f¼ vf/d ns•h xbZ vkSj cgqmís'kh; ifj;kstukvksa tSls cka/ksa
liQyrk
dk fuekZ.k] gfjr Økafr vkfn dh laHkkoukvksa us yxHkx 23&25 çfr'kr dh o`f¼ nj esa enn dhA
(Gains)
z Hkkjh iw¡thxr fofuekZ.k m|ksx] flapkbZ ifj;kstukvksa] rki fo|qr mRiknu ifj;kstukvksa dk fodkl vkSj lkoZtfud
ifjogu esa o`f¼ gqbZ A
z jkstxkj l`tu ds volj de FksA Hkkjr vYijkstxkj vkSj csjkstxkjh dh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk dj jgk FkkA
z 75 çfr'kr ls vf/d vkcknh xjhch js•k (chih,y) ls uhps jg jgh Fkh vkSj ;kstukvksa ds n'kd xjhch
foiQyrk mUewyu vkSj lHkh ds fy, fodkl esa lgk;rk dj ikus esa vleFkZ jgs A
(Failures)
z Ñf"k {ks=k esa mRikndrk fujk'kktud vkSj Hkwfe lq/kj dk;ZØe foiQy jgk A
z detksj] vçfrLi/hZ vkS|ksfxd vk/kj] iw¡thxr oLrqvksa ds m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsusa esa l{ke ugha FkkA
1980 ds n'kd dk vkfFkZd ladV (varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k) ls laidZ fd;k vkSj ladV dk çca/u
z lkoZtfud O;; vius jktLo dh rqyuk esa vf/d Fkk tks djus ds fy, ½.k ds :i esa $7 fcfy;u çkIr fd;kA
ljdkj us cSadksa ds ekè;e ls ?kkVs dks iwjk djus ds fy, ½.k çkIr djus ds fy,] ;s varjkZ"Vªh; ,tsafl;k¡ ns'k dh
m/kj fy;k FkkA vkfFkZd uhfr ds fu.kZ;ksa esa dqN ifjorZu djuk pkgrh FkhaA
z ns'k ds Hkhrj yksxksa ls vkSj varjjk"Vªh; foÙkh; laLFkkuksa z varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa ds fy, cnyh 'krZsa %
ls ½.k fy;k x;kA  ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk ftlesa vFkZO;oLFkk esa

z vko';d oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa o`f¼A
z fu;kZr ds Lrj esa o`f¼ ds fcuk vk;kr esa o`f¼ gqbZA
z fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj esa fxjkoV] tks isVªksfy;e] foykflrk
dh oLrqvksa vkfn ds vk;kr dks foÙkiksf"kr djus ds fy,
i;kZIr ugha FksA
z varjjk"Vªh; m/kjnkrkvksa dks iquHkZqxrku rFkk C;kt Hkqxrku
gsrq i;kZIr fons'kh eqæk miyC/ ugha FkhA
z ljdkj ds fodkl dk;ZØeksa ij •pZ djus ls vfrfjÙkQ
jktLo l`tu ugha gqvkA
z ladV dks de djus ds fy,] Hkkjr us iqufuZekZ.k vkSj
vf/d çfrLi/hZ ekgkSy 'kkfey FkkA
 iQeks± ds fy, ços'k vkSj fudkl ck/kvksa dks nwj
djukA
 i;kZIr fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj cuk, j•uk vkSj c<+rh
dherksa dks fu;a=k.k esa j•ukA
z fofHkUu {ks=kksa ls dBksjrk dks gVkdj vFkZO;oLFkk dh n{krk
esa lq/kj djuk vkSj bldh varjkZ"Vªh; çfrLi/kZRedrk esa
o`f¼ djukA
 vk;kr 'kqYd nj esa dehA
 jktLo esa deh dks nwj djus ds fy, mRikn 'kqYd esa

fodkl ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; cSad (IBRD)] yksdfç; :i o`f¼A

ls fo'o cSad ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS vkSj vkbZ,e,iQ  ljdkjh •pZ esa 10 çfr'kr rd dh dVkSrh djukA

18 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
vkfFkZd lq/kjksa ds dkj.k z isVªksy dh dherksa esa c<+ksrjh tks bZjku&dqoSr ;q¼ (1991)
z eagxkbZ esa o`f¼ 6-7» ls 16-7» ds dkj.k eqæk vkiwfrZ ds dkj.k FkhA
esa o`f¼ gqbZA z ih,l;w ljdkjh fuf/ ij cks> cu x, vkSj ljdkjh fuos'k
z xSj&fodkl O;; esa o`f¼ vkSj lkoZtfud ½.k esa o`f¼ ds c<+kus ds fy, vPNk çn'kZu ugha dj jgs FksA
dkj.k jktdks"kh; ?kkVs esa o`f¼A z fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj esa deh tks fd vk;kr fcyksa dk
z vk;kr esa o`f¼ ds dkj.k Hkqxrku larqyu (BoP) ij Hkqxrku djus ds fy, de vkSj vi;kZIr FkkA
çfrdwy çHkko iM+kA
,yihth dh :ijs•k
z futh {ks=k ds m|ksxksa vkSj O;olk;ksa dks O;kikj djus dh vf/d Lora=krkA ml ij ljdkjh fu;a=k.k esa
dehA
z fu;eksa vkSj çfrca/ksa dks de djds vFkZO;oLFkk ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa dks •ksyus dh vuqefr nsukA
z vkS|ksfxd ykblsaflax vkSj iathdj.k dks gVkukA
mnkjhdj.k
z vk;kr vkSj vk;kr 'kqYd ij çfrca/ ds Lrj dks de djukA
(Liberalization)
z O;fÙkQxr vkSj fuxe djksa esa dehA
z ,iQMhvkbZ vkSj ,iQihvkbZ ds fy, mnkj fu;eA
z futh çfrHkkfx;ksa dks lkoZtfud {ks=k esa ços'k djus dh vuqefr nsuk tSls fd fctyh] ÅtkZ] nwjlapkj]
ifjogu vkfnA
z tc jkT; ds LokfeRo okyh laifÙk;ksa ds 'ks;jksa (51» vkSj vf/d) dh fcØh ;kuh LokfeRo dks futh
{ks=k esa LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k tkrk gS] rks bls futhdj.k dgk tkrk gSA nwljk rjhdk lkoZtfud {ks=k dh
daifu;ksa ds LokfeRo vkSj çca/u dk ljdkj }kjk R;kxAjkT; dk vfofu;eu vkSj cktkjksa vkSj lkoZtfud
lsokvksa esa lq/kjksa dh 'kq:vkrA
z jkT; dh laifÙk;ksa dks futh {ks=kksa ds fy, •ksy fn;k x;kA
futhdj.k z futh {ks=k dks fofuos'k vkSj LokfeRo dk gLrkarj.kA
(Privatization)
z foÙkh; ç.kkyh esa lq/kj vkSj vk/qfudhdj.k dks viukus ds fy, laifÙk;ksa dk fofuos'kA
z ih,l;w ds çn'kZu esa lq/kj ds fy, futh iw¡th dks 'kkfey djuk vkSj çca/dh; {kerkvksa dk mi;ksx
djukA
z ns'k esa ,iQMhvkbZ çokg dks vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, ç;klA
z çca/u Lrj ij ljdkjh gLr{ksi ds fcuk çca/dh; fu.kZ; ysus esa ih,l;w dks Lok;ÙkrkA
z jk"Vªksa ds chp vkfFkZd ,dhdj.k vkSj ijLij fuHkZjrk esa o`f¼A varjjk"Vªh; lhekvksa ds ekè;e ls oLrq
vkSj lsokvksa] iw¡th vkSj Je dh vçfrcaf/r vkoktkghA oS'ohdj.k vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj lekt dks bl rjg
ls tksM+rk gS fd i`Foh ds ,d dksus esa gksus okyh ?kVuk dk çHkko nqfu;k ds nwljs fgLls esa gks ldrk
gS] ftlls ,d lhekeqÙkQ fo'o dh jpuk dk ç;kl fd;k tkrk gSA (laLÑr esa olq/So dqVqEcde)A
HkweaMyhdj.k@ z vk;kr ij lhek 'kqYd de djds fons'kh mRiknksa ds çokg ds fy, ?kjsyw cktkjksa dks •ksyukA
oS'ohdj.k z O;kikj xfrfof/;ksa dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, vk;kr ykblsaflax dh lekfIr vkSj VSfjiQ@ç'kqYd ck/kvksa
(Globalization) dks lekIr djukA vFkZO;oLFkk ds •qyus ls ,iQvkbZvkbZ] ,iQMhvkbZ vkSj fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj esa rsth ls
o`f¼ gqbZA
z GOI us fofHkUu ifj;kstukvksa esa bfDoVh ds ekè;e ls fons'kh iw¡th ds çokg dh vuqefr nhA
z WTO ds lkFk varjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrksa ij gLrk{kj fd, x, tSls TRIPS (O;kikj laca/h ckSf¼d laink
vf/dkj)] TRIMs (O;kikj laca/h fuos'k mik;) vkfnA

Hkkjrh; vFkZ
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
O;oLFkkdhdhizeizq[ek q[fo'ks
k fo'ks "krk,¡
"krk,¡ 19
vFkZO;oLFkk ij oS'ohdj.k ds çHkko
ldkjkRed udkjkRed
z fons'kh O;kikj esa Hkkjr dh fgLlsnkjh esa o`f¼A z ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks uqdlku vkSj
z ,iQMhvkbZ vkSj ,iQvkbZvkbZ ds ekè;e ls fons'kh fuos'k esa o`f¼A ?kjsyw çfrLi/kZ esa o`f¼A
z fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj esa o`f¼ (2022 esa 600 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj ls vf/d)A z Je xgu çkS|ksfxdh ds dkj.k
z fons'kh daifu;ksa ds vkxeu ds dkj.k rduhdh fodkl ftlus vk/qfud csgrj Je dk 'kks"k.kA
çkS|ksfxdh ds çokg dks laHko cuk;kA mnkgj.k ds fy,& ek#fr lqtqdh] ghjks gksaMk vkfnA z nh?kZ dk;kZof/ ds dkj.k
z xq.koÙkk esa lq/kj] mRikn ewY; vkSj foi.ku us czkaM fodkl esa enn dhA vlaxfBr Je {ks=k dk 'kks"k.kA
z fons'kh daifu;ksa us jkstxkj ds eqís dks lqy>kus esa enn dhA mnkgj.k ds fy,& ,e,ulh] z laLÑfr vkSj Hkkjrh; ewY;
chihvks vkfnA ç.kkyh ij çfrdwy çHkkoA
z czsu&Mªsu (f'kf{kr O;fÙkQ;ksa dk Hkkjr ds ctk; fons'kksa esa fu;ksftr gksuk) ds çfr'kr z vUrjkZ"Vªh; m|ksxksa ds ços'k ls
esa dehA ?kjsyw m|ksxksa ij ncko esa o`f¼A

z mnkjhdj.k vkSj futhdj.k dh uhfr;ksa dh enn ls (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 4

oS'ohdj.k] ds udkjkRed vkSj ldkjkRed ifj.kke gSaA (b) dsoy 2] 3 vkSj 4
uoksUes"k vkSj mUufr dks fodkl ds :i esa ns•k tkuk (c) 2 vkSj 3 dsoy
pkfg,] bldh rqyuk fiNys dky ls dh tkuh pkfg,] tgka (d) 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4
ls geus 'kq#vkr dh Fkh vkSj tgka ge igqaps gSaA ,yihth
2. 1991 ds vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k ds ckn Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
lq/kjksa us Hkkjr ds lkFk&lkFk vU; ns'kksa dks Hkh vlhfer
voljksa] mPp çkS|ksfxdh ds }kjk fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks Hkh ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,% (2020)
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk çnku djus esa enn dh gS A 1- Jfed mRikndrk (2004&05 dh dherksa ij çfr
uksV % 1991 ds lq/kjksa dks ^Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lq/kj* vè;k; esa Jfed) 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa c<+h tcfd xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa ;g
foLrkjiwoZd çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA ?kV xbZA
2- dk;Zcy esa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa dh çfr'kr vk;q dk fgLlk
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) yxkrkj c<+kA
1. 1991 esa Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ds mnkjhdj.k ds ckn 3- xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa] xSj&Ñf"k vFkZO;oLFkk esa o`f¼ gqbZA
fuEufyf•r esa ls D;k gqvk@gks pqdk gS\ (2017) 4- xzkeh.k jkstxkj ds fodkl nj esa deh vkbZ gSA
1- ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa Ñf"k dk fgLlk cgqr c<+ x;kA Åij fn, x, dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
2- fo'o O;kikj esa Hkkjr ds fu;kZr dk fgLlk c<+kA (a) 1 vkSj 2 dsoy
3- ,iQMhvkbZ çokg c<+kA (b) dsoy 3 vkSj 4
4- Hkkjr ds fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj esa Hkkjh o`f¼ gqbZA (c) dsoy 3
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,% (d) dsoy 1] 2 vkSj 4

v v v

20 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 3 jk"Vªh; vk; ys[kkadu

vk; dh vo/kj.kk
z ,d O;fÙkQ ;k laLFkk vius Je ;k mRikn ds fy, tks /u çkIr djrh gS mls vk; dgk tkrk gSA
z lanHkZ ds vk/kj ij bls fofHkUu rjhdksa ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS % etnwjh] osru] fuos'k ij fjVuZ] fdjk;k] jkW;YVh]
C;kt] ykHk] migkj vkSj nkuA
z O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fy,_ ldy vk; dk vFkZ gS fcuk fdlh cfgokZg dh x.kuk fd, fcuk] muds osru@Hkqxrku dk dqy ewY;A
z dj mís';ksa ds fy,_ vk; ls eryc] dj ;ksX; lHkh jktLo gSaA

dkjd vk; vkSj xSj&dkjd vk; dh vo/kj.kk

z ;gk¡ ^dkjd* 'kCn dk vFkZ gS ^mRiknu ds dkjd*A mRiknu ds pkj dkjd gSa_ vFkkZRk~%
Hkwfe] Je] iwath vkSj m|ferkA
z mijksÙkQ esa ls çR;sd dkjd fdjk;k] etnwjh] C;kt vkSj equkiQs ds :i esa vius ekfydksa
dkjd vk;%
gsrq vk; dk l`tu djrk gSA bls ^dkjd vk;* dgk tkrk gSA tcfd fuekZrk }kjk ogu
(Factor Income)
dh tkus okyh dher ^dkjd ykxr* gSA
z bl çdkj] dkjd vk; dks dqN lsokvksa ds cnys ^mRiknu ds dkjdksa* ds ekfyd dh
vk; ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z ftu vk; ds fy, ekfydksa dks cnys esa dksbZ lsok çnku djus dh vko';drk ugha
xSj&dkjd vk;@gLrkarj.k gksrh gS] mUgsa xSj&dkjd vk; dgk tkrk gSA tSls pank] migkj] nku] tqekZuk vkfnA
vk;% (Non&Factor z pwafd bu vk; esa fcuk dksbZ lsok çnku fd;s dsoy /u dk gLrkarj.k 'kkfey gksrk
Income@Transfer gS_ vr% mUgsa gLrkarj.k vk; Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
Incomes) z fdlh ns'k dh jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk djrs le;_ bUgsa 'kkfey ugha fd;k tkrk gSaA
blesa dsoy dkjd vk; 'kkfey dh tkrh gSA

mRiknu dkjdksa dh vo/kj.kk

z mRiknu ds pkj dkjd gSa_ vFkkZRk~% Hkwfe] Je] m|e vkSj iwath
z Hkwfe esa u dsoy mRiknu LFky cfYd feêðh ds Åij ;k uhps ds çkÑfrd lalk/u Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
z iw¡th ds dbZ :i gks ldrs gSa_ tSls HkkSfrd] rduhdh] ekuoh;] lkekftd vkfnA
z bls vkfFkZd n`f"V ls ^çkÑfrd lalk/u* ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS_ blesa i`Foh dh lrg ds Åij
;k uhps lHkh çkÑfrd HksaV 'kkfey gSaA
z Hkwfe dh Åijh lrg ds mi;ksx esa 'kkfey gks ldrs gSa& Ñf"k] vkS|ksfxd] vkoklh;] cka/] iqy] lwjt]
Hkwfe%
pk¡n] gok] ckfj'k vkfnA
z Hkwfe dh lrg ds uhps ge •fut lalk/u] •uu] ikuh vkfn çkIr dj ldrs gSaA
z Hkwfe ds ekfyd dks gksus okyh vk; dks] jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu esa ^fdjk;k* (Rent) dgk tkrk gSA
 z oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk mRiknu djus okyh lHkh 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld xfrfof/;ksa dks Je dgk
tkrk gSA
Je%
z ,d deZpkjh dks mlds Je ds cnys esa& ^etnwjh vkSj osru* dkjd vk; ds :i esa çkIr gksrs gSaA
z bls jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu esa ^eqvkotk@çfriQy* (Compensation) dgk tkrk gSA
z blesa os lHkh ekuo&fufeZr ifjlaifÙk;k¡ 'kkfey gSa ftudk mi;ksx ,d fuf'pr oLrq ;k lsok ds mRiknu
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls e'khu] okgu] midj.k vkfnA
iwath% z ;|fi Hkwfe ,d çkÑfrd migkj gS_ tcfd iwath dk mRiknu euq"; }kjk fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bldk
mRiknu iqu%fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z iwath ds ekfyd dks jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu ds lanHkZ esa dkjd vk; ds :i esa ^C;kt* çkIr gksrk gSA
z tc dksbZ O;fÙkQ ;k O;fÙkQ;ksa dk lewg ,d O;olk; 'kq: vkSj O;ofLFkr djrk gS vkSj blls tqM+s lHkh
tksf•eksa dks Lohdkj djrk gS_ rc ml igy dks m|ferk dgk tkrk gSA
z bl ekeys esa dkjd vk; jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu ds rgr ^ykHk* gSA ysfdu m|eh ?kkVs esa Hkh tk
m|ferk% ldrk gSA
z ,d m|eh Hkwfe] Je vkSj iwath ds mRiknu dkjdksa dk mi;ksx dsoy ykHk dekus ds mís'; ds fy,
djrk gSA
z ,slk djus esa_ os jkstxkj vkSj laifÙk dk l`tu djrs gSaA

jk"Vªh; vk; dk vFkZ

z vke rkSj ij] jk"Vªh; vk; dk vFkZ gS ,d fuf'pr vof/ ds nkSjku fdlh ns'k esa mRikfnr lHkh vafre oLrqvksa vkSj
lsokvksa dk dqy vkfFkZd ewY;A ;g vo/kj.kk ukscsy iqjLdkj fotsrk lkbeu dqtusV~l }kjk nh xbZ Fkh vkSj lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k
esa lcls egRoiw.kZ vo/kj.kkvksa esa ls ,d gSA
z ;g ,d jk"Vª dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa dh ,d O;kid rLohj çLrqr djrk gS vkSj gesa ns'k dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ ds ckjs esa
crkrk gSA
z ;g gesa ml nj dks ekidj fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dh o`f¼ ds ckjs esa crkrk gS ftl ij mldh okLrfod jk"Vªh; vk; le; ds
lkFk c<+rh gSA
z bl çdkj jk"Vªh; vk; vkfFkZd fu;kstu ds ,d lk/u ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA
,sfrgkfld fodkl%
z nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth dh iqLrd& ^ikoVhZ ,aM vu&fczfV'k :y bu bafM;k* vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dh vkfFkZd
1867&68
vkykspuk vkSj jk"Vªh; vk; dk igyk vuqeku çLrqr djrh gSA
1931&32 z çksiQslj oh-ds-vkj-oh- jko }kjk jk"Vªh; vk; dk igyk oSKkfud vkdyuA
1948&49 z okf.kT; ea=kky; }kjk igyh ckj jk"Vªh; vk; dk vkdyu fd;k x;kA
1949 z ih-lh- egkyuksfcl us ,d jk"Vªh; vk; lfefr dk usr`Ro fd;kA

vk; dk pØh; çokg

z ;g ,d O;kid vkfFkZd ekWMy gS tks vFkZO;oLFkk ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa ds chp laca/ksa dks n'kkZrk gSA
z ;g iQeks±] ifjokjksa] ljdkj vkSj jk"Vªksa tSls vkfFkZd dkjdksa ds chp vk;] oLrqvksa o lsokvksa rFkk mRiknu ds dkjdksa (Hkwfe]
Je] iwath vkSj m|ferk) ds çokg dks n'kkZrk gSA
z pØh; çokg fo'ys"k.k jk"Vªh; •krksa vkSj lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k dk vk/kj gSA

22 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 LFkkukarj.k dj
ljdkj
dqy vk; & dqy
ljdkjh
mRiknu ¾ ldy ?kjsyw
ç;ksT; •jhn
ljdkjh mRikn
vk;
m/kj

fuos'k
ifjokjksa foÙkh; iQeZ
futh laLFkku
cpr
miHkksx fons'k ls •ir vkSj 'kq¼
vk;kr m/kj fu;kZr
fu;kZr
ckdh
nqfu;k

rhu çeq• ekWMy bl çdkj gSa% 3- pkj lsDVj ekWMy

1- nks lsDVj ekWMy%  ifjokjksa] iQeks±] ljdkjksa vkSj ckgjh {ks=k dk lkFk ,d

 dsoy ifjokjksa vkSj iQeks± ds lkFk ,d lk/kj.k •qyh vFkZO;oLFkkA okLrfod thou esa] dsoy pkj
vFkZO;oLFkk dk çfrfuf/Ro djus ds fy,A lsDVj vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ gh ekStwn gSaA
 ;gk¡] ifjokj oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds ,dek=k •jhnkj vkSj  cká {ks=k esa fu;kZr vkSj vk;kr 'kkfey gSaA

mRiknu ds dkjdksa ds ,dek=k vkiwfrZdrkZ gSaA ;g iQeks±
dks mRiknu ds dkjd çnku djds vk; vftZr djrk gSA
 iQeZ] ifjokjksa dks laiw.kZ oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dks cspdj
jktLo mRiUu djrh gSA ;g ifjokjksa ls mRiknu dkjdksa
dks çkIr djrk gSA
2- rhu lsDVj ekWMy%
 ifjokjksa] iQeks± vkSj ljdkjksa ds lkFk fefJr vkSj can
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds fy,A
 ;gk¡] ljdkj ifjokjksa vkSj iQeks± ij dj yxkrh gSA ;g
 laiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk O;; esa ?kjsyw O;; (•ir $ ljdkjh
O;; $ fuos'k) $ 'kq¼ fu;kZr (vFkkZr~ dqy fu;kZr&dqy
vk;kr) 'kkfey gSaA
z gkykafd] mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh ekWMy okLrfodrk dk lgh
çfrfuf/Ro ugha djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,_ ge mijksÙkQ
ekWMyksa esa ;g ekurs gSa fd ifjokj cpr ugha djrs gSaA
;g dsoy ,d vFkZO;oLFkk dh vko';d fo'ks"krkvksa ij
çdk'k Mkyrk gSA

viuh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dks iQeks± ls çkIr djrk gSA ?kjsyw cpr
tcfd bls vius mRiknu ds dkjd (lk/u) ifjokjksa z ;s gekjh vFkZO;oLFkk cpr dk cM+k fgLlk gSa vkSj bUgsa
ls çkIr gksrs gSaA
fuEu :i esa laiUu fd;k tk ldrk gS%
 ljdkj] ifjokjksa dks isa'ku] lfClMh vkfn gLrkarfjr
 eqæk vkSj cSad tek
djrh gSA
 ½.k çfrHkwfr;k¡] E;qpqvy iQaM] isa'ku iQaM
 ljdkj] iQeks± ls mudh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh •jhn
 y?kq cpr ;kstuk vkfn esa chek vkSj fuos'k
ds fy, Hkh Hkqxrku djrh gSA

jk"Vªhh;; vk;
jk"Vª vk; ysys[[kkad
kkad
uu 23
z tc ge mijksÙkQ lHkh cprksa dks tksM+rs gSa_ gesa ldy
?kjsyw foÙkh; cpr çkIr gksrh gSA
z tc ge ldy ?kjsyw foÙkh; cpr ls nsunkfj;ksa (½.k)
dks ?kVkrs gSa_ gesa 'kq¼ ?kjsyw foÙkh; cpr feyrh gSA
z egRo%
 ;g fuos'k lqjf{kr djus esa enn djrk gSA cSad gekjs
}kjk tek fd, x, /u dks mRiknd mís';ksa (f'k{kk]
O;olk; vkfn) ds fy, m/kj nsrs gSaA
 ;g iwath fuekZ.k esa enn djrk gS vkSj bl çdkj cM+s
iSekus ij mRiknu] uokpkj vkSj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh
o`f¼ esa enn djrk gSA
 ;g vkfFkZd cngkyh ds le;&csjkstxkjh] eqækLiQhfr]
xjhch] Hkqxrku larqyu ladV vkfn esa enn dj ldrk gSA
z O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj ifjokjksa dh cpr mudh {kerk] bPNk vkSj
cpr djus ds volj ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
z fdlh ns'k dh mPp çfr O;fÙkQ vk;] de djk/ku] mPp
O;fÙkQxr vk; vkSj mPp C;kt njsa vf/d cpr esa lgk;rk
djrh gSaA
z 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk vkSj jktuhfrd fLFkjrk yksxksa dks vf/d
cpr djus dh vuqefr nsrh gSA lkFk gh Hkfo"; fuf/ tSlh
ljdkjh igy yksxksa esa ,d cpr O;ogkj iSnk djrh gS tks
t:jr ds le; mudh enn dj ldrh gSA
z ;g vkfFkZd fodkl dk ,d çeq• dkjd gSA gSjksM&Mksej
ekWMy ds vuqlkj] cpr fuos'k dh vuqefr nsrh gS_ tks
mPp iwath fodkl dh vksj ys tkrk gS_ tks fiQj ls mPp
vkfFkZd fodkl dh vksj ys tkrk gS tks cnys esa mPp cpr
dh vksj ys tkrk gSA
z cpr dh gkfy;k ço`fr%
 egkekjh ds 'kq#vkrh fnuksa esa_ yksxksa us ukSdjh NwVus
vkSj vpkud LokLF; O;; ls •qn dks cpkus ds fy,
viuh dekbZ cpkbZA
 ysfdu tSls&tSls vFkZO;oLFkk •qyh_ os ^fjosat LisafMax*
dh vksj pys x, vkSj viuh cpr lekIr dj nhA
ekpZ 2022 rd cpr fiNys 5 o"kks± esa lcls fupys
Lrj ij vk xbZA
 ;g okaNuh; gksrh ysfdu ,slh fLFkfr esa ugha tc
ukSdfj;k¡ iSnk ugha gks jgh gksa vkSj vk; dk Lrj mruk
ugha c<+k gksA
 vf/d m/kj fy, fcuk fuos'k dks c<+kuk vkSj bl çdkj
jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dks çHkkfor djrs gq,_ ljdkj dks cpr
esa o`f¼ dh mEehn djuh pkfg,A
24
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij
fopkj dhft;s%
1- ?kjsyw foÙkh; cpr dk ,d fgLlk ljdkjh m/kjh esa
pyk tkrk gSA
2- uhykeh esa cktkj ls lacaf/r njksa ij tkjh fnukafdr
çfrHkwfr;k¡ vkarfjd ½.k dk ,d cM+k ?kVd gksrh gSaA
mijksÙkQ dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2
(c) nksuksa 1 vkSj 2 (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2
vkfFkZd {ks=k (?kjsyw) dk vFkZ
z ;g ,d ,slk {ks=k gS ftls ,d ljdkj }kjk ç'kkflr
fd;k tkrk gS tgk¡ iwath] oLrq vkSj yksx Lora=k :i ls
ifjlapfjr gksrs gSaA
z ;g ml {ks=k ds jktuhfrd vFkZ ls vyx gS ftls lhekvksa
}kjk fufnZ"V fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,_ fons'kksa esa
Hkkjrh; nwrkokl dks Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd {ks=k (vkSj blds
foijhr) ekuk tkrk gSA
z fdlh ns'k ds ?kjsyw {ks=k esa fuEufyf•r 'kkfey gSa%
 ml ns'k dh HkkSxksfyd lhek] gokbZ {ks=k vkSj çknsf'kd
ty (rV ls 12 leqæh ehy)A
 ml ns'k }kjk lapkfyr tgkt] eNyh idM+us okyh
ukSdk,¡ vkSj foeku_ Hkys gh os fons'k esa gksaA mnkgj.k
ds fy, VksD;ks esa ,;j bafM;k dk foeku ;k isfjl vkSj
VksD;ks tSls nks fons'kh 'kgjksa ds chp mM+kuA
 rsy lkexzh ;k tgkt] vkSj fons'kh Hkwfe esa vU; rSjrs
gq, IysViQkeks± dks ?kjsyw vkfFkZd {ks=k ekuk tkrk gSA
 fons'kksa esa nwrkokl] okf.kT; nwrkokl vkSj lSU; fBdkusA
z futh laifÙk;ksa ;k fons'kh Hkwfe esa dke djus okyh daifu;ksa
dks ?kjsyw {ks=k ugha ekuk tkrk gSA
z fdlh ns'k ds ?kjsyw@vkfFkZd {ks=k esa mRikfnr lHkh dkjd
vk; dk ;ksx gesa ?kjsyw vk; nsrk gSA ;gk¡ ge ;g ugha
ns•rs fd dekus okyk O;fÙkQ fuoklh gS ;k vfuoklhA ge
dsoy ml ?kjsyw {ks=k dks ns•rs gSa tgk¡ og dekrk gSA
jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk ds rjhds
z la;Ùq kQ jkT; vesfjdk ds vFkZ'kkL=kh lkbeu dqtusVl ~ us
1934 esa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (thMhih) dh x.kuk ds
fopkj dk çLrko j•k FkkA ;g fof/ ?kjsyw vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj
ij fdlh ns'k dh vk; dh x.kuk djus dk ç;kl djrh gSA
z ldy vkSj 'kq¼ vk; nksuksa dh x.kuk thMhih] ,u,uih]
,uMhih vkSj th,uih ds :i esa dh tkrh gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
fdlh ns'k ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh x.kuk
z fdlh ns'k ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh x.kuk ds fy, rhu vyx&vyx rjhds gSa%
O;; fof/ % ;gk¡ fd, x, lHkh O;;ksa dh x.kuk dh tkrh gSA geus bl fof/ ds ckjs esa Åij C+I+G+N ds :i
1-
esa i<+k gSA
vk; i¼fr % ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh x.kuk fuEufyf•r lHkh dks tksM+dj dh tkrh gS%
z etnwjh vkSj osru
z fdjk, vkSj jkW;YVh
2-
z m|fe;ksa ds ykHk
z fy, x, mRiknd ½.kksa ls vftZr C;kt
z •qnjk foØsrkvks]a O;kikfj;ks]a ukbZ vkfn dh fefJr vk;
mRikn fof/@ewY; of/Zr fof/ % (mRiknu dk dqy ewY; & eè;orhZ •ir)
z (T;knkrj),d foÙkh; o"kZ esa mRikfnr oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds dqy okf"kZd ewY; dh x.kuk dh tkrh gSA
z ,d iQeZ }kjk fd, x, 'kq¼ ;ksxnku dks n'kkZus ds fy, ç;ksx fd;k tkus okys 'kCn dks bldk ewY; of/Zr
(ValueAdded) dgk tkrk gSA (oh, ¾ mRiknu dk ewY;&eè;orhZ oLrq dk ewY;)
3- z eè;orhZ eky os dPps eky gksrs gSa ftudk mRikn cukus dh çfØ;k esa iwjh rjg ls miHkksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls
csdj }kjk czsM lsadus ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tkus okyk vkVk] pk; dh nqdku }kjk bLrseky dh tkus okyh pk;
dh iÙkh] dkj esa bLrseky gksus okyk Vk;jA
z tc rd vafre oLrq ds fy, bldk miHkksx fd;k tk jgk gS] nksgjh fxurh ls cpus ds fy, ,d eè;orhZ oLrq
dks dqy mRiknu ls ?kVk;k tkrk gSA
z vkn'kZ :i ls] rhuksa fof/;ksa ds ifj.kke leku gksus ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP)
pkfg,A ysfdu ,slk ugha gS D;ksafd%
z fdlh ns'k dk ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ,d lhfer le; vof/
 eky tks mRikfnr vkSj laxzghr gS ysfdu vHkh rd cspk esa ,d ns'k dh lhek ds Hkhrj mRikfnr lHkh vafre oLrqvksa
ugha x;k gSA vkSj lsokvksa dk ewY; gS tks vkerkSj ij ,d o"kZ gksrk gSA
 gks ldrk gS fd osru] fdjk, vkfn ds fy, Hkqxrku z dsl% vxj vxzoky feBkbZ (Hkkjrh;) Hkkjr esa feBkbZ dk
yafcr gksA mRiknu dj jgh gS vkSj usLys (fLol) Hkkjr esa pkWdysV dk
mRiknu dj jgh gS_ nksuksa dks Hkkjr ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
z thMhih x.kuk esa dsoy u, mRikfnr eky dh x.kuk dh
dh x.kuk esa 'kkfey fd;k tk,xk D;ksafd mRiknu Hkkjrh;
tkrh gS vkSj ekStwnk eky dh iqufoZØ; dh x.kuk ugha dh {ks=k ds Hkhrj gks jgk gSA
tkrh gSA ;kuh lsdsaM gSaM lkeku dks thMhih esa 'kkfey z ^vafre* dk vFkZ gS fd bl fcanq ds ckn mRikn ;k lsok
ugha fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd os igys gh ,d ckj x.kuk esa esa fdlh ewY;o/Zu dh dksbZ laHkkouk ugha gSA
'kkfey fd;s tk pqds gSaA z bldh x.kuk O;;] vk; vkSj ewY; of/Zr n`f"Vdks.k }kjk
z gkykafd] iqufoZØ; okys eky ds fy,_ og deh'ku tks dh tkrh gS A
,tsaV viuh lsokvksa ds fy, pktZ djrs gSa] dk fglkc j•k z O;; i¼fr ls] ge C+I+G+N dks tksM+dj cktkj ewY;
tkrk gSA ij GDP dh x.kuk djrs gSa
 jk"Vªh; futh •ir (C)
z lHkh ?kjksa dks ljdkj }kjk fdjk, ij ysuk ekuk tkrk gSA
 ldy fuos'k (I)
tSlk fd ;g tkuus dk dksbZ lVhd rjhdk ugha gS fd fdl
 ljdkjh •pZ (G)
?kj dks vkSj fdrus le; ds fy, fdjk, ij fy;k tk jgk
 'kq¼ fu;kZr ;kuh fu;kZr & vk;kr (N)
gSA (bl çfØ;k dks vkjksi.k@Imputation dgk tkrk gS)

jk"Vªhh;; vk;
jk"Vª vk; ysys[[kkad
kkad
uu 25
z thMhih dh vo/kj.kk ds dbZ mi;ksx gSa%
 blesa çfro"kZ gksus okyk ifjorZu gesa vFkZO;oLFkk dh
fodkl nj crkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,_ ;fn Hkkjr dh
thMhih 2021 esa 105 #i;s (eku ysa) gS vkSj 2020 esa
;g 100 #i;s Fkh_ rks fodkl nj 5» gSA
 çfrO;fÙkQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk fdlh le;kof/ esa
fdlh ns'k esa yksxksa ds thou Lrj ds lkFk ldkjkRed
laca/ gksrk gSA
 ;g gesa crkrk gS fd vFkZO;oLFkk c<+ jgh gS ;k fldqM+
jgh gS vkSj gesa dk;Zokgh djus esa l{ke cukrk gSA
 ;g yksxksa dks ekSfæd vkSj jktdks"kh; uhfr] djk/ku
uhfr] vkfFkZd >Vds vkfn ds çHkko dk fo'ys"k.k djus
dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
z vkfFkZd fodkl ds ladsrd ds :i esa ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn dk mi;ksx djus dh gkfu;k¡%
 Hkwfexr@lekukarjvFkZO;oLFkk% ;g Hkwfexr ;k voS/
vFkZO;oLFkk ds çHkko dh x.kuk ugha djrk gS tks dqN
ns'kksa esa egRoiw.kZ gks ldrk gSA blesa udn ;k oLrq
fofue; ysunsu Hkh 'kkfey gSa ftudh vkf/dkfjd rkSj
ij x.kuk ugha dh tkrh gSA
 dY;k.k dh x.kuk ugha djrk gS% ,dek=k iQksdl
vkfFkZd mRiknu ij gS vkSj bl çdkj i;kZoj.kh;
fxjkoV vkSj vlekurk ds dkj.k bl x.kuk esa 'kkfey
;k lek;ksftr ugha fd;k x;k gSA
 ek=kkRed fdarq xq.kkRed ugha% c<+h gqbZ mRikn ;k lsok
dh xq.koÙkk dks thMhih esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, vxys lky leku dher esa ,d csgrj
LekVZiQksu fey ldrk gSA
 HkkSxksfyd lhek,¡% fons'kksa esa mRiknu djus okys
ukxfjd vkSj daifu;k¡ vkSj Hkkjr esa ,slk djus okys
xSj&ukxfjd vkSj fons'kh daifu;k¡ bl x.kuk esa 'kkfey
ugha gSaA (th,uih }kjk x.kuk)A ,d oS'ohÑr nqfu;k
esa_ ;s vkadM+s cM+s iSekus ij gSaA
z ihihih (Ø; 'kfÙkQ lerk) ds vk/kj ij Hkkjr ds ldy
?kjsyw mRikn dks vkbZ,e,iQ }kjk (vesfjdk vkSj phu ds
ckn) rhljk LFkku fn;k x;k gSA tcfd vesfjdh MkWyj
dh rqyuk esa #i;s dh çpfyr fofue; nj de gS_ Hkkjr
dh thMhih nqfu;k esa 5oha lcls cM+h gSA

Ø; 'kfÙkQ lerk (ihihih)

z xqLrko dSly_ ,d LohfM'k vFkZ'kkL=kh us bl vo/kj.kk dks fodflr fd;kA
z ;g ,d eqæk ds lgh@okLrfod ewY; dh x.kuk djus dh ,d fof/ gS tks fdlh eqæk dh cktkj fofue; nj ds
leku ugha gks ldrh gSA
z ;g ,d lkekU; eqæk (tSls USD) dk mi;ksx djds fofHkUu vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds rqyukRed vè;;u esa enn djrh gSA
z ;g gesa fofHkUu ns'kksa ds thou Lrj dks le>us esa enn dj ldrk gSA bl i¼fr dks vkbZ,e,iQ vkSj MCY;wch }kjk
1990 ds n'kd esa is'k fd;k x;k FkkA
z ;g fof/ ekurh gS fd ,d gh eqæk (,d ewY; dk dkuwu) esa ekis tkus ij fofHkUu cktkjksa esa ,d oLrq (tSls Vsful ckWy)
dh dher leku gksrh gSA vxj ugha_ rc ge ekurs gSa fd nks eqækvksa dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ fHkUu gksrh gSA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,_ vxj vesfjdk esa 1 fdyks phuh dh dher 1 MkWyj gS vkSj Hkkjr esa 20 #i;s gS_ ge dgrs gSa fd
ihihih ij 1 vejhdh Mkyj ¾ 20 #i;sA
z bl vo/kj.kk us ;wds dh ^n bdksukWfeLV* if=kdk dks ^n fcx eSd baMsDl* is'k djus esa enn dhA ;g fofHkUu
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa eSdMkWuYM~l fcx eSd dh dherksa dh rqyuk djrk gSA
z lhek,¡% eqæk ds ihihih dh x.kuk ds fy,_ lkeku dh ,d lkekU; Vksdjh leku ek=kk vkSj xq.koÙkk dk p;u djuk gS
tks cgqr dfBu gSA ^,d ewY; ds dkuwu* esa •kfe;k¡ gSaA ifjogu ykxr] LFkkuh; dj] mRiknu Lrj vkfn dk fglkc ;gk¡
ugha fn;k tkrk gSA

26 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
Hkkjr ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh {ks=kh; lajpuk
z blesa Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ {ks=k] okfudh] eNyh idM+uk] •uu vkSj mR•uu 'kkfey gSaA ;s ,sls {ks=k gSa
tgk¡ çkÑfrd lalk/uksa dk lh/s mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
z ekStwnk dherksa ij bldk ;ksxnku thoh, dk 21-85» gksus dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k gSA
z Ñf"k esa o`f¼ dh gkfy;k ço`fr (vkfFkZd loZs{k.k foÙk o"kZ 2022&23)%
 2019&20% 4-3»

 2020&21% 3-6»

 2021&22% 3-9»

çkFkfed {ks=k z Ñf"k esa fuos'k%

 2011&12% GVA dk 18-9»

 2019&20% GVA dk 15-9»

z vukt mRiknu%
 2020&21% 308 MMT (million metric tonne)

 2021&22% 311 MMT (vuqekfur)

z vkSlr Hkwfe ds vkdkj esa yxkrkj deh vkbZ gS vkSj NksVs vkSj vkSlr fdlkuksa dh la[;k fpark dk
fo"k; gSA
z blesa fofuekZ.k] vkSj vkS|ksfxd {ks=k] fctyh] xSl] ty vkiwfrZ vkSj vU; lqfo/k,¡ 'kkfey gSaA
z dqy thoh, (2021&22) esa m|ksx dh 28-3» fgLlsnkjh gSA
f}rh;d {ks=k
z vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa yxkrkj > 5» dh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
z dqy thoh, esa fofuekZ.k {ks=k dh fgLlsnkjh 15-3» (2021&22) gSA
z bls lsok {ks=k Hkh dgk tkrk gS vkSj ;g Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk lcls cM+k {ks=k gSA
z 2021&2022 esa thoh, esa bldk ;ksxnku 53-90» jgus dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k gSA 2019&20
ds chp igys ds 55» ls deA 33 esa ls 12 jkT;ksa vkSj dsaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa dh lsok {ks=k esa 50»
ls vf/d dh fgLlsnkjh gSA lcls T;knk paMhx<+ esa vkSj lcls de flfDde esa gSA
z mi {ks=kksa esa dqy fgLlsnkjh ds laca/ esa ,iQMhvkbZ #>ku%
 daI;wVj lkWÝVos;j vkSj gkMZos;j& 42-5»

 foÙk] O;kikj vkmVlksflZax] vuqla/ku ,oa fodkl] dwfj;j& 19»

 f'k{kk& 13»

r`rh;d {ks=k  VªsfMax& 12»

z oSf'od lsokvksa ds fu;kZr esa Hkkjr dh fgLlsnkjh 1991 esa < 0-5» ls c<+dj 2021 rd 4-2»
gks xbZA
z 2021&22 esa geus 250 fcfy;u MkWyj ewY; dh lsokvksa dk fu;kZr fd;k FkkA forj.k bl
çdkj gS%
 lkWÝVos;j fu;kZr& 42»

 O;kikj fu;kZr& 19»

 i;ZVu vkSj ;k=kk& 12»

 ifjogu& 11»

jk"Vªhh;; vk;
jk"Vª vk; ysys[[kkad
kkad
uu 27
vkS|ksfxd mRiknu lwpdkad (IIP)
z ;g ,d lwpdkad gS tks ,d fuf'pr le; vof/ esa
,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds Hkhrj fofHkUu m|ksx lewgksa esa
fodkl nj dks n'kkZrk gSA
z lkaf[;dh vkSj dk;ZØe dk;kZUo;u ea=kky;
(MoSPI) ds rgr jk"Vªh; lkaf[;dh dk;kZy; (igys
dsaæh; lkaf[;dh dk;kZy; }kjk) }kjk okf"kZd :i ls
ladfyr vkSj çdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA
z vkbZvkbZih ds fy, vk/kj o"kZ 2011&12 gSA ;g m|ksxksa
ds O;kid vkSj mi;ksx vk/kfjr lewgksa dh fodkl nj
dks ekirk gSA tSls •uu] fctyh] iwathxr lkeku vkfnA
z Hkkjr esa 8 çeq• m|ksx gSa tks vkbZvkbZih esa 'kkfey enksa
ds 40» dk çfrfuf/Ro djrs gSaA
z vkbZvkbZih esa muds osVst ds vuqlkj_ ;s 8 çeq• {ks=k
gSa% fjiQkbujh mRikn > fctyh > LVhy > dks;yk >
dPpk rsy > çkÑfrd xSl > lhesaV > moZjdA
z ;g ,dek=k lwpdkad gS tks mRiknu dh HkkSfrd
ek=kk dks çdV djrk gSA
z bldk mi;ksx ljdkj] vkjchvkbZ vkSj fofHkUu
fudk;ksa }kjk uhfr fuekZ.k mís';ksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
z ;g frekgh vkSj mUur thMhih x.kuk ds fy, cgqr
egRoiw.kZ gSA
lek;ksftr ldy jktLo (AGR)
vkSj lacaf/r fookn
z nwjlapkj foHkkx nwjlapkj vkWijsVjksa ls ,d mi;ksx vkSj
ykblsal 'kqYd ysrk gSA ;g ^mi;ksx 'kqYd* vkSj
^ykblsaflax 'kqYd* ds chp foHkkftr gSA bls ,thvkj
dgk tkrk gSA
z nwjlapkj foHkkx dk nkok gS fd 'kqYd dh x.kuk nwjlapkj
daifu;ksa }kjk vftZr lHkh jktLo ds vk/kj ij dh tkrh
gSA ftlesa xSj&nwjlapkj ls lacaf/r lzksr tSls& laifÙk dh
fcØh] laifÙk dk fdjk;k] tek C;kt vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
z nwjlapkj daifu;k¡ ,thvkj dh x.kuk esa xSj&nwjlapkj
lzksrksa dks 'kkfey djus ds f•ykiQ FkhaA
z ekeyk mPpre U;k;ky; ds ikl x;k vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i
ljdkj us vU; ifjorZuksa ds lkFk&lkFk jktLo caVokjs
esa Hkh cnyko fd,A
28
thMhih viLiQhfrdkjd@fMÝysVj
z ;g ,d ewY; lwpdkad gS tks gesa dqy mRiknu ds ewY;
ls eqækLiQhfr dks ckgj fudkyus esa enn djrk gSA
z ;g gesa okLrfod thMhih rd igqapus esa enn djrk gSA
z ;g nks rqyuh; vof/;ksa ds jk"Vªh; vk; ds vkadM+ksa ds
fu"d"kZ ls çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
z tc ;g ½.kkRed gksrk gS] rks bldk eryc gS fd
ukWfeuy thMhih okLrfod thMhih ls de gSA bldk
eryc gS fd ns'k esa viLiQhfr (udkjkRed eqækLiQhfr) gSA
z ;g ,d ewY; lwpdkad gS tks lhihvkbZ vkSj MCY;wihvkbZ
ds foijhr iwjh vFkZO;oLFkk dks doj djrk gS tks oLrqvksa
vkSj lsokvksa dh fuf'pr Vksdjh rd gh lhfer gSaA
z bldk udkjkRed i{k ;g gS fd bldh miyC/rk esa ,d
yack varjky gS vkSj blfy, uhfr fuekZ.k ds fy, bldk
lhfer mi;ksx gSA
lkadsfrd vkSj okLrfod thMhih
z lkadsfrd thMhih ,d ,slh thMhih gS
ftls eqækLiQhfr ds lkFk lek;ksftr
ugha fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,
Hkys gh bl o"kZ mRiknu dh ek=kk fiNys
o"kZ ds leku gh gks_ orZeku o"kZ esa
eqækLiQhfr vkSj viLiQhfr ds vk/kj ij
thMhih ds vkadM+s c<+ ;k ?kV ldrs gSaA
z lkadsfrd thMhih dk mi;ksx rc fd;k
lkadsfrd
tkrk gS tc ge vius ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
thMhih
dh rqyuk fdlh vU; dkjd ls djrs gSa]
tks eqækLiQhfr ds lkFk lek;ksftr ugha
gksrk gSA
z mnkgj.k ds fy, ½.k ges'kk ekStwnk
dherksa esa ekik tkrk gS_ bl çdkj]
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ij jk"Vªksa ds ½.k dh
rqyuk] lkadsfrd ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk
mi;ksx djsxhA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 z okLrfod ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ,d ,slh
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn gS ftls eqækLiQhfr
ds fy, lek;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA tc
ge bl foÙkh; o"kZ esa mRikfnr oLrqvksa
vkSj lsokvksa dk ewY;kadu fiNys o"kZ ds
ewY; Lrjksa ij djrs gSa_ ;g gesa okLrfod
thMhih nsrk gSA
z okLrfod thMhih dks vkfFkZd çn'kZu dk
vkdyu djus dk ,d csgrj rjhdk ekuk
tkrk gSA uhps fn, x, ,d ekeys ls
dkj.k Li"V gks tkrk gS%
 o"kZ 2010 esa fdlh ns'k dh ukWfeuy
thMhih 100 fcfy;u MkWyj eku ysaA
2020 rd] lkadsfrd thMhih dk
ewY; 150 fcfy;u MkWyj FkkA ysfdu
mlh n'kd esa egaxkbZ us MkWyj ds
okLrfod ewY; esa 50» dh deh dj nhA bl
ldy ?kjsyw
çdkj] 10 o"kks± esa lkadsfrd thMhih
mRikn ewY; esa 50 fcfy;u dh o`f¼ okLro
esa okLrfod thMhih esa 25 fcfy;u
dh deh çrhr gksrh gSA
z ldkjkRed eqækLiQhfr ds o"kks± esa_
okLrfod thMhih ges'kk ukWfeuy thMhih
ls de gksxhA
z viLiQhfr (udkjkRed eqækLiQhfr) ds
o"kks± esa bldk foijhr ?kfVr gksxkA
z fdlh ns'k esa fuos'k djus ls igys
fuos'kdksa }kjk okLrfod thMhih dk
leFkZu fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g n'kkZrk
gS fd eqækLiQhfr us thMhih dks fdl
fLFkfr esa yk fn;k gSA
z okLrfod ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ¾ ldy
?kjsyw mRikn viLiQhfrdkjd }kjk
foHkkftr lkadsfrd ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
gfjr thMhih dh vo/kj.kk
z gfjr ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ;k gfjr thMhih ,d ns'k ds
vkfFkZd fodkl dk ,d ekiu gS tgk¡ vkfFkZd ekudksa
ds lkFk_ i;kZoj.kh; dkjd ij Hkh fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA
z ;g ,d ikjaifjd thMhih ekid gS tks vkfFkZd
xfrfof/;ksa dh i;kZoj.kh; ykxrksa dk fglkc j•rk gSA
jk"Vªh; vk; ys[kkadu
z bl fopkj dks igyh ckj 1972 esa fofy;e ukWMZgkWl
vkSj tsEl Vksfcu us is'k fd;k FkkA
z 2004 esa] phu us ?kks"k.kk dh fd gfjr thMhih
ljdkj vkSj ikVhZ ds vf/dkfj;ksa ds mPpre Lrj ij
çn'kZu ds eki ds :i esa phuh thMhih lwpdkad dh
txg ysxhA
z 2007 esa phu }kjk bls NksM+ fn;k x;k Fkk tc ;g Li"V
gks x;k Fkk fd u, eki ds dkj.k fodkl nj de gks xbZA
gfjr ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh vko';drk%
z ekStwnk thMhih x.kuk ds rjhds tSo fofo/rk ds uqdlku
ds fy, ftEesnkj ugha gSa ;k dsoy vkfFkZd fodkl ij
è;ku dsafær djus ds dkj.k] lrr fodkl dh /kj.kk dks
utjvankt djukA
z ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k lsok,¡ vkSj lalk/u tSls •fut HkaMkj]
feêðh vkfn ,slh laifÙk;k¡ gSa tks ijaijkxr :i ls jk"Vªh;
ys•kadu esa 'kkfey ugha gSaA
z ouksa dk fouk'k] vR;f/d eNyh idM+us vkfn dks çkÑfrd
laifÙk esa fxjkoV ntZ fd, fcuk] ikjaifjd x.kukvksa }kjk
^vkfFkZd fodkl* ds :i esa fn•k;k tkrk gSA
D;k vki tkurs gSa\
z Hkkjr dk foÙkh; o"kZ ;k foÙkh; o"kZ 1 vçSy ls 31
ekpZ rd gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, foÙkh; o"kZ 2022
(FY22) dk vFkZ gS 1 vçSy 2022 ls 31 ekpZ 2023
ds chp dh le;kof/A
z tc 12 eghus ds foÙkh; o"kZ dks rhu eghus ds 4 Hkkxksa
esa ckaVk tkrk gS_ bls frekgh dgk tkrk gS A
z 'kq¼ fu;kZr (N) esa_ ge fu;kZr dks vk;kr ls ?kVkrs gSa
D;ksafd blls ge og ?kVkrs gSa tks ge vk;kr ij •pZ
djrs gSa (ns'k esa mRikfnr ugha) vkSj og tksM+rs gSa tks
ge ns'k esa fu;kZr (mRikfnr ysfdu miHkksx ugha) ij
•pZ djrs gSaA
z ^ldy* dk vFkZ dqy gSA
z ^?kjsyw* dk vFkZ ns'k dh lhek ds Hkhrj vkSj gekjh
viuh iwath ds lkFk lHkh vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa ls gSA
z ^mRikn* dk vFkZ gS eky vkSj lsok,¡ nksuksaA
xzhu thMhih ds fufgrkFkZ%
z tSo fofo/rk ds uqdlku dk eqæhdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z ;g tyok;q ifjorZu ls gksus okys uqdlku ds fy, ftEesnkj
gks ldrk gSA
29
z lalk/u dh deh vkSj i;kZoj.kh; fxjkoV dks ikjaifjd
thMhih vkadM+ksa ls ?kVk;k tk ldrk gSA
z ;g vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj çkÑfrd lalk/uksa nksuksa dh ns•Hkky
djus esa enn djsxkA
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh lhek,¡%
z lekukarj vFkZO;oLFkk % dj pksjh vkSj voS/ vk; lzksrksa
(rLdjh] voS/ O;kikj vkfn) ds dkj.k dkyk /u çpyu
esa gS] ftldk fglkc ugha gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]vpy laifÙk
esa dkys /u ds çpyu ds dkj.k çeq• vesfjdh 'kgjksa dh
rqyuk esa eqacbZ esa ÝySVksa dh dher ,d fcanq ij vf/d gSA
z oLrq fofue; vFkZO;oLFkk % xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa] cgqr ls
NksVs ysunsu oLrq fofue; ds :i esa gksrs gSa tks doj ugha
gksrs gSaA
z vukSipkfjd {ks=k % Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa vukSipkfjd
{ks=k dk opZLo gS tks Hkkjr ds dk;Zcy dk 86 çfr'kr gS
(NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlku] lCth foØsrk] Hkwfeghu etnwj]
?kjsyw ukSdjkuh vkfn)A thMhih@th,uih bl {ks=k ds fy,
ftEesnkj ugha gSA
z ns•Hkky vFkZO;oLFkk % efgykvksa dh ,d cM+h la[;k
x`g fuekZrk vkSj x`fg.kh ds :i esa yxh gqbZ gSA thMhih esa
bldk fglkc ugha gSA
z lkekftd lsok,¡ % ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh x.kuk djrs
le; /ekZFkZ dk;ks± dk fglkc ugha fn;k tkrk gS D;ksafd os
voSrfud dk;Z gSaA
z MsVk dh xq.koÙkk % i;kZoj.kh; ykxr] xjhch] vlekurk
vkSj LokLF; vkSj f'k{kk dh fLFkfr dks thMhih ds vkadM+ksa
esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
z thMhih dsoy ^lao`f¼* dk iSekuk gS u fd ^çxfr* ;k
^fodkl* dkA ysfdu lao`f¼ dY;k.k ds fy, ,d iwoZ
'krZ gSA
'kq¼@fuoy ?kjsyw mRikn
z NDP ^ewY;ßkl* (depreciation) ds fy, lek;ksftr
djus ds ckn x.kuk dh xbZ GDP dk ewY; gSA
NDP = GDP - Depreciation
z ewY;ßkl çkÑfrd VwV&iQwV ({kfr) gS tks fdlh Hkh
mRikn esa ml le; vof/ esa gksrk gS tc mudk mi;ksx
30
fd;k tkrk gSA ljdkjsa ml nj dks r; djrh gSa ftl ij
laifÙk dk ewY;ßkl gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa ;g okf.kT; vkSj
m|ksx ea=kky; }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
z cká {ks=k esa_ ewY;ßkl rc gksrk gS tc ,d ?kjsyw eqæk
(tSls #i;k) ds ewY; esa vejhdh Mkyj dh rqyuk esa
fxjkoV vkrh gSA
z NDP dk mi;ksx fuEufyf•r mís';ksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gS%
 ewY;ßkl ds dkj.k vFkZO;oLFkk dks gq, uqdlku dks
le>ukA
 fofHkUu {ks=kksa ij ewY;ßkl ds çHkko dk fo'ys"k.k djukA
 ;g gesa iwathxr miHkksx HkÙkk ;kuh gekjh vFkZO;oLFkk
ds orZeku mRikndrk Lrjksa dks cuk, j•us ds fy,
,d le; vof/ esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys lalk/uksa
ds ckjs esa crkrk gSA
 ,uMhih,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa 'kq¼ fuos'k dks doj djrk
gS vkSj blfy, vkfFkZd LokLF; esa csgrj varnZ`f"V çnku
djrk gSA ;fn 'kq¼ fuos'k ldkjkRed gS]rks vFkZO;oLFkk
c<+rh gS vkSj udkjkRed gksus ij blds foijhr Hkh
gksrk gSA
 vxj thMhih vkSj ,uMhih ds chp dk varj c<+ jgk
gS_ ;g gesa crkrk gS fd iwathxr LVkWd ewY; fcxM+ jgk
gS vkSj ;g vkfFkZd Bgjko dk ladsr nsrk gSA
z ,uMhih dk mi;ksx fofHkUu ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh
rqyuk djus ds fy, ugha fd;k tkrk gSA ,slk blfy,
gS D;ksafd vyx&vyx ljdkjsa ewY;ßkl dh vyx&vyx
njsa fu/kZfjr djrh gSaA
ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn (GNP)
z tc ge fdlh ns'k ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa ^fons'k ls
çkIr vk;* (Income from abroad) dks tksM+rs gSa_ gesa
th,uih feyrk gSA
z ;g ukxfjd dsafær gS vFkkZr ;g fdlh ns'k ds ukxfjdksa
}kjk mRikfnr gj pht dh x.kuk djrk gS_ pkgs ?kjsyw {ks=k
esa gks ;k fons'k esaA
GNP = GDP + fons'k ls gksus okyh vk;
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ^fons'k ls vk;* esa fuEufyf•r 'kkfey gSa%
 futh çs"k.k (Private remittances)% (fons'k esa dke
dj jgs Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk Hkkjr esa LFkkukarj.k) & (Hkkjr esa
dke djus okys fonsf'k;ksa }kjk vius ns'kksa esa LFkkukarj.k)A
1990 ds n'kd ls Hkkjr ;gk¡ ykHk esa jgk gSA Hkkjrh;
T;knkrj eè; iwoZ] vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksi ls iSlk Hkstrs
gSaA
 cká ½.kksa ij C;kt % ;g C;kt Hkqxrkuksa dk 'kq¼
ifj.kke gS vFkkZr (ckgjh ½.kksa ij çkIr C;kt dks Hkkjr
us ckgjh laLFkkvksa ls Hkkjr }kjk fy, x, ½.kksa ij fn,
x, C;kt dks ?kVk fn;k gS)A gekjs ekeys esa ;g ges'kk
udkjkRed jgk gS D;ksafd ge ^usV ckWjksvj* gSaA
 ckgjh vuqnku % 'kq¼ cká vuqnku vFkkZr Hkkjr dks
vuqnku & Hkkjr ls çkIr vuqnkuA gesa la;qÙkQ jk"Vª
fudk;ksa] vU; ns'kksa vkSj vU; fudk;ksa ls vuqnku feyrk
gSA tSls&tSls gekjh jktuf;d igqap c<+sxh] Hkkjr ls
vuqnkuksa dk cfgokZg c<+sxk] mnkgj.k ds fy, vÚhdh
vkSj NksVs }hih; ns'kksa dksA
^fons'k ls vk;* ds mijksÙkQ rhu dkjd fdlh ns'k ds fy,
ldkjkRed gks Hkh ldrs gSa vkSj ugha HkhA Hkkjr ds ekeys esa
fuEu dkj.kksa ls ;g T;knkrj udkjkRed jgk gS%
 O;kikj ?kkVs ds dkj.k fons'kh eqæk dk Hkkjh cfgokZg
vFkkZr ge fu;kZr ls vf/d vk;kr djrs gSaA
 gekjs }kjk fy, x, cká ½.kksa ij C;kt dk Hkqxrku
djrs gSaA
z bl çdkj th,uih çkIr djus ds fy, Hkkjr ds ekeys esa
^fons'k ls vk;* dks thMhih ls ?kVk;k tkrk gSA ;kuh
th,uih ¾ thMhih $ (& fons'k ls vk;)_ ftls gy
djus ij (thMhih & fons'k ls vk;) gks tkrk gSA
z blfy, gekjs ekeys esa] GNP T;knkrj ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn ls de jgk gSA
GDP cuke GNP
ekinaM GDP
z ldy ?kjsyw mRikn] ;k thMhih] mu mRiknksa
vkSj lsokvksa dh laiw.kZ la[;k dks n'kkZrk gS tks
vFkZ ,d jk"Vª ,d foÙkh; o"kZ ds nkSjku mRikfnr
djrk gSA
jk"Vªhh;; vk;
jk"Vª vk; ysys[[kkad
kkad
uu
z ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, GNP ds fofHkUu mi;ksx gSa%
 ;g gesa vFkZO;oLFkk dh vkarfjd vkSj ckgjh rkdr
ds ckjs esa crkrk gSA ;g u dsoy ek=kkRed gS] cfYd
xq.kkRed Hkh gSA
 ;g gesa O;kikj laryq u ds ekeys esa fdlh ns'k dh vkarfjd
vkSj ckgjh mRiknksa ij fuHkZjrk ds ckjs esa crkrk gSA
 ;g gesa vU; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa gekjs ekuo lalk/u
ds dkS'ky vkSj ekud ds ckjs esa crkrk gS_ çs"k.k
varokZgksa vkSj cfgokZgksa ds ekè;e lsA
 ;g laHko gS fd fujis{k vkSj çfr O;fÙkQ th,uih
esa o`f¼ 'ks"k vkcknh dks xjhch vkSj csjkstxkjh esa
NksM+dj dsoy lekt ds ,d NksVs ls fgLls dh vkfFkZd
o`f¼ dks n'kkZ, A
 ;g gesa ml foÙkh; lgk;rk ds ckjs esa Hkh lwfpr
djrk gS tks ge ckgjh m/kj vkSj m/kj ij çkIr@
Hkqxrku fd, x, C;kt ds ekè;e ls çkIr djrs gSa vkSj
nqfu;k dks nsrs gSaA
 fdlh jk"Vª ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn vkSj ldy jk"Vªh;
mRikn ds chp dk varj ftruk vf/d gksxk_ og
fo'o Lrj ij vf/d ,dhÑr gksrk gSA
 ;fn GNP fdlh ns'k ds GDP ls vf/d gS_ ;g
ldkjkRed 'kq¼ varokZg ;k fons'k ls 'kq¼ vk; dk
ladsr nsrk gSA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. fujis{k vkSj çfr O;fÙkQ th,uih esa o`f¼ vkfFkZd fodkl
ds mPp Lrj dk ladsr ugha nsrh gS] ;fn____(2018)
(a) vkS|ksfxd mRiknu] Ñf"k mRiknu ds lkFk rkyesy
fcBkus esa foiQy jgrk gSA
(b) Ñf"k mRiknu] vkS|ksfxd mRiknu ds lkFk rkyesy
j•us esa foiQy jgrk gSA
(c) xjhch vkSj csjkstxkjh esa o`f¼A
(d) fu;kZr dh rqyuk esa vk;kr rsth ls c<+rk gSA
GNP
z ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS vkSj
,d foÙkh; o"kZ ds nkSjku fdlh ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa
}kjk mRikfnr oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds dqy ewY;
dk çfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA
31
 ekiu z ;g dsoy ?kjsyw mRiknu dks ekirk gSA z ;g dsoy jk"Vªh; mRiknu dks ekirk gSA
z ;g ?kjsyw Lrj ij çkIr gksus okys mRiknu ij z ;g ml mRiknu ij è;ku dsafær djrk gS tks
egÙo tksj nsrk gSA fofHkUu ns'kksa esa jgus okys ukxfjdksa }kjk çkIr fd;k
tkrk gSA
z ;g ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh etcwrh ij z ;g vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl esa fuokfl;ksa ds ;ksxnku
çn'kZu çdk'k Mkyrk gSA ij çdk'k Mkyrk gSA
Lrj z LFkkuh; Lrj z varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj
z vFkZO;oLFkk ds ckgj mRikfnr dh tk jgh z ns'k esa jgus okys fonsf'k;ksa }kjk mRikfnr oLrqvksa
viotZu@viokn oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dks ckgj j•k x;k vkSj lsokvksa dks ckgj j•k x;k gSA
gSA

'kq¼@fuoy jk"Vªh; vk; (NNP)@ tkfu, vk/kj o"kZ ds ckjs esa

jk"Vªh; vk; (NI)
z th,uih ls ewY;ßkl ?kVkdj fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,u,uih
(NNP) çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
NNP = GNP – ewY;ßkl
or
GDP + fons'kksa ls vk;&ewY;ßkl
z ;g gekjh vFkZO;oLFkk dh ^jk"Vªh; vk;* gSA ;|fi thMhih]
th,uih vkSj ,uMhih dks ^jk"Vªh; vk;* ys•kadu dk rjhdk
ekuk tkrk gS_ dsoy NNP dks dSfiVy bfuf'k;Yl (NI)
ds lkFk fy•k tkrk gSA
z NNP dks ns'k dh dqy tula[;k ls Hkkx nsus ij ge
çfr O;fÙkQ vk; çkIr dj ldrs gSaA (;g fdlh ns'k }
kjk r; dh xbZ ewY;ßkl nj ds O;qRØekuqikrh gksrk gS
;kuh mPp ewY;ßkl dk vFkZ gS çfr O;fÙkQ vk; de
gksukA)
z o"kZ 2015 esa jk"Vªh; •krksa dh x.kuk dh i¼fr ds lkFk
^vk/kj o"kZ* dks la'kksf/r fd;k x;k FkkA
D;k vki tkurs gSa\
z mijksÙkQ ppkZ ls] dksbZ Hkh ns• ldrk gS fd geus tgk¡
dgha Hkh ^ldy* 'kCn dk ç;ksx fd;k gS_ dqN tksM+k
tk jgk gSA
z tcfd] tc Hkh ge ^fuoy* 'kCn dk ç;ksx djrs gSa_
dqN ?kVk;k tkrk gSA
z og o"kZ ftls lwpdkadksa] thMhih] th,uih] ,u,uih
vkfn dh dqN x.kuk djus ds fy, csapekdZ ds :i
esa pquk tkrk gSA 2015 esa ljdkj us bls 2004&05
ls cnydj 2011&12 dj fn;kA
z ;q¼] egkekjh] eanh vkfn ds dkj.k ,d vk/kj o"kZ
^vlk/kj.k o"kZ* ugha gksuk pkfg,A
z bl ij Hkh cy fn;k tkrk gS fd ;g orZeku o"kZ
ds ftruk laHko gks mruk djhc gksA vk/kj o"kZ ds
vkadM+s fo'oluh; :i ls miyC/ gksus pkfg,A
fLFkj cuke J`a•yk vk/kfjr fof/
z ljdkj orZeku fLFkj vk/kj i¼fr ls J`a•yk vk/kj i¼fr
ij fLop djus ij fopkj dj jgh gSA
z fLFkj vk/kj fof/ og gS tgk¡ ljdkj thMhih vuqekuksa
dh rqyuk djus ds fy, fdlh fo'ks"k o"kZ dk mi;ksx
djrh gSA
 bls gj 5 lky esa la'kksf/r fd;k tkrk gS A
 fLFkj vk/kj i¼fr esa] vFkZO;oLFkk esa egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu
gksus ij Hkh fu/kZfjr Hkkjkad esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrk
gSA
 ;g dherksa vkSj ekax esa ifjorZu dk dkjd ugha gSA

32 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z J`a•yk vk/kfjr i¼fr og gS tgk¡ ge bl o"kZ ds ldy
?kjsyw mRikn ds vuqekuksa dh rqyuk fiNys o"kZ ls djrs gSaA
;gk¡ vFkZO;oLFkk esa lajpukRed ifjorZu vf/d O;kid
vkSj rsth ls ntZ fd;s tkrs gSaA
z ;g ekStwnk lokZsÙke varjjk"Vªh; vH;kl gS vkSj bl çdkj
;g vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh rqyuk dks vklku cuk nsxkA
dkjd@lk/u ykxr (FC) vkSj cktkj ewY;
(MP) dh vo/kj.kk
z ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRikfnr mRiknksa ds dqy ewY; dh x.kuk
;k rks lk/u ykxr ;k cktkj ykxr ij dh tk ldrh gSA
z mRiknu dh çfØ;k esa_ ,d mRiknd dks dqN ykxr (dPps
eky ij] fy, x, ½.k ij C;kt] Je] fctyh] fdjk;k
vkfn) ogu djuk iM+rk gSA bu lHkh dks dkjd ykxr
dgk tkrk gS vkSj bls buiqV ykxr] mRiknu ykxr vkSj
iQSDVjh ewY; Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
z mRikndh cktkj ykxr@cktkj ewY; dh x.kuk vçR;{k djksa
dh x.kuk ds ckn dh tkrh gSA ;kuh og dher ftl ij
og cktkj esa igqaprk gSA
z igys] ge lk/u ykxr ij jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk djrs Fks_
2015 ls] lh,lvks (CSO) us cktkj ewY; ij fLop
fd;k gSA ;g varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij bLrseky fd;k tkus
okyk iSekuk gSA
cktkj ewY; ij GDP ¾ dkjd ykxr ij
GDP $ fuoy vçR;{k dj
z orZeku cuke fLFkj ewY;% nksuksa ds chp ,dek=k varj ;g
gS fd orZeku dherksa esa ge orZeku le; dh eqækLiQhfr
dks è;ku esa j•rs gSa_ tcfd fLFkj ewY; esa ge vk/kj o"kZ
dh eqækLiQhfr dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
z orZeku ewY; ewy :i ls gesa mRikn dk ,evkjih (MRP)
crkrk gSA
MP ¾ FC $ (vçR;{k dj&lfClMh)
orZeku vkSj fLFkj ewY; dk vFkZ
z vk; dh x.kuk nks dherksa ij dh tk ldrh gS% fLFkj
vkSj orZekuA nksuksa ds chp dk varj dsoy eqækLiQhfr
ds çHkko ls gSA
z fLFkj dherksa dh x.kuk esa eqækLiQhfr dks vk/kj o"kZ
(ftls vrhr o"kZ Hkh dgk tkrk gS) ij fLFkj ds :i
esa fy;k tkrk gSA (vFkkZr vk/kj o"kZ dh eqækLiQhfr dk
mi;ksx fd;k tk,xk)A
jk"Vªhh;; vk;
jk"Vª vk; ysys[[kkad
kkad
uu
z ekStwnk dherksa dh x.kuk esa_ orZeku eqækLiQhfr tksM+k
tk;xkA ;g ewy :i ls cktkj esa ge tks lkeku •jhnrs
gSa ml ij Nik ,evkjih gksrk gSA
z bl çdkj] fLFkj dhersa gesa mRiknu esa okLrfod
ifjorZu dk ,glkl djkus esa enn djrh gSa] u fd
dsoy eqækLiQhfr esa o`f¼ ds dkj.kA
z mnkgj.k% ;fn vkidk osru 40]000 #i;s ls c<+dj
70]000 @ ekg gks x;k gS_ ;g thou Lrj esa cgqr vPNk
lq/kj çrhr gksxkA ysfdu vxj bl nkSjku eqækLiQhfr lkykuk
50» Fkh_ ml o`f¼ dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ dkiQh gn rd de gks
tk,xhA ;gk¡ fLFkj dhersa lq/kj dh Li"V rLohj is'k djsaxhA
ewY; o/Zu dh vo/kj.kk
z ewY; o/Zu fdlh oLrq ;k lsok dh dherksa vkSj mlds
mRiknu dh ykxr ds chp dk varj gSA dherksa dh
x.kuk miHkksÙkQk dh /kj.kk vkSj Hkqxrku djus dh mudh
bPNk ds vk/kj ij dh tkrh gSA
z ;g og vfrfjÙkQ ewY; gS tks fdlh mRikn ;k lsok dks
miHkksÙkQk ds feyus ls igys tksM+k tkrk gSA
z blls jktLo vkSj ykHk c<+kus esa enn feyrh gSA ;g ,d
czkaM uke ;k fdlh vU; vfHkuo rjhds ls fd;k tk ldrk
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d ch,eMCY;w dkj dh dher bldh
çfr"Bk vkSj miHkksÙkQk }kjk bldh dher ds fy, Hkqxrku
djus dks rS;kj gksus ds dkj.k vf/d gSA
z vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, bldk eryc gS fd dqy ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn esa futh {ks=k ;k ljdkjh {ks=k }kjk fd;k x;k ;ksxnku
,d m|ksx dk ewY; o/Zu gSA
z mnkgj.k % ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa dsoy nks çdkj ds mRiknd
gSa& fdlku vkSj csdjA fdlku dks Je ds vykok fdlh
buiqV dh vko';drk ugha gS (eku fy;k)A os xsgwa dk
,d fgLlk csdjksa dks csprs gSa ftUgsa jksVh cukus ds fy,
xsgwa ds vykok fdlh vU; dPps eky dh vko';drk ugha
gksrh gSA fdlku ,d lky esa 100 #i;s ewY; ds xsgwa dk
mRiknu djrs gSaA os csdj dks 50 #i;s ewY; dk xsgwa csprs
gSaA csdjh bl xsgwa dk mi;ksx 200 #i;s ewY; dh jksVh
cukus ds fy, djrs gSaA
 vFkZO;oLFkk esa dqy mRiknu dk ewY; D;k gS\
 300 ;fn ge dsoy fofHkUu {ks=kksa ds ewY;ksa dks tksM+rs gSaA
 ysfdu blls 50 #i;s dk xsgw¡ nks ckj fxuk tk,xkA
 blfy, ewY; o/Zu ¾ fdlku dk 'kq¼ ;ksxnku $
csdj dk 'kq¼ ;ksxnkuA
 ewY; o/Zu ¾ 100$(200&50) ¾250
33

ldy ewY; o/Zu (GVA)
z thoh,] ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh x.kuk ds fy, vkiwfrZ
i{k dk ,d rjhdk gSA ;gk¡]vFkZO;oLFkk ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa
(Ñf"k] fofuekZ.k] vkfn) }kjk fd, x, ewY; o/Zu dks
ldy ewY; of/Zr djus ds fy, tksM+k tkrk gSA
z thoh, dh x.kuk dk lw=k bl çdkj gS%
GVA = GDP + (vçR;{k dj lgkf;dh@lfClMh)
vFkok
GVA = GDP + 'kq¼ vçR;{k dj
z bl i¼fr ds mi;ksx bl çdkj gSa%
 ;g gesa ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds Hkhrj fofHkUu {ks=kksa dh
rqyuk djus esa enn djrk gSA
 ;g frekgh o`f¼ ds vkadM+ksa dh csgrj rLohj is'k
djrk gSA
 ;g ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRikfnr lHkh oLrqvksa vkSj
lsokvksa dh ewy dherksa dk ;ksx gSA (vk/kj ewY; ¾
cktkj ewY; & vçR;{k dj)
 ;g gesa GDP vkSj djk/ku ds chp dh dM+h dks
le>us esa enn djrk gSA
 vxj thoh,vkSj thMhih fodkl nj vleku gSa_ bldk
vFkZ gS fd djk/ku mNky@mRIykokdrk esa folaxfr
gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gks ldrk gS fd ;k rks xSj&dj okys
{ks=k c<+ jgs gSa ;k dj pksjh gks jgh gSA
djk/ku mNky
z ;g ljdkj dh dj vk; esa cnyko vkSj thMhih esa
laHkkouk ds chp dk laca/ gSA bldk laca/ thMhih esa
cnyko ds fy, dj jktLo o`f¼ dh laosnu'khyrk ls gSA
jk"Vªh; vk; (NI) dh x.kuk esa o"kZ 2015 esa
ifjorZu fd;k x;k
z jk"Vªh; lkaf[;dh vk;ksx (NSC) dh fliQkfj'k ds vuqlkj
vk/kj o"kZ 2004&05 ls cnydj 2011&12 dj fn;k
x;kA
z dsaæh; lkaf[;dh dk;kZy; (CSO) us dkjd ykxr (FC)
ij thMhih dh x.kuk ls cktkj ewY; (MP) ij thMhih
dh x.kuk ij fLop fd;kA
z thMhih dk eryc dkjd ykxr ij thMhih ds ctk;
fLFkj cktkj dherksa ij thMhih gksxkA
34
ldy ewY; of/Zr (thoh,) dh x.kuk vc vk/kj
z
dherksa ij dh tk,xh] u fd dkjd ykxr ijA
z ,elh, 21 (MCA21) MsVkcsl_ dkWikZsjsV ekeyksa ds
ea=kky; dh ,d bZ&xkWo igy dk mi;ksx mu xfrfof/;ksa
ds fy, fd;k tk,xk tks daifu;k¡ fofuekZ.k ds vykok vU;
xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, djrh gSaA ;g fofuekZ.k vkSj lsokvksa
nksuksa dk O;kid dojst lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
z LVkWd czkd s jks]a LVkWd ,Dlpst a ks]a ifjlaifÙk çca/u daifu;ks]a
E;wpv q y iQaM] is'a ku iQaM] lsch] ih,iQvkjMh, vkSj vkbZvkjMh,
ds •krksa dh tkudkjh dk mi;ksx foÙkh; {ks=k ds iw.kZ dojst
ds fy, fd;k tk,xkA LFkkuh; fudk;ksa vkSj Lok;Ùk laLFkkuksa
dh xfrfof/;ksa dk Hkh ys•kadu fd;k tk,xkA
la'kksf/r ldy ?kjsyw mRikn J`a•yk
z 2015 ds ckn ls ubZ thMhih J`a•yk dk vk/kj o"kZ
2011&12 gSA
z bl Ja•yk ds vk/kj ij ;g irk pyk fd 2004&05 ds
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ds vkadM+s vkS|ksfxd fodkl dks de
vkad jgs FksA
z ubZ thMhih J`a•yk esa 2004&05 esa fofHkUu {ks=kksa dh
fgLlsnkjh esa o`f¼ ns•h xbZ%
 fofuekZ.k igys ds 11-8» ls 15-8» gks x;kA
 Ñf"k16-8» ls 17-2»A
z o"kZ 2018&19 esa Hkkjr dh çfr O;fÙkQ vk; esa 10» dh
vuqekfur o`f¼ ns•h xbZA
z 2012&13 ds thMhih MsVk dks 2015 ls ubZ i¼fr ds vk/kj
ij iquxZ.kuk fd;k x;k FkkA bls ^cSd lhjht MsVk* dgk
tkrk gSA ;g frekgh vkSj okf"kZd nksuksa vkadM+ksa ds fy, FkkA
z bl dne ds ihNs dkj.k gSa%
 oSf'od çFkkvksa dh rqyukA
 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk vf/d çfrfuf/RoA
 fj;y ,LVsV {ks=k dk vf/d çn'kZuA
z cSd lhjht MsVk ds f•ykiQ cgl%
 iwoZ eq[; vkfFkZd lykgdkj] vjfoan lqcze.;u }kjk
fd, x, ,d vè;;u esa nkok fd;k x;k gS fd
2011&17 ds chp vkfFkZd fodkl dk vuqeku vf/d
yxk;k x;k gSA
 ljdkj dk nkok gS fd Hkkjr yxHkx 7» çfr o"kZ dh
nj ls c<+k gS tcfd CEA dh jk; gS fd ;g dsoy
yxHkx 4-5» dh nj ls c<+k gSA
 mudk fo'ys"k.k 17 çeq• vkfFkZd ladsrdksa ij
vk/kfjr gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z tc Hkh jk"Vªh; vk; dh ,d ubZ J`a•yk 'kq: dh tkrh
gS_ bldk mi;ksx u, vk/kj o"kZ ds vk/kj ij fiNys
o"kks± ds vkmViqV dks ns•us ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
;g vFkZO;oLFkk] vkdkj] fodkl nj vkfn dks le>us esa
enn djrh gSA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. nh xbZ vof/ ds fy, fdlh ns'k dh jk"Vªh; vk; cjkcj
gS (2013)
(a) ukxfjdksa }kjk mRikfnr oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk dqy
ewY;A
(b) dqy fuos'k vkSj miHkksx O;; dk ;ksxA
(c) lHkh O;fÙkQ;ksa dh O;fÙkQxr vk; dk ;ksxA
(d) mRikfnr vafre oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk ekSfæd
ewY;A
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. o"kZ 2015 ls igys vkSj o"kZ 2015 ds ckn Hkkjr ds ldy
?kjsyw mRikn dh x.kuk i¼fr ds chp varj Li"V djsaA
 (2021)
jk"Vªh; vk; ds ekiu ls lacaf/r laLFkku%
CSO; NSSO; NSC
Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vk; ls lacaf/r lkaf[;dh
z lkaf[;dh vkSj dk;ZØe dk;kZUo;u ea=kky; (MoSPI)
ds rgr dsaæh; lkaf[;dh dk;kZy; jk"Vªh; ys•k
lkaf[;dh ds fy, MsVk ,d=k djus ds fy, ftEesnkj gS A
z ldy jkT; ?kjsyw mRikn (GSDP) vkSj vU; vkadM+s
fofHkUu jkT;ksa ds fy, jkT; Lrj ij vFkZ'kkL=k vkSj lkaf[;dh
funs'kky; }kjk ,d=k fd, tkrs gSaA
z ldy ?kjsyw mRikn] th,lMhih] ,uMhih] •ir] cpr] iwath
fuekZ.k] lkoZtfud {ks=k ds ysunsu] çfr O;fÙkQ vk; vkfn
tSls fofHkUu O;kid vkfFkZd ladsrdksa ds fy, orZeku vkSj
fLFkj dherksa nksuksa ds fy, vkadM+s tkjh fd, tkrs gSaA
z lh,lvks frekgh vkSj lkFk gh okf"kZd vkadM+s tkjh
djrk gSA 2015 ls thoh, MsVk Hkh tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA
z pkyw foÙk o"kZ ds fy, o`f¼ ds ckjs esa MsVk tuojh esa tkjh
fd;k tkrk gS (foÙk o"kZ ekpZ esa lekIr gksus ls igys)
vkSj bls jk"Vªh; vk; dk ^vfxze vuqeku (AE)* dgk
tkrk gSA ;g vkxkeh foÙkh; o"kZ ds fy, ctV vuqekuksa
esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
z o"kks± ckn vafre vuqeku tkjh gksus rd MsVk dks dbZ ckj
la'kksf/r fd;k tkrk gSA
jk"Vªhh;; vk;
jk"Vª vk; ysys[[kkad
kkad
uu
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; uewuk loZs{k.k vkSj dsaæh; lkaf[;dh
laxBu dk foy;
z ,u,l,lvks (NSSO) lkaf[;dh vkSj dk;ZØe dk;kZUo;u
ea=kky; ds v/hu ,d laLFkk FkhA bldh LFkkiuk 1950 esa
Hkkjr esa cM+s iSekus ij loZs{k.k djus ds fy, dh xbZ Fkh_
T;knkrj lkekftd&vkfFkZdA
z blds deZpkjh eq[; :i ls ^Hkkjrh; lkaf[;dh lsok*
(;wih,llh }kjk ijh{kk) vkSj v/huLFk lkaf[;dh; lsok
(,l,llh ijh{kk) ds :i esa FksA
z ebZ 2019 esa] NSSO vkSj CSO dks feykdj NSO ;k
jk"Vªh; lkaf[;dh dk;kZy; cuk;k x;kA
z ,u,l,lvks ds mÙkjnkf;Ro bl çdkj Fks%
 loZs{k.k fMtkbu vkSj vuqla/ku çHkkx
 iQhYM vkWijs'kal fMohtu
 MkVk çkslsflax fMohtu
 leUo; vkSj çdk'ku çHkkx
z ,u,l,lvks ;kstuk] fMtkbu vkSj loZs{k.k vkSj mlds
ifj.kkeksa dh fo'ys"k.k djrk FkkA
z lh,lvks Hkkjr esa lkaf[;dh; xfrfof/;ksa dk leUo;
djrk Fkk vkSj lkaf[;dh; ekudksa dks cuk, j•rk Fkk vkSj
fodflr djrk FkkA bldh vè;{krk ,d egkfuns'kd jSad
ds vf/dkjh }kjk dh tkrh FkhA
z bldh ftEesnkfj;k¡ Fkha%
 jk"Vªh; ys•k lkaf[;dh
 m|ksxksa dk okf"kZd loZs{k.k] vkfFkZd tux.kuk vkSj
blds vuqorhZ loZs{k.kA vkS|ksfxd mRiknu lwpdkad
(vkbZvkbZih) ladyuA
 miHkksÙkQk ewY; lwpdkad ('kgjh xSj&eSuqvy deZpkjh)A
 ekuo fodkl lkaf[;dh
 fyax lkaf[;dh
 vkf/dkfjd lkaf[;dh esa çf'k{k.k çnku djuk
 m|ksx] ÅtkZ vkfn tSls fofHkUu {ks=kksa ls lacaf/r
lkaf[;dh; tkudkjh çdkf'kr djukA
z ,elh, 21 (MCA 21) MsVk ds ckjs esa ,u,l,lvks ds
fu"d"kks± ds laca/ esa fookn FksA blus thMhih esa futh {ks=k
ds ;ksxnku ij loky mBk,A
z vkykspdksa ds vuqlkj_ foy; dk laLFkk dh Lora=krk ij
çHkko iM+ ldrk gS D;ksafd uo fufeZr NSO dk usr`Ro
MoSPI ds lfpo Lrj ds vf/dkjh djsaxsA
35
jk"Vªh; lkaf[;dh dk;kZy;
(NSO) z NSO dk usr`Ro Hkkjr ds eq[; lkaf[;dhfon djrs gSaA
z lh,lvks fofHkUu O;kid vkfFkZd ladsrdksa ls lacaf/r MsVk
çdkf'kr djrk gS tcfd ,u,l,lvks LokLF;] f'k{kk vkSj
vU; lkekftd&vkfFkZd ladsrdksa ds ckjs esa O;kid loZs{k.k
djrk gSA
z jaxjktu vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa ij_ 2006 esa ,d
jk"Vªh; lkaf[;dh vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA
 blesa 4 lnL; vkSj ,d vè;{k gksrk gSA

 mijksÙkQesa ls çR;sd dks lkaf[;dh ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa

z 2019 esa] jk"Vªh; uewuk loZs{k.k dk;kZy; vkSj dsaæh;
vuqHko gksrk gSA
lkaf[;dh dk;kZy; dks MoSPI }kjk ^NSO* cukus ds
 bldk dke lkaf[;dh; ekeyksa esa uhfr;ksa] çkFkfedrkvksa
fy, foy; dj fn;k x;k FkkA ;g MsVk laxgz dh iwjh çfØ;k
ds fy, vkSj vf/d rkyesy çnku djus dh mEehn gSA vkSj ekudksa dks fodflr djuk gSA

O;fÙkQxr vk; (PI) vkSj ç;ksT; vk; (DI)

O;fÙkQxr vk; z O;fÙkQxr vk; dks ,d o"kZ esa çR;{k djksa ds Hkqxrku ls igys lHkh lzksrksa ls fdlh ns'k ds O;fÙkQ;ksa
(Personal Income) }kjk çkIr dqy vk; ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z ihvkbZ dHkh Hkh jk"Vªh; vk; ds cjkcj ugha gksrk gS D;ksafd ihvkbZ esa gLrkarj.k Hkqxrku
'kkfey gksrs gSaA
z PI ¾ jk"Vªh; vk; & (lkekftd lqj{kk ;ksxnku vkSj vfoHkkftr dkWikZsjsV ykHk) $ LFkkukarj.k
HkqxrkuA
ç;ksT; vk; z fMLikstscy vk; vk;dj ds Hkqxrku ds ckn O;fÙkQ;ksa dh •ir vkSj cpr dk ;ksx gSA
(Disposable Income)
z bls ^O;; djus ;ksX; O;fÙkQxr vk;* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
z ç;ksT; vk; ¾ O;fÙkQxr vk;&çR;{k dj
z blds vykok] ç;ksT; vk; ¾ miHkksx $ cpr (pwafd laiw.kZ vk; dk miHkksx ugha fd;k tkrk
gS vkSj bldk dqN fgLlk ifjokjksa }kjk cpk;k tkrk gS)

iwath mRiknu vuqikr (CoR)
z ;g vo/kj.kk ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa fd, x, fuos'k vkSj
mRiknu ds ifj.kkeh ewY; ;k ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa o`f¼
ds chp laca/ dh O;k[;k djrh gSA
z ;g mRiknu dh ,d bdkbZds fy, vko';d iwath dh
ek=kk gSA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,_ ;fn fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa 100 #i;s dk
fuos'k gksrk gS vkSj mRiknu 10 #i;s dk gksrk gS_ rks iwath
mRiknu vuqikr 10» gSA ;g de yx ldrk gS ysfdu ;kn
j•sa fd 100 #i;s dk fuos'k vxys 10&12 o"kks± rd jgsxk
vkSj çfr o"kZ dbZ bdkb;ksa dk mRiknu djsxkA
z bl vo/kj.kk dk egRo %
 ;g gesa vko';d fuos'k dh ek=kk dks le>us esa
enn djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,_ vxj ljdkj 10»
dh o`f¼ dk y{; j•rh gS_ vkSj ;g tkurh gS fd
iwath mRiknu vuqikr 10 gS_ rks ;g le>k tk ldrk
gS fd fuos'k dks 100» (10 × 10) ;kuh nksxquk c<+kus
dh t:jr gSA
 ;g fuos'k Lrj vkSj ifj.kkeh vkfFkZd fodkl ds chp
ds laca/ dks n'kkZrk gSA
 G ¾ S/V_ tgk¡ G lao`f¼ gS] S thMhih ds çfr'kr ds
:i esa cpr gS vkSj V iwath mRiknu vuqikr gSA
 fuEu iwath mRiknu vuqikr n'kkZrk gS fd iwath mRiknd gS
vkSj rduhdh çxfr gks jgh gSA ;g okaNuh; gS D;ksafd
fuEu Lrj dk fuos'k okaNuh; lao`f¼dj jgk gSA
 iwath mRiknu vuqikr dks de djus esa çkS|ksfxdh çeq•
Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh gSA D;ksafd csgrj rduhdh ds
dkj.k mRikndrk c<+sxhA

36 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z o`f¼'khy iwath mRiknu vuqikr (ICOR)% ;g vo/
kj.kk dk ,d Lo:i gS vkSj mRiknu ds ,d vfrfjÙkQ Lrj
dk mRiknu djus ds fy, vko';d vfrfjÙkQ fuos'k dks
n'kkZrk gSAfuos'k esa o`f¼ ds lkFk_ ewy iwath mRiknu vuqikr
Lo;a cny tkrk gS vkSj blfy, =kqfViw.kZ gks tkrk gSA ;gk¡
vkbZlhvksvkj mi;ksxh gSA
varj.k vnk;xh
z ;s ,d rjiQk Hkqxrku gSa ftlds cnys esa dksbZ oLrq ;k
lsok ugha ekaxh tkrh gSA
z budk mi;ksx ljdkj }kjk fofHkUu lkekftd dY;k.k
dk;ZØeksa tSls& o`¼koLFkk isa'ku] lkekftd lqj{kk vkfn ds
rgr vk; iqufoZrj.k ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
z os O;fÙkQxr vk; dk fgLlk gSa vkSj mUgsa lfClMh ugha
ekuk tkrk gSA
z lfClMh] deksfMVh ysunsu (•k|] moZjd vkfn) ls tqM+h
gqbZ gSA
z LFkkukarj.k Hkqxrku l'krZ (bafnjk xka/h ekr`Ro lg;ksx ;kstuk
dh rjg) vkSj fcuk 'krZ gks ldrk gS A
z lfClMh vkSj lkoZHkkSfed ewy vk; dh x.kuk gLrkarj.k
Hkqxrku ds :i esa ugha dh tkrh gSA
lhtusysVh@ekSlehiu rRo dh vo/kj.kk
z bldk lh/k lk eryc gS fd rqyuh; le; vof/ dh
rqyuk dh tkuh pkfg, ;kuh 2021 dh vDVwcj&fnlacj
frekgh ds vkadM+ksa dh rqyuk 2022 dh vDVwcj&fnlacj
frekgh ls dh tk,xhA
z ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd lgh vkadM+s çnf'kZr gksa D;ksafd
eqækLiQhfr] fuos'k] jkstxkj vkfn tSlh fo'ks"krk,¡ leku
frekfg;ksa esa leku gksus dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA mnkgj.k
ds fy,&
 vDVwcj&fnlacj frekgh esa n'kgjk] nhokyh vkSj
fØlel vkfn tSls dbZ egRoiw.kZ R;kSgkj gksrs gSaA
blfy, oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk vf/d mRiknu vkSj
•jhnkjh gksrh gSA
 ;g gesa ,slk MsVk nsrk gS ftl ij dk;Zokgh dh tk
ldrh gSA ;fn futh •ir bl o"kZ dh bl frekgh esa
fiNys o"kZ dh rqyuk esa de jgh_ rks dkj.kksa dk vklkuh
ls irk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
jk"Vªhh;; vk;
jk"Vª vk; ysys[[kkad
kkad
uu
laHkkfor thMhih@thMhih dh laHkkouk
z ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ds tks vkadM+s T;knkrj gekjs fy,
miyC/ gSa] os okLrfod ldy ?kjsyw mRikn gSA
z laHkkfor ldy ?kjsyw mRikn og ldy ?kjsyw mRikn gS ftls
eqækLiQhfr] jktdks"kh; ?kkVs vkfn tSls çeq• O;kid
vkfFkZd ladsrdksa dks vfLFkj fd, fcuk çkIr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
z ;g vuqdwyre mRiknu gS tks ,d ns'k nh?kkZof/ esa dj
ldrk gSA
z thMhih xSi ;k vkmViqV xSi ¾ laHkkfor & okLrfod thMhih
z ;g gesa crkrk gS fd vuqdwyre rd igqapus ds fy, gesa
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh o`f¼ esa rsth ykus ;k deh djus
dh vko';drk gS ;k ughaA
z ;g vke rkSj ij vYidkfyd mik;ksa ls gkfly ugha
gksrk gS vkSj blds fy, fodkl ds ,d fVdkÅ rjhds dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
z ldkjkRed varj % tc okLrfod ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
laHkkfor ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ls vf/d gksA
 ;g LiQhfrdkjh gS D;ksafd ekax vkiwfrZ ls vf/d gSA
 mRikndrk c<+rh gS vkSj jkstxkj 100» rd igqp a tkrk gS
(lS¼kafrd :i ls] gj dksbZ tks dke pkgrk gS mls feysxk)A
 vkn'kZ :i ls ;g okaNuh; fLFkfr ugha gS D;ksafd ;g
eqækLiQhfrdkjh gSA
 ekSfæd vkSj jktdks"kh; uhfr;k¡ blls cpus ds fy,
dke djrh gSaA
z udkjkRed varjky% tc okLrfod ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
laHkkfor ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ls de gksrk gSA
 eqækLiQhfr uhps vkrh gS ysfdu csjkstxkjh c<+rh gSA
z laHkkfor mRiknu ds fy, çeq• dkjd%
 ekuo iwath vkSj dkS'kyA
 cqfu;knh <kapkA
 laHkkfor Je 'kfÙkQA
 rduhdh fodklA
 Je mRikndrkA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. laHkkfor ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dks ifjHkkf"kr djsa vkSj blds
fu/kZjdksa dh O;k[;k djsaA os dkSu ls dkjd gSa tks Hkkjr
dks vius laHkkfor ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dks çkIr djus ls
jksd jgs gSa\ (2020)
37
 udkjkRed i{k%
çfr O;fÙkQ vk; (PCI) z

z ;g ,d HkkSxksfyd {ks=k ;k ,d jk"Vª esa ,d vkSlr O;fÙkQ
}kjk vftZr /u dh jkf'k gS|
z ;g gesa fdlh ns'k@{ks=k esa jgus okys O;fÙkQ ds thou Lrj vkSj
thou dh xq.koÙkk o ns'k dh le`f¼ ds ckjs esa crk ldrk gSA
z ihlhvkbZ ¾ thMhih ;k th,uih dks eè;&o"kZ dh
tula[;k (blh o"kZ dh) ls foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA
 fdlh ns'k esa vlekurk ds ckjs esa gesa tkudkjh ugha nsrk gSA
 eqækLiQhfr] xjhch] cpr ;k /u forj.k ds fy,
ftEesnkj ugha gSA
 blesa uotkr vkSj cPps Hkh 'kkfey gSa tks vkerkSj ij
dqN Hkh ugha dekrs gSaA

vFkZO;oLFkk ds vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd {ks=k

vkSipkfjd {ks=k vukSipkfjd {ks=k
z ;s ljdkj ds lkFk iathÑr gksrs gSaA z ljdkj ds lkFk viathÑrA
z mu ij dbZ dkuwu ykxw gksrs gSa] mnkgj.k ds fy,] Je z blesa NksVs fdlku] jsgM+h&iVjh cspus okys ?kjsyw ukSdj vkfn
lafgrk] etnwjh lafgrk vkfnA 'kkfey gSaA
z fctyh lfgr de ls de 10 deZpkfj;ksa okyh ;k fcuk z os dkuwuksa ds nk;js esa ugha vkrs gSa vkSj de Hkqxrku] yacs le;
fctyh ds 20 deZpkfj;ksa okyh iQSfDVª;k¡ vkSipkfjd rd dke djus vkfn tSls 'kks"k.k dh pisV esa gSaA
{ks=k ds varxZr vkrh gSaA z ;g {ks=k vFkZO;oLFkk esa vR;f/d ;ksxnku nsrk gS vkSj ldy
?kjsyw mRikn dk ,d cM+k fgLlk cukrk gSA
z cM+h iQeks± dks Hkh laxfBr {ks=k ds :i esa fxuk tkrk gSA
z lHkh vlaxfBr {ks=k bl Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA
z ogk¡ deZpkjh fpfdRlk vodk'k] vksojVkbe Hkqxrku]
z budks dksbZ lkekftd ykHk ugha çkIr gksrk gS vkSj os isV Hkjus
chek vkfn tSls dqN ykHk çkIr djrs gSaA
ds fy, iwjh rjg ls 'kkjhfjd Je dkS'ky ij fuHkZj gSaA
D;k vki fLIyflax (Splicing) tkurs gSa\
z ;g og rjhdk gS ftlds }kjk dqN oLrqvksa ds lwpdkad ls ubZ oLrqvksa dks tksM+k tkrk gS ;k iqjkuh oLrqvksa dks
gVk fn;k tkrk gSA
z ;s os lek;kstu gSa tks csgrj rqyuk ds fy, fd, tkrs gSaA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] lhihvkbZ ;k MCY;wihvkbZ dh x.kuk esa 'kkfey enksa esa ifjorZuA

Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu ls tqM+s eqís

z Lokeh vius ?kj esa jgrs gSa % ;fnA viuk ?kj B dks fdjk, ij nsrk gS_ rcA ,d fuf'pr jkf'k
dk fdjk;k vftZr djrk gSA ysfdu vxjA ?kj dk ekfyd vkSj jgus okyk gS] rks D;k ?kj dh
lsokvksa dks jk"Vªh; vk; esa 'kkfey fd;k tk,xk\ mUgsa ml fdjk, dk vuqeku yxkdj 'kkfey
fd;k tkrk gS tks edku dks fdjk, ij fn, tkus ij ekfyd dekrk gksA
z Lo&jkstxkj% vius }kjk çnku fd, tkus okys fuos'kksa dh x.kuk djuk cgqr dfBu gSA gks ldrk
gS fd os vius dke esa viuh tehu] Je] iwath vkSj m|ferk çnku dj jgs gksaA ;g Hkh jk"Vªh;
vk; i¼fr ds lkFk vk; esa 'kkfey gSA
pqukSfr;k¡
z Lo&miHkksx ds fy, oLrq% ,d fdlku lc dqN cspus vkSj fiQj cktkj ewY; ij •k|kUu
•jhnus ds ctk; dqN mit vius miHkksx ds fy, j• ldrk gSA bls jk"Vªh; vk; esa Hkh 'kkfey
fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd fcuk fcds mRikn dk ekSfæd ewY; gksrk gSA
z osru vkSj osru dk Hkqxrku eky ds :i esa % eqÝr Hkkstu vkSj vkokl vkSj vU; lqfo/k,¡
Hkh jk"Vªh; vk; esa 'kkfey gSa D;ksafd vxj fu;ksÙkQk us bu phtksa ds fy, iSlk fn;k gksrk gS_
deZpkfj;ksa us oSls Hkh bu enksa ij •pZ fd;k gksxkA

38 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 z x`fgf.k;ksa }kjk nh tkus okyh lsok,¡ vla[; gSa ysfdu ;s jk"Vªh; vk; esa 'kkfey ugha gksrh
gSaA ekSfæd lanHkZ esa fd, x, lHkh dk;ks± ds ewY; dh lVhd x.kuk djuk cgqr dfBu gSA blh
çdkj vius cPpksa dks i<+kus okys f'k{kd] fp=kdkj] urZdh vkfn Hkh jk"Vªh; vk; esa 'kkfey
ugha gksrs gSaA
z eè;orhZ vkSj vafre oLrq dk vuqeku yxkuk eqf'dy gksrk gS vkSj dHkh&dHkh lokZsÙke ç;klksa
ds ckotwn_ nksgjh fxurh gks ldrh gS ftlls eqæk dk vf/d vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA è;ku
nsa fd jk"Vªh; ys•kadu esa dsoy vafre eky dks gh 'kkfey fd;k tkuk gSA
z iqjkus lkeku] ckWUM] 'ks;j vkSj LVkWd dh fcØh vkSj •jhn dks jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu esa 'kkfey
mRikn i¼fr ds lkFk ugha fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd os igys ls gh mRiknu fd, x, o"kZ esa ntZ fd, x, FksA ysfdu
pqukSfr;k¡ nykyh ds fy, deh'ku vkSj 'kqYd jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu esa 'kkfey gSaA
z voS/ xfrfof/;ksa tSls tqvk] voS/ 'kjkc cukuk vkfn dks jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu esa 'kkfey
ugha fd;k tkrk gS] Hkys gh mudk ekSfæd ewY; gks vkSj yksxksa dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djrk gksA
z miHkksÙkQk dh lsok tSls MkWDVjksa] vfHkusrkvksa] f'k{kdksa vkfn ls tks fdlh Hkh ewrZ oLrq dk
mRiknu ugha djrs gSaA ysfdu mUgsa jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu esa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd mUgsa
vafre oLrq,a ekuk tkrk gSA
z iwathxr ykHk rc gksrk gS tc ,d laifÙk] ?kj] LVkWd] 'ks;j vkfn dks ml dher ls vf/d
dher ij cspk tkrk gS] ftl ij bls 'kq: esa cspk x;k FkkA os jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu esa 'kkfey
ugha gSa vkSj u gh iwathxr uqdlku gSa D;ksafd os orZeku vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa ls mRiUu ugha gq, gSaA
z oLrq lwph ifjorZu (vkSj dqy lwph ugha) jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu esa 'kkfey gSA ;s ifjorZu
ldkjkRed ;k udkjkRed nksuksa gks ldrs gSaA
z ewY;ßkl ,d leL;k iSnk djrk gS D;ksafd ,d e'khu ds orZeku ewY; dk vuqeku yxkuk
eqf'dy gS ftldk visf{kr thou 30 o"kZ FkkA iQeZ ewy ykxr ij ewY;ßkl ewY; dh x.kuk djrs
gSaA ysfdu gj lky dhersa cnyrh jgrh gSaA ;g vHkh Hkh jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu esa 'kkfey gSA
z ewY; ifjorZu vDlj gksrs jgrs gSaA jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk orZeku cktkj ewY; ij vafre oLrqvksa
vkSj lsokvksa ds ewY; ls dh tkrh gSA ewY; o`f¼ vkSj blds foijhr jk"Vªh; vk; esa o`f¼ gks
ldrh gS ysfdu jk"Vªh; mRiknu fxj ldrk gSA bl çdkj] ge fLFkj dherksa ij jk"Vªh; vk;
dh x.kuk djrs gSaA
z ljdkjh lsok,¡ vla[; gSaA tSls iqfyl] j{kk] ç'kklu vkfnA bl ckr ij cgl gksrh gS fd mUgsa
vafre eky ekuk tk, ;k eè;orhZ eky tks vafre eky ds mRiknu dh vuqefr nsrs gSaA okLro
esa ;g r; djuk laHko ugha gS fd os dc vafre gSa vkSj dc os eè;orhZ oLrq,¡ gSaA bl çdkj
lHkh ljdkjh lsokvksa dk ys•k jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu esa fd;k tkrk gSA
z •k| vkSj moZjd lfClMh] csjkstxkjh HkÙks vkfn tSls gLrkarj.k Hkqxrku jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu
esa 'kkfey ugha gSa D;ksafd os bl çfØ;k esa dqN Hkh ugha tksM+rs gSaA
O;; i¼fr ds lkFk z miHkksÙkQk fVdkÅ oLrq,¡ Vhoh] LdwVj] ckbd vkfn ,sls mRikn gSa ftUgsa ,d o"kZ esa •jhnk
pqukSfr;k¡ tkrk gS ysfdu dbZ o"kks± rd mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d Hkze gS fd D;k mUgsa fuos'k O;;
;k miHkksx O;; ds :i esa ekuk tkuk pkfg,A fiNys o"kZ ds fy, muds mi;ksx fd, x, ewY;
dks ekiuk laHko ugha gS vkSj blfy, mUgsa vafre miHkksx O;; ds :i esa fy;k tkrk gSA viokn
,d ?kj gS ftls fuos'k O;; ds :i esa fy;k tkrk gSA
z lkoZtfud O;; lSU;] iqfyl] lM+dksa] f'k{kk] LokLF; vkfn ij •pZ gSA leL;k ;g irk yxkus
esa gS fd dkSu lk O;; fuos'k O;; gS vkSj dkSu lk miHkksx O;; gSA ysfdu ;s lHkh jk"Vªh; vk;
esa 'kkfey gSa_ ftlesa l'kL=k dfeZ;ksa dk osru Hkh 'kkfey gSA

jk"Vªhh;; vk;
jk"Vª vk; ysys[[kkad
kkad
uu 39
jk"Vªh; ys•k ls lacaf/r eqíksa dk lek/ku
z çklafxd vk¡dM+ksa dh miyC/rk % ,slh dbZ lsok,¡ gSa tks
vk¡dM+ksa dh deh ds dkj.k jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu esa 'kkfey
ugha gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d IyEcj dke dj jgk gS vkSj
vius •kyh le; esa dekbZ dj jgk gS] bls MsVk lsV esa
'kkfey djuk dfBu gSA bl çdkj lHkh çklafxd vk¡dM+s
gksuk egRoiw.kZ gSA
z Mcy dkma f Va x dks •Re djuk% lokZ s Ù ke ç;klks a ds
ckotw n ges ' kk Mcy dkma f Va x dk tks f •e gks r k gS tks
vkfFkZ d fodkl ds fy, xyr Ms V k çnku dj ldrk
gS A
z xSj&foi.ku {ks=kksa dks 'kkfey djuk% tSls x`fgf.k;ksa }kjk
çnku dh tkus okyh lsok,¡A ;s ,slh lsok,¡ gSa ftuds fcuk
vFkZO;oLFkk Bhd ls dke ugha dj ldrh gS ysfdu os
vHkh rd 'kkfey ugha gSa D;ksafd os voSrfud gSaA
v v v
40
z ewY;ßkl dh lVhd x.kuk% ewY;ßkl] ejEer vkSj
çfrLFkkiu vkfn ds dkj.k HkÙkksa ds fy, dh xbZ dVkSrh
eqf'dy gSA ysfdu ;s egRoiw.kZ gSa vkSj bUgsa lgh rjhds ls
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z igpkuuk vkSj 'kkfey djuk% jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu esa
xSj&eqæhÑr vkSj vlaxfBr lsok,¡A
z ewY; Lrj esa ifjorZu% okLrfod mRiknu ;k mRiknu esa
fdlh Hkh cnyko ds fcuk jk"Vªh; vk; dks cny ldrs gSaA
,sls esa bls Bhd djus dh t:jr gSA
z O;ofLFkr •krksa dk j•j•ko jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk esa
enn djrk gSA dh xbZ fcØh dk fooj.k u j•us ls ;g
dk;Z dfBu gks ldrk gSA
z Li"V O;kolkf;d oxhZdj.k % dqN yksx dkjisaVj] Dyhuj]
isaVj vkfn tSlh dbZ Hkwfedkvksa esa dke djrs gSaA bl çdkj
mUgsa oxhZÑr djuk vkSj mUgsa jk"Vªh; vk; ys•kadu esa
'kkfey djuk eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 4 vkfFkZd lao`f¼ vkSj fodkl
çkjaHk esa vFkZ'kkL=k esa] ^^çxfr** 'kCn dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk
FkkA fiQj ^^lao`f¼** vkSj ^^fodkl** tSls 'kCnksa dk bLrseky
vDlj vkSj ,d&nwljs ds LFkku ij fd;k tkus yxkA 1960 vkSj
70 ds n'kd rd vkfFkZd lao`f¼ vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl ds vFkZ
vyx ugha FksA
vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dh vo/kj.kk
z le; ds lkFk] vFkZO;oLFkk ds ladsrdksa esa gksus okyh o`f¼]
vkfFkZd lao`f¼ gSA ;gk¡ fdlh ns'k dh okLrfod çfr O;fÙkQ
vk;] le; ds lkFk c<+rh tkrh gSA
z bldk vFkZ gS dqy HkkSfrd ;k okLrfod mRiknu esa o`f¼]
ekuo dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, oLrqvksa dk mRiknu
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRikfnr dkjksa dh
la[;k lky nj lky c<+rh pyh xbZA
z lao`f¼ ,d ,slh pht gS ftls ekik tk ldrk gS ;kuh bls
iw.kZ la[;kvksa esa ekik tk ldrk gSA
z gkykafd] lao`f¼ ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed nksuksa gks
ldrh gS ysfdu ge bldk bLrseky ldkjkRed vFkks± esa
djrs gSaA
z ;g ,d le; vof/ ls nwljh le; vof/ esa] ,d
vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRikfnr oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh dherksa esa
gksus okyk cnyko gS]
z ;g ,d ek=kkRed cnyko gS vkSj bls vkerkSj ij ldy
jk"Vªh; mRikn (GNP) ;k ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) dh
ifjHkk"kk esa ekik tkrk gSA
 ;g vkerkSj ij 4 rjhdksa ls gksrh gS%
1- HkkSfrd iwathxr oLrqvksa dh ek=kk esa o`f¼A
2- rduhdh lq/kj
3- Je 'kfÙkQ esa o`f¼
4- ekuo iwath esa o`f¼
vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd
z ;g ,d csgn tfVy xfrfof/ gS vkSj blfy, ;g dbZ
dkjdksa ls çHkkfor gksrh gS%
vkfFkZd dkjd
z çkÑfrd lalk/u% ;g vFkZO;oLFkk dks çHkkfor djus okyk
çeq• dkjd gSA
 buesa Hkwfe çns'k vkSj feêðh dh xq.koÙkk] ou laink]
ufn;ksa dh vPNh O;oLFkk] •fut vkSj rsy lalk/u]
vPNh tyok;q vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
 vkfFkZd lao`f¼ ds fy, mudh mifLFkfr vko';d gS
ysfdu i;kZIr 'krZ ugha gSA
 de vk; okys ns'k tks çkÑfrd lalk/uksa ls le`¼ gSa_
mudk i;kZIr mi;ksx ugha djrs] de mi;ksx djrs gSa] ;k
mudk nq#i;ksx djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, vÚhdh ns'kA
 oSdfYid :i ls] flaxkiqj vkSj tkiku esa çkÑfrd lalk/
uksa dh çpqjrk ugha gS] ysfdu ;s vR;f/d fodflr gSaA
;s vR;f/d dq'ky ns'k gSaA
z fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl esa iwath fuekZ.k ,d vkSj
egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSA
 ;g og çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk ,d leqnk; dh cpr
dks iwathxr oLrqvksa tSls la;a=kksa] midj.kksa vkSj e'khujh
esa fuos'k fd;k tkrk gSA
 cnys esa ;s ,d jk"Vª dh mRiknu {kerk vkSj deZpkjh
n{krk esa o`f¼ djrs gSa vkSj bl çdkj oLrqvksa vkSj
lsokvksa dk ,d cM+k çokg lqfuf'pr djrs gSaA
 lEiw.kZ vk; dks miHkksx ij •pZ ugha fd;k tkrk] cfYd
blesa ls dqN dks cpk;k tkrk gS vkSj iwath fuekZ.k ds
fy, fuos'k fd;k tkrk gSA
z vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dh nj fu/kZfjr djus esa rduhdh çxfr
Hkh ,d cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSA
 ;g ,d 'kks/ gS tks mRiknu ds u, vkSj csgrj rjhdksa
ds mi;ksx ;k iqjkus rjhdksa esa lq/kj djus ds fy, gSA
 dHkh&dHkh rduhdh çxfr ds ifj.kkeLo:i çkÑfrd
lalk/uksa dh miyC/rk gksrh gSA ysfdu vke rkSj ij]
blls mRikndrk esa c<+ksrjh gksrh gSA
  rduhdh çxfr] çkÑfrd lalk/uksa dks iwjh rjg ls
mi;ksx djus dh {kerk esa lq/kj djrh gSA mnkgj.k ds
fy, fctyh ls pyus okys Ñf"k midj.kksa dh enn ls
Ñf"k mRiknu esa mYys•uh; o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
 blls if'peh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks cgqr t~;knk ykHk
gqvk gSA
z fuos'k ds u, voljksa dk irk yxkus] tksf•e mBkus vkSj ubZ
,oa c<+rh O;kolkf;d bdkb;ksa esa fuos'k djus dh {kerk
dks m|ferk dgrs gSaA
 nqfu;k ds t~;knkrj vYifodflr ns'k iwath] cqfu;knh
<kaps] dq'ky Je vkSj çkÑfrd lalk/uksa dh deh ds
dkj.k xjhc ugha gSa cfYd os m|ferk dh deh ds
dkj.k xjhc gSaA
z f'k{kk] LokLF; vkfn ds ekè;e ls ekuo iwath ds fuekZ.k
esa fuos'k ds :i esa ekuo lalk/u fodflr djuk vkfFkZd
lao`f¼ ds fy, cgqr mi;ksxh gSA ;g vkcknh ds Kku vkSj
dkS'ky dks c<+krk gSA
z tula[;k o`f¼% ;g Je vkiwfrZ esa lgk;d gS vkSj ;g
oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds fy, cM+k cktkj çnku djrk gSA
 bl çdkj] vf/d Je cgqr vf/d mRiknu djrk gS
ftls ,d O;kid cktkj mi;ksx djrk gSA
 bl çfØ;k esa] mRiknu] vk; vkSj jkstxkj c<+rk tkrk
gS vkSj vkfFkZd lao`f¼ esa lq/kj gksrk gSA
 gkykafd] ;g lkekU; :i ls gksuk pkfg, vkSj ,slk
vpkud ugha gksuk pkfg, vU;Fkk ;g vkfFkZd lao`f¼
esa :dkoV cu tk,xkA
 lkekftd çeq•ksa tSls Ldwyksa] dkWystksa] vLirkyksa vkfn
us LoLFk vkSj ftEesnkj tula[;k dk l`tu fd;k gS tks
ns'k dks vkfFkZd :i ls vkxs ys tk ldrh gSA
xSj&vkfFkZd dkjd
z vkfFkZd lao`f¼ ds fy, jktuhfrd dkjd vko';d gSaA
,d fLFkj] etcwr vkSj n{k ljdkj] ikjn'khZ uhfr;ksa ds
lkFk bZekunkj ç'kklu vkSj dq'ky ifjikyu ls fuos'kdksa dk
fo'okl c<+rk gS vkSj ;g ?kjsyw vkSj fons'kh iwath dks Hkh
vkdf"kZr djrk gS ftlls rsth ls vkfFkZd lao`f¼ gksrh gSA
z lkekftd vkSj euksoSKkfud dkjdksa esa lkekftd joS;k]
lkekftd ewY; vkSj lkekftd laLFkku 'kkfey gSaA f'k{kk ds
foLrkj vkSj laLÑfr esa cnyko ds lkFk] ;s Hkh cnyrs gSaA
vk/qfud fopkj/kjk] ewY; vkSj n`f"Vdks.k] ubZ •kst vkSj
uokpkjksa ds lkFk u, m|fe;ksa dks ykrs gSaA
42
z f'k{kk% ;g fodkl dk eq[; lk/u gSA ftu ns'kksa esa f'k{kk
dk çlkj gqvk gS mUgksaus vf/d çxfr gkfly dh gSA ;g
ekuo lalk/u ds fodkl esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh
gS] Je n{krk esa lq/kj djrh gS vkSj u, fopkjksa ds jkLrs
esa vkus okyh ekufld #dkoV dks gVkrh gS vkSj bl çdkj
vkfFkZd fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA
z HkkSfrd csgrjh dh dkeuk% ;g vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy,
,d vko';d iwoZ 'krZ gSA vkRelarks"k] vkReR;kx] HkkX;
esa fo'okl vkfn ij t~;knk è;ku nsus okys lekt] tksf•e
vkSj m|e dks lhfer djrs gSa vkSj bl çdkj vFkZO;oLFkk
dks fiNM+k cuk, j•rs gSaA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. ,d ns'k X esa vkfFkZd lao`f¼ vfuok;Z :i ls gksxh vxj%
 (2013)
(a) fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa rduhdh çxfr gks jgh gSA
(b) X esa tula[;k o`f¼ gksrh gSA
(c) X esa iwath fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
(d) fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa O;kikj dh ek=kk c<+rh gSA
vkfFkZd lao`f¼ ekius dh vko';drk
z vFkZO;oLFkk ds dbZ egRoiw.kZ igyw tSls dj tek djuk]
C;kt njsa] eqæk LiQhfr] fons'kh O;kikj vkfn bl ckr ij
fuHkZj djrs gSa fd ge vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dk fdruh vPNh
rjg ls vkdyu djrs gSaA
z o`f¼ dks ekiuk egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd%
 y{; fu/kZfjr djus] leh{kk djus vkSj mUgsa çkIr djus
ds fy, ;g egRoiw.kZ gSA
 vxj ge bl ij utj ugha j•rs gSa rks o`f¼ dh nj
vfLFkj gks ldrh gSA
 o`f¼ dks ekius ls gesa dkiQh gn rd eqækLiQhfr vkSj
voLiQhfr dks fu;af=kr djus esa enn feyrh gSA
 gekjh vFkZO;oLFkk ds Lo:i dks cnyuk laHko gS_ Ñf"k
ls foi.ku vkSj foi.ku lsok vk/kfjr cukus rdA
 ge xjhch dks gVkus vkSj jkstxkj iSnk djus tSls
pqukSrhiw.kZ y{;ksa dk mís'; j• ldrs gSaA
 ;g dj jktLo dh Hkfo";ok.kh djus vkSj vuqeku yxkus
rFkk ctV ds vkoaVu dks laHko cukrk gSA
 futh {ks=k] lkoZtfud {ks=k esa çdkf'kr vkadM+ksa ls fuos'k
ds ladsr çkIr djrk gSA
z 1930 ds n'kd esa] lkbeu dqtusV~l us ,d ns'k esa lHkh
vkfFkZd mRiknu dh x.kuk djus ds fy, ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
(GDP) dh vo/kj.kk nhA MsVk miyC/ gksus ds ckn gh_
1930 ds n'kd dk egkeanh lekIr gqbZ FkhA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
pØh; o`f¼ vkSj lajpukRed o`f¼
pØh; o`f¼
z lfClMh] de oSf'od dhersa] csgrj ekulwu] de
eqækLiQhfr vkfn tSls vYidkfyd dkjdksa ls çsfjr
gSA
z vxj mijksÙkQ dkjd çfrdwy gSa] rks pØh; fxjkoV
gks ldrh gSA
lajpukRed o`f¼
z c<+rh mez okyh vkcknh] •jkc lw{e&vkfFkZd ladsrd] mPp
csjkstxkjh vkfn tSls çfrdwy dkjdksa ds dkj.k lajpukRed fxjkoV
;k udkjkRed o`f¼ Hkh gks ldrh gSA
z tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k] csgrj lw{e vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa] jkstxkj mRiknu
vkfn tSls nh?kZdkfyd dkjdksa }kjk lapkfyr gSA

lao`f¼ cuke fodkl

rqyuk dk vk/kj lao`f¼ fodkl
,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds HkkSfrd mRiknu ;g ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa ek=kkRed vkSj
vo/kj.kk esa ,d le; vof/ ls nwljh le; vof/ esa vkus okyk xq.kkRed nksuksa :i ls ,d ldkjkRed
ldkjkRed ifjorZuA ifjorZu gSA
ek=kkRed% ;g jk"Vªh; vk; vkSj çfr O;fÙkQ vk; nksuksa esa o`f¼ ek=kkRed vkSj xq.kkRed% ;g ukxfjdksa ds
çHkko dks n'kkZrk gSA thou Lrj esa lq/kj ls lacaf/r ldkjkRed
cnykoksa dks n'kkZrk gSA
okLrfod ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) ;k çfr O;fÙkQ vk; ;k xjhch] fuj{kjrk] csjkstxkjh esa deh] ekuo
dkjd miHkksx] fu;kZr] fuos'k vkfn tSls ?kVdksa esa o`f¼ dks ekiuk fodkl lwpdkad (HDI) dh eki] •q'kh dk
•q'kgkyh tSls xq.kkRed ekinaMksa ij fopkj ugha djrk gSA ekinaM] o`f¼ vkSj vif'k"V esa dVkSrh vkfnA
;g vYidkfyd vof/ ds fy, mi;qÙkQ gS vkSj bls ,d le; ;g ,d yach vof/ dh çfØ;k gS vkSj bls
le; lhek
lhek esa ekik tkrk gSA ,d fLFkj le; vof/ esa ugha ekik tkrk gSA
ljdkj dh ;g ,d Lopkfyr çfØ;k gS tks ljdkjh uhfr ;k gLr{ksi dk blds fy, vDlj yf{kr uhfr;k¡ vkSj
Hkwfedk ifj.kke gks ldrh gS vkSj ugha HkhA ljdkjh gLr{ksi dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
tks cnyko ;s o`f¼ ds ladsrdksa esa c<+ksÙkjh dk vFkZ gS fd ldy ?kjsyw mRikn] ;gk¡ çxfr dk vFkZ gS fd yksxksa ds thou
ykrk gS fuos'k] miHkksx vkfn esa o`f¼ gks jgh gSA dh lkekU; xq.koÙkk esa çxfr gqbZ gSA
fodflr ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa vf/d mi;qÙkQ gS D;ksfa d ogk¡ fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa thou dh xq.koÙkk vkSj
çklafxdrk
cqfu;knh fodkl (LokLF;] f'k{kk vkfn) igys gh gks pqdk gSA çxfr dks ekius ds fy, vf/d mi;qÙkQ gSA

vkfFkZd lao`f¼ ds ladsrd
z ldy ?kjsyw mRikn] ldy ewY; of/Zr vkSj ldy jk"Vªh;
mRikn jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk ds fy, lcls yksdfç; gSa
D;ksafd budk mi;ksx fo'o Lrj ij fd;k tkrk gS vkSj
budk mi;ksx vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh rqyuk djus ds fy,
Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu mudh dbZ lhek,¡ Hkh
gSaA cnyrs le; ds lkFk ;s vi;kZIr lkfcr gq, gSa vkSj
xyr rLohj Hkh fn•k ldrs gSaA dbZ fodYi u dsoy
ek=kkRed cfYd çxfr dh xq.kkRed rLohj fn•kus dk nkok
djrs gSaA
z fVIi.kh*% vkfFkZd lao`f¼ ds ladsrd tSls ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn (GDP)] ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn (GNP)] ldy
jk"Vªh; mRikn (NNP)] ldy ewY; of/Zr (GVA) vkfn
dks vyx vè;k;ksa esa Li"V fd;k x;k gSA
z vkfFkZd lao`f¼ ds dqN ladsrd bl çdkj gSa%
çfrO;fÙk vk;%
z vkfFkZd fodkl dk ,d ikjaifjd vkSj O;kid :i ls mi;ksx
fd;s tkus okyk ekinaM le; dh vof/ esa okLrfod çfr
O;fÙkQ vk; esa o`f¼ gSA
z ;g gesa] fdlh ns'k esa vkfFkZd vkdkj esa vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa
ds Lrj ds ckjs esa crkrk gSA lkFk gh ;g çfr O;fÙkQ vkSlr
mRiknu dks ch çnf'kZr djrk gSA
z okLrfod çfr O;fÙkQ 'kq¼ jk"Vªh; mRikn gesa fdlh ns'k dh
vkcknh esa gksus okyh o`f¼ nj dh rqyuk esa rsth ls vius
mRiknu dk foLrkj djus dh {kerk crkrk gSA

vkfFkZdd lalaoo`f¼
vkfFkZ `f¼vkSvkS
j jfodkl
fodkl 43
fo'o cSad us çfr O;fÙkQ th,uvkbZ ds vk/kj ij
jk"Vªksa dks fofHkUu lewgksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k gS%
lewg çfr O;fÙkQ vk; (2020)
de vk; < 1036 ;q,lMh
fupyk eè;e vk; 1036&4045 ;q,lMh
mPp eè;e vk; 4046&12535 ;q,lMh
mPp vk; >12535 ;q,lMh
xzhu thMhih (GDP)%
z ;g fodkl dh i;kZoj.kh; ykxrksa dks è;ku esa j•rk gSA
z ikfjfLFkfrd voØe.k dh ykxr dks ,d çns'k esa mRikfnr
oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds vafre ewY; ls ?kVk;k tkrk gSA
z phuh ljdkj us 2004 esa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) dks
xzhu thMhih (GDP) ls cnyus dh ?kks"k.kk dh_ ysfdu tYn
gh bl fopkj dks R;kx fn;k x;kA
çkÑfrd lalk/uksa dk ys•kadu%
z tSo fofo/rk] feêðh] ikuh vkSj gok tSlh lHkh çkÑfrd
iwath dks vkerkSj ij ys•kadu esa ekuo fufeZr iwath ds leku
egRo çkIr ugha gksrk gSA
vFkZO;oLFkk esa fofHkUu {ks=kksa dk fgLlk
{ks=k mi {ks=k
çkFkfed Ñf"k] okfudh vkSj eNyh idM+uk] •uu vkSj mR•uu*
f}rh;d mRiknu] fctyh] xSl] ikuh dh vkiwfrZ vkSj vU; mi;ksfxrk lsok,a] fuekZ.k
r`rh;d O;kikj] gksVy] ifjogu] lapkj vkSj çlkj.k] foÙkh;] vpy laifÙk vkSj
is'ksoj lsok,a] yksd ç'kklu] j{kk vkSj vU; lsok,a
* fVIi.kh% •uu vkSj mR•uu dks dHkh&dHkh f}rh;d {ks=k esa Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA
vkfFkZd fodkl
z cgqr le; rd] vFkZ'kkL=k dsoy fdlh ns'k ds mRiknu vkSj
vk; dh ek=kk c<+kus ij dsafær FkkA ;g eku fy;k x;k Fkk
fd dsoy mRiknu dh ek=kk dks c<+kdj] ,d jk"Vª viuh
vk; c<+k ldrk gS vkSj bl çdkj vius ukxfjdksa ds thou
ds Lrj esa lq/kj yk;k tk ldrk gSA
z blfy,] 1950 ds n'kd rd ^o`f¼* vkSj "fodkl" ds
chp dksbZ varj ugha FkkA
z vkfFkZd fodkl yksxksa ds thou esa ek=kkRed vkSj xq.kkRed
cnyko gS tks mudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa esa lq/kj ds lkFk
vkrk gSA blds lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd nksuksa igyw gksrs gSaA
z jk"Vªh; vk; esa o`f¼ ds vykok] blesa cnyko Hkh 'kkfey
gSa & lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] jktuhfrd vkSj lkFk gh vkfFkZd
tks HkkSfrd çxfr esa ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA
44
z çkÑfrd iwath dk fglkc j•dj] ge çkÑfrd iwath dk
cqf/eÙkkiw.kZ mi;ksx djds fujarj vk; çkIr dj ldrs
gSaA
z Hkkjr us 2008 esa "jk"Vªh; tSo fofo/rk dk;Z ;kstuk"
çdkf'kr dh] ftlesa tSo fofo/rk }kjk mRikfnr oLrqvksa
vkSj lsokvksa ds ewY; ij çdk'k Mkyk x;kA bldk mís';
jk"Vªh; ys•kadu esa bu ewY;ksa dks 'kkfey djuk FkkA
fcx eSd baMsDl%
z bls Ø; 'kfÙkQ lekurk (PPP) ds fl¼kar ij vk/kfjr
yanu dh bdksukWfeLV if=kdk }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k
gSA
z fcx eSd eSdMkWuYM~l }kjk cspk tkus okyk ,d fo'ks"k
rjg dk cxZj gSA bldk mi;ksx fcx eSd ds laca/ esa nks
vyx&vyx eqækvksa esa mudh Ø; 'kfÙkQ ds vuqlkj rqyuk
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA (;w,l, (USA) esa 5 MkWyj
vkSj Hkkjr esa 350 vkbZ,uvkj (INR) eku yhft;s)-
z ihihih (PPP) rqyuk ds lkFk ykHk ;g gS fd ;g eqæk ds
tehuh Lrj ds ewY; ds cjkcj gS vkSj fofue; nj ç.kkyh
ds leku vfLFkj ugha gSA
ekStnw k dher ij fgLlk (yxHkx vkadM+)s
22»
26»
54»
z mnkgj.k ds fy,_ vkfFkZd fodkl Hkkjr esa mPp osru]
ifjokjksa vkSj O;fÙkQ;ksa }kjk cpr esa o`f¼] cqfu;knh <kaps
vkSj 'kklu dh mPp xq.koÙkk vkSj turk ds n`f"Vdks.k esa
cnyko dh meax yk;k gSA
z ;g lekt ds HkkSfrd dY;k.k esa yxkrkj lq/kj gSA
;g vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dh rqyuk esa ,d O;kid vo/kj.kk
gSA
z ;g laHko gS fd fdlh ns'k esa vkfFkZd lao`f¼ rks gks
ysfdu vkfFkZd fodkl u gksA mnkgj.k ds fy,] eè;
iwohZ ns'kksa esa] mPp vk; o`f¼ dh rqyuk mPp fodkl ls
ugha dh tk ldrhA
z vc tSls ^dY;k.kdkjh jkT;* dh vo/kj.kk yksdfç; gks
jgh gS_ vkfFkZd fodkl nqfu;k Hkj dh ljdkjksa ds fy, ,d
cM+h fpark dk fo"k; cu x;k gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 dY;k.kdkjh jkT;
z ;g ,d ,slh 'kklu O;oLFkk gS tgk¡ jkT; ;k çkf/dj.k vius ukxfjdksa ds fy, cqfu;knh vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd çfrHkwfr;k¡
çnku djrk gSA
z ljdkj ukxfjdksa ds O;fÙkQxr vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA bldk mís'; leku volj vkSj /u dk ,d
leku forj.k djuk gSA
z vk/qfud jkT; ,d dY;k.kdkjh jkT; gS tks vkarfjd vkSj ckgjh] nksuksa rjg ls fLFkjrk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vkfFkZd
vkSj lkekftd vk/kj cukrk gS_ ;g lrr fodkl ds fy, lalk/uksa dk laj{k.k djrk gSA
z vk/qfud jkT;] thou dh U;wure vko';drk,a çnku djus ds vykok lkoZtfud LokLF;] LoPNrk] f'k{kk] chek] ifjogu
vkSj lapkj vkfn tSls lkekftd nkf;Roksa dks Hkh laHkkyrs gSaA
z Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa "ekSfyd vf/dkj vkSj funZs'kd fl¼kar" ds çko/ku gSa tks lafo/ku ds vuqlkj dY;k.k dks çkFkfedrk
nsrs gSaA
z xka/h ds fopkjksa us vk/qfud dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] xka/h dk frfyLe ;k ea=k] VªLVhf'ki
fl¼kar vkfn dh vo/kj.kkvksa us Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA
z Hkkjr ds lafo/ku esa of.kZr vuqPNsnksa esa çko/ku] dY;k.kdkjh mik;ksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, Hkh gSaA

vkfFkZd fodkl ds ladsrd

z HkwVku ds iwoZ jktk ftXes flax;s okaxpqd }kjk 1970 ds n'kd esa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) ds
fodYi ds :i esa fn;k x;k ,d 'kCnA
z ;g dsoy vafre y{; ds :i esa vkfFkZd fodkl ij è;ku dsafær ugha djrk gSA blds fuEufyf•r
pkj vk;ke gSa%
 yxkrkj lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl

ldy jk"Vªh;  lkaLÑfrd laj{k.k

•q'kgkyh  i;kZoj.k laj{k.k

 lq'kklu

z ;g 33 ladsrdksa esa ekik x;k gS] ukS dk;Z{ks=k (euksoSKkfud dY;k.k] le; dk mi;ksx vkfn) ls
cuk gSA bl çdkj] ;g ,d cgqvk;keh lwpdkad gSA
z bldk lcls cM+k ykHk ;g gS fd ;g vkfFkZd lao`f¼ ls t~;knk dY;k.k ij dsafær gSA gkfu ;g gS
fd_ •q'kh ,d O;fÙkQijd eqík gS vkSj ,d yacs loZs{k.k esa cgqr vf/d le; yxrk gSA
z la;qÙkQ jk"Vª yxkrkj fodkl lek/ku usVodZ }kjk ldy •q'khgkyh fjiksVZ ds rgr çdkf'kr_
bldk mís'; jk"Vªksa dks vius ukxfjdksa dh •q'kh ds fy, uhfr;k¡ cukus esa lgk;rk djuk gSA
z ;g HkwVku ds ldy •q'kgkyh lwpdkad ls çsfjr gS vkSj igyh ckj 2012 esa tkjh fd;k x;k FkkA
z ;g t~;knkrj O;fÙkQ;ksa dh çfrfØ;kvksa ij vk/kfjr gSA
z dY;k.k dk vkdyu djus ds fy, blds Ng pj gSa%
•q'kgkyh lwpdkad 1- vk;
2- LoLFk thou çR;k'kk
3- lkekftd lg;ksx
4- Lora=krk
5- fo'okl
6- mnkjrk

vkfFkZdd lalaoo`f¼
vkfFkZ `f¼vkSvkS
j jfodkl
fodkl 45
 z fo'o •q'kgkyh fjiksVZ 2022
 fiQuySaM ,d ckj fiQj yxkrkj ikapoha ckj lcls •q'kgky ns'k gSA

 nwljs vkSj rhljs LFkku ij MsuekdZ vkSj vkblySaM gSA

 igys rhu LFkkuksa ij LdSafMusfo;kbZ ns'kksa dk dCtk gSA Hkkjr dh jSafdax 136 gSA

 lcls t~;knk nq•h ns'k viQxkfuLrku gSA

z fnYyh ds ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa 2018 esa •q'kgkyh ikBÔØe tkjh fd;k x;k FkkA blds mís'; bl
çdkj gSa%
 vkRe tkx:drk

 lpsrurk

 vkykspukRed lksp vkSj iwNrkN ds dkS'ky dks fodflr djuk

 çHkkoh laokn djuk

 rukoiw.kZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy, thou dkS'ky

z fnYyh ls çsj.kk ysrs gq,_ ,eih (MP)] vka/z çns'k] mÙkjk•aM vkSj dqN vU; jkT;ksa vkSj ;w,bZ
(UAE) tSls ns'kksa us blh rjg dh igy 'kq: djus dh ;kstuk cukbZ gSA
z fnYyh ds Ldwyksa ds loZs{k.kksa ls irk pyrk gS fd ikBÔØe dk Nk=kksa dh ifjiDork vkSj HkkoukRed
dY;k.k ij ykHknk;d çHkko iM+ jgk FkkA
z ;g jk"Vªh; çxfr dk vkdyu djus ds fy, ^jhfMiQkbfuax çksxzsl* uked ,d ;w,l (US)&vkèkkfjr
fFkad VSad }kjk çdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA
okLrfod çxfr z ;g fdlh jk"Vª dh dY;k.k dh x.kuk ds fy, i;kZoj.kh; vkSj lkekftd dkjdksa dks è;ku esa ysrk gSA
ladsrd z ;g i;kZoj.kh; gkfu] lalk/u dh deh] c<+rh vijk/ nj vkfn dh ykxr esa dVkSrh djrk gSA
z blesa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GPI) tSlh lkekftd vkSj i;kZoj.kh; ykxrsa Hkh 'kkfey gSa_ ysfdu
mudk egRo vyx gSA
z bls lks'ky çksxzsl baihjsfVo ued ,d xSj&ykHkdkjh laxBu }kjk çdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g
veR;Z lsu vkSj tkslsiQ fLVfXyV~t ds ys•u ij vk/kfjr gSA
lkekftd çxfr z ;g rhu dkjdksa ij è;ku nsrk gS%
lwpdkad% 1- cqfu;knh ekuoh; t:jrsaA
2- dY;k.k dh uhaoA
3- voljA
z vkfFkZd lg;ksx vkSj fodkl laxBu us bls 2011 esa çdkf'kr fd;k FkkA
vksbZlhMh dk csgrj
z ;g è;ku esa j•rk gS] dY;k.k ds X;kjg lokZsÙke ekunaM% vkokl] vk;] ukSdjh] leqnk;] f'k{kk]
thou lwpdkad%
i;kZoj.k] 'kklu] LokLF;] thou larqf"V] lqj{kk] dke vkSj thou ds chp dk larqyuA
z vkfFkZd fodkl ds vk;&vk/kfjr ladsrdksa esa dbZ dfe;k¡ FkhaA thou ds xq.koÙkk lwpdkad (QOLI)
,d ns'k ds vf/dka'k yksxksa dh dbZ t:jrksa ij è;ku dsafær djrk gSA
thou dk xq.koÙkk
z ;g fofHkUu dkjdksa ij vk/kfjr gS tSls thou dh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dh miyC/rk tSls Hkkstu]
lwpdkad
vkJ;] oL=k] /u forj.k esa lekurk] LoPN okrkoj.k] LokLF; ns•Hkky] lk{kjrk] jktuhfrd vkSj
ukxfjd vf/dkj vkfnA
z 1970 ds n'kd esa Mh-ekWfjl }kjk fodflr_ ;g thou dh xq.koÙkk ekius ds fy, ,d çeq•
thou dk HkkSfrd
lwpdkad cu x;k gSA
xq.koÙkk lwpdkad
z ;g lwpd] thou ds xq.koÙkk lwpdkad (QOLI) ds vuqlkj rhu ckj ladsrdksa dks è;ku esa j•rk gSA

46 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 z thou çR;k'kk % ;g mu o"kks± dh la[;k gS tks ,d uotkr f'k'kq ds thus dh mEehn dh tkrh
gSA bls csgrj çlo iwoZ vkSj çlo foijhr ns•Hkky] csgrj LokLF; lqfo/kvksa vkSj cqfu;knh <kaps]
LoPNrk vkSj iks"k.k }kjk c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA
 mPp thou mEehn vkfFkZd fodkl dk ifj.kke gS vkSj cnys esa mPp vkfFkZd fodkl esa

;ksxnku nsrk gSA

 bls o"kks± esa ekik tkrk gS vkSj ;g ftruk vf/d gks mruk vPNk gSA

z f'k'kq e`R;q & nj% ;g tUe vkSj 1 o"kZ dh vk;q ds chp ds cPpksa dh e`R;q gSA ;g okaNuh; gS
fd ;g de jgsA bls eghuksa esa ekik tkrk gSA
z lk{kjrk% ;g i<+us vkSj fy•us dh {kerk dks n'kkZrk gSA csgrj lk{kjrk nj dk eryc gS_ yksxksa
ds ikl mrus gh vf/d volj gksaxsA bls çfr'kr ds :i esa ekik tkrk gSA
z thou lwpdkad dh HkkSfrd xq.koÙkk (PQLI) ¾ (thou mEehn ladsrd $ f'k'kq e`R;q nj
ladsrd $ ewyHkwr lk{kjrk ladsrd)@3
z 'kwU; ls ,d ds iSekus ij thou lwpdkad dh HkkSfrd xq.koÙkk (PQLI) dh x.kuk djus ds fy,
3 ladsrdksa ds ewY;ksa dks lkekU;hÑr fd;k tkrk gSA
z UN ekuo fodkl lwpdkad (HDI) dks ,d ikfdLrkuh vFkZ'kkL=kh& egcwc my gd us 1990 esa
ukscsy fotsrk Hkkjrh; vFkZ'kkL=kh Jh veR;Z lsu dh lgk;rk ls fodflr fd;k FkkA
z bldk mi;ksx 1993 ls la;qÙkQ jk"Vª dh okf"kZd fodkl fjiksVZ esa fd;k tk jgk gSA
z ;g lwpdkad ekuo fodkl ds rhu ewyHkwr {ks=kksa esa fdlh ns'k dh vkSlr miyfC/;ksa dks ekirk gS%
 LokLF;% tUe ds le; thou çR;k'kk }kjk ekik tkrk gSA

 Kku% o;Ld lk{kjrk nj vkSj dqy mifLFkfr vuqikr esa ekik tkrk gSA

 thou Lrj% vesfjdh MkWyj esa çfr O;fÙkQ GDP esa ekik tkrk gSA

z ekuo fodkl lwpdkad (HDI) ds ?kVd%

 LokLF; % ,d yack vkSj LoLFk thou

 Kku% nks pjksa ds la;kstu ls ekik tkrk gS%

1- Ldwyh f'k{kk ds vkSlr o"kZ

2- Ldwyh f'k{kk ds visf{kr o"kZ
ekuo fodkl
 mfpr thou Lrj% ,d ns'k ldy jk"Vªh; vk; (GNI) }kjk ekik tkrk gS ftls Ø; 'kfÙkQ
lwpdkad (ekuo
lerk ds fy, lek;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA
fodkl lwpdkad)
z ekuo fodkl lwpdkad (HDI) ¾ rhljk :V vksoj (LokLF; lwpdkad $ lk{kjrk lwpdkad $
vk; lwpdkad)
z ;g 1993 ls gj lky tkjh fd;k tkrk gS vkSj rhu {ks=kksa esa jk"Vªksa dks muds çn'kZu ds vuqlkj
lwphc¼ djrk gSA
z 2010 esa] igyh ckj] ^vlekurk lek;ksftr (Inequality adjusted)* ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ
tkjh dh xbZ FkhA ;g rhuksa {ks=kksa & f'k{kk] thou Lrj vkSj LokLF; esa vlekurkvksa dks n'kkZrk gSA
z ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ (HDR) 2021 esa Hkkjr dk çn'kZu%
 ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ (HDR) esa Hkkjr dh jSad 2020 esa 131@189 ls fxjdj 2021 esa 132@191

ns'kksa ij vk xbZ gSA ;g yxkrkj nks lky ls de gqvk gSA jSad esa deh dks thou çR;k'kk esa
deh ds dkj.k gksuk crk;k x;k FkkA
 Hkkjr dh thou mEehn 67-2 (2020 esa 69-7) FkhA fo'o Lrj ij Hkh] thou çR;k'kk esa

fxjkoV vkbZ gSA

 Hkkjr esa fo|ky;h f'k{kk dk visf{kr o"kZ 11-9 o"kZ FkkA

vkfFkZdd lalaoo`f¼
vkfFkZ `f¼vkSvkS
j jfodkl
fodkl 47
  fo|ky;h f'k{kk dk vkSlr o"kZ 6-7 o"kZ FkkA
 Hkkjr] nqfu;k dh rqyuk esa iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa ds chp ekuo fodkl dh nwjh dks rsth ls

de dj jgk gSA
 Hkkjr dk ekuo fodkl lwpdkad (HDI) ewY; nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;k ds ekuo fodkl ls csgrj

cuk gqvk gSA

 fiNys ,d n'kd esa] Hkkjr us 271 fefy;u yksxksa dks cgqvk;keh xjhch ls ckgj fudkyk gSA

z fo'o Lrj ij_ mnklh] xqLlk vkSj fpark fiNys ,d n'kd ls c<+rh tk jgh gSA
z vkSlru] ns'k vius ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) dk 2» ls Hkh de ekufld LokLF; ij •pZ
djrs gSaA
z 2021 dh fjiksVZ esa 3 I's ij è;ku dsafær djus dh fliQkfj'k dh xbZ gS%
1- bUosLVesaV (fuos'k) & uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ ij
2- bu';ksjsal (chek) & lkekftd lqj{kk
3- buksos'ku (uokpkj) & rduhdh] vkfFkZd] lkaLÑfrd
z Hkkjr bu rhuksa ^I* ij çeq• rjhds ls fuos'k dj jgk gSA

jkstxkjghu lao`f¼
z ;g vFkZO;oLFkk dk og pj.k gS tgk¡ vFkZO;oLFkk esa o`f¼
gksus ij Hkh csjkstxkjh yxkrkj cuh jgrh gSA
z jkstxkj dk mRiknu] ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) o`f¼
ds lkFk rkyesy ugha •krk gSA fofuekZ.k vkSj lsok {ks=k
nksuksa esa_ jkstxkj mRiUu djus dh laHkkouk rd ugha igqap
ikrs gSaA
z ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa 10» dh o`f¼ Hkkjr esa ukSdfj;ksa esa
dsoy 1» dh o`f¼ iSnk djrh gSA
Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh esa o`f¼ ds dkj.k%
z dksfoM dk çHkko% cM+h la[;k esa yksxksa us viuh ukSdjh
•ks nh gS vkSj bldh fjdojh] csjkstxkj] vYi&jkstxkj vkSj
ftUgksaus vHkh&vHkh ukSdjh dh ryk'k 'kq: dh gS mu yksxksa
dks dke fnykus esa foiQy jgh gSA
z deZpkjh cy dh Hkkxhnkjh nj] dkuwuh dkedkth mez
ds 900 fefy;u Hkkjrh;ksa esa ls dsoy 40» rd fxj xbZA
z lsokvksa vk/kfjr o`f¼% Kku vk/kfjr lsok,a vFkZO;oLFkk
ij gkoh gS_ tks LoHkko ls de dke nsus okys {ks=k gSA
z fofHkUu {ks=kksa ij lq/kj ykus dk vHkko% cqfu;knh <kaps
dh vM+pusa] tfVy vkSj vyx&vyx deZpkjh dkuwu vkSj
fu;e] O;kikj djus dh fNih ykxr vkfn bu lcdks ns•us
dh t:jr gSA
z vk;kr ij fuHkZjrk% Hkkjr us vk;kr çfrLFkkiu uhfr;ksa dks
bl ls igys ugha ns•k FkkA ;g vk;kr ij fuHkZj Fkk vkSj
bl çdkj ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dk fodkl ugha gqvkA
z deZpkjh dkuwu% Hkkjr ds deZpkjh dkuwu] NksVs m|ksxksa dks
çksRlkfgr djrs gSaA dbZ jkT;ksa esa deZpkjh la[;k dks ?kVkuk@
dke ls fudkyus ls igys 100 ls vf/d deZpkfj;ksa okys
m|ksxksa dks ljdkjh vuqefr ysus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
;s vuqefr 'kk;n gh dHkh nh tkrh gSA
z fo'o cSad ds ,d vè;;u dk nkok gS fd vkS|ksfxd
fookn vf/fu;e_ mRiknu {ks=k ds jkstxkj esa 25 iQhlnh
dh deh vkbZ gSA
z eè;e vkSj NksVs m|ksxksa ds çfr •jkc O;ogkj vkSj
de è;ku nsuk] tks Je ç/ku gSa ysfdu ½.k rd igqap
dh deh gSA
z fuos'k ds fy, ljdkj ls feyus okyh çksRlkgu jkf'k
fuos'k dh xbZ jkf'k ls lacaf/r gS u fd jkstxkj ds l`tu lsA
Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh esa o`f¼ dk çHkko%
z bl leL;k us gky gh esa vius y{k.k fn•k, tc vfXuiFk
;kstuk ds ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa fgalkRed
fojks/ gqvkA
z fo'o cSad ds vuqlkj] 2010&2020 ds chp dkedkth
efgykvksa dh la[;k 26» ls fxjdj 19» gks xbZ gSA
z Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh fuxjkuh ds fy, dsaæ (CMIE)
us dgk fd efgyk deZpkjh 'kfÙkQ Hkkxhnkjh nj 2022 rd
9» rd fxj xbZA
z Ñf"k {ks=k esa dke djus okys yksxksa dh la[;k yxkrkj fxj
jgh Fkh tc rd fd dksfoM us bl ço`fÙk dks iyV fn;kA

48 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z deZpkjh t~;knk gksus ds ckotwn Hkkjr esa dkS'ky dh deh
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Vªd #ds gq, gSa D;ksafd pykus okys
Mªkboj dqN gh gSaA
lek/ku%
z vkS|ksfxd fookn vf/fu;e] vkS|ksfxd jkstxkj vf/fu;e
vkSj VªsM ;wfu;u vf/fu;e ij è;ku nsus ds lkFk dsaæh;
vkSj jkT; Lrj ij csgrj Je dkuwuA
z jkstxkj mRikn djus dh igy dks ns'k ds fu;ksftr
fodkl ls tksM+uk pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy,] cM+s cqfu;knh
<kaps okyh ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, eujsxk deZpkfj;ksa dk
mi;ksx djuk vkSj ve#r (AMRUT) dks jkstxkj ;kstukvksa
ls tksM+ukA
z • eè;orhZ vkSj dkWyst Lrj ij dkS'ky vk/kfjr@O;kolkf;d
çf'k{k.k ds lkFk f'k{kk {ks=k esa lq/kj djukA
z • •k| çlaLdj.k] oL=k] peM+k] jRu vkSj vkHkw"k.k vkfn
tSls vf/d Je okys {ks=kksa dks c<+kok nsukA
z dk;Zcy dk t~;knk dkS'ky ds lkFk lajpukRed ifjorZu
gksuk pkfg,_ ;k rks ljdkj }kjk lh/s ;k Lo;a m|ksxksa }kjk
çf'k{k.k çk;ksftr djdsA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Vªd #ds gq, gSa
D;ksafd dq'ky Mªkbojksa dh deh gSA
mBk, x, dne%
z fofHkUu jkT;ksa us ljdkj dh vuqefr ds fcuk fy, tkus
okys deZpkfj;ksa dh la[;k dks c<+kdj 300 dj fn;k gS
(jktLFkku] vka/z] egkjk"Vª vkfn)A
z dkS'ky Hkkjr dk;ZØe% m|ksx dh ekaxksa vkSj dkS'ky
gkfly djus ds chp dh nwjh dks gVkus ds fy, fofHkUu
dkS'ky fodkl çf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa ds fy, 2015 esa ?kksf"kr
fd;k x;k gSA
z ç/kuea=kh jkstxkj mRiknu dk;ZØe% bldh ?kks"k.kk 2008
esa •knh vkSj xzkeks|ksx ds lkFk xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh nksuksa
{ks=kksa esa jkstxkj çnku djus ds fy, uksMy ,tsalh ds :i
esa dh xbZ FkhA
z egkRek xka/h jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/fu;e&
eujsxk (MGNREGA)% xzkeh.k ifjokjksa dks vk'oLr :i
ls ,d foÙkh; o"kZ esa 100 fnuksa dk dke] ftldk o;Ld
lnL; dq'ky 'kkjhfjd Je djus ds fy, rS;kj gSA
z esd bu bafM;k ;kstuk% Hkkjr esa fuos'k vkSj mRiknu ds
fy, fofHkUu m|ksxksa dks mRiknu ls tqM+s çksRlkgu nsukA
z ,e,l,ebZ (MSME) lsDVj ij è;ku% bl {ks=k ls fu;kZr
dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, dksfoM egkekjh ds nkSjku ,e,l,ebZ
{ks=k] jSai (RAMP) ;kstuk vkSj foÙkh; iSdstksa dks fiQj ls
ifjHkkf"kr djukA
vkfFkZdd lalaoo`f¼
vkfFkZ `f¼vkSvkS
j jfodkl
fodkl
z vkRe fuHkZj Hkkjr vfHk;ku% mRiknu] vkiwfrZ vkSj ekax esa
lq/kj ij è;ku nsus ds fy,A
z ih,e eqæk ;kstuk% ;g 10 yk• #i;s rd ds tekur
eqÙkQ ½.k çnku djrk gSA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dh çÑfr dks csjkstxkj dh o`f¼
ds :i esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA D;k vki bl ls lger
gSa\ vius mÙkj ds i{k esa rdZ nhft,A (2015)
vksdqu dk fu;e
z 1960 esa ;sy fo'ofo|ky; ds çksiQslj vkFkZj
vksdqu }kjk nkok fd;k x;k_ ;g vkfFkZd fodkl
vkSj jkstxkj ds chp laca/ksa dh tkap ds lcls ljy
vkSj lqfo/ktud rjhdksa esa ls ,d gSA
z rdZ ;g gS fd mRiknu fuekZ.k çfØ;k esa mi;ksx fd,
x, Je dh ek=kk ij fuHkZj djrk gS] blfy, mRiknu
vkSj jkstxkj ds chp ,d ldkjkRed laca/ gS vkSj
mRiknu vkSj csjkstxkjh ds chp ,d udkjkRed laca/ gSA
z ldkjkRed laca/ dk eryc gS fd ;fn X c<+rk gS rks
Y ds Hkh vf/d c<+us dh laHkkouk gS vkSj udkjkRed
laca/ ds fy, blds foijhrA
z dqy csjkstxkjh ¾ Je 'kfÙkQ & csjkstxkjA
z ;g ns'k dh csjkstxkjh vkSj vkfFkZd lao`f¼ nj ds chp
lkaf[;dh; laca/ksa dks ns•rk gSA
z blesa dgk x;k gS fd csjkstxkjh esa 1» dh deh gkfly
djus ds fy, fdlh ns'k dh ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dks ,d
lky esa 4» dh nj ls c<+uk pkfg,A
fodflr] fodkl'khy vkSj lcls de
fodflr ns'kksa dh vo/kj.kk
z ldy ?kjsyw mRikn] vkS|ksxhdj.k] ekuo fodkl lwpdkad]
cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj thou Lrj tSls ekunaMksa dk mi;ksx ns'kksa
dks oxhZÑr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
z fodflr ns'kksa esa vR;f/d fodflr lsok {ks=k gS vkSj ;g
vFkZO;oLFkk esa cgqr ;ksxnku nsrk gSA ;s vkS|ksfxd ;qx ds ckn
ds vFkZO;oLFkk,a gSa vFkkZr ;s m|ksx vk/kfjr fodkl ;qx ls
vkxs fudy pqdh gSAa (blfy, Hkkjr ,d fodflr ns'k ugha gS)
z ,d vfodflr ;k fodkl'khy ns'k dk de ekuo fodkl
lwpdkad (HDI)] Lo:i esa cgqr de fodkl] de cqfu;knh
<kaps] de thou Lrj] mPp tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k] lLrs
Je vkfn dk xokg gSA
49
  1990 ds n'kd esa mnkjhdj.k gksus okys ns'k cgqr rsth
ls 'kgjhdj.k vkSj fodkl fd vksj tk jgs gSa vkSj mUgsa
uo vkS|ksxhÑr ns'k dgk tkrk gSA tSls Hkkjr vkSj phuA
 os fodflr vkSj vfodflr ns'kksa ds chp esa vkrs gSa
vkSj os fuos'k djus ds fy, vR;ar vuqdwy ns'k gSaA
z lcls de fodflr ns'k os gSa tks la;qÙkQ jk"Vª ds vuqlkj
3 fof'k"V ekunaMksa dks iwjk djrs gSa%
1- xjhch% çfr O;fÙkQ vk; 1035 vesfjdh MkWyj ls de
gSA
2- detksj ekuo lalk/u
3- vkfFkZd Hks|rk
z ,yMhlh (LDC) ekunaM dh gj rhu lky esa leh{kk dh
tkrh gSA vf/dka'k vÚhdh ns'k bl Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA
fo'o cSad oxhZdj.k (2022)
vFkZO;oLFkk gS] ysfdu ckdh vFkZO;oLFkk fodflr gks jgh
gSA
vYi fodflr ns'kksa ds lkekU; y{k.k%
z de çfr O;fÙkQ vk;
z thou Lrj bruk uhps gS fd cqfu;knh t:jrsa Hkh miyC/
ugha gSaA
z vR;f/d tula[;k o`f¼ nj] t~;knk miHkksx O;; vkSj de
cpr ,oa de fuos'k dh vksj ys tkrh gSA
z vR;f/d vleku vk; forj.k
z mPp vlekurk vkSj de çfr O;fÙkQ vk; ds dkj.k cM+s
iSekus ij xjhchA
z mRikndrk dk fupyk Lrj vFkkZr çfr O;fÙkQ mRiknu cgqr
de gS D;ksafd%
 v{ke vkSj fiNM+s dk;Zcy

Js.kh dSfiVk (;w,lMh esa)  dke dh •jkc laLÑfr

de vk; > 1085  e'khujh esa iwath dk de mi;ksx

fupyk eè;e vk; 1086-4255 z • iwath fuekZ.k dh nj vkSj cpr nj cgqr de gSA
mPp eè;e vk; 4255-13]205 z de vk; Lrj vkSj çkS|ksfxdh esa fuos'k djus esa vleFkZrk
mPp vk; < 13,205 ds dkj.k rduhdh fiNM+kiuA
z ,sls ns'k gks ldrs gSa ftUgsa mPp vk; ds vanj oxhZÑr fd;k z iwath dh deh vkSj fodkl ds de Lrj ds dkj.k t~;knk
x;k gS ysfdu mUgsa fodkl'khy ekuk tkrk gSA csjkstxkjhA
z bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd muds ikl rsy vkSj xSl (•kM+h z fodkl ds lkekftd ladsrd esa deh tSls de lk{kjrk nj]
lg;ksx ifj"kn ns'kksa) ij vk/kfjr fu;kZr djus okyh mPp f'k'kq e`R;q nj] de thou çR;k'kk vkfnA

uhfr vk;ksx% Hkkjr @75& vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dks c<+kus dk mís';

z Hkkjr dh ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) esa mRiknu dk fgLlk fuEu vkSj eè;e vk; okys ns'kksa ds vkSlr dh
rqyuk esa de gSA
orZeku fLFkfr z vkWVkseksckby vkSj iQkekZ tSls iwath ?kfu"B {ks=kksa esa mPpre o`f¼ ns•h xbZ gSA
z Hkkjr] cM+s iSekus ij Je ç/ku mRiknu {ks=k dks fodflr djus ds fy, Je vkSj dkS'ky ykxr ykHkksa dks
ysus esa la?k"kZ dj jgk gSA
z 2018 ls 2023 ds nkSjku 8» fodkl nj ds y{; dks çkIr djus ds fy, ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) dh
o`f¼ nj esa fu;fer o`f¼A
mís'; z fuos'k nj dks ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) ds 29 iQhlnh ls c<+kdj 36 iQhlnh djukA
z la;qÙkQ :i ls oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds fu;kZr dks 2022&23 rd 478 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj ls c<+kdj
800 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z fuos'k njsa c<+kus ds fy,%
 2022&23 rd dj& ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) vuqikr dks 22» rd c<+kus dk y{;A

vkxs dh jkg  dkWikZsjsV vkSj O;fÙkQxr vk;dj nksuksa ds fy, lh/s djksa dks fl¼ djukA dj vuqikyu cks> dks de djukA

 vpy iwath fuekZ.k esa ljdkj ds ;ksxnku dks ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) ds de ls de 7» rd c<+kukA

z vkokl vkSj cqfu;knh <kapk {ks=k esa lkoZtfud fuos'k esa o`f¼ djukA

50 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 z futh fuos'k dks vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, xSj&j.kuhfrd lhih,lbZ(CPSE) ls ckgj fudyukA
z dsydj lfefr }kjk lq>k, x, ihihih (PPP) ekWMy ds vk/kj ij cqfu;knh <kaps esa futh fuos'k dks
çksRlkfgr djukA
z eSØks@lef"V vkfFkZd fLFkjrk%
 ljdkj ds dtZ@ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) vuqikr dks /hjs&/hjs de djukA

 çHkkoh jktLo ?kkVs dks tYn ls tYn de djukA

 foÙkh; ?kkVs ds fy, y{;] ekStwnk vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij vk/kfjr gksuk pkfg, ftlesa lhek ls cpus

dk fodYi gksA
 eqækLiQhfr dks 2» ls 6» ds chp lhfer djukA

z n{k foÙkh; eè;LFkrk%

 foÙkh; cktkjksa dks etcwr djsa] iwath dks vklkuh ls miyC/ djk,a] cpr dks djus ds fy, foÙkh;

cktkjksa dk mi;ksx djsa vkSj tksf•e ewY;kadu <kaps esa lq/kj djsaA
 okf.kT; dh n`f"V ls lapkfyr vkSj Lora=k cSad cksMZ LFkkfir djds lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa ds 'kklu

esa lq/kj djukA

 foÙkh; {ks=k ds mnkjhdj.k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, fxÝV flVh dk ykHk mBk;k tkuk pkfg,A

 ckaM cktkjksa dks etcwr djds vkSj jktdks"k dks etcwr cukdj nh?kZdkfyd fuos'k vko';drkvksa ds

fy, oSdfYid lk/u cukukA

z fu;kZr vkSj mRiknu ij è;ku%
 ykWftfLVd {ks=k dks vf/d dq'ky cukukA

 Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa dh oSf'od çfrLi/kZ lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fctyh ç'kqYd lajpukvksa dks ;qfÙkQ laxr

cukukA
 Mh,evkbZlh (DMIC) vkSj MsfMdsVsM ÚsV dkWfjMksj tSlh igys ls py jgh ifj;kstukvksa dks iwjk djds

la;kstdrk esa lq/kj djsaA

 lHkh {ks=kksa esa deZpkjh çko/kuksa dks lqfo/k'khy cukuk vkSj jkT;ksa dks lHkh {ks=kksa esa fuf'pr vof/ ds

jkstxkj dks ykxw djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djukA

 vkbZVh (IT)] vkbZVhbZ,l (ITES)] fpfdRlk] ;k=kk] vkSj n`';&JO; lsokvksa] i;ZVu lfgr 12 mÙke ntZs

dh lsok {ks=kksa dks c<+kok nsukA

 fu;kZr lao/Zu ifj"knksa (bZihlh) ds 'kklu vkSj rduhdh {kerkvksa dks etcwr cukukA

 mHkjrs nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ vkSj nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa ds lkFk ?kfu"B :i ls tqM+ukA

z jkstxkj dk mRiknu%
 Je cy esa u, ços'kdksa vkSj Ñf"k {ks=k ls ckgj iyk;u djus okyksa ds fy, i;kZIr jkstxkj iSnk djukA

 mRiknu] fuekZ.k vkSj lsok {ks=k esa cM+h la[;k esa jkstxkj iSnk fd, tk ldrs gSaA

 LokLF;] f'k{kk vkSj dkS'ky ifj.kkeksa esa lq/kj ds ekè;e ls jkstxkj fnykus dh {kerk dks c<+k;k tk

ldrk gSA
z mUur vFkZO;oLFkkvksa okys ns'kksa ds foijhr] Hkkjr esa nksuksa
vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2021% vlekurk vkSj
lkekftd&vkfFkZd ladsrdksa ij muds çHkkoksa ds lanHkZ
o`f¼ & la?k"kZ ;k lfEeyu\ esa lfEeyu djrs gSaA
z vkfFkZd lao`f¼ ds lkFk&lkFk vlekurk dk lkekftd&vkfFkZd z vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dk vlekurk dh rqyuk esa xjhch fuokj.k
ladsrdksa ds lkFk leku laca/ gSA ij cgqr vf/d çHkko iM+rk gSA

vkfFkZdd lalaoo`f¼
vkfFkZ `f¼vkSvkS
j jfodkl
fodkl 51
z vlekurk dks de djus ds fy, /u dk nksckjk forj.k
rHkh lkFkZd gksrk gS tc ckaVs tkus okys iQy dk vkdkj
cM+k gksA blfy, vkfFkZd lao`f¼ çkFkfedrk gksuh pkfg,A
z dqN vkadM+ksa ls gesa ;g ladsr feyrk gS fd vfxze
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa okys ns'kksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls oSf'od foÙkh;
ladV ds ckn_ vlekurk ,d nq?kZVuk ugha cfYd iwathokn
dk ,d y{k.k gSA
vlekurk vkSj lkekftd&vkfFkZd ladsrd%
z LokLF; ifj.kkeksa ds lwpdkad dk Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa esa vk;
vlekurk vkSj çfr O;fÙkQ vk; ds lkFk ldkjkRed laca/
gSA (;kuh tc LokLF; ifj.kkeksa esa lq/kj gksrk gS_ vlekurk
dh fLFkfr esa lq/kj gksrk gS vkSj çfr O;fÙkQ vk; esa Hkh
lq/kj gksrk gS)
z tc ge f'k{kk] thou mEehn] f'k'kq e`R;q nj vkSj vijk/
ds lwpdkad dk mi;ksx djrs gSa rks ifj.kke leku gksrs gSaA
z Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa esa u rks vlekurk vkSj u gh çfr O;fÙkQ
vk;] u'khyh nokvksa ds mi;ksx ds lkFk etcwr laca/ j•rk
gSA (;kuh u'khyh nokvksa ds mi;ksx esa o`f¼ dk eryc
vlekurk ;k çfr O;fÙkQ vk; ds Lrj esa lq/kj ugha gS)
z vlekurk vkSj çfr O;fÙkQ vk; esa lq/kj ds lkFk tUe
nj vkSj çtuu nj esa fxjkoV vkrh gS_ tcfd e`R;q
nj nksuksa esa ls fdlh ds lkFk fcYdqy Hkh lacaf/r ugha gSA
z laifÙk ds LokfeRo esa vlekurk vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj esa vlekurk
ds chp ,d detksj ldkjkRed laca/ gSA (nksuksa dks
fxuh xq.kkad }kjk ekik tkrk gS)A bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd
mPp miHkksx vlekurk okys jkT;ksa esa laifÙk ds LokfeRo
dh vlekurk vf/d gSA
z Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa esa_ laifÙk vlekurk miHkksx vlekurk
dh rqyuk esa cgqr vf/d gSA
z LFkk;h vk; ifjdYiuk dgrh gS fd O;fÙkQ vkSj ifjokj
le; ds lkFk cpr ;k m/kj ds lkFk vius miHkksx dks
lqfo/ktud cuk ysrs gSaA
D;k iw.kZ lekurk dks vuqdwy cuk ldrs gSa\
z vc tc geus ;g lkfcr dj fn;k gS fd Hkkjr esa
lkekftd&vkfFkZd ifj.kkeksa ds laca/ esa çfr O;fÙkQ vk;
vkSj vlekurk muds laca/ksa esa fHkUu ugha gS_ gesa Åij fn,
x, ç'u dks iwNuk pkfg,A
z T;knkrj ekeyksa esa volj dh vlekurk vf/d
vkifÙktud gksrh gS volj dh vlekurk lsA
z ;fn ge ifj.kke esa iw.kZ lekurk ykrs gS_a ;g dke] uokpkj
vkSj /u mRiknu ds fy, çksRlkgu dks de dj ldrk gSA
52
z bl çdkj Hkkjr tSls ns'k ds fy, tgk¡ /u uked iQy dk
vkdkj nksckjk ckaVus ds fy, cgqr NksVk gS_ ;g okaNuh;
gS fd gesa iQy dk vkdkj c<+kdj xjhcksa dks xjhch
ls ckgj fudkyus ij è;ku nsuk pkfg,A
vlekurk vkSj xjhch ds chp laca/%
z vlekurk dk vFkZ gS laifÙk] vk; ;k miHkksx ds forj.k
esa varj dh ek=kkA
z xjhch dk vFkZ gS vk; foHkktu ds fupys Hkkx esa jgus
okyksa dh ifjlaifÙk] vk; ;k miHkksxA
 xjhch iw.kZ vkSj lkisf{kd nksuksa gks ldrh gSA yksx
eglwl dj ldrs gSa fd os xjhc gSa ;fn muds ikl
muds vklikl ds vf/dka'k yksxksa dh rqyuk esa muds
ikl de gSA
 bl fo"k; esa_ xjhch lkis{k vo/kj.kk gSA ;gk¡ ;g
vlekurk dks ekius dk ,d iSekuk Hkh gS vkSj blfy,
bls vlekurk ls vyx djus dh t:jr ugha gSA
 iw.kZ 'kCnksa esa_ forj.k ds fupys Lrj ij mu yksxksa dh
ifjlaifÙk] vk; ;k miHkksx ds iw.kZ Lrj ij è;ku dsafær
fd;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡] vlekurk esa o`f¼ xjhch esa deh
ds lkFk gks ldrh gSA
Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd lao`f¼ ij xjhch vkSj vlekurk
dk lkis{k çHkko%
z lkaf[;dh; MsVk ls irk pyrk gS fd ,eihvkbZ (MPI)
cgqvk;keh xjhch lwpdkad vkSj xjhch ds chp dk
ldkjkRed laca/ gSA
z ;g lwfpr djrk gS fd xjhch dk fuokj.k Hkh dbZ vk;keksa
ds lkFk ekih xbZ xjhch esa lq/kj djrk gS vkSj blds
foijhr Hkh lR; gSA
z vkSlr miHkksx dh o`f¼ esa c<+kok] xjhch esa lap;h
fxjkoV ds yxHkx 87 çfr'kr ds fy, ftEesnkj Fkk]
tcfd iqufoZrj.k us dsoy 13 çfr'kr dk ;ksxnku fn;kA
z 1957&2012 ds MsVk ls irk pyrk gS fd o`f¼ us xjhch
dks de fd;k gS vkSj ,yihth (LPG) lq/kjksa ds ckn
muds chp dh dM+h etcwr gqbZ gSA
z 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa xjhch cgqr t~;knk c<+ jgh gSA vkt_ gj
3 esa ls 1 xjhc 'kgjh {ks=k esa jgrk gS tks 1950 ds n'kd
esa 8 esa ls 1 xjhc gqvk djrk FkkA
z mnkjhdj.k ds ckn] 'kgjh o`f¼ vkSj xSj&Ñf"k fodkl xzkeh.k
{ks=k dh xjhch lfgr jk"Vªh; xjhch esa deh ds çeq• lk/u
jgs gSaA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
pØh; vFkZO;oLFkk ;k pØh;rk z egÙo%
 m|ksx dks dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ dks de djrk gSA
z ;g ,d vkfFkZd n`f"Vdks.k gS tks mRiknksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa dk
 buiqV ykxr dks de djrk gSA
,d O;kid n`f"Vdks.k ysrk gS vkSj bldk mís'; viO;;
dks [kre djuk vkSj lalk/uksa dk iqu% mi;ksx djuk gSA  xq.koÙkk] ykxr] forj.k vkSj yphykiu (QCDF) vkSj

z ;g ,d ,slh lajpuk gS tks cukoV esa iquLFkkZiukRed ;k m|ksxksa ds fLFkjrk ds Lrj esa lq/kj djrk gSA
iqu;kZsth gSA z mi;ksx%
z ;g ^Vsd] esd] osLV* çfØ;k dks lekIr djds tyok;q  fuekZ.k {ks=k% ,d ckj Hkou fxjkus ds ckn fjÙkQ LFkku dk

ifjorZu] tSo fofo/rk dh gkfu] vif'k"V vkfn tSlh cgqHkkxh mi;ksx] Hkou fuekZ.k lkexzh dk fiQj ls mi;ksxA
pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus esa gekjh lgk;rk dj ldrk gSA  vkgkj vkSj Ñf"k% Kku vkSj laifÙk dk fMftVy

z vf/dka'k O;kikjh çkÑfrd lalk/uksa dk mi;ksx bls mRikn lk>kdj.k] 'kgjh •srh vkSj iks"kd rRoksa dks Ñf"k
esa cnyus ds fy, djrs gSa vkSj vkf•j esa os dpjs ds :i O;oLFkk esa okil ykukA
esa lekIr gksrs gSaA ;g blds jpuk vkSj 'kkfey çfØ;k ds  ifjogu vkSj xfr'khyrk% vR;f/d fVdkÅ bysfDVªd
çdkj ds dkj.k gksrk gSA okgu] lkefxz;ksa vkSj Hkkxksa dk fiQj ls mi;ksx] cM+s iSekus
z ,d o`Ùkkdkj vFkZO;oLFkk esa 'kkfey gSa 3R's & fjMÔwl ij ikjxeu O;oLFkk vkSj vafre ehy rd ls laidZ cukukA
(de djuk)] jh;wl (iqu% mi;ksx) jhlk;dy (iqujko`fÙk  jkstxkj iSnk djuk vkSj mRikndrk c<+kuk% dkcZu mRltZu
djuk)A bl çdkj lalk/uksa ds dq'ky mi;ksx ds lanHkZ esa dks de djrs gq, vkSj lrr fodkl lqfuf'pr djukA
mRikndrk ij è;ku dsafær fd;k tkrk gSA z ykHk%
i;kZoj.kh; vR;f/d
gjs  ;g mRiknu çfØ;k dks vf/d ykHknkj vkSj dq'ky
iQqVfçaV de LoPN mRiknu vk; mRiUu
djuk mRikn de lalk/uksa dk cukrk gS tcfd ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh o`f¼ vf/d
xSj fo"kSys] djuk
yach vof/] mi;ksx djuk LFkk;h :i ls çkIr dh tkrh gSA
iqu% ç;ksT;  vif'k"V fuiVku] Bksl vif'k"V dk çca/u] ok;q] ty

vkSj Hkwfe çnw"k.k dh leL;k dks gy djrk gSA

pfozQ;  O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fy, de ykxr] c<+rh n{krk] de

dpjs dk iqupZØ.k vFkZO;oLFkk thoudky c<+kus udkjkRed ckgjh dkjd (çnw"k.k] /qa/&dksgjk vkfn)A
djuk] lalk/uksa dk ds fy, csgrj z lhek,a%
iqu% mi;ksx djuk lsok
 iquçkZfIr vkSj jhlkbfDyax çfØ;k Lo;a ÅtkZ dk

lalk/u
mi;ksx djrh gS vkSj çnw"k.k dk dkj.k curh gS tks
i;kZIr mi;ksx
vif'k"V dks fuHkZjrk de fd jhlk;dy dh tkus okyh lkexzh ds c<+us ij c<+sxkA
djuk] fiQj ls
de djuk djuk  vif'k"V dks vyx djuk ,d cM+h leL;k gS vkSj
fuekZ.k djuk
;g r; djuk eqf'dy gS fd bls dkSu djsxkA miHkksÙkQkvksa
z Hkkjr esa mRikfnr dqy dpjs esa ls_ dsoy 10&15» gh
ds ikl blds fy, le;] dkS'ky ;k çf'k{k.k ugha gSA
jhlkbfDyax çfØ;k esa tkrk gSA
 ;g ,d ;wVksfi;u vo/kj.kk cu ldrh gSA
z fMftVy bafM;k vkSj okgu LØSi uhfr lgh fn'kk esa
 O;oLFkk esa dbZ pj gSaA dk;Zokgh ds vkfFkZd fopkjksa
,d dne gSA
dks iwjh rjg ls le>k ugha x;k gSA
z ;g 4 cqfu;knh fl¼karksa ij vk/kfjr gS%
z vkxs c<+us dk jkLrk%
1- dpjs vkSj çnw"k.k dks de ls de djukA  ç'kklfud vkSj O;kikfjd Lrjksa ij fu.kZ; ysus dh
2- mRiknksa vkSj lkefxz;ksa ds thoudky dk foLrkj djukA çfØ;k ds nkSjku o`Ùkh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks è;ku esa j•saA
3- çkÑfrd ç.kkfy;ksa dk iqutZuuA  u, mRiknksa vkSj O;kikj ekWMy dk uokpkj djsaA

4- ^^daL;wej** dks ^^;wtj** ds lkFk cny nsukA  O;kikjksa vkSj ewY; J`a•ykvksa esa lg;ksx dks c<+kok nsaA

v v v
vkfFkZdd lalaoo`f¼
vkfFkZ `f¼vkSvkS
j jfodkl
fodkl 53
 5 Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu
1947 esa tc vaxzstksa us Hkkjr NksM+k] rks vktknh osQ vykok xoZ
djus ;k •q'k gksus dh dksbZ ckr ugha FkhA Hkkjr ljdkj osQ
lkeus tgk¡ dbZ cM+h leL;k,¡ ikao ilkjs iM+h Fkha] ogha cM+s
iSekus ij xjhch osQ vykok Hkkstu dh deh vkSj egaxkbZ dh Hkh
leL;k fdlh cM+h pqukSrh ls de ugha FkhA vf'k{kk] LokLF;
lacaèkh lqfoèkkvksa dh deh] cqfu;knh <kaps dh deh vkfn osQ
vkykok Hkh ns'k dks vU; xaHkhj leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk FkkA
,d nh?kZdkfyd j.kuhfr osQ :i esa vkfFkZd fodkl osQ fy,
^fu;kstu* esa gh bu leL;kvksa dk lekèkku fNik gqvk FkkA
Preparation of
priorities Fixing a target
Problem
Identification
z ,e- fo'os'ojS;k dks Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu dk vxz.kh
ekuk tkrk gSA 1934 esa çdkf'kr mudh iqLrd ^IykaM bdksukWeh
iQkWj bafM;k* us #i;s osQ ifjO;; dks ysdj 1000 djksM+
ij vkèkkfjr ,d nl o"khZ; ;kstuk dk lq>ko fn;k FkkA
z 1948 esa Lora=krk osQ rqjar ckn çdkf'kr vkS|ksfxd uhfr
oÙkQO; us ;kstuk vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk vkSj fefJr
vkfFkZd ekWMy dk ikyu djus dh fliQkfj'k dhA
z 1950 esa ;kstuk vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk vkSj ikap o"khZ;
;kstukvksa (ftUgsa lksfo;r la?k ls xzg.k fd;k x;k Fkk)
osQ xBu osQ lkFk fu;kstu dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA
fu;kstu osQ çdkj
z fn'kkRed fu;kstu (Directional planning)% bldks
lektokn osQ vkn'kks± dk ikyu djus okys ns'kksa }kjk pquk
tkrk gSA lektokn osQ rgr lalkèkuksa dks cjkcj&cjkcj ckaVk
tkrk gS vkSj tks phtsa jkT; osQ fu;a=k.k esa gksrh gS] muesa
foÙkh; laLFkku] vkS|ksfxd {ks=k] ifjogu vkSj ewy lajpuk
vkfn 'kkfey gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, lksfo;r la?k dks fy;k
tk ldrk gSA
z ifjçs{; fu;kstu (Perspective planning)% 20 ls 25
o"kks± dh vofèk ij vkèkkfjr ,d nh?kZdkfyd ;kstuk gSA ;g
fu;kstu dk vFkZ
z fu;kstu ;g r; djrk jgk gS fd Hkfo"; osQ y{;ksa
dks oSQls çkIr fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj mUgsa çkIr djus
osQ fy, lalkèkuksa dk oSQls bLrseky fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
vktknh osQ le;] ;g ;kstuk cukuh t:jh Fkh fd jk"Vª osQ
lalkèkuksa dk bLrseky oSQls fd;k tk,xkA blesa os fof'k"V
vkSj lkekU; mís'; 'kkfey Fks ftUgsa oÙkQ osQ lkFk gkfly
fd;k tk,xkA
Mobilizing the
resources
Estimation of Execution and
resources review
fodkl dh çfØ;k dks yack le; nsrk gS rkfd y{;ksa dks
pj.kc¼ <ax ls gkfly fd;k tk losQA ifjçs{; fu;kstu nks
çdkj osQ gksrs gSa% 5 o"kZ ij vkèkkfjr vYidkfyd fu;kstu
vkSj 20&25 o"kks± osQ fy, nh?kZdkfyd fu;kstuA
z lkaosQfrd fu;kstu (Indicative Planning)% yf{kr
fu;kstu dh çkfIr osQ fy, foosQUæhÑr fl¼karksa ij dke
djrk gSA bl ;kstuk esa lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ fy, y{; dk
fuèkkZj.k vfuok;Z gSa tcfd futh {ks=k osQ fy, os osQoy
lkaosQfrd gksrh gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] bl ;kstuk dk bLrseky
Úkal vkSj tkiku tSls fodflr ns'kksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
z vkns'kkRed fu;kstu% rc ykxw gksrk gSa] tc ljdkj ns'k
dh lHkh vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj lalkèkuksa dks fu;af=kr
djrh gSA bl ;kstuk dk mís'; y{;ksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy,
miyCèk lalkèkuksa dks vPNs ls bLrseky djuk gSA ljdkj
dh fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k vkSj uhfr&fuekZ.k çfØ;k,¡ >a>V
okyh gksrh gSa ysfdu nwljs fodYiksa dh ekStwnxh osQ fcuk
gh cktkj osQ O;olkf;;ksa dks budk ikyu djuk iM+rk gSA
mnkgj.k osQ fy,% :l vkSj phuA
z osaQæhÑr fu;kstu% osaQæh; çkfèkdj.k ;kstuk cukrs vkSj
fu;kstu ls lacafèkr xfrfofèk;ksa dks rS;kj djrs gSaA çkfèkdj.k
fofHkUu {ks=kksa vkSj m|ksxksa osQ fy, Hkh ;kstuk,¡ r; djrk gSA
 ;kstuk osQ osaQæh; vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk fuèkkZfjr y{;ksa ij xkSj
djrs gq, çeq• fuos'k fu.kZ; fy, tkrs gSaA
z foosaQæhÑr fu;kstu% tc ;kstukvksa dks tehuh Lrj ij
mrkjk tkrk gS vkSj og ,d fuEu ls mPpLrjh; Øe esa
vkxs c<+rh gSaA osaQæh; vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk ;kstuk,¡ rS;kj dh
tkrh gSa vkSj fiQj mu ;kstukvksa dks jkT; ;k ftyk osQ Lrj
ij çlkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA m|ksxksa osQ fy, ;g ;kstuk,¡
vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa osQ fgrèkkjdksa osQ çfrfufèk;ksa osQ lkFk ijke'kZ
djus osQ ckn rS;kj dh tkrh gSaA
cgq Lrjh; ;kstuk
z 1960 osQ n'kd osQ eè; rd] osaQæ }kjk jkT;ksa dks ;kstuk
cukus dh 'kfÙkQ nh xbZ Fkh ftlesa ;g lykg Hkh 'kkfey
jgh fd os ç'kklfud Lrj osQ fuEu Lrjksa ij fu;kstu dks
c<+kok nsrs jgsaA
z 1980 osQ n'kd dh 'kq#vkr rd] Hkkjr cgq&Lrjh;
fu;kstu (MLP) dk ns'k cu pqdk Fkk] ftldh ;kstuk dh
lajpuk vkSj Lrj oqQN bl çdkj Fks%
osaQæ Lrj dh ;kstuk esa] rhu çdkj
dh osaQæh; ;kstuk,¡ fiNys oqQN
igyk Lrj% o"kks± esa fodflr gqbZ gSa & iapo"khZ;
osaQæ&Lrjh; ;kstuk ;kstuk,¡] chl lw=kh; dk;ZØe vkSj
laln lnL; LFkkuh; {ks=k fodkl
;kstuk (MPLAOsQ)
1960 osQ n'kd rd] jkT; vius
lacafèkr fu;kstu fudk;ksa] (jkT; ;kstuk
lfefr) osQ lkFk jkT; Lrj ij ;kstuk
nwljk Lrj% jkT; cuk jgs Fks] ftlesa lacafèkr eq[;ea=khx.k
Lrjh; ;kstuk muosQ vè;{k FksA jkT;ksa dh ;kstuk,¡
ikap lky dh vofèk osQ fy, Fkha vkSj
osaQæ dh lacafèkr iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa
osQ cjkcj FkhA
1960 osQ n'kd osQ var rd jkT;ksa osQ
lHkh ftys vius&vius ftyk ;kstuk
rhljk Lrj% ftyk lfefr;ksa osQ lkFk] ftlesa lacafèkr
Lrjh; ;kstuk ftyk eftLVªsV vè;{k osQ :i 'kkfey
jgk djrs Fks] viuh ;kstuk,¡ cuk
jgs FksA
ftyk&Lrjh; ;kstuk osQ ,d fgLls osQ
pkSFkk Lrj%
:i esa CykWd Lrj dh ;kstuk cukbZ xbZ]
CykWd&Lrjh;
ftlesa ftyk ;kstuk cksMZ muosQ uksMy
;kstuk
fudk; osQ :i esa FksA
Hkkjr esesa a vkfFkZ
Hkkjr vkfFkZddfu;ks
fu;ks
tutu
1980 osQ n'kd dh 'kq#vkr] CykWdksa
ikapoka Lrj% osQ tfj;s LFkkuh; Lrj ij ;kstukvksa
LFkkuh; Lrj dh dks ykxw fd;k tk jgk Fkk vkSj bu
;kstuk ;kstukvksa esa uksMy ,tsalh osQ :i esa
ftyk ;kstuk cksMZ (DPB) FksA
yksdrkaf=kd lektokn
z usg: lksfo;r ;kstuk dh miyfCèk;ksa ls cgqr çHkkfor
Fks_ blosQ ihNs dh ewy ea'kk vkSj mís'; u osQoy futh
{ks=k dh ,dkfèkdkjoknh ço`fÙk;ksa osQ fodkl dh tkap
djuk Fkk cfYd futh {ks=k dks vktknh Hkh fnykuk Fkk
rkfd vkfFkZd ykHk osQ ctk; lkekftd ykHk dks nsj ls
gh lgh] ij çkIr fd;k tk losQA
Lora=krk osQ igys vkSj ckn esa Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd
fu;kstu
Lora=krk ls igys osQ vkfFkZd fu;kstu%
z ,e- fo'os'ojS;k us 1934 esa viuh iqLrd ^IykaM
bdksukWeh bu bafM;k* esa 10 lky esa Hkkjr esa gksus okys
fodkl dk elkSnk rS;kj fd;kA ;kstuk osQ ihNs dk mís';
Je dks Ñf"k&{ks=k ls fudky dj m|ksx&{ks=k esa ys tkuk
Fkk fd vxys 10 o"kks± esa jk"Vªh; vk; dks nksxquk fd;k tk
losQA fu;kstu dh fn'kk esa dke djus okyh ;g igyh
vljnkj ekStwnk ;kstuk FkhA
z jk"Vªh; ;kstuk lfefr (1938) & ;g Hkkjr osQ fy,
,d jk"Vªh; ;kstuk fodflr djus dk igyk ç;kl FkkA
lfefr dk xBu rRdkyhu dkaxzsl vè;{k lqHkk"k paæ cksl
}kjk fd;k x;k FkkA
z ckWEcs Iyku (1944)% ckWEcs osQ tkus&ekus m|ksxifr Jh
tgk¡xhj jruth nknkHkkbZ (JRD) VkVk] ?ku';ke nkl (GD)
fcM+yk] iq#"kksÙkenkl BkoqQjnkl] ykyk Jhjke] dLrwjHkkbZ]
tkWu eFkkbZ vkfn us feydj dke fd;k vkSj ^Hkkjr osQ fy,
vkfFkZd fodkl dh ;kstuk* rS;kj dh] ftls ckWEcs Iyku osQ
uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA ;kstuk dk mís'; vxys 15 o"kks±
esa gj O;fÙkQ dh vk; dks nksxquk djuk vkSj bl vofèk osQ
nkSjku jk"Vªh; vk; esa o`f¼ djuk FkkA
z ,e ,u jkW; dh tu ;kstuk ekDlZoknh lektoknh
fopkjèkkjk ij vkèkkfjr FkhA ;kstuk dh le;&vofèk 10
o"kZ Fkh ftldk y{; Ñf"k mRiknu vkSj leLr Ñf"k dk
jk"Vªh;dj.k djus dh çkFkfedrk ij osaQfær jgkA
xkaèkhoknh ;kstuk (1944)% Jh Jheku ukjk;.k }kjk
z
çLrkfor oqQVhj m|ksxksa osQ ekè;e ls xzkeh.k fodkl ij
55
 ewy :i ls è;ku nsus osQ lkFk gh vkfFkZd foosaQæhdj.k ij
Hkh tksj fn;k x;kA
z lokZsn; ;kstuk (1950)% bl ;kstuk dks xkaèkhoknh ;kstuk
vkSj fouksck Hkkos osQ lokZsn; fopkj ls çsfjr gksdj t;çdk'k
ukjk;.k }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k FkkA ;kstuk esa dikl osQ NksVs
m|ksxksa vkSj Ñf"k osQ fodkl ij tksj fn;k x;kA mÙkQ ;kstuk
esa Hkwfe&lqèkkj vkSj foosaQæhÑr Hkkxhnkjh ;kstuk ij Hkh tksj
fn;k x;k gSA
Lora=krk osQ ckn osQ vkfFkZd fu;kstu%
z 1948 esa vkfFkZd dk;ZØe lfefr (EPC)% ;g ;kstuk
vf•y Hkkjrh; dkaxl sz desVh (AICC) }kjk futh o
lkoZtfud O;olkf;;ksa vkSj 'kgjh o xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
dh lk>snkjh dks larfq yr djus osQ mís'; ls xfBr dh xbZ FkhA
z 1950 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us lalkèkuksa osQ ewY;kadu vkSj
o`f¼ dh ftEesnkjh osQ lkFk ;kstuk vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk
djus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA ;kstuk vk;ksx dk ewy mís'; vkfFkZd
çkFkfedrkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij larqfyr :i ls lalkèkuksa osQ
çHkkoh bLrseky osQ fy, ;kstuk,¡ rS;kj djuk FkkA
iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa osQ y{;
z oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ mRiknu dh
{kerk esa c<+ksÙkjh djukA
o`f¼
z vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn (GDP) esa c<+ksÙkjh djukA
z ubZ çkS|ksfxfd;ksa osQ tfj;s vkS|ksfxd
mRiknuksa esa c<+ksÙkjh vkSj m|ksxksa dks
LFkkfir djuk ftudh LFkkiuk osQ
vkèkqfudhdj.k lacaèk esa LohÑfr fey pqdh gksA
z efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dks ysdj
ekewyh Lrj ij o`f¼ nj lqfuf'pr
djukA
z 5&o"khZ; ;kstuk dk mís'; ns'k dh
laçHkqrk dh j{kk osQ fy, vk;kr ij
fuHkZjrk dks de djosQ ns'k dh turk
dks dk;Z&oqQ'ky cukuk gSA
z iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡ fons'kksa ls vk;kr
vkRe&fuHkZjrk
osQ ctk; vius nslh lalkèkuksa dk
bLrseky djosQ vkfFkZd fodkl dks
c<+kok nsus osQ fy, fo'okl osQ
ekgkSy vkSj laj{k.koknh fopkjèkkjk
dh iks"kd gSA
56
z vkfFkZd le`f¼ dks foLrkj nsus osQ
fy, lekt osQ çR;sd vYifodflr
oxZ dks leku ykHk fnykukA
fgLlsnkjh z vlekurk dks de djus osQ fy,
Hkkstu] vkokl] LokLF; lqfoèkk] ikuh
vkfn dh ewy vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ
djukA
;kstuk esa vko';d gS
z y{; vkSj n`f"Vdks.k% iwoZ&funZsf'kr y{;ksa dks çkIr djuk
vkSj mUgsa çkIr djus osQ fy, xfrfofèk;k¡ djukA
z lkèku vkSj rjhosQ% ;kstuky{;ksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy,
lalkèkuksa dk oqQ'ky bLrseky djus dh ,d rduhdh gSA
z lalkèku tqVkuk% vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk fodflr dk;ZØeksa osQ
lapkyu vkSj çxfr dks tkjh j•us osQ fy, lalkèku tqVkukA
z le>nkjh ls fd, x, •pZs% fu;kstu dh çfØ;k osQ
nkSjku •pks± dks de vkaduk rkfd lalkèkuksa dh cjcknh osQ
lkFk gh mudh de dher ls cpk tk losQ vkSj lalkèkuksa
osQ csgrj bLrseky dh cnkSyr le; jgrs y{; dks gkfly
fd;k tk losQA
;kstuk osQ mís';
z fu;kstu% dY;k.kdkjh fLFkfr osQ mís'; dks è;ku esa j•rs
gq, vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fu;kstuA
z fodkl% lHkh {ks=kksa esa lrr vkfFkZd fodkl gkfly djus
osQ fy,A
z xjhch% xjhch dk fuokj.k vkSj blesa dehA
z volj% jkstxkj osQ ekSosQ c<+ukA
z foLrkj% vkthfodk vkSj jkstxkj osQ voljksa osQ lkFk
gh Ñf"k {ks=k esa foLrkj osQ ekè;e ls vFkZO;oLFkk dk
vkèkqfudhdj.k djukA
z vkfFkZd lekurk lqfuf'pr djuk% vkRefuHkZjrk osQ lgkjs
vkSj lafoèkku esa mfYyf•r jkT; osQ fufr funZs'kd fl¼kar
(DPSP) osQ lkekftd&vkfFkZd&jktuhfrd mís';ksa dks iwjk
dj vkfFkZd lekurk dks lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z lalkèku% jkstxkj osQ volj l`ftr djosQ ekuo lalkèkuksa
dks dke esa ykukA
z vkRefuHkZjrk% ;kstuk dk mís'; vkRefuHkZjrk vkSj fu;kZr
dks c<+kok nsuk FkkA
z volj% çxfr'khy djkèkku vkSj jkstxkj osQ voljksa dks
l`ftr djosQ vkfFkZd vlekurkvksa esa deh ykukA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 lkekftd U;k;
vkfFkZd vk/qfudhdj.k
vkSj fLFkjrk
↓ vlekurk
↑ thou Lrj
vkfFkZd fodkl
z xjhch% ;kstuk osQ ekè;e ls jkstxkj çnku djosQ xjhch js•k
esa ekStwn çnw"k.k dks nwj djuk vkSj tu ekul dks lkekftd
lekurk miyCèk djkukA
z rduhdh% Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ nq• dk çeq• dkj.k
Ñf"k {ks=k esa mRikndrk] vkS|ksfxd fodkl vkSj vkèkqfud
rduhdh dh deh FkhA
nqfoèkk% Ñf"k cuke vkS|ksxhdj.k
rRdkyhu ljdkj us m|ksx dks Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh çeq•
xfr'khy 'kfÙkQ osQ :i esa pquk FkkA miyCèk lalkèkuksa osQ vkèkkj
dks eísutj j•rs gq, ;g ,d fcuk eryc dk fu.kZ; yxrk
gS D;ksafd Hkkjr esa igys dh mu lHkh 'krks± dk vHkko Fkk tks
m|ksx dks mlosQ çeq• çsjd osQ :i esa ?kksf"kr djus dk lq>ko
ns ldrh Fkha%
z m|ksx% ml le; dh ljdkj us m|ksx dks Hkkjr dh
vFkZO;oLFkk dh çeq• xfr'khy 'kfÙkQ osQ :i esa pqukA
z lalkèku% miyCèk lalkèku osQ vkèkkj dks eísutj j•rs gq,
;g ,d fcuk eryc dk fu.kZ; yxrk gS D;ksafd Hkkjr
esa igys dh mu lHkh 'krks± dk vHkko Fkk tks m|ksx dks
mlosQ çeq• çsjd osQ :i esa ?kksf"kr djus dk lq>ko ns
ldrh Fkha &
z volajpuk% vkèkkjHkwr lajpukvksa dh dehA
z fodkl% yksgk vkSj bLikr] lhesaV] dks;yk] dPpk rsy]
rsy 'kksèku vkSj fctyh tSls m|ksxksa dh èkheh fodkl njA
z fuos'k% ljdkj ;k fiQj futh {ks=k osQ }kjk fuos'k osQ voljksa
esa dehA
z rduhdh% vkS|ksxhdj.k dh çfØ;k dk leFkZu djus osQ
fy, vko';d rduhdh dk vHkko vkSj vuqlaèkku ,oa
fodkl dh dehA
Hkkjr esesa a vkfFkZ
Hkkjr vkfFkZddfu;ks
fu;ks
tutu
dY;k.k
lrr vkSj lekos'kh fodkl
Hkkjrh; vkRefuHkZjrk
;kstuk ds jkstxkj l`tu
mís';
{ks=kh; fodkl
vkSj fodkl
z ekuo lalkèku% oqQ'ky vkSj vèkZ&oqQ'ky Je&'kfÙkQ dh
dehA
z jkstxkj% yksxksa esa m|ksx djus dh Hkkouk dk vHkkoA
z cktkj% vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa dh •jhnkjh vFkok mi;ksx osQ
fy, cktkjksa rd de igqapA
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ çeq• xfr'khy cy (PMF) osQ :i esa
Ñf"k&{ks=k çeq• ilan cuk D;ksafd%
z lalkèku% •srh osQ fy, mi;qÙkQ ekuh tkus okyh mitkÅ
tehu tSls çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa dk miyCèk gksuk
z iwath% ekuo iwath dks fdlh Hkh çdkj osQ mPp çf'k{k.k dh
vko';drk ugha FkhA
z fodkl% Hkwfe osQ LokfeRo] flapkbZ vkSj Ñf"k osQ vU; buiqV
osQ lkFk] Hkkjr fodkl dh csgrj laHkkoukvksa dks okLrfod
:i nsus dh fn'kk esa vkxs c<+ ldrk FkkA
z xjhch% Ñf"k ls gksus okyh ikfjJfed vk; osQ ekè;e ls
;fn ,d ckj Ø; {kerk dk Lrj c<+ x;k gksrk rks ;g vius
vki gh m|ksxksa osQ foLrkj dk dkj.k cu tkrkA
z vFkZO;oLFkk% ?kVukØe vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ i{k esa Fks &
vFkZO;oLFkk dk vkS|ksxhdj.k djus osQ fy, vkS|ksfxd
fodkl dk fodYi vko';d FkkA
Hkkjrh; fu;kstu dh miyfCèk;k¡ vkSj liQyrk,¡
z jk"Vªh; vk; vkSj gj O;fÙkQ dh vk; esa c<+ksÙkjh% ;kstuk
dh vofèk osQ nkSjku jk"Vªh; vk; dbZ xquk c<+ xbZ gSA
jk"Vªh; vk; esa vkSlr okf"kZd o`f¼ nj 1901 ls 1947 rd
1-2 çfr'kr ntZ dh xbZ FkhA 2018&19 osQ nkSjku ekStwnk
dherksa ij gj O;fÙkQ dh vk; ` 1]26]406 (` 10]533-83
ekfld) osQ Lrj rd igqapus dk vuqeku gSA
z vkfFkZd fodkl% jk"Vªh; vk; esa vPNh c<+ksÙkjh ntZ dh
xbZ ftlosQ pyrs Hkkjr ,f'k;k esa mHkjrh gqbZ vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
57
 esa ls ,d cu x;kA Hkkjr 2022 esa ;wukbVsM fdaxMe dks
iNkM+dj ikapoha lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk cu x;k gSA
z jkstxkj iSnk djuk% cM+s jkstxkj osQ voljksa osQ l`tu tSls
y?kq vkSj oqQVhj m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk ij tksj fn;k x;k Fkk]
blh rjg rduhdh f'k{kk dk çlkj] Lojkstxkj ;kstukvksa
dk fodkl] cM+s m|ksxksa dk fuekZ.k] Ñf"k vkSj lsok {ks=kksa esa
lqèkkj ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k FkkA
z foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh dk fodkl% fu;kstu osQ ;qx esa
Hkkjr us foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh osQ {ks=k esa dkiQh çxfr dh gSA
z Ø; 'kfÙkQ lekurk (PPP) osQ ekeys esa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
(GDP) dh rqyuk djus ij Hkkjr rhljs LFkku ij gSA
z lqèkkj% lkekftd laosQrdksa esa µ f'k'kq e`R;q nj (IMR)]
ekr` e`R;q nj (MMR)] lk{kjrk] jkstxkj] çs"k.k vkfnA
z ewY; fLFkjrk% ;kstuk dh lEiw.kZ vofèk osQ nkSjku vkfFkZd
fLFkjrk dks çkIr djus dks vkfFkZd fu;kstu osQ çeq• mís';ksa
esa ls ,d ekuk x;k gSA
z vkS|ksfxd fodkl% lqn`<+ vkS|ksfxd fodkl vkSj mlosQ
vU; eq[; {ks=k tSls lhesaV] •kn] LVhy] iQkekZ vkfn dks
Hkh fodflr djukA
z Ñf"k fodkl% pkoy] xsgwa] phuh vkfn osQ mRiknu vkSj
fu;kZr c<+kdj Ñf"k dk fodkl|
z oSf'od&usr`Ro% lsok {ks=kksa esa Hkkjr fo'o Lrj ij usr`Ro
djrk gSa] mnkgj.k osQ fy,& i;ZVu o IT {ks=k vkfnA
z volj% xjhch osQ Lrj esa deh vkSj tula[;k osQ fy,
jkstxkj osQ voljksa esa c<+ksÙkjhA
z ifjogu ,oa lapkj dk fodkl% ;kstuk dky esa ifjogu
,oa lapkj osQ fodkl ij vfèkd è;ku osaQfær fd;k x;k gSA
z lekt dY;k.k% iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa us ;g r; djus esa
enn dh gS fd D;ksa f'k{kk] LokLF; vkSj Je dY;k.k vkSj
fiNM+s oxks± ls tqM+h mRFkku ;kstukvksa ij fiNys oqQN o"kks±
esa FkksM+s gh fuos'k ls D;ksa fodkl ij fefJr çHkko iM+
x;k gksrk\
z iwath fuekZ.k% Hkkjr esa Ñf"k] m|ksx vkSj j{kk osQ fodkl
osQ pyrs iwath fuekZ.k dh nj Hkh c<+ xbZ gSA
Hkkjrh; ;kstuk dh foiQyrk,¡ vkSj dfe;k¡
z dherksa esa c<+ksÙkjh% ewY; fLFkjrk Hkkjr esa çR;sd iapo"khZ;
;kstuk osQ mís';ksa esa ,d eq[;k mís'; jgk gSA ysfdu
yxHkx lHkh ;kstukvksa esa ewY; osQ Lrj esa dkiQh gn rd
c<+ksÙkjh ns•h xbZA
z dherksa dk Lrj% igyh ;kstuk esa dherksa dk Lrj uhps
vk;k FkkA tcfd vU; lHkh ;kstukvksa esa dherksa esa Hkkjh
c<+ksÙkjh ns•h xbZA
58
z csjkstxkjh dk c<+uk% iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa dh vofèk esa
csjkstxkjh ikao ilkjrh pyh xbZA igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
osQ var esa 53 yk• yksx csjkstxkjh dk na'k >sy jgs FksA
z Ñf"k dh mis{kk% vxj igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dks NksM+
fn;k tk, rks çk;% iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡ Ñf"k {ks=k ij è;ku
nsus esa ukdke lkfcr gqbZ gSaA
z Ñf"k% 1950&51 osQ nkSjku ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa Ñf"k dk
fgLlk yxHkx 50 çfr'kr ls ?kVrs gq, 2020 esa ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn dk yxHkx 21» çfr'kr gks x;kA
z mRiknu {ks=k esa èkheh o`f¼&nj% 'kgjh {ks=kksa osQ iwath çèkku
m|ksxksa dks xzkeh.k {ks=kksa osQ y?kq m|ksxksa ij ojh;rk ns nh
xbZA Ñf"k {ks=k esa gfjr Økafr fo'ks"k :i ls xsgwa vkSj pkoy
dh iQlyksa rd gh lhfer gSA
z vk; vkSj èku osQ forj.k esa vlekurk% iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
dk eq[; mís'; vk; vkSj èku osQ forj.k esa vlekurk dks
de djuk jgk gSA bl ;kstuk esa u osQoy vkS|ksfxd {ks=k
cfYd Ñf"k osQ {ks=k esa Hkh vlekurk esa c<+ksÙkjh xbZA
z O;kid xjhch% csjkstxkjh dh leL;k osQ lekèkku ij de
è;ku nsus osQ dkj.k ns'k esa O;kid Lrj ij xjhch iQSyh
gqbZ gSA
z çFke pkj o"khZ; ;kstukvksa dh dfe;k¡% xjhch dh
leL;k dk lekèkku djus esa foiQyrk bu ;kstukvksa dh
lcls igyh deh gSA ikapoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ nkSjku]
fofHkUu xjhch gVkvks dk;ZØeksa dk vk;kstu djosQ lhèks
rkSj ij xjhch ls fuiVus osQ mik; fd, x,A
z voqQ'ky ç'kklu% ;kstuk,¡ dkiQh fopkj&foe'kZ vkSj
foospuk osQ ckn rS;kj dh xbZ Fkha] ysfdu voqQ'ky ç'kklu]
csbZekuh] LokFkZ&flf¼ dh Hkkouk vkSj ykyiQhrk'kkgh vkfn
osQ dkj.k muosQ y{; çkIr ugha gks losQ-
z etcwr vkèkkj dk vHkko% bl rF; osQ ckotwn fd vHkh
rd ckjg iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡ xqtj pqdh gSa] vkfFkZd vkèkkj
etcwr gksus ls vc Hkh cgqr nwj gSA blosQ ckn Hkh gqe
cf<+;k iQly osQ fy, ekSle ij gh fuHkZj jgrs gSaA
z jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk% jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk vkSj v;ksX;
ç'kklu ;kstukvksa osQ Bhd ls ykxw gksus esa lcls cM+h
ckèkk,¡ gSaA
z T;knk egRokdka{kk,¡% Hkkjrh; ;kstukvksa dh bl vkèkkj
ij vkykspuk dh xbZ fd muosQ y{; cgqr egRokdka{kh
FksA bldh vkykspukvksa osQ fy, ;s nks dkjd ftEesnkj Fks%
 lalkèkuksa dh dehA
 ;kstukvksa dk xyr rjhosQ ls ykxw gksukA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z thou Lrj esa dksbZ c<+ksÙkjh ugha% Hkkjr dh lHkh z ekWMy osQ ?kVd%
iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa dk mís'; vke yksxksa osQ thou  fuos'k% ;g ml çfrKk ij dk;e Fkk tks fuos'k vkSj

Lrj dks csgrj cukuk gS vkSj fLFkfr ;g gS fd cqfu;knh
lqfoèkk,¡ ;k t:jrsa Hkh vHkh rd yksxksa dks çnku ugha
dh tk ldh gSaA
z tula[;k% ,d lkekU; lsgrean O;fÙkQ (iq#"k) dks
vkSlru 2500&2700 oSQyksjh çfr fnu dh t:jr gksrh gS]
mPp fodkl nj ls lacafèkr y{;ksa dks vkdf"kZr djsxkA
 m|ksx% jkstxkj l`tu osQ fy, y?kq m|ksxksa dk fodkl
rkfd xjhch esa deh] fu;kZr esa o`f¼ vkfn dks c<+kok
fey losQA
 uhfr;k¡% vk;kr çfrLFkkiu uhfr;k¡ tSls fd fons'kh

ysfdu Hkkjr esa çfr O;fÙkQ Hkkstu dh miyCèkrk 2200&
2400 oSQyksjh gSA
z vuqlaèkku% ,f'k;k osQ fodkl'khy ns'kksa vkSj fo'o Lrj ij
(ldy ?kjsyw mRikn osQ 1» ls de) dh rqyuk esa vuqlaèkku
,oa fodkl (R & D) de gSA
fodkl dk usg:&egkyuksfcl ekWMy
z Hkkjrh; fu;kstu dk fu.kkZ;d eksM+ nwljh iapo"khZ;
;kstuk (1956&61) ls ns•k x;kA ekWMy ;kstuk dks
usg:&egyuksfcl osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk Fkk] tks iwathxr
oLrqvksa esa fuos'k vkSj bu oLrqvksa dks vkxs bLrseky djus
osQ fy, mudh o`f¼ ij vkèkkfjr FkhA
z ;kstuk gsrq viuk, x, ekWMy dks fodkl dh
usg:&egyuksfcl j.kuhfr osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS
D;ksafd bls tokgj yky usg: osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls O;ÙkQ
fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj ih- lh- egyuksfcl blosQ eq[;
okLrqdkj FksA
mRiknksa osQ vk;kr osQ f•ykiQ lqj{kkRed cpkoA
çfrLièkkZ esa deh Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa dks vk;kr gksus okyh
oLrqvksa osQ flyflys esa ?kjsyw Lrj ij fufeZr fodYi
dks fodflr djus esa l{ke cuk,xhA
 mRiknu% oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu osQ fy, y?kq m|ksxksa dk
fodkl rkfd ?kjsyw miHkksÙkQkvksa dh ekax iwjh dh tk
losQ] blh osQ lkFk gh m|ksxksa osQ fodkl vkSj o`f¼ dks
leku egRo Hkh fn;k tk losQA
fodkl dk jko&eueksgu flag ekWMy
z 1991 ls vkfFkZd lqèkkj jko&eueksgu ekWMy (ujflEgk
jko çèkkuea=kh (PM) vkSj eueksgu flag & foÙk ea=kh)
ij vkèkkfjr gSaA ;g ekWMy & fu;a=k.kksa vkSj ijfeVksa osQ
p;ukRed fo?kVu] lkekftd vkSj <kapkxr fodkl]
ckgjh {ks=k osQ mnkjhdj.k] oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lkFk
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ ,dhdj.k] lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ
m|e (PSE) osQ fy, çfrLièkkZ iSnk djus] fons'kh eqæk
HkaMkj osQ lap;] vkfn ij tksj nsrk gSA

Hkkjr dh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡

z gSjksM&Mksej ekWMy ij vkèkkfjr
z bldk eq[; è;ku flapkbZ vkSj fctyh ifj;kstukvksa osQ lkFk gh ns'k osQ Ñf"k&fodkl ij
osQfUær FkkA
z yf{kr fodkl nj & 2-1 çfr'kr
igyh iap&o"khZ; ;kstuk
z 3-6» dh fodkl nj gkfly dh (vius y{; ls vfèkd)
(1951&56)
z ;kstuk ifjO;; dk yxHkx 44-6 çfr'kr lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ miØeksa (PSU) osQ i{k esa pyk x;kA
z lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe dk 'kqHkkjaHk (2 vDVwcj 1952)
z baihfj;y cSad vkWiQ bafM;k Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad esa rCnhy (xksjokyk lfefr dh laLrqfr;ksa osQ
vkèkkj ij)
z Hkkjh m|ksxksa vkSj iwathxr oLrqvksa ij è;ku osaQfær djus osQ lkFk rhoz xfr ls vkS|ksxhdj.k
z yf{kr fodkl nj & 7-5 çfr'kr
z çkIr fodkl nj 4-1»
nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
z ;g ç'kkar paæ egkyuksfcl ekWMy ij vkèkkfjr Fkk
(1956 ls 1961)
z f}rh; vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1955 us m|ksxksa dks rhu vuqlwfp;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;kA
z vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa esa ^lekt dk lektoknh Lo:i* gkfly djus dk y{; & çkIr djus esa
foiQy jgkA

Hkkjr esesa a vkfFkZ

Hkkjr vkfFkZddfu;ks
fu;ks
tutu 59
 z bls ^xkMfxy ;kstuk* Hkh dgk tkrk gS
z bl ;kstuk dk eq[; y{; vFkZO;oLFkk dks Lora=k cukuk vkSj vkxs c<+us dh Lo&lfØ;
fLFkfr rd igqapkuk FkkA
z igyh ckj bls larqfyr] {ks=kh; fodkl dk y{; ekuk x;kA
rhljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
z 1965 esa Hkkjrh; •k| fuxe (FCI) dh LFkkiuk dh
(1961 ls 1966)
z çeq• ?kVuk,¡%
1- nks ;q¼% ,d 1961&62 esa phu osQ lkFk vkSj nwljk 1965&66 esa xqtjkr lhek ij
ikfdLrku osQ lkFk
2- 1965&66 esa Hk;adj lw•s osQ dkj.k vdky dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA
z vkRefuHkZjrk osQ y{; ij FkkA
rhu okf"kZd ;kstuk,¡
z bl ;kstuk osQ nkSjku] okf"kZd ;kstuk,¡ cukbZ xbZ vkSj Ñf"k vkSj mlosQ lac¼ {ks=kksa osQ lkFk gh
(;kstuk vodk'k)
m|ksx {ks=k dks Hkh leku çkFkfedrk nh xbZA
(1966 ls 1969)
z bl dky esa gfjr Økafr dk lw=kikr gqvkA (1966&67)
z fLFkjrk osQ lkFk fodkl vkSj vkRefuHkZjrk dh çxfr'khy miyfCèkA
z yf{kr fodkl nj & 5-7 çfr'kr
z 3-3» dh fodkl nj gkfly dh (yf{kr fodkl nj gkfly djus esa ;kstuk foiQy jgh)
z pkSFkh ;kstuk (1969&74) us igys osQ :>ku osQ fy, ,d vko';d lqèkkj çnku fd;k ftlus
fo'ks"k :i ls Ñf"k osQ lkFk gh m|ksx esa Hkh etcwr oxks± dks vius mRiknu osQ vkèkkj dks
pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
c<+kus vkSj muesa fofoèkrk ykus esa rsth ls l{ke cukus esa enn dhA
(1969 ls 1974)
z blh ;kstuk osQ rgr bafnjk xkaèkh }kjk 1971 osQ pquko osQ nkSjku ^xjhch gVkvks* dk ukjk fn;k
x;k FkkA
z çeq• ?kVuk,¡%
 lw•k vkSj 1971&72 dk Hkkjr&ikd ;q¼ (ckaXykns'k eqfÙkQ ;q¼)

 1969 esa 14 cSadksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k

z xjhch gVkus vkSj vkRefuHkZjrk ij è;ku nsrh gSa

z yf{kr fodkl nj & 4-4 çfr'kr
z 4-8» dh fodkl nj çkIr fd;k (;kstuk liQy jgh)
z ;g ;kstuk 1978 esa lekIr dj nh xbZ FkhA
ikapoh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk z ykWUp fd;k x;k%
(1974 ls 1979) z Hkkjr dh igyh tula[;k uhfr 1976 esa ?kksf"kr dh xbZ
z V~osaVh&ikWbaV çksxzke (1975)
z ,dhÑr cky fodkl ;kstuk (ICOsQ) 1975&76 esa 'kq: dh xbZ
uksV% ;kstuk vofèk dBksj vkikrdky vkSj osaQæ esa ljdkj osQ ifjorZu ls cqjh rjg çHkkfor
gqbZ FkhA
z ikapoha ;kstuk dh fujarjrk osQ :i esa
z ^jksfyax Iyku* dh voèkkj.kk dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ Fkh vkSj çks- xqUukj E;MZy }kjk ^O;kid
lsfVax esa Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd ;kstuk* cukbZ xbZ FkhA
jksfyax ;kstuk
z dke osQ cnys vukt dk;ZØe 'kq: fd;k x;kA
(1978 ls 1980)
z vaR;ksn; ;kstuk
z iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa (PRI) dks u;k thou (;kuh] iap;krh jkt osQ iqu#¼kj dk nwljk
pj.k)_

60 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH

NBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
(1980 ls 1985)
lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
(1985 ls 1990)
nks okf"kZd ;kstuk,¡
1990&91 vkSj 1991&92
vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
(1992 ls 1997)
ukSoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
(1997 ls 2002)
Hkkjr esesa a vkfFkZ
Hkkjr vkfFkZddfu;ks
z yf{kr fodkl nj & 5-2 çfr'kr
z 5-7» dh fodkl nj gkfly dh (;kstuk liQy jgh)
z mís';% xjhch de djuk vkSj jkstxkj osQ volj iSnk djukA
z çfl¼ ukjk% ^xjhch gVkvks*
z ykWUp fd;k x;k%
 2 vDVwcj 1980 dks jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj dk;ZØe (NREP)A
 ,dhÑr xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe (IRDP)
z 1980 esa Ng cSadksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k (jk"Vªh;dj.k dk nwljk nkSj)
z f'kojkeu lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa ij 1982 esa ukckMZ dh LFkkiuk
z mís';% rsth ls •k|kUu mRiknu] jkstxkj l`tu esa o`f¼ vkSj lkekU; :i ls mRikndrk ij
tksj fn;k x;kA
z yf{kr fodkl nj & 5 çfr'kr
z 6» dh fodkl nj gkfly dh (;kstuk liQy jgh)
z foKku vkSj rduhdh osQ fy, lkaosQfrd ;kstuk 'kq: gqbZA
z 1989 esa ykWUp tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk (JRY) & igyh foosaQæhÑr ;kstuk
z igyh ckj futh {ks=k dks lkoZtfud {ks=k ij çkFkfedrk feyhA
z ;kstuk dks ,d etcwr foÙkh; j.kuhfr osQ lkFk ugha yk;k x;k Fkk] ftlus vFkZO;oLFkk dks
Hkqxrku osQ vfLFkj larqyu vkSj jktdks"kh; ?kkVs osQ ladV esa Mky fn;kA
z vkBoha ;kstuk (1990&95) ns'k dh jktuhfrd fLFkfr] jktdks"kh; vlarqyu vkSj Hkqxrku
larqyu (BOP) ladV osQ dkj.k vkxs ugha c<+ ldhA
z vfu;af=kr jktdks"kh; ?kkVk
z yf{kr fodkl nj & 5-6 çfr'kr
z 6-8» dh fodkl nj gkfly dh (;kstuk liQy jgh)
z mís';% ekuo lalkèku dk fodkl vFkkZr jkstxkj] f'k{kk vkSj lkoZtfud LokLF;A
z lkaosQfrd ;kstuk dks lexz :i ls viukuk
z ujflEgk jko dh ljdkj us Hkkjr dh ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dk 'kqHkkjaHk fd;k
z jko&eueksgu ekWMy& LPG (mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k] oS'ohdj.k)
z 1996 esa fofuos'k vk;ksx dk xBu
z feM Ms ehy ;kstuk] MPLAOsQ] jk"Vªh; lkekftd lgk;d dk;ZØe dk 'kqHkkjaHk
z 1992 esa 73osa vkSj 74osa la'kksèku vfèkfu;e }kjk iapk;r jkt laLFkk dks laoSèkkfud ntkZ fn;k
x;kA
z 1992 esa SEBI (Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr vkSj fofue; cksMZ) dks oSèkkfud ntkZ
z mís';% ^U;k; vkSj lekurk osQ lkFk fodkl*A
z yf{kr fodkl nj & 7 çfr'krA 5-6» dh fodkl nj gkfly dh
z bls Hkkjr dh Lora=krk osQ 50osa o"kZ esa ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA
z 2000 esa jk"Vªh; tula[;k uhfr] jk"Vªh; tula[;k dks"k vkSj tula[;k fLFkjhdj.k dks"k dh
'kq#vkr dh xbZA
z Lo.kZ t;arh 'kgjh jkstxkj ;kstuk (SJSRY) vkSj Lo.kZ t;arh xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk (SGSY)
dh 'kq:vkr dh xbZA
fu;ks
tutu 61
 z loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku 2001 esa 'kq: fd;k x;kA
ukSoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk z çeq• ?kVuk,¡%
(1997 ls 2002)  nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ foÙkh; ladV (1996&97) osQ usr`Ro esa vFkZO;oLFkk esa pkSrjiQk ^eanh*A

 Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp dkjfxy ;q¼

nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
(2002 ls 2007)
X;kjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
(2007 ls 2012)
ckjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
(2012 ls 2017)
z mís';% vxys 10 o"kks± esa Hkkjr dh çfr O;fÙkQ vk; dks nksxquk djukA
z yf{kr fodkl nj & 8 çfr'kr
z igyh ckj ;kstuk esa osaQæ vkSj jkT;ksa osQ fodkl osQ X;kjg pqfuank laosQrdksa osQ fy, 'fuxjkuh
;ksX; y{;' fuèkkZfjr fd, x,A
z ^'kklu* dks fodkl dk dkjd ekuk tkrk Fkk
z iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh T;knk Hkkxhnkjh osQ lkFk ;kstuk rS;kj djus esa jkT;ksa dh Hkwfedk
Hkh c<+kbZ tk,xh
z çR;sd {ks=k esa uhfrxr vkSj laLFkkxr lqèkkj µ lkoZtfud {ks=k dh bdkbZ (PSU) esa lqèkkj]
dkuwuh lqèkkj] ç'kklfud lqèkkj] Je lqèkkj vkfnA
z 2002 esa Ñf"k {ks=k dks vFkZO;oLFkk dh çeq• xfr'khy 'kfÙkQ (PMF) osQ :i esa ?kksf"kr
fd;k x;k FkkA
z lkekftd {ks=k ij T;knk tksj & oqQy ifjO;; dk yxHkx 27»A
z mís'; & ^'kh?kz vkSj lekos'kh fodkl*
z bls pØoFkhZ jaxjktu us rS;kj fd;k FkkA
z yf{kr fodkl nj & 8-1 çfr'kr
z 7-9» dh fodkl nj gkfly dh
z 9&10 iQhlnh ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) fodkl dk lqfu;ksftr y{;A
z mís';% ^rhoz] vfèkd lekos'kh vkSj lrr fodkl*
z fodkl nj dk y{; 9»
z 12oha iap o"khZ; ;kstuk osQ O;kid mís';%
z xjhch de djuk
z jkT;ksa esa vkSj jkT;ksa osQ Hkhrj {ks=kh; lekurk esa lqèkkj djuk
z vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr] vU; fiNM+k oxZ] vYila[;dksa osQ fy, jgus dh fLFkfr
esa lqèkkj djuk
z Hkkjrh; ;qokvksa osQ fy, jkstxkj osQ vkd"kZd volj iSnk djukA
z ySafxd vlekurk dks •Re djuk
z ckjgoha (iapo"khZ; ;kstuk) ,iQokbZih (FYP) osQ var rd 90 çfr'kr Hkkjrh; ifjokjksa dks
cSafdax lsokvksa rd igqap çnku djukA
z ckjgoha ,iQokbZih (FYP) osQ var rd fiNys vuqekuksa dh rqyuk esa •ir xjhch dk gsM&dkmaV
vuqikr 10 çfr'kr vad de fd;k tkuk gSA
z ckjgoha ,iQokbZih (FYP) osQ nkSjku gj lky ,d fefy;u gsDVs;j gfjr vkoj.k (lSVsykbV
bestjh }kjk ekik x;k) c<+k,¡A
z ckjgoha ,iQokbZih (FYP) osQ var rd ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) osQ çfr'kr osQ :i esa
bUÚkLVªDpj esa fuos'k dks c<+kdj 9» rd igqapkuk

62 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
fu"d"kZ% Hkkjr dh iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa us tks oqQN djuk lqfuf'pr z ;g vc uhfr&fuekZ.k djus okyh ,d laLFkk gS ftlls
fd;k Fkk] mlosQ lanHkZ esa os cgqr oqQN dj ikus esa vliQy vkfFkZd fodkl dk iwokZuqeku djus vkSj ,d ,slh xfr'khy
fl¼ gqbZ gSaA vc rd geus ftl vkfFkZd çxfr ;k fodkl vFkZO;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k djus esa enn feyrh gS ftldh
dks ns•k gS] og oqQy feykdj 1991 osQ Hkqxrku larqyu ladV cnkSyr bl vkèkqfud nqfu;k esa çfrLièkhZ jgk tk losQA
(BoP) osQ ckn Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ •ksys tkus osQ ckn
dk urhtk gSA vkt futh {ks=k us lkoZtfud {ks=k dks ihNs NksM+ uhfr vk;ksx osQ dk;Z
fn;k gS vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa c<+r cuk yh gSA z jk"Vªh; fodkl çkFkfedrk okys {ks=kksa dks egRo nsdj vkSj
blosQ èkukRed vkSj ½.kkRed nksuksa igyw gSaA jkT;ksa osQ jk"Vªfgr ls tqM+s mís';ksa dks çkIr djus esa viuh
Hkwfedk lqfuf'pr djrs gq, mHkjrh gqbZ vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lkFk
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) jk"Vªh; fodkl dk n`f"Vdks.k j•rk gSA
1. Hkkjr dh iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa osQ lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r esa Cooperative Pro-people
ls dkSu lk@ls dFku lgh gS@gSa\  (2019) and competitive Women
empowerment
1- nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ls] cqfu;knh vkSj iwathxr federalis
PILLARS OF
oLrqvksa osQ m|ksxksa osQ çfrLFkkiu dh fn'kk esa n`<+ Equality Proactivity
NITI AAYOG
fo'okl FkkA
2- pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk us èku vkSj vkfFkZd 'kfÙkQ dh Participation Transparency
c<+rh l?kurk dh iwoZ dh ço`fÙk dks nq:Lr djus osQ Inclusion of all
mís'; dks viuk;kA z lgdkjh vkSj çfrLièkhZ la?kokn dks vusdksa igy osQ
3- ikapoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa igyh ckj foÙkh; {ks=k dks ekè;e ls c<+kok nsuk vkSj ,d l'kÙkQ vkSj etcwr jk"Vª osQ
;kstuk osQ vfHkUu vax osQ :i esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k fuekZ.k esa jkT;ksa dk leFkZu djukA
FkkA z vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dks ,dhÑr djuk tks jk"Vªh; lqj{kk fgrksa
uhps fn, x, dksM dk bLrseky djosQ lgh mÙkj pqusaA dks Hkh iwjk djrh gksaA
(a) osQoy 1 vkSj 2 (b) osQoy 2 z r`rh; Js.kh osQ tehuh Lrj ij fo'oluh; ;kstukvksa dk
(c) osQoy 3 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3 fodkl vkSj bu ;kstukvksa dks ljdkj osQ mPp Lrjksa osQ
2. 12oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; ---------- gS lkFk ,dhÑr djukA
(2014) z lekt ij dke% lekt osQ gkf'k, ij •M+s oxks± ij fo'ks"k
(a) lekos'kh fodkl vkSj xjhch esa dehA è;ku nsuk] ftUgsa fu;kstu çfØ;k dh vofèk osQ nkSjku ykHk
(b) lekos'kh vkSj lrr fodkl ls oafpr jg tkus dk •rjk gks ldrk gSA
(c) csjkstxkjh dks de djus osQ fy, lrr vkSj lekos'kh bafM;k buksos'ku baMsDl
fodkl vVy buksos'ku fe'ku
(d) rhoz] lrr vkSj vfèkd lekos'kh fodklA lexz ty çca/u lwpdkad
uhfr vk;ksx bZ&ve`r iksVZy
vkdka{kh ftyk dk;ZØe
z uhfr vk;ksx us ;kstuk vk;ksx dk LFkku xzg.k fd;k tks
ns'k dh vkfFkZd vko';drkvksa osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h FkkA uhfr Ldwy f'k{kk xq.koÙkk lwpdkad
uhfr vk;ksx
vk;ksx dk eryc us'kuy baLVhVÔw'ku iQkWj VªkaliQkWfeZax dh igy ,lMhth bafM;k baMsDl
bafM;k gS] ftldk xBu 2015 esa osaQæh; eaf=keaMy osQ ,d ftyk vLirky lwpdkad
çLrko osQ ekè;e ls fd;k x;k FkkA NITI vk;ksx osQ 'kklh oqeu VªkaliQkWfeZax bafM;k vokMZ
ifj"kn dh vè;{krk ekuuh; çèkkuea=kh }kjk dh tkrh gS vkSj
LVªSVsth iQkWj U;w bafM;k @75
blesa lHkh jkT;ksa vkSj osaQæ 'kkflr çns'kksa osQ eq[;ea=khx.k osQ
lkFk foèkku eaMy osQ lnL; vkSj vU; osQaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa lq'kklu lwpdkad
osQ mijkT;iky Hkh 'kkfey gksrs gSaA efgyk m|ferk dk;ZØe (MCY;wbZih)

Hkkjr esesa a vkfFkZ

Hkkjr vkfFkZddfu;ks
fu;ks
tutu 63
z j.kuhfrd uhfr;ksa dks fMtkbu vkSj rS;kj djuk vkSj muosQ lq'kklu osQ vuqlaèkku dk laxzg gSA ;g lrr vkSj leku
çHkko dh fuxjkuh djrs jgukA fodkl osQ fy, lokZsÙke vH;klksa dh tkap djrk gSA
z jk"Vªh; fodkl ls lacafèkr y{;ksa dks çkIr djus osQ fy, z jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; cktkjksa esa çeq• fgrèkkjdksa osQ chp
,tsaMk vkSj ;kstuk dks èkjkry ij ykxw djukA Hkkxhnkjh dks çksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, ,d lykgdkj osQ
:i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
z ;g bu fodkl ,tsaMksa osQ lapkyu esa rsth ykus osQ fy,
varj&{ks=kh; vkSj varj foHkkxh; eqíksa osQ lekèkku osQ z ;g jk"Vªh; vkSj varjjk"Vªh; fo'ks"kKksa] fpfdRldksa vkSj
vU; Hkkxhnkjksa osQ ,d lg;ksxh leqnk; osQ ekè;e ls
fy, ,d eap çnku djrh gSA
,d lqf'kf{kr] vfHkuo vkSj m|e'khy lgk;rk ç.kkyh
z n{krk c<+kus vkSj lacafèkr dk;ZØeksa osQ le; ij vk;kstu çnku djrk gSA
osQ fy, fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa lalkèkuksa dh vko';drkvksa dh z ;g viuk, x, varjjk"Vªh; dk;ZØeksa osQ lapkyu dh
lfØ;rk osQ lkFk fuxjkuh djukA fuxjkuh vkSj ewY;kadu djrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, lrr
z ,d vfr vkèkqfud lalkèku osQaæ dks cuk, j•us osQ fy, fodkl y{; (SDG) baMsDl] bZt vkWiQ Mwbax fctusl
;g ,d 'kSf{kd vkSj uhfr vuqlaèkku laLFkku gS tks (EODB) fctusl bR;kfnA
uhfr vk;ksx cuke ;kstuk vk;ksx
fo'ks"krk,¡ uhfr vk;ksx ;kstuk vk;ksx
;g fo'ks"kKksa dk ,d çcq¼ ny vkSj ,d lykgdkj bls jkT;ksa vkSj vk;ksx }kjk vuqeksfnr ifj;kstukvksa
dk;Z
ra=k gS tks jkT;ksa ij viuh uhfr;k¡ ugha Fkksirk gSA ij uhfr;k¡ ykxw djus dh 'kfÙkQ FkhA
blosQ ikl foÙk ea=kky; osQ rgr èku osQ vkoaVu blosQ ikl dk;ZØeksa osQ fy, jkT; ljdkjksa vkSj
fufèk vkoaVu
dh 'kfÙkQ gSA osQaæh; ea=kky;ksa dks èku vkoafVr djus dh 'kfÙkQ FkhA
jkT; ljdkjsa lfØ; :i ls 'kkfey gSaA jkT; ljdkj us osQoy dk;ZØeksa osQ lapkyu esa
jkT;ksa dh Hkwfedk,¡
Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
jkT;ksa osQ eq[;ea=kh vkSj osQaæ'kkflr çns'kksa osQ ysfÝVusaV vk;ksx us jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn dks fjiksVZ fd;k
'kklh fudk;
xouZjA ftlesa eq[;ea=kh vkSj ysfÝVusaV xouZj 'kkfey FksA
eq[; dk;Zdkjh vfèkdkjh (CEO) dh fu;qfÙkQ çèkkuea=kh blh çfØ;k }kjk lfpoksa dh fu;qfÙkQ dh tkrh FkhA
fu;qfÙkQ
}kjk dh tkrh gS tks ifj"kn dk vè;{k gksrk gSA
;g ,d dk;Zdkjh fudk; gS vkSj laln osQ ,d ;g Hkh ,d dk;Zdkjh fudk; FkkA
Js.kh
vfèkfu;e }kjk LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA
y{; bls jk"Vª osQ fodkl osQ fy, cuk;k x;k gSA bls jk"Vª osQ fodkl osQ fy, cuk;k x;k gSA
ppkZ osQ fy, gj lky bdêòk gksuk vkSj ;kstuk rS;kj ppkZ osQ fy, gj lky bdêòk gksuk vkSj ;kstuk rS;kj
cSBd
djukA djukA
lekurk,¡ uhfr vk;ksx dh vkykspuk
z çkFkfed mís';% yksxksa osQ bu nksuksa cksMks± dk eq[; mís'; z ifjorZu dh lhek,¡% uhfr vk;ksx ,d csgn vleku lekt
bl jk"Vª dk fodkl vkSj fuekZ.k djuk gSA dks ,d ,slh vkèkqfud vFkZO;oLFkk esa ugha cny ldrk
z laoSèkkfud vfèkns'k% ;kstuk vk;ksx dh rjg uhfr vk;ksx tks vius lHkh ukxfjdksa dk dY;k.k lqfuf'pr djs] Hkys gh
Hkh ,d xSj&laoSèkkfud fudk; gS tks laln osQ çfr mÙkjnk;h mudh lkekftd igpku oqQN Hkh gksA
ugha gSA z uhfr&fuekZ.k esa lhfer Hkwfedk ;k çHkko% lkoZtfud ;k
z ;kstuk dk;Zdky% ;s nksuksa cksMZ 5&7 lky dh yach vofèk futh fuos'k dks çHkkfor djus esa bldh dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha
osQ fy, ;kstuk cukrs gSaA gksrh gSA ,slk yxrk gS fd nh?kZdkfyd ifj.kkeksa osQ fy,
z cSBd dh le; vofèk% nksuksa cksMZ ppkZ djus vkSj uhfr fuekZ.k esa bldk dksbZ çHkko ugha gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,]
;kstukvksa dks rS;kj djus osQ fy, gj lky bdêòk gksrs gSaA foeqæhdj.k vkSj oLrq ,oa lsok djA

64 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z uhfr vk;ksx vHkh çkjafHkd voLFkk esa gS% ;g irk yxkus
dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gS fd bldh Hkwfedk D;k gksuh pkfg,
D;ksafd ,d fopkj eap dh Hkwfedk vklku ugha gSA
z xSj&egRoiw.kZ fudk;% vxj ;g ,d fopkj eap gS] rks
bls orZeku ljdkj ls lEekutud ckSf¼d nwjh cuk, j•uh
gksxhA blosQ ctk;] ge ljdkj }kjk çk;ksftr ;kstukvksa@
dk;ZØeksa dh i{k esa ç'kalk ns•rs gSaA
z lhfer tokcnsgh% ;g fof'k"V ç'uksa dk mÙkj nsus esa
vleFkZ gS] tSls 90» vlaxfBr {ks=k esa D;ksa dke dj jgs
gSa\ vkSj blosQ vykok] vkt dh rkjh• esa] laxfBr {ks=k esa
vfèkd ls vfèkd vukSipkfjdhdj.k gks jgk gSA
z efgykvksa osQ mRFkku osQ fy, T;knk oqQN ugha fd;k%
tc ckaXykns'k tSls iM+kslh ns'kksa esa lqèkkj ns•k tk jgk gS]
,slh fLFkfr esa Hkh efgykvksa dh Je&'kfÙkQ Hkkxhnkjh nj esa
fxjkoV vk jgh gSA
liQyrk osQ ekxZ
z lefiZr le; vofèk tkap vkSj larqyu dks cuk, j•dj
le; ij dke djus esa enn djrh gSA
z ukSdj'kkgh dh fuf"Ø;rk ;k drZO;ghurk dke osQ çokg esa
ckèkk,¡ mRiUu djrh gS ftls tokcnsgh r; djosQ lqèkkjus
dh t:jr gSA
v v v
Hkkjr esesa a vkfFkZ
Hkkjr vkfFkZddfu;ks
fu;ks
tutu
z uhfr vk;ksx ç'kklu dks csgrj cukus vkSj lkoZtfud
lsokvksa dh csgrj forj.k osQ fy, u, rjhdksa dks ykxw djus
esa ;ksxnku ns ldrk gSA
z uhfr vk;ksx dks Lo;a dks fu;af=kr djus dk ç;kl u
djus dh fn'kk esa osQaæ dks jkth djus osQ fy, ,d
lykg&vkèkkfjr fudk; osQ :i esa dke djuk pkfg,A
bldk dke jk"Vªh; leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku dks c<+kok nsus
dk gh gksuk pkfg,A
z foosQaæhdj.k ls gekjs fofoèk vkSj yksdrkaf=kd ns'k dks
enn feysxhA bl çdkj] fu;kstu osQ nkSjku jkT; ljdkj osQ
lkFk gh 'kgj vkSj ftyk ç'kklu osQ rhljs Lrj rd dks Hkh
'kkfey gksuk pkfg,A
z flLVe osQ fgrèkkjdksa esa ^laxBukRed f'k{kk* dks rhoz
:i nsus osQ fy, u, rjhdksa dh t:jr gksrh gS] ftUgsa
,d lkFk ;kstuk,¡ cukuh pkfg, vkSj blh rjg mUgsa ,d
lkFk ykxw Hkh djuk pkfg,A bl çdkj] ikl esa dksbZ ;kstuk
gksuk dkiQh ugha gS] cfYd blosQ lgdkjh lapkyu osQ fy,
,d j.kuhfr Hkh gksuh pkfg,A
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. uhfr vk;ksx }kjk viuk, x, fl¼kar Hkkjr esa igys osQ
;kstuk vk;ksx }kjk viuk, x, fl¼karksa ls fdl çdkj
vyx gSa\  (2018)
65
 6 fuèkZurk vkSj vlekurk

z fuèkZurk dh ifjHkk"kk ,d ,slh fLFkfr ;k n'kk osQ :i
esa nh tkrh gS] ftl fLFkfr ;k n'kk esa ,d O;fÙkQ ;k
leqnk; vius thou osQ vkèkkjHkwr Lrj ij vko';d
ekSfæd lalkèkuksa vkSj vkèkkjHkwr vko';d oLrqvksa ls
oafpr gksrk gSA
z fuèkZurk ,d cgqvk;keh ifjn`'; gksrk gS] ftlesa dksbZ
O;fÙkQ ;k leqnk; lcls fupys Lrj osQ thou osQ fy,
t:jh foÙkh; lalkèkuksa vkSj t:jh phtksa ls oafpr gksrk gSA
fofHkUu laLFkkvksa vkSj laxBuksa }kjk çnÙk fuèkZurk
dh ifjHkk"kk,a
z fo'o cSad% fuèkZurk csgrj
thou;kiu osQ fy, ,d cgqr
gh xaHkhj vHkko gS ftldh
vusd fn'kk,¡ gSaA blesa de
vk; vkSj lEekutud thou
osQ fy, t:jh vkèkkjHkwr
oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dks gkfly djus esa l{ke u gksuk
'kkfey gksrk gSA fuèkZurk esa LokLF; vkSj f'k{kk dh deh]
mi;qÙkQ LoPN is; ty vkSj lkiQ&liQkbZ u çkIr gksuk]
'kkjhfjd lqj{kk çkIr u gksuk] fdlh osQ }kjk mudh ckrsa u
lquh tkuk vkSj vius thou dks csgrj cukus dh {kerk vkSj
mi;qÙkQ voljksa dh deh vkfn vkrh gSaA
z la;qÙkQ jk"Vª laxBu (UN)% xjhch esa LFkk;h vkthfodk
lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, lalkèkuksa vkSj vk; dh deh
'kkfey gSA ;g Hkw• vkSj oqQiks"k.k] LokLF; ns•Hkky vkSj
vU; vko';drkvksa rd lhfer igqap] lkekftd cfg"dkj
vkSj HksnHkko] vkSj fu.kZ; ysus esa Hkkxhnkjh dh deh dks
çnf'kZr djrk gSA
z la;qÙkQ jk"Vª ekuokfèkdkj ifj"kn (UNHRC) dh fuèkZurk
dh ifjHkk"kk osQ vuqlkj] ¶;g ekuo dh ,d ,slh fLFkfr
gS ftldh fo'ks"krk ,d i;kZIr ekudhÑr thou ,oa vU;
ukxfjd] lkaLÑfrd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd
vfèkdkjksa osQ fy, fVdkÅ lalkèkuksa] {kerkvksa] #fp;ksa] lqj{kk
vkSj 'kfÙkQ dh yxkrkj deh gksuk gksrk gS¸A
z 2011 esa] Hkkjr dh 21-9» tula[;k jk"Vªh; fuèkZurk js•k
ls uhps FkhA
oqQN rkRdkfyd iwokZuqekuksa osQ vuqlkj] 2020 esa oSf'od
fuèkZurk nj dksfoM&19 egkekjh osQ dkj.k c<+dj 9-2» gks
xbZ] tks 2019 esa 8-3» FkhA 1998 osQ ckn ls igyh ckj
fuèkZurk esa bruh vfèkd c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gS vkSj ;g 1990 osQ
ckn dh lcls T;knk gksus okyh c<+ksÙkjh gS vkSj bl dkj.k ls
fuèkZurk ?kVkus osQ fy, r; fd, x, y{; osQ fy, yxHkx
rhu o"kks± dh {kfr gqbZ gSA

fuèkZurk vkSj vlekurk osQ lacaèk esa laoSèkkfud çkoèkku

z vuqPNsn 16(1)% jkT; osQ vèkhu fdlh Hkh dk;kZy; esa jkstxkj ;k fu;qfÙkQ ls lacafèkr ekeyksa esa
lHkh ukxfjdksa osQ fy, volj dh lekurk gksxhA
z vuqPNsn 17% vLi`';rk dk mUewyu & ,d leku lkekftd&vkfFkZd ifjn`'; osQ lkFk] vuqPNsn
17 dk mís'; ,d ubZ lkekftd O;oLFkk cukuk gSA
z vuqPNsn 21% thou vkSj O;fÙkQxr Lora=krk dk laj{k.k & vuqPNsn 21 xjhch U;k;'kkL=k ls Hkjk
ekSfyd vfèkdkj gqvk gSA blesa xjhcksa osQ cqfu;knh t:jrksa osQ vfèkdkj osQ lkFk&lkFk muosQ dY;k.k vkSj fodkl
dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
z vuqPNsn 24% 'kks"k.k osQ fo#¼ vfèkdkj & vuqPNsn 24 osQ çkoèkku lHkh (jkT; vkSj futh
O;fÙkQ nksuksa) ij ykxw gksrs gSaA lafoèkku osQ ewy fuekZrkvksa us 14 o"kZ dh vk;q rd osQ cPpksa osQ fy,
f'k{kk dks vfuok;Z dj fn;k (eqÝr f'k{kk çkIr djsa vkSj •qn dks mi;ksxh vkSj ftEesnkj ukxfjd
cuus osQ fy, rS;kj djsa)A
 z ;s funZs'kd fl¼kar gekjs lafoèkku esa of.kZr lkekftd U;k; osQ <kaps dks lokZfèkd Li"V :i ls
çnf'kZr djrs gSa vkSj os f'k{kk] i;kZoj.k] U;k; dks c<+kok nsuk] fu%'kqYd dkuwuh lgk;rk çnku djuk]
vfuok;Z :i ls osru feyuk] uhps rcosQ osQ yksxksa dh lqj{kk] ou lEink ,oa oU; thou dh lqj{kk
vkfn osQ {ks=k esa lkoZtfud lekt dY;k.k osQ fy, dbZ çkoèkkuksa dh vis{kk djrs gSaA
jkT; osQ uhfr funZs'kd z vuqPNsn 39 (A)% U;k; dks c<+kok nsuk] leku volj vkSj fu%'kqYd dkuwuh lgk;rk_
fl¼kar z vuqPNsn 39 (a)% jkT; viuh uhfr dks vkthfodk osQ i;kZIr lkèku gkfly djus dh fn'kk esa
funZsf'kr djsxk_
z vuqPNsn 41% dke dh lqj{kk] f'k{kk vkSj dbZ ekeyksa esa lkoZtfud lgk;rk_
z vuqPNsn 42% dke dh U;k;laxr vkSj ekuoh; fLFkfr;ksa dh lqj{kk_
z vuqPNsn 45% jkT; osQ gj ,d cPps dks 14 o"kZ dh vk;q rd fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk vkfnA

lrr fodkl dk y{; vkSj fuèkZurk fuèkZurk osQ çfr n`f"Vdks.k

z lrr fodkl y{; 1 (SDG 1)% lrr fodkl osQ fy,
2030 ,tsaMk esa blosQ çeq• mís';ksa esa ls ,d osQ :i esa
o"kZ 2030 rd nqfu;k Hkj esa lHkh yksxksa osQ fy, vR;fèkd
xjhch dk mUewyu 'kkfey gSA
z 2015 esa xjhch dh nj 10-1» ls ?kVdj 2018 esa 8-6»
gks xbZ] tks 2015 vkSj 2018 osQ chp dh vofèk osQ fy,
,d ,sfrgkfld fuEu Lrj gSA
fuèkZurk osQ çdkj
z ;g ,d ,slh fLFkfr gksrh gS] tgka ifjokj
dh vk; cqfu;knh thou Lrj (Hkkstu]
vkJ;] vkokl) dks cuk, j•us osQ fy,
ftruh t:jr gksrh gS] mlls de gksrh
gSA blh fLFkfr ls ns'kksa vkSj le; osQ chp
pje rqyuk dh tk ldrh gSA
fuèkZurk z 1990 esa ykxw dh xbZ ¶,d MkWyj
çfrfnu¸ fuèkZurk js•k] ekudksa }kjk nqfu;k
osQ lokZfèkd fuèkZu ns'kksa dh iw.kZ fuèkZurk
dk ekiu djrh gSA fo'o cSad us vDVwcj
2015 esa bls c<+kdj 1-90 MkWyj çfr
fnu dj fn;k FkkA
z lkekftd n`f"V ls] bls vklikl dh vkcknh
osQ vkfFkZd Lrj dh rqyuk esa thou Lrj
osQ fuEu Lrj osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
x;k gSA ;g vk; vlekurk osQ ,d mik;
lkis{k
osQ :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA
fuèkZurk
z vkerkSj ij] lkis{k fuèkZurk dks vkSlr vk;
osQ ,d fuf'pr vuqikr ls de vk; okyh
tula[;k osQ çfr'kr osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k tkrk gSA
z iqjkru n`f"Vdks.k% ikjaifjd n`f"Vdks.k ;g ekurk gS fd
fuèkZurk ,d O;fÙkQ osQ dk;ks± vkSj mlosQ HkkX; nksuksa dk
ifj.kke gksrh gSA
z vkèkqfud n`f"Vdks.k% vkèkqfud n`f"Vdks.k osQ vuqlkj]
fuèkZurk osQ fy, lcls igyk ;ksxnku lkekftd O;oLFkk
dh dk;Zç.kkyh dk gksrk gS] tks fdlh ,d O;fÙkQ osQ o'k
osQ ckgj dh pht gksrh gSA
fuèkZurk js•k dh voèkkj.kk
z fuèkZurk dks fuèkkZfjr djus dk ikjaifjd rjhdk vko';d
oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh ,d J`a•yk dh iwfrZ osQ
fy, vko';d vk; (;k O;;) dh U;wure jkf'k
fuèkkZfjr djuk gSA fuèkZurk js•k O;; dk ;g U;wure
Lrj gksrk gSA
z fuèkZurk vuqikr ;k gsM dkmaV vuqikr (HCR)% fuèkZurk
esa jgus okyh tula[;k dk vuqikr] ftls gsM dkmaV vuqikr
(HCR) osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
z varjkZ"Vªh; fuèkZurk js•k (IPL)% 2017 osQ la'kksèkuksa osQ
vuqlkj] fo'o cSad ml O;fÙkQ dks lcls T;knk fuèkZu ekurk
gS ftldh jkst dh vk; 1-90 vesfjdh MkWyj ls de gSA
z lkekftd fuèkZurk js•k (SPL)% fuèkZurk ls tqM+s i{k dks
è;ku esa j•rs gq,] 2018 esa fo'o cSad us lkekftd fuèkZurk
js•k (SPL) dks ykxw fd;k FkkA lkekftd fuèkZurk js•k
(SPL) ,d fefJr js•k gksrh gS tks 1-90 vejhdh Mkyj
çfr fnu dh iw.kZ fuèkZurk js•k dks ,d lacafèkr ?kVd osQ
lkFk tksM+rh gS tks vFkZO;oLFkk dh vkSlr vk; ;k O;; osQ
lkFk&lkFk c<+rh gSA
z ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad }kjk fuèkkZfjr fuèkZurk js•k orZeku
esa çfr O;fÙkQ 1-51 MkWyj çfr fnu gSA

fuèkZuurkrk vkS
fuèkZ vkSjjvlekurk
vlekurk 67
z fuèkZurk osQ fofHkUu i{kksa dk ,d laosQrd ls ekiu djuk nkSjku mudh miHkksx osQ ckjs esa iwNk tkrk gS] ftldk
vlaHko gSA bLrseky rc lexz miHkksx dks çnf'kZr djus osQ fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjr esa fuèkZurk dk vkdyu%  vk; dh ço`fÙk% eq[; vk; ço`fÙk dk fuèkkZj.k djuk
fuèkZurk ij lfefr;k¡ vlaHko gSA
lanHkZ varjky
z Hkkjr esa] fuèkZurk dk ,d lkekU; laosQrd vk; ;k
z ftl le; osQ varjky esa loZs{k.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj
miHkksx dk Lrj gS_ ;fn fdlh ifjokj dk laosQrd iwoZ
fo'ks"k :i ls ?kjksa esa iwNrkN dh tkrh gS] mls lanHkZ
fuèkkZfjr U;wure Lrj ls uhps vkrk gS] rks ml ifjokj dks
varjky dgk tkrk gSA
fuèkZurk js•k ls uhps (BPL) ekuk tkrk gSA
z fuèkZurk js•k dh x.kuk% orZeku esa] uhfr vk;ksx dh fuèkZurk osQ vkdyu osQ fy, vkadM+ksa dks ,d=k djus dh
dk;Z lfefr] lkaf[;dh vkSj dk;ZØe dk;kZUo;u ea=kky; fofèk;k¡%
(MOSPI) osQ vèkhu jk"Vªh; uewuk loZs{k.k dk;kZy; z 1993&1994 rd fuèkZurk js•k dk
(NSSO) }kjk ,df=kr tkudkjh dk bLrseky djosQ Hkkjr vkdyu le:i lalkèku varjky
esa fuèkZurk js•k dh x.kuk djrh gSA (URP) osQ vkadM+kas osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k
z miHkksx cuke vk; dk Lrj% Hkkjr esa fuèkZurk js•k dk le:i lalkèku tkrk Fkk] ftlesa mÙkj nsus okyksa ls muosQ
varjky (URP) fiNys 30 fnuksa osQ •pks± o miHkksx dk
fuèkkZj.k djus osQ fy, vk; osQ Lrjksa osQ ctk; miHkksx
vkadM+k iwNk tkrk FkkA ftlls vkadM+s
osQ •pks± dk bLrseky fuEufyf•r dkj.kksa ls fd;k tkrk fiNys 30 fnuksa esa miHkksx •pks± osQ
gS% Lej.k ij vkèkkfjr gksrs FksA
 vk; esa fHkUurk% miHkksx dk Lo:i vke rkSj ij z jk"Vªh; uewuk loZs{k.k dk;kZy;
fLFkj gksrs gSa] ysfdu Lo&fu;ksftr vkSj etnwjh dekus (NSSO) us 1999&2000 esa ,d
okyksa dh vk; le; vkSj LFkku osQ vuqlkj cgqr fHkUu fefJr lanHkZ varjky (MRP)
rduhdh dk bLrseky djuk 'kq:
gksrh gSA
fd;k] ftlesa chrs lky esa ikap
 vfrfjÙkQ vk;% gj ekg osru çkIr djus okys yksxksa osQ
fefJr lanHkZ
de ckj •jhnh tkus okyh oLrqvksa
varjky (MRP)
ikl çk;% iwjd vfrfjÙkQ vk; gksrh gS ftldk fglkc (diM+s] twrs] fVdkÅ oLrq,a] f'k{kk
j•uk FkksM+k eqf'dy gks ldrk gSA vkSj laLFkkxr LokLF; O;;) ij •pZ
 vkadM+ksa dk laxzg% miHkksx&vkèkkfjr fuèkZurk js•k osQ
osQ lkFk&lkFk fiNys 30 fnuksa esa vU;
bLrseky osQ le;] uewuk&vkèkkfjr loZs{k.kksa esa ifjokjksa lHkh lkekuksa ij fd, x, •pZ dh
ls ,d lanHkZ vofèk (mnkgj.kkFkZ] fiNys 30 fnu) osQ tkap dh tkrh gSA

Lora=krk ls iwoZ fuèkZurk dk vkdyu%

nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth
jk"Vªh; ;kstuk lfefr
z nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth us viuh iqLrd ¶ikWoVhZ ,aM vu&fczfV'k :y bu bafM;k¸ esa fuèkZurk
js•k (çfr o"kZ osQ chp 16 ls 35 çfr O;fÙkQ) dh x.kuk dh FkhA
z mUgksaus Hkj.k&iks"k.k ;k cqfu;knh Hkkstu (pkoy ;k vkVk] nky] eVu] lfCt;k¡] ?kh]
ouLifr rsy vkSj ued) dh dher osQ vkèkkj ij fuèkZurk osQ ekud dk fuèkkZj.k
fd;k FkkA
z jk"Vªh; ;kstuk lfefr dh fuèkZurk dh ifjHkk"kk osQ vuqlkj] fuèkZurk çfr O;fÙkQ dk
vkèkkj ij çfr ekg 15 #i;s ls ysdj 20 #i;s rd Fkh vkSj tks vkèkkjHkwr thou
Lrj ij vkèkkfjr Fkh] blesa vkgkj lacaèkh lHkh vko';drkvksa dks è;ku esa j•k x;k
FkkA

68 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 z jk"Vªh; ;kstuk lfefr dh LFkkiuk 1938 esa lqHkk"k paæ cksl us dh Fkh vkSj bldh
vè;{krk dk Hkkj tokgjyky usg: usg: th osQ daèks ij FkkA bldk eq[; mís'; ,d
jk"Vªh; ;kstuk lfefr
,slh vkfFkZd j.kuhfr LFkkfir djuk Fkk tks yksxksa dks i;kZIr thou Lrj dk oknk dj
losQA
z cacbZ ;kstuk (1944) osQ leFkZdksa us çfr o"kZ çfr O;fÙkQ ` 75 dh xjhch lhek dk
lq>ko fn;kA cacbZ esa cM+s&cM+s O;olkf;;ksa osQ ,d NksVs ls lewg us Hkkjr dh Lora=krk
cacbZ ;kstuk (1944)
osQ ckn dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fodkl osQ fy, ¶cacbZ ;kstuk¸ osQ :i esa tkus okys çLrkoksa
dh ,d J`a•yk çLrqr dh FkhA
LorU=krk osQ mijkar fuèkZurk dk vkdyu%
z oh,e nkaMsdj vkSj ,u jFk us 1971 esa jk"Vªh; uewuk loZs{k.k (NSS) }kjk ,df=kr fd,
x, vkadM+ksa dk bLrseky djosQ fuèkZurk dk foLrkj ls fo'ys"k.k çLrqr fd;kA
z oh,e nkaMsdj vkSj ,u jFk us çLrko fn;k fd fuèkZurk js•k dk ekunaM ml •pZ osQ
oh,e nkaMsdj vkSj ,u jFk
vkèkkj ij fuèkkZfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlls xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh nksuksa {ks=kksa esa çfr fnu
2250 osQyksjh feyrh gks] ;g igys osQ vuqekuksa osQ foijhr Fkk tks Hkj.k&iks"k.k ;k osQoy
vko';d oLrqvksa ij osQafær FksA
z ;kstuk vk;ksx }kjk okbZ osQ vy?k osQ usr`Ro esa LFkkfir dk;Z lfefr us xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh
{ks=kksa osQ fy, vkgkj ls tqM+h vko';drkvksa vkSj lacafèkr miHkksx •pks± osQ vkèkkj ij ,d
vy?k lfefr (1979)
fuèkZurk js•k rS;kj dh FkhA egaxkbZ osQ fn, x, ewY; Lrjksa dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, vuqekuksa
dks ckn osQ o"kks± esa la'kksfèkr fd;k tkuk FkkA
z ydM+okyk lfefr osQ fu"d"kZ bl ifjdYiuk ij vkèkkfjr Fks fd fuèkZuksa osQ miHkksx osQ
Lo:i miHkksÙkQk ewY; lwpdkad&vkS|ksfxd Jfed (CPI&IW) vkSj miHkksÙkQk ewY;
lwpdkad&Ñf"k Jfed (CPI&AL) cukus osQ fy, bLrseky dh tkus okyh Vksdfj;ksa
esa çfrfcfEcr gksrs gSaA
z ¶vuqikr vkSj fuèkZuksa dh la[;k dk vuqeku¸ osQ fy, xfBr ,d fo'ks"kK lewg dk
usr`Ro çks MhVh ydM+okyk (;kstuk vk;ksx osQ iwoZ mikè;{k) us fd;k FkkA
z ydM+okyk lfefr us 1993 esa fuEukafdr lq>koksa dh ,d fjiksVZ çdkf'kr dh%
 fuèkZurk js•k dk n`f"Vdks.k] tks osQyksjh xzg.k ij vkèkkfjr gS vkSj tks lrr (fuf'pr

miHkksx Vksdjh) Hkh gS

ydM+okyk lfefr (1993)
 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa CPI&IW dk vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa CPI&AL dk bLrseky djosQ

jkT;&okj fof'k"V fuèkZurk js•k,a LFkkfir dh tkuh pkfg, vkSj bUgsa 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa
miHkksÙkQk ewY; lwpdkad&vkS|ksfxd Jfed (CPI&IW) dk vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa
miHkksÙkQk ewY; lwpdkad&Ñf"k Jfed (CPI&AL) dk bLrseky djosQ v|ru fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
 osQoy jk"Vªh; •krksa osQ vkadM+ksa dk bLrseky djosQ fuèkZuksa dk vkdyu ugha djuk

pkfg,A fo'ks"kK lewg us osQoy jk"Vªh; uewuk loZs{k.k (NSS) osQ vkadM+ksa dk bLrseky
djus dk lq>ko fn;kA
z 1997 esa ydM+kokyk lfefr osQ lq>koksa esa cnyko djosQ Hkkjr ljdkj us mls LohÑfr ns nhA
z lqjs'k rsanqydj dh vè;{krk esa lfefr us fuEufyf•r lq>ko fn,A
rsanqydj lfefr (2009)  osQyksjh xzg.k dk bLrseky djosQ fuèkZurk dk vkdyu can fd;k tk,

 Hkkjr osQ xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh nksuksa {ks=kksa esa xjhch js•k ckLosQV (PLB) leku gksA

fuèkZuurkrk vkS
fuèkZ vkSjjvlekurk
vlekurk 69
  HkkSxksfyd vkSj vLFkk;h ewY; lek;kstu dh pqukSfr;ksa dk lekèkku djus osQ fy,] ewY;
lek;kstu rduhdh esa lqèkkj fd;k tk,A
 fuèkZurk dk fuèkkZj.k djrs le; futh LokLF; vkSj f'k{kk ij fd, x, •pZ ij fopkj

fd;k tk,A
 lfefr;ksa }kjk iwoZ esa bLrseky dh tkus okyh fefJr lanHkZ vofèk osQ LFkku ij

lkoZHkkSfed lanHkZ vofèk dk mi;ksx fd;k tk,A

rsanqydj lfefr (2009)
 bu ekudksa osQ vuqlkj] lfefr us fuèkkZfjr fd;k fd 2004&2005 esa 'kgjh {ks=kksa osQ

fy, fuèkZurk js•k ` 578-80 çfr O;fÙkQ çfr ekg Fkh] tcfd ;g xzkeh.k {ks=kksa osQ fy,
;g ` 446-68 çfr O;fÙkQ çfr ekg FkhA
 2009&2010 esa] ;g 'kgjh {ks=kksa osQ fy, ` 859-6 vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa osQ fy, ` 672-8

FkhA 2010&2011 esa ;g 'kgjh {ks=kksa osQ fy, ` 1000 vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa osQ fy,
` 816 FkhA
z fuèkZurk js•k dh x.kuk osQ fy, ;kstuk vk;ksx }kjk ,d u;k lewg LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
z ;g fuèkZurk osQ Lrj dh x.kuk osQ fy, ,d oSdfYid rjhdk çnku djukA
z jk"Vªh; •krksa vkSj jk"Vªh; uewuk loZs{k.k dk;kZy; (NSSO) osQ miHkksx lacaèkh vkadM+ksa osQ
leqPp; osQ chp fHkUurk ij utj MkyukA
z fo'o Hkj esa fuèkZurk dh x.kuk osQ fy, fofHkUu rjhdksa dh tkap djukA
lh jaxjktu lfefr (2012) z Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk çLrkfor fofHkUu fuèkZurk mUewyu dk;ZØeksa esa bu j.kuhfr;ksa vkSj
Hkkxhnkjh osQ chp lacaèk dk lq>ko nsukA
z iSuy dh vafre fjiksVZ 2014 esa çLrqr dh xbZ FkhA fjiksVZ esa rsanqydj lfefr }kjk çLrqr
Hkkjr esa fuèkZurk osQ Lrj osQ vkdyu dh vkykspuk dh xbZ FkhA
z 2011&2012 esa nl esa ls rhu Hkkjrh; dfFkr :i ls fuèkZurk esa th jgs Fks] tcfd fuèkZurk
nj tula[;k dh nj ls 29-5» t~;knk FkhA
z dk;Z lfefr us ¶fuèkZurk js•k ls uhps (BPL)¸ osQ yksxksa dk irk yxkus osQ fy, ,d
lfefr dk xBu djus dk lq>ko fn;k] blus jkT;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh j•us dk Hkh lq>ko fn;kA
fjiksVZ esa fuèkZuksa dh •kst djus osQ fy, pkj fodYiksa ij fopkj djus dh ckr dh%
vjfoan iuxf<+;k dk;Z  lcls igys] rsanqydj dh xjhch js•k dks tkjh j•k tk,A

lfefr (2015)  nwljk] jaxjktu ;k vU; mPp xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh fuèkZurk js•k osQ fy, cnyko djsaA

 rhljk] le; osQ lkFk] 30» ls uhps osQ fuèkZuksa dk irk yxk,aA

 pkSFkk] fof'k"V ?kVdksa] tSls vkokl] LoPNrk] fctyh] iks"k.k lsou vkfn ij 30» ls

uhps osQ fuèkZuksa dk irk yxk,aA

z uhfr vk;ksx us rsanqydj js•k (21-9») dk leFkZu fd;k
z ik=krk fuèkkZfjr djus osQ fy, lDlsuk vkSj gkf'ke lfefr }kjk lq>k, x, lkekftd vkfFkZd
vkSj tkfr tux.kuk (SECC) osQ vkadM+ksa dk bLrseky fd;k tk,xkA
z MkW- ,ulh lDlsuk lfefr dk xBu xzkeh.k fodkl ea=kky; }kjk fuèkZurk osQ uhps dh
uhfr vk;ksx dk;Z lfefr js•k (BPL) tux.kuk osQ fy, mi;qÙkQ i¼fr ij lq>ko nsus osQ fy, fd;k x;k Fkk u fd
fuèkZurk dk vkdyu djus osQ fy, fd;k x;k FkkA
z ;kstuk vk;ksx us 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa fuèkZurk js•k ls uhps jgus okys ifjokjksa dh igpku osQ
fy, foLr`r i¼fr dh fliQkfj'k djus osQ fy, çksiQslj ,lvkj gkf'ke dh vè;{krk esa
,d fo'ks"kK lewg dk xBu fd;kA

70 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH

fuèkZurk osQ vkdyu dk egRo vkSj mi;ksfxrk
z dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØeksa dk çHkko% fofHkUu ljdkjh
uhfr;ksa] ftuesa fo'ks"k :i ls tks fuèkZurk dks de djus osQ
lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk lacaèkh t:jrksa osQ fy, yf{kr lkekftd
dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØe 'kkfey gSa] mudh çHkko'khyrk ij
utj j•us osQ fy, fuèkZurk osQ vkdyu dh egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk gksrh gSA ;g fuèkkZfjr djus osQ fy, fd dkSu ls ?kj
fuèkZu gSa] xzkeh.k fodkl ea=kky; (ljdkj osQ lkFk lg;ksx
ls) chih,y tux.kuk djrk gSA
z fuèkZurk mUewyu ;kstuk% xjhc&osQafær xjhch mUewyu
;kstukvksa dks cukus osQ fy, xjhch js•k osQ :i esa xjhch
osQ vuqekuksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
z laoSèkkfud vko';drk% fuèkZurk dk vkdyu fuèkZurk
mUewyu osQ fy, ,d iwoZ&vko';drk gS] tks blosQ cnys
esa ,d mfpr vkSj U;k;laxr lekt osQ fy, ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
z yf{kr lsok forj.k% viotZu osQ nkSjku dh xbZ =kqfV;k¡
ik=k ifjokjksa dks ykHkksa ls oafpr dj ldrh gSaA
z uhfr;ksa dh liQyrk dk ewY;kadu% vkadM+ksa dk ladyu
djus ls lHkh uhfr;ksa dk ;g ewY;kadu djus esa lgk;rk
feyrh gS fd os vfèkdka'k yksxksa dh vko';drkvksa dh
iwfrZ djrs gSa ;k ughaA blls lkiQ&lkiQ ewY;kadu esa rHkh
lgk;rk feysxh] tc fuèkZuksa dh la[;k Kkr vkSj LFkkfir gksA
z c<+rh gqbZ vlekurk dk ekiu djus osQ fy,% Hkkjrh;ksa
dks ;g loky djus dk vfèkdkj vo'; gksuk pkfg, fd
D;k c<+rh gqbZ vlekurk osQ ihNs èkfudksa dh la[;k esa
Hkkjh o`f¼ dk dksbZ lacaèk gS ;k blosQ ihNs yk•ksa xjhcksa
osQ d"V gSaA
fuèkZurk dk vkdyu djus esa pqukSfr;k¡
z fuèkZurk js•k ckLosQV (PLB) osQ ?kVd% pwafd ckLosQV
osQ ?kVdksa osQ ewY; fHkUu&fHkUu jkT;ksa vkSj fHkUu&fHkUu
le;&le; ij fHkUu&fHkUu gksrs gSa] blfy, fuèkZurk js•k
ckLosQV (PLB) osQ ?kVdksa dk fuèkkZj.k xjhch js•k dk
vuqeku yxkus esa vkus okyh dfBukb;ksa esa ls ,d gSA
z tulkaf[;dh vkSj vkfFkZd xfr'khyrk% O;kid vkfFkZd
vkSj tulkaf[;dh; xfr'khyrk osQ dkj.k miHkksx osQ Lo:i]
vkgkj lacaèkh vko';drk,a vkSj ?kVd dh dhersa yxkrkj
ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSA
z rsanqydj vkSj jaxjktu lfefr dh fjiksVZ osQ lacaèk esa jkT;ksa
osQ chp vke lgefr dk vHkko%
fuèkZuurkrk vkS
fuèkZ vkSjjvlekurk
vlekurk
tcfd fnYyh] >kj•aM] fetksje vkSj if'pe caxky

lfgr oqQN jkT;ksa us jaxjktu fjiksVZ dk leFkZu fd;k]
vksfM'kk] if'pe caxky vkSj rsanqydj xjhch js•k lfgr
vU; us ,slk ugha fd;kA
 fuèkZurk osQ orZeku vkfèkdkfjd ekiu dk vkèkkj
rsanqydj xjhch js•k gS] tks xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa 27-2 #i;s
vkSj 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa 33-3 #i;s osQ çfr O;fÙkQ nSfud
•pZ fuèkkZfjr djrh gSA
 vfèkdka'k ljdkjksa us lfefr vkSj iSuy dh fjiksVZ dks
jksd fn;k fn;k gS D;ksafd ,sls eqís jktuhfrd fufgrkFkZ
osQ lkFk&lkFk foÙkh; eqís Hkh gksrs gSaA
z lhek fuèkkZj.k dh leL;k% fuEu fuèkZurk lhek ljdkj dh
foÙkh; fLFkjrk osQ fy, uqdlkunk;d gksxh] tcfd mPp
fuèkZurk lhek dbZ t:jreUn yksxksa dks ckgj dj ldrh gSA
fuèkZurk osQ çHkko'kkyh ekiu osQ fy, lekèkku
z fuèkZurk js•k dks fiQj ls fuèkkZfjr djuk% xjhch js•k dh
iquxZ.kuk vk;] miHkksx osQ Lo:i vkSj dherksa esa ifjorZu
dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, dh tkuh pkfg,A
z O;kogkfjd fuèkZurk js•k% blls fuèkZurk js•k dks ,d
,sls Lrj ij fuèkkZfjr djus dk vkSfpR; çnku djrk gS]
tks fdlh ifjokj dks bruk leFkZ cukrk gks fd os vU;
vko';d t:jrksa osQ lkFk&lkFk çfr fnu nks ckj Hkkstu
Hkh çkIr dj losQA
z iw.kZ vkSj lkis{k fuèkZurk osQ ekiu dk feJ.k% ;g
fofèk oSf'od Lrj ij iw.kZ fuèkZurk vkSj vyx&vyx jk"Vªksa
osQ Hkhrj lkis{k fuèkZurk nksuksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls fuèkZurk dk
ekiu djsxhA ,d fefJr Lo:i osQ :i esa fuèkZurk js•k
ml jkf'k ds cjkcj gksxh tks ,d dY;k.k dh fo'ks"k fLFkfr]
ftlesa U;wure iks"k.k vkSj lkekftd lekos'k 'kkfey gks]
rd igqapus osQ fy, vko';d gksxkA
z jktuhfrd&vkfFkZd larqyu% Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd]
uhfrxr vkSj ç'kklfud O;oLFkk ns'k osQ eè;e vk;
oxZ dh fLFkfr dh vksj c<+us ls mRiUu gksus okyh ubZ
ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqdwy gksuk pkfg,] ftlesa vc fuèkZurk
js•k dks Hkq•ejh dh dxkj ij gksus dh fLFkfr osQ ctk;
,d iQyrh&iQwyrh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ :i esa çLrqr voljksa
dk ykHk mBkus osQ fy, i;kZIr vk; çkIr djus esa
vleFkZrk osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk,A ljdkjh •pZ
dk eq[; y{; lfClMh osQ ctk; lkoZtfud oLrqvksa ij
•pZ djuk gksuk pkfg,A
71

ikapoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1974&79) dh
eq[; fo'ks"krk,a% xjhch gVkvks
z bl ;kstuk osQ igys o"kZ esa U;wure vkèkkjHkwr vko';drkvksa
dh iwfrZ djus osQ mís'; ls U;wure vko';drk dk;ZØe
'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA U;wure vko';drk dk;ZØe
(MNP) dks Mhih èkj us rS;kj fd;k FkkA
z 1975 esa fo|qr vkiwfrZ vfèkfu;e esa la'kksèku osQ
ifj.kkeLo:i] vc jkT; ljdkjsa fctyh osQ mRiknu vkSj
forj.k djus esa l{ke gSaA
z okafNr fodkl nj 4-4» Fkh] ysfdu bls okLro esa 4-8»
çkIr fd;k x;k FkkA
z 1978 esa] uofuokZfpr rRdkyhu eksjkjth nslkbZ ç'kklu us
bl ;kstuk dks jí dj fn;kA
veR;Z lsu }kjk fuèkZurk dh voèkkj.kk
z veR;Z lsu osQ vuqlkj] fodkl ,d çfØ;k gS tks yksxksa
dh okLrfod Lora=krk dks c<+kdj mudh {kerkvksa dks
c<+krh gSA bldk lcls egRoiw.kZ dkjd çHkkoh <ax ls
dk;Z djus dh {kerk gS] tks osQoy eky dh miyCèkrk esa
o`f¼ djrh gSA
z veR;Z lsu osQ {kerk n`f"Vdks.k osQ vuqlkj] fuèkZurk ,d
,slh voLFkk gS] ftlesa ,d O;fÙkQ osQ ikl ,d lEeku
Hkjk thou thus osQ fy, ekSfyd {kerkvksa dh deh gksrh
gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks] fuèkZurk] fuèkZuksa dks ,d nk;js
esa jg dj thou thus dks foo'k djrh gSA T;knk ijs'kkuh
iM+us osQ ifj.kkeLo:i O;fÙkQ dh {kerk,a de gks tkrh gSa]
ftlls mudh rdyhiQ vkSj c<+ tkrh gSA
z çxfr vkSj fodkl ij gky esa gh gqbZ ppkZvksa ij veR;Z
lsu osQ {kerk fl¼kar us ,d egRoiw.kZ çHkko Mkyk gSA
z lsu dk {kerk n`f"Vdks.k] mRiknksa (vafre ifj.kke) vkSj
lalkèkuksa (buiqV) osQ ctk; yksxksa vkSj mudh {kerkvksa
ij tksj nsrk gSA
z blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] ;g mu leL;kvksa tSls xjhch]
vlekurk] ySafxd iwokZxzg vkSj lkekftd cfg"dkj
ij ,d oSdfYid vkSj vfèkd foLr`r n`f"Vdks.k
çnku djrk gS] ftUgsa vkfFkZd ifjçs{; eqf'dy ls Li'kZ
djrs gSaA
z mUgksaus vius vHkwriwoZ ys• ¶bDosfyVh iQkWj OgkV¸
esa {kerk osQ n`f"Vdks.k dks bl :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
gS] tks vFkZ'kkL=k esa fof'k"V] udkjkRed Lora=krk osQ
n`f"Vdks.k osQ ctk; fdlh O;fÙkQ dh ldkjkRed
72
Lora=krk ;k oqQN gksus ;k djus dh okLrfod {kerk
ij tksj nsrk gSA
z lsu dk n`f"Vdks.k yksxksa ij vkèkkfjr] O;kid vkSj muosQ
fy, lqfoèkktud gSA yksx vc osQoy jkscksV osQ leku
osQoy fuekZrk vkSj miHkksÙkQk ugha gSaA
z ;fn ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) fodkl ekWMy mudh 'kfÙkQ
dks de djrk gS] rks {kerk n`f"Vdks.k mudh 'kfÙkQ dks eq[;
fpark dk fo"k; cukrk gSA
z {kerk n`f"Vdks.k] yksxksa osQ chp oqQN dkYifud lekurk
;k mUgsa la[;k osQ lanHkZ osQ :i esa ns•us osQ ctk; O;fÙkQ;ksa
osQ chp varj dks Li"V :i ls Lohdkj djrk gSA
z ;g ;g Hkh Lohdkj djrk gS fd yksxksa dh {kerk oká
'kfÙkQ;ksa ls çHkkfor gksrh gS] bu 'kfÙkQ;ksa esa nwljksa osQ
lkFk ckrphr] lkekftd lajpuk,a] vkèkkjHkwr <kaps vkSj
lkoZtfud lsokvksa rd igqap] iwokZxzg vkSj HksnHkko] yksxksa
dks lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd xfrfofèk;ksa esa 'kkfey gksus
osQ volj feyus dh lhek] mudh vfHkO;fÙkQ dh Lora=krk
vkSj lkoZtfud uhfr dks çHkkfor djus dh {kerk vkfn
'kkfey gSaA
lkekftd vkfFkZd vkSj tkfr tux.kuk
z lkekftd vkfFkZd vkSj tkfr tux.kuk (SECC) dk lapkyu
jkT; ljdkjksa] jftLVªkj tujy vkSj tux.kuk vk;qÙkQ dk
dk;kZy;] xzkeh.k fodkl ea=kky;] vkokl vkSj 'kgjh xjhch
mUewyu ea=kky; vkSj 'kgjh fodkl ea=kky; }kjk fd;k
x;k FkkA
z fofHkUu lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa okys ifjokjksa osQ chp
varj n'kkZus osQ fy,] lkekftd vkfFkZd vkSj tkfr tux.kuk
(SECC) vkokl] f'k{kk] Hkwfe dk LokfeRo] fnO;kaxksa]
O;olk;ksa] laifÙk dk LokfeRo] vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr
tutkfr osQ ifjokjksa] vk; vkSj vU; dkjdksa ij vkadM+s
miyCèk djkrk gSA
z bldk bLrseky vkokl] f'k{kk] dkS'ky fodkl] eujsxk]
jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk vfèkfu;e vkSj vU; mís';ksa osQ fy,
djus osQ vfrfjÙkQ] ljdkj us vius lHkh dk;ZØeksa esa
lkekftd vkfFkZd vkSj tkfr tux.kuk (SECC) osQ vkadM+ksa
dk bLrseky djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k gSA
z lqfer cksl lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ esa xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØeksa
osQ fy, lkekftd vkfFkZd vkSj tkfr tux.kuk&2011
(SECC-2011) osQ vkadM+ksa dk bLrseky djus dk lq>ko
fn;k gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH

lkekftd vkfFkZd vkSj tkfr
tux.kuk (SECC) dh fo'ks"krk,a
lkekftd vkfFkZd vkSj tkfr
tux.kuk (SECC) osQ mís';
lkekftd vkfFkZd vkSj tkfr
tux.kuk (SECC) esa bLrseky dh
tkus okyh i¼fr;k¡
fuèkZuurkrk vkS
fuèkZ vkSjjvlekurk
vlekurk
z lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj tkfr tux.kuk&2011 (SECC 2011) Hkkjr dh igyh
isijysl tux.kuk gSA
z vLFkk;h igpku la[;k vkSj ?kjsyw tkudkjh jk"Vªh; tula[;k jftLVj ls yh
xbZ FkhA
z gj Lrj ij mnkjrk vkSj f'kdk;r fuokj.k osQ volj miyCèk FksA
z miHkksx dk ç;ksx djus osQ ctk;] lkekftd vkfFkZd vkSj tkfr tux.kuk (SECC)
i¼fr fuèkZurk dks ifjHkkf"kr djus osQ fy, oafprhdj.k dk ç;ksx djrh gSA
z 1931 osQ ckn igyh ckj lkekftd vkfFkZd vkSj tkfr tux.kuk (SECC) esa
tkfr dks è;ku esa j•k x;k gSA
z blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] bldk mís'; 1931 osQ ckn igyh ckj lHkh ls mudh fof'k"V
tkfr dk uke iwNus dk Fkk] ftlls ljdkj dks ;g iqueZwY;kadu djus esa enn
fey losQ] fd dkSu ls tkfr lewg dks vkfFkZd :i ls lcls vfèkd ykHk gqvk
gS vkSj fdls lcls de gqvk gSA
z ifjokjksa dks mudh lkekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr osQ vkèkkj ij Js.khc¼ fd;k tk,xkA
blosQ ckn jkT; ljdkjsa fuèkZurk js•k ls uhps jgus okys ifjokjksa dh lwph rS;kj
dj ldrh gSaA
z ns'k dh tula[;k osQ tkfrxr lajpuk ij lVhd vkadM+s ,d=k djukA
z tula[;k dh lkekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr] 'kSf{kd miyfCèk;ksa vkSj tkfr@oxhZ; lajpuk
ij lVhd vkadM+s ,d=k djukA
z ,ulh lDlsuk lfefr (xzkeh.k {ks=kksa osQ fy,) us ?kjksa osQ f=k&Lrjh; oxhZdj.k
dk lq>ko fn;k vkSj ,d u, fuèkZu js•k osQ uhps (BPL) tux.kuk osQ fMtkbu
dk çLrko fn;kA
z xSj lfEefyr% ;g Lrj ?kjksa dh ,d fof'k"V J`a•yk dks Lor% ckgj djus osQ
fy, ekunaM fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA blosQ fy, oqQN vko';drk,a ftlesa ,d dkj]
okf'kax e'khu] jsfÚtjsVj] nksifg;k okgu vkSj pkj ;k vfèkd dejksa okyk iDdk
?kj gksuk t:jh gSA
z Lor% lfEefyr% oqQN vkoklh;] lkekftd] ;k O;kolkf;d detksfj;ksa okys yksx]
tSls fd tks cs?kj gSa ;k vukSipkfjd vkokl esa jgrs gSa_ ,sls ifjokj ftuesa dksbZ
o;Ld ugha gS ;k fodykax O;fÙkQ gS_ ;k fHk•kjh] dwM+k mBkus okys] ;k liQkbZ
deZpkjh tSls lewg 'kkfey gSaA
z vU;% 'ks"k ?kjksa dks jSad djus osQ fy, lkr vHkko vkèkkfjr laosQrdksa dk
bLrseky fd;k tk,xkA (vHkko vkèkkfjr laosQrdksa osQ rgr bafxr)
z ,lvkj gkf'ke lfefr ('kgjh {ks=kksa osQ fy,)% 'kgjh LFkkiukvksa esa lkekftd
vkfFkZd vkSj tkfr tux.kuk (SECC) dk lapkyu djus dk lokZsÙke rjhdk
fuèkkZfjr djus osQ fy, ;kstuk vk;ksx }kjk gkf'ke lfefr fo'ks"kK lewg dh
fu;qfÙkQ dh xbZ FkhA
z O;olk;] f'k{kk] fnO;kaxrk] èkeZ] vuqlwfpr tkfr (SC)@vuqlwfpr tutkfr (ST)
dh fLFkfr] tkfr@tutkfr dk uke] jkstxkj] vk; vkSj vk; dk lzksr] laifÙk]
vkokl] fVdkÅ vkSj xSj&fVdkÅ miHkksÙkQk oLrq,a] vkSj Hkwfe oqQN ,sls fooj.k gSa
tks O;fÙkQxr vkSj ?kjsyw Lrj ij ,d=k fd, tkrs gSaA
73
fuèkZurk vkSj vlekurk ls lacafèkr lwpdkad@fjiksVZ
z 107 fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, cgqvk;keh xjhch lwpdkad (MDP) dks la;qÙkQ jk"Vª
fodkl dk;ZØe (UDN) }kjk vkWDliQksMZ xjhch vkSj ekuo fodkl igy (OPHI)
osQ lg;ksx ls fuèkZurk js•k ls lacfUèkr ekeyksa ls fuiVus osQ fy, fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA
z oSf'od cgqvk;keh xjhch lwpdkad (MDP) tula[;k osQ eè; fuèkZurk dh O;kidrk vkSj
oSf'od cgqvk;keh xjhch xaHkhjrk dk vkdyu djus osQ fy, LokLF;] f'k{kk vkSj thou Lrj ls lacafèkr laosQrdksa
lwpdkad (MDP) dk ç;ksx djrk gSA
z vk;ke (laosQrd)%
 LokLF; (cky e`R;q nj] iks"k.k)

 f'k{kk (Ldwyh f'k{kk osQ o"kZ] Ldwy mifLFkfr)

 thou Lrj (•kuk idkus dk bZaèku] LoPNrk] is;ty] fctyh] vkokl laifÙk)

z daluZ oYMZokbM vkSj osYFkqaxjfgYiQ }kjk çR;sd o"kZ vDVwcj esa] la;qÙkQ :i ls lwpdkad
tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA
z oSf'od Hkq•ejh lwpdkad (GHI) Hkw• osQ rhu vk;keksa dk ekiu djrk gS% Hkkstu dh
miyCèkrk dh deh] cPpksa dh iks"k.k fLFkfr esa deh vkSj cky e`R;q nj (tks ,d cM+h
lhek rd] vYiiks"k.k osQ dkj.k gS)A
oSf'od Hkq•ejh lwpdkad z bl çdkj lwpdkad esa rhu leku :i ls Hkkfjr laosQrd 'kkfey fd, tkrs gSa%
(GHI)
 mu yksxksa dk çfr'kr ftuosQ ikl •k| ,oa Ñf"k laxBu (FAO) }kjk fuèkkZfjr i;kZIr

•k| ÅtkZ dh deh gS_

 fo'o LokLF; laxBu (WHO) }kjk ladfyr ikap o"kZ ls de mez osQ cPpksa esa de

otu dh O;kidrk_
 ;wfulsiQ dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj ikap lky ls de mez osQ cPpksa dh e`R;q njA

z fo'o cSad }kjk fodflr

z vlekurk dk ekiu fuèkZurk dh rjg gh dbZ rjg fd;k tk ldrk gSA fo'o fodkl
laosQrd (WDI) osQ vkadM+s vlekurk laosQrdksa dh ,d foLr`r J`a•yk çnku djrs gSa]
ftlesa fxuh baMsDl vkSj çR;sd le`¼ dk miHkksx ;k vk; dk vuqikr 'kkfey gSA
z fo'o cSad lk>k le`f¼ dks c<+kok nsus osQ vius y{; dh fn'kk esa çxfr ij utj j•us
fo'o fodkl lwpdkad osQ fy, uhps osQ 40» (çR;sd ns'k esa lcls xjhc 40» tula[;k) yksxksa osQ miHkksx ;k
(WDI) vk; esa o`f¼ ij utj j•rk gSA
z ,lMhth y{; 10-1 esa blh rjg osQ y{; fuèkkZfjr fd, x, gSa] tks 2030 rd jk"Vªh;
vkSlr ls uhps dh 40 çfr'kr tula[;k dh vk; dks rsth ls c<+kus dh ekax djrk gSA
z çxfr osQ ekiu osQ fy, uhps dh 40 çfr'kr tula[;k osQ miHkksx ;k vk; esa o`f¼ vkSj
oqQy tula[;k dk vkSlr miHkksx ;k vk; esa o`f¼ osQ chp varj dk bLrseky fd;k
tkrk gSA
z fjiksVZ isfjl Ldwy vkWiQ bdksukWfeDl osQ ,d 'kksèk osQaæ oYMZ bubDofyVh ySc }kjk
tkjh dh xbZ gSA
fo'o vlekurk fjiksVZ
(WIR)
z fo'o vlekurk fjiksVZ (WIR) fofHkUu çdkj osQ foÙkh; vkadM+ksa dh tkap djrk
gS] ftlls ;g fuèkkZfjr fd;k tk losQ fd ns'k vkSj nqfu;k Hkj esa vk; vkSj èku dk
forj.k fdl çdkj fd;k tkrk gSA

74 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 z çèkkuea=kh dh vkfFkZd lykgdkj ifj"kn (EAC & PM) }kjk tkjhA
z fjiksVZ ?kjsyw fo'ks"krkvksa] Je cktkj] LokLF; vkSj f'k{kk osQ {ks=kksa esa vlekurkvksa ij
vkadM+s ladfyr djrh gSA
z vè;;u] ftls vkfFkZd igyw vkSj lkekftd&vkfFkZd vfHkO;fÙkQ uked nks Hkkxksa esa
Hkkjr esa vlekurk dh fLFkfr
foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS] ik¡p çeq• dkjdksa dh tk¡p djrk gS tks vlekurk dh çÑfr
dh fjiksVZ
vkSj vuqHko dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA
z vkofèkd Je cy loZs{k.k (ih,y,iQ,l)] jk"Vªh; ifjokj vkSj LokLF; loZs{k.k
(,u,iQ,p,l)] vkSj f'k{kk Iyl osQ fy, la;qÙkQ lwpuk ç.kkyh bl fjiksVZ esa mi;ksx
fd, x, MsVk osQ lzksr gSaA
vkèkkjHkwr vko';drkvksa dk vi;kZIr mRiknu%
fuèkZurk osQ dkj.k


tc vkèkkjHkwr vko';drk dh oLrqvksa dk i;kZIr ek=kk

z vkfFkZd dkjd%
 detksj vkfFkZd lao`f¼ vkSj fodkl% èkheh vkfFkZd
lao`f¼ okys ns'kksa esa fuèkZurk ljdkjh uhfr;ksa osQ dkj.k
iQSyrh gSA èkheh xfr ls vkxs c<+us okyh vFkZO;oLFkk
fuèkZurk esa ;ksxnku nsus okyk ,d vU; dkjd gSA
 c<+rh csjkstxkjh% cM+s iSekus ij csjkstxkjh] xjhch dk
,d çeq• dkj.k] ,d vlarqfyr tula[;k&ls&ukSdjh
vuqikr }kjk fy;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k esa
csjkstxkjh osQ dkj.k xjhch osQ fy, lcls cM+k •rjk
,d c<+rh gqbZ vkSj vfu;af=kr vkcknh gSA
 Ñf"k mRiknu esa deh% Ñf"k mRiknu esa deh osQ fy,
ekSle osQ vçR;kf'kr Lo:i dks mÙkjnk;h Bgjk;k tk
ldrk gSA Ñf"k mRiknu esa deh vkus ls eqækLiQhfr dk
ncko c<+ tkrk gSA dksbZ Hkh jk"Vª etcwr Ñf"k osQ vkèkkj
osQ fcuk vkfFkZd larqyu ugha cuk ldrkA ,d jk"Vª dh
vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d cM+k fgLlk Ñf"k ls curk gS] xjhch
ls fuiVus osQ fy, bls vfèkd ek=kk esa gksuk pkfg,A
 vi;kZIr vkèkkjHkwr <kapk% fdlh Hkh {ks=k dh detksj
fLFkfr vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok nsus okys mlosQ
vi;kZIr vkèkkjHkwr <kaps ls fuèkkZfjr gksrh gSA
 oqQN {ks=kksa esa vi;kZIr vkS|ksxhdj.k% m|ksx LFkkuh;
Lrj ij yksxksa osQ fy, jkstxkj dk lztu djrs gSaA
tcfd ,d jkT; ;k LFkku esa m|ksxksa dh l?kurk ogka
jkstxkj osQ voljksa esa o`f¼ djrh gS] vkS|ksxhdj.k ls
oafpr {ks=kksa esa vR;fèkd fuèkZurk dk vuqHko gksrk gSA
vkS|ksxhdj.k dh deh ogka osQ yksxksa osQ fy, jkstxkj osQ
volj vfèkd u gksus ls mUgsa fuèkZu cukrh gSA m|ksx
va'kdkfyd ukSdfj;ksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd osru osQ
volj Hkh çnku djrs gSaA
esa mRiknu ugha gksrk gS rks iwjs ns'k esa xjhch iQSy
tkrh gSA xjhch dks jksdus osQ fy, vko';d •k|
vkSj xSj&•k| oLrqvksa dk mRiknu ges'kk i;kZIr ek=kk
esa gksuk pkfg,A
 èku vkSj lalkèku dk vleku forj.k% ,d leku
forj.k okys jk"Vª dh rqyuk esa vleku èku vkSj lalkèku
forj.k okys ns'k osQ xjhc gksus dh laHkkouk vfèkd gksrh
gSA ,d pje fLFkfr tgka gj dksbZ uo&vehj ;k xjhc
gS] vleku tula[;k dk ifj.kke gSA
 vç;qÙkQ çkÑfrd lalkèku% viuh iw.kZ vkfFkZd {kerk
dk ,glkl djus osQ fy, çR;sd LFkku osQ çkÑfrd
lalkèkuksa dk iwjh rjg ls irk yxkuk vkSj mudk mi;ksx
djuk vko';d gSA ;g lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, fd
dgha Hkh çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa osQ de mi;ksx osQ dkj.k
fdlh dks xjhch dk vuqHko u gks] ;g ,d ljdkjh
igy gksuh pkfg,A
 lalkèkuksa dh deh% xjhch çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa osQ vHkko]
Fkksis x, vHkko ;k fLFkfrtU; vHkko osQ dkj.k gks
ldrh gSA vius vkn'kZ thou vkSj jkstxkj osQ voljksa
rd igqap ls oafpr gksus osQ ifj.kkeLo:i yksx xjhch
esa etcwj gks tkrs gSaA
 eqækLiQhfr dk vFkZ'kkL=k% eqækLiQhfr dk vFkZ'kkL=k u
osQoy fuèkZuksa dks çHkkfor djrk gS cfYd lekt esa
eè;e oxZ dks Hkh çHkkfor djrk gSA ;g bl ckr dk
laosQrd gS fd vfèkdka'k yksx fdlh rjg ls xjhch dh
dxkj ij thou ;kiu dj jgs gSaA vkfFkZd eqækLiQhfr
ls thou osQ lHkh {ks=kksa osQ yksx çHkkfor gksrs gSa] tks
fdlh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fy, vR;ar gkfudkjd
gksrk gSA vkfFkZd eqækLiQhfr ls mcjus esa fdlh ns'k dh
vFkZO;oLFkk dks o"kks± yx ldrs gSaA

fuèkZuurkrk vkS
fuèkZ vkSjjvlekurk
vlekurk 75
z lkekftd ifjfLFkfr%
 vLi`';rk% vLi`';rk ,d vuqfpr lkekftd çFkk gS
tks ns'k osQ oqQN lokZfèkd vfodflr {ks=kksa osQ fupyh
tkfr;ksa osQ lnL;ksa dks muosQ yksdrkaf=kd vfèkdkjksa ls
oafpr djrh gSA os xjhc gksrs gSa vkSj lekt }kjk •kfjt
dj fn, tkrs gSaA mUgsa de osru okyh ukSdfj;ksa esa dke
djus dh djuk iM+rk gS gS vkSj mUgsa vU; çdkj osQ
jkstxkj dh ryk'k djus dh vuqefr ugha feyrh gSA
 vfèkdkj dk vuSfrd nq#i;ksx% tc 'kfÙkQ dk
nq#i;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] rks bldk n`f"Vdks.k fo"ke gksrk
gS vkSj ;g dHkh Hkh oafprksa dh lgk;rk ugha djrk gSA
,d Hkz"V ljdkj turk ij vfèkd ls vfèkd vkfèkiR;
LFkkfir djus osQ fy, yxkrkj ;FkkfLFkfr cuk, j•us
dh fn'kk esa dke djsxhA ;g Hkz"V ns'kksa esa xjhch dk
,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ dkj.k gSA
 fuj{kjrk vkSj vKkurk dh O;kidrk gS% fuèkZurk dk
,d vU; egRoiw.kZ dkjd fuj{kjrk gSA ftu yksxksa dks
f'k{kk de feyrh gS] os viuh iwjh {kerk dk bLrseky
ugha dj ikrs gSa] ftlls mudh èku vftZr djus {kerk
lhfer jg tkrh gSA os fuèkZu osQoy blfy, cus jgrs
gSa D;ksafd os çfrLièkkZRed laLÑfr esa vius led{k
f'kf{kr yksxksa osQ lkFk çfrLièkkZ ugha dj ikrs gSaA
 ?kuh tula[;k okys {ks=k% ?kuh tula[;k okys {ks=kksa
esa Je cktkj esa çfrLièkkZ vfèkd gksrh gSA c<+rh gqbZ
çfrLièkkZ vkSj jkstxkj osQ ?kVrs gq, voljksa osQ dkj.k]
fdlh Hkh ?kuh tula[;k okys {ks=k esa xjhch fodflr
gks tkrh gSA
 tkfr&vkèkkfjr oxhZdj.k% tkfr O;oLFkk }kjk yksxksa
dks muosQ dk;Z{ks=k osQ vkèkkj ij foHkkftr fd;k tkrk
gS] tks mUgsa viuh tkfr osQ ckgj jkstxkj dh ryk'k
djus ls Hkh jksdrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] fuEu tkfr osQ
lnL; dks O;olk;h ;k Mhyj osQ :i esa dke djus
dh vuqefr ugha gksrh gSA bl O;oLFkk osQ dkj.k] èkuh
vfèkd èkuh gksrs tkrs gSa vkSj fuèkZu vfèkd fuèkZu gksrs
tkrs gSaA
 rykd dh mPp nj vkSj xjhch dk L=khdj.k% lekt
esa efgykvksa dks leku jkstxkj osQ volj çnku djosQ
rykd dh mPp nj vkSj xjhch osQ L=khdj.k dks lekIr
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blosQ vykok] ySafxd vlekurk osQ
dkj.k] tks efgyk,a •qn dks lgkjk ns ikus esa vleFkZ
gksrh gSa] os rykd dh mPp nj osQ dkj.k fuèkZurk dk
vuqHko djrh gSaA
76
 voljksa dh lqyHkrk% ,sls dbZ vU; ekxZ Hkh gSa ftuosQ
ekè;e ls lkekftd vlekurk fuèkZurk esa cny ldrh
gSA fdlh Hkh lekt esa] lHkh osQ ikl lHkh fodYiksa
rd igqap gksuh pkfg,A vlekurk osQ dkj.k lekt
osQ detksj lnL;ksa dks leku voljksa ls oafpr fd;k
tkrk gSA
z jktuhfrd dkjd%
 nks {ks=kh; nyksa osQ chp lkaçnkf;d ruko vkSj la?k"kZ
gksus osQ dkj.k fj;k;rsa nsus vkSj fuèkZurk mUewyu dh
çfØ;k dks ckèkk igq¡prh gSA
 xzkeh.k lqèkkj çk;% ;k rks iw.kZr% foiQy gks tkrs
gSa ;k LFkk;h :i ls #d tkrs gSaA cfYd tc mik;ksa
dks ykxw fd;k tkrk gS] muesa ls T;knkrj osQoy
vYidkfyd lekèkku vkSj vkèks&vèkwjs mik; gksrs gSa] tks
Hkkjr osQ fuèkZurk dks de djus osQ nh?kZdkfyd y{;ksa
osQ fy, vçHkkoh lkfcr gksrs gSaA
 Hkkjr esa xjhch osQ fy, oksV cSad dh jktuhfr dks Hkh
nks"kh Bgjk;k tkrk gS] tgka fofHkUu jktuhfrd usrkvksa
dks pquko thrus osQ ckn xjhch tux.kuk ls vkcknh
osQ ,d cM+s fgLls dks NksM+uk lqfoèkktud yxrk gSA
vkfnoklh lewgksa] nfyrksa vkSj vU; vYila[;dksa dks
vDlj çkIrdrkZvksa dh lwph ls ckgj dj fn;k tkrk gSA
 Hkkjr dh xjhch osQ ckjs esa fpark dk eq[; dkj.k ;g gS
fd fofHkUu fodkl ;kstuk,a jktuhfrd fgrksa }kjk
lapkfyr dh tk jgh gSaA bldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS
fd csjkstxkjh vkSj fuèkZurk ls fuiVus osQ ç;kl liQy
ugha gksrs gSaA
z ,sfrgkfld dkjd%
 vkSifuosf'kd 'kks"k.k% Hkkjr osQ ikjaifjd gLrf'kYi
vkSj diM+k m|ksx fczfV'k mifuos'k }kjk u"V dj fn,
x, vkSj mUgksus yxHkx nks 'krkfCn;ksa rd ns'k ij 'kklu
fd;k] ftlosQ dkj.k ns'k dk xSj&vkS|ksxhdj.k gqvkA
vkSifuosf'kd uhfr;ksa osQ dkj.k Hkkjr ;wjksih; m|ksxksa
osQ fy, ek=k dPps eky dk mRiknd ns'k cu dj jg
x;k FkkA
z HkkSxksfyd dkjd%
 tula[;k ?kuRo% fdlh {ks=k dk tula[;k dk ?kuRo
ml {ks=k dh fuèkZurk osQ xzkiQ dks Hkh çHkkfor djrk gSA
tc fuèkZurk dh ckr vkrh gS rks mPp tula[;k ?kuRo
okys {ks=k pedhys yky jax ls çnf'kZr fd, tkrs gSaA
 p;ukRed e`nk moZjrk% feêðh dh moZjrk dk Lrj
txg&txg ij fHkUu gksrk gS vkSj ;g iwjs ns'k esa ,d
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 leku ugha gksrk gSA Hkwfe dk catj gksuk Hkh fuèkZurk dk
,d dkjd fl¼ gksrk gS] tcfd mitkÅ {ks=kksa esa Ñf"k
mit dh çpqj ek=kk esa gksrh gSA
 mitkÅ Hkwfe dk vleku forj.k% mitkÅ Hkwfe dk
oSf'od Lrj ij forj.k dk mu {ks=kksa esa] tks LokHkkfod
:i ls mitkÅ ugha gSa] fuèkZurk osQ çfr ,d çeq•
;ksxnku gksrk gSA mitkÅ Hkwfe ls LFkkuh; yksx ykHk
çkIr djrs gSa D;ksafd os Ñf"k lacaèkh dke dj ldrs gSa
vkSj vius ifjokj dk isV ikyus osQ fy, txg&txg
ukSdjh <wa<rs gSaA ijarq tgka dh Hkwfe mitkÅ ugha gksrh
gS] ogka osQ vkl&ikl osQ yksx Ñf"k osQ dk;Z ls oafpr
jg tkrs gSa vkSj ;g vf'kf{kr xzkeh.kksa osQ chp jkstxkj
osQ bl yksdfç; lzksr dks lekIr dj nsrh gSA
 Ñf"k mRiknu esa fHkUurk% Ñf"k mRiknu çfr o"kZ vkSj
fofHkUu ekSleksa esa fHkUu fHkUu gksrk gSA ,d vPNh o"kkZ
okys o"kZ esa cgqr lkjs iQy iSnk gksaxs] ysfdu lw•s vkSj
vU; çkÑfrd vkinkvksa okys o"kZ esa iQly esa deh
vk ldrh gSA tc le; dfBu gksrk gS rks ;g fHkUurk
dfBu le; esa fuèkZurk esa o`f¼ djrh gSA
 xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh fuèkZurk osQ chp varj% xzkeh.k
vkSj 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa fuèkZurk dbZ rjg ls fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh
gSA fuèkZurk osQ vkèkkj ij] xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh thou
'kSyh osQ chp varj gksus ls dbZ çdkj osQ çHkko iM+rs
gSaA tSls 'kgjh fuèkZurk dh fLFkfr esa] vkoklh; ykxr
mPp gksus osQ dkj.k 'kgjksa dh rqyuk esa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa
fuèkZu yksxksa osQ thfor jgus dh laHkkouk vfèkd gksrh gSA
z i;kZoj.k vkSj tyok;q dkjd%
 ck<+ {ks=k% fofHkUu çkÑfrd vkinkvksa esa ls ,d ck<+
gS tks •srksa dks iwjh rjg ls u"V dj nsrh gS vkSj Ñf"k
mRiknu ij udkjkRed çHkko Mkyrh gSA blosQ ifj.
kkeLo:i vokafNr fuèkZurk mRiUu gksrh gS ftldk
lkeuk ljdkjsa yxHkx dHkh ugha dj ik,axhA
 lw•k% fuèkZurk dk dkj.k ,d vkSj tyok;q vkink
lw•k gSA yacs le; rd pyus okys lw•s dk •srksa
vkSj Ñf"k mRikndrk ij fouk'kdkjh çHkko iM+rk gSA
vfèkdka'k ns'kksa esa] lw•k fuèkZurk dk ,d vkorhZ dkj.k
ekuk tkrk gSA
 vi;kZIr ekSleh o"kkZ% ekSleh o"kkZ esa fdlh Hkh çdkj
dh vfu;ferrk fuèkZurk ij xaHkhj udkjkRed çHkko
Mky ldrh gSA visf{kr o"kkZ dh deh osQ dkj.k Ñf"k
mRiknu ckfèkr gksrk gS] ftlls eqækLiQhfr mRiUu gksrh
gS vkSj fuèkZurk c<+rh gSA
fuèkZuurkrk vkS
fuèkZ vkSjjvlekurk
vlekurk
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. lekykspukRed ijh{k.k djsa fd D;k fuèkZurk dk dkj.k
c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k gS ;k Hkkjr esa fuèkZurk tula[;k o`f¼
dk ,d çeq• dkj.k gSA  (2016)
xjhch dk cgqvk;keh çHkko
z fuèkZurk osQ lkekftd çHkko%
 ifjokj vkSj fuèkZurk% fuèkZu O;fÙkQ;ksa dh ftanxh
esa vius vkfFkZd cks> vkSj fparkvksa osQ dkj.k] ruko
vfèkd gksrk gS] tks muosQ futh thou dks Hkh çHkkfor
dj ldrk gS vkSj fofHkUu ikfjokfjd leL;kvksa dh
laHkkouk esa o`f¼ dj ldrk gSA fuèkZu ifjokjksa esa ?kjsyw
fgalk dk gksuk ,d lkekU; ckr gSA
•jkc LokLF;
vkfFkZd fodYiksa dh
fodkl deh
 lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd thou vkSj fuèkZurk%
miHkksx djus osQ vk; dh deh osQ dkj.k] fuèkZu ifjokj
vkSj O;fÙkQ lkekftd :i ls de lfØ; thou thrs
gSa vkSj vius ifjokj vkSj nksLrksa osQ lkFk de le;
fcrk ikrs gSaA
 fuèkZurk vkSj fu.kZ; ysuk% tc yksxksa dk dksbZ lewg
fuèkZu gksrk gS] rks leqnk; esa mudh vkokt ugha lquh
tkrh gS vkSj mUgsa vius vfèkdkjksa vkSj fgrksa dks O;ÙkQ
djus osQ fy, vU;] vfèkd 'kfÙkQ'kkyh lewgksa ;k
O;fÙkQ;ksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA ;g fLFkfr lekt esa
ekuokfèkdkjksa osQ fy, •rjk mRiUu djrh gS vkSj ;g
,d ?kfV;k jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks n'kkZrh gS ftldk
lkekftd mUufr vkSj 'kkafr ij cqjk çHkko iM+rk gSA
 vijkèk vkSj vR;kpkj vkSj xjhch% ywV] gR;k vkSj
pksjh tSlh vkijkfèkd xfrfofèk;ksa dk pyu fuèkZuksa esa
vfèkd ns•k tkrk gSA blosQ ckotwn] muosQ lM+d ij
gksus okys vijkèk dk f'kdkj cuus dh laHkkouk vfèkd
gksrh gSA
77
  fuèkZurk esa yksxksa dk 'kks"k.k% fuèkZuksa dh ftanxh dkiQh nq• Hkjh gksrh gS vkSj bu yksxksa osQ ifjokj osQ oqQN lnL;ksa dks
vdky ;k Hkw•] xqykeh ;k os';ko`fÙk dk f'kdkj gksus osQ dkj.k tYn gh ekSr dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
mi;ksx dh
deh
de
fodkl de vk;
fuos'k
cpr
dk
fuEu Lrj
 vkradokn vkSj fuèkZurk% ;g ;kn j•uk egRoiw.kZ gS
fd vfèkdka'k vkradoknh csjkstxkjh dh pje lhek okys
fuèkZu {ks=kksa ls mRiUu gksrs gSa] vkSj ;g fd vkradoknh
laxBu vDlj fdlh Hkh vU; jkstxkj osQ voljksa] ;fn
dksbZ miyCèk gks] dh rqyuk esa cgqr vfèkd osru nsrs gSaA
z LokLF; ij fuèkZurk osQ çHkko%
 xjhc yksxksa dks ges'kk fofHkUu çdkj dh LokLF;
leL;kvksa dk vuqHko gksus dh laHkkouk gksrh gS] tSls
fd f'k'kq e`R;q nj] 20 o"kZ dh vk;q esa e`R;q nj vkSj
ekufld chekjhA mUgsa mi&fpfdRlh; è;ku] iwokZxzg
vkSj vuqfpr O;ogkj dk vuqHko gksus dh Hkh vfèkd
laHkkouk gSAA
 lrr fodkl osQ y{; 3 (SDG 3)% lqfuf'pr djrk
gS fd lHkh yksx LoLFk thou thrs gSa vkSj gj mez esa
vius LokLF; dks csgrj djrs gSaA
 71osa jk"Vªh; uewuk loZs{k.k (NSS) dk vuqeku gS fd
2014 esa] xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa futh vLirkyksa dh
oqQy fgLlsnkjh Øe'k% 58» vkSj 68» FkhA
 gsYFk çksiQkby vkWiQ bafM;k dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj]
futh vLirkyksa esa tkus okys 75» jksxh vius fpfdRlk
fcyksa dk Hkqxrku ;k rks tsc ls (vius iSls ls) djrs gSa
;k thou Hkj dh cpr ls djrs gSa] tcfd vU; 18»
futh lzksrksa ls ½.k ysrs gSa] ftlls mudh fuèkZurk dk
Lrj vkSj c<+ tkrk gSA
 Hkkjr oqQiks"k.k dh mPpre nj okyk ns'k gS] ftlesa
61 fefy;u cPpksa lfgr 200 fefy;u ls vfèkd yksx
oqQiks"k.k osQ f'kdkj gSaA
z cPpksa ij fuèkZurk osQ çHkko%
 fuèkZurk vkSj cky f'k{kk% pwafd fuèkZu cPpksa dks
vDlj lokZsÙke 'kSf{kd lqfoèkk,a çkIr ugha gksrh gS]
78
f'k{kk vkSj LokLF;
dk fuEu Lrj
ekuo iwath dk
fodkl
fuEu Lrj
mRikndrk
dk
fuEu Lrj
blfy, fuèkZu cPps çk;% vkfFkZd :i ls vius ls
vfèkd l{ke lkfFk;ksa dh rqyuk esa f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa ihNs
jg tkrs gSaA T;knkrj rks fuèkZu cPps LokLF; leL;kvksa
osQ dkj.k Ldwy ugha tk ikrs gSaA
 fuèkZurk vkSj cky fodkl% fuèkZurk esa iys&c<+s cPps
viuh 'kkjhfjd] ekufld vkSj lkekftd {kerkvksa esa
vfodflr gks ldrs gSaA tSlk fd igys mYys• fd;k
x;k gS fd ikSf"Vd] mPp xq.koÙkk okys Hkkstu dh deh
ls cPps dk fodkl #d ldrk gS vkSj muesa fofHkUu
LokLF; leL;kvksa dks tUe ns ldrh gSA
 fuèkZurk vkSj cky fookg% dkuwu }kjk voSèk gksus
osQ ckotwn] dbZ Hkkjrh; leqnk; vHkh Hkh cky fookg
djrs gSaA ;s ;qok efgyk,a de mez esa gh eka cu tkrh
gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i muesa ls vfèkdrj efgyk,a o;Ld
gksus ls igys e`R;q dks çkIr gks tkrh gSaA
 fuèkZurk vkSj cky etnwjh% ljdkjh vkadM+s crkrs gSa
fd ;g lPpkbZ tkurs gq, fd 14 o"kZ ls de vk;q osQ
yksxksa osQ fy, cky Je voSèk gS] Hkkjr esa 5 ls 14
o"kZ osQ chp osQ 12-5 fefy;u cPps cky etnwjh esa
yxs gq, gSaA
z fuèkZurk osQ vkfFkZd çHkko%
 fuèkZurk vkSj lkekftd xfr'khyrk dh deh%
xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk] çHkko'kkyh laidks± vkSj ukSdjh osQ
voljksa rd mudh igqap dh deh osQ dkj.k de vk;
okys ifjokjksa osQ yksxksa dh de osru okyh ukSdfj;ksa esa
dke djus dh laHkkouk vfèkd gksrh gS vkSj fuèkZurk
yksxksa dks viuk Hkfo"; ;k lkekftd lEeku esa vkxs
c<+uk eqf'dy cuk nsrh gSA
 vkokl vkSj vkoklghurk vkSj fuèkZurk% fuèkZuksa osQ
vkoklghu gksus ;k •jkc ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jgus dh
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 laHkkouk vfèkd gksrh gS] tks muosQ LokLF; osQ fy,
gkfudkjd gks ldrk gSA vkokl dh ykxr esa fuèkZu
ifjokjksa dh vk; dk ,d cM+k fgLlk •pZ gks tkrk gSA
 vyxko vkSj fuèkZurk% fuèkZu ifjokj vDlj vfodflr
ekgkSy esa jgrs gSa] tgka jkstxkj osQ volj] xq.koÙkkiw.kZ
f'k{k.k laLFkku vkSj euksjatu osQ volj FkksM+s ls gh gksrs
gSa] tks vlqjf{kr gksrs gSaA
 detksj Ø; 'kfÙkQ% ,d ,slk ns'k tgka ,d fuèkZu
xkao ;k ifjokj dh gj O;fÙkQ vk; vkSj Ø; 'kfÙkQ ,d
fo'ks"k U;wure ekud ls uhps gksrh gSA ogka ij oqQN gh
fpfdRlk lqfoèkk,a vkSj ns•Hkky çnkrk gksrs gSaA ogka ij
mRikndrk de vkSj fuj{kjrk vfèkd gksrh gSA
 t:jr dk vHkko% t:jr esa deh gksus ls vkfFkZd
fodkl esa Hkh fujarj deh gksrh gSA
 tulkaf[;dh ¶ce¸% ns'k dh yxkrkj c<+rh fuèkZurk
dks ns•rs gq, Hkkjr dk cM+k tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k ,d
tulkaf[;dh; nkf;Ro cu ldrk gSA
z fuèkZurk osQ uSfrd çHkko%
 vfoHkkT;rk% vfoHkkT;rk ;g voèkkj.kk gS fd leLr
ukxfjd] lkaLÑfrd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd
vfèkdkjksa lfgr lHkh ekuo vfèkdkj vkil esa tqM+s gq,
gSa vkSj ekuoh; xfjek dks cuk, j•us osQ fy, vko';d
gSaA vfoHkkT;rk osQ fl¼kar osQ vuqlkj] xjhch ls fuiVus
osQ ç;kl cgqvk;keh gksus pkfg, vkSj blesa jktuhfrd]
lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd mik; 'kkfey gksus pkfg,A
 lekurk vkSj HksnHkko u gksuk% HksnHkko vkSj vlekurk
yksxksa dh vkfFkZd foLrkj dks jksd nsrh gS] ;g ljdkjh
,tsafl;ksa dh çHkko'khyrk dks de dj ldrh gS vkSj
fuèkZurk ls fuiVus osQ ç;klksa dks detksj dj ldrh gSA
z fuèkZurk osQ i;kZoj.kh; çHkko%
 ;g ,d LFkkfir rF; gS fd fodkl'khy&fo'o ½.k
vkSj fuèkZurk ½.kksa dks cuk, j•us ;k bldks fuiVkus osQ
fy, lalkèkuksa dh pksjh dk dkj.k curh gSA
 LFkkuh; vkcknh] Ñf"k O;olk; vkSj ydM+h dk dke
djus okyh daifu;ksa }kjk ou lalkèkuksa osQ bLrseky us
iwjh nqfu;k esa taxyksa ij ncko c<+k fn;k gSA
¶fuèkZurk dk L=khdj.k¸ dh voèkkj.kk
z ¶fuèkZurk dk L=khdj.k¸ 'kCn ,d voèkkj.kk gS tks 1970
osQ n'kd esa çdk'k esa vkbZ Fkh] ysfdu blus 1990 osQ
n'kd esa 'kq: gksus okys oqQN la;qÙkQ jk"Vª nLrkostksa esa
yksdfç;rk gkfly dhA
fuèkZuurkrk vkS
fuèkZ vkSjjvlekurk
vlekurk
z Mk;us fi;lZ osQ ,d vè;;u osQ ckn bl fopkj us è;ku
vkdf"kZr fd;k] ftlus 1950 osQ n'kd osQ eè; ls 1970
osQ n'kd osQ eè; rd la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk esa xjhch nj
esa ifjorZu esa fyax&fof'k"V ço`fÙk;ksa dh tkap dhA
z ewy :i ls] bl vè;;u dk bLrseky ¶fuèkZuksa esa efgykvksa
dh o`f¼¸ vkSj ¶fuèkZu ifjokjksa esa efgykvksa osQ usr`Ro okys
?kjksa esa o`f¼¸ osQ lanHkZ esa fd;k x;k FkkA
z bl n`f"Vdks.k dks NksM+ fn;k x;k D;ksafd blosQ vkèkkj ij
fuèkZurk osQ L=khdj.k dk ekiu tula[;k osQ tulkaf[;dh;
Lo:i esa ifjorZu osQ fy, vfrlaosnu'khy gksrk gSA
z tSls] efgyk çeq• okys ifjokjksa dh fuèkZurk dk lkeuk
djus osQ fy, tula[;k esa efgyk çeq• okys ifjokjksa osQ
vuqikr esa fxjkoV ykbZ tk ldrh gSA
z bl otg ls] ckn osQ vè;;uksa us ,d vyx n`f"Vdks.k fy;k
x;k vkSj rqyuk dh xbZ fd çR;sd fyax lewg osQ Hkhrj
fuèkZurk osQ Lrj esa oSQls cnyko gqvkA
z vk; lacaèkh fuèkZurk osQ L=khdj.k dh çfØ;k osQ foijhr]
fdlh Hkh le; detksj vk; osQ chp efgykvksa dk vfèkd
çfrfufèkRo ,d vfèkd lkekU; ?kVuk çrhr gksrh gSA
z ;g nkok fd de vk; osQ dkj.k fuèkZurk dk nqfu;k Hkj esa
O;ofLFkr :i ls L=khdj.k fd;k tk jgk gS] ml nkos dk
leFkZu djus osQ fy,] blosQ vklikl dh xgu jktuhfrd
cgl osQ ckotwn] cgqr de çek.k çkIr gq, gSaA
z 1960 osQ n'kd osQ var vkSj 1980 osQ eè; osQ chp xzsV
fczVsu (UK) ls feys vkadM+ksa osQ vuqlkj] ,slk dksbZ laosQr
ugha feyk Fkk fd efgykvksa esa xjhch vfèkd çpfyr gks
jgh FkhA
z vkWDliQSe osQ ,d vè;;u osQ vuqlkj] nqfu;k Hkj esa
efgykvksa }kjk fd, x, voSrfud dk;ks± dh pkSadk nsus okyh
jkf'k lkykuk 10 fVªfy;u MkWyj gS] tks nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h
daiuh ,sIiy (Apple) osQ okf"kZd jktLo dk 43 xquk gSA
z ldy ?kjsyw mRikn osQ voSrfud Je dk 3-1» çn'kZu
djus okyh efgykvksa osQ lkFk] Hkkjr esa vlekurk dk ,d
^efgyk i{k* Hkh gSA
z vè;;u osQ fu"d"kks± osQ vuqlkj] efgyk,a 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa çfr
fnu 312 feuV vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa çfr fnu 291 feuV
nwljksa dh voSrfud ns•Hkky çnku djrh gSaA blosQ foijhr]
iq#"k 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa osQoy 29 feuV vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa 32
feuV voSrfud ns•Hkky osQ fy, •pZ djrs gSaA
z gkykafd Hkkjr esa efgykvksa osQ f•ykiQ fgalk dks jksdus okys
dbZ dkuwu cus gSa] ysfdu fir`lÙkkRed lekt dh n`<+rk osQ
dkj.k] mudk çHkko esa vkuk vHkh Hkh eqf'dy gSA
79
fuèkZurk osQ L=khdj.k osQ dkj.k
z ikfjokfjd laxBu% ?kjsyw lalkèkuksa ij fu;a=k.k vkSj fyaxksa
osQ chp Je vkSj miHkksx osQ foHkktu dks fofu;fer djus
okyh ySafxd Hkwfedk,¡A
z ikfjokfjd lajpuk% mPp iq#"k e`R;q nj] oSokfgd la?kksa dk
VwVuk] bu la?kksa osQ fcuk ifjokjksa dk xBuA
z xq.koÙkk esa vlekurk ;k lkoZtfud lsokvksa rd igqap%
yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk esa ckèkk,a] fyax vkèkkfjr 'kSf{kd HksnHkko]
vkSj efgykvksa osQ LokLF; ij de è;ku nsukA
z lkekftd lqj{kk esa vlekurk% yf{kr uhfr;ksa esa NwV
dk ykHk ;k ykHk ewY;ksa esa vlekurk] efgykvksa osQ fy,
lkekftd lgk;rk vkSj isa'ku rd de igqap] vkSj va'knk;h
isa'ku ç.kkyh tks Je cktkj iwoZ vlekurkvksa dks iqu%
mRiUu djrh gSaA
z Je cktkj vlekurk,a% O;kolkf;d vyxko] baVªk&osQfj;j
xfr'khyrk] Hkqxrku okys dk;Z esa jkstxkj osQ vleku Lrj]
osru lacaèkh HksnHkko vkSj f'kÝV dh yackbZA
z lkoZtfud thou ij lkaLÑfrd] dkuwuh vkSj iSjkyhxy
ckèkk,a% laifÙk osQ vfèkdkj] U;kf;d HksnHkko] leqnk; vkSj
jktuhfrd thou ij lhek,a vkfnA
vko';d mik;
z lkekftd
 LokLF;% efgykvksa osQ LokLF; esfVªDl esa lqèkkj gksus ls
ifjokj vkSj uotkr f'k'kqvksa osQ lexz LokLF; ij cM+k
ldkjkRed çHkko iM+ ldrk gSA efgykvksa vkSj muosQ
uotkr f'k'kqvksa osQ LokLF; esa lqèkkj djosQ ?kjsyw •pks±
esa mYys•uh; deh gkfly dh tk ldrh gS] D;ksafd
oafpr yksx viuh dekbZ dk ,d cM+k fgLlk fpfdRlk
ns•Hkky ij •pZ djrs gSaA
 f'k{kk% xjhch mUewyu dk çeq• lkèku f'k{kk gSA vfèkd
f'kf{kr efgyk,a vius cPpksa dh f'k{kk dks ysdj vfèkd
fpafrr jgrh gSa vkSj muosQ fodkl esa vfèkd ;ksxnku
nsrh gSaA
z vkfFkZd
 leku osru% iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa osQ chp osru esa
varj gksus osQ dkj.k xjhch dkiQh çHkkfor gksrh gSA
efgykvksa osQ fy, leku osru mPp ?kjsyw vk; vkSj
ifjokj osQ lexz LokLF; vkSj iks"k.k ij mRiknd •pZ
dh xkjaVh nsxkA
 dkS'ky fodkl% ?kjsyw m|ksxksa vkSj y?kq oU; mRiknksa osQ
laxzg esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh cgqr vfèkd gSA vius
80
dkS'ky esa lqèkkj djosQ] efgyk,a foÙkh; lgk;rk osQ
fy, vius ifr ij fuHkZjrk dks lhèks de dj ldrh
gSa] ftlls mUgsa vius ifjokjksa vkSj O;olk;ksa ij •pZ
djus dh vfèkd Lok;Ùkrk fey ldrh gSA
z jktuhfrd
 os lekt tgka efgykvksa dh vkokt ekaxh tkrh gS
vkSj lquh tkrh gS vkSj tgka fgLlsnkjh (fu"i{krk) vkSj
lekurk (volj) osQ lg&vfLrRo osQ vkn'kZ Lo:i
'kfÙkQ'kkyh vkSj vfèkd çHkkoh gksrs gSaA
 LFkkuh; Lrj ij fy, tkus okys fu.kZ;ksa esa Hkkx ysus
okyh efgykvksa osQ vuqikr dks c<+kdj xjhch dks de
djus osQ ljdkjh dk;ZØeksa dks vfèkd çHkkoh <ax ls
yf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Hkkjr esa lkekftd {ks=k
ge fdruh vPNh rjg vkSj fdrus le; rd thfor jgrs gSa] ;g
vk;] f'k{kk] jkstxkj] lkeqnkf;d lqj{kk vkSj lkekftd leFkZu
lfgr lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd dkjdksa ls dkiQh çHkkfor gks
ldrk gSA bu rRoksa dk LoLFk fu.kZ; ysus] vkokl vkSj LokLF;
ns•Hkky osQ fy, Hkqxrku djus] ruko ls fuiVus vkfn dh gekjh
{kerk ij çHkko iM+rk gSA
lkekftd {ks=k ij è;ku D;ksa nsa\
z Hkkjr 2030 rd ,lMhth gkfly djus osQ fy, çfrc¼
gS vkSj ,slk djus osQ fy, lkekftd {ks=k dk fodkl gksuk
vR;ar egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gks ldrk gSA
z dksbZ Hkh ns'k vius lkekftd {ks=k esa fuos'k fd, fcuk vkxs
ugha c<+ ldrk gSA
z bl {ks=k dh mUufr osQ vius vkarfjd ewY; gksrs gSa vkSj ;s
ewY; csgrj fodkl osQ fy, egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA
z 5 fVªfy;u MkWyj dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks vkSj xfr nsus osQ fy,
Hkh ;g vko';d gSA
Hkkjr dk lkekftd {ks=k esa •pZ
z f'k{kk% 2014&15 ls 2019&20 rd] f'k{kk dk ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn vuqikr 2-83&3» ij fLFkj jgkA
z LokLF; ij •pZ 1-2» ls c<+dj 1-5» gks x;kA ;g thMhih
osQ fy, vko';d 2&3» ls de gSA LokLF; •pZ esa
thMhih osQ 2-1» dh o`f¼ dk mYys• 15 osa foÙk vk;ksx
}kjk Hkh fd;k x;k gSA jkT; vkSj la?kh; ljdkjksa nksuksa osQ
ikl ¶lkekftd {ks=k osQ fy, ikap lky dk n`f"Vdks.k gksuk
pkfg,A¸
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
lkekftd {ks=k esa çeq• eqís
z vYi&iks"k.k dh leL;k% ,u,iQ,p,l&5 dh fjiksVZ osQ
vuqlkj 2015&16 vkSj 2019&20 osQ chp oqQN jkT;ksa esa
oqQiks"k.k dk Lrj FkksM+k de gqvk gS tcfd oqQN vU; jkT;ksa
esa ;g c<+ x;k gSA ftl lekt esa 35» cPps de otu
osQ gksrs gSa] og lekt fVdkÅ ugha gksrk gSA
z lkekftd lqj{kk dop% ;g loZfofnr gS fd çoklh
Jfed] ftuosQ ikl lkekftd lqj{kk dop dh deh
gksrh gS] egkekjh osQ le; ls udkjkRed :i ls lokZfèkd
çHkkfor lewg FksA ?kj okilh osQ dkj.k xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa
eujsxk vkoaVu c<+k;k tkuk pkfg,A
z oafpr oxZ osQ fy, dk;ZØeksa dks tkjh j•us dh
vko';drk gS% ljdkj us LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku vkSj
vkokl] foÙkh; lekos'ku] vkSj Lojkstxkj osQ fy, ½.k
çnku djus tSls dk;ZØeksa dks 'kq: djosQ ,d vPNk dke
fd;k gSA mTtoyk ;kstuk osQ ekè;e ls jlksbZ xSl çnku
dh tkrh gS vkSj lkSHkkX; ;kstuk osQ ekè;e ls fctyh çnku
dh tkrh gSA
z xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk% egkekjh us 'kSf{kd vlekurk dks
js•kafdr fd;k gS vkSj O;kid fMftVy foHkktu dks mtkxj
fd;k gSA ekuo fodkl dks vkxs c<+kus dk jgL; mPp
xq.koÙkk okyh f'k{kk rd leku igqap esa fNik gqvk gSA dbZ
lfefr;ksa osQ vuqlkj] ljdkj dks f'k{kk ij ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn dk 6» •pZ djuk pkfg,A
foÙkh; lekos'ku vkSj fuèkZurk mUewyu
z foÙkh; lekos'ku dk vFkZ O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj O;olk;ksa nksuksa
osQ fy, ykHkdkjh vkSj lLrs foÙkh; mRiknksa vkSj lsok,a
miyCèkrk djkuk gS tks ,d mÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZ vkSj LFkk;h
ekè;e ls çnku fd, tkrs gSa vkSj tks mudh vko';drkvksa
dh iwfrZ djrs gSaA foÙkh; lsokvksa rd igq¡p gksus dh {kerk
dks foÙkh; lekos'ku dgk tkrk gS] vkSj bls çkIr djus osQ
fy, lHkh osQ ij leku volj miyCèk gksrs gSaA
z bldk mís'; mu yksxksa dh foÙkh; lsok rd igqap gksus
esa lqèkkj djuk gS ftuosQ ikl cSad lacaèkh lsok,¡ de gSa
;k fcyoqQy ugha gSaA foÙkh; lekos'ku dk çkFkfed y{;
foÙkh; lsokvksa rd igqap miyCèk djkuk gS tks fcuk fdlh
HksnHkko osQ leLr ç;ksxdrkZvksa dh fof'k"V vko';drkvksa
dh iwfrZ djrh gSA
fuèkZurk mUewyu esa foÙkh; lekos'ku dh Hkwfedk
z t:jr osQ le; lkgwdkjksa tSls vukSipkfjd lzksrksa ij
fuHkZjrk esa deh ykukA C;kt dh mPp njsa ykxw gksus osQ
fuèkZuurkrk vkS
fuèkZ vkSjjvlekurk
vlekurk
dkj.k] fuèkZu dtZ osQ pØ esa iQ¡lus osQ fy, etcwj gks
tkrs gSaA
z Je dk;ks± osQ fy, efgykvksa dks l'kÙkQ cukuk] tks foÙkh;
lgk;rk] jktLo c<+kus osQ fy, miHkksx vkSj fuos'k esa
o`f¼] vkSj cpkodkjh LokLF; ns•Hkky tSls vU; lkekftd
dkjdksa ij •pZ c<+k, fcuk vlaHko gSA
z cpr djus dh vknrksa dks çksRlkfgr djrk gS] tks varr%
iwath fuos'k esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
z foÙkh; lekos'ku fuèkZuksa esa eq[;èkkjk dh LohÑfr dh Hkkouk
çnku djrk gS] ftlls mudk vkRefo'okl c<+rk gSA tksf•e
mBkus dh {kerk Hkh c<+rh gSA oqQy feykdj blls m|ferk
dks çksRlkgu feyrk gSA
foÙkh; lekos'ku esa pqukSfr;k¡
z foÙkh; lk{kjrk c<+kus dh vko';drk
z vkSipkfjd igpku vfHkys•ksa dh deh
z miHkksÙkQkvksa dk laj{k.k
z ySafxd vlekurk vkSj xzkeh.k fuèkZurk
z xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa cSadksa vkSj ,Vh,e dh deh detksj vkèkkjHkwr
<kaps dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA
foÙkh; lekos'ku c<+kus osQ rjhosQ
z foÙkh; lk{kjrk vkèkkfjr uokpkjA
z oafprksa osQ lkFk ckrphr djrs le; cSad deZpkfj;ksa dks
laosnu'khy cukukA
cSafdax laoknnkrk ekWMy (banking correspondent model)
z
dh çHkko'khyrk c<+kukA
z ckgjh vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa cSadksa vkSj ,Vh,e lfgr vkèkkjHkwr
<kaps dk fodkl djukA
z lw{e isa'ku tSlh phtksa dk fuekZ.k djuk tks fo'ks"k :i ls
xjhcksa dh t:jrksa dks iwjk dj ldrs gSaA
fuèkZurk mUewyu esa Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa
(SHG) dh Hkwfedk
z foÙkh; lekos'ku ls fuèkZuksa osQ fy, ½.k lqfoèkk esa o`f¼
gqbZ gSA ;g mUgsa lkgwdkjksa ls Hkh cpkrk gSA
z lw{e m|e LFkkfir dj Lojkstxkj osQ volj miyCèk
djkukA
z dkS'ky fodkl dk;ZØe esa 'kkfey lnL;ksa dh jkstxkj çkIr
djus dh {kerk esa lqèkkj gksrk gSA
z ukSdfj;ksa osQ volj c<+us osQ dkj.k yksxksa dh vk; esa o`f¼
gqbZ gS ftlls mudh Hkkstu] LokLF; lsokvksa rd igqap vkSj
thou Lrj esa lexz :i ls o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
81
z efgykvksa dh vfèkd Hkkxhnkjh vkSj mudh fLFkfr esa c<+ksÙkjh
gksus ls iks"k.k] xjhch vkSj de lk{kjrk nj tSls eqíksa dk
lekèkku gqvk gS
z ;g Hkh ns•k x;k gS fd ftu jkT;ksa esa Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa
(SHG) dh la[;k vfèkd gS] ogka fuèkZurk js•k osQ uhps
(BPL) tula[;k dk çfr'kr de gqvk gSA
fuèkZurk mUewyu osQ ç;kl
z ewy vk; dk;ZØe%
 yf{kr vk; gLrkarj.k dks fuèkZurk ?kVkus osQ fy, cukbZ
xbZ ubZ j.kuhfr dk fgLlk gksuk pkfg,A
 ,d yf{kr vkèkkjHkwr vk; dk;ZØe] tks ,d VkWi&vi
dk;ZØe gS] osQ fgLls osQ :i esa ljdkj fuèkZurk varj
(vFkkZr] ,d ifjokj dh çfr O;fÙkQ miHkksx vkSj
fuèkZurk js•k osQ chp dk varj) dks fuèkZuksa osQ cSad
•krksa esa LFkkukarfjr djrh gSA
 fuèkZurk ?kVkus osQ fy, py jgs dk;ZØeksa dh yhosQt
eq[; vkSj egRoiw.kZ vkykspukvksa esa ls ,d gSA vkèkkjHkwr
ewy vk; (UBI) dks vfèkd çHkkoh fodYi ekuk tkrk
gSA
 vkèkkjHkwr ewy vk; (UBI) }kjk O;fÙkQxr vkfFkZd
Lora=krk dks etcwr fd;k tkrk gSA blls O;fÙkQ viuh
nSfud vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, vuqRiknd dk;Z
djus osQ fy, etcwj gksus osQ ctk;] ml çdkj dk dk;Z
pquus esa l{ke gksxk tks og djuk pkgrk gSA
 vkèkkjHkwr ewy vk; (UBI) lkekftd lqj{kk osQ :i
esa fuèkZurk mUewyu vkSj vlekurk dks de djus esa
lgk;rk djsxkA bl çdkj] ;g lHkh yksxksa dks lqj{kk
vkSj xfjek dh xkjaVh nsrk gSA
 vkèkkjHkwr ewy vk; (UBI) vfèkd mRikndrk dks
çksRlkfgr dj ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] Ñf"k
etnwj tks igys de osru ij nwljs yksxksa osQ •srksa
esa dke djrs Fks] ysfdu vc muosQ ikl tehu dk
,d NksVk lk VqdM+k gS] os vc Lo;a Ñf"k dk;Z 'kq:
Hkkjr esa xjhch dks de djus dh fn'kk esa uhfr;k¡ vkSj dk;ZØe
z ;g 1978&79 esa 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj 2 vDVwcj] 1980 dks lkoZHkkSfed
,dhÑr xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe cu x;k] ftldk mís'; vkxkeh ;kstuk vofèk;ksa osQ nkSjku mRiknd jkstxkj osQ
(IRDP) voljksa osQ fy, lfClMh vkSj cSad ½.k osQ :i esa xzkeh.k {ks=k osQ fuèkZuksa dks
lgk;rk çnku djuk FkkA
82
dj ldrs gSaA yach vofèk esa] ;g vç;qÙkQ Hkwfe osQ
vuqikr dks de djsxk vkSj Ñf"k mRikndrk c<+kus
esa ;ksxnku nsxkA
 2016&17 osQ vkfFkZd loZs{k.k esa Hkkjr esa fuèkZurk
mUewyu osQ fy,] fofHkUu dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØeksa osQ
fodYi osQ :i esa vkèkkjHkwr ewy vk; (UBI) osQ
fopkj dk leFkZu fd;k x;k gSA
 bl loZs{k.k osQ vuqlkj] ¶lcls cM+h t:jr okys ftys
Bhd ogh gksrs gSa tgka jkT; dh {kerk lcls detksj
gksrh gS] vkSj bl çdkj fuèkZuksa dh enn djus dk ,d
vfèkd çHkkoh rjhdk vkèkkjHkwr ewy vk; (UBI) osQ
ekè;e ls mUgsa lhèks lalkèku miyCèk djkuk gksxkA"
vkèkkjHkwr ewy vk; (UBI) dh voèkkj.kk ij bl lanHkZ
esa ppkZ dh tkuh pkfg,A
z dj lqèkkj%
 ljdkj dks vfèkd ls vfèkd yksxksa dks mPp vk;dj
oxZ esa ykus osQ dk;Z dks çkFkfedrk nsus dh vko';drk
gSA
 gekjh lykg gS fd bls iwjk djus osQ fy, mPpre
O;fÙkQxr vk;dj nj vkSj dkWikZsjsV vk;dj nj çR;sd
dks 25» dh ,d likV nj ls de fd;k tk,A
 blfy,] ljdkj dks çR;{k djksa ls jktLo olwyh c<+kus
osQ fy, dj dh nj osQ mPpre LySc dks de djosQ
buosQ vuqikyu esa lqèkkj ij è;ku osQafær djuk pkfg,A
z fuos'k lqèkkj%
 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks lM+d] jsyekxZ vkSj ikuh tSls
egRoiw.kZ {ks=kksa esa i;kZIr fuos'k djuk pkfg,A
 lalkèkuksa dk fiQj ls forfjr djus osQ fy,] ljdkjksa dks
•pZ vkSj dj njksa dks dkjxj cukuk pkfg,A
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. xjhch dks de djus osQ fy, ,d vko';d 'krZ fuèkZuksa
dks gj rjg dh lqfoèkkvksa ls ifjiw.kZ djuk gSA mi;qÙkQ
mnkgj.kksa }kjk bl dFku dh iqf"V dhft,A (2016)
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH

tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk (JRY) @
tokgj xzke le`f¼ ;kstuk (JGSY)
xzkeh.k vkokl & bafnjk vkokl ;kstuk
(LAY)
dke osQ cnys vukt dk;ZØe%
jk"Vªh; o`¼koLFkk isa'ku ;kstuk
(NOAPS)
vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk
laiw.kZ xzkeh.k jkstxkj ;kstuk (SGRY)
egkRek xkaèkh jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj
xkjaVh vfèkfu;e (MGNREGA)
2005%
jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k vkthfodk fe'ku%
vkthfodk (2011)
jk"Vªh; 'kgjh vkthfodk fe'ku
(NULM)
çèkkuea=kh dkS'ky fodkl ;kstuk
çèkkuea=kh tu&èku ;kstuk
fuèkZuurkrk vkS
fuèkZ vkSjjvlekurk
vlekurk
z tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk (JRY) dks vkfFkZd vkèkkjHkwr <kaps osQ lkFk&lkFk
lkeqnkf;d vkSj lkekftd laifÙk;ksa dk fuekZ.k djosQ xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa csjkstxkjksa
vkSj vYi&jkstxkjksa osQ fy, lkFkZd jkstxkj osQ volj miyCèk djkus osQ fy,
fMtkbu fd;k x;k FkkA
z bafnjk vkokl ;kstuk (LAY) dk;ZØe dk mís'; xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa xjhch js•k ls
uhps (BPL) ifjokjksa dks eqÝr vkokl çnku djuk gS] ftlesa vuqlwfpr tkfr@
vuqlwfpr tutkfr osQ ifjokjksa dks çkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA
z bldk mís'; etnwjh lacaèkh jkstxkj osQ ekè;e ls •k| lqj{kk esa lqèkkj djuk
gSA bl ;kstuk osQ varxZr] jkT;ksa dks •k|kUu fu%'kqYd miyCèk djk;k tkrk gS_
gkykafd] Hkkjrh; •k| fuxe (FCI) osQ xksnkeksa ls bldh vkiwfrZ èkheh xfr ls
jgh gSA
z ;g isa'ku osQaæ ljdkj nsrh gSA jkT;ksa vkSj osQaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa esa bl ;kstuk dks
ykxw djus dh ftEesnkjh iapk;rksa vkSj uxj ikfydkvksa dks çnku dh xbZ gSA
z ljdkj }kjk vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk dh 'kq#vkr 1999&2000 esa mu ofj"B ukxfjdksa
dks Hkkstu nsus osQ fy, dh xbZ Fkh tks •qn dh ns•&js• ugha dj ikrs gSaA bl
;kstuk dk ykHk jk"Vªh; o`¼koLFkk isa'ku ;kstuk (NOAPS) osQ varxZr ftrus Hkh
cqtqxZ oafpr jg x, gSa vkSj ftudk ns•Hkky djus okyk muosQ xkao esa dksbZ ugha
gS] ,sls cqtqxZ mBk ldrs gSaA
z bl ;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; etnwjh ls tqM+s jkstxkj dk l`tu] xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa
etcwr vkfFkZd vkèkkjHkwr <kaps dk fodkl vkSj fuèkZuksa osQ fy, •k| vkSj iks"k.k
lqj{kk dk çcaèk djuk gSA
z bl vfèkfu;e osQ varxZr çR;sd xzkeh.k ifjokj dks gj o"kZ 100 fnuksa rd jkstxkj
çnku fd;k tkrk gSA bl ;kstuk esa fn, tkus okys jkstxkj dk ,d frgkbZ fgLlk
efgykvksa dks fn;k tkrk gSA blosQ vykok] osQaæ ljdkj }kjk jk"Vªh; jkstxkj
xkjaVh dks"k dh LFkkiuk dk çkoèkkuA blh rjg] jkT; ljdkj }kjk bl ;kstuk dks
iwjk djus osQ fy, jkT; jkstxkj xkjaVh dks"k dk çkoèkkuA
z ;g ;kstuk xzkeh.k {ks=k osQ fuèkZuksa dh vko';drkvksa esa fofoèkrk ykus vkSj mUgsa
gj eghus vk; çnku djus osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ gSA blosQ varxZr] t:jreanksa dh
lgk;rk osQ fy, xzke Lrj ij Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa dk xBu fd;k tkrk gSA
z jk"Vªh; 'kgjh vkthfodk fe'ku (NULM) 'kgjh {ks=k osQ fuèkZuksa dks Lo&lgk;rk
lewgksa esa laxfBr djus] cktkj ls tqM+s jkstxkj osQ fy, •qn osQ dkS'ky fodkl
osQ volj çnku djus vkSj ½.k dh vklku igqap çnku djosQ Lo&jkstxkj m|e
LFkkfir djus esa mudh lgk;rk djus ij tksj nsrk gSA
z ;g ;kstuk Je cktkj esa vkus okys u, yksx tSls fo'ks"k :i ls nloha vkSj
ckjgoha d{kk osQ ckn i<+kbZ NksM+us okyksa yksxksa osQ fy, gh ykxw gqbZ gSA
z bl ;kstuk dk mís'; lfClMh] isa'ku vkSj chek vkfn dk lhèkk ykHk xjhcksa rd
igqapkuk Fkk vkSj bl ;kstuk osQ varxZr 1-5 djksM+ cSad •krs •ksyus dk y{;
iwjk fd;k x;k gSA bl ;kstuk dk y{; mu fuèkZuksa dks cSad dh lqfoèkk,a çnku
djuk gS] tks buls oafpr gSaA
83
fuèkZurk mUewyu dk;ZØeksa dh çHkkoghurk osQ
dkj.k
z bl ckr dks fcuk oqQN dgs le>k tkrk gS fd èku dh
miyCèkrk osQ vuqlkj y{;ksa dks de fd;k tk,xk vkSj ;g
Hkh le>k tkrk gS fd xjhch dks jksdus osQ fy, tks dk;ZØe
viuk, tkrs gSa] muosQ fy, fuèkkZfjr fd, x, lalkèku cgqr
de gksrs gSaA tSls] dbZ jkT; eujsxk osQ rgr 100 fnuksa osQ
dke dh xkjaVh ugha nsrs gSaA
z i<s fy•s u gksus vkSj tkudkjh u gksus osQ dkj.k vke
turk osQ chp bu dk;ZØeksa osQ ckjs esa tkx:drk dh deh
gksrh gSA
z vPNs ls tku&iM+rky dh çfØ;k osQ ckn] bls xSj ljdkjh
laxBuksa vkSj ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa osQ ekè;e ls csgrj
rjhosQ ls çHkko esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA
z uqdlku dks jksdus vkSj forj.k dks c<+kus vkSj ftEesnkjh r;
djus osQ fy, bu dk;ZØeksa dk fu"i{k ^lkekftd vkWfMV*
djuk vko';d gSA
z ,slh ;kstukvksa dh çHkko'khyrk ;k muosQ ifj.kkeksa dks
fuèkkZfjr djus osQ fy, ns•&js• dh ,d ç.kkyh dh deh gSA
z fuèkZu yksxksa dh igpku djus] mudh vko';drkvksa dks
fuèkkZfjr djus] mudh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus vkSj mUgsa
xjhch js•k ls Åij mBus osQ fy, vko';d lkèku nsus osQ
fy, dksbZ laxfBr ç;kl ugha fd, tk jgs gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjr esa ljdkj }kjk fuèkZurk mUewyu osQ fy, fofHkUu
dk;ZØeksa dks ykxw djus osQ ckotwn fuèkZurk vHkh Hkh
fo|eku gSA dkj.k nsrs gq, Li"V dhft,A (2018)
v v v
84
xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa fuèkZurk mUewyu dh j.kuhfr;k¡
z Ñf"k fodkl dks c<+kok nsuk% yacs le; ls Ñf"k
fodkl dks xjhch de djus dk lcls egRoiw.kZ dkjd
ekuk tkrk jgk gS] ysfdu ;g bl j.kuhfr dk osQoy
,d gh igyw gSA
z xzkeh.k {ks=k dh fuèkZurk esa o`f¼ dks de djuk% Hkkjr
osQ xzkeh.k {ks=k] gkykafd T;knkrj Ñf"k {ks=k] NksVs 'kgjh {ks=kksa
osQ lkFk dbZ vkfFkZd fo'ks"krk,a lk>k djrs gSaA
z xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh {ks=kksa osQ chp laidZ dk ykHk mBkuk%
xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh {ks=kksa osQ lkFk&lkFk Ñf"k] vkS|ksfxd vkSj
lsok {ks=kksa osQ chp c<+rs gq, laidZ dk bLrseky djus dh
j.kuhfr igys Hkh liQy lkfcr gqbZ gSA
z vfèkd vkSj csgrj jkstxkj iSnk djuk% Hkfo"; esa csgrj
dne mBkus osQ fy, vfèkd mRiknd m|ksxksa esa jkstxkj iSnk
djus esa lqèkkj ij è;ku nsuk pkfg,] tks vc rd èkhek jgk
gS vkSj fLFkjrk vkSj lqj{kk çnku djus okys oqQN osruHkksxh
inksa dk l`tu vfèkd fd;k x;k gSA
z efgykvksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ij è;ku osQafær
djuk% vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dk èkhek fodkl vkSj Je
cy esa efgykvksa dh de Hkkxhnkjh gh fpark osQ nks lcls
cM+s eqís gSaA
z ekuo fodkl osQ ifj.kkeksa esa o`f¼% csgrj LokLF;]
LoPNrk vkSj f'k{kk ls u osQoy yk•ksa yksxksa dh mRikndrk
c<+sxh cfYd mUgsa vius liuksa dks lkdkj djus osQ fy,
,d mi;qÙkQ lkèku Hkh feysxk vkSj ns'k dks vkfFkZd fodkl
osQ u, lzksr feysaxsA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 7 jkstxkj] csjkstxkjh vkSj dkS'ky fodkl
bfrgkl ds eqrkfcd dbZ ns'kksa us vrhr esa vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dk
vuqHko fd;k gSA csjkstxkjh lekt dh lcls cM+h leL;kvksa esa
ls ,d gSA Dykfldy vkSj dsusfl;u nksuksa vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us crk;k
gS fd jkstxkj vkSj vk; dSls ijLij lacaf/r gSaA
jkstxkj
z 'kCn ¶iw.kZ jkstxkj¸ ,d ,sls ifjn`'; dk o.kZu djrk gS
ftlesa çR;sd O;fÙkQ tks dke djus esa l{ke vkSj bPNqd
gS] dks çpfyr etnwjh nj ij fu;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] iw.kZ jkstxkj ds fy, vko';d gS fd çR;sd
O;fÙkQ tks dke djus esa l{ke vkSj bPNqd gS] mlds ikl
ukSdjh gksuh pkfg,A
z tkWu esukMZ dhUl iw.kZ jkstxkj dks vuSfPNd csjkstxkjh dh
vuqifLFkfr ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSaA
z dq'ky vkSj vdq'ky nksuksa çdkj ds Je dh vf/dre ek=kk
tks fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa fdlh Hkh le; fu;ksftr dh tk
ldrh gS] iw.kZ jkstxkj gSA
z jkstxkj vFkZO;oLFkk dh lkekU; o`f¼ dks c<+krk gS] de
vk; okys ifjokjksa dks vk; çnku djrk gS] vkSj oLrqvksa vkSj
lsokvksa dh ?kjsyw ekax dks iquthZfor djrk gSA
jkstxkj ls lacaf/r 'kCnkoyh
z jkstxkj nj% fu;ksftr O;fÙkQ dk tula[;k ls vuqikr
(15 ls 59 o"kZ)
z jkstxkj yksp% ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa ifjorZu ls çsfjr
jkstxkj esa çfr'kr ifjorZu] tks Je cktkj dh tokcnsgh
dks n'kkZrk gSA
z jkstxkj l?kurk% fodkl fdl Lrj rd jkstxkj l`ftr
djrk gSA
ts- ch- ls dk cktkj dk fu;e
z ts-ch- ls (1776 & 1832) ,d Úkalhlh vFkZ'kkL=kh vkSj
m|ksxifr FksA jkstxkj dk 'kkL=kh; fl¼kar ^ls* ds cktkj
fu;e ij vk/kfjr gSA
z ts-ch- ls }kjk ;g fopkj j•k x;k gS fd ¶vkiwfrZ viuh
ekax Lo;a cukrh gSA¸ urhtru] u rks vfrmRiknu vkSj u
gh vFkZO;oLFkk esa csjkstxkjh laHko gSA
ts ,e dhUl dk jkstxkj vkSj vk; dk fl¼kar
z 1936 esa çdkf'kr dhUl dh iqLrd] ¶n tujy F;ksjh
vkWiQ ,EIykW;esaV] baVjsLV ,aM euh¸ ,d vR;f/d egRoiw.kZ
dk;Z gS ftlus vk/qfud vkfFkZd fl¼kar ds fodkl esa ,d
egRoiw.kZ eksM+ fn;kA
z •Dykfldy vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk fopkj gS fd ,d iwathoknh
O;oLFkk esa cktkj dh rkdrsa larqyu rd igqapus ds fy,
Lo&lek;ksftr gksrh gSa] ftls dhUl ds fl¼kar }kjk pqukSrh
nh xbZ FkhA
çHkkoh ekax dh vo/kj.kk
z çHkkoh ekax dhUl ds jkstxkj vkSj vk; fl¼kar dk varfuZfgr
fl¼kar gSA çHkkoh ekax ls rkRi;Z ml jkf'k ls gS tks miHkksÙkQk
okLro esa vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa ij •pZ djrs gSaA
z m|fe;ksa dks tks iSlk feyrk gS mldk Hkqxrku fdjk;k]
etnwjh] C;kt vkSj ykHk ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA blfy,]
çHkkoh ekax jk"Vªh; vk; ds cjkcj gksrh gSA
z dqy çHkkoh ekax esa o`f¼ ls jkstxkj ds Lrj esa o`f¼ gksxhA
vxj dqy çHkkoh ekax de gks tkrh gS rks csjkstxkjh c<+sxhA
urhtru] fdlh ns'k dh dqy ekax dk mi;ksx mlds dqy
jkstxkj dh x.kuk ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA
lexz ekax iQyu dh vo/kj.kk (ADF)
dhusfl;u ekWMy esa dqy ekax mRiknu ds fu/kZj.k esa çeq•
Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA fu;ksftr Jfedksa dks csps x, lkeku ds cnys
m|eh ftruk iSlk çkIr djus dk vuqeku yxkrs gSa] mls dqy
ekax ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
dqy ekax esa fuEufyf•r pkj ?kVd gksrs gSa%
1- •ir dh ekax
2- fuos'k dh ekax
3- ljdkjh O;; vkSj
4- 'kq¼ fu;kZr (fu;kZr&vk;kr)
dqy lIykbZ iQaD'ku dh vo/kj.kk
z tSls&tSls jkstxkj dk Lrj c<+rk gS] lexz lIykbZ iQaD'ku
c<+rk gSA ,d o"kZ ds nkSjku vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRiUu lHkh
mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa ds ewY; dks dqy vkiwfrZ dgk tkrk gSA
z nwljs 'kCnksa esa] dqy vkiwfrZ jk"Vªh; mRikn ds ewY; ds cjkcj
gksrh gSA ;kuh] jk"Vªh; vk;A
z dqy vkiwfrZ ewY; og lexz jkf'k gS tks fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk
esa lHkh m|eh ,d fof'k"V dk;Zcy }kjk mRikfnr oLrqvksa
dh fcØh ls çkIr djus dh vk'kk djrs gSaA
dqy vkiwfrZ ds ?kVd gSa
z ldy (okafNr) miHkksx O;; (C)
z dqy (okafNr) futh cpr (S)
z 'kq¼ dj Hkqxrku (T) (ljdkj }kjk çkIr fd;k tkus okyk
dqy dj Hkqxrku ls varj.k Hkqxrku] lfClMh vkSj ljdkj
}kjk fd, tkus okys C;kt Hkqxrku ?kVkus ij)
z fonsf'k;ksa dks O;fÙkQxr varj.k Hkqxrku (mnkgj.k ds fy,
varjjk"Vªh; jkgr ç;klksa ds fy, nku)
çeq• jkstxkj vkSj csjkstxkjh ladsrd
z dke djus okys vkSj dke djus ds bPNqd
yksxksa dh la[;k dks Je 'kfÙkQ ;k Je
vkiwfrZ dgk tkrk gSA pw¡fd iwjh vkcknh
vkfFkZd :i ls mRiknd xfrfof/;ksa esa
layXu gksus esa vleFkZ gS] cPpksa vkSj
Je cy cqtqxks± tSls vkfJrksa dks Jfed ugha ekuk
tkrk gSA
z Je 'kfÙkQ mu yksxksa dks Hkh ckgj dj nsrh
gS tks l{ke gksus ds ckotwn dke djus
ds bPNqd ugha gSaA
z ¶dk;Zcy¸ 'kCn 15 &59 o"kZ ds vk;q oxZ
ds O;fÙkQ;ksa dk o.kZu djrk gS tks lfØ;
:i ls vkfFkZd mRiknd xfrfof/;ksa esa
dk;Z cy yxs gq, gSaA
z dk;Zcy vkSj Je cy ds chp dk varj
csjkstxkjh gS] ;kuh csjkstxkjh ¾ Je cy
& dk;Z cyA
86
z Je cy Hkkxhnkjh njksa dh x.kuk Je
'kfÙkQ dks dqy dkedkth mez dh vkcknh
ls Hkkx nsdj dh tkrh gSA dkedkth vk;q
dh vkcknh 15 ls 64 o"kZ dh vk;q ds
yksxksa dks lanfHkZr djrh gSA ;g lwpd
Je cy vk;q lewg }kjk foHkkftr gS vkSj bls
Hkkxhnkjh çR;sd vk;q lewg ds çfr'kr ds :i esa
nj ekik tkrk gSA
(LFPR) mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn tula[;k 1000 gS]
z
vkSj okLro esa 500 yksx dke dj jgs gSa
tcfd 100 yksx dke djus ds bPNqd gSa_
rc ,y,iQihvkj 600 gksxkA ,ychihvkj
dks çfr'kr esa Hkh fn•k;k tk ldrk gS]
ftlls mijksÙkQ vkadM+k 60» gks tk,xkA
z çfr gtkj yksxksa ij fu;ksftr yksxksa ds
vuqikr dks Jfed tula[;k vuqikr
(WPR) ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
Jfed
z ;g ns'k dh jkstxkj fLFkfr dks çdV djrk
tula[;k
vuqikr gSA ,d mPp vuqikr bafxr djrk gS fd
tula[;k dk ,d cM+k çfr'kr ns'k ds
oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds mRiknu esa lfØ;
:i ls Hkkx ys jgk gSA
z ,sls O;fÙkQ;ksa dk çfr'kr tks dke djus
dh mez (15 o"kZ vkSj vf/d) esa gSa vkSj
jkstxkj dh ryk'k esa gSa ysfdu jkstxkj
ikus esa vleFkZ gSa] mUgsa csjkstxkjh nj ds
csjkstxkjh
nj :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
z nwljs 'kCnksa esa] csjkstxkjh nj dks Je 'kfÙkQ
ds çfr'kr ds :i esa O;ÙkQ fd;k tkrk gS]
u fd dqy tula[;k ds :i esaA
xfrfof/ z fufnZ"V lanHkZ vof/ ds nkSjku O;fÙkQ }kjk
dh fLFkfr% dh xbZ xfrfof/;ksa ds vk/kj ij fu/kZfjrA
z tc xfrfof/ dh fLFkfr loZs{k.k dh frfFk
ls igys fiNys 365 fnuksa dh lanHkZ vof/
lkekU;
ds vk/kj ij fu/kZfjr dh tkrh gS] rks bls
fLFkfr%
O;fÙkQ dh lkekU; xfrfof/ fLFkfr ds :i
esa tkuk tkrk gS-
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 xfrfof/ z loZs{k.k dh rkjh• ls fiNys 7 fnuksa
dh fLFkfr dh lanHkZ vof/ ds vk/kj ij fu/kZfjr
& orZeku xfrfof/ dh fLFkfr dks O;fÙkQ dh orZeku
lkIrkfgd lkIrkfgd fLFkfr (CWS) ds :i esa
fLFkfr tkuk tkrk gSA
(CWS)%
csjkstxkjh
ihd fLFkj fodkl js•k
foLrkj foLrkj le`¼
le`f¼ eanh
volkn
pØ dh js•k fjdojh
xrZ
O;kikj pØ ds pj.kksa dk çfrfuf/Ro
z vksbZlhMh (vkfFkZd lg;ksx vkSj fodkl laxBu) ds vuqlkj]
csjkstxkjh] ,d fufnZ"V vk;q (vkerkSj ij 15) ls Åij ds
yksx ;fn Hkqxrku jkstxkj ;k Lojkstxkj esa ugha gSa] ysfdu
orZeku lanHkZ vof/ esa dke ds fy, miyC/ gSaA
z Je 'kfÙkQ ds çfr'kr ds :i esa csjkstxkj yksxksa dh la[;k
csjkstxkjh ds fy, ,d eki ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gS] ftls
csjkstxkjh nj ds :i esa O;ÙkQ fd;k tkrk gSA
csjkstxkjh ds dbZ lzksr gks ldrs gSa] tks fuEufyf•r gSa&
z ubZ çkS|ksfxfd;ka vkSj vkfo"dkj
z vFkZO;oLFkk dh fLFkfr] tks eanh ls çHkkfor gks ldrh gS
z oS'ohdj.k vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ds dkj.k çfrLi/kZ
z ljdkj dh uhfr;ka
z fofu;eu vkSj cktkj lq/kj
z jk"Vªh; uewuk loZs{k.k laxBu (NSSO)
,u,l,lvks fdlh O;fÙkQ dh fuEufyf•r xfrfof/ fLFkfr;ksa
ij jkstxkj vkSj csjkstxkjh dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS%
 dk;Zjr (,d vkfFkZd xfrfof/ esa layXu) vFkkZr]
^fu;ksftr*A
 dke dh ryk'k esa ;k dke ds fy, miyC/ ;kuh
^csjkstxkj*A
 u rks dke dh ryk'k gS vkSj u gh dke ds fy,
miyC/ gSA
z igys nks Je cy dk xBu djrs gSa vkSj csjkstxkjh nj ml
Je 'kfÙkQ dk çfr'kr gS tks fcuk dke ds gSA
z csjkstxkjh nj ¾ (csjkstxkj Jfed @ dqy Je 'kfÙkQ) × 100
Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh ls lacaf/r vkadM+s vkSj rF;
z vkfFkZd loZs{k.k (2021&22)% 'kgjh {ks=k esa LFPR vkSj WPR
esa Hkh igyh frekgh (Øe'k% 36-4» vkSj 43-7») ds nkSjku
dkiQh fxjkoV vkbZ] ysfdu ckn dh frekfg;ksa (Øe'k%
47-5» vkSj 43») esa rsth ls lq/kj gqvkA
z csjkstxkjh nj% ;g n'kkZrk gS fd csjkstxkjh nj 2019&20
esa 4-8» ls ?kVdj 2020&21 esa 4-2» gks xbZA 'kgjh {ks=kksa
esa 6-7» csjkstxkjh nj Fkh tcfd xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa 3-3»
csjkstxkjh nj FkhA
z Je cy Hkkxhnkjh nj (,y,iQihvkj)% Je cy esa
tula[;k dh Hkkxhnkjh& tks dk;Zjr gSa] lfØ; :i ls dke
dh ryk'k dj jgs gSa] ;k vU;Fkk jkstxkj ds fy, miyC/
gSa& 2019&20 esa 40-1» ls c<+dj 2020&21 esa 41-6»
gks xbZA
z Jfed tula[;k vuqikr (MCY;wihvkj)% ;g fiNys o"kZ
dh rqyuk esa 38-2» ls c<+dj 39-8» gks x;kA
csjkstxkjh ds çdkj
z csjkstxkjh dh çÑfr Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'kksa vkSj
fodflr ns'kksa ds chp fHkUu gksrh gSA
z fodflr ns'kksa esa] csjkstxkjh dsoy vLFkk;h] pØh; ;k
?k"kZ.kkRed gksrh gSA gkykafd] lajpukRed csjkstxkjh] tks iwath
lap; dh de nj ls mRiUu gksrh gS] fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa
çcy gksrh gSA
z csjkstxkjh ds fuEu çdkj gSa%
z ;g csjkstxkjh vFkZO;oLFkk esa O;kikj
pØ ds eanh ds pj.k ds dkj.k mRiUu
gksrh gSA
z eanh vkSj volkn dh vof/ ds nkSjku
,d O;kikj pØ esa] vk; vkSj mRiknu
esa fxjkoV O;kid csjkstxkjh dh vksj
ys tkrh gSA
z ;g çHkkoh ekax dh deh ds dkj.k gksrk
pØh;
gSA lkoZtfud fuos'k ;k foLrkjoknh
csjkstxkjh%
ekSfæd uhfr }kjk pØh; csjkstxkjh dks
lacksf/r fd;k djrk gSA
z dbZ eSØksbdksukWfed fl¼kar iw.kZ
jkstxkj dks ,d ,sls y{; ds :i esa
of.kZr djrs gSa] tks vxj fpfUgr fd;k
tkrk gS] rks vDlj pØh; csjkstxkjh
ds lanHkZ esa ,d eqækLiQhfr pj.k dh
vksj tkrk gSA

txkj]
jkst xkj] cscsjjkstkstxkjh
xkjhvkSvkS
j jdkSdkS
'ky'ky fodkl
fodkl 87
 z bl çdkj dh csjkstxkjh o"kZ ds dqN
fuf'pr ekSleksa ds nkSjku gksrh gSA
z Ñf"k vkSj Ñf"k vk/kfjr m|ksxksa tSls
phuh esa mRiknu xfrfof/;ka dsoy
ekSleh
dqN ekSleksa esa gh dh tkrh gSaA ;s
csjkstxkjh%
m|ksx o"kZ esa dsoy mlh ekSle esa
jkstxkj çnku djrs gSaA
z blfy,] vkWiQ lhtu ds nkSjku yksx
csjkstxkj jg ldrs gSaA
z ?k"kZ.k csjkstxkjh Je dh vkiwfrZ vkSj
Je dh ekax ds chp vlarqyu ds
dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gSA
z ;g Je dh xfrghurk] vko';d
?k"kZ.k csjkstxkjh
dkS'ky dh deh] e'khujh dh •jkch]
(vLFkk;h
dPps eky dh deh vkfn ds dkj.k
csjkstxkjh)%
gSA
z os O;fÙkQ tks ukSdjh •ks nsrs gSa vkSj
ukSdjh dh ryk'k esa jgrs gSa] ?k"kZ.
kkRed csjkstxkjh ds varxZr vkrs gSaA
z dHkh&dHkh f'kf{kr yksx vYi&jkstxkj
;k csjkstxkj gks tkrs gSa tc ;ksX;rk
ukSdjh ls esy ugha •krhA
f'kf{kr z Hkkjr esa f'kf{kr csjkstxkjh ds fy,
csjkstxkjh% nks"kiw.kZ f'k{kk ç.kkyh] jkstxkj ;ksX;
dkS'ky dh deh] cM+s iSekus ij Nk=kksa
dh mifLFkfr vkSj liQsniks'k ukSdfj;ksa
ds fy, ojh;rk vR;f/d ftEesnkj gSaA
z vk/qfud rduhd iwath xgu gksus ds
dkj.k de etnwjksa dh vko';drk
gksrh gS vkSj rduhdh csjkstxkjh esa
;ksxnku djrh gSA
rduhdh z vktdy] vkfo"dkj vkSj uokpkj
csjkstxkjh%
ubZ rduhdksa dks viukus dh vksj
ys tkrs gSa tgka ekStwnk Jfedksa dh
NaVuh dh tkrh gSA Je cpkus okys
midj.k rduhdh csjkstxkjh ds fy,
ftEesnkj gSaA
88
z lajpukRed csjkstxkjh lekt dh
lajpuk esa Hkkjh ifjorZu ds dkj.k gSA
z mRikn dh ekax esa deh ;k vU;
mRiknksa dh ekax esa cnyko bl çdkj
dh csjkstxkjh dk dkj.k curk gSA
lajpukRed mnkgj.k ds fy,] eksckby iQksu dh
csjkstxkjh% ekax esa o`f¼ us dSejksa] Vsi fjdkMZj
vkfn dh ekax ij çfrdwy çHkko
Mkyk gSA
z bl çdkj dh csjkstxkjh vkfFkZd
lajpuk esa cM+s iSekus ij vkSj xgjh
tM+ksa okys ifjorZuksa dk ifj.kke gSA
z çPNUu csjkstxkjh rc gksrh gS tc
okLro esa vko';drk ls vf/d yksx
gksrs gSaA
vxj dqN Jfedksa dks okil ys fy;k
z
tkrk gS] rks Hkh mRiknu çHkkfor ugha
gksrk gSA bl çdkj dh csjkstxkjh Ñf"k
çPNUu esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
csjkstxkjh% z ,d O;fÙkQ dks çPNUu :i ls csjkstxkj
dgk tkrk gS ;fn mRiknu esa mldk
;ksxnku mlls de gS tks og çfrfnu
lkekU; ?kaVksa ds fy, dke djds iSnk
dj ldrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa Je dh
lhekar mRikndrk 'kwU; ;k mlls de
;k ½.kkRed gksrh gSA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. çPNUu csjkstxkjh dk vke rkSj ij eryc gS\ (2013)
(a) cM+h la[;k esa yksx csjkstxkj jgrs gSa
(b) oSdfYid jkstxkj miyC/ ugha gS
(c) Je dh lhekar mRikndrk 'kwU; gS
(d) Jfedksa dh mRikndrk de gS
fiQfyIl doZ%
z W fiQfyIl us fiQfyIl doZ çLrqr fd;k] ;g ,d vkfFkZd
fl¼kar gS tks nkok djrk gS fd csjkstxkjh vkSj eqækLiQhfr
ds chp ,d fLFkj] foijhr laca/ ekStwn gksrk gSA
z eqækLiQhfr vkfFkZd fodkl dk vuqlj.k djrh gS vkSj blds
ifj.kkeLo:i vf/d ukSdfj;ka vkSj de csjkstxkjh gksuh
pkfg,A
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z gkykafd] 1970 ds n'kd esa eanh dh ?kVuk] tc eqækLiQhfr
vkSj csjkstxkjh nksuksa ds mPp Lrj Fks] us fl¼kar ds ewy
vk/kj dks dqN lhek rd vuqHkotU; :i ls •kfjt dj
fn;k gSA
egaxkbZ dh
fiQfyIl oØ
nj %
csjkstxkjh dh nj%
Hkkjr ds laca/ esa csjkstxkjh
z Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh ds eqís dk lek/ku djus ds fy,] xzkeh.k
vkSj 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa csjkstxkjh dh çÑfr ds chp varj djuk
egRoiw.kZ gSA
z Hkkjr dh xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk vYijkstxkj vkSj csjkstxkjh
nksuksa dk vuqHko djrh gSA
z Hkkjr ds 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa •qyh] lajpukRed vkSj ?k"kZ.k okyh
csjkstxkjh dk vuqHko gksrk gSA 'kgjhdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i
cgqr ls yksx xzkeh.k ls 'kgjh {ks=kksa iyk;u djrs gSaA
z 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa Jfedksa dh la[;k xzkeh.k ls 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa
çoklu ds ifj.kkeLo:i c<+rh gS] tks Je cy dh igys
ls gh mPp csjkstxkjh nj esa o`f¼ djrs gSA
Hkkjr ds fuEu LFPR dk dkj.k
z efgyk ,y,iQihvkj dk fuEu Lrj Hkkjr ds fuEu
,y,iQihvkj ds eq[; dkj.kksa esa ls ,d gSA lh,evkbZbZ
ds uohure vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj] fnlacj 2021 rd] iq#"k
,y,iQihvkj 67-4» Fkk] vkSj efgyk ,y,iQihvkj 9-4»
ftruh de FkhA
z efgyk LFPR dk dkj.k ;k de efgyk LFPR fofHkUu
{ks=kksa esa dke djus dh fLFkfr gS] tSls dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk]
dq'ky lkoZtfud ifjogu] efgykvksa ds f•ykiQ fgalk]
lkekftd ekunaM] vkfnA lkFk gh] tks efgyk,a dke ls nwj
gSa] os jkstxkj ikus esa csgrj fLFkfr esa ugha gSaA
z blds vykok] Hkkjr esa dbZ efgyk,¡ fo'ks"k :i ls vius
?kjksa (vius ifjokj dh ns•Hkky) ds fy, dke djrh gSaA
Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh dh çÑfr
z Hkkjr esa ekStwnk csjkstxkjh ds eqís T;knkrj lajpukRed
çÑfr ds gSaA
txkj]
jkst xkj] cscsjjkstkstxkjh
xkjhvkSvkS
j jdkSdkS
'ky'ky fodkl
fodkl
z Hkkjr esa] xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa csjkstxkjh dh mPp nj ns•h tkrh
gSA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa ekSleh vkSj çPNUu csjkstxkjh nksuksa vke
gSaA
'kgjh csjkstxkjh ds nks igyw
1- vkS|ksfxd csjkstxkjh%
 dke dh ryk'k esa yksx cM+h la[;k esa xzkeh.k ls 'kgjh
vkS|ksfxd ftyksa esa pys x, gSaA
 jk"Vª esa vkS|ksxhdj.k dh lqLr nj ds dkj.k bu c<+rh
'kgjh vkcknh dks jkstxkj ds i;kZIr volj ugha fn, tk
ldsA blus jk"Vª esa ,d egRoiw.kZ vkS|ksfxd csjkstxkjh
nj dk dkj.k cuk gSA
2- f'kf{kr ;k eè;oxhZ; csjkstxkjh%
 ns'k ds yxHkx lHkh 'kgjh {ks=k bl fo'ks"k çdkj dh
csjkstxkjh dk vuqHko djrs gSa] tks nwljksa ls vf}rh; gSA
 rduhdh vkSj O;kolkf;d 'kSf{kd lqfo/kvksa ds foyafcr
foLrkj ds ifj.kkeLo:i dfeZ;ksa dh ,d egRoiw.kZ ek=kk
dks lkekU; f'k{kk esa vuko';d :i ls funZsf'kr fd;k
tkrk gSA
csjkstxkjh ds dkj.k
z Ñf"k ij vR;f/d fuHkZjrk% Hkkjr dk Ñf"k {ks=k vfodflr
gSA ;g ekSleh jkstxkj çnku djrk gSA tula[;k Ñf"k ij
vR;f/d fuHkZj gSA gkykafd] ekSleh Ñf"k gksus ds dkj.k
dqN eghuksa dk jkstxkj gSA
z volajpukRed ck/k% fofuekZ.k {ks=k esa de fuos'k vkSj
vi;kZIr volajpukRed foLrkj ls f}rh;d m|ksx dh
ukSdfj;ka l`ftr djus dh {kerk lhfer gks tkrh gSA
z çfrxkeh Je dkuwu% dM+s jkstxkj laj{k.k dkuwuksa us
fu;ksÙkQkvksa dks eky vkSj lsokvksa dk mRiknu djus ds
fy, ekStwnk Je ykxr vkSj iwath vuqikr dks ns•rs gq,
vko';drk ls vf/d iwath dk mi;ksx djus ds fy,
etcwj fd;k gSA
z iqjkuk ikBÔØe% Ldwyksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa i<+kbZ tkus
okyh 'kS{kf.kd lkexzh cktkj dh t:jrksa dks çfrfcafcr ugha
djrh gSA ;g lajpukRed csjkstxkjh dk çkFkfed dkj.k gSA
z vukSipkfjd vFkZO;oLFkk dk çlkj% vukSipkfjd {ks=k esa
dke djus okys ,d cM+s dk;Zcy ds dkj.k] D;ksafd muds
ikl vko';d f'k{kk ;k dkS'ky dh deh gS] ;g fdlh Hkh
jkstxkj MsVk esa ifjyf{kr ugha gksrk gSA
89
z lkekftd eqís% çfrxkeh lkekftd ekud tks efgykvksa
dks ukSdjh 'kq: djus ;k j•us ls jksdrs gSaA vU; dkjdksa esa
ukSdjh esa tkrh;rk] tkfr] vk;q vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
z •jkc 'kklu% de cqfu;knh <kapk] foÙkh; vkSj cktkj
fyad] vi;kZIr ljdkjh leFkZu] vkSj dkuwuh tfVyrk,a
lHkh NksVh iQeks±] dqVhj m|ksxksa vkSj vU; lacaf/r m|eksa dh
vO;ogk;Zrk esa ;ksxnku djrh gSaA
z mPp djk/ku% vk;] /u] mRikn 'kqYd] lhek 'kqYd vkSj
vU; dj lHkh ljdkj }kjk Hkkjh ek=kk esa yxk, tkrs gSaA
mPp djksa ds dkj.k] ukxfjd Hkh viuh futh iQeZ cukus esa
vleFkZ gSa] vkSj fuekZrk dsoy dqN gh Jfedksa dks jkstxkj
nsrs gSaA
ykHkdkjh jkstxkj vkSj bldh vko';drk
ykHkdkjh jkstxkj] jkstxkj dh ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS tgka deZpkjh
fu;ksÙkQk ls yxkrkj dke vkSj Hkqxrku çkIr djrk gSA
ykHkdkjh jkstxkj dh vko';drk
z lrr fodkl vkSj lekos'kh fodkl% leku fodkl dh
xkjaVh nsus vkSj vkSipkfjd vFkZO;oLFkk esa cM+h la[;k esa
jkstxkj tksM+dj ,d etcwr vkfFkZd ç{ksioØ dh xfr dks
cuk, j•us ds fy,A
z lH; thou Lrj% thou dh ,d lH; xq.koÙkk çkIr
djus ls ykHkdkjh dk;Z lqfuf'pr djus esa enn feyrh gS]
ladsrd ds dqy ewY; esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
z Mh&jsfMdykbts'ku% ;qok jsfMdykbts'ku dks csjkstxkjh ls
tksM+k x;k gS] •kldj vYila[;d vkcknh esaA ,d vPNk
jkstxkj l`tu bls de dj ldrk gS vkSj Mh&jsfMdykbts'ku
esa enn djrk gSA
z vkarfjd lqj{kk% Hkkjr esa okeiaFkh mxzokn ds dkj.kksa esa
ls ,d vFkZO;oLFkk dk •jkc jkstxkj l`tu vkSj vleku
fodkl gSA
z lkekftd rkus&ckus dks cuk, j•uk% tc rd ;qokvksa
dks mPp xq.koÙkk okyh ukSdfj;ka ugha nh tkrha] rc rd
lkekftd fLFkjrk dks fcxkM+us dh mPp laHkkouk gksxh tks
lkaçnkf;d Hkh gks ldrh gSA
z xjhch vkSj vlekurk% cgqvk;keh xjhch vkSj vlekurk
dks lekIr djus dk eq[; pkyd jkstxkj l`tu gksxk]
D;ksafd jkstxkj ds vHkko esa bl fuEu fLFkfr ls cpus dk
dksbZ jkLrk ugha gksxkA
90
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. ¶tc ge Hkkjr ds tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k dk çn'kZu
djrs gSa] rks ge jkstxkj dh fxjrh njksa dh mis{kk djrs
gSaA¸ ,slk djrs le; ge D;k •ks jgs gSa\ Hkkjr dks ftu
ukSdfj;ksa dh l[r t:jr gS] os dgka ls vk,axh\ O;k[;k
dhft;sA (2014)
jkstxkj ds volj l`ftr djus dh pqukSfr;k¡
z m|ferk {kerk% fLFkj jkstxkj ds fy, mPp vkdka{kk,a vkSj
;qok ih<+h ds chp m|ferk dkS'ky dh dehA
z fo'oluh; MsVk dk vHkko% vlaxfBr {ks=k esa cgqr lkjs
yksx gSa] ysfdu u, {ks=kksa esa ukSdfj;ksa ds ckjs esa i;kZIr
tkudkjh ugha gS tSls vksyk Mªkboj] vestWu fMyhojh dehZ
vkfnA
z lajpukRed pqukSfr;k¡% Hkkjr ds 90» ls vf/d Je cy
esa vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dk vHkko gSA dkj.k ;g gS fd fuekZ.k
ds fy, cgqr vf/d iwath dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj lsok
m|ksx dks l{ke Jfedksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z fons'kksa ls çfrLi/kZ% 1991 dh ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr vkSj
Hkkjr esa tkjh vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i la;qÙkQ
jkT; vesfjdk tSls varjkZ"Vªh; m|eksa ds lkFk rhoz çfrLi/kZ
gqbZA mnkgj.k ds fy,] la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk tSlk iwath xgu
m|ksx] ckaXykns'k tSlk Je xgu m|ksxA
z Je dkuwu% Hkkjrh; Je dkuwu vlaxfBr] NksVs vkSj •afMr
O;olk;ksa dks çksRlkfgr djrs gSaA
z •jkc dkS'ky Lrj% vkSipkfjd O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dh
deh] vi;kZIr dkS'ky çf'k{k.k {kerk] dkS'ky ds çfr
udkjkRed /kj.kk] vkSj O;kolkf;d ikBÔØeksa esa Hkh m|ksx
ds fy, rS;kj dkS'ky dh deh Hkkjr ds dk;Zcy ds •jkc
dkS'ky Lrj dk çeq• dkj.k gSA
z de Ø; 'kfÙkQ% Hkkjrh; ?kjsyw cktkj cM+k gksus ds ckotwn
de Ø; 'kfÙkQ ds dkj.k fofuekZ.k {ks=k ds fy, fVdkÅ
ugha gSA
z deZpkjh&fu;ksÙkQk laca/% deZpkjh vkSj fu;ksÙkQk ds chp
laca/ dh deh iwjs Hkkjr esa Je dh vkiwfrZ vkSj ekax esa
csesy dk dkj.k curh gSA
z vfLFkj oSf'od cktkj% Hkkjr dh Je 'kfÙkQ /uh ns'kksa esa
le;&le; ij gksus okys cwe&cLV pØ ls çHkkfor gksrh
gSA bl vfLFkjrk ?kVd dks dksfoM&19 us vkSj Hkh cnrj
cuk fn;k x;k FkkA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
vukSipkfjd jkstxkj z jkstxkj l`tu% U;w bafM;k ds fy, uhfr vk;ksx dh 75
lky dh j.kuhfr ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr dk vukSipkfjd {ks=k
z ¶vukSipkfjd vFkZO;oLFkk¸ 'kCn viathÑr O;olk;ksa dks yxHkx 85» Jfedksa dks jkstxkj nsrk gSA lkFk gh] Je cy
lanfHkZr djrk gS tgka fu;ksÙkQk deZpkfj;ksa dks lkekftd loZs{k.k ds vuqlkj] 90 çfr'kr ls vf/d Hkkjrh; Jfed
lqj{kk çnku ugha djrs gSaA vukSipkfjd Jfed gSaA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa Jfedksa dh la[;k
vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd vFkZO;oLFkk ds chp 'kgjh {ks=kksa ds Jfedksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d gSA
varj z lexz jkstxkj esa o`f¼ fgLlsnkjh% 2017&18 esa vlaxfBr
{ks=k esa jkstxkj dk çfr'kr 3-6» c<+kA gkykafd] blh vof/
vkSipkfjd vFkZO;oLFkk vukSipkfjd vFkZO;oLFkk ds nkSjku vkSipkfjd jkstxkj dk çfr'kr dsoy 0-9» c<+kA
z bldk fu;ksÙkQk ds lkFk z bldk fu;ksÙkQk ds lkFk
z ;ksxnku ij O;kid fgLlsnkjh% gkykafd vukSipkfjd {ks=k
,d vkSipkfjd vuqc/ a gSA dksbZ vkSipkfjd vuqca/
jk"Vªh; vk; esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ugha ns ldrk gS] jkstxkj
z ;g ,d iwoZ&fu/kZfjr ugha gSA
esa bldk çHkqRo dqN le; rd jgus dh mEehn gSA
dk;Z ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vkSj z dksbZ O;ofLFkr ;k fuf'pr
z baVj&fyadst% Hkkjr esa] vukSipkfjd {ks=k vkSipkfjd ds
dk;Z mÙkjnkf;Ro çnku dk;Z ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ughaA
lkFk vf/d ,dhÑr gks jgk gS] vkiwfrZ J`a•yk esa varjky
djrk gSA] z vfu;fer vkSj vleku
dks çkIr dj jgk gS vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk dks egRoiw.kZ lsok,a
z vuqykHkksa vkSj çksRlkguksa HkqxrkuA
çnku dj jgk gSA
ds lkFk lqfuf'pr vkSj z viuh f'kdk;rksa dks
vPNk fu;r osruA z xzkeh.k fodkl% vukSipkfjd {ks=k dk ,d çeq• fgLlk] tks
O;ÙkQ djus ds fy, dksbZ
xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk dk 75» fgLlk gS vkSj blesa fuEu&var
z dke ds le; dh eap ughaA
lsok,a vkSj Ñf"k 'kkfey gSa] xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA
fuf'pr vof/A z dke ds dksbZ fuf'pr ?kaVs
z LokLF; vkSj thou ugha gSa vkSj T;knkrj gkFk vukSipkfjd vFkZO;oLFkk ds dkjd
ds tksf•eksa ds fy, ls dekbZ djrs gSaA z f'k{kk vkSj dkS'ky varj% og ns'k tks gj lky vius
lkekftd lqj{kk çnku z lkekftd lqj{kk dojst dk;Zcy esa 12 fefy;u yksxksa dks tksM+rk gS] gkykafd] 4»
djsaA ds fdlh Hkh :i dk ls Hkh de yksxksa us dksbZ vkSipkfjd çf'k{k.k çkIr fd;k gSA
z ;g leku xfrfof/;ksa esa vHkko gS vkSj fdlh ds Hkkjr dh dk;Zcy rRijrk nqfu;k esa lcls de esa ls ,d
yxs O;fÙkQ;ksa dh ,d lkekftd vkSj foÙkh; gSA fo'o vkfFkZd eap dh ^n Ý;wpj vkWiQ tkWCl 2018*
lqO;ofLFkr Vhe dk dY;k.k dh j{kk ds ewY; fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] 2022 rd jkstxkj ;ksX; gksus ds fy,]
fgLlk gS vkSj vius vf/ dh FkksM+h le> gSA vk/s ls vf/d Hkkjrh; Jfedksa dks dkS'ky fodkl dh
dkjksa ds çfr lkekftd vko';drk gksxhA
vkSj dkuwuh :i ls z ¶feflax feMy flaMªkse¸% cM+s vkSj NksVs O;olk;ksa ds
tkx:d gSA çHkqRo okys cktkj esa ifj.kkeksa dk foLrkj djus ds fy,
Hkkjr ds fy, vukSipkfjd jkstxkj dk egRo NksVs O;olk;ksa dks çksRlkguA eè;e vkdkj ds O;olk;ksa ds
vlkekU; :i ls de vuqikr ds dkj.k] vFkZO;oLFkk us
z fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkk esa jkstxkj dk çeq• lzksr%
¶feflax feMy¸ fLFkfr dk vuqHko fd;kA
dbZ fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa] vukSipkfjd {ks=k vkfFkZd ç.kkyh
dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gSA xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh nksuksa {ks=kksa z fofu;eu ls çksRlkgu% vf/dka'k jkT; vkSj dsaæh; Je
esa] vukSipkfjd {ks=k ds m|e mRiknu esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dkuwu cM+s m|eksa ij ykxw gksrs FksA vukSipkfjd m|eksa
fuHkkrs gSa vkSj jkstxkj vkSj vk; dh laHkkoukvksa dk ,d ds eqdkcys çfrLi/hZ cus jgus ds fy, vkSipkfjd m|e
egRoiw.kZ lzksr gSaA vf/d çkS|ksfxdh&xgu cu x,A ;g vukSipkfjd O;olk;ksa
dks vkSipkfjd {ks=k esa tkus ls Hkh grksRlkfgr djrk gSA
z vf/dka'k dk;Zcy% Hkkjr esa vuqekfur 450 fefy;u
vukSipkfjd Jfed gSa tks blds dk;Zcy dk 90» fgLlk z vkfFkZd vlekurk% vkfFkZd vlekurk vkSj csjkstxkjh bl
cukrs gSaA lkykuk vuqekfur 5&10 fefy;u deZpkjh jkstxkj eqís ds nh?kZdkfyd çHkko gSa] tks csjkstxkj vkfFkZd fodkl
çkIr djrs gSaA ds Hkfo"; dk leFkZu djrs gSaA

txkj]
jkst xkj] cscsjjkstkstxkjh
xkjhvkSvkS
j jdkSdkS
'ky'ky fodkl
fodkl 91
z •jkc çksRlkgu lajpuk% NksVs O;olk;ksa dks c<+us ls
grksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gS] tks vkSipkfjd dk;Zcy dks c<+us
ls jksdrk gSA
z Lora=krk ds ckn dh uhfr;ka% Hkkjr us viuh Lora=krk çkIr
djus ds ckn jkT; ds usr`Ro okyh vkS|ksxhdj.k j.kuhfr dks
pqukA gkyk¡fd ;g n`f"Vdks.k ns'k dh fo'kky Je 'kfÙkQ dks
lek;ksftr djus esa vleFkZ FkkA
vukSipkfjd Jfedksa ds le{k eqís
z vkSipkfjd vFkZO;oLFkk dh vksj >qdko% ,lchvkbZ bdks
jSi ds vuqlkj] fiNys dqN o"kks± ds nkSjku de ls de 13
yk• djksM+ #i;s vkSipkfjd vFkZO;oLFkk esa fofHkUu pkSuyksa
ds ekè;e ls ços'k fd;k gS] ftlesa lcls gkfy;k bZ&Je
osclkbV Hkh 'kkfey gSA
z fxx vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dk mn;% 2016 ds ckn ls] dbZ
mik;ksa us vU; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa cgqr rst xfr ls mPp
oS/hdj.k njksa dh lqfo/k çnku dh gSA
z efgykvksa ij çHkko% iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa] efgyk,a
vukSipkfjdrk ds çfr vf/d laosnu'khy gksrh gSa vkSj
çk;% •qn dks vfuf'pr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ikrh gSaA
z voS/ dkjksckj% vkSipkfjd vFkZO;oLFkk ds foijhr]
vukSipkfjd vFkZO;oLFkk vDlj fdlh ns'k ds ldy
jk"Vªh; mRikn (GNP) ;k ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) esa
;ksxnku ugha djrh gSA bl çdkj] vukSipkfjd {ks=k dks Je
esa ,d voS/ dkjksckj ds :i esa of.kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z fo'oluh; MsVk dk vHkko% ljdkj ds fy, fo'ks"k :i
ls vukSipkfjd {ks=k vkSj lkekU; :i ls iwjh vFkZO;oLFkk
dks 'kkfey djrs gq, ,slh uhfr;ka cukuk eqf'dy gS]
D;ksafd ,sls dksbZ vkf/dkfjd vkadM+s miyC/ ugha gSa tks
vFkZO;oLFkk dh fLFkfr dks lVhd :i ls n'kkZrs gksaA
z Je laca/h pqukSfr;k¡% bl rF; ds ckotwn fd dk;Zcy
dk ,d cM+k oxZ xzkeh.k {ks=k esa dk;Zjr gS] 'kgjksa esa
vukSipkfjd Je 'kfÙkQ dks vf/d pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk
djuk iM+rk gSA
z de mRikndrk% vukSipkfjd {ks=k NksVs O;olk;ksa vkSj NksVs
,e,l,ebZ ls cuk gSA ;s O;olk; fjyk;al tSlh daifu;ksa
ftrus cM+s ugha gSaA daiuh vius ykHk ds fy, cM+s iSekus dh
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dk mi;ksx djus esa l{ke ugha gSA
z dj jktLo c<+kus esa vleFkZrk% pwafd vukSipkfjd
vFkZO;oLFkk dh daifu;ksa dks lh/s fofu;fer ugha fd;k
tkrk gS] os vkerkSj ij dkuwuh ç.kkyh ls vius jktLo vkSj
O;; dks Nqikdj ,d ;k vf/d djksa ls cprs gSaA ljdkj
dks nqfo/k dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS D;ksafd vFkZO;oLFkk
dk ,d cM+k fgLlk vHkh Hkh djeqÙkQ gSA
92
z ekuo lalk/uksa dk de mi;ksx% bl rF; ds ckotwn fd
cM+h la[;k esa Hkkjrh; vkcknh vukSipkfjd {ks=k esa yxh gqbZ
gS] çR;sd O;fÙkQ }kjk cgqr de ewY; tksM+k tkrk gSA blds
ifjçs{; esa] gekjs ekuo lalk/u dh ,d egRoiw.kZ jkf'k
dk de mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA
z çoklu ladV% vFkZO;oLFkk] çoklh leL;k vkSj c<+rh
csjkstxkjh nj nksuksa ls lh/s çHkkfor gksrh gSA
z egkekjh ds dkj.k ukSdjh dk uqdlku% vkWDliQSe dh
lcls gkfy;k fo'oO;kih fjiksVZ dk vuqeku gS fd 2020 esa
xaokbZ xbZ 122 fefy;u ukSdfj;ksa esa ls 75» vukSipkfjd
{ks=k esa FkhaA
csjkstxkjh ls fuiVus ds fy, uhfrxr mik;
z bZ&Je iksVZy% vlaxfBr Jfedksa dh jkstxkj {kerk dks
vf/dre djus vkSj mUgsa lkekftd lqj{kk dk;ZØeksa ds
ykHk çnku djus ds fy,] Je vkSj jkstxkj ea=kky; us
vlaxfBr Jfedksa (NDUW) dk ,d jk"Vªh; MsVkcsl cukus
ds fy, eSHRAM iksVZy fodflr fd;k gSA
z Je lq/kj% vkS|ksfxd laca/] O;kolkf;d lqj{kk] LokLF;
vkSj dke djus dh fLFkfr] vkSj lkekftd lqj{kk ij rhu
Je lafgrkvksa dks ns'k ds iqjkus Je dkuwuksa dks lqO;ofLFkr
djus vkSj Jfedksa ds vf/dkjksa ls le>kSrk fd, fcuk
vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok nsus ds mís'; ls laln }kjk
ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA
z ç/ku ea=kh Je ;ksxh eku&/u% ;g ,d dsaæh; {ks=k dh
;kstuk gS ftldh ns•js• Je vkSj jkstxkj ea=kky; djrk
gS vkSj bls Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe vkSj lkeqnkf;d lsok
dsaæ (CSCs) }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tkrk gSA bl dk;ZØe
dk mís'; ns'k ds 42 djksM+ vlaxfBr {ks=k ds Jfedksa dh
lgk;rk djuk gSA
z eujsxk% ;g nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s jkstxkj xkjaVh dk;ZØeksa
esa ls ,d gS vkSj bldk çkFkfed mís'; lkoZtfud dk;Z
ls lacaf/r vdq'ky 'kkjhfjd dk;Z djus ds bPNqd fdlh
Hkh xzkeh.k ifjokj ds o;Ld lnL;ksa dks çR;sd foÙkh; o"kZ
esa 100 fnuksa ds jkstxkj dh xkjaVh nsuk gSA
z m|ferk ds fy, jk"Vªh; vk;ksx% vukSipkfjd vFkZO;oLFkk
ds lkeus vkus okys eqíksa vkSj dfBukb;ksa dh tkap djus ds
fy,_ Hkkjr laHkor% 2004 esa vlaxfBr {ks=k (NCEUS)
esa m|eksa ds fy, jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk djus okyk
igyk ns'k gSA
z ih,e Lofuf/% ç/kuea=kh LVªhV osaMlZ vkRe fuHkZj fuf/
(ih,e Lofuf/)] jsgM+h&iVjh okyksa dks lLrk ½.k nsus
dk dk;ZØe] vkokl vkSj 'kgjh ekeyksa ds ea=kky;
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 (,evks,p;w,) }kjk 'kq: fd;k x;k gSA ;g dk;ZØe
fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa foØsrkvksa] iQsjhokyksa vkSj vU; O;fÙkQ;ksa dh
enn djsxk tks diM+k m|ksx] diM+s] dykRed lkeku] ukbZ
dh nqdku] diM+s /ksus dh lsokvksa vkfn ls lacaf/r oLrqvksa
vkSj lsokvksa dk lkSnk djrs gSaA
z Lojkstxkj vkSj çfrHkk mi;ksx (lsrq)% Lojkstxkj dh
Hkkouk dks c<+kus vkSj çfrHkk esa fufgr {kerk dk mi;ksx
djus ds fy,]2015 esa uhfr vk;ksx ds }kjk bldk 'kqHkkjaHk
fd;k x;k FkkA
z vkS|ksfxd ewY; lao/Zu ds fy, dkS'ky lqn`<+hdj.k
(LVªkbo)% bldk mís'; nh?kZdkfyd O;kolkf;d f'k{kk vkSj
çf'k{k.k ds lkFk&lkFk laLFkkxr lq/kjksa esa dkS'ky fodkl
çf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dh xq.koÙkk vkSj cktkj çklafxdrk esa
lq/kj djuk gSA
z ç/kuea=kh dkS'ky fodkl ;kstuk (ih,edsohokbZ)%
2022 rd] Hkkjr esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa 40 djksM+ ls vf/d
O;fÙkQ;ksa dks çf'kf{kr djus dh mEehn gSA ;g Hkkjrh;
;qokvksa dks csgrj thou Lrj vkSj lkekftd lEeku ds
fy, O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k vkSj çek.ku çnku djus dk
ç;kl djrk gSA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. ç/kuea=kh dkS'ky fodkl ;kstuk ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf•r
dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% (2018)
1- ;g Je vkSj jkstxkj ea=kky; dh çeq• ;kstuk gSA
2- ;g vU; ckrksa ds lkFk&lkFk lkWÝV fLdYl]
m|e'khyrk] foÙkh; vkSj fMftVy lk{kjrk esa Hkh
çf'k{k.k çnku djsxkA
3- bldk mís'; ns'k ds vfu;fer dk;Zcy dh n{krkvksa
dks jk"Vªh; dkS'ky ;ksX;rk <kaps esa lajsf•r djuk gSA
Åij fn, x, dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(b) dsoy 2
(c) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
iwoZ çf'k{k.k dh ekU;rk (RPL)
;g igyh ckj ç/kuea=kh dkS'ky fodkl ;kstuk (PMKVY) ds
,d Hkkx ds :i esa is'k fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj T;knkrj vkSipkfjd]
xSj&vkSipkfjd] ;k vukSipkfjd f'k{kk ds ekè;e ls çkIr O;fÙkQ
ds orZeku dkS'ky] Kku vkSj vuqHko ds fy, ,d ewY;kadu
çfØ;k dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
txkj]
jkst xkj] cscsjjkstkstxkjh
xkjhvkSvkS
j jdkSdkS
'ky'ky fodkl
fodkl
mís';
z ns'k ds vfu;fer dk;Zcy ds dkS'ky dks ,d leku jk"Vªh;
dkS'ky ;ksX;rk ÚseodZ (NSQF) ds vuq:i cukukA
z fdlh O;fÙkQds jkstxkj dh laHkkoukvksa dks c<+kuk vkSj mPp
f'k{kk ds fy, oSdfYid ekxZ çnku djukA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (ijh{kk çkjafHkd)
1. ^iwoZ f'k{k.k ;kstuk dh ekU;rk* dk mYys• dHkh&dHkh
lekpkjksa esa ___________ ds lanHkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA
(2017)
(a) ikjaifjd pkSuyksa ds ekè;e ls fuekZ.k Jfedksa
}kjk vftZr dkS'ky dks çekf.kr djukA
(b) nwjLFk f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa ds fy, fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa
O;fÙkQ;ksa dk ukekaduA
(c) dqN lkoZtfud {ks=k ds miØeksa esa xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh
xjhcksa ds fy, dqN dq'ky ukSdfj;ksa dks vkjf{kr
djukA
(d) jk"Vªh; dkS'ky fodkl dk;ZØe ds rgr çf'k{kqvksa
}kjk vftZr dkS'ky dks çekf.kr djukA
vlaxfBr Jfed lkekftd lqj{kk vf/fu;e] 2008
z ;g dsaæ ljdkj dks vlaxfBr {ks=k ds Jfedksa ds fy,
lkekftd lqj{kk dk ykHk çnku djus ds fy, thou vkSj
fodykaxrk doj] LokLF; vkSj ekr`Ro ykHk] o`¼koLFkk
lqj{kk] vkSj dsaæ ljdkj }kjk r; fd, x, fdlh Hkh eqíksa
ij mi;qÙkQ dY;k.k dk;ZØe cukus dk vf/dkj nsrk gSA
fuf'pr vof/ jkstxkj
z ,d fuf'pr vof/ ds jkstxkj vuqca/ esa] fu;ksÙkQk ,d iwoZ
fu/kZfjr vof/ ds fy, ,d deZpkjh dks fu;qÙkQ djrk gSA
T;knkrj ekeyksa esa] ;g ,d o"kZ ds fy, gksrk gS] ysfdu
ifjfLFkfr ds vk/kj ij] bls c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA
z dqN ifj;kstukvksa] dk;ks±] ;k vkns'kksa dks iwjk djus ds fy,
deZpkfj;ksa dks fu;qÙkQ djus dh ;kstuk cuk jgh daifu;ksa
ds fy, bls vklku cukus ds fy,] ljdkj us lHkh {ks=kksa esa
fuf'pr vof/ ds jkstxkj ij Jfedksa dks dke ij j•us
ds fodYi dk foLrkj fd;k gSA
z ih,y,iQ,l 2018&19 ij vk/kfjr vuqeku ds vuqlkj]
osruHkksxh ukSdfj;ksa okys lkekU; osru lewg ds 24» Jfedksa
esa ls dsoy 2-2» ds ikl lHkh lkekftd lqj{kk ykHkksa
rd igqap gSA
93
FTE ds ykHk
z deZpkjh FTE ds rgr LFkk;h deZpkfj;ksa dks fn, tkus
okys ykHkksa ds ik=k gksaxsA
z ;fn FTE deZpkfj;ksa esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gS] rks
vuqcaf/r Jfedksa dks oS/kfud ykHkksa dk ykHk feysxkA
z mUgsa eq[; fu;ksÙkQk ls tokcnsgh dh xkjaVh nh tk ldrh gSA
z vkS|ksfxd dsaæksa esa vuqcaf/r etnwjksa ds chp dke djus dh
•jkc fLFkfr vlarks"k dk çeq• dkj.k jgh gSA blfy,] dke
djus dh fLFkfr esa lq/kj djuk m|ksx ds lokZsÙke fgr esa gSA
z iwath dh ykxr bruh lLrh cuh gqbZ gS fd Je ds mi;ksx
dks grksRlkfgr djrh gSA
z m|ksxksa dks ykHk gksxk ;fn dk;Zcy dh ,iQVhbZ Js.kh mUgsa
cgqçrhf{kr yphykiu çnku djrh gSA
z ,iQVhbZ fo'ks"k ifj;kstukvksa dks iwjk djrs le; fo'ks"k :i
ls lgk;d gksrs gSa] tSls fd bUÚk lsDVj esaA os ifj/ku] twrs
vkSj dbZ ehfM;k vkmVysV~l esa Hkh vke gSaA
çko/ku ds çeq• fcanq
z fuf'pr vof/ ds deZpkjh dh ubZ ifjHkk"kk% ,d
deZpkjh ftls ,d fuf'pr vof/ ds fy, vuqca/ ds
vk/kj ij dke ij j•k tkrk gS] mls ,d fuf'pr vof/
ds jkstxkj ds :i esa lanfHkZr fd;k tkrk gSA fu;ksÙkQk vkSj
lacaf/r deZpkjh ds chp vuqca/ dk uohuhdj.k ugha gksus
ds ifj.kkeLo:i] dkexkj dh lsok,a Lor% lekIr gks
tk,axhA
z dk;Zdky vkSj ikfjJfed% fuf'pr vof/ ds jkstxkj dk
fopkj ukSdjh dh vof/ ds lkFk&lkFk fdlh Hkh vfrfjÙkQ
lsok vko';drkvksa vkSj eqvkots dks LFkkfir djrk gS tks
fu;fer deZpkjh fofHkUu Je fu;eksa ds rgr ik=k gSaA
z LFkk;h dkexkj ds lkFk lekurk% fuf'pr vof/ ds
deZpkjh osru] dke ds ?kaVs] HkÙks vkSj vU; oS/kfud ykHkksa
lfgr LFkk;h deZpkfj;ksa ds leku ykHk ds ik=k gksaxsA
z ukSdjh nsus vkSj ukSdjh ls fudkyus esa vklkuh% vkns'k
ds la'kks/u ds vuqlkj] vLFkk;h vkSj cnyh deZpkfj;ksa
dks jkstxkj lekfIr dh lwpuk nsus dh vko';drk ugha gSA
z dke ds fy, csgrj fLFkfr% Bsdk Jfedksa dh rqyuk esa]
ftUgsa FkksM+s le; ds fy, dke ij j•k x;k gS] muds dke
djus vkSj lsok nsus dh fLFkfr csgrj gksxhA
FTE ds çHkko
z le; ds lkFk] FTE ls LFkk;h jkstxkj esa laØe.k nj esa
deh vkbZ gSA
94
z oSf'od mnkgj.k% FTE vuqca/ksa dh le;lhek de gks jgh
gS_ Lisu esa] 25» u, vuqca/ ,d lIrkg ls de le;
ds fy, gSa vkSj 40» ,d eghus ls de le; ds fy, gSaA
z FTE ds dkj.k] Je cktkj esa vc de laØe.k nj vkSj
O;kid osru varj (FTE vkSj LFkk;h Jfedksa ds chp) gSA
z ,iQVhbZ HkrhZ esa vf/drj de osru okys deZpkjh gksrs gSa
tks lcls de vk; oxZ esa vkrs gSaA
z FTE ukSdjh dh lqj{kk dks de djrk gS vkSj osru dh
vfLFkjrk dks c<+krk gS-
FTE ij lqçhe dksVZ dk gkfy;k iQSlyk
z lqçhe dksVZ us xqtjkr ljdkj dh nks vf/lwpukvksa dks jí
dj fn;k] ftlesa lHkh dkj•kuksa dks vksojVkbe osru vkSj
dk;Z ekudksa dk ikyu djus ls NwV nh xbZ Fkh
z lokZsPp U;k;ky; (SC) us vius rdZ esa vuqPNsn 21 dk
gokyk fn;k fd ekuoh; dkedkth ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj dkuwu
}kjk vfuok;Z vksojVkbe osru ls budkj djuk ¶deZpkfj;ksa
ds thou ds vf/dkj dk guu gS tks vuqPNsn 21 vkSj 23
}kjk çnku fd;k x;k gSA¸
Lo%jkstxkj
z ,d Lo&fu;ksftr O;fÙkQ og gksrk gS tks fdlh fo'ks"k
fu;ksÙkQk ds fy, dke djus ds ctk; fdlh O;olk; ds
lkFk vuqca/ djds viuh vk; vftZr djrk gSA ljy 'kCnksa
esa] ;g ,d fu;ksÙkQk ds ctk; ,d Lora=k ;k O;olk; ds
Lokeh ds :i esa Lo;a ds fy, dke djus dh fLFkfr gSA
z vkof/d Je cy loZs{k.k (ih,y,iQ,l)] 2020&21 ds
vuqlkj] Hkkjr ds 55-6» Jfed Lo&fu;ksftr FksA
Lojkstxkj dh fo'ks"krk,a
z Lojkstxkj esa viuh vkthfodk dekus ds fy, Lo;a dqN
djuk 'kkfey gksrk gSA
z blesa fdlh O;fÙkQ }kjk xfrfof/;ksa dk LokfeRo vkSj çca/u
'kkfey gS] gkykafd og viuh lgk;rk ds fy, ,d ;k nks
O;fÙkQ;ksa dh enn ys ldrk gSA bl çdkj] Lojkstxkj vU;
O;fÙkQ;ksa dks Hkh jkstxkj çnku dj ldrk gSA
z Lo&jkstxkj ls vk; fuf'pr ugha gksrh gSA ;g ml vk; ij
fuHkZj djrk gS tks fdlh dher ij oLrqvksa ds mRiknu ;k
•jhn vkSj fcØh ;k nwljksa dks lsok,a çnku djds vftZr
dh tk ldrh gSA
z Lo&jkstxkj esa] vdsys ekfyd dks gh ykHk ysuk gksrk gS vkSj
gkfu dk tksf•e Hkh mBkuk iM+rk gSA blfy,] ge Lojkstxkj
esa ç;kl vkSj çfriQy ds chp lh/k laca/ ikrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z blesa dqN iwath fuos'k dh vko';drk gksrh gS] gkykafd
;g NksVk gks ldrk gSA
z Lojkstxkj esa] ,d O;fÙkQ vius O;olk; dks ykHkçn :i
ls pykus ds laca/ esa fu.kZ; ysus vkSj vius O;olk; ds
foLrkj ds fy, vkus okys fdlh Hkh volj dk ykHk mBkus
ds fy, Lora=k gSA
z ;g viuh bPNk ds vuqlkj vkSj çpfyr dkuwuksa ds ekinaMksa
ds Hkhrj dke djus dh iw.kZ Lora=krk nsrk gSA
Lojkstxkj dk egRo
z m|e'khyrk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl% Lo&jkstxkj esa ;k
rks dksbZ tksf•e ugha gksrk gS ;k cgqr de tksf•e gksrk gSA
ysfdu] tSls gh Lo&fu;ksftr O;fÙkQ uoksUes"kh cuuk 'kq:
djrk gS vkSj vius O;olk; ds foLrkj ds fy, dne mBkrk
gS] og ,d m|eh cu tkrk gSA
z NksVs O;olk; dk ykHk% cM+s O;olk;ksa dh rqyuk esa NksVs
O;olk;ksa ds fy, vusd ykHk gSaA vkjaHk djuk ljy gS vkSj
blesa vf/d iwath ugha yxrh gSA NksVs iSekus ij Lojkstxkj
cM+s iSekus ds m|e dk ,d vPNk fodYi gS] ftlds dkj.k
i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k] efyu cfLr;ksa dh o`f¼] Je 'kks"k.k vkfn
tSls dbZ udkjkRed çHkko iM+s gSaA
z fofuekZ.k dk Lons'khdj.k% ;g vFkZO;oLFkk esa çkS|ksfxdh
vkSj fofHkUu {ks=kksa dks c<+kok nsus okyh fofuekZ.k xfrfof/;ksa
ds Lons'khdj.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
z osru jkstxkj ij ojh;rk% etnwjh jkstxkj ds foijhr]
Lojkstxkj ds fy, vk; dh dksbZ lhek ugha gSA tc O;fÙkQ
vius fy, dke djrs gSa rks os viuh çfrHkk dk mi;ksx
Lo;a ds fy, dj ldrs gSA pquko vklkuh ls vkSj rsth
ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s lHkh Lojkstxkj cuke osru dk;Z
pquus ds fy, 'kfÙkQ'kkyh çsjd ds :i esa dke djrs gSaA
z jpukRedrk dh xqatkb'k% ;g yksxksa dks mudh jpukRed
vkSj dykRed {kerkvksa dks fodflr djus dk ekSdk nsrk
gS] tks Hkkjr dh le`¼ lkaLÑfrd fojklr dks lajf{kr djus
esa enn djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]ge gLrf'kYi] ;wvkbZ
vkSj ;w,Dl] foKkiu] gFkdj?kk mRiknksa vkfn esa ifjyf{kr
jpukRed fopkjksa dks ns• ldrs gSaA
z efgyk l'kfÙkQdj.k% ;g efgyk l'kfÙkQdj.k esa enn
djrk gS] D;ksafd efgyk fyax lewg Lojkstxkj dk ,d
çeq• fgLlk gSA
z xq.kd çHkko% ;g Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa lkWÝVos;j m|ksx
ls ysdj Ñf"k {ks=k rd fofHkUu jkstxkj l`ftr djds jkstxkj
l`tu esa ,d j.kuhfrd xq.kd çHkko ds :i esa dk;Z
djrk gSA
txkj]
jkst xkj] cscsjjkstkstxkjh
xkjhvkSvkS
j jdkSdkS
'ky'ky fodkl
fodkl
Hkkjr esa Lojkstxkj ls lacaf/r eqís
z fuEu jkstxkj l`tu% vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj] okLro esa Hkkjr
ds dsoy 4» Lojkstxkj ckgj ls yksxksa dks HkrhZ djrs gSaA ;g
bafxr djrk gS fd cgqr de çfr'kr jkstxkj l`ftr djrk gSA
z de dekbZ% ih,y,iQ,l ds vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj]
Lo&fu;ksftr yksxksa dh vkSlr ekfld vk; yxHkx 8]000
çfr ekg jgh gS] tks fu;fer deZpkfj;ksa dh vkSlr ekfld
vk; ls dkiQh de gSA
z Ñf"k {ks=k esa mPp Hkkxhnkjh% yxHkx 60» Lojkstxkj okys
yksx Ñf"k m|ksx esa dke djrs gSa] tks de mRikndrk ls
xzLr gSA
z xSj&vkSipkfjdrk dh O;kidrk% vf/dka'k Lo&fu;ksftr
dks dsoy ¶vkSipkfjd¸ ds :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gS
;fn os ljdkjh ,tsalh ds lkFk iathÑr gSa vkSj@;k djksa dk
Hkqxrku djrs gSaA
z fyax Hkqxrku varj% Lo&fu;ksftr yksxksa ds lewg esa iq#"k
Jfedksa dh vkSlr vk; efgyk Jfedksa dh rqyuk esa yxHkx
rhu xquk vf/d gSA
z ,u,l,lvks fjiksVZ% ,u,l,lvks ds vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj]
Hkkjr esa 63 fefy;u viathÑr m|e gSa] ftuesa ls 96»
O;fÙkQ;ksa }kjk lapkfyr gSaA buesa ls vf/dka'k O;olk;
th,lVh dk Hkqxrku ugha djrs gSa D;ksafd mudh okf"kZd
fcØh 20 yk• #i;s ls de gSA
vkxs dh jkg
z xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk% f'k{kk dk Lrj ml le; cktkj dh
ekaxksa ds vuq:i gksuk pkfg,A dk;ZLFky dh ekaxksa dk Hkkoh
ihf<+;ksa }kjk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z mnkjhdj.k ds çHkko% {ks=kh; vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa dks uqdlku
igqapkus okys mRiknksa ij Mafiax jks/h vkSj çfrlarqyudkjh
djA
z vYidkfyd vkfFkZd lq/kj% th,lVh] foeqæhdj.k]
bZih,iQ lq/kj] dkS'ky Hkkjr igy] fuf'pr vof/ vuqca/
lq/kj] dj dkuwu ;qfÙkQdj.k] vkSj ekr`Ro ykHk lq/kj lfgr
vkSipkfjdrk dks c<+kok nsus ds ljdkj ds ç;klksa dks
etcwr djukA
z jkstxkj MsVk laxzg esa lq/kj% vkof/d MsVk laxzg vkSj
çlkjA ç'kklfud MsVk dk mi;ksx c<+k,¡ vFkkZrA bZih,iQvks]
bZ,lvkbZlh vkSj ,uih,l dk;Zcy dh vkSipkfjdrk ds fy,
lek;kstu djrs gq, jkstxkj dh fLFkfr dks fu;fer :i ls
VªSd fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
95
z lkekftd lqj{kk dojst% laiw.kZ O;kolkf;d LokLF; vkSj
lqj{kk vf/fu;e ykxw djsa] vkSj yf{kr dk;ZØeksa vkSj {kerk
fuekZ.k ds ekè;e ls vukSipkfjd {ks=k esa O;kolkf;d lqj{kk
vkSj LokLF; (OSH) esa lq/kj djsaA
z dkS'ky fodkl% ç/kuea=kh dkS'ky fodkl ;kstuk tSlh
ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk mi;ksx djds] Hkkjr vk/qfud
fofuekZ.k m|ksx dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, vius
;qokvksa ds dkS'ky esa lq/kj dj ldrk gSA
z var esa] gky ds fnuksa esa csjkstxkjh nj esa o`f¼ dksfoM&19
egkekjh ds dkj.k gqbZ gSA blls ns'kHkj esa cM+h la[;k esa
yksxksa dh ukSdfj;ka pyh xbZ gSaA Hkkjr dks vius dkS'ky esa
lq/kj vkSj Je 'kfÙkQ ds iqudkZS'ky ij è;ku dsafær djus
dh vko';drk gS rkfd blls igys fd cgqr nsj gks tk,
vkSj tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k ,d nkf;Ro cu tk,] og vius
tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k ls ykHkkfUor gks ldsA
dkS'ky fodkl
z dkS'ky fodkl vuqHko ds ekè;e ls çkIr ;k fodflr dh
xbZ fo'ks"kKrk gSA ;g yksxksa dh cnyrh miHkksÙkQk t:jrksa
dks lek;ksftr djus vkSj uohu vkSj m|e'khyrk ds ç;klksa
ls ykHk çkIr djus dh {kerk esa lq/kj djrk gSA
orZeku fLFkfr
z csjkstxkjh nj% 2019&20 esa csjkstxkjh nj fxjdj 4-8» gks
xbZA 2018&19 esa ;g 5-8» vkSj 2017&18 esa 6-1» FkhA
z Jfed tula[;k nj% ;g 2018&19 esa 35-3» vkSj
2017&18 esa 34-7» dh rqyuk esa 2019&20 esa 38-2»
gks xbZA
z Je cy Hkkxhnkjh vuqikr% ;g fiNys nks o"kks± esa Øe'k%
37-5» vkSj 36-9» ls c<+dj 2019&20 esa 40-1» gks x;kA
,y,iQihvkj ftruk vf/d gksxk] mruk vPNk gksxkA
z fyax vk/kfjr csjkstxkjh nj% vkadM+ksa ls irk pyrk
gS fd iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa nksuksa ds fy, csjkstxkjh nj
2019&20 esa Øe'k% 5-1» vkSj 4-2» rd fxj xbZ] tks
2018&19 esa 6» vkSj 5-2» FkhA
z vkof/d Je cy loZs{k.k (ih,y,iQ,l) 2020&21%
csjkstxkjh nj esa 0-6» dh deh ns•h xbZ vkSj 2020&21
esa 4-2» rd fxj xbZ] tcfd 2019&20 esa ;g 4-8» FkhA
dkS'ky fodkl dh vko';drk
z tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k% 2025 rd Hkkjr ds ikl nqfu;k
dk lcls cM+k dk;Zcy gksus dk vuqeku gSA ;fn ge
tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k dk iwjh rjg ls ykHk mBkuk pkgrs
gSa] rks lexz j.kuhfr esa dkS'ky fodkl dks çkFkfedrk nh
tkuh pkfg,A
96
z Kku vk/kfjr vFkZO;oLFkk% pwafd Hkkjr Kku vk/kfjr
vFkZO;oLFkk cukuk pkgrk gS] blfy, Je cy ds Hkhrj
uokpkj ds Lrj dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, mPp çf'kf{kr ekuo
iwath egRoiw.kZ gSA
z csjkstxkjh nj% de etnwjh vkSj mPp csjkstxkjh nj lh/s
lacaf/r gSa] blfy, csjkstxkjh dh leL;k dks gy djus ds
fy, dkS'ky fodkl dks Hkh lacksf/r fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z lekos'kh vkfFkZd fodkl% Hkkjr ds ikl nwljh lcls
cM+h Je 'kfÙkQ gS vkSj ;g nqfu;k dh lcls rsth ls c<+rh
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa ls ,d gSA dqy vkcknh esa efgyk,a 49»
gSa] blfy, ns'k dh vkfFkZd liQyrk ds fy, efgykvksa dk
dkS'ky fodkl egRoiw.kZ gSA
z Lopkyu% çkS|ksfxdh] fMftVyhdj.k vkSj Lopkyu dh
çxfr ds ifj.kkeLo:i de&dq'ky] de&osru okyh
ukSdfj;ksa esa dke djus okys O;fÙkQ;ksa dks Hkh viuh ukSdjh
•ksus dh laHkkouk gSA blfy,] vkS|ksfxd ifjn`'; esa Hkfo";
esa gksus okys cnykoksa ds fy, mUgsa rS;kj djus ds fy,
vko';d {kerkvksa dks fodflr djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA
z {ks=kh; la?kVu% tSls&tSls mRiknu c<+sxk] Ñf"k esa de yksxksa
dks dke djus dh vko';drk gksxhA ifj.kkeLo:i] Ñf"k
ls f}rh;d vkSj r`rh;d xfrfof/;ksa dh vksj c<+rs gq,]
lHkh {ks=kksa esa Je tqVk;k tk,xkA
Hkkjr esa dkS'ky fodkl ds eqís
z cqfu;knh f'k{kk dh deh% ,u,lvks loZs{k.k 2020 ds
vuqlkj] Ldwy ;k dkWyst esa ukekafdr vkB Nk=kksa esa ls ,d
Nk=k viuh f'k{kk iwjh djus ls igys MªkWi vkmV gks tkrk
gS] muesa ls 63» Ldwy ds Lrj ij gSaA
z vifLdfyax@jhfLdfyax ij iQksdl dh deh%
ih,y,iQ,l 2019&20 ds vuqlkj] 15 ls 59 o"kZ dh
vk;q ds 86-1» yksxksa us dksbZ O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k çkIr
ugha fd;k gS% fofHkUu vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd pkSuyksa
ds ekè;e ls çf'k{k.k çkIr djus okys yksxksa esa ls dsoy
13-9»A
z vi;kZIr çf'k{k.k lqfo/k,a% ,u,l,lvks loZs{k.k ds
vuqlkj] Hkkjr esa jln] LokLF; ns•Hkky] fuekZ.k] vkfrF;
vkSj vkWVkseksckby tSls 20 mPp fodkl m|ksxksa esa çf'k{k.k
lqfo/kvksa dh deh gSA
z dksfoM&19 egkekjh% blus vYidkfyd vkSj nh?kZdkfyd
nksuksa çf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dks can dj fn;k gS] ftlls yk•ksa
Nk=k çHkkfor gq, gSaA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
Hkkjr dkS'ky fjiksVZ 2022
z jkstxkjijdrk% Hkkjr esa dqy feykdj ;qokvksa dh jkstxkj
{kerk fiNys lky dh rqyuk esa c<+dj 48-7» gks xbZ gSA
z iq#"k&efgyk jkstxkj% jkstxkj ;ksX; ;qok vkcknh esa]
51-44» efgykvksa dks vR;f/d jkstxkj ;ksX; ik;k x;k
tcfd 45-97» iq#"kksa dks vR;f/d jkstxkj ;ksX; ik;k x;kA
z jkT;okj jkstxkj% egkjk"Vª] mÙkj çns'k] dsjy vkSj if'pe
caxky jkT;ksa ds ;qokvksa dks tulkaf[;dh; çfrHkk miyC/rk
ds ekeys esa lcls vf/d jkstxkj ;ksX; ekuk x;kA
ljdkj }kjk uhfrxr igysa
z nhu n;ky mikè;k;&xzkeh.k dkS'ky ;kstuk% ;g ,d
dq'ky ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dh n`f"V dks lacksf/r djus ds
mís'; ls ,d igy gS tks xzkeh.k xjhc ;qokvksa ds fy,
LFkk;h fu;kstu lqfuf'pr djrs gq, m|ksx Hkkxhnkjksa dh
t:jrksa dks iwjk djrh gSA
z ç/ku ea=kh dkS'ky fodkl ;kstuk% vkbZVhvkbZ ds ekè;e
ls vkSj f'k{kqrk ;kstuk ds rgr vYidkfyd çf'k{k.k]
dkS'ky çnku djus ds fy, 2015 esa çeq• ;kstuk 'kq: dh
xbZ FkhA bl dk;ZØe ds rgr] ljdkj us 2015 ls yxHkx
10 fefy;u ;qokvksa dks çf'kf{kr fd;k gSA
z dkS'ky ds fy, rstl igy% gky gh esa] nqcbZ ,Dliks
2020 esa rstl (Vªsfuax iQkWj ,fejsV~l tkWCl ,aM fLdYl) dh
'kq#vkr gqbZ] tks fons'kksa esa jgus okys Hkkjrh;ksa dks çf'kf{kr
djus ds fy, ,d fLdy bafM;k baVjus'kuy çkstsDV gSA
z dkS'ky esa vfuok;Z lh,lvkj O;;% 2013 ds daiuh
vf/fu;e ds ckn ls lh,lvkj O;; dks vfuok;Z fd;k
x;k gS] Hkkjrh; iQeks± us dbZ lkekftd dkj.kksa ls 100]000
djksM+ #i;s ls vf/d dk ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
z vkRefuHkZj dq'ky deZpkjh fu;ksÙkQk ekufp=k.k
(ASEEM)% ;g ,d ,slk eap gS ftls 2020 esa dkS'ky
fodkl vkSj m|ferk ea=kky; (MSDE) }kjk LFkk;h
vkthfodk ds voljksa dk irk yxkus esa dq'ky O;fÙkQ;ksa
dh lgk;rk djus ds fy, 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA
z mLrkn (fodkl ds fy, ikjaifjd dyk@f'kYi esa dkS'ky
vkSj çf'k{k.k dk mUu;u)% ikjaifjd dyk@f'kYi dk laj{k.k
vkSj vYila[;d leqnk;ksa ls lacaf/r ikjaifjd dkjhxjksa vkSj
f'kYidkjksa dh {kerk dk fuekZ.k djukA
vkxs dh jkg
z vfHkxE;rk% eq[; :i ls ns'k ds xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa vkbZVhvkbZ
dk vkSj foLrkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,] vkSj fo'ks"k :i
ls efgykvksa ds fy, igqap c<+kus ds fy, fyax&fof'k"V
cqfu;knh <kaps dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
txkj]
jkst xkj] cscsjjkstkstxkjh
xkjhvkSvkS
j jdkSdkS
'ky'ky fodkl
fodkl
z futh {ks=k dh Hkwfedk% ns'k ds dkS'ky fodkl ds fy,
futh {ks=k dks Hkh mÙkjnk;h cuk,aA ikBÔØe ds fuekZ.k]
çf'k{k.k vkSj baVuZf'ki ds forj.k vkSj çf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa ds
ewY;kadu vkSj ekU;rk esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kok nsdjA
z lkekftd iwokZxzgksa dks nwj djuk% mu iwokZxzgksa dks feVkus
ds fy, tks orZeku esa ns'k esa efgyk,a dke dh ryk'k esa
vuqHko djrh gSa] ekSfyd vkSj lw{e lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd
n`f"Vdks.kksa dks igpkuus vkSj la'kksf/r djus ds ç;kl djuk
egRoiw.kZ gSA
z jkstxkj ds volj% ns'k esa dke dh ryk'k esa efgykvksa
dks vHkh Hkh ftu iwokZxzgksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] mUgsa
•Re djus ds fy,] ekSfyd vkSj lw{e lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd
n`f"Vdks.k dks igpkuus vkSj cnyus ds fy, dke djuk
egRoiw.kZ gSA
z dkS'ky vkWu Oghy tSlh igyksa dk mi;ksx ifjogu vkSj
cqfu;knh <kaps ds eqíksa dks gy djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk
gSA czkthy esa] vuqdj.kh; dkS'ky Vªd gSa tks ns'k ds nwjLFk]
xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa dkS'ky funZs'k çnku djrs gSaA
z ofVZdy eksfcfyVh% lfVZfiQdsV ls fMIyksek ls fMxzh rd
O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ds ikBÔØeksa ds fy, ofVZdy eksfcfyVh
flLVe dh LFkkiukA Ldwy Lrj ls ihth rd dh laHkkoukvksa
dh is'kd'kA
z iwoZ f'k{kk dh ekU;rk% vukSipkfjd çf'k{k.k dks iquxZfBr
djuk egRoiw.kZ gS rkfd ;g mu Jfedksa ds dkS'ky Lrj
dks çekf.kr djs ftUgksaus vius iwoZtksa ls dkS'ky çkIr fd;k
gSA blls mUgsa ukSdjh ikus] foÙkh; lsok,a çkIr djus vkSj
vkthfodk lqj{kk çnku djus esa enn feysxhA
fu"d"kZr% f'k{kk dh lgk;rk ls Lora=krk dk thou laHko gS]
ysfdu le`f¼ dsoy viuh {kerkvksa ds mi;ksx ls gh laHko gSA
vxys nl o"kks± esa Hkkjr ds tula[;k fijkfeM ds 15&59 vk;q
lhek ls vf/d gksus dk vuqeku gSA ;g vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS
fd ;g tulkaf[;dh; ykHk dsoy 2040 rd ekStwn jgsxkA Hkkjr
ds ikl vius tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k dk ykHk mBkus vkSj viuh
çfrHkk dh deh dks nwj djus ds fy, cgqr lhfer le; gSA
blfy,] bldh vkcknh dks dq'ky cukus vkSj Hkkjr dks fo'o dh
dkS'ky jkt/kuh cukus ds fy, Bksl ç;kl djuk vko';d gSA
fxx odZj
gky gh esa] uhfr vk;ksx ds 'kks/] ¶bafM;kt cwfeax fxx ,aM
IysViQkWeZ bdksukWeh¸ ds vuqlkj] foÙk o"kZ 30 rd Hkkjr esa 23-5
fefy;u fxx odZlZ gks ldrs gSaA
97

fxx odZj ds ckjs esa
z ,d fxx bdkWueh eqÙkQ cktkj dk ,d :i gS tgka O;olk;
vLFkk;h vk/kj ij Lora=k Jfedksa dks fu;qÙkQ djrs gSa vkSj
blesa vLFkk;h in vke gSaA
z dksM vkWu lks'ky flD;ksfjVh] 2020 ds vuqlkj fxx odZj
og O;fÙkQ gS tks Je djrk gS ;k dk;Z O;oLFkk esa Hkkx
ysrk gS vkSj ikjaifjd fu;ksÙkQk&deZpkjh laca/ ds ckgj ,slh
xfrfof/;ksa ls dekrk gSA
z fxx bdkWueh esa Jfedksa dks IysViQkWeZ vkSj xSj&IysViQkWeZ
vk/kfjr Jfedksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
1- IysViQkWeZ odZj% ;s deZpkjh os gSa ftudh ukSdfj;ka
fMftVy IysViQkWeZ ;k vkWuykbu lkWÝVos;j ,si ij
fuHkZj djrh gSa] tSls iQwM ,xzhxs'ku IysViQkWeZ Zomato,
Swiggy, Olaa vkSj vU;A
2- xSj&IysViQkWeZ deZpkjh% ;s deZpkjh vke rkSj ij
fu;fer m|ksxksa esa va'kdkfyd ;k iw.kZdkfyd dke
djrs gSa] vkdfLed osru ikrs gSa vkSj vius Lo;a ds
•krksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
3- bafM;k LVkfiQax iQsMjs'ku 2019% ÝysDlh&LVkfiQax ds
ekeys esa Hkkjr] vesfjdk] phu] czkthy vkSj tkiku ds
ckn nqfu;k dk ikapoka lcls cM+k ns'k gSA
^bafM;kt cwfeax fxx ,aM IysViQkWeZ bdksukWeh* fjiksVZ (uhfr
vk;ksx)%
z dk;Zcy% Hkkjr ds fxx dk;Zcy ds 2029&30 rd c<+dj
2-35 djksM+ gksus dh mEehn gSA ;g bl ckr ij Hkh çdk'k
Mkyrk gS fd fxx bdkWueh us 2020&21 esa 77 yk• (7-7
fefy;u) deZpkfj;ksa dks jkstxkj fn;kA os Hkkjr ds dqy
dk;Zcy dk 1-5» ;k xSj&Ñf"k dk;Zcy dk 2-6» gSaA
98
z dk;Z dk IysViQkehZdj.k% tSls&tSls xSj&fxx dk;Z dk
IysViQkWehZdj.k fxx dk;Z esa gksrk gS] fxx Jfedksa dh mPp
jkstxkj yksp mudh c<+rh ekax dks çnf'kZr djrh gSA 75»
ls vf/d O;olk; orZeku esa 10» ls de fxx Jfedksa
dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] ysfdu ;g la[;k c<+ tk,xh D;ksafd
vf/d cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ka yphyh jkstxkj çFkkvksa dk
mi;ksx djrh gSaA
z fxx Jfedksa ds fy, mPp {kerk okys m|ksx% fuekZ.k]
fuekZ.k] •qnjk vkSj ifjogu vkSj jln
z fxx dk;Zcy dk dkS'ky Lrj% orZeku esa] eè;e dq'ky
O;olk;ksa esa fxx dk;Z dk yxHkx 47»] mPp dq'ky
ukSdfj;ksa esa yxHkx 22» vkSj de dq'ky ukSdfj;ksa esa
yxHkx 31» dk ;ksxnku gSA
z dkS'ky èkzohdj.k% fjiksVZ dkS'ky ds è#ohdj.k ij tksj
nsrh gS D;ksafd ço`fÙk eè;e dkS'ky okys Jfedksa ds vuqikr
esa /hjs&/hjs fxjkoV fn•krh gS tcfd de dq'ky vkSj mPp
dq'ky Jfedksa dk vuqikr c<+ jgk gSA
fxx {ks=k ds çeq• Mªkboj
z LVkVZ&vi laLÑfr dk mn;% Hkkjr dk LVkVZ&vi
ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k rsth ls foLrkj dj jgk gS vkSj LVkVZ&vi
O;olk;ksa ds fy, iw.kZdkfyd deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ ls tqM+h
mPp fuf'pr ykxrksa ds dkj.k xSj&eq[; dk;ks± ds fy,
lafonkRed Úhykaljksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
z fctusl ekWMy% dbZ fxx deZpkjh fofHkUu çdkj ds
eqvkots ds ekWMy ij dke djrs gSa] ftlesa fuf'pr 'kqYd]
le; vkSj ç;kl] vkSj dke dh okLrfod bdkbZ vkSj
ifj.kke dh xq.koÙkk 'kkfey gSA fuf'pr 'kqYd ekWMy lcls
yksdfç; gS] ysfdu le; vkSj ç;kl ekWMy blds djhc gSA
z fjeksV odZ ÝysfDlfcfyVh% fMftVy ;qx esa] deZpkfj;ksa
dks vc ,d fuf'pr LFkku ls dke djus dh vko';drk
ugha gS_ blds ctk;] os vius dk;ks± dks fdlh Hkh LFkku
ls iwjk dj ldrs gSa] ftlls O;olk;ksa dks LFkku dh ijokg
fd, fcuk loZJs"B dfeZ;ksa dks pquus dh vuqefr feyrh gSA
z cnyrh dk;Z laLÑfr% ,slk yxrk gS fd lglzkCnh ih<+h
,d cgqr gh vyx ekufldrk ds lkFk dfj;j ds çfr
n`f"Vdks.k j•rh gSA mu O;olk;ksa dk ihNk djus ds ctk;
tks mudh vkarfjd bPNkvksa dks iwjk ugha dj ldrs gSa]
os ml dke dks djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa tks os djuk
pkgrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z rduhdh çxfr% rduhdh çxfr ds dkj.k] vuqca/ djuk
cgqr vklku gks x;k gS] ftlls yksxksa dks jkstxkj vkSj
O;olk; nksuksa dks mu yksxksa ds lkFk vf/d ?kfu"Brk ls
ckrphr djus esa l{ke cuk;k tk ldrk gS tks deZpkfj;ksa
ds ctk; Lora=k fufonkdkj gSaA
z lafonkRed dk;Z dh ekax% egkekjh ds eísutj ifjpkyu
ykxr cpkus ds ç;kl esa] vuqca/ Jfedksa dh ekax esa o`f¼
us fo'ks"k :i ls fo'ks"k ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, cgqjk"Vªh;
fuxeksa (,e,ulh) dks uE; HkrhZ çFkkvksa dks viukus ds
fy, çsfjr fd;k gS A
eqís vkSj pqukSfr;k¡
z vfHkxE;rk% baVjusV lsokvksa vkSj fMftVy çkS|ksfxfd;ksa
rd igqap ,d lhfer dkjd gks ldrk gS] Hkys gh fxx
bdkWueh gj fdlh ds fy, •qyh gS tks bl rjg ds jkstxkj
ds voljksa dh foLr`r 'k`a•yk ds dkj.k bl rjg ds jkstxkj
esa layXu gksus ds fy, rS;kj gSA
z ukSdjh vkSj vk; dh vlqj{kk% fxx odZlZ osru] ?kaVs]
dke djus dh fLFkfr vkSj lkewfgd lkSnsckth esa 'kkfey
gksus dh {kerk dks fu;af=kr djus okys Je dkuwuksa ds nk;js
esa ugha vkrs gSaA
z O;kolkf;d lqj{kk vkSj LokLF; laca/h fpark,a% tks yksx
fMftVy IysViQkWeZ ds fy, dke djrs gSa] fo'ks"k :i ls
efgyk,a tks ,si ds ekè;e ls fMyhojh vkSj VSDlh lsokvksa
esa dke djrh gSa] os dbZ O;kolkf;d lqj{kk vkSj LokLF;
tksf•eksa ds v/hu gSaA
z dkS'ky dk lqesy ugha% vkWuykbu osc&vk/kfjr IysViQkeks±
esa vyx&vyx fMxzh ds ÅèokZ/j vkSj {kSfrt dkS'ky csesy
ns•s tk ldrs gSaA varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu (ILO) }kjk fd,
x, vè;;uksa ds vuqlkj] vf/d 'kSf{kd miyfC/;ksa okys
Jfedksa dks ges'kk mudh çfrHkk ds vuq:i jkstxkj ugha
fey ldrk gSA
z vuqca/ dh 'krks± ds dkj.k lkeus vkus okyh pqukSfr;k¡%
lsok le>kSrs dh 'krZsa fMftVy IysViQkWeZ ij dke djus dh
fLFkfr ds vf/dka'k igyqvksa dks fu;af=kr djrh gSaA os vDlj
deZpkjh vkSj IysViQkWeZ ds ekfyd ds chp lafonkRed
O;oLFkk dks jkstxkj ds vykok dqN vkSj ds :i esa of.kZr
djrs gSaA
uhfr vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'ksa
z fxx odZlZ dk mfpr vuqeku% fxx bdkWueh ds iSekus
vkSj fxx odZlZ dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk fu/kZj.k djus ds fy,]
Lora=k x.kuk çfØ;kvksa dk lapkyu djsaA
txkj]
jkst xkj] cscsjjkstkstxkjh
xkjhvkSvkS
j jdkSdkS
'ky'ky fodkl
fodkl
z mRçsfjr IysViQkWekZbts'ku% IysViQkWeZ bafM;k igy (LVkVZ&vi
bafM;k dh rtZ ij) dk çkjaHk ] ljyhdj.k vkSj gSaMgksfYMax]
iQafMax liksVZ vkSj çksRlkgu] dkS'ky fodkl vkSj lkekftd
foÙkh; lekos'ku }kjk Rofjr IysViQkWekZbts'ku ds LraHkksa ij
cuk;k x;k gSA
z foÙkh; lekos'ku esa rsth ykuk% dsoy IysViQkWeZ
mi;ksxdrkZvksa vkSj vius Lo;a ds IysViQkWeZ ykWUp djus
dh bPNk j•us okyksa ds fy, cuk, x, foÙkh; lek/kuksa
dh is'kd'k djds laLFkkxr foÙkiks"k.k rd igqap esa lq/kj
djukA
IysViQkWeZ tkWCl ds fy, dkS'ky fodkl% ;qokvksa
z
vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dh jkstxkj {kerk c<+kus ds fy,]
IysViQkWeZ&vk/kfjr] ifj.kke&vk/kfjr dkS'ky vkSj ukSdjh
l`tu j.kuhfr;ksa dk vuqlj.k djsaA
z lkekftd lekos'k esa o`f¼% ySafxd laosnu'khyrk vkSj
igqap dh tkx:drk dks c<+kok nsus okys dk;ZØeksa dks ykxw
djds vk/qfud fMftVy vFkZO;oLFkk esa lkekftd lekos'k
dks c<+k,aA
z lkoZHkkSfed lkekftd lqj{kk dojst% lkekftd lqj{kk
dksM 2020 dh rtZ ij lk>snkjh eksM esa lkekftd lqj{kk
mik;ksa dks csgrj cukus ds oSf'od mnkgj.kksa vkSj lq>koksa
ls lh•sa] ftlesa fxx Jfedksa vkSj muds ifjokjksa ds fy,
vLoLFkrk dh fLFkfr esa oSrfud Nqêðh] O;kolkf;d chekjh
vkSj dk;Z nq?kZVuk chek] lsokfuo`fÙk@isa'ku ;kstuk vkSj vU;
vkdfLedrk ykHk 'kkfey gSaA
vkxs dh jkg
z lkekftd lqj{kk ykHk lqfuf'pr djuk% IysViQkWeZ vius
dk;ZLFky ;k dk;Z lgHkkfxrk uhfr;ksa ds Hkkx ds :i esa
mu lHkh deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, loSrfud vLoLFkrk vodk'k]
LokLF; igqap vkSj chek ds mik;ksa dks viuk ldrs gSa]
tks os lky Hkj dke djrs gSa] mlh rjg ls tSls iQeks± dks
fodflr fd;k x;k gSA dksfoM&19 egkekjh }kjk fufeZr eqíksa
dk lek/ku djsaA bu iQeks± }kjk yxs IysViQkWeZ deZpkfj;ksa
dks lkekftd lqj{kk doj dh ;g is'kd'k ldkjkRed
çHkko iSnk djsxhA
z O;kolkf;d jksx vkSj dk;Z nq?kZVuk chek% Hkkjr esa]
fMyhojh vkSj Mªkboj Hkkxhnkjksa ds lkFk&lkFk vU; IysViQkWeZ
deZpkfj;ksa dks nq?kZVuk chek çnku djus ds fy, j.kuhfr;k¡
viuk ldrs gSaA lkekftd lqj{kk lafgrk] 2020 dh ds
vuqlkj] bUgsa futh {ks=k ;k ljdkj ds lg;ksx ls çnku
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
99
z lsokfuo`fÙk@isa'ku ;kstuk,a vkSj vU; ykHk% lsokfuo`fÙk
vkSj o`¼koLFkk ykHk çnku djus okyh uhfr;ksa dks viukus
ds lkFk&lkFk dk;ZLFky dh pksVksa tSlh fLFkfr;ksa ds fy,
vU; chek lqj{kk] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i vk; vkSj jkstxkj
dh gkfu gks ldrh gS] dks viukuk vko';d gSA
z dkWiZl iQaM ls vkdfLedrk doj% ,d eksfcfyVh
IysViQkWeZ us 20 djksM+ #i;s dk dkWiZl ykWUp fd;kA
vkWVks&fjD'kk] dSc vkSj VSDlh pkydksa dh lgk;rk djus
vkSj mudh vk; ij ykWdMkmu ds çHkkoksa dks de djus esa
enn djus ds fy, ¶Mªkbo n Mªkboj iQaM¸ uke fn;kA ;s
mik; vkdfLedrk ds ekeys esa fxx vkSj IysViQkWeZ odZlZ
vkSj lsDVj ls tqM+s vU; Lo&fu;ksftr O;fÙkQ;ksa dk leFkZu
dj ldrs gSaA
z fu"d"kZr% ,d fxx bdkWueh esa] Jfedksa dks Úhykaflax vkSj
vuqca/ dk;Z ds ekè;e ls fu;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA bl rjg]
,d cM+s dsaæhÑr dk;Zcy dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha gSA bl
{ks=k esa lfØ; gksuk vkSj bls c<+us esa enn djuk egRoiw.kZ
gSA gesa ,slh uhfr;ksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa dh vko';drk gS tks
bl {ks=k ds fy, dk;Z djuk vklku cuk,aA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjr esa efgykvksa ds l'kfÙkQdj.k dh çfØ;k esa 'fxx
bdkWueh' dh Hkwfedk dk ijh{k.k dhft,A (2021)
lkekftd lqj{kk lafgrk 2020
lkekftd lqj{kk lafgrk2020 lkekftd lqj{kk] lsokfuo`fÙk vkSj
deZpkjh ykHk ls lacaf/r ukS fofu;eksa dks lekfgr djrk gSA
çeq• çko/ku
z foLrkfjr dojst% vlaxfBr {ks=k] fuf'pr vof/ ds
deZpkjh] fxx odZj] IysViQkWeZ odZj] varjjkT;h; çoklh
Jfed vkfn vc lafgrk ds foLr`r nk;js esa 'kkfey gSaA
z jk"Vªh; MsVkcsl vkSj iathdj.k% bu lHkh Jfedksa dks
vlaxfBr {ks=k ds Jfedksa ds fy, ,d jk"Vªh; MsVkcsl
cukus ds y{; ds lkFk Lo&çek.ku ds vk/kj ij ,d
lh/h çfØ;k dk mi;ksx djrs gq, ,d baVjusV iksVZy ij
iathÑr fd;k tk,xkA
z leku ifjHkk"kk,¡% lkekftd lqj{kk ykHk mís';ksa ds fy,]
osru dh x.kuk yxkrkj dh tkrh gSA blus etnwjh dh
O;kid ifjHkk"kk Hkh nh gSA
v v v
100
z ijke'khZ n`f"Vdks.k% blus vf/dkfj;ksa dh vksj ls ,d
lqfo/ktud n`f"Vdks.k dk usr`Ro fd;kA baLisDVj&de&
iQSflfyVsVj dh ;g ubZ Hkwfedk fu;ksÙkQkvksa dks vuqikyu
esa lq/kj ds fy, enn vkSj lykg ysus dh vuqefr nsxhA
z lkekftd lqj{kk dks"k% bls lkekftd lqj{kk ;kstukvksa dks
ykxw djus ds fy, foÙkh; lqfo/k iQaM ds :i esa cuk;k
tk,xkA
z dSfj;j dsaæ% ekuo lalk/u dh vko';drk dks iwjk djus
vkSj jkstxkj MsVk ij utj j•us esa enn ds fy, dSfj;j
dsaæ LFkkfir fd, tk,axsA
z dM+s naM% deZpkjh va'knku tek djus esa dksbZ Hkh foiQyrk
1]00]000 #i;sdk tqekZuk vkSj lkFk gh ,d ls rhu lky
dh tsy dh ltkds v/hu gSA ckj&ckj gksus okys vijk/ksa
ds fy, NqV dh vuqefr ugha gS] cfYd l[r tqekZus o
ltk dk çko/ku gSA
D;k vki tkurs gS\
z Cyw&dkWyj odZj% ,d O;fÙkQ tks Jfed oxZ esa dke
djrk gS vkSj mlds Je ds fy, çfr ?kaVk Hkqxrku fd;k
tkrk gSA
z OgkbV&dkWyj odZj% ,d osruHkksxh is'ksoj] vkerkSj
ij lkekU; dk;kZy; deZpkfj;ksa vkSj çca/u dks lanfHkZr
djrk gSA
z xzs&dkWyj odZj% Hkys gh ¶xzs&dkWyj¸ 'kCn dk ç;ksx
vDlj mu yksxksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS tks lsokfuo`fÙk
dh vk;q ikj dj pqds gSaA ;g Jfedksa ds 'ks"k lewg dks
Hkh lanfHkZr djrk gS ftUgsa OgkbV ;k Cyw&dkWyj ds :i
esa oxhZÑr ugha fd;k x;k gSA
z xksYM&dkWyj odZj% vR;f/d dq'ky] es/k ;qÙkQ yksx]
tks daiuh ds fy, vR;f/d ewY;oku gSaA
z xzhu&dkWyj odZj% ,d dk;ZdrkZ tks vFkZO;oLFkk ds
i;kZoj.kh; {ks=kksa esa dk;Zjr gSA
z fiad&dkWyj odZj% ,d ,slk dke ftls ijaijkxr :i
ls efgykvksa dk dke ekuk tkrk gSA
z jsM&dkWyj odZj% lHkh çdkj ds ljdkjh deZpkjhA
z vksiu&dkWyj odZj% ,d dk;ZdrkZ tks ?kj ls dke djrk
gS] fo'ks"k :i ls baVjusV ds ekè;e lsA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 8 lekos'kh fodkl

z ifjHkk"kk% lekos'kh fodkl dk vFkZ lalkèkuksa ds mfpr z fofHkUu vkfFkZd {ks=kksa ds chp çfr O;fÙkQ vk; esa varj
forj.k ls gS ftlls lekt ds lHkh oxks± dks ykHk feyrk dks de djukA
gSA gkykafd] lalkèkuksa dk ;g forj.k lekt ds vYi vkSj z çÑfr esa HksnHkko jfgrA
nh?kZdkfyd okafNr ykHkksa ij dsafær gksuk pkfg,] tSls fd z xjhch de djus dh vfèkd {kerkA
miHkksÙkQk oLrqvksa dh miyCèkrk] jkstxkj] thou dh xq.koÙkk
z yksxksa dh cqfu;knh LokLF; vkSj f'k{kk tSlh ewyHkwr lqfoèkkvksa
vkfnA
rFkk lsokvksa rd igqap dh lqfuf'prrkA
mRiknd xjhch vlekurk dh
jkstxkj ?kVkuk deh z cqfu;knh lsokvksa dh ek=kk vkSj xq.koÙkk nksuksa dks 'kkfey
djukA
vkfFkZd lekos'kh z xjhc] detksj lkekftd&vkfFkZd lewgksa vkSj fiNM+s {ks=kksa
fodkl fodkl ekou fodkl dks 'kkfey djukA
lekos'kh fodkl dh vko';drk
lkekftd&vkfFkZd vPNk vkSj ySfxd z vkfFkZd le`f¼% rhoz vkSj LFkk;h :i ls xjhch esa deh
fodkl uSfrd 'kklu lekurk ykus ds fy;s lekos'kh fodkl vko';d gS tks çR;sd O;fÙkQ
;kstukc¼% lekos'kh fodkl pØ dks vkfFkZd le`f¼ esa ;ksxnku nsus vkSj mlls ykHk çkIr
djus esa l{ke cukrk gSA
z fo'o cSad & ¶lekos'kh fodkl] fodkl dh ml xfr vkSj
iSVuZ dks lanfHkZr djrk gS] tks ijLij varlZacafèkr gSa vkSj z lrr fodkl% lekos'kh fodkl ds fy;s xjhch dks •Re
la;qÙkQ :i ls lacksfèkr fd, tkus pkfg,A¸ djuk vko';d gS] ysfdu fodkl nh?kZdkfyd ,oa LFkk;h
z UNDP & ;g] lekos'kh fodkl dks ¶ml çfØ;k vkSj gksA blds fy,] ;g O;kid :i ls m|ksxksa ij vkèkkfjr gksuk
ifj.kke ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS ftlesa lHkh oxZ pkfg, rFkk blesa ns'k dh Je 'kfÙkQ dk ,d cM+k fgLlk
fodkl esa Hkkxhnkjh djrs gSa ,oa blls leku :i ls layXu gksuk pkfg,A
ykHkkfUor gksrs gSaA¸ z fodkl dk iSVuZ% dbZ f'k{kkfon lekos'kh fodkl dks]
z OECD – ,slk vkfFkZd fodkl tks lHkh oxks± ds fy, fodkl dh nj vkSj iSVuZ ds :i esa of.kZr djrs gSa] ftUgsa
voljksa dks c<+kok nsrk gS vkSj ekSfæd o xSj&HkkSfrd nksuksa ijLij varlZacafèkr ekuk tkrk gS vkSj blfy, bls la;qÙkQ
rjg dh le`f¼ ds ykHkksa dks leku :i ls forfjr djrk :i ls lacksfèkr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
gS] lekos'kh fodkl ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA z efgyk l'kfÙkQdj.k% ns'k esa f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; ns•Hkky
z 11oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (2007&12) & igyh ckj rd igqap lHkh txg leku ugha gSA efgykvksa dks iq#"kksa
lekos'kh fodkl ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;k FkkA ckn esa bls ds vèkhu ekuk tkrk gS vkSj os vius ifjokjksa ij iwjh rjg
12oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk }kjk vkxs c<+k;k x;kA fuHkZj gksrh gSaA efgyk l'kfÙkQdj.k ds fy;s lekos'kh fodkl
z 12oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk% rhoz] vfèkd lekos'kh vkSj lrr ,d dqath gSA
fodkl ij dsafær FkhA z {ks=kh; vlekurk,a% ;g varj&jkT; vkSj varjk&jkT;h;
çokl esa o`f¼ dk ewy dkj.k gSA çoklu vkokl] lqj{kk
lekos'kh fodkl dh fo'ks"krk,a vkSj LoPNrk lacaèkh pqukSfr;ksa dks c<+krk gSA
z cfg"Ñr vkSj gkf'k, ij jgus okys yksxksa dks 'kkfey djuk A z vkfFkZd laØe.k% vukSipkfjd {ks=k dks vkSipkfjd
z lekt ds lHkh oxks± dh HkkxhnkjhA vFkZO;oLFkk esa cnyus dh dqath foÙkh; lekos'ku gSA
z nh?kZdkfyd fodkl% nh?kZdkfyd fodkl ds fy, lekos'kh z vkfFkZd fodkl%
fodkl ds egRo dks vuns•k ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA  Hkkjr nqfu;k dh lcls rsth ls c<+rh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa

z jkstxkj% lekos'kh fodkl ,sls vkfFkZd fodkl dks lanfHkZr
djrk gS tks jkstxkj ds volj mRiUu djrk gS vkSj xjhch
dks de djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
z LokLF; vkSj f'k{kk% ;g oafprksa ds fy;s cqfu;knh LokLF;
vkSj f'k{kk dh miyCèkrk dks lqfuf'pr djrk gSA ;g lHkh
ds fy;s leku volj lqfuf'pr djds] f'k{kk vkSj dkS'ky
fodkl ds ekè;e ls O;fÙkQ;ksa dks l'kÙkQ cukus ij tksj
nsrk gSA
z i;kZoj.k fLFkjrk% ;g ,slh fodkl çfØ;k dks 'kkfey
esa ls ,d gSA gkykafd] Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk orZeku esa
pØh; vkSj lajpukRed eqíksa ds dkj.k ean gks jgh gSA
 gkykafd] 2024&25 rd 5 fVªfy;u MkWyj dh vFkZO;oLFkk
LFkkfir djus dk y{; Hkkjr esa vlekurk dks de
djus] lkekftd •pZ esa lqèkkj djus vkSj lHkh ds fy,
jkstxkj iSnk djus esa enn dj ldrk gSA
z lkekftd fodkl%
 blds varxZr vkcknh ds lHkh gkf'k, okys lewgksa

djrk gS tks i;kZoj.kh; :i ls fVdkÅ] lq'kklu ls ;qÙkQ tSls ,llh@,lVh@vkschlh@vYila[;dksa] efgykvksa vkSj
vkSj ySafxd :i ls tkx:d lekt ds fuekZ.k esa lgk;d VªkaltsaMj yksxksa ds l'kfÙkQdj.k ij tksj fn;k tkrk gSA
gksrh gSA  vLirkyksa fo'ks"k :i ls xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa cqfu;knh ns•Hkky

gsrq] Ldwyksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa tSls lkekftd laLFkkuksa

lekos'kh fodkl ds rRo
dks vixzsM@mUu;u djds l'kfÙkQdj.k çkIr fd;k tk
lkekftd {ks=k ldrk gSA
jkstxkj l`tu dk fodkl  lkekftd lajpukvksa esa fuos'k u dsoy vFkZO;oLFkk dks

c<+kok nsxk (jktdks"kh; çksRlkgu ds ekè;e ls)] cfYd

{ks=kh;
lekos'kh fo"kerkvks esa Hkfo"; ds fy, ,d LoLFk vkSj l{ke dk;Zcy dk Hkh
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k fodkl osQ deh fuekZ.k djsxkA
LraHk
xjhch vkSj xjhch vkSj
vlekurk esa lekos'kh fodkl % laoSèkkfud vfèkns'k
vlekurk esa
deh vkS|ksfxd vkSj deh z jkT; ,slh lkekftd O;oLFkk dh]
cqfu;knh <kapk fodkl
ftlesa lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj
z dkS'ky fodkl% jktuhfrd U;k; jk"Vªh; thou
 tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k dh mi;ksfxrk dkedkth vkcknh vuqPNsn&38 (1) dh lHkh laLFkkvksa dks vuqçkf.kr
dh jkstxkj {kerk] LokLF;] f'k{kk] O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k djs] Hkjld çHkkoh :ai esa LFkkiuk
vkSj dkS'ky ij fuHkZj djrh gSA vkSj laj{k.k djds yksd dY;k.k
z foÙkh; lekos'ku% dh vfHko`f¼ dk ç;kl djsxkA
 foÙkh; lekos'ku] oafpr yksxksa dks lLrh dherksa ij z jkT;] fof'k"Vr;k] vk; dh
foÙkh; lsokvksa rd igqap çnku djus dh çfØ;k gSA vlekurkvksa dks de djus dk
z lekos'kh fodkl ds fy, foÙkh; lekos'ku dh vko';drk ç;kl djsxk vkSj u dsoy O;f"V;ksa
gksrh gS D;ksafd ;g cpr dh laLÑfr dks c<+kok nsrk gS] ds chp cfYd fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa
tks vkfFkZd çxfr dk pØ 'kq: djrk gSA vuqPNsn&38 (2) jgus okys vkSj fofHkUu O;olk;ksa
z rduhdh çxfr% esa yxs gq, yksxksa ds lewgksa ds chp
 nqfu;k vkS|ksfxd Økafr 4-0 ;qx dh vksj c<+ jgh gSA
Hkh çfr"Bk] lqfoèkkvksa vkSj voljksa
 rduhdh vuqç;ksx ds rjhdksa esa vlekurk dks de
dh vlekurk lekIr djus dk
djus ;k c<+kus dh {kerk gksrh gSA ç;kl djsxkA

102 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 jkT; viuh uhfr dk]fof'k"Vr;k]
bl çdkj lapkyu djsxk fd
lqfuf'pr :i ls&
(d) iq#"k vkSj L=kh lHkh ukxfjdksa
dks leku :i ls thfodk
ds i;kZIr lkèku çkIr djus
dk vfèkdkj gks_
(•) leqnk; ds HkkSfrd lalkèkuksa
dk LokfeRo vkSj fu;a=k.k
bl çdkj caVk gks ftlls
vuqPNsn&39
lkewfgd fgr dk lokZsÙke :i
çkIr gks_
(x) vkfFkZd O;oLFkk bl çdkj
pys ftlls èku vkSj mRiknu&
lkèkuksa dk loZlkèkkj.k ds
fy, vfgrdkjh laØsaæ.k u
gks_
(?k) iq#"kksa vkSj fL=k;ksa nksuksa dk
leku dk;Z ds fy, leku
osru gks_
z jkT; ;g lqfuf'pr djsxk fd
fofèkd ra=k bl çdkj dke djs
fd leku volj ds vkèkkj
ij U;k; lqyHk gks vkSj og]
fof'k"Vr;k] ;g lqfuf'pr djus
ds fy, fd vkfFkZd ;k fdlh vU;
vuqPNsn&39 d
fu;kZsX;rk ds dkj.k dksbZ ukxfjd
U;k; çkIr djus ds volj ls
oafpr u jg tk,] mi;qÙkQ foèkku
;k Ldhe }kjk ;k fdlh vU; jhfr
ls fu%'kqYd fofèkd lgk;rk dh
O;oLFkk djsxkA
z jkT; viuh vkfFkZd lkeF;Z vkSj
fodkl dh lhekvksa ds Hkhrj]
dke ikus ds] f'k{kk ikus ds
vkSj csdkjh] cq<+kik] chekjh
vuqPNsn&41
vkSj fu%'kÙkQrk rFkk vU; vugZ
vHkko dh n'kkvksa esa yksd
lgk;rk ikus ds vfèkdkj dks çkIr
djkus dk çHkkoh micaèk djsxkA
lekos''khkh fodkl
lekos fodkl
z jkT; dke dh U;k;laxr
vkSj ekuoksfpr n'kkvksa dks
vuqPNsn&42 lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vkSj
çlwfr lgk;rk ds fy, micaèk
djsxkA
z jkT;] turk ds nqcZy oxks± ds]
fof'k"Vr;k] vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa
vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds
f'k{kk vkSj vFkZ lacaèkh fgrksa dh
vuqPNsn&46
fo'ks"k lkoèkkuh ls vfHko`f¼ djsxk
vkSj lkekftd vU;k; vkSj lHkh
çdkj ds 'kks"k.k ls mldh laj{kk
djsxkA
z jkT;] vius yksxksa ds iks"kkgkj
Lrj vkSj thou Lrj dks Å¡pk
djus vkSj yksd LokLF; ds
lqèkkj dks vius çkFkfed drZO;ksa
vuqPNsn&47 esa ekusxk vkSj jkT;] fof'k"Vr;k]
eknd is;ksa vkSj LokLF; ds fy,
gkfudj vkS"kfèk;ksa ds] vkS"kèkh;
ç;kstuksa ls fHkUu] miHkksx dk
çfr"ksèk djus dk ç;kl djsxkA
z jkT;] ns'k ds i;kZoj.k ds laj{k.k
rFkk laoèkZu dk vkSj ou rFkk
vuqPNsn&48
oU;thoksa dh j{kk djus dk ç;kl
djsxkA
lekos'kh fodkl ds fy, n`f"Vdks.k
1- fVªdy Mkmu n`f"Vdks.k% bl n`f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj fodkl
dk ykHk tks èkuh yksxksa }kjk mBk;k tkrk gS Lor% tul¡[;k
ds fupys fgLls rd igqap tkrs gSaA blds varxZr daifu;ksa
vkSj èkuh oxZ ds fy, dj esa NwV vkSj ykHk uhps ds Lrjksa
rd igqapsaxsA
2- dY;k.kdkjh n`f"Vdks.k% dY;k.kdkjh n`f"Vdks.k bl ckr
ij dsafær gS lalkèkuksa vkSj oLrqvksa dk b"Vre vkoaVu gks
vkSj ;g vkoaVu lexz lkekftd dY;k.k dks fdl çdkj
ls çHkkfor djrk gSA
3- ckWVe vi vçksp% ;g VkWi&Mkmu ikWfylh ;kfu 'fVªdy
Mkmu' n`f"Vdks.k ds foijhr gksrk gSA ;g yksxksa dks fodkl
çfØ;k esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
4- tulaidZ n`f"Vdks.k% ;g turk dks fodkl çfØ;k esa
•qn dks layXu djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djus ds ckjs
esa gSA bl lekos'kh fodkl çfØ;k esa Hkkx ysus ds fy,
lkekftd&euksoSKkfud dkjdksa dk mi;ksx 'kkfey gSA
103
 5- lefUor n`f"Vdks.k% dbZ lekos'kh fodkl ifj;kstukvksa dks
mudh voèkkj.kk] foÙk iks"k.k vkSj fu"iknu ds fy, ,d
lefUor j.kuhfr dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;gk¡ dfBukbZ ;g
lqfuf'pr djus esa gksrh gS fd çkFkfedrkvksa vkSj Hkwfedkvksa
dks fo'ks"k :i ls ljdkj ds fofHkUu Lrj ij fdl çdkj
O;ofLFkr fd;k tk;sA
lrr fodkl y{; vkSj lekos'kh fodkl
z orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; esa yksxksa ,oa i`Foh dh 'kkafr vkSj le`f¼
gsrq ] lrr fodkl ds fy, 2030 ,tsaMk çnku fd;k x;k
gS] ftls 2015 esa lHkh la;qÙkQ jk"Vª lnL; ns'kksa }kjk Lohdkj
fd;k x;k FkkA 17 lrr fodkl y{; ]tks oSf'od lk>snkjh
esa fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy lHkh ns'kksa ds fy, rRdky
dk;Zokgh dk vkÞoku gSa] blds dsaæ esa gSaA
z 2015 esa la;qÙkQ jk"Vª ds lHkh lnL; ns'kksa }kjk viuk,
x, lrr fodkl ds fy, 2030 ,tsaMk] yksxksa vkSj i`Foh
gsrq orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; esa 'kkafr ,oa le`f¼ ds fy, ,d
lk>k n`f"Vdks.k çLrqr djrk gSA ;g 17 lrr fodkl y{;ksa
(,lMhth) dks 'kkfey djrk gS vkSj lHkh fodflr vkSj
fodkl'khy ns'kksa }kjk oSf'od :i ls lk>s dkjZokbZ dk
vkÞoku djrk gSA
z lrr fodkl y{; 8% vkfFkZd fodkl
lekos'kh fodkl ds vk;ke
z lekurk%
 lekurk% lekurk dk y{; lHkh dks lalkèkuksa] cktkjksa
vkSj ,d fu"i{k fu;ked okrkoj.k rd leku igqap
çnku djuk gSA
 çdkj% lkekftd&vkfFkZd vlekurk] xzkeh.k&'kgjh
foHkktu] HkkSxksfyd vlekurk] fMftVy foHkktu vkfn
lfgr dbZ vyx&vyx çdkj dh vlekurk,a gksrh gSaA
 lekos'kh fodkl% lcls vkn'kZ :i esa lekos'kh fodkl
çkIr djus ds fy, lekurk lcls egRoiw.kZ vko';drk
gSA lekurk vkSj lekos'kh fodkl ds ikjLifjd çHkko
gksrs gSaA
104
6- j.kuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k% lekos'kh fodkl ds j.kuhfrd
n`f"Vdks.k esa lekos'k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, dsoy ",d"
;k "loZJs"B" rjhdk ekStwn ugha gksrk gSA ,slk dk;ZØe tks
Jfedksa dks Je cy esa ,dhÑr djrk gS] ySafxd iwokZxzg
ls fuiVrk gS] lkekftd uokpkj dks c<+kok nsrk gS] de
vk; okys ifjokjksa dk leFkZu djrk gS vkSj xzkeh.k rFkk
nwj ds {ks=kksa esa fMftVyhdj.k dks çksRlkfgr djrk gS] lHkh
lekos'kh fodkl esa ;ksxnku dj ldrs gSaA
z ,d vPNh ljdkj%
 vPNh ljdkj (Good Government)% çHkkoh vkSj
dq'ky ljdkj lkoZtfud tqM+ko] vke lgefr vkSj
lekurk dks c<+kok nsrs gq, U;k;] dkuwu ds 'kklu vkSj
tokcnsgh dk leFkZu djrh gSA
 ç'kklu vkSj tokcnsgh% lekos'kh fodkl esa yksd
ç'kklu vkSj tokcnsgh lHkh dks lq'kklu ds ekè;e
ls 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS_ mnkgj.k ds fy,] vi;kZIr
LokLF; lqfoèkkvksa okys eqís lekos'kh fodkl esa ckèkk
Mky ldrs gSa tks lkekU;r% LokLF; vkSj ifjokj dY;k.k
ea=kky; ds •jkc 'kklu ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA
z fodsUæhdj.k%
 Lo&'kklu% lekos'kh fodkl dks c<+kok nsus dh fofèk;ksa
esa ls ,d Lo&'kklu ds LFkkuh; laLFkkuksa dks etcwr
djuk gSA
 la'kksèku% 73oka vkSj 74oka lafoèkku la'kksèku vfèkfu;e
Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa uokpkj dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA
 'kfÙkQ% iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dks lekos'kh fodkl dk
lw=kèkkj cukus ds fy, la?kh; vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa dks mUgsa
vfèkd 'kfÙkQ nsuh pkfg,A
z ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh
 tokcnsgh% ;g lsokvksa ds forj.k dh çHkko'khyrk ds
fy, mi;ksxh gksrk gSA ;g fd;s x, dk;ks± ds çHkko
vkSj ifj.kkeksa ds lanHkZ esa tokcnsgh lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
 lhek,a% tokcnsgh ds fy, ÅèokZèkj vkSj {kSfrt nksuksa
lhek,a gksrh gSaA
 tkap vkSj larqyu% igyk ,d ljdkjh laLFkku ds
foHkkxh; inkuqØe dks lanfHkZr djrk gS vkSj nwljk
Lora=k ,tsafl;ksa dks lanfHkZr djrk gS tks ljdkjh dk;ks±
dks fu;af=kr ,oa larqfyr j•rs gSa tSls dSx] ih,evks
vkSj vU; laLFkk,aA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z fLFkjrk%
 i;kZoj.k% lekos'kh fodkl ds fy, Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd
;kstuk ds nh?kZdkfyd ifj.kke i;kZoj.kh; y{;ksa ds
vuq:i ugha gSaA
 thou Lrj% Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa rhoz fodkl ds
ckotwn xjhcksa ds thou Lrj esa fxjkoV vkbZ gSA
 ,yihth% lekos'kh fodkl dh pqukSfr;ksa ds varxZr
;g le>k x;k gS fd mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k] vkSj
oS'ohdj.k (,yihth) us i;kZoj.k dks xaHkhj :i ls
uqdlku igqapk;k gS vkSj xzkeh.k rFkk 'kgjh {ks=kksa ds chp
dh •kbZ dks pkSM+k fd;k gSA
 lekos'kh fodkl% fLFkjrk vkSj lekos'kh fodkl dks
vyx&vyx iwjk djuk vlaHko gS] D;ksafd ;s ,d nwljs
ds iwjd gSaA
lekos'kh fodkl vkSj 12oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
z iapo"khZ; ;kstuk% Hkkjr ljdkj dh 12oha vkSj vafre
iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 2012 ls 2017 rd ykxw dh xbZ FkhA
z fodkl nj% ckjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa 9» dh o`f¼ nj
çkIr djus dh mEehn Fkh] gkykafd 27 fnlacj] 2012 dks]
jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn (,uMhlh) us ckjgoha ;kstuk ds fy,
8» dh fodkl nj dks Lohdkj fd;k FkkA
z ;kstuk nLrkost esa lekosf'krk ds fuEufyf•r igyqvksa
ij ppkZ dh xbZ gS%
 xjhch esa deh ds :i esa lekosf'krk% 11oha ;kstuk
dh rqyuk esa xjhch nj esa 10» dh deh vk,xhA
 oxZ lekurk ds :i esa lekosf'krk%
 okLrfod thMhih esa 8» dh okf"kZd o`f¼ njA
 Ñf"k esa 4» dh o`f¼ njA
 fofuekZ.k esa 10» dh o`f¼ njA
z {ks=kh; larqyu ds :i esa lekosf'krk%
 bUÚkLVªDpj fuos'k ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (ldy flafpr
{ks=k) dk 9» gSA 103 fefy;u gsDVs;j Hkwfe (90
fefy;u gsDVs;j ls)A
 lHkh ds ikl fctyh dh miyCèkrk vkSj dqy rduhdh
vkSj okf.kfT;d uqdlku 20» rd de gksukA
 lHkh ekSle esa xk¡oksa dks tksM+s j•us okyh lM+dsa]
 de ls de nks ysu okys jk"Vªh; vkSj jkT; jktekxZA
lekos''khkh fodkl
lekos fodkl
z l'kfÙkQdj.k ds :i esa lekosf'krk%
 Ldwy esa fcrk, x, o"kks± dh vkSlr la[;k c<+dj 7
o"kZ gksukA
 mPp f'k{kk esa] çR;sd vk;q oxZ ds fy, 20 yk• lhVsa
miyCèk djkukA
 f'k'kq e`R;q nj dks ?kVkdj 25 vkSj ekr` e`R;q nj dks
1 rd djds cky fyax vuqikr dks 950 rd c<+kukA
 dqy çtuu nj (Vh,iQvkj) dks ?kVkdj 2-1 djukA
 0&3 vk;q lhek esa cky dqiks"k.k dks ,u,iQ,p,l&3
Lrj ds vkèks rd de djukA
uhfr vk;ksx vkSj lekos'kh fodkl }kjk Hkkjr @75
z U;w bafM;k ds fy, j.kuhfr @75%
 u;k Hkkjr% uhfr vk;ksx dh ^u, Hkkjr ds fy,
j.kuhfr @75* uhfr fuekZ.k vkSj fu"iknu gsrq uokpkj]
çkS|ksfxdh] m|e vkSj çHkkoh çcaèku dks ,dhÑr djus
dk ,d ç;kl gSA
 uhfr ikBÔØe% ;g ppkZ dks c<+kok nsxk vkSj uhfrxr
eqíksa dks lqy>kus ds fy, eap miyCèk djk,xkA
 tu vkanksyu% blds vuqlkj yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ds
fcuk] vkfFkZd ifjorZu ugha gks ldrk gSA blfy,
fodkl ds eqís dks ,d tu vkanksyu ds :i esa viukuk
pkfg,A
z U;w bafM;k @75 fotu ds lekos'kh fodkl y{; bl
çdkj gSa%
 ,d Rofjr] LoPN] lqlaxr] O;ofLFkr fodkl tks
lekos'kh gks] rFkk tks 2022&2023 rd 9&10» rd gksA
 2022&2033 rd] lekos'kh] fVdkÅ vkSj Hkkxhnkjh ;qÙkQ
fodkl dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx
djukA
 'kgjh xjhc vkSj >qXxh fuoklh] fo'ks"k :i ls u, çoklh
yksxksa rd lekos'kh 'kgjh fodkl ds ekè;e ls 'kgjh
lsokvksa dh miyCèkrkA
 Ldwyksa dks vfèkd lekos'kh cukus ds fy, HkkSfrd
okrkoj.k (tSls lqyHk VkW;ysV)] ços'k çfØ;kvksa vkSj
ikBÔØe fMtkbu lacaèkh ckèkkvksa dks nwj djukA
 lokZfèkd Hks| leqnk;ksa ds fy, mPp f'k{kk rd igqap
c<+kukA
 yksxksa ds lehi uSnkfud] mipkjkRed] iquokZl vkSj
ns•Hkky ds fy, mPp LokLF; lsok,a çnku djukA
 ukxfjdksa dks ewy esa j•rs gq, ,d O;kid&vkèkkj okyk
uhfrxr <kapk fodflr djukA
105
lekos'kh fodkl çkIr djus ds fy, uhfrxr z vk;q"eku Hkkjr ;kstuk
gLr{ksi z fe'ku baæèkuq"k
z egkRek xkaèkh jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj z çèkkuea=kh LokLF; lqj{kk ;kstuk
xkjaVh vfèkfu;e (eujsxk) 2005 (PMSSY)
z fe'ku vaR;ksn; z eè;kÉ Hkkstu ;kstuk
z fe'ku vaR;ksn; z LoPNrk m|eh ;kstuk
xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk z jk"Vªh; :cZu fe'ku z lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh ds
vkèkkfjr fodkl z çèkkuea=kh vkokl ;kstuk&xzkeh.k ekè;e ls jsyos LVs'kuksa dk
z çèkkuea=kh vkn'kZ xzke ;kstuk iqufoZdkl
(PMAGY) z lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh ds
lkoZtfud vkSj
çèkkuea=kh xzke lM+d ;kstuk ekè;e ls bdks&i;ZVu lqfoèkk,a
z futh Hkkxhnkjh
(ih,eth,lokbZ) z Hkkjrh; •sy çkfèkdj.k }kjk •sy
dh Hkwfedk
vkSj f'k{kkfonksa ds fy, ,dhÑr
z ih,e fdlku laink ;kstuk Ldwyksa dh LFkkiuk
z ih,e iQly chek ;kstuk z lkekftd {ks=k ds fy, O;ogk;Zrk
lrr vkSj çèkkuea=kh Ñf"k flapkbZ ;kstuk
z
varj foÙkiks"k.k esa o`f¼
lekos'kh Ñf"k jk"Vªh; Ñf"k cktkj
fodkl
z
z HkkjrusV dh ihihih eksM lajpuk
z ijEijkxr Ñf"k fodkl ;kstuk
z ^vkdka{kh ftyk* igy çèkkuea=kh
z jk"Vªh; i'kqèku fe'ku (,u,y,e) •fut {ks=k dY;k.k ;kstuk
z ,dhÑr xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe z ,d ftyk ,d mRikn ;kstuk
(IRDP) larqfyr {ks=kh; z fiNM+k {ks=k vuqnku fufèk
z tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk@tokgj xzke fodkl (chvkjth,iQ)
le`f¼ ;kstuk z iwokZsÙkj vkS|ksfxd vkSj fuos'k
z dke ds cnys vukt dk;ZØe laoèkZu uhfr (,ubZvkbZvkbZihih
Hkkjr esa xjhch z jk"Vªh; o`¼koLFkk isa'ku ;kstuk 2007)
dk eqdkcyk (,uvks,ih,l)
djus ds fy,
z vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk
i;kZoj.k cuke fodkl
lexz n`f"Vdks.k
z lEiw.kZ xzkeh.k jkstxkj ;kstuk z i;kZoj.kh; egRo%
(,lthvkjokbZ)  vkfFkZd egRo% i;kZoj.k }kjk çnku dh tkus okyh

z jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k vkthfodk fe'ku ikfjfLFkfrdh lsokvksa dh fofoèkrk i;kZoj.k ds vkfFkZd

z jk"Vªh; 'kgjh vkthfodk fe'ku
z çèkkuea=kh dkS'ky fodkl ;kstuk
z eSyk <ksus okyksa ds iquokZl dh
;kstuk (,lvkj,e,l)
z çèkkuea=kh tu èku ;kstuk
lkekftd {ks=k dk
z çèkkuea=kh eqæk ;kstuk
fodkl
(ih,e,eokbZ)
z çèkkuea=kh lqjf{kr ekr`Ro vfHk;ku
(ih,e,l,e,)
egRo dks n'kkZrh gSA çksfotfuax@çkoèkku lsok,¡ tSls
Hkkstu] flapkbZ] ihus dk ikuh bR;kfnA
 ikfjfLFkfrd lsok% ikfjfLFkfrd lsokvksa dk mi;ksx
yk•ksa ifjokjksa vkSj fodklkRed igyksa }kjk mRiknu
vkSj miHkksx esa fd;k tkrk gSA
 i;kZoj.k ds fy, dksbZ ykxr ugha gS% çkÑfrd lalkèku
rd igq¡p fcuk fdlh caèku ds lHkh ds fy;s miyCèk
gSa vkSj dksbZ Hkh mi;ksxdrkZ i;kZoj.kh; fxjkoV ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i lalkèkuksa dk nq#i;ksx gksrk gS dh lEiw.kZ
ykxr ls vdsys ihfM+r ugha gksrk gSA

106 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z fodkl ij i;kZoj.kh; çHkko%
 vifjgk;Z% ;fn vkfFkZd fodkl ds okafNr Lrj dks çkIr
djuk gS rks rsth ls vkS|ksfxdhdj.k vkSj 'kgjhdj.k
vifjgk;Z gksrk gSA çfr O;fÙkQ vk; dks c<+kok nsus ds
fy, Hkh bls vko';d ekuk tkrk gSA
 i;kZoj.k% fo'ks"k :i ls] cM+s iSekus ij jkstxkj vkSj
xjhch mUewyu ds mís';ksa dks çkIr djus ds fy,
i;kZoj.kh; ekudksa dk R;kx fd;k tk jgk gSA
 vk; Lrj% ,slk Hkh ekuk tkrk gS fd i;kZoj.kh;
{kj.k dks vk; Lrj esa o`f¼ rFkk foÙkh; vkSj rduhdh
{kerkvksa esa mUufr ds }kjk iqu% cgky fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z i;kZoj.kh; fLFkjrk vkSj fodklkRed dkjd%
z i;kZoj.kh; vuqikyu% i;kZoj.k ekudksa dk ikyu djus
esa foiQyrk ,d çeq• dkj.k gS ftldh otg ls çkÑfrd
vkinkvksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i e`R;q nj vfèkd gksrh gSA fdlh
LFkku ij çkÑfrd vkinkvksa ds •rjs dk fu"i{k vkdyu
djus ds fy, dksbZ Hkh xfrfofèk 'kk;n gh dHkh xaHkhjrk
ls dh tkrh gSA
z lfClMh ds udkjkRed çHkko%
 lfClMh% ljdkj us lekt ds oafpr oxks± ds dY;k.k
ds fy, lfClMh çnku dh gSA
 i;kZoj.k% nwljh vksj] ÅtkZ vkSj fctyh tSlh lsokvksa
ij fj;k;r buds nq#i;ksx dks c<+kok nsrk gS vkSj
i;kZoj.kh; fLFkjrk dks detksj djrk gSA
 fojksèkkHkkl% lfClMh] vk; vkèkkj dks de djds
mHkjrh gqbZ rduhdh esa fuos'k djus dh ljdkj dh
{kerk dks de dj ldrh gSA
z tula[;k xfr'khyrk dh tfVyrk%
 tula[;k% c<+rh vkcknh] fodkl vkSj i;kZoj.kh; eqíksa
ds lanHkZ esa vfèkd pqukSfr;k¡ iSnk djrh gSA
 çksRlkgu% blds vykok] xjhch cM+s ifjokjksa dks çokl
gsrq çksRlkfgr djrh gS] ftlls egkuxjh; {ks=k i;kZoj.kh;
:i ls vfLFkj gks ldrs gSaA
 ruko% vfèkd tula[;k ,oa çokl us lalkèkuksa ij
vfèkd ncko Mkyk] i;kZoj.k dh xq.koÙkk dks •jkc
vkSj mRikndrk dks de fd;k gS tcfd xjhch dks vkSj
c<+k;k gS A
lekos''khkh fodkl
lekos fodkl
veR;Z lsu & fodkl ij i;kZoj.kh; çHkko%
z lglacaèk% veR;Z lsu ds vuqlkj] vkfFkZd le`f¼ dh
tkap lkoZtfud LokLF;] fpfdRlk lgk;rk] vkfFkZd vkSj
lkekftd vlekurkvksa dh O;kidrk] f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk]
vijkèk vkSj i;kZoj.kh; xq.koÙkk tSlh vU; fo'ks"krkvksa
ds vkèkkj ij dh tkuh pkfg,A
z iwjd% vkfFkZd lao`f¼ ds ekiu dks tu dY;k.k ds bu
vU; ?kVdksa ds lkFk iwfjr djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA
z ,dhdj.k% i;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl uhfr;ksa dks ,dhÑr
vkSj lqn`<+ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
lekos'kh fodkl çkIr djus esa pqukSfr;ka
z xjhch%
 cgqvk;keh xjhch lwpdkad% cgqvk;keh xjhch
lwpdkad (,eihvkbZ) 2018 ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr us
2005&06 vkSj 2015&16 ds chp 271 fefy;u yksxksa
dks xjhch ls ckgj fudkyk] ftlls lcls xjhc {ks=kksa]
lewgksa vkSj cPpksa dks vfèkd ykHk gqvkA
 vHkko% vusd miyfCèk;ksa ds ckotwn] 373 fefy;u
Hkkjrh; vR;fèkd vHkkoksa dk lkeuk djrs gSaA blds
vykok] 8-8» vkcknh xaHkhj cgqvk;keh xjhch esa tcfd
19-3» cgqvk;keh xjhch ds çfr vfrlaosnu'khy gSaA
z csjkstxkjh%
z Je cy loZs{k.k% ,u,l,lvks ds vkofèkd Je cy
loZs{k.k (ih,y,iQ,l) ds vuqlkj] 'kgjh csjkstxkjh nj
7-8» Fkh] tcfd xzkeh.k csjkstxkjh nj 5-3» Fkh] ftlls
lexz csjkstxkjh nj 6-1» gks xbZA
z dkj.k% fuj{kjrk vkSj Ñf"k ij vfr&fuHkZjrk ds dkj.k]
Hkkjr esa jkstxkj] de la[;k esa gksus ds lkFk gh •jkc
xq.koÙkk okys gSaA
z vukSipkfjd vFkZO;oLFkk% 80» ls vfèkd O;fÙkQ
vukSipkfjd vFkZO;oLFkk esa fcuk fdlh lkekftd lqj{kk
ds dk;Z djrs gSaA
z Ñf"k çfrxeu (Agriculture Regression)%
z jkstxkj% Ñf"k 44» ls vfèkd Hkkjrh;ksa dks jkstxkj miyCèk
djkrh gS] ysfdu ;g Hkkjrh; ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa ek=k
16-5» dk ;ksxnku nsrh gS] ifj.kkeLo:i ;g xjhch esa
Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA
107
z Ñf"k eqíksa esa fuEufyf•r 'kkfey gSa% z ;g lkekftd vkSj i;kZoj.kh;
 çfr O;fÙkQ Hkwfe dh miyCèkrk esa deh dkjdksa dk ,d lexz lwpdkad gS
 jkstxkj Hkkxhnkjh esa èkhjs&èkhjs deh ftlesa 'kkfey gSa%
 Je mRikndrk esa deh vkfnA  ekuo vko';drk

z lkekftd fodkl ds eqís%  çlUurk

 lkekftd fodkl% lekos'kh fodkl ds çkFkfed  volj

fopkjksa esa ls ,d lkekftd fodkl gSA gkykafd] blesa z lwpdkad dh lhek,¡%

dbZ eqís 'kkfey gSa] tSls%  xSj&cktkj xfrfofèk;ksa dks
lkekftd
 {ks=kh;] lkekftd&vkfFkZd vkSj ySfa xd eqís egRoiw.kZ gSAa thMhih esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k
çxfr lwpdkad
 lkoZtfud •pZ fo'ks"k :i ls LokLF; vkSj f'k{kk x;k gSA
(,lihvkbZ)
esa de gSA  i;kZoj.k] lekurk] vkfn tSls

 miyCèk lsokvksa dh •jkc xq.koÙkkA dkjd 'kkfey ugha gSaA

 vkschlh] ,llh] ,lVh vkSj eqfLye lkekftd
lwpdkad esa dkiQh fiNM+s gq, gSaA
z {ks=kh; vlekurk,a%
 pqukSrh% Hkkjr esa {ks=kh; vlekurk fpark dk ,d çeq•
dkj.k gSaA tkfr O;oLFkk] laifÙk dk LokfeRo vkfn tSls
dkjd {ks=kh; vlekurkvksa esa ;ksxnku djrs gSa] ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i ,d ,slk lekt curk gS ftlesa dqN
lewgksa dks nwljksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd ykHk çkIr gksrs gSaA
z mnkgj.k% HkkSxksfyd vlekurkvksa ds dqN mnkgj.k
fuEufyf•r gSa%
z dsjy 93-1» dh lk{kjrk nj ds lkFk lcls lk{kj jkT; gS]
tcfd fcgkj esa lk{kjrk nj dsoy 63-82» gSA
z 2018 esa] xksok dh çfr O;fÙkQ vk; 4]67]998 #i;s Fkh]
tcfd fcgkj dh çfr O;fÙkQ vk; 43]822 #i;s FkhA
ekiu (lwpdkad vkSj fjiksV)Z lekos'kh fodkl
z lcls de lekos'kh% fo'o vkfFkZd
eap (MCY;wbZ,iQ) ds lekos'kh
fodkl lwpdkad (vkbZMhvkbZ) esa]
Hkkjr us 74 mHkjrs ns'kksa esa ls 62
oka LFkku gkfly fd;k gSA ;g] th
20 lewg esa lcls de lekos'kh
ns'kksa esa ls ,d gSA
lekos'kh fodkl z iSjkehVj% lekos'kh fodkl
lwpdkad lwpdkad dh LFkkiuk bl vkèkkj
ij dh xbZ gS fd vfèkdka'k O;fÙkQ
thMhih ds ctk; vius thou Lrj
ds vkèkkj ij vius ns'k dk fodkl
ekirs gSaA
z dkjd% ;g o`f¼] fodkl vkSj
xjhch ds vkèkkj ij vlekurk dh
x.kuk djrk gSA
 dsoy vk; vlekurkvksa
ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gS_
lkekftd vlekurk] volj
dh vlekurk vkSj blh rjg
dh vU; vlekurkvksa dks
ckgj j•k x;k gSA
z çdk'kd% n okWd Úh iQkmaMs'ku
vkWiQ vkWLVªfs y;k us bls tkjh fd;k gSA
oSf'od nklrk z ifjHkk"kk% vkèkqfud nklrk ,d
ifjn`'; dks lanfHkZr djrh gS ftlesa
lwpdkad%
,d O;fÙkQ us nwljs ds 'kjhj dks
fu;af=kr vkSj 'kks"k.k djus ds fy,
mldh Lora=krk dks Nhu fy;k gSA
Hkkjr esa lekos'kh fodkl ;kstukvksa ds lacaèk
esa fpark,a
z •k| lqj{kk% rsth ls c<+rh vFkZO;oLFkk ds ckotwn] Hkkjr
ds •k| lqj{kk ls lacafèkr vkadM+s fparktud gSaA
z dqiks"k.k% ;wfulsiQ ds ,d gkfy;k vuqeku ds vuqlkj]
Hkkjr esa dqiks"k.k ls lacafèkr chekfj;ksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i ikap
lky ls de mez ds de ls de nl yk• cPps ej tkrs gSaA
z lokZfèkd çHkkfor% dqiks"k.k ds ekeys esa] vuqlwfpr tkfr]
vuqlwfpr tutkfr] vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ka vkSj xzkeh.k vkcknh
lcls vfèkd çHkkfor gSA
z jkT;% eè; çns'k vkSj jktLFkku lokZfèkd xaHkhj dqiks"k.k
çHkkfor jkT; gSaA
z lkekftd m|e% ;g Hkkjr ds lekos'kh fodkl esa ,d
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSaA gkykafd] xjhch ds
f•ykiQ yM+kbZ esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds ckotwn] bUgsa
vkfèkdkfjd ;k dkuwuh :i ls Hkkjr esa ,d {ks=k ds :i
esa ekU;rk ugha nh xbZ gSA

108 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z Hkwfe lqèkkj% Hkwfe lqèkkj dh vliQyrk lekos'kh fodkl
vkSj U;k; çkIr djus esa Hkkjr dh foiQyrk ds çkFkfed
dkj.kksa esa ls ,d gSA
z lkeqnkf;d fodkl% xkao ds lexz fodkl ij yf{kr ,d
lqfu;ksftr lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe dk vHkkoA
z jkstxkj% c<+rh vkcknh dks mfpr osru ij mfpr dk;Z ds
volj çnku djus esa vleFkZrkA
z f'k{kk% Ldwyh f'k{kk dh mis{kk vkSj oafpr cPpksa dh vPNh
f'k{kk gsrq fo'ks"k ç;klksa dk vHkkoA
z Ñf"k% yxHkx 60» dk;Zcy }kjk jkstxkj vkSj fuokZg ds
fy, de mRikndrk okyh Ñf"k vkSj vU; {ks=kksa ij fuHkZjrkA
vkxs dh jkg
z f'k{kk%
 vuqlaèkku% vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa esa fodkl ds dkjdksa tSls
HkkSfrd iwath vkSj Je] f'k{kk vkfn ds ckjs esa dbZ
vuqHkotU; egRoiw.kZ vè;;u fd, x, gSaA
 f'k{kk% vuqlaèkku ds vuqlkj] fo'ks"k :i ls la;qÙkQ jkT;
vesfjdk esa f'k{kk vkSj HkkSfrd iwath vkfFkZd fodkl ds
egRoiw.kZ lzksr gSaA
 laLFkku% dkS'ky vkSj ekuo lalkèku ds fodkl ds fy;s
çf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
 futh laLFkku% futh laLFkku bu voèkkj.kkvksa dks vius
lkFk ,dhÑr dj ldrs gSaA
z vlekurkvksa dk mUewyu%
 forj.k% èku ds vleku forj.k ds dkj.k] lekt esa
fofHkUu oxks± ds chp ,d egRoiw.kZ lkekftd varj
fo|eku gSA
 fyadst% okLro esa] vkfFkZd çxfr vkSj lkekftd
vlekurk,a vVwV :i ls lac¼ gSaA ,sls esa ljdkj dh
Hkwfedk vR;fèkd egRoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA
 dkj.k% ljdkj dks mu dkj.kksa dh •kst djuh pkfg,
ftlls ,slh vlekurkvksa ds dkj.k vkSj blds laHkkfor
ifj.kkeksa dk irk py ldsA ;g mfpr dk;Zokgh djus
esa ljdkj dh lgk;rk dj ldrk gSA
z laLFkkxr <kapk%
 n`f"Vdks.k% yksxksa ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd n`f"Vdks.k dks
cnyuk gksxkA
 lajpuk% laLFkkxr <kapk vYi fodflr ns'kksa ds fodkl
ds fy, csgrj gSA
lekos''khkh fodkl
lekos fodkl
 mUufr% ,d ns'k ds yksxksa ds vUnj mUufr djus dh
çcy bPNk gksuh pkfg,] lkFk gh blds lkekftd]
vkfFkZd] dkuwuh vkSj jktuhfrd laLFkkuksa dks blds
vuqdwy gksuk pkfg,_ ysfdu ,d vYi fodflr ns'k
esa budh deh gksrh gSA ,sls esa ,d lkekftd vkSj
lkaLÑfrd Økafr dh t:jr gksrh gSA
 vkdkj% blesa O;olk;ksa ds vkdkj dks c<+kus vkSj Je
cktkj dk leUo; djus ij tksj fn;k tkrk gSA ljdkj
dks ifjogu] lapkj ,oa cqfu;knh <kaps dk fuekZ.k djuk
pkfg,A
z ifjokj fu;kstu vkSj lkoZtfud LokLF;%
 LokLF;% ,d LoLFk vkcknh ,d dq'ky dk;Zcy ds
:i esa jkT; dh 'kfÙkQ gksrh gSA
 drZO;% ljdkj dks vius çeq• drZO; ds :i esa
lkoZtfud LokLF; lsokvksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj laj{k.k
djuk pkfg,A
 eq[; dne% LokLF; dh fLFkfr dks csgrj djus ds
fy, i;kZoj.kh; LoPNrk dks c<+kuk] #ds gq, vkSj
nwf"kr ty dks gVkuk] lhost fuiVku esa lqèkkj djuk
vkSj laØked chekjh ds çlkj dks lhfer djus ds fy,
yksxksa dh çfrj{kk ç.kkyh dks etcwr djuk 'kkfey gSA
z Ñf"k fodkl%
 Ñf"k% ;g Hkkjr esa 34 çfr'kr yksxksa dks jkstxkj nsrk
gSA ;g og {ks=k gS ftl ij vfèkdka'k vU; {ks=k fuHkZj
djrs gSa] D;ksafd dbZ O;olk; dPps eky ds fy, bl
ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA
 thMhih% ;g {ks=k Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
dk 25» fgLlk vkSj ns'k esa vkthfodk dk çkFkfed
lzksr gSA
 Ñf"k fodkl% ljdkj dks Ñf"k fodkl esa lfØ;
Hkwfedk fuHkkuh pkfg,A
fo'o vkfFkZd eap vkSj lekos'kh fodkl
z j.kuhfr;k¡% fo'o vkfFkZd eap us lkekftd lekos'k vkSj
vkfFkZd fodkl nksuksa dks c<+kus ds fy, rhu O;kogkfjd
j.kuhfr;ksa dk çLrko fn;k gS%
1- lkoZtfud vkSj futh% jk"Vªksa dks vius ukxfjdksa
dh {kerk fuekZ.k esa lkoZtfud vkSj futh fuos'k dks
c<+kuk pkfg,] D;ksafd ;g nh?kZdkfyd :i ls mudh
mRikndrk nj dks c<+kus dk lcls egRoiw.kZ rjhdk gSA
109
 2- Je% ljdkjksa dks fu;ksÙkQkvksa vkSj Jfedksa ds lewgksa ds
lg;ksx ls jk"Vªh; Je dkuwuksa vkSj laLFkkuksa esa lqèkkj
djuk pkfg,A bu lHkh dk jkstxkj] osru] Ø; 'kfÙkQ
vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk esa dqy ekax ij çHkko iM+rk gSA
3- fuos'k% ljdkj dks lEiw.kZ lekt dks ykHkkfUor djus
okys Je&xgu vkfFkZd {ks=kksa esa lkoZtfud vkSj futh
fuos'k dks c<+kok nsuk pkfg,A bu {ks=kksa esa ty] ÅtkZ]
fMftVy o ifjogu lacaèkh cqfu;knh <kapk] ns•Hkky
{ks=k] xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk] f'k{k.k vkSj çf'k{k.k bR;kfn
'kkfey gSaA
fu"d"kZ
z Hkkjrh;ksa ds thou Lrj dks csgrj djus ds fy, dsaæ] jkT;
vkSj LFkkuh; ljdkjksa dks xjhch dks •Re djus vkSj lrr
fodkl çkIr djus ds fy;s feydj dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
,d lekos'kh vkSj U;k;laxr fodkl dks varjjk"Vªh; laxBu]
ukxfjd lekt vkSj futh {ks=kksa ds lkFk jpukRed lg;ksx
ds ekè;e ls çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. 12oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; _______ gSA
(2014)
(a) lekos'kh fodkl vkSj xjhch esa deh
(b) lekos'kh vkSj lrr fodkl
(c) csjkstxkjh dks de djus ds fy, lrr vkSj lekos'kh
fodkl
(d) rhoz] lrr vkSj vfèkd lekos'kh fodkl
2. fuEufyf•r esa ls fdls vfuok;Z :i ls ^lekos'kh 'kklu*
dk fgLlk dgk tk ldrk gS\ (2012)
1- xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; daifu;ksa dks cSafdax djus dh
vuqefr nsukA
2- lHkh ftyksa esa çHkkoh ftyk ;kstuk lfefr;ksa dh
LFkkiuk djukA
v v
110
3- lkoZtfud LokLF; ij ljdkjh •pZ c<+kukA
4- eè;kÉ Hkkstu ;kstuk dk lqn`<+hdj.kA
uhps fn, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,%
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
(b) dsoy 3 vkSj 4
(c) dsoy 2] 3 vkSj 4
(d) 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. lekos'kh lao`f¼ ,oa laiks"k.kh; fodkl ds ifjçs{; esa]
lekurk ds baVªk ih<+hxr ,oa baVj ih<+hxr fo"k;ksa dh
O;k[;k dhft,A (2020)
2. lekos'kh lao`f¼ dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a D;k gSa\ D;k Hkkjr bl
rjg dh lao`f¼ çØe dk vuqHko djrk jgk gS\ fo'ys"k.k
dhft, vkSj lekos'kh laof` ¼ ds fy;s mik; lq>k,aA
(2017)
3. Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa lekos'kh fodkl esa fufgr pqukSfr;ksa
ftlesa ykijokg vkSj csdkj tu'kfÙkQ 'kkfey gS] ij
fVIi.kh dhft,A bu pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy,
mik; lq>kbZ;sA (2016)
4. çèkkuea=kh tu&èku ;kstuk (ih,etsMhokbZ) cSad jfgrksa dks
laLFkkxr foÙk esa ykus ds fy, vko';d gSA D;k vki
lger gSa fd blls Hkkjrh; lekt ds xjhc rcds ds
yksxksa dk foÙkh; lekos'k gksxk\ vius er dh iqf"V ds
fy;s rdZ nhft;sA (2016)
5. iwathokn us fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk dks vHkwriwoZ le`f¼ rd
funZsf'kr fd;k gSA fiQj Hkh ;g vDlj vnwjnf'kZrk dks
çksRlkfgr djrk gS rFkk èkuoku vkSj fuèkZu ds chp foLr`r
vlekurkvksa dks c<+krk gSA blds çdk'k esa] Hkkjr esa
lekos'kh lao`f¼ dks ykus ds fy;s D;k iwathokn esa fo'okl
djuk vkSj mldks viuk ysuk lgh gksxk\ ppkZ dhft,A
(2014)
v
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 9 /u vkSj eqnzk iz.kkyh

èku dk vFkZ z ewY; dk eki & ftls •krs dh bdkbZ ds :i esa Hkh ekuk
tkrk gS] oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds ewY; ds lkekU; eki
z oLrq vkSj lsokvksa ds Hkqxrku ;k ½.kksa ds fuiVku ds :i
dk vknku&çnku fd;k tkrk gSA èku dh foHkkT;rk vkSj
esa eqæk] fofue; dk lkekU; :i ls LohÑr ekè;e gSA
oSdfYidrk ds dkj.k oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds ewY; ds chp
z iSlk vius vki esa dqN Hkh ugha gS] ;g fofue; dk ekè;e]
lkis{k rqyuk laHko gSA
eki dh ,d bdkbZ vkSj ewY; ds HkaMkj ds :i esa viuk
ewY; çkIr djrk gSA z foHkkT; & ;gk¡ rd fd vxj NksVh o`f¼ esa foHkkftr fd;k
z iSlk fdlh ifjlaifÙk dk lcls rjy :i gS] ftls cktkj esa tkrk gS] rks ;g vkbVe ewY; ls vfèkd lVhd :i ls esy
vklkuh ls cspk tk ldrk gS vkSj bls lkoZHkkSfed :i ls •k ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lkS ds 5 uksV vkSj 500
Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA ds 1 uksV dh jkf'k leku ;kuh 500 #i;s gSA
z çfreksP; & ,d gh çdkj dh laifÙk ds vU; O;fÙkQ;ksa
èku dk dk;Z ds lkFk ,d ifjlaifÙk dh vnyk&cnyh djus dh {kerkA
çkFkfed dk;Z mnkgj.k ds fy,] 100 #i;s ds 2 uksV leku ek=kk esa lkeku
vkSj lsok,a •jhn ldrs gSaA
z fofue; dk ekè;e & ;g oLrqvksa ;k ysu&nsu ds vknku&çnku
dh lqfoèkk çnku djrk gSA blds fuEufyf•r xq.k gSa% f}rh;d dk;Z
izkFkfed dk;Z z vkLFkfxr Hkqxrkuksa dk ekud% ½.kksa ds Hkqxrku dk
vLFkk;h LFkxu ftldk Hkqxrku Hkfo"; dh rkjh• esa èku
ewY;ks dk eku fofue; dk ekè;e dk mi;ksx djds fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ewY;ksa dk eki
z ewY;ksa dk gLrkarj.k% èku dk ewY; iwjs ns'k esa leku
ekè;fed dk;Z jgrk gS vkSj ;g gLrkarj.kh; gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] #
vkLFkfxr Hkxqrku dk ekud 500 #i;s dh udnh ns'k ds fdlh Hkh dksus esa tek vkSj
ewY; lap; LFkkukarfjr dh tk ldrh gS] tcfd mudk ewY; leku
ewY; dk LFkkukarj.k jgrk gSA
 oSèkkfud fufonk ds :i esa lkoZHkkSfed LohÑfrA z ewY; lap; (Store of Value)% èku dks Hkfo"; esa mi;ksx
 nh?kZ dky rd fVdkÅ gSA ds fy, cpr vkSj fuos'k ds :i esa laxzfgr fd;k tk ldrk
 'kfÙkQ vkSj yksxksa dh igpkuA gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] cSadksa vkSj Mkd?kjksa esa cpr •krs ;k
 udy djuk eqf'dyA fuos'k ds :i esa dksbZ laifÙk •jhnukA
eqæk dk fodkl
oLrw fofue; iz.kkyh oLrq eqnzk /kfRod eqnzk dkxt eqnzk cSd eqnzk vkHkklh eqnzk
oLrq fofue; ç.kkyh
z eqæk dh eè;LFkrk ds fcuk oLrqvksa ds ,d lsV dk nwljs lsV ds fy, fofue;A mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d fdyks xsgwa ds vkVs dks
,d fdyks pkoy ds lkFk cny nsukA
 ykHk uqdlku%
z fofue; dk lcls ljy :iA z ^bPNkvksa ds nksgjs la;ksx* ls xzLr gS] tgk¡ cnys esa nksuksa
z dksbZ èku ladsUæ.k ughaA i{kksa ds ikl ,d nwljs ds mRikn ;k vfèk'ks"k dh iwjd
z fons'kh eqæk O;oLFkk dk dksbZ çHkko ughaA ekaxsa gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] xsgw¡ dk fdlku jksVh •jhnuk
pkgrk gS vkSj ,d csdj ftls xsgw¡ pkfg,] ;gk¡ nksuksa viuh
vko';d vko';drkvksa ds fy, oLrqvksa dk vknku&çnku
dj ldrs gSa
z fofue; ds lkekU; ekè;e ds vHkko esa oLrqvksa ds lhèks
Ø; dk dksbZ çkoèkku ugha gSA
z dksbZ iwath cpr ughaA
z uk'koku oLrqvksa dk vknku&çnku] dbZ ckj viO;; dk
dkj.k curk gSA
z foHkkT;rk dh vlaHkorkA
eqæk cuke oLrq fofue; ç.kkyh
ekinaMksa oLrq fofue; ç.kkyh eqæk
gk¡] lfCt;ksa vkSj iQyksa tSlh oLrqvksa ugha] ;g yacs le; rd cuk jg ldrk gSA
uk'koku
ds fy,A mnkgj.k ds fy,] dkxth eqæk rFkk flDdsA
bPNkvksa dk nksgjk la;ksx vko';d 'krZA vko';d ughaA
foHkkT;rk dfBu mPp foHkkT;rk
mPp] oLrqvksa dh uk'koku çÑfr rqyukRed :i ls deA
HkaMkj.k dh ykxr
dks ns•rs gq,
lkoZHkkSfed Lohdk;Zrk ugha gk¡
vkLFkfxr Hkqxrku laHko ugha Hkqxrku ds laHkkfor vLFkk;h LFkxu
pyfufèk de mPp
oSdfYidrk de mPp
oLrq eqæk
z iSls dk ewY; varfuZfgr oLrq ls çkIr gksrk gSA
z mudk vkarfjd ewY; gks ldrk gS] Lo;a esa mi;ksx ;k lkeku •jhnus esa ewY; gks ldrk gSA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] dkWiQh chUl] dkSM+h] Ogsy ds nkar vkfnA

z gkfu%
 LVksj djus vkSj LFkkukarfjr djus esa leL;kA

 vafdr ewY; {ks=kksa ds vuqlkj fHkUu gks ldrk gSA

 æO; eqæk ds fy, foHkkT;rk vkSj oSdfYidrk dfBu gSaA

 vke rkSj ij] os çÑfr esa uk'koku gksrs gSaA

112 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
èkkrq eqæk z mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjrh; #i;k] ;wjks] ikmaM] ;w,l MkWyj]
z ;g lksus vkSj pkanh tSlh 'kq¼ vkSj mPp ewY; dh èkkrqvksa vkfnA
ls cuk gSA z Hkkjr esa dkxth eqæk nks laLFkkvksa }kjk tkjh fd;k tkrk gS%
z vafdr ewY; dh rqyuk esa bldk vkarfjd ewY; vfèkd gks  flDds vkSj #- 1 uksV & flDdk vfèkfu;e] 1906 ds

ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] 10 iSls ds èkkrq ds pkanh ds rgr Hkkjr ljdkj }kjkA
flDdksa dks fi?kykus ij mPp vkarfjd ewY; gks ldrk gSA  cSad uksV & Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad vfèkfu;e] 1934 ds

z lksus ds flDds lcls igys baMks ;wukfu;ksa vkSj dq"kk.kksa }kjk rgr Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjkA
tkjh fd, x, Fks] gkykafd xqIr lksus ds flDds 'kkunkj Fks z RBI vfèkfu;e] 1934 dsaæh; cSad dks lapyu ls fdlh
& oh.kk ctkrs gq, jktk dh vkÑfrA Hkh uksV dks okil ysus ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj dks fliQkfj'ksa
z ykHk% djus dk vfèkdkj nsrk gSA pyu ls uksVksa dks okil ysus dh
 mPp vkarfjd ewY;A
çfØ;k dks foeqæhdj.k ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS A
 v{k;
z vktknh ds ckn] Hkkjr us vc rd rhu ckj uksVcanh dh
 dqN gn rd foHkkT;rk vkSj oSdfYidrk laHko gSA
dok;n dh gSA
z uqdlku% z dkxth eqæk ds lkFk leL;k%
 eqæk ds ewY; esa deh ds dkj.k eqæk dh vfèkd NikbZ
 ys tkus ds fy, HkkjhA
ds ifj.kkeLo:i vfr eqækLiQhfr gks ldrh gSA
 mPp HkaMkj.k vkSj ifjogu ykxrA
 LVksj vkSj ifjogu ds fy, HkkjhA
 okLrfod ewY; ds fy, rLdjhA
 udyh gksus dk •rjk gS] blfy, udyh uksVksa ds çpyu
D;k vki tkurs gSa\ dk eqík
z vafdr ewY;% eqæk dh vU; bdkb;ksa ds lkis{k flDds  vklkuh ls NksVh&NksVh o`f¼;ksa esa foHkkftr ugha fd;k
dk dkuwuh :i ls ifjHkkf"kr ewY;A bls ?kVd /krq dks tk ldrk] ftlls leL;kvksa dk iw.kkZadu gks tkrk gSA
cspus ls çkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] mnkgj.k ds fy,] fdjkuk fcy esa cnyko dh leL;k
10 #i;s dh dkxth eqæk dk vafdr ewY; 10 gSA ds dkj.k 60 iSls ds cnys xzkgdksa dks okil ugha fd;k
z vkarfjd ewY;% ,d flDds ds Hkhrj ?kVd /krq dk tkrk gSA
cktkj ewY; tks Lo;a ?kVd /krq dh fcØh ls çkIr fd;k z dkxth eqæk esa 'kkfey ugha gS%
tk ldrk gSA dkuwuh leFkZu
vkHkklh@fØIVks eqæk ds fcuk isij
dkxth eqæk% euh
z dkxth eqæk tks fdlh Hkh HkkSfrd oLrq }kjk lefFkZr ugha th&lsd fiQ,V euh 'kkfey fMekaM
gS] ysfdu bldk ewY; ljdkj ds vkns'k ls çkIr gksrk gSA Vh& fcy ugha gS MªkÝ­V
z dkxth eqæk dks dkuwuh :i ls ekU;rk çkIr gS blfy, bls 'ks;j ckWUM MsfcV vkSj
vfèkdkj {ks=k ds Hkhrj lHkh ½.kksa vkSj Hkqxrkuksa dks fuiVkus fMcsapj psd oszQfMV dkMZ
ds fy, dkuwuh fufonk ekuk tkrk gSA
z dkxth eqæk dk vkarfjd ewY; mlds vafdr ewY; ls de cSad eqæk
gSA z ns'k ds dsaæh; cSad }kjk lefFkZr èku dks cSad èku dgk
z çfrfufèk èku & tc dkuwuh eqæk lksus ;k pkanh ds ekudksa tkrk gSA
}kjk lefFkZr gksA z cSad èku esa 'kkfey gSa & psd] fMekaM MªkÝV] MsfcV vkSj
z 'kwU; C;kt ds lkFk csukeh fc;jj ckWUM & tc dsaæh; ØsfMV dkMZ] ,ubZ,iQVh vkSj vkjVhth,lA
cSad }kjk dkxth eqæk dk leFkZu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g z ykHk%
^èkkjd dks brus #i;s dh jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djus* dk oknk  Rofjr vkSj vklku ysunsu fuiVkuA

djrk gS A  vkLFkfxr Hkqxrku dk fodYiA

vkSjj eqeqnnzk zkiziz.kkyh

/u vkS .kkyh 113
  udy djuk eqf'dyA
 ifjorZu dk dksbZ eqík ugha] lVhd jkf'k dk Hkqxrku
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 dkMZ •ks tkus ij Úht fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 mPp ewY; Hkqxrku ds fy, dkuwuh :i ls ekU;rk çkIrA
vkHkklh@fØIVksdjsl
a h
z ,d çdkj dh vfu;fer fMftVy eqæk tks dsoy bysDVªkWfud
:i esa miyCèk gSA
z ;g ,d CykWdpsu usVodZ ds Hkhrj dk;kZfUor gksrk gS ftls
dsaæh; cSafdax çkfèkdj.k }kjk fu;af=kr ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
z bls fo'ks"k :i ls fMtkbu fd, x, lkWÝVos;j] eksckby ;k
daI;wVj ,fIyds'ku ds ekè;e ls gh laxzghr vkSj lapkfyr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z lHkh vkHkklh eqæk,¡ fMftVy eqæk,¡ gSa] ysfdu blds foijhr
ugha] D;ksafd fMftVy eqæk ,d cSad }kjk fMftVy :i esa
tkjh dh tkus okyh ,d lkèkkj.k eqæk gSA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] fcVdkWbu] ,Fksfj;e] ykbVdkWbu vkfn
eqæk ds çdkj
z dkuwuh fufonk & dsaæh; cSafdax çkfèkdj.k ;k ljdkj }kjk
tkjh fd;k x;k eqæk ftls fdlh ds }kjk vLohdkj ugha
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z fo'okL; eqæk & og eqæk tks çkIrdrkZ vkSj HkqxrkudrkZ
ds chp Hkjksls }kjk lefFkZr gksrk gSA blfy, bls dkuwuh
fufonk ds :i esa ?kksf"kr ugha fd;k x;k gS_ yksxksa dks bls
Lohdkj djus dh vko';drk ugha gSA fo'okL; èku tkjh
djus okyk oknk djrk gS fd ;fn okgd }kjk vuqjksèk fd;k
tkrk gS rks og deksfMVh ;k fiQ,V eqæk ds lkFk bldk
vknku&çnku djsxkA mnkgj.k& psdA
z okf.kfT;d cSad eqæk & foÙkh; laLFkkuksa ds fo#¼ nkos
ftudk mi;ksx oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dks •jhnus ds fy,
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g vkaf'kd fjtoZ cSafdax ds ekè;e
ls cuk;k x;k gSA
 ÚSD'kuy fjtoZ cSafdax & og çfØ;k ftlesa ,d okf.
kfT;d cSad fdlh O;fÙkQ dh okLrfod eqæk ds ewY;
ls vfèkd ewY; dk ½.k nsrk gSA
 ;g okf.kfT;d cSad }kjk mRiUu ½.k gS tks okLrfod
èku ;k oLrqvksa ;k lsokvksa ds fy, fofue; fd;k
tkrk gSA
z ØsfMV èku & ftlesa ekSfæd ewY; oLrq ewY; ls vfèkd gSA
114
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk dFku oSèk eqæk ds vFkZ dk
lgh o.kZu djrk gS\ (2018)
(a) og iSlk tks dkuwuh ekeyksa dh iQhl pqdkus ds fy,
vnkyr esa fn;k tkrk gSA
(b) og èku tks ,d ysunkj vius nkos ds fuiVku
esa Lohdkj djus ds fy, etcwj gSA
(c) psd] MªkÝV] fcy vkWiQ ,Dlpsat vkfn ds :i esa
cSad dk iSlkA
(d) fdlh ns'k esa lapyu esa èkkrq dk iSlkA
eqæk dk l`tu
z eqæk dh vkiwfrZ & fdlh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ekih
xbZ frfFk ij yksxksa ds ikl eqæk dh dqy jkf'k vkSj cSadksa
esa tek jkf'kA
 miHkksÙkQk bdkbZ (CU) vkSj fMekaM MªkÝV (DD) ;k
lkofèk tek ds ewY;ksa esa ifjorZu ds lkFk eqæk vkiwfrZ
esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA
 eqæk vkiwfrZ (M1) = CU + DD
z vkjchvkbZ (ekSfæd çkfèkdj.k) vkSj okf.kfT;d cSadksa dh
fofHkUu dkjZokb;k¡] ;gk¡ rd fd cSadksa esa udnh vkSj tek
j•us dh lkoZtfud çkFkfedrk Hkh eqæk vkiwfrZ dks çHkkfor
djrh gSA
z eqæk vkiwfrZ ij iM+us okys bu çHkkoksa dks fuEufyf•r
çeq• vuqikrksa ls le>k tk ldrk gS
z djsalh fMikWftV jsf'k;ks (CDR) & turk ds ikl ekStwn
djsalh dk mudh cSad fMikWftV ls vuqikrA ;g fo'kq¼ :i
ls ,d O;ogkj iSjkehVj gS tks yksxksa dh rjyrk ;k udnh
ds fy, ojh;rk dks n'kkZrk gSA CDR c<+ tkrk gS] mnkgj.k
ds fy,] vfrfjÙkQ •pZ dks iwjk djus ds fy, R;ksgkjh
lhtu ds nkSjkuA
z fjtoZ fMikWftV jsf'k;ks (RDR) & dqy tek dk vuqikr
tks okf.kfT;d cSad fjtoZ ds :i esa j•rs gSaA
z fjtoZ èku dks ;k rks cSad esa okWYV dS'k ds :i esa j•k tk
ldrk gS ;k vkjchvkbZ ds ikl tek fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z cSad esa fdlh O;fÙkQ dh tek jkf'k dk ,d fgLlk vkjf{kr
j•k tkrk gS vkSj 'ks"k fofHkUu fuos'k ifj;kstukvksa ds fy,
½.k fn;k tkrk gSA bl fjtoZ dk mi;ksx •krkèkkjdksa }kjk
udnh dh ekax dks iwjk djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
z vkjchvkbZ }kjk LoLFk vkjMhvkj ds fy, mi;ksx fd, tkus
okys fofHkUu midj.k] tSls%
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z udn vkjf{kr vuqikr (Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR))& vf/d udn] pkyw •krk 'ks;j] ckaM
tek dk ,d va'k tks cSadksa dks vkjchvkbZ ds ikl j•uk
pkfg,A mPp C;kt tek •krk
pyfuf/ tek dk çek.k i=k
z oSèkkfud rjyrk vuqikr (Statutory Liquidity
Ratio (SLR)) ekax tek vkSj lkofèk tek dk ,d va'k HkkSfrd laifÙk vkSj
ftls cSadksa dks fufnZ"V rjy laifÙk & udnh] lksuk] vkfn esa de iwath& laifÙk e'khujh
vius ikl j•uk pkfg,A
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
z cSad nj & RDR ds ewY; dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, RBI
}kjk mi;ksx dh tkus okyh C;kt nj] tc ,d okf.kfT;d 1. fuEufyf•r rjy laifÙk;ksa ij fopkj djsa% (2013)
cSad HkaMkj ls de pyrk gS] rks og cSad nj ij vkjchvkbZ 1- cSadksa ds ikl fMekaM fMikWftVA
ls iSlk mèkkj ys ldrk gSA 2- cSadksa ds lkFk lkofèk tekA
z okf.kfT;d cSad & os yksxksa ls tek Lohdkj djrs gSa vkSj 3- cSadksa ds ikl cpr tekA
bl èku dks mèkkjdrkZ dks C;kt nj ij mèkkj nsrs gSaA 4- eqæk
z mèkkj nj & cSadksa }kjk tek èkkjdksa dks nh tkus okyh C;kt rjyrk ds ?kVrs Øe esa bu laifÙk;ksa dk orZeku Øe gS%
dh njA (a) 1&4&3&2
z mèkkj nj & ½.k ds fy, fuos'kdksa dks cSadksa }kjk yxk, (b) 4&3&2&1
x, C;kt dh njA (c) 2&3&1&4
z LçsM & mèkkj nj vkSj mèkkj nj ds chp ds varj dks LçsM (d) 4&1&3&2
ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] ftls cSadksa }kjk muds ykHk ds :i eqæk dh vgfe;r
esa fofu;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA
z eqæk ds ewY; dks eqæk dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
z ek¡x nks çdkj dh gksrh gS & fd;k tkrk gS tks fd eqæk dh ,d bdkbZ ds lkFk •jhnh
 fMekaM fMikWftV & tks •krkèkkjd dh ekax ij cSadksa
tk ldus okyh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh ek=kk gSA
}kjk ns; gksrk gSA mnkgj.k% cpr vkSj pkyw •krsA
z eqæk dk ewY; vFkkZr Ø; 'kfÙkQ lkekU; dher Lrj ds
 tek & ,slh tek,¡ ftudh ifjiDork vofèk fuf'pr
foijhr gksrh gSA vFkkZRk] tc eqæk dk ewY; c<+rk gS] rks
gksrh gSA mnkgj.k% lkofèk tekA
lkekU; ewY; Lrj fxjrk gS] vkSj foijhr gksus ij bldk
eqæk fuekZ.k myVk gksrk gSA
z og çfØ;k ftlds }kjk cSad vfrfjÙkQ HkaMkj m/kj nsdj
psd djus ;ksX; tek (iSlk) cukrs gSaA cSadksa }kjk l`ftr
z mnkgj.k ds fy, ] ,d fuf'pr le; ij] 10 #i;s
/u dh dqy jkf'k miyC/ vfrfjÙkQ HkaMkj dh jkf'k vkSj esa 2 dSMcjh pkWdysV •jhnh tk ldrh Fkh] ysfdu
dsaæh; cSad }kjk fufnZ"V tek jkf'k ds cSdvi ds fy, lkekU; ewY; Lrj esa o`f¼ ds lkFk] vc #A 10 dsoy
fufnZ"V vkjf{kr vko';drk vuqikr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ,d dSMcjh •jhn ldrs gSaA ;g eqæk dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ ds
{kj.k ds dkj.k gSA
z rjyrk (Liquidity) & ;g ml vklkuh dks lanfHkZr djrk
gS ftl ij fdlh laifÙk dks mlds cktkj ewY; dks çHkkfor
fd, fcuk rS;kj udnh esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA eqæk eqæk dh ekax
lHkh laifÙk;ksa esa lcls vfèkd rjy gSA z iSlk lHkh laifÙk;ksa esa lcls vfèkd rjy gS] ftls lkoZHkkSfed
rjyrk dk Øe% èku@eqæk > ekax tek > cpr tek > :i ls Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj fdlh Hkh oLrq ds fy,
lkofèk tekA bldk vknku&çnku fd;k tk ldrk gSA

vkSjj eqeqnnzk zkiziz.kkyh

/u vkS .kkyh 115
z gkykafd] bldh udn esa vk;ksftr gksus dh volj ykxr
gSA vxj cSad esa fiQDLM fMikWftV esa iSlk yxk;k tkrk gS]
rks ml ij C;kt dek;k tk ldrk gSA
z eqæk cSysal dh ekax ] ftls rjyrk ojh;rk ds :i esa
Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ysunsu dh ekax vkSj lêðk ekax ls cuk gSA
z ekaxs x, iSls dh ek=kk ysunsu dh ek=kk ij vkèkkfjr gksrh
gS] tks cnys esa fdlh O;fÙkQ dh vk; ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
z vk; esa o`f¼ → eqæk dh ek¡x esa o`f¼
z mPp C;kt nj → eqæk dh ek¡x ?kV tkrh gS
z yksx fuEufyf•r mís';ksa ds fy, eqæk 'ks"k j•uk pkgrs
gSa%
 ysu&nsu dk edln & iSlk j•us dk çkFkfed edln
fnu&çfrfnu ds ysu&nsu dks vatke nsuk gSA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] iSlk fdjkus dk lkeku] crZu] cl ;k Vªsu fVdV]
lCth ;k iQy vkfn •jhnus ds fy, j•k tkrk gSA
 vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqæk dh ysu&nsu dh ekax dks
daifu;ksa vkSj O;fÙkQ;ksa ds orZeku ysunsu ds fy,
vko';d eqæk dh jkf'k ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k x;k gSA
 dhUl ds vuqlkj] vk; Lrj eqæk dh ysu&nsu dh
ek¡x dks fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA vk; dk Lrj ftruk
vfèkd gksxk] ysu&nsu ds fy, èku dk vkdkj mruk
gh cM+k gksxkA
 vk; ds vykok] eqæk ds fy, ysu&nsu dh ekax
fuHkZj djrh gS%
 C;kt nj & bldk foijhr lacaèk gSA
 C;kt nj esa o`f¼ → eqæk j•us dh ykxr c<+
tkrh gS → yksxksa dh èkkfjr jkf'k ?kV tkrh gSA
 C;kt nj esa deh → eqæk j•us dh ykxr de
gks tkrh gS → yksxksa ds ikl iSls dk mPp Lrj
gksrk gSA
 ewY; Lrj & lhèkk lacaèkA
 ewY; esa o`f¼ → Hkqxrku ysunsu dks iwjk djus ds
fy, vfèkd eqæk èkkj.k djukA
 ewY; esa deh → de èkujkf'k j•h tkrh gSA
z ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa okf"kZd ysu&nsu ds dqy ewY; esa lHkh
eè;orhZ oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa esa ysu&nsu 'kkfey gSa tks
lkadsfrd thMhih ls vfèkd gSA
z lkadsfrd thMhih esa o`f¼ dk rkRi;Z ysunsu ds dqy ewY;
esa o`f¼ ls gSA
116
D;k vki tkurs gSa\
z LVkWd % ;g fdlh fof'k"V le; ij ekStwn ek=kk dh eki
gS tks vrhr esa tek gks ldrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] iSls
dk LVkWd yksxksa ds ikl ,d fuf'pr le; ij gksrk gSA
z çokg % bls le; ds varjky ij ekik tkrk gS] bdkbZ
le; ds vuqlkj ekik tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
ysu&nsu dk ewY; ,d O;fÙkQ ,d fuf'pr le; &
eghus] frekgh ;k o"kZ esa dj ldrk gSA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. eqæk dh vkiwfrZ leku jgrh gS tc eqæk dh ekax esa o`f¼
gksrh gS] rks ________________ gksxh (2013)
(a) dherksa ds Lrjksa esa fxjkoVA
(b) C;kt nj esa o`f¼
(c) C;kt nj esa deh
(d) vk; vkSj jkstxkj ds Lrj esa o`f¼
z lêðk edln & tc yksx 'ks;j] ckWUM ;k fdlh tksf•e Hkjs
fuos'k esa fuos'k djus ds ctk; iSlk j•uk ilan djrs gSaA
 cktkj ds mrkj&p<+ko dh vyx&vyx O;k[;kvksa ds
vkèkkj ij yksx Hkfo"; ds fjVuZ dk vuqeku yxkrs gSaA
 dhUl ds vuqlkj] C;kt dh nj ftruh vfèkd gksxh]
eqæk dh lêðk ek¡x mruh gh de gksxhA
 tc C;kt nj c<+rh gS] rks yksx fudV Hkfo"; esa C;kt
nj esa deh dh mEehn djrs gSaA C;kt nj esa deh ds
lkFk] ckWUM dh dhersa c<+saxh] blfy, fuos'kd rc rd
ckWUM j•sxa s tc rd fd C;kt nj dk ,glkl ugha gks tkrkA
 blh rjg] tc C;kt njsa fxjrh gSa] rks yksx muls fudV
Hkfo"; esa c<+us dh mEehn djrs gSaA C;kt nj esa o`f¼
ds lkFk] ckaM dh dher fxj tk,xh] blfy, fuos'kd
rc rd iSlk jksds j•saxs tc rd fd ckaM dh dher
esa fxjkoV dk ,glkl ugha gks tkrkA
lêðk ekax vkSj rjyrk tky
z rjyrk tky & vFkZO;oLFkk esa cgqr de C;kt nj
dh fLFkfr tgk¡ yksx Hkfo"; esa C;kt nj ds c<+us vkSj
ckn esa ckaM dh dher esa fxjkoV dh mEehn djrs gSaA
ysfdu blds ctk;] ;g iwathxr gkfu dk dkj.k curk
gSA blfy,] de C;kt njksa ds dkj.k yksx fuos'k djus
ds ctk; iSlk j•uk ilan djrs gSaA
z ckaM & ,d fufnZ"V vofèk esa Hkfo"; ds ekSfæd fjVuZ
ds fy, oknk djus okyk ,d isijA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ,gfr;krh edln & tc yksx vçR;kf'kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ;k
vkdfLedrk dh fLFkfr;ksa esa mi;ksx ds fy, iSlk j•rs gSaA
 dhUl ds vuqlkj] ,gfr;krh ekax dks iwjk djus ds fy,]
yksx cpr •krs] lkFk gh dqN LVkWd vkSj deksfMVht
Hkh j•rs gSaA
 vkdfLedrk dh fLFkfr ls gksus okys laHkkfor uqdlku
dks de djus ds fy, yksx ,gfr;krh larqyu j•rs gSaA
 ;g vk; ds vkdkj] ½.k dh miyCèkrk vkSj C;kt nj
ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
eqæk dh ekax ds fuèkkZjd
z çpfyr ewY; Lrj & mPp ewY; Lrj ;k C;kt nj eqæk
dh ekax esa deh (vkSj blds foijhr)A
z eqækLiQhfr dk Lrj & mPp eqækLiQhfr ds Lrj ls eqæk
dh ekax esa deh vkbZ_ D;ksafd yksx •pZ ds ctk; cpr
djuk ilan djrs gSaA
z ç;ksT; vk; & mPp ç;ksT; vk; mPp •pZ djus dh
ço`fÙk eqæk dh mPp ekaxA
z ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa uokpkj LrjA
volj ykxr
z volj ykxr dks ,d ykHk ds :i esa lanfHkZr fd;k
tkrk gS ftls ,d fu.kZ; fd, tkus ij ,d O;fÙkQ NksM+
nsrk gS_ ,d ykHk tks ,d O;fÙkQ çkIr dj ldrk Fkk]
ysfdu dk;Zokgh ds nwljs rjhds ls NksM+ fn;kA
z vkfFkZd ykxr ds :i esa Hkh lanfHkZr fd;k tkrk gS
] ;g lcls vkd"kZd fodYi vkSj pqus x, fodYi ds
fjVuZ ds chp dk varj gSA
z gok vkSj ikuh tSlh eqÝr oLrqvksa dh volj ykxr
'kwU; gSA
z lkoZtfud oLrqvksa dh volj ykxr 'kwU; ugha gSA
lkoZtfud oLrqvksa ds ekeys esa volj ykxr mRikn ds
miHkksÙkQk ls djnkrk dks gLrkarfjr dh tkrh gSA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. ;fn dksbZ oLrq ljdkj }kjk turk dks fu%'kqYd çnku dh
tkrh gS] rks% (2018)
(a) volj ykxr 'kwU; gSA
(b) volj ykxr ij è;ku ugha fn;k tkrk gSA
(c) volj ykxr mRikn ds miHkksÙkQkvksa ls djnkrk
turk dks gLrkarfjr dh tkrh gSA
(d) volj ykxr mRikn ds miHkksÙkQkvksa ls ljdkj dks
gLrkarfjr dh tkrh gSA
vkSjj eqeqnnzk zkiziz.kkyh
/u vkS .kkyh
eqæk dh vkiwfrZ & ekSfæd leqPp;
z eqæk vkiwfrZ] ftls ekSfæd ldy ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk
gS] ,d fo'ks"k le; ij lapyu esa èku dk dqy HkaMkj gSA
z eqæk dh vkiwfrZ dks ^eqæk LVkWd*] ^eqæk dk LVkWd*]
^eqæk lIykbZ* vkSj ^eqæk dh ek=kk* ds :i esa Hkh tkuk
tkrk gSA
z eqæk vkiwfrZ dk oxhZdj.k] tSlk fd RBI }kjk çdkf'kr fd;k
x;k gS] vFkkZr M0 ds lkFk M1] M2] M3 vkSj M4 gSA
z eqæk lIykbZ] eqæk eYVhIyk;j (,e) vkSj fjtoZ eqæk dk
mRikn gSA
vkjf{kr eqæk (M0)
z fjtoZ eqæk (M0) vFkZO;oLFkk dk ekSfæd vkèkkj gS
ftlesa pyu esa eqæk] RBI ds ikl cSadj dh tek jkf'k
vkSj RBI ds ikl vU; tek 'kkfey gSaA
z bls gkbZ&ikoj eqæk ] ekSfæd vkèkkj] csl eqæk vkfn ds
:i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
z vkjchvkbZ ds lkFk ^vU;* tekjkf'k;ksa esa 'kkfey gSa%
 vèkZ&U;kf;d vkSj foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dh tek jkf'kA
 fons'kh dsaæh; cSadksa vkSj ljdkj ds •krs esa 'ks"k jkf'kA
 IMF tSlh varjkZ"Vªh; ,tsafl;ksa ds •krksa esa 'ks"k jkf'kA
fjtoZ eqæk ¾ çpyu esa eqæk $ vkjchvkbZ ds ikl cSadjksa
dh tek jkf'k $ vkjchvkbZ ds ikl ^vU;* tekA
ladh.kZ@uSjks eqæk (,e1 vkSj ,e2)
z M1 vkSj M2 dks uSjks eqæk ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gS] blesa
djsalh uksV] flDds vkSj okf.kfT;d cSadksa esa turk }kjk j•h
xbZ fMekaM fMikWftV 'kkfey gSaA
z vR;fèkd rjy eqæk vkSj cSad bl eqæk ls vius mèkkj
dk;ZØe ugha pyk ldrsA
z M1 ¾ turk ds ikl djsalh $ cSafdax flLVe ds
ikl fMekaM fMikWftV $ vkjchvkbZ ds ikl ^vU;*
fMikWftVA
z M2 ¾ M1 $ Mkd?kj cpr cSadksa dh cpr tekA
czkWM eqæk (M3 vkSj M4)
z M3 vkSj M4 dks czkWM eqæk ekuk tkrk gSA
z M3 ¾ M1 $ cSafdax flLVe ds lkFk usV Vkbe
fMikWftVA
117
z M3 dks dqy ekSfæd lalkèku ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk z vkjchvkbZ dks fdlh O;fÙkQ }kjk mRikfnr eqæk dk mRiknu
gS] ;g Mkd?kj cpr cSadksa ds lkofèk tek ds fcuk O;kid djus ij uksV ij Nis vkadM+s ds cjkcj ewY; dk Hkqxrku
eqæk gS vkSj vkerkSj ij eqæk vkiwfrZ ds mik; ds :i esa djuk gksxkA blh rjg] tek èkkjdksa dh ekax ij vkjchvkbZ
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA }kjk tek jkf'k okil dh tkrh gSA
z ^usV* dk rkRi;Z gS fd cSad }kjk èkkfjr turk ds tek dks
z vkjchvkbZ dh bu nsunkfj;ksa dks lksus vkSj fons'kh HkaMkj
gh eqæk vkiwfrZ esa 'kkfey fd;k tkuk gS] varjcSad tek dks
okyh laifÙk;ksa }kjk lefFkZr gksuk pkfg,A
eqæk vkiwfrZ dk ,d fgLlk ugha ekuk tkrk gSA
z M4 ¾ M3 $ Mkd?kj cpr cSadksa esa lHkh tek (jk"Vªh; z bl çdkj]
cpr çek.ki=kksa dks NksM+dj)A eqæk dh vkiwfrZ ¾ eqæk $ tek
rjyrk% M = CU + DD = (1 + cdr) DD
M1 > M2 > M3 > M4 Where,
CU ¾ eqæk
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
DD ¾ usV fMekaM fMikWftV
1. fuEufyf•r ij fopkj djsa%
cdr = CU/DD
1-turk ds ikl eqæk
z dsaæh; cSad }kjk tkjh eqæk dks 'gkbZ ikoj èku' ds :i esa
2-cSadksa ds ikl ekax tek
tkuk tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;g vke rkSj ij ^HkaMkj* dk leFkZu
3-cSadksa ds lkFk lkofèk tek
djrh gS vkSj blds ewY; dh xkjaVh ljdkj }kjk nh tkrh gSA
ls dkSu czkWM eqæk (M3) esa 'kkfey gSa\
buesa
z Hkkjr esa gkbZ ikoj eqæk ds lzksr gSa%
(a) 1 vkSj 2
z vkjchvkbZ & 2] 5] 10] 20] 50] 100] 200] 500 vkSj
(b) 1 vkSj 3
2000 ds ewY;oxZ ds lkFk eqæk,a tkjh djrk gS] ftls
(c) 2 vkSj 3
vkjchvkbZ ^fjtoZ èku* dgrk gSA
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
z Hkkjr ljdkj & lHkh ewY;oxZ ds flDds vkSj ,d #i;s
2. Hkkjr esa eqæk vkiwfrZ ds dqN ?kVd fuEufyf•r gSa%
dk uksVA
1- turk ds ikl eqæk
2- cSadksa ds ikl ldy ekax tek eqæk vkiwfrZ dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd
3- cSadksa ds ikl dqy lkofèk tek z ekSfæd vkèkkj & lapyu esa eqæk dh dqy jkf'k vkSj
4- Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ds lkFk ^vU;* tek dsaæh; cSad esa okf.kfT;d cSad tek ds :i esaA flLVe esa
mijksÙkQ esa ls dkSu Hkkjr esa uSjks eqæk (M1) ds ?kVd gSa\ ftruh vfèkd vkjf{kr eqæk gksxh] eqæk dh vkiwfrZ mruh
(a) 1] 2 vkSj 3 gh vfèkd gksxhA
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 4 vkjf{kr
O;fÙkQ dh ilan cSad fjtoZ vuqikr
(c) 1] 2 vkSj 4
(d) dsoy 1 vkSj 4
C;kt nj iSls dh vkiwfrZ ^ekSfnzd uhfr*
mPp 'kfÙkQ eqæk ds fu/kZjd
z gkbZ ikoj eqæk ns'k ds ekSfæd çkfèkdj.k] vkjchvkbZ dh jktdks"kh; ekSfnzd vk/kj
dqy nsunkjh gSA uhfr /u xq.kd
z vkjchvkbZ dh nsunkfj;k¡% z ekSfæd uhfr & egaxh (dBksj) ekSfæd uhfr us cktkj esa
 turk ds chp pyu esa uksV vkSj flDdsA eqæk vkiwfrZ dks de dj fn;k] tcfd lLrh ekSfæd uhfr
 vkjchvkbZ ds ikl okf.kfT;d cSadksa dh frtksjh udnA eqæk vkiwfrZ dks c<+k nsrh gSA
 Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk vk;ksftr Hkkjr ljdkj vkSj z O;fÙkQ dh ojh;rk & mudh vk; dk fgLlk ftruk vfèkd
okf.kfT;d cSadksa dh tek jkf'kA cSad esa tek gksrk gS] èku dh vkiwfrZ mruh gh de gksrh gSA

118 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z jktdks"kh; uhfr & djkèkku vkSj O;; vksojgsM ifjorZu
ls eqæk vkiwfrZ esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA
 mPp djkèkku eqæk vkiwfrZ dks de djrk gSA
 ?kkVs dh foÙk O;oLFkk eqæk vkiwfrZ dks c<+krh gSA
 th&lsd dh fcØh esa o`f¼ ls eqæk vkiwfrZ esa deh
vk,xhA
z O;kikj & pØ & cwe pØ esa èku dh vkiwfrZ c<+ tkrh gS]
tcfd eanh ds pØ esa] èku dh vkiwfrZ de gks tkrh gSA
z èku eYVhIyk;j% ØsfMV fØ,'ku ds :i esa vFkZO;oLFkk esa
iSlk cukuk] tks vkaf'kd fjtoZ cSafdax ç.kkyh ij vkèkkfjr
gSA
z C;kt nj & mPp C;kt nj] de èku dh vkiwfrZ D;ksafd
;g yksxksa }kjk mèkkj ysus dks grksRlkfgr djrh gSA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl mik; ds ifj.kkeLo:i vFkZO;oLFkk
esa eqæk vkiwfrZ esa o`f¼ gksxh\ (2012)
1- lsaVªy cSad }kjk turk ls th&lsd dh •jhnA
2- turk }kjk okf.kfT;d cSadksa esa eqæk tek djukA
3- lsaVªy cSad ls ljdkj }kjk mèkkjA
4- lsaVªy cSad }kjk turk dks ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa dh
fcØhA
lgh dwV dk p;u djsa%
(a) dsoy 1
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 4
(c) 1 vkSj 3
(d) 2] 3 vkSj 4
eqæk xq.kd
z eqæk xq.kd dks O;kid eqæk dh vfèkdre jkf'k ds :i esa
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS tks fd okf.kfT;d cSadksa }kjk vkèkkj
eqæk vkSj vkjf{kr vuqikr dh fuf'pr jkf'k ds fy, cuk;k
tk ldrk gSA
z ekSfæd xq.kd ds :i esa Hkh lanfHkZr fd;k tkrk gS ] tek
dh jkf'k esa fdlh Hkh ifjorZu ls èku vkiwfrZ çHkkfor gksus
dh vfèkdre lhek gksrh gSA
z ;g mPp&'kfÙkQ okys eqæk ds LVkWd dh dqy eqæk vkiwfrZ
dk vuqikr gSA
vkSjj eqeqnnzk zkiziz.kkyh
/u vkS .kkyh
z eqæk xq.kd ¾ eqæk vkiwfrZ ÷ ekSfæd vkèkkj
Money Multiplier = M = 1+ cdr > 1
H cdr + rdr
M & eqæk dk HkaMkj_ H & mPp&'kfÙkQ okys eqæk dk HkaMkj
CDR & djsl
a h fMikWftV jsf'k;ks_ RDR & fjtoZ fMikWftV jsf'k;ks
z eqæk xq.kd 1 ls vfèkd gSA
z ,d okf.kfT;d cSad }kjk j•s x, dqy tek dk lhMhvkj&lh@
MhMh vuqikr] vkSj vkjMhvkj eqæk xq.kd ds egRoiw.kZ
fuèkkZjd gSaA
z eqæk xq.kd çHkko lk• fuekZ.k dh ifj?kVuk ds dkj.k gksrk
gS] tks bl çdkj gS%
z tc fdlh cSad dks A jkf'k dh tek jkf'k çkIr gksrh gS] rks
mldk dqy vkjf{kr HkaMkj c<+ tkrk gSA
z tek èkkjdksa dh fudklh ekaxksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, cSad
dks gkFk esa r × A ds cjkcj jkf'k j•us dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA (r ¾ vko';d vkjf{kr vuqikr (required
reserve ratio))A
z bls A & (r × A) ds cjkcj ½.k ds :i esa vfrfjÙkQ
HkaMkj dk foLrkj djus dh vuqefr gSA
z tc mèkkjdrkZ cSad esa iwjh ½.k jkf'k j•rk gS (eku fy;k
tkrk gS)] rks og vius dqy fjtoZ dks A & (r × A) ds
cjkcj jkf'k ls c<+k nsrk gSA
z fiQj ls] bl fjtoZ ls] cSad dks bl nwljs nkSj dh tek jkf'k
dk ,d va'k dsaæh; cSad ds ikl j•uk vko';d gS] vkSj
ckdh dks ½.k ds :i esa c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA
z ;g pØ pyrk jgrk gS vkSj varr% tekvksa esa o`f¼ ds
dkj.k vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqæk vkiwfrZ c<+ tkrh gSA blds
foijhr] tek esa deh ds lkFk eqæk vkiwfrZ ?kV tkrh gSA
z bl çdkj] èku xq.kd ¾ 1@ vko';d vkjf{kr vuqikr
(R) vko';d vkjf{kr vuqikr (R) tek jkf'k dk og
va'k gS ftls cSad dks vius ikl j•us dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA
z mPp vko';d fjtoZ vuqikr • de vfrfjÙkQ fjtoZ
• cSad ½.k ds :i esa de mèkkj ns ldrk gS • de
èku xq.kd
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqæk xq.kd fuEufyf•r esa ls fdlds
lkFk c<+rk gS\ (2019)
(a) udn vkjf{kr vuqikr esa o`f¼
(b) tula[;k dh cSafdax vknr esa o`f¼
(c) oSèkkfud rjyrk vuqikr esa o`f¼
(d) ns'k dh tula[;k esa o`f¼
119
eqæk lapyu dk osx
z eqæk lapyu dk osx & ;g ,d fuf'pr vofèk ds Hkhrj
oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh •jhn ds fy, vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqæk
dh vkSlr bdkbZ ifjpkfyr gksus dh la[;k dk ,d mik; gSA
z fdlh fuf'pr le;kofèk esa èku ds ,d gkFk ls nwljs gkFk
esa tkus dh vkSlr la[;kA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn vkius fdlh nqdkunkj ls 10 #i;s
dk isu •jhnk gS] rks og mlh 10 #i;s ds uksV dk mi;ksx
pkWdysV •jhnus ds fy, djrk gS] rks mlh djsalh uksV us
20 #i;s dk dk;Z fd;kA
z eqæk ds osx dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd%
z vk; forj.k% xjhc yksx vius eqæk dk rqjar mi;ksx djus
dh ço`fÙk j•rs gSa] bl çdkj muds gkFkksa esa eqæk dk osx
cgqr vfèkd gksrk gSA
z O;kikj pØ% O;kikj pØ ds rsth ds pj.k esa] ftldh
mPp ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ gksrh gS tks mPp vkfFkZd ysunsu dh
vksj ys tkrh gSA bl çdkj] cwe pj.k esa eqæk lapyu dk
mPp osx gksrk gSA
z bZ,evkbZ ojh;rk% •jhnkjh ds fy, bZ,evkbZ ½.kksa ds
mi;ksx ls eqæk dk osx vfèkd gksxkA
z fodflr ns'k% mPp O;; iSVuZ vkSj ljdkj dh lkekftd
lqj{kk esa fo'okl ds ifj.kkeLo:i fodflr ns'kksa esa eqæk
ifjlapj.k dk mPp osx gksrk gSA
Hkkjr esa ØsfMV fuekZ.k
z ,d cSad ;k rks ½.k nsdj ;k çfrHkwfr;ksa dks •jhndj
ØsfMV cuk ldrk gSA
z cSad tek dk dqN fgLlk rjy udnh ds :i esa j•rs gSa]
ftls dS'k fjtoZ dgk tkrk gSA ;g vkjchvkbZ }kjk fufnZ"V
U;wure vko';drk esa gSA
z vfrfjÙkQ ;k vfèk'ks"k dks cSadksa }kjk ½.k vkSj vfxze ds
:i esa fn;k tk ldrk gSA
z f}rh;d ;k O;qRiUu tek & cSad ½.k ysus okys ds uke
ij ,d tek •krk •ksyrk gS] tc os ½.k dk foLrkj
djrs gSa] bl tek dks f}rh;d ;k O;qRiUu tek ds :i esa
tkuk tkrk gSA
z ½.k nsus ds ckn tek dh xbZ jkf'k dks ØsfMV eYVhIyk;j
ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bl çdkj] f}rh;d tek ls ØsfMV
cuk;k tkrk gSA
z ØsfMV xq.kd bafxr djrk gS fd çkFkfed tek fdruh ckj
xq.kk gksrk gS vkSj lhvkjvkj dk O;qRØe gksrk gSA
120
z ØsfMV dh vko';drk ls vkrk gS%
 ekax i{k & miHkksÙkQkvksa dks miHkksÙkQk fVdkÅ oLrqvksa
tSls ljy laifÙk gkfly djus ds fy, ØsfMV dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
 vkiwfrZ i{k & yach vofèk ds fuos'k ds fy, dkWikZsjsV~l
ls ½.k dh ekaxA
z ½.k ds çdkj%
 okf.kfT;d ½.k & vkiwfrZ i{k dks vpy laifÙk;ksa dks
çkIr djus vkSj O;olk; dks cuk, j•us tSls mís';ksa
ds fy, fn;k tkrk gSA
 O;fÙkQxr ½.k & ekax i{k dks fn;k tkrk gS] vke
rkSj ij miHkksx vkSj fVdkÅ oLrq,a çkIr djus ds fy,A
 fd'r ØsfMV & ØsfMV jkf'k vfxze :i ls r; dh
tkrh gS vkSj ;k rks pj.kksa esa ;k ,d ckj esa forfjr dh
tkrh gSA ysfdu bls fdLrksa esa pqdk;k tkrk gSA
 vkWijsfVax ØsfMV & lapkyu ds fy, nSfud ØsfMV
vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, fn;k tkrk gSA cSad
ØsfMV lhek r; djrs gSa vkSj ,d pkyw •krk çnku
djrs gSa tgk¡ ls iSlk fudkyk tk ldrk gSA
 çkI; foÙk & foÙk ds fcy ds :i esa fn;k x;kA
eqæk ds çdkj
cktkj esa eqæk dh çÑfr dks bafxr djus ds fy, fofHkUu
'kCnkoyh dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
z varjjk"Vªh; eqæk ftlesa lcls T;knk
vkLFkk fn•kbZ tkrh gS vkSj bldh
t:jr gj vFkZO;oLFkk dks gksrh gSA
z nqfu;k dh lcls etcwr eqæk]
varjjk"Vªh; cktkj esa bldh mPp Lrj
dh rjyrk gSA
z ;g ges'kk nqyZHk gksrk gSA
nqyZHk eqæk
z mPpre vkSj fofoèk fu;kZr okyh
vFkZO;oLFkk tks vU; ns'kksa ds fy,
ckè;dkjh vk;kr djrh gS] bldh
eqæk dh mPp ekax iSnk djrh gS vkSj
;g dfBu eqæk cu tkrh gSA
z mnkgj.k% ;w,l MkWyj (;w,lMh)]
;wjks] fczfV'k ikmaM LVfyZax] vkfnA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 z eqæk tks fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk esa
mlds fons'kh eqæk cktkj esa vklkuh
ls miyCèk gSA
lqyHk eqæk
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjrh; #i;k
Hkkjrh; fons'kh eqæk cktkj esa ,d
lqyHk eqæk gSA
z ;g fdlh Hkh nqyZHk eqæk dk vLFkk;h
uke gSA
z ;fn dksbZ dBksj eqæk fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk
ls dqN le; ds fy, rhoz xfr ls
m".k eqæk ckgj fudy jgh gS] rks mls Å".k
eqæk dgk tkrk gSA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ
ladV ds nkSjku vesfjdh MkWyj Å".k
gks x;k FkkA
z ?kjsyw eqæk tks ewY;ßkl ds i;kZIr
ncko (xehZ) esa gS D;ksafd ,d nqyZHk
eqæk dh vFkZO;oLFkk ls ckgj fudyus
mf"er eqæk
dh mPp ço`fÙk gSA
z bls ^eqæk vaMj ghV* ;k ^vaMj
gSefjax* ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
z vFkZ'kkL=kh dhUl }kjk dgk tkrk gS]
vxj dksbZ ljdkj viuh ifjiDork
ls igys vius ckWUM dks fiQj ls
•jhnuk 'kq: dj nsrh gS] rks tks
iSlk vFkZO;oLFkk esa çokfgr gksrk gS]
lLrh eqæk
mls lLrh eqæk ;k lLrk iSlk dgk
tkrk gSA
z bls cSafdax m|ksx esa rqyukRed :i
ls de@uje C;kt njksa dh vofèk ds
:i esa ekuk tkrk gSA
z lLrh eqæk ds foijhr] tc dksbZ
ljdkj ckWUM tkjh djrh gS] rks
og èku tks turk ls ljdkj dks
;k vFkZO;oLFkk esa lkekU; :i ls
çokfgr gksrk gS] mls egaxh eqæk ;k
egaxh eqæk
egaxk èku dgk tkrk gSA
z bls cSafdax m|ksx esa rqyukRed :i
ls mPp@egaxh C;kt njksa dh vofèk
ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA
vkSjj eqeqnnzk zkiziz.kkyh
/u vkS .kkyh
z feYVu ÚhMeSu }kjk çLrqr ,d
dkYifud voèkkj.kk A
z blesa ns'k ds dsaæh; cSad dks djsalh
gsyhdkIVj iSlk uksV Nkius vkSj yksxksa dks eqÝr esa
forfjr djus dk dke 'kkfey gSA
z bldk mís'; eanh ds nkSjku vFkZO;oLFkk
esa ekax dks c<+kok nsuk gSA
Hkkjr esa eqæk
z fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k daiuh ds 'kklu ds nkSjku Hkkjr esa
igyh ckj dkxth eqæk tkjh dh xbZ FkhA
z tkjh dh xbZ igyh dkxth eqæk 1 #i;s dk uksV FkkA
z 18oha 'krkCnh ds var esa] igys dkxth uksV futh cSadksa
tSls cSad vkWiQ fganqLrku vkSj çslhMsalh cSadksa }kjk tkjh
fd, x, FksA
eqæk eaMy
1861 ds vfèkfu;e ds ckn] Hkkjr ljdkj ds ikl Hkkjr esa
dkxth uksV tkjh djus dk ,dkfèkdkj FkkA xfr'khyrk dh
deh] fodkl dh deh vkSj f'k{kk dh deh ds dkj.k bu
uksVksa dks Hkqukus esa ,d cM+h leL;k vkbZA bl çdkj] Hkkjr
ljdkj ds ;s dkxth uksV dqN çeq• 'kgjksa vkSj vkl&ikl ds
{ks=kksa esa oSèk eqæk FksA bu {ks=kksa dks ^eqæk eaMy* dgk tkrk FkkA
Hkkjr esa eqæk fu;a=kd
z RBI vfèkfu;e 1934 dh èkkjk 22 ds vuqlkj] RBI ds
ikl lHkh ewY;oxZ ds cSad uksV tkjh djus dk ,dek=k
vfèkdkj gSA
z 1 vçSy 1935 ls] eqæk dk;Z eqæk fu;a=kd ls Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
cSad esa pyk x;kA
z orZeku esa fjtoZ cSad LoPN vkSj okLrfod uksVksa dh i;kZIr
vkiwfrZ lqfuf'pr djus ds y{; ds lkFk ns'k dh eqæk ds
fMtkbu] mRiknu vkSj lexz çcaèku ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA
flDds dk n'keyodj.k
z Lora=krk ds le;] Hkkjrh; eqæk dh ewy bdkbZ 1 #i;k Fkh
ftls 16 vkus ;k 64 iSls esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk FkkA
z ;g 16 vUuk ;k 64 iSls dh lajpuk 1957 rd cuh jgh
tc flDds dk n'keyodj.k fd;k x;k FkkA
z 1957 esa flDds ds n'keyohdj.k ds lkFk] ¶ikbl¸ dh
orZuh dks ¶iSlk¸ esa cny fn;k x;k vkSj 1 #i;s dks 100
iSls esa foHkkftr dj fn;k x;kA
z #i;s ds 100osa fgLls dks u;k iSlk dgk tkrk FkkA 1964
esa "u;k" 'kCn gVk fn;k x;k FkkA
121
djsalh psLV
z ftu Hk.Mkjksa esa fjtoZ cSad dh vksj ls uksVksa vkSj #i;s ds
flDdksa dk LVkWd fd;k tkrk gS] mUgsa djsalh psLV dgk
tkrk gSA
z Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad] Ng lg;ksxh cSadksa] jk"Vªh;Ñr cSadksa]
futh {ks=k ds cSadksa] ,d fons'kh cSad] ,d jkT; lgdkjh
cSad vkSj ,d {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad ds lkFk djsalh psLV dh
LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA
z eqæk frtksjh esa tek dks vkjchvkbZ ds ikl HkaMkj ekuk tkrk
gS vkSj lhvkjvkj esa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA
djsalh uksV ij Hkk"kk,a vkSj gLrk{kj
z ,d djsalh uksV dh jkf'k ml ij 17
Hkk"kkvksa esa] cSdlkbM iSuy ij fganh vkSj
vaxzsth ds lkFk 15 Hkk"kkvksa esa fy•h
gksrh gSA
eqæk uksV ij
z cSdlkbM iSuy esa 'kkfey 15 Hkk"kkvksa
Hkk"kk,¡
esa vlfe;k] caxkyh] xqtjkrh] dUuM+]
d'ehjh] dksad.kh] ey;kye] ejkBh]
usikyh] mfM+;k] iatkch] laLÑr] rfey]
rsyqxq vkSj mnZw 'kkfey gSaA
z ,d #i, ds uksV dks NksM+dj lHkh djsalh
uksVksa ij flXuspj vkjchvkbZ ds ekStwnk
djsalh uksV xouZj ds gksrs gSaA
ij gLrk{kj z tcfd] ,d #i;s ds uksV dks foÙk
ea=kky; }kjk tkjh fd;k tkrk gS] bl ij
foÙk lfpo ds gLrk{kj gksrs gSaA
flDdksa ds lUnHkZ esa RBI dh Hkwfedk
z flDds Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk <kys tkrs gSa vkSj mudk forj.k
vkjchvkbZ }kjk ljdkj ds ,tsaV ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
z vkjchvkbZ Hkkjr esa dkuwuh fufonk dk ,dek=k lzksr gS
D;ksafd iwjs ns'k esa ,d #i;s ds uksV vkSj flDdksa vkSj NksVs
flDdksa dk forj.k fjtoZ cSad }kjk ljdkj ds ,tsaV ds :i
esa fd;k tkrk gSA
çpyu esa dkxth eqæk
z orZeku esa] Hkkjr esa dkxth eqæk uksV 5 #i;s] 10 #i;s]
20 #i;s] 50 #i;s] 100 #i;s] 200 #i;s] 500 #i;s vkSj
2]000 #i;s ds ewY;oxZ esa tkjh fd, tkrs gSaA
z gkykafd 2011 ds flDdk vfèkfu;e ds vuqlkj 1 #i;s
vkSj 2 #i;s ds uksV pyu esa gSa] ysfdu bldh NikbZ can
dj nh xbZ gSA
122
z RBI vfèkfu;e ds vuqlkj] RBI fdlh Hkh ewY;oxZ dk
dksbZ Hkh uksV tkjh dj ldrk gS] ysfdu 10]000 #i;s ls
vfèkd ughaA
z uksVksa ds ewY;oxZ dks ljdkj vkSj vkjchvkbZ vfèkfu;e }
kjk rnuqlkj vfèklwfpr fd;k tkrk gSA
vkjchvkbZ ds fuxZe vkSj eqæk foHkkx
z fuxZe foHkkx ,d vyx foHkkx gS ftldh laifÙk vkSj
nsunkfj;ksa dks cSafdax foHkkx ls vyx j•k tkrk gSA
z eqæk çcaèku foHkkx] eqæk çcaèku ds fy, ftEesnkj RBI dk
,d vyx foHkkx dsaæh; dk;kZy;] eqacbZ esa fLFkr gSA
z Hkkjr esa 19 fuxZe dk;kZy; gSaA
z vkjchvkbZ eqæk psLV vkSj flDdk tek LFkkfir djus ds fy,
p;fur cSad 'kk•kvksa dks vfèkÑr djrk gSA
vkuqikfrd fjtoZ ç.kkyh
z çkjaHk esa] fuxZe foHkkx dh laifÙk lksus ;k LVfyZax çfrHkwfr;ksa
ds 2@5 ls de ugha gksuh pkfg,] c'krZs lksuk #i;s ls de
u gksA ewY; esa 40 djksM+ vkSj laifÙk dk 'ks"k 3@5 #i;s ds
flDds gks ldrs gSaA
z bls ¶vkuqikfrd fjtoZ flLVe¸ dgk tkrk Fkk ftls 1956
esa cny fn;k x;k FkkA
z orZeku esa] vkjchvkbZ dks 200 djksM+ #i;s dk lksuk vkSj
fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj cuk, j•us dh vko';drk gS] ftlesa ls
de ls de 115 djksM+ #i;s lksus esa gksuk pkfg,A
z U;wure fjtoZ flLVe ds rgr] 1957 ls] vkjchvkbZ dks
U;wure fjtoZ ds f•ykiQ fdlh Hkh gn rd eqæk tkjh djus
dk vfèkdkj gSA
U;wure fjtoZ
z U;wure fjtoZ og laifÙk gS ftls vkjchvkbZ dks viuh
nsunkfj;ksa dks okil j•us ds fy, j•uk gksrk gSA
z vkjchvkbZ dks lksus vkSj fons'kh eqæk esa 200 djksM+ #i;s
ds cjkcj fjtoZ cuk, j•us dh vko';drk gS] ftlesa ls
115 djksM+ #i;s lksus esa gksuk pkfg,A
z 1957 ls bl ç.kkyh dk ikyu fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj
vkjchvkbZ dks bl U;wure fjtoZ ds f•ykiQ fdlh Hkh gn
rd eqæk tkjh djus dk vfèkdkj gSA
eqæ.kky;
z Hkkjr esa cSaduksVksa ds fy, igyk fçafVax çsl 1928 esa uksV
çsl (CNP)] ukfld (egkjk"Vª) esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
IykfLVd èku
z IykfLVd èku dk eryc gkMZ IykfLVd dkMZ ls gS] ftldk mi;ksx nSfud ysu&nsu djus ds fy, okLrfod cSad uksVksa ds
LFkku ij fd;k tkrk gSA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] MsfcV dkMZ] ØsfMV dkMZ] pktZ dkMZ vkSj ,Vh,e dkMZA

Hkqxrku ds rjhds ds vkèkkj ij dkMZ ds çdkj

z ØsfMV dkMZ èkkjd dks ØsfMV (½.k) ij •jhnkjh djus dh vuqefr nsrk gS] Hkys gh •jhn ds le; mlds@
mlds cSad •krs esa i;kZIr 'ks"k jkf'k u gksA
z cSad lacafèkr jkf'k dks cSad ds vius dks"k ls ,d O;kikjh dks gLrkarfjr djrk gS vkSj ckn esa cSad xzkgd ls
mlh jkf'k dh olwyh djrk gSA
ØsfMV dkMZ z xzkgdksa ds ikl ,d ckj esa iwjh ns; jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djus ;k bls leku ekfld fd'rksa (bZ,evkbZ) esa
cnyus dk fodYi gSA
z fcfyax pØ] fj;k;rh vofèk vkSj vU; fu;eksa vkSj 'krks± ds vkèkkj ij C;kt njsa yh tkrh gSaA
z ØsfMV dkMZ dk mi;ksx ,Vh,e ls iSlk fudkyus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS] rks ;g ,d çdkj dk ^mèkkj*
gS] blfy, cSad C;kt njsa olwyrs gSaA
z MsfcV dkMZ ls] ,d dkMZèkkjd vius cSad •krs esa iM+h jkf'k rd dh •jhnkjh dj ldrk gSA MsfcV dkMZ
ds ekè;e ls Hkqxrku fd, tkus ij cSad lacafèkr jkf'k dks xzkgd ds vius cSad •krs ls LFkkukarfjr djrk gSA
z ;fn èkkjd ds ikl vi;kZIr 'ks"k jkf'k gS rks og •jhnkjh djus esa l{ke ugha gSA
MsfcV dkMZ
z bZ&dkWelZ lkbVksa us vktdy MsfcV&dkMZ vkèkkfjr bZ,evkbZ dh vuqefr ns nh gSA
z MsfcV dkMZ dk mi;ksx djds ,Vh,e ls iSlk fudkyuk mèkkj ugha ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd bls vius cSad •krs
ls fudkyk tkrk gSA
gkbfczM z Mqvks dkMZ ,d ,dy IykfLVd dkMZ esa ØsfMV vkSj MsfcV dkMZ ds fy, nks fpIl gksrh gSaA
dkMZ@ mnkgj.k% baMl cSad gkbfczM dkMZA
z ;g MsfcV dkMZ dk ,d mi çdkj gS] dksbZ O;fÙkQ fn, x, cSad esa •krk u gksus ij Hkh çh&isM dkMZ
•jhn ldrk gS_ MsfcV dkMZ ds foijhr ftlds fy, cSad •krs dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
çhisM dkMZ
mnkgj.k ds fy,] vkbZvkjlhVhlh dk ;wchvkbZ çhisM dkMZ ftldk mi;ksx jsy fVdV] Hkkstu vkfn •jhnus
ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA

vkSjj eqeqnnzk zkiziz.kkyh

/u vkS .kkyh 123
¶yhxy VsaMj@ dkuwuh :i ls oSèk eqæk¸
z ysu&nsu vkSj ½.kksa ds Hkqxrku ds fy, ml LFkku ds dkuwu
}kjk dkuwuh :i ls ekU;rk çkIr èku dks ^oSèk eqæk* dgk
tkrk gSA
z bls oSèk eqæk ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS ftls eqæk ½.k ds
fofue; vkSj Hkqxrku ds ekè;e ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k
tkuk pkfg, vkSj blls budkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z tcfd vke rkSj ij ifjlapkjh isij eqæk ds lHkh ewY; oSèk
eqæk,¡ gSa] oSèk eqæk ds :i esa Lohdk;Z flDdksa esa ewY;oxZ
vkSj jkf'k vyx&vyx ns'kksa esa fHkUu gksrh gSA
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad vfèkfu;e] 1934 ds vuqlkj] lsaVªy cSad
ds ikl cSad uksV tkjh djus dk ,dek=k vfèkdkj gS] blesa
dgk x;k gS fd ^çR;sd cSad uksV Hkkjr esa fdlh Hkh LFkku
ij mlesa O;ÙkQ jkf'k ds Hkqxrku ds fy, oSèk eqæk gksxh*A
z isij eqæk ljdkj dh ekU;rk ls viuk ewY; çkIr djrh gS_
bl çdkj] oSèk eqæk dh fLFkfr dh ekU;rk ;k jíhdj.kA
z nks çdkj ds dkuwuh :i ls ^oSèk eqæk*%
lhfer oSèk eqæk èku vlhfer oSèk eqæk èku
z ftldk Hkqxrku ,d fuf'pr z ;g fdlh Hkh jkf'k ds
lhek rd vkSj bl lhek ls ½.k ds Hkqxrku ds
ijs ½.k ds Hkqxrku ds fy, fy, Hkqxrku fd;k tk
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ldrk gSA
z dksbZ O;fÙkQ Hkqxrku Lohdkj z bl iSls dks ysus ls
djus ls badkj dj ldrk badkj djus okys O;fÙkQ
gS vkSj mlds f•ykiQ dksbZ ds f•ykiQ dkuwuh
dkuwuh dk;Zokgh ugha dh dk;Zokgh dh tk ldrh gSA
tk ldrh gSA z mnkgj.k ds fy,]
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] flDds dkxt ds uksV Hkkjr esa
Hkkjr esa lhfer oSèk eqæk gSa vlhfer oSèk eqæk gSaA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk dFku oSèk eqæk ds vFkZ dk
lgh o.kZu djrk gS\ (2018)
(a)a og iSlk tks dkuwuh ekeyksa dh iQhl pqdkus ds fy,
vnkyrksa esa fn;k tkrk gSA
(b) og èku tks ,d ysunkj vius nkoksa ds fuiVku
esa Lohdkj djus ds fy, ckè; gksrk gSA
(c) psd] MªkÝV] fcy vkWiQ ,Dlpsat vkfn ds :i esa
cSad dk iSlkA
(d) fdlh ns'k esa lapyu esa èkkrq dk iSlkA
CykWdpsu vkSj fMfLVªC;wVsM ystj VsDuksykWth
z CykWdpsu] ftls fMLVªhC;wVsM ystj VsDuksykWth (Mh,yVh)
Hkh dgk tkrk gS] tks fodsaæhdj.k vkSj fØIVksxzkfiQd gSf'kax
dk mi;ksx djrk gS vkSj fdlh Hkh fMftVy laifÙk ds
bfrgkl dks vifjorZuh; vkSj ikjn'khZ cukrk gSA
z CykWdpkSu VsDuksykWth dk vkfo"dkj lrks'kh ukdkeksVks
}kjk 2008 esa fd;k x;k Fkk] fØIVksdjsalh] fcVdkWbu ds
fy, ,d lkoZtfud ysunsu cgh•krk ds :i esaA
z CykWdpsu fodsaæhÑr gS tks mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks vius Lo;a
ds èku dks fu;af=kr djus dh vuqefr nsrk gS rkfd dksbZ
rhljk i{k] ;gk¡ rd fd ljdkj Hkh] bls ,Dlsl ;k ekWfuVj
djus esa l{ke u gksA
z CykWdpsu esa rhu egRoiw.kZ voèkkj.kk,¡ 'kkfey gSa%
z CykWd & iQkbysa] tgk¡ fcVdkWbu usVodZ ls lacafèkr MsVk
LFkk;h :i ls fjdkWMZ fd, tkrs gSa] CykWd dgykrs gSaA
,d CykWd ,d cgh•krk ;k fjdkWMZ cqd ds ,d i`"B ds
vuq:i gksrk gSA
z uksM~l & fdlh Hkh çdkj dk bysDVªkWfud midj.k tks
CykWdpsu dh çfr;ksa dks cuk, j•rk gS vkSj usVodZ dks
dk;Z'khy j•rk gSA
z •fud & •uu uked ,d çfØ;k ds ekè;e ls J`a•yk
ij u, CykWd cukrs gSaA
iQk;ns
z fMftVy fjdkWMZ% CykWdpsu ifjlaifÙk;ksa ds ysu&nsu dks
fMftVy :i ls fjdkWMZ djrk gS vkSj mudk fooj.k ,d
gh le; esa dbZ LFkkuksa ij ntZ fd;k tkrk gSA
z çÑfr esa fodsaæhÑr% muds ikl dksbZ dsaæh; MsVk LVksj ;k
ç'kklu dh dk;Z{kerk ugha gSA
z MqIyhds'ku de djsa% gkykafd lfefr us fØIVksdjsalh ds
f•ykiQ dM+k #• viuk;k gS] blus de ykxr okyh
dsokbZlh ç.kkyh ds fuekZ.k ds fy, CykWdpSu&vkèkkfjr
flLVe dh fliQkfj'k dh gS tks O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fy, dsokbZlh
vko';drkvksa ds nksgjko dh vko';drk dks de djrk gSA
z foÙk {ks=k esa ikjnf'kZrk c<+k,¡% Mh,yVh&vkèkkfjr ç.kkyh
dk mi;ksx cSadksa vkSj vU; foÙkh; iQeks± }kjk ½.k VªSfdax]
laikf'oZd çcaèku] èkks•kèkM+h dk irk yxkus] chek esa nkok
çcaèku vkfn ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z j•&j•ko% Hkwfe vfHkys•ksa dk j•&j•ko dj Hkwfe cktkjksa
esa gksus okyh =kqfV;ksa ,oa èkks•kèkM+h dks nwj djus esa ykHkdkjhA

124 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
fØIVks djsalh
z fØIVksdjalh CykWdpsu rduhdh ij vkèkkfjr ,Dlpsat dk
,d baVjusV vkèkkfjr ekè;e gS tks foÙkh; ysunsu djus ds
fy, fØIVksxzkfiQd dk;ks± dk mi;ksx djrk gSA
ukWu fjI;wfM,cy
z fyczk%
 fØIVksdjsalh ftls iQslcqd }kjk 2020 esa oSf'od eqæk
cukus ds mís'; ls jksy fd;k x;k Fkk ftldk mi;ksx
fcuk fdlh ysunsu 'kqYd ds nqfu;k esa dgha Hkh èku
gLrkarfjr djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 ,lsV&lefFkZr fØIVksdjsalh] fyczk dk mís'; varjkZ"Vªh;

fodsaæhÑr fØIVksdjsalh ikjn'khZ èku esa Økafr ykuk gSA

 ,lsV&lefFkZr fØIVksdjsalh fØIVks flDds gSa tks vkfFkZd
bysDVªksfud
ewY; ds lkFk fdlh oLrq ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA
z ;g ljdkjh fu;a=k.k vkSj gLr{ksi ds iqjkus rjhdksa ds
fodsaæhdj.k] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj vifjorZuh;rk gkfly djus ds foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
fy, CykWdpsu rduhdh dk ykHk mBkrk gSA 1. dHkh&dHkh lekpkjksa esa ns•s tkus okys ^fcVdkWbu* ds
z fØIVksdjsalh dh lcls egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;g lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
fdlh Hkh dsaæh; çkfèkdj.k }kjk fu;af=kr ugha gksrh gSA  (2019)
z fØIVksdjsalh dk fodkl% (1) fcVdkWbu dks ns'kksa ds dsaæh; cSadksa }kjk VªSd fd;k
 fcVdkWbu] igyk fodsUæhÑr fØIVksdjsalh 2009 esa tkrk gSA
laHkor% NÁ uke ds Msoyij lkrks'kh ukdkeksVks }kjk (2) fcVdkWbu irs okyk dksbZ Hkh O;fÙkQ fcVdkWbu irs
cuk;k x;k FkkA okys fdlh vU; O;fÙkQ ls fcVdkWbu Hkst vkSj çkIr
 vesfjdk esa MkWyj dh ek=kkRed lgtrk] iksLV&lcçkbe dj ldrk gSA
ladV vkSj 2008&09 esa eanh] ftlls MkWyj dh vkiwfrZ (3) fdlh Hkh i{k dh igpku tkus fcuk vkWuykbu Hkqxrku
esa o`f¼ gqbZ vkSj Ø; 'kfÙkQ MkWyj dk {kj.k gqvkA Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
 cSadksa us vkWuykbu VªkaliQj] ØsfMV dkMZ vkSj ,Vh,e ij
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
'kqYd yxk;kA
(a) 1 vkSj 2 dsoy (b) dsoy 3
z fcVdkWbu%
(c) 2 vkSj 3 dsoy (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
 ;g ,d bysDVªkWfud fodsUæhÑr eqæk gS tks ih;j&Vw&ih;j

vkèkkj ij dke djrh gS] ftls lkrks'kh ukdkeksVks }kjk fØIVks&eqæk,a cuke fMftVy eqæk,a
çLrkfor fd;k x;k gSA fØIVks&eqæk,a fMftVy eqæk,a
 fcVdkWbu dks fMftVy :i ls fdlh dks Hkh Hkstk tk z fodsUæhÑr z dsaæhÑr
ldrk gS ftlds ikl nqfu;k esa dgha Hkh fcVdkWbu dk z usVodZ ds Hkhrj fofu;e z usVodZ ds Hkhrj
irk gSA leqnk; cgqer }kjk 'kkflr ysu&nsu ,d dsaæhÑr
 ,d O;fÙkQ ds vyx&vyx mís';ksa ds fy, dbZ irs gks gksrs gSaA laLFkk] tSls cSad }kjk
ldrs gSa & O;fÙkQxr] O;kolkf;d vkSj vU;A fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gSA
 fcVdkWbu eqfær eqæk ugha gS] ysfdu xSj&çfrf"Br gS z ikjn'khZ z xSj ikjn'khZ
D;ksafd blds }kjk fd, x, çR;sd ysunsu dk fjdkWMZ z dksbZ Hkh vkSj gj dksbZ fdlh z ysu&nsu vkSj okWysV irs
gSA ;g lc ,d fo'kky cgh•krk dk ,d fgLlk gS Hkh mi;ksxdrkZ }kjk fd, ds ckjs esa tkudkjh dks
ftls CykWdpsu dgk tkrk gSA x, vkSj çkIr fd, x, xksiuh; vkSj futh j•k
 ;g gj ysu&nsu ds fjdkWMZ dh ,d iQqyçwiQ ç.kkyh dks ysunsu dks ns• ldrk gS] tkrk gSA
cuk, j•rk gS vkSj lkFk gh nwljs i{k dh igpku tkus D;ksafd lHkh jktLo èkkjk,¡
fcuk Hksts x, eqæk dks tkjh djus ij utj j•rk gSA CykWdpsu esa j•h xbZ gSa
 forfjr usVodZ esa daI;wfVax 'kfÙkQ }kjk mudks •kstk z fMftVy eqæk dk ,fUØIVsM z ,dhÑr bysDVªkWfud
tkrk gSA :iA dS'k iQkWeZA

vkSjj eqeqnnzk zkiziz.kkyh

/u vkS .kkyh 125
fØIVksdjsalh dh fpark,¡
z vR;fèkd lêðk
z Mªx Mhyj vkSj pkbYM iksukZsxzkiQh tSls voSèk vkWuykbu
ekdZsfVax dks c<+kok nsaA
z miHkksÙkQkvksa dks Bxk x;k gSA
z dkys èku ds fy, lqjf{kr fBdkuk
fØIVksdjsalh ij vkjchvkbZ vkSj lqçhe dksVZ dk LVSaM
z RBI us 2018 esa fØIVksdjsalh ij çfrcaèk yxk fn;kA RBI
ds vuqlkj] fØIVksdjsalh gS%
 ewY; esa yxkrkj vkSj mPp mrkj&p<+ko ds dkj.k •jkc
ys•k bdkbZA
 èku ykWfUMªax] Vsjj iQkbusaflax] ;wtlZ ds fy, vkWijs'kuy
fjLd] gSfdax] fiQf'kax vkfn tSls dbZ tksf•e iSnk
djrk gSA
 tkudkjh dh dehA
 okf.kfT;d cSadksa ds O;kikj ekWMy dks xaHkhj :i ls
ckfèkr dj ldrk gSA
 dkuwuh fLFkfr Li"V ugha gSA
z lqçhe dksVZ us vkjchvkbZ ds ldZqyj dks •kfjt dj fn;k
gS] ftlus foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dks fØIVksdjalh esa lkSnksa dks l{ke
djus ls çfrcafèkr dj fn;k FkkA
 baVjusV ,aM eksckby ,lksfl,'ku vkWiQ bafM;k
(vkbZ,e,vkbZ) us çfrcaèk ds f•ykiQ ;kfpdk nk;j
dh gS] ftlesa dgk x;k gS] fØIVksdjsalh esa ysunsu
vkSj O;kikj ,d oSèk O;kolkf;d xfrfofèk Fkh vkSj
vkjchvkbZ ds ikl bl ij vfèkdkj {ks=k ugha Fkk D;ksafd
bu ifjlaifÙk;ksa dks eqæk ds ctk; oLrqvksa ds :i esa
oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z lqçhe dksVZ us uksV fd;k%
 fu"ksèk vifjfer gS D;ksafd ;g oSèk O;kikj dh thou
js•k dks dkV nsrk gSA
 ,d iw.kZ çfrcaèk ljdkj }kjk ,d vlaxr mik; gksxk
D;ksafd dbZ de n•y nsus okys mik; miyCèk gSaA
 çfrcaèk vlaoSèkkfud gS D;ksafd ;g vuqPNsn 19(1)(g)
& O;kikj djus dh Lora=krk ds rgr xkjaVhÑr ekSfyd
vfèkdkj dk mYya?ku djrk gSA
126
lqHkk"k paæ xxZ lfefr
z lqHkk"k paæ xxZ lfefr dh LFkkiuk fØIVksdjalh vkSj
CykWdpsu VsDuksykWth dh oSèkrk dks ns•us ds fy, dh
xbZ FkhA blus fuEufyf•r lq>ko fn, gSa%
z futh fØIVksdjsalh] jkT; }kjk tkjh fdlh Hkh fØIVksdjsalh
dks NksM+dj] Hkkjr esa çfrcafèkr dh tkuh pkfg,A
z Hkkjr esa ,d vkfèkdkfjd] ljdkj lefFkZr fØIVksdjsalh
dh 'kq#vkr ds lacaèk esa "•qyk fnekx j•us" dh lykg
nh tkrh gSA
z blus ,d dkuwu dk elkSnk rS;kj fd;k gS tks vijkèkksa ds
fy, tqekZuk vkSj 10 lky rd dh dSn dk çkoèkku djrk
gS] ftlesa ekbfuax] gksfYMax] fcØh] tkjh djuk] O;ogkj
djuk] fØIVksdjsalh dks LFkkukarfjr djuk 'kkfey gSA
vkxs dh jkg
z ctk; ] fuos'kdksa dks fof'k"V tksf•eksa ds çfr lpsr djus
vkSj èkks•kèkM+h vkSj ?kksVkyksa ds fy, VªsMksa dh fuxjkuh djus
ds fy, tkx:drk vfHk;ku vk;ksftr fd, tkus pkfg,A
z vkjchvkbZ dks ,Dlpsatksa tSls vkHkklh eqæk eè;LFkksa dks
ykblsal nsus ds fy, ,d foLr`r fu;ked <kapk rS;kj djuk
pkfg, vkSj mUgsa LVkWd ,Dlpsatksa }kjk viuk, tkus okys
dsokbZlh ekunaMksa dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A
z ,d thoar CykWdpsu rduhdh Hkkjr ds foÙkh; {ks=k vkSj
'kklu esa ewY; tksM+ ldrh gSA blfy,] foÙkh; {ks=k esa c<+rs
rduhdh uokpkj ds lkeus] lgk;d fu;ked <kaps dks rS;kj
djuk vkSj etcwr djuk egRoiw.kZ gS tks ,d lkèku dh
çÑfr dh ijokg fd, fcuk lapkfyr gksrk gSA
foxr o"kkZs ds ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. fØIVksdjsalh D;k gS\ ;g oSf'od lekt dks dSls çHkkfor
djrk gS\ D;k ;g Hkkjrh; lekt dks Hkh çHkkfor dj
jgk gS\ (2022)
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; Hkqxrku fuxe
z Hkqxrku vkSj fuiVku ç.kkyh vfèkfu;e] 2007 ds çkoèkkuksa
ds rgr vkjchvkbZ vkSj Hkkjrh; cSad la?k (vkbZch,) dh
,d igy] ,uihlhvkbZ Hkkjr esa •qnjk Hkqxrku vkSj fuiVku
ç.kkyh ds lapkyu ds fy, ,d Nrjh laxBu gSA
z daiuh vfèkfu;e 1956 (vc daiuh vfèkfu;e 2013 dh
èkkjk 8) dh èkkjk 25 ds çkoèkkuksa ds rgr] bls xSj ykHkdkjh
daiuh ds :i esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS A
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z us'kuy iQkbusaf'k;y fLop (,u,iQ,l) ] Hkkjr esa lk>k
Lopkfyr Vsyj e'khu (,Vh,e) dk lcls cM+k usVodZ gSA
z nl dksj çeksVj cSad gSa & LVsV cSad vkWiQ bafM;k] iatkc
us'kuy cSad] dsujk cSad] cSad vkWiQ cM+kSnk] ;wfu;u cSad
vkWiQ bafM;k] cSad vkWiQ bafM;k] vkbZlhvkbZlhvkbZ cSad]
,pMh,iQlh cSad] flVh cSad vkSj ,p,lchlhA
z us'kuy vkWVksesVsM fDy;fjax gkml (,u,lh,p) dk mís';
baVjcSad mPp ek=kk] de ewY; ds MsfcV@ØsfMV ysunsu
dh lqfoèkk çnku djuk gS] tks nksgjkonkj vkSj bysDVªkWfud
çÑfr ds gSaA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu Hkkjr esa lHkh ,Vh,e dks tksM+rk
gS\ (2018)
(a) Hkkjrh; cSad la?k
(b) us'kuy flD;ksfjVht fMikWftVjh fyfeVsM
(c) Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; Hkqxrku fuxe
(d) Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad
2. fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% (2017)
1- Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; Hkqxrku fuxe (NPCI) ns'k esa
foÙkh; lekos'ku dks c<+kok nsus esa enn djrk gSA
2- ,uihlhvkbZ us dkMZ Hkqxrku ;kstuk RuPay ykWUp dh gSA
Åij fn, x, dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1
(b) dsoy 2
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
(d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2
fMftVy Hkqxrku
z fMftVy foÙkiks"k.k ;k fMftVy Hkqxrku dks c<+kok nsus ds
fy, ljdkj vkSj vkjchvkbZ O;kogkfjd dne mBk jgs gSaA
z vkjchvkbZ }kjk mBk, x, dne%
 blus ,ubZ,iQVh vkSj vkjVhth,l ds ekè;e ls Hkqxrku
ds fy, 'kqYd gVk fn;k gS vkSj cSadksa ls fMftVy
Hkqxrku dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, xzkgdksa dks ykHk nsus ds
fy, dgk gSA
 RuPay vkSj UPI ds ekè;e ls Hkqxrku ij ykxw epZsaV
fMLdkmaV jsV (MDR) 'kqYd gVk fn;k x;k gSA
 50 djksM+ ;k mlls vfèkd ds okf"kZd dkjksckj okyh
lHkh O;kolkf;d daifu;ksa dks xzkgdksa dks RuPay vkSj
UPI Hkqxrku ds rjhdksa dh is'kd'k djuk vfuok;Z dj
fn;k x;k gSA
vkSjj eqeqnnzk zkiziz.kkyh
/u vkS .kkyh
z RuPay vkSj UPI Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; Hkqxrku fuxe (NPCI)
ds mRikn gSaA
z RuPay Hkkjr dk viuh rjg dk igyk ?kjsyw MsfcV vkSj
ØsfMV dkMZ Hkqxrku usVodZ gSA
z RuPay dkMZ dk mi;ksx varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij dqN ns'kksa esa
ysunsu ds fy, Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS & flaxkiqj] HkwVku]
la;qÙkQ vjc vehjkr] cgjhu vkSj lÅnh vjc A
z ,d O;kid loZs{k.k ds vuqlkj%
z Hkkjr esa fMftVy Hkqxrku us 2021 esa 38» ls 2022 esa
viuh nj dks 53» rd c<+k fn;k gS D;ksafd miHkksÙkQk ekax
c<+us ds dkj.k O;kikjh vius fMftVy Hkqxrku fodYiksa dk
foLrkj djuk pkgrs gSaA
z 31» miHkksÙkQk ØsfMV dkMZ dh rqyuk esa ch,uih,y (vHkh
•jhnsa] ckn esa Hkqxrku djsa) dks ,d O;ogk;Z fodYi
ekurs gSaA
z 2025 rd] fo'o Lrj ij vf}rh; fMftVy okWysV
mi;ksxdrkZvksa dh la[;k 4-4 fcfy;u ls vfèkd gks tk,xhA
z fMftVy Hkqxrku ds {ks=k esa fiNys dqN o"kks± esa Hkkjh o`f¼
ns•h xbZ gS] tks 30 çfr'kr dh pØo`f¼ okf"kZd o`f¼
nj (lh,thvkj) ls c<+ jgh gSA o"kZ 2026 rd] Hkkjr
esa fMftVy Hkqxrku $3 fVªfy;u ds orZeku ewY; ls $10
fVªfy;u ewY; rd igqapus ds fy, rS;kj gSA
Hkkjr esa Hkqxrku vkSj fuiVku ç.kkyh%
vkjchvkbZ }kjk fotu&2018
z bldk mís'; dS'kysl Hkkjr ds fy, lokZsÙke Hkqxrku vkSj
fuiVku ç.kkyh dk fuekZ.k djuk FkkA bldk fotu 5lh
ds vklikl ?kwerk gS & dojst] lqfoèkk] vkRefo'okl]
vfHklj.k vkSj ykxrA bu n`f"Vdks.kksa dks çkIr djus ds
fy,] ;g pkj j.kuhfrd igyksa ij è;ku dsafær djrk gS
& mÙkjnk;h fofu;eu] etcwr vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk] çHkkoh
i;Zos{k.k vkSj xzkgd dsUæh;rkA
Hkqxrku fuiVku ds fMftVy eksM
fo'ks"krk,¡ ,ubZ,iQVh vkjVhth,l vkbZ,eih,l
buds }kjk Hkkjrh; fjtoZ Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ,uihlhvkbZ
is'k fd;k cSad
x;k
cankscLr vkèks ?kaVs dk ou vkWu ou ou vkWu ou
çdkj cSp lsVyesaV lsVyesaV
127
 U;wure & #- 2 yk#- 1 #- 1 lsok le; 24@7 fuèkkZfjr le; 24@7
varj.k lhek vofèk ('kke 6
vfèkdre dksbZ lhek dksbZ lhek ugha #- 2 yk• cts rd) ds chp
varj.k lhek ugha lIrkg ds dqN
(#- 50]000 fnuksa esa miyCèk
çfr ysunsu) ekè;e vkWuykbu vkWuykbu vkWuykbu
fufèk varj.k 2 ?kaVs rqjar rqjar vkWiQykbu vkWiQykbu
dh xfr

Hkkjr esa fMftVy Hkqxrku ij lfefr;k¡

z jru okVy lfefr 2016 esa Hkkjr esa fMftVy Hkqxrku dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, mfpr mik;ksa dh fliQkfj'k gsrq A
z uanu uhysdf.k lfefr 2019 esa fMftVy Hkqxrku dks vkSj xgu djus vkSj fiQuVsd ds ekè;e ls foÙkh; lekos'ku dks
c<+kus gsrqA

fMftVy Hkqxrku ds fy, IysViQkeZ

z UPI ,d Hkqxrku ç.kkyh gS tks LekVZiQksu dk mi;ksx djds fdlh Hkh nks cSad •krksa ds chp èku gLrkarj.k
dh vuqefr nsrh gSA
z ,uihlhvkbZ }kjk vçSy 2016 esa ykWUp fd;k x;kA
z ;g xzkgd dks ØsfMV dkMZ fooj.k] IFSC dksM] ;k usV cSafdax@okWysV ikloMZ Vkbi djus dh ijs'kkuh ds fcuk]
vkWuykbu vkSj vkWiQykbu nksuksa rjg ls cSad •krs ls lhèks Hkqxrku djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
;wihvkbZ vkSj z ;g ^ih;j Vw ih;j* (ih2ih) laxzg vuqjksèk dh lqfoèkk nsrk gS ftls vko';drk vkSj lqfoèkk ds vuqlkj
;wihvkbZ 2-0 fuèkkZfjr vkSj Hkqxrku fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z ;wihvkbZ 2-0%
 ;wihvkbZ dks cpr vkSj pkyw •krksa ds lkFk&lkFk vksojMªkÝV •krs ls tksM+k tk ldrk gSA

 ysu&nsu dks iwoZ&vfèkÑr djus dh vuqefr nsa vkSj ckn dh rkjh• esa Hkqxrku djsaA

 mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks vfèklwpuk ds ekè;e ls O;kikjh D;wvkj dksM dk çek.khdj.k tksM+k x;kA

 ysu&nsu dh lhek c<+kdj 2 yk•@fnu

z Hkhe & Hkkjr baVjiQsl iQkWj èku ;wihvkbZ ij vkèkkfjr ,d eksckby Hkqxrku ,fIyds'ku gSA
z bls ,uihlhvkbZ }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj 2016 esa ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA
Hkhe vkSj
z BHIM 2-0 dks bysDVªkWfuDl vkSj lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ea=kky; ds rgr ykWUp fd;k x;k gSA blus lR;kfir
Hkhe 2-0
O;kikfj;ksa ls ekStwnk 20]000 #i;s dh lhek dks c<+kdj 1]00]000 #i;s dj fn;k gSA
z ;g ysu&nsu dk vklku vkSj lqjf{kr rjhdk çnku djrk gSA
z Hkkjr D;wvkj ilZu Vw epZsaV (ih2,e) eksckby Hkqxrku lekèkku gSA
z ,uihlhvkbZ] ohtk vkSj ekLVjdkMZ Hkqxrku usVodZ }kjk ikjLifjd :i ls O;qRiUuA
z ,d ckj epZsaV LFkkuksa ij chD;wvkj dksM rSukr fd, tkus ds ckn] mi;ksxdrkZ chD;wvkj l{ke eksckby cSafdax
Hkkjr D;wvkj ,si dk mi;ksx djds mi;ksfxrk fcyksa dk Hkqxrku fcuk fdlh mi;ksxdrkZ ØsMsaf'k;Yl dks lk>k fd, dj
ldrk gSA
z Hkkjr D;wvkj ysunsu ihvks,l ysunsu ls vyx gSaA ihvks,l ysunsu esa] ihvks,l VfeZuy dh vko';drk gksrh
gS tcfd Hkkjr D;wvkj ysunsu esa D;wvkj dksM dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

128 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 vkèkkj l{ke z ,d cSad ds usr`Ro okyk ekWMy tks vkèkkj çek.khdj.k dk mi;ksx djds fdlh Hkh cSad ds O;kikj laoknnkrk
Hkqxrku ds ekè;e ls fcØh ds fcanq ij vkWuykbu baVjvkWijscy ysunsu dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
ç.kkyh z ;g foÙkh; lekos'ku dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
(AEPS)
z EMV dk eryc ;wjksis & ekLVjdkMZ vkSj ohtk gSA
bZ,eoh dkMZ z ;g ,d MsfcV dkMZ lqj{kk ekud gS ftlesa dkMZ esa ekbØksçkslslj fpi yxh gksrh gSA
z ;g dkMZ fLdfeax vkSj Dyksfuax dks jksdrk gS tks igys eSXusfVd LVªkbi dkMZ esa laHko FkkA
z ;g cSad }kjk cSad •krs ds fo#¼ tkjh fd;k x;k 7&vadh; uacj gS tks iQaM VªkaliQj dh lqfoèkk çnku djrk gSA
eksckby èku z çR;sd cSad •krs esa dsoy ,d MMID gksrk gSA
igpkudrkZ z vyx&vyx ,e,evkbZMh dks ,d gh eksckby uacj ls tksM+k tk ldrk gSA
(,e,evkbZMh) z eksckby uacj vkSj ,e,evkbZMh dk la;kstu fof'k"V :i ls ,d •krk la[;k ls tqM+k gqvk gS vkSj ykHkkFkhZ
ds fooj.k dh igpku djus esa enn djrk gSA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) z tkx:drk vkSj viukuk% Hkkjr ,d udnh&çèkku lekt
1. fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk ^,dhÑr Hkqxrku baVjiQsl gSA Hkys gh fMftVy Hkqxrku ds rjhdksa esa rsth ls o`f¼ gqbZ
(;wihvkbZ)* dks ykxw djus dk lcls laHkkfor ifj.kke gS] fiQj Hkh yksxksa esa lqj{kk] MsVk xksiuh;rk vkfn ds çfr
gS\ (2017) tkx:drk dh deh gSA
(a) vkWuykbu iseV as ds fy, eksckby okWyVs dh t:jr z O;kikjh leFkZu% dbZ O;kikjh vHkh Hkh bZ,eoh ekudksa ds
ugha gksxhA mUu;u vkSj bldh tfVy çÑfr vkSj cSadksa }kjk yxk, x,
(b) fMftVy eqæk yxHkx nks n'kdksa esa HkkSfrd eqæk dks 'kqYdksa ds dkj.k laidZ jfgr Hkqxrku dk fojksèk dj jgs gSaA
iwjh rjg ls cny nsxhA z laxrrk% eksckby okWysV dks lHkh eksckby ekWMyksa vkSj muds
(c) ,iQMhvkbZ çokg esa Hkkjh o`f¼ gksxhA vkWijsfVax flLVe ds lkFk laxr gksuk pkfg,A
(d) xjhc yksxksa dks lfClMh dk lhèkk gLrkarj.k cgqr z ;wihvkbZ dk mn;% ,uihlhvkbZ }kjk fodflr eksckby
çHkkoh gks tk,xkA okWysV ds fy, lcls cM+k çfr;ksxh ekuk tk ldrk gSA
fMftVy Hkqxrku ds eqís vkSj pqukSfr;k¡ z ,uihlhvkbZ }kjk tkjh fd, x, vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj]
z le; yxrk gS% vkjVhth,l vkSj ,ubZ,iQVh flLVe ds Hkhe&;wihvkbZ ij fd, x, ysunsu dh dqy la[;k vDVwcj
ekè;e ls vkWuykbu Hkqxrku ls tqM+h ykxrksa us Hkh ckèkk 2020 esa ,d eghus esa 2 fcfy;u ysunsu dh la[;k dks
mRiUu dh gS vkSj vfèkd le; yxrk gSA ikj dj xbZ
lajpukRed pqukSfr;k¡% Hkkjr ,d etcwr fMftVy Hkqxrku
z
lekèkku vkSj vkxs dh jkg
ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k cukus ls cgqr nwj gS D;ksafd fMftVy
foÙkh; fuj{kjrk] lkbcj&lqj{kk vkfn tSlh lajpukRed z fMftVy lk{kjrk esa lqèkkj% ;g fMftVy ysunsu ds
ckèkk,¡ gSaA lkFk&lkFk lqj{kk dkjd ds xq.kkad dks c<+kus esa enn djsxkA
z •jkc fMftVy iSB% vHkh Hkh xzkeh.k fgLls fMftVy blls orZeku esa gksus okyh cSafdax èkks•kèkM+h dks jksdus esa
rduhdh ds ykHkksa ls nwj gSaA fMftVy Hkqxrku vHkh Hkh ns'k enn feysxhA
ds dqN fgLlksa esa ,d nwj dk liuk cuk gqvk gSA z lkbcj baÚkLVªDpj dks etcwr djuk% gSfdax vkSj cSafdax
z fMftVy vlekurk% gkf'k, ij jgus okys oxZ tSls fd pksjh dh ?kVukvksa dks de djus ds fy, Hkkjr esa lkbcj
efgyk,a] vkSj cqtqxZ Hkqxrku ds fMftVy eksM rd igqap baÚkLVªDpj vkSj lkbcj lqj{kk dks etcwr djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA
ls oafpr gSaA z eksckby baÚkLVªDpj dks c<+kok nsa% vfèkdka'k fMftVy
z èkks•kèkM+h vkSj lqj{kk% lqj{kk mYya?ku vkSj MsVk lqj{kk Hkqxrku vc eksckby midj.kksa }kjk fu;af=kr fd, tkrs
ds fy, tksf•e miHkksÙkQkvksa ds chp lcls cM+h fpark gSA gSa] blfy, fMftVy Hkqxrku esa fo'okl c<+kus ds fy,
vkerkSj ij bLrseky dh tkus okyh èkks•kèkM+h rduhdsa gSa vkWijsfVax flLVe vkSj Android laLdj.kksa dks laxr cuk;k
& fiQf'kax] fof'kax] fjeksV ,Dlsl vkSj vdkmaV Vsdvksoj tkuk pkfg,A

vkSjj eqeqnnzk zkiziz.kkyh

/u vkS .kkyh 129
z fMftVy foHkktu dks ikVuk% 'kgjh vkSj vfèkd egRoiw.kZ
:i ls xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa vkSj lekt ds gkf'k, ds oxks± ds
chp yksxksa dks çksRlkfgr djds turk ds chpA
z vklku fuiVku çfØ;k% tfVyrkvksa dks de djsa vkSj
O;kikfj;ksa ds fy, fnu ds var esa fuiVku çfØ;k dks l{ke djsAa
z fMftVy Hkqxrku ij ysu&nsu 'kqYd de djsa% fMftVy
Hkqxrku ij ysu&nsu 'kqYd vkSj udn lapkyu ykxr pktZ
djds udn ysunsu dks grksRlkfgr djsaA
z ,dhÑr fMftVy Hkqxrku ç.kkyh% ekStwnk pqukSfr;ksa dks
de djus vkSj xq.koÙkk ifj.kkeksa dk leFkZu djus ds fy,
fMftVy Hkqxrku dh ,d ,dhÑr ç.kkyh LFkkfir dh
tkuh pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy,] vfèkd dM+s dkuwu vkfn
lqfuf'pr djdsA
fMftVy cSad ;wfuV
z uhfr vk;ksx }kjk ^fMftVy cSad% , çiksty iQkWj
ykblsaflax ,aM jsxqysVjh fjthe iQkWj bafM;k* uked ppkZ
i=k esa fMftVy cSad bdkb;ksa dh vko';drk ij çdk'k
Mkyk x;k gSA
z vkjchvkbZ ds eqrkfcd] Mhch;w fMftVy cSafdax mRiknksa
vkSj lsokvksa dks forfjr djus ds lkFk&lkFk ekStwnk
foÙkh; mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa dks Lo;a lsok vkSj lgk;d
eksM nksuksa esa fMftVy :i ls lsok nsus ds fy, ,d
fo'ks"k fuf'pr fcanq O;kikj bdkbZ@gc vkokl gSA
z 2022&23 ds dsaæh; ctV Hkk"k.k esa] foÙk ea=kh us
gekjs ns'k dh vktknh ds 75 lky (vktknh dk ve`r
egksRlo) eukus ds fy, 75 ftyksa esa 75 Mhch;w LFkkfir
djus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA
z okf.kfT;d cSadksa] {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSadksa] Hkqxrku cSadksa vkSj
fiNys fMftVy cSafdax vuqHko okys LFkkuh; {ks=k ds
cSadksa dks NksM+dj] fV;j I ls fV;j VI dsaæksa esa DBU
•ksyus dh vuqefr gS] tc rd fd os fo'ks"k :i ls
çfrcafèkr u gksa] çR;sd ekeys esa RBI ls vuqefr ysus
dh vko';drk ugha gSA
fMftVy Hkqxrku ls lacafèkr dks"k vkSj lwpdkad
z fMftVy Hkqxrku lwpdkad (MhihvkbZ)% vkjchvkbZ
}kjk çdkf'krA RBI us vkèkkj o"kZ ds :i esa ekpZ 2018 ds
lkFk fMftVyhdj.k dh lhek dks çHkkoh <ax ls idM+us ds
fy, lexz DPI ds fuekZ.k dh ?kks"k.kk dh gSA
130
 ekpZ 2022 dk lwpdkad flracj 2021 ds 304-06 ds
eqdkcys 349-30 ij gSA
 blus ns'k Hkj esa fMftVy Hkqxrku dks rsth ls viukus
vkSj xgjk djus dk çfrfufèkRo djrs gq, egRoiw.kZ o`f¼
dk çn'kZu fd;k gSA
z fMftVy çfrLièkhZ lwpdkad% vkbZ,eMh & fo'o
çfrLièkkZ dsaæ }kjk tkjh fd;k x;k A
z ;g 2017 esa 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj O;kikj] ljdkj vkSj
O;kid lekt esa vkfFkZd ifjorZu ds fy, ,d çeq•
pkyd ds :i esa fMftVy çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dks viukus vkSj
ryk'kus ds fy, 63 vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh {kerk vkSj rS;kjh
dks ekirk gSA
z ;g 3 dkjdksa ds vkèkkj ij vFkZO;oLFkk dk ewY;kadu
djrk gS%
 Kku & ubZ rduhdksa dks le>us vkSj lh•us dh {kerk_
 u, fMftVy uokpkjksa dks fodflr djus ds fy,
çkS|ksfxdh {kerk_
 Hkfo"; dh rS;kjh & vkus okys ?kVukØeksa ds fy, rS;kjhA
z 2021 rd] vesfjdk 100 ds Ldksj ds lkFk nqfu;k esa lcls
fMftVy :i ls çfrLièkhZ ns'k ds :i esa LFkku ij jgkA
tcfd] Hkkjr us 55-13 Ldksj fd;kA
z LohÑfr fodkl dks"k% fMftVy :i ls ysunsu djus ds
fy, xzkeh.k {ks=k esa vafre ehy Hkqxrku usVodZ esa lqèkkj ds
fy, Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk xfBrA Vh;j III vkSj Vh;j IV
dsaæ esa Hkqxrku cqfu;knh <kaps esa lqèkkj ds fy, ,d cSad
çk;ksftr fodkl fufèk ds :i esa ifjpkyu fd;k x;kA
z isesaV baÚkLVªDpj MsoyiesaV iQaM (PIDF)% fMftVy
Hkqxrku dks xgjk djus ij uanu uhysdf.k lfefr dh
fliQkfj'k ij] RBI us 500 djksM+ PIDF cuk;k gSA
fMftVy ysunsu yksdiky (2019)
z vkjchvkbZ us iwjs Hkkjr esa 21 LFkkuksa ij ofj"B vkjchvkbZ
vfèkdkfj;ksa dks fMftVy ysunsu yksdiky (MhVhvks) ds
:i esa ukfer fd;k gSA
z os çhisM Hkqxrku midj.kksa] eksckby okWysV] ,sIl] ,ubZ,iQVh@
vkjVhth,l vkSj vU; fMftVy ysunsu ds f•ykiQ 20 yk•
#i;s rd dh xzkgd f'kdk;rsa lqu ldrs gSaA
z os daiuh@cSad dks ysu&nsu okil djus@fuiVku djus dk
vkns'k ns ldrs gSa vkSj xzkgd dh ekufld ihM+k ds fy,
vfrfjÙkQ 1 yk• rd dk Hkqxrku dj ldrs gSaA
z mPp vihy vkjchvkbZ ds fMIVh xouZj ds ikl gksrh gSA
z 20 yk• #i;s ls vfèkd dh jkf'k ds fy,] ml ekeys esa
ihfM+r dks ekeys ds ekeys ds vkèkkj ij lkekU; vnkyrksa@
miHkksÙkQk vnkyrksa esa tkuk iM+rk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH

uanu uhysdf.k lfefr dh fliQkfj'ksa
z fMftVy foÙkh; lekos'ku lwpdkad% vkjchvkbZ dks
çxfr dh fuxjkuh djus vkSj mipkjkRed dne mBkus
ds fy, {ks=kokj 'fMftVy foÙkh; lekos'ku lwpdkad'
rS;kj djuk pkfg,A
z cSadksa rd igqap esa lqèkkj lqfuf'pr djsa fd dksbZ Hkh
mi;ksxdrkZ cSafdax igqap fcanq ls 5 fdeh ls vfèkd nwj
u gksA
z cSafdax dkWjsLiksaMsaV% LFkkuh; osaMj dks cSafdax dkWjsLiksaMsaV
(chlh) cuk;k tk,A
z LohÑfr fodkl fufèk (ADF)% •jkc lsok okys
{ks=kksa (tSls PoS midj.kksa ij lfClMh) esa fMftVy
Hkqxrku volajpuk dk fodkl djukA vkjchvkbZ vkSj
cSadksa dks bl dks"k esa jktdks"kh; jkf'k dk lg&;ksxnku
djuk pkfg,A
z ,eMhvkj@dkMZ Hkqxrku 'kqYd de djsa% xzkgd dks
fcuk fdlh 'kqYd ds çfr ekg ",u" la[;k rd fMftVy
Hkqxrku ysunsu dh djus dh vuqefr nsaA
z ,ubZ,iQVh ds lacaèk esa% vkjchvkbZ dks ,ubZ,iQVh dks
24@7 miyCèk djkuk pkfg, vkSj blds mi;ksx ij 'kqYd
dh leh{kk djuh pkfg,A (twu 2019% RBI us NEFT
vkSj RTGS nksuksa ij ls 'kqYd gVk fn;k vkSj cSadksa ls
xzkgdksa dks ykHk nsus ds fy, dgkA)
z varjkZ"Vªh; dojst dks c<+kok nsa% ,uihlhvkbZ dks
Hkkjr esa çs"k.k dh lqfoèkk ds fy, vU; ns'kksa esa :is
vkSj Hkhe ;wihvkbZ dh is'kd'k djuh pkfg,A
z LFkkuh; Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx% fMftVy Hkqxrku dks c<+kok
nsus ds fy, LFkkuh; Hkk"kk ds ,si@lkWÝVos;j dks çksRlkfgr
djsaA
Hkqxrku ç.kkyh ds fy, ubZ vacy
sz k bdkbZ (,u;wb)Z
z ubZ vaczsyk laLFkk,a ,uihlhvkbZ }kjk vHkh çnku dh tk jgh
lsokvksa dh rtZ ij fofHkUu Hkqxrku lsok,a çnku djsaxhA
z ,u;wbZ dh vko';drk%
 çfrLièkkZ dks c<+kok nsuk% ysu&nsu dh ykxr dks
de djus ds fy, vkSj lkFk gh ;g Hkqxrku ç.kkyh esa
fofHkUu çdkj ds mRikn çnku djsxkA
 ubZ Hkqxrku ç.kkyh dk çcaèku djsa% okWysV ysunsu]
vkèkkj&vkèkkfjr Hkqxrku] çs"k.k lsokvksa] ;wihvkbZ ysunsu]
,Vh,e] OgkbV&yscy ihvks,l] vkfn lfgr ubZ Hkqxrku
ç.kkyh dk çcaèku fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vkSjj eqeqnnzk zkiziz.kkyh
/u vkS .kkyh
 ,uihlhvkbZ ds ,dkfèkdkj dks çfrcafèkr djsa%
orZeku esa] ,uihlhvkbZ Hkkjr esa lHkh •qnjk Hkqxrku
ç.kkfy;ksa dk çcaèku djus okyh ,dek=k laLFkk gSA bl
çdkj] NUE çfrLièkkZ dks c<+k,xk vkSj •qnjk fMftVy
Hkqxrku ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k esa lsok forj.k esa lqèkkj djsxkA
 fMftVy ysu&nsu dh la[;k esa o`f¼ ns'k esa •qnjk
varj.k esa vR;fèkd foLrkj gqvk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
vdsys 2020&21 esa 27 fcfy;u ysunsu esa 165 yk•
djksM+ #i;s dk iSlk VªkaliQj fd;k x;kA bl çdkj
ysunsu dh fuxjkuh djus vkSj mfpr lsok forj.k
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ,d fu;ked dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA
z vkjchvkbZ <kapk%
 iwath vko';drk,a% iSu&bafM;k ,u;wbZ 500 djksM+ #i;s
dh U;wure pqdrk iwath ds lkFk •qnjk Hkqxrku ç.kkfy;ksa
ij è;ku dsafær djsxkA gkykafd] vkjchvkbZ fdlh ,d
çorZd ;k lewg dks ,u;wbZ esa 40» ls vfèkd fuos'k
djus dh vuqefr ugha nsxkA lkFk gh] ,u;wbZ dks gj
le; U;wure 300 djksM+ #i, dh fuoy laifÙk cuk,
j•uh pkfg,A
 LokfeRo% NUE ds çeksVj ;k çeksVj lewg dks Hkqxrku
ds ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k esa 3 lky ds vuqHko ds lkFk
'LokfeRo vkSj fuokfl;ksa }kjk fu;af=kr' gksuk pkfg,A
 'kklu% laLFkk dks vkjchvkbZ }kjk fuèkkZfjr dkWikZsjsV
ç'kklu ekunaMksa dk ikyu djuk gksxkA vkjchvkbZ ds
ikl funs'kdksa dh fu;qfÙkQ dks eatwjh nsus vkSj ,u;wbZ ds
cksMZ esa ,d lnL; dks ukfer djus dk vfèkdkj gksxkA
 fons'kh fuos'k % tc rd ,u;wbZ vU; fn'kkfunZs'kksa dk
vuqikyu djrk gS rc rd fons'kh fuos'k dh vuqefr gSA
epZsaV fMLdkmaV jsV (,eMhvkj)
z epZsaV fMLdkmaV jsV (,eMhvkj)] ftls VªkatsD'ku
fMLdkmaV jsV (VhMhvkj) ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk
gS] ,d O;kikjh }kjk vius xzkgdksa ls fMftVy ekè;e ls
Hkqxrku Lohdkj djus ds fy, cSad dks Hkqxrku dh tkus
okyh ykxr gS] tks vkerkSj ij xzkgd ls olwy dh tkrh gSA
131
z ,eMhvkj dkMZ&vkèkkfjr ;k fMftVy ysunsu dh lqfoèkk
ds fy, O;kikfj;ksa ls cSadksa }kjk ysunsu jkf'k ds çfr'kr ds
:i esa fy;k tkus okyk mi;ksxdrkZ&'kqYd gSA
z gky gh esa ljdkj us Hkhe ;wihvkbZ] ;wihvkbZ&D;wvkj dksM]
vkèkkj is vkfn tSls de ykxr okys fMftVy Hkqxrkuksa dks
viukus dk jkLrk lkiQ djrs gq, cM+s •qnjk foØsrkvksa ds
fy, ,eMhvkj dks iwjh rjg ls gVk fn;k gSA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. dHkh&dHkh lekpkjksa esa fn•us okys ¶epZsaV fMLdkmaV jsV¸
'kCn dk fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk lcls vPNk o.kZu
djrk gS\ (2019)
(a) fdlh cSad }kjk fdlh O;kikjh dks ml cSad ls lacafèkr
MsfcV dkMZ ds ekè;e ls Hkqxrku Lohdkj djus ds
fy, fn;k tkus okyk çksRlkguA
(b) cSadksa }kjk vius xzkgdksa dks Hkqxrku dh xbZ jkf'k tc
os lkeku ;k lsokvksa dh •jhn ds fy, foÙkh; ysunsu
ds fy, MsfcV dkMZ dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
(c) cSad ds MsfcV dkMZ ds ekè;e ls vius xzkgdksa
ls Hkqxrku Lohdkj djus ds fy, ,d cSad }kjk
,d O;kikjh ls 'kqYdA
(d) IokbaV vkWiQ lsy (ihvks,l) e'khuksa vkSj MsfcV dkMZ
ds ekè;e ls vius xzkgdksa }kjk fMftVy Hkqxrku
dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, O;kikfj;ksa dks ljdkj }kjk
çksRlkgu fn;k tkrk gSA
dS'kysl ;k ysl&dS'k vFkZO;oLFkk dks c<+kok
nsus dh igy
z jru okry dh vè;{krk esa foÙk ea=kky; }kjk fMftVy
Hkqxrku ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dks etcwr djus ds fy, lfefr
dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA
z Hkkjr esa fMftVy Hkqxrku ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dks c<+kok nsus
vkSj c<+kus ds fy, paæckcw uk;Mw ds eq[;eaf=k;ksa dh
lfefrA
z foÙkh; lk{kjrk vfHk;ku] ftlesa dkWyst ds Nk=k yksxksa
dks fMftVy ysunsu ds ckjs esa le>krs gSaA
z uhfr vk;ksx vkSj ,uihlhvkbZ dh la;qÙkQ igy% xzkgdksa
(ydh xzkgd) vkSj O;kikfj;ksa (fMth èku O;kikj) ds
fy, ykWVjh@dS'k cSd ;kstuk,aA UPI-BHIM dk mi;ksx
djus ds fy, ljdkj us •qn vkSj jsiQjy cksul] dS'kcSd
;kstuk,a 'kq: dh gSaA
z fMftVy Hkqxrku ds ckjs esa tkx:drk iSnk djus ds fy,
bysDVªkWfuDl vkSj lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ea=kky; (MeitY) }kjk
fMftèku fe'ku (2017)A
132
z DIGIDHAN MS'kcksMZ% Hkkjr esa fMftVy ysunsu dh
fuxjkuh ds fy, MeitY }kjk ykWUp fd;k x;k osc iksVZyA
z ctV&2018% fMftVy vFkZO;oLFkk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,
CykWdpsu rduhdh dk vUos"k.k djsaA
z Budget&2019% ,dy mi;ksxdrkZ •krs ls `1 djksM+ ;k
mlls vfèkd dh fudklh ij lzksr ij dj dVkSrh (TDS)
yxk;k x;kA
z fMftVy Hkqxrku vfHk;ku (2019 & flracj)%
Google bafM;k vkSj MsVk flD;ksfjVh dkmafly vkWiQ bafM;k
(DSCI, NASSCOM }kjk ,d xSj&ykHkdkjh laxBu) ds
lkFk MEITY }kjk ykWUp fd;k x;kA
Hkkjr esa ,Vh,e ds yscy
yscy fo'ks"krk,¡
z lacafèkr cSad }kjk LokfeRo vkSj lapkfyr
cSad dk viuk vkSj blesa cSad dk ^yksxks* gksrk gSA os
cSad ds xzkgdksa dks ,slh lsok çnku djus
,Vh,e
dk lcls egaxk rjhdk gSA
z ,d xSj&cSafdax iQeZ] rhljs i{k }kjk
^LokfeRo* vkSj ^lapkfyr*A
czkmu yscy
z lacafèkr cSad dsoy ml çfØ;k dk
,Vh,e
fgLlk laHkkyrs gSa tks ^dS'k gSaMfyax*
vkSj ^cSd,aM loZj* dusfDVfoVh gSA
xSj&cSfa dax laLFkkvksa }kjk LFkkfir] LokfeRo
z
vkSj lapkfyr Lopkfyr Vsyj e'khu
(,Vh,e) dks ¶OgkbV yscy ,Vh,e¸
(MCY;w,y,) dgk tkrk gSA bl ,Vh,e
OgkbV yscy e'khu ij cSd a dh dksbZ czkfa Max ugha gksrhA
,Vh,e z os ns'k esa iwjs ,Vh,e usVodZ ls tqMs+ gq, gSAa
z VkVk dE;qfuds'kal isesaV lkWY;w'kal &
bafMdS'k] liQsn yscy okys ,Vh,e dh
LFkkiuk ds fy, vkjchvkbZ dh vuqefr
çkIr djus okyk igyk¸A
foeqæhdj.k dh voèkkj.kk
z foeqæhdj.k eqæk dh oSèk eqæk dh fLFkfr dks Nhuus dk
dk;Z gSA
z ;g ,d eqæk dks fLFkj djus vkSj eqækLiQhfr ls yM+us
ds fy, ,d midj.k ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k x;k gS]
vukSipkfjd vkfFkZd xfrfofèk dks vkSj vfèkd ikjnf'kZrk
vkSj dkys vkSj xzs cktkjksa ls nwj djus ds fy,A
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z 1946 esa igyk foeqæhdj.k fd;k x;k Fkk] RBI us 1]000
#i;s vkSj 10]000 #i;s ds uksVksa dk foeqæhdj.k fd;k FkkA
z nwljk foeqæhdj.k 1978 esa eksjkth nslkbZ ljdkj }kjk fd;k
x;k FkkA
z rhljk foeqæhdj.k ,uMh, ljdkj us 2016 esa ykxw fd;k
Fkk] 500 #i;s vkSj 1000 #i;s ds uksVksa dk foeqæhdj.k
fd;k x;k FkkA
foeqæhdj.k ds ldkjkRed çHkko
z dj laxzg esa o`f¼% iathÑr vk;dj fjVuZ (vkbZVhvkj) dh
la[;k esa 24-7» dh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
z dkys èku ij dkcw ik;k% mnkgj.k ds fy,] ljdkj 37000
ls vfèkd 'ksy daifu;ksa dh igpku djus esa l{ke Fkh tks
dkyk èku vkSj gokyk ysunsu dks fNikus esa yxh gqbZ FkhA
z laxfBr vijkèkksa ij yxke% uksVcanh ds dkj.k vkradokn
vkSj uDlfy;ksa dk foÙkiks"k.k yxHkx iwjh rjg can gks x;k
gSA lkFk gh] blls lsDl VªSfiQfdax esa Hkkjh fxjkoV vkbZ FkhA
z tkyh uksVksa ds pyu dh tkap dh% foeqæhdj.k ds ckn
ls] •qfiQ;k vfHk;kuksa }kjk dksbZ Hkh mPp xq.koÙkk okys tkyh
uksV ugha ik, x,@tCr fd, x,A
z fMftVy ysunsu esa o`f¼ uksVcanh ds ckn ls fMftVy ysunsu
esa yxHkx 50&55» dh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA vkjchvkbZ dks de uksV
Nkius iM+rs gSa ftlls ljdkj dh NikbZ dh ykxr cprh gSA
foeqæhdj.k dk udkjkRed çHkko
z •jkc ;kstuk% mPp ewY; ds uksV eqæk ewY; dk 87-5» gSa]
uksVcanh ds vpkud jksy vkmV us vke vkneh ds thou
dks vLr&O;Lr dj fn;k gSA
z vkfFkZd eanh% tSls&tSls yksxksa ds ikl iSls •Re gks tkrs
gSa] os Hkqxrku djus esa l{ke ugha gks ikrs gSa] ftlds ifj.
kkeLo:i vkfFkZd eanh vkrh gS vkSj vukSipkfjd {ks=k dh
vkiwfrZ&J`a•yk çHkkfor gksrh gSA
z thMhih esa fxjkoV% ns'k dh fodkl nj] tks flracj 2016
esa 7-5» Fkh] twu 2017 esa ?kVdj 5-7» gks xbZ
z Hkz"Vkpkj dk;e % ;g vHkh Hkh Li"V gS fd uksVcanh ds ckn
ls Hkz"Vkpkj vHkh rd de ugha gqvk gSA
z dS'k gksfYMax iquthZfor% dS'k&thMhih vuqikr foeqæhdj.k
ls igys dh vofèk ds leku Lrj ij igqap x;k gSA
z Ñf"k {ks=k dks vleku :i ls uqdlku gqvk% Ñf"k {ks=k
esa ruko fn•kbZ nsus yxk gS D;ksafd foeqæhdj.k Ñf"k {ks=k
esa ysu&nsu ds çeq• lkèku ds :i esa udnh ls lacafèkr gSA
vkSjj eqeqnnzk zkiziz.kkyh
/u vkS .kkyh
z cSafdax ç.kkyh dk fcxM+uk% pwafd cSad mèkkj nsus esa dkiQh
o`f¼ djus dh fLFkfr esa ugha Fks_ mudh 'kq¼ C;kt vk; esa
deh vkbZ gSA mudh iwath dh fLFkfr fcxM+rh tk jgh gS vkSj
mudh ,uih, dh fLFkfr vkSj Hkh •jkc gksrh tk jgh gSA
dkyk èku
z ,d vk; tks fdlh O;fÙkQ ;k fdlh jk"Vª esa O;fÙkQ;ksa ds
lewg }kjk ?kksf"kr ugha dh tkrh gS] ftls dj ?kks"k.kk ds
fy, ekU;rk ugha nh tkrh gS] mls dkyk èku dgk tkrk gSA
z dkys èku dh dksbZ lkoZHkkSfed ifjHkk"kk ugha gSA vke vkneh
dh 'krks± esa] og iSlk tks uktk;t rjhdksa ls gkfly fd;k
x;k gks ;k ,slk iSlk ftldk fglkc u gks] ;kuh ftlds fy,
ljdkj dks VSDl ugha fn;k tkrk gS] tks ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa
ls fNik gqvk gS vkSj Hkkjr ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn] jk"Vªh;
vk; esa ifjyf{kr ugha gksrk gS ^dkyk èku* dgk tkrk gS A
z liQsn èku] dkys èku ds f•ykiQ] og èku gS tks oSèk rjhdksa
ls vftZr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bldk fglkc yxk;k tkrk gS]
ftlds fy, vk; ;k vU; dj dk Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gSA
z dkys èku dk l`tu%
 voSèk xfrfofèk;k¡ & Hkz"Vkpkj] èku ykWfUMªax] rLdjh]
vkfnA
 dkjiksjsV }kjk dj pksjhA
 flLVe esa ekStwnk •kfe;ksa dk iQk;nk mBkdj dj ls
cpko] gkykafd ;g voSèk ugha gSA
 okLrfod vk; dks fNikus ds fy, lksus&pkanh ;k
vkHkw"k.kksa vkSj vpy laifÙk esa fuos'kA
 VSDl gsou esa daifu;ksa dh LFkkiukA
 vius equkiQs vkSj dj nsunkfj;ksa dks iqufuZnZsf'kr djus ds
fy, 'ksy daifu;ksa dh LFkkiuk djukA
 ih&uksV~l tSls O;qRiUu lkèkuksa ds ekè;e ls fuos'kA
z dkys èku dk çHkko%
 ;g ns'k ds foÙkh; ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dks çHkkfor
djrk gSA
 mPp eqækLiQhfr% dsaæh; cSad mPp eqækLiQhfr ds dkj.k
vFkZO;oLFkk esa èku dh vkiwfrZ dks fu;af=kr djus esa
l{ke ugha gSA blls eqæk ds ewY; esa fxjkoV vk,xhA
 ns'k dh lk• dk {kj.k% dkyk èku fdlh ns'k dh
lk• dks udkjkRed :i ls çHkkfor djrk gSA
133
  voSèk xfrfofèk;ksa dks c<+kok nsuk% pwafd bldk
mi;ksx vDlj voSèk xfrfofèk;ksa tSls MªXl vkSj u'khys
inkFkks± ds dkjksckj] vkradokn vkfn ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA
 ljdkj dks dj dk uqdlku% dkys èku ds dkj.k
 èku 'kksèku fuokj.k vfèkfu;e] 2002
 v?kksf"kr fons'kh vk; vkSj laifÙk (dj yxkuk)
foèks;d] 2015
 yksdiky vkSj yksdk;qÙkQ vfèkfu;e] 2013

ljdkj dks djksa ds :i esa cM+k uqdlku gksrk gSA foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
 lekukarj vFkZO;oLFkk dkyk èku ns'k esa ,d lekukarj
1. Hkkjr esa dkys èku ds fuekZ.k ds fuEufyf•r çHkkoksa esa
vFkZO;oLFkk cukrk gS] tks iwjh rjg ls Hkwfexr gSA
ls dkSu lk Hkkjr ljdkj ds fy, fpark dk eq[; dkj.k
z dkys èku ij yxke yxkus ds fy, ljdkj dh igy%
jgk gS\ (2021)
 dj lqèkkj tSls lzksr ij gh dj dVkSrh dks 'kkfey djukA
(a) vpy laifÙk dh •jhn vkSj yDtjh vkokl esa fuos'k
 #i;s dk foeqæhdj.kA 500 vkSj 1000 ds uksVA
ds fy, lalkèkuksa dk ç;ksx
 dS'kysl vkSj fMftVy ysu&nsu dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj

c<+kok nsukA (b) vuqRiknd xfrfofèk;ksa esa fuos'k vkSj dherh jRuksa]
 pqukoh ckaM ds dk;kZUo;u tSls pqukoh lqèkkjA
vkHkw"k.kksa] lksus vkfn dh •jhnA
 foèkk;h lqèkkj% (c) jktuhfrd nyksa dks cM+k nku vkSj {ks=kokn dk fodkl
 Hkz"Vkpkj fuokj.k vfèkfu;e] 1988 (d) dj vioapu ds dkj.k jktdks"k dks jktLo dh
 csukeh ysunsu fu"ksèk vfèkfu;e] 1988 gkfu
v v v

134 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 10 Hkkjr esa cSafdax ç.kkyh

vkjchvkbZ ds fMIVh xouZj ,l ,l eqaæk us dgk Fkk fd "cSad
vFkZO;oLFkk dh thou js•k gSa vkSj ;s vkfFkZd fodkl dks
lfØ; djus vkSj mUgsa cuk, j•us esa mRçsjd dh Hkwfedk
fuHkkrs gSaA fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa budh Hkwfedk fo'ks"k :i ls
egRoiw.kZ gSA
Hkkjr esa cSafdax dk bfrgkl vkSj fodkl
z cSafdax ç.kkyh dks ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh jh<+ ekuk
tkrk gSA
z ;g ns'k dh foÙkh; ç.kkyh dk lcls egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gS
D;ksafd ns'k ds 70» ls vf/d /u dk çokg blds ekè;e
ls gh gksrk gSA
z lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa] okf.kfT;d cSadksa vkSj varjkZ"Vªh;
cSadksa ds lkFk] Hkkjrh; cSafdax O;oLFkk ,d fofo/
vFkZO;oLFkk dk lgh çfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA
z orZeku esa Hkkjr esa 21 lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSad gSa ftuesa
Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad çeq• gSA;s lHkh cSad vFkZO;oLFkk ds
lexz fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
z Hkkjrh; cSafdax ç.kkyh ds fodkl dks 3 vyx&vyx pj.kksa
esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS%
1- Lora=krk&iwoZ pj.k] ;kuh 1947 ls iwoZ
2- nwljk pj.k &1947 ls 1991 rd
3- rhljk pj.k& 1991 vkSj mlds ckn

cSafdax dk fodkl
z Hkkjr dh cSafdax ç.kkyh dqN cSadksa dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk 'kq: gqbZ] tSls fd 1770 esa dydÙkk (vc
dksydkrk) esa cSad vkWiQ fganqLrku dh LFkkiuk gqbZ Fkh tks 1832 esa can gks x;kA
z mlds ckn] vU; cSadksa us cktkj esa ços'k fd;k] ysfdu foiQy jgs] ftuesa tujy cSad vkWiQ bafM;k
cSafdax dk (1786&1791) vkSj vo/ def'kZ;y cSad (1881&1958) 'kkfey gS tks ns'k dk igyk ns'k dk igyk
Lora=krk&iwoZ okf.kfT;d cSad Fkk A
pj.k ;kuh 1947
z 1921 esa cSad vkWiQ caxky] cSad vkWiQ ckWEcs vkSj cSad vkWiQ eækl dk foy; ,d ,dy cSad esa fd;k
ls igys
x;k Fkk ftls baihfj;y cSad vkWiQ bafM;k ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
z ckn esa 1955 esa] baihfj;y cSad vkWiQ bafM;k dk uke cnydj LVsV cSad vkWiQ bafM;k dj fn;k x;kA
z fgYVu ;ax deh'ku dh fliQkfj'kksa ds vuqlkj] Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dh LFkkiuk vçSy 1935 esa gqbZ FkhA
z lkekU; rkSj ij] cSad dk jk"Vªh;dj.k bl pj.k dh çeq• fof'k"V fo'ks"krk gSA
z jk"Vªh;dj.k dks vkfFkZd fu;kstu ds n`f"Vdks.k ls ,d çHkkoh mik; ds :i esa ns•k x;k FkkA
z jk"Vªh;dj.k ds dkj.k%
 cM+s m|ksxksa vkSj cM+s O;kikfjd ?kjkuksa dks eq[; :i ls cSadksa }kjk lsok çnku dh xbZ FkhA
1947 ls 1991
 Ñf"k] y?kq m|ksx vkSj fu;kZr {ks=k fiNM+ x, Fks A
rd nwljk pj.k%
 lkgwdkj xjhc yksxksa dk 'kks"k.k djrs Fks A
(Lora=krk ds
ckn dk pj.k) z blds ckn] 1 tuojh] 1949 dks Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k x;kA
z 19 tqykbZ] 1969 dks pkSng okf.kfT;d cSadksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k x;kA
z vçSy 1980 esa Ng vfrfjÙkQ okf.kfT;d cSadksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k gqvkA
z ujflEgu lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa dh çfrfØ;k esa 2 vDVwcj] 1975 dks {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSadksa dh LFkkiuk
dh xbZ FkhA
 z 1991 esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa ,d cM+k cnyko vk;kA
z 1991 esa ujflEgu lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, futh fuos'kdksa dks ljdkj }kjk Hkkjr
esa fuos'k djus ds fy, Lokxr fd;k x;k FkkA
cSafdax dk rhljk z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad us nl futh cSadksa dks eatwjh nhA
pj.k 1991% z bl fofu;eu ls ykHkkfUor gksus okys dbZ çfl¼ cSad vkt Hkh ekStwn gSa] ftuesa ,pMh,iQlh] ,fDll
,yihth ;qx cSad] vkbZlhvkbZlhvkbZ] Mhlhch vkSj baMlbaM cSad 'kkfey gSaA
z ujflEgke lfefr us ,d ckj fiQj 1998 esa vf/d futh m|fe;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dh odkyr dhA
z vkjchvkbZ us foÙkh; lekos'ku dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, cSadksa dh nks ubZ Jsf.k;ksa] vFkkZr~ Hkqxrku cSad vkSj
NksVs cSadksa dh LFkkiuk dk Hkh lq>ko fn;kA
3- ;g ,d foLr`r çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk fo'kky
D;k vkidks ekywe gS\
xSj&fu"ikfnr ifjlaifÙk;ksa okys cSad dk fdlh vU;
cSafdax fofu;eu vf/fu;e] 1949 dh /kjk 22 (1) ds
cSad }kjk vf/xzg.k fd;k tkrk gSA
rgr] vkjchvkbZ us cSad dks y?kq foÙk cSad (,l,iQch) vkSj
Hkkjrh; Hkqxrku cSad ds :i esa dke djus dk ykblsal fn;kA uhps fn, x, dwV dk mi;ksx djds lgh mÙkj dk p;u
djsa&
dksj cSafdax lkWY;w'ku (a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
z Hkys gh miHkksÙkQk viuk •krk dgk¡ •ksyrs gSa vkSj j•rs (c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
gSa] ;g miHkksÙkQkvksa dks vius •krksa dk çca/u djus vkSj
lhch,l usVodZ ij fdlh Hkh cSad 'kk•k ls cSafdax lsokvksa vuqlwfpr okf.kfT;d cSad
rd igqapus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA z vuqlwfpr okf.kfT;d cSad os cSad gSa tks vkjchvkbZ vf/
z dksj cSafdax lkWY;w'ku (Core Banking Solution) cSad fu;e 1934 dh nwljh vuqlwph esa 'kkfey gSa vkSj cSafdax ds
'kk•kvksa dk ,d usVodZ gS tks mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks dbZ O;olk; dks iwjk djrs gSa tSls fd ½.k nsuk ] tek Lohdkj
cSafdax lsokvksa rd igqapus vkSj nqfu;k esa dgha ls Hkh vius djuk ;k vU; cSafdax lsok,¡ A
•krksa dk çca/u djus esa l{ke cukrk gSA z vuqlwfpr cSad cSad nj ij Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ls ½.k ds
z ;g ,d dsaæhÑr cSd&,aM flLVe gS tks dbZ cSad LFkkuksa fy, ik=k gSaA
ij cSafdax ysunsu dks liQyrkiwoZd laHkkyrk gSA z vuqlwfpr cSad dks Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ds ikl lhvkjvkj
z dksj cSafdax lkWY;w'ku (Core Banking Solution) rsth ls tek djuk vko';d gSA
cSafdax ysunsu dh lqfo/k çnku djrk gS vkSj xzkeh.k vkSj z jk"Vªh;Ñr] varjkZ"Vªh;] lgdkjh vkSj {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSadksa
nwjnjkt ds {ks=kksa esa cSafdax igqap c<+krk gSA lfgr lHkh okf.kfT;d cSad vuqlwfpr cSadksa ds varxZr
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) vkrs gSaA
z dksbZ Hkh lkoZtfud ;k futh {ks=k dk cSad ftlds ikl de
1. ^dksj cSafdax lkWY;w'ku (Core Banking Solution)* 'kCn
ls de 5 yk• #i;s dh çnÙk iw¡th vkSj vkjf{kr jkf'k gS
dHkh&dHkh •cjksa esa ns•k tkrk gSA fuEufyf•r esa ls
vkSj og tekdrkZvksa ds fgrksa ds fo#¼ dkjksckj ugha dj
dkSu lk dFku bl 'kCn dk lcls vPNk o.kZu djrk gS\
jgk gSA
 (2016)
1- ;g ,d cSad dh 'kk•kvksa dk ,d usVodZ gS tks xzkgdksa z bu cSadksa ds dqN fo'ks"kkf/dkj vkSj ykHk gSa%
dks cSad ds usVodZ ij fdlh Hkh 'kk•k ls vius •krksa  dsaæh; cSad ls iqufoZÙk lqfo/k çkIr djus dh {kerkA

dks lapkfyr djus esa l{ke cukrk gS] pkgs mudk •krk  eqæk HkaMkj.k lqfo/kvksa rd igqapA

fdlh Hkh cSad esa gks A  fDy;fjaxgkml esa lnL;rk Lor%fey tkrh gS A

2- ;g daI;wVjhdj.k ds ekè;e ls okf.kfT;d cSadksa ij z vuqlwfpr cSadksa esa foHkkftr gSa% vuqlwfpr okf.kfT;d cSad
vkjchvkbZ ds fu;a=k.k dks c<+kus dk ,d ç;kl gSA vkSj vuqlwfpr lgdkjh cSad

136 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z Hkkjr esa] okf.kfT;d cSadksa dk Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ xfrfof/;ksa
ds fy, ½.k ds laforj.k esa lcls vf/d fgLlk gSA
z okf.kfT;d cSad yxHkx 60» ØsfMV forfjr djrs gSa] blds
ckn lgdkjh cSad yxHkx 30» vkSj vkjvkjch vkSj vU;A
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjr esa Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, ½.k ds
laforj.k esa fuEufyf•r esa ls fdldk fgLlk lcls vf/d
gS\ (2011)
(a) okf.kfT;d cSad (b) lgdkjh cSad
(c) {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad (d) lw{e foÙk laLFkku
z vuqlwfpr okf.kfT;d cSadksa dks vkxs pkj lewgksa esa foHkkftr
fd;k tk ldrk gS&
1- lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSad%
z ftu cSadksa esa ljdkj ds ikl 50» ls vf/d fgLlk gS]
muesa ,lchvkbZ vkSj mlds lg;ksxh] jk"Vªh;Ñr cSad vkSj
vU; lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSad 'kkfey gSaA
z cSad cksMZ C;wjks lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa vkSj foÙkh; laLFkkuksa
esa çeq•ksa ds p;u dh fliQkfj'k djrk gS vkSj j.kuhfr;ksa
vkSj iw¡th tqVkus dh ;kstukvksa dks fodflr djus esa cSadksa
dh enn djrk gSA
z Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad dh LFkkiuk 1955 esa ekStwnk bEihfj;y
cSad vkWiQ bafM;k dks ifjofrZr djrs gq, dh xbZ Fkh] blds
xBu dk mís'; xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa cSafdax lqfo/kvksa ds foLrkj
esa rsth ykuk Fkk
z jk"Vªh;Ñr cSad% cSafdax daiuh (miØeksa dk vf/xzg.k vkSj
gLrkarj.k) vf/fu;e 1970 us Hkkjr esa 14 çeq• okf.
kfT;d cSadksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k
z lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa ds iQk;ns
 tek jkf'k ij mPp C;kt çnku djuk
 ;g O;kid tulewg dks fuEu C;kt nj ij ½.k eqgS;k
djkus dk dke djrk gS
 os ns'k ds xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa Hkh lsok çnku djrs gSa
 foÙkh; lsok,a çnku djus ds fy, mudh dbZ 'kk•k,a
gksrh gSa
lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa dks etcwr djus ds fy, gky
ds dne%
z c<+h gqbZ igqap vkSj lsok mRÑ"Vrk (EASE)% ,d vf}
rh; lq/kjksa ij vk/kfjr lwpdkad lq/kj ,tsaMk dk ,d
fgLlk gS tks xzkgd&dsafær fMftVy ifjorZu vkSj MsVk dks
lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa dh dk;Z ç.kkyh esa vkxs c<+kus
ds fy, gSA
Hkkjr esesa a cScSafda
Hkkjr afdaxxç.kkyh
ç.kkyh
z cSad cksMks± dk l'kfÙkQdj.k% vc cktkj ls cSad ds eq[;
tksf•e vf/dkjh dh HkrhZ dh tkrh gSA
cSad cksMZ C;wjks
z vkjchvkbZ }kjk fu;qÙkQ uk;d lfefr ds lq>koksa ds vk/
kj ij iQjojh 2016 esa bls ,d Lora=k laxBu ds :i
esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
z ;g baæ/uq"k ;kstuk dk fgLlk FkkA
z blus lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa (ih,lch) vkSj jkT;
ds LokfeRo okys foÙkh; laLFkkuksa ds fy, iw.kZdkfyd
funs'kdksa vkSj xSj&dk;Zdkjh vè;{kksa ds p;u dk lq>ko
fn;kA
z ç/kuea=kh dk;kZy; ds lg;ksx ls foÙk ea=kky; fu;qfÙkQ;ksa
ds laca/ esa vafre fu.kZ; ysrk gSA
la;kstu%
z cSad cksMZ C;wjks esa vè;{k] rhu insu lnL; ;kuh lfpo]
lkoZtfud m|e foHkkx] foÙkh; lsok foHkkx ds lfpo
vkSj Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ds fMIVh xouZj vkSj ikap
fo'ks"kK lnL; 'kkfey gSa] ftuesa ls nks futh {ks=k ls gSaA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa ds vè;{k dk p;u ______
}kjk fd;k tkrk gSA (2019)
(a) cSad cksMZ C;wjks (b) Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad
(c) dsaæh; foÙk ea=kky; (d) lacaf/r cSad dk çca/u
futh {ks=k ds cSad%
z futh {ks=k ds cSad os gSa ftuesa vf/dka'k 'ks;j ;k bfDoVh
futh O;fÙkQ;ksa ds LokfeRo vkSj j•j•ko ds v/hu gSaA
z Hkkjrh; cSafdax m|ksx 'kq: esa lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa
}kjk fu;af=kr fd;k x;k Fkk] ysfdu 1990 ds n'kd ds ckn
futh {ks=kksa ds cSadksa dk rsth ls foLrkj gksus yxkA
z vk/qfud rduhdh dk mudk mi;ksx
z thbZ fopkjksa] u, foÙkh; midj.kksa vkSj çkS|ksfxdh us muds
rsth ls fodkl esa ;ksxnku fn;kA
z Hkkjr esa] futh {ks=k ds cSadksa dks nks çdkjksa esa foHkkftr
fd;k x;k gS%
1- iqjkus futh {ks=k ds cSad (1968 ls igys mHkjs)
2- u, futh {ks=k ds cSad (1990 ds n'kd ds ckn mHkjs)
z futh {ks=k ds iqjkus cSad os gSa tks jk"Vªh;dj.k ls igys
ifjpkyu esa FksA
137
z 1993 esa] Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad us Hkkjr esa u, futh {ks=k ds  mUgsa 500 djksM+ #i;s dh U;wure iw¡th vko';drk dks
cSadksa dks •ksyus ds fy, fn'kkfunZs'k vkSj fu;e çdkf'kr iwjk djuk gksxkA
fd,A  mUgsa lhvkj,vkj (CRAR) dks de ls de 10» ij
z cSad dh vf/dka'k 'ks;j iw¡th futh O;fÙkQ;ksa ds ikl gksrh j•uk pkfg,A
gSA bu cSadksa dks lhfer ns;rk fuxeksa ds :i esa LFkkfir  Hkkjr esa fons'kh cSd
a ksa ds çkFkfedrk {ks=k ds y{; 40» gSAa
fd;k x;k gSA
 fons'kh cSadksa dks Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk fu/kZfjr
z orZeku esa] Hkkjr esa 21 futh {ks=k ds cSad gSaA vfrfjÙkQ fu;eksa dk Hkh ikyu djuk pkfg,A
futh {ks=k ds cSad ds ykHk vkSj uqdlku% z fons'kh cSad Hkkjr esa çfrfuf/ LFkkfir dj ldrs gSaA
ykHk uqdlku çfrfuf/ dk;kZy;ksa dks 'kk•kvksa ;k ,tsafl;ksa dh rqyuk esa
z futh {ks=k ds cSad vius z lHkh foÙkh; lsok,a futh de vf/dkj gksrs gSaA
xzkgdksa dks Rofjr lsok {ks=k ds cSadksa esa vfrfjÙkQ z çfrfuf/ dk;kZy; vkerkSj ij fons'kh cSadksa }kjk jk"Vª esa
çnku djrs gSaA ykxr ds v/hu gSaA mifLFkfr LFkkfir djus esa igys dne ds :i esa •ksys
z blds vfrfjÙkQ] dqN z ;s cSad xzkeh.k vkcknh ds tkrs gSaA
cSad xzkgd ds foÙk dh fy, nqxZe gSa D;ksafd os z ;|fi os vius ne ij cSafdax lapkyu ugha dj ldrs gSa]
t:jrksa ds vk/kj ij fo'ks"k :i ls 'kgjh {ks=kksa ysfdu os laHkkfor xzkgdksa ds lkFk laca/ fodflr dj
fo'ks"k lsok,a çnku djrs dh lsok djrs gSaA ldrs gSaA
gSaA z futh {ks=k ds cSadksa esa z blds vfrfjÙkQ] fons'kh cSad 'kk•kvksa dks ços'k ds fy,
z futh {ks=k ds cSadksa dk deZpkfj;ksa ds ikl ukSdjh de fu;ked ck/kvksa okys {ks=kksa esa dke djus dh vf/d
laHkkouk gSA
çca/u <kapk dq'ky gSA dh lqj{kk de gSA
z orZeku esa] 34 fons'kh cSad çfrfuf/ dk;kZy;ksa ds :i esa
z futh {ks=k ds cSad Rofjr
dke dj jgs gSa vkSj 45 fons'kh cSad fons'kh cSad 'kk•kvksa
vkSj lqpk: foÙkh; fu.kZ;
ds :i esa dke dj jgs gSaA
ys ldrs gSaA
{ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad (vkjvkjch)
fons'kh cSad%
z 26 flracj] 1975 dks ç[;kfir vè;kns'k vkSj {ks=kh; xzkeh.k
z bu cSadksa dh 'kk•k,a gekjs ns'k esa gSa] Hkys gh mudk cSad vf/fu;e] 1976 dh 'krks± ds vuqlkj] {ks=kh; xzkeh.k
eq[;ky; vkSj iathdj.k fdlh vU; ns'k esa gSaA
cSad 1975 esa cuk, x, FksA
z ns'k ds dqy 'kk•k usVodZ dk 1» ls Hkh de fgLlk fons'kh
z ;s 1976 ds {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad vf/fu;e ds rgr ujflEgu
cSadksa ls cuk gSA gkykafd] dqy laifÙk esa budk fgLlk
yxHkx 7» gS vkSj cSafdax m|ksx ds equkiQs esa;s 11» dk lfefr }kjk vuq'kaflr gS A
;ksxnku nsrs gSaA z bu cSadksa dh LFkkiuk 1975 ds ,d vè;kns'k vkSj 1976
z Hkkjr esa dke dj jgs fons'kh cSadksa ds fy, vkjchvkbZ dk ds vkjvkjch vf/fu;e ds çko/kuksa ds rgr Ñf"k vkSj
n`f"Vdks.k nks ekxZn'kZd fl¼karksa ij vk/kfjr gS% vU; xzkeh.k {ks=k ds fy, ½.k lqfuf'pr djus ds mís';
1- ikjLifjdrk% ;g bl rF; dks lanfHkZr djrk gS fd ls dh xbZ FkhA
fons'kh cSadksa dks Hkkjr esa leku ntkZ rHkh çkIr gksrk z {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad dk LokfeRo la;qÙkQ :i ls Øe'k% jkT;
gS ;fn mudk x`g jk"Vª Hkkjrh; cSadksa dks fcuk fdlh ljdkj (15»)] Hkkjr ljdkj (50») vkSj çk;kstd cSad
çfrca/ ds 'kk•k,a LFkkfir djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA (35») ds ikl gS A
2- mifLFkfr dk ,dy rjhdk% vkjchvkbZ mifLFkfr ds z igyk {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad 2 vDVwcj] 1975 dks çFkek
,dy eksM dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS D;ksafd Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k cSad ds uke ls LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
'kk•k eksM ;k iw.kZ LokfeRo okyh lgk;d daiuh z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad dks fu;af=kr djrk
(MCY;wvks,l) eksM ds :i esa vuqefr nh tk jgh gSA gS] tcfd ukckMZ muds i;Zos{k.k dk çHkkjh gSA
z fons'kh cSadksa dks vkjchvkbZ }kjk tkjh vU; uhfrxr z uksV% {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad okf.kfT;d cSadksa ds leku dke
fn'kkfunZs'kksa esa fuEufyf•r 'kkfey gSa% djrk gS ysfdu muesa ls çR;sd NksVh HkkSxksfyd igqap ds
 cSadksa dks csly ekud dh vfuok;Z iw¡th i;kZIrrk Hkhrj gksrk gS AorZeku esa] Hkkjr esa 43 {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad
vko';drkvksa dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A gSa tks ns'k Hkj ds 525 ftyksa esa lsokjr gSaA

138 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH

jk"Vªh; Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad (ukckMZ)
z ;g ,d lkafof/d fudk; gS] ftldh LFkkiuk 1982 esa
jk"Vªh; Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad vf/fu;e] 1981
ds rgr dh xbZ FkhA
z ch- f'kojkeu lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa ds dkj.k bldh
LFkkiuk gqbZA
z mís';% bldk eq[; y{; xzkeh.k vkSj Ñf"k fodkl dk
leFkZu djuk vkSj okf.kfT;d cSadksa] jkT; lgdkjh cSadksa]
dsaæh; lgdkjh cSadksa] {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSadksa vkSj Hkwfe
fodkl cSadksa dks iqufoZÙk fodYi çnku djuk gSA
z ;g {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad] jkT; lgdkjh cSadksa vkSj ftyk
dsaæh; lgdkjh cSadksa dh ns•js• djrk gSA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk vuqnku xzkeh.k ifjokjksa dks
çR;{k ½.k lgk;rk çnku djrk gS\ (2013)
1- {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad
2- jk"Vªh; Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad
3- Hkwfe fodkl cSad
uhps fn, x, dwV dk mi;ksx djds lgh mÙkj dk p;u
djsa&
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
(b) dsoy 2
z LFkkuh; {ks=k ds cSadksa dk çkFkfed y{; LFkkuh; laLFkkuksa
ds ekè;e ls xzkeh.k cpr dks tqVkuk gSA
z blds vfrfjÙkQ] os ,d gh LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa esa u, fuos'k
ds volj cukus ds fy, fMtkbu fd, x, gSaA
z LFkkuh; {ks=k ds cSadksa dks igyh ckj 1996 esa dsaæh; ctV
esa vius iM+kslh ftyksa esa LFkkuh; :i ls foÙkh; lsokvksa dh
is'kd'k djus ds fy, is'k fd;k x;k FkkA
z ;s cSad xSj&vuqlwfpr cSadksa ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa] vkSj
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad muds lapkyu dh ns•js• vkSj fu;a=k.k
djrk gSA
z lcls gkfy;k vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa pkj LFkkuh; {ks=k
cSad (,y,ch) gSa%
1- rVh; LFkkuh; {ks=k cSad fyfeVsM
2- Ñ".kk Hkhek le`f¼ yksdy ,fj;k cSad fyfeVsM
3- dSfiVy yksdy ,fj;k cSad fyfeVsM
4- lqHkæk yksdy ,fj;k cSad fyfeVsM dksYgkiqj
{ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad vkSj LFkkuh; {ks=k cSad ds chp varj
{ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad LFkkuh; {ks=k cSad
z os 1970 ds n'kd esa z ;s cSad foÙk ea=kh eueksgu
foÙkh; lekos'ku ij ,e- flag }kjk is'k 1996 ds
ujflage lfefr ij vk/ ctV ij vk/kfjr gSaA
kfjr gSa os cSafdax fofu;eu vf/
z

z bu cSadksa dh LFkkiuk fu;e ds rgr vkjchvkbZ

(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
{ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad vf/
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
fu;e 1976 vkSj 2015 esa
{ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSadksa dk egRo blds la'kks/u ds çko/ku
z os NksVs xzkeh.k m|ksxksa ds :i esa Ñf"k&lac¼ xfrfof/;ksa ds rgr dh xbZ gS
•qnjk O;kikj ds fy, ½.k nsrs gSaA z os lhvkjvkj vkSj
z {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad ds ikl 75» dk çkFkfedrk {ks=k ½.k ,l,yvkj ekunaMksa
y{; gS tgk¡ ½.k Ñf"k xfrfof/;ksa vkSj detksj {ks=kksa dks ds v/hu gSa] ysfdu
tkrk gSA vkjchvkbZ muds fy,
z lekos'kh fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ HkwfedkA vyx ekunaM fu/kZfjr
dj ldrk gS
z lcls gkf'k, okys oxZ dh enn djrk gSA
z dqN ftyksa rd lhfer
LFkkuh; {ks=k cSad mnkgj.k ds fy, cM+kSnk
z LFkkuh; {ks=k ds cSadksa dks fdiQk;rh laxBukRed ekWMy ds xzkeh.k cSad
lkFk NksVs futh laLFkkuksa ds :i esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gS tks z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad
HkkSxksfyd çfrca/ksa ds lkFk foÙkh; lsok,a çnku djrs gSaA vafre fu;ked gS ysfdu
z ;s cSad vke rkSj ij rhu çeq• lfUufgr {ks=kksa ds lkFk&lkFk rRdky fofu;eu vf/
xzkeh.k vkSj v/Z&'kgjh {ks=kksa esa dke djrs gSaA dkj ukckMZ ds ikl gSa
esa vkosnu djds vkSj
daiuh vf/fu;e 1956
ds rgr iathÑr futh
laLFkkvksa }kjk LFkkfir
fd, tkrs gSaA
z xSj&vuqlwfpr cSad gksus
ds ukrs lhvkjvkj]
,l,yvkj vkSj ih,l,y
vkfn dqN psrkofu;ksa ds
lkFk ykxw gksrs gSaA
z ;s cSad vf/dre 3
HkkSxksfyd :i ls fujarj
ftyksa esa ekStwn gksrs gSa
z os Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad
}kjk fofu;fer gksrs gSaA

Hkkjr esesa a cScSafda

Hkkjr afdaxxç.kkyh
ç.kkyh 139
 cSad ifjlaifÙk;k¡
z ,d cSad ykHk dekus ds fy, vius /u dks ifjlaifÙk;ksa
esa j•rk gSA
z bu laifÙk;ksa esa fuos'k] dkWy vkSj 'kkWVZ uksfVl ij iSlk]
½.k vkSj vfxze vkSj fj;k;rh vkSj •jhns x, fcy
'kkfey gSaA
z blds vfrfjÙkQ] ;g cSadksa ds ikl ekStwn udnh vkSj
vkjchvkbZ ds ikl j•h udnh dks Hkh 'kkfey djrk gSA
z nsunkfj;ksa esa tek (le; vkSj ekax nksuksa) vkSj m/kj
'kkfey gSaA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk Hkkjr esa ,d okf.kfT;d cSad
dh ifjlaifÙk esa 'kkfey ugha gS\ (2019)
(a) vfxze
(b) tek
(c) fuos'k
(d) euh ,V dkWy vkSj 'kkWVZ uksfVl
vuqlwfpr lgdkjh cSad%
z ;g ,d çdkj dh foÙkh; bdkbZ gS tks vius lnL; ls
lacaf/r gS vkSj tks ,d gh le; esa vius cSad ds ekfydksa
vkSj xzkgd ls lacaf/r gSA
z ;s cSad lgdkjh ½.k laLFkku gSa tks lgdkjh lfefr vf/
fu;e 1912 ds rgr iathÑr gSaA
z ;s cSad ikjLifjd lgk;rk ds lgdkjh fl¼karksa ds vuqlkj
dke djrs gSaA
z lgdkjh cSadksa dh ,d f=k&Lrjh; lajpuk gS%
1- çkFkfed ½.k lfefr;k¡&ihlh,l (Ñf"k ;k 'kgjh)A
2- ftyk dsaæh; lgdkjh cSad& Mhlhlhch (DCCB)A
3- jkT; lgdkjh cSad&,llhch ('kh"kZ Lrj ij)A
z lgdkjh cSadksa dks Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk fofu;fer fd;k
tkrk gS vkSj 'kkflr fd;k tkrk gS&
 1949 dk cSafdax fofu;eu vf/fu;e
 cSafdax dkuwu (lgdkjh lfefr) vf/fu;e 1955 }kjk
lgdkjh cSadksa dh fo'ks"krk,a
z yksdrkaf=kd fu;a=k.k tgk¡ ,d O;fÙkQ ,d oksV fl¼kar ykxw
gksrk gSA
z cSad jfgr xzkeh.k turk esa foÙkh; lekos'ku lkekU; gSA
140
Hkkjr esa lgdkjh cSafdax ds ykHk
z ;g xzkeh.k turk dks lLrk ½.k çnku djrk gSA
z blus O;fÙkQxr miHkksx ds fy,vuqRiknd m/kj dks
grksRlkfgr fd;k gSA
z blus iSls j•us ds ctk; cpr vkSj fuos'k dks çksRlkfgr
fd;k gSA
z blus mUur cht jklk;fud moZjd vk/qfud midj.kksa vkfn
ds fy, miyC/ ½.k ds ekè;e ls Ñf"k fof/;ksa esa Økafr
yk nh gSA
'kgjh lgdkjh cSad (;wlhch)
z 'kgjh lgdkjh cSad (;wlhch)] ftudh vkSipkfjd ifjHkk"kk
ugha gS] çkFkfed lgdkjh cSad gSa tks 'kgjh vkSj v/Z&'kgjh
{ks=kksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA
z muds {ks=kh; iQksdl ds dkj.k] 'kgjh lgdkjh cSad (;wlhch)]
çkFkfed Ñf"k ½.k lfefr;k¡ (ih,lh,l)] {ks=kh; xzkeh.k
cSad (vkjvkjch)] vkSj LFkkuh; {ks=k cSad (,y,ch) lHkh
dks foHksfnr cSadksa ds :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z bu cSadksa dks dsoy 1996 rd xSj&Ñf"k mi;ksxksa ds fy,
½.k nsus dh vuqefr FkhA vkt] ;g Hksn vc ekU; ugha gSA
z pwafd os eq[; :i ls NksVs m/kjdrkZvksa vkSj m|eksa dks
foÙk iksf"kr djrs Fks] blfy, ;s cSad ,sfrgkfld :i ls
leqnk;ksa vkSj LFkkuh; dk;Zlewgksa ij dsafær FksA muds orZeku
O;olk;ksa dh ,d foLr`r J`a•yk gSA
'kgjh lgdkjh cSadksa dh pqukSfr;k¡%
z nksgjh fu;a=k.k% lkslk;Vh ds jkT; jftLVªkj vkSj vkjchvkbZ
nksuksa dk ;wlhch ij nksgjk fu;a=k.k gSA gkykafd] lHkh ;wlhch
vkSj cgq&jkT; lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dks 2020 esa vkjchvkbZ
ds fu;a=k.k esa j•k x;k FkkA
z cnyrs foÙkh; {ks=k% ;wlhch dk fujarj vfLrRo] tks vkerkSj
ij vkdkj esa NksVs gksrs gSa] is'ksoj çca/u dh deh gksrh gS]
vkSj HkkSxksfyd :i ls de fofo/ lapkyu gksrs gSa] foÙkh;
{ks=k esa ifjorZu vkSj ekbØksiQkbusal] fiQuVsd daifu;ksa]
Hkqxrku xsVos] lks'ky IysViQkeks±] bZ&dkWelZ daifu;ksa vkSj
xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; daifu;ksa (,uch,iQlh) ds fodkl ls
pqukSrh feyrh gSA
z ljdkjh gLr{ksi% ljdkj us 'kq: ls gh vkanksyu dks laj{k.k
nsus okyk O;ogkj fd;k gSA lgdkjh laLFkkvksa dk O;ogkj
ljdkj ds ç'kklfud <kaps ds leku FkkA
z euh ykWfUMªax vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj% lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ fu;ked
eè;LFkrk dk lk/u Hkh cu xbZ gSa] ftlls m/kj nsus vkSj
euh ykWfUMªax fojks/h dkuwuksa ls cpk tk ldrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z Ñf"k ½.k esa fxjkoV vk jgh gS% vkjchvkbZ ds 'kks/ esa ik;k z MkW- çdk'k c['kh ds usr`Ro okyh lfefr us xzkeh.k lgdkjh
x;k fd bl {ks=k ds egRo ds ckotwn] lHkh Ñf"k m/kj cSad dks lykg fn;k fd os vius ½.k dk de ls de
dk çfr'kr le; ds lkFk yxkrkj ?kV jgk gS] 1992&1993 70» fgLlk Ñf"k {ks=k dks vkoafVr djsa A
esa 64» ls c<+dj 2019&20 esa fliQZ 11-3» gks x;k gS A
z vkjlhch ;g lqfuf'pr djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa
z lhfer igq¡p % buesa ls vf/dka'k lfefr;ksa esa dsoy lnL;ksa fd muds ikl rsth ls cnyrs xzkeh.k vkfFkZd ifjn`'; ls
dh ,d NksVh la[;k gS] vkSj os dsoy ,d ;k nks xkaoksa esa
fuiVus ds fy, vko';d dkS'ky gSaA
dke djrs gSaA os viuh {kerkvksa ;k vius ifjpkyu {ks=k
dks c<+kus esa vleFkZ gSa D;ksafd muds lalk/u lhfer gSaA 'kgjh lgdkjh vkSj xzkeh.k lgdkjh ds chp varj
gky ds #>ku 'kgjh lgdkjh lfefr xzkeh.k lgdkjh lfefr
z vkjchvkbZ us tuojh 2020 esa ;wlhch ds fy, i;Zos{kh z mUgsa vuqlwfpr ;k z nh?kZdkfyd% mnkgj.k
dk;Zokgh ÚseodZ (,l,,iQ) dks viMsV fd;k FkkAA xSj&vuqlwfpr vkSj ,dy Hkwfe cSad lgdkjh Ñf"k
z dsaæ ljdkj us twu 2020 esa lHkh 'kgjh vkSj cgq&jkT; jkT; ;k cgqjkT; ds vk/ vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad
lgdkjh cSadksa dks lh/s vkjchvkbZ ds v/hu djus ds fy, kj ij foHkkftr fd;k gSa
,d vè;kns'k ykxw fd;kA x;k gS z ,llh,vkjMhch% jkT;
z 2021 esa vkjchvkbZ ds usr`Ro esa ,d lewg us ;wlhch ds z 2018 ds ckn ls lgdkjh Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k
fy, pkj&Lrjh; lajpuk dh fliQkfj'k dh% vkjchvkbZ us mUgsa LosPNk fodkl cSad
1- fV;j 1% lHkh ;wfuV ;wlhch vkSj osru Hkksxh ;wlhch ls y?kq foÙk cSadksa esa z PCARDB çkFkfed
(tek vkdkj ds ckotwn) vkSj vU; lHkh ;wlhch vixzsM djus dh vuqefr lgdkjh Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k
ftuds ikl 100 djksM+ #i;s rd dh tek jkf'k gSA nhA mUgsa vkxs foHkkftr fodkl cSad
2- fV;j 2% 100 djksM+ #i;s ls 1]000 djksM+ #i;s ds fd;k tk ldrk gS z vYikof/% mnkgj.k ds
chp tek jkf'k okys ;wlhchA fy, jkT; lgdkjh cSad
3- fV;j 3% 1]000 djksM+ #i;s ls 10]000 djksM+ #i;s ftyk dsaæh; lgdkjh
ds chp tek jkf'k okys ;wlhchA cSad çkFkfed Ñf"k ½.k
4- fV;j 4% 10]000 djksM+ #i;s ls vf/d tek okys lfefr;k¡
;wlhchA foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
xzkeh.k lgdkjh cSad
1. Hkkjr esa ^'kgjh lgdkjh cSadksa* ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf•r
z xzkeh.k lgdkjh cSad (RCB) xzkeh.k fuokfl;ksa ds nSfud
dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,% (2021)
thou ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA
z vYidkfyd vkSj nh?kZdkfyd nksuksa lgdkjh ½.k ç.kkfy;k¡ 1- budk i;Zos{k.k vkSj fofu;eu jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk xfBr
blesa 'kkfey gSaA LFkkuh; cksMks± }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
z çkFkfed Ñf"k ½.k lfefr;k¡ (PACS)] ftyk dsaæh; lgdkjh 2- os bfDoVh 'ks;j vkSj ojh;rk 'ks;j tkjh dj ldrs gSaA
cSad (Mhlhlhch)] vkSj jkT; lgdkjh cSad vYidkfyd 3- 1966 esa ,d la'kks/u ds ekè;e ls mUgsa cSafdax
lgdkjh ½.k <kaps (STCB) ds rhu Lrj gSa A fofu;eu vf/fu;e] 1949 ds nk;js esa yk;k x;kA
z 1949 dk cSafdax fofu;eu vf/fu;e ih,lh,l ij ykxw Åij fn, x, dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
ugha gksrk gS] blfy, os Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk 'kkflr
ugha gksrs gSaA (a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
z Mhlhlhch fjtoZ cSad }kjk 'kkflr gksrs gSa vkSj jkT; ds jkT; (c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
lgdkjh lfefr vf/fu;e ds rgr iathÑr gksrs gSaA ftyk dsaæh; lgdkjh cSad (Mhlhlhch)%
z jk"Vªh; Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad (ukckMZ) ds ikl
z xzkeh.k lgdkjh lfefr;ksa esa ftyk dsaæh; lgdkjh cSad
cSafdax fofu;eu vf/fu;e 1949 dh /kjk 35 (6) ds
rgr jkT; vkSj dsaæh; lgdkjh cSadksa dk fujh{k.k djus dh (Mhlhlhch)] jkT; lgdkjh cSad (,lVhlhch)] vkSj
'kfÙkQ gSA çkFkfed Ñf"k ½.k lfefr;k¡ (ih,lh,l) 'kkfey gSaA

Hkkjr esesa a cScSafda

Hkkjr afdaxxç.kkyh
ç.kkyh 141
z vYidkfyd lgdkjh cSadksa dh 3&Lrjh; lajpuk% vis{kkÑr NksVs iSekus ij dke lapkyu cM+s iSekus ij gks jgk
1- jkT; lgdkjh cSad djrs gSaA gSA
2- ftyk dsaæh; lgdkjh cSad ,d dkWikZsjsV cSad dh okf.kfT;d cSad foÙkh;
3- çkFkfed Ñf"k ½.k lfefr;k¡ xfrfof/;ksa dk nk;jk vius lgk;rk vkSj foÙkh; lsokvksa
z ;|fi xzkeh.k lgdkjh ½.k dk iQksdl Ñf"k gS] ysfdu lnL;ksa dks fofHkUu çdkj dh ,d foLr`r J`a•yk çnku
vuqlwfpr okf.kfT;d cSadksa (,llhch) ds 76» vkSj {ks=kh; ds ½.k çnku djus rd djrs gSaA
xzkeh.k cSadksa ds 11-9» dh rqyuk esa xzkeh.k lgdkjh lhfer gSA
lfefr;ksa dh Ñf"k ds fy, ½.k çokg esa fgLlsnkjh dsoy lgdkjh cSad Hkkjr esa ,d okf.kfT;d cSadksa esa ,d la;qÙkQ
12-1» gSA la?kh; lajpuk ds :i esa dke LVkWd daiuh dh lajpuk gksrh
djrs gSaA gSA
z Mhlhlhch turk ls tek jkf'k tqVkrs gSa vkSj turk vkSj
çkFkfed Ñf"k lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dks ½.k çnku djrs gSaA lgdkjh cSad jkT; ljdkjksa] okf.kfT;d cSad lh/s Hkkjrh;
ukckMZ vkSj vkjchvkbZ ds fjtoZ cSad dh ns•js• esa vkrs
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) i;Zos{k.k ds v/hu gksrs gSa gSaA
1. fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,% (2020) vuqlwfpr cSad vkSj xSj&vuqlwfpr cSad ds chp varj&
1- Ñf"k {ks=k dks vYidkfyd ½.k forj.k ds lanHkZ vuqlwfpr cSad xSj&vuqlwfpr cSad
esa] ftyk dsaæh; lgdkjh cSad (DCCBs) vuqlwfpr z mUgsa Hkkjrh; fjtoZ z os lhvkjvkj ds iSls dks
okf.kfT;d cSadksa vkSj {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSadksa dh rqyuk esa cSad dks udn vkjf{kr vius ikl j• ldrs gSaA
vf/d ½.k çnku djrs gSa A vuqikr tek djus dh z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ls
2- ftyk dsaæh; lgdkjh cSad ds lcls egRoiw.kZ dk;ks± esa vko';drk gksrh gS mudk m/kj f•M+dh
ls ,d çkFkfed Ñf"k lk• lfefr;ksa dks /u miyC/ z os Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad esa lapkyu] Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
djkuk gSA /u m/kj ysus ;k tek cSad ds foosd ij fuHkZj
Åij fn, x, dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ djus ds fy, ik=k gSaA djrk gS
(a) dsoy 1 z mUgsa tekdrkZvksa ds z mUgsa cSafdax fofu;eu
(b) dsoy 2
fgrksa dh j{kk djus vf/fu;e ds rgr
vkSj vkjchvkbZ ekunaMksa tekdrkZvksa ds fgrksa dh
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
dk ikyu djus dh j{kk Hkh djuh gksxh
(d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2 vko';drk gS z dbZ lgdkjh cSad gSa tks
lgdkjh cSad cuke okf.kfT;d cSad z bu cSadksa ds fy, vuqlwfpr çÑfr esa xSj&vuqlwfpr gSa
lgdkjh cSad okf.kfT;d cSad okf.kfT;d cSadksa vkSj
;s lgdkjh lfefr vf/fu;e] okf.kfT;d cSad la;qÙkQ vuqlwfpr lgdkjh cSadksa
1904 }kjk 'kkflr lgdkjh LVkWd daifu;k¡ gSa tks cSafdax dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr
lfefr;k¡ gksrh gSaA fofu;eu vf/fu;e] 1949 fd;k x;k gS
}kjk 'kkflr gksrh gSaA cSadksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k% I vkSj II
vke rkSj ij Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ vke rkSj ij O;kikj] okf.kT; z Hkkjrh; foÙkh; {ks=k esa VsDVksfud cnyko rc ns•k x;k tc
{ks=kksa dks y?kq] eè;e vkSj vkSj m|ksx ds fy, y?kq eè;e bafnjk xka/h ljdkj us 1969 esa 14 lcls cM+s okf.kfT;d
nh?kZdkfyd foÙk çnku djrs vkSj nh?kZdkfyd foÙk çnku cSadksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;kA
gSaA djrs gSa z ml nkSjku dbZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'k cktkj vk/kfjr uhfr;ksa ij
dsoy vius lnL;ksa dks foÙk fdlh dks Hkh m/kj nsa tks fLop dj jgs Fks tcfd Hkkjr lektoknh uhfr;ksa dk leFkZu
m/kj nsa] 'ks;j/kjd ,d m/kj ysus ds fy, rS;kj gS djrk FkkA
lgdkjh cSad ls m/kj ysrs gSaA vkSj cSad dh 'krks± dks iwjk z orZeku esa cSafdax ladV us cSadksa ds futhdj.k ij ,d cgl
djrk gSA dks fiQj ls 'kq: dj fn;k gSA

142 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z jk"Vªh;dj.k çca/u ;k LokfeRo ds fy, lkoZtfud {ks=k dh
ifjlaifÙk;ksa dks jkT; ;k dsaæ ljdkj dks gLrkarfjr djus
dh çfØ;k gSA
z Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh;dj.k ds vf/fu;e }kjk] tks cSad igys futh
{ks=k esa dke dj jgs Fks] mUgsa lkoZtfud {ks=k esa LFkkukarfjr
dj fn;k x;k] ftlls jk"Vªh;Ñr cSadksa dks tUe feykA
z bu cSadksa ds jk"Vªh;dj.k ds fy, 1949 ds cSafdax fofu;eu
vf/fu;e dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
z cSadksa ds jk"Vªh;dj.k dh vko';drk
 lekt dY;k.k ds fy,
 cSafdax vknrksa dks fodflr djus ds fy,
 cSafdax {ks=k ds foLrkj ds fy,
 futh ,dkf/dkj dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy,
 {ks=kh; vlarqyu dks de djus ds fy,
 {ks=k ½.k dks çkFkfedrk nsus ds fy,
dkjd tks cSadksa ds jk"Vªh;dj.k dk dkj.k cus
z Lora=krk ds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk viuk, x, fu;ksftr
vkfFkZd fodkl us jk"Vªh;dj.k uhfr dks vko';d cuk fn;k
z ;g ijs'kkuh ds n'kd dk Hkh ifj.kke Fkk tgk¡
 Hkkjr dks vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd >Vds dk lkeuk
djuk iM+k Fkk mnkgj.k ds fy, phu vkSj ikfdLrku
ds lkFk 2 ;q¼A
 lw•s vkSj •k| dh deh ds yxkrkj o"kZ vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i
PL480 dk;ZØe tgk¡ vesfjdh •k| fu;kZr ij fuHkZjrk
ds dkj.k jk"Vªh; lqj{kk ls le>kSrk gqvkA
 rhljh o"kZ dh ;kstuk dh Nqêðh us dqy ekax dks çHkkfor
fd;k D;ksafd lkoZtfud fuos'k de gks x;k FkkA
 m|ksxksa us 1951 vkSj 1968 ds chp okf.kfT;d cSadksa
ls ½.k esa nksxquh fgLlsnkjh ns•h] tcfd Ñf"k dks dqy
½.k dk 2» ls de çkIr gqvkA
jk"Vªh;dj.k ds ykHk
z lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa dh 'kk•kvksa esa yxHkx 800» dh
o`f¼ gqbZA
z cSadksa dh fLFkjrk ds ckjs esa turk ds fo'okl vkSj fo'okl
esa o`f¼A
z Hkkjrh; cSafdax ç.kkyh ns'k ds lcls nwjLFk dksus rd igqap
xbZ gSA
z cSad esa lkoZtfud tek esa mYys•uh; o`f¼ ns•h xbZ gSA
Hkkjr esa cSafdax {ks=k esa lq/kj
z Hkkjrh; cSafdax m|ksx esa yxkrkj ifjorZu vk;k gS] tks ,d
fo'ks"k m|ksx ls lkekftd ifjorZu vkSj foÙkh; lekos'ku
Hkkjr esesa a cScSafda
Hkkjr afdaxxç.kkyh
ç.kkyh
dks c<+kok nsus okys m|ksx esa ifjofrZr gks x;k gSA foÙkh;
{ks=k dks] gkykafd] gky gh esa dbZ leL;kvksa dk lkeuk
djuk iM+k gSA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjrh; cSafdax {ks=k dk dkedkt ifjlaifÙk
xq.koÙkk] foÙkh; lqn`<+rk vkSj n{krk esa deh ls ckf/r gqvk
gSA
z foÙk ea=kky; us vius vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2015&16 esa ,uih,
eqís ds lek/ku ds :i esa ekU;rk] iquiZwathdj.k] ladYi
vkSj lq/kj ds pkj R dh is'kd'k dhA
ujflEgu lfefr dh fjiksVZ 1991% ;g Hkkjr ds foÙkh; {ks=k
esa lq/kj ykus ds fy, LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA lfefr dh dqN
çeq• fliQkfj'ksa Fkha
z ;g rhu Lrjh; cSafdax lajpuk dk lq>ko fn;k x;k gS]
vFkkZr] jkT; ¾ > ftyk ¾ > xkao
z blus iw¡th ds mPp ekunaMksa ls tksf•e Hkkfjr i;kZIrrk
vuqikr (lhvkj,vkj) vuqikr dks 10» rd c<+kus dk
lq>ko fn;k
z udn vkjf{kr vuqikr dks 10» rd vkSj oS/kfud
rjyrk vuqikr dks le; dh vof/ esa 25» rd de
djuk
z ;g çkFkfedrk {ks=k ½.k ds fy, ½.k dk bl 10»
r; djus dk lq>ko fn;k x;k gS
z blus cSadksa dks xzkgdksa ds fy, viuh #fp fu/kZfjr djus
dh Lora=krk çnku djus ds fy, C;kt njksa ds fofu;eu
dh fliQkfj'k dh
z ;g bl ckr ij tksj nsrk gS fd Hkkjr esa ?kjsyw vkSj
varjkZ"Vªh; mifLFkfr ds lkFk rhu ;k pkj cM+s okf.kfT;d
cSad gksus pkfg,
cSafdax {ks=k esa gkfy;k lq/kj
z j?kqjke jktu lfefr 2007 dh fjiksVZ dk 'kh"kZd foÙkh;
{ks=k esa O;kid lokZsÙke lq/kjksa dh fliQkfj'k dh xbZ lkS
NksVs dne gSa fd dqN cM+s vkSj vkerkSj ij jktuhfrd :i
ls fooknkLin dneksa ij è;ku dsafær djus ds ctk; Hkkjr
dks mlh fn'kk esa 100 NksVs dne mBkus pkfg,
z 2015&16 ds vFkZ'kkL=k loZs{k.k esa foÙk ea=kky; us
,uih, (xSj&fu"ikfnr ifjlaifÙk) dh leL;k dks gy djus
ds fy,pkj vkj dk lq>ko fn;k] tks ekU;rk] iqueZwY;kadu]
lek/ku vkSj lq/kj gSaA
z ebZ 2015 esa Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad us lHkh ih,lch dks xzkgd
lsok dh xq.koÙkk esa o`f¼ ds fy, ,d vkarfjd yksdiky
fu;qÙkQ djus dh lykg nh
143
z Vhds fo'oukFku lfefr dh fliQkfj'k ds vk/kj ij
fnokyk vkSj fnokfy;kiu lafgrk (IBC) dh 'kq#vkr
z ih ts uk;d lfefr 2014 dks Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk
Hkkjr esa cSadksa ds cksMZ ds ç'kklu dh leh{kk djus ds fy,
LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk
ihts uk;d lfefr%
z ;g Hkkjr esa cSad cksMks± ds 'kklu ra=k esa lq/kj ij fliQkfj'ksa
nsus ds fy, Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk xfBr fd;k x;k Fkk
z lfefr dks Hkkjr esa cSadksa ds cksMks± ds 'kklu dh leh{kk ds
fy, çfrc¼ ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS
lfefr dh fliQkfj'ksa
z cSad jk"Vªh;dj.k vf/fu;e] ,lchvkbZ vf/fu;e vkfn
dks fujLr djuk tks ljdkj dks vk/s ls vf/d cSadksa dk
ekfyd cuus ds fy, etcwj djrk gSA
z ljdkj dks viuh cSad gksfYMaXl dks cSad fuos'k fctusl
(chvkbZlh) dks gksfYMax daiuh ;k dksj bUosLVesaV daiuh
ds :i esa LFkkukarfjr djuk pkfg,A
z chvkbZlh ds dk;Z dks djus ds fy, ,d varfje bdkbZ ds
:i esa cSad cksMZ C;wjks dk xBu fd;k tk,xkA
z cSad cksMZ C;wjks cksMZ dh fu;qfÙkQ ds fy, cSadksa ds vè;{k
vkSj vU; dk;Zdkjh funs'kdksa dk ekxZn'kZu djsxkA
lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa dk lesdu
foy; cuke lesdu%
z lesdu ,d ;k ,d ls vf/d daifu;ksa dk ,d ubZ
bdkbZ esa la;kstu gS vkSj lesdu ,d foy; ls vyx gS
D;ksafd nksuksa daifu;ksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh dkuwuh bdkbZ ds :i
esa thfor ugha gS] tks nksuksa daifu;ksa dh la;qÙkQ laifÙk vkSj
nsunkfj;ksa dks j•us ds fy, iwjh rjg ls ubZ laLFkkvksa dk
xBu djrh gSA
foy; dh çfØ;k
z cSad foy; cSafdax fofu;eu vf/fu;e 1949 ds rgr
fofu;fer gSA
z dksbZ Hkh nks lkoZtfud {ks=k dh cSafdax bdkb;k¡ foy; okrkZ
'kq: dj ldrh gSa] ysfdu foy; dh ;kstuk dks ljdkj
}kjk vkjchvkbZ ds ijke'kZ ls vafre :i fn;k tkuk pkfg,
vkSj bls laln esa j•k tkuk pkfg,A
z laln foy; dks la'kksf/r djus dk vf/dkj lqjf{kr j•rh
gSA
z lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa ds foy; ds fy, oSdfYid ra=k
iSuy us gky gh esa ih,lih ds foy; ds çLrko dh fuxjkuh
144
ds fy, iQkbuy ea=kh dh vè;{krk esa ,d oSdfYid ra=k
iSuy LFkkfir fd;k gSA
uksV% Hkkjr esa dSey ekWMy (iw¡th i;kZIrrk] ifjlaifÙk xq.koÙkk]
çca/u] vk;] rjyrk vkSj laosnu'khyrk) ds vk/kj ij ;g ik;k
x;k gS fd futh {ks=k ds cSad ykHkçnrk vkSj rjyrk nksuksa esa
lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSad ij gkoh gSa] ysfdu iw¡th i;kZIrrk vkSj
,uih, ds ekeys esa ifj.kke foijhr gSA
foHksfnr cSad%
z ;g ,d çdkj dh cSafdax ç.kkyh gS tgk¡ vkcknh dk ,d
fgLlk NksVs cSadksa dk mi;ksx djds cuk;k tkrk gS
z 2019 rd Hkkjr esa yxHkx 20 djksM+ yksxksa ds ikl cSafdax
rd igqap ugha Fkh
Hkqxrku cSad%
z ;s cSad ½.k ugha ns ldrs gSa lkFk gh ØsfMV dkMZ Hkh tkjh
ugha dj ldrs gSa ysfdu os usV cSafdax ,Vh,e dkMZ MsfcV
cSad vkSj eksckby cSafdax tSlh lsok,a çnku dj ldrs gSaA
z ,d Hkqxrku cSad vU; cSadksa ls fHkUu gksrk gS D;ksafd ;g
NksVs iSekus ij dke djrk gS vkSj blesa dksbZ ØsfMV tksf•e
'kkfey ugha gksrk gSA
z ;g 1 yk• #i;s rd dh ekax tek Lohdkj dj ldrk gS
vkSj jsfeVsal] eksckby isesaV] VªkaliQj] •jhn vkfn miyC/
lsok,a gSaA
z ufpdsr eksj lfefr }kjk de vk; okys O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj
NksVs O;olk;ksa dh lsok djus dh fliQkfj'k dh xbZ FkhA
z vko';d U;wure çnÙk bfDoVh iw¡th ` 100 djksM+ gS
vkSj U;wure iw¡th i;kZIrrk vuqikr 15» gSA
z os vLFkk;h rjyrk çca/u ds fy, laikf'oZd ds fcuk
varj&cSad dkWy euh cktkj vkSj jsiks vkSj lhch,yvks cktkj
rd igqap ldrs gSaA
z fuEufyf•r laLFkk,a Hkqxrku cSadksa ds çeksVj cuus ds
fy, ik=k gSa ekStwnk xSj&cSad çhisM Hkqxrku lk/u (ihihvkbZ)
tkjhdrkZ] ,uch,iQlh dkWikZsjsV fctusl dkWjsLiksaMsaV] eksckby
iQksu daifu;k¡] lqijekdZsV psu] lkoZtfud {ks=k dh laLFkk,a]
vkSj okLrfod {ks=k lgdkjh lfefr;k¡] vkfnA
z Hkqxrku cSad ekax tek Lohdkj dj ldrs gSaA ØsfMV dkMZ
Hkqxrku cSadksa }kjk tkjh ugha fd, tk ldrs gSa] os dsoy
,Vh,e @ MsfcV dkMZ tkjh dj ldrs gSa A
z Hkqxrku cSadksa dks Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ds ekudksa ds rgr m/
kj xfrfof/;ksa esa 'kkfey gksus dh vuqefr ugha gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. foÙkh; lekos'ku dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, Hkkjr esa ^isesaV
cSad* dh LFkkiuk dh vuqefr nh tk jgh gSA bl lanHkZ
esa fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk dFku lgh gS\ (2016)
1- eksckby VsyhiQksu daifu;k¡ vkSj lqijekdZsV psu] ftudk
LokfeRo vkSj fu;a=k.k Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa ds ikl gS] os
Hkqxrku cSadksa ds çorZd gksus ds ik=k gSaA
2- Hkqxrku cSad ØsfMV dkMZ vkSj MsfcV dkMZ nksuksa tkjh
dj ldrs gSaA
3- Hkqxrku cSad dtZ nsus dh xfrfof/;k¡ ugha dj ldrs
gSaA
uhps fn, x, dksM dk mi;ksx djds lgh mÙkj dk p;u
djsa&
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 (b) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(c) dsoy 2 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
y?kq foÙk cSad
z daiuh vf/fu;e 2013 ds rgr LFkkfirA mldh de ls
de 25» cSafdax 'kk•k,a xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa gksuh pkfg,A
z Ñf"k] lw{e] y?kq vkSj eè;e m|e] fu;kZr ½.k] f'k{kk]
vkokl] lkekftd cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ {ks=kksa
ds fy, 75» dk çkFkfedrk {ks=k ½.kA
z daiuh ds yksu iksVZiQksfy;ks dk 50» 25 yk• ;k mlls
Åij dk gksuk pkfg,A
D;k vkidks ekywe gS\
,d ckgjh lykgdkj us vkosnuksa dh leh{kk vkSj ewY;kadu
fd;kA vkjchvkbZ dh iwoZ fMIVh xouZj m"kk FkksjkV us
NksVs cSadksa ds fy, ckgjh lykgdkj lfefr (External
Advisory Committee) ds vè;{k ds :i esa dk;Z
fd;kA
LFkkuh; {ks=k cSad%
z ;s cSad LFkkuh; laLFkkuksa }kjk xzkeh.k cpr dks c<+kok nsus
ds fy, de ls de rhu lfUufgr ftyksa esa lapkyu ds
lkFk futh {ks=k esa LFkkfir fd, x, gSa
z muds ikl de ls de 5 djksM+ #i;s dh iw¡th gksuh pkfg,A
z 40» dk çkFkfed {ks=k m/kj y{; ftlesa ls 25» detksj
oxZ dks tkuk pkfg,
z 2014 esa Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad us vkWu VSi ykblsaflax dks
LFkkuh; {ks=k cSad (LAB) dks y?kq foÙk cSad (SFB) esa
ifjofrZr djus dh vuqefr nhA
Hkkjr esesa a cScSafda
Hkkjr afdaxxç.kkyh
ç.kkyh
yhM cSad ;kstuk%
z bldk mís'; ,d lsok {ks=k n`f"Vdks.k ds ekè;e ls
xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa rjy cSafdax vkSj ½.k çnku djuk gS tgk¡
,d cSad dks ,d {ks=k lkSaik x;k gS] ;g 1969 esa 'kq: dh
xbZ Fkh ;g ;kstuk xkMfxy vè;;u lewg vkSj cSadj
lfefr ij vk/kfjr FkhA
xkMfxy lfefr dh fliQkfj'k
z cSad jfgr {ks=kksa esa ,dhÑr cSafdax lqfo/k,a gksuh pkfg,
z vuckLdsM {ks=kksa esa {ks=k vk/kfjr n`f"Vdks.k tgk¡ çR;sd cSad
dks {ks=k dks viukuk pkfg,
z Ñf"k vkSj iwjd lqj{kk vk; esa enn djsa
z ;kstuk ds mís'; ls lcls NksVh HkkSxksfyd bdkbZ djus okys
ftys dh igpku dh tkuh pkfg,
,ych,l ls tqM+h lfefr;k¡%
1- Mh vkj xkMfxy lfefr
2- Jh ,iQ-ds-,iQ- ujheu lfefr
3- m"kk FkksjkV lfefr
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk )
1. yhM cSad ;kstuk dk ewy è;s; _______ gS (2012)
(a) cM+s cSadksa dks çR;sd ftys esa dk;kZy; •ksyus dk
ç;kl djuk pkfg,A
(b) fofHkUu jk"Vªh;Ñr cSadksa ds chp dM+h çfrLi/kZ gksuh
pkfg,A
(c) vyx&vyx cSd a ksa dks xgu fodkl ds fy, fdlh
fo'ks"k ftys dks xksn ysuk pkfg,A
(d) lHkh cSadksa dks tek jkf'k tqVkus ds fy, xgu ç;kl
djus pkfg,
lsok {ks=k n`f"Vdks.k (SAA)%
z ;g yhM cSad ;kstuk ds "{ks=k n`f"Vdks.k" fof/ dk ,d
fodflr laLdj.k gSA
z ,l,, ds rgr] xzkeh.k vkSj v/Z&'kgjh {ks=k esa çR;sd okf.
kfT;d cSad 'kk•k dks {ks=kksa ds fu;ksftr vkSj O;ofLFkr
fodkl ds fy, 15 ls 25 xkaoksa dh lsok ds fy, ukfer
fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj lacaf/r 'kk•k vius lsok {ks=k ds cSad
ØsfMV dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, ftEesnkj Fkh A
z lsok {ks=k n`f"Vdks.k 1989 esa yhM cSad ;kstuk ds fgLls ds
:i esa is'k fd;k x;k FkkA
z ,l,, dk eq[; y{; m/kj dks c<+kok nsuk Fkk tks mRiknd
Fkk vkSj cSad ØsfMV] mRiknu] mRikndrk vkSj c<+rh vk;
ds Lrj ds chp Bksl laca/ cukrk FkkA
145
 foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) lqfo/kvksa rd dksbZ igqap ugha gSA ^NksVs ½.k* dh ifjHkk"kk
ns'kksa ds chp fHkUu gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa] 1 yk• #i;s ls de
1. lsok {ks=k n`f"Vdks.k ds nk;js esa ykxw fd;k x;k Fkk (2019)
ds lHkh ½.kksa dks lw{e ½.k ekuk tk ldrk gS A
(a) ,dhÑr xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe
z T;knkrj ekeyksa esa rFkkdfFkr C;kt njsa lkekU; cSadksa
(b) yhM cSad ;kstuk }kjk olwyh tkus okyh njksa dh rqyuk esa de gksrh gSa] bl
(c) egkRek xka/h jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk voèkkj.kk ds dqN çfr}a}h ekbØksiQkbusal laLFkkvksa ij xjhc
(d) jk"Vªh; dkS'ky fodkl fe'ku yksxksa ds iSls esa gsjiQsj djds ykHk iSnk djus dk vkjksi
yxkrs gSa A
lw{e foÙk ;k ekbØksiQkbusal%
z csjkstxkjksa ;k fuEu vk; okys O;fÙkQ;ksa ;k lewgksa dks foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
çnku dh tkus okyh ,d çdkj dh cSafdax lsok tks mUgsa 1. ekbØksiQkbusal de vk; oxZ ds yksxksa dks foÙkh; lsokvksa
vk; l`tu xfrfof/;ksa ds ekè;e ls xjhch ls ckgj vkus dk çko/ku gSA blesa miHkksÙkQk vkSj Lojkstxkj nksuksa 'kkfey
esa enn djrh gSA gSaA çnku dh xbZ lsok,a vkSj lw{e&foÙk gS% (2011)
z ,llhch ds vykok] {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad y?kq foÙk cSad] 1- ½.k lqfo/k,a
lgdkjh cSad] ,uch,iQlh vkSj ,uch,iQlh&,e,iQvkbZ Hkh 2- cpr lqfo/k,a
ekbØksiQkbusal lsok,a çnku djrs gSaA 3- chek lqfo/k,a
z ekbØksiQkbusaflax de vk; okyh vkcknh dks foÙkh; lsok,a 4- fuf/ varj.k lqfo/k,a
çnku dj jgh gSA bu lsokvksa esa lw{e&½.k] lw{e&cpr lwfp;ksa ds uhps fn, x, dksM dk mi;ksx djds lgh mÙkj
vkSj lw{e&chek 'kkfey gSaA dk p;u djsa%
z ekbØksiQkbusal laLFkku (,e,iQvkbZ) foÙkh; daifu;k¡ gSa tks (a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 1 vkSj 4
mu yksxksa dks NksVs ½.k çnku djrh gSa ftuds ikl cSafdax (c) dsoy 2 vkSj 3 (d) 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4
Hkqxrku cSad vkSj y?kq foÙk cSad ds chp varj
iSekuk y?kq foÙk cSad Hkqxrku cSad
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad us ns'k ds oafpr vkSj oafpr {ks=kksa ,d fu;fer cSad ds leku] ,d Hkqxrku cSad cgqr
dks cqfu;knh cSafdax lsok,a çnku djus ds fy, y?kq NksVs iSekus ij O;olk; djrk gSA mUgsa vius xzkgdksa
ifjHkk"kk
foÙkh; cSad cuk, gSaA dks fdlh Hkh çdkj dh ØsfMV lgk;rk çnku djus dh
vuqefr ugha gSA
oafpr {ks=kksa] lhekar vkSj NksVs fdlkuksa] y?kq vkSj lw{e Hkqxrku cSad gksus dk eq[; mís'; foÙkh; lekos'ku dk
m|ksxksa vkSj vlaxfBr {ks=kksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls dke djus çko/ku gS&
okyh vU; iQeks± dks ½.k lqfo/kvksa vkSj ½.k dh z y?kq cpr •krs çnku djuk
mís';ksa is'kd'k djds foÙkh; lekos'ku dks c<+kok nsuk z çoklh etnwjksa] de vk; okys lewgksa] NksVs O;olk;ksa
vkSj vlaxfBr {ks=kksa esa dke djus okys vU;
O;olk;ksa dks Hkqxrku lsokvksa dk çs"k.kA
vko';d y?kq foÙk cSadksa ds fy, Hkqxrku dh tkus okyh U;wure Hkqxrku cSad ds fy, Hkqxrku dh tkus okyh U;wure
U;wure iw¡th bfDoVh iw¡th 100 djksM+ #i;s gSA bfDoVh iw¡th 100 djksM+ #i;s gSA
vkorhZ vkSj lkof/ tek y?kq foÙk cSadksa }kjk Lohdkj bu cSadksa }kjk le; tek Lohdkj ugha fd;k tkrk gS
le; tek
fd, tkrs gSa
½.k os NksVs ½.k dh is'kd'k dj ldrs gSa os fdlh Hkh ½.k dh is'kd'k djus ds fy, ik=k ugha gSa
os oafpr leqnk;ksa esa fu;fer cSd a ksa dh rjg dke djrs gSAa os xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; xfrfof/;ksa ls lacaf/r lsokvksa ds
çfrca/ muds dkedkt ij dksbZ foÙkh; çfrca/ ugha yxk;k fy, lgk;d daifu;ksa dh LFkkiuk djus ds fy, ik=k
tkrk gS ugha gSa
igyh ckj Hkkjr dk igyk y?kq foÙk cSad iw¡th y?kq foÙk cSad Fkk] Hkkjr dk igyk Hkqxrku cSad ,;jVsy isesaV~l cSad Fkk]
'kq#vkr ftls 2016 esa 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk ftls 2016 esa Hkh 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk

146 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk) ;wfuolZy cSad cuke foHksnd cSad
iSekuk ;wfuolZy cSad foHksnd cSad
1. ç/kuea=kh tu /u ;kstuk (ih,etsMhokbZ) cSafdax lqfo/
kvksa ls oafpr yksxksa dks laLFkkxr foÙk ds nk;js esa ykus •qyh 'kk•k,¡ os cSad jfgr xzkeh.k LFkkuh; {ks=k ds cSadksa
ds fy, vko';d gSA D;k vki Hkkjrh; lekt ds xjhc {ks=kksa esa 25» 'kk•k,a vkSj {ks=kh; xzkeh.k
oxZ ds foÙkh; lekos'ku ds fy, blls lger gSa\ viuh •ksyus ds ckn dgha cSadksa ds fy, 'kk•k
jk; dks lgh Bgjkus ds fy, rdZ nsaA (2016) Hkh 'kk•k,a •ksy •ksyus ij HkkSxksfyd
ldrs gSaA çfrca/ gSaA
Hkkjr esa ;wfuolZy cSafdax
tek Lohdkj os fdlh Hkh jkf'k ds os Hkqxrku cSadksa
z ;wfuolZy cSafdax cSafdax dh ,d ç.kkyh gS tgk¡ cSad fuos'k
djuk le; vkSj ekax tek dks NksM+dj le;
cSafdax] okf.kfT;d cSafdax] fodkl cSafdax] chek vkSj vU;
nksuksa dks Lohdkj vkSj ekax tek nksuksa
foÙkh; lsokvksa tSlh foÙkh; lsokvksa dk foLrkj djrs gSa|
djrs gSaA Lohdkj djrs gSa tks
z cpr vkSj ½.k ds vykok lkoZHkkSfed cSad fuos'k vkSj dsoy vf/dre 1
lqj{kk tSlh lsok,a çnku djrs gSa tSls fd ØsfMV dkMZ yk• Lohdkj dj
ifj;kstuk] foÙk çs"k.k] Hkqxrku ç.kkyh vius lapkyu chek ldrs gSaA
vkfn ds fy, lexz lkoZHkkSfed cSafdax ,d Nrjh ds uhps
½.k nsuk os çkFkfedrk çkIr z y?kq foÙk cSad
foÙkh; mRikn ds fy, ,d lqij LVksj gS
{ks=k m/kj ekunaM ds vkSj {ks=kh;
z vkj,p •ku lfefr dh fliQkfj'k ds vk/kj ij Hkkjr esa
40» ds ckn fdlh xzkeh.k cSad
lkoZHkkSfed cSafdax dh vo/kj.kk fodflr dh xbZ Fkh
dks Hkh ½.k ns dks çkFkfedrk
lkoZHkkSfed cSafdax ds ykHk ldrs gSa {ks=k ½.k ds
z ykHkçnrk vkSj foiFku esa o`f¼ fy, 75» çnku
z lalk/u mi;ksx esa n{krk djuk gksxk
z ewY; of/Zr lsok çnku djuk z isesaV cSad ½.k
z ysu&nsu ykxr esa dkiQh deh ugha ns ldrk

lkoZHkkSfed cSafdax ij vkjchvkbZ ds fn'kkfunZs'k foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)

z lhvkjvkj vkSj ,l,yvkj vko';drkvksa dk vuqikyuA
1. ;fn fudV Hkfo"; esa ,d vkSj oSf'od foÙkh; ladV gksrk
z cSafdax fofu;eu vf/fu;e] 1949 dh /kjk 10 dk vuqikyu
gS] rks fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lh dk;Zokfg;ksa@uhfr;ksa ls
] ftlds fy, funs'kdksa dh dqy la[;k ds de ls de 51»
Hkkjr dks dqN çfrj{kk feyus dh laHkkouk gS\ (2020)
dks fo'ks"k Kku vkSj vuqHko gksuk vko';d gSA
1- vYidkfyd fons'kh m/kj ij fuHkZj u gksuk
z cSad ml daiuh dh çnÙk 'ks;j iw¡th ds 30» ls vf/d
'ks;j ugha j• ldrs gSa 2- vf/d fons'kh cSadksa ds fy, •ksyuk
z cSafdax fofu;eu vf/fu;e] 1949 dh /kjk 20 dk vuqikyu 3- iw.kZ iw¡th •krk ifjorZuh;rk cuk, j•uk
tks fdlh cSad ;k lqj{kk dk;kZy; }kjk vius 'ks;jksa dks ½.k uhps fn, x, dksM dk mi;ksx djds lgh mÙkj dk p;u
vkSj vfxze nsus ij çfrca/ yxkrk gSA djsa%
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dh 'kk•k ykblsaflax uhfr dk vuqikyu (a) dsoy 1
tks v/Z&'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa mudh 'kk•kvksa dh dqy
(b) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
la[;k dk de ls de 25» gS A
(c) dsoy 3
z cSafdax fofu;eu vf/fu;e] 1949 ds vuqlkj ,d okf"kZd
foÙkh; fjiksVZ çdkf'kr dh tkuh pkfg,A (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3

Hkkjr esesa a cScSafda

Hkkjr afdaxxç.kkyh
ç.kkyh 147
 2. Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSafdax ds 'kklu ds lanHkZ esa] 2- ;s fn'kkfunZs'k C;kt njksa ij cSad ½.k dh miyC/rk
fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj djsa% (2018) lqfuf'pr djus esa enn djrs gSa tks m/kjdrkZvksa ds
1- fiNys ,d n'kd esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk lkoZtfud {ks=k lkFk&lkFk cSadksa ds fy, Hkh mfpr gSaA
ds cSadksa esa iw¡th çokg esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gqbZ gSA uhps fn, x, dwV dk mi;ksx djds lgh mÙkj dk p;u
2- lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa dks nq#Lr djus ds fy, djsa&
lg;ksxh cSadksa dk ewy Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad esa foy; (a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2
çHkkfor gqvk gSA (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2
Åij fn, x, dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
csl jsV vkSj ,elh,yvkj esa varj
(a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2
vk/kj nj ,elh,yvkj
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2
z foÙkiks"k.k dh vkSlr z /u dh o`f¼'khy ;k lhekar
dks"k dh lhekar ykxr vk/kfjr m/kj nj (,elh,yvkj) ykxr dk mi;ksx ykxr ds vk/kj ij
z blus okf.kfT;d cSadksa ds fy, m/kj njksa dks fu/kZfjr djus djrh gS z ;g x.kuk dkjd vof/
ds fy, vk/kj nj dks cny fn;kA z ;g x.kuk fjVuZ dh çhfe;e gS
z ;g lcls de C;kt nj gS tks ,d cSad ½.k ysrs le; U;wure nj dks è;ku z bldh x.kuk tek vkSj jsiks
pktZ dj ldrk gSA esa j•rh gS njksa ds lkFk&lkFk ifjpkyu
z ;g ,d vkarfjd csapekdZ gS tks vof/ ls tqM+k gqvk gS] z udn vkjf{kr vuqikr ykxr vkSj udn vkjf{kr
ftldk vFkZ gS fd cSad vkarfjd :i ls nj fu/kZfjr djrk dks cuk, j•us ds fy, vuqikr dks cuk, j•us dh
gS fd ½.k fdrus le; rd pqdk;k tkuk gSA vko';d ifjpkyu ykxr dks è;ku esa j•rs gq,
z ,elh,yvkj okLrfod tek njksa ls fudVrk ls tqM+k gqvk O;; vkSj O;; ls dh tkrh gS
gS vkSj bldh x.kuk pkj ?kVdksa ds vk/kj ij dh tkrh gS% çHkkfor
1- fuf/;ksa dh lhekar ykxr ekSfæd uhfr dk lapj.k%
2- vof/ çhfe;e z blesa crk;k x;k gS fd vkjchvkbZ }kjk uhfrxr nj esa
3- ifjpkyu ykxr fd, x, cnyko m/kj vkSj eqækLiQhfr tSlh vU; vkfFkZd
xfrfof/;ksa dks dSls çHkkfor djrs gSaA
4- udn vkjf{kr vuqikr ds dkj.k ½.kkRed dSjhvkWu
z mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ge uhfrxr njksa dks de dj jgs
,elh,yvkj dk mís';% gSa rks m/kj njksa dks de djus dk ykHk xzkgdksa dks fn;k
z cSad dh m/kj njksa esa uhfrxr nj ds lapj.k esa lq/kj tkuk pkfg,
z C;kt nj ds fu/kZj.k ds fy, fofHkUu cSadksa }kjk viuk, lapj.k ds ra=k%
tkus okys rjhdksa esa ikjnf'kZrk ykuk z C;kt nj% ljdkjh ½.k cktkj] ØsfMV cktkj ;k bfDoVh
z m/kjnkrkvksa vkSj m/kjdrkZvksa nksuksa ds fy, mfpr njksa ij cktkj tSls {ks=kksa esa C;kt njsa] vkSj eqæk cktkj lacaf/r gSa
cSad ½.k dh miyC/rk lqfuf'pr djuk z ØsfMV% cSad iQafMax ij mPp fuHkZjrk ds dkj.k ekSfæd
z ½.knkrk vkSj cSad dks çfrLi/hZ gksus vkSj yacs le; esa lapj.k esa cSad m/kj vkSj cSysal 'khV pkSuy egRoiw.kZ gSa
muds ewY; esa lq/kj djus esa l{ke cukuk z fofue; nj% eqæk nj ewY;ßkl eqækLiQhfr tksf•e dk ,d
çeq• lzksr gS
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) z ifjlaifÙk ewY;% fo'ks"k :i ls 'ks;j dh dhersa #fp
1. vkjchvkbZ }kjk ?kksf"kr iQaM dh lhekar ykxr vk/kfjr ifjorZu ds lkFk cnyrh gSa] gkykafd çHkkoksa dh ek=kk de gS
m/kj nj (Marginal Cost of Funds based Lending ekSfæd uhfr lapj.k ds fy, pqukSfr;k¡%
Rate) dk mís'; D;k gS\ (2016) z foÙk iks"k.k ykxr yphyh ugha gS D;ksafd Hkkjr esa m/kj dk
1- ;s fn'kkfunZs'k vfxzeksa ij C;kt njsa fu/kZfjr djus cM+k fgLlk xzkgd tek •krksa ds ekè;e ls gksrk gS tcfd
ds fy, cSadksa }kjk viukbZ tkus okyh dk;Zç.kkyh esa fMcsapj ;k okf.kfT;d i=k tkjh djus ds ekè;e ls cktkj
ikjnf'kZrk dks csgrj cukus esa enn djrs gSaA m/kj cgqr de gksrk gSA

148 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z xSj&fu"ikfnr ifjlaifÙk;ksa esa o`f¼% D;ksafd cSad lhekar
m/kj nj esa Hkkfjr vkSlr ySafMax nj dks vf/d j•rs gSa
z eq[; vkfFkZd lykgdkj vjfoan lqcze.;e ds vuqlkj Hkkjr
dh vkfFkZd eanh us ½.k o`f¼ dks ckf/r fd;k gS ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i ekSfæd uhfr de gks xbZ gS
z uhfrxr njksa dks cktkj ls u tksM+uk% D;ksafd jsiks nj
ekSfæd uhfr lfefr }kjk ç'kkflr dh tkrh gS ftls cktkj
fu/kZfjr nj ugha ekuk tk ldrk gS
z cdk;k ½.kksa dk yxHkx 3@4 fgLlk fdlh Hkh ckgjh
csapekdZ ls tqM+k ugha gS
ckgjh csapekdZ m/kj nj% 2019 esa vkjchvkbZ us iw.kZ
ikjnf'kZrk vkSj ekudhdj.k lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ,d
leku ckgjh csapekdZ viuk;k gSA tgk¡ Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad us
cSadksa dks pkj ckgjh csapekfdZax ra=kksa esa ls pquus dh is'kd'k
dh gS tks gSa
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad jsiks nj
z 91 fnu dk Vªstjh fcy
z 182 fnu dk Vªstjh fcy
z foÙkh; csapekdZ bafM;k çkbosV fyfeVsM }kjk lq>k, x,
fdlh vU; csapekdZ
çkFkfedrk çkIr {ks=k ½.k (ih,l,y)
z ns'k dh cqfu;knh t:jrksa ds fy, egRoiw.kZ {ks=kksa dks vU;
{ks=kksa dh rqyuk esa çkFkfedrk nh tkuh pkfg,] ;s {ks=k Hkkjr
ljdkj vkSj Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk fu/kZfjr fd, tkrs gSaA
cSadksa dks ½.k ds i;kZIr vkSj le; ij çokg ds lkFk bl
{ks=k ds fodkl dks çksRlkfgr djus dk vf/dkj gS
z çkFkfedrk çkIr {ks=k ½.k ds rgr Jsf.k;k¡ Ñf"k] lw{e] y?kq
vkSj eè;e m|e] fu;kZr ½.k] f'k{kk] vkokl] lkekftd
cqfu;knh <kapk] uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ vkSj vU; gSa
çkFkfed {ks=k ½.k esa lgk;d y{;%
z lHkh vuqlwfpr okf.kfT;d cSadksa vkSj fons'kh cSadksa dks bu
{ks=kksa dks vius m/kj dk 40» vyx j•uk vfuok;Z gS
z {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSadksa] lgdkjh cSadksa vkSj y?kq foÙk cSadksa dks
ih,l,y ds fy, 75» vyx j•uk gksxk
z naMkRed dk;Zokgh% vuqlwfpr okf.kfT;d cSad tks {ks=kksa
(ih,l,y) dks ½.k nsus esa de iM+rs gSa] os ukckMZ ds Hkhrj
LFkkfir xzkeh.k volajpuk fodkl dks"k (vkjvkbZMh,iQ)
ds fy, dqN jkf'k vkoafVr djsaxs tSlk fd vkjchvkbZ }kjk
le;&le; ij r; fd;k x;k gS
Hkkjr esesa a cScSafda
Hkkjr afdaxxç.kkyh
ç.kkyh
vuqlwfpr okf.kfT;d cSadksa ds fy, çkFkfed {ks=k m/kj
ds fy, vkjchvkbZ ds fn'kkfunZs'k%
z dqy fuoy cSad ½.k dk 40» çkFkfedrk çkIr {ks=k ds
vfxzeksa esa tkuk pkfg,A
z çkFkfedrk çkIr {ks=k ds vfxzeksa dk 10» ;k dqy 'kq¼ cSad
½.k dk 10»] tks Hkh vf/d gks
z detksj oxZ dks tkuk pkfg,A
z dqy fuoy cSad ½.k dk 18» Ñf"k vfxzeksa esa tkuk pkfg,A
z Ñf"k ds fy, y{;] lek;ksftr fuoy cSad ½.k (,,uchlh)
;k vkWiQ&cSysal 'khV ,Dlikstj dh ØsfMV lerqY; jkf'k]
tks Hkh vf/d gks] dk y{; pj.kc¼ rjhds ls çkIr fd;k
tkuk gSA
z ,,uchlh dh 5 ;k vkWiQ&cSysal 'khV ,Dlikstj dh ØsfMV
led{k jkf'k] tks Hkh vf/d gks] lw{e m|eksa dks nh tkuh
pkfg,A
çkFkfedrk çkIr {ks=k m/kj çek.ki=k
z çkFkfedrk çkIr {ks=k ½.k çek.ki=k (ih,l,ylh) ,d ra=k
gS tks cSadksa dks deh dh fLFkfr esa bu lk/uksa dh •jhn
}kjk çkFkfedrk çkIr {ks=k ½.k y{; vkSj mi&y{;ksa dks
çkIr djus esa l{ke cukrk gSA
z ;g vf/'ks"k cSadksa dks Hkh çksRlkfgr djrk gS D;ksafd ;g
mUgsa y{;ksa ls vf/d viuh vfrfjÙkQ miyfC/ cspus dh
vuqefr nsrk gS ftlls çkFkfedrk okys {ks=k ds rgr Jsf.k;ksa
dks ½.k nsus esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
z ik=k foÙkh; laLFkku% ,llhch] vkjvkjch] ,y,ch] y?kq foÙk
cSad] 'kgjh lgdkjh lfefr A
z ;g fliQZ ,d ys•kadu fl¼kar gS D;ksafd ifjlaifÙk (;k
tksf•e) dk dksbZ gLrkarj.k ugha gSA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjr esa cSadksa }kjk çkFkfedrk çkIr {ks=k __________
m/kj dk xBu djrk gS (2013)
(a) Ñf"k
(b) lw{e vkSj y?kq m|e
(c) detksj oxZ
(d) mi;ZqÙkQ lHkh
fctusl dkWjsLiksaMsaV (BC) ekWMy%
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad us Hkkjr esa foÙkh; lekos'ku esa lq/kj
ds fy, 2006 esa fctusl dkWjsLikWUMsaV (BC) ekWMy ykWUp
fd;kA
149
z fctusl dkWjsLiksaMsaV cSadksa ds çfrfuf/ gksrs gSa ftUgsa ,Vh,e
vkSj cSad 'kk•kvksa ds ckgj cSafdax lsok,a çnku djus dk
dke lkSaik tkrk gSA
z ;g ljdkjh lgk;rk vkSj lkekftd lqj{kk ykHkksa dks lh/s
ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ds •krksa esa tek djuk laHko cukrk gS] ftlls
mUgsa cSad lkFkh ;k LFkkuh; O;kikj laoknnkrkvksa ls iSlk
fudkyus dh vuqefr feyrh gSA
z chlh ekWMy ds ekè;e ls cSad lqfo/kvksa dks vfuok;Z :i
ls leqnk;ksa esa yk;k tkrk gSA os vius •krs esa iSls tksM+
ldrs gSa vkSj bls fudky ldrs gSaA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. 'kk•k jfgr {ks=kksa esa O;olk; çfrfuf/ (cSad lkFkh) dh
lsokvksa ls ykHkkFkhZ dkSu&lh lqfo/k,¡ çkIr dj ldrs gSa\
 (2014)
1- ;g ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks muds xkaoksa esa lfClMh vkSj lkekftd
lqj{kk ykHk çkIr djus esa l{ke cukrk gSA
2- ;g xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks tek vkSj fudklh
djus esa l{ke cukrk gSA
uhps fn, x, dwV dk mi;ksx djds lgh mÙkj dk p;u
djsa&
(a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 4
fuoy ekax vkSj le; ns;rk,a
z ,d cSad dh dqy ekax vkSj cSad dh le; nsunkfj;ksa (tek)
vkSj fdlh vU; cSad }kjk vk;ksftr ifjlaifÙk;ksa ds :i esa
bldh tek jkf'k ds chp ds varj dks ^'kq¼ ekax vkSj le;
nsunkfj;ksa* 'kCn }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] cSad
dh 'kq¼ ekax vkSj le; nsunkfj;ksa dh x.kuk fuEufyf•r
lw=k dk mi;ksx djds dh tk ldrh gS%
z cSad dk NDTL ¾ ekax vkSj le; nsunkfj;k¡ (tek) vU;
cSadksa ds lkFk tek
z mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn fdlh cSad us nwljs cSad ds lkFk 5000
tek fd, gSa vkSj bldh dqy ekax vkSj le; nsunkfj;k¡
(vU; cSad tek lfgr) 10]000 gSaArc 'kq¼ ekax vkSj le;
nsunkfj;k¡ 5]000 (10]000&5]000) gksaxhA
z blfy,] ,d cSad dh tek mldh nsunkfj;k¡ gSa] ftlesa ekax
nkf;Ro] le; nsunkfj;k¡ vkSj vU; çdkj dh ekax vkSj le;
nsunkfj;k¡ 'kkfey gks ldrh gSaA
150
lhekar LFkk;h lqfo/k (MSF) nj%
z ekftZuy LVSafMax iQSflfyVh (MSF) cSadksa ds fy, vkikr
fLFkfr esa Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ls m/kj ysus dh ,d f•M+dh
gS tc baVjcSad rjyrk iwjh rjg ls lw• tkrh gSA
z vkjchvkbZ us 2011&2012 esa ekSfæd uhfr lq/kj ds fgLls
ds :i esa lhekar LFkk;h lqfo/k 'kq: dhA
z tc lHkh miyC/ m/kj lgk;rk dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS]
rks cSad vkjchvkbZ ls tqekZuk nj ij iSlk m/kj ys ldrs gSaA
z lhekar LFkk;h lqfo/k] ftls lhekar LFkk;h lqfo/k nj ds
:i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] cSadksa dks jsiks nj ls vf/d nj
ij iSlk m/kj ysus esa l{ke cukrk gSA
bldh fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf•r gSa%
z rjyrk lek;kstu lqfo/k ds rgr cSad jsiks jsV ls T;knk
jsV ij ljdkjh ,lsV~l dh xkjaVh nsdj vkjchvkbZ ls iSlk
m/kj ysrs gSaA
z jsiks nj ls ,d çfr'kr vad vf/d] ;k 100 vk/kj vad]
og txg gS tgk¡ ,e,l,iQ nj fu/kZfjr dh tkrh gSA
z cSadksa dks ,e,l,iQ ds rgr viuh fuoy ekax vkSj le;
nsunkfj;ksa (,uMhVh,y) dk 1» rd m/kj ysus dh vuqefr
gSA
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dks ,d djksM+ #i;s ls 'kq: gksus okyh
jkf'k ds fy, vkosnu çkIr gksrs gSa vkSj blesa ,d djksM+
#i;s dh o`f¼ gksrh gSA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. ^lhekar LFkk;h lqfo/k nj* vkSj ^'kq¼ ekax vkSj le;
nsunkfj;k¡*] tks dHkh&dHkh lekpkjksa esa fn•kbZ nsrh gSa] dk
mi;ksx ______ ds laca/ esa fd;k tkrk gS (2014)
(a) cSafdax çpkyu
(b) lapkj usVofdZax
(c) lSU; j.kuhfr;k¡
(d) Ñf"k mRiknksa dh vkiwfrZ vkSj ekax
iSls dh ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ%
ekax% dhUl ds rjyrk ojh;rk fl¼kar ds vuqlkj] yksx 3 mís';ksa
ds fy, iSlk j•us dh bPNk j•rs gSa&
z ysu&nsu dk edln% ysunsu djukA
z lêðk edln% tc iSlk j•uk iSlk m/kj nsus ;k fuos'k
djus dh rqyuk esa de tksf•e Hkjk gksrk gSA
z ,gfr;krh edln% Hkfo"; esa vçR;kf'kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks
iwjk djus ds fy,A tSls fdlh Hkh dkj.k ls vpkud e`R;q
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
vkiwfrZ%
;g vFkZO;oLFkk esa fdlh Hkh fcanq ij çpyu esa /u dh ek=kk gSA
Hkkjr esa /u dh vkiwfrZ ds eki dks M0 ds lkFk pkj Jsf.k;ksa
M1] M2] M3 vkSj M4 esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gS
z fjtoZ euh (M0) & çpyu esa eqæk $ vkjchvkbZ ds lkFk
cSadlZ fMikWftV $ vkjchvkbZ ds ikl vU; tekA bls gkbZ
ikoMZ euh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
z mPp 'kfÙkQ okyk /u% ;g ns'k ds ekSfæd çkf/dj.k dh
dqy ns;rk gSA
z uSjks euh% ;g vR;f/d rjy /u gS ftldk mi;ksx cSad
m/kj nsus ds fy, ugha dj ldrs gSaA
z M1 ¾ turk ds lkFk eqæk $ cSafdax ç.kkyh ds lkFk ekax
tek $ Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ds lkFk vU; tekA
z M2 ¾ M1 $ Mkd?kj cpr cSadksa dh cpr tek
z czkWM euh% ;g ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa dqy iSlk gS ;kuh] ldy
/u lalk/u
z cSafdax ç.kkyh ds lkFk M3 ¾ M1 $ le; tekA
z M4 ¾ M3 $ Mkd?kj cpr cSadksa ds lkFk lHkh tekA
z rjyrk vojksgh Øe esa n'kkZ;k tkrk gS & M1>M2>M3>M4
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. ;fn vki vius cSad esa vius fMekaM fMikWftV vdkmaV ls
1]00]000 #i;s udn fudkyrs gSa] rks vFkZO;oLFkk esa dqy
eqæk vkiwfrZ ij rRdky çHkko _______ gksxk (2020)
(a) 1]00]000 #i;s dh deh
(b) 1]00]000 #i;s dh o`f¼
(c) 1]00]000 #i;s ls vf/d dh o`f¼
(d) ;g vifjofrZr jgsxk
yhxy VsaMj ;k oS/ eqæk%
z oS/ eqæk ;k yhxy VsaMj ,d flDdk ;k cSaduksV gS tks
½.k ;k nkf;Ro ds fuoZgu ds fy, dkuwuh :i ls ns; gSA
z flDdk vf/fu;e] 2011 dh /kjk 6 ds rgr Hkkjr ljdkj
}kjk tkjh fd, x, flDds] Hkqxrku esa oS/ eqæk gksaxsA
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk tkjh fd;k x;k çR;sd cSaduksV
Hkkjr esa ml jkf'k ds fy, dkuwuh /u ds :i esa ekU;
gS] tc rd fd bls çpyu ls okil ugha fy;k tkrk gSA
z jk"Vª ds fdlh Hkh ukxfjd }kjk fdlh Hkh çdkj ds ysu&nsu
ds fuiVku ds fy, euk ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z dkuwuh fufonk nks çdkj dh gksrh gS% lhfer vkSj vlhferA
z Hkkjr esa] eqæk uksVksa dh oS/ eqæk dh fLFkfr vlhfer gS
ysfdu flDdksa dh fLFkfr çfrcaf/r gSA
Hkkjr esesa a cScSafda
Hkkjr afdaxxç.kkyh
ç.kkyh
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk dFku oS/ eqæk ds vFkZ dk
lgh o.kZu djrk gS\ (2018)
(a) og /ujkf'k tks dkuwuh ekeyksa ds 'kqYd dk Hkqxrku
djus ds fy, U;k;ky;ksa esa nh tkrh gSA
(b) og /u ftls ysunkj vius nkoksa ds fuiVku esa
Lohdkj djus ds fy, ckè; gSA
(c) cSad dk iSlk psd] MªkÝV] fofue; fcy vkfn ds
:i esa gksrk gSA
(d) fdlh ns'k esa /kfRod eqæk tks çpyu esa gSA
,uih, vkSj rukoxzLr ifjlaifÙk;k¡%
z xSj&fu"ikfnr ifjlaifÙk;k¡ ½.k vkSj cdk;k gSa tks cSadksa ;k
foÙkh; laLFkkuksa }kjk m/kj fn, tkrs gSa ftuds ewy/u vkSj
C;kt esa 90 fnuksa ls vf/d dh nsjh gksrh gS vkSj tks vc
cSad ds fy, vk; mRiUu ugha djrs gSaA
z ,uih, dks fnuksa dh la[;k] Hkqxrku fd, x, ewy/u vkSj
ns; C;kt ds vk/kj ij oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA
z mijksÙkQ dkjdksa ds vk/kj ij mUgsa ?kfV;k laifÙk] lafnX/
laifÙk vkSj gkfu laifÙk ds :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Hkkjr esa ,uih, ds ihNs dk dkj.k%
z fo'kky vkfFkZd fodkl (2004&2009)% daifu;ksa ds
foÙkh; LokLF; vkSj ØsfMV jsfVax dk fo'ys"k.k fd, fcuk
m/kj xfrfof/;ksa esa o`f¼ gqbZ
z vf/dka'k fuos'k lM+d] fctyh] foekuu] bLikr vkfn tSls
cqfu;knh <kaps ds {ks=kksa esa FkkA
z ckn esa •uu ifj;kstukvksa ij çfrca/ yxkus ds lkFk]
i;kZoj.k ijfeV esa nsjh ds dkj.k dPps eky dh dherksa
esa o`f¼ gqbZ] ftlls ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ esa cM+k varj gqvk]
ftlls fctyh] bLikr vkSj ykSg m|ksx çHkkfor gq,] ftlus
daifu;ksa dh ½.k pqdkus dh {kerk dks çHkkfor fd;kA
xSj fu"ikfnr ifjlaifÙk;ksa dk oxhZdj.k
z ekud ifjlaifÙk% ;g ,d çdkj dh fu"ikfnr ifjlaifÙk;k¡
gS tks fujarj vk; vkSj iquHkZqxrku cukrh gS tc rd fd os
ns; u gks tk,a] bu ifjlaifÙk;ksa esa lkekU; tksf•e gksrk gS
vkSj ;s okLrfod vFkks± esa ,uih, ugha gksrs gSaA
Special Mention Principal/Interest Payment &
Account Partly/Wholly Due
SMA-0 1 -30 Days
SMA-1 31 -60days
SMA-2 61-90 Days
151
z tc dksbZ ½.k ftldk ewy/u ;k C;kt Hkqxrku 90 fnuksa ls
de le; ds fy, cdk;k gS] rks bls fo'ks"k mYys• •krk
(SMA) dgk tkrk gSA
z ifjlaifÙk;ksa ds çdkj%
z ?kfV;k ifjlaifÙk;k¡% ;s ½.k vkSj vfxze gSa tks 12 eghus
dh vof/ ds fy, xSj&fu"ikfnr ifjlaifÙk;k¡ gSa
z lafnX/ ifjlaifÙk;k¡% tc dksbZ ifjlaifÙk 12 eghus ls
vf/d le; rd xSj&fu"ikfnr gksrh gS
z ?kkVs dh ifjlaifÙk;k¡ (Loss assets)% ;s ,slh ifjlaifÙk;k¡
gSa ftUgsa vkxs iquçkZIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS
Hkkjr esa ,uih, ij vadq'k yxkus ds mik;%
,uih, dh leL;k ls fuiVus ds fy, ljdkj us dkuwuh foÙkh;
vkSj uhfrxr Lrjksa ij dqN mik; fd, gSa] dqN dks O;ogkj esa
ykus ds fy, ujflEgu lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa ij xkSj fd;k
x;k gS
½.k olwyh U;k;kf/dj.k us ekeyksa dks fuiVkus ds fy, le;
de dj fn;k gS] gkykafd dqN LFkkuksa ij ekeys nks lky ls
vf/d le; ls yafcr gSa
z ,d lkafof/d fudk; tks flfoy U;k;ky; dh rjg O;kid
vkns'k ikfjr dj ldrk gS
z vkxs dh vihy ½.k olwyh vihyh; U;k;kf/dj.k
(DRAT) esa fufgr gS
z lhek,a% vnkyrksa dks le; yxk vkSj rc rd ifjlaifÙk
ewY; 'kwU; gks tkrk gS
ljiQslh (foÙkh; ifjlaifÙk;ksa dk çfrHkwfrdj.k vkSj
iqufuZekZ.k vkSj lqj{kk fgr dk çorZu) vf/fu;e 2002%
z bl vf/fu;e ds rgr cSadksa dks fdlh Hkh vnkyr dh
Hkkxhnkjh ds fcuk 1 yk• ;k mlls vf/d dh cdk;k
'ks"k jkf'k ds lkFk ,uih, esa lqjf{kr ifjlaifÙk;ksa dk vf/
xzg.k vkSj fuiVku djus dh vuqefr gS
z ;g vf/fu;e ykxw gksrk gS ;fn dksbZ m/kjdrkZ 6 eghus
ls vf/d le; rd vius Hkqxrku esa pwd djrk gS rks
½.knkrk 60 fnuksa ds Hkhrj m/kjdrkZ dks mlds cdk;k
ds fy, uksfVl Hkst ldrk gS ;fn ns; Li"V ugha gS rks
foÙkh; laLFkku lqjf{kr ifjlaifÙk;ksa dk dCtk ys ldrk
gS vkSj gLrkarj.k ;k çca/u dj ldrk gSA
mís';%
z Hkkjr esa çfrHkwfrdj.k xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, dkuwuh <kapk
çnku djuk
z ifjlaifÙk ewY; ds iqufuZekZ.k ds fy, ,vkjlh dks ,uih,
ds gLrkarj.k dh çfØ;k çnku djrk gS
152
fof/;k¡%
3 oSdfYid fof/;k¡ çnku djrk gS %&
z çfrHkwfrdj.k
z laifÙk iqufuZekZ.k
z lqj{kk dk çorZu (vnkyr ds gLr{ksi ds fcuk)
SARFAESI ls lacaf/r vU; rF;%
z dsoy ,d lqjf{kr ½.k ij ykxw gksrk gSA
z ;g ,d çorZu dkuwu ds lkFk MhvkjVh (DRT) dks 'kfÙkQ
nsrk gS
z ;g ,slh daifu;ksa esa funs'kd eaMy dks cny ldrk gS]
,slh laifÙk;ksa dh uhykeh dj ldrk gS] ,vkjlh (ARC)
vkSj ,uch,iQlh dks Hkh ,slh laifÙk;ksa dks csp ldrk gS
z ljiQslh Ñf"k ½.k ij ykxw ugha gSA
ljiQslh 'kfÙkQ j•us okys ½.knkrk% lHkh çdkj ds cSad]
,p,iQlh] ;fn dksbZ ,uch,iQlh nks 'krks± dks iwjk djrk gS
1. ` 100 djksM+ ;k mlls vf/d dh laifÙk dk vkdkj]
2. fn;k x;k ½.k de ls de ` 50 yk• gSA
ljiQslh vf/fu;e dh lhek,a
z MhvkjVh vkSj MhvkjVh esa deZpkfj;ksa dh deh gSA o"kZ
2016 esa 1 yk• ls vf/d ekeys yafcr FksA blls
ifjlaifÙk ewY; esa fxjkoV vkrh gSA
z dqN O;olk;ksa esa] uhykeh ;k ifjlekiu ls lcls vPNk
fjVuZ ugha fey ldrk gSA ,sls ekeyksa esa] ;fn ½.kksa dk
iquxZBu fd;k tkrk gS rks cSad vf/d ewY; cpk ldrs gSaA
z ysfdu] ljiQslh vf/fu;e bl rjg dh eè;LFkrk dh
lqfo/k ugha nsrk gSA blfy,] ljdkj ,d u;k dkuwu ;kuh
fnokyk vkSj fnokfy;kiu lafgrk ds lkFk vkbZ
ifjlaifÙk iqufuZekZ.k daifu;ksa dk xBu ijs'kkuh okys ½.kksa ls
ewY; fudkyus ds fy, fd;k x;k Fkk] blls igys ySaMj dsoy
vnkyrksa ds ekè;e ls vius lqj{kk fgr dks ykxw dj ldrs Fks tks
,d yach çfØ;k FkhA bUgsa Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk xSj cSafdax
foÙkh; daifu;ksa ds :i esa fofu;fer fd;k tkrk gS|
fnokyk vkSj fnokfy;kiu lafgrk] 2016
z Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd loZs{k.k ds vuqlkj] ;g pØO;wg
pqukSrh dks lekIr djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k Fkk tks Hkkjrh;
daifu;ksa ds ckgj fudyus dh leL;k FkhA
z blds vuqlkj] ;fn 75» ½.knkrk iquxZBu ;k lek/ku
;kstuk ds fy, lger ugha gksrs gSa rks ifjlaifÙk;ksa dks
lekIr dj fn;k tk,xkA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ;fn dksbZ O;fÙkQxr lk>snkjh iQeZ ;k daiuh O;olk; ½.k vkbZchlh la'kks/u 2021% dkWikZsjsV ,e,l,ebZ
ij pwd djrh gS rks foÙkh; ysunkj jk"Vªh; daiuh dkuwu ds fy, çh&iSdsTM bUlkWYosalh fjtkWY;w'ku çkslsl
U;k;kf/dj.k (,ulh,yVh) ls laidZ dj ldrs gSa ;k (ihihvkbZihvkjih)
dk;Zokgh 'kq: dj ldrs gSaA
z ;g ,d ,slh çfØ;k gS ftlesa fnokfy;kiu dk;Zokgh ds
z jk"Vªh; dEiuh fof/ vihy vf/dj.k vkosnu Lohdkj
fy, jk"Vªh; daiuh dkuwu U;k;kf/dj.k (NCLT) ls laidZ
djrk gS rks ;g 180 ls 270 fnuksa dh eksgyr nsxkA
djus ls igys dkWikZsjsV nsunkj (lhMh) vkSj ½.knkrk ds
z fiQj fnokfy;k is'ksoj foÙkh; ysunkjksa ls cus ysunkjksa dh
chp ,d lek/ku O;oLFkk ij lgefr gksrh gSA
lfefr ds le{k ;kstuk is'k djsxkA
z ;g ysunkjksa dh lfefr (CoC) dks daiuh ds çca/u esa
vkbZchlh esa vihy lajpuk%
cnyko djus vkSj 66» oksfVax }kjk lek/ku is'ksoj dks
z ;fn m/kjdrkZ O;fÙkQxr ;k lk>snkjh iQeZ gS rks igys og
fu;a=k.k ikfjr djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA bl çdkj /ks•k/
½.k olwyh U;k;kf/dj.k ls laidZ djsxk vkSj fiQj ½.k
M+h xfrfof/;ksa@dqçca/u ls cpkrk gS
olwyh vihyh; U;k;kf/dj.k (DRAT) ls laidZ djsxk
z ;fn m/kjdrkZ ,d daiuh gS rks jk"Vªh; daiuh dkuwu uksV% lhvkslh foÙkh; ysunkjksa dh vuqifLFkfr esa dkWikZsjsV nsunkj
vihyh; U;k;kf/dj.k (lhMh) ;k ifjpkyu ysunkjksa ds foÙkh; ysunkjksa ls cuk gS
xSj fu"ikfnr ifjlaifr;ksa dh le;js•k%
lky ?kVuk,¡
1993 ½.k olwyh U;k;kf/dj.k dk xBu
z ljiQslh vf/fu;e
2002 z laifÙk iqufuZekZ.k daiuh
z Rofjr lq/kjkRed dk;Zokgh
2014 ihts uk;d lfefr
z baæ/uq"k% ,chlhMhbZ,iQth iQkWeZwys dk mi;ksx djds lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa ds dkedkt esa lq/kj ds fy,
fd;k x;k ;g lcls O;kid lq/kj gSA
z cSad cksMZ C;wjks
2015 z j.kuhfrd ½.k olwyh % ftu dkWjiksjsV~l us cSadksa ls yksu fy;k gS] vxj os pqdkus esa vleFkZ gSa] rks cSad vkaf'kd
;k iw.kZ ½.k dks bfDoVh 'ks;jksa esa cny ldrs gSaA
z S4A% rukoxzLr laifÙk dh lrr lajpuk
z vkbZchlh (fnokyk vkSj fnokfy;kiu lafgrk)
z S4A% rukoxzLr laifÙk dh lrr lajpuk
2016
z vkbZchlh (fnokyk vkSj fnokfy;kiu lafgrk)
2017 iquiZwathdj.k ckaM
2018 l'kÙkQ ifj;kstuk
2021 jk"Vªh; laifÙk iqufuZekZ.k daiuh fyfeVsM
Hkkjrh; fnokyk vkSj fnokfy;kiu cksMZ (IBBI) Rofjr lq/kjkRed dk;Zokgh (PCA)
z ;g fnokyk vkSj fnokfy;kiu lafgrk 2016 ds rgr LFkkfir z Rofjr lq/kjkRed dk;Zokgh ,d <kapk gS ftlds rgr
fd;k x;k Fkk detksj foÙkh; eSfVªDl okys foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dks Hkkjrh;
z ;g ns'k esa fnokyk vkSj fnokfy;kiu dk;Zokgh dks fu;af=kr
fjtoZ cSad dh fuxjkuh esa j•k tkrk gS
djrk gS
z ;g fnokyk is'ksoj ,tsalh] fnokyk is'ksojksa vkSj lwpuk z •jkc ifjlaifÙk xq.koÙkk ds dkj.k de iw¡thÑr cSad ds
mi;ksfxrkvksa dh xfrfof/;ksa dh ns•js• djrk gS fy, ,d çkjafHkd gLr{ksi ra=k

Hkkjr esesa a cScSafda

Hkkjr afdaxxç.kkyh
ç.kkyh 153
z cSad ds LokLF; dh igpku djus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ ehfVªd
z ;g 2 fl¼karksa ij vk/kfjr gS %&
1- çkjafHkd igpku
2- lek/ku ds mik;
z rhu tksf•e FkzslgksYM iw¡th (Thresholds Capital)]
ifjlaifÙk xq.koÙkk vkSj mÙkksyu çnku djrk gSA
z ç;ksT;rk% ;g Hkqxrku cSadksa vkSj y?kq foÙk cSadksa (,l,iQch)
dks NksM+dj lHkh ,llhch ij ykxw gksrk gSA
uksV% 'kgjh lgdkjh cSad ds fy, i;Zos{kh dk;Zokgh ÚseodZ
uked ,d vyx ra=k gS
fe'ku baæ/uq"k%
z fe'ku baæ/uq"k ,d 7&pj.k dk;ZØe gS tks lkoZtfud {ks=k
ds cSadksa }kjk lkeuk dh tkus okyh pqukSrh dks lacksf/r
djrk gS
z bldk mís'; lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSad ds lapkyu dks
iquxZfBr djuk vkSj mUgsa futh {ks=k ds cSadksa tSls vius
led{kksa ds lkFk iwjk djus ds fy, l'kÙkQ cukuk gS
z fe'ku baæ/uq"k dks foÙk ea=kky; }kjk 2015 esa fdlds
vk/kj ij 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk\
 Hkkjr esa cSadksa ds cksMks± ds 'kklu ij ihts uk;d lfefr
}kjk çLrqr fjiksVZ vkSj
 cSadksa dh laifÙk dh xq.koÙkk c<+kus ds fy, c<+rh
vkfFkZd etcwjh
fe'ku baæ/uq"k ds lkr ?kVd
z fu;qfÙkQ% oSf'od lokZsÙke çFkkvksa ds vk/kj ij ljdkj
us vè;{k vkSj çca/ funs'kdksa ds in dks vyx djus dk
iQSlyk fd;kA vkSj ;ksX;rk ds vk/kj ij in dh p;u
çfØ;k ikjn'khZ rjhds ls gksxh
z cksMZC;wjks% iw.kZdkfyd funs'kdksa ds lkFk&lkFk lkoZtfud
{ks=k ds cSadksa ds xSj&dk;Zdkjh vè;{k ds fu;qfÙkQ cksMks± dks
cnyus ds fy, cSad cksMZ C;wjks uked çfrf"Br is'ksojksa dk
,d fudk; LFkkfir fd;k tkuk Fkk
z iw¡thdj.k% csly III ds U;wure ekunaMksa ls Åij ,d
lqjf{kr ciQj j•us ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj lHkh cSadksa dks
i;kZIr :i ls iw¡thÑr djuk pkgrh gS
z lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa dks rukoeqÙkQ djuk
z iQals gq, ½.kksa dh olwyh esa rsth ykus ds fy, u, ½.k
olwyh U;k;kf/dj.k cukdj
z lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa ds fy, ,d thoar ½.k cktkj
fodflr djuk rkfd vkxs m/kj nsus ds fy, cSadksa ij ncko
de fd;k tk lds
154
z l'kfÙkQdj.k% le;c¼ rjhds ls xzkgd dh fpark dks
nwj djus ds fy, ,d etcwr f'kdk;r fuokj.k ra=k ds
ekè;e ls l'kfÙkQdj.k
z tokcnsgh dk <kapk% çeq• çn'kZu ladsrd ds u, <kaps esa
lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa ds çn'kZu dks ekius ds fy, ,d
LFkkfir fd;k tkuk pkfg,
z 'kklu lq/kj% Kku laxe lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa vkSj
foÙkh; laLFkkuksa ds ,d lEesyu us 'kklu lq/kj dh çfØ;k
'kq: dh] ;g çHkkoh cSafdax ds fy, 6 vyx&vyx fo"k;ksa
ij dsafær lewg ppkZ Fkh
l'kÙkQ ifj;kstuk
z ifj;kstuk ds rgr m/kjnkrkvksa ds fy, ;g vfuok;Z gS fd
os fdlh Hkh ½.knkrk dks vius igys pwd dh rkjh• ls
30 fnuksa ds Hkhrj m/kjdrkZ ds •krs dks iqu% çLrqr djrs
le; ,d varj&ysunkj le>kSrk ;k baVj&(vkbZlh,)
ØsfMVj ,xzhesaV esa ços'k djsa] tgk¡%
 50 djksM+ #i;s rd ds cSad ½.k dk çca/u cSad Lrj
ij 90 fnuksa dh le; lhek ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA
 ipkl djksM+ :i;s ls vf/d ds cSad ½.k ds fy,
cSad dks ,d varj&ysunkj le>kSrk djuk gksxk] ftlesa
vxz.kh cSad dks 180 fnuksa esa lek/ku ;kstuk ykxw djus
;k laifÙk dks jk"Vªh; daiuh dkuwu U;k;kf/dj.k ds ikl
Hkstus ds fy, vf/Ñr fd;k tk,xkA
z ih,uch ds ps;jeSu lquhy esgrk dh vè;{krk okyh
lfefr us bl ifj;kstuk dk çLrko fn;k Fkk rkfd ncko
okyh ifjlaifÙk;ksa dks lesfdr djus esa enn fey ldsA
varj ysunkj le>kSrk%
z igys dh çfØ;kvksa ds foijhr tgka vke lgefr dh t:jr
Fkh] vc ½.k ewY; ds fglkc ls ½.knkrk ds 75» ;k
la[;k ds fglkc ls 60» ds le>kSrs dh vko';drk gSA
z blesa dgk x;k gS fd lek/ku çfØ;k 'kq: djus dh
ftEesnkjh yhM cSad dh gS tks og cSad gS ftldk ½.k
esa lcls vf/d fgLlk gSA
fofo/% xSj fu"ikfnr ifjlaifÙk;k
C;kt dojst vuqikr%
z C;kt dojst vuqikr ,d ½.k vkSj ykHkçnrk vuqikr
gS ftldk mi;ksx fdlh daiuh dh cdk;k ½.k dk Hkqxrku
djus dh {kerk dk vkdyu djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
z bldh x.kuk fdlh fn, x, vof/ ds nkSjku C;kt vkSj
djksa (bZchvkbZVh) ls igys fdlh daiuh dh vk; dks
mlds C;kt O;; ls foHkkftr djds dh tkrh gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ,d dojst vuqikr] eksVs rkSj ij] ,d iSekuk gS ftldk
mi;ksx fdlh daiuh dh vius ½.k dh lsok djus
vkSj vius foÙkh; nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djus dh {kerk
dks ekius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] tSls fd C;kt Hkqxrku
;k ykHkka'kA
z dojst vuqikr ftruk vf/d gksxk] daiuh ds fy, ½.k
ij C;kt dk Hkqxrku djuk mruk gh vklku gksxkA
Vhtj yksu%
z Vhtj yksu dksbZ Hkh yksu gS tks •jhn çksRlkgu ds :i esa
,d fuf'pr le; ds fy, de C;kt nj çnku djrk gSA
z Vhtj yksu ½.k tkjhdrkZvksa ds fy, ,d vke çpkj
is'kd'k gS tks vDlj m/kjdrkZvksa dh ,d foLr`r J`a•yk
dks vkdf"kZr djrh gSA
z de&ifjp;kRed nj okys ØsfMV dkMZ vkSj lek;ksT;&nj
ca/d vke Vhtj ½.k ds mnkgj.k gSaA LVsV cSad vkWiQ
bafM;k us 2009 esa gkse yksu esa Vhtj yksu vo/kj.kk dh
'kq#vkr dh FkhA
z Vhtj yksu dks lcçkbe ysafMax (Subprime lending) dk
,d igyw ekuk tkrk gSA
z Vhtj ½.k vke rkSj ij m|fe;ksa vkSj u, ?kj ds ekfydksa
dks çnku fd, tkrs gSaA vuqHko dksbZ dlkSVh ugha gSA
z lcçkbe ysafMax de ØsfMV jsfVax okys m/kjdrkZvksa dks m/
kj nsus dh çFkk gS tks Hkfo"; esa fMiQkWYV ds tksf•e ds
laidZ esa vk ldrh gSA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. okf.kfT;d cSadksa }kjk ^Vhtj ½.k* dh is'kd'k vkfFkZd
fpark dk dkj.k D;ksa gS\ (2012)
1- Vhtj ½.kksa dks lcçkbe ½.k nsus dk ,d igyw ekuk
tkrk gS vkSj cSadksa dks Hkfo"; esa pwddrkZvksa@fMiQkYVj
ds tksf•e dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA
2- Hkkjr esa] Vhtj ½.k T;knkrj vuqHkoghu m|fe;ksa dks
fofuekZ.k ;k fu;kZr bdkb;k¡ LFkkfir djus ds fy, fn;k
tkrk gSA
Åij fn, x, dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2
2. Hkkjr esa ,d iQeZ ds ^C;kt dojst vuqikr* 'kCn dk
D;k egRo gS\ (2020)
1- ;g ,d iQeZ ds orZeku tksf•e dks le>us esa enn
djrk gS ftls ,d cSad ½.k nsus tk jgk gSA
Hkkjr esesa a cScSafda
Hkkjr afdaxxç.kkyh
ç.kkyh
2- ;g ,d iQeZ ds mHkjrs tksf•e dk ewY;kadu djus esa
enn djrk gS ftls ,d cSad ½.k nsus tk jgk gSA
3- ,d m/kj ysus okyh iQeZ dk C;kt dojst vuqikr dk
Lrj ftruk vf/d gksrk gS] mldh ½.k pqdkus dh
{kerk mruh gh •jkc gksrh gSA
uhps fn, x, dksM dk mi;ksx djds lgh mÙkj dk p;u
djsaA
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
(b) dsoy 2
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
cSM cSad
,d cSM cSad foÙkh; bdkbZ tks cSadksa dh cSysal 'khV dks fuiVkus
ds mís'; ls xSj fu"ikfnr ifjlaifÙk;ksa (NPA) dks •jhnus ds
fy, LFkkfir dh xbZ gS rkfd cks> dks de fd;k tk lds vkSj
xzkgd dks fcuk fdlh ck/k ds m/kj fn;k tk lds
z jk"Vªh; ifjlaifÙk iqufuZekZ.k daiuh fyfeVsM (NARCL)%
ctV 2021&22 esa NARCL dh LFkkiuk dh ?kks"k.kk dh
xbZ Fkh fd ;g cSadksa vkSj Hkkjr ½.k lek/ku daiuh
fyfeVsM ls •jkc ½.k dk vf/xzg.k djsxk tks rc bu
ifjlaifÙk;ksa dk çca/u djsxk vkSj muds ewY; esa o`f¼ djsxk
z jk"Vªh; ifjlaifÙk iqufuZekZ.k daiuh fyfeVsM (NARCL)
lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa ds LokfeRo esa 51» gksxk
z bafM;k MsCV fjtkWY;w'ku daiuh fyfeVsM
(vkbZMhvkjlh,y) dh LFkkiuk ,u,vkjlh,y] futh vkSj
lkoZtfud cSadksa dks vf/xzfgr ifjlaifÙk;ksa dk çca/u djus
vkSj vafre lek/ku ds fy, muds ewY; esa lq/kj djus
dh dksf'k'k djus ds fy, ,d lkFk lgk;rk djus ds fy,
dh xbZ FkhA
,d jk"Vªh; cSM cSad ds fy, çLrko%
z bafM;u cSad ,lksfl,'ku us 2020 esa vkjchvkbZ vkSj
ljdkj dks ,d jk"Vªh; cSM cSad LFkkfir djus ds fy,
,d çLrko çLrqr fd;k] ftlds vuqlkj cSM cSad 'kq: esa
yxHkx 75000 djksM+ #i;s ds cSM yksu dh cqd ds
lkFk 'kq: gksxk
z vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2016&17 esa 'fV~ou cSysal 'khV' leL;k
uked ,d çeq• eqís dks ekU;rk nsrs gq, ,d ljdkjh
LokfeRo okyh laifÙk iqufuZekZ.k daiuh LFkkfir djus dh
vko';drk ij çdk'k Mkyk x;k] ftls iSjk (lkoZtfud
{ks=k dh ifjlaifÙk iquokZl ,tsalh) dgk tkrk gS
155
ifjlaifÙk iqufuZekZ.k daiuh%
z ifjlaifÙk iqufuZekZ.k dks ',slh foÙkh; lgk;rk ds ewY; dh
çkfIr ds fy, ,vkjlh }kjk foÙkh; lgk;rk ds :i esa cSad
ds vf/dkj ;k C;kt ds vf/xzg.k' ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k x;k gSA
z os daiuh vf/fu;e ds rgr 'kkfey gSa vkSj foÙkh;
ifjlaifÙk;ksa ds çfrHkwfrdj.k vkSj iqufuZekZ.k vkSj lqj{kk fgrksa
ds çorZu (ljiQslh)] vf/fu;e 2002 dh /kjk 3 ds rgr
vkjchvkbZ ds lkFk iathÑr gSaA
çksfotfuax dojst vuqikr (ihlhvkj)
z ;g Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ds foosdiw.kZ fofu;eu ekunaM
dk fgLlk gS vkSj laifÙk •jkc gksus ij lfØ; gks tkrk gS
z blds vuqlkj cSadksa dks viuh •jkc laifÙk dk ,d fu/
kZfjr fgLlk vyx j•uk gksxk
z bl çdkj ihlhvkj O;qRØekuqikrh gS&
 laifÙk dh xq.koÙkk
 cSad dh ykHkçnrk
csly ekunaM
csly ekunaM foÙkh; fLFkjrk vkSj cSafdax fu;ked ekudksa ds ,d
lkekU; y{; ds lkFk nqfu;k Hkj ds dsaæh; cSadksa ds leUo; ds
ekè;e ls varjkZ"Vªh; cSafdax ç.kkyh dks etcwr djus ds fy,
O;kid i;Zos{kh <kaps gSa
cSafdax i;Zos{k.k ij csly lfefr cSad ds fofu;eu ds fy,
çkFkfed oSf'od ekud fu/kZjd gS
csly I%
;g ½.k tksf•e ls lacaf/r Fkk] blus 1988 esa iw¡th eki ç.kkyh
'kq: dh
vko';d U;wure iw¡th tksf•e Hkkfjr ifjlaifÙk;ksa ds 8»
ij fu/kZfjr dh xbZ Fkh
blus iw¡th dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k%
z fV;j 1 iw¡th% ;g cSad dh eq[; iw¡th cukrk gS D;ksafd
;g foÙkh; rkdr dk ,d çkFkfed mik; gS
z fV;j 2 iw¡th% ;g de fo'oluh; gS D;ksafd bldk mi;ksx
fV;j 1 iw¡th ds fy, iwjd foÙk iks"k.k ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA bUgsa lekIr djuk vf/d dfBu gSA
uksV% csly II ekunaMksa dks vHkh rd iwjh rjg ls ykxw ugha fd;k
x;k gS ysfdu Hkkjr bu ekunaMksa dk ikyu djrk gSA
156
csly II%
blds fn'kkfunZs'k rhu LraHkksa ij vk/kfjr Fks
z iw¡th i;kZIrrk vko';drk,a% iw¡th i;kZIrrk vuqikr
(lh,vkj) ,d cSad dh iw¡th dk vuqikr gS tks mldh
tksf•e&Hkkfjr ifjlaifÙk;ksa vkSj orZeku nsunkfj;ksa ds laca/
esa gSA (U;wure 8») çR;sd cSad dks bls cuk, j•uk gksxk]
Hkys gh mldh ifjlaifÙk ,uih, cu xbZ gks ;k ugha
z i;Zos{kh leh{kk% lHkh rhu çdkj ds tksf•eksa dh fuxjkuh
vkSj çca/u ds fy, tks ,d cSad dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk
gS tks ØsfMV tksf•e] cktkj tksf•e vkSj lapkyu
tksf•e gS
z cktkj vuq'kklu% ftlds vuqlkj cSadksa dks fu;fer :i
ls dsaæh; cSadksa dks vius lh,vkj] tksf•e tksf•e vkSj
lacaf/r tkudkjh dh fjiksVZ djuh pkfg,
csly III%
fn'kkfunZs'k iw¡th] mÙkksyu] foÙk iks"k.k vkSj rjyrk tSls pkj
ekinaMksa ij è;ku dsafær djrs gq, ,d yphyh cSafdax ç.kkyh
dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, gSa
iw¡th% blds fy, 11» ds iw¡th i;kZIrrk vuqikr (lh,vkj) dh
vko';drk gksrh gS tgk¡ fV;j 1 iw¡th vuqikr 9» vkSj fV;j 2
iw¡th vuqikr 2» ij gksrk gS] blds vykok cSadksa dks 2-5» dk
iw¡th laj{k.k ciQj cuk, j•uk gksxk vkSj dkmaVj&lkbfDydy
ciQj dks Hkh 0&2-5» ij cuk, j•uk gksxkA
yhojst nj cSadksa dh fV;j 1 iw¡th dk vkSlr dqy lesfdr
ifjlaifÙk;ksa dk vuqikr gSA cSadksa dk mÙkksyu vuqikr 3» gksuk
pkfg,A
csly III ekunaMksa ds vuqlkj foÙk iks"k.k vkSj rjyrk nks rjyrk
vuqikr gSa
z rjyrk dojst vuqikr (,ylhvkj) ftlds fy, cSad
dks rhoz vYidkfyd ruko ifjn`'; esa udnh ds cfgokZg
ls fuiVus ds fy, mPp xq.koÙkk okyh rjy ifjlaifÙk;ksa
dk ciQj j•us dh vko';drk gksrh gS] ;g cSad ds pyus
tSlh fLFkfr dks jksdus ds fy, Hkh gS
z cSysal 'khV ds fy, ,d fLFkj iQafMax çksiQkby cuk, j•us
ds fy, usV LVscy iQaM jsV
iw¡th laj{k.k ciQj% iw¡th ftls rukoxzLr ifjn`'; esa mi;ksx
djus ds fy, lh,vkj ds cxy esa vyx j•k tkuk pkfg,
(2-5») bl çdkj vyx j•h tkus okyh dqy iw¡th ¾ CAR
$ CCB ¾ 9 $ 2-5 ¾ 11-5»
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
dkmaVjlkbfDydy dSfiVy ciQj (lhlhlhch)% ;g ,d
cSad dks vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa eanh ;k foLFkkiu ds çHkko dk
eqdkcyk djus esa enn djrk gSA CCCB ds vuqlkj cSadksa dks
vPNs le; ds nkSjku viuh iw¡th dk ,d fgLlk vyx j•us
dh vko';drk gksrh gS tc ladV ds le; bldk mi;ksx
djus ds fy, ½.k rsth ls c<+ jgs gksrs gSa
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. csly III le>kSrk ;k fliQZ ^csly III* ftls vDlj
lekpkjksa esa ns•k tkrk gS]D;k gS\
(a) tSfod fofo/rk ds laj{k.k vkSj lrr mi;ksx ds fy,
jk"Vªh; j.kuhfr fodflr djuk
(b) cSafdax {ks=k dh {kerk vkfFkZd ruko esa lq/kj
vkSj tksf•e çca/u esa lq/kj
(c) ;g xzhu gkml xSlksa ds mRltZu dks de djrk gS
ysfdu fodflr ns'kksa ij Hkkjh cks> Mkyrk gS
(d) ç'khru esa gkfujfgr jlk;uksa ds lkFk DyksjksÝyksjksdkcZu
ds mi;ksx dks cnyus esa l{ke cukus ds fy, fodflr
ns'kksa ls xjhc ns'kksa dks çkS|ksfxdh gLrkarj.k
2. fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,% (2018)
1- iw¡th i;kZIrrk vuqikr (lh,vkj) og jkf'k gS ftls
cSadksa dks vius Lo;a ds /u ds :i esa cuk, j•uk
gksrk gS rkfd fdlh Hkh uqdlku dh HkjikbZ dh tk
lds tks •krk/kjd cdk;k pqdkus esa foiQy jgrs gSaA
2- lh,vkj çR;sd cSad }kjk O;fÙkQxr :i ls r; fd;k
tkrk gSA
Åij fn, x, dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2
ç.kkyhxr :i ls egRoiw.kZ foÙkh; laLFkku (SIFI)
z os foÙkh; laLFkku gSa tks muds vkdkj] ØkWl&{ks=kkf/
dkj xfrfof/] tfVyrk] LokfeRo dh deh] ijLij
laca/ vkSj fodYi dh deh ds dkj.k O;ofLFkr :i ls
egRoiw.kZ gSaA
z mUgsa vliQy gksus ds fy, cgqr cM+k Hkh ekuk tk ldrk
gS tks ladV ds le; esa bl laLFkk ds fy, ljdkjh lgk;rk
çnku djrk gSA
z ftu cSadksa dh dqy laifÙk ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ds 2» ls
vf/d gS] mUgsa bl lewg esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS tSls
,lchvkbZ] vkbZlhvkbZlhvkbZ cSad vkSj ,pMh,iQlh cSad
Hkkjr esesa a cScSafda
Hkkjr afdaxxç.kkyh
ç.kkyh
z laLFkkuksa dh foiQyrk laHkkfor :i ls vko';d lsokvksa esa
O;o/ku iSnk dj ldrh gS tks os cSafdax ç.kkyh dks çnku
djrs gSa vkSj lexz vkfFkZd xfrfof/ esa ck/k Mky ldrs gSa
z ?kjsyw O;ofLFkr :i ls egRoiw.kZ cSad% ?kjsyw O;ofLFkr
:i ls egRoiw.kZ cSad ls fuiVus ds fy, vkjchvkbZ us 2015
ls ukfer cSad ds ukeksa dk •qyklk fd;k gS vkSj bu cSadksa
dks mfpr Vksdjh esa j•k gSA
uksV% buds vykok 2020&21 ds fy, Hkkjrh; chek fofu;ked
vkSj fodkl çkf/dj.k }kjk ?kjsyw O;ofLFkr :i ls egRoiw.kZ
(2015)
chekdrkZvksa dh Hkh igpku dh xbZ gSA
cSafdax yksdiky
z yksdiky Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk fu;qÙkQ ,d ljdkjh
vfèkdkjh gS tks lkoZtfud laxBu ds f•ykiQ vke yksxksa
dh f'kdk;rksa vkSj f'kdk;rksa ls fuiVrk gS
z ;g lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa] futh cSadksa] xzkeh.k cSadksa vkSj
lgdkjh cSadksa lfgr lHkh çdkj ds cSadksa dks doj djrk gS
vkjchvkbZ ,dhÑr yksdiky ;kstuk%
z ;g rhu vkjchvkbZ yksdiky ;kstukvksa dks tksM+rh gS tks
2006 dh cSafdax yksdiky ;kstuk] 2018 dh yksdiky
;kstuk ij ,uch,iQlh vkSj 2019 dh fMftVy ysunsu
yksdiky ;kstuk gSa
z ;g Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad fofu;fer laLFkkvksa tSls vkSj NBFC
rS;kj midj.kksa vkfn ds çfr xzkgd f'kdk;r dk çHkkoh
fuokj.k çnku djrk gS
z ;g 50 djksM+ #i;s vkSj mlls vf/d dh tek jkf'k ds
lkFk xSj&vuqlwfpr çkFkfed lgdkjh lfefr dks Hkh doj
djrk gS
xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; laLFkku (NBFI)
xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; daiuh ml laLFkk dks dgrs gSa tks daiuh
vf/fu;e 1956 ds varxZr iathÑr gS vkSj ftldk eq[;
dke m/kj nsuk rFkk fofHkUu çdkj ds 'ks;jksa] çfrHkwfr;ksa]
chek dkjksckj rFkk fpViQaM ls lacaf/r dk;ks± esa fuos'k
djuk gSA
xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; daiuh ykblsal ds fy, ekunaM%
z mUgsa daiuh vf/fu;e esa iathÑr fd;k tkuk pkfg,
z ;g ;k rks ,d çkbosV fyfeVsM daiuh ;k lhfer daiuh
gksuh pkfg,
z blesa 'kq¼ LokfeRo okyh fuf/ ds :i esa de ls de 2
djksM+ gksus pkfg,
157
xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; daiuh ds çdkj% ,uch,iQlh dk fofu;eu
bls 3 O;kid Jsf.k;ksa ds rgr foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS z fofu;eu vkSj i;Zos{k.k rhu eq[; y{;ksa tekdrkZ laj{k.k]
miHkksÙkQk laj{k.k vkSj foÙkh; fLFkjrk ij vk/kfjr gSa
1- xfrfof/ dh çÑfr ds vk/kj ij% mnkgj.k ifjlaifÙk
z pje fLFkfr esa Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dks Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad
foÙk daiuh] ½.k daiuh] fuos'k daiuh] O;ofLFkr :i ls vf/fu;e 1934 ds rgr naMkRed dk;Zokgh djus dk
egRoiw.kZ dksj fuos'k daiuh] cqfu;knh <kapk foÙk daiuh] vf/dkj gS
,uch,iQlh ekbØksiQkbusal laLFkku vkfn gSa z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad us gky gh esa NBFC ds fy, pkj
2- tek ds vk/kj ij% mUgsa tek Lohdkj djus okys Lrjh; ra=k ds ekè;e ls fu;ked rhozrk esa çxfr'khy o`f¼
xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; daiuh vkSj xSj&tek Lohdkj djus dk çLrko fn;k gS
okys xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; daiuh esa foHkkftr fd;k z vk/kj ijr vkSj ch,iQlh ds ,uih, ds oxhZdj.k esa 180
fnuksa ls 90 fnuksa rd dh deh
x;k gS
la'kksf/r Ldsy&vk/kfjr fu;ked (,lchvkj) ÚseodZ%
3- mudh laifÙk ds vkdkj ds vk/kj ij% O;ofLFkr :i ls
blds vuqlkj ,d Ldsy&vk/kfjr fu;ked (,lchvkj) <kapk
egRoiw.kZ ,uch,iQlh vkSj xSj&O;ofLFkr :i ls egRoiw.kZ mu ,uch,iQlh ij ykxw gksxk] ftuds vkdkj] xfrfof/ vkSj
,uch,iQlh esa foHkkftr dfFkr tksf•e ds vk/kj ij pkj&Lrj gSaA
Ldsy vk/kfjr n`f"Vdks.k&baVªksMÔwflax Ldsy csLM ÚseodZ
fjÙkQ 'kh"kZ ijr&i;Zos{kh fn'kk
fiQYVfjax çfØ;k ds ekè;e ls
Åijh ijr
yxHkx 25&30 vij ys;j ,uch,iQlh
ubZ Js.kh cSad&tSlk
fofu;eu vij ys;j ,uch,iQlh
,uch,iQlh&,uMh&,lvkbZ vkSj
(,uch,iQlh&;w,y)
,uch,iQlh&Mh ds cjkcj
varji.ku Iyx
fd;k x;k fefMy ys;j ,uch,iQlh
,uch,iQlh&,uMh ds lerqY; ysfdu
(,uch,iQlh&,e,y)
` 1000 djksM+ dh lhek ds lkFk
csl ys;j ,uch,iQlh
(,uch,iQlh&ch,y)
,uch,iQlh
xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; daifu;ksa dk egRo i;Zos{k.k vkjchvkbZ ;g lsch }kjk E;wpqvy iQaM
z Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa cSad iQkbusal rd vklku vkSj IRDAI }kjk chek daifu;ksa
igqap çnku djrk gSA dh rjg fHkUu gksrk gSA
z os cktkj {ks=kksa dks lsok,a çnku djrs gSa tks mPp tksf•e
vkSj de fjVuZ çnku djrs gSa tgk¡ okf.kfT;d cSad lsok ços'k 500 djksM+ #i;s ekbØksiQkbusal laLFkkuksa ds
ugha djrs gSaA iw¡th fy, 5 djksM+ vU; ds fy,
;g 200 djksM+ gSA
okf.kfT;d cSadksa dh rqyuk esa xSj cSafdax foÙkh; daifu;k¡
tek MhvkbZ l hthvkbZ dsoy tek ysus okyh
iSekuk okf.kfT;d cSad xSj cSafdax foÙkh; daifu;k¡ vf/fu;e ds rgr ,uch,iQlh vkSj
iathdj.k cSafdax fofu;eu daiuh vf/fu;e ds rgrA chfer le; vkSj MhvkbZlhthlhvkbZ vf/
vf/fu;e 1949 ekax tek Lohdkj fu;e ds rgr bldk chek
ds rgrA dj ldrs gSaA ugha gSA

158 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 foosd ij lhvkjvkj vkSj tek ysus okyh ,uch,iQlh
fuHkZj ,l,yvkj ykxwA ,l,yvkj dh vko';drk
gksrh gS ysfdu vkjchvkbZ
vyx&vyx LySc fu/kZfjr
dj ldrk gS lhvkjvkj
fdlh Hkh çdkj ds
,uch,iQlh ij ykxw ugha
gksrk gS
xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; daifu;k¡ (Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk
fofu;fer)
z fuos'k vkSj ØsfMV daiuh% ;g 2019 esa ifjlaifÙk foÙk
daiuh] ½.k daiuh vkfn tSlh fiNyh ,uch,iQlh Jsf.k;ksa
dks foy; djds 'kq: dh xbZ ,d ubZ Js.kh gS
z dksj fuos'k daiuh os ,lchvkbZ] ,yvkbZlh vkSj dkWikZsjsV~l
ds LokfeRo okyh vkbZ,y ,aM ,iQ,l tSlh daifu;ksa esa
nh?kZdkfyd fuos'k djrs gSa
z ifjlaifÙk iqufuZekZ.k daiuh os cSadksa vkSj vU; ls •jkc
½.k •jhnrs gSa vkSj varfuZfgr ifjlaifÙk;ksa ls ewY; olwyus
dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa
z ekysxke lfefr dh fliQkfj'k ds vk/kj ij 2010 esa
ekbØksiQkbusal laLFkku cuk;k x;kA bUgsa Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad
vkSj dkWikZsjsV ekeyksa ds ea=kky; }kjk fofu;fer fd;k
tkrk gS
z eqæk cSad 2015 xSj&tek ysus okyk ,uch,iQlh gS tks
flMch ds LokfeRo esa gS tks ih,e eqæk ;kstuk ds vk/kj
ij lw{e m|eksa dks vçR;{k ½.k çnku djrk gS
xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; daifu;k¡ (lsch }kjk fofu;fer)
z LVkWd czksdj% 'ks;j vkSj ckWUM •jhnus vkSj cspus ds fy,
gsYiykbu] mnkgj.k 'ksj•ku
z E;wpqvy iQaM% E;wpqvy iQaM eSustj vius xzkgdksa ls iwy
fd, x, iSls ls 'ks;jksa vkSj ckWUM esa fuos'k djrk gS tSls
,lchvkbZ dk 'kfj;k bfDoVh ,e,iQ
z vkjbZvkbZVh@bufoV (REIT@InVit)% iwy fd, x, /u
dks vpy laifÙk vkSj cqfu;knh <kapk ifj;kstuk esa fuos'k
fd;k tkrk gS
z osapj dSfiVy iQaM% bfDoVh iQkbusal ds ekè;e ls LVkVZvi
daiuh dh enn djuk] mnkgj.k ds fy, IFCI
nwljksa }kjk fofu;fer xSj cSafdax foÙkh; laLFkku
z IRDAI (Hkkjrh; chek fu;ked vkSj fodkl çkf/
dj.k) thou chek daifu;ksa] lkekU; chek daifu;ksa vkSj
ikWfylh ,xzhxsVj IysViQkeks± dks fu;af=kr djrk gS
Hkkjr esesa a cScSafda
Hkkjr afdaxxç.kkyh
ç.kkyh
z isa'ku fuf/ fu;ked vkSj fodkl çkf/dj.k (PFRDA)
EPFO vkSj vU; oS/kfud fuf/;ksa dks NksM+dj isa'ku fuf/
dks fu;af=kr djrk gS
z jk"Vªh; vkokl cSad% LFkkuh; vkSj {ks=kh; nksuksa Lrjksa ij
vkokl foÙk laLFkku dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, ,d çeq•
,tsalh ds :i esa dke djus ds fy, 'kh"kZ fudk;
z dkWikZsjsV ekeyksa dk ea=kky;% fuf/ daifu;ksa vkSj
ekbØksiQkbusal daifu;ksa dks fu;af=kr djrk gS
z fpV iQaM dk jkT; jftLVªkj% fpV iQaM lnL;ksa }kjk
ekfld ;ksxnku vkSj m/kj ds lkFk ,d çdkj dh lkewfgd
fuos'k ;kstuk gSA
fLoÝV ç.kkyh% lkslkbVh iQkWj oYMZokbM baVjcSad
iQkbusaf'k;y VsyhdE;qfuds'ku
z fLoÝV ,d oSf'od foÙkh; lans'k lsok gS tks foÙkh; laLFkkuksa
dks lqjf{kr vkSj fo'oluh; rjhds ls vius foÙkh;
ysunsu ds ckjs esa tkudkjh Hkstus vkSj çkIr djus esa l{ke
cukrh gSA
z fLoÝV ysunsu dh tkudkjh dks lR;kfir djus ds fy, ,d
eè;LFk ds :i esa dke djrk gS ysfdu ;g okLro esa
iSls dks LFkkukarfjr ugha djrk gSA
z gkykafd] laxBu O;fÙkQ;ksa ;k foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dh vksj ls
•krksa dk çca/u ugha djrk gS] vkSj ;g rhljs i{k ls
/u ugha j•rk gSA ;g lek'kks/u ;k fuiVku dk;Z Hkh
ugha djrk gSA
bldh igpku vkB v{kjksa okys fLoÝV dksM UNCRITMM
}kjk dh tkrh gSA
z igys pkj o.kZ laLFkku dksM (;wfuØsfMV cSadk ds fy,
;w,ulhvkj) dk çfrfuf/Ro djrs gSaA
z fuEufyf•r nks o.kZ ns'k dksM (tSls bVyh ds fy, vkbZVh
gS) gSaA
z fuEufyf•r nks o.kZ LFkku@'kgj dksM (feyku ds fy,
MM) gSaA
z vafre rhu o.kZ oSdfYid gSa] ysfdu laxBu mudk mi;ksx
dqN 'kk•kvksa dks dksM ukfer djus ds fy, djrs gSaA
fLoÝV çfrca/ :l dks dSls çHkkfor dj ldrs gSa\
z fLoÝV ls ,d cSad dk cfg"dj.k rduhdh :i ls fonsf'k;ksa
ds lkFk vius vkSj vius xzkgdksa ds foÙkh; ysunsu djus]
nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djus] fu;kZr ds fy, Hkqxrku çkIr djus ;k
vk;kr ds fy, vYidkfyd ØsfMV çnku djus ls jksd nsxkA
z blesa varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj vkSj cSafdax esa 'kkfey vFkZO;oLFkk
ds lHkh {ks=kksa dks jksdus dh {kerk gSA
159
z :l dh ?kjsyw Hkqxrku ç.kkyh Hkh ml fcanq rd ckf/r gks
ldrh gS tgk¡ çeq• ØsfMV dkMZ usVodZ (ohtk] ekLVjdkMZ]
vesfjdu ,Dlçsl vkfn) }kjk tkjh fdlh Hkh dkMZ ds lkFk
lHkh ysunsu fLoÝV ds ekè;e fd;s tkus pkfg,A
z :l dh cSafdax ç.kkyh esa O;o/ku ;wjksi dks ÅtkZ vkiwfrZ
ds lkFk&lkFk oSf'od cktkjksa esa deksfMVh fu;kZr dks Hkh
çHkkfor dj ldrk gS] ftlls ÅtkZ vkSj •k| dherksa esa
vfrfjÙkQ c<+ksrjh gks ldrh gS tks dksfoM&19 ]vkiwfrZ dh
deh] çfrdwy ekSle vkSj vkiwfrZ J`a•yk esa O;o/ku ds
dkj.k igys ls gh mPp gSA
fLoÝV ds fodYi%
z ,lih,iQ,l (foÙkh; lans'kksa ds gLrkarj.k ds fy, ç.kkyh)
:l ds lsaVªy cSad dk fLoÝV foÙkh; gLrkarj.k ç.kkyh
dk laLdj.k gSA :lh dsaæh; cSad us Øhfe;k ds 2014
ds vkØe.k ds ckn bldh LFkkiuk dhA cSad vkWiQ :l
dh foÙkh; lans'k ç.kkyh (,iQ,e,l) ,d oSdfYid
bysDVªkWfud foÙkh; lans'k pkSuy çnku djrh gS ftls ^fLoÝV
,ukykWx* ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
z ØkWl&ckWMZj baVjcSad isesaV flLVe (CIPS) fLoÝV dk ,d
phuh laLdj.k gSA ØkWl&ckWMZj baVjcSad isesaV flLVe(CIPS)
dkiQh NksVk gS] ftlesa yxHkx 1]300 foÙkh; laLFkku Hkkx
ysrs gSa] ftuesa ls vf/dka'k vçR;{k :i ls Hkkx ysrs gSaA
z fØIVksdjsalh lhek ikj Hkqxrku ds fy, ,d vkSj fodYi gSA
:l ,d 'fMftVy' :cy Hkh fodflr dj jgk gS] ftls
vHkh rd 'kq: ugha fd;k x;k gSA
v v
160
Hkkjr ij çHkko%
z Hkkjr esa :lh vkiwfrZ vkns'k jí fd, tk ldrs gSa] vkSj
?kjsyw fu;kZrd Hkh dqN dks jí djus dk fodYi pqu ldrs
gSaA ;fn lHkh :lh cSadksa dks fLoÝV usVodZ dk mi;ksx
djus ls jksd fn;k tkrk gS] rks Hkqxrku esa nsjh gksxh] ftlls
laHkkfor :i ls O;kikj ckf/r gksxkA
z pwafd Hkkjr dk :l ds lkFk O;kikj vlarqyu gS] blfy,
dqN mnkgj.kksa esa oLrq fofue; ç.kkyh dks vklkuh ls lfØ;
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 O;kikj ?kkVs dks ns•rs gq, yacs le; esa Hkkjr ij bldk
vlj lhfer jgsxkA
 Hkkjr eq[; :i ls :l ls isVªksfy;e mRikn] ghjs vkSj
vU; dherh iRFkj vkSj moZjd •jhnrk gSA ;g iw¡thxr
lkeku] iQkekZL;wfVdYl] dkcZfud jlk;uksa vkSj dkj ds
ikV~lZdk :l dks fu;kZr djrk gSA
Hkkjr ds fy, oSdfYid ra=k%
z tc vesfjdk us bZjku ij çfrca/ yxk,] rks LFkkuh; O;olk;ksa
dks Hkqxrku dks #i;s&fj;ky vkfdZVsDpj ds leku ç.kkyh
dk mi;ksx djds eatwjh nh xbZ Fkh] ftls Hkkjr viuk
ldrk gSA
 #i;k&fj;ky i¼fr us Hkkjrh; fjiQkbujksa dks bZjku ls
dPps rsy dk vk;kr djus ds fy, ;wdks cSad vkSj
vkbZMhchvkbZ cSad esa pqfuank #i;s&•krksa dks •jhnus dh
vuqefr nhA
 Hkkjrh; fu;kZrdksa dks ckjh&ckjh ls bl iSls ls Hkqxrku
fd;k tkrk FkkA ;g rc rd pyrk jgk tc rd dPps
rsy dks vesfjdh çfrca/ lwph ls gVk ugha fn;k x;kA
v
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 11 Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad (vkjchvkbZ) vkSj
Hkkjr esa ekSfæd uhfr
osQaæh; cSad dk vFkZ
z osQaæh; cSad ;k ,d fjtoZ cSad ,d laLFkk gS tks ,d jkT;
dh laçHkq eqæk vkSj ekSfæd uhfr dk çca/u djrk gS vkSj
vkerkSj ij mudh okf.kfT;d cSafdax ç.kkyh dh ns[k&js[k
djrk gSA
z okf.kfT;d cSad dh rqyuk esa] ,d fjtoZ cSad osQ ikl
vFkZO;oLFkk esa ekSfæd vk/kj c<+kus ij ,dkfèkdkj gksrk gSA
z nqfu;k osQ vf/dka'k osQaæh; cSadksa osQ ikl lnL; laLFkkuksa dh
fLFkjrk lqfuf'pr djus] cSad pykus ls jksdus vkSj lnL;
cSadksa vkSj foÙkh; laLFkkuksa }kjk /ks[kk/M+h okys O;ogkj dks
grksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, i;Zos{kh vkSj fu;ked 'kfDr;k¡ gSaA
z vkerkSj ij os fodflr jk"Vªksa esa gksrs gSa] os vius dkedkt
esa jktuhfrd gLr{ksi ls laLFkkxr :i ls Lora=k gksrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dk bfrgkl
LFkkfir 1 vçSy 1935 ; 87 o"kZ iwoZ
LokfeRo foÙk ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj
xouZj (orZeku) 'kfDrdkar nkl
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad (RBI) Hkkjr dk osQaæh; cSad gS] vkSj
bls 1 vçSy] 1935 dks 'ks;j/kjdksa osQ cSad osQ :i esa
LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
z vkjchvkbZ dksbZ laoS/kfud laLFkk ugha gSA vkjchvkbZ fgYVu
;ax deh'ku (1926) dh fjiksVZ osQ tokc esa vkjchvkbZ
vf/fu;e] 1934 osQ ek/;e ls LFkkfir ,d oS/kfud
fudk; gSA
z vkjchvkbZ 'kq: esa dksydkrk esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk]
ysfdu 1937 esa LFkk;h :i ls eqacbZ esa LFkkukarfjr dj
fn;k x;k FkkA
z ;g Hkkjr dk loksZPp ekSfæd çkf/dj.k gSA
z vkjchvkbZ ljdkj osQ çfrfuf/ osQ :i esa IMF esa Hkkjr
dh lnL;rk dk Hkh çfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA
z vkjchvkbZ dks Hkkjr esa ekSfæd uhfr osQ lapkyu dh
ftEesnkjh lkSaih xbZ gSA
z vkjchvkbZ us vius bl pfj=k dks pkSng o"kZ ls FkksM+k de
le; osQ fy, cuk, j[kkA 1 tuojh] 1949 dks bldk
jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k x;k vkSj rc ls ;g iw.kZ :i ls jkT;
osQ LokfeRo esa gSA gkyk¡fd RBI osQ ikl dkiQh laLFkkxr
Lora=krk gS] ;g 1949 esa jk"Vªh;dj.k osQ ckn foÙk ea=kky;]
Hkkjr ljdkj osQ fu;a=k.k esa gSA
z jk"Vªh;dj.k osQ ckn] ;g rduhdh vFkZ esa ^cSad* ugha jg
x;k] D;ksafd blus turk ls tek Lohdkj djuk iwjh rjg
ls can dj fn;kA
z vkjchvkbZ osQ pkj {ks=h; dk;kZy; gSa% ubZ fnYyh esa mÙkj]
psUubZ esa nf{k.k] dksydkrk esa iwoZ vkSj eqacbZ esa if'peA
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dh çLrkouk
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dh çLrkouk esa cSad osQ ewy dk;Z bl
çdkj of.kZr fd, x, gSa%
¶Hkkjr esa ekSfæd fLFkjrk çkIr djus dh n`f"V ls cSaduksVksa
osQ fuxZe dks fofu;fer djuk rFkk çkjf{kr fufèk dks
cuk,a j[kuk vkSj lkekU; :i ls ns'k osQ fgr esa eqæk
vkSj ½.k ç.kkyh lapkfyr djuk] vR;fèkd tfVy
vFkZO;oLFkk dh pqukSrh ls fuiVus osQ fy, vk/qfud
ekSfæd uhfr isQeodZ j[kuk] o`f¼ osQ mís'; dks /;ku
esa j[krs gq, ewY; fLFkjrk cuk, j[kukA¸
vktknh osQ ckn ls vkjchvkbZ dk
fodklewyd bfrgkl
z 1950 osQ n'kd esa] Hkkjr ljdkj us ,d
osQaæh; fu;ksftr vkfFkZd uhfr fodflr dh
tks o`Qf"k {ks=k ij osQafær FkhA
1950&1960 z ç'kklu us okf.kfT;d cSadksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k
fd;k vkSj cSafdax daiuh vf/fu;e] 1949
osQ vk/kj ij LFkkfir fd;k] ftls ckn
esa cSafdax fofu;eu vf/fu;e dgk x;kA
 z cSad ØS'k osQ tokc esa] vkjchvkbZ ls tek
chek ç.kkyh dh LFkkiuk vkSj fuxjkuh
djus dk vuqjks/fd;k x;k FkkA
z bldk mís'; jk"Vªh; cSad ç.kkyh esa
fo'okl cgky djuk FkkA
1961&1968 z Hkkjr ljdkj us jk"Vªh; cSad cktkj dk
iquxZBu fd;k vkSj foÙkh; cktkj esa cgqr
lkjs laLFkkuksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;kA ftlosQ
dkj.k vkjchvkbZ dks bl lkoZtfud cSafdax
{ks=k dks fu;af=kr djus vkSj leFkZu nsus esa
osQaæh; Hkwfedk fuHkkuh iM+hA
z 1969 osQ o"kZ esa] ljdkj us Hkkjr esa 14
çeq[k okf.kfT;d cSadksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k
fd;kA ckn esa tc 1980 esa bafnjk xka/h
dh lÙkk esa okilh gqbZ] rks vkSj Ng cSadksa
dk jk"Vªh;dj.k dj fn;k x;kA
z 1970 vkSj 80 osQ n'kd esa] osQaæh; cSad
osQaæh; f[kykM+h cu x;k vkSj C;kt] vkjf{kr
1969&1984 vuqikr vkSj n`'; tek tSls fofHkUu dk;ks±
osQ fy, viuh uhfr;ksa esa cgqr o`f¼ dhA
z cSafdax vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk 29 tuojh
1969 dks Hkkjr ljdkj dh vFkZO;oLFkk
ij xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; e/;LFkksa vkSj Lons'kh
cSafdax lfgr cSafdax ykxrksa] fo/uksa vkSj
cSafdax çfØ;kvksa osQ çHkkoksa dk fo'ys"k.k
djus osQ fy, dh xbZ FkhA
z fMLdkmaV ,aM iQkbusal gkml vkWiQ bafM;k
us vçSy 1988 esa ekSfæd cktkj esa viuk
ifjpkyu 'kq: fd;k vkSj tqykbZ 1988 esa
1985&1990
LFkkfir jk"Vªh; vkokl cSad dks vkokl
cktkj esa fuos'k djus osQ fy, etcwj fd;k
x;k vkSj ,d u, foÙkh; dkuwu us vf/d
lqj{kk mik;ksa vkSj mnkjhdj.k }kjk çR;{k
tek dh ifjorZu'khyrk esa lq/kj fd;kA
z 1991 esa Hkkjrh; #i;s osQ voewY;u osQ
dkj.k jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk laoqQfpr gqbZA
z vesfjdh MkWyj osQ lkis{k eqæk osQ ewY; esa
18» dh fxjkoV vkbZA
1991&1999
z ujflEge lfefr us foÙkh; {ks=k dks vLFkk;h
:i ls de vkjf{kr vuqikr osQ lkFk&lkFk
cSadksa osQ oS/kfud rjyrk vuqikr }kjk
iquxZBu dh lykg nhA
162
z Hkkjr osQ osQaæh; cSad us cSad fgrksa vkSj
foÙkh; cktkj osQ oqQN {ks=kksa tSls VªLV vkSj
laifÙk cktkjksa dks fofu;fer fd;kA
z 2016 osQ eísutj] Hkkjr ljdkj us ekSfæd
uhfr lfefr dh LFkkiuk osQ fy, vkjchvkbZ
vf/fu;e esa la'kks/u fd;kA
z blus C;kt njksa dks fu/kZfjr djus esa
vkjchvkbZ dh Hkwfedk dks lhfer dj
fn;k] D;ksafd ,eihlh (MPC) lnL;rk
vkjchvkbZ osQ lnL;ksa vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj
2010 ls }kjk fu;qDr Lora=k lnL;ksa osQ chp leku
:i ls foHkkftr gSA
z 2018 esa] RBI us ?kks"k.kk dh fd RBI
}kjk fofu;fer laLFkk,¡ fdlh Hkh O;fDRk
;k O;kolkf;d laLFkkvksa osQ lkFk O;ogkj
;k lsok,¡ çnku ugha djsaxh tks fcVdkWbu
tSlh fØIVksdjsalh ;k vkHkklh eqækvksa ls
lEc¼ gSaA
D;k vki tkurs gSa\
bl rF; ds ckotwn fd 1937 esa cekZ (E;kaekj) Hkkjrh;
la?k ls vyx gks x;k] fjtoZ cSad cekZ ij tkikuh dCts rd
vkSj fiQj vçSy 1947 rd cekZ dk dsaæh; cSad cuk jgkA
fjtoZ cSad us Hkkjr osQ foHkktu osQ ckn ikfdLrku osQ
osQaæh; cSad osQ :i esa rc rd dke fd;k tc rd fd
twu 1948] tc LVsV cSad vkWiQ ikfdLrku us ifjpkyu 'kq:
ugha fd;kA
vkjchvkbZ dk laLFkkxr laxBu
dsaæh; funs'kd eaMy
xouZj
↓
mi xouZj
↓
dk;Zdkjh funs'kd
↓
ç/ku eq[; egkçca/d
↓
eq[; egkçca/d
↓
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 egkçca/d z ;ksX;rk% vkjchvkbZ vf/fu;e xouZj osQ fy, dksbZ fof'k"V
↓ ;ksX;rk çnku ugha djrk gSA
mi egkçca/d z fu"dklu% xouZj dks osQaæ ljdkj }kjk gVk;k tk ldrk gSA
↓
lgk;d egkçca/d foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
↓ 1. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% (2021)
çca/d 1- Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad (RBI) osQ xouZj dks osQaæ ljdkj
↓ }kjk fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA
lgk;d çca/d 2- Hkkjr osQ lafo/u osQ oqQN çko/u osQaæ ljdkj dks
↓ tufgr esa RBI dks funsZ'k tkjh djus dk vf/dkj
lg;ksxh deZpkjh & oxZ nsrs gSaA
z vkjchvkbZ dh laLFkkxr lajpuk esa] osQaæh; funs'kd eaMy 3- vkjchvkbZ osQ xouZj vkjchvkbZ vf/fu;e ls viuh
vkjchvkbZ dh eq[; lfefr gSA 'kfDr çkIr djrs gSaA
z vkjchvkbZ vf/fu;e 1934 dh /kjk 8 osQ vuqlkj] Hkkjr mijksDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu ls lgh gSa\
ljdkj pkj lky dh vofèk osQ fy, funs'kdksa dh fu;qfDr (a) osQoy 1 vkSj 2 (b) osQoy 2 vkSj 3
djrh gSA (c) osQoy 1 vkSj 3 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
z cksMZ esa 'kkfey gSa&
 xouZj
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dh lajpuk
 mi xouZj] pkj ls vf/d ugha orZeku esa] RBI osQ dk;kZRed {ks=kksa vkSj vkarfjd lapkyu esa
 {ks=h; cksMksaZ dk çfrfufèkRo djus osQ fy, pkj funs'kd
uhfrxr eqíksa osQ fy, 26 foHkkx gSaA fofHkUu dk;kZRed {ks=kksa osQ
çca/u osQ fy, fofHkUu foHkkxksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gS ftudk
 nks & vkerkSj ij vkfFkZd ekeyksa osQ lfpo vkSj foÙkh;
mYys[k uhps fd;k x;k gS%
lsok lfpo ls fy, tkrs gSa
z vkarfjd ½.k çca/u foHkkx
 fofHkUu {ks=kksa osQ nl vU; funs'kdA
z ckgjh fuos'k vkSj lapkyu foHkkx
j?kqjke jktu osQ 'kklu osQ rgr] os mi xouZj osQ in ij ,d
eq[; ifjpkyu vf/dkjh dk in l`ftr djuk pkgrs FksA z ekSfæd uhfr foHkkx
z foÙkh; cktkj foHkkx
pkj esa ls nks mi xouZj ijaijkxr :i ls vkjchvkbZ jSad osQ gksrs
gSa; mUgsa cSad osQ dk;Zdkjh funs'kdksa esa pquk tkrk gSA ,d dks z fofu;eu] i;Zos{k.k vkSj foÙkh; fLFkjrk
lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ cSadksa osQ v/;{kksa esa ls ukfer fd;k tkrk z xSj&cSafdax i;Zos{k.k foHkkx
cktkj
gS] vkSj nwljk ,d çfl) vFkZ'kkL=h gksrk gSA z cSafdax i;Zos{k.k foHkkx
z cSafdax lapkyu vkSj fodkl foHkkx
vkjchvkbZ osQ xouZj
z 'kgjh cSad foHkkx
z fu;qfDr% osQfcusV lfpo dh v/;{krk okyh foÙkh; z fons'kh eqæk foHkkx
{ks=k fu;ked fu;qfDr [kkst lfefr (,iQ,lvkj,,llh)
z xzkeh.k fu;kstu vkSj ½.k foHkkx
(Financial Sector Regulatory Appointments
Search Committee (FSRASC) }kjk fd, x, çLrko z foÙkh; fLFkjrk bdkbZ
osQ ckn fu;qDrA z vkfFkZd vkSj uhfr vuqla/ku foHkkx
vuqla/u
z dk;Zdky% Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad vf/fu;e dh /kjk 8 (4) z lkaf[;dh vkSj lwpuk çca/u foHkkx
osQ vuqlkj] xouZj vkSj mi xouZj 5 o"kZ ls vf/d dh z ljdkj vkSj cSad [kkrksa dk foHkkx
vof/ osQ fy, in /kj.k ugha djsaxs tSlk osQaæ ljdkj mUgsa z eqæk çca/u foHkkx
lsok,a
fu;qDr djrs le; r; dj ldrh gSA z Hkqxrku vkSj fuiVku ç.kkyh foHkkx
z iqufuZ;qfDr% os iqufuZ;qfDr osQ ik=k gSaA z xzkgd lsok foHkkx

Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
Hkkjrh; fjtoZcScSadad(vkjchvkbZ
(vkjchvkbZ ) jvkSHkkjr
) vkS j Hkkjr
esa ekSesfæd
a ekSfuhfr
æd uhfr 163
 z ekuo lalk/u çca/u foHkkx z ifjlj foHkkx
z lapkj foHkkx z lfpo foHkkx
leFkZu z lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh foHkkx z jktHkk"kk foHkkx
z O;; vkSj ctVh; fu;a=k.k foHkkx z fujh{k.k foHkkx
z dkuwuh foHkkxA

vkjchvkbZ osQ dk;Z

z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dh LFkkiuk cSad vkWiQ baXySaM osQ ekWMy ij dh xbZ FkhA
z bls mu lHkh dk;ksaZ dks djus dk dk;Z lkSaik x;k Fkk tks cSad vkWiQ baXySaM us rc fd, FksA
ikjaifjd dk;Z%
z Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqæk uksV (,d #i;s osQ uksV vkSj vuq"kaxh flDdksa dks NksM+dj) tkjh djus osQ fy,
RBI ,dek=k çkf/dj.k gSA tSlk fd RBI vf/fu;e 1934 dh /kjk 22 ls RBI dks eqæk tkjh djus
dk vf/dkj çkIr gSA
eqæk uksV tkjh z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk tkjh fd, x, lHkh eqæk uksV Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa oS/k eqæk gSaA
djuk% z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad vf/fu;e nks] ikap] nl] chl] ipkl] ,d lkS] ikap lkS] ,d gtkj] ikap gtkj vkSj
nl gtkj osQ ewY;oxZ esa #i;s esa eqæk uksV tkjh djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
z ;k ,sls vU; ewY;oxZ tks nl gtkj #i;s ls vf/d u gksa] tSlk fd osQaæ ljdkj le; ij fufnZ"V dj
ldrh gSA
z RBI osQaæ vkSj jkT; nksuksa ljdkjksa osQ fy, ,d cSadj osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
z ,d cSadj osQ :i esa] ;g ljdkj dks dbZ rjg dh cSafdax lsok,a çnku djrk gS] ftlesa /u tek dh
Lohd`fr] psd }kjk /u dh fudklh] ljdkj dks Hkqxrku dk laxzg vkSj /u dk gLrkarj.k 'kkfey gSA
z osQaæ ljdkj dks cSadj dh lsok,a çnku djus osQ fy, fjtoZ cSad oS/kfud nkf;Ro osQ rgr gSA
ljdkj dk
z ;gk¡ ;g /;ku j[kuk egRoiw.kZ gS] gkykafd] jkT; ljdkjsa bu lsokvksa dks vkjchvkbZ osQ lkFk fd, x,
cSadj%
le>kSrksa osQ rgr çkIr djrh gSaA
z fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa fo'ks"kKrk j[kus okys vius fo'ks"kKksa osQ lkFk vkjchvkbZ u osQoy cSafdax vkSj foÙkh; ekeyksa
ij cfYd lexz vkfFkZd fu;kstu osQ eqíksa ij Hkh ljdkj dks lykg nsus dh fLFkfr esa gSA
z ekSfæd vkSj jktdks"kh; uhfr;ksa osQ chp ,dhdj.k dh vko';drk osQ dkj.k bl dk;Z dk egRo c<+ x;k gSA
z RBI turk ;k O;kolkf;d iQeksaZ osQ lkFk O;ogkj ugha djrk gS] ;g osQoy cSadksa dk cSad gSA
z okf.kfT;d vkSj vU; cSad uCcs fnuksa ls vuf/d vof/ osQ fy, fcyksa dh iquHkqZukbZ@iqucZVk osQ lkFk&lkFk
vuqeksfnr çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ fo#¼ ½.k vkSj vfxze osQ :i esa Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ls foÙkh; lgk;rk çkIr
djrs gSaA
cSadksa dk cSad%
z cSadksa dks vfxze nsrs le; bls cSadksa osQ chp mudh foÙkh; fLFkfr] ½.k nsus dh uhfr;ksa vkSj çLrkfor
çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ vk/kj ij HksnHkko djuk iM+rk gSA
z ;g vkjchvkbZ osQ vf/dkjksa osQ Hkhrj gS fd og fdlh Hkh cSad dks fcuk dksbZ dkj.k crk, mlls m/kj
ysus osQ fy, foÙkh; lgk;rk ls budkj dj ldrk gSA
z fons'kh eqæk çca/u vkSj fu;a=k.k esa rhu eq[; dk;Z 'kkfey gSa%
fons'kh eqæk  eqæk osQ ckgjh ewY; dks cuk, j[kuk

çca/u vkSj  ns'k osQ ckgjh eqæk HkaMkj dk çca/u

fu;a=k.k%  fofue; fu;a=k.k

z ns'k osQ osQaæh; cSad osQ :i esa vkjchvkbZ dks bu lHkh dk;ksaZ dks djus dh vko';drk gSA

164 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 z orZeku esa] #i;s dk fofue; ewY; mu ns'kksa dh pqfuank eqækvksa dh nSfud fofue; nj osQ mrkj&p<+ko ls
fu/kZfjr gksrk gS tks Hkkjr osQ çeq[k O;kikfjd Hkkxhnkj gSaA
z eqæk bdkb;ksa dk p;u vkSj mUgsa lkSais tkus okys Hkkj dks vkjchvkbZ osQ foosd ij NksM+ fn;k x;k gSA
z fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj osQ laj{kd osQ :i esa] vkjchvkbZ bu HkaMkjksa osQ fuos'k vkSj mi;ksx dk çca/u djrk gSA
z fofue; fu;a=k.k orZeku esa fons'kh eqæk fofu;eu vf/fu;e] 1973 }kjk 'kkflr gSA
z vFkZO;oLFkk dh t:jrksa osQ vuqlkj ½.k dk fofu;eu 'kk;n fdlh osQaæh; cSad dk lcls egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA
z eq[; :i ls ½.k fu;a=k.k ij fuHkZj ekSfæd uhfr dk mís'; lhvkjvkj] ,l,yvkj] jsiks nj vkSj fjolZ jsiks
nj esa ckj&ckj cnyko djosQ bl mís'; dks lkdkj djuk gSA
½.k fu;a=k.k%
z bl çdkj] vkjchvkbZ osQ ØsfMV iQaD'ku dk fu;a=k.k vf}rh; egRo j[krk gSA
z ½.k dh vkiwfrZ dks fofu;fer djus osQ fy,] vkjchvkbZ us ek=kRed vkSj xq.kkRed rduhdksa dk bLrseky
djrk gSA
z cSadksa osQ cSadj osQ :i esa] fjtoZ cSad ^vafre ½.knkrk* osQ :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrk gSA
z ;g ,d ,sls cSad osQ cpko esa vk ldrk gS tks vius ½.k pqdkus esa leFkZ gS ysfdu vLFkk;h udnh dh
leL;k dk lkeuk djrk gS tc mls cgqr vko';d udnh dh vkiwfrZ gksrh gS tc dksbZ vkSj ml cSad dks
vafre
½.k nsus dks rS;kj ugha gksrk gSA
½.knkrk
z fjtoZ cSad cSad osQ tekdrkZvksa osQ fgrksa dh j{kk osQ fy, vkSj cSad dh laHkkfor foQyrk dks jksdus osQ
fy, ;g lqfo/k çnku djrk gS] tks cnys esa vU; cSadksa vkSj laLFkkuksa dks Hkh çHkkfor dj ldrk gS vkSj
foÙkh; fLFkjrk vkSj bl çdkj vFkZO;oLFkk ij çfrdwy çHkko Mky ldrk gSA

oS/ eqæk z fu;a=k.k osQ fy,] vkjchvkbZ cSadksa dk

z jk"Vªh; eqæk] tSls fd dkxth eqæk vkSj flDosQ] tks dkuwu
}kjk ½.k vkSj foÙkh; nkf;Roksa osQ fy, oS/ Hkqxrku gksus
osQ fy, çekf.kr gSa] oS/ eqæk osQ :i esa tkuh tkrh gSaA
z oS/ eqæk og /u gS tks ljdkjksa ;k osQaæh; cSadksa }
kjk tkjh dh tkrh gS vkSj O;kikj osQ lk/u osQ :i esa
mi;ksx dh tkrh gSA
z vkjchvkbZ vkSj ljdkj eqæk uksV ;k flDdksa osQ :i esa
oS/eqæk tkjh djrh gSA tc ;g oS/ eqæk fLFkfr okil
ys yh tkrh gS] rks çfØ;k dks foeqæhdj.k osQ :i esa
tkuk tkrk gSA
z uksV% ,d #i;s osQ uksV vkSj flDosQ foÙk ea=kky; }kjk
tkjh fd, tkrs gSaA
i;Zos{kh dk;Z
z RBI vf/fu;e] 1934 vkSj cSafdax
fofu;eu vf/fu;e] 1949 osQ rgr RBI
dks okf.kfT;d cSadksa dks fu;af=kr djus osQ
cSadksa dk fy, O;kid vf/dkj fn, x, gSaA
fu;a=k.k vkSj z okf.kfT;d cSadksa ls lacaf/r fofu;ked
i;Zos{k.k% dk;ksaZ esa mudk ykblsal] 'kk[kk foLrkj]
mudh laifÙk dh rjyrk] çca/u vkSj dk;Z
djus dk rjhdk] lekesyu] iqufuZekZ.k vkSj
ifjlekiu 'kkfey gSaA
fujh{k.k djrk gS vkSj muls fjVuZ vkSj
tkudkjh ekaxrk gSA
z ;fn cSad dk lapkyu vlarks"ktud ik;k
tkrk gS] rks vkjchvkbZ ml cSad osQ
dkedkt esa lq/kj osQ fy, mipkjkRed
mik;ksa dh fliQkfj'k dj ldrk gSA
vkjchvkbZ osQ çpkj dk;Z
z cSafdax vknr dks c<+kok% RBI fuos'k osQ fy, yksxksa dh
cpr dks tqVkus esa enn djrk gSA blus UTI, IDBI, IRCI,
NABARD vkfn tSls fofHkUu laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk djosQ
iwjs ns'k esa cSafdax ç.kkyh dk foLrkj fd;kA ftlls blus
yksxksa esa cSafdax dh vknr dks c<+kok fn;kA
z fu;kZr osQ fy, iqufoZÙk çnku djuk% vkjchvkbZ fu;kZr
çksRlkgu osQ fy, iqufoZÙk çnku dj jgk gSA fu;kZr ½.k
vkSj xkjaVh fuxe (,DliksVZ ØsfMV ,aM xkjaVh dkWjiksjs'ku
(ECGC) vkSj fu;kZr vk;kr cSad (,DliksVZ bEiksVZ cSad
(EXIM) ½dh LFkkiuk 'kq#vkr esa RBI }kjk Hkkjr osQ
fons'kh O;kikj dks foÙkiksf"kr djus osQ fy, dh xbZ FkhA os
chek doj] nh?kkZofèk foÙk vkSj fons'kh eqæk ½.k osQ :i
esa fons'kh O;kikj dk foÙkiks"k.k djrs gSaA gkykafd] vc os
vyx ls dke dj jgs gSaA

Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
Hkkjrh; fjtoZcScSadad(vkjchvkbZ
(vkjchvkbZ ) jvkSHkkjr
) vkS j Hkkjr
esa ekSesfæd
a ekSfuhfr
æd uhfr 165
z Ok`Qf"k dks ½.k çnku djuk% vkjchvkbZ xzkeh.k ;k o`Qf"k 3. Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad okf.kfT;d cSadksa dks ______ osQ
foÙk osQ fy, laLFkkxr O;oLFkk djrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ekeyksa esa fu;af=kr djrk gS (2013)
cSad us fo'ks"k Ok`Qf"k ½.k çdks"Bksa dh LFkkiuk dh gSA blus 1- ifjlaifÙk rjyrk
okf.kfT;d cSadksa dh enn ls {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSadksa dks c<+kok 2- 'kk[kk foLrkj
fn;k gSA blus ukckMZ dks Hkh c<+kok fn;k gSA
3- cSadksa dk foy;
z y?kq m|ksx bdkbZ dks ½.k çnku djuk% okf.kfT;d cSad
vkjchvkbZ }kjk le;&le; ij tkjh funsZ'kksa osQ vuqlkj y?kq 4- cSadksa dk ifjlekiu
m|ksx bdkb;ksa dks ½.k nsrs gSaA vkjchvkbZ okf.kfT;d cSadksa uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,%
dks NksVs iSekus osQ vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dks Hkh xkjaVh lsok,a çnku (a) osQoy 1 vkSj 4 (b) osQoy 2] 3 vkSj 4
djus osQ fy, çksRlkfgr djrk gSA vkjchvkbZ NksVs iSekus osQ (c) osQoy 1] 2 vkSj 3 (d) 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4
{ks=k dks fn, x, vfxzeksa dks çkFkfedrk {ks=k osQ vfxzeksa osQ
4. fuEufyf[kr rjy ifjlaifÙk;ksa ij fopkj djsa% (2013)
:i esa ekurk gSA
z lgdkjh {ks=k dks vçR;{k foÙk çnku djuk% vkjchvkbZ 1- cSadksa osQ ikl ekax tek
us ukckMZ dks jkT; lgdkjh cSadksa dks ½.k nsus dk funsZ'k 2- cSadksa osQ ikl lkofèk tek
fn;k gS] tks cnys esa lgdkjh {ks=k dks ½.k nsrs gSaA blfy,] 3- cSadksa esa cpr tek
RBI Hkkjr esa lgdkjh {ks=k dks vçR;{k foÙk çnku djrk gSA 4- eqæk
z vkS|ksfxd foÙk osQ fy, vkS|ksfxd O;oLFkk djuk% rjyrk osQ ?kVrs Øe esa bu laifÙk;ksa dk lgh Øe gS&
vkjchvkbZ vkS|ksfxd foÙk osQ fy, laLFkkxr O;oLFkk djrk
(a) 1&4&3&2 (b) 4&3&2&1
gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;g Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd foÙk fuxe
(IFC)] Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSad (IDBI) tSls dbZ (c) 2&3&1&4 (d) 4&1&3&2
fodkl cSadksa dks vfLrRo esa yk;k gS] tks m|ksxksa dks 5. Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad (RBI) cSadksa osQ cSad osQ :i esa dk;Z
nh?kZdkfyd foÙk çnku djrs gSaA djrk gSA bldk vFkZ fuEufyf[kr esa ls D;k gksxk\ (2012)
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) 1- vU; cSad viuh tek jkf'k vkjchvkbZ osQ ikl j[krs
gSaA
1. Hkkjr esa] ^vafre mik; osQ ½.knkrk* (lender of last
2- vkjchvkbZ t:jr osQ le; okf.kfT;d cSadksa dks /u
resort) osQ :i esa osQaæh; cSad dk dk;Z vkerkSj ij
m/kj nsrk gSA
fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdls lanfHkZr djrk gS\ (2021)
3- vkjchvkbZ okf.kfT;d cSadksa dks ekSfæd ekeyksa ij
1- O;kikj vkSj m|ksx fudk;ksa dks ½.k nsuk tc os vU;
lykg nsrk gSA
lzksrksa ls m/kj ysus esa foQy jgrs gSa
2- vLFkk;h ladV okys cSadksa dks rjyrk çnku djuk uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,%
3- ctVh; ?kkVs dks iwjk djus osQ fy, ljdkjksa dks ½.k nsuk (a) osQoy 2 vkSj 3 (b) osQoy 1 vkSj 2
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A (c) osQoy 1 vkSj 3 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
(a) 1 vkSj 2 (b) osQoy 2
vkjchvkbZ dh lgk;d daifu;k¡
(c) 2 vkSj 3 (d) osQoy 3
2. dkSu lh ,d ?kVuk vfuok;Z :i ls oS/k eqæk osQ vFkZ foÙkh; f'k{kk osQ fy, jk"Vªh; osQaæ (,ulh,iQbZ)
dk lgh <ax ls o.kZu djrh gS\ (2018) z (FSDC) dh foÙkh; f'k{kk osQ fy, jk"Vªh; j.kuhfr osQ
(a) dkuwuh ekeyksa dh iQhl pqdkus osQ fy, dkuwu dh vuqlkj vkcknh osQ lHkh oxksaZ osQ fy, Hkkjr Hkj esa foÙkh;
vnkyrksa esa nh tkus okyh /ujkf'k f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsuk gS A
(b) og iSlk tks ,d ysunkj vius nkoksa osQ fuiVkjs z ;g lsfeukjksa] dk;Z'kkykvksa] dk;ZØeksa] vfHk;kuksa] ppkZ eapksa
esa Lohdkj djus osQ fy, ckè; gS osQ ek/;e ls vkcknh osQ lHkh oxksaZ osQ Kku] le> esa
(c) psd] MªkWÝV] fcy vkWiQ ,Dlpsat vkfn osQ :i esa lq/kj osQ fy, ns'k Hkj esa foÙkh; f'k{kk vfHk;kuksa osQ ek/;e
cSad dk iSlkA ls foÙkh; tkx:drk vkSj l'kfDrdj.k iSnk djus osQ fy,
(d) fdlh ns'k esa lapyu esa /kfRod /u dke djrk gSA

166 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ;g Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk çofrZr ,d /kjk 8 osQ varxZr
LFkkfir ,d xSj ykHkdkjh daiuh gSA
foÙkh; f'k{kk ds fy, jk"Vªh; j.kuhfr
(,u,l,iQbZ)% 2020&2025
z jk"Vªh; foÙkh; f'k{kk dsaæ (NCFE) us bl NSFE dks
2020&2025 dh vofèk ds fy,] foÙkh; lekos'ku
vkSj foÙkh; lk{kjrk ij rduhdh lewg (TGFIFL) ds
rRoko/ku esa; RBI] Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr vkSj fofue; cksMZ
(SEBI)] Hkkjrh; chek fu;ked vkSj fodkl çkf/dj.k
(IRDAI)] isa'ku fuf/ fofu;ked vkSj fodkl çkf/
dj.k (PFRDA) vkSj vU; lfgr lHkh foÙkh; {ks=k ds
fu;kedksa ds ijke'kZ ls rS;kj fd;kA
z blus ns'k Hkj esa foÙkh; f'k{kk ds çlkj ds fy, ^5 lh*
i¼fr dk çLrko fn;k gS%
 lapkj% foÙkh; f'k{kk lans'kksa ds çlkj ds fy,
çkS|ksfxdh] ehfM;k vkSj lapkj ds uohu rjhdksa dk
mi;ksx djsaA
 lg;ksx% foÙkh; lk{kjrk ds fy, vU; fgr/kjdksa ds
ç;klksa dks dkjxj cukukA
 {kerk% foÙkh; f'k{kk çnkrkvksa ds fy, {kerk vkSj
^vkpkj lafgrk^ fodflr djsaA
 lkexzh% tula[;k ds fofHkUu oxksaZ ds fy, foÙkh;
lk{kjrk lkexzhA
 leqnk;% foÙkh; lk{kjrk dks LFkk;h :i ls çlkfjr
djus ds fy, leqnk; ds usr`Ro okys nzf"Vdks.k
fodflr djukA
jk"Vªh; vkokl cSad (,u,pch)
z bldh LFkkiuk 9 tqykbZ] 1988 dks jk"Vªh; vkokl cSad vf/
fu;e] 1987 osQ rgr dh xbZ FkhA
z ,u,pch dks vkcknh osQ lHkh oxksaZ dks iwjk djus vkSj vkokl
foÙk ç.kkyh dks lexz foÙkh; ç.kkyh osQ lkFk ,dho`Qr djus
osQ fy, ,d etcwr] LoLFk] O;ogk;Z vkSj ykxr çHkkoh
vkokl foÙk ç.kkyh dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, cuk;k x;k FkkA
z ` 1]450 djksM+ dh vf/o`Qr iwath osQ lkFk] ;g iwjh rjg ls
Hkkjr ljdkj (100») osQ LokfeRo esa gSA ;g ujflEge&
f}rh; lfefr dh fjiksVZ dh fliQkfj'k osQ iQyLo:i
vfLrRo esa vk;kA
z ,u,pch jsthMsDl (NHB RESIDEX) Hkkjr dk igyk
vkfèkdkfjd vkokl ewY; lwpdkad gS] vkSj foÙk ea=kky;
}kjk 'kq: fd, x, jk"Vªh; vkokl cSad (,u,pch) dh
,d igy FkhA
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
Hkkjrh; fjtoZcScSadad(vkjchvkbZ
(vkjchvkbZ ) jvkSHkkjr
) vkS j Hkkjr
esa ekSesfæd
,u,pch jsthMsDl
z ;g csapekdZ dk ,d lsV gS tks Hkkjrh; 'kgjksa esa ?kjsyw
ewY; lwpdkadksa dks ekius dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA
z ljdkj ds çfrfufèk;ksa] cSadjksa vkSj laifÙk cktkj lgHkkfx;ksa
ls cuh ,d rduhdh lykgdkj ifj"kn us bls cuk;k gSA
fMikWftV ba';ksjsal ,aM ØsfMV xkjaVh dkWjiksjs'ku vkWiQ
bafM;k (DICGC)
z DICGC 15 tqykbZ] 1978 dks vfLrRo esa vk;k vkSj
fMikWftV ba';ksjsal dkWiksZjs'ku (DIC) vkSj ØsfMV xkjaVh
dkWjiksjs'ku vkWiQ bafM;k fyfeVsM (CGCI) dks feykdj
cuk;k x;k FkkA
z blosQ dk;ksaZ dks Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk cuk, x,
MhvkbZlhthlh vf/fu;e] 1961 osQ çko/uksa }kjk fu;af=kr
fd;k tkrk gSA
z ;g vkjchvkbZ dh iw.kZ LokfeRo okyh lgk;d daiuh gS
vkSj bldk lapkyu vkjchvkbZ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
z ;g tek osQ fy, chek çnku djus vkSj ½.k lqfo/kvksa dh
xkjaVh nsus osQ fy, LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
z orZeku esa] ;g ,d iatho`Qr chfer cSad osQ çR;sd tekdrkZ
dks lHkh cSad tekvksa] tSls fd cpr] lkof/] pkyw vkSj
vkorhZ tek osQ fy, vf/dre 5 yk[k #i;s rd dk
chek djrk gSA
z fuEu çdkj dh tekjkf'k;ksa dks NksM+dj%
 fons'kh ljdkjksa dh tekjkf'kA
 osQaæ@jkT; ljdkjksa dh tekjkf'k;k¡A
 varj&cSad tekA
 jkT; lgdkjh cSadksa esa jkT; Hkwfe fodkl cSadksa dh tek
jkf'k;k¡A
 Hkkjr osQ ckgj çkIr fdlh Hkh tek osQ dkj.k dksbZ
Hkh jkf'kA
 dksbZ Hkh jkf'k ftls vkjchvkbZ osQ iwoZ vuqeksnu ls fuxe
}kjk fo'ks"k :i ls NwV nh xbZ gSA
z blosQ ikl ,d chfer cSad dk iathdj.k jí djus dh
'kfDr gS ;fn og yxkrkj rhu Nekgh vof/osQ fy,
çhfe;e dk Hkqxrku djus esa foQy jgrk gSA
z ;fn dksbZ cSad ifjlekiu@/liquidation ;k fnokfy;kiu esa
tkrk gS rks ml fLFkfr esa DICGC iSls dk Hkqxrku djrk gSA
a ekSfuhfr
æd uhfr 167
z fuxe fuEufyf[kr fuf/;ksa dk j[kj[kko djrk gS%
 tek chek dks"k
 ½.k xkjaVh fuf/
 lkekU; dks"k
z igys nks dks Øe'k% chek çhfe;e vkSj çkIr xkjaVh 'kqYd
}kjk foÙk iksf"kr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj lacaf/r nkoksa osQ fuiVku
osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
z lkekU; fuf/dk mi;ksx MhvkbZthlhth dh LFkkiuk vkSj
ç'kklfud [kpksaZ dks iwjk djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
fMikWftV ba';ksjsal ,aM ØsfMV xkjaVh dkWjiksjs'ku
(DICGC) fcy] 2021
z gky gh esa] fMikWftV ba';ksjsal ,aM ØsfMV xkjaVh dkWjiksjs'ku
(DICGC) (la'kks/u) fo/ks;d] 2021 laln }kjk ikfjr
fd;k x;k gSA
z dSfcusV us MhvkbZlhthlh vf/fu;e esa la'kks/uksa dks
eatwjh ns nh gS] tks xzkgdksa dks dsoy 90 fnuksa ds Hkhrj
5 yk[k #i;s rd dh tek jkf'k rd igqap çnku djus
esa l{ke cukrk gS] vxj muds cSad can gks tkrs gSa vkSj
mUgsa vfèkLFkxu ds rgr j[kk tkrk gSA
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad uksV eqæ.k çkbosV fyfeVsM
(chvkjch,u,eih,y)
z ;g vkjchvkbZ }kjk 1995 esa viuh iw.kZ LokfeRo okyh
lgk;d daiuh osQ :i esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj daiuh
vf/fu;e 1956 osQ rgr ,d çkbosV fyfeVsM daiuh osQ
:i esa iatho`Qr fd;k x;k FkkA
z bldh eq[; Hkwfedk esa Hkkjr esa cSad uksVksa osQ mRiknu dks
cuk, j[kuk 'kkfey gS rkfd vkjchvkbZ ns'k esa cSad uksVksa
dh vkiwfrZ vkSj ekax osQ chp dh [kkbZ dks ikV losQA
flD;ksfjVh fçafVax ,aM feafVax dkWiksZjs'ku vkWiQ
bafM;k fyfeVsM (SPMCIL)
z SPMCIL vkfFkZd ekeyksa ds foHkkx ds rgr ,d
daiuh gSA
z ;g Hkkjr ljdkj dh NikbZ vkSj [kuu xfrfof/;ksa ds
lapkyu ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA
z ;g foÙk ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj ds LokfeRo esa gSA bls 13
tuojh 2006 dks ubZ fnYyh esa vius iatho`Qr dk;kZy;
ds lkFk 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA
168
z ;g djsalh vkSj cSaduksV~l] flD;ksfjVh isij] xSj&U;kf;d
LVkai isij] Mkd fVdV vkSj LVs'kujh] ;k=k nLrkost tSls&
ikliksVZ vkSj ohtk] lqj{kk çek.ki=k] psd] ckaM] okjaV]
lqj{kk lqfo/kvksa ds lkFk fo'ks"k çek.k i=k] lqj{kk L;kgh]
lapyu vkSj Lekjd flDds] ind] lksus] pkanh dk 'kks/u
vkSj dherh /krqvksa dh ij[k vkfn ds fuekZ.k@mRiknu
esa yxk gqvk gSA
fjtoZ cSad lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh çkbosV fyfeVsM (ReBIT):
z 2016 esa fjtoZ cSad baiQkWesZ'ku VsDuksykWth çkbosV fyfeVsM
dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA
z bls Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk vkbZVh vkSj lkbcj lqj{kk dh
t:jrksa dks cuk, j[kus vkSj Hkkjrh; cSafdax osQ lkbcj
yphysiu dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA
z vkjchvkbZ dh vkbZVh ifj;kstukvksa dks forfjr vkSj
çcafèkr djus osQ fy,] vkjchvkbZ dks fofu;fer laLFkkvksa
osQ tksf[ke&vk/kfjr i;Zos{k.k djus esa lgk;rk djuk vkSj
lkbcj [krjksa dk irk yxkus vkSj çfrfØ;k nsdj vkjchvkbZ
dh ifjlaifÙk;ksa dh lqj{kk djukA
z ReBIT osQ ikl vius fe'ku dk leFkZu djus osQ fy,
pkj ofVZdy gksaxs% lkbcj lqj{kk_ vuqla/ku vkSj uokpkj_
flLVe vkWfMV_ ifj;kstuk çca/uA
Hkkjrh; foÙkh; çkS|ksfxdh vkSj lac) lsok,a
(vkbZ,QVh,,l)%
z IFTAS, RBI dh iw.kZ LokfeRo okyh lgk;d daiuh daiuh
vf/fu;e] 2013 osQ rgr iatho`Qr gSA
z ;g ns'k osQ lHkh cSadksa vkSj foÙkh; laLFkkuksa vkSj vkjchvkbZ
dks Hkh vkbZVh ls lacafèkr lsokvksa dks fMtkbu] rSukr vkSj
leFkZu djus osQ fy, vfuok;Z gSA
z ;g iQkbusaf'k;y eSlsftax IysViQkeZ (FMS) dk çca/u
vkSj lapkyu djrk gS ftlesa fj;y&Vkbe xzkWl lsVyesaV
(RTGS) vkSj us'kuy bysDVªkWfud iQaM VªkaliQj (NEFT)
'kkfey gSaA
z IFTAS (Hkkjrh; foÙkh; usVodZ) CLOUD ;kuh bafM;u
cSafdax dE;qfuVh DykmM dk lapkyu djrk gS] tks ns'k
dk ,dek=k lkeqnkf;d DykmM gS] tks cSafdax vkSj foÙkh;
leqnk; dks lefiZr DykmM&vk/kfjr lek/uksa dh estckuh
djrk gSA
IFTAS us IDRBT ls ls INFINET] lajfpr foÙkh; lans'k
ç.kkyh (SFMS) vkSj Hkkjrh; cSafdax leqnk; DykmM (IBCC)
dks vius fu;a=k.k esa ys fy;k gS tks 2016 ls çHkkoh gS A
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z IFTAS }kjk çnku dh tkus okyh lsok,a %
z Hkkjrh; foÙkh; usVodZ (INFINET)% cSafdax vkSj foÙkh;
{ks=k osQ fy, ,d can mi;ksxdrkZ lewg ,eih,y,l usVodZA
z lajfpr foÙkh; lans'k ç.kkyh (,l,Q,e,l)% vkjVhth,l]
,ubZ,iQVh] ljdkjh Hkqxrku vkSj çkfIr;ksa vkfn dh lqfo/k
nsus okyh ,d lans'k ç.kkyhA
z bafM;u cSafdax dE;qfuVh DykmM (vkbZchlhlh)% lhch,l
vkSj vU; lkWÝVos;j ,fIyosQ'ku tSls ,l,iQ,e,l] eksckby
cSafdax vkfn dks osc lsok osQ :i esa çnku djukA
z foÙkh; ysu&nsu osQ fy, Xykscy baVjpsat (GIFT)% ,d
vksiu&lkslZ VsDuksykWth LVSd ij vk/kfjr ,d ,dho`Qr
Hkqxrku vkSj fuiVku ç.kkyhA
fjtoZ cSad buksos'ku gc (RBIH):
z bls daiuh vf/fu;e 2013 osQ rgr /kjk 8 daiuh osQ
:i esa 100 djksM+ #i;s dh çkjafHkd iwath ;ksxnku osQ lkFk
iatho`Qr fd;k x;k Fkk A
z ;g ,d ,slk ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k cukus dk fopkj çLrqr djrk
gS tks ns'k osQ fuEu&vk; okys yksxksa osQ fy, foÙkh; lsokvksa
vkSj oLrqvksa rd igqap dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
z RBI us çkS|ksfxdh dk ykHk mBkdj vkSj ,d ,slk okrkoj.k
cukdj foÙkh; {ks=k esa uokpkj dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy,
RBIH dh LFkkiuk dh gS tks uokpkj dks lqxe vkSj c<+kok
nsxkA
z ;g ,d v/;{k osQ usr`Ro esa ,d 'kklh ifj"kn (thlh)
}kjk funsZf'kr vkSj çcaf/r fd;k tkrk gSA
z Lokukjh VsdfLçaV dk vk;kstu vkjchvkbZ buksos'ku gc esa
efgykvksa osQ LokfeRo okys O;olk;ksa osQ fy, nh?kZdkfyd
lek/u fodflr djus osQ fy, fd;k x;k FkkA VsdfLçaV
dk y{; Hkkjr esa efgykvksa osQ fMftVy foÙkh; lekos'ku
dks c<+kuk gSA
vkjchvkbZ osQ çdk'ku
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad Hkkjr osQ foÙkh; {ks=k esa çeq[k laLFkku
gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk lsaVªy cSad gksus osQ ukrs vyx&vyx
le; lhek esa fofHkUu çdkj osQ i=k çdkf'kr djrk gSA
z 'kk[kk cSafdax lkaf[;dh
z Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa ij lkaf[;dh dh
okf"kZd çdk'ku iqfLrdk
z Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij lkaf[;dh dh
iqfLrdk
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
Hkkjrh; fjtoZcScSadad(vkjchvkbZ
(vkjchvkbZ ) jvkSHkkjr
) vkS j Hkkjr
esa ekSesfæd
z eqæk vkSj foÙk ij fjiksVZ
z jkT; foÙk% ctV dk ,d v/;;u
z çkFkfed ('kgjh) lgdkjh cSadksa dk
vkmVyqd
z foÙkh; fLFkjrk fjiksVZ
v/Zokf"kZd
z fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj ij fjiksVZ
z =Skekfld vkS|ksfxd vkmVyqd losZ{k.k
z ekSfæd uhfr fjiksVZ
z cSad ½.k losZ{k.k
=kSekfld
z miHkksDrk fo'okl losZ{k.k
z lsok,¡ vkSj volajpuk nzf"Vdks.k
losZ{k.k
vkjchvkbZ dh U;wure vkjf{kr ç.kkyh
z U;wure vkjf{kr ç.kkyh Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk viukbZ tkus
okyh varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk fuxZe ç.kkyh gSA
z çkjaHk esa] bls 1957 esa viuk;k x;k FkkA blosQ fy,
vkjchvkbZ dks fons'kh eqæk] lksus osQ flDdksa vkSj xksYM
cqfy;u (lksus osQ :i esa U;wure 115 djksM+ #i;s) lfgr
200 djksM+ #i;s dk U;wure fjtoZ j[kus dh vko';drk gSA
z bldk eryc gS fd U;wure fjtoZ flLVe dks cuk, j[kus
ls vkjchvkbZ osQ fy, bl U;wure fjtoZ dks j[kdj eqæk,a
tkjh djus dh dksbZ lhek ugha gSA
z U;wure fjtoZ flLVe (MRS) osQ mís';%
 eqækLiQhfr osQ ncko ls cprs gq, vkSj eqæk esa vke
turk osQ fo'okl dks cuk, j[krs gq, vFkZO;oLFkk dh
eqæk vkiwfrZ dks cuk, j[kukA
 Hkkjrh; eqæk /kjdksa dks vk'oLr djus osQ fy, fd
muosQ ikl tks #i;k gS og oS/ eqæk gSA
 Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ,evkj,l osQ ek/;e ls vFkZO;oLFkk
esa /u dh i;kZIr vkiwfrZ dks lqjf{kr djus dk bjknk
j[krk gSA
 ,evkj,l osQ ek/;e ls] vkjchvkbZ eqækLiQhfr dh nj
dks c<+k, fcuk ns'k dh vkfFkZd o`f¼ dks c<+kus dh
mEehn djrk gSA
vkjchvkbZ dh vk; osQ lzksr
z vksiu ekosQZV vkWijs'ku (vks,evks)% Hkkjr dk osQaæh;
cSad gksus osQ ukrs vkjchvkbZ fofHkUu rjhdksa ls iSlk dekrk gS]
vksiu ekosQZV vkWijs'kal] ftlesa ,d osQaæh; cSad vFkZO;oLFkk
a ekSfuhfr
æd uhfr 169
 esa iSls dh vkiwfrZ dks fofu;fer djus osQ fy, [kqys cktkj
esa ckaM [kjhnrk ;k csprk gS] vkjchvkbZ osQ fy, vk; dk
,d çeq[k lzksr gSA
z C;kt dh jkf'k% ;g ljdkj vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk ls [kjhns
tkus okys ckaMksa ls Hkh i;kZIr ek=kk esa C;kt çkIr djrk gS]
ckaM dh dherksa esa vuqdwy ifjorZu ls vkjchvkbZ dks Hkh
ykHk gks ldrk gSA
z fons'kh eqæk% fons'kh eqæk cktkj esa Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad osQ
ysu&nsu Hkh cSad osQ equkisQ esa Hkkjh ;ksxnku djrs gSaA ,d
rjg ls] vkjchvkbZ lLrs esa MkWyj [kjhn ldrk gS vkSj
Hkfo"; esa equkiQk dekus osQ fy, mUgsa egaxk csp ldrk gSA
z #i;k ewY;% ysfdu] okf.kfT;d cSadksa osQ foijhr] vkjchvkbZ
dk çkFkfed tukns'k equkiQk dekuk ugha cfYd #i;s osQ
ewY; dks cuk, j[kuk gSA bl çdkj bl çfØ;k esa mRiUu
ykHk vkSj gkfu ekSfæd uhfr dks vkdkj nsus osQ fy, blosQ
fu;fer lapkyu dk osQoy ,d lkbM biQsDV gSA
vkjchvkbZ dk O;;
orZeku fLFkfr
z 31 ekpZ] 2022 rd vkjchvkbZ dh rqyu i=k (balance
sheet) osQ vkdkj esa 8-46 çfr'kr dh o`f¼ gqbZ gS] tks
eq[; :i ls o"kZ osQ nkSjku bldh rjyrk vkSj fons'kh eqæk
ifjpkyu esa ldkjkRed o`f¼ dks n'kkZrh gSA
z lky 2021&22 esa tgk¡ vkjchvkbZ dh vk; esa 20-14
iQhlnh dh c<+ksrjh gqbZ] ogha [kpZ esa 280-13 iQhlnh dh
c<+ksrjh gqbZA
z vkjchvkbZ dh okf"kZd fjiksVZ dgrh gS fd o"kZ 2021&22
fiNys o"kZ osQ 99]122 djksM+ #i;s osQ eqdkcys 30]307-45
djksM+ #i;s osQ oqQy vf/'ks"k osQ lkFk lekIr gqvk] ftlosQ
ifj.kkeLo:i 69-42 çfr'kr dh deh gqbZA
z ifjlaifÙk i{k esa o`f¼ fons'kh fuos'k] ?kjsyw fuos'k] lksuk vkSj
½.k vkSj vfxze esa o`f¼ osQ dkj.k gqbZA
z vkjchvkbZ dh nsunkjh osQ i{k esa] tek vkSj mlosQ }kjk tkjh
uksVksa esa o`f¼ osQ dkj.k o`f¼ gqbZ FkhA
z ;gk¡ ;g /;ku j[kuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd Lora=k :i ls] ,d
lky igys ekpZ 2022 rd ?kjsyw laifÙk dk 28-22 çfr'kr
fgLlk Fkk] tcfd fons'kh eqæk laifÙk vkSj lksuk (Hkkjr esa
tek lksus vkSj lksus lfgr) oqQy laifÙk dk 71-78 çfr'kr
Fkk] tcfd ekpZ 2022 rd ;g 26-42 çfr'kr vkSj 73-58
çfr'kr FkkA
170
fjtoZ cSad dh ifjlaifÙk;k¡
z fons'kh eqæk ifjlaifÙk;k¡ (,iQlh,)% fons'kh eqæk
ifjlaifÙk;k¡] lksuk] ,lMhvkj vkSj vkbZ,e,iQ esa fjtoZ cSad
dh fLFkfr Hkkjr osQ fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dk fgLlk gSaA fons'kh
eqæk laifÙk;ksa esa] blesa ;w,l Vªstjh ckaM] vU; p;fur
ljdkjksa osQ Vªstjh fcy] fons'kh osQaæh; cSadksa osQ lkFk tek
vkSj fons'kh okf.kfT;d cSadksa esa fuos'k 'kkfey gSaA
z xksYM dkWbu cqfy;u% ;g b';w fMikVZesaV vkSj cSafdax
fMikVZesaV osQ xksYM dkWbu cqfy;u dk çfrfuf/Ro djrk
gSA fuxZe foHkkx vkSj cSafdax foHkkx osQ Lo.kZ HkaMkj dk
ewY;kadu ekfld ewY;ksa ij fd;k tkrk gSA
z #i;k çfrHkwfr;k¡% #i;k çfrHkwfr;ksa esa ml ^fons'kh ns'k*
dh ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;k¡ 'kkfey gSa tks fuxZe foHkkx osQ nl
o"kksaZ osQ Hkhrj ifjiDo gksrh gSa vkSj lkFk gh cSafdax foHkkx
dh ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa esa fuos'k Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
z ½.k vkSj vfxze% Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad vf/fu;e] 1934 dh
/kjk 17 vkSj 18 osQ vuqlkj] Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad osQaæ vkSj
jkT; ljdkjksa osQ lkFk&lkFk okf.kfT;d vkSj lgdkjh cSadksa
vkSj vU; dks ½.k vkSj vfxze nsrk gS] tks oqQy feykdj
laifÙk dk fgLlk gSA vkjchvkbZ dkA vkjchvkbZ vf/fu;e
dh /kjk 17 (4bZ) osQ rgr ukckMZ dks ½.k vkSj vfxzeA
z vuqlwfpr okf.kfT;d cSadksa] jkT; lgdkjh cSadksa dks
½.k vkSj vfxze% Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad vf/fu;e] 1934
dh /kjk 17 vkSj 18 osQ rgr Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk
vuqlwfpr okf.kfT;d cSadksa] jkT; lgdkjh cSadksa dks fn,
x, ½.k vkSj vfxzeA vuqlwfpr okf.kfT;d cSadksa dks ½.k
vkSj vfxze eq[; :i ls fu;kZr ½.k iqufoZÙk esa o`f¼ osQ
dkj.k cSadksa dks miyC/ djkbZ xbZ iqufoZÙk lqfo/kvksa dk
çfrfufèkRo djrs gSaA
z nwljksa dks ½.k vkSj vfxze% blesa eq[; :i ls EXIM
cSad dks fo'ks"k iqufoZÙk ;kstukvksa osQ rgr fn, x, ½.k vkSj
çkFkfed Mhyjksa dks laikf'kZ~od ½.k 'kkfey gSaA
z [kjhns x, vkSj Hkquk, x, fcy% vkjchvkbZ vf/fu;e
[kjhn osQ fy, ik=k fofue; vkSj okf.kfT;d i=kksa osQ vkarfjd
fcyksa dks j[kus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad
}kjk [kjhns x, vkSj fofue; fd, x, Vªstjh fcy Hkh
laifÙk esa 'kkfey gSaA
z fuos'k% ;g eq[; :i ls xSj&ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa esa vkjchvkbZ
osQ fuos'k dk çfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA çeq[k ensa MhvkbZlhthlh
'ks;j iwath] Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad uksV eqæk 'ks;j iwath] ukckMZ
'ks;j iwath vkSj jk"Vªh; vkokl cSad 'ks;j iwath gSaA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z vU; laifÙk;k¡% vke rkSj ij blesa fofHkUu osQaæksa ij
vkjchvkbZ dh vpy laifÙk;k¡ tSls fofHkUu ifjlj] iQuhZpj]
fiQfVax] xSj&py laifÙk;k¡ vkfn 'kkfey gksrh gSa] vftZr vk;
ysfdu çkIr ugha gqbZ vkSj #i;s osQ flDosQA
fjtoZ cSad dh nsunkfj;k¡
z vkjchvkbZ }kjk tkjh fd, x, djsalh uksV nsunkjh gSaA
 lapyu esa uksV% çpyu esa uksVksa esa 1935 ls igys Hkkjr
ljdkj }kjk tkjh fd, x, uksV vkSj rc ls Hkkjrh;
fjtoZ cSad }kjk tkjh fd, x, uksV 'kkfey gSa] ekbul
uksV cSafdax foHkkx osQ ckgj j[ks x, gSa] ;kuh turk]
cSad dks"kkxkj] vkSj blh rjg osQ uksVA tqykbZ 1940 ls
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk tkjh fd, x, ,d #i;s osQ uksV
#i;s osQ flDosQ ekus tkrs gSa vkSj blfy, bl 'kh"kZd
osQ rgr lwphc) ugha gSaA
 cSafdax foHkkx esa j[ks x, uksV cSad osQ cSafdax foHkkx
esa foHkkx dh fnu&çfrfnu dh t:jrksa osQ vuq:i
fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij j[ks x, uksVksa dh la[;k dks n'kkZrs
gSaA pyu esa uksV vkSj cSafdax foHkkx esa uksV nksuksa fuxZe
foHkkx dh nsunkfj;k¡ gSaA
z tekjkf'k;k¡% ;s osQaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa] cSadksa] lHkh Hkkjrh;
foÙkh; laLFkkuksa }kjk vkjchvkbZ osQ ikl j[ks x, udnh 'ks"k
dk çfrfuf/Ro djrh gSaA vkjchvkbZ /kjk 20 vkSj 21 osQ
lanHkZ esa osQaæ ljdkj osQ cSadj osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
;g vkjchvkbZ vf/fu;e dh /kjk 21 (,) osQ vuqlkj
vkilh le>kSrs ls jkT; ljdkjksa osQ cSadj osQ :i esa Hkh
dk;Z djrk gSA
z cktkj fLFkjhdj.k ;kstuk (,e,l,l)% bls vçSy 2004
esa 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk] tgk¡ ljdkj fo'ks"k :i ls cU/;hdj.k
lapkyu osQ fy, çfrHkwfr;k¡ tkjh djrh gSA ,e,l,l
osQ rgr ljdkjh i=k tkjh djuk ,d LFkk;h ço`Qfr osQ
iwath çokg }kjk cukbZ xbZ vfrfjDr #i;s dh rjyrk dks
vo'kksf"kr djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ,e,l,l osQ rgr
vk; dks ljdkj }kjk vkjchvkbZ osQ ikl cuk, x, ,d
vyx tek [kkrs esa j[kk x;k Fkk] ftldk mi;ksx osQoy
,e,l,l osQ rgr tkjh fd, x, isij dks Hkqukus vkSj /;k
okil [kjhnus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA
z vU; ns;rk,a% fjtoZ cSad osQ vkarfjd HkaMkj vkSj çko/u tSls
eqæk vkSj Lo.kZ iquewZY;kadu [kkrk] fofue; ledj.k [kkrk]
vkdfLedrk fjtoZ vkSj laifÙk fodkl fjtoZ 'kkfey gSaA
 vkdfLedrk fjtoZ] çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ ewY; esa ewY;ºzkl
vkSj ekSfæd/fofue; nj uhfr ck/;rkvksa ls mRiUu
tksf[keksa lfgr vçR;kf'kr vkdfLedrkvksa dks iwjk djus
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
Hkkjrh; fjtoZcScSadad(vkjchvkbZ
(vkjchvkbZ ) jvkSHkkjr
) vkS j Hkkjr
esa ekSesfæd
osQ fy, o"kZ&nj&o"kZ vk/kj ij vyx j[kh xbZ jkf'k
dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA bu nsunkfj;ksa dks fjtoZ cSad
dh xSj&ekSfæd nsunkfj;k¡ dgk tkrk gSA
 eqæk vkSj Lo.kZ iquewZY;u [kkrk (lhthvkj,)%
lhthvkj, mu egRoiw.kZ [kkrksa esa ls ,d gS] ftlesa
fons'kh eqæk ifjlaifÙk;ksa osQ ewY;kadu ij vçkIr
ykHk@gkfu vkSj fofue; njksa vkSj lksus dh dher esa
mrkj&p<+ko osQ dkj.k lksus dks ykHk vkSj gkfu [kkrs esa
ugha fy;k tkrk gS cfYd blosQ ctk; bl fo"k; osQ
rgr cqd fd;k tkrk gSA
 fuos'k iquewZY;u [kkrk (vkbZvkj,)% Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
cSad fons'kh fnukafdr çfrHkwfr;ksa dk ewY;kadu çR;sd
ekg osQ vafre dkjksckjh fnu çpfyr cktkj dherksa
ij djrk gSA blfy,] blls mRiUu gksus okyh o`f¼ ;k
ewY;âkl dks IRA esa LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad vf/'ks"k gLrkarj.k
z vkjchvkbZ osQ osQaæh; cksMZ us 26 vxLr dks ljdkj dks
1]76]051 djksM+ dh jkf'k gLrkarfjr djus dk iQSlyk fd;k]
ftlesa foÙkh; o"kZ 2018&19 osQ fy, 1] 23] 414 djksM+
vf/'ks"k 'kkfey gS vkSj osQaæh; cksMZ dh cSBd esa viuk,
x, la'kksf/r vkfFkZd iwath <kaps (bZlh,iQ) osQ vuqlkj 52]
637 djksM+ vfrfjDr çko/uksa dh igpku dh xbZA
z fcey tkyku lfefr% iw.kZ vkjchvkbZ vf/'ks"k forj.k
uhfr fcey tkyku lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa osQ vuq:i
gS] ftldk xBu vkjchvkbZ }kjk ljdkj osQ lg;ksx ls
vkjchvkbZ osQ ekStwnk vkfFkZd iwath <kaps dh tkap osQ fy,
fd;k x;k FkkA
 tkyku lfefr us lq>ko fn;k fd vkdfLed tksf[ke
ciQj (CRB) dks RBI dh cSysal 'khV osQ 5-5% vkSj
6-5% osQ chp j[kk tkuk pkfg,A
 vfrfjDr LFkkukarj.k uhfr vc lw=k&vk/kfjr gS vkSj blfy,
ikjn'khZ gS] tks fiNyh uhfr;ksa ls ,d egRoiw.kZ cnyko gSA
 tksf[ke çko/uhdj.k lw=k&vk/kfjr lhvkjch }kjk
fu;af=kr fd;k tk,xk] vkSj tksf[ke çko/uhdj.k dh
fMxzh vkjchvkbZ osQ osQaæh; cksMZ }kjk fu/kZfjr dh
tk,xhA
z eq[; ekinaM% lfefr dh fliQkfj'ksa osQaæh; cSadksa dh
foÙkh; yphykiu] ØkWl&daVªh çFkkvksa] fo/k;h çko/uksa vkSj
vkjchvkbZ osQ lkoZtfud uhfr fe'ku osQ çHkko vkSj bldh
cSysal 'khV ij ifjpkyu okrkoj.k vkSj tqM+s tksf[keksa dh
leh{kk ij vk/kfjr FkhaA
a ekSfuhfr
æd uhfr 171
z foÙkh; fLFkjrk% vafre mik; osQ ½.knkrk osQ :i esa
vkjchvkbZ dh Hkwfedk dks ns[krs gq,] bls foÙkh; fLFkjrk
ladV osQ fdlh Hkh fiNys tksf[ke ls vFkZO;oLFkk dh j{kk
osQ fy, oqQN lhvkjch cuk, j[kuk pkfg,A
vf/'ks"k LFkkukarj.k
z 1934 vfèkfu;e% Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad vfèkfu;e] 1934
dh /kjk 47 (vf/'ks"k ykHk dk vkoaVu) ds vuqlkj]
vkjchvkbZ ljdkj dks vf/'ks"k & ;kuh O;; ij vk;
dh vfèkdrk & vkoafVr djrk gSA
z ekysxke lfefr% YH ekysxke (2013) ds usr`Ro esa
RBI cksMZ dh ,d rduhdh lfefr ftlus HkaMkj dh
i;kZIr vkSj vf/'ks"k forj.k uhfr dk vkdyu fd;k]
us ljdkj dks vfèkd gLrkarj.k dk lq>ko fn;kA oqQN
vioknksa ds lkFk] vfrfjDr gLrkarj.k dh jkf'k ldy
?kjsyw mRikn dk yxHkx 0-5% vkSlr gSA
Hkkjh varj.k dh otg
z vfriwatho`Qr vkjchvkbZ% oqQN le; osQ fy,] ;g dFku
fd RBI ,d vfriwatho`Qr laxBu gS] ij cgl gqbZ gSA
vkfFkZd losZ{k.k 2016&17 osQ vuqlkj] vkjchvkbZ nqfu;k
osQ lcls vf/d iwatho`Qr osQaæh; cSadksa esa ls ,d gS] vkSj
¶bl vfrfjDr iwath dks vkjchvkbZ osQ ikl j[kus dk dksbZ
fo'ks"k dkj.k ugha gSA¸
z lgdkjh iwathdj.k% nqfu;k Hkj esa oqQN osQaæh; cSad (tSls
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk vkSj ;wukbVsM fdaxMe) vkjchvkbZ osQ
27% dh rqyuk esa fjtoZ osQ :i esa viuh laifÙk dk 13%
ls 14% j[krs gSa tcfd oqQN (tSls :l) vf/d j[krs gSaA
z jpukRed mi;ksx% vFkZ'kfL=;ksa us igys vkjchvkbZ osQ
fy, ¶vfrfjDr¸ iwath tkjh djus dh odkyr dh gS
ftls ljdkj jpukRed mi;ksx esa yk ldrh gSA 2013 esa]
ekysxke lfefr us vfèk'ks"k dk vkdyu 1-49 yk[k djksM+
fd;kA
vkjchvkbZ dh Lok;Ùkrk vkSj Lora=rk
Lora=rk dh vko';drk
z ekWUVsLD;w osQ fopkj esa 'kfDr;ksa dk i`FkDdj.k] egRoiw.kZ
ljdkjh laLFkkuksa osQ çHkkoh lapkyu dh xkjaVh nsrk gS D;ksafd
;g fdlh ,d bdkbZ dks jktuhfrd ,dkfèkdkj çkIr djus
vkSj vius vf/dkj dk nq#i;ksx djus ls jksdrk gSA
172
z ,lseksyq vkSj jkWfcUlu us viuh iqLrd ¶OgkbZ us'kUl iQsy¸
esa ;g ekeyk cuk;k gS fd lekos'kh jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd
lajpuk,a dkuwu osQ 'kklu dks lqfuf'pr djrh gSa vkSj
fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa osQ ekè;e ls uokpkj dks c<+kok nsrh gSaA
z nwljh vksj] fudkyus okyh laLFkk,¡] lalk/uksa osQ laosQaæ.k
dks 'kklh vfHktkr oxZ osQ gkFkksa esa ys tk,¡xh] ifjorZu vkSj
uokpkj dks ckfèkr djsaxhA
lsaVªy cSad dh Lok;Ùkrk
z yxHkx chl lky igys] tc osQaæh; cSad dh Lora=krk
dh vo/kj.kk igyh ckj lkeus vkbZ] rks bls ^dk;kZRed*
Lora=krk osQ :i esa lanfHkZr djus osQ ckjs esa lkspk x;kA
z nwljs 'kCnksa esa] cSad }kjk mi;ksx fd, tkus okys midj.k
vkSj ;g mUgsa osQls fu;ksftr djrk gS osQ lkFk ljdkj
}kjk lapkfyr gksus osQ rjhosQ ls ckè; ugha gksxkA
z gkyk¡fd] bldh Lora=krk dk ¶y{;¸ osQoy bls iw.kZ Lora=k
djus dk ugha FkkA cSad ls ijke'kZ fd, fcuk] ljdkj r;
djsxh fd osQaæh; cSad osQ mís'; D;k gksus pkfg,A
z çeq[k loky ;g Fkk fd D;k cSad dks eqækLiQhfr osQ vykok
jkstxkj osQ Lrj ij tksj nsuk pkfg,A
z bl cgl osQ ,d n'kd osQ Hkhrj] ;g eku fy;k x;k Fkk
fd fo'ks"k :i ls iwoZ ij è;ku osQafær fd;k tk,xk] vkSj
ekSfæd uhfr dh igpku osQoy ^eqækLiQhfr y{;hdj.k* ls
dh tkus yxhA
vkjchvkbZ dh Lok;Ùkrk
z 1991 osQ ckn foÙkh; mnkjhdj.k dh miyfC/k osQ fy,
vkjchvkbZ dh Lora=krk ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA
z Lok;Ùkrk dk fopkj nks ewyHkwr fl¼karksa ij vk/kfjr gSA
igyk ;g gS fd ekSfæd uhfr dks O;kid vkfFkZd uhfr dh
,d 'kk[kk osQ :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA
z vkfFkZd uhfr dks ykxw djus osQ fy, osQaæh; cSad dh
ftEesnkjh esa cSafdax ç.kkyh osQ LokLF; vkSj n{krk dks
lqfuf'pr djuk 'kkfey gS] tks vFkZO;oLFkk dh ekaxksa dks
iwjk djus dh {kerk c<+kus osQ fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA
z osQaæh; cSad ij ljdkj osQ LokfeRo vkSj ekSfæd vkSj foÙkh;
ç.kkyh ij osQaæh; cSad osQ fu;a=k.k osQ chp ,d n`<+ js[kk
[khaph tkuh pkfg,A
z nksuksa osQ chp dh ;g js[kk vDlj /qa/kyh gks tkrh gS] ftlls
;g vkHkkl gksrk gS fd LokfeRo ljdkj dks ekSfæd ç.kkyh
dks fu;af=kr djus dk vf/dkj Hkh nsrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z vkjchvkbZ ,d Lo'kklh laLFkk ugha gSA vkjchvkbZ
vf/fu;e dh /kjk 7] phtksa dks Li"V :i ls çLrqr
djrh gSA
 /kjk 7 osQ Hkkx (1) esa dgk x;k gS fd ¶osQaæ ljdkj
le;&le; ij cSad osQ xouZj osQ ijke'kZ osQ ckn cSad
dks ,sls funsZ'k ns ldrh gS tks og ns ldrh gSA¸
 tcfd Hkkx (2) vkSj (3) esa osQaæh; cksMZ vkSj xouZj
dh Hkwfedk,¡ crkbZ xbZ gSaA
 blus ,d ^ofj"Brk* fl¼kar dks Li"V fd;k ftlesa
(1) dks (2) ls vf/d ojh;rk nh xbZ tks fd (3)
ij iwoZrk ysrk gSA
¶,d osQaæh; cSad ls ljdkj osQ v/huLFk gksus dh mEehn ugha
dh tkrh gSA¸&okbZoh jsM~Mh] iwoZ vkjchvkbZ xouZj
vkjchvkbZ dh ?kVrh Lok;Ùkrk osQ dkj.k
z de ls de Lora=k% 2014 esa baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWiQ lsaVªy
cSafdax esa çdkf'kr ,d fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj] fo'ys"k.k esa è;ku
esa j[ks x, 89 osQaæh; cSadksa esa vkjchvkbZ dks lcls de
Lora=k osQ :i esa LFkku fn;k x;k Fkk A
z ekSfæd uhfr lfefr iQjojh 2015 esa eqækLiQhfr y{;hdj.k
osQ dk;kZUo;u vkSj vDVwcj 2016 esa ekSfæd uhfr lfefr
dh LFkkiuk osQ ckn ls] ;s jSafdax 'kk;n csgrj gSaA
z foÙkh; {ks=k osQ fo/k;h lq/kjksa ij vk;ksx% ;g fiNys
ç'kklu osQ rgr LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk] vkSj blus RBI osQ
vf/dkj dks de djus osQ fy, dbZ lq>ko fn,A
z foÙkh; fLFkjrk fodkl ifj"kn% ,d foÙkh; {ks=k fujh{k.k
lewg ftls foÙkh; fLFkjrk fodkl ifj"kn dgk tkrk gS]
ftldh v/;{krk foÙk ea=h }kjk dh tkuh Fkh] 2013 esa
LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
z lhfer vf/dkj% la{ksi esa] vkjchvkbZ osQ ikl 1934 osQ
vkjchvkbZ vf/fu;e osQ rgr vlhfer vf/dkj ugha gSaA
gkykafd] tc ekSfæd vkSj fu;ked drZO;ksa dks iwjk djus
dh ckr vkrh gS rks bldh dkiQh Lok;Ùkrk gksrh gSA
vkjchvkbZ vkSj ljdkj osQ chp eqís
z Rofjr lq/kjkRed dk;Zokgh (ihlh,) osQ ekunaMksa dks
vklku cukuk
 fctyh iQeZ% ljdkj us vuqjks/fd;k gS fd vkjchvkbZ
fctyh iQeksaZ dks ihlh, <kaps ls ckgj dj nsA
 ØsfMV miyC/krk% ljdkj pkgrh gS fd vkjchvkbZ
ihlh, osQ rgr ½.k nsus osQ fu;eksa esa <hy ns D;ksafd
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
Hkkjrh; fjtoZcScSadad(vkjchvkbZ
(vkjchvkbZ ) jvkSHkkjr
) vkS j Hkkjr
esa ekSesfæd
;g ØsfMV miyC/rk c<+kdj ,e,l,ebZ dks ykHk igqapk
ldrk gSA
 ,uih,% vkjchvkbZ osQ vuqlkj] bl rjg osQ dne ls
ns'k dh xSj&fu"ikfnr laifÙk (,uih,) ladV dks nwj
djus osQ lHkh ç;kl [krjs esa iM+ tk,axsA
z 1934 osQ vkjchvkbZ vf/fu;e dh /kjk 7%
 funsZ'k% ljdkj] tks 21 lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ cSadksa dh
ekfyd gS] cSafdax fu;ked] vkjchvkbZ dks funsZ'k tkjh
dj jgh gSA
 tufgr% ;g [kaM ljdkj dks tufgr esa vkjchvkbZ dks
funsZ'k nsus dk vf/dkj nsrk gSA
 ijke'kZ [kaM% [kaM osQ vuqlkj] vkjchvkbZ xouZj osQ
ijke'kZ osQ ckn vkns'k fn, tkus pkfg,A
z vkjchvkbZ vf/'ks"k%
 vf/'ks"k% vkjchvkbZ gj lky vius ?kjsyw vkSj
varjjk"Vªh; ckWUM ij vk; vftZr djrk gSA bl vk;
dk mi;ksx vkjchvkbZ osQ lapkyu osQ lapkyu osQ fy,
fd;k tkrk gS] 'ks"k vf/'ks"k osQ :i esa vftZr fd;k
tkrk gSA vkjchvkbZ viuh lk[k dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy,
oqQN vf/'ks"k dks bfDoVh iwath osQ :i esa j[krk gS vkSj
'ks"k ljdkj dks Hkqxrku djrk gSA
 tksf[ke vkdyu% ;g fu/kZfjr djus osQ ckn fd
2015 esa tksf[ke vkdyu osQ vk/kj ij bldh yxHkx
10 yk[k djksM+ #i;s dh bfDoVh fLFkfr mfpr Fkh]
vkjchvkbZ us viuh iwjh vfrfjDr jkf'k ljdkj dks
gLrkarfjr djus dk iQSlyk fd;k (2015&16 osQ fy,
yxHkx 65]876 djksM+ #i;s)A
 cM+k dks"k% ljdkj dk ekuuk gS fd vkjchvkbZ dks
vf/d ykHkka'k dk Hkqxrku djuk pkfg, D;ksafd mlus
lk[k dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, vko';d ls vf/d
vkdfLedrk fuf/vkSj laifÙk vkjf{kr tSls ciQlZ dk
fuekZ.k fd;k gSA
 eqækLiQhfr osQ eqís% vkjchvkbZ osQ vuqlkj] ljdkj dks
ykHkka'k Hkqxrku c<+kus ls eqækLiQhfr gks ldrh gS D;ksafd
cktkj esa vf/d iSlk gksxk] tks vkjchvkbZ osQ O;kid
vkfFkZd fLFkjrk osQ eq[; mís'; dks de dj ldrk gSA
 vkdfLed fuf/% vf/'ks"k dk mís'; ml fLFkfr dks
doj djuk Hkh gS ftlesa ,d ;k vf/d eqækvksa osQ
eqdkcys #i;k c<+rk gS] ;k ;fn lksus dk #i;s dk
ewY; fxjrk gSA
a ekSfuhfr
æd uhfr 173
vkjchvkbZ dh ubZ igy
vkjchvkbZ [kqnjk çR;{k ;kstuk
z vkjchvkbZ [kqnjk çR;{k ;kstuk% fjVsy Mk;jsDV Ldhe
O;fDxr fuos'kdksa }kjk ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa esa fuos'k dh
lqfo/k osQ fy, ou&LVkWi lek/u gSA
z bl ;kstuk esa] O;fDxr [kqnjk fuos'kd fxYV flD;ksfjVht
[kkrk&¶fjVsy Mk;jsDV fxYV (vkjMhth)¸ [kkrk vkjchvkbZ
osQ lkFk [kksy ldrs gSaA
ljdkjh lqj{kk (th&lsd)
z G-Sec dsaæ ;k jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk tkjh ,d O;kikj
;ksX; lk/u gSA
z ;g ljdkj ds ½.k nkf;Roksa dks igpkurk gSA bl rjg
dh çfrHkwfr;k¡ ;k rks vYikof/ gksrh gSa (Vªstjh fcy
dgykrh gSa D;ksafd mudh çkjafHkd ifjiDork ,d o"kZ
ls de Fkh vkSj vc rhu vof/;ksa esa tkjh dh tkrh
gSa% 91 fnu] 182 fnu vkSj 364 fnu) ;k yach vof/
(vkerkSj ij ljdkjh ckaM ;k fnukafdr çfrHkwfr;k¡ dgk
tkrk gS) ,d o"kZ ;k mlls vf/d dh ewy ifjiDork)A
z Hkkjr esa] dsaæ ljdkj Vªstjh fcy vkSj ckaM ;k fnukafdr
çfrHkwfr;k¡ nksuksa tkjh djrh gS] ysfdu jkT; ljdkjsa fo'ks"k
:i ls ckaM ;k fnukafdr çfrHkwfr;k¡ tkjh djrh gSa] ftUgsa
jkT; fodkl ½.k (,lMh,y) ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
z th&lsd ds ikl yxHkx dksbZ fMiQkWYV tksf[ke ugha gS
vkSj blfy, bls tksf[ke eqDr fxYV&,TM mRikn dgk
tkrk gSA
,dho`Qr yksdiky ;kstuk
z yksdiky dk la;kstu% ,dho`Qr yksdiky ç.kkyh rhu
vkjchvkbZ yksdiky ;kstukvksa dks tksM+rh gS% 2006 dh
cSafdax yksdiky ;kstuk] ,uch,iQlh osQ fy, 2018 dh
yksdiky ;kstuk vkSj fMftVy ysunsu osQ fy, 2019 dh
yksdiky ;kstukA
z ,d jk"Vª&,d yksdiky% ;g ¶,d jk"Vª&,d yksdiky¸
dh vo/kj.kk ij cuk;k x;k gS] ftlesa ,d gh lkbV]
bZesy vkSj irk gS tgk¡ xzkgd viuh f'kdk;rksa dh fjiksVZ
dj ldrs gSaA
z lekos'ku% ubZ ;kstuk esa 50 djksM+ #i;s ;k mlls
vf/d tek okys xSj&vuqlwfpr çkFkfed lgdkjh cSad Hkh
'kkfey gSaA
174
z ç/ku uksMy vf/dkjh% lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ cSad ;k blh
rjg osQ ,d egkçca/d osQ in ij] fofu;fer laLFkk
dk çfrfufèkRo djus vkSj xzkgd f'kdk;rksa osQ tokc esa
tkudkjh çnku djus osQ fy, ftEesnkj gksxkA
z f'kdk;r fuokj.k% ;g vkjchvkbZ&fofu;fer iQeksaZ osQ
f[kykiQ miHkksDrk fparkvksa ls fuiVus osQ fy, f'kdk;r
fuokj.k çfØ;k dks etcwr djsxkA
z f'k{kk vkSj laj{k.k% ,dho`Qr O;oLFkk osQ rgr] vihyh;
çkf/dkjh miHkksDrk f'k{kk vkSj laj{k.k foHkkx osQ çHkkjh
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad osQ dk;Zdkjh funs'kd gksaxsA
z ,dy [kkrk% xzkgd f'kdk;r djus] nLrkost Hkstus] fLFkfr
VªSd djus vkSj fVIi.kh çnku djus osQ fy, ,dy bZesy
[kkrs dk mi;ksx djus esa l{ke gksaxsA
z f'kdk;r fuokj.k% dbZ Hkk"kkvksa esa ,d Vksy&izQh gkWVykbu
gksxh tks f'kdk;r fuokj.k ij lHkh vko';d tkudkjh
nsxhA ;g cSad xzkgdksa vkSj turk osQ fy, fu%'kqYd gksxhA
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dh ekSfæd uhfr
z ykxr] miyC/rk vkSj /u vkSj ØsfMV osQ mi;ksx dks
fu;af=kr djus osQ fy, osQaæh; cSad osQ vf/dkj osQ Hkhrj
midj.kksa dk mi;ksx ekSfæd uhfr osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
z ,d mHkjrh cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk osQ :i esa] Hkkjr vc etcwr
ekSfæd uhfr;ksa osQ fuekZ.k ij vf/d tksj nsrk gSA
z dk;kZUo;u osQ fy, ,d oS/kfud vk/kj LFkkfir djus
vkSj tokcnsgh vkSj ikjnf'kZrk ykus osQ fy,] bls 2016 esa
la'kksf/r fd;k x;k FkkA
z tcfd ekSfæd uhfr vFkZO;oLFkk esa /u dh ek=kk dks
fu;af=kr djrh gS] jktdks"kh; uhfr ;g fu/kZfjr djrh gS fd
ljdkj vius dj yxkus vkSj O;; dk çca/u osQls djrh gSA
z fu;a=k.k djuk% ewY; fLFkjrk dks cuk, j[kus vkSj vkfFkZd
fodkl dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy,] vkjchvkbZ bl i¼fr dk
mi;ksx vFkZO;oLFkk esa miyC/ /u dh ek=kk ij fu;a=k.k
djus osQ fy, djrk gSA Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad] vf/fu;e]
1934 (2016 esa la'kksf/r) osQ rgr] vkjchvkbZ dks Hkkjr
esa ekSfæd uhfr osQ lapkyu dh ftEesnkjh lkSaih xbZ gSA
z çdkj% ekSfæd uhfr foLrkjoknh ;k laoqQpudkjh gks
ldrh gSA
z eqækLiQhfr çca/u% blosQ vfrfjDr] ;g eqækLiQhfr vkSj
viLQhfr tSls fofHkUu O;kolkf;d pØksa dks fofu;fer djus
esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
z /u fu;a=k.k% osQaæh; cSad ekSfæd uhfr osQ ek/;e ls
çpyu esa /u vkSj lk[k dh ek=kk dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z vkfFkZd fodkl% ns'k dh vkfFkZd o`f¼ ekSfæd uhfr ls
çHkkfor gksrh gS] tks eqæk vkiwfrZ vkSj C;kt njksa esa ifjorZu
djosQ eqækLiQhfr dk çca/u Hkh djrh gSA
z vkfFkZd mís';% ;g /u dks mu {ks=kksa dh vksj funsZf'kr
djrk gS tgk¡ lexz vkfFkZd mís';ksa dks çkIr djus osQ fy,
bldh lcls vf/d vko';drk gksrh gSA
z ekSfæd uhfr osQ ek/;e ls] ljdkj ;k ns'k dk ekSfæd
çkf/dj.k fuEufyf[kr dks fu;af=kr djrk gS%
 /u dh vkiwfrZ
 /u dh miyC/rk
 vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj fLFkjrk osQ mís'; ls fu/kZfjr
mís';ksa dks çkIr djus osQ fy, C;kt njA
ekSfæd uhfr osQ mís';
z vkfFkZd fodkl% vFkZO;oLFkk dh dherksa vkSj vk; dks
fu;af=kr djosQ] fuos'k dks laHko cuk;k tkrk gS] tks vkfFkZd
fodkl dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
z jkstxkj l`tu% osQaæh; cSad lacaf/r ns'k dh ekSfæd uhfr
dks çHkkoh <ax ls çcafèkr djosQ vFkZO;oLFkk esa jkstxkj iSnk
djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
z ewY; fLFkjrk% eqæk osQ ewY; dks fu;af=kr djosQ] ekSfæd
uhfr dk mís'; ewY; fLFkjrk çkIr djuk gSA tc eanh vkrh
gS] rks vFkZO;oLFkk dh enn osQ fy, ½.k ij C;kt njsa de
dj nh tkrh gSaA iSls dh vkiwfrZ dks de djus osQ ç;kl esa
dHkh&dHkh mPp C;kt njksa osQ lkFk ½.k fn;k tk ldrk gSA
z fofue; nj fLFkjrk% oSf'od O;kikj fo'okl osQ fuekZ.k
osQ fy, fofue; nj fLFkjrk cuk, j[kuk egRoiw.kZ gSA
fofue; nj esa mrkj&p<+ko osQ çfrdwy ifj.kke gks ldrs
gSa tSls fd eqæk osQ ewY; esa fxjkoV] vVdysa vkSj fons'kksa
esa iwath dk iyk;uA
z Hkqxrku larqyu (chvksih) larqyu% chvksih mu lHkh
ysu&nsu dk fooj.k gS tks ,d ns'k vkSj 'ks"k fo'o esa
laLFkkvksa osQ chp ,d fufnZ"V le; vof/osQ nkSjku gqvk
FkkA ekSfæd uhfr dk mi;ksx djosQ] Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad
larqyu dks cuk, j[krk gSA
z foÙkh; fLFkjrk% ekSfæd uhfr dk mís'; vFkZO;oLFkk esa
foÙkh; fLFkjrk cuk, j[kuk vkSj foÙkh; cktkj esa >VosQnkj]
vfLFkj nksyuksa vkSj vfLFkjrk osQ lexz Lrj dks de
djuk gSA
z eqækLiQhfr y{;% vkjchvkbZ vf/fu;e osQ vuqlkj] Hkkjr
ljdkj dks vkjchvkbZ ls ijke'kZ djus osQ ckn gj ikap lky
esa ,d eqækLiQhfr y{; fu/kZfjr djuk pkfg,A
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
Hkkjrh; fjtoZcScSadad(vkjchvkbZ
(vkjchvkbZ ) jvkSHkkjr
) vkS j Hkkjr
esa ekSesfæd
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad osQ vuqlkj] miHkksDrk ewY; lwpdkad
(lhihvkbZ) 2021 vkSj 2022 osQ chp 5-7% c<+us dh
mEehn gSA
Hkkjr esa ekSfæd uhfr dh fo'ks"krk,a
z ,d xfr'khy uhfr D;ksafd vkjchvkbZ bls lkykuk cukrk gS
vkSj bls lky esa pkj ckj la'kksf/r djrk gSA
z vkjchvkbZ vFkZO;oLFkk esa /u osQ çokg ij utj j[kus esa
l{ke gSA
z yphyk D;ksafd vkjchvkbZ fofHkUu njksa esa cnyko djosQ
cktkj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ tokc esa bls cny ldrk gSA
z cpr vkSj fuos'k dh ns'k dh ço`fÙk dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
z vkjchvkbZ ØsfMV dks fu;af=kr djus osQ fy, dbZ rjg osQ
midj.k vkSj rjhosQ çnku djrk gSA
uhfr esa Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dh Hkwfedk
z vkjchvkbZ loksZPp fudk; vkSj ns'k dk osQaæh; cSad gS] tks
cSafdax {ks=k dh ns[kjs[k djrk gS vkSj ns'k dh ekSfæd uhfr
dk çca/u djrk gSA
z vkjchvkbZ dh çLrkouk esa dgk x;k gS] ^^Hkkjr esa ekSfæd
fLFkjrk gkfly djus vkSj vke rkSj ij ns'k dh eqæk vkSj
ØsfMV ç.kkyh dks blosQ ykHk osQ fy, lapkfyr djus dh
n`f"V ls cSad uksVksa osQ eqís dks fofu;fer djus vkSj HkaMkj
j[kus dk dk;Z gSA^^
z ;g cSafdax ls lacafèkr gj pht dks fu;af=kr djrk gS] ftlesa
eqæk tkjh djuk] fons'kh eqæk dk çca/u djuk] cSadksa dks
iSlk m/kj nsuk] ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa dks cspuk] rjyrk dh
fLFkfr cuk, j[kuk vkSj foÙkh; lekos'ku 'kkfey gSA
z ;g ,d cSadj osQ cSadj osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gS vkSj
ekbØks ;k eSØks cSafdax ls cprk gSA bldh ekSfæd j.kuhfr
vFkZO;oLFkk dks fLFkj djus vkSj vkfFkZd foLrkj osQ fy,
vuqdwy lsfVax çnku djus dk ç;kl djrh gSA
z ykHknk;d m|ksxksa osQ fy, rjyrk çnku djus osQ vykok]
vkjchvkbZ C;kt njksa vkSj fofue; njksa dh fLFkjrk dh j{kk
djrk gSA
z ;g foÙkh; laLFkkuksa osQ fodkl dks lqfuf'pr djrk gS vkSj
fofHkUu vkfFkZd {ks=kksa esa ½.k çokg dk VªSd j[krk gSA
z vkjchvkbZ eqæk uksV tkjhdrkZ vkSj fu;ked nksuksa osQ :i esa
ekSfæd fLFkjrk dk leFkZu djrk gSA
ekSfæd uhfr osQ çdkj
foLrkjoknh ekSfæd uhfr
z ,d foLrkfjr ekSfæd uhfr dk mís'; fdlh fo'ks"k
vFkZO;oLFkk esa miyC/ /u dh ek=kk dks c<+kok nsuk gSA
a ekSfuhfr
æd uhfr 175
z ,d ekSfæd uhfr tks foLrkjoknh gS] çeq[k C;kt njksa dks
de djosQ vkSj cktkj dh rjyrk dks c<+kdj ykxw dh
tkrh gSA
z tc vFkZO;oLFkk eanh osQ nkSj esa gksrh gS] rks ;g vkerkSj
ij iSls dh vkiwfrZ c<+kus] [kir c<+kus vkSj ekax iSnk djus
osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
z bldk nwljk uke gS ¶Mksfo'k eksusVjh ikWfylh¸A
laoqQfpr ekSfæd uhfr
z ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqæk vkiwfrZ dh deh laoqQpudkjh
ekSfæd uhfr dk mís'; gSA A
z çeq[k C;kt njksa dks c<+kdj ,d laoqQpudkjh ekSfæd uhfr
gkfly dh tkrh gS] ftlls cktkj dh rjyrk de gks
tkrh gSA
z ;g vke rkSj ij eqæk vkiwfrZ dks de djus] de ekax vkSj
de [kir osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tc vFkZO;oLFkk
eqækLiQhfr dk lkeuk dj jgh gSA
z ¶g‚fd'k ekSfæd uhfr¸ osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. ;fn vkjchvkbZ foLrkjoknh ekSfæd uhfr viukus dk iQSlyk
djrk gS] rks og fuEufyf[kr esa ls D;k ugha djsxk\
 (2020)
1- oS/kfud rjyrk vuqikr esa dVkSrh vkSj mls b"Vre djs
2- lhekar LFkk;h lqfo/k nj c<+k,¡
3- cSad jsV vkSj jsiks jsV esa dVkSrh djsa
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,%
(a) osQoy 1 vkSj 2
(b) osQoy 2
(c) osQoy 1 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
2. Hkkjrh; #i;s dh fxjkoV dks jksdus osQ fy, ljdkj/
vkjchvkbZ }kjk fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lk lcls laHkkfor
mik; ugha gS\ (2019)
(a) xSj&vko';d oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr ij vaoqQ'k yxkuk
vkSj fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsuk
(b) Hkkjrh; m/kjdrkZvksa dks #i;s osQ ewY;oxZ osQ elkyk
ckaM tkjh djus osQ fy, çksRlkfgr djuk
(c) ckgjh okf.kfT;d m/kj ls lacaf/r 'krksaZ dks vklku
cukuk
(d) ,d foLrkfjr ekSfæd uhfr dks viukuk
176
ekSfæd uhfr dh fLFkfr
z rVLFk #[k% bldk rkRi;Z gS fd C;kt njsa fdlh Hkh fn'kk
esa Åij ;k uhps tk ldrh gSaA
z osQfyczsVsM dlus% bldk rkRi;Z gS fd C;kt njsa osQoy
c<+ ldrh gSaA
z mnkj #[k@foLrkjoknh #[k% ;g foÙkh; ç.kkyh esa
vfrfjDr /u osQ var% {ksi.k dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA vkjchvkbZ
^gsMykbu eqækLiQhfr* fxjus ls çsfjr gS] vkSj bl rjg osQ
#[k dk mís'; m/kj] fuos'k vkSj fodkl dks c<+kuk gSA
z laoqQpudkjh #[k% blesa foÙkh; ç.kkyh ls /u dh fudklh
'kkfey gSA tc ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd foÙkh; ç.kkyh esa
b"Vre ls vf/d /u miyC/k gS] rks vkerkSj ij ,slk #[k
viuk;k tkrk gSA dHkh&dHkh ;g nh?kZdkfyd eqækLiQhfr
fu;a=k.k osQ mís'; ls Hkh gksrk gSA
z gkWfd'k #[k% eqækLiQhfr dks c<+us ls jksdus osQ mís'; ls
,d laoqQpudkjh #[k dks n'kkZrk gS (^gsMykbu eqækLiQhfr*
osQ oS/kfud eqækLiQhfr y{;ksa ls lacaf/r)A
vkWijs'ku fV~oLV
z ;g ,d iQsMjy fjtoZ (iQsM) ekSfæd uhfr dk;ZØe
gS ftldk mi;ksx igys yach vof/ dh C;kt njksa
dks de djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk Fkk rkfd vesfjdh
vFkZO;oLFkk dks vkSj vf/d mÙksftr fd;k tk lds
tc fu;fer ekSfæd midj.k fofHkUu ifjiDorkvksa ds
vesfjdh Vªstjh dh le;c) [kjhn vkSj fcØh ds ekè;e
ls vuqiyC/ FksA
Hkkjr dh ekSfæd uhfr osQ midj.k
RBI ekSfæd uhfr dh lgk;rk ls vFkZO;oLFkk esa ½.k dk
çca/u dj ldrk gSA ;g RBI dks vFkZO;oLFkk esa /u dh
ek=kk dks cnyus dh {kerk nsrk gSA ekSfæd uhfr osQ rgr] jk"Vª
dh lk[k osQ çca/u osQ fy, nks vyx&vyx çdkj osQ midj.k
miyC/ gSaA
A. ek=kkRed ;k lkekU; mik;
B. xq.kkRed ;k p;ukRed mik;
z ek=kkRed@lkekU; mik;% vkjchvkbZ okf.kfT;d cSadksa }kjk
/kfjr ½.k vkSj m/kj nsus ;ksX; lalk/uksa dh lexz jkf'k
dks çHkkfor djus osQ fy, ifjek.kkRed ;k lkekU; mik;ksa
dk mi;ksx djrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
fuEufyf[kr oqQN ifjek.kkRed midj.k gSa%
cSad nj
z okf.kfT;d cSadksa dks /u ;k ½.k çnku djus osQ fy,
vkjchvkbZ }kjk nh xbZ nh?kkZof/ C;kt njA
z bls vDlj NwV nj dgk tkrk gSA bl nj ls ns'k dh eqæk
vkiwfrZ lh/s çHkkfor gksrh gSA
z mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn cSad nj c<+krk gS rks okf.kfT;d cSad
vkjchvkbZ ls ½.k osQ fy, vf/d Hkqxrku djsaxsA urhtru]
okf.kfT;d cSad mPp nj ij lkoZtfud ½.k nsaxsA urhtru]
de yksx cSadksa ls iSlk m/kj ysaxsA urhtru] ns'k esa ØsfMV
laoqQpu gksxkA
z nwljh vksj] vkjchvkbZ iSls dh vkiwfrZ c<+kus osQ fy, cSad
nj dks de djrk gSA
jsiks nj%
z tc cSadksa osQ ikl udnh [kRe gks tkrh gS rks os vkjchvkbZ
ls m/kj ysrs gSaA
z jsiks nj og C;kt nj gS ftl ij vkjchvkbZ okf.kfT;d cSadksa
dks ½.k nsrk gS] vkerkSj ij vYikof/ m/kj esa ljdkjh
çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ fo#¼ gSA
z jsiks njksa esa deh ls cSadksa dks de ykxr ij /u m/kj ysus
dh vuqefr feyrh gS] ftlls eqæk vkiwfrZ esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
z eqækLiQhfr dks fu;af=kr djus osQ mik; osQ :i esa] vkjchvkbZ
jsiks nj c<+krk gS] ftlls okf.kfT;d cSadksa osQ fy, vkjchvkbZ
ls m/kj ysuk vf/d egaxk gks tkrk gS] bl çdkj /u dh
vkiwfrZ lhfer gks tkrh gSA
z jsiks jsV dk mi;ksx RBI }kjk eqækLiQhfr ls fuiVus vkSj
fodkl dks çksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
nh?kZdkfyd jsiks (,yVhvkjvks)
z m/kj nsus esa o`f¼ dks çksRlkfgr djus vkSj cSadksa ds fy,
vYidkfyd fuf/;ksa dh ykxr dks de djus ds mís';
ls viuh rjg ds igys ç;kl ds :i esaA
z vkjchvkbZ us iQjojh 2020 (2019&20 dh NBh f}
ekfld ekSfæd uhfr) esa ?kks"k.kk dh fd og ,d fuf'pr
nj (;kuh] jsiks nj ij) ij 1-50 yk[k djksM+ #i;s ds
nh?kZdkfyd jsiks vkWijs'ku (,yVhvkjvks) is'k djsxkA
z ,yVhvkjvks ,d ls rhu lky ds fy, oS/gksxkA
z ;g foÙkh; ç.kkyh esa nh?kZdkfyd vkSj T;knk rjyrk
lqfuf'pr djus ds lkFk&lkFk cSadksa ds fy, /u dh
ykxr dks de djds m/kj c<+kus ds fy, fd;k x;k Fkk
(mUgsa lLrk ½.k nsus esa l{ke cukus ds fy,)A
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
Hkkjrh; fjtoZcScSadad(vkjchvkbZ
(vkjchvkbZ ) jvkSHkkjr
) vkS j Hkkjr
esa ekSesfæd
fjolZ jsiks jsV
z ;g ,d C;kt nj gS ftl ij vkjchvkbZ okf.kfT;d cSadksa
ls vYikof/ esa m/kj ysrk gSA
z ;fn vkjchvkbZ fjolZ jsiks jsV c<+krk gS] rks okf.kfT;d cSad
vius iSls dks vkjchvkbZ osQ ikl tek djuk ilan djsaxs
D;ksafd ;g lqjf{kr gS vkSj muosQ iSlk dekus dk dkj.k
curk gSA
z urhtru] okf.kfT;d cSad vius miHkksDrkvksa dks iSls m/kj
nsus osQ fy, mPp C;kt nj olwysaxsA
z vkjchvkbZ us Hkkjrh; cSadksa esa vfrfjDr /u vkiwfrZ osQ ckn
bl midj.k dk bLrseky fd;kA
z cSad ?kkVs dks de djus vkSj ekStwnk C;kt nj dks cuk, j[kus
osQ nksgjs mís';ksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, de ½.k laforj.kA
z ;g lq/kj çfØ;k 'kq: gksus osQ ckn ls vkjchvkbZ dh de
C;kt njksa dh lkekU; uhfr osQ vuqlj.k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ
midj.k osQ :i esa mHkjk gSA
udn vkjf{kr vuqikr (lhvkjvkj)
z ns'k esa dke dj jgs cSadksa dkuwu dks nks çdkj osQ ¶vkjf{kr
vuqikr¸ cuk, j[kus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z udn vkjf{kr vuqikr muesa ls ,d gS (nwljk oS/kfud
rjyrk vuqikr gS)A
z ;g ,d okf.kfT;d cSad }kjk vkjchvkbZ osQ ikl j[kh xbZ
oqQy tek jkf'k Hkh gSA
z vkjchvkbZ bl vuqikr dk mi;ksx ;g fu/kZfjr djus osQ
fy, djrk gS fd ØsfMV dks c<+k;k tkuk pkfg, ;k ?kVk;k
tkuk pkfg,A
z vkjchvkbZ osQ ikl lhvkjvkj ftruk vf/d gksxk]
vFkZO;oLFkk esa rjyrk mruh gh de gksxh vkSj blh çdkj
blosQ foijhr Hkh gksrk gSA vkjchvkbZ osQ ikl lhvkjvkj
dks 3» ls 15» rd cnyus dk vf/dkj gSA
oS/kfud rjyrk vuqikr (,l,yvkj)
z çR;sd foÙkh; laLFkku dks vius oqQy le; vkSj ekax
nkf;Roksa dk ,d fof'k"V çfr'kr vius ikl j[kuk vko';d
gS] tks fd xSj&udnh ;k rjy ifjlaifÙk osQ :i esa gksA
z okLro esa] cSad bl udnh dks viuh ilan dh rjy laifÙk
esa fuos'k djus esa vleFkZ gSa] ysfdu blosQ ctk; mUgsa
fofHkUu çdkj dh ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa (;kuh th&lsd) esa
fuos'k djuk pkfg,A
z ml çfr'kr dks oS/kfud rjyrk vuqikr osQ :i esa tkuk
tkrk gSA bl vuqikr dk çkFkfed y{; cSadksa dks tekdrkZvksa
dks tek fd, x, /u dh vko';drk gksus ij çfriwfrZ
djus dh vuqefr nsuk gSA
a ekSfuhfr
æd uhfr 177
z ,l,yvkj esa ifjorZu vDlj futh {ks=k dks m/kj nsus z ,e,l,l osQ rgr tkjh Vªstjh fcy@fnukafdr çfrHkwfr;ksa esa
osQ fy, cSafdax ç.kkyh esa /u dh miyC/rk dks çHkkfor ekStwnk Vªstjh fcy vkSj fnukafdr çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ lHkh xq.k
djrk gSA gksaxsA
z oS/kfud rjyrk vuqikr 25» vkSj 33-75» osQ chp gks z fo'ks"k :i ls] bUgsa fdlh Hkh vU; foi.ku ;ksX; ljdkjh
ldrk gSA çfrHkwfr;ksa dh rjg tkjh vkSj lfoZl fd;k tk,xk vkSj
ekinaMksa lhvkjvkj ,l,yvkj bl çdkj oS/kfud rjyrk vuqikr (,l,yvkj)] jsiks
vFkZ ;g ml jkf'k dk ;g le; vkSj ekax vkSj rjyrk lek;kstu lqfo/k (,y,,iQ) osQ fy, ik=k
çfr'kr gS ftls cSad nsunkfj;ksa osQ fy, çfrHkwfr;k¡ gksaxhA
dks RBI osQ ikl rjy ifjlaifÙk;ksa dk dkWy euh ekosQZV (lh,e,e)
j[kuk pkfg,A vuqikr gSA z ;g vfuok;Z :i ls ,d varj&cSad eqæk cktkj gS ftlesa
çi=k udnh osQ :i esa j[kk udn] lksuk vkSj ljdkj /u m/kj fy;k tkrk gS vkSj ,d fnu osQ fy, m/kj fn;k
x;kA }kjk vuqeksfnr çfrHkwfr;ksa tkrk gS] ;gh dkj.k gS fd bls vksojukbV m/kj cktkj
osQ :i esa cuk, j[kk (ftls dkWy ij iSlk Hkh dgk tkrk gS) osQ :i esa Hkh
tkrk gSA tkuk tkrk gSA
mi;ksx vFkZO;oLFkk esa /u cSadksa dh lkWYosalh z iQaM dks vf/dre 14 fnuksa osQ fy, m/kj fy;k tk ldrk
osQ çokg dks fu;af=kr lqfuf'pr djrk gSA gS ;k tqVk;k tk ldrk gS (vYi lwpuk dgk tkrk gS)A
bl cktkj esa m/kj çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ lkFk ;k fcuk çfrHkwfr;ksa
djrk gSA
osQ gks ldrk gSA
osQ lkFk vkjchvkbZ osQ ikl okf.kfT;d cSadksa osQ lkFk
z bl cktkj esa C;kt nj ml le; osQ ^jsiks jsV* osQ lkFk
vkjf{kr vkjf{krA vkjf{krA
^XykbM* gksrh gS] ysfdu fl¼kar ljy gS & vof/ ftruh
jk"Vªh; ns'k esa udnh dh ns'k dh lk[k o`f¼ dks
yach gksxh] C;kt nj mruh gh vf/d gksxhA
çHkko rjyrk dks fu;af=kr cuk, j[krk gSA
z bl cktkj esa /u dh miyC/rk vkSj ekax osQ vk/kj ij
djrk gSA
okLrfod dkWy nj orZeku jsiks nj osQ vklikl gh ?kVh
vksiu ekosQZV v‚ijs'kal (vks,evks) c<+rh gSA
z ØsfMV osQ foLrkj vkSj vuqca/k osQ y{; osQ lkFk ljdkjh rjyrk lek;kstu lqfo/k (,y,,iQ)
çfrHkwfr;ksa dh [kqys cktkj esa [kjhn vkSj fcØh 'kkfey gSA z LAF, RBI osQ ekSfæd uhfr lapkyu <kaps (twu 2000 esa
z tc vkjchvkbZ iSls dh vkiwfrZ c<+kuk pkgrk gS] rks og 'kq:) dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA
cktkj ls laifÙk [kjhnrk gS] vkSj vkiwfrZ ?kVkus osQ fy, z nSfud vk/kj ij] vkjchvkbZ le; dh t:jrksa (jsiks vkSj
blosQ foijhr djsxkA fjolZ jsiks njksa) osQ vk/kj ij fuf'pr C;kt njksa ij cSafdax
ekSfæd uhfr vks,evks esa vkjchvkbZ vFkZO;oLFkk ij ç.kkyh ls m/kj ysus osQ fy, rS;kj gSA
dh dk;Zokgh çHkko z ,y,,iQ lapkyu] csesy cSad iQaM dks ekWMjsV djus osQ
foLrkjoknh [kjhnrk iSls Mkyrk gS vykok] vkjchvkbZ dks cktkj esa C;kt nj laosQrksa dks çHkkoh
laoqQpudkjh [kjhnrk iSlk fudkyrk gS <ax ls çlkfjr djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
cktkj fLFkjhdj.k dk;ZØe (,e,l,l) z 2013 osQ ckn] jsiks m/kj ij osQi osQ laca/esa gky osQ
z ;g ekSfæd çca/u midj.k 2004 esa tkjh fd;k x;k FkkA cnykoksa vkSj VeZ jsiks osQ çko/ku us bl lqfo/k osQ
z bl ;kstuk osQ rgr] cM+h iwath çokg ls mRiUu vfrfjDr Mk;ukfeDl dks gh cny fn;kA
rjyrk dks vYi&fnukafdr ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa vkSj Vªstjh LFkk;h tek lqfo/k ;kstuk
fcyksa dks cspdj vo'kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA z osQaæh; ctV 2018&19 esa ubZ ;kstuk çLrkfor dh xbZ gSA
z tqVkbZ xbZ udnh dks vkjchvkbZ osQ ikl ,d vyx ljdkjh vkjchvkbZ us 2015 osQ uoacj esa bl rjg osQ ,d midj.k
[kkrs esa j[kk tkrk gSA dk çLrko fn;k FkkA

178 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z bl ;kstuk dk mís'; csgrj rjyrk çca/u esa vkjchvkbZ
dh lgk;rk djuk gSA
z fo'ks"k :i ls tc vFkZO;oLFkk vfrfjDr /u osQ lkFk py
jgh gks (tSlk fd uoacj 2016 osQ ckn mPp ewY; osQ djsalh
uksVksa osQ foeqæhdj.k osQ ckn ns[kk x;k Fkk)A
z xq.kkRed ;k pqfuank mik;% oqQN dk;ZØeksa] LFkkuksa ;k
oLrqvksa osQ laca/ esa ØsfMV fofu;eu ;k fu;a=k.kA
½.k ekftZu vko';drk
z ½.k lqjf{kr djus osQ fy, mi;ksx fd, x, ½.k ewY;
vkSj lqj{kk osQ ewY; osQ chp dk varjA
z ;fn m/kj ekftZu dh vko';drk 20» gS] rks okf.kfT;d
cSad lqj{kk osQ cktkj ewY; osQ 80» rd osQ ½.k dks
vf/o`Qr dj ldrs gSaA ysfdu o`Qf"k vkSj O;fDrxr ½.k
osQ fy, laikf'kZ~od vyx gksxkA
z urhtru] vxj dksbZ O;fDr #i;s m/kj ysuk pkgrk gSA
80]000] mls 1]00]000 lqj{kk jkf'k #i;s çLrqr djuh gksxh
(cktkj ewY;)A
z urhtru] vxj vkjchvkbZ bl ekftZu dks mBkrk gS] rks vke
yksx rqyuh;&ewY;oku laifÙk;ksa osQ cnys de C;kt okys
½.k çkIr djus esa l{ke gksaxsA
funsZ'k
z 1949 dk cSafdax fofu;eu vf/fu;e vkjchvkbZ dks
vfèkÑr djrk gS fd og okf.kfT;d cSadksa dks m/kj uhfr;k¡
fu/kZfjr djus esa mudh enn djus osQ fy, funsZ'k çnku djsA
z funsZ'kksa osQ ek/;e ls] osQaæh; cSad ,d fof'k"V mís'; osQ
fy, ,d fuf'pr lhek rd ØsfMV lajpuk vkSj ØsfMV dh
vkiwfrZ dks çHkkfor dj ldrk gSA
ØsfMV lhek
z vkjchvkbZ osQ ikl okf.kfT;d cSad ½.kksa dks ,d fufnZ"V
Lrj rd lhfer djus dk vf/dkj gSA
z okf.kfT;d cSad bl fLFkfr esa lkoZtfud ½.k tkjh djus
esa ladksp djsaxsA cSad o`Qf"k vkSj çkFkfedrk okys {ks=kksa tSls
oqQN m|ksxksa dks m/kj nsaxsA
uSfrd vuqu;&fou;
z bl volj ij] vkjchvkbZ okf.kfT;d cSadksa ls vuqjks/
djrk gS vkSj vuqRiknd dkj.kksa ls ½.k çnku ugha djus
osQ fy, jkth djrk gS tks eqækLiQhfr dks c<+kok nsrs gSa vkSj
vkfFkZd fodkl esa ;ksxnku ugha djrs gSa] vFkkZr] ;g cSadksa
ls lVVk mís';ksa osQ fy, ½.k miyC/rk dks lhfer djus
dk vkxzg djrk gSA
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
Hkkjrh; fjtoZcScSadad(vkjchvkbZ
(vkjchvkbZ ) jvkSHkkjr
) vkS j Hkkjr
esa ekSesfæd
çR;{k dk;Zokgh
z vkjchvkbZ osQ ikl ,sls cSad ij çfrca/ yxkus dk
vf/dkj gS tks mlosQ funsZ'kksa dk ikyu djus esa foQy
jgrk gSA
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad osQ ikl vius fcyksa vkSj çfrHkwfr;ksa dks
fiQj ls Hkqukus ls badkj djus dk fodYi gSA
z osQaæh; cSad fdlh O;fDrxr cSad dks lapkyu ls euk Hkh
dj ldrk gS ;fn og vius funsZ'kksa dk ikyu ugha djrk gS
vkSj ekSfæd uhfr osQ mís';ksa dk mYya?ku djrk gSA
½.k fuxjkuh
z ,d ikVhZ dks fn, x, 5 djksM+ #i;s ;k mlls vf/d osQ
lHkh okf.kfT;d cSad ½.kksa dh leh{kk vkjchvkbZ }kjk dh
tkrh gSA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lanHkZ esa] ekax&çsfjr eqækLiQhfr
fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlosQ dkj.k/c<+ ldrh gS\ (2021)
1- foLrkjd uhfr;k¡
2- jktdks"kh; çksRlkgu
3- eqækLiQhfr&vuqØe.k etnwjh
4- mPp Ø; 'kfDr
5- c<+rh C;kt njsa
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
(a) osQoy 1] 2 vkSj 4 (b) osQoy 3] 4 vkSj 5
(c) osQoy 1] 2] 3 vkSj 5 (d) 1] 2] 3] 4 vkSj 5
2. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lanHkZ esa] ^vksiu ekosQZV vkWijs'kal*
dk lanHkZ _______ ls gSA (2013)
(a) vkjchvkbZ ls vuqlwfpr cSadksa }kjk m/kj ysuk
(b) okf.kfT;d cSadksa }kjk m|ksx vkSj O;kikj osQ fy, ½.k
(c) vkjchvkbZ }kjk ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa dh [kjhn
vkSj fcØh
(d) mi;qZDr esa ls dksbZ ugha
psd Vªads'ku ç.kkyh
z ;g çLrqrdrkZ cSad }kjk vnkdrkZ cSad 'kk[kk dks tkus
okys ekxZ esa psd drkZ }kjk tkjh fd, x, HkkSfrd psd
ds çokg dks jksdus dh rduhd gSA blds ctk;] psd
dh ,d bysDVªkWfud Nfo lek'kks/u x`g ds ekè;e
ls Hkqxrku 'kk[kk dks gLrkarfjr dh tkrh gS] lkFk esa
egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh tSls fd MICR cSaM MsVk] çLrqfr
dh frfFk] çLrqrdrkZ cSad] vkSj vU; tkudkjhA
a ekSfuhfr
æd uhfr 179
Hkkjr esa ekSfæd uhfr
z LFkkuh; t:jrksa vkSj oSf'od lajpukRed fodkl osQ tokc
esa Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad osQ uhfrxr mís'; vkSj midj.k
le;&le; ij fodflr gq, gSaA
z Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk çkjafHkd o"kksaZ esa fodkl osQ vius
çkjafHkd pj.k esa FkhA urhtru] cqfu;knh <kaps osQ fuekZ.k
vkSj fofuekZ.k {kerk esa o`f¼ dh rRdky vko';drk FkhA
z bl le; osQ nkSjku jktdks"kh; uhfr dks ekSfæd uhfr ls
vf/d egRoiw.kZ ik;k x;kA ljdkjh [kpZ c<+kus osQ fy,]
ljdkj vke rkSj ij cM+s ctV ?kkVs dks pykrh gSA
z bu dfe;ksa dks rnFkZ Vªstjh fcyksa ;k lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ cSad
m/kjksa dk mi;ksx djosQ doj fd;k x;k FkkA foÙk iks"k.k
?kkVs dk ,slk rjhdk vDlj eqækLiQhfrdkjh Fkk] [kkldj
1980 osQ n'kd osQ nkSjkuA
z bl ço`fÙk dk çfrdkj djus osQ fy,] 1986 esa eqæk vkiwfrZ
foLrkj] vFkkZr~ M3 ij /;ku osQafær djus osQ fy, ekSfæd
uhfr <kaps esa cnyko fd;k x;k FkkA
1991 osQ lq/kjksa osQ ckn ifjorZu
z 1991 osQ vkfFkZd lq/kjksa osQ ckn vkjchvkbZ dk dk;Z
ukVdh; :i ls cny x;kA ctV vlarqyu osQ eqæhdj.k dks
lhfer djus osQ fy, dne mBk, x, gSaA gkyk¡fd] uhykeh
esa lkoZtfud ½.k dh çeq[k leL;k ctV vlarqyu dk
eqæhdj.k djrh jghA
z ?kkVs osQ foÙkiks"k.k osQ bu rjhdksa dks lekIr djus osQ fy,]
vkjchvkbZ dks 2006 esa lkoZtfud ½.k osQ çeq[k eqís dh
lnL;rk ysus ls jksd fn;k x;k FkkA
z varfje py fufèk lek;kstu lqfo/k (ILAF) dh
LFkkiuk vçSy 1999 esa ujflEge lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa osQ
tokc esa dh xbZ FkhA
z jsiks vkSj fjolZ jsiks njksa dks RBI dh çeq[k uhfrxr njksa osQ
:i esa fodflr fd;k x;k] ftlls udnh dks fu;af=kr djus
osQ fy, RBI osQ midj.kksa osQ :i esa CRR vkSj SLR osQ
egRo dks de fd;k x;kA
z nwljh vksj] ILAF dks lhfyax jsV vkSj flaxy ikWfylh jsV
dh deh dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA ifj.kkeLo:i] ebZ 2011
ls la'kksf/r rjyrk lek;kstu <kaps (RLAF) osQ rgr jsiks
nj ,dek=k Lora=k :i ls mrkj&p<+ko okyh nj jgh gSA
2016 esa] eqækLiQhfr y{;hdj.k Hkkjrh; ekSfæd uhfr dk
,dek=k y{; cu x;kA
z foÙkh; o"kZ 2016&17 esa eqækLiQhfr dks fu;af=kr djus
vkSj bls 4» ls uhps j[kus osQ fy, Hkkjr ljdkj (GOI)
vkSj Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad (RBI) }kjk ekSfæd uhfr :ijs[kk
le>kSrs (MPFA) ij lgefr gqbZ FkhA
180
ekSfæd uhfr çfØ;k
z osQaæ ljdkj us 2016 esa la'kksf/r vkjchvkbZ vf/fu;e]
1934 dh /kjk 45 tsMch osQ rgr Ng lnL;ksa osQ lkFk
ekSfæd uhfr lfefr (,eihlh) dh LFkkiuk dhA
z bldh çkFkfed Hkwfedk ljdkj }kjk fufnZ"V lhekvksa osQ
Hkhrj eqækLiQhfr dks fu;af=kr djuk gS] tks vkjchvkbZ osQ
lg;ksx ls eqækLiQhfr osQ mís'; dks iwjk djus osQ fy,
vko';d C;kt nj dh x.kuk djrh gSA
z vkjchvkbZ dk ekSfæd uhfr foHkkx vFkZO;oLFkk esa lHkh
fgr/kjdksa vkSj çfrHkkfx;ksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k dks è;ku esa j[krs
gq, ikWfylh jsiks nj ;k iqu[kZjhn nj fu/kZfjr djus esa
,eihlh dh lgk;rk djrk gSA
z 2016 osQ ckn ls] Hkkjrh; ekSfæd uhfr dk ,dek=k y{;
2» mnkjrk osQ lkFk çfr o"kZ 4» eqækLiQhfr dk y{; jgk
gSA
z bl ?kVuk esa fd vkjchvkbZ mijksDr mís';ksa dks iwjk djus
esa foQy jgrk gS] ;g ljdkj osQ fy, ftEesnkj gS vkSj ;g
Li"V djuk pkfg, fd ;g Hkfo"; esa ,d fuf'pr frfFk
rd ,slk D;ksa vkSj osQls djsxkA
ekSfæd uhfr lfefr (,eihlh)
z 2014 esa mftZr iVsy lfefr us ekSfæd uhfr lfefr osQ xBu
dh odkyr dh FkhA
z ;g 1934 osQ Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad vf/fu;e }kjk LFkkfir
,d fo/k;h vkSj laLFkkxr <kapk gS] tks fodkl dks è;ku esa
j[krs gq, ewY; fLFkjrk dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, gSA
z MPC eqækLiQhfr y{; (tks 4» gS) dks çkIr djus osQ fy,
vko';d uhfrxr jsiks nj fu/kZfjr djrk gSA
z ,eihlh esa fu.kZ; cgqer ls fy, tkrs Fks vkSj cjkcjh dh
fLFkfr esa vkjchvkbZ xouZj dk fu.kkZ;d er gksrk FkkA
,eihlh dh lajpuk
z ,eihlh esa fuEufyf[kr Ng lnL; gSa
z vkjchvkbZ osQ xouZj insu vè;{k osQ :i esaA
z vkjchvkbZ osQ fMIVh xouZj] ekSfæd uhfr osQ çHkkjh &
lnL;] insuA
z osQaæh; cksMZ }kjk ukfer vkjchvkbZ dk vf/dkjh (1) &
lnL;] insuA
z vU; rhu lnL;ksa dks vFkZ'kkL=k] ;k cSafdax ;k foÙk ;k
ekSfæd uhfr osQ {ks=k esa fo'ks"kK gksuk pkfg,A
z muosQ ikl pkj lky dh vof/gS tc rd fd bls c<+k;k
ugha tkrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
mftZr iVsy lfefr
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad (RBI) osQ iwoZ xouZj j?kqjke jktu us 4
flracj] 2016 dks mftZr iVsy lfefr dh LFkkiuk dhA ;g
lfefr RBI osQ ekSfæd uhfr <kaps osQ ewY;kadu vkSj mls
c<+kus osQ fy, dkiQh gn rd ftEesnkj FkhA
eq[; fliQkfj'ksa
z gsMykbu lhihvkbZ ekSfæd uhfr osQ fy, lkaosQfrd ,adj
gksuk pkfg, vkSj vkjchvkbZ dks bls çeq[k mís'; cukuk
pkfg,A
z nks lky osQ f{kfrt osQ fy,] eqækLiQhfr osQ fy, lkaosQfrd
,adj dks =kqfV osQ 2» ekftZu osQ lkFk 4» ij lsV fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
z 2016&17 rd] osQaæ ljdkj dks jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dks ldy
?kjsyw mRikn osQ 3-0 çfr'kr rd de djuk pkfg,A ç'kkflr
ewY;] etnwjh vkSj C;kt njsa ekSfæd uhfr osQ lapj.k esa
ck/k,¡ gSa vkSj bUgsa lekIr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z ekSfæd uhfr fu.kZ; ,d ekSfæd uhfr lfefr (,eihlh) }kjk
fd, tkus pkfg,] ftlesa xouZj] fMIVh xouZj vkSj ekSfæd
uhfr osQ çHkkjh dk;Zdkjh funs'kd osQ lkFk&lkFk nks ckgjh
iw.kZdkfyd lnL; 'kkfey gksus pkfg,A
z ,eihlh oksfVax osQ tfj, iQSlyk djsxhA lnL;ksa dks y{;
iwjk djus esa foQyrk osQ fy, tokcnsg Bgjk;k tk,xk] ftls
yxkrkj rhu frekfg;ksa osQ fy, y{; dks iwjk djus esa foQy
jgus osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
z okLrfod uhfr nj 'kwU; ls vf/d gksuh pkfg,A igys pj.k
esa vkWijsfVo mís'; Hkkfjr vkSlr dkWy nj gksxk] vkSj jsiks
nj ,dy uhfr nj gksxhA
z vf/'ks"k rjyrk dks fu"iQy djus osQ fy,] vkjchvkbZ dks
ikfjJfed okyh LFkk;h tek lqfo/k çnku djuh pkfg,A
z cktkj fLFkjhdj.k ;kstuk (,e,l,l) vkSj udnh çca/u
fo/ks;dksa (lh,ech) ij fuHkZjrk] nks dk;ZØeksa dks pj.kc¼
fd;k tkuk pkfg,] vkSj ljdkjh ½.k vkSj udnh çca/u dks
ljdkj osQ ½.k çca/u dk;kZy; }kjk ys fy;k tkuk pkfg,A
z 1992 esa ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad osQ çfr opuc¼ lHkh
{ks=k&fof'k"V iqufoZÙk dks lekIr dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
z ljdkj dh çfrfØ;k%
 ekSfæd uhfr <kaps dks la'kksf/r vkSj etcwr djus osQ
fy, vkjchvkbZ dh fo'ks"kK lfefr dh fjiksVZ osQ vkèkkj
ij] 2016 esa yphys eqækLiQhfr y{;hdj.k osQ fy, ,d
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
Hkkjrh; fjtoZcScSadad(vkjchvkbZ
(vkjchvkbZ ) jvkSHkkjr
) vkS j Hkkjr
esa ekSesfæd
vkSipkfjd ifjorZu fd;k x;k Fkk] vkSj uhfrxr jsiks nj
fu/kZfjr djus osQ fy, Ng lnL;h; ,eihlh dk xBu
fd;k x;k FkkA
 osQaæ ljdkj us 5 vxLr] 2016 dks vkf/dkfjd jkti=k
esa ?kks"k.kk dh fd 5 vxLr] 2016 ls 31 ekpZ] 2021
dh vof/ osQ fy, lhihvkbZ eqækLiQhfr dk y{; 2»
lfg".kqrk (Tolerance) lhek osQ lkFk 4» gksxkA
 iQjojh 2015 esa] Hkkjr ljdkj vkSj vkjchvkbZ us yphys
eqækLiQhfr y{;hdj.k (FIT) <kaps dks vkSipkfjd :i
ls viukus osQ fy, ekSfæd uhfr :ijs[kk le>kSrs
(MPFA) ij gLrk{kj fd,A
 blosQ ckn ebZ 2016 esa vkjchvkbZ vf/fu;e 1934 esa
la'kks/u fd;k x;k rkfd ,iQvkbZVh <kaps osQ dk;kZUo;u
osQ fy, ,d fo/k;h vk/kj fn;k tk losQA
 ekSfæd uhfr çfØ;k osQ vk/qfudhdj.k dh fn'kk esa bl
dne osQ lkFk] Hkkjr mu jk"Vªksa osQ lewg esa 'kkfey gks
x;k] ftUgksaus 1990 esa U;wthySaM ls 'kq#vkr djrs gq,
vius ekSfæd uhfr <kaps osQ :i esa eqækLiQhfr y{;hdj.k
dks viuk;kA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. ^ekSfæd uhfr lfefr (,eihlh)* osQ laca/ esa fuEufyf[kr
esa ls dkSu lk/ls dFku lgh g@gSa\ (2017)
1- ;g vkjchvkbZ dh csapekdZ C;kt njsa r; djrh gSA
2- ;g RBI osQ xouZj lfgr 12 lnL;h; fudk; gS vkSj
gj lky bldk iquxZBu fd;k tkrk gSA
3- ;g osQaæh; foÙk ea=h dh v/;{krk esa dk;Z djrk gSA
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,%
(a) osQoy 1 (b) osQoy 1 vkSj 2
(c) osQoy 3 (d) osQoy 2 vkSj 3
ekSfæd uhfr dk ykHk
z jktdks"kh; uhfr osQ fojks/esa ekSfæd uhfr esa dfFkr ^dk;Zokgh
dh vko';drk* vkSj ^dh xbZ dk;Zokgh* le; fcanqvksa osQ
chp de le; varjky gksrk gSA
z fofHkUu njksa@vuqikrksa (chvkj@lhvkjvkj@,l,yvkj@vkjvkj)
esa dVkSrh rRdky çHkko ls ykxw gSA bl rjg osQ lek;kstu
o"kZ osQ fdlh Hkh le; fd, tk ldrs gSaA
z gkykafd] bu ykHkksa dks iwjh rjg ls eglwl ugha fd;k tk
jgk gS] tSlk fd ^dbZ ekSdksa ij gqbZ dherksa esa eqækLiQhfr
dh o`f¼* ls laosQr feyrk gSA
a ekSfuhfr
æd uhfr 181
ekSfæd uhfr dh lhek,a
z xSj&cSafdax ½.kksa dk mPp vuqikr%
 xSj&cSafdax laLFkku cM+h ek=kk esa ½.k (,uchvkbZ)
m/kj nsrs gSaA cSad nj vkSj vuqikr esa ifjorZu dk bl
[kaM ij dksbZ çHkko ugha iM+rk gSA
 cSadksa vkSj NBI osQ chp laca/ i;kZIr :i ls fodflr
ugha gq, gSaA blosQ vykok] cSadksa us xSj&tek lalk/uksa
tSls d‚y euh ekosQZV vkSj Hkkxhnkjh çek.ki=kksa ij
cgqr vf/d Hkjkslk fd;k gSA
 vke rkSj ij dkWy euh njksa ij vkjchvkbZ dk dksbZ
vf/dkj ugha gSA
z ekSfæd lk/u lhek,a%
 ekSfæd uhfr midj.kksa dh njksa esa ckj&ckj lek;kstu
dh vkykspuk dh tkrh gS D;ksafd os mRiknd fuos'k osQ
fy, vfuf'prrk dk ekgkSy cukrs gSaA
 blosQ vykok] tSlk fd Hkkjrh; foÙkh; {ks=k oSf'od
foÙkh; ç.kkyh osQ lkFk vf/d ,dho`Qr gks tkrk gS]
vkjchvkbZ dh ekSfæd uhfr dks oSf'od fodkl dks
è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A
 ;g Hkh irk pyk gS fd m/kj nsus dks de djus osQ
fy, C;kt njksa esa cnyko ls vuqRiknd {ks=kksa dks dkiQh
vf/d ykHk gksrk gS] ftlls bfDoVh vkSj fodkl osQ
fgrksa dks uqdlku igqaprk gSA
 oS'oho`Qr vFkZO;oLFkk osQ cnyrs ifjos'k esa] ekSfæd
uhfr midj.kksa dh çHkko'khyrk Li"V :i ls lhfer gSA
z u, foÙkh; laLFkkuksa osQ çHkko%
 E;qpqvy iQaM] osapj osQfiVy iQeZ vkSj [kqys cktkj esa
tkjh lkoZtfud is'kd'k tSlh laLFkk,a vFkZO;oLFkk esa
oqQy rjyrk ij egRoiw.kZ çHkko Mkyrh gSaA
 ;kn j[ksa fd E;qpqvy iQaM vFkZO;oLFkk esa oqQy ?kjsyw
cpr dk yxHkx ,d pkSFkkbZ fgLlk gSA
 urhtru] u, foÙkh; laLFkkuksa esa lexz rjyrk dh
dkiQh ek=kk gksrh gS] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i mPp Lrj
dh e/;LFkrk gksrh gSA foÙkh; ç.kkyh osQ oqQN fgLlksa
esa vkjchvkbZ osQ dk;ksaZ dk çHkko ux.; gSA
z mPp eqæk&tek vuqikr%
 D;ksafd fo'kky xzkeh.k {ks=kksa osQ ,d cM+s fgLls esa vHkh
Hkh cSafdax vknrksa dh deh gS] eqæk&tek vuqikr mPp
cuk gqvk gSA
 vkjchvkbZ osQ ekSfæd uhfr midj.kksa dk çHkko tek
[kaM rd gh lhfer gSA
 blls vFkZO;oLFkk esa vçHkkoh ekSfæd fofu;eu gqvkA
182
z detksj fuxjkuh ç.kkyh%
 vkjchvkbZ us o`Qf"k] y?kq m|ksx] fu;kZr foÙkiks"k.k] vkSj
blh rjg osQ oqQN {ks=kksa dk leFkZu djus osQ fy, cSadksa
dks ½.k nsus osQ fy, çksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, fofHkUu
vfèkekU; iqu% ys[kk lqfo/kvksa dks cjdjkj j[kk gSA
 vfrfjDr fopkj ;g Hkh gS fd NksVs fdlkuksa vkSj
f'kYidkjksa tSls xzkeh.k lewgksa dks ½.k nsus dh lhek ls
cpk;k tkuk pkfg,A
 blosQ vykok] ;g lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, vko';d
vPNs vkadM+ksa vkSj fuxjkuh ç.kkfy;ksa dh deh gS fd
ilanhnk {ks=k ,sls dk;ZØeksa ls ykHkkfUor gksaA bu fodYiksa
vkSj varjkyksa osQ dkj.k ekSfæd uhfr dk dk;Z viuh
igqap vkSj çHkko esa lhfer gks x;k gSA
z dBksj uhfr;k¡ vkSj c<+rh foÙkh; vko';drk,a%
 fdlh fn, x, o"kZ osQ fy, ØsfMV uhfr vke rkSj ij
iSls dh vkiwfrZ vkSj ewY; fu/kZj.k osQ iSVuZ osQ lanHkZ esa
fiNys o"kZ osQ fodkl ij vk/kfjr gksrh gSA
 blosQ foijhr] okLrfod mRiknu esa visf{kr o`f¼ osQ
vk/kj ij vkus okys o"kZ osQ fy, ½.k dh t:jrksa osQ
ewY;kadu osQ fy, le; dh vko';drk gSA
 ctV ?kkVs dk c<+rk eqæhdj.k Hkh jktdks"kh; vkSj
ekSfæd uhfr osQ mís';ksa osQ foijhr gSA
 lq[ke; pØorhZ lfefr us ,d rjQ ekSfæd ç.kkyh dh
ns[kjs[k vkSj çca/u osQ fy, vkjchvkbZ dh ftEesnkjh
vkSj nwljh vksj ,slk djus osQ fy, vko';d çkf/dj.k
osQ chp varj dks ikVus osQ egRo ij tksj fn;kA ;g
gesa vkjchvkbZ dh Lok;Ùkrk osQ eqís ij fopkj djus
dh vksj ys tkrk gSA
xSj ijaijkxr ekSfæd uhfr
z dbZ n'kdksa rd] mUur vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa osQaæh; cSadksa us
vius ekSfæd uhfr lk/u osQ :i esa ,d uhfrxr C;kt nj
dks fu;ksftr fd;kA
z 2007&2009 osQ oSf'od foÙkh; ladV (th,iQlh) vkSj
egRoiw.kZ eanh dh çfrfØ;k esa] dbZ vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa osQ
osQaæh; cSadksa us C;kt njksa esa yxHkx 'kwU; Lrj rd dVkSrh
dhA
z tSls&tSls vkfFkZd fodkl /khek jgk] C;kt njsa yxHkx
'kwU; jgha] vkSj dbZ osQaæh; cSadksa us vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa
dks çksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, ^xSj ijaijkxr* ekSfæd uhfr
ykxw dhA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z tSlk fd nqfu;k Hkj osQ osQaæh; cSad nqfu;k Hkj esa egkekjh
dksjksuok;jl (COVID-19) osQ Hk;kog vkfFkZd çHkkoksa
dk tokc nsrs gSa] ;s xSj ijaijkxr n`f"Vdks.k fiQj ls lkeus
vk, gSaA
udkjkRed C;kt nj uhfr;k¡ (,uvkbZvkjih)
z udkjkRed C;kt njsa okLro esa vlkekU; gSa D;ksafd dj
yxkus okys tekdrkZvksa dks cSadksa osQ lkFk iSlk tek djus
osQ fy, mfpr Bgjkuk eqf'dy gSA
z ikjaifjd Kku us dgk fd uhfrxr njksa esa ¶'kwU; fupyh
lhek¸ (tsM,ych) Fkh] ;g lq>ko nsrs gq, fd C;kt njsa
dHkh Hkh udkjkRed rd ugha igqap ldrhaA
z nwljh vksj] tsM,ych dksbZ lhek ugha Fkh D;ksafd MsuekdZ]
LohMu] fLoVtjySaM vkSj ;wjkstksu lfgr oqQN ,bZ osQaæh;
cSadksa us oSf'od foÙkh; ladV (th,iQlh) osQ rqjar ckn
,uvkbZvkjih 'kq: djus osQ fy, pqukA
z nwljh vksj] okf.kfT;d cSadksa us [kqnjk tek njksa ij 'kwU; dh
,d eafty LFkkfir djosQ udkjkRed njksa ls ijgst fd;kA
z gkykafd] mHkjrh gqbZ cktkj vFkZO;oLFkkvksa (bZ,ebZ) esa]
,uvkbZvkjih iwath çokg osQ :i esa Hkkjh ek=kk esa lhek&ikj
fLiyvksoj mRiUu dj ldrs gSa] ftlls Hkkjh ekSfæd uhfr
vkSj foÙkh; fLFkjrk dh dfBukb;k¡ iSnk gks ldrh gSaA
udkjkRed C;kt nj uhfr;k¡ (,uvkbZvkjih)% i{k&foi{k
i{k foi{k
m/kjh [kpZ dks de djrk udkjkRed C;kt njsa iwjs mit
gSA oØ ij ncko Mkyrh gSaA
fdlh ns'k dh eqæk dks foÙkh; iQeksaZ dks m/kj nsus ls
vU; eqækvksa dh rqyuk feyus okys ykHk ekftZu dks de
esa de vkd"kZd fuos'k djsaA
cukdj mlosQ ewY;âkl esa
;ksxnku djsaA
de eqæk ns'k osQ fu;kZr ;fn fujarj vYVªk&yks njsa foÙkh;
dks çfrLi/kZRed ykHk nsrh laLFkkuksa osQ LokLF; dks uqdlku
gS tcfd vk;kr ykxr igqapkrh gSa] rks os m/kj nsus esa nsjh
c<+kdj eqækLiQhfr dks Hkh dj ldrs gSa vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk
c<+krh gSA dks uqdlku igqapk ldrs gSaA
'kwU; C;kt nj uhfr (ZIRP)
z ZIRP ,d ,slh uhfr gS tks C;kt njksa dks 'kwU; osQ djhc
j[krs gq, fodkl dks çksRlkfgr djrh gSA
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
Hkkjrh; fjtoZcScSadad(vkjchvkbZ
(vkjchvkbZ ) jvkSHkkjr
) vkS j Hkkjr
esa ekSesfæd
z lÙkk:<+ osQaæh; cSad vc bl n`f"Vdks.k osQ rgr C;kt njksa
dks de ugha dj ldrk gS] ftlls ikjaifjd ekSfæd uhfr
vçHkkoh gks tkrh gSA
z ifj.kkeLo:i] ekSfæd vk/kj dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy,
vijaijkxr ekSfæd uhfr] tSls ek=kRed lgtrk] dks fu;ksftr
fd;k tkrk gSA
z gkykafd] tSlk fd ;wjkstksu esa ns[kk x;k gS] 'kwU;&C;kt&nj
j.kuhfr osQ lkFk cgqr nwj tkus ls udkjkRed C;kt njsa gks
ldrh gSaA
z urhtru] dbZ vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa us dbZ laHkkfor [krjksa esa ls ,d
osQ :i esa rjyrk tky dk gokyk nsrs gq,] 'kwU; C;kt nj
uhfr;ksa dh çHkkodkfjrk ij loky mBk;k gSA
z ,d udkjkRed C;kt nj uhfr] ;k NIRP] ,d vkikrdkyhu
mik; osQ :i esa mi;ksx dh tk,xhA
gsyhdkWIVj euh
z gsyhdkWIVj MªkWi osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ;g ,d
vlkekU; ekSfæd uhfr midj.k gS ftlesa eanh osQ nkSjku
vkfFkZd fodkl dks çksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, Hkkjh ek=kk esa
/u dh NikbZ vkSj bls turk rd igqapkuk 'kkfey gSA
z feYVu izQhMeSu] ,d vesfjdh vFkZ'kkL=kh vkSj lkaf[;dhfon~]
us vius ekSfyd ys[k ¶n vkWfIVee DokafVVh vkWiQ euh¸
(1969) esa okD;ka'k dk mi;ksx fd;kA
z gsyhdkIVj euh ,d çdkj dk vijaijkxr ekSfæd uhfr
lk/u gS ftlesa vkfFkZd fodkl dks çksRlkfgr djus] vkfFkZd
mRiknu vkSj eqækLiQhfr dks c<+kus osQ fy, Hkkjh ek=kk esa /u
dk fuekZ.k vkSj vke yksxksa dks forfjr djuk 'kkfey gSA
feYVu ÝhMeSu] ,d vesfjdh vFkZ'kkL=kh vkSj lkaf[;dhfon~]
us ¶gsyhdkWIVj euh¸ okD;ka'k x<+kA
z gsfydkWIVj euh osQ ihNs /kj.kk ;g gS fd vke turk
(miHkksDrkvksa) dks fn;k x;k iSlk mudh ç;ksT; vk; dks
c<+k,xk] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i miHkksDrk [kpZ vf/d gksxk]
ftlls vkfFkZd mRiknu esa o`f¼ gksxhA
z orZeku lksp osQ vuqlkj] gsyhdkWIVj euh dks ,d vafre
mik; osQ :i esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg, tc vf/d fu;fer
:i ls mi;ksx dh tkus okyh çksRlkgu vFkZO;oLFkk dks
iquthZfor djus esa foQy jgh gksA
ek=kRed lgtrk dh rqyuk esa gsyhdkIVj euh
z T;knkrj le; gsyhdkWIVj euh dks vDlj ek=kRed lgtrk
osQ lkFk Hkzfer fd;k tkrk gSA
a ekSfuhfr
æd uhfr 183
z gkykafd nksuksa ekSfæd uhfr osQ mik; gSa tks eqæk dh vkiwfrZ
esa o`f¼ djrs gSa] osQaæh; cSad dh cSysal 'khV ij muosQ
çHkko vyx&vyx gSaA
z osQaæh; cSad okf.kfT;d cSadksa vkSj vU; foÙkh; laLFkkuksa ls
ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;k¡ çkIr djosQ ek=kRed lgtrk osQ fy,
HkaMkj cukrk gSA
z nwljh vksj] gsyhdkWIVj euh esa vke turk dks iSlk nsuk
'kkfey gS] tks osQaæh; cSad dh cSysal 'khV esa laifÙk ugha
tksM+rk gSA
z la{ksi esa] gsyhdkIVj iSlk vke turk dks udn nsdj iSls
dh vkiwfrZ dk foLrkj djrk gS] tcfd ek=kRed lgtrk
ljdkjh laifÙk;ksa dk vf/xzg.k djosQ iSls dh vkiwfrZ dk
foLrkj djrh gSA
z gsyhdkWIVj euh dk eq[; eqík%
 vifjorZuh; ço`Qfr
 gkbijfÝyus'ku dh laHkkouk
 ?kjsyw eqæk dk ewY;âklA
ekSfæd çkf/dj.k& ubZ mHkjrh pqukSfr;k¡
z ?kjsyw vkiwfrZ dh ykspghurk%
 oqQy ?kjsyw vkiwfrZ dh yksp ij lhek,a fo'ks"k :i ls
vYikof/ esa ekSfæd uhfr ij vfrfjDr cks> Mkyrh gSaA
 gkykafd O;kikj osQ [kqyus ls dbZ vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa
vkiwfrZ {kerk esa o`f¼ gqbZ gS] ysfdu vkiwfrZ dh yksp
ij bldk egRoiw.kZ vYidkfyd ykHkdkjh çHkko ugha
fn[krk gSA
 oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh dherksa esa yxkrkj vkiwfrZ osQ
>VosQ eqækLiQhfr osQ çfr laosnu'khy gSa vkSj eqækLiQhfr
dh mEehnksa ij LFkk;h çHkko iM+ ldrs gSaA blfy,]
eqækLiQhfr ij muosQ fujarj çHkko osQ dkj.k lajpukRed
vkiwfrZ osQ eqíksa dk cks> vkSj nqfo/k vf/d gSA
 fodkl dh xfr dks ckf/r fd, fcuk de eqækLiQhfr vkSj
fLFkjrk dks cuk, j[krs gq, bu lajpukRed leL;kvksa dk
çca/u ekSfæd uhfr osQ vkxs c<+us osQ fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ
pqukSrh gSA
z oSf'od vkfFkZd okrkoj.k esa cnyko%
 oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk esa u, fodkl us ekSfæd
çkf/dj.kksa osQ lkeus vkus okyh pqukSfr;ksa dks c<+k fn;k
gSA c<+rs foÙkh; oS'ohdj.k dk u;k okrkoj.k ,d
egRoiw.kZ pqukSrh is'k djrk gSA
184
 ;g vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks ?kjsyw ekax esa cnyko] iwath
çokg esa vfLFkjrk vkSj fofue; nj osQ >Vdksa osQ çfr
laosnu'khy cukrk gSA
 ifj.kkeLo:i] vFkZO;oLFkkvksa osQ chp ekSfæd
uhfr&fuekZ.k igys ls dgha vf/d vU;ksU;kfJr gks x;k
gS vkSj oSf'od vkfFkZd fLFkfr] varjkZ"Vªh; eqækLiQhfr]
C;kt njksa] fofue; nj esa mrkj&p<+ko vkSj iwath çokg
esa fodkl dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A
 blfy, tgk¡ LFkkuh; ?kVukØeksa dk ncnck dk;e gS]
ogha oSf'od dkjd rsth ls egRoiw.kZ gksrs tk jgs gSaA
 cM+s iSekus ij lhek ikj iwath çokg] foÙkh; cktkjksa osQ
oS'ohdj.k vkSj lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh esa çxfr us lkewfgd
:i ls ekSfæd uhfr midj.kksa vkSj lapj.k ra=k dh ilan
dks ukVdh; :i ls cny fn;k gSA
z vU; m|ksxksa esa pqukSfr;k¡%
 ekSfæd uhfr vU; m|ksxksa esa fuEufyf[kr pqukSfr;ksa ls
Hkh tqM+h gqbZ gS%
 jktdks"kh; vlarqyu varjjk"Vªh; ekudksa osQ fglkc
ls cM+k cuk gqvk gS vkSj bls xSj&fouk'kdkjh rjhosQ
ls çcaf/r djus dh vko';drk gS
 fons'kh eqæk çokg dh fujarj rhozrk ekSfæd uhfr osQ
dk;kZUo;u dks tfVy cukrh gSA
 c<+s gq, ekax nckoksa osQ ekgkSy esa] xSj&eqækLiQhfriw.kZ
rjhosQ ls fodkl dks leFkZu nsus vkSj cuk, j[kus
osQ fy, C;kt njksa esa c<+ksrjh dh odkyr dh tk
ldrh gSA
gkykafd] mPp C;kt njsa u, iwath çokg dh laHkkouk dks
c<+krh gSa vkSj ekSfæd uhfr dh çHkko'khyrk dks de
dj ldrh gSaA Hkkjr esa] vkcknh osQ ,d cM+s fgLls dk
thou Lrj etcwr foÙkh; vfLFkjrk dk fojks/k djus osQ
fy, i;kZIr ugha gS tks okLrfod xfrfofèk dks çHkkfor
djrk gSA blfy,] ekSfæd uhfr dks vFkZO;oLFkk osQ bu
{ks=kksa ij foÙkh; cktkj dh vfLFkjrk osQ çHkko dks /;ku
esa j[kuk pkfg,] tks vDlj iwath çokg esa cnyko ls
tqM+k gksrk gSA
z ,dkfèkd mís';%
 rsth ls ,dhÑr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa Hkh dbZ mís'; gSa]
tSls
 fuf'pr fofue; njsa
 iwath dk eqDr vkokxeu
 Lora=k ekSfæd uhfr
bu rhuksa dh igpku ¶vlaHko fVªfuVh¸ osQ :i esa dh
xbZ gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 bl rhuksa osQ çca/u esa vko';d :i ls jk"Vªh;] oSf'od
vkSj vis{kkvksa osQ chp fujarj eè;LFkrk 'kkfey gSA
blosQ fy, jktuhfrd gydksa osQ chp vf/d leUo; dh
vko';drk gSA
varfuZfgr O;kid vkfFkZd vkSj foÙkh; fodkl] vLi"V ewY;
laosQrksa vkSj okLrfod vFkZO;oLFkk osQ çn'kZu ij ekSfæd
vf/dkfj;ksa osQ iQksdl dh O;k[;k djus osQ fy, vko';d
Li"Vrk esa dkiQh vLi"Vrk gSA
urhtru] vlaHko fVªfuVh ls fuiVuk igys dh rqyuk esa
vf/d tfVy gks x;k gSA
ekSfæd uhfr lapj.k
z Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa] jsiks nj dk vYidkfyd uhfr osQ lapj.k
ij dkQh çHkko iM+rk gSA
z jsiks nj dk mi;ksx vFkZO;oLFkk esa C;kt nj fu/kZfjr djus
osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
z fdl gn rd jsiks nj esa ifjorZu cSadksa }kjk C;kt nj esa
,d vuq:i ifjorZu dks xfr çnku dj ldrk gS] ;g
vc cSafdax ç.kkyh dh foÙkh; fLFkfr }kjk fu/kZfjr fd;k
tkrk gSA
z foÙkh; ç.kkyh ls udnh vkoafVr djus esa ekSfæd uhfr
vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA bls çkIr djus osQ fy, cSad m/kj njksa
dks osQaæh; cSad dh uhfr njksa osQ çfr mÙkjnk;h gksuk pkfg,A
ekSfæd gLrkarj.k osQ :i esa lanfHkZr*
z gkykafd] gky osQ o"kksaZ esa] flLVe esa ,d etcwr ekSfæd
lapj.k dk vHkko gSA vkjchvkbZ 2015&16 ls cSafdax {ks=k
esa ekSfæd lapj.k dh O;kid deh osQ ckjs esa fpafrr gSA
z vkjchvkbZ us vçSy 2020 rd cSadksa dh m/kj njksa dks
fu/kZfjr djus osQ fy, ,elh,yvkj vkSj ckgjh csapekdZ
dks ykxw djus tSls ç;kl fd, gSaA
ekSfæd uhfr lapj.k dk egRo
z ,dkf/d çHkko% ekSfæd uhfr lapj.k dk vkfFkZd fodkl]
ewY; fu/kZj.k vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vU; {ks=kksa ij çHkko
iM+rk gSA
z C;kt nj% tc osQaæh; cSad vkf/dkfjd C;kt nj c<+krs gSa
rks cSad m/kj njsa vkSj ckWUM çfriQy c<+saxsA
z m/kj ysus dh ykxr% ;g vkf/dkfjd C;kt nj esa cnyko
djosQ O;olk;ksa vkSj miHkksDrkvksa osQ fy, m/kj ysus dh
ykxr dks çHkkfor dj ldrk gSA
z jksdM+ çokg% vkf/dkfjd C;kt nj esa ifjorZu udnh
çokg osQ orZeku ewY; dks fu/kZfjr djus osQ fy, mi;ksx
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
Hkkjrh; fjtoZcScSadad(vkjchvkbZ
(vkjchvkbZ ) jvkSHkkjr
) vkS j Hkkjr
esa ekSesfæd
dh tkus okyh NwV njksa dks çHkkfor djrs gSa] ftudk
mi;ksx çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ ewY; dk ewY;kadu djus osQ fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
z vkfFkZd f[kykM+h% vkf/dkfjd C;kt njksa esa ifjorZu
dk vkfFkZd f[kykfM+;ksa dh vis{kkvksa ij egRoiw.kZ çHkko
iM+rk gSA
z vkfFkZd ,tsaV% m/kj ysus dh ykxr esa deh osQ
ifj.kkeLo:i os vf/d m/kj nsus dh mEehn djsaxs] ;k de
NwV njksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i ifjlaifÙk ewY;ksa esa o`f¼ gksxh
vkSj vxj vkfèkdkfjd C;kt njksa esa deh vkbZ gS rks rsth
ls fodkl dh Hkfo";ok.kh dh tk,xhA
z fofue; njsa% os vkfèkdfjd C;kt nj esa ifjorZu ls
çHkkfor gksrh gSaA tc fdlh ns'k dh C;kt njsa c<+rh gSa] rks
ml ns'k esa fuos'k djuk vf/d vkd"kZd gks tkrk gS] ckdh
lc oqQN leku jgrk gSA
ekSfæd uhfr osQ lapj.k esa dfBukb;k¡
z vifjorZuh; fuf/ ykxr%
 Hkkjr esa cSadksa }kjk çnku dh tkus okyh cM+h ek=kk esa
udnh osQ fy, xzkgd tek [kkrs gSa] tcfd fMcsapj@
okf.kfT;d i=kksa osQ eqís osQ ek/;e ls cktkj m/kj
ekewyh gSaA
 iSls dh ykxr vDlj fLFkj gksrh gS D;ksafd buesa ls vf/
drj tek fu/kZfjr njksa ij vuqcaf/r gksrs gSaA
 blosQ vykok] cSad njksa dh rqyuk esa ekewyh tekjkf'k;ksa
ij C;kt njsa Åaph cuh jghaA urhtru] cSad tek de
gks x, gSaA
 iwath dh deh osQ dkj.k cSad de tek njksa ij ½.k
nsus esa vleFkZ gSaA
 tc rd bl eqís dk lek/ku ugha gksrk gS] rc rd
cSad vko';d xfr vkSj vk;ke ij ekSfæd uhfr laosQrksa
dks laçsf"kr djus esa vleFkZ jgsaxsA
z uhfrxr njsa cktkj ls tqM+h ugha gSa%
 jsiks nj dks cktkj&fu/kZfjr nj ugha dgk tk ldrk
D;ksafd bls ekSfæd uhfr lfefr }kjk fu;af=kr fd;k
tkrk gSA
 m/kj nsus dh udnh dh ykxr dh ijokg fd, fcuk]
cSadksa dks viuh m/kj njksa dks jsiks nj ls tksM+uk
vko';d gSA
z yxHkx rhu&pkSFkkbZ cdk;k ½.k ckgjh ekudksa ls
ca/ks ugha gSa%
 cká ekudksa ls lacafèkr cdk;k ½.kksa dk vuqikr flracj
2019 osQ 2-4» ls c<+dj ekpZ 2021 esa 28-5» gks
x;k gSA
a ekSfuhfr
æd uhfr 185
z mPp xSj&fu"ikfnr laifÙk (,uih,)%
fMftVy #i;k
 cM+s ,uih, osQ fuekZ.k osQ ifj.kkeLo:i] cSad dh
z vkjchvkbZ vkus okys foÙkh; o"kZ esa fMftVy #i;s uked
ykHkçnrk fcxM+ xbZ gSA
,d fMftVy eqæk cuk,xkA
 urhtru] cSad lhekar m/kj nj dh rqyuk esa Hkkfjr

vkSlr m/kj nj dks cgqr vf/d Lrj ij cuk, j[krs gSaA z ,d dsaæh; cSad fMftVy eqæk (CBDC) ,d bysDVªkWfud
z pkj cSysal 'khV eqís% fjdkWMZ ;k fMftVy Vksdu (;k {ks=k) }kjk çLrqr ns'k dh
 Hkkjr osQ iwoZ ofj"B vkfFkZd lykgdkj] vjfoan
fiQ,V eqæk dk ,d vkHkklh çfrfufèkRo gSA
lqcze.;u osQ vuqlkj] ns'k ¶pkj cSysal 'khV eqís¸ dk z fMftVy #i;k miHkksDrkvksa dks vkWuykbu Vksdu ds
lkeuk dj jgk gSA :i esa cSad [kkrksa ls LekVZiQksu okWysV esa Ø; 'kfDr
 blus Hkkjr esa ½.k fodkl dks ckf/r fd;k gS vkSj LFkkukarfjr djus esa l{ke djsxk] tks fd eqæk dh rjg]
blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i ekSfæd uhfr lapj.k gqvk gSA Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dk nkf;Ro gksxkA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) z ml çLrko ds vuqlkj] ,d fMftVy #i;k cSaduksV ds
leku gksxk] ysfdu fcuk ,Vh,e dsA
1. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lanHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr ij fopkj
dhft,% (2015)
lsaVªy cSad fMftVy eqæk
1- cSad nj
z ,d lhchMhlh ,d eqæk osQ leku gS ftlesa ;g fMftVy
2- [kqys cktkj dh dk;Zokgh
:i esa ekStwn gS] ysfdu ;g leku ugha gSA
3- lkoZtfud ½.k
z lhchMhlh dks osQaæh; cSad dh fuxjkuh okys fMftVy o‚ysV
4- yksd jktLo
esa laxzfgr fd;k tk,xkA vkjchvkbZ Hkkjr esa fMftVy #i;s
mijksDr esa ls dkSu lk/ls ekSfæd uhfr dk/osQ ?kVd gSa@
dh ns[kjs[k djsxk] gkykafd ;g cSadksa dks oqQN vf/dkj ns
gSa\
ldrk gSA
(a) osQoy 1 (b) 2] 3 vkSj 4
z bl ckr ij çdk'k Mkyk tkuk pkfg, fd vkjchvkbZ dk
(c) 1 vkSj 2 (d) 1] 3 vkSj 4
fMftVy #i;k rqjar cSad fMekaM fMikWftV dh txg ugha
vkjchvkbZ vkSj fMftVy eqæk ysxkA
z cSad HkkSfrd eqæk dk mi;ksx djuk tkjh j[ksaxs] vkSj tks
fØIVks djsalh miHkksDrk cSadksa ls udnh fudkyuk pkgrs gSa] os ,slk dj
z ;g ,d fMftVy eqæk gS ftldk mi;ksx udnh osQ LFkku ldrs gSaA gkyk¡fd] os vius cSad tek dks u, fMftVy #i;s
ij fd;k tk ldrk gSA esa cnyus dk fodYi pqu ldrs gSaA
z fØIVksxzkiQh dks fØIVksdjalh esa ysu&nsu dh lqj{kk vkSj z lhchMhlh 'kq: djus osQ fy, mi;qDr rduhd dk p;u
lR;kiu osQ fy, fu;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA bldk mi;ksx djus ls igys vkjchvkbZ dks çkS|ksfxdh ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k
fØIVksdjsalh vkiwfrZ dks fofu;fer djus osQ fy, Hkh fd;k
dh iwjh rjg ls tkap djuh gksxhA
tkrk gSA
z fMftVy eqæk ysunsu ij çkIr foÙkh; MsVk laosnu'khy gksxk]
z ;g CykWdpSu }kjk lefFkZr gS] ,d foosQaæho`Qr ih;j&Vw&ih;j
usVodZA vkSj ljdkj dks fu;ked fMtkbu ij lko/kuh ls fopkj
z lkrks'kh ukdkeksVks us 2009 esa igyh fØIVks djsalh fcVdkWbu djuk pkfg,A
cukbZ FkhA z blosQ fy, cSafdax vkSj MsVk lqj{kk fu;kedksa osQ chp dM+s
z fcVdkWbu dks dkuwuh udnh osQ :i esa ekU;rk nsus osQ fy, lg;ksx dh vko';drk gksxhA
vy lYokMksj osQ ckn lsaVªy vizQhdu fjifCyd (lh,vkj) z Hkkjr ljdkj us vius ctV 2022&23 esa ?kks"k.kk dh gS fd
nwljk ns'k cu x;kA mldk osQaæh; cSad 2022&23 rd fMftVy eqæk tkjh djsxkA
z vkus okys foÙkh; o"kZ esa] Hkkjr osQ osQaæh; ctV 2022&2023 vf/dka'k çeq[k vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ tYnckth esa ;g egRoiw.kZ
esa ,d fMftVy eqæk dh 'kq#vkr dk çLrko gSA fu.kZ; ysus dks rS;kj ugha gSaA

186 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z fMftVy #i;s osQ leFkZdksa dk rdZ gS fd Hkkjr osQ dkuwuh
/u dk ,d bysDVªkWfud çfrfuf/Ro ns'k dh fMftVy
vFkZO;oLFkk dks etcwr djsxkA gkyk¡fd] lsaVªy cSad fMftVy
djsalh (CBDC) esa rsth ls ifjorZu osQ [krjksa dk vkdyu
djuk Hkh mruk gh egRoiw.kZ gSA
z mís';%
 çeq[k y{; okLrfod udnh dks laHkkyus ls tqM+s
tksf[keksa vkSj [kpksaZ dks de djuk gS] tSls fd xans uksVksa
dks pj.kc¼ rjhosQ ls gVkus dh dher] f'kfiax] chek
vkSj yksftfLVDlA
 ;g yksxksa dks euh Vªkalfe'ku osQ :i esa fØIVksdjsalh dk
mi;ksx djus ls Hkh jksd nsxkA
fØIVks@fMftVy eqæk osQ ykHk
z de ços'k ck/k,a% ikjaifjd cSafdax laLFkkuksa osQ foijhr]
dksbZ ços'k ck/k ugha gSA ysu&nsu rRdky gS] vkSj D;ksafd
usVodZ nqfu;k Hkj esa gS] bls nqfu;k esa dgha Hkh iwjk fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
z lkoZHkkSfed Loho`Qfr% fofHkUu ns'kksa esa dbZ fØIVksdjsalh
dkuwuh gSaA ysunsu rkRdkfyd gS vkSj iwjs usVodZ esa iwjk
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z de ysu&nsu ykxr% ysu&nsu 'kqYd vkSj ysoh dkiQh
de gSaA
z lqj{kk% Nn~e ukeksa vkSj cgh[kkrksa osQ mi;ksx osQ ek/;e
ls igpku fNikuk gkfly fd;k tkrk gSA ;g fØIVksxzkfiQd
rduhd dks fu;ksftr djrk gS ftls ØSd djuk yxHkx
eqf'dy gSA ,d fcVdkWbu ysunsu vifjorZuh; gS vkSj bls
myVk ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z cSafdax ç.kkyh ls gLr{ksi dh vuqifLFkfr% ;g foÙkh;
ç.kkyh osQ nk;js ls ckgj gSA ljdkj ;k osQaæh; cSadksa dh
rjg dksbZ }kjiky ugha gS] vkSj lHkh ysunsu mi;ksxdrkZvksa
dh ftEesnkjh gSA
fpark,a
z lqj{kk [krjs% okWysV lkbcj&geys] fofue; ra=k (fØIVkstSfdaxA
os vigj.k] :fVax vVSd vkSj fMLVªhC;wVsM Msfu;y vkWiQ
lfoZl (DDoS) tSls geyksa osQ çfr laosnu'khy gSaA
z fu;fer foÙkh; laLFkkuksa osQ ckgj% rjyrk dh deh vkSj
de Lohdk;Zrk gSA
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
Hkkjrh; fjtoZcScSadad(vkjchvkbZ
(vkjchvkbZ ) jvkSHkkjr
) vkS j Hkkjr
esa ekSesfæd
z dherksa esa mFky&iqFky% dherksa esa mrkj&p<+ko vkSj
çlaLdj.k lalk/uksa dh cckZnh vke ckr gSA
z vi;kZIr miHkksDrk laj{k.k% fookn lek/ku osQ dksbZ
rjhosQ ugha gSaA
oSf'od #>ku
z cgkekl jk"Vªh; lhchMhlh] lSaM MkWyj LFkkfir djus okyk
igyk ns'k FkkA
z ukbthfj;k ,d vkSj ns'k gS tks 2020 esa bZuk;jk ykWUp djsxkA
z vçSy 2020 esa] phu fMftVy eqæk] e-CNY dk ijh{k.k
djus okyh nqfu;k dh igyh cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk cu x;kA
z dksfj;k] LohMu] teSdk vkSj ;wØsu mu ns'kksa esa 'kkfey gSa]
ftUgksaus vius fMftVy iSls dk ijh{k.k 'kq: dj fn;k gS]
vkSj tYn gh dbZ vkSj ns'kksa esa 'kkfey gksus dh mEehn gSA
vkxs dh jkg
z Hkqxrku osQafær% lhchMhlh dh oqQN dfe;ksa dks nwj djus
osQ fy,] Hkqxrku vkSj fuiVku ç.kkyh esa lq/kj osQ fy,
mi;ksx Hkqxrku&osQafær gksuk pkfg,A
z eè;LFkghurk% rc ;g ewY; osQ HkaMkj osQ :i esa dk;Z
djus ls gVdj e/;LFkghurk osQ tksf[keksa vkSj blosQ cM+s
ekSfæd uhfr çHkkoksa ls cp ldrk gSA
z MsVk lqj{kk% ,d osQaæho`Qr ç.kkyh esa osQaæh; cSad osQ ikl
j[kk x;k MsVk xaHkhj lqj{kk [krjksa dks iSnk djsxk] MsVk
mYya?kuksa ls cpus osQ fy, O;kid MsVk lqj{kk lek/kuksa osQ
dk;kZUo;u dh vko';drk gksxhA
z çkS|ksfxdh% ifj.kkeLo:i] lhchMhlh eqís dk leFkZu djus
osQ fy, mi;qDr çkS|ksfxdh dks ykxw djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA
z vk/kjHkwr lajpuk% ;fn Hkqxrku ysunsu ,d gh n`f"Vdks.k
dk mi;ksx djosQ fd;k tkrk gS] rks CBDC osQ fy,
vko';d cqfu;knh <k¡ps dk foLrkj djuk dfBu jgsxkA
z ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k% lhchMhlh dks is'k djus osQ fy,
mi;qDr rduhd dk p;u djus ls igys vkjchvkbZ dks
çkS|ksfxdh ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dh iwjh rjg ls tkap djuh
gksxhA
z fofu;eu% fMftVy eqæk ysunsu ij çkIr foÙkh; MsVk
laosnu'khy gksxk vkSj ljdkj dks fu;ked fMtkbu ij
lko/kuh ls fopkj djuk pkfg,A
z lg;ksx% blosQ fy, cSafdax vkSj MsVk lqj{kk fu;kedksa osQ
chp dM+s lg;ksx dh vko';drk gksxhA
a ekSfuhfr
æd uhfr 187
Hkkjr dh le;js[kk vkSj fØIVksD;wjsalh
lky Hkkjr esa fodkl lacaf/r fØIVksdjsalh
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad us foÙkh;] dkuwuh] ifjpkyu vkSj lqj{kk fparkvksa osQ ckjs esa vkHkklh eqækvksa ls fuiVus okys
Hkkjr osQ yksxksa dks psrkouh tkjh dh gSA
z ljdkj us Hkkjr vkSj nqfu;k Hkj esa vkHkklh eqækvksa dh orZeku fLFkfr dk vkdyu djus osQ fy, fo'ks"k lfpo
2013
(vkfFkZd ekeyksa) osQ usr`Ro esa ,d lfefr dk xBu fd;kA
z fo'oO;kih fofu;ked vkSj dkuwuh ç.kkfy;ksa dh tkap djsa tks vc ekStwn gSaA
z mik; lq>k, tkus pkfg, (miHkksDrk laj{k.k] euh ykWfUMªax vkfn ls lacaf/r)A
z foÙk ea=kky; us ;g Li"V djrs gq, ,d c;ku çdkf'kr fd;k fd vkHkklh eqæk,a Hkkjr esa dkuwuh py fuf/
ugha gSa vkSj fdlh Hkh fu;ked fujh{k.k ;k lqj{kk osQ v/hu ugha gSaA
2017 z foÙk ea=kh us 2018&19 osQ ctV Hkk"k.k esa dgk Fkk fd ljdkj fØIVksdjsalh dks dkuwuh udnh ugha ekurh gSA
z ljdkj voS/ xfrfof/;ksa vkSj Hkqxrku ç.kkyh osQ foÙkiks"k.k esa muosQ mi;ksx dks jksdus osQ fy, lHkh ç;kl
djsxhA
2018 z RBI us cSadksa vkSj vU; fofu;fer daifu;ksa dks fØIVksdjalh ysunsu dks l{ke djus ls çfrcafèkr dj fn;kA
2019 z ,d varj&ea=kky;h lfefr us çLrko fn;k fd lHkh futh fØIVksdjsalh ij çfrca/ yxk fn;k tk,A
z lqçhe dksVZ dk iQSlyk gS fd fu"ks/ vlaoS/kfud gSA
z U;k;ky; us ns[kk fd vkjchvkbZ us ;g ugha dgk gS fd mlosQ }kjk fu;af=kr fdlh Hkh laLFkku] vFkkZr~ jk"Vªh;o`Qr
cSadksa@vuqlwfpr okf.kfT;d cSadksa@lgdkjh cSadksa@,uch,iQlh] us çR;{k ;k vçR;{k :i ls vkHkklh eqækvksa osQ
ifj.kkeLo:i fdlh Hkh uqdlku ;k çfrdwy ifj.kke dk vuqHko fd;k gSA
2020 z urhtru] vkjchvkbZ ifji=k osQaæh; cSad osQ vke rkSj ij lqlaxr #[k osQ fy, ¶vuqikrghu¸ gS fdlh ns'k esa
çfrcaf/r ugha gSaA
z dksVZ osQ eqrkfcd] loqQZyj tkjh djus ls igys vkjchvkbZ us fodYiksa dh miyC/rk dk vkdyu ugha fd;k FkkA
z vnkyr osQ vuqlkj] nks elkSnk fo/ks;dksa vkSj dbZ lfefr;ksa osQ ckotwn] osQaæ ,d vkfèkdfjd fMftVy #i;k
cukus esa foQy jgk gSA
z fØIVksD;wjsalh vkSj vkfèkdfjd fMftVy eqæk fofu;eu fo/ks;d] 2021 is'k fd;k x;kA
z ;g fopkj vkjchvkbZ lefFkZr /u osQ i{k esa futh fMftVy eqækvksa osQ fu"ks/dk vkâoku djrk gSA
2021
z fØIVks O;kikj] [kuu vkSj tkjh djus ij jksd yxkus ls igys 3&6 eghus dh NwV vof/A
z var esa] fØIVksdjsalh] gkykafd vfu;fer] Hkkjr esa çfrcaf/r ugha gSaA
z fØIVks laifÙk dh ifjHkk"kk% 2022&23 osQ osQaæh; ctV esa] ljdkj us igyh ckj fØIVks laifÙk dh ifjHkk"kk
tkjh dh] lkFk gh bl u, ifjlaifÙk oxZ ij dj yxkus osQ fy, fopkjksa dh ,d lwph Hkh tkjh dhA
z dojst% dj ;kstuk esa lHkh fodkl'khy fMftVy laifÙk;k¡ 'kkfey gSa] tSls viwj.kh; Vksdu (,u,iQVh)] esVkolZ
esa laifÙk] fMftVy eqæk,a vkSj VksduA
2022
z lzksr ij dj dVkSrh% ctV osQ vuqlkj] fMftVy laifÙk osQ gLrkarj.k osQ fy, fd, x, Hkqxrku ij 1% VhMh,l
(lzksr ij dj dVkSrh) yxk;k tk,xkA
z opqZvy fMftVy ,lsV~l osQ VªkalQj ls uqdlku% çLrkfor la'kks/uksa esa] bls nwljs ohMh, osQ VªkalQj ls çkIr
vk; osQ f[kykiQ lsV djus dh vuqefr ugha nh tk,xhA

188 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 z vk; ij 30 çfr'kr dj% ,slh laifÙk;ksa osQ fdlh Hkh ysu&nsu ij 30% dj ,d=k djus osQ fy, ljdkj
opqZvy fMftVy laifÙk dks ifjHkkf"kr djsxhA ohMh, osQ gLrkarj.k ij dj yxkus osQ fy, /kjk 115 BBH dks
foÙk fo/ks;d 2022 esa tksM+k x;k FkkA
z volajpuk dh ykxr% dj vf/dkjh fØIVksdjsalh tSlh vkHkklh fMftVy laifÙk;ksa osQ [kuu esa gq, [kpZ osQ
fy, dVkSrh dh vuqefr ugha nsxkA
z tqekZuk% vf/Hkkj vkSj midj dh dVkSrh] ftls djnkrk }kjk nkok fd;k x;k gS vkSj Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS]
dks fjiksVZ dh xbZ vk; ekuk tk,xk vkSj blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i 50% tqekZuk gksxkA os bl rjg osQ oxhZdj.k dks
Lora=k :i ls ?kksf"kr dj ldrs gSa vkSj naM ls cp ldrs gSaA

foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) 3- fdlh Hkh i{k dh igpku tkus fcuk vkWuykbu Hkqxrku
1. dHkh&dHkh lekpkjksa esa ns[ks tkus okys ^fcVdkWbu* osQ Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lgh gS@gSa\ uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
 (2016)
1- fcVdkWbu dks ns'kksa osQ osQaæh; cSadksa }kjk VªSd fd;k (a) osQoy 1 vkSj 2
tkrk gSA (b) osQoy 2 vkSj 3
2- fcVdkWbu irs okyk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr fcVdkWbu irs okys
(c) osQoy 3
fdlh vU; O;fDr ls fcVdkWbu Hkst vkSj çkIr dj
ldrk gSA (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3

v v v

Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
Hkkjrh; fjtoZcScSadad(vkjchvkbZ
(vkjchvkbZ ) jvkSHkkjr
) vkS j Hkkjr
esa ekSesfæd
a ekSfuhfr
æd uhfr 189
 12 Hkkjr esa foÙkh; laLFkku
jk"Vªh; o`Qf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSd
a (ukckMZ)
z jk"Vªh; o`Qf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad ns'k esa lHkh {ks=kh;
xzkeh.k cSadksa ds fofu;eu gsrq ,d fu;ked fudk; gSA ;g
,d 'kh"kZ cSafdax laLFkku gS tks foÙk ea=kky; ds v/hu
dk;Z djrk gS rFkk bldk eq[;ky; eqacbZ (Hkkjr dh
foÙkh; jkt/kuh) esa fLFkr gSA bls o`Qf"k ds fy;s foÙk
vkSj y?kq m|ksxksa] dqVhj m|ksxksa ds ekè;e ls xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa
vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa ds foLrkj ls lacaf/r dk;Z lkSais x, gSaA
z ukckMZ dh LFkkiuk tqykbZ] 1982 esa ,d vf/fu;e ds
ekè;e ls ch- f'kojkeu lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa ij Hkkjrh;
fjtoZ cSad ds vkxzg ij 100 djksM+ #i, dh çkjafHkd 'ks;j
iwath ds lkFk dh xbZ FkhA bldk xBu o`Qf"k ½.k foHkkx
(ACD)] xzkeh.k fu;kstu vkSj ½.k çdks"B (RPCC) rFkk
o`Qf"k iqufoZÙk vkSj fodkl fuxe (ARDC) ds LFkku ij
fd;k x;k FkkA
z fotu% xzkeh.k le`f¼ ds ekè;e ls jk"Vª dk fodklA
z ukckMZ (la'kks/u) fo/ks;d] 2017 us dsaæ dks 5]000 djksM+
#i, ls 30]000 djksM+ #i, dh iwath c<+kus esa l{ke cuk;kA
tks o"kZ 1981 esa flQZ 100 djksM+ #i, FkhA
z dsaæ vkSj Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ds ikl ukckMZ dh 'ks;j
iwath dk de ls de 51» fgLlk gSA
z ukckMZ vf/fu;e ds rgr] ;g MSME (lw{e] y?kq vkSj
eè;e m|eksa) vkSj vU; m|ksxksa dks ½.k lqfo/k,¡ çnku
djus ds fy;s ftEesnkj gSA
dk;Z
z ;g xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa fodkl xfrfof/;ksa ds fy;s fuos'k
vkSj ½.k lqfo/k,¡ çnku djds ,dho`Qr fodkl dks
c<+kok nsrk gSA
z ;g okf.kfT;d cSadksa] jkT; lgdkjh cSadksa] vkjvkjch] jkT;
Hkwfe fodkl cSadksa dks vYidkfyd ½.k ds fy;s /ku
çnku djrk gSA
z ;g blds }kjk iqufoZÙk ifj;kstukvksa dh fuxjkuh
vkSj ewY;kadu djrk gSA fofHkUu xfrfof/;ksa tSls& o`Qf"k]
ckxokuh] o`Qf"k e'khuhdj.k] i'kqikyu vkfn esa o`Qf"k {ks=k
dks foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku djrk gSA
z mu laLFkkuksa ds fodkl vkSj fofu;eu esa enn djrk gS]
tks xzkeh.k cqfu;knh <k¡ps dks foÙkiksf"kr vkSj muds mRFkku
gsrq dk;Z djrs gSaA
z iwjs ns'k esa LFkkfir lgdkjh cSadksa vkSj {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSadksa
dks fofu;fer djrk gSA ;g mUgsa dksj cSafdax lkWY;w'kal ds
lkFk ,dho`Qr djus ds fy;s dk;Z djrk gS (xzkgdksa dks
[kkrk lapkfyr djus vkSj fdlh Hkh 'kk[kk ls cSafdax lsokvksa
dk ykHk çkIr djus esa l{ke cukrk gS)A
z ;g Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa dks m/kj nsrk gS D;ksafd os çeq[k
:i ls xzkeh.k Hkkjrh; {ks=kksa esa dk;Z djrs gSa rFkk ftuesa
fu/kZu dkedkth efgyk,¡ 'kkfey gSaA
z ;g xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa ;kstukvksa ds fodkl vkSj dk;kZUo;u
ds fy;s dsaæ ljdkj dh enn djrk gSA
z gLrf'kYi dkjhxjksa dks çf'k{k.k ds volj çnku djrk
gS vkSj mUgsa muds }kjk fufeZr mRiknksa dh fcØh ds fy;s
foi.ku gsrq eap çnku djrk gSA
z fo'o cSad tSls varjkZ"Vªh; laca¼rkvksa ds lkFk] xzkeh.k
fodkl] o`Qf"k] lykgdkjh lsokvksa] foÙkh; lgk;rk vkfn
ds {ks=k esa lgk;rk çkIr djus ls xzkeh.k yksxksa ds mRFkku
esa enn feyrh gSA
ç'kklfud lajpuk
z funs'kd eaMy% ukckMZ vf/fu;e ds vuq:i Hkkjr
ljdkj }kjk fu;qDr%
 v/;{kA
 Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ds funs'kdksa esa ls rhu funs'kd]
 dsaæ ljdkj ds vf/dkfj;ksa esa ls rhu funs'kd]
 jkT; ljdkj ds vf/dkfj;ksa esa ls pkj funs'kd] çca/
funs'kd]
 rhu funs'kd xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkkvksa] xzkeh.k fodkl]
xzkeh.k vkSj dqVhj m|ksxksa] y?kq m|ksxksa] lgdkjh cSadksa
;k {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSadksa esa dk;Z djus dk vuqHko j[kus
okys O;fDr;ksa ;k dsaæ ljdkj }kjk mi;ksxh ekus tkus
okys fdlh vU; ekeys ds fo'ks"kKksa esa lsA
z dk;Zdkjh lfefr;k¡% funs'kd eaMy }kjk çR;k;ksftr
funs'kdksa dh la[;k vkSj fuoZgu dk;ksaZ ls feydj xfBrA
ukckMZ dk xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku%
z vYikof/ ½.k tSls fdlkuksa dks
mRiknu mís';ksa] [kk| lqj{kk vkfn
ds fy;s fn, x, iQlyh ½.kA
z o`Qf"k vkSj xSj&o`Qf"k xfrfof/;ksa gsrq
foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dks nh?kkZof/½.k
vkSj lk[kA
z ukckMZ vkSj Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad
us feydj xzkeh.k cqfu;knh <k¡pk
fodkl dks"k (RIDF) dh LFkkiuk
dh] rkfd xzkeh.k vk/kjHkwr lajpuk
dks"k tSls çkFkfedrk okys {ks=kksa ds
fy;s /ku ds ekè;e ls enn dh
oÙkh; ;ksxnku tk ldsA
z flapkbZ ifj;kstukvksa gsrq nh?kZdkfyd
flapkbZ dks"k (LITF) dh LFkkiukA
z o`Qf"k oLrqvksa dh lqj{kk ds fy;s
xksnkeksa ds cqfu;knh <k¡ps gsrq ½.k
çnku djukA
z ukckMZ baizQkLVªDpj MsoyiesaV
vflLVsal (NIDA) 'kgjh] uohdj.
kh; ÅtkZ] LoPN Hkkjr fe'ku&xzkeh.k
vkSj vU; cqfu;knh <k¡pk ifj;kstukvksa
ds fy;s xzkeh.k dusfDVfoVh tSlh
ifj;kstukvksa gsrq nh?kZdkfyd ½.k
çnku djrk gSA
z o"kZ 1998 esa fdlkuksa ds fy;s
iQlyh ½.k gsrq fdlku ØsfMV
dkMZ ;kstuk 'kq: gqbZA
z #is fdlku fdlku dkMZ rduhd
xzkeh.k foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dks fdlkuksa
fodklkRed dh enn djus esa lgk;d gksxhA
;ksxnku z xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa fuos'k] çko`Qfrd
lalk/uksa dk mi;ksx] xzkeh.k {ks=kksa
esa fuos'k] O;olk; ds volj çnku
djus ds fy;s çko`Qfrd lalk/u
çca/u ij o"kZ 2007 esa ,d vEczsyk
dk;ZØe 'kq: gqvkA
Hkkjr esesa a foÙkh;
Hkkjr foÙkh;lala LFkku
LFkku
z Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa] ,l,pth&cSad
fyadst dk;ZØe dh lgk;rk ds
fy;s ½.k lqfo/kA
z Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa dks fMftVkbt
djus gsrq bZ&'kfDrA
z xSj&o`Qf"k {ks=k esa xzkeh.k ;qokvksa ds
dkS'ky fodkl vkSj m|e'khyrk ds
voljksa dks c<+kok nsus esaA
z xzkeh.k dkjhxjksa vkSj mRikndksa dks
mRiknksa dh fcØh esa enn djus gsrq
foi.ku ds voljA
pqukSfr;k¡
z vU; jkT;ksa dh rqyuk esa mÙkj&iwoZ ds jkT;ksa dks /u dk
de fgLlk çkIr gks jgk gSA
z xzkeh.k fodkl vkSj o`Qf"k ladV ds lek/ku gsrq dsaæh;
cSad vkSj fodkl laLFkkuksa ds chp leUo; dh vko';drkA
z xjhch de djus] lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl ds voljksa dk
nksgu djus vkSj xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk esa lq/kj ds fy;s ½.k
lqfo/k,¡ çnku djus dh vko';drkA
z xzkeh.k vkcknh dk cM+k fgLlk o`Qf"k ij fuHkZj djrk gS
tks cqfu;knh <kaps ds fuos'k dh ekax ij çdk'k Mkyrk gSA
Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad (flMch)
z Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad ,d foÙkh; laLFkku vkSj
fu;ked fudk; gS tks MSMEs (lw{e] y?kq vkSj eè;e)
m|e daifu;ksa dks ykblsal tkjh djrk gSA ;g foÙk ea=kky;
ds rgr dk;Z djrk gS] ftldk eq[;ky; y[kuÅ esa gS
vkSj bldh 'kk[kk,¡ iwjs ns'k esa iQSyh gqbZ gSaA ;g mRiknu]
½.k çokg] jkstxkj] fu;kZr] çkS|ksfxdh mUu;u] dkS'ky
fodkl vkfn ds ekè;e ls lw{e] y?kq vkSj e/;e m|eksa
(MSMEs) ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA
z bldh LFkkiuk o"kZ 1989 esa ,d lalnh; vf/fu;e ds
ekè;e ls ½.k ds çokg dks etcwr djus] lw{e] y?kq vkSj
eè;e m|eksa esa eglwl fd;s x, fodklkRed vkSj foÙkh;
varjky esa enn djus gsrq dh xbZ FkhA ;g Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
cSad }kjk fofu;fer pkj Hkkjrh; foÙkh; laLFkkuksa esa ls
,d gSA vU; rhu ,fDte cSad] ukckMZ vkSj jk"Vªh; vkokl
cSad gSaA
mís';
z eq[; :i ls lw{e] y?kq vkSj e/;e m|eksa dks ØsfMV
lsok,¡ çnku djukA
191
z cSadksa vkSj vU; foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dks iqufoZÙk dh lqfo/k,¡
çnku djukA
z m|ksxksa dks m/kj vkSj dk;Z'khy iwath dh lqfo/kA
z ØsfMV lqfo/kvksa] iqufoZÙk vkSj nh?kZdkfyd ½.kksa ds ekè;e
ls foÙkh; cktkjksa esa oS/kfud Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
z lw{e foÙk laLFkkuksa ds ekè;e ls ½.k fodYiksa dk foLrkj
djrk gS rFkk xzkeh.k m|ferk fodkl vkSj laonZ~/ku ij
/;ku dsafær djrk gSA
dk;Z
z ,e,l,ebZ dks çfrLi¼h cukus gsrq foÙkh; vkSj xSj&foÙkh;
ekaxksa] inksUufr vkSj fodkl dks iwjk djus esa enn djrk gSA
z dk;kZUo;u ds fy;s ,d uksMy ,tsalh ds :i esa dk;Z djuk
vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj ds fofHkUu ea=kky;ksa dh lgk;rk gsrq ,d
lqfo/kçnkrk ds :i esa dk;Z djukA
z foÙkh; ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dks etcwr djus ds fy;s fofHkUu
foÙkh; laLFkkuksa tSls Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad] lgdkjh cSadksa]
vkS|ksfxd fuxeksa vkfn ds lkFk leUo; djrk gSA
z çkS|ksfxdh vk/kqfudhdj.k] dkS'ky dk mUu;u] foi.ku
xfrfofèk;ksa ds fy;s leFkZu] fodkl vkfn tSls vU; {ks=kksa
esa dk;Z djrk gSA
z vFkZO;oLFkk] lkekftd vkSj i;kZoj.k {ks=kksa ij dke djds
,e,l,ebZ dk lrr~ fodklA
z MSMEs rd vçR;{k :i ls igq¡pus ds fy;s cSadksa]
xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; daiuh;ksa] fiQu&Vsd vkfn dks vçR;{k
½.kA
z LVkVZ&vi ds ekè;e ls foÙkiks"k.k] tksf[ke iwath vkSj
leFkZu m|ferk laLo`Qfr ds ØsfMV varjky dks Hkjus ds
fy;s çR;{k ½.kA
z NksVs iSekus ds m|ksxksa dks fofHkUu cktkjksa esa muds foLrkj esa
enn djus ds fy;s ekdsZfVax pkSuy çnku djrk gSA
z v/kZ&'kgjh {ks=kksa esa jkstxkj ds voljksa dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
flMch fotu 2-0
z viuh orZeku fLFkfr esa rsth ykuk] mls ,d foÙkh; laLFkku
rd lhfer djuk ysfdu lekos'kh fodkl esa fodkl
lgk;rk ds lkFk ½.k lqfo/kvksa dks ,dho`Qr djukA ;g
lrr~ fodkl vkSj i;kZoj.k] yksxksa vkSj ykHk ij dk;Z djuk
pkgrk gSA
foÙkh; ;ksxnku
z dk;Z'khy iwath] nh?kkZof/ vkSj vYikof/ ½.k] m|e iwath
fufèk vkfn çnku dj çR;{k foÙk çnku djukA
192
z vklku ½.k çokg ds fy;s ,uch,iQlh tSls çkFkfed
½.knkrk laLFkkuksa (LPI) dks iqufoZÙk çnku djds vçR;{k
foÙk çnku djukA
z NksVs m|fe;ksa vkSj O;olk;ksa dks osapj dSfiVy vkSj LVkVZ&vi
ds fy;s ekbØks&iQkWbusal lqfo/k,¡ çkIr gksrh gSaA
flMch }kjk fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds fy;s ;kstuk,¡
z Lekby% ,e,l,ebZ ds fy;s 10 yk[k #i, ls 25 yk[k
#i, rd flMch esd bu bafM;k yksuA
z ,lbZ,iQ% 3 o"kZ ls fo|eku laLFkkvksa dks Lekby bfDoiesaV
iQkbusal vkSj U;wure 10 yk[k #i, dh foÙkh; ennA
z LihM% m|e ds fodkl gsrq midj.kksa ds fy;s flMch
}kjk çnÙk ½.kA ;g m|e de ls de 3 lky ds fy;s
pkyw gksuk pkfg, vkSj 1 djksM+ #i, dh foÙkh; enn gksuh
pkfg;sA
z V;wfyi% vf/dre 2 djksM+ #i, ds rRdky çLrkoksa ds
fy;s VkWi vi yksu vkSj ,d gh LFkku vkSj ,d gh O;olk;
esa O;olk; dk foLrkjA
z LVkj% :iQVkWi lkSj ihoh la;a=kksa ds fy;s flMch nh?kkZof/
½.k lgk;rk 10 yk[k #i, ls 3-5 djksM+ #i,A
,fDte cSad
z EXIM cSad ;k fu;kZr&vk;kr cSad Hkkjr esa ,d foÙkh;
laLFkku gS tks vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl esa enn djus ds fy;s
fons'kh O;kikj vkSj fuos'k ekWMy ds ,dhdj.k gsrq dk;Z
djrk gSA bldk eq[;ky; eqacbZ esa gS rFkk bls o"kZ 1982
esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk laln ds ,d vf/fu;e ds ekè;e
ls LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
z ;g Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk fofu;fer gS ysfdu Hkkjr
ljdkj ds LokfeRo esa gSA ;g mu daifu;ksa dks ½.k çnku
djrk gS tks Hkkjr ls fu;kZr djrh gSa rFkk fons'kksa esa dkjksckj
dj jgh gSa vkSj lkFk gh fons'kh eqæk çokg ykus ds fy;s
fons'kh [kjhnkjksa dk leFkZu djrh gSaA
,fDte cSad ds mís';
z fons'kh O;kikj dks c<+kok nsus vkSj Hkkjr ls fu;kZr c<+kus
gsrq foÙk çnku djukA
z mu igyksa vkSj çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku djuk
tks fu;kZr {kerk okys tehuh Lrj ij dk;Z dj jgh gSaA
z NksVs O;olk;ksa] xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa vkSj mRiknd lewgksa ds
fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsdj eqvkotk çkIr djus esa enn djukA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
funs'kd eaMy
z fu;kZr@vk;kr ;k foÙkh; xfrfof/;ksa esa vuqHko ds lkFk
v/;{k] ,d çca/ funs'kd] nks fMIVh ,eMh] vkjchvkbZ }
kjk fu;qDr ,d funs'kd] vkbZMhchvkbZ cSad fyfeVsM }kjk
ukfer ,d funs'kd] bZlhthlh fyfeVsM }kjk ukfer ,d
funs'kd] dsaæh; ljdkj }kjk ukfer funs'kd is'ksoj tks
12 ls vf/d ugha gks ldrs gSaA
fotu
z fdlh ns'k ds varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks c<+kus ds fy;s fu;kZrdksa
vkSj vk;krdksa dks lgk;rk çnku djus ds fy;s çkFkfed
foÙkh; laLFkku ds :i esa dk;Z djukA
z O;kikj lapkyu dks l'kDr cukus ds fy;s mRiknksa] lsokvksa]
ØsfMV vkfn dh ,d vyx Js.kh çnku djds fu;kZr
{kerkvksa dk foLrkj djukA
z usr`Ro vkSj foÙk ds ekè;e ls Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa dks fo'o
Lrj ij LFkkfir djus esa enn djukA
z daifu;ksa dks mudh vkdka{kkvksa dks çkIr djus vkSj Hkkjrh;
O;olk;ksa dks oSf'od Lrj çkIr djus esa enn djukA
dk;Z
z Hkkjrh; fu;kZrdksa dks ½.k lqfo/k dk;ZØe çnku djrk gS
vkSj fons'kh [kjhnkjksa dks Hkkjr ls eky vk;kr djus ds fy;s
½.k çnku djrk gSA
z foLrkj vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; cktkjksa esa ços'k djus ds fy;s Hkkjr
ls fu;kZrdksa dks ½.k çnku djrk gSA
z varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa dh fu;kZr
çfrLi/kZRedrk dk leFkZu djus gsrq fofHkUu foÙkiks"k.k
ekè;eksa dh is'kd'k dj ,d dkWiksZjsV cSad ds :i esa dk;Z
djukA
z ;g Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa dks ½.k çnku djrk gS ;k fons'kh
fuos'k djrk gSA
z fons'kksa esa vuqca/ çkIr djus esa Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa dks
çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
z ;g ?kjsyw vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds
vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr dks foÙkiksf"kr djus esa enn djrk gSA
z ljdkjksa] fons'kh cSadksa vkSj fons'kh cSadksa dks vYidkfyd
½.k çnku djrk gSA
z fons'kh ifj;kstukvksa ds fy;s fo'ks"kK Kku vkSj O;kikj
lykgdkj lsok,¡ çnku djukA
z Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa dks fons'kksa esa muds O;kikj vkSj m|ksxksa]
mRiknksa] lsokvksa vkfn ds fodkl esa enn djukA
Hkkjr esesa a foÙkh;
Hkkjr foÙkh;lala LFkku
LFkku
foÙkh; ;ksxnku
z Øsrk lk[k dh lqfo/k ftlds ekè;e ls fons'kh Øsrk Hkkjrh;
fu;kZrdksa dks lk[k i=k tkjh dj ldrs gSa tgk¡ Hkqxrku ckn
esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z ?kjsyw daifu;ksa dh fu;kZr çfrLi¼kZRedrk c<+kus ds fy;s
foÙkh; fodYi nsdj enn djukA
z fu;kZrdksa dks foÙkh; ifj;kstukvksa] foLrkj] u, midj.kksa dh
[kjhn] vuqla/ku ,oa fodkl] dk;Z'khy iwath vkfn esa enn
djus gsrq nh?kkZof/ ½.k çnku djukA
z fons'kh daifu;ksa] m|eksa vkSj LokfeRo okyh lfClMh esa
bfDoVh fuos'k djukA
z lykgdkj lsok,¡ çnku djrk gS vkSj fu;kZrdksa dks O;kikj
ds voljksa dk ewY;kadu djus vkSj çfrLi¼kZRedrk esa
lq/kj djus esa enn djrk gSA
jk"Vªh; vkokl cSad (NHB)
z ,u,pch (jk"Vªh; vkokl cSad) jk"Vªh; vkokl cSad
vf/fu;e] 1987 ds rgr o"kZ 1988 esa LFkkfir ,d foÙkh;
laLFkku gSA bldk eq[;ky; ubZ fnYyh esa fLFkr gS rFkk
LFkkuh; vkSj {ks=kh; Lrj ij vkokl foÙk laLFkkuksa dks c<+kok
nsus gsrq LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA vkfFkZd :i ls mudh enn
djus vkSj mudh fLFkfrtU; t:jrksa dk leFkZu djus ds
fy;sA ;g foÙk ea=kky; ds vf/dkj {ks=k esa dke djrk gSA
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ewy laxBu gS ftlus 100 djksM+ #i,
dh çkjafHkd 'ks;j iwath esa ;ksxnku fn;kA vc 1450 djksM+
#i, esa [kjhn ds ckn ls o"kZ 2019 ls ;g Hkkjr ljdkj
ds iw.kZ LokfeRo esa gSA ,slk o"kZ 2001 esa ujflEgk&f}rh;
lfefr dh fjiksVZ dh fliQkfj'kksa ij fd;k x;k FkkA
z fotu% vkokl foÙk cktkj esa fLFkjrk ds lkFk lekos'kh
fodkl dks c<+kok nsukA
z fe'ku% de vkSj e/;e vk; okys vkokl ij è;ku dsafær
djds cktkj dh ekaxksa dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj vkcknh ds lHkh
oxksaZ dh vkokl dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djukA
mís';
z vkcknh dh ekaxksa dks iwjk djus gsrq ,d ykHknk;d vkSj
lqn`<+ vkokl foÙk ç.kkyh dks c<+kok nsukA
z lefiZr :i ls fofHkUu lewgksa vkSj {ks=kksa dh lsok djukA
z gkmflax ØsfMV dks vf/d fdiQk;rh vkSj de cksf>y
cukukA
z gkmflax iQkbusal daifu;ksa ls lacaf/r xfrfof/;ksa dks
fofu;fer vkSj i;Zos{k.k djukA
193
z vkokl {ks=k] Hkou fuekZ.k lkexzh] Hkwfe dh miyC/rk ds
fy;s lalk/ku miyC/ djkuk vkSj vkokl LVkWd dks vixzsM
djus gsrq mUgsa pkSuykbt djukA
dk;Z
z ,u,pch dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gkmflax iQkbusal daifu;ksa
(HFCs) vkSj muds iathdj.k dh i;Zos{kh Hkwfedk fuHkkuk
gSA
z HFCs dh f'kdk;r fuokj.kA
z ;g HFCs dks iqufoZÙk djus gsrq /ku tqVkrk gSA ;g
O;fDr;ksa] lgdkjh cSadksa vkSj gkmflax baizQkLVªDpj daifu;ksa
dks ½.k çnku djrk gSA
z ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd HFC, csly fn'kk&funsZ'kksa
}kjk nh xbZ iwath vko';drkvksa dk ikyu djsaA
z ;g ckWUM] m/kj] fMcsapj vkfn ds ekè;e ls /ku tqVkrk gSA
z jk"Vªh; vkokl cSad ds ckaM oS/kfud rjyrk dks iwjk djus
gsrq okf.kfT;d cSadksa ds fy;s lqj{kk ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
z fofHkUu lalk/uksa dh O;oLFkk djuk vkSj vkokl foÙk ds
fy;s mudk mi;ksx djukA
,u,pch jsthMsDl
z bls o"kZ 2007 esa Hkkjr ljdkj ds rgr igys vkokl
ewY; lwpdkad ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
jsthMsDl Hkkjr ds fofHkUu 'kgjksa esa vkokl dh dherksa
dk fo'ys"k.k djus gsrq gkmflax iQkbusal daifu;ksa]
cSadksa] uhfr fuekZrkvksa] fcYMjksa] fuos'kdksa vkfn dh
enn djrk gSA
z ,u,pch dk lcls çeq[k mís'; Hkkjr esa vkokl foÙk
dks çksRlkfgr djuk gSA ;g fons'kh vkokl foÙk laxBuksa
ds lkFk feydj dk;Z djrk gS tks Hkkjr esa vkokl foÙk
dh fLFkfr;ksa dks lh/s çHkkfor djrs gSaA
fu;kZr ½.k xkjaVh fuxe (ECGC)
z o"kZ 2014 ls fu;kZr ½.k xkjaVh fuxe fyfeVsM (iwoZ esa
,DliksVZ ØsfMV xkjaVh dkWjiksjs'ku vkWiQ bafM;k fyfeVsM dgk
tkrk gS) ,d ljdkjh LokfeRo okyk fu;kZr ½.k çnkrk gS
ftldk eq[;ky; eqacbZ esa fLFkr gSA bldh LFkkiuk tqykbZ]
1957 esa ½.k ds tksf[ke dks doj djds fu;kZr dks c<+kus
gsrq dh xbZ FkhA
z ;g okf.kT; vkSj m|ksx ea=kky; ds vf/dkj {ks=k esa vkrk gS
ysfdu bls Hkkjr ljdkj] Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad] cSafdax] chek
vkSj fu;kZr leqnk; ds çfrfuf/;ksa okyh daiuh ds ekè;e
ls çcaf/r fd;k tkrk gSA
194
z fu;kZr ½.k lsokvksa dk vf/dre fgLlk (80% ls vf/d)
Hkkjrh; cktkjksa dks fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ,e,l,ebZ dks vf/
dka'k leFkZu feyrk gSA 2021&22 esa] dsaæ ljdkj us m|ksxksa
dks leFkZu nsus ds fy, viuh igqap dk foLrkj djus ds
fy, 4400 djksM+ #i;s dh iwath yxkus vkSj vkbZihvks
(vkjafHkd lkoZtfud is'kd'k) ds ekè;e ls viuh fyfLVax
dk çLrko nsus dk iQSlyk fd;kA
z mís';% ;g fons'kh [kjhnkjksa }kjk Hkqxrku u djus ds tksf[ke
ds f[kykQ Hkkjrh; fu;kZrdksa dk leFkZu djus ds fy;s fu;kZr
½.k chek lsok,¡ çnku djrk gSA
dk;Z%
z ;g fu;kZrdksa dks eky vkSj lsokvksa ds uqdlku gsrq ½.k
tksf[ke chek çnku djrk gSA
z ;g foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dks fu;kZrdksa dks csgrj lqfo/k,¡ çkIr
djus esa enn djus dh xkjaVh Hkh çnku djrk gSA
z ;g Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa dks chek çnku djrk gS tks fons'kksa
esa dk;Z dj jgh gSa rFkk bfDoVh] ½.k] vfxze vkfn tSls
fuos'k fd;s gSaA
z fu;kZr laca/h xfrfof/;ksa esa ekxZn'kZuA
z foÙkh; laLFkkuksa ls vklku fu;kZr foÙk çkIr djus esa enn
djrk gSA
z ;g fu;kZrdksa dks [kjkc ½.k dh olwyh esa Hkh enn
djrk gSA
z fons'kh [kjhnkjksa dh lk[k&ik=krk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh çnku
djrk gSA
z ;g ØsfMV chek ds ekè;e ls enn djds Hkkjr ds fu;kZr
dh çfrLi¼Redrk esa lq/kj djus esa enn djrk gSA
z ;g mu cSadksa dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy;s
fofHkUu fu;kZr ½.k chek ;kstuk,¡ tkjh djrk gS tks fu;kZr
½.k çnku djrs gSaA
z blesa dk;Z'khy iwath foÙkiks"k.k] ½.k tksf[ke laj{k.k] cSadksa
dks ½.k chek vkSj fu;kZrdksa dks ½.k lqfo/k,¡ çnku djuk
'kkfey gSA
fufoZd (fu;kZr ½.k fodkl ;kstuk) ;kstuk
z fu;kZrksUeq[k lsokvksa dks c<+kok nsus vkSj fu;kZrdksa dh
lqj{kk ds fy;s chek doj çnku djus gsrq vklku ½.k
nsus vkSj ½.k dh miyC/rk ds fy;s bZlhthlh ds rgr
dk;ZfUor fd;k x;kA
z bls 1 iQjojh 2020 dks dsaæh; ctV ds nkSjku foÙk ea=kh
}kjk ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
fo'ks"krk,¡
z fu;kZr mUeq[k leFkZu esa fu;kZrdksa dks tksf[ke ls jkgr nsus
ds fy;s f'kiesaV ls igys vkSj ckn esa nksuksa çdkj ds ØsfMV
'kkfey gksaxsA
z NksVs fu;kZrdksa dh enn ds fy;s fu;kZr ½.k tksf[ke chek
lsok,¡ 90» rd doj djrh gSaA
z uqdlku ds mPp tksf[ke ds dkj.k yDtjh oLrqvksa (jRu]
lksus ds xgus] ghjs vkfn) vkSj vU; fu;kZr oLrqvksa ds fy;s
80 djksM+ #i, dk ,d vyx çhfe;e nj LySc gSA
z blus 10 djksM+ #i, ds chp gksus okys uqdlku ds fy;s
vf/dkfj;ksa }kjk fjdkWMZ ds fujh{k.k dh lhek dk foLrkj
fd;k tks 1 djksM #i, FkkA
z cSadksa dks C;kt lfgr ekfld vk/kj ij çhfe;e jkf'k dk
Hkqxrku djuk gksxkA
ykHk
z fu;kZrdksa ds fy;s ½.k dh vklku igq¡p vkSj miyC/rk
dks c<+kukA
z Hkkjrh; fu;kZr dks fons'kh cktkjksa esa çfrLi¼h cukuk vkSj
O;kikj vlarqyu dks de djus esa enn djukA
z çfØ;kvksa dks xzkgd ds vuqdwy] de cksf>y vkSj le;
dq'ky cukus esa enn djukA
z vkiwfrZ ds vuqlkj ekax dks iwjk djus gsrq le; ij dk;Z'khy
iwath dh miyC/rkA
z chek doj ½.k dh ykxr esa o`f¼ dks de djus esa enn
djsxkA
eqæk
z ns'k esa lHkh O;olk;ksa dks ½.k lqfo/k çnku djus ds fy;s]
dsaæ ljdkj us MUDRA (ekbØks ;wfuV~l MsoyiesaV
,aM fjiQkbusal ,tsalh) cSad ykWUp fd;kA
z bls o"kZ 2015 esa ekuuh; ç/kuea=kh }kjk lw{e foÙk laLFkkuksa
(MFIs)] xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; cSadksa (NBFCs)] y?kq foÙk
cSadksa] okf.kfT;d cSadksa vkfn dks de nj ½.k çnku djus
ds fy;s ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA
½.k ds fy;s ik=krk
z O;fDr Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksuk pkfg,A
z xSj&o`Qf"k {ks=k esa O;olk; djus okys yksxksa ds fy;s ½.kA
z fofuekZ.k] çlaLdj.k] O;kikj] lsok {ks=k ;k fdlh vU; {ks=k
ds ekè;e ls xSj&o`Qf"k xfrfof/;ksa ls vk; l`tu] ftudh
½.k ekax 10 yk[k #i, ls de gSA
Hkkjr esesa a foÙkh;
Hkkjr foÙkh;lala LFkku
LFkku
mís';
z vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kus nsukA
z NksVs m/kjdrkZvksa dks laif'kZod eqDr ½.k iqufoZÙk çnku
djukA
z lw{e m|eksa dks ½.k lqfo/k miyC/ djkdj jkstxkj l`tu
esa lgk;rk djuk rFkk ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa o`f¼ djukA
z ,e,iQvkbZ dh fuxjkuh vkSj fofu;eA
z vukSipkfjd vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,dhdj.k ;kuh dj ykHk
c<+kus ds fy;s vkSipkfjd {ks=k esa dkuwu }kjk lajf{kr vkSj
lac¼ ugha gSA
z foÙkh; lekos'ku vkSj ½.k forj.k dks c<+kok nsukA
z m/kjdrkZvksa ds fy;s foÙkh; ruko dks de djukA
½.k ds çdkj
z bl ;kstuk ds rgr çnku fd, x, ½.k laikf'kZ~od eqDr gSaA
z f'k'kq% < 50,000 #i,
z fLd'kksj% 50,000 #i, ls vf/d 5,00,000 #i, rd
z r#.k% 5,00,000 #i, ls vf/d 10,00,000 #i, rd
le; dh ekax
z ½.k çnku djus ls igys leh{kkRed :i ls ewY;kadu dh
vko';drk rkfd vU; {ks=k misf{kr u jgsaA
z xzkgdksa dh igq¡p dk foLrkj ½.k ekax ds ,d LFkku ij
dsafær gksus ds tksf[ke dks de djus esa enn djrk gS vkSj
,d O;kid vk/kj çnku djrk gSA
z lgh le; ij tksf[keksa dh igpku pqukSfr;ksa dks fu;af=kr
djus vkSj mu ij dkcw ikus esa enn djrh gSA
z cSadksa dks xzkgdksa ds iquHkqZxrku dh fuxjkuh djuh pkfg,
vkSj le; ls igys ½.k jkf'k pqdkus okyksa dks çksRlkfgr
djuk pkfg,A
foÙkh; fLFkjrk vkSj fodkl ifj"kn (FSDC)
z foÙkh; fLFkjrk vkSj fodkl ifj"kn (FSDC) foÙkh; {ks=k esa
foÙkh; fu;ferrkvksa ls fuiVus gsrq Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk xfBr
,d fu;ked fudk; gSA
z ;g ,d xSj&lkafof/d 'kh"kZ fudk; gS] ysfdu foÙk ea=kky;
ds rgr o"kZ 2010 esa j?kqjke jktu dh vè;{krk okyh ,d
lfefr dh fliQkfj'k ij bldk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA
z ;g oSf'd vkfFkZd eanh dks jksdus gsrq Hkkjr dh ,d igy
gS tks fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
ij viuh vkfFkZd laifÙk dks fofu;fer djus ds fy;s
ncko Mkyrh gSA
195
z ;g foÙkh; fLFkjrk dks etcwr djus] foÙkh; {ks=k ds fodkl]
vFkZO;oLFkk ds fofu;eu vkSj fuxjkuh gsrq dk;Z djrk gSA
bldh xfrfof/;ksa ds fy;s vyx ls dksbZ /ujkf'k vkoafVr
ugha dh tkrh gSA
z mÙkjnkf;Ro% foÙkh; fLFkjrk] foÙkh; {ks=k dk fodkl]
varj&fu;ked leUo;] foÙkh; lk{kjrk] foÙkh; lekos'ku]
cM+s foÙkh; lewgksa ds dkedkt lfgr vFkZO;oLFkk dk o`gr~
foosdiw.kZ i;Zos{k.kA
funs'kd eaMy
z v/;{k% dsaæh; foÙk ea=khA
z lnL;% buesa Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad] lsch] ih,iQvkjMh,]
bjMk ds xouZj] foÙk lfpo] vkfFkZd ekeyksa ds foHkkx ds
lfpo] foÙkh; lsok foHkkx (DFS) ds lfpo vkSj eq[;
vkfFkZd lykgdkj tSls lHkh foÙkh; {ks=k ds fu;edksa ds
çeq[k 'kkfey gSaA
z o"kZ 2018 esa ljdkj us vkfFkZd ekeyksa ds foHkkx ds fy;s
ftEesnkj jkT; ea=kh] bysDVªkWfuDl vkSj lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh
foHkkx ds lfpo] fnokyk vkSj fnokfy;kiu cksMZ vkWiQ
bafM;k (IBBI) ds vè;{k vkSj jktLo lfpo dks 'kkfey
djus gsrq foÙkh; fLFkjrk vkSj fodkl ifj"kn lnL;ksa dh
lwph esa lq/kj fd;kA
z vè;{k ,sls fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks vkeaf=kr dj ldrk gS
ftldh cSBd esa mifLFkfr vko';d gksA
dk;Z
z foÙkh; fLFkjrk esa lq/kj ds fy;s dk;Z djukA
z foÙkh; daifu;ksa ds lapkyu dk xaHkhj :i ls fujh{k.k
djukA
z vFkZO;oLFkk ds ckjs esa lrdZ jgus vkSj bu foÙkh; daifu;ksa
ds çn'kZu dk ewY;kadu djukA
z foÙkh; fLFkjrk vkSj muds yphysiu ds lkFk v|ru j[kus
gsrq gj 2 o"kZ esa Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk foÙkh; fLFkjrk
fjiksVZ tkjh dh tkrh gSA
vkxs dh jkg
z nh?kkZof/ ds fy;s foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dks fLFkj djus gsrq iwath
dh miyC/rk ds ekè;e ls rjyrk vkSj lgk;rk çnku djus
ds fy;s dne mBkukA
z vkfFkZd lq/kj esa enn ds fy;s jktdks"kh; leFkZu] fofu;eu
vkSj rjyrk çko/kuA
z eanh ds ekStwnk ladV vkSj fnofy;kiu ds [krjksa ls cpkus
gsrq ljdkj }kjk uhfrxr mik;ksa] futh fuos'k lk/kuksa]
{ks=k&fof'k"V dk;ZØeksa vkfn dk irk yxk;k tk,A
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. ^foÙkh; fLFkjrk vkS j fodkl ifj"kn* ds la n HkZ es a
fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% (2016)
1- ;g uhfr vk;ksx dk vax gSA
2- bldh vè;{krk dsaæh; foÙk ea=kh djrs gSaA
3- ;g vFkZO;oLFkk ds o`gr foosdiw.kZ i;Zos{k.k dh
fuxjkuh djrk gSA
mi;qZDr dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 (b) dsoy 3
(c) dsoy 2 vkSj 3 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3

v v v

196 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 13
chek dh mRifÙk
z chek dbZ yksxksa vkSj O;olk;ksa ls ekewyh ek=kk esa çhfe;e
,d=k djosQ dqN yksxksa osQ uqdlku dk Hkqxrku djus dh
,d fofèk gSA
z chfer O;fÙkQ tks vçR;kf'kr vkSj vutkus uqdlku ls xzLr
gS] bl rjg ls ,d NksVh ysfdu ifjHkkf"kr ykxr] vFkkZr~
çhfe;e osQ Hkqxrku osQ ekè;e ls lqj{kk çkIr dj ldrk gSA
z nwljs 'kCnksa esa] chekèkkjd dk tksf•e chekdrkZ dks fn;k
tkrk gSA
z chek] ,d ,slh j.kuhfr osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k
gS tks 'kqYd osQ cnys esa vçR;kf'kr ?kVukvksa osQ f•ykiQ
lqj{kk çnku djrk gS] tks Hkweè;lkxjh; O;kikfj;ksa }kjk pkSFkh
'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ tkjh fd, x, ^ckWVejh ckWUM* ls mRiUu
gqvk FkkA
z O;olk;] vkWVks] LokLF;] thou vkSj ;k=kk lfgr nSfud
thou osQ dbZ rRoksa osQ fy, vc chek miyCèk gSA mu
Jsf.k;ksa esa ls çR;sd dh mi&Jsf.k;k¡ gSa] tks dbZ çHkkxksa esa
foHkkftr gSaA
tksf•e vkSj foifÙk
tksf•e%
z tksf•e gksus okyh gkfu dh vfuf'prrk gSA tksf•e Hkfo";
osQ ifj.kke osQ ckjs esa dqN vfuf'prrk dk laosQr nsrk gS]
tks gesa cnrj fLFkfr esa Mkyrk gSA
z tksf•e dks uqdlku dh laHkkouk] uqdlku dh vfuf'prrk
;k foifÙkvksa osQ feJ.k osQ :i esa tksf•e osQ :i esa of.kZr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
foifÙk%
z lkekU; rkSj ij] foifÙk 'kCn ,d ,slh ?kVuk dks lanfHkZr
djrk gS tks uqdlku iSnk djrk gS vkSj lkFk gh mu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks Hkh çHkkfor djrk gS tks ml uqdlku osQ
ifj.kke dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] eku yhft,
fd ,d leqæ rV ij ,d ?kj cuk gS vkSj rwiQku dk •rjk
chek {ks=k
gSA 'foifÙk' uqdlku dk ,d çeqlzksr gS tks vDlj ekuo
fu;a=k.k ls ijs gksrk gS] tSls fd vkx] fctyh] ck<+] Hkwdai]
pksjh] nq?kZVuk] foLiQksV] vkSj vU;A
z urhtru] pØokr uqdlku dk ,d lzksr gS] vkSj fdukjs ij
cus vkokl ifj.kke dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA
z foifÙk ,d ,slh ifjfLFkfr gS tks uqdlku dh laHkkouk vkSj
ifjek.k dks c<+krh gSA urhtru] ikuh ls fdlh ?kj dh
fudVrk tksf•e iSnk djrh gSA
z foifÙk ,slk dkjd gSa ftudk ifj.kke ij çHkko iM+rk gSA
os tksf•eksa dh xaHkhjrk dks c<+krs gSa] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i
uqdlku gksrk gSA
z foifÙk;ksa dh nks Jsf.k;k¡ gSa% HkkSfrd vkSj uSfrdA
z HkkSfrd [krjk% ;g fdlh oLrq osQ HkkSfrd xq.kksa osQ dkj.k
gksus okyh fLFkfr gS tks fufnZ"V foifÙk;ksa ls uqdlku dh
laHkkouk dks c<+krh gSA HkkSfrd tksf•eksa esa fge'kSy (tgktksa
osQ fy, •rjk)] i`Foh LrjHkza'k] ?kus taxy (vkx osQ fy,
•rjk)] vkSj vU; 'kkfey gSaA
z uSfrd [krjk% chfer O;fÙkQ dh ekufldrk ls uSfrd
tksf•e mRiUu gksrs gSaA chfer O;fÙkQ {kfr igq¡pkus ;k >wBk
nkok nk;j djus osQ mís'; ls dk;Z djrk gSA uSfrd tksf•e
csbZeku yksxksa osQ dk;Z gSaA
laHkkfor dkj.k
z laHkkfor dkj.k bafxr djrk gS fd dkj.k dk çHkko lfØ;
gS vkSj doj fd, x, •rjksa vkSj laifÙk dh {kfr ;k fouk'k
osQ chp ?kVukvksa dk ,d Øe 'kq: djrk gSA
z mnkgj.k osQ fy,] jlksbZ esa ,yihth foLiQksV osQ dkj.k ?kj
esa vkx yx tkrh gS vkSj csM:e rd iQSy tkrh gS] ftlls
iQuhZpj] inZs vkSj diM+s dks dkiQh uqdlku gksrk gSA
z D;ksafd vkx uqdlku dk laHkkfor dkj.k gS] ikuh dh {kfr
lfgr iwjk uqdlku doj fd;k tkrk gSA

chek ;ksX; tksf•e
z O;fÙkQxr tksf•e
 bu •rjksa dk O;fÙkQ ij lhèkk çHkko iM+rk gSA
 O;fÙkQxr •rjksa esa çkjafHkd e`R;q nj] vkfJr o`¼koLFkk]
chekjh ;k v{kerk] vkSj ukSdjh NwVuk 'kkfey gSA
 ;s uqdlku dh lcls cM+h {kerk okys •rjs gSaA
z le;iwoZ e`R;q tksf•e
 LokHkkfod :i ls] çR;sd thou chek ;kstuk esa doj
dh tkus okyh igyh vkSj çkFkfed pht vkdfLed
e`R;q gSA
 e`R;q vo';aHkkoh gS] ysfdu ;g dc gksxh ges'kk vKkr
gSA
z cgqr yacs le; rd thus dk tksf•e
 fopkj djus osQ fy, nwljh lcls egRoiw.kZ vkdfLedrk
cgqr yacs le; rd thus dk tksf•e gSA
 ;g lp gS fd nqfu;k Hkj esa e`R;q nj fxj jgh gSA
 urhtru] ;g ,d vkdfLedrk gS ftls chekèkkjd vkSj
ifr ;k iRuh osQ lsokfuo`fÙk osQ ckn osQ nkf;Roksa dks iwjk
djus osQ fy, fu;ksftr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z csjkstxkjh tksf•e
 csjkstxkjh dh laHkkouk lcls egRoiw.kZ ,dy vkfFkZd
pqukSrh gS ftldk vkS|ksfxd deZpkjh lkeuk djrs gSaA
 bl rjg dk dojst orZeku esa Hkkjr esa miyCèk ugha gSA
z chekjh@fodykaxrk tksf•e
 iw.kZ v{kerk dh laHkkouk ,d vU; çeq'krZ gSA
 fodykaxrk] e`R;q vkSj lsokfuo`fÙk osQ foijhr] cl ,d
laHkkouk gSA
 gkykafd] ;g ,d fouk'kdkjh gS D;ksafd ;g u osQoy
,d O;fÙkQ dh vkthfodk cukus dh {kerk dks de
;k u"V dj nsrk gS] cfYd iquokZl fpfdRlk osQ fy,
vfrfjÙkQ ykxr vkSj u, vojksèk dh HkjikbZ osQ fy,
fof'k"V midj.kksa osQ vfèkxzg.k dh Hkh vko';drk
gksrh gSA
z laifÙk osQ tksf•e
 ftu O;fÙkQ;ksa osQ ikl laifÙk gS] os laifÙk osQ tksf•e
osQ vèkhu gSa] ftUgsa vkx] fctyh] ck<+] pØokr] Hkwdai]
;k vU; çkÑfrd vkink osQ ifj.kkeLo:i mudh laifÙk
osQ {kfrxzLr gksus] •ks tkus ;k u"V gksus dk •rjk gSA
198
laifÙk osQ fouk'k ;k pksjh ls lacafèkr vke rkSj ij nks

çdkj osQ uqdlku gksrs gSa% çR;{k uqdlku vkSj ifj.
kkeh uqdlkuA
z çR;{k èku gkfu
z ;g HkkSfrd {kfr] fouk'k ;k laifÙk dh pksjh osQ dkj.k gksus
okyk ekSfæd uqdlku gSA
z mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn dksbZ O;olk; ty tkrk gS] rks nqdku
dks gksus okyh HkkSfrd {kfr çR;{k gkfu dkèk çfrfufèkRo
djrh gSA
z ifj.kke gkfu
 ;g çR;{k HkkSfrd {kfr ;k pksjh dh ?kVuk osQ dkj.k
gksus okyk ekSfæd uqdlku gSA
 HkkSfrd {kfr osQ vykok] nqdku osQ iqufuZekZ.k gksus rd
nqdku dks dqN eghuksa osQ fy, ykHk ugha gksxk ;k mldk
fdjk;k Hkh pqdkuk gksxkA
1- ns;rk tksf•e
z ;s •rjs egRoiw.kZ gSa D;ksafd] dkuwu osQ rgr] vkidks dkuwuh
:i ls tokcnsg Bgjk;k tk ldrk gS ;fn vkiosQ dk;ks±
ls fdlh vU; O;fÙkQ dks xaHkhj 'kkjhfjd {kfr ;k laifÙk
dh {kfr gksrh gSA
z dkuwu dh ,d vnkyr osQ fy, vkidks ml O;fÙkQ ;k yksxksa
dks Hkkjh {kfriwfrZ djus dh vko';drk gks ldrh gS ftUgsa
vkius uqdlku igqapk;k gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ,d pkyd
dkuwuh :i ls tokcnsg gS ;fn og ykijokgh ls xkM+h
pykus osQ dkj.k nq?kZVuk dk dkj.k curk gSA
chek dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj bldh cqfu;knh
fo'ks"krk,¡
z chek% ;g ,d tksf•e&gLrkarj.k ra=k gSA
z dqN cnfdLer yksxksa osQ uqdlku dks dbZ HkkX;'kkyh yksx
chek osQ ekè;e ls lk>k djrs gSaA
z lHkh yksx tks leku uqdlku dh fLFkfr ls ihfM+r gksus
dh laHkkouk j•rs gSa] os ,d O;fÙkQ osQ uqdlku dks lk>k
djrs gSaA
z nwljs 'kCnksa esa] chek ,sls tksf•eksa osQ gLrkarj.k osQ ekè;e ls
Hkfo"; osQ vçR;kf'kr uqdlkuksa dk iwfyax gS tks chekdrkZvksa
dks ,sls uqdlkuksa osQ fy, chekèkkjd dks {kfriwfrZ djus dk
opu nsrs gSaA
1- lkroha vuqlwph% la?k lwph esa ,d fo"k; osQ :i esa
chek dk mYysgSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 2- tksf•e iwfyax% chekdrkZ iwjs lewg esa dqN nqHkkZX;iw.kZ
O;fÙkQ;ksa osQ uqdlku dks forfjr djrs gq, tksf•e dks
iwy djrs gSaA çfØ;k osQ nkSjku okLrfod uqdlku dks
vkSlr uqdlku ls cny fn;k tkrk gSA
1- tksf•e gLrkarj.k% ;g rc gksrk gS tc ,d chekdrkZ
laHkkfor uqdlku dks doj djus osQ fy, lger gksrk
gS vkSj foÙkh; ifj.kke dh vfuf'prrk chekèkkjd ls
chekdrkZ dks ns nh tkrh gSA
2- {kfriwfrZ% chekèkkjd dks uqdlku ls igys dh vuqekfur
foÙkh; fLFkfr esa cgky dj fn;k tkrk gSA
z chek çkIr djrs le;] ,d O;fÙkQ ,d çhfe;e dk Hkqxrku
djrk gS vkSj ,d chfer ?kVuk gksus ij nkok nk;j dj
ldrk gSA
z chek dk çkFkfed mís'; ,d lkekU; iwy dh LFkkiuk osQ
ekè;e ls tksf•e gLrkarj.k gS ftlesa dqN yksxksa osQ uqdlku
dbZ yksxksa osQ ;ksxnku ls esy •krs gSaA
chek osQ ewy fl¼kar
z vuqcaèk
z ,d vuqcaèk ,d ckè;dkjh le>kSrk gSA blesa dkuwuh
çfrc¼rkvksa dk ,d lewg 'kkfey gS] vkSj ;fn mu oknksa
dks rksM+k tkrk gS] rks dkuwu ,d mik; çnku djrk gSA
z blfy,] chek vuqcaèk vfèkfu;e }kjk 'kkflr gksrk gSA
xSj&thou chek ;kstuk,¡ {kfriwfrZ vuqcaèk gSa tks chekèkkjd
osQ chek ;ksX; fgr dks doj djrh gSaA
z Uberrima fides ;k vR;ar vPNk fo'okl
z chek vuqcaèk usduh;rh ls fd, tkrs gSa] ftldk vFkZ gS
fd çR;sd i{k dks chek vuqcaèk esa çR;sd egRoiw.kZ lR;
dk •qyklk djuk pkfg,A
z ,d çeqrF; osQ :i esa xyr fooj.k chekdrkZ osQ foosd
ij vuqcaèk dks jí djus ;ksX; cuk nsrk gSA
z mnkgj.k% nqxZs'k dks ân; jksxh gksus ij thou chek ikWfylh
•jhnrs le; vius chek çnkrk dks viuh ân; fLFkfr osQ
ckjs esa lwfpr djuk pkfg,A
z chek ;ksX; fgr dk fl¼kar
z chek ;ksX; fgr rHkh mRiUu gksrk gS tc chfer oLrqvksa osQ
{kfrxzLr gksus ;k u"V gks tkus ij chekèkkjd dks vkfFkZd
uqdlku gksxkA
chek {ks{ks=k=k
chek
z mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ?kj ;k nqdku chek ij fopkj djsa_ edku
osQ {kfrxzLr gksus ls Lokeh dks vkfFkZd gkfu gksxhA
z mnkgj.k% ,d daiuh osQ ekfyd dk viuh tehu] ?kj vkSj
vU; ifjlaifÙk;ksa esa chek;ksX; fgr gksrk gSA
z {kfriwfrZ dk fl¼kar
z bl fopkj dk rdZ gS fd yksxksa dks vuqcaèk ls ykHk mBkus
dh vuqefr ugha nh tkuh pkfg, vkSj blosQ ctk; mUgsa
mUgha foÙkh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ykSVk;k tkuk pkfg, tks uqdlku
dh ?kVuk ls igys ekStwn FkhaA
z nwljs 'kCnksa esa] chek daiuh chfer O;fÙkQ dh okLrfod gkfu
jkf'k ls vfèkd dk Hkqxrku djus osQ fy, çfrc¼ ugha gSA
z çkFkfed y{; chekèkkjd dks uqdlku dh ?kVukvksa ls ykHk
mBkus ls jksduk gS] vkSj f}rh;d y{; uSfrd tksf•e dks
de djuk gSA
z mnkgj.k% ;fn fdlh O;fÙkQ dks 1 yk#i;s dk uqdlku
gksrk gSA vkx yxus ij ,d yk#i;s rd dk nkok chek
daiuh Lohdkj djsxhA
z çLFkkiu
z çLFkkiu chek vuqcaèk esa ,d vU; çkoèkku gS tks chekèkkjd
dks equkiQk dekus ls jksdrk gSA
z çLFkkiu chekèkkjd }kjk doj fd, x, uqdlku osQ fy,
rhljs i{k ls {kfriwfrZ çkIr djus osQ fy, chekdrkZ osQ fy,
chekdrkZ dks çfrLFkkfir djus dk dk;Z gSA
z mnkgj.k% ;fn fdlh O;fÙkQ dks {kfrxzLr LVkWd osQ fy, 1
yk#i;s feyrs gSa] rks LVkWd dk LokfeRo chek daiuh dks
gLrkarfjr dj fn;k tkrk gS] vkSj LVkWd ij O;fÙkQ dk dksbZ
vfèkdkj ugha gksrk gSA
z va'knku%
z ;g ,d chekdrkZ dk vfèkdkj gS fd og vU; chekdrkZvksa
ls lekuqikfrd jkf'k ,d=k djs] ftUgksaus ikWfylh osQ rgr
uqdlku dk Hkqxrku djus osQ ckn mlh uqdlku osQ fy,
nkf;Ro dks doj fd;k gSA
z mnkgj.k% ;fn dksbZ O;fÙkQA vius ?kj dk chekdrkZ B osQ
lkFk 2 yk#i;s dk chek djrk gS vkSj 1 yk#i;s dk chek
fdlh vU; chekdrkZ] C osQ lkFk djrk gS vkSj mls 90]000
#i;s dk uqdlku gksrk gS] rks chekdrkZ B vkSj C]A dks
90]000 #i;s dk ls T;knk dk Hkqxrku ugha djsaxsA
199
z vklUu dkj.k%
z vklUu dkj.k fl¼kar osQ vuqlkj] chfer oLrq dh gkfu ;k
{kfr dk dkj.k vuqcaèk osQ fo"k; ls lacafèkr gksuk pkfg,A
z mnkgj.k% ;fn fdlh O;fÙkQ dks vkx esa uqdlku gksrk gS] rks
ml O;fÙkQ }kjk chek jkf'k dk nkok djus osQ fy, vuqcaèk
esa bls igys ls gh 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z dVkSfr;k¡%
z dVkSrh ,d ,slk çkoèkku gS tks uqdlku osQ Hkqxrku ls ,d
fuf'pr jkf'k ?kVkrk gS] tks vkerkSj ij chekèkkjd dks ns;
gksrk gSA
z NksVs&NksVs nkoksa vkSj mUgsa cnyus ls tqM+h ç'kklfud ykxrksa
ls cpus osQ fy, dVkSrh dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
z dVkSrh ;ksX; uqdlku dh og jkf'k gS tks chekèkkjd dks
çR;sd nkos esa mBkuh pkfg,] vkSj cnys esa] egRoiw.kZ
çhfe;e dVkSrh çkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
z mnkgj.k% ;fn vkidh chek ikWfylh esa 5]000 #i;s dk
dVkSrh ;ksX; •aM gS] rks vkidks bl jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djuk
gksxk pkgs nkok 10]000 #i;s dk gks ;k 1 yk#i;s dkA
Hkkjr esa chek {ks=k% MsVk vkSj vkadM+s
z chek m|ksx cgqr cM+k gS vkSj 15&20» dh xfr ls c<+
jgk gSA chek lsok,a] foÙkh; lsokvksa osQ lkFk feydj] ns'k
osQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa yxHkx 7» dk ;ksxnku djrh gSaA
z nqfu;k dk nwljk lcls vfèkd vkcknh okyk ns'k gksus osQ
ckotwn] Hkkjr vc dqy chek çhfe;e dk 1-5 çfr'kr
ls de vkSj thou chek çhfe;e dk yxHkx 2 çfr'kr
;ksxnku nsrk gSA
z yxHkx 360 fefy;u ikWfylh osQ lkFk] Hkkjr dk thou
chek O;olk; nqfu;k esa lcls cM+k gS] vkSj vxys ikap
o"kks± esa blosQ 12&15 çfr'kr dh pØo`f¼ okf"kZd o`f¼ nj
(lh,thvkj) ls c<+us dk vuqeku gSA
z 2019 vkSj 2023 osQ chp] thou chek {ks=k osQ 5-3»
lh,thvkj ls c<+us dk vuqeku gSA
z chek {ks=k dh {kerk vkSj çn'kZu dk fo'ys"k.k djus osQ fy,
fo'oO;kih chek ços'k vkSj ?kuRo esfVªDl osQ vkèkkj ij]&
z Hkkjr esa chek ços'k 2001 esa 2-71» ls c<+dj 2020 esa
4-2» gks ;k (thou chek osQ fy, 3-2» vkSj xSj&thou
chek osQ fy, 1»)A (ikfjfLFkfrdh loZs{k.k 2021&22)
200
z fo'o Lrj ij] thou chek esa chek ços'k 3-3» gS (Hkkjr
yxHkx blosQ ikl gS)] vkSj xSj&thou chek esa 4-1» (Hkkjr
fiNM+ jgk gS)A (ikfjfLFkfrdh loZs{k.k 2021&22)
z Hkkjr esa chek ?kuRo 2001 esa 11-5 MkWyj ls c<+dj 2020
esa 78 MkWyj (thou chek esa 59 MkWyj vkSj xSj&thou chek
esa 19 MkWyj) gks x;kA (ikfjfLFkfrdh loZs{k.k 2021&22)
z ;g 2020 esa fo'oO;kih chek ?kuRo ls dkiQh de gS] tks
thou {ks=k osQ fy, $360 vkSj xSj&thou •aM osQ fy,
$449 gSA (ikfjfLFkfrdh loZs{k.k 2021&22)
z dksfoM&19 egkekjh osQ le; esa] ljdkj us Lopkfyr
n`f"Vdks.k osQ ekè;e ls chek {ks=k esa Lohdk;Z ,iQMhvkbZ
lhek dks 49 çfr'kr ls c<+kdj 74 çfr'kr dj fn;k]
ftlls lqj{kk osQ lkFk fons'kh LokfeRo vkSj fu;a=k.k dh
vuqefr feyhA
chek {ks=k dk bfrgkl vkSj fodkl
(jk"Vªh;dj.k lfgr)
z chek dks Hkkjr esa çkxSfrgkfld dky esa •kstk tk ldrk
gSA la;qÙkQ ifjokj ç.kkyh dks yacs le; ls ,d çdkj osQ
lkekftd chek osQ :i esa ns•k tkrk jgk gSA gkyk¡fd]
vkèkqfud chek 1818 esa baXySaM esa 'kq: gqvk FkkA
z vksfj,aVy ykbiQ ba';ksjsal daiuh dh LFkkiuk Hkkjr osQ
;wjksih; leqnk; dh foèkokvksa dh lgk;rk osQ fy, dh
xbZ FkhA
z ckWEcs E;qpqvy ykbiQ ,';ksjsal lkslkbVh 1870 esa bl {ks=k
esa LFkkfir gksus okyh igyh Hkkjrh; iQeZ Fkh] tks Hkkjrh;ksa
ls ekud çhfe;e olwyrh FkhA
z mlh o"kZ] ljdkj us chek vfèkfu;e ikfjr fd;kA 1870
vkSj 1900 osQ chp dbZ vkSj O;olk; LFkkfir fd, x,A
z 1905&06 osQ Lons'kh vkanksyu] 1919 osQ vlg;ksx
vkanksyu vkSj 1920 osQ lfou; voKk vkanksyu tSlh dbZ
egRoiw.kZ jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjrh;
iQeks± dh la[;k esa o`f¼ gqbZA
z 1912 esa] fczfV'k ljdkj us chek m|ksx dks fu;af=kr djus
osQ fy, fu;e ikfjr fd,A ;g 1912 dk thou chek
daiuh vfèkfu;e FkkA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 1956µ72
1956–72 1993µ99
1956–72 2000µ14
1956–72 2015
1956–72 2017 osQ vkxs
1956–72

iSB c<+kus vkSj ikWfylh • 

•  eYgks=kk lfefr us chek • 
mnkjhdj.k osQ ckn] chek 2015 esa] ljdkj us
•  chek oaQifu;ksa us 2017
• 
/kjdksa dks oqQizca/u ls {ks=k dks futh oaQifu;ksa mn~;ksx us egRoiw.kZ o`n~f/ ntZ iz/kuea=kh lqj{kk chek esa ifCyd b';w ls 6
cpkus osQ fy, 1956] osQ fy, [kksyus dh dh% 2017 esa futh fuos'kdksa ;kstuk vkSj iz/kuea=kh fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj
eas ,yvkbZlh cukus osQ fliQkfj'k dhA dh la[;k c<+dj 46 gks xbZA thou T;ksfr chek ;kstuk ls vf/d jkf'k tqVkbZA
fy, lHkh thou chek • IRDAI, LIC vkSj •  fnlacj 2014 esa] ljdkj us dh 'kq#vkr dhA
oaQifu;ksa dk GIC vf/fu;e 1999 chek {ks=k esa FDI lhek dks •  ljdkj us 2015 esa vVy
jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k x;k esa ikfjr fd, x,] 26% ls c<+dj 49% djus isa'ku ;kstuk vkSj LokLF;
Fkk ftlls IRDAI chek okys vè;kns'k dks eatwjh nhA chek dh 'kq#vkr dh
1972 esa GIC cukus osQ osQ fy,
•  blls 7&8 fcfy;u vesfjdh
fy, xSj&thou chek oS/kfud fu;ked MkWyj dk fuos'k vkdf"kZr gksus
O;olk; dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fudk; cu x;k vkSj dh laHkkouk gSA
fd;k x;k FkkA LIC vkSj GIC osQ
,dkf/dkj dks lekIr
dj fn;k x;kA

chek {ks=k dk fofu;eu
z Lora=krk&iwoZ dky esa%
 thou vkSj lkekU; chek nksuksa ij jkT; dks etcwr
fu;a=k.k çnku djus osQ fy, 1938 esa ,d O;kid
vfèkfu;e ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA
 ;g chek iQeks± osQ fuos'k] O;; vkSj ç'kklu dh tkap
djus osQ fy, Hkh Fkh] blosQ vykok muosQ }kjk yh tkus
okyh njksa dh HkhA
 chek fu;a=kd dk in LFkkfir fd;k x;k vkSj O;kid
mÙkjnkf;Ro fn, x,A
z Lora=krk osQ ckn fofu;eu%
 çkjaHk esa] Lora=k Hkkjr dh ljdkj us chek vfèkfu;e]
1938 dk ikyu fd;k] ysfdu 1956 esa] blus ,d
egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA
 blus Hkkjrh; thou chek dkjksckj dks vius vèkhu
dj fy;kA
thou chek dk jk"Vªh;dj.k
z Lora=krk osQ ckn] Hkkjr ljdkj us 1956 esa chek {ks=k ij
^^fofu;eu dk vafre :i** ykxw djus dh ;kstuk cukbZA
z blus Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj ns'k
dh lHkh 245 chek daifu;ksa@lkslk;fV;ksa dk fu;a=k.k xzg.k
fd;kA
z ;g i¼fr ?kksVkyksa vkSj folaxfr;ksa dh c<+rh la[;k ls
çsfjr FkhA
z chek daifu;ksa dh lafnXèk fuos'k çFkkvksa ls mith ljdkj
dh dk;Zokfg;ksa osQ vkSfpR; dk ,d vkSj lsVA
z vU; çyksHku Hkh ml le; osQ vkfFkZd fodkl osQ çdk'k
esa egRoiw.kZ Fks tks ml le; dke dj jgs FksA
z chek daifu;k¡ cM+s foÙkh; lalkèkuksa dh çHkkjh FkhaA Hkkjrh;
thou chek fuxe us ges'kk vk'oklu vkSj v{k;fufèk ij
çhfe;e j•k gSA
z thou chek ;kstukvksa dk mi;ksx èku dk ,d cM+k iwy
cukus osQ fy, Hkh fd;k x;k gS tks ikWfylh dh 'krks± dks
iwjk djus ij ikWfylhèkkjdksa osQ fy, miyCèk gks x;kA
z lkoZtfud èku osQ bl iwy ij lhèks fu;a=k.k j•us osQ
fy, Hkkjr ljdkj Hkh vkdf"kZr FkhA iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa
mfYyf•r fodkl igyksa dk leFkZu djus osQ fy, bl iwy
dk mi;ksx djus dk bjknk gSA

chek {ks{ks=k=k
chek 201
lkèkkj.k@tujy chek dk jk"Vªh;dj.k
z 16 o"kks± osQ ckn] 1972 esa] Hkkjr ljdkj us lkèkkj.k chek
dk vfèkxzg.k fd;k vkSj lèkkj.k chek fuxe (GIC) dh
LFkkiuk dhA
z gkyk¡fd Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe (,yvkbZlh) ,d bdkbZ
cuh gqbZ gS] thvkbZlh dks bldh pkj lgk;d daifu;ksa osQ
fy, gksfYMax daiuh osQ :i esa cuk;k x;k Fkk] tks gSa%
z jk"Vªh; chek daiuh fyfeVsM
z U;w bafM;k ,';ksjsal daiuh fyfeVsM
z vksfj,aVy iQk;j ,aM tujy ba';ksjsal daiuh fyfeVsM
z ;wukbVsM bafM;k ba';ksjsal daiuh fyfeVsMA
z thvkbZlh }kjk lhèks foeku chek dks gh fu;af=kr fd;k
tkrk gSA
z lgk;d daifu;k¡ vius nkf;Roksa osQ thvkbZlh iquchZek osQ
fy, çhfe;e çkIr djus vkSj Hkqxrku djus osQ fy, ckè; gSaA
mudh daiuh esa thvkbZlh dh Hkh 20 iQhlnh fgLlsnkjh gSA
vkfFkZd lqèkkj vkSj chek {ks=k dks
fiQj ls •ksyuk
z 1956 esa thou chek osQ jk"Vªh;dj.k us m|ksx esa ,dkfèkdkj
LFkkfir fd;kA
z blh rjg] geus 1972 esa lkekU; chek esa ,dkfèkdkj
LFkkfir fd;kA lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ bu ,dkfèkdkjksa us chek
dojst osQ nk;js dks O;kid cukrs gq, egRoiw.kZ ek=kk esa
o`f¼ gkfly djus osQ fy, dM+h esgur dhA
z cgjgky] mUgksaus vfèkdka'k le; ukSdj'kkgh }kjk fu;af=kr
ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa osQ :i esa dk;Z djus dk ç;kl fd;kA
z xzkgd lsok ij cgqr de tksj FkkA os u rks çkS|ksfxdh vkSj
u gh dkWikZsjsV dk;Z laLÑfr dks Lohdkj djus dks rS;kj FksA
z okLro esa] ;g Li"V ugha gS fd ;fn cpr fuos'k ugha fd;k
x;k gksrk rks thou m|ksx esa mruh gh o`f¼ gksrhA
z ns'k esa cpr i;kZIr Fkh] tks ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (thMhih)
osQ 24 çfr'kr osQ fy, ftEesnkj FkhA
z vis{kkÑr de chek iSB osQ lkFk] Hkkjrh; cktkj dk osQoy
20»] oSf'od foÙkh; fnXxtksa osQ fy, lksus dh okLrfod
•ku yx jgk FkkA
z tks Hkh gks] fo'o O;kikj laxBu O;kikj lacaèkh fuos'k mik;ksa
ij vius çkoèkkuksa osQ lkFk Hkkjr ljdkj dh ukd esa ne
dj jgk FkkA
202
z blfy,] varr% 1993 esa] Hkkjr ljdkj us bl eqís dh xgjkbZ
ls tkap djus vkSj mfpr fliQkfj'ksa djus osQ fy, Jh vkj,u
eYgks=kk dh vè;{krk esa ,d lfefr fu;qÙkQ dhA
z lfefr dh fjiksVZ 1994 esa tkjh dh xbZ Fkh] vkSj blus
fuEufyf•r fliQkfj'ksa dh%
z LIC vkSj GIC esa ljdkj dh fgLlsnkjh 50» ?kVh
z dksbZ Hkh futh iQeZ bl {ks=k esa rc rd ços'k ugha dj
ldrh tc rd fd mlosQ ikl de ls de 100 djksM+
#i;s dh pqdrk@çnÙk iwath u gksA
z dksbZ Hkh futh daiuh thou vkSj lkekU; chek nksuksa esa ços'k
ugha dj ldrh gS
z fons'kh fuxeksa dks osQoy Hkkjrh; O;olk;ksa osQ lg;ksx ls
dke djus dh vuqefr gksxh
z Mkd thou chek xzkeh.k {ks=kksa rd c<+k;k tk,xk
z ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa esa ,yvkbZlh fuos'k vfuok;Z 75» ls
?kVkdj 50» fd;k tk,xk
z GIC vkSj mldh lgk;d daifu;ksa osQ ikl daiuh esa 5»
ls vfèkd dk LokfeRo ugha gks ldrk gS
z çeksVj u, LFkkfir chek O;olk;ksa osQ 40» ls vfèkd osQ
ekfyd ugha gks ldrs gSaA ;fn muosQ ikl ;g Fkk] rks mUgsa
,d fuf'pr le; esa bls ml Lrj rd de djuk Fkk
z çfrLièkkZ djus osQ fy,] lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ chekdrkZvksa
dks çkS|ksfxdh dk vkèkqfudhdj.k djuk pkfg, vkSj vfèkd
dq'ky cuus osQ fy, iquxZfBr djuk pkfg,
z LVkWixSi lekèkku osQ :i esa] chek fu;a=kd osQ dk;kZy; dks
mldh iwoZ HkO;rk esa iquLFkkZfir djsa
z chek vfèkfu;e dh vusd èkkjkvksa ls ,yvkbZlh vkSj
thvkbZlh dks nh xbZ NwV dks okil ysa
z thvkbZlh dks ,d 'kq¼ iquchZekdrkZ cuuk pkfg, vkSj
gksfYMax daiuh osQ :i esa dke djuk can dj nsuk pkfg,A
z ljdkj viuh lgk;d daifu;ksa esa thvkbZlh dh fgLlsnkjh
•jhnrh gSA
z bu lgk;d daifu;ksa dh pqdrk iwath dks 40 djksM+ #i;s ls
c<+kdj 100 djksM+ #i;s fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlesa ljdkj
osQ ikl 50» 'ks;j gksaA
z vxLr 2000 esa] chek O;olk; iwjh rjg ls futh daifu;ksa
osQ fy, •ksy fn;k x;k FkkA ysfdu lcls igys] chek
fu;ked vkSj fodkl çkfèkdj.k (IRDA) dh LFkkiuk vçSy
2000 esa IRDA vfèkfu;e 1999 osQ rgr dh xbZ FkhA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
chek {ks=k] cSfa dax {ks=k ls fdl çdkj fHkUu gS\ z ikWfylh çhfe;e% ikWfylh çhfe;e dh x.kuk osQ fy,
lkaf[;dh] laHkkO;rk fl¼kar] tulkaf[;dh; #>ku] foÙkh;
z lkèku% chek ikWfylh ,d çdkj dk ½.k fy•r gSA
cktkj fjVuZ vkSj orZeku cktkj fLFkfr;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k
z eè;LFk% chek O;olk; tksf•e vkèkkfjr foÙkh; eè;LFk gSaA tkrk gSA
z ekud% tksf•e iwath ;k lkWYosalh iwath ekud vkerkSj z 'kCnkoyh% chek ^^cspk** tkrk gS] ysfdu dHkh ^^•jhnk**
ij vfèkd gksrs gSaA (cSad & lhvkjvkj] ,l,yvkj] vkSj ugha tkrk (eksVj okgu tSls dqN vfuok;Z chek dks NksM+dj)
vU;A)
lky cSafdax {ks=k chek {ks=k
fu;ked Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad vkbZvkjMh,vkbZ
vkjchvkbZ dk jk"Vªh;dj.k thou chek {ks=k vkSj ,yvkbZlh dk jk"Vªh;dj.k
1948&49
vfLrRo esa vk;kA
1955 & 56 ,lchvkbZ dk jk"Vªh;dj.k &&
1969 14 futh cSadksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k &&
&& thvkbZlh vfèkfu;e & thvkbZlh vkSj bldh 4
1972 lgk;d daifu;ksa us & 107 (futh LokfeRo okyh)
lkekU; chek daifu;ksa dk vfèkxzg.k fd;kA
1980 6 futh cSadksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k &&
ujflEge lfefr I (1991) vkSj II (1998) eYgks=kk lfefr (1993)] futh chek daifu;ksa dks
lqèkkj 1990 osQ n'kd esa
$ cSafdax {ks=k dk futhdj.k vkSj mnkjhdj.k vuqefr nh xbZ vkSj ,iQMhvkbZ dks mnkj cuk;k x;k
lhvkjvkj] ,l,yvkj] csly fuos'k iSVuZ] lkWYosalh ekftZuA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] chek
daifu;ksa dks th&lsd esa çhfe;e dk U;wure ^^fufnZ"V
»** fuos'k djuk pkfg,] os futh daifu;ksa osQ 'ks;jksa
lqj{kk
;k fMcsapj vkfn esa çhfe;e osQ ^^fufnZ"V »** ls
vfèkd fuos'k ugha dj ldrsA mUgsa ^^,,** ØsfMV ls
de okyh daifu;ksa esa fuos'k ugha djuk pkfg,A
çkFkfedrk {ks=k ½.k (ih,l,y) ekunaM] cSad xzkeh.k vkSj lkekftd nkf;Ro ekunaM& gj lky xzkeh.k
jfgr xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa 25» 'kk•k,a {ks=kksa] ih,p@fiNM+ksa vkfn esa “fufnZ"V" la[;k esa ikWfylh
foÙkh; lekos'ku vkSj csph tkuh pkfg,A blosQ vykok] chek daifu;ksa
dY;k.k dk y{; dks fdiQk;rh vkokl ifj;kstukvksa] jkT; ljdkj osQ
vfXu'keu midj.k vkfn esa U;wure ^^fufnZ"V** fuos'k
djus dh vko';drk gSA
cSad 'kk•k O;kikj i=kkpkj ,tsaV (cSad fe=k) ,tsaV vkSj nyky] chek cspus okys cSad (cSadk';ksjsal)]
forj.k pkSuy
loZs{kd@gkfu fuèkkZjd] r`rh; i{k
v{k; fufèk gk¡] cpr okil vk xbZ gka
'krZ 'krZ gka
;wfuV fyaDM chek uhfr gk¡] cpr okil vk xbZ gka

chek osQ çdkj foÙkh; eqvkotk çnku djrk gSA lkekU; chek lHkh laifÙk;ksa
vkSj nkf;Roksa dks gkfu ;k {kfr ls cpkrk gSA chek çnkrk
lkekU; chek dkj] fpfdRlk mipkj] vkx] pksjh] ;k ;gka rd fd ;k=kk
z lc dqN] ysfdu thou dks lkekU; chek }kjk doj fd;k osQ nkSjku foÙkh; dfBukb;ksa osQ dkj.k gksus okys uqdlku
tk ldrk gSA ;g e`R;q osQ vykok vU; uqdlku osQ fy, dks doj djus osQ fy, xkjaVhÑr ek=kk dk Hkqxrku djus
dh is'kd'k djrk gSA

chek {ks{ks=k=k
chek 203
lkekU; chek osQ çdkj
LokLF; chek
z LokLF; chek ,d egRoiw.kZ tksf•e çcaèku j.kuhfr gS
D;ksafd ;g fpfdRlk vkikr fLFkfr osQ nkSjku tsc ls Hkqxrku
dks jksdrk gSA
z ;wfuolZy gsYFk ba';ksjsal ikWfylh ,d {kfriwfrZ ikWfylh gS
tks doj dh xbZ jkf'k rd vLirky esa HkrhZ gksus osQ •pZ
dks doj djrh gSA tcfd vkidks ,d vyx LokLF; chek
ikWfylh fey ldrh gS] iQSfeyh ÝyksVj ikWfylh vkiosQ
ifjokj esa lHkh dks doj djrh gSA
z nwljh vksj] xaHkhj chekjh ;kstuk fuf'pr&ykHk ;kstuk,¡ gSa
tks ,d xaHkhj chekjh osQ funku ij ,deq'r jkf'k çnku
djrh gSa vkSj iwoZ vkSj ckn osQ vLirky esa HkrhZ 'kqYd tSls
fpfdRlk O;; dks doj djrh gSaA
x`g chek%
z x`g chek ikWfylh] tSlk fd uke ls irk pyrk gS] vkiosQ
?kj vkSj mlesa j•h lkexzh dks ekuo&fufeZr ;k çkÑfrd
vkinkvksa ls gksus okys uqdlku ls cpkrh gSA
z ;fn vki viuh laifÙk dk uohuhdj.k djrs le; fdjk,
ij ys jgs gSa rks dqN x`g chek ;kstukvksa esa vLFkk;h thou
O;; 'kkfey gks ldrs gSaA
;k=kk chek
z ;fn vki fons'k ;k=kk dj jgs gSa] rks ;k=kk chek dojst
vkidks lkeku •ksus] mM+ku esa nsjh vkSj ;k=kk jí gksus osQ
dkj.k gksus okys •pks± ls cpk,xkA
z ;fn vki ;k=kk osQ nkSjku vLirky esa HkrhZ gks tkrs gSa] rks
vkidk ;k=kk chek fof'k"V ekeyksa esa vLirky esa osQ'kysl
HkrhZ çnku dj ldrk gSA
eksVj chek
z eksVj chek vU; ckrksa osQ lkFk&lkFk vkidh dkj dks
nq?kZVukvksa] {kfr] pksjh vkSj tkucw> dj fd, x, uqdlku
ls cpkrk gSA
z bl çdkj dk chek nks fdLeksa esa miyCèk gS% O;kid vkSj
r`rh;&i{kA ,d O;kid vkWVks chek dojst vkidh dkj
dks ck<+] vkx vkSj naxk {kfr lfgr lHkh i{kksa ls cpkrk gSA
z blesa ,d jkbMj ;k ,sM&vkWu csfufiQV] O;fÙkQxr nq?kZVuk
dojst vkSj r`rh;&i{k ns;rk Hkh 'kkfey gSA
z 1988 osQ eksVj okgu vfèkfu;e osQ vuqlkj] lM+d ij
pyus okys çR;sd okgu dk r`rh;&i{k chek gksuk pkfg,A
204
lkekU; chek O;olk; (jk"Vªh;dj.k) la'kksèku
foèks;d] 2021
foèks;d osQ çeqçkoèkku
z ljdkjh 'ks;jèkkfjrk lhek% ;g bl vko';drk dks fujLr
djus dk çLrko djrk gS fd osQaæ ljdkj ,d fufnZ"V
chekdrkZ esa bfDoVh iwath dk de ls de 51» cuk, j•sA
z O;olk; ifjHkkf"kr lkekU; chek% ;g lkekU; chek dks
vfXu] leqæh ;k fofoèk chek osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA
z ;g voèkkj.kk iwath çfrnku (capital redemption) vkSj
fof'k"V iQeks± ls okf"kZfd;k¡ (annuities from specific
firms) 'kkfey ugha djrk gSA
z osQfiVy fjMsEi'ku ba';ksjsal esa chekdrkZ dks ,d fuf'pr
frfFk ij fu;fer vkèkkj ij çhfe;e dk Hkqxrku djus osQ
ckn ,d fuf'pr jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djuk iM+rk gSA
okf"kZdh% chekdrkZ okf"kZdh fof'k"V chek osQ rgr le; osQ lkFk
çkIrdrkZ dks Hkqxrku djrk gSA
ljdkj ls fu;a=k.k gLrkarj.k
z osQaæ ljdkj }kjk chekdrkZ dk fu;a=k.k NksM+us osQ ckn ;g
p;fur chekdrkZvksa ij ykxw ugha gksxkA
z bl lanHkZ esa fu;a=k.k dk vFkZ gS vius çcaèku ;k uhfrxr
fu.kZ;ksa ij vfèkdkj djus osQ fy, fdlh fof'k"V chekdrkZ
osQ vfèkdka'k funs'kdksa dks fu;qÙkQ djus dk vfèkdkjA
1- osQaæ ljdkj dks vfèkdkj nsrk gS% ;g la?kh; ljdkj
dks p;fur chek daifu;ksa osQ deZpkfj;ksa dks muosQ
jkstxkj osQ fu;eksa vkSj 'krks± osQ ckjs esa lwfpr djus dk
vfèkdkj nsrk gSA
1- blesa dgk x;k gS fd bl lacaèk esa osQaæ ljdkj }kjk
fodflr igy dks chekdrkZ }kjk viuk;k x;k ekuk
tk,xkA
2- chekdrkZ osQ funs'kd eaMy osQ ikl ubZ uhfr;ksa dks
la'kksfèkr djus ;k cukus dk vfèkdkj gSA
2- funs'kdksa dh nsunkfj;k¡% blesa dgk x;k gS fd ,d
ukfer chek dk ,d funs'kd tks iw.kZdkfyd funs'kd
ugha gS] mls osQoy fo'ks"k vkpj.k osQ fy, tokcnsg
Bgjk;k tk,xk] ftlesa fuEufyf•r 'kkfey gSa%
1- mudh fo'ks"kKrk osQ lkFk] cksMZ çfØ;kvksa osQ dkj.kA
2- mldh tkudkjh ;k lgefr ls] ;k tgka og yxu ls
dk;Z djus esa foiQy jgk gksA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 1- egRo%
1- futh iwath% ;g lkekU; chek m|ksx esa vfèkd futh
iwath dks vkdf"kZr djsxh vkSj xzkgdksa dks vfrfjÙkQ
mRikn çnku djus osQ fy, viuh igqap dk foLrkj
djsxhA
2- csgrj n{krk% ;g dne n{krk esa lqèkkj djrs gq, futh
Hkkxhnkjh osQ fy, vfèkd {ks=kksa dks •ksyus osQ ljdkj
osQ ç;kl dk fgLlk gSA
3- chek ços'k esa o`f¼% ;g ikWfylhèkkjdksa osQ fgrksa dh
csgrj lqj{kk osQ fy, chek ços'k vkSj lkekftd lqj{kk
dks c<+k,xk vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl dks rst djus esa enn
djsxkA
thou chek
z thou chek] vkiosQ thou dh j{kk djrk gSA ;fn ikWfylh
vofèk osQ nkSjku ikWfylhèkkjd dh e`R;q gks tkrh gS] rks chek
daiuh ukekafdr O;fÙkQ dks chfer èku dk Hkqxrku djrh
gSA thou chek] lcls egRoiw.kZ foÙkh; mRiknksa esa ls ,d]
vkiosQ ifjokj dks vkfFkZd :i ls Lora=k jgus] ½.k pqdkus]
nh xbZ thou 'kSyh dks cuk, j•us vkSj egRoiw.kZ y{;ksa osQ
lkFk VªSd ij jgus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
thou chek osQ çdkj%
lkofèk thou chek
z lkofèk chek cktkj ij thou chek dk lcls cqfu;knh çdkj
gSA VeZ ba';ksjsal ,d 'kq¼ lqj{kk ;kstuk gS tks de dher
ij i;kZIr dojst çnku djrh gSA
z VeZ Iyku vkidks ,d chek jkf'k dk p;u djus dh vuqefr
nsrk gS tks vkidh okf"kZd vk; dk 15&20 xquk gSA
z ;fn ikWfylh vofèk osQ nkSjku vkidh e`R;q gks tkrh gS
rks ;g vkiosQ ukekafdr O;fÙkQ dks oknk dh xbZ jkf'k dk
Hkqxrku djrk gSA
z chek vk; vkiosQ ifjokj dks jkstejkZ dh ykxrksa dks iwjk
djus vkSj dtZ pqdkus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA ;g è;ku fn;k
tkuk pkfg, fd 'kq¼ VeZ Iyku esa dksbZ ifjiDork ykHk
ugha gksrk gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ;fn vki ikWfylh
dh vofèk iwjh dj ysrs gSa] rks vkidks ;s ykHk ugha feysaxsA
z gkykafd] chekdrkZvksa us gky gh esa fjVuZ vkWiQ çhfe;e
VeZ ba';ksjsal ikWfylh is'k dh gSa] tks ikWfylh vofèk osQ
thfor jgus ij Hkqxrku fd, x, lHkh çhfe;eksa dk Hkqxrku
djrh gSaA
chek {ks{ks=k=k
chek
cankscLrh@v{k;fufèk ;kstuk,a
z cankscLrh ;kstuk thou lqj{kk çnku djus vkSj egRoiw.kZ
thou y{;ksa osQ fy, ,d dks"k cukus osQ fy, chek vkSj
,d iSosQt esa fuos'k dks tksM+rh gSA
z çhfe;e dk ,d fgLlk chfer jkf'k osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS] tcfd 'ks"k de tksf•e okys pkSuyksa esa fuos'k
fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn ikWfylh vofèk osQ nkSjku O;fÙkQ dh
e`R;q gks tkrh gS] rks muosQ ukekafdr O;fÙkQ dks chek jkf'k
çkIr gksrh gSA
z ;fn os chek vofèk rd thfor jgrs gSa] rks mUgsa oknk
fd;k x;k èku vkSj lkFk gh ,df=kr cksul Hkh feysxkA bl
çdkj] cankscLrh dk;ZØe chek vkSj fuos'k nksuksa ekaxksa dks
iwjk djrs gSaA
euh&cSd uhfr;k¡
z euh&cSd ikWfylh cankscLrh ;kstukvksa osQ leku gSa] ftlesa
os ikWfylh vofèk osQ nkSjku iwoZ fuèkkZfjr varjky ij ,d
fuf'pr jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djrh gSaA tc chek ifjiDo gksrk
gS] rks ;g ifjiDork ykHk osQ lkFk&lkFk ,df=kr cksul dk
Hkqxrku djrk gSA
;wfuV fyaDM ba';ksjsal Iyku (;wfyi)
z ;wfyi] tks ,d gh mRikn esa chek vkSj fuos'k dks feykrs gSa]
thou chek osQ lkFk&lkFk tksf•e dh vyx&vyx fMxzh
okys fofHkUu iQaMksa esa fuos'k djosQ foÙkh; ykHk dk volj
çnku djrs gSaA ;wfyi] cankscLrh ;kstukvksa dh rjg] thou
chek dh is'kd'k djrs gSa tcfd 'ks"k dks equkiQk dekus osQ
fy, cktkjksa esa fuos'k fd;k tkrk gSA
z çR;sd ;wfyi esa varfuZfgr iQaM gksrs gSa tks equkiQk cukus osQ
fy, fofHkUu ifjlaifÙk çdkjksa tSls LVkWd] MsV vkSj gkbfczM
esa fuos'k djrs gSaA
z ;wfyi ,d ckj ykWd&bu vofèk (5 o"kZ) lekIr gksus osQ
lkFk&lkFk ,d iQaM ls nwljs iQaM esa tkus dh {kerk osQ ckn
vkaf'kd fudklh dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
z ;g lqfoèkk rc mi;ksxh gksrh gS tc vki vius y{; osQ
djhc igqap jgs gksrs gSa D;ksafd ;g vkidks ,xzsflo iQaM ls
MsV iQaM esa cnyus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
laiw.kZ thou chek
z laiw.kZ thou chekA vkiosQ iwjs thou osQ fy, chek dojst
çnku djrk gSA laiw.kZ thou chek ikWfyfl;ksa dh ikWfylh
vofèk 100 o"kZ rd gksrh gS] vkSj tc rd çhfe;e dk
Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gS] ikWfylh osQ ykHk lajf{kr jgrs gSaA
205
z ;fn ikWfylhèkkjd ikWfylh vofèk osQ var rd thfor jgrk z fiQygky] ,iQMhvkbZ uhfr ,yvkbZlh esa fons'kh fuos'k
gS] rks og ifjiDork ykHk dk gdnkj gksrk gSA ;fn vki osQ fy, dksbZ fo'ks"k çkoèkku ugha djrh gS] ,yvkbZlh
vius 'ks"k thou osQ fy, lqjf{kr jguk pkgrs gSa rks laiw.kZ vfèkfu;e 1956 osQ rgr LFkkfir ,d oSèkkfud fuxe gSA
thou chek ikWfylh ,d 'kkunkj fodYi gSA
,yvkbZlh dk fofuos'k
thou vkSj lkekU; chek osQ chp eq[; varj
z osQaæ ljdkj us Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe (,yvkbZlh) esa
ekinaMksa thou chek lkekU; chek vius 5» 'ks;jksa dh fcØh osQ fy, LVkWd ,Dlpsat fu;ked
cpr vkSj fuos'k dk ,d lkekU; chek dks ,d elkSnk nLrkost çLrqr fd;k gSA
lkèku Hkh çnku djrs ikWfylh ,d {kfriwfrZ z vkbZihvks Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk 100» vks,iQ,l (fcØh osQ
ifjHkk"kk
gq, vkiosQ thou dh vuqcèa k gS tks xSj&thou fy, çLrko) gS] ftlesa ,yvkbZlh }kjk dksbZ u;k 'ks;j tkjh
j{kk djrk gS laifÙk dks doj djrk gS ugha fd;k x;k gSA
yacs vuqcaèk osQ fy, vke rkSj ij] okf"kZd
z daiuh esa ljdkj dh fgLlsnkjh osQ 5» dk çfrfufèkRo djus
vuqcaèk dh dbZ o"kks± rd çhfe;e vuqcaèk ftUgsa gj lky
okys Ng djksM+ 'ks;j çkfIr gsrq miyCèk gSaA
vofèk dk Hkqxrku djus dh uohuhÑr djus dh
vko';drk gksrh gS vko';drk gksrh gS z fofu;ked iQkbfyax osQ vuqlkj] ,yvkbZlh ikWfylhèkkjdksa
;g ikWfylh vofèk ;g ,d ?kVuk osQ nkSjku osQ fy, 10» rd dh is'kd'k vkoafVr dh tk ldrh gS]
osQ nkSjku ;k ikWfylh çfriwfrZ dh tkrh gS vU; 5» deZpkfj;ksa osQ fy, ukfer gSaA
nkos dk
ifjiDork ij eqís
Hkqxrku
ikWfylhèkkjd dh e`R;q
osQ ekeys esa ns; gS z Hkkjr ljdkj] jkT; osQ LokfeRo okyh chek lewg vkSj fuos'k
cpr dk mifLFkr vuqifLFkr O;olk; ,yvkbZlh dk ekfyd gSA
?kVd z ;g 1956 esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk] tc Hkkjrh; laln us
Hkkjrh; thou chek vfèkfu;e ikfjr fd;k] blus Hkkjrh;
,yvkbZlh esa ,iQMhvkbZ lqèkkj chek O;olk; dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;kA
z osQaæh; eaf=keaMy us ,iQMhvkbZ uhfr esa cnyko dks eatwjh z jkT; osQ LokfeRo okyh ,yvkbZlh dk xBu 245 ls vfèkd
ns nh gS tks thou chek fuxe (,yvkbZlh) esa vius chek daifu;ksa vkSj Hkfo"; fufèk laxBuksa osQ foy; ls gqvk
çR;kf'kr vkjafHkd lkoZtfud is'kd'k (vkbZihvks) ls igys FkkA
^^Lopkfyr ekxZ** osQ rgr 20» rd ,iQMhvkbZ dh vuqefr
,yvkbZlh dh fyfLVax osQ çHkko
nsxkA
z ljdkj osQ fy, ykHknk;d% D;ksafd ,yvkbZlh ljdkj
z ljdkj dks mEehn gS fd çLrkfor 'ks;j fcØh ls
osQ LokfeRo okys dqN 'ks"k ykHk dekus okys m|eksa esa ls
63]000&66]000 djksM+ #i;s tqVk, tk losQaxs] ftlls
foÙk o"kZ 2021&22 osQ fy, 78]000 djksM+ #i;s osQ vius ,d gS] blfy, ljdkj vius czkaM ewY; dks Hkqukus dk
fofuos'k mís'; dks iwjk djus esa enn feysxhA ç;kl dj jgh gSA
z ljdkj iwjh daiuh dh ekfyd gSA bldh LFkkiuk 1956 esa z csgrj fjVuZ% fyfLVax ls ,yvkbZlh dh n{krk c<+sxh vkSj
gqbZ FkhA ;g Hkkjrh; chek cktkj osQ vfèkdka'k fgLls dks bl rjg ikWfylh fjVuZ HkhA
fu;af=kr djrk gSA z chek m|ksx esa lqèkkj% ,yvkbZlh vkSj vfèkd çfrLièkhZ
z T;knkrj ekeyksa esa] fofuos'k dk eryc ljdkjh LokfeRo Hkh cusxhA ;g vius çfrLifèkZ;ksa ij uokpkj djus osQ fy,
okyh iQeZ dh ljdkj }kjk vkaf'kd :i ls ;k iwjh rjg ls ncko Mkysxk] tks ykxr] mRikn lqfoèkkvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ
fcØh djuk gSA vkerkSj ij] ,d iQeZ ;k ljdkjh laxBu ekeys esa ikWfylhèkkjdksa dks ykHkkfUor djsxkA
daiuh osQ fy, ,d j.kuhfrd dne osQ :i esa ;k lalkèku z csgrj foÙkh; fLFkfr% de ljdkjh Hkkxhnkjh ,yvkbZlh
tqVkus osQ fy, ,d ifjlaifÙk dk fofuos'k djsxkA dh foÙkh; lsgr osQ fy, iQk;nsean gksxhA

206 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z •rjs ls eqÙkQ% tc rd ifjiDork ij laçHkq xkjaVh tkjh z fpfdRlk ykHk
jgrh gS vkSj chfer jkf'k tkjh jgrh gS] ikWfylhèkkjdksa dks z chekjh chek
dksbZ tksf•e eglwl ugha gksxkA z ekr`Ro vodk'k
deZpkjh jkT; chek fuxe z fodykaxrk ykHk
z vkfJrksa osQ fy, ykHk
deZpkjh jkT; chek fuxe (ESIC)
z flLVe esa ukekafdr deZpkjh vius vkSj vius ifjokj osQ
lkafofèkd fudk; (deZpkjh jkT; chek
dkuwuh ntkZ fy, fpfdRlk ns•Hkky] dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa csjkstxkjh udn
vfèkfu;e 1948)
ykHk vkSj efgyk deZpkfj;ksa osQ ekeys esa ekr`Ro ykHk osQ
eq[;ky; ubZ fnYyh
gdnkj gSaA
ea=kky; Je vkSj jkstxkj ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj
ns'k Hkkjr u;k la'kksèku
'kq: 24 iQjojh 1952 z deZpkjh jkT; chek fuxe (ESIC) us dojst osQ fy, ekfld
z vkS|ksfxd deZpkfj;ksa osQ fy, LokLF; chek ç.kkyh ij ,d osru lhek #i;s ls c<+k nh gSA 15]000 ls #A 21]000] 1
fjiksVZ çnku djus osQ fy, ekpZ 1943 esa çks- chih vnkjdj tuojh 2017 ls çHkkohA
dks Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fu;qÙkQ fd;k x;k FkkA z 1 tqykbZ] 2019 ls] va'knku dh nj 6-5» ls ?kVkdj 4»
z ESIC] ESI vfèkfu;e osQ rgr xfBr] Hkkjr ljdkj osQ (fu;ksÙkQk dh fgLlsnkjh 3-25» vkSj deZpkjh dh fgLlsnkjh
Je vkSj jkstxkj ea=kky; dk ,d Lora=k fuxe gSA 0-75») dj nh xbZA
z 1948 osQ deZpkjh jkT; chek vfèkfu;e us dYiuk dh% foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
z ,d ,dhÑr vko';drk&vkèkkfjr lkekftd chek ;kstuk
1. fuEufyf•r ij fopkj djsa% (2012)
tks chekjh] ekr`Ro] vLFkk;h ;k LFkk;h 'kkjhfjd v{kerk
tSlh vkdfLedrkvksa esa Jfedksa osQ fgrksa dh j{kk djsxhA 1- gksVy vkSj jsLrjka
z dk;ZLFky dh pksV osQ dkj.k e`R;q ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i 2- eksVj ifjogu O;olk;
etnwjh ;k dekbZ {kerk dk uqdlku gksrk gS] vkSj dk;ZLFky 3- lekpkj i=k çfr"Bku
dh pksV osQ dkj.k e`R;q osQ ifj.kkeLo:i etnwjh ;k dekbZ 4- futh fpfdRlk laLFkku
{kerk dk uqdlku gksrk gSA mijksÙkQ esa ls fdlosQ deZpkfj;ksa osQ ikl deZpkjh jkT;
vfèkfu;e deZpkfj;ksa vkSj muosQ rRdky ifjokj dks mfpr chek ;kstuk osQ rgr 'lkekftd lqj{kk' dojst gks ldrk
fpfdRlk ns•Hkky dh xkjaVh Hkh nsrk gSA gS\
bZ,lvkbZ vfèkfu;e osQ ikfjr gksus osQ ckn] osQaæ ljdkj us (a) osQoy 1] 2 vkSj 3
;kstuk osQ çcaèku osQ fy, bZ,lvkbZ fuxe dh LFkkiuk dhA
(b) osQoy 4
vfèkfu;e us 1961 osQ ekr`Ro ykHk vfèkfu;e vkSj 1923
(c) osQoy 1] 3 vkSj 4
osQ Jfed eqvkotk vfèkfu;e osQ rgr fu;ksÙkQkvksa dks muosQ
(d) 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4
drZO;ksa ls eqÙkQ dj fn;kA
vfèkfu;e osQ rgr çLrkfor deZpkjh ykHk Hkh varjkZ"Vªh; 2. ekbØksiQkbusal de vk; oxZ osQ yksxksa gsrq foÙkh; lsokvksa
Je laxBu (ILO) osQ ekunaMksa osQ vuqlkj gSaA dk ,d çkoèkku gSA ;g blesa miHkksÙkQk vkSj Lojkstxkj
dkuwu ewy :i ls fuekZ.k Jfedksa osQ fy, fMtkbu fd;k nksuksa 'kkfey gSaA blosQ rgr çnku dh xbZ lsok@lsok,a lw{e
x;k Fkk] ysfdu varr% bls 10 ;k vfèkd deZpkfj;ksa okys fdlh foÙk gS@gSa% (2011)
Hkh m|e dks 'kkfey djus osQ fy, foLrkfjr fd;k x;k FkkA 1- ½.k lqfoèkk,¡
2- cpr lqfoèkk,¡
ykHk%
z bZ,lvkbZ vfèkfu;e] 1948 dh èkkjk 46 osQ rgr vfHknkrkvksa 3- chek lqfoèkk,¡
osQ fy, Ng ykHkksa dh vk'kk dh tkrh gSA 4- fufèk varj.k dh lqfoèkk

chek {ks{ks=k=k
chek 207
 lwfp;ksa osQ uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj
pqfu,%
(a) osQoy 1
(b) osQoy 1 vkSj 4
(c) osQoy 2 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4
fMikWftV ba';ksjsal ,aM ØsfMV xkjaVh
dkWjiksjs'ku (DICGC)%
tek chek vkSj ØsfMV xkjaVh fuxe
xBu 15 tqykbZ 1978
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad] foÙk ea=kky; osQ
{ks=kkfèkdkj
rgrA
eq[;ky; eqacbZ] Hkkjr
tek chek vkSj ØsfMV xkjaVh fuxe vfèk-
dk;Zokgh djuk
fu;e 1961
z 1948 esa caxky esa foÙkh; ladV osQ ckn] cSadksa osQ ikl
lqjf{kr tek dh èkkj.kk ij igyh ckj è;ku x;kA
z 1949 esa bl eqís ij fiQj ls fopkj fd;k x;k] ysfdu bls
rc rd jksosQ j•us ij lgefr gqbZ tc rd fd Hkkjrh;
fjtoZ cSad cSad fujh{k.k osQ fy, mfpr O;oLFkk gkfly
ugha dj ysrkA mlosQ ckn] xzkeh.k cSafdax tkap lfefr us
1950 esa bl èkkj.kk dk leFkZu fd;kA
z 21 vxLr] 1961 dks fu{ksi chek fuxe (DIC) foèks;d
laln esa is'k fd;k x;kA laln }kjk vfèkfu;fer fd, tkus
osQ ckn] foèks;d dks 7 fnlacj] 1961 dks jk"Vªifr dh
LohÑfr çkIr gqbZ vkSj fu{ksi chek vfèkfu;e] 1961 1
tuojh] 1962 dks çHkko esa vk;kA
fMikWftV ba';ksjsal ,aM ØsfMV xkjaVh dkWjiksjs'ku
(DICGC)
z ;g RBI dk ,d fo'ks"k vuqHkkx gS tks foÙk ea=kky;] Hkkjr
ljdkj dks fjiksVZ djrk gSA
z bldh LFkkiuk tqykbZ] 1978 esa gqbZ Fkh] tks tek chek vkSj
ØsfMV lqfoèkk xkjaVh çnku djus osQ fy, 1961 osQ fMikWftV
ba';ksjsal ,aM ØsfMV xkjaVh dkWjiksjs'ku ,DV osQ rgr FkhA
z DICGC ,d cSad esa çfr tekdrkZ 500]000 #i;s dh lhek
rd cpr] lkofèk] pkyw vkSj vkorhZ tek lfgr lHkh cSad
tek dks doj djrk gSAA
z ljdkj us bldh lhek dks 1 ykls c<+kdj 5 ykdj fn;k
gSA (2020&21 osQ ctV osQ ckn)
208
lqèkkj
z foÙkh; m|ksx foèkk;h lqèkkj vk;ksx (,iQ,l,yvkjlh)
dh LFkkiuk ekpZ 2011 esa Hkkjr ljdkj osQ foÙk ea=kky;
}kjk Hkkjrh; foÙkh; {ks=k dh dkuwuh&laLFkkxr lajpuk dk
ewY;kadu vkSj iqufuZekZ.k djus osQ fy, dh xbZ FkhA
z FSLRC us viuh fjiksVZ esa tek chek&lg&fu;ked fudk;
lfgr lkr laxBuksa dh ,d fu;ked ç.kkyh dh odkyr
dhA
z FSLRC voèkkj.kk] lokZsÙke fo'oO;kih vH;kl ij
vkèkkfjr gS] ftlesa ,d ,dhÑr lekèkku fuxe 'kkfey gS
tks fofHkUu çdkj osQ foÙkh; laxBuksa tSls cSadksa vkSj chek
daifu;ksa ls fuiVsxk_ ;g osQoy ,d cSad tek chek fuxe
ugha gksxkA
z ;g mu lHkh foÙkh; laLFkkuksa ij è;ku osQafær djsxk tks
xzkgdksa dks mPp&LVsd dh xkjaVh nsrs gSa] tSls fd cSad] chek
daifu;k¡] ifjHkkf"kr ykHk isa'ku ;kstuk vkSj Hkqxrku ç.kkyhA
z bu lqèkkjksa dks ykxw djus osQ fy,] Hkkjr ljdkj us foÙkh;
lekèkku vkSj tek chek foèks;d] 2017 is'k fd;kA
Hkkjrh; fu;kZr ½.k xkjaVh fuxe (bZlhthlh)
,DliksVZ ØsfMV xkjaVh dkWjiksjs'ku vkWiQ bafM;k
LFkkfir 30 tqykbZ 1957
eq[;ky; eqacbZ] egkjk"Vª
{ks=k fu;kZr ½.k chek
ea=kky; okf.kT; vkSj m|ksx ea=kky;
z 1947 esa vktknh osQ rqjar ckn fu;kZr cktkjhdj.k vko';d
gks x;kA 1953 esa fu;kZr lykgdkj ifj"kn dh cSBd esa
fu;kZr ½.k xkjaVh ;kstuk dh LFkkiuk dk çLrko j•k x;kA
z okf.kT; vkSj m|ksx ea=kky; us fu;kZr ½.k chek dk;ZØe osQ
iQk;ns vkSj uqdlku dh vPNh rjg ls tkap dh] vkSj ;kstuk
osQ fy, elkSnk fcy çLrko 1955 esa fu;kZr lykgdkj
ifj"kn dks çLrqr fd;k x;kA
z ljdkj us diwj lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa dks viuk;k vkSj
fu;kZr tksf•e chek fuxe (ERIC) dks 30 tqykbZ] 1957 dks
eqacbZ esa ,d çkbosV fyfeVsM daiuh osQ :i esa LFkkfir fd;k
x;kA daiuh vfèkfu;e osQ rgr iathÑr daiuh ftldh
çnÙk iwath #- 25 ykvkSj vfèkÑr iwath #- 5 djksM+ gSA
z 1962 vkSj 1964 osQ chp cSadksa dks chek doj dh 'kq#vkr
osQ ckn] 1964 esa ,DliksVZ fjLd ba';ksjsal dkWjiksjs'ku dk
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 uke cnydj ,DliksVZ ØsfMV ,aM xkjaVh dkWjiksjs'ku fyfeVsM
dj fn;k x;kA
z 1983 esa] uke cnydj ,DliksVZ ØsfMV xkjaVh dkWjiksjs'ku
vkWiQ bafM;k fyfeVsM dj fn;k x;kA
z ckn esa vxLr 2014 esa bldk uke cnydj bZlhthlh
fyfeVsM dj fn;k x;kA
Hkkjrh; fu;kZr ½.k xkjaVh fuxe fyfeVsM
z bZlhthlh fyfeVsM jkT; osQ LokfeRo okyh fu;kZr ½.k
,tsalh gSA ;g Hkkjrh; fu;kZrdksa dks fu;kZr ½.k chek çnku
djrk gSA jk"Vªh; fu;kZr osQ dojst osQ ekeys esa] bZlhthlh
fyfeVsM nqfu;k dk NBk lcls cM+k ØsfMV chek gSA
dk;Z
fu;kZrdksa dks mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ fu;kZr esa gksus okys
z
uqdlku osQ fy, fofHkUu çdkj osQ ½.k tksf•e chek
dojst çnku djrk gSA
z fu;kZrdksa dks muls csgrj 'krZsa çkIr djus osQ fy, cSadksa vkSj
foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dks xkjaVh çnku djrk gSA
z fons'kh fuos'k chek mu Hkkjrh; m|eksa dks çnku fd;k tkrk
gS tks bfDoVh ;k ½.k vkSj vfxze osQ :i esa fons'kksa esa
la;qÙkQ m|eksa esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA
bZlhthlh }kjk çnÙk lqfoèkk,¡
z Hkqxrku tksf•eksa osQ f•ykiQ fu;kZrdksa dks chek çnku djrk
gSA
z fu;kZr ls lacafèkr dk;ks± ij lykg nsrk gSA
z dbZ ns'kksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh çnku djrk gS] çR;sd dh
viuh ØsfMV jsfVax gksrh gSA
z cSadksa vkSj foÙkh; laxBuksa ls fu;kZr foÙkiks"k.k çkIr djuk
vc cgqr vklku gks x;k gSA
z •jkc ½.k dh olwyh esa fu;kZrdksa dh lgk;rk djrk gS
z fons'kh •jhnkjksa dh lkosQ ckjs esa tkudkjh çnku djrk gSA
fu;kZr ½.k chek dh vko';drk
z lokZsÙke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh fu;kZr osQ fy, Hkqxrku tksf•e
Hkjk gSA
z ;q¼ ;k x`g;q¼ dh ?kks"k.kk tgkt ls Hksth tkus okyh
oLrqvksa osQ Hkqxrku dks jksd ldrh gS ;k Hkqxrku esa nsjh
dj ldrh gSA
z r[rkiyV ;k mxzokn dk Hkh ;gh çHkko gks ldrk gSA
vkfFkZd dfBukb;k¡ ;k Hkqxrku larqyu osQ eqís ljdkj dks
chek {ks{ks=k=k
chek
dqN oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr ;k vk;kfrr oLrqvksa osQ Hkqxrku osQ
gLrkarj.k ij lhek yxkus osQ fy, etcwj dj ldrs gSaA
z blosQ vykok] fu;kZrdksa dks xzkgd fnokfy;kiu ;k yacs
le; rd fMiQkWYV osQ O;kolkf;d tksf•eksa ls fuiVuk
pkfg,A
z jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd vfuf'prrk ,d fons'kh •jhnkj
osQ fnokfy;k gksus ;k Hkqxrku djus dh {kerk •ksus osQ
O;kolkf;d tksf•eksa dks c<+k nsrh gSA
z fu;kZr ½.k chek dk mís'; fu;kZrdksa dks jktuhfrd vkSj
vkfFkZd nksuksa rjg osQ Hkqxrku tksf•eksa osQ çHkkoksa ls cpkuk
gS] ftlls mUgsa uqdlku osQ Mj osQ fcuk viuh fons'kh daiuh
fodflr djus dh vuqefr feyrh gSA
fu;ked laLFkku% isa'ku fufèk fu;ked ,oa
fodkl çkfèkdj.k (ih,iQvkjMh,)
isa'ku fufèk fofu;ked vkSj fodkl çkfèkdj.k
(ih,iQvkjMh,)
Vkbi fu;ked laLFkk
m|ksx isa'ku
LFkkfir 23 vxLr 2003
eq[;ky; ubZ fnYyh] Hkkjr
Lokeh foÙk eaf=kRoA
z Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkkjr esa o`¼koLFkk vk; lqj{kk ls lacafèkr
uhfr dh tkap osQ fy, 1999 esa “OASIS" (o`¼koLFkk
lkekftd vkSj vk; lqj{kk osQ fy, ,d laf{kIr uke) uked
,d jk"VªO;kih ifj;kstuk 'kq: dhA
z OASIS fjiksVZ dh fliQkfj'kksa osQ vkèkkj ij] Hkkjr ljdkj
us orZeku ifjHkkf"kr ykHk isa'ku ç.kkyh dh txg] l'kL=k
cyksa osQ viokn osQ lkFk osQaæ@jkT; ljdkj osQ jkstxkj esa
u, ços'kdksa osQ fy, ,d ubZ ifjHkkf"kr va'knku isa'ku
ç.kkyh ykxw dhA
z varfje PFRDA dh LFkkiuk vxLr 2003 esa Hkkjrh; isa'ku
m|ksx dks c<+kok nsus] fodflr djus vkSj fofu;fer djus
osQ fy, Hkkjr ljdkj osQ ,d ladYi }kjk dh xbZ FkhA
z jk"Vªh; isa'ku ç.kkyh (,uih,l) 1 tuojh] 2004 dks ykxw
gqbZ FkhA ,uih,l dks rc LoSfPNd vkèkkj ij 1 ebZ] 2009
ls ns'k osQ lHkh ukxfjdksa osQ fy, foLrkfjr fd;k x;k Fkk]
ftlesa Lo&fu;ksftr is'ksoj vkSj vlaxfBr {ks=k osQ yksx
'kkfey FksA
z 19 flracj] 2013 dks ih,iQvkjMh, vfèkfu;e dks eatwjh
nh xbZA
209
z ih,iQvkjMh, ,uih,l dks fu;af=kr djrk gS] ftls Hkkjr
ljdkj] jkT; ljdkjksa] futh laLFkkuksa@laxBuksa vkSj vlaxfBr
{ks=kksa osQ deZpkfj;ksa }kjk xzg.k fd;k tkrk gSA
z çkfèkdj.k ,d vè;{k vkSj Ng ls vfèkd lnL;ksa ls cuk
gS] ftuesa ls de ls de rhu osQaæ ljdkj }kjk ukfer
iw.kZdkfyd deZpkjh gksus pkfg,A
jk"Vªh; isa'ku ç.kkyh (,uih,l)
z jk"Vªh; isa'ku ç.kkyh Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk LFkkfir ,d ifjHkkf"kr
va'knk;h isa'ku ç.kkyh gSA
z 1 tuojh] 2004 dks lHkh osQaæ ljdkj osQ deZpkfj;ksa osQ
fy, ;g vko';d gks x;kA
z 1 ebZ 2009 ls ;g LoSfPNd vkèkkj ij vlaxfBr {ks=k osQ
yksxksa lfgr Hkkjr osQ lHkh ukxfjdksa osQ fy, •qyk gSA
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad (RBI) us vfuoklh Hkkjrh;ksa (NRI)
dks 29 vDVwcj] 2015 ls NPS dh lnL;rk ysus dh
vuqefr nhA
z vkslhvkbZ (Hkkjr osQ fons'kh ukxfjd) vkSj ihvkbZvks
(Hkkjrh; ewy osQ O;fÙkQ) dkMZ èkkjd vkSj fganw vfoHkkftr
ifjokj (,p;w,iQ) ,uih,l osQ fy, ik=k ugha gSaA
fefuee ,';ksMZ fjVuZ Ldhe (MARS)
PFRDA us MARS dk lq>ko fn;k gS] tks cprdrkZvksa
z çkfèkdj.k vfèkfu;e] 1999
vkSj osruHkksxh O;fÙkQ;ksa dks muosQ fuos'k osQ fy, ,d
fodYi nsxkA
z fjVuZ% fuos'kdksa dks xkjaVhM fjVuZ nsus okyh isa'ku fu;ked
dh ;g igyh ;kstuk gksxhA
z fodkl% çcaèku osQ rgr Hkkjr dh isa'ku laifÙk igys gh 7
ykdjksM+ #i;s dks ikj dj pqdh gS vkSj foÙk o"kZ 2021&22
osQ var rd 7-5 ykdjksM+ #i;s rd igqapus dh laHkkouk gSA
z 2030 rd] PFRDA dks 30 ykdjksM+ #i;s osQAUM (,lsV
vaMj eSustesaV) gksus dh mEehn gSA
z eklZ osQ rgr ih,iQvkjMh, dk çLrko%
z fjVuZ% ,d vyx dk;ZØe osQ fy, tks ,uih,l (us'kuy
isa'ku flLVe) mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks çnku dj ldrk gS] fo'ks"k
:i ls tks tksf•e ls cpus okys gSa] fjVuZ dh xkjaVhÑr
U;wure njA orZeku esa] ,uih,l cktkj dh fLFkfr;ksa osQ
vkèkkj ij okf"kZd fjVuZ çnku djrk gSA
z ra=k% okLrfod çfriQy cktkj dh fLFkfr;ksa }kjk fuèkkZfjr
fd;k tk,xkA çk;kstd fdlh Hkh deh dks iwjk djsxk]
vkSj fdlh Hkh çdkj dk vfèk'ks"k xzkgdksa osQ •krksa esa tek
fd;k tk,xkA
fu;ked laLFkku % Hkkjrh; chek fu;ked
vkSj fodkl çkfèkdj.k (IRDAI)
chek fu;ked vkSj fodkl çkfèkdj.k
xBu 1999
dkuwuh ntkZ lkafofèkd fudk;
chek fu;ked vkSj fodkl
dk;Zokgh djuk
eq[;ky; gSnjkckn
{ks=k Hkkjr dk chek
ea=kky; foÙk e=kkay;

foÙk ea=kky; Hkkjr

ljdkj

chek fofu;ked vkSj

fodkl izkf/dj.k

thou chek lkekU; chek fof'k"V chekdrkZ LVSaMvyksu LokLF; iquchZek (fons'kh iquchZekdrhZ
(24 Iys;j) (27 Iys;j) (2 Iys;j) chek (7 Iys;j) 'kk[kvksa@ykW;M~l bafM;k
lfgr) (12 Iys;j)

lkoZtfud (1) lkoZtfud (6) lkoZtfud (6) futh (7) lkoZtfud (1)

futh (23) futh (21) futh (11)

210 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z 1914 esa] Hkkjr ljdkj us chek daifu;ksa osQ ifj.kkeksa dks
lkoZtfud djuk 'kq: fd;kA
z 1912 dk Hkkjrh; thou vk'oklu daiuh vfèkfu;e
thou chek m|ksx dks lapkfyr djus okyk igyk ljdkjh
vfèkfu;e FkkA
z Hkkjrh; chek daiuh vfèkfu;e 1928 esa ikfjr fd;k x;k
Fkk rkfd ljdkj Hkfo"; chek laxBuksa lfgr Hkkjrh; vkSj
varjkZ"Vªh; chekdrkZvksa }kjk Hkkjr esa fd, x, thou vkSj
xSj&thou O;olk; nksuksa ij lkaf[;dh; MsVk ,d=k dj
losQA
z chek turk osQ fgrksa dh j{kk osQ fy,] fiNys dkuwu dks
1938 osQ chek vfèkfu;e }kjk ,dhÑr vkSj la'kksfèkr fd;k
x;k Fkk] ftlesa chekdrkZvksa osQ dk;ks± ij çHkkoh fujh{k.k
osQ fy, O;kid mik; 'kkfey FksA
z esUl ,tsafl;ksa dks 1950 osQ chek la'kksèku vfèkfu;e }kjk
Hkax dj fn;k x;k FkkA
z gkyk¡fd] dbZ chek daifu;k¡ Fkha] vkSj çfrLièkkZ Hk;adj FkhA
z vuqfpr O;olk; çFkk,a Hkh fo|eku FkhaA
z ifj.kkeLo:i] Hkkjr ljdkj us chek m|ksx dk jk"Vªh;dj.k
djuk pqukA
tuojh 1956 esa] thou chek O;olk; dk jk"Vªh;dj.k djus osQ
fy, ,d vè;kns'k ikfjr fd;k x;k vkSj mlh o"kZ thou chek
fuxe dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
,yvkbZlh us 154 Hkkjrh; chekdrkZvksa] 16 xSj&Hkkjrh;
chekdrkZvksa vkSj 75 çksfoMsaV lkslk;fV;ksa dks lekfgr fd;k]
dqy feykdj 245 Hkkjrh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; chekdrkZA
1990 osQ n'kd osQ var rd ,yvkbZlh dk ,dkfèkdkj Fkk] tc
chek m|ksx dks çfrLièkkZ osQ fy, fiQj ls •ksy fn;k x;k FkkA
z eYgks=kk lfefr
z 1999 esa] IRDAI dks eYgks=kk lfefr dh fjiksVZ dh
fliQkfj'kksa osQ tokc esa chek cktkj dks fofu;fer djus
vkSj c<+kok nsus osQ fy, ,d Lok;Ùk ,tsalh osQ :i esa
LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
z vçSy 2000 esa] IRDA dks ,d foèkk;h laxBu osQ :i esa
LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
z IRDA osQ çeqmís';
z chek {ks=k dh foÙkh; lqn`<+rk dh xkjaVh osQ lkFk&lkFk
foLrkfjr miHkksÙkQk ilan vkSj de njksa osQ ekè;e ls xzkgdksa
çlUurk esa lqèkkj osQ fy, çfrLièkkZ dks çksRlkfgr fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
z lajpuk
chek {ks{ks=k=k
chek
z çkfèkdj.k dh lajpuk IRDAI vfèkfu;e 1999 dh èkkjk
4 esa fufnZ"V gSA
z ;g ,d nl lnL;h; lfefr gS ftlesa ,d vè;{k] ikap
iw.kZdkfyd vkSj pkj va'kdkfyd lnL; Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk
euksuhr fd, tkrs gSaA
dk;Z% IRDA vfèkfu;e] 1999 dh èkkjk 14 IRDAI osQ
dk;ks± dks fuèkkZfjr djrh gS%
z chek {ks=k fofu;eu vkSj xzkgd laj{k.k
z xzkgdksa dh larqf"V esa lqèkkj osQ fy, çfrLièkkZ dks çksRlkfgr
fd;k tkrk gSA
z chek is'ksoj laxBuksa dks c<+kok nsuk
z chek eè;LFk ykblsaflax vkSj ekudhdj.k
z chek {ks=k dh foÙkh; lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, çhfe;e
de djukA
z chek O;olk;ksa osQ fy, foÙkh; fjiksfVZax ekudksa dks ifjHkkf"kr
djuk
z ikWfylhèkkjd udnh osQ chek iQeks± osQ fuos'k dks fofu;fer
djuk
z chek daifu;ksa dks viuk lkWYosalh ekftZu cuk, j•uk
pkfg,A
z ;g xzkeh.k {ks=kksa vkSj lekt osQ detksj fgLlksa esa chek
dojst lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, eksckby&vkèkkfjr vkSj
çkS|ksfxdh&lapkfyr lekèkkuksa lfgr] ;fn vko';d gks] rks
forj.k lajpuk esa lek;kstu dh Hkh lykg nsxkA
iquchZek
z iquchZek dks vDlj chekdrkZ chek ;k LVkWi&ykWl chek osQ
:i esa lanfHkZr fd;k tkrk gSA iquchZek ,d chek nkos ls
mRiUu gksus okys cM+s nkf;Ro dk Hkqxrku djus dh laHkkouk
dks de djus osQ fy, fdlh çdkj osQ le>kSrs osQ ekè;e
ls vius tksf•e iksVZiQksfy;ks osQ oxks± dks vU; ikfVZ;ksa dks
LFkkukarfjr djus dh çfØ;k gSA
z iquchZekdrkZ og O;fÙkQ gksrk gS tks chek çhfe;e osQ ,d
fgLls osQ cnys laHkkfor ftEesnkjh osQ ,d fgLls dks xzg.k
djrk gSA
z iquchZek] nkosnkjksa dks fn, x, dqN ;k lHkh èku dh olwyh
djosQ chekdrkZvksa dks O;olk; esa cus jgus esa enn djrk
gSA
z iquchZek cM+s ;k dbZ uqdlkuksa osQ f•ykiQ vkink lqj{kk çnku
djrs gq, O;fÙkQxr tksf•eksa ij 'kq¼ ns;rk dks de djrk gSA
211
z ;g n`f"Vdks.k Hkh tksf•e dh ek=kk vkSj vkdkj osQ lanHkZ
esa viuh vaMjjkbfVax {kerkvksa dk foLrkj djus osQ fy,]
lhfMax O;olk;ksa] ;k iquchZek dh ekax djus okyksa dks
vuqefr nsrk gSA
ykHk%
z iquchZek] vlkekU; vkSj cM+h ?kVukvksa osQ ?kfVr gksus ij
foÙkh; Hkkj dk çfrjksèk djus dh {kerk dks c<+kdj chekdrkZ
dks mldh bfDoVh vkSj lkWYosalh osQ fy, vfrfjÙkQ lqj{kk
çnku djrk gSA
z iquchZek osQ ekè;e ls] chekdrkZ mu uhfr;ksa dks vaMjjkbV
dj ldrs gSa tks ç'kklfud •pks± dks c<+k, fcuk tksf•e
dh vfèkd ek=kk ;k ek=kk dks doj djrh gSaA
z muosQ lkWYosalh ekftZu dks iwjk djus osQ fy,] vkSj iquchZek
chekdrkZvksa dks vR;fèkd uqdlku dh fLFkfr esa dkiQh rjy
laifÙk çnku djrk gSA
z tkjh dh xbZ uhfr;ksa osQ rgr lHkh laHkkfor nkoksa dks doj
djus osQ fy, chekdrkZvksa osQ ikl dkuwu }kjk i;kZIr HkaMkj
gksuk vko';d gSA
iquchZek osQ çdkj
z ,sfPNd dojst
z bl çdkj dk dojst ,d chek çnkrk dks osQoy ,d
fuf'pr O;fÙkQ] tksf•e ;k vuqcaèk osQ fy, doj djrk
gSA ;fn dbZ tksf•eksa ;k vuqcaèkksa dk iquchZek fd;k tkuk
pkfg,] rks çR;sd ij Lora=k :i ls ckrphr dh tkuh
pkfg,A iquchZekdrkZ osQ ikl oSdfYid iquchZek çLrko dks
Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj djus dk iw.kZ foosd gSA
z iquchZek lafèk
z ,d oSdfYid uhfr osQ foijhr ,d lafèk uhfr] çfr tksf•e
;k vuqcaèk osQ vkèkkj osQ ctk; ,d fuf'pr vofèk osQ
fy, ykxw gksrh gSA iquchZekdrkZ vuqcaèk osQ thou osQ fy,
doj fd, tk jgs chek O;olk; }kjk fd, x, tksf•eksa osQ
lHkh ;k ,d fgLls dk Hkqxrku djus osQ fy, lger gSA
z vkuqikfrd iquchZek
z iquchZekdrkZ dks bl çdkj osQ dojst osQ rgr doj dh
tk jgh chek daiuh }kjk csph xbZ lHkh ikWfyfl;ksa osQ fy,
çhfe;e dk ,d lekuqikfrd fgLlk feysxkA
z urhtru] tc nkos nk;j fd, tkrs gSa] rks iquchZekdrkZ dks
uqdlku osQ çfr'kr dk Hkh lkeuk djuk iM+sxkA
z iquchZekdrkZ }kjk lk>k fd, x, çhfe;e vkSj uqdlku dk
vuqikr ,d lger&çfr'kr }kjk fuèkkZfjr fd;k tk,xkA
212
z iquchZek iQeZ vkuqikfrd dojst esa lHkh çlaLdj.k] O;kikj
vfèkxzg.k vkSj ys•u ykxrksa osQ fy, chek daiuh dks
{kfriwfrZ Hkh djsxhA
z ,sls 'kqYd] ftUgsa dHkh&dHkh lhfMax deh'ku osQ :i esa
tkuk tkrk gSA
z xSj&vkuqikfrd iquchZek
z ,d xSj&vkuqikfrd dojst esa] iquchZekdrkZ osQoy rHkh
'kkfey gksxk tc chek daiuh osQ uqdlku ,d fuf'pr Lrj
ls vfèkd gks tkrs gSa] ftls çkFkfedrk ;k çfrèkkj.k lhek
osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA urhtru] iquchZekdrkZ osQ ikl
chek çnkrk osQ çhfe;e vkSj uqdlku dk vkuqikfrd fgLlk
ugha gksrk gSA fdlh fof'k"V çdkj osQ tksf•e ;k laiw.kZ
O;kolkf;d Js.kh osQ fy, çkFkfedrk ;k çfrèkkj.k çfrcaèk
fuèkkZfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z uqdlku dh vfèkdrk osQ fy, iquchZek
z ;g ,d çdkj dk xSj&vkuqikfrd dojst gS ftlesa osQoy
chek daiuh dh çfrèkkj.k lhek ls vfèkd gksus okys uqdlku
dks iquchZekdrkZ }kjk doj fd;k tk,xkA
z bl çdkj osQ vuqcaèk dks tks vyx djrk gS og ;g gS
fd bldk mi;ksx vDlj foifÙkiw.kZ ?kVukvksa osQ fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA ;g chek iQeZ dks ;k rks çfr ?kVuk ;k iwoZ fuèkkZfjr
le; vofèk esa lHkh lap;h uqdlkuksa osQ fy, doj dj
ldrk gSA
z fjLd vVSpesaV osQ lkFk iquchZek
z iquchZek dojst dh çHkkoh vofèk osQ Hkhrj fd, x, lHkh
ikWfylh nkoksa dks vuqcaèk osQ bl :i osQ rgr doj fd;k
tk,xk] Hkys gh uqdlku dojst vofèk osQ ckgj gqvk gksA
blosQ foijhr] dojst vofèk osQ ckgj mRiUu gksus okys
nkoksa osQ fy, dksbZ dojst çnku ugha fd;k tk,xk] Hkys
gh iquchZek vuqcaèk dh vofèk osQ nkSjku uqdlku gqvk gksA
z ?kkVs dk chek
z ;g ,d çdkj dh lafèk dojst gS ftlesa chek daiuh
iquchZek vuqcaèk dh vofèk osQ nkSjku gksus okys lHkh
uqdlkuksa dks ,d=k dj ldrh gSA tkap djus osQ fy, lcls
egRoiw.kZ dlkSVh ;g gS fd uqdlku dc gqvk] u fd rc
tc nkos nk;j fd, x, FksA
z uohure fodkl
z Hkkjr esa fons'kh iquchZekdrkZvksa osQ O;olk; dks c<+kus osQ
fy,] chek fu;ked IRDAI us 20 tuojh] 2022 ls jkT; osQ
LokfeRo okyh GIC Re osQ fy, ?kjsyw lkekU; chek cktkj ls
5» ls 4» rd vko';d NwV osQ vuqikr dks de dj fn;kA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z 2020&21 esa] Hkkjrh; lkekU; chek cktkj 2 ykdjksM+ #i;s
ls vfèkd dk FkkA fiNys nks o"kks± dks NksM+dj fiNys o"kks± esa
bldk foLrkj 15» ls vfèkd dh nj ls gqvk gS] tc blus
dksfoM&19 egkekjh osQ dkj.k xaHkhj ckèkkvksa dk vuqHko
fd;k gS vkSj 10» ls de dh nj ls c<+k gSA
z foÙk o"kZ 2020&21 esa] Hkkjrh; iquchZek m|ksx dk ewY;
yxHkx 55]000 djksM+ #i;s gksus dh mEehn gSA
z ljdkj us lkseokj dks ubZ vfuok;Z l=k ek=kk dh ?kks"k.kk
dh] tks 1 vçSy] 2022 dks çHkkoh gksxhA
z ?kjsyw lkekU; chekdrkZvksa dks vkus okys foÙkh; o"kZ esa csph
tkus okyh çR;sd lkekU; chek ikWfylh ij vius çhfe;e
dk 4» GIC #i;s dk Hkqxrku djuk gksxkA
z vfuok;Z viZ.k (Obligatory cession) 10» Fkk] ftls
ckn esa ?kVkdj 5» dj fn;k x;k Fkk] vkSj Hkkjr esa lapkyu
okys varjkZ"Vªh; iquchZekdrkZ vuqjksèk dj jgs gSa fd Hkkjrh;
iquchZek m|ksx esa ,d fu"i{k {ks=k çnku djus osQ fy, GIC
Re osQ fy, vfuok;Z viZ.k dks iwjh rjg ls gVk fn;k tk,A
vfuok;Z viZ.k
z ;g ,d lkekU; chek daiuh osQ O;olk; dk fgLlk
gS ftls jk"Vªh; iquchZekdrkZ GIC Re dks lkSaiuk pkfg,A
ekbØks&ba';ksjsal
ekbØksba';ksjsal de vk; okys O;fÙkQ;ksa dks vkorhZ çhfe;e
Hkqxrkuksa osQ cnys esa fof'k"V tksf•eksa ls cpkrk gS tks 'kkfey
tksf•eksa dh laHkkouk vkSj O;; osQ vuqikr esa gksrs gSaA
eq[; vk;ke%
z lekt osQ vkfFkZd :i ls detksj fgLlksa osQ chp chek
dojst dks çksRlkfgr djus osQ fy,] Hkkjrh; chek fu;ked
vkSj fodkl çkfèkdj.k us ,d fof'k"V çdkj dh chek
;kstuk 'kq: dh gS ftls ekbØks&chek ikWfylh osQ :i esa
tkuk tkrk gSA ekbØks&ba';ksjsal dks IRDA ekbØks&ba';ksjsal
jsxqys'ku] 2005 osQ rgr ifjHkkf"kr vkSj l{ke fd;k x;k gSA
z ekbØks&ba';ksjsal ikWfylh 50]000 #i;s ls de dh chek
jkf'k okyh lkekU; ;k thou chek ikWfylh gSA
lw{e chek% lkekU;
z LokLF; chek osQ fy, vuqcaèk
z futh laifÙk ls tqM+k dksbZ Hkh vuqcaèk
z >ksiM+h
z i'kq
z midj.k ;k vkStkj
chek {ks{ks=k=k
chek
z dksbZ O;fÙkQxr pksV vuqcaèk
z bls O;fÙkQxr :i ls ;k lewgksa esa fd;k tk ldrk gS
lw{e chek% thou
z çhfe;e fjiQaM osQ lkFk ;k mlosQ fcuk VeZ ba';ksjsal ikWfylhA
z dksbZ cankscLrh chek ikWfylh ;k vuqcaèk
z LokLF; chek osQ fy, ,d vuqcaèk
z muosQ ikl nq?kZVuk ykHk jkbMj gks ldrk gS ;k ughaA
z ;k rks vosQys ;k lewgksa esa
ekbØksba';ksjsal fMyhojh osQ rjhosQ%
lw{e chek çnku djuk dfBu gSA blesa dbZ rjhosQ vkSj ekWMy
miyCèk gSa] tks 'kkfey daiuh] laLFkku vkSj çnkrk osQ vkèkkj ij
fHkUu gks ldrs gSaA
z ikVZuj&,tsaV ekWMy% ekbØksba';ksjsal Ldhe vkSj ,d ,tsaV
bl voèkkj.kk dks cukus osQ fy, lg;ksx djrs gSaA dqN
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] ,d r`rh;&i{k LokLF; lsok çnkrk 'kkfey
gksrk gSA
z iw.kZ&lsok dk ekWMy% blesa] ekbØksba';ksjsal ;kstuk ckgjh
LokLF; lsok çnkrkvksa osQ lg;ksx ls mRikn fuekZ.k vkSj
xzkgdksa dks forj.k lfgr gj pht dk çHkkjh gSA
z çnkrkvksa ij vkèkkfjr ekWMy% LokLF; lsok çnkrk
ekbØksba';ksjsal ;kstuk gS] vkSj ;g iw.kZ&lsok ekWMy osQ
leku gh lHkh lapkyu] forj.k] fMtkbu vkSj lsok osQ
fy, ftEesnkj gSA
z leqnk;@ikjLifjd lgk;rk dk ekWMy% lc dqN
ikWfylhèkkjdksa ;k xzkgdksa }kjk ç'kkflr fd;k tkrk gS] tks
lsok,a çnku djus osQ fy, ckgjh LokLF; lsok çnkrkvksa osQ
lkFk lg;ksx djrs gSaA
uohure fodkl%
z IRDAI us ÚhLVSafMax lw{e&chek O;olk;ksa ij ,d
voèkkj.kk i=k rS;kj djus osQ fy, iQjojh 2020 esa ,d
lfefr dk xBu fd;kA
z ekbØks&chek mRikn dqN lalkèkuksa osQ lkFk de vk; okyh
vkcknh dks dojst çnku djrs gSa vkSj eq[; :i ls de
ewY; dh laifÙk osQ fy, fMtkbu fd, x, gSaA
z ,slk djus osQ fy,] 10&lnL;h; iSuy dks Úh&LVSafMax
ekbØks&ba';ksjsal iQeks± osQ xBu dh mi;qÙkQrk vkSj O;ogk;Zrk
dk fo'ys"k.k djuk pkfg,_ dkuwuh vkSj fu;ked <kaps dh
leh{kk djsa tks ,slh daiuh dks vfLrRo esa j•us dh vuqefr
nsxk] vkSj çfr O;fÙkQ vfèkdre chek jkf'k fuèkkZfjr djsxk
ftls çLrkfor iQeZ Lohdkj djsxhA
213
lqjs'k ekFkqj lfefr
z Hkkjrh; chek fofu;ked vkSj fodkl çkfèkdj.k (IRDAI)
us gky gh esa vçSy 2019 esa lw{e chek ij fu;ked
okrkoj.k dk ewY;kadu djus vkSj ,sls mRiknksa dh ekax
dks çksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, j.kuhfr lq>kus osQ fy, ,d
13&lnL;h; lfefr dk xBu fd;kA IRDAI osQ dk;Zdkjh
funs'kd lqjs'k ekFkqj dh ns•jsesa lfefr dks xzkgd vuqdwy
gkehnkjh osQ lkFk mRikn fMtkbu fodflr djus dk dke
lkSaik x;k gSA
chek ços'k vkSj chek ?kuRo dh voèkkj.kk
chek ços'k
z chek ços'k ns'k osQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (thMhih) esa chek
çhfe;e dk çfr'kr ;ksxnku gSA
z mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn dksbZ ns'k 10 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj
dk dqy chek çhfe;e vftZr djrk gS vkSj mlh le;
osQ fy, mldk ldy ?kjsyw mRikn 100 fcfy;u vejhdh
MkWyj gS] rks chek ços'k 10» (;kuh 10 fcfy;u vejhdh
MkWyj@100 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj * 100) gSA
chek ?kuRo
z nwljh vksj] iwjh vkcknh osQ fy, chek çhfe;e dk vuqikr
chek ?kuRo osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
z ;g bafxr djrk gS fd ns'k esa çR;sd O;fÙkQ çhfe;e osQ
ekeys esa chek ij fdruk Hkqxrku djrk gSA
z nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ;g ns'k dk çfr O;fÙkQ çhfe;e gS] ftldh
x.kuk tula[;k }kjk dqy chek çhfe;e dks foHkkftr djosQ
dh tkrh gSA
z mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn mijksÙkQ mnkgj.k esa ns'k dh vkcknh
10 fefy;u gS] rks chek ?kuRo (çfr O;fÙkQ çhfe;e)
USD1]000 gksxkA
tkudkjh
z Hkkjr esa] thou chek çhfe;e #i;s rd igqapus dk vuqeku
gSA FY31 rd 24 ykdjksM+A
z FY21 esa Hkkjr esa] chek ços'k 4-2» Fkk] thou chek ços'k
3-2» vkSj xSj&thou chek ços'k 1-0» FkkA
z FY21 esa Hkkjr osQ lexz ?kuRo esa chek ?kuRo US$78 FkkA
z 1 tuojh] 2021 ls 'kq: gksus okyh ,d ekud VeZ ba';ksjsal
ikWfylh] ljy thou chek dk ykWUp] Hkkjr esa ,d ubZ vkSj
cM+h xzkgd Js.kh esa chek ços'k nj esa lqèkkj vkSj o`f¼ djus
dk bjknk j•rk gSA
•jkc chek ços'k osQ dkj.k
vkbZvkjMh, dh okf"kZd fjiksVZ vkSj vU; ljdkjh dkxtkr osQ
fofHkUu laLdj.kksa osQ vuqlkj] ns'k esa chek ços'k vkSj ?kuRo osQ
vfodflr gksus osQ fy, ftEesnkj dbZ dkj.k jgs gSa&
z lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ chek dh foÙkh; fLFkfr vPNh ugha gS
z chek oLrqvksa esa vi;kZIr fuos'k
z vke turk dbZ uhfr;ksa ls vufHkK gksrh gS
z mRikn ewY; fuèkkZj.k osQ eqís
z dbZ m|ksxksa esa HkhM+HkkM+
z xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa futh chekdrkZvksa dh igqap de gS
z tfVy vkSj le; ysus okyh nkok fuiVku çfØ;k,a
z chek daifu;ksa dh uhfr;k¡ vkSj fu;e èkqaèkys gksrs gSa vkSj
mUgsa le>uk eqf'dy gksrk gS
z yksxksa esa f'k{kk vkSj tkx:drk dh deh
z fuEu vk; Lrj okyh tula[;k
z lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd igyw
z m|ksx esa] fu"i{k {ks=kksa deh gS] vkSj fu;ked lajpuk de
thoar gSA

Insurance Penetration (PremiumsAs % of GDP) Insurance Density (Premiums Per Capita) (US$)

5 90
78
80 74
3.8 73 19
4 3.7 3.7 1.0 70 19
3.4 3.5 18
3.3 1.0 0.9 59.7
0.9 60 55 54.7
0.7 0.7 0.8 13.2 59.0
3 3.6 11 11.5 55.0 55.0
2.8 50
2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.7
40 44.0 43.2 46.5
2
30
1 20
10
0 0
FY15 FY16 FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21 FY15 FY16 FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20
Life Non-Life Life Non-Life

js•kadu% o"kks± esa chek dh c<+rh igqap vkSj l?kurk

214 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
chek {ks=k dh vko';drk vkSj egRo
z thou chek }kjk cpr dks çksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd
fu;fer çhfe;e Hkqxrku O;ofLFkr cpr dh vuqefr nsrk
gSA thou chek fuos'k osQ ,d :i osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk
gS tks cpr dks çksRlkfgr djrk gS vkSj çhfe;e dk Hkqxrku
djosQ iSls cpkus dh vknr Mkyrk gSA
z foÙkh; lalkèku% larks"ktud lafonkRed vkSj fu;ked
ekudksa osQ lkFk&lkFk foÙkh; lalkèkuksa dk çek.k çnku djosQ
dkuwuh ekunaMksa dks iwjk djrk gSA
z vkfFkZd fodkl% ?kjsyw cpr dks xfr'khy cukdj chek
dk i;kZIr vkfFkZd çHkko iM+rk gSA chek ,df=kr udnh
dks ykHknk;d m|eksa esa cny nsrk gSA bldk eryc ;g
gS fd chek ,d vFkZO;oLFkk dh nh?kZdkfyd le`f¼ osQ
fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA
z fpfdRlk lgk;rk% fpfdRlk chek mu chek mRiknksa esa ls
,d gS tks LokLF; tksf•eksa osQ dbZ :iksa dks doj djrk
gSA fpfdRlk chek dojst dh fLFkfr esa] chekèkkjd dks
fpfdRlk lgk;rk çkIr gksrh gSA
z tksf•e gLrkarj.k% chek chekèkkjd ls chekdrkZ dks
tksf•e osQ gLrkarj.k dh vuqefr nsrk gSA chek dk ewy
vkèkkj dbZ yksxksa ij tksf•e iQSykuk gSA cgqr ls yksx chek
;kstuk •jhnrs gSa vkSj chekdrkZ dks ekfld çhfe;e dk
Hkqxrku djrs gSaA tc uqdlku gksrk gS] rks bldk Hkqxrku
chekdrkZ osQ iSls ls fd;k tkrk gSA
z osQ'k Ýyks vfuf'prrk% osQ'k Ýyks vfuf'prrk dk çcaèku
djrk gS tc uqdlku osQ nkSjku Hkqxrku {kerk xaHkhj :i
ls de gks tkrh gSA
z lqj{kk vkSj lqj{kk% chek O;olk; vkSj O;fÙkQxr thou esa
vfuf'prrk dks de djrs gq, foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku djrk
gSA ;g fdlh fof'k"V ?kVuk osQ f•ykiQ lqj{kk vkSj lqj{kk
çnku djrk gSA
z foÙkh; lalkèku mRiUu djrk gS% chek çhfe;e ,d=k
djosQ foÙkh; lalkèku mRiUu djrk gSA ;s iQaM ljdkjh
çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk bfDoVh esa fuos'k djrs gSaA vfrfjÙkQ
udnh mRiUu djus osQ fy, bu iSlksa dk ns'k osQ vkS|ksfxd
fodkl esa ykHkçn :i ls mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] tks rc
ns'k osQ vkfFkZd fodkl osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
z fuos'k dks"k dk lzksr% fuos'k dks"k osQ lzksr osQ :i esa
chfer O;fÙkQ osQ lalkèkuksa dk dq'ky mi;ksxA ;g fuos'k
udnh dk ,d lzksr çnku djrk gSA çhfe;e chekdrkZvksa
}kjk ,d=k fd, tkrs gSa vkSj fofHkUu çdkj osQ fuos'k okguksa
esa fuos'k fd, tkrs gSaA
chek {ks{ks=k=k
chek
z lkekftd cks> de djrk gS% ;g fcuk eqvkots okys
nq?kZVuk ihfM+rksa vkSj lkekftd vfuf'prrk dks de djosQ
lkekftd cks> dks de djrk gSA
chek {ks=k osQ fy, pqukSfr;k¡
z chekdrkZvksa osQ ikl iwath dh deh%
z Hkkjr esa chekdrkZvksa osQ ikl i;kZIr iwath dh deh gS] vkSj
mudk foÙkh; LokLF;] fo'ks"k :i ls lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ
chekdrkZvksa dk] vfLFkj gSA
z blosQ vykok] dqy cSafdax vkSj ,uch,iQlh m|ksxksa dks
ladV ls uqdlku gqvkA
z tksf•e iwy dk foHkktu%
z ljdkj }kjk çk;ksftr chek dk;ZØeksa dh cgqyrk] vksojySi
vkSj vfrjsd osQ ifj.kkeLo:i tksf•e iwy dks foHkkftr
fd;k x;k gSA
z n feflax fefMy%
z xjhc fgLls osQ xjhc fgLls vkSj rqyukRed :i ls le`¼
yksx ;k rks lfClMh okys LokLF; chek (xjhcksa osQ fy,)
;k lkekftd LokLF; chek (laxfBr {ks=k osQ fy,) osQ
fy, ;ksX; ugha gSaA
z i;kZIr èku dk vHkko%
z Hkkjr esa chek osQ ikl i;kZIr iwath dh deh gS] vkSj mudk
foÙkh; LokLF; vfLFkj gS] fo'ks"k :i ls lkoZtfud {ks=k
osQ chekdrkZvksa osQ fy,A
z Hkkjh chek varj%
z oSf'od Lrj dh rqyuk esa chek iSB de gSA Hkkjrh;
vkcknh osQ cM+s {ks=k chekÑr ugha gSa] tks ,d chek varj
dks n'kkZrk gSA
z xzkeh.k&'kgjh foHkktu%
z xzkeh.k chekdrkZ dh Hkkxhnkjh de jgrh gS] vkSj thou
chekdrkZ] fo'ks"k :i ls futh] 'kgjh vkcknh dh vksj
vkdf"kZr gksrs gSaA
z lkoZtfud O;olk; dk çHkqRo%
z gkykafd chek {ks=k ,d fo'ks"k jkT; osQ ,dkfèkdkj ls ,d
çfrLièkhZ cktkj esa ifjofrZr gks x;k gS] ysfdu la[;k esa
de gksus osQ ckotwn lkoZtfud {ks=k dh chek daifu;ksa osQ
ikl cM+k cktkj fgLlk gSA
z mHkjrs gq, xSj&thou chek%
z xSj&thou chek {ks=k (25-3») dh rqyuk esa thou chek
m|ksx dk çfr'kr (74-7») dgha vfèkd cM+k gSA
215
vkxs dh jkg
z dqN {ks=kksa esa fodkl%
z foÙkh; lekos'ku ij ljdkj osQ c<+rs tksj osQ dkj.k lw{e
chek esa o`f¼A
z yxkrkj fodkl'khy okgu {ks=k osQ ifj.kkeLo:i vkWVkseksckby
chek dh ekax esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
z ekpZ 2021 esa xSj&thou chek cktkj esa LokLF; chek iQeks±
esa 41» dh o`f¼ gqbZ] D;ksafd COVID&19 o`f¼ osQ chp
LokLF; chek mRiknksa dh ekax esa c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gSA
z ns'k osQ chek foLrkj esa lewg chek dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
jgk gSA
fMftVy foeè;LFkrk%
z Hkkjrh; chek dkjksckj esa fMftVy fofuos'k esa rsth vk
jgh gSA
z baVjusV chek cspus okys LVkVZ&vi dh la[;k esa o`f¼ gqbZ
gS] ftlesa ikWfylh cktkj lcls çeqgSA
z ikWfylh cktkj] ftls lkWÝVcSad vkSj flaxkiqj osQ Vseklsd }
kjk lefFkZr gS] dh vkWuykbu chek fcØh esa 50» cktkj
fgLlsnkjh gS vkSj 2021 esa ;w,l vkSj Hkkjr esa fyfLVax osQ
lkFk vkbZihvks dh ;kstuk gSA
z blh rjg Hkkjrh; LVkVZ&vi chek rd xzkgdksa dh igqap
c<+kus ij dke dj jgs gSaA
foÙkh; m|ksx esa o`f¼%
z dqy feykdj foÙkh; m|ksx dk fodkl & vfèkd fMLikstscy
èku osQ lkFk c<+rh dkedkth vkcknhA
z chek tSlh foÙkh; oLrqvksa osQ ckjs esa tkx:drk c<+kukA
n{krk vkSj uokpkj%
z laHkkfor chek miHkksÙkQkvksa] fofHkUu m|ksxksa] NksVs vkSj eè;e
vkdkj osQ O;olk;ksa vkSj cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa osQ yksxksa vkSj
O;olk;ksa esa o`f¼A
z daiuh osQ O;kolk;hdj.k osQ ifj.kkeLo:i chek txr dk
foLrkjA
z Hkkjrh; chek O;olk; esa IoT dk vuqç;ksx VsyheSfVDl vkSj
DykbaV tksf•e ewY;kadu ls ijs foLrkfjr gqvk gSA
z ,l,aMih Xykscy baMLVªh baVsfytsal osQ vuqlkj] Hkkjr
,f'k;k&ç'kkar {ks=k esa nwljk lcls cM+k chek çkS|ksfxdh
cktkj gS] tks ns'k osQ 3-66 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj osQ
chek&osQafær m|e fuos'k dk 35» fgLlk gSA
216
çfr;ksfxrk%
z lLrh dher ij fofHkUu çdkj osQ ifj"Ñr lekèkku is'k
djus okys chek okgdksa dh la[;k c<+ jgh gSA
z fofu;e tks m|ksx osQ fodkl dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA
chek {ks=k esa lqèkkj
z tqykbZ 2004 ls] ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa us foÙkh; {ks=k osQ
fodkl vkSj lqèkkj] cktkjksa dks fofu;fer djus vkSj muosQ
laxBukRed vkSj foèkk;h <kaps dks mUur djus] foÙkh;
laLFkkuksa dh iwath lajpukvksa dks etcwr djus vkSj fuos'kdksa
osQ vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk djus ij è;ku osQafær fd;k gSA
z xSj&cSad foÙkh; {ks=k lqèkkj igy dks nks pj.kksa esa ckaVk x;k
gS% igyk (2005&2008) vkSj nwljk (2009&2012)A
z igys pj.k dk mís'; foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk djuk]
mudh etcwrh dh iqf"V djuk vkSj foÙkh; {ks=k dh n{krk
esa lqèkkj djus vkSj bldh fLFkjrk vkSj rjyrk lqfuf'pr
djus osQ fy, dM+h fuxjkuh djuk FkkA
z chek dkuwu (la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e] 2015 dks chek dkuwuksa esa
iqjkus vkSj fujFkZd çkoèkkuksa dks gVkus osQ fy, vfèkfu;fer
fd;k x;k Fkk] ftlls chek fu;ked vkSj fodkl çkfèkdj.k
(vkbZvkjMh,) dks l'kÙkQ cuk;k tk losQA
z Hkkjrh; LokfeRo vkSj fu;a=k.k dh lqj{kk osQ lkFk ,d
Hkkjrh; chek daiuh esa fons'kh bfDoVh fuos'k osQi dks
c<+kdjA
z vfèkfu;e us 1938 osQ chek vfèkfu;e] 1972 osQ lkekU;
chek O;olk; (jk"Vªh;dj.k) vfèkfu;e] vkSj 1999 osQ
chek fu;ked vkSj fodkl çkfèkdj.k (IRDA) vfèkfu;e esa
egRoiw.kZ lqèkkj&lacaèkh la'kksèkuksa dk jkLrk lkiQ dj fn;kA
z ;g chek fofu;ked okrkoj.k dks vfèkd yphyk] çHkkoh
vkSj dq'ky cukus osQ fy, IRDAI dks vfèkd vfèkdkj nsrk
gSA
chek {ks=k esa lqèkkj ¹chek dkuwu (la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e]
2015º
z LokLF; chek%
z vfèkfu;e ^LokLF; chek O;olk;* dks ;k=kk vkSj O;fÙkQxr
pksV laj{k.k lfgr ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS vkSj LokLF; chekdrkZvksa
osQ fy, 100 djksM+ osQ Lrj ij iwath vko';drkvksa dks
cuk, j•rs gq, xSj&xaHkhj chekdrkZvksa dks grksRlkfgr djrk
gS] ftlls LokLF; chek dks ,d vyx {ks=k osQ :i esa
c<+kok nsus dk jkLrk •qy tkrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
Hkkjr esa iquchZek m|ksx dks c<+kok nsuk%
z ;g fons'kh iquchZekdrkZvksa dks Hkkjr esa 'kk•k,¡ LFkkfir
djus dh vuqefr nsrk gS vkSj iquchZek dks “,d chekdrkZ
osQ tksf•e osQ ,d fgLls dk nwljs chekdrkZ }kjk chek osQ
:i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS] tks ikjLifjd :i ls Lohdk;Z
çhfe;e osQ fy, tksf•e Lohdkj djrk gS]" bl çdkj
,d daiuh osQ 100» dks lekIr djus dh laHkkouk dks
NksM+dj ,d iquchZekdrkZ osQ fy, bldk tksf•e] tks vU;
chekdrkZvksa osQ fy, ÚaV daifu;ksa osQ :i esa dk;Z djus
okyh daifu;ksa osQ fy, usr`Ro dj ldrk gSA
z fons'kh fuos'k dks c<+kok nsuk%
z Hkkjrh; LokfeRo vkSj fu;a=k.k dh lqj{kk osQ lkFk] Hkkjrh;
LokfeRo vkSj fu;a=k.k 26» ls c<+dj 49» gks x;kA
z orZeku esa] ctV FY21 esa] foÙk ea=kh fueZyk lhrkjeu us
vxLr 2021 ls 'kq: gksus okys chek O;olk;ksa osQ fy,
74» FDI lhfyax dh ?kks"k.kk dhA
z iwath&xgu chek {ks=k osQ fy, vfèkd iwath miyCèkrk osQ
ifj.kkeLo:i de@vlsfor {ks=kksa esa vfèkd forj.k igqap]
ukxfjdksa dh fofoèk chek vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus
osQ fy, vfèkd uokpkj mRikn fu:i.k] csgrj forj.k
çkS|ksfxdh osQ ekè;e ls dq'ky lsok forj.k vkSj mPp
xzkgd lsok ekudksa dk ifj.kke gksxkA
z ljdkjh daifu;ksa esa iwath dh vko';drk%
z lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ lkekU; chek O;olk;] ftUgsa vc 1972
osQ lkekU; chek O;olk; (jk"Vªh;dj.k) vfèkfu;e osQ
rgr 100» ljdkj }kjk fu;af=kr fd;k tkuk vfuok;Z gS]
vc iwath tkjh dj ldrs gSaA
z blls mUgsa xzkeh.k m|ksxksa esa daiuh osQ fodkl vkSj çfrLièkkZ
esa o`f¼ osQ fy, vfèkd èku miyCèk gksxkA
z Hkkjr ljdkj U;wure 51» 'ks;jèkkfjrk cuk, j•sxhA
z miHkksÙkQk dY;k.k%
z xyr fcØh dh çFkk dks de djus osQ fy, eè;LFk
laxBuksa osQ f•ykiQ nqO;Zogkj osQ fy, çfrcaèk yxkus vkSj
chek oLrqvksa osQ cgq&Lrjh; foi.ku ij jksd yxkus tSls
fu;eksa dks 'kkfey djosQ ;g xzkgdksa osQ fgrksa dh csgrj
lsok djsxkA
z la'kksfèkr dkuwu esa ,tsaVksa@chek iQeks± }kjk xyr fcØh vkSj
xyr c;kuh tSls fofHkUu mYya?kuksa osQ fy, ,d djksM+ ls
ysdj iPphl djksM+ rd dk c<+k gqvk tqekZuk yxkus osQ
fy, dbZ çkoèkku gSaA
chek {ks{ks=k=k
chek
z la'kksèku ikWfylhèkkjd osQ ukekafdr O;fÙkQ dks Hkqxrku djus
dh çfØ;k dks ljy djrk gS D;ksafd ukekafdr O;fÙkQ dks
Hkqxrku dk Hkqxrku djus osQ ckn chekdrkZ vius dkuwuh
nkf;Roksa ls eqÙkQ gks tkrk gSA
z IRDAI osQ fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj] chek daifu;ksa dks vc rhljs
i{k osQ eksVj okgu chek dks vaMjjkbV djus osQ fy, dkuwu
dh vko';drk gSA
z la'kksfèkr dkuwu chekdrkZvksa dh xzkeh.k vkSj lkekftd {ks=k
dh çfrc¼rkvksa dks lajf{kr djrk gSA
z etcwr vihyh; çfØ;k%
z SAT IRDAI osQ iQSlyksa osQ f•ykiQ vihy dh lquokbZ
djsxk D;ksafd u;k dkuwu fdlh Hkh chekdrkZ ;k chek
eè;LFk dks IRDAI osQ iQSlys ls vlarq"V gksus ij çfrHkwfr
vihyh; U;k;kfèkdj.k (SAT) esa vihy nk;j djus dh
vuqefr nsrk gSA
z vkbZvkjMh,vkbZ dk vfèkdkfjrk%
z vfèkfu;e chekdrkZvksa dks chek ,tsaVksa dks fu;qÙkQ djus dh
ftEesnkjh nsrk gS vkSj vkbZvkjMh,vkbZ dks mudh ;ksX;rk]
;ksX;rk vkSj vU; igyqvksa dks fofu;fer djus dh vuqefr
nsrk gSA
z ;g ,tsaVksa dks fofHkUu O;kolkf;d Jsf.k;ksa esa daifu;ksa esa
vfèkd O;kid :i ls dke djus dh vuqefr nsrk gS] bl
lqj{kk osQ lkFk fd vkbZvkjMh,vkbZ mi;qÙkQ fofu;eksa osQ
ekè;e ls fgrksa osQ Vdjko dh vuqefr ugha nsxkA
z IRDAI osQ ikl chek daiuh osQ lapkyu osQ vko';d
fgLlksa tSls lkWYosalh] fuos'k] ykxr vkSj deh'ku osQ
lkFk&lkFk deh'ku Hkqxrku vkSj çcaèku O;; fu;a=k.k osQ
fy, dkuwu fodflr djus dk vfèkdkj gSA
z ;g çkfèkdj.k dks loZs{kdksa vkSj gkfu fuèkkZjdksa osQ dk;ks±]
vkpkj lafgrk vkfn dks fu;af=kr djus dk vfèkdkj nsrk gSA
z ;g chek nykyksa] iquchZek nykyksa] chek lykgdkjksa] dkWikZsjsV
,tsaVksa] rhljs i{k osQ ç'kkldksa] loZs{kdksa vkSj gkfu fuèkkZjdksa]
vkSj çkfèkdj.k }kjk le;&le; ij vfèklwfpr fd, tkus
okys vU; laxBuksa dks 'kkfey djus osQ fy, chek eè;LFkksa
dh ifjHkk"kk dks Hkh foLr`r djrk gSA
z blosQ vykok] Hkkjr esa laifÙk;ksa dk vc osQaæ ljdkj dh
lgefr osQ fcuk ,d fons'kh chekdrkZ osQ lkFk chek fd;k
tk ldrk gS] tks igys vko';d FkkA
z m|ksx ifj"knksa dk lqn`<+hdj.k%
z thou chek ifj"kn vkSj lkekU; chek ifj"kn dks vc pqukoksa
vkSj cSBdksa osQ fy, mi&fu;eksa dk elkSnk rS;kj djus vkSj
217
 vU; ckrksa osQ vykok] vius lnL;ksa ls 'kqYd olwyus vkSj
,d=k djus dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;k gSA
z chek ifj"knksa esa Lo;a lgk;rk laxBuksa vkSj chek lgdkjh
lfefr;ksa osQ çfrfufèk;ksa dks 'kkfey djus ls bu ifj"knksa esa
çfrfufèkRo dk nk;jk vkSj c<+ x;k gSA
z iwath cktkj esa lqèkkj%
z IRDA us ekpZ 2019 esa IPO ekxZ osQ ekè;e ls LVkWd
dk fuiVku djus dh bPNqd chek daifu;ksa osQ fy, u,
vkjafHkd lkoZtfud is'kd'k (IPO) ekunaM çdkf'kr fd,A
chek daifu;k¡ vc cSadksa }kjk tkjh fd, x, vfrfjÙkQ fV;j
1 ckWUM esa 10» rd fuos'k dj ldrh gSaA
z urhtru] la'kksèkuksa esa chek dkuwu esa o`f¼ 'kkfey gS tks
nqfu;k Hkj esa c<+rs chek {ks=k osQ ifjn`'; vkSj fu;ked
çFkkvksa osQ vuq:i gSaA
z lqèkkjksa ls fu;ked vfèkd O;kid vkSj xzkgd&vuqdwy
rjhosQ ls yksxksa dh chek t:jrksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, c<+s
gq, uokpkj] çfrLièkkZ vkSj ikjnf'kZrk osQ fy, ,d ifjpkyu
<kapk fodflr djus dh vuqefr nsxkA
z la'kksèkuksa dk mís'; m|ksx dks viuh iw.kZ fodkl {kerk
rd igqapus vkSj lexz vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj jkstxkj l`tu
esa ;ksxnku djus dh vuqefr nsuk gSA
chek {ks=k dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, vuqdwy
uhfrxr mik;
z iQsek% fons'kh eqæk çcaèku vfèkfu;e la'kksèku (iQsek)
ljdkj us vxLr 2021 esa fons'kh eqæk çcaèku (xSj&½.k
lkèku) fu;e] 2019 dks la'kksfèkr fd;k] rkfd chek m|ksx
esa çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dh lhek dks 74» rd c<+k;k tk
losQA
z ^vk;q"eku Hkkjr PMJAY lsgr*% ljdkj us tEew&d'ehj
osQ lHkh ukxfjdksa dks LokLF; chek dojst çnku djus
osQ fy, fnlacj 2020 esa 'vk;q"eku Hkkjr çèkkuea=kh tu
vkjksX; ;kstuk (AB & PMJAY) lsgr ;kstuk is'k dhA
z ^dksfoM&19* chek ikWfylh% ljdkj us #- twu 2021 rd
Hkkjr esa LokLF; is'ksojksa osQ fy, 50 yk(;w,l $ 66-85
gtkj) chek dojst ;kstukA mÙkjk•aM us fnlacj 2020 esa
varjjk"Vªh; vkxarqdksa dks 'dksfoM&19 chek ikWfylh' cspus
dh viuh ea'kk dh ?kks"k.kk dhA
z jk"Vªh; fu;kZr chek •krk (,ubZvkbZ,) ;kstuk% ljdkj
us jk"Vªh; fu;kZr chek •krk (,ubZvkbZ,) ;kstuk dh fujarjrk
vkSj #i;s osQ lgk;rk vuqnku (dkWiZl) Hkqxrku dks vfèkÑr
218
fd;kA flracj 2021 esa vxys ikap o"kks± osQ fy, (FY22
ls FY26 rd) 1]650 djksM+ (US $ 221-30 fefy;u)A
z çèkkuea=kh thou T;ksfr chek ;kstuk% uoacj 2020 esa]
bafM;k iksLV isesaV~l cSad (vkbZihihch) us ih,uch esVykbiQ
bafM;k ba';ksjsal daiuh osQ lkFk feydj miHkksÙkQkvksa osQ fy,
çèkkuea=kh thou T;ksfr chek ;kstuk (ih,etstschokbZ) 'kq:
djus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA
z osQaæh; ctV% #i;s dk ctVA osQaæh; ctV 2021 esa iQly
chek ;kstukvksa osQ fy, 16]000 djksM+ #i;s (2-20 fcfy;u
vesfjdh MkWyj) fuèkkZfjr fd, x, gSaA foÙkh; o"kZ 2020
esa LokLF; chek dojst esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA foÙk o"kZ 2016
dh rqyuk esa foÙk o"kZ 20 esa fcgkj] vle vkSj flfDde
esa LokLF; chek okys ifjokjksa osQ vuqikr esa 89» dh o`f¼
gqbZ gSA
chek {ks=k esa lqèkkj vkSj lqèkkj
osQ fy, lfefr;k¡
eYgks=kk lfefr%
z chek m|ksx esa lqèkkj iwoZ foÙk lfpo vkSj Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
cSad osQ xouZj vkj,u eYgks=kk osQ usr`Ro esa eYgks=kk lfefr
dk xBu 1993 esa Hkkjrh; chek cktkj dk vkdyu djus
vkSj bldh Hkfo"; dh fn'kk osQ fy, fliQkfj'ksa çnku djus
osQ fy, fd;k x;k FkkA
z eYgks=kk lfefr dk xBu cSafdax m|ksx esa fd, x, ifjorZuksa
osQ iwjd osQ fy, fd;k x;k FkkA
z lqèkkjksa dk mís'; vc py jgs lajpukRed ifjorZuksa dks
è;ku esa j•rs gq, vFkZO;oLFkk dh t:jrksa osQ fy, ,d
vfèkd dq'ky vkSj çfrLièkhZ foÙkh; ç.kkyh rS;kj djuk gS
vkSj ;g igpkuuk gS fd chek laiw.kZ foÙkh; ç.kkyh dk ,d
vfuok;Z igyw gS tgka rqyuh; lqèkkj dh vko';drk FkhA
z lfefr us 1994 esa vius fu"d"kZ fn,] vkSj mldh çkFkfed
fliQkfj'kksa esa Fks%
z fliQkfj'ksa
z fu;ked fudk;%
z chek vfèkfu;e esa la'kksèku dh vko';drk gSA chek osQ
fy, fu;ked çkfèkdj.k LFkkfir fd;k tkuk pkfg,A chek
fu;a=kd] tks foÙk ea=kky; dk fgLlk gS] dks Lora=krk nh
tkuh pkfg,A
z lajpuk%
z chek daifu;ksa esa ljdkj dh fgLlsnkjh ?kVkdj 50» dh
tk,xhA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ljdkj dks thvkbZlh vkSj mldh lgk;d daifu;ksa dk
vfèkxzg.k djuk pkfg, rkfd os Lora=k m|eksa osQ :i esa
dke dj losQaA
z lHkh chek daifu;ksa dks muosQ ifjpkyu esa vfèkd NwV nh
tkuh pkfg,A
z çfr;ksfxrk%
z de ls de 1 vjc #i;s dh pqdrk iwath okyh futh
daifu;ksa dks cktkj esa ços'k djus dh vuqefr nh tkuh
pkfg,A
z ,d gh daiuh dks thou vkSj lkekU; chek nksuksa esa 'kkfey
ugha gksuk pkfg,A
z fons'kh iQeks± dks ns'kh iQeks± osQ lkFk feydj m|ksx esa ços'k
djus dh vuqefr nh tk ldrh gSA
z Mkd thou chek dks xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa lapkfyr djus dh
vuqefr nh tkuh pkfg,A
z çR;sd jkT; dks osQoy ,d jkT; Lrj dh thou chek daiuh
dks lapkfyr djus dh vuqefr nsuh pkfg,A
z xzkgd lgk;rk %
z ;wlh dks mu Hkqxrkuksa ij C;kt dk Hkqxrku djuk pkfg, tks
30 fnuksa ls vfèkd foyafcr gSaA
z ;wfuV&fyaDM isa'ku ;kstukvksa dks chek daifu;ksa }kjk vkxs
c<+k;k tkuk pkfg,A chek {ks=k esa xfrfofèk;ksa dks dEI;wVjhÑr
fd;k tk,xk vkSj çkS|ksfxdh dks v|ru fd;k tk,xkA
z lfefr us tksj nsdj dgk fd xzkgd lsok esa lqèkkj vkSj
chek ikWfylh dojst dk foLrkj djus osQ fy, O;olk;ksa
dks çfrLièkkZ osQ fy, •ksyk tkuk pkfg,A
z lkFk gh] lfefr us lrdZ jgus dh vko';drk dks igpkuk
D;ksafd u, çfrHkkfx;ksa dh vksj ls dksbZ Hkh foiQyrk
O;olk; esa turk osQ fo'okl dks de dj ldrh gSA
z ifj.kkeLo:i] 100 djksM+ #i;s dh U;wure iwath vko';drk
dks ykxw djosQ lhfer çfrLièkkZ dks l{ke djus dk fu.kZ;
fy;k x;kA
z vfuok;Z fuos'k%
z ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa esa ;wlh ykbiQ iQaM dk fuos'k 75 iQhlnh
ls ?kVkdj 50 iQhlnh fd;k tk,xkA
z thvkbZlh vkSj bldh lgk;d daifu;ksa dks fdlh Hkh iQeZ
osQ 5» ls vfèkd osQ ekfyd gksus dh vuqefr ugha gS
(mudh orZeku gksfYMaXl dks dqN le; ckn bl Lrj ij
yk;k tk,xk)

v v v

chek {ks{ks=k=k
chek 219
 14 Hkkjrh; iwath ck”kkj

iwath cktkj dh voèkkj.kk çdkj] foÙkh; ç.kkyh esa lHkh foÙkh; lapkyu 'kkfey gksrs
gSa tks ,d ç.kkyh esa O;ofLFkr gksrs gSaA
z ^foÙkh; ç.kkyh* 'kCn] vFkZO;oLFkk esa tfVy vkSj ijLij
z vFkZO;oLFkk dks pykus osQ fy, foÙkh; ç.kkyh egRoiw.kZ gS
tqM+s funZs'kksa] çfØ;kvksa] cktkjksa] ysu&nsu] nkoksa rFkk nsunkfj;ksa
D;ksafd ;g foÙkh; lalkèkuksa dks cprdrkZvksa ls fuos'kdksa
osQ laxzg dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
dks LFkkukarfjr djus dh vuqefr nsrh gSA
z èku] mldh çÑfr] fuekZ.k] O;ogkj] fu;e vkSj mlosQ
z foÙkh; ç.kkyh osQ rRo% foÙkh; laLFkku] foÙkh; cktkj]
ç'kklu osQ vè;;u dks foÙk osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bl
foÙkh; lkèku vkSj foÙkh; laLFkkuksa }kjk çnku dh tkus okyh
lsok,a foÙkh; ç.kkyh esa 'kkfey gSaA
foÙkh; cktkj

eqnzk cktkj iwath cktkj

izkFkfed n~forh;d izkFkfed cktkj n~forh;d cktkj

cktkj cktkj
euh ekosZQV Vªstjh okf.kfT;d vYikof/ 'ks;j cktkj ½.k E;wpqvy IkaQM~l
dks dkWy djuk fcy cktkj fcy cktkj ½.k cktkj cktkj

fxjoh j[kuk le; udn

vksoj n dkmaVj LVkWd ,Dlpsat us'kuy LVkWd ,Dlpsat
(vksVhlh) (,lbZ) (,u,lbZ)

foÙkh; cktkj dh voèkkj.kk

z ,d foÙkh; cktkj og ç.kkyh gS tgka foÙkh; ifjlaifÙk;k¡
•jhnh vkSj O;kikj dh tkrh gSA
z foÙkh; cktkj osQ ysu&nsu ,d fof'k"V eap ij gks ldrs
gSa] tSls fd LVkWd ,Dlpsat] ;k fdlh fof'k"V fofèk osQ
ekè;e ls] tSls VsyhiQksu] VsysDl] ;k dksbZ vU; bysDVªkWfud
ehfM;kA
z vkt blosQ nks vyx&vyx •aM gSa] ,d vYidkfyd
fufèk;ksa dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrk gS vkSj nwljk
nh?kZdkfyd fufèk;ksa dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrk gSA
z foÙkh; cktkj foÙkh; ifjlaifÙk;ksa dk O;kikj djuk laHko
cukrs gSaA
z bu enksa dks foÙkh; lkèkuksa ;k çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk
tkrk gSA oLrqvksa ;k lsokvksa osQ foijhr foÙkh; ifjlaifÙk
dk miHkksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
z ;s èku osQ fo#¼ nkos gSa tks muosQ èkkjdksa dks nkoksa dk
fuiVku djus ij miHkksT; mRikn ;k lsok,a çkIr djus dh
vuqefr nsrs gSaA
z D;ksafd foÙkh; ifjlaifÙk;ksa dk miHkksx ugha fd;k tkrk gS]
tks •jhnk vkSj cspk tkrk gS og ,d fof'k"V vofèk osQ
fy, mudk mi;ksx gksrk gSA
z vU; cktkj ewY; fuèkkZj.k çfØ;kvksa osQ ekè;e ls mRiknksa
vkSj lsokvksa dk O;kikj djrs gSaA
z blh çdkj] foÙkh; cktkjksa esa fuos'k ;ksX; èku dk mi;ksx
djus dh ykxr ,d ½.k ij fn;k tkus okyk C;kt gSA
z ns; C;kt dh jkf'k fofHkUu ekunaMksa }kjk fuèkkZfjr dh tkrh
gS] ftlesa fufèk dk vkdkj] ½.k dh vofèk] 'kkfey
tksf•e vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
z bl çdkj] C;kt nj] ftls NwV nj osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk
tkrk gS] Hkfo"; osQ èku osQ cnys esa orZeku èku çkIr djus
dh ykxr gSA
foÙkh; cktkj dh Hkwfedk
z lHkh ns'kksa dks] muosQ fodkl osQ Lrj dh ijokg fd, fcuk]
vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj çxfr osQ fy, èku dh vko';drk
gksrh gS|
z ;s èku cprdrkZvksa ;k ^^vfèk'ks"k bdkb;ksa** ls vFkZO;oLFkk
dks çkIr gksrs gSa] tks ?kjsyw O;fÙkQ] O;kolkf;d m|e]
lkoZtfud {ks=k dh bdkb;k¡] osQaæ ljdkjsa] jkT; ljdkjsa]
LFkkuh; ljdkjsa] vèkZ&ljdkjsa vkfn gks ldrh gSaA
z dqN fuos'kdksa ;k ?kkVs okyh bdkb;ksa dk •pZ ;k fuos'k
mudh orZeku vk; ls vfèkd gSA urhtru] foÙkh; cktkj
bl vfèk'ks"k dks cprdrkZvksa ls mèkkjdrkZvksa (fuos'kdksa)
rd ys tkus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA bls ^Vªkalfe'ku
eSosQfuTe* dgk tkrk gSA
z jk"Vªh; y{;ksa vkSj çkFkfedrkvksa dks çkIr djus osQ fy,
,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa vfèk'ks"k bdkb;ksa ls ?kkVs okyh bdkb;ksa
esa vfrfjÙkQ udnh dk gLrkarj.k egRoiw.kZ gSA urhtru]
bl çokg dks mfpr fn'kk esa vkSj mRiknu y{;ksa osQ fy,
funZsf'kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z çR;sd cprdrkZ dks t:jr osQ vuqlkj vPNh foÙkh;
ifjlaifÙk;ksa dh igpku djus vkSj mudk vknku&çnku dk
,d eap çnku djrs gSaA èku vkoaVu dh çfØ;k dks foÙkh;
eè;LFkrk osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
Hkkjrh; iwiwatath hck”kkj
Hkkjrh; ck”kkj
z foÙkh; cktkj u osQoy m|ksx vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk osQ rsth
ls foLrkj esa lgk;rk djrs gSa] cfYd os lekt dh HkykbZ
vkSj thou dh xq.koÙkk esa o`f¼ esa Hkh ;ksxnku djrs gSaA bl
çdkj] foÙkh; cktkjksa dk rsth ls foLrkj gksuk pkfg,A mUgsa
vfèkd dq'ky vkSj fofoèk Hkh gksuk pkfg,A
foÙkh; cktkj osQ dk;Z
z ewY; fuèkkZj.k vkSj •kst% foÙkh; cktkj Hkh fofHkUu
ifjlaifÙk;ksa osQ ewY; fuèkkZj.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs
gSaA vfuok;Z :i ls] foÙkh; cktkjksa esa ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ]
lkFk gh fuos'kd tqM+ko] ewY; fuèkkZj.k dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA
z fufèk;ksa dk laxzg.k% foÙkh; cktkjksa }kjk fuHkkbZ tkus okyh
dbZ Hkwfedkvksa esa ls ,d lcls egRoiw.kZ gS cpr dks
tqVkukA foÙkh; cktkj Hkh bl cpr dks jpukRed mís';ksa
osQ fy, fuos'k djrs gSa] iwath vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl esa o`f¼
djrs gSaA
z rjyrk lqfuf'pr djrk gS% O;kikj ;ksX; ifjlaifÙk;ksa osQ
mfpr lapkyu vkSj lapyu osQ fy, rjyrk dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA ;g foÙkh; cktkj dk ,d vkSj dk;Z gS tks iwathoknh
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lqpk: lapkyu esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA ;g
fuos'kdksa dks u osQoy viuh çfrHkwfr;ksa vkSj ifjlaifÙk;ksa
dks vklkuh ls cspus esa l{ke cukrk gS] cfYd mUgsa vklkuh
ls okLrfod èku esa ifjofrZr djus esa Hkh l{ke cukrk gSA
z le; vkSj èku dh cpr% foÙkh; cktkj O;kikj dh tkus
okyh çfrHkwfr;ksa ij mi;ksxh tkudkjh çnku djrs gSaA ;g
le;] ç;kl vkSj èku cpkrk gS tks vU;Fkk ,d foÙkh;
ifjlaifÙk osQ •jhnkjksa vkSj foØsrkvksa nksuksa }kjk ,d nwljs
dks •kstus dh dksf'k'k esa •pZ fd;k tk,xkA
z igqap esa vklkuh% foÙkh; cktkj dq'ky O;kikj Hkh çnku
djrs gSa D;ksafd os O;kikfj;ksa dks ,d lkFk ,d LFkku ij
ykrs gSaA urhtru] bPNqd •jhnkjksa vkSj foØsrkvksa dks dksbZ
lalkèku pkgs foÙkh; ;k mudk le; •pZ ugha djuk iM+rk
gSA blosQ vykok] ;g vko';d O;kikfjd tkudkjh nsrk gS]
tks ml dke dks de djrk gS tks bPNqd ikfVZ;ksa dks vius
O;kikj dks iwjk djus osQ fy, djuk pkfg,A
foÙkh; cktkj osQ çdkj
foÙkh; cktkj dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS %
laxfBr cktkj
z ;s foÙkh; cktkj gSa tks ljdkj }kjk cuk, x, dkuwuksa]
fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa osQ vuq:i dk;Z djrs gSa tks ns'k osQ
osQaæh; cSad (RBI) ;k fdlh vU; fu;ked laxBu }kjk
fu;af=kr gksrs gSaA
221
z laxfBr foÙkh; cktkjksa dks vkxs fuEukuqlkj oxhZÑr fd;k
x;k gS%
 eqæk cktkj% eqæk cktkj vYidkfyd ½.k ysunsu ij
osQafær gSA
 iwath cktkj% eè;e vkSj yach vofèk osQ ½.k vkSj
foÙkh; ysunsu osQ lkFk osQafær gSaA
vlaxfBr cktkj%
vlaxfBr cktkj os gSa] tks osQaæh; cSad }kjk 'kkflr ;k i;Zos{k.k esa
dk;Z ugha djrs gSa| ;svke rkSj ij lkgwdkjksa] Lons'kh cSadjksa vkSj
vU; yksxksa ls cus gksrs gSa tks vke turk dks ½.k çnku djrs gSaA
euh ekdZsV~l
z ½.k cktkj esa vkerkSj ij eqæk cktkj dks 'kkfey ekuk tkrk
gS] ftlesa ,d o"kZ ;k mlls de dh ifjiDork vofèk
okys vYidkfyd ½.k 'kkfey gksrs gSa vkSj iwath cktkj] esa
nh?kZdkfyd ½.k 'kkfey gksrk gSA
z vYidkfyd foÙkh; ifjlaifÙk;k¡ tks èku osQ fudV LFkkukiUu
gSa] mUgsa eqæk cktkj esa cspk vkSj •jhnk tkrk gS (364 fnuksa
;k mlls de osQ fy,)
z vYidkfyd foÙkh; ifjlaifÙk;ksa dh ifjiDork vofèk ,d
o"kZ ls de gSA Vªstjh fcy] tek çek.ki=k vkSj vU; leku
midj.k blosQ mnkgj.k gSaA
z ;g cktkj mPp rjyrk (vklkuh ls udnh esa ifjorZuh;)
vkSj de ifjiDork (,d o"kZ ls de) okys mRiknksa dh
•jhn vkSj fcØh ls vyx gSA
euh ekdZsV osQ mís'; vkSj dk;Z
z mfpr dher ij futh fuos'kdksa] ljdkjksa vkSj vU;
mèkkjdrkZvksa dks vYidkfyd foÙkiks"k.k çnku djukA
z ;g mèkkjnkrkvksa dks viuh fuf"Ø; iwath dks mRiknd m|eksa
esa cnyus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
z vkjchvkbZ eqæk cktkj dh ns•jsdjrk gS] ifj.kkeLo:i] ;g
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ rjyrk Lrj osQ fu;eu esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA
z eqæk cktkj ,sls O;olk;ksa dh lgk;rk djrk gS ftuesa
dk;Z'khy iwath dk vHkko gksrk gS|
z ;g ?kjsyw vkSj fons'kh O;kikj nksuksa osQ fy, ljdkjh èku
dk ,d çeqlzksr gSA
euh ekdZsV osQ mís';%
z bls iSls vkSj iSls osQ fodYi osQ fy, ,d cktkj osQ :i
esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA
222
z lkekU; rkSj ij] eqæk cktkj dks rhu çkFkfed mís';ksa dks
iwjk djus dh vko';drk gksrh gS &
1- bls vYidkfyd udnh dh vkiwfrZ vkSj ekax dks
larqfyr djus osQ fy, ,d larqfyr ra=k çnku djuk
pkfg,A
2- bls vFkZO;oLFkk esa rjyrk vkSj C;kt njksa osQ lkekU;
Lrj dks çHkkfor djus osQ fy, osQaæh; cSad osQ gLr{ksi
osQ fy, ,d osQaæ fcanq osQ :i esa dke djuk pkfg,A
3- bls ,d dq'ky cktkj lek'kksèku ewY; ij vius
mèkkj vkSj fuos'k dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy,
vYidkfyd fufèk;ksa osQ vkiwfrZdrkZvksa vkSj miHkksÙkQkvksa
dks mfpr igqap çnku djuh pkfg,A
z eqæk cktkj foÙkh; cktkj dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gS D;ksafd
;g mèkkjnkrkvksa osQ vfèk'ks"k èku vkSj mèkkjdrkZvksa dh ekax
dks ,d jkr ls ysdj ,d o"kZ rd dh NksVh vofèk osQ
fy, larqfyr djus osQ fy, ,d vkmVysV çnku djrk gSA
euh ekdZsV ysunsu osQ y{k.k
z çÑfr &vYikofèk
z ysu&nsu dh ykxr dkiQh lLrhA
z dksbZ ysunsu lacaèkh tfVyrk,a ughaA
z vR;ar mPp ek=kk
1980 osQ n'kd osQ eè; ls Hkkjr osQ eqæk cktkj dk
fodkl
z Hkkjr dh foÙkh; ç.kkyh esa lqèkkjksa dh vko';drk dks
Lohdkj djrs gq,] Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad us 1985 esa Jh lq•e;
pØorhZ dh vè;{krk esa ekSfæd ç.kkyh osQ dkedkt dh
leh{kk osQ fy, ,d lfefr dh LFkkiuk dhA
z vkjchvkbZ us Jh ,u ok?kqy] dh vè;{krk esa euh ekdZsV~l
dk;Zny dh LFkkiuk dh] ftlus 1987 esa viuh fjiksVZ
tkjh dhA
z fliQkfj'kksa osQ vkèkkj ij] vkjchvkbZ us 1980 osQ n'kd esa
eqæk cktkj dks O;kid vkSj etcwr djus osQ fy, dbZ rjg
dh igy dhA
çeq[k igysa%
z 1988 esa] Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad] lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ cSadksa vkSj
foÙkh; laLFkkuksa us Hkkjr osQ fMLdkmaV ,aM iQkbusal gkml
(DFHI) dks ,d eqæk cktkj laLFkku osQ :i esa LFkkfir
fd;k rkfd eqæk cktkj midj.kksa dks rjyrk çnku dh tk
losQ vkSj f}rh;d cktkj osQ fodkl esa lgk;rk dh tk
losQA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z 1988&89 esa eqæk cktkj mRiknksa dh fofoèkrk dks O;kid
cukus osQ fy, okf.kfT;d i=k] tek çek.ki=k vkSj baVjcSad
Hkkxhnkjh çek.ki=k 'kq: fd, x, FksA
z vDVwcj 1988 ls 'kq: dj] ewY; fMLdojh dh vuqefr
osQ fy, dkWy euh ij C;kt nj dh lhek dks èkhjs&èkhjs
gVk fn;k x;kA
z 1988 esa ekax eqæk cktkj esa DFHI osQ ifjpkyuksa dks C;kt
nj dh lhek ls eqÙkQ dj fn;k x;k Fkk] vkSj ebZ 1989 esa]
eqæk cktkj esa vkSj varjcSad lkofèk èku ij lHkh lapkydksa
osQ fy, C;kt nj dh lhek dks iwjh rjg ls gVk fn;k
x;k Fkk] ftlls okf.kfT;d fcyksa vkSj baVjcSad Hkkxhnkjh
çek.ki=kksa dh tksf•e eqÙkQ iquHkZqukbZ djokuk vklku gks|
Hkkjr esa eqæk cktkj vkSj ekSfæd uhfr
z la;kstu% Hkkjr tSls mHkjrs gq, ns'kksa osQ foÙkh; fodkl
osQ fy, ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd eqæk cktkj vkSj ekSfæd uhfr
vkil esa tqM+h gksaA
z vkjchvkbZ% Hkkjr dk osQaæh; cSad] fofHkUu ra=kksa osQ ekè;e
ls rjyrk dk çcaèku djosQ ekSfæd fLFkfr;ksa dks çHkkfor
djrk gSA
z ra=k% ;g fofHkUu çdkj osQ çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k ra=kksa dk
mi;ksx djosQ eqæk vkiwfrZ vkSj foÙkh; cktkjksa ij fu;a=k.k
j•rk gSA
z rjyrk% ykxr] miyCèkrk vkSj èku dk çokg lhèks lsaVªy
cSad vkWiQ bafM;k ls çHkkfor gksrk gSA
z cktkj dh rkdr% gkykafd] fofu;fer vkSj mnkjhÑr
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa] C;kt njsa cktkj dh rkdrksa }kjk fuèkkZfjr
dh tkrh gSa| ,sls ekeyksa esa Hkh] vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqæk
vkiwfrZ dks çHkkfor djus osQ fy, lokZsPp ekSfæd fuekZrk
}kjk lhèks gLr{ksi dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vçR;{k lkèkuksa
dh liQyrk ,d thoar] rjy vkSj dq'ky eqæk cktkj osQ
vfLrRo ij fuHkZj gS] tks ljdkj vkSj fons'kh eqæk cktkjksa
tSls foÙkh; cktkjksa ls vPNh rjg tqM+k gqvk gSA
z lapj.k% lkekU; C;kt njksa osQ çlkj.k osQ ekè;e ls ekSfæd
fLFkfr;ksa esa ifjyf{kr gksus osQ fy, eqæk cktkj gLr{ksi osQ
ekè;e ls Hksts x, ekSfæd uhfr vkosxksa osQ fy, bl rjg
osQ ,d ,dhÑr vkSj dq'ky cktkj dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
Hkkjrh; iwiwatath hck”kkj
Hkkjrh; ck”kkj
eqæk cktkj osQ midj.k
dkWy@uksfVl@lkofèk eqæk cktkj%
z dkWy euh cktkj okf.kfT;d cSadksa osQ fy, vYidkfyd
vofèk;ksa (vkerkSj ij 14 fnuksa rd] ysfdu dHkh&dHkh
vfèkd) osQ fy, mèkkj ysus vkSj nsus dk cktkj gSA
z ;g ,d VsyhiQksfud cktkj gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fd ysunsu
iQksu ij fd, tkrs gSa vkSj vkjchvkbZ dks fjiksVZ fd, tkrs
gSaA
z okf.kfT;d cSadksa dks CRR vkSj SLR ekudksa dks iwjk djus
osQ lkFk iwath ;k vLFkk;h vfèk'ks"kksa osQ cfgokZg osQ fy,
çk;%èku dh deh dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
z tc ,d cSad osQ ikl foÙk dh deh gksrh gS] rks og nwljs
cSad ls mèkkj ysrk gS ftlosQ ikl i;kZIr udnh gksrh gSA
z ,d fnu (jkr Hkj) osQ fy, mèkkj ysus dks ^dkWy euh*
dgk tkrk gSA bls vksojukbV euh ekdZsV osQ uke ls Hkh
tkuk tkrk gSA
z ;fn mèkkj (;k ½.k) dh ifjiDork ,d fnu ls vfèkd
ysfdu 14 fnuksa ls de gS] rks bls ^uksfVl euh* dgk
tkrk gSA
z ^^VeZ euh** 14 fnuksa ls vfèkd ysfdu ,d o"kZ ls de
osQ fy, mèkkj (;k mèkkj) fy;k x;k èku gSA Hkkjrh; eqæk
cktkj esa vfèkdka'k ysu&nsu esa dkWy euh vkSj uksfVl euh
'kkfey gSaA
z okf.kfT;d cSad vkSj eq[; Mhyj bl cktkj esa mèkkj ys
ldrs gSa vkSj mèkkj ns ldrs gSa] tcfd foÙkh; laLFkku vkSj
E;qpqvy iQaM osQoy mèkkj ns ldrs gSaA
z bl cktkj esa mèkkj çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ lkFk ;k fcuk çfrHkwfr;ksa
osQ fy;k tk ldrk gSA
z bl cktkj esa C;kt nj fLFkfr dh 'jsiks nj' osQ lkFk
'çdkf'kr' gksrh gS] ysfdu fopkj ljy gS & vofèk ftruh
yach gksxh] C;kt nj mruh gh vfèkd gksxhA
z vuqlwfpr okf.kfT;d cSad vkSj lgdkjh cSad bl cktkj esa
mèkkjdrkZ vkSj ½.knkrk nksuksa osQ :i esa dke dj ldrs gSa]
ysfdu ,yvkbZlh] thvkbZlh] E;qpqvy iQaM] vkbZMhchvkbZ
vkSj ukckMZ osQoy ½.knkrk osQ :i esa dke dj ldrs gSaA
jsiks@fjolZ jsiks%
z jsiks ysu&nsu esa] ftls jsMh&iQkWjoMZ vuqcaèk osQ :i esa Hkh
tkuk tkrk gS] ,d i{k iwoZ fuèkkZfjr nj (ftls jsiks nj osQ
:i esa tkuk tkrk gS) ij fo'ks"k ifjlaifÙk osQ laikf'oZd
osQ fo#¼ ,d fuèkkZfjr vofèk (jsiks vofèk osQ :i esa tkuk
tkrk gS) osQ fy, udn mèkkj ysrk gSA
223
z gkykafd çkFkfed y{; udn mèkkj ysuk gS] çfrHkwfr dk
dkuwuh 'kh"kZd Hkh cny tkrk gSA
z nwljs 'kCnksa esa] igyk i{k nwljs i{k dks çfrHkwfr csprk gS
vkSj ckn dh rkjhesa bls ,d fuf'pr ewY; ij iqu•Zjhn
djus osQ fy, lger gksrk gSA
z O;ogkj esa] çfrHkwfr cspus okyh igyh ikVhZ dks jsiks vofèk
osQ nkSjku udnh rd igqap çkIr gksrh gS] tks ifjlaifÙk dh
fcØh vkSj iqu•Zjhn osQ chp dk le; gSA
z blh rjg] ,d ikVhZ ftls vLFkk;h vfèk'ks"k udnh dk
fuos'k djus ;k çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ vius gksfYMax dks c<+kus
dh vko';drk gS (mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ,l,yvkj nkf;Roksa
dks iwjk djus osQ fy, vko';d cSad) nwljs i{k osQ lkFk
foijhr çdkj osQ ysu&nsu esa layXu gksaxs & ;g çfrHkwfr
•jhnsxk vkSj bls ckn dh rkjhesa iwoZ fuèkkZfjr ewY; ij cspus
osQ fy, lger gksxkA
z bls fjolZ jsiks Mhy dgk tkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] foØsrk
osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls] ;g ,d jsiks ysunsu gS] vkSj •jhnkj osQ
n`f"Vdks.k ls] ;g ,d fjolZ jsiks ysunsu gSA
z ysu&nsu fdlus 'kq: fd;k] blosQ vkèkkj ij bls jsiks ;k
fjolZ jsiks dgk tk ldrk gSA
z jsiks vfuok;Z :i ls çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ laikf'oZd osQ f•ykiQ
mèkkj ysus dh ,d fofèk gS tks vHkh csph tkrh gS vkSj
ckn dh rkjhesa okil •jhnh tkrh gS] tcfd fjolZ jsiks
çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ laikf'oZd osQ f•ykiQ mèkkj nsus dh ,d
fofèk gS ftls vHkh •jhnk tkrk gS vkSj ckn dh rkjhesa
okil csp fn;k tkrk gSA
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad osQ eqrkfcd orZeku esa ]{ks=kh; xzkeh.k
cSadksa vkSj çkFkfed Mhyjksa dks NksM+dj osQoy vuqlwfpr
okf.kfT;d cSadksa dks Hkkjr esa jsiks@fjolZ jsiks ysunsu esa Hkkx
ysus dh vuqefr gSA
z fjolZ jsiks osQ ekè;e ls] xSj&cSad çfrHkkxh tSls foÙkh;
laLFkku osQoy ;ksX; çfrHkkfx;ksa tSls fd vkjchvkbZ] okf.
kfT;d cSadksa vkSj POsQ dks gh iSlk mèkkj ns ldrs gSaA
z cktkj osQ vkèkkj dks O;kid cukus osQ fy, Hkkjrh; 'ks;j
cktkjksa esa iathÑr daifu;ksa dks vçSy 2005 ls jsiks cktkj
esa viuh vfrfjÙkQ udnh mèkkj nsus dh vuqefr nh xbZ gSA
z Vªstjh fcy lfgr osQaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkj dh çfrHkwfr;ksa dks
jsiks@fjolZ jsiks ysunsu osQ fy, mi;qÙkQ çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ :i esa
lwphc¼ fd;k x;k gSA
224
Vªstjh fcy
z Vªstjh fcy osQaæ ljdkj }kjk tkjh vYidkfyd (364 fnuksa
rd) çfrHkwfr;k¡ gSaA
z Vªstjh uksV vc rhu ifjiDorkvksa osQ lkFk tkjh fd, tkrs
gSa% 91 fnu] 182 fnu vkSj 364 fnuA
z Vªstjh fcYl vktknh osQ ckn ls ekStwn Fkk] ysfdu bls 1986
esa laxfBr fd;k x;kA
z Vªstjh fcy çfriQy vfèkdka'k vU; vYidkfyd njksa osQ
fy, ekud osQ :i esa dke djrs gSa D;ksafd muesa pwd dk
tksf•e ugha gksrk gSA
z Vªstjh uksV muosQ vafdr ewY; ls de ij csps tkrs gSaA
z 27 vDVwcj] 2004 ls] vkjchvkbZ us bl ekunaM esa cnyko
fd;k vkSj çfriQy dh x.kuk vc 1 o"kZ ¾ 365 fnuksa osQ
vkèkkj ij dh tkrh gSA
z Hkkjrh; fMLdkmaV ,aM iQkbusal gkml (Mh,iQ,pvkbZ) dh
LFkkiuk uoacj 1986 esa Vªstjh fcyksa vkSj dbZ vU; eqæk
cktkj midj.kksa osQ fy, ,d f}rh;d cktkj cukus osQ
fy, dh xbZ FkhA
z tuojh 1993 esa] 91&fnolh; Vªstjh uksVksa dh uhykeh dh
,d fofèk ykxw dh xbZ FkhA
z Vªstjh fcyksa esa fuos'kdksa esa cSad] çkFkfed Mhyj] foÙkh;
laLFkku] Hkfo"; fufèk] chek daifu;k¡] ,uch,iQlh]
,iQvkbZvkbZ vkSj jkT; ljdkjsa 'kkfey gSaA
okf.kfT;d i=k
z def'kZ;y isilZ (lhih) vYidkfyd (,d o"kZ rd)
vlqjf{kr mèkkj gSa] tks vPNh ØsfMV jsfVax okys cM+s]
çfrf"Br vkSj foÙkh; :i ls etcwr fuxeksa }kjk okf.kfT;d
isij osQ :i esa foÙkh; lkèkuksa dks tkjh djus ls lqxe
gksrs gSaA
z xSj&foÙkh; dkWikZsjsV] eq[; Mhyj vkSj vf•y Hkkjrh; foÙkh;
laLFkku ftudh usVoFkZ dk ,d fuf'pr Lrj vkSj etcwr
ØsfMV jsfVax gS] 7 fnuksa ls ysdj 1 o"kZ rd dh fdlh Hkh
vofèk osQ fy, okf.kfT;d i=k tkjh dj ldrs gSaA
tek çek.ki=k (CD)%
z CD okf.kfT;d cSadksa osQ fy, vYidkfyd mèkkjh lkèku gSaA
vkjvkjch vkSj lgdkjh cSadksa dks NksM+dj] lHkh vuqlwfpr
okf.kfT;d cSadksa }kjk CD #i;s osQ ewY; esa U;wure 15
fnuksa vkSj vfèkdre ,d o"kZ osQ fy, 1 ykckn esa 5 ykvkSj
#i;s osQ xq.kd esa tkjh dh tk ldrh gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z vf•y Hkkjrh; foÙkh; laLFkkuksa (,vkbZ,iQvkbZ) }kjk tkjh
CD dks Hkh ,d ls rhu lky dh ifjiDork vofèk osQ fy,
eqæk cktkj ekuk tk ldrk gSA
z CD cSad fiQDLM fMikWftV osQ leku gSa] bl viokn osQ
lkFk fd CD ,aMkslZesaV }kjk Lora=k :i ls LFkkukarfjr dh
tkrh gSa] ysfdu cSad fiQDLM fMikWftV ugha gSaA
z CD] Vªstjh uksV~l dh rjg] vafdr ewY; ls NwV ij tkjh
dh tkrh gSaA
z tkjhdrkZ vkSj Øsrk CD NwV nj ij Lora=k :i ls ckrphr
dj ldrs gSaA
z O;fÙkQ] O;olk;] U;kl] vkSj fuos'k iQeZ lHkh CD çkIr dj
ldrs gSaA
fcy iquHkZqukbZ@okf.kfT;d fcy@fofue; fcy%
z usxksf'k,cy baLVªqesaV ,DV 1881 osQ vuqlkj] fcy vkWiQ
,Dlpsat dks fcuk 'krZ vkns'k okys fyf•r :i esa ,d
lkèku osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
z mRiknksa dh fcØh esa fcy vkWiQ ,Dlpsat dk mi;ksx rc
fd;k tkrk gS tc •jhnkj ckn esa Hkqxrku djuk ilan djrk
gS vkSj foØsrk tYn iSlk çkIr djuk ilan djrk gSA
z bl ekeys esa] foØsrk ,d fuf'pr ifjiDork osQ •jhnkj ij
,d fcy cukrk gS vkSj bls •jhnkj dks Hkstrk gSA
z •jhnkj rc fcy dks Lohdkj djrk gS] ;g n'kkZrk gS fd
og Hkfo"; dh rkjhij ;k mlls igys jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djus
osQ fy, lger gS] vkSj bls foØsrk dks okil dj nsrk gSA
z foØsrk] ftls tYn ls tYn èku dh vko';drk gksrh gS]
og bl LohÑr fcy dks vius cSad dks Hkstrk gS vkSj cSad
ls blosQ ,ot esa Hkqxrku çkIr djrk gSA
z cSad fcy ij fn•kbZ xbZ jkf'k ls FkksM+h de dher ij fcy
dks njkt ls •jhnrk gSA bls cSad }kjk fcy HkqukbZ osQ :i
esa tkuk tkrk gSA tc vnkdrkZ Hkqxrku djrk gS] rks cSad
dks iSlk fey tkrk gSA
z cSad •jhn ewY; (;k NwV ewY;) vkSj fcy jkf'k osQ chp
varj çkIr djrk gS] tks HkqxrkudrkZ (•jhnkj) ls igys
Hkqxrku çkIr djus osQ fy, fcy osQ njkt dh ykxr Hkh gSA
z ,d cSad vius Lo;a osQ Hkquk, x, fcyksa dks osQaæh; cSad
osQ ikl jldrk gS vkSj viuh ½.k xfrfofèk;ksa esa mi;ksx
djus osQ fy, èku çkIr dj ldrk gSA bls osQaæh; cSad }kjk
cSad uksVksa dh iquHkZqukbZ osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
euh ekdZsV E;qpqvy iQaM (,e,iQ)%
z ;g eqæk cktkj lkèku gS] ftls E;qpqvy iQaM (,e,iQ)
osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] bls1992 esa O;fÙkQ;ksa dks
Hkkjrh; iwiwatath hck”kkj
Hkkjrh; ck”kkj
vYidkfyd fuos'k osQ volj çnku djus osQ fy, 'kq:@
laxfBr fd;k x;k FkkA
z blosQ fy, 'kq#vkrh ekinaMksa dks dbZ ckj mnkj cuk;k x;kA
ekpZ 2000 ls] E;qpqvy iQaM vkjchvkbZ osQ vykok lsch
dh tkap osQ vèkhu jgs gSaA
z fiQygky] okf.kfT;d cSadksa] lkoZtfud vkSj futh foÙkh;
laLFkkuksa vkSj futh {ks=k dh daifu;ksa lfgr foÙkh; laxBuksa
vkSj iQeks± dh ,d foLr`r J`a•yk dks E;qpqvy iQaM LFkkfir
djus dh vuqefr gSA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lanHkZ esa fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij
fopkj dhft;s% (2020)
1- ^okf.kfT;d i=k* ,d vYidkfyd vlqjf{kr opu i=k
gSA
2- ^lfVZfiQosQV vkWiQ fMikWftV* Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk
dkWikZsjs'ku dks tkjh fd;k x;k ,d nh?kkZofèk fy•r gSA
3- *dkWy euh* ,d vYidkfyd foÙk gS ftldk mi;ksx
baVjcSad ysunsu osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
4- ^thjks&dwiu* ckaM C;kt okys vYidkfyd ckaM gSa tks
vuqlwfpr okf.kfT;d cSadksa }kjk fuxeksa dks tkjh fd,
tkrs gSaA
Åij fn, x, dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) osQoy 1 vkSj 2
(b) osQoy 4
(c) osQoy 1 vkSj 3
(d) osQoy 2] 3 vkSj 4
2. fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj djsa% (2018)
1- Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad Hkkjr ljdkj dh çfrHkwfr;ksa dk
çcaèku vkSj lsok,a çnku djrk gS] ysfdu jkT; ljdkj
dh çfrHkwfr;ksa dk ughaA
2- Vªstjh fcy Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk tkjh fd, tkrs gSa] jkT;
ljdkjksa }kjk Vªstjh fcy tkjh ugha fd, tkrs gSaA
3- Vªstjh fcy cjkcj ewY; ls NwV ij tkjh fd, tkrs gSaA
Åij fn, x, dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) osQoy 1 vkSj 2
(b) osQoy 3
(c) osQoy 2 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
225
 3. fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk iathÑr fons'kh iksVZiQksfy;ks
fuos'kdksa }kjk fons'kh fuos'kdksa dks tkjh fd;k tkrk gS
tks •qn dks lhèks iathÑr fd, fcuk Hkkjrh; 'ks;j cktkj
dk fgLlk cuuk pkgrs gSa\ (2019)
(a) tek çek.ki=k
(b) okf.kfT;d i=k
(c) opu i=k
(d) ikfVZflisVjh uksV
osQ'k eSustesaV fcy (CMB)
z vxLr 2009 ls] Hkkjr ljdkj us] vkjchvkbZ osQ ijke'kZ ls]
ljdkj dh vLFkk;h udnh çokg dh deh dks iwjk djus
osQ fy, udn çcaèku foèks;dksa osQ :i esa tkuk tkus okyk
,d u;k vYidkfyd lkèku tkjh djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k gSA
z udn çcaèku fcy 91 fnuksa ls de dh ifjiDork vofèk
okys vf}rh;] fj;k;rh midj.k gSaA
z lh,ech esa Vªstjh fcy tSlk gksrk gSA
z os foi.ku ;ksX; gSa vkSj rS;kj ok;nk lqfoèkk osQ fy, vgZrk
çkIr djrs gSa vkSj muesa cSad fuos'k dks ,l,yvkj osQ fy,
ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa esa ,d ;ksX; fuos'k ekuk tkrk gSA
z ;g è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd ekStwnk Vªstjh fcy mlh
mís'; dks iwjk djrs gSa] ysfdu D;ksafd mUgsa 1997 esa Hkkjr
ljdkj }kjk WMA (rjhosQ vkSj lkèku vfxze) çkoèkkuksa osQ
rgr j•k x;k FkkA
z os vc ljdkj osQ fy, viuh vYidkfyd foÙk iks"k.k
vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, ,d foosdkèkhu ekxZ
osQ :i esa dke ugha djrs gSaA CBM leku WMA çkoèkkuksa }
kjk doj ugha fd;k x;k gSA
vlaxfBr eqæk cktkj
z ljdkj }kjk Hkkjr esa eqæk cktkj dk laxfBr fodkl 'kq:
djus ls igys] ;g çkphu dky ls ,d vlaxfBr :i esa
vfLrRo esa Fkk & ftldk vo'ks"k vHkh Hkh ns'k esa ekStwn gSA
z muosQ lapkyu dks mlh rjg ls fu;af=kr ugha fd;k tkrk gS
ftl rjg ls laxfBr eqæk cktkj dks fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gS]
ysfdu mUgsa ljdkj }kjk Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA
z muesa ls dqN dks gky osQ o"kks± esa fofu;fer laxfBr cktkj
esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
vlaxfBr eqæk cktkj osQ çdkj%
vfu;fer xSj&cSad foÙkh; eè;LFk% fpV iQaM] fufèk vkSj
mèkkj nsus okyh iQeZsa vfu;fer xSj&cSad foÙkh; eè;LFkksa
osQ mnkgj.k gSaA os vR;fèkd mPp C;kt nj olwyrs gSa vkSj
226
ifj.kkeLo:i] vFkZO;oLFkk esa pqfuank igqap osQ lkFk pfj=k esa
'kks"kd gSaA
Lons'kh cSadj% os tek Lohdkj djrs gSa vkSj fdlh O;fÙkQ ;k
futh m|e dh {kerk osQ vuqlkj èku mèkkj nsrs gSaA
z ekjokM+h dk;k% os eq[; :i ls xqtjkr esa dke djrs gSa]
eqacbZ vkSj dksydkrk esa Hkh budh FkksM+h mifLFkfr ekStwn gSA
z psfêð;kj% os psUubZ vkSj nf{k.k Hkkjrh; canjxkgksa esa lfØ;
gSaA
z xqtjkrh JkWiQ% mudk lapkyu eqacbZ] dksydkrk vkSj {ks=k
osQ vklikl osQ vU; vkS|ksfxd] O;kikfjd vkSj canjxkg
'kgjksa esa gSA
z eqYrkuh vkSj f'kdkjiqjh JkWiQ% mudk dkjksckj eqacbZ]
dksydkrk] vle osQ pk; ckxkuksa vkSj mÙkj iwohZ Hkkjr esa gSA
euh ysaMlZ%
os Hkkjr osQ euh ekdZsV dk lcls LFkkuh; :i gSa vkSj vfèkd
'kks"k.kdkjh rjhosQ ls dke djrs gSaA os nks :iksa esa dk;Z djrs gSa%
z is'ksoj lkgwdkj tks C;kt dekus osQ fy, O;olk; osQ :i
esa viuk iSlk mèkkj nsrs gSaA
z xSj&is'ksoj lkgwdkj tks O;olk;h gks ldrs gSa tks C;kt
jktLo dks lkbM&ykbu osQ :i esa cukus osQ fy, iSlk
mèkkj nsrs gSaA
vlaxfBr •aM dk dkj.k
z Hkkjrh; eqæk cktkj vHkh Hkh viuh ;qokoLFkk esa gSA
z iSB dk vHkko vkSj laxfBr eqæk cktkj midj.kksa dh
mifLFkfrA
z cgqr ls t:jrean eqæk cktkj xzkgd gSa tks orZeku esa
laxfBr eqæk cktkj osQ nk;js ls ckgj gSaA
z laxfBr eqæk cktkj esa xzkgdksa dh igqap çfrcafèkr gS] ftlesa
NksVs O;olkf;;ksa dks çfrcafèkr fd;k x;k gSA
iwath cktkj
z iwath cktkj ^^pkSuyksa dk ,d lewg gS ftlosQ ekè;e ls
leqnk; dh cpr dks vkS|ksfxd vkSj okf.kfT;d iQeks±] lkFk
gh ljdkjh fudk;ksa osQ fy, lqyHk cuk;k tkrk gSA**
z iwath cktkj og txg gS tgka ckaM] LVkWd vkSj caèkd tSls
fuos'k mRiknksa dk vknku&çnku fd;k tkrk gSA
z Hkkjrh; iwath cktkj] eqæk cktkj dh rjg] laxfBr vkSj
vlaxfBr {ks=kksa esa foHkkftr gSA iwath cktkj osQ vlaxfBr
{ks=k esa Lons'kh cSadj vkSj lkgwdkj 'kkfey gSaA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ;g nh?kZdkyhu ½.kksa dk cktkj gSA ;g m|ksx dks fuf'pr
vkSj dk;Z'khy iwath çnku djrk gS vkSj la?kh;] jkT; vkSj
uxjikfydk ljdkjksa osQ eè;e vkSj nh?kZdkfyd mèkkjh dks
foÙkiksf"kr djrk gSA
z bl cktkj dk çkFkfed drZO; mu 'ks;jèkkjdksa esa fuos'k
djuk gS ftuosQ ikl deh dk lkeuk dj jgs yksxksa osQ
fy, vfèk'ks"k udnh gSA iwath cktkj yach vofèk vkSj
vYidkfyd nksuksa çdkj dh iQafMax çnku djrk gSA
z iwath cktkj fuxeksa vkSj m|ksxksa osQ chp iQeZ osQ LokfeRo
osQ forj.k vkSj foÙkh; lalkèkuksa osQ iquvkZoaVu dh Hkh
vuqefr nsrk gSA
iwath cktkj dk egRo
z fufèk% O;fÙkQ vkSj foÙkh; eè;LFk iwath cktkj dks èku çnku
djrs gSa] tks O;kikj] m|ksx vkSj ljdkj }kjk vo'kksf"kr
fd;s tkrs gSaA
z jk"Vªh; vk;% ;g iwath osQ çokg dks jk"Vªh; vk; c<+kus osQ
fy, vfèkd dq'kyrkiwoZd vkSj ykHkçn :i ls fu;ksftr
djus esa l{ke cukrk gSA
z iwath fuekZ.k% iwath cktkj C;kt ;k ykHkka'k osQ lkFk cpr
dks çksRlkfgr djrk gS vkSj fuos'kdksa dks udn forfjr djrk
gSA iQyLo:i iw¡th fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
z mRiknd igysa% iwath cktkj cpr okys yksxksa osQ lkFk&lkFk
mu yksxksa osQ fy, ,d cktkj midj.k osQ :i esa dk;Z
djrk gS ftUgsa mRiknd igyksa osQ fy, èku dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA
z mRiknd fuos'k% ;g lalkèkuksa dks vçHkkoh vkSj vuqRiknd
pkSuyksa tSls lksuk] vkHkw"k.k] vpy ifjlaifÙk] vkSj mRiknd
fuos'kksa esa fof'k"V O;; ls nwj LFkkukarfjr djrk gSA
z oSY;w cwLVj% vuqHkoh cSafdax vkSj xSj&cSafdax eè;LFkksa osQ
lkFk ,d lqO;ofLFkr vkSj ifjiDo iwath cktkj LVkWd vkSj
çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ ewY; dks c<+krk gSA
z lêðk% ;g mfpr C;kt njksa ij t:jreanksa dks foÙk nsdj
vkSj lêðk xfrfofèk dks de djus esa lgk;rk djosQ bls
iwjk djrk gSA
z fn'kk% iwath cktkj esa dke djus okyh dbZ laLFkk,a udnh
osQ çokg osQ lkFk&lkFk dq'ky lalkèku vkoaVu osQ fy,
ek=kkRed vkSj xq.kkRed fn'kk çnku djrh gSaA

iwath cktkj osQ çfrHkkxh

foÙkh; cktkjksa esa izfrHkkxh

euh ekosZQV izfrHkkxh iwath cktkj lgHkkxh

osaQnzh; cSad okf.kfT;d cSad Losns'kh fMLdkmaV Loho`Qfr cSfdax laLFkku xSj&cSfoaQx foÙkh; laLFkku
foÙkh; ,tsafl;ka gkml edku

okf.kfT;d lgdkjh {ks=kh; xzeh.k Hkwfe fodkl fons'kh

cSad cSad cSad esaV cSad cSad

fuos'k O;kikjh fuos'k fodkl chek isa'u chek

cSad cSad oaQifu;k¡ cSad oaQiuh fuf/ oaQiuh

z osQoy foÙkh; laLFkku vkSj vU; ,tsafl;k¡ tks iwath cktkj
esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysrh gSa ;k iwath cktkj çfØ;k dks
lqfoèkktud cukrh gSa] bl •aM esa ppkZ dh xbZ gSA bls nks
çdkjksa esa ckaVk x;k gS%
1- cSafdax laLFkku%
z cSafdax laLFkku ewy :i ls ,sls cSad gksrs gSa tks vke turk
ls nh?kZdkfyd tek çkIr djrs gSa vkSj ckn esa mèkkj ysus
okys leqnk; dks mèkkj nsrs gSaA
z okf.kfT;d cSad] lgdkjh cSad] Hkwfe fodkl cSad] fons'kh
cSad] {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad vkSj vU; çdkj osQ cSafdax laLFkku
ekStwn gSaA
z cSad vke yksxksa ls yach vofèk osQ tek ysrs gSa] ftlls
mUgsa vius lalkèkuksa dk fuos'k djus dh vuqefr feyrh gSA
z blosQ vykok] ;s okf.kfT;d cSad vc lw{e] y?kq] eè;e
vkSj cM+h bdkb;ksa lfgr daiuh osQ lHkh çdkj osQ miØeksa
dh nh?kZdkfyd foÙk iks"k.k vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrs gSaA

Hkkjrh; iwiwatath hck”kkj

Hkkjrh; ck”kkj 227
z os ifjogu lapkydksa] fofHkUu oLrqvksa osQ O;kikfj;ksa]
fdlkuksa] is'ksojksa] vkSj Lo&fu;ksftr O;fÙkQ;ksa] lfgr vU;
dks nh?kZdkfyd foÙkiks"k.k çnku djrs gSaA
2- xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; laLFkku (NBFI)
z vU; xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; laLFkk,a iwath cktkj xfrfofèk esa
Hkkx ysrh gSaA
z os lfØ; :i ls cprdrkZvksa ls fuos'kdksa osQ fy, ,d
vFkZO;oLFkk esa iwath osQ laØe.k esa layXu gSaA
z os O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj vU; yksxksa ls tek jkf'k ,d=k djosQ
vkSj O;olk;ksa] m|ksxksa] ljdkjksa vkfn dks mèkkj nsdj èku
tqVkrs gSaA
z os cprdrkZvksa dh ekaxksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, midj.kksa
dk vfèkxzg.k vkSj fcØh djus osQ lkFk&lkFk u, fMtkbu
Hkh rS;kj djrs gSaA
A- fuos'k cSad%
,d fuos'k cSafdax laLFkku ,d foÙkh; eè;LFk gS tks foosdiw.kZ
O;fÙkQ;ksa dh cpr dks bdêòk djus vkSj bl iSls dks O;kolkf;d
xfrfofèk esa yxkus dk çHkkjh gksrk gSA
bu fuos'k cSadksa osQ çkFkfed dk;ks± esa 'kkfey gSa%
z dkWikZsjsV m|eksa dk nh?kZdkfyd foÙkiks"k.k
z 'ks;jksa vkSj fMcsapjksa dk foi.ku
z lqj{kk eè;LFkksa osQ :i esa dk;Z djuk
z fdlh eqís osQ foi.ku ij lykg nsuk
z lqj{kk osQ lhèks vfèkxzg.k osQ ctk; ,d chekdrkZ osQ :i
esa dk;Z djuk] vkSj blh rjg vU; dk;ZA
B- epZsaV cSad%
z epZsaV cSad vfuok;Z :i ls foÙkh; laxBu gSa tks fcy
LohÑfr] dkWikZsjsV b';w çcaèku] iksVZiQksfy;ks çcaèku lsok,a]
ifj;kstuk ijke'kZ vkSj foÙkiks"k.k] dkWikZsjsV iquxZBu vkfn
tSlh fo'ks"k lsok,a çnku djrs gSaA
z dgus dh vko';drk ugha gS] okf.kfT;d cSafdax dk;ks± dk
nk;jk cgqr O;kid gSA
z epZsaV cSafdax ,d laLFkkxr lajpuk gS tks fuxeksa dks foÙkh;
lykg vkSj eè;LFk lsok,a çnku djrh gSA
z ,d epZsaV cSadj vU; lgk;d ;k iwjd xfrfofèk;ksa esa layXu
gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk osQoy ,d xfrfofèk esa fo'ks"kKrk çkIr
dj ldrk gSA
epZsaV cSadksa osQ dk;Z
z O;olk; iquxZBu% O;kikjh cSadksa }kjk çnku dh tkus
okyh ,d vU; çeqlsok dkWikZsjsV fMohtuksa osQ lexz csgrj
228
dkedkt osQ fy, ckgjh iquxZBu gSA bPNqd laLFkkvksa
osQ chp foy;] vfèkxzg.k] lekesyu] vfèkxzg.k] xBtksM+]
iqufuZekZ.k vkSj blh rjg osQ vU; fodYiksa ij fopkj fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
z ifj;kstuk ijke'kZ% blesa vkfFkZd] rduhdh] foÙkh; vkSj
O;ogk;Zrk vè;;u rS;kj djuk 'kkfey gSA ;g fu"iknu osQ
fy, ifj;kstuk dh O;ogk;Zrk vkSj çfØ;kRed vko';drkvksa
ij Hkh ppkZ djrk gSA
z iwath iquxZBu% iwath iquxZBu dk çkFkfed y{; bdkbZ osQ
çcaèku dks lykg nsuk gS fd blosQ foÙkh; lalkèkuksa dh
{kerk dks vfèkdre djus osQ fy, bldh iwath lajpuk dk
fuekZ.k osQls fd;k tk,A
z fuxZe çcaèku% fuxZe çcaèku dk çkFkfed y{; iwath cktkj
ls vius xzkgdksa osQ fy, bfDoVh 'ks;j] ojh;rk 'ks;j]
fMcsapj vkfn tSlh çfrHkwfr;ksa dks tkjh djosQ lalkèku tqVkus
osQ fy, lHkh rS;kfj;k¡ djuk gSA
z dk;Z'khy iwath foÙk% O;kikjh cSad vius xzkgdksa dks
dk;Z'khy iwath foÙk çkIr djus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA os
dk;Z'khy iwath fufèk osQ laHkkfor lzksrksa ij lykg nsrs gSa |os
vius xzkgdksa osQ fy, udn ½.k O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj djus
esa l{ke gksrs gSaA
z ØsfMV fcy% LohÑfr vkSj fMLdkmaV gkml ls laidZ djus
osQ ckn] os vius xzkgdksa dks fcy HkqukbZ lsok,a çnku djus
osQ fy, le>kSrs djrs gSaA
z dkWikZsjsV ijke'kZ% ,d epZsaV cSadj dk eq[; drZO; dkWikZsjsV
{ks=k dh bdkb;ksa dks fodkl vkSj fofoèkhdj.k osQ {ks=kksa@
xfrfofèk;ksa dks •kstus] mRikn ykbuksa dk vkdyu djus
vkSj Hkfo"; osQ #>kuksa dh Hkfo";ok.kh djus tSlh fofHkUu
fparkvksa ij lykg nsuk gSA
z iksVZiQksfy;ks çcaèku% epZsaV cSadj vius xzkgdksa dks
iksVZiQksfy;ks çcaèku osQ eqíksa ij fo'ks"k lgk;rk çnku djrs gSaA
z ØsfMV flafMosQ'ku% epZsaV cSadj viuh xzkgd bdkb;ksa osQ
fy, ØsfMV çksD;ksjesaV vkSj çkstsDV iQkbusaflax ,xzhesaV cukrs
gSaA
C- fuos'k daifu;k¡%
z fuos'k iQeZ ,slh laLFkk,a gSa tks ,d fof'k"V foÙkh; lkèku]
tks,d bdkbZ] 'ks;j] ;k fMcsapj osQ ekè;e ls turk ls
udnh ,d=k djrh gSaA
z ,df=kr èku dks ckn esa ;kstuk osQ mís';ksa osQ vkèkkj ij
mfpr çfrHkwfr;ksa esa fuos'k fd;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z lkekU; rkSj ij] ,slh fuos'k iQeks± dk çkFkfed y{; de
tksf•e vkSj {kerk osQ ekè;e ls fo'kky vkSj ,df=kr
lalkèkuksa osQ ykHkksa dks vfèkdre djuk gSA
z fuos'k VªLV] E;qpqvy iQaM] okf.kfT;d cSad dkWeu VªLV
iQaM] çcaèku fuos'k daifu;k¡] ;wfuV VªLV] vkSj vU; leku
laLFkk,a cM+s fuos'k çdkj osQ fuxeksa osQ mnkgj.k gSaA
D- chek daifu;k¡
z bu iQeks± dks rhu çdkjksa esa ckaVk x;k gS%
1- thou chek daifu;k¡
2- lkekU; chek daifu;k¡]
3- leqæh chek daifu;k¡A
;s daifu;k¡ ekuo thou] vkWVkseksckby] vkokl] fVdkÅ mRiknksa]
vpy ifjlaifÙk;ksa vkfn osQ fy, vkx] nq?kZVukvksa vkSj çkÑfrd
vkinkvksa osQ •rjs dks doj djrh gSaA
E- fodkl cSad %
z fodkl cSad] tks f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQ ckn mHkjs] orZeku esa
oSf'od foÙkh; cktkjksa esa lcls lfØ; çfrHkkfx;ksa esa ls gSaA
z mudk çeqy{; foÙk] fo'ks"kKrk vkSj O;kolkf;d dkS'ky
tSls vko';d fodkl ?kVd çnku djosQ vkS|ksxhdj.k dh
xfr dks rst djuk gSA
z ifj.kkeLo:i] ,d fodkl cSad ,d fefJr bdkbZ gS tks
,d foÙk daiuh vkSj ,d fodkl fuxe osQ y{;ksa dks
tksM+rh gSA
z fodkl cSad] ftUgsa vDlj foÙkh; laLFkkuksa osQ :i esa tkuk
tkrk gS] eq[; :i ls lHkh çdkj dh vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa dks
nh?kZdkfyd foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku djus osQ fy, ftEesnkj
gksrs gSaA
z foÙkh; lgk;rk dbZ :iksa esa nh tkrh gS] tSls lkofèk ½.k
nsuk] 'ks;jksa vkSj fMcsapjksa dh lnL;rk ysuk] iwathxr eqíksa
dh gkehnkjh djuk] lkofèk ½.kksa dh xkjaVh nsuk] vk;krdksa
}kjk vkLFkfxr Hkqxrkuksa dh xkjaVh nsuk] bR;kfnA
eqæk cktkj (euhekdZsV) vkSj iw¡th cktkj (osQfiVy ekfdZV)
euh ekdZsV vkSj osQfiVy ekdZsV
varj osQ foUnq euh ekdZsV
eqæk cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d ?kVd gS ,d çdkj dk foÙkh; cktkj tgka daiuh ;k ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;k¡
tks vYidkfyd èku çnku djrk gSA
ifjHkk"kk
vofèk vYikofèk fufèk;ksa esa lkSnsA
Hkkjrh; iwiwatath hck”kkj
Hkkjrh; ck”kkj
Hkkjr osQ çeqfodkl cSad%
z Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd foÙk fuxe (IFCI)
z jkT; foÙkh; fuxe
z jkT; vkS|ksfxd fodkl fuxe
z Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd iqufuZekZ.k cSad (IRBI)
F- isa'ku iQaM%
z isa'ku iQaM vkSj fofHkUu çdkj dh lsokfuo`fÙk ;kstuk,a gSa ;s
gky gh esa egRoiw.kZ fuos'kdksa vkSj ekdZsV Iys;j osQ :i
esa mHkjh gSaA
z ;s cM+s fuos'k ;ksX; iQaM gSa tks ,d fuf'pr iQaM ;k j.kuhfr
dh t:jrksa osQ vkèkkj ij fuos'k vkmVysV osQ lkoèkkuhiwoZd
p;u dh ekax djrs gSaA
z chloha 'krkCnh osQ nwljs Hkkx esa vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa esa futh
isa'ku ;kstuk,a ;k dkWikZsjsV isa'ku iQaM iwath cktkj dk ,d
egRoiw.kZ ?kVd cu x,A
z ,d isa'ku ;kstuk isa'ku èkkjdksa dks gj eghus ,d fuf'pr
eqæk esa ,d fuf'pr jkf'k çnku djrh gS] ftldh x.kuk
vDlj ml daiuh esa fcrk, x, o"kks± dh la[;k osQ xq.kd
osQ :i esa dh tkrh gSA
G- foÙk daifu;k¡%
z bu iQeks± }kjk yksxksa dk iSlk cSadksa vkSj vU; dkWikZsjsV bdkb;ksa
ls 'ks;jksa] fMcsapj] lkofèk tek vkSj vYidkfyd ½.kksa osQ
ekè;e ls ,d=k fd;k tkrk gSA
z dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ;g ns•k x;k gS fd os vR;fèkd mPp
C;kt nj ij èku tqVkrs gSaA urhtru] bu laxBuksa dh ns;rk
vkSj iwath lajpuk vU; lkoZtfud foÙkh; laLFkkuksa ls dkiQh
fHkUu gksrh gSA
z muosQ ikl i;kZIr ek=kk esa bfDoVh iwath gSA
z os iSls vkSj iwath cktkj nksuksa esa mèkkj ysrs gSa] blfy, nksuksa
cktkjksa vkSj yach vofèk vkSj vYidkfyd C;kt njksa osQ
chp osQ varj dks ikVrs gSaA nqHkkZX; ls] bu laxBuksa osQ çn'kZu
dks gky gh esa Hkkjr esa vlarks"ktud ik;k x;k gS|
osQfiVy ekdZsV
l`ftr dh tkrh gSa vkSj iwath osQ lkFk esy •kus osQ fy,
nh?kZdkfyd foÙk LFkkfir djus osQ fy, laj{k.k fn;k tkrk gS]
mls iwath cktkj dgk tkrk gSA
yach vofèk dh fufèk;ka
229
 tksf•e 'kkfey eqæk cktkjksa esa de tksf•e gksrk gSA
fufèk foèks;d] okf.kfT;di=k] fofue;
fuiVk, x,
osQ foèks;d] tek çek.ki=k vkfn tSlh
midj.k
çfrHkwfr;ksa esa lkSnsA
okf.kfT;d cSad] NBFC] fpV iQaM vkfnA
çfrHkkfx;ksa osQ uke
fu;ked laLFkk RBI
fd, x, dk;Z vFkZO;oLFkk esa fufèk;ksa dh rjyrk esa o`f¼ cpr esa o`f¼ ls vFkZO;oLFkk dks fLFkj djuk
iwath cktkj osQ çdkj
1- çkFkfed cktkj
z çkFkfed cktkj og gS tgka 'ks;j] ½.ki=k vkSj vU;
çfrHkwfr;ksa dks çFke ckj yach vofèk dh iwath tqVkus osQ
fy, is'k fd;k tkrk gSA
z ;g cktkj ubZ fparkvksa ls Hkjk gqvk gksrkgS_ ifj.kkeLo:i]
eq[; cktkj dks LoPN fuxZe cktkj osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk
tkrk gSA
z D;ksafd bl cktkj esa èku dk çokg cprdrkZvksa ls
mèkkjdrkZvksa (m|ksxksa) dh vksj gksrk gS] ;g lhèks ns'k osQ
iwath fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA
z bl cktkj ls çkIr èku dk mi;ksx vDlj O;olk;ksa
}kjk la;a=kksa] e'khujh vkSj lajpukvksa dks c<+kus] lapkyu dk
foLrkj djus vkSj ubZ O;kolkf;d bdkb;ksa osQ fuekZ.k osQ
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
çkFkfed cktkj dh fo'ks"krk,a%
z ^^vkbZihvks** 'kCn dk vFkZ rc gksrk gS tc dksbZ O;kolkf;d
laLFkk u, 'ks;j ;k ½.ki=k is'k djrh gS|
z çkFkfed cktkj dksbZ fof'k"V LFkku ugha gS] vfirq ;g ubZ
çfrHkwfr;ksa dks tkjh djus dh ,d çfØ;k gS|
z blesa dbZ py iw¡th fofèk;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA
py iw¡th osQ rjhosQ
z lkoZtfud eqís% fuxe ,d lwphi=k tkjh djrk gS] vkSj
vke turk dks bl j.kuhfr dk mi;ksx djosQ 'ks;j ;k
½.ki=k gkfly djus osQ fy, çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
z fcØh osQ fy, çLrko%bl çfØ;k esa] ubZ çfrHkwfr;k¡ ewy
:i ls ,d eè;LFk (LVkWd nykyksa dh lkekU; daifu;k¡)
dks iwoZ fuèkkZfjr ewY; ij csph tkrh gSaA
z fiQj os bls O;kid vkcknh dks csprs gSaA
z bl j.kuhfr dk ykHk ;g gS fd bls tkjh djus okyh
O;kolkf;d laLFkk }kjk bls lkoZtfud fuxZe cukus esa le;
yxus okys dk;Z ls eqÙkQ gks tkrh gSA
230
eqæk cktkj dh rqyuk esa vfèkd tksf•e HkjkA
çfrHkwfr;ksa tSls&'ks;j] ½.ki=k ]ckaM vkSjljdkjh lqj{kkvksa esa
lkSns|
LVkWd nyky chekdrkZ] E;wpqvy iQaM~l O;fÙkQxr fuos'kd]
foÙkh; laLFkk,¡
SEBI
z futh LFkkiu% çfrHkwfr;ksa dks]vke turk dks cspus osQ
ctk;] fuxe mUgsa laLFkkxr fuos'kdksa ;k nykyksa dks csprk
gSA fiQj os bu ifjlaifÙk;ksa dks pqus gq, xzkgdksa dks mPp
dher ij csprs gSaA ;g j.kuhfr blfy, lq>kbZ xbZ gS
D;ksafd] ;g lkoZtfud leL;k dh rqyuk esa pank bdêòk
djus dk ,d de •phZyk rjhdk gSA
z lgh eqík% ftu daifu;ksa us igys vius 'ks;j tkjh fd, gSa
os bl j.kuhfr dks viukrs gSaA tc ,d LFkkfir O;kolkf;d
laLFkk u, 'ks;j tkjh djrh gS] rks og igys vius ekStwnk
'ks;jèkkjdksa dks Hkkx ysus osQ fy, dgrh gSA bls lgh leL;k
osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bl mnkgj.k esa] 'ks;jèkkjd osQ
ikl Lo;a osQ fy, çLrko Lohdkj djus ;k fdlh vU;
O;fÙkQ dks vius dqN ;k lHkh fgrksa dks fufnZ"V djus dk
fodYi gksrk gS|
z bysDVªkWfud vkjafHkd lkoZtfud fuxZe (e-IPOs)%
daifu;k¡] bysDVªkWfud ekè;eksa (;kuh baVjusV) osQ ekè;e ls
çfrHkwfr;ksa dks tkjh djus osQ fy, bl çfØ;k dk mi;ksx
djrh gSaA bl ekè;e ls çfrHkwfr;ksa dks tkjh djus okyh
laLFkk vkSj LVkWd ,Dlpsat osQ chp ,d vuqcaèk fd;k
tkrk gSA
çkFkfed cktkj osQ ykHk%
z ewY; esa gsjiQsj de xaHkhj D;ksafd] çkFkfed cktkj fuos'k
dks lqjf{kr cukrk gSA
z cktkj dks le;c¼ djus dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha gS
D;ksafd fuos'kdksa dks leku ewY;ksa ij 'ks;j çkIr gksrs gSa|
z ;g lqjf{kr gS D;ksafd çkFkfed vuqlaèkku MsVk lhèks vuqlaèkku
laLFkku }kjk ,d=k fd;k tkrkgSA
z èku] fuxe }kjk çkIr fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj fuos'kdksa dks u,
lqj{kk çek.ki=k tkjh fd, tkrs gSaA
çkFkfed cktkj vuqç;ksx%
z epZsaV cSadjksa dh fu;qfÙkQ
z ubZ tkjh dh xbZ çfrHkwfr;ksa dk ewY; fuèkkZj.k
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z lapkj@foi.ku osQ eqís z çkFkfed cktkj osQ ckn bldk ,d fof'k"V LFkku gSA
z ØsfMV tksf•e dh tkudkjh z ;g u, fuos'k dks çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
z eqíksa dks lkoZtfud djuk f}rh;d cktkj osQ ykHk
z èku laxzg
z ;fn fuos'kd dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr cnyrh gS rks os viuh
z lnL;rk dh vko';drk,¡ dqN ifjlaifÙk;ksa dh HkjikbZ dj ldrs gSaA
z LVkWd ,Dlpsat ij IPO z ,sls ekeyksa esa fuos'kd] yach vofèk osQ fuos'k u djus dk
z çfrHkwfr;ksa dk MheSV@HkkSfrd i¼fr esa vkoaVu fodYi pqu ldrs gSaA
2- f}rh;d cktkj z yacs le; rd fuos'k djosQ] ,d fuos'kd cgqr iSlk dek
z f}rh;d cktkj] iwoZ esa tkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa dks •jhnus vkSj ldrk gSA
cspus dk cktkj gSA
f}rh;d cktkj vuqç;ksx
z f}rh;d cktkj osQ ysu&nsu vDlj LVkWd ,Dlpsat osQ
ekè;e ls fd, tkrs gSaA f}rh;d cktkj dk çkFkfed y{; z çfrHkwfr O;kikj
ifjlaifÙk esa rjyrk çnku djuk gSA z tksf•e ç'kklu
z O;kikj lek'kksèku vkSj O;oLFkkiu
f}rh;d cktkj dh fo'ks"krk,a
z çfrHkwfr ,oa eqæk forj.k
z ;g rjyrk mRiUu djrk gSA
z çkFkfed cuke f}rh;d cktkj

çkFkfed cuke f}rh;d cktkj

varjosQfcanq çkFkfed cktkj f}rh;d cktkj
ubZ daifu;ksa ;k vkus okyh vU; daifu;ksa }kjk osQoy ekStwnk 'ks;jksa dk dkjksckj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
dkjksckj
çfrHkwfr;ksa dh fcØhA
daiuh lhèks fuos'kd (;k ,d eè;LFk osQ ekè;e fuos'kd] ekStwnk çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ LokfeRo dk vknku&çnku
fcpkSfy,
ls) dks çfrHkwfr;k¡ csprh gSA djrs gSa| daiuh blesa fdlh Hkh rjg ls 'kkfey ugha gSA
èku dk çokg cpr ls ysdj fuos'kdksa rd gksrk gSA'ks;j udnhdj.k (rjyrk) dks c<+k,¡] ftldk vFkZ gS
fufèk;ksa dk çokg
fd f}rh;d cktkj lhèks iwath fuekZ.k dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
çkFkfed cktkj] çfrHkwfr;ksa dh •jhn dh vuqefr Hk.Mkjfofue; esa ;g çfrHkwfr;ksa dks •jhnus vkSj cspus
•jhn@fcØh rks nsrk gS ysfdu çfrHkwfr;ksa dh fcØh dh vuqefr nksuksa dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
ugha nsrk gSA
dherksa dkfuèkkZj.k ;g daiuh osQ çcaèku }kjk r; fd;k x;k FkkA dhersa] lqj{kk dh ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ ls fuèkkZfjr gksrh gSaA
LFkku bldk dksbZ fuf'pr HkkSxksfyd LFkku ugha gSA fof'k"V LFkkuksa ij fLFkr gSA

iwath cktkj osQ midj.k

fuos'kdksa }kjk dh xbZ cpr vDlj fofHkUu çdkj osQ tfVy foÙkh; mRiknksa osQ ekè;e ls tqVkbZ tkrh gS] ftUgsa iwath cktkj osQ
lkèkuksa osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] tSls fd 'ks;j] ½.ki=k] ckWUM] ;k fdlh Hkh fuxe }kjk tkjh blh rjg dh vU; foi.ku ;ksX;
ifjlaifÙk;k¡ rFkk vU;A
z ,d daiuh dh iwath] vfoHkkT; VqdM+ksa dh ,d ifjHkkf"kr la[;k esa foHkkftr gksrh gSA bUgsa 'ks;j dgk
tkrk gSA daiuh vfèkfu;e 2013 dh èkkjk 43 osQ vuqlkj] 'ks;jksa dh 'ks;j iwath }kjk lhfer daiuh nks
'ks;j çdkj dh gks ldrh gS%
1- lkekU; 'ks;j iwath 2- ojh;rk 'ks;j iwathA
z fuxfer LVkWd midj.kksa dk y{; daifu;ksa osQ fy, iwath tqVkuk gSA

Hkkjrh; iwiwatath hck”kkj

Hkkjrh; ck”kkj 231
 z bl LVkWd osQ èkkjdksa osQ ikl muosQ lkekU; LokfeRo osQ dkj.k dkWikZsjsV ekeyksa ij ernku dk vfèkdkj gSA
z gkykafd] vxj O;kolkf;d laLFkk dks uqdlku gksrk gS vkSj og vxj fnokfy;k gks tkrk gS] rks lkekU;
lkekU; 'ks;j
LVkWd osQ èkkjd viuk iSlk ysunkjksa] ckWUMgksYMlZ vkSj fo'ks"k vfèkdkj çkIr LVkWdgksYMlZ ls çkIr djus
osQ vfèkdkjh gksaxsA
z ojh;rk 'ks;j] ,d O;kolkf;d laLFkk }kjk tkjh fd, x, 'ks;j dk ,d :i gS tks bfDoVh ekfydksa dks
ykHkka'k osQ foijhriwoZ fuèkkZfjr Hkqxrku çnku djrk gS|tks çkIr ykHk osQ vkèkkj ij ykHkka'k çkIr djrs gSaA
z gkykafd ilanhnk LVkWd mPp ykHkka'k dk Hkqxrku djrk gS] ysfdu O;kolkf;d ekeyksa esa mlosQ ikl
ojh;rk 'ks;j
ernku 'kfÙkQ ugha gksrh gSA
z daiuh osQ iru dh fLFkfr esa] ojh;rk 'ks;jèkkjdksa dks vius 'ks;jksa dks Hkqukus dk vfèkdkj lkekU;
'ks;jèkkjdksa ls igys gSA
z LosV bfDoVh 'ks;j] ,d O;kolkf;d laLFkk }kjk vius deZpkfj;ksa ;k funs'kdksa dks daiuh dks tkudkjh
;k rqyuh; ewY; çnku djus osQ cnys esa ,d NwV dh rjg fn, tkrs gSaA
LosV bfDoVh osQ
z LosV bfDoVh ,d çdkj dk ikfjJfed gS tks fdlh daiuh }kjk vius ekfydksa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dks çnku
'ks;j
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d ifj;kstuk osQ fy, Hkkxhnkj }kjk nh xbZ Je çfrc¼rk dh LohÑfr gS] tcfd
foÙkh; lekurk ,d iwath buiqV gSA
½.k lkèku% ckaM
z ½.k lkèku] dk mi;ksx O;olk;ksa ;k ljdkjksa }kjk iwath&xgu z ;g fuxeksa vkSj ljdkjksa }kjk tkjh fd, x, ½.k lkèku
ifj;kstukvksa osQ foÙkiks"k.k tqVkus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS gSaA ckaM T;knkrj ljdkjksa vkSj fuxeksa }kjk tkjh fd, tkrs
tks eq[; ;k f}rh;d cktkj osQ ekè;e ls çkIr fd;k gSa mnkgj.k& la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk esa Vªstjh ckaM] ;wukbVsM
tk ldrk gSA bl rjg osQ lkèku LokfeRo osQ rgr ,d fdaxMe esa fxYV vkfnA
mèkkjdrkZ&ysunkj dk gksrk gS vkSj blfy, ;g mèkkjdrkZ z ,d fuos'kd tks ,d fuf'pr vofèk osQ fy, ,d fuf'pr
dk daiuh esa LokfeRo ugh gksrk gSA C;kt nj ij ,d ½.k ckaM•jhnrk gS] fuos'kd bl vofèk
z ;g vuqcaèk ,d fuèkkZfjr le; osQ fy, gS] vkSj C;kt dk osQ nkSjku vèkZ&okf"kZd ;k okf"kZd C;ktHkqxrku çkIr djrs gSaA
Hkqxrku fu;fer varjky ij fd;k tkrk gSA z D;ksafd lafonkRed C;kt Hkqxrku mèkkjdrkZvksa dks fn;k
z ckaM] ½.ki=k] vkSj ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;k¡ (G&Secs) lHkh ½.k tkuk pkfg,] ckWUM tkjh djus ls ckWUM tkjhdrkZ dk ½.k
lkèkuksa osQ mnkgj.k gSaA Hkkj c<+ tkrk gSA
½.ki=k ckaM fuEu çdkj osQ gks ldrs gSa%
z ½.ki=k] ,d nh?kZdkfyd foÙkh; lkèku gS ftldk mi;ksx z ljdkjh ckaM
ljdkjksa vkSj çeqfuxeksa }kjk iwath tqVkus osQ fy, fd;k z uxjfuxe osQ ckaM
tkrk gSA
z laLFkku ckaM
z ;g ,d ½.k le>kSrk çek.ki=k gS] ftl ij daiuh dh eqgj
z dkWikZsjsV ckaM
yxh gksrh gS vkSj ;g xkjaVh nsrk gS fd ½.ki=k èkkjd dks
½.ki=k osQ ifjiDo gksus ij ,d fufnZ"V èku dh okilh ckWUM ij çfriQy%
vkSj ewy jkf'k çkIr gksxhA z C;kt çfriQy (;k py jgk çfriQy)% ckaM ij çfriQy
z leku iwath osQ foijhr] ftlesa ifjorZu'khy vk; okys dh x.kuk osQoy dwiu Hkqxrkuksa ij dh tkrh gSAA
½.ki=k gksrs gSa] dh fuf'pr vk; gksrh gS ysfdu erkvfèkdkj z ifjiDork çfriQy (;k çfrnku çfriQy)% dwiu udn
ugha gksrkA çokg vkSj iwathxr ykHk ;k gkfu ij uqdlku ?kVkus osQ ckn
z fMcsapj vDlj èkkjd }kjk Lora=k :i ls gLrkarj.kh; gksrs gSaA ckWUM ij okilhA

232 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
xzhu ckWUM%
z xzhu ckaM] uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ] mRltZu esa deh vkfn tSlh
^gfjr* igyksa dk leFkZu djusosQ fy, èku dk l`tu djrs
gSaA
z fo'o cSad us 2007 esa igyk xzhu ckWUM tkjh fd;k FkkA
z 2007 esa] varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa (;wjksih; fuos'k cSad vkSj fo'o
cSad) us igyk gfjr ckaM tkjh fd;kA
z ;l cSad us 2007 esa Hkkjr dk igyk xzhu ckWUM tkjh fd;k
FkkA
z EXIM cSad us 2015 esa Hkkjr dk igyk $500 fefy;u
MkWyj ewY; dk xzhu ckaM tkjh fd;kA
z Hkkjrh; uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ fodkl ,tsalh fyfeVsM us uohdj.
kh; ÅtkZ osQ foÙkiks"k.k osQ fy, gfjr ckaM tkjh fd, gSaA
z Cyw ckaM% ;g ,d çdkj dk gfjr ckaM gS tks] eq[; :i
ls tyok;q vuqdwy ty çcaèku vkSj cqfu;knh <kaps esa
fuos'k djrk gSA
elkyk ckaM%
z elkyk ckaM] Hkkjrh; O;kolkf;d laLFkkvks }kjk iwath tqVkus
osQ fy, oSf'od cktkj esa tkjh fd, x, #i;s&ewY;oxZ
osQ ckaM gSaA
z elkyk ckaMksa dks varjkZ"Vªh; foÙk fuxe (IFC)] fo'o cSad
dh ,d fuos'k 'kk•k osQ uke ij j•k x;k Fkk] ftlus mUgsa
Hkkjr esa cqfu;knh <kapk ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, tkjh fd;k FkkA
z ckgjh okf.kfT;d mèkkj (ECB) osQ foijhr gS] ftls MkWyj
esa fy;k vkSj pqdk;k tkrk gS | ;s fuos'kdksa dks fofue;
nj esa mrkj&p<+ko ls cpkrs gSaA
MsfjosfVo@O;qRiUu lkèku%
z og ftldk ewY; ,d ;k vfèkd varfuZfgr ifjlaifÙk;ksa osQ
ewY; ls çkIr gksrk gS] ftlesa oLrq,a] dherh èkkrq,a] eqæk,a]
ckaM] LVkWd] LVkWd lwph vkfn 'kkfey gks ldrs gSaA
z Hkkoh lkSns] Hkfo"; osQ fy, fodYi] vkxs c<+us dh fn'kk
vkSj fofue;];s pkj lcls çpfyr çdkj osQ MsfjosfVo
mRikn gSa|
z bu çfrHkwfr;ksa dk y{; mRikndksa vkSj fuekZrkvksa dks tksf•eksa
ls cpko dh {kerk çnku djuk gSA
z O;qRiUu dk mi;ksx djrs gq,] nksuksa i{k ckn dh rkjhesa ,d
fuèkkZfjr ewY; ij cspus osQ fy, lger gksrs gSaA
z O;qRiUu cktkj dks fuEukuqlkj nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k
tk ldrk gS%
Hkkjrh; iwiwatath hck”kkj
Hkkjrh; ck”kkj
z fofue;&O;kikj O;qRiUu|
z fcuk iphZ dk O;qRiUuA
z ½.ki=k dh rqyuk esa ckaM vfèkd lqjf{kr gksrs gSaA ckaM
ij] ,d xkjaVhÑr C;kt nj dk Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gS tks
daiuh osQ ykHk dh ijokg fd, fcuk ewY; esa ifjorZu
ugha djrk gSA
z ckaM dh rqyuk esa ½.ki=k de lqjf{kr gksrs gSaA ½.k osQ
fy, lqj{kk O;kolkf;d laLFkk }kjk çnku dh tkrh gSA blosQ
vykok] ifjlekiu dh fLFkfr esa] ckWUMèkkjdksa dks igys
Hkqxrku fd;k tk,xk] mlosQ ckn fMcsapj èkkjd dks Hkqxrku
fd;k tkrk gSA
z fnokfy,iu dh fLFkfr esa ½.ki=k èkkjdksa osQ ikl fuxe osQ
fo#¼ dksbZ laikf'oZd ugha gksrk gSA daifu;k¡ ckaMèkkjdksa dh
rqyuk esa ½.ki=k èkkjdksa dks vfèkd C;kt njksa dk Hkqxrku
djosQ bldh HkjikbZ djrh gSaA
z vafdr ewY;% og jkf'k tks fdlh fuos'kd dks lqj{kk dh
ifjiDork frfFk ij Hkqxrku dh tk,xhA ½.k çfrHkwfr;ksa dks
fofHkUu vafdr ewY;ksa ds lkFk tkjh fd;k tk ldrk gS]
ysfdu Hkkjr esa] mUgsa vkerkSj ij 100 ds vafdr ewY; ds
lkFk tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA
 pqdkSrh jkf'k dks vafdr ewY; ds :i esa Hkh tkuk
tkrk gSA
 bl jkf'k dks fuokjd ewY;] ewy/u ewY; (;k fliQZ
ewy/u)] ifjiDork ewY;] ;k leewY; ds :i esa Hkh
tkuk tkrk gSA
z dwiu nj% dwiu nj] og C;kt nj gS ftl ij ckaM tkjh
fd;k tkrk gS vkSj daiuh dks fuos'kd dks Hkqxrku djuk
gksrk gSAckW.M dh dher dwiu nj ls lacaf/r gksrh gSA
z dk;Zdky% ftl vof/ ds ckn ckaM ifjiDo gksrs gSa mls
dk;Zdky dgk tkrk gSA;s tkjhdrkZvksa vkSj fuos'kdksa ds
chp ½.k le>kSrs gSaA,d fuos'kd ;k ysunkj ds fy, ,d
tkjhdrkZ ds foÙkh; vkSj dkuwuh nkf;Ro dsoy vof/ ds
var rd ekU; gksrs gSaA
foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lanHkZ esa fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij
fopkj dhft;s% (2020)
1- ^okf.kfT;d i=k* ,d vYidkfyd vlqjf{kr opu i=k
gSA
2- ^lfVZfiQosQV vkWiQ fMikWftV* Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk
tkjh fd;k x;k ,d nh?kkZofèk lkèku gSA
233
 3- ^dkWy euh* ,d vYikofèk foÙk gS ftldk mi;ksx Åij fn, x, dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
varj&cSad ysunsu osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA (a) osQoy 1 vkSj 2
4- ^thjks&dwiu ckaM* vuqlwfpr okf.kfT;d cSadksa }kjk (b) osQoy 4
fuxeksa dks tkjh fd, x, C;kt&;qÙkQ vYikofèk ckaM (c) osQoy 1 vkSj 3
gSaA (d) osQoy 2] 3 vkSj 4

½.k vkSj bfDoVh osQ chp varj

½.k vkSj bfDoVh osQ chp varj
rqyuk dk vkèkkj ½.k bfDoVh
ifjHkk"kk daiuh }kjk fdlh vU; ikVhZ osQ fy, cdk;k eqæk daiuh }kjk 'ks;j tkjh djosQ tqVk, x, iQaM dks
dks"k dks ½.k osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bfDoVh osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
tkjhdrkZ SEBI osQ lkFk iathÑr daifu;k¡ daifu;k¡] ljdkjsa
fLFkfr drZO; LokfeRo
tksf•e U;wu mPp
okilh dh çÑfr fuf'pr vkSj fu;fer pj vkSj vfu;fer
vnk;xh dtZ nsus okys dks ewy jkf'k osQ lkFk C;kt vk; Hkh 'ks;jèkkjdksa dks muosQ 'ks;jksa ij ykHkka'k@equkiQk feyrk
feyrh gSA gSA
fu;ked SEBI RBI vkSj SEBI fuxfer ckWUM osQ ekeys esa

ok;nk vuqcaèk dh rqyuk esa Hkfo"; vuqcaèk

rqyuk dk
ok;nk vuqcaèk Hkfo"; vuqcaèk
vkèkkj
;g nks i{kksa osQ chp Hkfo"; dh rkjhij ,d fufnZ"V ;g Hkfo"; esa ,d fufnZ"V le; ij fdlh fo'ks"k oLrq
ifjHkk"kk ewY; ij ifjlaifÙk •jhnus ;k cspus osQ fy, ,d ifjlaifÙk ;k lqj{kk dks iwoZ fuèkkZfjr ewY; ij •jhnus
vuqcaèk gSA ;k cspus dk ,d dkuwuh le>kSrk gSA
fofu;eu Lo;a fofu;fer LVkWd fofue; }kjk
laikf'oZd vko';d ugha çkjafHkd ykHk vko';d gSA
D;ksfd os futh le>kSrs gSa] vr% blesa pwd dh ,slh dksbZ laHkkouk ugha gSA
pwd
laHkkouk vis{kkÑr vfèkd gSA
dkjksckj vksoj dkmaVj ;kuh dksbZ lsosQaMjh ekdZsV ugha gSA laxfBr LVkWd fofue;A
vuqdwyu ;g ,d t#jr osQ eqrkfcd cuk vuqcaèk gSA ;g ,d ekudhÑr vuqcaèk gSA
fuiVku ifjiDork frfFk ijA çfrfnuA
ifjiDork vuqcaèk dh 'krks± osQ vuqlkjA iwoZ fuèkkZfjr frfFk
vuqcaèk dk vuqcaèk dh 'krks± ij fuHkZj djrk gSA fuèkkZfjr
vkdkj
tksf•e mPp fuEu

234 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
,atsy bUosLVlZ vkSj osapj osQfiVfyLV
,atsy bUosLVlZ osapj osQfiVfyLV
vkWijsVj ,d ,atsy fuos'kd Lora=k :i ls dke djrk gSA ,d osapj osQfiVfyLV ,d daiuh ;k ,d iQeZ gSA
,atsy fuos'kd eq[; :i ls foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku osapj osQfiVfyLV ,d etcwr] çfrLièkhZ mRikn ;k lsok vkSj
leFkZu çdkj
djrs gSaA O;kid cktkj {kerk pkgrk gSA
,atsy fuos'kd çkjafHkd pj.k dh daifu;ksa esa m|e iwathifr] m|e iwath O;olk; osQ vkèkkj ij] çkjafHkd
fo'ks"kKrk
fo'ks"kK gksrs gSaA pj.k dh iQeks± vkSj vfèkd ifjiDo O;olk;ksa esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA
,atsy bUosLVlZ dk laLFkku ij cgqr T;knk fu;a=k.k m|e iwathifr;ksa dk iQeZ vkSj laLFkk ij cgqr cM+k çHkko gSA
fu;a=k.k
ugha gSA

jkT; fodkl ½.k (,lMh,y)
z Hkkjr esa jkT; ljdkjsa] O;fÙkQ;ksa dh rjg] vius foÙk dk
çcaèku djrh gSaA
z bu ctVksa esa] jkT; O;; dHkh&dHkh çkfIr;ksa ls vfèkd gks
ldrk gSA blls jktdks"kh; ?kkVk gksrk gSA ,lMh,y ctVh;
?kkVs dks foÙkiksf"kr& djus esa enn djus osQ fy, jkT;
ljdkjksa }kjk tkjh fd, x, ckaM gSaA
z çR;sd jkT; ,d fuf'pr jkf'k rd mèkkj ys ldrk gSA
,lMh,y vèkZ&okf"kZd varjky ij C;kt dk Hkqxrku djrs
gSa vkSj ifjiDork ij ewy jkf'k ykSVkrs gSaA vkerkSj ij] os
eq[;r% 10 lky osQ fy, oSèk gksrs gSaA
z ;s ,lMh,y vkjchvkbZ }kjk çcafèkr fd, tkrs gSaA vkjchvkbZ
;g Hkh lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd C;kt vkSj ewy Hkqxrku dh
fuxjkuh osQ }kjk ,lMh,y dh lsok dh tkrh gSA
z gkykafd] bldk eryc ;g ugha gS fd vkjchvkbZ ,lMh,y
dh xkjaVh nsrk gSA ,lMh,y] ljdkjh ckaM cktkj dh rjg]
vkWuykbu dkjksckj fd;k tkrk gSA
z cSad] E;qpqvy iQaM] chek iQeZ] Hkfo"; fufèk] vkSj vU;
çfrHkkfx;ksa esa 'kkfey gSaA
jkT; fodkl ½.k osQ ykHk
z de tksf•e% ,,, dkWikZsjsV ckWUM dh rqyuk esa lkWojsu
xkjaVh osQ lkFk buesa de tksf•e gksrk gSA SDL flD;ksfjVht
dks dkWjiksjsV ckWUM ;k eksfcykbts'ku yksu osQ fy, csgrj
ekuk tkrk gSA jkT;ksa dks la?kh; ljdkj osQ vkoaVu ls
,lMh,y iquHkZqxrku djus dk vfèkdkj vkjchvkbZ osQ ikl
gSA vkjchvkbZ jkT; osQ LokfeRo okys m|eksa }kjk mèkkj ysus
osQ ifj.kkeLo:i vkdfLed nsunkfj;ksa dks doj djus osQ
fy, ,d dks"k j•rk gSA
z vfèkd çkfIr@;hYM dh laHkkouk% bu isilZ dh ;hYM
osQaæ ljdkj osQ csapekdZ ;hYM ls T;knk gks ldrh gSA os
ljdkjh ckWUM njksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd mit dh is'kd'k
dj ldrs gSaA uhykfe;ksa dk mi;ksx O;kikj osQ fy, fd;k
tkrk gS] Bhd oSls gh tSls os osQaæ ljdkj }kjk tkjh ckaM
osQ fy, gksrh gSaA
Hkkjr esa orZeku fLFkfr
z 22 flracj dks X;kjg jkT;ksa us dqy #- jkT; ljdkj dh
çfrHkwfr;ksa ;k jkT; fodkl ½.k (,lMh,y) dh uhykeh
osQ ekè;e ls 14]298 djksM+A
z pkyw foÙk o"kZ osQ 7 vçSy ls 22 flracj rd] 27 jkT;ksa
vkSj nks osQaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa us cktkj mèkkjh osQ ekè;e ls
dqy 3-26 ykdjksM+ #i;s tqVk,] tks fiNys foÙk o"kZ esa
mèkkjh ls 45» vfèkd gSA
,Dlpsat VªsMsM iQaM~l (ETF)
z ;g ,d tek fuos'k ifjlaifÙk gS tks E;wpqvy iQaM osQ
leku dk;Z djrh gSA
z bZVh,iQ vDlj ,d fof'k"V baMsDl] lsDVj] deksfMVh ;k
vU; ifjlaifÙk dks VªSd djrs gSa] ysfdu E;wpqvy iQaM osQ
foijhr] bZVh,iQ dks LVkWd ekdZsV esa mlh rjg ls •jhnk vkSj
cspk tk ldrk gS tSls ,d ikjaifjd LVkWd dksA bls ,d
oLrq dh dher ls ysdj oLrqvksa osQ fo'kky vkSj fofoèk
lewg rd dqN Hkh VªSd djus osQ fy, fMtkbu fd;k tk
ldrk gS ftls dqN fuos'k j.kuhfr;ksa dk ikyu djus osQ
fy, Hkh fMtkbu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z ,d ,Dlpsat&VªsMsM iQaM (bZVh,iQ) ifjlaifÙk dk ,d laxzg
gS tks 'ks;j cktkj esa LVkWd dh rjg gh VªsM djrk gSA
z blosQ 'ks;j dh dherksa esa iwjs fnu mrkj&p<+ko gksrk jgrk
gS tc ETF •jhnk vkSj cspk tkrk gS] E;qpqvy iQaM osQ
foijhr] tks cktkj can gksus osQ ckn fnu esa osQoy ,d ckj
O;kikj djrk gSA

Hkkjrh; iwiwatath hck”kkj

Hkkjrh; ck”kkj 235
z ETF esa dbZ rjg osQ fuos'k gks ldrs gSa] tSls LVkWd]
deksfMVh ;k ckWUM_ dqN la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk rd lhfer
gSa] tcfd vU; oSf'od gSaA
z ETF okgu dk ,d :i gS tks ,d LVkWd dh rjg osQoy
,d osQ foijhr dbZ varfuZfgr ifjlaifÙk;ksa dk ekfyd
gksrk gSA D;ksafd bZVh,iQ esa dbZ ifjlaifÙk;k¡ gksrh gSa] ;g
fofoèkhdj.k osQ fy, ,d yksdfç; fodYi gks ldrk gSA
bZVh,iQ bl çdkj fofHkUu çdkj osQ fuos'k dj ldrs gSa]
tSls fd bfDoVh] deksfMVht] ckaM] ;k fuos'k çdkjksa dk
feJ.kA
z ,d bZVh,iQ dbZ m|ksxksa esa lSdM+ksa ;k gtkjksa bfDoVh dk
ekfyd gks ldrk gS] ;k ;g ,d m|ksx ;k {ks=k rd lhfer
gks ldrk gSA
z bZVh,iQ ,d foi.ku ;ksX; fuos'k gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fd
bldh 'ks;j dher bls iwjs fnu ,Dlpsatksa ij •jhnus vkSj
cspus dh vuqefr nsrh gS] vkSj bls de cspk tk ldrk gSA
bZVh,iQ osQ çdkj
z fuf"Ø; vkSj lfØ; bZVh,iQ
 ,Dlpsat VªsMsM iQaM dks ;k rks fuf"Ø; ;k lfØ; :i
ls çcafèkr osQ :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gSA
 fuf"Ø; ETF ,d O;kid lwpdkad osQ çn'kZu dh
udy djuk pkgrs gSa] tSls fd S–amp_ ih 500] ;k
vfèkd fof'k"V osQafær {ks=k ;k ço`fÙkA
 lfØ; :i ls çcafèkr bZVh,iQ vkerkSj ij 'ks;jksa osQ
,d lwpdkad dks VªSd ugha djrs gSa] cfYd ;g r;
djus osQ fy, iksVZiQksfy;ks çcaèkdksa ij Hkjkslk djrs gSa
fd iksVZiQksfy;ks esa dkSu lh ifjlaifÙk 'kkfey dh tk,A
z ckWUM bZVh,iQ
 ckWUM bZVh,iQ dk mi;ksx fuos'kdksa dks yxkrkj vk; nsus
osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
 ckaM vk; forj.k varfuZfgr ckaM osQ çn'kZu ls çHkkfor
gksrk gSA
 ljdkj] dkWikZsjsV] jkT; vkSj LFkkuh; fudk;ksa }kjk ckaM]
ftUgsa uxjikfydk ckaM osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] lHkh
dks 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z LVkWd bZVh,iQ
 ;g ETF gS ftlesa ,dy m|ksx ;k {ks=k dks VªSd djus
osQ fy, LVkWd dh ,d Vksdjh 'kkfey gSA
z m|ksx@lsDVj bZVh,iQ%
 m|ksx ;k lsDVj bZVh,iQ ,sls iQaM gSa tks ,d fuf'pr
m|ksx ;k {ks=k esa fuos'k djrs gSaA
236
 mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ÅtkZ m|ksx ls tqM+h daifu;ksa dks
ETF esa 'kkfey fd;k tk,xkA
z oLrqvksa osQ fy, bZVh,iQ
 deksfMVh bZVh,iQ] tSlk fd uke ls irk pyrk gS] dPps
rsy ;k lksus tSlh oLrqvksa esa fuos'k djrs gSaA
 deksfMVh bZVh,iQ fofHkUu ykHk çnku djrs gSaA
 os ,d iksVZiQksfy;ks esa fofoèkrk ykrs gSa] ftlls fxjkoV
osQ f•ykiQ cpko djuk vklku gks tkrk gSA
z eqæk bZVh,iQ
 djsalh bZVh,iQ ,d iwfyr fuos'k okgu gS tks djsalh
is;fjax osQ çn'kZu dk ikyu djrk gS] ftlesa LFkkuh;
vkSj fons'kh nksuksa eqæk,a 'kkfey gSaA eqæk bZVh,iQ dbZ
dk;ks± dks iwjk djrs gSaA mudk mi;ksx ns'k osQ jktuhfrd
vkSj vkfFkZd #>kuksa osQ vkèkkj ij eqæk ewY;ksa ij vuqeku
yxkus osQ fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA
cká okf.kfT;d mèkkj
z ,d fons'kh ½.knkrk ls ,d Hkkjrh; bdkbZ }kjk çkIr ½.k
cká okf.kfT;d mèkkj (bZlhch) osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
z os vkerkSj ij Hkkjr esa Hkkjrh; iQeks± vkSj lkoZtfud {ks=k
osQ m|eksa (lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ miØeksa) }kjk fons'kh èku
rd igqap çnku djus osQ fy, mi;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA
z buesa ls vfèkdka'k ½.k varjjk"Vªh; okf.kfT;d cSadksa vkSj
vU; laLFkkvksa }kjk miyCèk djk, tkrs gSaA
z ,iQMhvkbZ vkSj ,iQvkbZvkbZ tSls bZlhch] lqèkkj osQ ckn dh
vofèk esa fons'kh iwath osQ çeq:iksa osQ :i esa mHkjs gSaA
Hkkjr esa ckgjh okf.kfT;d mèkkj
z foÙk ea=kky; dk vkfFkZd ekeyksa dk foHkkx] Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
cSad osQ lg;ksx ls] ECB fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa dk i;Zos{k.k
vkSj fofu;eu djrk gSA
z vius fodkl n'kZu osQ fgLls osQ :i esa] Hkkjr us ijaijkxr
:i ls iwath çokg dks çksRlkfgr fd;k gSA phu osQ foijhr]
futh dkWikZsjsV {ks=k Hkkjr osQ vfèkdka'k fons'kh ½.k dk
ekfyd gSA
z bZlhch Hkkjr osQ dkWikZsjsV ½.k cktkj esa lqèkkj osQ fy, ,d
çeqekxZ osQ :i esa mHkjk gSA
z udn çkIr djus osQ fy, bZlhch dk mi;ksx djus dk
çeqdkj.k le; osQ lkFk cny x;k gS] gky osQ o"kks± esa
iqufoZÙk lcls vke gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ljdkj osQ ikl ,d vPNh rjg ls fMtkbu dh xbZ bZlhch
uhfr gS] ftlesa fdlh fn, x, o"kZ esa bZlhch ekxZ osQ ekè;e
ls lHkh Hkkjrh; m|eksa }kjk çkIr dh tk ldus okyh bZlhch
dh dqy ek=kk ij ,d lhek gSA
z iSls osQls •pZ fd, tk ldrs gSa] bldh Hkh lhek,a gSaA
vkjchvkbZ us u, {ks=kksa dks 'kkfey djus osQ fy, foaMks dk
foLrkj djosQ bZlhch ekudksa dks mnkj cuk;k gSA
lkgw lfefr] 2015
z 2013 esa] LFkkuh; vkSj varjjk"Vªh; foÙkh; cktkjksa rd igqap
osQ fy, ,d :ijs•k rS;kj djus osQ fy, lkgw lfefr dk
xBu fd;k x;k FkkA lfefr us bZlhch miØe djus okys
Hkkjrh; m|eksa }kjk mRiUu eqæk tksf•e dk vkdyu fd;kA
dfeVh us bl ckr ij çdk'k Mkyk fd fons'kh eqæk esa mèkkj
ysus okys miØeksa dks vius ,Dlpsat fjLd ,Dlikstj dks
gst djus osQ fy, cktkj dh foiQyrk dh laHkkouk dks
de dj ldrk gSA
Hkkjr esa çfrHkwfr cktkj
z çfrHkwfr cktkj foÙkh; cktkj ç.kkyh esa fuos'kdksa ls O;olk;ksa
osQ fy, èku (bfDoVh vkSj ½.k) osQ dq'ky çokg osQ fy,
,d fofu;fer <kaps dh is'kd'k djrs gSaA
z çfrHkwfr cktkj vfuok;Z :i ls fuos'k osQ fy, èku vkoafVr
djus dk ,d ekè;e gSA
z çfrHkwfr cktkj] fdlh Hkh vU; cktkj dh rjg] •jhnkjksa
vkSj foØsrkvksa dks ,d lkFk ykrk gSA
z eq[; varj ;g gS fd çfrHkwfr cktkj] rjyrk vkSj ewY;
•kst çnku djus osQ vykok] iwath fuekZ.k esa Hkh ;ksxnku
nsrk gSA
çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ y{k.k
z çfrHkwfr;ka nks i{kksa osQ chp iSls osQ vknku&çnku dh 'krZsa
gSa] bl lUnHkZ esa •jhnkj vkSj foØsrkA
z mfpr dher ij èku çkIr djus vkSj fuos'kdksa dks lqj{kk
LokfeRo çnku djus osQ fy, mèkkjdrkZvksa@bfDoVh iQaMlZ
}kjk çfrHkwfr;ka tkjh dh tk ldrh gSaA
z O;olk; vfèk'ks"k foÙk okys fuos'kdksa ls èku çkIr djus
osQ fy, çfrHkwfr;ksa dks tkjh djus osQ fy, ,d fofu;fer
vuqcaèk vkSj ,d fu;af=kr vkSj fuxjkuh ç.kkyh dk mi;ksx
djrs gSaA
z çfrHkwfr;ksa dks vfuok;Z :i ls ;k rks LVkWd (tksf•e
Hkkxhnkjh) ;k ½.k (tksf•e vo'kks"k.k) (udn çokg ij
nkok) osQ :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjrh; iwiwatath hck”kkj
Hkkjrh; ck”kkj
z ½.k çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ foijhr] tks ,d fuèkkZfjr vofèk osQ
fy, tkjh dh tkrh gSa] bfDoVh çfrHkwfr;ka LFkk;h gksrh gSaA
½.k çfrHkwfr;ka C;kt çnku djrh gSa vkSj bfDoVh ykHkka'k
dk Hkqxrku djrh gS] ysfdu bldh xkjaVh ugha gSA
z çfrHkwfr cktkjksa dh lajpuk%
z gkykafd os cgqr fudV ls tqM+s gq, gSa] çfrHkwfr cktkj dks
rhu çkFkfed çHkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z çkFkfed cktkj cktkj dk og {ks=k gS ftlesa iQeks± }kjk
çfrHkwfr;ksa dks ;k rks ,d u, eqís ;k fcØh osQ çLrko osQ
:i esa tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA
z f}rh;d cktkj os gSa tgka bu çfrHkwfr;ksa dk okLro esa
dkjksckj gksrk gSA
z MsfjosfVo cktkj esa Ý;wplZ vkSj vkWI'kal dk dkjksckj gksrk
gSA 'ks;jksa osQ foijhr] tks LokfeRo dk çfrfufèkRo djrs gSa]
MsfjosfVo osQoy vuqcaèk gksrs gSa ftudk mi;ksx lqj{kk osQ
varfuZfgr tksf•e dks fu;af=kr djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
çfrHkwfr cktkj osQ dk;Z
z çfrHkwfr cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk osQ LokLF; vkSj yphysiu osQ
lkFk&lkFk fuos'k osQ ekgkSy dk ,d cSjksehVj gSA çfrHkwfr
cktkjksa osQ dqN çkFkfed mís'; ;gka fn, x, gSaA
z os foÙkh; iwath dh çHkkoh rSukrh dh vuqefr nsrs gSaA çfrHkwfr
cktkj fuos'kdksa] cprdrkZvksa vkSj tkjhdrkZvksa dks ,d lkFk
ykdj foLrkj djus osQ fy, iwath dh vko';drk okys
O;olk;ksa osQ fy, tksf•e Lohdkj djus osQ fy, rS;kj
O;fÙkQ;ksa ls udnh dk funZs'ku djrk gSA
z çfrHkwfr cktkj yk•ksa NksVs fuos'kdksa dh fofoèkhÑr
tekjkf'k;ksa dks nh?kkZofèk èku o`f¼ esa mi;ksx djrs gSaA
urhtru] cpr dk vPNk mi;ksx gksrk gS] ftlls NksVs
fuos'kd vkfFkZd fodkl esa Hkkx ys ldrs gSaA
z çfrHkwfr cktkj LVkWd vkSj ckWUM dks rjyrk çnku djosQ
,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS tks vU;Fkk vrjy gksxkA
,d rjy çfrHkwfr cktkj dh mifLFkfr Hkh fuos'kdksa vkSj
tkjhdrkZvksa dks vfèkd vkRefo'okl ls tqM+us osQ fy,
çksRlkfgr djrh gSA
z çfrHkwfr cktkj ,d vko';d ewY; •kst midj.k gSaA
bfDoVh ewY; osQ fy, dgha vfèkd dfBu gSa] vkSj çfrHkwfr
cktkj fdlh laifÙk osQ lgh ewY; dks fuèkkZfjr djus osQ fy,
fo'ys"kdksa] O;kikfj;ksa] fuos'kdksa vkSj eè;LFkksa dh cqf¼eÙkk
dks la;ksftr djus dk çcaèku djrs gSaA
237
çfrHkwfr cktkj esa çfrHkkxh
z ,sls O;fÙkQ ;k laLFkku ftuosQ ikl vfrfjÙkQ udnh gS vkSj
tks çfrHkwfr;k¡ çkIr djuk pkgrs gSa] mUgsa fuos'kd dgk tkrk
gSA fuos'kdksa dk y{; vius lalkèkuksa dks foÙkh; fuos'k esa
cnyuk gSA ;s fuos'kd ;k rks •qnjk ;k laLFkkxr gks ldrs gSaA
z tkjhdrkZ daifu;ka ;k laxBu gSa tks çfrHkwfr;ksa dks cspdj
èku tqVkuk pkgrs gSaA
z os daiuh dh NksVh vkSj yach vofèk dh iwath t:jrksa
dks iwjk djus osQ fy, çfrHkwfr;ka tkjh djrs gSaA daifu;ka]
ljdkjsa] foÙkh; laLFkku] ih,l;w] E;qpqvy iQaM vkSj çfrHkwfr
tkjh djus okyh vU; laLFkk,a tkjhdrkZ osQ mnkgj.k gSaA
z çeqçfrHkkfx;ksa] tkjhdrkZvksa vkSj fuos'kdksa osQ vykok]
fofHkUu çdkj osQ eè;LFk gSa tks çfrHkwfr cktkj osQ mfpr
lapkyu dks lqfuf'pr djrs gSaA
çfrHkwfr cktkj esa çeqeè;LFk% 2008 esa lsch us
eè;LFkksa dks fuEukuqlkj oxhZÑr fd;k
z ,,elh@iksVZiQksfy;ks çcaèkd% ,d çfrHkwfr iksVZiQksfy;ks
dk çcaèku djsa vkSj èku iwy esa lnL;rk dk çfrfufèkRo
djus okyh bdkb;ksa dks cspsa os tksf•e fofoèkhdj.k vkSj
èku l`tu esa fuos'kdksa dh lgk;rk djrs gSaA
z bUosLVesaV cSadj% bUosLVesaV cSadj ;k yhM eSustj vkbZihvks]
jkbV~l vkWiQfjax] dtZ tqVkus] ,iQMh c<+kus] laLFkkxr
IyslesaV] flafMosQ'ku vkSj dkWikZsjsV lykg nsus okyh lsokvksa
dh ns•jsdjrs gSaA
z vaMjjkbVlZ% vkbZihvks dh fcØh dh xkjaVh nsa vkSj csps x,
'ks;jksa dks okil •jhnus osQ fy, lger gksdj tkjhdrkZvksa
dks vk'oklu çnku djsaA bl lsok osQ fy,] mUgsa gkehnkjh
'kqYd osQ lkFk eqvkotk fn;k tkrk gSA
z czksdlZ% czksdj LVkWd ,Dlpsatksa osQ iathÑr O;kikfjd lnL;
gksrs gSa tks f}rh;d cktkj ysunsu djrs gSaA os vkbZihvks
dk foKkiu Hkh djrs gSa vkSj xzkgdksa dks mi;qÙkQ ekxZn'kZu
çnku djrs gSaA
z lek'kksèku lnL;% lek'kksèku lnL; LVkWd ,Dlpsat osQ
lnL; gksrs gSa tks LVkWd ,Dlpsat ij nSfud vkèkkj ij lkSnksa
dks lek'kksèku vkSj fuiVkus osQ çHkkjh gksrs gSaA
z fMikWftVjh ikfVZflisaV~l% fMikWftVjh ikfVZflisaV~l (DPs)
fMikWftVjh (NSDL@COsQL) vkSj fuos'kdksa osQ chp
eè;LFk osQ :i esa dke djrs gSaA os fuos'kdksa osQ 'ks;jksa dks
bysDVªkWfud :i esa j•rs gSaA
z VªLVh% tc ykHkkFkhZ O;fÙkQxr :i ls ;g ns•us esa vleFkZ
gksrs gSa fd fuos'k fd, x, èku dks çHkkoh <ax ls çcafèkr
238
fd;k tk jgk gS ;k ugha] U;kfl;ksa dh fu;qfÙkQ dh tkrh gSA
VªLVh E;wpqvy iQaM vkSj fMcsapj dh ns•jsdjrs gSaA
çfrHkwfr cktkj osQ fy, fofu;ked <kapk
z Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr vkSj fofue; cksMZ] çkFkfed fu;ked]
us fofu;e (lsch) ykxw fd, gSaA blosQ vykok] çfrHkwfr
cktkj vkjchvkbZ] foÙk ea=kky; osQ vkfFkZd ekeyksa osQ
foHkkx (MhbZ,) vkSj dkWikZsjsV ekeyksa osQ ea=kky; (,elh,)
}kjk 'kkflr gksrs gSaA lsch osQ vykok] LVkWd ,Dlpsat vkSj
fMikWftVjh Hkh çFke&Lrjh; çfrHkwfr cktkj fofu;eu dk
lapkyu djrs gSaA
z Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr vkSj fofue; cksMZ (lsch)
z lsch dks o"kZ 1992 esa ,d oSèkkfud fudk; osQ :i esa
LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr vkSj fofue;
cksMZ vfèkfu;e] 1992 (1992 dk 15) osQ çkoèkku 30
tuojh] 1992 dks ykxw gq,A
z lsch çkFkfed çfrHkwfr cktkj fu;ked gS] ftlosQ rhu
çkFkfed y{; gSa%
 iwath cktkj osQ foLrkj dks c<+kok nsuk
 NksVs fuos'kdksa osQ fgrksa dh j{kk djuk
 cktkj dh v•aMrk lqfuf'pr djukA
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad
z çfrHkwfr cktkj dk eqæk cktkj •aM vkjchvkbZ }kjk fu;af=kr
fd;k tkrk gSA
z vkjchvkbZ ljdkjh ½.k osQ fy, fuxZe çcaèkd gS D;ksafd
;g ljdkj osQ mèkkj dk;ZØe dk çcaèku djrk gSA
z vkjchvkbZ ,Dlpsat&VªsMsM djsalh Ý;wplZ dks Hkh fu;af=kr
djrk gSA
dkWikZsjsV ekeyksa osQ ea=kky;
z dkWikZsjsV ekeyksa dk ea=kky; (MCA) fu;af=kr djrk gS fd
dkWikZsjsV {ks=k osQls lapkfyr gksrk gSA
z blesa daiuh dk xBu] lapkyu] ys•k ijh{kk vkSj fu;a=k.k
'kkfey gSA
z çfrHkwfr tkjh djuk Hkh 2013 osQ daiuh vfèkfu;e dh
vko';drkvksa }kjk 'kkflr gksrk gSA
foÙk ea=kky;
z foÙk ea=kky; (MOF) dk vkfFkZd ekeyksa dk foHkkx cktkjksa
dh fuxjkuh djrk gSA
z ;g cM+s iSekus ij iwath cktkj vkSj muosQ f•ykfM+;ksa
dks fu;af=kr djrk gS] lkFk gh lkFk lqèkkj lacaèkh cgl
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 'kq: djrk gS vkSj dbZ fu;ked fofèk;ksa osQ fu"iknu dh
ns•jsdjrk gSA
Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr cktkj esa tkjhdrkZ
z LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa lwphc¼ daifu;ksa vkSj vU; laxBuksa
dks tkjhdrkZ osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA LVkWd ,Dlpsat
bfDoVh 'ks;jksa] dkWjiksjsV ckWUM vkSj fMcsapj osQ lkFk&lkFk
ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa (th&lsd vkSj Vªstjh fcy) esa O;kikj
dh vuqefr nsrs gSaA
çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ tkjhdrkZvksa osQ çdkj%
z th&lsd] Vªstjh fcy] fnukafdr çfrHkwfr;ka] jkT; fodkl
½.k (,lMh,y)] vkSj vU; midj.kksa dk mi;ksx la?kh;
vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk foÙk tqVkus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
z lkoZtfud {ks=k dh bdkb;ka (ih,l;w) 'ks;j] ckaM] dj&eqÙkQ
ckaM] dj&eqÙkQ ckaM vkfn tkjh djosQ èku mRiUu djrh gSaA
z futh {ks=k dh daifu;ka LVkWd ;k ½.k çfrHkwfr;ka] ojh;rk
'ks;j vkSj lhih vkSj ifjorZuh; midj.k tkjh djosQ cktkj
esa iwath tqVkrh gSaA
z cSad] Mh,iQvkbZ vkSj ,uch,iQlh bfDoVh 'ks;j] çsiQjsal
'ks;j] ckWUM] dUofVZcy ckWUM] def'kZ;y isij] fMikWftV
lfVZfiQosQV vkSj flD;ksfjVkbTM isij tkjh dj iwath tqVkrs gSaA
z E;qpqvy iQaM ?kjsyw cktkjksa osQ lkFk&lkFk Dykst&,aMsM
iQaM vkSj baVjoy iQaM osQ ekè;e ls ;wfuV ,u,iQvks tkjh
djrs gSaA
z fj;y ,LVsV ;k baÚkLVªDpj çkstsDV iwy osQ iksVZiQksfy;ks
osQ f•ykiQ vkjbZvkbZVh vkSj vkbZ,uohvkbZVh }kjk ikl&F:
çfrHkwfr;ka Hkh tkjh dh tkrh gSaA
•qnjk çR;{k ;kstuk
z vkjchvkbZ us ,d •qnjk çR;{k ;kstuk dh ?kks"k.kk dh gS
ftlosQ rgr •qnjk fuos'kdksa dks lhèks osQaæh; cSad osQ lkFk
•qnjk çR;{k fxYV •krs (vkjMhth) •ksyus dh vuqefr
gksxhA
z mís';% fjVsy Mk;jsDV fxYV (vkjMhth) •krkèkkjdksa dks
vkjchvkbZ fjVsy Mk;jsDV Ldhe osQ rgr çfrHkwfr;ksa dks
•jhnus@cspus esa l{ke cukus osQ fy, dherksa@dksV~l çnku
djosQ ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa esa •qnjk Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kok nsukA
z ,d fof'k"V vkWuykbu iksVZy dk mi;ksx djosQ vkjMhth
;kstukvksa osQ rgr •krs cuk, tk ldrs gSa] tks iathÑr
mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks ,uMh,l&vks,e vkSj ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa
osQ çkFkfed fuxZe rd igqap çnku djsxkA
Hkkjrh; iwiwatath hck”kkj
Hkkjrh; ck”kkj
z iathÑr mi;ksxdrkZvksa osQ ikl ,d lefiZr vkWuykbu
iksVZy (NOsQ&OM) osQ ekè;e ls fuxksf'k,VsM Mhfyax
flLVe&vkWMZj eSfpax flLVe vkSj ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ
çeqfuxZe rd igqap gksxhA
z ,uMh,l&vks,e f}rh;d cktkj esa ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa esa
O;kikj osQ fy, vkjchvkbZ dh LØhu&vkèkkfjr bysDVªkWfud
vkWMZj feyku ç.kkyh dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjr osQ lanHkZ esa fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s%
 (2021)
1- MheSV •krs osQ ekè;e ls •qnjk fuos'kd çkFkfed
cktkj esa ^Vªstjh fcy* vkSj ^Hkkjr ljdkj osQ ½.k
ckaM* esa fuos'k dj ldrs gSaA
2- ^fuxksf'k,VsM Mhfyax flLVe&vkWMZj eSfpax* Hkkjrh;
fjtoZ cSad dk ,d ljdkjh çfrHkwfr O;kikj eap gSA
3- ^lsaVªy fMikWftVjh lfoZlst fyfeVsM* dks Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
cSad vkSj ckWEcs LVkWd ,Dlpsat }kjk la;qÙkQ :i ls
çofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA
mi;ZqÙkQ dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) osQoy 1
(b) 1 vkSj 2
(c) osQoy 3
(d) 2 vkSj 3
Hkkjr esa LVkWd ,Dlpsat
z ^LVkWd ,Dlpsat* og cktkj gS tgka çfrHkwfr;ksa dk
vknku&çnku gksrk gSA ns'k esa vc 23 LVkWd ,Dlpsat gSaA
z ckWEcs LVkWd ,Dlpsat (ch,lbZ) Hkkjr dk lcls iqjkuk vkSj
lcls egRoiw.kZ LVkWd ,Dlpsat gSA us'kuy LVkWd ekdZsV
(NSE)] ns'k Hkj esa vius O;kid usVodZ osQ lkFk] fiNys
n'kd osQ nkSjku ns'k osQ çeqLVkWd ,Dlpsat osQ :i esa mHkjk
gSA
z ^vksoj n dkmaVj ,Dlpsat vkWiQ bafM;k (vkbZlhbZvkbZ)* ,d
vkSj u;k jk"Vªh; ,Dlpsat gSA
z Hkkjr esa] LVkWd ,Dlpsatksa dks ;k rks LoSfPNd xSj&ykHkdkjh
laxBuksa osQ :i esa ;k lkoZtfud fyfeVsM daifu;ksa osQ :i
esa laxfBr fd;k tkrk gS & 'ks;jksa ;k xkjaVh }kjk lhferA
z LVkWd ,Dlpsat osQaæ ljdkj osQ lkFk iathÑr gksxk vkSj 1956
osQ çfrHkwfr vuqcaèk (fofu;eu) vfèkfu;e (,llhvkj,)
osQ rgr dke djsxkA
239
z ;g vfèkfu;e LVkWd ,Dlpsatksa dh LFkkiuk] çcaèku]
lnL;rk vkSj lapkyu dh ns•jsdjrk gSA blosQ vykok]
LVkWd ,Dlpsat vius fu;eksa vkSj mifu;eksa osQ vius lsV
}kjk fu;af=kr gksrk gSA
LVkWd ,Dlpsatksa dh Hkwfedk
z vkS|ksfxd çxfr dks c<+kok nsuk% ns'k osQ vkS|ksxhdj.k
osQ fy, iwath dh miyCèkrk egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g LVkWd
,Dlpsatksa }kjk lqfuf'pr fd;k tkrk gS] tks vke yksxksa dks
iQeks± esa lhèks fuos'k djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
z fuos'kdksa osQ fgrksa dh j{kk djuk% LVkWd ,Dlpsat
lwphc¼ O;olk;ksa osQ lapkyu osQ fy, ekunaM LFkkfir
djrs gSaA xfrfofèk;ksa dks foÙk iksf"kr djus okys fuos'kdksa
osQ fgrksa dks lajf{kr djus osQ fy, iQeks± }kjk bu ekudksa
dks lkoèkkuhiwoZd cuk, j•k tkuk pkfg,A
z f}rh;d cktkj% LVkWd ,Dlpsat ckaM èkkjdksa] tSls lkWojsu
xksYM ckaM (,lthch) dks ykWd&bu vofèk ;k ifjiDork
frfFk ls igys viuh gksfYMax cspus esa lgk;rk djsaxsA
z ,d mfpr ewY; dk fuèkkZj.k% LVkWd ,Dlpsat lkoZtfud
:i ls O;kikj dh tkus okyh çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ fy, mfpr
ewY;ksa dh •kst esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA çfrHkwfr;ksa dk fujarj
O;kikj lwphc¼ çfrHkwfr;ksa dh dher fuèkkZfjr djus esa
lgk;rk djrk gSA
LVkWd ,Dlpsat VªsfMax flLVe
z ijaijkxr :i ls] LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa çfrHkwfr;ksa dk ysu&nsu
LVkWd ,Dlpsat osQ VªsfMax Ýyksj ij fd;k tkrk gSA bl
ikjaifjd n`f"Vdks.k dks vfèkdrj dEI;wVjhÑr vkWu&ykbu
O;kikj ç.kkyh osQ lkFk cny fn;k x;k gSA
ikjaifjd O;kikj dh ç.kkyh
z osQoy lwphc¼ çfrHkwfr;ksa esa O;kikj LVkWd ,Dlpsat ij
vfèkÑr gSA okD;ka'k 'çfrHkwfr;ksa dh lwph' ;g n'kkZrk gS
fd ç'uxr lqj{kk dks mu çfrHkwfr;ksa dh lwph esa tksM+k x;k
gS ftudk LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa dkjksckj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z LVkWd ,Dlpsat ij] osQoy lwphc¼ 'ks;jksa dk gh vknku&çnku
fd;k tk ldrk gSA urhtru] ,d lkoZtfud is'kd'k djrs
le;] fuxeksa dk dguk gS fd lacafèkr lqj{kk dks ;k rks
lwphc¼ fd;k x;k gS ;k ml dkj.k ls cuk;k x;k gSA
z lwphc¼ çfrHkwfr;k¡ nks çdkj dh gksrh gSa%
1- osQ'k fyLV% blesa jsMh fMyhojh 'kkfey gS
2- iQkWjoMZ fyLV% ;g iQkWjoMZ VªsM dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
240
vkWu&ykbu VªsfMax flLVe
z vkWuykbu O;kikj ç.kkyh osQ fodkl osQ lkFk] ftlus fiNyh
i¼fr dks çfrLFkkfir dj fn;k gS] ,d egRoiw.kZ Økafrdkjh
ifjorZu gqvk gSA
z ckWEcs LVkWd ,Dlpsat vkWu&ykbu VªsfMax osQ :i esa tkuh
tkus okyh bl rduhd dks ckWEcs LVkWd ,Dlpsat (BOLT)
}kjk is'k fd;k x;k FkkA
z vkWu&ykbu VªsfMax flLVe osQ rgr VªsfMax Ýyksj ysunsu dks
lekIr dj fn;k x;k gSA
VªsMsM flD;ksfjVht osQ fy, fuiVku çfØ;k
z fuiVku mís';ksa osQ fy, çfrHkwfr;ksa dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZÑr
fd;k x;k gS%
i- fufnZ"V çfrHkwfr;ka& os lfØ; :i ls çeq•] c<+rs
fuxeksa osQ 'ks;jksa dk dkjksckj djrh gSaA bl Js.kh esa
osQoy dqN gh 'ks;j vkrs gSa] fiQj Hkh os Hkkjrh; LVkWd
,Dlpsat esa iwathdj.k dh ,d egRoiw.kZ jkf'k osQ fy,
•krs gSaA
ii- xSj&fufnZ"V çfrHkwfr;ka% os çfrHkwfr;ka gSa tks fufnZ"V
ugha gSaA fufnZ"V çfrHkwfr;ksa esa ysu&nsu nks rjhdksa ls
fuiVk;k tk ldrk gS%
z osQjh iQkWjoMZ ç.kkyh%
 çR;sd fuiVku vofèk osQ lekiu ij ysu&nsu dks vafre
:i fn;k tkrk gS] tks vke rkSj ij nks lIrkg gksrk gS]
'kqØokj ls 'kq: gksrk gS vkSj vxys lIrkg osQ xq#okj
dks lekIr gksrk gSA
 lnL; fuèkkZfjr djrs gSa fd ysu&nsu dk lekèkku gks
x;k gS ;k 'kqØokj dks fuiVku vofèk osQ var esa vkxs
c<+k;k tkuk gSA ysu&nsu dks vkxs ys tkus dks 'cnyk'
dgk tkrk gSA
 13 fnlacj] 1993 dks cnyk flLVe] ftls osQjh iQkWjoMZ
flLVe osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] dks can dj fn;k
x;k FkkA
 SEBI us vDVwcj 1997 esa ,d la'kksfèkr osQjh iQkWjoMZ
i¼fr ykxw dhA
 varr% 2 tqykbZ] 2001 dks lsch us 'cnyk' dks voSèk
?kksf"kr dj fn;kA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 jksfyax lsVyesaV flLVe
z
 lsch us MheSV VªsfMax osQ fy, ;ksX; çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ fy,
tuojh 1998 esa LoSfPNd vkèkkj ij LVkWd ,Dlpsatksa
ij ,d jksfyax lsVyesaV flLVe ykxw fd;kA
 lHkh fLØiksa dk dkjksckj vc jksfyax lsVyesaV eksM esa
fd;k tkrk gSA
 jksfyax lsVyesaV 'kq: esa T$5 vkèkkj ij Fkk] ysfdu
1 vçSy] 2002 ls] lHkh çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ fy, lsVyesaV
pØ dks ?kVkdj T$3 vkèkkj dj fn;k x;k gSA ;g
bafxr djrk gS fd ysu&nsu dh rkjhosQ ckn rhu fnuksa
osQ Hkhrj çfrHkwfr;ksa dk Hkqxrku vkSj forj.k iwjk fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
flD;ksfjVht MheVsfj;ykbts'ku (Mh&,e,Vh)
z fMeVsfj;ykbts'ku dk eryc gS fd çfrHkwfr;ka vius HkkSfrd
:i esa ekStwn ugha gksrh gSa] ;kuh 'ks;j çek.ki=k osQ :i esa]
ysfdu osQoy ,d fMikWftVjh uked laxBu osQ fjdkWMZ esa
ntZ dh tkrh gSaA
z tc ,d 'ks;jèkkjd vius 'ks;jksa dks fdlh vU; O;fÙkQ dks
gLrkarfjr djrk gS] rks og fMikWftVjh dks lwfpr djrk gS]
tks ysunsu dks viuh iqLrdksa esa ntZ djrk gSA
z bl çdkj] HkkSfrd 'ks;j gLrkarj.k osQ fofHkUu udkjkRed
igyqvksa ls cprs gq, LFkkukarj.k çfØ;k esa rsth ykbZ tkrh
gS vkSj bls fufoZokn cuk;k tkrk gSA
z tqykbZ 1996 esa vfèkfu;fer 1996 dk fMikWftVjh ,DV
vkSj lsch (fMikWftVjh ,aM ikfVZflisaV~l) fofu;e] 1996 osQ
uksfVl us cqd ,aVªh iQkWeZ esa LokfeRo rF;ksa dks ntZ djus osQ
fy, ,d dkuwuh <kapk LFkkfir fd;kA
z ;g fuiVku tksf•e dks de djus vkSj dqN cqfu;knh <kaps
dh ckèkkvksa dks nwj djus esa lgk;rk djsxkA
z vHkkSfrdhÑr çfrHkwfr;k¡ çfreksP; gksaxh] ftldk vFkZ gS fd
mudh dksbZ fof'k"V la[;k ;k fo'ks"k igpkudrkZ ugha gksxkA
z us'kuy flD;ksfjVht fMikWftVjh fyfeVsM (,u,lMh,y) dh
LFkkiuk lsch (fMikWftVjh ,aM ikfVZflisaV~l) fofu;e] 1996
dh ?kks"k.kk osQ ckn dh xbZ FkhA
z ,u,lMh,y] ftls vkbZMhchvkbZ] ;wVhvkbZ vkSj ,u,lbZ }
kjk lefFkZr fd;k x;k Fkk] us vDVwcj 1996 esa ifjpkyu
'kq: fd;kA
z ,u,lMh,y vR;kèkqfud rduhd vkSj l{ke çcaèku dk
ykHk mBkrk gS vkSj Hkkjrh; iwath cktkj esa nqfu;k Hkj esa
çfrHkwfr;ksa ls fuiVus osQ ekunaMksa vkSj çFkkvksa dks yk;k gSA
Hkkjrh; iwiwatath hck”kkj
Hkkjrh; ck”kkj
varjkZ"Vªh; LVkWd ,Dlpsat
z ckWEcs LVkWd ,Dlpsat (ch,lbZ)%
 ckWEcs LVkWd ekdZsV (ch,lbZ)] ftls vDlj ch,lbZ
fyfeVsM osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] ,d Hkkjrh; LVkWd
,Dlpsat gS ftldk eq[;ky; eqacbZ esa nyky LVªhV ij
gSA
 ;g ,f'k;k dk lcls iqjkuk 'ks;j cktkj gS vkSj nqfu;k
dk nloka lcls iqjkuk cktkj gS] ftldh LFkkiuk 1875
esa ,d tSu m|ksxifr dikl O;kikjh çsepan jkW;pan us
dh FkhA
 fcey tkyku lfefr osQ vè;;u osQ vuqlkj] vesfjdk
esa 27» vkSj phu esa 10» dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr dh vkcknh
dk fliQZ 1-3» 'ks;j cktkj esa fuos'k djrk gSA
 31 vxLr] 1957 dks çfrHkwfr lafonk fofu;eu
vfèkfu;e osQ rgr Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk iathÑr ch,lbZ
igyk LVkWd ,Dlpsat FkkA
 ch,lbZ us 1986 esa ,l,aMih ch,lbZ lsalsDl baMsDl
cuk;k] ftlls ,Dlpsat dks blosQ lexz çn'kZu dk
vkdyu djus dk ,d rjhdk feykA
 30 fnlacj] 2016 dks ch,lbZ us bafM;k vkbZ,u,Dl
ykWUp fd;kA vkbZ,u,Dl ns'k dk igyk varjjk"Vªh;
,Dlpsat gSA
z us'kuy LVkWd ,Dlpsat (,u,lbZ)
z ,u,lbZ Hkkjr osQ lcls cM+s vkSj lcls rduhdh :i ls
mUur LVkWd ,Dlpsatksa esa ls ,d gSA
z 1991 esa] iQsjokuh lfefr us lq>ko }kjk Hkkjr ,d us'kuy
LVkWd ,Dlpsat (NSE) cukrk gSA
z Hkkjr ljdkj us 1992 esa bl ,Dlpsat dks ykWUp djus osQ
fy, vkbZMhchvkbZ dks eatwjh nh FkhA Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªh; LVkWd
,Dlpsat dh LFkkiuk 1992 esa egRoiw.kZ foÙkh; laLFkkuksa }
kjk dh xbZ FkhA ckn esa bls 1993 esa LVkWd ,Dlpsat osQ
:i esa ukfer fd;k x;kA NSE us 1994 esa ifjpkyu 'kq:
fd;kA ;g eqacbZ esa fLFkr gSA
z us'kuy LVkWd ,Dlpsat dh LFkkiuk fuEufyf•r foÙkh;
laLFkkuksa }kjk dh xbZ Fkh%
z Hkkjr dk vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSad (IDBI)A
z Hkkjr dk vkS|ksfxd foÙk fuxe (IFCI)A
z Hkkjr dk vkS|ksfxd ½.k vkSj fuos'k fuxe (ICICI)A
z Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe (,yvkbZlh)A
z Hkkjr dk lkekU; chek fuxe (GIC)A
241
z ,lchvkbZ osQfiVy ekdZsV~lA
z Hkkjr dh LVkWd gksfYMax dkWikZsjs'ku fyfeVsM
z lhfer baÚkLVªDpj yhftax vkSj foÙkh; lsok,a
z n LVSaMMZ ,aM iqvlZ fØfly ,u,lbZ baMsDl 50 ;k ,l ,aM
ih lh,u,Dl fuÝVh & fuÝVh 50 ;k osQoy fuÝVh çeqiQeks±
osQ fy, Hkkjr dk çeqbaMsDl us'kuy LVkWd ,Dlpsat gSA
fuÝVh ,d 50&LVkWd baMsDl gS tks vFkZO;oLFkk osQ 21 {ks=kksa
dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA
z lh,u,Dl fuÝVh twfu;j Hkkjr osQ us'kuy LVkWd ,Dlpsat
esa lwphc¼ iQeks± osQ fy, ,d lwpdkad gSA ;g Hkkjr osQ
us'kuy LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa lwphc¼ 50 iQeks± ls cuk gSA
dydÙkk LVkWd ,Dlpsat (lh,lbZ)
z CSE] ftldh 'kq#vkr 1830 osQ n'kd esa uhe osQ isM+ osQ
uhps gqbZ Fkh] rc ls vc rd cgqr vkxs c<+ pqdk gSA ;g
ns'k osQ lcls iqjkus LVkWd ,Dlpsatksa esa ls ,d gS vkSj igys
bls lcls cM+s LVkWd ,Dlpsatksa esa ls ,d ekuk tkrk FkkA
z Hkkjr ljdkj us 1980 esa çfrHkwfr vuqcaèk (fofu;eu)
vfèkfu;e] 1956 dh ykxw èkkjkvksa osQ rgr bls LFkk;h
LohÑfr çnku dhA
z CSE dk ,d lwpdkad Hkh Fkk ftls CSE&40 osQ uke ls
tkuk tkrk FkkA
esVªksikWfyVu LVkWd ,Dlpsat (,e,lbZ)
z 21 fnlacj] 2012 dks dkWikZsjsV ekeyksa osQ ea=kky; us daiuh
vfèkfu;e osQ rgr ,Dlpsat dks ^^ekU;rk çkIr LVkWd
,Dlpsat** osQ :i esa ukfer fd;kA
z MSE eky fdlh Hkh vU; LVkWd ekdZsV osQ leku gSA ;g
ok;nk] eqæk MsfjosfVo vkSj ½.k cktkj mRiknksa ij fodYi
çnku djrk gSA
bafM;k baVjus'kuy ,Dlpsat (bafM;k vkbZ,u,Dl)
z ;g tuojh 2017 esa •qyk vkSj Hkkjr dk igyk varjkZ"Vªh;
LVkWd ,Dlpsat INX cu x;kA
z ;g BSE dh lgk;d daiuh Hkh gS vkSj xqtjkr esa varjkZ"Vªh;
foÙkh; lsok osQaæ (IFSC)] GIFT flVh esa fLFkr gSA
z orZeku esa] INX fo'ks"k :i ls MsfjosfVo mRikn tSls LVkWd]
djsalh vkSj deksfMVh MsfjosfVo] lkFk gh MsV baLVªwesaV tSls
elkyk ckWUM vkSj fons'kh eqæk ckWUM çnku djrk gSA
,u,lbZ vkbZ,iQ,llh
z NSE IFSC fyfeVsM (NSE International Exchange)]
ftldh LFkkiuk 29 uoacj] 2016 dks gqbZ Fkh] us'kuy LVkWd
242
,Dlpsat (NSE) dh iw.kZ LokfeRo okyh lgk;d daiuh gS
vkSj bldk eq[;ky; xqtjkr esa varjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; lsok osQaæ
(IFSC)] GIFT flVh esa gSA
z mRikn dh is'kd'k Hkkjr vkbZ,u,Dl osQ cjkcj gSA
Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr vkSj fofue; cksMZ (lsch)
z lsch Hkkjr osQ iwath cktkjksa dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA lsch 1988
esa cuk;k x;k Fkk vkSj iwath cktkj dks fofu;fer djus vkSj
fodflr djus osQ fy, lalnh; vfèkfu;e] lsch vfèkfu;e
1992 osQ ekè;e ls 1992 esa foèkk;h ntkZ fn;k x;k FkkA
z lsch LVkWd ,Dlpsatksa vkSj fcpkSfy;ksa tSls LVkWd czksdlZ
vkSj epZsaV cSadjksa dks fu;af=kr djrk gS] E;qpqvy iQaMksa osQ
fy, vuqeksnu çnku djrk gS] vkSj mu fons'kh laLFkkxr
fuos'kdksa dks iathÑr djrk gS tks Hkkjrh; 'ks;jksa esa O;kikj
djuk pkgrs gSaA
z lsch vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 11(1) osQ vuqlkj] çfrHkwfr;ksa
esa fuos'kdksa osQ fgrksa dh j{kk djuk cksMZ dh ftEesnkjh gSA
z lsch dk eq[;ky; eqacbZ esa gS] blosQ {ks=kh; dk;kZy; ubZ
fnYyh] dydÙkk vkSj psUubZ esa gSaA
z lsch fuos'kd f'k{kk vkSj çfrHkwfr cktkj eè;LFkksa osQ çf'k{k.k
dks çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
z ;g çfrHkwfr cktkjksa esa diViw.kZ vkSj vuqfpr O;kikj
xfrfofèk;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk çfrHkwfr;ksa esa varj&O;ogkj dks
çfrcafèkr djrk gS] vkSj nks"kh cktkj eè;LFkksa ij ekSfæd
naM yxkrk gSA
z ;g 'ks;jksa osQ cM+s vfèkxzg.k vkSj iQeks± osQ vfèkxzg.k osQ
lkFk&lkFk çfrHkwfr cktkj esa LVkWd ,Dlpsatksa] eè;LFkksa
vkSj Lo&fu;ked fudk;ksa ls tkudkjh dk vuqjksèk djus]
fujh{k.k djus] iwNrkN djus vkSj vkWfMV djus dks Hkh
fu;af=kr djrk gSA
z 2002 esa lsch dh 'kfÙkQ;ksa dk foLrkj fd;k x;k] ftlesa
SEBS cksMZ dk foLrkj Ng ls ukS lnL;ksa rd fd;k x;k]
vkSj rhu iw.kZdkfyd funs'kd fu;qÙkQ fd, x,] ryk'kh vkSj
tCrh djus dh 'kfÙkQ;ksa dks etcwr fd;k x;k] vkSj vU;A
lsch vkSj lqèkkj%
z 1992 osQ LVkWd ,Dlpsat ?kksVkys (g"kZn esgrk) vkSj 2000
osQ ?kksVkys (osQru ikjs•) us ljdkj dks NksVs fuos'kdksa osQ
fgrksa dh j{kk osQ fy, dbZ dne mBkus osQ fy, çsfjr fd;kA
z lsch us vU; ckrksa osQ lkFk&lkFk c<+h gqbZ ikjnf'kZrk]
dEI;wVjhdj.k] bulkbMj VªsfMax osQ f•ykiQ dkuwu] iQkWjoMZ
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 VªsfMax ij jksd vkSj T$2 lsVyesaV flLVe ykxw djus tSls
cnyko ykxw fd,A
z Hkkjr esa 'cnyk' osQ :i esa tkus tkus okys iQkWjoMZ ;k
dkWUVªSDV VªsfMax dh lhek vkSj lekfIr] cktkj dh vVdyksa
vkSj gsjiQsj dk eqdkcyk djus dk ,d lkgfld ç;kl gSA
z lsch us cktkjksa esa lqèkkj osQ fy, fuEufyf•r dne Hkh
mBk, gSa%
z lsch us LVkWd ,Dlpsat 'kklh fudk;ksa esa lqèkkj fd;k] nykyksa
osQ fy, iwath i;kZIrrk ekudksa dh LFkkiuk dh] vkSj xzkgd@
nyky ikjnf'kZrk c<+kus osQ fy, fu;eksa dh LFkkiuk dhA
z lsch dkWikZsjsV ikjnf'kZrk vko';drkvksa dks ykxw djrk gSA
z bulkbMj VªsfMax çfrcafèkr gSA
z •qnjk fuos'kd lqjf{kr gSaA
z lsch osQ ikl E;qpqvy iQaM dks iathÑr vkSj fofu;fer
djus dk vfèkdkj gSA
z Hkkjr esa lHkh ØsfMV jsfVax iQeks± osQ fy, O;ogkj lafgrk
cukukA
z lsch osQ fyfLVax le>kSrs osQ •aM 49 osQ fy, vko';d gS
fd lHkh lwphc¼ O;olk;ksa esa muosQ vkèks funs'kd Lora=k
funs'kd osQ :i esa dke djsaA
lsch fu;e] 2009
z lsch us ^^,adj fuos'kdZ** voèkkj.kk dks vfèkÑr fd;k
gS] tks ,d fuos'kd dks çkjafHkd lkoZtfud is'kd'k esa
laLFkkxr dksVk osQ 30» rd dh lnL;rk ysus dh vuqefr
nsrk gSA
z la'kksfèkr fn'kkfunZs'kksa osQ rgr] ,d ,adj fuos'kd çkjafHkd
lkoZtfud is'kd'k osQ fy, vkosnu djrs le; dqy fuos'k
dk 25» Hkqxrku djsxk] vkSj 'ks"k b';w osQ lekiu osQ nks
fnuksa osQ Hkhrj Hkqxrku djsxkA
z ,sls ,adj fuos'kd 'ks;j vkoaVu dh rkjhls ,d eghus dh
ykWd&bu vofèk osQ vèkhu gksaxsA
fcey tkyku desVh
z lsch us tuojh 2010 esa MkW- fcey tkyku (Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
cSad osQ iwoZ xouZj) dh vè;{krk esa ,d lfefr cukbZ]
tks LVkWd ,Dlpsat] fMikWftVjh vkSj fDy;fjax tSls ekdZsV
baÚkLVªDpj baLVhVÔw'kal ('MII') osQ LokfeRo vkSj 'kklu
esa lqèkkjksa dk ewY;kadu vkSj lq>ko nsrh gSA
Hkkjrh; iwiwatath hck”kkj
Hkkjrh; ck”kkj
deksfMVh ,Dlpsat
z deksfMVh ,Dlpsat ,slh laLFkk,a gSa tks deksfMVh Ý;wplZ osQ
fy, ,d VªsfMax IysViQkWeZ çnku djrh gSa] Bhd mlh rjg
tSls LVkWd ,Dlpsat LVkWd vkSj muosQ MsfjosfVo osQ fy,
,d VªsfMax IysViQkWeZ çnku djrs gSaA
z ifj.kkeLo:i] os ewY; •kst esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrs gSa] tgka dbZ •jhnkj vkSj foØsrk oLrq osQ fy, lcls
dq'ky ewY; LFkkfir djus osQ fy, ckrphr djrs gSaA
z Hkkjrh; deksfMVh cktkjksa esa 'deksfMVh Ý;wplZ' esa fofHkUu
çdkj dh oLrqvksa dk dkjksckj gksrk gSA
z ok;nk cktkj vk;ksx vc 120 ls vfèkd ftalksa esa ok;nk
dkjksckj dks l{ke cukrk gSA
z ns'k esa nks rjg osQ deksfMVh ,Dlpsat gSa% jk"Vªh; vkSj {ks=kh;A
z egRoiw.kZ deksfMVh ,Dlpsat bl çdkj gSa%
bafM;u deksfMVh ,Dlpsat (vkbZlhbZ,Dl)
z ICEX ,d Hkkjrh; deksfMVh MsfjosfVo ,Dlpsat gSA ;g
,d LFkk;h ,Dlpsat gS tks lsch osQ lkFk iathÑr gS vkSj
,dek=k ,Dlpsat gS tks ghjk vuqcaèkksa esa ok;nk dkjksckj dks
l{ke cukrk gSA
z ghjs osQ vuqcaèkksa osQ vykok] ICEX elkys] frygu] o`{kkjksi.k
vkSj vukt tSls Ñf"k MsfjosfVo Hkh çnku djrk gSA
eYVh&deksfMVh ,Dlpsat (,elh,Dl)
z MCX ns'k osQ lcls cM+s deksfMVh ,Dlpsatksa esa ls ,d gSA
z ;s T;knkrj gstlZ] O;kikfj;ksa] O;kikfj;ksa vkSj ;gka rd fd
fuxeksa }kjk mi;ksx fd, tkrs gSa] ysfdu 'ks;j cktkj dh
rjg deksfMVh cktkj us vHkh rd •qn dks LFkkfir ugha
fd;k gSA
us'kuy deksfMVh ,aM MsfjosfVOl ,Dlpsat
(,ulhMhbZ,Dl)
z ,ulhMhbZ,Dl] ns'k dk nwljk çeqdeksfMVh ,Dlpsat]
,elh,Dl osQ le; ls gh dke djuk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA
z NCDCEX] MCX osQ foijhr] osQoy Ñf"k mRiknksa dk
O;kikj djrk gSA
deksfMVh cktkj
z deksfMVh cktkjksa esa VªsfMax esa dbZ oLrqvksa vkSj muosQ
MsfjosfVo mRiknksa dh •jhn vkSj fcØh 'kkfey gSA
243
z dksbZ Hkh dPpk lalkèku ;k cqfu;knh Ñf"k mRikn ftls •jhnk
;k cspk tk ldrk gS] tSls fd xsgwa] lksuk] ;k dPpk rsy]
,d oLrq ekuk tkrk gSA
z ;fn vki oLrqvksa dk O;kikj djrs gSa] rks vki vius
ifjlaifÙk iksVZiQksfy;ks esa fofoèkrk yk ldrs gSaA
z oLrqvksa osQ cktkjksa esa] HkkSfrd O;kikj vkSj MsfjosfVo O;kikj
esa gkftj ewY;] ok;nk] ok;nk vkSj ok;nk ij fodYi
'kkfey gks ldrs gSaA
z fdlkuksa us ihf<+;ksa osQ fy, ewY; tksf•e dks fu;af=kr djus
osQ fy, ftal cktkj esa ,d vkfne çdkj osQ MsfjosfVo
O;kikj dks fu;ksftr fd;k gSA
z dbZ ikfVZ;ksa }kjk gsftax osQ dkj.k oLrqvksa osQ O;kikj dh
ek=kk vkSj HkkSfrd :i esa oLrqvksa osQ okLrfod ewY; osQ
chp ,d cM+h vlekurk gSA
z lsch] fu;ked] orZeku esa 120 ls vfèkd oLrqvksa esa ok;nk
dkjksckj dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
z oLrqvksa osQ çdkj% eksVs rkSj ij nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr%
gkMZ vkSj lkWÝVA
1- nqyZHk oLrq,¡%
z dfBu oLrq,¡ os gSa ftUgsa tehu ls ysuk iM+rk gSA
z bl Js.kh esa èkkrq vkSj •fut tSls lksuk] rkack vkSj vU;
'kkfey gSaA
z dPps rsy dks ,d dfBu oLrq osQ :i esa Hkh oxhZÑr
fd;k x;k gSA
2- lqyHk oLrq,¡%
z •k|kUu] •k| rsy] ekal vkSj eos'kh uje oLrqvksa osQ
mnkgj.k gSaA
deksfMVh VªsfMax lwph%
z ljlksa osQ cht] fcukSyk] lks;kchu dk rsy] vkSj vU; •k|
frygu
z xsgw¡] puk] cktjk] eDdk vkSj vU; vukt
z lksuk] pkanh] rkack vkSj tLrk tSlh èkkrq,a
z gYnh] dkyh fepZ] thjk vkSj vU; elkys
z dikl] twV vkSj vU; js'ks
z vU; esa phuh] xqM+] jcj] çkÑfrd xSl] dPpk rsy] bR;kfn
'kkfey gSaA
z lcls vfèkd dkjksckj okyh oLrqvksa esa lksuk] dPpk rsy]
pkanh] rkack] çkÑfrd xSl] lhlk] lks;k rsy] tLrk] lks;kchu
vkSj vjaMh osQ cht 'kkfey gSaA
244
deksfMVh ekdZsV & fofu;eu vkSj lqèkkj%
z tcfd FMC (iQkWjoMZ ekdZsV~l deh'ku) us 1952 ls
deksfMVh cktkjksa dh fuxjkuh dh gS] bls vkerkSj ij
vR;fèkd ewY; vkanksyuksa vkSj vU; folaxfr;ksa dks jksdus
dh {kerk dh deh osQ :i esa ekuk tkrk FkkA
z ifj.kkeLo:i] 2015 esa] FMC dk SEBI osQ lkFk foy; gks
x;k (fuxjkuh] tksf•e&fuxjkuh vkSj çorZu ra=k osQ ekeys
esa Js"B gksus dh çfr"Bk osQ lkFk] vkSj {ks=k osQ fy, ,d
vfèkd etcwr fu;ked fudk;)A
z mlosQ ckn] lsch us dbZ lqèkkj mik;ksa dks ykxw fd;k] ftuesa
'kkfey gSa%
z LVkWd czksdlZ dks deksfMVh MsfjosfVOl (bfDoVh vkSj
deksfMVht osQ fy, lkekU; czksfdax O;olk;) esa Mhy
djus nsuk_
z ,u,lbZ vkSj ch,lbZ dks deksfMVh VªsfMax 'kq: djus esa
l{ke cukuk_
z ,iQihvkbZ dks dqN 'krks± osQ vèkhu LVkWd ,Dlpsatksa ij VªsM
fd, tkus okys deksfMVh MsfjosfVOl vuqcaèkksa esa Hkkx ysus
dh vuqefr nsuk_
z deksfMVh cktkjksa esa O;kikj djus osQ fy, Js.kh III oSdfYid
fuos'k dks"k (,vkbZ,iQ) dks l{ke cukukA
z fo'ks"kKksa dk ekuuk gS fd baÚkLVªDpj] ykWftfLVDl]
bysDVªkWfud os;jgkmflax] VªkaliksVZs'ku vkfn tSls {ks=kksa esa
egRoiw.kZ fodkl osQ lkFk Hkkjr dk deksfMVh VªsfMax
O;olk; dk;kiyV osQ nkSj ls xqtj jgk gSA
deksfMVh ekdZsV osQ ykHk%
z fofoèkhdj.k
z deksfMVh fjVuZ vkSj vU; ,lsV fjVuZ osQ chp dM+h •jkc
gSA
z oLrqvksa dk mi;ksx ,d O;fÙkQxr ifjlaifÙk oxZ osQ :i esa
vkiosQ fuos'k iksVZiQksfy;ks esa fofoèkrk ykus osQ fy, fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
z eqækLiQhfr osQ f•ykiQ cpko
z ftalksa dks ,d mRÑ"V eqækLiQhfr cpko osQ :i esa ekuk
tkrk gS D;ksafd mPp eqækLiQhfr dh vofèk osQ nkSjku mudh
dhersa c<+rh gSaA
z ;g Ø; 'kfÙkQ lerk dks cuk, j•us esa enn djrk gSA
z ?kVuk osQ tksf•e ls lqj{kk
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z çkÑfrd vkink] vkfFkZd ladV] ;k la?k"kZ osQ dkj.k vkiwfrZ
ckfèkr gksus osQ ifj.kkeLo:i deksfMVh dh dhersa c<+
ldrh gSaA
z nwljh vksj] deksfMVh VªsfMax tkucw>dj dherksa esa mrkj&p<+ko
dk iQk;nk mBkdj uqdlku ls cpkus esa vkidh enn dj
ldrh gSA
j.kuhfrd fofuos'k
z ;g ,d lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ m|e dks ,d xSj&ljdkjh
daiuh ;k vfèkd O;kid :i ls futh {ks=k dks cspus ij
tksj nsrk gSA
z j.kuhfrd fofuos'k futh {ks=k dh Hkkxhnkjh dks çksRlkfgr
djrk gS] ftlls PSU vfèkd dq'ky vkSj vkd"kZd curs gSaA
z ljdkj xSj&fu"ikfnr@?kkVs esa py jgh lkoZtfud bdkbZ dks
pykus osQ cks> ls •qn dks eqÙkQ djus osQ fy, j.kuhfrd
fofuos'k esa layXu gSA
z bls fuEufyf•r Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gS%
 y?kq fofuos'k% ;g rc gksrk gS tc ljdkj vius fuos'k
(vYika'k fgLlsnkjh) dk ,d fgLlk NksM+ nsrh gS] ysfdu
çcaèkdh; fu;a=k.k cuk, j•us osQ fy, vfèkekur% 51»
ij cgqer j•rh gSA
 o`gn~ fofuos'k% ;g rc gksrk gS tc ljdkj NksVh
fgLlsnkjh j•rs gq, iQeZ esa viuk vfèkdka'k fuos'k
csprh gSA
 iw.kZ fofuos'k% ljdkj vius fgrksa osQ iw.kZ çcaèku dks
,d futh fuos'kd osQ gokys dj nsrh gSA
fofuos'k% ,sfrgkfld voyksdu
z vktknh osQ ckn osQ igys pkj n'kdksa esa] Hkkjr us ,d
fodkl iFk viuk;k tks le`f¼ osQ fy, lkoZtfud {ks=k
ij fuHkZj FkkA
z ifj.kkeLo:i 1991 esa fofuos'k dk jkLrk viukus dk
fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA
z Hkkjr esa ifjorZu dh çfØ;k o"kZ 1991&92 esa 'kq: gqbZ]
tc 31 p;fur lkoZtfud miØeksa dk 3]038 djksM+ #i;s
esa fofuos'k fd;k x;kA
z thoh jkeÑ".k osQ usr`Ro esa fofuos'k vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk
vxLr 1996 esa Hkkjrh; PSU osQ çxfr'khy fofuos'k dks
lykg nsus] fujh{k.k djus] fuxjkuh djus vkSj c<+kok nsus
osQ fy, dh xbZ FkhA
Hkkjrh; iwiwatath hck”kkj
Hkkjrh; ck”kkj
z fnlacj 1999 esa] fofuos'k ,tsalh dks ,d vyx foHkkx osQ
:i esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj flracj 2001 esa bldk
uke cnydj fofuos'k ea=kky; dj fn;k x;k FkkA
z fofuos'k foHkkx dks 27 ebZ] 2004 dks foÙk ea=kky; esa
LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k x;kA
z 14 vçSy] 2016 dks fofuos'k foHkkx dk uke cnydj
fuos'k vkSj lkoZtfud laifÙk çcaèku foHkkx (MhvkbZih,,e)
dj fn;k x;k vkSj bls lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ miØeksa (ih,l;w)
esa j.kuhfrd fgLlsnkjh dh fcØh osQ fy, uksMy foHkkx osQ
:i esa ukfer fd;k x;kA
jk"Vªh; fuos'k dks"k
z bldh LFkkiuk uoacj 2005 esa osQaæh; lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ
m|eksa osQ fofuos'k ls gksus okyh dekbZ dks pkSuy djus osQ
fy, dh xbZ FkhA
z j.kuhfrd fofuos'k osQ ykHk%
z ;g ljdkj osQ ½.k vkSj ctV vlarqyu dks de djus esa
;ksxnku nsxkA
z ;g lkekftd dY;k.k ij tksj nsus osQ lkFk mPp lkekftd
O;; dk leFkZu djsxk vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djsxk fd lalkèku
vke yksxksa osQ fy, miyCèk gksaA
z lkefjd fofuos'k dks"k dk mi;ksx cM+s iSekus ij cqfu;knh
<kaps osQ fodkl osQ foÙkiks"k.k] •ir dks c<+kok nsus osQ
fy, vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuos'k djus vkSj LokLF; vkSj f'k{kk
tSlh lkekftd lsokvksa esa fuos'k djus osQ fy, fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
z xSj&j.kuhfrd m|ksxksa esa ljdkj dh Hkkxhnkjh futh O;olk;ksa
osQ fy, çfrLièkhZ xfr'khyrk dks çHkkfor djrh gS] ftlls
miHkksÙkQkvksa vkSj djnkrkvksa dks v{ke ih,l;w lapkyu dk
cks> mBkuk iM+rk gSA
z futh {ks=k osQ foLrkj ls dk;Z dh csgrj laHkkouk,a gksaxhA
z ;g O;fÙkQxr m|eksa dh çHkko'khyrk esa lqèkkj osQ fy,
ih,l;w LokfeRo osQ fofoèkhdj.k esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
z vFkZO;oLFkk osQ foÙkh; LokLF; esa fxjkoV osQ lkFk] j.kuhfrd
fofuos'k ljdkj osQ fy, vk; çnku djsxk vkSj blfy,
jktdks"kh; LokLF; esa o`f¼ djsxkA
z ;g jpukRed çcaèkdh; dkS'ky vkSj çkS|ksfxdh osQ mi;ksx
dks çksRlkfgr dj ldrk gS] vkSj ,d j.kuhfrd fuos'kd
,sls foHkktuksa dks iQyus&iQwyus esa enn dj ldrk gSA
z ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd j.kuhfrd •jhnkj@vfèkxzg.kdrkZ
bu iQeks± osQ foLrkj esa enn djus osQ fy, u;k çcaèku@
245
 çkS|ksfxdh@fuos'k yk,axs vkSj mUgsa iQyus&iQwyus esa enn djus
osQ fy, jpukRed n`f"Vdks.k viuk,axsA
j.kuhfrd fofuos'k dh pqukSfr;ka%
z lalkèku tqVkus ij tksj ] D;ksafd equkiQk dekus okys vkSj
ykHkka'k nsus okys lkoZtfud miØeksa dh fcØh ls ljdkj
dks fu;fer jktLo dk uqdlku gksxkA
z ih,l;w ls fu;fer jktLo dk uqdlku D;ksafd fofuos'k osQ
ekè;e ls vftZr jkf'k dk Hkqxrku fliQZ ,d ckj fd;k
tk,xk] ftlls ljdkj dh fu;fer vk; çkIr djus dh
fofèk tfVy gks tk,xhA
z ;fn ljdkj osQ ikl cgqla[;d fgLlsnkjh gS] rks lkoZtfud
O;olk; v{kerk vkSj gkfu dh fiNyh laLÑfr osQ lkFk
dke djuk tkjh j•saxsA
z futhdj.k osQ ifj.kkeLo:i çfrLièkhZ ekgkSy dh LFkkiuk
t:jh ugha gSA
z iwjh fofuos'k çfØ;k] fopkj ls ysdj cksyh yxkus okyksa osQ
p;u rd] ukSdj'kkgh fu;a=k.k ls çHkkfor gksrh gSA ykHk
dekus okys vkSj ykHkka'k nsus okys lkoZtfud miØeksa dh
fcØh ls ljdkj dks fu;fer vk; dk uqdlku gksxkA
z lkefjd Hkkxhnkj ^^,lsV fLVªfiax** esa layXu gks ldrk gSA
vfèkdka'k lkoZtfud miØeksa osQ ikl ewY;oku laifÙk;ka gSa
tSls la;a=k vkSj e'khujh] Hkwfe vkSj Hkou vkfnA
z rsy lkoZtfud miØeksa esa egRoiw.kZ fofuos'k dks dqN
fo'ys"kdksa }kjk jk"Vªh; lqj{kk osQ fy, •rjs osQ :i esa ns•k
tkrk gS D;ksafd rsy ,d j.kuhfrd çkÑfrd lalkèku gS
vkSj laHkkfor fons'kh LokfeRo gekjs j.kuhfrd y{;ksa osQ
lkFk vlaxr gSA
z ctV ?kkVs dks ikVus osQ fy, fofuos'k èku dk mi;ksx djuk
,d tksf•e Hkjk vkSj vYidkfyd j.kuhfr gSA bls rRdky
ekSfæd t:jrksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, “ikfjokfjd pkanh"
cspus tSlk ekuk tkrk gSA
z iw.kZ futhdj.k osQ ifj.kkeLo:i lkoZtfud ,dkfèkdkj
futh ,dkfèkdkj cu ldrs gSa] tks ykHk esa o`f¼ djrs gq,
fofHkUu lsokvksa dh ykxr c<+kus osQ fy, viuh fLFkfr dk
mi;ksx djsaxsA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1- Hkkjr ljdkj osQaæh; lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ m|eksa (lhih,lbZ)
esa viuh bfDoVh dk fofuos'k D;ksa dj jgh gS\ (2011)
246
1- ljdkj dk bjknk fofuos'k ls vftZr jktLo dk eq[;
:i ls ckgjh ½.k dk Hkqxrku djus osQ fy, mi;ksx
djuk gSA
2- ljdkj vc lhih,lbZ osQ çcaèku fu;a=k.k dks cuk,
j•us dk bjknk ugha j•rh gSA
Åij fn, x, dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) osQoy 1
(b) osQoy 2
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
(d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2
fj;y ,LVsV fuos'k VªLV
z REITs dh rqyuk E;qpqvy iQaM ls dh tk ldrh gSA tgka
E;qpqvy iQaM vkidks 'ks;jksa esa fuos'k djus esa l{ke cukrs
gSa] ogha vkjbZvkbZVh vkidks vk; iSnk djus okyh fj;y
,LVsV laifÙk;ksa esa fuos'k djus dh vuqefr nsrs gSaA
z os lkewfgd fuos'k okgu gSa tks fuos'kdksa dks iqjLdkj çnku
djrs gq, laifÙk gksfYMaXl dks laHkkyrs vkSj çcafèkr djrs gSaA
èku tqVkus osQ fy,] Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr vkSj fofue; cksMZ dh
vko';drk gS fd lHkh vkjbZvkbZVh,l cktkjksa esa lwphc¼
gksa vkSj ,d vkjafHkd lkoZtfud is'kd'k djsaA
z ;g vpy laifÙk gkfly djus osQ fy, yksxksa osQ ,d lewg
osQ leku gS] ysfdu cgqr cM+s iSekus ij vkSj vfrfjÙkQ
çfrcaèkksa osQ lkFkA
z REITs osQ ihNs ewy fl¼kar ;g gS fd vki laifÙk osQ ,d
fgLls osQ ekfyd gSa vkSj blfy, O;; dk Lohdk;Z çfr'kr
?kVkdj jktLo dk ,d fgLlk vftZr djrs gSaA
z D;ksafd VªLV dh bdkb;ka ,Dlpsatksa ij csph tkrh gSa] bl
çdkj osQ eqæhdj.k ls MsoyilZ dks Hkfo"; osQ fj;y ,LVsV
fodkl osQ fy, iwath eqÙkQ djosQ ykHk gksrk gSA ;g fuos'kdksa
vkSj ;wfuV èkkjdksa dks rjyrk Hkh nsrk gSA
z REITs vuqdwy dj mipkj ls ykHkkfUor gksrs gSa] tSls fd
ykHkka'k forj.k dj NwV vkSj iwathxr ykHk dj NwVA
dk;Z ra=k%
z REITs cM+h la[;k esa fuos'kdksa ls iSlk bdêòk djrs gSa
vkSj bls lhèks vk;&l`tu djus okyh fj;y ,LVsV gksfYMaXl
(tks dk;kZy;] vkoklh; vikVZesaV] 'kkWfiax lsaVj] gksVy vkSj
xksnke gks ldrs gSa) esa fuos'k djrs gSaA
z VªLV 'ks;j cktkjksa esa lwphc¼ gSa] ftlls fuos'kdksa dks VªLV
esa bdkb;ka •jhnus dh vuqefr feyrh gSA REITs dks VªLV osQ
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 :i esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA urhtru] ,d Lora=k VªLVh z lsch }kjk n'kkZ, x, vuqHko osQ o"kks± osQ lkFk mUgsa is'ksoj
;wfuV èkkjdksa dh vksj ls vkjbZvkbZVh dh laifÙk j•rk gSA çcaèku }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
REITs osQ çdkj volajpuk fuos'k VªLV (INVITS)
1- bfDoVh REITs & vk;&mRiknd laifÙk dk vfèkxzg.k] z ,d InvIT E;qpqvy iQaM osQ leku gS ftlesa ;g NksVh jkf'k
èkkj.k vkSj çcaèkuA dks lhèks cqfu;knh <kaps esa fuos'k djus dh vuqefr nsrk gS
2- caèkd REITs tgka daifu;ka fj;y ,LVsV ekfydksa dks çR;{k vkSj fjVuZ osQ :i esa jktLo dk ,d çfr'kr çkIr djrk gSA
;k vçR;{k :i ls iSlk mèkkj nsrh gSaA z D;ksafd VªLV dh bdkb;ka ,Dlpsatksa ij csph tkrh gSa] bl
3- gkbfczM REITs & os igys nks osQ chp ,d ØkWl gSaA rjg osQ eqæhdj.k ls MsoyilZ dks Hkfo"; osQ cqfu;knh <kaps
REITs dk egRo osQ fuos'k osQ fy, iwath eqÙkQ djosQ ykHk gksrk gSA
z ;g fuos'kdksa vkSj ;wfuV èkkjdksa dks rjyrk Hkh çnku djrk
z fcuk fcosQ eky vkSj lhfer ekax osQ dkj.k] Hkkjrh;
gSA
fj;y ,LVsV cktkj rjyrk ladV dk lkeuk dj jgk gSA
z InvITs vuqdwy dj mipkj ls Hkh ykHkkfUor gksrs gSa] tSls
vkjbZvkbZVh osQ'k&LVªSIM MsoyilZ dks mudh ekStwnk laifÙk
fd ykHkka'k forj.k dj ls NwV vkSj iwathxr ykHk dj esa NwVA
ij iwath yxkus esa enn dj ldrk gSA
z InvITs 2014 ds SEBI (bUÚkLVªDpj bUosLVesaV VªLV~l)
z vpy laifÙk m|ksx esa laifÙk ls fdjk;k vkSj iwath o`f¼ nksuksa
fofu;eksa }kjk 'kkflr gksrs gSaA
vklikl osQ {ks=k esa LFkku] cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj vkS|ksfxd
xfrfofèk ls çHkkfor gksrh gSA fuos'k dh vko';drk%
z REITs laifÙk osQ ,d fofoèk iksVZiQksfy;ks dks èkkj.k djosQ z 23 vçSy] 2019 osQ lsch ldZqyj osQ vuqlkj] U;wure fuos'k
bu tksf•eksa dk çcaèku djrs gSaA fn'kkfunZs'k fuEufyf•r gSa%
z REITs vkiosQ laifÙk fuos'k ls tqM+s tksf•e dks de dj z çR;sd vkcaVu ykWV dk ewY; de ls de 1 yk#i;s gksuk
ldrs gSa D;ksafd vkjbZvkbZVh osQ ewY; dk 80» rS;kj vkSj pkfg,A
fdjk, ij nsus okyh laifÙk;ksa esa gksuk pkfg,A z çR;sd ykWV esa 100 bdkb;ka 'kkfey gksuh pkfg,A
InvITs dh lajpuk%
z ,d InvITs dks fuEufyf•r Hkkx gksrs gSa%
VªLVh z VªLVh og O;fÙkQ gksrk gS tks InvIT osQ çn'kZu dk fujh{k.k djrk gS vkSj çk;kstd ;k çcaèkd ls tqM+k ugha gksrk gSA
z ^çk;kstd* 100 djksM+ #i;s dh iwath okys fdlh Hkh laxBu ;k O;olk; bdkbZ dks lanfHkZr djrk gS tks InvITs
cukrk gS vkSj lsch dks vkosnu tek djus osQ le; ukfer fd;k tkrk gSA
çk;kstd z tc rd dksbZ ç'kklfud vko';drk ;k fj;k;r le>kSrk çk;kstd dks ,d fuf'pr vuqikr j•us osQ fy, ckè;
ugha djrk gS] çeksVjksa@çk;kstdksa dks de ls de rhu o"kks± osQ fy, InvITs esa la;qÙkQ :i ls U;wure 25» j•uk
pkfg,A
z ,d fuos'k çcaèkd ,d O;olk;] lhfer ns;rk Hkkxhnkjh (,y,yih)] ;k laxBu gS tks ,d InvIT dh laifÙk
vkSj fuos'k dk çcaèku vkSj çcaèku djrk gSA
z InvITs osQ ikl baÚkLVªDpj ,lsV~l gSa tks pkyw Hkh gSa vkSj jsosU;w tsujsV Hkh djrh gSa] tSls xSl ikbiykbu] eksVjos
fuos'k vkSj bysfDVªflVh Vªkalfe'ku ykbuA
çcaèkd z 'kfÙkQ'kkyh ikfVZ;ksa osQ lkFk nh?kZdkfyd vuqcaèk ;g lqfuf'pr djrs gSa fd bu VªLVksa osQ ikl èku dh fLFkj vkiwfrZ gksA
z mUgsa vius 'kq¼ ykHkka'k udnh çokg dk 90» fuos'kdksa dks forfjr djuk pkfg,A
z vxj InvIT fdlh laifÙk dks cspus dk fodYi pqurk gS] rks og jktLo dks fdlh vU; cqfu;knh <kapk ifj;kstuk
esa iqufuZos'k dj ldrk gS ;k vk; dk 90» ;wfuVèkkjdksa dks forfjr dj ldrk gSA

Hkkjrh; iwiwatath hck”kkj

Hkkjrh; ck”kkj 247
InvITs ls tqM+s tksf•e%
z fuos'kdksa dks 'kk;n gh dHkh fdlh ifj;kstuk osQ okLrfod
ewY; osQ ckjs esa iwjh tkudkjh gksrh gSA ,d InvIT dh
o`f¼ dk ewY;kadu mlosQ •krksa dks ns•dj gh fd;k tk
ldrk gS D;ksafd ;g bl ckr ls fuèkkZfjr gksrk gS fd fuxe
cksyh çfØ;k osQ ekè;e ls fj;k;rh laifÙk;ksa dks osQls çkIr
djrk gSA
z ifj;kstuk osQ foiQy gksus vkSj fuos'kdksa dks gLrkarfjr gksus
dh laHkkouk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn VªLV jktLo osQ lzksr
osQ :i esa Vksy laxzg osQ lkFk ,d lM+d ifj;kstuk 'kq:
djrk gS] rks vuqekuksa esa ;krk;kr vuqekuksa ij fopkj fd;k
tk,xkA gkyk¡fd] ;fn ,slk ugha gksrk gS] ;k ;fn ljdkj
,d vkSj Vksy&Úh lM+d dk fuekZ.k djrh gS] rks ifj;kstuk
U;wure ;k fcuk fdlh ykHk osQ foiQy gks ldrh gSA
z InvITs jktuhfrd vkSj fu;ked tksf•e iSnk dj ldrs
gSaA ljdkj buesa ls vfèkdka'k VªLVksa dks cqfu;knh <kapk
REIT vkSj INVITS osQ chp varj
ekinaMksa REIT
;g fuos'kdksa dks fn•kbZ nsrk gS D;ksafd fuxe
ekStwnk laifÙk;ksa dks fiQj ls rS;kj djsxk] u;k
fuekZ.k 'kq: djsxk] ;k ubZ laifÙk;ksa dk vfèkxzg.k
o`f¼ djsxkA
çR;sd vkoaVu ykWV dk ewY; de ls de 50000
U;wure vko';drk #i;s gksuk pkfg, vkSj çR;sd ykWV esa 100 bdkb;ka
gksuh pkfg,A
lajpuk ;g fj;y ,LVsV {ks=k esa fuos'k dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
;g lkoZtfud :i ls lwphc¼] futh lwphc¼ ;k
fyfLVax
futh vlwphc¼ gks ldrk gS
InvITs dk VªsfMax ykWV vkdkj cM+k gS] bl çdkj
fyfDofMVh dqN gn rd •jkc rjyrk gSA
fMikWftVjh fjflIV (DR)
z DR ,d cSad }kjk tkjh fd;k tkus okyk ,d ijØkE;
çek.ki=k gS tks ,d fons'kh O;kikj@fuxe esa 'ks;jksa dk
çfrfufèkRo djrk gS tks ,d LFkkuh; LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa
cnys tkrs gSaA
248
ifj;kstukvksa ij çksRlkgu nsrh gSA de ekax vkSj dher
lacaèkh tksf•eksa osQ dkj.k ;s fj;k;rsa iwoZor gks ldrh gSaA
InvITs osQ ykHk%
z ,sls le; esa tc vFkZO;oLFkk esa futh {ks=k dk fuos'k de
gks jgk gS] ,u,p,vkbZ }kjk èku mxkgus vkSj cqfu;knh <kaps
ij O;; ls u osQoy vFkZO;oLFkk dks c<+kok feysxk cfYd
futh {ks=k osQ fuos'k esa Hkh o`f¼ gksxhA
z InvIT ljdkj dks lM+dksa vkSj cqfu;knh <kaps ij lkoZtfud
O;; c<+kus osQ fy, èku osQ oSdfYid lzksrksa esa VSi djus
dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
z ,d InvIT fuxe dks viuh foÙkh; çfrc¼rkvksa dks vfèkd
rsth ls iwjk djus dh vuqefr Hkh nsrk gSA
z InvIT èkkjd vuqdwy dj fu;eksa ls Hkh ykHkkfUor gksrs gSa]
tSls fd ykHkka'k vk; ls NwV vkSj dksbZ iwathxr ykHk dj
ugha ;fn os InvIT bdkb;ksa dks rhu lky ls vfèkd le;
rd cuk, j•rs gSaA
InvITs
bldh o`f¼ osQoy bldh iqLrdksa dks ns•dj fuèkkZfjr
dh tk ldrh gS D;ksafd ;g bl ckr ls fuèkkZfjr gksrk
gS fd iQeZ cksyh çfØ;k osQ ekè;e ls fj;k;rh laifÙk;ksa
dks osQls çkIr djrh gSA
çR;sd vkoaVu de ls de 1 yk#i;s dk gksuk pkfg,
vkSj çR;sd ykWV esa 100 bdkb;ka 'kkfey gksuh pkfg,A
;g cqfu;knh <kapk {ks=k esa fuos'k dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
bls lkoZtfud :i ls lwphc¼ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
os NksVs fuos'kdksa osQ fy, vfèkd lqyHk gSa vkSj de
;wfuV dherksa vkSj VªsfMax ykWV osQ dkj.k muosQ ikl
vfèkd rjyrk gSA
z Mhvkj tks ,d Bksl çek.k i=k gqvk djrk Fkk] fuos'kdksa
dks vU; ns'kksa esa bfDoVh LVksj djus dh vuqefr nsrk gS
vkSj ,d varjjk"Vªh; cktkj ij O;kikj djus dk fodYi
çnku djrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z n vesfjdu fMikWftVjh fjflIV (,Mhvkj)] tks 1920 osQ n'kd ls iQeks±] fuos'kdksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa dks oSf'od fuos'k fodYi
çnku dj jgk gS] Mhvkj osQ lcls çpfyr :iksa esa ls ,d gSA
z DR fuos'kdksa dks vU; cktkjksa vkSj vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ls iQeks± esa LVkWd çkIr djosQ vius iksVZiQksfy;ks esa fofoèkrk ykus esa l{ke
cukrk gSA
z lhèks fons'kh cktkjksa esa bfDoVh •jhnus dh rqyuk esa Mhvkj vklku vkSj de •phZyk gS|
z la;qÙkQ jkT; esa fuos'kdADR osQ ekè;e ls fons'kh bfDoVh rd igqap çkIr dj ldrs
gSaAADR fo'ks"k :i ls vesfjdh cSadksa }kjk varjjk"Vªh; bfDoVh osQ fy, tkjh fd, tkrs
gSa tks ;w,l ,Dlpsat ij dkjksckj djrs gSa] tSls fd NASDAQ (,,ebZ,Dl)A tc
,d fuos'kd ,d vesfjdh fMikWftVjh jlhn çkIr djrk gS] mnkgj.k osQ fy,] jlhn
vesfjdh MkWyj esa crkbZ tkrh gS] tcfd okLrfod varfuZfgr lqj{kk ,d fo'oO;kih
vesfjdu fMikftVjh fjlhIV
laLFkk osQ ctk; fons'kksa esa ,d vesfjdh foÙkh; laLFkku osQ ikl gksrh gSAADR ,d
(ADRs)%
fons'kh iQeZ esa iwathxr ykHk vftZr djrs gq, ;kuh ykHkka'k çkIr djrs gq, 'ks;j •jhnus
dk ,d mRÑ"V rjhdk gS] tks fuxeksa }kjk 'ks;jèkkjdksa dks udn Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gSA
iwathxr ykHk vkSj ykHkka'k nksuksa dk Hkqxrku vesfjdh eqæk esa fd;k tkrk gSA D;ksafdADR
vesfjdh MkWyj esa O;kikj djrs gSa vkSj vesfjdh fuiVku pkSuyksa osQ ekè;e ls Li"V
gksrs gSa]ADR èkkjdksa dks fons'kh eqækvksa esa ysunsu djus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA
z GDR] European Depositary Receipts (DRs)] vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; DR nqfu;k osQ
fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa foLrkfjr gks x, gSaA tcfd la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk esa ,d jk"Vªh; 'ks;j
cktkj esaADR dk dkjksckj gksrk gS] GDR vDlj yanu LVkWd ,Dlpsat tSls ;wjksih;
LVkWd ,Dlpsatksa ij lwphc¼ gksrs gSaAADR vkSj GDRj nksuksa dks vDlj vesfjdh MkWyj
Xykscy fMikftVjh fjlhIV esa n'kkZ;k tkrk gS] gkykafd mUgsa ;wjks esa Hkh ukfer fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d GDR
(GDR)% ,dADR dh rjg foijhr dke djrk gS] GDR la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk esa LFkkfir ,d
fuxe dks vius 'ks;jksa dks yanu LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa lwphc¼ djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk esa fLFkr fuxe yanu fMikWftVjh cSad osQ lkFk ,d DRs le>kSrk
djrk gSA cnys esa] yanu cSad nksuksa ns'kksa osQ fu;ked vuqikyu osQ vkèkkj ij ;wukbVsM
fdaxMe esa 'ks;j tkjh djrk gSA

ØsfMV fMiQkWYV LoSi (COsQ)
z ;g ,d foÙkh; MsfjosfVo gS tks ,d fuos'kd dks nwljs
osQ lkFk vius ØsfMV tksf•e dks LoSi ;k vkWiQlsV djus
dh vuqefr nsrk gSA fMiQkWYV tksf•e dks de djus osQ
fy,] ½.knkrk fdlh vU; fuos'kd ls ,d SDR •jhnrk
gS tks mèkkjdrkZ osQ pwd gksus ij mUgsa {kfriwfrZ djus dk
opu nsrk gSA CDR foØsrk •jhnkj dks ÚkM dh fLFkfr
esa lqjf{kr j•rk gSA
z vfèkdka'k CDR vuqcaèkksa dks ,d lrr ekfld Hkqxrku dh
vko';drk gksrh gS] tks fdlh chek ikWfylh ij cdk;k
lkekU; Hkqxrkuksa osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
z ,d CDR vkerkSj ij ,d ½.knkrk }kjk mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
z ;kn j•sa fd ½.k tksf•e lekIr ugha fd;k x;k gSA blosQ
ctk; bls CDR foØsrk dks LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
z CDR cktkj esa] ,d ØsfMV bosaV ,d fVªxj gS tks lqj{kk
•jhnkj dks vuqcaèk dks lekIr djus vkSj O;ofLFkr djus
dk dkj.k curk gSA
z ifjlaifÙk osQ pwd gksus ij eqvkotk çkIr djus osQ volj
osQ cnys esa] CDR •jhnkj foØsrk dks Hkqxrkuksa dh ,d
J`a•yk (lhMh,l ^'kqYd* ;k ^LçsM*) dk Hkqxrku djrk gSA
z ckW.M vkSj vU; ½.k çfrHkwfr;k¡ bl tksf•e osQ vèkhu gSa
fd mèkkjdrkZ ½.k ;k mlosQ C;kt Hkqxrku esa pwd dj
ldrk gSA
z ½.k esa çR;{k chek ;ksX; O;fÙkQ;ksa lfgr dksbZ Hkh O;fÙkQ
CDR çkIr dj ldrk gSA
z ;fn lanHkZ ckaM larks"ktud <ax ls dk;Z djrk gS] rks •jhnkj
ifjiDork rd foØsrk dks =kSekfld fd'rksa dk Hkqxrku

Hkkjrh; iwiwatath hck”kkj

Hkkjrh; ck”kkj 249
 djrk gSA ;fn lanHkZ ckaM foiQy gks tkrk gS] rks foØsrk
•jhnkj dks ckaM osQ cjkcj ewY; dk Hkqxrku djrk gS] vkSj
•jhnkj foØsrk dks Hkqxrku djrk gSA
ØsfMV bosaV
z ØsfMV bosaV mRçsjd gS tks lhMh,l •jhnkj dks vuqcaèk dk
Hkqxrku djus osQ fy, etcwj djrk gSA
z lhMh,l çkIr gksus ij ØsfMV ?kVukvksa ij lgefr gksrh gS
vkSj mUgsa vuqcaèk esa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA
z fuEufyf•r ØsfMV ?kVukvksa dk mi;ksx cM+h la[;k esa
,dy&uke lhMh,l osQ fy, fVªxj osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gS%
z Hkqxrku djus esa vleFkZrk% lanHkZ laLFkk }kjk Hkqxrku ugha
fd;k tkrk gSA
z nkf;Ro Roj.k% tc vuqcaèk nkf;Roksa dks vkxs c<+k;k tkrk
gS] tSls fd tc tkjhdrkZ dks vis{kk ls igys ½.k dk
Hkqxrku djuk iM+rk gSA
z vLohdj.k% ,d vuqcaèk dh oSèkrk ij vlgefrA
z eksjkVksfj;e% ,d vuqcaèk fuyacu tc rd fd fuyacu osQ
dkj.k gksus okys eqíksa dks Bhd ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
z ,d nkf;Ro dk iquxZBu% varfuZfgr ½.kksa dk iquxZBuA
z ljdkjh gLr{ksi% ljdkjh dkjZokb;k¡ ftudk vuqcaèk ij
çHkko iM+rk gSA
v v
250
z Hkqxrku foiQyrk% lanHkZ bdkbZ Hkqxrku djus esa foiQy
jgrh gSA
z vLohdj.k% ,d vuqcaèk dh oSèkrk ij vlgefrA
z eksjkVksfj;e% ,d vuqcaèk fuyacu tc rd fd fuyacu osQ
dkj.k gksus okys eqíksa dks Bhd ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
z ,d nkf;Ro dk iquxZBu% varfuZfgr ½.kksa dk iquxZBuA
z ljdkjh gLr{ksi% vuqcaèk dks cnyus okyh ljdkjh dkjZokb;k¡A
z ØsfMV fMiQkWYV LoSi dk egRo%
z mèkkjnkrkvksa osQ fy, tksf•e de djrk gS% lhMh,l dks
½.knkrkvksa }kjk ,d çdkj osQ chek osQ :i esa vfèkxzfgr
fd;k tk ldrk gS rkfd tkjhdrkZ ij tksf•e Mkyrs le;
½.knkrk dh lqj{kk dh tk losQA
z dksbZ varfuZfgr ifjlaifÙk tksf•e ugha% vki varfuZfgr
fuf'pr&vk; laifÙk;ka çkIr djus osQ fy, ckè; ugha gSaA
z foØsrk tksf•e iQSyk ldrs gSa% lhMh,l Hkqxrku fMiQkWYV
osQ tksf•e dks tkjhdrkZ dks LFkkukarfjr dj nsrk gSA os
tksf•e dks vkSj vfèkd iQSykus osQ fy, dbZ vnyk&cnyh
dh is'kd'k Hkh dj ldrs gSaA
v
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 15 yksd foÙk (ctV vkSj jktdks"kh; uhfr)
^^yksd foÙk jkT; osQ jktLo vkSj O;; dh çÑfr vkSj fl¼karksa
dh tkap gS**A ,Me fLeFk
lkoZtfud foÙk dk vFkZ%
z ;g vFkZ'kkL=k dh og 'kk•k gS tks ljdkjh jktLo vkSj
yksd çkfèkdj.kksa osQ ljdkjh O;; dk vkdyu djrh gS
vkSj okaNuh; çHkkoksa dks çkIr djus vkSj vokaNuh; çHkkoksa
ls cpus osQ fy, ,d ;k nwljs dk lek;kstu djrh gSA ;g
cgqr O;kid 'kCn gS tks turk osQ iSls ls tqM+k gqvk gSA
z yksd foÙk ,d O;kid fo"k; gS ftlesa os lHkh ekeys
'kkfey gSa tks turk osQ èku ls lacafèkr gSa
 ljdkj dks feyus okyk iSlk
 ljdkj }kjk •pZ djus okyk iSlk
 og ljdkj }kjk mèkkj fy;k x;k iSlk
 ljdkj }kjk mèkkj fn;k x;k iSlk
 ljdkj tks iSlk tqVkrh gS ;k Nkirh gS
z ^^yksd vFkZ'kkL=k**] vFkkZr ljdkj dk foÙk Hkh dgk tkrk
gS] ;g u osQoy fdlh ns'k osQ lalkèkuksa dh ml ek=kk ij
ppkZ djrk gS ftls ljdkj dks vius Lo;a osQ mi;ksx osQ
fy, vfèkxzghr djuk pkfg,] cfYd ml 'n{krk' ij Hkh
ppkZ djrk gS ftlosQ lkFk èku dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
z yksd foÙk osQ ?kVd gSa%
 lkoZtfud jktLo% dj] xSj&dj jktLo vkSj lkoZtfud
½.kA
 yksd O;;% dY;k.kdkjh vkSj vU; uhfr;ksa dks ykxw
djus dk lkèkuA
 foÙkh; ç'kklu% lkoZtfud ctV] ys•k ijh{kk vkfnA
 la?kh; foÙk% ljdkj osQ rhu Lrj vkSj dk;Z vkSj
lalkèkuksa dks foHkkftr djus dh vko';drkA
z f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQ ckn yksd foÙk dh Hkwfedk vkSj vfèkd
egRoiw.kZ gks xbZ D;ksafd lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ mn;] lkoZtfud
oLrqvksa dh fMyhojh] dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk] j{kk] vkfn osQ
dkj.k vFkZO;oLFkk esa ljdkjksa dh Hkwfedk dk foLrkj gksuk
'kq: gks x;kA
z cktkj lHkh t:jrksa dks iwjk ugha dj ldk D;ksafd dkuwu
çorZu] j{kk vkfn tSls {ks=kksa esa ljdkj dh mifLFkfr
vko';d FkhA
z ftu vU; çeq{ks=kksa esa ljdkjh mifLFkfr vko';d Fkh ] os
gSa& lLrh ;k eqÝr LokLF; lsok] f'k{kk] lkekftd lqj{kk
mik;] vkfn (D;ksafd os ykHk osQ fy, ugha Fks)A
D;k vki tkurs gSa\
dkSfVY; osQ vFkZ'kkL=k esa cgqr foLr`r rjhosQ ls ^^•tkuk]
jktLo osQ lzksr] ys•k vkSj ys•kijh{kk' 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
yksd foÙk dk mYysbl çkphu xzUFk esa feyrk gSA
jk"Vªh; yksd foÙk vkSj uhfr laLFkku
;g 1976 esa LFkkfir ,d Lok;Ùk fudk; gSA ;g lkslk;Vh
iathdj.k vfèkfu;e] 1860 osQ vUrxZr iathÑr gSA laLFkku
osQ çeqdk;ks± esa ls ,d osQaæ] jkT; vkSj LFkkuh; ljdkjksa dks
,d fo'ys"k.kkRed vkèkkj vuqlaèkku] uhfr odkyr vkfn
çnku djosQ lkoZtfud uhfr;ksa dks cukus vkSj lqèkkjus esa
lgk;rk djuk gSA
ctV dk vFkZ
z ^^ctV** 'kCn dh mRifÙk 18oha 'krkCnh osQ eè; esa Úsap
'kCn ^ctsV* ls gqbZ FkhA bldk eryc peM+s osQ FkSys ls
Fkk ftlesa ls laln esa foÙkh; fooj.k çLrqr fd;k tkrk FkkA
z ;g vk; vkSj O;; dk ,d okf"kZd foÙkh; fooj.k gS tks
vkerkSj ij ljdkj osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu
bldk mi;ksx iQeZ] daiuh] fuxe vkfn osQ fy, Hkh fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
z Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku (vuqPNsn 112) osQ vuqlkj] okf"kZd
foÙkh; fooj.k uked ,d nLrkost dks gj u, foÙkh; o"kZ
dh 'kq#vkr ls igys laln esa çLrqr fd;k tkuk gSA
z bls yksdfç; :i ls osQaæh; ctV osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS
vkSj jkT;ksa osQ fy, Hkh blh rjg dk çkoèkku gSA
 osQaæh; ctV osQ ewy rF;
foÙk ea=kky; osQ vkfFkZd ekeyksa osQ foHkkx (MhbZ,) }kjk rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA blls igys ctV nks Hkkxksa esa çLrqr fd;k tkrk FkkA
1- jsy ctV
2- vke ctV
2017 esa nksuksa Jsf.k;ksa dk foy; dj fn;k x;kA
ctV ,d èku foèks;d gS (vuqPNsn 110) ftls yksdlHkk esa çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr us ;kstukxr vkSj xSj&;kstukxr
O;; dks fuèkkZfjr fd;k%
z ;kstukxr O;;% ;kstuk (vFkkZr~ iapo"khZ; ;kstuk) osQ uke ij fd, x, lHkh O;; ;kstukxr O;; dgykrs FksA mnkgj.k osQ
fy, fctyh mRiknu] flapkbZ vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl] lM+dksa] iqyksa] ugjksa vkfn osQ fuekZ.k ij O;;A
z xSj&;kstukxr O;;% ;kstukxr O;; osQ vykok vU; lHkh O;; xSj&;kstukxr O;; osQ :i esa tkus tkrs FksA mnkgj.k osQ
fy, C;kt Hkqxrku] isa'ku] jkT;ksa vkSj osQaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa dh ljdkjksa dks oSèkkfud gLrkarj.k vkfnA
çkjafHkd n`f"Vdks.k%
z çFke ctV tsEl foYlu us 1860 esa çLrqr fd;k FkkA
z Lora=k Hkkjr dk çFke ctV foÙk ea=kh vkjosQ 'kueq•e psêðh us 26 uoacj 1947 dks çLrqr fd;k FkkA
z x.kra=k Hkkjr dk çFke ctV 28 iQjojh 1950 dks tkWu eFkkbZ }kjk çLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA
z okf"kZd foÙkh; fooj.k (ctV)% vuqPNsn 112
 lafoèkku esa dgha Hkh ctV 'kCn dk ç;ksx ugha fd;k x;k gSA

 ctV dks vuqPNsn 112 osQ vUrxZr lafoèkku esa okf"kZd foÙkh; fooj.k osQ :i esa lanfHkZr fd;k tkrk gSA

 1924 esa ,doFkZ lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa ij jsy ctV dks vke ctV ls vyx fd;k x;k FkkA

 gkyk¡fd] bls 2017 esa uhfr vk;ksx dh fccsd nscjkW; lfefr dh fliQkfj'k ij fiQj ls foy; dj fn;k x;k FkkA

 1 vçSy ls 'kq: gksdj 31 ekpZ dks lekIr gksus okys foÙkh; o"kZ esa ljdkj dh vuqekfur çkfIr;ksa vkSj O;; dk fooj.k gksrk gSA

 os çkfIr;ka vkSj O;; tks osQoy pkyw foÙkh; o"kZ ls lacafèkr gSa] jktLo •krs (ftls jktLo ctV Hkh dgk tkrk gS) esa

'kkfey fd, tkrs gSaA

 os çkfIr;ka vkSj O;; tks iwath •krs (ftls iwath ctV Hkh dgk tkrk gS) esa ljdkj dh laifÙk vkSj nsunkfj;ksa ls lacafèkr gSaA

osQaæh; ctV esa vkadM+ksa osQ 3 lewg gksrs gSa%
1- fiNys o"kZ osQ okLrfod vkadM+s (eryc] ml o"kZ ls ,d
o"kZ igys ftlesa ctV çLrqr fd;k x;k gS)A mnkgj.k osQ
fy, ;fn o"kZ 2022&23 osQ fy, ctV çLrqr fd;k tkrk
gS_ rks fn;s x;s vkadM+s 2021&22 osQ gSA
2- pkyw o"kZ (2021&22) osQ vuafre vkadM+s ml o"kZ ;kuh
2022&23 (vuafre vuqeku osQ :i esa fpfÉr) osQ fy,
vuafre vuqeku çLrqr djrk gSA
3- ctVh; vuqeku vFkkZr ftl o"kZ ctV çLrqr fd;k x;k
mlosQ ,d o"kZ ckn (vuqeku ctV osQ :i esa n'kkZ;k x;kA
egRoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh
z la'kksfèkr vuqeku ctV (chbZ) ;k
vuafre vuqeku (ihbZ) esa fd, x,
la'kksfèkr vuqeku vuqekuksa dk orZeku vuqeku gSA ;g
(vkjbZ) orZeku fLFkfr dks n'kkZrk gSA
z ;g varfje vkadM+s gS ;kuh bl chp
osQ nkSjkuA
z Rofjr vuqeku ,d çdkj dk
la'kksfèkr vuqeku gS tks uohure
Rofjr vuqeku fLFkfr dks n'kkZrk gSA ;g dqN {ks=k
(D;wbZ) ;k mi&{ks=k osQ fy, Hkfo"; osQ
vuqekuksa dks cukus esa mi;ksxh gSA
z ;g ,d varfje vkadM+k Hkh gSA
z vfxze vuqeku Rofjr vuqeku osQ
leku gS ysfdu vafre pj.k ls
vfxze vuqeku igys (vfxze esa) fd;k tkrk gS tc
vkadM+k ,d=k fd;k tkuk pkfg,
FkkA ;g ,d varfje vkadM+k Hkh gS
ctV ls lacafèkr laoSèkkfud çkoèkku
z Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 112 osQ vuqlkj ] fdlh o"kZ
osQ osQaæh; ctV dks okf"kZd foÙkh; fooj.k (,,iQ,l)
dgk tkrk gSA

252 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr bls ,d foÙkh; o"kZ esa ljdkj dh  lh,iQvkbZ ij Hkkfjr O;;% Hkkjr dh lafpr fufèk ij
vuqekfur çkfIr;ksa vkSj O;; osQ fooj.k osQ :i esa laln Hkkfjr O;; ij laln }kjk ernku ugha fd;k tk ldrk
osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ le{k j•rs gSaA gS] ysfdu bl ij ppkZ dh tk ldrh gSA
z jk"Vªifr dh fliQkfj'k osQ fcuk dksbZ ^^vuqnku dh ekax**  lh,iQvkbZ ls fd, x, O;;% ;g ctV dk ernku

ugha j•h tk,xhA ;ksX; fgLlk gSA

z Hkkjr dh lafpr fufèk ls èku dkuwu }kjk fd, x, fofu;ksx z blosQ vykok] ctV esa fuEufyf•r 'kkfey gSa%
osQ fcuk ugha fudkyk tk ldrk gSA  jktLo vkSj iwathxr çkfIr;ksa osQ vuqeku

z dkuwu osQ }kjk vfèkÑr osQ vykok dksbZ dj ugha yxk;k  jktLo c<+kus osQ rjhosQ vkSj lkèku

;k ,d=k fd;k tk ldrk gSA laln fdlh dj dks ?kVk ;k  O;; dk vuqeku

lekIr dj ldrh gS] ysfdu c<+k ugha ldrhA  vafre foÙkh; o"kZ dh okLrfod çkfIr;ksa vkSj O;; dk

z ^^vuqnku dh ekax** osQ fy, ernku yksdlHkk dk fooj.k vkSj ml o"kZ esa fdlh ?kkVs ;k vfèk'ks"k osQ
fo'ks"kkfèkdkj gS vkSj jkT;lHkk bl ij ernku ugha dj dkj.kA
ldrh gSA  vkus okys o"kZ dh vkfFkZd vkSj foÙkh; uhfr] ;kuh

z ctV esa Hkkjr dh lafpr fufèk lh,iQvkbZ ls nks çdkj djkèkku çLrko] jktLo dh laHkkouk,a] O;; dk;ZØe
osQ O;; fd;s tk ldrs gSa% vkSj ubZ ;kstukvksa@ifj;kstukvksa dh 'kq:vkrA

fufèk;ksa osQ fy, laoSèkkfud çkoèkku

z lafoèkku esa of.kZr rhu çdkj dh fufèk;k¡%
z ;g ,dek=k dks"k gS tgka ls vxj ljdkj iSlk •pZ djrh gS] rks mls lalnh; LohÑfr dh vko';drk
gksxhA (lh,iQvkbZ ij Hkkfjr O;; dks NksM+dj)A
z bls foÙk iksf"kr fd;k tkrk gS%
 çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k djksa ls tqVk;k x;k iSlk]
vuqPNsn  ljdkj }kjk fy;k x;k ½.k]
266(1)& Hkkjr
dh lafpr fufèk  ljdkj }kjk fn, x, ½.k ls çkIr ewyèku ;k C;ktA
z ;g rhuksa fufèk;ksa esa lcls cM+k vkSj lcls egRoiw.kZ gSA
z ;g Hkkjr osQ lh,th }kjk ys•k ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fjiksVZ laln vkSj çR;sd jkT; foèkkueaMy
(jkT; lh,iQvkbZ osQ fy,) esa çLrqr dh tkrh gSA
z çR;sd jkT; osQ ikl leku çkoèkku okys jkT; osQ fy, ,d leku fufèk gksrh gSA
z fufèk tks Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr osQ uke ij foÙk lfpo }kjk lapkfyr dh tkrh gSA
vuqPNsn 267 z ;g vçR;kf'kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ fy, gS vkSj ljdkj fcuk fdlh lalnh; LohÑfr osQ bl dks"k ls •pZ
& Hkkjr dh
dj ldrh gSA
vkdfLedrk
fufèk z blesa 500 djksM+ #i;s dk dks"k gS vkSj jkT;ksa osQ ikl lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj viuh vkdfLed fufèk gks
ldrh gSA
z blesa fofHkUu foHkkxksa dh cSad cpr] Hkfo"; fufèk] jk"Vªh; y?kq cpr fufèk vkfn dk iSlk 'kkfey gSA
vuqPNsn 266(2) z ljdkj fcuk lalnh; eatwjh osQ bldk bLrseky dj ldrh gSA
& Hkkjr osQ yksd z lh,iQvkbZ osQ fy, mfYyf•r lzksrksa osQ vykok vU; lzksrksa ls iSlk bl •krs esa tkrk gSA
ys•k z çR;sd jkT; dk ,d leku •krk gks ldrk gS vkSj bldh lh,th }kjk ys•kijh{kk dh tkrh gS vkSj
laln ;k lacafèkr jkT; foèkkulHkkvksa esa fjiksVZ çLrqr dh tkrh gSA

d foÙk
yksd foÙk (ctV
(ctVvkSvkS
j jjktdks
jktdks
"kh;"kh; uhfr)
uhfr) 253

ctV osQ vfèkfu;eu osQ pj.k
ctV fuEufyf•r Ng pj.kksa ls gksdj xqtjrk gS%
z ctV dh çLrqfrA
z vke ppkZA
z foHkkxh; lfefr;ksa }kjk tkapA
z vuqnku ekaxksa ij ernku
z fofu;ksx foèks;d ikfjr djukA
z foÙk foèks;d ikfjr djukA
oksV vkWu vdkmaV
z ;g ljdkj osQ fy, Hkkjr dh lafpr fufèk ls èku fudkyus
dk ,d rjhdk gS tc fiNys o"kZ osQ fofu;ksx foèks;d
dh oSèkrk lekIr gks xbZ gks (vFkkZr 31 ekpZ)A ;g vxys
lky osQ ctV osQ fy, fofu;ksx foèks;d ikfjr djus ls
igys fd;k tkrk gSA
z fiNys o"kZ osQ ctV osQ vuqlkj lh,iQvkbZ ls iSlk fudkyus
dk vfèkdkj 31 ekpZ rd gksrk gSA
z gkykafd] ljdkj osQ fu;fer •pZ (iQksu] fctyh fcy
vkfn) gksrs gSa tks u, ctV osQ ikfjr gksus ls igys fd,
tkus dh t:jr gSA
z bl çdkj] ljdkj “oksV vkWu vdkmaV" osQ ikfjr gksus osQ
fy, ,d çLrko j•rh gSA
z ;g vke rkSj ij 2 eghus osQ fy, fn;k tkrk gS vkSj vke
rkSj ij vxys o"kZ osQ fy, dqy ctV vuqeku dk NBk
fgLlk gksrk gSA
z çklafxdrk% vc bldh vko';drk ugha gS D;ksafd&
 lafoèkku esa ctV çLrqr djus dh fdlh fo'ks"k frfFk dk
mYysugha gSA blfy, 2017 ls iQjojh osQ igys dk;Z
fnol ij ctV çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
 ctV çLrqr djus osQ lHkh Ng pj.kksa dks ekpZ osQ vafre
lIrkg rd iwjk dj fy;k tkrk gSA bl çdkj] “oksV vkWu
vdkmaV" dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha iM+rh gSA
 gkyk¡fd] 2019 osQ ^^varfje ctV** esa] ljdkj us ^oksV
vkWu vdkmaV* osQ fy, ,d çLrko j•k D;ksafd og
iw.kZ ctV vke pquko osQ ckn çLrqr djuk pkgrh FkhA
varfje ctV
z ,sls fdlh ctV dh dksbZ laoSèkkfud ifjHkk"kk ugha gSA
z pquko osQ o"kks± osQ nkSjku] lÙkk:<+ ny@xBcaèku ljdkj lÙkk
ls ckgj gks ldrh gSA
254
z ubZ ikVhZ@xBcaèku ljdkj osQ ikl ns'k osQ fy, vyx fopkj
gks ldrk gS vkSj blfy, mls ,d vyx rjg osQ ctV
dh vko';drk gksxhA
z bl çdkj] orZeku ljdkj osQ fy, pqukoh o"kZ esa pquko ls
igys cM+s cnykoksa ;k çkoèkkuksa osQ lkFk iw.kZ ctV ikfjr
djuk vuqfpr gSA
z bl çdkj] varfje ctV fcuk fdlh cM+h ?kks"k.kk osQ çLrqr
fd;k tkrk gS] gkykafd çfØ;k vHkh Hkh ogh gS& ;kuh
rhu nLrkost (okf"kZd foÙkh; fooj.k] foÙk foèks;d vkSj
fofu;ksx foèks;d) 6 pj.kksa esa çLrqr fd, x, gSaA
z ;g iwjs foÙkh; o"kZ osQ fy, oSèk gksrk gS_ ysfdu vxj dksbZ
ubZ ljdkj vkrh gS] rks og cnys gq, çkoèkkuksa osQ lkFk
,d u;k vke ctV ikfjr dj ldrh gSA
z bls iwoZ esa Hkh o"kZ 2004] 2009 vkSj 2014 esa çLrqr fd;k
x;k FkkA
ljdkjh ctV osQ mís';
z vkoaVu dk;Z% ljdkj dqN eky vkSj lsok,a çnku djrh gS
tks futh {ks=k }kjk çnku ugha dh tk ldrh& jk"Vªh; j{kk]
dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk vkfnA
z iqufoZrj.k% ljdkjh {ks=k dqN LFkkukUrj.k vkSj dj laxzg
djosQ O;fÙkQxr ç;ksT; vk; dk fuèkkZj.k djrk gSA ns'k dh
lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij forj.k
blh çfØ;k ls gksrk gSA
z vkfFkZd fodkl esa ;ksxnku% ctV lkoZtfud {ks=k esa
fuos'k osQ fy, i;kZIr lalkèku iSnk djus ij osQafær gS
vkSj lexz fuos'k vkSj cpr c<+kus esa enn djrk gS ftlls
vkfFkZd fodkl gksrk gSA
z lkoZtfud m|eksa dk çcaèku& Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud {ks=k
osQ dbZ m|ksx yksxksa osQ dY;k.k osQ fy, gSaA ctV esa ,sls
dkjksckj osQ lapkyu vkSj foÙkh; enn nsus dk çkoèkku
fd;k x;k gSA
z vk; vkSj laifÙk esa vlekurkvksa dks de djuk& dqyhu
oxks± ij dj yxkdj vkSj turk osQ dY;k.k osQ fy, ml
èku dk mi;ksx djukA
z vkfFkZd fLFkjrk& ctV dherksa dks fLFkj j•us vkSj jkstxkj
l`ftr djus osQ fy, ekax dks c<+kus ;k ?kVkus ij osQafær gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH

ctV dk çeqfu;e
z ;g jktdks"kh; uhfr osQ lapkyu osQ fy, ,d fn'kkfunZs'k
gS] •kldj mu ns'kksa esa tks ctV pykus osQ fy, cM+h
mèkkjh dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
z blesa dgk x;k gS fd vkfFkZd pØ osQ Åij] ljdkj
dks osQoy fuos'k djus osQ fy, mèkkj ysuk pkfg, u
fd orZeku •pZ (fnu&çfrfnu pyus okys •pZ) dks
pykus osQ fy,A
z vke vkneh osQ 'kCnksa esa] bldk eryc ;g gS fd
ljdkj dks Hkfo"; dh ihf<+;ksa dks ykHk igqapkus okys
fuos'k osQ fy, mèkkj ysuk pkfg,A
ctV osQ çdkj
z larqfyr ctV% ,slk ctV ftlesa o"kZ osQ nkSjku ljdkj dk
vuqekfur jktLo mlosQ çR;kf'kr O;; osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
 dqy ctV O;; ¾ dqy ctV çkfIr;k¡A
 mnkgj.k osQ fy, & ;fn ctV O;; 2 ykdjksM+ #i;s
gS vkSj ctV çkfIr;ka Hkh 2 ykdjksM+ #i;s gSaA rks bls
larqfyr ctV dgk tkrk gSA
z vlarqfyr ctV% og ctV ftlesa vk; vkSj O;; ,d
nwljs osQ cjkcj ugha gksrs gSa] vlarqfyr ctV osQ :i esa
tkuk tkrk gSA ;g 2 çdkj dk gksrk gS%
1- vfèk'ks"k ctV%
 tc foÙkh; o"kZ dk vuqekfur jktLo fu;ksftr O;; ls
vfèkd gks tkrk gS] rks ctV dks vfèk'ks"k ctV dgk
tkrk gSA
 dqy ctV çkfIr;k¡ > dqy ctVh; O;;A
 mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn ctV O;; 2 ykdjksM+ #i;s
gS vkSj ctV çkfIr;ka 2-8 ykdjksM+ #i;s gSa] rks bls
vfèk'ks"k ctV dgk tkrk gSA
 vfèk'ks"k ctV ls ljdkj dh foÙkh; fLFkjrk dk irk
pyrk gSA
 cgqr vfèkd eqækLiQhfr osQ nkSjku] ljdkj lkoZtfud
O;; dks de djosQ vfèk'ks"k ctV j.kuhfr viuk
ldrh gS] tks dqy ekax dks de djrh gSA
2- ?kkVs dk ctV%
 ,slk ctV ftlesa çR;kf'kr ljdkjh O;; çR;kf'kr
jktLo ls vfèkd gksrk gSA ;fn O;; jktLo ls vfèkd
gks tkrk gS rks ;g ?kkVs dk ctV dgk tkrk gSA
 dqy ctV çkfIr;ka <dqy ctV O;;
d foÙk
yksd foÙk (ctV
(ctVvkSvkS
j jjktdks
jktdks
"kh;"kh; uhfr)
uhfr)
 mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn ctV O;; 2-4 ykdjksM+ #i;s gS
vkSj ctV çkfIr;ka 2 ykdjksM+ #i;s gSaA fiQj ;g ?kkVs
dk ctV gSA
 deh dh HkjikbZ vke rkSj ij turk ls mèkkj ysdj ;k
vftZr vkjf{kr vfèk'ks"k ls èku fudkydj dh tkrh gSA
 dqN ek;uksa esa] ?kkVs osQ ctV dks ljdkj dh nsunkjh
ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g ½.k osQ Hkkj dks c<+krk gS ;k
ljdkj osQ vkjf{kr dks"k dks de djrk gSA
 Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa] vkfFkZd o`f¼ vkSj
fodkl osQ fy, cM+h ek=kk esa èku dh vko';drk gksrh
gS] vkSj osQoy djkèkku osQ ekè;e ls bu fufèk;ksa dks
cukuk laHko ugha gSA blfy,] ?kkVs dk ctV cukuk gh
,dek=k fodYi gksrk gSA
 bldk mi;ksx fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa fu;ksftr fodkl dks
foÙkiksf"kr djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj bldk
mi;ksx fodflr ns'kksa esa O;kikj vkSj vkfFkZd mrkj
p<+ko dks lhfer djus osQ fy, ,d fLFkjrk midj.k
osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
ctV rS;kj djus osQ fofHkUu rjhosQ
ifj.kkeh ctV%
z bls lcls igys 2005 esa çLrqr fd;k x;k Fkk] ;g
foÙkiks"k.k vkSj visf{kr ifj.kkeksa osQ chp lacaèk osQ vkèkkj
ij ctV fodflr djus dh çFkk gSA
z ;g çR;sd ea=kky; vkSj foHkkx dh çxfr vkSj mlosQ ctV
ifjO;; osQ lkFk fd, x, dk;ks± dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA
z blesa ,d okf"kZd o"kZ osQ nkSjku lHkh osQaæh; ea=kky;ksa]
foHkkxksa vkSj laxBuksa osQ fy, ;kstuk ;k ifj;kstuk&okj
ifjO;; 'kkfey gksrs gSa] tks o"kZ osQ nkSjku çkIr fd, tkus
okys lacafèkr ifj.kkeksa osQ fo#¼ lwphc¼ gksrs gSaA
z ;g lHkh ljdkjh dk;ZØeksa osQ fodkl ifj.kkeksa dks ekirk
gSA
z ;g gesa ;g Hkh crkrk gS fd D;k iSlk ftl mís'; osQ fy,
LohÑr fd;k x;k Fkk mlh osQ fy, •pZ fd;k x;k gS vkSj
mlosQ D;k ifj.kke jgsA
z ;g ctV osQ ek=kkRed vkSj xq.kkRed igyqvksa dks ekirk gSA
z ;g ctV dks vfèkd tokcnsg vkSj ikjn'khZ cukrk gSA
z vuqekfur dk;ZØeksa dh çHkko'khyrk dks ekSfæd lanHkZ esa
ekik tkrk gSA
z bldh dk;Zç.kkyh vyx&vyx ns'kksa esa vyx&vyx gksrh
gS& y{;ksa dks fuèkkZfjr djus esa varj] tSls fd ewY;kadu osQ
255
 fy, vkmViqV ;k ifj.kke dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,
;k ughaA
z vkmViqV ljdkjh ;kstukvksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa osQ ekè;e ls
mRikfnr oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh HkkSfrd ek=kk osQ mik;
gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ckaèkksa dk fuekZ.k] iqufuZekZ.k osQ fy,
lM+osQa] LokLF; osQaæksa dh LFkkiuk vkfnA
z ifj.kke dk vFkZ gS çxfr dk laosQr tSls chekfj;ksa esa
fxjkoV] lk{kjrk nj esa o`f¼] cqfu;knh <kaps esa lqèkkj vkfnA
z ;g lHkh ljdkjh dk;ZØeksa osQ fodkl ifj.kkeksa dks ekirk
gS vkSj ;g tkaprk gS fd iQaM mi;ksx osQ ifj.kke lfgr]
ftl mís'; osQ fy, èku LohÑr fd;k x;k Fkk] mlosQ fy,
iSlk •pZ fd;k x;k gS ;k ughaA
z ifj.kke vkèkkfjr ctV dh vko';drk
 ikjaifjd ctV çfØ;k jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dks fu;af=kr
djus] çR;sd ;kstuk] dk;ZØe vkfn osQ fy, ifjO;;
c<+kus ij osQafær gSA
 ,d fodkl'khy ns'k osQ ikl cgqr cM+s y{; gksrs
gSa ftUgsa fofHkUu lkekftd {ks=kksa esa gkfly djus dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
 lkoZtfud O;; esa fjlko] Hkz"Vkpkj vkfn dk lkeuk
djuk iM+rk gS] ftls vkschch osQ ekè;e ls jksdk tk
ldrk gSA
 fodkl dh çfØ;k dks çHkkoh vkSj rst cukrk gS vkSj
vfèkd ls vfèkd tula[;k dks vPNs ekuo fodkl
ekudksa osQ varxZr ykus esa enn djrk gSA
 çn'kZu esa iw.kZ lqèkkj çnku djrk gS vkSj eè;e vkSj
nh?kZdkfyd ;kstuk cukus esa enn djrk gSA
z ifj.kke&vkèkkfjr ctV osQ ykHk%
 ctV çfØ;k esa ikjnf'kZrk vkSj Hkkxhnkjh c<+kukA ;g
yksxksa dks vkoafVr èku vkSj çLrkfor ifj.kkeksa dk feyku
djus esa l{ke cukrk gSA
 vfèkd ikjnf'kZrk dh vko';drk dks ns•rs gq,] ljdkjh
foHkkxksa us ctV dks çn'kZu osQ lkFk lajsf•r fd;kA
 tokcnsgh% ljdkj }kjk çLrkfor fofHkUu ;kstukvksa dh
çHkko'khyrk dh tk¡p djrk gS] blfy, tokcnsgh esa
lqèkkj djrk gSA
 vkschch fpfUgr çkFkfedrkvksa dks çkIr djus esa jktusrkvksa
vkSj yksd lsodksa dh Hkwfedkvksa vkSj ftEesnkfj;ksa dks
Li"V djus esa Hkh lgk;rk djrk gSA
256
 ;g i¼fr çkFkfedrk okys {ks=kksa ij è;ku osQafær djosQ
ykxr dks de djus esa enn djrh gS tgka fuos'k vfèkd
çHkkoh gks ldrs gSaA
 blosQ fy, fofHkUu foHkkxksa vkSj ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa osQ
chp leUo; vkSj lg;ksx dh vko';drk gSA
z ifj.kke&vkèkkfjr ctV osQ uqdlku%
 tfVy mik; vkSj blesa cgqr lkjh rduhdh 'kkfey gSaA
 vfrfjÙkQ ykxr dk tksf•e gksrk gS vkSj laiw.kZ ctV
çfØ;k dks Hkzfer djrk gSA
 ifj;kstukvksa osQ ifj.kke vosQys foÙk iks"k.k ij ugha
cfYd dbZ dkjdksa }kjk lapkfyr gksrs gSaA
 ,d gh ctV osQ fy, dbZ ifj.kke nsus osQ fy,] fn,
x, lalkèkuksa vkSj çkIr ifj.kkeksa osQ chp lhèkk lacaèk
•kstuk eqf'dy gks ldrk gSA
z Hkkjr esa ifj.kke&vkèkkfjr ctV
 Hkkjr esa ;g igyh ckj 2005&06 esa foÙk ea=kh ih-
fpnacje }kjk çLrqr fd;k x;kA ;g lw{e&Lrj]
çn'kZu&vkèkkfjr foÙk ;kstuk vkSj çcaèku midj.k osQ
:i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
 bldk mís'; ctV çfØ;k esa ikjnf'kZrk ykuk FkkA
 ifj.kke vkSj çn'kZu ctV dks foy; dj fn;k x;k
vkSj 2008 esa ,d la;qÙkQ nLrkost osQ :i esa laln esa
çLrqr fd;k x;kA
 bldh dqN pqukSfr;k¡ gSa%
 blosQ çcaèku osQ fy, ,d etcwr vkSj lrr çfØ;k
dh vko';drk gSA
 vkschch osQ dk;kZUo;u osQ fy, laLFkkxr çfrjksèk gSA
 lkoZtfud O;; osQ fu.kZ;ksa dks çHkkfor djus osQ
fy, bls ,d etcwr jktdks"kh; lkèku osQ :i esa
mHkjuk vHkh ckdh gSA
 os vfrfjÙkQ ykxr dk dkj.k curs gSa D;ksafd èku
vkoafVr djus ls igys vfrfjÙkQ fo'ys"k.k fd;k
tkrk gSA
fu"iknu vkèkkfjr ctV
z ctV cukus dh ,d fofèk tks çnku djrh gS%
 mís'; vkSj y{; ftlosQ fy, èku dh vko';drk gSA
 dk;ZØeksa vkSj lacafèkr xfrfofèk;ksa dh ykxrA
 çR;sd dk;ZØe osQ vUrxZr mRikfnr fd, tkus okys
vkmViqV ;k çnku dh tkus okyh lsok,aA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z bldk mís'; lkoZtfud O;; dh n{krk esa lqèkkj djuk gSA z ikjaifjd ctV dh rqyuk esa] çn'kZu vkèkfjr ctV vkfFkZd
;g lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ laxBuksa osQ foÙk iks"k.k dks muosQ lalkèkuksa osQ vfèkd yphys mi;ksx ij tksj nsrk gS vkSj
}kjk çnku fd, tkus okys ifj.kkeksa ls tksM+rk gSA bldk è;ku buiqV ls ifj.kke esa cny tkrk gSA
z bldk ifj.kke O;; dh csgrj çkFkfedrk vkSj csgrj lsok z ;g foLr`r ykbu vkbVe ls iQksdl dks O;kid mís';ksa
çHkko'khyrk gksrk gSA vkSj lkoZtfud dk;ZØeksa osQ fu"iknu esa cny nsrk gS vkSj
vfèkd ifjfpr ctVh; fu.kZ; ysus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
dk;ZozQe osQ mn~ns'; buiqV baVjehfM,V buiqV~l
ek=kk esa lq/kj] xq.koÙkk] vk;q] fyax] 'kgjh@xzkeh.k n~okjk ukekadu] Nk=k&f'k{kd
vkSj f'k{kk lsokvksa rd 'kSf{kd O;;% xszM Lrj] vkSj vuqikr] d{kk dk vkdkj
igqaPkA f'k{kdksa] deZpkfj;ksa] lqfo/kvksa]
midj.kksa] iqLrdksa dh la[;k

vkmViqV ifj.kke izHkko igq¡p

miyfC/ Ldksj] lk{kjrk nj] oqQ'ky lwfpr ukxfjdrk] ljdkjh dk;ZozQeksa
Lukrd nj] is'ksojksa dh viwfrZ ukxfjd tqM+ko] osQ fotsrk vkSj
MªkWi&vkmV nj varjk"Vªh; Lrj ij vfotsrk izfrLi/kZ
o`n~f/

z fu"iknu vkèkkfjr ctV lqèkkj osQ dkjd%  fu"iknu &vkèkkfjr ctV% bldk vFkZ gS fd lalkèku
 ctV oxhZdj.k% ;g ljdkj osQ j.kuhfrd mís';ksa dks vkoaVu esa fu"iknu tkudkjh dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh
iwjk djus osQ fy, rS;kj fd, x, lkoZtfud dk;ZØeksa gS] ysfdu ;g vkoafVr jkf'k dk vkdyu ugha djrh gSA
osQ fy, lalkèku vkoaVu ij è;ku osQfUær djrk gSA  fu"iknu &fuèkkZfjr ctV% ;gka] lalkèkuksa dk vkoaVu

 fu"iknu ekiu vkSj fjiksfVZax% ,d liQy fu"iknu lhèks vkSj Li"V :i ls fu"iknu dh bdkb;ksa ls lacafèkr
ctV ç.kkyh osQ fy, yxkrkj fu"iknu eki vkSj fjiksfVZax gksrk gSA
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA z fu"iknu ctV osQ ykHk
 fu"iknu ctV y{;ksa dh miyfCèk osQ fy,  ctV fuekZrkvksa vkSj ukxfjdksa osQ chp laofèkZr

vkmViqV&osQafær çn'kZu çcaèku çfrekuA lapkj% ;g dk;ZØe osQ y{;ksa@mís';ksa dks Li"V djrk
 lwfpr ctVh; fu.kZ; ysuk% ;g ctVh; fu.kZ;ksa dks gSA ;g daifu;ksa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dks muosQ fu"iknu osQ
vfèkd vkfFkZd ewY;oku cukrk gSA fy, mfpr vis{kk,a çLrqr djrk gSA
z fu"iknu ctV cukus dh çfØ;k%  ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa esa csgrj çcaèku% ;g dk;ZØe

 fu"iknu fjiksfVZax ctV çfØ;k% ;g ctV osQ fgLls
osQ :i esa fu"iknu dh tkudkjh çnku djrk gS ysfdu
lalkèku vkoaVu osQ fy, bldk mi;ksx ugha fd;k
tkrk gSA
 fu"iknu &lwfpr ctV% ;g dk;ZØe osQ fu"iknu dks
è;ku esa j•rk gS ysfdu fu.kZ; ysus esa bls osQoy ,d
ekewyh dkjd osQ :i esa mi;ksx djrk gSA
çcaèkdksa dks laxBukRed y{;ksa vkSj dk;ZØe osQ fu"iknu
dh igpku djus esa enn dj ldrk gS] leL;kvksa dh
csgrj le> osQ lkFk] Hkfo"; osQ fy, lapkyu vkSj
;kstuk] vkarfjd fu;a=k.k esa lqèkkj vkSj dk;ZØe osQ ifj.
kkeksa dks laçsf"kr dj ldrk gSA
 vfèkd lwfpr ctVh; fu.kZ; çfØ;k% ;g
fopkj&foe'kZ osQ fy, ldkjkRed :i ls ewY; laoèkZu

d foÙk
yksd foÙk (ctV
(ctVvkSvkS
j jjktdks
jktdks
"kh;"kh; uhfr)
uhfr) 257
 djrk gS D;ksafd fu"iknu dh tkudkjh dk mi;ksx
foÙkiks"k.k dk Lrj r; djrs le; fd;k tkrk gSA
 mPp ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh% ctV foèkk;h fudk;
vkSj turk osQ çfr ljdkj dh tokcnsgh dk ,d vPNk
rjhdk gSA
z fu"iknu ctV dh dfe;ka%
 ,d fuèkkZfjr nLrkost cnyh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ fy,
u, ctV vkoaVu dh vuqefr ugha nsrk gSA
 çR;sd foHkkx dk viuk ctV vuqjksèk gksrk gSA tc lHkh
foHkkxksa vkSj xfrfofèk;ksa us vius ctV vuqjksèk çLrqr
dj fn, gksa] rks fdlh dks ctV çkFkfedrk,¡ fuèkkZfjr
djuh pkfg,A
fyax vkèkkfjr ctV çfØ;k%
z ySafxd eq[;èkkjk osQ fy, ,d 'kfÙkQ'kkyh midj.k_ ;g
lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, fd fodkl dk ykHk iq#"kksa dh
rjg efgykvksa rd Hkh igqapsA
z ;g ,d ys•k çfØ;k ugha gSA ;g uhfr@dk;ZØe fuekZ.k]
mlosQ dk;kZUo;u vkSj leh{kk esa ySafxd ifjçs{; j•us dh
,d çfØ;k gSA
z ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd ySafxd çfrc¼rkvksa dks ctVh;
çfrc¼rkvksa esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk,A
z efgykvksa osQ lcls oafpr lewgksa ij ljdkjh ctV osQ çHkko
ij fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k tkrk gSA
z bldh vko';drk bl ckr ls mRiUu gksrh gS fd jk"Vªh;
ctV lalkèku vkoaVu osQ rjhosQ osQ ekè;e ls iq#"kksa vkSj
efgykvksa dks vyx&vyx rjhosQ ls çHkkfor djrk gSA
z efgyk,a Hkkjr dh vkcknh dk 48» fgLlk gSa] ysfdu os
dbZ lkekftd laosQrdksa ij iq#"kksa ls ihNs gSa] blfy, mudh
Hks|rk vkSj lalkèkuksa rd igqap dh deh osQ dkj.k mu ij
fo'ks"k è;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA
z fyax vkèkkfjr ctV çfØ;k osQ rdZ%
 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj ns'k dh dqy vkcknh esa
efgykvksa dh fgLlsnkjh 48 iQhlnh gSA
 efgykvksa dks lsokvksa vkSj lalkèkuksa rd igqap vkSj
fu;a=k.k esa vlekurkvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
 lkoZtfud O;; vkSj uhfrxr dk;ks± dk cM+k fgLlk
'fyax&rVLFk {ks=kksa' esa gksrk gSA
 mijksÙkQ {ks=kksa esa efgykvksa ij çHkko dh ekU;rk ;k
igpku ugha dh xbZ gSA
258
 ySafxd&mÙkjnk;h ctV uhfr;ka ySafxd lekurk] ekuo
fodkl vkSj vkfFkZd n{krk osQ mís';ksa dks çkIr djus
esa enn dj ldrh gSaA
z Hkkjr esa fyax vkèkkfjr ctV çfØ;k%
 Hkkjrh; ctV esa fyax vkèkkfjr ctV fooj.k (thc,l)
igyh ckj 2005&06 esa çLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA blesa
nks Hkkx 'kkfey gksrs gSa%
 Hkkx d efgykvksa osQ fy, 100» vkoaVu osQ lkFk
efgyk fof'k"V ;kstukvksa dks n'kkZrk gSA
 Hkkx efgyk lefFkZr ;kstukvksa dks n'kkZrk gS] ftlesa
de ls de 30» vkoaVu efgykvksa osQ fy, gksrk gSA
 Hkkjr osQ fyax vkèkkfjr ctV ç;kl fo'o Lrj ij
fof'k"V gSa D;ksafd%
 çHkkfor O;; vkSj jktLo uhfr;ka Hkh (tSls laifÙk dj
njksa esa iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa osQ fy, vyx&vyx njsa
vkSj vk;dj lajpuk ij iqufoZpkj)
 jkT; ljdkjksa osQ Lrj rd dj fn;k x;k gSA
 blesa pkj vuqØfed pj.k 'kkfey gSa%
 Kku fuekZ.k vkSj usVofdZax]
 çfØ;k dks laLFkkxr cukuk]
 {kerk fuekZ.k] vkSj
 tokcnsgh c<+kukA
 ;g ,d ys•k çfØ;k rd gh lhfer ugha gSA blus
fyax&rVLFk ea=kky;ksa dks efgykvksa osQ fy, u, dk;ZØe
rS;kj djus esa enn dhA
 fyax vkèkkfjr ctV çdks"B (thch,l) dks ,d
laLFkkxr ra=k osQ :i esa lHkh ea=kky;ksa@foHkkxksa esa LFkkfir
djus osQ fy, vfuok;Z fd;k x;k gSA
 thch,l fyax vkèkkfjr çHkko fo'ys"k.k] ykHkkFkhZ dh
vko';drk dk vkdyu vkSj ykHkkFkhZ ?kVuk fo'ys"k.k
dk lapkyu djrs gSa rkfd lkoZtfud O;; dh fiQj
ls çkFkfedrk nsus vkSj dk;kZUo;u esa lqèkkj vkfn dh
xqatkb'k dh igpku dh tk losQA
z dfe;ka%
 osQaæh; ctV osQ vuqikr esa fyax vkèkkfjr ctV dh
ek=kk esa deh vkbZ gS] vkSj ySafxd lekurk vkSj efgyk
l'kfÙkQdj.k dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, ctVh; vkoaVu esa
Hkh fxjkoV ns•h xbZ gSA
 efgyk vkSj cky fodkl ea=kky; (,evksMCywlhMh) dh
osQoy dqN “cM+s ctV" dh efgyk&fo'ks"k ;kstuk,¡ gSa
tSls fuHkZ;k iQaM vkSj csVh cpkvks csVh i<kvks vfHk;kuA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
  thchlh }kjk igpkus x, {ks=kksa dks ykxw djus osQ fy,
lefiZr ekuo lalkèkuksa dh dehA
 jk"Vªh; Lrj ij bldh fuxjkuh osQ fy, dksbZ fuèkkZfjr
ra=k u gksus osQ dkj.k fuxjkuh lcls detksj dM+h cuh
gqbZ gSA
ikjaifjd ctV çfd;k%
z ;g ,d ,slh çfØ;k gS tks pkyw o"kZ osQ fy, ctV cukus
osQ fy, mlh o"kZ osQ •pZ ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
z ;g fiNys ctVksa dh rqyuk esa o`f¼'khy c<ksÙkjh dh ekax
djrk gSA
z ;g osQoy u, •pks± dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA (tcfd
'kwU;&vkèkkfjr ctV 'kwU; ls 'kq: gksrk gS vkSj u, O;; osQ
vfrfjÙkQ iqjkus vkorhZ •pks± dk vkSfpR; ekaxrk gS)A
z ,dek=k ykHk ljyrk gS lwph esa çR;sd en ij iqufoZpkj
djus dh vko';drk ugha gSA os fiNys o"kZ osQ •pZ dks
nsldrs gSa vkSj fiQj eqækLiQhfr dh nj] cktkj dh fLFkfr]
miHkksÙkQk ekax vkfn dks tksM+@?kVk ldrs gSaA
z T;knkrj yksx vkSj daifu;ka bls ilan djrs gSa D;ksafd os
iqjkus vkadM+ksa dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa vkSj fiQj os cgqr
de le; esa ctV rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA
z ;g cgqr gh lkekU; gS D;ksafd blls le; dh cpr gksrh
gSA
z ykHk%
 ,d Bksl <kapk çnku djrk gS% pwafd ;g ,d lanHkZ
fcanq (fiNys o"kZ osQ vkadM+ksa osQ fcanq) ij vkèkkfjr gS]
blfy, bls çcafèkr djuk vklku gks tkrk gSA
 foosQaæhdj.k dks çksRlkfgr djrk gS% pwafd gj dksbZ
fiNys lky osQ •pZ dks nsldrk gS vkSj vxys lky
osQ fy, ctV r; dj ldrk gS] blfy, ;g fopkj
foosQaæhÑr gks tkrk gSA
 ikjaifjd ctV laxBukRed laLÑfr dk fgLlk cu
tkrk gS% pwafd ;g lcls ljy rjhdk gSA
z uqdlku%
 ekuoh; =kqfV;ksa dh laHkkouk vfèkd gksrh gS% xyrh
djuk vkSj xyfr;k¡ gksuk LokHkkfod gSA
 le; ysus okyh% phtksa dks NkaVus vkSj eqækLiQhfr vkSj
vU; dkjdksa dks tksM+dj fiNys o"kZ osQ •pZ dh rqyuk
visf{kr O;; osQ lkFk djus esa cgqr le; yxrk gSA
 ;g visf{kr O;ogkjksa dks çksRlkfgr ugha djrk
gS% bl ctV esa] visf{kr O;ogkjksa dks çksRlkfgr ugha
d foÙk
yksd foÙk (ctV
(ctVvkSvkS
j jjktdks
jktdks
"kh;"kh; uhfr)
uhfr)
fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g fiNys o"kZ osQ •pZ ij fuHkZj
djrk gSA
 •pZ vkSj j.kuhfr osQ chp dksbZ feyki ugha%
fLFkfr;ksa esa cnyko osQ :i esa j.kuhfr;ksa dks gj lky
cnyus dh t:jr gSA ysfdu ;gka ;g laHko ugha gS-
 xyr Hkfo";okf.k;ka% pwafd ;g fiNys o"kZ osQ MsVk
fcanqvksa dks vkèkkj fcanqvksa osQ :i esa ysrk gS] blfy,
vxys o"kZ osQ fy, ctV dh Hkfo";ok.kh lVhd ugha
gks ldrh gSA
'kwU;&vkèkkfjr ctV çfØ;k (tsMchch)%
z bls igyh ckj 1924 esa çLrqr fd;k x;kA
z ;g LØSp ;k ''kwU;&vkèkkj' ls ctV dh ;kstuk cukus vkSj
rS;kj djus dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA ;g ikjaifjd ctV ls
vyx gS tks fiNys ctV ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA
z bl çfØ;k esa çR;sd foÙkh; o"kZ dh 'kq#vkr esa çR;sd
ea=kky; osQ O;; dh leh{kk vkSj vkSfpR; 'kkfey gksrk gSA
z dksbZ vfèk'ks"k jkf'k vkxs ugha c<+kbZ tkrh gS] ;k dksbZ
iwoZ&çfrc¼ O;; ugha gksrk gSA
z tc Hkh dksbZ ctV cuk;k tkrk gS rks lHkh •pks± dk
ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj çR;sd ubZ vofèk osQ fy,
•pks± dks mfpr Bgjk;k tkrk gSA
z tcfd ikjaifjd ctV o`f¼'khy c<ksÙkjh dh ekax djrk gS]
tsMchch •pZ djus okyksa ij gj ckj •pZ dks lgh Bgjkus
osQ fy, ncko Mkyrk gS] vkSj ykxr dks de dj ldrk gSA
z tsMchch dks uhfr fo'ks"kKksa us •kfjt dj fn;k FkkA
gkyk¡fd] 2008 osQ oSf'od foÙkh; ladV osQ ckn] tsMchch
foosdiw.kZ •pZ ij tksj nsus osQ fy, okil vk;kA
z 'kwU; vkèkkfjr ctV osQ ykHk%
 ykHkçnrk fo'ys"k.k% pwafd çR;sd xfrfofèk dks mfpr
Bgjk;k tkuk gS] blfy, ,slh xfrfofèk;ksa dks gVkuk
vklku gks tkrk gS ftudk fu"iknu vPNk ugha gS ;k
tks i;kZIr ykHk ugha ns jgs gSaA
 lalkèku xgu% ;g ,d lVhd leh{kk djrk gS vkSj
ekStwnk ctV dks la'kksfèkr djus osQ ctk; gj ctV rRo
dks lgh fl¼ djrk gSA
 •pks± ij utj j•uk% blesa è;ku nksuksa dkjdksa ij
fn;k tkrk gS & ',d bZdkbZ esa fdruk •pZ gksxk' vkSj
'D;ksa •pZ gksxk'A
 vfrjsd dks de djuk% ;g lHkh vuqRiknd ;k
vçklafxd xfrfofèk;ksa dks gVkdj volj iSnk djrk
gS vkSj vfèkd fdiQk;rh rjhosQ dh vksj ys tkrk gSA
259
  ctV ij fu;a=k.k% 'kwU;&vkèkkfjr ctV i¼fr osQ
vUrxZr •pZ fd, x, çR;sd iSls dks dqN gkfly djuk
gksrk gS D;ksafd ;g fcuk lksps&le>s •pZ dks çHkkoh
<ax ls fu;af=kr djrk gSA
 lefUor% 'kwU;&vkèkkfjr ctV] igy djus vkSj
ftEesnkjh ysus nksuksa dks çksRlkfgr djrk gS rkfd vkiosQ
•pZ dks lefUor fd;k tk losQA
z 'kwU; vkèkkfjr ctV osQ uqdlku%
 vYidkfyd lksp dks egRo nsuk% ;g lalkèkuksa dks
mu {ks=kksa dh fn'kk esa vkoafVr djosQ vYidkfyd lksp
dks iqjLÑr dj ldrk gS tks ckn osQ ctk; tYn gh
ykHk nsaxsA
 cgqr vfèkd dkxth dkjZokbZ% ;g ,d cM+h deh gS
vkSj 'kwU;&vkèkkfjr ctV dh foiQyrk osQ fy, ftEesnkj
ekuh tkrh gSA çfØ;k osQ fy, cgqr vfèkd dkxth
dkjZokbZ dh vko';drk gksrh gS] tks laxBuksa osQ fy,
Jelkè; cukrh gSA
 tfVy vkSj egaxk% 'kwU;&vkèkkfjr ctV cgqr egaxk gks
ldrk gS] lkFk gh bls ykxw djus esa le; ysus okyk
vkSj tfVy Hkh gks ldrk gSA bl çdkj] NksVh ljdkjksa
vkSj foHkkxksa dks ijs'kkuh gks ldrh gSA
ikjaifjd ctV
z fiNys o"kZ dks vxys o"kZ dk ctV cukrs le; vkèkkj osQ
:i esa fy;k tkrk gSA
z ;g O;; osQ fy, vkoaVu djus okys fiNys o"kks± dks lanfHkZr
djrk gSA
z ctV cukus dk ,d ys•k mUeqrjhdkA
z u, dk;ZØeksa dh eqækLiQhfr vkSj O;; fiNys o"kZ osQ •pks±
ij vfrØfer gksrk gSA
z de çfrfØ;k gksrh gSA
z vklku çfØ;kA
lw;kZLr ctV
z 'kwU; vkèkkfjr ctV osQ lekuA
z çR;sd ;kstuk@xfrfofèk osQ fy, çR;sd vkoafVr fufèk dh
,d iwoZ&fuèkkZfjr le; lhek gksrh gSA
ctV dk egRo vkSj egÙkk
z mfpr lalkèku iwy vkoaVu% detksj {ks=kksa dh igpku
djus ls lalkèkuksa dks mi;ksxh vkSj fVdkÅ rjhosQ ls vkoafVr
djus esa enn feyrh gSA ;g lqfuf'pr djuk egRoiw.kZ gS
260
 mPp dk;Zcy dh vko';drk% D;ksafd blesa 'kwU; ls
iwjk ctV cukuk 'kkfey gSA dbZ foHkkxksa osQ ikl blosQ
fy, mfpr le; vkSj dk;Zcy miyCèk ugha gksrk gSA
 vuqHko dh deh% çR;sd NksVh oLrq vkSj ykxr dh
O;k[;k djuk ,d dfBu dk;Z gS vkSj blosQ fy,
çf'kf{kr vuqHkoh çcaèkdksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z Hkkjr esa 'kwU; vkèkkfjr ctV%
 'kwU;&vkèkkfjr ctV dh voèkkj.kk dks 1983 esa Hkkjr
esa foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh foHkkx }kjk viuk;k x;k FkkA
 1986 esa] Hkkjr ljdkj us O;; ctV osQ fuèkkZj.k osQ
fy, 'kwU;&vkèkkfjr ctV dks ,d ç.kkyh osQ :i esa
ykxw fd;kA
 ljdkj us lHkh ea=kky;ksa osQ fy, viuh xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj
dk;ZØeksa dh leh{kk djuk vkSj 'kwU;&vkèkkfjr ctV
dh voèkkj.kk osQ vkèkkj ij vius O;; vuqeku rS;kj
djuk vfuok;Z dj fn;kA
 lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk us tsMchch dh voèkkj.kk dks
c<+kok fn;kA ysfdu] orZeku esa Hkkjr esa voèkkj.kk dk
lhfer vuqç;ksx gksrk gSA
'kwU; vkèkkfjr ctV
z gj ctV esa 'kwU; ls xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj •pks± dk iqueZwY;kadu
'kkfey gksrk gSA
z ;g O;; ;k vkoaVu osQ fy, fiNys o"kks± dk mYysugha
djrk gSA
z ctV cukus dk fu.kZ; vkèkkfjr rjhdkA ifj;kstukvksa dks
mudh çklafxdrk osQ vkèkkj ij èku vkoafVr fd;k tkrk gSA
z csgrj fp=k vkSj çfrfØ;k mRiUu gksrh gSA
z ,d tfVy çfØ;kA
fd èku ogka igqaps tgka bldh lcls vfèkd vko';drk gSA
;g dY;k.kdkjh uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djus esa enn djrk gSA
z vkfFkZd fodkl lqfuf'pr djuk% ctV ljdkj dks fofHkUu
{ks=kksa esa dj yxkus dks fofu;fer djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
dj mik;ksa dk mi;ksx djuk_ fuos'k vkSj cpr dks çksRlkfgr
djuk tks vkfFkZd fodkl dks fuèkkZfjr dj ldrk gSA
z O;olk; vkSj O;kikj dk fodkl% ljdkj ctV vkoaVu
osQ vuqlkj viuh uhfr;ksa dks la'kksfèkr djus vkSj vkfFkZd
le`f¼ esa ;ksxnku nsus osQ fy, O;olkb;ksa dks çksRlkfgr
dj ldrh gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z vkfFkZd foHkktu dks de djuk% ctV osQ ekè;e ls oafpr
oxks± osQ fy, dY;k.kdkjh uhfr;ksa dks 'kq: djosQ vkfFkZd
vlekurk vkSj vlekurk dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z ih,l;w osQ lapkyu dk ç'kklu% ,d ctV miØeksa dh
o`f¼ esa lgk;rk osQ fy, uhfr;ksa vkSj ;kstukvksa dks 'kq:
djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
Hkkjrh; ctV osQ eqís vkSj pqukSfr;k¡
z vokLrfod ctV vuqeku% vkcafVr jkf'k;k¡ çk;% okLrfod
ugha gksrh gSaA mfpr vuqekuksa osQ vHkko esa ckj&ckj la'kksèku
gksrs gSa tcfd nwljh vksj] o"kZ osQ var esa cM+h ek=kk esa
fufèk;ka vO;f;r jg tkrh gSaA
z ifj;kstukvksa osQ dk;kZUo;u esa ckèkk% lalkèku lhfer gSa
vkSj blfy, de gks jgs gSaA dqN ekeyksa esa osQoy lkaosQfrd
çkoèkku fd, tkrs gSa] ftlosQ dkj.k vDlj ifj;kstukvksa osQ
fu"iknu esa vR;fèkd nsjh gksrh gSA
z vi;kZIr vuqikyu% ctV •pZ osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ ;kstuk
dk ikyu u gksukA ;fn ;kstuk dbZ o"kks± esa fdlh y{; dks
çkIr djus dh gS_ rks vkoaVu vkSj dk;kZUo;u esa fujarjrk
gksuh pkfg,A
z O;; vkSj ;kstuk osQ okLrfod dk;kZUo;u osQ chp lglacaèk
dh deh ftlosQ fy, èku vkoafVr fd;k x;k gSA
z vuqfpr O;;% dbZ foHkkx u, vkoaVu osQ fy, nkok djus
osQ fy, vfUre dqN eghuksa esa gh iSlk •pZ djrs gSaA ;g
•pZ xq.kkRed ugha gksrk gSA
z foÙkh; fLFkfr dk xyr fooj.k% foHkkx ml cSad osQ
foÙkh; fLFkfr dks tkus fcuk xSj&ljdkjh •krksa esa iSlk
Mkyrk gSA ;g ctV osQ iSls dks tksf•e esa Mkyrk gS D;ksafd
ml jkf'k dk osQoy ,d va'k MhvkbZlhthlh }kjk chfer
fd;k tkrk gSA
z rnFkZ ifj;kstuk ?kks"k.kk,¡% èku vkoaVu dh fpark fd,
fcuk ctV osQ ckgj ifj;kstukvksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh tkrh gSA
ljdkjh ctV osQ ?kVd
z jktLo& fdlh iQeZ ;k ljdkj osQ fy, vk; dh çÑfr
esa èku l`tu dk gj :i] dekbZ jktLo gS] tks ljdkj
dh foÙkh; nsunkfj;ksa] ;kuh dj vk;] xSj&dj vk; osQ
lkFk&lkFk fons'kh vuqnkuksa esa o`f¼ ugha djrh gSA
z xSj&jktLo& èku l`tu dk gj :i tks fdlh iQeZ ;k
ljdkj osQ fy, vk; ;k dekbZ ugha gS (;kuh] mèkkj osQ
ekè;e ls mBk;k x;k èku) dks xSj&jktLo lzksr ekuk tkrk
gS ;fn os foÙkh; nsunkfj;ksa esa o`f¼ djrs gSaA
d foÙk
yksd foÙk (ctV
(ctVvkSvkS
j jjktdks
jktdks
"kh;"kh; uhfr)
uhfr)
z jktLo ctV& ctV dk og Hkkx tks ljdkj }kjk jktLo
dh vk; vkSj O;; ls lacafèkr gksrk gSA vk; vkSj O;; nksuksa
vYikofèk (,d o"kZ ls de) osQ gksrs gSaA os lM+d] iqy]
ugj vkfn tSlh LFkk;h iwathxr laifÙk ugha cukrs gSaA
 ;g dqy jktLo çkfIr;ksa vkSj dqy jktLo O;; dk
okf"kZd foÙkh; fooj.k çLrqr djrk gSA
 ;fn vfèk'ks"k èkukRed gS rks ;g jktLo vfèk'ks"k ctV
gS] vkSj ;fn ;g ½.kkRed gS rks ;g jktLo ?kkVk
ctV gSA
 ;g ljdkj dh çR;kf'kr jktLo çkfIr;ksa vkSj O;; dks
Hkh n'kkZrk gSA
 jktLo ctV esa dj vkSj xSj&dj jktLo nksuksa 'kkfey
gksrs gSaA nks ?kVd gSa%
 jktLo çkfIr;ka& ;s ljdkj osQ fy, nsunkfj;ksa dk
fuekZ.k ugha djrh gSa vkSj dj (çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k
dj) vkSj xSj&dj lzksrksa (çkIr vuqnku] ykHk vkfn)
nksuksa ls gks ldrh gSaA blesa ljdkj dh nsunkfj;ka
'kkfey ugha gSa D;ksafd ;g pqdk, tkus okys dtZ osQ
ekeys esa ns;rk iSnk djsxkA
 jktLo O;;& og O;; tks ifjlaifÙk ugha cukrk
(tSls osru] etnwjh] C;kt Hkqxrku] lfClMh vkfn)A ;s
vYidkfyd ;k orZeku çÑfr osQ gksrs gSa vkSj buesa
j•j•ko vkSj ejEer dh ykxr 'kkfey gksrh gSA ;s
laifÙk ugha cukrs gSa vkSj ljdkjksa dh fnu&çfrfnu
•pZsa gSaA
z iwathxr ctV& ctV dk og Hkkx tks ljdkj }kjk iwath dh
çkfIr;ksa vkSj O;; ls lacafèkr gksrk gSA ;g nh?kZdkfyd vkSj
LFkk;h laifÙk cukrk gS vkSj çkfIr;ka c<+krk gS tks nsunkfj;ksa
dks cuk ldrh gS ;k ughaA tSls lM+osQa] iqy] ugjsa vkfnA
 iwathxr çkfIr;ka& blesa turk ls fy;k x;k ½.k]
vkjchvkbZ vkSj vU; lzksrksa ls mèkkj] fons'kh fudk;ksa ls
½.k vkSj osQaæ }kjk jkT;ksa vkSj osQaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa vkfn
ls ½.k dh olwyh 'kkfey gSA
 iwathxr O;;& ;g laifÙk (Hkou] e'khu vkfn)] 'ks;jksa
esa fuos'k] osQaæ }kjk jkT;ksa] la?k 'kkflr çns'kksa vkSj vU;
vkfn dks ½.k vkfn ij O;; gSA
z çkfIr;ka%
 blesa 'kkfey gksrs gSa%
 iwathxr çkfIr;ka% ,slh çkfIr;ka tks ifjlaifÙk;ksa esa deh
;k ljdkj dh nsunkfj;ksa esa o`f¼ dh vksj ys tkrh gSaA
;g gksrh gSa%
261
  ifjlaifÙk;ksa (;k fofuos'k) tSls fd lkoZtfud m|eksa
osQ 'ks;jksa dks cspdj vftZr èku] vkSj
 jkT;ksa }kjk osQaæ dks mèkkj ysus ;k ½.k pqdkus osQ
:i esa çkIr èkuA
 jktLo çkfIr;k¡% ,slh çkfIr;k¡ ftudk ljdkj dh
ifjlaifÙk;ksa vkSj nsunkfj;ksa ij lhèkk çHkko ugha iM+rk
gSA blesa ljdkj }kjk dj (tSls mRikn 'kqYd] vk;dj)
vkSj xSj&dj lzksrksa (tSls ykHkka'k vk;] ykHk] C;kt
çkfIr;ka) osQ ekè;e ls vftZr èku 'kkfey gSA
 dj jktLo çkfIr;ka% blesa ljdkj }kjk ,d=k fd, x,
fofHkUu djksa osQ ekè;e ls ljdkj }kjk vftZr lHkh èku
'kkfey gSa] ;kuh lHkh çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k dj laxzgA
 xSj&dj jktLo çkfIr;ka% blesa djksa osQ vykok vU;
lzksrksa ls ljdkj }kjk vftZr lHkh çdkj dk èku 'kkfey
gSaA Hkkjr esa ;s çkfIr;ka gSa%
 ykHk vkSj ykHkka'k tks ljdkj vius lkoZtfud {ks=k
osQ miØeksa (ih,l;w) ls çkIr djrh gSA
 blosQ }kjk vxzsf"kr fd, x, lHkh ½.kksa esa ls ljdkj
}kjk çkIr C;kt] pkgs og ns'k osQ Hkhrj gks (vFkkZr]
vkarfjd ½.k) ;k ns'k osQ ckgj (vFkkZr] cká ½.kA
bldk vFkZ gS fd ;g vk; ?kjsyw vkSj fons'kh nksuksa
eqækvksa esa gks ldrh gSA
 jktdks"kh; lsok,a Hkh ljdkj osQ fy, vk; mRiUu
djrh gSa] tSls eqæk Nkiuk] LVkEi eqæ.k] flDdk
fuekZ.k vkSj indksa dh <ykbZ vkfnA
 lkekU; lsok,a Hkh ljdkj osQ fy, fctyh forj.k]
flapkbZ] cSafdax] chek] lkeqnkf;d lsokvksa vkfn osQ
:i esa iSlk dekrh gSaA
 ljdkj }kjk olwy fd;k x;k 'kqYd] 'kkfLr;ka vkSj
tqekZukA
 vuqnku tks ljdkjsa çkIr djrh gSa&osQaæ ljdkj osQ
ekeys esa ;g ges'kk ckgjh vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa osQ
ekeys esa vkarfjd gksrk gSA
z O;;%
 blesa iwathxr çkfIr;ka vkSj iwathxr O;; 'kkfey gSaA
 iwathxr O;;% laifÙk cukus ;k nsunkfj;ksa dks de djus
osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blesa 'kkfey gSa%
 lM+dksa vkSj vLirkyksa tSlh ifjlaifÙk;ka cukus ij
ljdkj }kjk nh?kkZofèk fuos'k] vkSj
 ljdkj }kjk jkT;ksa dks ½.k osQ :i esa fn;k x;k èku
;k mlosQ mèkkj dh vnk;xhA
262
 ljdkj dk ;kstukxr O;;
 j{kk ij iwathxr O;;
 lkekU; lsok,a& jsyos] Mkd lsok,a] tykiwfrZ] fctyh
vkfnA
 vU; nsunkfj;ka& vU; çkfIr;ksa dh enksa ij ljdkj
dh lHkh pqdkSrh nsunkfj;kaA
 jktLo O;;% ljdkj }kjk fd;k x;k og O;; gS tks
mldh laifÙk ;k nsunkfj;ksa dks çHkkfor ugha djrk gSA
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] blesa osru] C;kt Hkqxrku] isa'ku vkSj
ç'kklfud O;; 'kkfey gSaA
 vkarfjd vkSj ckgjh ½.kksa ij ljdkj }kjk C;kt
Hkqxrku_
 ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dks ljdkj }kjk Hkqxrku fd;k
x;k osru] isa'ku vkSj Hkfo"; fufèk_
 ljdkj }kjk lHkh {ks=kksa dks nh tkus okyh lfClMh_
 ljdkj }kjk j{kk O;;_
 ljdkj osQ Mkd ?kkVs_
 dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk ij O;; (;kuh] iqfyl vkSj
vèkZlSfud cy)_
 lkekftd lsokvksa ij O;; (f'k{kk] LokLF; ns•Hkky]
lkekftd lqj{kk] xjhch mUewyu] vkfn osQ :i esa
lHkh lkekftd {ks=k O;; 'kkfey gSa) vkSj lkekU;
lsok,a (dj laxzg] (vkfn)_
 Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa vkSj fons'kksa dks ljdkj }kjk fn;k tkus
okyk vuqnkuA
;kstukxr cuke xSj& ;kstukxr O;;
2017&18 ls vc ,d voèkkj.kk osQ :i esa mi;ksx ugha fd;k
x;k gS vkSj vc mi;ksx fd;k tkus okyk oxhZdj.k ^^iwathxr
vkSj jktLo O;;** dk gS D;ksafd%
 jaxjktu lfefr us 2011 esa ¶;kstukxr vkSj xSj&
;kstukxr O;;¸ osQ chp osQ varj dks lekIr djus dh
fliQkfj'k dh FkhA
z ;kstuk vk;ksx dks lekIr dj fn, tkus osQ ckn fu.kZ;
fy;k x;k Fkk] ftls ;kstukxr O;; osQ lacaèk esa ijke'kZ
fn;k x;k FkkA
z u;k oxhZdj.k vk;] O;; vkSj ifj.kkeksa osQ chp ,d ikjn'khZ
dM+h LFkkfir djrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 ;kstukxr O;; xSj ;kstukxr O;; foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
z O;; tks lacafèkr ea=kky;ksa z eq[; :i ls ljdkjh •pZ 1. iwathxr ctV vkSj jktLo ctV esa varj Li"V dhft,A
vkSj (iwoZorhZ) ;kstuk jktLo O;; osQ :i esa bu nksuksa ctVksa osQ ?kVdksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A (2021)
vk;ksx }kjk vuqekfur gSaA ysfdu iwathxr O;; Hkh
,d daiuh dk iwathxr O;; (CapEX)
gks ldrk gSA
z osQisDl ,d daiuh }kjk laifÙk] la;a=kksa] Hkouksa] çkS|ksfxfd;ksa
z ;g ljdkj osQ dqy •pZ
;k midj.kksa tSlh HkkSfrd laifÙk;ksa dks çkIr djus]
dk cM+k fgLlk gksrk gSA
mUu;u djus vkSj cuk, j•us osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k
z tSls j{kk •pZ] dtZ vkSj
tkus okyk èku gSA
C;kt Hkqxrku] lfClMh
vkfnA z bldk mi;ksx vDlj ubZ ifj;kstukvksa ;k fuos'kksa dks
ysus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls Hkwfe] okgu ;k Hkkjh
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) e'khujh] isVsaV] iQuhZpj vkfn dh •jhnA
1. Hkkjr esa dkys èku osQ fuekZ.k dk fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu z 1 o"kZ ls de thou vofèk okyh oLrqvksa osQ fy,_ bls
lk çHkko Hkkjr ljdkj osQ fy, fpark dk eq[; dkj.k osQisDl osQ vUrxZr ugha fxuk tkrk gSA
jgk gS\ (2021) z bls daiuh dh cSysal 'khV ij O;; osQ ctk; fuos'k osQ
(a) vpy laifÙk dh •jhn vkSj yDtjh ?kjksa esa fuos'k :i esa fn•k;k tkrk gSA
osQ fy, lalkèkuksa dk fopyu z ,d iwath xgu m|ksx osQ ikl ,d m|ksx dh rqyuk esa
(b) vuqRiknd xfrfofèk;ksa esa fuos'k vkSj dherh iRFkjksa] mPp osQisDl gksxk tks fd iwath xgu ugha gSA tSls rsy
vkHkw"k.kksa] lksus dh •jhn] vkfnA dh •kst] mRiknu] nwjlapkj] fofuekZ.k vkfnA
(c) jktuhfrd nyksa dks cM+k nku vkSj {ks=kokn dk fodkl
z osQisDl ¾ ihih ,aM bZ (laifÙk] la;a=k vkSj midj.k) esa
ifjorZu $ orZeku ewY;ßkl
(d) dj vioapu osQ dkj.k jktdks"k dks jktLo dh gkfu
2. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lanHkZ esa] xSj&foÙkh; ½.k esa
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk 'kkfey gS\ (2020)
1- ifjokjksa }kjk cdk;k vkokl ½.k 1. fdlh laxBu ;k daiuh }kjk fd, x, O;; osQ lanHkZ esa]

2- ØsfMV dkMZ ij cdk;k jkf'k fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk@ls dFku lgh gS@gSa\
3- Vªstjh fcy 1- ubZ çkS|ksfxdh çkIr djuk iwathxr O;; gSA
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,% 2- ½.k foÙkiks"k.k dks iwathxr O;; ekuk tkrk gS] tcfd
(a) osQoy 1 (b) osQoy 1 vkSj 2 bfDoVh foÙkiks"k.k dks jktLo O;; ekuk tkrk gSA
(c) osQoy 3 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3 uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,%
3. fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk@ls Hkkjr ljdkj osQ iwathxr (a) osQoy 1 (b) osQoy 2
ctV esa 'kkfey gS@gSa\ (2016)
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2
1- lM+d] Hkou] e'khujh vkfn tSlh laifÙk;ksa osQ vfèkxzg.k
ij O;;A O;; çcaèku vk;ksx (bZ,elh)
2- fons'kh ljdkjksa ls çkIr ½.kA z 2014&15 osQ ctV esa Hkkjr osQ foÙk ea=kh v#.k tsVyh
3- jkT;ksa vkSj osQaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa dks fn, x, ½.k vkSj }kjk ctV Hkk"k.k esa blosQ xBu dh ?kks"k.kk dh x;hA
vfxzeA z ;g çeqO;; lqèkkjksa dk lq>ko nsus dh çkFkfed ftEesnkjh
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A okyh ,d vuq'kalkRed laLFkk gS tks ljdkj dks vius
(a) osQoy 1 (b) osQoy 2 vkSj 3 jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dks vfèkd LFkk;h Lrjksa ij de djus
(c) osQoy 1 vkSj 3 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
vkSj çcafèkr djus esa l{ke cukrh gSA

d foÙk
yksd foÙk (ctV
(ctVvkSvkS
j jjktdks
jktdks
"kh;"kh; uhfr)
uhfr) 263

foÙk ea=kky; vkSj mlosQ foHkkx
z buesa ls çR;sd foHkkx esa lokZsPp vfèkdkjh osQ :i esa
lfpo Lrj dk vfèkdkjh (vkerkSj ij ,d vkbZ,,l)
gksrk gSA muesa ls lcls ofj"B dks foÙk lfpo osQ :i esa
fu;qÙkQ fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ,d #i;s osQ uksV ij muosQ
gLrk{kj gksrs gSaA
vkfFkZd ekeyksa dk foHkkx
z MhbZ, jktdks"kh; uhfr] jsy ctV lfgr osQaæh; ctV dh
rS;kjh vkSj çLrqfr osQ fy, ftEesnkj gSA
z ;g fcuk foèkkf;dk okys osQaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa vkSj jk"Vªifr
'kklu osQ vèkhu jkT;ksa osQ fy, Hkh ctV cukrk gSA
z ;g NksVh cpr ;kstukvksa dh C;kt njksa dh ?kks"k.kk djrk gS
vkSj fdlh fo'ks"k {ks=k dks cqfu;knh <kaps dk ntkZ nsrk gSA
z lacafèkr foHkkx vkSj laxBu%
 vuqPNsn 280 (laoSèkkfud fudk;) osQ vUrxZr foÙk
vk;ksxA
 Hkkjrh; fnokyk vkSj fnokfy;kiu cksMZ (dkWikZsjsV ekeyksa
osQ ea=kky; osQ vUrxZr oSèkkfud fudk;)A
 eq[; vkfFkZd lykgdkj dk dk;kZy;
 flD;ksfjVh fçafVax ,aM feafVax dkWikZsjs'ku vkWiQ bafM;k
fyfeVsM (,lih,elhvkbZ)A
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1- laln esa osQaæh; ctV dh rS;kjh vkSj çLrqfr osQ fy,
fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu ftEesnkj gS\ (lh,lbZ&2010)
(a) jktLo foHkkx
(b) vkfFkZd ekeyksa dk foHkkx
(c) foÙkh; lsok foHkkx
(d) O;; foHkkx
O;; foHkkx
z bl foHkkx esa ys•k egkfu;a=kd (lhth,) ml èku dk
çkDdyu rS;kj djrk gS ftls Hkkjr dh lafpr fufèk ls
•pZ fd;k tk,xkA
;g osru vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ] isa'ku ys•k dk;kZy; vkfn ls
z
Hkh lacafèkr gSA
jktLo foHkkx
z ;g djkèkku osQ ekeyksa dks ns•rk gSA
z lacafèkr fudk;@laxBu%
264
osQaæh; çR;{k dj cksMZ] osQaæh; vçR;{k dj vkSj lhek

'kqYd cksMZ] djkèkku ls lacafèkr fofHkUu U;k;kfèkdj.k
vkSj vihyh; fudk;A (oSèkkfud fudk;)
 çorZu funs'kky;] osQaæh; vkfFkZd •qfiQ;k C;wjks] osQaæh;
ukjdksfVDl C;wjks] foÙkh; •qfiQ;k bdkbZA (vèkhuLFk
fudk;)
 eky vkSj lsok dj usVodZ (100» ljdkjh LokfeRo
okyk lac¼ miØe)
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. lgh dFku •kstsa% (2015)
1- jktLo foHkkx laln esa çLrqr fd, tkus okys osQaæh;
ctV dh rS;kjh osQ fy, ftEesnkj gSA
2- Hkkjr dh laln dh vuqefr osQ fcuk Hkkjr dh lafpr
fufèk ls dksbZ jkf'k ugha fudkyh tk ldrh gSA
3- lkoZtfud •krs ls fd, x, lHkh laforj.kksa dks Hkh
Hkkjr dh laln ls çkfèkdj.k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
dwV%
(a) osQoy 1 vkSj 2 (b) osQoy 2 vkSj 3
(c) osQoy 2 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
foÙkh; lsok foHkkx
z foÙkh; lekos'ku] ih,lch i;Zos{k.k vkSj iquiZwathdj.k]
lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ foÙkh; eè;LFkksa lfgr muosQ fu;kedksa
(bZih,iQvks] bZ,lvkbZlh vkfn dks NksM+dj) osQ fy, fofHkUu
;kstukvksa ls lacafèkr dk;ZA
z deZpkjh Hkfo"; fufèk laxBu (bZih,iQvks) vkSj deZpkjh
jkT; chek fuxe (bZ,lvkbZlh)A
z lacafèkr laxBu@fudk;%
 cSd a cksMZ C;wjks (jkti=k vfèklwpuk osQ ekè;e ls LFkkfir)A
 us'kuy ØsfMV xkjaVh VªLVh daiuh (,ulhthVhlh) eqæk
yksu] LVSaM&vi bafM;k yksu vkSj dkS'ky fodkl vkSj
f'k{kk ls lacafèkr xkjaVh çnku djrh gSA
fuos'k vkSj yksd laifÙk çcaèku foHkkx (nhie)
z ;g osQaæh; lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ m|eksa esa fofuos'k y{;ksa dks
ns•rk gSA
?kkVs dh voèkkj.kk vkSj blosQ fofHkUu çdkj
foÙkh; n`f"V ls] ?kkVk rc gksrk gS tc •pZ jktLo ls vfèkd
gks tkrk gS] vk;kr fu;kZr ls vfèkd gks tkrk gS] ;k nsunkfj;ka
laifÙk ls vfèkd gks tkrh gSaA ?kkVk deh ;k gkfu dk i;kZ; gS
vkSj vfèk'ks"k osQ foijhr gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z jktLo ?kkVk% ;g ljdkj osQ dqy jktLo O;; vkSj jktLo
çkfIr;ksa osQ chp varj osQ udkjkRed 'kq¼ dks lanfHkZr
djrk gSA
 jktLo ?kkVk ¾ jktLo O;; & jktLo çkfIr;k¡
 jktLo ?kkVs esa osQoy ,sls ysunsu 'kkfey gksrs gSa tks
ljdkj dh orZeku vk; vkSj O;; dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA
 tc ljdkj dks jktLo ?kkVk gksrk gS] rks bldk rkRi;Z
gS fd ljdkj ftruk •pZ dj jgh gS mlls de jktLo
dek jgh gS
 ;g n'kkZrk gS fd ljdkj vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vU; {ks=kksa dh
cpr dk mi;ksx vius miHkksx O;; osQ ,d fgLls dks
foÙkiksf"kr djus osQ fy, dj jgh gSA
 bls çfr'kr osQ :i esa (thMhih osQ lacaèk esa) osQ
lkFk&lkFk ek=kkRed :i esa Hkh fn•k;k tk ldrk gSA
 çHkko%
 ifjlaifÙk;ksa esa deh% D;ksafd ljdkj dks ;k rks
mèkkj ysdj ;k viuh laifÙk;ksa dh fcØh (fofuos'k)
}kjk iwathxr çkfIr;ksa osQ varj dks Hkjuk gSA
 eqækLiQhfr dh fLFkfr% ljdkj osQ lkekU; miHkksx
O;; dks iwjk djus osQ fy, iwathxr •krs ls mèkkj
yh xbZ èkujkf'k dk mi;ksx djus osQ ckn cuk;k tk
ldrk gSA
 vfèkd jktLo ?kkVk% cM+h mèkkjh nsunkjh vkSj C;kt
Hkqxrku c<+us osQ lkFk dtZ dk cks> c<+sxkA
 ½.k pqdkSrh% ,d mPp jktLo ?kkVk cnrj gksrk gS
D;ksafd ;g Hkfo"; esa mPp iquHkZqxrku cks> dks fuos'k
osQ ekè;e ls ykHk ls esy ugha •krk gSA
 jktLo ?kkVk (vkjMh) de djus osQ mik;%
 O;; esa dVkSrh djuk ;k dj vkSj xSj&dj çkfIr;ksa
esa o`f¼ djukA
 fo'ks"kdj vehj yksxksa ij djksa dh nj c<+kuk vkSj
tgk¡ Hkh laHko gks u, djksa dks ykxw djukA
 vuko';d •pZ de djus dk ç;kl djukA
z çHkkoh jktLo ?kkVk (bZvkjMh)%
 osQaæh; ctV 2011&2012 esa lh- jaxjktu lfefr }kjk
'kq: dh xbZ voèkkj.kkA
 ,iQvkjch,e la'kksèku vfèkfu;e 2012 us bls oSèkkfud
ntkZ fn;kA ;g ys•kadu esa lqèkkj djrk gS
 ^çHkkoh jktLo ?kkVk*] iwathxr laifÙk osQ fuekZ.k osQ
fy, jktLo ?kkVs vkSj vuqnku osQ chp dk varj gSA
d foÙk
yksd foÙk (ctV
(ctVvkSvkS
j jjktdks
jktdks
"kh;"kh; uhfr)
uhfr)
 vuqnku esa 'kkfey gSa% osQaæ }kjk çk;ksftr dk;ZØeksa
tSls çèkku ea=kh xzke lM+d ;kstuk vkfn osQ dk;kZUo;u
osQ fy, osQaæ ls jkT;ksa vkSj osQaæ'kkflr çns'kksa dks fn;k
x;k vuqnkuA
 vko';drk% ,sls vuqnku gksrs gSa ftudk mi;ksx iwathxr
laifÙk cukus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS vkSj os iwjh rjg ls
vuqRiknd ugha gksrs gSa_ ysfdu “jktLo O;;" osQ vUrxZr
çnf'kZr gksrs gSaA ifjHkk"kk osQ vuqlkj jktLo O;; fdlh
mRiknd ifjlaifÙk dk fuekZ.k ugha dj ldrk gSA bl
çdkj ,d ubZ ''kCnkoyh' dk fuekZ.k gqvkA tSls eujsxk
ls lM+osQa] rkykc vkfn curs gSaA
 ;g iwathxr O;; dks lek;ksftr djus vkSj iwath •krs
esa okLrfod ?kkVs dh x.kuk djus esa enn djrk gSA
z iwath ?kkVk%
 ,slk dksbZ 'kCn ekStwn ugha gSA ysfdu ge vke rkSj ij
^^iw¡th dh deh] iwath dk vHkko** tSls 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx
fu;fer :i ls lqurs gSaA
 ewy :i ls] bldk vFkZ gS fd ljdkj lkoZtfud O;; osQ
fy, vko';d èku@èku@iwt a h dh leL;k dk lkeuk dj
jgh gSA (O;; jktLo ;k iwt a h çdkj dk gks ldrk gS)
 vxj bl fLFkfr dks n'kkZus osQ fy, dksbZ VeZ gksrk rks
og iw¡thxr ?kkVk gksrkA
z jktdks"kh; ?kkVk%
 ;g ,d foÙkh; o"kZ osQ nkSjku mèkkj dks NksM+dj ljdkj
osQ dqy O;; (iwath vkSj jktLo) vkSj bldh dqy
çkfIr;ksa (iwath vkSj jktLo) osQ chp dk varj gSA
 ;g gesa foÙkh; o"kZ osQ nkSjku ljdkj dh ½.k
vko';drkvksa osQ ckjs esa crkrk gSA ,d vfèk'ks"k rc
gksrk gS tc çkfIr;ka O;; ls vfèkd gksrh gSaA
 jktdks"kh; ?kkVk ¾ dqy O;; & (jktLo çkfIr;ka $
xSj&½.k l`ftr iwathxr çkfIr;ka)A
 blh rjg] ldy jktdks"kh; ?kkVk dqy O;; ls vfèkd
gSA
 ldy jktdks"kh; ?kkVk ¾ (dqy O;; $ ½.k lsok)
& (jktLo çkfIr;ka $ xSj ½.k iwath çkfIr;ka)
 lkoZtfud {ks=k dh foÙkh; fLFkfr vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk
dh fLFkjrk dks ns•rs gq, ldy jktdks"kh; ?kkVk ,d
egRoiw.kZ pj gSA
 jktLo ?kkVs osQ fcuk jktdks"kh; ?kkVk rc gks ldrk
gS tc%
265
  jktLo ctV larqfyr gksrk gS ysfdu iwathxr ctV ?kkVs
dks n'kkZrk gSA
 jktLo ctV vfèk'ks"k esa gS ysfdu iwathxr ctV esa ?kkVk
jktLo ctV osQ vfèk'ks"k ls vfèkd gSA
 jktdks"kh; ?kkVk iwjk fd;k tkrk gS%
 ?kjsyw lzksrksa ls mèkkj ysuk& tSls] lkoZtfud vkSj okf.
kfT;d cSad] Hkfo"; fufèk vkSj y?kq cpr ;kstukvksa
esa tekA
 bls ?kkVs dh foÙk O;oLFkk ls csgrj ekuk tkrk gS
D;ksafd ;g eqæk vkiwfrZ esa o`f¼ ugha djrk gS tks
eqækLiQhfr dk eq[; dkj.k gSA
 ckgjh lzksrksa ls mèkkj ysuk& fo'o cSad] vkbZ,e,iQ vkSj
fons'kh lzksrA
 ghukFkZ çcUèku& blesa u, djsalh uksV Nkidj vFkZO;oLFkk
esa iSlk Mkyuk 'kkfey gSA
 Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad (vkjchvkbZ) ls mèkkj ysdjA
 ljdkj mu çfrHkwfr;ksa dks tkjh djrh gS ftUgsa
vkjchvkbZ ljdkj ls udn osQ cnys esa •jhnrk gSA
 ;g udnh Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa
osQ cnys u, djsalh uksV Nkidj cukbZ tkrh gSA
 bl çdkj] ;g èku tqVkus dk ,d vklku rjhdk gS
ysfdu blosQ çfrdwy çHkko Hkh gksrs gSaA
 ;g eqækLiQhfrdkjh gS vkSj bls vafre mik; osQ :i
esa bLrseky fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
 jktdks"kh; ?kkVs osQ çHkko%
 ;g iQk;nsean gksxk] vxj ;g ubZ iwathxr laifÙk
cukrk gS tks mRiknd {kerk esa o`f¼ djrk gS vkSj
Hkfo"; osQ fy, vk; dk lkèku curk gSA
 ;g gkfudkjd gksxk vxj bldk mi;ksx fliQZ jktLo
?kkVs dks iwjk djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
 ½.k tky% mèkkjh C;kt vkSj ½.k pqdkSrh dh
leL;k iSnk djrh gSA bl çdkj] vfèkd mèkkj ysus
ls ns;rk c<+ tkrh gSA C;kt osQ Hkqxrku ls jktLo
?kkVs osQ lkFk&lkFk jktLo O;; esa Hkh o`f¼ gksrh gSA
;fn mèkkjh cgqr vfèkd gS] rks ljdkj dks C;kt
Hkqxrku osQ fy, Hkh iSlk miyCèk djkus osQ fy,
ckè; gksuk iM+ ldrk gSA bl çdkj ljdkj dtZ osQ
tky esa iQal tkrh gSA
 eqækLiQhfr dk ncko% ?kkVs osQ foÙkiks"k.k osQ dkj.k
tks vkjchvkbZ vfèkd iSlk Nkidj djrk gSA
266
 vkaf'kd mi;ksx% mèkkjh dk og Hkkx tks C;kt
pqdkus osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] mi;ksx osQ
fy, miyCèk ugha gksrk gSA O;; osQ foÙkiks"k.k osQ
fy, osQoy çkFkfed ?kkVk (jktdks"kh; ?kkVk&C;kt
Hkqxrku) miyCèk gksrk gSA
 Hkfo"; dh o`f¼ dks jksdrk gS% mèkkj ysuk Hkfo";
dh ihf<+;ksa ij ,d foÙkh; cks> gSA bl çdkj ;g
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fodkl dks èkhek dj nsrk gSA
 jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dks de djus osQ mik;%
 jktLo c<+kuk
 lfClMh dks rdZlaxr cukuk
 fofuos'k ij è;ku nsuk
 lkoZtfud O;; dks de djuk
 dj vkèkkj dks O;kid djuk
 VSDl pksjh dh çHkkoh tkap
 xSj&;kstukxr O;; dks de djus osQ fy, ferO;f;rk
dne
 jktLo c<+kus osQ fy, çR;{k djksa ij vfèkd tksj
 lkoZtfud {ks=k dh bdkb;ksa esa 'ks;jksa dk iquxZBu
vkSj fcØh
 lrdZrk c<+kdj vkSj ubZ rduhdksa dk mi;ksx djosQ
yhosQt ls cpsa
z çkFkfed ?kkVk%
 çkFkfed ?kkVk pkyw o"kZ osQ jktdks"kh; ?kkVs esa ls fiNys
o"kZ osQ C;kt Hkqxrkuksa dks ?kVkus osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
 ;g C;kt Hkqxrkuksa dks NksM+dj ljdkj dh mèkkjh
vko';drkvksa dks bafxr djrk gS (tcfd ,iQMh C;kt
Hkqxrkuksa osQ lkFk mèkkj vko';drkvksa dks bafxr djrk
gS)A
 'kwU; çkFkfed ?kkVk bafxr djrk gS fd ljdkj dks
osQoy rHkh mèkkj ysus dh vko';drk gS tc mls C;kt
Hkqxrku djuk gksA
 çkFkfed ?kkVk ¾ jktdks"kh; ?kkVk & C;kt Hkqxrku
 egÙo%
 blls irk pyrk gS fd ljdkj dh mèkkjh ls C;kt
Hkqxrku osQ vykok vU; •pks± dh fdruh iwfrZ gksxhA
 ;g vke rkSj ij jktdks"kh; xSjftEesnkjh osQ cqfu;knh
mik; osQ :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
  'kwU; çkFkfed ?kkVs dk eryc gS fd ljdkj dks
osQoy C;kt Hkqxrku djus osQ fy, mèkkjh dk lgkjk
ysuk iM+rk gSA
 orZeku O;; osQ dkj.k mèkkj dh vko';drk tkuus
osQ fy, gesa çkFkfed ?kkVs dh x.kuk djus dh
vko';drk gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj djsa% (2017)
1- fiNys ,d n'kd esa Hkkjr osQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn osQ
çfr'kr osQ :i esa dj jktLo esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
2- Hkkjr osQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn osQ çfr'kr osQ :i esa
jktdks"kh; ?kkVk fiNys ,d n'kd esa yxkrkj c<+k gSA
Åij fn, x, dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) osQoy 1
(b) osQoy 2
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
(d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2
2. lky&nj&lky yxkrkj ?kkVk ctV jgk gSA ?kkVs dks de
djus osQ fy, ljdkj }kjk fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lh
dkjZokbZ@dkjZokb;ka dh tk ldrh gSa\ (2016)
1- jktLo O;; esa deh
2- ubZ dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa dh 'kq#vkr
3- lfClMh dks ;qfÙkQlaxr cukuk
4- vk;kr 'kqYd de djuk
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
(a) osQoy 1
(b) osQoy 2 vkSj 3
(c) osQoy 1 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4
ghukFkZ çcUèku dh voèkkj.kk
tc ljdkj fdlh u, iQaM dks mèkkj ysus ;k <kyus osQ ekè;e
ls ?kkVs osQ ctV dk foÙk iks"k.k ;k leFkZu djrh gS_ bls ghukFkZ
çcUèku dgk tkrk gSA
z tc dqy ljdkjh vk; (iw¡th •krk $ jktLo •krk) mlosQ
dqy O;; ls de gks_ bl çfØ;k dk ikyu fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
z ljdkj fuEu esa ls ,d ;k vfèkd }kjk ,slk djrh gS%
 vkarfjd lkèkuksa ls fy;k x;k mèkkj & ckaM vkSj vU;
çfrHkwfr;ksa] osQaæh; cSadksa] okf.kfT;d cSadksa ;k ;gka rd
fd rnFkZ Vh&fcyksa osQ :i esa turk ls mèkkj ysukA
 eqæk Nkiuk & vkjchvkbZ ls vkSj uksV Nkius dks dg
dh mlls mèkkj ysukA
 ckgjh lgk;rk& os vke rkSj ij de ;k fcuk C;kt njksa
osQ lkFk miyCèk gksrh gSA
 ckgj ls mèkkj ysuk& bldk ykHk ;g gS fd blesa “
gkldkjh çHkko" ugha gksrk gS tks vkarfjd mèkkjh esa gksrk
gS ysfdu bls ljdkj dh 'kfÙkQ dk {kj.k ekuk tkrk gSA
z ghukFkZ çcUèku dh vko';drk%
 jktdks"kh; ?kkVs osQ y{;ksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy,] tc
èku lkekU; vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa dks pykus osQ fy,
i;kZIr ugha gksrk gSA
 ;g rc fd;k tkrk gS tc fodkl dh vko';drk bruh
vfèkd gksrh gS fd ?kkVs osQ foÙkiks"k.k osQ lkFk vkus
okyh eqækLiQhfr de cqjkbZ ekuh tkrh gSA
 ;g rc Hkh fd;k tkrk gS tc O;; esa o`f¼ osQ dkj.k
dqy vk; vkSj O;; osQ chp dk varj rsth ls c<+rk gSA
z çHkko
 ;g dqy O;; dks c<+krk gS tks dqy ekax dks c<+krk gS
vkSj bl çdkj eqækLiQhfr dk tksf•e gksrk gSA
 pwafd •pZ djus osQ fy, vkSj iwath miyCèk gksrh gS_
blls vkfFkZd fodkl gks ldrk gSA
 ;g vFkZO;oLFkk dh iwathxr t:jrksa dks iwjk djus esa
enn djrk gSA
 vxj xSjftEesnkjkuk rjhosQ ls fd;k tk, rks_ ;g
vFkZO;oLFkk esa vfLFkjrk iSnk dj ldrk gSA
ØkmfMax vkmV biQsDV
z tc ljdkjsa mèkkj ysrh gSa] rks os vFkZO;oLFkk esa mu lHkh
osQ lkFk çfrLièkkZ djrh gSa tks miyCèk èku dh lhfer
ek=kk ls mèkkj ysuk pkgrs gSaA
z ;g futh {ks=k dh fuos'k vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus osQ
fy, miyCèk èku dh ek=kk esa deh dk dkj.k curk gSA
z bl çfrLièkkZ osQ ifj.kkeLo:i okLrfod C;kt nj c<+rh
gS vkSj futh fuos'k ?kVrk gSA bl ?kVuk dks gkldkjh
çHkko dgk tkrk gSA

d foÙk
yksd foÙk (ctV
(ctVvkSvkS
j jjktdks
jktdks
"kh;"kh; uhfr)
uhfr) 267

Hkkjr esa ghukFkZ çcUèku
z 1960 osQ n'kd osQ var rd] ljdkj ghukFkZ çcUèku dh
vksj c<+ jgh FkhA
z 1970 osQ n'kd osQ ckn ls] Hkkjr esa mPp foÙkh; ?kkVk gksus
yxk vkSj gj u, lky osQ lkFk ghukFkZ çcUèku ij vfèkd
ls vfèkd fuHkZj gks x;kA
z ge Hkkjr esa ghukFkZ çcUèku dks rhu pj.kksa esa oxhZÑr dj
ldrs gSa%
 çFke pj.k (1947&1970)% bl pj.k esa ghukFkZ
çcUèku dh dksbZ voèkkj.kk ugha Fkh vkSj ?kkVs dks
ctVh; ?kkVs osQ :i esa fn•k;k tkrk FkkA
 nwljk pj.k (1970&1991)% Hkkjr us vFkZ'kkL=k osQ
•jkc cqfu;knh fl¼karksa osQ dkj.k cM+s ghukFkZ çcUèku
dks ns•k] tks varr% 1990&91 rd xaHkhj foÙkh; ladV
esa cu x;kA bl pj.k dh çeqckrksa dks fuEukuqlkj
vfHkO;ÙkQ fd;k tk ldrk gS%
 jk"Vªh;dj.k uhfr vkSj miØeksa osQ foLrkj ij tksjA
 u, miØeksa us ljdkj osQ dqy •pZ esa btkiQk fd;kA
 ekStwnk miØeksa us osru] isa'ku vkSj ih,iQ dk cks>
c<+k;k_ muesa ls dbZ us bl le; rd Hkkjh uqdlku
esa vk x, Fks
 fo'kky tula[;k o`f¼ vkSj cM+s iSekus ij jkstxkj l`tu
osQ lkFk&lkFk fofHkUu lfClMh dk cks> c<+rk pyk x;k
 fu;ksftr fodkl vR;fèkd osQaæhÑr jgk
 ;kstuk O;; etcwr vFkZ'kkL=k ij vkèkkfjr ugha FkkA
z rhljk pj.k (1991 osQ ckn)% vkfFkZd lqèkkj çfØ;k dh
'kq#vkr osQ lkFk 'kq: gqvkA bl pj.k dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a
gSa%
 futh {ks=k ls fuos'k dks c<+kok nsuk ljdkj dh çkFkfedrk
cu xbZA
 ljdkjksa (osQaæ vkSj jkT;) osQ O;; dks ;qfÙkQlaxr cukukA
 vius Lo;a osQ dj vkSj xSj&dj jktLo esa o`f¼ djukA
 foÙkh; cktkjksa dk lqn`<+hdj.k vkSj foLrkj] vkfnA
eqæhÑr ?kkVk
z ,d u;k 'kCn tks 1997&98 ls Hkkjr esa viuk;k x;k
FkkA bldk eryc gS] jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dk og fgLlk tks
vkjchvkbZ }kjk fdlh fo'ks"k foÙkh; o"kZ esa ljdkj dks
fn;k tkrk gSA
268
igys] ljdkj osQ •pZ dks foÙkiks"k.k djus osQ fy,_
z
vkjchvkbZ dks vfuok;Z :i ls ljdkj osQ Vªstjh fcy (y?kq
vofèk mèkkj) vkSj th&çfrHkwfr (nh?kZdkfyd mèkkj) dh
lnL;rk ysuh iM+rh FkhA
z fjtoZ cSad }kjk bu fy•rksa esa fd, x, fuos'k dh dher
eqæhÑr ?kkVk FkkA
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad us 1997 osQ ckn ls tc vFkkZsik; vfxze
çLrqr fd, x, Fks] vfuok;Z :i ls Vh&fcyksa dh lnL;rk
'kq: dj nh FkhA
z 2013 ls] vkjchvkbZ ljdkj osQ fy, vYidkfyd ekaxksa
dks iwjk djus osQ fy, 14 fnuksa osQ rnFkZ Vh&fcyksa dh
lnL;rk ysrk gSA
z vkSj 2007 osQ ckn ls] vkjchvkbZ vc vfuok;Z :i ls
th&lsd dh lnL;rk ugha ysrk gSA ;g fliQZ ljdkj osQ
mèkkj dk;ZØe dk çcaèku djrk gSA
z bl çdkj] rduhdh :i ls_ eqæhÑr ?kkVk iqjkuk çrhr
gksrk gSA ysfdu ekSfæd uhfr dks fofu;fer djus osQ fy,_
vkjchvkbZ vHkh Hkh vksiu ekdZsV vkWijs'kal osQ vUrxZr
th&lsd •jhnrk vkSj csprk gSA
z vkt] vfèkdka'k ljdkjh mèkkj cktkj osQ ekè;e ls
foÙkiksf"kr gSaA
z ;g rHkh fd;k tkrk gS tc ljdkj cktkj ls mèkkj ugha ys
ldrh (cSad vkSj vU; foÙkh; laLFkku tSls ,yvkbZlh)A
z vkjchvkbZ }kjk eqæhÑr ?kkVs osQ ifj.kkeLo:i eqfær èku
dks mPp 'kfÙkQ èku ;k vkjf{kr èku ;k ekSfæd vkèkkj dgk
tkrk gSA
z eqæhdj.k nks çdkj osQ gksrs gSa%
1- çR;{k eqæhdj.k% vkjchvkbZ 1997 rd ljdkjh ckWUM
;k çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ f•ykiQ osQaæ ljdkj osQ ?kkVs dks lhèks
foÙkiksf"kr djrk gSA
2- vçR;{k eqæhdj.k% rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vkjchvkbZ
vksiu ekdZsV vkWijs'kal (vks,evks) vk;ksftr djrk gS
vkSj@;k f}rh;d cktkj esa ckaM •jhnrk gSA
z eqæhÑr ?kkVs dh leL;k,a%
 ;g eqækLiQhfr dh nj dks c<+krk gS
 C;kt njsa c<+k ldrk gS
 vFkZO;oLFkk dh foÙkh; fLFkjrk osQ fy, •rjk iSnk
djrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk blosQ çHkko esa lcls vfèkd
eqækLiQhfrdkjh gksus dh laHkkouk gS\ (2021 vkSj 2013)
(a) lkoZtfud ½.k dh pqdkSrh
(b) ctV ?kkVs dks foÙk djus osQ fy, turk ls mèkkj ysuk
(c) ctV ?kkVs dks foÙk djus osQ fy, cSadksa ls mèkkj ysuk
(d) ctV ?kkVs dks foÙk djus osQ fy, u, iSls dk fuekZ.k
2. Hkkjr esa] ?kkVs osQ foÙkiks"k.k dk mi;ksx _____________
osQ fy, lalkèku tqVkus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS (2013)
(a) vkfFkZd fodkl
(b) lkoZtfud ½.k dh ekspu
(c) Hkqxrku larqyu dks lek;ksftr djuk
(d) fons'kh ½.k dks de djuk
jktdks"kh; mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj ctV çcaèku
vfèkfu;e (,iQvkjch,e)] 2003] 2013
z ,iQvkjch,e vfèkfu;e] 2003 ljdkj osQ fy, vFkZO;oLFkk
esa jktdks"kh; vuq'kklu dks çsfjr djus] lkoZtfud èku osQ
çcaèku esa lqèkkj djus vkSj jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dks de djus
dk y{; fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA
z i`"BHkwfe%
 1990 vkSj 2000 dh 'kq#vkr esa] Hkkjr iwath mèkkj ysus
okys 'kh"kZ ns'kksa esa ls ,d FkkA
 gekjh vkfFkZd fLFkfr •jkc Fkh D;ksafd blesa mPp
jktdks"kh; ?kkVk] mPp jktLo ?kkVk vkSj mPp
½.k&ls&thMhih vuqikr Fkk (½.k ij fMiQkWYV gksus
dh mPp laHkkouk dk rkRi;Z gS)A
 2002&03 rd_ cM+h mèkkjh tkjh jgh vkSj gekjs ns'k dh
vkfFkZd fLFkfr ij bldk cqjk çHkko iM+kA
 mèkkj yh xbZ iwath dk 50» ls vfèkd fgLlk fiNys
½.kksa osQ C;kt dk Hkqxrku djus esa •pZ fd;k x;k
FkkA mRiknd mís';ksa osQ fy, cgqr dqN ugha cpk FkkA
 mijksÙkQ 'krks± osQ vkyksd esa] ;g eglwl fd;k x;k fd
Hkkjr ljdkj dh mèkkfj;ksa dks ,d gn rd fofu;fer
fd;k tk,A blfy,] ,iQvkjch,e vfèkfu;e 2003
ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA
z vfèkfu;e osQ eq[; mís';%
 ns'k esa ,d ikjn'khZ jktdks"kh; çcaèku 'kq: djus osQ fy,A
 o"kks± ls ns'k osQ ½.kksa dk vfèkd U;k;laxr vkSj
çcaèkuh; forj.k 'kq: djukA
d foÙk
yksd foÙk (ctV
(ctVvkSvkS
j jjktdks
jktdks
"kh;"kh; uhfr)
uhfr)
 jktLo vkSj jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dks de djosQ nh?kZdky esa
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa foÙkh; fLFkjrk ykukA
 blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] Hkkjr esa eqækLiQhfr osQ çcaèku osQ fy,
vkjchvkbZ dks vko';d yphykiu nsus dh mEehnA
z eq[; fo'ks"krk,a%
 ljdkj osQ fy, ;g vfuok;Z cukrk gS fd og pkj
jktdks"kh; laosQrdksa & jktLo ?kkVk] jktdks"kh; ?kkVk]
dj jktLo] dqy cdk;k nsunkfj;ka (lHkh thMhih osQ»
osQ :i esa)dks ,d eè;e vofèk osQ uhfr fooj.kh esa
çLrqr djsA
 ;g jktdks"kh; vkSj jktLo ?kkVs osQ fy, y{; fuèkkZfjr
djrk gSA
 jktdks"kh; uhfr ls lacafèkr dqN nLrkost lkykuk ctV
nLrkostksa osQ lkFk laln esa çLrqr fd, tkus gksrs gSaA
 ,d viokn osQ :i esa] fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa (2020
esa ç;qÙkQ) dh fLFkfr esa jktdks"kh; ?kkVs osQ y{;ksa ls
fopyu dh vuqefr nsus osQ fy, vfèkfu;e esa ,d
^^,LosQi DykWt** gSA
z ,uosQ flag lfefr dh fliQkfj'ksa%
 ,iQvkjch,e vfèkfu;e dks ½.k çcaèku vkSj foÙkh;
mÙkjnkf;Ro foèks;d 2017 ls cnyk tk,A
 rd ½.k&ls&thMhih vuqikr osQaæ osQ fy, 38-7» vkSj
jkT; ljdkjksa osQ fy, 20» gksuk pkfg,A
 foÙk o"kZ 2022&23 rd jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dk y{;
thMhih dk 2-5» gksuk pkfg,A
 cgq&o"khZ; jktdks"kh; iwokZuqekuksa dh rS;kjh ls fuiVus osQ
fy, ,d Lok;Ùk foÙkh; ifj"kn dh LFkkiuk dh tk,]
jktdks"kh; vkadM+ksa dh xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj fd;k tk,
vkSj jktdks"kh; ekeyksa ij ljdkj dks lykg nh tk,A
 dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa y{;ksa ls fopyu& jk"Vªh; vkink]
;q¼] Ñf"k iru] vkfnA
 jkT;ksa osQ fy, dtZ dk jkLrk mudh foÙkh; fLFkfr vkSj
foosd ij vkèkkfjr gksxk vkSj 15osa foÙk vk;ksx }kjk
bldh fliQkfj'k dh tkuh pkfg,A
 nksuksa dks ,d nwljs dk iwjd gksuk pkfg,A
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. jktdks"kh; mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj ctV çcaèku (,iQvkjch,e)
vfèkfu;e] 2003 dks ykxw djus osQ D;k dkj.k gSa\ bldh
eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj mudh çHkko'khyrk ij vkykspukRed
ppkZ djsaA (2013)
269
lkoZtfud O;;
lkoZtfud O;; yksxksa }kjk oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh ekax dks iwjk
djus osQ fy, ljdkj }kjk fd;k tkus okyk O;; gSA ;g ,d
çeqthMhih ?kVd gSA
z lkoZtfud O;; dk egRo%
 lkoZtfud O;; esa o`f¼ ;k deh djosQ_ vFkZO;oLFkk
esa ekax vkSj eqækLiQhfr dks fu;af=kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 ;g csgrj vk; forj.k vkSj lalkèkuksa osQ vkoaVu esa
enn dj ldrk gSA
 ;g fuEufyf•r rjhdksa ls vkfFkZd fLFkjrk lqfuf'pr
djus] volj mRiUu djus vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl dks
c<+kus esa enn djrk gS%
 dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa] lM+dksa] jsyos vkfn ij •pZA
 larqfyr {ks=kh; fodkl
 Ñf"k vkSj fofuekZ.k {ks=k dk fodklA
 •fut lalkèkuksa dk nksgu vkSj fodklA
 egRoiw.kZ {ks=kksa& Ñf"k] •k| lqj{kk vkfn osQ fy,
lfClMh vkSj vuqnkuA
 vk; forj.k osQ ekè;e ls ;g xjhch vkSj vlekurkvksa
dks de dj ldrk gSA
 tc futh {ks=k dh •jkc cSysal 'khV gks_ lkoZtfud O;;
,d j{kd osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
 futh fuos'k (,iQMhvkbZ] ,iQvkbZvkbZ vkSj ,iQihvkbZ)
tksf•eiw.kZ vkSj vfLFkj gSaA
z iwjs fo'o esa gky osQ fnuksa esa lkoZtfud O;; esa o`f¼ osQ
dkj.k%
 fodklkRed dk;Z
 eagxkbZ esa o`f¼
 8 vjc oSf'od vkcknh
 dY;k.kdkjh jkT;ksa esa o`f¼
 vkarfjd vkSj ckgjh lqj{kk ij c<+k gqvk •pZ
 'kgjhdj.k esa o`f¼
 lkoZtfud {ks=k dk fodkl
 futh {ks=k dh lgk;rk osQ fy, vkfFkZd mik;A
z Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud O;; jktdks"kh; lesdu y{;ksa }kjk
çfrcafèkr gS] bls LokLF; vkSj f'k{kk tSls çeq{ks=kksa esa futh
fuos'k osQ lkFk iwjd gksuk pkfg,A
270
z lkoZtfud O;; dh ek=kk vkSj xq.koÙkk nksuksa dks c<+kus dh
vko';drk gSA VSDl&Vw&thMhih vuqikr c<+kus vkSj vfèkd
futh fuos'k ykus ij è;ku nsuk pkfg,A
lkoZtfud ½.k@jk"Vªh; ½.k
z lkoZtfud ½.k fdlh ns'k dh ljdkj osQ ½.k dh dqy
jkf'k gSA
z blesa ckgjh vkSj vkarfjd nksuksa ½.k vkSj ljdkj dh dqy
nsunkfj;ka Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
z ;g ,d dtZ gS ftldk Hkqxrku lh,iQvkbZ (Hkkjr dh
lafpr fufèk) ls fd;k tkuk gSA
z bls lh,iQvkbZ (Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 292 osQ
vUrxZr) ls Hkqxrku dh xbZ osQaæ ljdkj dh lexz nsunkfj;ksa
osQ :i esa Hkh le>k tk ldrk gSA blesa Hkkjr osQ lkoZtfud
•krs ls Hkqxrku fd, x, ½.k dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k
gSA
z foÙk ea=kky; osQ vuqlkj]foÙko"kZ 20 esa] thMhih osQ çfr'kr
osQ :i esa Hkkjr dk dqy ½.k Hkkj 51-6 çfr'kr Fkk_
foÙko"kZ 21 esa] ;g 60-5 çfr'kr FkkA
z fdlh ns'k dh ½.k pqdkus dh {kerk mlosQ ½.k &ls&thMhih
vuqikr ls tkuh tkrh gSA ;g voèkkj.kk fuos'kdksa dks fdlh
ns'k esa fuos'k djus ;k u djus osQ ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysus esa
enn djrh gSA
z ½.k&ls&thMhih vuqikr dk mi;ksx ljdkj dh vius ½.k
dks pqdkus@pqdkus dh {kerk dk fo'ys"k.k djus osQ fy,
Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
z ,d çeqvFkZO;oLFkk dk vfèkd ½.k&ls&thMhih vuqikr
jk"Vªh;@oSf'od vkfFkZd ladV dks c<+kok ns ldrk gSA
z Hkkjr dk lkoZtfud ½.k fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa lcls vfèkd
gS] tcfd ½.k dh gekjh lkeF;Z muesa ls lcls detksj gSA
z lkoZtfud ½.k dk lzksr gS%
 fnukafdr ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ka ;k th&lsdA
 Vªstjh fcy ;k Vh&fcy
 ckgjh lgk;rk
 y?kq vofèk dh mèkkjh
z mèkkj ysus@lkoZtfud ½.k osQ dkj.k%
 tc ljdkj osQ ikl vk; ls vfèkd O;; gks_ bls mèkkj
ysus dh t:jr iM+rh gSA
 jk"Vªh; vk; esa djksa dk ,d NksVk fgLlk vFkkZr cgqr
de yksx dj nsrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 vçR;{k djkèkku fuEu oxZ osQ rcosQ ij ncko Mkyrk  Hkz"Vkpkj] csdkj dh ifj;kstukvksa] ykyiQhrk'kkgh vkfn
gS vkSj bl çdkj ljdkj dks muosQ cks> dks de djus osQ dkj.k lkoZtfud èku dk nq#i;ksx gksrk gSA
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA  ljdkj dks dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa vkSj o`f¼ vkSj

 ,d tfVy dj ç.kkyh djpksjh dks tUe nsrh gS ;k fodkl osQ fy, egRoiw.kZ fofHkUu igyksa osQ fy, mèkkj
yksxksa dks yxu ls djksa dk Hkqxrku ugha djus osQ fy, ysus dh vko';drk gSA
çsfjr djrh gSA z lkoZtfud ½.k dk oxhZdj.k%

lkoZtfud ½.k

ifjoDork osQ vuqlkj lkoZtfud ½.k lalk/u osQ lkoZtfud ½.k LoSfPNdrk
lkoZtfud ½.k vuqlkj osQ vuqlkj

vYidkfyd ½.k vkarfjd ½.k

(rhu eghus ls ,d (vkarfjd ½.k osQ laLFkku) LoSfpNd ½.k
o"kZ rd dk ½.k) & futh O;fDr vkSj laLFkku
& lkekftd lqj{kk laLFkku vkSj
eè;kof/ ½.k & okf.kfT;d cSad vkSj chek oaQifu;ka vfuok;Z ½.k
(,d o"kZ ls ikap
& lasVªy cSad
o"kZ rd dk ½.k)
ckgjh ½.k
nh?kZdkfyd ½.k (ikap
& ifjiDork osQ vuqlkj
o"kZ ;k mlls vf/d
& vYidkfyd ckgjh ½.k
osQ fy, ½.k)
& eè;e vof/ osQ ckgjh ½.k
& nh?kZdkfyd ckgjh ½.k
& mi;ksx osQ vuqlkj
& fodkl ozsQfMV
& rduhdh oszQfMV (lgk;rk)
& j{kk ozsQfMV
& nku
& ysunkjksa osQ vuqlkj
& varj ljdkjh m/kj
& pqoQkSrh osQ mnkj vuqlkj fons'kh eqnzk ½.k
& nsunkjksa osQ vuqlkj
& lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ ckgjh ½.k
& futh {ks=k osQ ckgjh ½.k
& pqoQkSrh osQ vuqlkj fons'kh eqnzk ½.k
& fons'kh eqnzk ½.k
& LFkkuh; eqnzk ½.k

d foÙk
yksd foÙk (ctV
(ctVvkSvkS
j jjktdks
jktdks
"kh;"kh; uhfr)
uhfr) 271
  vkarfjd ½.k%
 ns'k osQ Hkhrj ls mèkkj fy;k x;k ½.kA
 çeqlzksr okf.kfT;d cSad vkSj foÙkh; laLFkku gSaA
 dqy lkoZtfud ½.k dk 93» ls vfèkd gSA
 bls vkxs nks O;kid Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk
ldrk gS & foi.ku ;ksX; vkSj xSj&foi.ku ;ksX;
½.kA
 fnukafdr ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ka (th&lsd) vkSj Vªstjh
fcy (Vh&fcy) uhykeh osQ ekè;e ls tkjh fd,
tkrs gSa vkSj foi.ku ;ksX; ½.k dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA
 jkT; ljdkjksa vkSj lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ cSadksa dks tkjh
eè;orhZ Vh&fcy (14 fnuksa dh ifjiDork vofèk)]
jk"Vªh; y?kq cpr dks"k (,u,l,l,iQ) dks tkjh
fo'ks"k çfrHkwfr;ksa dks xSj&foi.ku ;ksX; ½.k osQ :i
esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gSA
 cká ½.k%
 ½.k ns'k osQ ckgj O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj laxBuksa ls fy;k
tkrk gSA
 ljdkj okf.kfT;d cSadksa] ljdkjksa ;k varjjk"Vªh;
foÙkh; laxBuksa vkSj O;fÙkQ;ksa ls mèkkj ysrh gSA
 ewy vkSj C;kt nksuksa dk Hkqxrku vkerkSj ij mlh
eqæk esa fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa ½.k fy;k x;k FkkA
 blesa 'kkfey gks ldrs gSa%
Š lkoZtfud vkSj lkoZtfud :i ls xkjaVhÑr ½.k
Š xSj&xkjaVhÑr futh {ks=k dk cká ½.k
Š osQaæh; cSad tek
Š vkbZ,e,iQ ls ½.k
 mRiknd ½.k & os ½.k tks jsyos] fctyh] flapkbZ vkfn
tSls lzksrksa ls vk; mRiUu djus esa enn djrs gSaA vk;
dk mi;ksx okf"kZd C;kt vkSj ewyèku osQ Hkqxrku osQ
fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g djnkrk vkSj ljdkj ij
ncko Mkyrk gSA
 vuqRiknd ½.k & ,sls ½.k tks mu laifÙk;ksa ij •pZ
fd, tkrs gSa tks vk; ugha iSnk djrs gSaA bu dtks± esa
C;kt ij Hkh uqdlku gks ldrk gSA
 çfrns;@vçfrns; ½.k & og ½.k ftlesa ljdkj ckn esa
fuf'pr rkjhij dtZ pqdkus dk oknk djrh gSA
 v'kksè; ½.k@lnk ½.k & ,d fuf'pr le; ij okil
Hkqxrku djus osQ fdlh Hkh okns osQ fcuk fy;k x;k ½.kA
 foÙkiksf"kr ½.k & nh?kkZofèk ½.kA bu ½.kksa dk Hkqxrku
,d o"kZ osQ ckn fd;k tkuk gSA
272
 vuiQaMsM ½.k ½.k tks 6&12 eghuksa osQ fy, mèkkj
fy;k tkrk gSA
 vYidkyhu ½.k & ,sls ½.k ftudk Hkqxrku ,d o"kZ
osQ Hkhrj fd;k tkuk gksrk gSA
 nh?kZdkyhu ½.k & ½.k tks ,d o"kZ osQ ckn pqdkus
gksrs gSaA
lkoZtfud ½.k osQ ykHk
z ;g iwath miyCèk djkrk gS tks mRiknu c<+kus vkSj thou
Lrj osQ lkFk&lkFk ns'k esa fofHkUu vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa dks
lqxe cukrk gSA
z ;g fofHkUu çkÑfrd vkSj ekuo fufeZr vkinkvksa vkSj
ladVksa ls fuiVus esa enn djrk gSA
z ;g lalkèkuksa osQ vkoaVu esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy,
lgk;d gksrk gSA
z lkoZtfud ½.k dks mèkkjnkrkvksa osQ fy, fuos'k dk ,d
lqjf{kr lzksr ekuk tkrk gSA
z ;g csgrj varjjk"Vªh; lacaèkksa tSls fofHkUu xSj&vkfFkZd ykHkksa
esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
lkoZtfud ½.k osQ uqdlku
z iSls dk ,d cM+k fgLlk nwljksa dks C;kt osQ :i esa pqdkuk
gksrk gSA
z u pqdkus osQ ekeys esa_ fnokfy;k gksus dk •rjk gSA
z i;kZIr dtZ osQ lkFk fiQtwy•phZ gks ldrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ
fy, 2009 esa xzhl dk ½.k&ls&thMhih vuqikr 160» FkkA
z ?kjsyw ekeyksa esa varjjk"Vªh; gLr{ksi dk •rjk ges'kk cuk
jgrk gS D;ksafd ns'k dtZnkj gksrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, phu
dh ½.k tky dwVuhfrA
z varr% pqdkSrh osQ fy, cks> dks turk ij LFkkukarfjr dj
fn;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud ½.k çcaèku
z 1934 osQ vkjchvkbZ vfèkfu;e osQ vuqlkj] fjtoZ cSad
cSadj gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk osQaæ ljdkj osQ fy, lkoZtfud
½.k çcaèkd Hkh gSA
z vkjchvkbZ ljdkj dh vksj ls lHkh èku] çs"k.k] fons'kh eqæk
vkSj cSafdax ysunsu dh ns•jsdjrk gSA
z vkjchvkbZ ljdkj dk osQ'k cSysal fMikWftV ysrk gSA
,iQvkjch,e ij ,uosQ flag lfefr us osQaæ ljdkj osQ fy,
½.k&ls&thMhih vuqikr 40 çfr'kr vkSj jkT;ksa osQ fy, 20
çfr'kr dk lq>ko fn;k gSA vkSj dqy 60 iQhlnh lkekU; ljdkjh
½.k&ls&thMhihA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
lkoZtfud ½.k dks laèkkj.kh; osQls cuk;k tk, leFkZu djus osQ fy, mls fdruk iSlk •pZ djuk pkfg,]
z ?kkVs esa py jgs lkoZtfud miØeksa dk futhdj.kA vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk osQ ifg;ksa dks lqpk: :i ls pykus osQ
fy, ra=k ls fdruk jktLo vftZr djuk pkfg,A
z jktdks"kh; mÙkjnkf;Ro ctV çcaèku (,iQvkjch,e)
z rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl çkIr djuk Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk rS;kj dh
vfèkfu;e 2003 dk ikyuA
xbZ jktdks"kh; uhfr osQ çeqy{;ksa esa ls ,d gSA
z lkoZtfud foÙkh; çcaèku ç.kkyh (ih,iQ,e,l) dk
mÙkksyuA jktdks"kh; uhfr vkSj ekSfæd uhfr osQ chp varj%
z lkekftd {ks=k dh ;kstukvksa esa ihihih ekWMyA jktdks"kh; uhfr ekSfæd uhfr
z baÚkLVªDpj esa fuos'kA z ljdkjh O;; vkSj dj njksa z iSls dh vkiwfrZ vkSj C;kt
z dj O;oLFkk dk lkeatL;A esa ifjorZu ls lacafèkr gSA nj esa cnyko ls lacafèkr
z vk;kr fcyksa dks de djus osQ fy, v{k; ÅtkZ ij tksjA z ;g ljdkj }kjk fuèkkZfjr gSA
fd;k tkrk gS (vkjchvkbZ z ;g ns'k osQ osQaæh; cSad
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) ugha)A (Hkkjr esa vkjchvkbZ)
1. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lanHkZ esa] xSj&foÙkh; ½.k esa z bldk dksbZ fof'k"V y{; }kjk fuèkkZfjr fd;k tkrk
fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk 'kkfey gS\ (2020) ugha gS (tSls eqækLiQhfr gSA
1- ifjokjksa }kjk cdk;k vkokl ½.k vkfn) z bldk fof'k"V y{;
2- ØsfMV dkMZ ij cdk;k jkf'k z bldk vlj ctV vkSj (eqækLiQhfr y{;hdj.k
3- Vªstjh fcy mèkkjh ij iM+ ldrk gSA uhfr) gSA
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,% z ;g jktuhfrd fu.kZ;ksa ls z ;g fofue; njksa vkSj
vR;fèkd çHkkfor gksrk vpy laifÙk] ½.k vkfn
(a) osQoy 1
gSA dks çHkkfor dj ldrk
(b) osQoy 1 vkSj 2 gSA
(c) osQoy 3 z ;g vkerkSj ij jktuhfrd
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3 çHkko ls Lora=k gksrk gSA
jktdks"kh; uhfr z jktdks"kh; uhfr osQ mís';
 vkfFkZd fodkl% jktdks"kh; uhfr vFkZO;oLFkk dh
z jktdks"kh; uhfr vFkZO;oLFkk dks çHkkfor djus osQ fy, fodkl nj dks cuk, j•us esa enn djrh gS rkfd dqN
ljdkj osQ jktLo laxzg (eq[; :i ls dj ysfdu xSj&dj vkfFkZd y{;ksa dks çkIr fd;k tk losQA tSls LVhy]
jktLo tSls fofuos'k] ½.k) vkSj O;; (•pZ) dk mi;ksx moZjd vkfn tSls Hkkjh m|ksx LFkkfir djukA futh {ks=k
gSA
bruk cM+k •pZ ugha mBk ldrk gS blfy, ljdkj dks
z jktdks"kh; uhfr osQ ekè;e ls] fdlh ns'k dh ljdkj dne mBkuk gksxkA
vFkZO;oLFkk dks pykus osQ fy, dj jktLo vkSj lkoZtfud
 ewY; fLFkjrk% ;g vkiwfrZ dks fofu;fer djosQ ns'k osQ
O;; osQ çokg dks fu;af=kr djrh gSA
ewY; Lrj dks fu;af=kr djrk gS rkfd tc eqækLiQhfr
z ;fn ljdkj •pZ ls vfèkd jktLo çkIr djrh gS] rks ;g
cgqr vfèkd gks rks dherksa dks de fd;k tk losQA
vfèk'ks"k esa gksrh gS] tcfd ;fn ;g dj vkSj xSj&dj
blosQ vykok Hkkstu] ,yihth vkfn ij lfClMh osQ
çkfIr;ksa ls vfèkd •pZ djrh gS] rks ;g ?kkVs esa pyrh gSA
ekè;e lsA
z vfrfjÙkQ O;; dks iwjk djus osQ fy,] ljdkj dks ?kjsyw Lrj
 iw.kZ jkstxkj% bldk mís'; de vkfFkZd xfrfofèk ls
ij ;k fons'kksa ls mèkkj ysus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
mcjus osQ fy, ,d midj.k osQ :i esa iw.kZ jkstxkj ;k
z oSdfYid :i ls] ljdkj vius fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dks yxHkx iw.kZ jkstxkj çkIr djuk gSA ih,l;w osQ ekè;e
vkdf"kZr djus ;k vfrfjÙkQ eqæk dh NikbZ djus dk fodYi ls_ jkstxkj l`ftr gksrs gSaA blosQ vykok] dj vodk'k
Hkh pqu ldrh gS vkSj vU; çksRlkgu futh {ks=k dks vkSj vfèkd fuos'k
z Hkkjr esa jktdks"kh; uhfr ,d ekxZn'kZd cy gS tks ljdkj djus osQ fy, çksRlkfgr djrs gSa vkSj bl çdkj jkstxkj
dks ;g r; djus esa enn djrh gS fd vkfFkZd xfrfofèk dk iSnk djrs gSaA

d foÙk
yksd foÙk (ctV
(ctVvkSvkS
j jjktdks
jktdks
"kh;"kh; uhfr)
uhfr) 273
  vk; vkSj èku vlekurkvksa dks de djus osQ fy,%
;g vehjksa ij vfèkd dj dk cks> vkSj xjhcksa ij de
;k dksbZ cks> ugha Mkydj fd;k tkrk gSA
 Hkqxrku larqyu esa larqyu cuk, j•us osQ fy,%
ljdkj lfClMh vkSj çksRlkgu osQ ekè;e ls fu;kZr dks
c<+kok nsrh gS tcfd c<+s gq, VSfjiQ vkSj vU; ckèkkvksa
osQ ekè;e ls vk;kr dks de djrh gSA
 çHkkoh ç'kklu dks c<+kok nsuk% iqfyl] j{kk] U;k;ikfydk
vkSj vU; oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ij •pZ djosQA
jktdks"kh; uhfr osQ çdkj
 foLrkjoknh jktdks"kh; uhfr &
 ;g cktkj esa vfèkd iSlk yxkdj vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa
dks c<+kuk pkgrh gSA
 O;kikj pØ esa ladqpu osQ tokc esa viuk;k tkrk
gS vkSj vkfFkZd eanh dks jksdrh gSA
 djksa dks de djus osQ mik; vkSj ljdkjh •pZ esa
o`f¼ foLrkjoknh jktdks"kh; uhfr osQ ?kVd gSa
 lafonkRed jktdks"kh; uhfr &
 ;g cktkj ls iSlk fudkydj vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa
dks de djrh gSA
 bls c<+rh egaxkbZ ls fuiVus osQ fy, fMtkbu fd;k
x;k gSA
 bls c<+rh egaxkbZ ls fuiVus osQ fy, fMtkbu fd;k
x;k gSA
 rVLFk jktdks"kh; uhfr &
 ljdkjh •pZ dj jktLo osQ cjkcj gksrk gS
jktdks"kh; uhfr dk egRo
 Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'k esa] jktdks"kh; uhfr lkoZtfud
vkSj futh nksuksa {ks=kksa esa iwath fuekZ.k dh nj c<+kus esa
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA
 djkèkku osQ ekè;e ls] ;g viuh dbZ ifj;kstukvksa
osQ foÙkiks"k.k osQ fy, cM+h ek=kk esa lalkèku tqVkus esa
enn djrh gSA
 jktdks"kh; uhfr cpr nj dks c<+kus esa Hkh enn dj
ldrh gS D;ksafd turk osQ ikl •pZ djus ;k cpkus
osQ fy, vfèkd iSlk gks ldrk gSA
 djksa vkSj vU; çksRlkguksa dks de djosQ jktdks"kh; uhfr
futh {ks=k dks viuh xfrfofèk;ksa dk foLrkj djus dk
i;kZIr volj nsrh gSA
 bldk mís'; vk; vkSj èku osQ iQSyko esa vlarqyu dks
de djuk gSA
jktdks"kh; lesdu
z ;g ns'k osQ jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dks de djus dh çfØ;k gSA
z fot; osQydj lfefr us jktdks"kh; etcwrh dk jksMeSi
çLrqr fd;kA
v v
274
z jktdks"kh; lesdu osQ fy, mBk, x, dne%
 ,iQvkjch,e vfèkfu;e] 2003] th,lVh] fnokyk
vkSj fnokfy;kiu foèks;d dk dk;kZUo;uA
 çR;{k ykHk varj.k osQ ekè;e ls ljdkjh lfClMh
dk csgrj y{;hdj.kA
 csgrj vuqikyu ra=k }kjk dj laxzg esa lqèkkj osQ
ekè;e ls] ns'k osQ dj vkèkkj vkSj dj ls thMhih
vuqikr esa o`f¼ djuk
 ljdkj us 2020&21 osQ fy, 1-20 ykdjksM+ #i;s
dk fofuos'k y{; j•k gSA
15osa foÙk vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'ksa
z 2020&21 esa fMfoftcy iwy dk 41» jkT;ksa dks fn;k
tk,xkA
z {kSfrt fopyu rhu ekunaMksa osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k x;k%
 vko';drk vkèkkfjr& tula[;k] {ks=k] ou vkSj
ikfjfLFkfrdhA
 bfDoVh vkèkkfjr& vk; nwjh (çkFkfedrk dk lcls
cM+k çfr'kr)A
 fu"iknu vkèkkfjr& tulkaf[;dh; fu"iknu vkSj dj
ç;klA
z rhu çdkj osQ vuqnkuksa dh vuq'kalk dh tkrh gS%
 jktLo ?kkVs okys jkT;ksa osQ fy, jktLo ?kkVk vuqnkuA
 iks"k.k] LokLF;] f'k{kk] U;k;ikfydk vkfn osQ fy,
{ks=kh; vuqnkuA
 6 O;kid ekunaMksa ij fu"iknu vkèkkfjr çksRlkguA
z LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks l'kÙkQ cukuk%
 iapk;rh jkt laLFkku osQ lHkh Lrjksa dks vuqnku nsuk vkSj
mUgsa lalkèku ,d=k djus dh vuqefr nsukA
 5oha vkSj 6oha vuqlwph osQ {ks=kksa vkSj Nkouh cksMks± dks
vuqnkuA
 LoPNrk vkSj is;ty osQ egRoiw.kZ {ks=kksa esa vuqnkuA
 'kgjhdj.k osQ fy, •krk vkSj eè;e vofèk esa vuqnku
osQ fy, LFkkuh; fudk;ksa osQ fgLls dks c<+kdj 40»
djukA
 LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks foHkkT; iwy dk 4-3» ;k 90000
djksM+A
z vkink tksf•e çcaèku%
 LFkkuh; Lrj ij 'keu xfrfofèk;ksa dks c<+kok nsus osQ
fy, jkT; vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj ij 'keu dks"k LFkkfir
djukA
v
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 16 Hkkjrh; djkèkku iz.kkyh

Hkkjrh; djkèkku dk lkekU; ifjn`'; z dj ,d vfuok;Z Hkqxrku gS u fd LoSfPNd Hkqxrku ;k

djnkrkvksa }kjk fd;k x;k nku gS] ,slk u djuk ,d naMuh;
z ¶dj¸ 'kCn ¶djkèkku¸ 'kCn ls cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS
vijkèk gSA
,d vkdyuA
z 2022&23 esa Hkkjr dh 'kq¼ çR;{k dj çkfIr;ka c<+dj
z çR;{k djkèkku dh ç.kkyh] tSlk fd vkt Kkr gS] çkphu
7-45 yk• djksM+ gks xbZ Fkha] tks bl lky ds ctV y{;
dky ls fdlh u fdlh :i esa Hkkjr esa ekStwn gSA
ds vkèks ls Hkh T;knk gS] tks ,d lky igys blh vofèk
z ljdkjsa mu ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, jktLo l`ftr djus ds fy, dh rqyuk esa 16-3» vfèkd gSA
vius ukxfjdksa ij dj yxkrh gSa tks ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk
z çkjafHkd vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj] 'kq¼ O;fÙkQxr vk;dj laxzg
dks ykHk igq¡pkrh gSa vkSj vius ukxfjdksa ds thou Lrj dks
esa 17-35» dh o`f¼ gqbZ] fuxfer vk;dj jktLo esa o`f¼
Åij mBkrh gSaA
gqbZ] ftlesa 16-29» 'kq¼ çfrnk; dh o`f¼ gqbZA O;fÙkQxr
z Hkkjr esa djkjksi.kdk ljdkj dk vfèkdkj Hkkjrh; lafoèkku vk;dj çkfIr;ksa ds lkFk la;qÙkQ gksus ij çfrHkwfr ysunsu dj
ls fy;k x;k gS] ftlus dsaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa dks djkjksi.k (STT) laxzg 16-25» vfèkd eè;e Js.kh dk gks x;kA
dk vfèkdkj fn;k gSA
z ea=kky; us dgk fd dj çfrnk; fiNys o"kZ dh rqyuk esa
z Hkkjr ds Hkhrj yxk, x, lHkh djksa ds vkuq"kafxd :i esa 81» c<+dj 1-53 yk• djksM+ rd igqap x;k] ;g n'kkZrk
laln ;k jkT; foèkkueaMy }kjk ikfjr dkuwu gksuk pkfg,A gS fd çR;{k dj laxzg yxkrkj c<+ jgk gSA

Hkkjr esa djkèkku dk fodkl

o"kZ lfefr çHkko
1991&93 psyS;k lfefr z dj lqèkkjksa dh 'kq#vkr Hkkjr dh dj ç.kkyh esa lqèkkj ds fy, psyS;k lfefr
dh fliQkfj'kksa ds lkFk gqbZ
1986 ts,p, lfefr z oSV dh 'kq#vkr dh x;hA dsaæh; mRikn 'kqYd dks la'kksfèkr ewY; ofèkZr dj
(MODVAT) esa cnyus dh fliQkfj'k dh
2002 fot; dsydj z laifÙk dj dk mUewyuA U;wure oSdfYid dk;Z dk mUewyu]
lfefr
2003 dsydj VkLd iQkslZ z jktdks"kh; mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj ctV çcaèku (FRBM)
fliQkfj'k dh x;h
GST
2006 & z 2010 ls GST dh 'kq#vkr dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ Fkh
2015 vlhe nkl lfefr z jkT; Lrjh; oSV dh 'kq#vkr dh xbZ
2014&16 z 16oha yksdlHkk esa 122oka lafoèkku la'kksèku fcy 2014 is'k fd;kA
z varr% ;g ikfjr gqvk vkSj 101oka lafoèkku la'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 2016 cu x;k
th,lVh dh 'kq:vkrA
djkèkku 'kfÙkQ dk laoSèkkfud forj.k
z Hkkjr esa] Hkkjrh; lafoèkku }kjk mUgsa nh xbZ 'kfÙkQ;ksa dk mi;ksx djds dsaæ ljdkj vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk dj yxk, tkrs gSaA
LFkkuh; ljdkjsa] tSls uxj ikfydk] y?kq dj Hkh yxkrh gSaA
z djkjksi.kdk vfèkdkj Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ls mitk gS] tks dsaæ ljdkj vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa ds chp fofHkUu djkjksi.k ds vfèkdkj
dks foHkkftr djrk gSA
z lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn 265 ds vuqlkj] ¶dkuwu ds vfèkdkj ds vykok dksbZ Hkh dj yxk;k ;k ,d=k ugha fd;k tk,xk]¸ tks
bl 'kfÙkQ dh ,d egRoiw.kZ lhek gSA
z ifj.kkeLo:i] yxk, x, ;k ,d=k fd, x, çR;sd dj ds lkFk laln ;k jkT; foèkkueaMy }kjk ikfjr dkuwu gksuk pkfg,A
z vuqPNsn 246% Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk] Hkkjr dh laln vkSj jkT; foèkkueaMy ds chp djkèkku lfgr foèkk;h 'kfÙkQ;ksa dk forj.k
djrk gSA
z vuqlwph 7% bu fo"k;ksa dks rhu lwfp;ksa ds mi;ksx ds lkFk çnku djrk gS%
z lwph & I% mu {ks=kksa dks 'kkfey djrk gS ftu ij dkuwu cukus ds fy, dsoy laln l{ke gS]
z lwph & II% mu {ks=kksa dks 'kkfey djrk gS ftu ij dsoy jkT; foèkkueaMy dkuwu cuk ldrk gS] vkSj
z lwph & III% mu {ks=kksa dh lwph cukuk ftu ij laln vkSj jkT; foèkkueaMy nksuksa ,d lkFk dkuwu cuk ldrs gSaA

dj jktLo dk forj.k
vuqPNsn djkèkku laxzg fofu;ksx fofHkUu dj
'ks;j] psd] opu i=k]
268 dsaæ jkT; jkT; chek vkfn ij LVkEi
'kqYd
varjjkT;h; O;kikj vkSj
okf.kT; ij djA
269 dsaæ dsaæ jkT; jktLo Hkkjr ds lesfdr
dks"k dk fgLlk ugha
curs gSaA
la?k lwph esa lHkh
dsaæ vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp dj&vk;dj (Ñf"k vk;
270 dsaæ dsaæ
lk>k fd;k x;k ds vykok)] fuxe dj]
vkfnA
vuqPNsn 268] 269]
271 dsaæ dsaæ dsaæ 270 ds rgr djksa ij
vfèkHkkjA
fcØh dj] 'kjkc vkSj
ukjdksfVDl ij mRikn
'kqYd] pqaxh] O;kolkf;d
NA jkT; jkT; jkT;
dj (vfèkdre 2500
#i;s & lafoèkku }kjk
fuèkkZfjr lhek)

276 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
,Me fLeFk }kjk djkèkku ds fl¼kar
z dbZ o"kZ igys vPNs djkèkku ds fl¼kar LFkkfir fd, x,
FksA ,Me fLeFk us n osYFk vkWiQ us'kal (1776) esa nkok
fd;k fd djksa dks pkj fl¼karksa dk ikyu djuk pkfg,%
lekurk] fuf'prrk] lqfoèkk vkSj vFkZO;oLFkkA
z lekurk ds fl¼kUr
 lekurk esa lHkh ds lkFk leku O;ogkj djuk 'kkfey
gS] ysfdu bl lanHkZ esa] lekurk dk vFkZ Hkqxrku djus
dh {kerk ls gSA
 lHkh dks leku ekurs gq,] fuEu&vk; oxZ ,d cM+h
jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djsxk] tcfd mPp&vk; lewg de
ugha rks leku jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djsxkA
 ,Me fLeFk us çLrkfor fd;k fd djksa dks vk; ds
vuqikr esa gksuk pkfg,A
z fuf'prrk ds fl¼kUr
 muds vuqlkj] ¶og dj tks ,d O;fÙkQ nsus ds fy,
ckè; gS] fuf'pr vkSj LoSfPNd gksuk pkfg,A¸
 dj dh jkf'k] Hkqxrku dh fofèk] vkSj ftl O;fÙkQ dks
Hkqxrku fd;k tkuk gS] mls fufnZ"V fd;k tkuk pkfg,
rkfd O;fÙkQ ml jkf'k ls voxr gks tks dj ds :i
esa vPNh rjg ls yxk;k tk,xkA ;fn dj ç.kkyh
vfuf'pr gS] rks O;fÙkQ dks mRihM+u dk lkeuk djuk
iM+ ldrk gSA
z lqfoèkkds fl¼kUr
 ¶çR;sd dj dks le; ij ;k nkrk ds Hkqxrku ds fy,
lqfoèkktud gksus dh laHkkouk ds :i esa çHkkfjr djus
dh vko';drk gksrh gS]¸ os dgrs gSaA
 dj ;ksX; jkf'k dk Hkqxrku vkSj Hkqxrku dh fofèk Hkqxrku
djus okys O;fÙkQ ds fy, vklku gksuh pkfg,A
 ;fn dj laxzg.k fofèk tfVy gS] rks va'knkrk fujk'k
vkSj vlarq"V gksxkA
z vFkZO;oLFkkds fl¼kUr
z ,d vPNh dj ç.kkyh og gS ftlesa ,d=k dh xbZ jkf'k
dh rqyuk esa dj laxzg dk •pZ de gksrk gSA
djksa ds çdkj
vkèkkj çR;{k dj
1- vFkZ ;fn fdlh O;fÙkQ dh vk; ;k laifÙk ij
yxk;k x;k dj ml O;fÙkQ (;k mlds
dk;kZy;) }kjk lhèks ljdkj dks fn;k tkrk
gS] rks bls çR;{k dj dgk tkrk gSA-
Hkkjrh; djkèkku
Hkkjrh; djkèkkuiz.izkkyh
.kkyh
z ,Me fLeFk ds fy,] ¶dksbZ Hkh dj ,sls rS;kj fd;k tkuk
pkfg, rkfd ;g jkT; ds lkoZtfud cVq, esa yksxksa ds cVq,
ls ftruk laHko gks lds mruk de ys vkSj vius ikl j•sA¸
djkèkku ds vU; fl¼kUr%
z ljyrk ds fl¼kUr
 ,d lhèkh dj lajpuk dks ljdkj ds fy, vfèkd vk;
esa ykuk ;k mRiUu djuk pkfg,A
 tc iwjh dj ç.kkyh lhèkh gksrh gS] rks ;g Hkze dks nwj
djrh gS vkSj le>us esa vklku gksrh gSA
z mRikndrk ds fl¼kUr
 dj dh jkf'k dks euekus <ax ls LFkkfir vkSj vfrfjÙkQ
fuos'k dks grksRlkfgr djus ds fy, O;fÙkQ ij vkjksfir
ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
 gkykafd] ;g ns'k ds 'kh"kZ vfèkdkfj;ksa ds i{k esa ,d
dj ds dk;kZUo;u dks ugha jksdrk gSA
 ljdkj dks bl rjg ls dj yxkuk pkfg, fd ;g
mRiknd gks] ;kuh i;kZIr vk; l`ftr djsA
z yphysiu ds fl¼kUr
 vkfFkZd fodkl dks cuk, j•us ds fy, dj ç.kkyh dks
i;kZIr :i ls vuqdwy gksuk pkfg,A
 tc vkSlr ukxfjd dh vk; esa o`f¼ gksrh gS] rks ljdkj
dk jktLo Hkh c<+rk gSA
 ;g vçR;{k djksa ds ekeys esa lcls vfèkd çklafxd
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] egaxs ;k foykflrkiw.kZ oLrqvksa
vkSj lsokvksa ij mPp dj yxkukA blh rjg tSls yksxksa
dh vkenuh ?kVrh gS] oSls gh mudk VSDl Hkh ?kVrk gSA
z fofoèkrk ds fl¼kUr
 fofoèkrk ds fl¼kUr ds vuqlkj] vR;fèkd mPp njksa
okyk dj ugha gksuk pkfg,] cfYd de njksa okys dbZ
dj gksus pkfg,A
 ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd mPp dj nj dk Hkqxrku djus
okys O;fÙkQ }kjk ifj.kkeLo:i dj oapuk dh tk,xhA
fofoèkrk dk fl¼kar fuos'k vkSj vkfFkZd le`f¼ dks Hkh
c<+kok nsrk gSA
vçR;{k dj
;fn fdlh O;fÙkQ dh oLrqvksa ;k lsokvksa ij dj yxk;k tkrk
gS] rks fdlh vU; O;fÙkQ (foØsrk) }kjk Øsrkvksa ls ,d=k fd;k
tkrk gS vkSj mlds }kjk ljdkj dks Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gS] bls
vçR;{k dj dgk tkrk gSA
277
 2- ?kVuk vkSj mlh O;fÙkQ ij iM+rk gSA ,d O;fÙkQ dh
çHkko vk; ij yxk;k x;k vkSj mlh O;fÙkQ }kjk
Hkqxrku fd;k x;kA
3- cks> vfèkd vk; vfèkd vk;dj dks vkdf"kZr
djrh gSA yksxksa ij dj dk cks> çxfr'khy
gksrk gSA
4- cpuk dj pksjh laHko gS
5- eqæk LiQhfr çR;{k dj eqækLiQhfr dks de djus esa enn
djrk gSA
6- LFkkukarfjr nwljksa ij LFkkukarfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk
djus dh
{kerk
7- mnkgj.k vk;dj] èku dj] iwathxr ykHk dj] çfrHkwfr th,lVh] mRikn 'kqYd-
ysunsu dj] vuqykHk dj
djkèkku dh fofèk;k¡
vkuqikfrd dj%
z vkuqikfrd dj os gSa ftuesa dj vkèkkj esa ifjorZu gksus ij
dj dh nj fLFkj jgrh gSA
z bl ekeys esa] dj vkèkkj vk;] laifÙk dk ekSfæd ewY;] èku
;k lkeku vkfn gks ldrk gSA gkyk¡fd] vk; dks çkFkfed
dj vkèkkj ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g fdlh O;fÙkQ dh dj
;ksX; {kerk dks fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA
z bl çdkj] vkuqikfrd dj ç.kkyh esa] vk; ifjorZu ds
çR;{k vuqikr esa dj fHkUu gksrs gSaA tc vk; nksxquh gks
tkrh gS] rks dj jkf'k Hkh nksxquh gks tkrh gSA
çxfr'khy dj%
z çxfr'khy dj os gSa ftuesa dj dh nj le; ds lkFk c<+rh
gSA bl çdkj] ,d çxfr'khy dj esa] Hkqxrku dh xbZ dj
dh jkf'k dj vkèkkj ;k vk; dh rqyuk esa rsth ls c<+rh gSA
z D;ksafd djkèkku dh jkf'k vkèkkj dks nj ls xq.kk djus dk
mRikn gS] vkSj nksuksa ,d çxfr'khy dj esa o`f¼ djrs gSaA
z ifj.kkeLo:i] ,d çxfr'khy dj c<+rh vk; dk ,d cM+k
vuqikr fudkyrk gSA
çfrxkeh dj%
z çfrxkeh dj os gksrs gSa ftuesa dj vkèkkj c<+us ij dj dh
nj de gks tkrh gSA
z ;g è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd çfrxkeh djkèkku esa] tcfd
dj dh dqy jkf'k iw.kZ :i ls mPp vk; ds lkFk c<+rh gS]
dj dh nj lkis{k :i ls mPp vk; ds lkFk ?kV tkrh gSA
278
vyx&vyx O;fÙkQ;ksa ij iM+rk gSA foØsrkvksa ij vkjksfir
fd;k x;k ysfdu miHkksÙkQkvksa ls olwyk x;k vkSj foØsrkvksa
}kjk Hkqxrku fd;k x;kA
dj dh nj lHkh O;fÙkQ;ksa ij leku gSA blfy, vfèkd vk;
okys O;fÙkQ dj ds :i esa viuh vk; dk de vkSj de fgLlk
pqdkrs gSaA dj dk cks> çfrxkeh gSA
dj pksjh vfèkd dfBu gS
vçR;{k dj eqækLiQhfr esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA
nwljksa esa LFkkukarfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS
z ifj.kkeLo:i] xjhcksa ij vehjksa dh rqyuk esa vuqikrghu
:i ls Hkkjh cks> iM+rk gSA
z vke rkSj ij vko';d dj çfrxkeh gksrs gSa D;ksafd os mPp
vk; dh rqyuk esa de vk; dk vfèkd çfr'kr ysrs gSaA
z çfrxkeh djkèkku bl çdkj vU;k;iw.kZ vkSj vleku gSA ;g
lekurk fl¼kar dk ikyu ugha djrkA ;g leqnk; esa vk;
vlekurkvksa dks c<+krk gSA
vèkksxkeh dj%
z vèkksxkeh dj os gksrs gSa tks ekewyh :i ls çxfr'khy gksrs
gSa] ;kuh cgqr T;knk ugha gksrs gSa] rkfd mPp vk; okys yksx
lekurk ds vkèkkj ij vuko';d R;kx u djsaA
z vèkksxkeh djkèkku esa ,d dj ,d fuf'pr fcanq rd
çxfr'khy gks ldrk gS] ftlds ckn bls ,d leku nj ij
yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
z bl çdkj] vèkksxkeh djkèkku esa] ns; dj ?kVrh nj ls
c<+rk gSA
fof'k"V dj%
z ,d çfr bdkbZ dj] ftls ,d fof'k"V dj ds :i esa Hkh
tkuk tkrk gS] og gS tks fdlh oLrq ;k lsok dh fcØh dh
çR;sd bdkbZ ij ,d fuf'pr jkf'k yxkrk gS] tSls lSdM+k
çfr fdyksxzkeA
z bl çdkj] dher dh ijokg fd, fcuk] ;g csps x, mRikn
dh fof'k"V ek=kk ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA mRikn 'kqYd]
mnkgj.k ds fy,] bl Js.kh ds varxZr vkrs gSaA
z tc csps tk jgs mRikn ;k lsok dh ek=kk vklkuh ls ekih
tkrh gS] rks çfr&bdkbZ djksa dk ç'kklfud ykHk gksrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
,M osyksjse dj%
z ,M oSyksjse ,d ySfVu okD;ka'k gS ftldk vFkZ gS ¶ewY; ds
vuqlkj¸A oLrq ds fuèkkZfjr ewY; ds vkèkkj ij ,M oSyksjse
dj yxk;k tkrk gSA
z ,M oSyksjse djkèkku ,d çdkj dk djkèkku gS tks fdlh
oLrq tSls fd vpy laifÙk ;k O;fÙkQxr laifÙk ds ewY;kadu
ewY; ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA
z laifÙk dj ,M oSyksjse djkèkku dk lcls vke :i gSA
z nwljh vksj] ,M oSyksjse dj] fofHkUu çdkj ds dj vkosnuksa
ij ykxw gks ldrs gSa] tSls fd vU; ns'kksa ls eky ij vk;kr
'kqYd djA
,M oSyksjse vkSj fof'k"V dj esa varj%
,M oSyksjse fof'k"V dj
,M osyksjse dj mRikn ds ;g csph xbZ bdkbZ dh ek=kk
ewY;kafdr ewY; ij vkèkkfjr ds vkèkkj ij ,d fuf'pr
gS] ^,sM osyksjse* ,d ySfVu jkf'k dk dj gSA
'kCn gS ftldk vFkZ gS ^ewY;
ds vuqlkj*A
•jhnh xbZ oLrq ds ewY; ds ;g •jhnh xbZ oLrq dh ek=kk
vkèkkj ij ewY;kuqlkj dj ds vkèkkj ij yxk;k tkrk gSA
yxk;k tkrk gSA
dj vkerkSj ij çfr'kr esa dj vkerkSj ij fof'k"V
O;ÙkQ fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k jde esa O;ÙkQ fd;k tkrk
ds fy, Hkkjr esa th,lVhesa 5 gSA mnkgj.k% isVªksy ij mRikn
dj nj LySc gSa& 0] 5] 12] 'kqYdA
18 vkSj 28 çfr'krA
mnkgj.k% th,lVh] laifÙk mnkgj.k% isVªksy vkSj 'kjkc
dj] fcØh djA mRiknksa ij mRikn 'kqYdA
os çÑfr esa çxfr'khy gSaA ;s çfrxkeh çÑfr ds gksrs gSaA
,dy dj%
z ,dy dj ç.kkyh ,d djkèkku ç.kkyh gS tks T;knkrj ;k
iwjh rjg ls dj ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gS] ftls vDlj vius
fof'k"V xq.kksa ds fy, pquk tkrk gS] vkSj vDlj Hkwfe ewY;
ij dj gksrk gSA
z 17oha 'krkCnh esa] tkWu yksds vkSj ck:d fLiukstk us Lora=k
:i ls Hkwfe ewY;ksa ij ,dy dj dk lq>ko fn;kA
cgq dj%
z ,d cgq dj ç.kkyh og gS ftlesa fofHkUu enksa ;k vkèkkjksa
ij dj yxk;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjrh; djkèkku
Hkkjrh; djkèkkuiz.izkkyh
.kkyh
z ,d vkèkqfud vFkZO;oLFkk esa ,d Hkh oLrqfu"B vFkZO;oLFkk
ugha gksrh gSA ;g ,d gh le; esa fodkl] vk; vkSj laifÙk
ds leku forj.k] vkfFkZd fLFkjhdj.k vkSj tYn gh vkxs
c<+us dk ç;kl djrk gSA
z D;ksafd fdlh ,d dj ls lHkh ekspks± ij vFkZO;oLFkk dks
ykHk dh mEehn ugha dh tk ldrh gS] ,d cgq&dj ç.kkyh
vifjgk;Z gks tkrh gSA
z ,d cgq dj ç.kkyh dk ykHk ;g gS fd ;g yxkrkj dj
pksjh ds iSVuZ dk irk yxkus esa çHkkoh gSA
z ;g ljdkj dh dj vk; dks c<+krk gSA ;g ,dhÑr dj
ç.kkyh dh rqyuk esa vfèkd vuqdwy gSA
çR;{k djkèkku ç.kkyh
z ,d dj tks fdlh O;fÙkQ dh vk; vkSj laifÙk ij yxk;k
tkrk gS vkSj lhèks ljdkj dks Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gS] mls
çR;{k dj ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS_ bl dj ls cpk ugha
tk ldrkA
z dj ØeoèkhZ gksrk gSA bldk ewY;kadu O;fÙkQ dh Hkqxrku
djus dh {kerk ds vkèkkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA dsaæh; çR;{k
dj cksMZ (CBDT)] tks Hkkjr ljdkj esa foÙk ea=kky; dk
fgLlk gS] çR;{k dj dk;ZØeksa vkSj uhfr;ksa ij fliQkfj'ksa
djrk gSA
z 2021&22 ds igys <kbZ eghus (vçSy&twu) esa Hkkjr esa
çR;{k dj jktLo 1-86 yk• djksM+ #i;s ls vfèkd gS]
tks fiNys lky dh leku vofèk esa yxHkx nksxquk gS] tks
jk"Vªh; can ls çHkkfor FkkA
çR;{k dj ds çdkj vkSj fofoèkrk,a
z vk;dj
 O;fÙkQ;ksa] fganw vfoHkkftr ifjokjksa] viathÑr O;olk;ksa
vkSj yksxksa ds vU; lewgksa ij mudh dekbZ ij dj
yxk;k tkrk gSA
 Hkkjr esa] vk;dj çxfr'khy gSA lHkh lzksrksa ls gksus okyh
vk; dks ,df=kr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ml ij O;fÙkQ ds
vk;dj LySc ds vuqlkj dj yxk;k tkrk gSA
 vk;dj njksa dh x.kuk 'kq¼ vk; dh jkf'k ds vkèkkj
ij dh tkrh gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn vkidh 'kq¼ dj ;ksX; vk; 5
ls 7-5 yk• #i;s ds chp gS] rks vkils 10» vk;dj
fy;k tk,xkA
 ;g è;ku j•uk egRoiw.kZ gS fd Ñf"k vk; vk;dj
ds vèkhu ugha gSA 10» vk;dj vfèkHkkj gS tgka dqy
vk; 50 yk• #i;s ls vfèkd gS ysfdu 1 djksM+ #i;s
ls vfèkd ugha gSA-
279
z iwathxr ykHk dj
 iwathxr laifÙk dh fcØh ls çkIr fdlh Hkh ykHk ;k
ykHk dks iwathxr ykHk dgk tkrk gSA iwath dh fcØh ls
vftZr ykHk ij dj yxk;k tkrk gSA
 iwathxr laifÙk esa Hkwfe] Hkou] edku] vkHkw"k.k] isVsaV
vkSj dkWihjkbV 'kkfey gSaA ,d vYidkfyd iwathxr
laifÙk ,d foÙkh; laifÙk gS tks 36 eghus ls de le;
ds fy, vk;ksftr dh tkrh gSA
 ,d nh?kZdkfyd iwathxr laifÙk 36 eghus ls vfèkd
ds fy, vk;ksftr dh xbZ gSA vpy laifÙk ds fy,
36 eghus dh vko';drk dks foÙkh; o"kZ 2017&18 ls
?kVkdj 24 eghus dj fn;k x;k gSA
 vftZr vk; ds vkèkkj ij vYidkfyd vkSj nh?kZdkfyd
iwathxr ykHk ij vyx&vyx dj yxk;k tkrk gSA
z fuxe dj
 ;g daifu;ksa vkSj okf.kfT;d m|eksa dh dekbZ ij
yxk;k tkus okyk dj gSA bls fuxe dj ds uke ls Hkh
tkuk tkrk gSA
 dj mís';ksa ds fy,] ,d O;olk; dks ,d vyx
bdkbZ ekuk tkrk gS vkSj mls vius ekfyd ds O;fÙkQxr
vk;dj ls vyx dj dk Hkqxrku djuk gksxkA
 fuxe dj daiuh vfèkfu;e 1956 ds rgr Hkkjr esa
'kkfey lkoZtfud vkSj futh nksuksa daifu;ksa ij yxk;k
tkrk gSA
 tuojh 2022 rd] lHkh ?kjsyw m|eksa ds fy, fuxe
dj dh nj 22» gSA
z U;wure oSdfYid dj (MAT)
 eSV dh voèkkj.kk ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, 'kq: dh
xbZ Fkh fd cM+s ykHk okyh daifu;ka vkSj 'ks;jèkkjdksa
dks i;kZIr ykHkka'k feysA
 vk;dj vfèkfu;e esa çnku dh xbZ NwV us eSV ds :i
esa cgh ykHk dk ,d fuf'pr çfr'kr Hkqxrku fd;kA
 ;fn fdlh daiuh dh dj ;ksX; vk; mlds cqd fd,
x, ykHk ds ,d fuf'pr vuqikr ls de gS] rks cqd
ykHk dk og fgLlk Lopkfyr :i ls dj ;ksX; vk;
ekuk tkrk gS vkSj vk;dj vfèkfu;e ds vuqlkj dj
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
 eSV vc tuojh 2022 rd 15» ij gSA
280
z çfrHkwfr ysunsu dj (STT)
 ,lVhVh LVkWd] vkWI'kal vkSj Ý;wpj dkWUVªSDV~l tSlh
çfrHkwfr;ksa ij ?kjsyw LVkWd ,Dlpsat ij fd, x, ykHkksa
ij VSDl gSA
 dsaæ ljdkj bls çR;{k dj ds :i esa yxkrh vkSj olwy
djrh gSA iwoZ foÙk ea=kh ih- fpnacje us 2004 esa ,lVhVh
dk lq>ko fn;k FkkA
z oLrq ysunsu dj (CTT)
 Hkkjr esa] ,Dlpsat&VªsMsM xSj&Ñf"k deksfMVh Ý;wplZ
ds •jhnkjksa vkSj foØsrkvksa ij lhVhVh yxk;k tkrk gSA
 bldh x.kuk vuqcaèk dh jkf'k ds vkèkkj ij dh tkrh
gSA
 èkkrq (lksuk] pkanh] vkSj rkack) vkSj ÅtkZ lkeku lhVhVh
(dPps rsy vkSj çkÑfrd xSl) }kjk doj dh tkus
okyh oLrqvksa esa ls gSaA
z oSdfYid U;wure dj
 ,,eVh og gS tks daifu;ksa ds fy, eSV gS vkSj eSV
lhfer ns;rk Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, gSA
 O;kolkf;d laxBuksa ds vU; :i] tSls lk>snkjh] ,dek=k
LokfeRo vkSj O;fÙkQ;ksa ds la?k] bl dj ls eqÙkQ gSaA
z laink 'kqYd
 ;g ewy :i ls 1953 esa lkeus vk;k FkkA tc fdlh
O;fÙkQ dh e`R;q gksrh gS] rks ;g mldh lHkh laifÙk ij
ykxw gksrk gSA
 ,d e`r O;fÙkQ dh iwjh laifÙk dks mldk èku ekuk
tkrk gS vkSj ml ij dj yxrk gSA dj 1985 ds ckn
ls fujLr dj fn;k x;k gSA
z èku dj
 ;g ewy :i ls 1957 esa fn•kbZ fn;kA
 O;fÙkQ;ksa] la;qÙkQ fganw ifjokjksa vkSj 'kq¼ laifÙk dh
vfèkdrk okys fuxe blds vèkhu FksA dj 2015 esa
fujLr dj fn;k x;k FkkA
z migkj dj
 ;g ewy :i ls 1958 esa fn•kbZ fn;kA
 pkSfjVh laxBuksa dh ljdkjh vkSj futh daifu;ksa ds
viokn ds lkFk] lHkh ;ksxnku migkj dj ds vèkhu FksA
 dj 1998 ds ckn ls fujLr dj fn;k x;k gSA
z vuq"kaxh ykHk dj
 cqd dh xbZ çfof"V;ksa ij ykHk de djus ds fy,
dbZ O;olk; vius deZpkfj;ksa dks fofHkUu cksul çnku
djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa viuh buiqV ykxr ls de cuk,
j•rs gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i ykHk de gks tkrk gS] ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i de ljdkjh djkèkku gksrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
  bls lacksfèkr djus ds fy,] ljdkj us fÚat iDlZ ysoh 80 o"kZ ls vfèkd vk;q ds O;fÙkQ
(FBT) dh 'kq#vkr dh] tks çHkkoh :i ls ,d dj (vfr ofj"B ukxfjd) ds fy, fuoklh ds fy,
gS ftls fu;ksÙkQkvksa dks vius deZpkfj;ksa dks fn, x, vk;dj •aM
ykHkksa ds LFkku ij Hkqxrku djuk gksxkA dj ;ksX; vk; •aM vk;dj dh njsa vkSj midj
 2009 esa Hkkjr ds dsaæh; ctV esa vuq"kaxh ykHk dj dks 5 yk• #i;s rd dqN ugha
gVk fn;k x;k FkkA 5]00]001 #i;s ls 20» (dqy vk; ekbul
z lhek 'kqYd 10]00]000 #i;s 5]00]000 #i;s) $ 4» midj
 tc oLrq,a varjjk"Vªh; lhekvksa dks ikj djrh gSa] rks 10]00]001 #i;s vkSj mlls 1]00]000 #i;s $ 30» (dqy
lhek 'kqYd dks ysoh ;k dj ds :i esa yxk;k tkrk gSA vfèkd vk; ekbul 10]00]000 #i;s)
 bldk fe'ku ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh j{kk djuk gSA $ 4» midj
 lhek 'kqYd dkuwu dbZ rjg ds 'kqYd ykxw djrs gSa]
çR;{k djkèkku ds ykHk
ftuesa ewy 'kqYd] çfrlarqyudkjh 'kqYd] lqj{kkRed
z çxfr'khy
'kqYd] ,aVh&Mafiax 'kqYd vkSj fu;kZr 'kqYd 'kkfey gSaA-
 bfDoVh çR;{k dj çxfr'khy gSa] ftldk vFkZ gS fd dj
 vk;kr 'kqYd dk mi;ksx O;kikj dks fu;af=kr djus ds

lkFk&lkFk ljdkj ds fy, vk; cukus ds fy, fd;k dh nj dj vkèkkj ds lkFk cnyrh jgrh gSA
tkrk gSA z fuf'prrk
 Hkkjr esa vk;kr 'kqYdksa dh x.kuk ewY;kuqlkj dh tkrh gSA  çR;{k dj fuf'prrk ds ra=k dks lqfuf'pr dj ldrs gSaA

fofHkUu vk;dj LySc z yksp

 çR;{k dj yksp ds fl¼kar dks Hkh iwjk djrs gSaA vk;dj
60 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds fuoklh O;fÙkQ
dh çÑfr vk; ykspnkj gSA tSls&tSls vk; dk Lrj
ds fy, vk;dj LySc
c<+rk gS ljdkj dk dj jktLo LokHkkfod :i ls
dj ;ksX; vk; LySc vk;dj dh njsa vkSj midj
c<+rk gSA
2-5 yk• #i;s rd dqN ugha
z vkfFkZd
2]50]001 #i;s ls 5» (dqy vk; ekbul 2]50]000
 çR;{k dj laxzg dkiQh lLrk gSA djnkrkvksa }kjk dj
5]00]000 #i;s #i;s) $ 4» midj
dk Hkqxrku lhèks jkT; dks fd;k tkrk gS-
5]00]001 #i;s ls 12]500 #i;s $ 20» (dqy vk;
10]00]000 #i;s ekbul 5]00]000 #i;s) $ 4» midj z çxfr'khy
10]00]001 #i;s vkSj 1]12]500 #i;s $ 30» (dqy vk; z ;g Hkqxrku djus dh {kerk ds fopkj ls tqM+k gSA urhtru]
mlls vfèkd ekbul 10]00]000 #i;s) $ 4» ;g vk; vkSj èku vlekurkvksa dks de djus ds fy, ,d
midj egRoiw.kZ lkèku gSA
z bfDoVh
60 ls 80 o"kZ dh vk;q ds fuoklh O;fÙkQ
 lkekU; rkSj ij] ;g çxfr'khy gSA vehjksa dks xjhcksa dh
(ofj"B ukxfjd) ds fy, vk;dj LySc
dj ;ksX; vk; •aM vk;dj dh njsa vkSj midj rqyuk esa vfèkd djksa dk Hkqxrku djus ds fy, etcwj
3 yk• #i;s rd dqN ugha djuk laHko gSA blh rjg] ;fn vko';d gks] rks de
vk; okys O;fÙkQ;ksa dks NwV çnku dh tk ldrh gS]
3]00]001 #i;s ls dk 5» (djnkrkvksa esa dqy #-
5]00]000 #i;s 3]00]000) $ 4» midj tcfd vfr&vehjksa dks vfèkd Hkqxrku djus ds fy,
etcwj fd;k tkrk gSA
5]00]001 #i;s ls 10]000 #i;s $ 20» (dqy vk;
10]00]000 #i;s ekbul 5]00]000 #i;s) $ 4» midj z egRoiw.kZ lkèku
10]00]001 #i;s vkSj 1]10]000 #i;s $ 30» (dqy vk;  egRoiw.kZ eqækLiQhfr dh fLFkfr esa] ljdkj yksxksa ds gkFkksa

mlls vfèkd ekbul 10]00]000 #i;s) $ 4» esa iSlk de djus ds fy, çR;{k dj dh nj c<+k ldrh
midj gS vkSj bl çdkj miHkksÙkQk ekax de gks ldrh gSA

Hkkjrh; djkèkku
Hkkjrh; djkèkkuiz.izkkyh
.kkyh 281
z vfLFkjrk
 Vksfcu VSDl yxkus ls] çR;{k dj varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk fofue;
njksa esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
z eqæk LiQhfr
 eqækLiQhfr ds nkSjku] ljdkj oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh
ekax dks lhfer djus ds fy, djksa esa o`f¼ djrh gS]
ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i eqækLiQhfr esa fxjkoV vkrh gSA
çR;{k dj ds uqdlku
z vlqfoèkktud
 •krksa dks cuk, j•uk] fjVuZ tek djuk vkSj ,deq'r
jkf'k esa dj dk Hkqxrku djuk djnkrkvksa ds fy,
vlqfoèkktud gSA
z dj dh pksjh
 dj pksjh bruh vke gS D;ksafd çR;{k djkèkku dk cks>
bruk cM+k gSA ;g varr% dkys èku ds fuekZ.k dh vksj
ys tkrk gS] tks vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, gkfudkjd gSA
z ,iQMhvkbZ
 blds vykok] ns'k dk mPp çR;{k dj çR;{k fons'kh
fuos'k ds fy, ,d fuokjd ds :i esa dke dj ldrk
gSA
z {ks=kksa esa vlarqyu
 O;kikj tSls dqN m|ksxksa ij Hkkjh dj yxk;k tkrk gSA
nwljh vksj] Ñf"k dj&eqÙkQ gSA ;gka rd fd èkuh fdlku
Hkh O;fÙkQxr vk;dj nsus ls eqÙkQ gSaA
z ladh.kZ uhao
 D;ksafd vxj ge xjhc yksxksa ls vk;dj olwyus dh
dksf'k'k djsaxs rks gesa ,d cM+s LVkiQ dh t:jr iM+sxhA
z vyksdfç;
 çR;{k djksa dks vke rkSj ij ukilan fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
de lqfoèkktud vkSj de vuqdwyu ;ksX; gSA
z mRikndrk
 dbZ vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa ds vuqlkj] çR;{k djkèkku dk
mRikndrk ij udkjkRed çHkko iM+rk gSA ukxfjd
vfèkd iSlk dekus ds bPNqd ugha gSa D;ksafd ,slk djus
ls vfèkd djksa dk Hkqxrku djus dh vko';drk gksxhA
Hkkjr esa çR;{k djkèkku ls lacafèkr eqís
z lhek ikj ysunsu% vfuokfl;ksa ds fy, djksa dk lzksr fu;e
HkkSfrd mifLFkfr ls caèkk gqvk Fkk] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i
yach eqdnesckth] vkèkkj {kj.k vkSj ykHk LFkkukarj.k gqvkA
282
z oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk ds lkFk rkyesy% tSls&tSls Hkkjr
oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk ds lkFk rsth ls tqM+rk tk jgk gS] jk"Vª
esa fons'kh vkSj LFkkuh; m|eksa ds chp varj dks èkhjs&èkhjs
nwj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z ladh.kZ dj vkèkkj% ,d cM+k vkSj O;kid dj vkèkkj
de dj njksa vkSj ,d ljy dj lajpuk ds dkj.k laHkkfor
jktLo gkfu ds eqís dks gy djus esa lgk;rk djsxkA
z nh?kZ dj eqdnek% Hkkjr esa nh?kZdkyhu dj eqdnes u
dsoy Hkkjrh; U;k;ikfydk ij cks> Mkyrs gSa cfYd ljdkjh
•tkus ij Hkh cks> Mkyrs gSaA
z tfVy fuxe dj nj lajpuk% ekStwnk çHkkoh fuxe dj
dh nj m|ksxksa esa vlekurk vis{kkÑr cM+h gSA fuxe dj
esa NwV yacor :i ls mfpr ugha gSaA
z ;qfÙkQdj.k% djkèkku ç.kkyh tfVy gS] vkSj bls rRdky
;qfÙkQlaxr vkSj ljy cukus dh vko';drk gSA
z Li"Vrk% tc tfVy djkèkku O;oLFkk dh ckr vkrh gS] rks
Li"Vrk dh deh gksrh gSA
z dj eqdnesckth% Hkkjr esa dj ç'kklu vkSj djnkrkvksa ds
chp lcls vfèkd la[;k esa fookn gSa] ftuesa dj cdk;k
dk lcls de çfr'kr olwy fd;k x;k gSA
z dj pksjh vkSj ifjgkj% Hkkjr esa yksx xSjdkuwuh rjhdksa ls
;k Hkkjrh; dj ç.kkyh esa •kfe;ksa dk iQk;nk mBkdj dj
ls cpus dk ç;kl djrs gSaA
z vçpfyr vk;dj vfèkfu;e% blesa ,sls mik; 'kkfey
gSa tks vc vko';d ugha gSa vkSj iqjkus gSa] ;k cnyrs le;
ds lkFk vlaxr gSaA
z çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k djksa ds chp larqyu% jktLo esa
vçR;{k djksa dk çfr'kr c<+kuk fpark dk fo"k; gS D;ksafd
vçR;{k dj çfrxkeh gksrs gSa] ftlls xjhc yksxksa dks vfèkd
uqdlku gksrk gSA
çR;{k djkèkku ç.kkyh esa ljdkj dh igy
z çkstsDV bulkbV vkSj vkWijs'ku Dyhu euh% os dj vuqikyu
c<+kus vkSj dj ç'kklu esa tkudkjh dk çHkkoh <ax ls
mi;ksx djus ds fy, MsVk fo'ys"k.k dks fu;ksftr djus ds
fy, cuk, x, FksA
z dkWikZsjsV nj esa dVkSrh% vkS|ksfxd xfrfofèk dks çksRlkfgr
djus vkSj vuqikyu dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, dkWikZsjsV VSDl
dh nj dks 30» ls ?kVkdj 22» fd;k tk jgk gSA
 lHkh ?kjsyw fuxeksa ds fy, çHkkoh dj dh nj orZeku
esa 25-17» gSA
 u, fofuekZ.k m|e 15» fuxe dj dh nj ds vèkhu
gksaxsA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ykHkka'k forj.k dj (MhMhVh)% Hkkjrh; bfDoVh cktkj
ds vkd"kZ.k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,] 2020 ds foÙk
vfèkfu;e us MhMhVh dks fujLr dj fn;kA
z fookn ds lkFk vkLFkk% vc fookn ls fo'okl ds rgr
vulqy>s dj eqíksa dks gy djus ds fy, ?kks"k.kk,a çLrqr
dh tk jgh gSaA ;g ljdkj vkSj djnkrkvksa nksuksa dks le;
ij èku tqVkus vkSj eqdnesckth ds c<+rs •pks± dks de djus
esa lgk;rk djsxkA
z fMftVy ysu&nsu dks çksRlkgu% vFkZO;oLFkk ds
fMftVyhdj.k vkSj vLi"VhÑr ysu&nsu esa deh ykus esa
lgk;rk djukA
z ekSfæd lhek% vk;dj vihyh; U;k;kfèkdj.k (ITAT) ds
le{k vihy ds fy, bls 20 yk• #i;s ls c<+kdj 50
yk• #i;s dj fn;k x;k gSA
z mPp U;k;ky; ds le{k vihy ds fy, 50 yk• #i;s ls
1 djksM+ #i;s vkSj mPpre U;k;ky; ds le{k vihy ds
fy, 1 djksM+ #i;s ls 2 djksM+ #i;sA
z nk;js dk foLrkj% dj vkèkkj dks O;kid cukus ds fy,]
lzksr ij dj dVkSrh (VhMh,l) vkSj lzksr ij dj laxzg
(Vhlh,l) (Vhlh,l) ds nk;js esa fofHkUu vfrfjÙkQ ysunsu
tksM+s x,A
z fj;k;rh nj% 2020 dk foÙk vfèkfu;e O;fÙkQ;ksa vkSj
lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dks fj;k;rh njksa ij vk;dj dk Hkqxrku
djus dh vuqefr nsrk gS ;fn os fof'k"V NwV vkSj çksRlkgu
dk ykHk ugha mBkrs gSaA
z dj vuqikyu esa o`f¼%
 fjVuZ dh vkWuykbu iQkbfyax esa lgk;rk ds fy,
lhchMhVh us bZ&lg;ksx IysViQkWeZ cuk;k gSA
 lhchvkbZlh us th,lVh dk;kZUo;u esa lgk;rk ds fy,
çkstsDV l{ke cuk;kA
 tSlk fd bafM;u dLVEl flaxy foaMks baVjiQsl iQkWj VªsM
iQSflfyVs'ku (fLoÝV) esa foLrkj fd;k x;k FkkA
z xkj% 1 vçSy] 2017 ls çHkkoh] fofu;eksa ds ,d laxzg
ds :i esa tks jktLo vfèkdkfj;ksa dks ;g fuèkkZfjr djus
esa lgk;rk djrk gS fd ,d fof'k"V ysunsu esa okf.kfT;d
inkFkZ gS ;k ugha vkSj okLrfod ysunsu ls tqM+h dj
ftEesnkjhA
Hkkjrh; djkèkku
Hkkjrh; djkèkkuiz.izkkyh
.kkyh
z Iysl vkWiQ biQsfDVo eSustesaV (ihvksbZ,e)% foÙkh;
o"kZ 2017&18 esa varjjk"Vªh; m|eksa ds fuokl LFkku ds
fuèkkZj.k ds fy, ekud viuk, x,A vxj fdlh daiuh dk
ihvksbZ,e Hkkjr esa gS] rks mlds varjjk"Vªh; jktLo ij ;gka
dj yxk;k tkrk gSA
z lwpuk lk>k djus ij le>kSrk% Hkkjr us fons'kh •krk dj
vuqikyu vfèkfu;e (,iQ,Vhlh,) ds rgr la;qÙkQ jkT;
vesfjdk ds lkFk Hkh ,d le>kSrk fd;k gSA
vkxs dk rjhdk% çR;{k djkèkku ç.kkyh
z dj pksjh dks jksduk% tcfd Ñf"k jktLo esa NwV dk mís';
fdlkuksa dh enn djuk gS] xSj&Ñf"k laLFkk,a bldk mi;ksx
viuh vk; ds lzksr ds :i esa Ñf"k dk nkok djds djksa
dk Hkqxrku djus ls cpus ds fy, dj ldrh gSaA
z dj vkradokn% ns'k ds djkèkku <kaps esa ikjnf'kZrk c<+kdj
vkSj dj foHkkx dh foosdkèkhu 'kfÙkQ;ksa dks de djds dj
vkrad dks de fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z leku volj% fo'kky fuxeksa vkSj LVkVZ&vi vkSj ubZ iQeks±
ds chpA ,d tfVy dj lajpuk çeq• daiuh laxBuksa dks
ykHkkfUor djrh gS tks bu&gkml dj is'ksojksa dh lgk;rk
ls ç.kkyh esa gsjiQsj dj ldrs gSaA
z {ks=kh; vlekurkvksa dks de djuk% dj ç.kkyh {kSfrt
:i ls lerkoknh ugha gS D;ksafd lHkh {ks=kksa esa çHkkoh dj
nj vlekurk cgqr cM+h gSA
z vU;k;laxr lhèks esa o`f¼% fuxe dj esa lhèks mYya?ku
U;k;laxr ugha gSaA
z çHkkoh dj nj esa deh% Hkkjr dh mPp dj nj vU;
,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa fuos'k vkSj fodkl esa ckèkd gS]
vkSj ;g bfDoVh fuos'k dks Hkh uqdlku igq¡pkrh gSA
z dj NwV dks ;qfÙkQlaxr cukuk% LFkkfir fu;eksa ds vkèkkj
ij dj NwV ugha nh tkrh gSA blds ctk;] phtsa ,d
vikjn'khZ çfØ;k }kjk cukbZ tkrh gSaA
z nksgjk djkèkku% lk>snkjh O;olk;ksa ds lapkyu ls çkIr
jktLo ij nks ckj dj yxk;k tkrk gS%
 lcls igys] fuxe bdkbZ ds equkiQs ij dj yxk;k
tkrk gSA
 fiQj O;fÙkQxr vk; ij dj yxk;k tkrk gSA
çR;{k dj lqèkkj
djksa dk laxzg%
z çR;{k dj% 2022&23 esa] Hkkjr dh 'kq¼ çR;{k dj çkfIr;k¡
c<+dj 7-45 yk• djksM+ gks xbZ gSa] tks bl o"kZ ds ctV
y{;ksa ds vkèks ls vfèkd gSA 9 vDVwcj] 2022 rd fiNys
o"kZ dh blh vofèk dh rqyuk esa 16-3» dh o`f¼A
283
z vk;dj% çkjafHkd vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj] 'kq¼ O;fÙkQxr
vk;dj laxzg esa 17-35» dh o`f¼ gqbZ] dkWikZsjsV vk;dj
jktLo esa o`f¼ gqbZ] ftlesa 16-29» 'kq¼ fjiQaM dh o`f¼
gqbZA
z çfrHkwfr ysu&nsu dj (,lVhVh)% O;fÙkQxr vk;dj
çkfIr;ksa ds lkFk la;qÙkQ gksus ij laxzg 16-25» vfèkd
eè;e gks x;kA
z VSDl fjiQaM% Mk;jsDV VSDl dysD'ku yxkrkj c<+ jgk gS]
tcfd VSDl fjiQaM lky nj lky 81» c<+dj 1-53 yk•
djksM+ rd igqap x;k gSA
z ekuo laidZ ds fcuk% O;kogkfjd :i ls fujh{k.k ds fy,
p;fur fjVuZ ds lHkh lR;kiu vkSj ewY;kadu 2020&21
rd djnkrkvksa vkSj dj vfèkdkfj;ksa ds chp 'fcuk fdlh
O;fÙkQxr ckrphr ds' bysDVªkWfud :i ls fd, tk,axsA
2020&21 ds lqèkkj%
z lkèkkj.k fjVuZ% vk;dj fjVuZ dks igys ls Hkjus ds
mik; 'kq: fd, x, gSa] rkfd ubZ O;oLFkk dks pquus okys
O;fÙkQ dks igys ls Hkjh gqbZ vk;dj fjVuZ fey lds vkSj
mls vk;dj dk Hkqxrku djus ds fy, fdlh fo'ks"kK dh
lgk;rk dh vko';drk u gksA
z djnkrkvksa dk pkVZj% dj ç.kkyh dks çHkkoh <ax ls
pykus vkSj vuqikyu ds y{; dks iwjk djus ds fy,
djnkrkvksa ds pkVZj dks ykxw fd;k tkuk gSA
z ykHkka'k forj.k dj% 'ks;j cktkj esa fuos'k dks çksRlkfgr
djus ds fy,] ljdkj us ykHkka'k forj.k dj (MhMhVh) dk
Hkqxrku djus ds fy, daifu;ksa dh vko';drk dks lekIr
dj fn;kA
z fj;k;rh fuxe dj% u, iathÑr ?kjsyw fctyh mRiknu
m|eksa ds fy, 15» fuxe dj dh nj LFkkfir dh xbZ gSA
z laçHkq èku dks"k(,lMCY;wlh)% ljdkj us çeq• {ks=kksa esa
fuos'k ij fons'kh laçHkq èku dks"k }kjk vftZr C;kt] ykHkka'k
vkSj iwathxr ykHk vk; ij 100» NwV dh ?kks"k.kk dhA
z LVkVZ&vIl% bZ,lvksih (deZpkjh LVkWd fodYi ;kstuk)
'ks;jksa dh fcØh ij deZpkfj;ksa ds dj dks 5 lky ds fy,
;k muds iQeZ NksM+us ;k vius 'ks;jksa dks cspus rd] tks Hkh
igys gks] LFkfxr dj fn;k x;k gSA bl mik; dk mís';
ns'k ds LVkVZ&vi ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dks etcwr djuk gSA
z iQslysl vihy% ljdkj us bysDVªkWfud eksM (bZ&eksM)
ds mi;ksx dh fn'kk esa ,d vkSj dne mBkrs gq, vk;dj
fjVuZ ds ekeys esa ^iQslysl vihy* 'kq: dh gS vkSj dj
ç'kklu esa ekuo laidZ dks de ls de fd;k gS ('iQslysl
ewY;kadu' igys ls gh mi;ksx esa gS)
284
z ;kstuk fookn ls fo'okl% 2020&21 esa] ljdkj us çR;{k
dj eqdneksa dks •Re djus ds fy, fookn ls fo'okl
uked ,d ubZ ç.kkyh fodflr dhA dk;ZØe] tks twu
2020 rd •qyk jgsxk] ,d djnkrk dks dsoy fookfnr djksa
dh jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djus dh vuqefr nsrk gS vkSj C;kt
vkSj tqekZus dh iwjh NwV çkIr djrk gS (c'krZs Hkqxrku ekpZ
2020 rd fd;k tkrk gS)A ekpZ 2020 ds ckn bl çksxzke
dk bLrseky djus okyksa dks vfrfjÙkQ 'kqYd nsuk gksxkA
dsaæh; ctV 2022esa çR;{k dj çLrko%
z ou Vkbe foaMks% djnkrkvksa dks muds vk;dj fjVuZ
(vkbZVhvkj) esa =kqfV;ksa dks Bhd djus ds fy, ou&Vkbe
foaMks nh xbZ gSA muds ikl fuèkkZj.k o"kZ ls ysdj la'kksfèkr
fjVuZ iQkby djus ds fy, nks o"kZ dk le; gSA
z fMftVy #i;k% ;g vkjchvkbZ }kjk 2022&23 esa CykWdpsu
vkSj vU; rduhdksa dk mi;ksx djds tkjh fd;k tk,xkA
bldk vFkZO;oLFkk ij egRoiw.kZ çHkko iM+sxkA
z vkHkklh ifjlEifÙk% vkHkklh fMftVy ifjlEifÙk ds
VªkaliQj ls çkIr vk; ij 30» dj çLrkfor fd;k x;k gSA
z VhMh,l% migkjksa ij dj yxk;k tk,xk ;fn os ,d fuf'pr
lhek ls vfèkd gSa vkSj lzksr ij 1» dj dVkSrh (VhMh,l)
ds vèkhu gSaA
z dj dVkSrh% jkT; ljdkj ds deZpkfj;ksa dks muds lkekftd
lqj{kk ykHkksa dk leFkZu djus vkSj mUgsa dsaæ ljdkj ds
deZpkfj;ksa ds cjkcj ykus ds fy, dsaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkj
nksuksa ds deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, dj dVkSrh dh lhek 10» ls
c<+kdj 14» dh tk,xhA
çR;{k djkèkku ç.kkyh esa vU; lqèkkj
z 2017 vk;dj lsrq% lhchMhVh dk eksckby ,si] tks vkidks
vk;dj dh x.kuk vkSj Hkqxrku djus] VhMh,l fjiQaM ,d=k
djus vkfn dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
z vkblxsV% Hkkjrh; lhek 'kqYd bysDVªkWfud xsVos
(vkbZlhbZth,VhbZ) lhek 'kqYd ls lacafèkr bZ&lsokvksa ds
fy, ,d osclkbV gSA ICEDASH osc lsok turk dks canjxkgksa
vkSj gokbZ vîóksa ij lhek 'kqYd fudklh ij nSfud MsVk
dh tkap djus dh vuqefr nsrh gSA (uoacj 2019 esa is'k
fd;k x;k)
z vfrfFk LekVZiQksu ,si% fons'kh ;kf=k;ksa ds fy, le; ls
igys lhek 'kqYd ?kks"k.kk djukA urhtru] yksxksa dks bl
rjg ds •qykls dks Hkjus ds fy, gokbZvîók ykbuksa esa le;
cckZn ugha djuk iM+sxkA (uoacj 2019 esa is'k fd;k x;k)
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z çR;{k dj lafgrk 2010% bl foèks;d dk mís'; 1961
ds vk;dj vfèkfu;e dks cqfu;knh mik;ksa ls cnyuk FkkA
gkyk¡fd] ;g 2014 esa 15oha yksdlHkk ds fo?kVu ds lkFk
lekIr gks x;kA
z 2015 çR;{k djksa ij bZ'oj iSuy% vfuf'prrkvksa dks
lekIr djus ds fy, 1961 ds vkbZVh vfèkfu;e dh 'krks±
dks Li"V djus ds fy, tks djnkrkvksa ds fy, vuko';d
eqdnesckth vkSj dfBukbZ dk dkj.k curs gSaA
z 2017 Mk;jsDV VSDl dksM VkLdiQkslZ% lhchMhVh us
1961 ds vk;dj vfèkfu;e dks cnyus ds fy, u, çR;{k
dj foèkku (dkuwu) dks fMtkbu djus ds fy, ,d lfefr
dh LFkkiuk dhA & vf•ys'k jatu] vè;{k] us 2019 esa
,d fjiksVZ nk;j dhA
çR;{k djkèkku% lfefr;ka vkSj vk;ksx
dsydj lfefr (2015)% ;g fot; dsydj dh vè;{krk okyh
,d lfefr Fkh ftldk xBu Hkkjr esa ekStwnk lkoZtfud&futh
Hkkxhnkjh (ihihih) ekWMy ds vuqlaèkku vkSj ewY;kadu ds fy,
fd;k x;k FkkA
jktk psfYy;k lfefr% 1991 esa] ljdkj us Hkkjr dh dj
ç.kkyh ds iquxZBu dh ;kstuk rS;kj djus ds fy, çksiQslj jktk
psfYy;k dh vè;{krk esa dj lqèkkj lfefr dk xBu fd;kA bl
Vhvkjlh us 1991] 1992 vkSj 1993 esa fofHkUu mik;ksa ds lkFk
rhu fjiksVZ tkjh dhA
okbZ-oh- jsîóh lfefr% n ofdZax xzqi vkWu euh lIykbZ% ,ukfyfVDl
,aM daikbys'ku esFkMksykWth] ftldh vè;{krk MkW- okbZ-oh- jsîóh
dk xBu ekSfæd loZs{k.k ds fo'ys"k.kkRed ?kVdksa dh tkap ds
fy, fd;k x;k FkkA blus twu 1998 esa viuh fjiksVZ is'k dhA
dk;Zny us çLrkfor fd;k fd Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad] okf.kfT;d
vkSj lgdkjh cSad] vkSj laxfBr foÙkh; {ks=k fu;fer varjky ij
O;kid fo'ys"k.kkRed loZs{k.k djrs gSaA
okapw lfefr (1971)% ;kstuk vk;ksx us Hkkjr ds fiNM+s {ks=kksa
esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh tkap djus vkSj bu {ks=kksa esa iQeks± ds
fy, foÙkh; vkSj foÙkh; çksRlkgu nsus ds fy, bl çR;{k dj
tkap lfefr dh LFkkiuk dhA okapw lfefr us lq>ko fn;k fd
lHkh fiNM+s {ks=kksa esa leku :i ls ysfdu yxkrkj lalkèkuksa dks
iQSykus ds ctk;] dqN LFkkuksa dks pquk tkuk pkfg, vkSj bUgsa
fodkl è#oksa esa cnyus ds fy, foÙkh; vkSj foÙkh; lalkèkuksa
dks lefiZr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
Hkkjrh; djkèkku
Hkkjrh; djkèkkuiz.izkkyh
.kkyh
ikFkZlkjFkh 'kkse iSuy% ;g 2012 esa Hkkjr ds çèkku ea=kh }kjk
vafre th,,vkj fu;e fodflr djus ds fy, LFkkfir fd;k
x;k Fkk] eq[; :i ls dj fuf'prrk ykus vkSj varjjk"Vªh;
fuos'kdksa dh fparkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy,A dsoy ,iQvkbZvkbZ
ds ctk;] lHkh vfuoklh djnkrkvksa dks çHkkfor djus okyh
fparkvksa dh tkap djus ds fy, iSuy ls vuqjksèk fd;k x;k FkkA
vf•ys'k jatu lfefr% dsaæh; çR;{k dj cksMZ (lhchMhVh)
us bZ&dkWelZ O;olk; ekWMy dh tkap ds fy, ,d bZ&dkWelZ
djkèkku lfefr dh LFkkiuk dh] ftlus 21 ekpZ] 2016 dks
vius fu"d"kZ fn,A lfefr dh fjiksVZ Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk çkIr
dh xbZ vkSj foÙk foèks;d] 2016 ds fodkl esa ml ij fopkj
fd;k x;kA
çR;{k dj dksM
z ljdkj çR;{k dj lafgrk (MhVhlh) ds ekè;e ls Hkkjr
esa çR;{k dj fofu;eksa ds <kaps dks lqO;ofLFkr djus dk
bjknk j•rh gSA
z MhVhlh 1961 ds vk;dj vfèkfu;e ds lkFk&lkFk vU;
çR;{k dj dkuwu tSls fd 1957 ds èku dj vfèkfu;e dk
vfèkØe.k djsxkA
z mís';
z dsaæ ljdkj ds lHkh çR;{k dj dkuwuksa dks ljy vkSj
la;ksftr djuk
z dj ç.kkyh dh çHkko'khyrk vkSj n{krk esa lqèkkj djus ds
fy,A
z çR;{k djksa ij ,dhÑr dkuwu ykus ds fy,] vFkkZr~
vk;dj] ykHkka'k forj.k dj] vuq"kaxh ykHk dj] vkSj laifÙk
dj] çHkko esaA
z lokZsÙke fo'oO;kih ekudksa ds vuqlkj fofHkUu djnkrk oxks±
ds chp {kSfrt fu"i{krk çkIr djukA
z vuqikyu dks vkSj Hkh vfèkd c<+kok nsus ds fy, dj fu;eksa
dks lhèkk] fLFkj vkSj yphyk gksuk pkfg,A
z dj vkèkkj dks O;kid vkSj xgjk djus ds fy, dj NwV
vkSj dVkSfr;ksa dh la[;k dks de djukA
blus çR;{k dj lafgrk ds fy, fuEufyf•r fo'ks"krkvksa
dh fliQkfj'k dh%
z eqdnesckth çcaèku% vk;dj vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 147 vkSj
148 esa ifjorZu tks dj vfèkdkjh dks iwoZ fuèkkZfjr ekunaMksa
ds vkèkkj ij ewY;kadu ekeyksa dh fiQj ls tkap djus dh
vuqefr nsrk gSA I-T vfèkdkjh Ng lky rd fuèkkZfjrh ds
•krksa dh iqLrdksa dh tkap dj ldrk gSA
285
z dsl nk;j djus ds fy, ckj mBkuk% ;g vc 1 yk•
#i;s vkSj mlls vfèkd gSA blds vykok] leh{kk ds fy,
ekeyksa ds p;u ds fy, iwoZ&fuèkkZfjr ekunaM dks etcwr
fd;k tk,xkA
z xqeukeh% ewY;kadu çfØ;kvksa dks xqeuke cuk;k tkuk
pkfg,] vkSj turk dks lhchMhVh ls dj lacaèkh fparkvksa ij
Li"Vhdj.k dk vuqjksèk djus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg,A
z de dj vuqikyu cks>% nqfu;k Hkj ds #>kuksa vkSj lokZsÙke
çFkkvksa ds vuqlkj dj vuqikyuA ;g dj vkèkkj dks O;kid
cukus ds lkFk&lkFk djnkrkvksa ds chp ikjnf'kZrk dks c<+kok
nsus okyk ekuk tkrk gSA
z vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal (,vkbZ)% bldk mi;ksx dj
vuqikyu vkSj ç'kklu çfØ;k esa fd;k tk jgk gSA
z O;fÙkQxr vk;dj% njksa dks 5» ls ?kVkdj 20» fd;k
tk,xkA
z orZeku esa] O;fÙkQxr vk;dj lajpuk dks rhu vk;q
lewgksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS% ftudh vk;q 60 o"kZ ls
de gS] ftudh vk;q 60 vkSj 80 ds chp gS] vkSj ftudh
vk;q 80 vkSj mlls vfèkd gSA
xkj (GAAR) & lkekU; ifjgkj fojksèkh fu;e
z xkj% çR;{k dj ç.kkyh dk ,d fgLlk gS tks dj fujh{kdksa
dks fdlh Hkh fuxe dks dj ykHk dks vLohdkj djus dh
vuqefr nsrk gSA
z nwljh vksj] dj vfèkdkfj;ksa ds ikl vk;dj vfèkfu;e
vkSj nksgjk djkèkku ifjgkj vfèkfu;e ds dqN çkoèkkuksa dk
mYya?ku djus dk vfèkdkj gSA
z çeq• ykHk%
z mYys•uh; :i ls dj pksjh vkSj MhVh,, ds nq#i;ksx esa
deh vkbZ gSA
z jkmaM fVªfiax çfrcafèkr jgsxhA
z euh ykWfUMªax dks de fd;k tk jgk gSA
z eq[; uqdlku%
z blus dj vfèkdkfj;ksa dks vfèkdkj lkSaisA
z Hkz"Vkpkj dk cksyckyk gks ldrk gSA
z vfuf'prrk dk Lrj c<+sxkA
z lk• esa deh vk,xhA
U;wure oSdfYid dj (,e,Vh)
z eSV çR;{k dj dkuwu esa ,d çkoèkku gS tks iQeks± ds fy,
dj NwV dks lhfer djrk gS vkSj mUgsa ljdkj dksdkWikZsjsV dj
dh U;wure jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z eSV] ,d ikjaifjd daiuh dj ds foijhr] dj ;ksX; vk;
ds ctk; cgh ykHk ij ykxw gksrk gSA
286
z 1988 esa igyh ckj 'kwU;&dj iQeks± dks dj ds nk;js esa
ykus ds fy, eSV dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
z bls varr% 1990 esa fujLr dj fn;k x;k FkkA gkykafd] bls
1996 ds foÙk vfèkfu;e }kjk iquthZfor fd;k x;k FkkA
z Hkkjr esa dk;Zjr lHkh laLFkkvksa ij dj yxk;k tkrk gS] pkgs
os Hkkjrh;ksa ds gksa ;k fonsf'k;ksa dsA
z VuHkkj (tonnage) dj ds vèkhu thou chek daifu;k¡
vkSj f'kfiax daifu;k¡ çeq• viokn gSaA
z ftu daifu;ksa dh Hkkjr esa LFkk;h mifLFkfr ugha gS] mUgsa
Hkh eSV dk Hkqxrku djus ls NwV nh xbZ gSA
z eSV igys fo'ks"k :i ls daifu;ksa ds fy, ykxw Fkk] ysfdu
oSdfYid U;wure dj N=k ds rgr vU; lHkh djnkrkvksa
dks 'kkfey djus ds fy, èkhjs&èkhjs bldk foLrkj fd;k
x;kA
z flracj 2019 esa] ljdkj us eSV dj dh nj dks 18-5» ls
?kVkdj 15» dj fn;k] tcfd leorhZ fuxe dj dh nj
dks 30» ls ?kVkdj 22» dj fn;kA
z blds vykok] fdlh Hkh u, ?kjsyw fofuekZ.k O;olk; (1
vDVwcj] 2019 dks ;k mlds ckn 'kkfey) ij dksbZ eSV
ugha yxk;k tk,xkA
cqfu;knh çkoèkku%
z ,e,Vh fofu;eksa ds vuqlkj] ,d daiuh dh U;wure dj
ns;rk fuEufyf•r esa ls vfèkd gksxh%
 ,d iQeZ dh lkekU; dj ns;rk dh x.kuk vk;dj
dkuwu ds fof'k"V fu;eksa ds vuqlkj dh tkrh gS] ftlesa
daiuh ij ykxw dj dh nj ds cjkcj dj ;ksX; jkf'k
gksrh gSA
 dj dh nj cgh ykHk dk 15» gS] ftlesa vfèkHkkj vkSj
midj 'kkfey gSaA
x.kuk%
z U;wure oSdfYid dj ogka yxk;k tkrk gS tgka vk;dj
vfèkfu;e çkoèkkuksa ds rgr x.kuk dh xbZ dj ;ksX; vk;
daiuh vfèkfu;e] 2013 ds rgr x.kuk fd, x, cgh ykHk
ds 15» (Iyl vfèkHkkj vkSj midj) ls de gSA
U;wure oSdfYid dj dh xSj&ç;ksT;rk%
z èkkjk 115JB ds vuqlkj] MAT thou chek m|eksa (5A)
ds ekè;e ls çkIr fdlh Hkh jktLo ij ykxw ugha gksrk gSA
z dksbZ Hkh u;k ?kjsyw fofuekZ.k m|e MAT (1 vDVwcj] 2019
dks ;k mlds ckn 'kkfey) ds vèkhu ugha gksxkA
z èkkjk 115 oh&vks ds vuqlkj] ,e,Vh f'kfiax vk; ij ykxw
ugha gksrk gS tks VuHkkj djkèkku ds vèkhu gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
dj mRIykodrk
z dj mRIykodrk ljdkj dh dj jktLo o`f¼ esa ifjorZu
vkSj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa ifjorZu ds chp dh dM+h gSA
z ;g bl ckr ls lacafèkr gS fd ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa ifjorZu
ds fy, dj jktLo o`f¼ fdruh laosnu'khy gSA
z tc dksbZ dj mRIykod gksrk gS] rks dj dh nj esa o`f¼
ds fcuk mldk jktLo c<+ tkrk gSA VSDl yksp ,d leku
fn•us okyh voèkkj.kk gSA
z ;g dj nj lek;kstu ds ifj.kkeLo:i dj jktLo esa
mrkj&p<+ko dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
z blh rjg] ;fn dj dh njsa 100» rd igq¡p tkrh gSa] rks
ljdkj dks 'kwU; èku çkIr gksxk D;ksafd dke djus dk dksbZ
iQk;nk ugha gSA
z ;fn dj dh njsa cgqr vfèkd gSa vkSj ckn esa de gks tkrh
gSa] rks ;g O;olk;ksa dks c<+us vkSj yksxksa dks yacs le;
rd dke djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr dj ldrh gSaA vkfFkZd
fodkl dks ;g c<+kok vfèkd vk;dj] dkWikZsjsV VSDl vkSj
oSV lfgr dj çkfIr;ksa esa o`f¼ djsxkA
z ;g fopkj egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd ;g dj dVkSrh dh jktuhfrd
:i ls vkd"kZd uhfr ds fy, ,d vkfFkZd vkèkkj çnku
djrk gSA

dj mRIykodrk eq[; :i ls fuHkZj djrh gS% jktLo vfèkdredj.k jktLo dk VSDl

jktLo o`f¼
z dj vkèkkj dk nk;jk
dk {ks=k
z dj ç'kklu dh O;oLFkk
Msfdax jktLo dk
dj dh njsa mfpr vkSj lhèkh gSaA

yki+Qj oØ
z
Growth {ks=k
Hkkjr esa èku fuekZ.k ds #>ku% Maximizing
z 1991&1992 vkSj 1997&1998 ds chp lkr esa ls pkj o"kks± Point
esa dj mNky 1 ls 1-3 ds chp Fkk] ysfdu vU; rhu esa
•jkc FkkA 0
0% dj dh nj 100%
z dj mNky 2004&05 vkSj 2008&09 ds chp 1-3 vkSj 1-7
ds chp Fkk] tks ,d ljkguh; çn'kZu n'kkZrk gSA ykiQj oØ dk vkèkkj%
z dj mNky ikaposa o"kZ (2008&09) esa rsth ls fxjdj z dj dVkSrh dk ctV ij nks çHkko bl çdkj gSa%
yxHkx 0-2 gks x;kA 1- vadxf.krh; çHkko%
 ;g bl èkkj.kk ij vkèkkfjr gS fd dj dh nj dks
z dj mNky us 2014 ls 2019 rd yxkrkj çn'kZu cuk,
j•kA de djus ;k c<+kus ls dj laxzg esa vkuqikfrd gkfu
;k o`f¼ gksxhA
ykiQj oØ  vadxf.krh; çHkko rRdky vkSj ,d&ls&,d gksrk

gSA
z ykiQj oØ ds vuqlkj] ;fn dj dh njsa ,d fo'ks"k lhek
2- vkfFkZd çHkko%
ls vfèkd c<+k nh tkrh gSa] rks dj jktLo esa fxjkoV vk
 tc dj njksa esa cnyko ds foijhr rjhds ls dj
ldrh gS D;ksafd mPp dj njsa O;fÙkQ;ksa dks dke djus ls
jktLo c<+rk@?kVrk gS] rks ;g n'kkZrk gS fd dSls
grksRlkfgr djrh` gSaA
dj c<+kus ls jktLo de gksrk gS vkSj dj ?kVus ls
z vkFkZj ykiQj us dj njksa vkSj ljdkjksa }kjk çkIr dj jktLo jktLo c<+rk gSA
dh jkf'k ds chp lacaèk dks çnf'kZr djus ds fy, oØ  vkfFkZd çHkko nh?kZdkfyd gS vkSj bldk xq.kd
fodflr fd;kA doZ dk mi;ksx ykiQj dh ckr dks çnf'kZr çHkko gSA
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd dj dh njksa dks de djus
dj dk yksp
ls dHkh&dHkh lexz dj laxzg dks c<+kok fey ldrk gSA
z ;g nj ifjorZu ds dkj.k gksus okyh dj vk; esa >wyksa
z ykiQj doZ ds vuqlkj] dj dVkSrh ls dj laxzg esa o`f¼ dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA tc ljdkj fuxe vk; dj dks
gks ldrh gSA 30» ls ?kVkdj 25» dj nsrh gS rks jktLo dSls cnyrk
z ;g bl fopkj ij vkèkkfjr gS fd ;fn dj dh njsa 0» gSa] gS] blesa yksp ns•h tk ldrh gSA
rks ljdkj dks dksbZ iSlk ugha feyrk gSA

Hkkjrh; djkèkku
Hkkjrh; djkèkkuiz.izkkyh
.kkyh 287
Vksfcu dj
z vkfFkZd foKku iqjLdkj fotsrk vFkZ'kkL=kh tsEl Vksfcu esa
ukscsy eseksfj;y iqjLdkj }kjk çLrkfor ,d Vksfcu VSDl
dks 'kq: esa lHkh LikWV eqæk ifjorZuksa ij 'kqYd ds :i esa
fpf=kr fd;k x;k FkkA
z VSDl dh ewy èkkj.kk us vYidkfyd foÙkh; lapkyu dks
nwljh eqæk esa nafMr fd;kA
z fdlh ns'k dh eqæk dh fLFkjrk dks fu;af=kr djus ds lkèku
ds :i esa miHkksÙkQkvksa }kjk Hkqxrku fd, tkus ds ctk;
Vksfcu VSDl dk Hkqxrku cktkj lgHkkfx;ksa }kjk fd;k tk,xkA
z Vksfcu VSDl dks fofue; nj dh vfLFkjrk ds çcaèku dh
,d fofèk cukus ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k x;k FkkA tsEl
Vksfcu us bl leL;k ds nks lekèkku çLrkfor fd,%
1- ,d lkekU; eqæk] ekSfæd vkSj jktdks"kh; uhfr;ksa vkSj
vkfFkZd ,dhdj.k ds fy, laØe.k
2- dsaæh; cSadksa vkSj ljdkjksa ds fy, vfèkd foÙkh; uhfr
Lok;Ùkrk dh vuqefr nsrs gq,] jk"Vªksa esa foÙkh; foHkktu
dks c<+kus dk ç;kl djsaA
nqfu;k Hkj esa Vksfcu dj ds mnkgj.k%
z LohMu us 'ks;j •jhn vkSj fcØh ij 0-5» Vksfcu dj is'k
fd;k ysfdu visf{kr urhts gkfly ugha fd,A
z csfYt;e] teZuh] ,LVksfu;k] xzhl] Lisu] Úkal] bVyh]
vkWfLVª;k] iqrZxky] Lyksosfu;k vkSj Lyksokfd;k us 'ks;jksa vkSj
ckaMksa ds vknku&çnku ij 0-1» dj vkSj O;qRiUu ysunsu ij
0-01»djkjksi.kdk fodYi pquk gSA
z Vksfcu dj dks FkkbZySaM] czkthy] fpyh vkSj eysf'k;k esa Hkh
vyx&vyx liQyrk ds lkFk vktek;k x;k gSA
z çfrHkwfr ysunsu dj (,lVhVh) Hkkjr esa Vksfcu dj dk ,d
:ikarj gSA bls 2004 esa ykxw fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj LVkWd
,Dlpsatksa vkSj E;wpqvy iQaM esa lwphc¼ çfrHkwfr;ksa ls tqM+s
lHkh ysunsu ij 'kqYd yxk;k tkrk gSA
fixksfo;u dj
z fixkSfo;u dj mu vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa ij yxk, tkrs gSa
tks udkjkRed ckárk mRiUu djrs gSa] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i
vlac¼ r`rh; i{kksa }kjk Hkqxrku fd, x, •pZ gksrs gSaA
z fdlh mRikn ;k lsok dh vafre dher esa udkjkRed
ckárkvksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i gksus okys •pks± dk fglkc ugha
fn;k tkrk gSA
288
z Hkkjr esa] dks;ys ij LoPN ÅtkZ midj fixkSfo;u dj dk
,d mnkgj.k gSA
z ;g cktkj dh v{kerkvksa dks jksdrs gq,] udkjkRed ckárk
}kjk fufeZr jkf'k }kjk lhekar futh ykxr dks c<+krk gSA
urhtru] vafre ykxr ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij xfrfofèk
dh iwjh lkekftd ykxr dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gSA
z fixkSfo;u djksa dks fofHkUu xfrfofèk;ksa tSls çnw"k.k] •rjukd
jlk;uksa vkSj ;krk;kr HkhM+ dks jksdus ds fy, ykxw fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
z ;g udkjkRed ckárk dh ykxr dks fuekZrk ;k miHkksÙkQk
dks okil ykSVkuk pkgrk gSA
fixkSfo;u dj ds mnkgj.k%
z Hkkjr esa dks;yk midj ;k LoPN i;kZoj.k midj fixkSfo;u
dj dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA
z Ýjkal bls vius ukS lcls cM+s gokbZvîóksa ij mM+kuksa ij èofu
'kqYd ds :i esa yxkrk gSA ;g gokbZ vîós ds vkèkkj ij
2 ls 35 ;wjks ds chp fHkUu gksrk gSA
z 40 ls vfèkd ns'k mu iQeks± ij dkcZu VSDl yxkrs gSa tks
dks;yk] rsy ;k xSl dk mi;ksx djrh gSa vkSj xzhugkml
xSlksa dk mRltZu djrh gSaA
z Hkfo"; dh ihf<+;ksa ds fy, 'kq¼ is;ty dh lqj{kk ds fy,]
uhnjySaM us is;ty fuxeksa ij Hkwty 'kqYd yxk;kA
z IykfLVd vkSj isij cSx ds mi;ksx dks grksRlkfgr djus ds
fy,] ;wjksi esa IykfLVd vkSj isij cSx ij 'kqYd ykxw fd;k
x;k rkfd yksxksa dks ?kj ls vius iqu% ç;ksT; cSx ys tkus
ds fy, çksRlkfgr fd;k tk ldsA
vfèkHkkj
z vk; ij dj vfèkHkkj ljdkj ds fy, jktLo dk ,d
egRoiw.kZ lzksr gSA
z ;g èku ,d=k.k] dsaæ ljdkj ftl Hkh mís'; ds fy,
mi;qÙkQ ikrh gS] mlds fy, mi;ksx djrh gSA
z ;g è;ku j•uk egRoiw.kZ gS fd ;g dsoy cdk;k dj ij
ykxw gksrk gS] laiw.kZ jktLo ij ughaA
z ;g iSlk Hkkjr dh lafpr fufèk esa LFkkukarfjr fd;k tkrk
gS vkSj bldk mi;ksx fdlh Hkh mís'; ds fy, fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
z 30» vk;dj nj ij 10» vfèkHkkj] mnkgj.k ds fy,] dj
dk cks> 33» rd c<+k nsrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z 1 djksM+ #i;s ls vfèkd ds 'kq¼ dj ;ksX; osru okys
O;fÙkQ;ksa dks muds dj ds cks> ij 10» vfèkHkkj dk lkeuk
djuk iM+rk gSA
z ?kjsyw daifu;ka 5» vfèkHkkj ds vèkhu gSa ;fn mudh 'kq¼
vk; 1 djksM+ #i;s ls 10 djksM+ #i;s ds chp gSA ;fn
'kq¼ jktLo 10 djksM+ #i;s ls vfèkd gS] rks 10» vfèkHkkj
yxk;k tkrk gSA
z fons'kh daifu;ka 2» vfèkHkkj ds vèkhu gSa ;fn mudh 'kq¼
vk; 1 djksM+ #i;s ls 10 djksM+ #i;s ds chp gSA
z ;fn 'kq¼ vk; 10 djksM+ #i;s rd igq¡p tkrh gS rks
vfèkHkkj 5» rd c<+k fn;k tkrk gSA ?kjsyw vkSj varjjk"Vªh;
m|eksa dks ekewyh jkgr feyrh gS vxj mudh 'kq¼ vk;
Øe'k% 1 djksM+ #i;s vkSj 10 djksM+ #i;s ls vfèkd gksA
midj
z la{ksi esa] ,d midj dj ij dj gSA
z ;g ;kn j•uk egRoiw.kZ gS fd ,d midj dk mi;ksx
dsoy mlh mís'; ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlds fy,
bls yxk;k x;k FkkA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr ljdkj ,d f'k{kk midj ,d=k
djrh gS vkSj bls iwjh rjg ls f'k{kk ij •pZ djrh gSA
z ;g VSDl lHkh VSDlis;lZ ij Hkh yxrk gSA
z midj djksa dk Hkqxrku Hkkjrh; lafpr fufèk esa fd;k
tkrk gSA
z tc rd ljdkj viuk dk;Z iwjk ugha dj ysrh vkSj fiQj
fuf"Ø; gks tkrh gS] rc rd midj dks vkerkSj ij olwyk
tkrk ekuk tkrk gSA
z ,d midj vU; çdkj ds djksa ls vyx gS ftlesa bls
orZeku dj (dj Åij dj) ds vfrfjÙkQ yxk;k tkrk gSA
midj ds çdkj%
z volajpuk midj
z Ñf"k dY;k.k midj
z fu;kZr ij midj
z lM+d vkSj volajpuk midj
z rackdw vkSj rackdw mRiknksa ij 'kqYd
z vk;dj ij LokLF; vkSj f'k{kk midj
z LoPN Hkkjr midj
z f'k{kk midj
z dPps rsy ij midj
Hkkjrh; djkèkku
Hkkjrh; djkèkkuiz.izkkyh
.kkyh
midj vkSj vfèkHkkj ds chp lekurk,a vkSj varj%
erHksn
midj vfèkHkkj
midj dh nj fuèkkZfjr gSA ;g nj mu Lrjksa ds vuqlkj
fHkUu gksrh gS ftuesa yksx vkrs
gSaA
vfèkdkjh vfèkHkkj vkSj dqy bldh x.kuk dsoy dqy dj
dj ij midj dh x.kuk djrs jkf'k ij dh tkrh gSA
gSaA
midj lHkh ij yxk;k tkrk dsoy mPp vk; oxZ ij
gSA vfèkHkkj yxrk gSA
midj dk mi;ksx dsoy bldk mi;ksx fdlh Hkh dkj.k
,d fof'k"V mís'; ds fy, ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fdlh vU;
dkj.k ls bldk mi;ksx ugha
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
midj yksd dY;k.k ds vfèkHkkj dk mís'; mPp vk;
mís'; ls gSA okys O;fÙkQ;ksa ij dj yxkuk
gSA
lekurk,¡
z dsaæ ljdkj ljpktZ vkSj lsl nksuksa yxkrh gSA
z nksuksa dks ,d=k dj Hkkjr dh lafpr fufèk esa tek fd;k
tkrk gSA
z jkT; ljdkjsa buesa ls dqN Hkh lk>k ugha dj ldrh gSaA
midj vkSj vfèkHkkj tkjh djuk
z lkroha vuqlwph esa fuèkkZfjr la?k vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp çkfèkdj.k
vkSj ftEesnkfj;ksa ds foHkktu ds fgLls ds :i esaA
z lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn 246 ds rgr] dsaæ la?k lwph ds rgr
çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k nksuksa çdkj ds dj yxk ldrk gS vkSj
,d=k dj ldrk gSA
z blds ifj.kkeLo:i ,d cM+k lalkèku tqVkuk vlarqfyr gks
x;k gS] ftlus ljdkjksa dh muds çfrKkc¼ lkekftd O;;
nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djus dh {kerk esa ckèkk mRiUu dh gSA
z 'kq¼ dj vk; ldy dj jktLo ls midj vkSj vfèkHkkj
gVkdj] lkFk gh laxzg dh ykxr vkSj jk"Vªh; vkink
çfrfØ;k dks"k (,uMhvkj,iQ) dks gLrkarfjr djds çkIr
dh tkrh gSA
z urhtru] midj vkSj vfèkHkkj dk ,d cM+k iwy foHkkT;
djksa dh dqy jkf'k dks de djrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i
jkT;ksa dks de lalkèku gLrkarj.k gksrk gSA
289
z 15osa foÙk vk;ksx ds vuqlkj] jkT; 62» ls vfèkd O;;
ds fy, tokcnsg gSa] ysfdu jktLo tqVkus dh {kerk dk
dsoy 37» gS] tcfd la?kh; ljdkj ds ikl 63» jktLo
tqVkus dh 'kfÙkQ gS] rkfd og 38» O;; ij •pZ dj ldsA
z 2010&11 esa midj vkSj vfèkHkkj 49]628-02 djksM+ #i;s
ls c<+dj 2021&22 esa 3]74]471-14 djksM+ #i;s gks tkus
ds ckotwn] ykHk jkT;ksa rd ugha igqaps D;ksafd midj vkSj
vfèkHkkj dks foHkkT; iwy ls ckgj j•k x;k gSA
z jkT;ksa us fu;fer :i ls vuqjksèk fd;k gS fd la?k ç'kklu
;k rks midjksa dks iwjh rjg ls lekIr dj ns ;k ;fn mUgsa
yacs le; rd cuk, j•k tk, rks mUgsa foHkkT; iwy esa
'kkfey fd;k tk,A
z bl lekos'ku ds ifj.kkeLo:i] jkT;ksa dks dsaæ ds 'kq¼
jktLo ls fopyu dk ,d mPp fgLlk feysxk] ftlls os
vius Lo;a ds lkekftd] ekuo fodkl vkSj cqfu;knh <kaps
ds drZO;ksa dks iwjk dj ldsaxsA
z pkSngosa vkSj iaægosa foÙk vk;ksxksa us çLrkfor fd;k fd
laoSèkkfud ifjorZu ykxw djds midj vkSj vfèkHkkj ls ykHk
dks foHkkT; iwy esa 'kkfey fd;k tk,A
vçR;{k djkèkku
z ,d vçR;{k dj ml O;fÙkQ ls ,d=k fd;k tkrk gS tks ,d
eè;LFk }kjk dj dk vafre vkfFkZd cks> ogu djrk gSA
z vçR;{k djksa esa dj Hkkj vkSj dj çHkko ,d gh O;fÙkQ
ij ugha iM+rk gSA
 vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr ij lhek 'kqYd] eky ds fuekZ.k ij
mRikn 'kqYd] lsokvksa ij lsok dj] fcØh dj] ewY;
ofèkZr dj (oSV) vkSj eky vkSj lsok dj vçR;{k djksa
ds dqN mnkgj.k gSaA
z vçR;{k djksa dk çcaèku foÙk ea=kky; ds dsaæh; mRikn
vkSj lhek 'kqYd cksMZ (lhchbZlh) }kjk fd;k tkrk gS] ftls
ctV&2018 (lhchvkbZlh) esa dsaæh; vçR;{k dj vkSj
lhek 'kqYd cksMZ dk uke fn;k x;k FkkA
vçR;{k djksa ds çdkj vkSj laLdj.k
z th,lVh (oLrq ,oa lsok dj)
 ;g oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds mRiknu] fcØh vkSj •ir
ij yxk;k tkus okyk ,d vçR;{k jk"Vªh; dj gSA
 blus la?kh; vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa
ij yxk, x, lHkh vçR;{k djksa dks çfrLFkkfir dj
fn;k gSA
290
z mRikn 'kqYd
 mRikn 'kqYd fo'kq¼r% ,d oLrq dj gS D;ksafd ;g
mRikn dh fcØh ds ctk; Hkkjr esa oLrqvksa ds fuekZ.k
ij ,d=k fd;k tkrk gSA
 lhth,lVh çHkko esa vk x;h gSA
z fcØh dj
 Hkkjr esa] fcØh dj ,d çdkj dk ljdkjh dj gS tks
ns'k ds Hkhrj fdlh fuf'pr oLrq dh fcØh ;k •jhn
ij yxk;k tkrk gSA
 bldh txg vc vkbZth,lVh us ys yh gSA
z ykHkka'k forj.k dj (MhMhVh)
 ykHkka'k ,d fo'ks"k o"kZ esa daiuh ds equkiQs ls ,d
fuxe }kjk fuos'kdksa dks fd;k x;k Hkqxrku gSA ykHkka'k
'ks;jèkkjdksa ds gkFkksa esa vk; gS vkSj] vkn'kZ :i ls]
dj ;ksX; gksuk pkfg,A
 MhMhVh dj 'ks;jèkkjdksa dks Hkqxrku fd, x, ykHkka'k
dh jkf'k ds vkèkkj ij Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk Hkkjrh; iQeks±
ij yxk;k x;k dj gSA
 MhMhVh dk mi;ksx 'kq: esa 1997 esa fd;k x;k Fkk
vkSj ;g vk;dj vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 115 vks ds rgr
'kkflr FkkA
 MhMhVh dks foÙk ea=kh us ctV 2020 esa fujLr dj
fn;k FkkA
 ykHkka'k djkèkku vc fuxeksa ls O;fÙkQ;ksa dks LFkkukarfjr
dj fn;k x;k gSA
z lsok dj
 Hkkjr esa] lHkh lsok,¡ lsok dj ds vèkhu gSaA
 1994&95 esa rhu lsokvksa ij lsok dj yxk;k x;k Fkk%
VsyhiQksu lsok,a] lkekU; chek vkSj LVkWd czksfdaxA
 rc ls] gj lky vfèkd ls vfèkd lsokvksa dks tksM+dj
lfoZl usV esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA vc gekjs ikl ,d 'udkjkRed
lwph' cfg"dj.k ekunaM gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fd dqN
lsokvksa ij vc dj ugha yxrk gSA
 mldh txg oLrq ,oa lsok dj us ys yhA
z oSV (ewY; ofèkZr dj)
 oSV dks bl rjg ls fMtkbu fd;k x;k gS fd foÑfr;ka
lekIr gks tkrh gSaA
 ifj.kkeLo:i] lHkh Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa vkSj dsaæ 'kkflr
çns'kksa us oSV (vaMeku fudksckj vkSj y{k}hi ds la?k
'kkflr çns'kksa dks NksM+dj) is'k fd;k gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
  jkT; dj dh jkf'k fuèkkZfjr djrk gS] tks jkT; esa csph  djksa ds foijhr] 'kqYd ds ekeys esa dksbZ ckè;rk ugha gSA
tkus okyh oLrqvksa dh ,d J`a•yk ij yxk;k tkrk gSA  ljdkj dqN lsok,a çnku djrh gS ftlds fy, 'kqYd

 vc bldh txg ,lth,lVh us ys yh gSA yxk;k tkrk gSA

egRoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh
;g og gS tks okLro esa dj dk Hkqxrku
dj dh leh{kk djrk gSA dj dk lgh Hkkj] djkikr }kjk
gksrk gS u fd çHkko lsA
;g og bdkbZ gS ftl ij dj yxk;k tkrk
dj çHkko gSA bdkbZ ds ikl djksa dk Hkqxrku djus dh
dkuwuh ftEesnkjh gSA
tc djkikr] dj ds çHkko ls fHkUu gksrk
dj LFkkukarj.k
gS] rks ;g dj LFkkukarj.k gSA
oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh ek=kk ftl ij dj
dj vkèkkj
yxk;k x;k gSA
xSj&dj jktLo ds lzksr
z csVjesaV 'kqYd dk fo'ks"k vkdyu%
 ;g ,d çdkj dk fo'ks"k 'kqYd gS tks leqnk; ds lnL;ksa
 ikliksVZ] Mªkbfoax ykblsal vkSj vU; nLrkost] mnkgj.k
ds fy,] 'kqYd ds vèkhu gSaA
1- lkoZtfud m|eksa ls vk;%
1- ljdkj dks lkoZtfud m|eksa }kjk mRiUu vfèk'ks"k ls
Hkh jktLo çkIr gksrk gSA
2- dqN lkoZtfud {ks=k ds m|e egRoiw.kZ ykHk mRiUu
djrs gSaA
3- ljdkj }kjk çkIr ykHk ;k ykHkka'k dk mi;ksx lkoZtfud
mís';ksa ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA
la?k ds fy, vçR;{k dj jkT;ksa ds fy, vçR;{k
jktLo dk lzksr dj jktLo dk lzksr
lhek 'kqYd fcØh dj
dsaæh; mRikn 'kqYd eknd 'kjkc ij mRikn 'kqYd

ij yxk;k tkrk gS tks fof'k"V ljdkjh xfrfofèk;ksa ;k dsaæh; fcØh dj foykflrk] vkeksn&çeksn]
lkoZtfud ifj;kstukvksa ls ykHkkfUor gksrs gSaA lêðsckth] euksjatu vkSj tq,
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ml iM+ksl ds yksx lkoZtfud ikdZ
ij dj
;k lM+d ds fuekZ.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i viuh laifÙk ;k lsok dj th,lVh fo|qr dj
Hkwfe ds ewY; esa o`f¼ ns• ldrs gSaA
z migkj] vuqnku vkSj lgk;rk% vçR;{k djkèkku ds xq.k
 ledkyhu le; esa] ,d ljdkj ls nwljh ljdkj dks z ykspnkj%
migkj udn dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lzksr gSA  ;g çÑfr esa yphyk gSA D;ksafd ;g vfèkd O;kid

 vius dk;ks± dks iwjk djus ds fy,] dsaæ ljdkj jkT; :i ls ykxw gksrk gS] djkèkku esa dksbZ Hkh ekewyh o`f¼
ljdkjksa dks vuqnku forfjr djrh gS] tcfd jkT; egRoiw.kZ vk; mRiUu djsxhA
ljdkjsa LFkkuh; ljdkjksa dks vuqnku çnku djrh gSaA
z U;k;laxr%
 fons'kh lgk;rk dk rkRi;Z vU; ns'kksa ds vuqnku ls gSA
 tc vehjksa }kjk miHkksx dh tkus okyh foykflrk ij
 vU; jk"Vª fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks lSU; lgk;rk] iks"k.k
,d cM+k dj yxk;k tkrk gS] rks vçR;{k dj fu"i{krk
lacaèkh lgk;rk] rduhdh lgk;rk vkfn çnku djrs gSaA
ds fl¼kar dks iwjk djrk gSA
z jktlkRdj.k%
z vijkèk dj@miHkksx fu;a=k.k%
 ;g jkT; ds mu yksxksa dh laifÙk ds nkos dks lanfHkZr
 bldk mi;ksx vokafNr oLrqvksa dh •jhn dks jksdus ds
djrk gS ftudh dkuwuh mÙkjkfèkdkfj;ksa ;k nLrkosth
olh;r ds fcuk e`R;q gks tkrh gSA fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z 'kqYd%  mnkgj.k ds fy,] foykflrkiw.kZ mRiknksa ij dj yxkdj

 iQhl ljdkj ds fy, ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ jktLo lzksr vkSj mudh dherksa esa o`f¼ djdsA
gSA z lqfoèkk%
 lkoZtfud çkfèkdj.k ukxfjdksa dks lsok çnku djus ds  vçR;{k dj vklku gksrs gSa D;ksafd djnkrk (miHkksÙkQk)

fy, 'kqYd ysrs gSaA dj dh FkksM+h ek=kk dk Hkqxrku djrs gSaA

Hkkjrh; djkèkku
Hkkjrh; djkèkkuiz.izkkyh
.kkyh 291
z vkfFkZd ykxr%
 laxzg dh vkfFkZd ykxr de gS D;ksafd fuekZrk vkSj
O;kikjh ljdkj dks dj ,d=k djrs gSa vkSj Hkqxrku
djrs gSaA
 ekun dj laxzkgd O;kikjh gSaA
z O;kid dojst vkSj O;kid vkèkkj%
 vçR;{k djksa dk çHkko lekt esa yxHkx lHkh us eglwl
fd;k gSA
 bldk Hkqxrku fd;k tkuk pkfg, (laiUu vkSj xjhc
nksuksa }kjk) tc os dj okys lkeku dk vfèkxzg.k djrs
gSaA
vçR;{k djkèkku dh voxq.k
z vfuf'prrk%
z vçR;{k djksa esa o`f¼ ls dhersa c<+rh gSa vkSj oLrqvksa dh
ekax de gks tkrh gSA
z urhtru] ljdkj jktLo laxzg ds ckjs esa fpafrr gSA
z ukxfjd tkx:drk%
z dksbZ ukxfjd psruk ugha gS D;ksafd dj ewY; esa çPNUu
gS] •jhnkj bl ckr ls vutku gSa fd os dj dk Hkqxrku
dj jgs gSaA
z csykspnkj%
z çR;{k djksa dh rqyuk esa] vçR;{k dj de ykspnkj gksrs gSaA
D;ksafd vçR;{k dj vkerkSj ij vkuqikfrd gksrs gSaA
z vuqfpr vkSj çfrxkeh%
z vçR;{k dj dHkh&dHkh vuqfpr vkSj çfrxkeh gksrs gSa
D;ksafd vehj vkSj xjhc nksuksa yksxksa dks vius vk; Lrj
dh ijokg fd, fcuk djksa esa leku jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djuk
iM+rk gSA
vçR;{k dj ls lacafèkr eqís
z cfg"dj.k dh lwph% isVªksfy;e vkbVe (dPpk rsy vkSj
çkÑfrd xSl)] Mhty] xSlksyhu] foekuu Vjckbu bZaèku]
ihus ;ksX; 'kjkc vkSj fj;y ,LVsV] tks vçR;{k dj vk;
dk 35&40» fgLlk gSa] th,lVh ls eqÙkQ gSaA
z th,lVh lajpuk tfVy gS% fo'o cSad ds ,d fo'ys"k.k
ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr dh th,lVh nj jk"Vªh; ewY; ofèkZr dj
okys 115 ns'kksa esa nwljs LFkku ij FkhA
z dj vioapu% pkykuksa ds feyku dh O;kogkfjd i¼fr
ds vHkko esa] tkyh pkyku O;olk; fodflr gks x;k gSA
z mPp dj dh nj% vkWVks vkSj Hkou vkSj fuekZ.k lkexzh
ij mPp dj dh njksa us bu m|ksxksa esa ,sls le; esa ,d
vfrfjÙkQ eanh iSnk dj nh gS tc ekax lhfer gSA
292
z Ñf"k% fdlkuksa dks ,xzksdsfedYl] moZjd] lqj{kk fdV
(vkbZfo;j] ekLd vkSj nLrkus)] fMªi flapkbZ ç.kkyh vkfn
ds fy, th,lVh dk Hkqxrku djuk gksxk] ysfdu os buiqV
VSDl ØsfMV çkIr ugha djrs gSaA
z dj vuqikyu eqf'dy gS% orZeku pkj vyx&vyx njsa]
dbZ cfg"dj.k vkSj midj] lksus ds fy, vyx&vyx njsa]
vkSj blh rjg dj vuqikyu dks ljy cukus ds vafre
mís'; dks de dj nsrs gSa vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i n{krk ykHk
•ks nsrs gSaA
z ,dkfèkd nj pqukSrh% çR;sd pj.k esa dj LySc esa oLrqvksa
ds oxhZdj.k vkSj fookn dh fLFkfr esa yach eqdnesckth
dk ys•k&tks•k djus dk mPp •pZ gSA
z MsVk lqj{kk% orZeku th,lVh dk;kZUo;u ds fy,
buiqV&vkèkkfjr VSDl ØsfMV ds fy, cM+s iSekus ij iathdj.k
vkSj iathÑr O;kikfj;ksa ds ,d lk>k MsVkcsl ds fuekZ.k
dh vko';drk Fkh] ftls dsaæh; :i ls ç'kkflr fd;k
tkuk FkkA
 rduhdh dfBukb;ksa ds lkFk] ;g th,lVh ds vkbZVh
ifjn`'; ds fy, ,d xaHkhj ckèkk ds :i esa mHkjk gSA
vçR;{k djkèkku% vkxs dh jkg
z dj baVjiQsl dks U;wure djuk% djnkrkvksa ds lkFk dj
vfèkdkfj;ksa ds baVjiQsl dks c<+kus dh Hkh vko';drk gS]
ftlls çfØ;k dks vkSj vfèkd mi;ksxdrkZ ds vuqdwy
cuk;k tk ldsA
z dq'ky th,lVh ifjpkyu ç.kkyh% gesa ,d dq'ky
th,lVh ifjpkyu ç.kkyh fodflr djus vkSj orZeku
vçR;{k dj O;oLFkk ls th,lVh esa laØe.k ds dkj.k gksus
okys O;oèkku dks de djus dh vko';drk gSA
z th,lVh nj dks ;qfÙkQlaxr cukuk% gesa èkhjs&èkhjs de
la[;k vkSj njksa ds fupys Lrj dh vksj c<+uk pkfg,A D;ksafd
th,lVh ç.kkyh dj vkèkkj dks O;kid djsxh] gesa vk;
•ks, fcuk dj dh njksa dks de djus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg,A
z dkys èku dh mRifÙk dks •Re djuk% dj lqèkkj dks
O;oLFkk dks lkiQ djus ds fy, ,d cM+h ljdkjh j.kuhfr
ds fgLls ds :i esa ns•k tkuk pkfg, rkfd dksbZ dkyk
èku mRiUu u gksA
z dj vkèkkj dk foLrkj% dj ifjorZuksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i
,d O;kid dj vkèkkj] lexz dj njksa dks de djus]
fuos'k dks c<+kok nsus] mRiknu dk foLrkj djus vkSj vkfFkZd
fodkl dks c<+kok nsus dh vuqefr Hkh ns ldrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z dLVe fudklh esa lqèkkj% dLVe Dyh;jsal vkWijs'kal esa
lqèkkj dh xqatkb'k gSA lhek 'kqYd fudklh (fLoÝV) ds
fy, lHkh Hkkxhnkj ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa dh ,dy f•M+dh
rd igqap gksuh pkfg,A
z fookn lekèkku j.kuhfr% dj ç'kklu lqèkkj
vk;ksx(Vh,vkjlh) dh fliQkfj'k ds ckn] lhchMhVh vkSj
çR;sd lhchvkbZlh dks dj laxzg dk;ks± ds vykok ,d
vyx fookn&fuiVku dk;Z{ks=k LFkkfir djuk pkfg,A
z dj vfèkdkfj;ksa dk çn'kZu ewY;kadu% dj vfèkdkfj;ksa
dk mfpr dkj.k ;k ewY;kadu ds fcuk dkjZokbZ 'kq: djus
dk >qdko dj fooknksa dh c<+rh la[;k ds ihNs ,d ewyHkwr
dkj.k gSA
z fLFkj dj uhfr% vuqekfur vkSj fLFkj dj uhfr ds ekè;e
ls fuos'k dk leFkZu djuk] ftls dj fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa
dks ljy cukdj gkfly fd;k tk ldrk gSA dkuwu }kjk dj
vfèkdkfj;ksa dks nh xbZ foosdkèkhu 'kfÙkQ;ksa dks lhfer djsaA
z lhek 'kqYd ;qfÙkQdj.k% gekjh fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh
ftEesnkfj;ksa dks NksM+s fcuk ;FkklaHko vfèkdre lhek rd]
gesa lHkh lhek 'kqYdksa dks 7» ij ,dhÑr djuk pkfg,A
m|eh ges'kk çfrdwy MÔwVh LVªDpj dh f'kdk;r djrs
jgrs gSaA
vçR;{k djkèkku esa ljdkj dh igy
lhek 'kqYd%
z iQqVfo;j ij lhek 'kqYd 25» ls c<+kdj 35» dj fn;k
x;k vkSj iQuhZpj ij 'kqYd 20» ls c<+kdj 25» dj
fn;k x;kA
z v•ckjh dkxt vkSj gYds ysfir dkxt ds vk;kr ij
ewy lhek 'kqYd (chlhMh) dks 10» ls ?kVkdj 5» dj
fn;k x;kA
z bysfDVªd dkjksa vkSj eksckby iQksu ds iqtks± ij lhek 'kqYd
dh njksa esa cnyko fd;k x;k gSA
z esfMdy xStsV ds vk;kr ij 5» LokLF; midj yxk;k
tk,xk (NwV dks NksM+dj)A
z fofHkUu oLrqvksa vkSj dPps eky tSls Ý;wt] jlk;u vkSj
IykfLVd ij de 'kqYdA
z dqN oLrqvksa ij mPp lhek 'kqYd] tSls fd dkj ds iqtZs
vkSj jlk;u] tks la;qÙkQ jkT; esa Hkh fufeZr gksrs gSaA
O;kikj uhfr ds mik;%
z ,iQVh, ds rgr vk;kr ij çHkkoh tkap çnku djus ds fy,
lhek 'kqYd vfèkfu;e esa cnyko fd;k tk jgkgSA
Hkkjrh; djkèkku
Hkkjrh; djkèkkuiz.izkkyh
.kkyh
z dqN laosnu'khy ftalksa ds fy,] mRifÙk ds fu;eksa dk
ewY;kadu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z vk;kr esa bl rjg dh o`f¼ ds O;ofLFkr fofu;eu dh
vuqefr nsus ds fy, j{kksik; 'kqYd ds çkoèkkuksa dks c<+k;k
tkuk pkfg,A
z lfClMh okys mRiknksa dh Mafiax vkSj vk;kr dks jksdus ds
fy, çkoèkkuksa dk foLrkj fd;k tk jgk gSA
z lhek 'kqYd NwV dh leh{kk ds fy, lq>koksa dks ØkmMlkslZ
fd;k tk,xkA
mRikn 'kqYd
z flxjsV vkSj vU; rackdw mRiknksa ij mRikn 'kqYd esa o`f¼
dh ;kstuk gS] gkykafd chM+h 'kqYd dh njsa vifjofrZr gSaA
z diM+k m|ksx dh lgk;rk ds fy, ihVh, ij ,aVh&Mafiax
VSfjiQ dks lekIr fd;k x;kA
vçR;{k djkèkku esa ljdkj dh igy% dqy feykdj
z th,lVh ifjp;% th,lVh dks 1 tqykbZ] 2017 dks (101osa
laoSèkkfud la'kksèku }kjk) lcls cM+s vçR;{k dj lqèkkj ds
:i esa viuk;k x;k Fkk] ftlesa mRikn 'kqYd] oSV] lsok
dj] foykflrk dj vkfn tSls yxHkx 17vçR;{k 'kqYd
'kkfey FksA
z rRdky lhek 'kqYd% ifj;kstuk ^rRdky lhek 'kqYd*ds
rgr] dsaæh; vçR;{k dj vkSj lhek 'kqYd cksMZ us •siksa dk
,d iQslysl ewY;kadu ykxw fd;k gSA
z ç'kklfud lqèkkj% ikFkZlkjFkh 'kkse ds usr`Ro esa dj ç'kklu
lqèkkj vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa ds vkèkkj ij] jktLo lfpo
us jktdks"kh; fo"k;ksa vkSj dj uhfr ij vuqlaèkku {kerk esa
lqèkkj ds fy, ,d dj uhfr vuqlaèkku bdkbZ dh LFkkiuk
dhA
2022 dk ctV vkSj vçR;{k dj
z ,d fLFkj vkSj iwokZuqes; dj ç.kkyh ds ?kksf"kr y{; dks
tkjh j•rs gq,] dsaæh; ctV 2022&23 esa vkSj mik;ksa dks
ykxw djus dk çLrko gS tks ,d Hkjkslsean dj O;oLFkk
LFkkfir djus dh n`f"V dks vkxs c<+k,axsA
z ,d vçR;{k dj xzkgd ds ikl vkus ls igys mRiknksa
vkSj lsokvksa ij yxk;k tkus okyk dj gS] tks varr% •jhns
x, lkeku ;k lsokvksa ds cktkj ewY; ds fgLls ds :i esa
vçR;{k dj dk Hkqxrku djrk gSA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] oLrq ,oa lsok dj (th,lVh) vkSj
vk;kr djA
293
çeq• çLrko
ifj;kstuk vk;kr vkSj iwathxr oLrq%
z jk"Vªh; iwathxr oLrq uhfr] 2016] 2025 rd iwathxr oLrqvksa
ds mRiknu dks nksxquk djus dh vkdka{kk j•rh gSA
z blls ukSdjh dh vfèkd laHkkouk,a vkSj mPp vkfFkZd
xfrfofèk gksxhA
z gkykafd] fctyh] moZjd] diM+k] peM+k] twrs] •k|
çlaLdj.k vkSj moZjd tSls fofHkUu m|ksxksa ds fy, iwathxr
oLrqvksa dks dbZ VSfjiQ NwV nh xbZ gSa] dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
rhu n'kdksa ls vfèkd le; rd dqN NwV nh xbZ gSA
z bu cfg"dj.kksa us ?kjsyw iwathxr lkeku m|ksx ds foLrkj
dks jksd fn;k gSA
z ctV us iwathxr enksa vkSj ifj;kstuk vk;krksa ij fj;k;rh
njksa dks èkhjs&èkhjs de djus dk lq>ko fn;kA
z ?kjsyw {ks=k ds fodkl vkSj 'esd bu bafM;k' dks çksRlkfgr
djus ds fy, ctV esa 7-5» ds fuEu VSfjiQ dk çLrko
fd;k x;k gSA'
z th,lVh jktLo ,d ubZ ÅapkbZ ij igqapk% etcwr vkfFkZd
lqèkkj ds dkj.k] tuojh 2022 esa th,lVh laxzg 1-40 yk•
djksM+ #i;s ds u, mPp Lrj ij igqap x;kA (dksjksukok;jl
egkekjh ds ckotwn)A th,lVh lgdkjh la?kokn dh Hkkouk
dk mnkgj.k gS vkSj Hkkjr ds ,dy cktkj&,d dj ds
vkn'kZ dks lkdkj djrk gSA
{ks=k&fof'k"V çLrko%
z bysDVªkWfuDl% iguus ;ksX; xStsV~l vkSj bysDVªkWfud LekVZ
ehVj ds ?kjsyw mRiknu dh vuqefr nsus ds fy, lhek
'kqYd njksa dks ,d Js.khc¼ nj lajpuk LFkkfir djus ds
fy, lek;ksftr fd;k tk,xkA jk"Vª us dykbZ esa iguus
;ksX; xStsV] lquus ;ksX; midj.k vkSj bysDVªkWfud LekVZ
ehVj cukus ds fy, ,d u, pj.kc¼ fofuekZ.k dk;ZØe
(ih,eih) dh ?kks"k.kk dh gSA ih,eih 'kq: esa mPp ewY;
okys ?kVdksa ds mRiknu ds fy, vkxs c<+us ls igys de
ewY; ds lkeku ds mRiknu dks çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
z jRu vkSj vkHkw"k.k% dVs vkSj ikWfy'k fd, x, ghjs vkSj
jRuksa ij lhek 'kqYd ?kVkdj 5» dj fn;k tk,xkA dsoy
vkjh ls dkVs x, ghjksa ij dksbZ lhek 'kqYd ugha nsuk gksxkA
z ,e,l,ebZ vkSj fu;kZr% Hkkjr esa cus Ñf"k {ks=k ds
midj.kksa vkSj midj.kksa ds fy, NwV dks ;qfÙkQlaxr cuk;k
tk jgk gSA fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, dbZ mRiknksa ij
NwV Hkh nh tk jgh gSA
294
z bZaèku lfEeJ.k dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, 'kqYd%
bZaèku lfEeJ.k dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, 'kqYd ykxw
fd, tk,axsA bl chp] bZaèku lfEeJ.k dks çksRlkfgr djus
ds fy,] 1 vDVwcj] 2022 ls vuCysaMsM isVªksy 2 #i;s
çfr yhVj ds vfrfjÙkQ varj mRikn 'kqYd ds vèkhu gksxkA
z fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k% ,lbZtsM lhek 'kqYd ç'kklu
vkbZVh&lapkfyr gksuk pkfg, vkSj lhek 'kqYd jk"Vªh; iksVZy
ij lapkfyr gksuk pkfg,] ftlesa vfèkd lqfoèkk vkSj iwjh
rjg ls tksf•e&vkèkkfjr tkap ij tksj fn;k x;k gksA
z lhek 'kqYd lqèkkj vkSj 'kqYd nj esa cnyko% iQslysl
lhek 'kqYd iwjh rjg pkyw gSA lhek 'kqYd lqèkkjksa us ?kjsyw
{kerk fuekZ.k] ,e,l,ebZ ds fy, •sy ds eSnku dks lery
djus] dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ dh lhekvksa dks vklku cukus
vkSj O;kikj djus esa vklkuh esa lqèkkj djus esa egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA ih,yvkbZ vkSj pj.kc¼ fuekZ.k ;kstukvksa
tSlh vU; uhfrxr igyksa dk leFkZd cuukA
oLrq vkSj lsok dj (th,lVh)
z ;g mRiknu ls ysdj miHkksÙkQk rd iwjs mRikn pØ ;k
thou pØ esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds çkoèkku ij ,d
,dy dj gSA
z bldh x.kuk dsoy oLrqvksa ;k lsokvksa ds ¶ewY; laoèkZu¸
pj.k esa dh tkrh gSA
z vafre xzkgd iwjh vkiwfrZ J`a•yk ds ctk; dj ds dsoy
vius fgLls dk Hkqxrku djsxk] tSlk fd igys ekeyk FkkA
z ;g xarO;&vkèkkfjr djksa dh ,d ç.kkyh gSA
z 101osa lafoèkku la'kksèku vfèkfu;e us bls cuk;kA
z ;g Hkkjr dks ,d la;qÙkQ cktkj cukus ds fy, ¶ou us'ku]
ou VSDl¸ dh Hkkouk ls iwjs ns'k ij yxk;k x;k ,d
vçR;{k dj gSA
z th,lVh ifj"kn ds ikl th,lVh ls lacafèkr fdlh Hkh eqís
ij 'kklu djus dk vfèkdkj gS] vkSj blds vè;{k ns'k ds
foÙk ea=kh gksrs gSaA
th,lVh ds mís';
z nLrkosthdj.k esa deh% ljdkj th,lVh tSls ,dhÑr dj
dh LFkkiuk djds iqjkuh dj ç.kkyh ds rgr dbZ nLrkostksa
dh vko';drk dks de djuk pkgrh gSA
z dk;Zdq'kyrk esa lqèkkj% y{; O;olk;ksa dks ljy VSDl
iQkbfyax ç.kkyh çnku djuk gS tks mudh n{krk esa o`f¼
djsxk vkSj daiuh dh xfrfofèk;ksa ls tqM+s dqy •pks± dks
de djsxkA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ljyhdj.k% bl djkèkku ç.kkyh dk çeq• y{; djksa ds 18% 517 Vinegar, marbles, paints plywood
Hkqxrku ds lkFk&lkFk vuqikyu dh iwjh çfØ;k dks ljy 28% 28 Cement, auto part, ACs, tobacco,
cukuk gSA aerated drinks
z lkekU; cktkj% ;g ,dhÑr djkèkku lajpuk ds ekè;e ls Note: Besides, there are two more slabs of 3 per
Hkkjr esa ,d lkekU; cktkj ds fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA cent levied on gold, silver, semi precious stones, and
0.25% on diamonds and others
z buiqV VSDl ØsfMV% ;g buiqV VSDl ØsfMV ds mi;ksx ds
Source: By india central board of indirect taxes and
ekè;e ls leku ysunsu ls tqM+s igys ds djksa dh dVkSrh customs
dk Hkh çkoèkku djrk gSA th,lVh dj iwjh rjg ls vkiwfrZ
J`a•yk ds çR;sd Lrj ij tksM+s x, 'kq¼ ewY; ij yxk;k th,lVh dh le;js•k
tkrk gSA
z dj vkèkkj c<+k,¡% th,lVh ds çeq• y{;ksa esa ls ,d
Hkkjr esa dj vkèkkj dks c<+kuk gSA vfèkdka'k iwoZ vçR;{k
djksa esa daiuh ds okf"kZd jktLo ds vkèkkj ij iathdj.k
lhek çfrcaèk FksA
z fuxjkuh ç.kkyh% th,lVh dk y{; cdk,nkjksa vkSj dj
pksjh djus okyksa dks •kstus ds fy, ,d ns'kO;kih fuxjkuh
ç.kkyh cukuk gSA
z O;kid çHkko% ;g ,dy ysunsu ij vçR;{k djksa ds
O;kid çHkko dks lekIr djrk gSA
orZeku nj lajpuk
z lhth,lVh] ,lth,lVh vkSj vkbZth,lVh vfèkfu;eksa ds
rgr oLrqvksa ;k lsokvksa dh fcØh ij
z yxk, x, dj dh çfr'kr njksa dks th,lVh njksa ds :i esa
tkuk tkrk gSA
z ,d th,lVh&iathÑr iQeZ dks vkiwfrZ ds ewY; ij yxk,
x, th,lVh jkf'k okys pkyku tkjh djus pkfg,A
z lhth,lVh vkSj ,lth,lVh (varj&jkT; ysunsu ds fy,)
ds fy, th,lVh njsa yxHkx leku gSaA blds foijhr]
th,lVh jktLo% vkadM+s vkSj vkÑfr
vkbZth,lVh (varj&jkT; ysunsu ds fy,) ds fy, th,lVh
z flracj 2022 esa ,df=kr dqy th,lVh jktLo 1]47]686
nj yxHkx lhth,lVh vkSj ,lth,lVh njksa ds ;ksx ds
djksM+ gS] ftlesa ls 25]271 djksM+
cjkcj gSA
z lhth,lVh] 31]813 djksM+ ,lth,lVh vkSj 80]464 djksM+
PRESENT GST RATE STRUCTURE
vkbZth,lVh gSA midj 10]137 djksM+ #i, gSA
Rate Rate Items
slab slab z lkekU; fuiVku ds rgr ljdkj us vkbZth,lVh ls lhth,lVh
0% 183 Mostly Agriculture product
esa 31]880 djksM+ vkSj ,lth,lVh esa 27]403 djksM+ #i;s HkstAs
5% 308 Branded cereals, edible oils, z fu;fer fuiVku ds ckn] flracj 2022 esa dsaæ vkSj jkT;ksa
insulin, footwears up to `1,000 dh dqy vk; lhth,lVh ds fy, 57]151 djksM+ vkSj
12% 178 Butter and other fats, pasta, ,lth,lVh ds fy, 59]216 djksM+ gSA
diabetic foods, mobile phones, z flracj 2022 dk jktLo fiNys lky blh eghus ds jktLo
bicycles
ls 26» vfèkd gSA

Hkkjrh; djkèkku
Hkkjrh; djkèkkuiz.izkkyh
.kkyh 295
z eghus ds nkSjku mRiknksa ds vk;kr ls jktLo 39» vfèkd
Fkk] tcfd ?kjsyw ysunsu (lsokvksa ds vk;kr lfgr) ls
jktLo fiNys o"kZ ds blh eghus dh rqyuk esa 22» vfèkd FkkA
z ;g ukSoka vkSj yxkrkj lkroka eghuk gS] tc ekfld th,lVh
çkfIr;ka 1-4 yk• djksM+ ls vfèkd gks xbZ gSaA
z flracj 2022 rd gj lky th,lVh vk; esa 27» dh o`f¼
gqbZ gS] tks n'kkZrk gS fd vFkZO;oLFkk vHkh Hkh iQy&iQwy jgh gSA
z vxLr 2022 esa] 7-7 djksM+ bZ&os pkyku tkjh fd, x,]
tks tqykbZ 2022 esa mRiUu 7-5 djksM+ ls dqN vfèkd gSA
Trends in GST Collection (Rs. in Crore)
1,80,000
z bl eghus #i;s dk nwljk lcls cM+k ,dy&fnol laxzg
ns•k x;kA 20 flracj dks 49]453 djksM+] 8-77 yk•
pkyku dh nwljh lcls cM+h la[;k ds lkFk] dsoy #i;s ds
ihNsA lky ds var esa fjVuZ ds ckjs esa 9-58 yk• pkyku
ds ekè;e ls 20 tqykbZ] 2022 dks 57]846 djksM+ #i;s
çkIr gq,A
z ;g n'kkZrk gS fd th,lVh,u }kjk ç'kkflr th,lVh lkbV
iwjh rjg ls fLFkj gS vkSj =kqfV jfgr gSA
z 30 flracj] 2022 dks ,uvkbZlh iksVZy ij fcuk fdlh =kqfV
ds 1-1 djksM+ ls vfèkd bZ&os fcy vkSj bZ&pkyku (72-94
yk• bZ&pkyku vkSj 37-74 yk• bZ&os fcy) cuk, x,A

1,60,000

1,40,000

1,20,000

1,00,000
1,67,540

1,40,885

1,44,616

1,48,995

1,43,612

1,47,686
1,39,703

80,000
1,16.393

1,12,020

1,17,010
97,821

92,800

60,000

40,000

20,000

0
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
GST Collection in FY 2021-22 GST Collection in FY 2021-22

oLrq ,oa lsok dj usVodZ (th,lVh,u)
z daiuh vfèkfu;e ds rgr th,lVh,u ,d xSj&ykHkdkjh
fuxe gSA
z bldh LFkkiuk th,lVh dh lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh vkèkkj dks
'kq: djus vkSj lapkfyr djus ds fy, dh xbZ FkhA
z tcfd dsaæh; (24-5») vkSj jkT; (24-5») ljdkjsa daiuh
dk 49» fgLlk j•rh gSa] 'ks"k 51» dk LokfeRo ikap foÙkh;
laLFkkuksa ds ikl gS% ,yvkbZlh gkmflax iQkbusal (11»
'ks;j)] vkbZlhvkbZlhvkbZ cSad] ,pMh,iQlh] ,pMh,iQlh
cSad] vkSj ,u,lbZ lkefjd fuos'k fuxe fyfeVsM (çR;sd
10» fgLlsnkjh)
z th,lVh,u us th,lVh gkMZos;j vkSj lkWÝVos;j cukus dk
Bsdk bUiQksfll fyfeVsM dks fn;k FkkA
z th,lVh,u dks ,d ,slh bdkbZ cukus ds fy, cuk;k x;k
Fkk tks dsaæ ljdkj vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa nksuksa ls leku nwjh
ij gks D;ksafd ;g lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh usVodZ ij dsaæ vkSj
jkT; nksuksa dks lykg nsxhA
jk"Vªh; equkiQk•ksjh jksèkh çkfèkdj.k (,uih,)
z dsaæh; oLrq ,oa lsok dj vfèkfu;e 2017 dh èkkjk 171
us jk"Vªh; equkiQk•ksjh jksèkh çkfèkdj.k dh LFkkiuk dhA
z bldk mís'; bl ckr dh xkjaVh nsuk gS fd dj dh vk'kadk
esa dksbZ Hkh deh ;k VSDl ØsfMV dk ykHk Hkqxrku esa deh
ds :i esa fn;k tkrk gSA

296 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z dk;Z%
z çkfèkdj.k dk çkFkfed mís'; ;g xkjaVh nsuk gS fd GST
ifj"kn }kjk oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ij GST njksa esa deh dk
ykHk çkIr gksA
z vkiwfrZdrkZvksa }kjk ewY; esa dVkSrh ds ekè;e ls Øe'k%
vafre miHkksÙkQkvksa vkSj çkIrdrkZvksa dks buiqV VSDl ØsfMV
esa vkuqikfrd ifjorZuA
1- eqæk;kstu%
z jk"Vªh; equkiQk•ksjh jksèkh çkfèkdj.k dk usr`Ro Hkkjr ljdkj
ds lfpo Lrj ds ,d ofj"B vfèkdkjh }kjk fd;k tk,xk]
ftlesa dsæa vkSj@;k jkT;ksa ls pkj rduhdh lnL; 'kkfey gksxa As
2- çkfèkdj.k dh 'kfÙkQ;ka vkSj dk;Z%
z ;fn jk"Vªh; equkiQk•ksjh jksèkh çkfèkdj.k ;g fuèkkZfjr djrk
gS fd equkiQk•ksjh jksèkh dkjZokb;k¡ vko';d gSa] rks mlds
ikl ;g vfèkdkj gS fd og O;olk; dks mlds ewY;
fuèkkZj.k dks de djus ;k mRiknksa ;k lsokvksa ds çkIrdrkZ
dks C;kt lfgr çkIr vuqfpr ykHk dks cgky djus ds
fy, ckè; djsA
z ;fn xyr ykHk çkIrdrkZ dks gLrkarfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk
gS] rks mls miHkksÙkQk dY;k.k dks"k esa Mkyus dk vkns'k fn;k
tk ldrk gSA
z xaHkhj ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] jk"Vªh; equkiQk•ksjh jksèkh çkfèkdj.k
foiQy O;kikfjd laxBu ij tqekZuk yxk ldrk gS vkSj
laHkor% blds th,lVh iathdj.k dks lekIr dj ldrk gSA
th,lVh ifj"kn
z th,lVh (vuqPNsn 279,) th,lVh ds çcaèku vkSj lapkyu
ds fy, jk"Vªifr ,d ifj"kn dh fu;qfÙkQ djsaxsA blds vè;{k
gjs jax dh VªMas &ykbu GST jktLo ds Åij dh vksj ladrs djrh gSA
Hkkjrh; djkèkku
Hkkjrh; djkèkkuiz.izkkyh
.kkyh
Hkkjr ds dsaæh; foÙk ea=kh gSa] vkSj blds lnL; jkT; ljdkjksa
}kjk pqus x, ea=kh gSaA
z ifj"kn dks lajfpr fd;k tkrk gS rkfd dsaæ ds ikl ,d
frgkbZ ernku 'kfÙkQ gks vkSj jkT;ksa ds ikl nks frgkbZ gksA
z fu.kZ; 3@4 cgqer ls fy, tkrs gSaA
th,lVh 'kklu dh liQyrk% 5 lky iwjs
z bZt vkWiQ Mwbax fctusl dks c<+kok nsuk%
z th,lVh djkèkku ds ckjs esa fdlh Hkh Hkze dks nwj djus
vkSj O;kikj dks vklku cukus ds fy, ljdkj ldZqyj vkSj
Li"Vhdj.k rS;kj djus esa lfØ; jgh gSA
z th,lVh ifj"kn us paMhx<+ esa viuh 47oha cSBd ds nkSjku
bZ&dkWelZ IysViQkWeZ ds ekè;e ls vkiwfrZ djus okys NksVs
djnkrkvksa ds fy, vuqikyu dh lqfoèkk ds fy, ernku
fd;kA
z ,sls foØsrk] tks fo'ks"k :i ls varj&jkT; vkiwfrZ djrs gSa]
dks GST iathdj.k ls NwV nh xbZ gSA
z ;fn mudh okf"kZd fcØh mRiknksa ds fy, 40 yk• #i;s
vkSj vkiwfrZ ds fy, 20 yk• #i;s ls de gSA
1- jktLo laxzg.k%
z th,lVh ifj"kn us 47 ckj cSBd dh gS vkSj mu dkjZokb;ksa
dks viuk;k gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i çfr ekg 1 yk•
djksM+ #i;s dk th,lVh laxzg ¶U;w ukeZy¸ gks x;k gSA
z gj eghus oSY;w 1-4 yk• djksM+ #i, igqapus dh mEehn gSA
z vçSy 2022 esa] laxzg 1-68 yk• djksM+ #i;s ds u, mPp
Lrj ij igqap x;kA blus vçSy 2018 esa igyh ckj 1 yk•
djksM+ #i;s tqVk, FksA
297
z jkT; ds jktLo esa rhoz o`f¼%
z th,lVh ds dk;kZUo;u ds ckn ls] 2012 vkSj 2015 ds
chp 9» dh okf"kZd vkSlr o`f¼ nj dh rqyuk esa jkT;ksa
ds fy, dqy lalkèku fodkl nj çfr o"kZ 14-8» jgh gSA
z urhtru jkT;ksa dh fLFkfr csgrj utj vk jgh gSA 2014&17
dh rqyuk esa] 2018&21 esa jkT; ds jktLo dk th,lVh
fgLlk dqN lhek rd c<+k gSA
z vuqikyu esa lqèkkj%
z GST usVodZ (GSTN) vçR;{k dj O;oLFkk dh rduhdh
jh<+ ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
z ;g v|ru MsVk çnku djus vkSj vk; yhd dk lekèkku
djus ds fy, Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk vkSj e'khu yfuZax dk mi;ksx
dj jgk gSA
z th,lVh&Vw&thMhih vuqikr 2020&21 esa 5-8» ls c<+dj
2021&22 esa 6-4» gks x;k] tks csgrj vuqikyu dks çnf'kZr
djrk gSA
1- djksa ds çikrh ls cpuk%
 blesa 17 LFkkuh; 'kqYd tSls mRikn 'kqYd] lsok dj
vkSj oSV ds lkFk&lkFk 13 midj 'kkfey FksA
 iwoZ&th,lVh vofèk esa] oSV] mRikn 'kqYd] lh,lVh vkSj
muds O;kid çHkko ds la;kstu ds ifj.kkeLo:i ,d
xzkgd }kjk vkSlru 31» dj dk Hkqxrku fd;k x;kA
 fofHkUu dj nj Lrjksa esa fujarj lek;kstu ds lkFk]
çHkkoh GST nj 2019 esa 14-4» ls fxjdj 11-6» gks
xbZ gS] tc bls igyh ckj ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA
th,lVh dks pqukSrh
z dojst dk vHkko% isVªksy] Mhty vkSj ,Vh,iQ dks
th,lVh ls NwV ds lkFk] vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d cM+k fgLlk
vNwrk jgrk gSA
z jkT;ksa dks eqvkotk% dbZ jkT;ksa us th,lVh eqvkots ij
Hkjkslk fd;k gSA
z pwafd çkoèkku lekIr gksus okyk gS] dbZ jkT; foLrkj dk
vuqjksèk dj jgs gSaA
z ogha dsaæ ljdkj i'kksis'k esa utj vk jgh gSA blds vykok]
tSls gh 2019&20 esa vFkZO;oLFkk detksj gksus yxh] dsaæ
ljdkj us jkT;ksa dks th,lVh Hkqxrku LFkfxr dj fn;kA
1- ,dkfèkd dj njsa% dbZ vU; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds
foijhr Hkkjr esa dbZ dj njsa gSa] ftUgksaus leku dj
lajpuk,a LFkkfir dh gSaA ;g ns'k esa lHkh oLrqvksa vkSj
298
lsokvksa ds fy, ,dy vçR;{k dj nj ds dk;kZUo;u
dks ckfèkr djrk gSA
2- djnkrkvksa ds fy, dfBukb;k¡% foÙkh; la[;k feyku]
iathdj.k vuqnku] vkSj blh rjg ds dkj.k crkvks
vfèklwpukvksa ds vuko';d vkSj vR;fèkd tkjh gksus
ds ifj.kkeLo:i djnkrkvksa dks dkiQh pqukSfr;ksa dk
lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
3- mfpr dk;kZUo;u dk vHkko% bZ&os fcy vkSj
bZ&pkyku dh 'kq#vkr ds ckotwn] vFkZO;oLFkk ds
lHkh {ks=kksa esa okLrfod jlhnsa tkjh ugha dh tkrh gSaA
z iQkLV&ewfoax daT;wej xqM~l (,iQ,elhth) LVksj vkSj
iQkeZsfl;ksa] mnkgj.k ds fy,] lqij LVkWfdLVksa ls viuh
vkiwfrZ çkIr djrs gSa] tks mUgsa iQeks± }kjk pqus x, forjdksa
ls çkIr djrs gSaA
4- eqækLiQhfr vkSj jktLo laxzg% dqN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa ds
vuqlkj] th,lVh laxzg esa orZeku o`f¼ vR;fèkd
eqækLiQhfr ls lacafèkr gSA
z okLrfod :i esa (eqækLiQhfr ds fy, lek;ksftr)] th,lVh
laxzg dh o`f¼ nj dkiQh de gS_ mnkgj.k ds fy,] ekpZ
2022 esa th,lVh laxzg esa lky&nj&lky o`f¼ nj ekewyh
:i ls 14-7» Fkh] ysfdu okLrfod esa dsoy 3-7» FkhA
5- ckj&ckj rduhdh leL;k,¡% blds ifj.kkeLo:i
GSTR 2 (,d •jhn fjVuZ) vkSj GSTR 3 (,d
buiqV&vkmViqV fjVuZ) ds iQkWeZ dks fuyafcr dj fn;k
x;k gS] vkSj ckn esa mUgsa lekIr dj fn;k x;k gSA bZ&os
fcy dh 'kq:vkr rduhdh dfBukb;ksa ls xzLr FkhA
vkxs c<+us dk rjhdk
z de mRihM+u% djnkrkvksa ds vuko';d mRihM+u dks de
djus ds fy,] dbZ psd flLVe&fufeZr th,lVh uksfVl esa
,dhÑr fd, tk ldrs gSaA
z MsVk dk fo'ys"k.k% GST flLVe esa ,d cM+k MsVkcsl gksrk
gSA vFkZO;oLFkk ds LokLF; esa mi;ksxh varnZ`f"V çnku djus
ds fy, MsVk dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z MsVk&lapkfyr varnZ`f"V mi;qÙkQ uhfrxr igyksa ds fuekZ.k esa
lgk;rk dj ldrh gSA
1- nk;js dk foLrkj% ljdkjksa dks dSLdsM dks de djus
vkSj vfrfjÙkQ fLFkjrk çnku djus esa enn djus ds fy,
isVªksfy;e vkSj fctyh dks th,lVh ds nk;js esa ykus
dk ç;kl djuk pkfg,A
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 2- eqvkots dk foLrkj% vfèkdka'k jkT;ksa us eqvkotk
ç.kkyh ds foLrkj dh odkyr dh gSA
z çkfèkdj.k dk ,dy lzksr% fu;kZrdksa ds fy, çfØ;k dks
vklku cukus ds fy, th,lVh fjiQaM dks vfèkÑr vkSj
lalkfèkr djus ds fy, ,d ubZ ç.kkyh çLrkfor dh xbZ gSA
z çLrkfor cnyko ds rgr ,d VSDl ,tsalh fjiQaM dk
vkdyu] tkap vkSj eatwjh nsxhA lajpuk ;kstuk dk jktLo
çn'kZu%
z NksVs O;kikj ekfydksa ds chp vfèkd vuqikyu lqfuf'pr
djds bls c<+k;k tkuk pkfg,A
1- th,lVh ifj"kn% mUgsa ,d etcwr rduhdh lfpoky;
dh lgk;rk dh vko';drk gksxh] ftlesa ç'kkld]
vFkZ'kkL=kh] ys•kdkj vkSj odhy 'kkfey gksaxsA
z fiQygky] th,lVh ifj"kn ¶fiQVesaV desVh¸ ds fo'ys"k.k
ij fuHkZj djrh gS] tks dsaæh; vçR;{k djkèkku vkSj lhek
'kqYd cksMZ (lhchvkbZlh) ds dj vuqlaèkku bdkbZ ls ukfer
vfèkdkfj;ksa vkSj okf.kfT;d dj foHkkxksa ds vfèkdkfj;ksa ls
cuh gSA dbZ jkT;A
2- Li"Vrk% tSls&tSls rduhd vkxs c<+rh gS] u, ,lsV
Dykl fodflr gksrs gSa] tSls fd opZqvy fMftVy
,lsV~l (ohMh,) ;k fØIVksdjsalhA
3- AAR fu.kZ;ksa dk lekèkku% ljdkj jkT;ksa ds chp
ijLij fojksèkh AAR fu.kZ;ksa dk lekèkku djus ds
fy, ,d dsaæh; çkfèkdj.k LFkkfir djus ij fopkj
dj ldrh gSA
z ;g equkiQk•ksjh jksèkh fu;eksa dks •Re djus dk Hkh irk
yxk ldrk gS] ftlls iQeks± dks viuh njsa fuèkkZfjr djus
dh vuqefr fey ldsA
z eq[; vkfFkZd lykgdkj us ,d f'kdk;r&lekèkku ç.kkyh
(,d GST U;k;kfèkdj.k) LFkkfir djus dk lq>ko fn;k gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. ^oLrq ,oa lsok dj (th,lVh)* ykxw djus ds laHkkfor
ykHk D;k gSa@gSa\ (2017)
1- ;g dbZ çkfèkdj.kksa }kjk ,d=k fd, x, dbZ djksa
dks çfrLFkkfir djsxk vkSj bl çdkj ,dy cuk
nsxk Hkkjr esa cktkjA
2- ;g Hkkjr ds 'pkyw •krk ?kkVs' dks dkiQh gn rd
de djsxk vkSj bls c<+kus esa l{ke djsxk bldk
fons'kh eqæk HkaMkjA
Hkkjrh; djkèkku
Hkkjrh; djkèkkuiz.izkkyh
.kkyh
3- ;g Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl vkSj vkdkj esa
vR;fèkd o`f¼ djsxk vkSj bls l{ke djsxk fudV
Hkfo"; esa phu ls vkxs fudyus ds fy,A
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,%
(a) dsoy 1
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. oLrq vkSj lsok dj (jkT;ksa dks eqvkotk) vfèkfu;e 2017
ds ihNs ds rdZ dh O;k[;k djsa A dksfoM&19 us GST
eqvkotk dks"k dks dSls çHkkfor fd;k vkSj u, la?kh;
ruko iSnk fd,\  (2020)
dj vkSj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk vuqikr
z bldk mi;ksx ;g ekius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd
fdlh ns'k dh ljdkj vius vkfFkZd lalkèkuksa dks fdruh
liQyrkiwoZd fu;af=kr djrh gSA
z dj vkSj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk vuqikr fdlh ns'k ds dj
jktLo ds vkdkj dh rqyuk thMhih ls djrk gSA
z ns'k dk dj vkSj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk vuqikr ftruk
vfèkd gksxk] mldh foÙkh; fLFkfr mruh gh csgrj gksxhA
vuqikr vius •pZ dk leFkZu djus ds fy, ljdkj dh
{kerk dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA
z mPp dj vkSj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk vuqikr crkrk gS
fd ljdkj ds ikl ,d cM+k jktdks"kh; foLrkj djus dh
{kerk gSA ;g ljdkjksa dks mèkkj ysus ij fuHkZjrk de djus
esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
Hkkjr dk dj vkSj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk vuqikr%
z 2021&22 esa Hkkjr dk dqy dj laxzg 34» c<+dj 27
yk• djksM+ rd igqap x;k] dj&ls&thMhih vuqikr de
ls de 23 lky ds mPp Lrj 11-7» rd c<+ x;k] tks
fiNys o"kZ 10-3» FkkA
z dj jktLo 2021&22 ds ctV vuqekuksa ls 5 yk• djksM+
vkSj la'kksfèkr vuqekuksa ls Hkh 1-87 yk• djksM+ vfèkd gS]
çR;{k djksa esa 49» dh o`f¼ gqbZ gS vkSj vçR;{k djksa esa
20» dh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
z uohure ctV vuqeku 22-17 yk• djksM+ Fkk] ¶tks fiNys
o"kZ dh rqyuk esa 17» vfèkd gS]¸ vc 27-07 yk• djksM+
ds djhc gSa] 5 yk• djksM+ dh o`f¼A
299
z fuxe dj laxzg esa 56-1» dh o`f¼ gqbZ] tcfd O;fÙkQxr
vk;dj laxzg esa yxHkx 43» dh o`f¼ gqbZ] ftlls dqy
çR;{k dj o`f¼ 49» gks xbZA
z etcwr fu;kZr&vk;kr o`f¼ ds ifj.kkeLo:i lhek 'kqYd
jktLo esa 48» dh o`f¼ gqbZA
z 1-9 ij] orZeku dj mNky vuqikr dks LoLFk ekuk tkrk
gSA 2021&22 esa] dj mNky vuqikr] tks ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn dh o`f¼ dh rqyuk esa dj o`f¼ dks ekirk gS] çR;{k
djksa ds fy, 2-8 vkSj vçR;{k djksa ds fy, 1-1 FkkA
çR;{k&ls&vçR;{k dj vuqikr 2020&21 esa 0-9 ls c<+dj
2021&22 esa 1-1 gks x;kA
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ds vuqikr esa •jkc dj ds dkj.k%
z o`gr Ñf"k {ks=k% Hkkjr ds 25 djksM+ ifjokjksa esa ls 15
djksM+ Ñf"k {ks=k esa gSa] tks dj&eqÙkQ gSA
z lekukarj vkSj dkyh vFkZO;oLFkk,a% lekukarj vFkZO;oLFkk
ds dbZ oxks± esa] csfglkc vk; vkSj O;; ij dksbZ dj ugha
yxrk gSA
z dj NwV% Hkkjr ds mPp dj NwV fu;eksa ls ns'k ds le`¼
futh {ks=k dks ykHk gqvk gSA
z cM+k vukSipkfjd {ks=k% Hkkjr esa vis{kkÑr cM+k
vukSipkfjd@vlaxfBr {ks=k gS] vkSj laxfBr {ks=k dh rqyuk
esa dj pksjh vfèkd çpfyr gSA
z cqfu;knh fparkvksa esa 'kkfey gSa% Hkkjr esa de çfr O;fÙkQ
vk; vkSj vR;fèkd xjhch ds dkj.k dj çkfIr;ka de
jgrh gSaA
z mPp dj fookn% Hkkjr esa dj ç'kklu&djnkrk fooknksa
dh lcls cM+h la[;k gS] ftlesa dj cdk;k dk lcls de
vuqikr olwy fd;k x;k gSA
z mnkj ljdkj dh uhfr% fofHkUu jktuhfrd dkj.kksa ls] dbZ
dsaæ ljdkjksa us de dj&ls&thMhih vuqikr dh vuns•h
dh gSA
z 'kwU; dj ns;rk,a% 'kwU; dj nkf;Roksa dh ?kks"k.kk djus okys
O;fÙkQ;ksa ds dkj.k] dj dk Hkqxrku djus okys O;fÙkQ;ksa dh
okLrfod la[;k de gksrh gSA
z vçR;{k dj vuqikr% Hkkjr esa çR;{k&ls&vçR;{k
dj vuqikr yxHkx 35%65 gSA ;g vfèkdka'k vksbZlhMh
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds foijhr gS] tgka çR;{k djksa ds i{k esa
vuqikr 67%33 gSA
thMhih vuqikr esa de dj ds fufgrkFkZ%
z dj dk cks>% O;kid dj vioapu vçHkkfor jgrk gS]
fodkl dks jksdrk gS] vkSj dj dk vfèkdka'k cks> mPp
300
mRikndrk okys m|ksxksa ij iM+rk gS ftUgsa foLrkj dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
z lkekftd vlekurk% lekt esa vkfFkZd lalkèkuksa dk
vleku vkoaVu lkekftd vlekurk dks c<+k jgk gSA
z de •pZ djus dh {kerk% dj jktLo esa fxjkoV ds
dkj.k] Hkkjrh; jkT; jk"Vªh; lqj{kk] dY;k.kdkjh O;oLFkk]
lkoZtfud lqfoèkkvksa vkfn ij •pZ djus esa vleFkZ gSA
z LFkk;h ?kkVk% ljdkj ds de dj laxzg ds dkj.k] i;kZIr
mèkkjh gksrh gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i jktdks"kh; uhfr esa
LFkk;h ?kkVs dk >qdko gksrk gSA
z çHkkoh dj ç.kkyh% bl rjg dh ç.kkyh ljdkj dks
,d çHkkoh dj ç.kkyh ds fuekZ.k ij è;ku dsafær djus
ds ctk; oksV •jhnus ds fy, iSlk mèkkj ysus ds fy,
jktuhfrd çksRlkgu çnku djrh gS ftlls vkfFkZd fodkl
vkSj çxfr gksxhA
vkfFkZd&loZs{k.k 2019% O;ogkfjd vFkZ'kkL=k
dj vuqikyu esa lqèkkj djrk gS
rdksZ¿izfr"B% Jqr;ksfofHkUukuSdks Íf"k;ZL; era izek.ke~A
We cannot rely totally on rational thinking to
gain information, as it is not without its bias.
z O;ogkfjd vFkZ'kkL=k ,d O;fÙkQ ds vkfFkZd O;ogkj ds
euksoSKkfud] lkekftd] HkkoukRed vkSj lkaLÑfrd ?kVdksa
ds vè;;u ds lkFk&lkFk rdZlaxr 'kkL=kh; vFkZ'kkL=k ds
vkèkkj ij bu fu.kZ;ksa ds fopyu dk vè;;u gSA
z O;ogkfjd vFkZ'kkL=k vè;;u djrk gS fd cktkj ds iQSlys
dSls curs gSa vkSj dkSu ls dkjd lkoZtfud ilan dks
çHkkfor djrs gSaA
z vFkZ'kkL=k ds bl {ks=k us gky ds o"kks± esa xfr çkIr dh
gS vkSj fjpMZ ,p Fksyj dks 2017 esa vFkZ'kkL=k esa ukscsy
iqjLdkj ls ut (nudge) F;ksjh ij muds dke ds fy,
lEekfur fd, tkus ds ckn uhfr fuekZrkvksa ds chp è;ku
vkd"kZ.k fd;k gSA
z fjpMZ ,p Fksyj us bl fo"k; ij dkiQh vè;;u fd;k
vkSj fy•k ut% LokLF;] èku] vkSj •q'kh ds ckjs esa fu.kZ;
esa lqèkkjA
çeq• fl¼kar
z ldkjkRed lkekftd ekudksa ij dsafær è;ku
z vuqdwy uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djds fMiQkWYV lsfVaXl dks cnyuk
z lqn`<hdj.k tks nksgjk;k tkrk gS
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2019% vfHkuo oSf'od O;ogkj ifjorZu gLr{ksi
Hkkjr esa O;ogkfjd vFkZ'kkL=k dk nk;jk
z vkfFkZd loZs{k.k us O;ogkfjd vFkZ'kkL=k dk mi;ksx djrs
gq, fuEufyf•r {ks=kksa esa lkekftd lqèkkjksa dh odkyr dh%
 csVh cpkvks ls csVh vkidh èku y{eh vkSj fot; y{eh
(cnyko) rdA
 lqanj Hkkjr ls LoPN Hkkjr
 ,yihth lfClMh ds fy, ¶bls NksM+ nsa¸ ls ¶blds
ckjs esa lkspsa¸
 dj pksjh ls dj vuqikyu dh vksj laØe.k
ut uhfr;ka
z Hkkjr ,d ,slk ns'k gS tgka laLÑfr] ijaijk vkSj lkekftd
ekud vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSaA
z O;fÙkQ;ksa ds vkfFkZd fu.kZ; muds ifjos'k dh lkekftd vkSj
lkaLÑfrd fo'ks"krkvksa ls çHkkfor gksrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; djkèkku
Hkkjrh; djkèkkuiz.izkkyh
.kkyh
z lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ifjorZu çkIr djus ds fy,] ljdkj
dks lkekftd bathfu;fjax ds ekè;e ls lekt esa O;ogkfjd
ifjorZu ykxw djuk pkfg,A
z ;g fo'ks"k :i ls Hkkjr ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gS] tks fofHkUu
laLÑfr;ksa vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa okyk ns'k gSA
z gky ds o"kks± esa] vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa vkSj uhfr fuekZrkvksa us ubZ
j.kuhfr;ksa dk bLrseky fd;k gS ftUgsa ut uhfr;ksa ds :i
esa tkuk tkrk gSA
z ;g ut fl¼kar ij vkèkkfjr gS] ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd
yksxksa ds O;ogkj dks muds fodYiksa dks lhfer fd, fcuk
etcwrh ls cnyk tk ldrk gSA
z bl n`f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj] yksxksa dks uhfr;ksa }kjk mfpr fu.kZ;
ysus ds fy, èkhjs&èkhjs iQqlyk;k tk ldrk gSA
z ;s fu;e O;fÙkQ;ksa ds vPNs O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djus ds
fy, fof'k"V mÙkksyd LFkkfir djrs gSaA
301
z bu uhfr;ksa dk mi;ksx dj vuqikyu dks çksRlkfgr djus]
lkekftd cqjkb;ksa dks jksdus] i;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy cqfu;knh
<kaps vkSj çkS|ksfxdh dks c<+kok nsus vkSj cpr dks çksRlkfgr
djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA
lhekvksa
z ;g js•kafdr fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd O;ogkfjd vFkZ'kkL=k
ns'k dh lHkh vkfFkZd dfBukb;ksa ds fy, jkeck.k ugha gSA
z ,sls dbZ m|ksx gSa tgka ;g çHkkoh ugha jgk gSA
z dqN uhfr;ksa dks liQy gksus ds fy, dBksj mik;ksa dh
vko';drk gks ldrh gSA
z Hkkjr dbZ vyx&vyx fopkjksa] laLÑfr;ksa vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa
dk ns'k gSA LFkkuh; Lrj ij] dsaæ dh vksj ls vke
ç;kl dk cgqr de ;k dksbZ çHkko ugha gksxk
z volajpuk vkSj f'k{kk ut uhfr ds egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSaA
tehuh Lrj ij] Hkkjr buesa ls çR;sd {ks=k esa cM+h dfe;ksa
ls xzLr gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. fdlh ns'k ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ds vuqikr esa dj esa
deh fuEufyf•r esa ls fdldks bafxr djrh gS\ (2015)
1- èkheh vkfFkZd fodkl nj
2- jk"Vªh; vk; dk de leku forj.k
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
(a) dsoy 1
(b) dsoy 2
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
(d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2
djkèkku vkSj jktdks"kh; {kerk ij vkfFkZd loZ{s k.k
z vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2021&22 ds vuqlkj] dsaæ ljdkj dh
vk; çkfIr;ksa esa vçSy ls uoacj 2021 rd 67-2 çfr'kr
(YoY) dh o`f¼ gqbZ] tcfd 2021&22 ds ctV vuqekuksa
(2020&21 ls vfèkd vuafre) esa vuqekfur 9-6 çfr'kr
dh o`f¼ gqbZ FkhA
z vçSy ls uoacj 2021 rd] ldy dj jktLo esa lky nj
lky 50» ls vfèkd dh o`f¼ gqbZA ;g çn'kZu 2019&2020
esa egkekjh ls igys ds Lrj ls Hkh csgrj gSA
z vçSy ls uoacj 2021 rd] dSisDl esa lky nj lky
13-5» dh c<+ksrjh gqbZ] ftlesa baÚkLVªDpj&baVsaflo lsDVlZ
ij iQksdl FkkA
302
z lrr dj laxzg vkSj ,d fu;ksftr O;; dk;ZØe us vçSy
ls uoacj 2021 rd ctV ?kkVs dks ctV vuqeku ds 46-2
çfr'kr ij j•k gSA
z dsaæ ljdkj dk dtZ 2019&20 esa thMhih ds 49-1 çfr'kr
ls c<+dj 2020&21 esa thMhih ds 59-3 çfr'kr gks x;k
gS] D;ksafd dksfoM&19 ds fy, mèkkjh esa o`f¼ gqbZ gS]
ysfdu vFkZO;oLFkk esa lqèkkj ds lkFk blesa fxjkoV vkus
dk vuqeku gSA
dj eukscy
z dj eukscy dj Hkqxrku vkSj pksjh ds lacaèk esa djnkrkvksa
dh jk; vkSj n`f"Vdks.k dks ekirk gSA dj eukscy ij gekjk
'kksèk fofHkUu igyqvksa dh igpku djrk gS tks yksxksa dh djksa
dk Hkqxrku djus dh bPNk ds lkFk&lkFk uhfrxr çHkkoksa
dks çHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA
lhbZ, lqcze.;u ds- dh fliQkfj'ksa
z ,d n'kd esa mPpre djnkrk% ,d n'kd esa] mPpre
djnkrkvksa ds uke ij egRoiw.kZ LFky gksus pkfg,] tSls
lM+dsa] jsyekxZ] Ldwy] fo'ofo|ky;] vLirky vkSj gokbZ
vîósA
z dj Hkqxrku esa vklkuh ljy 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx djrs gq,
iwoZ&vkcknh okys vk;dj çi=kA ;gka rd fd vxj fdlh
O;fÙkQ ij dksbZ VSDl cdk;k ugha gS] rks Hkh mls bude VSDl
iQkWeZ Hkjus ds fy, etcwj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z voSrfud ½.k% fganw èkeZ] bLyke vkSj bZlkbZ èkeZ esa bls
iki ekuk tkrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] foKkiuksa dks bl ckr ij
tksj nsuk pkfg, fd dSls dj pksjh ,sls ¶vkè;kfRed@èkkfeZd
vkn'kks±¸ dk mYya?ku djrh gSA
z 'kh"kZ nl mPpre djnkrk% ,d ftys esa ohvkbZih VªhVesaV
fn;k tkuk pkfg,] tSls fd gokbZ vîóksa ij çkFkfedrk
cksfMZax] vkoztu MsLd ij fo'ks"k ¶jktuf;d" 'kSyh dh
xfy;ka] jktekxks± vkSj Vksy cwFkksa ij iQkLV&ysu] vkfnA
dj dh pksjh
z dj pksjh O;fÙkQ;ksa] O;olk;ksa] VªLVksa vkSj vU; yksxksa }kjk
djksa dk Hkqxrku djus ls cpus dk ,d voSèk ç;kl gSA
z dj pksjh esa dHkh&dHkh djnkrk ds dj ds cks> dks de
djus ds fy, dj vfèkdkfj;ksa dks djnkrk dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dh tkucw>dj xyr çLrqfr 'kkfey gksrh gSA
z csbZeku VSDl iQkbfyax esa dekbZ ls de vk;] dekbZ ;k
ykHk dk nkok djuk vkSj dVkSfr;ksa dks c<+k&p<+kdj crkuk
'kkfey gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z mPp Lrj ds Hkz"Vkpkj okys ns'kksa esa vfèkdkfj;ksa ds f•ykiQ
fj'or dk bLrseky fd;k tk jgk gS] vkSj xqIr LFkkuksa esa
iSlk Nqik;k tk jgk gSA
z dj pksjh vukSipkfjd {ks=k ls tqM+h ,d O;kid xfrfofèk gSA
z vlwfpr vk; dh jkf'k] tks vk; dh ml jkf'k ds chp dk
varj gS ftls dj vfèkdkfj;ksa dks ?kksf"kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,
vkSj ntZ dh xbZ okLrfod jkf'k] dj pksjh ds Lrj (^VSDl
xSi*) dk ,d ladsrd gSA
dkj.k
z ljdkj esa ckj&ckj cnyko vkSj jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk%
,d lqifjHkkf"kr dj ç.kkyh cukus esa foiQyrk dk ,d vU;
dkjd ljdkj esa yxkrkj ifjorZu vkSj jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk
gSA vyx&vyx ns'k vyx&vyx VSDl flLVe viukrs gSa]
ftlls mu lHkh ij utj j•uk eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA
z dj uhfr esa ifjorZu% Hkkjr ljdkj fu;fer vkèkkj ij dj
uhfr;ksa esa ifjorZu djrh gSA ;g djnkrkvksa vkSj vfèkdkfj;ksa
dks ykxw çkoèkkuksa ds ckjs esa Hkzfer djrk gSA
z tqekZuk çkoèkkuksa dks ykxw djus esa dfe;ka% blls djnkrk
ds O;ogkj esa lqLrh vkrh gS] ftlls leL;k vkSj fcxM+
tkrh gSA
z mPp djkèkku% djnkrkvksa ij ,d mPp djkèkku dk cks>
yxk;k tkrk gSA urhtru] os djksa dk Hkqxrku djus ls cpus
ds rjhdksa dh ryk'k djrs gSaA
z fj'or•ksjh dks jksdus esa foiQyrk% vfèkdkfj;ksa ds chp
fj'or•ksjh vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dks jksdus ds fy, ,d i;kZIr
O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A os dj ls cpus okyh vk; dk ,d
lger çfr'kr çkIr djds dj ls cpus esa djnkrkvksa dh
lgk;rk djrs gSA
z ljy çfØ;kvksa dk vHkko% Hkkjr dh dj lajpuk tfVy
gS] vkSj O;fÙkQ;ksa dks ,d gh eqís ds fy, dbZ dk;kZy;ksa esa
tkus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA
z vusd djksa dk vfLrRo% vusd çdkj ds djksa dk vfLrRo
djnkrkvksa ij cks> Mkyrk gSA
z tfVy dj fu;e vkSj dj ifjgkj dfe;ka% Hkkjrh; dj
dkuwu tfVy gSA yksx ,d gh dkuwu esa dj nkf;Ro ls cpus
ds çkoèkkuksa dh •kst dj ldrs gSaA
ljdkj dh igy
z vkWijs'ku Dyhu euh 2017% vk;dj foHkkx us foeqæhdj.k
ds ckn fd, x, i;kZIr cSad tek dk lR;kiu fd;kA
z çkstsDV bulkbV 2017% vk;dj foHkkx us ,y,aMVh
baiQksVsd fyfeVsM dks MsVk ekbfuax vkSj VSDl pksjh djus
okyksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, ,d ,dhÑr eap rS;kj djus
ds fy, fu;qÙkQ fd;kA
Hkkjrh; djkèkku
Hkkjrh; djkèkkuiz.izkkyh
.kkyh
z dj (vioapu) çdVhdj.k ;kstuk,¡% bu ekiQh dk;ZØeksa
ds rgr] ,d dj vioapd viuh vlwfpr vk; çdV dj
ldrk gS vkSj djksa vkSj tqekZus dk Hkqxrku dj ldrk gSA
vk;dj foHkkx ml ij eqdnek ugha pyk,xkA
z vk; ?kks"k.kk ;kstuk (vkbZMh,l) % çLrko 45» (30» dj
vkSj 7-5» vfèkHkkj vkSj 7-5» tq ZFkkA ljdkj Nqik, x,
jktLo ds ,d fgLls dks tCr dj ysxhA
z çèkkuea=kh xjhc dY;k.k ;kstuk (ih,ethdsokbZ )%
foeqæhdj.k ds ckn 'kq: dh xbZ_ fnlacj 2016 ls vçSy
2017 rd oSèk A ljdkj v?kksf"kr jktLo dk yxHkx 50»
dj $ tqekZuk $ çèkku ea=kh xjhc dY;k.k midj ds :i
esa tCr dj ysxhA ;g igy cgqr liQy ugha jgh] dsoy
yxHkx 5000 djksM+ #i;s ?kksf"kr fd, x,A
z ih,e,y,&2002% ;g dkuwu euh ykWfUMªax ls yM+us ds fy,
,d <kapk LFkkfir djrk gS] ftlesa ih,e,y, ,MtqfMdsfVax
vFkkWfjVh vkSj mPp U;k;ky; }kjk fu.kZ; fy, x, ekeys gSaA
;g RBI] SEBI] IRDAI vkSj vU; çkfèkdj.kksa dks cSadksa
vkSj NBFC ds fy, ekud cukus vkSj mYya?ku djus okyksa
dks nafMr djus dk vfèkdkj Hkh nsrk gSA
z csukeh ysu&nsu fu"ksèk vfèkfu;e (BTPA&1988@2016)%
csukeh ,d •jhnkj ds fj'rsnkj] O;fÙkQxr deZpkjh (Mªkboj]
xkMZuj)] ;k ,d xSj&ekStwn@udyh O;fÙkQ ds uke ij
iathÑr laifÙk;ksa dks lanfHkZr djrk gS rkfd dj vfèkdkfj;ksa
ds uksfVl ls cpk tk ldsA -
z ctV 2019 lcdk fo'okl ;kstuk (fojklr fookn
lekèkku)% dj vk; esa 3-75 yk• djksM+ ls vfèkd lsok
dj vkSj mRikn 'kqYd eqdnesckth esa caèkk gqvk gSA
z 2014 esa dkys èku ij lqçhe dksVZ dh fo'ks"k tkap Vhe
ds vè;{k % 'kh"kZ dj vfèkdkfj;ksa ds lkFk lqçhe dksVZ ds
lsokfuo`Ùk U;k;ewfrZ ,ech 'kkgA mUgksaus Hkkjr esa fNis dkys
èku] virVh; cSadksa] ih&uksV~l vkfn ls fuiVus ds fy,
fofHkUu j.kuhfr;ksa dk çLrko j•kA
dj oapuk
z dj ls cpko dkuwuh rjhdksa dk mi;ksx djds cdk;k dj
dh jkf'k dks de djus ds fy, fdlh ds ykHk ds fy,
,dy {ks=k dh dj lajpuk dk dkuwuh mi;ksx gSA
z dj ls cpko dk ,d çdkj ,d dj vkJ; gS] tcfd dj
eqÙkQ {ks=k {ks=kkfèkdkj gSa tks de djksa dh vuqefr nsrs gSaA
z dj ifjgkj dks vkijkfèkd dj vioapu ds lkFk Hkzfer
ugha gksuk pkfg,A
303
rjhdk
z fuokl dk ns'k%
z ,d iQeZ virVh; {ks=kkfèkdkj esa lgk;d daifu;ksa dks
'kkfey ;k cukdj djksa ls cpus dk fodYi pqu ldrh gSA
z O;fÙkQ laHkkfor :i ls VSDl gsou esa LFkkukarfjr gksdj djksa
dk Hkqxrku djus ls cp ldrs gSaA
1- nksgjh dj & ç.kkyh%
 O;fÙkQ ;k iQeZ ds LFkku dh ijokg fd, fcuk] vfèkdka'k
jk"Vª viuh lhekvksa ds Hkhrj mRiUu vk; ;k ykHk ij
dj yxkrs gSaA
 vfuokfl;ksa ij nks ckj dj yxkus ls cpus ds fy,]
vfèkdka'k ljdkjksa us dbZ vU; ns'kksa ds lkFk f}i{kh;
nksgjs djkèkku le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd, gSaA
z dkuwuh laLFkk,a%
 ,d vyx dkuwuh daiuh dh LFkkiuk djds ftls
fdlh dh laifÙk nh tkrh gS] vius fuokl ds ns'k dks
LFkkukarfjr fd, fcuk O;fÙkQxr djksa ls dkuwuh :i ls
cpk tk ldrk gSA
 ,d vyx dkuwuh bdkbZ vDlj ,d fuxe] VªLV ;k
uhao gksrh gSA
dj pksjh cuke dj oapuk
304
 ;s dbZ futh uhaoksa dh rjg virVh; Hkh fLFkr gks
ldrs gSaA
 laifÙk dks u, O;olk; ;k VªLV esa LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k
tkrk gS rkfd ewy Lokeh ds ctk; bl dkuwuh bdkbZ
ds Hkhrj ykHk ;k jktLo çkIr fd;k tk ldsA
2- dkuwuh vLi"Vrk%
 dj ifj.kke dkuwuh 'kCnkoyh ds vFkZ ls fuèkkZfjr gksrs
gSa] tks vDlj vLi"V gksrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] ¶O;kolkf;d ykxr¸ vkSj ¶O;fÙkQxr
O;;¸ ds chp dh js•k dh vLi"Vrk] djnkrkvksa vkSj
dj vfèkdkfj;ksa nksuksa ds fy, fpark dk ,d lzksr gSA
3- dj vkJ;
 VSDl vkJ; ,sls fuos'k gSa tks fdlh ds vk;dj ds
cks> esa deh ds fy, vuqefr nsrs gSa] ;k vuqefr nsus
dk nkok djrs gSaA
4- LFkkukarj.k xyr ewY; fuèkkZj.k
 VªkaliQj çkbflax ÚkWM] ftls VªkaliQj çkbflax eSuhiqys'ku
ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] cktkj ;k dj vfèkdkfj;ksa
dks pdek nsdj çHkkfor djus ds bjkns ls lacafèkr i{kksa
ds chp O;kikj dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
jkmaM fVªfiax
z jkmaM&fVªfiax] ftls vkerkSj ij "Lazy Susans" dgk tkrk
gS] dks ,d çdkj ds oLrq fofue; ds :i esa of.kZr fd;k
tkrk gS ftlesa ,d fuxe dk foØ; gksrk gS¸
z ,d leku ewY; ij leku ;k rqyuh; laifÙk okil gkfly
djus ds fy, çfrc¼ gksus ij fdlh vU; iQeZ ds fy,
,d de mi;ksx dh xbZ laifÙkA¸
z ,d jkmaM&fVªi ij laifÙk dh vnyk&cnyh ls dksbZ 'kq¼
vkfFkZd inkFkZ ugha curk gS] ysfdu gks ldrk gS fd
mRiknd fcØh vkSj ykHkçn vfèkxzg.k dh ,d J`a•yk ds
:i esa 'kkfey iQeks± dh iqLrdksa ij èkks•kèkM+h ls fjdkWMZ
fd;k x;k gks] tks iQkWeZ vdkmafVax fl¼kar ij inkFkZ dks
rksM+ nsrk gSA
z gkykafd O;olk; dk foLrkj vkSj vR;fèkd O;Lrrk fn•kbZ
nsrh gS] jkmaM&fVªfiax m|ksx ykHk ugha dekrk gSA
z Hkys gh dekbZ de gks] fodkl lêðk yxkus okys fuos'kdksa
dks vkdf"kZr dj jgk gSA
z bl rjg ds fuos'k ls O;olk;ksa dks ykHk gksrk gS vkSj
mUgsa jkmaM&fVªfiax dh >wBh o`f¼ dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy,
çksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA
z os ,ujkWu] lh,e,l ,uthZ] fjyk;aV ,uthZ] Mk;usxh vkSj
ok;jdkMZ lfgr ÅtkZ Mhyjksa ds cktkj iwathdj.k dks
vLFkk;h :i ls c<+kus esa lgk;d FksA
nksgjk djkèkku ifjgkj le>kSrk (MhVh,,)
z DTAA dks O;fÙkQ;ksa dh oSf'od vk; ij dj laxzg esa
vlekurk dks Bhd djus ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k x;k FkkA
z ;g nks laçHkq ns'kksa ds chp ,d dj lafèk gS tks O;kid
çfØ;kvksa vkSj dj yxkus ds rjhdksa ds lkFk&lkFk fufnZ"V
vko';drkvksa pkfg,A uktk dks Li"V :i ls ikyu fd;k
z MhVh,, dqN ns'kksa esa djnkrkvksa dks ,d gh vk; ij nks
ckj dj yxkus ls cpkrk gSA
z fuEufyf•r {ks=k nksgjs djkèkku ls cpko le>kSrs (MhVh,,)
}kjk doj fd, x, gSa%
z cpr@lkofèk tek ds fy, •krs
z lsok laifÙk
z iwath esa ykHk
z osru
mís';
z fons'kh fuos'k dks çksRlkfgr djus vkSj udnh ds çokg dks
c<+kok nsus ds fy, ljdkjsa vU; ns'kksa ds lkFk ,slh lafèk;ka
djrh gSaA
Hkkjrh; djkèkku
Hkkjrh; djkèkkuiz.izkkyh
.kkyh
z ;g nksuksa ns'kksa esa vk;dj olwyh dks jksdrk gSA
z c<+s gq, oS'ohdj.k ds dkj.k] vfèkd m|e lhek&ikj
U;k;ky;ksa esa lapkfyr fd, tk jgs gSa] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i
nksgjs djkèkku ds ekeys lkeus vk jgs gSaA
z MhVh,, vk; ij nksgjs djkèkku ls cpus esa enn djrs gSaA
z nks jk"Vªksa ds chp ,d djnkrk dh vk; ij djkèkku
vfèkdkjksa dk foHkktu mfpr vkSj U;k;laxr gSA
z blds ifj.kkeLo:i vfèkd varjkZ"Vªh; okf.kT;] fuos'k
vkSj çkS|ksfxdh fofue; ds lkFk&lkFk csgrj ikjnf'kZrk Hkh
vk,xhA
iQk;ns
z 1961 ds vk;dj vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 90 vkSj 91 nksgjs
djkèkku ls cpus ds fy, djnkrkvksa dks fof'k"V NwV çnku
djrs gSaA
z vk;dj vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 90 mu djnkrkvksa ij yxkbZ
xbZ lhekvksa dks lacksfèkr djrh gS ftUgksaus fdlh nwljs ns'k
dks dj dk Hkqxrku fd;k gS ftlds lkFk Hkkjr dk nksgjk
djkèkku cpko le>kSrk (MhVh,,) gSA
z èkkjk 91 mu ns'kksa ij ykxw gksrh gS ftuds lkFk Hkkjr dk
dksbZ f}i{kh; O;kikj le>kSrk (MhVh,,) ugha gSA Hkkjr nksuksa
çdkj ds djnkrkvksa dks lgk;rk çnku djrk gSA
Hkkjr esa MhVh,,
z 1961 ds vk;dj vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 90 Hkkjr dks fons'kh
ns'kksa ds lkFk MhVh,, esa ços'k djus ds fy, vfèkÑr djrh
gSA Hkkjr ds 96 ls vfèkd ns'kksa ds lkFk f}i{kh; O;kikj
le>kSrs gSaA
z ;g çÑfr esa ikjLifjd gS vkSj ckrphr djus okys ns'k
ds Hkkjrh; fuokfl;ksa vkSj fuokfl;ksa nksuksa ij ykxw gksrk gSA
z ,sls O;fÙkQ ;k fuxe tks Hkkjr ds ukxfjd ugha gSa ;k ftu
ns'kksa ds lkFk MhVh,, ij gLrk{kj fd, x, gSa] os le>kSrs
ds rgr ykHk çkIr djus ds ik=k ugha gSaA
egÙo
z tc nksgjs djkèkku dh dfBukb;k¡ nwj gks tkrh gSa] rks ,d
ns'k fons'kh fuos'kdksa ds fy, vfèkd vkd"kZd gks tkrk gSA
z ;g vk;dj NwV çnku djrk gS] fons'kksa esa mRiUu èku dks
x`g jk"Vª esa djkèkku ls NwV nsrk gS] ;k fons'kksa esa igys ls
Hkqxrku fd, x, djksa ds fy, ØsfMV nsrk gSA
z ;g fofHkUu O;fÙkQ;ksa ds chp dj yxkus ds vfèkdkjksa
ds Li"V forj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i O;fÙkQ;ksa ds chp dj
fuf'prrk dh xkjaVh nsrk gSA
305
xyr bLrseky
z ekWjh'kl] flaxkiqj vkSj vU; tSls VSDl gsou ns'kksa ds lkFk
gLrk{kfjr DTAAs us dqN iQeks± ds fy, dj ftEesnkfj;ksa dks
de dj fn;k gSA
z blds ifj.kkeLo:i ns'kksa ds fy, jktLo gkfu gks ldrh
gS D;ksafd fuxe dks dsoy VSDl gsou ns'k esa djksa dk
Hkqxrku djuk vko';d gS] u fd ml ns'k esa tgka ;g
ykHk dekrk gSA
z MhVh,, dj Hkqxrku ls cpus ds fy, oSèk fuos'kdksa dks Hkh
vkdf"kZr dj ldrk gS rkfd os de dj {ks=kkfèkdkjksa ds
ekè;e ls viuh laifÙk dks LFkkukarfjr dj ldsaA urhtru]
ns'k dj jktLo •ks nsrk gSA
z VSDl gsou us'ku dh dksbZ vke rkSj ij LohÑr ifjHkk"kk
ugha gSA
vkèkkj {kj.k vkSj ykHk LFkkukarj.k (chbZih,l)
z csl bjkstu çkWfiQV f'kfÝVax cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa }kjk fu;ksftr
,d dj pksjh fofèk gS ftlesa mPp dj okys ns'kksa ls de
;k dksbZ dj ugha (ftls VSDl gsou Hkh dgk tkrk gS) ds
vfèkdkj {ks=k esa vk; LFkkukarfjr dh tkrh gSA
z ;g dj ç.kkfy;ksa dh fu"i{krk vkSj v•aMrk ls le>kSrk
djrk gS D;ksafd lhekvksa ds ikj dke djus okyh daifu;ka
LFkkuh; m|eksa ij çfrLièkkZRed c<+r gkfly djus ds fy,
j.kuhfr dk mi;ksx dj ldrh gSaA
dk;Z ra=k
z ljdkj cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa ij muds jktLo ;k ykHk ds
vuqikr ds vkèkkj ij dj yxkrh gSA
z •kfe;ksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq,] oSf'od fuxe ykHkçn :i
ls nwljs ns'k esa LFkkukarfjr gks tkrk gS ftl ls gSosu çHkkfor
gks ldrk gSA
z urhtru] ns'k tks cgqjk"Vªh; iQeZ dks jktLo ds lkFk lgk;rk
djrk gS] mls dksbZ VSx ugha feyrk gS] vkSj fuxe ds iSls
;k equkiQs dks LFkkukarfjr djus ds ifj.kkeLo:i dj {kj.k
gksrk gSA
csl bjkstu çkWfiQV f'kfÝVax ds lkFk leL;k
z vkfFkZd lg;ksx vkSj fodkl laxBu (OECD) ds vuqlkj]
;g fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy, dkWikZsjsV vk; dj ij fuHkZjrk
ds dkj.k egRoiw.kZ gS] fo'ks"k :i ls cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa lsA
z ;g Hkh Hkfo";ok.kh djrk gS fd 2013 ds ckn ls] nqfu;k
Hkj esa dkWikZsjsV vk; dj çkfIr;ksa ds 4 ls 10» rd okf"kZd
uqdlku dh lwpuk nh xbZ gSA
306
z chbZih,l çfrLièkkZRed c<+r gkfly djus ds fy, lhekvksa
ds ikj dke djus okys m|eksa dks vuqefr nsdj dj
ç.kkfy;ksa dh fu"i{krk vkSj v•aMrk dks çHkkfor djrk gSA
z blds vykok] cgqjk"Vªh; iQeks± dks dkuwuh :i ls vk;dj
ls cpus ds fy, lHkh djnkrkvksa }kjk LoSfPNd vuqikyu
dks detksj djrk gSA
vksbZlhMh & chbZih,l ifj;kstuk
z ;g dj pksjh ls fuiVus ds fy, vkfFkZd lg;ksx vkSj
fodkl laxBu }kjk cukbZ xbZ ,d igy gSA
z vfèkd ikjn'khZ dj okrkoj.k vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; dj ekudksa
esa csgrj rkyesy cukuk-
z igy dks iwjk djus ds fy,] lHkh bPNqd jk"Vª G20 vkSj
OECD lnL; ns'kksa ds lkFk leku vkèkkj ij feydj dke
dj ldrs gSaA
z igy dk mís'; varjjk"Vªh; dj ekudksa dks la'kksfèkr djuk
gS rkfd ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk lds fd cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe
tgka Hkh dke djrs gSa] ogka djksa dk mfpr fgLlk Hkqxrku
djrs gSaA
z ;g 135 ls vfèkd ns'kksa ls cuk gS tks oSf'od ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn ds 90» ls vfèkd ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA
z ns'k varjjk"Vªh; fuxeksa ds fy, jktLo vkSj dj vfèkdkjksa
ds mfpr vkoaVu ij Hkh lger gq,] ftlesa vestWu vkSj
Google tSls fMftVy csgseksFk 'kkfey gSaA
z bl igy esa 15 xfrfofèk;k¡ 'kkfey gSa tks ljdkjksa dks
LFkkuh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; midj.k çnku djsaxh ftudh mUgsa
dj pksjh ls fuiVus dh vko';drk gSA
z ns'k vc ;g lqfuf'pr dj ldrs gSa fd dekbZ ij dj
yxk;k tkrk gS] tgka equkiQk iSnk djus okyh vkfFkZd
xfrfofèk;ka gksrh gSa vkSj ewY; l`ftr gksrk gSA
z ;g fons'kh dj dkuwu ds dk;kZUo;u vkSj vuqikyu
vko';drkvksa ds lkeatL; ij vlgefr dks de djds
m|eksa dks vfèkd Lora=krk çnku djrk gSA
z igy ;g lqfuf'pr djds ,d ledkyhu varjjk"Vªh; dj
ç.kkyh ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku djrh gS fd tgka vkfFkZd
xfrfofèk gksrh gS ogka dekbZ ij dj yxk;k tkrk gSA
chbZih,l ifj;kstuk ds ykHk
z chbZih,l ds ifj.kkeLo:i igys •ks, gq, dj jktLo esa
o`f¼ djrk gSA
z vfodflr ns'kksa ds fy, djksa ls iSlk c<+krk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ;g leku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa O;olk; djus dh vuqefr nsdj
?kjsyw vkSj oSf'od nksuksa O;olk;ksa ds fy, ,d lkeku
volj nsrk gSA
z Lopkfyr lwpuk vknku&çnku ds ekè;e ls bls miyCèk
djkdj dkWikZsjsV tkudkjh esa ikjnf'kZrk c<+krk gSA
ifj;kstuk dk iQksdl
z ikjnf'kZrk vkSj fjiksfVZax
z gLrkarj.k ewY; fuèkkZj.k
z foÙk dh dVkSrh dh otg ls
z dj lafèk ykHk dk vfèkdkj
z fMftVy vFkZO;oLFkk esa daifu;ksa ij vyx rjg ls dj
yxk;k tkrk gSA
z dj rjthgh 'kklu
jk"Vªh; Lrj ij chbZih,l
z jk"Vªh; Lrj ij] Hkkjr us vkWuykbu vkSj vfuoklh Hkkjrh;
lsokvksa ds fy, ,d yk• #i;s ls vfèkd ds Hkqxrku ij
6» ledkjh dj yxk;kA
z vksbZlhMh dh dk;Z ;kstukvksa ds ckn] Hkkjr ,slk 'kqYd
yxkus okyk igyk ns'k gSA
z blus ifj;kstuk dh dqN çeq• fliQkfj'kksa dks ?kjsyw dkuwu
esa cnyko ds ekè;e ls Hkh viuk;k gS
z iryh iwathdj.k ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS ftlesa ,d iQeZ dks
bfDoVh ds lkis{k ½.k dh mPp jkf'k ds lkFk foÙkiksf"kr
fd;k tkrk gSA
z isVsaV ckWDl djkèkku% bls 2016 ds foÙk vfèkfu;e esa ,d
ubZ èkkjk 115BBF tksM+dj cuk;k x;k FkkA
z vkèkkj {kj.k vkSj ykHk LFkkukarj.k ij ns'k&nj&ns'k fjiksfVZax
vksbZlhMh dh dk;Z ;kstuk 13 dk fgLlk gSA
z Hkkjrh; vk;dj vfèkfu;e ds rgr ,d fons'kh ewy lewg
;k ,d Hkkjrh; ewy O;olk; ds Hkkjrh; lg;ksxh }kjk ,d
lhchlhvkj çLrqr fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij chbZih,l
z vkèkkj {kj.k vkSj ykHk LFkkukarj.k ls cpus ds fy, Hkkjr
,d varjjk"Vªh; lafèk lacaèkh le>kSrs esa 'kkfey gqvk gSA
z varjjk"Vªh; dj ekudksa ds vkèkqfudhdj.k ds ç;klksa esa dj
lafèk;ksa dh ,d J`a•yk dks viukus vkSj cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa
dh djksa dk Hkqxrku djus ls cpus dh {kerk dks de
djus ds fy,A
Hkkjrh; djkèkku
Hkkjrh; djkèkkuiz.izkkyh
.kkyh
z lafèk ds nq#i;ksx ds dkj.k jktLo gkfu dks de djus ds
fy, Hkkjr dh dj lafèk;ksa dk le>kSrk ;k la'kksèku] ;g
lqfuf'pr djds fd vk; ij dj yxk;k tkrk gS] tgka
equkiQk iSnk djus okyh okLrfod vkfFkZd xfrfofèk gksrh gSA
z Hkkjr vkSj la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk us fons'kh •krk dj
vuqikyu ij ,d varj&ljdkjh le>kSrk Hkh fd;k gSA
z 2015 esa] blus foÙkh; •krk tkudkjh ds Lopkfyr
vknku&çnku ij cgqi{kh; l{ke çkfèkdj.k le>kSrs ij Hkh
gLrk{kj fd,A
gLrkarj.k ewY; fuèkkZj.k
z VªkaliQj çkbflax ,d daiuh ds ,d fMohtu }kjk eky vkSj
lsokvksa ds fy, nwljs fMohtu dks pktZ dh tkus okyh
dher gSA
z ;g lgk;d daifu;ksa] lg;ksxh daifu;ksa] ;k la;qÙkQ :i ls
çcafèkr iQeks± ds chp LFkkukarfjr oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds
fy, ewY; fuèkkZfjr djrk gS tks lHkh ,d gh cM+s fuxe
dk fgLlk gSaA
z LFkkukarj.k ewY; fuèkkZj.k fuxeksa dks djksa ij iSlk cpkus
dh vuqefr nsrk gS] gkykafd dj vfèkdkjh ,sls nkoksa ij
loky mBk ldrs gSaA
z daifu;ka bls dqy dj cks> dks de djus ds fy, djrh
gSa_ ,d gLrkarj.k ewY; cktkj ewY; ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA
z VªkaliQj çkbflax dk mi;ksx dj pksjh dh j.kuhfr ds :i esa
Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd daifu;ka vius fdlh lg;ksxh
ds lkFk O;ogkj djrs le; tkucw>dj vfèkdre ykHk ds
fy, eky@lsokvksa dh ykxr fuèkkZfjr djrh gSaA
mís';ksa
z ;g iQeZ ds çR;sd Hkkx esa Lora=k ykHk ds fodkl esa
lgk;rk djrk gS] çR;sd vuqHkkx ds O;fÙkQxr :i ls çn'kZu
ewY;kadu dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
z ;g u dsoy fof'k"V vk; mRiUu djrk gS] cfYd ;g
laxBu ds çR;sd Hkkx esa csgrj lalkèku vkoaVu esa Hkh
lgk;rk djrk gSA
vko';drk
z ;g dbZ ns'kksa esa fLFkr lgk;d daifu;ksa dks vk; vkSj
ykxr dks foHkkftr djrs le; cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa (MNCs)
dks fodYi nsdj csgrj çcaèku ys•kadu vkSj fjiksfVZax esa
lgk;rk djrk gSA
307
z lgk;d daifu;ksa dks jktLo vkSj O;; ds csgrj forj.k
esa ewY; fuèkkZj.k lgk;rk LFkkukarfjr djsa D;ksafd os vkxs
mi&foHkkftr gSaA
z 'ks;jèkkjd èku ij bldk çHkko iM+rk gS D;ksafd ;g daiuh
dh dj ;ksX; vk; vkSj dj&i'pkr~ vk; dks çHkkfor
djrk gSA
z ;g xSj&vuqikyu ls tqM+s tksf•eksa dks de djus esa lgk;rk
djrk gS] fo'ks"k :i ls lhek ikj baVjdaiuh ysunsu esaA
varjkZ"Vªh; ysunsu
z rduhdh lsok 'kqYd
z çcaèku ykxr
z jkW;YVh Hkqxrku
z dkWikZsjsV xkjaVh ds fy, 'kqYd
z ½.k fn;k ;k çkIr fd;k
z rS;kj mRiknksa dh fcØh
z dPps eky dk vfèkxzg.k
z vpy laifÙk;ksa dk vfèkxzg.k
z e'khujh] vewrZ vkfn dh •jhn ;k fcØhA
z Hkqxrku ;k çkIr O;; dh çfriwfrZ
z vkbZVh vkSj leFkZu lsok,a] mnkgj.k ds fy,A
z lkWÝVos;j fodkl ds fy, lsok,a
VªkaliQj çkbflax ls fuiVus ds fy, uhfrxr mik;
z ljdkj us fons'kh VSDl ØsfMV (,iQVhlh) dh x.kuk ds
fy, fn'kkfunZs'k LFkkfir fd, gSaA
z vfuoklh bZ&dkWelZ ysu&nsu ,d leku ysoh ds vèkhu gSaA
z ctV 2016 esa csl bjkstu ,aM çkWfiQV f'kfÝVax (chbZih,l)
,D'ku Iyku 13 'kkfey FkkA
z 2001 esa] ljdkj us OECD dh fliQkfj'kksa ds vkèkkj ij
VªkaliQj çkbflax dksM cuk;kA
l'kL=k yackbZ fl¼kar
z ;g nkok djrk gS fd lacafèkr i{k ds ysu&nsu dks gkFk
dh yackbZ ds vkèkkj ij vk;ksftr fd;k tkuk pkfg,] vkSj
lacafèkr i{kksa ds chp dh dher ,d Lora=k •jhnkj }kjk
yxk, x, ewY; ds cjkcj gksuh pkfg,A
,Mokal çkbflax ,xzhesaV~l (APA) vkSj E;wpqvy
,xzhesaV çkslhtj (MAP)
z ,ih, dk bLrseky VªkaliQj çkbflax fookn ls cpus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ,ih, •qysiu esa lqèkkj djrs gSa] dj
fuf'prrk çnku djrs gSa] eqdnesckth de djrs gSa] vkSj
blh rjgA
308
z nksgjs djkèkku ls cpko le>kSrs (DTAA) ij nksuksa ns'kksa
dh lgefr ds vuqlkj] ,d ikjLifjd le>kSrk çfØ;k
(MAP) dk;Zjr FkhA
csl bjkstu çkWfiQV 'ks;fjax (chbZih,l) igy
z ;g ,d vksbZlhMh dk;ZØe gS ftldk mís'; mu fuxeksa
ds fy, varjjk"Vªh; djksa esa •kfe;ksa dks Bhd djuk gS tks
dfFkr rkSj ij dj O;qRØe esa layXu gksdj vius ns'k esa
vius dj ds cks> dks de djrs gSaA
fookn lekèkku ds fy, iSuy
z ;g dsaæh; çR;{k dj cksMZ (CBDT) }kjk ukfer rhu
vk;dj vk;qÙkQksa ;k funs'kdksa ls cuk gSA
z VªkaliQj çkbflax fparkvksa okyh dksbZ Hkh iQeZ bldk bLrseky
dj ldrh gSA
çHkkoh çcaèku dk LFkku (ihvksbZ,e)
z çHkkoh çcaèku dh ,d lkbV og gS tgka ,d laxBu ds
lexz lapkyu ds fy, vko';d egRoiw.kZ çcaèku vkSj
O;kolkf;d fodYi cuk, tkrs gSaA
z foÙk vfèkfu;e 2016 }kjk ihvksbZ,e dh vko';drk dks
vkbZVh vfèkfu;e esa tksM+k x;k vkSj 1 vçSy] 2017 dks
çHkkoh gqvkA
z blus fiNyh fLFkfr dks cny fn;k ftlesa ekeyksa dk
fu;a=k.k vkSj ç'kklu iwjh rjg ls Hkkjr esa FkkA
z çkjaHk esa] fu;a=k.k ds :i esa tkuk tkus okyk PoEM jkT;
o"kZ ds fdlh Hkh le; Hkkjr esa ns•k tk ldrk gSA
ihvksbZ,e fn'kkfunZs'k
z ihvksbZ,e ldZqyj fu;eksa ds vuqlkj] ¶ihvksbZ,e fuèkkZfjr
djus dh çfØ;k vfuok;Z :i ls bl ckr ij dsafær gksxh
fd fuxe Hkkjr ds ckgj lfØ; lapkyu esa yxk gqvk gS
;k ughaA¸
z ihvksbZ,e fopkj :i esa inkFkZ ij tksj nsrk gS] vkSj
D;ksafd ¶fuokl¸ gj lky iqf"V dh tkuh pkfg,] blh
rjg ihvksbZ,e dks lky&nj&lky vkèkkj ij fuèkkZfjr fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
z ,d bdkbZ ds ikl ,d ls vfèkd çcaèku LFkku gks ldrs
gSa] ysfdu fdlh Hkh le; dsoy ,d çHkkoh çcaèku LFkkuA
z ihvksbZ,e ekudksa ds vuqlkj] ,d iQeZ dks ¶Hkkjr ds ckgj
lfØ; O;kikj¸ esa 'kkfey ekuk tkrk gS ;fn mldk fuf"Ø;
jktLo mldh dqy vk; ds 50» ls de gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z Hkkjr dh dqy laifÙk esa vkèks ls Hkh de dk ;ksxnku gSA
z dqy deZpkfj;ksa esa ls vkèks ls Hkh de deZpkjh Hkkjr esa
fLFkr gSa ;k Hkkjrh; ukxfjd gSaA
z ,sls deZpkfj;ksa dk isjksy O;; daiuh ds dqy isjksy •pZ
ds vkèks ls Hkh de gSA
lkekU; ifjotZu jksèkh fu;e (xkj)
z ;g dj pksjh ds y{; ds lkFk vkØked dj ;kstuk dk
eqdkcyk djus ds fy, ns'k ds jktLo vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk
fu;ksftr dkuwuksa dk ,d laxzg gSA
z nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ;g Hkkjr dh dj pksjh fojksèkh dkuwu gSA
z xkj dks 'kq: esa 2009 esa Mk;jsDV VSDl dksM esa çLrkfor
fd;k x;k Fkk] gkykafd] ;g 2017 rd dkuwu ugha cukA
z ikFkZlkjFkh 'kkse }kjk cqykbZ xbZ ,d lewg us rhu lky ds
fy, foyafcr dk;kZUo;u dk çLrko fn;k] ftlesa ç'kklfud
cqfu;knh <kapk LFkkfir djus vkSj iw.kZ iSekus ij dk;kZUo;u
ds fy, yksxksa dks f'kf{kr djus dh vko';drk dk gokyk
fn;k x;kA
z xkj dks laln ds 2012 ds ctV l=k esa ykxw fd;k x;k
Fkk] gkykafd] bls igyh ckj 2009 esa Mk;jsDV VSDl dksM
esa çLrkfor fd;k x;k FkkA
z ikFkZlkjFkh 'kkse iSuy us lq>ko fn;k fd blds dk;kZUo;u
esa 2016&17 rd rhu lky dh nsjh dh tk,A
t#jr
z dbZ ns'kksa esa vyx&vyx fMxzh ds fof'k"V dj pksjh fojksèkh
dkuwu gSaA vkWLVªsfy;k ds ikl 1981 ls ,d gSA
z gfplu&,Llkj ds lkFk oksMkiQksu ds le>kSrs ds ckn Hkkjr
esa xkj dks viuk;k x;k FkkA ysu&nsu dseSu }hi esa gqvkA
z ljdkj dk nkok gS fd djksa esa 2 fcfy;u vejhdh Mkyj
ls vfèkd dk uqdlku gqvk gSA
z ckn dh eqdnesckth esa] lqçhe dksVZ us oksMkiQksu ds i{k
esa iQSlyk lquk;kA
egÙo
z dfe;ksa dk iQk;nk mBkus okyh dkWikZsjsV iQeks± ds ifj.kkeLo:i
ljdkj dks vk; dk uqdlku_ blfy,] xkj okLrfod fuos'k
dks çksRlkfgr djus esa enn djsxk vkSj ljdkj dks vfèkd
èku çkIr djus dh vuqefr nsxkA
z mu laLFkkvksa ls jktLo mRiknu c<+kus esa ;ksxnku djsa tks
igys djksa dk Hkqxrku ugha dj jgs FksA
Hkkjrh; djkèkku
Hkkjrh; djkèkkuiz.izkkyh
.kkyh
z dj vk; esa o`f¼ ctVh; vlarqyu dks de djrs gq,
lkekftd dk;ZØeksa ds fu"iknu esa lgk;rk djsxhA
z ;g okLrfod m|eksa dks mu yksxksa ij çfrLièkkZRed ykHk
nsrk gS tks •kfe;ksa dk iQk;nk mBkrs gSaA
z ;g O;kikj djuk vklku cuk nsxk vkSj Hkkjr dks ,d xaHkhj
ns'k ds :i esa çfrfufèkRo djsxk tks eqÙkQ vkSj fu"i{k O;kikj
çFkkvksa dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
z dj pksjh ds ekeyksa dks mtkxj djus ls ljdkj dh vk;
c<+kus esa enn feysxhA
z dj çkfIr;ksa esa o`f¼ ls ns'k ds ctVh; vlarqyu dks de
djus esa enn feysxhA
z ;g mu daifu;ksa dks nsdj vkfFkZd ekgkSy dks c<+kus esa
enn djsxk tks 'kqfprkiw.kZ ysunsu djrh gSa vkSj dj pksjh
esa layXu ugha gksrh gSaA
z ;g eqÙkQ vkSj fu"i{k O;kikj çFkkvksa dks c<+kok nsdj vfèkd
varjkZ"Vªh; fuos'k dks çksRlkfgr djsxkA
lhek,
z fu;eksa dh mPp O;fÙkQijdrk ds dkj.k xkj fofu;eksa dks
euekus <ax ls ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z th,,vkj fofu;eksa dks ykxw djus ls igys] vuqeksnu ds
dbZ Lrj çkIr fd, tkus pkfg,A
z bu çfrcaèkksa ls dj vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk vfèkd mRihM+u gks
ldrk gSA
z ;g dj ç'kklu dks foosd vkSj vfèkdkj nsrk gS] ftldk
nq#i;ksx gks ldrk gSA
dj vkradokn vkSj mRihM+u
z dj vkradokn dks dj vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk dkuwuh ;k voSèk
rjhdksa ls dj yxkus ds fy, 'kfÙkQ ds vufèkÑr mi;ksx
ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
z oksMkiQksu ekeyk bl ckr dk ,d fof'k"V mnkgj.k gS fd
iQeZ ds i{k esa lokZsPp U;k;ky; ds iQSlys ds ckotwn] dj
fu;eksa dks iwoZO;kih :i ls la'kksfèkr fd;k x;k FkkA
dj vkradokn vkSj mRihM+u dk dkj.k
z tfVy dj lajpuk% vis{kkÑr cqfu;knh ysu&nsu ij Hkh
dbZ dj ykxw gksrs gSaA ,slk VSDl osc okf.kT; ds lqpk:
çokg ds f•ykiQ dke djrk gSA
z dkuwu esa vLi"Vrk% ;g dkuwu dks ykxw djus okyksa ds
i{k esa eksM+ nsrk gSA
309
 oksMkiQksu vkSj ds;uZ ,uthZ ih,ylh tSlh fLFkfr;ksa esa]
 
vLi"V ifjHkk"kkvksa us U;wure oSdfYid dj] iwathxr
ykHk dj vkSj vU; djksa dh ç;ksT;rk ds lacaèk esa
vlgefr iSnk dh gSA
1- mPp vlarqyu% vkbZVh vfèkfu;e lhchMhVh dks
dsoy bl lansg ij i=k forfjr djus dk vfèkdkj
nsrk gS fd fdlh O;fÙkQ us viuh vk; de crkbZ gS
;k vius djksa dks de djds vkadk gSA vfèkdkfj;ksa
ij bl rjg ds vfèkdkj dk dHkh&dHkh nq#i;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjr esa dj vkradokn ds eqís dks fuEufyf•r
fofHkUu igyqvksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS
z iwoZO;kih foèkku%
 ;g vDlj dgk tkrk gS fd djnkrkvksa dks fofu;eksa dks
le>uk vkSj mudk ikyu djuk pkfg,] vkSj ;g fd
djnkrkvksa dks vius O;olk;@foÙkh; ekeyksa ds çcaèku
ds fy, dj fu;eksa dks fLFkj gksuk pkfg,A
 tcfd dksbZ bl ckr ij fookn ugha dj ldrk gS fd
gekjs ns'k dh lkekftd vko';drkvksa ds vkyksd esa]
dj dkuwu esa cnyko vifjgk;Z gks ldrs gSaA
 gkykafd] dj fu;eksa esa dksbZ Hkh iwoZO;kih ifjorZu lansg
iSnk djrk gS vkSj dj dkuwuksa esa dj nsus okys leqnk; ds
fo'okl dks [kRe dj nsrk gS] tks fuos'k djus dh çsj.kk
vkSj vkS|ksxhdj.k ds foLrkj dks uqdlku igqapkrk gSA
 iwoZO;kih dkuwu Hkh cgqr eqdnesckth dk dkj.k curk
gS vkSj le; ij dj olwyh ds ekeys esa cgqr de
O;kogkfjd ykHk çnku djrk gSA
 iwoZO;kih ifjorZuksa ds lkFk eqík ;g gS fd os vR;fèkd
çfrdwy gksrs gSa vkSj fuèkkZfjrh ds fy, vR;fèkd
vuqfpr gSaA
z U;kf;d vuq'kklughurk%
 ge dHkh&dHkh ,slh fLFkfr;ksa ds lkeus vkrs gSa ftuesa
ckè;dkjh felkyksa dk ikyu djus esa foiQy jgus ls
U;kf;d vuq'kklu dh èkkj.kk dk •qyk mYya?ku gksrk gSA
 lokZsPp U;k;ky; us Hkkjr la?k cuke deyk{kh iQkbusal
dkWikZsjs'ku fyfeVsM ds ekeys esa ;g fVIi.kh fd;kA
 AIR 1992 SC 711 ds vuqlkj vèkZ&U;kf;d 'kfÙkQ
dh fLFkfr esa] U;kf;d vuq'kklu dh ekax gS fd mPp
vfèkdkfj;ksa ds fu.kZ;ksa dk lEeku fd;k tk,A
 urhtru] ,d de vfèkdkjh] tSls ,d ewY;kadu
vfèkdkjh] ,d mPp çkfèkdkjh ds iQSlys dk ikyu
djus ds fy, ckè; gksrk gS] fo'ks"k :i ls ,d gh
fuèkkZfjrh ds ekeys esaA
310
bl voèkkj.kk ds fy, dfu"B vfèkdkfj;ksa dks vfèkdj.k
tSls mPp vfèkdkfj;ksa ds fu.kZ;ksa dk ikyu djus dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
 nqHkkZX; ls] ;gka rd fd vk;dj vihyh; U;k;kfèkdj.k
(vkbZVh,Vh) tSlh laLFkk Hkh dHkh&dHkh xyr Hksn
djds vnkyr dh felky dh vogsyuk djrh gSA
z vrkfdZdvihy] la'kksèku vkSj ekeyksa dks fiQj ls 'kq:
djuk%
 ;g dj vkradokn esa egRoiw.kZ :i ls btkiQk djrk
gS vkSj vnkyrksa ds le{k yafcr ekeyksa dh la[;k dks
c<+krk gSA
 tcfd ljdkj us ITAT vkSj U;k;ky;ksa ds le{k vihy
nk;j ugha djus ij dj çHkko dh foÙkh; lhek c<+kdj
bl lacaèk esa ,d cM+k dne mBk;k gSA
 gkyk¡fd] rqPN vihysa nk;j dh tkrh gSa] vkSj U;k;ky;
foHkkxh; vfèkdkfj;ksa dks 'kkfey leL;kvksa ds xq.k&nks"k
dh ijokg fd, fcuk vihyksa dk i{k ysus ds muds
joS;s ds fy, iQVdkj yxkrk gSA
z •kst vkSj loZs{k.k ds nkSjku cyiwoZd dkjZokbZ%
 dkys èku dk irk yxkus vkSj v?kksf"kr vk; dks
djkèkku esa ykus ds fy, •kst vkSj loZs{k.k mik;ksa dh
vko';drk gSA
 tc fuèkkZfjrh •krs dh fdrkcsa] dkxtkr vkfn çLrqr
djus esa foiQy jgrk gS] rks ryk'kh vkSj tCrh xfrfofèk
vk;ksftr dh tk ldrh gSA
 lkFk gh] ;g igpkuuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd ryk'kh vkSj
tCrh O;fÙkQ dh futrk dk mYya?ku gSA
dj vkradokn vkSj mRihM+u ls cpus ds fy, lqèkkj
z ,Mokal :fyax vFkkWfjVh dh 'kfÙkQ;ksa dk foLrkj fd;k tk
ldrk gSA blls O;FkZ ds eqdneksa ij iSls dh cpr gksxhA
z th,lVh ds dk;kZUo;u ds ekè;e ls vçR;{k dj ç.kkyh
dks ljy cukuk Hkkjr ds futh {ks=k ds fy, iQk;nsean gksxkA
z çR;{k dj <kaps dks my>kus ds fy,] çR;{k dj lafgrk
LFkkfir dh tk ldrh gSA nwljh vksj] th,,vkj çkoèkkuksa
dks la'kksfèkr fd;k tkuk pkfg,] 'kk;n ,l,,vkj ds fy,A
z dkWikZsjsV dkuwu lsok laoxZ dj vfèkdkfj;ksa vkSj dkWikZsjsV
{ks=k ds chp lg;ksx dks c<+kok nsus esa enn dj ldrk gSA
z dj vkradokn ds ekeyksa dh tkap vkSj fu.kZ; ysus ds fy,
vèkZ&U;kf;d 'kfÙkQ;ksa ds lkFk ,d dj&fojksèkh vkradokn
C;wjks dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldrh gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z tgka rd laHko gks tfVy dj ç.kkyh ls cpuk Hkkjr esa
oLrq ,oa lsok dj (th,lVh) ykxw gksus ls igys Hkh vU;
çdkj ds vçR;{k dj ekStwn FksA
z ;g ,d tfVy dj lajpuk dk ,d çeq• ?kVd gS tks
vDlj ,d vksj vfuf'prrk vkSj nwljh vksj 'kks"k.k dh
vksj ys tkrk gSA
z nksgjk djkèkku cpko le>kSrk (MhVh,,) ljdkjksa }kjk
gLrk{kfjr ,d varjjk"Vªh; f}i{kh; le>kSrk gS tks ,d
gh vk; ij djkèkku dks nks ckj yxk, tkus ls jksdrk gSA
z MhVh,, fons'kh fuos'k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gS D;ksafd
os u dsoy fons'kh fuos'kd dks fuos'k ds estcku ns'k esa
vU;k;iw.kZ O;ogkj ls cpkrs gSa cfYd fuos'kd dks fof'k"V
oLrqvksa ij de dj dh nj Hkh çnku djrs gSaA
djnkrk pkVZj vkSj ctV 2020
djnkrk pkVZj
z djnkrkvksa ds pkVZj dh ?kks"k.kk foÙk ea=kh us vius ctV
2020 ds Hkk"k.k esa dh FkhA
z pkVZj dks is'k djus dk mís'; djnkrk vkSj dj ç'kklu ds
chp fo'okl iSnk djuk vkSj mRihM+u dks de djuk gSA
z ;g djnkrkvksa ds çfr vk;dj (vkbZVh) foHkkx dh
ftEesnkfj;ksa dks çnku djrk gSA
z ;g vkbZVh foHkkx ds çfr djnkrkvksa ds drZO;ksa dks Hkh
lwphc¼ djrk gSA
z bldk mís'; vkbZVh foHkkx dh forj.k ç.kkyh dh n{krk
dks c<+kuk gSA
z djnkrk dk pkVZj djnkrk vkSj vk;dj foHkkx ds chp
fo'okl dk;e djus ds fy, gSA
z djnkrk pkVZj dkuwu ds rgr djnkrk ds vfèkdkjksa vkSj
nkf;Roksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA
z ;g djnkrkvksa dks lsok,a çnku djus ds fy, foHkkx dh
çfrc¼rk dks Hkh fufnZ"V djrk gSA
z pkVZj foHkkx ls dj lsokvksa esa ikjnf'kZrk ykus vkSj ,d
djnkrk }kjk dj vuqikyu dh fn'kk esa ,d dne gSA
foHkkx ls djnkrkvksa ds vfèkdkj vkSj çfrc¼rk,a
z fouez] fu"i{k vkSj mfpr rjhds ls djnkrkvksa dh lgk;rk
djukA
z djnkrkvksa ds lkFk bZekunkj O;ogkj djsa tc rd fd
foHkkx ds ikl vU;Fkk fo'okl djus dk dksbZ dkj.k u gksA
z fu"i{k vkSj fu"i{k vihy çfØ;k vkSj leh{kk ra=k çnku
djukA
Hkkjrh; djkèkku
Hkkjrh; djkèkkuiz.izkkyh
.kkyh
z dj vuqikyu mís';ksa ds fy, lVhd vkSj iw.kZ tkudkjh
çnku djus ds fy,A
z vk;dj dk;Zokgh dks le;c¼ rjhds ls iwjk djuk vkSj
r; djukA
z cdk;k dj dh lgh jkf'k dk laxzg lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,A
z dj dkuwu ds rgr mfpr çfØ;k dk ikyu djus ds ckn
djnkrk dh xksiuh;rk dk lEeku djuk vkSj iwNrkN ;k
ijh{kk vk;ksftr djukA dksbZ vuqfpr iwNrkN ;k çorZu
dkjZokbZ ugha gksxhA
z djnkrkvksa }kjk çnku dh xbZ tkudkjh dh xksiuh;rk cuk,
j•us ds fy,A tc rd fdlh vU; ykxw dkuwu ds rgr
vko';d u gks] rc rd dksbZ •qyklk ugha fd;k tk,xkA
z vk;dj vfèkdkfj;ksa ds dk;ks± ds fy, tokcnsgh lqfuf'pr
djukA
z djnkrk dks vk;dj dkuwu ds vuqlkj vius vfèkÑr
çfrfufèk;ksa dks pquus dh Lora=krk nsukA
z f'kdk;rksa vkSj f'kdk;r fuokj.k ra=kksa dks mBkus ds fy, ,d
çfØ;k LFkkfir djus ds fy,A
z dj fooknksa ds lekèkku ds fy, fu"i{k vkSj fu"i{k
n`f"Vdks.k viukukA
z lsokvksa ds forj.k ij ekudksa dh leh{kk vkSj lkoZtfud
:i ls fjiksVZ djukA
z vuqikyu] ç'kklu vkSj djksa ds laxzg dh ykxr ij fopkj
djukA foHkkx ,d djnkrk ds fy, dj vuqikyu dh ykxr
dks de djuk pkgrk gSA
djnkrkvksa ds nkf;Ro
z foHkkx dks rF;ksa vkSj lwpukvksa dk iw.kZ vkSj bZekunkj
•qyklk djukA djnkrk dks lHkh VSDl iQkbfyax vkSj fjiksfVZax
nkf;Roksa dk vuqikyu lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg,A
z ,d djnkrk ij ykxw dj nkf;Roksa dh le> çkIr djus
ds fy,A bl ç;kstu ds fy,] ,d djnkrk foHkkx ls
Li"Vhdj.k vkSj lgk;rk çkIr dj ldrk gSA
z vk;dj dkuwu ds rgr fuèkkZfjr ys•kadu fjdkWMZ vkSj
nLrkostksa dks cuk, j•us ds fy,A
z foHkkx ds le{k vH;kosnu ds ckjs esa lwfpr fd;k tkuk vkSj
muds vfèkÑr çfrfufèk;ksa ls fooj.k çkIr djukA
z le;c¼ rjhds ls vk;dj uksfVl vkSj lwpuk vuqjksèkksa dk
tokc nsaA
z muds vk;dj cdk;k dk Hkqxrku djus ds fy, vkSj
fu;r rkjh•ksa ds Hkhrj mudh iQkbfyax vko';drkvksa dk
vuqikyu djus ds fy,A
311
Hkkjr esa ,d Lora=k yksdiky dk
ekeyk & djnkrkvksa ds vfèkdkjksa ds
çorZu dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,
Hkkjr esa Lora=k yksdiky
z vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2020&21 esa djnkrkvksa ds vfèkdkjksa dh
lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ,d Lora=k dj yksdiky dh
LFkkiuk dk çLrko gSA
z igys] Hkkjr esa] çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k nksuksa djksa ds fy, ,d
dj yksdiky ekStwn Fkk] ysfdu vçHkkoh gksus ds dkj.k
mUgsa iQjojh 2019 esa Hkax dj fn;k x;k FkkA
z D;ksafd muds iQSlys fo'kq¼ :i ls lykgdkj Fks] mUgsa 2019
esa lekIr dj fn;k x;k FkkA
z vè;;u ds vuqlkj] fo'oO;kih vuqHko ls irk pyrk gS
fd djnkrkvksa ds vfèkdkjksa ds laj{k.k dks lqfuf'pr djus
ds fy, ,d yksdiky ç.kkyh dh vko';drk gSA
z fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr esa yksdiky laxBuksa ds mUewyu ds
fy, ,d ç'kaluh; Li"Vhdj.k jktLo foHkkx ls Lora=krk
dh deh FkhA
dj yksdiky ds lkFk Hkkjr dk vuqHko
z Hkkjr esa] vk;dj yksdiky dh LFkkiuk 2003 esa gqbZ Fkh]
tcfd vçR;{k dj yksdiky dh LFkkiuk 2011 esa gqbZ FkhA
z dj çkfèkdj.k ds lapkyu ds lacaèk esa f'kdk;rksa@f'kdk;rksa
dks ns•us ds fy, yksdiky dks dsaæ ljdkj }kjk lsokjr
dfeZ;ksa esa ls {ks=kh; dk;kZy;ksa esa pquk x;k FkkA
z D;ksafd yksdiky dk lapkyu fn'kkfunZs'kksa (vk;dj yksdiky
fn'kkfunZs'k 2010 vkSj vçR;{k dj yksdiky fn'kkfunZs'k
2011) }kjk 'kkflr Fkk] vkSj bls vyx&vyx dk;ks± dks
çnku djus okyk dkuwu dk dksbZ vfèkfu;e ugha Fkk]
yksdiky dh laLFkk vçHkkoh Fkh] vkSj blds fu.kZ; dsoy
lykgdkj FksA
z yksdiky f'kdk;rdrkZ vkSj dj foHkkx ds chp lqyg
vkSj eè;LFkrk }kjk f'kdk;rksa dk lekèkku dj ldrk gS]
;k f'kdk;rdrkZ }kjk 5]000 #i;s ls vfèkd dh {kfr ds
fy, U;wure eqvkots ds lkFk ,d vfèkfu.kZ; ikfjr dj
ldrk gSA
z ifj.kkeLo:i] iQjojh 2019 esa çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k djksa
ds fy, yksdiky dh laLFkkvksa dks lekIr dj fn;k x;kA
312
z djnkrkvksa ds pkVZj dks fiNys lky ds ctV esa çLrkfor
fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj ;g vxLr 2020 esa çHkkoh gksxkA
z djnkrkvksa ds pkVZj esa O;fÙkQxr djnkrkvksa ds vfèkdkjksa
vkSj drZO;ksa dks js•kafdr fd;k x;k gSA
Lora=k dj yksdiky ds lkFk oSf'od vuqHko
z fo'oO;kih vuqHko ds vuqlkj] ,d Lora=k dj yksdiky
okys jk"Vª djnkrkvksa vkSj dj vfèkdkfj;ksa ds chp c<+rs
fo'okl ds dkj.k dj ç'kklu esa csgrj çn'kZu djrs gSaA
z vkSj vkSlr dj&thMhih vuqikr vfèkd gS vkSj dj tek
djus ds fy, de le; dh vko';drk gS (OECD
2017)A
z dj lacaèkh f'kdk;rksa dh tkap vkWLVªsfy;k] dukMk] ;wukbVsM
fdaxMe] czkthy vkSj nf{k.k vÚhdk esa yksdiky tSls
lefiZr fudk;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk csfYt;e vkSj Úkal esa dj
eè;LFkksa }kjk dh tkrh gSA
z ;s fudk; dj ç'kklu ls fHkUu gSaA
z la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk esa] mnkgj.k ds fy,] vkbZvkj,l
djnkrk vfèkoÙkQk lsok (Vh,,l) uked ,d Lora=k bdkbZ
j•rk gS tks djnkrk vfèkdkjksa ds laj{kd ds :i esa dk;Z
djrk gSA
z ;g djnkrkvksa ds vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk djrk gS vkSj vkbZvkj,l
dh bZekunkjh vkSj tokcnsgh esa djnkrk ds Hkjksls dks c<+kok
nsrk gSA
z blh rjg] 2007 esa dukMk esa xfBr djnkrkvksa ds yksdiky
dk;kZy; (vksVhvks) dks djnkrkvksa dks vkiwfrZ dh xbZ
lhvkj, lsokvksa ds ckjs esa f'kdk;rksa dh leh{kk djus vkSj
mudk lekèkku djus dk dke lkSaik x;k gSA
z bl çdkj] lsok ls lacafèkr f'kdk;rksa vkSj ç.kkyhxr fparkvksa
dh Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k tkap ds ekè;e ls] ge djnkrkvksa
dh lsok vkSj mipkj esa lhvkj, tokcnsgh esa lqèkkj djuk
pkgrs gSaA
oSf'od U;wure dj (th,eVh)
z xzqi vkWiQ lsou (th&7) ns'kksa us 5 twu] 2021 dks cgqjk"Vªh;
fuxeksa ij de ls de 15» dh oSf'od U;wure dkWikZsjsV
VSDl (th,eVh) nj cukus ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ le>kSrk
fd;k] pkgs os dgha Hkh vfèkokflr gksa ;k tgka mudh fcØh
gksA cuk jgs gSaA
z ckn esa tqykbZ 2021 esa th&20 us Hkh bl voèkkj.kk dk
leFkZu fd;kA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ;g G&7 le>kSrk vkfFkZd lg;ksx vkSj fodkl laxBu dk;Zjr
(OECD) vkSj çeq• vFkZO;oLFkkvksa }kjk ,d cgqr cM+s z ,d GMT nqfu;k Hkj esa ,d fufnZ"V dkWikZsjsV vk; vkèkkj
orZeku ç;kl esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA ij ,d leku dj dh nj ykxw djsxkA
z fiNys dbZ o"kks± ls] çeq• oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkkvksa us
z çR;sd ns'k dj èku dk gdnkj gksxk vkSj viuh dj ç.kkyh
cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa dks dekbZ (vkSj blfy, dj vk;) dks
esa nj vkSj fu;eksa dks ykxw djus esa l{ke gksxkA
de dj okys vfèkdkj {ks=k esa ys tkus ls jksdus ds fy,
Bksl ç;kl fd, gSaA z ljdkjsa vHkh Hkh dkWikZsjsV dj dh njsa fuèkkZfjr dj ldrh gSa]
ysfdu ;fn fuxe ,d ns'k esa de njksa dk Hkqxrku djrs gSa]
mís'; rks mudh x`g ljdkjsa vius djksa dks U;wure nj ij ¶VkWi
z GMT dks nqfu;k dh dqN lcls cM+h iQeks± }kjk Hkqxrku dh vi¸ dj ldrh gSa] ftlls dekbZ ds gLrkarj.k ds ykHk
tkus okyh de çHkkoh dj njksa dks lacksfèkr djus ds fy, dks udkjk tk ldrk gSA
fMtkbu fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa Apple] Alphabet] vkSj
Facebook tSlh cM+h Vsd daifu;ka 'kkfey gSaA iatho`Qr@iz/ku dk;kZy; fons'kh O;kikj
z ;s iQeZ vke rkSj ij lgk;d daifu;ksa ds tfVy tky dk fons'kh O;kikj
mi;ksx çeq• cktkjksa ls vkSj de dj okys U;k;ky;ksa ;k
vk;jySaM] fczfV'k oftZu vkbySaM~l] cgkekl ;k iukek tSls
VSDl gSou esa jktLo dks iQuy djus ds fy, djrh gSaA 6-5»
ns'k A oSf'od U;wure ns'k B
z th,eVh dk mís'; cgqjk"Vªh; m|eksa (,e,ubZ) dh {kerk dj &15» dk varj dj dh nj
dks de ls de dqN djksa dk Hkqxrku djus dh vko';drk
ds }kjk ykHk LFkkukarj.k esa layXu djus dh {kerk dks
lhfer djuk gS tgka os O;olk; djrs gSaA XYZ bu djksa dks ns'k A esa ¶VkWi vi¸ djrk gS
th,eVh dh le;js•k

Hkkjr dk #•
z D;ksafd Hkkjr esa iQeks± ds fy, ykxw LFkkuh; njsa mijksÙkQ Lrj ls vfèkd gSa] Hkkjr dks fo'oO;kih U;wure dkWikZsjsV dj nj 15»
ls ykHk gksus dh mEehn gSA
z igys fopkj dk Hkkjr ij dksbZ lhèkk çHkko ugha iM+sxkA

Hkkjrh; djkèkku
Hkkjrh; djkèkkuiz.izkkyh
.kkyh 313
z Hkkjr esa fuos'k vkdf"kZr djuk tkjh j•us dk vuqeku gS_
;g bl fopkj }kjk yf{kr de dj okys ns'kksa esa ls ,d
ugha gSA
z gkykafd] cktkj {ks=kkfèkdkj djkèkku vfèkdkjksa dk foLrkj
djus ds nwljs fopkj ds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjr dks iQslcqd]
xwxy vkSj vU; tSlh rduhdh daifu;ksa ij dj yxkus dk
vfèkdkj fey ldrk gSA
z tc rd ;g ¶cktkj {ks=kkfèkdkj ds fy, egRoiw.kZ vkSj
fujarj jktLo¸ çnku djrk gS] rc rd Hkkjr vke lgefr
dh fn'kk esa ç;kl djsxkA
dj çfr;ksfxrk
z ,d GMT ns'kksa ds chp dj&vkèkkfjr çfrLièkkZ dks de
dj ldrk gS] ysfdu lekIr ugha dj ldrkA
z ;fn ,d lkekU; U;wure dj nj cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa dks
fuos'k vkSj equkiQs dks de dj okys {ks=kksa esa LFkkukarfjr
v v v
314
djus ds fy, cgqr de ;k dksbZ dj ykHk çnku djrh
gS] rks ns'kksa ds chp vkfFkZd çfrLièkkZ muds cqfu;knh <kaps
vkSj dk;Zcy dkS'ky dh rqyukRed xq.koÙkk vkSj rkdr ls
vfèkd çHkkfor gksxhA
z GMT dk y{; cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa dks dj dkj.kksa ls ykHk
LFkkukarj.k vkSj vkèkkj {kj.k ls jksduk gSA
dj jktLo vkSj çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dk larqyu
z vk; lekos'ku fu;e] vU; uhfr;ksa dh rjg] tks fons'kh
dekbZ ij dj yxkrs gSa] lhek ikj fuos'k ds dj •pZ dks
c<+k,axs vkSj LFkkuh; lapkyu lfgr nqfu;k Hkj esa dgka
fuos'k djuk gS] blds ckjs esa dkWikZsjsV fu.kZ;ksa dks çHkkfor
djsaxsA
z urhtru] de ,iQMhvkbZ vkSj èkheh oSf'od vkfFkZd o`f¼
gks ldrh gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 17 eqnzkLiQhfr

eqækLiQhfr dh vo/kj.kk% djus ds fy, oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh ,d Vksdjh fu;ksftr

z Hkkstu] oL=k] vkokl] vodk'k] ifjogu] miHkksÙkQk LVsiy
vkfn tSls vf/dka'k nSfud ;k lkekU; :i ls mi;ksx
fd, tkus okys mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa dh ykxr esa o`f¼ dks
eqækLiQhfr ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA fdlh ns'k dh eqæk dh
,d bdkbZ dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ ds uqdlku dks eqækLiQhfr ds :i
esa lanfHkZr fd;k tkrk gS (bls O;ÙkQ djus ds fy, çfr'kr
dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS)A
z eqækLiQhfr dks ,d o"kZ ls vxys o"kZ rd Fkksd ewY;
lwpdkad (MCY;wihvkbZ) ds ewY;ksa esa çfr'kr ifjorZu ds
:i esa Hkh ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z eqækLiQhfr rc gksrh gS tc iSls dh vkiwfrZ vkSj ekax ds chp
vlarqyu gksrk gS] mRiknu vkSj forj.k ykxr esa ifjorZu
gksrk gS] ;k mRikn djksa esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA le; ds lkFk
vkSlr ewY; ifjorZu dks VªSd djds eqækLiQhfr dh x.kuk
dh tkrh gSA
viLiQhfr dh vo/kj.kk
z viLiQhfr dks dherksa esa fxjkoV ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
x;k gSA ;g ,d vPNh ckr çrhr gks ldrh gS] ysfdu dksbZ
Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk viLiQhfr ugha pkgrhA viLiQhfr vke rkSj
ij vkfFkZd eanh] de mRikndrk vkSj ukSdjh ds uqdlku ls
tqM+h gksrh gSA eqækLiQhfr iSls dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ dks de djrh
gS] tcfd viLiQhfr bls c<+krh gSA
z ;g yksxksa dks lLrk gksus ij ckn esa phtsa •jhnus ds fy,
iSls cpkus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrk gSA vkSj ;g vkfFkZd
O;ogkj vkSj Hkh /heh o`f¼ dh vksj ys tkrk gSA viLiQhfr
ds nkSjku] iSls dk ewY; c<+ tkrk gS vkSj lkeku de egaxk
gks tkrk gSA gkykafd vkfFkZd eanh ds dkj.k vkidh dekbZ
esa deh vk ldrh gSA

rqyuk%eqækLiQhfr cuke viLiQhfr

iSjkehVj eqæk LiQhfr
z tc varjjk"Vªh; cktkj esa iSls dk ewY; fxj
ifjHkk"kk
tkrk gS] rks bls eqækLiQhfr dgk tkrk gSA
z ewY; Lrjksa esa lkekU; o`f¼_
z vk; dk vleku forj.k gS_
ifj.kke
z ;g eqæk dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ dks de djrk gSA
z ewY; Lrj esa lkekU; deh_
jk"Vªh; vk; ij çHkko z jk"Vªh; vk; ij dksbZ çHkko ughaA
ykHk z fuekZrk
z LoLFk vkSj gYdh eqækLiQhfr vPNs vkfFkZd
dqy feykdj
fodkl dk çfrfuf/Ro djrh gSA
viLiQhfr
z viLiQhfr rc gksrh gS tc varjjk"Vªh;
cktkj esa iSls dk ewY; c<+ tkrk gSA
z ewY; Lrj esa lkekU; deh_
z csjkstxkjh ds Lrj esa o`f¼_
z ;g eqæk dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ dks c<+krk gSA
z viLiQhfr esa jk"Vªh; vk; ?kV tkrh gSA
z miHkksÙkQk
z ;g vFkZO;oLFkk dk i;kZIr ladsrd ugha
gSA
eqækLiQhfr ls lacaf/r vo/kj.kk,¡
z voLiQhfr ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS tc le; ds lkFk eqækLiQhfr dh nj esa fxjkoV vkrh gSA lh/s 'kCnksa
esa dgk tk, rks eqækLiQhfr /heh gks jgh gS (voLiQhfr viLiQhfr ls vyx gS D;ksafd voLiQhfr 'kCn
voLiQhfr oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh ykxr esa deh dks n'kkZrk gS)A
z mnkgj.k% tuojh] iQjojh] ekpZ vkSj vçSy ds eghuksa ds fy, Hkkjr esa lhihvkbZ eqækLiQhfr dh nj
Øe'k% 8-2»] 7-5»] 6-4» vkSj 6-1» gS] ge ns• ldrs gSa fd ;g ?kV jgh gSA bls voLiQhfr dgk tk,xkA
z bls ,d vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa fodkl nj /heh gksrh gS] csjkstxkjh
nj mPp vkSj fLFkj jgrh gS] vkSj dhersa ;k eqækLiQhfr Hkh mPp jgrh gSA "LVSxÝys'ku" ds :i esa
LVSxÝys'ku tkuh tkus okyh fLFkfr og gS ftlesa dhersa mlh le; c<+ jgh gSa tc vFkZO;oLFkk dh o`f¼ fLFkj gSA
z bls vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, cqjk ekuk tkrk gSA fczfV'k datoZsfVo ikVhZ ds fo/k;d b;ku eSdfy;ksM us
igyh ckj uoacj 1965 esa "LVSxÝys'ku" 'kCn dk bLrseky fd;k FkkA
z LD;wÝys'ku eqækLiQhfr dk ,d :i gS ftlesa ,d oLrq ;k oLrqvksa ds lewg dh ykxr c<+ tkrh gS
tcfd dherksa dk Lrj lexz :i ls fLFkj jgrk gSA
LD;wÝys'ku
z 2009 ls 2011 rd pys foÙkh; ladV ds eísutj] vFkZ'kkL=k esa ,d u;k eqgkojk ;kuh LD;wÝys'ku
fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA
fjÝys'ku ds :i esa tkuh tkus okyh ,d jktdks"kh; ;k ekSfæd uhfr dk mís'; mRiknu esa o`f¼ djuk]
•pZ dks çksRlkfgr djuk vkSj viLiQhfr ds çHkkoksa dks de djuk gS] tks vkerkSj ij vkfFkZd vfLFkjrk
;k eanh dh foLrkfjr vof/ ds ckn gksrk gSA
fjÝys'ku
z ladqpu dh vof/ ds ckn vFkZO;oLFkk dh fjdojh ds igys pj.k dks Hkh bl 'kCn }kjk lanfHkZr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z dj dVkSrh] cqfu;knh <kapk fuos'k] eqæk vkiwfrZ dk foLrkj] vkSj C;kt njksa esa deh uhfr;ksa ds mnkgj.k gSaA
z fxiQsu mRikn lLrh oLrq,a gSa] vkSj tc mudh dhersa c<+rh gSa] rks miHkksÙkQk ekax Hkh c<+rh gSA bu mRiknksa
ds fy, dqN gh fodYi gSa] tks gekjs Hkj.k&iks"k.k dh vko';drk dks iwjk djus ds fy, vko';d gSaA
z fxfiQu mRiknksa esa xsgw¡] pkoy] vkSj czsM tSlh phtsa 'kkfey gSa (osCysu ds lkeku mPp xq.koÙkk okys]
çhfe;e mRikn gSa] vkSj tSls&tSls mudh dher c<+rh gS] oSls&oSls mudh ek¡x Hkh c<+rh tkrh gS)A
fxiQsu mRikn z nwljs 'kCnksa esa] fxiQsu vkSj osCysu deksfMVh nksuksa ekax ds ikjaifjd dkuwu dk •aMu djrh gSa vkSj ,d
vf}rh; ekax oØ mRiUu djrh gSaA bu mRiknksa ds fy, oØ Åij dh vksj >qdk gqvk gSA mRikn dh
dher esa o`f¼ ds lkFk ekax c<+rh gSA
z fxiQsu lkeku de ykxr okys mRiknksa ij è;ku dsafær djrs gSa] tcfd osCysu lkeku yDtjh] vuU;
vkSj çhfe;e mRiknksa ij è;ku dsafær djrs gSaA
z fiQfyIl doZ csjkstxkjh nj vkSj eqækLiQhfr ds chp O;qRØe laca/ (myVk laca/ esa] ,d iSjkehVj dk
eku fxjus yxrk gS D;ksafd nwljs iSjkehVj dk eku c<+ tkrk gSA bls vDlj ,d udkjkRed laca/ ds
fiQfyIl doZ :i esa ekuk tkrk gS) dk ,d xzkfiQdy çfrfuf/Ro gSA
z doZ ds vuqlkj] eqækLiQhfr c<+us ij csjkstxkjh de gks tkrh gS vkSj blds foijhrA urhtru] mPp
Lrj dk jkstxkj mPp eqækLiQhfr nj ds lkFk gh laHko gSA
z ,axsYl ds fu;e ds vuqlkj] tSls&tSls vk; c<+rh gS] Hkkstu ij •pZ gksus okys /u dk vuqikr ?kVrk
,axsYl ds fu;e tkrk gSA tSls&tSls ?kjsyw vk; c<+rh gS] Hkkstu ij •pZ dh tkus okyh vk; ?kVrh tkrh gS] tcfd
vU; oLrqvksa (,slh foykflrk dh oLrqvksa) ij •pZ fd, tkus okys vuqikr esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA

316 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 z mPp eqækLiQhfr ds le; iSlk j•us ds fy, naM dks "eqækLiQhfr dj" dgk tkrk gSA
eqækLiQhfr dj z ;g ,d çdkj dk djk/ku gS tgka ljdkj /u dh miyC/rk dks la'kksf/r djrh gSA ekStwnk /u /kjd
,d dj ds v/hu gSa D;ksafd /u dh vkiwfrZ c<+ tkrh gS D;ksafd mudh gksfYMax dk ewY; ?kV tkrk gSA
z tc fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa dqy ekax iw.kZ jkstxkj ij dqy vkiwfrZ ls vf/d gks tkrh gS] rks ,d fLFkfr
eqækLiQhfr xSi
dks eqækLiQhfr xSi ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
z ;g iw.kZ jkstxkj ij mRiknu vkSj okLrfod mRiknu ds chp folaxfr dks n'kkZrk gSA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] eanh ds nkSjku viLiQhfr dk varj vis{kkÑr cM+k gks ldrk gS] tks mPp csjkstxkjh
fMÝys'kujh xSi
nj vkSj de mi;ksx fd, x, lalk/uksa dks n'kkZrk gSA udkjkRed vkmViqV xSi] fMÝys'kujh xSi dk
nwljk uke gSA
z ,d viLiQhfrdkjh lfiZy rc gksrk gS tc dher ds Lrj esa fxjkoV vkrh gS] ftlls mRiknu de
gksrk gS] etnwjh de gksrh gS] ekax esa deh vkrh gS] vkSj dherksa esa fujarj fxjkoV vkrh gSA
viLiQhfrdkjh z viLiQhfr vFkZO;oLFkk esa ygj iSnk dj ldrh gS] ftlls dqN miHkksÙkQk vkSj daifu;ka ½.k nkf;Roksa
lfiZy esa pwd dj ldrh gSaA
z dsaæh; cSad viLiQhfrdkjh lfiZy dks jksdus vkSj ekax dks c<+kus ds fy, ekSfæd uhfr (tSls C;kt njksa
dks de djuk) dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
z eanh ,d O;kid vkfFkZd 'kCn gS ftldk mi;ksx vkfFkZd ladqpu dks n'kkZus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
eanh eanh ds nkSjku] dkjksckj de ekax ns•rs gSa vkSj iSls •ksus yxrs gSaA vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa esa bl rjg dh
eanh dbZ frekfg;ksa rd cuh jg ldrh gS] ftlls vFkZO;oLFkk dk foLrkj #d tkrk gSA
z ,d Mcy&fMi eanh ,d vkfFkZd ?kVuk gS ftlesa ,d eanh ds ckn ,d vLFkk;h lq/kj gksrk gS vkSj
fiQj ,d vkSj eanh gksrh gSA
Mcy&fMi eanh
z os iquçkZfIr çfØ;k dks jksdrs gSa] ftlls jkstxkj] dekbZ vkSj fuos'k dh laHkkouk,¡ vU;Fkk dh rqyuk
esa yacs le; rd fLFkj jgrh gSaA
eqækLiQhfr ds dkj.k gSa] rks ekax iwjh ugha gksxh] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ekax&tU;
•k| eqækLiQhfr gksxhA
ekax ds dkj.k gksus okyh eqækLiQhfr z jktdks"kh; çksRlkgu% tc dsaæh; cSad ekSfæd çksRlkgu dks
(ekax&tU; eqækLiQhfr) ykxw djrk gS] rks vFkZO;oLFkk esa /u dh vkiwfrZ dk foLrkj
dqy ekax esa o`f¼ dbZ dkjdksa ds dkj.k gks ldrh gSA muesa ls gS% gksrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i eqækLiQhfr gksrh gSA ekSfæd
z foLrkjoknh uhfr;ka% blls vFkZO;oLFkk esa /u dh vkiwfrZ çksRlkgu ds vU; ifj.kke Hkh eqækLiQhfr dk dkj.k curs gSaA
esa o`f¼ gksxh] ftlls dqy ekax esa o`f¼ gksxh vkSj ifj. vfrfjÙkQ /u dh miyC/rk ?kjsyw •ir dks c<+krh gSA ;fn
kkeLo:i eqækLiQhfr c<+sxhA ljdkj fuEufyf•r rjhdksa ls vkjchvkbZ us de ykxr okyh /u uhfr viukbZ gS rks de
viuk •pZ c<+k ldrh gS% ykxr okyk ½.k miyC/ gksxkA ifj.kkeLo:i] mPp Ø;
 ;wfuolZy csfld bude (;wchvkbZ) tSlh ;kstuk,a] {kerk ds dkj.k yksxksa dh •pZ djus dh bPNk c<+ tkrh gSA
 eujsxk ds rgr etnwjh c<+ jgh gSA z uhfrxr fu.kZ;% uhfrxr fu.kZ; tks /u dks turk ds fy,
z tula[;k o`f¼% tSls&tSls tula[;k c<+rh gS] oSls&oSls vf/d lqyHk cukrs gSa vkSj /u dh vkiwfrZ esa o`f¼ djrs
oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh ekax Hkh c<+sxhA blds ifj.kkeLo:i gSa] dqy ekax esa o`f¼ djsaxsA
eqækLiQhfr c<+sxhA  lkrosa osru vk;ksx us lkoZtfud {ks=k ds deZpkfj;ksa ds

z 'kq¼ fu;kZr esa o`f¼% ;fn ns'k dh vko';d oLrqvksa
dk fu;kZr rst xfr ls fd;k tkrk gS] rks mudh deh ds
dkj.k vFkZO;oLFkk esa bu oLrqvksa dh ekax c<+sxhA urhtru]
eqækLiQhfr gksxhA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn Hkkjrh; fdlku cM+h
ek=kk esa •k|kUu] I;kt vkSj vU; oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr djrs
fy, miyC/ /ujkf'k esa o`f¼ dhA
 mnkjhÑr FDI fofu;eksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i futh fuos'k
c<+ jgk gS] ftlls vFkZO;oLFkk esa /u dk çokg c<+sxkA
 D;ksafd RBI MkWyj •jhnrk gS] fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj c<+us
ls vFkZO;oLFkk esa /u dh vkiwfrZ c<+ tkrh gSA

eqnzkkLiQhfr
LiQhfr 317
ykxr ds dkj.k gksus okyh eqækLiQhfr
(ykxr tU; eqækLiQhfr)
c<+rh mRiknu ykxr] ykxr tU; eqækLiQhfr dk ewy dkj.k gSA
mRiknu ykxr esa o`f¼ ds dkj.k gks ldrs gSa%
z deZpkfj;ksa ds osru esa o`f¼% deZpkfj;ksa ds osru esa o`f¼
dk mRikn dh vafre ykxr ij çHkko iM+sxkA urhtru]
mRiknu ykxr esa o`f¼ ds ifj.kkeLo:i ykxr&çsfjr
eqækLiQhfr gksxhA fiNys fnuksa lkrosa osru vk;ksx dh otg
ls osru esa c<+ksrjh gqbZ gSA
z dPps eky dh dhersa c<+ jgh gSa% fdlh mRikn ds
mRiknu dh ykxr fu/kZfjr djus esa dPps eky dh ykxr
,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSA urhtru] dPps eky dh dherksa
esa dksbZ Hkh o`f¼ eqækLiQhfr dh vksj ys tkrh gSA dPps rsy
dh dherksa esa o`f¼ (dbZ dkj.kksa ls) buiqV ykxr c<+k
ldrh gSA ck<+ vkSj Hkq•ejh tSlh çkÑfrd vkink,¡ Ñf"k
mRiknu dks de djrh gSaA
z iQeks± dk ykHk ekftZu% fdlh daiuh ds ykHk ekftZu dks
mRiknu ykxr esa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA iQeZ ds ykHk ekftZu
esa dksbZ Hkh o`f¼ mRikn dh dher c<+k,xh vkSj eqækLiQhfr
dk dkj.k cusxhA tc daifu;ka vius ykHk ekftZu dks c<+kus
dk fodYi pqurh gSa] rks oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh ykxr c<+
tkrh gSA tc dksbZ ,d daiuh eky dh çkFkfed vkiwfrZdrkZ
gksrh gS] rks ;gh gksrk gS ;kuh ,dkf/dkjA
z vk;kr dh dhersa% ;fn dPps eky vkSj rS;kj eky dk
vk;kr fd;k tkrk gS] rks vk;kr dherksa esa fdlh Hkh o`f¼
ds ifj.kkeLo:i ykxr&çsfjr eqækLiQhfr gksrh gSA vk;kfrr
fufof"V;ksa esa ewY; o`f¼ ls oLrqvksa dh lexz dher esa
o`f¼ gks ldrh gSA eqæk ewY;ßkl vk;kr ykxr c<+krk gSA
z vçR;{k djksa esa o`f¼ ds dkj.k eqækLiQhfr% vçR;{k
djksa esa o`f¼ eqækLiQhfr dk dkj.k cusxhA th,lVh ds
dk;kZUo;u ds ckn] dbZ iwoZ dj okys mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa
dks 18» VSDl czSdsV esa ys tk;k x;k] ftlls mudh dhersa
c<+ xbZaA
uksV% gkykafd eqækLiQhfr ds dbZ dkj.k gSa] mUgsa jktdks"kh;
vkSj ekSfæd uhfr;ksa ds ekè;e ls fu;af=kr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA vkjchvkbZ dk çkFkfed y{; eqækLiQhfr (4» $@& 2»)
dks yf{kr djuk gSA gkykafd vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, ekewyh
eqækLiQhfr okaNuh; gS] ysfdu vfu;af=kr eqækLiQhfr ns'k dks ykHk
ls vf/d uqdlku igqapk ldrh gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. dherksa ds lkekU; Lrj esa o`f¼ ds dkj.k gks ldrs gSa%
 (2013)
(1) eqæk vkiwfrZ esa o`f¼
(2) mRiknu ds dqy Lrj esa deh
(3) çHkkoh ekax esa o`f¼
mi;ZqÙkQ dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
(a) dsoy 1
(b) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
(c) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
2. fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl mik; ds ifj.kkeLo:i vFkZO;oLFkk
esa eqæk vkiwfrZ esa o`f¼ gksxh\ (2012)
(1) lsaVªy cSad }kjk turk ls ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa dh •jhn
(2) turk }kjk okf.kfT;d cSadksa esa eqæk tek djuk
(3) ljdkj }kjk lsaVªy cSad ls m/kj ysuk
(4) lsaVªy cSad }kjk turk dks ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa dh
fcØh
mi;ZqÙkQ dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,%
(a) dsoy 1
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 4
(c) 1 vkSj 3
(d) 2] 3 vkSj 4

ekax tU; cuke ykxr tU; eqnzkLiQhfr eqækLiQhfr ds çdkj

ekax tU; cuke
z jktLo çksRlkgu
z tula[;k dk ncko
z 'kq¼ fu;kZr esa o`f¼
z ekSfæd çksRlkgu
z uhfrxr fu.kZ;
ykxr tU; eqækLiQhfr
z deZpkfj;ksa dk osru
c<+k;k tk jgk gS
z dPps eky dh dhersa
c<+ jgh gSa
z iQeZ ykHk ekftZu
z vk;kr dherksa
z vçR;{k djksa esa o`f¼
dkj.k vk/kfjr eqækLiQhfr
z ekax tU; eqækLiQhfr% ;g rc gksrk gS tc dqy fMekaM
miyC/ vkmViqV ls vf/d gks tkrh gS] ftlds ifj.
kkeLo:i ewY; Lrj esa o`f¼ gksrh gS] vkSj bls ekax tU;
eqækLiQhfr dgk tkrk gSA
z ykxr tU; eqækLiQhfr% ykxr&çsfjr eqækLiQhfr og
eqækLiQhfr gS tks fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRiknu dh ykxr
esa lexz o`f¼ ds ifj.kkeLo:i mRiUu gksrh gSA

318 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z eqæk tU; eqækLiQhfr% ;g ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa djsalh uksVksa
dh vR;f/d NikbZ ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
z ØsfMV eqækLiQhfr% tc ØsfMV dk foLrkj gksrk gS] rks ewY;
Lrj c<+ tkrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i eqækLiQhfr gksrh gSA
z ?kkVs ls çsfjr eqækLiQhfr% tc ljdkjh •pZ jktLo ls
vf/d gks tkrk gS] rks ljdkj vuqjks/ dj ldrh gS fd
vkjchvkbZ ctV ?kkVs dks doj djus ds fy, iSls fçaV djs]
ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ?kkVs ls çsfjr eqækLiQhfr gksrh gSA
xfr ;k rhozrk vk/kfjr eqækLiQhfr
z jsaxrh@Øhfiax ;k gYdh@ekbYM eqækLiQhfr% jsaxrh gqbZ
eqækLiQhfr rc gksrh gS tc ewY; o`f¼ dh nj /heh ysfdu
egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA ;g vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, ykHknk;d
gSA dhersa cgqr /heh xfr ls c<+ jgh gSa (<3»)A
z pyrh@okfYdax ;k c<+rh@VªkWfVax eqækLiQhfr% ;g
fouk'kdkjh eqækLiQhfr çfr o"kZ 3» vkSj 10» ds chp
gksrh gSA ;g vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, gkfudkjd gS D;ksafd ;g
vkfFkZd fodkl dks xfr nsrk gSA dy dh cgqr vf/d
dherksa ls cpus ds fy, yksx vf/d •jhnuk 'kq: dj nsrs
gSaA blus Ø; Mªkbo dks vkSj Hkh vf/d c<+k fn;k] ftlls
vkiwfrZdrkZvksa dks cuk, j•us ds fy, la?k"kZ djuk iM+kA
fpark dh ckr ;g gS fd u rks etnwjh dj ldrs gSaA ifj.
kkeLo:i] vf/dka'k lkekU; oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh dhersa
vf/dka'k yksxksa dh igqap ls ckgj gks tkrh gSaA
z xSyksfiax vkSj gkbijbUÝys'ku% gkbij ;k vfr eqækLiQhfr
rc gksrh gS tc jsaxus okyh vkSj pyus okyh eqækLiQhfr
vfu;af=kr gksrh gS vkSj eqækLiQhfr dh nj 10» ls vf/d gks
tkrh gSA blls vkfFkZd vfLFkjrk iSnk gksrh gSA tc oLrqvksa
vkSj lsokvksa dh dher çfr ekg 50» ls vf/d c<+ tkrh
gS] rks bls gkbijbUÝys'ku dgk tkrk gSA ;g eqækLiQhfr
dk vafre pj.k gSA ewY; •rjukd nj ls c<+rk gS (20»
eqækLiQhfr)A fiNys mnkgj.k% 1920 ds n'kd esa teZuh]
2000 ds n'kd esa ftEckCos] 2018 esa vesfjdh x`g;q¼ vkSj
osustq,yk] vkfnA
z LVSxÝys'ku% ;g rc gksrk gS tc eqækLiQhfr dh nj
vf/d gksrh gS] vkfFkZd fodkl dh nj /heh gksrh gS] vkSj
csjkstxkjh yxkrkj mPp cuh jgrh gSA bls eanh eqækLiQhfr
ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;g vkfFkZd uhfr ds fy,
,d igsyh gS] D;ksafd eqækLiQhfr dks de djus ds mís';
ls dh tkus okyh dk;Zokfg;ka csjkstxkjh dh fLFkfr dks vkSj
•jkc dj ldrh gSaA
eqnzkkLiQhfr
LiQhfr
z dksj bUÝys'ku% dksj bUÝys'ku dk rkRi;Z mPp dherksa esa
mrkj&p<+ko ds ifj.kkeLo:i •k| vkSj ÅtkZ ds vykok
lHkh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa esa ewY; o`f¼ ls gSA bldh x.kuk
blfy, dh tkrh gS D;ksafd ljdkj dks eqækLiQhfr dh ,d
lqlaxr vkSj lVhd rLohj dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z gsMykbu eqækLiQhfr% ;g ehfVªd ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa dqy
eqækLiQhfr dks è;ku esa j•rk gS] ftlesa vfLFkj Hkkstu vkSj
ÅtkZ dh dhersa 'kkfey gSaA
rqyuk% gsMykbu cuke dksj eqækLiQhfr
z ckLdsV esa lHkh oLrqvksa ds ewY; esa ifjorZu dks gsMykbu
eqækLiQhfr dgk tkrk gSA
z dksj eqækLiQhfr gsMykbu eqækLiQhfr ls bl ek;us esa fHkUu
gS fd blesa •k| vkSj bZa/u 'kkfey ugha gSA
z dksj eqækLiQhfr gsMykbu eqækLiQhfr dh rqyuk esa de
vfLFkj gS D;ksafd bZa/u vkSj •k| inkFkks± dh dherksa esa
mrkj&p<+ko gksrk gS vkSj eqækLiQhfr dh x.kuk esa 'v'kkafr'
iSnk gksrh gSA fodflr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa ?kjsyw miHkksx
Vksdjh esa •k| vkSj bZa/u dk fgLlk 10&15» gS] tcfd
fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa ;g 30&40» gSA
vk/kj çHkko
z vk/kj çHkko ,d vyx lanHkZ fcanq dk mi;ksx djds nks
MsVk fcanqvksa dh rqyuk djus ds ifj.kkeksa esa ns•k tkus okyk
çHkko gSA
z MsVk fcanqvksa ds chp vuqikr ;k çfr'kr rqyuk esa ,d
egRoiw.kZ fHkUurk rqyuk ds fy, ,d vyx lanHkZ ;k vk/
kj dk mi;ksx djus ds ifj.kkeLo:i gks ldrh gSA
z pwafd vk/kj la[;k rqyuk ds Hkktd ds :i esa dk;Z djrh
gS] fofHkUu vk/kj ewY;ksa ds lkFk dh xbZ rqyukvksa esa
csrgk'kk fHkUu ifj.kke gks ldrs gSaA
z mnkgj.k%
dsl 1
z tuojh 2016 dk ewY; lwpdkad 110 gS vkSj tuojh 2017
dk 120 gSA
z vc tuojh 2017 dh eqækLiQhfr ¾ (120&110)@110 *100
tks fd 9-09» gSA
dsl 2
z ekpZ 2017 dk ewY; lwpdkad 180 gS vkSj ekpZ 2018 dk 190
gSA vc ekpZ 2018 dh eqækLiQhfr ¾ (190&180)@180*100
tks fd 5-55» curh gSA
319
z fujh{k.k djsa% nksuksa gh ekeyksa esa ewY; lwpdkad esa o`f¼
10 gS ysfdu eqækLiQhfr dh nj vyx gSA ;g vk/kj çHkko
ds dkj.k gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. eqækLiQhfr dh nj esa vpkud o`f¼ dks dHkh&dHkh
¶vk/kj çHkko¸ ds fy, ftEesnkj Bgjk;k tkrk gSA
¶vk/kj çHkko¸ D;k gS\ (2011)
(a) ;g iQlyksa dh foiQyrk ds dkj.k vkiwfrZ esa Hkkjh
deh dk çHkko gSA
(b) ;g rsth ls vkfFkZd fodkl ds dkj.k ekax esa o`f¼
dk çHkko gSA
(c) ;g eqækLiQhfr nj dh x.kuk ij fiNys o"kZ ds
ewY; Lrjksa dk çHkko gSA
(d) Åij fn, x, dFkuksa (a)] (b) vkSj (c) esa ls
dksbZ Hkh bl lanHkZ esa lgh ugha gSA
eqækLiQhfr dk ekiu% WPI vkSj CPI
fo'ys"k.k%
z dksbZ Hkh eqækLiQhfr nj vfuok;Z :i ls gesa ml nj dks
crkrh gS ftl ij vFkZO;oLFkk esa dhersa c<+ jgh gSaA ifj.
kkeLo:i] eqækLiQhfr dks çfr'kr ds :i esa O;ÙkQ fd;k
tkrk gSA
z vxj I;kt dh dhersa fiNys lky ds 10 #i;s çfr fdyks
ls c<+dj bl lky 15 #i;s çfr fdyks gks tkrh gSa] rks
eqækLiQhfr dh nj 50» gksxhA ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd bl
mnkgj.k esa ,d fdyksxzke I;kt dh dher 5 #i;s & ;k
50» & vk/kj ewY; (10 #i;s) ls vf/d gSA
z eqækLiQhfr dh njksa dh x.kuk lky nj lky nksuksa rjhdksa
ls dh tkrh gSA fiNys lky dherksa esa dSls cnyko vk;kA
vkSj eghus nj eghus fiNys eghus dherksa esa dSls cnyko
vk;k gj eghus ds fy,A
z çR;sd oLrq vkSj oLrqvksa ds çR;sd lewg ds fy, eqækLiQhfr
dh njksa dh x.kuk dh tkrh gSA urhtru] gekjs ikl I;kt
ds lkFk&lkFk vU; lHkh •k| inkFkks± ds fy, eqækLiQhfr
dh nj gSA
z gkykafd] fdlh Hkh oLrq] tSls fd I;kt] dh dher bl ckr
ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd oLrq Fkksd cktkj esa •jhnh tkrh gS
;k 'kgj ds ekWy esaA
z fiNys lky I;kt ds Fkksd ewY;ksa dh rqyuk bl lky •qnjk
LVksj dherksa ls djuk Hkzked gksxkA
320
z ifj.kkeLo:i] ljdkj nks lwpdkad cukrh gS% ,d Fkksd
eqækLiQhfr ij utj j•us ds fy, vkSj nwljk •qnjk eqækLiQhfr
ij utj j•us ds fy,A csgrj uhfr fo'ys"k.k ds fy,]
eqækLiQhfr dh njksa dh x.kuk xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh cktkjksa ds
fy, Hkh dh tkrh gSA
o"kZ&nj&o"kZ eqækLiQhfr nj ns'k esa lcls vf/d ç;ksx dh
tkrh gS%
1- Fkksd ewY; lwpdkad (MCY;wihvkbZ)_
2- miHkksÙkQk ewY; lwpdkad (lhihvkbZ)A
rqyuk%
z iwoZ dks Fkksd eqækLiQhfr nj ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] tcfd
ckn okys dks •qnjk eqækLiQhfr nj ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
WPI vkSj CPI nksuksa ewY; lwpdkad gSaA bls nwljs rjhds ls
j•us ds fy,] ;s oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds nks vyx&vyx
Vksdfj;k¡ gSaA mu nks çdkj ds miHkksÙkQkvksa ds fy, D;k
egRoiw.kZ gS] blds vk/kj ij ljdkj fofHkUu oLrqvksa vkSj
lsokvksa dks vyx&vyx Hkkj çnku djrh gSA
z nks lwpdkadksa dk fuekZ.k ;g crkrk gS fd dSls vkSj D;ksa
nks eqækLiQhfr njsa vyx&vyx gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] WPI
esa fufeZr oLrqvksa dh dherksa dk çHkqRo gS] tcfd CPI esa
•k| dherksa dk çHkqRo gSA urhtru] vxj •k| dherksa esa
ukVdh; :i ls o`f¼ gksrh gS] rks •qnjk eqækLiQhfr dh nj
Fkksd eqækLiQhfr nj ls dgha vf/d c<+ tk,xhA foijhr rc
gksrk gS tc fufeZr oLrqvksa (tSls Vhoh vkSj vkWVkseksckby)
dh dhersa c<+ tkrh gSaA
z WPI, mnkgj.k ds fy,] cky dVkus ;k cSafdax ysunsu tSlh
lsokvksa dh dherksa esa ifjorZu ds fy, ftEesnkj ugha gSA
gkykafd] lhihvkbZ djrk gSA ;fn ifjogu] f'k{kk] euksjatu
vkSj vkeksn&çeksn] O;fÙkQxr ns•Hkky vkfn tSlh lsok,a
dkiQh vf/d egaxh gks tkrh gSa] rks •qnjk eqækLiQhfr c<+sxh]
ysfdu Fkksd ewY; eqækLiQhfr vifjofrZr jgsxhA D;ksafd bu
nks eqækLiQhfr njksa dh x.kuk nks cgqr vyx lwpdkadksa dk
mi;ksx djds dh tkrh gS] blfy, muds fy, egRoiw.kZ
:i ls fHkUu gksuk vlkekU; ugha gSA
MCY;wihvkbZ lajpuk
vo;o otu (»)
lHkh oLrq,a 100-00
çkFkfed oLrq,¡ 22-62
bZa/u vkSj 'kfÙkQ 13-15
fofufeZr mRikn 64-23
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 lhihvkbZ lajpuk
vo;o otu (»)
lkekU; lwpdkad 100-00
•k| vkSj is; 45-86
iku] rEckdw vkSj u'khys inkFkZ 2-38
diM+s 6-53
vkokl 10-07
bZa/u vkSj çdk'k 6-84
fofo/ (lsok,a) 28-32
D;k vki tkurs gSa\
lkaf[;dh vkSj dk;ZØe dk;kZUo;u ea=kky; (MOSPI)
CPI&vk/kfjr eqækLiQhfr MsVk ladfyr djrk gS] tcfd m|ksx
vkSj vkarfjd O;kikj lao/Zu foHkkx (DPIIT)] WPI&vk/
kfjr eqækLiQhfr MsVk ladfyr djrk gSA
ykxr eqækLiQhfr lwpdkad (lhvkbZvkbZ)
z CII dk mi;ksx fdlh laifÙk ds eqækLiQhfr&lek;ksftr
ykxr ewY; dh x.kuk djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
rc eqækLiQhfr&lek;ksftr ewY; dk mi;ksx nh?kZdkfyd
iwathxr ykHk ;k gkfu;ksa dh x.kuk ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA CII ds vkadM+s dk mi;ksx Hkwfe] Hkou vkSj ?kjksa ds
lkFk&lkFk lksus ds xgus vkSj MsV E;wpqvy iQaM tSlh
laifÙk ds eqækLiQhfr&lek;ksftr ewY; dh x.kuk ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
z gkykafd] bldk mi;ksx bfDoVh 'ks;jksa vkSj bfDoVh E;qpqvy
iQaMksa ij gksus okys ykHk dks vkWiQlsV djus ds fy, ugha
fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftu ij 10» dh nj ls dj yxk;k
tkrk gS vkSj tks baMsDls'ku ds fy, ;ksX; ugha gSaA tc vki
vxys lky viuk vk;dj fjVuZ (vkbZVh&vkj) nkf•y
djrs gSa] rks lhvkbZvkbZ uacj vkidks nh?kZdkfyd iwathxr
ykHk fu/kZfjr djus esa enn djsxk] ftl ij vkidks dj
pqdkuk gksxkA
z dsaæh; çR;{k dj cksMZ us 14 twu] 2022 dks foÙkh;
o"kZ 2022&23 ds fy, CII dh ?kks"k.kk dhA foÙk o"kZ
2022&23 ds fy, ykxr eqækLiQhfr lwpdkad] tks fu/kZj.k
o"kZ 2023&24 ij ykxw gksrk gS] 331 gSA
z ykxr eqækLiQhfr lwpdkad fiNys foÙk o"kZ] foÙk o"kZ
2021&22 ds fy, 317 crk;k x;k FkkA
eqnzkkLiQhfr
LiQhfr
mRiknd ewY; lwpdkad (ihihvkbZ)
z mRiknd ewY; lwpdkad le; ds lkFk ?kjsyw mRikndksa dks
muds mRiknu ds fy, çkIr gksus okys foØ; ewY;ksa esa
fof'k"V ifjorZu dks ekirk gSA dbZ oLrqvksa vkSj dqN lsokvksa
ds fy,] ihihvkbZ esa dhersa 'kq#vkrh dkjksckjh ysunsu ls
vkrh gSaA ;g foØsrk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls ewY; esa mrkj&p<+ko
dk vuqeku yxkrk gSA
z ;g jk"Vªh; lkaf[;dh dk;kZy; (NSO) }kjk tkjh fd;k
tkrk gSA
z ihihvkbZ ds mi;ksx ds ykHk%
 ;g varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij rqyuh; gksxk_
 blesa f'kfiax] dj vkSj vU; 'kqYd tSls iwjd •pZ
'kkfey ugha gksaxs] tks eqækLiQhfr dh vf/d lVhd
rLohj nsrk gS_
 ;g fn•k,xk fd vFkZO;oLFkk ysunsu ds çkFkfed Lrj
ls ekè;fed Lrj rd mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa dks fdruh
vPNh rjg LFkkukarfjr djrh gSA
vkokl ewY; lwpdkad (,pihvkbZ)
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad frekgh vk/kj ij gkmflax çkbl baMsDl
çdkf'kr djrk gSA ;g dqN 'kgjksa ls ,df=kr vkadM+ksa ij
vk/kfjr gS vkSj iwjs Hkkjr esa dherksa ds mrkj&p<+ko dks
ekirk gSA lwpdkad lacaf/r jkT; ljdkjksa ds iathdj.k
dk;kZy;ksa ls çkIr fj;y ,LVsV ewY; ysunsu ij lR;kfir
tkudkjh ij vk/kfjr gSaA
z fuekZ.k {ks=k dh o`f¼ vkokl dh dherksa ds #>ku ls
çHkkfor gksrh gSA tc ,d ?kj dh dher mldh fuekZ.k
ykxr ls vf/d gks tkrh gS] rks blds fuekZ.k dh ykxr ds
lkis{k bldh dher c<+ tkrh gSA urhtru] bu dherksa ij
u, ?kj dk fuekZ.k ykHknk;d gSA blfy, mUgsa fu"i{k :i
ls fu/kZfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd os cSad ½.k njksa dks
Hkh çHkkfor djrs gSaA
thMhih fMÝysVj
z thMhih fMÝysVj] ftls bafIyflV çkbl fMÝysVj Hkh dgk
tkrk gS] ,d eqækLiQhfr ladsrd gSA ;g fdlh fn, x,
o"kZ esa fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk }kjk mRikfnr oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa
ds ewY; dk orZeku dherksa ij vk/kj o"kZ esa dherksa dk
vuqikr gSA ;g vuqikr crkrk gS fd mRiknu esa o`f¼ ds
ctk; mPp dherksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa
fdl gn rd o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
321
z D;ksafd fMÝysVj esa vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRikfnr oLrqvksa vkSj
lsokvksa dh iwjh J`a•yk 'kkfey gksrh gS] Fkksd vkSj miHkksÙkQk
ewY; lwpdkadksa esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys lhfer oLrq
Vksdfj;ksa ds foijhr] bls eqækLiQhfr dk ,d vf/d O;kid
mik; ekuk tkrk gS tks Lopkfyr :i ls fdlh Hkh ifjorZu
dks n'kkZrk gSA •ir iSVuZ tks varr% thMhih viLiQhfrdkjd
dks vFkZO;oLFkk dh •ir ;k fuos'k iSVuZ esa ifjorZu dks
vo'kksf"kr djus esa l{ke cukrk gSA
z GDP viLiQhfrdkjd MsVk dsoy GDP vuqekuksa ds
lkFk&lkFk =kSekfld :i ls miyC/ gksrk gS] tcfd CPI
vkSj WPI MsVk ekfld :i ls tkjh fd, tkrs gSaA
z thMhih ewY; fMÝysVj iQkWeZwyk% thMhih ewY; fMÝysVj ¾
(lkadsfrd thMhih @ okLrfod thMhih) × 100
z thMhih fMÝysVj dk egRo%
 ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ewY; viLiQhfrdkjd dk mi;ksx
djds] vFkZ'kkL=kh ,d o"kZ ls vxys o"kZ rd okLrfod
vkfFkZd xfrfof/ dh ek=kk dh rqyuk dj ldrs gSaA
 ;g miHkksÙkQk mRikn lwpdkad (CPI) vkSj Fkksd ewY;
lwpdkad (WPI) tSls vU; mik;ksa dh rqyuk esa cgqr
O;kid gSA ;g lhihvkbZ vkSj MCY;wihvkbZ ds :i esa
dsoy fof'k"V oLrqvksa dh ,d Vksdjh ds foijhr iwjh
vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, eqækLiQhfr dh x.kuk djrk gSA
 •ir iSVuZ ;k lajpukRed lq/kjksa esa dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu
lh/s thMhih viLiQhfrdkjd esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA
gkykafd lhihvkbZ vkSj MCY;wihvkbZ ekfld çdkf'kr
gksrs gSa] ysfdu os vkfFkZd eqækLiQhfr dh O;kid rLohj
çnku ugha djrs gSaA
eqækLiQhfr y{;hdj.k% eqækLiQhfr dh lhek esa
mrkj&p<+ko ij gkfy;k viMsV
z eqækLiQhfr y{;hdj.k ,d ekSfæd uhfr <kapk gS ftlesa
fdlh ns'k dk dsaæh; cSad iwjh rjg ls eqækLiQhfr dks ,d
fuf'pr lhek ds Hkhrj j•us ls lacaf/r gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa]
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad (RBI) vkSj dsaæ ljdkj us eqækLiQhfr
dks 2&6» ds chp j•us ds fy, ,d yphys eqækLiQhfr
y{;hdj.k <kaps (FITF] 2016) ij lgefr O;ÙkQ dhA
z eqækLiQhfr y{;hdj.k ,d dsaæh; cSafdax uhfr gS tks iwoZ
fu/kZfjr okf"kZd eqækLiQhfr nj dks çkIr djus ds fy,
ekSfæd uhfr dks cnyus ij dsafær gSA
z eqækLiQhfr y{;hdj.k bl /kj.kk ij vk/kfjr gS fd ewY;
fLFkjrk dks cuk, j•uk] ftls eqækLiQhfr çca/u ds ekè;e
ls gkfly fd;k tkrk gS] nh?kZdkfyd vkfFkZd fodkl
mRiUu djus dk lcls çHkkoh rjhdk gSA
322
z U;wthySaM eqækLiQhfr y{;hdj.k viukus okyk igyk ns'k Fkk]
vkSj rc ls bls Hkkjr lfgr cM+h la[;k esa ns'kksa us vius
çkFkfed ekSfæd uhfr midj.k ds :i esa viuk;k gSA
z lkaf[;dh vkSj dk;ZØe dk;kZUo;u ea=kky; ds uohure
vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr dh •qnjk eqækLiQhfr vçSy
esa c<+dj 7-8» gks xbZ] ftldk vFkZ gS fd Hkkjrh;
miHkksÙkQkvksa }kjk lkeuk fd;k tkus okyk lkekU; ewY; Lrj
vçSy 2021 dh rqyuk esa yxHkx 8» vf/d FkkA ;g gS
fiNys vkB lkyksa esa lcls T;knkA ;g Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad
ds eqækLiQhfr y{; ls Hkh yxHkx nksxquk gSA vDVwcj 2016
ls] vkjchvkbZ dks •qnjk eqækLiQhfr dks 4»$&(2»)] ;k
2» vkSj 6» ds chp j•us dh vko';drk gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjr esa eqækLiQhfr ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu
lk dFku lgh gS\ (2015)
(a) Hkkjr esa eqækLiQhfr dks fu;af=kr djuk dsoy Hkkjr
ljdkj dh ftEesnkjh gSA
(b) eqækLiQhfr dks fu;af=kr djus esa Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad
dh dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha gSA
(c) eqæk ifjlapj.k esa deh ls eqækLiQhfr dks fu;af=kr
djus esa enn feyrh gSA
(d) c<+k gqvk euh ldZqys'ku eqækLiQhfr dks fu;af=kr djus
esa enn djrk gSA
lcls gkfy;k eqækLiQhfr ds #>ku D;k gSa\
z •qnjk eqækLiQhfr vDVwcj 2019 ls mPp jgh gS vkSj rc
ls dsoy ,d ckj 4» rd igqaph gSA vU; lHkh eghuksa esa]
;g yxkrkj 6» ls vf/d jgk gSA
z vçSy esa yxkrkj lkrosa eghus egaxkbZ nj esa c<+ksrjh gqbZA
vçSy esa] Hkkjr esa •qnjk eqækLiQhfr esa 7-79» dh o`f¼ gqbZ]
tcfd •k| eqækLiQhfr esa 8-38» dh o`f¼ gqbZA
z gkykafd] lcls cM+h o`f¼ bZa/u dh dherksa esa ns•h xbZ]
tks vçSy esa yxHkx 11» c<+hA if'pe caxky] eè; çns'k
vkSj rsyaxkuk esa jkT;ksa ds chp lexz miHkksÙkQk eqækLiQhfr
dk mPpre Lrj FkkA vçSy 2021 ls Fkksd ewY; lwpdkad
ngkbZ vad esa gSA
z mPp eqækLiQhfr ds dkj.k%
 :l ;wØsu la?k"kZ% py jgs la?k"kZ ds ifj.kkeLo:i xsgwa]
rsy vkSj xSl tSlh oLrqvksa dh deh gks xbZ gSA ;q¼ ds
dkj.k vkiwfrZ J`a•ykvksa ds fo?kVu ds ifj.kkeLo:i bu
nksuksa ns'kksa ds fu;kZr esa deh vkbZ gSA blds vykok] :l
ds f•ykiQ if'pe ds çfrca/ksa dh J`a•yk us oSf'od
oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa o`f¼ dh gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
  egkekjh% tc 2020&21 esa egkekjh us vFkZO;oLFkk dks
çHkkfor fd;k] rks •k| dherksa esa vkSj Hkh cM+s dkjd
(7-3») dh o`f¼ gqbZ] tcfd eq[; eqækLiQhfr esa 5-5»
dh o`f¼ gqbZA ykWdMkmu ds dkj.k vkiwfrZ J`a•yk ckf/r
gks xbZ FkhA ekax esa lq/kj gqvk gS] ysfdu vkiwfrZ cgky
ugha gqbZ gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i dhersa c<+ xbZ gSaA
 ekSfæd uhfr% MkW- lh jaxjktu (vkjchvkbZ ds iwoZ
xouZj) ds vuqlkj] egkekjh ds ckn ekSfæd uhfr dh
deh ds dkj.k vFkZO;oLFkk esa vfrfjÙkQ rjyrk vkbZ gS]
ftlls eqækLiQhfr esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
 pquko ds ckn dh uhfr;ka% ?kjsyw miHkksÙkQkvksa ds fy,
dPps rsy dh Åaph dherksa dk varr% çHkko ikap fo/
kulHkkvksa ds pqukoksa ds iwjk gksus ds ckn ekpZ ds var
esa 'kq: gqvkA
eqækLiQhfr ds çHkko vkSj ifj.kke
z yksxksa dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ de gks xbZ gS% ;g phtksa dks vkSj
vf/d egaxk cuk nsxk] vkSj rqyuh; vk; Lrj okys yksx
cgqr de •jhnsaxsA
z lexz ekax esa deh% tSls&tSls Ø; 'kfÙkQ esa fxjkoV vkrh
gS] miHkksÙkQk de oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh ekax djsaxsA
xSj&t:jh t:jrsa vke rkSj ij de gks tkrh gSa tcfd
ifjokj t:jh phtksa dks çkFkfedrk nsrs gSaA
z mPp eqækLiQhfr cprdrkZvksa dks uqdlku igq¡pkrh gS
tcfd m/kjdrkZvksa dks ykHk igq¡pkrh gS% cSad ;k blh
rjg ds cpr lk/uksa esa iSlk j•us ls vftZr okLrfod
C;kt dks vius ikl j•djA ;fn eqækLiQhfr 6» gS] cpr
tek ij 6» ekewyh C;kt vftZr djus dk çHkkoh vFkZ gS
0» C;kt vftZr djukA
z ljdkj dks vius ½.k nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djus esa enn
djrk gS% vYikof/ esa] mPp eqækLiQhfr ls ljdkj dks
ykHk gksrk gS] tks vFkZO;oLFkk dh lcls cM+h dtZnkj gSA
 blds vykok] eqækLiQhfr ljdkj dks vius jktdks"kh;
?kkVs ds y{; dks iwjk djus esa l{ke cukrh gSA jktdks"kh;
?kkVs dks lkadsfrd thMhih ds çfr'kr ds :i esa O;ÙkQ
fd;k tkrk gSA
 jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dh leku jkf'k (m/kj ysuk) ldy
?kjsyw mRikn dk ,d NksVk çfr'kr cu tkrk gS D;ksafd
eqækLiQhfr ds dkj.k ukeek=k ldy ?kjsyw mRikn c<+
tkrk gSA
eqnzkkLiQhfr
LiQhfr
z dkWjiksjsV~l ij fofHkUu çHkko% vYikof/ esa] dkWjiksjsV~l]
fo'ks"k :i ls cM+s vkSj çHkko'kkyh dkWjiksjsV] mPp ykHkçnrk
ls ykHkkfUor gks ldrs gSa D;ksafd os dherksa esa o`f¼ dks
miHkksÙkQkvksa ij Mkyus esa l{ke gks ldrs gSaA gkykafd] de
ekax ds dkj.k mPp eqækLiQhfr NksVs O;olk;ksa ds fy, fcØh
vkSj ykHkçnrk dks de dj nsxhA
z fofue; nj ewY;ßkl% mPp eqækLiQhfr dk eryc gS fd
#i;s dk ewY; de gks jgk gS] vkSj vxj vkjchvkbZ C;kt
njksa esa rsth ls o`f¼ ugha djrk gS] rks fuos'kd de fjVuZ
ds dkj.k rsth ls nwj jgsaxsA mnkgj.k ds fy,] 10&o"khZ;
Hkkjr ljdkj ds ckWUM us 12 ebZ dks 7-2» çfriQy fn;kA
 gkykafd] 7-8» ij eqækLiQhfr ds lkFk] ;g çfriQy
dh udkjkRed nj dk ifj.kke gSA ns'k dks eqækLiQhfr
ds udkjkRed çHkkoksa ls cpkus ds fy,] Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
cSad us 4 ebZ dks 40 vk/kj vadksa dh jsiks njksa esa
vk'p;Ztud o`f¼ dh ?kks"k.kk dhA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds lanHkZ esa] ekax&tU; eqækLiQhfr
fuEufyf•r esa ls fdlds dkj.k@c<+ ldrh gS\ (2021)
1- foLrkjd uhfr;ka
2- jktdks"kh; çksRlkgu
3- eqækLiQhfr&vuqØe.k etnwjh
4- mPp Ø; 'kfÙkQ
5- c<+rh C;kt njsa
mi;ZqÙkQ dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
(a) dsoy 1] 2 vkSj 4
(b) dsoy 3] 4 vkSj 5
(c) dsoy 1] 2] 3 vkSj 5
(d) 1] 2] 3] 4 vkSj 5
2. fuEufyf•r es a ls fdlds çHkko es a lcls vf/d
eqækLiQhfrdkjh gksus dh laHkkouk gS\ (2021)
(a) lkoZtfud ½.k dh pqdkSrh
(b) ctV ?kkVs dks foÙk djus ds fy, turk ls m/kj ysuk
(c) ctV ?kkVs dks foÙk djus ds fy, cSadksa ls m/kj ysuk
(d) ctV ?kkVs ds lek/ku ds foÙkiks"k.k ds fy, u,
iSls dk fuekZ.k
3. fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% (2013)
1- egaxkbZ dtZnkjksa dks iQk;nk igqapkrh gSA
2- eqækLiQhfr ckaM&/kjdksa dks ykHk igqapkrh gSA
323
 mi;ZqÙkQ dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2
4. Hkkjr us gky ds fnuksa esa yxkrkj vkSj mPp •k| eqækLiQhfr
dk vuqHko fd;k gSA D;k dkj.k gks ldrs gSa\ (2011)
1- O;kolkf;d iQlyksa dh •srh esa /hjs&/hjs cnyko
ds dkj.k] fiNys ikap o"kks± esa •k|kUu dh •srh ds
rgr {ks=k esa yxHkx 30» dh deh vkbZ gSA
2- vk; esa o`f¼ ds ifj.kkeLo:i] » yksxksa ds miHkksx
iSVuZ esa egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu vk;k gSA
3- •k| vkiwfrZ J`a•yk esa lajpukRed ck/k,¡ gSaA
mi;ZqÙkQ dFkuksa esa ls dkSu ls lgh gSa\
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 (b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
eqækLiQhfr dks fu;af=kr djus ds mik;
eqækLiQhfr çca/u esa vkjchvkbZ dh Hkwfedk%
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad vf/fu;e] 1934 (2016 esa ;Fkkla'kksf/r)
fodkl dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, ewY; fLFkjrk cuk, j•us ds
çkFkfed y{; ds lkFk Hkkjr esa ekSfæd uhfr ds lapkyu
dh ftEesnkjh vkjchvkbZ dks lkSairk gSA
z eqækLiQhfr dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, RBI }kjk mi;ksx
fd, tkus okys fofHkUu midj.kksa esa jsiks jsV] fjolZ jsiks jsV]
cSad jsV] vksiu ekdZsV vkWijs'kal] oS/kfud rjyrk vuqikr]
udn vkjf{kr vuqikr] rjyrk lek;kstu lqfo/k vkSj cktkj
fLFkjhdj.k ;kstuk 'kkfey gSaA (ekSfæd fy•rksa ds fooj.k
ds fy, cSafdax vè;k; ns•sa)
egaxkbZ dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, D;k dne mBk,
tkus pkfg,\
z ;fn mPp eqækLiQhfrdkjh ncko cuk jgrk gS] rks vkjchvkbZ
fo'oluh; rjhds ls C;kt njksa esa o`f¼ dj ldrk gSA
gkyk¡fd] D;ksafd vFkZO;oLFkk vHkh Hkh ckgjh >Vdksa ls mcj
jgh gS] mPp C;kt njsa fodkl dks lhfer dj ldrh gSaA
blesa LVSxÝys'ku iSnk djus dh {kerk gSA
z ekStwnk mPp eqækLiQhfr dks de djus ds fy, ;wjksi esa
Hkw&jktuhfrd rukoksa dks gy djus dh vko';drk gS]
ljdkj ls vf/d etcwr jktdks"kh; leFkZu] vkSj ,sls lq/kj
v v
324
tks ckf/r ?kjsyw vkiwfrZ J`a•yk dh ejEer esa lgk;rk djrs
gSaA eqækLiQhfr dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, vdsys ekSfæd
uhfr vi;kZIr gks ldrh gSA
z eqækLiQhfr ds nckoksa dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, ljdkj
fo'ks"k le>kSrs dj ldrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] çfrca/ksa
ds lkeus] Hkkjr us 20&30 MkWyj çfr cSjy NwV ij :lh
dPpk rsy çkIr fd;kA
eqækLiQhfr dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, vrhr esa fd,
x, dqN ljdkjh mik;%
z mRiknu dks çksRlkfgr djus vkSj bl çdkj •k| inkFkks± dh
miyC/rk c<+kus ds fy, mPp ,e,lih dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ
gS] ftlls dherksa dks de djus esa enn fey ldrh gSA
z ewY; fLFkjhdj.k fuf/ (ih,l,iQ) uked ,d dk;ZØe
dks nkyksa vkSj I;kt tSlh Ñf"k oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa
mrkj&p<+ko dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, dk;kZfUor fd;k
tk jgk gSA
z tek•ksjh vkSj dkykcktkjh ds f•ykiQ l[r dkjZokbZ djus
vkSj vko';d oLrq vf/fu;e] 1955 dks çHkkoh <ax
ls ykxw djus vkSj de vkiwfrZ okyh oLrqvksa ds fy,
dkykcktkjh dh jksdFkke vkSj vko';d oLrq vkiwfrZ vf/
fu;e] 1980 dks çHkkoh <ax ls ykxw djus ds fy, jkT;
ljdkjksa dks lykg tkjh dh tkrh gSA -
z lfpoksa dh lfefr] varj&ea=kky;h lfefr] ewY; fLFkjhdj.k
dks"k çca/u lfefr vkSj vU; foHkkxh; Lrj dh leh{kk
cSBdksa lfgr mPpre Lrjksa ij fu;fer ewY; vkSj miyC/
rk leh{kk cSBdsa vk;ksftr dh tkrh gSaA
fu"d"kZ
z eqækLiQhfr ,d ,slh leL;k gS tks lHkh dks çHkkfor djrh
gS] pkgs os dke djrs gksa ;k ughaA vf/dka'k if'peh ns'k
voLiQhfr dk vuqHko dj jgs gSa] ;fn ,deq'r viLiQhfr
ugha rksA gkyk¡fd] eqækLiQhfr dh fLFkfr vkSj vis{kk,¡ Hkkjr
dks =kLr dj jgh gSaA yach vof/ ds mPp vkfFkZd fodkl
ds fy, ,d fuEu vkSj fLFkj eqækLiQhfr nj vko';d gSA
fiNys ,d n'kd esa] oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, •qn dks
rsth ls •ksyrs gq, Hkkjr nqfu;k dh lcls rsth ls c<+rh
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa ls ,d cu x;k gSA Hkkjr dks vf/d
ewY; fLFkjrk ds fy, ç;kl djuk pkfg, D;ksafd ;g rsth
ls fodkl dks cuk, j•uk pkgrk gS vkSj viuh cM+h vkSj
rsth ls c<+rh vkcknh ds dY;k.k esa lq/kj djuk pkgrk gSA
v
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 18
z fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dh fons'kh eqæk esa gksus okyh lHkh
vkfFkZd xfrfof/;k¡] cká {ks=k ds varxZr vkrh gSaA mnkgj.k
ds fy,%
z fu;kZr&vk;kr_
z fons'kh fuos'k_
z cká dtZ_
z pkyw vkSj iwath •krs_
z Hkqxrku larqyu vkfnA
•qyh vFkZO;oLFkk
z ,d •qyh vFkZO;oLFkk og gS tks vU; ns'kksa ds lkFk
oLrqvksa] lsokvksa vkSj foÙkh; laifÙk;ksa esa O;kikj djrh
gSA ifj.kkeLo:i ge mu mRiknksa dk miHkksx dj ldrs
•qyh vFkZO;oLFkk ds i{k vkSj foi{k
i{k
z iwath rd igqap% futh daifu;k¡ ,iQMhvkbZ (FDI)
vkSj ,iQvkbZvkbZ (FII) ds :i esa fuos'k dj
ldrh gSaA
z ½.k% ;g vf/d Hkjksles na gS vkSj bl çdkj varjkZ"Vªh;
laxBu vf/d vklkuh ls m/kj ns ldrs gSAa
z fons'kh O;kikj% ge fu;kZr vkSj vk;kr dj ldrs
gSa vkSj blds ifj.kkeLo:i iSlk ckgj tkrk gS vkSj
gekjh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ços'k djrk gSA bl çdkj vf/
dka'k ns'k vk;kr dks lhfer djus vkSj fu;kZr dks
vf/dre djus dk ç;kl djrs gSaA
z oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa esa fodYi% miHkksÙkQkvksa ds
ikl pquus ds fy, oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk ,d
O;kid iwy gS (vkbZiQksu cuke Hkkjrh; czkaM)A
z m/kj ysus esa fodYi% tc m/kj ysus dh ckr vkrh
gS rks pquus ds fy, m/kjnkrkvksa vkSj fuos'kdksa dh
,d foLr`r J`a•yk gksrh gS_ bl çdkj] C;kt njsa
de gks tkrh gSa D;ksafd dbZ cSad m/kj nsus vkSj
fuos'k djus ds fy, çfrLi/kZ djrs gSaA
cká {ks=k
gSa tks vU; ns'kksa esa mRiUu gksrs gSa vkSj vius mRiknksa dks
vU; ns'kksa esa fu;kZr djrs gSaA ;gk¡ mu laca/ksa dks LFkkfir
fd;k tk ldrk gS tks can vFkZO;oLFkk esa laHko ugha gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy,%
z •qyk cktkj% oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds :i esa vU; ns'kksa
ds lkFk O;kikj laHko gks tkrk gSA blls çfrLi/kZ c<+rh gS
vkSj miHkksÙkQkvksa ds fy, fodYi c<+rs gSaA
z foÙkh; cktkj% fuos'kd ?kjsyw ds lkFk&lkFk fons'kh
ifjlaifÙk;k¡ Hkh •jhn ldrs gSaA
z Je cktkj% iQeZ ;g pqu ldrh gSa fd m|ksx dks dgk¡
LFkkfir fd;k tk, vkSj Jfedksa ds ikl fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij
dke djus dk fodYi gksrk gSA ,d ns'k ls nwljs ns'k esa
vkçoklu dks fofu;fer djus ds fy, dkuwu gSaA
foi{k
z iwathxr mM+ku (Capital flight)% ,sls ^iQqVywt iQaM* gSa tks vius
iSls dks ¶ikdZ¸ djrs gSa tgk¡ mUgsa vf/dre fjVuZ feyrk gSA ;fn
;g vYikof/ fuos'k ds :i esa gS_ os vkfFkZd xM+cM+h iSnk djrs gq,
vYi lwpuk ij viuk iSlk •hap ldrs FksA
z tksf•e igqapkuk% cká nqfu;k ds lkFk ,dhdj.k ftruk vf/d
gksxk_ Hks|rk ftruh cM+h gksxhA vkfFkZd ladV] dhersa] ckgj dh
jktuhfrd xM+cM+h Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks çHkkfor dj ldrh gSA
z vk;kr ij fuHkZjrk% fdlh fo'ks"k ns'k ;k fdlh oLrq@lsok (rsy) ij
vf/d fuHkZjrk gesa jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd tksf•e esa Mky ldrh gSA
z ½.kxzLrrk% cM+h ek=kk esa m/kj ysuk vkSj Hkqxrku djus esa vleFkZrk
½.kxzLrrk iSnk dj ldrh gS vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd ns'kksa dks ¶½.k tky¸
esa Hkh mtkxj dj ldrh gSA
z vlekurk vkSj xjhch% vkfFkZd ,dhdj.k ds dkj.k_ dqN ?kjsyw
lsDVlZ dks uqdlku gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k% ;fn ge vkjlhbZih lnL;
cu tkrs gSa rks Hkkjrh; Ms;jh dks uqdlku gksxkA
z fons'kh eqæk dh leL;k,¡% vesfjdh MkWyj orZeku esa fo'o dh
vkjf{kr eqæk gSA vesfjdh iQsMjy cSad dh uhfr;k¡ nqfu;k dks çHkkfor
djrh gSaA ,d cM+k fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj vf/d ls vf/d egRoiw.kZ
gksrk tk jgk gSA
can vFkZO;oLFkk
z ,d can vFkZO;oLFkk vkerkSj ij ,d ,sls ns'k dks
lanfHkZr djrh gS tks fdlh vU; ns'k ds lkFk vU; foÙkh;
vknku&çnku esa O;kikj ;k layXu ugha gksrk gSA
z ;kuh ns'k esa u rks vk;kr vkrk gS vkSj u gh fu;kZr tkrk gSA
z ,d can vFkZO;oLFkk dk y{; iw.kZ vkRefuHkZjrk gS] ?kjsyw
miHkksÙkQkvksa dks ns'k dh viuh lhekvksa ds Hkhrj mudh
t:jr dh gj pht miyC/ djkukA
z vkt dh vkil esa tqM+h gqbZ nqfu;k esa] can vFkZO;oLFkk,a
okLrfodrk dh rqyuk esa ,d lS¼kafrd vo/kj.kk vf/d
gSa] gkykafd dqN vFkZO;oLFkk,a nwljksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d
can gSaA tSls mÙkj dksfj;k] osustq,yk vkfnA
z dksbZ can vFkZO;oLFkk okLrfod :i ls vkt vfLrRo esa
ugha gS D;ksafd%
z •qyh vFkZO;oLFkk,a rqyukRed ykHkksa dk ykHk mBk ldrh
gSa (,d ns'k tks vf/'ks"k gS mls cspsxk vkSj tks deh gS
mls vk;kr djsxkA)
z vis{kkÑr •qyh vFkZO;oLFkk,a vis{kkÑr can vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
dh rqyuk esa rsth ls c<+rh gSaA
z vke rkSj ij mu daifu;ksa esa osru vkSj dke djus dh fLFkfr
csgrj gksrh gS tks O;kikj ugha djrh gSaA
z nqfu;k Hkj esa vf/d le`f¼ vkSj volj Hkh lHkh ds fy,
vf/d fLFkjrk vkSj lqj{kk dks c<+kok nsus esa enn djrs gSaA
z •qyh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa tc ljdkjsa fdlh {ks=k dks can dj
nsrh gSa (tSls] j{kk {ks=k esa ,iQMhvkbZ ij çfrca/)_ bls
laj{k.kokn dgk tkrk gS A
z ;g vk;kr dks ?kjsyw cktkj esa ços'k djus ls jksdus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bldk mís'; ?kjsyw ukSdfj;ksa dh j{kk
djuk gS] ;k jktuhfrd dkj.kksa (bZjku ij vkfFkZd çfrca/)
ds fy, gSA
z VSfjiQ ds ekè;e ls ,d {ks=k dks can fd;k tk ldrk gS
;k fonsf'k;ksa ds fy, nqxZe cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
Hkqxrku larqyu@Hkqxrku ns;
z Hkqxrku larqyu (chvksih) ,d ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa ds chp
nqfu;k ds ckdh fgLlksa ds lkFk lkeku] lsokvksa vkSj laifÙk;ksa
esa ysunsu dks ,d fufnZ"V le; vof/ ds fy, vkerkSj ij
,d o"kZ esa fjdkWMZ djrk gSA
z ewy :i ls] ;g fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk ds pkyw vkSj iwath •krksa
dk 'kq¼ ifj.kke gSA ;g vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, vuqdwy ;k
çfrdwy gks ldrk gSA
326
z tSls ,d O;fÙkQ] ftldk O;; mldh vk; ls vf/d gS]
dks vf/d m/kj ysuk gksxk ;k laifÙk cspuh gksxh_ ,d
jk"Vª ds Hkh vius BoP •krs esa ?kkVk gks ldrk gSA blesa
vf/'ks"k Hkh gks ldrk gSA
z ;g 3 ?kVdksa ls cuk gS%
 pkyw •krk
 iwath •krk
 foÙkh; •krk (la'kksf/r vkbZ,e,iQ ekudksa ds vuqlkj)
z vkjchvkbZ (RBI) iqjkuh ç.kkyh ds vuqlkj MsVk çdkf'kr
djuk tkjh j•rk gS] ;kuh dsoy pkyw vkSj iwathxr •krksa
ds fy,A
pkyw •krk
z ;g eky vkSj lsokvksa esa O;kikj vkSj gLrkarj.k Hkqxrku dk
,d fjdkWMZ gSA
z cká {ks=k esa ¶pkyw •krk¸ cSafdax {ks=k ls vyx gSA
z bls nqfu;k dh lHkh ljdkjksa }kjk O;ofLFkr j•k tkrk gS
ftlesa gj rjg ds ysu&nsu dks fn•k;k tkrk gSA
z buesa fu;kZr] vk;kr] C;kt Hkqxrku] futh /u çs"k.k vkSj
LFkkukUrj.k 'kkfey gSaA
z lHkh ysu&nsu ;k rks ,d varokZg ;k cfgokZg ds :i
esa fn•k, tkrs gSaA bl çdkj fnu ds var esa pkyw •krk
vf/'ks"k ;k ?kkVk gks ldrk gSA
z Hkkjr ds iwjs vkfFkZd bfrgkl esa dsoy yxkrkj rhu o"kks±
(2000&2003) ds fy, pkyw •krk vf/'ks"k FkkA dksfoM ds
o"kks± ds nkSjku Hkh gekjs ikl dqN le; ds fy, vf/'ks"k
(0-9») Fkk] ysfdu ;g gekjs fu;kZr esa o`f¼ ds dkj.k ugha
cfYd gekjs vk;kr esa deh ds dkj.k FkkA
z de pkyw •krk ?kkVk (lh,Mh) okaNuh; gS D;ksafd ;g cká
½.k ij de fuHkZjrk vkSj vf/d Lora=k ?kjsyw vkfFkZd
uhfr dks n'kkZrk gSA
pkyw •krksa ds ?kVd
z oLrqvksa dk O;kikj@(Net Visible)
z oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr% ,d cká ns'k dks ?kjsyw lkeku dh
fcØh gSA lkekU; rkSj ij] fu;kZr c<+us ij ?kjsyw mRikndksa
dks ykHk gksrk gS& vf/d •jhnkj mPp dherksa vkSj vf/d
ykHk dh vksj ys tkrs gSaA
z oLrqvksa dk vk;kr% blesa os lkeku 'kkfey gSa tks fons'kksa esa
mRikfnr gksrs gSa vkSj ?kjsyw vFkZO;oLFkk }kjk •jhns tkrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z lsokvksa dk O;kikj (Net Invisibles dk Hkkx)
z 'kq¼ dkjd vk;% fons'kksa ls çkIr dkjd vk; vkSj fons'kksa
esa tkus okyh dkjd vk; dk varj gSA ;g fdlh ns'k ds
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn vkSj th,uih ds chp dk varj gSA
z deZpkfj;ksa dk 'kq¼ eqvkotk% fons'kksa esa dk;Zjr Hkkjrh;ksa
dks Hkqxrku & Hkkjr esa dke djus okys fonsf'k;ksa dks HkqxrkuA
z 'kq¼ fuos'k vk;% fons'k esa Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk fuos'k & Hkkjr
esa fonsf'k;ksa }kjk fuos'kA
z 'kq¼ xSj&dkjd vk;
 ukSogu] cSafdax] chek] i;ZVu] lkWÝVos;j] lsok,a vkfnA
z LFkkukarj.k Hkqxrku (usV bufoflcYl dk fgLlk)
 migkj] çs"k.k vkSj vuqnku vFkkZr ,d rjiQk LFkkukUrj.k
ftlds cnys esa dqN Hkh çkIr ugha gksrk gSA
pkyw •krs ij vf/'ks"k
z bls larqfyr dgk tkrk gS tc pkyw •krs ij çkfIr;k¡ pkyw
•krs ij Hkqxrku ds leku gksrh gSaA (çkfIr;k¡ ¾ Hkqxrku)
z ,d vf/'ks"k dk vFkZ gS fd ,d ns'k vU; ns'kksa ds
fy, ½.knkrk gS vFkkZr (çkfIr;k¡ > Hkqxrku)A ;g ,d
okaNuh; fLFkfr gSA
z ,d ?kkVs dk rkRi;Z gS fd ,d ns'k nwljs ns'kksa ls dtZnkj
gS ;kuh (çkfIr;k¡ < Hkqxrku)A
z blds nks ?kVd gSa%
 O;kikj larqyu% fu;kZfrr oLrqvksa ds dqy ewY; vkSj
,d fuf'pr le; vof/ esa vk;kfrr oLrqvksa ds dqy
ewY; ds chp dk varj gSA ;g okaNuh; gS fd fdlh ns'k
esa vf/'ks"k BoT ;kuh fu;kZr > eky dk vk;kr gksA
 'kq¼ vn`';@vn`';ksa dk larqyu% vn`'; ds fu;kZr
ds ewY; vkSj vk;kr ds ewY; ds chp dk varj gSA blesa
lsok O;kikj] LFkkukUrj.k vkSj dkjd vkSj xSj&dkjd
vk; çokg 'kkfey gSaA
pkyw •krs dk egRo
z pkyw •krs dk ?kkVk ;k vf/'ks"k gesa vFkZO;oLFkk dh fLFkfr
ds ckjs esa crkrk gSA
z pkyw •krs ij vf/'ks"k bafxr djrk gS fd vFkZO;oLFkk vU;
ns'kksa ds fy, 'kq¼ ysunkj gS ftuds ikl lh,Mh gSA
z bl •krs ij ,d ?kkVk bafxr djrk gS fd jk"Vª vU; ns'kksa
ds fy, ½.kh gSA
cká {ks{ks==kk
cká
z ?kkVs ls irk pyrk gS fd ,d ns'k ftruk cpkrk gS mlls
vf/d •pZ djrk gS vkSj ?kjsyw t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds
fy, m/kj Hkh ys ldrk gSA
z vkerkSj ij ?kkVs dks fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj esa deh ds lkFk
tksM+k tkrk gS D;ksafd os vk;kr ij •pZ fd, tk jgs gSaA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. Hkqxrku larqyu ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu pkyw
•krk cukrk@cukrk gS\ (2014)
1- O;kikj larqyu
2- fons'kh laifÙk
3- vn`'; dk larqyu
4- fo'ks"k vkgj.k vf/dkj
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
(a) dsoy 1
(b) 2 vkSj 3
(c) 1 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 4
iwath •krk
z blesa laifÙk ds lHkh varjjk"Vªh; ysu&nsu dk fjdkWMZ gS
;kuh fdlh Hkh çdkj dh laifÙk tSls iSlk] 'ks;j] ckWUM]
½.k vkfnA
z ifjlaifÙk dh •jhn bl •krs ij ,d MsfcV vkbVe gS
(mnkgj.k ds fy, VkVk txqvkj dks •jhnk jgk gSA D;ksafd
fons'kh eqæk ns'k ls ckgj tk jgh gS)A
z ifjlaifÙk dh fcØh bl •krs ij ,d ØsfMV vkbVe gS
(mnkgj.k ds fy, phuh O;fÙkQ ,d Hkkjrh; daiuh dk 'ks;j
•jhn jgk gSA D;ksafd ns'k esa fons'kh eqæk çokfgr gks jgh gS)A
iwath •krksa ds ?kVd
z fuos'k%
 çR;{k fuos'k tSls bfDoVh iwath] ,iQMhvkbZ] iqufuZosf'kr
vk; (reinvented earnings) vkfnA
 ,iQvkbZvkbZ] vkWiQ'kksj iQaM tSls iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'kA
z cká m/kj% tSls cká okf.kfT;d m/kj (bZlhch)]
vYidkfyd ½.k vkfnA
z cká lgk;rk% tSls ljdkjh lgk;rk] varj&ljdkjh]
f}i{kh; vkSj cgqi{kh; ½.kA
327
 foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu iwath •krk cukrk gS\ (2013)
1- fons'kh ½.k
2- çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k
3- futh çs"k.k
4- iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
(a) 1] 2 vkSj 3
(b) 1] 2 vkSj 4
(c) 2] 3 vkSj 4
(d) 1] 3 vkSj 4
iwath •krs ij 'ks"k
z ;g rc larqfyr gksrk gS tc iwath dk çokg ¾ iwath dk
cfgokZg gksrk gSA
z vf/'ks"k dk rkRi;Z iwath çokg > iwath cfgokZg ls gSA
z MsfiQflV dk rkRi;Z iwath çokg < iwath cfgokZg ls gSA
Hkqxrku larqyu vf/'ks"k vkSj ?kkVk
z tc iwath vkSj pkyw •krksa ds lHkh ?kVdksa dk ;ksx /
ukRed gks_ dgk tkrk gS fd BoP •krs esa vf/'ks"k gSA
z ;fn jkf'k ½.kkRed gS rks ge tkurs gSa fd ?kkVk gSA
,d ?kkVk vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, rHkh cqjk gksrk gS tc
vFkZO;oLFkk ds ikl ml varj dks Hkjus ds lk/uksa dk
vHkko gksrk gSA
Lok;Ùk vkSj feyulkj ysunsu
z Lok;Ùk ysu&nsu (Autonomous transactions) os varjkZ"Vªh;
ysu&nsu gSa tks fdlh ns'k ds BoP dh fLFkfr ls Lora=k fd, tkrs
gSaA ;kuh os Hkqxrku larqyu esa varj dks ikVus ds fy, ugha fd,
tkrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, equkiQkA
z bUgsa BoP esa ^ykbu ls Åij* vkbVe dgk tkrk gSA
z tc Lok;Ùk çkfIr;k¡ > Lok;Ùk Hkqxrku_ BoP vf/'ks"k esa gS
vkSj blds foijhrA
1991 esa Hkkjr dk chvksih ladV
z fo'ks"krk,¡%
z ;g vk;kr ij gekjh vfr&fuHkZjrk dh i`"BHkwfe esa gqvk]
ftlds dkj.k Hkqxrku larqyu ?kkVk gqvk FkkA
328
z BoP dh x.kuk ,d Mcy ,aVªh cqd dhfiax ds :i esa
dh tkrh gS vkSj ;g fdlh daiuh dh cSysal 'khV dh rjg
fn•rh gS tgk¡ gj çfof"V ;k rks ØsfMV@buÝyks ;k MsfcV@
vkmVÝyks gSA
z ;fn o"kZ ds var esa vf/'ks"k gS_ iSlk Lopkfyr :i ls
fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj esa LFkkukarfjr gks tkrk gSA
z ;fn fons'kh eqæk ?kkVs dks doj ugha dj ldrk gS_ ,slk
dgk tkrk gS fd ,d BoP ladV ekStwn gSA ns'k rc m/kj
ysus ds fy, fofHkUu ljdkjksa vkSj laLFkkuksa ls laidZ djrk
gSA tSls Hkkjr us vkbZ,e,iQ ls m/kj fy;kA
z tc dksbZ ns'k ftruk dekrk gS mlls vf/d •pZ djrk gS_
bls ;k rks m/kj ysdj ;k dqN laifÙk;ksa dks cspdj varj
Hkjuk iM+rk gSA
z fdlh Hkh pkyw •krs ds ?kkVs (bls nqfu;k ls çkIr gksus ls
vf/d •pZ djuk) dks iwath •krs esa vf/'ks"k ds ekè;e
ls foÙkiksf"kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,] vFkkZr 'kq¼ iwath çokgA
z chvksih larqyu ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS tgk¡
(pkyw •krk $ iwath •krk ¾ 0)A ;gk¡ pkyw •krk ?kkVk
(lh,Mh) iwjh rjg ls varjjk"Vªh; m/kj }kjk fcuk fdlh
HkaMkj vkanksyu ds foÙkiksf"kr gSA
z vkf/dkfjd vkjf{kr fcØh rc gksrh gS tc dksbZ ns'k
vius fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dks cspdj vius lh,Mh dk
foÙkiks"k.k djrk gSA ;g Hkkjr ds ekeys esa vkjchvkbZ
}kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
z mijksÙkQ mik; ds ifj.kkeLo:i vkf/dkfjd fjtoZ esa deh
dks lexz Hkqxrku larqyu ?kkVk dgk tkrk gSA
z vuqxzgdkjh ysunsu (Accommodating
transactions) bl ckr ls fu/kZfjr gksrs gSa fd
Hkqxrku larqyu esa vf/'ks"k gS ;k ?kkVkA
z mUgsa ^ykbu ds uhps* vkbVe dgk tkrk gSA
z vkf/dkfjd vkjf{kr ysunsu bl ysunsu esa
'kkfey gSa D;ksafd os Hkqxrku larqyu esa varj dks
ikVuk pkgrs gSaA
z gekjk fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj ,d gn rd de gks x;k Fkk
tgk¡ ls ;g 3 lIrkg ds ewY; ds vk;kr dks foÙkiksf"kr
dj ldrk FkkA tcfd ljdkj •qn viuk dtZ pqdkus ds
djhc FkhA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z iQjojh 1991 esa_ Hkkjr ljdkj ctV ikfjr djus esa foiQy z O;kikj uhfr esa lq/kj
jgh ftlus Hkkjr dh Nfo dks vkSj •jkc fd;kA  fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, #i;s dk voewY;u

z mijksÙkQ lHkh dk eryc Fkk fd vYidkfyd ½.k Hkh gekjs fd;k x;kA
fy, miyC/ ugha FksA  lkoZtfud {ks=k ds lq/kjA

z vafre pksV fo'o cSad vkSj vkbZ,e,iQ }kjk ½.k nsus ls euk
djus ds :i esa vkbZ] ftlus Hkkjr dks vius Lo.kZ HkaMkj
dks fxjoh j•us ds fy, etcwj fd;kA
tksf•e ds dkj.k
z ljdkj dh vk; O;; ls de FkhA bl çdkj ldy
jktdks"kh; ?kkVk 1980&81 esa 9» ls c<+dj 1990&91
esa 12-7» gks x;kA
z ljdkj dk vkarfjd ½.k 1985&86 esa 35» ls c<+dj
1990&95 esa 15» gks x;kA
z 1985 esa Hkkjr ds vk;kr esa o`f¼ gqbZ Fkh] ftlls nksgjk
?kkVk gqvk Fkk& ,d O;kikj ?kkVk vkSj ,d cM+k jktdks"kh;
?kkVkA nksgjs ?kkVs dh leL;k rc xaHkhj gks xbZ tc fons'kh
eqæk HkaMkj de gksus ds dkj.k #i;s dk voewY;u gqvkA
z pkyw •krk ?kkVk igys ls gh cM+k Fkk D;ksafd ns'k fu;kZr ls
vf/d vk;kr dj jgk FkkA •kM+h ;q¼ ds dkj.k rsy dh
dherksa esa vkbZ rsth ls budh gkyr vkSj •jkc gks xbZ FkhA
z fuos'kdksa (ml le; cgqr ls ugha) us vius /u dks
fudkyuk 'kq: dj fn;k D;ksafd ,slk yx jgk Fkk fd ljdkj
vius ½.kksa ij pwd djsxhA
z fMiQkWYV ds Mj ls vYidkfyd ØsfMV miyC/ ugha FkkA
bl çdkj eqækLiQhfr dh nj vkleku Nw xbZA
ykxw fd, x, mik;@lek/ku
z ekSfæd mik;
 1991 esa #i;s dk voewY;uA
 laikf'oZd ds :i esa cSad vkWiQ baXySaM dks Hksts x,
lksus ds HkaMkjA
 dqN lksuk iqu•Zjhn le>kSrs ds rgr fLol cSad dks
 ykblsaflax vkSj fu;kZr dkuwuksa dks <hyk fd;k x;kA
z ,iQMhvkbZ dk mnkjhdj.k
z fu;kZr lfClMh lekIr dj nh xbZA
çHkko
z ,yihth lq/kj vkSj ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr dkiQh gn rd Hkqxrku
larqyu ladV dk ifj.kke FksA
z varjkZ"Vªh; lgk;rk ds cnys vkbZ,e,iQ }kjk dfBu 'krZsa
j•h xbZ FkhaA
z bZa/u dh dhersa vkSj cSad njsa c<+kbZ xbZaA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa] eqæk ladV ds tksf•e dks de djus
ds fy, fuEufyf•r dkjdksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls ;ksxnkudrkZ
gS@gSa\ (2019)
1- Hkkjr ds vkbZVh {ks=k dh fons'kh eqæk vk;A
2- ljdkjh •pZ c<+kukA
3- fons'kksa esa Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk foçs"k.kA
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
(a) dsoy 1
(b) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(c) dsoy 2
(d) dsoy 1] 2 vkSj 3
2. fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% (2019)
1- Hkkjr dk vf/dka'k fons'kh ½.k ljdkjh laLFkkvksa }kjk
cdk;k gSA

cspk x;k FkkA 2- Hkkjr dk laiw.kZ cká ½.k vesfjdh MkWyj esa n'kkZ;k
 fons'kh eqæk dks lajf{kr djus ds fy, FkksM+s le; ds
x;k gSA
fy, vk;kr dks grksRlkfgr fd;k x;kA Åij fn, x, dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
z vkS|ksfxd uhfr lq/kj% (a) dsoy 1
 baLisDVj vkSj ykblsl
a jkt dks lekIr djus ds fy, lq/kjA (b) dsoy 2
 ?kjsyw vkiwfrZ dks vklku cukus ds fy, lq/kjA (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
 vf/d fuos'k dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, dneA (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2

cká {ks{ks==kk
cká 329
 3. fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk 'vk;kr doj' 'kCn dk lcls
vPNk o.kZu djrk gS] tks dHkh&dHkh lekpkjksa esa ns•k
tkrk gS\ (2016)
(a) ;g fdlh ns'k ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ds vk;kr ds
ewY; dk vuqikr gS
(b) ;g ,d o"kZ esa ns'k ds vk;kr dk dqy ewY; gS
(c) ;g fu;kZr ds ewY; vkSj nks ns'kksa ds chp vk;kr ds
chp dk vuqikr gS
(d) ;g vk;kr ds eghuksa dh la[;k gS ftldk Hkqxrku
fdlh ns'k ds varjjk"Vªh; HkaMkj }kjk fd;k tk
ldrk gS
4. fdlh ns'k dk Hkqxrku larqyu ___________ dk ,d
O;ofLFkr fjdkWMZ gS (2013)
(a) ,d fuf'pr vof/ ds nkSjku ,d ns'k ds lHkh vk;kr
vkSj fu;kZr ysunsu] lkekU; :i ls ,d o"kZA
(b) ,d o"kZ ds nkSjku fdlh ns'k ls vPNk fu;kZr fd;k
x;kA
(c) ,d ns'k dh ljdkjksa ds chp nwljs ns'k dh
ljdkjksa ds chp vkfFkZd ysu&nsuA
(d) iwath dk ,d ns'k ls nwljs ns'k esa tkukA
O;kikj larqyu
z ,d foÙkh; o"kZ esa fdlh ns'k ds dqy fu;kZr vkSj vk;kr
ds chp ds ekSfæd varj dks O;kikj larqyu dgk tkrk gSA
z ;g udkjkRed ;k ldkjkRed gks ldrk gS vkSj bl çdkj
Øe'k% çfrdwy ;k vuqdwy gks ldrk gSA
z ;g Hkqxrku larqyu ds rgr pkyw •krs dk ,d çeq•
fgLlk gSA
lsokvksa dk larqyu
z ns'k ls lsokvksa ds dqy fu;kZr vkSj ns'k esa lsokvksa ds dqy
vk;kr ds chp dk varjA
z ;g Hkqxrku larqyu ds pkyw •krs ds varxZr gSA Hkkjr
ds fy,_ ;g gekjs lsok {ks=k ds dkj.k ldkjkRed vkSj
vuqdwy gSA
varj.k dk larqyu
z vU; jk"Vªksa dks Hksts x, migkjksa ;k varj.k ls ?kVk, x,
vU; jk"Vªksa ls çkIr migkj ;k varj.k] varj.k dk larqyu gSA
z blesa ljdkjksa vkSj O;fÙkQ;ksa nksuksa ds chp varj.k 'kkfey gSA
330
eqæk ifjorZuh;rk
z tc dksbZ ns'k viuh eqæk dks iw.kZ ;k vkaf'kd :i ls pkyw
;k iwath •krksa esa cnyus dh vuqefr nsrk gS rks bls eqæk
ifjorZuh;rk dgk tkrk gSA
z ,d iw.kZ pkyw •krk ifjorZuh;rk rc gksrh gS tc dksbZ
ns'k pkyw •krs ds rgr lHkh mís';ksa ds fy, eqæk dks lksus
;k vU; eqækvksa esa ifjofrZr djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
z ,d iw.kZ iwath •krk ifjorZuh;rk rc gksrh gS tc dksbZ
ns'k ns'k ls nwljs ns'kksa esa iw.kZ iwath cfgokZg dh vuqefr
nsrk gSA
z ,d vkaf'kd ifjorZuh;rk rc gksrh gS tc pkyw vkSj iwath
•krksa ds fy, dsoy ,d fgLls dks fons'kh eqæk esa ifjofrZr
djus dh vuqefr nh tkrh gSA
z ifjorZuh;rk dk ;g iwjk eqík dsoy fons'kh eqæk ds cfgokZg
ls tqM+k gSA
z Hkkjr esa ijaijkxr :i ls geus ifjorZuh;rk dh vuqefr
u nsdj fons'kh eqæk ds cfgokZg dks jksdus dh dksf'k'k dhA
ysfdu ;g vc cny x;k gSA
pkyw •krk ysunsu ij ifjorZuh;rk
z 1994 ls_ Hkkjr dk pkyw •krk iwjh rjg ls ifjorZuh; gSA
igys ;g vkaf'kd FkkA
z bldk eryc ;g gS fd ;fn O;fÙkQ , pkyw •krs ds
ç;kstuksa ds fy, fons'kh eqæk ds fy, #i;s dh ,d fuf'pr
jkf'k dk fofue; djuk pkgrk gS_ mls vkf/dkfjd fofue;
nj ij çnku fd;k tk,xkA
z bl çdkj pkyw •krs ls fons'kh eqæk dk vçfrcaf/r cfgokZg
gks ldrk gSA
z ;g 1990 ds n'kd dh 'kq#vkr esa Hkkjr ij yxk, x,
IMF dh ,d 'krZ ds dkj.k FkkA
iwath •krk ysunsu ij ifjorZuh;rk
z ,l,l rkjkiqj ds rgr 1997 dh lfefr] 3 lky
dh vof/ (1997&2000) ds fy, iw.kZ iwath •krk
ifjorZuh;rk dh fliQkfj'k dh ysfdu dqN lko/kfu;ksa
ds lkFk%
 ldy jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dks thMhih vuqikr esa 3-5»
rd lhfer djsaA
 vkSlr eqækLiQhfr nj dks 3&5» ds chp lhfer djsaA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
  ljdkj dh pqdkSrh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, ,d z ,l,l rkjkiksj ds rgr iwath •krk ifjorZuh;rk ij nwljh
lesfdr dks"kA lfefr us 2006 esa viuh fjiksVZ çLrqr dj nh gS vkSj bl
 ldy ,uih, dks 5» ls de djukA ekeys ij ijke'kZ tkjh gSA
z 'krZsa iwjh ugha gksus ds dkj.k fliQkfj'kksa dks ykxw ugha fd;k z ;g eqæk cnyus dh vktknh ls dgha vf/d gSA ;g ukxfjdksa
tk ldkA iwath •krs esa vHkh Hkh vkaf'kd ifjorZuh;rk dks fons'kksa dh laifÙk esa fuos'k djus vkSj fons'kh ukxfjdksa dks
(40%60) gSA gkyk¡fd] dqN {ks=kksa dks iw.kZ ifjorZuh;rk Hkkjrh; foÙkh; laifÙk;ksa esa fuos'k djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
dh vuqefr gS%
iwath •krs esa #i;s dh iw.kZ ifjorZuh;rk
z Hkkjrh; dkWikZsjsV~l ds ikl fons'kksa esa Lor% ekxZ ds ekè;e
z ifjorZuh;rk og lqyHkrk gS ftlds lkFk ,d eqæk dks
ls çfr o"kZ 500 fefy;u vejhdh Mkyj rd dh iw.kZ
oSf'od eqæk fofue; ds ekè;e ls lksus ;k nwljh eqæk esa
ifjorZuh;rk gSA
ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z Hkkjrh; dkWjiksjsV bZlhch ds çfr o"kZ 500 fefy;u vejhdh
z Hkkjr dk #i;k vc rd vkaf'kd :i ls ifjorZuh; gS & dqN
Mkyj rd dk çh&is dj ldrs gSaA
ekeyksa esa #i;s dk fofue; cktkj njksa ij fd;k tk ldrk
z Hkkjrh; O;fÙkQ çfr o"kZ 2-5 yk• vejhdh Mkyj rd gS] ysfdu cM+h ek=kk esa vuqeksnu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
fons'kh laifÙk] 'ks;j vkfn esa fuos'k dj ldrs gSaA
z blds dqN ykHk vkSj uqdlku gSa%
ykHk uqdlku
z ladsr gS fd vFkZO;oLFkk ifjiDo vkSj vk'oLr gS_ fuos'kdksa dks vkdf"kZr z varjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; ç.kkfy;ksa ij fuHkZjrk ds
djus ds fy,A dkj.k mPp vfLFkjrkA mnkgj.k ds fy,
z foÙkh; cktkj esa rjyrk esa o`f¼_ bl çdkj vf/d iwath dk mi;ksx djus vejhdh Mkyj dk voewY;u] fons'kh eqæk
ds fy,A esa eqækLiQhfr bR;kfnA
z csgrj O;kikj vkSj jkstxkj ds voljA z çfrdwy fofue; njksa ds dkj.k pqdkSrh dks
z #i;s dk rVorhZ cktkj fodkl vkSj oSf'od Lrj ij #i;s esa ysunsu esa o`f¼A eqf'dy ikrs gSa A
z Hkkjr esa miHkksÙkQkvksa ds fy, csgrj fodYi vkSj oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa rd z #i;s esa vfu;af=kr o`f¼ fu;kZr dks de
igqapA tSls okWyekVZ] dkWLdks vkfn Hkkjr esa LVksj •ksy ldrs gSaA çfrLi/hZ cuk nsxhA MkWyj dh rqyuk esa
z chek] moZjd vkSj •qnjk {ks=k esa ,iQMhvkbZ eqÙkQ :i ls 'kq: gksxkA #i;s ds de ewY; ls Hkkjr dks ykHk
gksrk gSA
z Hkkjrh; tkod fuos'k vf/d Lora=k :i ls vkSj vf/dkfj;ksa dh vuqefr ds
fcuk dj ldrs FksA mnkgj.k ds fy, ÝyksfjMk esa ,d ?kj ;k dSjsfc;u esa z gekjs ikl vHkh Hkh cM+h vk;kr fuHkZjrk]
,d ukSdk dk ekfyd gksukA Hkz"Vkpkj] tula[;k] ykyiQhrk'kkgh vkfn
dh pqukSfr;k¡ gSa tks iw.kZ ifjorZuh;rk ds
z Hkkjrh;ksa ds :i esa csgrj foÙkh; ç.kkyh%
ckn leL;k,a iSnk dj ldrh gSaA
z iwathxr vko';drkvksa ds fy, LFkkuh; cSadksa esa fons'kh eqæk j•saA
z gekjs ikl vHkh Hkh lh,Mh] eqækLiQhfr]
z fons'kh eqæk ukfer ½.k tkjh dj ldrk gSA
,uih, vkfn dk okafNr Lrj ugha gS
z Lora=k :i ls lksuk •jhnsa@cspsa vkSj mPp ;k 'kwU; lhek ds lkFk Lo.kZ vk/ ftldh fliQkfj'k rkjkiqj lfefr us dh
kfjr tek vkSj ½.k çnku djsaA FkhA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) (c) Lora=k :i ls #i;s dks vU; eqækvksa esa cnyus
dh vuqefr nsuk vkSj blds foijhrA
1. #i;s dh ifjorZuh;rk dk vFkZ gS% (2015)
(d) Hkkjr esa eqækvksa ds fy, ,d varjjk"Vªh; cktkj dk
(a) #i;s ds uksVksa dks lksus esa cnyus esa l{ke
fodkl djukA
(b) #i;s ds ewY; dks cktkj dh rkdrksa }kjk r; djus
dh vuqefr nsuk

cká {ks{ks==kk
cká 331
fofue; njsa
fuf'pr fofue; nj
z ljdkj ,d fo'ks"k Lrj ij fofue;
nj r; djrh gSA
z ;g çfr MkWyj #i;s ds fy,
mPp fofue; nj r; djds
,slk djrk gSA (eku yhft, 70
#i;s@;w,lMh cuke 50 çfr
;w,lMh igys)A
z bl nj ij USD dh vkiwfrZ MkWyj
dh ekax ls vf/d gks tkrh gS
(D;ksafd lLrs #i;s dk eryc gS
fd gekjs fu;kZr dks de dherksa
ij •jhnk tk ldrk gS vkSj bl
çdkj USD dk çokg gksrk gS)A
z USD dh vfrfjÙkQ vkiwfrZ dks
RBI }kjk fons'kh eqæk ls •jhn dj
vo'kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
z tc rd ;g çfØ;k pyrh jgrh
gS rc rd ;w,lMh fjtoZ c<+rk
jgrk gSA
z ,d voewY;u (INR dks lLrk
cukrk gS) rc gksrk gS tc ljdkj
fofue; nj esa o`f¼ djrh gSA
z ,d iqueZwY;kadu (INR dks egaxk
cukrk gS) rc gksrk gS tc ljdkj
fofue; nj dks de dj nsrh gSA
z ;gk¡_ ljdkj dks ;g lqfuf'pr
djus ds fy, ,d cM+k fons'kh eqæk
HkaMkj cuk, j•us dh vko';drk gS
fd mlds ikl fofue; nj (MkWyj
•jhn@cspdj) r; djus dh {kerk
gSA
z vxj yksxksa dks irk gS fd ljdkj
ds ikl fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dh deh
gS rks ;gk¡ vVdyksa dh laHkkouk
vf/d gSA
z * ;kn j•sa fd ¶voewY;u¸ vkSj ¶ewY;ßkl¸ ds leku ifj.kke gksrs gSa ysfdu ;s vyx&vyx çfØ;kvksa dk ikyu djrs gSaA
332
ÝyksfVax@yphyh fofue; nj çcaf/r ÝyksfVax jsV @ MVhZ ÝyksfVax
z fofue; nj ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ dh z ;g ÝyksfVax jsV flLVe vkSj
cktkj 'kfÙkQ;ksa }kjk fu/kZfjr dh fiQDLM jsV flLVe dk feJ.k gSA
tkrh gSA z ,slk yxrk gS fd nqfu;k ds vf/
z iwjh rjg ls yphyh ç.kkyh esa_ dsaæh; dka'k ns'k bl i¼fr ij pys x, gSaA
cSad fcYdqy Hkh gLr{ksi ugha djrk gSA z dsUæh; cSad vko';drk ds vuqlkj
z ;fn fons'kh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh ekax gLr{ksi djrs gSa_ fofue; njksa dks
c<+rh gS_ fofue; nj rnuqlkj c<+rh gSA çHkkfor djus ds fy, fons'kh eqækvksa
(;kuh vkbZ,uvkj dk ewY; ;w,lMh ;k dks •jhnuk vkSj cspukA
lLrk #i, ds laca/ esa fxj x;k gS) z bls lgh ÝyksfVax jsV flLVe ugha
z ewY;ßkl fofue; nj esa o`f¼ gSA ftldk ekuk tkrk gSA (dksbZ gLr{ksi dh
vFkZ gS fd leku fons'kh oLrqvksa vkSj vuqefr ugha gS)
lsokvksa ds fy, vf/d #i;s dk Hkqxrku z ;gk¡ fofue; nj esa mrkj&p<+ko
djukA dh vuqefr gS ysfdu dsoy ,d
z vkbZ,uvkj dh ljkguk rc gksrh gS vuqdwy lhek ds HkhrjA
tc fofue; nj de gks tkrh gS ;kuh z y{; vfLFkjrk dks de j•uk vkSj
vkbZ,uvkj dh dher ;w,lMh ds laca/ eqæk dh fLFkjrk dks c<+kok nsuk gSA
esa c<+ tkrh gSA z blfy,] ,d xans ÝyksfVax flLVe
z ;fn INR ljkguk djrk gS_ gesa çR;sd esa_ vkf/dkfjd vkjf{kr ysunsu
MkWyj ds fy, de #i;s dk Hkqxrku 'kwU; ugha gSA
djus dh vko';drk gSA
z ;g ljdkjksa dks ekSfæd uhfr ds
laca/ esa vf/d yphykiu nsrk gSA
z cM+s fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dks cuk,
j•us dh de vko';drk gSA
z fofue; njksa dk lapyu Lopkfyr :i
ls BoP vf/'ks"kksa vkSj ?kkVs dk [;ky
j•rk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. fuEufysf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% (2021)
eqæk ds voewY;u dk çHkko ;g gS fd ;g vko';d
:i ls __________
1- fons'kh cktkjksa esa ?kjsyw fu;kZr dh çfrLi/kZRedrk esa
lq/kj djrk gSA
2- ?kjsyw eqæk ds fons'kh ewY; esa o`f¼ djrk gS
3- O;kikj larqyu esa lq/kj djrk gS
mijksÙkQ dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1
(b) 1 vkSj 2
(c) dsoy 3
(d) 2 vkSj 3
2. fuEufyf•r ij fopkj dhft,% (2021)
1- fons'kh eqæk ifjorZuh; ckaM
2- dqN 'krks± ds lkFk fons'kh laLFkkxr fuos'k
3- oSf'od fu{ksikxkj çkfIr;ka
4- vfuoklh cká tek
mijksÙkQ esa ls fdls çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k esa 'kkfey fd;k
tk ldrk gS\
(a) 1] 2 vkSj 3
(b) dsoy 3
(c) 2 vkSj 4
(d) 1 vkSj 4
lêðk
z fdlh Hkh ns'k dh eqæk ,d laifÙk gksrh gSA ;fn Hkkjrh;ksa
dk ekuuk gS fd vxys eghus USD vf/d ewY;oku
gksxk_ os USD dh cpr djuk 'kq: dj nsaxsA USD
dh ;g gksfYMax INR vkSj USD ds chp fofue; nj dks
çHkkfor djrh gSA
z ekeyk% yksxksa dh ekusa rks vxys eghus 1 ;w,lMh dh dher
bl eghus 80 dh txg 85 #i;s gks tk,xh_ os bl fo'okl
ds lkFk MkWyj cpk,axs fd os bl eghus 80000 ds cnys
1000 ;w,lMh dks vxys eghus 85000 #i;s esa cny nsaxsA
z ;g vis{kk orZeku esa ;w,lMh dh ekax dks c<+k,xh vkSj
fofue; nj esa o`f¼ (;w,lMh ds eqdkcys vkbZ,uvkj ds
ewY; dks de) esa o`f¼ djsxhA
z bl çdkj fo'okl vkSj ml ij vey djus ls okLrfodrk
cuhA bls lêðk dgk tkrk gSA
C;kt njsa vkSj fofue; njsa
z ,d C;kt nj varj fofHkUu ns'kksa ds chp C;kt nj ds
chp dk varj gSA
z O;fÙkQ;ksa] cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa vkSj laLFkkvksa ds LokfeRo okys
iQaM gSa tks ns'k esa viuk /u ikdZ djrs gSa tks mUgsa mPpre
C;kt njksa dh is'kd'k djsxkA
z ;fn ns'k B ns'k A ls vf/d C;kt njksa dh is'kd'k
dj jgk gS_ , ds fuos'kd viuh eqæk csp nsaxs vkSj eqæk
ch •jhn ysaxsA
z eqæk , dh ekax ij viuh eqæk dk p;u djsaxsA
z blls (de ekax okyh) eqæk , dk ewY;ßkl gksxk vkSj
(vf/d ekax okyh) eqæk ch dh ljkguk gksxhA
z blfy, fdlh ns'k dh C;kt njksa esa o`f¼ ls vDlj eqæk
dh ljkguk gksrh gS (ftldk vFkZ gS fd ge çR;sd MkWyj
ds fy, de #i;s dk Hkqxrku djrs gSa ;k /u dk ewY;
c<+rk gS)A
z ;g ifjn`'; ekurk gS fd fons'kh ljdkj ds ckWUM •jhnus
ij dksbZ çfrca/ ugha gSA
vk; vkSj fofue; njsa
z vk; esa o`f¼ ls miHkksÙkQk •pZ@ekax esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
z ;fn miHkksÙkQk vf/d vk;kfrr oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh
ekax djrs gSa_ blls ?kjsyw eqæk dk voewY;u gksxkA
z ;fn mijksÙkQ çfØ;k fons'k esa Hkh gksrh gS_ rc ?kjsyw eqæk
ewY;ßkl bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd ns'k dk fu;kZr
vk;kr dh rqyuk esa rsth ls c<+ jgk gS ;k ughaA
z lkekU; rkSj ij] vU; dkjdksa dks rVLFk j•rs gq,_ ,d
ns'k ftldh ekax nqfu;k ds ckdh fgLlksa dh rqyuk esa rsth
ls c<+rh gS] eqæk dk ewY;ßkl ns•k tkrk gSA
z ;g bl rF; ds dkj.k gS fd mudk vk;kr muds fu;kZr
dh rqyuk esa rsth ls c<+ jgk gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; fofue; nj çca/u ç.kkfy;ksa esa
ifjorZu
Lo.kZ ekud
z 1870 vkSj 1914 ds chp_ fofue; nj ç.kkyh Lo.kZ ekud]
,d fuf'pr nj ç.kkyh FkhA

cká {ks{ks==kk
cká 333
z lHkh çeq• eqækvksa dks lksus esa muds ewY; ds vuqlkj
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA çR;sd çfrHkkxh ns'k us fuf'pr
ewY; ij viuh eqæk dks lksus esa eqÙkQ ifjorZuh;rk dh
xkjaVh nhA
z bldk eryc ;g Fkk fd çR;sd eqæk dks fuf'pr ewY; ij
fdlh vU; eqæk esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk FkkA
z ;fn eqæk A dk ewY; 1 xzke lksuk Fkk vkSj B dk ewY;
2 xzke lksuk Fkk_ eqæk B eqæk A ls nqxuh FkhA bl ç.kkyh
ds vk/kj ij nksuksa eqækvksa dks ,tsaVksa }kjk igys lksuk •jhns
vkSj fiQj ifjofrZr fd, fcuk ,d nwljs esa ifjofrZr fd;k
tk ldrk FkkA
z leL;k
 lksus dh fo'o dhersa ubZ •kuksa dh •kst ij fuHkZj Fkha
tks rsth ls nqyZHk gksrh tk jgh FkhaA
 th,uih esa çR;sd çfr'kr o`f¼ ds fy, lksus ds mRiknu
esa mlh çfr'kr dh o`f¼ gksuh FkhA ,slk ugha gqvk vkSj
dhersa nqfu;k Hkj esa fxjus yxha ftlls v'kkafr iQSy xbZA
z lek/ku
z dqN le; ds fy, pkanh dks lksus dk iwjd cuuk iM+kA lkFk
gh ns'kksa us 1@3 lksuk mldh dkxth eqæk ;kuh ÚSD'kuy
fjtoZ cSafdax ds eqdkcys j•kA
z xksYM ,Dlpsat ekud dks viuk;k x;k Fkk ;kuh ,d ns'k
ds ikl lksus dk dksbZ fjtoZ ugha gksus ds ckotwn eqæk dks
fuf'pr dherksa ij ,Dlpsat fd;k x;k FkkA blds ctk;
mUgksaus ,d cM+s ns'k dh eqæk dks vius ikl j•kA
z nf{k.k vÚhdk esa ubZ •kstksa ds lkFk mijksÙkQ lHkh lek/
kuksa us 1929 rd viLiQhfr dks nwj j•us esa enn dhA dqN
yksx dgrs gSa fd 1930 ds n'kd dh egku eanh rjyrk
dh deh ds dkj.k FkhA
z 1914&45 ds chp_ ns'kksa us fiQDLM (lksuk) vkSj ÝyksfVax
,Dlpsat jsV flLVe ds feJ.k dks viuk;kA
czsVu oqM~l ç.kkyh
z 1944 esa] czsVu oqM~l lEesyu us IMF vkSj fo'o cSad
dh LFkkiuk dhA ;g fuf'pr fofue; njksa dh ç.kkyh dks
okil yk;kA
z ;g laifÙk ds pquko esa igys bLrseky fd, x, lksus ds
ekud ls vyx Fkk ftlesa jk"Vªh; eqækvksa dks ifjofrZr
fd;k tk ldrk FkkA
z dsaæ esa USD ds lkFk ,d f}&Lrjh; ifjorZuh;rk
ç.kkyh LFkkfir dh xbZ Fkh%
334
 USD dks çfr vkSal 35 MkWyj esa lksus esa cnyk tk
ldrk gSA
 bl ç.kkyh esa Hkkx ysus okys IMF lnL;ksa dk çR;sd
ekSfæd çkf/dj.k viuh eqæk dks ,d fuf'pr ewY; ij
USD esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, çfrc¼ gSA bls ¶vkf/
dkfjd fofue; nj¸ dgk tkrk FkkA
z USD dks dsaæ esa D;ksa j•sa\
 ;g ç.kkyh vko';d Fkh D;ksafd vesfjdk ds ikl vkf/
dkfjd Lo.kZ HkaMkj dk 70» FkkA lkFk gh ekStwnk lksus
dk LVkWd c<+rh ekaxksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, vi;kZIr
gksxkA
 WW2 ds ckn] cM+s iSekus ij iqufuZekZ.k ifj;kstukvksa
vkSj vk;kr fcyksa us ns'kksa ds HkaMkj dks de dj fn;kA
,slk djus dh igys dh çfrc¼rk ds dkj.k vf/
dka'k ns'kksa ds ikl vius HkaMkj esa eq[; ?kVd ds :i
esa USD FkkA
z mijksÙkQ ç.kkyh ds lkFk leL;k ;g Fkh fd ;fn la;qÙkQ
jkT; vesfjdk ds BoP ?kkVs dk foLrkj tkjh jgk_ rc fons'kh
eqækvksa dks lksus esa cnyus dh bldh {kerk esa fo'okl •Re
gks tk,xkA ;g ,slk gksxk%
 nwljs ns'kksa dks viuh eqæk dks lksus esa cnyus ds fy,
Hkkjh çksRlkgu nsaA
 bl çdkj vesfjdk dks viuh çfrc¼rk iwjh ugha djus
ds fy, etcwj djuk (og ,d ckj esa lHkh dh eqæk
dks lksus esa ifjofrZr ugha dj ldk)A
z bl leL;k dks ¶fVªfiQu nqfo/k¸ dgk x;k (jkWcVZ fVªfiQu
czsVu oqM~l ç.kkyh ds vkykspd Fks)A mUgksaus ,d lek/ku
çLrkfor fd;k%
z vkbZ,e,iQ dks lnL;ksa ds dsaæh; cSadksa ds fy, tek
cSad esa cnyuk pkfg,A
z vkbZ,e,iQ ds rgr ,lMhvkj uked ,d ubZ vkjf{kr
eqæk cuk,aA
z bl ç.kkyh dk Hkax gksuk
z 1967 esa ikmaM ds voewY;u] ;w,lMh ls xksYM rd mM+ku
vkSj fczfV'k dh ekax gS fd ;w,l vius ;w,lMh gksfYMaXl
ds xksYM oSY;w dh xkjaVh nsrk gS] tSlh ?kVukvksa ds dkj.k
czsVu oqM~l flLVe Hkax gks x;kA
z vesfjdk us MkWyj vkSj lksus dks vyx dj fn;k vkSj dgk
fd vc og lksus ds gj vkSal ds fy, 35 MkWyj nsus dks
rS;kj ugha gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ;wds] tkiku vkSj fLoVtjySaM tSlh fodflr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
us tYn gh 1970 ds n'kd esa ÝyksfVax fofue; njksa dks
viukuk 'kq: dj fn;kA
z vkbZ,e,iQ ds ys•ksa dks 1976 esa la'kksf/r fd;k x;k Fkk]
tks vc ns'kksa dks ;k rks viuh eqækvksa dks ÝyksV djus dh
vuqefr nsrk gS ;k bls ,d eqæk ;k eqækvksa dh ,d Vksdjh
;k ,lMhvkj ds fy, r; djrk gSA
z vkadh xbZ njksa dks fu;af=kr djus vkSj ÝyksfVax fofue; njksa
dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, i;Zos{k.k ds fy, dksbZ fu;e
ugha gSaA
vkbZ,e,iQ fo'ks"k vkgj.k vf/dkj (,lMhvkj)
z 1967 esa fo'ks"k vkgj.k vf/dkj (,lMhvkj) us lksus
dh txg ys yh vkSj bls ¶isij xksYM¸ dgk x;kA mlds
ckn ls lksus ds çfr vkSal ,lMhvkj ds ewY; dks dbZ ckj
iquiZfjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
z orZeku esa ,lMhvkj dh x.kuk çfrfnu MkWyj ds lanHkZ esa
4 eqækvksa (;wjks] ;su] ;w,lMh vkSj ikmaM LVfyZax) ds ewY;
ds Hkkfjr ;ksx ds :i esa dh tkrh gSA
z IMF ds lnL; SDR dks vkjf{kr eqæk ds :i esa vkSj
fofHkUu dsaæh; cSadksa ds chp jk"Vªh; eqæk ds cnys Hkqxrku
ds lk/u ds :i esa mi;ksx djrs gSaA
z ewy :i ls] SDR dks muds varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj }kjk ekis x,
ns'k ds vkfFkZd egRo ds vuqlkj forfjr fd;k x;k FkkA
foLrkfjr fuf/ lqfo/k (EFF)
z vkbZ,e,iQ }kjk lnL;ksa ds fy, ,d lsok] tks mUgsa vius
chvksih ladV dks nwj djus ds fy, vkbZ,e,iQ ls fons'kh
eqæk dh fdlh Hkh jkf'k dks c<+kus dh vuqefr nsrh gSA
z vkbZ,e,iQ }kjk vuq'kaflr ns'k esa lajpukRed lq/kjksa ds
fy, 'krZsa gSaA
z ;g viuh rjg dk igyk le>kSrk Fkk ftl ij Hkkjr us
1981&82 esa gLrk{kj fd, FksA Hkkjr dks ½.k çkIr djus ds
fy, vkbZ,e,iQ dh dBksj 'krks± dk Hkh lkeuk djuk iM+kA
orZeku O;oLFkk
z ;wjksih; ekSfæd la?k 1999 esa cuk;k x;k Fkk vkSj ;g ;wjks
uked ,d ubZ eqæk 'kq: djus ds lkFk&lkFk ,d fuf'pr
nj ç.kkyh(fiñed rate system) ds fy, pyk x;kA
z vkt dbZ ns'kksa esa ,d fuf'pr fofue; nj ,d eqæk ls tqM+h
gqbZ gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, dbZ vÚhdh ns'kksa us viuh eqækvksa
dks ÚSad ls tksM+k_ vU; eqæk dh ,d Vksdjh ds fy,A
cká {ks{ks==kk
cká
z eqæk cksMZ ç.kkyh dks 1991 esa vtZsaVhuk }kjk viuk;k x;k
FkkA ;gk¡ fofue; nj dkuwu }kjk ;w,lMh ds lkFk r; dh
xbZ FkhA dsaæh; cSad us ?kjsyw eqæk vkSj igys ls tkjh HkaMkj
dks okil djus ds fy, i;kZIr fons'kh eqæk cuk, j•hA
 bl O;oLFkk esa vtZsaVhuk bPNk ij viuh eqæk vkiwfrZ
dk foLrkj ugha dj ldrkA
 lkFk gh] ,slh fLFkfr esa tc ?kjsyw cSadksa dks fdlh
ladV ds dkj.k m/kj ysus dh vko';drk gks_ dsaæh;
cSad vafre mik; ds ½.knkrk ds :i esa dk;Z ugha
dj ldrk (D;ksafd ;g olh;r esa /u dh vkiwfrZ dk
foLrkj ugha dj ldrk gS)A
 bu lhekvksa vkSj foÙkh; ladV ds dkj.k_ vtZsaVhuk
us bl ç.kkyh dks NksM+ fn;k vkSj 2002 esa ÝyksfVax
,Dlpsat jsV ds fy, pyk x;kA
z MkWyjdj.k ,d vU; ç.kkyh gS ftls 2000 esa bDokMksj
}kjk viuk;k x;k FkkA
z blus ?kjsyw eqæk dks R;kx fn;k vkSj USD dks viuk;kA
lHkh dhersa ;w,lMh esa gSa vkSj LFkkuh; eqæk dk vc mi;ksx
ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
z bDokMksj us ewy :i ls ;w,l ds iQsMjy cSad dks iSls dh
vkiwfrZ lkSaih gSA
z bl çdkj bDokMksj dh eqæk vkiwfrZ vesfjdk dh vkfFkZd
fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
z bl çdkj] fofue; njksa dks fu/kZfjr djus ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh;
Lrj ij dbZ ç.kkfy;k¡ gSaA
z cktkj dh rkdrsa ewy #>ku fu/kZfjr djrh gSa vkSj nSfud
vk/kj ij njksa esa FkksM+k cnyko djrh gSaA
z fiQDLM ,Dlpsat dk eryc vkerkSj ij ,d lhek gksrh gS
ftlds Hkhrj ljdkjsa nj j•us dh dksf'k'k djrh gSa_ vkSj
lpeqp mUgsa Bhd ugha dj jgk gSA
z fofue; nj fu/kZfjr djus esa lksus dk egRo vkSj Hkwfedk
yxHkx 'kwU; gks xbZ gSA
#i;s dk varjkZ"Vªh;dj.k vkSj blds ykHk
z ;g ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS tc lhek ikj ysunsu esa #i;s
(INR) dk mi;ksx c<+ tkrk gSA
z ;g #i;s ds ysu&nsu (;w,lMh ;k vU; eqækvksa ds ctk;)
ds vk/kj ij vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsdj fd;k
tkrk gS_ vkbZ,uvkj esa vU; pkyw •krk ysunsu djuk vkSj
iwath •krk ysunsu ds fy, ogh djukA
z bl dne ds ykHk vkSj uqdlku gSa%
335
 ykHk
z ;g O;olk;ksa ds fy, eqæk tksf•e dks de djrk gS D;ksafd cká
dkjd O;olk; dks mruk çHkkfor ugha dj ldrsA
z O;olk; djus dh ykxr de djrk gS vkSj O;kolkf;d laHkkoukvksa
esa lq/kj djrk gSA
z fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj j•uk de egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gS D;ksafd ge INR
esa vf/d ls vf/d O;ogkj djsaxsA
z lgtrk vkfn tSls cká >Vdksa ds çfr Hkkjr de laosnu'khy gksxkA
z Hkkjrh; O;olk;ksa dh lkSnsckth dh 'kfÙkQ esa lq/kj gksxk D;ksafd INR
nqfu;k Hkj esa vf/d egRoiw.kZ gks tk,xkA
z fo'o Lrj ij Hkkjr dk lEeku vkSj dn c<+sxkA
z varjkZ"Vªh;dj.k dh fn'kk esa mBk, x, dne%
 vc ECB's (Eñternal Commercial Borrowings)
dks INR esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA
 tqykbZ 2022 esa RBI us INR esa cká O;kikj ds
fuiVku dh vuqefr nhA
 Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad us Hkkjrh; ckaM cktkj esa vf/'ks"k
INR fuos'k djus dh vuqefr nhA
 ,f'k;kbZ lek'kks/u la?k ,d ,slh ;kstuk ij fopkj dj
jgk gS tgk¡ ns'kksa ds ikl O;kikj O;oLFkkvksa esa ?kjsyw
eqækvksa dk mi;ksx djus dk fodYi gks ldrk gSA
nqyZHk vkSj lqyHk eqæk dh vo/kj.kk
z ,d nqyZHk eqæk og gS tks fo'o Lrj ij lokZsPp fo'okl
j•rh gS vkSj gj ns'k esa bldh ekax dh tkrh gSA
z ;g rc gksrk gS tc fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa mPpre vkSj lkFk gh
vR;f/d fofo/ fu;kZr gksrk gS_ nwljksa dks ml ns'k ls vk;kr
ij Hkjkslk djus ds fy, etcwj djuk vkSj bl çdkj bldh
eqæk dh ekax iSnk djukA mnkgj.k ds fy, vejhdh Mkyj
z WW2 rd] fczVsu dh ikmaM LVfyZax loZJs"B nqyZHk eqæk
FkhA WW2 ds ckn bls USD ls cny fn;k x;kA
z vkt fo'o dh nqyZHk eqæk,¡ gSa& ;w,lMh] ;wds dk ikmaM
LVfyZax] ;wjks] tkikuh ;suA
z 2015 esa] IMF us SDR dks phuh ;qvku esa vafdr djus
dh vuqefr nh_ bl çdkj ,d ubZ nqyZHk eqæk cuus dk
ekxZ ç'kLr fd;kA
z ,d lqyHk eqæk ,d ,slh eqæk gS tks fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk
esa vius fons'kh eqæk cktkj esa vklkuh ls miyC/ gksrh gSA
;g nqyZHk eqæk ds foijhr gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, Hkkjrh; #i;k
Hkkjrh; fons'kh eqæk cktkj esa lqyHk eqæk gSA
336
tksf•e@uqdlku
z vfuoklh Hkkjrh; laifÙk gkfly djus ds fy,
INR /kj.k dj ldrs gSa ftlls Hks|rk c<+sxhA
z fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj cuk, j•us dh vko';drk ml
Lrj rd de gks tk,xh fd gekjs O;kikj ?kkVs dks
INR esa foÙkiksf"kr fd;k tk,xkA
z yksxksa ds fy, INR dks vU; eqækvksa esa ifjofrZr
djuk vkSj iwath ds cfgokZg ds dkj.k gksus okys
ladV dh fLFkfr esa ckgj tkuk vklku gks tk,xkA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. varjkZ"Vªh; rjyrk dh leL;k fdldh vuqiyC/rk ls
lacaf/r gS% (2015)
(a) oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa
(b) lksuk vkSj pkanh
(c) MkWyj vkSj vU; nqyZHk eqæk,¡
(d) fu;kZr ;ksX; vf/'ks"k
mRçokgh eqæk
z ;g og nqyZHk eqæk gS tks cgqr rsth ls cktkj ls ckgj fudy
jgh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, 1990 ds nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ ladV
ds nkSjku_ USD mRçokgh eqæk Fkh D;ksafd ;g ml {ks=k ds
ns'kksa ls cgqr tYnh fudy xbZA
z ;g fdlh Hkh nqyHZ k eqæk ds fy, ,d vLFkk;h uke gks ldrk gSA
xje eqæk
z ;g ns'k ls ,d dfBu eqæk ds ckgj fudyus ds dkj.k
ewY;ßkl ds mPp ncko okyh eqæk gSA
z bls rki ;k gFkkSM+s ls pyus okyh eqæk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, 1990 ds n'kd esa nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ
ladV ds nkSjku baMksusf'k;kbZ #i;kA
lLrh eqæk@iSlk
z 1930 ds n'kd esa igyh ckj vFkZ'kkL=kh ts,e dsuht }kjk
bLrseky fd;k x;k FkkA
z tc dksbZ ljdkj vius }kjk tkjh fd, x, ckWUM dks ifjiDo
gksus ls igys iwjh dher ij okil •jhnuk 'kq: djrh gS_
fiQj] tks eqæk vFkZO;oLFkk esa çokfgr gksrh gS] mls lLrh
eqæk ;k eqæk dgk tkrk gSA
z ;g de@uje C;kt njksa dh vof/ ykrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
fç; eqæk
z ;g lLrs iSls ds foijhr fLFkfr gSA
z ,slk rc gksrk gS tc tkjh fd, x, ckWUM •jhnus ds
ifj.kkeLo:i turk dk iSlk ljdkj ds ikl tkrk gSA
z dhUl }kjk igyh ckj bldk bLrseky Hkh fd;k x;k FkkA
z ;g egaxh@mPp C;kt njksa dh vof/ ykrk gSA
fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k (,lbZtsM)
z bl ckjs esa uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk 2000 esa dh xbZ Fkh ysfdu
fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k vf/fu;e 2005 esa gh vk;kA
z ns'k esa o`f¼ vkSj fodkl dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, ¶fu;kZr
dsaæ¸ LFkkfir djus dk fopkj FkkA
z 1965 esa dkaMyk esa ¶fu;kZr çlaLdj.k {ks=k¸ ds :i esa
,d leku fopkj ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA ckn esa bls ¶fu;kZr
mUeq• {ks=k¸ esa cny fn;k x;kA
z iqjkus bZihtsM vkSj bZvks;w vc ,lbZtsM esa ifjorZu ds fy,
•qys gSaA
z bls dkSu lsV dj ldrk gS\
 vFkZO;oLFkk ds lHkh rhu {ks=kksa ;kuh Ñf"k] m|ksx vkSj
lsokvksa esa ;k rks Hkkjr ljdkj ;k jkT;ksa ;k futh {ks=k
}kjkA
z fl¼kar mís';
 vfrfjÙkQ vkfFkZd xfrfof/ dk l`tu_
 eky vkSj lsokvksa ds fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsuk_
 ?kjsyw vkSj fons'kh lzksrksa ls fuos'k dks c<+kok nsuk_
 jkstxkj ds voljksa dk l`tu_ vkSj
 volajpuk lqfo/kvksa dk fodklA
z ekpZ 2021 rd] 378 SEZ orZeku esa vf/lwfpr gSa] ftuesa
ls 265 pkyw gSaA
 SEZ vf/fu;e] 2005 ds ykxw gksus ls igys 7 dsaæ
ljdkj ds fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k (SEZ) vkSj 12 jkT;@
futh {ks=k ds SEZ FksA
z blds vykok] ns'k esa ,lbZtsM dh LFkkiuk ds 425 çLrkoksa
dks ,lbZtsM vf/fu;e] 2005 ds rgr vkSipkfjd eatwjh
nh xbZ gSA
lkekU; ifjgkj fojks/h fu;e (xkj)
z çkjaHk esa çR;{k dj dksM 2009 esa çLrkfor fd;k x;k Fkk
ysfdu 2012 ds ctV esa is'k fd;k x;k FkkA ;g 2017 ls
ykxw gqvk vkSj 2018&19 ls ykxw gSA
cká {ks{ks==kk
cká
z mUgsa mu daifu;ksa dks yf{kr djus ds fy, yk;k x;k Fkk tks
fo'ks"k :i ls djksa ls cpus ds fy, O;oLFkk ;k ysunsu djrh
gSAa Hkkjr es]a oksMkiQksu&gp le>kSrk vkSj ckn esa djksa dks ysdj
Hkkjr ljdkj ds lkFk fookn_ xkj ds fy, ekxZ ç'kLr fd;kA
z ;g vk;dj vf/fu;e 1961 ds varxZr vkrk gS vkSj jktLo
foHkkx (Mo Finance) bu fu;eksa dks rS;kj djrk gSA
z dj ls cpko rc gksrk gS tc daifu;k¡ dkuwuh lhek ds
Hkhrj jgrs gq, djksa dk Hkqxrku djus ls cpus ds fy, dbZ
•kfe;ksa dk bLrseky djrh gSaA ogha] VSDl pksjh djus okys
ljdkj dks cdk;k VSDl ugha ns jgs gSa- ;g voS/ gSA
z eq[; mís'; ¶inkFkZ ij :i¸ ds fl¼kar dks lafgrkc¼ djuk
gSA ysu&nsu ;k O;oLFkk dh dkuwuh lajpuk ds ckotwn] djk/ku
ds mís';ksa ds fy, okLrfod bjkns dk fglkc yxk;k tkrk gSA
z ;g rc çHkko esa vkrk gS tc dksbZ O;oLFkk dh tkrh gS]
tgk¡ eq[; mís';ksa esa ls ,d dj ykHk çkIr djuk gSA
fons'kh eqæk eqæk HkaMkj@ifjlaifÙk
z ;g ,d fo'ks"k le; esa ,d jk"Vª ds ikl ekStwn fons'kh
eqækvksa dh dqy jkf'k gSA
z blesa fuEufyf•r 'kkfey gSa%
 lksus dk HkaMkj
 ,lMhvkj& vkbZ,e,iQ esa vk;ksftr fo'ks"k vkgj.k vf/dkj
 RTP's-IMF esa fjolZ Vªsap iksft'ku
z RBI ds vuqlkj Hkkjr dk fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj bl çdkj
gS (twu 2021 rd)%
 twu 2021 rd 610 fcfy;u vejhdh Mkyj dk HkaMkjA
 HkaMkj ds ekeys esa Hkkjr phu] tkiku] fLoV~tjySaM vkSj
:l ds ckn 5oka lcls cM+k ns'k cu x;kA
 18 eghus ls vf/d dk vk;kr doj çnku djrk gS tks
fdlh Hkh oSf'od ladV ds f•ykiQ lqj{kk çnku djus
ds fy, i;kZIr ls vf/d gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. fuEufyf•r enksa esa ls dkSu lk lewg Hkkjr ds fons'kh
eqæk HkaMkj esa 'kkfey gS\ (2013)
(a) fons ' kh&eq æ k la i fÙk;k¡ ] fo'ks " k vkgj.k vf/dkj
(,lMhvkj) vkSj fons'kksa ls ½.k
(b) fons'kh&eqæk laifÙk;k¡] vkjchvkbZ vkSj ,lMhvkj
dh lksus dh gksfYMax
(c) fons'kh eqæk laifÙk] fo'o cSad vkSj ,lMhvkj ls ½.k
(d) fons'kh&eqæk laifÙk;k¡] vkjchvkbZ dh Lo.kZ gksfYMaXl
vkSj fo'o cSad ls ½.k
337
ek=kkRed lgtrk vkSj la?kh; Vsifjax
dh vo/kj.kk
z ek=kkRed lgtrk ,d ekSfæd uhfr gS tgk¡ ,d dsaæh; cSad
(vkerkSj ij ;w,l iQsMjy cSad) C;kt njksa dks de djus
vkSj iSls dh vkiwfrZ c<+kus ds fy, •qys cktkj ls ljdkjh
ckaM vkSj çfrHkwfr;k¡ •jhnrk gSA
z D;wbZ cSad dks rjyrk çnku djrk gS ftldk mi;ksx os de
C;kt nj ij iSlk m/kj nsus ds fy, dj ldrs gSa tks rc
vFkZO;oLFkk dks mÙksftr djrk gSA
z QE dk vkerkSj ij mi;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc C;kt
njsa 'kwU; ds djhc igqap tkrh gSa vkSj fiQj Hkh yksx m/kj
ugha ys jgs gSa vkSj fodkl ugha gks jgk gSA
z ;g 2008 ds ladV ds lkFk&lkFk dksfoM&19 ykWdMkmu
vof/ ds ckn bLrseky fd;k x;k midj.k FkkA gkykafd]
ifj.kkeksa dks fxuuk eqf'dy gSA
z fo'o Lrj ij bldk mi;ksx viLiQhfr vkSj eanh dks jksdus
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vke rkSj ij ;g cprdrkZvksa
dh rqyuk esa m/kjdrkZvksa vkSj xSj&fuos'kdksa dh rqyuk esa
fuos'kdksa dk i{k ysrk gSA
z ;g uksV Nkius ;k gsyhdkIVj udnh ds leku ugha gS_ pwafd
D;wbZ esa iSlk cSadksa esa tkrk gS u fd lh/s yksxksa ds gkFkksa esaA
D;wbZ ds tksf•e
z eqækLiQhfr & c<+h gqbZ eqæk vkiwfrZ ds dkj.k yksx vf/d
•pZ dj ldrs gSa vkSj bl çdkj ekax esa o`f¼ gksxh tcfd
vkiwfrZ dks c<+kus esa le; yxsxk_ ;g eqækLiQhfr dk dkj.k
curk gSA
z lhfer ½.k nsuk& cSadksa dks vf/d /u dh vkiwfrZ gks
ldrh gS] ysfdu fiQj Hkh O;olk; ;k yksx vU; dkj.kksa
ls m/kj ysus ls euk dj nsrs gSaA blfy, tgk¡ cSadksa esa iSlk
iM+k jgrk gS ogk¡ lk• dh deh iSnk gks tkrh gSA
z eqæk dk voewY;u djuk& tSls& tSls eqæk vkiwfrZ c<+rh
gS_ ?kjsyw eqæk dk ewY; ?kVrk gSA blls fu;kZrdksa dks enn
fey ldrh gS ysfdu blls vk;kfrr oLrqvksa dh dhersa
c<+ tkrh gSa] ftlls eqækLiQhfr c<+ tkrh gSA
z la?kh; Vsifjax@Vsifjax D;wbZ uhfr;ksa dk mRØe.k gSA bls
,d dsaæh; cSad }kjk Hkh ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA
z ;g ,d ckj fd;k tkrk gS tc dsaæh; cSad dk ekuuk gS
fd vFkZO;oLFkk eanh ls mcj pqdh gS vkSj vc vklku /u
;k foLrkfjr ekSfæd uhfr dh vko';drk ugha gSA
338
z ;g ,d ckj viuk dke iwjk djus ds ckn ek=kkRed lgtrk
ds nkSjku mBk, x, dneksa ls ihNs gVuk gSA
z lsaVªy cSad us ifjlaifÙk dks /hek djus] ifjiDo djus ;k
cspus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA
z çksRlkgu esa deh ds dkj.k iQsMjy VSfiax ds fy, fuos'kdksa
}kjk Vsaij VSaVªEl ,d laHkkfor vksojfj,D'ku gSA
/u çs"k.k
z lkekU; rkSj ij] ;g fdlh fcy ;k pkyku dk dksbZ Hkqxrku
gksrk gSA ysfdu vkerkSj ij bldk eryc gS fd fdlh nwljs
i{k dks Hkstk x;k iSlk] vkerkSj ij fdlh nwljs ns'k esaA
z ;g vkerkSj ij fons'k esa fdlh O;fÙkQ ls mlds ifjokj ds
fdlh O;fÙkQ dks Hkstk tkrk gSA
z ;s vke rkSj ij fdlh ns'k dks çkIr gksus okys fuos'k vkSj
iQaM lgk;rk ls vf/d gksrs gSaA
z os fuEu vkSj fuEu&eè; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa yksxksa ds fy,
çeq• vk; lzksr gSaA
z fo'o cSad ds vuqlkj_ Hkkjr dks 2021 esa 87 fcfy;u
vejhdh Mkyj dk /u çs"k.k çkIr gqvkA
z RBI ds vuqlkj ;s nks çdkj ds gksrs gSa%
 vkod% ;s gSa vkerkSj ij lgk;d ifjokjksa ds fy,
fons'k ls Hkkjr esa /u gLrkarfjr fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k
ds fy, vesfjdk esa ,d ,uvkjvkbZ Hkkjr esa vius
ifjokj dks iSlk Hkstrk gSA
 tkod% ;s Hkkjr ls ckgj LFkkukarfjr fd, x, /u gSaA
mnkjhÑr /u çs"k.k ;kstuk ds rgr lhek çfr foÙkh;
o"kZ 2-5 yk• vejhdh Mkyj gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,
ekrk&firk vius cPpksa dh f'k{kk dk leFkZu djus ds
fy, Hkkjr ls vesfjdk esa iSlk Hkst jgs gSaA
z /u çs"k.k Hkstus ds rjhds gSa% cSad] psd] fMekaM MªkÝV]
fMftVy okWysV] ok;j VªkaliQj bR;kfnA
z egRo
 Hkkjr esa ifjokjksa vkSj O;fÙkQ;ksa dh enn djrk gSA
 lexz :i ls vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, ykHk] D;ksafd ;g
O;kikj ?kkVs dks foÙkiksf"kr dj ldrk gS] •ir esa o`f¼
dj ldrk gS] fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dk lzksr gks ldrk
gS] ykHkkfUor gksus okys yksx csgrj f'k{kk vkSj LokLF;
ns•Hkky vkfn dk •pZ mBk ldrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z uqdlku
z LFkkukUrj.k dh mPp ykxrA fo'ks"k :i ls mu ns'kksa esa tks
mUgsa ok;j VªkaliQj rd lhfer j•rs gSa ftudh VªkaliQj
ykxr lcls vf/d gSA
z vkradokn vkSj vU; voS/ xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, ,d rjg
ls euh ykWfUMªax dh tkrh gSA
z /u çs"k.k fjdkWMZ djus ds fy, mi;ksx dh tkus okyh fof/
dks 'kk;n gh dHkh lkoZtfud fd;k tkrk gSA
lkWojsu osYFk iQaM@lkWojsu buosLVesaV iQaM
z ;g fofHkUu lzksrksa ls çkIr jkT; ds LokfeRo okyk ,d
fuos'k dks"k gS vkSj bldk mi;ksx fofHkUu mís';ksa ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
z ;g okLrfod vkSj foÙkh; laifÙk;ksa tSls ckWUM] LVkWd] fj;y
,LVsV vkSj dherh /krqvksa ds fy, ,d fuos'k dks"k gSA
;g çkbosV bfDoVh iQaM tSls oSdfYid iQaM esa Hkh fuos'k
dj ldrk gSA
z ;s fdlh ns'k ds fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj }kjk foÙk iksf"kr gksrs gSa
vkSj ml ns'k ds dsaæh; cSad }kjk fu;af=kr gksrs gSaA
z fdlh Hkh vU; fuos'k dks"k dh rjg muds vius mís';]
tksf•e lgu'khyrk] fpark,a vkfn gSaA
z ,lMCY;w,iQ ds çdkj%
 fLFkjhdj.k fuf/
 cpr ;k Hkfo"; dh ih<+h ds iQaM
 lkoZtfud ykHk vkSj isa'ku vkjf{kr fuf/
 vkjf{kr fuos'k dks"k
 lkefjd fodkl lkWojsu osYFk iQaM (SDSWF)
 fof'k"V m|ksxksa dks yf{kr djus okys iQaM (laHkor%
mHkj jgs ;k ladVxzLr)
 fons'kh eqæk vkjf{kr laifÙkA (lHkh ns'k bls ,lMCY;w,iQ
ugha ekurs gSa)A
z ,lMCY;w,iQ dk egRo%
 os ctV vf/'ks"k ;k varjkZ"Vªh; ½.k fLFkfr ds nkSjku
ljdkjksa dh enn dj ldrs gSaA
 muds ikl ikjaifjd fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dh rqyuk esa
vf/d tksf•e lgu'khyrk gSA
cká {ks{ks==kk
cká
 dPps mRiknksa (rsy] •fut vkfn) dk fu;kZr djus okys
ns'k vfrfjÙkQ rjyrk dks rRdky miHkksx ds fy, /u ds
:i esa ugha j• ldrsA os bls ,lMCY;w,iQ ds :i esa
j•uk ilan djrs gSa tks fdlh Hkh fu;kZr ladV ls cpko
ds fy, fofo/ {ks=kksa esa fuos'k djrk gSA tSls •kM+h ns'kA
 ;g ;q¼ ;k eanh tSls vfuf'pr le; ds nkSjku lkefjd
lalk/u ds :i esa dk;Z dj ldrk gSA
z ,lMCY;w,iQ esa fuos'k dh 'krZsa ns'k ls ns'k vkSj iQaM ls
iQaM esa fHkUu gksrh gSaA turk dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds
fy, bUgsa cuk;k ;k Hkax fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z ,lMCY;w,iQ ds tksf•e gSa fd os jktuhfrd :i ls çHkkfor
gks ldrs gSa vkSj dqN vius fuos'k vkSj 'kklu uhfr;ksa dks
çdV ugha djrs gSaA
ljdkj }kjk fd, x, O;kikj lao/Zu mik;%
z bZ&iQkbfyax vkSj bZ&Hkqxrku% vkosnu vkWuykbu nkf•y
fd, tk ldrs gSa vkSj Hkqxrku vkWuykbu fd;k tk ldrk
gSA fu;kZr vkSj vk;kr ds nLrkostksa dh la[;k ?kVkdj rhu
dj nh xbZ gSA
z lhek 'kqYd ds fy, ,dy f•M+dh% vk;krd vkSj
fu;kZrd nksuksa lhek 'kqYd dks viuh eatwjh vkWuykbu
tek djrs gSaA bl foaMks ds ekè;e ls gh vU; vuqefr;k¡
vkWuykbu çkIr dh tk ldrh gSaA
z 24×7 lhek 'kqYd fudklh miyC/ gSA blls fudklh ds
fy, le; vkSj ykxr de gks tkrh gSA
z isijysl okrkoj.k dh vksj c<+uk gSA
z WRT iQkWeZ vkSj fudklh ds vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr ds fy,
ljyhÑr çfØ;kA
z çf'k{k.k vkmVjhp% fu;kZr fu;kZr çksRlkgu ifj"knksa
(bZihlh)] m|ksx vkSj Kku Hkkxhnkjksa dh enn ls ,e,l,ebZ
lewgksa esa yksxksa dks dkS'ky çnku djus ds fy, ca/q ;kstukA
z O;kikj fodkl vkSj lao/Zu ifj"kn ds ekè;e ls tqM+ko
ds ekè;e ls jkT; vkSj dsaæ'kkflr çns'k dh Hkkxhnkjh A
z ea=kky;ksa ;k fu;ked fudk;ksa }kjk lh/s xSj&Lopkfyr ekxZ
ds ekè;e ls ,iQMhvkbZ ij fopkj fd;k tk,xkA
z ,atsy VSDl lq/kj% ljdkj LVkVZvIl esa fuos'k ij 30»
VSDl yxkrh FkhA LVkVZvIl dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, blesa
<hy nh xbZ gSA
339
 foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. orZeku esa Hkkjr ds varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ds lanHkZ esa]
fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk@ls dFku lgh gS@gSa\(2020)
1- Hkkjr dk O;kikfjd fu;kZr blds O;kikfjd vk;kr ls
de gSA
2- gky ds o"kks± esa Hkkjr ds yksgs vkSj bLikr] jlk;u]
moZjd vkSj e'khujh ds vk;kr esa deh vkbZ gSA
3- Hkkjr dk lsokvksa dk fu;kZr blds lsokvksa ds vk;kr
ls vf/d gSA
4- Hkkjr lexz O;kikj@pkyw •krk ?kkVs ls xzLr gSA
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,%
(a) 1 vkSj 2 dsoy
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 4
(c) dsoy 3
(d) dsoy 1] 3 vkSj 4
fu;kZr çksRlkgu ;kstuk
z MEIS ;k epZsaMkbt ,DliksVZ ÚkWe bafM;k Ldhe% 2015
esa 'kq: dh xbZ] bldk mís'; Hkkjr esa cus mRiknksa ds fu;kZr
ds laca/ esa <kapkxr ykxr vkSj v{kerkvksa dks de djuk
gSA 2020 esa] ljdkj us bl ;kstuk dks RoDTEP uked
,d ubZ ;kstuk ls cnyus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA
z RoDTEP ;k fu;kZr mRiknksa ij drZO;ksa ;k djksa dh NwV
iqjkus MEIS dks cnyus ds fy, 2020 esa 'kq: dh xbZ
,d WTO lqlaxr ;kstuk gSA blus Hkkjr ls fu;kZr c<+kus
esa enn djus ds fy, GST esa buiqV VSDl ØsfMV (ITC) ds
fy, ,d iwjh rjg ls Lopkfyr ekxZ is'k fd;kA fu;kZrdksa
ds fy, dj fu/kZj.k iwjh rjg ls Lopkfyr gks tk,xkA
z SEIS ;k Hkkjr ls lsok fu;kZr ;kstuk% lsokvksa ds fu;kZrdksa
dks mudh 'kq¼ fons'kh eqæk vk; ij iqjLdkj fn;k tkrk gSA
z bZihlhth ;k ,DliksVZ çeks'ku dSfiVy xqM~l Ldhe%
Hkkjrh; fu;kZrdksa dks 'kwU;&lhek 'kqYd ij çh&çksMD'ku]
çksMD'ku vkSj iksLV&çksMD'ku çkslsl ds fy, dSfiVy xqM~l
vk;kr djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA cnys esa fu;kZrdksa ij dqN
fuf'pr fu;kZr jkf'k Lrjksa dks iwjk djus dk nkf;Ro gksrk gSA
z ,,,l ;k mUur çkf/dj.k ;kstuk% ;g buiqV ds 'kqYd
eqÙkQ vk;kr dh vuqefr nsrk gS tks fu;kZr mRiknksa esa HkkSfrd
:i ls 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
z Mh,iQvkbZ, ;k 'kqYd eqÙkQ vk;kr çkf/dj.k% ;g mu
mRiknksa ds fy, fu;kZr ds ckn ds vk/kj ij tkjh fd;k
340
tkrk gS ftuds ekunaMksa dks vf/lwfpr fd;k x;k gSA fu;kZr
iwjk gksus ds ckn ;g çkf/dj.k dks LFkkukarfjr djrk gSA
z C;kt lekuhdj.k ;kstuk% 2015&20 ds chp 'kq: dh
xbZ_ bls Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ds ekè;e ls egkfuns'kd fons'k
O;kikj (Mhth,iQVh) }kjk dk;kZfUor fd;k tk jgk gSA ik=k
fu;kZrd C;kt lekuhdj.k dk ykHk mBk ldrs gSaA
z fu;kZr mUeq• bdkb;k¡ (bZvks;w)] lkWÝVos;j VsDuksykWth
ikdZ (,lVhih)] bysDVªkWfud gkMZos;j VsDuksykWth ikdZ
(bZ,pVhih)] ck;ksVsDuksykWth ikdZ (chVhih)% bu pkjksa
dk mís'; fu;kZr esa lq/kj djuk] fons'kh eqæk vk; esa o`f¼
djuk] fuos'k vkdf"kZr djuk vkSj jkstxkj iSnk djuk gSA
z fof'k"V Ñf"k mRiknksa ds fy, Vh,e, ;k ifjogu vkSj
foi.ku lgk;rk ;kstuk% fof'k"V Ñf"k mRiknksa ds fu;kZr
ds fy, mPp ifjogu ykxr dks de djus ds fy, 2019
esa 'kq: dh xbZA fof'k"V fons'kh cktkjksa esa Hkkjrh; Ñf"k
mRiknksa ds czkaMksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, HkhA
z fu;kZr ;kstukvksa ds fy, TIES ;k O;kikj volajpuk%
bldk mís'; jkT;ksa ls fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, fu;kZr
volajpuk fodflr djus esa dsaæh; vkSj jkT; ,tsafl;ksa dh
lgk;rk djuk gSA vuqnku lgk;rk ds :i esa foÙkh; lgk;rk
çnku dh tkrh gSA
f}i{kh; fuos'k laf/ vkSj chvkbZih,
z 1991 ds lq/kjksa dk ,d mís'; Hkkjr esa fons'kh fuos'k dks
vkdf"kZr djuk FkkA ml mís'; ds fy,_ Hkkjr us 83 f}
i{kh; fuos'k laf/;ksa (chvkbZVh) (2020 rd) ij gLrk{kj
fd, gSa vkSj bu chvkbZVh dks fofHkUu ns'kksa ds lkFk f}
i{kh; fuos'k lao/Zu vkSj laj{k.k le>kSrs (chvkbZih,)
dgk tkrk gSA
z bldk mís'; fons'kh fuos'k ds çokg vkSj cfgokZg dks
c<+kuk gSA os leku volj] xSj&HksnHkkoiw.kZ O;ogkj vkSj
fookn lek/ku ds fy, ,d Lora=k eap dk oknk djds
fuos'kdksa dk fo'okl c<+krs gSaA
z ljdkj us fuEufyf•r ij fiQj ls ckrphr djus ds fy,
2016 esa ,d u;k chvkbZVh ekWMy is'k fd;k%
 chvkbZih,
 O;kid vkfFkZd lg;ksx le>kSrs (lhbZlh,)A
 O;kid vkfFkZd lk>snkjh le>kSrs (lhbZih,)A
 eqÙkQ O;kikj le>kSrs (,iQVh,)
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
2016 fcV ekWMy dh fo'ks"krk,a gSa
z fuos'k dh ¶m|e vk/kfjr¸ ifjHkk"kk nsrk gSA
z fu;r çfØ;k ds ekè;e ls fuos'kdksa ds lkFk
xSj&HksnHkkoiw.kZ O;ogkjA
z jk"Vªh; mipkj ;kuh ?kjsyw vkSj fons'kh fuos'kdksa ds lkFk
leku O;ogkj vkSj vf/dkj] tcfd os ns'k esa fuosf'kr gSaA
z laifÙk gM+ius ds f•ykiQ laj{k.k ;kuh jkT; ;k dksbZ
vU; çkf/dj.k fliQZ lkoZtfud mi;ksx ds fy, ,d futh
laifÙk ugha ys ldrk gSA
z ,d ifj"Ñr fuos'kd jkT; fookn fuiVku
(vkbZ,lMh,l) çko/kuA varjjk"Vªh; eè;LFkrk ds fy,
tkus ls igys fuos'kdksa dks igys LFkkuh; mik;ksa dk bLrseky
djuk gksxkA
z ISDS vdsys ekSfæd eqvkotk çnku djsxkA
z ljdkjh •jhn] djk/ku] lfClMh] vfuok;Z ykblsal vkSj
jk"Vªh; lqj{kk (ljdkj ds fu;ked çkf/dj.k dks lajf{kr
djus ds fy,) tSls ekeys 'kkfey ugha gSa A
{ks=kh; O;kikj le>kSrs
z ;s O;kikj le>kSrs gSa ftudk mís'; iM+kslh ns'kksa ds lkFk
vkfFkZd laca/ksa dks xgjk djuk gSA
z os cM+s iSekus ij çÑfr esa jktuhfrd gSa vkSj oSf'od O;kikj
esa egRoiw.kZ gks x, gSa D;ksafd fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds rgr
cgqi{kh; okrkZ,a cgqr /heh FkhaA
z os fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds vkns'kksa dk O;kid :i ls
vuqikyu djrs gSa vkSj cgqi{kh; O;oLFkkvksa ds leFkZd
cus jgrs gSa_ ysfdu vHkh Hkh dsoy nwljs&loZJs"B lek/
ku gSaA
z os xSj&lnL;ksa ds fy, HksnHkkoiw.kZ gSa vkSj de n{krk j•rs
gSa D;ksafd ,sls lnL; tks egaxs mRiknksa dk mRiknu djrs gSa
os gkj tkrs gSaA
z f}i{kh; vkjVh, (;kuh nks ns'kksa ds chp) cgqi{kh; vkjVh,
(vkjlhbZih] Vhihih vkfn) ls vf/d U;k;laxr gSaA ,slk
blfy, gS D;ksafd NksVs@xjhc ns'k gkj tkrs gSa pkgs os vkjVh,
esa gksa ;k ughaA
 NksVs@xjhc ns'k cM+s vkSj vehj ns'kksa dh mRikndrk dh
cjkcjh ugha dj ldrsA bl çdkj ;fn os vkjVh, ds
lnL; gSa_ muds cktkj lLrs lkekuksa ls Hkj tk,axs vkSj
blfy, ?kjsyw m|ksx dks uqdlku gksxkA
v v v
cká {ks{ks==kk
cká
 vxj os vkjVh, esa ugha gSa_ os cM+s ns'kksa dks fu;kZr djus
ds voljksa ls pwd tk,axsA
z Hkkjr vkjVh, dk leFkZd jgk gSA 2020 ds eè; rd_ ge
dqy 16 vkjVh, dk fgLlk Fks ftuesa 'kkfey Fks%
 10 eqÙkQ O;kikj le>kSrsA
 6 vf/ekuh O;kikj le>kSrsA
z cnyrs oSf'od O;kikj #>kuksa esa_ Hkkjr cgqi{kh; O;kikj
laca/ksa dks c<+kok nsus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gS ysfdu f}i{kh;
vkSj {ks=kh; voljksa dks Hkh ugha NksM+ jgk gSA
z Hkkjr us 2020 esa {ks=kh; O;kid vkfFkZd Hkkxhnkjh
(RCEP) ls ckgj gksus dk fodYi pqukA
z ;g vkjVh, Fkk ftl ij 2013 ls 16 ns'kksa ds chp ckrphr
py jgh Fkh& 10 vkfl;ku lnL;] phu] tkiku] nf{k.k
dksfj;k] vkWLVªsfy;k] U;wthySaM vkSj HkkjrA
z Hkkjr us fuEufyf•r dkj.kksa ls 'kkfey ugha gksuk pquk%
 vf/dka'k vkjlhbZih lnL;ksa ds lkFk O;kikj dk çfrdwy
larqyuA
 phuh mifLFkfr Hkkjr ds ?kjsyw m|ksx dks uqdlku igqapk
ldrh gSA gekjs ikl muds lkFk igys ls gh ,d cM+k
?kkVk gSA
 Hkkjr vk;kr 'kqYd yxkus ds fy, ,d ¶vkWVks&fVªxj
ra=k¸ dh ekax dj jgk Fkk tc vk;kr ,d lhek ls
vf/d gks x;k FkkA
 ¶vksfjftu ds fu;e¸ ij vlgefrA
 ?kjsyw m|ksxksa tSls LVhy] Ms;jh vkfn dk laj{k.kA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. fuEufyf•r ns'kksa ij fopkj dhft;s (2018)
1- vkWLVªsfy;k
2- dukMk
3- phu
4- Hkkjr
5- tkiku
6- ;w,l,
mijksÙkQ esa ls dkSu ls vkfl;ku 'eqÙkQ&O;kikj Hkkxhnkjksa'
esa ls gSa\
(a) 1] 2] 4 vkSj 5
(b) 3] 4] 5 vkSj 6
(c) 1] 3] 4 vkSj 5
(d) 2] 3] 4 vkSj 6
341
 19 fofue; nj iz.kkyh
fofue; njksa dh vo/kj.kk
z fdlh Hkh laçHkq ns'k ds dsaæh; cSad }kjk fdlh vU; fons'kh
eqæk ds f•ykiQ viuh eqæk dh dk;Z'khy fofue; nj
LFkkfir djus ds fy, ,d fofue; nj O;oLFkk viukbZ
tkrh gSA
z blh çdkj Hkkjr esa fofue; nj O;oLFkk Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad
}kjk doj dh tkrh gS ftls cSadksa dk cSad Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
z tSlk fd ,d oS'ohÑr nqfu;k esa çR;sd ns'k nwljs ns'k dks
çHkkfor djrk gS] bldh fofue; nj çca/u ç.kkyh nwljksa
ds lkis{k viuh eqæk dh xfr dh fuxjkuh djrh gSA
Hkkjr esa fofue; nj çca/u ds mís';
z ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd ns'k ds cqfu;knh vkfFkZd
ewy rRo eqæk ds ckgjh ewY; dks lVhd :i ls çfrfcafcr
dj jgs gSaA
z fofue; nj vfLFkjrk dks de djus ds fy,A
z fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dk mfpr Lrj cuk, j•rs gq, ckgjh
>Vdksa ds çfr yphyk gksukA
Hkkjr dh fofue; nj ds fu/kZjd
z eqækLiQhfr% eqækLiQhfr ds varj bl ckr dk vk/kj gSa fd
vyx&vyx eqækvksa dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ vyx&vyx D;ksa gksrh
gS vkSj bl çdkj eqæk dh njsa vyx&vyx gksrh gSaA
z C;kt nj% ;fn fdlh ns'k dh C;kt nj cgqr yacs le;
rd Åaph jgrh gS rks eqækLiQhfr c<+uk 'kq: gks ldrh gS
ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i eqæk dk voewY;u gks ldrk gSA
z lkoZtfud ½.k% ;fn ljdkjh xgjkbZ dk Lrj vkfFkZd
fodkl ls vkxs fudy tkrk gS rks ;g eqækLiQhfr dks c<+k
ldrk gS vkSj lkFk gh fons'kh fuos'k dks jksd ldrk gSA ;g
lap;h dkjd eqæk ds voewY;u dh vksj tkrk gSA
z jktuhfrd fLFkjrk% ;fn dksbZ ns'k fLFkj gS rks ;g fons'kh
fuos'k dks vkdf"kZr djrk gS tks eqæk dh ljkguk djus esa
enn djrk gS blh rjg vfLFkjrk ewY;ßkl iSnk djrh gSA
z O;kikj larqyu% ;fn fdlh ns'k dk O;kikj larqyu
ldkjkRed gS rks bldk rkRi;Z gS fd bldk fu;kZr blds
vk;kr ls vf/d gS] ml fLFkfr esa] fons'kh eqæk dk 'kq¼
çokg gksrk gS tks LFkkuh; eqæk fofue; nj dh ljkguk
djrk gSA
z fo'okl ;k lêðk% ;g fofue; nj dks Hkh çHkkfor dj
ldrk gSA
Hkkjr esa fofue; nj 'kklu
ÝyksfVax ;k ÝysfDlcy ,Dlpsat jsV
z ;g ,d cktkj&fu/kZfjr fofue; nj gS ftlesa fons'kh
eqæk cktkj vU; eqækvksa ds laca/ esa vkiwfrZ vkSj ekax ds
vk/kj ij ns'kksa dh eqæk dk ewY; fu/kZfjr djrk gSA
z fuf'pr fofue; njksa okyh eqækvksa ds foijhr ÝyksfVax
fofue; njksa okyh eqækvksa dk fcuk fdlh çfrca/ ds
dkjksckj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z gkykafd ÝyksfVax fofue; nj iwjh rjg ls ljdkj vkSj dsaæh;
cSadksa }kjk fu/kZfjr ugha dh tkrh gS] dsaæh; cSad oSf'od
O;kikj ds fy, eqæk dks fLFkj j•us ds fy, gLr{ksi dj
ldrs gSaA
ÝyksfVax fofue; nj ds ykHk
z Hkqxrku larqyu esa fLFkjrk mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn ?kkVk
gksrk gS] rks ns'kksa dks lLrk fu;kZr djus ds fy, eqæk dk
ewY;ßkl djuk iM+sxk] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i gkfy;k ekax
vkSj varr% Hkqxrku larqyu esa lkE; gks tkrk gSAA
z fons'kh eqæk çfrcaf/r ugha gS% ;kuh ÝyksfVax fofue; nj
eqækvksa esa xSj çfrcaf/r O;kikjA
z cktkj n{krk c<+rh gS% D;ksafd ns'k ds eSØksbdksukWfed
iQaMkesaVy oSf'od cktkj esa ÝyksfVax fofue; nj dks
çHkkfor djrs gSaA
z cM+s fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha%
D;ksafd fofue; nj dk cpko djus dh dksbZ vko';drk
ugha gSA
ÝyksfVax ,Dlpsat jsV dh lhek,a
z fofue; nj dh vfLFkjrk dk tksf•e% pwafd njsa cktkj
}kjk fu/kZfjr gksrh gSaA
z çfrcaf/r vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj iquçkZfIr mnkgj.k ds fy,
;fn MkWyj ;wjks ds eqdkcys c<+rk gS rks vesfjdk ls ;wjkstksu
dks fu;kZr djuk vf/d dfBu gksxkA
fiQDLM ;k isXM ,Dlpsat jsV
z bl ç.kkyh esa ljdkj ;k dsaæh; cSad fofue; nj fu/kZfjr
djus esa gLr{ksi dj ldrs gSa tgka bldh ?kjsyw eqæk dk
ewY; lksus ;k fdlh vU; çkFkfed eqæk tSls ;wjks] ;w,l
MkWyj vkfn ls tqM+k gksrk gSA
z fuf'pr fofue; njksa ds lkFk ?kjsyw dsaæh; cSad ckdh nqfu;k
ls Lora=k :i ls ekSfæd uhfr dk lapkyu djus ds fy,
Lora=k ugha gS] blfy, lsaVªy cSad ds fy, ,d Lora=k
ekSfæd uhfr dk lapkyu djus ds fy, dksbZ txg ugha gSA
z bl çdkj ,d fuf'pr fofue; nj ds rgr] ,d eqæk dh
dher nwljh eqæk ds lanHkZ esa r; gksrh gS] vFkkZr yksx ,d
ns'k dh eqæk dh mruh gh bdkb;ksa dk nwljs ns'k dh eqæk
ds fy, fofue; dj ldrs gSaA
fuf'pr fofue; nj O;oLFkk ds ykHk
z ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd ?kjsyw eqæk iwoZ fu/kZfjr Lrj ls
vf/d vf/ewfY;r ;k ewY;ßkl ugha djrh gS] bl çdkj
;g ?kjsyw eqæk dh fofue; nj esa fLFkjrk çnku djrh gSA
z ,d fLFkj vkfFkZd <kapk çnku djus ds fy, lêðksa dks lhfer
djus ds fy, fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa bl ç.kkyh dk
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
fuf'pr fofue; nj O;oLFkk dh lhek,a
z pwafd ?kjsyw eqæk vFkZO;oLFkk ds okLrfod ewY; dk
çfrfuf/Ro ugha djrh gS blfy, fons'kh fuos'k de gks
ldrk gS D;ksafd fuos'kd vFkZO;oLFkk esa viuk fo'okl
•ks nsrs gSaA
z ;g vkf/dkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd njksa ds chp varj ds
dkj.k fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj esa deh dk dkj.k cu ldrk gSA
z ;g vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, vko';d C;kt nj dks fu;af=kr
djus dh xqatkb'k dks lhfer djrk gSA
 fVªfiQu nqfo/k% jkWcVZ fVªfiQu us nkok fd;k fd ;g
ç.kkyh varr% èoLr gks tk,xh D;ksafd lksuk ,d
ifjfer oLrq gS vkSj bldh dher esa o`f¼ tkjh jgsxhA
fofue; nj
fofue; nj iziz..kkyh
kkyh
z uksV% 1971% la;Ùq kQ jkT; vesfjdk ds jk"Vªifr jkWcVZ fuDlu us
eq[; :i ls czVs u oqMl ~ xksYM dUofVZfcfyVh flLVe ls gkFk
•hap fy, D;ksfa d og 'khr ;q¼ dks foÙkiksf"kr djus ds fy,
vf/d MkWyj Nkius dh Lora=krk pkgrs FksA
çcaf/r ÝyksfVax fofue; nj
z ;g ,d ,slh ç.kkyh gS tgka eqækvksa esa nSfud
vk/kj ij mrkj&p<+ko gksrk gS ysfdu ljdkj lfgr lsaVªy
cSad tSls fu;ked çkf/dj.k viuh eqæk ds ewY; dks
fu;af=kr vkSj fLFkj djus ds fy, fons'kh eqæk cktkj esa
dne j• ldrs gSaA
z bl çdkj dh fofue; nj ç.kkyh dks dHkh&dHkh MVhZ ÝyksV
Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
z çcaf/r ÝyksfVax fofue; nj dk mís';
z dsaæh; cSadksa }kjk gLr{ksi ds ekè;e ls fofue; nj dh
vfLFkjrk dks de djukA
z fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dh i;kZIr ek=kk dks lajf{kr djus ds
fy,% mnkgj.k ds fy, Hkkjr us vFkZO;oLFkk dks yphyk
cukus ds fy, 1991 ds Hkqxrku larqyu ladV ls vuqHko
çkIr fd;kA
z fons'kh eqæk vkSj 'ks;j cktkj esa lêðk xfrfof/;ksa ij
vadq'k yxkukA
çcaf/r ÝyksfVax fofue; nj ds ykHk
z etcwr vkSj yphyh ekSfæd uhfr% lsaVªy cSad vius
foosdk/hu mik;ksa dk ç;ksx dj ldrk gS vkSj oSdfYid
:i ls ½.k vkSj vU; midj.kksa ds ekè;e ls rjyrk Mky
ldrk gS vkSj •hap ldrk gSA
z ;g ?kjsyw vFkZO;oLFkk dks 'kk;n gh çHkkfor djrk gS D;ksafd
;g Lo&lq/kj ds fy, cktkj dh rkdrksa dks mPp ek=kk esa
Lok;Ùkrk dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
çcaf/r ÝyksfVax fofue; nj dh lhek,a
z eqækvksa dk çfrLi/hZ voewY;u mnkgj.k ds fy, vU;
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds eqdkcys çfrLi/kZRed ykHk gkfly djus
ds fy, tkucw>dj voewY;uA
z bl ç.kkyh okys ns'kksa esa ,d detksj foÙkh; ç.kkyh gksrh
gS D;ksafd dsaæh; cSadksa vkSj ljdkj dks ctV dk elkSnk
rS;kj djrs le; lko/ku jguk iM+rk gS vkSj /hes {ks=k dks
çksRlkgu nsuk iM+rk gSA
343
Hkkjr esa fofue; nj O;oLFkk dk fodkl
o"kZ fofue; nj ç.kkyh dk çdkj
1947&71 z fofue; njsa leewY; ç.kkyh }kjk fu;af=kr gksrh FkhaA
z ikmaM LVfyZax dks ,d gLr{ksi eqæk ds :i esa pquk x;k Fkk tcfd Hkkjrh; #i;s dk ckgjh cjkcj ewY;
lksus ds HkaMkj ls tqM+k gqvk FkkA
1971 z czsVu oqM~l ç.kkyh dk VwVuk vc Hkkjrh; #i;k lh/s ikmaM LVfyZax ls tqM+k gqvk FkkA
1990&91 z Hkqxrku larqyu ladV dh vof/ Hkkjr ds ikl lhfer fons'kh eqæk cph Fkh] ftlds dkj.k rRdkyhu
foÙk ea=kh MkW- eueksgu flag us ,d ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr cukbZA
tqykbZ 1991 z vkadh xbZ@isXM ;k fuf'pr fofue; nj ç.kkyh dks gVkuk] vc fofue; njksa dks nks ckj uhps dh
vksj lek;ksftr fd;k x;k Fkk tks fd i;kZIr fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vko';d Fkk
tks ?kV jgk Fkk
ekpZ 1992 z ljdkj us cktkj dh rkdrksa dks fofue; nj r; djus nsus dk iQSlyk fd;k| bl laØe.k ç.kkyh dks
mnkjhÑr fofue; nj çca/u ç.kkyh ;k LERMS dgk tkrk gSA
ekpZ 1993 z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk lhfer gLr{ksi ds lkFk çpfyr cktkj njksa ls lh/s tqM+h gqbZ fofue; njA ;g
O;oLFkk vkt Hkh tkjh gSA

çHkkoh fofue; njksa dh vo/kj.kk okLrfod çHkkoh fofue; nj (vkjbZbZvkj)

z çHkkoh fofue; nj O;kikfjd Hkkxhnkjksa ls lacaf/r eqækvksa dh
,d Vksdjh ds fo#¼ ns'kh eqæk ds lapyu dk ladsrd gSA
z ;g çpfyr vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds vk/kj ij gekjh ekSfæd vkSj
foÙkh; uhfr;ksa dks fu/kZfjr djus ds fy, ,d ekxZn'kZd ds
:i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
lkadsfrd çHkkoh fofue; nj (uhj)
z ,ubZbZvkj gekjs O;kikfjd Hkkxhnkjksa ls lacaf/r eqækvksa dh
,d Vksdjh ds fo#¼ ?kjsyw eqæk dh fofue; nj dk ,d
xSj lek;ksftr Hkkfjr vkSlr gSA
z ;g okLro esa ,d fons'kh eqæk •jhnus ds fy, vko';d
LFkkuh; eqæk dh ek=kk gS] ;kuh ,ubZbZvkj fons'kh eqæk cktkj
esa varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij çfrLi/kZ djus ds fy, ,d ns'k
dh {kerk gSA
z uhj dks O;kikj&Hkkfjr eqæk lwpdkad ds :i esa Hkh tkuk
tkrk gSA
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad 6 vU; eqækvksa vkSj 40 O;kikfjd
Hkkxhnkjksa ds lkis{k #i;s ds ,ubZbZvkj dh x.kuk djrk gSA
z vk/kj o"kZ% 2015&16 dks ,ubZbZvkj lwpdkadksa ds fy,
u, vk/kj o"kZ ds :i esa pquk x;k gS D;ksafd Hkkjrh;
vFkZO;oLFkk esa lajpukRed ifjorZuksa ds dkj.k O;kid
vkfFkZd çn'kZu esa cnyko vk;k gSA
z ;g vU; egRoiw.kZ eqækvksa dh ,d Vksdjh ds laca/ esa fdlh
ns'k dh eqæk dk Hkkfjr vkSlr gSA
z Hkkj dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, çR;sd ns'k dh eqæk ds
lkis{k O;kikj larqyu dh rqyuk vU; lHkh ns'kksa dh eqæk
ls dh tkrh gSA
z vkjbZbZvkj ns'kksa dh eqæk ds ewY; dk ,d ladsrd gS tc
bls mlds eq[; O;kikfjd Hkkxhnkj dh eqækvksa ds Hkkfjr
vkSlr ds fo#¼ ekik tkrk gSA
z ;g vius O;kikfjd lk>snkj ds laca/ esa fdlh ns'k dh
oSf'od çfrLi/kZRedrk dks Hkh ekirk gSA
z tc fdlh ns'k dk vkjbZbZvkj c<+rk gS rks ;g n'kkZrk gS fd
mldk vk;kr vf/d fdiQk;rh gks jgk gS tcfd fu;kZr
egaxk gks jgk gSA
z vkjbZbZvkj esa çR;sd i<+us okys lkFkh ds Lons'k ds fy,
vkuqikfrd egRo dks lw=k esa Hkkfjr fd;k tkrk gS] bl
çdkj ;fn vkjbZbZvkj c<+ jgk gS rks ns'k viuh çfrLi/hZ
c<+r •ks jgk gSA
z uksV% tc ge ?kjsyw eqækLiQhfr dks è;ku esa j•rs gSa rks fdlh
ns'k dh lkadsfrd çHkkoh fofue; nj okLrfod çHkkoh
fofue; nj ds cjkcj gksrh gSA

344 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
uhj (NEER) vkSj jhj (REER) ds chp varj
jhj
z ;g ,d O;kikfjd Hkkxhnkj dh vU; çeq• eqækvksa dh
rqyuk esa eqæk ds eqækLiQhfr&lek;ksftr ewY; dks n'kkZrk gSA
z ;g eqækvksa ds fof'k"V eqækLiQhfr varjksa ds çHkko dks
lekIr djrk gS vkSj vdsys fofue; nj varj ij è;ku
dsafær djrk gSA
z ,ubZbZvkj ds vk/kj ij x.kukA
z vf/d lVhd mik; ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd bls eqækLiQhfr
ds fy, lek;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij
fopkj dhft;s% (2022)
1- lkadsfrd çHkkoh fofue; nj (,ubZbZvkj) esa o`f¼ #i;s
dh o`f¼ n'kkZrh gSA
2- okLrfod çHkkoh fofue; nj (vkjbZbZvkj) esa o`f¼
O;kikj çfrLi/kZ esa lq/kj dk ladsr nsrh gSA
3- vU; ns'kksa esa eqækLiQhfr dh rqyuk esa ?kjsyw eqækLiQhfr
esa c<+rh ço`fÙk ds dkj.k ,ubZbZvkj vkSj vkjbZbZvkj ds
chp fojks/ c<+us dh laHkkouk gSA
mijksÙkQ dFkuksa esa ls dkSu ls lgh gSa\
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
mnkjhÑr fofue; nj çca/u ç.kkyh
z nksgjh fofue; nj ds lkFk LERMS dks Jh jaxjktu lfefr
dh fliQkfj'k ds vk/kj ij ykxw fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj ;g 1
ekpZ] 1993 dks çHkko esa vk;kA
z ;g 'ks"k 40» ljdkjh nj ij ljsaMj djrs gq,] fu;kZrdksa
dks muds jktLo ;k dekbZ dk 60» cktkj njksa ij çkIr
djus nsrk gSA
z bl ;kstuk ds rgr vkjchvkbZ us vkf/dkfjd fofue; nj
ij fu;kZr vkSj çs"k.k dh vk; dk 40» •jhnkA
z ;g cktkj&fu/kZfjr fofue; nj ç.kkyh esa cnyus dh fn'kk
esa igyk dne Fkk] ;kuh Hkkjr us ,d fuf'pr ls nksgjh
fofue; nj ç.kkyh esa ifjorZu fd;kA
fofue; nj
fofue; nj iziz..kkyh
kkyh
uhj
z ;g vU; fons'kh eqækvksa dh rqyuk esa ?kjsyw eqæk ds lkis{k
ewY; dks n'kkZrk gSA
z blus ns'k vkSj mlds O;kikfjd lk>snkj ds chp eqækLiQhfr
dh njksa esa varj dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA
z eqækvksa dh ,d Vksdjh ds f•ykiQ x.kukA
z eqækLiQhfr ds varj ds dkj.k ;g lVhd eki çnku ugha
dj ldrk gSA
,ybZvkj,e,l dh fo'ks"krk,a
z #i;s dh fofue; nj iwjh rjg ls cktkj dh 'kfÙkQ }kjk
fu/kZfjr dh tk,xh tks fd ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ gS] blfy,
bls cktkj&fu/kZfjr fofue; nj ç.kkyh ds :i esa lanfHkZr
fd;k tkrk gSA
z ,uvkjvkbZ dks jsftMsaV iQkWjsu djsalh vdkmaV (vkj,iQlh,)
•ksyus esa l{ke cukrk gS] ftlesa os lHkh fons'kh eqæk,a tek
dh tk,axh tks os ns'k esa ykrs gSaA
z vkjchvkbZ dh gLr{ksi eqæk vesfjdh MkWyj cuh jgh ftls
og vius foosd ds vk/kj ij fofHkUu Mhyjksa dks •jhn
vkSj csp ldrk FkkA
fdlh eqæk ds voewY;u dh vo/kj.kk
z ;g fuf'pr fofue; nj 'kklu dk ,d ifj.kke gS tgka
,d dsaæh; cSad fofue; nj dks cuk, j•us ds fy, vU;
fons'kh eqækvksa ds laca/ esa ,d eqæk dk ewY; r; djrk
gS rkfd dsaæh; cSad viuh eqækvksa dks •jhn ;k csp ldsA
z bl çdkj tc ,d dsaæh; cSad viuh eqæk ds ewY; dks
de djrk gS rks bls ml fo'ks"k eqæk ds voewY;u ds :i
esa tkuk tkrk gSA
eqæk voewY;u dk dkj.k
z ;g ns'k ds fu;kZr dks c<+krk gS] O;kikj larqyu dk
leFkZu djrk gSA
z çfrLi/hZ voewY;u tgka ns'k vius fu;kZr dks vf/d
çfrLi/hZ cukrs gSa vkSj viuh eqæk dk voewY;u djrs gSaA
z ;g O;kikj ?kkVs dks Hkh de djrk gSA ;g vk;kr dh
dher c<+kdj fu;kZr dh ykxr dks de djrk gSA ifj.kke
fu;kZr esa o`f¼ vkSj vk;kr esa fxjkoV gSA urhtru] O;kikj
vlarqyu de gks tkrk gS vkSj Hkqxrku larqyu esa lq/kj
gksrk gSA
345
z laçHkq ½.k ds cks> dks de djus ds fy,A eku yhft,] ewY;ßkl dk çHkko
;fn ½.k Hkqxrku r; gks x, gSa] rks eqæk voewY;u ?kjsyw z gj ckj tc #i;s esa fxjkoV vkrh gS rks gesa MkWyj •jhnus
eqæk dks detksj dj nsxk vkSj varr% le; ds lkFk Hkqxrku ds fy, vf/d Hkkjrh; eqæk dk Hkqxrku djuk iM+rk gS]
dh ykxr de dj nsxkA vFkkZr fofue; nj c<+us ij gesa vf/d Hkkjrh; #i;s dks
cspuk iM+rk gSA
eqæk voewY;u ds uqdlku z ;g fons'kh fuos'kdksa dks Hkh nwj Hkxkrk gS
z eqækLiQhfr% vfrfjÙkQ rsy tSls vko';d vk;kr vf/d z vk;kr egaxk gks tkrk gS tks eqækLiQhfr dks vkSj c<+k nsxkA
egaxs gks tk,axs ftlls ekax tU; eqækLiQhfr c<+sxhA z ;g eqæk dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ dks de djrk gSA
z ;g fdlh ns'k dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ dks de djrk gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
z eqæk dk ckj&ckj voewY;u ?kjsyw vFkZO;oLFkk esa fo'okl
dks de dj ldrk gS D;ksafd fons'kh fuos'kdksa dh ljdkjh 1. Hkkjrh; #i;s dh fxjkoV dks jksdus ds fy, ljdkj@
½.k /kj.k djus esa de #fp gksxhA vkjchvkbZ }kjk fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk lcls laHkkfor
mik; ugha gS\ (2019)
z ;g mu dkWjiksjsV~l vkSj O;fÙkQ;ksa ij udkjkRed çHkko
Mkyrk gS ftuds ikl fons'kh eqæk esa dtZ gSA (a) xSj&vko';d oLrqvksa ds vk;kr ij vadq'k yxkuk
vkSj fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsukA
,d eqæk ds ewY;ßkl dh vo/kj.kk (b) Hkkjrh; m/kjdrkZvksa dks #i;s ds ewY;oxZ ds elkyk
ckaM tkjh djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djukA
z ewY;ßkl vo/kj.kk ÝyksfVax fofue; nj {ks=k ls tqM+h gS
(c) ckgjh okf.kfT;d m/kj ls lacaf/r 'krks± dks vklku
tks iwjh rjg ls cktkj dh rkdrksa ij vk/kfjr gSA
cukukA
z fons'kh eqækvksa ds laca/ esa ml eqæk dh ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ
(d) ,d foLrkfjr ekSfæd uhfr dks viukukA
ds vuqlkj nSfud vk/kj ij fdlh eqæk dh fofue; nj
esa ifjorZu ds dkj.k eqæk dk voewY;u ;k vf/ewY;u voewY;u cuke ewY;ßkl
gksrk gSA
z eqæk dk ewY;ßkl rc gksrk gS tc cktkj esa eqæk dh vkiwfrZ voewY;u ewY;ßkl
c<+ tkrh gS tc bldh ekax fxj tkrh gSA z ;g fons'kh eqæk ds z ;g cktkj dh rkdrksa ds
laca/ esa eqæk ds ewY; eqÙkQ •sy ds dkj.k fxjkoV
eqæk ewY;ßkl dks pykus okys dkjd esa ,d fu;ksftr deh gSA
z fu;kZr esa fxjkoV% ns'k ds dqy fu;kZr esa fxjkoV vkrh gS] gSA
ftlls fu;kZr jktLo esa fxjkoV vkrh gSA ekax esa deh ds z bldk mís'; fu;kZr z ewY;ßkl ds ifj.kkeLo:i
ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k dh eqæk dk ewY;ßkl gksrk gSA dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj pkyw •krk ?kkVk vkSj
z vk;kr esa mYys•uh; o`f¼% vk;kfrr oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa vk;kr dks de djuk jktdks"kh; ?kkVk gks ldrk gSA
dh ekax esa mYys•uh; o`f¼ ds ifj.kkeLo:i O;kikj ?kkVk gS
gks ldrk gSA pkyw •krk ?kkVk c<+us ls 'kq¼ eqæk cfgokZg z voewY;u dh ?kVuk z eqæk ewY;ßkl çcaf/r ;k
gks ldrk gS] tks fofue; nj dks detksj dj ldrk gS vkSj ,d fuf'pr fofue; ÝyksfVax fofue; nj O;oLFkk
eqæk ewY;ßkl dk dkj.k cu ldrk gSA nj 'kklu ls tqM+h gSA ls tqM+k gSA
z dsaæh; cSad dh ekSfæd uhfr gkWV euh ds cfgokZg dk z dHkh&dHkh] ljdkj z cktkj esa vkiwfrZ vkSj ekax
;k dsaæh; cSad dh 'kfÙkQ;ksa ds dkj.k eqæk
dkj.k cu ldrh gS] mnkgj.k ds fy,] fons'kh iksVZiQksfy;ks
tkucw>dj eqæk dk dk ewY;ßkl gksrk gSA
fuos'k] ;fn ;g viuh uhfrxr C;kt njksa dks de djrk
voewY;u djrs gSaA
gSA ifj.kkeLo:i ?kjsyw eqæk dk ewY; de gks ldrk gSA
z eqæk voewY;u ds z eqæk voewY;u ls vFkZO;oLFkk
z •qyk cktkj lapkyu% ?kjsyw eqæk dk voewY;u dsaæh; cSad
vYidkfyd çHkko yacs le; rd çHkkfor gks
}kjk fons'kh eqæk] lksuk vkSj vU; oLrqvksa dh •qys cktkj gksrs gSaA ldrh gSA
esa •jhn ds ifj.kkeLo:i gks ldrk gSA

346 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
eqæk vf/ewY;e dh vo/kj.kk z phu vU; ns'kksa dks ,vkbZvkbZch] fczDl cSad vkSj ;gka rd
fd ikaMk ckaM ds ekè;e ls cqfu;knh <kaps ds fuekZ.k ds
z vf/ewY;u dh vo/kj.kk ÝyksfVax ,Dlpsat jsV O;oLFkk
fy, ou csYV ou jksM bfuf'k,fVo (vkschvksvkj) ds fgLls
ls tqM+h gS tks iwjh rjg ls cktkj dh rkdrksa ij vk/kfjr gSA
ds :i esa ;qvku m/kj ns jgk gSA
z fons'kh eqækvksa ds laca/ esa ml eqæk dh ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ
ds vuqlkj nSfud vk/kj ij fdlh eqæk dh fofue; nj z Hkfo"; esa] tc vf/d ns'k ;qvku dks igpkuuk 'kq: djsaxs]
esa ifjorZu ds dkj.k eqæk dk voewY;u ;k vf/ewY;u rks phu dks Hkkstu] /krq] rsy vkSj felkby tSls lkeku
gksrk gSA •jhnus ds fy, MkWyj ij de fuHkZj gksus dh vko';drk
z fdlh eqæk dk vf/ewY;u rc gksrk gS tc cktkj esa eqæk gks ldrh gSA
dh vkiwfrZ ?kV tkrh gS tcfd mldh ekax c<+ tkrh gSA z bl ;qvku opZLo ds ifj.kkeLo:i la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk
vkSj Hkkjr dks j.kuhfrd dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+
vf/ewY;u dk çHkko ldrk gSA
z ;g fons'kh oLrqvksa dks vis{kkÑr lLrk vkSj ?kjsyw oLrqvksa
dks egaxk cukrk gSA vkjf{kr eqæk dk egRo
z ;g fons'kh cktkjksa esa eqæk dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ dks c<+krk gSA z ;fn dksbZ vkjf{kr eqæk j•rk gS rks ;g fofue; nj ls tqM+s
z fu;kZr dh ek=kk ?kVsxh ftlls ?kjsyw mRiknu dks uqdlku gksxkA tksf•e dks de djrk gS D;ksafd •jhnkjh djus okys ns'k
dks •jhnkjh djus ds fy, orZeku vkjf{kr eqæk ds fy,
ewY;ßkl cuke vf/ewY;u vkidh eqæk dk vknku&çnku ugha djuk gksxkA
ewY;ßkl vf/ewY;u z bl çdkj fons'kh jk"Vª la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk dh ekSfæd uhfr
z fu;kZr dks lLrk cukrk z fu;kZr dks egaxk cukrk gSA dh ckjhdh ls fuxjkuh djrs gSa rkfd ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k
gSA tk lds fd muds fjtoZ dk ewY; çfrdwy :i ls çHkkfor
z vk;kr dks egaxk cukrk z vk;kr dks lLrk cukrk gSA u gks D;ksafd vesfjdh MkWyj vU; ns'kksa }kjk mi;ksx dh
gSA tkus okyh çkFkfed eqæk jgh gSA
z eqæk dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ dks z eqæk dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ dks
de djrk gSA c<+krk gSA Xykscy fjtoZ djsalh ds :i esa vesfjdh MkWyj
z egaxkbZ dk dkj.k cu z ?kjsyw mRiknu dks uqdlkuA z f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds ckn ds vkfFkZd okrkoj.k esa tgka
ldrk gS la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk ,d çeq• vkfFkZd 'kfÙkQ FkkA
z bl çdkj 1944 esa czsVu oqM~l le>kSrs ds ckn 44 jk"Vªksa us
oSf'od vkjf{kr eqæk vkSipkfjd :i ls vesfjdh MkWyj dks vkf/dkfjd vkjf{kr
z vkjf{kr eqæk ,d ,slh eqæk gS tks dsaæh; cSadksa ;k vU; eqæk viukus ij lgefr O;ÙkQ dh] blds ckn vU; ns'kksa us
çeq• foÙkh; laLFkkuksa }kjk fuos'k ysunsu varjjk"Vªh; fyÝV Hkh MkWyj ds eqdkcys viuh fofue; nj r; dh tks rc
nkf;Roksa ds mís'; ls vkSj ?kjsyw fofue; nj dks çHkkfor lksus esa ifjorZuh; FkhA
djus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ ek=kk esa j•h tkrh gSA z pwafd vesfjdh MkWyj lksus ls okil vk x;k Fkk] ;g
z vkjf{kr eqæk dk mi;ksx varjjk"Vªh; ysunsu] varjkZ"Vªh; vis{kkÑr fLFkj Fkk vkSj blus vU; ns'kksa dks viuh eqækvksa
fuos'k vkSj oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk ds vU; igyqvksa esa fd;k dks fLFkj djus esa l{ke cuk;kA
tk ldrk gSA
z bls nqyZHk eqæk ;k lqyHk vkJ; eqæk Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA Mh&MkWyjkbts'ku dh orZeku ygj
;qvku oSf'od eqæk ds :i esa z ;g SWIFT }kjk LohÑfr vkSj cfg"dj.k ds ekè;e ls
z ;qvku dks 2015 esa ,lMhvkj eqæk ckLdsV esa 'kkfey fd;k O;kikj dks gfFk;kj cukus dk ,d ifj.kke gS] vesfjdk ns'kksa
x;k FkkA ;g fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk esa ;qvku ds mi;ksx dks dh vkfFkZd laçHkqrk esa ck/k Mky jgk gS] D;ksafd oSf'od
foLr`r djrk gSA O;kikj vHkh Hkh vesfjdh MkWyj ij fuHkZj gSA

fofue; nj
fofue; nj iziz..kkyh
kkyh 347
Mh&MkWyjhdj.k ds ç;kl%
z ;wØsu ladV ds ckn :l vkSj phu us igys gh fczDl laLFkk
ds ekè;e ls MkWyjdj.k dh çfØ;k 'kq: dj nh gSA
z :l us 2014 esa MkWyjhdj.k dh çfØ;k 'kq: dj nh Fkh tc
Øhfe;k ds foy; ds ckn ml ij çfrca/ yxk, x, FksA
z Hkkjr Hkh f}i{kh; okrkZvksa ds ekè;e ls ?kjsyw eqækvksa esa
O;kikj dh •kst dj jgk gS] tSls #i;k :cy O;kikj vkSj
#i;k fj;ky O;kikjA
eqæk iqueZwY;kadu dh vo/kj.kk
z ;g lksus ;k fdlh vU; fons'kh eqæk dh dher dh rqyuk
esa ns'k dh vkf/dkfjd fofue; nj esa Åij dh vksj
cnyko gSA
z fons'kh eqæk dh rqyuk esa ?kjsyw eqæk c<+rh gSA
z ;g ,d fuf'pr fofue; nj 'kklu dk fgLlk gS ftlesa
dsaæh; cSad }kjk fofue; nj fu/kZfjr dh tkrh gSA
iqueZwY;kadu dk dkj.k
z nks ns'kksa ds chp C;kt nj esa lkis{k ifjorZuA
z jktuhfrd fLFkfr esa vfLFkjrk Hkh cktkj dh fLFkjrk dks
çHkkfor dj ldrh gS tks iqueZwY;kadu dk dkj.k cu
ldrh gSA
z cktkj esa lêðk Hkh eqæk ds iqueZwY;kadu dk dkj.k cu
ldrk gSA
iqueZwY;kadu dk çHkko
z blls fdlh fo'ks"k ns'k ds fu;kZr esa deh vk ldrh gS
D;ksafd fu;kZr de çfrLi/hZ gks tkrk gSA
z vk;kr lLrk gksus ls O;kikj larqyu udkjkRed gks ldrk gSA
z lLrk vk;kr eqækLiQhfr dk dkj.k cu ldrk gSA
z ;g ml fo'ks"k eqæk esa fons'kh daifu;ksa }kjk /kfjr ifjlaifÙk
ds ewY; dks çHkkfor djrk gSA
eqæk ;q¼
z eqæk ;q¼ nks ;k nks ls vf/d jk"Vªksa dh uhfr;ksa ds ekè;e
ls eqæk dk gsjiQsj gS] ftuesa ls çR;sd viuh vFkZO;oLFkk
dks çksRlkfgr djus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gSA
z vf/drj eqæk ;q¼ dks uhfrxr fu.kZ;ksa }kjk fpfÉr fd;k
tkrk gS] ftldk mís'; çfrLi/hZ c<+r gkfly djus ds fy,
viuh eqæk dk voewY;u djuk gSA
z vU; ns'kksa dh dher ij fu;kZr çfrLi/kZRedrk c<+kdj
oSf'od cktkj esa vius fu;kZr dks vf/d vkd"kZd cukus
ds fy, ns'k viuh eqæk dk voewY;u djrs gSaA
348
z gkykafd voewY;u ds vuisf{kr ifj.kke gks ldrs gSa tks
eqækLiQhfr dh rjg Lor% gh ijkftr gks ldrs gSaA ;gka ml
ns'k dk miHkksÙkQk vk;kr ij Åaph dherksa dk Hkkj ogu
djrk gSA
eqæk ;q¼ dk udkjkRed çHkko
z mnkgj.k ds fy, czkthy us viuh eqæk dk voewY;u
djds viuh vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dks gy djus dk ç;kl
fd;k] ftlls vfr eqækLiQhfr mRiUu gqbZA
z eqæk voewY;u nh?kkZof/ esa mRikndrk dks de dj ldrk
gS D;ksafd iwathxr midj.kksa vkSj e'khujh dk vk;kr LFkkuh;
O;kikj ds fy, egaxk gks tkrk gSA
z eqæk ewY;ßkl dh fMxzh bPNk ls vf/d gks ldrh gS ftlls
eqækLiQhfr vkSj iwath cfgokZg gks ldrk gSA
z ;g eqæk dh vfLFkjrk dks c<+k ldrk gS ftlls daifu;ksa
ds fy, mPp gsftax ykxr vkSj fons'kh fuos'k esa nh?kZdkfyd
fxjkoV vk,xhA
z ;g vf/d laj{k.kokn vkSj O;kikj ck/kvksa dh ekax djrk
gS tks oSf'od O;kikj dks çHkkfor djsxkA
vkbZ,e,iQ fo'ks"k vkgj.k vf/dkj (,lMhvkj)
z czsVu oqM~l fofue; nj ç.kkyh ds foiQy gksus ds ckn]
IMF dks ,d çdkj ds ¶tek cSad¸ esa cny fn;k x;k]
tgka lnL; mUgsa lkSais x, dksVk ds vuqlkj eqæk tek djsaxs
(mudh vFkZO;oLFkk ds vkdkj] •qysiu vkfn ds vk/kj
ij)A
z mudh tek jkf'k ds fy,] IMF mUgsa ux.; C;kt nj çnku
djsxkA vkSj vkbZ,e,iQ bl udnh dks Hkqxrku larqyu ladV
dk lkeuk dj jgs lnL; dks m/kj nsxkA
z vkbZ,e,iQ bl ç.kkyh dks lapkyu esa ykus ds fy,
,lMhvkj&,d Ñf=ke eqæk vkSj ys•k bdkbZA lnL;ksa dks
mudh tek jkf'k ds vk/kj ij lkSaisxkA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ,lMhvkj dks "isij xksYM" ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS D;ksafd
blesa dksbZ okLrfod lksuk 'kkfey ugha gksrk gS_ ;g dsoy
,d ys•k çfof"V ;k Ñf=ke eqæk gSA
z ,lMhvkj dh dher 'kq: esa lksus dh ek=kk ds laca/ esa
r; dh xbZ FkhA
z ,lMhvkj eqæk ewY; dh x.kuk çfrfnu dh tkrh gS
(vkbZ,e,iQ dh Nqfêð;ksa dks NksM+dj ;k tc Hkh vkbZ,e,iQ
O;olk; ds fy, can gksrk gS) vkSj ewY;kadu Vksdjh dh
leh{kk dh tkrh gS vkSj gj ikap lky esa lek;ksftr dh
tkrh gSA
z eqækvksa dh ,lMhvkj Vksdjh esa vesfjdh MkWyj] ;wjks] tkikuh
;su] ikmaM LVfyZax vkSj phuh jWfUeUch (2016 esa 'kkfey)
'kkfey gSaA
dksVk ç.kkyh
z fdlh ns'k dk dksVk (vkbZ,e,iQ esa ;ksxnku dh xbZ jkf'k)
,lMhvkj esa vafdr gksrk gSA
z lnL;ksa ds dksVs dk mudh ernku 'kfÙkQ ij lh/k çHkko
iM+rk gSA
z IMF vius lnL;ksa dks muds orZeku IMF dksVk ds vuqlkj
lkekU; SDR vkoafVr djrk gSA
IMF esa Hkkjr dk dksVk
z 2016 esa] vkbZ,e,iQ dk dksVk vkSj ç'kklu lq/kj gq,A
z ftlds vuqlkj] phu dk ernku vf/dkj 3-8» ls 2-2»
c<+dj 6» gks x;k] tcfd Hkkjr dk ernku vf/dkj 2-3»
ls 0-3» c<+dj 2-6» gks x;kA
z orZeku esa] Hkkjr ds ikl ,lMhvkj dksVk dk 2-75» vkSj
vkbZ,e,iQ esa 2-63» oksV gSaA
z vkbZ,e,iQ esa lksus ds HkaMkj] fons'kh eqæk laifÙk vkSj fjtoZ Vªp
as
ds vykok ,lMhvkj Hkkjr ds fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj esa 'kkfey gSAa
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. gky gh esa] fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl eqæk dks IMF ds
SDR ckLdsV esa 'kkfey djus dk çLrko fd;k x;k gS\
 (2016)
(a) :cy
(b) jSaM
(c) Hkkjrh; #i;k
(d) jWfUeUch
v v v
fofue; nj
fofue; nj iziz..kkyh
kkyh
Ø; 'kfÙkQ lerk (ihihih) dh vo/kj.kk
z nks ns'kksa ds chp Ø; 'kfÙkQ lerk ,d ns'k dh eqæk dh ml
ek=kk dks ekirh gS tks fofHkUu ns'kksa esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa
dh ,d Vksdjh •jhnus ds fy, vko';d gSA
z Ø; 'kfÙkQ lerk ,d vkfFkZd fl¼kar gS tks fofHkUu ns'kksa
dh eqæk dh oLrqvksa dh ,d Vksdjh ls rqyuk djrk gSA
z ;g ,d lS¼kafrd fofue; nj gS tks fdlh O;fÙkQ dks
gj ns'k esa leku ek=kk esa lkeku vkSj lsok,a •jhnus dh
vuqefr nsrh gSA
z ljdkjh ,tsafl;ka fofHkUu fofue; nj dk mi;ksx djus okys
ns'kksa ds vkmViqV dh rqyuk djus ds fy, bldk mi;ksx
djrh gSaA
z tc fofue; njksa dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, oLrqvksa dh ,d
Vksdjh nksuksa ns'kksa esa leku dher dh gks rks dksbZ Hkh nks
eqæk larqyu ;k leewY; ij gksrh gSA
z vFkZ'kkL=kh nks ns'kksa dh vkfFkZd mRikndrk vkSj thou Lrj dh
rqyuk djus ds fy, Ø; 'kfÙkQ lerk dk mi;ksx djrs gSAa
Ø; 'kfÙkQ lerk vkSj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
z fofHkUu eqækvksa okys ns'kksa ds chp lkadsfrd thMhih dks
vf/d vklkuh ls rqyuh; la[;k esa cnyus ds lek;kstu
ds ç;kl ds dkj.k ihihih ewY; ds fy, thMhih dks
lek;ksftr fd;k x;kA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr lkadsfrd thMhih ds ekeys esa
ikapoha lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk gS] ;g ihihih ds ekeys
esa rhljh lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk gS] tks mPp Ø; 'kfÙkQ
dks n'kkZrk gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% (2019)
1- Ø; 'kfÙkQ lerk (ihihih) fofue; njksa dh x.kuk
dherksa dh rqyuk djds dh tkrh gS
2- fofHkUu ns'kksa esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh ,d gh Vksdjh
3- ihihih MkWyj ds ekeys esa Hkkjr nqfu;k dh NBh lcls
cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk gSA
mi;ZqÙkQ dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1
(b) dsoy 2
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
(d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2
349
 20 vk/kfjd lajpuk
z MkW- oh-ds-vkj-oh- jko dk rdZ gS fd ¶vk/kfjd lajpuk
vkSj fodkl ds chp laca/ ,d ckj dh ?kVuk ugha gSA
vxj gesa vkfFkZd fodkl dh ,d Lo&Rofjr çfØ;k ds
vius ?kksf"kr mís';ksa dks iwjk djuk gS] rks vk/kfjd lajpuk
dh çxfr fodkl ds igys] lkFk&lkFk vkSj ckn esa gksuh
pkfg,A¸
z vk/kfjd lajpuk dks fdlh laxBu] {ks=k ;k ns'k ds ewyHkwr
HkkSfrd <kaps ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ;g vDlj lkoZtfud
oLrqvksa ;k vkS|ksfxd xfrfof/;ksa ds fuekZ.k ls lacaf/r gksrk
gSA blds dqN mnkgj.k ifjogu] lapkj] xans ukys] ty vkSj
'kSf{kd cqfu;knh <kaps gSaA
z vk/kfjd lajpuk u dsoy fuokfl;ksa dks lkekftd vkSj
vkfFkZd leqnk; esa Hkkx ysus esa l{ke cukrk gS vkSj mUgsa Hkkstu
vkSj ty tSlh t:jrsa Hkh çnku djrk gS] cfYd lqfo/k,a]
midj.k] ;k led{k HkkSfrd laifÙk tSls iqy vkSj jktekxZ Hkh
çnku djrk gS tks ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSAa
z dksfoM ds ckn iqu#¼kj ds fy, vk/kfjd lajpuk fuos'k
egRoiw.kZ gSA tSlk fd foÙk ea=kh us ctV çLrqr djrs gq,
dgk fd ifjpkyu laifÙk;ksa ds cM+s iSekus ij futhdj.k
ds ekè;e ls fuos'k tqVkuk egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g 5 fVªfy;u
vesfjdh MkWyj dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds mís'; dks gkfly djus
esa enn dj ldrk gSA
z foÙk o"kZ 2022&23 ds fy, iwathxr O;; 7-5 yk•
djksM+ #i;s jgus dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k gSA iwathxr
ifjlaifÙk;ksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, lgk;rk vuqnku ds lkFk]
vxys o"kZ ds fy, çHkkoh iwathxr O;; dk ctV 10-67
yk• djksM+ #i;s gS] tks 2021&22 ds la'kksf/r vuqeku
8-40 yk• djksM+ #i;s ls 27 çfr'kr vf/d gSA
vk/kfjd lajpuk dk egRo
z vFkZO;oLFkk dk dq'ky lapkyu% vFkZO;oLFkk ds dq'ky
lapkyu ds fy, vk/kfjd lajpuk vR;f/d egRoiw.kZ gSA
;s fodkl ds ifg;s ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa ftlds fcuk
vFkZO;oLFkk lqpk: :i ls ugha py ik,xhA
z jkstxkj dk l`tu% jkstxkj ds volj l`ftr djus ds fy,
vk/kfjd lajpuk vfuok;Z gSA ;s Je dh mRikndrk] n{krk
vkSj xfr'khyrk esa o`f¼ djrs gSaA blds vfrfjÙkQ] fuos'k
esa o`f¼] m|ksx o`f¼ vkSj Ñf"k fodkl lHkh jkstxkj dh
laHkkoukvksa esa o`f¼ djrs gSaA
z Ñf"k dk fodkl% Ñf"k ds fodkl ds fy, flapkbZ] ½.k]
ifjogu] fctyh] foi.ku] çf'k{k.k vkSj f'k{kk dk foLrkj
vkSj fodkl egRoiw.kZ gSaA ;g vuqla/ku vkSj fodkl ds
fy, lqfo/kvksa ds fodkl ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gSA
z mRiknu esa o`f¼% ifjogu vkSj f'k{kk tSls vk/kfjd lajpuk
esa lq/kj ls mRiknu esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA vkfFkZd mRiknu
dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh dh mUufr
egRoiw.kZ gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ] vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy,
vuqla/ku vkSj fodkl vko';d gSaA
z m|ksx dk fodkl% midj.k vkSj e'khujh ds vykok] vkS|ksfxd
mRiknu ds fy, fuEufyf•r dh vko';drk gksrh gS_
z çca/u] cSafdax] chek vkSj ifjogu ds {ks=kksa esa lsok,a
vko';d gSaA vFkZO;oLFkk ds vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dh o`f¼ bu
dk;ks± vkSj vk/kfjd lajpuk ls lh/s çHkkfor gksxhA
z fuos'k dks çksRlkfgr djuk% c<+rs vkfFkZd fuos'k ds fy,
vk/kfjd lajpuk esa o`f¼ fuLlansg ,d iwokZis{kk gSA etcwr
vk/kfjd lajpuk okys os LFkku vkxs ds fuos'k dks"k dks
yqHkkus esa liQy gks ldrs gSaA
z lkekftd cnyko% lkekftd ifjorZu ykus ds fy, vk/
kfjd lajpuk Hkh ,d midj.k gSA tSls&tSls m|ksx] ifjogu
lajpuk vkSj f'k{kk esa mUufr gksxh] yksxksa ds n`f"Vdks.k
cnysaxsA blds vykok] foKku] çkS|ksfxdh vkSj 'kgjhdj.k
dks vkxs c<+kus ls vFkZO;oLFkk dh le> çHkkfor gksxhA
vk/kfjd lalajjpuk
vk/kfjd puk
z ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk foLrkj% ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh
o`f¼ vkSj vk/kfjd lajpuk ij •pZ dk vkil esa xgjk
laca/ gSA vè;;uksa ds vuqlkj]vk/kfjd lajpuk esa 1» dh
o`f¼ vDlj çfr O;fÙkQ thMhih esa 1» dh o`f¼ ds lkFk
lglac¼ gksrh gSA
z vfodflr {ks=kksa dk fodkl% vk/kfjd lajpuk dk ,d
vU; egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku vfodflr {ks=kksa dh mUufr vkSj
{ks=kh; vlekurkvksa dk mUewyu gSA fiNM+s {ks=kksa esa cqfu;knh
lqfo/kvksa dh deh ls ogka dk fodkl ckf/r gksxkA
vk/kfjd lajpuk ls lacaf/r eqís vkSj pqukSfr;ka
z fu;ked eatwjh esa lkekU; nsjh% Hkkjr esa] vf/dka'k vk/
kfjd lajpuk ifj;kstukvksa ds iwjk gksus esa nsj gksrh gSA ;g
T;knkrj ,d vçHkkoh fofu;ked okrkoj.k vkSj /heh
vuqeksnu çfØ;k ds dkj.k gksrk gSA vk/kfjd lajpuk
ifj;kstukvksa dks fofHkUu ljdkjh Lrjksa ls yxkrkj dbZ eatwjh
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z foÙkh; leL;k,a% pwafd vk/kfjd lajpuk ds fuekZ.k ds
fy, cgqr vf/d iwath dh vko';drk gksrh gS] blfy,
ogka rd igqapus ds fy, /u lcls cM+h ck/kvksa esa ls ,d
jgk gSA ,uih, c<+us ls cSadksa dks futh daifu;ksa dks iSlk
m/kj nsuk eqf'dy gks jgk gSA
z Hkwfe vf/xzg.k% bls ,d lajpukRed leL;k ekuk tk
ldrk gSA vU; ns'kksa dh rqyuk es]a Hkwfe vf/xzg.k vkSj eqdnes
dh leL;kvksa ds dkj.k ifj;kstuk dk;kZUo;u dh xfr vR;ar
/heh gSA Hkwfe igqp a ] i;kZoj.k eatjw h] vkSj yafcr dkuwuh
fooknksa tSls vU; {ks=kksa esa vuqeksnu çkIr djus esa dfBukbZ ds
dkj.k vk/kfjd lajpuk ifj;kstukvksa esa Hkh nsjh gks jgh gSA
z jkT;ksa ds fy, de fuf/% 15osa foÙk vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ
dh fliQkfj'k ds vuqlkj] dsaæ ls jkT;ksa dks dj fopyu
dk ÅèokZ/j fgLlk 42» ls ?kVdj 41» gks x;k gS] ftls
dsaæ ljdkj us Lohdkj dj fy;k FkkAblds vfrfjÙkQ gky
esa dsaæ ljdkj }kjk fofHkUu mís';ksa ds fy;s /u tqVkus gsrq
midjksa dk lgkjk fy;k x;k gS] tks jkT;ksa ds lkFk lk>k
fd;s tkus okys djksa ds foHkkT; iwy ds vkdkj dks LFkk;h
:i ls NksVk dj nsrk gSA
z tfVy i;kZoj.k eatwjh% i;kZoj.kh; lko/kfu;ksa vkSj fu;eksa
dh çÑfr tfVy gS vkSj ;s yxkrkj cnyrs jgrs gSaA ;g
Li"V gS fd csgrj 'kklu vk/kfjd lajpuk ifj;kstukvksa
esa yach nsjh dks de djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk,xkA
351
z futh m|eksa dh {kerk% Hkkjr esa vk/kfjd lajpuk
ifj;kstukvksa dk vkdkj vkSj tfVyrk c<+ jgh gSA bu
ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, vfrfjÙkQ ifj;kstuk çca/u {kerkvksa
dh vko';drk gS] tks fd vf/dka'k eè;e ls NksVs Hkkjrh;
m|eksa esa ugha gSA
vk/kfjd lajpuk fodkl ds fy, ljdkjh igysa
z Hkkjr ds 2022 rd fo'o Lrj ij rhljk lcls cM+k
fuekZ.k cktkj cuus dh laHkkouk gSA Hkkjr us ns'k esa lrr
fodkl lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, 2019 ls 2023 rd jk"Vªh;
volajpuk ikbiykbu (,uvkbZih) ds ekè;e ls vk/kfjd
lajpuk ifj;kstukvksa ij 1-4 fVªfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj •pZ
djus dh ;kstuk cukbZ gSA
z vçSy 2022 esa] vkB çeq• m|ksxksa dk la;qÙkQ lwpdkad
143-2 jgkA
z m|ksx vkSj vkarfjd O;kikj lao/Zu foHkkx (MhihvkbZvkbZVh)
ds vuqlkj] vçSy 2000&ekpZ 2022 ds chp fuekZ.k fodkl
{ks=k (Vkmuf'ki] vkokl] fufeZr volajpuk vkSj fuekZ.k
fodkl ifj;kstuk,a) vkSj fuekZ.k (vk/kfjd lajpuk)
xfrfof/;ksa esa ,iQMhvkbZ Øe'k% 26-20 fcfy;u vesfjdh
MkWyj vkSj 27-92 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj FksA
z dsaæh; ctV 2022&23 esa
 ljdkj us vk/kfjd lajpuk {ks=k dk foLrkj djus ds
fy, 10 yk• djksM+ #i;s (;w,l $ 130-57 fcfy;u)
vkoafVr djds vk/kfjd lajpuk {ks=k dks cM+s iSekus ij
c<+kok fn;k gSA
 ljdkj us Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktekxZ çkf/dj.k (,u,p,vkbZ)
dks 134]015 djksM+ #i;s (;w,l $ 17-24 fcfy;u)
vkoafVr fd,A
 ljdkj us lM+d ifjogu vkSj jktekxZ ea=kky; ds fy,
60]000 djksM+ #i;s (;w,l $ 7-72 fcfy;u) ds
ifjO;; dh ?kks"k.kk dhA
 ljdkj us vkokl vkSj 'kgjh ekeyksa ds ea=kky; dks 76]549
djksM+ #i;s (;w,l $ 9-85 fcfy;u) dh ?kks"k.kk dhA
 ljdkj us ns'k esa nwjlapkj volajpuk ds fuekZ.k vkSj
o`f¼ ds fy, nwjlapkj foHkkx dks 84]587 djksM+ #i;s
(;w,l $ 10-87 fcfy;u) vkoafVr fd,A
 vxys rhu o"kks± esa eYVhekWMy ykWftfLVd lqfo/kvksa
ds fy, 100 ih,e&xfr'kfÙkQ dkxkZs VfeZuy
fodflr fd, tk,axsA
352
z bafM;u pkSacj vkWiQ dkWelZ ds lg;ksx ls vfojy dalfYVax
vksihlh çkbosV fyfeVsM dh ,d fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] Hkkjrh;
jln cktkj 2025 rd 320 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj rd
igqapus dk vuqeku gSA
z twu 2022 esa] lM+d ifjogu vkSj jktekxZ ea=kh us fcgkj
ds iVuk vkSj gkthiqj esa 13]585 djksM+ #i;s (;w,l
$ 1-75 fcfy;u) dh 15 jk"Vªh; jktekxZ ifj;kstukvksa dk
mn~?kkVu fd;kA
z nf{k.kh {ks=kksa dh ekaxksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, fetksje
dh •koFkykaxrqbiqbZ&rqbpkoax ufn;ksa ij dbZ djksM+ #i;s
dh varnZs'kh; ugj ikjxeu ifj;kstuk dk fuekZ.k fd;k
tk,xkA
z 2024 rd] lM+d ifjogu vkSj jktekxZ ea=kky;
dk y{; çfrfnu 40 fdyksehVj dh nj ls 60]000
fdyksehVj fo'o Lrjh; jk"Vªh; jktekxks± dk fuekZ.k
djuk gSA
z Hkkjr us vxys nks o"kks± esa 15 yk• djksM+ #i;s (;w,l $
206 fcfy;u) ds lM+d fuekZ.k dk y{; j•k gSA
z diM+k {ks=k esa fo'o Lrjh; vk/kfjd lajpuk LFkkfir
djus vkSj rhu o"kks± esa lkr oL=k ikdZ LFkkfir djus
ds fy, esxk fuos'k oL=k ikdZ (fe=k) ;kstuk 'kq: dh
xbZ FkhA
vkxs dh jkg
z cgq&fgr/kjd n`f"Vdks.k
 15osa foÙk vk;ksx us dsaæ vkSj jkT;ksa ds jktdks"kh;
mÙkjnkf;Ro fo/kuksa dh iqu% tk¡p djus ds fy;s ,d
mPp vf/dkj çkIr varj&ljdkjh lewg ds xBu dh
fliQkfj'k dh gSA
 volajpuk foLrkj ;kstuk dh liQyrk dkiQh gn rd bl
ckr ij Hkh fuHkZj djsxh fd ikbiykbu ls tqMs+ vU; fgr/
kjd viuh visf{kr Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gq, i;kZIr ;ksxnku ns
jgs gSa ;k ughaA bu fgr/kjdksa esa jkT; ljdkjsa vkSj muds
lkoZtfud {ks=k rFkk futh {ks=k ds m|e 'kkfey gSAa
z foÙkh; lq/kj
 tc rd lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa dk çca/u jktusrkvksa
vkSj ukSdj'kkgksa ds çfr fu"Bkoku jgrk gS] rc rd
mudh O;kolkf;drk esa O;kIr deh cuh jgsxh vkSj
blds dkj.k ½.k forj.k esa foosdiw.kZ ekunaMksa dk
fØ;kUo;u Hkh çHkkfor gksxkA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
  ,sls esa ,d cSM cSad dh LFkkiuk ds ckjs esa ppkZ djus ls
igys cSafdax {ks=k esa O;kid lq/kjksa ds mfpr dk;kZUo;u
ij è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg;s] tSlk fd baæ/uq"k ;kstuk
ds rgr ifjdfYir gSA
z futh&lkoZtfud lk>snkjh% nwjlapkj vkSj ?kjsyw ukxfjd
mîó;u vkfn tSls dqN iw.kZ ljdkjh LokfeRo okys vk/
kfjd lajpuk {ks=kksa esa futh m|eksa dks vuqefr nsukA jk"Vªh;
volajpuk ikbiykbu ikap o"kZ ds fy, Hkkjr esa lkekftd
vkSj vkfFkZd vk/kfjr lajpuk ifj;kstukvksa dk ,d
lewg gS ftlesa 102 yk• djksM+ #i;s dh LohÑr jkf'k
gSA
z Hkwfe vf/xzg.k dkuwu rS;kj djuk% bl {ks=k dh çeq•
leL;kvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, lHkh fgr/kjdksa ls ijke'kZ
djus ds cknA
z tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj vkink çfrjks/% ;g lqfuf'pr
djus dh Li"V vko';drk gS fd lHkh ubZ vkSj ekStwnk
cqfu;knh <kapk ç.kkfy;ka tyok;q vkSj vkink çfrjks/h
gSaA
z oSf'od çfrLi/kZ esa lq/kj% fo'o vkfFkZd eap ds
oSf'od çfrLi/kZRedrk lwpdkad esa ifjyf{kr] Hkkjr dh
çfrLi/kZRedrk ds lanHkZ esa cqfu;knh <kapk ck/k ,d
çkFkfed ck/k gSA
z gfjr foÙkiks"k.k dks çksRlkfgr djuk% uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ
tSlh gfjr ifj;kstukvksa dk foÙkiks"k.k_ LoPN ifjogu (cM+s
iSekus ij @ lkoZtfud ifjogu lfgr)_ LFkk;h ty çca/u
vkSj ty iqupZØ.k_ vif'k"V ls ÅtkZ la;a=k_ ÅtkZ dq'ky
bekjrksa dks gfjr ½.k çfrHkwfr;ksa dks tkjh djds tqVkbZ xbZ
vk; ls foÙk iksf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z ifjlaifÙk eqæhdj.k dks iquthZfor djuk% ifjlaifÙk
eqæhdj.k dk çR;{k ykHk ;g gS fd ;g nh?kZdkfyd laLFkkxr
fuos'kdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, ,d l{ke okrkoj.k cukrk
gS vkSj futh {ks=k dks 'kkfey djrk gSA jk"Vªh; ifjlaifÙk
eqæhdj.k ikbiykbu ds rgr 0-88 yk• djksM+ #i;s
ds lkadsfrd ewY; okyh 15 » ifjlaifÙk;ksa dks pkyw
foÙk o"kZ esa ykxw djus dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ gSA
fu"d"kZ
z cqfu;knh <kapk ekSfyd midj.kksa vkSj ç.kkfy;ksa dk laxzg
gS tks ?kjksa vkSj O;olk;ksa ds fy, iwjs le; lqpk: :i
ls pyuk laHko cukrk gSA vkfFkZd fodkl vFkZO;oLFkk
vk/kfjd lalajjpuk
vk/kfjd puk
esa cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj nh?kZdkfyd HkkSfrd ifjlaifÙk;ksa ds
fuekZ.k ij cgqr vf/d fuHkZj djrk gSA Hkkjr dh çfrLi/hZ
{kerk dk nksgu djus dh {kerk ds fy, cqfu;knh <kaps ds
ckjs esa mfpr fu.kZ; ysuk vko';d gSA yksxksa] {ks=kksa vkSj
O;olk;ksa dh HkykbZ vkSj le`f¼ dk leFkZu djus ds
fy,] Hkkjr dks vkfFkZd] tulkaf[;dh;] jktdks"kh;
vkSj i;kZoj.kh; ifjorZuksa ds vuqdwy gksuk pkfg,A
cqfu;knh <kaps dk ^ntkZ* vkoafVr djus ds ykHk
tc fdlh Hkh {ks=k dks cqfu;knh <kaps dk ntkZ feyrk gS] rks
mlds m|fe;ksa dks dbZ ykHk feyrs gSa (tSls vkSj tc vf/
lwfpr gksrs gSa) tSls%
z ljdkjh ykHk% dj ykHk] de vk;kr 'kqYd] U;wure
ewY; ij lkoZtfud Hkwfe vkSj laifÙk dk iêðk] 'kh?kz
i;kZoj.k eatwjh] Lor% ,iQMhvkbZ vuqeksnu] vkfnA
z foÙk iks"k.k rd igqap% cqfu;knh <kaps ds ntZs ls
laLFkkxr ØsfMV rd vklku igqap Hkh lqfuf'pr gksxhA
z vkjchvkbZ cká okf.kfT;d m/kj ysus ij igqap vkSj
mPp lhek dks vklku cuk ldrk gSA lkFk gh ½.k nsus
ds ekunaMksa (ih,l,y)] ½.k iquxZBu vkfn esa <hy
ns ldrk gSA
z fo'o cSad vkSj vU; cgqi{kh; laLFkkuksa ls /u dh
vklku igqapA
z lsch cktkj ls /u tqVkus ds fy, REITs@InvITs
ekunaMksa esa NwV çnku dj ldrk gSA
z vkbZvkjMh,vkbZ vkSj ih,iQvkjMh, chek vkSj isa'ku
daifu;ksa dks volajpuk daifu;ksa vkfn esa U;wure jkf'k
fuos'k djus ds fy, ckè; dj ldrs gSaA
ÅtkZ volajpuk
z Hkkjr dh ÅtkZ •ir] tks tula[;k foLrkj vkSj 'kgjhdj.k]
fujarj vkS|ksxhdj.k] vkSj nqfu;k dh lcls rsth ls c<+rh
vFkZO;oLFkk ds :i esa bldh jSafdax ds dkj.k 2000
ds ckn ls nksxquh ls vf/d gks xbZ gS] tks vkus okys
o"kks± esa egRoiw.kZ :i ls c<+sxhA
z vr% ÅtkZ vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrs gq, tula[;k dh
ÅtkZ vko';drkvksa vkSj 8» vkfFkZd fodkl y{; nksuksa
dks iwjk djuk csgn eqf'dy gSA blds fy, ?kjsyw fofuekZ.k
dks c<+krs gq, ÅtkZ n{krk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, yxkrkj
ç;kl djus dh vko';drk gSA
353

v{k;] 18-17
gkbMªks] 13-52
dks;yk] 58-42
ijek.kq] 2-05
Mhty] 0-25
çkÑfrd xSl] 7-60
uksV% lzksrksa dk fgLlk çfr'kr esa gS
MsVk@rF;
z Hkkjrh; ÅtkZ vkmVyqd fjiksVZ 2021 ds vuqlkj & Hkkjr
rhljk lcls cM+k ÅtkZ •ir okyk ns'k gSA
z çfr O;fÙkQ fctyh dh •ir tks 1947 esa dsoy 16-3
;wfuV Fkh] 2019&20 esa c<+dj 1208 ;wfuV gks xbZA
z o"kZ 2020&21 ds nkSjku dSfIVo la;a=kksa lfgr dqy mRikfnr
fctyh 15-73 yk• xhxkokV ?kaVk Fkh] tcfd o"kZ 2019&20
ds nkSjku 16-23 yk• xhxkokV ?kaVk FkhA
z Hkkjr esa 80 xhxkokV uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ gS] tks bldh
dqy LFkkfir {kerk dk yxHkx 20» gSA
z fo|qr {ks=k es]a vf•y Hkkjrh; LFkkfir fo|qr {kerk yxHkx 334
xhxkokWV gS] ftlesa 62 xhxkokWV uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ 'kkfey gSA
z MCY;wbZ,iQ ds ÅtkZ laØe.k lwpdkad esa Hkkjr us viuh jSad
esa lq/kj dj 76 oka LFkku çkIr fd;k gSA
ÅtkZ {ks=k esa leL;k,a
z vçSy 2022 esa] ns'k dh fctyh dh •ir o"kZ nj o"kZ
13-6» c<+dj 132-98 fcfy;u ;wfuV gks xbZ] tks
dksfoM&19 ds ckn ds vkfFkZd mNky] xfeZ;ksa dh 'kq#vkr]
vkfn ds dkj.k gqbZ_
z Hkkjr dk dks;yk HkaMkj nqfu;k esa ikaposa LFkku ij gSA fo|qr
foLrkj ds fy, cM+s iSekus ij ;kstuk,a gSa ftuds fy, bZa/u
ds :i esa dks;ys dh vko';drk gksrh gSA gkykafd] dks;ys
ds fy, dksbZ fu;ked ugha gSA
z pwafd ufn;ka jkT; dh lhekvksa ls xqtjrh gSa] Hkkjr dh
dkuwuh vkSj laoS/kfud ç.kkfy;k¡ yacs le; ls unh ds çokg
dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, çHkkoh vkSj U;k;laxr rduhd
354
fodflr djus ls tqM+h jgh gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i] tyfo|qr
la;a=kksa esa vDlj ty dh deh gks tkrh gSA varjjkT;h;
fooknksa ls jkT;ksa ds chp vf/'ks"k 'kfÙkQ dk gLrkarj.k
vR;f/d ckf/r gksrk gSA
z egRoiw.kZ oSf'od çxfr ds ckotwn] cqfu;knh flfydkWu
eksuks&fØLVykbu lkSj lsy ds mRiknu esa Hkkjr oSf'od
xfr ds lkFk pyus esa l{ke ugha jgk gSA Hkkjr vc lkSj
iQksVksoksfYVd (ihoh) lsy mRiknu ds ekeys esa tkiku] phu
vkSj vesfjdk tSls ns'kksa ls dkiQh ihNs gS vkSj lkSj rkih;
ç.kkfy;ksa ds ekeys esa ukSosa LFkku ij gSA
uhfr;ksa esa leL;k,a] mnkgj.k ds fy, 2003 ds fo|qr
z
vf/fu;e vkSj jk"Vªh; fo|qr uhfr tSls eSØks&Lrjh;
fofu;eksa vkSj bZa/u ykxr ikl&Fkzw] esxk&ikoj uhfr
vkSj çfrLi/hZ cksyh vko';drkvksa dks fu;af=kr djus
okys lw{e&Lrjh; fofu;eksa ds chp folaxfr;ka ekStwn
gSaA
vkxs dh jkg
z dks;yk {ks=k esa lq/kjksa ds laca/ esa Vh,y 'kadj lfefr }
kjk çLrkfor ,d dks;yk fu;ked çkf/dj.k cuk;k
x;k gSA rFkkfi] dks;yk fofu;ked çkf/dj.k vHkh rd
vke turk dk è;ku ugha •hp ik;k gS vkSj blfy, fo|qr
la;a=kksa dh çHkko'khyrk dh xkjaVh nsuk le; dh ekax gSA
z ;fn bZa/u vkoaVu dh leh{kk dh xbZ vkSj dq'ky
bdkb;ksa dks çkFkfedrk nh xbZ rks Hkkjr] gekjh okf"kZd
vko';drk ds 6» rd dks;ys dh ekax de dj ldrk
gS vkSj ¶cjlkr ds fnu¸ ds fy, vf/d dks;ys dh cpr
dj ldrk gSA
z fMLdkWe dks cqf¼eku rjhds ls ekax dks fu;af=kr djus ds
fy, vko';d midj.k fn;k tk,A rhoz ekax dks de
fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj le;&le; ij ewY; fu/kZj.k
dks ykxw djus vkSj dq'ky miHkksx dh vknrksa dks çksRlkfgr
djus ls cktkj esa HkxnM+ ls cpk tk ldrk gSA
z iwjs ÅtkZ {ks=k dh vkiwfrZ J`a•yk esa Hkqxrku vuq'kklu
LFkkfir djus vkSj ,d çeq• ladsrd ds :i esa ykxr
olwyh dks cuk, j•us ds fy,] LekVZ ehVj dh 'kq:vkr]
usVodZ fodkl vkSj fu;kedksa ds l'kfÙkQdj.k tSlh
fujarj xfrfof/;ka vko';d gSaA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
ljdkj dh igysa
z jk"Vªh; volajpuk ikbiykbu] Hkkjr ljdkj us foÙkh;
o"kZ 2019&25 ds fy, 111 yk• djksM+ #i;s (;w,l $
1-4 fVªfy;u) vkoafVr fd, gSaA foÙkh; o"kZ 2019&25 esa]
ÅtkZ m|ksx dks iwathxr O;; dk 24» ;ksxnku djus dk
vuqeku gSA
z ikap u, Iyx&,aM&Iys vYVªk&esxk ikoj IykaV (;w,eihih)
ftudk fuekZ.k Hkkjr ljdkj djus dk çLrko djrh gS]
muesa ls çR;sd dh ykxr yxHkx 1 yk• djksM+ #i;s gksxh
(;w,eihih 4]000 esxkokV {kerk okyk ,d FkeZy
lapkfyr dks;yk la;a=k gS)A
z vksfM'kk ljdkj }kjk viuk, x, lkoZtfud&futh
Hkkxhnkjh (ihihih) ekWMy dks 6]500 djksM+ #i;s (;w,l
$ 1 fcfy;u) dh vuqekfur ykxr ds fy, 1]000 esxkokV
lkSj ÅtkZ ikdZ ds fuekZ.k dk vuqeku gSA
lM+d volajpuk
z 5-89 fefy;u fdyksehVj dh dqy yackbZ ds lkFk] Hkkjr
esa nqfu;k dk nwljk lcls cM+k lM+d usVodZ (fdeh) gSA
Hkkjr ds dqy ;k=kh ;krk;kr dk 90» ns'k ds lM+d usVodZ
ij vkokxeu djrk gS] tks ns'k esa lHkh oLrqvksa dk 64-5»
ifjogu djrk gSA tSls&tSls ns'k ds 'kgj] dLcs vkSj xkao
vf/d tqM+ jgs gSa] le; ds lkFk lM+d ;k=kk /hjs&/hjs
c<+h gSA
ctV 2022&23 vkSj lM+d {ks=k dh çeq• fo'ks"krk,a
z dsaæh; ctV 2023 esa lM+d ifjogu vkSj jktekxZ
ea=kky; ds fy, vkoaVu esa 68» dh o`f¼ gqbZ gS] blds
fy, `1]99]107-71 djksM+ çLrkfor gqvk gSA
 ;g 2022&2023 esa 25]000 fdyksehVj rd jk"Vªh;
jktekxZ usVodZ ds foLrkj ds fy, fu/kZfjr cM+s
y{; ds vuq:i gSA
z lM+d ifj;kstukvksa ds foÙk iks"k.k ds fy,] ljdkj
lkoZtfud foÙkiks"k.k ds iwjd ds fy, vfHkuo
foÙkiks"k.k ds ekè;e ls `20]000 djksM+ Hkh tqVk,xhA
ljdkj ns'k Hkj esa 35 eYVh&eksMy ykWftfLVDl ikdks± dh
;kstuk cuk jgh gS] ftuesa ls pkj dks vxys foÙkh; o"kZ esa
iqjLÑr fd;k tk,xkA
vk/kfjd lalajjpuk
vk/kfjd puk
z ç/kuea=kh xfr 'kfÙkQ dk;ZØe& ;g cqfu;knh <kaps ds
fodkl ds fy, ea=kky;ksa vkSj jkT;ksa esa lefUor ;kstuk
dh ifjdYiuk djrk gS tks ctV ds pkj çeq• LraHkksa esa
ls ,d gSA
Hkkjr esa lM+d {ks=k dk egRo
z lkekftd laidZ% LokLF; ns•Hkky vkSj f'k{kk tSlh
cqfu;knh lqfo/kvksa ds fy, nwjLFk LFkkuksa ls 'kgjh {ks=kksa rd
vf/d igqapA
z vkfFkZd laidZ% lM+d volajpuk esa fuos'k c<+us ls
vkfFkZd fodkl dks lqxe cukus esa enn feysxhA
z fofuekZ.k {ks=k vkSj fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj ¶esd bu
bafM;k¸ tSls dk;ZØeksa dk iwjd gks ldrk gSA
z jkstxkj ds volj l`ftr djuk% dk;ZØe esa çR;{k vkSj
vçR;{k jkstxkj l`ftr djus dh {kerk gSA ladVxzLr Ñf"k
{ks=k ls çoklh Jfedksa dks fuekZ.k {ks=k esa yk;k tk ldrk
gS tks xzkeh.k ladV dks de djsxkA
z tYnh •jkc gksus okys lkekuksa dh <qykbZ% blls •jkc
gksus okys Ñf"k mRiknksa dks de le; esa ,d LFkku ls nwljs
LFkku rd ys tkus esa enn feysxhA
z lqj{kk% jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vkSj j{kk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls] lhek lM+dsa
j.kuhfrd LFkkuksa ij lSfudksa dh rsth ls rSukrh ds fy, ,d
egRoiw.kZ laidZ cukrh gSaA
z 'kgjh lkoZtfud ifjogu esa lq/kj% lM+d ifjogu dk
mi;ksx ifjogu ds vU; lk/uksa ds iQhMj ds :i esa Hkh
fd;k tkrk gS] tSls fd os jsyos LVs'kuksa] gokbZ vkSj leqæh
canjxkgksa ds chp ,d fyad çnku djrs gSa] bl çdkj 'kgjh
lkoZtfud ifjogu esa lq/kj gksrk gSA
z ,lMhth çkIr djuk% lM+d lqj{kk ij ifjogu lh/s
ikap y{;ksa esa ;ksxnku nsrk gS (y{; 3-6)_ ÅtkZ n{krk
(y{; 7-3)_ LFkk;h cqfu;knh <kapk (y{; 9-1)] 'kgjh
igqap (y{; 11-2)] vkSj thok'e bZa/u lfClMh (y{;
12-lh) bl ckr ij tksj nsrs gSa fd LFkk;h ifjogu dh
vko';drk dsoy vius fy, ugha gS] cfYd ;g ,lMhth
dh fofHkUu çdkj dh miyfC/ dks lqfo/ktud cukus ds
fy, vko';d gSA
355
lM+d volajpuk fodkl esa pqukSfr;ka
z nq?kZVuk,a vkSj lqj{kk laca/h fpark,a% ns'k esa lM+d lqj{kk
,d çeq• eqík gS] tgka çfrfnu yxHkx 400 lM+d laca/h
ekSrsa ntZ dh tkrh gSaA de ls de ekSr dk ,d fgLlk
lM+dksa dh •jkc xq.koÙkk ds dkj.k gSA
z oS/kfud dfe;ka% iqjkus okgu fcuk fdlh fu;e ds pyrs
gSa] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i gkbZ&LihM ,Dlçslos ij Vk;j
iQV tkrs gSaA
z vi;kZIr fuxjkuh% fuxjkuh cqfu;knh <kaps ds vHkko ds
dkj.k 'fgV ,aM ju' ekeyksa dh tkap ugha dh tkrh gSA
73» nqifg;k okgu nq?kZVuk ihfM+r gsyesV ugha igurs
gSaA tcfd pkj ifg;k okguksa dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vuqikr
lhVcsYV ugha yxkrk gS ;k Mªkbfoax ykblsal ugha j•rk gSA
z fo"ke lM+d ;krk;kr bathfu;fjax% dqy lM+d nq?kZVukvksa
esa nksifg;k okguksa dk fgLlk lcls vf/d gksrk gSA ysfdu
lM+d ;krk;kr bathfu;fjax vkSj ;kstuk ds nkSjku mudh
mis{kk dh tkrh gSA tSls fd muds vkSj iSny pyus okyksa
ds fy, vyx ysu ugha cuk;k tkrk gSA
z lM+dksa dk j•j•ko% jk"Vªh; jktekxks± ds j•j•ko vkSj
ejEer ds fy, vkoafVr okf"kZd ifjO;; vko';d jkf'k dk
dsoy 40 çfr'kr gSA jkT; dks jk"Vªh; jktekxks± esa ifjofrZr
djus ds fy, ekunaM ifjHkkf"kr djus dh vko';drk gSA
z ekStwnk jktekxks± dh {kerk% ,u,p usVodZ dh ekStwnk
yackbZ 1-22 yk• fdeh gS] tks ns'k ds dqy lM+d usVodZ
56-03 yk• fdeh dk 2-2 çfr'kr gSA jk"Vªh; jktekxks± dh
;g lhfer {kerk Hkkjr dh dqy lM+dksa dk 40 çfr'kr
ogu djrh gSA
z Hkwfe vf/xzg.k% Hkwfe vf/xzg.k esa nsjh ifj;kstuk ykxr
dks çHkkfor dj ldrh gS D;ksafd Hkwfe dh vkSlr ykxr
2012&13 ds nkSjku 0-80 djksM+ #i;s çfr gsDVs;j ls c<+dj
2017&18 ds nkSjku 3-20 djksM+ #i;s çfr gsDVs;j gks xbZ gSA
z lM+dksa ds fy, ykxr esa o`f¼% Hkwfe vf/xzg.k esa nsjh
ifj;kstuk ykxr dks çHkkfor dj ldrh gS D;ksafd Hkwfe dh
vkSlr ykxr 2012&13 ds nkSjku 0-80 djksM+ #i;s çfr
gsDVs;j ls c<+dj 2017&18 ds nkSjku 3-20 djksM+ #i;s
çfr gsDVs;j gks xbZ gSA
356
z xq.koÙkk okys Mªkbfoax Ldwyksa dh deh% 2016 esa lM+d
nq?kZVukvksa esa 80» ekSrksa ds fy, Mªkbojksa dh xyrh ftEesnkj
Fkh] tks csgrj çorZu dh vko';drk dks js•kafdr djrk
gSA vkjVhvks }kjk xq.koÙkk Mªkbfoax Ldwyksa] Mªkboj ijh{k.k
dsaæksa vkSj ekudhÑr Mªkboj ykblsal fu;eksa dh LFkkiuk dh
vko';drk gSA
ljdkj }kjk dh xbZ çeq• igy
z Hkkjr dk xfr 'kfÙkQ dk;ZØe% blus fnYyh&eqacbZ ,Dlçslos
(1]350 fdyksehVj)] ve`rlj&tkeuxj ,Dlçslos (1]257
fdyksehVj) vkfn tSlh 81 mPp çHkko okyh ifj;kstukvksa
dh ,d lwph dks lesfdr fd;k gSA bl dk;ZØe dk eq[;
mís'; ,d rst vuqeksnu çfØ;k gS ftls xfr 'kfÙkQ iksVZy
ds ekè;e ls fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj vuqeksnu çfØ;k dks
iwjh rjg ls fMftVy fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z dsaæh; ctV 2022&23% ljdkj us dsaæh; lM+d fuf/ ds
fy, vkoaVu esa 19» dh o`f¼ dh ;kstuk cukbZ gSA dqy
fuf/ 2]95]150 djksM+ #i;s (;w,l $ 38-86 fefy;u) FkhA
z lM+d volajpuk ij foÙkh; O;; ;kstuk% ekpZ 2022 rd]
ljdkj Vªkal&v#.kkpy jktekxZ vkSj dyknku eYVh&ekWMy
ifjogu ifj;kstuk ds lkFk&lkFk vU; lM+d fodkl
ifj;kstukvksa tSls iwath dusfDVfoVh] ftyk dusfDVfoVh]
varjkZ"Vªh; lhek ls dusfDVfoVh] vkSj flfDde ds {ks=k esa
lM+dksa ds lq/kj vkSj lqn`<+hdj.k ij 10]565 djksM+ #i;s
(;w,l $ 1-38 fcfy;u) •pZ djus dh ;kstuk cuk jgh gSA
z okgu LØSfiax uhfr% vDVwcj 2021 esa] ljdkj us okgu
LØSfiax uhfr (vçSy 2022 ls çHkkoh) ds rgr fj;k;rksa
ls lacaf/r ,d uksfVl tkjh fd;k rkfd okgu ekfydksa dks
iqjkus okguksa dks NksM+us ds fy, çksRlkfgr fd;k tk lds]
ftudh bZa/u •ir ykxr vf/d gSA
z fuf'pr dk;Z% vDVwcj 2021 esa] ljdkj us vxjryk LekVZ
flVh esa 15 çeq• lM+dksa ds fy, ,d :ikarj.k ifj;kstuk
'kq: dhA ;g ifj;kstuk bu lM+dksa dks ekSle ds vuqdwy
lM+dksa esa ifjofrZr djsxh] vkSj bl {ks=k ds fodkl dks
vkSj etcwr djsxhA
z lqj{kk eqíksa dh ?kks"k.kk,a% vDVwcj 2021 esa] ljdkj us
lM+d lqj{kk esa lq/kj ds fy, fu;eksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh] tSls
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 fd okf.kfT;d Vªd Mªkbojksa ds fy, fuf'pr Mªkbfoax ?kaVs vkSj
okf.kfT;d okguksa esa Lyhi fMVsD'ku lsalj yxkus dk vkns'kA
z Hkkjrekyk ifj;kstuk ds pj.k&I ds rgr% ea=kky; us
5]35]000 djksM+ #i;s (;w,l $76-55 fcfy;u) ds ifjO;;
ds lkFk 5 o"kks± esa 34]800 fdyksehVj jk"Vªh; jktekxks±
ds dk;kZUo;u dks eatwjh nh gSA bl ;kstuk ds rgr] 22
xzhuiQhYM ifj;kstukvksa (8]000 fdyksehVj yackbZ) dk
fuekZ.k fd;k tk jgk gSA ;g 3-26 yk• djksM+ #i;s
(43-94 vjc vesfjdh MkWyj) dk gSA
z Vksy jktLo l`tu% 2022 rd dqy 200]000 fdyksehVj
jk"Vªh; jktekxks± ds iwjk gksus dk vuqeku gSA vxys ikap o"kks±
esa] Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktekxZ çkf/dj.k (,u,p,vkbZ) Vksy
vkSj vU; lzksrksa ls lkykuk 1 yk• djksM+ #i;s (;w,l $
14-30 fcfy;u) mRiUu djus esa l{ke gksxkA
vkxs dh jkg
z lM+d laidZ dk foLrkj% laLFkkxr lqn`<+hdj.k vkSj çf'k{k.k
ds ekè;e ls jkT;ksa@dsaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa ds lkoZtfud dk;Z
foHkkxksa dh dk;kZUo;u {kerk esa lq/kj djds lM+d usVodZ
dk foLrkj djukA lkFk gh] 2022&23 rd 10 yk• ls
vf/d vkcknh okys çR;sd 'kgj esa ,d lefiZr egkuxjh;
'kgjh ifjogu çkf/dj.k dh vko';drk gSA
z lM+d j•j•ko vkSj lqj{kk esa lq/kj% bldk mís';
j•j•ko çca/u ç.kkyh (,e,e,l) dks viukdj ,u,p
laifÙk dk j•j•ko djuk gSA
z Hkwfe vf/xzg.k dks dkjxj cukuk% ,evksvkjVh,p ds
Hkwfe jkf'k osc iksVZy dh mfpr dk;Z{kerk lqfuf'pr djukA
Hkwfe vf/xzg.k ds fooj.k tSls cktkj ewY; dk fu/kZj.k]
eqvkots dh jkf'k r; djuk] eqvkots dk forj.k vkfn ds
ckjs esa fgr/kjdksa dks laosnu'khy cukukA
z dkS'ky fodkl% vkS|ksfxd çf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa lM+d
fuekZ.k ij O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k ikBÔØe 'kq: djukA
z vuqla/ku vkSj fodkl ij tksj c<+kuk% vuqla/ku ,oa
fodkl ds fy, ,evksvkjVh,p ds okf"kZd ctV dk 0-1
çfr'kr fu/kZfjr djukA lM+dksa ij vuqç;qÙkQ vuqla/ku ds
fy, jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ,d ifjogu MsVk dsaæ LFkkfir djuk
vkSj vkbZVh&l{ke ;krk;kr çca/u ç.kkfy;ksa ij vuqla/ku
,oa fodkl dks c<+kukA
vk/kfjd lalajjpuk
vk/kfjd puk
z lkoZtfud ifjogu dh {kerk vkSj igqap esa o`f¼% jkT;
lM+d ifjogu miØeksa dks cnysa vkSj lkoZtfud ifjogu]
xzkeh.k ifjogu vkSj vafre ehy dusfDVfoVh dks c<+kok
nsukA dsaæ ljdkj dks cl canjxkgksa dks fodflr djus ds
fy, jkT;ksa ds lkFk dke djuk pkfg, vkSj okgu (okgu
iathdj.k ds fy,) vkSj lkjFkh (Mªkbfoax ykblsal ds fy,)
tSlh rduhdh lgk;rk çnku djuh pkfg,A
z bysDVªkWfud Vksy laxzg (bZVhlh) ç.kkyh esa lq/kj%
'iQkLVSx' pkftZax ç.kkyh ds iw.kZ lsVvi vkSj lqO;ofLFkrrk
dks lqfuf'pr djukA ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fgr/
kjdksa vkSj fj;k;rxzkfg;ksa (ihihih Vksy Iyktk ds fy,) ds
lkFk tqM+ko lqfuf'pr djuk fd lHkh Vksy Iyktk esa bZVhlh
ds fy, vko';d cqfu;knh <kapk gSA
jsyos volajpuk
z nqfu;k dk pkSFkk lcls yack jsy usVodZ Hkkjrh; jsyos (vkbZvkj)
dk gSA blds 70]000 fdyksehVj Vªd S ij gj fnu dqy 21]000
Vªus as lapkfyr gksrh gS]a ftlesa yxHkx 23 fefy;u ;kf=k;ksa vkSj
yxHkx 3 fefy;u Vu eky <qykbZ gksrh gSA
z Hkkjrh; jsyos orZeku esa çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k :i ls yxHkx
13 yk• yksxksa dks jkstxkj nsrk gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ] eky
<qykbZ ds fy, 2 #i;s çfr 'kq¼ Vu&fdeh vkSj 1-6 #i;s
çfr ;k=kh&fdeh dh ykxr ls] Hkkjrh; jsyos lM+dksa dh
rqyuk esa de egaxk gSA
z ljdkj dk y{; jsyekxks± dks yksxksa vkSj dkxkZs nksuksa ds
fy, iwjh rjg ls lqjf{kr] Rofjr vkSj Hkjkslsean ifjogu
dk :i cukuk gSA blfy, iwjs usVodZ dk vk/qfudhdj.k
fd;k tk,xkA Hkkjrh; jsyos çca/u lsok LFkkfir djus dh
uohure igy bl y{; dks çkIr djus esa lgk;rk djsxhA
z jsyos esa vc Lopkfyr ekxZ ls 100» ,iQMhvkbZ dh vuqefr gSA
z iQs;jh Dohu nqfu;k dk lcls iqjkuk yxkrkj pyus okyk
Hkki dk batu gSA ;g ubZ fnYyh vkSj jktLFkku esa vyoj
ds chp py jgh gSA
z ;wusLdks us Hkkjrh; jsyos ds pkj LFkkuksa dks ¶fo'o fojklr
LFky¸ ds :i esa ukfer fd;k gSA ;s uhyfxfj ioZr] eqacbZ
lh,lVh] dkydk&f'keyk vkSj nkftZfyax&fgeky;h jsyos gSaA
z 1951 esa] Hkkjrh; jsyos dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k x;kA
357
jsyos dk egRo
z ifjogu dk lcls lLrk lk/u% jsyos yach nwjh vkSj
miuxjh; ;krk;kr nksuksa ds fy, ;k=kh ifjogu dk lcls
lLrk vkSj lcls lqfo/ktud lk/u çnku djrk gSA
z fodkl vkSj o`f¼ dks lqxe cukuk% Hkkjrh; jsyos us
Ñf"k vkSj m|ksxksa ds fodkl vkSj o`f¼ dks etcwr djus esa
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA
z dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ% jsyos dPps eky vkSj vU; lqfo/
kvksa dks dkj•kus dh lkbVksa vkSj rS;kj eky dks cktkj esa
vkiwfrZ djus esa enn djrh gSA
z jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k% jsyos fo'ks"k :i ls yach nwjh dh ;k=kk
ds fy, mi;qÙkQ gSa vkSj jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dk ,d etcwr
ekè;e çnku djrs gSaA
z j{kk vkSj vkarfjd lqj{kk% nwj&njkt ds LFkkuksa ij lSfudksa]
j{kk midj.kksa vkfn dh Rofjr vkoktkgh lqfuf'pr djds
jsyos ns'k dh j{kk vkSj vkarfjd lqj{kk esa enn djrk
gSA
358
z vkink U;wuhdj.k% çkÑfrd vkinkvksa tSls lw•k] ck<+]
vdky] Hkwdai vkfn dh fLFkfr esa jsyos yksxksa dh ihM+k dks
de djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
z egRoiw.kZ fyad% jsyos 'kgjksa vkSj xzkeh.k bykdksa (xzkeh.k {ks=kks)a
ds chp vyxko dks nwj djus esa Hkh lgk;d gS vkSj uokpkjksa
vkSj u, fopkjksa ds çlkj esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA
z vfrfjÙkQ cqfu;knh <kapk% dbZ ;k=kh Vªsuksa dks dksfoM&19
egkekjh esa vkblksys'ku lsaVj vkSj fDyfud ds :i esa
ifjofrZr fd;k x;kA
Hkkjrh; jsyos {ks=k esa pqukSfr;ka
z vkfFkZd fodkl% lsokvksa vkSj mRikndrk dks c<+kus
ds fy, ç'kklfud lq/kj vko';d gSaA ykxr vkSj
i;kZoj.k&çHkko'khyrk c<+kus ds fy, bathfu;fjax lq/kj
vko';d gSaA vxj Hkkjr ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkgrk gS fd
Hkkjrh; jsy tYn gh 5]000 vjc MkWyj dh vFkZO;oLFkk
cuus okyh vFkZO;oLFkk dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djs rks lq/kj
le; dh t:jr gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ekuo lalk/u vkSj mlls lacaf/r eqís% fupys Lrj ij
fjÙkQ in (VªSd eSu] ykbu eSu] rduhf'k;u)_ ckcw laLÑfr
vR;f/d vikjn'khZ gS vkSj /hjs&/hjs vkxs c<+rh gSA
z Hkkjrh; jsyos lqj{kk esa leL;k,a% Hkkjr esa jsy nq?kZVuk,a
vke gSaA jsyos us 2018&19 esa 16 ekSrsa] 2017&18 esa 28
ekSrsa vkSj 2016&17 esa 195 ekSrsa ntZ dhaA
z vçHkkoh fu.kZ; vkSj fu.kZ; ysus okys fofHkUu foHkkx%
Hkkjrh; jsyos ds fy, 'kh"kZ fu.kZ; ysus okyk fudk; jsyos
cksMZ gSA bls ;kaf=kd] fo|qr] ;krk;kr vkSj foÙkh; lfgr
dbZ fMohtuksa esa Åij ls uhps rd yacor :i ls foHkkftr
fd;k x;k gSA bu fMohtuksa us Hkkjrh; dks vçHkkoh fu.kZ;
ysus ds lkFk ,d tfVy] vR;f/d foHkkxh; laxBu cuk
fn;kA
z lalk/uksa dh deh% phu esa jsyos dk lkykuk fuos'k 9
ls 10 yk• djksM+ #i;s ds chp gSA tcfd Hkkjr esa ;g
40]000 djksM+ #i;s gSA bl /u dk vf/dka'k fgLlk Hkkjr
esa osru vkSj etnwjh ds fy, vkoafVr fd;k tkrk gSA
z ^mM+s ns'k dk vke ukxfjd* (mM+ku) {ks=kh; gokbZ
laidZ dk;ZØe% ;g Hkkjrh; jsyos ds fy, ifjpkyu
ykxr dks vkSj c<+k,xkA Hkkjr us nqfu;k ds rhljs lcls
cM+s foekuu cktkj ds :i esa phu vkSj vesfjdk dks ihNs
NksM+ fn;kA
z cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj lsok vk/qfudhdj.k% Hkkjrh; jsyos
bu ifjorZuksa dks cuk, j•us esa l{ke ugha gSA ;g ml nj
ls foLrkj djus esa Hkh vleFkZ jgk gS ftldh Hkkjr dks
vko';drk gSA jsyos dh yxHkx lHkh 'kk•kvksa dks vius
midj.kksa] çfØ;kvksa vkSj çf'k{k.k ds vk/qfudhdj.k dh
vko';drk gksrh gS] ftuesa ls lHkh n'kdksa ls py jgs gSaA
ifj.kkeLo#i] jsyos ljdkj ij foÙkh; cks> cuk gqvk gSA
fofHkUu lfefr;ksa dh fliQkfj'ksa
vfuy dkdksndj dh vè;{krk esa jsyos lqj{kk lfefr
(2012)
z jsyos lqj{kk çkf/dj.k dh rjg ,d vè;{k vkSj ckgjh
fo'ks"kKksa okyh ,d Lora=k ljdkjh ,tsalh dh vko';drk
gSA
z vkoafVr vof/ esa ekuo;qÙkQ vkSj ekuo jfgr nksuksa
ysoy ØkWflax dks iwjh rjg ls lekIr djukA
vk/kfjd lalajjpuk
vk/kfjd puk
z iwjs Vªad ykbu ij] tks yxHkx 19]000 :V fdyksehVj dks
doj djrk gS] ;wjksfi;u Vªsu daVªksy flLVe ysoy& II ds
leku fujarj VªSd lfdZfVax vkSj dSc flXufyax ij vk/kfjr
,d ifj"Ñr flXufyax flLVe dh vko';drk gSA
z lacaf/r phiQ fczt bathfu;j ds dk;kZy; dks fo{ksi@
foLFkkiu] ty Lrj vkSj çokg osx ds eki lfgr lHkh iqyksa
dh py jgh oSKkfud fuxjkuh ls MsVk çkIr djuk pkfg,A
z jsyos ds dke djus ds rjhds ij lqj{kk i;Zos{k.k ds
fy,] ,d etcwr vkSj fo'oluh; lqj{kk lajpuk gksuh
pkfg,A
Hkkjrh; jsyos iquxZBu ij fccsd nscjkW; lfefr
(2014)
z dk;Zdq'kyrk esa lq/kj ds fy,] jsy ç.kkyh dks vkSj
fodsaæhÑr fd, tkus dh vko';drk gSA
z eky vkSj ;k=kh fdjk, ds chp larqyu cuk, j•rs gq, ØkWl
lfClMh dks de fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z vkWuykbu cksyh vkSj •jhnkjh dh vksj c<+rs gq, okf"kZd
ctV vkSj jsy ctV dks tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A
z jsyos dks jktuhfr ls Lora=k j•us ds fy, ,d vyx VSfjiQ
fu;ked LFkkfir djuk vko';d gSA
z ;wih,llh vkSj ,l,llh ds ctk;] ,d gh laxBu dks jsyos
ds fy, HkrhZ laHkkyuh pkfg,A
vkxs dh jkg
z Hkkjrh; jsyos çca/u lsok (vkbZvkj,e,l)% gky ds
Hkkjrh; jsyos iquxZBu mik;ksa dks ykxw djuk ,d vPNk
fopkj gS ftlesa jsyos cksMZ dk iquxZBu djuk vkSj ekStwnk
xzqi , lsokvksa dks vkbZvkj,e,l esa tksM+uk 'kkfey gSA
z Hkkjrh; jsyos dk futhdj.k% jsyos ds ikl ns'k Hkj
esa dbZ LFkkuksa ij viuh iVfj;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk laifÙk dk
i;kZIr fgLlk gSA bu {ks=kksa esa futh ikfVZ;ksa dks fuos'k djus]
fodflr djus vkSj ogka cuk, tkus okys fdlh Hkh Hkou dk
çca/u djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djds lcls vPNk eqæhdj.k
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z Hkkjrh; jsyos ds mfpr ewY;ksa vkSj chek ds mi;ksx dk
çHkkoh ewY;kadu% gky gh esa] Hkkjrh; jsyos ds fy, ,d
chek ;kstuk 'kq: dh xbZ Fkh] ftldh ykxr 0-9 #i;s çfr
fVdV FkhA gkykafd] iVjh ls mrjh Vªsu esa cgqr de ;kf=k;ksa
us gky gh esa bl chek dks çkIr djus dk fodYi pqukA
;g n'kkZrk gS fd O;fÙkQ dsoy lfØ; foi.ku ds ekè;e
ls fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa ls voxr gksaxsA
359
z ,y,pch (fyads gkWiQeSu cq'k) dksp dk vf/d
mi;ksx% ,y,pch ij dksp Vdjkrs ;k iVjh ls ugha mrjrs
gSaA tkiku ds f'kadkulsu dh rtZ ij baVhxzy dksp iQSDVªh
(vkbZlh,iQ) dk mís'; cksfx;ksa dh txg ,y,pch dksp
ds fy, txg cukuk gSA
z jk"Vªh; jsy ;kstuk% ;g 2050 rd fodkl dks lek;ksftr
djus ds fy, 2030 rd jsyos usVodZ dh {kerk o`f¼ ds
fy, ,d ;kstuk çLrqr djrk gSA ;g ,d jsyos usVodZ ds
fodkl dh ekax djrk gS tks Hkfo"; ds fy, rS;kj gS vkSj
;k=kh ekax nksuksa dks iwjk djus vkSj eky <qykbZ esa jsyekxks±
ds eksMy fgLls dks 26&27» ls 40&45» ds orZeku Lrj
rd c<+kus esa l{ke gSA
z ekStwnk cqfu;knh <kaps dk csgrj mi;ksx% {kerk mi;ksx
esa lq/kj ds fy, py jgh ifj;kstukvksa dks çkFkfedrk nsukA
lkFk gh] gesa ekStwnk usVodZ dks cuk, j•us vkSj vixzsM
djus dh vko';drk gS rkfd ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk lds
fd vkiwfrZ ekax ds vuq:i jgsA
z jsyos LVs'kuksa dk iqufoZdkl vkSj vk/qfudhdj.k% jsy
;kf=k;ksa dh vko';drkvksa dks csgrj <ax ls iwjk djus ds
fy, ;k=kh lqfo/kvksa] LVs'ku Hkouksa] IysViQkeZ lrgksa vkSj
ifjlapj.k {ks=kksa dh miyC/rk vkSj xq.koÙkk dks c<+kus dh
vko';drk gSA
z lajpukRed lq/kjksa ds ekè;e ls laxBukRed dBksjrk
dks de djuk% bldk mís'; ,d ikjn'khZ] rVLFk
(xSj&jsyos) vkSj fu"i{k fu;ked ra=k ds rgr futh {ks=k
ds fy, eky VfeZuyksa ds LokfeRo vkSj lapkyu vkSj
yksdkseksfVo vkSj jksfyax LVkWd ds LokfeRo dks •ksyus ij
fopkj djuk gSA
z fdjk;k lajpukvksa vkSj lfClMh dks ;qfÙkQlaxr cukuk%
bldk mís'; ;k=kh vkSj eky <qykbZ •aMksa dks LFkk;h cukus
ds fy, vkbZvkj ds ewY; fu/kZj.k ekWMy ij nksckjk è;ku
nsuk gSA lM+d ifjogu dh ykxr ds lkFk eky HkkM+k
çfrLi/hZ gksuk pkfg,A
z O;kikj djus esa vklkuh dks c<+kuk% ubZ jsyos çkS|ksfxdh
dks viukus vkSj jsyos usVodZ dh xfr vkSj fo'oluh;rk
esa lq/kj ds fy, ,d Lora=k le:irk vkSj ekudhdj.k
,tsalh dh LFkkiuk djukA
z Hkwfe lalk/uksa dk eqæhdj.k% jsyos ds lkFk] fo'ks"k :i
ls xSj&jsyos jktLo tSls fd •qnjk ;k vU; xfrfof/;ksa ds
ekè;e lsA
360
z Vªsuksa dh lqj{kk esa o`f¼% nq?kZVukvksa dks jksdus ds fy, fl¼
çkS|ksfxfd;ksa vkSj rdZlaxr n`f"Vdks.kksa dh enn ls jsyos dks
ysoy ØkWflax vkSj eos'kh ØkWflax dks •Re djus vkSj mPp
Lrj dh xfrfof/ okys {ks=kksa esa jsy iVfj;ksa dh ckM+ yxkus
dk ç;kl djuk pkfg,A
fu"d"kZ
z U;w bafM;k @75 ds fy, uhfr vk;ksx dh j.kuhfr esa jsyos
ds cqfu;knh <kaps esa dbZ y{;ksa dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ
gS tSls fd cqfu;knh <kaps ds fuekZ.k dh xfr dks orZeku
7 fdeh@fnu ls c<+kdj 19 fdeh@fnu djuk] 2022&23
rd czkWM&xst VªSd dk 100» fo|qrhdj.kA bls ns•rs gq,]
futhdj.k ds i{k esa ,d etcwr rdZ ;g gS fd blls csgrj
cqfu;knh <kapk rS;kj gksxk ftlls lqj{kk esa lq/kj gksxk] ;k=kk
ds le; esa deh vk,xh] vkfnA
foekuu volajpuk
z Hkkjr esa ukxfjd mîó;u m|ksx fiNys rhu o"kks± ds nkSjku
ns'k esa lcls rsth ls c<+rs m|ksxksa esa ls ,d ds :i
esa mHkjk gS vkSj bls eksVs rkSj ij vuqlwfpr gokbZ ifjogu
lsok esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlesa ?kjsyw vkSj
varjjk"Vªh; ,;jykbal] xSj&vuqlwfpr gokbZ ifjogu lsok
'kkfey gSa ftuesa pkVZj vkWijsVj vkSj ,;j VSDlh vkWijsVj]
,;j dkxkZs lsok] ftlesa dkxkZs vkSj esy dk gokbZ ifjogu
'kkfey gSA
z lcls cM+k foekuu m|ksx
 baVjus'kuy ,;j VªkaliksVZ ,lksfl,'ku (vkbZ,Vh,) ds
vuqlkj] Hkkjr ds vxys nl o"kks± esa] 2030 rd nqfu;k
ds rhljs lcls cM+s gokbZ ;k=kh cktkj ds :i esa phu
vkSj la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk ls vkxs fudyus dh mEehn
gSA
 blds vykok] bl {ks=k esa c<+rh ekax us bl {ks=k esa
ifjpkyu djus okys gokbZ tgktksa dh la[;k dks c<+k
fn;k gSA 2027 rd gokbZ tgktksa dh la[;k 1]100
foekuksa rd igqapus dh mEehn gSA
 nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa dqy ,;jykbu ;krk;kr esa ?kjsyw
;krk;kr dk ;ksxnku yxHkx 69» gS vkSj Hkkjr dh
gokbZvîók {kerk ds 2023 rd lkykuk 1 fcfy;u
;k=kkvksa dks laHkkyus dh mEehn gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z foÙk o"kZ 2022 dh igyh frekgh esa Hkkjr dk ;k=kh ;krk;kr
188-89 fefy;u vkSj foÙk o"kZ 2022&23 dh igyh frekgh
esa 76-47 fefy;u FkkA foÙk o"kZ 2016 vkSj foÙk o"kZ 2022
ds chp] eky <qykbZ 2-52» dh lh,thvkj ls c<+dj 2-70
,e,eVh ls 3-14 ,e,eVh gks xbZA foÙk o"kZ 2022&23 dh
igyh frekgh esa eky <qykbZ 0-81 ,e,eVh jgh FkhA Hkkjr esa
gokbZ vîóksa ij eky <qykbZ foÙk o"kZ 2040 rd 17 ehfVªd
Vu rd igqapus dh {kerk gSA
z foÙk o"kZ 2022 esa] foekuksa dh vkoktkgh dh la[;k
1]757]112 FkhA foÙk o"kZ 2022&23 dh igyh frekgh
esa] foeku vkokxeu dh la[;k 613]556 FkhA c<+rs gokbZ
;krk;kr dks iwjk djus ds fy,] Hkkjr ljdkj gokbZ vîóksa
dh la[;k c<+kus dh fn'kk esa dke dj jgh gSA
z 2022 rd] Hkkjr esa 129 ifjpkyu gokbZ vîós FksA Hkkjr us
foÙk o"kZ 2040 rd ifjpkyu gokbZ vîóksa dh la[;k c<+kdj
190&200 djus dh ifjdYiuk dh gSA
foekuu {ks=k dk egRo
z mPp xfr% ;g ifjogu dk lcls rst lk/u gS tks vU;
ifjogu dh vis{kk ;kf=k;ksa vkSj lkekuksa dks U;wure le;
ds Hkhrj ifjogu dj ldrk gSA
z vkfFkZd fodkl mRiUu djuk% ;g vkfFkZd fodkl mRiUu
djrk gS] jkstxkj l`ftr djrk gS] vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj
vkSj i;ZVu dks lqxe cukrk gSA
z lkefjd egRo% bldh vR;f/d lkefjd çklafxdrk gS
ftldk mi;ksx vkarfjd vkSj ckgjh lqj{kk ds fy, fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
z egaxs vkSj gYds eky dk vklku ifjogu% gokbZ ifjogu
ds ekè;e ls egaxs] gYds vkSj •jkc gksus okys lkekuksa dks
Hkstuk lqfo/ktud gksrk gS] ftUgsa lM+d ;k jsy ds ekè;e
ls ugha ys tk;k tk ldrk gSA
z HkkSfrd ck/kvksa ls eqÙkQ% gokbZ ifjogu HkkSfrd ck/kvksa
tSls ufn;ksa] igkM+ksa vkSj ?kkfV;ksa vkfn ls eqÙkQ gS] ftlls
nqfu;k Hkj esa fuckZ/ ;k=kk lqfuf'pr gksrh gSA
z çkÑfrd vkinkvksa esa mi;ksxh% Hkwdai] ck<+] nq?kZVukvksa
vkSj vdky ds nkSjku gokbZ ifjogu dk O;kid :i ls
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd jsy vkSj lM+d cpko dk;ks±
ds fy, cgqr çHkkoh ugha gksrs gSaA
z foekuu f'k{kk vkSj dkS'ky fuekZ.k% 2025 rd ukxfjd
mîó;u {ks=k dh vuqekfur çR;{k vfrfjÙkQ jkstxkj vko';drk
yxHkx 3-3 yk• gSA
vk/kfjd lalajjpuk
vk/kfjd puk
Hkkjrh; foekuu {ks=k dh dfBukb;ka
z dbZ uhfrxr varjkyksa dks vHkh Hkh Hkjus dh vko';drk
gSA rF;ksa ds vuqlkj 1937 ds foeku fu;e vkSj 1934 ds
foeku vf/fu;e ,;jksLisl çkS|ksfxdh esa çxfr ds lkFk ugha
py ik,A blus {ks=k ds fy, ykxr c<+k nh gS vkSj cnys
esa ;kf=k;ksa dh o`f¼ dks /hek dj fn;k gSA
z vius orZeku LFkkuksa esa gokbZ vîóksa dks fodflr djus ds
fy, Hkwfe dh deh] fo'ks"k :i ls cM+s 'kgjksa esa] cqfu;knh
<kaps dh deh dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA
z bZa/u dh mPp dhersa% 30» ds oSf'od vkSlr dh rqyuk
esa] Hkkjr dh bZa/u ykxr ifjpkyu O;; dk 45» gSA
z foekuu {ks=k dh ykHkçnrk% vf/dka'k ,;jykbu daifu;ksa
dh foÙkh; fLFkfr •jkc gSA dksfoM&19 ds çdksi ds nkSjku
ykWdMkmu vkSj ,;jykbu çfrca/ksa us fLFkfr dks vkSj Hkh cnrj
cuk fn;kA yxkrkj ?kkVk vkWijsVjksa dh la[;k dks de djrk
gS] ftldk çHkko n{krk vkSj çfrLi/kZRedrk ij iM+rk gSA
z çfØ;kRed tfVyrk% foekuu m|ksx esa ysu&nsu dh ykxr
djksa vkSj la?kh; vkSj jkT; nksuksa ljdkjksa ds vuqeksnu ls
c<+ tkrh gSA
z vi;kZIr ekuo lalk/u {kerk,a% ,;jykbu ik;yVksa vkSj
pkyd ny ds lkFk&lkFk j•j•ko vkSj xzkmaM gSaMfyax
LVkiQ lfgr m|ksx&ekU;rk çkIr {kerkvksa dh miyC/rk
de vkiwfrZ esa gS] tks dbZ vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa ds fodkl dks
lhfer djrh gSA
z detksj j•j•ko] ejEer vkSj vksojgky (,evkjvks)
{ks=k% Hkkjrh; ,evkjvks dk 90» dke flaxkiqj] nqcbZ] la;qÙkQ
vjc vehjkr] Jhyadk vkSj vU; ns'kksa dks vkmVlkslZ fd;k
tkrk gSA
vkxs dh jkg
z uhfr vk;ksx Hkkjr @75% foekuu {ks=k
z gokbZ vîós ds fy, fofu;ked okrkoj.k dks vklku cukuk%
 Hkkjr esa ;k=kh vkSj eky <qykbZ dks c<+kus esa enn djus
ds fy, foekuu cktkj dks vkSj fu;a=k.k eqÙkQ djuk
vkSj •ksyukA
 VSfjiQ fu/kZj.k ds fy, ,d lqlaxr ekWMy viukuk rkfd
;g ;k=kh ykxr dks de dj ldsA
z dq'ky tu'kfÙkQ dh deh dks nwj djuk
 fgr/kjdksa ds lkFk mfpr ijke'kZ ds ckn jk"Vªh; foekuu
fo'ofo|ky; }kjk ikBÔØeksa dh 'kq#vkr esa rsth ykukA
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  mîó;u laLFkkuksa] vkS|ksfxd çf'k{k.k vkSj vuqla/ku ,oa
fodkl ifj;kstukvksa dks çk;ksftr djus esa futh {ks=k
dh vf/d Hkkxhnkjh dks lqxe cukukA
z foekuu lqj{kk dks çkFkfedrk nsuk
 f'kÝV nq?kZVukvksa@?kVukvksa dks jksdus ij dsafær gSA
 lqj{kk mYya?kuksa dks drbZ cnkZ'r ugha fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A Mhthlh, dks çHkkoh foekuu lqj{kk fujh{k.k
ç.kkyh ds fy, Lok;Ùkrk nh tkuh pkfg,A
ljdkj }kjk dh xbZ dqN çeq• igy bl çdkj gSa
z dsaæh; ctV 2022&23 esa
 ukxfjd mîó;u ea=kky; dks 10]667 djksM+ #i;s (;w,l
$ 1-38 fcfy;u) vkoafVr fd, x, gSaA
 vkjlh,l ({ks=kh; dusfDVfoVh ;kstuk) mM+ku ;kstuk
ftldk mís'; {ks=kh; gokbZ laidZ dks çksRlkfgr djuk
gS] dks 601 djksM+ #i;s (;w,l $ 77-52 fefy;u)
vkoafVr fd, x, gSaA
 ih,e&xfr 'kfÙkQ fotu ds csgrj fu"iknu ds fy,] dsæ a y{;ksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, vPNh fLFkfr esa gksxkA gkykafd
vkSj jkT; ljdkjsa eè; çns'k] NÙkhlx<+] mÙkj çns'k] jktLFkku
vkSj egkjk"Vª esa 16 u, gokbZ vîókas dk fuekZ.k djsxa hA
z Ñf"k mM+ku 2-0 ;kstuk% bl ;kstuk esa gokbZ ifjogu }kjk
Ñf"k mit dh vkoktkgh ds fy, lgk;rk vkSj çksRlkgu
dk çLrko gSA Ñf"k mM+ku 2-0 dks ns'k Hkj ds 53 gokbZ
vîóksa ij ykxw fd;k tk,xk] tks eq[; :i ls iwokZsÙkj vkSj
vkfnoklh {ks=kksa ij dsafær gSA blls fdlkuksa] ÚsV iQkjoMZjksa
vkSj ,;jykbuksa dks ykHk gksus dh mEehn gSA
z 2016 dh jk"Vªh; ukxfjd mîó;u uhfr% ukxfjd mîó;u
m|ksx dks uhfr }kjk 22 {ks=kksa esa fofu;fer fd;k tkrk gSA
,;jykbal dks varjjk"Vªh; ifjpkyu 'kq: djus ls igys
?kjsyw ifjpkyu ds fy, 20 foeku ;k viuh dqy {kerk dk
20» rSukr djuk gksxk] tks Hkh vf/d gksA blls Hkkjr dh
oSf'od igqap ds vk/kj ij ,;jykbu lsokvksa esa o`f¼ gksxhA
z {ks=kh; laidZ ;kstuk (vkjlh,l)@mM+ku (mM+s ns'k dk
vke ukxfjd)% blds ifj.kkeLo:i gokbZ ;k=kk vf/d
lqyHk gks jgh gSA 2016 esa] Hkkjr esa ?kjsyw foekuu ;krk;kr
dk 66» 'kh"kZ 6 gokbZ vîóksa }kjk fu;af=kr fd;k x;k FkkA
twu 2022 rd] ;g ?kVdj 55» gks x;k FkkA blls irk
pyrk gS fd VªSfiQd iSVuZ esVªks ekxks± ls nwj tk jgk gSA
z mÙkj çns'k esa dq'khuxj varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ vîók% varjjk"Vªh;
gokbZ vîós ls Hkkjr esa varjkZ"Vªh; ckS¼ rhFkZ;kf=k;ksa dh gokbZ
;k=kk vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus dh laHkkouk gSA
362
z csaxyq#] gSnjkckn vkSj iq.ks lfgr Ng gokbZvîóksa ij psgjs dh
igpku rduhd dk mi;ksx dj ck;ksesfVªd cksfMZax ç.kkyhA
ifj;kstuk orZeku esa ijh{k.k pj.k esa gSA
z ukxfjd mîó;u ea=kky; (,evkslh,) dks mEehn gS fd
bPNqd okf.kfT;d ik;yV tYn gh ns'k NksM+s fcuk Hkkjr
esa çf'kf{kr gksus esa l{ke gksaxsA bl laca/ esa] ljdkj
us fuEufyf•r ikap gokbZ vîóksa ij vkB ubZ mM+ku
'kSf{kd laLFkk,a LFkkfir djus dh ?kks"k.kk dh% dukZVd
esa csyxkoh vkSj dycqjxh] egkjk"Vª esa tyxk¡o] eè;
çns'k esa •tqjkgks vkSj vle esa yhykckjhA
z vDVwcj 2020 esa xqtjkr ds ueZnk ftys esa dsofM+;k ds ikl
LVSP;w vkWiQ ;wfuVh vkSj vgenkckn esa lkcjerh fjojÚaV ds
chp lhIysu lsok ds liQy ifj{k.k ds ckn ljdkj ns'k Hkj esa
14 vkSj ty gokbZ vîós 'kq: djus dh ;kstuk cuk jgh gSA
fu"d"kZ
z lgh uhfr;ksa vkSj xq.koÙkk] ykxr vkSj ;k=kh fgr ij yxkrkj
è;ku nsus ds lkFk] Hkkjr 2024 rd rhljk lcls cM+k
foekuu cktkj cuus vkSj 2030 rd 17 ,lMhth vkSj 169
okLrfod miyfC/ rHkh ns•us dks feysxh tc ns'k ds gj
ftys dks ,;j fxzM ls tksM+k tk,xk vkSj vke vkneh bldk
mi;ksx djus vkSj ogu djus esa l{ke gksxkA
varjkZ"Vªh; ukxfjd mîó;u ij
f'kdkxks lEesyu] 1944
z 7 fnlacj] 1944 dks f'kdkxks esa] varjkZ"Vªh; ukxfjd
mîó;u ij dUosa'ku dks vkSipkfjd :i ls ekWfUVª;y]
dukMk esa eq[;ky; esa viuk;k x;k FkkA
z blus varjjk"Vªh; gokbZ ;k=kk dh vuqefr nsus okys
ekSfyd fu;e cuk, vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; ukxfjd mîó;u
laxBu (vkbZlh,vks) cukus esa enn dhA
z 1944 esa] la;qÙkQ jk"Vª us varjkZ"Vªh; ukxfjd mîó;u
laxBu (vkbZlh,vks) dh LFkkiuk dh] ftlus
'kkafriw.kZ varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ usfoxs'ku ds ekunaMksa vkSj
çFkkvksa ds fy, vk/kj rS;kj fd;kA
z Hkkjr blds 193 lnL;ksa esa ls ,d gSA
foekuu {ks=k% fotu 2040
z ukxfjd mîó;u ea=kky; (MoCA) us 15 tuojh] 2019
dks fotu 2040 nLrkost dk vukoj.k fd;k] tks Hkkjrh;
foekuu ds fofHkUu mi&{ks=kksa esa fodkl dh {kerk vkSj
okafNr mís'; dks çkIr djus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ dne
mBkus dh vko';drk ij çdk'k Mkyrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z nLrkost ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr esa dqy ;k=kh ;krk;kr
(Hkkjr esa] ls vkSj Hkkjr ds Hkhrj) foÙk o"kZ 2018
esa 187 fefy;u ls yxHkx Ng xquk c<+dj foÙk o"kZ
2040 esa yxHkx 1124 fefy;u gksus dh mEehn gSA blesa
yxHkx 821 fefy;u ?kjsyw ;k=kh vkSj yxHkx 'kkfey gSaA 303
fefy;u varjkZ"Vªh; ;k=kh (Hkkjr ls vkus vkSj tkus okys)A
z foÙk o"kZ 2018&2040 ds nkSjku lexz lh,thvkj
(pØo`f¼ okf"kZd o`f¼ nj) ?kjsyw ;krk;kr esa yxHkx
9» vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; ;krk;kr esa 7» gSA
canjxkg vkSj tyekxZ volajpuk
z Hkkjr dk ,d xkSjo'kkyh vrhr jgk gSA çkphu dky esa
Hkkjrh; leqæh O;kikj laiUu FkkA fiNys 4]000 o"kks± ls]
Hkkjrh; ukSdk,a vkSj tgkt fgan egklkxj esa eè; iwoZ esa
eky igqapkrs jgs gSaA
z Hkkjrh; canjxkg vkSj ukSogu m|ksx ledkyhu le; esa
ns'k ds O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; esa fodkl dks cuk, j•us esa
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA tgktjkuh ea=kky; ds vuqlkj]
Hkkjr dk yxHkx 95» O;kikj ek=kk ds fglkc ls vkSj
70» ewY; ds fglkc ls leqæh ifjogu ds ekè;e ls
fd;k tkrk gSA
z Hkkjr yxHkx 7]517 fdyksehVj dh rVjs•k ds lkFk
nqfu;k dk lksygoka lcls cM+k leqæh ns'k gSA Hkkjr
ljdkj canjxkg {ks=k dk leFkZu djus esa ,d egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA blus canjxkg vkSj canjxkg fuekZ.k vkSj
j•j•ko ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, Lor% ekxZ ds rgr 100»
rd çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k (,iQMhvkbZ) dh vuqefr nh gSA
vk/kfjd lalajjpuk
vk/kfjd puk
z blus canjxkgksa] varnZs'kh; tyekxks± vkSj varnZs'kh; canjxkgksa
dk fodkl] j•j•ko vkSj lapkyu djus okys m|eksa ds
fy, 10 o"kZ ds dj vodk'k dh lqfo/k Hkh nh gSA
z Hkkjr esa] 2005 ls 'kq: gksus okys n'kd esa okf"kZd dkxkZs
;krk;kr nksxquk gksdj 1 fcfy;u Vu çfr o"kZ gks x;k
gSA Hkkjr esa leqæh O;kikj 3-3» dh oSf'od fodkl
nj ls nksxquk gks x;k gSA
z dsaæh; ctV 2020&21 esa] tgktjkuh ea=kky; ds fy,
dqy vkoaVu 1]702-35 djksM+ #i;s (;w,l $ 233-48
fefy;u) FkkA
z uoacj 2020 esa] ç/ku ea=kh us tgktjkuh ea=kky; dk uke
cnydj canjxkg] f'kfiax vkSj tyekxZ ea=kky; dj fn;kA
fpnacjukj canjxkg dks rwrhdksfju canjxkg Hkh dgk tkrk
gSA
uksV% Hkkjr esa 12 çeq• vkSj 205 vf/lwfpr NksVs vkSj
eè;orhZ canjxkg gSaA lkxjekyk ds fy, jk"Vªh; ifjçs{;
;kstuk ds rgr ns'k esa Ng u, esxk iksVZ fodflr fd,
tk,axsA
z çkFkfed canjxkg% çeq• canjxkg 1908 ds Hkkjrh;
canjxkg vf/fu;e vkSj 1963 ds çeq• canjxkg VªLV
vf/fu;e ds rgr 'kkflr gksrs gSa vkSj Hkkjrh; lafo/ku
dh la?k lwph ds varxZr vkrs gSaA ,d U;klh cksMZ ftls
Hkkjr ljdkj us xfBr fd;k gS] çR;sd çeq• canjxkg
dh ns•js• djrk gSA ;s canjxkg çca/u] ;kstuk vkSj
lapkyu ds fy, ftEesnkj gSaA
z NksVs canjxkg% ;s jkT; ds canjxkg çca/u foHkkx ;k]
;fn dksbZ LFkkfir fd;k x;k gS] rks jkT; leqæh cksMZ }kjk
ç'kkflr fd;k tkrk gS] tSlk fd xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª vkSj
rfeyukMq esa gksrk gSA VSfjiQ fu/kZfjr djus dh 'kfÙkQ
lfgr jkT; leqæh cksMks± ds iksVZ VªLVksa ds fy, rqyukRed
ftEesnkfj;ka gSaA
canjxkgksa vkSj ty volajpuk dk egRo
z tyok;q ifjorZu ifjçs{;% ç'kkar egklkxj dh rqyuk esa fgan
egklkxj rhu xquk rsth ls xeZ gks jgk gSA çnw"k.k] vR;f/d
eNyh idM+us vkSj rVh; {kj.k ls leqæh ikfjfLFkfrdh dks
Hkh uqdlku gks jgk gSA blfy,] ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd canjxkg
ds fodkl vkSj lapkyu xfrfof/;ksa esa etcwr i;kZoj.kh;
çHkko çca/u gksA
363
z ;krk;kr çca/u ds lkFk&lkFk jln ykxr esa deh% tqM+s
gq, varnZs'kh; tyekxks± dk ,d usVodZ ns'k dh jln fLFkfr
dks egRoiw.kZ :i ls cny ldrk gSA dkxkZs dks LFkkukarfjr
djds] tyekxZ jktekxks± lfgr lM+dksa ij ;krk;kr dks de
djus esa enn djrs gSaA
z Hkwfe vf/xzg.k dh ck/k dks gVkuk% tyekxks± esa Hkwfe
vf/xzg.k ds lkFk vkus okyh dfBukb;ka ugha gksrh gSa] tks
,sfrgkfld :i ls ,d ekfeZd fo"k; jgk gS ftlds dkj.k
vufxur ifj;kstukvksa ij le; vkSj •pZ c<+ x;k gSA
z lLrk vkSj fo'oluh;% vU; fodYiksa dh rqyuk esa]
tyekxZ ifjogu dk ,d vf/d fdiQk;rh :i gS] tks fcanq
A ls fcanq B rd tkus okys mRiknksa dh ykxr dks dkiQh
de djrk gSA ,dhÑr jk"Vªh; tyekxZ ifjogu fxzM ij
jkbV~l ds ,d 'kks/ ds vuqlkj] ,d yhVj isVªksfy;e
lM+d ij ,d fdyksehVj ls vf/d 24 Vu] jsy ij
,d fdyksehVj ls vf/d 95 Vu vkSj varnZs'kh; ty
ij 215 fdyksehVj rd ys tk ldrk gSA
z fo'oO;kih laca/ksa dks cuk, j•uk%
 nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ canjxkg volajpuk dk j.kuhfrd
fodkl% nf{k.k ,f'k;k lcls de ijLij tqM+s {ks=kksa esa
ls ,d gSAblfy, Hkkjr dk iwohZ leqæh rV caxky dh
•kM+h esa {ks=kh; laidZ ds fy, ,d ,dhÑr gc vkSj
Liksd ekWMy dks fiQj ls cukus esa enn dj ldrk gSA
 vkbZvksvkj esa usV lqj{kk çnkrk% dbZ if'peh ns'k
vkbZvksvkj esa usV lqj{kk çnkrk ds :i esa phu ds lkFk
çfrLi/kZ djus dh Hkkjr dh {kerk ds ckjs esa lko/kuh
cjr jgs gSaA viuh rVh; lqj{kk dks c<+kdj] canjxkgksa ds
vk/qfudhdj.k dks lqfuf'pr djds] vkSj Hkhrjh bykdksa
ls viuh dusfDVfoVh lqfuf'pr djds] Hkkjr vkbZvksvkj
esa usV lqj{kk çnkrk dh viuh egRokdka{kk dks iwjk djus
ds fy, mudh enn ij Hkjkslk dj ldrk gSA
 phu ds çHkko dks udkjuk% vius csYV ,aM jksM
bfuf'k,fVo ds ekè;e ls] phu us Jhyadk ds lkFk
Hkkjr ds igys ls ekStwn Vªkal&f'kiesaV eqís dks lfØ;
:i ls cnrj cuk fn;k gSA phu dks gacuVksVk canjxkg
ij Jhyadk }kjk 99 lky dh yht igys gh nh tk
pqdh gSA blfy, Hkkjr dks canjxkg foLrkj vkSj LFkkuh;
Vªkal&f'kiesaV baÚkLVªDpj lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ,d
egRoiw.kZ j.kuhfrd vko';drk gSA
364
varnZs'kh; tyekxZ
z varnZs'kh; tyekxZ ds :i esa tkuh tkus okyh ufn;ksa]
ugjksa] •kfM+;ksa vkSj cka/ksa ds usVodZ dk mi;ksx lM+dksa
vkSj jsyekxks± ds vykok ;k blds vykok ifjogu ds
fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z ckaXykns'k esa 35» vkSj teZuh esa 20» dh rqyuk esa ns'k
esa yxHkx 14]500 fdeh ukSxE; tyekxZ gksus ds ckotwn
varnZs'kh; ty ifjogu (vkbZMCY;wVh) Hkkjr esa eky
;krk;kr dk dsoy 1» ls Hkh de cukrk gSA
canjxkg vkSj varnZs'kh; tyekxZ ls lacaf/r eqís vkSj
pqukSfr;ka
z cqfu;knh <kaps dh leL;k% de mRikndrk vkSj {kerk
dh deh ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; canjxkg HkhM+HkkM+ okys gSAa yacs
VuZvjkmaM le; vkSj mPp eky <qykbZ ykxr ds dkj.k
Hkkjrh; canjxkg de çfrLi/hZ gSAa gkykafd VuZvjkmaM le; esa
o`f¼ gqbZ gSA ysfdu ;g vHkh Hkh varjjk"Vªh; ekudksa ls de
gS_ mnkgj.k ds fy,] tkikuh canjxkgksa dk VuZvjkmaM le;
8-16 ?kaV]s rkboku dk 10-56 ?kaVs vkSj gkaxdkax dk 12-48 ?kaVs
(62-16 ?kaV)s gSA •jkc ;kstuk ds dkj.k dkxkZs dh ek=kk esa
o`f¼ ds lkFk Hkkjr ds canjxkg dk foLrkj ugha gks ik;k gSA
z jln leL;k% canjxkg dh çHkko'khyrk vkSj mRikndrk jsy
vkSj lM+d dusfDVfoVh ds ekud vkSj fuHkZjrk ds lkFk&lkFk
HkaMkj.k vkSj lapkyu ds fy, mi;qÙkQ lqfo/kvksa ij Hkh fuHkZj
djrh gSA egRoiw.kZ canjxkgksa vkSj vkS|ksfxd lewgksa ds chp
jktekxZ laidZ ds vHkko vkSj bZa/u dh mPp ykxr ds dkj.k
Hkhrjh bykdksa esa ifjogu v{ke vkSj /hek gSA
z ugjksa esa ikuh dh miyC/rk vkSj muds çca/u esa
vlaxfr
 jk"Vªh; tyekxZ dk pkSuy MªkÝV vko';drkuqlkj iwjs
o"kZ 2 ehVj ij fLFkj ugha jgrk gSA buesa ls dqN ufn;ka
ekSleh gSa] vkSj os ges'kk ukSxE; ugha gksrh gSaA
 blds vfrfjÙkQ] lHkh igpkuh xbZ ugjksa dks O;kid
iwath vkSj j•j•ko Mªsftax dh vko';drk gksrh gS] tks
foLFkkiu dh fparkvksa lfgr] dk;kZUo;u ds eqíksa dks
cukus lfgr i;kZoj.k laca/h fparkvksa ds dkj.k LFkkuh;
leqnk; ds fojks/ dk lkeuk dj ldrh gSA
 ugjksa dk fuekZ.k >juksa ds vfLrRo vkSj unh ds ekxZ esa
vpkud eksM+ ls ckf/r gksrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
  ikuh dks flapkbZ ds fy, mfpr :i ls eksMk+ tkuk pkfg,
D;ksfa d blls unh pkSuy esa ikuh dh ek=kk de gks tkrh gSA
z xkn ds dkj.k ukSogu laca/h tfVyrk,a% unh ryksa esa
xkn tek gksus ls ty dh xgjkbZ de gks tkrh gS vkSj
ukSogu tfVy gks tkrk gSA uyh ds rky dh xkn fudkyuk
,d egaxh çfØ;k gSA
z çkS|ksfxdh leL;k% canjxkg VfeZuyksa ds chp dkxkZs ds
çokg dks csgrj cukus ds fy,] çeq• varjjk"Vªh; canjxkg
vR;k/qfud uokpkjksa vkSj lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx
dj jgs gSaA vius O;kikj Hkkxhnkjksa ds chp lwpukvksa ds
vknku&çnku dks vklku cukus ds fy,] mUgksaus vkWuykbu
VªSfdax flLVe vkSj ,aM&Vw&,aM lek/ku LFkkfir fd, gSaA
daVsuj O;kikj] canjxkgksa] varnZs'kh; VfeZuyksa vkSj lhek 'kqYd
vk/kfjd lalajjpuk
vk/kfjd puk
esa yxs f'kilZ ds chp Hkkjr esa cgqr vf/d rjy lwpuk
çokg ugha gSA blls çHkko'khyrk de gks tkrh gSA
z fofu;eu leL;k% yach çys•u çfØ;k] tfVy lhek 'kqYd
çfØ;k,a] vkSj fu;e Hkkjr esa canjxkg lapkyu esa ck/k
Mkyrs gSaA flaxkiqj tSls dqN cM+s canjxkgksa esa yxHkx 95»
daVsujksa dks fcuk fdlh HkkSfrd ijh{k.k ds ikfjr gksus dh
vuqefr gS] tgka vk/qfud dLVe ç'kklu us daVsuj ijh{k.k
ds fy, ,d cgqr gh p;ukRed n`f"Vdks.k ykxw fd;k gSA
Hkkjrh; fu;eksa ds vuqlkj] çR;sd ckWDl dh lkexzh dk
10» tkapk vkSj ekU; fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g nsjh esa tksM+rk
gS vkSj ifjogu ykxr c<+krk gSA
z i;kZIr ekax u gksuk% ugjksa dks ifjogu dk vkfFkZd :i ls
O;ogk;Z lk/u cukus ds fy,] mudh ekax esa o`f¼ gksuh pkfg,A
365
ljdkj dh igy
z ubZ rduhd vkSj lalk/u
 2009 esa dksphu iksVZ esa 'kq: dh xbZ ohVh,e,l
(osly VªSfiQd eSustesaV flLVe) dks 5-8 djksM+
#i;s (;w,l $ 772]161-66) dh ykxr ls
LFkkfir nks u, jMkj] ,d ,vkbZ,l csl LVs'ku]
rhu oh,p,iQ jsfM;ks vkSj lac¼ lkWÝVos;j vkSj
gkMZos;j ls ;qÙkQ vR;k/qfud ç.kkyh ds lkFk
vixzsM fd;k x;k gSA
 dsaæ us fo'kk•kiÙkue canjxkg Øwt VfeZuy ds fy,
100 djksM+ #i;s (;w,l $ 13-31 fefy;u) eatwj
fd, gSaA
z elkSnk Hkkjrh; canjxkg fo/s;d 2021%
 la'kksf/r elkSnk canjxkg fo/s;d] 2022 dks dsaæ
ljdkj }kjk 1908 ds Hkkjrh; canjxkg vf/fu;e
dks cnyus ds fy, rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA bls fuEu
ds fy, rS;kj fd;k x;k gS_
 lelkef;d :ijs•kvksa dks è;ku esa j•us ds fy,
1908 ds vf/fu;e dks elkSnk canjxkg fo/s;d
ds fgLls ds :i esa v|ru fd;k tk,xk_
 blds vfrfjÙkQ] bldk mís'; çnw"k.k fu;a=k.k]
jksdFkke ] vkSj leqæh laf/;ksa vkSj vU; varjjk"Vªh;
le>kSrksa ds vuqikyu dh lqfo/k ls lacaf/r dkuwuksa
dks v|ru vkSj iquxZfBr djuk gSA lkFk gh lkFk
ns'k ds fgr esa canjxkg m|ksx ds ijke'khZ fodkl dk
leFkZu djuk gSA
 fcy esa ns'k ds fy, ,dy dkuwu dks 'kkfey djus
dk ç;kl gSA u, dkuwu ds rgr tkjh fd;k x;k
jftLVªs'ku lfVZfiQdsV iwjs ns'k esa ekU; gksxk vkSj jkT;
dh eatwjh dh t:jr ugha gksxhA
 baVjusV iksVZy ij tgkt vkSj pkyd ny dh
tkudkjh ntZ djus ds fy, fcy ,d ,dy MsVkcsl
Hkh LFkkfir djrk gSA
z ukSogu leqæh lgk;rk fo/s;d 2021% bls laln }kjk
ikfjr fd;k x;k Fkk] ftlesa oSf'od lokZsÙke çFkkvksa]
rduhdh fodkl vkSj bl {ks=k esa Hkkjr ds varjkZ"Vªh;
nkf;Roksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA
z foÙkh; lalk/u vkoaVu vkSj futh {ks=k ds lekos'ku
esa yxkrkj o`f¼
366
 çeq• canjxkgksa ls foÙk o"kZ 2022 esa lkoZtfud&futh
Hkkxhnkjh ds vk/kj ij 2]000 djksM+ #i;s (;w,l $
274-31 fefy;u) ls vf/d dh lkr ifj;kstukvksa dks
forfjr djus dh mEehn gSA canjxkgksa esa futh {ks=k ds
fuos'k esa fiNys ikap o"kks± esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gqbZ gS] tks
2020 rd 2-35 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj ds loZdkfyd
mPp Lrj dks Nw x;k gSA
 foÙk ea=kh us 2024 rd 4-5 fefy;u ykbV foLFkkiu
Vu (,yMhVh) dh tgkt iqupZØ.k {kerk dks nksxquk
djus dk çLrko fn;kA blls Hkkjr esa vfrfjÙkQ 1-5 yk•
jkstxkj ds volj iSnk gksus dh laHkkouk gSA
 dsaæh; ctV 2021 esa] ljdkj us ns'k esa epZsaV f'ki
ÝySfxax dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, Hkkjrh; f'kfiax
daifu;ksa dks 1]624 djksM+ #i;s (;w,l $ 222-74
fefy;u) dh lfClMh iQafMax dh ?kks"k.kk dhA
z çeq• canjxkg çkf/dj.k fo/s;d] 2020% bls Hkkjr
dh laln }kjk ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA fo/s;d dk mís';
çeq• canjxkg ç'kklu esa fu.kZ; ysus dks fodsaæhÑr
djuk vkSj mRÑ"Vrk dks lqn`<+ djuk gSA
z vkn'kZ fj;k;r le>kSrk(,elh,)% fuekZ.k] lapkyu vkSj
gLrkarj.k <kaps ds rgr ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, pqus x,
cksyhnkrkvksa ds lkFk çeq• canjxkgksa }kjk dh tkus okyh
lafonkRed O;oLFkkvksa esa •qykiu vkSj ,d:irk tksM+us ds
fy, ,elh, dks vafre :i ns fn;k x;k gSA
z dj NwV% canjxkgksa] varnZs'kh; tyekxks± vkSj varnZs'kh;
canjxkgksa ds fuekZ.k] j•j•ko vkSj lapkyu ds O;olk; esa
yxs m|eksa dks 10 o"kZ dh dj NwV nh xbZ gSA
vkxs dh jkg
z vf/d lalk/u vkoaVu% c<+rk fuos'k vkSj dkxkZs ;krk;kr
Hkkjrh; canjxkg {ks=k ds fy, ,d LoLFk n`f"Vdks.k dh
vksj b'kkjk djrk gSA lapkyu vkSj j•j•ko] ik;yVst vkSj
gkcZfjax vkSj leqæh laifÙk tSls cktZ vkSj Mªst tSlh lsokvksa
ds çnkrk bu fuos'kksa ls ykHkkfUor gks jgs gSaA
z tyekxZ ykxr çHkkoh vkSj fVdkÅ gksuk% ?kjsyw tyekxks±
dks eky <qykbZ dk ,d ykxr çHkkoh vkSj i;kZoj.kh; :i
ls fVdkÅ rjhdk ik;k x;k gSA ljdkj dks 2030 rd 23
tyekxks± dks pkyw djus dk y{; j•uk pkfg,A
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z Mªsftax cktkj •ksyuk% canjxkgksa ij MªkÝV dh xgjkbZ dks
c<+kus vkSj cuk, j•us ds fy,] cM+s tgktksa dks vkdf"kZr
djus vkSj mUgsa gc iksVZ cukus ds fy,] ljdkj dks Mªsftax
xfrfof/;ksa esa fons'kh iQeks± dks vkdf"kZr djus ds fy,
Mªsftax cktkj •ksyuk pkfg,A
z rVh; vkfFkZd {ks=kksa (lhbZtsM) vkSj u, canjxkgksa ds
fuekZ.k ds lkFk&lkFk dbZ lkxjekyk ifj;kstukvksa dks iwjk
djus esa rsth ykukA
z n{krk esa lq/kj
 jkWVjMSe] iQsfyDlLVksos vkSj flaxkiqj tSls dq'ky
varjjk"Vªh; canjxkgksa ls lh•dj_
 Hkwfe vf/xzg.k vkSj i;kZoj.kh; eatjw h ds dkj.k ifj;kstuk
esa gksus okyh nsjh dks nwj djus ds fy,] canjxkg ea=kky;
dks lM+d ifjogu vkSj jktekxZ ea=kky;] ,u,p,vkbZ vkSj
i;kZoj.k ea=kky; ds lkFk feydj dke djuk pkfg,_
 eYVheksMy vkSj baVjeksMy dusfDVfoVh dks feykdj]
varnZs'kh; tyekxZ csgrj vafre ehy dusfDVfoVh çkIr
dj ldrs gSa_
z cuk, x, fofHkUu dkuwuksa dk dk;kZUo;u% mnkgj.k ds
fy,] O;kikj djus esa vklkuh] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj dq'ky lsok
forj.k dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, u, epZsaV f'kfiax fcy
dks tYn ls tYn ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z cqfu;knh <kaps ds midj.k ds :i esa varnZs'kh; ty;ku
dk oxhZdj.k%
 ;g egRoiw.kZ iwathxr O;; vkSj ifjpkyu ykxr okys
{ks=k ds fy, /u çkIr djuk vklku cuk nsxk_
 ;g cSadksa dks varnZs'kh; tgktksa ds fy, foÙkiks"k.k dh
igpku djus esa enn djsxkA rnuqlkj ,d çkFkfedrk
okys {ks=k ds ½.k dk;ZØeksa dks ,dhÑr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
lkxjekyk ifj;kstuk
z lkxjekyk ifj;kstuk dks o"kZ 2015 esa dsaæh; eaf=keaMy }kjk
vuqeksfnr fd;k x;k Fkk ftldk mís'; vk/qfudhdj.k]
e'khuhdj.k vkSj daI;wVjhdj.k ds ekè;e ls 7]516
fdyksehVj yach leqæh rV js•k ds vkl&ikl canjxkgksa
ds bnZ&fxnZ çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k fodkl dks c<+kok
nsuk gSA
vk/kfjd lalajjpuk
vk/kfjd puk
z lkxjekyk ifj;kstuk dk n`f"Vdks.k vk;kr&fu;kZr vkSj
?kjsyw O;kikj gsrq U;wure cqfu;knh <kapk fuos'k ds lkFk
jln ykxr dks de djuk gSA
z lkxjekyk ifj;kstuk o"kZ 2025 rd Hkkjr ds O;kikj fu;kZr
dks 110 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj rd c<+k ldrh gS] lkFk
gh yxHkx 10 fefy;u ubZ ukSdfj;ka (çR;{k jkstxkj esa pkj
fefy;u) iSnk dj ldrh gSA
z ea=kky; us laHkkfor ,;jykbu vkWijsVjksa ds lkFk lkxjekyk
lhIysu lfoZlst dh egÙokdka{kh ifj;kstuk 'kq: dh gSA
lkxjekyk dk;ZØe ds ?kVd
z vojks/ksa dks nwj djuk vkSj ekStwnk canjxkgksa dh {kerk
dk foLrkj] lkFk gh lkFk u, xzhuiQhYM canjxkgksa dk
fodkl] canjxkg vk/qfudhdj.k vkSj u, canjxkg fodkl
ds mnkgj.k gSaA
z iksVZ dusfDVfoVh lq/kj% ?kjsyw tyekxks± (varnZs'kh; ty
ifjogu vkSj rVh; f'kfiax) lfgr eYVh&eksMy ykWftfLVDl
lek/kuksa ds ekè;e ls canjxkgksa dh vkarfjd Hkwfe ls
dusfDVfoVh dks c<+kuk] dkxkZs vkoktkgh dh ykxr vkSj
le; dk vuqdwyu djukA
z ,fDte vkSj ?kjsyw dkxkZs dh ykWftfLVd ykxr rFkk le;
dks de djus ds fy;s canjxkg&lehiLFk vkS|ksfxd DyLVj
vkSj rVh; vkfFkZd {ks=k fodflr djukA
z rVh; lkeqnkf;d fodkl% dkS'ky fodkl vkSj vkthfodk
fuekZ.k xfrfof/;ksa] eRL; fodkl] rVh; i;ZVu vkfn ds
ekè;e ls rVh; leqnk;ksa ds lrr~ fodkl dks c<+kok nsukA
z rVh; ukSogu vkSj varnZs'kh; tyekxZ ifjogu% lrr~
vkSj i;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy rVh; rFkk varnZs'kh; tyekxZ ds
ekè;e ls dkxkZs dks LFkkukarfjr djus ds fy;s çksRlkguA
fu"d"kZ
z 2047 rd ljdkj Hkkjr dks ,d fodflr ns'k curs
ns•uk pkgrh gSA bls çkIr djus ds fy,] etcwr fu;kZr]
fuos'k vkSj ?kjsyw ekax ls lapkfyr vFkZO;oLFkk dks rsth
ls c<+us dh vko';drk gksxhA leqæh O;kikj vkSj canjxkg
ds cqfu;knh <kaps ls fu;kZr esa etcwr o`f¼ laHko gksxhA
blfy,] oSf'od Lrj ij Hkkjrh; canjxkgksa vkSj fu;kZr
dks çfrLi/hZ cukus ds fy,] ljdkj dks Hkkjr esa fo'o
Lrjh; canjxkg ds cqfu;knh <kaps ds fuekZ.k dks c<+kok
nsuk pkfg,A
367
 foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk) 5. lrr fodkl y{;ksa (,lMhth) dks çkIr djus ds fy,

1. ¶rsth ls vkSj lekos'kh vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, cqfu;knh

<kaps esa fuos'k vko';d gSA¸ Hkkjr ds vuqHko ds çdk'k
esa ppkZ dhft,A (2021)
2. iwath fuekZ.k ds lanHkZ esa vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuos'k dk vFkZ
Li"V dhft,A lkoZtfud laLFkk vkSj futh laLFkk ds chp
fj;k;r le>kSrs dks rS;kj djrs le; fopkj fd, tkus
okys dkjdksa ij ppkZ dhft,A (2020)
3. mnkjhdj.k ds ckn dh vof/ ds nkSjku ctV cukus ds
lanHkZ esa lkoZtfud O;; çca/u Hkkjr ljdkj ds fy,
,d pqukSrh gSA Li"V dhft,A (2019)
4. ÅtkZ dh c<+rh vko';drkvksa dks ns•rs gq, D;k Hkkjr
dks vius ijek.kq ÅtkZ dk;ZØe dk foLrkj tkjh j•uk
pkfg,\ ijek.kq ÅtkZ ls tqM+s rF;ksa vkSj vk'kadkvksa ij
ppkZ dhft,A (2018)
v v v
lLrh] fo'oluh;] fVdkÅ vkSj vk/qfud ÅtkZ rd igqap
vfuok;Z gSA bl laca/ esa Hkkjr esa gqbZ çxfr ij fVIi.kh
dhft,A (2018)
6. lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh (ihihih) ekWMy ds rgr la;qÙkQ
m|eksa ds ekè;e ls Hkkjr esa gokbZ vîóksa ds fodkl dk
ijh{k.k dhft,A bl laca/ esa vf/dkfj;ksa ds lkeus D;k
pqukSfr;ka gSa\ (2017)
7. ¶vkS|ksfxd fodkl nj lq/kj ds ckn dh vof/ esa ldy
?kjsyw mRikn (thMhih) ds lexz fodkl esa ihNs jg xbZ
gS¸ dkj.k crkb,A vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa gky gh esa gq,
ifjorZu vkS|ksfxd fodkl nj dks c<+kus esa dgka rd
l{ke gSa\  (2017)

368 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 21 ykWftfLVDl {ks=k
z ykWftfLVDl] de le; vkSj de iSls esa miHkksÙkQk dh ekaxksa
dks iwjk djrs gq, mUgsa larq"V djus osQ fy, muosQ ewy LFkku
ls xarO; LFkku rd eky osQ çokg dk çcaèku gSA
z ¶ykWftfLVDl¸ 'kCn dk ç;ksx O;kikj] ifjogu vkSj okf.kT;
ls lacafèkr xfrfofèk;ksa dh ,d foLr`r J`a•yk dks lanfHkZr
djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] tks fd fuekZ.k çfØ;k osQ var
ls ysdj miHkksx osQ fy, eky osQ forj.k rd gksrk gSA
z fu;kZr dks c<+kus osQ fy,] çfrLièkhZ] çHkkoh vkSj etcwr
ykWftfLVDl okrkoj.k dk gksuk vko';d gSA tSlk fd 'kh"kZ
varjkZ"Vªh; lwpdkadks esa n'kkZ;k x;k fd] dbZ ckèkkvksa osQ
ckotwn] Hkkjr us O;kikj ls lacafèkr ykWftfLVDl ra=k esa
egRoiw.kZ çxfr dh gSA
z dbZ lqèkkj igyksa vkSj foèkk;h ifjorZuksa osQ dkj.k] Hkkjr
dk ykWftfLVDl m|ksx] tks ,d mHkjrk gqvk m|ksx gS] ,d
ifjorZudkjh pj.k ls xqtj jgk gSA
ykWftfLVDl% mís';
z vkiwfrZ J`a•yk dh n{krk esa lqèkkj% ykWftfLVDl çcaèku
osQ ekè;e ls vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr çfØ;kvks dks rst fd;k
tkrk gS] ftlls vkiwfrZ Ja•yk dh n`';rk esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
Åijh •pks± dks de djuk vkSj vkoafVr vofèk osQ Hkhrj
forj.k lapkyu dks l{ke djuk cgqr iQk;nsean gksrk gSA
z oLrq lwph fu;a=k.k% m|eksa osQ oqQ'ky lapkyu osQ fy,
oLrq lwph dk fu;a=k.k egRoiw.kZ gSA vkWMZj djus osQ fy,
dkSu lk eky Hk.Mkj pquuk gS vkSj oLrq lwph Lrj dks cuk,
j•us rFkk vafre mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks larq"V djus osQ fy,
;g fdruk egRoiw.kZ gS ;g Hkh vko';d gSA ifj.kker%]
oLrq lwph çcaèku vkerkSj ij LVkWdvkmV osQ tksf•e dks
de djrk gS] blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] oLrq lwph osQ Lrj dks de
djus ls vfrfjÙkQ •pks± esa çHkkoh :i ls deh vkrh gS vkSj
vkiwfrZ J`a•yk çcaèku lapkyu esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
z mRikn {kfr dks de djuk% ;g ykWftfLVDl osQ fy, ,d
vfrfjÙkQ 'kqYd dh rjg gS] tks •jkc ykWftfLVDl çcaèku]
Hkkj bdkbZ dh deh] vuqfpr iSosQftax vkfn osQ dkj.k gks
ldrk gSA U;wure mRikn {kfr dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy,
,d çHkkoh ykWftfLVDl çcaèku n`f"Vdks.k dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA ykWftfLVDl çcaèku osQ fy,] mRikn dh xfr'khyrk
dh mfpr fuxjkuh egRoiw.kZ gSA
z xzkgdksa dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djuk% ykWftfLVDl
çcaèku dk ewy y{; xzkgdksa dks larq"V djus osQ fy,
miyCèk oLrqlwph vkSj ifjogu fodYiksa ij çHkkoh ;kstuk
cukuk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i ,d oqQ'ky eky <qykbZ çfØ;k rFkk
eky ;k mRiknksa dk Rofjr forj.k gksrk gSA
z ifjpkyu ykxr esa deh% jktLo c<+kus vkSj vkiwfrZ
J`a•yk lapkyu dh ykxr dks de djus dk lcls vPNk
rjhdk ykWftfLVDl çcaèku lqfuf'pr djuk gSA ;g dPps
eky osQ lokZsÙke laHko mi;ksx rFkk rsth ls mRikn forj.k
dks l{ke cukrk gSA lkFk gh ;g nksuksa gh O;olk;ksa dks
çfrLièkkZRed ykHk nsrs gSaA
z xq.koÙkk vk'oklu% lHkh ykWftfLVDl xfrfofèk;ksa dh
xq.koÙkk dh fuxjkuh osQ fy, vR;kèkqfud rduhdksa dk
mi;ksx djosQ] dkWikZsjsV fodkl dks xfr nh tk ldrh gSA
ykWftfLVDl çcaèku osQ y{;ksa osQ eq[; ?kVdksa esa ls ,d
xq.koÙkk vk'oklu gSA
z dkcZu iQqVfçaV dks de djuk% dkcZu mRltZu dks de
djus osQ fy, vkèkqfud rjhosQ vDlj ,d fo'oluh;
ykWftfLVDl ç.kkyh }kjk is'k fd, tkrs gSaA fuLlansg]
ifjogu {ks=k dks vkWVkseksckby }kjk mRikfnr mRltZu osQ
dkj.k i;kZoj.k osQ udkjkRed çHkkoksa dk eq[; dkj.k ekuk
tkrk gSA ykWftfLVDl çcaèku dk y{;] ekxZ vuqdwyu]
çfØ;k Lopkyu vkSj vU; dk;ks± osQ fy, j.kuhfr;ksa dks
ykxw djuk gS tks fd i;kZoj.k osQ vuqdwy vkSj lrr
ykWftfLVDl osQ ekudksa osQ vuqdwy gksA
ykWftfLVDl% rF; ,oa vk¡dM+s
vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2017&18 osQ vuqlkj] Hkkjr osQ ykWftfLVDl
m|ksx esa 22 fefy;u ls vfèkd yksx dk;Zjr gSaA m|ksxksa osQ
osQ fodkl ls ldy ?kjsyw mRikn osQ orZeku 14» ls vçR;{k
ykWftfLVDl ykxr esa 10» dh deh vk,xh] ftlls fu;kZr esa
5&8» dh o`f¼ gksxhA
z ;g fiNys ikap o"kks± osQ nkSjku 7-8 çfr'kr dh pØo`f¼
okf"kZd o`f¼ nj (CAGR) ls c<+k gSA
z vuqeku osQ eqrkfcd Hkkjrh; ykWftfLVDl O;olk; vxys nks
o"kks± esa yxHkx 215 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj dk gks tk,xk]
tcfd orZeku esa ;g 160 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj dk gSA
z orZeku esa bldk] 22 fefy;u deZpkfj;ksa] 200 ukSogu
daifu;ksa] 36 ykWftfLVDl lsokvksa] 50 vkbZVh ikfjfLFkfrdh
ra=k] cSadksa vkSj chek daifu;ksa osQ lkFk 160 fcfy;u MkWyj
dk cktkj gSA
z orZeku esa] ifjogu dks lcls egRoiw.kZ ykWftfLVDl xfrfofèk
osQ :i esa ekuk tkrk gS] tks ykWftfLVDl ykxr dk yxHkx
50» ls 60» rd gksrk gS] blosQ ckn HkaMkj.k gksrk gSA
z fo'o cSad osQ ykWftfLVDl çn'kZu lwpdkad 2018 us Hkkjr
dks 2-91 osQ •jkc cqfu;knh <kaps osQ vad osQ lkFk 44osa
LFkku ij j•kA (teZuh 4-37 osQ Ldksj osQ lkFk igys LFkku
ij jgk)A
z lHkh eky dk yxHkx 71» lM+d ekxZ }kjk ys tk;k tkrk
gSA ns'k esa ykWftfLVDl ç.kkyh dk vlarqfyr feJ.k gSA
z jktekxZ ns'k osQ oqQy lM+d usVodZ dk osQoy 2-2» fgLlk
cukrs gSa] fiQj Hkh oqQy eky ;krk;kr dk 40» ifjogu
djrs gSa] ftlls ns'k dh jktekxZ ç.kkyh ij vR;fèkd ncko
iM+rk gSA
z Hkkjr esa] ,d ekyxkM+h yxHkx 20 Vu osQ vfèkdre Hkkj
(dkxkZs {kerk) osQ lkFk osQoy 25 fdeh@?kaVk dh vkSlr
xfr ls ;k=kk dj ldrh gSA
z gokbZ eky <qykbZ osQ lacaèk esa ;g fLFkfr leku gSA ukxfjd
mîó;u ea=kky; dh okf"kZd fjiksVZ 2019&20 osQ vuqlkj]
Hkkjr esa 20 varjkZ"Vªh; vkSj 23 ?kjsyw dkxkZs canjxkg gSa]
ftUgksaus feydj 2018&19 esa 3-56 fefy;u ehfVªd Vu
(MT) dkxkZs dks laHkkykA blosQ foijhr] 3-63 ehfVªd Vu
dkxkZs 2019 esa phu osQ 'ka?kkbZ iqMksax varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ vîós
}kjk laHkkyk x;kA
ykWftfLVDl {ks=k dk egRo
z Ñf"k ?kkVs esa deh% Ñf"k vkSj •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dks
vR;fèkd uqdlku gksrk gSaA eq[; :i ls cqfu;knh <kaps esa
deh osQ dkj.k ifjogu esa nsjh gksrh gSA ,sls esa bl leL;k
osQ lekèkku osQ fy, i;kZIr ykWftfLVDl lqfoèkk,a miyCèk
gksuh pkfg,A
z ,dhÑr cgqfoèk ifjogu ;kstuk% ifjogu dk ,d
fefJr ekWMy cukus osQ fy,] tks fd oqQ'ky] rst] lqjf{kr]
vk;kr çfrLFkkiu] lLrk vkSj çnw"k.k eqÙkQ gks ] ,dhÑr
cgqfoèk ifjogu ;kstuk vko';d gSA
370
z jkstxkj l`tu osQ volj% ykWftfLVDl m|ksx yxHkx
45 fefy;u yksxksa (vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd nksuksa)
dks jkstxkj nsrk gS] vkSj fiNys oqQN o"kks± esa ;g yxHkx
14&15» dh nj ls c<+k gSA
z Ñf"k {ks=k dk leFkZu% vkèkh ls vfèkd vkcknh Ñf"k {ks=k
ij fuHkZj gS] tks ykWftfLVDl m|ksx ij cgqr vfèkd fuHkZj
gSA fo'ks"k :i ls] ykWftfLVDl ykxr esa leku deh ls
Ñf"k mRiknksa dh ekax esa 12» dh o`f¼ gqbZ vkSj bl {ks=k
esa jkstxkj esa 6» dh o`f¼ gqbZA
z fu;kZr çfrLièkkZ% ns'k dh fu;kZr çfrLièkkZ eq[; :i ls
,d çHkkoh ykWftfLVDl usVodZ vkSj ikjn'khZ lhek ikj
O;kikj lqfoèkk }kjk lapkfyr gksrh gSA
z ykxr esa deh% vfèkd çHkkoh rFkk oqQ'ky ykWftfLVDl
vkSj ifjogu }kjk le; vkSj èku dh cpr gksrh gSA blosQ
vfrfjÙkQ] os cM+s HkaMkj dh vko';drk dks de djosQ
mRiknu ykxr de djrs gSaA blosQ ifj.kkeLo#i] chek vkSj
HkaMkj.k tSlh lqfoèkkvksa osQ fy, de iSls dh t:jr gksxhA
z fofuekZ.k {ks=k% ykWftfLVDl {ks=k oLrqvksa dh ,d oqQ'ky
vkSj lLrh vkoktkgh lqfuf'pr djrk gS] tks vU; okf.kfT;d
{ks=kksa osQ fy, vko';d gSA
z ykWftfLVDl esa lqèkkj ls i;kZoj.k ij ykHkdkjh çHkko
iM+ ldrk gSA vHkh rd] Hkkjr dk lexz CO2 mRltZu
ykWftfLVDl ls gksus okys CO2 mRltZu dk yxHkx 7» gSA
vosQys fnYyh esa] eky <qykbZ lHkh ih,e 2-5 dk 67»]
lHkh SO2 dk 61»] vkSj lHkh NOx mRltZu dk 62» gSA
ykWftfLVDl {ks=k osQ eqís vkSj pqukSfr;ka
z ykWftfLVDl dh ykxr% foÙk rd igq¡p esa dfBukb;ka]
vi;kZIr cqfu;knh <k¡ps] lapkj esa deh ] vkSj ,d çfrdwy
ekWMy feJ.k osQ dkj.k] ykWftfLVDl dh ykxr mPp cuh
gqbZ gSA
z dbZ fgrèkkjdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh osQ dkj.k leUo;%
ykWftfLVDl esa pkj eq[; ?kVd 'kkfey gSa tks m|ksx osQ
vfèkdka'k fgLls dks cukrs gSa vkSj fofHkUu foHkkxksa }kjk
fu;af=kr gksrs gSa] tks dbZ fgrèkkjdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh osQ dkj.k
leUo; dks dfBu cuk nsrk gSA ,d tSlh çfØ;k,a çk;%
fofHkUu laLFkkvks dh mifLFkfr osQ dkj.k gksrh gSaA
z varjlapkfyr rduhd dh deh% vafre Nksj rd igqap
vkSj cqfu;knh <kaps dh deh osQ dkj.k oLrqvksa osQ ifjogu
esa ckèkk vkrh gSA ykWftfLVDl volajpuk osQ fy, xfr 'kfÙkQ
dk ,dhÑr n`f"Vdks.k] Hkkjrekyk ifj;kstuk osQ 35 cgqfoèk
ykWftfLVDl ikdZ (MMLPs)] dbZ lkxjekyk canjxkg
lapkj ifj;kstuk çkjaHk dh xbZ gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z çfrLièkkZ vkSj {kerk dk de mi;ksx% lkoZtfud {ks=k
osQ ykHkksa osQ çkoèkku osQ dkj.k] futh f•ykfM+;ksa tSls fd]
daVsuj jsyxkM+h lapkydks rFkk fons'kh iksr ekfydks dks dksbZ
leku volj miyCèk ugha gS] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i de
çfrLièkkZ] {kerk dk de mi;ksx vkSj vU; v{kerk,a gksrh
gSaA fuckZèk igqap dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy,] ljdkj us
lefiZr eky <qykbZ xfy;kjs rFkk cgqfoèk }kjk vafre Nksj
rd igqap osQ fy, dbZ dk;ZØe pyk;s gSaA
z HkaMkj.k {kerk vkSj •afMr lajpuk% Hkkjr us vc rd
108-75 MMT HkaMkj.k LFkku dh lqfoèkk eqgS;k djus dh
lwpuk nh gS] ftlesa ls 20» dh fgLlsnkjh futh {ks=k dh
gSA xksnke m|ksx esa ewY;oèkZu U;wure gSA dbZ oLrqvksa osQ
fy, fu;ekuqlkj eky dks yknuk]eky dks mrjuk vkSj mudks
lEgkyuk vHkh Hkh fujh{k.k rFkk Hk.Mkj.k lqfoèkk,¡ vHkh Hkh
dkiQh gn rd xSj&e'khuhÑr gSaA
z mPp fLFkjrk dk le; vkSj mRiknksa dk fuckZèk ØkWl&eksM
lapkyu% rduhd dh deh osQ vykok] vafre Nksj rd
igqap vkSj cqfu;knh <kaps dh deh osQ dkj.k eky dk
ØkWl&eksM lapkyu ckfèkr gksrk gSA
z lhek vuqikyu vkSj nLrkost çlaLdj.k osQ fy, le;%
Hkkjr dk vkSlr lhek vuqikyu vkSj dkxth dkjZokbZ dk
le; vk;kr osQ fy, 264 ?kaVs vkSj fu;kZr osQ fy, 106
?kaVs gSA Hkkjr esa nLrkostksa osQ fy, vkSlr dk;Zokgh dk le;
vk;kr osQ fy, 61 ?kaVs vkSj fu;kZr osQ fy, 38 ?kaVs gSA
z vi;kZIr foÙkiks"k.k% D;ksafd ykWftfLVDl m|ksx dks vc
cqfu;knh <kaps osQ fgLls osQ :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gS]
vr% fgrèkkjd vc yach vofèk dh fufèk;ksa dk ç;ksx dj
ldrs gSaA
z lqj{kk dkjd% vuqfpr ykWftfLVDl çfØ;kvksa osQ
ifj.kkeLo:i Vªdksa esa vR;fèkd Hkkj yknus tSlh xfrfofèk;ka
gks ldrh gSa] tks fd ;krk;kr lqj{kk dks •rjs esa Mkyrh gSaA
vkxs dh jkg
z ykWftfLVDl ykxr de djuk% ;g Hkkjr osQ fy, O;kikj
vkSj okf.kT; dks c<+kok nsxk rFkk oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dks
vfèkd çfrLièkhZ cuk;sxkA
z vkfo"dkj vkSj uokpkj% ubZ rduhd dks ykxw djus]
fuos'k c<+kus] dkS'ky fodflr djus] ckèkkvksa dks de djus]
nks ;k mlls vfèkd rjhdks ls ifjogu dks c<+kus] çfØ;kvksa
dks Lopkfyr djus] vuqefr nsus osQ fy, ,dy }kj cukus
vkSj çfØ;kvksa dks lqO;ofLFkr djus ij è;ku osQafær djuk
blesa 'kkfey gSA
ykWfftfLVDl
tfLVDl {ks{ks=k=k
z okf.kT; vkSj m|ksx ea=kky; (MOCI) ,d ,dhÑr
ykWftfLVDl lkbV cuk jgk gS tks miHkksÙkQkvksa] ykWftfLVDl
lsok çnkrkvksa vkSj lacafèkr ljdkjh laxBuksa dks ysunsu
lacaèkh bZ&cktkj osQ :i esa dk;Z djus osQ fy, tksM+sxhA
z okf.kT; vkSj m|ksx ea=kky; }kjk gky gh esa 'kq: fd;k
x;k fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa ykWftfLVDl lqxerk lwpdkad
(LEADS)] jkT;ksa dks muosQ lacafèkr vfèkdkj {ks=k osQ Hkhrj
ykWftfLVDl osQ vkèkkjHkwr <kaps dks c<+kus osQ fy, nh tkus
okyh lgk;rk osQ vuqlkj Js.khc¼ djrk gSA
z fu;ked <kaps dks etcwr djuk% ¶,d jk"Vª&,d
vuqcaèk¸ çfreku osQ fy, ,d ,dhÑr foèkk;h <kaps osQ
ekè;e ls ,d vuqdwy fu;ked okrkoj.k cukus osQ y{;
osQ lkFk fgrèkkjdksa osQ lkFk feydj ,d çLrkfor jk"Vªh;
ykWftfLVDl dkuwu fodflr fd;k tk jgk gSA
z mnkj fu;ked <kapk% 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa 'kqYd nj uhfr;ksa
vkSj gokbZ vfèkdkjksa osQ ekunaMksa lfgr ykWftfLVDl {ks=k dks
c<+kok nsuk vkSj fodflr djukA
z {kerk fuekZ.k% çèkkuea=kh osQ ¶vkRefuHkZj Hkkjr¸ vkSj ¶esd
bu bafM;k¸ osQ n`f"Vdks.k osQ vuq:i jksios ikfjfLFkfrdh
ra=k dks fodflr djus osQ fy, vkbZvkbZVh rFkk uLMd
(NSDC) dkS'ky ikBÔØeksa osQ ekè;e ls mRÑ"Vrk osQaæ
LFkkfir djus dk lq>ko fn;k x;k FkkA
z uhfr;ksa osQ yphysiu esa lqèkkj% {ks=k esa futh fuos'kdksa
dks vkdf"kZr djus osQ fy, ifjlaifÙk iqupZØ.k vkSj yach
fj;k;r vofèk dks l{ke djukA
z varj&ea=kky;h leUo;% osQaæh; ea=kky;ksa (tSls] i;kZoj.k)
vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa ls okLro esa cgqfoèk la;kstdrk (lM+d]
jsy) vkSj le;c¼ eatwjh dks lqfuf'pr djukA
z oqQ'ky foÙk ekWMy% ihihih ,d O;kogkfjd foÙk ekWMy
osQ :i esa fodflr fd;k tkuk pkfg,] vkSj fodkl
foÙk laLFkku (DFI) osQ 'kh?kz lapkyu osQ ekè;e ls ½.k
miyCèkrk esa lqèkkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z ykWftfLVDl m|ksx esa lqèkkj dk fu;kZr ij egRoiw.kZ çHkko
iM+rk gSA vuqeku gS fd vçR;{k ykWftfLVDl ykxr esa
10» dh deh ls fu;kZr esa 5&8» dh o`f¼ gks ldrh gSA
z eky <qykbZ esa LekVZ 'kgjksa dh igy dk mís'; 'kgjh
ekyHkkM+k dh n{krk dks c<+kuk vkSj ykWftfLVDl dh ykxr
esa deh osQ voljksa dks fodflr djuk gksxkA
z dj njksa esa ;qfÙkQdj.k% th,lVh tSls dj lqèkkj vkSj
okf.kT; foHkkx esa ykWftfLVDl çHkkx dh LFkkiukA
z ,d ,dhÑr ykWftfLVDl uhfr dk fuekZ.k vko';d le>k
x;k gSA le;&le; ij {ks=k osQ çn'kZu dk vkdyu djus
osQ fy, ,d ,slh ç.kkyh dk gksuk vko';d gSA
371
z elkSnk jk"Vªh; ykWftfLVDl uhfr] ftldk mís'; iwjs ns'k esa
oLrqvksa osQ oqQ'ky ifjogu dks çksRlkfgr djuk gS] iwjk gksus
osQ vafre pj.k esa gSA
z esd bu bafM;k tSls dk;ZØeksa dks csgrj ykWftfLVDl çn'kZu
ls ykHk gksxk] vkSj Hkkjr Hkh oSf'od vkiwfrZ J`a•yk esa
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus esa l{ke gksxkA
ljdkj }kjk mBk, x, dne
z ctVh; vkoaVu% osQaæh; ctV 2021&22 esa fofHkUu
ea=kky;ksa esa iwathxr O;; osQ fy, ljdkj osQ 5-54 fVªfy;u
#i;s osQ vkoaVu esa 34-5» dh o`f¼ ns•h xbZA
z th,lVh vkSj bZ&os fcy ç.kkyh% th,lVh vkSj bZ&os
fcy ç.kkyh osQ dk;kZUo;u osQ ckn ls ykWftfLVDl vkSj
ifjogu m|ksx vfèkd oqQ'ky gks x, gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i Vªd
osQ VuZvjkmaM le; esa yxHkx 20» dh deh vkbZ gSA
z lHkh xksnkeksa dh ft;ks&VSfxax% lHkh HkaMkj.k lqfoèkkvksa
dh ft;ksVSfxax ls fdlkuksa osQ fy, 10 fdyksehVj osQ nk;js
esa dksYM LVksjst lqfoèkk ;k xksnke <wa<uk vklku gks tk,xk
tgka os viuh mit dks j• losQaxsA
z MCywMhvkj, (WDRA) ekudksa osQ vuqlkj Hk.Mkj.k dks
c<+kok nsuk vko';d gSA
z efgyk Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa osQ ekè;e ls] xzke HkaMkj.k
;kstuk cht osQ fy, laidZ çnku djsxh] ftlls ifjogu
ykxr de gksxhA
z tYnh •jkc gksus okys lkekuksa dh vkoktkgh dks lqfoèkktud
cukus osQ fy,] ;k=kh Vªsuksa esa jsfÚtjsVj oSu dks tksM+k tkuk
pkfg,A
z Ñf"k mM+ku ;kstuk] tks tYn •jkc gksus okyh oLrqvksa
vkSj ckxokuh dh gokbZ ekxZ ls forj.k dh ekax djrh gS]
'kq: dh xbZ gSA
z tSfod oLrqvksa osQ fy, ,d jk"Vªh; tSfod bZ&cktkj osQ
fodkl dk çLrko gSA
z 2023 rd] fnYyh ls eqacbZ vkSj psUubZ ls csaxyq# osQ
,Dlçslos 'kq: gks tk,axsA
z mM+ku ;kstuk osQ fy, 100 vkSj gokbZ vîóksa dh LFkkiuk
dh vko';drk gSA
z osQfcusV lfpo osQ funZs'ku esa ,d jk"Vªh; lfefr O;kikj
lqfoèkk osQ fy, vf•y Hkkjrh; ;kstuk cuk jgh gSA
z ysu&nsu lacaèkh bZ&cktkj cukus osQ fy,] okf.kT; vkSj m|ksx
ea=kky; (MOCI) ,d ,dhÑr ykWftfLVDl iksVZy cuk jgk
gS tks fd xzkgdksa] ykWftfLVDl lsok çnkrkvksa rFkk lhek
'kqYd] canjxkg lkeqnkf;d osQaæ] iksVZ VfeZuy] f'kfiax ykbu
rFkk jsyos tSls çklafxd ljdkjh laxBuksa dks tksM+sxkA
372
z mi {ks=k laxr vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk lacaèkh ewylwph esa vc
ykWftfLVDl {ks=k 'kkfey gSA blls ykWftfLVDl {ks=k dks ykHk
gksxkA lkFk gh de&ykxr vkSj foÙkiks"k.k rd nh?kZdkfyd
igqap gksxhA
z bl fu.kZ; osQ ifj.kkeLo:i cgqfoèk ykWftfLVDl ikdks± osQ
fodkl osQ fy, vuqeksnu çfØ;k dks Hkh lqO;ofLFkr fd;k
tk,xkA varr%] ;g fofu;eu osQ ekè;e ls cktkj dh
ftEesnkjh dks çksRlkfgr djsxk vkSj LohÑr ifj;kstukvksa ij
layXu gksus osQ fy, ½.k vkSj isa'ku iQaM dks çsfjr djsxkA
z Hkkjrekyk ifj;kstuk% ekpZ 2022 rd 11]000 fdeh osQ
lkFk 34]000 fdyksehVj lM+d cqfu;knh <kaps osQ fuekZ.k
dks iwjk fd;k tk,xkA
z lkxjekyk dk;ZØe% ;g canjxkg] ukSogu vkSj tyekxZ
ea=kky; dk çeq• dk;ZØe gS] ftldk mís'; pkj LraHkksa
osQ vkèkkj ij iksVZ&vkèkkfjr fodkl dks çkIr djuk gS] tks
gSa& iksVZ vkèkqfudhdj.k] iksVZ lapkj ekè;e] iksVZ&vkèkkfjr
vkS|ksxhdj.k] rVh; lkeqnkf;d fodklA
z jk"Vªh; jksios fodkl dk;ZØe% igkM+h {ks=kksa esa lapkj dks
c<+kus osQ fy, osQaæh; foÙk ea=kh }kjk 2022&2023 osQ osQaæh;
ctV esa jk"Vªh; jksios fodkl dk;ZØe ;k "ioZrekyk" dh
?kks"k.kk dh xbZ FkhA
z ifj;kstuk dks ihihih (Public, Private, Partnership) eksM
osQ ekè;e ls dk;kZfUor fd;k tk,xk] tks dfBu ioZrh;
{ks=kksa esa ikjaifjd jktekxks± osQ fy, ,d csgrj LFkk;h
fodYi lkfcr gksxkA
z fe'ku xfr&'kfÙkQ% cgqfoèk lapkj ekè;e osQ fy, ,d
jk"Vªh; ekLVj Iyku osQ :i esa] fe'ku xfr&'kfÙkQ çkjaHk
fd;k x;k gSA
z iwohZ vkSj if'peh dks lefiZr eky <qykbZ xfy;kjs% bl
rjg osQ xfy;kjksa osQ pkyw gksus ls jsyekxks± }kjk ogu fd,
tkus okys eky osQ vuqikr esa dkiQh o`f¼ gks ldrh gSA
ekStwnk jsy usVodZ ij HkhM+HkkM+ dks nwj djus osQ lkFk] ;g
yxHkx 70 fdeh@?kaVk dh vkSlr xfr ls Hkkjh eky <ksus osQ
fy, yach jsdksa dks Hkh l{ke djsxkA
z blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] 2025 rd lHkh egRoiw.kZ gokbZ vîóksa esa
gokbZ ifjogu ukSogu osQaæ LFkkfir djus osQ y{; osQ lkFk
jk"Vªh; ok;q dkxkZs uhfr fodflr dh xbZ FkhA
z jk"Vªh; ykWftfLVDl mRÑ"Vrk iqjLdkj% m|ksx esa
O;ofLFkr ifjorZu dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy,A
 Hkkjr dk igyk ykWftfLVDl mRÑ"Vrk iqjLdkj]
ykWftfLVDl {ks=k esa futh {ks=k osQ egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu
vkSj uokpkj osQ ;ksxnku ij çdk'k Mkyrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa ykWftfLVDl lqxerk (yhM~l)% Hkkjr
ljdkj us ,d etcwr vkSj fdiQk;rh ykWftfLVd bdksflLVe
fodflr djus dks çkFkfedrk nh gSA bl n`f"V dks iwjk
djus osQ fy,] okf.kT; vkSj m|ksx ea=kky;] SPIRIT dk
ykWftfLVDl fMohtu ns'k osQ ykWftfLVDl {ks=k esa fofHkUu
lqèkkjksa dk vkdyu djus vkSj lq>ko nsus osQ fy, lHkh
jkT;ksa @ osQaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa esa ,d okf"kZd ¶ykWftfLVDl bZt
vØkWl fMiQjsaV LVsV~l (yhM~l)¸ loZs{k.k djrk gSA (PIB)
z ¶,d jk"Vª&,d vuqcaèk¸ çfreku (one bill of lading
across modes)] tks ¶,d jk"Vª&,d cktkj¸ j.kuhfr dk
leFkZu djrk gSA çLrkfor jk"Vªh; ykWftfLVDl dkuwu }kjk
lefFkZr gksxk] ftls fgrèkkjdksa osQ lg;ksx ls fodflr fd;k
tk jgk gSA
z elkSnk jk"Vªh; ykWftfLVDl uhfr] ftldk mís'; iwjs ns'k
esa oLrqvksa osQ oqQ'ky ifjogu dks çksRlkfgr djuk gS] vafre
pj.k osQ djhc gSA
fu"d"kZ
z Hkkjr osQ tfVy ykWftfLVDl m|ksxksa dks vkarfjd vkSj ckgjh
nksuksa dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA oSf'od çfr}
af};ksa osQ lkFk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa iQyus&iQwyus] y{;
gkfly djus vkSj çfrLièkkZ djus osQ fy, csgrj çcaèku]
;kstuk vkSj y{;&fuèkkZj.k osQ ekè;e ls mUgsa nwj fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
çèkkuea=kh xfr 'kfÙkQ fe'ku
z çèkkuea=kh xfr 'kfÙkQ fe'ku çHkkoh cqfu;knh <kaps osQ
fodkl osQ fy, varj&ea=kky;h leUo; c<+kus osQ fy, 'kq:
fd;k x;k FkkA
z ih,e xfr 'kfÙkQ jk"Vªh; ekLVj Iyku vfuok;Z :i ls ,d
fMftVy IysViQkWeZ gS tks] ,d lefUor vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk
la;kstu ifj;kstukvksa dh ;kstuk cukus vkSj mUgsa ykxw djus
osQ fy, lM+d vkSj jsyos lfgr 16 ea=kky;ksa dks ,d lkFk
ykrk gSA
z cgqfoèk lapkj ekè;eksa osQ dkj.k yksx] oLrq,a vkSj lsok,a
ifjogu osQ ,d lkèku ls nwljs lkèku esa tk losQaxs] tks
,dhÑr vkSj fuckZèk lapkj çnku djsxkA
z ;g vafre fcanq rd vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk la;kstu esa rsth ykus
vkSj ;k=kk osQ le; dks de djus esa enn djsxkA
z Hkkjrekyk] lkxjekyk] varnZs'kh; tyekxZ] 'kq"d@Hkwfe
canjxkg] mM+ku] vkfn lfgr fofHkUu ea=kky;ksa vkSj jkT;
ljdkjksa dh cqfu;knh <kapk ;kstukvksa dks ih,e xfr 'kfÙkQ
}kjk 'kkfey fd;k tk,xkA
ykWfftfLVDl
tfLVDl {ks{ks=k=k
z lapkj c<+kus vkSj Hkkjrh; O;olk;ksa dh çfrLièkkZ dks c<+kok
nsus osQ fy, ih,e xfr 'kfÙkQ osQ rgr diM+k lewg]
iQkekZL;qfVdy lewg] j{kk xfy;kjs] fo|qr~ ikdZ] vkS|ksfxd
xfy;kjs] eRL; ikyu lewg vkSj Ñf"k {ks=k tSls vkfFkZd {ks=k
'kkfey fd, tk,axsA
z ;g çkS|ksfxdh dk i;kZIr mi;ksx Hkh djsxk] tSls fd
BISAG&N (Bhaskaracharya National Institute for
Space Applications and Geoinformatics) }kjk fufeZr
bljks IMAGERY tSls LFkkfud fu;kstu midj.kA
u;k jk"Vªh; ykWftfLVDl dkuwu
z okf.kT; vkSj m|ksx ea=kky;] eky cgqfoèk ifjogu
vfèkfu;e] 1993 (MMTG) dks cnyus osQ fy, jk"Vªh;
ykWftfLVDl n{krk ,oa mUufr]Hkfo";ok.kh vkSj lqj{kk
vfèkfu;e (NLEAPS) ij fopkj dj jgk gSA
z blls fofu;eksa dks vklku cukus vkSj vkiwfrZ&i{k osQ eqíksa
dks laHkkyus dh mEehn gS] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjrh;
mRiknksa osQ fy, de ykWftfLVDl ykxr vkSj oSf'od
çfrLièkkZ esa o`f¼ gksxhA
z jk"Vªh; ykWftfLVDl uhfr osQaæ ljdkj] jkT; ljdkjksa vkSj
vU; egRoiw.kZ çeq• fu;kedksa dh Hkwfedkvksa dh :ijs•k
rS;kj djsxhA
z ;g ,dy&}kj bZ&ykWftfLVDl cktkj LFkkfir djsxk vkSj
jkstxkj l`tu] dkS'ky fodkl vkSj NksVs vkSj eè;e m|eksa
dh çfrLièkkZRedrk dks c<+kok nsus ij tksj nsxkA
z jk"Vªh; ykWftfLVDl n{krk ,oa mUufr]Hkfo";ok.kh vkSj
lqj{kk vfèkfu;e (NLEAPS) osQ mís';%
 ns'k dh O;kikj çfrLièkkZ vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl dks
c<+kok nsukA
 fMftVyhdj.k dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj ykWftfLVDl lsokvksa
dk vkèkqfudhdj.k djuk] tks mRiknksa osQ oqQ'ky ifjogu
osQ fy, vko';d gSaA
 2022 rd ykWftfLVDl dh ykxr dks ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn osQ orZeku 14» ls ?kVkdj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
osQ 10» ls de djukA
ykWftfLVDl dkuwu dk egRo
z ,d jk"Vª&,d vuqcaèk% ,d jk"Vªh; ykWftfLVDl dkuwu
tks ¶,d jk"Vª&,d vuqcaèk¸ osQ fy, ,d leku dkuwuh
<kapk LFkkfir djsxk vkSj ,d yphyk fu;ked okrkoj.k
çnku djsxkA
z bZt vkWiQ Mwbax fctusl dks lqxe cukuk% rduhdh
IysViQkWeZ osQ ekè;e ls ifjogu osQ fofHkUu lkèkuksa]
373
 nLrkostksa vkSj fgrèkkjdksa dks tksM+dj] lapkyu dh ,d
vfèkd ljyhÑr ç.kkyh rS;kj dh tk,xh] ftlls bZt vkWiQ
Mwbax fctusl esa lqèkkj gksxkA
z jkstxkj vkSj fodkl dks c<+kok nsuk% m|ksx esa dkS'ky
esa lqèkkj vkSj ySafxd fofoèkrk dks c<+kok nsus osQ mís';
ls] mfpr fu"iknu] ykWftfLVDl {ks=k esa jkstxkj dks nksxquk
djus vkSj vfrfjÙkQ 10&15 fefy;u jkstxkj l`ftr djus
esa lgk;rk djsxkA
z bl vfèkfu;e osQ çHkkoh dk;kZUo;u ls fu;kZr çfrLièkkZ
dks c<+kok feysxk] O;kikj dks c<+kok feysxk vkSj bZt vkWiQ
Mwbax fctusl vkSj ykWftfLVDl fu"iknu lwpdkad jSafdax esa
Hkkjr dh fLFkfr c<+sxhA
Hkkjrh; ykWftfLVDl dkuwuksa esa ladV
z nkf;Ro lacaèkh eqís%
,d&ekWMy ifjogu vuqcaèkksa esa] ,dy <qykbZ osQ fy, ns;rk
xzg.k dh tkrh gS] ftlosQ vkèkkj ij chek çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
cgqfoèk vuqcaèkksa esa] ogu osQ çR;sd pj.k osQ fy, nkf;Roksa@
dkuwuksa dh cgqyrk gksrh gSA nkf;Ro osQ vyx&vyx fu;e
,d gh vuqcaèk] ;k eq[; vuqcaèk vkSj mlosQ varxZr lHkh
mi&vuqcaèkksa ij ykxw gks ldrs gSaA
cgqfoèk eky ifjogu vfèkfu;e (MMTG Act.) Hkkjr esa
ekStwn gSA ;g ,d u;k cgqfoèk dkuwuh <kapk LFkkfir djrk gS
tks ekStwnk ,d:i <kaps osQ lkFk lg&vfLrRo esa gSA ysfdu
osQoy varjjk"Vªh; <qykbZ ij ykxw gksrk gS] tks ?kjsyw cktkj dks
vyx djrk gSA
vyx&vyx ifjHkk"kk,a vkSj 'kCnkoyh% ,dy ykWftfLVDl
lsok çnkrk osQ fy, fofHkUu çdkj dh lsokvksa dks çHkkoh <ax ls
çysf•r vkSj forfjr djuk pqukSrhiw.kZ Fkk D;ksafd çR;sd eksM osQ
ykWftfLVDl vuqcaèkksa esa vyx&vyx ifjHkk"kkvksa vkSj 'kCnkoyh
dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
z çR;sd eksM osQ rgr mi;ksx fd, tkus okys nLrkost@vuqcaèk
vyx&vyx gksrs gSa] vkSj çR;sd ,dy ekWMy] dkuwu
nLrkosthdj.k osQ fy, ,d vyx çk:i vkSj vko';drk
çnku djrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] jsy }kjk ifjogu osQ fy,
jsyos jlhn dh vko';drk gksrh gS] lM+d }kjk ifjogu osQ
fy, eky vxzs"k.k uksV dh vko';drk gksrh gS] vkSj leqæ
}kjk ifjogu osQ fy, ogu i=k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z ykWftfLVDl vkSj ykWftfLVDl lsokvksa tSls oqQN çeq• 'kCnksa
osQ fy, ifjHkk"kkvksa dk vHkkoA
z fookn lekèkku osQ fy, vyx&vyx eap] uksfVl dh
vyx&vyx le;kofèk vkSj lhek vkfnA
374
u, foèks;d esa eqíksa dk lekèkku%
z Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; ykWftfLVDl uhfr osQ rgr] gky gh esa
çLrkfor jk"Vªh; ykWftfLVDl dkuwu (NLEAPS foèks;d)
dk mís'; buesa ls oqQN eqíksa dk lekèkku djuk gSA ;g
,dhÑr ykWftfLVDl lsokvksa osQ fy, leku jk"Vªh; dkuwuksa
dks ykxw djus osQ ckjs esa lkspus osQ fy, vU; ns'kksa osQ fy,
mUufr osQ ekxZ osQ :i esa dke dj ldrk gSA
z eksM osQ ckotwn] lHkh ?kjsyw ifjogu osQ fy, ns;rk ç.kkyh
dks ,d leku cuk;k x;k gSA blesa mÙkjnkf;Ro fuèkkZfjr
djuk] nks"keqÙkQ djuk] lhek fuèkkZfjr djuk vkfn 'kkfey
gSaA blosQ vykok] ikfVZ;ksa dks mu vuqcaèkksa ls lger gksus
dh vuqefr gS ftuls ;fn os pkgsa rks mPp ns;rk fuèkkZfjr
dj ldrs gSa] c'krZs fd ogu dh nj lkekU; ls vfèkd gksA
z leku ifjHkk"kk,a vkSj vifjHkkf"kr 'kCnksa osQ fy, ifjHkk"kk,a
is'k dh xbZ gSaA
z ,dyekWMy dkuwuksa esa vko';d lHkh ekStwnk Lora=k
ykWftfLVDl nLrkostksa dks cnyus osQ fy, ,d ,dhÑr
ykWftfLVDl nLrkost is'k fd;k x;k gSA
z u;k] leku fookn lekèkku fl¼kar is'k fd;k x;k rkfd
,d:i vkSj cgqfoèk ifjogu vuqcaèkksa osQ chp varjky
ekStwn u gksA
vle esa cgq&ekWMy ykWftfLVDl ikdZ
z vle osQ tksxh?kksik esa] osQaæh; lM+d ifjogu vkSj jktekxZ
ea=kh us ns'k osQ igys cgqfoèk miLdj ikdZ (MMLP) dh
uhao j•hA
z ikdZ osQ ckjs esa%
 407 fefy;u vesfjdh MkWyj dh ifj;kstuk] Hkkjrekyk
ifj;kstuk osQ rgr vle esa Hkkjr dk igyk cgqfoèk
ykWftfLVDl ikdZ (MMLP) cuk;k tk,xkA
 bl ifj;kstuk dk mís'; mÙkj iwoZ esa ;qokvksa dks yxHkx
2 fefy;u çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k jkstxkj çnku djuk gSA
 bl MMLP dh dkxkZs {kerk 13 fefy;u ehfVªd Vu
gS vkSj ;g O;kikj ykxr dks 10» rd de djuk
pkgrk gSA
 317 ,dM+ osQ {ks=k esa iQSys] blesa xksnke] dksYM LVksjst]
;kMZ lqfoèkk] isVªksy iai] ikfdZax] ykWftax] dLVe Dyh;jsal
gkml] odZ'kkWi] ç'kklfud Hkou] cksfMZax ykWt] •kus dh
txg] ty mipkj la;a=k vkfn tSlh lHkh lqfoèkk,a gksaxhA
 bldh jk"Vªh; jktekxZ 17] czãiq=k ij çLrkfor tksxh?kksik
tyekxZ VfeZuy] gky gh esa fufeZr :ilh vkSj xqokgkVh
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 gokbZ vîóksa osQ lkFk&lkFk eq[; jsyos ekxZ rd lhèkh
igqap gksxhA
 vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS fd bldk igyk pj.k 2023
rd iwjk gks tk,xkA
jk"Vªh; ykWftfLVDl uhfr (,u,yih) 2022
z osQaæh; foÙk ea=kh fueZyk lhrkjeu us osQaæh; ctV 2020&21
osQ Hkk"k.k esa O;kid jk"Vªh; ykWftfLVDl uhfr (NLP) dh
vko';drk dk leFkZu fd;kA
z jk"Vªh; ykWftfLVDl uhfr] ykWftfLVDl ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k osQ
fodkl osQ fy, ,d O;kid var%fo"k;] ikj&{ks=kh; vkSj
cgq&{ks=kkfèkdkj <kaps dks fuèkkZfjr djosQ mPp ykxr vkSj
v{kerk osQ eqíksa dks gy djus dk ,d O;kid ç;kl gSA
z osQaæh; okf.kT; vkSj m|ksx ea=kky; osQ }kjk jk"Vªh;
ykWftfLVDl uhfr rS;kj dh xbZA
,u,yih osQ y{; vkSj mís'; (2022)
ns'k Hkj esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh fuckZèk vkoktkgh lqfuf'pr
djuk vkSj mPp ykWftfLVDl ykxr esa dVkSrh djuk] ftls vDlj
Hkkjr esa ckgjh vkSj vkarfjd O;kikj nksuksa osQ fy, lcls cM+h
lajpukRed ckèkk ekuk tkrk gSA
vxys oqQN o"kks± esa ns'k dh ykWftfLVDl ykxr dks blosQ ldy
?kjsyw mRikn osQ 13&14 çfr'kr ls ,d vad rd de djukA
,u,yih dh vko';drk vkSj egRo
mPp ykWftfLVDl ykxr% ns'k esa jk"Vªh; ykWftfLVDl uhfr dh
vko';drk eglwl dh xbZ D;ksafd vU; fodflr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr esa ykWftfLVDl ykxr vfèkd gSA
çfrLièkkZRedrk esa lqèkkj% ?kjsyw vkSj fu;kZr nksuksa cktkjksa
esa Hkkjrh; oLrqvksa dh çfrLièkkZ esa lqèkkj osQ fy, Hkkjr esa
ykWftfLVDl ykxr dks de djuk vfuok;Z gSA
dk;ZoqQ'kyrk esa lqèkkj% de ykWftfLVDl ykxr] vFkZO;oLFkk osQ
fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa n{krk esa dVkSrh djrh gS rFkk ewY; laoèkZu vkSj
m|e dks çksRlkfgr djrh gSA
v v v
ykWfftfLVDl
tfLVDl {ks{ks=k=k
,dhÑr ykWftfLVDl varjiQyd eap
z ,dhÑr ykWftfLVDl varjiQyd eap (ULIP) dks
çèkku ea=kh ujsaæ eksnh }kjk 17 flracj] 2022 dks ^jk"Vªh;
ykWftfLVDl uhfr (NLP)* osQ fgLls osQ :i esa ykWUp
fd;k x;k FkkA
z ,dhÑr ykWftfLVDl varjiQyd eap (ULIP) dk
mís'; xzkgdksa dks jktLo l`tu osQ fy, ,d cktkj cukus
osQ lkFk&lkFk ,dkfèkdkj vkSj vleku ykHk osQ mUewyu osQ
fy, l{ke cukuk gSA
z ,dhÑr ykWftfLVDl varjiQyd eap (ULIP) IysViQkWeZ
m|ksx O;olkf;;ksa dks fofHkUu ea=kky;ksa osQ ikl miyCèk
ykWftfLVDl vkSj lalkèkuksa ls lacafèkr tkudkjh rd lqjf{kr
igqap çkIr djus esa l{ke djsxkA
z orZeku esa fgrèkkjdksa }kjk mi;ksx osQ fy, lkr ea=kky;ksa
dh 30 ç.kkfy;ksa dks 100 ls vfèkd API osQ ekè;e ls
,dhÑr fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa 1600 ls vfèkd MsVk iQhYM
'kkfey gSaA
z ,dhÑr ykWftfLVDl varjiQyd eap (ULIP) osQ
ykHk%
 ,d fDyd esa pkydksa vkSj okguksa osQ fooj.k dk
lR;kiu]
 •si dh fuxjkuh vkSj vuqjs•.k]
 ekxZ vuqdwyu ;kstuk]
 eky osQ xarO; dk le; ij v|ru]
 dkxth dke de djuk]
 •kyh okgd vkSj daVsuj n`';rk]
 lwph çcaèku vkfnA
z fofu;ked] nLrkosth vkSj vU; nsjh dks de djosQ] ULIP
ykWftfLVDl osQ lkèkuksa osQ b"Vre mi;ksx ij fu.kZ; ysus esa
enn djosQ lajfpr ;kstuk dks l{ke djsxk ftlls ykxr
vkSj le; dh cpr gksxhA
375
 22 fuos'k ekWMy

Hkkjr esa ge thMhih osQ 5» ls vfèkd jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dk

fuos'k dk ifjp; vkSj voèkkj.kk z

lkeuk dj jgs gSa] tks dksfoM&19 osQ nkSjku 9» rd pyk

z ;g mRiknu ;k foÙkh; ykHk c<+kus osQ fy, oqQN ifjlaifÙk;ksa
esa iSlk Mkyus dh ,d çfØ;k gSA bl çdkj fuos'k
ifjlaifÙk;ksa esa iSlk fuos'k djus ls lacafèkr gSA
z fuos'k çR;{k ;k vçR;{k :i ls iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gS
tks çkFkfed {ks=k] f}rh;d {ks=k vkSj r`rh;d {ks=k esa fofHkUu
xfrfofèk;ksa tSls fd foÙkh; çfrHkwfr;ksa tSls 'ks;j] fMcsapj
E;wpqvy iQaM vkfn esa gksrk gSA
z cqfu;knh <kapk ifj;kstuk,a iwath&xgu gksrh gSa vkSj jktdks"kh;
?kkVs tSls eqíksa osQ dkj.k vosQys ljdkj }kjk foÙk iksf"kr
ugha dh tk ldrh gSaA
x;k FkkA blfy, ljdkj osQ fy, bu fuos'kksa dks foÙk iksf"kr
djuk eqf'dy gksrk gSA
z ikjaifjd ukSdj'kkgh lajpuk ,slh ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy,
vko';d rduhdh fo'ks"kKrk] çcaèkdh; dkS'ky vkSj
O;kolkf;drk dk vko';d Lrj çnku ugha dj ldrh gSA
z pwafd Hkkjr cqfu;knh <kaps osQ fodkl esa fiNM+siu dk
lkeuk dj jgk gS] blfy, ns'k esa cqfu;knh <kaps osQ
lexz fodkl osQ fy, vfHkuo ra=k dh ns•Hkky djus dh
vko';drk gSA

vktknh osQ ckn ls Hkkjr esa fuos'k ekWMy dk bLrseky

pj.k 1 (1951&1969)
pj.k 2 (1970&1973)
pj.k 3 (1974&1990)
pj.k 4 (1991 osQ ckn ls)
z Hkkjr ljdkj us ¶jkT; osQ usr`Ro¸ esa fodkl osQ bl pj.k osQ nkSjku vko';d lalkèkuksa
dks tqVkus osQ fy, gj vkarfjd vkSj ckgjh fofèk dk mi;ksx fd;kA cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj
lkekftd {ks=k dks lalkèku vkoaVu dk vfèkdka'k fgLlk çkIr gqvkA
z ;g og le; Fkk tc çfl¼ egkyuksfcl ;kstuk dks vey esa yk;k x;k FkkA
z ljdkj osQ }kjk vius foÙkh; fu;kstu nkf;Roksa dks çkIr djus osQ fy, vfèkd ls vfèkd
èku tqVkus osQ fy, bl le; osQ nkSjku jk"Vª dh iwjh foÙkh; ç.kkyh] dj ç.kkyh vkSj
jktdks"kh; uhfr dks fofu;fer fd;k tk jgk Fkk A
z Hkkjr ljdkj us 1970 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr osQ ikfjr gksus osQ lkFk fu;ksftr fodkl dh
çfØ;k esa ¶futh iwath¸ dks 'kkfey djus dk iQSlyk fd;kA
z ;g T;knkrj futh {ks=k dks mu cktkjksa esa ços'k djus osQ fy, etcwj djus osQ fy, fd;k
x;k Fkk tks muosQ fy, miyCèk Fks ysfdu ftlesa os rduhdh vkSj foÙkh; dkj.kksa ls Hkkx
ysus esa vleFkZ FksA
z tc 1974 esa iQsjk vfèkfu;fer fd;k x;k Fkk] rks ljdkj us igyh ckj fu;ksftr fodkl
dh çfØ;k esa lgk;rk osQ fy, ¶fons'kh iwath¸ dk mi;ksx djus dk çLrko fn;k FkkA
z 1985 osQ ckn] lalkèku ,d=khdj.k esa vfèkd lfØ;rk fn•kbZ tkus yxhA yxkrkj nks
;kstuk vk;ksxksa us vFkZO;oLFkk dks •ksyus vkSj Hkkjr vkSj fons'kksa nksuksa dh futh iwath dks
igys osQoy ljdkj osQ vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa esa fuos'k djus dh vuqefr nsus dk lq>ko fn;kA
z Hkkjr us çFke •kM+h ;q¼ osQ rqjar ckn •jkc vkfFkZd fLFkfr vkSj 1980 osQ n'kd osQ var
esa xaHkhj Hkqxrku larqyu ladV osQ ifj.kkeLo:i vkbZ,e,iQ ls foÙkh; lgk;rk ekaxhA
z bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ dkj.k] Hkkjr us 1991 esa lqèkkjksa osQ lkFk 'kq: djrs gq, viuh
vFkZO;oLFkk dks ¶iquxZfBr¸ djus dk iQSlyk fd;kA

orZeku fLFkfr
z Hkkjr ljdkj mfpr çdkj dh foÙkh; ç.kkyh] dkuwuh
<kapk] Je fu;eksa vkfn dks ykxw djus dk çLrko djrh
gS D;ksafd vFkZO;oLFkk dk orZeku fuos'k ekWMy futh
usr`Ro okyk gSA
z bl ekWMy dk çeq• y{; futh {ks=k dh vO;ÙkQ {kerk dks
¶eqÙkQ¸ djuk gSA
z blesa ljdkj dh Hkwfedk ,d fu;ked rd gh lhfer
jgsxh] ftlesa lekt osQ Hkhrj oafpr vkSj gkf'k, ij tk
pqosQ lewgksa osQ dY;k.k ij vfèkd tksj fn;k tk,xk] rkfd
vkfFkZd lqèkkj dk psgjk lkeus vk losQA
çeq• ç;qÙkQ fuos'k ekWMy
gSjksM Mksej ekWMy
z ekWMy us vkfFkZd vfLFkjrk dks le>us osQ fy, iwath vkSj
fuos'k osQ xfr'khy pfj=k dk fo'ys"k.k fd;kA
z bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd vFkZO;oLFkk dk larqfyr foLrkj
LokHkkfod :i ls vko';d ugha gSA
z tula[;k o`f¼] çkÑfrd lalkèku dh deh vkSj çkS|ksfxdh
çxfr tSls egRoiw.kZ vkfFkZd pkyd lHkh yxkrkj nks çeq•
fodkl pkydksa dks çHkkfor djrs gSa%
 fuos'k nj
 iwath vkSj mRiknu dk vuqikr
z ekWMy us bl fopkj dks j•k fd c<+rh cpr ls fuos'k
c<+sxk] tks iwath LVkWd c<+k,xk vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl dks
c<+kok nsxk
bl ekWMy dh lhek,¡
z de vk; okys ns'kksa esa] cpr vuqikr dks c<+kok nsuk
pqukSrhiw.kZ gSA dbZ vfodflr ns'kksa esa] cpr dh ço`fÙk
de gSA vfrfjÙkQ iSlk vkerkSj ij j•us osQ ctk; cM+h
•jhnkjh ij •pZ fd;k tkrk gSA dbZ ns'kksa esa O;kid ?kjsyw
cpr varj gSA
z dbZ fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa] ,d fLFkj foÙkh; ç.kkyh dh
deh gSA fuos'k osQ fy, vfrfjÙkQ èku mèkkj ysus osQ fy,
O;olk;ksa dh {kerk vko';d :i ls c<+h gqbZ ?kjsyw cpr
dk ikyu ugha djrh gSA
z fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa] iwath@vkmViqV vuqikr dks de djus
okyh n{krk ykHk djuk pqukSrhiw.kZ gS] tks iwath osQ v{ke
mi;ksx dh vksj tkrk gSA
fuos''kk ekWekWMMyy
fuos
iwath@mRiknu vuqikr esa lqèkkj osQ fy, vko';d vuqlaèkku
z
,oa fodkl osQ de foÙkiks"k.k osQ dkj.k cktkj dh foiQyrk
vDlj gksrh gSA
z tSls&tSls ,d jk"Vª vehj gksrk tkrk gS] vk; c<+rh gS] cpr
c<+rh gS] vkSj mPp vk; c<+rh ekax dks c<+kok nsrh gS] tks
cnys esa iwath fuos'k •pZ esa o`f¼ dks fVªxj djrh gSA ;fn
vFkZO;oLFkk xfr'khy :i ls c<+us yxrh gS] rks iwath dk
lap; c<+sxkA gkykafd] ;g vkfFkZd o`f¼ vkSj fodkl osQ
fy, ,d 'krZ ugha gSA
lksyks Loku ekWMy
z ;g ekWMy tula[;k o`f¼] cpr njksa vkSj rduhdh çxfr
dh xfr vkSj ,d jk"Vª esa mRiknu dh ek=kk esa fHkUurk lfgr
pj osQ chp lacaèkksa dk ijh{k.k djrk gSA
z ;g ,d fujarj mRiknu dk;kZRedrk dk vuqeku yxkrk gS
tks mRiknu dks Je vkSj iwathxr vknkuksa ls tksM+rk gS vkSj
blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i vFkZO;oLFkk dk fLFkj&jkT; larqyu
gksrk gSA
iQsYMeSu egkyuksfcl ekWMy
z ;g ekWMy ?kjsyw miHkksÙkQk oLrq m|ksx osQ fodkl dh
fn'kk esa vkS|ksfxd fuos'k dh fn'kk esa cnyko ij çdk'k
Mkyrk gSA
z urhtru] bldk rkRi;Z gS fd •ir osQ mPp ekud dks
çkIr djus osQ fy,] iwathxr oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djus
dh {kerk dk foLrkj djus esa fuos'k dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA
z miHkksÙkQk mRiknksa osQ mRiknu esa nh?kZdkfyd {kerk foLrkj
iwathxr oLrq m|ksx dh mPp {kerk ls lgk;rk çkIr gSA
jko&eueksgu ekWMy
z tc 1991 esa Hkkjr vius lcls •jkc vkfFkZd ladV dk
lkeuk dj jgk Fkk vkSj ,d nhokfy;k gksus osQ dxkj ij
igq¡p x;k Fkk] rks ;g ekWMy lkeus vk;kA
z 18 m|ksxksa esa ls oqQN osQ viokn osQ lkFk] ,evkjVhih
m|eksa dks fodkl osQ bl ekWMy osQ rgr ifjlaifÙk dh
vfèkdre lhek ls NwV nh xbZ Fkh AvU; lHkh m|ksxksa esa
ykblsaflax dks lekIr dj fn;k FkkA
z çcaèku dh O;kolkf;drk dks c<+kdj vkSj vfèkd Lok;Ùkrk
dh vuqefr nsdj] blus vFkZO;oLFkk osQ oS'ohdj.k osQ fy,
vk;kr ckèkkvksa dks de fd;kA
377
 lkoZtfud {ks=k dh daiuh osQ lapkyu esa lqèkkj] çR;{k
z
fons'kh fuos'k rd vklku igqap vkSj 51» rd 'ks;jksa osQ
fy, Lopkfyr vuqeksnu lHkh vfuok;Z FksA
bl ekWMy dh dfe;k¡
z ;g ekWMy fodkl osQ ekeys esa liQy jgk] blus thMhih
fodkl nj dks 6» ls vfèkd rd c<+k;k] ysfdu ;g vius
lhfer iQksdl osQ dkj.k fodkl osQ çfriQy dks gj fdlh
rd igq¡pkus osQ ekeys esa foiQy jgk] tks cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa
osQ vaèkkèkqaèk ços'k vkSj fodkl osQ vR;fèkd iwath&xgu
iSVuZ dks viukus osQ ifj.kkeLo:i osQoy dkWikZsjsV {ks=k rd
lhfer FkkA
z Ñf"k {ks=k dks njfdukj djrs gq, oSf'od daifu;ksa us
bfDoVh Lrj 51 çfr'kr ls Åij c<+kdj Hkkjrh; dkjksckj
dks fuxyuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA
z la{ksi esa] jko&eueksgu ekWMy fodkl dks c<+kok nsus esa
liQy jgk gS] ysfdu lekurk] jkstxkj vkSj xjhch mUewyu
dks c<+kok nsus esa fiNM+ x;k gSA
fuos'k dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd
z jk"Vªh; vk; ;k thMhih% pwafd miHkksx vk; dk ,d dk;Z
gS tc thMhih esa o`f¼ gksrh gS rks yksx miHkksÙkQk oLrq ij
vfèkd •pZ djrs gSa tks mudh ekax dks c<+krk gS vkSj bl
çdkj fuos'k osQ fy, xqatkb'k •ksyrk gSA
eqækLiQhfr% ;g Ø; 'kfÙkQ dks de djrk gS tks ekax dks
z
vkSj de djrk gS vkSj bl çdkj m|ksx osQ çn'kZu dks
çHkkfor djrk gS tks fuos'k dh xqatkb'k dks de djrk gSA
z tula[;k% tula[;k esa rsth ls o`f¼ ls miHkksÙkQk cktkj
dk foLrkj gksxk tks ekax dks vkSj c<+krk gSA
z dj dh njsa% mPp dj ç;ksT; vk; dks de djrs gSa tks
ekax dks de djrk gSA blosQ vykok] mPp dkWikZsjsV dj
fuos'k dks grksRlkfgr djrk gSA
378
vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuos'k dk egRo
z fuos'k vius fodkl y{;ksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, lalkèku
tqVkus osQ fy, ljdkj }kjk fu;ksftr çfØ;kvksa vkSj rduhdksa
osQ oqQN leqPp; dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
z fuos'k oLrq,a ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa çHkkoh ekax dks çHkkfor
djrh gSa tks cnys esa vk; mRiknu vkSj jkstxkj osQ Lrj
dks fuèkkZfjr djrh gSA bl çdkj ;g oqQy ekax dk ,d
?kVd gSA
z ;g iwath LVkWd dks fofu;fer djosQ vFkZO;oLFkk osQ oqQy
mRiknu dk;Z dks çHkkfor djrk gSA
z ;g f'k{kk] LokLF;] lkekftd lqj{kk vkfn tSls lkekftd
{ks=k osQ y{; dks çkIr djus esa enn djrk gS tks ekuo
fodkl lwpdkad esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA
z Hkkjr dk ldy iwath fuekZ.k 2010&11 esa thMhih osQ 40»
ls ?kVdj 2021&22 esa thMhih dk 30» gks x;k gSA
ljdkjh uhfr;ka% vfrfjÙkQ lfClMh vkSj çksRlkgu tSls
z
mRiknu ls tqM+s çksRlkgu] fMtkbu ls tqM+s çksRlkgu vkfn
osQ ekè;e ls ljdkj }kjk ldkjkRed gLr{ksiA
z Ñf"k% ;g m|ksxksa dks dPpk eky çnku djosQ ,d lgk;d
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
fuos'k osQ lzksr
z vkarfjd foÙk iks"k.k% ;g vius m|ksxksa ;k O;olk; ls
ljdkj osQ ykHk ls vkrk gSA ;g fofuos'k osQ ekè;e ls
gks ldrk gSA
z mèkkj ysuk% cSadksa ls ;k ljdkj }kjk vU; foÙkh; ifjlaifÙk;ksa
osQ ekè;e ls èku tqVkukA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z 'ks;j tkjh djuk% fuos'kdksa dks LVkWd cspdj vkSj çkjafHkd
lkoZtfud is'kd'k ;k ekè;fed bfDoVh is'kd'k osQ ekè;e
ls èku tqVkdjA
fuos'k çfØ;k esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys ekWMy
z vk; c<+kus osQ fy, gesa vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa
fuos'k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA mRiknd ifjlaifÙk;ksa esa
fuos'k dk lzksr ljdkjh] futh lzksrksa ;k nksuksa osQ la;kstu
ls gks ldrk gSA
z fuos'k ekWMy dk egRo%
 osaQæh; ctV 2022&23 esa fuos'k vkèkkfjr o`f¼ dk
vkÞoku fd;k x;k gSA
 vfèkd volj% ;g ns'k esa cM+s iSekus ij mRiknu
çfØ;k çnku djrk gSA
 çkS|ksfxdh% ;g mRiknu dh vkèkqfud rduhdksa dk
mi;ksx djrs gq, ,iQMhvkbZ osQ ekè;e ls çkS|ksfxdh
osQ gLrkarj.k dh xqatkb'k çnku djrk gSA
 'kgjhdj.k% fuos'k dh çfØ;k vkS|ksxhdj.k dh vksj
ys tkrh gS tks 'kgjhdj.k osQ fy, txg •ksyrh gSA
 jkstxkj% ;g dkj•kuksa] flapkbZ ifj;kstukvksa] fuekZ.k
dk;Z vkfn osQ ekè;e ls jkstxkj osQ u, volj iSnk
djrk gS
lkoZtfud fuos'k ekWMy
z ;g fuos'k dk ekWMy gS ftls iwjh rjg ls ljdkjh jktLo
osQ ekè;e ls foÙkiksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
z pwafd Hkkjr dk jktLo l`tu i;kZIr ugha gS tks orZeku
oS'ohÑr ifjn`'; esa bl jkLrs dks xSj&O;ogk;Z cukrk gSA
z 1991 osQ mnkjhdj.k ls igys ;g fuos'k dk çeq• rjhdk
FkkA
z gkykafd ,d vPNh rjg ls yf{kr lkoZtfud fuos'k vkfFkZd
çn'kZu dks c<+kok ns ldrk gS ftlls vFkZO;oLFkk esa oqQy
ekax c<+ ldrh gSA
z bl rF; osQ ckotwn fd lkoZtfud fuos'k vYikofèk esa
ekax esa cM+h deh dks Bhd ugha dj ldrk gS] ysfdu ;g
vFkZO;oLFkk dks rsth ls iVjh ij yk ldrk gS vkSj lrr
fodkl iSVuZ LFkkfir dj ldrk gS] tSlk fd ge Hkkjr
osQ dksfoM osQ ckn dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dh iqu% çkfIr osQ
ekeys esa ns• ldrs gSaA
z lkoZtfud fuos'k osQ usr`Ro okyh iqu% çkfIr dks tkjh j•us
osQ fy, foÙkh; o"kZ 2022&23 osQ fy, iwathxr O;; esa
35» dh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA lkoZtfud fuos'k dk fgLlk thMhih
esa 2-9» rd c<+k fn;k x;k gSA
fuos''kk ekWekWMMyy
fuos
z jkT; ljdkj dks lgk;rk vuqnku esa vkSj vfèkd o`f¼ osQ
lkFk ctV 2022&23 esa lkoZtfud fuos'k esa ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn osQ 4» ls vfèkd dh o`f¼ gksus dh mEehn gSA
lkoZtfud fuos'k vkèkkfjr fodkl çkIr djus dh
fn'kk esa
z iwath fuos'k% ;g fufeZr vknkuksa dh ekax dks c<+kdj vkSj
is'ksojksa ls lsokvksa dks c<+kdj vkSj csgrj Ñf"k cqfu;knh <kaps
osQ ekè;e ls fdlkuksa dh enn djosQ jkstxkj osQ volj
iSnk djus esa enn djrk gSA
z tyok;q ifjorZu] Mhi çkS|ksfxdh] nok vkSj Ñf"k çkS|ksfxdh
tSls egRoiw.kZ mHkjrs {ks=kksa osQ fy, çksRlkgu osQ ekè;e ls
vfHkuo foÙkiks"k.kA
z cqfu;knh <kapk ih,e xfr 'kfÙkQ ;kstuk dks c<+kok nsrk gS
vkSj eYVhekWMy ykWftfLVDl lqfoèkkvksa dh lqfoèkk çnku
djrk gSA
lkoZtfud fuos'k vkèkkfjr fodkl esa pqukSfr;ka
z ;g mPp eqækLiQhfr vkSj c<+rh C;kt njksa dk dkj.k cu
ldrk gS tks vko';d fuos'k dks iwjk djus osQ y{; dks
vkSj pqukSrh ns ldrk gSA
z vkS|ksfxd fodkl nj 2015&16 esa $13-1» ls ?kVdj
2020&21 esa (&7-2») gks xbZ gSA
z bl rjg osQ cqfu;knh <kaps dks c<+kok nsus ls çkIr Je
dh ekax lhfer gks ldrh gS D;ksafd bl rjg osQ fuos'k
dks ykHk dh ekax ;k foLrkj ls çsfjr ugha fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
futh fuos'k ekWMy
z bl rjg osQ fuos'k dk lzksr ;k rks Hkkjr ;k fons'k esa gks
ldrk gS (tgka ;g ,iQMhvkbZ ;k ,iQihvkbZ osQ :i esa
ços'k dj ldrk gS)A
z ;g ,d fodYi çnku djrk gS ;fn ljdkjh jktLo esa deh
osQ dkj.k lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ fuos'k ij lhek,a gSaA
z futh fuos'k vkSj thMhih o`f¼% futh fuos'k oqQy ekax dk
,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gS tks oqQy fuos'k esa 73» ls vfèkd
dk ;ksxnku nsrk gS vkSj 2017&2020 dh vofèk osQ chp
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk yxHkx 22» fgLlk gSA bl çdkj
thMhih o`f¼ dh xfr dks cuk, j•us esa futh fuos'k ,d
egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSA
futh fuos'k dk egRo
z jkstxkj iSnk djrk gS vkSj ekuo iwath esa lqèkkj djus esa
enn djrk gSA
379
z lkoZtfud fuos'k osQ iwjd }kjk ljdkjh jktLo ij ncko
de djrk gSA
z LVkVZvi bdksflLVe dks c<+kok nsuk% okLro esa ctV
2022&23 esa m|fe;ksa dks LVkVZ vi djus osQ fy, dj NwV
dh ?kks"k.kk osQ lkFk çksRlkgu fn;k x;k gSA
z ctV 2022&23 tSls ljdkjh çksRlkguksa us egkekjh osQ nkSjku
lcls cqjh rjg çHkkfor {ks=kksa osQ fy, 5 yk• djksM+ #i;s
dh ØsfMV ykbu dk foLrkj fd;k gSA
futh fuos'k de gksus dk dkj.k
z lh,evkbZbZ osQ loZs{k.k dh fjiksVZ osQ eqrkfcd lcls cM+k
dkj.k iQaM dh deh gS ftldh otg ls oqQN egRoiw.kZ
{ks=kksa }kjk ØsfMV mBko de gksrk tk jgk gSA
z ekSfæd uhfr lapj.k dh deh tgka cSad jsiks nj esa deh osQ
ckotwn mèkkj nsus osQ fy, rS;kj ugha gSaA
z c<+rk ,uih,% Hkkjr esa yxHkx 17» cSad ½.k rukoxzLr gSaA
z cM+h ek=kk esa ljdkjh mèkkj futh mèkkj vkSj fuos'k osQ fy,
dksbZ txg ugha NksM+rh gS (ØkmMiQafMax vkmV biQsDV)A
z ldy ?kjsyw mRikn osQ yxHkx 7» osQ ifjokjksa dh cpr
nj osQ ckotwn jkT; vkSj osQaæ ljdkj dk la;qÙkQ jktdks"kh; lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh dh fo'ks"krk,a
?kkVk bls ikj dj tkrk gS] vkSj blls futh {ks=k osQ mèkkj z ;gka futh {ks=k ifj;kstuk ls tqM+s tksf•e dk ,d
osQ fy, dksbZ txg ugha cprh gSA egRoiw.kZ çfr'kr ogu djrs gq, ifj;kstuk dk lapkyu
z buosQ vykok fuos'k esa fxjkoV osQ dbZ dkj.k gSa tSls vkiwfrZ djrk gSA
J`a•yk dh leL;k,a] Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k dh leL;k,a] i;kZoj.k z lkoZtfud {ks=k futh {ks=k osQ çn'kZu dh fuxjkuh djrk gS
eatwjh] ykyiQhrk'kkgh vkSj Øksuh osQfiVfyTeA vkSj vuqcaèk dh vko';drkvksa dks ykxw djrk gSA
z bl çfØ;k esa futh {ks=k ifj;kstuk lsokvksa osQ mi;ksx ls
lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh (ihihih) ekWMy tqM+s 'kqYd ;k 'kqYd ls vkSj lkoZtfud {ks=k ls Hkqxrku osQ
z fo'o cSad osQ vuqlkj ,d lkoZtfud futh Hkkxhnkjh ekè;e ls iwjh rjg ls ;k vkaf'kd :i ls ykxr olwyrk gSA
,d futh ikVhZ vkSj ,d ljdkjh ,tsalh osQ chp ,d z lkoZtfud {ks=k dk Hkqxrku çn'kZu ;k forfjr lsok osQ ekud
nh?kZdkfyd vuqcaèk gS ftlesa okafNr ifj.kke osQ fy, dbZ ls tqM+k gqvk gSA
{ks=k dkS'ky fo'ks"kKrk vkSj foÙk osQ tksf•e vkSj iqjLdkj z gkykafd vfèkdka'k ekeyksa esa ifj;kstuk dh iwathxr ykxr
lk>kdj.k 'kkfey gSA esa ;ksxnku futh {ks=k ls vkrk gSA
z ihihih ekWMy laHko gS D;ksafd futh {ks=k dh çkS|ksfxdh lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh osQ ykHk
vkSj uokpkjksa dks lhfer lalkèkuksa osQ Hkhrj le; ij dke
z Hkkjr dh volajpukRed vko';drk vkSj foÙkh; ckèkkvksa
iwjk djus osQ fy, lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ çksRlkguksa osQ lkFk
dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, ihihih foÙk iks"k.k varj vkSj cqfu;knh
iwjd fd;k tkrk gSA <kaps dh deh nksuksa dks iwjk djus esa enn dj ldrk gSA
z ihihih ekWMy cM+s iSekus ij ljdkjh ifj;kstukvksa tSls z ;g ljdkj osQ jktLo ij ncko de djrk gS ftls vfrfjÙkQ
vLirkyksa dh cqfu;knh <kapk ifj;kstukvksa tSls lM+dksa] iqyksa jktLo f'k{kk] LokLF; vkSj lkekftd lsokvksa tSls vU;
vkfn dks yf{kr djrk gSA egRoiw.kZ {ks=kksa dh vksj eksM+k tk ldrk gSA

380 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ;g foÙkh; ftEesnkfj;ksa dks lkoZtfud {ks=k ls nwj LFkkukarfjr
djosQ cqfu;knh <kapk lsokvksa rd igqap c<+k ldrk gSA
z ;g lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ fy, ykxr o`f¼ osQ tksf•e dks
de djrk gS vkSj futh {ks=k esa tksf•e LFkkukarfjr djrk gSA
z ;g Hkz"V çFkkvksa osQ voljksa dks de djosQ cqfu;knh <kaps
osQ fodkl esa ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh ykrk gSA
lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh dh lhek,¡
z ifj;kstukvksa dks jktuhfrd] dkuwuh] okf.kfT;d O;ogk;Zrk
vkfn tSlh fofHkUu leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
z ifj;kstuk osQ dfFkr mPp tksf•e osQ dkj.k futh {ks=k dh
#fp ugha gks ldrh gS ;k ifj;kstuk dks ykxw djus dh
{kerk dh deh gks ldrh gSA
z Øksuh osQfiVfyTe% O;kikfj;ksa vkSj jktusrkvksa dk xBtksM+
Hkz"Vkpkj dk ekxZ •ksyrk gSA
z ysu&nsu lykgdkjksa vkSj dkuwuh fo'ks"kKksa dh Hkkxhnkjh osQ
dkj.k fufonk vkSj ckrphr dh çfØ;k egaxh gksrh gSA
z ifj;kstuk osQ lkFk tqM+h vfuf'prrk bldh nh?kZdkfyd
çÑfr ;kuh 15 ls 30 o"kks± dh vofèk osQ dkj.k gSA
z ifj;kstuk osQ Hkfo"; osQ dk;ZØe dh Hkfo";ok.kh djus
esa vfuf'prrkvksa osQ dkj.k vfxze esa iSls osQ fy, ewY;
(oh,iQ,e) dk çn'kZu tfVy gSA
z osQoy ,d cqfu;knh <kapk laifÙk osQ LokfeRo esa ifjorZu
ifj;kstuk osQ ekud dks iwjk ugha dj ldrk gS tc rd
fd bls cktkj lqèkkj] cqfu;knh <kaps osQ lapkyu vkSj çcaèku
çFkkvksa esa cnyko osQ lkFk iwjd ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
bathfu;fjax •jhn vkSj fuekZ.k (bZihlh) ekWMy
z bathfu;fjax •jhn vkSj fuekZ.k ekWMy lk>snkjh osQ fy,
ljdkj }kjk fd, tkus okys ifj;kstuk osQ oqQy foÙk iks"k.k
dh vko';drk gksrh gS] tcfd futh {ks=k dk Hkkxhnkj
osQoy bathfu;fjax vkSj fuekZ.k vko';drkvksa dks çnku
djsxkA
z bl çdkj bl çfØ;k esa] ifj;kstuk dh oqQy ykxr iwjh
rjg ls ljdkj }kjk ogu dh tkrh gSA
z bZihlh ekWMy nwljh vksj futh Hkkxhnkj dks U;wure ;k
xSj&ekStwnk tksf•e çnku djrk gS] ifj;kstuk ykxr tksf•e
osQ vykok ljdkj Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k] eqvkotk] okf.kfT;d]
;krk;kr vkSj lqj{kk tSls vfrfjÙkQ tksf•e mBkrh gSA
z blfy, rduhdh :i ls bZihlh ekWMy ihihih ekWMy ls
vyx gS tgka ljdkj dke dks çHkkoh <ax ls iwjk djus
osQ fy, ,d futh ikVhZ dks ,d lkèkkj.k vuqcaèk çnku
djrh gSA
fuos''kk ekWekWMMyy
fuos
çfØ;k
z bathfu;fjax fo'ks"kKrk okys BsosQnkj ljdkj dks cksyh çnku
djrs gSa tcfd dPps eky dh •jhn vkSj fuekZ.k ykxr
ljdkj }kjk iwjh dh tkrh gSA
z bZihlh BsosQnkj ifj;kstuk osQ fMtkbu ls ysdj pkyw djus
vkSj fiQj bls ljdkj dks lkSaius rd lHkh xfrfofèk;ksa osQ
fy, ftEesnkj gksrs gSA
z blfy, ljdkj dh Hkwfedk fliQZ ,d pkHkh dks ?kqekus
dh gS] ;gh dkj.k gS fd bl ekWMy dks ^VuZ dh* fuekZ.k
vuqcaèkksa osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
z bZihlh ekWMy fo'ks"k :i ls jktekxZ ifj;kstukvksa esa ns•k
tk ldrk gSA
bZihlh ekWMy osQ lkFk leL;k,a
z Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k esa nsjh vkfn tSlh vfrfjÙkQ pqukSfr;ksa osQ
dkj.k ifj;kstukvksa dh ykxr esa o`f¼ gqbZ gS vkSj ekftZu
esa deh vkbZ gSA
z vokLrfod :i ls de ykxr vuqeku vkSj vuqcaèk dh
l[r Hkqxrku 'krZsa çeq• ckèkk,a gSaA
z ljdkj dk lhfer foÙkh; lalkèku Hkh ,d çeq• ckèkk gSA
bZihlh ihihih ls vyx vkSj csgrj osQls gS\
z iwath% ljdkj ifj;kstuk dk iwjk foÙkh; cks> ogu djrh gS
tgka iwath ,u,p,vkbZ ckWUM }kjk ;k lM+d Vksy iksLV fuekZ.k
dks lqjf{kr djus osQ fy, dne mBkdj tqVkbZ tkrh gSA
z eatwjh% eatwjh dk cks> ] Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k vkSj ;krk;kr dk
vkdyu djuk ,d tfVy çfØ;k gS tks ljdkj osQ ftEes
gksrk gS A
z tksf•e% de tksf•e vkSj futh m|eh osQ fy, c<+s gq,
çksRlkgu dk nksgjk ykHk fuos'kdksa dks vkdf"kZr djus osQ
fy, ,d vkjkenk;d vkèkkj cukrk gSA
z le;% fuekZ.k osQ fy, vko';d le;js•k vis{kkÑr de
gksrh gSA
{ks=k fof'k"V lkoZtfud futh Hkkxhnkjh (ihihih)
fcYM&vkWijsV&VªkaliQj (chvksVh)
z ;g ,d ikjaifjd ihihih ekWMy gS ftlesa futh {ks=k
fMtkbu cukus vkSj lapkfyr djus vkSj fiQj bls lkoZtfud
{ks=k esa okil LFkkukarfjr djus osQ fy, ftEesnkj gSA
z ;gka futh {ks=k dh ftEesnkjh gS fd og ifj;kstuk osQ fy,
foÙk yk, vkSj bldk fuekZ.k vkSj j•j•ko djsA
381
z bl ekWMy osQ rgr ,d futh m|eh dks ,d fof'k"V
vofèk ;kuh 20 ;k 30 o"kks± osQ fy, ,d ifj;kstuk dk
fuekZ.k vkSj lapkyu djus osQ fy, foÙk iks"k.k dh fj;k;r
nh tkrh gSA
z m|eh mu xzkgdksa ls mi;ksxdrkZ 'kqYd ;k Vksy 'kqYd osQ
ekè;e ls fuos'k dh HkjikbZ dj ldrk gS tks lqfoèkk dk
mi;ksx dj jgs gSa vkSj bl çdkj os foÙkh; tksf•e dh ,d
fuf'pr jkf'k ysrs gSaA
'kkfey çfØ;k
z fuekZ.k% lcls igys] ,d futh daiuh ,d lkoZtfud
cqfu;knh <kapk ifj;kstuk esa fuos'k djus osQ fy, lger
gksrh gS tgka ;g ifj;kstuk osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, vius Lo;a
osQ foÙkiks"k.k dks lqjf{kr djrh gSA
z lapkyu% ,d lger vofèk osQ fy, lqfoèkk osQ lapkyu]
j•j•ko vkSj çcaèku dh ftEesnkjh yh tkrh gS ftlosQ
nkSjku futh Msoyij 'kqYd ;k Vksy osQ ekè;e ls vius
fuos'k dks fiQj ls çkIr djrk gSA
z LFkkukarj.k% fj;k;r dh vofèk lekIr gksus osQ ckn daiuh
lkoZtfud çkfèkdj.k dks lqfoèkk osQ LokfeRo vkSj lapkyu
dks LFkkukarfjr djrh gSA
chvksVh ekWMy osQ ykHk
z pwafd futh {ks=k foÙk tqVkrk gS] blfy, ;g lkoZtfud
jktLo ij cks> dks de djrk gSA
z fuekZ.k] lapkyu vkSj j•j•ko esa futh {ks=k dk çcaèkdh;
dkS'ky ifj;kstuk esa n{krk vkSj xq.koÙkk ykrk gSA
z çn'kZu&vkèkkfjr vuqcaèkksa vkSj vkmViqV&mUeq• y{;ksa
dh xqatkb'k m|eksa dks çksRlkfgr djosQ n{krk c<+krh gSA
z ;g ,d çfrLièkhZ cksyh çfØ;k dk ifj.kke gS vkSj bls
lcls de laHko ykxr ij iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA
z futh {ks=k ifj;kstuk osQ tksf•e dks lk>k djrk gSA
fMtkbu&fcYM&vkWijsV&VªkaliQj (DBFOT)
z futh {ks=k dh ikVhZ dks ,d iwathxr ifj;kstuk osQ fMtkbu]
fuekZ.k] foÙk vkSj lapkyu osQ fy, ,d vuqcaèk fn;k tkrk
gSA le>kSrs osQ rgr vius nkf;Roksa ij fopkj djrs le;]
futh {ks=k dh ikVhZ dks ljdkjh ,tsalh (mnkgj.k osQ fy,]
miyCèkrk Hkqxrku) ;k ifj;kstuk osQ vafre mi;ksxdrkZvksa
ls ,d=k fd, x, 'kqYd ls Hkqxrku fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z ljdkj ;k ljdkjh LokfeRo okyh bdkbZ ifj;kstuk dk
LokfeRo j•rh gSA
382
fcYM&vkWijsV&yht&VªkaliQj (BOLT)
z ;g ifj;kstuk foÙkiks"k.k dh ,d xSj&ikjaifjd •jhn
fofèk gS tgka ,d futh m|eh ;k lkoZtfud {ks=k dk xzkgd
,d futh laLFkk dks lqfoèkk cukus] lqfoèkk dk ekfyd gksus
vkSj bls xzkgd dks iêðs ij nsus osQ fy, fj;k;r nsrk gS]
fiQj iêðs dh vofèk osQ var esa volajpuk osQ LokfeRo dk
gLrkarj.k mlosQ ewy ekfyd dks dj nsrk gSA
z ykHk% futh laLFkk dh ftEesnkjh gS fd og fuekZ.k vofèk
osQ nkSjku ifj;kstuk osQ foÙk dks mBk,] ftlls ljdkj ij
cks> de gksA
fcYM&vksu&vkWijsV (BOO)
z ihihih osQ chvksvks ekWMy esa futh {ks=k ,d lqfoèkk dk
fuekZ.k] LokfeRo vkSj lapkyu djrk gS vkSj mRikn dks vius
mi;ksxdrkZ ;k ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks csprk gSA
z ;g oqQN ns'kksa esa fctyh {ks=k esa lcls vfèkd ikbZ tkus okyh
futh {ks=k dh Hkkxhnkjh gS tgka ljdkj osQ ikl ifj;kstuk
vkWijsVj ls nh?kZdkfyd fctyh •jhn le>kSrk ewY; gks
ldrk gS ;k ugha Hkh gks ldrk gSA
Vksy&vkWijsV&VªkaliQj (TOT)
z bl <kaps esa ljdkj ifj;kstuk dk fuekZ.k djrh gS vkSj fiQj
ifj;kstuk dks mu futh laLFkkvksa dks iêðs ij nsrh gS ftuosQ
ikl de ykHk de tksf•e gksrk gS] bls 30 o"kks± rd
lapkfyr djus vkSj cuk, j•us dk dk;Z gksrk gSA
z VhvksVh ekWMy chvksVh ekWMy dh xgjh tksf•e&lk>kdj.k
leL;k dks nwj djrk gS vkSj fu;fer :i ls fuos'k osQ fy,
u, èku dks vkdf"kZr djrk gSA
yht&MsoyiesaV&vkWijsV (LDO)
z ;g cqfu;knh <kapk {ks=k esa ,d ihihih ekWMy gS tgka ljdkj
;k lkoZtfud {ks=k dh bdkbZ uo fufeZr cqfu;knh <kapk
lqfoèkk dk LokfeRo j•rh gS vkSj yht le>kSrs osQ lanHkZ
esa Hkqxrku çkIr djrh gSA gokbZ vîós dh lqfoèkkvksa osQ
fodkl esa bl n`f"Vdks.k dk T;knkrj ikyu fd;k tkrk gSA
z xSj&lkoZtfud futh Hkkxhnkjh ekWMy% bu ekWMyksa esa]
futh f•ykM+h osQ ikl cqfu;knh <kaps dk LokfeRo ;k fdlh
Hkh le; Vksy @ mi;ksxdrkZ 'kqYd ,d=k djus dk vfèkdkj
ugha gSA vr] ;s ihihih ugha gSaA mnkgj.kksa esa 'kkfey gSa%
 bathfu;fjax] •jhn vkSj fuekZ.k (bZihlh)
 vkmVlksflZax@dkWUVªSfDVax
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
ljdkj osQ LokfeRo okys BsosQnkj&lapkfyr (GOCO)
ekWMy
z ;gka ,d futh {ks=k osQ f•ykM+h dks ,d dk;Z'kkyk osQ
lapkyu osQ fy, vuqcaèk fn;k tkrk gS tks canwdksa vkSj
okguksa ls ysdj VSadksa vkSj ;gka rd fd gsyhdkWIVjksa rd osQ
midj.kksa dh ejEer djrk gSA
futh daiuh lkexzh ejEer j•j•ko vkfn osQ xksnke
z
lapkyu ifjogu osQ fy, ftEesnkj gksxhA
z gkykafd ljdkj dk;Z'kkyk dh ekfyd cuh gqbZ gSA
ljdkj osQ LokfeRo okys BsosQnkj&lapkfyr (GOCO)
ekWMy osQ ykHk
z ljdkjh jktLo ij ncko esa deh A
futh {ks=k lsok] ejEer vkSj Lis;j ikV~lZ osQ fy, ewy
z
midj.k fuekZrk osQ lkFk lg;ksx dj ldrk gSA
z futh daifu;ksa dks Hkwfe] cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj e'khujh esa
fuos'k djus dh vko';drk ugha gSA
DyLVj&vkèkkfjr fuos'k ekWMy
z chvksVh okf"kZdh vkSj bZihlh ekWMy
dk feJ.kA
z ;gka igys 40» Hkqxrku ikap leku
gkbfczM okf"kZdh fdLrksa esa fuf'pr jkf'k esa fd;k
ekWMy (,p,,e) tkrk gS tcfd 'ks"k 60» ifj;kstuk
iwjh gksus osQ ckn ifjorZuh; vkSj
ohVh jkf'k osQ :i esa Hkqxrku fd;k
tkrk gSA
z ;gka ,d futh f•ykM+h jktekxZ
dk fuekZ.k djrk gS vkSj bls ,d
fof'k"V vofèk osQ fy, lapkfyr
chvksVh okf"kZdh djrk gS vkSj fiQj bls ljdkj dks
ekWMy gLrkarfjr djrk gSA
z ifj;kstuk osQ okf.kfT;d lapkyu
osQ 'kqHkkjaHk osQ ckn 6 eghus osQ
vkèkkj ij Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gSA
z bl ekWMy esa ,d lM+d Msoyij
,d lM+d dk fuekZ.k djrk gS
tgka ls og Vksy laxzg osQ ekè;e
chvksVh Vksy ls vius fuos'k dh olwyh djrk gS]
ekWMy bl çdkj ljdkj dh vksj ls dksbZ
Hkqxrku ugha gksrk gSA
z Vksy laxzg dh vofèk yxHkx 30
o"kZ gSA
fuos''kk ekWekWMMyy
fuos
z ;gka ljdkj futh f•ykfM+;ksa ls
bathfu;fjax Kku osQ fy, cksyh
yxkus osQ fy, vkeaf=kr djrh gSA
z ljdkj dPps eky dh •jhn djrh
gS vkSj fuekZ.k ykxr ogu djrh gSA
z bl çdkj bathfu;fjax fo'ks"kKrk
bZihlh ekWMy
rd lhfer futh {ks=k dh U;wure
Hkkxhnkjh gSA
z ekWMy ljdkj osQ fy, ,d mPp
foÙkh; cks> dk dkj.k curk gS
D;ksafd ykxr iwjh rjg ls ljdkj
}kjk ogu dh tkrh gSA
ihihih ekWMy ij iqufoZpkj vkSj iqu#¼kj ij
fot; osQydj lfefr dh fjiksVZ
z osQaæh; ctV 2015&16 esa ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gS fd cqfu;knh
<kaps osQ fodkl osQ ihihih eksM ij fiQj ls fopkj djuk
gksxk vkSj bls iquthZfor djuk gksxkA
z cqfu;knh <kaps osQ fodkl osQ ihihih ekWMy dh leh{kk vkSj
iqujks¼kj ij ,d lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k Fkk] ftldh
vè;{krk MkW fot; osQydj us dh FkhA
lfefr dh çeq• fliQkfj'ksa
z 'ksdVdj lfefr (2016)% "yM+kdw {kerk c<+kus vkSj j{kk
O;; dks fiQj ls larqfyr djus" osQ fy, thvkslhvks ekWMy
dh fliQkfj'k dhA
z O;ogk;Zrk varj foÙk iks"k.k dk foosdiw.kZ mi;ksx tgka
mi;ksxdrkZ 'kqYd etcwr jktLo dh xkjaVh ugha ns ldrk gSA
z csgrj jktdks"kh; fjiksfVZax vkSj çn'kZu dh lkoèkkuhiwoZd
fuxjkuhA
z Hkkjr us ihihih osQ çcaèku esa i;kZIr vuqHko ,d=k fd;k
gS] ljdkj dks ihihih ekWMy dks ifjiDork vkSj ifj"dkj
osQ vxys Lrj ij ys tkuk pkfg,A
z ,d volajpuk ihihih vfèkfu.kZ;u vfèkdj.k (vkbZih,Vh)]
ftldh vè;{krk ,d rduhdh vkSj@;k foÙkh; lnL; osQ
lkFk ,d U;kf;d lnL; }kjk dh tkrh gSA
z iqu% cksyh (Rebidding)% ftu ifj;kstukvksa us tehu ij
fuèkkZfjr çfr'kr çxfr gkfly ugha dh gS] mUgsa jí djus
dh vko';drk gSA lkoZtfud fufèk;ksa osQ ekè;e ls eqíksa
dks gy djus ;k iwjk djus osQ ckn mUgsa fiQj ls cksyh
yxkbZ tkuh pkfg, vkSj ;fn O;ogk;Z gks] rks lapkyu vkSj
j•j•ko osQ fy, cksyh yxkbZ tkuh pkfg,A
383
z ihihih volajpuk ifj;kstukvksa osQ eqíksa dks gy djus osQ
fy, {ks=k&fof'k"V laLFkkxr <kaps dks viuk;k tk ldrk gSA
z rukoxzLr ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, {ks=k&fof'k"V <kaps osQ fodkl
vkSj dkedkt osQ fy, ,d lexz <kapk çnku djus osQ fy,
vEczsyk fn'kkfunZs'kA
z lwpuk fo"kerkvksa vkSj ikjnf'kZrk dh deh ls cpus osQ fy,
"fLol pkSysat" dks grksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z fu.kZ; ysus esa okLrfod =kqfV;ksa dks Hkz"Vkpkj osQ ÑR;ksa ls
vyx djus osQ fy, Hkz"Vkpkj fuokj.k vfèkfu;e] 1988 esa
la'kksèku djukA
z cqfu;knh <kaps esa futh fuos'k dks c<+kok nsus] ,d jk"Vªh;
ihihih uhfr vkSj ihihih esa fodkl dk ekxZn'kZu djus osQ
fy, ,d laLFkk dh LFkkiukA
z ,lihoh esa ljdkj dh Hkkxhnkjh dks grksRlkfgr djsa tks
ihihih ifj;kstukvksa dks ykxw djrs gSa tc rd fd j.kuhfrd
:i ls egRoiw.kZ u gksA
z cSadksa vkSj foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dks 'kwU; dwiu ckaM tkjh djus
dh vuqefr nh tkuh gS tks cqfu;knh <kapk {ks=k esa mi;ksxdrkZ
'kqYd osQ fy, uje mèkkj çkIr djus esa Hkh enn djsxkA
z vU; {ks=k% jsyos] 'kgjh vkfn tSls {ks=kksa esa ihihih osQ mi;ksx
dks çksRlkfgr djsaA jsyos osQ fy, ,d Lora=k VSfjiQ fu;kedA
z {kerk fuekZ.k% vU; ckrksa osQ lkFk&lkFk {ks=k dk ekxZn'kZu
djus] uhfrxr buiqV vkSj le; ij lykg çnku djus vkSj
fVdkÅ {kerk fuekZ.k djus osQ fy, ihihih esa mRÑ"Vrk
laLFkku dh LFkkiukA
z ,dhÑr fodkl% ifj;kstukvksa osQ forj.k osQ fy, Li"V
jksMeSi osQ lkFk cqfu;knh <kaps dk ,dhÑr fodkl lqfuf'pr
djukA
vkxs dh jkg
z ,lMhth y{; 9 yphyk vkSj lrr cqfu;knh <kaps osQ fuekZ.k
ij osQafær gSA
z xfr'khyrk esa o`f¼% cM+s iSekus ij ikjxeu ifj;kstuk,a
tSlh ifj;kstuk,a xfr'khyrk c<+kus vkSj Hkwfe mi;ksx iSVuZ
esa ifjorZu dh J`a•yk osQ fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA
z vkdyu% esVªks jsy ifj;kstukvksa esa futh {ks=k dh Hkkxhnkjh
dh çHkkodkfjrk vkSj laHkkfor ykHkksa osQ xaHkhj ewY;kadu
dh vko';drk gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. volajpukRed ifj;kstukvksa esa lkoZtfud futh Hkkxhnkjh
(ihihih) dh vko';drk D;ksa gS\ Hkkjr esa jsyos LVs'kuksa
osQ iqufoZdkl esa ihihih ekWMy dh Hkwfedk dh tkap djsaA
(2022)
384
2. lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh (ihihih) ekWMy osQ rgr la;qÙkQ
m|eksa osQ ekè;e ls Hkkjr esa gokbZ vîóksa osQ fodkl dh
tkap djsaA bl lacaèk esa vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ lkeus D;k pqukSfr;ka
gSa\  (2017)
3. Li"V dhft, fd fdl çdkj futh lkoZtfud Hkkxhnkjh
le>kSrs] yach vofèk dh volajpuk ifj;kstukvksa esa]
Hkfo"; esa vuqi;qÙkQ ns;rkvksa dks gLrkarfjr dj ldrs
gSaA ;g lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, D;k O;oLFkk djus dh
vko';drk gS fd vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa dh {kerkvksa ls
le>kSrk u fd;k tk,\  (2014)
4. ns'k osQ cqfu;knh <kaps osQ fodkl osQ fy, ihihih ekWMy
dk vuqdwyu vkykspuk ls eqÙkQ ugha jgk gSA ekWMy osQ
is'ksojksa vkSj foi{kksa ij xaHkhj :i ls ppkZ djsaA (2013)
fons'kh fuos'k ekWMy
çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k (FDI)
z ;g ,d foÙkh; fuos'k midj.k gS tgka ,d ns'k dh ,d
ikVhZ nh?kZdkfyd lk>snkjh LFkkfir djus osQ bjkns ls nwljs
ns'k osQ O;olk; ;k fuxe esa fuos'k djrh gSA
z iSlk ykus osQ vykok ;g dkS'ky] çkS|ksfxdh vkSj Kku Hkh
ykrk gSA
z Hkkjr esa fons'kh lac¼rk dk vFkZ lgk;d daiuh ;k lg;ksxh
ls gS ftlesa fuos'kdksa osQ ikl de ls de 10» dh laifÙk
gS] ysfdu 'ks;jèkkjd dh ernku 'kfÙkQ osQ vkèks ls vfèkd
ugha gSA
,iQMhvkbZ vuqeksnu osQ ekxZ
z Lopkfyr ekxZ% blesa yxh Hkkjrh; daifu;ka viuh pqdrk
iwath osQ 100» rd 'ks;j tkjh dj ldrh gSaA blesa fpfdRlk
midj.k FkeZy ikoj] (49») ikoj ,Dlpsat (49»)
ukxfjd mîó;u vkfn rd chek 'kkfey gSaA
z ljdkjh vuqeksnu ekxZ% tks xfrfofèk;ka Lopkfyr ekxZ osQ
rgr doj ugha dh tkrh gSa] mUgsa ljdkj dh iwoZ LohÑfr
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blesa dksj fuos'k daifu;ka] •uu
vkSj •fut] mixzg] fçaV ehfM;k vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
uksV% nksuksa ekxks± esa vuqefr nh xbZ bfDoVh dk çfr'kr fHkUu
gksrk gSA
Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa ,iQMhvkbZ
z ;w,ulhVh,Mh] 2019 dh fo'o fuos'k fjiksVZ Hkkjr dks 9
oka LFkku vkSj nqfu;k osQ 'kh"kZ ,iQMhvkbZ çkIrdrkZvksa dh
lwph çnku djrh gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z 1991 osQ foÙkh; ladV osQ ckn vFkZO;oLFkk dk mnkjhdj.k
'kq: gqvk] vkSj rc ls ,iQMhvkbZ esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
z Hkkjr orZeku esa nqfu;k dk 'kh"kZ xzhuiQhYM ,iQMhvkbZ
xarO; gSA
z ,iQMhvkbZ bfDoVh çokg osQ ekeys esa flaxkiqj 'kh"kZ fuos'k
djus okyk ns'k gS] blosQ ckn la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk gSA
uksV% ykWVjh] tqvk] fufèk fuxe vkSj fpV iQaM] rackdw ;k rackdw
fodYi] ijek.kq ÅtkZ vkSj jsyos lapkyu tSls oqQN {ks=kksa esa
,iQMhvkbZ fuf"k¼ gSA
vFkZO;oLFkk ij ,iQMhvkbZ dk çHkko
z cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ka çkS|ksfxdh dks ?kjsyw :i esa gLrkarfjr
djrh gSa ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i O;olk; dk tSfod fodkl
gksrk gS vkSj jkstxkj dk l`tu gksrk gSA
z ,iQMhvkbZ viuh laifÙk dk nkok djosQ ,d daiuh osQ
foÙkh; fooj.k esa lqèkkj djrk gSA
z ;g fu;kZr esa o`f¼ vkSj Hkqxrku larqyu vfèk'ks"k esa gksus osQ
dkj.k ?kjsyw eqæk dks etcwr djrk gSA
z detksj cpr osQ dkj.k Hkkjr dk ?kjsyw fuos'k LVkWd de gS
tgka ,iQMhvkbZ ,d çeq• iwjd osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
,iQMhvkbZ dks c<+kok nsus osQ mik;
z gky gh esa bysDVªkWfud fofuekZ.k osQ fy, mRiknu ls
tqM+s çksRlkgu (ih,yvkbZ) tSlh ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dh
?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gSA
z dks;yk •uu xfrfofèk;ksa esa Lopkfyr fofèk osQ rgr 100»
,iQMhvkbZ dh vuqefr nsus osQ fy, ,iQMhvkbZ uhfr 2017
esa la'kksèkuA
z fMftVy {ks=k esa ] ftlesa ,d egRoiw.kZ cktkj volj gS]
ljdkj us 26» ,iQMhvkbZ dh vuqefr nh gSA
z fons'kh fuos'k lqfoèkk iksVZy tks ,iQMhvkbZ dh lqfoèkk osQ
fy, ,dy f•M+dh lqfoèkk dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
z ;gka rd fd j{kk {ks=k esa Hkh Lopkfyr ekxZ ,iQMhvkbZ lhek
dks c<+kdj 74 çfr'kr dj fn;k x;k gSA
,iQMhvkbZ uhfr 2020&21 esa lqèkkj
z chek {ks=k esa ljdkj us fons'kh LokfeRo vkSj fu;a=k.k dh
vuqefr nsrs gq, lhek dks 49» ls c<+kdj 74» dj fn;k gSA
z ljdkj us l~ opkfyr ekxZ ls 100 çfr'kr çr~ ;{k fons'kh
fuos'k osQ lkFk isVªksfy;e vkSj çkÑfrd xSl {ks=k esa 'kkfey
lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ miØeksa osQ j.kuhfrd fofuos'k dks
lS¼kafrd eatwjh ns nh gSA
z nwjlapkj {ks=k% Lopkfyr ekxZ osQ rgr 100» ,iQMhvkbZA
fuos''kk ekWekWMMyy
fuos
ubZ ,iQMhvkbZ uhfr
z bl ubZ ,iQMhvkbZ uhfr dks dksfoM&19 egkekjh osQ dkj.k
Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa osQ voljoknh vfèkxzg.k ij vaoqQ'k yxkus
osQ mís'; ls eatwjh nh xbZ FkhA
z Hkkjr osQ lkFk Hkwfe lhek j•us okyh bdkbZ ;k ;fn Hkkjr esa
fuos'k dk ykHkkFkhZ fLFkr gS ;k ,sls ns'k dk ukxfjd osQoy
ljdkjh ekxZ osQ ekè;e ls fuos'k dj ldrk gSA
z ubZ uhfr osQ nk;js esa ugha vkus okys ns'kksa osQ fuos'kdksa dks
iwoZ vuqefr ekaxus osQ ctk; ysunsu osQ ckn vkjchvkbZ dks
lwfpr djuk gksxkA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjr esa çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k osQ lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r esa
ls fdls bldh çeq• fo'ks"krk ekuk tkrk gS\ (2020)
(a) ;g ,d lwphc¼ daiuh esa vfuok;Z :i ls iwathxr
lkèkuksa osQ ekè;e ls fuos'k gSA
(b) ;g dkiQh gn rd xSj&½.k l`tu iwath çokg gSA
(c) ;g og fuos'k gS ftlesa ½.k&lsok 'kkfey gSA
(d) ;g ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa esa fons'kh laLFkkxr fuos'kdksa
}kjk fd;k x;k fuos'k gSA
2. fuEufyf•r esa ls fdlesa Hkkjr esa çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k
'kkfey gksxk\ (2012)
1- Hkkjr esa daifu;ksa dh lgk;d daifu;ka
2- Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa esa vfèkdka'k fons'kh bfDoVh gksfYMax
3- fons'kh daifu;ksa }kjk fo'ks"k :i ls foÙkiksf"kr daifu;ka
4- iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k
uhps fn, x, dksM dk mi;ksx djosQ lgh mÙkj dk p;u
djsa%
(a) 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4
(b) osQoy 2 vkSj 4
(c) osQoy 1 vkSj 3
(d) osQoy 1] 2 vkSj 3
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fodkl osQ fy, ,iQMhvkbZ dh
vko';drk dks mfpr Bgjk,aA gLrk{kfjr le>kSrk Kkiuksa
vkSj okLrfod ,iQMhvkbZ osQ chp varj D;ksa gS\ Hkkjr
esa okLrfod ,iQMhvkbZ c<+kus osQ fy, mBk, tkus okys
mipkjkRed dneksa dk lq>ko nsaA  (2016)
385
fons'kh iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k (FPI) z ,iQihvkbZ vkerkSj ij LVkWd ,Dlpsatksa ij dkjksckj djrs gSa
z ,iQihvkbZ esa fdlh vU; ns'k esa fuos'kdksa }kjk èkkfjr vkSj ,d gh LVkWd osQ vanj vkSj ckgj rsth ls dkjksckj djrs
çfrHkwfr;ka vkSj vU; foÙkh; laifÙk;ka 'kkfey gSaA cktkj gSaA vYidkfyd n`f"Vdks.k vDlj de daiuh fgLlsnkjh ls
dh v'kkafr osQ vkèkkj ij] ;g vis{kkÑr rjy gS ysfdu tqM+s gksrs gSaA
fuos'kd dks daiuh dh laifÙk dk çR;{k LokfeRo çnku
z blfy, ,iQihvkbZ os gSa ftuosQ ikl oSf'od Lrj ij fdlh
ugha djrk gSA
daiuh osQ 10» ls de fgLlsnkjh gSA fons'kh laLFkkxr
z ,iQihvkbZ ,iQMhvkbZ osQ lkFk&lkFk fons'kh vFkZO;oLFkk
esa fuos'k djus osQ fy, yksdfç; j.kuhfr;ksa esa ls ,d fuos'kd (,iQvkbZvkbZ) ,d ,iQihvkbZ dh fudVre
gSA vfèkdka'k vFkZO;oLFkkvksa osQ fy,] ,iQMhvkbZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk Fkh tks bl fcanq rd Hkkjr esa ekStwn FkhA
,iQihvkbZ nksuksa foÙk iks"k.k osQ egRoiw.kZ lzksr gSaA z ,iQvkbZvkbZ ;k muosQ ¶mi&•krs¸ ;k ¶;ksX; fons'kh
Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa ,iQihvkbZ fuos'kd (QFIs)¸ dks orZeku esa Hkkjr esa ,iQihvkbZ osQ
z ,iQMhvkbZ osQ foijhr] ,iQihvkbZ mu fuos'kdksa dks lanfHkZr :i esa lanfHkZr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa ,d iQeZ osQ 10»
djrk gS ftuosQ ikl daiuh ij vYidkfyd n`f"Vdks.k gSA rd LokfeRo dh vuqefr gS
,iQihvkbZ fuEufyf•r osQ :i esa gks ldrk gS
z Hkkjr osQ ckgj eq[;ky; okyh daifu;ksa dks fons'kh laLFkkxr fuos'kdksa (,iQvkbZvkbZ) osQ :i
esa tkuk tkrk gS] vkSj os ogka fuos'k dk çLrko djrs gSaA os ,d ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks
egRoiw.kZ :i ls çHkkfor djrs gSaA
z laLFkkxr fuos'kdksa esa gst iQaM] E;wpqvy iQaM] isa'ku iQaM] chek ckaM] mPp ewY; okys fMcsapj
vkSj fuos'k cSad 'kkfey gSa] ysfdu bu rd lhfer ugha gSaA
z Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr ,oa fofue; cksMZ (lsch) esa djhc 1450 ,iQvkbZvkbZ iathÑr gSaA
z fons'kh iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k osQ çokg dks çksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, 1996&1997 esa lsch fofu;e]
1995 esa fuEufyf•r la'kksèku fd, x, Fks%
fons'kh laLFkkxr  lHkh ,iQvkbZvkbZ] ,uvkjvkbZ vkSj vkslhch osQ fy, 24» dh la;qÙkQ fuos'k lhek osQ lkFk]

(,iQvkbZvkbZ) }kjk fons'kh laLFkkxr fuos'kd (,iQvkbZvkbZ)] vfuoklh Hkkjrh; (,uvkjvkbZ)] vkSj vU; dkWikZsjsV
fuos'k fudk; (vkslhch) vc O;fÙkQxr :i ls daiuh osQ LVkWd dk 10» rd fuos'k dj ldrs gSaA
 ,iQvkbZvkbZ dks lsch dh eatwjh osQ lkFk ½.k çfrHkwfr;ksa esa vius iksVZiQksfy;ks dk 100»

vkoafVr djus dh vuqefr gSA

 lsch osQ rgr] ikap lky osQ VªSd fjdkWMZ okys vkSj vius ns'k esa ,d fu;ked çkfèkdj.k osQ

lkFk iathÑr laxBu ,iQvkbZvkbZ cuus osQ fy, ik=k gSaA ;s laxBu cankscLrh] fo'ofo|ky;
fufèk] uhao] èkekZFkZ VªLV ;k laxBu gks ldrs gSaA
z urhtru] cktkj esa rsth vkrh gS vkSj tc ,iQvkbZvkbZ bfDoVh vkSj vU; ifjlaifÙk;ksa dks •jhnrs
gSa rks ldkjkRed gks tkrk gSA foijhr rc gks ldrk gS tc fuos'kd cktkj ls viuk iSlk fudkyrs
gSaA bl çdkj os cktkj dh ,d cM+h ek=kk dks fu;af=kr djrs gSaA
z fdlh Hkh fons'kh O;fÙkQ] lewg] la?k] ;k fdlh jk"Vª osQ ukxfjd tks foÙkh; dkjZokbZ dk;Z cy
osQ lnL; gSa] mUgsa ;ksX; fons'kh fuos'kd (QFI) osQ :i esa lanfHkZr fd;k tkrk gS] tks fons'kh
;ksX; fons'kh fuos'kd iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'kd (,iQ,Vh,iQ) dh ,d miJs.kh gSA
(QFIs) z blesa mu ns'kksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS tks ,iQ,Vh,iQ osQ lnL; gSa vkSj ftUgksaus baVjus'kuy
vkWxZukbts'ku vkWiQ flD;ksfjVht deh'ku (vkbZvks,llhvks) (,e,evks;w) osQ cgqi{kh; le>kSrk
Kkiu (,e,e;w) dh iqf"V dh gSA

386 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 z vkjchvkbZ vkSj lsch osQ lg;ksx ls] Hkkjr ljdkj us 2011 osQ osQaæh; ctV esa D;w,iQvkbZ igy
z ;g ns•rs gq, fd yksxksa dks laLFkkxr fuos'kdksa dh rqyuk esa nh?kZdkfyd fuos'kdksa osQ :i esa ekuk
fuos'k ekWMy osQ ckn Hkkjr dk LFkku
O;ogk;Zrk varj foÙk iks"k.k
(Viability Gap Funding &
VGF)
bafM;k baÚkLVªDpj iQkbusal
daiuh fyfeVsM
volajpuk ½.k fufèk
3P Hkkjr
baÚkLVªDpj bUosLVesaV VªLV
iQaM (InVit )
fuos''kk ekWekWMMyy
fuos
dk vukoj.k fd;kA
tkrk gS] D;w,iQvkbZ dks l{ke djus dk mís'; Hkkjrh; iwath cktkj esa vfèkd fons'kh èku dks
xgjk djuk vkSj 'kkfey djuk gS vkSj lkFk gh cktkj dh vfLFkjrk dks de djuk gSA
z mís';% cqfu;knh <kapk ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku djuk tks vkfFkZd :i ls
O;ogk;Z gSa ysfdu ykHknk;d gksus ls eqf'dy ls de gSaA
z miyCèkrk% çfrLièkhZ cksyh çfØ;k osQ ekè;e ls pqus x, futh çk;kstdksa osQ lkFk cqfu;knh
<kapk ifj;kstukvksa rd lhferA
z ifj;kstuk dh ykxr% oqQy O;ogk;Zrk varj bl ;kstuk osQ rgr foÙk iks"k.k dh oqQy jkf'k
oqQy ifj;kstuk ykxr osQ chl çfr'kr (20») ls vfèkd ugha gksxh] ysfdu ljdkj ;k vU;
oSèkkfud bdkbZ tks ifj;kstuk dk ekfyd gS] vius foosd ij] vius ctV ls oqQy ifj;kstuk
ykxr osQ vfèkdre vfrfjÙkQ chl çfr'kr rd vfrfjÙkQ vuqnku nsus dk fu.kZ; ys ldrh gSA
z jkT; vkSj la?kh; ljdkjsa çR;sd foÙk iks"k.k esa ;ksxnku dj ldrh gSaA
z bl ljdkjh laxBu dh LFkkiuk 2006 esa O;ogk;Z cqfu;knh <kapk ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy,
nh?kZdkfyd foÙkiks"k.k dh is'kd'k djus osQ fy, O;ogk;Z fo'ks"k ç;kstu okgu volajpuk
ifj;kstukvksa osQ foÙkiks"k.k dh ;kstuk osQ fgLls osQ :i esa dh xbZ FkhA
z ik=krk% ifjogu] ÅtkZ] ikuh] LoPNrk] lapkj] lkekftd lsokvksa vkSj O;olk; ls lacafèkr
cqfu;knh <kaps vkbZvkbZ,iQlh,y ihihih ifj;kstukvksa ls foÙkh; lgk;rk osQ fy, ik=k gSa]
ftUgsa vkbZvkbZ,iQlh,y }kjk lokZsPp çkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA
z baÚkLVªDpj MsV iQaM (vkbZMh,iQ) foÙkh; laLFkk,a gSa tksnh?kZdkfyd ½.k dk mi;ksx djosQ
leqnk; dks vfèkd rsth ls foÙk iksf"kr djus esa enn djrh gSaA
z y{;% voSrfud okf.kfT;d cSad ½.kksa dk ,d cM+k fgLlk çkIr djukA
z çk;kstd laxBu ,uch,iQlh] VªLV ;k E;wpqvy iQaM osQ :i esa vkbZMh,iQ cuk ldrs gSaA
z fufèk esa 70%30 dk MsCV&bfDoVh js';ks(Debt To Equity)gksuk pkfg,A
z vuqekfur 3 ih bafM;k bdkbZ fofu;eu] foÙkiks"k.k] vuqcaèk ç'kklu vkSj pqukSrhiw.kZ
lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh ifj;kstukvksa osQ lkFk fparkvksa ij xkSj djsxhA
z xaxk ij 4200 djksM+ #i;s dk ty ekxZ] 8500 fdyksehVj jktekxZ vkSj vfr&vkèkqfud lkSj
la;a=k gky gh esa ihihih ifj;kstuk ?kks"k.kkvksa esa ls gSaA
z ;g E;wpqvy iQaM osQ leku gksrk gSA ;g lM+d vkSj fctyh tSlh cqfu;knh <kapk ifj;kstukvksa
esa fuos'k djus dk ekSdk çnku djrk gSA
z ,d fo'ks"k ç;kstu okgu osQ mi;ksx osQ ekè;e ls ;k cqfu;knh <kapk ifj;kstukvksa esa lhèks
fuos'k djosQ] bufoV cM+h la[;k esa fuos'kdksa ls iSlk tqVkrs gSaA
z bufoV osQ nks vyx&vyx :i gSa ftudh vuqefr gS% ,d rS;kj cqfu;knh <kapk ifj;kstukvksa
esa fuos'k djrk gS tks jktLo mRiUu djrs gSa] vkSj nwljs esa mu ifj;kstukvksa esa fuos'k djus
dh yphykiu gS tks ;k rks lekIr gks pqosQ gSa ;k ;kstuk pj.kksa esa gSaA
387
 z rS;kj ifj;kstukvksa esa fuos'k djus okys bufoV viuh bdkb;ksa dks lkoZtfud is'kd'k osQ
ekè;e ls csprs gSa] tcfd tks yksx mu ifj;kstukvksa esa fuos'k djrs gSa tks vHkh Hkh cuk,
tk jgs gSa] os futh IyslesaV dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA 'ks;j cktkjksa esa lwphc¼ gksus osQ fy,]
nksuksa iQkWeZ vko';d gSaA bufoV bdkb;ksa osQ fy, U;wure vkosnu vkdkj 10 yk• #i;s gSA
z lsch osQ fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj] •pks±] djksa vkSj fons'kh ½.k osQ iquHkZqxrku osQ fy, Hkqxrku
djus osQ ckn ,d=k fd, x, èku dk de ls de 90» gj Ng eghus esa fuos'kdksa dks
fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
dke ugha gS]¸ vkSj ns'k osQ fuekZ.k osQ ç;klksa esa futh {ks=k
uhfr vk;ksx% ^ubZ INDIA @75 osQ fy, j.kuhfr*
osQ fuos'k vkSj Hkkxhnkjh dks çksRlkfgr djsxkA
z 2022&2023 rd] uhfr vk;ksx us fuos'k njksa osQ fy, ,d z fooknksa osQ 'kh?kz lekèkku dh xkjaVh nsus osQ fy, jk"Vªh;
y{; fuèkkZfjr fd;k] mUgsa 28&36» ls c<+k fn;kA lqfoèkk vk;ksx(,u,iQlh) tSlh laLFkkxr lajpuk dh
z iwath fuekZ.k% fuos'k dh nj (ldy ldy ?kjsyw mRikn osQ vko';drk gSA
vuqikr osQ :i esa ldy fuf'pr iwath fuekZ.k) dks c<+kus
z ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd fo'ks"k ç;kstu okgu
osQ fy, futh vkSj jkT; fuos'k nksuksa dks c<+kus osQ fy, dbZ
uSfrd vkpj.k (,lihoh) osQ fu;eksa dk ikyu djrk gSA
igyksa dh vko';drk gksxhA
z foÙkh; ykHkksa ij tksj nsus osQ ctk;] vuqcaèkksa dks lsok çn'kZu
z cqfu;knh <kaps esa futh fuos'k dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, osQydj
lfefr }kjk vuq'kaflr rtZ ij ,d v|ru lkoZtfud&futh ij vfèkd tksj nsuk pkfg,A
Hkkxhnkjh (ihihih) ekWMy dh vko';drk gSA z csgrj fgrèkkjd tksf•e igpku vkSj forj.kA
z etcwr ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k% ,d ifjiDo ihihih <kapk vkSj z ,sls ekeyksa esa tgka mi;ksxdrkZ 'kqYd ,d fo'oluh; jktLo
,d etcwr lgk;d ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k ljdkj dks dkiQh gn lzksr lqfuf'pr ugha dj ldrk gS] foosdiw.kZ O;ogk;Zrk
rd og gkfly djus esa enn djsxk] tks gekjs çèkku ea=kh varjky fufèk mi;ksx (prudent viability gapfund
us dgk Fkk] ¶ljdkj osQ ikl O;olk; djus osQ fy, dksbZ utilisation) dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

v v v

388 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 23 Hkkjr esa Ñf"k {ks=k

z Hkkjr nqfu;k Hkj esa Ñf"k {ks=k esa çeq• f•ykfM+;ksa esa
ls ,d gS vkSj ;g Hkkjr dh yxHkx 58» vkcknh osQ
fy, vkthfodk dk çkFkfed lzksr gSA Hkkjr esa Ñf"k
{ks=k nqfu;k esa nwljh lcls cM+h Ñf"k Hkwfe dk fjdkWMZ
j•rk gS] tks ns'k dh yxHkx vkèkh vkcknh osQ fy,
jkstxkj iSnk djrk gSA bl çdkj] fdlku gesa thfodk
osQ lkèku çnku djus osQ fy, Ñf"k {ks=k dk ,d vfHkUu
vax cu tkrs gSaA
z Hkkjr esa nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k i'kqèku (HkSal) gS] rFkk xsgwa]
pkoy vkSj dikl osQ fy, lcls cM+k {ks=k gS] vkSj nqfu;k
esa nwèk] nkyksa vkSj elkyksa dk lcls cM+k mRiknd gSA
z ;g iQy] lfCt;ka] pk;] eNyh] dikl] xUuk] xsgwa] pkoy]
dikl vkSj phuh dk nwljk lcls cM+k mRiknd gSA
z Hkkjrh; •k| m|ksx fo'kky fodkl osQ fy, rS;kj gS]
fo'ks"k :i ls •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx osQ Hkhrj ewY;oèkZu
dh vikj laHkkoukvksa osQ dkj.k fo'o •k| O;kikj esa viuk
;ksxnku c<+k jgk gSA

Ñf"k {ks=k osQ ?kVd

HkaMkj.k] ifjogu Ñf"k lk[k lfClMh U;wure leFkZu

flapkbZ iz.kkyh iQly i¼fr
vkSj foi.ku vkSj foÙk O;oLFkk ewY;

Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ {ks=k osQ cqfu;knh ewyHkwr fl¼kar

z thoh, esa fgLlsnkjh% o"kZ 2022&23 esa 18-3»A
z fodkl nj% 2022&23 esa 3-3 çfr'krA
{ks=k voyksdu z oqQy jkstxkj esa fgLlsnkjh% 49» ls de
z ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa Ñf"k {ks=k dk ;ksxnku 1950&51 esa 54» ls ?kVdj 2016&17 esa 17»
ls de gks x;k gSA
z 'kq¼ cqvkbZ {ks=k& 43»
z pkjkxkg vkSj miou & 4»
Hkwfe mi;ksx Lo:i
z •srh ;ksX; vif'k"V & 4»
z ijrh Hkwfe µ 9-6»
•k|kUu mRiknu z xsgwa vkSj pkoy dk yxHkx 78» •k|kUu mRiknu gksrk gSA
z ugj flapkbZ (lkoZtfud)% 30»
z oqQ,¡ vkSj uydwi (futh)% 60»
z VSad% 5»
flapkbZ dh orZeku fLFkfr
z •srh osQ varxZr 53&55» {ks=k o"kkZ vkèkkfjr gS
z o"kkZ vkèkkfjr Ñf"k Ñf"k mRiknu esa 40» dk ;ksxnku djrh gSA
z o"kkZ vkèkkfjr {ks=kksa esa oqQy xzkeh.k dk;Zcy dk 50» vkSj i'kqèku dk 60»
 z Ñf"k ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa oqQy ;ksxnku% yxHkx 33»
z iQy vkSj lCth •krk% oqQy ckxokuh mRiknu dk yxHkx 90» nqfu;k esa iQyksa vkSj lfCt;ksa
ckxokuh dk nwljk lcls cM+k mRiknd gSA
z osQyk] vke] pwuk vkSj uhacw] iihrk vkSj fHkaMh osQ mRiknu esa Hkkjr çFke gSA Hkkjr elkyksa dk
lcls cM+k mRiknd vkSj fu;kZrd ns'k gSA
z Ñf"k ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa i'kqèku {ks=k dk ;ksxnku% ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk 4-11» vkSj oqQy
Ñf"k ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk 25-6»
z nqfu;k esa lcls cM+h i'kqèku vkcknh &
i'kqèku {ks=k  57» HkSal

 13» i'kq (80» i'kq Lons'kh gSa)

z nwèk mRiknu esa Hkkjr çFke LFkku ij% oSf'od nwèk dk 23 çfr'krA
z nwèk mRiknu% laxfBr {ks=k% 20» vkSj vlaxfBr {ks=k% 80»
;w,u&,lMhth vkSj Ñf"k
z ,lMhth 1 (dksbZ xjhch ugha)% xjhch dks mlosQ lHkh
:iksa vkSj vk;keksa esa lekIr djsa A
z ,lMhth 2 (thjks gaxj)% Hkq•ejh •Re djuk] •k| lqj{kk
vkSj csgrj iks"k.k gkfly djuk vkSj fVdkÅ Ñf"k dks
c<+kok nsaA
z ,lMhth 6 (LoPN ty vkSj LoPNrk)% lHkh osQ fy, ikuh
vkSj LoPNrk dh miyCèkrk vkSj lrr çcaèku lqfuf'pr
djsaA
z ,lMhth 12 (ftEesnkjh osQ lkFk miHkksx vkSj mRiknu)%
lrr miHkksx vkSj mRiknu iSVuZ lqfuf'pr djuk A
z ,lMhth 13 (tyok;q fØ;k)% tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj mlosQ
çHkko ls fuiVus osQ fy, rRdky dne mBk,aA
z ,lMhth 15 (tehu ij thou)% LFkyh; ikfjfLFkfrd
ra=kksa] LFkk;h :i ls çcafèkr ouksa osQ lrr mi;ksx dh j{kk]
iquLFkkZiuk vkSj c<+kok nsuk] e#LFkyhdj.k ls yM+uk vkSj
Hkwfe {kj.k dks jksdus vkSj myVus vkSj tSo fofoèkrk dks
jksdus osQ fy, A
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku vkSj Ñf"k
z Ñf"k jkT; dk fo"k; gSA jkT; lwph osQ 14osa çfof"V esa
Ñf"k ls lacafèkr in dk mYys• fd;k x;k gS% Ñf"k] ftlesa
Ñf"k f'k{kk vkSj vuqlaèkku] dhVksa ls lqj{kk vkSj ikSèkksa dh
chekfj;ksa dh jksdFkke 'kkfey gSA
z leorhZ lwph esa çfof"V 33 Ñf"k esa jkT;ksa dh 'kfÙkQ dks
lhfer djrh gS vkSj osQaæ dks ;g dgrs gq, l'kÙkQ djrh
gS fd jkT; vkSj osQaæ ljdkj nksuksa •k| inkFkks± vkSj Ñf"k
dPps eky osQ mRiknu] O;kikj] vkiwfrZ vkSj forj.k osQ
lacaèk esa dkuwu cuk ldrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; Ñf"k dh orZeku fLFkfr
z tcfd çfr O;fÙkQ Ñf"k mRiknu esa yxkrkj o`f¼ ns•h xbZ gS]
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) esa Ñf"k dk fgLlk fxj x;k gSA
z Ñf"k O;kikj% Hkkjr esa vk;kr dh tkus okyh çeq• oLrq,a
nkysa] •k| rsy] rkts iQy vkSj dktw gSaA Hkkjr }kjk fu;kZr
dh tkus okyh çeq• oLrqvksa esa pkoy] elkys] dikl] ekal
vkSj mlls cuh phtsa] phuh vkfn gSaA
z Hkkjr esa Ñf"k {ks=k esa yxs deZpkfj;ksa dh la[;k 2000 esa
60» ls ?kVdj 2019 esa 42» gks xbZA
z Ñf"k Hkkjr osQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (yxHkx 17») dk osQoy
ikapoka fgLlk gS] ysfdu yxHkx 50» dkedkth vkcknh osQ
fy, vkthfodk çnku djrh gSA
vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23
z fiNys Ng o"kks± ds nkSjku Hkkjrh; Ñf"k {ks=k 4-6 çfr'kr
dh vkSlr okf"kZd o`f¼ nj ls çxfr dj jgk gSA
2020&21 esa 3-3 çfr'kr dh rqyuk esa 2021&22 esa
blesa 3-0 çfr'kr dh o`f¼ gqbZA
z 2014 dh ,l,,l fjiksVZ dh rqyuk esa uohure fLFkfr
vkdyu loZs{k.k (,l,,l) esa iQly mRiknu ls 'kq¼
çkfIr;ksa esa 22-6» dh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
z 2019&20 dks lekIr fiNys ikap o"kks± esa i'kqèku {ks=k
8-15» dh lh,thvkj ls c<+k gSA
z ljdkj us ih,e xjhc dY;k.k ;kstuk (ih,ethosQokbZ)
tSlh ;kstukvksa osQ ekè;e ls •k| lqj{kk usVodZ osQ
dojst dk vkSj foLrkj fd;k gSA

390 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH

Hkkjr osQ fy, Ñf"k {ks=k dk egRo
z çfr O;fÙkQ vk; esa o`f¼% Ñf"k {ks=k csjkstxkj yksxksa dks
vfèkd jkstxkj çnku djrk gSA ;g O;fÙkQ;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk
jk"Vªh; vk; esa Hkh o`f¼ djrk gSA
z jkstxkj osQ çeq• lzksr% Ñf"k {ks=k gekjs Je cy osQ cM+s
fgLls dks jkstxkj çnku djrk gSA gekjs Je cy dk yxHkx
50» ls vfèkd çR;{k :i ls Ñf"k {ks=k esa 'kkfey gSA
z xjhch esa deh% Ñf"k fodkl dk xzkeh.k fodkl ij
egRoiw.kZ çHkko iM+rk gSA ;fn Ñf"k esa mRikndrk c<+rh gS]
rks ;g xjhch dks de djrh gS vkSj xSj&Ñf"k jkstxkj dks
Hkh c<+kok nsrh gSA
z Hkkstu dh vkiwfrZ% thou dh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa esa
Hkkstu çFke LFkku j•rk gSA Ñf"k {ks=k vFkZO;oLFkk osQ
fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa yxh vkcknh osQ fy, lHkh çdkj osQ Hkkstu
dk ,dek=k çnkrk gSA Ñf"k {ks=k i'kqvksa dks Hkkstu Hkh çnku
djrk gSA
z fons'kh eqæk vk; dk lzksr% Ñf"k {ks=k dk fu;kZr fons'kh
eqæk (fons'kh eqæk) dekbZ dk eq[; lzksr gS ftldk mi;ksx
iwathxr oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA 56
vjc MkWyj osQ Ñf"k O;kikj ls 18 vjc MkWyj dk O;kikj
vfèk'ks"k çkIr gqvkA
z dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ% Ñf"k {ks=k u osQoy Hkkstu çnku
djrk gS cfYd dikl] xUuk] rEckdw] pkoy] frygu] ekal
vkSj nwèk Hkh fofHkUu Ñf"k vkèkkfjr] NksVs iSekus vkSj cM+s
iSekus osQ m|ksxksa dks dPps eky osQ :i esa çnku djrk gSA
z vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dk fodkl% Ñf"k vkSj vkS|ksfxd {ks=k osQ
chp vU;ksU;kfJrrk vkSj varj&lacaèk gS] nksuksa ,d nwljs osQ
fodkl esa lgk;d gSaA
z thou Lrj esa lqèkkj% Ñf"k {ks=k osQ fodkl osQ dkj.k
fdlkuksa dh vk; esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA Ñf"k {ks=k osQ fodkl ls
tula[;k osQ thou Lrj esa lqèkkj gksxkA
z cktkj osQ vkdkj esa foLrkj% Ñf"k ;a=khdj.k osQ dkj.k Ñf"k
{ks=k esa vfèkd mRiknu gksrk gSA ;g cktkj osQ vkdkj dks
c<+krk gSA ;fn vfèkd mRiknu gksrk gS rks vfèk'ks"k mRiknu
dk fo'o osQ vU; ns'kksa dks fu;kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z iwath fuekZ.k% iwath fuekZ.k esa Ñf"k {ks=k dh Hkwfedk dh
mis{kk ugha dh tk ldrhA ;g yksxksa dh vk; esa o`f¼ djrk
gS ftlls vfèkd cpr vkSj vfèkd fuos'k gksrk gSA ;gka]
vfèkd fuos'k ls rsth ls iwath fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
z vkRefuHkZjrk uhfr% Ñf"k {ks=k vkRefuHkZjrk çkIr djus
esa lgk;d gSA gekjk ns'k u osQoy •k|kUu esa vkRefuHkZj
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
cusxk cfYd m|ksxksa osQ fy, dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ ls gekjs
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dk Hkh foLrkj gksxkA
z eqækLiQhfr dks fu;af=kr djuk% eqækLiQhfr lkekU; ewY;
Lrj esa o`f¼ dks lanfHkZr djrh gSA ;g ekax esa o`f¼ vkSj
vkiwfrZ esa deh osQ dkj.k gks ldrk gSA egaxkbZ dks fu;af=kr
djus esa Ñf"k {ks=k cgqr ennxkj gSA
z {ks=kh; vlekurkvksa esa deh% Ñf"k {ks=k osQ fodkl ls
xzkeh.k vkcknh osQ thou Lrj esa o`f¼ gksxhA blls ns'k esa
'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k varj de gks tkrk gSA
z vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa dh ekax% tSls&tSls Ñf"k mRikndrk
c<+rh gS] fdlkuksa dh vk; c<+rh tkrh gSA vk; esa o`f¼ osQ
lkFk] xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa Ñf"k oLrqvksa (VªSDVj] moZjd] dhVuk'kd]
uydwi vkfn) vkSj vkS|ksfxd lkeku (Vsyhfotu] eksckby)
nksuksa dh ekax c<+sxhA
Hkkjr esa Ñf"k {ks=k osQ eqís
z xSj&vkfFkZd] fo•afMr Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k% NksVs vkSj lhekar
Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k (2 gsDVs;j) dk 72» fgLlk gS tks cM+s
iSekus dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa osQ ykHkksa dks çkIr djus dh ,d
çeq• lhek gSA
z vkSipkfjd ½.k dh vuqiyCèkrk% NksVs fdlkuksa dks vHkh
Hkh ½.k osQ vkSipkfjd lzksrksa rd igqapus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gS
vkSj os 'kks"kd lkgwdkjksa dh vksj eqM+rs gSaA vfèkdka'k xzkeh.k
½.k çR;{k osQ ctk; vçR;{k gSaA
z ?kVrh mit% xq.koÙkkiw.kZ cht] flapkbZ] moZjd vkSj •jkc
feêðh osQ LokLF; tSls vi;kZIr vknkuksa osQ dkj.kA
z •srh osQ {ks=k esa deh% Ñf"k Hkwfe dk xSj&Ñf"k mi;ksx tSls
vkS|ksxhdj.k vkSj 'kgjhdj.k osQ fy, mi;ksxA
z ekulwu ij vR;fèkd fuHkZjrk% 141 fefy;u gsDVs;j osQ 'kq¼
cks, x, {ks=k esa ls 60» Hkwfe ij •srh dh tkrh gSA lw•k]
rwiQku] ck<+ vkfn osQ :i esa ekulwu dh vfu;ferrkvksa ls
mRiknu dk egRoiw.kZ uqdlku gksrk gSA
z tyok;q ifjorZu% tyok;q ifjorZu vçR;kf'kr ekSle dh
vksj ys tk jgk gS ftlls feêðh dh moZjrk] dhVksa vkSj
iQlyksa osQ fy, jksx osQ tksf•e esa fxjkoV vkbZ gSA
z vfrlaoqQfyr Ñf"k {ks=k% Ñf"k ij vR;fèkd fuHkZjrk] oqQy
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa Ñf"k {ks=k osQ ;ksxnku esa yxkrkj
fxjkoV osQ lkFk] 2016 esa ek=k 17» FkhA ;g] ykHkdkjh
xSj&Ñf"k jkstxkj dh deh osQ lkFk feydj Ñf"k {ks=k esa
çPNUu csjkstxkjh dk dkj.k cuk gSA
z ljdkjh uhfr;ksa@;kstukvksa dk xyr dk;kZUo;u%
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] neudkjh ,ih,elh vfèkfu;e] ,e,lih
391
 ls lacafèkr uhfr;ka] bZlh, osQ rgr LVkWd lhek,a] mnkjhÑr
Ñf"k&vk;kr uhfr (ftlls ?kjsyw dherksa vkSj fdlkuksa dh
vk; esa fxjkoV vkbZ gS)] vçHkkoh chek vkSj ½.k ls
lacafèkr ;kstuk,a
z ,e,lih lajpuk dh v{kerk% osQoy 6» fdlkuksa dks
,e,lih dk ykHk feyrk gS vkSj 'ks"k 94» cktkj ij
fuHkZj gSaA
z ewY; J`a•yk osQ lkFk l{ke cqfu;knh <k¡ps dh deh% dksYM
LVksjst] xksnkeksa vkSj Ñf"k&çlaLdj.k lfgr& c<+rh Ñf"k
mRiknu osQ lkFk leku xfr ls fodflr ugha gqvk gS] ftlls
•k| viO;;] fdlku osQ fy, •jkc dher dh •kst]
mRikn dh ladViw.kZ fcØh vkfn gks jgh gSA
z vuqlaèkku vkSj fodkl esa de fuos'k% Hkkjr esa Ñf"k ldy
?kjsyw mRikn dk 1» ls Hkh de vuqlaèkku ij •pZ fd;k
tkrk gSA
z xzkeh.k bykdksa esa ladV vkSj fdlkuksa dh vkRegR;k% jk"Vªh;
vijkèk fjdkWMZ C;wjks (,ulhvkjch) dh fjiksVZ (2015) osQ
vuqlkj] 8000 ls vfèkd fdlkuksa vkSj 4500 Ñf"k etnwjksa
us vkRegR;k dh gSA
z Ñf"k ½.k ekiQh dk uSfrd tksf•e% dtZekiQh dh mEehn
us fdlkuksa dks dtZ ugha pqdkus osQ fy, çsfjr fd;kA blosQ
vykok] bldk ,d çeq• çHkko gS fd fofHkUu jkT;ksa osQ
fdlku ½.k ekiQh dh ekax djrs gSaA
z ½.k jkf'k dk xSj&Ñf"k ç;kstuksa osQ fy, mi;ksx% fdlku
fdlku ØsfMV dkMZ tSls pSuyksa osQ ekè;e ls ½.k ysrs gSa
vkSj futh •ir lfgr vU; xSj&Ñf"k xfrfofèk;ksa osQ fy,
bldk bLrseky djrs gSaA
z vfLFkjrk% Hkkjr esa Ñf"k dkiQh gn rd ekulwu ij fuHkZj
gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] •k|kUu osQ mRiknu esa lky nj lky
mrkj&p<+ko gksrk jgrk gSA vukt osQ çpqj mRiknu osQ ,d
o"kZ osQ ckn vDlj rhoz deh dk o"kZ gksrk gSA
z •sfrgj etnwjksa dh fLFkfr% Hkkjr esa vfèkdka'k •sfrgj
etnwjksa dh fLFkfr larks"ktud ugha gSA vfèk'ks"k Je ;k
çPNUu csjkstxkjh dh leL;k Hkh gSA ;g etnwjh njksa dks
fuokZg Lrjksa ls uhps èkosQyrk gSA
z vi;kZIr lkoZtfud fuos'k vkSj futh fuos'k% foÙkh;
:f<+okfnrk us flapkbZ] ty fudklh vkSj ck<+ fu;a=k.k esa
lkoZtfud fuos'k ij çfrdwy çHkko Mkyk gSA Ñf"k {ks=k dh
vuqiyCèkrk us futh fuos'k dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA
392
Ñf"k ladV osQ ifj.kke
z fdlkuksa dh vk; dk fuEu Lrj% eq[; O;olk; osQ :i
esa Ñf"k esa Lojkstxkj okys xzkeh.k ifjokjksa esa ls 1@5 dh
vk; xjhch js•k ls uhps gS] ftlosQ dkj.k thou Lrj •jkc
gS (,u,l,lvks] 2011&12)A
z vfLFkj vkthfodk% ,u,l,lvks dk 70oka nkSj bafxr
djrk gS fd ,d fdlku ifjokj osQ ikl vius miHkksx
O;; dks iwjk djus osQ fy, de ls de 1 gsDVs;j Hkwfe
gksuh pkfg,A ysfdu 65» ls vfèkd ifjokjksa osQ ikl ,d
gsDVs;j ls Hkh de Hkwfe gSA
z c<+rh ½.kxzLrrk% yxHkx 52» Ñ"kd ifjokj ½.k osQ
vèkhu gSa] fo'ks"k :i lsA NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa (tksr
<2 gsDVs;j) osQ chp osQafær gSA
z fdlkuksa dh c<+rh vkRegR;k,a% ,ulhvkjch osQ vkadM+ksa osQ
vuqlkj] 2013 ls gj lky Ñf"k {ks=k esa 12]000 ls vfèkd
vkRegR;k,a ntZ dh xbZ gSaA ½.kxzLrrk ls çsfjr vkfFkZd
ladV çeq• dkj.k FkkA
z xzkeh.k&'kgjh çokl% fiNys 10 o"kks± (2001&2011) esa
Hkkjr us Ñf"k dh foiQyrk vkSj Ñf"k {ks=k esa jkstxkj dh
deh osQ dkj.k xzkeh.k ls 'kgjh Hkkjr esa lcls cM+k çokl
ns•kA
z Ñf"k {ks=k ls ckgj fudyuk% lsaVj iQkWj LVMh vkWiQ Msoyfiax
lkslkbVht (lh,lMh,l)] fnYyh }kjk fd, x, ,d
vè;;u osQ vuqlkj] 76» fdlku vU; {ks=kksa esa vk; osQ
csgrj voljksa osQ dkj.k •srh NksM+uk pkgrs gSaA
z xzkeh.k v'kkafr% fdlku fojksèk vkSj ½.k ekiQh dh c<+rh
ekaxA
z •jkc ekax% yxHkx 60» vkcknh •srh esa yxh gqbZ gS] •jkc
{ks=kh; çn'kZu ls ekax •jkc gksxh] ftlls lexz vFkZO;oLFkk
çHkkfor gksxhA
z c<+rh vlekurk,¡% ,d fdlku vkSj xSj&fdlku dh vk;
osQ chp yxHkx 3 xquk dh vlekurk gS
z ekuo iwath% vkSj tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k {kerk cckZn gks
ldrh gS D;ksafd xjhc fdlku dh fLFkfr ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa
osQ LokLF; vkSj f'k{kk dks Hkh çHkkfor djsxh
z de Hkkxhnkjh% m|e'khyrk] jk"Vªh; Lrj dh ppkZvksa vkfn
esa fdlkuksa dhA
z •k| vlqj{kk% ;fn fdlkuksa dh •srh esa #fp de gks tkrh
gS] rks ;g iwjs ns'k dks •k| vlqj{kk osQ •rjs esa Mky nsrk gS
z lkekftd v'kkafr% Ñf"k dh fcxM+rh fLFkfr osQ dkj.k
fdlkuksa osQ fojksèk esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH

•afMr Hkwfe tksr
•afMr vkSj vykHkdkjh Hkwfe tksr fdlkuksa dks mRiknu tksf•e]
tyok;q tksf•e] ewY; tksf•e] ½.k tksf•e] cktkj tksf•e
vkSj uhfrxr tksf•e lfgr lHkh çdkj osQ Ñf"k tksf•eksa osQ çfr
laosnu'khy cukrh gSA
Hkwfe tksr osQ fo•aMu osQ dkj.k
z NksVs iSekus ij mRiknu% ;g fdlkuksa dh Ñf"k dk;ks± esa
cM+s iSekus dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks dkVus vkSj e'khuhdj.k esa
fuos'k djus dh {kerk dks ckfèkr djrk gSA blls mRikndrk
esa vkSj fxjkoV vkrh gS vkSj bl çdkj Hkwfe {kerk esa
fxjkoV vkrh gSA
z de dhersa% blosQ vykok] NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa osQ
ikl eksyHkko djus dh 'kfÙkQ de gksrh gS] D;ksafd muosQ
ikl cgqr de fcØh ;ksX; vfèk'ks"k gksrk gS vkSj os cktkj
esa ewY; ysus okys gksrs gSaA
z de vk;% ,u,l,lvks loZs{k.k osQ vuqlkj] 2012&13 esa
vkSlr Ñf"k vk; yxHkx 19]250 #i;s ;k yxHkx 1600
#i;s çfr ekg FkhA
z ½.kxzLrrk% vkfFkZd loZs{k.k&2016&17 osQ vuqlkj]
½.kxzLrrk vkSj Hkwfe tksr osQ vkdkj osQ chp foijhr
lacaèk gSA fcgkj vkSj if'pe caxky esa] lhekar Hkwfe okys
80» ls vfèkd Ñf"k ifjokj dtZnkj gSaA
z lekos'ku eqík% cM+h la[;k esa NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa osQ
vfLrRo dk eryc gS fd ljdkj dh foLrkj 'kk•kvksa osQ
fy, ubZ rduhd vkSj Ñf"k lgk;rk ;kstukvksa osQ lkFk mu
rd igqapuk pqukSrhiw.kZ gSA
z Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dh foiQyrk% Lora=krk osQ ckn leku Hkwfe
forj.k dk mís'; foiQy jgkA
z c<+rh tula[;k% ,d gh Hkwfe ij fuHkZjrk dh c<+rh la[;k
osQ dkj.k c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k Hkwfe fo•aMu dh vksj ys
tkrh gSA
•afMr vkSj NksVh tksrksa osQ ifj.kke
z mRikndrk dks uqdlku% oqQN iQlyksa dks mxkus esa dfBukbZ
gksrh gS] vkSj fdlkuksa dks mPp ykHk okyh iQlyksa esa cnyus
ls jksdrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] iQyksa dh iQlyksa osQ fy,
cM+s Hkw•aM {ks=kksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS] blfy, ;fn
fdlku osQoy NksVs vkSj •afMr Hkw•aMksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa
rks mUgsa osQoy de ykHknk;d iQlysa mxkus osQ fy, etcwj
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z •afMr Hkwfe tksr ifjogu ykxr dks c<+k ldrh gSA
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
fc•js Hkw•aMksa dk çcaèku] i;Zos{k.k vkSj lqj{kk Hkh vfèkd
z
dfBu] le; ysus okyh vkSj egaxh gks ldrh gSA
z Hkwfe dk viO;;% Hkwfe osQ fo•aMu esa iklZy (gst] iRFkj
dh nhokjsa] •kbZ vkfn) osQ chp ,d tfVy lhek usVodZ
'kkfey gksrk gS] tks Hkwfe osQ viO;; dk dkj.k curk gSA
z xjhc foi.ku ;ksX; vfèk'ks"k% NksVh vkSj lhekar Hkwfe tksr
& nks gsDVs;j ls de & Hkwfe tksr dk 72» fgLlk gS vkSj
NksVs] lhekar fdlkuksa osQ ikl de lkSnsckth dh 'kfÙkQ gS]
D;ksafd muosQ ikl cgqr de fcØh ;ksX; vfèk'ks"k gS vkSj
os cktkj esa ewY; ysus okys gSaA
z e'khuhdj.k osQ fy, eqf'dy% bl çdkj] Ñf"k esa vkèkqfud
rduhdksa dk mi;ksx çfrcafèkr gS vkSj ;g mRikndrk dks
lhfer djrk gSA
z fo•aMu osQ dkj.k eqdnesckth] tks laifÙk fookn dk ,d
dkiQh lkekU; :i gSA lqçhe dksVZ }kjk r; fd, x, lHkh
ekeyksa esa ls yxHkx 25» Hkwfe fooknksa osQ vklikl osQafær
gSaA fiQj ls] Hkkjr esa lHkh nhokuh ekeyksa esa ls 66» Hkwfe
fookn ls lacafèkr gSaA
vkxs c<+uk
z Hkwfe jkT; osQ vèkhu gS% çR;sd fgrèkkjd ls ijke'kZ djosQ
jkT; Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k çfØ;k dks vklku cukus osQ fy,
fof'k"V dkuwuh lqèkkj dj ldrs gSaA
z vfèkxzfgr Hkwfe osQ mi;ksx osQ ckjs esa fooj.k çnku
djsa% yksxksa dks Hkwfe osQ mi;ksx osQ ckjs esa tkuus dk
vfèkdkj gS
z eqvkots osQ :i esa ljdkj }kjk vfèkxzfgr% mnkgj.k osQ
fy, fczVsu esa] ljdkj us oknk fd;k gS
z lHkh laifÙk;ksa osQ LokfeRo] LFkku vkSj bfPNr mi;ksx dk
fooj.k çnku djsaA
z Hkwfe lalkèkuksa vkSj mi;ksx osQ iSVuZ dh O;kid lwph% Hkwfe
mi;ksx iSVuZ dh çHkkoh igpku dks l{ke djus osQ fy,
bls çR;sd laifÙk osQ LFkku] mlosQ vk;ke] dkuwuh 'kh"kZd]
orZeku vkSj fu;ksftr mi;ksx vkfn dh tkudkjh osQ lkFk
cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A
z Hkwfe vfHkys•ksa dk vkèkqfudhdj.k% Hkwfe vfHkys•ksa osQ
dEI;wVjhdj.k osQ fy, ,d jk"Vªh; çkfèkdj.k vkSj Hkwfe
vfHkys•ksa osQ dEI;wVjhdj.k osQ fy, jkT; çkfèkdj.kksa dh
LFkkiukA
z fuxjkuh vkSj ewY;kadu% Hkwfe vfèkdkjksa dh çkfIr ij jkT;
ljdkjksa }kjk dh xbZ çxfr dh leh{kk djus osQ fy, jkT;
Lrj ij Hkwfe vfèkdkj vk;ksx (,yvkjlh) dh LFkkiuk djsaA
393
z •srksa dk foLrkj% [ksrksa ds foLrkj ds fofHkUu rjhosQ gSa
tSls Hkwfe iwfyax] Hkwfe iêðs vkSj vuqcaèk •srh vkfnA ;g lc
mfpr dkuwuh ra=k osQ Hkhrj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z Hkwfe iwfyax dks Hkwfe lek;kstu ;k Hkwfe iquxZBu osQ uke ls
Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;g ,d Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k j.kuhfr gS ftlesa
futh LokfeRo okys Hkwfe Hkw•aMksa osQ LokfeRo vfèkdkj
,d ukfer ,tsalh dks gLrkarfjr fd, tkrs gSa] ftlosQ
ifj.kkeLo:i bu Hkwfe Hkw•aMksa dks ,d lkFk j•k tkrk gSA
z vfèk'ks"k Hkwfe dk mi;ksx% bldk mi;ksx ty vkSj vif'k"V
fuiVku] vkokl vkSj ifjogu ifj;kstukvksa vkfn tSlh
lsokvksa dh c<+rh ekaxksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, fd;k tkuk
pkfg, vkSj Hkfo"; esa mi;ksx osQ fy, vfHkçsr Hkwfe dks
ikjn'khZ cksyh çfØ;k osQ ekè;e ls fdjk, ij fn;k tkuk
pkfg,] tc rd fd ;g t:jh gSA
z Hkwfe iêðs osQ fy, vkn'kZ dkuwu% uhfr vk;ksx us fdjk;snkjksa
osQ vfèkdkjksa dks ekU;rk nsus vkSj HkwLokfe;ksa osQ fgrksa dh
j{kk djus osQ fy, ,d ekWMy Ñf"k Hkwfe iêðk vfèkfu;e]
2016 rS;kj fd;k gSA
fdlkuksa dh vk; nksxquh djuk% nyobZ lfefr
vkSj uhfr vk;ksx
z fdlkuksa dh vk; nksxquh djus ij v'kksd nyobZ lfefr us
viuh elkSnk fjiksVZ çLrqr dhA 2022 rd fdlkuksa dh vk;
nksxquh djus dk •kdk rS;kj djus osQ fy, osQaæ ljdkj us
2016 esa varj&ea=kky;h lfefr dk xBu fd;k FkkA
lfefr dh fliQkfj'ksa
z yf{kr vk; Lrj% fdlkuksa dh vk; dks nksxquk djus dk
y{; j•rs gq,] fdlkuksa dh oqQy vk; esa Ñf"k vk; osQ
vuqikr dks 2015&16 esa 60» ls c<+kdj 2022&23 esa
yxHkx 70» djus dk y{; gksuk pkfg,A
z ifjHkk"kk dk foLrkj% lekosf'krk osQ fy, fdlku dh ifjHkk"kk
dks mnkj cukukA fdlkuksa esa •srh djus okys] fdjk;snkj
va'kèkkjd vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
z vkWuykbu vkSj çfro"kZ çekf.kr MsVkcsl% fdlku dh igpku
djus vkSj mls ifjHkkf"kr djus osQ fy, fodflr fd;k tk
ldrk gS] rkfd mls Ñf"k&lacaèkh lgk;rk&ç.kkyh dk ykHk
mBkus osQ ;ksX; cuk;k tk losQA
z fuos'k osQ fy, mi {ks=kksa dks çkFkfedrk nsa% ckxokuh
(iQly {ks=k osQ rgr)] i'kqikyu] nwèk vkSj eRL; ikyu tSls
mPp fodkl vkSj mPp ewY; okys mi&{ks=kksa esa fofoèkhdj.k
dh vko';drk gSA ftlls çkFkfedrk mi&{ks=kksa osQ fy,
i;kZIr fuos'k lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldsA
394
z futh fuos'k% Ñf"k&jln] iSd&gkml] xzhugkml vkSj lw{e
flapkbZ tSls u, ;qx osQ cqfu;knh <kaps esaA
z lkoZtfud fuos'k% flapkbZ] vuqlaèkku ,oa fodkl] xzkeh.k
lM+dksa vkSj ifjogu] xzkeh.k ÅtkZ] vkfn esa vkSj futh fuos'k
esa ^HkhM+* osQ fy,A
uhfr vk;ksx bafM;k@75% fdlkuksa dh vk; nksxquh
djus ij fliQkfj'ksa
z fLFkj fu;kZr uhfr% Hkkjr ljdkj dks lHkh fgrèkkjdksa osQ
ijke'kZ ls vkxs vkuk lHkh fgrèkkjdksa osQ ijke'kZ ls] Hkkjr
ljdkj dks ,d lqlaxr vkSj fLFkj Ñf"k fu;kZr uhfr osQ
lkFk vkuk pkfg,] vkn'kZ :i ls ikap ls nl lky dh
le; lhek osQ lkFk
z ewY; çkfIr% ljdkj dks lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 323 B
osQ çkoèkkuksa osQ vuq:i Ñf"k ykxr vkSj ewY; vk;ksx
(lh,lhih) dks ,d Ñf"k U;k;kfèkdj.k }kjk cnyus ij
fopkj djuk pkfg,A
z uhfr vk;ksx dks fuEufyf•r dh tkap djus osQ fy,
,d lewg dk xBu djuk pkfg,%
 ,e,lih dks U;wure vkjf{kr ewY; (,evkjih) ls
cnyuk] tks eafM;ksa esa uhykeh osQ fy, 'kq#vkrh fcanq
gks ldrk gSA
 çksRlkgu vkSj deh'ku Hkqxrku dh ,d ç.kkyh osQ
ekè;e ls ,e,lih O;oLFkk osQ iwjd osQ fy, cktkjksa
esa lfØ; futh O;kikfj;ksa dks 'kkfey djus osQ fodYiksa
dh tkap djsaA
z Ñf"k lykgdkj lsok% la;qÙkQ jkT; Ñf"k foHkkx (;w,lMh,)
vkSj ;wjksih; la?k (bZ;w) dh rtZ ij ,d çHkkoh vkSj
çkS|ksfxdh lapkfyr Ñf"k lykgdkj lsok ij fopkj fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
z ok;nk dkjksckj% ok;nk dkjksckj dks c<+kok nsuk pkfg,A
cktkj dh xgjkbZ c<+kus osQ fy, ços'k ckèkkvksa dks nwj djus
ij fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z iQly chek% ih,e,iQchokbZ dks la'kksfèkr djus dh
vko';drk gS &
 ekSle vkèkkfjr chek dks c<+kok nsukA
 xSj&dtZnkj fdlkuksa osQ chek dojst dks c<+k,aA
 fefJr iQly dh vuqefr nsa vkSj vfèklwfpr iQlyksa
dh la[;k esa o`f¼ djsaA
z ekWMy dkWUVªSDV iQkfeZax ,DV 2018 dks viukus osQ fy,
jkT;ksa dks çksRlkfgr djsa% vuqcaèk ml ewY; vkSj xq.koÙkk
dks fufnZ"V djsxk ftl ij fdlkuksa dh mit •jhnh tk,xhA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 ;g fdlku dks mu ekeyksa esa cpkrk gS tgka dhersa ,e,lih
ls uhps vkrh gSaA
z ekWMy ,xzhdYpj ySaM yhftax ,DV] 2016 dks viukus
osQ fy, jkT;ksa dks çksRlkfgr djsa% ekWMy ,DV dk mís';
Hkwfe iêðs osQ ekè;e ls NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa rd Hkwfe
dh igqap esa lqèkkj djuk gS] lkFk gh fdjk;snkjksa dks laLFkkxr
½.k çkIr djus osQ fy, ,d ra=k çnku djuk Hkh gSA
z Hkwfe vfHkys•ksa dk fMftVyhdj.k% Hkwfe iêðs ij nsus osQ çHkkoh
dk;kZUo;u osQ fy, Hkwfe vfHkys•ksa dk iw.kZ fMftVyhdj.k
vko';d gSA Hkw&VSfxax] v|ru Hkwfe vfHkys•ksa dks mRiUu
djus osQ fy, Hkw&vfHkys•ksa osQ LFkku vKs; vkWuykbu
iathdj.k osQ lkFk&lkFk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ns'k esa Hkwfe
fjdkWMZ ç.kkyh osQ vkèkqfudhdj.k osQ fy, fMftVy bafM;k
Hkwfe fjdkWMZ vkèkqfudhdj.k dk;ZØe (Mh,yvkj,eih)
'kq: fd;k x;kA
z Ñ"kd mRiknd laxBuksa (,iQihvks) dks c<+kok nsuk%
ns'k esa vc 741 ,iQihvks gSa] ftudk çcaèku y?kq Ñ"kd
Ñf"k O;olk; la?k (,l,iQ,lh) osQ rRokoèkku esa fd;k
tkrk gSA mUgksaus çnf'kZr fd;k gS fd ,df=kr fdlku cM+s
iSekus dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks çkIr djus esa enn dj
ldrs gSaA
z lVhd Ñf"k ij è;ku% Hkfo"; dh pqukSfr;ksa osQ fy,
rS;kj djus osQ fy, i'kq O;ogkj] LokLF; vkSj mRiknu
dh fuxjkuh osQ fy, ÅtkZ vuqdwy flapkbZ iai] lw{e
flapkbZ] tyok;q LekVZ çkS|ksfxfd;ksa] vkbZvksVh] ,vkbZ vkSj
i'kqikyu esa çkS|ksfxdh osQ mi;ksx ij vuqlaèkku dk
leFkZu djsaA
z 'kksèk ij •pZ c<+k,¡% orZeku esa 0-3 çfr'kr ij vuqlaèkku
O;; dks Ñf"k ldy ?kjsyw mRikn osQ de ls de 1 çfr'kr
rd c<+kus dh vko';drk gSA
z lokZsÙke çFkkvksa dk çlkj djus osQ fy, ,d Kku osQaæ
cuk,a% ;g vko';d gS fd ubZ rduhd dks •sr Lrj
ij viuk;k tk,A Ñf"k foKku osQaæksa (osQohosQ) osQ çn'kZu
dh fu;fer :i ls ckgjh ,tsafl;ksa }kjk leh{kk dh tkuh
pkfg, vkSj vPNk çn'kZu djus okys osQohosQ dks iQhYM
Lrj ij lokZsÙke çFkkvksa dk çlkj djus osQ fy, etcwr
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z ,dhÑr •srh osQ ekWMy fodflr djsa% vkbZlh,vkj
vkSj jkT; Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky;ksa (,l,;w) dks mRiknu]
iksLV&çksMD'ku] çlaLdj.k vkSj vU; ewY;&lao¼Zu
xfrfofèk;ksa dks doj djrs gq, Ñf"k ewY; J`a•yk esa
fliQkfj'ksa çnku djus ij è;ku nsuk pkfg,A
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
fdlkuksa dh vk; nksxquh djus osQ fy, gkfy;k igy
z çèkkuea=kh dh 7 lw=kh; dk;Z ;kstuk%
1- ^çfr cwan] vfèkd iQly* osQ mís'; ls cM+s iSekus ij
fuos'k osQ lkFk flapkbZ ij vfèkd è;ku fn;k x;kA
2- xq.koÙkkiw.kZ cht ,oa iks"kd rRoksa dh miyCèkrkA
3- os;jgkmflax] dksYM psu vkSj LVksjst lqfoèkkvksa esa cM+s
iSekus ij fuos'kA
4- ewY;&oèkZu •k| çlaLdj.k osQ ekè;e lsA
5- iQly chek ;kstukvksa dh 'kq:vkr osQ ekè;e ls
tksf•e çcaèkuA
6- ,d jk"Vªh; Ñf"k cktkj dh LFkkiuk vkSj_
7- iksYVªh] eRL; ikyu vkfn tSlh lgk;d xfrfofèk;ksa dks
c<+kok nsukA
z çèkkuea=kh iQly chek ;kstuk% vfrfjÙkQ ykHk osQ lkFk
fdlkuksa dks U;wure çhfe;e nj ij chek çnku djuk
z çèkkuea=kh Ñf"k flapkbZ ;kstuk (ih,eosQ,lokbZ)% ^çfr cwan
vfèkd iQly* osQ rgr lw{e flapkbZ dks c<+kok
z nh?kkZofèk flapkbZ dks"k (,yVhvkbZ,iQ)% 100 çfr'kr c<+kdj
40]000 djksM+ #i;s
z e`nk LokLF; dkMZ% moZjdksa osQ mi;ksx vkSj •pZ dks de
djus osQ fy, 'kq: dh xbZ ;kstuk
z •srh vkSj Ñf"k osQ fy, ½.k lqfoèkk% 10 yk• djksM+ #i;s
rd c<+k;k x;kA
z jk"Vªh; Ñf"k cktkj (bZ&uke)% fdlkuksa osQ fy, foLrkfjr
cktkj igqap vkSj csgrj ewY; çkfIr lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy,A
z moZjd {ks=k esa lqèkkj (;wfj;k)% Lons'kh vkSj vk;kfrr ;wfj;k
dh 100» uhe dksfVax gkfly dh xbZA xSj&Ñf"k mís';ksa
osQ fy, vR;fèkd vuqnku okys ;wfj;k dk fopyu ux.;
gks x;kA
z nkyksa dh dherksa dk fLFkjhdj.k% igyh ckj nkyksa dh dher
esa mrkj&p<+ko dks çcafèkr djus osQ fy, 20 yk• ehfVªd
Vu rd dk ciQj LVkWd cuk;k tk jgk gSA
z fdlkuksa osQ fy, Ñf"k&ekSle lacaèkh lsok,a% orZeku esa
yxHkx 21 fefy;u fdlku ,l,e,l vkSj vU; ekè;eksa
ls LFkkuh; Hkk"kkvksa esa ,,,l çkIr dj jgs gSaA
z ijEijkxr Ñf"k fodkl ;kstuk% tSfod •srh dks c<+kok nsuk
vkSj mÙkj iwohZ jkT;ksa osQ fy, ,d tSfod ewY; J`a•yk
LFkkfir djukA
z jk"Vªh; xksoqQy fe'ku% Lons'kh eosf'k;ksa dh vkcknh vkSj
nqXèk mRiknu vkSj nwèk fodkl osQ vkuqoaf'kd LVkWd vkSj
uLyksa esa lqèkkj djukA
395
z lEink ;kstuk% çlaLÑr •k| m|ksx osQ fy, çHkkoh vkSj
fuckZèk cSdoMZ vkSj iQkWjoMZ baVhxzs'ku çnku djuk] fdlkuksa
dks csgrj ewY;] xzkeh.k jkstxkj osQ cM+s volj] cckZnh dks
de djuk vkSj çlaLÑr •k| esa fu;kZr çfrLièkkZ esa o`f¼
djukA
fdlkuksa dh vk; nksxquh djus esa Hkkjr dh liQyrk
z ,u,lvks }kjk flpq,'ku vlslesaV loZs osQ eqrkfcd ns'k
dh ekfld Ñf"k ?kjsyw vk; 8059 #i;s ls c<+kdj 10218
#i;s dj nh xbZ gSA
z Hkkjr fdlkuksa dh vk; nksxquh djus ls cgqr nwj gS¸ vkSj
oqQN jkT;ksa esa µ ¶2015&16 vkSj 2018&19 osQ chp
;kuh pkj o"kks± esa¸ µ >kj•aM dh rjg] ;g 7068 #i;s
ls ?kVdj 4895 #i;s gks x;k gS_ eè; çns'k esa 9740 #i;s
ls 8339 #i;s_ ukxkySaM esa] 11428 #i;s ls 9877 #i;s_
vksfM'kk esa 5274 #i;s ls ?kVdj 5112 #i;s gks x;kA
z ;g Ñf"k foHkkxksa }kjk vi;kZIr èku mi;ksx vkSj èku vkSj oqQN
jkT;ksa }kjk çèkkuea=kh iQly chek ;kstuk (ih,e,iQchokbZ)
osQ vHkkoiw.kZ dk;kZUo;u osQ dkj.k gSA
Ñf"k mRiknksa osQ ewY; esa mrkj&p<+ko dh
pqukSfr;ka
z ewY; esa mrkj&p<+ko ,d cgqvk;keh leL;k gS] ftlosQ
fy, fofHkUu dkjdksa dks ftEesnkj Bgjk;k tkrk gS] tks la;qÙkQ
gksus ij] lcls detksj yksxksa osQ fy, •rjukd ifj.kkeksa esa
lekIr gks tkrs gSaA
z gkykafd mPp dhersa rduhdh :i ls fdlkuksa osQ fy,
vPNh •cj gks ldrh gSa] dherksa esa mrkj&p<+ko csgn
•rjukd gS] D;ksafd dherksa esa fxjkoV vkus ij fdlkuksa
vkSj •k| J`a•yk osQ vU; ,tsaVksa dks vius fuos'k dks •ksus
dk tksf•e gksrk gSA
dherksa esa ckj&ckj gksus okys mrkj&p<+ko osQ fy,
ftEesnkj dkjd
z ekSle% vPNs ekSle ls vkiwfrZ esa vçR;kf'kr :i ls cM+h
o`f¼ gks ldrh gS ftlls cktkj esa vkfèkD; gks ldrk gS
vkSj dherksa esa fxjkoV vk ldrh gSA vkxs lw•k vkSj ck<+
Hkh ,d laHkkfor dkjd gks ldrs gSaA
z ekSleh% fiNys lhtu osQ mRiknksa dh dherksa esa mudh
ekSleh iQly osQ dkj.k vDlj mrkj&p<+ko ns•k tkrk gSA
z edM+h dk tky% Ñf"k mRiknu esa le; varjky dherksa esa
pØh; foÑfr dk dkj.k curk gS vkSj blfy, cktkj esa
396
is'k dh tkus okyh ekStwnk dher Ñf"k cktkj esa Hkfo"; dh
vkiwfrZ dks fuèkkZfjr djrh gSA
z O;kid çHkko% dbZ djksa vkSj vU; eè;LFk ykxrksa ls dherksa
ij foÑr çHkko iM+rk gSA
z ckgjh dkjd% oLrqvksa dh vkiwfrZ vkSj ekax dks çHkkfor
djus okys varjkZ"Vªh; cktkjksa esa vfLFkjrk
z vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk% vkiwfrZ J`a•yk osQ fyad dh deh vkSj
cqfu;knh <kaps dh deh ls dhersa c<+ ldrh gSaA
z ljdkjh •jhn% vkjchvkbZ us ik;k fd ,e,lih osQ dkj.k
egaxkbZ ij lkiQ vlj iM+rk gSA blesa ;g Hkh dgk x;k
gS fd çHkko etcwr gks tkrk gS D;ksafd ljdkj •jhn dk
vk'oklu nsrh gSA
z mRiknksa dh {k;'khyrk
z HkaMkj.k lqfoèkkvksa dh ek=kk esa ifjorZu
z o"kkZ esa fHkUurk osQ dkj.k mRiknu esa mrkj&p<+ko% de
ekulwu ls iQly dh iSnkokj de gksrh gS blfy, ekax vkSj
vkiwfrZ larqyu fcxM+ tkrk gSA
z eky dh vkoktkgh esa #dkoV tSls VªkaliksVZjksa dh gM+rky
vkSj lM+d vkSj jsy ifjogu esa #dkoVA
vkxs c<+uk
z {ks=kh; n`f"Vdks.k% Ñf"k mit osQ {ks=kh; ;k ftysokj ciQj
LVkWd cuk,a rkfd mUgsa eè;e dherksa ij tkjh fd;k tk
losQ
z volajpuk fodkl% •jkc gksus okyh oLrqvksa vkSj vPNh
lM+dksa vkSj ifjogu lqfoèkkvksa osQ 'ksYiQ thou dks c<+kus
osQ fy,
z fuf'pr ewY; lhek% vxj dher bl jsat ls uhps fxjrh
gS] rks ljdkj dks fdlkuksa dh •ksbZ gqbZ vk; osQ fy,
eqvkotk nsuk pkfg,A j.kuhfrd ciQj osQ çkoèkku osQ ekè;e
ls Ñf"k&ckxokuh oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa mrkj&p<+ko dks
fu;af=kr djus] tek•ksjh vkSj vVdyksa dks grksRlkfgr djus
esa enn djus osQ fy, ewY; fLFkjhdj.k dks"k 'kq: fd;k
x;kA
z çkS|ksfxdh% fo'ks"k :i ls ekSle ç.kkfy;ksa esa vkSj lHkh Lrjksa
ij vfèkd lwfpr fu.kZ;ksa osQ fy, •qyk MsVk lekos'kuA
z ;kstukvksa dk rdZlaxrhdj.k% yksdyqHkkouokn vkSj cktkj
foÑfr dks jksduk] ewY; dh deh vkSj leFkZu ;kstukvksa dks
oLrqxr okLrfodrkvksa dks çfrfcafcr djuk pkfg,A
z tek•ksjh ls cpsa% okf.kfT;d vkSj O;fÙkQxr Lrj ij]
tek•ksjh dks jksdk tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd os Ñf=ke :i ls
dherksa dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z iQly fofoèkhdj.k% oSdfYid iQlysa iw.kZ iQly foiQyrk vkRegR;k osQ dkj.k
ls lqj{kk çnku djrh gSa vkSj lLrs •k| fodYi çnku z yxkrkj nks o"kks± ls lkekU; ls de
djrh gSaA ekulwu ckfj'k ij fuHkZj çÑfr vkSj
z çHkkoh vkSj l{ke ifjogu% MsfMosQVsM ÚsV dkWfjMksj vkSj Ñf"k osQ de fofoèkhdj.k ls tfVy
fdlku jsy ;kstuk fMyhojh osQ le; dks de dj ldrh gks x;k gSA
gS vkSj bl çdkj le; dh ekax dks iwjk dj ldrh gSA HkkSxksfyd
z moZjdksa osQ vrkfdZd ç;ksx vkSj
fdlku dh vkRegR;k tyok;q ifjorZu osQ dkj.k feêðh
dh ?kVrh mRikndrk osQ dkj.k fLFkj
z ,ulhvkjch osQ vkadM+ksa osQ vuqlkj] fdlkuksa dh vk; vkSj iQly mRiknuA
lkekftd lqj{kk esa lqèkkj osQ fy, cgq&vk;keh n`f"Vdks.k z •jkc Ñf"k&ikfjfLFkfrdh; ;kstuk
osQ ckotwn] 2019 osQ ckn ls gj lky Ñf"k {ks=k esa 12]000 vFkkZr fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa iQlyksa osQ
ls vfèkd vkRegR;k,a ntZ dh xbZ gSaA Hkkjr esa lHkh xyr lsV dks c<+kok fn;k tk jgk gS]
vkRegR;kvksa esa ls yxHkx 10» fdlku vkRegR;k djrs gSaA tSlsA ikuh dh deh esa xUukA
fdlku vkRegR;k,a ,d fo'ks"k {ks=k esa vfèkd osQafær z ejkBokM+k esa] iQlyksa dh •jhn osQ
D;ksa gSa\ fuEu Lrj osQ ifj.kkeLo:i iQlyksa
laLFkkxr
dh ladViw.kZ fcØh gksrh gS vkSj
z 2017 esa] dfFkr rkSj ij egkjk"Vª (34-7 çfr'kr)] dukZVd
blfy, buiqV ykxrksa dk ,glkl
(20-3 çfr'kr)] eè; çns'k (9 çfr'kr)] rsyaxkuk (8
ugha gks ikrk gSA
çfr'kr) vkSj vkaèkz çns'k (7-7 çfr'kr) esa Ñf"k vkRegR;kvksa
dh lcls vfèkd la[;k FkhA z iQly chek ;kstukvksa dh de igqap
vkSj chek nkoksa esa nsjhA
z fonHkZ {ks=k] ejkBokM+k] mÙkjh dukZVd vkfn tSls ns'kksa esa oqQN
,sls {ks=k gSa tgka fdlkuksa dh vkRegR;k dh laHkkouk vfèkd z Ñf"k oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa fxjkoVA
gSA buesa ls vfèkdka'k {ks=k lw•k çHkkfor {ks=kksa esa vkrs gSaA z liQsn eD•h osQ geys osQ dkj.k
z çkFkfed {ks=k Ñf"k&ikfjfLFkfrd iQly iSVuZ ls fujarj iatkc esa th,e dikl dh foiQyrkA
cnyko gSA ijaijkxr :i ls] eksVs vukt tSls eDdk] cktjk] z vuqlaèkku ,oa fodkl osQ fuEu Lrj
iQfy;ka tSls nkysa] tks lw•k çfrjksèkh gSa] dh •srh dh tkrh osQ ifj.kkeLo:i iQlyksa osQ mRiknu
FkhA ysfdu] =kqfViw.kZ leFkZu ewY; uhfr;ksa osQ dkj.k] os xUuk] osQ fy, chtksa dh •jkc xq.koÙkk dk
rduhdh
dikl tSlh udnh iQlyksa vkSj xsgwa vkSj pkoy tSlh buiqV mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA
l?ku iQlyksa dh vksj LFkkukarfjr gks x, gSaA z chVh dikl dh 'kq:vkr tSls
z bl çdkj] os mPp buiqV ykxrksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, rduhdh ç;ksxksa dh foiQyrk] tks
dtZ esa Mwc tkrs gSa] vkSj iQly çÑfr dh vfuf'prrkvksa flafpr {ks=kksa osQ fy, vPNh Fkh] o"kkZ
osQ vèkhu gksrh gSA flafpr {ks=kksa esa foiQy jghA
Resilience
ekSr building
Religious Remunerative
volkn ½`.k support agriculture

^7Mh* ‘7R’
chekjh MªXl Responsible Rational
Model
ekWMy reporting expenditure

Reassurance
cnukeh fookn Righteous
through
conduct
connectivity

Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k

Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k 397
fdlku vkRegR;k dks jksdus osQ rjhosQ vkSj mik;
z 'kq"d Hkwfe Ñf"k çFkkvksa] ty laj{k.k vkSj o"kkZ ty lap;u
dks c<+kok nsukA
z fdlkuksa dks lgh iQly p;u osQ fy, çsfjr djukA
z Ñf"k feJ.k esa eq[; èkkjk osQ i'kqèkuA
z iQlyksa osQ çfrjksèkh miHksnksa dks fodflr djus osQ fy,
çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx djukA
z fpfdRldh; fo'ks"kKksa }kjk ijke'kZ vkSj ekufld LokLF;
çcaèkuA
z vuqnku osQ lkFk&lkFk Ñf"k ykHk esa o`f¼] fdlku ifjokjksa
osQ yphysiu fuekZ.k vkSj leL;k lekèkku dkS'ky ij Hkh
è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
z ekufld chekjh vkSj volkn ls tqM+h 'keZ dh laLÑfr dks
nwj djus esa Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky; ,d 'kfÙkQ'kkyh Hkwfedk
fuHkk ldrs gSa D;ksafd ;g dyad dk Mj gS tks mfpr
mipkj dh ryk'k esa ckèkk osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
z iQly •jkc gksus ij chek% chek osQ ekè;e ls foÙkh;
lgk;rk çnku djus osQ fy, çèkkuea=kh iQly chek ;kstuk
'kq: dh xbZA
z ØsfMV eksfcykbts'ku% vklku ØsfMV miyCèkrk osQ fy,
fdlku ØsfMV dkMZ ;kstuk 'kq: dh xbZA
z iQly dk i;kZIr ewY; lqfuf'pr djuk% bZ&jk"Vªh; Ñf"k
cktkj dk mís'; ,ih,elh dks tksM+uk vkSj fdlkuksa dks
mudh iQlyksa osQ fy, çfrLièkhZ ewY; çnku djuk gSA
z iqufuZèkkZj.k ½.k% Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad us jkT; vkSj ftyk
Lrj osQ cSadksa dks ½.k osQ iqufuZèkkZj.k ij mnkj n`f"Vdks.k
viukus dh vuqefr nh gS ;fn iQly dk uqdlku 33»
;k vfèkd gSA
z lkekftd lqj{kk% ljdkj us 2019 esa çèkku ea=kh fdlku
èku ;kstuk (ih,e&osQ,eokbZ) dh 'kq#vkr NksVs vkSj
lhekar fdlkuksa dks muosQ cq<+kis esa lkekftd lqj{kk çnku
djus osQ mís'; ls dh gS] tc muosQ ikl vkthfodk dk
dksbZ lkèku ugha gS vkSj U;wure dksbZ cpr ugha gSA pwafd
bl ;kstuk ls yxHkx 12 djksM+ NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlku
ifjokjksa dks ykHk feyrk gS] blfy, yacs le; esa ;g u
osQoy lcls detksj fdlku ifjokjksa dks lqfuf'pr iwjd
vk; çnku djsxkA
fdlkuksa osQ fy, lkekftd lqj{kk ;kstukvksa dk egRo
z vFkZO;oLFkk osQ ,d çeq• {ks=k osQ :i esa Ñf"k% fdlku
Ñf"k tksf•eksa osQ çfr laosnu'khy gksrs gSa vkSj blfy, mUgsa
,d lqfuf'pr vk; ç.kkyh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
398
z xjhch esa deh% udn gLrkarj.k dk;ZØe lkekftd lqj{kk
vkSj xjhch de djus dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lkèku cu x;kA
;g Hkw• vkSj xzkeh.k xjhch dks de dj ldrk gSA os
ifjokjksa dks ½.k ckèkkvksa dks nwj djus vkSj tksf•e çcaèku
esa enn dj ldrs gSaA
z Hkkjrh; Ñf"k dh y?kq Ñf"k çÑfr% NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlku
ftuosQ ikl nks gsDVs;j ls de Hkwfe gS] Hkkjr esa lHkh
fdlkuksa dk 86-2» fgLlk gS] ysfdu iQly {ks=k dk osQoy
47-3» fgLlk gSA
z c<+rk Ñf"k ladV% gky osQ o"kks± esa] ½.kxzLrrk] iQly dh
foiQyrk] xSj&ykHkdkjh dherksa vkSj •jkc fjVuZ us ns'k osQ
dbZ fgLlksa esa Ñf"k ladV dks tUe fn;k gSA
z vkSipkfjd ½.k dh deh% Ñf"k osQ O;kolk;hdj.k ls ½.k
dh t:jrksa esa o`f¼ gksrh gS] ysfdu ckj&ckj iQly •jkc
gksus osQ dkj.k cM+s iSekus ij vfèkdka'k NksVs vkSj lhekar
fdlku vkSipkfjd laLFkkuksa ls ½.k çkIr ugha dj ikrs gSaA
z xzkeh.k fodkl% ;g ,d O;kid xzkeh.k fodkl ,tsaMs osQ
fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ iwjd osQ :i esa dk;Z dj ldrk gS]
ftlesa xjhc&leFkZd fodkl j.kuhfr 'kkfey gS tks Ñf"k
esa fo'ks"kKrk j•rh gSA
z Hkkjr esa iQly chek ;kstukvksa dh lhfer çHkkodkfjrk%
orZeku esa] osQoy yxHkx 35» fdlku gh iQly chek
;kstukvksa osQ varxZr vkrs gSaA iQly chek fdlkuksa dks
vHkkoxzLrrk ls cgqr vko';d jkgr çnku djus esa foiQy
jgk gSA
z lalkèkuksa dk csgrj mi;ksx% ;g mRiknd fuos'k dks c<+k
ldrk gS] cktkjksa rd igqap c<+k ldrk gS vkSj LFkkuh;
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks çksRlkfgr dj ldrk gSA vk; leFkZu
vDlj ,d pqdkSrh djuk pkgrk gS ;k ,d psfdax •krs dks
lfØ; djuk pkgrk gS tks rc ½.k çkIr dj ldrk gSA
ckxokuh {ks=k
z ckxokuh {ks=k esa Ng Jsf.k;ka 'kkfey gSa] tSls ikseksykWth
(iQy)] vksysjhdYpj (lfCt;ka)] iQwyksa dh •srh (iQwy)]
jksi.k iQlysa] elkys] lqxafèkr vkSj gcZy nok,aA
z Hkkjr fo'o Lrj ij iQyksa vkSj lfCt;ksa dk nwljk lcls
cM+k mRiknd gS_ elkyksa dk nwljk lcls cM+k mRiknd vkSj
fu;kZrd gSA
z osQoy yxHkx 14 çfr'kr Ñf"k Hkwfe ij dCtk djosQ]
ckxokuh Ñf"k thoh, esa 33 çfr'kr ls vfèkd dk
;ksxnku djrh gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ,u,p,e osQ ykWUp osQ ckn] ckxokuh iQlyksa osQ rgr {ks=k
foLrkj esa egRoiw.kZ çxfr gqbZ gS] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i
mPp mRiknu vkSj vk; esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA fiNys n'kd esa]
ckxokuh osQ rgr {ks=k vkSlru 2-7» çfr o"kZ dh nj ls c<+k
vkSj okf"kZd mRiknu 7-0» çfr o"kZ dh vkSlr nj ls c<+kA
ckxokuh {ks=k dk egRo
z miHkksÙkQkvksa dh vfèkd ekax vkSj iks"k.k lacaèkh ykHkksa osQ ckjs
esa vfèkd tkx:drk osQ dkj.k mPp ewY; okyh iQlysaA
z vukt dh iQlyksa dh rqyuk esa Hkwfe dh çfr bdkbZ
vfèkd ykHk blfy, NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa osQ fy,
iQk;nseanA & 1 gsDVs;j çèkku iQlyksa dks ckxokuh iQlyksa
osQ lkFk cnyus ls okf"kZd vk; esa 80]000 #i;s dh o`f¼
gksrh gSA
z foVkfeu vkSj lw{e iks"kd rRoksa dh deh dks nwj djosQ
iks"k.k lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
ckxokuh {ks=k esa pqukSfr;ka
z oqQN iQyksa tSls lsc] ve:n vkfn osQ fy, cqokbZ ls ysdj
dVkbZ rd dk yack pØA
z buiqV dh mPp ykxr tks fdlkuksa ij cks> Mkyrh gSA
z cM+s iSekus ij iqjkus vkSj th.kZ&'kh.kZ cxhpksa dk çlkj
mRikndrk dks çHkkfor djrk gSA vfèkdka'k ckxksa esa jksi.k
?kuRo Hkh de gSA
z xq.koÙkkiw.kZ cht vkSj jksi.k lkexzh dh miyCèkrk mit dh
xq.koÙkk dks çHkkfor djrh gSA
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
z Je çèkku gksus ls jkstxkj osQ vfèkd volj iSnk gksrs gSaA
z oqQVhj vkèkkfjr m|ksxksa dk fodkl dj f}rh;d Ñf"k dks
c<+kok nsrk gSA
z ySafxd lekurk% lfCt;ka] iQy vkSj dVs gq, iQwy vDlj
efgykvksa }kjk mxk, vkSj csps tkrs gSa] ysfdu vDlj
efgykvksa dh cktkj] Hkwfe] vknkuksa vkSj f'k{kk rd igqap
de gksrh gSA
z ckxokuh iQlysa Ñf"k mit vkSj vkgkj esa ifjorZu'khyrk
dk ,d lzksr gSaA
z ckxokuh mRikn fofHkUu m|ksxksa osQ fy, dPps eky osQ :i
esa dk;Z djrk gS] tSls çlaLdj.k] iQkekZL;qfVdy] b=k vkSj
lkSan;Z çlkèku] jlk;u] dUiQsD'kujh] rsy vkSj isaV vkfnA
z ckxokuh m|ksx çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k :i ls fofHkUu çdkj
dh ukSdfj;ka çnku djrk gSA
z •jkc isM+ panok çcaèkuA
z o"kkZ vkèkkfjr •srh] vfèkdka'k ckxokuh •srh esa flapkbZ
rd igqap ugha gSA
z mUur rduhdksa dks viukus esa çkjafHkd ykxr esa dehA
z dVkbZ mijkar çcaèku lqfoèkkvksa us mRiknu esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk
rkyesy ugha j•k gSA •jkc gksus okyh mit osQ çcaèku
osQ fy, vlaxfBr vkiwfrZ J`a•yk mi;qÙkQ :i ls ,dhÑr
ugha gSA
z ckxokuh osQ fy, leqfpr :i ls çf'kf{kr foLrkj
lsokvksa dk vHkkoA
399
ckxokuh mRiknu dks c<+kok nsus dh j.kuhfr
z mPp mRikndrk osQ ekè;e ls mRiknu c<+kukA
z mPp mRikndrk vkSj xq.koÙkk osQ fy, gkbfczM rduhd&
VekVj] fepZ] ddM+h vkSj •jcwts osQ ladj A
z xq.koÙkk jksi.k lkexzh vkSj cht mRiknu] ulZjh dk
fuekZ.k] vkèkqfudhdj.k vkSj ekU;rkA bl çdkj] lh,lvkbZvkj
ÝyksjhdYpj fe'ku 'kq: fd;k x;k gSA Ñf"k vuqlaèkku vkSj
f'k{kk foHkkx (Mh,vkjbZ) us 2021&22 osQ nkSjku •sr vkSj
ckxokuh iQlyksa dh ck;ksiQksfVZiQkbM vkSj ruko lfg".kq
fdLeksa lfgr 35 fo'ks"k fo'ks"krk fdLeksa dk fodkl fd;kA
z mPp ?kuRo jksi.k ç.kkyh% çfr bdkbZ {ks=k esa mPp mit
vkSj 'kq¼ vkfFkZd ykHk] vknkuksa dk vfèkd oqQ'ky mi;ksxA
z {ks=k foLrkj tSls ,dhÑr Ñf"k ç.kkyh n`f"Vdks.k] 'kgjh vkSj
isjh&'kgjh ckxokuh osQ ekè;e ls mRiknu c<+kukA
z Je ykxr dks de djus osQ fy, lw{e flapkbZ] moZjrk]
e'khuhdj.k dks viukus osQ ekè;e ls lalkèku mi;ksx n{krk
;k mRiknu ykxr esa cprA
z flapkbZ] iQly jksVs'ku] fefJr iQly vkfn dks c<+kdj
iQly dh rhozrk esa o`f¼ ckxokuh] dktw] dksdks] e'k:e]
elkys vkSj vkS"kèkh; ikSèkksa dh •srh tSls ckxokuh osQ Hkhrj
mPp ewY; okyh iQlyksa dh vksj fofoèkhdj.kA
z cktkj igqap vkSj foi.ku ç.kkyh esa lqèkkjA Ñf"k vkSj
ckxokuh mRiknksa dh vkoktkgh osQ fy, çkFkfed vkSj
ekè;fed ifjogu osQ fy, ifjogu okguksa dh •kst osQ
fy, fdlku jFk eksckby ,si ykWUp fd;k x;kA
z dVkbZ osQ ckn dh lqfoèkkvksa esa fudV&Ñf"k O;olk;ksa
dk fuekZ.kA
ckxokuh iQkeks± esa mRiknu] mRikndrk
vkSj vk; c<+kus esa jk"Vªh; ckxokuh fe'ku
(,u,p,e) dh Hkwfedk
z ;kstuk 2005&06 esa 10 oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ rgr
'kq: dh xbZ FkhA
z ;g {ks=k vkèkkfjr {ks=kh; foHksfnr j.kuhfr;ksa osQ
ekè;e ls ckxokuh {ks=k dk lexz fodkl çnku djrk
gS] ftlosQ dkj.k 2015&16 osQ nkSjku 63 yk• gsDVs;j
Hkwfe ij 9 djksM+ ehfVªd Vu ls vfèkd iQyksa dk mRiknu
fd;k x;kA
z ckxokuh iQkeZ cgqr NksVs gSa vkSj ckxokuh iQlyksa esa
fuos'k ij mPp çfriQy gS tks lhekar fdlkuksa dks
NksVh Hkwfe dk mi;ksx djosQ viuh vk; c<+kus dh
vuqefr nsrk gSA
400
z fdlku viuh Hkwfe ij dbZ iQlysa yxk ldrs gSa tks
dekbZ osQ dbZ lalkèku çnku djrh gSaA
z ckxokuh osQ fodYi ls de o"kkZ dk lkeuk djus okys
vkSj lw•s dh laHkkouk okys {ks=kksa dks ykHk fey jgk
gS ftlesa de ikuh dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj iQly
osQ •jkc gksus dh laHkkouk de gksrh gSA
z ckxokuh iQlyksa esa •k| iQlyksa dh rqyuk esa de
le; yxrk gS tks Hkwfe osQ oqQ'ky mi;ksx] mRiknu vkSj
mRikndrk esa o`f¼ djus esa enn djrk gS vkSj fdlkuksa
dh vk; esa Hkh o`f¼ djrk gSA
ckxokuh dk ,dhÑr fodkl (,evkbZMh,p)
mPp ?kuRo okys o`{kkjksi.k] lajf{kr •srh] lw{e flapkbZ]
xq.koÙkkiw.kZ jksi.k lkexzh] iqjkus ckxksa dk dk;kdYi] vkSj
iQly dVkbZ osQ ckn dk çcaèku vkSj foi.kuA
ifj'kq¼ •srh
z ifj'kq¼ •srh] ftls lSVsykbV iQkfeZax Hkh dgk tkrk gS]
fMftVy •srh rduhdksa dk mi;ksx djosQ iQly dh
mRikndrk c<+kus vkSj bldh iSnkokj dks vfèkdre djus
osQ fy, lgh le; ij ikuh] moZjd] dhVuk'kd vkfn tSls
buiqV dh lVhd vkSj mfpr ek=kk osQ mi;ksx dks lanfHkZr
djrk gSA
z ;g vkbZlhVh] ok;jysl fMVsDVj usVodZ] jkscksfVDl] Mªksu]
ifjorZuh; nj çkS|ksfxdh] Hkw&LFkkfud j.kuhfr;ksa vkSj
Lopkfyr iksft'kfuax flLVe osQ ekè;e ls dk;kZUo;u dh
bPNk j•rk gSA
ifj'kq¼ •srh osQ ykHk
z moZjd osQ mi;ksx esa deh% lVhd •srh çcaèku çFkkvksa
ls iSnkokj c<+kus osQ lkFk&lkFk moZjdksa vkSj jklk;fud
vuqç;ksxksa dh dherksa esa dkiQh deh vk,xhA mnkgj.k osQ
fy,] cht ;k jklk;fud vksojySi ugha gksus dh iqf"V djus
osQ fy, viuh e'khuksa dk ekxZn'kZu djus osQ fy, thih,l
dk mi;ksxA
z buiqV ewY; de djrk gS% ;g buiqV dherksa dks 18&20»
rd de djrk gS vkSj mit dks 30» (pkoy vkSj xsgwa)
vkSj 100» (xUuk] iQy vkSj lfCt;ka) osQ chp c<+krk gSA
z iQkeZ çcaèku dksM% Ñf"k dh rjg •sr ij lHkh xfrfofèk;ksa
dks vklku cukrk gS vkSj Ñf"k mRikndrk esa lqèkkj
djrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 lVhd •srh osQ brus cM+s fdukjksa vkSj Ñf"k vk; (Mh,iQvkbZ)
dks nksxquk djus osQ y{; dks iwjk djus esa bldh mi;ksfxrk osQ
dkj.k] ljdkj us ih,eosQ,lokbZ (çfr cwan vfrfjÙkQ iQly)]
¶lsalkxzh% eq[; :i ls vPNh Ñf"k ij vkèkkfjr fMVsDVj¸ vkSj
Mªksu] eksckby ,si vkfn osQ mi;ksx dh igy dh gSA

o"kkZ vkèkkfjr ('kq"dHkwfe) Ñf"k

z Hkkjr esa] oqQy 'kq¼ cks, x, {ks=k dk yxHkx 60&65» o"kkZ
vkèkkfjr Hkwfe osQ varxZr vkrk gSA o"kkZ vkèkkfjr iQlysa
•k| iQlyksa osQ rgr 48» {ks=k vkSj xSj&•k| iQlyksa osQ
rgr 68» gSaA
z Hkkjr esa] 'kq"d Hkwfe dh •srh cM+s iSekus ij okf"kZd o"kkZ
75 lseh ls de okys {ks=kksa rd gh lhfer gSA
z ;s {ks=k jkxh] cktjk] ewax] puk vkSj Xokj tSlh dBksj vkSj
lw•k çfrjksèkh iQlysa mxkrs gSa (pkjk iQlysa) vkSj feêðh dh
z thih,l feêðh dk uewuk% ,d {ks=k dh feêðh dk ijh{k.k
cktkj osQ iks"kd rRoksa] ih,p Lrj vkSj vU; Kku osQ çlkj ueh laj{k.k vkSj o"kkZ ty lap;u osQ fofHkUu mik;ksa dk
dks çdV djrk gS tks tkx:d vkSj ykHknk;d p;u cukus vH;kl djrs gSaA
osQ fy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA z fo'o cSad dh fjiksVZ ftldk 'kh"kZd gS ^Ñf"k osQ fy, eqís
z Je ewY; cpkrk gS% Lopkfyr lsalj osQ 'kks"k.k ls iQly vkSj çkFkfedrk,¡*% Hkkjr esa yxHkx 195 fefy;u gsDVs;j
dh •srh] iQly lqj{kk vkSj flapkbZ osQ ykHkksa dks vfèkdre Hkwfe •srh osQ vèkhu gSA blesa ls yxHkx 63» o"kkZ&flafpr
djus esa lgk;rk osQ fy, 'kks"k.k rduhd }kjkA gS] tcfd 'ks"k 37» Ñf"k Hkwfe flapkbZ ij fuHkZj gSA
z feêðh vkSj ikSèkksa osQ ekinaMksa dh fuxjkuh djsa% mRiknd iwjs z Hkkjr osQ HkkSxksfyd {ks=k dk 1@3 vkæZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gS]
•srksa esa lsalj yxkdj ikSèkksa dh o`f¼ osQ fy, pje fLFkfr;ksa tcfd 2@3 mi&vkæZ ;k 'kq"d ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gSA bl
dh iqf"V djsaxsA çdkj] 'kq"d Hkwfe Ñf"k xhyh Ñf"k dh rqyuk esa vfèkd
z lgh le; ij lgh ek=kk% jlk;uksa dh lgh ek=kk dks lgh Hkwfe ?ksjrh gSA
txg ij vkSj lgh le; ij iQlyksa] feêðh vkSj Hkwty osQ
z ;g vkcknh osQ 40» dk leFkZu djrk gS vkSj yxHkx
fdukjksa ij ykxw djukA
60&65» Hkwfe ij dCtk djrk gSA
z çnw"k.k de djrk gS% ;g jlk;uksa osQ U;wure mi;ksx osQ
z Hkys gh o"kkZ vkèkkfjr Ñf"k Hkkjr osQ Ñf"k ldy ?kjsyw
ekè;e ls çnw"k.k dks de djrk gS vkSj dhVuk'kd çfrjksèk
osQ fodkl esa deh ykrk gSA mRikn osQ ewY; dk 60» ;ksxnku nsrh gS] ysfdu tc ns'k
z lalkèku n{krk% ;g mPp lalkèku çcaèku osQ volj çnku esa Ñf"k esa lkoZtfud fuos'k dh ckr vkrh gS rks flafpr
djrk gS vkSj ckn esa lalkèkuksa dh cckZnh dks de djrk {ks=kksa osQ çfr iwokZxzg Li"V gSA
gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] fjeksV lsaflax rduhd dk mi;ksx ekinaMksa 'kq"d Hkwfe Ñf"k o"kkZ vkèkkfjr Ñf"k
Hkwfe] ty vkSj fofHkUu lalkèkuksa osQ voyksdu vkSj çcaèku 'kq"d Hkwfe •srh 750 o"kkZ vkèkkfjr •srh
esa fd;k tkrk gSA feeh ls de okf"kZd 1150 feeh ls vfèkd
o"kkZ
z Ñf"k mRikndrk esa o`f¼% iks"kd rRoksa vkSj buiqV osQ Lor% o"kkZ okys {ks=kksa esa iQlyksa okf"kZd o"kkZ okys {ks=kksa
vuqç;ksx osQ ekè;e ls ;g csgrj iQly mit esa enn dh •srh gS esa iQly mRiknu gS
djsxkA 'kq"d] vèkZ&'kq"d vkSj mi&vkæZ vkSj vkæZ {ks=k
z fdlkuksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa cnyko% de mi&vkæZ vkSj vkæZ {ks=kksa & tSls fcgkj
c<+rs {ks=k
ykxr&ykxr osQ lkFk mPp iQly mit ls fdlkuksa dks osQ Åijh Hkkx & tSls
viuh iQly dks ykHknk;d ewY; ij cspus esa enn feysxhA jktLFkku

Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k

Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k 401
 vi;kZIr o"kkZ ls flapkbZ i;kZIr o"kkZ osQ lkFk
flapkbZ
ugha dksbZ flapkbZ ugha
iQly ,dy iQly ;k varj varjiQly ;k nksgjh
ç.kkyh iQly iQly
o"kkZ vkèkkfjr Ñf"k osQ lkFk pqukSfr;k¡
z c<+rk rkieku% 1970 osQ n'kd osQ ckn c<+rs rkieku dk
O;kid iSVuZ nksuksa ekSleksa & •jhiQ vkSj joh esa vke gSA
z ?kVrh o"kkZ% 1970 vkSj fiNys n'kd osQ chp] •jhiQ o"kkZ
esa vkSlru 26 feyhehVj vkSj jch o"kkZ esa 33 feyhehVj
dh deh vkbZ gSA
z vR;fèkd rkieku okys fnuksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼%
vR;fèkd mPp rkieku okys fnuksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼ gqbZ
gS] vkSj de rkieku okys fnuksa dh la[;k esa deh vkbZ gSA
z vR;fèkd o"kkZ esa o`f¼% 'kq"d fnuksa (çfr fnu 0-1 feeh
ls de o"kkZ)] lkFk gh ue fnuksa (çfr fnu 80 feeh ls
vfèkd o"kkZ) osQ vuqikr esa le; osQ lkFk yxkrkj o`f¼
gqbZ gSA bl çdkj] pje ekSle ifj.kkeksa dh c<+rh vko`fÙk
esa tyok;q ifjorZu dh Nki Li"V :i ls çdV gksrh gSA
çHkko
z osQoy mPp rkieku osQ >VosQ ek;us
j•rs gS%a rkieku vkSj o"kkZ dk çHkko
vR;fèkd xSj&jSf•d gksrk gS vkSj
yxHkx rHkh eglwl fd;k tkrk gS
tc rkieku c<+rk gS vkSj o"kkZ dh
Ñf"k mRikndrk ij deh vR;fèkd gksrh gSA
ekSle dk çHkko z flafpr {ks=kksa (vkSj blfy,
vukt tSlh iQlysa) dh rqyuk
esa xSj&flafpr {ks=kksa (vkSj blfy,
nkyksa tSlh o"kkZ vkèkkfjr iQlyksa)
ij vR;fèkd vk?kkrksa dk cgqr
vfèkd çHkko iM+rk gSA
z vyx&vyx iQlyksa dh iSnkokj
ij vR;fèkd rkieku vkSj o"kkZ osQ
>Vdksa osQ çHkko ls lacafèkr •kstA
z o"kkZ vkèkkfjr {ks=kksa esa mxkbZ tkus
okyh iQlysa] •jhiQ vkSj jch nksuksa
iQlyksa ij çHkko esa nygu ekSle osQ >Vdksa dh
pisV esa gSa
z tcfd flafpr {ks=kksa esa mxk, tkus
okys vukt] pkoy vkSj xsgw¡ nksuksa
→ vis{kkÑr vfèkd çfrjksèkh
gksrs gSaA
402
z vR;fèkd rkieku osQ >VosQ
•jhiQ vkSj jch osQ nkSjku fdlkuksa
dh vk; esa Øe'k% 4-3» vkSj
Ñf"k jktLo 4-1» dh deh djrs gSaA
ij çHkko z vR;fèkd o"kkZ osQ >Vdksa ls
•jhiQ vkSj jch osQ nkSjku vk;
Øe'k% 13-7» vkSj 5-5» de
gks tkrh gSA
vkxs dh jkg
z flapkbZ osQ rgr {ks=k dk foLrkj% Hkkjr dks flapkbZ dk
çlkj djus dh t:jr gS vkSj ikuh dh c<+rh deh vkSj
?kVrs Hkwty lalkèkuksa dh i`"BHkwfe osQ f•ykiQ ,slk djus
dh t:jr gS (mÙkj Hkkjr esa deh lcls •rjukd gS)A
z oqQ'ky flapkbZ rduhdksa dks viukuk% fMªi flapkbZ]
fLçadyj vkSj ^gj cwan osQ fy, vfèkd iQly* vfHk;ku
dh rduhd Hkfo"; dh Hkkjrh; Ñf"k dh oqQath gSA
z vyf{kr vuqnku dks cnyuk% mnkgj.k osQ fy, fctyh
vuqnku dks çR;{k ykHk gLrkarj.k }kjk çfrLFkkfir djus dh
vko';drk gS rkfd fctyh dk mi;ksx iwjh rjg ls •pZ
fd;k tk losQ vkSj ty laj{k.k dks vkxs c<+k;k tk losQA
z Ñf"k foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh dks viukuk% Ñf"k vuqlaèkku
iSnkokj c<+kus esa egRoiw.kZ gksxk A
z Ñf"k uhfr lqèkkj% Hkkjr esa Ñf"k uhfr lqèkkjksa osQ ckjs esa
lkspus osQ fy,] Hkkjr esa nks Ñf"k osQ chp Li"V varj djuk
egRoiw.kZ gS%
1- mÙkj Hkkjr esa vPNh rjg ls flafpr] Hkkjh fuos'k
vkSj ewY; vkSj •jhn lefFkZr vukt mxk, tkrs gSa%
 uhfr pqukSrh% çR;{k ykHk gLrkarj.k osQ :i esa
dherksa vkSj vuqnku ls de gkfudkjd leFkZu osQ
fy, cgqr mnkj leFkZu osQ :i esa ifjorZu djukA
2- eè;] if'peh vkSj nf{k.kh Hkkjr esa xSj&vukt%
 uhfrxr pqukSrh% vi;kZIr flapkbZ] fujarj o"kkZ fuHkZjrk]
vçHkkoh •jhn] vkSj vuqlaèkku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh esa
vi;kZIr fuos'k lfgr leL;kvksa dk lekèkku djus
osQ fy,A
 lgdkjh la?kokn% Ñf"k ,d jkT; dk fo"k; gS]
bl çdkj] th,lVh ifj"kn dh lgdkjh la?kokn
¶çkS|ksfxdh¸ tks osQaæ vkSj jkT;ksa dks ,d lkFk ykrh
gS] Ñf"k lqèkkjksa dks vkxs c<+kus vkSj fdlkuksa dh vk;
dks LFkk;h :i ls c<+kus osQ fy, vk'kktud :i ls
rSukr dh tk ldrh gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH

'kwU; ctV çkÑfrd Ñf"k (tsMch,u,iQ)
z çkÑfrd •srh ,d ,slh ç.kkyh gS tgka çÑfr osQ fu;e
Ñf"k i¼fr;ksa ij ykxw gksrs gSaA ;g fofèk çR;sd •srh
okys {ks=k dh çkÑfrd tSo fofoèkrk osQ lkFk dke djrh
gS] thfor thoksa] nksuksa ikSèkksa vkSj tkuojksa dh tfVyrk dks
çksRlkfgr djrh gS tks çR;sd fo'ks"k ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dks
•k| ikSèkksa osQ lkFk iuius osQ fy, vkdkj nsrs gSaA
z tsMch,u,iQ 'kCn x<+us okys lqHkk"k ikysdj tsMch,u,iQ
dh rduhdksa osQ ckjs esa fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa fdlkuksa dks
çf'kf{kr dj jgs gSaA
tsMch,u,iQ dh fo'ks"krk,a
z tsMch,u,iQ dk vkèkkj ;g gS fd feêðh esa os lHkh iks"kd
rRo gksrs gSa ftudh ikSèkksa dks vko';drk gksrh gSA bu
iks"kd rRoksa dks ikSèkksa dks miyCèk djkus osQ fy, gesa
lw{ethoksa dh eè;LFkrk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blosQ
fy, ¶tsMch,u,iQ osQ pkj LraHk¸ dk lq>ko fn;k
x;k gS%
1- chtke`r xksew=k vkSj xkscj osQ ;ksxksa osQ lkFk chtksa dk
ekbØksfc;y ysi gS A
2- thoke`r xk; osQ xkscj] xksew=k vkSj xqM+ osQ buksoqQye osQ
mi;ksx ls feêðh osQ jksxk.kqvksa dh o`f¼ gSA
3- efYpax iQlyksa ;k iQly vo'ks"kksa osQ lkFk feêðh dk
vkoj.k gS tks áwel cukrk gS vkSj vuqdwy lw{ethoksa
osQ fodkl dks çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
4- okiQlk e`nk okru dks c<+kus osQ fy, e`nk áwel dk
fuekZ.k gS
z ZBNF fl¼karksa osQ vuqlkj] ikSèks vius iks"kd rRoksa dh
vkiwfrZ dk 98» gok] ikuh vkSj lw;Z osQ çdk'k ls
çkIr djrs gSaA vkSj 'ks"k 2» vPNh xq.koÙkk okyh feêðh ls
Hkjiwj vuqdwy lw{ethoksa osQ lkFk iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z flLVe dks osQoy Hkkjrh; uLy dh xk; ls çkIr xkscj vkSj
xksew=k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA tgka rd xk; osQ xkscj vkSj
ew=k dh ekbØksfc;y lkexzh dh ckr gS rks nslh xk; Li"V
:i ls lcls 'kq¼ gSA
z tsMch,u,iQ esa] ,dy iQly i¼fr ij cgq&iQly dks
çksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA
tSfod •srh tsMch,u,iQ
varj
tSfod •kn vkSj •kn tSls çkÑfrd •srh esa jksxk.kqvksa
•kn] oehZ&dEiksfLVax] xk; osQ vkSj osQapqvksa }kjk dkcZfud
xkscj dh •kn vkfn dk mi;ksx inkFkks± osQ vi?kVu dks feêðh
fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ckgjh lzksrksa dh lrg ij gh çksRlkfgr
ls •sr esa Mkyk tkrk gSA fd;k tkrk gS] tks le;
osQ lkFk èkhjs&èkhjs feêðh esa
iks"k.k tksM+rk gSA
tSfod •srh osQ fy, cqfu;knh çkÑfrd •srh esa dksbZ tqrkbZ
Ñf"k i¼fr;ksa tSls tqrkbZ] •kn ugha gksrh gS] feêðh dk >qdko
dk feJ.k] fujkbZ vkfn dh ugha gksrk gS vkSj dksbZ moZjd
vko';drk gksrh gSA ugha gksrk gS] vkSj dksbZ fujkbZ
ugha dh tkrh gS] tSlk fd
çkÑfrd ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k esa
gksrk gSA
cM+h ek=kk esa •kn dh çkÑfrd Ñf"k ,d vR;ar
vko';drk osQ dkj.k tSfod de ykxr okyh Ñf"k i¼fr
•srh vHkh Hkh egaxh gS] vkSj gS] tks LFkkuh; tSo fofoèkrk
bldk vklikl osQ okrkoj.k osQ lkFk iwjh rjg ls <y
ij ikfjfLFkfrd çHkko iM+rk gS_ tkrh gSA
lekurk,¡
z tSfod vkSj çkÑfrd •srh nksuksa ç.kkfy;k¡ fdlkuksa dks ikSèkksa
vkSj lHkh Ñf"k i¼fr;ksa esa fdlh Hkh jklk;fud moZjd]
dhVuk'kdksa dk mi;ksx djus ls grksRlkfgr djrh gSAa
z nksuksa •srh osQ rjhosQ fdlkuksa dks LFkkuh; uLyksa osQ cht]
vkSj lfCt;ksa] vukt] nkyksa vkSj vU; iQlyksa dh ns'kh
fdLeksa dk mi;ksx djus osQ fy, çksRlkfgr djrs gSaA
z nksuksa •srh osQ rjhosQ xSj&jklk;fud vkSj ?kjsyw dhV
fu;a=k.k fofèk;ksa dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA
403
U;w bafM;k fotu 2022 osQ lkFk ,lMhth osQ fy, fdlkuksa
dh vk; dks nksxquk djus dh vko';drk gS] tcfd lrr
fodkl y{; la[;k 2 esa jk"Vªksa dks Ñf"k çFkkvksa dks viukus
dh vko';drk gS tks Hkwfe vkSj feêðh dh xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj
djrh gSa vkSj ouLifr;ksa dh vkuqoaf'kd fofoèkrk dh j{kk
djrh gSaA
,dhÑr Ñf"k ç.kkyh (vkbZ,iQ,l)
z vkbZ,iQ,l ,d la;qÙkQ n`f"Vdks.k gS ftldk mís'; iQly
ç.kkyh esa mRikndrk c<+kus osQ fy, oqQ'ky LFkk;h lalkèku
çcaèku gSA vkbZ,iQ,l n`f"Vdks.k esa i'kqèku] oehZdEiksfLVax]
tSfod •srh vkfn dks 'kkfey djosQ fLFkjrk] •k| lqj{kk]
fdlkuksa dh lqj{kk vkSj xjhch esa deh osQ cgqmís';h; gSaA
z Hkkjrh; Ñf"k {ks=k dks fdlku dh vk; esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk&lkFk
mRikndrk vkSj fLFkjrk dh nksgjh pqukSfr;ksa dks lacksfèkr
djus dh vko';drk gSA
z vkbZ,iQ,l lcls O;ogk;Z fodYiksa esa ls ,d osQ :i
esa mHkjrk gS] tSlk fd ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS%
 mRikndrk% vkbZ,iQ,l fo'ks"k :i ls NksVs vkSj lhekar
fdlkuksa osQ fy, iQly vkSj lac¼ m|eksa dh xgurk
osQ vkèkkj ij çfr bdkbZ {ks=k esa vkfFkZd mit c<+kus
dk volj çnku djrk gSA
 ykHkçnrk% blesa jklk;fud moZjdksa osQ mi;ksx dks
de djosQ vkSj iks"kd rRoksa osQ iqupZØ.k }kjk {ks=k dks
ykHknk;d cukus dh {kerk gSA
ekuo vkSj
lkekftd iwath
vif'k"V çca/u vkSj çnw"k.k
fu;a=k.k
iQly iks"k.k ,dhÑr Ñf"k
ç.kkyh
tyok;q ifjorZu&
vuqdwyu vkSj 'keu
e`nk
çca/u
404
 fLFkjrk% vkbZ,iQ,l esa] ,d mi&mRikn dk lcflLVe
nwljs lcflLVe osQ fy, ,d buiqV osQ :i esa dke
djrk gS] ftlls ;g i;kZoj.k dh n`f"V ls fVdkÅ
gksrk gSA blosQ vykok] vkbZ,iQ,l ?kVd •jirokj
dks fu;af=kr djus osQ fy, tkus tkrs gSa vkSj ,dhÑr
dhV çcaèku osQ ,d egRoiw.kZ rRo osQ :i esa ekus
tkrs gSa vkSj bl çdkj •jirokj uk'kdksa osQ lkFk&lkFk
dhVuk'kdksa osQ mi;ksx dks de djrs gSa vkSj bl rjg
i;kZoj.k dh j{kk djrs gSaA
 iqupZØ.k% vkbZ,iQ,l esa mRiknksa] mi&mRiknksa vkSj
vif'k"V inkFkks± dk çHkkoh iqupZØ.k xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa
lalkèku dh •jkc fLFkfr osQ rgr Ñf"k ç.kkyh dh
fLFkjrk osQ ihNs vkèkkjf'kyk gSA
 lky Hkj vk;% iQlyksa] vaMs] ekal vkSj nwèk osQ lkFk
m|eksa dh ckrphr osQ dkj.k] vkbZ,iQ,l Ñ"kd leqnk;
osQ chp o"kZ Hkj èku dk çokg çnku djrk gSA
 NksVh tksr dk lokZsÙke mi;ksx% dbZ {ks=kksa tSls fd
mÙkj&iwohZ Hkkx esa Hkkjrh; fdlku fuokZg Ñf"k djrs gSaA
muosQ ikl ty lap;u] e`nk çcaèku vkfn esa ,d le`¼
ikjaifjd vkèkkj Hkh gS] ftldk vkbZ,iQ,l osQ rgr
oqQ'kyrkiwoZd mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 pkjs osQ ladV dks iwjk djuk% iQly osQ mi&mRikn
vkSj vif'k"V lkexzh dk i'kqvksa (tqxkyh djus okys)
osQ pkjs osQ :i esa çHkkoh <ax ls mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS
vkSj vukt] eDdk tSls mRiknksa dk mi;ksx eksuksxSfLVªd
tkuojksa (lwvj vkSj eqxhZ ikyu) osQ fy, pkjs osQ :i
esa fd;k tkrk gSA
ÅtkZ vkSj lalk/u n{krk
ySaMLdsi vkSj çÑfr laj{k.k
i'kqikyu vkSj dY;k.k
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
  jkstxkj l`tu% i'kqèku m|eksa osQ lkFk iQly dks
feykus ls Je dh vko';drk esa dkiQh o`f¼ gksxh
vkSj csjkstxkjh vkSj csjkstxkjh dh leL;kvksa dks dkiQh
gn rd de djus esa enn feysxhA vkbZ,iQ,l lky
Hkj ikfjokfjd Je dks fu;ksftr djus osQ fy, i;kZIr
xqatkb'k çnku djrk gSA
vkbZ,iQ,l dbZ ykHk çnku djrk gS tks fVdkÅ gksrs gSa vkSj
tyok;q&LekVZ Ñf"k dk ekxZ ç'kLr dj ldrs gSaA Hkkjr dks
fdlkuksa dh vk; nksxquh djus vkSj LFkk;h Ñf"k i¼fr;ksa osQ
n`f"Vdks.k dks lkdkj djus osQ fy, ,d ¶vPNh rjg ls
fMtkbu¸ IFS dks viukus dh vko';drk gSA
Ñf"k f'k{kk
z Ñf"k f'k{kk ckxokuh] okfudh] laj{k.k] çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa]
Ñf"k mRiknksa vkSj çlaLdj.k] •k| vkSj iQkbcj osQ mRiknu]
tyh; Ñf"k vkSj vU; Ñf"k mRiknksa] ;kaf=kdh fcØh vkSj
lsok] vFkZ'kkL=k] foi.ku vkSj usr`Ro fodkl esa vè;;u ij
è;ku osQafær djrh gS] ysfdu bu rd lhfer ugha gSA
z Hkkjr esa vkSipkfjd Ñf"k f'k{kk T;knkrj mPp f'k{k.k
laLFkkuksa rd gh lhfer gSA
z orZeku esa] Hkkjr esa rhu osQaæh; Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky;]
yxHkx 65 jkT; Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky; (,l,;w) vkSj
4 MhEM&Vw&ch&;wfuoflZVh (Mh;w) gSa] tks Ñf"k osQ {ks=k
esa vkSipkfjd f'k{kk çnku djus ij è;ku osQafær djrs gSaA
Ñf"k f'k{kk dh vko';drk
z Ñf"k mRikndrk% çHkkoh Ñf"k f'k{kk (fdlkuksa vkSj
'kksèkdrkZvksa nksuksa osQ fy, Hkh) Ñf"k çfØ;kvksa esa csgrj
vkfFkZd vkSj rduhdh fu.kZ; ysrh gS] tks vkxs Ñf"k
mRikndrk esa o`f¼ (fo'o cSad) esa ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA
z Ñf"k dh ewY; J`a•yk% Ñf"k dh iwjh ewY; J`a•yk ;kuh
Ñf"k buiqV ls ysdj Iyx fyaosQt rd fofHkUu ckèkkvksa ls
xzLr gS] ftUgsa Ñf"k f'k{kk }kjk lacksfèkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z jkstxkj% Ñf"k f'k{kk dh vko';drk mHkjrs Je iwy dks
lks•us osQ fy, gS] fo'ks"k :i ls tSo çkS|ksfxdh th,e •k|
ifj'kq¼rk Ñf"k vkfn osQ mHkjrs {ks=kksa osQ lkFk] ftuosQ fy,
foLr`r Kku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z Je ewY;% Hkkjr esa ,d Ñf"k {ks=k esa O;fÙkQ dk cktkj ewY;
dbZ fodkl'khy ns'kksa ls de gS vkSj Ñf"k f'k{kk O;fÙkQ dh
mRikndrk esa o`f¼ djrh gS vkSj bl çdkj mlosQ Je osQ
cktkj ewY; esa o`f¼ djrh gSA
z ubZ rduhdksa dks viukuk% f'kf{kr vkSj çf'kf{kr dk;Zcy
us vklkuh ls ubZ Ñf"k rduhd dks viuk;kA
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
z e'khuhdj.k c<+k,¡% vfèkdka'k fdlkuksa esa e'khuksa dks pykus
osQ fy, rduhdh 'kSf{kd dkS'ky dh deh gSA f'kf{kr
fdlku u, midj.kksa dks vklkuh ls viuk,axsA
Hkkjr esa Ñf"k f'k{kk dk egRo
z ,d xkao@xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk dh vkRefuHkZjrk% fdlkuksa
osQ fy, Ñf"k] bldh vkèkqfud Ñf"k rduhdksa vkSj foi.
ku osQ ckjs esa Kku osQ çokg dks lqO;ofLFkr djus ls Ñf"k
dh ykHkçnrk esa lqèkkj gksxk vkSj ns'k esa Ñf"k&m|ferk dks
c<+kok feysxkA
z dkS'ky fodkl% Hkkjr esa Ñf"k {ks=k vkSipkfjd dkS'ky dh
deh ls xzLr gS_ Ñf"k f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsus ls bl varj
dks ikVus esa enn feysxhA
z xjhch mUewyu% ykHkdkjh Ñf"k ls vkRefuHkZj xzkeh.k
vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj xjhch esa deh vk,xh
z jkstxkj% Ñf"k {ks=k osQ c<+s gq, nk;js osQ ifj.kkeLo:i csgrj
jkstxkj l`tu gksxk] Ñf"k&m|fe;ksa dh ih<+h esa o`f¼ gksxhA
z mHkjrk gqvk •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx% •k| çlaLdj.k
çkS|ksfxfd;ksa] HkaMkj.k volajpuk] foi.ku vkfn esa rduhdh
vkSj dkS'ky vkèkkfjr gLr{ksi dh vko';drk gSA bls Ñf"k
f'k{kk osQ ekè;e ls lqxe cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
z lrr Ñf"k i¼fr;ksa dks c<+kok nsuk% o"kkZ ty lap;u]
lw{e flapkbZ] tSfod •srh] tyok;q&çfrjksèkh Ñf"k] 'kwU;
ctV •srh] jklk;fud moZjdksa osQ lVhd mi;ksx vkfn osQ
{ks=k esa rduhdh f'k{kk fdlkuksa dks i;kZoj.kh; {kfr dks de
djus] •k| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus esa Hkfo"; vkSj tyok;q
ifjorZu osQ fy, vuqdwyu vkSj 'keu esa l{ke cuk,xhA A
z cnyrs oS'ohÑr ifjn`'; esa Ñf"k fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsuk%
ckSf¼d laink vfèkdkj (vkbZihvkj)] fo'o O;kikj
laxBu osQ LoPNrk vkSj ikni LoPNrk mik; (,lih,l)]
rduhdh&dkuwuh fof'k"Vrk vkfn tSls {ks=kksa esa fo'ys"k.
kkRed vkSj is'ksoj dkS'ky vkSj Kku dk fodkl vkt osQ
le; esa ,d vko';drk gSA
z lwpuk rd igqap esa o`f¼% ,d etcwr Ñf"k f'k{kk
ç.kkyh ifjlj ls Ñf"k {ks=kksa rd Kku vkSj fo'ks"kKrk osQ
çokg dks lqO;ofLFkr djus esa fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ lg;ksx
osQ ekè;e ls fdlkuksa&'kksèkdrkZvksa osQ lacaèkksa dks etcwr
dj ldrh gSA
z çkS|ksfxdh dk csgrj mi;ksx% Hkkjr Ñf"k esa uohure
rduhd osQ mi;ksx esa fiNM+k gqvk gS] mUur f'k{kk osQ
lkFk] fdlku •k| çlaLdj.k] csgrj foi.ku tSls {ks=kksa esa
çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx djus osQ fy, vPNh rjg ls lqlfTtr
gksaxs] blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i iQly vkSj iSnkokj esa o`f¼ gksxhA
405
Ñf"k f'k{kk }kjk lkeuk dh tkus okyh pqukSfr;k¡
z foÙk% Ñf"k jkT; dk fo"k; gks ldrk gS vkSj blfy, blosQ
fy, oSèkkfud ftEesnkjh jkT; ljdkjksa dh gS ftuosQ ikl
èku dh deh gSA
z ladk;% jkT; Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky;ksa (,l,;w) dks lsokfuo`Ùk
iQSdYVh osQ xSj&çfrLFkkiu vkSj dkWyst dh mPp var%çtuu
dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS (yxHkx 51» dkWyst osQ lnL;ksa
osQ ikl led{k fo'ofo|ky; ls mudh fMxzh gksrh gS]
ftlosQ nkSjku os i<+k jgs gSa)] tks f'k{kk vkSj vuqlaèkku
dk;ZØeksa osQ ekud dks ckfèkr djrk gSA -
z usVofdZax vkSj xq.koÙkk dh deh% ;g ns•k x;k gS fd
vfèkdka'k Ldwyksa esa VÔwVksfj;y xfrfofèk;ksa osQ fy, fofHkUu
jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ lkFk tqM+ko vkSj
,dhdj.k dh deh gSA
z çkFkfed fodYi ugha% de fjVuZ vkSj lhfer dfj;j osQ
voljksa osQ dkj.k Ñf"k f'k{kk osQ çfr udkjkRed joS;k Ñf"k
f'k{kk dks Nk=kksa osQ chp ilanhnk fodYi ugha cukrk gSA
z fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ fcxM+rs ekud% osQaæ vkSj jkT; }kjk
vko';d è;ku u nsus osQ dkj.k Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky;ksa
osQ ekudksa esa fxjkoV vk jgh gSA pwafd Ñf"k ,d jkT;
dk fo"k; gS] blfy, Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqlaèkku ifj"kn
(vkbZlh,vkj) tSls osQaæh; fudk; osQoy ,d lgk;d
Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSaA
z foÙk iks"k.k% oSf'od Lrj ij btjk;y tSls ns'kksa dh rqyuk
esa Hkkjr esa foÙkiks"k.k lgk;rk fiNM+ jgh gSA
z •jkc cqfu;knh <k¡pk% •jkc ç;ksx'kkyk,¡ vkSj ijh{k.k
lqfoèkk,a Ñf"k f'k{kk osQ lexz fodkl esa ckèkk Mkyrh gSa A
z vçpfyr ikBÔp;kZ% foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh osQ rsth ls
fodflr gks jgs {ks=k esa] ikBÔp;kZ dks ckj&ckj v|ru djus
dh vko';drk gSA
z fjfÙkQ;ksa dh mPp la[;k% vfèkdka'k Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky;ksa
dks l{ke lqfoèkkvksa dh deh dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA
z lhekar fdlku% vfèkdka'k fdlku vR;fèkd xjhch okys
detksj oxks± ls lacafèkr gSa] bl çdkj os mPp f'k{kk dh
lqfoèkk dk •pZ ugha mBk ldrs gSaA
z VSysaV iwy dks vkdf"kZr djus esa eqís% xSj&ykHkdkjh Ñf"k]
IyslesaV dh FkksM+h xkjaVh vkSj Hkfo"; dh vYi laHkkouk,a
Ñf"k dks de ilanhnk dfj;j fodYi cukrh gSaA
vkxs dh jkg
z lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh (ihihih)% ljdkj dks Ñf"k
fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ lkFk ihihih ekWMy dk mi;ksx djuk
406
pkfg,] fo'ks"k :i ls Ñf"k O;olk;] tSo çkS|ksfxdh] uSuks
çkS|ksfxdh vkSj cgqr ls lhekar {ks=kksa esa] tgka lkoZtfud
{ks=k osQ laLFkku detksj gSa vkSj cnyrh ekax dk tokc
ugha ns jgs gSaA
z ikBÔp;kZ ij nksckjk xkSj djsa% fdlku vk; dks nksxquk
djus ij v'kksd nyobZ lfefr us bl ckr ij çdk'k Mkyk
fd orZeku Ñf"k f'k{kk ikBÔØe dks fiQj ls 'kq: djus dh
vko';drk gS rkfd bls LFkk;h vH;kl vkSj ykHk iSnk djus
okys m|e osQ :i esa Ñf"k dks cktkj esa yk;k tk losQA
z oSf'od ekud çFkk,¡% Ñf"k f'k{kk dks fo'o O;kikj laxBu
ls tqM+s ekStwnk vkSj mHkjrs eqíksa] vkbZihvkj dh uSfrdrk]
ekud O;kikj çFkkvksa osQ lkFk lkeatL; LFkkfir djus dh
vko';drk gSA
z {ks=kh; fof'k"V f'k{kk% czkaM&LiSafdax u, fo'ofo|ky;ksa
osQ ekud ,d fo"k; osQ ctk; Ñf"k&ikfjfLFkfrd {ks=k gksus
pkfg,] D;ksafd Ñf"k ls lacafèkr eqís cgq&fo"k;d gSaA
z fu;ked ,tsalh ;kuh vkbZlh,vkj osQ ikl Ñf"k f'k{kk osQ
çcaèku osQ fy, oSèkkfud 'kfÙkQ;ka ;k tukns'k ugha gSA bl
çdkj] Ñf"k {ks=k foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh (,l ,aM Vh)
vkèkkfjr cukus osQ fy, mPp Ñf"k f'k{kk fofu;eu osQ fy,
,d osQaæh; oSèkkfud çkfèkdj.k cukuk egRoiw.kZ gSA
z O;kolkf;d Ñf"k f'k{kk% fo'ofo|ky; eq[; :i ls
vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ij è;ku osQafær dj jgs gSa] tcfd xzkeh.k
{ks=kksa esa dk;Zcy osQ fy, fo'ks"k :i ls Kku vkSj rduhdh
l'kfÙkQdj.k osQ lacaèk esa O;kolkf;d vkSj xSj&vkSipkfjd
f'k{kk dh Hkh vko';drk gSA
Ñf"k f'k{kk osQ fy, ljdkjh igy
z jk"Vªh; Ñf"k mPp f'k{kk ifj;kstuk% ;g ifj;kstuk Ñf"k
fo'ofo|ky; osQ Nk=kksa dks vfèkd çklafxd vkSj mPp
xq.koÙkk okyh f'k{kk çnku djus osQ mís'; ls fo'o cSad
vkSj vkbZlh,vkj osQ lg;ksx ls 'kq: dh xbZ gSA
z iafMr nhun;ky mikè;k; mUur Ñf"k f'k{kk ;kstuk%
bls 2016 esa 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk ftlosQ rgr Ñf"k f'k{kk
osQ fy, 100 u, osQaæ •ksys x,A
z Ñf"k esa ;qokvksa dks vkdf"kZr djuk vkSj cuk, j•uk
(vk;kZ)% bldk mís'; xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa ;qokvksa dks fofHkUu
Ñf"k] lac¼ vkSj lsok {ks=k osQ m|eksa dks ysus osQ fy,
vkdf"kZr djuk vkSj mUgsa l'kÙkQ cukuk gSA
z lefiZr Ñf"k f'k{kk iksVZy% bls ns'k Hkj osQ Ñf"k
fo'ofo|ky;ksa ls egRoiw.kZ f'k{kk tkudkjh] bZ&yfuZax
lalkèku vkfn vklku vkSj rst rjhosQ ls miyCèk djkus osQ
fy, ,dy f•M+dh eap osQ :i esa fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z Nk=k rS;kj (xzkeh.k m|ferk tkx:drk fodkl ;kstuk)
dk;ZØe% ;g Nk=kksa dks ukSdjh vkèkkfjr vkSj m|e'khyrk
çf'k{k.k çnku djrk gS vkSj blesa 'kkfey gSa & vuqHkokRed
f'k{kk (fctusl eksM)A
z O;kogkfjd çf'k{k.k (dkS'ky fodkl eksM)_ xzkeh.k
tkx:drk dk;Z vuqHko (vkj,MCY;wbZ)_ IykaV Vªsfuax@
baMfLVª;y vVSpesaV esa_ vkSj Nk=kksa dh ifj;kstuk,¡A
fdlku dh vk; nksxquh djus vkSj 5 fVªfy;u MkWyj dh
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lius dks lkdkj djus osQ fy, ljdkj dks cM+s
iSekus ij Ñf"k f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsus dh vko';drk gSA
Ñf"k esa vuqlaèkku vkSj fodkl
z Ñf"k ea=kky; osQ rgr Ñf"k vuqlaèkku] f'k{kk vkSj foLrkj
dh Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqlaèkku ifj"kn (1929) lokZsPp
fudk; gSA ICAR 690$ Ñf"k foKku osQaæksa osQ ekè;e ls
lapkfyr gksrk gS tks fdlkuksa dks vafre ehy dusfDVfoVh
çnku djrk gS vkSj mUgsa uohure iQly rduhdksa dks
viukus esa enn djrk gSA
z orZeku esa Ñf"k vuqlaèkku fufèk ^GDP osQ 1» ls de* gSA
Ñf"k vuqlaèkku ,oa fodkl esa pqukSfr;ka
z vkbZlh,vkj oSKkfudksa osQ osru lajpuk vkSj inksUufr
fu;e le;c¼ vkSj ofj"Brk vkèkkfjr gSaA blfy, vR;fèkd
cqf¼eku oSKkfud futh daifu;ksa@fons'kksa dks pqurs gSaA
z orZeku esa Ñf"k vuqlaèkku foÙk iks"k.k ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn dk 1» ls de gSA
z ljdkjh oSKkfud eq[; :i ls ek=kkRed iSnkokj esa lqèkkj
ij è;ku osQafær djrs gSaA ;fn os le`¼ LokLF; osQ çfr
tkx:d 'kgjh@fons'kh miHkksÙkQkvksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls lqxaèk]
Lokn] fn•koV] osQyksjh] iks"kd rRo] ,aVhvkWfDlMsaV vkfn
ij Hkh è;ku osQafær djrs gSa] rks ^fdlkuksa dks vfèkd iSlk
dekus esa enn djus osQ fy, çhfe;e fdLeksa dk fuekZ.k
fd;k tk ldrk gS*A
z Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqlaèkku ^vukt osQafær* gks x;k gSA gesa
nygu] frygu] ckxokuh vkSj i'kqikyu ij Hkh è;ku nsus
dh t:jr gSA
vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2021&2022 vkSj Ñf"k esa vuqlaèkku
,oa fodkl
z Ñf"k vuqlaèkku vkSj f'k{kk dh i;kZoj.k dh n`f"V ls LFkk;h
oSf'od •k| ç.kkyh osQ fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
gS] •k| vkSj iks"k.k lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djuk vkSj Ñf"k
vk; esa o`f¼ djuk ykxr de djuk vkSj mit vfèkdre
djuk gSA bl çdkj] ljdkj lkFk vkbZ%
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
z Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; Ñf"k vuqlaèkku ç.kkyh us Ñf"k osQ
e'khuhdj.k vkSj tyok;q yphyh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa osQ fodkl
vkSj chtksa dh mPp mit okyh fdLeksa (,pokbZoh) vkfn
osQ lanHkZ esa egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke fn, gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,]
Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqlaèkku ifj"kn (vkbZlh,vkj) 2020 vkSj
2021 osQ nkSjku •sr iQlyksa dh oqQy 731 ubZ fdLesa@
ladj vkSj ckxokuh iQlyksa dh 98 ubZ fdLesa vfèklwfpr@
tkjh dh xbZaA
z çkÑfrd •k| ç.kkyh osQ ekè;e ls vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu
dk lkeuk djus osQ fy, iks"k.k lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus
osQ fy,] Ñf"k vuqlaèkku vkSj f'k{kk foHkkx (Mh,vkjbZ)
us 2021&22 osQ nkSjku {ks=k vkSj ckxokuh iQlyksa dh
ck;ksiQksfVZiQkbM vkSj ruko lfg".kq fdLeksa lfgr 35 fo'ks"k
fo'ks"krk fdLesa fodflr dh gSaA
z vkbZlh,vkj us 1]29]266 osQMCY;w,p okf"kZd fctyh
mRiknu osQ vkSlr iQksVksoksfYVd (ihoh) mRiknu vkSj oqQy
jktLo ` 6 yk• osQ lkFk ,dy Hkwfe mi;ksx ç.kkyh ls
iQly mRiknu vkSj fctyh mRiknu osQ fy, 105
fdyksokV dh Ñf"k&oksYVkbd ç.kkyh dk fMtkbu vkSj
fodkl fd;k gSA
Ñf"k foLrkj
z foLrkj lsok ,d vukSipkfjd f'k{kk çfØ;k gS tks lykg]
lwpuk vkSj çf'k{k.k çnku djrh gS] tks vkerkSj ij fdlkuksa]
xzkeh.kksa vkSj efgykvksa osQ fy, mudh Ñf"k@vkfFkZd@LokLF;
leL;kvksa osQ çfr muosQ n`f"Vdks.k dks cnyus osQ fy,
gksrh gSA
z ,u,l,lvks loZs{k.k osQ vuqlkj] ~60» Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa dks
ljdkjh laLFkkuksa ls vfèkd Ñf"k rduhdh lgk;rk ugha
feyrh gSA blfy, os çxfr'khy fdlkuksa] ehfM;k vkSj cht]
moZjd vkSj dhVuk'kdksa osQ futh foØsrkvksa ij Hkjkslk djrs
gSa& tks vius fufgr O;kolkf;d fgrksa osQ dkj.k mUgsa fu"i{k
lykg ugha ns ldrsA
Ñf"k foLrkj lsokvksa osQ mís';
z fdlkuksa dks uohure rduhdh Kku çlkfjr djus osQ fy,A
z Ñf"k esa leL;kvksa vkSj ckèkkvksa ij fdlkuksa ls foLrkj
vfèkdkfj;ksa@oSKkfudksa dks çfriqf"V çnku djukA
z foLrkj dk;ZdrkZvksa dh O;kolkf;d {kerk esa o`f¼ djukA
z fdlkuksa] foLrkj vfèkdkfj;ksa vkSj 'kksèkdrkZvksa osQ chp
tqM+ko dks etcwr djukA
z fdlkuksa dks lexz fodkl osQ fy, çsfjr djukA
407
Ñf"k&foLrkj lsokvksa vkSj mudh pqukSfr;ksa osQ fy,
forj.k pSuy
Ñf"k&foLrkj pSuy pqukSfr;k¡
O;fÙkQxr cSBd] Vksy&Úh HkkSxksfyd igqap] tu'kfÙkQ
gsYiykbu vkSj i=kksa osQ miyCèkrkA çfr 800&1000
ekè;e ls O;fÙkQxr ijke'kZ fdlkuksa ij 1 foLrkj dk;ZdrkZ
miyCèk gSA
laxks"Bh] dk;Z'kkyk] lewg fdlkuksa dks dk;Zfnol osQ
ppkZ] {ks=k Hkze.k osQ uqdlku] le; fcrkus@;k=kk
ekè;e ls lewg ijke'kZA djus osQ fy, çsj.kk dh deh
dk Mj gSA
oqQ#{ks=k vkSj vU; ljdkjh xzkeh.k bykdksa esa if=kdkvksa
if=kdk,¡ @ i=k&if=kdk,¡A dh lhfer igqap osQ lkFk&lkFk
fuj{kjrk vkSj xjhchA
ekl ehfM;k ok;k fdlku lhekar fdlkuksa osQ ikl mUgsa
Vhoh (2014) vkSj ns•us osQ fy, midj.k ugha gks
ifCyd jsfM;ks çlkj.kA ldrs gSaA dLVekbTM @ Vsyj
esM ,Mokbtjh @ lwpuk nsuk
eqf'dy gSA
bZ&Ñf"k esa bZ&çkS|ksfxdh ekl jhp laHko D;ksafd vfèkd
(osc iksVZy)_ ,efdlku eksckby vkSj jio 4G çHkkoA
(,l,e,l@;w,l,lMh)] vuqdwy lykg nh tk ldrh
fdlku lqfoèkk ,si gSA
Ñf"k foLrkj ij jk"Vªh; fe'ku
z fe'ku dk mís'; Ñf"k foLrkj dk iquxZBu vkSj lqn`<+hdj.k
djuk gS rkfd fdlkuksa dks mi;qÙkQ çkS|ksfxdh vkSj csgrj
Ñf"k i¼fr;ksa osQ forj.k dks l{ke cuk;k tk losQA
z vkbZlh,vkj iwjs ns'k esa Ñf"k foKku osQaæ (osQohosQ) vkSj
¶baLVhVÔwV foyst fyaosQt çksxzke (vkbZoh,yih)¸ osQ
ekè;e ls Ñf"k foLrkj xfrfofèk;ksa esa Hkh tqM+k gqvk gSA
z ,iQihvks] ,uthvks vkSj dkWikZsjsV {ks=k jk"Vªh; Ñf"k foLrkj
vkSj çkS|ksfxdh fe'ku (,u,e,bZVh)] 12 oha ;kstuk
vofèk osQ nkSjku 'kq: fd;k x;k] ftlesa 4 mi fe'ku
'kkfey gSaA
z Ñf"k foLrkj ij mi fe'ku (,l,e,bZ)% Ñf"k mRiknu vkSj
mRikndrk c<+kus osQ fy, xq.koÙkkiw.kZ chtksa dks viukuk
lcls vfèkd ykxr çHkkoh lkèku gSA foLrkj lsok,a çnku
djus osQ fy, Ñf"k fDyfud] Ñf"k O;kikj osQaæ] fdlku
dkWy lsaVj dk mi;ksx fd;k tk,xkA
z cht vkSj jksi.k lkexzh ij mi&fe'ku (,l,e,lih)%
mi&fe'ku esa cqokbZ osQ fy, fdlkuksa dks vkiwfrZ djus osQ
408
fy, ukfHkd cht ls ysdj cht J`a•yk osQ iwjs ljxe dks
'kkfey fd;k tk,xkA ,l,e,lih esa ikSèkksa dh fdLeksa vkSj
fdlkuksa osQ vfèkdkj çkfèkdj.k (ihihoh vkSj ,iQvkj,)
osQ laj{k.k dks etcwr djus dh Hkh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ gSA
z Ñf"k ;a=khdj.k ij mi fe'ku (,l,e,,e)% Ñf"k
fctyh dh miyCèkrk vkSj Ñf"k mRikndrk osQ chp ,d
etcwr lacaèk gSA blfy,] Ñf"k ;a=khdj.k ij mi&fe'ku
Ñf"k ;a=khdj.k ij osQafær gSA
z ikSèk laj{k.k vkSj ikSèk laxjksèk (,l,eihih) ij mi
fe'ku% fe'ku esa ,dhÑr dhV çcaèku dks c<+kok nsus osQ
ekè;e ls oSKkfud vkSj i;kZoj.k vuqdwy rduhdksa dk
mi;ksx djosQ iQly dks jksx eqÙkQ j•dj Ñf"k mRiknu esa
o`f¼ dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ gSA
Ñf"k foLrkj Ñf"k mRikndrk dks c<+kus] •k| lqj{kk dks
c<+kus] xzkeh.k vkthfodk esa lqèkkj djus vkSj Ñf"k i¼fr;ksa
dks ldkjkRed :i ls cnyus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
gkykafd] eqf'dy ls 40» Ñf"k ifjokjksa dks bldh igqap fey
jgh gSA blfy,] gesa ;q¼Lrj ij foLrkj lsokvksa rd igqap c<+kus
dh t:jr gSA
Ñf"k ;a=khdj.k
z iQkeZ e'khuhdj.k dk rkRi;Z e'khuksa osQ fodkl vkSj
mi;ksx ls gS tks mRiknu dh U;wure ykxr osQ lkFk lexz
mRikndrk vkSj mRiknu dks c<+kus osQ vafre mís'; osQ
lkFk Ñf"k çfØ;kvksa esa ekuo vkSj i'kq 'kfÙkQ dk LFkku ys
ldrk gSA
z la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk (95 çfr'kr)] czkthy (75 çfr'kr)]
vkSj phu (57 çfr'kr) tSls vU; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr
esa oqQy Ñf"k e'khuhdj.k 40&45 çfr'kr de jgk gSA
z Hkkjr esa Ñf"k e'khuhdj.k yxHkx 40&45» gS] ;wih]
gfj;k.kk vkSj iatkc tSls jkT;ksa esa e'khuhdj.k dk
Lrj cgqr vfèkd gS] ysfdu mÙkj iwohZ jkT;ksa esa ux.;
e'khuhdj.k gSA
Ñf"k e'khuhdj.k dh vko';drk
z fuos'k cpr% vè;;uksa us Ñf"k e'khuhdj.k vkSj Ñf"k
mit osQ chp lhèkk lacaèk fn•k;k gSA dgk tkrk gS fd
iQkeZ e'khuhdj.k ls cgqr lkjh ykxr cpr gksrh gS_ cht
(15&20»)] moZjd (15&20»)A
z dk;ZoqQ'kyrk esa o`f¼% ;g le; dks yxHkx 15&20
çfr'kr rd de djus esa enn dj ldrk gS] bl çdkj
Ñf"k Je dh n{krk esa o`f¼ djrk gS vkSj dM+h esgur vkSj
dke osQ cks> dks de djrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z lkekftd ykHk% ;g Je dh csgrj n{krk osQ dkj.k
efgykvksa osQ dk;ZHkkj dks de djrk gSA ;g ;qokvksa dks
•srh esa 'kkfey gksus osQ fy, çksRlkfgr djus vkSj xzkeh.k
{ks=kksa esa dke djus vkSj jgus osQ fy, vfèkd yksxksa dks
vkdf"kZr djus esa enn djrk gSA
z Je dh c<+rh ykxr ls fuiVuk% Ñf"k dk;ks± osQ fy,
Je yxkus dh ykxr esa dkiQh o`f¼ gks jgh gSA
z Ñf"k vk; esa o`f¼% Ñf"k e'khujh dk çHkkoh mi;ksx
mRikndrk vkSj mit osQ mRiknu dks c<+kus esa enn djrk
gS] le; ij Ñf"k lapkyu djrk gS vkSj fdlkuksa dks mlh
Hkwfe ij iQlyksa dks tYnh ls ?kqekus esa l{ke cukrk gSA
z lrr Ñf"k% Ñf"k e'khuhdj.k Hkwfe vkSj ty lalkèkuksa dk
b"Vre mi;ksx çnku djrk gS tks LFkk;h ifj.kkeksa osQ fy,
vxz.kh Ñf"k osQ i;kZoj.kh; infpÉ dks çHkkfor dj ldrk
gSA
z Je dh c<+rh ykxr ls fuiVuk% xzkeh.k Jfedksa ls 'kgjh
{ks=kksa esa Ñf"k Je dh ykxr esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA Ñf"k dk;ks±
osQ fy, Je yxkus dh ykxr dkiQh c<+ jgh gSA Ñf"k
e'khuhdj.k Je ykxr dks de djus dk rjhdk gS vkSj
•srh dh ykxr dks 20 çfr'kr rd de dj ldrk gSA
Hkkjr esa Ñf"k ;a=khdj.k dh pqukSfr;k¡
z iSekus vkSj lapkyu dh ferO;f;rk% Hkkjr esa cgqr de
vkSlr tksr dk vkdkj (Ñf"k tux.kuk] 2015&16 osQ
vuqlkj 2-66 ,dM+) gS vkSj og Hkh NksVs iklZy esa fofHkUu
LFkkuksa ij fc•jk gqvk gSA ;g Ñf"k e'khujh osQ O;fÙkQxr
LokfeRo dks vkfFkZd :i ls vO;ogk;Z cuk jgk gSA
z fdlkuksa dk fuEu&vk; Lrj% Hkkjr esa yxHkx 86» fdlku
NksVs vkSj lhekar gSa vkSj vkSlru #- 2016 ,u,l,lvks
fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj 6]426 çfr ekgA
z ½.k çfØ;k% Ñf"k e'khuhdj.k esa enn djus okyh fofHkUu
xfrfofèk;ksa osQ fy, Ñf"k lkofèk ½.k çkIr djus dh çfØ;k
cgqr tfVy gSA lkFk gh] ,sls ½.kksa ij iQlyh ½.kksa dh
rqyuk esa C;kt dh nj vfèkd gksrh gSA
z de tkx:drk% Ñf"k e'khuhdj.k dks osQoy VªSDVjksa osQ
mi;ksx osQ :i esa ns•k tkrk gS_ ikoj fVyj gkoZsLVj vkSj
Fkzs'kj dks tksM+rk gSA fdlkuksa dks NksVh tksr osQ fy, mi;qÙkQ
vU; e'khuksa vkSj muosQ mi;ksx osQ rjhdksa dh tkudkjh
ugha gSA
z Ñf"k 'kfÙkQ esa fHkUurk% Ñf"k&tyok;q {ks=kksa osQ vuqlkj
fctyh dh miyCèkrk ,d jkT; ls nwljs jkT; esa vR;fèkd
fHkUu gksrh gSA fctyh rd igqap dh deh osQ ifj.kkeLo:i
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
Ñf"k e'khuhdj.k dh xfr èkheh gks tkrh gS vkSj blfy,
fo'ks"k :i ls NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa osQ chp Ñf"k
mRikndrk esa deh vkrh gSA
z vuqnku dh lhek,a% Ñf"k e'khuhdj.k osQ fy, i;kZIr fuos'k
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA osQaæ ljdkj vkSj fofHkUu jkT;
ljdkjsa O;fÙkQxr@fdlkuksa osQ lewg@lgdkfjrk dks fuos'k
djus osQ fy, vuqnku çnku djrh gSaA
z vkfJr tula[;k% Ñf"k e'khuhdj.k dk Lrj Ñf"k esa yxh
tula[;k osQ lkFk foijhr O;ogkj djrk gSA Hkkjr osQ 70
çfr'kr xzkeh.k ifjokj vHkh Hkh viuh vkthfodk osQ fy,
eq[; :i ls Ñf"k ij fuHkZj gSaA
Ñf"k e'khuhdj.k dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, dne
z tehankjh dks etcwr djsa% NksVs fdlku Hkkjrh; Ñf"k dk
eq[; vkèkkj cus jgsaxs_ Ñf"k ;a=khdj.k dk ykHk mBkus osQ
fy, tksrksa dk lesdu djuk vko';d gSA
z y?kq Ñf"k e'khujh@midj.k% fofHkUu iQlyksa] iQly iSVuZ
vkSj Ñf"k dk;ks± dh cgqeq•h çfrHkk dks è;ku esa j•rs gq,
c<+kok nsus dh vko';drk gSA
z esd bu bafM;k igy% lexz iwathxr ykxr dks de djus
osQ fy, orZeku esa vk;kr fd, tk jgs buiqV vkSj Ñf"k
midj.kksa osQ fuekZ.k dk leFkZu djus osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
z uokpkj vkSj vkfo"dkj% vkWijs'ku dh ykxr dks de djus
osQ fy, dEckbu gkjosLVj] xUuk gkjosLVj] èkku VªkalIykaVj
vkfn tSlh mPp ykxr okyh Ñf"k e'khujh osQ fy, laLFkkxr
:i ls dLVe gk;fjax lsok ;k fdjk;s osQ ekWMy dks u;k
djus dh vko';drk gSA
z foÙkiks"k.k esa vklkuh% tSls osQlhlh] lkofèk ½.k ysus dh
çfØ;k dks cSadksa dh {kerk fuekZ.k osQ lkFk&lkFk U;wure
nLrkosthdj.k osQ lkFk ljy cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
z v'kksd nyobZ lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa dks viukuk%
Mªksu] lsalj&vkèkkfjr vuqç;ksxksa tSlh vkèkqfud ç.kkfy;ksa
dks 'kkfey djus osQ fy, fofHkUu Lrjksa ij lh,p,llh dks
mudh rduhdksa dks O;kid cukus osQ fy, leFkZu fn;k
tkuk pkfg,A
ljdkj vxys 10 o"kks± esa çfr gsDVs;j Ñf"k e'khuhdj.k dks
nksxquk djus dk y{; cuk jgh gS] D;ksafd blls Ñf"k {ks=k dh
mRikndrk vkSj ykHkçnrk dks vfèkdre djus esa enn feysxhA
;g fofuekZ.k {ks=k dh ekax Hkh iSnk djsxk] bl çdkj lexz
vFkZO;oLFkk esa ;ksxnku nsxkA
409

cht m|ksx
z Hkkjr nqfu;k Hkj esa ikapoka lcls cM+k cht cktkj gSA
z ;g 2017&2022 osQ nkSjku 15» ls vfèkd c<+us dh
mEehn gS] vkSj 2022 rd ;w,l $ 7 fcfy;u ls vfèkd
osQ ewY; rd igqap ldrk gSA
z vU; vknkuksa osQ oqQ'ky çcaèku osQ lkFk oqQy mRiknu esa
xq.koÙkk okys cht dk çR;{k ;ksxnku 45» rd c<+k;k tk
ldrk gSA
z cht foèks;d 2019 laln osQ fopkjkèkhu gSA
Hkkjr esa cht {ks=k osQ eqís
daifu;ksa osQ fy, tfVy vkSj detksj
vkbZihvkj O;oLFkk vkSj fofHkUu ykblsal
'krks± osQ dkj.k] futh daifu;ksa }kjk
cht daifu;ka
vuqlaèkku fuos'k 10&12» osQ varjjk"Vªh;
ekunaM osQ eqdkcys jktLo dk 3&4»
gh jgkA
blosQ vykok] th,e iQly cht esa ekStwnk
ljdkj çkS|ksfxdh çnkrk] ,dkfèkdkj fLFkfr osQ
djhc dk vkuan ysuk tkjh j•rk gSA
egkjk"Vª (vdksyk ftys dh gky dh
?kVuk) vkSj rsyaxkuk esa vLohÑr th,e
fdlku iQly ij vkèkkfjr chtksa dh cM+s iSekus
ij voSèk fcØh vkSj jksi.k dks jksdus esa
fu;ked foiQyrk dh lwpuk feyh FkhA
vkxs dh jkg
z th,e rduhd ij è;ku% th,e iQlyksa ij jk"Vªh; uhfr
lVhd {ks=kksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djus osQ fy, tgka ns'k dks th,e
dh vko';drk gS vkSj tgka ljdkj th,e çkS|ksfxdh esa
lkoZtfud vkSj futh fuos'k dks çksRlkfgr djsxhA
z Rofjr lekèkku% fofHkUu vkbZihvkj dkuwuksa osQ chp la?k"kZ
tks bl m|ksx dks çHkkfor dj jgs gSa vkSj Li"V :i
ls ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa fd ljdkj bl egRoiw.kZ {ks=k esa
lqfuf'pr vkbZih lqj{kk osQ lkFk vuqlaèkku fuos'k dks osQls
çksRlkfgr djuk pkgrh gSA
z çksRlkgu% futh {ks=kksa dks de ewY; osQ mPp ek=kk okys
chtksa osQ mRiknu osQ fy, cSad ;ksX; ;kstukvksa osQ :i esa
çnku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z cht&vuqlaèkku {kerk esa o`f¼% cht osQ ewY; fu;a=k.k vkns'k
rFkk cht {ks=k esa futh fuos'k dks grksRlkfgr djus okys
410
vU; çfrcaèkksa dks gVkdj cht mRiknu ,oa forj.k esa futh
{ks=k dh Hkkxhnkjh dks çksRlkfgr djukA lkFk gh] chtksa osQ
fy, ,d etcwr r`rh; i{k xq.koÙkk çek.ku ç.kkyh dks
çksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z fu;ked ra=k% cht vkSj ck;ksVsd m|ksx osQ fy, fu;ked
ra=k dks etcwr djuk rkfd bls ikjn'khZ] foKku vkèkkfjr]
vuqekfur vkSj fu"i{k cuk;k tk losQA
z ,dhÑr n`f"Vdks.k% lkekU; vkSj {ks=k fo'ks"k ckèkkvksa dks nwj
djus osQ fy, n`<+ ç;kl osQ lkFk&lkFk cht çfrLFkkiu nj
esa lqèkkj] Ñf"k&tyok;q {ks=k osQ fy, mi;qÙkQ xq.koÙkk okys
chtksa osQ forj.k osQ ç;kl fd, tkus pkfg,A
z cht ykblsaflax osQ fy, ,d leku jk"Vªh; çfØ;k%
jkT;ksa esa cht ykblsaflax çfØ;kvksa esa fo"kerk dh leL;k
ls fuiVus osQ fy,] osQaæ ljdkj dks cht ykblsaflax osQ
fy, ekWMy fn'kkfunZs'k fodflr djus pkfg, vkSj bUgsa ykxw
djus esa jkT;ksa dk lg;ksx djuk pkfg,A
2019 osQ cht foèks;d osQ elkSns osQ çeq• çkoèkku
z cht çfrLFkkiu nj (,lvkjvkj)% Hkkjrh; Ñf"k esa
,lvkjvkj c<+kus] cht fdLeksa osQ iathdj.k osQ fy,
ekud fufnZ"V djus vkSj cht mRikndksa ls ysdj cht •qnjk
foØsrkvksa rd iathdj.k ykxw djus osQ fy, ,d u;k cht
foèks;d vko';d gSA
z cht lfefr dk xBu% fcy osQaæ ljdkj dks ,d osQaæh;
cht lfefr dk iquxZBu djus osQ fy, vfèkÑr djrk gS
tks blosQ çkoèkkuksa osQ çHkkoh dk;kZUo;u osQ fy, ftEesnkj
gksxhA
z cht fdLeksa dk iathdj.k% fcØh osQ fy, chtksa dh lHkh
fdLeksa dks iathÑr djuk gksxk vkSj oqQN fuèkkZfjr U;wure
ekudksa dks iwjk djuk gksxkA
z la'kksfèkr ykblsaflax ekunaM% ykblsaflax osQ mís'; ls cht
mRiknd] cht çkslslj vkSj cht Mhyj osQ chp varj gSA
z lgh ek;us esa fpfÉr cht% orZeku esa] chtksa dk ,d cM+k
çfr'kr ,d Lo&çek.ku dk;ZØe osQ rgr cspk tkrk gS
ftls VªqFkiQqyh yscYM (Vh,y) cht dgk tkrk gSA çek.ku
çfØ;k dks LoSfPNd j•k x;k gSA
z ewY; fu;a=k.k% fcy ljdkj dks ^vkikrdkyhu* fLFkfr;ksa
tSls fd cht dh deh] ewY; esa vlkekU; o`f¼] ,dkfèkdkj
ewY; fuèkkZj.k] equkiQk•ksjh] vkfn osQ ekeys esa p;fur
fdLeksa dh dhersa r; djus dk vfèkdkj nsrk gS] tks
O;fÙkQijd O;k[;k osQ fy, •qys gSaA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH

ewY; J`a•yk vkSj xzkeh.k vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk
çfrcaèk
z 90 osQ n'kd dh 'kq#vkr ls Ñf"k esa lkoZtfud vkSj futh
fuos'k (ihihih) de jgk gSA dk;kZUo;u esa vM+pusa vkSj
mPp Lrj dh vfuf'prrk us Ñf"k fuos'k osQ fy, fuos'kdksa
dh Hkw• dks vkSj de dj fn;k gSA
z Hkwfe iêðs ij nsus vkSj Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k ij çfrcaèk osQ
ifj.kkeLo:i cktkj ;kMZ dh LFkkiuk osQ fy, Hkwfe
vfèkxzg.k djus esa vleFkZrk ,d vU; cM+h ckèkk gSA
z foi.ku volajpuk foÙk] tu'kfÙkQ vkSj mfpr lqfoèkkvksa
dh deh osQ dkj.k xzLr gSA mi&cktkj ;kMZ cM+s iSekus ij
ljdkjh •jhn osQ fy, ,d LFkku osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs
gSa vkSj •qyh uhykeh osQ volj çnku ugha djrs gSaA blosQ
vykok] os vius lapkyu esa vfu;fer gSa vkSj çeq• ;kMks±
esa laHkkyh tkus okyh ek=kk osQ ikap çfr'kr ls Hkh de
laHkkyrs gSaA
z xzkeh.k lM+dksa dk •jkc j•j•ko Hkh ,d çeq• ckèkk
gSA LFkkuh; vkSj iQhMj lM+dksa osQ lkFk la;kstu mi&b"Vre
jgrs gSaA
z fctyh {ks=k esa] dbZ jkT;ksa esa Ñf"k vkSj ?kjsyw fo|qrhdj.k
osQ fy, fctyh dh vkiwfrZ osQ fy, vyx iQhMj ugha
fd, x, gSaA
z Ñf"k dh lokZsÙke çFkkvksa dh deh Hkkjr osQ •k| fu;kZr
dks ckfèkr djrh gSA ;g lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, fd mRikn
fu;kZr ekudksa dks iwjk djrs gSa] •sr ;k mRiknd Lrj ij
gLr{ksi dh vko';drk gSA gkykafd] oqQN jkT;ksa esa •sr ls
miHkksÙkQk rd VªslfcfyVh eSosQfuTe dh deh] •afMr tksr
vkSj fdlkuksa ls mRiknksa dh lhèkh •jhn ij çfrcaèk tSls
dkjdksa ls ;g lqfuf'pr djuk yxHkx vlaHko gks tkrk gS
fd mRikn fu;kZr xq.koÙkk ekudksa dks iwjk djrs gSaA
vkxs dh jkg
z Ñf"k ewY; J`a•ykvksa osQ fy, cqfu;knh <k¡ps dk ntkZ%
xksnkeksa] iSfdax&gkmlksa] idus osQ d{kksa vkSj 'khr HkaMkj.k]
ftlesa xkao Lrj ij LFkkfir fd, x, Hkh 'kkfey gSa] dks iw.kZ
cqfu;knh <kapk ntkZ fn;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd mUgsa cqfu;knh
<kapk ntZs osQ lkFk vkus okys jktdks"kh; ykHkksa dk ykHk
mBkus esa l{ke cuk;k tk losQA
z xzke Lrj ij •jhn osQaæ% NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa dks
ykHkkfUor djus osQ fy, xkao@CykWd Lrj ij ljdkjh laxzg
osQaæ vkSj HkaMkj.k lqfoèkk,a LFkkfir dh tkuh pkfg,A
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
mRiknu dks çlaLdj.k ls tksM+uk% iQyksa vkSj lfCt;ksa osQ
z
fy, xzke Lrjh; laxzg osQaæksa dks cM+h çlaLdj.k bdkb;ksa ls
tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A xzkeh.k vkofèkd cktkjksa (vkjih,e)
osQ ikl çlaLdj.k osQaæksa osQ fodkl esa futh {ks=k dks lfØ;
:i ls 'kkfey djukA
z Fkksd cktkjksa dks vixzsM djsa% vLFkk;h HkaMkj.k] iSd&gkml
lapkyu vkSj dksYM LVksjst lqfoèkkvksa osQ fy, Fkksd cktkjksa
dk mUu;u djsaA
z ljdkjh igyksa esa vfHklj.k% çHkkoh •jhn fyaosQt]
çlaLdj.k lqfoèkk,a] •qnjk J`a•yk vkSj fu;kZr xfrfofèk
fodflr djus osQ fy, Ñf"k ea=kky;] •k| çlaLdj.k
vkSj okf.kT; ea=kky; dh igy osQ chp leUo; dh
vko';drk gSA
z jsyos eky ifjpkyu dks lqn`<+ djsa% iQly osQ ckn osQ
uqdlku dks de djus vkSj Hkwfe ls f?kjs jkT;ksa dks fu;kZr
cktkjksa ls tksM+us osQ fy, jsyos eky lapkyu dks rkieku
fu;af=kr daVsujksa vkSj yksfMax vkSj vuyksfMax lqfoèkkvksa osQ
ekè;e ls etcwr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z efgyk ,l,pth osQ ekè;e ls xzkeh.k lM+dksa dk
j•j•ko% efgyk ,l,pth }kjk lM+dksa osQ j•j•ko dk
oqQN jkT;ksa (mnkgj.k osQ fy, mÙkjk•aM) }kjk ç;ksx fd;k
x;k gS vkSj ;g cgqr gh vk'kktud ik;k x;k gSA bl ekWMy
dks vU; jkT;ksa }kjk nksgjk;k tk ldrk gSA
z Ñf"k midj.kksa esa futh fuos'k dks çksRlkgu% futh
m|fe;ksa dks çR;sd 1000 gsDVs;j osQ fy, NksVs Ñf"k
dk;kZUo;u e'khuhdj.k gc vkSj çR;sd 5000 gsDVs;j •srh
okys {ks=k osQ fy, cM+s e'khujh gc LFkkfir djus osQ fy,
çksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z fu;kZr&mUeq• DyLVj fodflr djsa% Ñf"k vkSj çlaLÑr
•k| fu;kZr fodkl çkfèkdj.k (,ihbZMh,) lkekU; cqfu;knh
lqfoèkkvksa osQ lkFk fu;kZr&mUeq• DyLVj osQ fodkl dk
leFkZu djrk jgk gSA bu DyLVjksa esa çlaLdj.k lqfoèkkvksa
osQ lkFk&lkFk dk;kZRed] ,aM&Vw&,aM dksYM psu flLVe
gksuk pkfg,A
Ñf"k ij dksfoM&19 dk çHkko
z dksjksukok;jl egkekjh dh 'kq#vkr dVkbZ osQ pje ekSle
osQ lkFk gqbZ gSA pwafd cktkj can gSa] blfy, ns'k esa
100 yk• gsDVs;j ls vfèkd dh iQly ij •rjk
eaMjk jgk gSA
z Hkkjrh; ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa Ñf"k dk ;ksxnku yxHkx 17»
gSA Ñf"k] vius lac¼ {ks=kksa osQ lkFk] Hkkjr esa vkthfodk
dk lcls cM+k lzksr gSA 70» xzkeh.k ifjokj vHkh Hkh viuh
vkthfodk osQ fy, eq[; :i ls Ñf"k ij fuHkZj gSaA
411
Hkkjr dh Ñf"k ij dksfoM dk çHkko
z fcuk •jhn osQ ihd iQly% ;g Hkkjr esa jch lhtu dk
ihd lhtu gS vkSj xsgwa] puk] elwj] ljlksa vkfn tSlh iQlysa
(flafpr bykdksa esa èkku lfgr) dVkbZ ;ksX; voLFkk esa Fkha
;k yxHkx ifjiDork rd igqap jgh FkhaA
z fjolZ çoklu osQ dkj.k Je dh vuqiyCèkrk% Je dh
vuqiyCèkrk us dbZ {ks=kksa esa ifjpkyu dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA
urhtru] çoklh Je dh deh osQ dkj.k iQly dh dVkbZ
osQ fy, nSfud etnwjh esa rst o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
z dher esa fxjkoV% ifjogu can gksus vkSj lhekvksa dks can
djus lfgr cktkj igqap dh deh osQ dkj.k Ñf"k dherksa
esa fxjkoV vkbZ gSA
z lkoZtfud oLrqvksa dh deh% xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh nksuksa {ks=kksa
esa miHkksÙkQkvksa dks •k|kUu] iQy vkSj lfCt;ka vkSj vU;
vko';d oLrq,a miyCèk djkuk lcls egRoiw.kZ pqukSrh gSA
z fcØh ij çfrcaèk% fdlkuksa@etnwjksa osQ varj vkSj jkT; osQ
Hkhrj vkus&tkus osQ lkFk&lkFk dVkbZ vkSj lacafèkr Ñf"k
e'khuksa ij Lor% yxk, x, çfrcaèk FksA
z vkiwfrZ&J`a•yk esa O;oèkku% lrdZ vo#¼ lM+dksa osQ lkFk
la;qÙkQ ifjogu lqfoèkkvksa dh vuqifLFkfr dk çoklh iQly
Je vkSj Ñf"k&e'khujh dh vkoktkgh ij lhfer çHkko
iM+rk gSA
z ykWdMkmu ls çsfjr ½.k vkSj udnh çokg dh ckèkk,a%
fdlkuksa dks lcls egRoiw.kZ eqík vius iQlyh ½.k] Lo.kZ
½.k vkSj vU; vukSipkfjd ½.kksa dks pqdkus dh leL;k
ls fuiVuk gSA
Hkkjrh; çfrfØ;k dksfoM osQ fy,% Ñf"k
z bZ&uke esa lqèkkj% jk"Vªh; Ñf"k cktkj eap dh ubZ fo'ks"krkvksa
dks eafM;ksa esa HkhM+HkkM+ de djus osQ Lokxr ;ksX; dne
osQ :i esa is'k fd;k x;kA
z rduhdh lgk;rk% fdlkuksa dks vkiwfrZ J`a•yk vkSj eky
ifjogu çcaèku ç.kkyh ls tksM+us osQ fy, fdlku lHkk ,si
dks gky gh esa ykWdMkmu osQ nkSjku fdlkuksa dk leFkZu
djus osQ fy, ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA
z Ñf"k vkSj ckxokuh mRiknksa dh vkoktkgh osQ fy, ifjogu
okguksa dh •kst esa fdlkuksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa dh lqfoèkk osQ
fy, fdlku jFk ,si Hkh ykWUp fd;k x;kA
z vuqcaèk •srh dks c<+kok% fofHkUu jkT;ksa us egkekjh osQ
dkj.k tkjh vfuf'prrkvksa dks ns•rs gq, fuos'kdksa vkSj
fdlkuksa dks vuqcaèk •srh osQ fy, ,d le>kSrs esa ços'k djus
dh vuqefr nsus okys vfHkuo ekWMy dks c<+kok fn;k gSA
412
z lhèks gLrkarj.k osQ fy, vkoaVu% ih,e fdlku osQ
ekè;e ls fdlkuksa dks MhchVh osQ fy, vkoaVu c<+kuk vkSj
ykWdMkmu osQ nkSjku lfØ; :i ls fd, x, lHkh yksxksa
dks 'kkfey djukA
lqèkkjksa dk Hkfo"; nk;jk
z ,ih,elh esa lqèkkj% bu lqèkkjksa osQ lkFk] ljdkj us jkT;
}kjk lapkfyr ,ih,elh osQ n'kdksa iqjkus ,dkfèkdkj dks
•Re djus dh ;kstuk Hkh 'kq: dh gS] ftUgsa vDlj vuqfpr
O;kikj osQ fy, nks"kh Bgjk;k tkrk Fkk] vkSj fdlkuksa osQ fy,
mfpr ewY; çkIr djus esa ckèkk cu x;k FkkA
z xksnkeksa dks cktkjksa osQ :i esa ukfer djuk% xksnke jlhn
ç.kkyh dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA futh {ks=k dks vkèkqfud
cqfu;knh <k¡ps okyh eafM;k¡ •ksyus osQ fy, çksRlkfgr fd;k
tkuk pkfg,] deh'ku dh lhek r; djuh pkfg,A
z jln ifjorZu% Ñf"k oLrqvksa dh ekax dks cuk, j•us
osQ fy, çeq• jln esa fuos'k c<+k;k tkuk pkfg,A blosQ
vykok] bZ&dkWelZ vkSj fMyhojh daifu;ksa vkSj LVkVZ&vIl
dks mi;qÙkQ uhfr;ksa vkSj çksRlkguksa osQ lkFk çksRlkfgr djus
dh vko';drk gSA
z Ñf"k Je dks laLFkkxr cukuk% Ñf"k Je dh deh dh
rRdky fparkvksa dks nwj djus osQ fy,] uhfr;ksa dks mi;qÙkQ
çksRlkgu osQ lkFk jkT; laLFkkvksa] fdlku mRiknd laxBuksa
(,iQihvks) ;k dLVe gk;fjax lsaVj (lh,plh) osQ ekè;e
ls e'khujh dh vklku miyCèkrk dh lqfoèkk çnku djuh
pkfg,A
z laLFkkxr ½.k dk foLrkj% •jhiQ (o"kkZ@ckfj'k) dk
ekSle rsth ls vk jgk gS] iQly ½.k osQ laLFkkxr ½.k
dk foLrkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj mèkkj ysus okys fdlkuksa
dks ½.k osQ lqpk: (vkSj i;kZIr) çokg dh lqfoèkk çnku
dh tkuh pkfg,A
egkekjh vkSj Hkkjr esa Ñf"k dk Hkfo";
z O;ogk;Z vkthfodk osQ :i esa •srh% Ñf"k ej jgh gS]
Hkkstu osQ mRiknu esa ugha cfYd ,d okaNuh; is'ks osQ :i
esaA ,d •jkc mit] pkgs og csekSle ckfj'k] dhV vkfn
osQ dkj.k gks vkSj vfèkdka'k fdlkuksa osQ ikl dksbZ ciQj
miyCèk ugha gSA
z baæèkuq"k Økafr dh oqQath gS% ?kVrh mRikndrk ckèkk dks ikj
djus osQ fy,] xsgwa&pkoy pØ ls vU; vukt vkSj nkyksa
esa cnyko djosQ ,d baæèkuq"kh Økafr dh 'kq#vkr djus dh
vko';drk gSA
z çfr cwan vfèkd iQly% c<+rh tula[;k osQ dkj.k •srksa
osQ fo•aMu osQ dkj.k çfr O;fÙkQ •srh ;ksX; Hkwfe ?kV
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 jgh gSA bl i`"BHkwfe esa] lw{e flapkbZ esa cnyko djus dk z ik=k ykHkkfFkZ;ksa }kjk çlaLdj.k vkSj ewY;oèkZu volajpuk esa
le; vk x;k gS rkfd nqyZHk ty lalkèkuksa dk oqQ'ky vkSj bl rjg osQ fuos'k ls fu;kZr dks c<+kok Hkh feysxkA
foosdiw.kZ mi;ksx fd;k tk losQA z pwafd Hkkjr esa nwèk mRiknu osQ vafre ewY; dk yxHkx
z vkj ,aM Mh Hkfo"; gS% Ñf"k mRikndrk dks c<+kus osQ 50&60» fdlkuksa osQ ikl okil tkrk gS] bl {ks=k esa
fy, çeq• ckèkkvksa esa ls ,d ubZ çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dh deh fodkl dk fdlku dh vk; ij egRoiw.kZ çR;{k çHkko gks
vkSj gfjr Økafr osQ ckn çeq• liQyrk,a gSaA vuqlaèkku vkSj ldrk gSA
fodkl osQ fy, futh {ks=k ls Hkh dksbZ cM+k ;ksxnku ugha z nwèk cktkj dk vkdkj vkSj nwèk dh fcØh ls fdlkuksa dh
jgk gSA vk; lgdkjh vkSj futh Ms;fj;ksa }kjk laxfBr mBko osQ
fodkl ls fudVrk ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA bl çdkj] #i;s dk
i'kqikyu volajpuk fodkl fufèk fuos'kA ,,pvkbZMh,iQ osQ ekè;e ls 15]000 djksM+ u
(,,pvkbZMh,iQ) osQoy dbZ xquk vfèkd futh fuos'k dk ykHk mBk,xk cfYd
z gky gh esa ?kksf"kr vkRefuHkZj Hkkjr vfHk;ku çksRlkgu fdlkuksa dks buiqV esa vfèkd fuos'k djus osQ fy, çsfjr
iSosQt osQ vuqlj.k esa] osQfcusV us 15000 djksM+ #i;s dh djsxk ftlls mPp mRikndrk c<+sxh ftlls fdlkuksa dh
i'kqikyu volajpuk fodkl fufèk (AHIDF) dh LFkkiuk vk; esa o`f¼ gksxhA
dks eatwjh nhA z ,,pvkbZMh,iQ osQ ekè;e ls vkt LohÑr fd, x, mik;
yxHkx 35 yk• yksxksa osQ fy, çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k
mís'; :i ls vkthfodk fuekZ.k esa enn djsaxsA
z nwèk volajpuk osQ fodkl osQ fy, lgdkjh {ks=k }kjk fuos'k
dks çksRlkfgr djus osQ fy,A Hkkjr esa flapkbZ ç.kkyh
z ,e,l,ebZ vkSj futh daifu;ksa dks Hkh i'kqikyu {ks=k esa z flapkbZ dks Hkwfe ;k feêðh esa ikuh osQ Ñf=ke vuqç;ksx
çlaLdj.k vkSj ewY;oèkZu cqfu;knh <kaps esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh osQ :i esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA
osQ fy, çksRlkfgr vkSj çksRlkfgr fd;k tk jgk gSA
z ;g ty osQ vU; lzksr osQ lkFk o"kkZ ty dk LFkkukiUu
iQk;ns ;k iwjd gSA
z i'kqikyu {ks=k esa futh {ks=k osQ fuos'k osQ ekè;e ls z flapkbZ Ñf"k mRiknu osQ fy, iQlyksa dks ikuh dh Ñf=ke
vuykWd gksus dh cgqr cM+h laHkkouk gSA vkiwfrZ gSA ikuh miyCèk djkus osQ dbZ Ñf=ke rjhosQ gks
z futh fuos'kdksa osQ fy, C;kt lcosa'ku Ldhe osQ lkFk ldrs gSa tSls ugjsa] oqQ,¡] uydwi] VSad vkfn] tks fofHkUu
,,pvkbZMh,iQ bu ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, vko';d vfxze lzksrksa tSls ufn;ksa] rkykcksa] ;k Hkwfexr ty dks yf{kr •srksa
fuos'k dks iwjk djus osQ fy, iwath dh miyCèkrk lqfuf'pr rd igq¡pkrs gSaA
djsxk vkSj fuos'kdksa osQ fy, lexz fjVuZ@iscSd c<+kus esa z ty jkT; dk (lafoèkku dh lkroha vuqlwph osQ vuqlkj)
Hkh enn djsxkA fo"k; gSA
ikuh dh orZeku fLFkfr
z uhfr vk;ksx osQ lexz ty çcaèku lwpdkad (2019) ls irk pyrk gS fd 75» Hkkjrh; ifjokjksa dks
vius ifjlj esa ihus osQ ikuh dh lqfoèkk ugha gSA
jk"Vªh; vuqeku z varfj{k buiqV (2019) dk mi;ksx djosQ ikuh dh miyCèkrk osQ osQaæh; ty vk;ksx osQ iqueZwY;kadu
ls irk pyrk gS fd Hkkjr viuh okf"kZd o"kkZ dk osQoy 18» mi;ksx djrk gSA bldk eryc gS fd
çkIr oqQy 3880 chlh,e esa ls 699 fcfy;u D;wfcd ehVj (chlh,e) dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
z ¶2030 rd lHkh osQ fy, LoPN ty vkSj LoPNrk¸ ij lrr fodkl y{; &6 (SDG&6) ij la;qÙkQ
jk"Vª dh fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd Hkkjr us 2019 rd y{; dk osQoy 56-6 çfr'kr gh gkfly fd;k gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; z ty çcaèku xq.koÙkk lwpdkad us Hkkjr dks 122 ns'kksa esa 120osa LFkku ij j•k gSA
vuqeku z Hkkjr dh igpku ty&rukoxzLr ns'k osQ :i esa gSA pwafd çfr O;fÙkQ ikuh dh miyCèkrk 1951 esa
5]178 D;wfcd ehVj (m3)@o"kZ ls ?kVdj 2011 esa 1]544 D;wfcd ehVj gks xbZA mEehn gS fd ;g
2050 rd 1]140 D;wfcd ehVj rd igqap tk,xhA

Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k

Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k 413
flapkbZ ç.kkyh osQ çdkj

flapkbZ iz.kkyh dh fdLesa

uyowQi ls
oqQ,a dh flapkbZ ugj flapkbZ fNM+dko flapkbZ cwan ls flapkbZ VSad flapkbZ
flapkbZ

z oqQ,a eq[; :i ls ;wih] fcgkj] rfeyukMq vkfn esa ik, tkrs gSaA
z fofHkUu çdkj osQ oqQ,¡ gSa & mFkys oqQ,¡] xgjs oqQ,¡] uydwi] vkVZsf'k;u oqQ,¡] vkfnA mFkys oqQvksa ls
ikuh ges'kk miyCèk ugha gksrk gS D;ksafd 'kq"d eghuksa osQ nkSjku ikuh dk Lrj uhps pyk tkrk gSA
oqQ,a vkSj uydwi z xgjs oqQ,¡ flapkbZ osQ fy, vfèkd mi;qÙkQ gksrs gSa D;ksafd buls ikuh lky Hkj miyCèk jgrk gSA
ls flapkbZ z ftu LFkkuksa ij Hkwfexr ty miyCèk gS] ogk¡ Ñf"k {ks=k osQ ikl uydwi LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk
gSA fctyh ls pyus okyk ,d xgjk uydwi lrgh oqQ,a dh rqyuk esa cgqr cM+s {ks=k dh flapkbZ dj
ldrk gSA
z uydwiksa dk mi;ksx T;knkrj ;wih] gfj;k.kk] iatkc] fcgkj vkSj xqtjkr esa fd;k tkrk gSA
z fupys Lrj osQ jkgr] xgjh mitkÅ feêðh] ikuh osQ ckjgeklh lzksr vkSj O;kid dekaM {ks=k osQ {ks=kksa
esa ugjsa flapkbZ dk ,d çHkkoh lzksr gks ldrh gSaA
z blfy,] ugj flapkbZ dh eq[; l?kurk Hkkjr osQ mÙkjh eSnku esa gS] fo'ks"kdj mÙkj çns'k] gfj;k.kk
vkSj iatkc osQ {ks=kksa esaA
z pêðkuh vkSj ÅcM+&•kcM+ bykdksa esa ugjksa dh •qnkbZ dfBu vkSj vykHkdkjh gSA bl çdkj] çk;}hih;
iBkjh {ks=k ls ugjsa O;kogkfjd :i ls vuqifLFkr gSaA gkyk¡fd] nf{k.k Hkkjr esa rVh; vkSj MsYVk {ks=kksa
ugj flapkbZ
esa flapkbZ osQ fy, oqQN ugjsa gSaA
z nks çdkj% tyIykou ugjsa] tks fcuk fdlh fofu;eu ç.kkyh tSls fd ckaèk vkfn osQ fcuk ufn;ksa ls
fudkyh tkrh gSaA bl rjg dh ugjsa eq[; :i ls cjlkr osQ ekSle esa flapkbZ çnku djrh gSa tc unh
ck<+ esa gksrh gS vkSj ikuh dh vfèkdrk gksrh gSA
z ckjgeklh ugjsa os gSa tks unh ij cSjkt cukdj ckjgeklh ufn;ksa ls fudkyh tkrh gSaA Hkkjr esa vfèkdka'k
ugjsa ckjgeklh gSaA
z ,d lfjrk osQ vkj&ikj fufeZr feêðh ;k iRFkjksa osQ ,d NksVs ls ckaèk dk fuekZ.k djosQ ,d VSad fodflr
fd;k tkrk gSA ckaèk }kjk jksosQ x, ikuh dk mi;ksx flapkbZ vkSj vU; mís';ksa osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
VSad flapkbZ
z VSad esa dukZVd iBkj] eè; çns'k] egkjk"Vª] vksfM'kk] eè; çns'k osQ osQjy cqansy•aM {ks=k] jktLFkku
vkSj xqtjkr esa flapkbZ dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lzksr 'kkfey gSA
z ;g ,d çdkj dh lw{e flapkbZ ç.kkyh gS ftlesa feêðh dh lrg osQ Åij ls ;k lrg osQ uhps ncs
ikuh dks ikSèkksa dh tM+ksa rd èkhjs&èkhjs Vidus nsdj ikuh vkSj iks"kd rRoksa dks cpkus dh {kerk gksrh gSA
z y{; ikuh dks lhèks tM+ {ks=k esa j•uk vkSj ok"ihdj.k dks de djuk gSA fMªi flapkbZ çfØ;k esa]
ikuh vkSj iks"kd rRoksa dks 'fMªij ykbUl' dgs tkus okys ikbiksa esa iwjs {ks=k esa igq¡pk;k tkrk gS] ftlesa
cwan ls flapkbZ
^fMªilZ* osQ :i esa tkuh tkus okyh NksVh bdkb;k¡ gksrh gSaA
z fMªi flapkbZ esa] ikSèks dh tM+ osQ ikl ,feVj ;k fMªilZ osQ ekè;e ls] feêðh dh lrg ij ;k uhps]
2&20 yhVj çfr ?kaVs dh nj ls de nj ij ikuh yxk;k tkrk gSA yxkrkj flapkbZ osQ lkFk feêðh dh
ueh dks b"Vre Lrj ij j•k tkrk gSA

414 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 z çR;sd fMªij ikuh vkSj moZjdksa ls ;qÙkQ cwanksa dk mRltZu djrk gS] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i ikuh vkSj
iks"kd rRoksa dk ,d leku mi;ksx lhèks çR;sd ikSèks osQ tM+ {ks=k esa] iwjs {ks=k esa gksrk gSA
z lHkh flapkbZ fofèk;ksa esa] fMªi flapkbZ lcls oqQ'ky gS vkSj iQlyksa dh ,d cM+h fofoèkrk osQ fy, fo'ks"k
:i ls lfCt;ksa] cxhpksa dh iQlyksa] iQwyksa vkSj jksi.k iQlyksa esa bldk vH;kl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z bl fofèk esa] ikuh dks gok esa fNM+dk tkrk gS vkSj tehu dh lrg ij ckfj'k osQ leku fxjus fn;k
tkrk gSA Lçs dks NksVs fNæksa ;k uksty osQ ekè;e ls ncko esa ikuh osQ çokg }kjk fodflr fd;k tkrk gSA
z iQly N=k osQ Åij ;k uhps ikuh dk fNM+dko fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn fdlh LFkku dks vfèkdka'k
le; goknkj ekuk tkrk gS] rks fLçadyj flapkbZ mi;qÙkQ ugha gksxhA fLçadyj ikuh dks 0-5&4 feeh
vkdkj dh cwanksa esa rksM+ nsrk gSA cwan osQ vkdkj dks fLçadyj osQ ncko vkSj uksty osQ vkdkj }kjk
fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gSA vkSlr nj ftl ij iQlyksa ij ikuh dk fNM+dko fd;k tkrk gS] mls feeh@?kaVs
fNM+dko flapkbZ esa ekik tkrk gSA
z fLçadyj flapkbZ ç.kkyh vleku Hkwfe vkSj mFkyh feêðh ij flapkbZ osQ fy, ,d cgqr gh mi;qÙkQ
fofèk gSA
z èkku] twV vkfn iQlyksa dks NksM+dj yxHkx lHkh iQlysa iQOokjk flapkbZ ç.kkyh osQ fy, mi;qÙkQ gSaA
z lw•h iQlysa] lfCt;ka] iQwy okyh iQlysa] ckx] pk;] dkWiQh tSlh jksi.k iQlysa lHkh mi;qÙkQ gSa vkSj
bUgsa fLçadyj ls lhapk tk ldrk gSA

flapkbZ dk egRo vkSj vko';drk
z o"kkZ dk iSVuZ% Hkkjr dk o"kkZ iSVuZ LFkkfud vkSj ykSfdd
fHkUurkvksa nksuksa ls xzLr gS & lkFk gh ;g viuh vfuf'prrk]
vfu;ferrk] vfo'oluh;rk vkSj vfuf'pr çÑfr osQ fy,
tkuk tkrk gSA
z Hkkstu dh ekax% tSls&tSls tula[;k c<+rh gS] vxys 50 o"kks±
esa Hkkstu dh ekax orZeku dh rqyuk esa nksxquh gks tk,xh]
vkSj cnys esa flapkbZ dh ekax c<+ tk,xhA
z iQly dh mit% foosdiw.kZ flapkbZ iQly dh mit esa o`f¼
djrh gS] vdky ls cpkrh gS] vkSj iQlyksa dh vko';drk
osQ vuqlkj ikuh dh vkiwfrZ osQ lkFk csgrj iQly mxkus esa
Hkh enn djrh gSA
z feêðh dh moZjrk% çHkkoh flapkbZ osQ dkj.k feêðh dh ueh
cuh jgrh gS vkSj blfy, feêðh dh moZjrk esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
z vfèkd mit okys chtksa dh vko';drk% u, vkSj vfèkd
mit nsus okys chtksa dks vfrfjÙkQ ikuh dh vko';drk gksrh
gS vkSj bls flapkbZ osQ ekè;e ls iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z tyok;q ifjorZu% tyok;q ifjorZu osQ dkj.k ck<+ vkSj
vdky dh la[;k esa o`f¼ •k| lqj{kk osQ fy, mfpr flapkbZ
ç.kkyh dh vko';drk gSA
z iQly l?kurk c<+k,¡% ckjkuh {ks=kksa esa T;knkrj ,d iQlyh
gksrh gS] ftlesa de o"kkZ gksrh gS] ckj&ckj lw•s dh laHkkouk
gksrh gS] feêðh dk dVko gksrk gS] vkSj uktqd pkjkxkg Hkwfe
dh fo'ks"krk gksrh gSA
z flapkbZ osQ ekè;e ls vfèkd Hkwfe dks •srh osQ rgr ykuk
laHko gS% orZeku esa ns'k esa 76» Ñf"k Hkwfe iQly dh ikuh
dh vko';drk dks iwjk djus osQ fy, igqap dh deh osQ
dkj.k vkèkh mRiknd vofèk osQ fy, vç;qÙkQ jgrh gSA
z •k| lqj{kk% 19-44 fefy;u gsDVs;j orZeku ijrh Hkwfe
Fkh tcfd •srh ;ksX; catj Hkwfe esa vU; 13-83 fefy;u
gsDVs;j 'kkfey gSA flapkbZ lqfoèkkvksa ds çkoèkku ls bl Hkwfe
osQ oqQN fgLls dks •srh ;ksX; cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
lw{e flapkbZ ç.kkyh
z lw{e flapkbZ ç.kkyh dh rqyuk esa ikuh cpkus vkSj ty
mi;ksx n{krk c<+kus esa çHkkoh gS A
z ikjaifjd lrg flapkbZ fofèkA blosQ vykok] ;g ikuh dh
•ir] vokafNr ikSèkksa (•jirokj) dh o`f¼] feêðh osQ
dVko vkSj •srh dh ykxr dks de djus esa enn djrk gSA
z Hkkjr nqfu;k dh vkcknh dk 17» ls vfèkd vkSj osQoy
4» ehBs ikuh osQ lalkèkuksa dks lek;ksftr djrk gS] ftlesa
ls yxHkx 80» vosQys Ñf"k esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
ty mRikndrk c<+kus osQ fy, oqQ'ky flapkbZ çkS|ksfxfd;ksa
dh ekax djrk gSA
z lw{e flapkbZ (,evkbZ) rduhd tSls fMªi flapkbZ] fLçadyj]
jsu&xu] >j>jk ikbi ç.kkyh] vkfn tgka iQlyksa dks lhèks
ikuh dh vkiwfrZ dh tkrh gS] dks vfHkuo ty&cpr
rduhd ekuk tkrk gSA lw{e flapkbZ (;k LFkkuh; flapkbZ)
foosQaæhÑr flapkbZ ç.kkyh dk ,d çdkj gSA

Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k

Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k 415
lw{e flapkbZ dh vko';drk
z tSlk fd Ñf"k {ks=k Hkkjr esa 80» rkts ikuh dh •ir
djrk gS] c<+rs ty ladV ls fuiVus osQ rjhosQ osQ :i esa
vDlj osQaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk lw{e flapkbZ dks c<+kok
fn;k tkrk gSA
z ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd fMªi vkSj fLçadyj flapkbZ ikjaifjd
xq#Rokd"kZ.k çokg flapkbZ dh rqyuk esa cgqr de ek=kk esa
•srksa esa ikuh igqapkrh gSA
z lw{e flapkbZ ls csgrj ifj.kke feyrs gSa] ysfdu NksVs vkSj
lhekar fdlku vDlj bls voguh; ikrs gSaA •jhiQ iQly
osQ rgr oqQy 151-33 yk• gsDVs;j esa ls osQoy 25-72
yk• gsDVs;j lw{e flapkbZ ls vkPNkfnr gSA
ty mi;ksx n{krk
z ty mi;ksx n{krk (MCY;w;wbZ) dks dkcZu dh ek=kk osQ
:i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS tks iQly }kjk mi;ksx
fd, tkus okys ikuh dh çfr bdkbZ ck;ksekl ;k vukt
osQ :i esa mRikfnr gksrh gSA ;g ty vkiwfrZ lzksrksa osQ
lkoèkkuhiwoZd çcaèku] ty lsok çkS|ksfxfd;ksa osQ mi;ksx]
vR;fèkd ekax esa deh vkSj vU; dk;ks± osQ ckjs esa gSA
lw{e flapkbZ osQ ykHk
z ty mi;ksx n{krk@vkSj flapkbZ ty mRikndrk% ;g
viokg] ok"ihdj.k vkfn osQ dkj.k ikuh dh cckZnh dks
de djus esa enn djrk gSA ;g vkxs feêðh çcaèku esa enn
djrk gS vkSj tyHkjko dks jksdrk gSA
z ÅtkZ n{krk% ;g de ikuh osQ mi;ksx osQ dkj.k çHkkoh
<ax ls fctyh cpk ldrk gS vkSj bl çdkj Hkwty dks iai
djus osQ fy, ÅtkZ vko';drkvksa esa deh dj ldrk gSA
z moZjd çkS|ksfxdh% moZjdksa vkSj ikuh dk lVhd feJ.k]
lokZsÙke •qjkd dk fu;a=k.k] vkSj moZjdksa dh lhèkh •qjkd
dks tM+ {ks=k esa Mkyus ls iQlyksa }kjk moZjd dh •ir esa
o`f¼ gksrh gSA
z iQly mRikndrk esa o`f¼% ;g iQly dh mit (ek=kk
vkSj xq.koÙkk) dks c<+krk gSA c<+rh vkcknh vkSj ikuh dh
deh dh ekax us yach vofèk esa mRikndrk esa o`f¼ dh gSA
mRikndrk esa lqèkkj ls fdlkuksa dh vk; nksxquh djus esa
Hkh enn feysxhA
z ykxr cpr% ;g flapkbZ] Hkwfe&Lrjhdj.k] fujkbZ vkSj moZjd
vkosnu osQ fy, Je esa deh osQ dkj.k yacs le; esa flapkbZ
dh oqQy ykxr dks de dj nsxkA
z varj&iQly% ,d csgrj ty ifjn`'; ubZ iQlyksa osQ
vfrfjÙkQ enn djrk gS ;k varj&iQly dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
416
z volajpuk fodkl% vU; ç.kkfy;ksa osQ foijhr tgka ckaèkksa]
ugjksa vkfn tSls cqfu;knh <kaps dks fodflr djus esa o"kks±
yx tkrs gSa] lw{e flapkbZ ç.kkfy;ksa osQ cqfu;knh <kaps dks
eghuksa esa cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
z mPp iSnkokj% ikjaifjd ck<+ flapkbZ dh rqyuk esa iSnkokj
vfèkd gksrh gSA fofHkUu iQlyksa osQ fy, lw{e flapkbZ osQ
mi;ksx osQ dkj.k mRikndrk ykHk 20 ls 90» dh lhek esa
gksus dk vuqeku gSA xsgwa esa 45»] puk esa 20» vkSj lks;kchu
esa 40» rd iQlyksa dh iSnkokj esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
z de ikuh dh gkfu% ifjogu esa ikuh dh deh osQ dkj.k
ikuh dh deh Hkh de gksrh gS vkSj ok"ihdj.k] viokg
vkSj xgjs var%lzo.k osQ ekè;e ls ikuh osQ uqdlku esa Hkh
deh vkrh gSA
z moZjdksa dh de •ir% ,d oqQ'ky fMªi flapkbZ ç.kkyh
iQfVZxs'ku osQ ekè;e ls moZjd dh •ir dks de djrh gSA
z •jirokj vkSj jksx esa deh% ;g •jirokjksa osQ fodkl dks
jksdus esa enn djrk gS D;ksafd ;g xhys {ks=kksa dks lhfer
j•rk gSA bl fLFkfr esa chekjh dk çdksi Hkh de gks tkrk
gSA
z lVhd •srh% Lo&pkfyr fLçadyj vkSj lw{e flapkbZ
ç.kkfy;ksa osQ fy, mHkjrh dEI;wVjhÑr thih,l&vkèkkfjr
lVhd flapkbZ çkS|ksfxfd;ka mRikndksa dks ikuh vkSj Ñf"k
jlk;uksa dks vfèkd lVhd :i ls vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls feêðh
vkSj ikSèkksa dh fLFkfr vkSj ok;jysl lsalj usVodZ }kjk çnku
dh tkus okyh t:jrksa ls esy •kus esa l{ke cukrh gSaA
z flapkbZ vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj xjhch esa deh esa ;ksxnku
djrh gS% vk; vkSj jkstxkj dk mRiknu ls xgjk lacaèk gS
vkSj flapkbZ ls mRiknu c<+rk gS] xzkeh.k bykdksa esa vk; esa
i;kZIr o`f¼ gksrh gSA
Hkkjr esa flapkbZ ç.kkyh dh pqukSfr;k¡
z {kerk dk de mi;ksx% flapkbZ {kerk osQ de mi;ksx dh
leL;k igyh ;kstuk ls gh gekjs lkeus ,d xaHkhj leL;k
jgh gSA oqQy flapkbZ {kerk dk 10 çfr'kr ls vfèkd
vç;qÙkQ jgrk gSA
z ÅtkZ ladV% xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh Hkkjr esa fctyh dh dVkSrh]
oksYVst esa mrkj&p<+ko vkSj vfuèkkZfjr varjky ekStwn gSaA
z rduhdh lgk;rk% j•j•ko osQ fy, lgk;rk dh deh gS
(mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ikbfiax] iksj&DykWfxax ij Ñard geyk)
z ukWyst osQi% ySc ls tehu rd çkS|ksfxdh dk gLrkarj.k
•jkc gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z fo'kky çkFkfed ykxr% çkjafHkd LFkkiuk dh ykxr cgqr
vfèkd gS tks 85» ls vfèkd Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa osQ fy,
laHko ugha gS tks NksVs vkSj lhekar gSaA
z ikuh dh miyCèkrk% gkykafd Hkkjr esa vkSlr ikuh dh
miyCèkrk çkÑfrd gkbMªksfyd pØ osQ vuqlkj dekscs'k
fLFkj jgrh gS] ysfdu c<+rh tula[;k osQ dkj.k çfr O;fÙkQ
miyCèkrk mÙkjksÙkj de gks jgh gSA
z n{krk varj% fufeZr flapkbZ {kerk (vkbZihlh) vkSj mi;ksx
dh xbZ flapkbZ {kerk (vkbZih;w) osQ chp varj gSA
z Hkwfe tksr vkSj Ñf"k vk; esa fxjkoV% Hkkjr dh ifjpkyu
Hkwfe tksr ij MsVk ls irk pyrk gS fd 1960 osQ n'kd
osQ ckn ls tksr dk vkSlr vkdkj vkèkk gks x;k gSA ?kVrh
Hkwfe ls gksus okyh ekewyh Ñf"k vk; Hkkjrh; •srksa ij egaxh
lw{e flapkbZ dh fLFkjrk dks pqukSrh nsrh gSA
z flapkbZ vkSj Ñf"k fodkl osQ chp leUo; dk vHkko%
iQly iSVuZ vkSj çFkkvksa esa ifjorZu ek=kk vkSj bldh vkiwfrZ
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
osQ le; nksuksa esa ikuh dh ekax dks cny nsrk gSA flapkbZ
çkfèkdj.k dkiQh le; varjky osQ ckn ekax esa cnyko osQ
fy, vkiwfrZ dks lek;ksftr djus dh dkjZokbZ djrk gSA
z flapkbZ {ks=k ls foÙkh; fjVuZ% ekStwnk flapkbZ lqfoèkkvksa ls
foÙkh; fjVuZ cgqr de jgk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] pacy
flapkbZ ifj;kstuk osQ ,d gkfy;k vè;;u ls irk pyk gS
fd flapkbZ ls gksus okyk jktLo dkedkth •pks± ls Hkh 73
iQhlnh de gSA
z tyfudklh dh leL;k flapkbZ us ty fudklh] HkhM+&HkkM+]
ty&teko] oqQçcaèku vkSj ikuh dh cckZnh vkfn ls lacafèkr
leL;kvksa dks Hkh mBk;k gSA ugjsa vkSj lM+d fuekZ.k
çkÑfrd ty fudklh esa ckèkk Mkyrs gSaA
z ikuh dk vfèkd mi;ksx% Ñf"k {ks=k rkts ikuh osQ yxHkx
80» lalkèkuksa dk mi;ksx djrk gS vkSj 'ks"k m|ksx vkSj ?kjksa
}kjk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
417
z fo"ke flapkbZ forj.k% Hkkjr osQ ldy iQlyh {ks=k
(198 fefy;u gsDVs;j) dk yxHkx vkèkk gh flafpr gSA
Hkwfexr ty dk flapkbZ esa yxHkx 64 çfr'kr] ugjksa dk
23 çfr'kr] rkykcksa dk 2 çfr'kr rFkk vU; lzksrksa dk 11
çfr'kr ;ksxnku gSA
z ikuh dk voqQ'ky mi;ksx% fo'ks"k :i ls mÙkj&if'pe {ks=k
esa vuqnku vkSj çksRlkguksa osQ dkj.k ikuh dk vR;fèkd nksgu
gqvk gSA blls {ks=k dks fj;k;rh ikuh vkSj fctyh dh njksa
ij gfjr Økafr dk vfèkdre ykHk mBkus esa enn feyhA
ysfdu vkt ;g {ks=k mÙkj&iwohZ phu vkSj nf{k.k&if'peh
;w,l, (osQfyiQksfuZ;k) osQ lkFk&lkFk nqfu;k osQ rhu lcls
vfèkd ty tksf•e okys gkWVLikWV esa ls ,d gSA
uhfrxr fliQkfj'ksa
z Ñf"k fodkl esa rsth ykus vkSj •k| lqj{kk dh t:jrksa dks
iwjk djus osQ fy, flapkbZ ç.kkyh osQ foLrkj osQ fy, cM+k
lkoZtfud vkSj futh fuos'k_
z çeq• vkSj eè;e lzksrksa ls flapkbZ {kerk dk rsth ls
nksgu_
z py jgh ifj;kstukvksa dks iwjk djuk] flapkbZ {kerk
osQ mi;ksx esa lqèkkj vkSj iwohZ {ks=k esa xzkeh.k fo|qrhdj.k
dk foLrkj vkSj mPp ykxr okys Mhty iai lsVksa dk
çfrLFkkiu_
z lrgh vkSj Hkwfexr ty dk la;qÙkQ mi;ksx lqfuf'pr djuk_
z ewy xkMfxy lw=k] tks çeq• vkSj eè;e flapkbZ vkSj fctyh
ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, jkT; ;kstukvksa osQ oqQy lalkèku dk
10 çfr'kr fuèkkZfjr djrk gS] dks iquthZfor fd;k tkuk
pkfg,_
z oS|ukFku lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa dks ykxw djuk%
 lfefr us ikuh dh njksa dks r; djus] vkfFkZd ty njksa
osQ lapkyu vkSj j•j•ko (vks & ,e) ?kVd ij ykxr
o`f¼ osQ fy, ekunaMksa dk lq>ko fn;kA
 blus fofHkUu Ñf"k&tyok;q {ks=kksa osQ fy, iQly&okj
vkSj {ks=k&okj ty njksa ls ikuh dh vkiwfrZ dh ek=kkRed
njksa osQ :ikarj.k dk lq>ko fn;kA
z LFkkuh; Lrj ls jk"Vªh; Lrj rd lokZsÙke çFkkvksa dks
viukuk%
 egkjk"Vª esa ty;qÙkQ f'kokj ;kstuk us çR;sd fdlku dks
mlosQ Ñf"k {ks=k esa •sr rkykc miyCèk djkus esa çeq•
Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA
 xqtjkr ^Hkqax:* esa ,d ty çcaèku ç.kkyh gS tks
vfrfjÙkQ o"kkZ ty dks Hkwfexr :i ls batsDV vkSj
418
laxzghr djrh gSA bl ikuh dk mi;ksx xehZ osQ fnuksa esa
flapkbZ osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
 fe'ku dkdrh; rsyaxkuk ljdkj osQ rgr ,d çeq•
dk;ZØe gS ftldk mís'; rkykcksa vkSj VSadksa tSls ikuh
osQ y?kq flapkbZ lzksrksa dks cgky djuk gSA
z ukxfjd lekt osQ lkFk Hkkxhnkjh% ikuh iQkmaMs'ku
lR;eso t;rs okVj di dk vk;kstu djrk gS] tks feêðh
vkSj ty laj{k.k esa mRÑ"Vrk osQ fy, ,d çfr;ksfxrk gSA
z varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx% btjkby fLFkr ,d daiuh usVkfiQe
us jkeFky] dukZVd esa ,d ikfjokfjd fMªi flapkbZ ç.kkyh
dh {kerk fn•kbZ gSA
btjkby dh liQyrk dh dgkuh
z ikuh dh deh okyk ,d e#LFkyh; jk"Vª ty vfèk'ks"k
jk"Vª cu x;k gS D;ksafd blus lw{e flapkbZ çFkkvksa dks
vuqdwfyr fd;k gS] fo'ks"k :i ls fMªi flapkbZ tks •qyh
ugjksa osQ ekè;e ls flapkbZ osQ fy, mi;ksx fd, tkus
okys ikuh dk yxHkx rhu&pkSFkkbZ cpkrh gSA
ljdkj dh igy
z ty 'kfÙkQ ea=kky;% igys osQ ea=kky;ksa dks iquxZfBr djosQ
lqjf{kr is;ty rd igqap çnku djus osQ fy, cuk;k x;k
z lw{e flapkbZ ij jk"Vªh; fe'ku% lw{e flapkbZ ij osQaæ
çk;ksftr jk"Vªh; fe'ku (,u,e,evkbZ) dks tuojh 2006
esa 'kq: dh xbZ igys dh lw{e flapkbZ ;kstuk osQ vykok
twu 2010 esa ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA
z lw{e flapkbZ dks"k% ljdkj us ukckMZ osQ lkFk feydj ,d
lefiZr lw{e flapkbZ dks"k cuk;k gSA bl dks"k dk mís';
ns'k esa lw{e flapkbZ osQ foLrkj osQ fy, lalkèkuksa dks tqVkus
osQ fy, jkT;ksa dks lqfoèkk çnku djuk gSA
z o"kkZ flafpr {ks=k fodkl dk;ZØe (vkj,Mhih)%
,d igy ftldk mís'; mfpr Ñf"k ç.kkyh&vkèkkfjr
n`f"Vdks.kksa dks viukdj o"kkZ flafpr {ks=kksa dh Ñf"k mRikndrk
dks LFkk;h :i ls c<+kuk gSA
z çèkku ea=kh Ñf"k flapkbZ ;kstuk% bl ;kstuk dk mís'; flapkbZ
vkiwfrZ J`a•yk (ty lzksr] forj.k usVodZ vkSj •sr&Lrjh;
vuqç;ksxksa) esa ,aM&Vw&,aM lekèkku çnku djuk gSA
z dkys'oje fyÝV flapkbZ ifj;kstuk% rsyaxkuk dh
dkys'oje fyÝV flapkbZ ;kstuk] dkys'oje] HkwikyiYyh]
rsyaxkuk esa xksnkojh unh ij ,d cgqmís';h; flapkbZ
ifj;kstuk gSA ;g ifj;kstuk çk.kfgrk unh vkSj xksnkojh unh
osQ laxe fcanq ij 'kq: gksrh gSA ;g nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h
flapkbZ vkSj is;ty ç.kkyh gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z uhjapy jk"Vªh; ty{ks=k ifj;kstuk% lekosf'krk vkSj
LFkkuh; Hkkxhnkjh osQ eap ij vkxs osQ lacaèkksa osQ ekè;e
ls csgrj lekurk] vkthfodk vkSj vk; dk leFkZu djuk]
ty•aM Iyl n`f"Vdks.k osQ ekè;e ls djsaA
z lrr Ñf"k osQ fy, jk"Vªh; fe'ku% vkfFkZd loZs{k.k
2021&22 osQ vuqlkj] foÙk o"kZ 2021& 2025 osQ çeq•
y{;ksa esa tSfod •srh osQ rgr 20 yk• gsDVs;j {ks=k] lVhd
flapkbZ osQ rgr 87 yk• gsDVs;j 'kkfey gSaA
fo'o cSad dh ¶Hkkjr dh ty vFkZO;oLFkk% ,d v'kkar
Hkfo"; osQ fy, rS;kjh¸ (2006) dh fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k
gS fd fodflr ns'kksa osQ 'kq"d {ks=kksa esa çeq• unh ?kkfV;ksa esa
900 fnuksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr esa ckaèk osQoy 30 fnuksa dh o"kkZ
dk HkaMkj.k dj ldrs gSaA oqQN ewyHkwr dkjdksa ij dke djus
dh vko';drk gS] tSls ty mi;ksxdrkZvksa osQ lkekU; fgr
vkSj lkewfgd ç;kl] inkfèkdkfj;ksa dk çHkkoh usr`Ro] fdlkuksa
vkSj flapkbZ vfèkdkfj;ksa dk {kerk fuekZ.k] lÙkk esa ikVhZ dh
jktuhfrd bPNk'kfÙkQ] mfpr fuxjkuh vkSj ewY;kadu ] ifjorZu
,tsaVksa dh Hkwfedk dks mRçsfjr djuk vkfnA
moZjd
z moZjd çlaLdj.k moZjd çlaLdj.k dh ,d fofèk gS
ftlesa fMªi ç.kkyh }kjk moZjd dks flapkbZ ty esa
'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA
z bl ç.kkyh esa moZjd ?kksy flapkbZ esa leku :i ls
forfjr fd;k tkrk gSA iks"kd rRoksa dh miyCèkrk cgqr
vfèkd gksrh gS blfy, n{krk vfèkd gksrh gSA
z bl fofèk esa rjy moZjdksa osQ lkFk&lkFk ikuh esa ?kqyu'khy
moZjdksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl fofèk ls moZjd
mi;ksx n{krk 80 ls 90 çfr'kr rd c<+ tkrh gSA
Hkkjr esa Hkwty dh deh
z Hkwty Hkkjr esa lcls egRoiw.kZ ty lzksrksa esa ls ,d gS] tks
lHkh flapkbZ osQ ikuh dk 63» vkSj xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh ?kjsyw
ty vkiwfrZ dk 80» ls vfèkd gSA
z vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2021&22% 'kq¼ flafpr {ks=k dk fgLlk
ns'k esa oqQy 'kq¼ cks, x, {ks=k dk yxHkx 49 çfr'kr gSA
'kq¼ flafpr {ks=k esa ls] yxHkx 40 çfr'kr ugj ç.kkyh
osQ ekè;e ls vkSj 60 çfr'kr Hkwty osQ ekè;e ls flafpr
gksrk gSA
Hkkjr esa Hkwty dh deh osQ dkj.k
z gfjr Økafr us gfj;k.kk vkSj iatkc tSls ikuh dh deh okys
{ks=kksa esa pkoy tSlh ty&xgu iQlyksa dh iQly dks l{ke
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
fd;kA eq[; :i ls gYdh feêðh gksus osQ dkj.k ;g pkoy
dh •srh osQ fy, ikfjfLFkfrd :i ls de mi;qÙkQ FkhA
blls flapkbZ osQ fy, vfLFkj Hkwty mi;ksx vkSj cnys esa
Hkwty dh deh gqbZA
z lhfer lrgh ty osQ lkFk&lkFk ?kjsyw] vkS|ksfxd vkSj Ñf"k
vko';drkvksa osQ fy, ikuh dh c<+rh ekax osQ dkj.k Hkwty
lalkèkuksa dk vR;fèkd nksgu gqvkA
z bldh iqu%iwfrZ dh çrh{kk fd, fcuk tehu ls ikuh dk
ckj&ckj iai djuk Rofjr deh dh vksj ys tkrk gSA
z ty xgu iQlyksa osQ fy, fctyh ij vuqnku vkSj mPp
U;wure leFkZu ewY; (MSP)A
z Hkwty dkuwuksa dk vi;kZIr fofu;eu fcuk fdlh naM osQ
Hkwty lalkèkuksa dh FkdkoV dks çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
z iQly dVkbZ osQ ckn tykuk] ouksa dh dVkbZ] Ñf"k osQ
voSKkfud rjhosQ] m|ksxksa ls jklk;fud vif'k"VA blus
Hkwty osQ çnw"k.k dks Hkh vuqi;ksxh cuk fn;kA
z bldh iqu%iwfrZ dh çrh{kk fd, fcuk tehu ls ikuh dk
ckj&ckj iai djuk Rofjr deh dh vksj ys tkrk gSA
z ty l?ku iQlyksa osQ fy, fctyh ij vuqnku vkSj mPp
,e,lih Hkh deh osQ çeq• dkj.k gSaA
z Hkwty dk vi;kZIr fu;eu dkuwu fcuk fdlh naM osQ Hkwty
lalkèkuksa dh FkdkoV dks çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
Hkwty deh osQ çHkko
z Hkwty dh deh mÙkj Hkkjr esa vfèkd çeq• gS tcfd mixzg
vkèkkfjr voyksduksa us çk;}hih; Hkkjr esa Hkwty HkaMkj.k
esa o`f¼ fn•kbZ gSA
z vfLFkj Hkwt y ifEiax osQ dkj.k Hkwt y dh deh osQ
{ks=k esa •k| vkSj ty lqj{kk osQ fy, cM+s çHkko gks
ldrs gSaA
419
z i;kZoj.k lacaèkh fpark,¡% Hkkstu vkSj ikuh dh vkiwfrZ dks iwjk djus osQ fy, xSj&uohdj.kh; Hkwty ij vfèkd fuHkZjrk ls
fLFkjrk] i;kZoj.k vkSj ikfjfLFkfrd pqukSfr;ksa dk dkj.k curk gSA Hkwty dh deh leqæ osQ Lrj esa o`f¼] èkkjkvksa esa Hkwty
fuoZgu esa deh] Hkwfe dh deh esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA
z leorhZ esa i;kZIr o`f¼ ls Hkwty dh deh vkSj •jkc gks ldrh gS Hkkjr esa xeZ vkSj 'kq"d ekulwu pje dk vuqeku gSA

Hkwty dh deh vkSj nw"k.k dks fu;af=kr djus osQ fy,
vko';d mik;
z de fctyh vuqnku ikuh dh deh dks fu;af=kr djus esa
enn dj ldrh gSA
z ty teko] yo.krk] Ñf"k tgj] vkSj vkS|ksfxd vif'k"V
lHkh leL;k,a gSa ftudh xgu tkap dh tkuh pkfg,A
z vfrnksgu ls cpus osQ fy,] ikuh dks futh laifÙk osQ ctk;
lk>k lalkèku osQ :i esa ekuk tkuk pkfg,A
z oSKkfud ewY;kadu dh vko';drk% fdlh Hkh uhfr dks
fodflr djus ls igys vuqlaèkku vkSj oSKkfud ewY;kadu
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z mfpr uhfrxr mik;% egRoiw.kZ vkSj vaèksjs {ks=kksa osQ :i
esa ukfer LFkkuksa esa Hkwty rd igqap çfrcafèkr gksuh pkfg,]
tgka ty rkfydk dk vR;fèkd mi;ksx ;k cgqr de gSA
z Hkwty çcaèku esa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkus osQ fy, LFkkuh;
yksxksa dks çksRlkfgr djosQ ckWVe&vi j.kuhfrA
z ikuh dh vkiwfrZ esa deh dks de djus osQ fy, ikjaifjd
ty laj{k.k mik;ksa dk leFkZu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa vkSj xzkeh.k fpfdRldksa dks egRoiw.kZ
gkbMªksft;ksykWftdy dkS'ky fl•kdj Hkkjr esa foosQUæhÑr
ty çcaèku esa lqèkkjA
z ikuh vkSj fctyh tSlh Ñf"k vknkuksa osQ fy, ewY; fuèkkZj.k
uhfr;ka fVdkÅ gksuh pkfg,A fo'o cSad vkSj ts&ih,,y osQ
lkFk iatkc ljdkj dh ikuh cpkvks iSls dekvks igy bl
lacaèk esa ,d vPNh igy gks ldrh gSA
flapkbZ vkSj ty mRikndrk
z uhfr esa cnyko dh vko';drk% vkfFkZd leh{kk esa uhfrxr
cnykoksa dk çLrko fd;k x;k gS ftlesa flapkbZ vkSj flapkbZ

420 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 çkS|ksfxfd;ksa osQ mUur rjhdksa dks viukdj flapkbZ ty
mRikndrk (vkbZMCY;wih) dks c<+kuk 'kkfey gS]
 tSfod vkSj çkÑfrd •srh osQ ekè;e ls fLFkjrk c<+kuk]
 moZjdksa vkSj dhVuk'kdksa osQ mi;ksx dks de djuk]
 cqfu;knh <kaps esa lqèkkj vkSj cktkjksa rd igqap vkSj NksVh
tksr okys •sr osQ fy, mi;qÙkQ rduhd dks viukukA
z iQksdl ^Hkwfe mRikndrk* ls ^flapkbZ ty mRikndrk*
ij LFkkukarfjr gksuk pkfg,A ikuh osQ mi;ksx esa lqèkkj
osQ fy, fdlkuksa dks çksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, uhfr;ka rS;kj
djuk vkSj lw{e flapkbZ ij tksj nsuk pkfg, tks ikuh osQ
mi;ksx dh n{krk esa lqèkkj dj losQA
z lhekar vkSj NksVs fdlkuksa osQ fy, flapkbZ osQ ikuh dh
mfpr vkSj mfpr igqap egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd blls ikuh dk
fdiQk;rh mi;ksx gksxk vkSj •srh vkaf'kd :i ls fVdkÅ
gksxhA
lrr Ñf"k ekax b"Vre ty çcaèku
z ikuh dh ?kVrh miyCèkrk vkSj igqap esa ty çcaèku mik;ksa
dks etcwr djus dh vko';drk gSA bl lacaèk esa] lrr
Ñf"k ij è;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z 22 ekpZ (fo'o ty fnol) ij] çèkku ea=kh us ty 'kfÙkQ
vfHk;ku osQ rgr ^osQp n jsu osQaisu* ykWUp fd;kA
z vfHk;ku okafNr gSa D;ksafd Hkfo"; esa ikuh dh ekax c<+us
okyh gS & 2025 rd 843 fcfy;u ?ku ehVj (chlh,e)
vkSj 2050 rd 1180 chlh,eA
çèkkuea=kh Ñf"k flapkbZ ;kstuk (ih,eosQ,lokbZ)
z 2015 esa 'kq: gqbZ ih,eosQ,lokbZ dks pkyw ;kstukvksa dks
feykdj rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA rRdky ykHk ;kstuk (,ftcVhZ)_
,dhÑr ty{ks=k çcaèku dk;ZØe (vkbZMCY;w,eih)_ vkSj
lrr Ñf"k ij jk"Vªh; fe'ku (,u,e,l,) osQ vkWu&iQkeZj
okVj eSustesaV (vks,iQMCY;w,e) ?kVdA
mís';% ^çfr cwan] vfèkd iQly*
z {ks=k Lrj ij flapkbZ esa fuos'k osQ vfHklj.k dks çkIr djsa
(ftyk Lrj dh rS;kjh vkSj] ;fn vko';d gks] mi ftyk
Lrj ty mi;ksx ;kstuk,a)A
z •sr ij ikuh dh HkkSfrd igqap esa o`f¼ vkSj lqfuf'pr
flapkbZ (gj •sr dks ikuh) osQ rgr •srh ;ksX; {ks=k dk
foLrkj djukA
z mi;qÙkQ rduhdksa vkSj çFkkvksa osQ ekè;e ls ikuh dk
lokZsÙke mi;ksx djus osQ fy, ty lzksr dk ,dhdj.k]
forj.k vkSj bldk oqQ'ky mi;ksxA
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
z cckZnh dks de djus vkSj vofèk vkSj lhek nksuksa esa
miyCèkrk c<+kus osQ fy, •sr esa ikuh osQ mi;ksx dh n{krk
esa lqèkkj
z lVhd&flapkbZ dks viukus vkSj vU; ty cpr çkS|ksfxfd;ksa
(çfr cwan vfèkd iQly) dks c<+k,aA
z tyHkjksa dk iquHkZj.k c<+k,a vkSj LFkk;h ty laj{k.k çFkkvksa
dks is'k djsaA
z fdlkuksa vkSj tehuh Lrj osQ iQhYM dk;ZdrkZvksa osQ fy,
ty lap;u] ty çcaèku vkSj iQly lajs•.k ls lacafèkr
foLrkj xfrfofèk;ksa dks c<+kok nsuk
z flapkbZ esa vfèkd futh fuos'k vkdf"kZr djukA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. ?kVrs ifjn`'; osQ rgr blosQ foosdiw.kZ mi;ksx osQ fy,
ty HkaMkj.k vkSj flapkbZ ç.kkyh esa lqèkkj osQ mik; lq>k,aA
(2020)
2. ty dh deh okys {ks=kksa ls Ñf"k mRiknu c<+kus esa jk"Vªh;
ty{ks=k ifj;kstuk osQ çHkko dk foLrkj ls o.kZu dhft,A
(2019)
3. lj ,e- fo'os'ojS;k vkSj MkW- ,e- ,l- LokehukFku osQ
Øe'k% ty vfHk;kaf=kdh vkSj Ñf"k foKku osQ {ks=k esa
;ksxnku ls Hkkjr dks fdl çdkj ykHk gqvk\ (2019)
4. ty&mi;ksx n{krk D;k gS\ ty mi;ksx n{krk c<+kus esa
lw{e flapkbZ dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu dhft,A (2016)
5. ,ysyksiSFkh D;k gS\ flafpr Ñf"k dh çeq• iQly ç.kkfy;ksa
esa bldh Hkwfedk dh foospuk dhft,A  (2016)
Hkkjr esa iQly iSVuZ
z iQly iSVuZ ,d xfr'khy voèkkj.kk gS tks ,d bdkbZ
{ks=k esa fdlh Hkh le; fofHkUu iQlyksa osQ rgr {ks=kiQy
osQ vuqikr dks lanfHkZr djrh gS A
z iQly iSVuZ osQ fuèkkZjd% Hkkjr esa] iQly iSVuZ o"kkZ]
rkieku] tyok;q] çkS|ksfxdh vkSj feêðh osQ çdkj ls
fuèkkZfjr gksrk gSA iQly iSVuZ Ñf"k mRiknu osQ Lrj dks
fuèkkZfjr djrs gSaA Ñf"k uhfr esa cnyko] Ñf"k vknkuksa
dh miyCèkrk] çkS|ksfxdh esa lqèkkj ls iQly osQ iSVuZ
çHkkfor gksrs gSaA
z ØkWfiax flLVe% ØkWfiax iSVuZ dh rqyuk esa O;kid 'kCn
vkSj blesa lHkh iQlyksa dk ;ksx vkSj mu iQlyksa dks ,d
•sr ;k •sr esa mxkus osQ fy, bLrseky dh tkus okyh
çFkk,a 'kkfey gSaA
421
vkn'kZ iQly iSVuZ dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a
z ,d fuf'pr fujarj pØ.k osQ ifj.kkeLo:i iQly dks oqQN
jksxksa dks c<+kok ugha nsuk pkfg,A
z feêðh dh ,d fo'ks"k xgjkbZ ls iQly dks oqQN fof'k"V ikSèkksa
osQ iks"kd rRoksa ij lekIr ugha gksuk pkfg,A
z iQly moZjrk fuekZ.k vkSj feêðh esa lqèkkj gksuk pkfg,A
z iQly dks Ñ"kd dks ,d vPNk ykHk çkIr djuk pkfg,
vkSj iwjs o"kZ Ñ"kd dks jkstxkj vkSj vk; çnku djuh
pkfg,A
z iQly dks vius lalkèkuksa dk b"Vre mi;ksx lqfuf'pr
djuk pkfg,] fo'ks"k :i ls flapkbZ osQ ikuh] jklk;fud
moZjd] dhVuk'kd] dhVuk'kd] midj.k] fctyh vkSj
ikfjokfjd Je tSls buiqVA
iQly ç.kkyh dk egRo
z feêðh dh moZjrk dks fu;af=kr vkSj lqèkkjsa% fofoèk iQlysa
mxkuk tSls ukbVªkstu&fiQfDlax iQyhnkj iQlysa feêðh dh
ukbVªkstu lkexzh dks c<+krh gSaA
z jksxksa osQ çlkj dks de djsa% ;g fofHkUu çdkj osQ dhM+ksa
vkSj feêðh osQ thoksa osQ fy, ,d vkokl dks ykxw djosQ
tSo fofoèkrk dks c<+kok nsrk gSA dbZ dbZ thoksa osQ fy,
,d f'kdkjh osQ :i esa dk;Z dj ldrs gSa] bl çdkj jksxksa
osQ çdksi dks lhfer dj ldrs gSaA
z dhV vkSj dhV fodkl esa ckèkk% ;g •srksa dh ,d:irk dks
de djrk gSA ;g fo"kerk {ks=k esa dhM+ksa osQ tSfod iQSyko
osQ f•ykiQ çfrcaèkksa dks c<+krh gSA
z •jirokjksa dh o`f¼ ij jksd% blls •jirokjksa dh o`f¼
dh laHkkouk de gks tkrh gS ftlls iQly o`f¼ esa enn
feyrh gSA
z c<+h gqbZ •k| vkSj foÙkh; lqj{kk% iQly dh foiQyrk
dh vfuf'prrk dks de djosQ vkSj fdlkuksa osQ fy, vk;
osQ voljksa esa fofoèkrk ykdj] oSKkfud :i ls rS;kj dh
xbZ iQly ç.kkyh •k| vkSj foÙkh; lqj{kk dks c<+krh gSA
z iQly •jkc gksus dk tksf•e de djsa% fofHkUu iQlyksa
dh tyok;q osQ çfr vyx çfrfØ;k gksrh gS vkSj jksx osQ
geys osQ çfr laosnu'khyrk dh vyx&vyx fMxzh gksrh
gSA ,slh fo"kerk osQ dkj.k oqQy iQly osQ •jkc gksus dh
laHkkouk de gks tkrh gSA
iQly ç.kkyh osQ çdkj
1- ,dy iQly% lky nj lky ,d fof'k"V Hkwfe ij osQoy 1
iQly mxkukA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] if'peh egkjk"Vª esa ikuh
dh i;kZIr miyCèkrk osQ dkj.k lky nj lky xUuk mxk;k
tkrk gSA
422
2- cgqiQlyh •srh% 2 ;k vfèkd iQlysa mxkukA blesa
fefJr&iQly] varj&iQly vkSj vuqØe iQly 'kkfey gSaA
 fefJr iQly% nks ;k nks ls vfèkd iQlyksa dks ,d
gh o"kZ osQ Hkhrj ,d fof'k"V iafÙkQ Øe osQ fcuk ,d
gh •sr esa yxk;k tkrk gSA
 varj&iQly% blesa ,d fof'k"V iafÙkQ O;oLFkk osQ
lkFk&lkFk nks ;k nks ls vfèkd iQlysa yxkuk 'kkfey gSA
 iQly pØ% ,d gh •sr esa ckj&ckj mxkbZ tkus
okyh iQly osQ ctk; ,d fu;ksftr Øe osQ vuqlkj
o"kZ&nj&o"kZ •sr esa iQlysa cnyh tkrh gSaA
 vkfne fuokZg •srh% bl çdkj dh •srh esa ,d ^dkVuk
vkSj tykuk* Ñf"k gS] ;g vkfne vkStkjksa vkSj ifjokj@
lkeqnkf;d Je dh enn ls tehu osQ NksVs VqdM+ksa ij
dh tkrh gSA ;g ekulwu] feêðh dh çkÑfrd moZjrk
vkSj mxkbZ tkus okyh iQlyksa osQ fy, vU; i;kZoj.kh;
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh mi;qÙkQrk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
 xgu fuokZg •srh% Hkwfe ij mPp tula[;k ncko okys
{ks=kksa esa dh tkrh gSA bl çdkj esa] mPp mRiknu çkIr
djus osQ fy, tSo jklk;fud vknkuksa vkSj flapkbZ dh
mPp •qjkd dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 O;kolkf;d •srh% bl çdkj dh •srh esa] vkèkqfud
vknkuksa dh mPp ek=kk] mPp mRikndrk çkIr djus
osQ fy, mPp mit okyh fdLe (,pokbZoh) osQ
cht] jklk;fud moZjd] dhVuk'kd vkSj dhVuk'kdksa
dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
iQly osQ ekSle vkSj ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa iQly
iSVuZ
z jch dh iQly lfnZ;ksa esa vDVwcj ls
fnlacj rd cksbZ tkrh gS vkSj xfeZ;ksa esa
vçSy ls twu rd dkVh tkrh gSA tSls]
xsgwa] tkS] eVj] puk vkSj ljlksaA
z LFkku% mÙkj vkSj mÙkj&if'peh Hkkx tSls
iatkc] gfj;k.kk] fgekpy çns'k] tEew
vkSj d'ehj] mÙkjk•aM vkSj mÙkj çns'k
xsgwa vkSj vU; jch iQlyksa osQ mRiknu osQ
jch dh fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA
iQlysa
z if'peh le'khrks".k pØokrksa osQ dkj.k
lfnZ;ksa osQ eghuksa esa o"kkZ dh miyCèkrk
bu iQlyksa dh liQyrk esa enn djrh gSA
z gkyk¡fd] iatkc] gfj;k.kk] if'peh mÙkj
çns'k vkSj jktLFkku osQ oqQN fgLlksa esa
gfjr Økafr dh liQyrk Hkh mijksÙkQ jCch
iQlyksa osQ fodkl dk ,d egRoiw.kZ
dkjd jgh gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 z •jhiQ iQlysa ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa
ekulwu dh 'kq#vkr osQ lkFk mxkbZ tkrh
gSa vkSj budh dVkbZ flracj&vDVwcj esa
dh tkrh gSA tSls] èkku] eDdk] Tokj]
cktjk] rwj (vjgj)] ewax] mM+n] dikl]
twV] ewaxiQyh vkSj lks;kchuA
z LFkku% vle] if'pe caxky] mM+hlk osQ
•jhiQ dh
rVh; {ks=k] vkaèkz çns'k] rfeyukMq] osQjy
iQlysa
vkSj egkjk"Vª] fo'ks"k :i ls (dksad.k
rV) mÙkj çns'k vkSj fcgkj osQ lkFkA
z èkku iatkc vkSj gfj;k.kk dh Hkh ,d
egRoiw.kZ iQly cu xbZ gSA vle]
if'pe caxky vkSj mM+hlk tSls jkT;ksa esa
,d o"kZ esa èkku dh rhu iQlysa vkWl]
veu vkSj cksjks mxkbZ tkrh gSaA
z jCch vkSj •jhiQ ekSleksa osQ chp] xehZ
osQ eghuksa osQ nkSjku ,d NksVk ekSle
gksrk gS ftls tk;n ekSle osQ :i esa
tk;n dk tkuk tkrk gSA
ekSle z tk;n osQ nkSjku mRikfnr oqQN iQlysa
rjcwt] •jcwtk] ddM+h dh lfCt;ka vkSj
pkjk iQlysa gSaA xUus dks c<+us esa yxHkx
,d o"kZ dk le; yxrk gSA
iQly iSVuZ dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd
z ,sfrgkfld dkjd% vaxzstksa }kjk 'kq: fd, x, ckxku]
Hkwèk`fr ç.kkyh] LokfeRo dk çdkjA ns'k esa çpfyr Hkwèk`fr
ç.kkyh Hkh iQly çfr:i dks çHkkfor djrh gSA iQly
caVokjs dh ,d ç.kkyh esa] ;g tehankj gS tks ykHk
vfèkdre djus osQ fl¼kar }kjk funZsf'kr iQly iSVuZ dks
vafre :i nsrk gSA
z HkkSxksfyd dkjd% Hkw&vkÑfr dk çdkj (feêðh] tyok;q]
o"kkZ)] LFkykÑfr dk çdkj] Ñf"k&tyok;q {ks=k dk çdkjA
z Ñf"k lacaèkh dkjd% vko';d vknkuksa dh miyCèkrk
(moZjd] dhVuk'kd] ½.k] VªSDVj] vkfn)] mPp vkuqoaf'kd
xq.koÙkk okys ikSèks@cht] çcaèku rduhd vkSj xq.koÙkk
çcaèkd] Je dh cgqrk;r] •sr dk vkdkj] tksf•e osQ
f•ykiQ chek A
z ,d dkjd osQ :i esa vkfFkZd@cktkj%
 cktkj laosQrksa vkSj lapkj vkSj lwpuk ç.kkyh dk çokg]
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] cktkj esa dherksa] vkiwfrZ&ekax vkfn
osQ lacaèk esaA
 m|e iwath vkSj m|ferkA
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
 buiqV vkSj vkmViqV dherksa dh ikjnf'kZrkA
 fu;kZr ekudksa] cktkj dh ekax vkSj lkis{k ykHkçnrk
ij tkudkjhA
 oqQ'ky foi.ku ç.kkyh A
z ljdkjh uhfr%
 gfjr Økafr% eksVs vukt vkSj nkyksa ls xsgwa vkSj pkoy
dh vksj mÙkjh Hkkjr esa frjNh iQly i¼frA
 xSj&foÑr uhfr% iQlyksa osQ chp HksnHkko ls cpus osQ
fy,A (mnkgj.k ,e,lih uhfr) A
 oqQ'ky vuqlaèkku vkSj foLrkj dk;ZØe] çeq• iQlyksa
osQ fy, ;k mPp ewY; okyh iQlyksa osQ çfr fdlh
iwokZxzg osQ fcukA
 Ñf"k ØsfMV dh miyCèkrk esa vklkuh A
 xSj Ñf"k jkstxkj osQ voljA
 xq.koÙkk ekudksa lfgr foi.ku ç.kkyhA
 futh {ks=k dh Hkkxhnkjh tSls dkWikZsjsV •srhA
 ljdkj dh foèkk;h uhfr;ka Hkh iQly iSVuZ dks
çHkkfor djrh gSaA •k| iQly vfèkfu;e] Hkwfe mi;ksx
vfèkfu;e] èkku] dikl vkSj frygu osQ fy, l?ku
;kstuk,¡] vuqnku iQly iSVuZ dks çHkkfor djrh gSaA
z volajpuk dkjd%
 flapkbZ dh miyCèkrk osQ dkj.k iatkc vkSj gfj;k.kk
osQ 'kq"d {ks=kksa esa pkoy dh •srh gqbZA cqansy•aM {ks=k
esa flapkbZ dh deh osQ dkj.k eksVs vukt dh •srh
vfèkd gqbZA
 HkaMkj.k] ifjogu] foLrkj lsokvksa] dVkbZ osQ ckn
dh O;oLFkk] •k| çlaLdj.k volajpuk vkfn dh
miyCèkrkA
z lkekftd dkjd% jhfr&fjokt] ijaijk,a] lkekftd
okrkoj.k vkfn •k| vknrsa Hkh ,d Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSa iwohZ
vkSj nf{k.k Hkkjr esa pkoy dks eq[; Hkkstu osQ :i esa ilan
fd;k tkrk gS tcfd mÙkj Hkkjr esa ;g xsgwa gSA
orZeku iQly iSVuZ osQ lkFk leL;k,¡
z pkoy vkSj xsgwa dk çHkqRo% •k|kUu osQ iQly iSVuZ esa
ekStwnk vlarqyu gS D;ksafd •k|kUu osQ rgr {ks=k dk ,d
cM+k fgLlk pkoy vkSj xsgwa (gfjr Økafr) }kjk dCtk dj
fy;k x;k gSA
z xSj&•k|kUu ls •k|kUu dh vksj èkhjs&èkhjs cnyko%
•k|kUu dh dhersa dkiQh rsth ls c<+ jgh gSa vkSj fdlkuksa
us •k| iQlyksa dks mlh rjg ls mxkuk 'kq: dj fn;k gS
ftl rjg ls os dikl] fryguh iQlysa xUuk] vkfn tSlh
O;kolkf;d iQlysa mxkrs gSaA
423
z U;wure leFkZu ewY;% ubZ rduhd vkSj ;Fkksfpr mPp
U;wure leFkZu ewY; osQ çHkko esa xsgwa vkSj pkoy osQ
fy, •k|kUu dh •srh vR;fèkd ykHkdkjh vkSj mRiknd
gks xbZ gSA
z vukt dh fpark% çeq• vuktksa osQ fy, ,e,lih dh
is'kd'k djus osQ fy, osQaæ dk usr`Ro fd;k] ftlus iQly
iSVuZ dks Ñf"k osQ ^vukt* esa foÑr dj fn;k] tSlk fd
dgk tkrk gSA
z •ir iSVuZ esa cnyko% yksxksa dh vk; esa o`f¼ vkSj eksVs
vukt osQ ?kfV;k eky gksus osQ dkj.k A
z ty&xgu iQlysa% Hkwty Lrj de gksus osQ ckotwnA tSls
if'peh egkjk"Vª vkSj lw•k çHkkfor ejkBokM+k esa xUus dh
•srhA
z moZjdksa dh vfèkd ek=kk% ekStwnk feêðh dh xq.koÙkk ij
fopkj fd, fcukA mnkgj.k osQ fy, gfjr Økafr csYV A
z dhVuk'kdksa vkSj dhVuk'kdksa dk vaèkkèkqaèk mi;ksx% ftlosQ
ifj.kkeLo:i ty çnw"k.k gksrk gS vkSj feêðh dh moZjrk esa
deh vkrh gSA
z •afMr n`f"Vdks.k% muosQ vaèkkèkqaèk mi;ksxksa dh tkap fd,
fcuk buiqV çnku djus ij è;ku osQafær fd;k x;k gSA
z eksVs vukt esa fxjkoV% eksVs vukt esa Tokj] cktjk] eDdk]
cktjk] tkS vkSj vU; 'kkfey gSaA oqQy vukt dh iQly osQ
fy, bu iQlyksa dk vuqikr ukVdh; :i ls de gks x;k
gS] 1950&51 esa 48» ls 2001 esa yxHkx 29» gks x;k gSA
z O;ogkj lacaèkh ckèkk,a% pqukSrh fufgr gS] O;ogkj ifjorZu
ykus esa gSA ,sls fdlku gSa tks rhu n'kdksa ls pkoy dk
mRiknu dj jgs gSa] ge mUgsa ;g fLop djus osQ fy, osQls
euk,aA
gky osQ fnuksa esa iQly osQ iSVuZ esa cnyko vk;k gS
z 1960 osQ n'kd dh 'gfjr Økafr' osQ ckn ls pkoy&xsgwa
iQly iSVuZ dh vksj cnyko gqvk gSA
z èkku] dikl] lks;kchu] vkSj xUuk oqQy cks, x, {ks=k osQ
vkèks ls vfèkd dks doj djrs gSa ikjaifjd :i ls cktjk]
frygu vkSj nkyksa osQ fy, lefiZr {ks=k ysrs gSa tks LFkkuh;
tyok;q vkSj feêðh dh fLFkfr osQ fy, vfèkd vuqdwy FksA
z xsgwa osQ mRiknu esa o`f¼ cktjk vkSj Tokj dh dher ij gqbZ
gS D;ksafd xsgwa dks muls csgrj ekuk x;k gSA
z tSlk fd Hkkjr nkyksa vkSj fryguksa dk lcls cM+k miHkksÙkQk
vkSj vk;krd gS] ljdkj us muosQ jdcs vkSj mRikndrk dks
c<+kus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA gky gh esa bu iQlyksa osQ fy,
mPp ,e,lih dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gSA
424
z thou 'kSyh dh chekfj;ksa osQ cM+s iSekus ij gksus osQ dkj.k]
LoLFk thou thus osQ fy, cktjk ,d O;ogk;Z fodYi osQ
:i esa okil vk x;k gSA fofHkUu jkT; ihMh,l osQ ekè;e
ls cktjk] Tokj vkSj jkxh tSls cktjk forfjr dj jgs gSaA
z fdlku ikjaifjd xSj&udn@xSj&okf.kfT;d iQlyksa tSls
vukt vkSj nkyksa ls frygu] iQy] lfCt;ka] elkys vkfn
tSlh udn@okf.kfT;d iQlyksa dh •srh dh vksj vfèkd
xgurk ls c<+ jgs gSaA
z fdlkuksa us vkfFkZd foLrkj dk ykHk mBkus osQ fy, vius
iQly iSVuZ esa Hkh cnyko fd;k gSA
z tyok;q ifjorZu us Hkkjrh; ekulwu dks çHkkfor fd;k gS
ftlosQ dkj.k iQly iSVuZ Hkh cny jgs gSaA
z tula[;k foLiQksV vkSj 'kgjhdj.k osQ dkj.k Hkwfe :ikarj.k
gqvk gS] l?ku •srh dks c<+kok feyk gS vkSj iQly iSVuZ
esa cnyko vk;k gSA
Hkkjr esa LFkkuh; Ñf"k&tyok;q ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fopkj fd,
fcuk iQly iSVuZ cny jgs gSaA blls i;kZoj.k ij cks> iM+k gS]
ftlls nh?kZdkyhu Hkkjh uqdlku gqvk gSA feêðh dh moZjrk ?kVh
gS tcfd Hkwty ?kVk gSA jklk;fud çnw"k.k vkSj ekuo LokLF;
dks çHkkfor djus okyh •kus dh vknrksa esa cnyko iQly iSVuZ
esa bl cnyko dh çR;{k vfHkO;fÙkQ gSA
iQly ç.kkyh esa pkoy vkSj xsgwa dh mit esa
fxjkoV osQ dkj.k
pkoy&xsgwa iQly ç.kkyh Je] ikuh] iwath vkSj ÅtkZ&xgu
gS] vkSj bu lalkèkuksa dh miyCèkrk de gksus osQ dkj.k de
ykHknk;d gks tkrh gSA tyok;q ifjorZu dh xfr'khyrk ls
leL;k vkSj c<+ tkrh gSA mit esa fxjkoV osQ çklafxd dkjdksa
ij uhps ppkZ dh xbZ gS%
z feêðh dh moZjrk esa deh% yxkrkj flapkbZ vkSj vR;fèkd
ck<+ flapkbZ osQ mi;ksx osQ dkj.k pkoy&xsgwa dh iQly
ç.kkyh esa feêðh •kjh gks xbZ gSA blls iQly dh iSnkokj
esa deh vkbZ gSA
z tyok;q ifjorZu% vè;;uksa osQ vuqlkj] tyok;q ifjorZu dk
xsgwa] pkoy vkSj eDdk tSlh çeq• iQlyksa ij udkjkRed
çHkko iM+rk gSA okf"kZd rkieku lhek esa o`f¼ us pkoy vkSj
xsgwa dh iQly dh mit dks Hkh çHkkfor fd;k gSA
z buiqV ykxr esa o`f¼% Hkwfexr ty osQ lanw"k.k osQ
lkFk&lkFk •jirokjksa vkSj dhVksa osQ laØe.k dh mPp nj
osQ ifj.kkeLo:i pkoy vkSj xsgwa dh •srh osQ fy, ykxr
esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ikuh dh miyCèkrk esa cnyko% Hkwty osQ vR;fèkd
mi;ksx vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i Hkwty lalkèkuksa esa deh osQ
dkj.k ikuh dh miyCèkrk esa deh vkbZ gSA blls iQly
dh iSnkokj esa deh vkbZ gSA
blfy, oSdfYid iQlyksa ij è;ku nsuk t:jh gSA iQly
fofoèkhdj.k ,d iQly osQ {ks=kh; çHkqRo ls dbZ iQlyksa osQ
mRiknu esa cnyko dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
iQly fofoèkhdj.k esa enn djrk gS
z feêðh dh moZjrk cuk, j•uk% fdlh fo'ks"k {ks=k esa osQoy
ogh iQlysa mxkbZ tkrh gSa tks fo'ks"k Ñf"k tyok;q {ks=k osQ
fy, mi;qÙkQ gksrh gSa vkSj ;g feêðh dh moZjrk dks cuk,
j•us esa enn djrh gSa D;ksafd iks"kd rRoksa osQ vR;fèkd
mi;ksx] flapkbZ dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA
z Hkwty dh deh dks jksdus osQ fy,% ;g ?kVrs ty Lrj
dh leL;k ls fuiVus osQ mís'; ls èkku ls ysdj nygu]
frygu] eDdk tSlh ikuh dh •ir okyh iQlyksa ls iQly
iSVuZ esa fofoèkrk ykus esa enn djsxkA
z fofoèkhdj.k ykHkdkjh dhM+ksa (tSls jkbtksfc;e) osQ fy,
vkokl Hkh çnku dj ldrk gS vkSj lkFk gh dhV }kjk
mifuos'k.k (colonization) dks de dj ldrk gSA
Hkkjr ljdkj us iQly fofoèkhdj.k ;kstuk 'kq: dh gS iatkc]
gfj;k.kk vkSj if'peh mÙkj çns'k osQ ewy gfjr Økafr {ks=kksa esaA
iQly fofoèkhdj.k dk;ZØe osQ rgr jkT;ksa dks oSdfYid iQlyksa
ij DyLVj çn'kZu vk;ksftr djus] ty cpr çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dks
c<+kok nsus] Ñf"k e'khujh osQ forj.k vkSj çf'k{k.k osQ ekè;e ls
tkx:drk osQ fy, lgk;rk çnku dh tkrh gSA
iQly fofoèkhdj.k vkSj vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2021&2022
z iQly fofoèkhdj.k dk mi;ksx fVdkÅ Ñf"k dks c<+kok
nsus] vk;kr ij fuHkZjrk esa deh vkSj fdlkuksa osQ fy, mPp
vk; osQ fy, ,d midj.k osQ :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gS A
z v'kksd nyobZ lfefr us lq>ko fn;k fd%
 oqQN {ks=k dks çèkku vukt ls mPp ewY; dh mit esa
LFkkukarfjr djus ls fdlkuksa osQ ykHk esa dkiQh o`f¼
gks ldrh gSA
 blls ty mi;ksx n{krk vkSj e`nk LokLF; dh fLFkjrk
Hkh vk,xhA
 iQly fofoèkhdj.k dk;ZØe (lhMhih) 2013&14
ls jk"Vªh; Ñf"k fodkl ;kstuk (vkjosQohokbZ) dh ,d
mi ;kstuk osQ :i esa ewy gfjr Økafr okys jkT;ksa ;kuh
iatkc] gfj;k.kk vkSj if'peh ;wih esa ykxw fd;k tk
jgk gSA
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
 bldk mís'; èkku dh •srh osQ rgr de ikuh dh
vko';drk okyh iQlyksa tSls frygu] nkysa] eksVs
vukt] iks"kd vukt] dikl] vkfn dh vksj LFkkukarfjr
djuk gSA
 lhMhih rEckdw dh •srh osQ rgr {ks=kksa dks rEckdw
mxkus okys jkT;ksa esa oSdfYid iQlyksa@iQly ç.kkyh esa
LFkkukarfjr djus ij Hkh è;ku osQafær djrk gSA
z Hkkjr esa iQly fofoèkhdj.k dks ewY; uhfr osQ ekè;e ls
Hkh yf{kr fd;k x;k gS A ,e,lih O;oLFkk osQ rgr çnku
fd, x, çksRlkgu <kaps osQ dkj.k lHkh iQlyksa dh ykxr
ij fjVuZ esa fHkUurk osQ dkj.k iQly fofoèkhdj.k ij Hkh
vlj iM+k gSA
iQly fofoèkhdj.k osQ ykHk
z vkfFkZd fLFkjrk% iQly fofoèkrk fofHkUu Ñf"k oLrqvksa esa
dherksa esa mrkj&p<+ko dk csgrj <ax ls lkeuk dj ldrh
gS vkSj Ñf"k mRikn vkfFkZd fLFkjrk lqfuf'pr djus esa enn
dj ldrh gSA
z çkÑfrd vkink U;wuhdj.k% vçR;kf'kr o"kkZ] lw•k]
vksyk] dhV vkSj dhV jksx dh ?kVuk vpkud xaHkhj ekSle
lacaèkh fLFkfr;ka gSaA bl ekeys esa fefJr iQly }kjk iQly
fofoèkhdj.k iQk;nsean gks ldrk gS A
z NksVh Hkwfe ls vkenuh c<+kuk% mPp ewY; okyh iQlyksa
tSls eDdk] nygu vkSj vU; mPp ewY; okyh iQlyksa osQ
lkFk iQly osQ iSVuZ esa cnyko gksuk pkfg,A
 gfj;k.kk ljdkj us gky gh esa 'esjk ikuh esjh fojklr '
igy dh ?kks"k.kk dh] ftldk mís'; ikuh dh vfèkd
•ir okys pkoy ls nwj iQly mRiknu esa fofoèkrk
ykuk gSA
 vkxkeh •jhiQ lhtu osQ nkSjku pkoy osQ vykok
oSdfYid iQly yxkus okys fdlkuksa dks igy osQ rgr
7]000 çfr ,dM+ çksRlkgu jkf'k feysxhA
z larqfyr •k| ekax% •k| Vksdjh esa nygu] frygu]
ckxokuh vkSj lCth iQlyksa tSlh iQlyksa dks 'kkfey djus
ls •k| Vksdjh esa xq.koÙkk tksM+dj lkekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr
esa o`f¼ gks ldrh gS] lkFk gh •k| lqj{kk osQ fy, feêðh
osQ LokLF; esa lqèkkj gks ldrk gSA
z iw.kZ iQly foiQyrk dh laHkkouk dks de djrk gS%
fofHkUu iQlysa fofHkUu rjhdksa ls tyok;q ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ
vuqdwy gksaxh] ftlls oqQy iQly foiQyrk dh laHkkouk
de gks tk,xhA
 tgka ,d iQly ij BaM dk gkfudkjd çHkko iM+ ldrk
gS] ogha nwljs ij bldk ldkjkRed çHkko iM+ ldrk gSA
425
z ewY; tksf•e dk çcaèku djsa% fofoèkhdj.k ls fdlkuksa
dks ewY; tksf•e dk çcaèku djus esa enn fey ldrh gS]
;g ekudj fd lHkh oLrqvksa dks ,d gh le; esa de
cktkj ewY; dk vuqHko ugha gksxk] ftlls mudh ykHkçnrk
c<+ tk,xhA
z çkÑfrd tSo fofoèkrk vkSj mRikndrk dks c<+krk gS%
;g çkÑfrd tSo fofoèkrk dks Hkh c<+kok ns ldrk gS]
ftlls Ñf"k ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k bu nckoksa osQ çfr vfèkd
yphyk gks tkrk gSA ;g ikSèkksa osQ mRiknu] xq.koÙkk] LokLF;
vkSj iks"k.k ewY; esa lqèkkj dj jgk gS] lkFk gh iQlyksa esa
jksx çfrjksèkd {kerk c<+k jgk gSA
z iQly fofoèkhdj.k çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa osQ laj{k.k esa
lgk;rk djrk gS] tSls fd pkoy&xsgwa dh iQly ç.kkyh
esa iQfy;ka dh 'kq:vkr] tks feêðh dh moZjrk dks cuk,
j•us esa enn djus osQ fy, ok;qeaMyh; ukbVªkstu dks Bhd
dj ldrh gSA
iQly ç.kkyh] Msjh m|ksx] lqvj ikyu] eqxhZikyu] eRL; ikyu]
eèkqeD•h ikyu vkfn tSls dbZ m|eksa dks ,d lkeatL;iw.kZ
rjhosQ ls tksM+dj ,dhÑr Ñf"k ç.kkfy;ksa dh vksj LFkkukarfjr
djus dh ,d etcwr vko';drk gSA ;g vxys 5 o"kks± esa
fdlku dh vk; dks nksxquk djus osQ cgqçrhf{kr n`f"Vdks.k dks
çkIr djus esa Hkh ,d etcwr c<+kok nsxkA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. pkoy&xsgwa ç.kkyh dks liQy cukus osQ fy, dkSu ls
çeq• dkjd ftEesnkj gSa\ bruh liQyrk osQ ckotwn ;g
O;oLFkk Hkkjr esa osQls vfHk'kki cu xbZ gS\ (2020)
2. gky osQ fnuksa esa oqQN iQlyksa ij tksj nsus ls iQly iSVuZ
esa osQls cnyko vk;k gS\ cktjs osQ mRiknu vkSj •ir
ij tksj dks foLrkj ls crk,aA  (2018)
3. iQly ç.kkyh esa pkoy vkSj xsgwa dh mit esa fxjkoV
osQ çeq• dkj.k D;k gSa\ flLVe esa iQly dh mit dks
fLFkj djus osQ fy, iQly fofoèkhdj.k osQls lgk;d gS\
(2017)
4. ,ysyksiSFkh D;k gS\ flafpr Ñf"k dh çeq• iQly ç.kkfy;ksa
esa bldh Hkwfedk dh foospuk dhft,A  (2016)
Ñf"k mit dk HkaMkj.k] ifjogu vkSj foi.ku
Ñf"k mRiknksa dk laxzg.k vkSj HkaMkj.k
z HkaMkj.k ,d egRoiw.kZ foi.ku dk;Z gS] ftlesa oLrqvksa osQ
mRiknu osQ le; ls ysdj miHkksx osQ fy, vko';d gksus
rd mUgsa j•uk vkSj lajf{kr djuk 'kkfey gSA
426
z ;g dVkbZ osQ ckn dh ç.kkyh dk pj.k gS ftlosQ nkSjku
mRiknksa dks bl rjg ls j•k tkrk gS fd Ñf"k mRiknu dh
vofèk osQ vykok •k| lqj{kk dh xkjaVh nh tk losQA
z UN-FAO dk vuqeku gS fd Hkkjr esa yxHkx 40» Hkkstu
dh gkfu vkSj cckZnh gksrh gS] tcfd jkT; osQ LokfeRo okyh
Hkkjrh; •k| fuxe (FCI) bls 15» vkadrh gSA
z jk"Vªh; Ñf"k foKku vdkneh (,u,,,l) osQ ,d vè;;u
esa ;g ckr dgh xbZ gS HkaMkj.k Hkkjr esa lHkh çdkj osQ
Hkkstu] iQyksa vkSj lfCt;ksa osQ fy, iQly dVkbZ osQ ckn
osQ uqdlku dk çeq• dkj.k gS ] tgka Hkkjr dks dksYM
LVksjst {kerk dh xaHkhj deh dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk
gS & ;g blosQ çlaLÑr •k| m|ksx dh fo'kky {kerk
dks >qBykrk gSA
ikfjfLFkfrdh loZs{k.k ls voyksdu
z 31-12-2020 rd •k|kUu osQ HkaMkj.k osQ fy, FCI
vkSj jkT; ,tsafl;ksa osQ ikl miyCèk oqQy HkaMkj.k {kerk
819-19 ,y,eVh Fkh] ftlesa 669-10 ,y,eVh osQ
doMZ xksnke vkSj 150-09 ,y,eVh osQ doMZ ,aM fIyaFk
(lh,ih) lqfoèkk,a 'kkfey gSaA
z 819-19 ,y,eVh dh oqQy miyCèk HkaMkj.k {kerk esa
ls] FCI dh {kerk 407-76 ,y,eVh gS ] tcfd jkT;
,tsafl;ksa dh {kerk 411-43 ,y,eVh gS A osQaæh; iwy
esa 01-01-2021 dks pkoy vkSj xsgwa dk LVkWd 529-59
,y,eVh FkkA
HkaMkj.k vkSj Hk.Mkj.k dh vko';drk
z Hkw• vkSj oqQiks"k.k% Hkkjr nqfu;k esa Hkkstu osQ lcls cM+s
mRikndksa esa ls ,d gSA ysfdu Hkkjr vHkh Hkh Hkw• vkSj
oqQiks"k.k dh leL;k dk lkeuk dj jgk gSA ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn esa Ñf"k {ks=k dk ;ksxnku cgqr de gS vkSj Hkkjrh;
fdlku vHkh Hkh vi;kZIr dherksa vkSj fuEu thou Lrj ls
ihfM+r gSaA
z ek=kk esa o`f¼ % çkS|ksfxdh esa çxfr osQ dkj.k] vkxrksa esa
lqèkkj tSls mPp mit okys cht] flapkbZ lqfoèkkvksa vkfn osQ
dkj.k ek=kk esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA bu ftalksa osQ vuqfpr j•&j•ko
vkSj HkaMkj.k osQ dkj.k miHkksÙkQkvksa rd igqapus ls igys
Hkkjh uqdlku gksrk gSA
z •k| lqj{kk% HkaMkj.k fdlh ns'k dh •k| lqj{kk vkSj lky
Hkj xq.koÙkkiw.kZ •k| vkiwfrZ lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
z viO;;% miHkksÙkQk ekeyksa osQ ea=kky; dh ,d fjiksVZ osQ
vuqlkj] 2013&2019 osQ chp yxHkx 60000 Vu •k|kUu
xksnke {kfrxzLr gks x, gSa vkSj ekuo miHkksx osQ fy,
vuqi;ksxh gks x, gSaA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z fdlkuksa dh vk;% vuqfpr HkaMkj.k ç.kkyh osQ dkj.k
•k|kUuksa dh cckZnh osQ dkj.k fdlkuksa dh vk; çHkkfor
gksrh gSA ,iQ,vks osQ vuqlkj] lkykuk 14 fcfy;u MkWyj
dh mit dk uqdlku gksrk gS tks vçR;{k :i ls fdlku
dh vk; dks çHkkfor djrk gSA
z csdkj ljdkjh vkiwfrZ J`a•yk% fjdkWMZ Ñf"k mRiknu
vkSj ?kksj xjhch osQ foijhr ifjn`'; Ñf"k {ks=k esa ^cgqr
lkjs fojksèkkHkkl* osQ :i esa of.kZr gSaA Hkkjr esa gj lky
djhc 14 vjc MkWyj ewY; dk •kuk cckZn gksrk gSA
z •k|kUu HkaMkj.k vkSj forj.k dk •jkc VªSd fjdkWMZ gS%
miHkksÙkQk ekeyksa osQ ea=kky; }kjk tkjh vkfèkdkfjd vkadM+ksa
osQ vuqlkj] 2011 vkSj 2017 osQ chp FCI osQ xksnkeksa esa
yxHkx 62]000 Vu •k|kUu •jkc gks x;k Fkk A
z ifjogu esa uqdlku% vfèkdkfj;ksa us crk;k fd xksnke esa
ifjogu osQ nkSjku •jkc gksus osQ dkj.k 1-5 Vu vukt dk
fuLrkj.k fd;k tk pqdk gSA
z fjlko vkSj dkyk cktkj% xjhcksa osQ fy, vuqnku okys
vukt dks okLro esa •qys cktkj esa fcØh osQ fy, Hkst fn;k
tkrk gS & fiNys o"kks± esa vosQys vuqekfur 25-9 fefy;u
Vu pkoy vkSj xsgwa dk uqdlku gqvk gSA
z ukSdj'kkgh ckèkk,a% jk'ku dkMks± }kjk forj.k dks fu;af=kr
fd;k tkrk gS ] fiQj Hkh jk'ku dkMZ osQ fy, vkosnu djus
esa 'kkfey tfVyrkvksa us dbZ bfPNr ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks nwj
dj fn;k gS] tks ;k rks vui<+ gSa ;k cs?kj gSa ftudk dksbZ
fuf'pr irk ugha gSA
z tek•ksjh% bl ckr dh dksbZ xkjaVh ugha gS fd vPNh
xq.koÙkk okys •k|kUu yf{kr ykHkkfFkZ;ksa rd igqapsA Mhyj
fu;fer :i ls equkiQs dks c<+kus] dkys cktkj esa rktk LVkWd
cspus vkSj xjhcksa dks Hkstus osQ fy, de xq.koÙkk okys vukt
dh vnyk&cnyh djus osQ fy, vuqfpr O;kikj dk;Zç.kkyh
dk lgkjk ysrs gSaA
Hkkjr esa HkaMkj.k
z osQaæh; HkaMkj.k fuxe
z jkT; HkaMkj.k fuxe
z Hkkjrh; •k| fuxe (FCI)
HkaMkj.k dk egRo
z cktkj esa eky dh fujarj vfèkdrk lqfuf'pr djukA
z •jkc gksus okys vkSj vèkZ&uk'kikrh mRiknksa dh fxjkoV dks
jksdukA
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
z ewY; ykHk osQ ekè;e ls jkstxkj vkSj vk; çnku djukA
z jkT;ksa dks vkink ;k vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr ls cgqr çHkkoh
<ax ls fuiVus esa l{ke cukrk gSA
z ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ dks lek;ksftr djosQ dherksa osQ fLFkjhdj.k
esa enn djrk gSA
z HkaMkj.k vU; foi.ku dk;ks± osQ çn'kZu osQ fy, oqQN vofèk
osQ fy, vko';d gSA
z Åuh diM+ksa tSls lkekuksa dh ekSleh ekax dks iwjk djus esa
enn djrk gSA
Ñf"k mit dgk¡ laxzghr dh tkrh gS\
z oqQy •k|kUu mRiknu dk yxHkx 70» Ñf"k Lrj ij
j•k vkSj •ir fd;k tkrk gSA
z 'ks"k jkf'k dh vkiwfrZ osaQæh; iwy esa dh tkrh gS vkSj
ukekafdr xksnke ;k •jhn osQ fy, fuèkkZfjr LFkkuh; eaMh
esa forfjr dh tkrh gS A
z 2019 rd] Hkkjr esa yxHkx 91 fefy;u ehfVªd Vu
(MMT) dh oqQy Ñf"k HkaMkj.k {kerk gS] ftlesa ls
vfèkdka'k {kerk jkT; ,tsafl;ksa osQ LokfeRo esa gSA
z jkT; dh ,tsafl;ka yxHkx 40» {kerk dk ekfyd gSa vkSj
'ks"k futh m|fe;ksa] lgdkjh lfefr;ksa] fdlkuksa vkfn osQ
chp forfjr dh tkrh gSaA
Hk.Mkj.k dh Hkwfedk
xksnke oSKkfud HkaMkj.k lajpuk,a gSa tks fo'ks"k :i ls laxzghr
mRiknksa dh ek=kk vkSj xq.koÙkk dh lqj{kk osQ fy, cukbZ
xbZ gSaA
z oSKkfud Hk.Mkj.k% mRikn dks ifjj{k.k dh ,slh fofèk;ksa
osQ mi;ksx }kjk ek=kkRed vkSj xq.kkRed gkfu;ksa ls cpk;k
tkrk gS tks vko';d gSaA
z iQkbusaflax% os;jgkml ml O;fÙkQ dh foÙkh; t:jrksa dks
iwjk djrs gSa tks mRikn dks LVksj djrk gSA jk"Vªh;Ñr cSad
HkaMkfjr mRiknksa osQ fy, tkjh xksnke jlhn dh tekur ij
muosQ ewY; osQ 75 ls 80» dh lhek rd vfxze ½.k
nsrs gSaA
z ewY; fLFkjhdj.k% xksnke fdlkuksa osQ chp iQly dVkbZ osQ
ckn fcØh djus dh ço`fÙk dh tk¡p djosQ Ñf"k oLrqvksa osQ
ewY; fLFkjhdj.k esa enn djrs gSaA
z cktkj vklwpuk% xksnke mu O;fÙkQ;ksa dks cktkj lwpuk
dh lqfoèkk Hkh çnku djrs gSa tks muesa viuk mRikn
j•rs gSaA
427

osQaæh; HkaMkj.k fuxe (lhMCY;wlh)
z CWC yxHkx 117 yk• ehfVªd Vu dh oqQy ifjpkyu
HkaMkj.k {kerk osQ lkFk iwjs ns'k esa 423 xksnkeksa dk
lapkyu dj jgk gSA
z fnlacj] 2020 osQ nkSjku oqQy {kerk mi;ksx 86 çfr'kr
jgus dh mEehn gSA
z foÙk o"kZ 2020&21 osQ ukS eghuksa (vçSy ls fnlacj)
osQ nkSjku vkSlr vfèkHkksx çfr'kr foÙk o"kZ 2019&20
dh blh vofèk osQ nkSjku 86 çfr'kr dh rqyuk esa 89
çfr'kr FkkA
z lhMCY;wlh us futh m|eh xkjaVh (ihbZth) ;kstuk osQ
rgr Hknksgh (mÙkj çns'k) esa 10000 ehfVªd Vu {kerk
osQ xksnke dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA
•k| fuxe (FCI)
FCI dh LFkkiuk 1964 osQ •k| fuxe vfèkfu;e osQ rgr
dh xbZ Fkh%
1- fdlkuksa osQ fgrksa dh j{kk osQ fy, vljnkj ewY; leFkZu
vfHk;kuA
2- lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh osQ fy, iwjs ns'k esa •k|kUu
dk forj.k_ vkSj
3- jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, •k|kUuksa
osQ ifjpkyu ciQj LVkWd osQ larks"ktud Lrj dks cuk,
j•ukA
FCI dh •jhn vkSj HkaMkj.k ls tqM+s ekeys
z vlhfer •jhn% FCI mruk gh vukt •jhnrk gS] ftruk
fdlku csp ldrk gSA ;g u osQoy igys ls gh cks> ls
ncs xksnkeksa dks iQSykrk gS cfYd •k|kUu cktkj dks Hkh
èoLr dj nsrk gSA
z vfrfjÙkQ LVkWd% FCI osQ fy, çeq• pqukSfr;ksa esa ls ,d
ciQj LVkWd dks ciQj LVkWfdax ekunaMksa ls Åij j•uk gSA
blosQ varfuZfgr dkj.kksa esa fu;kZr çfrcaèk] vlhfer •jhn
vkSj dksbZ lfØ; ifjlekiu uhfr 'kkfey ugha gSA
z HkaMkj.k lqfoèkkvksa esa vlarqyu oSQx dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj]
oqQy HkaMkj.k LFkku dk 64» iatkc] gfj;k.kk] vkaèkz çns'k]
mÙkj çns'k vkSj NÙkhlx<+ tSls cM+s •jhn jkT;ksa esa fLFkr FkkA
z vi;kZIr Hk.Mkj.k lqfoèkk% ekStwnk Hk.Mkj.k lqfoèkk dk
j•&j•ko Bhd ls ugha fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls dhVksa osQ
vkØe.k osQ dkj.k vukt dks uqdlku igq¡prk gSA
z iQLVZ bu iQLVZ vkmV fl¼kar (FIFO) dk ikyu u
djuk% CAG dh fjiksVZ ls irk pyk gS fd iQly o"kZ
428
2008&09 ls 2011&11 osQ ckjs esa oqQy 126 LMT •k|kUu
ekpZ 2012 esa Hkh osQaæh; iwy esa iM+k FkkA
z osQaæksa ij •jhn ls badkj djuk% •jhn osQaæksa ij rSukr
de deZpkjh dHkh&dHkh xSj&okLrfod rduhdh dkj.kksa]
tSls mit esa ueh dh ek=kk ij •jhnkjh djus ls euk dj
nsrs gSaA blls fdlkuksa dks Hkkjh ijs'kkuh gksrh gSA
z xksnkeksa dk fuekZ.k% FCI 2020&21 esa i;kZIr ek=kk esa
•jhns x, •k|kUu osQ HkaMkj.k osQ fy, vko';d xksnkeksa
osQ fuekZ.k osQ y{;ksa dks çkIr ugha dj ldkA
z ikjxeu uqdlku% ikjxeu uqdlku vHkh Hkh cgqr vfèkd
gS (vçSy&vDVwcj 2020 osQ nkSjku 281 djksM+ #i;s)A
z HkaMkj.k lqfoèkkvksa dh •jkc fLFkfr % HkaMkj.k lqfoèkk esa
•k|kUu lM+ jgs gSa vkSj dhV fu;a=k.k ra=k dh mis{kk dh
tk jgh gS A
z oSKkfud HkaMkj.k fofèk;ksa dk mi;ksx ugha djuk%
vkWVksesVu] lkbyks vkSj Lopkfyr dhV fu;a=k.k ra=k tSlh
vkèkqfud fofèk;ksa dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk jgk gS A
z Hk.Mkj.k {kerk esa {ks=kh; vlarqyu% lHkh jkT;ksa esa
Hk.Mkj.k dh leku {kerk ugha gSA mÙkjh jkT; oqQy FCI
xksnkeksa osQ 70» ls lqlfTtr gSaA
z FCI lqèkkj ij 'kkark oqQekj lfefr us fuEufyf•r eqíksa
dh vksj b'kkjk fd;k%
 lfØ; ifjlekiu uhfr dk vHkko% vksiu ekdZsV
lsy Ldhe (?kjsyw) ;k fu;kZr cktkjksa osQ ekè;e ls
vfrfjÙkQ LVkWd osQ ifjlekiu dh ekStwnk ç.kkyh vR;ar
rnFkZ vkSj èkheh gSA
 vi;kZIr fcØh ewY;% FCI dks T;knkrj le; vPNh
dher ugha feyrh gS] D;ksafd iwoZ fuèkkZfjr ewY;
(vkjf{kr ewY;) vDlj FCI osQ fy, vukt dh
vfèkxzg.k ykxr@vkfFkZd ykxr ls de gksrh gS vkSj
blls fcØh esa uqdlku gksrk gSA
HkaMkj.k lqfoèkkvksa esa lqèkkj osQ fy, dne mBk, x,
z foosQUæhÑr vfèkçkfIr ;kstuk% ikjxeu gkfu;ksa ls cpus
osQ fy, jkT; Lrj ij miktZu vkSj Hk.Mkj.k djukA
z ijØkE; xksnke jlhn ç.kkyh% bl ç.kkyh osQ rgr]
fdlku viuh mit dks iathÑr xksnkeksa esa tek dj ldrs
gSa] vkSj ,e,lih ij viuh mit osQ fy, cSadksa ls vfxze
osQ :i esa ,d fuf'pr jkf'k çkIr dj ldrs gSaA
z vko';d oLrq vfèkfu;e% LVkWfdax lhek dks de djus
vkSj bl çdkj HkaMkj.k esa futh vkSj fons'kh fuos'k dks
çksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, bZlh, esa la'kksèku fd;k x;k gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ,xzhdYpj baÚkLVªDpj iQaM% iksLV gkoZsLV eSustesaV
baÚkLVªDpj osQ fy, O;ogk;Z ifj;kstukvksa esa fuos'k osQ
fy, lsVviA
z HkaMkj.k vkSj dksYM psu lqfoèkk,a% çèkku osQ rgr cukbZ
xbZ ea=kh fdlku laink ;kstuk (ih,eosQ,lokbZ)A
z ctV 2020 esa ?kksf"kr ^xzke HkaMkj.k ;kstuk*% bls efgyk
,l,pth }kjk pyk;k tk,xk A ;kstuk dk mís'; fdlkuksa
osQ fy, èkkj.k {kerk çnku djuk gS vkSj blosQ ekè;e ls]
xkaoksa vkSj ns'k osQ xzkeh.k fgLls esa efgyk,a "èkU; y{eh"
osQ :i esa viuh fLFkfr dks cuk, j•us esa l{ke gksaxhA
z 'kkark oqQekj lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa dks ykxw djuk%
 jkT; dks •jhn lkSaiuk% FCI dks xsgwa] èkku vkSj pkoy
osQ lHkh •jhn dk;ks± dks mu jkT;ksa dks lkSai nsuk pkfg,
ftUgksaus bl lacaèk esa i;kZIr vuqHko çkIr fd;k gS vkSj
•jhn osQ fy, ,d mfpr cqfu;knh <kapk rS;kj fd;k gSA
 vkmVlksflZax% FCI dks futh m|eh xkjaVh (ihbZth)
(Private Entrepreneur Guarantee (PEG)) ;kstuk osQ
rgr osQaæh; HkaMkj.k fuxe] jkT; HkaMkj.k fuxe] futh
{ks=k tSls fofHkUu ,tsafl;ksa dks vius LVkWfdax lapkyu
dks vkmVlkslZ djuk pkfg, A
 •k| çcaèku ç.kkyh esa uohurk osQ fy, ,tsalh% FCI
dks ^•k| çcaèku ç.kkyh esa uohurk osQ fy, ,tsalh* osQ
:i esa dk;Z djuk pkfg, ] ftldk çkFkfed osQaæ&fcanq
•k|kUu vkiwfrZ J`a•yk osQ çR;sd •aM esa •jhn ls ysdj
HkaMkj.k vkSj var esa forj.k rd çfrLièkkZ iSnk djuk gSA
z c<+kok nsuk% •qyk cktkj fcØh ;kstuk (vksiu ekdZsV lsy
Ldhe (vks,e,l,l)) ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa }kjk •qys cktkj
esa iwoZ fuèkkZfjr dherksa ij •k|kUuksa dh fcØh dks lanfHkZr
djrk gSA rks FCI vfèkd jktLo vftZr dj ldrk gSA
FCI deksfMVh ,Dlpsat NCDEX (us'kuy deksfMVh ,aM
MsfjosfVOl ,Dlpsat fyfeVsM) osQ IysViQkWeZ dk mi;ksx
djosQ •qys cktkj esa bl ;kstuk osQ lapkyu osQ fy,
lkIrkfgd uhykeh vk;ksftr djrk gSA
vkxs dh jkg
z Fkksd vukt çcaèku volajpuk dk vkèkqfudhdj.k vkSj
mUu;uA ikjaifjd xksnkeksa osQ vykok] HkaMkj.k osQ cqfu;knh
<kaps osQ vkèkqfudhdj.k vkSj HkaMkfjr •k|kUuksa dh 'ksYiQ
ykbiQ esa lqèkkj osQ fy, lkoZtfud futh Hkkxhnkjh (ihihih)
eksM esa LVhy lkbyks dk fuekZ.k 'kq: fd;k x;k gS A
z futh {ks=k dks HkaMkj.k {kerk osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, çksRlkfgr
fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftlesa os ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa }kjk •jhns
x, •k|kUu dk HkaMkj.k vkSj j•j•ko djsaxsA futh m|eh
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
xkjaVh (ihbZth) ;kstuk 2008 esa rS;kj dh xbZ ftlesa futh
ikfVZ;ksa }kjk HkaMkj.k {kerk dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS A
z oSKkfud vkSj lqjf{kr HkaMkj.k osQ fy, i;kZIr tu'kfÙkQ vkSj
i;Zos{k.k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ljdkj "Ñf"k foi.ku
volajpuk (,,evkbZ)" dh ;kstuk osQ ekè;e ls ns'k esa
fdlkuksa osQ fy, vPNh rjg ls lqlfTtr oSKkfud HkaMkj.k
lqfoèkkvksa osQ fuekZ.k esa lgk;rk dj jgh gSA
z le; ij vkSj O;ofLFkr fudklh ;kstuk ls •kyh HkaMkj.k
LFkku dk mi;ksx gks ldrk gSA
z jkT; ljdkjksa dk gLr{ksi esa fofHkUu LohÑfr;ka çkIr djus
esa vuko';d nsjh fd, fcuk vkPNkfnr Hk.Mkj.k LFkyksa
osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, Hkwfe dh igpku djus vkSj lkSaius ls
Hk.Mkj.k {kerk esa o`f¼ dks xfr feysxhA
z FCI lqèkkj% èku vkSj oSKkfud HkaMkj.k osQ eqís dks gy djus
osQ fy, ,d rRdky mik; gksuk pkfg,A
z Hkkjr esa laiw.kZ HkaMkj.k O;olk; dk ,dhdj.k% ekStwnk
lqfoèkkvksa osQ b"Vre mi;ksx osQ fy, le; ij fu.kZ; ysus
dks lqfuf'pr djus esa ,d yack jkLrk r; djsxk A
z dksYM LVksjst dh ekU;rk esa o`f¼% vfèklwfpr •jkc gksus
okyh oLrqvksa osQ ekeys esa os;jgkml vkèkkfjr iksLV&iQly
½.k dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, ] ns'k esa dksYM LVksjst dh
ekU;rk esa i;kZIr o`f¼ djuk vko';d gS A
Ñf"k mRikn dk ifjogu
Ñf"k vkSj ifjogu nksuksa m|ksx ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj gSa] vkSj jk"Vªh;
dY;k.k nksuksa ij fuHkZj gSA ,d fo'oluh; vkSj oqQ'ky ifjogu
ç.kkyh dk Ñf"k foi.ku ij mYys•uh; çHkko iM+rk gSA
Ñf"k mit osQ ifjogu dk egRo
z ifjogu Ñf"k dks l{ke cukrk gS vkSj fdlku dks vfèkd
fuos'k djus vkSj mRiknu c<+kus osQ fy, çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
z ,d oqQ'ky ifjogu ç.kkyh vkSj Ñf"k mit osQ lkoèkkuhiwoZd
lapkyu osQ lkFk] fdlku lokZsÙke laHko fjVuZ çkIr dj
ldrk gSA
z ,d oqQ'ky ifjogu vkSj foi.ku ç.kkyh vHkh Hkh ;g
lqfuf'pr dj ldrh gS fd bdkbZ ykxr de jgs vkSj Ñf"k
ewY; J`a•yk dks etcwr Lrj ij cuk, j•sA
z ifjogu ykxr de j•us ls fdlkuksa dks equkiQk dekus esa
enn feyrh gS] lkFk gh ;g miHkksÙkQk osQ fy, lLrh gks
tkrh gSA
z blosQ foijhr] ;fn ifjogu ykxr vfèkd gS] rks u osQoy
?kjsyw foi.ku] cfYd vfèkd oqQ'ky ifjogu okys ns'kksa dh
rqyuk esa Ñf"k fu;kZr dh laHkkouk Hkh de gks tk,xhA
429
z ifjogu Ñf"k mit osQ fy, ,d cktkj cukrk gS] HkkSxksfyd
vkSj vkfFkZd {ks=kksa osQ chp laidZ c<+krk gS vkSj vkfFkZd
iQksdl osQ fy, u, {ks=kksa dks •ksyrk gSA
z xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa •jkc ifjogu osQ ifj.kkeLo:i de
mRikndrk] de vk; vkSj thou Lrj esa fxjkoV vk,xhA
eqís vkSj ckèkk,a
z vkèkqfud lM+d vkSj jsy volajpuk dk vHkkoA
z fo'ks"k :i ls iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr osQ lkFk iw.kZ {ks=kh; laidZ dk
vHkkoA
z fgeky;h vkSj mÙkj&iwohZ jkT;ksa esa ekSleh :i ls vo#¼
ekxZA
z jsy ifjogu osQ ctk; lM+d ifjogu ij vfèkd fuHkZjrkA
z Hkkjr osQ xzkeh.k vkSj tutkrh; {ks=kksa esa iDdh vkSj iDdh
lM+dksa dk vHkko A
z vkerkSj ij ifjogu Vªd vksojyksfMax osQ dkj.k ikjxeu osQ
nkSjku fjlko vkSj viO;; dk dkj.k curs gSaA
ifjogu esa lqèkkj osQ fy, mBk, x, dne
z igyh eYVh&deksfMVh Vªsuksa osQ :i esa fdlku jsy%
jsfÚtjsVsM dksp okyh ;s Vªsusa de le; esa •jkc gksus okys
Ñf"k mRiknksa tSls lfCt;ksa] iQyksa dks cktkj esa ykus esa enn
djsaxh A
z Ñf"k gokbZ ekxZ ls Ñf"k oLrqvksa osQ ifjogu osQ fy,
mM+ku ;kstuk% blls fo'ks"k :i ls mÙkj&iwoZ vkSj vkfnoklh
ftyksa esa ewY; çkfIr (Ñf"k mRiknksa ij) esa lqèkkj djus esa
cgqr enn feysxh A
z ifjogu vkSj foi.ku lgk;rk (Vh,e,)% bldk mís';
eky <qykbZ vkSj Ñf"k mit osQ foi.ku osQ varjjk"Vªh; ?kVd
osQ fy, lgk;rk çnku djuk gS tks Vªkal&f'kiesaV osQ dkj.k
fufnZ"V Ñf"k mRiknksa osQ fu;kZr dh mPp ykxr osQ uqdlku
dks de djus dh laHkkouk gSA
z çèkku ea=kh xzke lM+d ;kstuk% ;g Hkkjr esa ,d jk"VªO;kih
;kstuk gS] tks vlac¼ xkaoksa dks gj ekSle esa vPNh lM+d
ls tksM+rk gSA
z fdlku jFk eksckby ,fIyosQ'ku% ykWdMkmu osQ nkSjku
•k|kUu vkSj •jkc gksus okys lkekuksa osQ ifjogu dh
lqfoèkk osQ fy,A
z ns'kO;kih ykWdMkmu esa <hy% ljdkj us Ñ"kd leqnk; dks
gks jgh leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku dh n`f"V ls Ñf"k ,oa blls
tqM+s dk;ks± ls lacafèkr xfrfofèk;ksa osQ fy, NwV çnku dh gSA
z MsfMosQVsM ÚsV dkWfjMksj% Ñf"k mRiknksa osQ fy, lefiZrA
430
z lM+d ls jsy usVodZ esa cnyko% •jkc gksus okys iQyksa
vkSj lfCt;ksa dk yxHkx 1-9» jsy osQ ekè;e ls ifjogu
fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd 97-4» mRikn lM+dksa osQ ekè;e ls
ys tk;k tkrk gSA
Ñf"k mRikn dk foi.ku
Ñf"k foi.ku eq[; :i ls lacafèkr gS Ñf"k mRiknksa dh •jhn
vkSj fcØh A ;g fdlkuksa }kjk Ñf"k vknkuksa dh •jhn vkSj •srksa
ls miHkksÙkQkvksa rd Ñf"k mit dh vkoktkgh esa 'kkfey lHkh
xfrfofèk;ksa] ,tsafl;ksa] Ñf"k m|fe;ksa vkSj uhfr;ksa dks lanfHkZr
djrk gS A
Ñf"k foi.ku osQ dk;Z
1- fofue; dk;Z% •jhnuk] cspuk] HkaMkj.k]
2- HkkSfrd dk;Z% ifjogu] çlaLdj.k] ekudhdj.k
3- lgk;d dk;Z% foÙk iks"k.k] tksf•e ogu] cktkj vklwpukA
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh lkroha vuqlwph
vkSj Ñf"k foi.ku
z leorhZ lwph esa çfof"V 33 Ñf"k esa jkT;ksa dh 'kfÙkQ
dks lhfer djrh gS vkSj osQaæ dks ;g dgrs gq, l'kÙkQ
djrh gS fd jkT; vkSj osQaæ ljdkj nksuksa •k| inkFkks±
vkSj Ñf"k dPps eky osQ mRiknu] O;kikj] vkiwfrZ vkSj
forj.k osQ lacaèk esa dkuwu cuk ldrs gSaA
Ñf"k mit osQ foi.ku dk egRo
z mit dk eqæhdj.k% foi.ku Ñf"k mRiknksa dh fcØh dks
lqlkè; vkSj csgrj cukrk gSA
z ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ larqyu dks iwjk djs% bu mRiknksa dk
ewY; ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ dh fLFkfr ls çHkkfor gksrk gS] tks
cnys esa cktkj dh ek=kk vkSj iwN ewY; ls çHkkfor gksrk gSA
z çfrLièkhZ O;kikj dks c<+kok nsuk% ,d vPNh rjg ls
fodflr foi.ku cqfu;knh <kapk vkSj oqQ'ky foi.ku ç.kkyh
çfrLièkhZ O;kikj dks c<+kok nsrh gS ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i
fdlkuksa dks csgrj dher dh çkfIr gksrh gSA
z fcpkSfy;ksa dh Hkwfedk dks de djuk% ,d oqQ'ky
foi.ku J`a•yk vkfFkZd vkSj xq.kkRed nksuksa dkj.kksa ls
Ñf"k mRikn ifjorZu osQ gkFkksa dh la[;k dks mÙkjksÙkj de
djrh gSA
z cktkj dh tkudkjh vkSj ewY; laosQr osQ lzksr osQ :i
esa dk;Z djuk% ;g mUgsa ek=kk] okafNr xq.koÙkk] ekudksa vkSj
mRikn dh fof'k"Vrkvksa ij çklafxd ekax ls tqM+h tkudkjh
çnku djrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 ekdZsV baVsfytsal fcpkSfy;ksa dks HkkSfrd
flLVe •Re djuk ewy<+kapk
vuqdwy
laLFkkxr dq'ky Ñf"k foi.ku osQ
fu;ked
fy, iwokZis{kk,¡
cqfu;knh <k¡pk ç.kkyh
lwpuk dk çlkj vkSj çfrLi/hZ fujarj ekax
tkx:drk iSnk djuk okrkoj.k vkSj vkiwfrZ
z iwath fuekZ.k vkSj çkS|ksfxdh esa fuos'k çHkkoh Ñf"k foi.ku
{ks=k esa fodkl {kerk dks mfpr :i ls çnf'kZr dj ldrk
gSA blls bl {ks=k esa fuos'k vkSj csgrj çkS|ksfxfd;ksa osQ ços'k
dks c<+kok feysxkA
z Ñf"k esa ewY; laoèkZu % etcwr foi.ku ç.kkfy;ka MkmuLVªhe
m|ksxksa dks Ñf"k mRiknksa rd igqap çnku djrh gSa] ftlls
cM+s iSekus ij ewY;oèkZu dh laHkkouk iSnk gksrh gSA mnkgj.k
osQ fy,] fcgkj ljdkj }kjk foi.ku igy fd, tkus osQ
ckn gky osQ fnuksa esa cM+s iSekus ij 'e•kuk' LuSd m|ksx
fodflr gks jgk gS A
z •jkc gksus okys •k| m|ksx dh fuHkZjrk% ;g m|ksx HkaMkj.k]
jln] ifjogu vkSj forj.k ij egRoiw.kZ :i ls fuHkZj gSA
z •k| lqj{kk% HkaMkj.k {kerk esa o`f¼ vkSj vafre&ehy
dusfDVfoVh lqfuf'pr djus ls iQly dVkbZ osQ ckn gksus
okys uqdlku dks jksdus vkSj •k| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus
esa enn feysxhA
z jkstxkj osQ volj l`ftr djrk gS% 89]375 djksM+ #i;s dk
fuos'k djosQ iQly dVkbZ osQ ckn osQ HkaMkj.k vkSj ifjogu
dks etcwr cukus esa fuos'k ls 3 fefy;u ls vfèkd jkstxkj
Hkh l`ftr gksaxsA
z xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk dks l'kÙkQ cukrk gS% vfèkdka'k
ukSdfj;ka xzkeh.k Lrj ij gksaxh] bl çdkj LFkkuh;] xzkeh.k
vFkZO;oLFkk dks l'kÙkQ cuk;k tk,xkA
Hkkjr esa Ñf"k mit osQ foi.ku dh pqukSfr;k¡
z ykblsaflax ckèkk,a% deh'ku ,tsaVksa@O;kikfj;ksa osQ :i esa
ykblsal çkIr djus osQ fy, ,d nqdku @xksnke osQ ekfyd
gksus dh vfuok;Z vko';drk osQ dkj.k oqQN ykblsal çkIr
O;kikfj;ksa dk ,dkfèkdkj gks x;k gSA blosQ dkj.k çeq•
ços'k vojksèk mRiUu gksrk gSA
z cktkj 'kqYdksa dh vfèkdrk% ,ih,elh dks mRikn osQ
fcØh ewY; osQ 0-5» ls 2-0» osQ chp cktkj 'kqYd ,d=k
djus osQ fy, vfèkÑr fd;k x;k gSA blosQ vykok] vU;
'kqYd] tSls fd •jhn dj] otu 'kqYd vkfn dk Hkh Hkqxrku
djuk vko';d gSA
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
•jkc
dusfDVfoVh
volajpukRed •jkc dher
vi;kZIrrk dh •kst
Ñf"k foi.ku
rdZghu dj •jkc NaVkbZ
esa eqís
vkSj midj vkSj xzsfMax
LokLF;] LoPNrk LoPNrk vkSj ikni
vkSj lqj{kk fpark •jkc vkiwfrZ LoPNrk ekud
J`a•yk (,lih,l)
z ekudhÑr xzsfMax ra=k dk vHkko% Ñf"k mRikn dks cspus
ls igys mldkA ;g fdlkuksa dks mudh mit dh xq.koÙkk
osQ vuq:i ewY; çkIr djus ls jksdrk gSA
z Ñf"k cktkjksa esa •jkc cqfu;knh <k¡pk% dksYM LVksjst
bdkb;k¡ cktkjksa osQ nlosa fgLls ls Hkh de esa ekStwn gSa vkSj
,d frgkbZ ls Hkh de cktkjksa esa xzsfMax lqfoèkk,¡ ekStwn gSaA
z ifj;kstukvksa dh •jkc vkfFkZd {kerk% Ñf"k foi.ku
cqfu;knh <kapk ifj;kstukvksa dh fuekZ.k vofèk yach gksrh
gSA ekSleh vkSj Ñf"k mit osQ NksVs vfèk'ks"kksa dk ,d=khdj.k
ifj;kstukvksa dh vkfFkZd {kerk dks vkSj çHkkfor djrk gS]
tks fuos'k dks jksdrk gSA
z ekax laosQrksa esa varjky% oqQ'ky okLrfod le; osQ
lwpukRed pkSuyksa dh vuqifLFkfr ekax laosQrksa esa nsjh iSnk
djrh gSA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i fdlkuksa us vkiwfrZ osQ laosQrd
osQ :i esa ewY; ço`fÙk;ksa dk vuqlj.k fd;k gSA
z lhfer lwpuk pkSuy vkSj lkexzh% orZeku lwpuk çlkj
ç.kkyh] (tSls LFkkuh; lekpkj i=k vkSj ,ih,elh fMLIys
cksMZ) osQoy çeq• oLrqvksa dh dherksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh
çnku djrs gSa] fdlku osQ LFkku ls cgqr nwj gSa] vkSj vke
rkSj ij LFkkuh; Hkk"kkvksa esa miyCèk ugha gSaA
z lwpuk osQ u, ekè;eksa osQ ckjs esa tkx:drk dh deh%
fdlkuksa dk osQoy ,d NksVk lk va'k gh vfèkd lqyHk
,l,e,l&vkèkkfjr lykg ;k okW;l baVj,fDVo flLVe dk
mi;ksx djrk gSA
z ,d jk"Vªh; ,dhÑr cktkj dk vHkko% Hkys gh ,ih,elh
osQ :i esa ,d jk"Vªh; Lrj dk HkkSfrd cktkj ekStwn gS]
blosQ fy, dksbZ jk"Vªh; Lrj dk fofu;eu ugha gSA
z lhfer lkoZtfud fuos'k% Ñf"k foi.ku mi&{ks=k ij
lkoZtfud O;; Ñf"k ij oqQy lkoZtfud O;; dk 4&5» gSA
Ñf"k foi.ku esa lqèkkj osQ fy, mBk, x, dne
z bysDVªkWfud jk"Vªh; Ñf"k cktkj (e-NAM)% ljdkj us
vf•y Hkkjrh; O;kikj iksVZy osQ ekè;e ls lHkh fofu;fer
Fkksd mRikn cktkjksa dks tksM+us osQ fy, e-NAM cuk;k gSA
431
z bZ&'kklu iksVZy ,xekdZusV% ;g dherksa osQ mRiknu vkSj
çlkj.k] Ñf"k mit cktkjksa ls oLrq vkxeu dh tkudkjh]
vkSj mRikndksa] miHkksÙkQkvksa] O;kikfj;ksa vkSj uhfr fuekZrkvksa
dks ikjn'khZ vkSj rsth ls osc&vkèkkfjr çlkj dh lqfoèkk
çnku djrk gSA
z fdlku ØsfMV dkMZ ;kstuk% Ñf"k t:jrksa osQ fy, lkofèk
½.k çnku djus osQ fy,A
z ,iQihvks dk xBu vkSj çpkj% ,iQihvks }kjk fo'ks"kKrk vkSj
csgrj çlaLdj.k] foi.ku] czkafMax vkSj fu;kZr dks c<+kok
nsus osQ fy, ^ou fMfLVªDV ou çksMDV* DyLVj osQ rgr
,iQihvks dks c<+kok fn;k tk,xk A
z ekdZsV baVsfytsal ,aM vyhZ okfuZax flLVe (MIEWS) iksVZy
% fdlkuksa dks pØh; mRiknu ls cpus osQ fy, lykg nsus
osQ lkFk&lkFk vfèkdrk dh fLFkfr esa çkjafHkd psrkouh
çnku djus osQ fy,A
z fuckZèk dusfDVfoVh% ns'k Hkj esa •jkc gksus okys mRiknksa
osQ ifjogu osQ fy, ljdkj fdlku jsy vkSj lefiZr ÚsV
dkWfjMksj osQ lkFk vkbZ gSA
z bZ&uke (E-NAM) vkSj Ñf"k cktkj% bZ&,u,,e (jk"Vªh;
Ñf"k cktkj) Ñf"k mRiknksa osQ fy, ,d vkWuykbu VªsfMax
IysViQkWeZ gS] ftldk mís'; vkWuykbu VªsfMax osQ lkFk
fdlkuksa] O;kikfj;ksa vkSj •jhnkjksa dh enn djuk vkSj lqpk:
foi.ku }kjk csgrj dher çkIr djuk gSA
vkxs c<+us osQ fodYi
z lfCt;ksa vkSj iQyksa ls 'kq#vkr djosQ Ñf"k oLrqvksa dks
,ih,elh usV ls ckgj ykuk vkSj ckn esa vukt] nkyksa]
frygu vkfn dh fn'kk esa dke djuk A
z futh cktkjksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k :i ls cktkj cqfu;knh <kapk
çnku djus osQ fy, jkT;ksa dks jkth djsa] rkfd os varr%
ljdkj }kjk LFkkfir ,ih,elh cktkjksa osQ lkFk çfrLièkkZ
djus osQ fy, i;kZIr tho{ke gks losQaA
z cktkj osQ cqfu;knh <kaps esa fuos'k dh vuqefr nsus vkSj
vkiwfrZ J`a•yk dks etcwr djus osQ fy, jkT;ksa dks •qnjk
{ks=k esa ,iQMhvkbZ dks mnkj cukus osQ fy, jkth djuk A
z Ñf"k foi.ku dks leorhZ lwph esa j•us osQ fy, fdlkuksa ij
jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'k ij fopkj djsa A
z DyLVj vkèkkfjr laxBuksa dks c<+kok nsuk A
z lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh dks çksRlkfgr djsa A
z çR;{k fcØh dks c<+kok nsuk & iQkeZ xsV ekWMy A
z Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk dk mi;ksxA ;g mUgsa iQly vknkuksa ls
lacafèkr ekeyksa ls ysdj cktkj vkSj dherksa ls lacafèkr
ekeyksa ij fu.kZ; ysus esa enn dj ldrk gSA
432
z ewY; vfLFkjrk dks jksdus osQ fy, ewY; fuèkkZj.k ra=k esa
,thVsd LVkVZvi dks 'kkfey fd;k tkuk gSA
Ñf"k foi.ku dk fofu;eu% ,ih,elh
z Ñf"k vkSj fdlku dY;k.k ea=kky; us ekWMy ,ih,elh
vfèkfu;e vkSj ekWMy jkT;@osQaæ 'kkflr çns'k Ñf"k mit
vkSj i'kqèku foi.ku (laoèkZu vkSj lqfoèkk) vfèkfu;e]
2017 dk çLrko djosQ fu;ked ç.kkyh esa vkewy&pwy
ifjorZu djus dk ç;kl fd;kA
Ñf"k cktkjksa ls dbZ dqjhfr;ksa
vkSj •kfe;ksa dks nwj djuk
,ih,elh
fdlkuksa dks mudh mit
ikjn'khZ cktkj
cspus ds fy, mfpr lkSnk
fLFkfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k
lqfuf'pr djuk
z ,ih,elh jkT; ljdkj }kjk tkjh ,ih,elh vfèkfu;e osQ
rgr oqQN vfèklwfpr Ñf"k ;k ckxokuh ;k i'kqèku mRiknksa
esa O;kikj osQ lacaèk esa jkT; ljdkj }kjk xfBr ,d oSèkkfud
cktkj lfefr gSA
,ih,elh osQ fu;ksftr dk;Z
z ewY; fuèkkZj.k ç.kkyh vkSj cktkj {ks=k esa gksus okys ysu&nsu
esa ikjnf'kZrk lqfuf'pr djukA
z fdlkuksa dks cktkj vkèkkfjr foLrkj lsok,a çnku djuk A
z fdlkuksa }kjk csph xbZ Ñf"k mit dk mlh fnu Hkqxrku
lqfuf'pr djukA
z Ñf"k mit esa ewY;oèkZu osQ fy, xfrfofèk;ksa lfgr Ñf"k
çlaLdj.k dks c<+kok nsukA
z fcØh osQ fy, cktkj {ks=k esa yk, x, Ñf"k mRiknksa dh
vkod vkSj njksa ij MsVk dks lkoZtfud djukA
z Ñf"k cktkjksa osQ çcaèku esa lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh
(ihihih) dks LFkkfir djuk vkSj c<+kok nsukA
,ih,elh osQ lkFk eqís
z cktkjksa dk fo•aMu% mnkgj.k osQ fy, lacafèkr jkT;
ljdkj osQ rgr gtkjksa ,ih,elh cktkj] ftuosQ chp dksbZ
lacaèk ugha gSA
z vçfrcafèkr lapyu dk vHkko% ;g ,d cktkj esa
cgqrk;r vkSj nwljs cktkj esa deh dh leL;k iSnk djrk gS]
ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i ;k rks dher esa fxjkoV vkrh gS vkSj
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 mRiknd dks uqdlku gksrk gS] ;k eqækLiQhfr vkSj miHkksÙkQk
dks uqdlku gksrk gSA
z de fdlkuksa dks dher dh çkfIr% fcpkSfy;ksa dh cM+h
la[;k] cqfu;knh <kaps dh deh vkSj •jkc èkkj.k {kerk osQ
dkj.k] miHkksÙkQk dh dher esa fdlkuksa dh fgLlsnkjh cgqr
de gS] fo'ks"k :i ls tYnh •jkc gksus okyh oLrqvksa esaA
z çR;{k fcØh dks grksRlkfgr djrk gS% vuqcafèkr •srh osQ
çk;kstdksa] •qnjk foØsrkvksa] •k| çlaLdj.k bdkb;ksa vkfn
dks dksbZ çR;{k fcØh ugha gksrh gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] fdlku
vfèkd ykHk vftZr djus esa vleFkZ gksrs gSaA
z fcpkSfy;ksa }kjk 'kks"k.k% çR;{k fcØh osQ volj dh deh
Hkh deh'ku ,tsaVksa }kjk 'kks"k.k dks c<+krh gS] tks •qn dks
dkVZsykbt djrs gSa] fdlkuksa osQ ykHk dks de djrs gSa]
miHkksÙkQkvksa dh dherksa esa o`f¼ djrs gSa] u, ,tsaVksa osQ ços'k
dks çfrcafèkr djrs gSa] vkfnA
z vfèkdrk% O;kikj osQ igys Lrj ij cktkj 'kqYdksa] djksa]
deh'ku vkSj iQhl dh cgqyrk dk •qnjk dherksa ij O;kid
çHkko iM+rk gS] ftlls eqækLiQhfr gksrh gSA
z ,d=k fd, x, ysoh osQ mi;ksx esa xSj&ikjnf'kZrk%
ysoh jkT; osQ •tkus esa ugha tkrh gS vkSj blfy,] jkT;
foèkkueaMy osQ vuqeksnu dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gS A
blosQ mi;ksx ij dksbZ fuxjkuh ugha gSA
z jktuhfrd gLr{ksi vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj% ,ih,elh vkSj ,ih,elh
cksMks± ij jktuhfrd :i ls çHkko'kkyh O;fÙkQ;ksa dk dCtk
gS] tks ,d fo'ks"k cktkj {ks=k ij ,dkfèkdkj 'kfÙkQ pykus
osQ fy, deh'ku ,tsaVksa osQ lkFk gkFk feykrs gSaA
z vkiwfrZ J`a•yk esa mPp viO;;% ,ih,elh osQ nk;js esa iQyksa
vkSj lfCt;ksa dks 'kkfey djus osQ ifj.kkeLo:i iQly
dVkbZ osQ ckn uqdlku vkSj cM+h cckZnh gqbZ gSA
z Ñf"k cktkjksa esa cqfu;knh <k¡ps dh deh% vkèkqfud
cqfu;knh <k¡ps tSls dksYM LVksjst] vkèkqfud xksnkeksa]
bysDVªkWfud osV&fczt vkfn esa dksbZ cM+k fuos'k ughaA
,ih,elh dh vkykspuk
z ,ih,elh dk ,dkfèkdkj% ;g fdlkuksa dks csgrj xzkgdksa
ls vkSj miHkksÙkQkvksa dks ewy vkiwfrZdrkZvksa ls oafpr djrk gSA
z xqVcanh% ;g vDlj ns•k tkrk gS fd ,ih,elh esa ,tsaV
dkVZsy cukus osQ fy, ,d lkFk gks tkrs gSa vkSj tkucw>dj
mPp cksyh yxkus ls jksdrs gSaA mRiknu pkykdh ls •ksts x,
ewY; ij •jhnk tkrk gS vkSj mPp dher ij cspk tkrk gS A
z ços'k ckèkk,a% bu cktkjksa esa ykblsal 'kqYd vR;fèkd
fu"ksèkkRed gSA dbZ cktkjksa esa fdlkuksa dks dke ugha djus
fn;k x;kA blosQ vykok] ykblsal 'kqYd osQ vykok] nqdkuksa
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
dk fdjk;k@ewY; dkiQh vfèkd gS tks çfrLièkkZ dks nwj
j•rk gSA T;knkrj txgksa ij ,ih,elh esa osQoy xkao@'kgjh
vfHktkr oxZ dk lewg gh dke djrk gSA
z fgrksa dk la?k"kZ% ,ih,elh fu;ked vkSj cktkj dh nksgjh
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA urhtru] fu;ked osQ :i esa bldh
Hkwfedk vkd"kZd O;kikj esa fufgr LokFkZ ls de vkadk
x;k gSA
z mPpk;ksx] dj vkSj 'kqYd% fdlkuksa dks deh'ku] foi.ku
'kqYd] ,ih,elh midj dk Hkqxrku djuk iM+rk gS ftlls
ykxr c<+ tkrh gSA blosQ vykok dbZ jkT; ewY; ofèkZr
dj yxkrs gSaA
z vU; gsj&iQsj% ,tsaVksa dh ço`fr vLi"V ;k dkYifud
dkj.kksa ls Hkqxrku osQ ,d fgLls dks vo:¼ djus dh gksrh
gSA fdlku dks dHkh&dHkh Hkqxrku iphZ (tks fcØh vkSj
Hkqxrku dks Lohdkj djrh gS) ls euk dj fn;k tkrk gS]
tks mlosQ fy, ½.k çkIr djus osQ fy, vko';d gSA
,ih,elh esa ;k mlosQ vklikl miyCèk fof'k"V lqfoèkkvksa esa
uhykeh gkWy] osfczt] xksnke] •qnjk foØsrkvksa osQ fy, nqdkusa]
osQaVhu] lM+osQa] jks'kuh] ihus dk ikuh] iqfyl LVs'ku] Mkd?kj]
cksj&osy] xksnke] fdlku lqfoèkk osQaæ] VSad] ty mipkj la;a=k]
feêðh ijh{k.k ç;ksx'kkyk] 'kkSpky; CykWd vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
,ih,elh cktkj ,d leL;k osQ lekèkku ls osQls
vkxs c<+s\
z ,ih,elh vfèkfu;eksa us vfuok;Z fd;k fd Ñf"k oLrqvksa
dh fcØh@•jhn ,d fufnZ"V cktkj {ks=k esa dh tkrh gS]
vkSj fuekZrk&foØsrk ;k O;kikjh vko';d cktkj 'kqYd]
mi;ksxdrkZ 'kqYd] ysoh vkSj deh'ku ,tsaVksa (v<+fr;ksa) osQ
fy, Hkqxrku djrs gSaA
z ;s 'kqYd bl ckr ij è;ku fn, fcuk yxk, x, Fks fd
fcØh ,ih,elh ifjlj osQ vanj ;k mlosQ ckgj gqbZ Fkh
vkSj 'kqYd jkT;ksa vkSj oLrqvksa esa O;kid :i ls fHkUu FksA
z 1960 osQ n'kd ls] fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa Ñf"k mRiknksa osQ fy,
lHkh Fkksd cktkjksa dks Ñf"k mRikn cktkj fofu;eu (APMC)
vfèkfu;eksa osQ rgr ykus osQ fy, Bksl ç;kl fd, x, gSAa
z osQjy] tEew vkSj d'ehj vkSj ef.kiqj dks NksM+dj lHkh
jkT;ksa us ,sls dkuwu cuk, A
z APMCS dk Lof.kZe dky% çkjafHkd o"kks± esa] APMC
vfèkfu;eksa us vukpkj dks nwj djus esa enn dh vkSj
fdlkuksa dks fcpkSfy;ksa vkSj O;kikfjd iwath dh 'kks"k.k 'kfÙkQ
ls eqÙkQ fd;kA ,ih,elh cktkjksa osQ fy, lqugjk nkSj yxHkx
1991 rd jgkA
433
,ih,elh ls lacafèkr mHkjrs eqís
z Ñf"k fodkl osQ lkFk xfr cuk, j•us esa ,ih,elh
dh foiQyrk% le; osQ lkFk] cktkj lqfoèkkvksa esa o`f¼
esa Li"V deh vkbZ vkSj 2006 rd] ;g iQly mRiknu esa
,d&pkSFkkbZ ls Hkh de gks xbZ] ftlosQ ckn vkxs dksbZ o`f¼
ugha gqbZA blus Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa osQ ladV dks c<+k fn;k
D;ksafd cktkj dh lqfoèkk,a mRiknu esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk rkyesy
ugha fcBk ikbZa vkSj fofu;eu us fdlkuksa dks ,ih,elh
cktkjksa osQ ckgj cspus dh vuqefr ugha nhA
z fcpkSfy;ksa dk mn;% cktkj osQ •jkc cqfu;knh <kaps osQ
dkj.k] ,ih,elh eafM;ksa dh rqyuk esa cktkjksa osQ ckgj
vfèkd mRikn csps tkrs gSaA 'kq¼ ifj.kke baVjykWDM ysu&nsu
dh ,d ç.kkyh Fkh tks fdlkuksa dks ;g r; djus osQ fy,
ywVrh gS fd fdls vkSj dgk¡ cspuk gS] fcpkSfy;ksa }kjk mudk
'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gS A
z jktLo l`tu dk lzksr% dbZ jkT;ksa esa] lsokvksa esa dksbZ
lqèkkj fd, fcuk deh'ku 'kqYd c<+k fn;k x;kA vkSj bu
mPp 'kqYdksa osQ f•ykiQ fdlkuksa osQ fdlh Hkh fojksèk ls
cpus osQ fy,] buesa ls vfèkdka'k dk Hkqxrku FCI tSls
•jhnkjksa }kjk fd;k tkuk vko';d FkkA gfj;k.kk vkSj
iatkc esa] FCI }kjk •jhns x, xsgwa vkSj xSj&cklerh
pkoy osQ fy, eaMh 'kqYd vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl 'kqYd
futh f•ykfM+;ksa }kjk •jhns x, cklerh pkoy osQ 'kqYd
ls pkj ls Ng xquk vfèkd gSaA
ekWMy Ñf"k mit vkSj i'kqèku foi.ku (laoèkZu vkSj
lqfoèkk) (,ih,y,e) vfèkfu;e] 2017
z Hkkjr ljdkj us APMC vfèkfu;e] 2003 dks çfrLFkkfir
djus osQ fy, ,d u;k elkSnk ekWMy dkuwu] Ñf"k mRikn
vkSj i'kqèku foi.ku (laoèkZu vkSj lqfoèkk) vfèkfu;e
(APLM)] 2017 yk;kA
z mís';%
 ,dy Ñf"k&cktkj dk fuekZ.k djuk tgka ,d gh
ykblsal osQ lkFk dksbZ Hkh Ñf"k&mit osQ lkFk&lkFk
i'kqèku dk O;kikj dj ldrk gSA
 fdlkuksa dks csgrj dher dh çkfIrA
 2022 rd fdlkuksa dh vk; nksxquh djukA
z elkSnk ekWMy vfèkfu;e osQ çeq• çkoèkku%
 ,dy 'kqYd dk Hkqxrku djus ls varj&jkT;h; O;kikj
laHko gks x;kA
 tYnh •jkc gksus okyh phtsa tSls iQy vkSj lfCt;ka
ekStnw k eafM;ksa (Fkksd cktkjks)a osQ ckgj csph tk ldrh gSAa
 Fkksd cktkj esa mit ykus osQ ckn fdlku }kjk Hkqxrku
fd, tkus okys cktkj 'kqYd vkSj deh'ku 'kqYd dks
lhfer djukA
434
 cktkj 'kqYd yxkus dh lhek% iQyksa vkSj lfCt;ksa osQ
fy, 2» (fcØh ewY; dk) vkSj •k|kUuksa osQ fy, 1»A
 xksnkeksa vkSj dksYM LVksjst dks fofu;fer cktkjksa osQ :i
esa dk;Z djuk gSA
 fdlku viuh mit lhèks Fkksd •jhnkjksa dks csp ldrs gSaA
z egRo%
 ckèkk eqÙkQ ,dhÑr Ñf"k cktkj% ,d O;kikjh ykblsal
(varjjkT;h; O;kikj ykblsal) ckèkk eqÙkQ ,dhÑr Ñf"k
cktkj dh vksj ys tk,xkA
 ijaijk osQ ,dkfèkdkj dks rksM+uk% futh f•ykfM+;ksa dks
Fkksd cktkj LFkkfir djus dh vuqefr nsdj 'eafM;ka'A
 •jhnkjksa osQ chp c<+rh çfrLièkkZ ls iQkeZ&xsV dh dhersa
csgrj gksaxhA
 u, dkuwu ls Ñf"k mit dh cckZnh Hkh de gksxhA
 bysDVªkWfud VªsfMax (bZ&VªsfMax) dks c<+kok nsukA
Hkkjr esa Ñf"k foi.ku esa lqèkkj osQ fy, gky osQ
ljdkjh mik;
z •jhnkj vkSj foØsrk dh Hkkxhnkjh dks lqfoèkktud cukus
vkSj jk"Vª Ñf"k cktkj cukus osQ fy, ,d vf•y Hkkjrh;
bysDVªkWfud ijaijk eap bZ&,u,,e dk 'kqHkkjaHk A
 fnlacj 2021 rd] 1000 HkkSfrd APMC eafM;ksa
dks igys gh ,dhÑr fd;k tk pqdk gS vkSj ctV
2021&22 esa ;g ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ Fkh fd 1000 vkSj
eafM;ksa dks e&NAM osQ ekè;e ls ,dhÑr fd;k tk,xkA
 Ñf"k mit osQ ifjogu osQ fy, jln lsokvksa dks Hkh
bZ&,u,,e osQ lkFk ,dhÑr fd;k x;k gS A
z Ñf"k mit vkSj i'kqèku foi.ku (laoèkZu vkSj lqfoèkk)
vfèkfu;e] 2017
z ,xekdZsVusV (AGMARKETNET)% ;g ,d th2lh
bZ&xouZsal iksVZy gS tks fdlkuksa] m|ksx] uhfr fuekZrkvksa vkSj
'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa tSls fofHkUu fgrèkkjdksa dh t:jrksa dks
,d gh f•M+dh ls Ñf"k foi.ku ls lacafèkr tkudkjh çnku
djosQ iwjk djrk gSA
z xzkeh.k Ñf"k cktkj (thvkj,,e)% ekStwnk 22]000
xzkeh.k gkVksa (xzkeh.k çkFkfed cktkj) dks xzke esa fodflr
vkSj vixzsM djus osQ ç;kl fd, tk jgs gSa A bls bZ&,u,,e
ls tksM+k tk,xk vkSj ,ih,elh vfèkfu;e fofu;eu osQ
ckgj jgsxkA
z ,iQihvks osQ xBu vkSj laoèkZu osQ fy, ;kstuk% bl ;kstuk
dk y{; 2019&20 ls 2023&24 rd ikap lky dh vofèk
esa 10]000 ,iQihvks cukuk gS vkSj çR;sd ,iQihvks dks
gSaMgksfYMax lgk;rk Hkh çnku djuk gSA
z lgdkjh {ks=k ij vfèkd è;ku nsus osQ mís'; ls 2021 esa
iw.kZ fodflr lgdkfjrk ea=kky; dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
Ñf"k fu;kZr z ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa o`f¼% Hkkjr osQ Ñf"k ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn osQ çfr'kr osQ :i esa Ñf"k fu;kZr 2017&18 esa 9-4»
z 2019 esa] Hkkjr us 38-7 fcfy;u vejhdh Mkyj osQ Ñf"k ls c<+dj 2018&19 esa 9-9» gks x;k gSA
lkekuksa dk fu;kZr fd;k] tks Hkkjrh; Ñf"k mRiknu dk
osQoy 7» gS A Ñf"k oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr Ñf"k ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn dk yxHkx 13» ;ksxnku nsrk gSA
z 2007 vkSj 2016 osQ chp phu (8»)] czkthy (5-4»)]
vkSj vesfjdk (5-1») dh rqyuk esa Hkkjrh; Ñf"k fu;kZr
esa 9» dh o`f¼ gqbZ A
z Hkkjr Ñf"k fu;kZr esa nqfu;k esa 13osa LFkku ij gSA
vkfFkZd loZs{k.k (2022&23)
z 1991 esa vkfFkZd lqèkkj 'kq: gksus osQ ckn ls] Hkkjr
Ñf"k&mRiknksa dk 'kq¼ fu;kZrd cuk gqvk gS ] Ñf"k &
#- 2019&20 esa 2-52 yk• djksM+ dk fu;kZr Nw jgk gSA
çeq• fu;kZr xarO; la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk] lÅnh vjc]
bZjku] usiky vkSj ckaXykns'k FksA
z vkfFkZd loZs{k.k bl ckjs esa çdk'k Mkyrk gS fd foRr
o"kZ 2023 (fnlEcj 2022 rd) ds nkSjku Hkkjr us foRr
o"kZ 2022 esa fu;kZr ds fjdkWMZ Lrj ds ckn yphysiu
dk çn'kZu fd;k gSA isVªksfy;e mRikn] tokgjkr vkSj
vkHkw"k.k] tSfod vkSj dkcZfud] jlk;u] nokb;ka vkSj
vkS"kf/;ka] çeq• fu;kZr oLrqvksa esa 'kkfey jgsA gkyksafd z fons'kh eqæk esa o`f¼% Ñf"k fu;kZr vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gS
oSf'od cktkj esa eanh dh fo'ks"krk okyh /heh oSf'od D;ksafd ns'k osQ fy, dherh fons'kh eqæk vftZr djus osQ
vFkZO;oLFkk esa Hkkjrh; fu;kZr esa eanh vifjgk;Z jghA vykok] fu;kZr fdlkuksa dks O;kid varjjk"Vªh; cktkjksa dk
z foRr o"kZ 2022 esa Hkkjr us fo'o lsok O;kikj esa viuh ykHk mBkus vkSj mudh vk; c<+kus esa enn djrk gSA
egkjr cjdjkj j•hA Hkkjr dk lsok fu;kZr foRr o"kZ z ckxokuh laoèkZu% iQyksa vkSj lfCt;ksa osQ mRiknu esa Hkkjr
2022 esa 254-5 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj jgk] ftlesa dk nwljk LFkku gSA ;g lkykuk 5]638 djksM+ #i;s osQ 8-23
yk• ehfVªd Vu (,y,eVh) iQyksa vkSj 5]679 djksM+ #i;s
foRr o"kZ 2021 dh rqyuk esa 23-5 çfr'kr dh c<+ksrjh dh 31-92 ,y,eVh lfCt;ksa dk fu;kZr djrk gSA
ntZ gqbZ vkSj vçSy&flrEcj 2022 esa fiNys o"kZ dh blh z {ks=k dojst vkSj mRikndrk esa o`f¼% bl osQ dkj.k
vof/ dh rqyuk esa 32-7 çfr'kr dh c<+ksrjh ntZ gqbZA fu;kZr osQ ifj.kkeLo:i Ñf"k {ks=k esa mRiknu esa Hkh o`f¼
vçSy&fnlEcj 2022 ds nkSjku oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk gqbZ gSA
la;qDr ewY; 568-6 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj vuqekfur z ¶czkaM bafM;k¸ dk fodkl% vfHk;ku eksM esa u, fons'kh
jgk] tks vçSy&fnlEcj 2021 dh rqyuk esa 16 çfr'kr cktkjksa vkSj u, mRiknksa esa ços'k djus esa enn djus osQ
o`f¼ dks n'kkZrk gSA fy, tks Lopkfyr :i ls mPp ewY; çkfIr esa ifjofrZr
gks tkrs gSaA
z egkekjh esa jh<+% ekpZ 2020 ls twu 2020 osQ nkSjku Ñf"k
Ñf"k fu;kZr dk egRo ftalksa dk fu;kZr 2019 dh rqyuk esa 23-24» dh rst o`f¼
z 2022 rd fdlkuksa dh vk; nksxquh djus dk ,d çeq• fn•k jgk FkkA
pkyd% fu;kZr vk; esa o`f¼ vkSj cktkj igqap esa o`f¼A z tSfod •srh esa o`f¼% 2018&19 esa tSfod fu;kZr esa
yxHkx 50» dh o`f¼ gqbZ] tks #- 5151 djksM+A
z jkstxkj l`tu% Ñf"k] Ñf"k vkèkkfjr m|ksx] •k| çlaLdj.k
{ks=k vkfn esa laHkkouk,aA Hkkjrh; Ñf"k fu;kZr }kjk lkeuk dh tkus okyh
z Hkkjr dh fu;kZr Vksdjh esa 'kkfey gSa% mPp ewY; okyh pqukSfr;k¡
oLrq,a tSls leqæh] nwèk] ekal] iQy vkSj lfCt;ka] tkrh; vkSj z oSf'od ewY; J`a•yk osQ fupys Nksj ij iQal x;k% Hkkjr
tSfod Hkkstu] phuh] pk;] pkoy] elkys vkfnA osQ Ñf"k fu;kZr Vksdjh esa mPp ewY; vkSj ewY; ofèkZr Ñf"k

Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k

Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k 435
 mit dk fgLlk vesfjdk esa 25» vkSj phu esa 49» dh
rqyuk esa 15» ls de gSA
z •jkc fu;kZr çfrLièkkZ% de mRikndrk] xq.koÙkk esa
,d:irk dh deh] mPp jln ykxr] i;kZIr dVkbZ osQ
ckn vkSj ifjogu cqfu;knh <kaps dh deh] vuqifLFkfr osQ
dkj.k mPp ewY; okyh oLrqvksa tSls ckxokuh] i'kq mRiknksa
vkfn dh fu;kZr {kerk dk nksgu djus esa vleFkZrk cktkj
dh tkudkjh] vkSj oSf'od cktkj fyaosQt] dM+s oSf'od
LoPNrk vkSj ikni&LoPNrk ekudksa] VSfjiQ @ xSj&VSfjiQ
ckèkkvksa] vkfnA
z Ñf"k&fu;kZr mRiknu osQ vuq:i ugha% dbZ iQyksa vkSj
lfCt;ksa] nwèk] elkyksa] pqfuank rktk ekal] vukt vkfn osQ
mRiknd osQ :i esa igys ;k 'kh"kZ czSosQV osQ Hkhrj gksus osQ
ckotwn] mRiknu fu;kZr cktkjksa esa viuk jkLrk ugha •kst
ikrk gSA
z fu;kZr esa fxjkoV% vukt] tks fd Hkkjr dk lcls vfèkd
fons'kh eqæk vtZd gS] •ir vkSj O;kikj esa oSf'od fxjkoV
dk #>ku fn•k jgk gSA
z vlaxr vkSj çfrcaèkkRed ljdkjh uhfr;ka% Ñf"k mRiknu]
,e,lih] vuqlaèkku ,oa fodkl] fu;kZr ewY; fuèkkZj.k vkfn
osQ {ks=kksa esa ckj&ckj cnyrh uhfr;ka ,d nh?kZdkfyd vkSj
fo'oluh; vkiwfrZdrkZ osQ :i esa varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa Hkkjr
dh Nfo dks foÑr djrh gSaA
z vU; pqukSfr;k¡% oSf'od O;kid vkfFkZd vfLFkjrk] vkfne
Ñf"k çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx] Hkwfe vkSj foi.ku (APMC)
lqèkkjksa dk xSj&dk;kZUo;u] vkSipkfjd ½.k ;k chek dh
deh] Ñf"k Jfedksa @mRikndksa@fu;kZrdksa osQ fy, vi;kZIr
çf'k{k.k lqfoèkk,a] lhek 'kqYd fudklh esa vM+pusa] vkfnA
vkxs c<+us osQ fodYi
z Hkkjr dh vko';drk gS lHkh f}i{kh; (,iQVh,)] {ks=kh;
(tSls vkjlhbZih)] vkSj cgqi{kh; (MCY;wVhvks) O;kikj eapksa
ij Ñf"k vuqnku] cktkj •aMu vkSj mPp vk;kr 'kqYd osQ
eqíksa dks mBk,aA
z fofHkUu {ks=kh; O;kikj le>kSrksa (vkjVh,) dks fdlkuksa osQ
lexz ykHk osQ fy, mi;qÙkQ :i ls fMtkbu vkSj ykxw djus
dh vko';drk gS rkfd os LFkk;h mRikndrk ykHk çkIr
dj losQa D;ksafd os vius mRiknu osQ fy, cM+s cktkj ij
dCtk dj ysrs gSa vkSj cukrs gSaA
z cktkj dh tkudkjh% fu;kZr laoèkZu xfrfofèk;ksa dks osQafær
vkSj ifj.kkeksUeq•h cukus osQ fy, ] çR;sd vk;krd Hkkxhnkj
jk"Vª esa miHkksÙkQk dh çkFkfedrkvksa] çfrLièkkZ vkSj cktkj
dh xfr'khyrk esa fHkUurk dk vkdyu djus osQ fy, csgrj
cktkj cqf¼eÙkk dh vko';drk gSA
436
z fuos'k vkSj çkS|ksfxdh osQ :i esa futh f•ykfM+;ksa dh
Hkkxhnkjh osQ lkFk oqQ'ky oSf'od vkSj ?kjsyw ewY; J`a•ykvksa
dk fodklA
z mPp ewY; okyh Ñf"k oLrqvksa ij è;ku osQafær djsa tgka
Hkkjr dk rqyukRed ykHk gS & tSfod •k| inkFkZ] >haxk]
ekal] cklerh pkoy] osQys] vukj] lfCt;ka] dktw] vkfnA
z v{ke ,ih,elh ikl djosQ fu;kZrdksa vkSj çlaLdj.kdrkZvksa
dks fdlku&mRiknd laxBuksa (,iQihvks) ls lhèks •jhnkjh
djus osQ fy, çksRlkfgr djukA
z varjjk"Vªh; ekudksa@çFkkvksa ] çek.ku vkSj ijh{k.k osQ lkFk
lkeatL; LFkkfir djukA ,d Lora=k fo'o Lrjh; •k|
ijh{k.k vkSj fujh{k.k cqfu;knh <kapk LFkkfir djukA
z vkSipkfjd jkstxkj l`tu osQ fy, ,d etcwr •k|
çlaLdj.k m|ksx dk fodklA
z uohure rduhd] çek.ku] xq.koÙkk fu;a=k.k] cktkj igqap
vkfn ij tkx:drk iSnk djuk vkSj çf'k{k.k nsukA
z lexz çfrfØ;k osQ fy, ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk vfHklj.kA
Ñf"k&fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, ljdkj dh igy
z lqjf{kr •k| fu;kZr VªslsfcfyVh iksVZy% çkFkfed
mRikndksa] vkiwfrZdrkZvksa] çfr"Bkuksa] ç;ksx'kkykvksa vkSj
fu;kZr çek.khdj.k osQ fy, O;kid fyad çnku djrk gSA
z ¶ou ySc ou vlslesaV¸ iksVZy% •k| mRiknksa osQ ijh{k.k
osQ fy, dbZ çkfèkdj.kksa }kjk dbZ vkdyuksa dks lekIr djosQ
çfØ;kvksa dks ljy cukrk gSA
z ekWfuVfjax ,DliksVZ vyVZ iksVZy% vk;kr fu;kedksa }kjk
fn, x, •k| fu;kZr esa xSj&vuqikyu vyVZ ij lqèkkjkRed
dkjZokbZ dh ç.kkyh dh n{krk esa lqèkkj djus osQ fy,A
z ,ihMk dh Ñf"k fu;kZr laoèkZu ;kstuk ;kstuk% cqfu;knh <kaps
osQ fodkl] cktkj laoèkZu] xq.koÙkk fodkl vkSj ifjogu
lgk;rk osQ fy, fu;kZrdksa dks lgk;rk çnku djrh gSA
z tSfod mRiknu osQ fy, jk"Vªh; dk;ZØe (,uihvksih)%
tSfod •srh] tSfod çlaLdj.k vkSj tSfod fu;kZr osQ
fodkl dks çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
z Ñf"k mM+ku dk;ZØe% vius lapkyu dks c<+kus vkSj fuos'kdksa
osQ lkFk tqM+us osQ fy, vfHkuo O;kikj ekWMy osQ lkFk Ñf"k
LVkVZ&vi dks lykg nsus osQ fy,
z lEink% iQkeZ xsV ls fjVsy vkmVysV rd oqQ'ky vkiwfrZ
J`a•yk çcaèku osQ lkFk vkèkqfud cqfu;knh <kaps osQ fuekZ.k
osQ fy, (esxk iQwM ikdks± osQ fy, cqfu;knh <kapk] ,dhÑr
dksYM psu] Ñf"k&çlaLdj.k DyLVj] cSdoMZ@iQkWjoMZ fyaosQt
dk fuekZ.k] •k| lqj{kk vkSj xq.koÙkk vk'oklu] ekuo iwath
fodkl)A
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z uhfr vk;ksx dh igy% iQkeZ ,e,lih ekWMy] fdlkuksa dh
vk; nksxquh djus ij fliQkfj'ksa] ekWMy Hkwfe iêðk vfèkfu;e]
vkfnA
z varjkZ"Vªh; okrkZ% O;kikj lqfoèkk vkSj lkoZtfud
LVkWdgksfYMax ij fo'o O;kikj laxBu okrkZ esa Hkkjr dh
lfØ; Hkwfedk A
z vU; igysa% ekWMy dkWUVªSDV iQkfeZax ,DV] ekWMy ,ih,elh
,DV] ySaM fjdkWMZ dk fMftVyhdj.k] vkWijs'ku xzhUl]
ekdZsV ,Dlsl bfuf'k,fVo (MAI) Ldhe] ekdZsV MsoyiesaV
vflLVsal (MDA) Ldhe] vkSj epZsaMkbt ,DliksV~lZ ÚkWe
bafM;k Ldhe (MEIS)A
elkSnk Ñf"k fu;kZr uhfr 2018
z uhfr dk mís'; fdlkuksa dh vk; dks nksxquk djuk vkSj
2022 rd Ñf"k fu;kZr dh fgLlsnkjh dks orZeku 30
fcfy;u vejhdh Mkyj ls c<+kdj 60 fcfy;u vejhdh
Mkyj ls vfèkd djuk gSA
z uhfr esa gekjh fu;kZr Vksdjh] xarO;ksa osQ fofoèkhdj.k dh
ifjdYiuk dh xbZ gS vkSj mPp ewY; vkSj ewY; ofèkZr Ñf"k
fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsus osQ lkFk&lkFk •jkc gksus okys mRiknksa
ij è;ku osQafær fd;k x;k gSA
z Ñf"k fu;kZr esa Hkkjr dh fgLlsnkjh dks nksxquk djus dk
ç;kl djuk A
lkefjd mik;
z uhfrxr mik;% fLFkj O;kikj uhfr O;oLFkk] lhfer jkT;
gLr{ksi] çlaLÑr Ñf"k mRiknksa vkSj tSfod mRiknksa ij
dksbZ fu;kZr çfrcaèk (,ebZih] fu;kZr 'kqYd] fu;kZr çfrcaèk]
vkfn) ugha] •jkc gksus okyh oLrqvksa dks Mh&uksfViQkbZ
djosQ vkSj eaMh 'kqYd dks lqO;ofLFkr djosQ ,ih,elh
vfèkfu;e esa lqèkkjA
z bUÚkLVªDpj vkSj ykWftfLVDl cwLV% oqQN fodflr
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa 8» & 9» dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr esa
ykWftfLVDl gSaMfyax ij •pZ fu;kZr dh ykxr dk yxHkx
14» ls 15» gSA oqQ'ky dVkbZ iwoZ vkSj dVkbZ osQ ckn
dh gSaMfyax lqfoèkkvksa] HkaMkj.k vkSj forj.k] çlaLdj.k
lqfoèkkvksa] canjxkgksa ij lM+dksa vkSj fo'o Lrjh; fudkl
fcanq cqfu;knh <kaps osQ ekè;e ls jln ykxr dks de djuk]
fgaVjySaM dusfDVfoVh] •jkc gksus okyh oLrqvksa osQ fy,
24*7 dLVe Dyh;jsal vkfnA
z laiw.kZ ljdkj dk n`f"Vdks.k% mUur fdLeksa] ewY;oèkZu
vkSj iSosQftax osQ fy, vuqlaèkku ,oa fodkl osQ eqíksa dks
gy djus osQ fy, varj&ea=kky;h leUo; lqfuf'pr djuk_
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
,d vPNs ekud 'kklu dh LFkkiuk_ ,lih,l vkSj VhchVh
ckèkkvksa osQ fy, lexz çfrfØ;k_ thrus okys {ks=kksa dh
igpku] vkfnA
z jkT; ljdkjksa dh vfèkd Hkkxhnkjh% Ñf"k fu;kZr dks
c<+kok nsus osQ fy, ,d uksMy jkT; foHkkx@,tsalh dh
igpku osQ ekè;e ls] çeq• Ñf"k {ks=kksa esa jkT; dh {kerk
dk vkdyu] fofHkUu Ñf"k&tyok;q {ks=kksa esa mRikn&fof'k"V
lewgksa dk fodkl] m|ksx dh vfèkd Hkkxhnkjh vkfnA
ifjpkyu mik;
z fu;kZr lewgksa ij è;ku% ;g fu;kZr ekaxksa ls esy •kus okys
ekud ekinaMksa osQ lkFk leku fdLe osQ mPp xq.koÙkk okys
mRiknksa dk ,d=khdj.k lqfuf'pr djsxkA
z ewY; ofèkZr fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsuk% uhfr vfèkoÙkQk ewY;
ofèkZr] Lons'kh vkSj tutkrh; mRiknksa osQ çpkj vkSj tSfod
fu;kZr {ks=kksa@tSfod •k| ikdZ osQ fodkl ij è;ku osQafær
djrs gSaA
z ¶Hkkjr osQ mRikn¸ dk foi.ku vkSj çpkj% uhfr lq>ko
nsrh gS fd mRikn&fof'k"V foi.ku vfHk;ku tSls ^oaMjiQqy
ikWe* vkSj ^cukuk vkWiQ bafM;k* cuk, tk,aA tSfod] tkrh;
vkSj thvkbZ mRiknksa osQ foi.ku osQ fy, ,d vyx] lefiZr
dks"k cuk;k tk,xkA
z etcwr xq.koÙkk O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk% ?kjsyw vkSj fu;kZr
cktkj osQ fy, ,dy vkiwfrZ J`a•yk vkSj ekudksa dks
LFkkfir djus vkSj cuk, j•us ij è;ku nsus osQ lkFk]
Hkkjrh; ijh{k.k çfØ;kvksa vkSj vuq:irk ekudksa vkfn dh
varjjk"Vªh; ekU;rk osQ mís'; lsA
z vU; mik;% vk;kr ij fuHkZjrk de djuk vkSj vkRefuHkZjrk
gkfly djuk] fu;kZr&osQafær mRiknu] Ñf"k&LVkVZ&vi iQaM
dk fuekZ.k] tSfod mRiknksa osQ fu;kZr dk leFkZu djus osQ
fy, ,ubZ {ks=k esa etcwr baÚk osQ lkFk ijh{k.k ç;ksx'kkyk,a]
vkfnA
fdlku mRiknd laxBu (,iQihvks)
,d mRiknd laxBu (ihvks) çkFkfed mRikndksa tSls fdlkuksa]
nqX/ mRikndksa] eNqvkjksa] cqudjksa] xzkeh.k dkjhxjksa] f'kYidkjksa
vkfn }kjk xfBr ,d dkuwuh bdkbZ gSA
NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa dks ,iQihvks ds ykHk
z buiqV •jhn dh de ykxr % lHkh buiqV & cht]
dhVuk'kd] vkSj moZjd & Fkksd ewY;ksa ij Fkksd esa •jhns
tk,axs] vkSj tqrkbZ] cqokbZ] jksi.k vkSj iQly lfgr midj.
437
 kksa dks fdjk, ij ysuk Hkh Fkksd ewY; ij fd;k tk,xk A
vk/kj] bl çdkj •jhn dh çfr bdkbZ ykxr de djuk A
z mfpr ykxr ij foÙk çnku djuk % ,iQihvks iQlyh
mit ds cnys lLrh nj ij laLFkkxr ½.k dh O;oLFkk dj
ldrs gSa] tks vU;Fkk NksVs fdlkuksa dh igqap ls ckgj gSA
z dVkbZ ds ckn ds uqdlku dks de djuk % lkewfgd :i
ls NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa ds fy, HkaMkj.k lqfo/kvksa ;k
ewY;&lao¼Zu lqfo/kvksa esa fuos'k djuk mfpr gSA blfy,]
fdlku ?kkVs dks de dj ldrs gSa vkSj vkikr fcØh ls
cp ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] tEew] vksfj,aVy ,iQihvks
us dksYM psu baÚkLVªDpj fodflr fd;k gS vkSj ^lsiQ ,u
Ús'k* czkaM uke cuk;k gSA
z lqfuf'pr okilh lqfuf'pr djuk % fdlkuksa dks iQly
cksus ls igys ,d lewg ds :i esa vuqca/ •srh esa ços'k
djus esa enn djds vkSj mUgsa ewY; vkSj ekax&vkiwfrZ ds
ckjs esa lwfpr djds] fuos'k ij fuf'pr fjVuZ dh xkjaVh nh
tk ldrh gS A
z ykHk ekftZu esa o`f¼ % cktkj esa Fkksd Ñf"k mit dh
lh/h fcØh ls fcpkSfy;ksa dh Hkwfedk lekIr gks tk,xh vkSj
foi.ku dh ykxr de gks tk,xhA blfy,] fcpkSfy;ksa }kjk
gfFk;k, x, ekftZu dks cpk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj 'ks;j/
kjdksa ds chp forfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z çkS|ksfxdh rd csgrj igqap % ,iQihvks vuqla/ku vkSj
fodkl esa Hkh fuos'k dj ldrs gSa] fdlkuksa dks çf'k{k.k
çnku dj ldrs gSa vkSj lwpuk fo"kerkvksa ij dkcw ikus esa
enn dj ldrs gSa tks vU;Fkk NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa ds
fy, O;kogkfjd :i ls vlaHko gSaA
etcwr ,iQihvks ds fuekZ.k esa pqukSfr;ka vkSj eqís
z ½.k laca/h eqís % laLFkkxr ½.k dh mPp ykxr ds dkj.k]
;g {ks=k dkiQh gn rd foÙk iks"k.k ds fy, vukSipkfjd
lzksrksa ij fuHkZj gSA i;kZIr laikf'oZd vkSj mPp dk;Z'khy
iwath dh deh foLrkj ;kstukvksa esa ck/k Mkyrh gSA
z vk/qfud rduhd rd igqap dk vHkko % viuh
vlaxfBr çÑfr ds dkj.k] lw{e vkSj y?kq •k| m|eksa ds
ikl ubZ rduhd vkSj uokpkj rd igqap ugha gSA
z vxzs"k.k fyadst dh deh % ;g de igqap vkSj u, cktkjksa
dh vuqiyC/rk dh vksj ys tkrk gSA
z LokLF; vkSj lqj{kk ekudksa dk vuqikyu % bl rjg ds
vuqikyu dh vko';drk ds ifj.kkeLo:i NksVs m|eksa dh
ykxr c<+ tkrh gSA nwljh vksj] fuEu&xq.koÙkk okys mRikn
fu;kZr çfrLi/kZRedrk dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA
438
z vi;kZIr baÚkLVªDpj % vi;kZIr dksYM psu baÚkLVªDpj
ds lkFk&lkFk ykWftfLVDl baÚkLVªDpj ds dkj.k iQkeZ xsV
ls cgqr lkjh mit •ks tkrh gS] tks eq[; :i ls ikjaifjd
rjhdksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
z bZt vkWiQ Mwbax fctusl % ubZ bdkb;ksa dh LFkkiuk ds
fy, ljdkjh çfØ;kvksa vkSj fu;eksa ls vDlj eatwjh feyus
esa nsjh gksrh gSA
•k| çlaLdj.k m|ksxksa ls lacaf/r ;kstuk,¡
z ih,e fdlku lEink ;kstuk % ;g ,d O;kid iSdst
gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i iQkeZ xsV ls fjVsy vkmVysV rd
dq'ky vkiwfrZ J`a•yk çca/u ds lkFk vk/qfud cqfu;knh
<kaps dk fuekZ.k gksxkA ;g u dsoy ns'k esa •k| çlaLdj.k
{ks=k ds fodkl dks c<+kok nsxk cfYd fdlkuksa dks csgrj
fjVuZ nsus esa Hkh enn djsxk vkSj fdlkuksa dh vk; nksxquh
djus dh fn'kk esa ,d cM+k dne gSA
z vkWijs'ku xzhUl dk mís'; VekVj] I;kt vkSj vkyw
(VkWi) iQlyksa dh vkiwfrZ dks fLFkj djuk vkSj dherksa esa
mrkj&p<+ko ds fcuk iwjs ns'k esa lky Hkj VkWi iQlyksa dh
miyC/rk lqfuf'pr djuk gSA
z esxk iQwM ikdZ ;kstuk % bl ;kstuk dk çkFkfed mís';
gc vkSj LiksDl ekWMy ds vk/kj ij DyLVj vk/kfjr
n`f"Vdks.k ds lkFk •sr ls cktkj rd ewY; J`a•yk ds
lkFk&lkFk •k| çlaLdj.k ds fy, vk/qfud cqfu;knh
lqfo/k,a çnku djuk gSA
z ;kstuk lw{e •k| çlaLdj.k m|eksa dh vkSipkfjdrk
ds fy, % vf•y Hkkjrh; vk/kj ij vlaxfBr {ks=k ds
fy, A
z xzke le`f¼ ;kstuk % bldk mís'; xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa dsafær
vlaxfBr •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k dks c<+kok nsuk gSA
z elkSnk jk"Vªh; •k| çlaLdj.k uhfr &2019 % bldk
mís'; •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k dks fodflr djus vkSj blds
fodkl esa ck/k Mkyus okys egRoiw.kZ varjky dks nwj djus
ds fy, mRikndrk esa lq/kj djuk gSA
z VªkbiQwM ifj;kstuk % tutkrh; dk;Z ea=kky;] ,iQihvkbZ
ea=kky; us VªkbiQsM ds lkFk feydj tutkrh; ou laxzkgdksa
}kjk ,df=kr y?kq ou mit (,e,iQih) ds csgrj mi;ksx
vkSj ewY;o/Zu ds ekè;e ls vkfnokfl;ksa dh vk; c<+kus
ds fy, ifj;kstuk 'kq: dh gSA
vkxs c<+us ds fodYi
z fofuekZ.k vkSj foi.ku lqfo/k,a (iQkWjoMZ ,aM cSdoMZ
fyadst) % vuqca/ vkSj dkWikZsjsV •srh ds fy, vuqdwy
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 fu;ked <kaps dks fodflr djds cSdoMZ fyadst ds fodkl
dks c<+kok nsuk
z fo'ks"k {ks=kksa ds fy, fo'ks"k çksRlkgu % ns'k esa mÙkj iwohZ
{ks=k] igkM+h jkT;ksa (tEew vkSj d'ehj] fgekpy çns'k vkSj
if'peh ;wih)] }hiksa (vaMeku vkSj fudksckj] y{k}hi) {ks=kksa
ij fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd os ,iQihvkbZ ds
fy, LokHkkfod :i ls vuqdwy gSaA bl fn'kk esa] tksje
esxk iQwM ikdZ] fetksje dk igyk ,slk ikdZ MoFPI }kjk
LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk A
z ç'kklfud lq/kj % dbZ foHkkxksa vkSj dkuwuksa dks ,d gh
f•M+dh ds varxZr ykdj vuqeksnu çkIr djus esa vkus okyh
ck/kvksa dks nwj djukA
z futh fuos'k c<+k,¡ % cqfu;knh <kaps ds fodkl esa futh
{ks=k ds fuos'k dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, ,ih,elh vf/
fu;e dk ,d leku dk;kZUo;u lqfuf'pr djsaA
z ekuo lalk/u fodkl % çca/dh;] lqj{kk vkSj çorZu]
çkS|ksfxdh vkSj mRiknu] HkaMkj.k vkSj forj.k igyqvksa ij
çf'k{k.k çnku djus ds fy, fof'k"V laLFkkuksa vkSj ikBÔØeksa
ds fodkl ds fy, la;qÙkQ ç;kl djus ds fy, m|ksx] f'k{kk
vkSj ljdkj dks çksRlkfgr djukA
z fo'ofo|ky; fodkl % jkT; Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks
•k| iSdsftax] çlaLdj.k] tSo çkS|ksfxdh] Ñf"k esa lwpuk
çkS|ksfxdh vkSj ,sls lac¼ {ks=kksa esa ikBÔØe 'kq: djus ds
fy, çksRlkfgr djsaA
Ñf"k ½.k vkSj foÙk
z Ñf"k gekjh vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d çeq• {ks=k gS vkSj
½.k Ñf"k mRiknu c<+kus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk
gSA laLFkkxr lzksrksa ls i;kZIr] le; ij vkSj de ykxr okys
½.k dh miyC/rk vkSj igqap fo'ks"k :i ls NksVs vkSj
lhekar fdlkuksa ds fy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA
z lHkh fdlkuksa dks le; ij vkSj i;kZIr ½.k lgk;rk
çnku djus ds fy, ljdkjh uhfr;ksa dk tksj çxfr'khy
laLFkkxrdj.k ij jgk gS rkfd os Ñf"k mRiknu vkSj
mRikndrk c<+kus ds fy, vk/qfud rduhd vkSj csgrj
Ñf"k i¼fr;ksa dks viukus esa l{ke gks ldsaA
z okf.kfT;d cSadksa (CBs)] {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSadksa (RRBs) vkSj
lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ls ;qÙkQ cgq&,tsalh usVodZ ds ekè;e
ls Ñf"k ½.k dk forj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
uhfrxr mik;
z fdlkuksa dks C;kt vuqnku % Hkkjr ljdkj us 2006&07
esa ,d C;kt lcosa'ku ;kstuk dh ?kks"k.kk dh] rkfd cSad
fdlkuksa dks 7» C;kt ij 3 yk• #i;s rd dk Ñf"k
(iQly ½.k) ds fy, vYidkfyd ½.k çnku dj ldsaA
z dVkbZ ds ckn ds ½.kksa ds fy, C;kt vuqnku ;kstuk
dk foLrkj % fdlkuksa }kjk ladV fcØh dks grksRlkfgr
djus vkSj xksnke jlhnksa ds f•ykiQ xksnkeksa esa viuh mit
dks LVksj djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djus ds fy,A
z laikf'oZd eqÙkQ ½.k % laikf'oZd eqÙkQ Ñf"k ½.k dh
lhek dks 50]000 #i;s ls c<+kdj 1]00]000 #i;s dj
fn;k x;k gSA
z ljdkj us cSadksa }kjk leku :i ls viukus ds fy,
fdlkuksa dks dslhlh tkjh djus ds fy, fdlku ØsfMV dkMZ
(dslhlh) ;kstuk 'kq: dh] rkfd fdlku cht] moZjd]
dhVuk'kd vkfn tSls Ñf"k vknkuksa dks vklkuh ls •jhnus
ds fy, mudk mi;ksx dj ldsaA
z Ñf"k cktkj volajpuk dks"k (,,evkbZ,iQ) & ukckMZ %
xzkeh.k Ñf"k cktkjksa ds fodkl vkSj mUu;u ds fy,A 2018
ds ctV esa 22]000 xzkeh.k Ñf"k cktkjksa ( thvkj,,e
) vkSj 585 ,ih,elh esa Ñf"k foi.ku cqfu;knh <kaps ds
fodkl vkSj mUu;u ds fy, bldh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ Fkh A
fdlku ifjokjksa dh ½.kxzLrrk dh fLFkfr
z jk"Vªh; lkaf[;dh dk;kZy; (NSO) }kjk fd, x, ,d
loZs{k.k ds vuqlkj] 2013 ds vkadM+ksa dh rqyuk esa 2018
esa çfr ifjokj Ñf"k ½.k 57-7» c<+ x;k gSA
z ns'k esa 50» ls vf/d Ñf"k ifjokj 2013 esa 47]000
#i;s dh rqyuk esa 2018 esa çfr ifjokj vkSlr cdk;k ½.k
74]121 #i;s ds dtZ esa Mwcs gq, FksA
z loZs{k.k vkxs crkrk gS fd dsoy 69-6» cdk;k ½.k
laLFkkxr lzksrksa tSls cSadksa] lgdkjh lfefr;ksa vkSj ljdkjh
,tsafl;ksa ls fy, x, Fks] tcfd 20-5» ½.k is'ksoj
lkgwdkjksa ls FksA
z loZs{k.k esa dgk x;k gS fd Ñf"k o"kZ 2018&19 ds
nkSjku çfr Ñf"k ifjokj dh vkSlr ekfld vk;
10]218 #i;s Fkh& 2012&13 esa 6]426 #i;s dh rqyuk
esa 59» dh o`f¼A
mPp ½.kxzLrrk ds dkj.k
z ?kjsyw mís';ksa ds fy, ½.k dk mi;ksx djuk % vU; ?kjsyw
•pks± esa xSj&laLFkkxr ½.k dkiQh ek=kk esa gksrk gSA ,u,lvks
439
 ds loZs ds eqrkfcd dqy dtZ dk 57-5 iQhlnh fgLlk
gh Ñf"k ds fy, fy;k x;kA
z de ykxr ds foÙkiks"k.k dh vi;kZIr igqap xzkeh.k
nq• dh tM+ esa gSA cktkj ;ksX; laikf'oZd dh deh]
miHkksx mís';ksa ds fy, ½.k dh ekax vkSj lwpukRed
çfrca/ksa ds dkj.k xzkeh.k vkcknh dk ,d cM+k fgLlk
laLFkkxr foÙk ls ckgj j•k x;k gS A
z laikf'oZd ds :i esa laifÙk çnku djus ds fy, xzkeh.k
xjhc ifjokjksa dh {kerk laLFkkxr ½.k rd mudh igqap
dk ,d çeq• fu/kZjd gSA
z ½.k ekiQh dh uhfr;ka ½.k vuq'kklu dks fcxkM+rh gSa
D;ksafd Ñf"k ½.k ekiQh fliQZ ,d vLFkk;h mik; gS vkSj
Hkfo"; esa ,d uSfrd •rjk cu ldrk gSA
z lkekftd igpku dk dkjd % lkekftd igpkuksa dh
ijLij fØ;k ls ØsfMV çkIr djuk vf/d dfBu gks tkrk
gSA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa] vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr
ds ifjokjksa ds ikl mPp tkfr ds ifjokjksa ds LokfeRo okyh
laifÙk dk ,d frgkbZ fgLlk gSA
fLFkfr esa lq/kj ds mik;
z laikf'oZd ds :i esa lksus ds lkFk Ñf"k ½.k % laikf'oZd
ds :i esa lksus dk mi;ksx djus okys Ñf"k ½.kksa dks orZeku
esa cSadksa ds dksj cSafdax lek/ku (lhch,l) IysViQkeks± esa
O;fÙkQxr :i ls igpkuk ugha tkrk gSA
z Ñf"k ½.k ekiQh dks çfrcaf/r djuk% Hkkjr ljdkj
vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa dks Ñf"k uhfr;ksa vkSj muds dk;kZUo;u
dh O;kid leh{kk djuh pkfg,] lkFk gh Ñf"k buiqV vkSj
½.k ds fy, orZeku vuqnku uhfr;ksa dh çHkko'khyrk dk
vkdyu djuk pkfg, ] rkfd yacs le; esa Ñf"k dh lexz
O;ogk;Zrk esa lq/kj gks ldsA
z Ñf"k ds fy, ØsfMV xkjaVh ;kstuk % Hkkjr esa] cSadksa ds
ikl m/kjdrkZvksa ds fMiQkWYV gksus ds tksf•e dks vkWiQlsV
djus ds fy, xkjaVh ;kstuk rd igqap ugha gSA
 ljdkj us cSadksa }kjk leku :i ls viukus ds fy,
fdlkuksa dks dslhlh tkjh djus ds fy, fdlku ØsfMV
dkMZ (dslhlh) ;kstuk 'kq: dh] rkfd fdlku cht]
moZjd] dhVuk'kd vkfn tSls Ñf"k vknkuksa dks vklkuh
ls •jhnus ds fy, mudk mi;ksx dj ldsaA
 ih,e fdlku ;kstuk gS fu;fer 3 fd'rksa esa fn,
x, 6000 #i;s çfr o"kZ ds lkFk fdlkuksa dks ½.k
lgk;rk çnku djukA
440
z lac¼ xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, ½.k c<+kuk % ljdkj dks
lac¼ xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, fof'k"V dk;Z'khy iwath vkSj
lkof/ ½.k mís'; fu/kZfjr djus pkfg,A •k| çlaLdj.k
m|ksx dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, ih,e lEink ;kstuk ,d
Lokxr ;ksX; dne gS vkSj ;g lac¼ {ks=kksa dks Hkh ½.k
çnku djrk gSA
z Hkwfe pdcanh % jkT; ljdkjksa dks Hkwfe pdcanh tkx:drk
vfHk;kuksa dk leFkZu vkSj fØ;kUo;u djuk pkfg, rkfd
fdlkuksa dks cM+s iSekus dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ls ykHk fey lds
vkSj yach vof/ ds fy, fuos'k djus ds fy, çksRlkgu fey
ldsA Ñf"k &½.k dh ,d <hyh ifjHkk"kk ds dkj.k cM+h
Ñf"k &iQeks± dks fj;k;rh njksa ij ½.k dk fjlko gqvk gS A
mnkgj.k ds fy,] 2017 esa] ukckMZ }kjk egkjk"Vª dks çnku
fd, x, Ñf"k ½.k dk 53 çfr'kr eqacbZ esVªks 'kgj vkSj
miuxjksa dks vkoafVr fd;k x;k Fkk ] tgka dksbZ Ñ"kd ugha
gS] dsoy Ñf"k O;olk; gSA
ctV 2022&23 dk voyksdu
z nw/ vkSj eNyh idM+us lfgr lac¼ {ks=kksa dks çkFkfedrk
nh tkuh pkfg,A
z gkykafd] NksVs fdlkuksa dks xsgwa vkSj /ku ls LFkkukarfjr
djus ;k lac¼ {ks=kksa ds ekè;e ls viuh vk; esa lq/
kj djus esa l{ke cukus ds fy,] mfpr C;kt njksa ij
laLFkkxr ½.k rd mudh igqap gksuh pkfg,A
Ñf"k foÙk vkSj lac¼ eqís
z gky gh esa] vkjchvkbZ }kjk Ñf"k ½.k dh leh{kk ds fy,
vkarfjd dk;Z lewg dh fjiksVZ tkjh dh xbZA NksVs fdlkuksa
dks viuh iQlyksa esa fofo/rk ykus ;k viuh vk; esa lq/
kj djus esa l{ke cukus ds fy, mUgsa mfpr C;kt njksa ij
½.k rd igqap dh vko';drk gSA
z fiNys 10 o"kks± esa] Ñf"k ½.k esa 500» dh o`f¼ gqbZ gS]
ysfdu 12-56 djksM+ NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa ds 20» rd
Hkh ugha igqapk gSA
z 2019 esa vkjchvkbZ ds ,d vè;;u esa dgk x;k gS fd
28» Ñf"k ½.k vHkh Hkh lkgwdkjksa] O;kikfj;ksa vkSj fj'rsnkjksa
}kjk çnku fd;k tkrk gSA tc NksVs fdlkuksa dh ckr vkrh
gS] rks yxHkx 60» dh cSad ½.k rd igqap ugha gksrh gSA
z vkjchvkbZ ds vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj] Ñf"k {ks=k esa ,uih, 2016
esa 48]800 djksM+ #i;s ls 23» c<+dj 2017 esa 60]200
djksM+ #i;s gks x;kA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
Hkkjr esa Ñf"k ½.k ds ra=k
z çkFkfedrk {ks=k ½.k (PSL)% dqy 'kq¼ cSad ½.k dk
18» Ñf"k vfxzeksa esa tkuk pkfg,A fdlkuksa vkSj ,iQihvks
dks vf/d ØsfMV nsus ds fy, ih,l,y ukWElZ dks 2021
esa la'kksf/r fd;k x;k Fkk A
z C;kt vuqnku ;kstuk (vkbZ,l,l)
z fdlku ØsfMV dkMZ (dslhlh) ;kstuk
z Lo;a lgk;rk lewg & cSad fyadst dk;ZØe
(,l,pth&ch,yih)
z la;qÙkQ ns;rk lewg (JLG) ;kstuk ukckMZ }kjk 2006
esa 'kq: dh xbZ Fkh rkfd cVkbZnkjksa@fdjk;snkj fdlkuksa]
ftuds ikl Hkwfe vf/dkj ugha gS] ds fy, ½.k çokg
c<+k;k tk ldsA
½.k dh miyC/rk de gksus ds dkj.k
z cM+s fdlku ½.k vftZr djrs gSa% ½.k rd igqap ds
ekeys esa dqN fdlkuksa dk çfrfuf/Ro vf/d gksrk gSA blls
NksVs fdlkuksa dks i;kZIr ½.k ugha fey ikrk gSA
z ykxr cgqr vf/d gksrh gS% cSad mu {ks=kksa dks m/kj
nsuk ilan djrs gSa tgka m/kj nsus dk ewY; de gksrk gS]
tSls fd 'kgjh {ks=kksa ds dxkj ij] ;k mu fdlkuksa dks tks
vf/d ØsfMV&;ksX; gSaA
z ljdkjh {ks=k ds cSadksa ij ncko% vf/dka'k Ñf"k ½.k
lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa }kjk fn;k tkrk gS] futh {ks=k ds
23 esa ls 12 cSadksa ds ikl vkadM+s miyC/ gSa] tks 2017
esa Ñf"k {ks=k ds fy, 18» ½.k nsus ds y{; dks iwjk ugha
dj ik, gSaA
z Ñf"k vkSj ½.k tksf•e % çkFkfedrk çkIr {ks=k ds ½.kksa
ds lkFk leL;k mi&{ks=kh; y{; lewgksa] fo'ks"k :i ls Ñf"k
vkSj blfy, NksVs vkSj eè;e {ks=k] lkFk gh detksj oxks±
dh le> dh deh gSA
z •jkc fjdojh % Ñf"k ih,l,y {ks=k esa fjdojh nj
•jkc gSA
z laLFkkxr ½.k esa fo"ke ,tsalh 'ks;j % Ñf"k vkSj lac¼
½.k esa vuqlwfpr okf.kfT;d cSadksa ij fuHkZjrk vHkh Hkh
cM+h gS (½.k dk ~78&80»)A
z lgdkjh lfefr;ksa vkSj vkjvkjch dh lhfer {kerk%
gkykafd lgdkjh laLFkk,a (~15») vkSj {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad
(~5») Ñf"k ½.k ds foLrkj esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs
gSa] HkkSxksfyd :i ls mudk fgLlk vR;f/d fo"ke gSA
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
z Ñf"k ½.k esa {ks=kh; vlekurk% eè;] iwohZ vkSj mÙkj iwohZ
{ks=kksa ds varxZr vkus okys jkT;ksa dks muds Ñf"k &GDP ds
» ds :i esa cgqr de Ñf"k &½.k fey jgk gS A
z lac¼ {ks=kksa (~6&7») esa Ñf"k ½.k dh •jkc rSukrh
cSadksa }kjk lac¼ {ks=kksa dh mis{kk dk ladsr nsrh gSA
z xSj&Ñf"k mís';ksa ds fy, Ñf"k ½.kksa dk foiFku%
foiFku ½.k dh leL;k dks c<+krk gS] mPp Lrj dh
½.kxzLrrk dks c<+kok nsrk gS vkSj yacs le; esa ½.k laLÑfr
dks •jkc djrk gSA
z laLFkkxr cuke xSj&laLFkkxr Ñf"k ½.k % jk"Vªh; vf•y
Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k foÙkh; lekos'ku loZs{k.k (NAFIS 2015)
ds vuqlkj] xSj&laLFkkxr ½.k dk fgLlk vHkh Hkh yxHkx
28» ij cuk gqvk gSA
z vkSj lac¼ {ks=kksa esa futh fuos'k esa O;kid mrkj&p<+ko ds
dkj.k thoh, ds lkis{k Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ {ks=kksa esa ldy
iwath fuekZ.k (thlh,iQ) esa mrkj&p<+koA
vkxs c<+us ds fodYi
z mudh Hkwfe ij çR;{k vk; lgk;rk çnku djsa % NksVs
vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa dks l'kÙkQ cukus ds fy,A
z Ñf"k &½.k ç.kkyh dks fofu;fer djsa % NksVs fdlkuksa
ds fdlku mRiknd laxBuksa (,iQihvks) dks mPp iQly
½.k dh lqfo/k ds fy,A
z çkS|ksfxdh lek/kuksa dk mi;ksx % Ñf"k ifjokjksa ds
vf/d foÙkh; lekos'ku ds fy, laLFkkxr ½.k forj.k
fodflr djukA
z ÚseodZ esa lq/kj] tks lHkh yht le>kSrksa dks vkSipkfjd
cukus vkSj vkSipkfjd ØsfMV rd igqap c<+kus dk bjknk
j•rk gSA
z chp varj dks Hkjus vkSj fdlkuksa rd igqapus ds fy, ,d
jk"Vªh; Lrj dh ,tsalh LFkkfir djsaA
z lq/kjksa ds fuekZ.k vkSj dk;kZUo;u ds nkSjku jkT;ksa ds lkFk
ijke'kZ dks l{ke djus ds fy, GST ifj"kn dh rtZ ij
Ñf"k esa ,d la?kh; laLFkk dh LFkkiuk djsaA
z fdlku mRiknd laxBuksa (,iQihvks) dk mi;ksx %
ukckMZ dks liQy efgyk ,l,pth dh igpku djds
efgyk&mUeq• ,iQihvks dks c<+kok nsuk pkfg,A ljdkj dks
NksVs fdlkuksa ds Ñf"k&O;olk; la?k (SFAC) ds ekè;e
ls vius ½.k xkjaVh dk;ZØe ds nk;js dk foLrkj djuk
pkfg,A
z Hkkjrh; Ñf"k {ks=k ds fy, MsVkcsl% •srh dh xbZ iQlyksa]
iQly iSVuZ] mRiknu] feêðh ds LokLF;] çkÑfrd vkink
441
 vkfn ls lacaf/r fooj.kksa dks dSIpj djus okyk ,d
dsaæhÑr MsVkcsl fodflr djsaA blds vykok] fdlku&okj
fooj.k tSls igpku] Hkwfe fjdkWMZ] çkIr ½.k] nh xbZ
vuqnku] chek vkSj iQly dh •srh vkfn dk fooj.k Hkh
çkIr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z fdlkuksa dks fj;k;rh laLFkkxr ½.k rd vf/d igqapA
z futh {ks=k dks c<+kok nsuk % ,d mi;qÙkQ uhfrxr <kaps dh
is'kd'k ds }kjk futh dkWikZsjsV fuos'kksa dks vkdf"kZr djukA
z egs'k dqekj tSu 2019 dh fliQkfj'kksa dks viukrs gq,
Ñf"k ½.k dh leh{kk djsaA lfefr us dsaæ ljdkj dks
Ñf"k ds fy, ØsfMV xkjaVh iQaM LFkkfir djus dk lq>ko
fn;k gSA iQkeZ vkSj iQkeZ&çlaLdj.k vk/kfjr xfrfof/;ksa esa
vkSipkfjd ½.k yxkus ds fy, Ñf"k volajpuk dks"k dh
LFkkiuk dh xbZA
iQly chek
z •jhiQ lhtu 2018 rd nks o"kks± esa çeq• iQly chek
;kstuk ds rgr {ks=k 17» fxj x;kA ,sls le; esa tc
xzkeh.k vk; esa fxjkoV vk jgh gS] ;g mu fdlkuksa ds
fy, ,dek=k ekStwnk lqj{kk tky gS] tks bl ;kstuk esa
#fp •ks pqds gSaA
iQly chek dh vko';drk
z gekjs ns'k esa çÑfr ges'kk tksf•e Hkjh jgh gSA iQly
chek fdlkuksa dks iQly •jkc gksus ls gksus okys uqdlku
ls lqj{kk çnku djrk gS vkSj bl rjg Ñf"k vk; esa fLFkjrk
lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
z ;g lw•s vkSj ck<+] fVfîó;ksa] ikS/ksa dh chekfj;ksa tSlh
çkÑfrd vkinkvksa ls gksus okyh rckgh dks iwjk djus ds
fy, c<+k, x, jkgr mik;ksa ij fd, x, ljdkjh •pZ
dks dqN gn rd de dj nsrk gSA
z ;g lgdkjh lfefr;ksa vkSj vU; laLFkkuksa dh fLFkfr dks
Hkh etcwr djrk gS tks iQly dh foiQyrk ds o"kks± esa
fdlku lnL;ksa dks vius ½.k pqdkus esa l{ke cukrk gSA
z fdlkuksa ds vkfFkZd fgrksa dks laHkkfor tksf•e ;k
uqdlku ls cpkdj] ;g ubZ Ñf"k i¼fr;ksa dks viukus esa
rsth ykrk gSA
z ;g xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa lalk/uksa ds fgLls dks can djds]
eqækLiQhfr fojks/h mik; ds :i esa dk;Z dj ldrk gSA
fdlku i{k dh leL;k,a
z chekdrkZ T;knkrj futh daifu;ka gSa ftuds ikl {ks=kh;
dk;kZy; ugha gSA blls fdlkuksa ds fy, mUgsa •jhnuk
442
eqf'dy gks tkrk gS] vkSj T;knkrj ;g mu cSadksa ds ekè;e
ls gksrk gS ftuls mUgksaus viuk dtZ fy;k FkkA
z vf/dka'k chfer fdlkuksa dks ;g tkudkjh ugha gksrh
fd os vius uqdlku dh fjiksVZ fdlls djsaA muds ikl
ikWfylh ds ckjs esa dksbZ fooj.k ugha gS] fdl iQly dk
chek fd;k x;k Fkk] ;k dojst dh ek=kk (chfer jkf'k)A
z futh chek daifu;ksa ds gsYiykbu T;knkrj le; dke
ugha djrs gSa] vkSj ,d ckj tc os dke djrs Hkh gSa_
xzkgd vf/dkjh 'kk;n gh dHkh fdlkuksa dh LFkkuh; Hkk"kk
dk ikyu djrs gSaA
z ,sls ekeyksa dh Hkh fjiksVZsa vkbZ gSa tgka ,d futh cSad us
rsyaxkuk ds ,d fdlku dks fxjoh chek cspk] ftls ;g
fo'okl fnyk;k x;k Fkk fd ;g iQly chek FkkA
z vf/dka'k chekdrkZ mEehn djrs gSa fd iQly {kfr ds
48 ?kaVksa ds Hkhrj fdlkuksa dks lwfpr fd;k tk,xkA ysfdu
okLro esa] vkink ds 48 ?kaVs fdlkuksa ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gksrs
gSa vkSj chekdrkZ rd bl rjg dh igqap laHko ugha gSA
iQly chek ds fy, lek/ku
z ;g fof/ gLrpkfyr gS] fookn dh laHkkouk vf/d
gS vkSj fdlku vDlj mit dk vuqeku yxkus ds fy,
Hkw•aMksa ds p;u dks ysdj uk•q'k jgrs gSaA mit&vk/kfjr
chek ls nwj ekSle&vk/kfjr mRikn dh vksj c<+us ls mÙkj
fey ldrk gSA
z uqdlku dk vuqeku yxkus ds fy, mixzg bestjh vkSj Mªksu
tSlh çkS|ksfxdh ds O;kid mi;ksx ij è;ku nsa] ftls
ykxw djus esa ih,e,iQchokbZ /heh jgh gSA
z dbZ ekinaMksa ij MsVk vDlj iSnkokj dk vuqeku yxkus
ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
z iQly dkVus dk ç;ksx (lhlhbZ) tks iSnkokj dk vkdyu
djus ds fy, fu;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS] dsoy ,d iqf"Vdj.k
mik; ds :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,] rkfd iQly
uqdlku ds vuqekuksa ds Hkkjh cks> dks de fd;k tk
ldsA bl mís'; ds fy, vDlj ubZ rduhdksa dks viuk;k
tkrk gSA
ih,e,iQchokbZ 2-0
z ih,e,iQchokbZ dk y{; Ñf"k mRiknu dks vf/d fVdkÅ
cukus esa enn djuk gSA
z ubZ iQly chek ;kstuk ou us'ku&ou Ldhe Fkhe ds
vuq:i gSA
z PMFBY ekStwnk nks ;kstukvksa jk"Vªh; Ñf"k chek ;kstuk ds
lkFk&lkFk la'kksf/r NAIS dh txg ysxhA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ih,e,iQchokbZ ds mís';%
 çkÑfrd vkinkvksa] dhVksa vkSj chekfj;ksa ds ifj.
kkeLo:i fdlh Hkh vf/lwfpr iQly dh foiQyrk dh
fLFkfr esa fdlkuksa dks chek dojst vkSj foÙkh; lgk;rk
çnku djukA
 •srh esa mudh fujarjrk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fdlkuksa
dh vk; dks fLFkj djukA
 fdlkuksa dks uohu vkSj vk/qfud Ñf"k i¼fr;ksa dks
viukus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djukA
 Ñf"k {ks=k esa ½.k dk çokg lqfuf'pr djukA
ih,e,iQchokbZ ls ih,e,iQchokbZ 2-0
z iw.kZr;k LoSfPNd % •jhiQ 2020 ls lHkh fdlkuksa ds
fy, ukekadu 'kr çfr'kr LoSfPNd djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k
x;k gS A
z dsaæh; vuqnku dh lhek% dSfcusV us bu ;kstukvksa ds
rgr vflafpr {ks=kksa@iQlyksa ds fy, 30» rd vkSj flafpr
{ks=kksa@iQlyksa ds fy, 25» rd çhfe;e njksa ds fy, dsaæ
dh çhfe;e vuqnku dks dSi djus dk iQSlyk fd;k gSA
z jkT;ksa dks vf/d yphykiu% ljdkj us ih,e,iQchokbZ
dks ykxw djus ds fy, jkT;ksa@dsaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa dks yphykiu
fn;k gS vkSj mUgsa fdlh Hkh la[;k esa vfrfjÙkQ tksf•e
doj@fo'ks"krkvksa tSls cqokbZ] LFkkuh; vkink] eè;&ekSle
dh çfrdwyrk vkSj iQly ds ckn ds uqdlku dk p;u
djus dk fodYi fn;k gSA
z fopkjk/hurk (isaMsalh) ij tqekZuk % la'kksf/r
ih,e,iQchokbZ esa] ,d çko/ku 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS]
ftlesa ;fn jkT; •jhiQ lhtu ds fy, 31 ekpZ ls igys
vkSj jch ds fy, 30 flracj ls igys viuk fgLlk tkjh
ugha djrs gSa ] rks mUgsa ckn ds lhtu esa ;kstuk esa Hkkx ysus
dh vuqefr ugha nh tk,xhA
z vkbZlhbZ xfrfof/;ksa esa fuos'k % chek daifu;ksa dks vc
,df=kr dqy çhfe;e dk 0-5» lwpuk] f'k{kk vkSj lapkj
(vkbZbZlh) xfrfof/;ksa ij •pZ djuk gksxkA
çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k Ñf"k vuqnku ls lacfa /r eqís
z vuqnku ljdkj }kjk fdlh O;fÙkQ ;k laLFkk dks fn;k tkus
okyk ykHk gSA blfy, Ñf"k vuqnku fdlkuksa dh vk; c<+kus
vkSj mudh mRikndrk c<+kus ds fy, fdlkuksa dks nh tkus
okyh ljdkjh vuqnku gSA
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
z ykHk forj.kkRed mís';ksa ds fy, vuqnku dh odkyr
dh xbZ gS ] fo'ks"k :i ls lekt ds lHkh oxks± ds fy,
Hkkstu vkSj iks"k.k dk U;wure Lrj lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,A
z vuqnku ldkjkRed ckgjhrkvksa (futh ykHkksa ds Åij
lkekftd ykHk) dh mifLFkfr esa mfpr gS] D;ksafd bu
ekeyksa esa lkekftd ykHkksa ij fopkj djus ds fy, dsoy
futh ykHkksa ds vk/kj ij çkIr gksus okys miHkksx dh rqyuk
esa mPp Lrj dh vko';drk gksxhA
vkadM+s vkSj rF;
z 2021&22 esa] vuqnku ij dqy •pZ 3]69]899 djksM+ #i;s
gksus dk vuqeku gS] tks 2019&20 dh rqyuk esa 19» dh
okf"kZd o`f¼ gSA ;g dkiQh gn rd •k| vuqnku ds fy,
vf/d vkoaVu ds dkj.k gSA
z ns'k esa dqy vuqnku ds 10» ls Åij Ñf"k vuqnku vkSj
•k| vuqnku dk xBuA •pZ fd;k x;k iSlk] 1]75]000
djksM+ #i;s ls vf/dA
z #i;s dh jkT; ljdkjksa ls leku leFkZuA fctyh vuqnku
ds fy, 90]000 djksM+ #i;s] flapkbZ vuqnku ds fy,
17]500 djksM+ #i;s] iQly chek vuqnku ds fy, 6500
djksM+ #i;s dqy 1]14]000 djksM+ #i;sA
ikuh
fo|qr flapkbZ
lfClMh ds
çdkj
ØsfMV moZjd
cht
z 2018&19 ds dsaæh; ctV esa ml ,e,lih dks mRiknu
ykxr ds 1-5 xquk ds Lrj ij j•us dh ?kks"k.kk ds
vuqlkj] ljdkj us gky gh esa 2020&21 lhtu ds fy,
lHkh vfuok;Z •jhiQ vkSj jch iQlyksa ds fy, ,e,lih
esa o`f¼ dh gSA
443
Ñf"k vuqnku ds mís';
z Ñf"k mRiknu dks c<+kok nsukA
z canjxkg ;k dkj•kus ls •srksa rd ifjogu dh mPp ykxr
ds fy, eqvkotk tks buiqV dh ykxr c<+krk gSA
z feêðh dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kj vkSj feêðh ds {kj.k dk eqdkcyk
(moZjd ds ekeys esa)A
z xjhch] ½.k rd igqap dh deh] vkSj iQly ds uqdlku
ds fy, chek djus esa vleFkZrk ds dkj.k tks fdlku mUgsa
•jhn ugha ldrs gSa] muds fy, buiqV dks oguh; cukukA
çeq• buiqVl ~ buiqV~l dk
ds fy, fdlku okLrfod lfClMh
}kjk Hkqxrku dh •qnjk@cktkj
xbZ dher ewY;
Ñf"k vuqnku dh vko';drk
z lrr fodkl y{;&2% Hkq•ejh dks lekIr djuk] •k|
lqj{kk vkSj csgrj iks"k.k çkIr djuk vkSj fVdkÅ Ñf"k dks
c<+kok nsukA
z Ñf"k vk/kfjr vFkZO;oLFkk% yxHkx 70 çfr'kr Hkkjrh;
xzkeh.k ifjokj vHkh Hkh viuh vkthfodk ds fy, eq[;
:i ls Ñf"k ij fuHkZj gSaA (,iQ,vks ds vuqlkj)A
z laoS/kfud çko/ku% Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk vuqPNsn 48]
vk/qfud rtZ ij Ñf"k dks O;ofLFkr djus dk jkT; dk
mÙkjnkf;RoA
z •k| vkSj iks"k.k lqj{kk% ;s fdlkuksa dks •k| lqj{kk dh
fn'kk esa ;ksxnku djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djus dk ekè;e gSaA
vuqnku ds vHkko esa] fdlku •k| iQlysa ugha mxk ldrs gSa
vkSj blds ctk; udnh iQlyksa dh vksj #• dj ldrs gSaA
z Ñf"k dk vk/qfudhdj.k% çkS|ksfxdh ds mi;ksx vkSj Ñf"k
ds vk/qfudhdj.k dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, fof'k"V {ks=kksa
esa nh tkus okyh vuqnkuA blh otg ls fMªi bfjxs'ku] lksyj
iai lsV] ikWyh gkml] tSfod •srh vkfn ds fy, vuqnku
nh tkrh gSA
z xzkeh.k&'kgjh çokl ij vadq'k % 50» ls vf/d
jkstxkj Ñf"k ls vkrk gS] vkSj blfy, ladVxzLr çokl
dks de djus dh rRdky vko';drk gSA
z vlekurk % vk; forj.k vkSj vlekurkvksa dks de djus
ds fy, vuqnku ,d midj.k gS (vkWDliQSe fjiksVZ 2020&
'kh"kZ 10» ds ikl 72» /u gS)A
z lkekftd lekurk % mu fdlkuksa dks vk; gLrkarfjr djuk
tks xjhc gSa] nwjLFk oafpr {ks=kksa esa jgrs gSa] ;k nksuksaA
444
z ykHkçn çÑfr% fdlkuksa dks de vk; çkfIr (fdlkuksa
dh vk; xSj&fdlkuksa dh vk; ds ,d frgkbZ ls de gS)
z iwjd vk; leFkZu% Ñf"k vuqnku fdlkuksa ds fy, ,d
iwjd vk; ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gS] ftls Ñf"k esa okil
fuos'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z nksxquk djsa% Ñf"k vuqnku 2022 rd fdlkuksa dh vk; dks
nksxquk djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk,xhA cht] dhVuk'kd]
ikuh] fctyh tSls buiqV ds fy, vuqnku fdlkuksa dks lLrk
cukrh gSA
z çsj.kk vkSj çksRlkgu % Ñf"k vuqnku ,d rjg ls fdlkuksa
dks O;olk; ds :i esa •srh tkjh j•us ds fy, çsfjr
djrh gSA
z egkekjh esa enn dk gkFk% vuqnku bl dksfoM&19 egkekjh
esa fdlkuksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk nsxhA
çR;{k Ñf"k vuqnku
z çR;{k Ñf"k vuqnku os vuqnku gSa tks lh/s fdlkuksa dks
çnku dh tkrh gSa vkSj vke rkSj ij lh/s udn vuqnku
ds :i esa Hkqxrku dh tkrh gSaA vFkkZr çR;{k vuqnku esa
ykHkkFkhZ mlh dher ij mRikn •jhnrk gS vkSj ykHkkFkhZ
dks •jhn ds fy, vyx ls eqvkotk fn;k tkrk gSA
z çR;{k Ñf"k vuqnku ds mnkgj.k % ih,e fdlku ;kstuk]
,yihth esa igy] Ñf"k ½.k ekiQhA
çR;{k Ñf"k vuqnku dh pqukSfr;k¡
z foÙkh; lekos'ku dk vHkko % xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa foÙkh;
lekos'ku dk vHkko] ,Vh,e vkSj cSafdax lsok dh •jkc
igqapA
z uSfrd tksf•e % fdlku xSj&Ñf"k vuqRiknd t:jrksa ds
fy, /u dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
z ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh igpku % Hkkjr tSls vf/d vkcknh okys
ns'kksa esa ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh igpku djuk cgqr eqf'dy gSA
z eqækLiQhfr % turk ds gkFkksa esa vf/d iSlk eqækLiQhfr dks
tUe ns ldrk gSA
z Hkkstu lqj{kk % çR;{k Ñf"k vuqnku dk ns'k dh •k| lqj{kk
ij çHkko iM+ ldrk gSA
z cktkj igqap % Ñf"k esa cktkj lq/kj vkSj uokpkj tSls çeq•
eqíksa ij è;ku ugha fn;k x;kA
çR;{k Ñf"k vuqnku ds ykHk
z Ø; 'kfÙkQ dks c<+kok nsuk % çR;{k vuqnku fdlkuksa dh
Ø; {kerk c<+kus vkSj yksxksa ds thou Lrj dks Åij mBkus
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 esa enn djrh gSA ftlls fdlkuksa dh vk; nksxquh djus dk
liuk iwjk gksxkA
z •pZ djus dk fodYi % çR;{k udn gLrkarj.k ljdkj
ukxfjdksa dks l'kÙkQ cukrh gS vkSj ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks t:jr ds
vuqlkj •jhnkjh djus dk fodYi nsrh gSA
z lkoZtfud /u ds nq#i;ksx dks jksdus esa Hkh enn djrk
gS D;ksafd iSlk lh/s ykHkkfFkZ;ksa rd igqaprk gSA
z çR;{k vuqnku Hkh lalk/uksa ds v{ke mi;ksx ij vadq'k
yxkrh gSA mnkgj.k% pwafd fdlku iwjh nj ij moZjd
•jhnsaxs vkSj tks vko';d gksxk og •jhn ysaxs A
z fdlkuksa dks çkIr udnh dk mi;ksx Ñf"k esa iwath ds :i
esa fd;k tk ldrk gS A
z ljdkjh cks> eqÙkQ ifjogu vkSj HkaMkj.k ykxr de dj
nsrk gSA
z ikjnf'kZrk% blls Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj Hkwr ykHkkFkhZ ds eqís ij Hkh
vadq'k yxsxk vkSj ikjnf'kZrk vk,xhA
vçR;{k Ñf"k vuqnku
z vçR;{k vuqnku os vuqnku gSa ftuesa mRikn dh ykxr cktkj
ewY; ls de dher ij fu/kZfjr dh tkrh gSA VSDl czsd]
chek] de C;kt okys ½.k] ewY;ßkl •kfjt djuk
(jkbV&vkWiQ)] fdjk, esa NwV ds lanHkZ esa vçR;{k
vuqnku çnku dh tkrh gSA
z Hkkjr vçR;{k vuqnku ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk yxHkx
2» •pZ djrk gSA
z mnkgj.k% flapkbZ vuqnku] fctyh vuqnku] moZjd vuqnku]
ØsfMV vuqnku] ,e,lih (U;wure leFkZu ewY;)] vkfnA
vçR;{k vuqnku ds ykHk
z ;s Ñf"k {ks=k esa rduhdh vkSj <kapkxr çxfr dks
c<+kok nsus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA mnkgj.k%
volajpukRed vuqnkuA
z cht vkSj moZjd ij vuqnku fdlkuksa dks lqfuf'pr djrh
gS xq.koÙkkiw.kZ buiqV çkIr djsa tks mudh mRikndrk
c<+kus esa enn djrs gSaA
z O;ogkj dks cnyus esa enn djrk gS vkSj iQly fofo/
hdj.k tSlh fVdkÅ çFkkvksa ds çfr fdlkuksa dks c<+kok
nsrk gSA
z Ñf"k {ks=k esa fdlkuksa dk çf'k{k.k vkSj çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx
Hkh vçR;{k vuqnku ds varxZr vkrk gS tks fdlkuksa dks
cukrs gSa Kku ls ySlA
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
z •k| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
z Ñf"k {ks=k ls vU; {ks=kksa esa iyk;u dks jksdus esa enn
djsa vkSj yksxksa dks Ñf"k dks O;olk; cukus ds fy, Hkh
çsfjr djsaA
vçR;{k Ñf"k vuqnku dh pqukSfr;k¡
z çkÑfrd lalk/uksa dk vR;f/d mi;ksx% fctyh] flapkbZ
vkSj moZjd vuqnku esa vuqnku çnku djus ls çkÑfrd
lalk/uksa dk vR;f/d mi;ksx gqvk gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i
e#LFkyhdj.k gqvk gSA mnkgj.k% iatkc ds Hkwty lalk/uksa
us è;ku fn;k fd Hkwty fu"d"kZ.k 2013 esa 149» ls c<+dj
2018 esa 165» gks x;k gSA
z Hkz"Vkpkj dk eqík% fcpkSfy;ksa ds dkj.k vçR;{k vuqnku
Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj fjlko ls çHkkfor gSA mnkgj.k% ihMh,l tgka
Hkwr ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh mifLFkfr] fjlko ns•k tkrk gSA
z vukt dsafær iQly% ,e,lih tSls vuqnku us foÑr
iQly iSVuZ ds lkFk vukt dsafær Ñf"k dks c<+kok fn;k gSA
z varjkZ"Vªh; ncko% fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh vuqnku ds
vuqlkj vuqnku de djus ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; dk
ncko tks cktkj dks foÑr djrk gS] ,Ecj ckWDl ds varxZr
vkrk gSA
z jktuhfrd ykHk% oksV cSad dh jktuhfr] lÙkk esa jgus okyh
ljdkj ekal jktuhfrd ykHk ds fy, vuqnku ns ldrh gSA
Hkkjrh; vuqnku O;oLFkk
1- buiqV vuqnku%
z vuqnku mu dherksa ij buiqV ds forj.k ds ekè;e ls nh
tk ldrh gS tks bu buiqV ds fy, ekud cktkj ewY; ls
de gSaA
z blesa fdlkuksa ds chp lLrs jklk;fud ;k
xSj&jklk;fud moZjdksa dk forj.k 'kkfey
gSA ;g moZjd (?kjsyw ;k fons'kh) ds fuekZrk
dks Hkqxrku dh xbZ dher vkSj fdlkuksa ls
moZjd
çkIr dher ds chp dk varj gSA
vuqnku
z ;g vuqnku lqfuf'pr djrh gS% fdlkuksa
dks lLrk buiqV] fuekZrk dks mfpr dher]
moZjd dherksa esa fLFkjrk vkSj fdlkuksa dks
moZjdksa dh miyC/rkA
445
 z fdlkuksa dks vuqnku tks mfpr flapkbZ
lqfo/k çnku djus ds dkj.k ljdkj ogu
djrh gSA
z flapkbZ vuqnku jkT; esa flapkbZ ds cqfu;knh
flapkbZ
<kaps ds lapkyu vkSj j•j•ko dh ykxr
vuqnku
vkSj fdlkuksa ls olwys x, flapkbZ 'kqYd ds
chp dk varj gSA ;g lLrs futh flapkbZ
midj.k tSls iai lsV ds ekè;e ls Hkh
gks ldrk gSA
z fctyh vuqnku dk vFkZ gS fd ljdkj
fdlkuksa dks vkiwfrZ dh tkus okyh fctyh
ds fy, de nj olwyrh gSA
fctyh z fctyh dk mi;ksx eq[; :i ls fdlkuksa
vuqnku }kjk flapkbZ mís';ksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA ;g fdlkuksa dks fctyh iSnk djus vkSj
forfjr djus dh ykxr vkSj fdlkuksa ls
çkIr dher ds chp dk varj gSA
z mPp mit okys cht ljdkj }kjk de
dherksa ij miyC/ djk, tk ldrs
gSaA ,sls mRiknd chtksa ds mRiknu ds
cht
fy, vko';d vuqla/ku vkSj fodkl
vuqnku
xfrfof/;k¡ Hkh ljdkj }kjk dh tkrh gSa]
bu ij O;; ,d çdkj dh vuqnku gS tks
fdlkuksa dks nh tkrh gSA
z ;g fdlkuksa ls fy, x, C;kt] vkSj ½.k
çnku djus dh okLrfod ykxr] lkFk gh
•kfjt vkSj •jkc ½.k tSlh vU; ykxrksa
ds chp dk varj gSA
z xjhc fdlkuksa ds fy, ½.k dh miyC/
½.k
rk ,d cM+h leL;k gSA muds ikl udnh
vuqnku
dh deh gS vkSj os ½.k cktkj esa ugha
tk ldrs D;ksafd muds ikl ½.k ds
fy, vko';d laikf'oZd ugha gSA mRiknu
xfrfof/;ksa dks pykus ds fy, os LFkkuh;
egktuksa ls laidZ djrs gSaA
2- ewY; vuqnku%
z ;g •k|kUu dh ml dher ds chp dk varj gS ftl ij
FCI fdlkuksa ls •k|kUu •jhnrk gS] vkSj og dher ftl
ij ihlhvkbZ ;k rks O;kikfj;ksa dks ;k ihMh,l dks csprk gSA
z cktkj ewY; bruk de gks ldrk gS fd fdlkuksa dks equkiQk
dekus ds ctk; uqdlku mBkuk iM+sA ,sls esa ljdkj fdlkuksa
446
ls cktkj Hkko ls vf/d dher ij iQly •jhnus dk oknk
dj ldrh gSA
3- <kapkxr vuqnku%
dbZ {ks=kksa esa futh ç;kl Ñf"k mRiknu esa lq/kj ds fy,
z
i;kZIr lkfcr ugha gksrs gSaA vPNh lM+dsa] HkaMkj.k lqfo/k,a]
fctyh] cktkj ds ckjs esa tkudkjh] canjxkgksa rd ifjogu
vkfn mRiknu vkSj fcØh lapkyu ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA
z ;s lqfo/k,a lkoZtfud oLrqvksa ds {ks=k esa gSa] ftudh ykxr
cgqr vf/d gS vkSj ftldk ykHk {ks=k ds lHkh dk'rdkjksa
dks feyrk gSA
4- fu;kZr vuqnku%
z bldk edln •kl gSA tc dksbZ fdlku ;k fu;kZrd Ñf"k
mRiknksa dks fons'kh cktkj esa csprk gS] rks og vius fy, iSlk
dekrk gS] lkFk gh ns'k ds fy, fons'kh eqæk Hkh dekrk gSA
Ñf"k vuqnku ds ldkjkRed çHkko
z fdlku leL;kxzLr fLFkfr;ksa ds çfr çfrfØ;k djrs gSa%
leL;k •sr ls 'kq: gksrh gS] forj.k usVodZ 'kkfey gksrs gS]
vkSj çlaLdj.k dk;Z ds nkSjku Hkh gks ldrh gS tks mRiknksa
dks Hkfo"; ds xzkgdksa rd ykus ds fy, vko';d gSA
z ljdkj ds fy, jktLo ds lzksr% Ñf"k mRiknksa ij 'kqYd
vke gSa D;ksafd os ?kjsyw mRikndksa dh j{kk djus ds rjhds
ds :i esa dke djrs gSaA
z ?kjsyw vkSj varjjk"Vªh; led{kksa ds chp çfrLi/kZ%
orZeku esa nqfu;k Hkj esa Ñf"k mRiknu esa 1-1 fcfy;u
deZpkjh lfØ; gSaA buesa ls yk•ksa etnwj etnwjh vftZr dj
jgs gSa tks mUgsa xjhch dh xzkeh.k lh<+h ds fupys ik;nku
ij ;k mlds ikl j•rk gSA
fdlkuksa ds fy, viuh iQlyh Hkwfe dks cgky djus
z
ds volj% Ñf"k vuqnku dk ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ ykHk ,d
fdlku ;k okf.kfT;d mRiknd dks feêðh ds iks"kd çksiQkby
dks cgky djus ds fy, ,d ekSle ;k mlls vf/d ds
fy, vius •srksa ds dqN fgLlksa dks vkjke djus ds fy,
Hkqxrku djuk 'kkfey gSA
z ns'k ds fy, Ñf"k ds {ks=k esa vkRefuHkZj cuus ds
volj% fiNyh 'krkCnh esa Ñf"k xfrfof/;ksa esa yxs yksxksa
dh la[;k esa ukVdh; :i ls fxjkoV vkbZ gS] vf/dka'k
fodflr ns'kksa esa 2» ;k mlls de dh nj ns•h xbZ gSA
z ,d etcwr •k| J`a•yk vkiwfrZ dks çksRlkfgr djsa%
Ñf"k vuqnku dh mifLFkfr O;olk;ksa dks bls NksM+us dk
fu.kZ; ysus ds ctk; dfBu ekSle ds nkSjku fVds jgus
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 dh vuqefr nsrh gSA ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa Ñf"k vuqnku dh
mifLFkfr lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd fdlkuksa vkSj muds laiw.
kZ leFkZu usVodZ ds ikl fLFkj vk; miyC/ gks ldrh gSA
z m|ksxksa esa vkfFkZd fLFkjrk% vuqnku NksVs vkSj lhekar
fdlkuksa dks mfpr ewY; ij moZjd] flapkbZ] fctyh] ladj
cht tSls buiqV ds fujarj çokg dks cuk, j•us esa enn
djrh gS vkSj lkFk gh Ñf"k {ks=k esa jkstxkj iSnk djus esa
enn djrh gSA
Ñf"k vuqnku ds fufgrkFkZ
?kjsyw Lrj
z moZjdksa dk vf/d mi;ksx % gfjr Økafr {ks=k (iatkc]
gfj;k.kk) esa vuqnku okyh Ñf"k ds dkj.k vlarqfyr ,uihds
vuqikr] yo.krk esa o`f¼ vkSj feêðh dh moZjrk esa deh
vkbZ gSA
z fiQtwy•phZ vkSj voguh; O;; % vkfFkZd loZs{k.k&2018
ds vuqlkj ] Ñf"k vuqnku ls NksVs fdlkuksa dh rqyuk esa /
uh fdlku ykHkkfUor gksrs gSa A
z vfLFkj jktdks"kh; ?kkVk% vuqnku dk Hkqxrku fodkl O;;
dh dher ij fd;k tkrk gSA
z vuqnku dHkh&dHkh çfrxkeh gks ldrh gS vkSj fjlko
ls xzLr gks ldrh gS % tSls fctyh vuqnku dsoy
fo|qrhÑr ?kjksa esa enn djrh gS vkSj feêðh ds rsy ds ekeys
esa Hkh] ihMh,l dsjksflu dk 41 çfr'kr fjlko ds :i esa
•ks tkrk gS vkSj 'ks"k 59 çfr'kr esa ls dsoy 46 çfr'kr
dk miHkksx mu ifjokjksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS tks xjhc gSa A
iQly ds Lo:i dks foÑr djuk% vuqnku us iQly ds
z
Lo:i dks Hkh foÑr dj fn;k gS] ftlus bl çfØ;k esa
i;kZoj.k ij Hkh vlj Mkyk gSA eksuksdYpj ds ifj.kkeLo:i
iQlyksa ij dhV vkSj jksx ds geyksa esa o`f¼ gqbZ gS vkSj
jklk;fud moZjdksa dk vf/d mi;ksx gqvk gSA
z rdZghu vkSj xSj&foosdiw.kZ mi;ksx% ikuh vkSj fctyh tSls
lalk/uksa dk va/k/qa/ mi;ksxA ;wfj;k lfgr buiqV vuqnku
ds ifj.kkeLo:i ukbVªkstu;qÙkQ moZjdksa dk vR;f/d mi;ksx
gqvk gS vkSj feêðh dk LokLF; •jkc gqvk gSA blh rjg]
fctyh ij vuqnku ds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkwty esa deh vkbZ gSA
z laj{k.kokn dks c<+kok nsrk gS % vuqnku dh uhfr;ka vU;
ns'kksa dks Hkh mlh •kst dk ikyu djus ds fy, c<+kok ns
ldrh gSa tks ckn esa O;kikj ;q¼ vkSj vesfjdk igys tSlh
laj{k.koknh uhfr;ksa dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSaA
z v{kerk dks çksRlkfgr djsa% vuqnku lq/kj ds çksRlkgu dks
de djrh gS] bl çdkj v{kerk dks çksRlkfgr djrh gSA
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
z lhfer ykHkkFkhZ% moZjd vuqnku eq[; :i ls moZjd
mRikndksa vkSj cM+s fdlkuksa dks ykHkkfUor djrh gSA
z çHkkfor djuk% iwath fuos'k ds fy, tkus okys /u ds
fgLls dks vuqnku de dj jgh gSA D;ksafd] buiqV ij mPp
ykxr dh HkjikbZ vkSj fdlkuksa dks mRiknu vkSj vf/d
dekbZ djus esa enn djuk] 'kq: esa ,d LoLFk Ñf"k {ks=k
dk Hkze iSnk djrk gSA ysfdu varr% cqfu;knh <kaps dh
deh vkSj cktkj dh v{kerk ls mRiUu gksus okyh leL;k,a
viuk gh udkjkRed çHkko fn•krh gSaA
varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj
z Hkkjr vkSj phu tSls fodkl'khy ns'k (AMS) leFkZu ds
lexz mik; ds ¶Mh fefuel¸ Lrjksa dks ikj djus dh
oguh; fLFkfr esa ugha gSa] tgka la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk tSls
fodflr ns'k dikl] phuh tSls dqN mRiknksa esa 50» ls
vf/d vuqnku çnku djrs gSaA
z fodflr ns'kksa esa vuqnku Hkh fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds
lkeku ds fy, ck/k çfof"V ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA
z MCY;wVhvks ds rgr gLrk{kfjr Ñf"k le>kSrs (,vks,)
esa •kfe;ka gS] D;ksafd ;g bfDoVh ds ckjs esa ckr ugha
djrk gSA fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy,] ewY; leFkZu mik;ksa
vkSj buiqV vuqnku ij •pZ ,d lkFk Ñf"k mRiknu ds
dqy ewY; ds 10» ls vf/d ugha gks ldrk gS vkSj
fodflr ns'kksa ds fy,] ;g muds Ñf"k mRiknu ds ewY;
dk dsoy 5» gSA vU; mRiknksa dh rqyuk esa Åu dks 200»
vuqnku çnku djus ds fy, ;w,l, }kjk bl çko/ku dk
nq#i;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
vuqnku us Hkkjr esa foÑfr;ksa dk usr`Ro fd;k
z ÅtkZ&Hkwty xBtksM+% Ñf"k mi;ksx ds fy, ikuh vkSj
fctyh jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk Hkkjh vuqnku fn;s tkrs gSA
vfèkdka'k ljdkjsa vuqnku okys ikuh vkSj fctyh ds rdZlaxr
vkSj lrr mi;ksx dks lqfuf'pr djus esa foiQy jgh gSaA
z jktlgk;rk çkIr moZjd % orZeku esa jktuhfrd etcwfj;ksa
ds dkj.k ;wfj;k ;kstuk ds varxZr ugha vkrk gSA urhtru]
,uihds dk okLrfod mi;ksx yxHkx 8%3%1 ds vuqikr esa
gS tcfd vuq'kaflr mi;ksx 4%2%1 gSA
z Hkw&ty çnw"k.k % moZjdksa ds vR;f/d ç;ksx ls Hkw&ty
Hkh çnwf"kr gks jgk gS rFkk jklk;fud tSo lap;u dh leL;k
yksxksa ds LokLF; dks çHkkfor dj jgh gSA
z nkyksa] ckxokuh iQlyksa vkSj eksVs ysfdu ikSf"Vd vukt
dh dher ij xsgwa] pkoy vkSj xUus dh •srh % Hkkjrh;
turk ds fy, çksVhu dk eq[; lzksr nkysa gSaA nkysa ty
447
 dq'ky iQlysa gSa ftuesa ukbVªkstu fiQfDlax dh çfØ;k }kjk
feêðh dks fiQj ls thoar djus dh {kerk gS vkSj fdlku
xUus tSlh iQly dk p;u djrk gS tks ckn esa mlds fy,
,d cM+h ftEesnkjh lkfcr gksrh gSA
z Ñf"k foÙk % fdlku 7» C;kt nj ij çh&iQly ½.k ds
gdnkj gSaA le; ij Hkqxrku ds ekeys esa mUgsa vkSj 3»
lcosa'ku dh vuqefr gSA fdlku usxksf'k,cy os;jgkml
fjlhIV ds ,ot esa iQly dVkbZ ds ckn ds le; ds fy,
Hkh dtZ ys ldrs gSaA
z ewY; vuqnku cktkjksa dks bl rjg ls foÑr dj ldrh
gS tks varr% xjhcksa dks uqdlku igqapkrh gSA
z •k| eqækLiQhfr % Hkkjr esa dqN lky igys rd egaxs
Hkkstu ls çsfjr nks vadksa dh eqækLiQhfr ns•h xbZ Fkh] rc
Hkh tc nqfu;k viLiQhfr ls tw> jgh FkhA ;g foÑfr eq[;
:i ls ljdkj }kjk ?kksf"kr ,e,lih esa yxkrkj o`f¼ ds
lkFk&lkFk fdlku dks c<+rh ykxr ykxr ds dkj.k gSA
z fjlko vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj % jkT; dks ykxw djus ds fy, ewY;
vuqnku vDlj pqukSrhiw.kZ gksrh gS D;ksafd os dkykcktkfj;ksa
dks cM+s iSekus ij fdjk, ij ysus ds volj çnku djrs gSaA
vkxs c<+us ds fodYi
z dsydj lfefr us vuqnku dks pj.kc¼ rjhds ls lekIr
djus vkSj mUgsa iwath fuos'k esa cnyus dh fliQkfj'k dhA
z vuqnku dks ;qfÙkQlaxr cukuk % mu vuqnku dks jksddj
tks okafNr ifj.kke ugha ns jgh gSaA
z fujarjrk lqfuf'pr djus vkSj fdlkuksa dks fu;kZr ls tksM+s
j•us ds fy, fu;kZr O;kikj ij nh?kZdkfyd uhfr;ksa ds
fy, fu;kZr dh vko';drk gSA
z xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa lfØ; :i ls foÙkh; lekos'ku dks c<+kok
nsukA
z baÚkLVªDpj % iQkeZ xsV ds ikl dksYM psu lqfo/kvksa]
xksnkeksa dk fuekZ.kA
z Ñf"k&{ks=k dk lexz fodkl% fiNM+s vkSj vfxze laca/ksa
(cSdoMZ vkSj iQkWjoMZ fyadst) dks etcwr djdsA
z vLFkk;h çÑfr % vuqnku ,d lulsV DykWt ds lkFk
vkuh pkfg,A
z ykHkdkjh O;olk; % Ñf"k dks ykHkdkjh cukus ds fy,
vuqca/ •srh vkSj lgdkjh •srh tSlh igyksa dks c<+kok nsukA
z l'kfÙkQdj.k % Ñf"k fcy fdlkuksa dks l'kÙkQ cukus ds fy,
,d lgh dne gS vkSj ,ih,elh cktkjksa ds ,dkf/dkj dks
de djus ds fy, bls l[rh ls ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
448
z •k| vkSj iks"k.k lqj{kk nksuksa ij leku :i ls è;ku nsuk
pkfg,A
z çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx % ewY; vkSj ekax iwokZuqeku yxkus
ds fy, ,d cktkj •qfiQ;k ç.kkyh dk fuekZ.k djuk tks
fdlkuksa dks csgrj ewY; çkfIr esa enn djrk gS vkSj fdlkuksa
dks iQly r; djus esa Hkh enn djrk gSA
z /hjs&/hjs] ljdkj dks vuqnku okil ysuh pkfg, vkSj
laHkor% mUgsa {ks=k esa iwath fuos'k esa ifjofrZr djuk pkfg,A
uhfr vk;ksx us lq>ko fn;k
z dq'ky moZjd mi;ksx % ,l,plh (e`nk LokLF; dkMZ)
;kstuk dks etcwr djsa vkSj ijh{k.kksa esa dsoy ukS ugha
cfYd lHkh lksyg iSjkehVj 'kkfey djsaA
z moZjd vuqnku uhfr dk iqufoZU;kl% orZeku ,drjiQk
moZjd vuqnku uhfr dks iQkWLiQksjl (ih) vkSj iksVk'k
(ds) ds :i esa leku iks"kd rRo&vk/kfjr vuqnku
(,uch,l) IysViQkWeZ ij ekè;fed vkSj lw{e iks"kd
rRoksa dks ykus dh vko';drk gSA
z rjy moZjdksa ij vuqnku % lw{e flapkbZ ds lkFk
iQfVZxs'ku dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, rjy moZjdksa ij
yf{kr vuqnku çnku dh tkuh pkfg,A
z lw{e flapkbZ ds fy, fuos'k vuqnku % fctyh
vkSj ikuh dh vuqnku ds ctk; lw{e flapkbZ ds fy,
fuos'k vuqnku MhchVh eksM ds ekè;e ls çnku dh tk
ldrh gSA
Ñf"k {ks=k tks yxHkx 40» jkstxkj çnku djrk gS] ldy
?kjsyw mRikn dk dsoy 16&17» ;ksxnku nsrk gS tks fdlkuksa dh
leL;kvksa vkSj eqíksa dks n'kkZrk gS A blfy, Ñf"k {ks=k esa lq/
kj ds bjkns ls Ñf"k vuqnku 2022 rd fdlku dh vk; dks
nksxquk djus ds ljdkj ds y{; dks çkIr djus esa enn
djrh gS vkSj •k| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djds Hkkjr dks nks vadksa
dh o`f¼ gkfly djus esa Hkh enn djrh gSA
•k| vuqnku% jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk vf/fu;e
(,u,iQ,l,) 2013
z fo'o Lrj ij •k| lqj{kk dh ewy vo/kj.kk ;g lqfuf'pr
djuk gS fd lHkh yksxksa dks] gj le;] muds lfØ;
vkSj LoLFk thou ds fy, cqfu;knh Hkkstu rd igqap
çkIr gks vkSj bldh fo'ks"krk Hkkstu dh miyC/rk]
igqap] mi;ksx vkSj fLFkjrk gSA
z y{;% O;fÙkQxr ;k ?kjsyw Lrj ij •k| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr
djus ds fy,] Hkkjr ljdkj jkT; ljdkjksa vkSj dsaæ 'kkflr
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 çns'kksa ds ç'kklu ds lkFk lk>snkjh esa fofHkUu ;kstukvksa
dks ykxw djrh gSA
z mís'; % vf/fu;e ekuo thou pØ n`f"Vdks.k esa •k|
vkSj iks"k.k lqj{kk çnku djrk gS] yksxksa ds fy, mfpr ewY;
ij xq.koÙkkiw.kZ Hkkstu dh i;kZIr ek=kk rd igqap lqfuf'pr
djds vkSj lEeku ds lkFk thou thus ds fy, vkSj mlls
tqM+s ;k çklafxd ekeyksa ds fy,A
z ik=krk%
 jkT; ljdkj ds fn'kk&funZs'kksa ds vuqlkj] çkFkfedrk
okys ifjokjksa dks VhihMh,l ds varxZr 'kkfey fd;k
tk,xk A
 ekStwnk vaR;ksn; vUu ;kstuk ds rgr 'kkfey ifjokjA
la'kksf/r jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk vf/fu;e] 2013% uhfr
vk;ksx
z ekpZ 2021 esa ,d ppkZ i=k ds ekè;e ls ] uhfr vk;ksx
us jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk vf/fu;e (,u,iQ,l,)] 2013 ds
rgr xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh dojst dks Øe'k% 60» vkSj 40»
rd de djus dh fliQkfj'k dh gSA
z blus uohure tula[;k ds vuqlkj ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dk la'kks/u
Hkh çLrkfor fd;k gS tks orZeku esa tux.kuk 2011 ds
ekè;e ls fd;k tk jgk gSA
,u,iQ,l, 2013 dh orZeku fLFkfr
z yxHkx 2-37 djksM+ vaR;ksn; vUu ;kstuk ds rgr iQjojh
2021 rd ?kjsyw ;k 9-01 djksM+ O;fÙkQ A
z tcfd yxHkx 70-35 djksM+ O;fÙkQ çkFkfedrk okys
ifjokjksa ds varxZr gSaA
uhfr vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa dk egRo
z ;fn xzkeh.k&'kgjh dojst vuqikr leku jgrk gS (lHkh
tula[;k dk 67»)] rks doj fd, x, yksxksa dh dqy
la[;k ekStwnk 81-35 djksM+ ls c<+dj 89-52 djksM+ gks tk,xh
& 8-17 djksM+ dh o`f¼ (vuqekfur 2020 tula[;k ds
vk/kj ij)A blds ifj.kkeLo:i #i;s dh vfrfjÙkQ
vuqnku dh vko';drk gksxhA 14]800 djksM+A
z ;fn jk"Vªh; dojst vuqikr dks uhps dh vksj la'kksf/r
fd;k tkrk gS] rks dsaæ 47]229 djksM+ #i;s rd cpk
ldrk gSA
z bl jkf'k dk mi;ksx ljdkj }kjk fpark ds vU; egRoiw.kZ
{ks=kksa tSls LokLF; vkSj f'k{kk esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
bl dne dh pqukSfr;k¡
z dksfoM&19 egkekjh ds le; esa lekt ds xjhc oxZ ij
csjkstxkjh vkSj •k| vlqj{kk dk nksgjk cks> gksxkA
z lrr fodkl y{;&2% Hkq•ejh dks lekIr djuk] •k|
lqj{kk vkSj csgrj iks"k.k çkIr djuk vkSj fVdkÅ Ñf"k dks
c<+kok nsukA
z dqN jkT;ksa }kjk bl dne dk fojks/ fd;k tk ldrk gS A
z fu.kZ; Ldwy vkSj ?kj Lrj ij cPpksa ds iks"k.k dks Hkh
çHkkfor dj ldrk gSA
vU; vuq'kalk,¡
z 'kkark dqekj ds v/hu mPp Lrjh; lfefr us dojst
vuqikr dks tula[;k ds 67» ls ?kVkdj 40» djus
dh fliQkfj'k dh FkhA
z blds vuqlkj] tula[;k dk 67» dojst cgqr vf/d gS]
vkSj bls yxHkx 40» rd yk;k tkuk pkfg, ] tks vkjke ls
chih,y ifjokjksa dks doj djsxk vkSj dqN blls Åij HkhA
z vkfFkZd loZs{k.k& 2020&21% dsaæh; iwy ls tkjh
•k|kUuksa ds dsaæh; fuxZe ewY; (lhvkbZih) esa la'kks/u
dh fliQkfj'k dh Fkh ] tks fiNys dbZ o"kks± ls vifjofrZr gSA
çR;{k udn varj.k@çR;{k ykHk varj.k
(MhchVh)
z 2013 esa is'k fd;k x;k] MhchVh dk;ZØe dk mís';
yksxksa dks lh/s muds cSad •krksa ds ekè;e ls vuqnku
gLrkarfjr djuk gSA ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd cSad •krksa
esa vuqnku tek djus ls fjlko] foyac vkfn de gksaxsA
z MhchVh ds mís'; %
 Mk;jsDV dS'k VªkaliQj ds ihNs dk fopkj viO;;]
nksgjko vkSj fjlko dks de djuk vkSj n{krk dks
c<+kuk Hkh gSA
 fopkj ;g gS fd iwjh vkcknh ds fy, iwjh rjg ls
bysDVªkWfud dS'k VªkaliQj flLVe dks viuk;k tk,A
MhchVh dk nk;jk
z MhchVh dk;ZØe dk y{; gS fd gdnkjh vkSj ykHk lh/s
ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks gLrkarfjr fd, tk,aA ykHkkfFkZ;ksa esa fo/ok,a]
Nk=k vkSj isa'ku ysus okys 'kkfey gks ldrs gSaA
z ;g ck;ksesfVªd&vk/kfjr vk/kj&fyaDM cSad •krksa
(ts,,e fVªfuVh) ds ekè;e ls fd;k tk,xkA ;g
fcpkSfy;ksa dh dbZ ijrksa vkSj flLVe esa nsjh dks de djsxkA
449
MhchVh ç.kkyh ds ykHk
z csgrj y{;hdj.k % vk/kj ;k vU; ck;ksesfVªd vk/kfjr
ç.kkfy;ksa ds mi;ksx ls MqIyhdsV ;k Hkwr tSlh leL;k,a
lekIr gks tk,axhA MqfIydsV rc gksrs gSa tc ykHkkFkhZ dk uke
nksgjk;k tkrk gS vkSj Hkwr rc gksrs gSa tc fdlh xSj&ekStwn
ykHkkFkhZ ds uke dk mYys• fd;k tkrk gSA
z jh;y Vkbe VªkaliQj% ;g bfPNr ykHkkFkhZ dks Rofjr vkSj
lh/s udn gLrkarj.k esa enn djrk gSA
z dS'k VªkaliQj ekbØks ,Vh,e ds lkFk tehu ij l?ku
fctusl dkWjsLiksaMsaV flLVe ds tfj, gksrk gSA
z U;k;laxr lsok % ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd xjhcksa dks
mlh Lrj dh lsok feys tks lekt esa vehjksa vkSj eè;e
oxZ dks feyrh gSA
z foÙkh; lekos'ku% MhchVh baÚkLVªDpj }kjk is'k fd;k x;k
vkarfjd çokfl;ksa }kjk vius çs"k.k Hkstus ds fy, Hkh mi;ksx
fd;k tk ldrk gS A
z vk/kj&vk/kfjr ekbØks&,Vh,e usVodZ% ;g lqfuf'pr
dj ldrk gS fd çs"k.k rRdky vkSj çokfl;ksa dks cgqr
de ykxr ij gksA
z jktdks"kh; cpr % orZeku Lo:i esa jkT; }kjk nh tk
jgh Li"V vuqnku dks 3 ls 4 yk• djksM+ #i;s ds chp
ekurs gq,] MhchVh bl O;; dks yxHkx 15» rd jksd nsxk]
tks fd orZeku fjlko dk ,d vuqeku gSA blls ljdkj dks
djhc 50]000 djksM+ #i;s dh cpr gks ldrh gSA
z csgrj iks"k.k % tc udn gLrkarj.k gksrk gS rks xjhc vius
vkgkj esa nky] vaMs vkfn tSlh vf/d oLrqvksa dks 'kkfey
djds fofo/rk ykus esa l{ke gksaxsA blls muds çksVhu dk
lsou c<+ tk,xkA
MhchVh dh lhek,a
z vHkh Hkh dbZ xzkeh.k vkSj vkfnoklh {ks=k gSa] ftuesa
cSafdax lqfo/k,a vkSj lM+d laidZ ugha gSA
vHkh rd] yxHkx 3» &5» Hkkjrh; vk;dj dk Hkqxrku
z dh fLFkfr esa Ñf"k &m|ksx dks c<+kok
djrs gSaA blfy,] ckdh ukxfjdksa dh vk; dk fu/kZj.k
djuk vHkh Hkh ,d pqukSrh gS blfy, ;ksX; ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh
igpku djuk eqf'dy gks jgk gSA
z vf/dka'k cSad xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks ukekafdr
djus ds fy, O;olk; çfrfuf/;ksa dh fu;qfÙkQ djrk
gSA ,slh dbZ f'kdk;rsa gSa fd os ;kstuk ls vufHkK gksus ds
dkj.k ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks iklcqd ugha ns jgs gSaA
çR;{k udnh dk mi;ksx bfPNr mís'; ds fy, ugha fd;k
z
tk ldrk gS vkSj bldk mi;ksx vLokLF;dj rjhdksa ls
fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] •k| vuqnku ds cnys
450
udn jkf'k dks ihus vkSj /weziku ij •pZ fd;k tk ldrk gS
D;ksafd vf/dka'k ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ds ifjokj ds eqf•;k iq#"k gSaA
z ?kj & ?kj tkdj udn ykHk igqapkus ds fy, LFkkfir fd,
x, Fks] dbZ {ks=kksa esa ekStwn ugha gSa] blfy, dbZ ykHkkfFkZ;ksa
dks iSlk fudkyus ds fy, yach ;k=kk djuh iM+rh gSA
z vf/dka'k ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ds ifjokjksa ds eqf•;k iq#"k gSaA
;g efgykvksa ds fy, uqdlkunsg gksxk D;ksafd bl ckr dh
dksbZ xkjaVh ugha gS fd mUgsa muds fgLls dh udnh feysxhA
fo'o O;kikj laxBu vkSj vuqnku O;oLFkk
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu cgqi{kh; O;kikj
dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, LFkkfir ,d
varjjk"Vªh; laxBu gSA ;g iwoZorhZ
th,VhVh ('kqYd vkSj O;kikj ij
lkekU; le>kSrk) dk mÙkjkf/dkjh gSA
z ;g 1 tuojh 1995 dks ykxw gqvk vkSj blus varjkZ"Vªh;
O;kikj dks lqfo/ktud cukus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
fo'o O;kikj laxBu vuqnku oxhZdj.k
z tc dksbZ fdlku ;k fu;kZrd Ñf"k
mRiknksa dks fons'kh cktkj esa csprk gS]
rks og vius fy, iSlk dekrk gS] lkFk
gh ns'k ds fy, fons'kh eqæk Hkh dekrk
gSA blfy,] Ñf"k fu;kZr dks vke rkSj
ij rc rd çksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gS
fu;kZr vuqnku tc rd fd ;s ?kjsyw vFkZO;oLFkk dks
uqdlku ugha igqapkrsA
z fu;kZr dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy,
çnku dh tkus okyh vuqnku dks fu;kZr
vuqnku dgk tkrk gSA
z iwoZ phu tSls ns'kksa }kjk fdlkuksa dks
fu;kZr ½.k fn;k tkrk gSA
z mnkgj.k% U;w ;wds iQkfeZax fcy czsfDlV
vkS|ksfxd
çksRlkgu
nsus ds fy, 2020 ds fy, vuqnku dh
vuqnku
xkjaVh nsrk gSA
lajpukRed z Ñf"k esa flapkbZ dks c<+kok nsukA
lek;kstu mnkgj.k% ih,e Ñf"k tSlh ;kstuk,a
vuqnku lapkbZ ;kstuk
z lHkh çdkj ds {ks=kksa] xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa
fdlkuksa ds dY;k.k vkSj thou Lrj
{ks=kh; fodkl
dks c<+kus ds fy,] vkSj jk"Vªh; çn'kZu
vuqnku
vkSj vf/d lekos'kh] yphys lektksa
esa muds ;ksxnku esa lq/kj djukA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 z os uokpkj dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy,
vuqla/ku vkSj foÙkh; lkoZtfud midj.k gSAa muls mu
fodkl vuqnku iQeks± }kjk vuqjks/ fd;k tk ldrk gS tks
uohu ifj;kstukvksa dk fodkl djrh gSAa
vk;kfrr z iwoAZ la;Ùq kQ jkT; vesfjdk tSls ns'k
oLrqvksa ij tgka fdlkuksa ls xkjaVhÑr fjVuZ •jhn
?kjsyw mi;ksx lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, tks de dherksa
ij vkdfLed ds lkFk miHkksÙkQkvksa dks vçR;{k :i ls
vuqnku ykHkkfUor djrs gSAa
Ñf"k ij le>kSrk (,vks,)
z ,vks, dk mís'; O;kikj ck/kvksa dks nwj djuk vkSj
ikjn'khZ cktkj igqap vkSj oSf'od cktkjksa ds ,dhdj.k
dks c<+kok nsuk gSA
z nkf;Ro dks iwjk djus esa fodflr ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa
fodkl'khy vkSj de fodflr ns'kksa dh vksj ls yphyk
vkSj de çfrc¼rk ;g le>kSrk çnku djrk gSA
z bl le>kSrs esa ,d fo'ks"k lqj{kk ra=k Hkh gS vFkkZr ns'kksa
ds ikl vk;kfrr mRiknksa ij vfrfjÙkQ 'kqYd yxkus dk
fodYi miyC/ gS tc vk;kr esa o`f¼ gksrh gS ;k mRiknksa
dks de dher ij vk;kr fd;k tkrk gSA bl le>kSrs
ds eq[; ?kVd% cktkj rd igwap] ?kjsyw vuqnku vkSj
fu;kZr vuqnkuA
cktkj rd igwap
z blesa Ñf"k mRiknksa esa VSfjfiQds'ku] VSfjiQ dVkSrh vkSj
O;kikj lqfo/k ls lacaf/r çko/ku 'kkfey gSaA fodflr
ns'kksa dks 6 lky dh vof/ esa çR;sd VSfjiQ vkbVe ds
fy, 15» dh dVkSrh dh U;wure nj ds lkFk VSfjfiQds'ku
ls mRiUu VSfjiQ dks 36» rd de djuk gksxk A
z fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks vxys 10 o"kks± esa VSfjfiQds'ku ls
mRiUu VSfjiQ dks 24» rd de djus dh vko';drk gSA
z fo'ks"k lqj{kk çko/ku 1986&88 ds Lrj dh rqyuk esa ;k rks
,d fo'ks"k Lrj ls Åij vk;kr o`f¼ ;k fo'ks"k :i ls de
vk;kr dherksa ij vfrfjÙkQ 'kqYd yxkus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
?kjsyw vuqnku
1- xzhu ckWDl vuqnku % os gSa tks O;kikj dks foÑr ugha
djrs gSa vkSj blesa ewY; leFkZu 'kkfey ugha gksuk pkfg,A
bUgsa fcuk lhek ds vuqefr nh tkrh gSA mnk-% ljdkj }kjk
fdlkuksa ds fy, ih,e fdlkuA
2- ,Ecj ckWDl vuqnku % os lHkh ljdkjh mik; gSa ftUgsa
O;kikj vkSj mRiknu dks foÑr djus okyk ekuk tkrk
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
gSA vuqnku tks lh/s mRiknu ek=kk ls lacaf/r gSaA mnk-%
,e,lihA
3- Cyw ckWDl vuqnku % ¶'krks± ds lkFk ,Ecj ckWDl vuqnku¸
gS] ftls fo:i.k dks de djus ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k x;k
gSA Cyw ckWDl vuqnku mRiknu lhfer djus okys dk;ZØeksa
ds rgr mRiknu ds rgr çR;{k Hkqxrku gSA
fu;kZr vuqnku%
z ;s ljdkj ;k ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa }kjk Ñf"k mRiknksa ds mRikndksa
dks fu;kZr çn'kZu vkSj de dher ij xSj&okf.kfT;d Ñf"k
mRiknksa ds fu;kZr vkSj ifjogu vuqnku vkfn ds fy, udn
;k oLrq ds :i esa nh tkus okyh çR;{k vuqnku gSaA
z fodflr lnL; ns'kksa dks 1986&90 ds Lrj ls uhps 6 o"kks±
dh vof/ esa vuqnku okys fu;kZr dks ewY; ds lanHkZ esa
36» vkSj ek=kk ds lanHkZ esa 21» rd de djuk gksxkA
fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy,] ;g 10 o"kks± dh vof/ esa Øe'k%
24» vkSj 14» gSA
fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds rgr 'kkafr •aM
z fodflr ns'kksa us O;kikj foÑr djus okyh vuqnku ds :i
esa fodkl'khy vkSj ,yMhlh ds •k| lqj{kk dk;ZØeksa
(lkoZtfud LVkWd gksfYMax dk;ZØe) dh vkykspuk dhA
pwafd ns'kksa ds chp ckrphr py jgh Fkh] ckyh iSdst
2013 esa ,d vLFkk;h 'kkafr •aM is'k fd;k x;k FkkA
z ^'kkafr •aM* esa dgk x;k gS fd fdlh Hkh ns'k dks •k|
lqj{kk dk;ZØeksa ls dkuwuh :i ls çfrcaf/r ugha
fd;k tk,xk] Hkys gh vuqnku Ñf"k ij MCY;wVhvks
le>kSrs esa fufnZ"V lhek dk mYya?ku djrh gksA
z ;g ^'kkafr •aM* 2017 rd pkj lky rd ykxw jgus
dh mEehn Fkh] rc rd leL;k dk LFkk;h lek/ku
fey x;k FkkA
U;wure leFkZu ewY; (,e,lih)
z ,e,lih og U;wure ewY; gS ftls ljdkj Ñf"k mRiknu
ds fy, ykHkdkjh ekurh gS vkSj blfy, leFkZu dh ik=k gSA
vf/lwfpr Ñf"k ftalksa dh dherksa esa fxjkoV dh fLFkfr
esa ljdkj ,e,lih ij Ñf"k mit dh •jhn dj ewY;
leFkZu çnku djrh gS
z ,e,lih dks •k| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus vkSj xzkeh.k
xjhch dks de djus ds fy, lcls egRoiw.kZ mik;ksa esa
ls ,d ekuk tkrk gSA
451
,e,lih dk mís';%
z ladV fcØh ls fdlkuksa dk leFkZu djukA
z lkoZtfud forj.k ds fy, •k|kUu dh •jhn djukA
z iSVuZ fodflr djsa tks vFkZO;oLFkk dh lexz
vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i gksA
,e,lih uhfr dh i`"BHkwfe
z ,e,lih esa is'k fd;k x;k Fkk 1960 ds n'kd tc
rd U;wure ewY; çnku ugha fd;k tkrk gS] rc rd
buiqV&xgu mPp mit okys xsgwa@/ku dk mi;ksx djus
ds fy, fdlkuksa dks çksRlkfgr djds Hkkjr ds •k|
?kkVs dks nwj djus ds fy,A
z dsaæ ljdkj us pkoy vkSj xsgwa dh dherksa dks fu/kZfjr djus
ds fy, Ñf"k ea=kky; dks lykg nsus ds fy, 1 vxLr]
1964 dks ,d lfefr dk xBu fd;kA dojst ds {ks=k
dks eksVs vuktksa rd foLrkfjr fd;k x;k FkkA
z ckn esa] ljdkj us 1965 esa Ñf"k ewY; vk;ksx uked
,d LFkk;h fudk; LFkkfir djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA ckn
esa 1985 esa bldk uke cnydj Ñf"k ykxr vkSj ewY;
vk;ksx dj fn;k x;kA
,e,lih dk fu/kZj.k
z Ñf"k ykxr vkSj ewY; vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'k ds vk/kj
ij ,e,lih r; djrk gS (lh,lhih)A
z Ñf"k vkSj fdlku dY;k.k ea=kky; dk ,d lac¼ dk;kZy;
gSA ;g çÑfr esa xSj&oS/kfud gSA
452
z lh,lhih dh fliQkfj'ksa ckè;dkjh ugha gSa vkSj vafre
fu.kZ; vkfFkZd ekeyksa dh eaf=keaMyh; lfefr (lhlhbZ,)
ds ikl gS] ftldh vè;{krk ç/ku ea=kh djrs gSaA
z dsaæh; ctV 2018&19 esa] Hkkjr ljdkj us ,e,lih dks
mRiknu ykxr (,2$,iQ,y) ls 1-5 xquk djus dh ?kks"k.
kk dhA
,e,lih dh orZeku fLFkfr
z orZeku esa 23 Ñf"k enksa ds fy, ,e,lih ?kksf"kr gS
 7 vukt (/ku] xsgwa] eDdk] cktjk ] Tokj ] jkxh
vkSj tkS)
 5 nkysa (puk] vjgj@rwj ] mM+n ] ewax vkSj elwj)
 7 frygu (ljlksa] ewaxiQyh] lks;kchu] lwjteq•] fry]
dqlqe vkSj ukbtj cht)
 4 O;kolkf;d iQlysa (dikl] xUuk] •ksijk vkSj
dPpk twV)A
z mijksÙkQ ds vykok] rksfj;k vkSj Mh& gLdM ukfj;y ds
fy, ,e,lih Hkh Øe'k% jsilhM vkSj dksijk dh dherksa
ds vk/kj ij ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
z ewY; leFkZu ;kstuk vkSj ih,e&vk'kk ;kstuk ,e,lih
vk/kfjr •jhn ds çeq• lk/u gSaA
z ,e,lih dk Hkqxrku djus ds fy, dkuwuh :i ls ckè;
ugha gS] Hkys gh cktkj nj lhek ewY; ls de gksA ,e,lih
iwjh rjg ls dk;Zdkjh funZs'kksa ij pyk;k tkrk gS vkSj dkuwu
}kjk bldh xkjaVh ugha nh tkrh gSA
,e,lih 'kklu dk egRo vkSj ykHk
z lqj{kk ra=k ;k fdlkuksa dks chek çnku fd;k tkrk gS tks
mUgsa ?kksj xjhch ls cpkrk gS vkSj fdlku vkRegR;kvksa dks
jksdrk gSA
z xkjaVhÑr ewY; vkSj lqfuf'pr cktkj ds dkj.k Ñf"k esa
vf/d fuos'k vkSj ubZ rduhd dks viukuk laHko gSA
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds rgr eqÙkQ O;kikj O;oLFkk ds rgr
vke rkSj ij oSf'od cktkjksa esa mrkj&p<+ko ls j{kk djsaA
z •k| lqj{kk rc gkfly dh tkrh gS tc Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa
}kjk çeq• iQlyksa ds fLFkj vkSj vf/'ks"k mRiknu ds dkj.k
vkRefuHkZjrk çkIr dh tkrh gSA
z fo'ks"k :i ls iatkc vkSj gfj;k.kk esa Ñf"k mit ds fy,
mPp dherksa ds dkj.k xzkeh.k xjhch dk mUewyuA ;g
cnys esa ukSdfj;ksa ds fy, xzkeh.k ls 'kgjh iyk;u dks
jksdrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ykHkdkjh vk; lqfuf'pr djsa& ukckMZ ds vf•y Hkkjrh;
xzkeh.k foÙkh; lekos'ku loZs{k.k 2016&17 esa ik;k x;k
fd ,d Ñf"k ifjokj dh vkSlr ekfld vk; lHkh lzksrksa
ls la;qÙkQ :i ls 9]000@& #i;s de gSA
z lwfpr fu.kZ; ysus esa enn djrk gS% ;g fdlku dks
vius •sr ds vkdkj] tyok;q vkSj flapkbZ lqfo/kvksa dh
lhekvksa ds Hkhrj vf/dre vkfFkZd ykHk ds fy, dkSu
lh iQly cksuh gS] blds ckjs esa lwfpr fu.kZ; ysus esa
enn djrk gSA
z futh •jhnkjksa ds fy, ,d csapekdZ ds :i esa dk;Z
djrk gS % ,e,lih cktkj dks ewY;&ladsr Hkstrk gS fd
;fn O;kikjh ,e,lih ls vf/d dherksa dh is'kd'k ugha
djrs gSa rks fdlku mUgsa viuh mit ugha csp ldrk gSA
z Ñf"k ftalksa dh vkiwfrZ esa fHkUurk] cktkj ,dhdj.k dh
deh vkSj lwpuk fo"kerk tSls dkjdksa ds dkj.k dherksa esa
mrkj&p<+ko dk eqdkcyk djukA
z dqN vko';d Ñf"k oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa mPp mrkj&p<+ko
ls miHkksÙkQkvksa dks cpkus ds fy,A
z yksxksa rd Hkkstu dh vkfFkZd igqap esa lq/kj (•jhn
vkSj forj.k ds ekè;e ls)A
z iQly fofo/hdj.k % nygu] frygu vkSj eksVs vukt ds
fy, ,e,lih esa FkksM+h vf/d o`f¼ gqbZ gS tks iQlyksa ds
fofo/hdj.k ds edln dks çkIr djus esa enn djrh gSA
z vkxs dh J`a•yk% ,e,lih mPp Ñf"k ykHk dh vksj ys
tkrk gS tks fdlkuksa dks buiqV] çkS|ksfxdh vkfn ij vf/d
•pZ djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
z vkRe&fuHkZj Hkkjr % nygu vkSj frygu mRiknu dks
c<+kok nsus vkSj vk;kr ij ns'k dh fuHkZjrk dks de
djus ds fy,] ljdkj us iQly o"kZ 2021&22 ds fy,
vjgj dk leFkZu ewY; 300 #i;s c<+kdj 6]300 #i;s
çfr fDoaVy dj fn;k] tks fiNys lky 6]000 #i;s çfr
fDoaVy FkkA
,e,lih vkSj iQly iSVuZ ds chp lglaca/
z iQly iSVuZ ,d fufnZ"V {ks=k esa fdlkuksa }kjk mxkbZ tkus
okyh iQlyksa ds la;kstu dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA bls
,d fuf'pr le; esa fofHkUu iQlyksa ds rgr {ks=k ds
vuqikr ds :i esa Hkh le>k;k x;k gSA
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
iQly iSVuZ dk fodkl
1- gfjr Økafr z •jkc •k| lqj{kk ifjn`'; vkSj vk;kr
iwoZ pj.k ij fuHkZjrkA
esa% z 3@4 Hkkjr •k| iQlyksa ds v/hu Fkk
vkSj iQly iSVuZ esa cgqr de fofo/
rk FkhA
z mÙkj Hkkjrh; eSnkuksa esa •k| iQlyksa
fo'ks"kdj xsgw¡ vkSj pkoy dh ç/
kurk FkhA
z udnh iQlysa vle (pk;)] if'pe
caxky ( twV) vkSj egkjk"Vª (dikl)
esa ns•h xbZaA
2- gfjr Økafr z ,e,lih dh 'kq:vkr] flapkbZ ds
foLrkj vkSj mPp mit fdLeksa dh
'kq:vkr ds dkj.k xgu Ñf"k dk
foLrkj gqvkA
z xsgwa&pkoy dh ç/kurk fo'ks"k :i
ls iatkc] gfj;k.kk vkSj if'peh mÙkj
çns'k esa LFkkfir dh xbZ Fkh] tks ewy
:i ls iwoZ vkSj nf{k.k Hkkjr rd gh
lhfer FkhA
z xsgwa vkSj pkoy ds rgr {ks=kksa esa o`f¼
vkSj lkFk gh iQly pØksa esa rhozrk
ns•h xbZA
z Hkkstu (fo'ks"k :i ls vukt) esa
vkRefuHkZjrk gkfly dh xbZA
3- 1991 ds z mnkjhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.k us fons'kksa
ckn dk ls lLrs vk;kr ds }kj •ksy fn, vkSj
lq/kj dky pkoy tSls mRiknksa ds Ñf"k fu;kZr ds
volj Hkh yk,A
z vuqca/ •srh Hkh 'kq: dh xbZ FkhA
z ihMh,l lq/kjksa vkSj jk"Vªh; •k|
lqj{kk vf/fu;e tSls fodklksa ds
dkj.k pkoy&xsgwa dk çHkqRo cuk jgkA
iQly iSVuZ ij ,e,lih dk çHkko
xsgwa vkSj pkoy% xsgwa vkSj pkoy dh Hkkjh ,e,lih
z
lefFkZr •jhn] fo'ks"k :i ls iatkc vkSj gfj;k.kk ls]
vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh deh ds ckotwn pkoy@xsgwa
eksuksdYpj dks c<+kok fn;k gSA
z cktjk% ijaijkxr :i ls] Hkkjrh; Ñf"k dk eq[; vk/kj]
cktjk (fo'ks"k :i ls Tokj vkSj cktjk) esa fxjkoV ns•h
453
 xbZA 'kq"d Hkwfe okys {ks=kksa (flapkbZ ds lkFk) esa Hkh pkoy
vkSj xsgwa dks çkFkfedrk nh tkrh Fkh tks cktjk ds fy,
LokHkkfod :i ls vuqdwy FksA
z xUuk% Hkkjh ,iQvkjih (mfpr vkSj ikfjJfed ewY;) vkSj
,l,ih (jkT; ç'kkflr ewY;) 'kklu ;wih] egkjk"Vª vkSj
fcgkj esa xUus dh •srh ds çeq• dkj.kksa esa ls ,d gSA
z nygu vkSj frygu% vi;kZIr ,e,lih laj{k.k vkSj de
•jhn ds dkj.k nygu vkSj frygu esa •srh ds {ks=k esa
deh vkbZ gS vkSj deh ds le; esa vk;kr dk lgkjk fy;k
x;k gSA
,e,lih O;oLFkk ls Hkkjr dks cgqr ykHk gqvk gSA fiNys •aM
esa lq>k, x, ,e,lih lq/kj 'kklu ds vuisf{kr ifj.kkeksa dk
çfrdkj djus ds fy, vko';d gSaA
,e,lih 'kklu ls tqMh+ leL;k,a vkSj pqukSfr;ka
z iQly i¼fr esa foÑfr % vU; iQlyksa tSls nygu]
frygu vkSj eksVs vukt dh dher ij xsgwa] pkoy vkSj
xUuk dh •jhn ij vf/d è;ku fn;k x;k gSA
z cM+s Ñf"k {ks=k okyh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa çfr gsDVs;j mit
lcls de gSA blfy, Ñf"k mRikndrk esa lq/kj dh
vko';drk gS] blds fy, dsoy ,e,lih gh i;kZIr ugha
gS] gesa dbZ rjg ds gLr{ksiksa dh vko';drk gSA
z eqækLiQhfr % mPp mRikn dherksa ds ekè;e ls fdlkuksa
dks vuqnku nsuk ,d v{ke rjhdk gS D;ksafd ;g miHkksÙkQk
dks mPp dherksa ds lkFk nafMr djrk gSA lkFk gh bldk
eryc gS fd cM+s fdlkuksa dks lcls T;knk iQk;nk gksxkA
z çfrLi/kZ ds fy, gkfudkjd % ljdkj }kjk dksbZ Hkh
gLr{ksi çfr;ksfxrk dks •Re dj nsrk gSA bldk vlj mu
vk<+fr;ksa ij iM+rk gS tks de dher ij iQly •jhndj
mls Åaps nke ij cspdj equkiQk dekrs gSaA
z phuh m|ksx % dsaæ }kjk fu/kZfjr ,e,lih ls vf/d vkSj
jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk euekuh ls xUuk ewY; fu/kZfjr djus ls
phuh feyksa ij çfrdwy çHkko iM+ jgk gS vkSj os fdlkuksa
ds cdk;s dk Hkqxrku djus esa l{ke ugha gSaA
z Ñf"k ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dk ßkl % tks iQlysa Ñf"k&tyok;q
{ks=k ds lkFk lajsf•r ugha gksrh gSa] os ty rkfydk esa deh]
feêðh dh fxjkoV vkSj ikuh dh xq.koÙkk esa fxjkoV dk
dkj.k curh gSaA
 pkoy] iatkc vkSj gfj;k.kk (v/Z&'kq"d {ks=kksa) esa
fodkl ds fy, vuqi;qÙkQ gksus ds ckotwn] ogka O;kid
:i ls mxk;k tkrk gSA blls Hkwty rkfydk esa fxjkoV
vkbZ gSA
454
 ijkyh tykuk Hkh pkoy dh eksuksdYpj dk ,d
ifj.kke gSA
 2019&20 esa 7 Ñf"k ftalksa dh ljdkjh •jhn ls 2
djksM+ ls vf/d fdlku ykHkkfUor gq, FksA buesa ls
1-24 djksM+ 35 yk• fdlku /ku vkSj xsgwa mRiknd FksA
z {ks=kh; vlarqyu% iwohZ jkT;ksa esa •jhn dk cqfu;knh <kapk
oLrqr% vfLrRoghu gS vkSj bl rjg] bu jkT;ksa ds fdlku
,e,lih vkSj ljdkj }kjk lqfuf'pr •jhn ds ekSfæd ykHkksa
dks çkIr djus esa l{ke ugha gSaA
z ½.k ckè;rk,¡ % lalk/u&xjhc] lhekar vkSj NksVs Hkwfe/
kjdksa dks ØsfMV ds lkFk xBtksM+ ds dkj.k LFkkuh; futh
O;kikfj;ksa vkSj buiqV Mhyjksa dks iQly dk ,d cM+k fgLlk
cspuk iM+rk gSA
z cktkj foÑfr % ;g eqÙkQ cktkj dks foÑr djrk gS
D;ksafd ;g vU; iQlyksa dh rqyuk esa dqN fo'ks"k iQlyksa
dks vf/d rjthg nsrk gSA tkx#drk ds vHkko esa lHkh
fdlkuksa dks ,e,lih dk ykHk ugha fey ik jgk gS A mPp
,e,lih mRiknu dks vf/d çksRlkgu nsrk gS ftlls vkiwfrZ
esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA ;g •jkc gksus okys lkekuksa dks doj
ugha djrk gSA
z Ñf"k fu;kZr ij vadq'k yxk gqvk gS D;ksafd ,e,lih dh
dhersa varjjk"Vªh; cktkjksa ls vf/d gSaA
z de tkx:drk vkSj igqap % 81» fdlku fofHkUu iQlyksa
ds fy, ljdkj }kjk fu/kZfjr ,e,lih ds ckjs esa tkurs
gSa vkSj muesa ls dsoy 10» gh cqokbZ ds ekSle ls igys
,e,lih ds ckjs esa tkudkjh j[krs gSaA
 'kkark dqekj lfefr dh fjiksVZ dk vuqeku gS fd
ns'k ds yxHkx 6» fdlku gh ,e,lih ç.kkyh ls
ykHkkfUor gksrs gSaA
 iatkc ls 95» ls vf/d vkSj gfj;k.kk ls 70» ls
vf/d /ku dsaæ ljdkj }kjk •jhnk tkrk gS] tcfd
;wih vkSj fcgkj esa ;g 3-6» vkSj 1-7» ls de gSA
z vfrfjÙkQ HkaMkj.k % i;kZIr HkaMkj.k ds fcuk bl rjg dh
•jhn ds ifj.kkeLo:i xksnkeksa esa Hkkjh ek=kk esa LVkWd tek
gks x;k gSA ihMh,l] ciQj LVkWd vkfn dh ;kstukvksa ds
rgr LVkWd vc vko';drkvksa ls nksxquk gks x;k gSA
z Hkqxrku esa nsjh % yxHkx vk/s fdlku de ls de ,d
lIrkg (uhfr vk;ksx) dh nsjh dk vuqHko djrs gSaA
z MCY;wVhvks esa pqukSfr;ka dbZ iQlyksa ds fy, Hkkjr dh
,e,lih ;kstuk dks dbZ ns'kksa us MCY;wVhvks esa pqukSrh nh
gSA mudh x.kuk dh i¼fr ls vR;f/d O;kikj&foÑr gksus
dk nkok fd;k x;k gSA ;fn ekStwnk çfØ;k tkjh jgrh gS]
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 rks ns'k dks fo'o O;kikj laxBu }kjk fu/kZfjr Ñf"k mRiknu
ij vuqnku ds 10 çfr'kr ds fu;e dk mYya?ku djus ds
fy, varjjk"Vªh; vkykspuk dk lkeuk djuk iM+sxkA
z vkfFkZd :i ls vfLFkj % FCI ds fy, •jhns x, pkoy
vkSj xsgwa dh vkfFkZd ykxr cktkj ewY; dh rqyuk esa cgqr
vf/d gSA
vkxs c<+us ds fodYi
z ,e,lih O;oLFkk ds rgr •jhn dk nk;jk c<+k,aA ;g
fo'ks"k {ks=kksa ;k fo'ks"k iQlyksa rd gh lhfer ugha gksuk
pkfg,A fdlkuksa dks mUgsa mxkus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djus
ds fy, cktjk dks ,e,lih O;oLFkk ds rgr yk;k tkuk
pkfg,A
z ,e,lih ?kks"k.kkvksa esa tkx:drk ds Lrj vkSj dfe;ksa esa
jkT;&okj varj ij dkcw ikukA
z ,e,lih dh x.kuk dh i¼fr ds lkFk&lkFk dk;kZUo;u ra=k
ij jkT; ljdkj ds lkFk lkFkZd ijke'kZA
z rst vkSj le; ij Hkqxrku lqfuf'pr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z uhfr vk;ksx igys ls gh ,d oSdfYid ra=k ij dke dj
jgk gSA ,e,lih dk ,d çfr:i cktkj gLr{ksi ;kstuk
(,evkbZ,l) gS] ftlds rgr jkT; ljdkj lCth dh
oLrqvksa tSlh •jkc gksus okyh oLrqvksa dh •jhn djrh gSA
z 'ksYiQ ykbiQ c<+kus vkSj vukt dks lM+us ls cpkus ds
fy, vk/qfud HkaMkj.k lqfo/kvksa] osbax fczt vkfn tSlh
vk/qfud HkaMkj.k lqfo/kvksa ds mi;ksx dh vko';drk gSA
z ,e,lih dh ?kks"k.kk cqokbZ ds ekSle ls dkiQh igys dh
tkuh pkfg, rkfd fdlku viuh iQlyksa dh ;kstuk cuk
ldsaA
z Ñf"k ds fy, vf/d oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k viukus vkSj
çfr gsDVs;j mRikndrk c<+kus ds fy, vuqla/ku esa
mPp ctV vkoafVr djus dh vko';drk gSA
z iQly fofo/hdj.k ds ykHkksa dks le>kuk pkfg, rkfd
iks"k.k lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus vkSj vkiwfrZ i{k ds
>Vdksa dks jksdus ds fy, vf/d nkyksa dk mRiknu fd;k
tk ldsA
z lwpuk vkSj tkx:drk ekl ehfM;k] f'kfojksa vkSj Ñf"k
foKku dsaæksa ds ekè;e ls fdlkuksa ds chp bls c<+k;k tkuk
pkfg,A
z ,e,lih dh leL;k dks gy djus ds fy, uhfr vkSj
vkfFkZd loZs{k.k nksuksa çkbl MsfiQfl,alh isesaV (ihMhih)
dh fliQkfj'k djrs gSaA
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
z uhfr vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'ksa%
 •jhn dsaæksa ij csgrj lqfo/k,a] tSls fd lq•kus ds ;kMZ]
osbax fczt] 'kkSpky; vkfnA
 csgrj HkaMkj.k vkSj viO;; dks de djus ds fy,
vf/d xksnkeksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj mfpr j•j•ko fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
 ifjogu ykxr ls cpus ds fy, •jhn dsaæ xkao esa gh
gksus pkfg,A
 ,e,lih ;kstuk esa mu jkT;ksa esa iw.kZ vkewy ifjorZu dh
vko';drk gS tgka ;kstuk dk çHkko ^'kwU;* gSA
uhfr vk;ksx }kjk ewY; deh Hkqxrku (ihMhih)
;kstuk
z uhfr vk;ksx us vius rhu lky ds ,D'ku ,tsaMs esa çkbl
MsfiQfl,alh isesaV flLVe dk lq>ko fn;k gSA
z ihMhih,l ds rgr] fdlkuksa dks vuqnku ds tfj,
,e,lih (pqfuank iQlyksa ds fy,) vkSj ekStwnk cktkj
dherksa ds chp ds varj dh HkjikbZ dh tkrh gSA
z vuqnku dk Hkqxrku fdlku ds vk/kj ls tqM+s cSad •krs
esa çR;{k ykHk varj.k (MhchVh) ds ekè;e ls fd;k
tk,xkA
z ykHk çkIr djus ds fy,] fdlku dks fudVre ,ih,elh
esa iathdj.k djkuk gksxk vkSj dqy cks, x, {ks=k dh
fjiksVZ nsuh gksxhA
z dh lhek dsaæ }kjk fu/kZfjr dh tk ldrh gSA uhfr vk;ksx
dk lq>ko gS fd 10» rd dk varj eqvkotk fn;k tk
ldrk gSA
z pwafd ,e,lih 'kklu pkoy vkSj xsgwa esa vPNh rjg ls
dke dj jgk gS] ihMhih,l ç.kkyh buds vykok vU;
iQlyksa ij ykxw gksxhA
blh rjg dh ;kstuk,a
1- ih,e vk'kk (ç/ku ea=kh vUunkrk ,,okbZ laj{k.k
vfHk;ku) Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ,e,lih&vf/lwfpr
frygu ds fy, ihMhih,l ,d mi&;kstuk ds :i esa gSA
2- eq[;ea=kh ea=kh Hkkokarj eè; çns'k esa nygu vkSj
frygu ds fy, Hkqxrku ;kstukA (vc can)
3- Hkkokarj VkWi iQlyksa (VekVj] I;kt vkSj vkyw) vkSj
iQwyxksHkh ds fy, gfj;k.kk esa HkjikbZA
455
ihMhih,l ds ykHk
mYys•uh; ykxr cpr D;ksafd •k|kUuksa dh •jhn]
z
ifjogu vkSj HkaMkj.k dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha gS tks
vksojgsM~l ogu djrs gSaA
z dkj.k orZeku esa rukoxzLr HkaMkj.k cqfu;knh <kaps dks
gVk nsaA
z Hkqxrku esa vklkuh D;ksafd MhchVh Hkqxrku rsth ls gks
ldrk gS vkSj fcpkSfy;ksa dks lekIr dj ldrk gSA
z MCY;wVhvks ds vuq:i ewY; deh ;kstukvksa dks de
O;kikj foÑfr;ksa ds :i esa ns•k tkrk gS D;ksafd os çkÑfrd
ewY; •kst dh vuqefr nsrs gSaA
z xsgwa vkSj pkoy dks çksRlkgu nsus okyh ,e,lih O;oLFkk ds
eqdkcys mUgsa miHkksÙkQk dh t:jrksa vkSj Ñf"k ikfjfLFkfrdh
ç.kkfy;ksa ds çfr mÙkjnk;h cukus ds fy, iQly iSVuZ esa
cnyko djukA
z {ks=kh; larqyu lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd
ihMhih,l çÑfr ls iQly vkSj Hkwxksy ds fy, rVLFk gSA
ihMhih,l ds lkFk fpark,a
z de •jhn ewY; dk ykHk mBkus ds fy, O;kikjh xqVksa }
kjk dherksa esa fxjkoVA ;g ljdkj ij Hkkjh ykxr dk
cks> Mkyrk gS D;ksafd mUgsa varj dks doj djuk gksrk gSA
z eq[;ea=kh Hkkokarj HkqxVu ;kstuk eè; çns'k esa mijksÙkQ
dkj.k ls can djuk iM+kA
z jktdks"kh; cks> vR;f/d gksxk D;ksafd ;g mu iQlyksa dks
doj djuk pkgrk gS ftuds fy, ljdkjh •jhn orZeku esa
de gSA ICRIER dk vuqeku gS fd bl ;kstuk dh ykxr
lkykuk 2 yk• djksM+ #i;s ds djhc gksxhA
z MhchVh Hkqxrku eqís% cSad •krksa dks vk/kj ls fyad u
djus ;k foÙkh; cfg"dkj (cSad •krk ugha gksus) ds dkj.kA
vkxs c<+us ds fodYi
z dkVZsykbts'ku dks grksRlkfgr djus ds fy, ljdkj }kjk
doj fd, x, ewY; varj dks dSi fd;k tkuk pkfg,
(uhfr vk;ksx }kjk vuq'kaflr 10»)A
z vk/kj&cSad •krk fyadst lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, mfpr
lko/kuhA
z çR;{k vk; lgk;rk ;kstuk,¡ (tSls ih,e fdlku) vkSj
ewY; chek ;kstuk ihMhih,l ds fy, ,d xSj&O;kikj foÑr
fodYi ds :i esa ekuk tkuk pkfg, A
456
fdlkuksa ij jk"Vªh; vk;ksx% LokehukFku
lfefr (2004) dh fliQkfj'ksa
z chek ikfjJfed ugha % ,e,lih fliQZ chek gS u fd
ykHkdkjh ewY;A ,e,l LokehukFku lfefr us ,e,lih dks
mRiknu ykxr (lh2) ls Ms<+ xquk r; djus dh fliQkfj'k
dh gSA
z fdlkuksa ij jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ us leFkZu ewY; vkSj
•jhn ewY; ds chp varj djus dk vkÞoku fd;kA ;g
varj iwjh rjg ls •Re gks x;k gS] D;ksafd ,e,lih ^vksiu
,aMsM* vukt •jhn ç.kkyh ds rgr okLrfod •jhn ewY;
cu x;k gSA
z lhfyax&ljIyl vkSj catj Hkwfe dk forj.k djsaA
z xSj&Ñf"k mís';ksa ds fy, çeq• Ñf"k Hkwfe vkSj ouksa dks
dkWikZsjsV {ks=k esa tkus ls jksdsaA
z blus lq>ko fn;k fd ,e,lih mRiknu ykxr ls de ls
de 50» vf/d gksuk pkfg,A
z Ñf"k dks lafo/ku dh leorhZ lwph esa 'kkfey djukA
z Ñf"k ls lacaf/r cqfu;knh <kaps esa fuos'k c<+kukA
z lw{e iks"kd rRoksa dh deh dk irk yxkus ds fy, e`nk
ijh{k.k ç;ksx'kkykvksa dh LFkkiukA
z oxhZdj.k] czkafMax vkSj iSdsftax dks c<+kok nsus okys ,dy
Hkkjrh; cktkj ds fuekZ.k ds fy, dne mBk, tkus
pkfg, A
z •jhn%
 xsgwa vkSj pkoy dh •jhn dks i;kZIr vuqHko vkSj
cqfu;knh <kaps okys jkT;ksa dks lkSai fn;k tkuk pkfg,
(iatkc] gfj;k.kk] vka/z çns'k vkSj eè; çns'k)A
 ls deh okys jkT;ksa esa ys tkus ds fy, •k|kUu dk
lkSnk djsxkA
 FCI dks iwohZ ;wih] fcgkj] if'pe caxky vkSj vle
tSls iwohZ Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa esa lfØ; gksuk pkfg,A
z O;kikfjd xksnke çkfIr ;kstuk 'kq: fd;k tkuk pkfg,
vkSj c<+k;k tkuk pkfg, tgka fdlkuksa dks de çpfyr
dherksa ds le; ladV fcØh ls cpus ds fy, ,e,lih
ij mudh mit ds f•ykiQ cSadksa ls 80» vfxze fey
ldrk gS A
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ,e,lih lq/kj% nygu vkSj frygu ij è;ku dsafær djsa
vkSj csgrj rkyesy ds fy, O;kikj uhfr dks iqu% O;ofLFkr
djsaA
z LVkWfdax vkSj vkokxeu%
 dsaæh; HkaMkj.k fuxe] jkT; HkaMkj.k fuxe vkSj futh {ks=k
tSlh ,tsafl;ksa dks LVkWfdax lapkyu vkmVlkslZ djukA
 <Ddu vkSj fIyaV HkaMkj.k dks lekIr djsa vkSj flyks cSx
çkS|ksfxdh vkSj ikjaifjd HkaMkj.k ds lkFk çfrLFkkfir
djsaA
 canjxkgksa vkSj jsyos LVs'kuksa esa ?kkVs dks de djus
vkSj VuZ&vjkmaM le; esa lq/kj ds fy, •k|kUuksa ds
vkokxeu dk daVsujdj.kA
z ciQj LVkWfdax lapkyu vkSj ifjlekiu uhfr%
 oSKkfud vkSj ikjn'khZ :i ls fu/kZfjr Lrj ls vf/d
LVkWd ds fy, Lopkfyr ifjlekiu uhfrA
 vksiu ekdZsV lsy Ldhe vkSj ,DliksVZ ekdZsV esa dke
djus ds fy, fctusl vksfj,aVs'ku ds lkFk FCI ds lkFk
vf/d yphykiuA
z jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk vf/fu;e ds rgr dojst dh
leh{kk djsa] tks orZeku esa 67» gS vkSj bls mPp Lrj
ij ekuk tkrk gSA
z laiw.kZ •k| çca/u ç.kkyh dk var ls var rd
dEI;wVjhdj.kA
•k| vkSj Ñf"k uhfr ij jes'k paæ lfefr
(2013)
z bldk xBu ,e,lih r; djus esa i¼fr laca/h eqíksa dh
tkap djus ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA
z vk;ksx us lq>ko fn;k fd mRiknu ykxr dh x.kuk ds fy,
ifjokj ds eqf•;k dks dq'ky Jfed ekuk tkuk pkfg, A
z ifjpkyu iwath ij C;kt iwjs ekSle ds fy, fn;k tkuk
pkfg,A
z dVkbZ ds ckn dh ykxr] ftlesa liQkbZ] oxhZdj.k] lq•kus]
foi.ku vkSj ifjogu 'kkfey gSaA
z lfefr us tksf•e fçfe;e vkSj çca/u 'kqYd dh ykxr dks
10» rd c<+kus dh fliQkfj'k dh gSA
Hkkjr esesa a Ñf"k
Hkkjr Ñf"k{ks{ks=k =k
,e,lih ds fodYi
z ewY; esa deh dk Hkqxrku % bl O;oLFkk ds rgr ,e,lih
vkSj fcØh ewY; ds chp varj dks cSad •krksa esa çR;{k
gLrkarj.k ds ekè;e ls {kfriwfrZ dh tk ldrh gSA
 eè; çns'k us ,d ewY; ?kkVk foÙkiks"k.k ;kstuk 'kq:
dh gS & Hkoarj Hkqxrku ;kstuk & ftlesa ljdkj fdlkuksa
dks eksMy nj (çeq• eafM;ksa esa vkSlr ewY;) vkSj
U;wure leFkZu ewY; (MSP) ds chp ds varj dk
Hkqxrku djrh gSA
 gfj;k.kk ljdkj lfCt;ksa ds fy, Hkoarj HkjikbZ
;kstuk dk ikyu dj jgh gSA
z ih,e vk'kk dh ewY; deh Hkqxrku ;kstuk dk nk;jk
foLrkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z {ks=k fu;kstu@çfrca/ % mnkgj.k ds fy,] UK esa] 5 gsDVs;j
ls Åij ds lHkh •srksa dks iQly mxkus ds fy, Hkwfe ds
mi;ksx ds fy, LohÑfr ysuh iM+rh gSA ;g fdlh fo'ks"k
iQly ds rgr {ks=k dks lhfer djds vfrmRiknu ds dkj.k
dherksa esa fxjkoV dh tkap dj ldrk gSA
z çR;{k vk; lgk;rk % ih,e fdlku lgh fn'kk esa ,d
dne gS ysfdu ikfjJfed cgqr de gSA
xUus ds fy, mfpr vkSj ykHkdkjh ewY;
z phuh m|ksx ,d egRoiw.kZ Ñf"k vk/kfjr m|ksx gS tks
yxHkx 50 fefy;u xUuk fdlkuksa dh xzkeh.k vkthfodk
dks çHkkfor djrk gS vkSj phuh feyksa esa lh/s dk;Zjr
yxHkx 5 yk• Jfed gSaA
z Hkkjr nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k miHkksÙkQk vkSj phuh dk nwljk
lcls cM+k mRiknd gS vkSj phuh m|ksx nwljk lcls cM+k
Ñf"k vk/kfjr m|ksx gS
z xUus dk vkSlr okf"kZd mRiknu yxHkx 35-5 djksM+ Vu
gS] ftlls yxHkx 3 djksM+ Vu phuh dk mRiknu gksrk gSA
xUus dk ewY; fu/kZj.k
z xUus ds nke r; gksrs gSa%
 dsaæ ljdkj
 jkT; ljdkj
z dsaæ ljdkj mfpr vkSj ykHkdkjh ewY; (FRP) dh
?kks"k.kk djrh gS tks fd Ñf"k ykxr vkSj ewY; vk;ksx
(CACP) dh fliQkfj'k ij fu/kZfjr gksrs gSa vkSj bldh
457
 ?kks"k.kk vkfFkZd ekeyksa dh dSfcusV lfefr }kjk dh tkrh
gS] ftldh vè;{krk ç/ku ea=kh djrs gSaA
z jkT; ijkef'kZr ewY; (SAP) çeq• xUuk mRiknd jkT;ksa
}kjk ?kksf"kr fd, tkrs gSa tks vke rkSj ij ,iQvkjih ls
vf/d gksrs gSaA
z dsaæ us phuh ewY; (fu;a=k.k) vkns'k] 2018 vf/lwfpr
fd;k ftlds rgr dsaæ xUus ds ,iQvkjih vkSj lcls dq'ky
feyksa dh U;wure :ikarj.k ykxr dks è;ku esa j•rs gq,
,e,lih r; djrk gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. •k|kUu forj.k ç.kkyh dks vkSj vf/d çHkkoh cukus ds
fy, ljdkj }kjk dkSu ls lq/kjkRed dne mBk, x, gSa\
 (2019)
v v
458
2. U;wure leFkZu ewY; (MSP) ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
,e,lih fdlkuksa dks de vk; ds tky ls dSls mckjsxk\
 (2018)
3. vuqnku fdl çdkj iQly iSVuZ] iQly fofo/rk vkSj
fdlkuksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks çHkkfor djrh gS\ NksVs vkSj
lhekar fdlkuksa ds fy, iQly chek] U;wure leFkZu ewY;
vkSj •k| çlaLdj.k dk D;k egRo gS\ (2017)
4. jk"Vªh; vkSj jkT; Lrj ij fdlkuksa dks nh tkus okyh
fofHkUu çdkj dh Ñf"k vuqnku D;k gSa\ blds }kjk
mRiUu foÑfr;ksa ds lanHkZ esa Ñf"k vuqnku O;oLFkk dk
vkykspukRed fo'ys"k.k djsaA
v
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 24 fdlkuksa dh lgk;rk gsrq bZ&çkS|ksfxdh

z Hkkjrh; Ñf"k •k| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus] lrr fodkl dh lgk;rk ls] fdlku vius lapkyu dk csgrj çca/u dj
dks c<+kok nsus vkSj xjhch dks de djus ds fy, ,d ldrs gSa vkSj lwfpr ;kstuk,a cuk ldrs gSaA
egRoiw.kZ {ks=k gSA ifj.kke {ks=k
z gfjr Økafr] uhyh Økafr] 'osr Økafr] ihyh Økafr dh fdlkuksa dh igpku
'kq:vkr ds ekè;e ls] {ks=k esa Ñf"k m|ksx esa lq/kj ds fy, djuk ØsfMV vkSj fuos'k
•srh djuk uhfr;ksa oguh;rk cktkj cqf¼eÙkk b"Vre
o"kks± ls dbZ ç;kl fd, x, gSaA gky gh esa] tSo çkS|ksfxdh bZ&çkS|ksfxdh eqæhdj.k lwph çca/u
vkSj lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k Ñf"k m|ksx esa foi.ku fuxjkuh lkE;rk fuxjkuh lkE;rk lsokvksa
Økafr yk jgs gSaA dk forj.k mRikndrk
z gkykafd] Hkkjrh; Ñf"k dk vk/qfudhdj.k 1960 ds n'kd dk leFkZu djuk
tksf•e çca/u
esa 'kq: gqvk D;ksafd rc vk/qfud vknkuksa rd igqap]
fo'ks"k :i ls mPp mit okys cht] moZjd] e'khuhdj.k] z eè;LFkghurk% çkS|ksfxdh ds ;qx esa] fdlku LFkkukarfjr
ØsfMV vkSj foi.ku lqfo/kvksa dh ,d foLr`r J`a•yk esa xfr'khyrk dk çHkkj ysus vkSj O;kikfj;ksa ij Hkjkslk fd,
lq/kj gqvkA 1960 esa] dsaæ ljdkj us ,d xgu {ks=k fodkl fcuk cktkj Kku dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, vR;k/qfud
dk;ZØe Hkh 'kq: fd;kA midj.kksa dks viuk ldrs gSaA
z bZ&çkS|ksfxdh bysDVªkWfud çkS|ksfxdh dk laf{kIr uke vkink çca/u vkSj
gSA fMftVy çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk mi;ksx] ftlus gky gh esa vf/dkfjrk vkSj iwoZ psrkouh Ñf"k foLrkj vkSj
lHkh m|ksxksa esa mNky ns•k gS] baVjusV vkSj lacaf/r lwpuk {kerk fuekZ.k lykgdkj lsok,a
çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds lkFk ;gka Hkh 'kkfey gSA Ñf"k esa vkbZlhVh
c<+h gqbZ cktkj foÙkh;
dh {kerk &
Ñf"k esa bZ&çkS|ksfxdh dks viukus dk egRo igqap lekos'ku
tksf•e çca/u ds
z mipkjkRed fpfdRlk% Hkkjr esa] tgka Ñf"k {ks=k vHkh Hkh fofu;ked vkSj uhfr i;kZoj.kh; :i ls
fy, chek
ty ladV] e#LFkyhdj.k] iQly dhV] jksx vkSj cqfu;knh <kaps dh fuxjkuh fVdkÅ Ñf"k i¼fr;ka
<kaps dh yxkrkj deh tSls eqíksa ls çHkkfor gS] rduhdh z ykxr U;wuhdj.k% lVhd Ñf"k dk mi;ksx ysunsu ykxr
çxfr ,d egRoiw.kZ thou js•k çnku dj jgh gSA
dks de djds •srh dh ykxr dks vuqdwfyr djrk gSA
z dq'ky rjhdksa dk fodkl% bZ&çkS|ksfxdh us jkscksfVDl vkSj
z ikjn'khZ ç.kkyh% vkbZlhVh ds mi;ksx ds ekè;e ls
lsaflax çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds {ks=k esa mYys•uh; çxfr ds lkFk Ñf"k
ykyiQhrk'kkgh esa dVkSrh dh tkrh gS] tSls fd tu&/u ds
çFkkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, vf/d mUur] çHkkoh vkSj
dq'ky çFkkvksa vkSj fof/;ksa ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA ekè;e ls MhchVh vkSj ih,e fdlku ;kstuk esa vk/kj ds
mi;ksx] tks ç.kkyh dks ikjn'khZ cukus ds lkFk nksgjko esa
z fu.kZ; ysus esa lgk;d% tc ,d fdlku ds ikl vko';d
lHkh tkudkjh gksrh gS] rks os viuh Ñf"k xfrfof/;ksa] vius dVkSrh djrk gSA
vukt] vius lapkj pkSuyksa] muds forj.k vkSj vU; t:jrksa z HkkSxksfyd ck/kvksa dks rksM+uk% Hkkjr esa çR;sd {ks=k ds
ds ckjs esa csgrj] vf/d f'kf{kr fu.kZ; ys ldrs gSaA fy, vf}rh; vko';drkvksa ds lkFk fofHkUu çdkj ds
z çHkkoh ;kstuk% çkS|ksfxdh iwjh rjg ls iQlyksa dh fuxjkuh Ñf"k&tyok;q {ks=k gSaA bl tfVy ç.kkyh dks fcx MsVk
dj ldrh gS] iSnkokj dk iwokZuqeku] cqokbZ dk ekSle] iQly ,ukfyfVDl] jkscksfVDl vkSj vU; rduhdksa ds mi;ksx ds
ls lacaf/r t:jrksa vkSj vU; dkjdksaA bu ledkyhu rjhdksa lkFk ljy cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
z lkeqnkf;d Hkkxhnkjh% çR;sd leqnk; dk lnL; Hkkx ys
ldrk gS vkSj ;ksxnku dj ldrk gS D;ksafd vkbZlhVh esa
nwjh ,d ck/k ugha gSA
z Hkz"Vkpkj dks de djuk% Hkz"Vkpkj dks de djus esa lcls
cM+h ck/k ;g gS fd ljdkj dh lgk;rk fuEu oxks± rd
ugha igqaprh gS] vkSj vehj fdlku mu ykHkksa dks pqjkrs gSa
tks mUgsa feyuk pkfg,A vkbZlhVh fufoZokn :i ls bls de
djus esa lgk;rk djsxkA
z Ñf"k uokpkj% ,d tqM+k gqvk Ñf"k nqfu;k csgrj igqap
dks çksRlkfgr djsxh tc oSKkfud çfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa iQlyksa dks c<+kus ds fy, u,] csgrj rjhds fodflr
djrs gSaA
z csgrj igq¡p% NksVs vkSj eè;e fdlkuksa ds vykok]
cSd;kMZ fdlku Hkh Ñf"k dks c<+kok nsus esa ;ksxnku nsrs
gSaA bZ&çkS|ksfxdh ds mi;ksx ls lHkh Lrjksa ij Ñf"k {ks=k esa
fopkjksa vkSj uokpkjksa ds çlkj esa lgk;rk feysxhA
fdlkuksa ds fy, bZ&çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx
z Ñf"k ds e'khuhdj.k ls csgrj mRikndrk% m".kdfVca/h;
okrkoj.k esa Ñf"k ;a=khdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i mRikndrk
esa o`f¼] Ñf"k esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys 'kkjhfjd Je vkSj
gkFk ds midj.kksa esa ÅtkZ vkSj mRiknu lhek,a gSa
Ñf"k&foLrkj
fdlku
tkudkjh
bZ&izk|
S ksfxdh
lsok
z vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal ds ekè;e ls tyok;q@
ekSle dh Hkfo";ok.kh% MsVk laxzg orZeku rduhd vkSj
,vkbZ&vk/kfjr midj.kksa }kjk laHko cuk;k x;k gS] tks
lVhd •srh vkSj vPNh rjg ls lwfpr fu.kZ; ysus dk Hkh
leFkZu djrs gSaA Mªksu] fjeksV lsalj vkSj mixzg yxkrkj •srksa
esa vkSj mlds vklikl ds ekSle ij MsVk ,d=k djrs gSa]
ftlls fdlkuksa dks rkieku] o"kkZ] feêðh] vkæZrk vkSj vU;
dkjdksa ds ckjs esa egRoiw.kZ Kku feyrk gSA
z tSo çkS|ksfxdh ds mi;ksx ds ekè;e ls fodflr
lgu'khy iQlysa% tSo çkS|ksfxdh ds mi;ksx ds ekè;e
ls pje tyok;q dks lgus okyh fdLe fodflr dh tk
ldrhA vke rkSj ij] vkuqoaf'kd bathfu;fjax dhVksa ds
fy, iQly çfrjks/ dks c<+kus ds fy, thu dh igpku
vkSj gsjiQsj djds i'kq/u vkSj iQlyksa esa lq/kj djrh gSA
460
vkuqoaf'kd bathfu;fjax ds mi;ksx ds ekè;e ls mPp mit
nsus okyh fdLesa Hkh cukbZ tkrh gSaA
bZ&ekdZsfVax
ifj'kq¼ •srh bZ&çf'k{k.k vkSj çn'kZu
bZ&lykgdkj lsok,a
ft;ks&VSfxax bZ&Vsd ds ?kVd
bZ&Hkwfe vfHkys•
Mªksu vkSj fjeksV LekVZ Ñf"k
lsaflax
CykWd psu vkSj fcx
MsVk ,ukfyfVDl
z Ñf"k lsalj% ok;jysl :i ls tqM+s lsalj esa mi;ksx dh ,d
foLr`r J`a•yk gS] ftlesa iks"kd rRoksa ds fy, lVhd LFkkuksa
dks bafxr djuk] ok;q çokg dks ekiuk] feêðh dh lajpuk
vkSj ueh lkexzh dk fo'ys"k.k djuk vkSj cgqr dqN 'kkfey
gSA fdlku moZjd dks vf/d çHkkoh <ax ls ykxw djus
vkSj Je vkSj dhVuk'kdksa ij iSls cpkus ds fy, lsalj dk
mi;ksx djrs gSaA
z fcx MsVk dk mi;ksx djds Ñf"k iSnkokj vkSj vkiwfrZ
J`a•yk çca/u esa lq/kj% fu.kZ; ysus vkSj leL;k lqy>kus
ds fy, MsVk dk mi;ksx blds laxzg] ladyu vkSj ckn ds
çlaLdj.k ds ekè;e ls foLrkfjr fd;k tk jgk gSA LekVZ
•srh esa cM+s MsVk dk mi;ksx djus ds ykHk iwjh vkiwfrZ
J`a•yk vkSj cktkjksa esa iQSyus dh mEehn gSA Ñf"k dk
foLrkj gks jgk gS vkSj ;g dkjdksa dh ,d foLr`r J`a•yk
ls çHkkfor gSA
z i'kq/u fuxjkuh% 'kjhj lsalj vkSj fpIl vko';d ekinaMksa
vkSj ladsrdksa dks ekirs gSa tks chekjh dh tYnh igpku dj
ldrs gSa vkSj >qaM laØe.k dks jksd ldrs gSaA
z iQkWjoMZ vkSj cSdoMZ fyadst% f'k{kk] m|ksx vkSj ljdkjh
,tsafl;ksa ds lkFk bl rjg ds laca/ fodflr gks ldrs gSa A
z dkS'ky vkSj mRiknd {kerkvksa dks c<+kuk% Ñf"k çFkkvksa
dh ykxr&çHkko'khyrk] O;ogk;Zrk vkSj fLFkjrk lqfuf'pr
djrs gq, fdlkuksa dk dkS'ky vkSj mRiknd {kerkvksa dks
c<k;k tk ldrk gSA
Ñf"k esa vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal (,vkbZ)
z oSf'od vkcknh c<+ jgh gS vkSj Hkwfe vf/d nqyZHk gks jgh
gS] bl dkj.k yksxksa dks tkx:d gksus vkSj Ñf"k ds ckjs
esa vf/d dq'ky cuus dh vko';drk gSA mRikndrk vkSj
mit esa o`f¼ djrs gq, vf/d iQly mxkus ds fy,] de
Hkwfe dk mi;ksx djus dh vko';drk gksxhA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z blds vfrfjÙkQ] dbZ dfBukb;ka gSa ftUgsa Hkkjrh; Ñf"k dks nwj
djuk gksxk] ftlesa ekulwu ij bldh mPp fuHkZjrk] bldh
lalk/u&xgurk (ikuh] vdkcZfud moZjdksa vkSj dhVuk'kdksa
dk Hkkjh mi;ksx)] Hkwfe dk {kj.k vkSj feêðh dh moZjrk dk
uqdlku] vkSj çfr gsDVs;j bldh de iSnkokj 'kkfey gSA
z bl fLFkfr esa] ,vkbZ tyok;q ifjorZu] tula[;k o`f¼]
jkstxkj ds eqíksa vkSj •k| lqj{kk ds eqíksa lfgr fofHkUu
dkjdksa ds dkj.k iQly dh mit c<+kus esa mRçsjd Hkwfedk
fuHkk ldrk gSA
Ñf"k esa ,vkbZ dk nk;jk
z laiw.kZ vkiwfrZ J`a•yk dks c<+kuk% Ñf"k $ 5 fVªfy;u dk
oSf'od m|ksx gS] vkSj ,vkbZ çkS|ksfxfd;ka LoLFk iQlyksa
dk mRiknu djus] dhVksa dks fu;af=kr djus] feêðh vkSj
c<+rh fLFkfr;ksa dh fuxjkuh djus] fdlkuksa ds fy, MsVk
O;ofLFkr djus] dk;ZHkkj dks de djus vkSj laiw.kZ •k|
vkiwfrZ J`a•yk esa fofHkUu çdkj ds Ñf"k&lacaf/r dk;ks± esa
lq/kj djus esa enn dj ldrh gSaA
z mPp fodkl ds fy, volj% egRoiw.kZ fodkl dh
laHkkouk fo'o Lrj ij] Ñf"k esa ,vkbZ vuqç;ksxksa dk ewY;
2019 esa $ 1 fcfy;u ds djhc gksus dk vuqeku yxk;k
x;k Fkk] vkSj ;g Hkfo";ok.kh dh xbZ gS fd ;g ewY;
2030 rd yxHkx $ 8 fcfy;u rd c<+ tk,xkA Hkkjrh;
Ñf"k&rduhdh cktkj] ftldk ewY; orZeku esa $ 204
fefy;u gS] bl ifjn`'; esa $ 24 fcfy;u dh vuqekfur
{kerk ds dsoy 1» rd igqap ik;k gSA
z fo'kky Ñf"k MsVk lalk/u% Hkkjr MsVk oSKkfudksa vkSj
,vkbZ fo'ks"kKksa ds fy, viuh feêðh ds çdkj] tyok;q vkSj
LFkykÑfr dh fofo/rk ds dkj.k Ñf"k ds fy, vR;k/
qfud ,vkbZ midj.k vkSj lek/ku fodflr djus dk ,d
'kkunkj volj çnku djrk gSA Hkkjrh; •srksa vkSj fdlkuksa
ds cM+s vkSj foLr`r MsVk dk mi;ksx u dsoy ns'k ds fy,]
cfYd iwjh nqfu;k ds fy, ,vkbZ lek/ku fodflr djus esa
enn djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj ;g mu dkjdksa esa
ls ,d gS tks Hkkjrh; Ñf"k esa vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal ds
volj dks vf}rh; cukrk gSA
Ñf"k esa ,vkbZ dk mi;ksx
z ,vkbZ iQkeZ MsVk dk fo'ys"k.k djus esa enn djrk gS%
•sr gj fnu tehu ij lSdM+ksa gtkjksa MsVk fcanq mRiUu djrs
gSa] ftldk fo'ys"k.k djus esa ,vkbZ enn dj ldrk gSA
fdlku vc okLrfod le; esa fofHkUu çdkj dh phtksa dk
fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy, ,vkbZ dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa]
fdlkuksa a dh
fdlkuks dh lgk;rk
lgk;rkgsrgsq rbZq &bZçkS&|çkSksf|xdh
ksfxdh
tSls fd ekSle] rkieku] ikuh dk mi;ksx] ;k vius •sr
ls ,d=k dh xbZ feêðh dh fLFkfr] vius fu.kZ;ksa dks csgrj
<ax ls lwfpr djus ds fy,A
z lVhd Ñf"k% ,vkbZ rduhd dk mi;ksx lVhd Ñf"k esa
dhVksa] chekfj;ksa vkSj •srksa ij vi;kZIr ikS/ksa ds iks"k.k dh
igpku djus esa enn djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ,vkbZ
lsalj •jirokjksa dh igpku vkSj y{; dj ldrs gSa] fiQj
r; dj ldrs gSa fd mi;qÙkQ ciQj tksu ds Hkhrj dkSu ls
tM+h&cwfV;ksa dk mi;ksx djuk gSA lVhd Ñf"k dk mi;ksx
djds] mRikndrk c<+sxhA
z Je pqukSrh ls fuiVuk% ,vkbZ lapkfyr Ñf"k jkscksV bl
Je deh dks nwj djus dk ,d rjhdk gSA ;s jkscksV dbZ
mís';ksa dh lsok djrs gSa vkSj ekuo Je ds iwjd gSaA ,d
mnkgj.k ds :i esa] ;s jkscksV ekuo etnwjksa dh rqyuk esa
vf/d rsth ls vkSj vf/d ek=kk esa iQlyksa dh dVkbZ dj
ldrs gSa] vf/d lVhdrk ds lkFk •jirokjksa dh igpku
vkSj gVk ldrs gSa] vkSj fujarj Je 'kfÙkQ çnku djds Ñf"k
ykxr dks de dj ldrs gSaA
lekfIr
z Ñf"k m|ksx esa gky ds lq/kjksa ds lkFk] ,d ekSdk gS fd
vuqca/ •srh fuos'k esa o`f¼ gksxh vkSj mPp iSnkokj vkSj
mRikndrk ds fy, çkS|ksfxdh is'k dh tk,xhA ;g Ñf"k esa
,vkbZ ds mi;ksx dks vkSj Hkh çksRlkfgr djsxkA bu ,vkbZ
lek/kuksa dks iSekus ij enn djus ds fy, lkoZtfud vkSj
futh {ks=kksa ls Hkh fuos'k c<+kus dh vko';drk gSA
z bl laca/ esa] gky gh esa laiUu lkekftd l'kfÙkQdj.k
f'k•j lEesyu ds fy, ftEesnkj ,vkbZ & jst & 2020
lfeV us varjjk"Vªh; fgr/kjdksa dks vke turk ds ykHk
ds fy, ,vkbZ dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, jksMeSi dks bdêòk
djus vkSj vafre :i nsus ds fy, ,d LFkku çnku djus
esa lgk;rk dh gSA
Ñf"k esa bZ&çkS|ksfxdh ls lacaf/r igy
z jk"Vªh; Ñf"k cktkj (,u,,e)% jk"Vªh; Ñf"k cktkj
(,u,,e) uked ,d vf•y Hkkjrh; bysDVªkWfud VªsfMax
IysViQkWeZ dk mís'; Ñf"k oLrqvksa ds fy, ,d ,dhÑr
jk"Vªh; cktkj fodflr djus ds fy, ekStwnk ,ih,elh vkSj
vU; cktkj ;kMks± dks tksM+uk gSA ,u,,e ,d ¶vkHkklh¸
cktkj gS] ysfdu cSd,aM ij] ,d HkkSfrd cktkj gSA ,u,,e
dh ?kks"k.kk 2014&15 ds ctV ds nkSjku dh xbZ FkhA ,u,,e
dks dsaæ çk;ksftr ;kstuk (ATIF) ds :i esa Ñf"k&Vsd
baÚkLVªDpj iQaM ds ekè;e ls ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA
461
z jk"Vªh; lwpuk foKku dsaæ (,uvkbZlh) us ,xekdZusV
bZ&xouZsal iksVZy dks ykxw fd;k gS] tks Ñf"k mit cktkjksa
ls dherksa] deksfMVh vkxeu dh tkudkjh vkSj mRikndksa]
miHkksÙkQkvksa] O;kikfj;ksa vkSj uhfr fuekZrkvksa dks osc&vk/kfjr
çlkj mRiUu djuk vkSj lapkfjr djuk vklku cukrk gSA
z bZ&pkSiky% ;g ,d vkbZVhlh igy gS tks oSdfYid foi.
ku pkSuy] tyok;q] Ñf"k çFkkvksa] buiqV fcØh vkfn ij MsVk
çnku djrh gSA ;g ,d çf'kf{kr lapkyd }kjk lapkfyr
,d fd;ksLd gS tks ,d xkao esa fLFkr gS vkSj daI;wVj vkSj
baVjusV ,Dlsl ls lqlfTtr gSA
z çR;{k ykHk gLrkarj.k (MhchVh) dsaæh; Ñf"k iksVZy%
MhchVh Ñf"k iksVZy] ftls 2013 esa is'k fd;k x;k Fkk] ns'k
esa lHkh Ñf"k dk;ZØeksa ds fy, ,d dsaæhÑr iksVZy gSA
z xzke lalk/u dsaæ% xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa] xzke lalk/u dsaæ
varfj{k&vk/kfjr lsok,a çnku djrs gSaA os mu dqN igyksa
esa ls gSa tks i`Foh voyksdu (bZvks) mixzg MsVk vkSj mixzg
lapkj (lSVdkWe) usVodZ dk mi;ksx djds LFkkuh; yksxksa
dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, xkaoksa rd igqaprs gSaA
z xzke Kku dsaæ (ohdslh)% xzke Kku dsaæ (ohdslh) lwpuk
çlkj ds fy, ,d dsaæ gS tks fdlkuksa dks iQly mRiknu ls
ysdj foi.ku rd Ñf"k ds {ks=k esa lcls gkfy;k tkudkjh
vkSj Kku rd rRdky igqap çnku djrk gSA çR;sd ohdslh
esa ,d "ohdslh çHkkjh" gksrk gS tks dsaæ ds lapkyu dh
ns•js• djrk gSA
z fdlku ØsfMV dkMZ ;kstuk% fdlku ØsfMV dkMZ Hkkjr
esa fdlkuksa dks lqyHk vkSj lLrh ½.k çnku djus ds fy,
vkbZlhVh dk mi;ksx djrk gSA ;g 1998&1999 esa Hkkjr
ljdkj] vkjchvkbZ vkSj jk"Vªh; Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl
cSad (ukckMZ) }kjk le; ij vkSj i;kZIr ½.k çkIr djus esa
fdlkuksa dk leFkZu djus ds fy, LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
z Ñf"k foLrkj vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ij jk"Vªh; fe'ku% Ñf"k
foLrkj vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ij jk"Vªh; fe'ku dk y{; Ñf"k
foLrkj dks iquxZfBr vkSj etcwr djuk gS rkfd fdlkuksa
dks mfpr rduhd vkSj lokZsÙke Ñf"k i¼fr;ka fey ldsaA
z fMftVy Ñf"k fe'ku% fMftVy Ñf"k fe'ku (2021&2025)
dk mís'; vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal (,vkbZ)] CykWdpsu]
fjeksV lsaflax] thvkbZ,l vkSj jkscksV vkSj Mªksu ds mi;ksx
tSlh vR;k/qfud çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ij vk/kfjr ifj;kstukvksa dks
c<+kok nsuk gSA
z ,dhÑr fdlku lsok eap (;w,iQ,lih)% ;w,iQ,lih
MsVk] vuqç;ksxksa] dksj cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj midj.kksa dk ,d
la;kstu gS tks ns'k ds Ñf"k ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k esa dbZ lkoZtfud
462
vkSj futh vkbZVh ç.kkfy;ksa ds chp fuckZ/ var%fØ;k'khyrk
dks l{ke cukrk gSA ;w,iQ,lih Ñf"k&ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k esa
dsaæh; laxBu ds :i esa ,d laxBu gS (tSlk fd ;wihvkbZ
bZ&Hkqxrku ds fy, djrk gS)A
z Ñf"k vkSj fdlku ea=kky; }kjk ¶,xzhLVSd¸ uked
çkS|ksfxdh&vk/kfjr Ñf"k gLr{ksiksa ds ,d laxzg dh ;kstuk
cukbZ tk jgh gS Welfare-In fdlkuksa dks Ñf"k •k| ewY;
J`a•yk esa ,aM&Vw&,aM lsok,a çnku djus ds fy,] ;g muds
fy, ,d ,dhÑr eap cuk,xkA
z lans'k ikBd% lans'k ikBd ,fIyds'ku dh enn ls] ftls
lh&MSd eqacbZ] vkbZvkbZVh&eækl] vkbZvkbZvkbZVh gSnjkckn]
vkbZvkbZVh •M+xiqj vkSj lh&MSd fr#ouariqje }kjk la;qÙkQ
:i ls cuk;k x;k Fkk] ,l,e,l lans'k vc mu fdlkuksa
ds fy, tksj ls i<+s tk ldrs gSa] ftUgsa i<+us esa dfBukbZ
gks ldrh gSA
z fdlku dkWy lsaVj% Ñf"k vkSj fdlku dY;k.k ea=kky; us
Ñf"k esa vkbZlhVh dh {kerk dk ykHk mBkus ds fy, 2004
esa dk;ZØe 'kq: fd;kA ifj;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; fdlkuksa
ds iQksu dkWy dk tokc mudh Hkk"kk esa nsuk vkSj muds
lokyksa dk tokc nsuk gSA
fdlkuksa vkSj bysDVªkWfud çkS|ksfxdh ls tqM+h
jkT;&Lrjh; igy
z NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa ds fy,] bZlkxq (rsyaxkuk vka/z
çns'k {ks=k esa •srh ds fy, rsyqxq 'kCn) rqjar muds njokts
ij iQly dkVus ds fy, cqokbZ ds pj.k ls O;fÙkQxr
fo'ks"kK lykg çnku djrk gSA •sr dh fLFkfr fMftVy
Nfo;ksa vkSj ikB MsVk dk mi;ksx djds fo'ks"kK dks çLrqr
dh tkrh gSA fLFkfrtU; fo'ys"k.k ds ckn] fo'ks"kK lykg
rS;kj dh tkrh gS vkSj lacaf/r fdlku dks ml fnu ;k
vxys fnu lykg nh tkrh gSA
z ,xzhLusV ifj;kstuk dh dYiuk Ñ"kd leqnk; dks çHkkoh
<ax ls lwpukRed lsok,a çnku djus ds fy, ,d ijLij]
rduhdh :i ls l{ke usVodZ ds fuekZ.k ds fopkj ds lkFk
dh xbZ FkhA Ñ"kd leqnk; dks dq'kyrkiwoZd vkSj çHkkoh
<ax ls lwpukRed lsok,a çnku djus ds fy,] ifj;kstuk
dk mís'; rfeyukMq esa Ñf"k foHkkx dh ØkWl&iQaD'kuy
çfØ;kvksa dks ,dhÑr djuk gSA
z ft;ks ,xzh (ft;ksÑf"k) IysViQkWeZ% 2020 esa] fdlkuksa dks
l'kÙkQ cukus ds fy, Maharashtra-In ds tkyuk vkSj ukfld
ftyksa esa ,d ik;yV çkstsDV ykWUp fd;k x;k Fkk] ;g iwjh
ewY; J`a•yk ds lkFk Ñf"k ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dks fMftVy
cukrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
dsl LVMh vkSj lokZsÙke çFkk,a
ekbØkslkWÝV us 2016 esa gSnjkckn fLFkr baVjus'kuy ØkWi fjlpZ baLVhVÔwV iQkWj lseh&,fjM VªkWfiDl
ekbØkslkWÝV (,d la;qÙkQ jk"Vª ,tsalh) ds lkFk ,d ik;yV ifj;kstuk 'kq: dh] rkfd fdlkuksa dks iQlyksa dh
cqokbZ ds fy, lgh le; dh Hkfo";ok.kh djus esa enn fey ldsA
laj{kus (SAMRAKSHANE) ç/ku ea=kh iQly chek ;kstuk (PMFBY) dk;ZØe vkSj la'kksf/r
dukZVd ekSle vk/kfjr iQly chek ;kstuk (MWBCIS) ds rgr iQly chek dks laHkkyus ds fy, ,d
,aM&Vw&,aM bZ&xouZsal lek/ku gSA
dukZVd ljdkj vkSj dukZVd jkT; ljdkj vkSj us'kuy deksfMVh ,aM MsfjosfVOl ,Dlpsat (NCDEX) us Ñf"k cktkjksa esa
,ulhMhbZ,Dl LikWV çfrLi/kZ dks çksRlkfgr djus vkSj fdlkuksa dks mudh iQlyksa ds fy, csgrj ewY; çkIr djus esa enn
,Dlpsat djus ds fy, jk"Vªh; bZ&ekdZsV lsok 'kq: dhA
2018 esa] dukZVd ljdkj us "IykafVDl"] ,d ,aMªkWbM LekVZiQksu ,si ykWUp fd;k tks dhVksa] ikS/ksa dh
IykafrDl (Plantix)%
chekfj;ksa vkSj iks"kd rRoksa dh deh dk LekVZ rjhds ls irk yxk ldrk gSA
fMftVy bafM;k igy dks vkxs c<+kus vkSj fdlkuksa ds fy, çkS|ksfxdh ykus ds mís'; ls] ljdkj us
,d eksckby ,fIyds'ku ¶es?knwr¸ ykWUp fd;k gSA ;g ,si rkieku] vkæZrk] o"kkZ] gok dh xfr vkSj
es?knwr%
fn'kk ls lacaf/r iwokZuqeku çnku djds fdlkuksa dh enn djsxk] vkSj iQlyksa o i'kq/u dh ns•Hkky
djus esa enn djsxkA

Ñf"k esa bZ&çkS|ksfxdh dks viukus esa pqukSfr;ka
vkSj ck/k,a
z cqfu;knh <kaps dh deh% ubZ çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dks viukus okys
fdlkuksa ds fy, lcls cM+h ck/k,a Ñf"k buiqV] vO;ofLFkr
½.k vkSj cktkj fyadst dh deh ds ckjs esa tkudkjh dh
deh gSA
z mfpr buiqV vkSj lykg% fdlkuksa dks muds fy, miyC/
fofHkUu Ñf"k lalk/uksa ds i;kZIr Kku ds lkFk&lkFk mudk
mi;ksx djus ds rjhds ds ckjs esa mfpr ekxZn'kZu dh
deh gSA
z •jkc igqap% bZ&çkS|ksfxdh dh xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa cgqr lhfer
igqap gS] vkSj ns'k esa çkS|ksfxdh dk lexz forj.k vleku gSA
z igqap dh deh vkSj fuj{kjrk% dusfDVfoVh dh deh]
vi;kZIr daI;wVj lk{kjrk] mPp lsok ykxr vkSj fuj{kjrk ds
dkj.k xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa bysDVªkWfud Ñf"k dk rsth ls fodkl
ckf/r gksrk gSA
z viukus ds lkFk eqís% ubZ Ñf"k çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds Li"V iQk;ns
gSa] ysfdu fdlku ;k rks mUgsa viukrs ugha gSa ;k mUgsa c<+kus
esa cgqr yack le; ysrs gSaA gkykafd] fdlkuksa dks okLro esa
ubZ çkS|ksfxfd;ksa esa lPpk fo'okl ugha FkkA
z iqjkuk O;ogkj% blds vykok] cqtqxZ fdlku iwjh rjg ls
vius Lo;a ds vuqHko ij fuHkZj Fks vkSj ubZ rduhdksa dks
Lohdkj ugha djrs FksA
z foÙkh; lhek,a% vehj fdlku ubZ rduhdksa dk mi;ksx
dj jgs gSa vkSj mUgsa viuk jgs gSa] ysfdu NksVs vkSj lhekar
fdlku mUgsa viukus esa l{ke ugha gSa vkSj bl çdkj mUgsa
NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA
z lkexzh vkSj Hkk"kk lhek,a% tkudkjh dk mi;ksx djus okys
xzkeh.k yksxksa ds fy, çkFkfed ck/k mudh ewy Hkk"kkvksa esa
lkexzh dh deh gSA gkykafd bl {ks=k esa i;kZIr dke fd;k
tk jgk gS] ysfdu Ñf"k ij fuHkZj vkcknh dks iwjh rjg ls
vo'kksf"kr djuk i;kZIr ugha gSA
vkxs dh jkg
z LekVZ xkaoksa dh vo/kj.kk fodflr djuk% xkaoksa dks
vf/d rduhdh&çseh vkSj i;kZoj.kh; fVdkÅ fodflr
djukA
z cqfu;knh <kapk% foÙkh; :i ls O;ogk;Z vkSj lkekftd :i
ls larks"ktud n`f"Vdks.k ij gksuk pkfg, tks xzkeh.k xjhcksa
ds fy, lqyHk gksA
z tkx:drk dks c<+kok nsuk% vkbZlhVh dk mi;ksx djus
vkSj cuk, j•us esa xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa ds {kerk fuekZ.k dh
xkjaVhA
z lapkj usVodZ% NksVs /kjdksa ds fy, cktkjksa ds fy, vf/d
U;k;laxr] le; ij vkSj lg;ksxh rjhdk lqfuf'pr djus
ds fy,A
z orZeku Ñf"k çFkkvksa esa fu;ksftr fofHkUu vkbZlhVh
midj.kksa dh igpku vkSj ÅèokZ/j ,dhdj.kA

fdlkuksa a dh
fdlkuks dh lgk;rk
lgk;rkgsrgsq rbZq &bZçkS&|çkSksf|xdh
ksfxdh 463
 dhV çca/u ehFksu dSIpj esa lq/kj djus dh viuh {kerk lkfcr gqbZ gSA blfy,]
iQly vkSj i'kq/u çkS|ksfxdh viukus ls Ñf"k mRikn dks ,d dq'ky rjhds ls
dkcZu ¶LFkkuh; ls oSf'od¸ cktkj rd igqapus esa enn fey
i`FkDdj.k
ty mi;ksx n{krk ldrh gSA ;fn çkS|ksfxdh viukus esa 'ks"k eqíksa dh igpku
LoPN bZa/u dh tkrh gS] rks Hkkjrh; ¶fdlku fdlku¸ dh Nfo
i;kZoj.k dk 'keu dks ¶m|eh fdlku¸ esa cnyus esa Hkh enn feysxhA
ÅtkZ
Ñf"k çkS|ksfxdh esa Hkkjr dks gj rjg ls "vkRefuHkZj Hkkjr"
Hkkstu cukus dh {kerk gS vkSj ;g ckgjh dkjdksa ij Hkh de
çHkko
ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k lsok,a fuHkZj gSA
z vuqla/ku vkSj uokpkj% ubZ fMftVy çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
mi;ksx djds ckrphr djus vkSj Kku dks vf/d çHkkoh <ax
ls nsus ds rjhds esa fujarj çf'k{k.k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA 1. ^fMftVy bafM;k* dk;ZØe fdlkuksa dks Ñf"k mRikndrk
z fMftVyhÑr djus dh vko';drk% Ñf"k esa vdknfed vkSj vk; esa lq/kj djus esa dSls enn dj ldrk gS\
vkSj 'kks/ MsVk] if=kdkvksa vkSj 'kks/ i=kksa ds :i esa ljdkj us bl laca/ esa D;k dne mBk, gSa\ (2015)
miyC/] lwpuk ds ØkWl&Ýyks dks lqfo/ktud cukus ds 2. ¶xkaoksa esa gh lgdkjh lfefr dks NksM+dj ½.k laxBu
fy, fMftVy djus dh vko';drk gSA dk dksbZ Hkh :i mi;qÙkQ ugha gksxk¸ & vf•y Hkkjrh;
z laLFkkxr ra=k ls tqM+ko% eè;LFk laxBuksa ds ekè;e ls xzkeh.k ½.k loZs{k.kA Hkkjr esa Ñf"k foÙk dh i`"BHkwfe esa
xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa dks fo'ofo|ky;ksa] vuqla/ku ,tsafl;ksa ds
bl dFku ij ppkZ dhft,A Ñf"k foÙk dh vkiwfrZ djus
lkFk tksM+us ds fy, ,d laLFkkxr ra=k gksuk pkfg,A
okys foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dks fdu ck/kvksa vkSj pqukSfr;ksa dk
fu"d"kZ lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS\ xzkeh.k xzkgdksa rd csgrj igqapus
z çkS|ksfxdh viukus ls fdlkuksa ds Kku] ½.k rd igqap vkSj vkSj mudh lsok djus ds fy, çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx
Ñf"k mRiknu esa dbZ rjhdksa ls lq/kj djds Ñf"k n{krk dSls fd;k tk ldrk gS\ (2014)

v v v

464 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 25
z Hkkjr esa gfjr Økafr dk vk'k; 1960 ds n'kd ds nkSjku
,pokbZoh (HYV) vFkkZr~ mPp iSnkokjokyh cht fdLesa
(High-yielding seed varieties) ds fodkl ls gS] ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i Hkw• vkSj xjhch dks de djus ds fy, Hkkjr
esa •k| iQlyksa ] fo'ks"k :i ls pkoy vkSj xsgwa ds mRiknu
esa vHkwriwoZ o`f¼ gqbZA
z Hkkjr esa gfjr Økafr ls vk'k; ml vof/ ls gS tc Hkkjrh;
Ñf"k vk/qfud i¼fr;ksa vkSj çkS|ksfxdh tSls fd ,pokbZoh
(HYV) chtksa] VªSDVjksa] flapkbZ lqfo/kvksa] dhVuk'kdksa vkSj
moZjdksa ds mi;ksx ds iQyLo:i ,d vkS|ksfxd ç.kkyh esa
ifjofrZr gks xbZ FkhA
D;k vki tkurs gSa\
z fofy;e ,l- xSM us 1968 esa gfjr Økafr 'kCn dk
igyh ckj ç;ksx fd;k FkkA
z ukWeZu cksjykWx dks fo'o esa gfjr Økafr dk tud ekuk
tkrk gSA
z ,e,l LokehukFku dks Hkkjr esa gfjr Økafr dk tud
ekuk tkrk gSA
ifjp; vkSj i`"BHkwfe
z Ñf"k fodkl fLFkj gksus dh i`"BHkwfe esa ih,y&480 tSlh
;kstukvksa ds ekè;e ls mPp •k| vk;kr] lw•k vkSj
c<+rh tula[;k tSls dkj.k FksA
z c<+rh tula[;k vkSj fLFkj Ñf"k fodkl % 1951 vkSj
1966 ds chp] •k|kUu mRiknu 2-8 çfr'kr çfr o"kZ dh
nj ls c<+kA ;g c<+rh vkcknh dh •ir dh ekax dks iwjk
djus ds fy, vi;kZIr Fkk] tks çR;sd o"kZ 2» ls vf/d
dh nj ls c<+ jgh FkhA
z •k| vk;kr % ifj.kkeLo:i] 1950 ds n'kd ds eè; ls]
Hkkjr viuh c<+rh vkcknh ds Hkkstu gsrq •k|kUu vk;kr ij
fuHkZj jgus yxkA Hkkjr vkSj la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk us 1956
esa lkoZtfud dkuwu (ih,y) 480 ij gLrk{kj fd,] ftlls
Hkkjr dks cM+s iSekus ij xsgwa ds :i esa •k| lgk;rk çkIr
djus dh vuqefr feyhA
gfjr Økafr
z yxkrkj ;q¼ % Hkkjr nks ;q¼ksa (1962 esa phu vkSj 1965
esa ikfdLrku ds lkFk) ds dkj.k vius lalk/uksa dks xzkeh.k
{ks=k ds fodkl gsrq ç;ksx djus esa vleFkZ jgkA
z yxkrkj lw•k iM+uk % 1965 vkSj 1966 esa yxkrkj nks
lw•s us ns'k dks ,d vHkwriwoZ •k| ladV esa Mky fn;k]
1966 esa •k|kUu mRiknu vkSj mit esa Øe'k% 19» vkSj
17» dh fxjkoV vkbZA
z 'khr ;q¼ % Hkw• ls cpus ds fy, •k|kUuksa dk vk;kr c<+k
fn;k x;kA •k| lgk;rk dk mi;ksx 'khr ;q¼ ds nkSjku
leFkZu çkIr djus ds fy, •k| lgk;rk çkIrdrkZ ns'kksa
ds Åij ncko cukus ds fy, fd;k x;k Fkk] vkSj Hkkjr
bldk f'kdkj FkkA
gfjr Økafr dh vko';drk
z y?kq vof/ % Hkkjr ds •k| ladV dks nwj djukA ladV
ls fuiVus ds fy, nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds nkSjku gfjr
ØkfUr dks 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk_
z nh?kkZof/ % xzkeh.k fodkl] vkS|ksfxd fodkl (volajpuk]
dPpk eky] miHkksÙkQk] vkfn) ij vk/kfjr lexz Ñf"k vk/
qfudhdj.k_
z jkstxkj % blds ifj.kkeLo:i Ñf"k vkSj vkS|ksfxd Jfedksa
nksuksa dks jkstxkj çnku djus esa enn gsrq_
z vè;;u vkSj tSfod ijh{k.k djus gsrq % etcwr ikS/s
tks pje tyok;q vkSj chekfj;ksa dk lkeuk dj ldrs gSa]
dk mRiknu _
z Ñf"k txr dk oS'ohdj.k % xSj&vkS|ksxhÑr jk"Vªksa esa
çkS|ksfxdh dk çlkj djds vkSj çeq• Ñf"k {ks=kksa esa dbZ
fuxeksa dh LFkkiuk djdsA
gfjr Økafr ds ?kVd
z mPp iSnkokjokyh cht fdLesa (HYV)% chtksa dh bu
fdLeksa us jklk;fud moZjdksa ds vlj dks c<+k fn;k gS]
budh idus dh vof/ de gS ftlds dkj.k fdlku dbZ
iQlysa mxk ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] pkoy vkSj xsgwa ds
 u, cht dks idus esa Øe'k% yxHkx 100 vkSj 110 fnu
yxrs gSa] blds foijhr xsgw¡ vkSj pkoy dh ikjaifjd fdLeksa
dks idus esa Øe'k% 130 vkSj 150 fnu yxrs gSaA
z flapkbZ % ;g mPp iSnkokjokyh cht fdLesa gfjr Økafr
dk nwljk lcls egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gS] vkSj vf/d vkSj de
flapkbZ] nksuksa gh iQly ds fy, gkfudkjd gSaA pwafd Hkkjrh;
o"kkZ vfo'oluh;] vfu;fer vkSj ekSleh gS] blfy, flapkbZ
{kerk dk foLrkj djus dh rRdky vko';drk gksrh gSA
z jklk;fud moZjd % le; ds lkFk e`nk dh çkÑfrd
moZjrk de gks tkrh gS vkSj ,pokbZoh chtksa dks {kq/k;qÙkQ
fdLeksa ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ftUgsa mPp iSnkokj nsus
ds fy, moZjdksa dh mPp •qjkd dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z dhVuk'kd vkSj •jirokjuk'kd % gfjr Økafr }kjk çsfjr
eksuksdYpj Ñf"kz i¼fr dhM+ksa vkSj dhVksa ds çfr vf/d
laosnu'khy gS] blfy, lqjf{kr iSnkokj ds fy, dhVuk'kd
vkSj dhVk.kquk'kd dk mi;ksx vfuok;Z gks tkrk gSA
z tksrksa dh pdcanh % Hkkjr esa Ñf"k dh çxfr esa NksVh vkSj
•afMr Hkwfe tksr eq[; leL;k jgh gSA
z Hkwfe lq/kj % tehankjh O;oLFkk ds rgr tehankj fdlkuksa
dk 'kks"k.k djrs Fks] blfy, vktknh ds ckn lq/kj 'kq:
fd, x, vkSj tehankjh O;oLFkk tSls fcpkSfy;ksa dks lekIr
dj fn;k x;k] vkSj lhfyax dkuwu ykxw fd, x,A
z Ñf"k ½.k % çkS|ksfxdh] ,pokbZoh cht] moZjd] dhVuk'kd
vkfn tSls lHkh lk/u] ½.k dh miyC/rk ij fuHkZj Fks
vkSj blfy, vklku vkSj lLrk ½.k çnku fd;k x;k FkkA
1961% xgu Ñf"k fodkl 2002% nwljh gfjr Økafr
dk;ZØe (,y,Mhih) Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk çLrkfor
1966% 1966 ds •jhiQ ekSle
ds fy, mPp mit okyh fdLesa
(,pokbZohih) dk;ZØe
gfjr Økafr dk ldkjkRed çHkko
z Ñf"k mRiknu esa o`f¼ % 1967 ds ckn ls gfjr Økafr
vukt Økafr ysdj vkbZA bl dkj.k ls] ;g dgk tkrk gS
fd Hkkjr esa gfjr Økafr dkiQh gn rd xsgwa Økafr gSA
z fdlkuksa dh le`f¼ % gfjr Økafr us fdlkuksa ds thou
dks cgqr çHkkfor fd;k FkkA Ñf"k mRiknu esa o`f¼ ds lkFk]
fdlkuksa dks Hkkjh vkenuh gqbZ vkSj os le`¼ gks x,A
z •k|kUu ds vk;kr esa deh % gfjr Økafr dk eq[; ykHk
•k|kUu ds mRiknu esa o`f¼ Fkh ftlls Hkkjr dh c<+rh
tula[;k dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gqbZA urhtru] muds
vk;kr esa Hkkjh deh vkbZ FkhA
466
z xzkeh.k fo|qrhdj.k % fo|qr 'kfÙkQ tks lHkh rduhdh
fodkl dk dsaæ gS] cgq iQly vkSj Ñf"k dh xgurk ds
fy, vfuok;Z gSA
z iQkeZ e'khuhdj.k % e'khuhdj.k ekuo Je cpkrk gS vkSj
Ñf"k dk;ks± dks rst djrk gS_ bl çdkj] ;g Ñf"k n{krk
vkSj mRikndrk esa lq/kj djrk gSA
z Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky; % Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky; vkSj vU;
laLFkku eq[; :i ls Ñf"k vuqla/ku esa yxs gq, gSa vkSj
fdlkuksa dks vuqla/ku ds ifj.kke çnku dj jgs gSaA
gfjr Økafr ds pj.k
z pj.k I (1966 & 72)% 1966 ds nkSjku] Hkkjr us 18]000
Vu ,pokbZoh xsgwa ds chtksa dh •si dk vuqjks/ fd;k]
ftls iatkc] gfj;k.kk vkSj if'peh mÙkj çns'k ds vR;f/d
flafpr {ks=kksa esa forfjr fd;k x;k FkkA
z pj.k II (1973 & 80)% uydwiksa (futh vkSj lkoZtfud
nksuksa) ds fodkl ds dkj.k xsgwa ds ckn pkoy ds fy,
,pokbZoh rduhd dk foLrkj gqvk ftlls iwohZ mÙkj çns'k]
vka/z çns'k] rVh; dukZVd vkSj rfeyukMq esa u, {ks=kksa esa
gfjr Økafr dk çlkj gqvkA
z pj.k III (1981 & 90)% gfjr Økafr if'pe caxky ds
iwohZ {ks=k] fcgkj] vle vkSj vksfM'kk rd iQSy xbZ] tks
igys de o`f¼ okys {ks=k FksA
2010&11 iwohZ Hkkjr esa gfjr
Økafr ykuk (chthvkjbZts)
2005&06% jk"Vªh;
ckxokuh fe'ku
z iwathoknh •srh % 10 gsDVs;j ls vf/d Hkwfe okys cM+s
fdlkuksa us gfjr Økafr çkS|ksfxdh ls vf/dre ykHk çkIr
djus ds fy, ,pokbZoh chtksa] moZjdksa] e'khuksa vkfn tSls
fofHkUu lk/uksa esa cM+h ek=kk esa fuos'k fd;kA
z ykHk dks okil fuos'k djuk % gfjr Økafr çkS|ksfxdh
us Ñ"kdksa dks viuh vk; ds Lrj dks Åij mBkus esa enn
dhA cqf¼eku fdlkuksa us Ñf"k mRikndrk esa lq/kj ds fy,
viuh vfrfjÙkQ vk; dks okil Ñf"k dk;Z esa yxk fn;kA
blls Ñf"k esa vkSj lq/kj gqvkA
z vkS|ksfxd fodkl % gfjr Økafr us cM+s iSekus ij Ñf"k
vk/qfudhdj.k fd;k ftlus fofHkUu çdkj dh e'khuksa tSls
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 VªSDVj] gkoZsLVj] Fkzs'kj] dackbu] Mhty batu] bysfDVªd
eksVlZ] ifEiax lsV dh ekax c<+hA
z xzkeh.k jkstxkj % gkykafd Hkkjr esa gfjr Økafr çkS|ksfxdh
dh 'kq#vkr ds lkFk •srh ds e'khuhdj.k ds dkj.k
csjkstxkjh c<+h] ysfdu cgqiQlyh i¼fr vkSj moZjdksa ds
mi;ksx ds dkj.k Je 'kfÙkQ dh ekax esa dkiQh o`f¼ gqbZA
z fdlkuksa ds n`f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu % gfjr Økafr dh
'kq#vkr us Ñf"k O;olk; ds çfr muds n`f"Vdks.k esa ewyHkwr
ifjorZu fd;k gSA
z xzkeh.k jkstxkj % cgqiQlyh vkSj moZjdksa ds ç;ksx ds
dkj.k Je 'kfÙkQ dh ekax esa mYys•uh; o`f¼ gqbZA gfjr
Økafr us u dsoy Ñf"k Jfedksa ds fy, cfYd dkj•kuksa
vkSj iufctyh la;a=kksa tSlh lacaf/r lqfo/kvksa dk fuekZ.k
djds vkS|ksfxd Jfedksa ds fy, Hkh cgqr lkjs jkstxkj
l`ftr fd,A
z iQly mRiknu esa tcjnLr o`f¼ % blds ifj.kkeLo:i
o"kZ 1978&79 esa 131 fefy;u Vu vukt dk mRiknu gqvk
vkSj Hkkjr dks nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s Ñf"k mRikndksa esa ls
,d ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;kA
gfjr Økafr ds udkjkRed çHkko
z xSj&•k|kUuksa dk vyx&Fkyx iM+uk % gkykafd xsgwa]
pkoy] Tokj] cktjk vkSj eDdk lfgr lHkh •k|kUuksa dks
Økafr ls ykHk gqvk gS] ysfdu vU; iQlysa tSls eksVs vukt]
nkysa vkSj frygu Økafr ds nk;js ls ckgj jg x,A dikl]
twV] pk; vkSj xUuk tSlh çeq• O;kolkf;d iQlysa Hkh gfjr
Økafr ls yxHkx vNwrh jg xbZaA
z ,pokbZohih dk lhfer {ks=k % mPp mit okyh fdLe
dk;ZØe (HYVP) dsoy ikap iQlyksa rd gh lhfer Fkk%
xsgwa] pkoy] Tokj] cktjk vkSj eDdkA blfy,] xSj&•k|kUu
dks ubZ j.kuhfr ds nk;js ls ckgj j•k x;kA xSj&•k| iQlyksa
,pokbZoh chtksa dks ;k rks vc rd fodflr ugha fd;k
x;k Fkk ;k os brus vPNs ugha Fks fd fdlku mUgsa viukus
dk tksf•e mBk ldsaA
z jlk;uksa dk vR;f/d mi;ksx % gfjr Økafr ds ifj.
kkeLo:i mUur flapkbZ ifj;kstukvksa vkSj iQly fdLeksa
ds fy, dhVuk'kdksa vkSj flaFksfVd ukbVªkstu moZjdksa dk
cM+s iSekus ij mi;ksx gqvkA gkykafd] dhVuk'kdksa ds xgu
mi;ksx ls tqM+s mPp tksf•e ds ckjs esa fdlkuksa dks f'kf{kr
djus ds fy, cgqr de ;k dksbZ ç;kl ugha fd, x,A
z iQlyksa dh Lons'kh fdLeksa dk foyqIr gksuk % gfjr Økafr
ds dkj.k] Hkkjr us Lons'kh pkoy dh yxHkx 1 yk• fdLeksa
gfjr Øka
gfjr Økaffrr
dks •ks fn;kA gfjr Økafr ds ckn pkoy] cktjk] elwj vkfn
dh ns'kh fdLeksa dh •srh de gks xbZ gSA
z vi;kZIr flapkbZ lqfo/k ds dkj.k Ñf"k fodkl esa eanh %
•srksa dk vkdkj NksVk gksuk] ubZ rduhdksa dks fodflr djus
esa foiQyrk] çkS|ksfxdh dk vi;kZIr mi;ksx] ?kVrk ;kstuk
ifjO;;] buiqV dk vlarqfyr mi;ksx vkSj ½.k forj.k
ç.kkyh esa detksfj;k¡A
z feêðh vkSj iQly mRiknu ij çHkko % iQly mRiknu esa
o`f¼ lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ckj&ckj iQly pØ ls feêðh
ds iks"kd rRoksa dh deh gks tkrh gSA u, çdkj ds chtksa
dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy,] fdlkuksa us moZjdksa ds
mi;ksx esa o`f¼ dhA bu {kkjh; jlk;uksa ds ç;ksx ls feêðh
dk ih,p Lrj c<+ x;kA
z csjkstxkjh % iatkc dks NksM+dj] vkSj dqN gn rd gfj;k.
kk esa] gfjr Økafr ds rgr Ñf"k e'khuhdj.k us xzkeh.k {ks=kksa
esa •sfrgj etnwjksa ds chp O;kid csjkstxkjh iSnk dhA
z ty dh •ir % gfjr Økafr ds nkSjku 'kq: dh xbZ iQlysa
ty&xgu iQlysa FkhaA
z {ks=kh; vlekurk,¡ % gfjr Økafr ds ykHk mu {ks=kksa esa
dsafær jgs tgk¡ ubZ rduhd dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA blds
vykok] pwafd dbZ o"kks± rd Økafr xsgwa ds mRiknu rd gh
lhfer jgh] blfy, bldk ykHk T;knkrj dsoy xsgwa mxkus
okys {ks=kksa dks gh feykA
z cM+s vkSj NksVs fdlkuksa ds chp ikjLifjd vlekurk,¡ %
Økafr ds nkSjku 'kq: dh xbZ ubZ rduhdksa ds fy, i;kZIr
fuos'k dh vko';drk Fkh tks fd vf/dka'k NksVs fdlkuksa
ds fy, laHko ugha FkkA ftu fdlkuksa ds ikl cM+h Ñf"k
Hkwfe gS] os iqu% fuos'k djds vk; esa vf/d iw.kZ ykHk çkIr
djuk tkjh j•rs gSaA
z gfjr Økafr ds lkekftd çHkko% gekjs ns'k ds ewy
fuoklh Hkw&çtkfr;ksa dk uqdlku] fdlkuksa ds chp vkRegR;k
dh nj esa o`f¼] •srh ds c<+rs •pZ vkSj dtZ dk lkeuk
djus esa vleFkZ NksVs fdlkuksa us cM+s okf.kfT;d fdlkuksa dks
viuh tehu csp nh] vkSj •k| eqækLiQhfr dk lkeuk djus
esa vleFkZ vkfFkZd ladV ds dkj.k fdlku •srh NksM+dj
nwljs /a/s dk lgkjk ys jgs gSaA
ekeyksa dk vè;;u% iatkc {ks=k
z Hkkjrh; jkT; iatkc us Hkkjr dks ,d •k|&vf/'ks"k ns'k esa
cnyus ds fy, vU; jkT;ksa ds chp gfjr Økafr dk chM+k
mBk;kA jkT; jlk;uksa vkSj dhVuk'kdksa ds mi;ksx ls l?ku
•srh ds xaHkhj ifj.kke Hkqxr jgk gSA
467
z dSalj ds ekeyksa esa c<+ksrjh >kjhokyk] dksgjokyk] iDdk]
Hkhekoyh] •kjk lfgr dbZ xkaoksa esa bldh lwpuk feyh gSA
z i;kZoj.kfon~ oanuk f'kok % mUgksaus iatkc esa gfjr Økafr
ds lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd çHkkoksa ds ckjs esa
foLrkj ls fy•k gSA
z jklk;fudksa dk vR;f/d mi;ksx vkSj eksuksdYpj %
blus n'kkZ;k gS fd fdl rjg jklk;fud moZjdksa vkSj
eksuksdYpj ds Hkkjh mi;ksx ij gfjr Økafr dh fuHkZjrk
ds ifj.kkeLo:i ikuh dh deh] dhVksa ds fy, Hks|rk]
vkSj fgald la?k"kZ vkSj lkekftd HksnHkko dh ?kVukvksa dh
•rjukd fLFkfr iSnk gks xbZ gSA
z MCY;w,pvks ds fn'kkfunZs'k % dqvksa ls ,df=kr lSaiyksa esa
ls 20» esa MCY;w,pvks }kjk LFkkfir 50 feyhxzke @ yhVj
dh lqj{kk lhek ls Åij ukbVªsV dk Lrj ik;k x;k] vè;;u
us bls Ñf=ke ukbVªkstu moZjdksa ds mPp mi;ksx ls tksM+kA
z gfjr Økafr dk Mksfeukst çHkko % feêðh ds c<+rs
fo"kSyhdj.k ds lkFk] ;g {ks=k dHkh gfjr Økafr dk ?kj
ekuk tkrk Fkk] vc jklk;fud moZjdksa ds vR;f/d mi;ksx
ds dkj.k] bls "nwljk Hkksiky" dgk tk jgk gS] vkSj ;gk¡ rd
fd Økafr dk Js; ysus okyksa us ;g Lohdkj djuk 'kq: dj
fn;k gS fd os xyr Fks] vc os bl "Hkkjr ds vUu HkaMkj"
esa catj Hkwfe vkSj fdlkuksa dh vkRegR;kvksa dks ns• jgs gSaA
vkxs dh jkg
z vuqla/ku ç.kkfy;k¡ % i;kZoj.kh; :i ls vf/d la/
kj.kh; Ñf"k ç.kkfy;k¡ cukus ds mís'; ls] mu rjhdksa ij
vf/d tksj nsuk tks ckgjh lk/uksa rd lhfer igq¡p okys
{ks=kksa vkSj fdlkuksa ds lewgksa ds fy, •k| mRiknu c<+k
ldrs gSaA
z mfpr cktkj vkSj dhersa % cktkjksa rd vf/d •qyh igqap
vkSj mRiknu ds fy, mfpr vkSj iwokZuqes; dherksa dk gksuk
o`f¼ ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gksxkA
z •srh ds tSfod rjhds % la/kj.kh; Ñf"k i¼fr;ksa ds fy,
bls viukus dh t:jr gSA
z oSdfYid Ñf"k rduhdsa % tSls fd baVjØkWfiax] 'kwU; ctV
çkÑfrd •srh (tsMch,u,iQ) vko';d fl¼karksa ds lkFk
çÑfr dh çfØ;kvksa dks c<+kus vkSj ckgjh vknkuksa dks •Re
djus dk ç;kl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z çf'k{k.k vkSj vuqla/ku lqfo/k,a % jk"Vªh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa
lfgr] xjhcksa vkSj •k|kUuksa dh vuqiyC/rk okys yksxksa
lkFk&lkFk ,slh efgykvksa ftUgsa jk"Vªh; j.kuhfr;ksa esa vDlj
vuns•k dj fn;k x;k gS] rd igqapus ds fy, {kerk,a
fodflr djus fo'ks"k tksj fn;k tk,A
468
z varjkZ"Vªh; Ñf"k vuqla/ku ç.kkfy;ksa ds lkFk ?kfu"B
lg;ksx% jk"Vªh; vuqla/ku ç;klksa esa xjhch mUewyu ij
Li"V è;ku nsuk lqfuf'pr djukA rjhdksa ds vkSj fodkl
ij tksj nsus dh t:jr gSA
z tSoçkS|ksfxdh % tSoçkS|ksfxdh] tSfod dhV vkSj •jirokj
fu;a=k.k ds Hkhrj ubZ fof/;ksa dk vuqç;ksx tks de fuos'k
ds lkFk mPp vkSj i;kZoj.kh; :i ls la/kj.kh; mit ns
ldrs gSa] vkSj blesa os Hkh 'kkfey gSa tks de rkRdkfyd
{kerk ds detksj vkSj lhekar {ks=kksa ds fy, vuqdwfyr gSaA
z vke lgefr dh fn'kk esa dke djuk % lHkh fgr/kjdksa
ds chp ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd jk"Vªh; fodkl uhfr;ksa esa
•k| lqj{kk dks mPp çkFkfedrk nh tk,A
fu"d"kZ
z dqy feykdj] gfjr Økafr dbZ fodkl'khy ns'kksa] fo'ks"k
:i ls Hkkjr ds fy, ,d cM+h miyfC/ Fkh vkSj blus
mUgsa jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk dk ,d vHkwriwoZ Lrj çnku fd;kA
;g Ñf"k esa mlh oSKkfud Økafr ds liQy vuqdwyu vkSj
gLrkarj.k dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA
z gkykafd] •k| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus ds vykok vU;
dkjdksa tSls i;kZoj.k] xjhc fdlkuksa vkSj ,sls jlk;uksa ds
ckjs esa mudh f'k{kk ij de è;ku fn;k x;kA blfy, gfjr
Økafr esa vkus okyh ck/kvksa dks nwj djuk le; dh ekax gSA
la/kj.kh; vkthfodk ds fy, f}rh; gfjr Økafr
z Ñf"k dks vf/d tyok;q çfrjks/h vkSj i;kZoj.k dh n`f"V
ls la/kj.kh; cukus ds fy, Hkkjr dks vxyh ih<+h ds lq/
kjksa ds lkFk nwljh gfjr Økafr dh vko';drk gSA
f}rh; gfjr Økafr dh vko';drk%
z c<+rh tula[;k % c<+rh tula[;k vkSj Hkwfe lalk/uksa ds
vR;f/d nksgu ls •k| lqj{kk ij ncko cuk jgsxk vkSj
c<+sxkA
z Ñf"k ij fuHkZjrk % yxHkx 65» vkcknh vHkh Hkh xkaoksa
esa jg jgh gS vkSj 70» ls vf/d xzkeh.k yksx viuh
vkthfodk ds fy, Ñf"k ij fuHkZj gSaA
z ikfjfLFkfrd dher % gfjr Økafr us gesa •k|kUu ds ekeys
esa vkRefuHkZj cuk fn;k gS] ysfdu i;kZoj.kh; çHkkoksa vkSj
ikfjfLFkfrd dher bl çxfr dh HkjikbZ dj jgs gSaA
z Hkwty dh deh vkSj çnw"k.k % ;wVªksfiQds'ku ds dkj.k
>hysa vkSj rkykc thoughu gksrs tk jgs gSa & gfjr Økafr
dk çR;{k ifj.kkeA
z fLFkj fodkl % Ñf"k {ks=k esa fodkl yxHkx fLFkj jgk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z th,e iQlysa % os fu;fer :i ls ckSf¼d laink]
ikfjfLFkfrd vkSj LokLF; çHkko vkfn ls lacaf/r fofHkUu
fooknksa esa jgha gSaA
z oSf'od rkiu % ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd leqæ ds Lrj
esa o`f¼ ds dkj.k mRiknd rVh; Hkwfe leqæ esa Mwc
tkrh gSA blds dkj.k Ñf"k mRikndrk c<+kus dh rRdky
vko';drk gSA
f}rh; gfjr Økafr ls mEehnsa%
z Ñf"k mRiknu esa lq/kj % NksVs fdlkuksa vkSj lekt ds
detksj oxks± ds fy, ykHkdkjh Lojkstxkj iSnk djrs gq,A
z •k| mRiknu dks c<+kuk % ikfjfLFkfrd larqyu dks fcxkM+s
fcukA
z Ñf"k fodkl dks c<+kok nsuk % efgyk l'kfÙkQdj.k vkSj
i;kZoj.k laj{k.kA (efgyk,a Ñf"k esa çeq• 'kfÙkQ gSa D;ksafd
iQly mRiknu esa yxHkx 65&70» Je ;ksxnku efgykvksa
}kjk fd;k tkrk gS)A
z Hkwfe lq/kj fuEuhÑr vkSj de mitkÅ Hkwfe vkSj flapkbZ
ls oafpr HkwfeA
iwohZ Hkkjr esa gfjr Økafr ykuk (chthvkjbZvkbZ)
z cnyh fLFkfr % gfjr Økafr ftlus Hkkjr dks ^Hkh• dk
dVksjk* ls vxz.kh •k|kUu mRiknd cuk fn;kA
z mís'; % chthvkjbZvkbZ iwohZ Hkkjr ds fy, leku ykHk ykus
ds ckjs esa gS tks mÙkj&if'pe dks ^vukt ds dVksjs* esa
ifjofrZr djus okys dfj'esa ls dkiQh gn rd vNwrk jgk gSA
z çeq• dk;ZØe % jk"Vªh; Ñf"k fodkl ;kstuk (vkjdsohokbZ)
ds rgr chthvkjbZvkbZ çeq• dk;ZØe gSA
z ck/kvksa dks nwj djuk% bldk mís'; "pkoy vk/kfjr
iQly ç.kkyh" dh mRikndrk dks lhfer djus okyh ck/
kvksa dks nwj djuk gSA
z ?kks"k.kk dh frfFk % chthvkjbZvkbZ dk;ZØe dh ?kks"k.kk
dsaæh; ctV 2010&11 esa dh xbZ FkhA
z chthvkjbZvkbZ dk eq[; {ks=k % le`¼ ty lalk/u okys
iwohZ {ks=k esa nwljh gfjr Økafr ykus ijA blesa vle] fcgkj]
NÙkhlx<+] >kj•aM] vksfM'kk] if'pe caxky vkSj iwohZ mÙkj
çns'k (iwokZapy) lkr jkT; vkrs gSaA
chthvkjbZvkbZ ds mís';%
z ty {kerk dk mi;ksx djuk % iwohZ Hkkjr esa Ñf"k mRiknu
dks c<+kus ds fy, tks vc rd de mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
gfjr Øka
gfjr Økaffrr
z çfr bdkbZ {ks=k esa pkoy vkSj xsgwa dh vf/dre mit %
Ñf"k foKku] ty lap;u vkSj laj{k.k esa lq/kj djds_ vkSj
ikuh dk mi;ksxA
z lao/Zu % vuq'kaflr Ñf"k çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk lao/ZuA
chthvkjbZvkbZ dks etcwr djus ds fy, ljdkjh
igy%
z IARI % ICAR us >kj•aM esa Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqla/ku laLFkku
(IARI)] gtkjhckx vkSj Hkkjrh; Ñf"k tSo çkS|ksfxdh
laLFkku] jkaph dh LFkkiuk dh gSA
z ,uvkjlhvkbZ,iQ % iwohZ {ks=k ds fy, Ñf"k vuqla/ku dks
vkSj etcwr djus ds fy, fcgkj ds eksfrgkjh esa ,dhÑr
•srh ds fy, jk"Vªh; vuqla/ku dsaæ (,uvkjlhvkbZ,iQ)
dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA
pkj LraHk tks gfjr Økafr 2-0 dks l{ke cuk,axs
1- la/kj.kh; Ñf"k ;kstuk % cktjk mxkus ds fy, bl {ks=k]
dh mi;qÙkQrk dks ns•rs gq,] çlaLdj.k lqfo/kvksa] fj;k;rh
vknkuksa vkSj cktjk mRiknu ds fy, cnyko esa l{ke
e'khujh rd vklku vkSj O;ogk;Z igqap çnku dh xbZ] ;g
{ks=k esa fdlkuksa dks cktjk mxkus ds fy, çsfjr djsxkA
2- la/kj.kh; çFkkvksa dks ,dhÑr djus okyh Ñf"k uhfr %
(lk/uksa dks lfClMh njksa ij miyC/ djokuk) tks {ks=k ds
fy, lcls mi;qÙkQ iQly ds mRiknu dks çksRlkfgr djrs
gSa] vf/d tyok;q&vuqdwy] U;k;ksfpr cnyko esa lgk;d
gksaxsA
3- ,d l{ke okrkoj.k % lcls NksVs fdlkuksa dks 'kkfey
djus ds fy, okrkoj.k rS;kj djus vkSj foLrkfjr djus dh
vko';drk gksxh% blesa csgrj cktkj igqap vkSj O;ogk;Z
HkaMkj.k vkSj çlaLdj.k lqfo/k,a 'kkfey gSaA
4- lnkcgkj Økafr% lnkcgkj Økafr ds rgr] ;g ifjdYiuk
dh xbZ gS fd mRikndrk esa o`f¼ gksuh pkfg,] ysfdu ,sls
rjhdksa ls tks i;kZoj.k dh n`f"V ls lqjf{kr] vkfFkZd :i ls
O;ogk;Z vkSj lkekftd :i ls la/kj.kh; gksaA
vkxs c<+us ds rjhds ds :i esa] uhfr fuekZrkvksa dks ;g
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, xjhcksa dks vf/d lVhd :i ls yf{kr
djuk pkfg, fd mUgsa ubZ rduhdksa ls vf/d ykHk çkIr gks
vkSj mu rduhdksa dks i;kZoj.k dh n`f"V ls vf/d la/kj.kh;
gksus dh Hkh vko';drk gksxhA lkFk gh] vrhr ls lcd ysrs
gq,] ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd bl rjg dh igyksa esa
,d lhfer {ks=k esa jgus ds ctk; lHkh {ks=kksa ds lHkh ykHkkFkhZ
'kkfey gksaA
469
lnkcgkj Økafr
uhfr vk;ksx us Ñf"k lfgr lHkh {ks=kksa ds fy, rhu lky dh
dk;Z ;kstuk dk elkSnk rS;kj fd;k gSA Ñf"k ij dk;Z ;kstuk
fdlkuksa ds fy, ykHkdkjh dherksa vkSj mRikndrk c<+kus ls
lacaf/r gSA nkyksa ds mRiknu esa o`f¼] catj Hkwfe ds mi;ksx]
cht xzke dk;ZØe vkSj ekWMy lafonk •srh ds fy, cukbZ xbZ
j.kuhfr bl çdkj gS%
z nkyksa ds mRiknu esa o`f¼ ns'k ds 29 jkT;ksa ds 638 ftyksa
esa jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk fe'ku (,u,iQ,l,e&nygu) pyk;k
tk jgk gSA bl ;kstuk ds rgr 2016&17 ds nkSjku ubZ igy
dh xbZ gS] tSls cht gc dk fuekZ.k] çtud cht mRiknu]
feuh fdV forj.k] DyLVj ÚaVykbu çn'kZu vkfnA
z catj Hkwfe dk mi;ksx % ih,eds,lokbZ eq[; :i ls 'kq¼
Ñf"k ;ksX; vkSj Ñf"k ;ksX; catj Hkwfe ds o"kkZ flafpr Hkkxksa
ds fodkl ds fy, gSA
z cht xzke dk;ZØe o"kZ 2014&15 ls xq.koÙkkiw.kZ chtksa
ds mRiknu gsrq vk/kjh@çekf.kr chtksa ds forj.k gsrq /kU;
iQlyksa gsrq chtksa dh ykxr dk 50» ,oa nyguh] frygu]
pkjk ,oa gjh •kn okyh iQlyksa gsrq 60» dh foÙkh;
lgk;rk çnku dh tkrh gS] vc çfr fdlku ,d ,dM+ ds
fy, miyC/ gSA
z cht xzke ds ekè;e ls nygu] frygu] pkjk ,oa gjh
•kn iQlyksa dk çekf.kr cht mRiknu % bl ds varxZr
çekf.kr cht mRiknu gsrq nygu] frygu] pkjk ,oa gjh
•kn iQlyksa ds chtksa dh 75 çfr'kr ykxr ij vk/kj cht
forj.k gsrq foÙkh; lgk;rk fdlkuksa ds fy, miyC/ gSA
z ekWMy lafonk Ñf"k vf/fu;e % lafonk Ñf"k ij ;g
ekWMy vf/fu;e jkT;ksa }kjk lexz :i ls lafonk Ñf"k dks
c<+kok nsus esa vkus okyh ck/kvksa dks nwj djsxkA
z uhfr vk;ksx dk rhu o"khZ; jksMeSi (2017&20) %
bldk mís'; Ñf"k fodkl dks ubZ Åapkb;ksa ij ys tkuk gSA
vxys rhu o"kks± ds jksMeSi esa Ñf"k {ks=k ds fodkl vkSj
2022 rd fdlkuksa dh vk; nksxquh djus ds fy, dh tkus
okyh igyksa dh lwph gSA
z ubZ igyksa esa fuEufyf•r dk mi;ksx 'kkfey gS%
 Ñf"k mRikndrk c<+kus ds fy, vR;k/qfud rduhd
dk mi;ksx]
 xk;ksa vkSj HkSalksa dh tyok;q&vuqdwfyr ns'kh uLyksa dks
c<+kok nsuk]
v v v
470
 Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ {ks=kksa esa varfj{k çkS|ksfxdh dk ykHk
mBkus ds fy, ,d jk"VªO;kih dk;ZØe dh 'kq:vkr]
 xgjs leqæ esa eNyh idM+us dks c<+kok nsuk]
 ^iapk;r* Lrj ij cht mRiknu ,oa çlaLdj.k bdkb;ksa
dh LFkkiuk]
 nkyksa vkSj fryguksa ds fy, pkoy ds ijrh {ks=kksa ds
mi;ksx ds ekè;e ls çfr o"kZ 1 fefy;u gsDVs;j iQly
l?kurk esa o`f¼] vkSj
 ,d nwljs ds chp vkWuykbu O;kikj vkSj varj&cktkj
ysunsu dk lesduA
tSlk fd LokehukFku us Bhd gh js•kafdr fd;k gS] Hkkjr dks
vc ¶lnkcgkj Økafr¸ dh vko';drk gSA •k|kUu mRiknu dh
fLFkjrk gky ds le; dh lcls cM+h fpark gS vkSj lnkcgkj
Økafr le; dh ekax gSA
gfjr Økafr (Hkkjr) ds vUrxZr ;kstuk,a
z eq[; ;kstuk gfjr Økafr&Ñ"kksUufr ;kstuk (2017 ls
2020) esa 11 ;kstuk,¡ 'kkfey gSa vkSj ;s lHkh ;kstuk,¡
oSKkfud vkSj lexz rjhds ls Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ {ks=k dks
fodflr djus ds fy, gSa%
1- ,dhÑr ckxokuh fodkl fe'ku (MIDH)
2- jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk fe'ku (NFSM)
3- jk"Vªh; lrr Ñf"k fe'ku (NMSA)
4- lcfe'ku vkWu ,xzhdYpj ,DlVsa'ku (SMAE)
5- cht vkSj jksi.k lkexzh mi&fe'ku (SMSP)
6- Ñf"k ;a=khdj.k mi&fe'ku (SMAM)
7- ikni laj{k.k vkSj ;kstuk laxjks/ mi fe'ku (SMPPQ)
8- ,dhÑr Ñf"k tux.kuk] vFkZ'kkL=k vkSj lkaf[;dh
;kstuk (ISACES)
9- ,dhÑr Ñf"k lg;ksx ;kstuk (ISAC)
10- ,dhÑr Ñf"k foi.ku ;kstuk (ISAM)
11- jk"Vªh; bZ&'kklu ;kstuk (NeGP)
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. mitkÅ feêðh vkSj ikuh dh vPNh miyC/rk ds ckotwn
Hkkjr esa gfjr Økafr ds nkSjku oLrqr% iwohZ {ks=k dks D;ksa
njfdukj dj fn;k x;k\ (2014)
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 26 i'kqikyu dk vFkZ'kkL=k
i'kq@i'kq/u ikyu dk ifjp;
z ekuo miHkksx] euksjatd mís';ksa ;k foÙkh; ykHk ds
fy;s ikys tkus okys ;k fodflr fd;s x, tkuojksa dks i'kq
ikyu dgk tkrk gSA
z i'kqvksa ds çca/u vkSj ns•Hkky ds ekè;e ls ykHk ds fy;s
i'kqvksa dh vkuqoaf'kd y{k.kksa vkSj O;ogkj dks vkxs
c<+k;k tkrk gSA
z xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa] i'kqvksa dks ikyuk Ñf"k xfrfof/ ds ,d
vfHkUu vax ds :i esa ns•k tkrk gSA
z Hkkjr esa i'kqikyu dk ,d yack bfrgkl jgk gSA NksVs
tqxkyh djus okys eosf'k;ksa dh dbZ uLysa] iksYVªh] lwvj
vkSj ?kksM+s dh çtkfr;k¡ mu tkuojksa esa ls gSa tks bl {ks=k
ls lacaf/r gSaA
z fdlkuksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk dkiQh gn rd tkuojksa ij fuHkZj
djrh gSA Hkkjr esa fdlku fefJr Ñf"k ;k iQlyksa vkSj
i'kqvksa ds la;kstu dk vH;kl djrs gSa] tgk¡ ,d m|e
dk mRiknu nwljs ds fy;s ykxr ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS]
miyC/ lalk/uksa ds mi;ksx dks vf/dre djrk gSA
i'kq ikyu dk mís';
z i'kqikyu dk y{; i'kq/u vkSj eRL; ikyu dk mRiknu
djuk gS tks dbZ dkj.kksa ls yksxksa ds fy;s ewY;oku gSa]
ftuesa ls dbZ dk vkfFkZd ewY; gSA
z i'kqikyu ij vk/kfjr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa
xSj&Ñf"k jkstxkj vkSj jktLo mRiknu djus dh vikj
{kerk gSA
Hkkjr esa i'kq ikyu vFkZO;oLFkk dh {kerk
z Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa i'kq/u egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk
gSA Hkkjr esa i'kq/u {ks=k o"kZ 2014&15 ls o"kZ 2019&20
rd 8-15% dh pØo`f¼ okf"kZd o`f¼ nj (CAGR)
ls foLrkj dj jgk gS] tks dqy Ñf"k thMhih (2019&20)
dk 34» gSA
z Hkkjr eNyh mRiknu vkSj tyh; Ñf"k nksuksa esa nwljs LFkku
ij gS] vkSj o"kZ 2017&18 esa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa bldk
;ksxnku yxHkx 1» FkkA
z 20 oha i'kq/u x.kuk ds vuqlkj] tks o"kZ 2019 esa vk;ksftr
dh xbZ Fkh] Hkkjr esa fo'o dh lcls vf/d i'kq/u vkcknh
(535-78 fefy;u) gSA
z iksYVªh@eqxhZikyu dk cktkj nqfu;k esa nwljk lcls cM+k cktkj
gS] ftldk cktkj ewY; 1 yk• djksM+ #i, gSA
z 148-8 fefy;u cdfj;k¡ nwljh lcls cM+h vkcknh gSa
(20oha i'kq/u x.kuk] 2019)A
z HksM+ dh vkcknh rhljh lcls vf/d gS] vkSj fpdu vkSj
cÙk• dh vkcknh ik¡poha lcls vf/d gS (20 oha i'kq/u
tux.kuk] 2019)A
z i'kq/u yxHkx 20-5 fefy;u yksxksa ds fy;s vk; dk
çkFkfed lzksr gSA
z lHkh xzkeh.k ifjokjksa ds vkSlru 14» dh rqyuk esa] i'kq/u
NksVs Ñf"k ifjokjksa ds jktLo dk 16» gSA
z ,u,l,lvks ds vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj] tSls&tSls •sr NksVs
gksrs tk jgs gSa] oSls&oSls i'kq fdlkuksa dh vk; esa cM+h ek=kk
esa ;ksxnku ns jgs gSaA lHkh Ñf"k vkdkjksa esa vkSlr 11-9»
i'kq/u vk; gksus dk vuqeku gSA
z nks frgkbZ xzkeh.k leqnk; viuh vkthfodk ds fy;s i'kqvksa
ij fuHkZj gSaA Hkkjr dh 8-8» vkcknh blds }kjk fu;ksftr
Hkh gSA
z vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2020% eos'kh m|ksx fiNys ik¡p o"kks± esa
7-9» dh pØo`f¼ okf"kZd o`f¼ nj ls c<+k gSA
z vkfFkZd loZs{k.k&2021% i'kq/u vc Ñf"k vkSj lacaf/r
{ks=k ds lexz ldy ewY; of/Zr (fLFkj ewY; ij) dk
28-63» (2018&19) ;ksxnku nsrk gS] tks 2014&15 esa
24-32» FkkA
20oha i'kq/u x.kuk
z pw¡fd i'kq/u xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d vfuok;Z vax gS]
blfy;s i'kqikyu vkSj Ms;jh foHkkx] tks fd eRL; ikyu]
i'kqikyu vkSj Ms;jh ea=kky; dk ,d foHkkx gS] i'kq/u
ds ckjs esa lVhd vkSj v|frr MsVk ,d=k djus dks mPp
çkFkfedrk nsrk gSA
z o"kZ 1919 ls ns'k Hkj esa le;&le; ij i'kq/u dh x.kuk
dh tkrh jgh gSA
z 20oha i'kq/u x.kuk] ftlesa 27 djksM+ ls vf/d ?kjksa vkSj
xSj&?kjksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k Fkk] vÙkQwcj 2018 esa iwjs
ns'k esa yxHkx 6.6 yk• xk¡oksa vkSj 89 gtkj 'kgjh okMks±
esa vk;ksftr dh xbZ FkhA
z 20oha i'kq/u x.kuk ds dqN çeq• ifj.kke%
 ns'k esa i'kq/u dh dqy la[;k 535-78 fefy;u gS] tks
o"kZ 2012 dh i'kq/u x.kuk ls 4-6» vf/d gSA
 xkstkrh; (xk;] HkSal] feFkqu vkSj ;kd) dh dqy la[;k
302.79 fefy;u gS] tks fiNyh tux.kuk ls 1.0%
vf/d gSA
 o"kZ 2019 esa] ns'k esa 92-49 fefy;u eos'kh Fks] tks
fiNyh x.kuk ls 0-8» dh o`f¼ gSA
 50-42 fefy;u fons'kh@ladj uLy ds eos'kh gSa vkSj
142-11 fefy;u Lons'kh@xSj&of.kZr eos'kh gSaA
 dqy feykdj ns'k esa HkSalksa dh la[;k 109-85 fefy;u
gS] tks fiNyh tux.kuk ls yxHkx 1-0» vf/d gSA
 xk;ksa vkSj HkSalksa lfgr 125-34 fefy;u nq/k: i'kq
('kq"d vkSj nw/ nsus okys) gSa] tks fiNyh tux.kuk ls
6-0» vf/d gSA
 o"kZ 2019 esa] ns'k esa 74-26 fefy;u HksM+sa gSa] tks
fiNyh x.kuk ls 14-1» vf/d gSaA
 o"kZ 2019 esa] ns'k esa 148-88 fefy;u cdfj;k¡ Fkh]
ftudh la[;k esa fiNyh x.kuk ls 10-1» dh o`f¼
gqbZ gSA
 o"kZ 2019 esa] ns'k esa 534-74 fefy;u okf.kfT;d
iksYVªh Fks] tks fiNyh x.kuk ls 4-5» vf/d gSA
i'kq ikyu dk egÙo@vko';drk
z fdlkuksa ds fy;s vk; ds oSdfYid lzksr% i'kq py
cSad vkSj laifÙk ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa tks fdlkuksa dks
foÙkh; lqj{kk çnku djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa 'kh?kz iSlk cukus esa
l{ke cukrs gSaA
472
z lkekftd lqj{kk% i'kq xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa lkekftd lqj{kk dh
Hkkouk çnku djrs gSa] fo'ks"k :i ls Hkwfeghu fdlkuksa ds
fy;s tks nwljksa dh rqyuk esa csgrj gSa D;ksafd muds ikl
vf/d eos'kh gSaA lkFk gh dbZ /kfeZd lekjksgksa ds nkSjku]
cSy vkSj xk;ksa dh iwtk dh tkrh gS vkSj yksx vius tkuojksa
ds lkFk dqN HkkoukRed yxko eglwl djrs gSaA
z Hkkstu vkSj iks"k.k% xkstkrh; i'kq vkSj dqDdqV nw/ vkSj
vaMs dh fujarj vkiwfrZ lqfuf'pr djrs gSa] fdlkuksa vkSj
muds ifjokjksa dks vko';d iks"kd rÙo çnku djus esa
enn djrs gSaA
z jkstxkj dk l`tu% ;g Hkkjrh; tula[;k ds yxHkx 8-8»
dks jkstxkj çnku djrk gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ] ;g Hkkjr dh
thMhih dks c<+krk gSA eos'kh m|ksx Ñf"k ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn esa 25.6% ;ksxnku nsrk gS rFkk Hkkjr ds dqy ldy
?kjsyw mRikn esa 4.11% dh fgLlsnkjh çnku djrk gSA
z efgyk l'kfÙkQdj.k% ifjokj ds vf/dka'k i'kqikyu
efgykvksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA i'kq/u c<+kus ls efgykvksa
ds l'kfÙkQdj.k vkSj fu.kZ; ysus ij muds c<+rs çHkko esa
egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gqvk gSA
z fons'kh jktLo% Hkkjr o"kZ 2020 esa xksekal fu;kZr ds fy;s
nqfu;k esa pkSFks LFkku ij gS] tks etcwr fu;kZr {kerk okyh
oLrqvksa tSls Åu vkSj peM+k ds mRiknu esa] bls fons'kh
dekbZ dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ lzksr cukrk gSA
z moZjd% moZjd ds :i esa i'kq vif'k"V (tSls xkscj) dk
mi;ksx okf.kfT;d moZjdksa ij fuHkZjrk de djus esa enn
djrk gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ] ;g 'kwU; ctV çkÑfrd •srh ds
fy;s fdlkuksa ds ifjorZu dk leFkZu djrk gSA
z ck;ksxSl mRiknu% xkscj vkSj i'kq vif'k"V ls ck;ksxSl dk
mRiknu thok'e bZa/u ;k bZa/u dh ydM+h dks cnyus dk
,d 'kkunkj rjhdk gS] tks fons'kh rsy ij Hkkjr dh fuHkZjrk
dks de djrk gS vkSj blds foÙkh; ?kkVs dks de djrk gSA
mnkgj.k% vdsys Hkkjr esa gj lky 300 fefy;u Vu xkscj
dk mi;ksx bZa/u ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
z dqiks"k.k dk lkeuk% vkfFkZd fodkl ds voljksa rd lHkh
dks igq¡p çnku dj cPpksa esa dqiks"k.k vkSj fNih gqbZ Hkw•
ls eqdkcyk djrk gSA
z ifjogu dk lk/u% igkM+h bykdksa esa eky ifjogu ds
fy;s •Ppj vkSj Vêðw gh ,dek=k fodYi gksrs gSaA blh rjg
lsuk dks Åaps LFkkuksa ij fofHkUu oLrqvksa dks LFkkukarfjr
djus ds fy;s bu tkuojksa ij Hkjkslk djus dh t:jr gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
i'kq/u fodkl esa pqukSfr;k¡
z mit vkSj mRikndrk dh pqukSrh% lcls cM+h fparkvksa
esa ls ,d Ñf"k i'kq mRikndrk dks c<+kuk gSA Hkkjrh; xk;sa
lkykuk vkSlru 1172 fdyksxzke nw/ dk mRiknu djrh gSa]
tks oSf'od vkSlr dk yxHkx 50» gSA
z iQafMax dk eqík% Ñf"k thMhih esa blds ;ksxnku dh rqyuk
esa] i'kq/u {ks=k dks Ñf"k vkSj blds lac¼ {ks=kksa ij dqy
ljdkjh •pZ dk yxHkx 12» gh çkIr gksrk gSA
z jksxksa dk çdksi% CySd DokVZj laØe.k] bUÝyw,atk] •qjidk
vkSj eqagidk tSlh jksxtud chekfj;ksa dk ckj&ckj çdksi
i'kq/u ds LokLF; dks uqdlku igq¡pkrk gS vkSj mRikndrk
dks de djrk gSA
z ikSf"Vd pkjs dh deh% o"kZ 2016 esa çdkf'kr ,d
lalnh; iSuy ds vè;;u ds vuqlkj] iks"kd pkjs dh deh
•k|kUu] frygu vkSj nkyksa ds mRiknu ds fy;s Hkwfe ij
c<+rs ncko ds lkFk&lkFk pkjk iQlyksa dh •srh ij è;ku
u nsus dk ifj.kke gSA
z i'kq mRiknksa dh xq.koÙkk tk¡p vkSj ekudhdj.k dk
vHkko% bldk ifj.kke lSfuVjh vkSj iQkbVkslSusfVd fLFkfr;ksa
ds rgr ?kfV;k oLrqvksa ds fu;kZr vkSj vU; ns'kksa }kjk fu;kZr
ls badkj djus esa fufgr gksrk gSA
z •jkc xq.koÙkk vkSj vi;kZIr i'kq fpfdRlk cqfu;knh
<k¡pk% Hkkjr esa i'kq fpfdRlk jksxksa ds fy;s ijh{k.k vkSj
mipkj lqfo/kvksa dk vHkko gSA
z çkS|ksfxdh dk vHkko% Hkkjr esa dsoy 5» xzkeh.k ifjokjksa
dks i'kq/u çkS|ksfxdh ds ckjs esa tkudkjh miyC/ gSA ;g
foÙkh; vkSj lwpuk forj.k ç.kkyh ds mi&b"Vre igq¡p dk
ladsrd gSA
z vukSipkfjd {ks=k dh mifLFkfr% viathÑr cwpM+•kuksa
esa ls yxHkx vk/s ekal dk mRiknu djrs gSa] ftlds ifj.
kkeLo:i fdlkuksa dks de dher çkIr gksrh gSA
z cktkj rd igq¡p% i'kq/u vkSj lacaf/r mRiknksa ds fy;s
vfodflr vkSj vlaxfBr cktkj fdlkuksa dks i'kq ikyu ls
grksRlkfgr djrs gSaA
z vU; egÙoiw.kZ pqukSfr;ksa esa 'kkfey gSa% vi;kZIr ½.k
miyC/rk] laxfBr cktkjksa rd lhfer igq¡p] vPNs çtuu
okys lkaMksa dh deh] Vhdkdj.k dh deh vkSj Hkkstu vkSj
pkjs dh vfuf'prrkA
z •k| lqj{kk vkSj xq.koÙkk ds fy;s l[r ekudksa tSls& u,
cktkj dh rkdrksa ds vuqdwy gksus dk nckoA
i'kqiikyu
kyu dk
dkvFkZ
vFkZ'kkL=k
'kkL=k
i'kq/u {ks=k dks c<+kok nsus gsrq mik;
z lalk/u% Hkkjr esa i'kq/u ikyu dh mRikndrk c<+kus ds
fy;s] csgrj pkjk cht mRiknu] mPp mit okys pkjs ds
çdkjksa ds mi;ksx] pkjk cSadksa ds fuekZ.k vkSj is;ty dh
O;oLFkk ds ekè;e ls Hkkstu vkSj pkjs dh lqj{kk çnku
djuk vfuok;Z gSA
z foi.ku% fofHkUu çdkj ds i'kq mRiknksa] tSls& vaMs] eNyh
rFkk nw/ dks c<+kok nsus vkSj fcpkSfy;ksa ds çHkko dks de
djds fdlkuksa dks i;kZIr dher nsus gsrq foi.ku tSlh
O;kikj uhfr;ksa dks vf/d dq'ky cukus dh vko';drk gSA
 Ms;jh fodkl ds fy;s jk"Vªh; dk;ZØe ftldk mís';
nw/ vkSj nw/ mRiknksa dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kj djuk vkSj
laxfBr nw/ •jhn ds vuqikr esa o`f¼ djuk gSA
z çf'k{k.k% tks fdlku vk; ds vfrfjÙkQ lzksr ds :i esa
i'kq/u ikyu djuk pkgrs gSa] mUgsa vko';d çf'k{k.k vkSj
lfClMh çkIr dh tkuh pkfg,A
 jk"Vªh; Ms;jh fodkl cksMZ (NDDB) us fdlkuksa dks
muds i'kq/u ds çca/u esa lgk;rk djus gsrq bZ&xksikyk
,fIyds'ku (e-GOPALA application) fodflr
fd;k gSA
z Lons'kh uLyksa dks c<+kok nsuk% gesa vius eosf'k;ksa dh
Lons'kh uLyksa dh j{kk vkSj mUgsa c<+kok nsuk pkfg, D;ksafd
vf/dka'k fons'kh uLy ds eos'kh gekjh tyok;q ds vuqdwy
ugha gSa vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd ekal dh ?kfV;k xq.koÙkk çnku
djrs gSaA
 Lons'kh uLyksa dks c<+kok nsus vkSj mudh lqj{kk gsrq
jk"Vªh; xksdqy fe'ku 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA ns'kh xk;ksa dh
uLy lq/kjus dk ç;kl fd;k tkrk gSA
 eosf'k;ksa dh Lons'kh uLyksa dks c<+kus ds fy;s çsjd
fdlkuksa vkSj çtud lektksa ds fy;s xksiky jRu iqjLdkj
vkSj dke/suq iqjLdkj çnku fd;s tkrs gSa A
 jk"Vªh; eos'kh vkSj HkSal çtuu ifj;kstuk ds rgr
ifj;kstukvksa dks Lons'kh uLyksa esa lq/kj gsrq fufeZr
fd;k x;k gSA
z i'kqvksa esa jksxksa ds çlkj dks jksdus ds fy;s i'kq fpfdRlk
lsokvksa dks lqn`<+ fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj i'kqvksa dk
Vhdkdj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
 czqlsyksfll] •qjidk vkSj eqagidk jksx (FMD) ds
çca/u vkSj varr% mUewyu dh igy dks o"kZ 2020 esa
dsaæh; eaf=keaMy }kjk vuqeksfnr fd;k x;k FkkA
473
  i'kq lathouh% ;g ,d i'kq dY;k.k dk;ZØe ftlesa
i'kqvksa ls lacaf/r çko/ku 'kkfey gSaA
 ^udqy LokLF; i=k* LokLF; dkMZ vkSj ;wvkbZMh igpkuA
z vuqla/ku vkSj fodkl% ljdkj dks i'kq/u mRikndrk dks
c<+kok nsus rFkk NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa dks vf/d ykHk
çkIr djus esa enn djus gsrq vuqla/ku vkSj fodkl i'kq/u
m|ksx ij vf/d tksj nsuk pkfg,A
 jksxksa ds çlkj dks jksdus ds fy;s eknk uLyksa ds
xHkkZ/ku rduhdksa dh fliQkfj'k djus gsrq jk"VªO;kih
Ñf=ke xHkkZ/ku dk;ZØe dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA
z lfClMh% i'kq/u esa fuos'k djus ds fy;s fdlkuksa dks
çkjafHkd foÙkh; lgk;rk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA O;fÙkQxr
ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks ;g ½.k vkSj lfClMh ds :i esa fey ldrk
gSA ;fn C;kt njksa dks de j•k tk, rks ykHkksa dks çHkkoh
<ax ls gLrkarfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z Hkkjr dks •k| vkSj Ñf"k laxBu (FAO) vkSj fo'o
LokLF; laxBu (WHO) }kjk LFkkfir dksMsDl ,fyesaVsfj;l
deh'ku }kjk LFkkfir lSfuVjh vkSj iQkbVkslSusfVd fn'kkfunZs'kksa
dk ckjhdh ls ikyu djuk pkfg,A
z jk"Vªh; jksx fu;a=k.k dsaæ (NCDC) vkSj jk"Vªh; Ñf"k vkSj
xzkeh.k fodkl cSad (NABARD) ds lkFk ,d la?k cukdj
Ms;jh lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dks foÙkiksf"kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
 nw/ dks lalkf/r djus dh ns'k dh {kerk dks c<+kus
ds fy;s Ms;jh çlaLdj.k vkSj cqfu;knh <k¡pk fodkl
dks"k dk fuekZ.kA
z eosf'k;ksa ds LokLF; dks c<+kok nsuk% jk"Vªh; i'kq jksx
fu;a=k.k dk;ZØe ds rgr] Hkkjr ljdkj us o"kZ 2025 rd
•qjidk&eqagidk jksx ds f•ykiQ 100» Vhdkdj.k gkfly
djus dk y{; j•k gSA
z i;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy i'kqikyu ds fy;s lkoZtfud&futh
Hkkxhnkjh (PPP) dks c<+kok nsukA
z i'kq/u dk l;ksftr cktkj% bZ&i'kq gkV iksVZy dk mís';
i'kq/u cktkj esa xkstkrh; teZIykTe dh miyC/rk ij
çtudksa vkSj fdlkuksa dks tksM+uk gSA iksVZy dks ¶us'kuy
fe'ku vkWu cksokbu çksMfDVfoVh çksxzke¸ ds fgLls ds :i
esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
z mÙkksyu futh fuos'k% futh fuos'k dk ykHk çkIr djus gsrq
15,000 djksM+ #i, ds lkFk i'kqikyu volajpuk fodkl
fuf/ (AHIDF) dks çLrkfor fd;k x;k gS rkfd fdlkuksa
dh foÙkh; lgk;rk rd igq¡p lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldsA
z i'kq/u ds u, vkSj oSdfYid mi;ksx% xkscj&/u
(xSYoukbftax vkWxZsfud ck;ks&,xzks fjlkslZ /u) Bksl
474
Ñf"k vif'k"V vkSj xk; ds xkscj dks •kn] ck;ksxSl vkSj
ck;ks&lh,uth esa ifjofrZr djsxkA
uhfr vk;ksx% bafM;k @75 i'kqikyu ij
fliQkfj'ksa
z ns'kh xk;ksa dk fons'kh uLyksa ls çtuu% var%çtuu dh
leL;k dks jksdus gsrq ns'kh xk;ksa ds fons'kh uLyksa ds lkFk
ladj.k dks c<+kok nsuk vko';d gSA ;g vf/d thu
dojst] jksx nj esa deh vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu ds lkFk
la;kstu esa o`f¼ dks l{ke djsxkA
z cqy enj iQkeZ dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj fodflr djuk%
eYVhiy vksO;wys'ku vkSj ,fEcz;ks VªkaliQj esFkM~l dk
mi;ksx djds] ;s iQkeZ fdlkuksa ds cNM+ksa dks c<+h gqbZ
nw/ {kerk çnku dj nw/ ds mRiknu esa dkiQh o`f¼ dj
ldrs gSaA
z xzke Lrj ij •jhn ç.kkyh% jkT;ksa esa Ms;jh dks c<+kok nsus
gsrq cYd feYd fpyj (Bulk Milk Chillers) vkSj gkbZ
oSY;w feYd dUo'kZu (High Value Milk Conversion)
dh lqfo/k,¡ LFkkfir djuk vko';d gSA xzke Lrj ij]
futh {ks=k dks ,pohlh vkSj Ms;jh mRiknksa ds fy;s ewY;
'k`a•yk LFkkfir djus gsrq çksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z eNyh idM+us ds {ks=k esa ;kstukvksa dk vfHklj.k%
eujsxk vkSj uhyh Økafr dk;ZØe dks feyk,a¡A eujsxk ds
ekè;e ls cuk, x, rkykcksa dk mi;ksx tyh; Ñf"k dks
c<+kok nsus gsrq fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk DyLVj fuekZ.k dh
{kerk fodflr gksuh pkfg,A
z eNyh fdlkuksa vkSj çtudksa dh {kerk fuekZ.k% eNyh
dh •srh ds fy;s lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ cuk,¡ rFkk Kku vkSj
lokZsÙke çFkkvksa dks lk>k djus ds fy;s iapk;rksa ds lg;ksx
ls xzke&Lrjh; ifj;kstukvksa dks ykxw fd;k tk,A
ctV ?kks"k.kk,¡ 2022&23
z ckbczsaV foyst dk;ZØe ds fgLls ds :i esa volajpuk
fuekZ.k% ¶U;w okbczsaV foystst çksxzke¸ eq[; :i ls phu ds
lkFk lhek ds ikl nwjLFk cfLr;ksa esa lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd
cqfu;knh <k¡ps dks etcwr djus ls lacaf/r gSA xzkeh.k Hkkjr
vf/dka'k i'kq/u fdlkuksa dk ?kj gS tks yxHkx 95% gSA
z djksa esa deh% lgdkjh lfefr;ksa vkSj O;olk;ksa ds fy;s
,d leku volj cukus ds fy;s eSV dks 18.5% ls ?kVkdj
15» dj fn;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ] ljdkj us 1 djksM
#i, ls vf/d dh dqy okf"kZd vk; okys yksxksa ds fy;s
lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ij vf/Hkkj dks 12» ls ?kVkdj 7»
djus dk çLrko fd;k gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z jk"Vªh; xksdqy fe'ku vkSj jk"Vªh; dk;ZØe ds fy;s
vkoaVu% jk"Vªh; xksdqy fe'ku vkSj jk"Vªh; Ms;jh fodkl
dk;ZØe dks ctV 2022&2023 ds foÙk iks"k.k esa 20» dh
o`f¼ feysxh] ftlls Lons'kh eosf'k;ksa dh mRikndrk vkSj
mPp xq.koÙkk okys nw/ dk mRiknu c<+kus esa enn feyus
dh mEehn gSA
z i'kq/u LokLF; vkSj jksx fu;a=k.k ds fy;s vkoaVu esa
o`f¼% o"kZ 2022&23 ds fy;s i'kq/u LokLF; vkSj jksx
fu;a=k.k gsrq foÙk iks"k.k esa yxHkx 60» dh o`f¼ ds ifj.
kkeLo:i i'kq/u ds LoLFk gksus dh mEehn gSA
z fMftVy cSafdax dks çksRlkgu% fMftVy cSafdax] fMftVy
Hkqxrku vkSj fiQuVsd uokpkjksa dks c<+kok nsus ls i'kq/u
mRikndksa }kjk çnku dh tkus okyh nw/ •jhn vkSj vU;
lsokvksa ds fy;s Hkqxrku ç.kkyh esa vf/d ikjnf'kZrk dh
lqfo/k ls i'kq/u m|ksx esa ikjnf'kZrk c<+sxhA
z vkoaVu esa o`f¼% o"kZ 2022&23 ds fy;s dsaæh; {ks=k dh
;kstukvksa ds fy;s 48 çfr'kr ls vf/d vkSj i'kq/u {ks=k
ds fy;s 40 çfr'kr ls vf/d vkoaVu esa o`f¼ us i'kq/u
vkSj Ms;jh fdlkuksa ds fodkl gsrq ljdkj dh çfrc¼rk
dks mtkxj fd;kA
i'kq/u {ks=k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy;s
ljdkj }kjk egÙoiw.kZ igysa
z jk"Vªh; xksdqy fe'ku (2021-22 ls 2025-26): bl
fe'ku dks xkstkrh; vkcknh ds vkuqoaf'kd mUu;u vkSj
Lons'kh xkstkrh; uLyksa ds fodkl vkSj laj{k.k ds fy;s
mRikndrk esa lq/kj gsrq 5 o"kZ dh vof/ esa 2400 djksM+
#i, ds vkoaVu ds lkFk dk;kZUo;u ds fy;s c<+k;k x;k
gSA vkSj blds rgr nqX/ mRiknu esa o`f¼ djuk 'kkfey
gS] ftlls fdlkuksa ds fy;s Ms;jh dks vf/d ykHknk;d
cuk;k tk ldsA
z jk"VªO;kih Ñf=ke xHkkZ/ku dk;ZØe% uLy dh çHkko'khyrk
esa lq/kj ds fy;s fof'k"V tuukax laØe.k ds çlkj dks
i'kqiikyu
kyu dk
dkvFkZ
vFkZ'kkL=k
'kkL=k
lhfer djus ds fy;s bldk mís'; eknk uLyksa esa xHkkZ/ku
gsrq uohu rduhd çnku djuk gSA
z jk"Vªh; i'kq jksx fu;a=k.k dk;ZØe (NADCP)% ;g
•qjidk&eqagidk jksx (FMD) vkSj czqlsyksfll ds fu;a=k.k
gsrq ik¡p o"kZ ds fy;s 13,343 djksM+ #i, ds ifjO;; ds
lkFk ,d dsaæh; {ks=k dh ;kstuk gS rFkk bls flracj 2019
esa ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA ;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; o"kZ 2025
rd •qjidk&eqagidk jksx vkSj Ckzqlsyksfll dks Vhdkdj.k
vkSj varr% •qjidk&eqagidk jksx ds mUewyu ds lkFk bls
fu;af=kr djuk gSA
z i'kq/u LokLF; vkSj jksx fu;a=k.k (,y,p vkSj Mhlh)
;kstuk% i'kq/u LokLF; vkSj jksx fu;a=k.k ;kstuk dk mís';
jksx fuxjkuh] i'kq fpfdRlk cqfu;knh <k¡ps dks etcwr djus
vkSj i'kq jksxksa ds f•ykiQ fuokjd Vhdkdj.k ds ekè;e ls
i'kq LokLF; ds tksf•e dks de djuk gSA
z thuksfed p;u% mUur Ms;jh jk"Vª lkaMksa dh vkuqoaf'kd
;ksX;rk dks lkfcr djus gsrq ikjaifjd rjhdksa ls fy;s x,
6&7 o"kks± ds rqyuk esa tUe ds le; lkaMksa dh vkuqoaf'kd
;ksX;rk dks lkfcr djus ds fy;s thuksfed p;u uked
Mh,u, vk/kfjr p;u dk mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA
z bZ&xksikyk ,si% 10 flracj] 2020 dks]ç/kuea=kh us vkf/
dkfjd rkSj ij bZ&xksikyk ,si (tsujs'ku vkWiQ osYFk ok;k
çksMfDVo ykboLVkWd) dk vukoj.k fd;k] tks fdlkuksa ds
mi;ksx ds fy;s ,d iw.kZ uLy lq/kj cktkj vkSj lwpuk
iksVZy gSA bZ&xksikyk ,si fMftVy IysViQkWeZ fdlkuksa dks
lHkh :iksa (oh;Z] H:.k] vkfn) esa jksx eqÙkQ teZIykTe
•jhnus vkSj cspus lfgr i'kq/u ds çca/u esa enn dj
jgk gSA
z Ms;jh çlaLdj.k ,oa volajpuk fodkl fuf/ (DIDF)%
Ms;jh çlaLdj.k] æqr'khru vkSj ewY;o/Zu gsrq cqfu;knh <k¡ps
dk fuekZ.k] vk/qfudhdj.k vkSj foLrkj djukA
z Ms;jh dk;Zdykiksa esa yxh lgdkjh lfefr;ksa vkSj
fdlku mRiknd laxBuksa dh lgk;rk (SDC&FPO)%
Ms;jh lgdkjh lfefr;ksa vkSj fdlku mRiknd laxBuksa dks
dk;Z'khy iwath gsrq vklku ½.k çnku djuk vkSj Ms;jh
fdlkuksa dks fLFkj cktkj igq¡p çnku djus esa lgk;rk djukA
z Ms;jh {ks=k ds fy;s dk;Z'khy iwath ½.k ij C;kt
lcosa'ku% Ms;jh xfrfof/;ksa esa yxs Ms;jh lgdkjh lfefr;ksa
vkSj fdlku mRiknd laxBuksa dk leFkZu djus ds fy;s]
i'kqikyu vkSj Ms;jh foHkkx us ¶Ms;jh {ks=k ds fy;s dk;Z'khy
iwath ½.k ij C;kt lcosa'ku¸ uked ,d u;k ?kVd
'kkfey fd;k gSA
475
z bZ&i'kq gkV iksVZy% mPp xq.koÙkk okys xkstkrh; teZIykTe
dh miyC/rk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh çkIr djus gsrq çtud
vkSj fdlku bZ&i'kq gkV iksVZy ds ekè;e ls tqM+ ldrs gSaA
z ekfRL;dh vkSj ,DokdYpj baÚkLVªDpj MsoyiesaV iQaM
(FIDF)% FIDF ik=k laLFkkvksa (EEs)] tSls& jkT; ljdkjksa@
la?k jkT; {ks=kksa vkSj jkT; laLFkkvksa dks eRL; ikyu dh dqN
cqfu;knh lqfo/kvksa ds fodkl gsrq fj;k;rh foÙkiks"k.k ;k
½.k çnku djrk gSA
xjhch mUewyu j.kuhfr;ksa dh
dqath ds :i esa i'kq/u {ks=k
z i'kq/u ikyu NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa ds fy;s ,d çeq•
vkthfodk vkSj tksf•e de djus dh j.kuhfr gS] fo'ks"k
:i ls Hkkjr ds o"kkZ flafpr {ks=kksa esaA
z i'kq/u vko';d •k| mRikn] elkSnk 'kfÙkQ] •kn] jkstxkj]
?kjsyw vk; vkSj fu;kZr vk; çnku djrk gSA
z Hkwfe ls lacaf/r /u dh rqyuk esa i'kq/u ls lacaf/r /u
dgha vf/d leku :i ls forfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
z ;g fo'ks"k :i ls xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa yk•ksa yksxksa ds fy;s
Lojkstxkj dk volj çnku djrk gSA
z blus efgykvksa dh vk; vkSj lekt esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh dks
dkiQh c<+kok fn;k gS lkFk gh muds l'kfÙkQdj.k esa Hkh
egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
z bfDoVh vkSj vkthfodk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls] ;g xjhch mUewyu
ç;klksa ds dsaæ esa fLFkr gSA
z ;g dbZ vU; Ñf"k {ks=kksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d rsth ls c<+
jgk gS] vkSj ;fn ;g ço`fÙk tkjh jgh rks ;g Hkkjr dk çeq•
vkfFkZd pkyd cu tk,xkA
z o"kZ 2022 rd fdlkuksa dh vk; nksxquh djus dh ljdkj
dh egÙokdka{kk ds fgLls ds :i esa] varj&ea=kky;h lfefr
us i'kq/u mRikndrk dks vk; o`f¼ ds lkr lzksrksa esa ls ,d
ds :i esa ukfer fd;k gSA
i'kqikyu {ks=k&2020 ds fy;s
vkRe fuHkZj Hkkjr iSdst
z vkRefuHkZj Hkkjr vfHk;ku çksRlkgu iSdst esa 15,000 djksM+
#i, ds i'kqikyu volajpuk fodkl dks"k (AHIDF)
dh LFkkiuk 'kkfey gSA ftls ç/kuea=kh dh vè;{krk okyh
vkfFkZd ekeyksa dh eaf=keaMyh; lfefr }kjk vf/Ñr fd;k
x;k FkkA
z bls LFkkfir djus esa fuos'k djus ds fy;s lsD'ku 8
ds m|eksa] futh O;olk;ksa] ,e,l,ebZ] fdlku mRiknd
476
laxBuksa (FPOs) vkSj O;fÙkQxr m|fe;ksa dks çksRlkfgr djus
gsrq vf/Ñr fd;k x;k gS%
1- Ms;jh çlaLdj.k vkSj ewY;o/Zu volajpukA
2- ekal çlaLdj.k vkSj ewY;o/Zu volajpukA
3- i'kq pkjk la;a=kksa dh LFkkiukA
z 24 twu] 2020 dks dsaæh; eaf=keaMy us i'kqikyu volajpuk
fodkl dks"k dks eatwjh çnku dhA
z i'kqikyu volajpuk fodkl dks"k futh {ks=k }kjk i'kq pkjk
la;a=k dh LFkkiuk gsrq cqfu;knh <k¡ps ds fuekZ.k] Ms;jh vkSj
ekal ds çlaLdj.k ds fy;s cqfu;knh <k¡ps rFkk ewY;o/Zu
ds fy;s cqfu;knh <k¡ps ds fuekZ.k esa fuos'k dks çksRlkfgr
djus dh çfØ;k dks lqxe cuk,xkA
z ;kstuk ds rgr ik=k ykHkkFkhZ%
 fdlku mRiknd laxBu (FPO)
 futh daifu;k¡
 O;fÙkQxr m|eh
 /kjk 8 dh daifu;ka¡
 lw{e y?kq vkSj eè;e m|e
z ;kstuk ds rgr ykHk%
 ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks vius ekftZu euh dk de ls de 10%
fuos'k djuk gksxkA 'ks"k 90» jkf'k ds fy;s vuqlwfpr
cSadksa dks ½.k nsuk gksxkA
 ljdkj ik=k ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks 3% C;kt lcosa'ku çnku
djsxhA
 ewy ½.k jkf'k esa 2 o"kZ dh vf/LFkxu vof/ gksxh
vkSj ckn esa 6 o"kZ dh pqdkSrh vof/ gksxhA
 ØsfMV xkjaVh iQaM ls mu vuqeksfnr ifj;kstukvksa dks
ØsfMV xkjaVh çnku dh tk,xh tks ,e,l,ebZ fufnZ"V
lhek ds varxZr vkrh gSaA m/kjdÙkkZ dh ØsfMV lqfo/k
dk 25% rd xkjaVh }kjk doj fd;k tk,xkA
z i'kqikyu volajpuk fodkl fuf/ ds mís'; (AHIDF):
 vlaxfBr xzkeh.k nw/ vkSj ekal mRikndksa dks laxfBr
nw/ vkSj ekal cktkj rd vf/d igq¡p çnku djus gsrq
nw/ vkSj ekal çlaLdj.k vkSj mRikn fofo/hdj.k dh
{kerk esa o`f¼ djukA
 mRiknd dks ewY; çkfIr c<+kus esa l{ke cukukA
 ?kjsyw miHkksÙkQkvksa dks mPp xq.koÙkk okys nw/ vkSj ekal
mRiknksa rd igq¡p çnku djukA
 çksVhu ;qÙkQ] mPp xq.koÙkk okys Hkkstu ds fy;s ns'k
dh c<+rh tula[;k dh vko';drk dks iwjk djuk vkSj
dqiksf"kr cPpksa dh nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h vkcknh esa ls
,d dqiks"k.k dks jksdus ds y{; dks çkIr djukA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
  m|ferk dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj jkstxkj mRiUu djukA
 fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsuk rFkk nw/ vkSj ekal mRiknksa esa {ks=k
ds fu;kZr ;ksxnku dks c<+kok nsukA
 eosf'k;ksa] HkSalksa] HksM+ksa] cdfj;ksa] lwvjksa vkSj eqfxZ;ksa dks
xq.koÙkkiw.kZ dsafær i'kq pkjk miyC/ djkuk rkfd os
mfpr ykxr ij larqfyr vkgkj çnku dj ldsaA
fu"d"kZ
z Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa] tgk¡ 50% ls vf/d vkcknh Ñf"k vkSj
lacaf/r m|ksxksa esa dk;Z djrh gS] fdlkuksa dks vius i'kq/u
dks ,d lkFk çcaf/r djds vius tksf•eksa esa fofo/rk
ykuh pkfg,] tks u dsoy mUgsa vfrfjÙkQ iSlk cukus esa
enn djrk gS cfYd muds ifjokjksa dh iks"k.k lqj{kk Hkh
lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
z urhtru] i'kq/u m|ksx esa ljdkjh fuos'k lekos'kh fodkl
dh xkjaVh çnku djsxk] fu;kZr {kerk esa o`f¼ djsxk vkSj
varr% o"kZ 2022 rd fdlku dh vk; dks nksxquk djus ds
y{; dks çkIr djsxkA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa Ñf"kxÙk jkstxkj vkSj vk; dk çca/ djus
esa i'kq/u ikyu dh cM+h laHkkO;rk gSA Hkkjr esa bl {ks=kd
dh çkSUufr djus ds fy;s mi;qÙkQ mik; lq>kus gq, ppkZ
dhft,A (2015)
eRL; {ks=k% uhyh Økafr
z uhyh Økafr] ftls Hkkjr esa uhy Økafr fe'ku ds :i esa Hkh
tkuk tkrk gS] o"kZ 1985 esa 'kq: gqbZ Fkh vkSj 7oha iapo"khZ;
;kstuk ds fgLls ds :i esa 1990 rd tkjh jghA eNyh
fdlku fodkl ,tsalh (FFDA) dks ljdkj }kjk lefFkZr
fd;k x;k FkkA
z uhyh Økafr dk y{; tSo lqj{kk vkSj i;kZoj.k laca/h
fparkvksa dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, eRL; ikyu dk LFkk;h rjhds
ls foLrkj djuk gSA blls ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk] eNqvkjksa
vkSj eNyh fdlkuksa dks ykHk gksxk rFkk •k| vkSj iks"k.k
lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus esa enn feysxhA
z ¶Cyw jsoyw'ku¸ (uhyh Økafr) uke ls tyh; Ñf"k {ks=k dks
vkxs c<+kus ds fy;s ljdkjh dkjZokbZ 'kq: dh xbZ gSA nqfu;k
Hkj esa lHkh ,DokdYpj mRiknu dk yxHkx nks&frgkbZ
mRiknu phu esa gksrk gS] tgk¡ ls bl lc dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA
z xgu leqæh eRL; ikyu dk;ZØe 8oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
(1992-1997) ds nkSjku 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk] vkSj ckn esa]
i'kqiikyu
kyu dk
dkvFkZ
vFkZ'kkL=k
'kkL=k
le; ds lkFk fo'kk•kiÙkue] dksfPp] rwrhdksfju] iksjcanj
vkSj iksVZ Cys;j esa eNyh idM+us ds canjxkg Hkh cuk, x,A
{kerk%
z Hkkjr fo'o dk nwljk lcls cM+k eNyh mRiknd ns'k gSA
Hkkjr esa] eNyh idM+us dk m|ksx yxHkx 28 fefy;u
yksxksa dks jkstxkj çnku djrk gSA
z Hkkjr fo'o ds eNyh mRiknu esa 7-7» dk ;ksxnku nsrk
gS] ftlls ;g fo'o dk pkSFkk lcls cM+k eNyh fu;kZrd
ns'k cu x;k gSA
z fiNys ik¡p o"kks± ds nkSjku 6» ls 10» dh o`f¼ nj ds
lkFk] eRL; ikyu Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k Ñf"k fu;kZr cu
x;k gSA
z o"kZ 2017&18 esa] Hkkjr ls eNyh fu;kZr lHkh Ñf"k fu;kZr
dk 20» ls vf/d vkSj dqy fu;kZr dk yxHkx 10» FkkA
z o"kZ 2017&18 esa thMhih esa ;ksxnku yxHkx 1» FkkA Ñf"k
dk ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa ;ksxnku yxHkx 5» gSA
z rVh; {ks=kksa esa iks"k.k vkSj •k| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus esa
egÙoiw.kZA eNyh oSf'od vkgkj çksVhu dk 25» ls vf/d
;ksxnku nsrh gSA
z 7-5 ds oSf'od vkSlr çfr'kr dh rqyuk esa] eNyh vkSj
eRL; mRiknksa ds mRiknu esa Hkkjr dh vkSlr okf"kZd o`f¼
14-8» gSA
uhyh Økafr ds mís';
z vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok nsus gsrq ftEesnkjhiw.kZ ls vkSj
lrr~ :i ls oSf'od eRL; mRiknu dks c<+kok nsukA
z eRL; ikyu m|ksx dk vk/qfudhdj.k djuk] uohu
çkS|ksfxdh ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsukA
z iks"k.k vkSj •k| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djukA
z jkstxkj l`ftr djuk vkSj fu;kZr ls vk; mRiUu djukA
z lekos'kh fodkl dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj tyh; Ñf"k vkSj
eNyh idM+us okys fdlkuksa dk leFkZu djukA
eRL; {ks=k ds le{k pqukSfr;k¡
z Hkkjr •kjs ty ds lalk/uksa dh dqy {kerk dk dsoy 15»
mi;ksx djrk gS vkSj rkts ty dh tyh; Ñf"k gsrq miyC/
rkykcksa] VSadksa vkSj vU; ty fudk;ksa dk yxHkx 40» gh
mi;ksx djrk gSA
z mPp xq.koÙkk okys] LoLFk eNyh ds chtksa dh dehA
z fuEu xq.koÙkk okys eNyh idM+us ds midj.k vkSj eNyh
idM+us ds {ks=kksa dh vi;kZIr eSfiaxA
477
z lhiQwM dh czkafMax vkSj ekudhdj.k dk vHkkoA
z çf'kf{kr eNqvkjksa dh deh] vi;kZIr foLrkj deZpkjh vkSj
dq'ky Je dh dehA
z varnZs'kh; eRL; ikyu dh pqukSfr;ksa esa iqjkuh rduhdksa dk
mi;ksx vkSj varnZs'kh; ty fudk;ksa dh dehA
z vfLFkj rjhdksa dk mi;ksx] tSls CykLV fiQf'kaxA
z etcwr ewY; 'k`a•yk ds vHkko ds dkj.k Hkkjr nwljk lcls
cM+k eRL; mRiknd ns'k gksus ds ckotwn fu;kZr esa •jkc
fLFkfr esa gSA
uhyh Økafr dks c<+kok nsus ds mik;%
z eNqvkjksa ds chp lkeqnkf;d Hkkxhnkjh dks çksRlkfgr djus
ds fy;s eRL; ikyu {ks=k esa ,iQihvks (FPOs) dk fuekZ.kA
z dksYM LVksjst lqfo/kvksa] çlaLdj.k la;a=kksa vkfn lfgr
iQly dVkbZ ds ckn ds cqfu;knh <k¡ps dk fuekZ.kA
z çkÑfrd mRikndrk dh cgkyh vkSj Lons'kh ekfRL;dh
lalk/uksa dk laj{k.kA
z pkoy vkSj eNyh dh •srh ij vk/kfjr ,d ,dhÑr Ñf"k
ç.kkyh dks c<+kok nsuk] tSlk fd dqêðukM esa leqæh Lrj ls
uhps dh •srh esa fd;k tkrk gSA
z eNyh idM+us ds tgktksa dk mUu;u vkSj eNyh&le`¼
{ks=kksa dh eSfiax djus gsrq xxu vkSj tsfeuh mixzg çkS|ksfxdh
dk mi;ksx djukA
egÙoiw.kZ lfefr;k¡
z v'kksd nyobZ lfefr% o"kZ 2022 rd fdlku dh vk;
dks nks xquk djus dh ;kstuk fodflr djukA
z ehuk dqekjh lfefr% xgjs leqæ esa eNyh idM+us dh uhfr
dk O;kid ewY;kadu djus ls lacaf/rA
uhfrxr gLr{ksi
z eRL; ikyu m|ksx ds dsafær fodkl vkSj çca/u ds fy;s
eRL; ikyu {ks=k dk ,dhÑr fodkl vkSj çca/uA
z ç/kuea=kh eRL; laink ;kstuk% cSdoMZ vkSj iQkWjoMZ fyadst
esa lq/kj gsrq DyLVj vk/kfjr n`f"Vdks.k ij vk/kfjr gSA
 PMMSY dk;ZØe dk mís'; Hkwfe vkSjty ds fodkl]
xgurk] fofo/rk vkSj dq'ky mi;ksx ds ekè;e ls
eNyh mRiknu vkSj mRikndrk esa o`f¼ vkSj lq/kj
djuk gSA
 ç/kuea=kh eRL; laink ;kstuk ds rgr ,d vuwBh
xfrfof/ ds :i esa] ¶fjoj jSafpax çksxzke¸ 'kq: fd;k
x;k gSA
478
z leqæh eRL; ikyu ij jk"Vªh; uhfr (2020)% bl uhfr
dk y{; ,d ,slk eRL; m|ksx LFkkfir djuk gS tks
eNqvkjksa vkSj eNyh fdlkuksa ds ykHk ds fy;s lkekftd
:i ls lekos'kh] vkfFkZd :i ls O;ogk;Z vkSj ikfjfLFkfrd
:i ls etcwr gks rFkk LFkk;h rjhds ls •k| vkSj iks"k.k
lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djsA
z uhyh Økafr 2.0: eRL; ikyu dk fodkl vkSj çca/u
uhyh Økafr 2.0 ds eq[; y{; gSaA blesa jk"Vªh; ekfRL;dh
fodkl cksMZ ds lkFk&lkFk varnZs'kh; ekfRL;dh] tyh;
Ñf"k] leqæh ekfRL;dh] ftlesa xgjs leqæ esa eNyh idM+uk]
esjhdYpj vkSj lHkh leqæh ekfRL;dh }kjk dh tkus okyh
lHkh xfrfof/;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA
z o"kZ 2006 esa] jk"Vªh; eRL; fodkl cksMZ (NFDB) dk
xBu fd;k x;k FkkA
z ekfRL;dh vkSj ,DokdYpj baÚkLVªDpj MsoyiesaV iQaM
(FIDF)% o"kZ 2018-19 esa LFkkfirA
z eNqvkjksa vkSj eNyh fdlkuksa dks fdlku ØsfMV dkMZ
(KCC) lsok,¡ çnku djus ls mUgsa viuh dk;Z'khy iwath
dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus esa enn feysxhA
z eujsxk% ljdkj us eujsxk ds fgLls ds :i esa] mu Ñf"k
rkykcksa dk fuekZ.k 'kq: dj fn;k gS tgk¡ eNyh ikyu dk
vH;kl fd;k tkrk gSA
fu"d"kZ
z fo'ks"k :i ls uhyh Økafr dh enn ls Hkkjr dh O;kid
rVjs•k esa ns'k dk vkfFkZd pkyd cuus dh {kerk gSA Cyw
bdksukWeh dh enn ls] Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk 2-7 fVªfy;u
ds ekStwnk Lrj ls 10 fVªfy;u MkWyj rd c<+ ldrh gSA
Hkkjr dks viuh eNyh idM+us dh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa vkSj vU;
lacaf/r {ks=kksa tSls& Úhftax vkSj iSdsftax dh rduhd esa
lq/kj djuk gSA
Ms;jh {ks=k% 'osr Økafr (vkWijs'ku ÝyM)
z 13 tuojh] 1970 dks] Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; Ms;jh (India's
National Dairy) us vkWijs'ku ÝyM dh 'kq#vkr dh tks
oSf'od Lrj ij lcls cM+h Ms;jh fodkl igy FkhA blus
Hkkjr dks o"kZ 1998 esa la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk dks ihNs
NksM+rs gq,] nw/ dh deh okyk ns'k ls fo'o dk 'kh"kZ nw/
mRiknd ns'k cuk fn;kA
z fdlkuksa dks muds fodkl esa lgk;rk gsrq muds }kjk
mRikfnr lalk/uksa ij LokfeRo nsus ds fy;s bls 'kq: fd;k
x;k FkkA ;g lc cM+s iSekus ij mRiknu vkSj turk }kjk
mRiknu ds ekè;e ls laHko gqvk] ftls ¶'osr Økafr¸ ds
:i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
{kerk
z fo'o esa lokZf/d xk;&cSy Hkkjr esa ik, tkrs gSaA
z Hkkjr esa lcls cM+k Ñf"k mRikn Ms;jh mRikn gSA ;g lh/s
rkSj ij 80 fefy;u Ms;jh fdlkuksa dks jkstxkj miyC/
djrk gS rFkk jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa bldk 5» ;ksxnku gSA
z ,u,l,lvks ds 70osa pØ ds loZs{k.k ds vuqlkj] cgqr
NksVh tksr (0-01 gsDVs;j ls de) okys 23» Ñf"k ifjokjksa
us dgk fd mudh vk; dk eq[; lzksr i'kq/u gSA
z i'kqikyu ds fodkl dks vf/d lerkoknh vkSj lekos'kh
ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd vf/dka'k i'kq/u 'kq"d {ks=kksa esa vkSj
NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa ds ikl dsafær gSA
'osr Økafr ds mís'; (vkWijs'ku ÝyM)
z nw/ ds ifjogu] HkaMkj.k vkSj •jhn dks c<+kok nsus gsrq
lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dks çksRlkfgr djukA
z nqX/ mRiknksa dh ,d foLr`r 'k`a•yk dk mRiknu vkSj muds
O;kolk;hdj.k dk çca/uA
z Ñf=ke xHkkZ/ku] LokLF; lsokvksa] i'kq fpfdRlk ns•Hkky
vkSj csgrj i'kq uLyksa ds fy;s lqfo/k,¡ LFkkfir djukA
z ns'k Hkj ds 700 ls vf/d 'kgjksa vkSj xk¡oksa esa nw/ mRikndksa
dks xzkgdksa ls tksM+us gsrq ,d ¶jk"Vªh; nqX/ fxzM¸ dh
LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA
vkWijs'ku ÝyM@'osr Økafr dh miyfC/;k¡
z Hkkjr nw/ dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ mRiknd ns'k cu x;kA
z xzkeh.k vkcknh ds fy;s oSdfYid jkstxkj fufeZr gq, gSaA
z Lons'kh i'kq/u vkSj mPp xq.koÙkk okys i'kq/u dks c<+kokA
z NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa ds lkFk&lkFk fcuk tehu ds
etnwj Hkh ykHkkfUor gksrs gSaA
z vlaxfBr ?kVd dh rqyuk esa] laxfBr Ms;jh cktkj esa rsth
ls o`f¼ gqbZ gS vkSj O;kikj dk 26&30» (ewY; ls) fufeZr
djrk gSA
Ms;jh {ks=k ds le{k pqukSfr;k¡
z cktkj ds cqfu;knh <k¡ps vkSj vukSipkfjd {ks=k dh deh_
o"kZ 2018&19 ds vkfFkZd loZs{k.k ds vuqlkj] laxfBr {ks=k
esa dsoy 36» nw/ dh fcØh gksrh gS rFkk 'ks"k fcDØh
vlaxfBr {ks=k }kjk gksrh gSA
z eosf'k;ksa dks vkerkSj ij vLoPN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa j•k
tkrk gSA
z •qjidk&eqagidk tSlh jksxtud chekfj;ksa dk çlkj gks
jgk gSA
i'kqiikyu
kyu dk
dkvFkZ
vFkZ'kkL=k
'kkL=k
z tyok;q ifjorZu ds dkj.k rkieku esa o`f¼ ls mRikndrk
çHkkfor gqbZA
z •jkc i'kq/u chek dojstA
z cqfu;knh <k¡ps dh deh] tSls vi;kZIr dksYM psu lqfo/k,¡]
nw/ ds uqdlku dk dkj.k curh gSaA
z Ms;jh {ks=k dks l;a=k vk/kfjr fodYi] feykoV vkSj Ms;jh
,ukykWXl ls xaHkhj :i ls •rjk vkSj pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk
fd;k tk jgk gSA
z Lons'kh uLyksa ds fy;s {ks=k&mUeq• laj{k.k j.kuhfr dk
vHkkoA
z mRikndrk c<+kus ds fy;s fdlkuksa dh enn djus ds fy;s
m|ksx ds lkFk&lkFk xq.koÙkk lsokvksa vkSj dkS'ky dh deh
ds fy;s vi;kZIr cqfu;knh <k¡pkA
ubZ 'osr Økafr@vkWijs'ku ÝyM 2-0 dh fn'kk esa mik;
z i'kqvksa dh ft;ks&VSfxax gesa fdlh fo'ks"k i'kq ds lkFk fdlh
Hkh mfpr leL;k dh fuxjkuh djus esa l{ke cukrh gSA
z etcwr ewY; 'k`a•ykvksa dk usVodZ cukuk vkSj Ms;jh fodkl
foLrkj dk;ZØe dks etcwr djukA
z vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal vkSj e'khu yfuZax tSls Vwy dk
mi;ksx djds i'kq mRikndrk esa lq/kj djus ds rjhds ds
lkFk pykukA
z ewY; of/Zr nqX/ mRiknksa esa ckaXykns'k] phu] flaxkiqj]
FkkbZySaM] eysf'k;k] fiQyhihal] tkiku] la;qÙkQ vjc vehjkr]
vkseku vkSj vU; •kM+h ns'kksa tSls fudVorhZ ns'kksa esa fu;kZr
dh dkiQh laHkkouk,¡ gSaA
uhfrxr gLr{ksi
z jk"Vªh; i'kq/u fe'ku] i'kq/u ds fodkl ,oa mPp xq.koÙkk
okys Hkkstu vkSj pkjs dh i;kZIr vkiwfrZ dks çkFkfedrk
nsrk gSA
z xkscj&/u] tks "tSYoukbftax vkWxZsfud ck;ks&,xzks fjlkslZ
/u" ls lacaf/r gS] xk; ds xkscj tSls Bksl Ñf"k dpjs dks
•kn] ck;ksxSl vkSj ck;ks&lh,uth esa ifjofrZr djsxkA
z jk"Vªh; xksdqy fe'ku% nqX/ mRiknu vkSj mRikndrk esa
oSKkfud rjhds ls lq/kj gsrq Lons'kh xkstkrh; uLyksa dk
fodkl vkSj laj{k.k djuk ftlesa csgrj iks"k.k vkSj Ñf"k
çca/u 'kkfey gSA
z Ms;jh {ks=k esa Lojkstxkj ds volj LFkkfir djus gsrq ukckMZ
ds rgr Ms;jh m|ferk fodkl ;kstuk] nw/ mRiknu dks
479
 c<+kok nsus vkSj vk/qfud Ms;jh iQkeks± dh LFkkiuk tSlh
xfrfof/;ksa dks 'kkfey djukA
z nqX/ çlaLdj.k {kerk dks ekStwnk 53-5 fefy;u ehfVªd
Vu ls c<+kdj o"kZ 2025 rd (ctV 2020&21) 108
fefy;u ehfVªd Vu djukA
ctV 2022&23 esa bl {ks=k ds fy;s igysa
z lgdkjh daifu;ksa dks leku volj çnku djus ds fy;s
oSdfYid U;wure dj dks 18-5» ls ?kVkdj 15» dj
fn;k x;k gSA
z blds vfrfjÙkQ] ljdkj us 1 djksM+ vkSj 10 djksM+ #i, ls
vf/d rd dh dqy okf"kZd vk; okys lgdkjh lfefr;ksa
ds vf/Hkkj dks 12» ls ?kVkdj 7» djus dk çLrko
fn;k gSA
z OL'kZ 2022&2023 esa] jk"Vªh; xksdqy fe'ku vkSj Ms;jh
fodkl ds fy;s jk"Vªh; dk;ZØe ds fy;s fuf/ esa 20»
dh o`f¼ dh xbZ gSA
vkWijs'ku ÝyM esa lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dh Hkwfedk
z Hkkjr esa vf/dka'k Ms;jh mRikndksa ds ikl NksVh tksrsa gSa
(vDlj nks ls ik¡p xk;sa gksrh gSa)A gkyk¡fd] vkWijs'ku ÝyM
ds nkSjku lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds fodkl ds dkj.k bues
dkiQh lq/kj gqvkA
z buesa 'kkfey gSa%
 NksVs Ms;jh fdlku fcpkSfy;ksa dks lekIr djus esa liQy
jgsA
 blds vfrfjÙkQ] mUgsa xkjaVh'kqnk U;wure nw/ •jhn ewY;
çkIr gksuk 'kq: gks x;kA
 NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa dh Kku vkSj lkSnsckth dh
{kerk esa o`f¼ gqbZA
z oxhZl dqfj;u] Jh f=kHkqounkl fd'khHkkbZ iVsy] vkSj gfjpan
es?kk ny;k] ftUgsa lkewfgd :i ls vewy f=kewfrZ ds :i
esa tkuk tkrk gS] bl igy dh liQyrk esa lgk;d FksA
vkWijs'ku ÝyM dh liQyrk esa vewy dk dkiQh lg;ksx
jgkA
z vewy (dSjk ftyk lgdkjh nqX/ mRiknd la?k)] ,d
Hkkjrh; Ms;jh lgdkjh la?k gS ftldk eq[;ky; Hkkjrh;
jkT; xqtjkr ds vk.kan esa fLFkr gSA bldh LFkkiuk o"kZ
1946 esa gqbZ Fkh rFkk ;g xqtjkr dks&vkWijsfVo feYd
v v
480
ekdZsfVax iQsMjs'ku fyfeVsM (GCMMF) }kjk lapkfyr ,d
lgdkjh czkaM gSA
jk"Vªh; nqX/ fnol
z çR;sd o"kZ 26 uoacj dks ns'k Hkj esa jk"Vªh; nqX/ fnol ds
:i esa euk;k tkrk gSA
z 26 uoacj] 2021 dks MkW oxhZt dqfj;u dh 100oha t;arh
eukbZ xbZA
z dsaæ ljdkj }kjk o"kZ 2021 esa vktknh dk ve`r egksRlo
mRlo ds ,d Hkkx ds :i esa jk"Vªh; nqX/ fnol euk;k
x;kA
efgyk Ms;jh fdlkuksa dh miyfC/;k¡
z gkfy;k uohure vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj] ns'k esa 1-9 fefy;u
ls vf/d Ms;jh lgdkjh lewg gSaA efgyk,¡ viuh lnL;rk
dk yxHkx 6 fefy;u cukrh gSaA
z dk;ZØe ykxw gksus ds ckn ls efgykvksa ds okf"kZd vk; Lrj
esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] dbZ foÙkh; xfrfof/;ksa tSls&
Hkkstu dh •jhn] LokLF; ns•Hkky] f'k{kk] laifÙkfuekZ.k vkSj
/u dh cpr esa eegÙoiw.kZ lq/kj ns•k x;k gSA
z gky ds o"kks± esa efgykvksa ds usr`Ro okyh Ms;jh ;wfu;uksa
vkSj O;olk;ksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
z vewy Ms;jh us daifu;ksa dks nw/ cspdj djksM+ifr cuus
okyh 10 efgyk Ms;jh fdlkuksa dh lwph çdkf'kr dhA
z vewy Ms;jh us daifu;ksa dks nw/ cspdj djksM+ifr cuus
okyh 10 efgyk Ms;jh fdlkuksa dh lwph çdkf'kr dhA
fu"d"kZ
z gekjs ¶t; fdlku] t; foKku¸ yksdkpkj ds fgLls ds
:i esa] uohure rduhdh çxfr ds lkFk xzkeh.k Ñf"k dk
laxe ns'k ds Ms;jh O;olk; esa ,d vdYiuh; ifjorZu
yk,xkA gekjs fdlkuksa ds fuos'k ij çfriQy dks csgrj
cukus gsrq j.kuhfr;ksa dks •kstuk le; dh ekax gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjr esa Lora=krk ds ckn Ñf"k esa vkbZ fofHkUu çdkj dh
Økafr;ksa dks LiLV dhft,A bu Økafr;ksa us Hkkjr esa xjhch
mUewyu vkSj •k| lqj{kk esa fdl çdkj lgk;rk çnku
dh gS\ (2017)
v
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 27 Hkkjr esa [kk| izlLa dj.k vkSj lacfa /r m|ksx
•k| çlaLdj.k dk ifjp;
z •k| çlaLdj.k •k| lkexzh dks çHkkoh <ax ls lajf{kr
djus vkSj mudh xq.koÙkk vkSj HkaMkj.k {kerk esa lq/kj ds
bjkns ls laj{k.k] •k| ;kstdksa dks tksM+us] lq•kus vkfn tSlh
çfØ;kvksa dk mi;ksx djds •k| mRiknksa dk ewY; lao/Zu
dh çfØ;k gSA
z 2022 rd fdlkuksa dh vk; dks nksxquk djus ds fy, (bl
mís'; ds fy, v'kksd nyobZ lfefr fu;qÙkQ dh xbZ Fkh)]
mPp Lrj ds çlaLdj.k ds lkFk tks vif'k"V dks de djus
okys] ewY;o/Zu esa lq/kj djus okys] iQly fofo/hdj.k
dks c<+kok nsus okys] csgrj fjVuZ lqfuf'pr djus okys vkSj
fdlkuksa ds jkstxkj dks c<+kok nsus vkSj fu;kZr vk; esa o`f¼
djus okys ,d iw.kZ:i ls fodflr •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k
dk fuekZ.k djukA
z Hkkjr nw/] vnjd] dsyk] ve:n] iihrk] vke vkSj vU;
mRikn dk nqfu;k esa lcls cM+k mRiknd gSA
z Hkkjr pkoy] xsgwa] vkyw] xUuk] dktw] pk; vkfn dk nwljk
lcls cM+k mRiknd gSA
z dkWiQh] rackdw] elkys] cht vkSj vU; mRiknksa ds 'kh"kZ 5
mRikndksa esa 'kqekj gSA
z dPps eky ds brus cM+s lzksr ds lkFk] gekjs fy, fo'o Lrj
ij vU; lHkh •k| vkiwfrZdrkZvksa ls vkxs tkuk vklku gksxkA
Hkkjr esa •k| çlaLdj.k dh fLFkfr
z Hkkjrh; •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx dk ewY; 121 fcfy;u
MkWyj gksus dk vuqeku gSA fiNys ikap o"kks± esa] •k|
çlaLdj.k m|ksx vkSlru 8» ls vf/d c<+k gSA
z ldy ewY; of/Zr (thoh,) 2014&15 esa 1-34 yk•
djksM+ #i;s ls yxkrkj c<+dj 2020&21 esa 2-37 yk•
djksM+ #i;s gks x;k gS] tks fd 9-97» dh pØo`f¼
okf"kZd o`f¼ nj (lh,thvkj) gS] bl {ks=k dk mYys•uh;
foLrkj gqvk gSA
z phu ds ckn] Hkkjr nqfu;k esa iQyksa vkSj lfCt;ksa dk
nwljk lcls cM+k mRiknd gS] fiQj Hkh mit dk dsoy
2» lalkf/r fd;k tkrk gSA
z fo'kky mRiknu vk/kj gksus ds ckotwn] Hkkstu dk cgqr de
(10» ls de) çlaLdj.k gksrk gSA 2» iQy vkSj lfCt;ka]
8» leqæh mRikn] 35» nw/ vkSj 6» eqxhZikyu ls
lacaf/r mRikn lalkf/r gksrs gSaA
z nqfu;k ds 50» HkSalksa vkSj 20» eosf'k;ksa ds lkFk] Hkkjr
esa i'kq/u dh lcls cM+h vkcknh gS] fiQj Hkh blds dqy
ekal mRiknu dk yxHkx 1» gh ewY; laof/Zr mRiknksa esa
ifjofrZr gks ikrk gSA
z vlaxfBr {ks=k m|ksxksa esa 75» ls vf/d ;ksxnku nsrk gSA
z çkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d çlaLdj.k dks fuEu çdkj ls foHksfnr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] çkFkfed çlaLdj.k esa pkoy] phuh]
•k| rsy vkSj vkVk feyksa dk çlaLdj.k 'kkfey gSA
 Ms;jh mRiknksa] ids gq, eky] pkWdysV] iQyksa vkSj lfCt;ksa
dk çlaLdj.k lHkh f}rh;d çlaLdj.k ds mnkgj.k gSaA
z Hkkjr esa vf/dka'k çlaLdj.k çkFkfed Js.kh esa vkrk
gS] ftlesa f}rh;d çlaLdj.k dh rqyuk esa ewY;o/Zu dk
fuEu Lrj gksrk gSA fdlkuksa dh vk; c<+kus ds fy, çlaLÑr
•k| inkFkks± dh ewY; J`a•yk dks c<+kuk gksxkA tc vukt
dh iQlyksa dh rqyuk esa] ckxokuh mRiknksa] tSls iQyksa vkSj
lfCt;ksa esa egRoiw.kZ ewY;o/Zu {kerk gksrh gSA
z orZeku esa] Hkkjr ds vf/dka'k Ñf"k fu;kZr dPps eky ds
:i esa gksrk gS ftls vU; ns'kksa esa lalkf/r fd;k tkrk gS]
;g n'kkZrk gS fd ewY; lao/Zu J`a•yk dks vkxs c<+kus ds
fy, vHkh Hkh xqatkb'k gSA
Hkkjr esa •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dk LFkku
z Hkkjr esa 35000 ls vf/d bdkb;ka iathÑr gSaA gkyk¡fd]
HkksT; inkFkks± dk mRiknu djus okys vf/dka'k dkj•kus
rVh; jkT;ksa esa fLFkr gSa (bldk ,d dkj.k] leqæh •k|
çlaLdj.k rd igq¡p gS)
z vka/z çns'k] egkjk"Vª] dukZVd] dsjy] xqtjkr] iatkc vkSj
if'pe caxky egRoiw.kZ rVh; jkT; gSaA ;wih] iatkc vkSj
vU; xSj&rVh; jkT; Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
•k| çlaLdj.k •k| inkFkks± ds çdkj
z •k| vkSj Ñf"k laxBu (,iQ,vks) dh ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj
çlaLÑr •k| inkFkZ rhu çdkj ds gks ldrs gSa% çkFkfed]
f}rh;d vkSj r`rh;dA
çkFkfed z çkFkfed çlaLdj.k dk laca/ dPph Ñf"k
çlaLdj.k mit] nw/] ekal vkSj eNyh dks ,sls mRikn
esa cnyus ls gS tks ekuo miHkksx ds fy,
mi;qÙkQ gksA blesa liQkbZ] xzsfMax] NaVkbZ]
iSfdax vkfn tSls dne 'kkfey gSaA
f}rh;d z f}rh;d çlaLdj.k dk vFkZ miHkksÙkQk dh
çlaLdj.k jlksbZ esa vafre rS;kjh ls Bhd igys ewy
mRikn esa la'kks/u djuk gS] tSls VekVj
I;wjh] filh gqbZ dkWiQh] vkfnA
r`rh;d z ;g csjh mRikn] vkblØhe] baLVsaV uwMYl]
çlaLdj.k lkWl tSe vkfn tSls mPp ewY; of/Zr
jsMh&Vw&bZV mRiknksa ls lacaf/r gSA
•k| çlaLdj.k dk nk;jk
z lalk/uksa dh çpqjrk% phu ds ckn] Hkkjr nqfu;k esa nwljk
lcls cM+k •k| mRiknd gS] vkSj blesa •k| vkSj Ñf"k
{ks=kksa esa lcls cM+s mRiknd ns'k ds :i esa phu dks ihNs
NksM+us dh {kerk gSA
z ewY; lao/Zu dh viuh fo'kky {kerk ds dkj.k] Hkkjrh;
•k| m|ksx tcjnLr fodkl ds fy, rS;kj gS vkSj oSf'od
•k| O;kikj esa lkykuk vf/d Hkkstu mRiknksa dk ;ksxnku nsxkA
z nqfu;k dk NBk lcls cM+k •k| mRikn vkSj fdjkuk
cktkj Hkkjr esa gS] vkSj bldh fcØh dk 70» •qnjk fcØh
ds ekè;e ls gksrk gSA
z Hkkjr dh •k| çlaLdj.k vkdka{kk,¡% •k| mRikn vkSj
•k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx esa fuos'k ds egRoiw.kZ volj gS
D;ksafd Hkkjr dk lexz •k| mRiknu vxys nl o"kks± esa
nksxquk gksus dk vuqeku gSA
z ns'k ds lexz •k| cktkj dk 32» Hkkjrh; •k| çlaLdj.k
{ks=k }kjk cuk;k x;k gSA ;g mRiknu] •ir] fu;kZr vkSj
çR;kf'kr o`f¼ ds ekeys esa ikaposa LFkku ij gSA ;g Hkkjr
ds lcls cM+s m|ksxksa esa ls ,d gSA
z vukt ds lcls cM+s mRiknd ds :i esa Hkkjr% nqfu;k
ds vf/dka'k •k|kUu dk mRiknu Hkkjr esa gksrk gS] tks
oSf'od mRiknu dk yxHkx 16» gSA ;g 'kh"kZ Ñf"k mit
Ñf"k mRikndksa esa ls ,d gSA
482
z lac¼ {ks=k ds fy, c<+rs volj% iQyksa vkSj lfCt;ksa]
eRL; ikyu] nw/ vkSj nqX/ mRiknksa] ekal vkSj iksYVªh]
fMCckcan@lqfo/ktud •k| inkFkks±] vkSj eknd is; inkFkks±
vkSj 'khry is; ds çlaLdj.k esa mRÑ"V volj gSaA
z c<+rk 'kgjhdj.k% 2011 dh tux.kuk ls irk pyrk gS
fd 31-16» yksx 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa jgrs gSa] tks cnyrh thou
'kSyh] mPp Ø; vk; vkSj çlaLÑr •k| inkFkks± dh c<+rh
ekax dk ladsr gSA
z Hkkjr ds fy, Hkfo"; dk fodkl batu% •k| çlaLdj.k
m|ksx ns'k ds Ñf"k ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk 10» fgLlk gSA
blesa vkSj vf/d gksus foLrkj dh {kerk gSA
z lkekftd vkfFkZd dkjd% eè;e oxZ dk c<+rk vk; Lrj]
fV;j 1 vkSj fV;j 2 nksuksa 'kgjksa esa cnyrh •ir dh vknrsaA
z •k| vkSj iks"k.k lqj{kk% Hkkjr esa vkcknh dk ,d cM+k
fgLlk dqiksf"kr (yxHkx ,d frgkbZ)] vfodflr vkSj
cckZn gSA iQy vkSj ckxokuh bl eqís ds vR;f/d okaNuh;
lek/ku gSa] vkSj blls vif'k"V dks de djus ij egRoiw.kZ
çHkko iM+sxkA
z Ñf"k&tyok;q {ks=k% nqfu;k Hkj esa ikbZ tkus okyh 60
fofHkUu çdkj dh e`nkvksa esa ls] Hkkjr esa e`nk ds 46 fofHkUu
çdkj vkSj yxHkx 26 fofHkUu çdkj dh tyok;q gSaA Hkkjr
esa] 127 ^Ñf"k tyok;q {ks=kksa* dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k
gSA Hkkjrh; O;atu vius fof'k"V Lokn vkSj lqxa/ ds fy,
nqfu;k Hkj esa çfl¼ gSaA
•k| çlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dk egRo
z Hkkjr ds mn;heku m|ksxksa esa ls ,d] •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k
dk vR;f/d egRo gSA ;g vFkZO;oLFkk ds nks LraHkksa] Ñf"k
vkSj m|ksx ds chp egRoiw.kZ laca/ çnku djrk gSA
z jkstxkj l`tu% ;g m|ksx çR;{k ;k vçR;{k :i ls yxHkx
5 djksM+ yksxksa dks jkstxkj nsrk gS vkSj laxfBr {ks=k esa dqy
dk;Zcy dk 16» fgLlk gSA Hkys gh vlaxfBr {ks=k m|ksx
dk 70» fgLlk gS] ysfdu bldk dqy ;ksxnku eqf'dy
ls 15» gSA
z Hkkstu dh cckZnh dks de djuk % Hkkjr esa yxHkx
25&35» Hkkstu •jkc çca/u] HkaMkj.k vkSj jln laca/h
leL;kvksa ds dkj.k u"V gks tkrk gSA orZeku esa] dsoy 6»
•jkc gksus okys Hkkstu dks lalkf/r fd;k tkrk gSA
z fdlkuksa dh vk; dks nksxquk djuk% Ñf"k mRiknksa dh
c<+rh ekax ds ifj.kkeLo:i fdlkuksa dks fn, tkus okys
ewY; esa rnuqlkj o`f¼ gksxh] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i mudh
vk; nksxquh gks tk,xhA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ewY; lao/Zu% leku rjhds ls iQlyksa dk çlaLdj.k vkSj z vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, lHkh ds fy, volj lqfuf'pr djrs
foi.ku djds] ;g m|ksx vius mRiknksa dk ewY; lao/Zu gq, cPpksa esa dqiks"k.k vkSj Hkq•ejh dk eqdkcyk djukA
djrk gSA z çoklu dks jksduk% ns'k ds xzkeh.k Hkkxksa esa jkstxkj l`ftr
z miHkksÙkQk ds fy, fodYiksa dks c<+krk gS% vk/qfud •k| djds xzkeh.k ls 'kgjh dh vksj iyk;u dks de fd;k tk
çlaLdj.k nqfu;k ds vU; {ks=kksa ls gekjs LFkkuh; cktkj ldrk gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ] ;g 'kgjhdj.k dh leL;kvksa
vkSj blds foijhr •k| inkFkks± ds vk;kr fu;kZr dks l{ke dk fujkdj.k Hkh djrk gSA
cukrk gSA z u, mRiknksa] çfØ;kvksa vkSj iSdsftax dks fodflr djus ds
z Hkkstu ds Lokn vkSj xq.koÙkk esa lq/kj djrk gS% ftlls fy, •k| inkFkks± esa vuqla/ku vkSj fodkl (vkj ,aM
•k| inkFkks± ds vf/d fodYi miyC/ gks ldsaA Mh) dks c<+kok nsukA
z •k| eqækLiQhfr ij vadq'k% •k| çlaLdj.k •k| inkFkks± z cqfu;knh <kaps ds fodkl] {kerk foLrkj vkSj mUu;u]
vkSj vU; lgk;d mik;ksa esa lg;ksx djukA
ds HkaMkj.k vof/ dks c<+krk gS] ftlls vkiwfrZ dks ekax ds
vuq:i j•us vkSj •k| eqækLiQhfr dks de djus esa enn foxr o"kks± ds ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
feyrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] tes gq, liQy eVj iwjs o"kZ 1. Hkkjr esa •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx dh laHkkoukvksa vkSj egRo
cktkj esa miyC/ gksrs gSaA dks foLrkj ls crk,aA (2022)
z O;kikj dks c<+kok nsrk gS vkSj ewY;oku fons'kh eqæk
vftZr djrk gS% ;g fons'kh eqæk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lzksr •k| çlaLdj.k ds çeq• •aM
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] eè; iwohZ ns'kksa esa Hkkjrh; cklerh z vukt vkSj nky fefyaxA
pkoy dh mPp ekax gSA z nw/ vkSj Ms;jh mRiknA
z iQly fofo/hdj.k% D;ksafd Hkkstu ds mRiknu ds fy, z iQy vkSj lCth çlaLdj.kA
fofHkUu çdkj ds fuos'k dh vko';drk gksrh gS] blfy, z eNyh] iksYVªh] vaMs vkSj vU; mRiknA
fdlkuksa dks fofHkUu çdkj dh iQlysa yxkus ds fy, z pk;] dkWiQh vkSj dksdks tSls is; inkFkZA
çksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA
z okfrr ty@'khry is;A
z tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k% bl volj dk ykHk mBkus ds fy,
z ch;j vkSj vU; eknd is;A
,iQihvkbZ laHkor% lcls vPNk fodYi gSA ifj.kkeLo:i
z ekal vkSj ekal mRiknA
ge çxfr'khy xzkeh.k m|fe;ksa dk ,d oxZ fodflr
z •k| rsy vkSj olkA
dj ldrs gSaA lkekftd vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd eqíksa ij
,d le`¼ xzkeh.k bykdksa ds çHkko dbZ xquk c<+ tk,axsA z czsM] dqdht vkSj vU; csdjh mRiknA
vf/dka'k Hkkx ds fy,] ,iQihvkbZ xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh Hkkjr z uk'rk vukt] ohfuax] ekYV çksVhu] ,DlVªwMsM •k| mRiknA
ds chp dh •kbZ dks ikV ldrk gSA z dUiQsD'kujhA

•k| çlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dh viLVªhe vkSj MkmuLVªhe vko';drk,a

viLVªhe MkmuLVªhe
z dPps eky dh •kst vkSj fu"d"kZ.k fuekZ.k çfØ;k ds z mRiknu çfØ;k ds viLVªhe pj.k ds nkSjku ,df=kr lkexzh
viLVªhe pj.k dk fgLlk gSA dks MkmuLVªhe pj.k ds nkSjku vafre mRikn esa cny fn;k
tkrk gSA
z çfØ;k ds bl pj.k ds nkSjku dPpk eky dsoy •kstk z vU; daifu;ksa] ljdkjksa] ;k futh O;fÙkQ;ksa dks ml mRikn dh
vkSj fudkyk tkrk gSA oS/ fcØh Hkh MkmuLVªhe pj.k esa vkrh gSA
z blfy,] fdlh Hkh m|ksx esa mRiknu çfØ;k esa ,d z rS;kj mRikn ds ekè;e ls] MkmuLVªhe çfØ;kvksa dk xzkgdksa
viLVªhe pj.k vke gS tks dPps eky ds fu"d"kZ.k ij ds lkFk lh/k laidZ gksrk gSA
fuHkZj djrk gSA
z ;g çfØ;k fdlh çlaLdj.k bdkbZ ls gksrh gS z ;g çfØ;k la;a=k@çlaLdj.k bdkbZ ds fy,
z vkod foLFkkiu z ckâ; foLFkkiu
Hkkjr esesa a [kk|
Hkkjr [kk|izizllaLdj.k
aLdj.kvkSvkS
j laj claaf/r
caf/r
m|ksm|ks
x x 483
z fgr/kjd%
 dPpk eky çnkrk
 fdlku
 vU; dPpk eky çnkrk
viLVªhe vko';drk,a
z dPps dh miyC/rk vkSj igqap
z vk/qfud fudklh rduhdA
z fdlkuksa ls vPNs laca/A
z vukt] ekal vkSj eNyh ds fy, dPps eky ds HkaMkj.k
dh lqfo/kA
z xq.koÙkk ijh{k.k ds fy, lqfo/k,aA
z ifjogu lsok,aA
z Je 'kfÙkQ
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjr esa Ñf"k mRiknksa ds foi.ku dh viLVªhe vkSj
MkmuLVªhe çfØ;k esa eq[; ck/k,a D;k gSa\ (2022)
Hkkjr esa •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksxksa ds fodkl esa
ck/k,¡@leL;k,a
z vkiwfrZ vkSj ekax ls lacaf/r ck/k,a% ;g leL;k NksVs vkSj
fc•js gq, foi.ku ;ksX; vf/'ks"kksa }kjk mRiUu gksrh gS] tks
fNrjh gqbZ tksr] e'khuhdj.k dh deh] mPp ekSlefuHkZjrk]
vkfn ds ifj.kkeLo:i de Ñf"k mRikndrk ds dkj.k
gksrk gSA
z xq.koÙkk vkSj lqj{kk dks fu;af=kr djus dh lhfer
{kerk% •k| ewY; J`a•yk dh tfVyrk] fo'ks"k :i ls
fo'kky vlaxfBr ?kVd] xq.koÙkk vkSj lqj{kk fu;eksa dks ykxw
djuk pqukSrhiw.kZ cukrk gSA
z miHkksÙkQk tkx:drk dk vHkko % ns'k dh iks"k.k fLFkfr
esa lq/kj dkiQh gn rd miHkksÙkQk tkx:drk ij fuHkZj djrk
gSA miHkksÙkQk orZeku esa dbZ iks"k.k] •k| lqj{kk vkSj xq.koÙkk
ds eqíksa ls vufHkK gSaA
z vukSipkfjdrk % •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx ds dqy cktkj
fgLls dk yxHkx 75» vlaxfBr ?kVdksa ls cuk gSA urhtru]
;g ekStwnk vkS|ksfxd ç.kkyh dh v{kerkvksa dks c<+krk gSA
z cqfu;knh lqfo/kvksa dh vM+pusa% dksYM psu dh vi;kZIr
cqfu;knh lqfo/kvksa ds dkj.k] iQkeZ xsV ls 30» ls vf/d
484
z fgr/kjd%
 forjd
 FkksdfoØsrk
 •qnjk foØsrk
 vafre xzkgd
MkmuLVªhe vko';drk,a
z vk/qfud çlaLdj.k rduhdA
z vk/qfud çlaLdj.k e'khujhA
z xq.koÙkk ijh{k.k ds fy, lqfo/k,aA
z rsth ls forj.k ds fy, laxfBr •qnjk LVksjA
z ekuo lalk/u vkSj ,d dq'ky Je 'kfÙkQA
mRiknu u"V gks tkrk gSA uhfr vk;ksx }kjk çdkf'kr ,d
fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] okf"kZd iQly dVkbZ ds ckn dk uqdlku
90]000 djksM+ #i;s ls vf/d gS A ckjgeklh ekxks± vkSj
laidZ lqfo/k dh deh ds dkj.k vlaxr vkiwfrZA
z de ewY;&lao/Zu ds lkFk çlaLdj.k% cM+s vlaxfBr
?kVd vkSj iqjkuh çlaLdj.k çfØ;kvksa ds O;kid mi;ksx
ds dkj.k •k| çlaLdj.k dh {kerk dkiQh gn rd •afMr
gSA urhtru] çlaLdj.k ds nkSjku fo'ks"k :i ls iks"kd rRoksa
ds lanHkZ esa de ewY;lao/Zu gksrk gSA
z fuEu&ewY; fu;kZr % Ñf"k mRiknksa ds fo'o ds 'kh"kZ
mRikndksa esa ls ,d gksus ds ckotwn] thMhih ds çfr'kr
ds :i esa Hkkjr dk Ñf"k fu;kZr vU; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa
vis{kkÑr de gSA ;gh çfr'kr czkthy ds fy, eksVs rkSj
ij 4»] vtZsaVhuk ds fy, 7» vkSj FkkbZySaM ds fy, 9» gS]
ysfdu Hkkjr ds fy, dsoy 2» gSA
z •k| çlaLdj.k O;olk; esa dbZ ck/k,¡ gSa] ftuesa mPp
dk;Z'khy iwath dh vko';drk] vk/qfud] fo'oluh;
vkSj lVhd lk/uksa vkSj midj.kksa dh deh vkSj
vi;kZIr Lopkyu 'kkfey gSA
z fu;ked okrkoj.k dk vHkko% •k| çlaLdj.k dks dbZ
dkuwuksa vkSj fu;eksa }kjk fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gSA vyx&vyx
dkuwu vyx&vyx ea=kky;ksa vkSj foHkkxksa }kjk 'kkflr gksrs
gSa] tks fofHkUu fo/k;h vkSj ç'kklfud eqíksa esa nsjh dk
dkj.k curk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z moZjdksa] dhVuk'kdksa dk O;kid mi;ksx% cM+h ek=kk
esa dhVuk'kdksa vkSj moZjdksa ds mi;ksx us •k| inkFkks± dh
xq.koÙkk dks ysdj fpark iSnk dj nh gS vkSj bls xaHkhjrk ls
fy;k tkuk pkfg,A feykoV tSlh gkfudkjd vkSj vuqfpr
xfrfof/;ksa ls cpko Hkh t:jh gSA
z miLdj laca/h ck/k,¡ % xq.koÙkk vkSj laidZ ls lacaf/r
rkfdZd ck/kvksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i vkiwfrZ dks ysdj
dfBukb;k¡ Hkh gSaA
z cqfu;knh <kaps ls lacaf/r ck/k,a% •k| vkiwfrZ J`a•yk esa
çkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d çfØ;kvksa dks ,dhÑr djus ds fy,
i;kZIr ra=k dh deh ls m|ksx dk lapkyu ckf/r gksrk gSA
{ks=kh; Lrj dh vlekurk Hkh 'khr HkaMkj.k dh lqfo/kvksa
ds vleku HkkSxksfyd forj.k dk ifj.kke gSA
z Hkkjr esa xq.koÙkk ç;ksx'kkykvksa dh deh% vesfjdk
vkSj ;wjksih; la?k •k| fu;kZr ds fy, mPp xq.koÙkk okys
ekudksa dh vis{kk djrs gSaA Hkkstu esa Hkkjh /krqvksa vkSj vU;
•rjukd rRoksa ds ijh{k.k ds fy,] Hkkjr esa fo'oluh;
ç;ksx'kkykvksa dk vHkko gSA
z mPp viO;;% orZeku esa] la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk esa 65»
vkSj phu esa 23» dh rqyuk esa] Hkkjr dk ,iQihvkbZ (FPI)
vius Ñf"k mRiknu dk 10» ls de lalkf/r djrk gSA
i;kZIr •k| çlaLdj.k lqfo/k,a vkSj HkaMkj.k lqfo/k,a ugha gSaA
z NksVs vkdkj ds O;olk;% Hkkjrh; •k| çlaLdj.k O;olk;
NksVs gSa vkSj mu cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa ds lkFk çfrLi/kZ djus esa
vleFkZ gSa tks vkj,UMMh esa Hkkjh fuos'k djrs gSaA
z dq'ky dk;Zcy dh deh% Jfed i;kZIr :i ls dq'ky
ugha gSaA •k| çkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa gekjs ikl cgqr de
Lukrd gSaA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. ykxr çHkkoh y?kq çlaLdj.k bdkb;ksa dh •jkc Lohdk;Zrk
ds D;k dkj.k gSa\ •k| çlaLdj.k bdkbZ xjhc fdlkuksa
dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds mRFkku esa fdl çdkj
lgk;d gksxh\ (2017)
•k| çlaLdj.k m|ksxksa ds fodkl ds fy,
vko';d lek/ku@mik;
z ekuo lalk/u dk fodkl% dkS'ky ds nks vyx&vyx
Lrj vko';d gSaA iQkeZ xsV ij Ñf"k lokZsÙke çFkkvksa dks
c<+kok nsuk lcls igys vkrk gS] blds ckn çlaLdj.k
lapkyu gksrk gSA jk"Vªh; dkS'ky fodkl fuxe (NSDC) ds
vuqlkj] 2022 rd 17-8 fefy;u yksxksa dks •k| çlaLdj.k
{ks=k esa vko';d dkS'ky gkfly djus dh vko';drk gksxhA
Hkkjr esesa a [kk|
Hkkjr [kk|izizllaLdj.k
aLdj.kvkSvkS
j laj claaf/r
caf/r
m|ksm|ks
x x
z xgu&leFkZu okyk n`f"Vdks.k% miLdj] HkaMkj.k vkSj
çlaLdj.k ds fy, cqfu;knh <kaps ds fodkl esa lgk;rk
ds fy,] ljdkj dks ,d xgu&leFkZu j.kuhfr viukuh
pkfg, ftlesa tksf•e&lk>kdj.k ra=k] foÙkh; çksRlkgu vkSj
lk>snkjh ekWMy LFkkfir djuk 'kkfey gSA
z fdlkuksa dh vk; c<+kuk% Ñf"k mRiknksa dk csgrj mi;ksx
vkSj ewY; lao/Zu fdlku dh vk; esa o`f¼ dj ldrs gSaA
z mRiknksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk csgrj
iSdsftax ds fy, •k| çlaLdj.k esa vuqla/ku ,oa
fodkl dks c<+kok nsuk
z f}rh; gfjr Økafr vkSj r`rh;d gfjr Økafr dks vf/d
mUur vkSj fofo/ çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds lkFk v|ru djus dh
vko';drk gSA
z viO;; dks de djuk% HkaMkj.k] ifjogu vkSj Ñf"k&•k|
mRiknksa ds çlaLdj.k ds fy, cqfu;knh <kaps dk fuekZ.k djds •k|
çlaLdj.k J`• a yk ds lHkh pj.kksa esa viO;; dks de djrk gSA
z Ñf"k i¼fr;ksa dk fofo/hdj.k] tks iQlyksa ds ,d
fuf'pr lewg ds ctk; iQlyksa dh fofo/rk iSnk djrk gS]
jkstxkj ds dbZ voljksa dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
z xzke&Lrjh; •jhn dks c<+kok nsuk% uhfr vk;ksx us
U;w bafM;k @75 nLrkost dh j.kuhfr esa iQy] lfCt;ka
vkSj Ms;jh lfgr tYnh •jkc gksus okyh oLrqvksa ds fy,
xzke&Lrjh; •jhn dsaæksa dh odkyr dhA
z vk/qfud rduhd% çf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa vk/qfud rduhd
ds mi;ksx dh t:jr gS] vkSj dkS'ky fodkl dks lokZsPp
çkFkfedrk nh tkuh pkfg,A
z vuqdwfyr miLdj% miLdj esa Rofjr liQyrk ds fy, ,d
vkSj egRoiw.kZ vko';drk vuqdwfyr miLdj gSA blls ykxr
de gksrh gS] mRikn dh xq.koÙkk dks cuk, j•uk vklku
gks tkrk gS vkSj bfPNr cktkj dh ekaxksa dks iwjk djrk gSA
z lkoZtfud fuos'k vkSj laidZ c<+k;k tkuk pkfg,A
z lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh (ihihih)% ;g vHkh rd
,d vkSj j.kuhfrd lek/ku gSA /qykbZ] oSfDlax] xzsfMax]
NaVkbZ] iSdsftax] çh&dwfyax] gSaMfyax] chek] foÙk] ifjogu
vkSj çlaLdj.k dh lqfo/kvksa ds lkFk vkiwfrZ J`a•yk ds
dkedkt esa lq/kj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z fdlkuksa ds lkFk cSdoMZ fyadst dks etcwr djus dh
vko';drk gSA lafonk Ñf"k dks c<+kok nsuk laHko gSA
ekWMy lafonk Ñf"k vf/fu;e] 2018 ds vuqlkj] lafonk
esa vkiwfrZ dh tkus okyh mit dh ek=kk] xq.koÙkk vkSj
dher dk fooj.k gksxkA tc rd os xq.koÙkk ds nkf;Roksa
dk ikyu djrs gSa] rc rd fdlkuksa dks ewY; vfLFkjrk ls
cpk;k tk,xkA
485
z fu;ked lajpuk dks lqO;ofLFkr djuk% vuqca/ vkSj
dkWikZsjsV •srh ds fy, ,d lgk;d fu;ked <kapk fodflr
djds] deksfMVh DyLVj dks çksRlkfgr djuk vkSj xgu
i'kq/u ikyu] cSdoMZ fyadst ds fodkl dks c<+kok nsuk
vko';d gS tks iSekus vkSj vkfFkZd O;ogk;Zrk gkfly djus
ds fy, vko';d gSaA
z orZeku fLFkfr esa fdlkuksa ls ysdj miHkksÙkQkvksa rd fofHkUu
fgr/kjdksa ds chp leUo; esa lq/kj ds fy, ,d lwpuk
ç.kkyh dh vko';drk gSA lwpuk vkSj Hkqxrku baVjusV
vkSj eksckby iQksu dk mi;ksx djds fgr/kjdksa ds chp
LFkkukarfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. ns'k esa •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k dh pqukSfr;ka vkSj volj D;k
gSa\ •k| çlaLdj.k dks çksRlkfgr djds fdlkuksa dh vk;
esa i;kZIr o`f¼ dSls dh tk ldrh gS\ (2020)
•k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,
ljdkj dh igy
z ç/kuea=kh fdlku lEink ;kstuk (ih,eds,lokbZ)%
ih,eds,lokbZ dk mís'; Ñf"k dks iwjd cukuk]
Ñf"k&vif'k"V dks de djuk vkSj çlaLdj.k dk
vk/qfudhdj.k djuk gSA ih,e fdlku lEink ;kstuk ds
varxZr] fuEufyf•r dk;ZØe ykxw fd, tk,axs%
 esxk iQwM ikdZ_
 vkWijs'ku xzhUl
 ,dhÑr 'khr Ja•yk,a vkSj ewY; lao/Zu volajpuk_
 Ñf"k& çlaLdj.k lewgksa ds fy, volajpuk_
 •k| çlaLdj.k@laj{k.k {kerkvksa dk l`tu@foLrkj
(bdkbZ ;kstuk)_
 •k| lqj{kk vkSj xq.koÙkk vk'oklu volajpuk_
 cSdoMZ vkSj iQkWjoMZ fyadst dk fuekZ.k_
 ekuo lalk/u vkSj laLFkku_
z ^^vkWijs'ku xzhUl** dk;ZØe % ç/ku ea=kh fdlku lEink
;kstuk ds rgr VekVj] I;kt vkSj vkyw (TOP) ls lHkh
vf/lwfpr iQyksa vkSj lfCt;ksa (TOTAL) rd vius {ks=k
dk foLrkj fd;k gSA blds ckn] dsaæh; ctV 2021 esa
ewY;lao/Zu vkSj fu;kZr ds fy, vkWijs'ku xzhUl ;kstuk dks
TOP ls c<+kdj 22 •jkc gksus okys mRikn (isfj'kcYl)
dj fn;k x;kA
486
z çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k (,iQMhvkbZ) uhfr% ljdkj us •k|
çlaLdj.k m|ksx esa ,iQMhvkbZ dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy,
,d fuos'kd vuqdwy uhfr ykxw dh gSA bl uhfr ds rgr]
•k| mRiknksa ds fuekZ.k ds Lopkfyr ekxZ ds fy, 100»
,iQMhvkbZ dh vuqefr gS vkSj Hkkjr esa cus vkSj@;k mRikfnr
•k| mRiknksa ds laca/ esa •qnjk O;kikj ds fy, ljdkjh
vuqeksnu ekxZ ds rgr 100» ,iQMhvkbZ dh vuqefr gS]
ftlesa bZ&dkWelZ ds ekè;e ls 'kkfey gSA 2021&22 dks
lekIr fiNys 5 o"kks± ds nkSjku •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k esa dqy
,iQMhvkbZ çokg 3-54 fcfy;u vejhdh Mkyj gSA
z •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx ea=kky; (MOFPI)% ;g 1988
esa ,iQihvkbZ ds fy, uksMy çkf/dj.k ds :i esa
LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj ns'k ds lexz mís';ksa vkSj
çkFkfedrkvksa ds Hkhrj bl {ks=k ds fy, uhfr;ksa vkSj
j.kuhfr;ksa dks fodflr djus vkSj dk;kZfUor djus ds
fy, ftEesnkj gSA
z i'kqikyu] Ms;jh vkSj eRL; ikyu foHkkx% ;g i'kq/u
ds mRiknu] laj{k.k vkSj lqj{kk ds lkFk&lkFk LVkWd
vkSj Ms;jh fodkl ds fodkl ls lacaf/r eqíksa ds fy,
ftEesnkj gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ] ;g lHkh varnZs'kh; vkSj
leqæh eNyh idM+us vkSj eRL; ikyu laca/h eqíksa dk
çca/u djrk gSA
z jk"Vªh; •k| çkS|ksfxdh m|ferk vkSj çca/u laLFkku
(,uvkbZ,iQVhbZ,e)% ;g gfj;k.kk esa ,d mPp f'k{kk laLFkku
gS tks •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx ea=kky; (,evks,iQihvkbZ) ds
rgr lapkfyr gksrk gSA bls ^^MhEM&Vw&ch&;wfuoflZVh** ds
:i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
z jk"Vªh; •k| çlaLdj.k fe'ku (,u,e,iQih)% ;g
dk;ZØe dsaæh; ctV 2012&13 ds fgLls ds :i esa 'kq:
fd;k x;k Fkk rkfd blds nk;js dk foLrkj fd;k tk
lds vkSj LFkkuh; t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, vf/d
yphysiu dh is'kd'k dh tk ldsA
z •sr ls iQSDVªh xsV rd% xzkeh.k Lrj ij •jhn% 2018&19
ds ctV esa ?kksf"kr 22]000 xzkeh.k gkVksa dks xzkeh.k Ñf"k
cktkjksa (GrAMS) ds :i esa mUu;u djuk] lgh fn'kk esa
,d egRoiw.kZ dne FkkA
z Hkkjrh; •k| lqj{kk vkSj ekud çkf/dj.k% us •k|
lqj{kk vkSj ekud (•k| mRikn ekud vkSj •k| ;kstd)
fofu;e] 2011 vkSj •k| lqj{kk vkSj ekud (çnw"kd]
fo"kkÙkQ inkFkZ vkSj vo'ks"k) fofu;e] 2011 çdkf'kr fd,
gSa] tks •k| mRiknksa ds fy, Øe'k% xq.koÙkk vkSj lqj{kk
ekudksa dks fufnZ"V djrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z fuHkZj Hkkjr vfHk;ku ds rgr] ç/ku ea=kh&lw{e •k|
çlaLdj.k m|e (ih,e&,iQ,ebZ) ;kstuk dk
vkSipkfjdj.k ,d ftyk ,d mRikn (vksMhvksih) ds
n`f"Vdks.k dks viukdj ØsfMV&fyaDM lfClMh ds ekè;e
ls 2 yk• lw{e •k| çlaLdj.k bdkb;ksa dks ykHkkfUor
djuk gSA
z esxk iQwM ikdZ% esxk iQwM ikdZ ;kstuk dk mís'; fdlkuksa]
çkslsljksa vkSj •qnjk foØsrkvksa dks ,d lkFk ykdj Ñf"k
mRiknu dks cktkj ls tksM+us ds fy, ,d ra=k çnku djuk gS
rkfd ewY;lao/Zu dks vf/dre fd;k tk lds] viO;; dks
de fd;k tk lds] fdlkuksa dh vk; esa o`f¼ gks lds vkSj
fo'ks"kdj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa jkstxkj ds volj l`ftr gks ldsaA
z ,dhÑr 'khr Ja•yk,a vkSj ewY; lao/Zu volajpuk ds
fy, ;kstuk% bl ;kstuk dk y{; dksYM psu lqfo/kvksa
ds fuekZ.k dks c<+kok nsuk gS rkfd ,dhÑr 'khr Ja•yk,a
vkSj ewY; lao/Zu volajpukvksa dks iQkeZ xsV ls miHkksÙkQk
dks fcuk rksM+s eqgS;k djk;k tk ldsA
z MªkÝV Cyw bdksukWeh ikWfylh ÚseodZ% Hkkjr dh Cyw
bdksukWeh ij ,d çk:i vkfFkZd uhfr <kapk rS;kj fd;k
x;k gSA MªkÝV Cyw bdksukWeh ikWfylh ÚseodZ rVh; {ks=kksa ds
lrr fodkl ds fy, i;ZVu] egklkxj ÅtkZ] thfor lalk/
uksa vkSj futhZo lalk/uksa lfgr leqæh Mksesu ds lHkh {ks=kksa
ds lokZsÙke laHko mi;ksx dh dYiuk djrk gSA
z xq.koÙkk vk'oklu] dksMsDl] vkj ,aM Mh] vkSj
vU; çpkj xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, ;kstuk% bls ns'k dh
•k| ijh{k.k ç;ksx'kkykvksa ds cqfu;knh <kaps ds fuekZ.k]
,p,lhlhih@vkbZ,lvks 22000] vkbZ,lvks 14000@th,pih@
th,eih] vkSj vU; xq.koÙkk çca/u ç.kkfy;ksa dks ykxw djus
ds lkFk&lkFk u, mRiknksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa vkfn ds fy,
vuqla/ku vkSj fodkl esa lg;ksx djukA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. ns'k esa •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k dh pqukSfr;ka vkSj volj D;k
gSa\ •k| çlaLdj.k dks çksRlkfgr djds fdlkuksa dh vk;
esa i;kZIr o`f¼ dSls dh tk ldrh gS\ (2020)
2. •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k dh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy,
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk viukbZ xbZ uhfr ij foLrkj ls crk,aA
 (2019)
Hkkjr esa xqykch Økafr
z ^^xqykch Økafr** 'kCn ns'k ds iksYVªh vkSj ekal çlaLdj.k
{ks=k esa rduhdh çxfr dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA
Hkkjr esesa a [kk|
Hkkjr [kk|izizllaLdj.k
aLdj.kvkSvkS
j laj claaf/r
caf/r
m|ksm|ks
x x
z nqxZs'k iVsy dks xqykch Økafr dk tud dgk tkrk gSA
z xqykch Økafr ds nkSjku] rhu eq[; è;ku nsus ;ksX; {ks=k I;kt
mRiknu] iksYVªh vkSj ekal {ks=k vkSj nok fuekZ.k FksA
z Hkkjr] eqxks± vkSj eosf'k;ksa dh ,d cM+h vkcknh okyk
ns'k gS] bl {ks=k esa fodkl dh vlhe laHkkouk,a gSaA
z ekal m|ksx esa] vk/qfudhdj.k LFkkfir çfØ;kvksa dh
fo'ks"kKrk vkSj e'khuhdj.k dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
z varjkZ"Vªh; ekudksa dks iwjk djus vkSj cuk, j•us ds
fy, Hkkjrh; O;olk;ksa dks vkS|ksxhdj.k djuk pkfg,
vkSj ubZ rduhdksa dks viukuk pkfg,A
z cM+s iSekus ij mRiknu rduhdksa dks viukus vkSj
fodflr djus ls vkS|ksfxd mRikndrk Hkh c<+rh gSA
z pwafd Hkkjrh;ksa dk ,d cM+k fgLlk vHkh Hkh ikjaifjd
:i ls iSd fd, x, ekal dh rqyuk esa LFkkuh; LVksj
ls ekal •jhnuk ilan djrk gS] blfy, ?kjsyw cktkj ds
foLrkj ds fy, cgqr txg gSA
z vU; ns'kksa dks blds fu;kZr ij jksd yxkus ls jksdus ds fy,
i'kq jksxksa }kjk c<+rs •rjs ds vkyksd esa Hkkjr dks 'kh"kZ
Lrj dh lqfo/kvksa dh miyC/rk vkSj fodkl djuk pkfg,A
z xqykch Økafr jk"Vªh; ekal vkSj dqDdqV çlaLdj.k cksMZ
ds fu;a=k.k esa gS] ftldh ns•js• •k| çlaLdj.k ea=kky;
djrk gSA
Hkkjr esa xqykch Økafr dh orZeku fLFkfr%
z 2014 esa] Hkkjr us eos'kh ekal fu;kZr ds fy, nqfu;k esa
'kh"kZ LFkku gkfly djus ds fy, czkthy vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k
nksuksa dks ihNs NksM+ fn;kA
z cklerh pkoy ls igys] Hkkjr dk ekal mRiknu
2014&15 esa bldh lcls cM+h Ñf"k fu;kZr oLrq FkhA
z iatkc] egkjk"Vª] mÙkj çns'k vkSj vka/z çns'k egRoiw.kZ
ekal mRiknd {ks=k gSaA
z cwpM+•kus varjjk"Vªh; LoPNrk ekudksa dk ikyu djrs
gSa_ çlaLdj.k ds nkSjku lkjk dk;Z gkFkksa ds ctk; e'khuksa
ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS_ vkSj vk;krd ns'kksa ls gyky
fujh{kd vDlj vkrs gSaA
z 2014&15 esa 'kh"kZ fu;kZr cktkjksa esa lÅnh vjc] felz]
eysf'k;k] FkkbZySaM vkSj fo;ruke 'kkfey FksA
xqykch Økafr dh pqukSfr;k¡%
z Hkkjr i'kq/u dk nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k mRiknd gS] ysfdu
;g oSf'od cktkj dk yxHkx 2» gh gSA
487
z ekal vkSj dqDdqV ds fy, xq.koÙkk vkSj lqj{kk
vko';drkvksa dk ekudhdj.kA
z ekal vkSj dqDdqV&çlaLdj.k {ks=k ds fodkl esa lgk;rk ds
fy, dksYM LVksjst lqfo/kvksa dk fodklA
z ekal vkSj dqDdqV çlaLdj.k ds fy, {ks=k esa fuos'k vkSj
LoPN çFkkvksa esa o`f¼A
z ekal ds mRiknu vkSj fu;kZr dks fu;af=kr djus okys ekud
dkuwuksa vkSj fofu;eksa dk dk;kZUo;uA
z ekal ijh{k.k ds fy, vi;kZIr lqfo/k,aA
xqykch Økafr esa laHkkouk,a
z xzkeh.k Je 'kfÙkQ dk 10» i'kqikyu vkSj lacaf/r
O;olk;ksa esa dk;Zjr gSA
z ns'k esa eosf'k;ksa vkSj HkSalksa dh vkcknh dk vuqikr dqy
dk 58» gks x;k gSA
z vxys nl o"kks± esa] ekal dh vkSlr nSfud •ir orZeku
6 xzke ls c<+dj 50 xzke gks tk,xhA bl rjg ds
vHkwriwoZ rjhds ls ekal dh •ir c<+us ij m|ksx 'kkunkj
fodkl djsxkA
z Hkkjr viuh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr dks ns•rs gq, •kM+h vkSj
iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa esa cktkjksa ds fy, vkiwfrZ gsrq vPNh
fLFkfr esa gSA
z ;qok vkcknh ds vkgkj fodYiksa ds dkj.k Hkkjr mPp
çksVhu vkgkj dh vksj c<+ jgk gS A
z Hkkjr esa xksoa'k ekal {ks=k esa feykoV dh dksbZ fjiksVZ ntZ
ugha dh xbZ gSA
xqykch Økafr ds fy, ljdkjh igy
z bl m|ksx esa dksbZ dsaæh; mRikn 'kqYd ;k vk; dj
ugha gSaA
z ljdkj dbZ ifjogu lgk;d daifu;ka çnku djrh gS
vkSj iksYVªh vkSj iksYVªh mRiknksa ds fu;kZr dks çfrcaf/r
ugha djrh gSA
z çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k (FDI) ij çfrca/ gVkus ls Hkh
m|ksx esa cktkj ds voljksa ls 100» ,iQMhvkbZ dks ykHk
feyk gSA
z xq.koÙkk ekudksa] mRikn lanw"k.k vkSj {k;] vkSj cckZn
ekal dh ek=kk dks de djus ds fy, ljdkj us ns'k
Hkj esa cwpM+•kuksa ds vk/qfudhdj.k ds fy, ,d O;kid
j.kuhfr 'kq: dh gSA
z Hkkjrh; dqDdqV O;olk; lkykuk 8» vkSj 15» ds chp
vyx&vyx njksa ij c<+ jgk gS vkSj orZeku esa ;g
700 fcfy;u MkWyj ls vf/d dk gSA
488
fu"d"kZ
z Hkkjr esa ekal vkSj dqDdqV çlaLdj.k {ks=k esa dbZ pqukSfr;ksa
ds ckotwn fodkl ds fy, cgqr txg gSA orZeku esa]
çfrfnu çfr O;fÙkQ dsoy 6 xzke ekal dk lsou fd;k
tkrk gS_ gkyk¡fd] vxys nl o"kks± ds var rd] ;g
ek=kk c<+dj 50 xzke gks tk,xhA ekal dh •ir esa
vk'p;Ztud o`f¼ ds ifj.kkeLo:i {ks=k esa mYys•uh;
o`f¼ gksxhA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjr dks csgrj iks"k.k vkSj LokLF; ds fy, •k| m|ksx
esa xqykch Økafr dks c<+kok nsus ds mik;ksa dks etcwr
djus dh vko';drk gSA dFku dh vkykspukRed O;k[;k
dhft,A (2013)
jk"Vªh; •k| çlaLdj.k uhfr (2021)
z çLrkfor uhfr dk lokZsifj mís'; •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx ds
lexz foLrkj vkSj fodkl dks c<+kok nsrs gq, fdlkuksa dks
ykHknk;d fjVuZ çnku djuk gSA ekWMy uhfr mu dkjZokb;ksa
dh Hkh fliQkfj'k djrh gS tks jkT;ksa vkSj dsaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa
dks bu mís';ksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, djuh pkfg,A
z lq>kbZ xbZ ekWMy •k| çlaLdj.k uhfr ds mís'; fuEufyf•r
gSa%
 viO;; dks de djus] ewY;o/Zu esa o`f¼ djus]
miHkksÙkQkvksa dks lLrh vkSj xq.koÙkkiw.kZ mit dh miyC/
rk lqfuf'pr djrs gq, fdlkuksa ds fy, csgrj ewY;
lqfuf'pr djuk
 ikSf"Vd :i ls larqfyr •k| inkFkks± dh miyC/rk
lqfuf'pr djds dqiks"k.k vkSj dqiks"k.k dh pqukSfr;ksa dk
lek/ku djuk
 vkiwfrZ J`a•yk ds lkFk i;kZIr cqfu;knh lqfo/kvksa ds
fuekZ.k] vk/qfud rduhd vkSj uokpkj ds mi;ksx] irk
yxkus dh {kerk dks c<+kok nsus] •k| lqj{kk] laifÙk vkSj
lalk/uksa ds b"Vre {kerk mi;ksx dks çksRlkfgr djus
ds ekè;e ls •k| çlaLdj.k dks vf/d çfrLi/hZ vkSj
Hkfo"; ds fy, rS;kj djukA
 Ñf"k O;olk; vkSj •k| çlaLdj.k ds fy, Hkkjr dks
lcls ilanhnk fuos'k xarO; ds :i esa LFkkfir djukA
 Ñf"k O;olk; vkSj •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx ds fodkl
ds fy, vkSj vf/d volj iSnk djuk vkSj jkstxkj
l`ftr djukA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
uhfr vk;ksx% •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksxksa ij
Hkkjr @ 75
z uhfr vk;ksx us 'vfHkuo Hkkjr @75 ds fy;s dk;Zuhfr'
(Strategy for New India @ 75) esa Hkkjr esa •k|
çlaLdj.k m|ksxksa ds fy, fofHkUu fliQkfj'ksa dh gSa tks
uhps lwphc¼ dh xbZ gSa%
 ekWMy lafonk Ñf"k vf/fu;e 2018 dks ikfjr djkus
gsrq igy dh tkuh pkfg,A
 mfpr Ñf"k foi.ku lq/kj lqfuf'pr djuk] mnkgj.k
ds fy,] ,ih,elh vf/fu;e dk ,d leku fu"iknuA
 dbZ foHkkxksa vkSj dkuwuksa dks ,dy f•M+dh vuqeksnu
çnku djus esa vkus okyh ck/kvksa dks nwj djukA
 j.kuhfr nLrkost esa lq>ko fn;k x;k gS fd Ms;jh] lfCt;ksa
vkSj iQyksa lfgr tYn •jkc gksus okyh oLrqvksa ds fy,
xzkeh.k Lrj ij •jhn dsæa LFkkfir fd, tk,aA
 mRiknu dks çlaLdj.k ls tksM+k tk, % iQyksa vkSj
lfCt;ksa ds fy, cM+h çlaLdj.k lqfo/kvksa dks xzke Lrj
ds laxzg dsaæksa ls tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A xzkeh.k vkof/d
cktkjksa (vkjih,e) ds fudV çlaLdj.k lqfo/kvksa ds
fuekZ.k ds fy, futh {ks=k dks 'kkfey djukA
 Ñf"k ewY; J`a•ykvksa ds fy, cqfu;knh <k¡ps dh
fLFkfr% cqfu;knh <k¡ps ds ntZs ds fy, fn, tkus okys
foÙkh; ykHkksa dk ykHk mBkus ds fy,] xksnkeksa] iSdsftax
?kjksa] iQyksa dks idkus ds fy, ç;qÙkQ fd, tkus okys
d{kksa] vkSj 'khrx`gksa & tks fd xzkeh.k Lrj ij LFkkfir
fd, x, gSa & dks iw.kZ :i ls cqfu;knh <k¡ps dk ntkZ
fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
 xzkeh.k cktkj% xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa futh cktkj xfy;kjs
fodflr fd, tk,aA ljdkj dks Ñf"k lalk/dksa vkSj •k|
lalk/dksa ds lkFk dke djuk pkfg, rkfd iwoZ ,dhdj.k
ds ekè;e ls muds dPps eky dks lqjf{kr djus ds fy,
vkjih,e ds ekè;e ls çlaLdfjr fd;k tk ldsA
 Ñf"k midj.kksa esa futh fuos'k dks çksRlkfgr fd;k
tk,% futh O;kikfj;ksa dks çR;sd 5000 gsDVs;j Ñf"k
;ksX; Hkwfe ds fy, Hkkjh e'khujh dsUæ vkSj çR;sd 1000
gsDVs;j ds fy, NksVs Ñf"k midj.k e'khuhdj.k dsUæ
cukus ds fy, çksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
 fofHkUu ljdkjh igyksa dk vfHklj.k% dq'ky •jhn
fyad] çlaLdj.k lqfo/k,a] •qnjk J`a•yk vkSj fu;kZr
xfrfof/ LFkkfir djus ds fy, Ñf"k] •k| çlaLdj.k
vkSj okf.kT; ea=kky;ksa ds dk;ZØeksa ds chp leUo;
dh vko';drk gSA
Hkkjr esesa a [kk|
Hkkjr [kk|izizllaLdj.k
aLdj.kvkSvkS
j laj claaf/r
caf/r
m|ksm|ks
x x
 Ñf"k ,oa fdlku dY;k.k ea=kky; dh jk"Vªh;
Ñf"k fodkl ;kstuk (vkjdsohokbZ)] okf.kT;
vkSj m|ksx ea=kky; dh 'khr Ja•yk vkSj os;j
gkmflax volajpuk fodkl gsrq O;ogk;Zrk varj
foÙk iks"k.k ;kstuk] vkSj •k| çlaLdj.k ea=kky;
dh ç/kuea=kh fdlku laink ;kstuk lfgr fofHkUu
dk;ZØeksa ds fy, ,d lkFk dke djuk vklku gks
tk,xkA
 CykWd Lrjh; lalk/u dsaæ% dk;kZRed CykWd Lrjh;
lalk/u dsaæ LFkkfir fd, tk,a tks leqnk;ksa ds lewgksa
dks yf{kr djrs gksa vkSj ewY; J`a•yk cukus ds fy,
lkekftd lsok,a çnku djsaA
 Ñf"k vkSj fdlku dY;k.k foHkkx (DACFW) dks
xksnke vk/kfjr iksLV gkoZsLV J`.k vkSj bZ&,uMCY;wvkj
O;kikj dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, fn'kkfunZs'k rS;kj
djuk pkfg,A
z Fkksd cktkjksa dks mUur fd;k tk,% Fkksd cktkjksa dks
vLFkk;h HkaMkj.k] iSdgkml lapkyu vkSj dksYM LVksjst
lqfo/kvksa ds lkFk mUur fd;k tk,A
z nLrkost us ;g Hkh fpfUgr fd;k gS fd ,d çeq•
vkiwfrZ&i{k ck/k ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i egRoiw.kZ
iksLV&gkoZsLV gkfu (eq[; :i ls •jkc gksus okys
mRiknksa) vuqekfur :i ls # 92]561 djksM+ okf"kZd gS]
ftldk dkj.k mi;qÙkQ vkSj çHkkoh 'khr Ja•yk volajpuk
dk vHkko gSA
z {ks=kh; Lrj dh folaxfr;ka HkkSxksfyd :i ls vleku
:i ls LFkkfir 'khr Ja•ykvksa ds cqfu;knh <kaps dk Hkh
ifj.kke gSaA
z vkiwfrZ&i{k dh pqukSfr;k¡ Hkh xq.koÙkk vkSj laidZ ls
lacaf/r miLdj ck/kvksa ds dkj.k ns•h tkrh gSaA
 mnkgj.k ds fy,] lHkh çdkj ds eky dk 40»
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktekxks± ds ekè;e ls <ks;k tkrk
gS] tks nqfu;k ds dqy lM+d usVodZ dk dsoy
2» gSA
 ;g nqfu;k dh ekStwnk lM+d ç.kkfy;ksa ij ruko vkSj
HkhM+HkkM+ dh laHkkouk dks n'kkZrk gS] tks nksuksa gh rjg ds
•k| inkFkks± fo'ks"k :i ls •jkc gksus okys] ds ifjogu
ds fy, mi;qÙkQ ugha gSaA
z uhfrxr nLrkost ds vuqlkj] ;wjksih; la?k (bZ;w) us vf/d
vf/lwpuk,a tkjh dh gSa] vkSj rqdhZ] czkthy] phu vkSj
fo;ruke tSls vU; fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr
ls vf/d •siksa dks •kfjt dj fn;k gS vkSj vf/d •siksa
dks u"V dj fn;k gSA
489
 isM+ yxkuk
fofHkUu iQeZ rS;kj djuk
dkVuk
e'khu ls iq#"k 'kfÙkQ ls
ifjogu
t:jr esa okgu dk çdkj
m|ksx
vafre mRikn ds fy, çlaLdj.k
foi.ku
xzkgd ds fy,
çlaLdj.k O;kolk;hdj.k
vkiwfrZ J`a•yk çca/u
z eky ds çokg ds çca/u dks vkiwfrZ J`a•yk çca/u (SCM)
ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA blesa mRiknksa dh vkoktkgh vkSj
HkaMkj.k nksuksa 'kkfey gSa] ftuesa bUosaVªh] dPps eky vkSj
rS;kj mRiknksa dks mRiknu ds LFkku ls •ir ds fcanq rd
'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
vkiwfrZ J`a•yk çca/u dk egRo%
z O;olk; dh ykxr% Ø; vkSj mRiknu O;; dks de djds]
,llh,e O;olk; dh ykxr dks de djrk gSA mnkgj.k
ds fy,] ;fn vki fdjkus dh nqdku pykrs gSa vkSj lh/s
fdlkuksa ls VekVj •jhnrs gSa] rks vki viuh •jhnkjh djus
ds fy, fdlh rhljs i{k dks Hkqxrku djus dh ykxr dks
lekIr dj nsrs gSaA
z lkefjd ;kstuk% vkiwfrZ J`• a yk çca/u daiuh ds fy,
Hkfo"; ds foLrkj ds fy, vko';d cqfu;knh <kaps ds fodkl
esa lgk;rk djrk gS] ;gka rd fd fo'oO;kih Lrj ij HkhA
z O;kikj larqyu% ;g oLrqvksa dh vkiwfrZ vkSj miHkksÙkQk ekax
ds chp larqyu cukus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
z çHkkoh xzkgd lsok% ;g vf/d dq'ky vkSj çHkkoh xzkgd
lsok dks l{ke cukrk gSA xzkgd vius mRiknksa dks rsth ls
vkSj okns ds vuqlkj çkIr djrs gSaA
z ekuo thou;kiu dks lqfuf'pr djrk gS% ;g ekuo
thou dks cuk, j•us esa ;ksxnku nsrk gS] ekuo LokLF; lsok
dks c<+krk gS] vkSj euq";ksa dks pje tyok;q ls cpkrk gSA
z thou xq.koÙkk esa o`f¼% ,l lh ,e (SCM) lo thou
Lrj esa lq/kj djrk gS vkSj vkfFkZd foLrkj] ukSdfj;ksa ds
l`tu] çnw"k.k dks de djus dk volj vkSj vf/d ÅtkZ
laj{k.k dh {kerk ds fy, ,d uhao LFkkfir djrk gSA
vkiwfrZ J`a•yk çca/u dh pqukSfr;ka%
z •afMr vkiwfrZ J`a•yk% ,d yach vkSj •afMr vkiwfrZ
J`a•yk cckZnh vkSj c<+h gqbZ dherksa dk dkj.k curh gSA
vkiwfrZ J`a•yk esa vlaxfBr O;kikfj;ksa ds dkj.k O;kolkf;d
O;ogk;Zrk pqukSfr;ksa dks tUe nsrs gSaA
490
z 'khrx`gksa vkSj os;jgkmflax ds fy, vi;kZIr lqfo/k,a%
os;jgkmflax iwjh vkiwfrZ J`a•yk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gS
ftl ij eq[; :i ls vlaxfBr O;kikfj;ksa dk çHkqRo gSA
orZeku esa] 20» os;jgkmflax gh laxfBr gS] ftlesa ljdkj
laxfBr {ks=k ds 70» dks fu;af=kr djrh gSA
z •afMr cktkj% Hkkjrh; •qnjk m|ksx esa fdjkuk LVksj vkSj
NksVs Mhyjksa dk ncnck dk;e gSA ;g xzkgd vk/kj LFkkfir
djus ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ ck/k mRiUu djrk gSA
z laHkkj&ra=k laca/h leL;k,a % la;kstdrk vkSj fo'oluh;rk
,d pqukSrh cuh gqbZ gSA ns'k dh dsoy 2» lM+dsa jk"Vªh;
jktekxZ gSa] gkykafd os iwjs eky dk 40» ifjogu djrh
gSaA canjxkgksa rd igqap dh deh ls ykxr c<+rh gS vkSj
eky dh vkiwfrZ esa nsjh gksrh gSA jsy ds }kjk vafre ehy
laidZ dk vHkko gSA
z vfodflr çlaLÑr •k| cktkj% Hkkjr esa çlaLÑr
•k| cktkj vHkh Hkh viuh çkjafHkd voLFkk esa gS vkSj
vHkh Hkh fodflr gks jgk gSA
z ç.kkyh ,dhdj.k dk vHkko % vkiwfrZ J`a•yk dh ;kstuk
cukbZ tkuh pkfg, vkSj lexz :i ls ,d ,dhÑr rjhds ls
fodflr dh tkuh pkfg,A vkbZVh midj.k vkSj lkWÝVos;j
ds mi;ksx ds lkFk] u, mRikn ds fuekZ.k] •jhn vkSj forj.k
dh çfØ;kvksa dks i;kZIr :i ls lajfpr vkSj lefFkZr fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
z /heh mRiknu o`f¼ % mRiknu o`f¼ /heh gks jgh gS D;ksafd
vk/s ls vf/d lhekar fdlkuksa ds xjhch js•k ls uhps jgus
dh mEehn gS] tks Ñf"k mRikndrk esa o`f¼ dks jksd jgk
gSA yxHkx 67 çfr'kr Hkw&tksr lhekar gSa] ftudk vkSlr
vkdkj 0-4 gsDVs;j gSA
z cM+s iSekus ij vukSipkfjdhdj.k% •k| çlaLdj.k {ks=k
vR;f/d vukSipkfjd gS] ftlesa y?kq m|ksx bl {ks=k dk
50» ls vf/d fgLlk gSaA urhtru] os vkSipkfjd foÙkh;
{ks=k ls iSekus vkSj ykHk dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks çkIr djus
esa vleFkZ gSaA
z mijksÙkQ leL;kvksa ds vykok] m|ksx dks vU; leL;kvksa
dk Hkh lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS tSls vuqç;qÙkQ vuqla/ku
dh deh] dj laca/h eqís] ½.k dh miyC/rk] iqjkuh
rduhd] vkfnA
vkiwfrZ J`a•yk esa lqij ekdZsV dh Hkwfedk%
z rst xfr%
 ikjaifjd rjhdksa dh rqyuk esa lkekuksa dh rst vkoktkgh
lqijekdZsV Ja•yk }kjk gkfly dh tkrh gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z fofo/ mRikn%
 lqijekdZsV esa rjg&rjg ds lkeku gksrs gSaA xzkgdksa
ds ikl vc p;u vkSj miHkksx nksuksa ds fy, vf/d
fodYi gSaA
z lokZaxh.k miyC/rk%
 ikjaifjd ç.kkfy;ksa ds foijhr] lqijekdZsV lky Hkj
mRiknksa dks çLrqr djrs gSa] ;gka rd fd vkWiQ lhtu
ds nkSjku HkhA bl çdkj] HkaMkj.k laca/h lkekuksa ds fy,
cktkj mHkjsaxsA
z mRikndksa ds lkFk lh/k O;kikj%
 fdlku vc viuh mit •jhnus vkSj vafre miHkksÙkQk
rd igqapkus ds fy, fcpkSfy;ksa ij fuHkZj ugha gSaA
lqijekdZsV ç.kkyh dks bl rjg ls fMtkbu fd;k x;k gS
fd fdlku vius mRiknksa dks lh/s J`a•ykvksa esa vkiwfrZ
dj ldrs gSa vkSj ikjaifjd rjhdksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d
dher Hkh çkIr dj ldrs gSaA
z de ifjogu ykxr%
 fcpkSfy;ksa dks 'kkfey djus okys dbZ dkjdksa esa ifjogu
,d gSA vius xarO; rd igqapus ds fy, yach nwjh dh
;k=kk djus ds vykok] voSKkfud xfrfof/;ksa ls gksus
okys uqdlku ds dkj.k lkeku dks vLohdkj fd, tkus
dk tksf•e Hkh gksrk gSA •qnjk lqijekdZsV J`a•ykvksa ds
dkj.k fdlkuksa dks vc ifjogu ds ckjs esa fpark djus
dh vko';drk ugha gSA
z Ñf"k eafM;ksa dks lekIr djrs gSa%
 Ñf"k eafM;ka os LFkku gSa tgka fcpkSfy, dk;Zjr gSaA
Hkksys&Hkkys fdlkuksa dks de nke esa cspus ds fy,
cjxyk;k tkrk gS] tcfd O;kikfj;ksa dks T;knk iQk;nk
gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa vPNh •klh dekbZ ds csgrj
volj gSa D;ksafd mit eafM;ksa esa ugha igqapkbZ tkrh
gSA
z lq>ko@ fd, tkus okys mik;%
 ekax&vkiwfrZ dks fofu;fer fd;k tk,% ykHkçnrk
dks vf/dre djus ds fy,] ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ dh
vfLFkjrk dks iwjk djus ds fy, ,d çHkkoh vkiwfrZ
J`a•yk j.kuhfr dh vko';drk gSA
 ykHkçnrk çkIr djus ds fy, ykxr vkSj lwpuk
leUo; vko';d gSA xSj&ewY;of/Zr xfrfof/;ksa
dks lekIr djds ykxr de dh tk ldrh gS]
ftlls cM+s iSekus ij vFkZO;oLFkk,a vkSj rduhdksa
vkSj mRiknu dk vuqdwyu gks ldsA
v v v
Hkkjr esesa a [kk|
Hkkjr [kk|izizllaLdj.k
aLdj.kvkSvkS
j laj claaf/r
caf/r
m|ksm|ks
x x
 laHkkj.k ra=k dk lq/kj% orZeku ih,e&xzke lM+d
;kstuk] Hkkjrekyk vkSj lkxjekyk dk;ZØe dk mi;ksx
djds] vkiwfrZ J`•a yk dh ck/kvksa dks nwj fd;k tk jgk gSA
 lkoZtfud futh Hkkxhnkjh (ihihih) ,d vkSj
j.kuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k gSA /qykbZ] oSfDlax] xzsfMax] NaVkbZ]
iSfdax] çh&dwfyax] gSaMfyax lqfo/k,a] chek] foÙk]
ifjogu vkSj çlaLdj.k lqfo/kvksa ls vkiwfrZ J`a•yk dh
n{krk esa lq/kj gksxkA
 jk"Vªh; Ñf"k cktkj (bZ&,u,,e)% ;g ,d vf•y
Hkkjrh; cktkj gS] fcpkSfy;ksa ls NqVdkjk ikuk vklku
cukrk gS vkSj vkiwfrZ J`a•yk dks lexz :i ls lqO;ofLFkr
djrk gSA
 lafonk Ñf"k vf/fu;e% u;k lafonk Ñf"k vf/
fu;e vkiwfrZ Ja•yk dks cSdoMZ vkSj iQkWjoMZ fyadst
dks ,dhÑr djuk vklku cukrk gSA
 fujarj lwpukvksa dk vknku&çnku lqfuf'pr fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A lwpuk ds fujarj çokg dks cuk, j•uk
vko';d gSA
 bysDVªkWfud usxksf'k,cy os;jgkml jlhn
(bZ&,uMCY;wvkj)% cSadksa vkSj vU; foÙkh; laLFkkuksa }kjk
fuckZ/ n`<+ foÙkiks"k.k dks laHko cukus ds fy,] bysDVªkWfud
usxksf'k,cy os;jgkml jlhn (bZ&,uMCY;wvkj) fodflr
dh xbZ FkhA
 bafM;k iQwM cSafdax usVodZ (IFBN) tSlh igy ] tks
futh {ks=k vkSj ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa dh lgk;rk ls
lg;ksxh miHkksx ds fopkj dks vkxs c<+k jgh gSA
 vkiwfrZ J`a•ykvksa esa tksf•e&cpko vkSj mÙkjnk;h
vkiwfrZ J`a•ykvksa ds la;kstu dks viuk;k tkuk
pkfg,A vçR;kf'kr ekax dk tokc nsus ds fy,] vkiwfrZ
J`a•ykvksa dks ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ J`a•yk dh vfuf'prrk
dks çcaf/r djus dk ç;kl djuk pkfg,A
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjr esa Ñf"k mRiknksa ds ifjogu vkSj foi.ku esa eq[;
ck/k,¡ D;k gSa\ (2020)
2. iQyksa] lfCt;ksa vkSj •k| inkFkks± dh vkiwfrZ J`a•yk çca/u
esa lqijekdZsV dh Hkwfedk dh foospuk djsaA os fcpkSfy;ksa
dks dSls lekIr djrs gSa\ (2018)
3. Hkkjr esa m|ksx esa foi.ku vkSj vkiwfrZ J`a•yk çca/u esa
D;k ck/k,a gSa\ D;k bZ&dkWelZ bu ck/kvksa ij dkcw ikus
esa enn dj ldrk gS\ (2015)
491
 28 lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh
ifjp;
z lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh (Public Distribution System
(PDS)) lLrh dherksa ij •k|kUu ds forj.k ds ekè;e
ls deh ds çca/u dh ,d ç.kkyh ds :i esa fodflr
gqbZA ;g dsaæh; miHkksÙkQk ekeys] •k| vkSj lkoZtfud
forj.k ea=kky; ds varxZr vkrk gSA
z o"kks± ls] ihMh,l ns'k esa •k| vFkZO;oLFkk ds çca/u ds
fy, ljdkj dh uhfr dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk cu x;k gSA
z lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh çÑfr esa iwjd gS vkSj
bldk mís'; blds rgr forfjr fdlh Hkh oLrq dh laiw.kZ
vko';drk dks ,d ?kj ;k lekt ds ,d oxZ dks miyC/
djkuk ugha gSA
z lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh ljdkjksa dh la;qÙkQ ftEesnkjh
ds rgr lapkfyr gksrk gS A
 dsaæ ljdkj us Hkkjrh; •k| fuxe (,iQlhvkbZ) ds
ekè;e ls jkT; ljdkjksa dks •k|kUu dh •jhn] HkaMkj.k]
ifjogu vkSj Fkksd vkoaVu dh ftEesnkjh laHkkyh gSA
 jkT; ds Hkhrj vkoaVu] ik=k ifjokjksa dh igpku] jk'ku
dkMZ tkjh djus vkSj mfpr ewY; dh nqdkuksa (,iQih,l)
vkfn ds dkedkt dh fuxjkuh lfgr ifjpkyu laca/h
ftEesnkjh jkT; ljdkjksa ds ikl gSA
z ihMh,l ds rgr] orZeku esa xsgwa] pkoy] phuh vkSj feêðh
ds rsy tSlh oLrqvksa dks forj.k ds fy, jkT;ksa@dsaæ 'kkflr
çns'kksa dks vkoafVr fd;k tk jgk gSA dqN jkT;@la?k jkT;
{ks=k lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh dh nqdkuksa ds ekè;e ls
nkysa] •k| rsy] vk;ksMhu ;qÙkQ ued] elkys vkfn tSlh
cM+s iSekus ij •ir dh vfrfjÙkQ oLrqvksa dk forj.k Hkh
djrs gSaA
lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh dh i`"BHkwfe
z 1992 ls igys] ihMh,l fcuk fdlh fu/kZfjr tulkaf[;dh;
ds miHkksÙkQkvksa ds fy, ,d loZ&lekos'kh ik=krk dk;ZØe
FkkA ysfdu 1992 esa] ihMh,l vkjihMh,l (iqufuZfeZr
ihMh,l) esa cny x;k] fo'ks"k :i ls nwjnjkt ds] igkM+h
vkSj nqxZe {ks=kksa esa xjhc ifjokjksa ij è;ku dsafær djrs
gq, vkSj 1997 esa] vkjihMh,l us viuk uke cnydj
VhihMh,l (VkxZsVsM ihMh,l) dj fn;k] ftlus mfpr
ewY; dh nqdkuksa ij fj;k;rh ewY; ij •k|kUu miyC/
djkuk lsV fd;kA
z VhihMh,l dk U;kf;d vkSj fo/k;h leFkZu%
 lqçhe dksVZ us iQSlyk lquk;k fd "Hkkstu dk vf/dkj"
thou ds vf/dkj ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gS] tSlk fd
ihiqYl bu ;wfu;u iQkWj flfoy fycVhZt cuke Hkkjr
la?k ekeys esa lafo/ku ds vfHkys• 21 }kjk rdZlaxr
fn;k x;k gSA
 blds vuqlkj] jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk vf/fu;e (,u,iQ,l,)
2013 esa laln }kjk ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA yxHkx nks
frgkbZ vkcknh dks lfClMh okys •k|kUu forfjr djds]
,u,iQ,l, dk mís'; •kus ds vf/dkj dks dkuwuh
vf/dkj esa cnyuk gSA bu vf/dkjksa dks forfjr djus
ds fy,] ;g orZeku yf{kr lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh
(VhihMh,l) ç.kkyh dk mi;ksx djrk gSA
ihMh,l ds mís';
z lekt ds detksj oxks± dks mfpr (fj;k;rh) dherksa ij
•k|kUu vkSj vU; vko';d oLrq,a çnku djukA
z •qys cktkj esa vukt dh dherksa dks fu;af=kr djuk] ftldk
forj.k dqy foi.ku ;ksX; vf/'ks"k dk ,d cM+k fgLlk gSA
z vko';d oLrqvksa ds cktkj ewY; esa o`f¼ dks lhfer djukA
z mfpr forj.k dh xkjaVhA
z mfpr ykxr ij •k|kUu dh ,d fu/kZfjr U;wure ek=kk
dh miyC/rk lqfuf'pr djds de vk; okys yksxksa dh
lqj{kk djukA
vko';drkvksa dks dSls forfjr fd;k tk,] bl eqís dks
z
lkekftd cukus dk ç;kl djuk pkfg,A
ihMh,l dk egRo
z U;wure leFkZu ewY; vkSj •jhn dh O;oLFkk us •k|kUu
mRiknu esa o`f¼ esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
z xjhc ls xjhc yksxksa dks oguh; ewY; ij Hkkstu miyC/ Hkkjr esa ihMh,l ls tqM+s eqís
djkdj ns'k dh •k| vkSj iks"k.k lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djukA
z •k|kUu dk ciQj LVkWd ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd
ladV ds le; Hkh •k| dh vf/drk cuh jgsA
z ns'k ds vfrfjÙkQ {ks=kksa ls mlds Hkkstu dh deh okys fgLlksa
esa Hkkstu forfjr djuk vkSj Hkkstu dh ykxr dks fLFkj
j•us esa lgk;rk djukA

ihMh,l dh dk;Zç.kkyh
z igpku fd, x, ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks •k|kUu miyC/ djkus
ds fy, dsaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjsa la;qÙkQ ftEesnkjh lk>k
djrh gSaA
z dsaæ U;wure leFkZu ewY; (,e,lih) ij fdlkuksa ls vukt
•jhnrk gS vkSj dsaæh; fuxZe ewY; ij jkT;ksa dks csprk gSA
z ;g çR;sd jkT; esa vukt dks xksnkeksa rd igqapkus ds
fy, ftEesnkj gSA jkT; bu xksnkeksa ls çR;sd mfpr ewY;
dh nqdku (jk'ku dh nqdku) rd •k|kUu ds ifjogu
dh ftEesnkjh ogu djrs gSa] tgka ykHkkFkhZ fuEu dsaæh;
fuxZe ewY; ij •k|kUu •jhnrk gSA dbZ jkT; •k|kUu
dks ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks cspus ls igys mldh dherksa esa vkSj
lfClMh nsrs gSaA
z Hkkjrh; •k| fuxe (FCI) dsaæ dh ç/ku ,tsalh gS tks
•k|kUu dks jkT; ds xksnkeksa rd igq¡pkus ds fy, ftEesnkj
gSA fo'ks"k :i ls] FCI blds fy, ftEesnkj gS%
 fdlkuksa ls ,e,lih ij vukt dh •jhn
 •k| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vukt ds ifjpkyu
vkSj ciQj LVkWd dks cuk, j•uk
 jkT;ksa dks vukt vkoafVr djuk
 jkT; fMiks esa vukt dk forj.k vkSj ifjogu
 dsaæh; fuxZe ewY; ij jkT;ksa dks •k|kUu cspus dk Hkkj
varr% ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ij Mkyk tk,xkA
fdlku
,e,lih dsaæ (,iQlhVh)
ij •jhn
jkT; ljdkj
dsaæh; fuxZe ewY;
ij vkoaVu mfpr ewY; dh nqdkusa
forj.k
dsaæh; fuxZe ewY; ij vukt dh fcØh ykHkkFkhZ
z mRiknu cuke •jhn% jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk vf/fu;e ds
vuqlkj] dkuwuh nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, dsaæ gj
lky yk•ksa Vu •k|kUu dh yxkrkj •jhn djrk gSA mPp
mRiknu okys o"kks± esa •k|kUu dh bruh ek=kk çkIr djuk
vklku gks ldrk gSA gkyk¡fd] Hkkjr dks lw•s ds o"kks± vkSj
?kjsyw Hkkstu dh deh ds nkSjku pkoy vkSj xsgwa ds vk;kr
ij cgqr vf/d fuHkZj jgus dh vko';drk gksxhA blls
ewY; fu/kZj.k ncko dkiQh c<+ tk,xk] tks •k| lfClMh
dks çHkkfor djsxkA
z •k|kUu vkoaVu vkSj dqy •jhn% Ñf"k ykxr vkSj
ewY; vk;ksx ds vuqlkj ] 2009&10 ds fy, jk"Vªh; uewuk
loZs{k.k dh tkudkjh ds vk/kj ij] VhihMh,l ds rgr
dqy •jhn dk dsoy 60» miHkksx fd;k x;k FkkA blls
irk pyrk gS fd djhc 40» •jhn eqÙkQ cktkj esa yhd
gks jgk gSA
z ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh igpku% vuqla/ku us çnf'kZr fd;k gS
fd VhihMh,l tSlh y{;hdj.k j.kuhfr;ksa esa egRoiw.kZ
lekos'ku vkSj cfg"dj.k =kqfV;ka gSaA blls irk pyrk gS fd
tks ykHkkFkhZ ik=k gSa ysfdu •k|kUu çkIr ugha dj jgs gSa
os vuqfpr ykHk çkIr dj jgs gSaA 2009 dh ,d fo'ks"kK
lfefr us ik;k fd 25» xSj&xjhc ifjokjksa dks chih,y
lwph esa j•k x;k Fkk] yxHkx 61» ik=k vkcknh dks NksM+
fn;k x;k Fkk
z ?kksLV dkMZ% xSj&ekStwn yksxksa ds uke ij cuk, x, dkMZ
dks ^?kksLV dkMZ* dgk tkrk gSA ?kksLV dkMZ crkrs gSa fd
ik=k ?kjksa ls vukt pqjkdj •qys cktkj esa cspk tk jgk gSA

lkoZttfud
lkoZ fud forj.k
forj.kiz.izkkyh
.kkyh 493
z jkT;ksa dh HkaMkj.k {kerk esa leL;k% HkaMkj.k {kerk dh
ek=kk vleku :i ls {ks=kksa ds chp forfjr dh tkrh gSA bl
rF; ds foijhr fd jktLFkku vkSj egkjk"Vª tSls cgqr lkjs
lalk/uksa dk miHkksx djus okys {ks=kksa esa txg dh deh gSA
gky ds vkadM+s crkrs gSa fd ns'k dh HkaMkj.k {kerk dk
64 çfr'kr iatkc] gfj;k.kk] vka/z çns'k] mÙkj çns'k vkSj
NÙkhlx<+ esa dsafær gS A
z dbZ jkT;ksa vkSj dsaæ'kkflr çns'kksa esa de {kerk dk
mi;ksx% ,iQlhvkbZ esa HkaMkj.k dh lhekvksa ds ckotwn]
dSx vkWfMV esa ik;k x;k fd fofHkUu jkT;ksa vkSj dsaæ 'kkflr
çns'kksa esa miyC/ HkaMkj.k {kerk dk mi;ksx Hk;kog gSA
z •k|kUu dk fjlko% VhihMh,l esa jk'ku dh nqdkuksa ls
vkSj •qys cktkj esa ys tkrs le; cM+s iSekus ij •k|kUu dk
fjlko gksrk gSA ;kstuk vk;ksx us VhihMh,l dk ewY;kadu
djrs le; iwjs Hkkjr esa ihMh,l pkoy vkSj xsgwa ds
36» fjlko dh •kst dhA
ihMh,l ds fy, lq/kj
z çkS|ksfxdh vk/kfjr lq/kjksa dh lwph%
lq/kj dk çdkj
z ykHkkFkhZ MsVk dh vkWuykbu çfof"V vkSj lR;kiu dh vuqefr nsrk gS_
jk'ku dkMks± dk
z ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh ekfld gdnkjh] vkfJrksa dh la[;k] ykHkkfFkZ;ksa }kjk mfpr nj nqdku ls mBk;s x;s
fMftVyhdj.k
•k|kUu vkfn dk vkWuykbu Hk.Mkj.kA
,iQih,l dks z ,iQih,l vkoaVu] LVkWd cSylas dh ?kks"k.kk] osc vk/kfjr Vªd pkyku vkfn dk dEI;wVjhdj.k djrk gSA
dEI;wVjhÑr vkoaVu z ysu&nsu dh Rofjr vkSj dq'ky VªSfdax dh vuqefr nsrk gS
494
z igpku i=k vk/kfjr lq/kj% VhihMh,l vkSj vk/kj ,dhdj.k
ykHkkFkhZ dh igpku esa lq/kj djsxk vkSj lekos'ku vkSj
cfg"dj.k =kqfV;ksa ds eqís ls fuiVsxkA Hkkjrh; fof'k"V igpku
çkf/dj.k ds ,d 'kks/ ds vuqlkj] VhihMh,l ds lkFk vk/kj
dk mi;ksx djus ls MqIyhdsV vkSj iQthZ (>wB)s ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks
gVkus vkSj ykHkkFkhZ dh igpku esa lq/kj djus esa enn feysxhA
z 'kkark dqekj lfefr dh fliQkfj'ksa% bls ykxw fd;k tk
ldrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy,% ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,
çkFkfedrk nh tkuh pkfg, fd ,iQlhvkbZ Rofjr vkSj dq'ky
rjhds ls lapkfyr gksA
z ihMh,l ;kstukvksa ds fy, •jhns x, •k|kUu dk mfpr
HkaMkj.k lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, HkaMkj.k {kerk c<+kbZ
tkuh pkfg,A lkoZtfud futh Hkkxhnkjh (ifCyd çkbosV
ikVZujf'ki(ihihih)) ra=k ds ekè;e ls ;kstukxr ;kstukvksa
vkSj futh fuos'k ls /u dk ykHk mBkdj iwjs ns'k esa HkaMkj.k
{kerkvksa dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA
z udn gLrkarj.k dh dq'kyrk ls fuxjkuh dh tkuh pkfg,%
 Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad (RBI) us jkT; ds foÙk ij viuh
fjiksVZ esa çoklu dks ykxw djrs le; lrdZ jgus ds
fy, udn gLrkarj.k ij fLop djus ij fopkj djus
okys jkT;ksa dks psrkouh nh gSA
 blds vfrfjÙkQ] vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2016&17 esa lfClMh
okyh ihMh,l vkiwfrZ ls MhchVh ij fLop djrs
le; csgrj cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj c<+h gqbZ le>nkjh dh
vko';drk ij tksj fn;k x;kA
z çkS|ksfxdh vk/kfjr fofHkUu lq/kj (dqN jkT;ksa esa ykxw
fd, tk jgs gSa)% ftu jkT;ksa us çkS|ksfxdh ds vk/kj ij
VhihMh,l lq/kjksa dks viuk;k gS% ok/ok lfefr] ftls lqçhe
dksVZ us fu;qÙkQ fd;k Fkk] us ik;k fd dqN jkT;ksa us VhihMh,l
dk dEI;wVjhdj.k fd;k Fkk vkSj vU; rduhdh lq/kjksa dks
viuk;k FkkA çkS|ksfxdh ij vk/kfjr lq/kj VhihMh,l ds
nkSjku •k|kUu ds fjlko dks jksdus esa l{ke FksA mnkgj.k ds
fy,% gfj;k.kk] vka/z çns'k] vksfM'kk vkfn us ykHkkFkhZ MsVk dks
LVksj djus ds fy, mi;ksx fd, tkus okys lqjf{kr bysDVªkfW ud
midj.kksa dks çsfjr fd;k gS vkSj tkylkth dks jksdk gSA
lq/kj ds ykHk
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 z ykHkkFkhZ MsVk dks LVksj djus ds fy, mi;ksx fd, tkus okys lqjf{kr bysDVªkWfud midj.k
jk'ku dkMZ ds LFkku ij z uke] irk] ck;ksesfVªDl chih,y@,ih,y Js.kh vkSj ykHkkfFkZ;ksa vkSj ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dh ekfld
LekVZ dkMZ tkjh djuk ik=krk tSls MsVk laxzghr djrk gS
z tkylkth jksdrk gS
thih,l rduhd dk z jkT; fMiks ls ,iQih,l rd •k|kUu ys tkus okys Vªdksa dh vkoktkgh ij utj j•us ds fy,
bLrseky thih,l rduhd dk mi;ksx
,l,e,l vk/kfjr z ukxfjdksa }kjk fuxjkuh dh vuqefr nsrk gS rkfd os vius eksckby uacj iathÑr dj ldsa vkSj
fuxjkuh VhihMh,l oLrqvksa ds çs"k.k vkSj vkxeu ds nkSjku ,l,e,l vyVZ Hkst@çkIr dj ldsa
osc vk/kfjr ukxfjd z f'kdk;rksa ;k lq>koksa dks ntZ djus ds fy, dkWy lsaVjksa ds fy, Vksy Úh uacj tSls f'kdk;r
iksVZy dk mi;ksx fuokj.k ra=k dk çpkj djrk gS

ihMh,l dh n{krk esa lq/kj ds mik;
z fodsaæhÑr •jhn% ftlesa dsaæ ds ctk; jkT; ljdkjsa
LFkkuh; :i ls mRikfnr •k|kUuksa dh •jhn vkSj forj.k
djsaxhA blls ;g lqfuf'pr gksxk fd •k|kUuksa dh fofo/
rk cuh jgsA
z ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dk mfpr oxhZdj.k% pwafd leL;k dk ,d
cM+k fgLlk iQthZ ykHkkfFkZ;ksa vkSj jk'ku dkMks± esa fufgr gS]
blfy, ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd VhihMh,l ;kstuk ds y{;ksa dks
iwjk djus ds fy, ykHkkfFkZ;ksa] ,ih,y] chih,y] ;k ,,okbZ
ifjokjksa dh igpku vkSj oxhZdj.k iQqyçwiQ gksA
z mfpr ewY; dh nqdkuksa (FPSs) dks çksRlkgu nsuk% gky
gh esa] fnYyh tSlh dqN jkT; ljdkjksa us ,iQih,l ds
ekfydksa ds fy, foLrkfjr •qys le; ds fy, çksRlkgu
jkf'k c<+k nh gSA blds vykok] mUgksaus vU; oLrqvksa dks
cspus dh Hkh vuqefr nh gS tks ihMh,l ;kstuk ds varxZr
ugha vkrh gSaA blls mUgsa lh/s rkSj ij viuh nqdku •ksyus
ds fy, çksRlkgu feysxkA
z tyok;q ifjorZu ds lkFk vuqdwyu% tyok;q ifjorZu
ls yM+us vkSj tyok;q vuqdwy iQlyksa dks viukus dh
vko';drk gSA
z jkT;ksa }kjk ykxw VhihMh,l ds çkS|ksfxdh vk/kfjr lq/kj%
;g ik;k x;k gS fd dqN jkT; ftUgksaus VhihMh,l esa
dEI;wVjhdj.k vkSj vU; çkS|ksfxdh vk/kfjr lq/kjksa dks
ykxw fd;k Fkk] os VhihMh,l ds nkSjku •k|kUu ds fjlko
dks jksdus esa liQy jgs gSaA
z ;wfuolZy ihMh,l% ;wfuolZy ihMh,l jkT; dks ykHkkfFkZ;ksa
dks yf{kr djus esa =kqfV;ksa ls cpus esa enn djrk gS] vkSj
rfeyukMq ns'k esa lcls vPNk çn'kZu djus okys jkT;ksa esa
ls ,d gSA
z •k| dwiu% ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks iSls ds cnys dwiu fn, tkrs
gSa] ftudk mi;ksx fdlh Hkh fdjkuk LVksj ls •k|kUu
•jhnus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl O;oLFkk ds rgr
ihMh,l LVksjksa dks vukt fj;k;rh nj ij ugha fn;k tk,xkA
blds ctk;] ykHkkFkhZ •qnjk foØsrkvksa (tks ihMh,l LVksj
gks ldrs gSa) ls •k|kUu •jhnus ds fy, •k| dwiu dk
mi;ksx djsaxsA •qnjk foØsrk bu dwiuksa dks LFkkuh; cSad esa
ys tkrs gSa vkSj iSls dh çfriwfrZ dh tkrh gSA
dsl LVMh
z NÙkhlx<+ ljdkj dh bZ&ihMh,l ifj;kstuk% ftlesa
fMiks ls ysdj ,iQih,l rd dh fj;y Vkbe thih,l
ekWfuVfjax 'kkfey gSA ihMh,l ;kstuk esa NÙkhlx<+ ds
vPNs çn'kZu dk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh gSA
•k| lqj{kk
z la;qÙkQ jk"Vª dh fo'o •k| lqj{kk lfefr ds vuqlkj] •k|
lqj{kk og fLFkfr gS ftlesa lHkh yksxksa dks gj le; i;kZIr]
lqjf{kr vkSj ikSf"Vd Hkkstu rd HkkSfrd] lkekftd vkSj
vkfFkZd igqap çkIr gksrh gS tks mudh vkgkj laca/h t:jrksa
vkSj Hkkstu dks iwjk djrk gSA ,d lfØ; vkSj LoLFk thou
ds fy, ojh;rk,¡A fuEufyf•r rhu dkjdksa ds la;kstu ls
•k| lqj{kk çkIr gksrh gS%
 Hkkstu vklkuh ls miyC/ gksuk pkfg,] ;kuh ;g
yxkrkj vkSj i;kZIr ek=kk esa gksuk pkfg,A
 ;g ,d fuf'pr LFkku esa vkiwfrZ vkSj mRiknu ds
lkFk&lkFk O;kikj ;k ekuoh; lgk;rk ds ekè;e ls
•k| vk;kr djus dh {kerk dks è;ku esa j•rk gSA
 Hkkstu dh miyC/rk] yksxksa dks fu;fer :i ls
i;kZIr Hkkstu çkIr djus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg,] pkgs og
,deq'r •jhn] ?kjsyw mRiknu] oLrq fofue;] migkj]
m/kj ;k •k| lgk;rk ds ekè;e ls gksA

lkoZttfud
lkoZ fud forj.k
forj.kiz.izkkyh
.kkyh 495
z dqN rF; (gesa •k| lqj{kk dh vko';drk D;ksa gS)%
 2020 esa] oSf'od Hkw• esa ^ukVdh; fxjkoV* vkbZ] ftlesa
fuLlansg ,d cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkkus okys COVID&19 ds
çHkko FksA ^fo'o esa •k| lqj{kk vkSj iks"k.k dh fLFkfr*
uked ,d cgq&,tsalh vkdyu esa Hkfo";ok.kh dh
xbZ gS fd fiNys lky nqfu;k Hkj esa 81-1 djksM+
yksx dqiksf"kr Fks] gkykafd egkekjh ds çHkkoksa dh iwjh
xqatkb'k vHkh rd fu/kZfjr ugha dh xbZ gSA
 nqfu;k ds ,d pkSFkkbZ Hkw•s yksx Hkkjr esa jgrs gSa] tgka
la;qÙkQ jk"Vª&Hkkjr dk vuqeku gS fd djhc 195
fefy;u dqiksf"kr yksx gSaA
 Hkkjr es]a 43» ls vf/d cPps yacs le; ls dqiksf"kr gSAa
 Hkkjr esa] xjhch esa jgus okys yksxksa dk çfr'kr
2011&12 esa yxHkx 22» rd fxj x;k (rsanqydj
lfefr us xjhch ds vuqikr dh x.kuk dh)A
oSf'od Hkq•ejh lwpdkad
z th,pvkbZ oSf'od] {ks=kh; vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrjksa ij Hkw• dks
O;kid :i ls ekius vkSj VªSd djus ds fy, fMtkbu
fd;k x;k ,d midj.k gSA Hkw• ls fuiVus esa çxfr vkSj
vliQyrkvksa dk vkdyu djus ds fy, gj lky th,pvkbZ
Ldksj dh x.kuk dh tkrh gSAth,pvkbZ dks Hkw• ds f•ykiQ
la?k"kZ ds ckjs esa tkx:drk vkSj le> c<+kus] ns'kksa vkSj {ks=kksa
ds chp Hkw• ds Lrj dh rqyuk djus dk ,d rjhdk çnku
djus vkSj nqfu;k ds mu {ks=kksa ij è;ku vkdf"kZr djus ds
fy, fMtkbu fd;k x;k gS tgk¡ Hkw• dk Lrj lcls vf/d
gS vkSj tgk¡ vfrfjÙkQ ç;klksa dh vko';drk gS Hkw• feVkuk
lcls cM+k gSA
z th,pvkbZ x.kuk% Hkw• ds f•ykiQ yM+kbZ esa liQyrkvksa
vkSj vliQyrkvksa dk ewY;kadu djus ds fy, th,pvkbZ
Ldksj lkykuk fu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
z th,pvkbZ fuEufyf•r pkj ladsrdksa dk mi;ksx djds
fu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk gS%
1- vYiiks"k.k% tula[;k dk çfr'kr ftldk dSyksjh
lsou vi;kZIr gSA
2- pkbYM osfLVax% ikap lky ls de mez ds cPpksa dk
çfr'kr] ftudk otu mudh ÅapkbZ ds eqdkcys de
gS] xaHkhj dqiks"k.k dk ladsr gSA
3- pkbYM LVafVax% ikap lky ls de mez ds cPpksa dk
çfr'kr tks de otu okys ;k yacs le; ls dqiksf"kr gSAa
4- cky e`R;q nj% ikap lky dh mez ls igys ejus okys
cPpksa dk çfr'krA
496
z th,pvkbZ pkj ladsrdksa ds ewY;ksa ds vk/kj ij ,d vad
çnku djrk gS] ftlesa 0 lcls cM+k laHko ifj.kke (dksbZ
Hkw• ugha) vkSj 100 lcls •jkc dk çfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA
z çR;sd ns'k dk th,pvkbZ Ldksj xaHkhjrk Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr
gS tks fuEu ls ysdj cgqr •rjukd rd gSA
z Hkw•% ;g vkerkSj ij i;kZIr dSyksjh dh deh ls tqM+s ladV
dks lanfHkZr djus ds fy, le>k tkrk gSA la;qÙkQ jk"Vª ds
•k| vkSj Ñf"k laxBu (,iQ,vks) Hkkstu ds vHkko] ;k
vYiiks"k.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS] D;ksafd çR;sd O;fÙkQ dks
LoLFk vkSj mRiknd thou thus ds fy, vko';d U;wure
ek=kk esa vkgkj ÅtkZ çnku djus ds fy, cgqr de dSyksjh
dh •ir gksrh gS] ml O;fÙkQ ds fyax dks ns•rs gq, ] vk;q]
dn vkSj 'kkjhfjd xfrfof/ LrjA
z rF;%
 th,pvkbZ dks ,uthvks dh daluZ oYMZokbM vkSj
Welthungerhilfe (osYFkqaxjfgYiQ) }kjk rS;kj fd;k
x;k gS_
 bls igyh ckj o"kZ 2006 esa fufeZr fd;k x;k Fkk_
 mPp vk; okys jk"Vª th,pvkbZ lwpdkad esa 'kkfey
ugha gSa_
 oSf'od Hkw• lwpdkad 2021 esa Hkkjr dh jSafdax 116
ns'kksa esa ls 101 (2020 ds 94 ds lwpdkad ls fiQly
x;k) gS_
jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk vf/fu;e 2013
z ,u,iQ,l, ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd yksxksa ds ikl
i;kZIr ek=kk esa vPNs Hkkstu dh ykxr gks] tks mUgsa vius
iwjs thou pØ esa lEekuiwoZd thus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
z xzkeh.k vkcknh dk 75» vkSj 'kgjh vkcknh dk 50»
rd yf{kr lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh (VhihMh,l) }kjk
doj fd;k tkrk gS] tks fj;k;rh •k|kUu çnku djrk gSA
vaR;ksn; vUu ;kstuk (,,okbZ) ifjokjksa vkSj çkFkfedrk
okys ifjokjksa dh nks Jsf.k;ksa ds rgr] 75» xzkeh.k vkSj
50» 'kgjh vkcknh dkiQh gn rd lfClMh okys •k|kUu
çkIr djus ds fy, ik=k gSaA
z ,u,iQ,l, laiw.kZ tula[;k ds 67» dks lsok çnku
djrk gSA 2011 dh tux.kuk ds tulkaf[;dh; vuqekuksa ds
vuqlkj] bl vf/fu;e esa ns'k dh dqy vkcknh dk yxHkx
nks frgkbZ fgLlk 'kkfey gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ik=krk% jkT; ljdkj ds fn'kk&funZs'kksa ds vuqlkj VhihMh,l
ds rgr 'kkfey fd, tkus okys çkFkfedrk okys ifjokj_
ekStwnk vaR;ksn; vUu ;kstuk ds rgr 'kkfey ifjokjA
z vf/fu;e ds vuqlkj] vaR;ksn; vUu ;kstuk ds ifjokj
çR;sd ekg 35 fdyksxzke •k|kUu ds gdnkj gSa] tcfd
çkFkfedrk okys ifjokj çfr O;fÙkQ dsoy 5 fdyksxzke
•k|kUu ds gdnkj gSaA
z jk'ku dkMZ forj.k ds mís'; ls] ykHkkFkhZ ds ?kj dh lcls
o`¼ efgyk (18 o"kZ ;k mlls vf/d) dks ^^ifjokj dk
eqf•;k** dgk tkrk gSA
z f'kdk;r fuokj.k ç.kkyh% ftyk vkSj jkT; Lrjksa ij
f'kdk;r fuokj.k ra=k lqyHk gSaA
,u,iQ,l, dk egRo%
z ;g Ñf"k m|ksx ds fy, iQk;nsean gSA
z blds vykok] ;g •k| dherksa dks fu;a=k.k esa j•us esa
lgk;rk djrk gSA
z Ñf"k {ks=k esa o`f¼ ls jkstxkj dh vf/d laHkkouk,¡ iSnk gksaxh
D;ksafd Ñf"k ,d Je ç/ku O;olk; gSA ,slk djus ls xjhch
de gksxh vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl gksxkA
z LokLF; ykHk% ikSf"Vd Hkkstu rd igqap ls yksxksa ds lkekU;
LokLF; esa o`f¼ gksxhA
z ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh fLFkjrk vkSj lqj{kk bldh •k|
vkiwfrZ dks lqjf{kr djus dh {kerk ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh
gSA
vf/fu;e dh vkykspuk%
z fdlku la?k us Hkh bl vf/fu;e dk fojks/ fd;k] ;g
rdZ nsrs gq, fd ;g ljdkj dks Ñf"k mRiknu dk vf/
dka'k fgLlk çkIr djus] cspus vkSj tek djus ds fy,
etcwj djds Ñf"k dk jk"Vªh;dj.k djsxkA blds vfrfjÙkQ]
;g lhekar vkSj NksVs fdlkuksa dks çnku dh tkus okyh
lgk;rk dks de djsxk vkSj fdlkuksa dh lkSnsckth dh
{kerk dks de djsxkA
z vf/fu;e vkiwfrZ J`a•yk esa futh laLFkkvksa dks Hkh vuqefr
nsrk gS] tks ykHk dekus vkSj csbZeku O;kolkf;d çFkkvksa
dh vuqefr nsrk gSA ihMh,l vkSj vkiwfrZdrkZ J`a•yk dh
yhd vkSj csbZeku O;ogkj blds çHkkoh lapkyu ds
fy, vfrfjÙkQ ck/k,a gSaA
lkoZttfud
lkoZ fud forj.k
forj.kiz.izkkyh
.kkyh
z gkykafd vf/fu;e eq[; :i ls Hkw• vkSj mlds mUewyu
dks lacksf/r djrk gS] ysfdu ;g dqiks"k.k ds udkjkRed
çHkkoksa dks nwj djus vkSj mUgsa dSls lacksf/r fd;k tk,]
bldh mis{kk djrk gSA urhtru] vf/fu;e dks Hkkstu ds
vf/dkj vkSj iks"k.k ds vf/dkj nksuksa dks 'kkfey djus ds
fy, dke djuk pkfg,A
,u,iQ,l, vkSj efgyk,a%
z efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa ds fy, iks"k.k laca/h lgk;rk%
,dhÑr cky fodkl lsok (vkbZlhMh,l) vkSj eè;kÉ
Hkkstu (,eMh,e) dk;ZØeksa ds rgr] 6 eghus ls 14 o"kZ
dh vk;q ds cPps] xHkZorh efgyk,a vkSj Lruiku djkus
okyh ekrk,a ,sls Hkkstu dh gdnkj gSa tks fufnZ"V iks"k.k
ekudksa dk ikyu djrs gSa A Ng o"kZ dh vk;q rd ds
dqiksf"kr cPpksa ds fy, mPp iks"k.k ekudksa dh fliQkfj'k
dh xbZ gSA
z ekr`Ro ykHk% xHkZorh ;k Lruiku djkus okyh efgykvksa dks
Hkh 6]000 #i;s dk ekr`Ro ykHk feysxkA
z efgyk vf/dkfjrk% jk'ku dkMZ tkjh djus ds fy, ?kj
dh lcls cqtqxZ efgyk ftldh mez de ls de 18 o"kZ
gks] ?kj dh eqf•;k gksuh pkfg,A
fVIi.kh%
z dsaæh; fuxZe ewY; (lhvkbZih)] tks dbZ o"kks± ls fLFkj
gSa] dks vkfFkZd loZs{k.k& 2020&21 esa la'kks/u ds fy,
lq>k;k x;k gSA
z uhfr vk;ksx ds ,d ppkZ i=k ds vuqlkj] jk"Vªh; •k|
lqj{kk vf/fu;e (,u,iQ,l,)] 2013 }kjk doj fd,
x, xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh {ks=kksa ds vuqikr dks Øe'k% 60»
vkSj 40» rd de fd;k tkuk pkfg, A
 doj fd, x, O;fÙkQ;ksa dh dqy la[;k orZeku 81-35
djksM+ ls c<+dj 89-52 djksM+ gks tk,xh] 8-17 djksM+
dh o`f¼] ;fn xzkeh.k&'kgjh dojst vuqikr leku
jgrk gS (dqy tula[;k dk 67») (vuqekfur 2020
tula[;k ds vk/kj ij) vkSj blfy, blls 14]800
djksM+ #i;s dh vfrfjÙkQ lfClMh dh vko';drk gksxhA
 ;fn jk"Vªh; dojst vuqikr dks de fd;k tkrk rks dsaæ
47]229 djksM+ #i;s rd cpk ldrk FkkA ljdkj bl
cpr jkf'k dk mi;ksx LokLF; vkSj f'k{kk tSls vU;
egRoiw.kZ eqíksa dks gy djus ds fy, dj ldrh gSA
497
 foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk vf/fu;e] 2013 ds rgr fd, x,
çko/kuksa ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s%
 (2018)
1- dsoy 'xjhch js•k ls uhps (chih,y)' dh Js.kh esa
vkus okys ifjokj gh lfClMh okys •k|kUu çkIr djus
ds ik=k gSa
2- jk'ku dkMZ tkjh djus ds mís'; ls ?kj dh lcls cM+h
efgyk] ftldh mez 18 o"kZ ;k mlls vf/d gS] ?kj
dh eqf•;k gksxhA
3- xHkZorh efgyk,a vkSj Lruiku djkus okyh ekrk,a
xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku vkSj mlds ckn Ng eghus ds
fy, çfr fnu 1600 dSyksjh ds 'Vsd&gkse jk'ku' dh
gdnkj gSaA
Åij fn, x, dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
(b) dsoy 2
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(d) dsoy 3
,u,iQ,l, jSafdax 2022
z mís';%
 jkT;ksa ds lkFk ijke'kZ djus ds ckn] lwpdkad ns'k Hkj
esa ,u,iQ,l, ds dk;kZUo;u dh fLFkfr vkSj çxfr
ds lkFk&lkFk dbZ lq/kj mik;ksa dks VªSd djus ds fy,
vkbZ,e,l gSA
 jkT;ksa vkSj dsaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa }kjk fd, x, lq/kjksa dks
mtkxj djds] ;g ØkWl&yfuZax dks c<+kok nsrk gS
vkSj lHkh jkT;ksa vkSj dsaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa dks muds
lq/kj ç;klksa dks c<+kus esa enn djrk gSA
 ih,edsth,okbZ (ç/kuea=kh xjhc dY;k.k vUu ;kstuk)
isvkmV vkSj laHkkfor •jhn dks ml baMsDl esa 'kkfey
fd;k tk,xk tks orZeku esa T;knkrj ,u,iQ,l, forj.k
ij dsafær gS A
z rF;%
 lkekU; Js.kh ds jkT;% vksfM'kk igys] mÙkj çns'k nwljs
vkSj vka/z çns'k rhljs vkSj rhljs LFkku ijA
 fo'ks"k Js.kh ds jkT;% fo'ks"k Js.kh ds jkT;ksa (mÙkj&iwohZ
jkT;] fgeky;h jkT; vkSj }hih; jkT;) esa f=kiqjk igys
LFkku ij gSA fgekpy çns'k vkSj flfDde Øe'k% nwljs
vkSj rhljs LFkku ij gSaA
498
 lcls •jkc çn'kZu djus okys jkT;% iatkc]
gfj;k.kk vkSj fnYyh ckWVe iQkbo esa gSaA
•k| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus esa varjkZ"Vªh; igy
z la;qÙkQ jk"Vª egklfpo us 2008 esa oSf'od •k| vkSj
iks"k.k lqj{kk ij mPp&Lrjh; dk;Z cy (HLTF) dk
xBu fd;kA ;g oSf'od Lrj ij •k| vkSj iks"k.k lqj{kk
lqfuf'pr djus dh leL;k ds laiw.kZ vkSj lefUor varjkZ"Vªh;
lek/ku ds fodkl dks çksRlkfgr djuk pkgrk gSA
z çFke lglzkCnh fodkl y{; (,eMhth 1) dk fuekZ.k]
ftldk ,d mís'; o"kZ 2015 rd Hkw• dk vuqHko djus
okys yksxksa dh la[;k dks vk/k djuk FkkA
z thjks gaxj pkSysat dks la;qÙkQ jk"Vª egklfpo us 2012 esa
lrr fodkl ij fj;ks$20 fo'o lEesyu esa is'k fd;k Fkk A
thjks gaxj pkSysat dk y{; ,d oSf'od vkanksyu dks fpaxkjh
nsuk gS tks ,d ih<+h ds Hkhrj Hkw• dks •Re dj nsxkA
z ,lMhth y{; 2% Hkq•ejh •Re djuk] •k| lqj{kk vkSj
csgrj iks"k.k gkfly djuk vkSj fVdkÅ Ñf"k dks c<+kok nsukA
dsl LVMh% cksYlk iQSfefy;k (czkthy)
z ^^cksylk iQSfefy;k** dk;ZØe mu lcls detksj ifjokjksa
dks l'krZ udn gLrkarj.k(daMh'kuy dW'k VªkaliQlZ(lhlhVh)
çnku djrk gS tks •k| vlqj{kk dk lkeuk dj jgs gSaA
z lcls xjhc O;fÙkQ tks fof'k"V vko';drkvksa dk ikyu
djrs gSa] tSls fd Ldwy esa cPpksa dk gksuk ;k muds cPpksa
dk Vhdkdj.k gksuk] mUgsa bl dk;ZØe ds rgr othiQk vkSj
Hkkstu fn;k tkrk gSA
z dk;ZØe esa yxHkx 12-4 fefy;u ifjokj iathÑr gSa vkSj
thou vkSj iks"k.k lsou esa lq/kj gqvk gSA
z fo'o cSad ds ,d iwoZ vè;{k us bls ^^dq'ky lkekftd
uhfr dk ,d mnkgj.k** dgkA dk;ZØe cPpksa dks mudh
d{kkvksa ds 15» dks ;kn djus esa l{ke cukrk gS_ ;fn dksbZ
cPpk mlls vf/d ykirk ik;k tkrk gS rks iwjs ifjokj dh
VÔw'ku can dj nh tkrh gSA
z Hkys gh ;g dksbZ peRdkfjd bykt ugha gS] ysfdu vf/
dka'k lhlhVh dk;ZØeksa dh rqyuk esa ^^cksylk iQsfefy;k**
dk vius y{;ksa dks iwjk djus dk csgrj VªSd fjdkWMZ gSA
czkthy dh miyfC/] ftls jkT; Lrj dh rSukrh ds ekè;e
ls Hkkjr esa nksgjk;k tk ldrk gS] dks etcwr jktuhfrd
çfrc¼rk ds lkFk vuqdwfyr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
ou us'ku ou jk'ku dkMZ ;kstuk
z Hkkjr ljdkj us •k| lqj{kk ds eqís dks gy djus ds fy,
vks,uvksvkjlh dk;ZØe ykxw fd;k gSAvks,uvksvkjlh esa]
,d çkIrdrkZ Hkkjr esa fdlh Hkh LFkku ls mfpr ewY; dh
nqdku (FPS) dh nqdkuksa ls •k| ykHk çkIr dj ldrk
gS] Hkys gh jk'ku dkMZ iathÑr gksA ;g jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk
vf/fu;e (,u,iQ,l,) ds rgr ns'k esa dgha Hkh jgus okys
lHkh çoklh ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks fj;k;rh •k|kUu dh ijs'kkuh
eqÙkQ vkiwfrZ dks l{ke cukrk gSA
z mís';% vius orZeku jk'ku dkMks± dh xfr'khyrk dh
vuqefr nsdj] tks mUgsa vius p;u ds fdlh Hkh mfpr
ewY; dh nqdku ls dkuwuh :i ls lfClMh okys •k|kUu
vklkuh ls ysus dh vuqefr nsxk] bldk mís'; lHkh
,u,iQ,l, ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks dgha Hkh viuh •k| lqj{kk ds
fy, vkRefuHkZj cuus esa l{ke cukuk gSA ns'kA
z ea=kky;% bls 2019 esa miHkksÙkQk ekeys] •k| vkSj lkoZtfud
forj.k ea=kky; }kjk yk;k x;k FkkA
z ;kstuk ds ykHk%
 fj;k;rh •k|kUu% vks,uvksvkjlh ;kstuk us ;g
lqfuf'pr djus esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gS fd jk"Vªh;
•k| lqj{kk vf/fu;e (NFSA) ds ykHkkFkhZ] fo'ks"k :i
ls çoklh ykHkkFkhZ] fj;k;rh nj ij •k|kUu çkIr djsaA
lkoZttfud
lkoZ fud forj.k
forj.kiz.izkkyh
.kkyh
 cM+s iSekus ij vkarfjd çoklu%
 2011 dh tux.kuk ls irk pyk fd 45 djksM+
vkarfjd çoklh Fks] ;k vkcknh dk 37»A
 ekbxzs'ku iSVuZ dks le>us esa lgk;rk ds fy, baVªk&
vkSj baVjLVsV ekbxzs'ku ij uhfr;ksa dks fodflr djus
ds fy, dsaæhÑr ,iQvkjih 'kkWi MsVk dk mi;ksx
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 nksgjs ykHkkFkhZ vkSj dk;Z ds nksgjko dks jksdrk gS%
 ;g mu yksxksa dh la[;k dks de djus esa lgk;rk
djsxk ftuds ikl nks jk'ku dkMZ gSaA
 ;g U;wure ljdkj ds lkFk vf/dre 'kklu ds
fl¼kar ds vuq:i gksxkA
 vf/d çHkkoh •k| forj.k ç.kkyh% ,d vkjVhvkbZ
ds tokc ds vuqlkj] fiNys Ng o"kks± esa xsgwa vkSj pkoy
lfgr 40]000 Vu ls vf/d •k|kUu •jkc gks x;k gSA
z fu"d"kZ% tu dY;k.k lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vks,uvksvkjlh
dsoy igyk dne gSA de vk; okys çoklh ifjokjksa ds fy,
,dhÑr cky fodkl lsokvksa] eè;kÉ Hkkstu] Vhdkdj.k]
LokLF; ns•Hkky vkSj vU; lqfo/kvksa dh varjjkT;h;
lqokárk blds liQy dk;kZUo;u ls laHko gks ldrh gSA
fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds fu;eksa ds csgrj vuqikyu ds fy,]
ihMh,l dks varr% ,d •k| dwiu ç.kkyh ;k çR;{k ykHk
gLrkarj.k }kjk çfrLFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ciQj ekunaM
z çR;sd foÙkh; o"kZ] igyh vçSy] igyh tqykbZ] igyh
vDVwcj vkSj igyh tuojh os rkjh•sa gksrh gSa ftu ij
vkfFkZd ekeyksa dh dSfcusV lfefr U;wure ciQj ekudksa
dk fu/kZj.k djrh gSA
z 1 tqykbZ] 2008 vkSj 1 tuojh] 2009 dks Øe'k% ciQj
lhek ds vykok Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk 30 yk• Vu xsgwa
vkSj 20 yk• Vu pkoy dk j.kuhfrd fjtoZ vfuok;Z
fd;k x;k FkkA
z Hkkjr ljdkj orZeku esa ^^•k|kUu LVkWfdax ekunaMksa** dks
dsaæh; iwy esa LVkWd dh ek=kk ds :i esa lanfHkZr djrh
gS tks fdlh Hkh le; •k|kUu vkSj vfuok;Zrkvksa ds fy,
ifjpkyu vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, i;kZIr gSA
igys] bl vo/kj.kk dks ^^ciQj ekunaM** vkSj ¶j.kuhfrd
fjtoZ¸ dgk tkrk FkkA
499
ciQj LVkWd cuk, j•us dk mís';%
z dherksa ds fLFkj jgus ij fdlkuksa dk jktLo cuk jgrk
gSA ewY; esa rst fxjkoV ds ifj.kkeLo:i fdlku O;olk;
ls ckgj gks ldrs gSa] tks lajpukRed csjkstxkjh dk dkj.k
curk gSA
z fLFkj dhersa Ñf"k esa vf/d fuos'k dks c<+kok nsrh gSa]
ftlls fuos'k c<+rk gSA
z y{; ewY; fu/kZj.k vR;f/d miHkksÙkQk dherksa dks jksdus
vkSj Hkkstu ds fy, eqækLiQhfr dh nj dks de djus esa
lgk;rk djrk gSA ;g fuEu&vk; okys ifjokjksa ds fy,
egRoiw.kZ gks ldrk gS] ftUgsa deh ds o"kks± ds nkSjku mPp
dherksa dks ogu djuk eqf'dy gksxkA
z fujarj vkiwfrZ% ;g •k| vkiwfrZ dks fu;a=k.k esa j•us vkSj
deh dks jksdus esa enn djrk gSA
z dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØe% lkoZtfud forj.k dk;ZØeksa ds
ekè;e ls dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØeksa ds dq'kyrkiwoZd çca/u
esa dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh lgk;rk djrk gSA
pqukSfr;ka%
z ekylwph dh ykxr esa o`f¼% tSls&tSls vko';drk ls
vf/d vukt •jhnk tkrk gS] vukt ds HkaMkj dks cuk,
j•us dh ykxr c<+ tkrh gSA •k|kUuksa dks cckZn dj fn;k
tkrk gS vkSj lM+us fn;k tkrk gS D;ksafd HkaMkj.k midj.k
i;kZIr :i ls cM+s vkSj çHkkoh ugha gksrs gSaA
z •jhn ykxr esa o`f¼% ,iQlhvkbZ ds ciQj LVkWd ds fy,
vukt •jhnus esa dbZ •pZs 'kkfey gksrs gSa] vkSj ,e,lih
esa ljdkj dh gkfy;k o`f¼ us lexz •jhn ykxr dks c<+k
fn;k gSA •k| lgk;rk dh ykxr yxkrkj c<+ jgh gSA
500
z vf/'ks"k HkaMkj dks fHkxksuk%
 pwafd fdlku tkurs gSa fd dksbZ Hkh vf/'ks"k •jhnk
tk,xk] U;wure ewY; vkSj ciQj LVkWd vfrmRiknu dks
çksRlkfgr dj ldrs gSa_
 mRikndksa dk Kku fd dksbZ Hkh vf/'ks"k vkiwfrZ csph
tk ldrh gS & Hkys gh cktkj bls u pkgs & mit dks
vf/dre djus ds fy, jlk;uksa ds vR;f/d mi;ksx
dks Hkh çsfjr dj ldrk gS_
 ciQj LVkWd ds fy, 'kkark lfefr dh fliQkfj'ksa
Fkha%
 ,u,iQ,l, ykxw djus ds fy,% 61 fefy;u Vu_
 lkefjd HkaMkj% 5 fefy;u Vu_
 fons'kh eqæk eqæk HkaMkj% vk;kr ds fy, i;kZIr& 3
fefy;u Vu xsgwa vkSj 2 fefy;u Vu pkoyA
vkxs dh jkg% 'kkark dqekj lfefr dh fliQkfj'ksa&
z ,p,ylh us fliQkfj'k dh gS fd ,iQlhvkbZ dks fofHkUu
,tsafl;ksa tSls dsaæh; HkaMkj.k fuxe] jkT; HkaMkj.k fuxe]
futh m|eh xkjaVh (ihbZth) ;kstuk ds rgr futh {ks=k]
vkSj ;gka rd fd jkT; ljdkjsa tks jkT; dh Hkwfe ij
futh {ks=k ds ekè;e ls lkbyks dk fuekZ.k dj jgh gSa]
dks vius LVkWfdax lapkyu dks vkmVlkslZ djuk pkfg,A
bls çfrLi/hZ cksyh ds vk/kj ij fd;k tkuk pkfg,]
fofHkUu fgr/kjdksa dks vkeaf=kr djuk vkSj HkaMkj.k dh
ykxr de djus ds fy, çfrLi/kZ iSnk djuk_
z Hkkjr dks orZeku dh rqyuk esa vf/d cYd gSaMfyax
lqfo/kvksa dh vko';drk gSA ,iQlhvkbZ ds dbZ iqjkus
ikjaifjd HkaMkj.k tks yacs le; ls ekStwn gSa] mUgsa futh
{ks=k vkSj vU; LVkWfdax ,tsafl;ksa dh enn ls lkbyks esa
ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA lHkh lkbyks ds lkFk&lkFk
ikjaifjd HkaMkj.k esa csgrj e'khuhdj.k dh vko';drk gS_
z doMZ ,aM fIyaFk (CAP) HkaMkj.k dks /hjs&/hjs pj.kc¼
:i ls lekIr fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj CAP esa 3 eghus
ls vf/d le; rd dksbZ vukt LVkWd ugha jguk pkfg,A
flyks cSx çkS|ksfxdh vkSj ikjaifjd HkaMkj.k tgka Hkh laHko
gks] lh,ih dks çfrLFkkfir djuk pkfg,_
z vukt dh vkoktkgh dks /hjs&/hjs daVsujhÑr djus dh
vko';drk gS tks ikjxeu uqdlku dks de djus esa enn
djsxk] vkSj jsyos lkbfMax ij vf/d e'khuhÑr lqfo/k,a
gksus ls rsth ls VuZ&vjkmaM&Vkbe gksxkA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
lqjf{kr HkaMkj
z ,d ciQj LVkWd ,d ç.kkyh ;k ;kstuk gS tks dherksa dks
y{; lhek (;k ewY; Lrj) ls uhps fxjus ls jksdus ds fy,
vPNh iQly ds le; LVkWd •jhnrk gS vkSj laxzghr djrk
gS] vkSj •jkc iQly ds nkSjku LVkWd dks y{; lhek (;k
ewY; Lrj) ls Åij c<+us ls jksdus ds fy, tkjh djrk gSA
z ciQj vkiwfrZ dks cuk, j•us dk nwljk igyw ;g gS fd ;g
Hkwdai] ck<+ vkSj lw•s tSlh vkinkvksa ls mRiUu Hkkstu dh
deh dks de djrk gSA

vukt lapyu dh çfØ;k

pj.k 01 pj.k 02 pj.k 03 pj.k 04

•k|kUu dh ,iQlhvkbZ ds jkT;@dsUæ
mfpr ewY;
•jhn xksnke esa j•k 'kkflr çns'kksa
dh nqdku
vukt ds xksnke

jkT;ksa dks ykHkkfFkZ;ksa }kjk çek.

vkoaVu khdj.k

,iQlhvkbZ }kjk çcaf/r jkT;ksa@la?k jkT; {ks=kksa }kjk çcaf/r

fu"d"kZ vko';drk gSA jktuhfrd bPNk&'kfÙkQ dh deh ugha gksuh

z yf{kr lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh dh çHkko'khyrk esa lq/kj
ykus vkSj blds fu"iknu (VhihMh,l) dks dkjxj cukus ds
fy, ljdkj us le;&le; ij dbZ dne mBk, gSAa •k|kUuksa
dh Mksj&LVsi fMyhojh] ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh lgh igpku]
csgrj •k|kUu mBko] vf/d fuxjkuh vkSj lrdZrk]
mfpr ewY; dh nqdku lapkyu dh O;ogk;Zrk esa lq/kj
vkfn tSls mik; Lokxr ;ksX; gSAa u dsoy lfClMh fcy esa
dVkSrh djus ds fy, cfYd yhdst dh xqt a kb'k dks de djus
ds fy, Hkh ,d la'kksf/r] vko';drk&vk/kfjr ihMh,l dh
pkfg, vkSj ihMh,l dh v{kerkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy,
vkSj vf/d ç;kl fd, tkus dh vko';drk gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk vf/fu;e] 2013 dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a
D;k gSa\ •k| lqj{kk fo/s;d us Hkkjr esa Hkw• vkSj dqiks"k.k
dks nwj djus esa fdl çdkj lgk;rk dh gS\ (2021)
2. •k|kUu forj.k ç.kkyh dks vkSj vf/d çHkkoh cukus ds
fy, ljdkj }kjk dkSu ls lq/kjkRed dne mBk, x, gSa\
 (2019)

v v v

lkoZttfud
lkoZ fud forj.k
forj.kiz.izkkyh
.kkyh 501
 29 vkS|ksfxd {ks=k
z vkS|ksfxd {ks=k çkÑfrd lalk/uksa ds çR;{k buiqV ds fcuk
eky ds mRiknu ls lacaf/r vFkZO;oLFkk dk fgLlk gSA ;g
f}rh;d {ks=k çkFkfed mRiknu {ks=k ls vyx gS] tks Ñf"k]
eRL; ikyu] okfudh vkSj •uu vkSj •nku gS] tks çkÑfrd
lalk/uksa ds egRoiw.kZ çR;{k buiqV ds lkFk eky dk mRiknu
djrk gS] vkSj r`rh; {ks=k] mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;g ifjogu]
forj.k] foÙk] LokLF;] f'k{kk vkSj ç'kklu gS] tks lsokvksa
dk mRiknu djrk gSA
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dk orZeku >qdko
z 2022&23 ds ctV ds vuqlkj] ,e,l,ebZ Hkkjrh;
thMhih esa 30 çfr'kr dk ;ksxnku nsrk gS vkSj fu;kZr esa
40 çfr'kr dk ;ksxnku nsrk gSA ;s ,e,l,ebZ 11 djksM+ ls
vf/d yksxksa dks fu;ksftr djrs gSaA
z vkS|ksfxd {ks=k us o"kZ 2021 esa gekjs ns'k ds thMhih esa
29-35 çfr'kr dk ;ksxnku fn;k FkkA 1950&51 esa ;g
yxHkx 15 çfr'kr ds vkl ikl FkkA
z 2021&22 ds vkfFkZd loZs{k.k ds vuqlkj] thoh, esa
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dk lexz ;ksxnku foÙk o"kZ 2021&22 esa
28-2 çfr'kr jgus dk vuqeku gSA fLFkj (2011&12) ewY;ksa
ij o"kZ 2021&22 ds fy, m|ksx {ks=k ds thoh, dh okf"kZd
o`f¼ nj 11-8 çfr'kr jgus dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS]
tks o"kZ 2019&20 esa gq, 1-2 çfr'kr dh rqyuk esa 104-1
çfr'kr vf/d gSA
z bl çdkj mijksÙkQ vkadM+ksa ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk
gS fd vktknh ds ckn 'kq: esa blus ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
(thMhih) esa vius ;ksxnku@'ks;j dh fn'kk esa ,d c<+rk
#>ku fn•k;kA
z gkykafd lsok {ks=k dh rsth ls c<+rh fgLlsnkjh ds lkFk
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (thMhih) esa m|ksx dk fgLlk gky ds
o"kks± esa mrkj&p<+ko dk #• fn•kus yxkA
o"kZ 2018&19 2019&20 2020&21 2021&22
(çFke vuqeku)
thoh, esa 29-6» 26-7» 25-9» 28-2»
vkS|kSfxd {ks=k
dk fgLlk
m|ksxksa dk oxhZdj.k
dPps eky ds vk/kj ij m|ksxksa dks fuEufyf•r
Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS&
1- Ñf"k vk/kfjr m|ksx&,sls m|ksx ftuds ikl dPps eky
ds :i esa Ñf"k mit gksrh gS] os Ñf"k vk/kfjr m|ksx
ds :i esa tkus tkrs gSaA Ñf"k vk/kfjr m|ksx miHkksÙkQk
vk/kfjr m|ksx gksb, gSaA m/kj.k ds fy,&&&dikl]
twV] js'ke] Åuh diM+k] phuh rFkk •k| rsy bR;kfn
2- •fut vk/kfjr m|ksx&;s m|ksx çkFkfed m|ksx gSa
tksfd •fut v;Ld dk mi;ksx dPps eky ds :i
esa djrs gSaA tSls&bLikr rFkk yksgk m|ksx vkSj Hkkjh
e'khujh ds m|ksx •fut vk/kfjr m|ksxksa ds mnkgj.k
gSaA
3- eSjhu vk/kfjr m|ksx& ;s os m|ksx gSa tksfd leqæ rFkk
egklkxjksa ds mRiknksa dk dPps eky ds :i esa mi;ksx
djrs gSaA
mnkgj.k& leqæh •k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx ;k eNyh ds rsy
dk fofuekZ.k blds dqN mnkgj.k gSaA
4- ou vk/kfjr m|ksx& ,sls m|ksx tks taxy ds dPps
eky dk mi;ksx djrs gSa mUgsa ou vk/kfjr m|ksx
dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,&&&dkxt rFkk yqxnh
m|ksx] ekfpl m|ksx] bekjrh ydM+h rFkk pUnu m|ksx]
IykboqM m|ksx] rsy vkSj ck;ksMhty m|ksx bR;kfn
vkdkj ds vk/kj ij m|ksxksa dks fuEufyf•r oxks± esa
oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS&
1- cM+s iSekus okys m|ksx& ,sls m|ksx os gksrs gSa ftuesa
fo'kky cqfu;knh <kapk] dPpk eky] mPp tu'kfÙkQ dh
vkSj cM+h iwath dh t:jr gksrh gSA ftu m|ksxksa dh vpy
laifÙk 10 djksM+ #i;s ls vf/d gksrh gS] mUgsa gh cM+s
iSekus dk m|ksx ekuk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,&&&dikl
m|ksx] pk; m|ksx] twV] lhesaV] dkxt] bathfu;fjax m|ksx]
•k| çlaLdj.k] lwpuk rFkk bysDVªksfud çkS|ksfxdh vkSj
vkWVkseksckby m|ksx vkfnA
2- y?kq m|ksx& y?kq m|ksx ,sls m|ksx gSa ftuesa fofuekZu]
lsok;sa çnku djuk] ;gk¡ y?kq ;k lw{e iSekus ij mRiknu
fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k& uSifdu]fV';w] pkWdysV] VwFkfid] ikuh dh
cksrysa] NksVs f•ykSus] isij] iSu vkfnA
3- ekè;e iSekus ds m|ksx% Hkkjr ljdkj ds vuqlkj] ,sls
fdlh Hkh O;olk; ;k daiuh dks ekè;e m|ksx ds iSekus
ij mYysf•r fd;k tk ldrk gS ftldk dqy fuos'k 5 ls
10 djksM+ ds chp gksA
mnkgj.k ds fy,& ,ybZMh ykbZV dk fofuekZu] peM+k
mRikn dk fofuekZ.k bR;kfnA
4- dqVhj m|ksx% dqVhj m|ksx ,d y?kq fuekZ.k dk;Z gS tksfd
çk;% fdlh Hkh O;fÙkQ ds ?kj ls fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,& vkpkj cukuk] ikiM+ cukuk vkfnA
LokfeRo ds vk/kj ij m|ksxksa dks fuEufyf•r Jsf.k;ksa
esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS
1- futh {ks=k ds m|ksx% ^^futh {ks=k ds m|ksx** 'kCn dk vFkZ
mu daifu;ksa vkSj fuxeksa ls gS tks ljdkj }kjk fu;af=kr ugha gSAa
mnkgj.k ds fy,& fjyk;al baMLVªht] LikbltsV vkfnA
2- ljdkjh {ks=k ds m|ksx (lkoZtfud {ks=k ds miØe)%
lkoZtfud {ks=k ds m|ksx ljdkj ds LokfeRo esa vkSj ljdkj
}kjk lapkfyr gksrs gSaA
mnkgj.k& Hkkjr gSoh bysfDVªdYl fyfeVsM (BHEL)]
bafM;u vkW;y dkWikZsjs'ku (IOC)] vkfn
3- la;qÙkQ {ks=k ds m|ksx% bl rjg ds m|ksx O;fÙkQ;ksa] O;f"V;ksa
ds lewg vkSj jkT; ds LokfeRo esa rFkk muds }kjk lapkfyr
gksrs gSaA
mnkgj.k% ek#fr m|ksx fyfeVsM bR;kfnA
4- lgdkjh {ks=k ds m|ksx% ;s os m|ksx gSa ftUgsa dPps eky ds
ekfydksa vFkok vkiwfrZdrkZvksa] deZpkfj;ksa ;k nksuksa ds }kjk
lapkfyr fd;k tkrk gSA os vkuqikfrd vk/kj ij lalk/uksa
rFkk ykHk ;k gkfu dks lk>k djrs gSaA
mnkgj.k% vewy lgdkjh {ks=k dk gSA
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dh lajpuk
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k fuEufyf•r {ks=kksa ls xfBr gksrk gS&
z •uu rFkk mR•uu
z fofuekZ.k
vkS||ksksffxd
xd {ks{ks=k=k
z fctyh] xSl] ikuh dh vkiwfrZ rFkk vU; mi;ksxh lsok,¡
z fuekZ.k
z mijksÙkQ esa ls] fofuekZ.k {ks=k ldy ?kjsyw mRikn gsrq çeq•
;ksxnkudrkZ gSA
z pkyw foÙk o"kZ 2021&22 esa] çeq• :i ls dksfoM&19
egkekjh ls mcjus ds dkj.k] vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ds varxZr
vkus okys lHkh mi&{ks=kksa us egRoiw.kZ ldkjkRed fodkl
nj ntZ dhA
egRoiw.kZ rF;
z 2020 esa] fetksje •syksa dks m|ksx dk ntkZ nsus okyk
Hkkjr dk igyk jkT; cu x;kA
2021&22 ds vkfFkZd loZs{k.k ij vk/kfjr
rF; vkSj vkadM+s
z Hkkjrh; jsy ds fy, iwathxr O;; 2009&14 ds nkSjku
vkSlr okf"kZd 45]980 djksM+ #i;s ls c<+dj 2020&21 esa
155]181 djksM+ #i;s gks x;k vkSj ;g 2021&22 ds fy,
215]058 djksM+ #i;s dh vfrfjÙkQ o`f¼ ds rkSj ij c<+kdj
ctV esa j•k x;k gS tksfd 2014 ds Lrj dh rqyuk esa ik¡p
xquk dh o`f¼ j•rk gSA
z çfr fnu lM+d fuekZ.k dh lhek 2019&20 esa 28 fdyksehVj
çfr fnu ls c<+dj 2020&21 esa 36-5 fdyksehVj çfr fnu
gks xbZ& 30-4» dh o`f¼A ;g 30-4» dh o`f¼ gSA
z egkekjh (vkjchvkbZ vè;;u) ds ckotwn 2021&22 dh
tqykbZ&flracj frekgh esa cM+s fuxeksa dk 'kq¼ ykHk fcØh
vuqikr 10-6» ds loZdkfyd mPp Lrj ij igqap x;kA
z çksMD'ku fyaDM balsafVo (ih,yvkbZ) ;kstuk dh 'kq:vkr us
HkkSfrd vkSj fMftVy nksuksa cqfu;knh <kaps dks c<+kok fn;k]
lkFk gh ysu&nsu dh ykxr dks de djus vkSj O;kikj djus
esa vklkuh esa lq/kj ds mik;ksa ds lkFk] olwyh dh xfr dk
leFkZu fd;kA
Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd uhfr;k¡
z vkS|ksfxd uhfr lkoZtfud vkSj futh {ks=kksa ds fy, fu;eksa]
fofu;eksa vkSj xfrfof/ ds {ks=kksa ds vkj{k.k dh :ijs•k
çnku djuk pkgrh gSA
z bldk mís'; ,dkf/dkjoknh ço`fÙk;ksa dks de djuk vkSj
dqN cM+s vkS|ksfxd ?kjkuksa ds gkFkksa esa vkfFkZd 'kfÙkQ dh
,dkxzrk dks jksduk gSA
503
vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds mís';%
1- mRikndrk esa lrr o`f¼ gkfly djukA
2- vFkZO;oLFkk esa ykHkdkjh jkstxkj c<+kukA
3- ekuo lalk/uksa vkSj tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k dk b"Vre
mi;ksx çkIr djukA
4- vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa varjkZ"Vªh; çfrLi/kZRedrk çkIr djukA
5- oSf'od {ks=k esa Hkkjr dks ,d çeq• Hkkxhnkj vkSj f•ykM+h
ds :i esa cnyukA
1948 dk vkS|ksfxd uhfr ladYi (IPR-1948)%
z igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (FYP) 1951&56 bl pj.k ds
nkSjku 'kq: gqbZ] ;g dqN la'kks/uksa ds lkFk gSjksM&Mksej
ekWMy ij vk/kfjr FkhA
z bl igyh FYP esa Ñf"k esa vkRefuHkZjrk ds fopkj dks
c<+kok fn;k x;k Fkk vkSj ,d vU; çeq• mís'; ns'k ds
m|ksx] Ñf"k fodkl] vkSj yksxksa ds fy, de ykxr okyh
LokLF; ns•Hkky vkSj f'k{kk ds fy, uhao çnku djuk FkkA
z u, m|ksx LFkkfir djus ds ctk; orZeku m|ksxksa dh {kerk
dks c<+kus ij cy fn;k x;kA
z bl vof/ ds nkSjku dfri; u, m|ksxksa dk mn; gqvk
tSls fd lekpkj&i=kksa ds fy, dkxt] ikojywe] nok] isaV]
ifjogu rFkk midj.kA
z flanjh iQfVZykbtj iQSDVªh] fpÙkjatu yksdkseksfVo] baVhxzy
dksp iQSDVªh tSls dqN m|ksx LFkkfir gq, FksA
z bl uhfr ds varxZr] lekt dks lektoknh iSVuZ ij ykrs
gq, Hkkjr esa fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk dh ç.kkyh vkjaHk dh xbZA
vkbZihvkj&1948 dh çeq• fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf•r Fkha&
 blus dqVhj rFkk y?kq m|ksxksa dks çkFkfedrk dk ntkZ
nsdj mudks lqjf{kr j•us ij tksj fn;kA
 lkSgknZiw.kZ vkS|ksfxd lEcU/ksa ds fy, Jfedksa dks mfpr
osru rFkk lkekftd lqj{kk çkIr djus ij cy fn;k x;kA
 lM+d] jsyos] fctyh vkSj flapkbZ ds fodkl ij fo'ks"k
tksj fn;k x;kA
m|ksxksa dks pkj O;kid Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k
x;k gS%
1- dsaæ ljdkj ds ,dek=k ,dkf/dkj okys m|ksx% rhu m|ksx&
gfFk;kj vkSj xksyk&ck:n] ijek.kq ÅtkZ vkSj jsy ifjoguA
504
2- fefJr {ks=k] vFkkZr ljdkjh vkSj futh nksuksa {ks=kksa (ewy@
çeq• m|ksx) ds varxZr% ;gk¡ Ng m|ksx gSa & dks;yk]
yksgk vkSj bLikr] foeku fuekZ.k] tgkt fuekZ.k] •fut rsy
vkSj VsyhxzkiQ rFkk VsyhiQksuA
3- fu;af=kr futh {ks=k% ljdkj us bu m|ksxksa dks etcwr
fofu;eu ds ekè;e ls vçR;{k :i ls fu;af=kr fd;kA
bu 18 m|ksxksa esa 'kkfey gSa& jlk;u] phuh] vkWVkseksckby]
lwrh vkSj Åuh diM+k] lhesaV] dkxt] ued] moZjd] VªSDVj]
fctyh vkfnA
4- futh {ks=k ds m|ksx% mijksÙkQ rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa lfEefyr u
gksus okys m|ksxksa dks bl Js.kh esa lfEefyr fd;k x;kA
m|ksx (fodkl vkSj fofu;eu) vf/fu;e] 1951
z 1951 ds m|ksx (fodkl vkSj fofu;eu) vf/fu;e us
ljdkj dks ykblsaflax ds ekè;e ls vkS|ksfxd fodkl
ds <kaps dks fofu;fer djus dk vf/dkj fn;kA
z bl çdkj] O;kolkf;d miØeksa dks mRiknu dks vkjaHk
djus ds fy, ljdkj ls ykblsal ysus dh vko';drk
gks xbZ FkhA ;g Hkkjr esa ^^ykblsal jkt** dk vkxeu
FkkA
z bl vf/fu;e ds ekè;e ls] ljdkj us rhu çeq•
fu;a=k.k vius ikl j•s% ykblsaflax] LohÑr mRiknu
ds vk/kj ij miØeksa dks dPps eky dk vkoaVu vkSj
dherksa ij fu;a=k.kA
1956 dk vkS|ksfxd uhfr ladYi (vkbZihvkj&1956)
z ;g uhfr ih-lh- egkyuksfcl ekWMy ij vk/kfjr FkhA bl
ekWMy dks ^Hkkjr dk vkfFkZd lafo/ku* ;k ^^jkT; iwathokn
dh ckbfcy** Hkh ekuk tkrk FkkA vkbZihvkj&1956 dh
fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf•r Fkha%
z Hkkjh m|ksxksa ij fo'ks"k cyA
z ns'k ds fiNM+s {ks=kksa esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dks çkFkfedrkA
z vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds fy, rduhdh vkSj çca/dh; dkS'ky
dks c<+kok nsus dh vko';drk ij cy] ftlls fo'ofo|ky;ksa
esa vkbZVhvkbZ dh LFkkiuk vkSj O;olk; çca/u ikBÔØe dks
vkjaHk djus dk çLrko fn;k x;k gSA
z ns'k ds fodkl esa fons'kh iwath ds egRo dks igpkuukA
z futh {ks=k vkSj vkS|ksfxd ykblsaflax uhfrA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH

vkS|ksfxd ykblsal
z vkS|ksfxd ykblsaflax ljdkjh laxBu }kjk tkjh ,d çkf/
dj.k gS tks laLFkk ;k laxBu dks m|ksx 'kq: djus ;k
dqN dk;Z 'kq: djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
 ykblsaflax ds eq[; mís'; gSa% &
1- m|ksxksa esa fuos'k dks ;kstukxr çkFkfedrkvksa ds
vuqlkj funZsf'kr djukA
2- larqfyr {ks=kh; fodkl lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,
vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa dh vofLFkfr dks fofu;fer
djukA
z vkS|ksfxd ykblsaflax uhfr us 18 m|ksxksa ds flok; ckdh
lHkh m|ksxksa dks nh tkus okyh vkS|ksfxd ykblsaflax dks
lekIr dj fn;k] ftls 1999 esa ?kVkdj 6 m|ksxksa ds
fy, dj fn;k x;kA
z vkbZihvkj&1948 ds varxZr m|ksxksa ds pkSxquk oxhZdj.k
dks vc rhu xquk oxhZdj.k esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k x;k Fkk%
 vuqlwph , (l[rh ls dsaæ ljdkj ds v/hu)% 17
m|ksxA
 vuqlwph ch (futh vkSj lkoZtfud nksuksa {ks=kksa ds fy,
•qyk)% 12 m|ksxA
 vuqlwph lh (futh {ks=k ds fy, •qyk ysfdu ykblsaflax
vkSj fofu;eu ds v/hu)% vU; lHkh m|ksxA
D;k vki tkurs gSa\
z Hkkjr ds rRdkyhu ç/ku ea=kh iafMr tokgjyky usg:
us bl vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk mi;ksx ^^vk/qfud Hkkjr ds
eafnj** ds :i esa lanfHkZr djds lkoZtfud miØeksa ds
egRo ij tksj nsus ds fy, fd;k FkkA
1969 dk vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk oÙkQO;
z bldk mís'; 1956 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh dfe;ksa dks
nwj djuk FkkA
z fo'ks"kKksa vkSj m|ksxifr;ksa dk ekuuk Fkk fd ykblsal nsus
dk mís'; mlds foijhr mís'; iwjk djuk FkkA 'ykblsaflax
uhfr' ds ihNs eq[; mís'; lektoknh vkSj jk"Vªoknh Hkkouk
Fkh rkfd &
1- lalk/uksa dk nksgu lcds fodkl ds fy, fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
2- ykblsl a 'kqnk m|ksxksa ls •jhns x, eky gsrq ewY;&fu;a=k.kA
4- vkfFkZd 'kfÙkQ dh ,dkxzrk dks ij•ukA
5- fuos'k dks okafNr fn'kk esa ys tkukA
vkS||ksksffxd
xd {ks{ks=k=k
 1969 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr us ,dkf/dkj vkSj çfrca/
kRed O;kikj O;ogkj (,evkjVhih) vf/fu;e çLrqr
fd;kA nÙk lfefr }kjk bl vf/fu;e dh vuq"ka'kk ;g
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, dh xbZ Fkh fd vFkZO;oLFkk
dk lapkyu dqN yksxksa ds gkFkksa esa vkfFkZd 'kfÙkQ dh
,dkxzrk ds fy, u gksA ,evkjVhih vf/fu;e dh eq[;
fo'ks"krk,a Fkha &
1- bldk mís'; iQeks± ds O;kikj vkSj okf.kfT;d çFkkvksa
dh tk¡p vkSj fofu;eu djuk vkSj vkfFkZd 'kfÙkQ ds
,dkf/dkj vkSj ,dkxzrk dh tk¡p djuk FkkA
2- 25 djksM+ #i;s dh laifÙk okyh iQeZsa (tks ckn esa
1980 esa c<+kdj 50 djksM+ #i;s vkSj 1985 esa 100
djksM+ #i;s dj nh xbZa) ;k blls vf/d] foLrkj]
xzhuiQhYM m|e vkSj vU; iQeks± ds vf/xzg.k ls igys
Hkkjr ljdkj ls vuqefr ysus ds fy, ckè; FkhaA
3- O;kikj ds fuf"k¼ vkSj çfrcaf/r çFkkvksa ds fuokj.k ds
fy, ljdkj us MRTP vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dhA
1973 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk oÙkQO;
z Ng çeq• m|ksxksa dh igpku dh xbZ & yksgk vkSj bLikr]
lhesaV] dks;yk] dPpk rsy] rsy fjiQkbujh vkSj fctyhA mUgsa
vk/kjHkwr lajpuk&m|ksx Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA
z lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh (ihihih) ij tksj fn;k x;k vkSj
bls la;qÙkQ {ks=k dgk x;k ftlesa jkT; vkSj dsaæ ljdkjksa vkSj
futh {ks=k ds chp lk>snkjh dh vuqefr FkhA
z fons'kh eqæk fofu;eu vf/fu;e (iQsjk)] 1973 vf/
fu;fer fd;k x;k FkkA
z Hkkjr us ns'k esa cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa }kjk lhfer fuos'k dh
Hkh vuqefr nhA
z bl uhfr us dqN {ks=kksa dks vkjf{kr lwph esa Mky fn;k ftlesa
dsoy ,e,l,ebZ LFkkfir fd, tk ldrs FksA
z dqN m|ksxksa dks ,d vkjf{kr lwph ds varxZr j•k x;k Fkk
ftlesa dsoy ,e,l,ebZ gh m|ksx LFkkfir dj ldrs FksA
1977 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk oÙkQO;%
z 1977 esa vFkZO;oLFkk ds xka/hoknh&lektoknh fopkjksa dh
vksj >qdko ds lkFk turk ljdkj }kjk vkjaHk] blus 1956
dh 20 o"khZ; vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh vkykspuk dh vkSj NksVs
iSekus okys rFkk NksVs m|ksxksa ij è;ku dsafær fd;kA bl ubZ
uhfr ds eq[; rRo Fks%
505
 1- ^^NksVh bdkbZ** dks ,d yk• #i;s rd dh e'khujh
vkSj midj.kksa esa fuos'k okyh bdkbZ ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj ;g 50]000 ls de vkcknh okys
dLcksa ;k xkaoksa esa fLFkr gqbZ (1971 dh tux.kuk ds
vuqlkj)A
2- ;g uhfr vkS|ksfxd vkSj Ñf"k {ks=kksa ds chp ?kfu"B
laidZ dk Hkh çko/ku djrh gSA fctyh mRiknu vkSj
ikjs"k.k {ks=k dks lokZsPp çkFkfedrk nh xbZA
3- xzkeks|ksx] •knh vkSj xzkeks|ksxksa ds iqu#RFkku vkfn ij
Hkh cy fn;k x;kA
4- blus y?kq m|ksxksa ds fodkl ij cy fn;kA
5- bl uhfr esa igyh ckj ,d "NksVh bdkbZ" dks e'khujh
vkSj midj.k esa 1 yk• #i;s rd ds fuos'k okyh
bdkbZ ds :i esa vkSj 50]000 ls de vkcknh okys
dLcksa ;k xkaoksa esa fLFkr gksus ds rkSj ij (1971 dh
tux.kuk ds vuqlkj tula[;k) ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k
gSA
6- vkS|ksfxd uhfr 1977 ds varxZr lkoZtfud {ks=k dks
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk nh xbZA ;g lkoZtfud {ks=k dk
mÙkjnkf;Ro Fkh fd og lgk;d m|ksxksa ds fodkl
dks çksRlkfgr djs vkSj viuh çca/dh; rFkk rduhdh
fo'ks"kKrk miyC/ djkdj y?kq m|ksx {ks=k ds fodkl
esa ;ksxnku nsA
7- uhfr dk eq[; mís'; xjhcksa dks jkstxkj çnku djuk
vkSj dqN yksxksa ds gkFkksa esa /u ds ladsUæ.k esa deh
ykuk FkkA
8- bl uhfr us cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa (,e,ulh) ij çfrca/
yxk,A
1980 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk oÙkQO;
z ns'k esa vkfFkZd cqfu;knh <k¡ps ds LraHkksa dks Åij mBkus dk
dk;Z lkoZtfud {ks=k dks bldh vf/d fo'oluh;rk] cM+s
fuos'k dh vko';drk vkSj ifj;kstukvksa dh yach vof/
ds dkj.k lkSaik x;k FkkA
z cM+h la[;k esa m|ksxksa dks ykblsaflax ls NwV çnku dh xbZA
z {ks=k ds fodkl esa lq/kj ds fy, y?kq m|ksxksa dks ifjHkkf"kr
djus ds fy, fuos'k lhek (^^,evkjVhih lhek**) dks
c<+k;k x;k FkkA
z ?kjsyw cktkj esa çfrLi/kZ dks c<+kok nsus] rduhdh mUu;u
vkSj vk/qfudhdj.k dh vko';drk ij è;ku dsafær fd;k
x;kA
506
z blus rsth ls çfrLi/hZ fu;kZr&vk/kfjr m|ksx dh uhao j•h
vkSj ;gka rd fd çkS|ksfxdh gLrkarj.k ds ekè;e ls fons'kh
fuos'k dks çksRlkfgr fd;kA
z vkS|ksfxd uhfr ladYi] 1985 ,oa 1986
z fons'kh fuos'k ds ços'k ds fy, vf/d vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa dks
•ksyus ds lkFk fons'kh fuos'k ls çfrca/ gVk fn, x, FksA
z vHkh Hkh fons'kh fuos'k dk çeq• {ks=k çkS|ksfxdh gLrkarj.k
cuk gqvk gS] rFkkfi] fons'kh daifu;ka] fo'ks"k :i ls
cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ka] Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa esa 49 çfr'kr rd
Hkkxhnkjh j• ldrh gSa] 'ks"k 51 çfr'kr 'ks;j Hkkjrh;
Hkkxhnkj ds ikl gks ldrs gSaA
z ns'k esa cM+h daifu;ksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, ,evkjVhih
dh lhek dks c<+kdj 100 djksM+ #i;s dj fn;k x;k gSA
z fuos'k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, vkS|ksfxd ykblsaflax dh
çfØ;k (vc dsoy 64 m|ksxksa ds fy, cuh gqbZ gS) dks
vkSj ljy cuk;k x;kA
z VsyhdE;qfuds'ku] dEI;wVjhdj.k] bysDVªkWfuDl vkfn tSls
mnh;eku m|ksxksa ij è;ku dsafær fd;k x;kA
z lkoZtfud {ks=k ds miØeksa esa Hkh vk/qfudhdj.k vkSj vf/
dre ykHk ij vf/d è;ku fn;k x;kA
z fons'kh eqæk fofu;eu vf/fu;e (iQsjk) ds çko/kuksa esa
<hy nh xbZ vkSj fons'kh eqæk ds mi;ksx dh vuqefr nh xbZ
rkfd vko';d çkS|ksfxdh dks Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa esa vkRelkr
fd;k tk lds vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; ekudksa dks çkIr fd;k tk
ldsA
z mRiknu c<+kus vkSj fdlkuksa dh vk; c<+kus ds fy, Ñf"k
{ks=k esa çkS|ksfxdh dh •kst dh xbZA
1991 ls iwoZ dh vf/dka'k uhfr;ksa dh çeq•
fo'ks"krk;sa
1- mPp vk;kr 'kqYd vkSj vU; vk;kr çfrca/ksa ds ekè;e ls
varjjk"Vªh; çfrLi/kZ ls LFkkuh; m|ksxksa dk laj{k.kA
2- vk;kfrr oLrqvksa ds mRiknu vkSj Lons'kh :i ls çksRlkfgr
djds vk;kr çfrLFkkiu uhfr dks c<+kok nsukA
3- cM+h futh daifu;ksa dks ,dkf/dkj vkSj çfrca/kRed O;kikj
çFkkvksa (MRTP) vf/fu;e ds ekè;e ls vR;f/d
fofu;fer fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj MRTP daifu;ksa ds :i esa
tkuk tkrk Fkk vkSj blh rjg fons'kh daifu;ksa dks fons'kh
eqæk fofu;eu vf/fu;e (FERA) ds ekè;e ls fofu;fer
fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj FERA daifu;ksa ds :i esa tkuk tkrk
FkkA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
4- vkS|ksfxd {ks=k vR;f/d fofu;fer] ukSdj'kkgh vkSj ljdkj
}kjk l[r ykblsaflax ç.kkyh ds v/hu FkkA
5- 1956 dh uhfr us fo'ks"k :i ls lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fy,
vBkjg {ks=kksa dks vkjf{kr djds lkoZtfud {ks=k dh Hkwfedk
esa rsth ls o`f¼ dhA dqN {ks=kksa esa] futh {ks=k dks vuqefr
Fkh ysfdu ykblsal vkSj iathdj.k dh vko';drk ds
v/huA rFkkfi] ljdkj }kjk vko';d le>s tkus ij bu
{ks=kksa esa lkoZtfud {ks=k Hkh LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA
6- rsy] fctyh] Hkkjh midj.k] nwjlapkj vkfn ds lcls
egRoiw.kZ vkSj egRoiw.kZ {ks=k fo'ks"k :i ls lkoZtfud {ks=k
ds fgLls esa FksA
7- ljdkj }kjk ;g ekuk tkrk Fkk fd tSls&tSls fdlh daiuh
dk vkdkj c<+rk gS og ,dkf/dkjoknh vkSj 'kks"k.kdkjh
ço`fÙk dk lgkjk ys ldrh gSA bl çdkj ,d ykblsal vkSj
O;olk; 'kq: djus ds ckn Hkh] futh {ks=k dks {kerk foLrkj]
fofo/hdj.k vkSj ,sls vU; O;kolkf;d fu.kZ;ksa ds fy,
ljdkj ls vuqeksnu ysuk iM+rk FkkA
8- 1991 ls igys dh uhfr;ksa esa ljdkj }kjk fu;af=kr LVhy]
lhesaV vkSj vU; cqfu;knh oLrqvksa dh dherksa ds lkFk
vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa ds fy, ewY; fofu;eu FkkA
9- lHkh uhfr;ksa esa vFkZO;oLFkk ds fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk pfj=k
ij tksj fn;k x;k Fkk tks lkoZtfud vkSj futh {ks=k dk
lg&vfLrRo gS ysfdu okLro esa ;g lkoZtfud {ks=k dh
vksj cgqr vf/d >qdk gqvk FkkA
uohu vkS|ksfxd uhfr (,uvkbZih) 1991
z bl uhfr dk mís'; pkj n'kdksa esa fodflr gq, ns'k ds
vkS|ksfxd <kaps ds eqíksa vkSj detksfj;ksa dks Bhd djuk FkkA
z bl uhfr ls igys fu;eu ij tksj FkkA ubZ uhfr us fu;eu
ls fodkl ij tksj fn;kA
z vkS|ksfxd uhfr 1991 dk eq[; mís'; cktkj dh rkdrksa
dks lqfo/k,a çnku djuk vkSj n{krk c<+kuk gSA
z ;s mik; fofHkUu m|ksxksa dh çfrLi/kZRedrk vkSj {kerkvksa
esa lq/kj ds fy, fd, x, FksA fof'k"V {ks=kksa esa ,iQMhvkbZ
dh lhek dks 40» ls c<+kdj 51» dj fn;k x;k FkkA
ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1991 dh vko';drk%
z Hkkjr dks 1991 esa futhdj.k] mnkjhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.k
lfgr ,d ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr dks fuEufyf•r dkj.kksa ls
ykxw djus ds fy, foo'k fd;k x;k Fkk%
1- c<+s gq, jktdks"kh; ?kkVs ds dkj.k% 1981&1982 esa 5»
dh rqyuk esa 1991 esa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk 8-5» gks
vkS||ksksffxd
xd {ks{ks=k=k
x;kA blus ljdkj dks bl deh dks iwjk djus ds fy,
C;kt&;qÙkQ lkoZtfud m/kj ysus dk usr`Ro fd;kA
2- Hkqxrku larqyu ladV% Hkqxrku larqyu esa ?kkVk rc
gksrk gS tc fons'kh Hkqxrku fons'kh çkfIr;ksa ls vf/d
gks tkrs gSaA ;g 1980&81 esa 2214 djksM+ #i;s ls
1990&91 esa 17367 djksM+ #i;s rd c<+ x;kA blus
ljdkj dks bl ?kkVs dks doj djus ds fy, ckgj ls
iSlk m/kj ysus ds fy, etcwj fd;kA
3- 1990&1991 dk •kM+h ladV vkSj bZjku&bjkd ;q¼A
blds ifj.kkeLo:i oSf'od cktkj esa isVªksy dh
dherksa esa vkdfLed o`f¼ gqbZA •kM+h ns'kksa dks fu;kZr
esa vkdfLed fxjkoV ds ckotwn] vk;kr ykxr esa
dkiQh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA ;g Hkqxrku larqyu dh fLFkfr dks
vkSj vf/d xaHkhj cuk nsrk gSA
4- fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj esa fxjkoV% 1990&1991 esa fons'kh
eqæk HkaMkj 2400 djksM+ ds Lrj rd fxj x;k (dsoy
3 lIrkg dk vk;kr doj)A fLFkfr dh xaHkhjrk ds
dkj.k] paæ'ks•j dh ljdkj dks vius lksus ds HkaMkj
dks C;kt vkSj varjjk"Vªh; ½.k dk Hkqxrku djus ds
fy, fxjoh j•us ij etcwj gksuk iM+kA
5- vko';d oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa o`f¼ tc egaxkbZ nj
6-7» ls c<+dj 16-7» gks xbZ] rks fLFkfr cqjh rjg
fcxM+ xbZA
6- lkoZtfud {ks=k ds m|eksa dk •jkc çn'kZu% 1951 ls
1991 rd] Hkkjr ljdkj us lkoZtfud {ks=k dks cgqr
c<+kok fn;k vkSj foLrkfjr fd;k] fiQj Hkh ifj.kke
ux.; FksA blfy,] bls lkoZtfud {ks=k ls futh {ks=k esa
ys tkuk vko';d FkkA
ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1991 dk mís';%
z 1991 dh ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk eq[; mís'; n{krk esa o`f¼
djuk vkSj cktkj ds f•ykfM+;ksa ds fy, csgrj lqfo/k,a
çnku djuk Fkk vkSj ,yihth ds lq/kjksa }kjk egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ xbZ Fkh &
z ,y & 51» rd fons'kh fuos'k ds mnkjhdj.k us fons'kh
daifu;ksa vkSj cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa ds fy, cktkj rS;kj fd;k
(ljdkjh fu;a=k.k esa deh)A
z ih & futhdj.k ds ekè;e ls m|ksxksa dh c<+rh çfrLi/
kZRedrk (futh {ks=k dh Hkwfedk vkSj dk;Z{ks=k esa o`f¼)A
z th & oS'ohdj.k vuqefr nsrk gS fd fons'kh daifu;ka Hkkjr
esa vk ldrh (Hkkjr vkSj 'ks"k fo'o ds chp vkfFkZd
,dhdj.k)
507
;g uhfr fuEufyf•r {ks=kksa esa çeq• lq/kj ykus ij
dsafær Fkh%
1- vkS|ksfxd Mh&ykblsaflax% ,uvkbZih 1991 dh lcls egRoiw.kZ
fo'ks"krkvksa esa ls 18 m|ksxksa dks NksM+dj lHkh m|ksxksa ds
fy, vfuok;Z vkS|ksfxd ykblsaflax (tks vkbZihvkj 1956
ds varxZr vuqlwph ch vkSj vuqlwph lh esa çnku fd;k x;k
Fkk) dk mUewyu FkkA bl dne us futh {ks=k }kjk m|ksxksa
ds fy, lqpk: LFkkiuk dh lqfo/k çnku dhA
orZeku esa] dsoy 5 m|ksxksa dks vfuok;Z
vkS|ksfxd ykblsal dh vko';drk gS%
1- eknd is; dk vklou vkSj fd.ouA
2- rEckdw ds flxkj vkSj flxjsV rFkk vU; fufeZr rEckdw
fodYiA
3- lHkh çdkj ds bysDVªkWfud ,;jksLisl vkSj j{kk midj.kA
4- ekfpl] ck:n vkfn lfgr vkS|ksfxd foLiQksVdA
5- fof'k"V •rjukd jlk;u tSls gkbMªkslk;fud ,flM]
iQkWLthu] vkblkslk;usV~l vkfnA
2- lkoZtfud {ks=k dk vij{k.k% bl uhfr us lkoZtfud {ks=k ds
fy, vkjf{kr m|ksxksa dh la[;k esa Hkkjh deh dhA dsæa ljdkj
ds fy, vkjf{kr m|ksxksa dh la[;k 17 (1956 dh uhfr ds
vuqlkj) ls ?kVkdj fliQZ 8 dj nh xbZ] vFkkZr gfFk;kj vkSj
xksyk&ck:n_ ijek.kq ÅtkZ_ dks;yk_ •fut rsy_ ykSg v;Ld]
eSxa uht v;Ld] lksuk] Økse v;Ld] ftIle] lYiQj vkSj ghjs
dk •uu_ rkack] lhlk] tLrk] fVu] eksfyCMsue vkSj oksYÚke
dk •uu_ ijek.kq •fut_ jsyos ifjoguA
orZeku le; esa] dsoy 2 {ks=k gh lkoZtfud {ks=k
ds fy, vkjf{kr gSa%
1- ijek.kq ÅtkZ (fo'ks"k fo•aMuh; lkefxz;ksa vkSj inkFkks±
dk mRiknu] i`FkDdj.k ;k lao/Zu vkSj lqfo/kvksa dk
lapkyu)
2- jsyos lapkyu (fuEufyf•r ds fuekZ.k] lapkyu vkSj
j•j•ko ds vykok& ihihih ds ekè;e ls miuxjh;
dkWfjMksj ifj;kstuk,a_ gkbZ&LihM Vªsu ifj;kstuk_ lefiZr
eky ykbusa_ jksfyax LVkWd lfgr Vªsu lsV] yksdkseksfVo@
dksp fuekZ.k vkSj j•j•ko lqfo/k;s¡_ jsyos fo|qrhdj.k_
flXufyax flLVe_ ÚsV VfeZuy_ ;k=kh VfeZuy_ ekl
jSfiM VªkaliksVZ flLVe_ vkfnA)
3- fons'kh fuos'k dks çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k nksuksa :iksa esa c<+kok
fn;k x;kA FDI dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, fons'kh fuos'k
lao/Zu cksMZ (,iQvkbZihch) dh Hkh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA
508
4- fons'kh çkS|ksfxdh le>kSrs dh vuqefr% fons'kh led{kksa ds
lkFk çkS|ksfxdh le>kSrs djus ds fy, Lopkfyr vuqeksnu
(fufnZ"V ekinaMksa ds Hkhrj) okys m|ksxA
5- ,evkjVhih vf/fu;e esa la'kks/u% rkfd ,d fuf'pr fufnZ"V
lhek ls vf/d laifÙk okyh iQeks± dks vc ykblsal&jfgr
m|ksxksa esa fuos'k djus ds fy, ljdkj ls iwoZ vuqeksnu çkIr
djus dh vko';drk u jgsA
6- lqj{kk esa deh% igys y?kq m|ksxksa (,l,lvkbZ) dks mudh
çfrLi/kZRedrk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, çnku dh xbZ FkhA
7- blus lkoZtfud {ks=k dh n{krk c<+kus vkSj detksj bdkb;ksa
ds iqu#¼kj ds fy, chekj lkoZtfud {ks=k ds m|eksa dks
can djus ij Hkh è;ku dsafær fd;kA
8- vfuoklh Hkkjrh;ksa (,uvkjvkbZ) dks udkjkRed lwph dks
NksM+dj lHkh xfrfof/;ksa esa xSj&çR;korZu vk/kj ij 100»
bfDoVh fuos'k dh vuqefr nh xbZ FkhA
9- ,d NksVh bdkbZ ds ekunaM dks ik¡p yk• #i;s ls de dh
fuos'k lhek okyh bdkbZ esa cny fn;k x;kA
10- Je ds fy, ,d lkekftd lqj{kk tky lqfuf'pr djus ds
fy,] ljdkj us bl uhfr esa ,d jk"Vªh; uohuhdj.k dks"k
(,uvkj,iQ) dh LFkkiuk dh ?kks"k.kk dhA
1991 dh ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds ykHk
(i) ubZ uhfr vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dks vuko';d fu;a=k.k vkSj
fofu;eu ls eqÙkQ djrh gSA
(ii) ubZ uhfr vkS|ksfxd fodkl dks xfr çnku djrh gSA
(iii) ubZ uhfr ls vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa rsth vkrh gSA
(iv) ubZ uhfr ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks fo'o cktkj ij dCtk
djus dk volj çnku djrh gSA
(v) ekbØkslkWÝV vkfn tSlh cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa dk ços'k
(vi) ?kjsyw vkSj fons'kh fuos'k esa o`f¼
(vii) fu;kZr vkSj lacaf/r xfrfof/;ksa esa o`f¼A
(viii) ,e,l,ebZ ds eqíksa dk lek/ku djus ds fy, 2006
esa ,d vyx ea=kky; dh LFkkiuk] ,d u;k vf/fu;e
vkSj ,d vyx ea=kky; LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
1991 dh ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds voxq.k
(i) ubZ uhfr us iwath vk/kfjr m|ksxksa ds fodkl vkSj
foLrkj ds fy, cM+s volj •ksysA ;g y?kq m|ksxksa
ds fodkl dh mis{kk djrh gSA
(ii) ubZ uhfr us /uh oxZ ds fy, ,d cktkj rS;kj fd;kA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 (iii) 51» rd ds fons'kh fuos'k ds mnkjhdj.k us fons'kh
fuxeksa vkSj cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa ds fy, cktkj rS;kj
fd;kA
(iv) ubZ uhfr us vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa esa futhdj.k dh uhfr
dks çksRlkfgr fd;kA
(v) vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw ftls ,uvkbZih
(ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr) esa misf{kr fd;k x;k gS] og
gS Je cy esa o`f¼ ds lkFk jkstxkj dk l`tuA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. ^^vkS|ksfxd fodkl nj lq/kj ds ckn dh vof/ esa ldy
?kjsyw mRikn (thMhih) ds lexz fodkl esa fiNM+ xbZ
gS**] bldk dkj.k crk,aA vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa gky gh esa
fd, x, ifjorZu vkS|ksfxd fodkl nj dks c<+kus esa dgk¡
rd l{ke gSa\ (2017)
2. Hkkjrh;ksa ds LokfeRo okyh daifu;ksa ij mnkjhdj.k ds
çHkko dk ijh{k.k dhft,A D;k os cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa ds
lkFk larks"ktud :i ls çfrLi/kZ dj jgs gSa\ fopkj&foe'kZ
djsaA (2013)
3. ^^vkS|ksfxd fodkl nj lq/kj ds ckn dh vof/ esa ldy
?kjsyw mRikn (thMhih) ds lexz fodkl esa ihNs jg xbZ
gS** dkj.k crk,aA vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa gky gh esa fd,
x, ifjorZu vkS|ksfxd fodkl nj dks c<+kus esa dgk¡ rd
l{ke gSa (2017)A
lkoZtfud {ks=k ds miØe
z Hkkjr ljdkj (thvksvkbZ)] ;k dbZ jkT;ksa ;k {ks=kh; ljdkjksa
esa ls ,d] ;k nksuksa ds LokfeRo okyh daifu;ksa dks lkoZtfud
{ks=k ds miØe (ih,l;w) dgk tkrk gSA
z ih,l;w dgykus ds fy, ,d daiuh ds LVkWd dks ljdkj
}kjk cgqla[;d LokfeRo (> 51») okyk gksuk pkfg,A
z ,l;w dks fuEufyf•r esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS%
1- dsaæh; lkoZtfud {ks=k ds m|e (lhih,lbZ)
2- lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSad (ih,lch)
3- jkT; Lrjh; lkoZtfud m|e (,l,yihbZ)
z lhih,lbZ ds fy,] fdlh fo'ks"k lhih,lbZ esa dsaæ ljdkj
;k vU; lhih,lbZ dh çR;{k fgLlsnkjh 51 çfr'kr ;k mlls
vf/d gSA mUgsa Hkkjh m|ksx vkSj lkoZtfud m|e ea=kky;
}kjk ç'kkflr fd;k tkrk gSA lhih,lbZ 4 {ks=kksa esa dke dj
jgs gSa & Ñf"k] •uu vkSj vUos"k.k] fofuekZ.k vkSj lsok,aA
vkS||ksksffxd
xd {ks{ks=k=k
z lhih,lbZ dks vf/d foÙkh; Lok;Ùkrk çnku djus ds fy,]
mUgsa vkxs oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gS%
z dsaæh; lkoZtfud {ks=k m|e (lhih,lbZ)%
 fefujRu (Js.kh I vkSj II)
 uojRu
 egkjRu
z mijksÙkQ rhuksa esa ls egkjRu lokZsPp Js.kh gksrh gSA mijksÙkQ
rhu inksa dks Hkkjh m|e vkSj lkoZtfud m|e ea=kky; ds
varxZr lkoZtfud m|e foHkkx }kjk çnku fd;k tkrk gSA
uojRu dh uhfr%
z ;s os lhih,lbZ gSa ftUgsa 1997 esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk lcls
çfrf"Br lhih,lbZ ds :i esa igpkuk x;k vkSj mUgsa
uojRu dk f•rkc fn;k x;k] ftlls mUgsa oSf'od cktkj
esa çfrLi/kZ djus ds fy, vf/d foÙkh; Lok;Ùkrk feyhA
lhih,lbZ dks uojRu dk ntkZ çnku djus ds ekunaM%
z lhih,lbZ ds ikl vuqlwph ^,* lwph ds lkFk ^feuhjRu
Js.kh&I' dk ntkZ gksuk pkfg,A
z blds ikl fiNys 5 o"kks± esa de ls de rhu ^^mRÑ"V**
;k ^^cgqr vPNs** le>kSrk Kkiu (,evks;w) gksus pkfg,A
z bls fiNys 3 o"kks± ds nkSjku vius çn'kZu ds vk/kj ij 60
(100 esa ls) dk lexz Ldksj çkIr djuk gksxkA Ldksj 6
ekinaMksa ij vk/kfjr gS] ftlesa 'kkfey gSa%
1- fuoy ykHk ls fuoy laifÙk (vf/dre% 25)
2- tu'kfÙkQ ykxr ls mRiknu ;k lsokvksa dh ykxr
(vf/dre% 15)
3- fu;ksftr iwath ds çfr'kr ds :i esa ldy ekftZu
(vf/dre% 15)
4- VuZvksoj ds çfr'kr ds :i esa ldy ykHk (vf/dre% 15)
5- çfr 'ks;j vk; (vf/dre% 10)
6- usV oFkZ ls 'kq¼ ykHk ds vk/kj ij varj&{ks=kh; rqyuk
(vf/dre% 20)
z lhih,lbZ ds cksMZ esa pkj Lora=k funs'kd gksus pkfg,A
uojRu lhih,lbZ dh foÙkh; Lok;Ùkrk%
z uojRu dk ntkZ lhih,lbZ dks ,d gh ifj;kstuk esa vius
fuoy ewY; dk 15 çfr'kr rd fuos'k djus dk vf/dkj
nsrk gS] ysfdu ljdkj dh LohÑfr ds cxSj ;g 1]000
djksM+ #i, dh iw.kZ lhek rd lhfer gSA
z lHkh ifj;kstukvksa esa bl rjg ds fuos'k dh lexz lhek
,d lkFk ml lhih,lbZ ds fuoy ewY; ds 30 çfr'kr ls
vf/d ugha gksuh pkfg,A
509
 ekpZ 2022 rd] fuEufyf•r 14 lhih,lbZ us egkjRuksa dh uhfr%
uojRu dk ntkZ gkfly dj fy;k gS% z bu rhuksa esa ls egkjRu Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk 2010 esa 'kq: dh
xbZ uohure Js.kh gSA
1- Hkkjr bysDVªkWfud fyfeVsM (chbZ,y)
2- daVsuj dkWikZsjs'ku vkWiQ bafM;k fyfeVsM (lhlhvkbZ,y) lhih,lbZ dks egkjRu dk ntkZ nsus dk ekunaM%
3- bathfu;lZ bafM;k fyfeVsM (bZvkbZ,y) z fuEufyf•r ekunaMksa dks iwjk djus okys lhih,lbZ egkjRu
4- fganqLrku ,;jksukWfVDl fyfeVsM (,p,,y) dk ntkZ nsus ds fy, ik=k gSa%
5- egkuxj VsyhiQksu fuxe fyfeVsM (,eVh,u,y)  uojRu dk ntkZ gksukA

6- us'kuy ,Y;qehfu;e daiuh fyfeVsM (ukYdks)  lsch ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj U;wure fu/kZfjr lkoZtfud

7- ,uchlhlh (bafM;k) fyfeVsM 'ks;j/kfjrk ds lkFk Hkkjrh; LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa lwphc¼A
 fiNys 3 o"kks± ds nkSjku 25]000 djksM+ #i;s ls vf/d
8- ,u,eMhlh fyfeVsM
dk vkSlr okf"kZd dkjksckjA
9- ,u,ylh bafM;k fyfeVsM
 #i;s ls vf/d dh vkSlr okf"kZd fuoy laifÙkA fiNys
10- vkW;y bafM;k fyfeVsM
3 o"kks± ds nkSjku 15]000 djksM+A
11- ikoj iQkbusal dkWikZsjs'ku fyfeVsM
 fiNys 3 o"kks± ds nkSjku dj ds ckn vkSlr okf"kZd 'kq¼
12- jk"Vªh; bLikr fuxe fyfeVsMA ykHk #- 5]000 djksM+ ls vf/dA
13- xzkeh.k fo|qrhdj.k fuxe fyfeVsMA  daiuh ds ikl ,d egRoiw.kZ oSf'od mifLFkfr ;k
14- f'kfiax dkWikZsjs'ku vkWiQ bafM;k fyfeVsM varjkZ"Vªh; lapkyu gksuk pkfg,A

fefujRu dh uhfr% egkjRu lhih,lbZ dh foÙkh; Lok;Ùkrk%

z ljdkj us feuhjRu uked ,d vkSj Js.kh cukbZA fefujRu dks
nks Jsf.k;ksa I vkSj II esa ckaVk x;k gSA
z Js.kh&I feuhjRu
z ,sls lhih,lbZ us fiNys 3 o"kks± esa yxkrkj equkiQk dek;k
gks] bu 3 o"kks± esa ls de ls de ,d esa 30 djksM+ #i;s
;k mlls vf/d dk iwoZ&dj ykHk vftZr fd;k gks] vkSj
ldkjkRed fuoy ewY; gksuk pkfg,A
z muds ikl ljdkj dh eatwjh ds fcuk #- 300 djksM+ ;k
muds fuoy ewY; ds cjkcj] tks Hkh de gks] iwathxr O;;
djus dh foÙkh; Lok;Ùkrk gSA
Js.kh&f}rh;&feuhjRu
z bUgsa fiNys 3 o"kks± esa yxkrkj equkiQk dekuk pkfg, Fkk vkSj
budk 'kq¼ ewY; ldkjkRed gksuk pkfg,A
z muds ikl ljdkj dh eatwjh ds fcuk 150 djksM+ #i, ;k
viuh fuoy laifÙk ds 50 çfr'kr rd] tks Hkh de gks]
iwathxr O;; djus dh foÙkh; Lok;Ùkrk gSA
z feuhjRu dh nksuksa Jsf.k;ka Hkkjr esa la;qÙkQ m|eksa esa ços'k
dj ldrh gSa vkSj dqN fof'k"V çfrca/ksa ds varxZr lgk;d
daifu;ka cuk ldrh gSaA
z ekpZ 2022 rd] Hkkjr esa 61 Js.kh&I feuhjRu lhih,lbZ
vkSj 12 Js.kh&II feuhjRu lhih,lbZ gSaA
z egkjRu dk ntkZ lhih,lbZ dks ,d gh ifj;kstuk esa viuh
fuoy laifÙk dk 15 çfr'kr rd fuos'k djus dk vf/dkj
nsrk gS] ysfdu ;g ljdkj dh eatwjh ds fcuk 5]000 djksM+
#i;s dh iw.kZ lhek rd lhfer gS] tcfd uojRuksa ds fy,
1]000 djksM+ #i;s lhfer gSA
z lHkh ifj;kstukvksa esa bl rjg ds fuos'k dh lexz lhek
,d lkFk ml lhih,lbZ ds fuoy ewY; ds 30 çfr'kr ls
vf/d ugha gksuh pkfg,A
ekpZ 2022 rd] fuEufyf•r 10 lhih,lbZ dks
çfrf"Br egkjRu dk ntkZ fn;k x;k gS%
1- Hkkjr gsoh bysfDVªdYl fyfeVsM (ch,pbZ,y)
2- Hkkjr isVªksfy;e dkWikZsjs'ku fyfeVsM (chihlh,y)
3- dksy bafM;k fyfeVsM
4- xsy (bafM;k) fyfeVsM
5- fganqLrku isVªksfy;e dkWikZsjs'ku fyfeVsM (,pihlh,y)
6- bafM;u vkW;y dkWikZsjs'ku fyfeVsM (IOCL)
7- ,uVhihlh fyfeVsM
8- rsy ,oa çkÑfrd xSl fuxe (vks,uthlh) fyfeVsM
9- ikoj fxzM dkWikZsjs'ku vkWiQ bafM;k fyfeVsM
10- LVhy vFkkWfjVh vkWiQ bafM;k fyfeVsM (lsy)
z mijksÙkQ 10 egkjRuksa esa ls] ,pihlh,y vkSj ikoj fxzM
dkWjiksjs'ku vkWiQ bafM;k fyfeVsM 2019 esa egkjRu dk
ntkZ ikus okys uohure gSaA

510 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
lhih,lbZ dk çn'kZu%
z ih,l;w ds çn'kZu dks u dsoy equkiQs ds :i esa mudh
dekbZ ls] cfYd vFkZO;oLFkk esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds
çokg esa muds }kjk dh xbZ dqy o`f¼ ls Hkh vkadk tkuk
pkfg,A
z Lora=krk ds ckn lkoZtfud {ks=k esa O;kid foLrkj gqvk gS
& 'kq#vkr esa 1951 esa dsoy ikap lhih,lbZ FksA ekpZ 2021
rd] yxHkx 366 lhih,lbZ gSa ftuesa ls 256 ifjpkyu
esa gSaA gky gh esa ,;j bafM;k dk fofuos'k iwjk gqvk gSA
,yvkbZlh vkbZihvks tkjh djus dh çfØ;k Hkh py jgh gSA
z 256 pkyw lhih,lbZ esa ls dsoy 171 us 2019&20 ds
nkSjku ykHk fn•k;kA
z lhih,lbZ dk lexz 'kq¼ ykHk #- 2018&19 esa 1-43 yk•
djksM+ #- foÙk o"kZ 2019&20 esa 93]295 djksM+A
z vkRe fuHkZj Hkkjr fe'ku ds varxZr] lhih,lbZ dh Hkkxhnkjh
dk ;qfÙkQdj.k Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk bl rjhds ls çLrkfor
fd;k x;k gS fd lhih,lbZ dh mifLFkfr dsoy j.kuhfrd
{ks=kksa esa gksuh pkfg,] tks vc pkj O;kid ckLdsV] ;kuh
jk"Vªh; lqj{kk] egRoiw.kZ cqfu;knh <kapk] ÅtkZ vkSj •fut
rFkk foÙkh; lsokvksa ds varxZr gSaA xSj&j.kuhfrd {ks=kksa esa
lhih,lbZ dk dsaæ ljdkj }kjk futhdj.k djus dh ;kstuk
gSA
Hkkjr & 22
z Hkkjr 22 ,d bZVh,iQ gS tks 22 'ks;jksa ds çn'kZu dks
VªSd djsxk] ftls ljdkj fofuos'k djus dh ;kstuk cuk
jgh gSA bZVh,iQ bdkb;ka iQaM ds VqdM+s dk çfrfuf/Ro
djrh gSa] tkjh dh xbZ bdkb;ka ,Dlpsatksa ij lwphc¼
gksrh gSa rkfd dksbZ Hkh m¼`r ewY; ij •jhn ;k fcØh
dj ldsA -
z Hkkjr&22 bZVh,iQ cqfu;knh lkexzh] ÅtkZ] foÙk]
,iQ,elhth] m|ksx vkSj mi;ksfxrkvksa tSls Ng {ks=kksa
rd iQSyk gksxkA lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa] •fudksa]
fuekZ.k daifu;ksa vkSj ÅtkZ dh cM+h daifu;ksa ds vykok]
bZVh,iQ esa dqN 'kkfey gksaxs ,l;w;wVhvkbZ (LisfliQkbM
vaMjVsfdax vkWiQ ;wfuV VªLV vkWiQ bafM;k) esa ljdkj
dh fgLlsnkjhA
z Hkkjr 22 bZVh,iQ dk çca/u vkbZlhvkbZlhvkbZ çwMsaf'k;y
,,elh }kjk fd;k tk,xk] tcfd ,f'k;k baMsDl
lwpdkad çnkrk gksxkA lwpdkad dks lkykuk iqulZarqfyr
fd;k tk,xkA
vkS||ksksffxd
xd {ks{ks=k=k
fofuos'k
z fofuos'k lkoZtfud m|eksa ds bfDoVh 'ks;jksa dks futh {ks=k
dks cspus dk ,d dk;Z gS ;k lkoZtfud {ks=k ds m|eksa ds
futhdj.k dks lkoZtfud miØeksa dh bfDoVh dk fgLlk
turk dks cspdj fofuos'k ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
fofuos'k ds çdkj%
1- vYiva'k&fofuos'k
z fofuos'k dk ,slk çdkj tgka ljdkj daiuh esa cgqer
fgLlsnkjh] T;knkrj 51» ls vf/d] j•rh gS] vkSj ;g
lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd çca/u fu;a=k.k ljdkj ds ikl jgsA
laLFkkuksa dk vYila[;d fofuos'k 90 ds n'kd dh 'kq#vkr
vkSj eè; esa 'kq: gqvkA muesa ls dqN ,aMª;w ;wy ,aM daiuh
fyfeVsM] lh,elh fyfeVsM] vkfnA
z fcØh çLrko }kjk vYila[;d fofuos'k ds mnkgj.
kksa esa ikoj fxzM dkWikZsjs'ku vkWiQ bafM;k fyfeVsM] :jy
bysfDVªfiQds'ku dkWikZsjs'ku fyfeVsM] ,uVhihlh fyfeVsM]
,u,pihlh fyfeVsM vkfn ds gkfy;k eqís 'kkfey gSaA
z ljdkj ;g uhfr Hkh ykbZ fd foÙkh; o"kZ (,iQokbZ)
2018&19 ds fy, lHkh fofuos'k dsoy lkoZtfud çLrkoksa
ds ekè;e ls vYila[;d fofuos'k ds ekè;e ls gksaxsA
z vYiva'k fofuos'k ds çdkj& fdlh ih,l;w esa vYiva'k
fgLlsnkjh dk fofuos'k fuEufyf•r rjhdksa ls fd;k tk
ldrk gS&
z vkjafHkd lkoZtfud is'kd'k (vkbZihvks)% ;g igyh ckj
turk ds fy, xSj&lwphc¼ ih,l;w }kjk 'ks;jksa dh is'kd'k
gSA ;g ,d u, LVkWd fuxZeu esa ,d futh bdkbZ ds
'ks;jksa dh is'kd'k dks lanfHkZr djrk gS vkSj ,d fuxe
dks lkoZtfud fuos'kdksa ls iwath tqVkus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
z vuqorhZ lkoZtfud is'kd'k (,iQihvks)% bls vkxs dh
lkoZtfud is'kd'k ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g
,d lwphc¼ ih,l;w }kjk 'ks;jksa dh is'kd'k gSA ,d vuqorhZ
lkoZtfud is'kd'k (,iQihvks) ,d daiuh }kjk fuos'kdksa
dks 'ks;j tkjh djuk gS tks LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa lwphc¼ gSA
;g çkjafHkd ijh{kk lkoZtfud is'kd'k (vkbZihvks) ds ckn
daiuh }kjk is'k fd, x, vfrfjÙkQ 'ks;jksa dks tkjh djuk
gSA mUgsa f}rh;d çlkn Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
z fcØh ds fy, çLrko (vks,iQ,l)% ;g rc gksrk gS tc
LVkWd ,Dlpsat }kjk miyC/ djk, x, IysViQkWeZ ij ih,l;w
ds 'ks;jksa dh uhykeh dh tkrh gSA vYila[;d fofuos'k ds
bl rjhds dk ljdkj }kjk 2012 ls cM+s iSekus ij mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk jgk gSA
511
z laLFkkxr fu;kstu dk;ZØe (vkbZihih)% blesa dsoy pqfuank
foÙkh; laLFkku 'kkfey gSa ftUgsa Hkkx ysus dh vuqefr gS
vkSj ljdkj dh fgLlsnkjh dsoy ,sls laLFkkuksa dks nh tkrh
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] E;wpqvy iQaM] chek vkSj isa'ku iQaM
tSls ,yvkbZlh baLVhVÔw'kuy IyslesaV çksxzke esa 'kkfey gSaA
z ØkWl&gksfYMax&fofuos'k dh bl i¼fr esa] ,d lwphc¼
ih,l;w nwljs lwphc¼ ih,l;w esa ljdkj dh fgLlsnkjh ysrk
gSA bldk ifj.kke nksgjh x.kuk esa gks ldrk gS] tgka ewY;
fu/kZfjr djrs le; çR;sd daiuh dh bfDoVh dks nks ckj
fxuk tkrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i nks daifu;ksa ds xyr
ewY; dk vuqeku yxkus esaA
z lhih,lbZ fofue; O;kikj fuf/ (bZVh,iQ)% fofuos'k ds bl
rjhds ds ekè;e ls] ljdkj ,d gh is'kd'k ds ekè;e
ls fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa fofHkUu ih,l;w esa viuh fgLlsnkjh csp
ldrh gSA ;g ljdkj dks mu ih,l;w esa viuh fgLlsnkjh
dk eqæhdj.k djus esa l{ke cukrh gS tks bldk fgLlk gSa
,Dlpsat&VªsMsM iQaM bZVh,iQ ckLdsVA
2- cgqla[; fofuos'k
z fofuos'k tgka ljdkj] fofuos'k ds ckn] daiuh esa vYika'k
fgLlsnkjh j•rh gS] vkSj iwjh rjg ls viuh vf/dka'k
fgLlsnkjh csp nsrh gSA vke rkSj ij] vf/dka'k fofuos'kksa esa
ges'kk j.kuhfrd lk>snkj 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
z ;s Hkkxhnkj Lo;a vU; lhih,lbZ gks ldrs gSa] tSls chvkjih,y
ls vkbZvkslh] vkSj dsvkj,y ls chihlh,yA cgqla[;d
fofuos'k esa j.kuhfrd lk>snkj futh laLFkk,a Hkh gks ldrh
gSa tSls fd fganqLrku yhoj fyfeVsM dks ekWMuZ iQwM~l dh
fcØh] VkVk dalYVsalh lfoZlst fyfeVsM (Vhlh,l) dks
lh,elhA
z cgqla[;d fofuos'k mnkgj.kksa ds ekeys esa] fgLlsnkjh dks
fcØh ds çLrko ds ekè;e ls] vyx ls ;k fdlh lkefjd
Hkkxhnkj dks fcØh ds la;kstu esa Hkh mrkjk tk ldrk gSA
z cgqla[; fofuos'k ds çdkj&lkoZtfud {ks=k ds miØeksa esa
cgqla[; fgLlsnkjh dk fofuos'k fuEufyf•r rjhdksa ls fd;k
tk ldrk gS&
z lkefjd fcØh% blesa ljdkjh 'ks;j/kfjrk ds cM+s fgLls dh
fcØh 'kkfey gS tks çca/u fu;a=k.k ds gLrkarj.k ds lkFk
ih,l;w esa 50 çfr'kr ;k vf/d gks ldrh gSA
z futhdj.k% ;g j.kuhfrd fcØh dk ,d çdkj gS ftlesa
ljdkj ,d futh laLFkk dks çca/u fu;a=k.k ds gLrkarj.k
ds lkFk&lkFk viuh iwjh fgLlsnkjh csprh gSA
512
z iw.kZ futhdj.k% ;g cgqla[;d fofuos'k dk çdkj gS
tgka daiuh dk 100» fu;a=k.k ,d •jhnkj dks fn;k
tkrk gSA mnkgj.kksa esa vkbZVhMhlh dh 18 gksVy laifÙk;ka
vkSj ,plh,y dh 3 gksVy laifÙk;ka 'kkfey gSaA fofuos'k
futhdj.k ls vyx gS D;ksafd ;g gks ldrk gS ;k futhdj.k
esa ifj.kke ugha gks ldrk gSA bls fuEufyf•r mnkgj.k
}kjk le>k;k tk ldrk gS% & ;fn ljdkj 26» 'ks;jksa
dks j.kuhfrd •jhnkj dks csprs le; oksfVax 'kfÙkQ;ksa dks
cjdjkj j•rh gS] rks mlus fofuos'k fd;k gksxk] ysfdu
futhdj.k ugha fd;k gksxk D;ksafd 26» ds lkFk og vHkh
Hkh dj ldrh gS ;g egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ;ksa dks jksdrk gS ftlds
fy, vke rkSj ij ,d fo'ks"k ladYi (rhu&pkSFkkbZ cgqer)
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
fofuos'k uhfr dk mís';%
z chekj vkSj fnokfy;k gks jgs ih,l;w ij foÙkh; cks> de
djukA
z futh LokfeRo vkSj ljdkjh laifÙk ds caVokjs dks çksRlkfgr
djsaA
z cktkj vuq'kklu] çfrLi/kZ vkSj u, m|e dh 'kq:vkr esa
lq/kj djrk gSA
z vko';d lsokvksa dk vjktuhfrdj.kA
z çfrLi/hZ cuus ds fy,] lkoZtfud m|eksa dks viuh
çkS|ksfxdh dk mUu;u djuk pkfg,A
z dk;Zcy ;qfÙkQdj.k vkSj ,d iqu% çf'k{k.k
z vuqla/ku ,oa fodkl fo'ks"kKrk vkSj rkdr c<+kukA
z fofo/hdj.k vkSj foLrkj j.kuhfr;ksa dk fodkl djukA
Hkkjr esa fofuos'k uhfr dk egRo%
z lkoZtfud {ks=k ds miØeksa dks fu;ksftr iwath ij udkjkRed
çfriQy feyk] ftlls os ljdkj ds fy, ,d laifÙk ds
ctk; ,d nkf;Ro cu x,A
z de ih,l;w fjVuZ us ns'k dh dqy jk"Vªh; cpr vkSj thMhih
dks Hkh uqdlku igqapk;kA fofuos'k uhfr ljdkj dks ,slh
daifu;ksa dks •Re djus dh is'kd'k djrh gS vkSj vko';d
xfrfof/;ksa ij è;ku dsafær dj ldrh gSA
z ifj.kkeLo:i] ljdkj xSj&vko';d {ks=kksa ls nwj gks xbZ gS]
fo'ks"k :i ls os ftuesa futh {ks=k ,d egRoiw.kZ f•ykM+h
cu x;k gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z rsth ls çfrLi/hZ vFkZO;oLFkk ds dkj.k fofuos'k egRoiw.kZ gS]
tks dbZ lkoZtfud {ks=k dh daifu;ksa ds fy, vkfFkZd :i
ls dk;Z djuk vkSj futh f•ykfM+;ksa ds lkFk çfrLi/kZ djuk
vlaHko cuk nsrk gSA
z fofuos'k us jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dks de djus esa ns'k dh enn dhA
z fofuos'k us foÙkh; lalk/uksa dks c<+kdj cM+s iSekus ij
cqfu;knh <kaps ds fodkl dks l{ke cuk;kA
z blds ekè;e ls vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuos'k c<+k gS] tks miHkksÙkQk
•pZ dks c<+krk gS vkSj ns'k ds lexz mRiknu dks c<+krk gSA
z fofuos'k us foÙkh; lalk/uksa dks c<+kdj cM+s iSekus ij
cqfu;knh <kaps ds fodkl dks l{ke cuk;kA
z blus ljdkj dks viuk ½.k de djus esa l{ke cuk;k
(dsaæ ds jktLo dk yxHkx 40» lkoZtfud ½.k vkSj
C;kt pqdkus esa pyk tkrk gS)A
z fofuos'k uhfr dh enn ls ljdkj us f'k{kk] LokLF; vkSj
LoPNrk ls lacaf/r dbZ lkekftd dk;ZØeksa dh 'kq#vkr
dhA
fofuos'k uhfr dh vkykspuk%
z fofuos'k dsoy ljdkj ds fy, /u tqVkus dk ,d lk/u
cu x;k gSA ih,l;w lq/kjksa ij FkksM+k tksj gSA
z ljdkj ds çeq• LokfeRo ds cjdjkj jgus ls] lkoZtfud
daifu;ka igys dh rjg gh v{ke vkSj vçHkkoh laLÑfr ds
lkFk dke djrh jgsaxhA
z fofuos'k ds ckn] ykHknk;d daifu;ksa esa ljdkj ds 'ks;j
de gks x, gSaA
z blds ifj.kkeLo:i ljdkj dh ykHkka'k vk; esa deh vk,xh
vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i ljdkj dk jktdks"kh; ?kkVk c<+ tk,xkA
z lektokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj] futh {ks=k lalk/uksa ds leku
forj.k vkSj lekos'kh fodkl dks çkIr djus esa v{ke gS
D;ksafd ykHk vf/dre djuk futh laLFkkvksa dk ,dek=k
mís'; gSA
z xjhc yksx xjhc gh jgsaxs vkSj mudh lsok ugha dh tk
ldsxhA urhtru] ljdkj dks vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ds lHkh ;k
dqN fgLlksa ij fu;a=k.k j•uk pkfg,A
z j.kuhfrd daifu;ksa tSls rsy ih,l;w esa fofuos'k jk"Vªh;
lqj{kk ds fy, •rjk gSA
z rsy ,d j.kuhfrd çkÑfrd lalk/u gS] vkSj laHkor%
fons'kh fu;a=k.k gekjs lkefjd mís';ksa ds lkFk vlaxr
gSA Hkkjr isVªksfy;e dkWikZsjs'ku fyfeVsM (chihlh,y) esa
fofuos'k bldk ,d mnkgj.k gSA
vkS||ksksffxd
xd {ks{ks=k=k
z fofuos'k ds ifj.kkeLo:i ih,l;w ds deZpkfj;ksa dh ukSdjh
pyh tk,xhA
z vxj daiuh ds funs'kdksa esa dbZ futh {ks=k ds fo'ks"kK
'kkfey gSa] rks os dekbZ c<+kus ds fy, Jfedksa dks de
djus dh ;kstuk dk leFkZu dj ldrs gSaA
orZeku fofuos'k uhfr (2021&22)
z orZeku ljdkj us 2021&22 ds fy, 1]75]000 djksM+ #i;s
dk ,d egRokdka{kh fofuos'k y{; fu/kZfjr fd;k gSA nks
ih,l;w cSadksa vkSj ,d chek daiuh lfgr lkoZtfud {ks=k
ds m|eksa vkSj foÙkh; laLFkkuksa esa 'ks;jksa dh fcØh ds ekè;e
ls] ;g y{; gkfly fd;k tk,xkA ,yvkbZlh vkbZihvks ds
fy, vko';d fo/k;h la'kks/u gksaxs] D;ksafd bls chek {ks=k
esa ljdkj }kjk ekLVj LVªksd ekuk tkrk gSA
z foÙk ea=kh us ?kks"k.kk dh fd muds ctV Hkk"k.k esa pkj
j.kuhfrd {ks=kksa dks NksM+dj vf/dka'k lkoZtfud {ks=k ds
m|eksa dk futhdj.k fd;k tk,xkA uhfr j.kuhfrd vkSj
xSj&j.kuhfrd fofuos'k ds fy, ,d Li"V jkLrk r; djsxhA
vkbZMhchvkbZ cSad] chihlh,y] f'kfiax dkWjiksjs'ku] daVsuj
dkWjiksjs'ku vkSj uhykpy bLikr fuxe fyfeVsM dh lkefjd
fcØh foÙkh; o"kZ 2021&22 esa iwjh gks tk,xhA
z lhih,lbZ ds LokfeRo okyh Hkwfe dk eqæhdj.k djus ds
fy, ,d fo'ks"k mís'; okgu (,lihoh) cuk;k tk,xk]
rkfd vç;qÙkQ Hkwfe dks ;k rks cspk tk lds ;k iqu% mi;ksx
fd;k tk ldsA
fu"d"kZ%
z ljdkj dh fofuos'k uhfr us bls foÙkh; ?kkVs dks de djus]
dY;k.kdkjh ç.kkfy;ksa ds fy, /u tqVkus] vkSj cqfu;knh
<kapk dh ifj;kstukvksa] çkFkfedrk okys {ks=kksa ij è;ku nsus
lfgr dbZ eqíksa ls fuiVus esa l{ke cuk;k gSA nwljh vksj]
ljdkj dks fcØh çfØ;kvksa] daifu;ksa ds mfpr ewY;kadu]
fu"i{k vkSj eqÙkQ uhykeh çfØ;k esa turk ds fo'okl dks
lqfuf'pr djus dh vko';drk gksxh] vkSj ysu&nsu ds ckn
vf/dkfj;ksa dks dqN lqj{kk çnku djus dh vko';drk gksxh
D;ksafd dbZ ckj mUgsa tkap&iM+rky ,tsafl;ksa }kjk mRihM+u
dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
513
 foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s%
 (2021)
1- •qnjk fuos'kd MheSV •krksa ds ekè;e ls çkFkfed
cktkj esa Vªstjh fcy vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj ds ½.k ckaM
esa fuos'k dj ldrs gSaA
2- ^fuxksf'k,VsM Mhfyax flLVe&vkWMZfjax eSfpax* Hkkjrh;
fjtoZ cSad dk ,d ljdkjh çfrHkwfr O;kikj eap gSA
3- ^lsaVªy fMikWftVjh lfoZlst fyfeVsM* dks Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
cSad vkSj ckWEcs LVkWd ,Dlpsat }kjk la;qÙkQ :i ls
çofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA
Åij fn, x, dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1
(b) 1 vkSj 2
(c) dsoy 3
(d) 2 vkSj
2. Hkkjr ljdkj dsaæh; lkoZtfud {ks=k ds m|eksa (lhih,lbZ)
esa viuh bfDoVh dk fofuos'k D;ksa dj jgh gS\ lhih,lbZ
 (2011)
1- ljdkj fofuos'k ls vftZr jktLo dk eq[; :i ls
ckgjh ½.k pqdkus ds fy, mi;ksx djuk pkgrh gSA
2- ljdkj vc lhih,lbZ ds çca/u fu;a=k.k dks cuk,
j•us dk bjknk ugha j•rh gS
Åij fn, x, dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1
(b) dsoy 2
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
(d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2
fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k
z ,lbZtsM ns'k dk ,d ,slk fgLlk gS tks vkerkSj ij
'kqYd&eqÙkQ (jktdks"kh; fj;k;r) gS vkSj fuos'k dks vkdf"kZr
djus vkSj jkstxkj l`ftr djus ds y{; ds lkFk blds vius
O;olk; vkSj okf.kfT;d fu;e gSaA ,lbZtsM dk xBu bu
{ks=kksa ds ç'kklu esa lq/kj ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gS rkfd
O;kikj djuk vklku gksA
514
fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k vf/fu;e ds mís';
z ,lbZtsM vf/fu;e ds mís'; fuEufyf•r gSa &
z ns'k esa vkSj vf/d vkfFkZd xfrfof/ l`ftr djus ds
fy,A
z fu;kZr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh la[;k esa
o`f¼ djukA
z dke ds vPNs volj l`ftr djus ds fy,A
z ?kjsyw vkSj varjjk"Vªh; nksuksa rjg ds fuos'k dks c<+kukA
z volajpuk lqfo/kvksa dk fodkl djukA
fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k dks miyC/ çksRlkgu vkSj lqfo/k,a
1- fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k bdkb;ksa ds fuekZ.k] lapkyu vkSj
j•j•ko ds fy, lkeku dks 'kqYd eqÙkQ vk;kr fd;k tk
ldrk gS ;k ?kjsyw Lrj ij •jhnk tk ldrk gSA
2- vk;dj] U;wure oSdfYid dj vkSj vU; tSls djksa ls NwVA
3- fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k bdkb;ksa }kjk ekU;rk çkIr cSafdax pSuyksa
ds ekè;e ls çfr o"kZ 500 fefy;u vejhdh Mkyj rd
dh ckgjh okf.kfT;d m/kjh] fcuk fdlh ifjiDork çfrca/
dsA
4- dsaæ vkSj jkT; Lrj ij LohÑfr;ksa ds fy, ,dy&foaMks
fudklh gSA
fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=kksa ds ykHk
z os çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k (,iQMhvkbZ) esa o`f¼ djrs gSaA
z fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k fons'kh eqæk vk; esa o`f¼ djrs gSaA
z os jkstxkj l`tu esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA
z os ubZ uhfr;ksa ds lkFk ç;ksx djus esa enn djrs gSaA
z fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k fu;kZr esa o`f¼ djrs gSaA
z os vFkZO;oLFkk dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA
Hkkjr esa fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k
z 1965 esa] dkaMyk {ks=k] xqtjkr] ,f'k;k dk igyk bZihtsM
(fu;kZr çlaLdj.k {ks=k) cu x;kA orZeku esa] 379 fo'ks"k
vkfFkZd {ks=k vf/lwfpr gSa] ftuesa ls 265 ifjpkyu esa
gSaA yxHkx 64 çfr'kr fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k ikap jkT;ksa &
rfeyukMq] rsyaxkuk] dukZVd] vka/z çns'k vkSj egkjk"Vª esa
fLFkr gSaA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k ds fy, pqukSfr;ka%%
1- fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k esa vç`;qÙkQ Hkwfe% fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k
LFkku dh ekax esa deh vkSj egkekjh ds dkj.k gksus okys
O;o/kuksa ds dkj.kA
2- dbZ ekWMy dk vfLrRo% vkfFkZd {ks=k ds dbZ ekWMy gSa
tSls fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k] rVh; vkfFkZd {ks=k] fnYyh&eqacbZ
vkS|ksfxd xfy;kjk] jk"Vªh; fuos'k vkSj fofuekZ.k {ks=k] iQwM
ikdZ vkSj diM+k ikdZ tks fofHkUu ekWMyksa dks ,dhÑr djus
esa pqukSfr;ka is'k djrs gSaA
3- vkfl;ku ns'kksa ls çfrLi/kZ% fiNys dqN o"kks± esa] vkfl;ku
ds dbZ ns'kksa us oSf'od f•ykfM+;ksa dks vius fo'ks"k vkfFkZd
{ks=k esa fuos'k djus ds fy, vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, viuh
uhfr;ksa esa cnyko fd;k gS vkSj viuh dkS'ky igy
ds fodklkRed lsV ij Hkh dke fd;k gSA urhtru]
Hkkjrh; fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k us fo'o Lrj ij vius dqN
çfrLi/hZ ykHkksa dks •ks fn;k gS vkSj blfy, ubZ uhfr;ksa dh
vko';drk gSA
midj.k
vkS|ksfxd mRiknu dk vkB çeq• m|ksxksa ds
lwpdkad lwpdkad
m|ksxksa ds çn'kZu dks ekius ds fy, midj.k
z vkS|ksfxd mRiknu lwpdkad (vkbZvkbZih)
z lkaf[;dh vkSj dk;ZØe dk;kZUo;u ea=kky; ds varxZr
dsaæh; lkaf[;dh dk;kZy; (lh,lvks] vc ,u,lvks) gj
eghus vkS|ksfxd mRiknu lwpdkad (vkbZvkbZih) ladfyr
vkSj çdkf'kr djrk gSA
z vkbZvkbZih vkS|ksfxd çn'kZu dk ,d lkaf[;dh; eki gSA
z ;g ,d pquh gqbZ vk/kj vof/ ds laca/ esa nh xbZ vof/
ds nkSjku vkS|ksfxd mRiknksa dh ,d Vksdjh ds mRiknu dh
ek=kk esa vYidkfyd ifjorZuksa dks ekirk gSA orZeku esa
vk/kj o"kZ 2011&12 gSA
z bl çdkj IIP dks 14 ea=kky;ksa ls ,df=kr vkadM+ksa ds
vk/kj ij ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA
z vkbZvkbZih dh x.kuk djrs le;] rhu mi&{ks=kksa ds fy,
Hkkjkad gSa%
1- •uu {ks=k ds fy, &14-4»
2- eSU;qiQSDpfjax lsDVj ds fy,& 77-6»
3- fctyh {ks=k ds fy, & 8»A
vkS||ksksffxd
xd {ks{ks=k=k
vkxs c<+us dk jkLrk%
z ckck dY;k.kh vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa dk dk;kZUo;u tSls
,e,l,ebZ ;kstukvksa ds lkFk tqM+dj fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k
esa ,e,l,ebZ fuos'k dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj oSdfYid {ks=kksa
dks lsDVj&fof'k"V fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k esa fuos'k djus dh
vuqefr nsukA
z foÙk rd mudh igqap esa lq/kj djus vkSj yach vof/
ds m/kj dks l{ke djus ds fy, fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k dks
cqfu;knh <kapk dk ntkZ nsukA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. ,d Li"V LohÑfr gS fd fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k (fo'ks"k
vkfFkZd {ks=k) vkS|ksfxd fodkl] fofuekZ.k vkSj fu;kZr dk
,d midj.k gSaA bl {kerk dks Lohdkj djrs gq,] fo'ks"k
vkfFkZd {ks=k ds laiw.kZ lk/u dks c<+kus dh vko';drk
gSA djk/ku] 'kklh dkuwuksa vkSj ç'kklu ds laca/ esa fo'ks"k
vkfFkZd {ks=k dh liQyrk dks çHkkfor djus okys eqís ij
ppkZ djsaA (2015)
m|ksxksa dk okf"kZd loZs{k.k Ø; çca/dksa dh lwph
z bl çdkj] ge ikrs gSa fd {ks=k&vk/kfjr oxhZdj.k ds ekeys
esa vkbZvkbZih dh x.kuk djrs le; fofuekZ.k {ks=k dk Hkkj
lcls vf/d gksrk gSA mi;ksx&vk/kfjr oxhZdj.k ds lanHkZ
esa] vkbZvkbZih ds ekiu esa çkFkfed oLrqvksa dk Hkkj lcls
vf/d gksrk gS
vkbZvkbZih dk egRo%
1- ;g lexz vkfFkZd fodkl dk ,d çeq• ladsrd gSA
2- lwpdkad dk mi;ksx ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa] foÙk ea=kky; tSls
foHkkxksa vkSj Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk uhfr fuekZ.k mís';ksa
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
3- vkbZvkbZih MsVk dk mi;ksx çR;sd frekgh esa fofuekZ.k {ks=k
ds ldy ewY; o/Zu dh x.kuk ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
4- vkbZvkbZih dk mi;ksx O;kikj fo'ys"kdks]a foÙkh; fo'ks"kKksa vkSj
futh f•ykfM+;ksa }kjk dbZ mís';ksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
5- vkbZvkbZih mRiknu dh HkkSfrd ek=kk dk ,dek=k ladsrd gSA
6- ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ds vfxze vuqekuksa ds ç{ksi.k ds fy,
vkbZvkbZih MsVk vR;ar mi;ksxh gSA
515
 foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) 3- dksj lsDVj ds vkB m|ksxksa dk osVst ?kVrs Øe esa fjiQkbujh
1. Hkkjr esa] vkS|ksfxd mRiknu ds lexz lwpdkad esa] vkB mRikn> fctyh> LVhy> dks;yk> dPpk rsy> çkÑfrd
çeq• m|ksxksa ds lwpdkadksa dk la;qÙkQ Hkkjkad 37-90» gSA xSl> lhesaV> moZjd gSA
fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu ls mu vkB çeq• m|ksxksa esa ls foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
gSa\ (2012)
1. ^vkB çeq• m|ksxksa ds lwpdkad* esa] fuEufyf•r esa ls
1- lhesaV fdls lokZf/d Hkkj fn;k x;k gS\ (2015)
2- moZjd (a) dks;yk mRiknu
3- çkÑfrd xSl (b) fctyh mRiknu
4- fjiQkbujh mRikn (c) moZjd mRiknu
5- VsDlVkby (d) bLikr mRiknu
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,% {kerk mi;ksx (lh;w)
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 5 z vFkZO;oLFkk dh ekax vkSj fuos'k dh laHkkoukvksa
(b) dsoy 2] 3] vkSj 4 dk vkdyu djus ds fy, ;g ,d vkSj vkfFkZd
(c) dsoy 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4 ladsrd gSA lh;w njsa dkiQh gn rd vFkZO;oLFkk esa
(d) 1] 2] 3] 4 vkSj 5 fofuekZ.k xfrfof/;ksa dh xfr dks VªSd djus esa l{ke
gSaA vkbZvkbZih&fofuekZ.k lwpdkad vkSj {kerk mi;ksx dh
vkB çeq• m|ksxksa dk lwpdkad o`f¼ nj Hkkjr ds fofuekZ.k {ks=k ds fy, ekax dh fLFkfr
dk ,d LuSi'kkWV çnku djrh gSA
1- vkB çeq• m|ksxksa ds çn'kZu dks ekirk gSA
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dh O;kikj vis{kk lwpdkad% ;g
2- bu vkB çeq• m|ksxksa esa vkbZvkbZih esa 40-27» Hkkj 'kkfey
fofuekZ.k {ks=k esa ekax dh fLFkfr dh ,d >yd nsrk
gSA gS] ftlesa ekinaMksa dk la;kstu gksrk gS] ftlesa lexz
3- bls ekfld vkS|ksfxd çn'kZu dk cSjksehVj ekuk tkrk gSA O;kolkf;d fLFkfr] mRiknu] vkWMZj cqd] dPps eky dh
vkB çeq• m|ksx vkSj muds fufnZ"V Hkkj% lwph vkSj rS;kj eky] ykHk ekftZu] jkstxkj] fu;kZr vkSj
{kerk mi;ksx 'kkfey gSaA
1- fjiQkbujh mRikn & 28»
2- fctyh &&19-9»
m|ksxksa dk okf"kZd loZs{k.k
3- LVhy & 17-9»
4- dks;yk & 10-3» 1- ;g iwjs ns'k esa fofuekZ.k {ks=k dks O;ofLFkr djus ds fy,
vkS|ksfxd lkaf[;dh dk fl¼kar lzksr gSA
5- dPpk rsy &&9»
2- m|ksx dk okf"kZd loZs{k.k (,,lvkbZ) çfro"kZ (lh,lvks)
6- çkÑfrd xSl &&6-9»
vc (,u,lvks) }kjk çdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gS] tks lkaf[;dh
7- lhesaV &&5-4» vkSj dk;ZØe dk;kZUo;u ea=kky; ds rgr dke djrk gSA
8- moZjd & 2-6» 3- ,,lvkbZ ds nkSjku lwpuk laxzg.k vf/fu;e] 2008 ds
z Åij ls] ge ikrs gSa fd fjiQkbujh mRikn bl lwpdkad esa çko/kuksa ds vuqlkj ,d=k dh tkrh gSA
lcls vf/d Hkkj j•rs gSaA
,,lvkbZ dk vkPNknu%
vkB çeq• m|ksxksa ds lwpdkad esa orZeku #>ku 1- dkj•kuk vf/fu;e 1948 dh /kjk 2(m)(I) vkSj 2(m)
1- vkB çeq• m|ksxksa dh o`f¼ ebZ] 2022 esa 18-1» ls ?kVdj (ii) ds varxZr iathÑr lHkh dkj•kus (vFkkZr os dkj•kus
twu] 2022 esa 12-7» gks xbZ] dPps rsy dks NksM+dj lHkh ftuesa fctyh dk mi;ksx djus okys 10 ;k vf/d Jfed
{ks=kksa esa mRiknu esa o`f¼ ntZ dh xbZA dk;Zjr gSa vkSj tks fctyh dk mi;ksx fd, fcuk 20 ;k
2- vkB çeq• m|ksxksa esa vkS|ksfxd mRiknu lwpdkad vf/d dk;Zjr gSa)
(vkbZvkbZih) esa 'kkfey oLrqvksa ds otu dk 40-27» 2- 100 ;k vf/d deZpkfj;ksa okyh bdkbZ (dkjd vf/fu;e
'kkfey gSA ds rgr vU; 7 vf/fu;eksa esa ls fdlh ds rgr iathÑr)

516 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 3- iathÑr chM+h vkSj flxjsV fuekZ.k çfr"Bku vkSj lHkh fctyh
miØe (dsaæh; fctyh çkf/dj.k ds lkFk iathÑr ugha)
1- ,,lvkbZ doj ugha djrk gS% j{kk çfr"Bku] rsy dh
deh] vkSj forj.k fMiks] foHkkxh; bdkb;ka tSls jsyos
dk;Z'kkyk] ljdkjh Vdlky] LoPNrk] ty vkiwfrZ] xSl
HkaMkj.k vkfnA
2- ,u,lvks gj 5 lky esa vlaxfBr eSU;qiQSDpfjax lsDVj
ls tqM+s vkadM+s ladfyr djrk gS-
3- ,,lvkbZ }kjk mRiUu dqN egRoiw.kZ ladsrd okf"kZd
vk/kj ij dkj•kuksa dh la[;k] mRiknu] jkstxkj]
etnwjh] fuosf'kr iwath] iwath fuekZ.k] buiqV@vkmViqV
vkSj ewY;of/Zr gSaA
4- fdlh fo'ks"k foÙkh; o"kZ dh ,,lvkbZ fjiksVZ dks
çdkf'kr djus esa yxHkx 2 o"kZ dk le; yxrk gSA
z Ø; çca/dksa dk lwpdkad (ih,evkbZ)
1- Hkkjr esa ih,evkbZ lSMa ih Xykscy }kjk çdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gS
ysfdu bls ekfdZV bdksukWfeDl }kjk ladfyr fd;k tkrk gSA
2- ;g fofuekZ.k vkSj lsok {ks=k ds vkfFkZd LokLF; dk lwpd gSA
3- nks vyx&vyx ih,evkbZ çdkf'kr gksrs gSa& eSU;qiQSDpfjax
ih,evkbZ vkSj lfoZlst ih,evkbZA
4- ih,evkbZ futh {ks=k dh daifu;ksa ds ekfld loZs{k.kksa ls
çkIr vkfFkZd ladsrdksa dks n'kkZrk gSA lwpdkad ds fy,
fxVkj MsVk 400 Ø; çca/dksa ds ,d loZs{k.k ds ekè;e ls
,df=kr fd;k tkrk gSA
5- ih,evkbZ 5 çeq• ladrs dksa ij vk/kfjr gS% tSls u, vkns'k]
lwph Lrj] mRiknu] vkiwfrZdrkZ forj.k vkSj jkstxkj dk ekgkSyA
6- ih,evkbZ dk mís'; daiuh ds fu.kZ;drkZvksa ds fo'ys"kdksa
vkSj Ø; çca/dksa dks orZeku O;kolkf;d fLFkfr;ksa ds
ckjs esa tkudkjh çnku djuk gSA Hkkjr ds fofuekZ.k {ks=k us
mRiknu esa ekewyh lq/kj ntZ fd;k tks ekpZ 2022 esa 54
ls c<+dj vçSy 2022 esa 54-7 gks x;kA
7- ,l,aMih 500 ;k LVSaMMZ ,aM iwvlZ 500 ,d vesfjdh
LVkWd baMsDl gS] ftls cM+s iSekus ij vesfjdh bfDoVh dk
lcls vPNk ekid ekuk tkrk gSA
ih,evkbZ dk egRo
z Ø; çca/d dk lwpdkad vkiwfrZdrkZvksa dks ;g tkuus dh
vuqefr nsrk gS fd mlds xzkgdksa ds ikl fdruh oLrq&lwph
gS vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i] ;g mlds xzkgdksa }kjk mRiUu mRiknu
jkf'k dks çHkkfor dj ldrk gSA
z vkiwfrZ vkSj ekax ij ih,evkbZ }kjk çnku dh xbZ tkudkjh
eky ds vkiwfrZdrkZvksa }kjk yxk, x, ewY;ksa dks çHkkfor
dj ldrh gSA
vkS||ksksffxd
xd {ks{ks=k=k
z ih,evkbZ dk mi;ksx fdlh daiuh }kjk okf"kZd ctV dh
;kstuk cukus] viuh daiuh esa deZpkfj;ksa ds Lrj ds çca/u
esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z ih,evkbZ fdlh O;olk; dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/ ds ckjs esa
mi;ksxh tkudkjh çnku djus esa ,d çeq• Hkwfedk fuHkkrk
gS ftlesa thMhih] vkS|ksfxd mRiknu vkSj jkstxkj 'kkfey gSaA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. ,l ,.M ih 500 fdLls lacfU/r gS\ (2008)
(a) lqijdaI;wVj
(b) bZ&fctusl esa ,d ubZ rduhd
(c) iqy fuekZ.k esa ,d ubZ rduhd
(d) cM+h daifu;ksa ds 'ks;jksa dk ,d lwpdkad
Hkkjrh; xq.koÙkk ifj"kn
¹DokfyVh dkmafly vkWiQ bafM;kº
z Hkkjrh; xq.koÙkk ifj"kn (D;wlhvkbZ) dh LFkkiuk 1997
esa ,d Lok;Ùk fudk; ds :i esa dh xbZ FkhA
z ;g la;qÙkQ :i ls Hkkjr ljdkj vkSj ,lkspkSe] lhvkbZvkbZ]
fiQDdh }kjk çfrfuf/Ro Hkkjrh; m|ksx }kjk LFkkfir
fd;k x;k FkkA
z bldk mís'; jk"Vªh; ekU;rk lajpuk dks LFkkfir djuk
vkSj lapkfyr djuk vkSj jk"Vªh; xq.koÙkk vfHk;ku ds
ekè;e ls xq.koÙkk dks c<+kok nsuk gSA
z vkS|ksfxd uhfr ,oa lao/Zu foHkkx] okf.kT; ,oa m|ksx
ea=kky;] D;wlhvkbZ ds fy, uksMy ea=kky; gSA
z D;wlhvkbZ ds vè;{k dh fu;qfÙkQ ljdkj dks m|ksx dh
fliQkfj'k ij ç/ku ea=kh }kjk dh tkrh gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. DokfyVh dkmafly vkWiQ bafM;k (QCI) ds lanHkZ esa]
fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj djsa% (2017)
1- D;wlhvkbZ dh LFkkiuk Hkkjr ljdkj vkSj Hkkjrh; m|ksx
}kjk la;qÙkQ :i ls dh xbZ FkhA
2- D;wlhvkbZ ds vè;{k dh fu;qfÙkQ ç/ku ea=kh }kjk
ljdkj dks m|ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa ij dh tkrh gSA
mijksÙkQ dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) fliQZ 1
(b) fliQZ 2
(c) 1 rFkk 2 nksuksa
(d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2
517
,e,l,ebZ {ks=k
z ,e,l,ebZ lw{e] y?kq vkSj eè;e m|e gSa tks lsok {ks=k
;k oLrqvksa ds fuekZ.k] çlaLdj.k] mRiknu vkSj laj{k.k esa
layXu gSaA
z igys lw{e] y?kq vkSj eè;e m|eksa (,e,l,ebZ) dks
okf"kZd VuZvksoj ds vk/kj ij oxhZÑr fd;k x;k FkkA
gkykafd Hkkjr ljdkj us vkfFkZd ekeyksa dh dSfcusV lfefr
(lhlhbZ,) ds ekè;e ls 2020 esa ,e,l,ebZ dh ifjHkk"kk
esa Åij dh vksj la'kks/u fd;k gS (fofuekZ.k vkSj lsok {ks=k
nksuksa bdkb;ksa ds fy, leku gksus ds fy,)A
Js.kh iqjkuh iwath iqjkus VukZsoj ubZ iwath u, VukZsoj
lhek dh lhek dh lhek dh lhek
ekbØks 25 yk• 10 yk• rd 1 djksM+ 5 djksM+
rd rd rd
y?kq 5 djksM+ 50 djksM+ 2 djksM+ 10 djksM+
rd rd rd rd
ekè;e 10 djksM+ 5 djksM+ rd 50 djksM+ 250 djksM+
rd rd rd
,e,l,ebZ dh Hkwfedk@egRo%
z 2020&21 ds vkfFkZd loZs{k.k ds vuqlkj ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn esa ,e,l,ebZ {ks=k dh fgLlsnkjh eksVs rkSj ij ldy
?kjsyw mRikn dk yxHkx 30» gSA
z ;g vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa 40» ls vf/d dk ;ksxnku nsrk
gSA
z ,e,l,ebZ okf"kZd fjiksVZ 2020&21 ds vuqlkj yxHkx
1109-89 yk• Jfed ,e,l,ebZ {ks=k esa dk;Zjr gSaA
z dqy fu;kZr esa budh fgLlsnkjh 50» ls vf/d gSA
z ;s 11 djksM+ ls vf/d yksxksa dks jkstxkj çnku djrs gSaA
z os xzkeh.k vkSj fiNM+s {ks=kksa ds vkS|ksxhdj.k esa egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA Hkkjr esa yxHkx 633-8 yk• ,e,l,ebZ
bdkb;k¡ dk;Zjr gSaA
z yxHkx 20-37» ,e,l,ebZ efgykvksa }kjk lapkfyr gSa
z 51» ,e,l,ebZ çÑfr esa xzkeh.k gSaA
,e,l,ebZ {ks=k ds fy, lfefr;ksa@vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'ksa%
1- ds oh dkeFk lfefr
z Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad (vkjchvkbZ) us dksfoM&19 egkekjh ls
çHkkfor ½.kksa dh iqu%lajpuk ds fy, ds-oh- dkeFk dh
vè;{krk esa ,d lfefr dk xBu fd;k gSA
518
z lfefr dk mís';& lfefr dk vf/dkj dkWikZsjsV ½.kksa dh
,deq'r iqu%lajpuk ds fy, ekinaMksa dh fliQkfj'k djuk
gSA lfefr 1]500 djksM+ #i;s vkSj mlls vf/d ds dqy
½.k tksf•e okys lHkh •krksa ds fy, {ks=k&fof'k"V ladYi
;kstuk rS;kj djsxhA
z lfefr }kjk dh xbZ fliQkfj'ksa&
 m/kjdrkZvksa ij çHkko dh xaHkhjrk ds vk/kj ij çHkkfor
•krksa dh iqu%lajpuk ds fy, Js.khc¼ n`f"Vdks.k& cSad
lfefr }kjk vuq'kaflr •krksa dks gYds] eè;e vkSj xaHkhj
esa oxhZÑr dj ldrs gSaA
 dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk dj jgs {ks=kksa ds LokLF; dks
ekius ds fy, ikap foÙkh; ekunaM& lek;ksftr ewrZ
fuoy ewY; ds fy, dqy ckgjh nsunkfj;ka] C;kt] dj]
ewY;ßkl] vkSj ifj'kks/u (,fcVMk)] ½.k lsok dojst
vuqikr (Mh,llhvkj)] orZeku vk; ls igys dqy
½.k vuqikr vkSj vkSlr ½.k lsok dojst vuqikr
(,Mh,llhvkj)A
 vkWVks] foekuu] fuekZ.k] vkfrF;] fctyh] fj;y ,LVsV
vkSj i;ZVu lfgr 26 {ks=kksa dh igpku dh xbZ gSA
z bu fliQkfj'kksa dh ç;ksT;rk%
 lfefr dks `1500 djksM+ ls vf/d ds ½.kksa ds
iquxZBu dh tkap djuh FkhA
 bl <kaps ds v/hu lek/ku dsoy mUgha dtZnkjksa ij
ykxw gksrk gS tks dksfoM ds dkj.k çHkkfor gq, gSaA
 dsoy os m/kjdrkZ ftUgsa ekud ds :i esa oxhZÑr
fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj 1 ekpZ] 2020 dks 30 fnuksa ls de
cdk;k jkf'k okys ÚseodZ ds varxZr ik=k gSaA
2- ;w-ds-flUgk lfefr&
z vkjchvkbZ us ,e,l,ebZ ds lkeus vkus okyh leL;kvksa
dk vè;;u djus ds fy, ;w-ds- flUgk dh vè;{krk okyh
lfefr fu;qÙkQ dh gSA
z lfefr dk mís';& Hkkjr esa] 2016 esa foeqæhdj.k ds fu.kZ;
ds ckn ls NksVs O;olk;ksa dks dbZ ck/kvksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+ jgk gSA bl fo?kVudkjh dne ds ckn tqykbZ 2017 esa
th,lVh dk tYnckth esa dk;kZUo;u fd;k x;kA bu lHkh
eqíksa us ,e,l,ebZ {ks=k ds lqpk: dkedkt vkSj fodkl
dks cgqr pqukSrhiw.kZ cuk fn;k gSA
z bl fLFkfr dks ns•rs gq,] tuojh 2019 esa] vkjchvkbZ us
,e,l,ebZ {ks=k dh O;kid leh{kk djus ds fy, ,e,l,ebZ
ij fo'ks"kK lfefr dk xBu fd;kA bls ,e,l,ebZ }kjk
lkeuk dh tkus okyh leL;kvksa dk vè;;u djus] dkj.kksa
dh igpku djus vkSj nh?kZdkfyd lek/ku çLrkfor djus
dk dke lkSaik x;k FkkA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
lfefr dh çeq• fliQkfj'ksa%
z blus ,e,l,ebZ ds fy, ,d `5]000 djksM+ dh LVªSaMsM
,lsV iQaM dk xBu fd;k] tks ,d DyLVj esa bdkb;ksa dh
enn djsxk] D;ksafd ckgjh dkjdksa tSls IykfLVd çfrca/ ds
dkj.k ifjorZu gqvk Fkk] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i cM+h la[;k
esa ,slh bdkb;ka fu"iknd gks xbZ FkhaA
z vkjchvkbZ dks `20 yk• rd ds xSj&laikf'oZd ½.k dh
lhek c<+kuh pkfg,A
z blus foÙk ea=kky; }kjk eqæk ds varxZr LohÑr ½.k lhek
dks `10 yk• ls c<+kdj `20 yk• djus dk Hkh lq>ko
fn;kA
z tks cSad ,e,l,ebZ ½.k nsus esa fo'ks"kKrk pkgrs gSa] muds
çkFkfedrk {ks=k ½.knkrk ds varxZr Ñf"k ½.k ds fy,
mi&y{;ksa dks ekiQ fd;k tk ldrk gS] vkSj blds ctk;
,l,ebZ {ks=k dks ½.k ds fy, y{; fn;k tk ldrk gSA
y{; lkoZHkkSfed cSadksa ds fy, 'kq¼ cSad ½.k dk 50»
vkSj y?kq foÙk cSadksa ds fy, 80» gks ldrs gSaA
z ,e,l,ebZ dks fuckZ/ rjhds ls ½.k iksVZsfcfyVh çnku
djus ds fy,] vkjchvkbZ dks ,d o"kZ dh ykWd&bu&vof/
ds lkFk ,e,l,ebZ ½.kksa dh iksVZsfcfyVh ij mik; djus
pkfg,A
3- ,l-ih- xqIrk lfefr
z ^lw{e] y?kq vkSj eè;e m|eksa (,e,l,ebZ) ds fodkl vkSj
lao/Zu ds fy, ,d jksMeSi çnku djuk*A
,e,l,ebZ {ks=k ds fy, pqukSfr;k¡%
z ½.k dh mPp ykxr ds lkFk&lkFk i;kZIr vkSj le; ij
½.k dh miyC/rk esa dehA
z ljdkjh foHkkx vkSj ,tsafl;ksa dks vkiwfrZ esa leL;kA
z HkaMkj.k] fMtkbfuax] iSdsftax vkSj mRikn çn'kZu dh leL;k,aA
z oSf'od cktkjksa rd igqap dk vHkkoA
z fctyh ikuh lM+d vkfn lfgr vi;kZIr cqfu;knh lqfo/k,aA
z Je dkuwuksa dh cgqyrk vkSj ,sls dkuwuksa ds vuqikyu ls
tqM+h tfVy çfØ;k,aA
z ,e,l,ebZ {ks=k ij dksfoM egkekjh dk çHkko%
z ?kVrk jktLo% dksfoM&19 ladV dh vxqokbZ esa ,e,l,ebZ
igys ls gh jktLo vkSj {kerk ds mi;ksx esa fxjkoV ds
ekeys esa la?k"kZ dj jgs gSaA
vkS||ksksffxd
xd {ks{ks=k=k
z udnh dh vuqiyC/rk% dqy ykWdMkmu us eq[; :i ls
udnh dh vuqiyC/rk ds dkj.k ,e,l,ebZ ds vfLrRo
dk eqík mBk;k gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ukSdjh dk uqdlku
gksxkA
z Je miyC/rk dh deh% çoklh etnwjksa dh okilh Jfedksa
dh miyC/rk dh deh dk eqík iSnk djsxhA
z laikf'oZd ds cnys ½.k% ,e,l,ebZ dks ½.k T;knkrj
laifÙk (laikf'oZd ds :i esa) ds cnys fn;k tkrk gS]
ysfdu ladV ds le;] laifÙk dk ewY; fxj tkrk gS vkSj
;g u, ½.kksa ds foLrkj dks jksdrk gSA
z mBk, x, dne% bl vof/ ds nkSjku iQeks± ds foÙkh; ladV
dks de djus ds fy,] Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad us dbZ mik;ksa
dh ?kks"k.kk dh gS tSls lkof/ ½.kksa ij jksd] vkSj vklku
dk;Z'khy iwath foÙkiks"k.kA lkoZtfud {ks=k ds dqN cSadksa us
Hkh O;olk;ksa ds fy, vkikrdkyhu ØsfMV ykbu •ksyh gSA
,e,l,ebZ {ks=k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, ljdkj dh
igy%
1- th,lVh esa iathÑr lHkh ,e,l,ebZ ds fy, 2» dk C;kt
dk ifjnku 1 djksM+ rd ds o`f¼'khy ½.k ij gSA
2- lHkh lhih,l;w dks dqy •jhn ds 20» ds ctk; ,e,l,ebZ
ls de ls de 25» •jhnkjh vfuok;Z djuh gksxhA 25»
esa ls 3» efgyk m|fe;ksa ls •jhn dh tkuh gSA
3- flMch }kjk ØsfMV dh igqap esa lq/kj djus vkSj ,e,l,ebZ
dks gSaMgksfYMax lsok,a çnku djus ds fy, m|eh fe=k iksVZy
ykWUp fd;k x;kA
4- ,e,l,ebZ laca/ dsaæh; lkoZtfud {ks=k ds m|eksa }kjk
,e,l,ebZ ls lkoZtfud •jhn ds dk;kZUo;u dh fuxjkuh
djsxkA
5- ,e,l,ebZ lek/ku ,d foyafcr Hkqxrku ds fy, iksVZy
gSA ;g lw{e vkSj y?kq m|fe;ksa dks dsaæh; ea=kky;ksa@foHkkxksa@
lhih,lbZ@jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk foyafcr Hkqxrkuksa ls lacaf/r
vius eqíksa dks lh/s iathÑr djus ds fy, l'kÙkQ djsxkA
6- fMftVy ,e,l,ebZ ;kstuk& blesa DykmM daI;wfVax dk
mi;ksx 'kkfey gS tgka ,e,l,ebZ baVjusV dk mi;ksx vke
vkSj lkFk gh iwjh rjg ls ;ksX; vkbZVh&cqfu;knh <kaps rd
igqapus ds fy, dj ldrs gSaA
519
 7- ikjaifjd m|ksxksa vkSj dkjhxjksa dks lewgksa esa laxfBr djus vkS|ksfxd Økafr 4&0
vkSj mudh cktkj {kerk dks c<+kdj vkSj mUgsa csgrj
z vkbZvkj 4&0 fo'o vkfFkZd eap vkSj Hkkjr dh la;qÙkQ igy
dkS'ky ls ySl djds mudh çfrLi/kZRedrk c<+kus ds fy, dk ,d fgLlk gSA vesfjdk] tkiku vkSj phu ds ckn Hkkjr
ikjaifjd m|ksxksa ds mRFkku ds fy, iQaM dh ubZ ;kstuk ,sls dsaæ okyk pkSFkk ns'k cu x;k gSA
(SFURTI)A z of/Zr mRikndrk% ;g mRiknu c<+kus ds fy, fofuekZ.k
8- ç/ku ea=kh jkstxkj l`tu dk;ZØe% ;g xSj&Ñf"k {ks=k esa çkS|ksfxfd;ksa esa vkWVkses'ku] baVjdusfDVfoVh vkSj MsVk
'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa lw{e m|eksa dh LFkkiuk djds ,Dlpsat dh orZeku ço`fÙk dks fn;k x;k uke gSA
jkstxkj ds volj iSnk djus ds fy, ,e,l,ebZ ea=kky; z pkSFkk& Js.kh esa ,d &% 18oha 'krkCnh dh çkjafHkd ijh{kk
ds v/hu ,d ØsfMV fyaDM lfClMh dk;ZØe gSA vkS|ksfxd Økafr dh 'kq#vkr ds ckn ls ;g pkSFkk vkS|ksfxd
;qx gSA
9- uokpkj] xzkeh.k m|ksx vkSj m|ferk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,
z cgqçkS|ksfxdh dk lay;u% pkSFkh Økafr ds çeq• rRo HkkSfrd]
,d ;kstuk (,Lik;j)% ;g ubZ ukSdfj;ksa dk l`tu djrh fMftVy ls ysdj tSfod {ks=kksa rd dh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk
gS vkSj csjkstxkjh dks de djrh gS] m|ferk laLÑfr dks lay;u gSaA
c<+kok nsrh gS] vfHkuo O;kikj lek/ku vkfn dh lqfo/k z lkbcj&HkkSfrd ç.kkyh% ;g ,d tfVy lkbcj&HkkSfrd
nsrh gSA ç.kkyh gS tks mRiknu dks fMftVy rduhdksa] baVjusV vkWiQ
10- lw{e vkSj y?kq m|e DyLVj fodkl dk;ZØe fFkaXl] vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal] fcx MsVk vkSj ,ukfyfVDl]
(,e,lbZ&lhMhih) & ;g mRikndrk vkSj çfrLi/kZRedrk e'khu yfuZax vkSj DykmM daI;wfVax ds lkFk tksM+rh gSA
c<+kus ds lkFk&lkFk ,e,lbZ dh {kerk fuekZ.k ds fy, z rduhdh ;qx% pkSFkh vkS|ksfxd Økafr ,d 'kCn gS tks
rduhdh ;qx dk o.kZu djrk gSA
DyLVj fodkl ds n`f"Vdks.k dks viukrk gSA
z Hkkjr esa u;k dsaæ% Hkkjr ds ç/ku ea=kh us Hkkjr esa pkSFkh
11- ,e,l,ebZ ds fy, çkS|ksfxdh ds mUu;u ds fy, ØsfMV
vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds fy, dsaæ 'kq: djds vfHkO;fÙkQ dks
fyaDM dSfiVy lfClMh Ldhe (lh,ylh,l,l) pkyw gSA ,d laLFkkxr vkdkj fn;kA
Økafr le;&dky fVIi.kh
çFke 18oha ls 19oha 'krkCnh rd yksgk] diM+k m|ksx vkSj Hkki ds batu dk fodkl
f}rh; 1870 & 1914 VsyhiQksu] fctyh ds cYc vkSj vkarfjd ngu batu tSlh ubZ phtksa dk
vkfo"dkj fd;k x;kA
r`rh; 1980 ds n'kd ls py jgk fMftVy çkS|ksfxdh ds fy, bysDVªkWfud vkSj ;kaf=kd midj.kksa ds lkFk
çkS|ksfxdh dh mUufrA ilZuy daI;wVj] baVjusVA
prqFkZ bl okD;ka'k dks igyh ckj 2016 esa blesa jkscksfVDl] vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal] DokaVe daI;wfVax] ck;ksVsDuksykWth]
mi;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk baVjusV vkWiQ fFkaXl (IoT)] 3D fçafVax vkfn tSlh mHkjrh gqbZ çkS|ksfxfd;ka
'kkfey gSaA ;g HkkSfrd] fMftVy vkSj tSfod {ks=kksa dks feykrk gSA
vkS|ksfxd Økafr 4-0 dk çHkko% z e'khu lqj{kk vkSj dke djus dh csgrj fLFkfr;k¡% vkS|ksfxd
z mRikndrk esa o`f¼% vkS|ksfxd Økafr 4-0 ds dk;kZUo;u ls Økafr 4-0 fofHkUu m|ksxksa esa Lopkyu esa O;kid :i ls
fuckZ/ Lopkyu ds lkFk lexz vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRikndrk lq/kj djsxh tks fofHkUu m|ksxksa esa Jfedksa ds fy, •rjukd
esa o`f¼ gksxh dke dks de djsxkA
z O;kid çHkko% fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa çkjafHkd ijh{kk çlkj ds ckn] z baÚkLVªDpj dks etcwr djuk] dusfDVfoVh esa lq/kj%
;g lsokvksa vkSj O;kikj ekWMy esa lq/kj ds fy, tksj nsxkA baÚkLVªDpj dks etcwr djds fodflr fd, x, u, VwYl]
z vkbZVh lqj{kk% fofHkUu ç.kkyh ra=kksa esa ubZ le> vkSj lqj{kk dusfDVfoVh esa lq/kj dks ç'kklfud vkSj HkkSfrd ç.kkyh
ekudhdj.k ls u, midj.kksa dk mi;ksx djds nqfu;k esa
esa ykxw fd;k tk,xk tks ekuo çsfjr =kqfV;ksa dks de djus
lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ç.kkyh dks csgrj <ax ls lqjf{kr djus esa
esa enn djsxkA
enn feysxh

520 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
Hkkjr vkSj vkS|ksfxd Økafr 4-0%
z xjhch mUewyu% ;g xjhch mUewyu esa çeq• Hkwfedk fuHkk
ldrk gSA
z de ykxr okyh LokLF; ns•Hkky% csgrj vkSj de ykxr
okyh LokLF; ns•Hkky ,vkbZ&lapkfyr Mk;XuksfLVDl]
O;fÙkQxr mipkj] laHkkfor egkekfj;ksa dh 'kq#vkrh igpku]
vkSj besftax Mk;XuksfLVDl vkfn ds ekè;e ls çkIr dh
tk ldrh gSA
z fdlkuksa dh vk; esa o`f¼% fdlkuksa dks uohure rduhdsa
çnku djds mudh vk; esa o`f¼ djuk] okLrfod le; dh
lykg ds ekè;e ls iQly dh mit esa lq/kj] dhV geyksa
dk mUur irk yxkuk vkSj cqokbZ ds rjhdksa dks lwfpr djus
ds fy, iQly dh dherksa dh Hkfo";ok.kh djukA
z 'kkjhfjd :i ls l{ke O;fÙkQ% vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal dk
mi;ksx fo'ks"k :i ls l{ke yksxksa dks l'kÙkQ vkSj l{ke
cukus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z bZt vkWiQ fyfoax% ubZ Økafr LekVZ rduhdksa dk mi;ksx
djds bZt vkWiQ fyfoax vkSj bZt vkWiQ Mwbax fctusl esa
enn djsxhA
vkS|ksfxd Økafr 4-0 ds udkjkRed igyw%
z i`Fkd jkstxkj cktkj% bl Økafr ds lkFk] ;g Hkh laHko gS
fd Hkfo"; esa] çfrHkk] iwath ls vf/d] mRiknu ds egRoiw.kZ
dkjd dk çfrfuf/Ro djsxhA ;g de&dkS'ky@de&osru
vkSj mPp&dkS'ky@mPp&osru •aMksa esa rsth ls vyx fd,
x, ukSdjh cktkj dks tUe nsxk] ftlls lkekftd ruko
esa o`f¼ gksxhA
z igpku ij çHkko% ;g gekjh igpku vkSj blls tqM+s lHkh
eqíksa dks çHkkfor djsxk tSls fd gekjh futrk dh Hkkouk]
LokfeRo dh gekjh /kj.kk] gekjs miHkksx ds iSVuZ] ge
dke vkSj vodk'k ds fy, fdruk le; nsrs gSa] vkSj ge
vius dfj;j dks dSls fodflr djrs gSa] vius dkS'ky dks
fodflr djrs gSa] yksxksa ls feysa] vkSj fj'rksa dks laokjsaA
z vlekurk esa o`f¼% blls nqfu;k esa vlekurk c<+us dh
laHkkouk gS D;ksafd e'khuksa ds çlkj ls cktkj c<+rs gSa vkSj
Je cktkj ckf/r gksrs gSaA vlekurk pkSFkh vkS|ksfxd Økafr
ls tqM+h lcls cM+h lkekftd fpark dk çfrfuf/Ro djrh gSA
z /u esa c<+rk varj% uokpkj ds lcls cM+s ykHkkFkhZ ckSf¼d
vkSj HkkSfrd iwath ds çnkrk] uoçorZd] 'ks;j/kjd vkSj
fuos'kd gksrs gSa] tks iwath cuke Je ij fuHkZj yksxksa ds chp
/u ds c<+rs varj dh O;k[;k djrs gSaA
vkS||ksksffxd
xd {ks{ks=k=k
z de jkstxkj% iwjh vFkZO;oLFkk esa Je ds fy, Lopkyu
fodYi ds :i esa] e'khuksa }kjk Jfedksa dk 'kq¼ foLFkkiu
iwath ds çfriQy vkSj Je ds çfriQy ds chp ds varj
dks c<+k ldrk gSA
vkxs dh jkg
z ySafxd lekurk% ySafxd lekurk çkIr djus ds fy,
efgykvksa dh vkokt vkSj usr`Ro dks etcwr djuk] dke
ij fgalk vkSj mRihM+u dks lekIr djuk vkSj osru ikjnf'kZrk
uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA
z detksj lewg dks lqj{kk% tUe ls o`¼koLFkk rd ,d
xkjaVhÑr lkekftd lqj{kk çnku dh tkuh pkfg, tks thou
pØ esa yksxksa dh vko';drkvksa dk leFkZu djrh gS
z laØe.k ds fy, laLFkkxr enn% laLFkkuksa] uhfr;ksa vkSj
j.kuhfr;ksa esa fuos'k] tks Hkfo"; esa dk;Z ifjorZu ds ekè;e
ls yksxksa dk leFkZu djsaxs] dks c<+k;k tkuk pkfg,A
z ekuo fgrS"kh vkfFkZd ekWMy% fodkl ds forj.k vk;ke]
?kjksa vkSj leqnk;ksa dh lsok esa fd, x, voSrfud dk;Z dk
ewY; vkSj vkfFkZd xfrfof/ dh ckárk,a] tSls fd i;kZoj.
kh; fxjkoV dks ekuo dsafær O;olk; vkSj vkfFkZd ekWMy
ds fy, è;ku esa j•k tkuk pkfg,A
z fu;e vkSj fofu;e% Jfedksa ds U;wure vf/dkjksa dh j{kk
ds fy, fMftVy Je IysViQkeks± dh LFkkiuk ds fy, ,d
varjkZ"Vªh; 'kklu ç.kkyh dh vko';drk gS
z Je xkjaVh% lHkh ns'kksa dks ,d lkoZHkkSfed Je xkjaVh ds
fy, çfrKk djus dh vko';drk gS] ;g ekSfyd Jfedksa
ds vf/dkjksa dh j{kk djus esa enn djsxk] ,d i;kZIr
thfor etnwjh] dke ds ?kaVs dh lhek vkSj lqjf{kr vkSj
LoLFk dk;ZLFkyA
z ,deq'r lh•us dh /kj.kk dks cnyuk% vkthou lh•us
ds fy, ,d lkoZHkkSfed vf/dkj çnku djuk egRoiw.kZ gS
tks yksxksa dks dkS'ky gkfly djus vkSj dkS'ky dks fiQj ls
fodflr djus esa l{ke cukrk gSA
LekVZ ,MokaLM eSU;qiQSDpfjax ,aM jSfiM VªkaliQkWeZs'ku
gc (leFkZ)
z m|ksx Hkkjr 4-0 Hkkjh m|ksx foHkkx] Hkkjr ljdkj dh m|ksx
4-0 igy gS] tks Hkkjrh; iwathxr lkeku {ks=k esa çfrLi/kZ
c<+kus dh ;kstuk ds varxZr gSA bl igy dk mís'; çn'kZu
dsaæksa ds ekè;e ls Hkkjrh; fofuekZ.k m|ksx ds chp m|ksx
4-0 ds ckjs esa tkx:drk c<+kuk gSA
521
vkS|ksfxd xfy;kjk
z Hkkjr ljdkj jk"Vªh; vkS|ksfxd xfy;kjk dk;ZØe ds fgLls
ds :i esa fofHkUu vkS|ksfxd dkWfjMksj ifj;kstukvksa dk
fodkl dj jgh gS ftldk mís'; Hkkjr esa Hkfo"; ds
vkS|ksfxd 'kgjksa dk fodkl djuk gS tks nqfu;k ds loZJs"B
fofuekZ.k vkSj fuos'k LFkyksa ds lkFk çfrLi/kZ dj ldrs gSaA
 vkS|ksfxd xfy;kjksa esa fo'o Lrjh; volajpuk 'kkfey
gS tSls%
 mPp xfr dk ifjogu usVodZ & jsy vkSj lM+d
 vk/qfud gokbZ vîós
 fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k@vkS|ksfxd {ks=k
 ykWftfLVd ikdZ@Vªkalf'kiesaV gc
 ukWyst ikdZ vkS|ksfxd t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ij dsafær gSa
 Vkmuf'ki@fj;y ,LVsV tSlh iwjd volajpuk
z uhfrxr <kaps dks l{ke djus ds lkFk&lkFk vU; 'kgjh volajpuk
z ;s vkS|ksfxd dkWfjMksj ,d lqfu;ksftr vkSj lalk/u&dq'ky
vkS|ksfxd vk/kj ds fodkl dh lqfo/k çnku djsaxs] tks
fo'o Lrjh; fVdkÅ dusfDVfoVh baÚkLVªDpj }kjk lsok
çnku dh tk,xh] tks igpku fd, x, {ks=kksa esa uokpkj]
fuekZ.k] ukSdjh l`tu vkSj lalk/u lqj{kk ds ekeys esa
egRoiw.kZ ykHk yk,xhA

Øekad- vkS|ksfxd xfy;kjk çns'k

1 fnYyh eqacbZ vkS|ksfxd xfy;kjs (Mh,evkbZlh) z mÙkj çns'k] gfj;k.kk] jktLFkku] eè; çns'k] xqtjkr] egkjk"VªA
z vesfjdh 100 fcfy;u MkWyj dh ifj;kstuk dks Hkkjr ljdkj] tkikuh
½.k] tkikuh iQeks± }kjk fuos'k vkSj Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa }kjk tkjh tkiku
fMikWftVjh jlhnksa ds ekè;e ls foÙk iksf"kr fd;k tk jgk gSA
2 ve`rlj dksydkrk vkS|ksfxd xfy;kjk z iatkc] gfj;k.kk] mÙkj çns'k] mÙkjk•aM] fcgkj] >kj•aM] if'pe
(AKIC) caxkyA
3 psUubZ csaxyq# vkS|ksfxd xfy;kjk z vka/z çns'k] dukZVd] rfeyukMq] dsjy
(lhchvkbZlh) z bls tkiku baVjus'kuy dksvkWijs'ku ,tsalh (tsvkbZlh,) }kjk foÙkiksf"kr
fd;k tk jgk gSA
4 iwohZ rV dk vkfFkZd xfy;kjk (bZlhbZlh) z if'pe caxky] vksfM'kk] vka/z çns'k] rfeyukMq
fotkx psUubZ baMfLVª;y dkWfjMksj (VCIC) z ns'k esa igyk rVh; vkfFkZd xfy;kjkA
ds lkFk iQst&1 z flracj 2016 esa] ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad (,Mhch) us <kapkxr fodkl
ds fy, 631 fefy;u vesfjdh MkWyj ds ½.k vkSj vuqnku dks
eatwjh nhA
5 csaxyq# eqacbZ vkS|ksfxd xfy;kjk (ch,evkbZlh) z dukZVd] egkjk"Vª
z bls fczVsu (;wds) dh enn ls fodflr fd;k tk jgk gSA

Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd xfy;kjksa dk egRo%
1- vkS|ksfxd xfy;kjs lexz vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fodkl
ds fy, vxz.kh m|ksx vkSj cqfu;knh <kaps ds chp çHkkoh
,dhdj.k çnku djrs gSaA
2- vkS|ksfxd xfy;kjk mPp xfr ifjogu tSls fo'o Lrjh;
cqfu;knh <kaps çnku djrk gSA
3- ,d fo'ks"k LFkku ij m|ksxksa dh ,dkxzrk dks jksdsa tks
i;kZoj.k dks viuh ogu {kerk ls ijs 'kks"k.k djrs gSa vkSj
i;kZoj.kh; fxjkoV dk dkj.k curs gSaA
4- blls jkstxkj ds volj l`ftr gksaxs vkSj çfr O;fÙkQ vk;
esa o`f¼ gksxhA
5- yksxksa dks vius ?kjksa ds utnhd jkstxkj ds volj feysaxs
vkSj mUgsa nwj&njkt ds LFkkuksa ij ugha tkuk iM+sxk] ftlls
ifjokj ,d laLFkk ds :i esa lajf{kr jgsxkA blls ns'k esa
lkekftd ,drk Hkh c<+sxhA
6- blds ifj.kkeLo:i vkS|ksfxd Vkmuf'ki] 'kS{kf.kd laLFkku]
lM+dsa] jsyos] gokbZ vîós] vLirky LFkkfir gks ldrs gSa tks
jkstxkj iSnk djsaxs vkSj thou Lrj dks Åij mBk,axsA
7- blls ?kjsyw vkSj fons'kh cktkjksa esa Hkkjrh; oLrqvksa dh
çfrLi/kZRedrk c<+sxhA
8- ;g cM+s iSekus dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks dkVus ds fy,
vko';d vko';d jln volajpuk çnku djsxkA

522 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
vkS|ksfxd xfy;kjksa ls tqM+h pqukSfr;k¡%
z Hkwfe vf/xzg.k dh leL;k& dBksj Hkwfe vf/xzg.k vf/
fu;e ds dkj.k vkS|ksfxd dkWfjMksj ds fy, Hkwfe vf/xzg.k
,d vR;ar dfBu dk;Z gSA
z dqN {ks=kksa esa rduhdh tkudkjh dh deh& pwafd Hkkjr ds
ikl dqN {ks=kksa esa rduhdh tkudkjh dh deh gS] blfy,
fons'kh f•ykfM+;ksa dks vko';d rduhdh tkudkjh ykus
vkSj lgk;d LFkkfir djus esa Hkkjrh; fuos'k dks çksRlkfgr
djus ds fy, ,iQMhvkbZ dSi vkSj ml {ks=k esa lgk;d
m|ksx dks c<+kuk foosdiw.kZ gksxkA
z Hkkjr dh djk/ku O;oLFkk esa Li"Vrk dk vHkkoA bl çdkj
bls LFkk;h çfr"Bkuksa ds :i esa vkSj vU;Fkk Hkkjr esa dk;Zjr
fons'kh iQeks± dh dj nsunkfj;ksa dks Li"V :i ls ifjHkkf"kr
djus dh vko';drk gSA
z eSØksbdkWukWfed fLFkjrk dk vHkko& ,d fLFkj fofue; nj
gksuk vko';d gS rkfd Hkkjr esa fuos'k djus okys fons'kh
f•ykM+h eqæk tksf•eksa ls cp ldsaA
z ykblsalksa dk euekuk jíhdj.k% Hkkjr }kjk f}i{kh; fuos'k
laf/;ksa esa tks ckn esa ,afVªDl&nsokl lkSns ds ekeys esa Hkze
iSnk dj ldrk gSA
z mPp Lrj ds ekuo foLFkkiu vkSj mitkÅ Ñf"k Hkwfe ds
fouk'k dk MjA
z ekuo fodkl] vkfFkZd HkykbZ vkSj thou Lrj ds ekeys esa
xzkeh.k&'kgjh varj ds c<+us dk MjA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. fofuekZ.k {ks=k ds fodkl dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, Hkkjr
ljdkj dh gky dh uhfrxr igy D;k gS@gSa\ (2012)
1- jk"Vªh; fuos'k vkSj fofuekZ.k {ks=k dh LFkkiuk
2- ^flaxy foaMks Dyh;jsal* dk ykHk çnku djuk
3- çkS|ksfxdh vf/xzg.k vkSj fodkl dks"k dh LFkkiuk
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,%
(a) dsoy 1
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd xfy;kjksa dk D;k egRo gS\ vkS|ksfxd
xfy;kjksa dh igpku djrs gq, mudh çeq• fo'ks"krkvksa
dh O;k[;k dhft,A (2018)
vkS||ksksffxd
xd {ks{ks=k=k
jk"Vªh; fuos'k vkSj fofuekZ.k {ks=k (,uvkbZ,etsM)
z ;g jk"Vªh; fofuekZ.k uhfr 2011 ds lcls egRoiw.kZ
midj.kksa esa ls ,d gSA
z blus fo'o Lrj dh fofuekZ.k xfrfof/ dks c<+kok nsus ds
fy, vko';d ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k ds lkFk fodflr Hkwfe ds
cM+s {ks=kksa dh ifjdYiuk dhA
z bls tksfuax ds vk/kj ij vR;k/qfud cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj
Hkwfe mi;ksx ds lkFk ,d ,dhÑr vkS|ksfxd Vkmuf'ki ds
:i esa fodflr fd;k tkuk gSA
 de vkSj ÅtkZ dq'ky çkS|ksfxdh
 vko';d lkekftd volajpuk
 dkS'ky fodkl lqfo/k,a
 çkFkfed {ks=k ls f}rh;d vkSj r`rh;d {ks=k esa tkus okys
O;fÙkQ;ksa dks ,d lqj{kkRed okrkoj.k çnku djukA
çLrkfor ,uvkbZ,etsM dh fo'ks"krk,a bl çdkj gSa%
z jkT; ljdkj 5000 gsDVs;j mi;qÙkQ Hkwfe miyC/ djk,xhA
z fofuekZ.k bdkb;ksa ds LFkku ds fy, dqy {ks=k dk de ls
de 30» mi;ksx fd;k tkuk gSA
z ,uvkbZ,etsM ds ekeyksa ds fuoZgu ds fy, fo'ks"k ç;kstu
okgu dk xBu fd;k tk,xkA
z dsaæ ljdkj ifj;kstuk ykxr ds 20» ls vf/d dh foÙkh;
lgk;rk çnku ugha djsxhA
z dsaæ ljdkj le;c¼ rjhds ls jsy] lM+d] gokbZ vîós vkSj
nwjlapkj lfgr ,uvkbZ,etsM ds ckgjh HkkSfrd cqfu;knh
<kaps ds fyadst esa lq/kj djsxhA
z vc rd 3 ,uvkbZ,etsM dks vafre eatwjh nh tk pqdh gS
& igyk çdk'ke vka/z çns'k esa nwljk laxkjsîóh rsyaxkuk esa
vkSj rhljk dfyax uxj vksfM'kk esaA
z blds vykok] fnYyh&eqacbZ vkS|ksfxd xfy;kjk ifj;kstuk
ds lkFk&lkFk fuos'k dkj.kksa dks Hkh ,uvkbZ,etsM ds :i
esa ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. gky gh esa] Hkkjr dk igyk ^jk"Vªh; fuos'k vkSj fofuekZ.k
{ks=k* esa LFkkfir djus dk çLrko Fkk (2016)
(a) vka/z çns'k
(b) xqtjkr
(c) egkjk"Vª
(d) mÙkj çns'k
523
LVhy m|ksx
z oSf'od vkSj ?kjsyw dkj.kksa ls gky ds fnuksa esa Hkkjrh; bLikr
m|ksx dqN leL;kvksa dk lkeuk dj jgk gSA
z phu ds ckn Hkkjr nqfu;k esa LVhy dk nwljk lcls cM+k
mRiknd gSA oSf'od bLikr mRiknu esa bldk ;ksxnku phu
ds 53-8 çfr'kr ds fgLls dh rqyuk esa 6 çfr'kr gSA
z nwljh vksj] phu (48-8 çfr'kr) vkSj vesjhdk (5-8
çfr'kr) ds ckn Hkkjr nqfu;k esa /krq dk rhljk lcls cM+k
miHkksÙkQk (5-7 çfr'kr) gSA
z oSf'od eanh vkSj nqfu;k ds dbZ ns'kksa dh laj{k.koknh
O;kikj uhfr;ksa ds dkj.k 2015 ls LVhy dh oSf'od ekax
esa fxjkoV vk jgh gSA
z blus çeq• oSf'od bLikr mRikndksa dks Hkkjrh; cktkj esa
bLikr mRiknksa dks ^/Ddk* nsus ds fy, çsfjr fd;k gS] bl
çdkj nks çeq• fpark,a lkeus vkbZ gSa% &
(i) bLikr vk;kr esa o`f¼
(ii) ?kjsyw bLikr m|ksx ds fgrksa ij xgjk çHkko iM+kA
z mPp m/kjh] de mRikndrk ds lkFk mPp dPps eky dh
ykxr ds dkj.k Hkkjr esa bLikr m|ksx rqyukRed :i ls
uqdlkunsg fLFkfr esa gSA
z c<+rs bLikr vk;kr dks jksdus vkSj ?kjsyw mRiknu dks fVdkÅ
cukus ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj us fuEufyf•r mik; fd,%
(i) dqN çkFkfed ykSg vkSj bLikr mRiknksa ij lhek 'kqYd
esa 5 çfr'kr rd dh o`f¼ dh xbZA
(ii) phu] eysf'k;k vkSj nf{k.k dksfj;k (180 vesfjdh
MkWyj ls ysdj 316 MkWyj çfr Vu rd) ls vkS|ksfxd
xzsM ds LVhy vk;kr ij Mafiax jks/h 'kqYd yxk;k x;kA
blh rjg ds mik; nqfu;k Hkj ds 40 vU; ns'kksa }kjk
fd, x, FksA
(iii) dkW;y esa xSj&feJ /krq vkSj vU; feJ /krq bLikr
ds gkWV&jksYM ÝySV mRiknksa ij 20» dk vuafre lqj{kk
lhek 'kqYd yxk;k x;kA
(iv) Ng eghus dh vof/ ds fy, dbZ LVhy mRiknksa ij
U;wure vk;kr ewY; yxk;k x;kA
(v) p;fur LVhy ds fy, ykSg v;Ld ij fu;kZr 'kqYd
dks ?kVkdj 10» (30 çfr'kr ls) dj fn;k x;kA
z ljdkj ds dFku ds vuqlkj] dLVe MÔwVh esa fdlh Hkh
rjg dh o`f¼ ls MkmuLVªhe m|ksxksa ij vlj iM+sxk D;ksafd
LVhy dk mi;ksx fofHkUu m|ksxksa esa eq[; buiqV ds :i esa
fd;k tkrk gSA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd Hkkjrh; bLikr
m|ksx dks mRikndrk c<+kus ds lkFk&lkFk viuh m/kjh vkSj
dPps eky dh ykxr esa dVkSrh djds vf/d çfrLi/hZ
gksus dh vko';drk gSA
524
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. orZeku esa Hkkjr ds varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ds lanHkZ esa]
fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk@ls dFku lgh gS@gSa\(2020)
1- Hkkjr dk O;kikfjd fu;kZr blds O;kikfjd vk;kr ls
de gSA
2- gky ds o"kks± esa Hkkjr ds yksgs vkSj bLikr] jlk;u]
moZjd vkSj e'khujh ds vk;kr esa deh vkbZ gSA
3- Hkkjr dk lsokvksa dk fu;kZr blds lsokvksa ds vk;kr
ls vf/d gSA
4- Hkkjr dk lexz O;kikj@pkyw •krk ?kkVs ls xzLr gSA
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,%
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 4
(c) dsoy 3
(d) dsoy 1] 3 vkSj 4
,Y;wehfu;e m|ksx
z gkykafd Hkkjr oSf'od ,Y;qehfu;e m|ksx esa ,d çeq•
Hkkxhnkj jgk gS] ysfdu fiNys dqN o"kks± esa oSf'od Lrj ij
dqN pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA
z Hkkjr nqfu;k esa ,Y;wehfu;e dk nwljk lcls cM+k mRiknd
(phu ds ckn) vkSj rhljk lcls cM+k miHkksÙkQk (phu ds
ckn) gSA
z vkt] Hkkjr yxHkx 4-5 ehfVªd Vu (phu& 22 ehfVªd
Vu) dk mRiknu djrk gS vkSj 3-8 ehfVªd Vu (phu& 23
ehfVªd Vu] vesjhdk& 5-5 ehfVªd Vu) dh •ir djrk gSA
Hkkjrh; ,Y;qehfu;e m|ksx ds lkeus fuEufyf•r
pqukSfr;k¡ gSa%
(i) 2011 vkSj 2015 ds chp fo'o ,Y;qehfu;e dh dherksa
esa 41 çfr'kr dh fxjkoV vkbZ gSA Hkkjr esa bl vof/ ds
nkSjku] dqy ekax (fcØh vkSj vk;kr) ds vuqikr ds :i
esa vk;kr yxHkx 40 çfr'kr ls c<+dj 57 çfr'kr gks x;k
gSA
(ii)phu esa fo'kky {kerk dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gS vkSj fo'o
fodkl /hek gks x;k gSA
(iii) Hkkjr ds fy, mRiknu dh ykxr orZeku esa varjjk"Vªh;
dherksa ls vf/d gSA Hkkjr esa ,Y;qehfu;e ds mRiknu dh
ykxr /hjs&/hjs c<+ jgh gS tcfd oSf'od ykxr fLFkj cuh
gqbZ gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
(iv) 2015&16 ls Hkkjrh; {kerk esa dkiQh o`f¼ gqbZ gS] ysfdu blds
mi;ksx esa lq/kj ugha gqvk gS& 2013&14 rd mi;ksx yxHkx
100 çfr'kr Fkk vkSj 2018 ds var rd 50 çfr'kr rd fxj
x;kA oSf'od dherksa esa fxjkoV ds dkj.k ,slk gqvk gSA
(v) Hkkjrh; ,Y;qehfu;e m|ksx dks rc rd dfBukbZ dk lkeuk
djuk iM+sxk tc rd fd fo'o Lrj ij dhersa ugha c<+saxh]
D;ksafd de le; esa mRiknu ykxr dks de djuk yxHkx
vlaHko gSA
z oSf'od ,Y;qehfu;e dh dhersa] vU; /krq dh dherksa dh
rjg] pØh; gSa vkSj ;g Hkfo";ok.kh djuk eqf'dy gS fd
os dc Åij dh vksj c<+uk 'kq: djsaxhA ysfdu tc fo'o
m|ksxksa esa o`f¼ esa lq/kj gksxk rks ço`fÙk cnyus dh mEehn gSA
Hkkjr ,Y;qehfu;e ds vk;kr dks de djus ds fy, dLVe
MÔwVh ls cp jgk gS D;ksafd blls fctyh] ifjogu vkSj
fuekZ.k tSls MkmuLVªhe {ks=kksa dh çfrLi/kZ de gks ldrh gSA
ifj/ku rFkk twrs ds {ks=k
z tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k ds f'k•j ij cSBs Hkkjr dks
vkSipkfjd] mRiknd vkSj fuos'k ds vuqdwy gksus dh t:jr
gS] tks fodkl] fu;kZr vkSj O;kid lkekftd ifjorZu dks
c<+kok nsus okyh ukSdfj;ka iSnk djrk gSA bl ekeys esa nks
{ks=k& ifj/ku vkSj peM+k vkSj twrs] orZeku esa çeq• :i
ls mi;qÙkQ mEehnokj fn•rs gSaA
z fodkl vkSj fu;kZr% ifj/ku fu;kZr dh vkSlr okf"kZd o`f¼
20 çfr'kr ls vf/d Fkh] dqN 50 çfr'kr ds djhc_
vkSj peM+s vkSj twrksa dk vkSlr 25 çfr'kr ls vf/d
jgkA gkyk¡fd] Hkkjr us iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ çfrLif/Z;ksa ds lkis{k
bl {ks=k esa derj çn'kZu fd;k gSA Hkkjrh; vaMjijiQkWeZsal]
fo'ks"k :i ls peM+k {ks=k esa fpfÉr fd;k x;k gSA
z efgyk l'kfÙkQdj.k ds ekè;e ls lkekftd ifjorZu% ;s
m|ksx mPp la[;k esa jkstxkj l`ftr djrs gSa] fo'ks"k :i ls
efgykvksa ds fy,& ifj/ku {ks=k lcls vf/d Je ç/ku
{ks=k gS ftlds ckn iQqVfo;j dk LFkku vkrk gSA fo'o cSad
ds jkstxkj yksp ds vuqlkj] ;g vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS fd
bu {ks=kksa esa rsth ls fu;kZr o`f¼ gj lky yxHkx 5 yk•
vfrfjÙkQ çR;{k jkstxkj l`ftr dj ldrh gSA
z ,d ,sfrgkfld volj% ifj/kuksa ds ekeys esa phu }kjk
•kyh dh xbZ txg ij ckaXykns'k vkSj fo;ruke rsth ls
dCtk dj jgs gSa_ peM+s vkSj twrksa ds ekeys esa fo;ruke
vkSj baMksusf'k;kA volj dh f•M+dh de gks jgh gS vkSj
Hkkjr dks bu {ks=kksa esa çfrLi/kZ vkSj cktkj fgLlsnkjh gkfly
djus ds fy, rsth ls dk;Z djus dh vko';drk gSA
vkS||ksksffxd
xd {ks{ks=k=k
bl {ks=k ds lkeus eq[; pqukSfr;ka fuEufyf•r gSa%
(i) ykWftfLVDl% ykWftfLVDl ij] Hkkjr vusd rjhdksa ls
çfrLi¼kZvksa ds lkis{k fodykax gSA eky dks dkj•kus ls
xarO; rd igqapkus esa yxus okyk •pZ vkSj le; vf/d
gksrk gSA
z Je fofu;e% Je ykxr Hkkjr ds fy, ,d ykHk gS ysfdu
;g Hkh blds i{k esa dke ugha dj jgk gSA
z ;s leL;k,a loZfofnr gSa&
 U;wure vksojVkbe osru ij fofu;e (U;wure etnwjh
vf/fu;e 1948 vfuok;Z djrk gS
 lkekU; njksa dh nksxquh nj ij vksojVkbe etnwjh dk
Hkqxrku)_
 va'kdkfyd dke esa yphysiu dh deh_
 phu] ckaXykns'k vkSj fo;ruke dh iQeks± dh rqyuk esa
Hkkjr esa ifj/ku vkSj peM+s dh iQeks± dk vkdkj NksVk
gS (vuqekfur :i ls Hkkjr esa 78 çfr'kr iQeks± esa 50
ls de deZpkjh dke djrs gSa)A tcfd phu ds lkFk
,slk ugha gSA
(ii) dj vkSj 'kqYd uhfr;k¡% dj vkSj 'kqYd uhfr;ka foÑfr;ka
iSnk djrh gSa vkSj Hkkjr dh fu;kZr çfrLi/kZ dks de djrh
gSaA Hkkjr rS;kj mRikn dh rqyuk esa dPps eky ij vf/d
'kqYd yxkrk gS vkSj ;g fu;kZr ij Hkh udkjkRed çHkko
Mkyrk gSA
(iv) fu;kZr cktkjksa esa HksnHkko% ifj/ku vkSj peM+s vkSj twrs ds
fy, Hkkjr ds çfrLi/hZ fu;kZrd ns'kksa dks nks çeq• vk;krd
cktkjksa] vFkkZr~ vesjhdk vkSj ;wjksih; la?k (;wjksih; la?k)
esa 'kwU; ;k de ls de 'kqYd ds ekè;e ls csgrj cktkj
igqap çkIr gSA %
 ckaXykns'k dk fu;kZr T;knkrj 'kqYd eqÙkQ (iwoZ esa ,d
de fodflr ns'k gksus ds ukrs) ;wjksih; la?k esa ços'k
djrk gS] tcfd ifj/kuksa ds Hkkjrh; fu;kZr ij vkSlr
'kqYd 9-1 çfr'kr gSA
 ;wjksih; la?k&fo;ruke ,iQVh, (eqÙkQ O;kikj le>kSrk)
ds çHkko esa vkus ds ckn fo;ruke Hkh 'kwU; 'kqYd dks
vkdf"kZr dj ldrk gSA
 vesfjdk esa] Hkkjr dks 11-4 çfr'kr 'kqYd dk lkeuk
djuk iM+rk gS] tcfd bfFk;ksfi;k tSls ns'kksa dks vesfjdk]
;wjksih; la?k vkSj dukMk esa 'kqYd eqÙkQ igqap çkIr gS
vkSj ;g ifj/ku vkSj peM+k {ks=k esa u, çfr;ksxh ds
:i esa mHkj jgk gSA
525
  tkiku esa dkiQh vfrfjÙkQ uqdlku ds lkFk] Hkkjrh;
peM+s ds fu;kZr dks peM+s ds lkeku vkSj xSj&peM+s ds
twrs ds fu;kZr esa Hkkxhnkj ns'k ds cktkjksa esa mPp 'kqYd
dk Hkh lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
(v) peM+k vkSj twrs&pIiy {ks=kksa esa fof'k"V pqukSrh% bl {ks=k
esa xk;] HkSal] cdjh] HksM+ vkSj vU; NksVs tkuojksa tSls dbZ
tkuojksa dh dPph •ky vkSj •ky dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA gkykafd] eosf'k;ksa dh cM+h vkcknh gksus ds ckotwn]
oSf'od eosf'k;ksa dh vkcknh esa Hkkjr dh fgLlsnkjh vkSj
eosf'k;ksa dh •ky dk fu;kZr de vkSj ?kV jgk gSA blds
dkj.k çpqj ek=kk esa miyC/ çkÑfrd lalk/uksa ds de
mi;ksx ds dkj.k laHkkfor rqyukRed ykHk dk uqdlku
gqvkA
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ls lacaf/r ,iQMhvkbZ ds uhfrxr
mik;
z Lopkfyr ekxZ ds v/hu 100» ,iQMhvkbZ dh vuqefr gS%
 fofuekZ.k]
 rsy vkSj xSl
 xzhuiQhYM gokbZ vîós
 fuekZ.k
 jsyos volajpuk] vkfnA
z vU; {ks=kksa esa] Lopkfyr ekxZ ds rgr ,d fuf'pr lhek
rd] eku yhft, 26» ;k 49» rd FDI dh vuqefr gSA
z foÙk o"kZ 21&22 esa Hkkjr us 84]835 fefy;u vejhdh
Mkyj dk mPpre okf"kZd ,iQMhvkbZ çokg çkIr fd;k] tks
fiNys o"kZ ds 2-87 fcfy;u vejhdh Mkyj ls vf/d FkkA
z fiNys foÙk o"kZ 2020&21 dh rqyuk esa foÙk o"kZ 2021&22
(21-34 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj) esa fofuekZ.k {ks=kksa esa
,iQMhvkbZ çokg 76» c<+k gSA
z 'kh"kZ 5 ,iQMhvkbZ lksflZax jk"Vª% flaxkiqj% 27-01»] vesjhdk%
17-94»] ekWjh'kl% 15-98»] uhnjySaM% 7-86»] fLoV~tjySaM%
7-31»A
z mPpre ,iQMhvkbZ çkIr djus okys 'kh"kZ {ks=k% daI;wVj
lkWÝVos;j vkSj gkMZos;j% 24-60»] lsok {ks=k (foÙk] cSafdax]
chek] xSj&foÙk@O;olk;] vkmVlksflZax] vuqla/ku ,oa
fodkl] dwfj;j] rduhdA ijh{k.k vkSj fo'ys"k.k] vU;)%
12-13»] vkWVkseksckby m|ksx% 11-89»] O;kikj% 7-72»]
fuekZ.k (bUÚkLVªDpj) xfrfof/;k¡% 5-52»A
z Hkkjr ds 'kh"kZ xarO; jkT;% dukZVd% 37-55»] egkjk"Vª%
26-26»] fnYyh% 13-93»] rfeyukMq% 5-10»] gfj;k.kk%
4-76»A
526
z isVªksfy;e vkSj çkÑfrd xSl {ks=k% ftu ekeyksa esa ljdkj us
lkoZtfud {ks=k ds miØe (ih,l;w) ds j.kuhfrd fofuos'k
ds fy, 'lS¼kafrd' vuqeksnu çnku fd;k gS] mu ekeyksa
esa Lopkfyr ekxZ ds rgr 100 çfr'kr rd ,iQMhvkbZ dh
vuqefr gSA
z nwjlapkj {ks=k% Lopkfyr ekxZ ds rgr 100 çfr'kr rd
,iQMhvkbZ dh vuqefrA
z ,iQMhvkbZ çLrkoksa ds çlaLdj.k dks vklku cukus ds fy,
ekud lapkyu çfØ;k (,lvksih) esa la'kks/uA
z ^,iQMhvkbZ fuxjkuh çdks"B* vkosnd@fuos'kd ds lkFk
vuqorhZ dkjZokbZ djsxk] ,iQMhvkbZ çLrkoksa dh igpku djus
vkSj ck/kvksa] ;fn dksbZ gks] dh n`f"V ls rsth ykus ds fy,A
z ç'kklfud ea=kky;ksa@foHkkxksa }kjk vxzsf"kr foyafcr çLrkoksa
vkSj çLrkoksa ij mi;qÙkQ fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, m|ksx vkSj
vkarfjd O;kikj lao/Zu foHkkx (MhihvkbZvkbZVh) dh
vè;{krk esa xfBr varj&ea=kky;h lfefr (vkbZ,elh)A
z Hkwfe lk>k djus okys ns'k esa iM+h fuos'k dh dksbZ bdkbZ
;k ykHkkFkhZ Lokeh dsoy ljdkjh ekxZ ds rgr fuos'k dj
ldrk gSA Hkkjr esa fdlh bdkbZ esa çR;{k ;k vçR;{k :i
ls fdlh ekStwnk ;k Hkfo"; ds ,iQMhvkbZ ds LokfeRo ds
gLrkarj.k ds fy, Hkh ljdkj dh eatwjh dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA
O;kikj djus esa vklkuh
z O;kikj djus esa vklkuh (bZvksMhch) lwpdkad fo'o cSad
lewg }kjk LFkkfir ,d jSafdax ç.kkyh gSA bZvksMhch baMsDl
esa] ^mPp jSafdax* (,d de la[;kRed eku) O;olk;ksa ds
fy, csgrj] vkerkSj ij ljy] fu;eksa vkSj laifÙk vf/dkjksa
dh etcwr lqj{kk dk ladsr nsrh gSA
z O;kikj djus esa vklkuh D;ksa egRoiw.kZ gS\
 O;olk; djus esa vklkuh m|ferk] uokpkj vkSj /u
l`tu dh dqath gSA
 Hkkjr gky ds o"kks± esa fo'o cSad dh Mwbax fctusl jSafdax
esa mYys•uh; :i ls c<+k gS] ysfdu ,slh Jsf.k;ka gSa
tgka ;g ihNs gS tSls fd& O;olk; 'kq: djuk] laifÙk
dk iathdj.k djuk] djksa dk Hkqxrku djuk vkSj vuqca/
ykxw djukA
z O;olk; djus esa vklkuh ds ladsrdksa dh jSafdax% O;olk;
'kq: djuk_ fuekZ.k vuqefr ds lkFk ysunsu_ fctyh çkIr
djuk_ laifÙk dk iathdj.k_ ØsfMV çkIr djuk_ vYila[;d
fuos'kdksa dh j{kk djuk] djksa dk Hkqxrku djuk_ lhek ikj
O;kikj_ vuqca/ksa dks ykxw djuk vkSj fnokfy;kiu dk
lek/ku djukA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z Hkkjr dk çn'kZu% fo'o cSad dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj O;olk;
djus esa vklkuh esa Hkkjr dh jSad 2014 esa 142 ls lq/j
dj 2019 esa 63 gks xbZ gSA
jSafdax bruh egRoiw.kZ D;ksa Fkh\
z dbZ ns'kksa us fons'kh fuos'k vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, cktkj
vuqdwy uhfr;ksa dk ladsr nsus ds fy, csgrj jSafdax çnf'kZr
dh gSA
z Hkkjr ljdkj us vkf/dkfjd Je fujh{k.k ç.kkfy;ksa dks
lekIr djds vkSj fu;ksÙkQkvksa dks Lo&fu;eu fjiksVZ ntZ
djus dh vuqefr nsdj Je fofu;eksa dks detksj djus ds
fy, lwpdkad dks gfFk;kj cuk;kA
Hkkjr esa ¶O;kikj djus esa vklkuh¸ esa lq/kj ds fy,
vc rd mBk, x, dne%
z iqjkus dkuwuksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa dks de djuk
z fMftVyhdj.k ds ekè;e ls ukxfjd&jkT; baVjiQsl dks
U;wure djukA
z LFkkuh; fudk;ksa rd mi&jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ukSdj'kkgh foosd
dks de djukA
z bZt vkWiQ Mwbax fctusl esa jkT;ksa ds çn'kZu ds vk/kj ij
jkT;ksa dh jSafdaxA
z jkT;ksa ij ncko cukuk% mnkgj.k ds fy,] jkT;ksa }kjk
vfrfjÙkQ m/kjh dks jkT; Lrj ij bZt vkWiQ Mwbax fctusl
lq/kjksa dks ykxw djus ls tksM+k x;k FkkA
z fofHkUu dkuwuksa ds varxZr O;olk;ksa }kjk iathdj.k vkSj
ykblsal dks uohuhÑr djus dh vko';drk dks lekIr
djuk
z dEI;wVjhÑr dsaæh; vkSj ;kn`fPNd fujh{k.k ç.kkyh dh
LFkkiuk djuk rkfd ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk lds fd ckn ds
o"kks± esa ,d gh fujh{kd fdlh bdkbZ dks ugha lkSaik x;k gSA
z fujh{k.kksa ls igys O;olk;ksa dks iwoZ lwpuk nh tkuh Fkh] vkSj
fjiksVZ 48 ?kaVksa ds Hkhrj viyksM dh tkuh FkhA
fVIi.kh
z vius 2018 vkSj 2020 laLdj.kksa (Øe'k% 2017 vkSj 2019
esa çdkf'kr) esa ^MsVk folaxfr;ksa* vkSj cSad deZpkfj;ksa ls
tqM+h ^uSfrd leL;kvksa* dh tkap ds ckn] fo'o cSad us
?kks"k.kk dh fd og ^Mwbax fctusl fjiksVZ* çdkf'kr djuk
can dj nsxkA
vkS||ksksffxd
xd {ks{ks=k=k
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk fo'o cSad ds ^bZt vkWiQ Mwbax
fctusl baMsDl* dk mi&lwpdkad ugha gS\ (2019)
(a) dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk dk j•j•ko
(b) djksa dk Hkqxrku
(c) laifÙk dk iathdj.k
(d) fuekZ.k ijfeV ls fuiVuk
O;kikj djus esa vklkuh 2&0
z vius ctV Hkk"k.k esa] foÙk ea=kh us bZt vkWiQ Mwbax fctusl
2-0 vkSj bZt vkWiQ fyfoax dk;ZØe 'kq: djus ds fy,
ljdkj ds ladYi dks O;ÙkQ fd;kA
z mUgksaus bl ckr ij çdk'k Mkyk fd gky ds o"kks± esa]
25]000 ls vf/d vuqikyu vko';drkvksa dks de dj
fn;k x;k vkSj 1]486 dsaæh; dkuwuksa dks fujLr dj fn;k
x;kA
z O;kikj djus esa vklkuh 2-0 lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ctV
esa fuEufyf•r mik;ksa dk lq>ko fn;k x;k gS%
z fo'okl&vk/kfjr 'kklu vkSj çca/u ,d ,slk okrkoj.k
cukrk gS tgka deZpkjh lgh fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, viuh
fo'ks"kK {kerk dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, Lora=k eglwl
djrs gSa vkSj viuh fo'ks"kKrk dk vf/dre çHkko ds fy,
mi;ksx djrs gSa] u fd fjiksfVZax vkSj fu;a=k.k ç.kkyh }kjk
Hkkfjr gksus ds ctk;
z vkbZVh iqyksa ds ekè;e ls dsaæh; vkSj jkT; Lrjh; ç.kkfy;ksa
dk ,dhdj.k
z ifjos'k iksVZy ds nk;js dk foLrkj
z Hkwfe ds vkbZVh vk/kfjr çca/u ds fy, fof'k"V Hkwfe iklZy
igpku la[;k dk vfHkys•A
z daifu;ksa ds LoSfPNd lekiu dh lqfo/k ds fy, lh&isl
dh LFkkiuk
z vk|ksikar vkWuykbu bZ&fcy ç.kkyh vkSj ljdkjh •jhn esa
tekur ckaM dk mi;ksxA
z ,ohlhth çeks'ku VkLd iQkslZ
z ih,yvkbZ ;kstuk ds rgr 5th dks leFkZu
z m|ksx] LVkVZ&vi vkSj f'k{kk txr ds fy, j{kk vuqla/ku
,oa fodkl dks •ksyuk
527
Je dkuwu lq/kj % Je lafgrk
z Hkkjr esa Je fofu;eksa esa viuh ilan ds dke dk vf/
dkj] HksnHkko ds f•ykiQ vf/dkj] cky Je dk fu"ks/]
dke dh U;k;ksfpr vkSj ekuoh; fLFkfr;ka] lkekftd lqj{kk]
etnwjh dh lqj{kk] f'kdk;rksa dk fuokj.k] VªsM ;wfu;uksa dks
laxfBr djus vkSj cukus dk vf/dkj] lkewfgd lkSnsckth
vkSj çca/u esa HkkxhnkjhA
Je ls lacaf/r fofHkUu çko/ku% laoS/kfud çko/ku
z Hkkjr ds lafo/ku ds varxZr] Je leorhZ lwph esa gSA bl
çdkj dsaæ vkSj jkT; nksuksa ljdkjksa dks dsaæ ds fy, vkjf{kr
dqN ekeyksa ds v/hu dkuwu cukus dk vf/dkj gSA
 vuqPNsn 16% ;g lkoZtfud jkstxkj ds ekeyksa esa leku
volj ds vf/dkj dh ckr djrk gSA
 vuqPNsn 39(lh)% ;g fufnZ"V djrk gS fd vkfFkZd
O;oLFkk dk ifj.kke /u vkSj mRiknu ds lk/uksa ds
ladsaæ.k esa ugha gksuk pkfg, ftlls iwjs lekt dks
uqdlku gksA
U;kf;d çko/ku&
z j.k/hj flag cuke Hkkjr la?k ds ekeys esa] lokZsPp U;k;ky;
us dgk fd ^Hkys gh 'leku dk;Z ds fy, leku osru* ds
fl¼kar dks Hkkjr ds lafo/ku esa ifjHkkf"kr ugha fd;k x;k
gS] ;g ,d y{; gS ftls Hkkjr ds lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn
14] 16 vkSj 39 (lh) ds ekè;e ls çkIr fd;k tkuk gSA
z fo/k;h çko/ku% gky gh esa ljdkj us 4 Je lafgrkvksa ds
lesfdr lsV cuk,A ;s Je lafgrk,a gSa%&
1- etnwjh lafgrk] 2019& ;g lafgrk etnwjh] vksojVkbe]
cksul] U;wure etnwjh vkfn ds Hkqxrku ls lacaf/r ekStwnk
Je dkuwuksa dks ljy cukus ij dsafær gSA lafgrk dh /kjk
3 (1) ;g çko/ku djrh gS fd deZpkjh }kjk fd, x,
leku dk;Z ;k leku dk;Z ds laca/ esa deZpkjh ds fyax
ds vk/kj ij osru Hkqxrku esa dksbZ HksnHkko ugha gksxkA
2- vkS|ksfxd laca/ lafgrk] 2020 & vkS|ksfxd laca/ lafgrk
2020 vkS|ksfxd daiuh esa VªsM ;wfu;uksa ;k okrkZ ifj"knksa ij
ckrphr ds fy, ,d ubZ vo/kj.kk çnku djrh gSA of.kZr
çko/ku ds vuqlkj% vkS|ksfxd daiuh esa ,dy la?k ds
ekeys esa] fu;ksÙkQk ml la?k dks Jfedksa ds ,dek=k lkSnsckth
la?k ds :i esa ekU;rk nsrk gSA
3- lkekftd lqj{kk lafgrk] 2020& lkekftd lqj{kk lafgrk]
2020 dk mís'; lkekftd lqj{kk ls lacaf/r ekStwnk Je
dkuwuksa esa la'kks/u vkSj lesdu djuk gS] ftldk O;kid
528
y{; lHkh deZpkfj;ksa vkSj Jfedksa dks lkekftd lqj{kk
ykHk çnku djuk gS] Hkys gh os laxfBr ;k vlaxfBr {ks=k
ls lacaf/r gksaA
4- O;olk;tU; lqj{kk] LokLF; ,oa dk;Zdkjh fLFkfr lafgrk]
2020& O;olk;tU; lqj{kk] LokLF; rFkk dk;Zdkjh fLFkfr
lafgrk] 2020 fdlh çfr"Bku esa dk;Zjr O;fÙkQ;ksa dh
O;olk;tU; lqj{kk] LokLF; ,oa dk;Zdkjh fLFkfr dks
fofu;fer djus okys dkuwuksa dks lesfdr vkSj la'kksf/r
djus ds fy, ,d lafgrk gSA ;g vf/fu;e 13 iqjkus dsaæh;
Je dkuwuksa dh txg ysrk gSA
Je lafgrkvksa ds ykHk@egRo D;k gSa\
z vlaxfBr Jfedksa lfgr lHkh Jfedksa dks U;wure etnwjh vkSj
le; ij etnwjh ds Hkqxrku ds vf/dkj dk lkoZHkkSehdj.kA
z is'k dh xbZ jk"Vªh; Ýyksj ost dh vo/kj.kk U;wure etnwjh
esa {ks=kh; vlekurk dks de djsxhA
z lHkh deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, fu;qfÙkQ i=k& blls vkSipkfjdrk
dks c<+kok feysxkA
z O;olk;tU; lqj{kk ,oa LokLF; lafgrk 10 ls de Jfedksa
dh lhek ds lkFk •rjukd çÑfr ds dke esa yxs çfr"Bkuksa
ij Hkh ykxw gksrh gSA
z çoklh Jfedksa ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh ykHkksa dh lqokárk--
z fxx Jfed vkSj IysViQkWeZ Jfed ds fy, lkekftd lqj{kk
;kstukA
z lHkh O;olk;ksa dks efgykvksa ds fy, •ksy fn;k x;k gS
vkSj lqj{kk mik;ksa ds lkFk jkr esa dke djus dh vuqefr
nh xbZ gSA
z vlaxfBr Jfedksa ds fy, lkekftd lqj{kk dks"k dk çko/ku
z tfVy dkuwuksa dk lesdu vkSj ljyhdj.kA
z lafgrk,¡ ,dy ykblsal ra=k çnku djrh gSaA ;g ykblsaflax
ra=k esa Bksl lq/kj ykdj m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsxkA
z vkS|ksfxd fooknksa ls fuiVus okys iqjkus dkuwuksa dks ljy
cukuk vkSj vf/fu.kZ; çfØ;k dks u;k :i nsuk] tks fooknksa
ds 'kh?kz lek/ku dk ekxZ ç'kLr djsxkA
z bu lq/kjksa ls fuos'k dks c<+kok feysxk vkSj Hkkjr esa O;kikj
djus esa vklkuh gksxhA
Je lafgrk ls lacaf/r eqís%
z pwafd Je leorhZ lwph dk fo"k; gS] dsaæ vkSj jkT;ksa
nksuksa dks dkuwu vkSj fu;e cukus iM+rs gSa vkSj blls muds
dk;kZUo;u esa vokafNr foyac gksrk gS D;ksafd dqN jkT;
ljdkjksa us vHkh rd çfØ;k iwjh ugha dh gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ;g 300 ls de Jfedksa okys NksVs çfr"Bkuksa esa Jfedksa
ds Je vf/dkjksa dks de djsxk vkSj daifu;ksa dks Jfedksa
ds fy, euekuh lsok 'krks± dks ykxw djus esa l{ke djsxkA
z ;g vkjksi yxk;k x;k gS fd u, Je dksM vukSipkfjd
Jfedksa dh vk; {kerk vkSj Ø; 'kfÙkQ esa o`f¼ djds
eqækLiQhfr ;k Hkq•ejh dks vkSj c<+k ldrs gSaA
z elkSnk fu;e vfuok;Z djrs gSa fd lHkh Jfedksa (vk/kj
dkMZ ds lkFk) dks fdlh Hkh çdkj ds lkekftd lqj{kk
ykHk çkIr djus esa l{ke gksus ds fy, Je lqfo/k iksVZy
ij •qn dks iathÑr djus dh vko';drk gSA blls dbZ
Jfedksa dk vk/kj&lapkfyr cfg"dj.k gksxkA
z dksM vlaxfBr {ks=k ds Jfedksa ds Jfedksa dks fdlh Hkh
çdkj dh lkekftd lqj{kk çnku djus esa foiQy jgs] tks
çoklh Jfedksa] Lo&fu;ksftr Jfedksa] x`g&vk/kfjr Jfedksa
vkSj vU; detksj lewgksa lfgr xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa çeq• :i
ls gSaA
z lafgrk lkekftd lqj{kk dks ,d vf/dkj ds :i esa egRo
ugha nsrh gSA
vkxs dh jkg
z bu u, fu;eksa dks ykxw djus ds fy,] lHkh jkT;ksa vkSj
dsaæ'kkflr çns'kksa dks bu dkuwuksa dks rS;kj djuk vkSj vf/
lwfpr djuk gksxk] tks vHkh rd ugha fd;k x;k gSA
z çorZu ra=k dks etcwr djus dh vko';drk gSA Je dkuwu
ds çHkkoh dk;kZUo;u ds fy, c<+h gqbZ tu'kfÙkQ] csgrj
cqfu;knh <kapk vko';d gSA
z Je ç'kklu ds fy, vf•y Hkkjrh; lsok dk xBu fd;k
tkuk pkfg, tks Je ç'kklu ds {ks=k esa is'ksoj fo'ks"kK
miyC/ djk,xkA
z 2025 rd 5 fVªfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk
ekxZ dbZ ck/kvksa ls f?kjk gqvk gS] ftuesa ls ,d fofHkUu
Jfed eqís gSaA ljdkj bu Je lq/kjksa dks ykxw djus dh
dksf'k'k dj jgh gSA
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ds orZeku eqís
z dq'ky cqfu;knh <k¡ps vkSj tu'kfÙkQ dh deh% oSf'od
vFkZO;oLFkk esa fofuekZ.k çfrLi/kZ dks c<+kus ds fy,
ifjogu tSlh mPp rduhd okyh cqfu;knh <k¡ps ds fy,
dq'ky tu'kfÙkQ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
vkS||ksksffxd
xd {ks{ks=k=k
z nwjlapkj lapkj lqfo/k,a eq[; :i ls fnYyh eqacbZ vkfn tSls
cM+s 'kgjksa rd gh lhfer gSa
z vf/dka'k jkT; fo|qr cksMZ ?kkVs esa py jgs gSaA
z jsy ifjogu ij vR;f/d cks> gS tcfd lM+d ifjogu esa
vusd çdkj dh leL;k,¡ gSaA
z eè;e vkSj cM+s iSekus ds vkS|ksfxd vkSj lsok {ks=kksa dh
rqyuk esa ,e,l,ebZ {ks=k esa ØsfMV lqfo/k rd igqap dk
vHkko gS vkSj dk;Z'khy iwath dh ØsfMV ykxr vf/d gSA
bl folaxfr dks nwj djuk gksxkA
z ifjogu midj.k] e'khujh (fo|qr vkSj xSj&fo|qr)] yksgk
vkSj bLikr] dkxt] jlk;u vkSj moZjd] IykfLVd lkexzh
vkfn ds fy, fons'kh vk;kr ij Hkkjr dh fuHkZjrkA
z m|ksxksa dk vuqfpr LFkku vk/kj] dbZ mnkgj.kksa esa] m|ksx
ykxr çHkkoh fcanqvksa ds lanHkZ ds fcuk LFkkfir fd, x,
Fks ysfdu jktuhfr ls çsfjr gSaA
z fodkl ds lektoknh iSVuZ ij è;ku dsafær djus ds dkj.k
lkoZtfud {ks=k ds m|ksxksa esa uqdlkuA
z ykyiQhrk'kkgh vkSj rukoiw.kZ Je&çca/u laca/ksa dh fo'ks"krk
vçHkkoh uhfr dk;kZUo;u] vf/dka'k ih,l;w ?kkVs esa py
jgs gSaA gj lky ljdkj dks bl uqdlku dh HkjikbZ djus
vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dks osru nsus ds nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djus ds
fy, Hkkjh •pZ djuk iM+rk gSA
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ds fy, ;kstuk,¡ rFkk igy
z mRiknu ls tqM+k çksRlkgu (ih,yvkbZ) & vkWVkseksckby vkSj
vkWVks ?kVdksa] bysDVªkWfuDl vkSj vkbZVh gkMZos;j] nwjlapkj]
iQkekZL;wfVdYl] lkSj ekWMÔwy] /krq vkSj •uu] diM+k vkSj
ifj/ku] liQsn lkeku] Mªksu] vkSj tSls fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa ?kjsyw
fofuekZ.k {kerk dks c<+kus ds fy, mUur jlk;u 'kkL=k lsy
cSVjh vkfnA
z ih,e xfr 'kfÙkQ& jk"Vªh; ekLVj Iyku & ih,e xfr 'kfÙkQ
;kstuk esa 16 dsaæh; ea=kky;ksa vkSj foHkkxksa }kjk fu;ksftr
vkSj 'kq: dh xbZ <kapkxr igyksa dks ,dtqV djus ds fy,
,d dsaæhÑr iksVZy dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ gSA xfr'kfÙkQ dk
y{; ykWftfLVd ykxr esa dVkSrh] dkxkZs gSaMfyax {kerk esa
o`f¼ vkSj VuZvjkmaM le; dks de djuk gSA
z Hkkjrekyk ifj;kstuk & Hkkjrekyk ifj;kstuk mÙkj iwoZ Hkkjr
esa la;kstdrk esa lq/kj ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj dh ,d dsaæ
çk;ksftr vkSj foÙk iksf"kr lM+d vkSj jktekxZ ifj;kstuk gSA
529
z vkRefuHkZj Hkkjr vfHk;ku & Hkkjr dh vk;kr fuHkZjrk dks
de djus ds fy,A vkRe fuHkZj Hkkjr ewy :i ls Hkkjr
esa egkekjh dksfoM&19 ds le; rS;kj fd;k x;k 'kCn gSA
;g okLro esa gekjs ekuuh; ç/ku ea=kh Jh ujsaæ eksnh th
dh n`f"V gS fd LFkkuh; Lrj ij lHkh vfuok;Z oLrqvksa
dk mRiknu 'kq: djds Hkkjr vkSj Hkkjrh;ksa dks vkRefuHkZj
cukuk gSA
vkxs dk jkLrk
z lkoZtfud fuos'k dks c<+kuk vkSj ihihih ifj;kstukvksa dk
fuekZ.k djuk ftlls vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dh n{krk vkSj ikjnf'kZrk
c<+sxhA
v v v
530
z <kapkxr ck/kvksa dks nwj djus ls eè;e ls nh?kkZof/ esa
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dk mRiknu c<+sxkA
z Hkkjr ds tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k dk b"Vre mi;ksx bldh
iw.kZ fofuekZ.k {kerk çkIr dj ldrk gS D;ksafd ;g vius
tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k ls ykHkkfUor gksuk pkgrk gSA
z vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa vuqla/ku vkSj fodkl dks etcwr djus
dh t:jr gSA
z eè;e ls nh?kZ vof/ esa] nksgjs vadksa esa mRiknu o`f¼ dks
cuk, j•us vkSj dksj lsDVj dh detksfj;ksa dks de djus
ds fy,] cgqvk;keh lq/kjksa ds ,d vkSj nkSj dks 'kq: djus
ds fy, ,d çHkkoh vkS|ksfxd uhfr <kapk rS;kj djus dh
vko';drk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 30
z lsok {ks=k] tks miHkksÙkQkvksa dks lapkj ls ysdj ifjogu]
cSafdax] f'k{kk vkSj i;ZVu rd lHkh lsok,a çnku djus ls
lacaf/r gS] oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk dh uhao vkSj varjkZ"Vªh;
O;kikj dk lcls xfr'khy {ks=k cu x;k gSA
z eksVs rkSj ij lsok {ks=k esa 'kkfey gSa% chek] fj;y ,LVsV]
is'ksoj lsok,a vkSj foÙkh; lsok,a] O;kikj] gksVy] ifjogu]
lapkj] HkaMkj.k vkSj çlkj.k lsok,a] yksd ç'kklu] j{kk vkSj
vU; lsok,aA
lsok {ks=k dk vf/dkj {ks=k
la?k lwph z nwjlapkj] Mkd] çlkj.k] foÙkh; lsok,a
(chek vkSj cSafdax lfgr)] jk"Vªh;
jktekxZ] •uu lsok,aA
jkT; lwph z LokLF; ns•Hkky vkSj lacaf/r lsok,a]
fj;y ,LVsV lsok,a] •qnjk] Ñf"k ls
lacaf/r lsok,a] f'kdkj vkSj okfudh
leorhZ lwph z O;kolkf;d lsok,a] f'k{kk] eqæ.k vkSj
çdk'ku] fo|qr
lsok {ks=k dk egRo
z ,d vfxze vuqeku ds vuqlkj] lsok {ks=k dk ldy ewY;
lao/Zu ;kuh thoh, esa 53» fgLlk gSA blfy, ;g ldy
ewY; lao/Zu ;kuh thoh, dk ,d çeq• fgLlk gSA
z 12 jkT;ksa esa mudh vFkZO;oLFkk esa lsok {ks=k dk çeq•
;ksxnku gS A bu jkT;ksa esa lsok {ks=k jkT;ksa ds dqy ldy
ewY; lao/Zu esa 50» ls vf/d dk ;ksxnku nsrk gSA
z lsok {ks=k T;knkrj laxfBr {ks=k esa xq.koÙkkiw.kZ jkstxkj çnku
djrk gSA
z lsok {ks=k esa dke djus okys yksxksa ds dY;k.k ds fy,
ljdkj dks de ç;kl djus dh t:jr gS A
z lsok {ks=k dqy fons'kh fuos'k ,iQMhvkbZ çokg dk yxHkx
54» gSA
z Hkkjr esa vf/dka'k LVkVZ&vi lsok {ks=k ls lacaf/r gSaA
lsok {ks=k
z lsok {ks=k ds fu;kZr esa Hkkjr dh egRoiw.kZ mifLFkfr gSA
;g okf.kfT;d lsokvksa esa 'kh"kZ nl O;kikfjd ns'kksa esa vkrk
gSA foÙk o"kZ 2021 esa lsok {ks=k dk fgLlk dqy thoh, dk
54» FkkA
z lsok {ks=k Hkkjr esa lcls cM+k vkSj lcls rsth ls c<+us okyk
{ks=k gS vkSj bldh Je mRikndrk lcls vf/d gSA
lsok {ks=k dh mPp o`f¼
ds fy, mÙkjnk;h dkjd
z ekax dh mPp vk; yksp% ;g ns•k x;k gS fd lsokvksa ds
fy, ekax dh vk; yksp ,d ls vf/d gSA blfy,] vk;
esa o`f¼ ds lkFk] oLrqvksa dh ekax dh rqyuk esa lsokvksa dh
ekax rsth ls c<+rh gSA
z lajpukRed vkSj rduhdh ifjorZu% vFkZO;oLFkk esa
rduhdh vkSj lajpukRed ifjorZuksa us bls vkmVlksflZax ds
fy, ,d vkd"kZd lk/u cuk fn;k gS] bl çdkj lsok {ks=k
ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
z vkbZVh Økafr% vkbZVh Økafr ds vkxeu ds lkFk] mfpr nj
ij yach nwjh rd lsok,a çnku djuk laHko gks x;k gSA bl
çdkj] nqfu;k Hkj esa lsok O;kikj esa o`f¼ gqbZ gS] ftldk
ykHk Hkkjr dks Hkh fey jgk gSA
z 1991 ds vkfFkZd lq/kj% 1991 ds vkfFkZd lq/kjksa us
fofuekZ.k m|ksx dh ekax esa o`f¼ dh] ftlls lsok {ks=k
dks Hkh ykHk gqvkA foÙkh; lsokvksa ds mnkjhdj.k us foÙkh;
lsokvksa ds fodkl dks c<+kok fn;kA volajpuk ds dqN {ks=kksa
esa lq/kjksa us Hkh lsokvksa ds mPp fodkl esa ;ksxnku fn;kA
pSafi;u lsok {ks=k
z pSafi;u lsok {ks=k mu 12 fpfUgr {ks=kksa dks lanfHkZr djrk
gS tgka ljdkj muds fodkl dks c<+kok nsus vkSj mudh
{kerk dk mi;ksx djus ij è;ku dsafær djuk pkgrh gSA
z buesa lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh vkSj lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh l{ke lsok,a
(vkbZVh vkSj vkbZVhbZ,l)] i;ZVu vkSj vkfrF; lsok,a]
fpfdRlk ewY; ;k=kk] ifjogu vkSj miLdj lsok,a] ys•k
vkSj foÙk lsok,a] n`'; JO; lsok,a] dkuwuh lsok,a] lapkj
lsok,a] fuekZ.k vkSj lacaf/r bathfu;fjax lsok,a] i;kZoj.k
lsok,¡] foÙkh; lsok,¡ vkSj f'k{kk lsok,¡ 'kkfey gSaA A
z pkSafi;u {ks=kksa dh {ks=kh; dk;Z ;kstukvksa ds fy, igy dk
leFkZu djus ds fy, 5000 djksM+ #i;s ds ,d lefiZr
dks"k dh LFkkiuk dk çLrko fd;k x;k gSA
z mís';% bl igy ls Hkkjr ds lsok {ks=kksa dh çfrLi/kZRedrk
c<+us dh mEehn gS ftlls Hkkjr esa ukSdfj;ksa ds vf/d
volj iSnk gksaxs] mPp thMhih esa ;ksxnku c<+sxk vkSj
oSf'od cktkjksa esa lsokvksa dk fu;kZr gksxkA
i`"BHkwfe
z lfpoksa ds lewg us ç/kuea=kh dks viuh fliQkfj'kksa esa
nl pkSafi;u {ks=kksa dh igpku dh Fkh] ftlesa lkr (7)
fofuekZ.k&lacaf/r {ks=k vkSj rhu (3) lsok {ks=k 'kkfey Fks]
rkfd muds fodkl dks c<+kok fn;k tk lds vkSj mudh
{kerk dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldsA
z ckn esa ;g fu.kZ; fy;k x;k fd ^esd bu bafM;k* ds
fy, uksMy foHkkx] vkS|ksfxd uhfr vkSj lao/Zu foHkkx
(MhvkbZihih)] fofuekZ.k {ks=k esa pSafi;u {ks=kksa ds fy, igy
dh vxqokbZ djsxk vkSj okf.kT; foHkkx lsokvksa esa pkSafi;u
{ks=k ds fy, çLrkfor igy dk leUo; djsxkA
z rnuqlkj] okf.kT; foHkkx us O;kid fgr/kjd ijke'kZ ds
lkFk dbZ lsok {ks=kksa ds fy, çkjafHkd {ks=kh; lq/kj ;kstukvksa
ds elkSns dh rS;kjh vkSj ckn esa dk;Z ;kstuk dk leUo;
fd;kA
pSafi;u lsok {ks=k ;kstuk
z ;g okf.kT; foHkkx dh dsaæh; {ks=k dh ;kstuk gSA pkSfEi;u
lsok {ks=k ;kstuk ds eq[; mís'; fuEufyf•r gSa%&
z ?kjsyw fofu;ked lq/kj] dkS'ky fodkl] MsVk laj{k.k O;oLFkk
vkfn lfgr {ks=kh; vkSj ØkWl&dfVax eqísA
z oSf'od cktkj esa Hkkjr ds lsok {ks=k dks viuh çfrLi/hZ
fLFkfr •ksus ls jksdus ds fy, ubZ igyA
z pSafi;u lsok {ks=kksa dh c<+h gqbZ mRikndrk vkSj çfrLi/kZRedrk
?kjsyw lsok {ks=kksa }kjk ;ksxnku fd, x, ldy ewY; laof/Zr
lsokvksa dks c<+k,xhA
532
z ;g Hkkjr ds lsok {ks=k ds fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsxkA
z dkS'ky çf'k{k.k vkSj jkstxkj l`tuA
z pSafi;u lsok {ks=k ;kstuk (CSSS) ds rgr 3&5 o"kks±
(2019&20 ls 2023&24) ds fy, dqy 3369-75 djksM+
#i;s dh jkf'k dks lacaf/r ea=kky;@foHkkx }kjk çLrqr
çLrkoksa ds vk/kj ij O;; foÙk lfefr }kjk vuqeksfnr
fd;k x;k gSA
z ;kstuk ds fn'kkfunZs'kksa ds vuqlkj] rhu Lrjh; fuxjkuh ra=k
gS] vFkkZRk~&
1- lacaf/r ea=kky;@foHkkx]
2- okf.kT; foHkkx vkSj
3- dSfcusV lfpo dh vè;{krk esa lfpoksa dh ,d lfefrA
lsok {ks=k dk çn'kZu
chek {ks=k dh orZeku fLFkfr
(vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2021&22)%
z cSafdax lsokvksa ds lkFk&lkFk chek {ks=k dk ns'k ds dqy
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa 7» dk ;ksxnku gSA
z 2021 esa] Hkkjr dh thou chek igqap yxHkx 3» Fkh]
tcfd xSj&thou chek igqap 1» FkhA m|ksx ds fy, lexz
iSB 4» ls vf/d FkhA
z Hkkjr esa chek ?kuRo 2001 esa 11-5 MkWyj ls c<+dj 2021
esa 59 MkWyj gks x;k A
z chek m|ksx ,uch,iQlh {ks=k }kjk fn, tkus okys ½.k dk
lcls cM+k çkIrdrkZ cuk jgk] blds ckn
z •qnjk ½.k vkSj lsok {ks=k jgsA
z Hkkjr ds lsok fu;kZr us 254-4 fcfy;u vejhdh Mkyj dk
u;k fjdkWMZ cuk;kA
z ekpZ 2022 esa lsokvksa dk fu;kZr 26-9 fcfy;u vesfjdh
MkWyj ds loZdkfyd mPp Lrj ij igqap x;kA
z Hkkjr dk lsok {ks=k Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, fodkl
dk batu cuk gqvk gS vkSj foÙk o"kZ 22 esa ekStwnk dherksa
ij Hkkjr ds ldy ewY; lao/Zu esa 53» dk ;ksxnku nsrk
gS (vFkZO;oLFkk loZs{k.k 2021&22 ds vuqlkj tuojh
2022 rd)A
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
i;ZVu {ks=k%
z Hkkjr fofHkUu HkkSxksfyd {ks=k] fo'o Lrjh; i;ZVd vkd"kZ.k vkSj
fo'ks"k ;k=kk lsok,a çnku djrk gS] ftlesa bdks&VwfjTe] gsfjVst
VwfjTe] ,Mosapj VwfjTe] esfMdy VwfjTe vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
z Hkkjr dk i;ZVu {ks=k ,d egRoiw.kZ vkfFkZd xq.kd gS vkSj
rsth ls egRoiw.kZ gksrk tk jgk gS D;ksafd ns'k rsth ls vkfFkZd
fodkl vkSj jkstxkj l`tu ds fy, ç;kl dj jgk gSA
z 2020&21 esa] Hkkjr us fons'kh i;ZVdksa ds vkxeu dh o`f¼
nj esa fxjkoV ntZ dh xbZA
z tuojh ls twu 2020 dh vof/ ds fy, Nk=k i;ZVu ls
Hkkjr dh fons'kh eqæk vk; 6-96 fcfy;u MkWyj rFkk fons'kh
i;ZVdksa ds vkxeu ls 2-74 fefy;u MkWyj jgh (vkfFkZd
loZs{k.k 2021&22)A
z 2021 esa fo'o vkfFkZd eap }kjk çdkf'kr ;k=kk vkSj i;ZVu
lwpdkad esa Hkkjr 54 osa LFkku ij gSA
z 'kh"kZ 5 ns'k ftuds ukxfjdksa us 2019 esa Hkkjr dk nkSjk fd;k
(?kVrs Øe esa) ckaXykns'k] vejhdk] baXySaM] vkWLVªsfy;k vkSj
dukMk gSaA
z ?kjsyw i;ZVdksa dh vf/dre la[;k dks vkdf"kZr djus okys
'kh"kZ 5 jkT; (?kVrs Øe esa) mÙkj çns'k] rfeyukMq ] vka/z
çns'k] dukZVd vkSj egkjk"Vª gSaA
z fons'kh i;ZVdksa dh vf/dre la[;k dks vkdf"kZr djus
okys 'kh"kZ 5 jkT; (?kVrs Øe esa) rfeyukMq] egkjk"Vª] mÙkj
çns'k] fnYyh vkSj if'pe caxky gSaA
;k=kk vkSj i;ZVu lwpdkad
z fo'o vkfFkZd eap }kjk tkjh fo'o ;k=kk vkSj i;ZVu
çfrLi/kZRedrk lwpdkadA
z ;g f}okf"kZd :i ls çdkf'kr gksrk gSA
z ;k=kk vkSj i;ZVu çfrLi/kZRedrk fjiksVZ vkSj lwpdkad
140 vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh ;k=kk vkSj i;ZVu (Vh ,aM Vh)
çfrLi/kZRedrk dks ekirk gSA
z 140 vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks pkj mi&lwpdkadksa esa LFkku
fn;k x;k gS%
 vuqdwy okrkoj.k]
 ;k=kk vkSj i;ZVu uhfr vkSj vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ka]
 volajpuk
 çkÑfrd vkSj lkaLÑfrd lalk/u
z 2021 esa Hkkjr ;k=kk vkSj i;ZVu lwpdkad esa 54 osa
LFkku ij gSA
lsokk {ks{ks==kk
fo'o i;ZVu fnol
z 1980 ls27 flracj fo'o i;ZVu fnol ds :i esa euk;k
tkrk gSA
z 1970 esa blh fnu la;qÙkQ jk"Vª fo'o i;ZVu laxBu
(;w,uMCY;wVhvks) dh lkafof/;ksa dks viuk;k x;k Fkk]
ftUgsa oSf'od i;ZVu esa ehy dk iRFkj ekuk tkrk gSA
z ;w,uMCY;wVhvks la;qÙkQ jk"Vª dh fof'k"V ,tsalh gS tks
nqfu;k esa ftEesnkj] la/kj.kh; vkSj lkoZHkkSfed :i ls
lqyHk i;ZVu dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA
z fo'o i;ZVu fnol 2022 dh Fkhe ^fjfFkafdax VwfjTe* gSA
fo'o ;k=kk vkSj i;ZVu ifj"kn
z fo'o ;k=kk vkSj i;ZVu ifj"kn (MCY;wVhVhlh) ;k=kk vkSj
i;ZVu m|ksx ds fy, ,d eap gSA
z ;g 1990 esa LFkkfir ,d xSj&ykHkdkjh] xSj&ljdkjh
laxBu gSA
z bldk eq[;ky; yanu (;wds) esa fLFkr gS
z fo'o ;k=kk vkSj i;ZVu ifj"kn ds vuqlkj 2022 esa ;k=kk
vkSj i;ZVu 8-6 fVªfy;u MkWyj rd c<+ ldrk gSA
la;qÙkQ jk"Vª fo'o i;ZVu laxBu
z ;w,uMCY;wVhvks la;qÙkQ jk"Vª dh ,d fo'ks"k ,tsalh gS tks
i;ZVu ds {ks=k esa dke djrh gSA
z bldh LFkkiuk 1974 esa gqbZ FkhA
z bldk eq[;ky; eSfMªM] Lisu esa fLFkr gSA
z 1975 esa Hkkjr bldk lnL; cukA
z Hkkjr esa ;w,uMCY;wVhvks ds lkFk dke djus okyh uksMy
,tsalh i;ZVu ea=kky; gSA
z ;w,uMCY;wVhvks gj lky 27 flracj dks fo'o i;ZVu
fnol lekjksg dk usr`Ro djrk gSA
/eZ'kkyk ?kks"k.kk i=k 2022
z gky gh esa /eZ'kkyk] fgekpy çns'k esa i;ZVu ij
vk;ksftr rhu fnolh; jk"Vªh; lEesyu esa ^/eZ'kkyk
?kks"k.kki=k 2022* tkjh fd;k x;kA
D;k vki tkurs gSa\
z Hkkjr dh lqanjrk dh ljkguk djus vkSj i;ZVu ds egRo
vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk ij blds çHkko ds ckjs esa tkx:drk
iQSykus ds fy, gj lky 25 tuojh dks ns'k Hkj esa
jk"Vªh; i;ZVu fnol euk;k tkrk gSA
533
lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh vkSj O;olk;
çfØ;k çca/u lsok,a
z Hkkjr esa vkbZVh&chih,e m|ksx Hkkjr ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
dk 8» gSA ;g m|ksx futh {ks=k dk lcls cM+k fu;ksÙkQk gS]
tks 39 yk• yksxksa dks jkstxkj nsrk gSA
z Hkkjr esa 1-23 fcfy;u eksckby iQksu vkSj 7]705 fefy;u
baVjusV mi;ksxdrkZ gSaA Hkkjr esa MsVk dh •ir nqfu;k esa
lcls T;knk vkSj lcls lLrh gSA
z vuqeku gS fd Hkkjr esa 500 fefy;u ls vf/d yksx
LekVZiQksu dk mi;ksx dj jgs gSa] vkSj muesa ls rhu&pkSFkkbZ
vkWuykbu gSaA nqfu;k esa lcls T;knk ,sIl MkmuyksM djus
okyksa esa Hkkjrh; Hkh gSaA
z Hkkjr esa nqfu;k esa VsyhiQksu dusD'ku dh nwljh lcls cM+h
la[;k gSA
z Hkkjr 168 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj ds dqy ewY;kadu ds
lkFk oSf'od Lrj ij rhljk lcls cM+k ;wfudkWuZ gc gSA
z vkbZVh gkMZos;j dk mRiknu 4 o"kks± esa 3 fVªfy;u #i;s ewY;
rd igqapus dk vuqeku gS vkSj vxys 5 o"kks± esa ?kjsyw ewY;
lao/Zu orZeku 5&10 çfr'kr ls c<+dj 20&25 çfr'kr
gksus dh mEehn gSA
z daI;wVj lkWÝVos;j vkSj gkMZos;j vçSy 2021 ds nkSjku dqy
,iQMhvkbZ bfDoVh çokg ds yxHkx 24» fgLls ds lkFk
'kh"kZ {ks=k ds :i esa mHkjk gSA
la;kstu
z lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh vkSj O;olk; çfØ;k çca/u
(vkbZVh&chih,e) {ks=k ds pkj mi&{ks=k bl çdkj gSa%
1- vkbZVh lsok,a (51-1»)
2- lkWÝVos;j mRikn vkSj bathfu;fjax lsok,a (20-8»)
3- O;olk; çfØ;k çca/u (19-8»)
4- gkMZos;j (8-3»)
gky ds #>ku
z usLdkWe ds vuafre vuqekuksa ds vuqlkj 2020&21 ds nkSjku
vkbZVh&chih,e jktLo (bZ&dkWelZ dks NksM+dj) 2-26»
dh o`f¼ ds lkFk 1-38 yk• deZpkfj;ksa dks tksM+dj 194
fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj rd igqap x;kA
z 2018 esa Hkkjr ds vkbZVh&chih,e m|ksx esa 34» ls vf/d
efgyk dk;Z cy FkkA
z usLdkWe ds vè;;u ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr LVkVZ&vi ds fy, phu
vkSj vejhdk ds Bhd ihNs rhljk lcls cM+k ikfjfLFkfrdh
ra=k cudj mHkjk gSA
534
Hkkjr chihvks çksRlkgu ;kstuk%
z ;g ;kstuk 2014 esa vkbZVh vkSj bysDVªkWfuDl ea=kky; ds
varxZr 'kq: dh xbZ FkhA
z bl ;kstuk dk mís'; ns'k esa chihvks ds lapkyu {ks=k dks
çksRlkfgr djuk gSA
z Hkkjr dk lkWÝVos;j çkS|ksfxdh ikdZ] bysDVªkWfuDl vkSj
lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ea=kky; dh ,d Lok;Ùk ,tsalh ;kstuk dh
uksMy dk;kZUo;u ,tsalh gSA
z bl {ks=k esa uokpkj vkSj çkS|ksfxdh viukus dks c<+kok nsus
ds fy, LVkVZvi bafM;k jk"Vªh; lkWÝVos;j mRikn uhfr vkSj
,atsy VSDl ls lacaf/r eqíksa dks gy djus tSlh fofHkUu
uhfr;ksa dks is'k fd;k x;k gSA
lapkj {ks=k
z lapkj lsok dks lans'kksa ds çlkj.k ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
x;k gS] fo'ks"k :i ls mixzg lapkj vkSj eksckby çkS|ksfxdh
ds lwpuk fodkl dks Hkstus vkSj çkIr djus ds dkj.k bl
{ks=k dks çeq•rk feyh gSA
nwjlapkj {ks=k%
z Hkkjr nqfu;k dk nwljk lcls cM+k nwjlapkj cktkj gSA
z 31 vDVwcj 2020 rd ns'k esa dqy xzkgd vk/kj 1151-81
fefy;u FkkA ok;jysl cktkj esa dqy xzkgd vk/kj dk
98-29» fgLlk FkkA
z dqy VsyhiQksu miHkksÙkQkvksa esa xzkeh.k miHkksÙkQkvksa dh la[;k
44-95» FkhA
z baVjusV xzkgdksa ds ekeys esa Hkh Hkkjr nwljk lcls cM+k
ns'k gSA
z nwjlapkj {ks=k esa çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dh lhek dks 74» ls
c<+kdj 100» dj fn;k x;k gSA
z 2021 esa Hkkjr esa nwjlapkj {ks=k esa yxHkx 400 fefy;u
vesfjdh MkWyj dk çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k çokg ns•k x;kA
z Hkkjr esa nwjlapkj m|ksx tqykbZ 2022 rd 1-17 fcfy;u ds
xzkgd vk/kj ds lkFk nqfu;k esa nwljk lcls cM+k cktkj gSA
Hkkjr esa dqy Vsyh&?kuRo 85-11» gS] ftlesa ls] xzkeh.k cktkj
dk Vsyh&?kuRo] tks dkiQh gn rd vç;qÙkQ gS] 58-37» gS]
tcfd 'kgjh cktkj dk Vsyh&?kuRo 134-78» gSA
z vk;dj ds ckn nwjlapkj ljdkj ds fy, nwljk lcls cM+k
jktLo vtZd gSA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,] nwjlapkj {ks=k esa fuos'k esa çR;sd 10»
dh o`f¼ ls Hkkjr ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh o`f¼ esa 3-2»
dh o`f¼ gksrh gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
miLdj {ks=k ftuesa ls ikjknhi] psUubZ] fo'kk•kiêðue] dkaMyk (nhun;ky
mikè;k; canjxkg) vkSj tokgjyky usg: iksVZ VªLV mPpre
z vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRikfnr oLrqvksa ds miHkksx dh ek¡xksa ds
dkxkZs {kerk okys canjxkg gSaA
fy, HkkSfrd :i ls ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd ys tkus
z iQjojh 2020 esa dsaæh; eaf=keaMy us o/kou egkjk"Vª esa
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
13osa çeq• canjxkg dh LFkkiuk dks eatwjh nhA
z miLdj {ks=k dh lajpuk& blesa nks {ks=k 'kkfey gSaA
z {ks=k esa n{krk vDlj tgktksa ds Vh,Vh (VuZ vjkmaM Vkbe)
z ifjogu& ;g bykds] O;kikj ds rjhds] dPps eky vkfn
}kjk bafxr dh tkrh gS] tks 2010&11 ls 2019&20 esa 2-6
ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
2 fnu yxHkx vk/h gks xbZ gSA vkSlr Vh,Vh fo'o Lrj
z os;jgkmflax& miLdj uksM~l ds :i esa dk;Z djukA ij 0-97 fnu gSA
bZ&dkWelZ m|ksx dk ,d cM+k fgLlk os;jgkml ekWMy ij
dk;Z dj jgk gSA Vh,Vh D;k gS\
z ;g og le; gS tks ,d tgkt ds vkxeu vkSj mlds
{ks=k ds lkeus pqukSfr;ka çLFkku ds chp yxrk gS] ftls VuZvjkmaM Vkbe (Vh,Vh)
1- cM+k vlaxfBr {ks=k dgk tkrk gS] tgkt ds VuZvjkmaM Vkbe dk mi;ksx iksVZ
2- ,d de fodflr lkexzh gSaMfyax volajpuk lapkyu dh n{krk dks ekius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
3- bZa/u dh mPp ykxr z lcls vf/d VuZ vjkmaM Vkbe dksydkrk canjxkg dk
4- eky dh fuckZ/ vkoktkgh dh dehA 3-09 fnu gS tcfd dksphu dk VuZ vjkmaM Vkbe lcls de
1-66 fnu gSA Vh,Vh dks de fd;k tk, rks csgrj jgsxkA
gky esa dh xbZ igysa
z miLdj {ks=k dks volajpuk dk ntkZ fn;k x;k gS lsok {ks=k esa orZeku pqukSfr;ka
z eYVhekWMy miLdj ikdZ ds fuekZ.k dks feyh eatwjh
1- egkekjh dk çHkko% Hkkjr ds lsok {ks=k fo'ks"k :i ls
z iwjs ns'k esa fuckZ/ vkoktkgh ds fy, th,lVh 'kklu ds
i;ZVu] foekuu vkSj vkfrF; tSls mi&{ks=kksa dks COVID
rgr bZ&cs fcy dk dk;kZUo;uA
ds dkj.k yxk, x, ykWdMkmu ds nkSjku cM+k >Vdk yxkA
z iQkLVVªSd vkSj vkj,iQvkbZMh ds lkFk bZ&os fcy dks Hkh
z foÙkh; o"kZ 2020&21 dh igyh Nekgh ds nkSjku] lsok
,dhÑr fd;k x;k gSA
{ks=k esa yxHkx 16 çfr'kr dh deh vkbZA ;g fxjkoV lHkh
z ljdkj us jk"Vªh; miLdj mRÑ"Vrk iqjLdkj 'kq: fd;kA
mi&{ks=kksa fo'ks"k :i ls ^O;kikj] gksVy] ifjogu] lapkj vkSj
z ;g iqjLdkj lesdu çfØ;k ekudhdj.k rduhdh mUu;u çlkj.k ls lacaf/r lsokvksa* esa rhoz ladqpu ds dkj.k gqbZA
fMftVy ifjorZu vkSj fVdkÅ çFkkvksa lfgr lokZsÙke çFkkvksa
2- foeqæhdj.k dk çHkko % vU; {ks=kksa dh rjg gh foeqæhdj.k
dks mtkxj djsxkA
us lsok {ks=k dks vLFkk;h :i ls çHkkfor fd;kA
z dsaæ ljdkj us miLdj ykxr dks de djus ds fy, cqfu;knh
3- lsokvksa esa jkstxkj% jkstxkj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa {ks=k dh
<kapk ifj;kstukvksa dh ,dhÑr ;kstuk vkSj fu"iknu ds
fgLlsnkjh ds lkFk rkyesy ugha fcBk ik;k gS vkSj vko';d
mís'; ls eYVhekWMy laidZ ;kstuk ds fy, xfr 'kfÙkQ
ukSdfj;ksa dh la[;k ;k xq.koÙkk mRiUu ugha dj ik;k gSA
;kstuk ;k jk"Vªh; ekLVj Iyku 'kq: fd;k gSA
4- uhfr dk vHkko% lekos'kh fodkl ds fy, dksbZ uhfr ugha
canjxkg vkSj f'kfiax lsok,a gS] vkSj dbZ] vlaxfBr 'kklh fudk; {ks=k ds fodkl ij
çfrdwy çHkko Mkyrs gSaA
z tuojh 2021 rd Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa ds LokfeRo okys tgktksa
5- dbZ fu;e iqjkus gks pqds gSa] vkSj çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k ij
dh dqy la[;k 1453 gS] ftlesa yxHkx 40» dh o`f¼ gqbZ
çfrca/ vkSj ck/k,a gSaA ?kjsyw fofu;e vkSj lsok O;kikj
gS tSlk fd ;g 2010 esa 1040 FkhA
çfrca/ Hkh gSaA
z çkjaHk esa Hkkjr esa 13 çeq• canjxkg Fks gkykafd iksVZ Cys;j
6- cktkj igqap ck/k,a% Hkkjr ds O;kikfjd lk>snkj ns'kksa esa
ftls 2010 esa ,d çeq• canjxkg ds :i esa vf/lwfpr
cktkj rd igqapus esa dbZ ck/k,a gSaA muesa ls dqN çeq•
fd;k x;k Fkk] gky gh esa ml fLFkfr ls gVk fn;k x;k gSA
lsokvksa ds fy, is'ksojksa ds fy, fofHkUu ns'kksa esa ohtk eqís
bl çdkj ekpZ 2021 rd Hkkjr ds 12 çeq• canjxkg gSa
'kkfey gSa_ is'ksoj lsok vkiwfrZdrkZvksa dk ykblsalA

lsokk {ks{ks==kk 535

ljdkj dh igysa
1- lajpukRed lq/kj% o"kZ 2020&21 dbZ egRoiw.kZ lajpukRed
lq/kj fd, x,A
varfj{k {ks=k dks •ksy fn;k x;k] vkbZVh&chihvks {ks=k ls
nwjlapkj laca/h fu;eksa dks gVk fn;k x;k vkSj bZ&dkWelZ ds
fy, miHkksÙkQk laj{k.k fu;eksa dks çLrqr fd;k x;kA
2- LokLF; {ks=k% vDVwcj 2021 esa] Hkkjr ds ç/kuea=kh us
ukxfjdksa ds chp fdiQk;rh LokLF; mipkj dh igqap dks
c<+kok nsus ds fy, 157 u, esfMdy dkWystksa dh LFkkiuk
dks eatwjh nhA Hkkjr ljdkj us çkFkfed Lrj ij dSalj]
e/qesg vkfn chekfj;ksa dk lLrk bykt vkSj tkap djkus ds
fy, 1]50]000 vk;q"eku LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k dsaæ LFkkfir
fd, gSaA
3- çksMD'ku fyaDM balsafVo (ih,yvkbZ) ;kstuk% vDVwcj
2021 esa] ljdkj us Hkkjr esa nwjlapkj vkSj usVofdZax mRiknksa
ds fuekZ.k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, mRiknu ls tqM+h çksRlkgu
(ih,yvkbZ) ;kstuk 'kq: dhA ;g nwjlapkj vkSj usVofdZax
mRiknksa ds vk;kr ds fy, vU; ns'kksa ij Hkkjr dh fuHkZjrk
dks de djus esa enn djsxkA
4- egkRek xka/h jk"Vªh; iQSyksf'ki% dsaæh; f'k{kk vkSj dkS'ky
fodkl vkSj m|ferk ea=kh us egkRek xka/h jk"Vªh; iQSyksf'ki
ds nwljs pj.k dk 'kqHkkjaHk fd;k] nks lky dh yach iQSyksf'ki
dh dYiuk ;qok] xfr'khy O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fy, volj iSnk
djus ds fy, vkSj tehuh Lrj ij dkS'ky fodkl dks c<+kus
esa ;ksxnku djus ds fy, dh xbZ FkhA
5- ih,edsohokbZ 3-0% dkS'ky fodkl vkSj m|ferk ea=kky;
(,e,lMhbZ) us tuojh 2021 esa viuh çeq• ;kstuk
ih,edsohokbZ 3-0 ds rhljs pj.k dh 'kq#vkr dhA
ih,edsohokbZ 3-0 dks ih,edsohokbZ 1-0 vkSj ih,edsohokbZ
2-0 ls feyh lh• dks 'kkfey djds jkT;ksa@dsaæ'kkflr çns'kksa
vkSj ftyksa esa vf/d ftEesnkjh vkSj leFkZu ds lkFk vf/d
fodsaæhÑr lajpuk esa ykxw fd;k tk,xkA
6- jk"Vªh; czkWMcSaM vfHk;ku% Hkkjr ljdkj us 2022 rd lHkh
xkaoksa rd czkWMcSaM lsok çnku djus ds mís'; ls jk"Vªh;
czkWMcSaM vfHk;ku 'kq: fd;k gSA
7- HkkjrusV ifj;kstuk% nwjlapkj foHkkx (MhvksVh) us HkkjrusV
ifj;kstuk ds fy, lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh ekWMy
(ihihih) dks ykxw djus ds fy, fofHkUu fgr/kjdksa ds
lkFk çh&fcM ehfVax 'kq: dj nh gSA
536
8- varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx% flracj 2021 esa] lsokvksa esa ,iQVh,
(eqÙkQ O;kikj le>kSrk) ds voljksa ij ppkZ djus ds
fy, Hkkjr vkSj baXySaM 11osa vkfFkZd vkSj foÙkh; laokn
(bZ,iQMh) esa 'kkfey gq,A Hkkjr vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k 5G nwjlapkj
usVodZ tSls egRoiw.kZ lwpuk cqfu;knh <kaps dh lqj{kk dks
etcwr djus dh vko';drk dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, fMftVy
vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj lkbcj&l{ke egRoiw.kZ çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds
{ks=k esa O;kid vk/kj lg;ksx ij lger gq,A
vkxs dh jkg
z lgk;d cqfu;knh <k¡pk% cM+s iSekus ij fujarj fuos'k dh
{kerk vkSj vko';drk dks ns•rs gq, Hkkjr dks lsok m|ksx
ds fodkl ij ckjhdh ls è;ku nsuk pkfg,A fuos'k dh
vkerkSj ij yach vof/ gksrh gSA gkyk¡fd] ,d ckj cqfu;knh
<kapk rS;kj gks tkus ds ckn] 'ks"k vFkZO;oLFkk ds lkFk tqM+ko
dbZ egRoiw.kZ çHkko Mkyrk gSA
z ?kjsyw fu;eksa esa lq/kj% ;s ?kjsyw mRiknu vkSj lsokvksa ds
fu;kZr nksuksa ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA gkyk¡fd] ?kjsyw fofu;eksa
dks çfrca/kRed O;kikj ck/kvksa ds :i esa dk;Z ugha djuk
pkfg, ;k mudk mi;ksx ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z dkS'ky fodkl% lsok {ks=k esa vdq'ky@v/Zdq'ky jkstxkj
vkSj dq'ky vkSj xq.koÙkkiw.kZ jkstxkj nksuksa dks c<+kus ds fy,
vkSj ç;kl djus dh vko';drk gSA dkS'ky Hkkjr igy dks
lsok {ks=k ds jkstxkj ds fy, vkSj vf/d tksM+k tk ldrk gSA
z vkbZVh ls vkxs c<+us ij è;ku% cks> dsoy vkbZVh {ks=k
ij ugha gks ldrk gS] tks orZeku esa dqy lsok fu;kZr dk
yxHkx 55 çfr'kr ;ksxnku nsrk gSA Li"V :i ls] vU; {ks=kksa
dks rkfydk esa ?kkrh; o`f¼ ykuh gksxhA
z fVªiy baVjus'kuy dk vkxeu vkSj Hkkjr dks blesa
'kkfey gksus ds fy, rS;kj djuk% ljdkj dks cqfu;knh
<kaps dks c<+kus ds fy, ,d ØS'k dk;ZØe 'kq: djus dh
vko';drk gSA
z ljdkj fofuekZ.k {ks=k esa xzhu iQhYM ifj;kstukvksa ds fy,
çR;{k djk/ku lfgr vkd"kZd çksRlkgu çnku djrh gSA
lsok {ks=kksa ds fy,] fo'ks"k :i ls gksVy] vLirkyksa vkSj
fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa fons'kh eqæk dks vkdf"kZr djus
okys {ks=kksa ij tksj nsus ds lkFk ,d gh •kdk 'kq: fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z çksRlkgu lsok {ks=k% mRiknu lacaf/r çksRlkgu (ih,yvkbZ)
;kstuk tSlh ,d leku ;kstuk ds lkFk ,d vPNh rjg
ls fu/kZfjr çfØ;k gS tks dSisDl fuos'k dks lqfuf'pr
djrh gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i mRikndrk esa o`f¼ gksrh gS
vkSj jkstxkj ds volj feyrs gSaA bls vkfrF;] f'k{kk vkSj
LokLF; ns•Hkky tSls {ks=kksa esa dSisDl dh i;kZIr xqatkb'k
okyh lsokvksa ds fy, çLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
v v v
lsokk {ks{ks==kk
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. vke rkSj ij ns'k Ñf"k ls m|ksx vkSj fiQj ckn esa lsokvksa
{ks=k esa LFkkukarfjr gks tkrs gSa] ysfdu Hkkjr lh/s Ñf"k ls
lsokvksa {ks=k esa LFkkukarfjr gks x;k gSA ns'k esa m|ksx dh
rqyuk esa lsokvksa dh Hkkjh o`f¼ ds D;k dkj.k gSa\ D;k
etcwr vkS|ksfxd vk/kj ds fcuk Hkkjr ,d fodflr ns'k
cu ldrk gS\ (2014)
537
 31 Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lq/kj
z vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa osQ lacaèk esa vke èkkj.kk ;g gS fd bl
çfØ;k osQ varxZr tgk¡ ljdkj dh Hkwfedk esa deh vkrh
gS ogha futh {ks=k dh Hkwfedk esa mÙkjksÙkj o`f¼ gksrh tkrh
gSA ;g ,d vFkZO;oLFkk osQ Hkhrj ,d fodkl j.kuhfr ls
nwljh esa ,d uhfrxr cnyko dks n'kkZrk gSA
fodkl j.kuhfr;ksa osQ fofHkUu çdkj
;kstuk ekWMy
z bl ekWMy esa] ljdkj vkaf'kd :i ls ;k iwjh rjg ls
osQaæhÑr rjhosQ ls vFkZO;oLFkk dk LokfeRo vkSj funZs'ku
dj ldrh gSA
z jkT; fodkl osQ fy, y{; fuèkkZfjr djrk gS vkSj futh {ks=k
dh Hkwfedk ljdkj }kjk r; dh tkrh gSA
z bl ekWMy osQ rgr vFkZO;oLFkk ,d ^dekaM vFkZO;oLFkk*
gks ldrh gS D;ksafd ;g iw.kZr% ljdkj osQ vèkhu gksrh gSA
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] iwoZ lksfo;r la?k] 1980 osQ n'kd rd
dk phu vkSj orZeku esa mÙkj dksfj;k dekaM vFkZO;oLFkk
osQ mnkgj.k gSaA
z bl ekWMy osQ rgr rsth ls fodkl vkSj lkekftd&vkfFkZd
U;k; çkIr djuk laHko gSA
z ysfdu ;g ekWMy uokpkj vkSj èku l`tu dks çsfjr ugha
djrk gS_ ftlosQ fcuk fodkl vfLFkj gks ldrk gSA
z Lora=k Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd o`f¼ ljdkj dh iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa
ls çsfjr Fkh D;ksafd%
 vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu us gekjh vFkZO;oLFkk dks vLr&O;Lr
dj fn;k Fkk vkSj futh {ks=k dh Hkwfedk ux.; Fkh A
 nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth us viuh iqLrd ¶ikoVhZ ,aM
vufczfV'k :y bu bfUM;k¸ (Poverty and
Un & British Rule in India)¸ esa ¶èku dh
fudklh¸ 'kCnkoyh dk mYys• fd;k gS] ftldk
vFkZ gS Hkkjr ls baXySaM esa vk; dk og cfgokZg
ftlosQ cnys Hkkjr dks okafNr fjVuZ ugha feykA
 ckn esa vkjlh nÙkk vkSj vU; bfrgkldkjksa us ¶vkfFkZd
fu"dklu¸ 'kCn dk bLrseky fd;kA
 ;w-,l-,l-vkj- us fu;kstu (planning) ekWMy osQ lkFk
ç;ksx fd;k vkSj liQyrk çkIr dhA gekjs usrk Hkh blls
çHkkfor gq,A
 blus jkT; dks vfèkd U;k;laxr vkSj lrr rjhosQ ls
èku dk iqufoZrj.k djus dk ,d rjhdk çnku fd;kA
iwathokn osQ lkFk cqjs vuqHko vkSj usrkvksa osQ lektokn

osQ çfr >qdko us fu;kstu ekWMy dks viukus gsrq çsfjr
fd;kA
okf'kaxVu vke lgefr
z fodkl dh vofèk osQ ckn] ;kstuk ekWMy us Bgjko osQ
laosQr fn•kuk 'kq: dj fn;kA lkFk gh bldh detksfj;ka
Hkh mtkxj gksus yxhaA
z 1980 osQ n'kd osQ var rd (rc ;w-,l-,l-vkj- dk iru
Hkh gks pqdk Fkk )_ fodkl dh ,d ubZ j.kuhfr mHkjhA ;g
,d iqjkus fopkj osQ iqu#¼kj ij vkèkkfjr FkkA
z okf'kaxVu vke lgefr us cktkj osQ usr`Ro okyh 'kfÙkQ;ksa
dh vfèkd Hkwfedk vkSj ljdkj dh de Hkwfedk dks
c<+kok fn;kA
z fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk ekWMy dk ikyu djus okyh ljdkjksa
(T;knkrj fodkl'khy vkSj lektoknh ns'k) dks ljdkjh
LokfeRo okyh daifu;ksa dks cspus dk vkxzg ;k lq>ko
fn;k x;k FkkA
z ,sls mik; lq>k, x, tks cktkj esa ekax dks c<+kok ns ldrs
gSaA
z bl vke lgefr dk eksVs rkSj ij rkRi;Z "vkfFkZd lqèkkj"
ls Fkk A
z ¶vkfFkZd lqèkkj¸ 'kCn fons'kh fuos'k osQ fy, vFkZO;oLFkk
dks •ksyus vkSj ,d l[r fofu;fer vFkZO;oLFkk ls nwj tkus
osQ mik;ksa dks fufgr djrk gSA (mnkgj.k osQ fy, ctkt
LdwVj ,d lhek rd gh okguksa dk mRiknu dj ldrk Fkk_
Hkys gh ekax fdruh Hkh vfèkd gks)A
z vkbZ-,e-,iQ- vkSj fo'o cSad ls çHkkfor gksdj lqèkkjksa dks
ykxw djus osQ fy, ljdkj dh ?kjsyw Lrj ij Hkkjh vkykspuk
dh xbZ FkhA
z jkT; osQ gLr{ksi dk ekeyk 1929 dh egkeanh osQ ckn ns•k
x;k FkkA blus ladVksa dks de djus esa enn dhA okf'kaxVu
lgefr us ,d foijhr fodYi çnku fd;k] ;kuh jkT; dk
U;wure gLr{ksiA
fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk
z 1990 osQ n'kd osQ eè; rd] okf'kaxVu vke lgefr vkSj
fu;ksftr ekWMy dks nks pje lhekvksa osQ :i esa igpkuk
x;k Fkk vkSj ;g iwjh rjg ls Lohdkj fd;k x;k Fkk ysfdu
;g nksuksa gh vafre j.kuhfr;ka ugh FkhaA
z bl ekWMy dk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'k
(eysf'k;k] flaxkiqj vkfn) gSaA os ljdkjh gLr{ksi vkSj
futh m|eh ,oa cktkj dh Hkwfedk dk lgh larqyu cukus
esa liQy jgsA
z iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa us xjhch dks de djrs gq,] LokLF;
cqfu;knh <kaps esa o`f¼ vkSj vU; lkekftd ekunaMksa dks
csgrj djrs gq, vkfFkZd :i ls fodkl fd;kA
z blesa cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lkFk&lkFk jkT; osQ usr`Ro
okyh fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk nksuksa ns•h tkrh gSaA ;gka]
vFkZO;oLFkk esa jkT; dh egRoiw.kZ mifLFkfr gSA
z ;gka cktkj dh n{krk vkSj jkT; dk dY;k.k lkFk&lkFk
dke djrk gSA
z futh {ks=k ckgjh vkSj fons'kksa ls fuos'k dks vkdf"kZr dj
ldrk gS tcfd jkT; èku dk leku forj.k vkSj lrr
fodkl lqfuf'pr dj ldrk gSA
z ljdkj mu {ks=kksa ij gkoh gS tks futh {ks=k osQ fy, cgqr
vfèkd iwath xgu gSa ;k ftudk csgn j.kuhfrd egÙo gS
(jsyos] j{kk] ijek.kq ÅtkZ vkfn)A
vkfFkZd lqèkkj yksdfç; gq,
z rduhdh :i ls] mijksÙkQ ekWMyksa esa ls ,d ls nwljs dks
viukus okyh vFkZO;oLFkk dks "vkfFkZd lqèkkj" dgk tk,xkA
ysfdu T;knkrj ekeyksa esa "cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk" dh vksj
uhfrxr cnyko dks vkfFkZd lqèkkj dgk tkrk gSA
z phu] :l vkSj iwoZ lksfo;r la?k osQ lnL; ns'k "laØe.k'khy
vFkZO;oLFkk,a" Fks ftUgsa ,d fu;kstu ekWMy dks cktkj osQ
usr`Ro okys ekWMy ls cnyuk iM+kA mUgsa cktkj dh 'kfÙkQ;ksa
vkSj jkT; osQ usr`Ro okyh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ chp larqyu cukus
dh t:jr FkhA
z Hkkjr esa] tc 1980 osQ n'kd dh 'kq#vkr esa lqèkkj 'kq:
gq,_ ;g mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj fofu;eu vkfn osQ
vklikl osQafær Fkk A ysfdu fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ rLohj
Hkkjr esesa a vkfFkZ
Hkkjr vkfFkZddlqlq
/kj/kj
esa vkus osQ lkFk (1990 osQ n'kd) iQksdl Hkh oS'ohdj.k
ij LFkkukarfjr gks x;kA
z blosQ vykok] fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk ekWMy vU; nks
ekWMyksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd vkd"kZd gks x;kA
z Hkkjr vkSj vU; fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkkvksa us ,d j.kuhfr
osQ :i esa ;kstuk ekWMy osQ lkFk ,d fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk
ekWMy dk ikyu fd;kA
z nwljh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh rjg Hkkjr dks Hkh nks rkdrksa
;kuh cktkj vkSj jkT; osQ chp ,d vuwBk larqyu LFkkfir
djuk FkkA
Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa dh vko';drk
jktdks"kh; vkSj Hkqxrku larqyu ladV dh çfrfØ;k esa_
Hkkjr us tqykbZ 1991 esa vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa dh ,d J`a•yk
'kq: dhA mUgksaus iwjs ifjn`'; vkSj Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh
çÑfr dks cnyus dh ekax dhA
z lkoZtfud {ks=k v{ke Fkk% Lora=krk osQ ckn igys 40 o"kks±
osQ fy, mudh ,d çeq• Hkwfedk FkhA ysfdu v{ke çcaèku
osQ dkj.k_ lkoZtfud {ks=k dks Hkkjh uqdlku gks jgk FkkA
z fons'kh eqæk ladV% egRoiw.kZ vk;kr (bZaèku] moZjd vkfn)
vkSj ½.k osQ Hkqxrku osQ fy, j•s x, fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj
rsth ls de gks jgs Fks A ,d le; ij os osQoy 15 fnuksa
osQ fy, 'ks"k jg x, FksA
z vk;kr fu;kZr esa vlarqyu% fu;kZr dh rqyuk esa vk;kr
cgqr rst nj ls c<+k_ ftlus fofue; njksa (#i;k cuke
MkWyj vkfn) dks udkjkRed :i ls çHkkfor fd;kA blus
#i;s dks rqyukRed :i ls detksj cuk fn;kA
z ljdkjh ½.k% •pZ djus osQ fy,] ljdkj us vkbZ-,e-,iQ-]
futh foÙkh; laLFkkuksa vkSj cSadksa ls iSlk mèkkj fy;kA ½.k
le; osQ lkFk c<+rs x, vkSj vfLFkj gks x,A
z eqækLiQhfr% eqækLiQhfr esa o`f¼ lqlaxr Fkh vkSj bls fu;af=kr
djus dk ncko c<+ jgk FkkA
z rS;kjh% ;fn ;s lqèkkj fd, tkrs gSa rks vFkZO;oLFkk •qys
cktkj ekWMy ls ykHk mBkus osQ fy, rS;kj FkhA
 futh {ks=k ,d Hkwfedk fuHkkus osQ fy, dkiQh cM+k FkkA
 ge uohure çkS|ksfxdh] lokZsÙke çFkkvksa] mPp fu;kZr]
iwath çokg ls ykHkkfUor gks ldrs gSa vkSj dkWikZsjsV fons'kksa
ls èku tqVk ldrs gSaA
z vfLFkjrk% Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk Fkh vkSj •kM+h
ladV us rsy dh dherksa dks c<+k fn;kA
z vkbZ-,e-,iQ- vkSj fo'o cSad dh 'krZsa% Hkkjr us bl 'krZ osQ
rgr ½.k fy;k fd vko';d lqèkkj yk, tk,axsA
539

lqèkkjksa dh çÑfr
z 1980 osQ n'kd vkSj 7oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1985&90)
esa ?kksf"kr lqèkkj okf'kaxVu vke lgefr ls çHkkfor Fks vkSj
vFkZO;oLFkk ij cgqr cqjk çHkko iM+k FkkA
z ;g mnkj fl¼karksa ij vkèkkfjr Fkk vkSj blesa fu;kZr c<+kus
osQ fy, Hkkjh ckgjh mèkkj osQ lkFk lhfer xSj&fofu;eu
vkSj vkaf'kd mnkjhdj.k 'kkfey FkkA
z gkykafd fodkl nj c<+h] ysfdu fons'kh ½.k Hkh c<+sA bu
½.kksa dk mi;ksx egaxs vk;kr osQ fy, fd;k x;k Fkk ftls
m|ksx txr le; ij pqdkus esa foiQy jgkA bl çdkj blus
1991 osQ Hkqxrku ladV osQ larqyu esa ;ksxnku fn;kA
z blosQ ckn tks lqèkkj gq,] os m|ksx] O;kikj] fuos'k vkSj
Ñf"k {ks=k esa FksA ;s 1980 osQ n'kd osQ lqèkkjksa dh rqyuk
esa O;kid vkSj xgjs FksA
D;k lqèkkj LoSfPNd Fks ;k vfuok;Z\
z vU; ns'kksa osQ foijhr Hkkjr osQ lqèkkj vfuok;Z FksA Hkqxrku
larqyu ladV osQ ckn] Hkkjr us foLrkfjr fufèk lqfoèkk
(EFF) osQ rgr varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k ls ½.k fy;kA
z ;g ½.k oqQN 'krks± osQ lkFk fn;k x;k Fkk ftlus lqèkkjksa dks
fn'kk nh FkhA ;kuh lqèkkjksa dh ;kstuk ljdkj }kjk ugha cukbZ
xbZ Fkh vkSj u gh turk }kjk ekaxh xbZ FkhA
z ihoh ujflEgk jko dh ljdkj (eueksgu flag foÙk ea=kh osQ
:i esa) us bls vyksdfç; lqèkkj ykus osQ volj osQ :i
esa bLrseky fd;kA vU;Fkk] bu lqèkkjksa ij dksbZ jktuhfrd
lgefr ugha FkhA
ml le; bu lqèkkjksa ls lacafèkr vk'kadk,a
D;k Fkha\
z c<+rh çfrLièkkZ vkSj ykxr esa dVkSrh osQ dkj.k csjkstxkjh
esa o`f¼A
z lkekftd {ks=k ij •pZ esa deh vkSj xjhch esa o`f¼A
vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa dk ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed çHkko
ldkjkRed çHkko
z blus ykblsal&ijfeV jkt (ykyiQhrk'kkgh) dks lekIr dj
fn;k vkSj futh {ks=k dks vkfFkZd volj fn, vkSj fodkl
nj dks mPp Lrj ij igqapk fn;kA
z mnkjhdj.k us Hkkjrh;ksa dks oSf'od O;kikj esa Lora=k :i ls
layXu gksus dh vuqefr nh gSA bldk lcls vPNk mnkgj.k
lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh tSls {ks=k gSaA
540
lhek 'kqYd esa deh osQ dkj.k vk;kr LFkkuh; cktkjksa dks
z
u"V dj nsxkA
z Ñf"k dh mis{kk dh tk,xh vkSj bl çdkj •k| vlqj{kk
dk •rjk gksxkA
z ubZ çkS|ksfxdh vkus ij Je {ks=k dks u, dkS'ky dh
vko';drk gksxhA
Hkkjr le; ij vius ½.k pqdkus esa dke;kc jgkA lqèkkjksa dk
y{; vYikofèk esa Hkqxrku larqyu dh fLFkfr dks fLFkj
djuk vkSj blh rjg osQ fdlh Hkh ladV ls cpus osQ fy,
yach vofèk esa O;kid vkfFkZd vkSj lajpukRed ifjorZu
ykuk FkkA
;s lqèkkj ewy :i ls nks Jsf.k;ksa osQ varxZr
fd;s x, Fks
1- eSØksbdkWukWfed ;k o`gr fLFkjhdj.k mik;%
 os lHkh uhfr;ka vkSj mik; ftUgksaus vFkZO;oLFkk esa oqQy
ekax (?kjsyw vkSj ckgjh nksuksa) esa lqèkkj fd;kA
 turk dh Ø; 'kfÙkQ c<+kus okys mik; ftlls yksxksa osQ
ikl •pZ djus osQ fy, T;knk èku gksxkA
 ,sls mik; tks xq.kkRed jkstxkj osQ volj iSnk djrs gSaA
2- lajpukRed lqèkkj mik;%
 os lHkh mik; tks vFkZO;oLFkk esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa
dh oqQy vkiwfrZ esa lqèkkj djrs gSaA
 ,sls mik; tks yksxksa dh vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj vk;
dks c<+krs gSaA
 ,sls mik; tks yksxksa osQ chp vk; vkSj èku forj.k esa
lqèkkj djrs gSaA
 oqQN mik; èkuh&oxZ osQ i{k esa fn• ldrs gSa (mik;
tks vkiwfrZ c<+krs gSa)_ ysfdu t:jh ugha fd os xjhc
fojksèkh gksaA
 vk; c<+kus vkSj bls iqufoZrfjr djus esa le; yxrk gSA
blls jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk Hkh c<+ ldrh gS (mnkgj.k
osQ fy, Hkkjr osQ ekeys esa)A
udkjkRed çHkko
z ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr xjhch] csjkstxkjh] Hkq•ejh] cqfu;knh <kaps
dh deh vkfn cqfu;knh leL;kvksa dk lekèkku ugha dj
ldhA
z lsokvksa osQ usr`Ro esa lao`f¼ ls ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa o`f¼
gqbZ ysfdu vko';d jkstxkj l`tu ugha gks ldkA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z nwjlapkj {ks=k dh o`f¼ nj 6-3» çfr o"kZ (1980&81
ls 1991&92) ls c<+dj 18» çfr o"kZ (1992&93 ls
2002&03) gks xbZA
z canjxkgksa vkSj ukxfjd mîó;u esa futh daifu;ksa dks vuqefr
nh xbZ FkhA nksuksa ukVdh; :i ls c<+s vkSj muosQ lkFk gokbZ
vîós vkSj lac¼ O;olk; esa Hkh o`f¼ gqbZA
z lsok {ks=k esa çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dh vuqefr nh xbZ vkSj
ifj.kke cgqr vuqdwy jgsA r`rh;d {ks=k Hkkjr esa fodkl
dk pkyd cu x;kA
z m|ksxksa dks uhfrxr lqèkkjksa ls cgqr ykHk gqvk vkSj vc
osQoy eqêòh Hkj yksxksa dks ykblsal nsus dh vko';drk gSA
z lgdkjh la?kokn vkSj çfrLièkkZ c<+h D;ksafd jkT;ksa us vfèkd
ls vfèkd futh fuos'k dks vkdf"kZr djus dk y{; j•kA
z 1980&91 ls 1992&2000 osQ chp th-Mh-ih- fodkl nj
5-6» ls c<+dj 6-4» gks xbZA
z fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj vkSj çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k (FDI) esa o`f¼
gqbZA
z ?kjsyw Lrj ij vfèkd mRiknu us jkstxkj osQ volj fn,
vkSj de egaxs mRiknksa dk mRiknu djus osQ fy, lLrs Je
dk mi;ksx fd;kA
vkfFkZd lqèkkj osQ lanHkZ esa jkT; dh Hkwfedk dks
iqu% ifjHkkf"kr djuk
z ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr (NEP) dks viukus ls jkT; vkSj cktkj
osQ chp lacaèk dh çÑfr ij cgl 'kq: gks xbZA
z NEP Hkkjr osQ fy, ljdkj osQ fu;a=k.k dks cuk, j•us dk
,d rjhdk Fkk] tcfd cktkj dh 'kfÙkQ;ksa dks vFkZO;oLFkk
esa cM+h Hkwfedk dh vuqefr nh xbZ FkhA
z blosQ vykok] ljdkj vkSj cktkj bl rjg ls fu;a=k.k vkSj
larqyu çnku dj ldrs gSa fd ,d] nwljs dh foiQyrkvksa
esa lqèkkj dj ldrk gSA
z jkT; dks csgrj ikjnf'kZrk vkSj vfèkd tokcnsgh ykus osQ
fy, uhfr;ka rS;kj djus ij è;ku osQafær djuk pkfg,] tks
lq'kklu osQ ewy LraHk gSaA
Hkkjr cuke phu% ,d rqyukRed vè;;u
z lqèkkjksa ls igys phu Hkh Hkkjr dh rjg Ñf"k çèkku
vFkZO;oLFkk FkkA 1978 esa] nsax ft;kvksfiax dh ¶vksiu
Mksj ikWfylh¸ osQ rgr blus viuh vFkZO;oLFkk dks fons'kh
daifu;ksa vkSj fuos'k osQ fy, •ksy fn;kA
Hkkjr esesa a vkfFkZ
Hkkjr vkfFkZddlqlq
/kj/kj
z lHkh {ks=kksa esa o`f¼ ugha gqbZA ;fn nwjlapkj {ks=k esa o`f¼ gqbZ
gS rks Ñf"k fodkl nj esa fxjkoV vkbZ gSA ;g 1991&2016
osQ chp 1» ij fLFkj jgk gS A
z Je lqèkkjksa dh deh dk eryc Fkk fd lkoZtfud vkSj
futh nksuksa {ks=k vuqcafèkr Je dks çkFkfedrk nsrs Fks vkSj
bl çdkj vkSipkfjd {ks=k dh ukSdfj;ka ugha c<+haA
z fofHkUu jkT;ksa osQ fodkl osQ chp {ks=kh; vlekurk FkhA
iwohZ jkT; Ñf"k çèkku cus jgs vkSj mUgsa T;knk ,iQ-Mh-
vkbZ- ugha feyk] tcfd xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª vkSj nf{k.kh jkT;
iQyrs&iQwyrs jgsA
blesa igys ls gh de oqQ'ky dk;Zcy dh vlhe ek=kk Fkh
z
tks fofuekZ.k {ks=k esa mi;ksx fd;s tkus osQ fy, rS;kj FkhA
tc ls blus viuh vFkZO;oLFkk dks •ksyk gS rc ls blus
nks vadksa dh vkSlr o`f¼ nj gkfly dh gSA
z phu osQ vkfFkZd fodkl dks FDI osQ cgqr cM+s çokg ls
ykHk gqvkA phuh jkT; ,slh O;oLFkk dj ldrk gS tks Hkkjr
tSls 'kksj&'kjkcs okys yksdra=k esa cgqr eqf'dy gks ldrh gSA
z Hkkjr us phu ls ,d n'kd ls vfèkd le; osQ ckn
(1991 esa) lqèkkjksa dks vkxs c<+k;k vkSj og Hkh pj.kksa
esaA 1990 osQ n'kd dh jktuhfrd mFky&iqFky osQ dkj.k_
xBcaèku ljdkjksa osQ dkj.k lqèkkj lqpk: ugha jgs gSaA
z Hkkjr us phu tSls lLrs mRiknksa osQ ctk; mPp oqQ'ky
fofuekZ.k vkSj lsokvksa osQ fu;kZr ij è;ku osQafær fd;kA
z ysfdu fiQj Hkh Hkkjr 2&3» thMhih fodkl nj dh jsat
ls 5&8» fodkl nj okyh jsat esa vk x;k] tks ,d çeq•
ehy dk iRFkj gSA
z Hkkjr vkSj phu nksuksa us fjdkWMZ le; esa yk•ksa yksxksa
dks xjhch ls ckgj fudkyk gSA ysfdu phu us bls Hkkjr
dh rqyuk esa vfèkd rsth ls vkSj cM+h la[;k esa fd;kA
(1978 ls 800 fefy;u)
541
z vkt] phuh ldy ?kjsyw mRikn yxHkx 18-5 fVªfy;u
vesfjdh MkWyj gS tcfd Hkkjr dk 3-5 fVªfy;u vesfjdh
MkWyj gSA
z Hkkjr us de mi;ksx okys fofuekZ.k {ks=k dk nksgu djosQ
2025 rd 5 fVªfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj dh vFkZO;oLFkk cuus
dk y{; j•k gSA
z çfr O;fÙkQ vk; osQ lanHkZ esa_ Hkkjr phu ls ihNs gSA
(2000 USD cuke 10000 USD)
z Hkkjr dh vkSlr vkcknh vc Hkh 30 o"kZ ls de vk;q dh
gS vkSj bls 3 vkSj n'kdksa rd cw<+k ugha ekuk tk,xkA tcfd
phu dh vkSlr mez igys ls gh 40 osQ vklikl gSA
z tSls&tSls Hkkjr esa eè;e oxZ esa o`f¼ gksxh oSls oSls Ø;
'kfÙkQ vkSj ?kjsyw ekax c<+us dh laHkkouk gSA
mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.k
(LPG) lqèkkj
z Hkkjr esa lqèkkjksa dh çfØ;k esa rhu çeq• çfØ;k,a 'kkfey
Fkha& mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.kA
mnkjhdj.k
z bldh mRifÙk mnkjokn osQ fopkj esa gqbZ gS vkSj ,Me
fLeFk osQ ys•u osQ çdkf'kr gksus osQ ckn ;g yksdfç;
gks x;kA
z ;g ,d ykblst iQs;j n`f"Vdks.k dh fliQkfj'k djrk gS
;kuh cktkj dh 'kfÙkQ;ksa dks muosQ lkFk gLr{ksi fd, fcuk
vius cy ij dk;Z djus osQ fy, NksM+us dh uhfrA
z ;fn dksbZ vFkZO;oLFkk cktkj&leFkZd vkSj iwathokn&leFkZd
>qdko osQ jkLrs ij gS_ ge dgrs gSa fd ;g mnkjhdj.k
dh çfØ;k esa gSA
z ;g 1970 osQ n'kd osQ eè; esa ;wjksi vkSj vesfjdk esa vkSj
1980 osQ n'kd osQ eè; esa phu esa (vksiu Mksj ikWfylh)
yksdfç; gks x;kA
z phu esa mnkjokn (O;fÙkQokn] Lora=krk] yksdrkaf=kd ç.kkyh)
osQ oqQN y{k.kksa dk vHkko gS] ysfdu fiQj Hkh bls mnkj
vFkZO;oLFkk ekuk tkrk FkkA
z Hkkjr osQ ekeys esa ;g jkT;@fu;ksftr ;k dekaM ekWMy osQ
?kVrs çHkko vkSj iwathoknh vkSj cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk osQ c<+rs
çHkko dks n'kkZrk gSA
z Hkkjr vkfFkZd lqèkkj djus okyh vU; lHkh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
dh rjg jkT; vkSj cktkj osQ chp ,d vuwBk larqyu cukus
dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gSA
542
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. 1991 osQ vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k osQ ckn Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
osQ lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
(2020)
1- çfr Jfed Jfed mRikndrk (2004&05 dh dherksa
ij) 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa c<+h tcfd xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa ;g
?kVhA
2- dk;Zcy esa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa dk çfr'kr fgLlk yxkrkj
c<+kA
3- xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa] xSj&Ñf"k vFkZO;oLFkk esa o`f¼ gqbZA
4- xzkeh.k jkstxkj esa o`f¼ nj ?kVhA
Åij fn, x, dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) osQoy 1 vkSj 2
(b) osQoy 3 vkSj 4
(c) osQoy 3
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 4
futhdj.k
z 1980 vkSj 1990 osQ n'kd esa_ dbZ vFkZO;oLFkkvksa us
vFkZO;oLFkk esa jkT; dh Hkwfedk esa deh ns•hA jkT; dh
ifjlaifÙk;ksa dks futh {ks=k esa LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k x;k FkkA
z ;g lkoZtfud lsokvksa esa xSj&fofu;eu] futhdj.k vkSj
cktkj lqèkkjksa osQ ekè;e ls fd;k x;k FkkA
z xSj &jk"Vªh;dj.k (Denationalization)% futhdj.k
dk ,d çdkj tgk¡ futh {ks=k dks jkT; osQ LokfeRo dk
100» gLrkarj.k gksrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, 1980 osQ
n'kd esa ekxZjsV FkSpj ljdkj osQ vèkhu fczVsu esa ,slk
gqvk FkkA
 ;g futhdj.k dk 'kq¼re vFkZ gS_ ysfdu ;g osQoy
eqêòh Hkj if'peh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa gqvkA
z fofuos'k% ,d futhdj.k tgka jkT; ls futh {ks=k esa 'ks;jksa
dk gLrkarj.k ges'kk 100» ls de gksrk gSA
 ;fn 49» rd 'ks;jksa dh fcØh dh tkrh gS_ LokfeRo
ljdkj osQ ikl jgrk gSA
 ;fn ;g 51» ;k mlls vfèkd gS_ fiQj LokfeRo futh
m|eh dks gLrkarfjr dj fn;k tkrk gSA nksuksa dks
fofuos'k dgk tkrk gSA
 ;g xSj&jk"Vªh;dj.k dk ,d :i Hkh gS vkSj lcls
laHkkfor ?kVuk gS tks rc gksrh gS tc dksbZ ns'k futhdj.k
dks ykxw djrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z vius O;kid vFkks± esa] futhdj.k dks mu lHkh uhfr;ksa osQ
:i esa le>k tkrk gS tks çR;{k ;k vçR;{k :i ls futh
{ks=k ;k cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk osQ foLrkj dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA
 mnkgj.k% xSjµykblsalhdj.k] m|ksxksa dk vkj{k.k jí
djuk] Hkkjr esa ,iQMhvkbZ dh vuqefr vkSj lfClMh esa
dVkSrh ;s lHkh futhdj.k osQ mnkgj.k gSaA
xSj&ykblsalhdj.k
z Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lq/kjksa ls igys m|ksxksa dks ,d u;k
dkj•kuk LFkkfir djus ;k ;gka rd fd ekStwnk {kerk
dks c<+kus ds fy, ykblsal ysuk iM+rk FkkA
 ;g nÙk vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'k ij ,dkf/dkjoknh
vkSj çfrca/kRed O;kikj O;ogkj vf/fu;e] 1969
ds dkj.k FkkA
 ,evkjVhih vf/fu;e dqN yksxksa ds gkFkksa esa /u
ladsUæ.k ls cpus ds fy, yk;k x;k FkkA
 bl vf/fu;e dks 2009 esa fujLr dj fn;k x;k Fkk
vkSj çfrLi/kZ vf/fu;e 2002 (2009 ls çHkkoh)
ds lkFk çfrLFkkfir dj fn;k x;k FkkA
z 1991 esa bu lq/kjksa us ykblsal&ijfeV jkt dks ,d ckj
esa •Re dj fn;k tks ns'k esa cM+s iSekus ij Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj
v{kerk dk dkj.k cu x;k FkkA (ykblsal çkIr djus ds
fy, Hkkjh fj'or dk Hkqxrku djuk iM+rk Fkk )A
z bls bruk liQy lq/kj ugha ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd blus
Hkkjr dks ,d çeq• fofuekZ.k usr`Ro okyh vFkZO;oLFkk
esa ugha cnyk tSlk fd mEehn dh xbZ FkhA
z 1991 esa] thMhih esa fofuekZ.k {ks=k dk ;ksxnku yxHkx
16» Fkk vkSj ;g 2016 esa Hkh leku Fkk (ubZ thMhih
J`a•yk ds vuqlkj)A
vkj{k.k jí djuk
z blls igys] çeq• m|ksx vkSj iwathxr oLrq,a lkoZtfud
{ks=k ds fy, vkjf{kr FkhaA vkj{k.k gVkus ls futh {ks=k
ds fy, Hkh dbZ m|ksx •qy x,A
z 1991 dh ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr us lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fy,
dsoy ijek.kq ÅtkZ] •uu vkSj jsyos dks vkjf{kr fd;kA
z ckn esa] bu {ks=kksa dks Hkh dqN futh fuos'k ds fy, •ksy
fn;k x;kA
oS'ohdj.k
z lkekU; rkSj ij] bldk vFkZ jk"Vªksa osQ chp vkfFkZd ,dhdj.k
esa o`f¼ gSA 1800&1930 osQ chp egkeanh vkSj nks fo'o
;q¼ksa ls fNUu&fHkUu fo'o oS'ohÑr gks x;kA
Hkkjr esesa a vkfFkZ
Hkkjr vkfFkZddlqlq
/kj/kj
z vksbZlhMh osQ gkFkksa 1980 osQ n'kd esa bl voèkkj.kk dks
fiQj ls çeq•rk feyhA
z VSfjiQ vkSj O;kikj ppkZvksa ij lkekU; le>kSrs dk m#Xos nkSj
1994 esa GATT dh txg fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO)
osQ tUe osQ lkFk lekIr gqvkA bl lqèkkj dks fodkl'khy
ns'kksa }kjk vkxs c<+k;k x;k FkkA
z vksbZlhMh us oS'ohdj.k dh vkfèkdkfjd ifjHkk"kk
nh& ¶vyx&vyx jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh nqfu;k ls
,d oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk esa cnyko ftlesa mRiknu dk
varjkZ"Vªh;dj.k gksrk gS vkSj foÙkh; iwath Lora=k :i ls vkSj
rqjar jk"Vªksa osQ chp çokfgr gksrh gS¸A
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ fy, bldk vFkZ gS& ¶oLrqvksa]
lsokvksa] iwath vkSj Je 'kfÙkQ dk vçfrcafèkr lhek ikj
vkokxeuA
z dbZ jktuhfrd oSKkfudksa osQ fy,_ bldk eryc ,d ,slh
fLFkfr gS tc gekjs thou dks mu ?kVukvksa }kjk rsth ls
vkdkj fn;k tkrk gS tks gels cgqr nwjh ij gksrh gSa ftuosQ
ckjs esa ge fu.kZ; ugha ys ldrs gSaA
z fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls oS'ohdj.k osQ i{k vkSj foi{k esa yksx gSaA
oqQN yksxksa osQ fy,] ;g jkT; osQ vfèkdkj dks de djrk
gS tcfd nwljksa osQ fy, ;g ,slk ugha djrk gSA
z Hkkjr us 1991 osQ vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa osQ lkFk oS'ohdj.k dh
fn'kk esa viuh ;k=kk 'kq: dh vkSj bldh xfr rc c<+h tc
Hkkjr WTO dk laLFkkid lnL; cu x;kA
z Hkkjr osQ fy,] bldk eryc dY;k.kdkjh uhfr;ksa dks
c<+kok nsuk gS_ vkSj IMF vkSj fo'o cSad tSls fudk; bl
fopkj dks lk>k djrs gSa D;ksafd oS'ohdj.k xjhcksa osQ thou
Lrj dks c<+k, fcuk gkfly ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
blfy,] ge ;g fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa fd mnkjhdj.k us
cktkj lqèkkjksa dh vksj tkus dh fn'kk fn•kbZ_ futhdj.k us
¶oS'ohdj.k¸ uked vafre y{; dh vksj ekxZ (lHkh mik;)
fn•k;kA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. oS'ohdj.k us Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vkSipkfjd {ks=k esa
jkstxkj dh deh dks osQls tUe fn;k gS\ D;k c<+h gqbZ
vukSipkfjdrk ns'k osQ fodkl osQ fy, gkfudkjd gS\
(2016)
vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa dh ihf<+;ka
çkjaHk esa (1991) ?kksf"kr fd, x, lqèkkj] lqèkkjksa dh ¶ihf<+;ksa¸
osQ uke ij ugha fd, x, FksA ysfdu vkus okys o"kks± esa mUgsa
543
lqèkkjksa dh ,d ih<+h osQ fgLls osQ :i esa ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k
FkkA vc rd lqèkkjksa dh oqQy rhu ihf<+;ksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh
xbZ gSA
igyh ih<+h osQ lqèkkj
;s 1991&2000 osQ chp ?kksf"kr lqèkkj FksA mUgksaus futh {ks=k
dks nh xbZ ,d çeq• Hkwfedk osQ lkFk ,d dekaM çdkj dh
vFkZO;oLFkk dks cktkj osQ usr`Ro okyh vFkZO;oLFkk dh vksj
LFkkukarfjr dj fn;kA eksVs rkSj ij] bUgsa bl çdkj oxhZÑr fd;k
tk ldrk gS%
z futh {ks=k dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, lqèkkj% buesa T;knkrj
os uhfrxr fu.kZ; 'kkfey Fks ftUgksaus vFkZO;oLFkk dks mnkj
cuk;kA
 m|ksxksa dk vkj{k.k jí djuk vkSj ykblsal eqÙkQ djukA
 ,evkjVhih lhek dks lekIr djukA
 pj.kc¼ mRiknu vfuok;Z ugha gSA
 ½.k dks 'ks;j esa cnyus dh dksbZ ckè;rk ughaA
 m|ksx LFkkiuk osQ fy, i;kZoj.k dkuwuksa dk ljyhdj.k
vkfnA
z lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ lqèkkj% blesa lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ m|eksa
dks vfèkd oqQ'ky vkSj ykHknk;d cukus osQ fy, mBk, x,
dne 'kkfey FksA blesa dkWikZsjsV lajpuk dks cnyuk] Vksdu
(FkksM+k) fofuos'k ykuk vkfn 'kkfey FkkA
z ckgjh {ks=k esa lqèkkj%
 dbZ oLrqvksa ij vk;kr dh ek=kk dh lhek lekIr djukA
 ÝyksfVax fofue; nj ;k çcafèkr fofue; nj ç.kkyh dks
viukukA (vkjchvkbZ blesa cnyko dj ldrk gS ysfdu
iwjh rjg ls fu;a=k.k ugha dj ldrk gS)A
 iw.kZ pkyw •krk ifjorZuh;rk-
 vkaf'kd iwath •krk ifjorZuh;rkA
 çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k nksuksa rjg osQ fons'kh fuos'k dh
vuqefr gSA
 fons'kh eqæk çcaèku vfèkfu;e us fons'kh eqæk fofu;eu
vfèkfu;e dk LFkku fy;kA
z foÙkh; {ks=k esa lqèkkj% cSafdax] E;wpqvy iQaM] chek] iwath
cktkj vkfn tSls {ks=kksa esa dbZ cnyko yk, x,A
z dj lqèkkj% ;s ,sls lqèkkj Fks ftUgksaus dj lajpuk dks ljy
cuk;k] dj vkèkkj dks O;kid cuk;k (;kuh fdrus yksx dj
dk Hkqxrku djrs gSa)] dj volajpuk dk vkèkqfudhdj.k
(vki dj dk Hkqxrku osQls djrs gSa)] dj pksjh dh tkap
vkfnA
544
nwljh ih<+h osQ lqèkkj
;g ns•k x;k fd igyh ih<+h osQ lqèkkj okafNr xfr ls
vFkZO;oLFkk dks fodflr djus osQ fy, i;kZIr ugha FksA nwljh
ih<+h osQ lqèkkjksa dh ?kks"k.kk 2000&2001 esa dh xbZ Fkh vkSj igyh
ih<+h osQ lqèkkjksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd jktuhfrd bPNk'kfÙkQ vkSj
lkoèkkuhiwoZd çcUèku dh vko';drk FkhA
z dkjd cktkj lqèkkj% blesa ç'kkflr ewY; ra=k (APM)
dks lekIr djuk 'kkfey Fkk vkSj bls lqèkkjksa dh jh<+ ekuk
tkrk gSA
 APM osQ rgr Hkkjr ljdkj isVªksfy;e] moZjdksa] nokvksa
vkfn tSlh oLrqvksa dh dhersa r; djrh gSA
 blus fuekZrkvksa dh ykHkçnrk ij çfrdwy çHkko Mkyk
vkSj ;g cktkj osQ fl¼karksa osQ f•ykiQ FkkA
 blus u, yksxksa dks m|ksx esa ços'k djus ls Hkh jksdk
vkSj bl çdkj fofuekZ.k vkSj O;olk; osQ foLrkj esa
ckèkk mRiUu dhA
 bu lqèkkjksa us ckn esa isVªksy] Mhty vkSj Lusgd (2014)
esa APM dks lekIr dj fn;kA
 ;wfj;k dks NksM+dj phuh vkSj moZjdksa dks Hkh ç'kklfud
ewY; ra=k ls ckgj yk;k x;k gSA
 blus futh fuos'k osQ fy, dbZ {ks=kksa dks •ksy fn;k vkSj
vc ykHkka'k dk Hkqxrku dj jgk gSA ;g vHkh Hkh Hkkjr
esa iwjk ugha gqvk gSA
z lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ lqèkkj% blesa lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ m|eksa
dks vfèkd Lok;Ùkrk nsuk] iwath vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; cktkj rd
eqÙkQ igqap] xzhuiQhYM m|eksa dks ysus dh vuqefr] j.kuhfrd
fofuos'k vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
z ljdkjh vkSj lkoZtfud laLFkkuksa esa lqèkkj% blesa os lHkh
mik; 'kkfey gSa tks ljdkj dks fu;a=k.k osQ ctk; lqfoèkk
çnku djus dh vuqefr nsrs gSaA blesa ç'kklfud lqèkkj]
O;kikj djus esa vklkuh vkfn Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
z dkuwuh {ks=k esa lqèkkj% blesa iqjkus vkSj fojksèkkHkklh dkuwuksa
;k dkuwuksa ls NqVdkjk ikuk 'kkfey gS tks vfrO;kih Fks
vkSj lkbcj dkuwuksa tSls u, dkuwuksa dks yk jgs FksA blosQ
vykok] daiuh dkuwuksa] Je dkuwuksa] lkbcj dkuwu] vkbZihlh]
lhvkjihlh vkfn esa la'kksèku djukA
z vU; egRoiw.kZ lqèkkj% cqfu;knh <kapk {ks=k (nwjlapkj]
fctyh] lM+d vkfn)] Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ {ks=k] LokLF; lsok
vkSj f'k{kk vkfn esa lqèkkj Hkh nwljh ih<+h osQ lqèkkjksa osQ
rgr gSaA
 lqèkkj çfØ;k esa jkT;ksa dh vfèkd Hkwfedk% jkT;
lqèkkj 'kq: djrs gSa vkSj osQaæ lqfoèkk çnku djrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
  jktdks"kh; lesdu% jktdks"kh; lesdu vkSj ctV
çcaèku vfèkfu;e jktdks"kh; lesdu osQ fy, dkuwuh
:i ls ckè;dkjh y{; fuèkkZfjr djus osQ fy, yk;k
x;k FkkA jkT; Hkh jktdks"kh; foosd osQ fy, bldk
ikyu djrs gSaA
 ,iQvkjch,e vfèkfu;e ljdkj osQ jktLo vkSj O;;
osQ chp larqyu lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, gSA
 ;g U;wure jktdks"kh; vkSj jktLo ?kkVs dk y{;
fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA
 jkT;ksa dks vfèkd dj&gLrkarj.k% ;kstuk vk;ksx vkSj
foÙk vk;ksx tSlh laLFkkvksa us jkT;ksa dks ,d=k fd, x,
djksa esa ls vfèkd èku nsus dk leFkZu 'kq: dj fn;kA
 2007&08 esa igyh ckj jkT;ksa dk 'kq¼ jktLo
vfèk'ks"k laxzg FkkA
 osQaæh; uhfr;ksa us Hkh jktdks"kh; ykHk osQ ekeys esa
jkT;ksa dk i{k ysuk 'kq: dj fn;kA
 lkekftd {ks=k ij iQksdl% yxHkx gj ctV esa LokLF;
vkSj f'k{kk osQ fy, iQafMax c<+h gSA lkekftd {ks=k ls
tqM+h ;kstukvksa osQ csgrj çn'kZu ij Hkh T;knk iQksdl
fd;k x;k gSA
nwljh ih<+h osQ lqèkkj fefJr ifj.kke fn•k jgs gSa vkSj vHkh rd
iwjs ugha gq, gSaA
rhljh ih<+h osQ lqèkkj
z 2002 esa 10 oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh ?kks"k.kk osQ le;]
bldk è;ku iapk;rh jkt laLFkkuksa dks iwjh rjg dk;kZRed
cukus ij Fkk rkfd fodkl dk ykHk tehuh Lrj rd igqap
losQA
z lekos'kh o`f¼ vkSj fodkl ljdkj osQ fy, osQaæh; iQksdl
cu x;kA
pkSFkh ih<+h osQ lqèkkj
z ,d vkfèkdkfjd ?kks"k.kk ugha gS] ysfdu fo'ks"kKksa }kjk x<+k
x;k 'kCn gSA
z blesa vkfFkZd fodkl dks u, lwpuk ;qx vkSj lwpuk
çkS|ksfxdh esa fodkl osQ lkFk tksM+uk 'kkfey gksxkA
z nksuksa ls ,d&nwljs osQ iwjd gksus dh mEehn gSA ;g oqQN ,slk
gS ftls ge igys ls gh ns• jgs gSaA tSls fMftVy bafM;k]
;wihvkbZ Hkqxrku] bZ&yfuZax IysViQkWeZ vkfnA
Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa dh leh{kk
z Øfed% Hkkjr osQ lqèkkjksa dks o`f¼'khy vkSj Øfed osQ :i
esa fpfUgr fd;k x;k gSA ,d osQ ckn ,d lqèkkj yk, x,A
Hkkjr esesa a vkfFkZ
Hkkjr vkfFkZddlqlq
/kj/kj
uhfr;ksa esa oqQN cnyko gq, gSa ysfdu dksbZ cM+k cnyko
ugha vk;k gSA
 ¶LVkWi&,aM&xks¸ çdkj osQ lqèkkjksa (vtZsaVhuk] czkthy]
nf{k.k vÚhdk vkfn) esa ,sls lqèkkjksa dks ykus dh
vko';drkvksa osQ lkFk lqèkkj osQ fy, {ks=kksa dh igpku
dh tkrh gS vkSj fiQj nksuksa dks ,d lkFk fu"ikfnr
fd;k tkrk gSA
 lrr lqèkkj djus ij è;ku osQafær fd;k x;k Fkk tks
vxyh ih<+h osQ lqèkkjksa osQ fy, ekxZ ç'kLr djsxkA
z vke lgefr dh deh% vyx&vyx le; ij osQaæ vkSj
jkT;ksa esa 'kklu djus okys fofHkUu jktuhfrd nyksa osQ
dkj.k] muosQ chp ges'kk vke lgefr dh deh jgh gS
ftlus lqèkkjksa dks ykus dh xfr dks ckfèkr fd;k gSA
z vkfFkZd ifj.kke ij fLFkjrk% uhfr fuekZ.k çfØ;k dh
vR;fèkd fofoèk] cgqyoknh] lgHkkxh vkSj yksdrkaf=kd
çÑfr osQ dkj.k_ lqèkkj bl rjg ls fd, x, Fks tks vkfFkZd
ifj.kke ij fLFkjrk dks çkFkfedrk nsrs FksA
z nsjh% igyh ih<+h osQ lqèkkj mrus 'kfÙkQ'kkyh ugha gks ldrs
Fks ftrus os gks ldrs Fks D;ksafd nwljh ih<+h osQ lqèkkj yxHkx
,d n'kd ckn vk, FksA
z xSj&lekos'kh% ykHk tehuh Lrj rd ugha igqaps vkSj
xSj&lekos'kh jgsA blus lqèkkj çfØ;k osQ fy, leFkZu dks
detksj cuk fn;k vkSj turk dk eksgHkax dj fn;kA
z ekuo n`f"Vdks.k% lqèkkjksa us nf{k.k vesfjdk vkSj nf{k.k
vÚhdk osQ foijhr ,d ekuoh; Li'kZ çnf'kZr fd;kA blus
èkhjs&èkhjs ysfdu fuf'pr :i ls turk osQ chp vke lgefr
cukbZ D;ksafd blosQ ykHk fn•kbZ nsus yxsA
vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa dk vèkwjk ,tsaMk
z Hkkjr esa lqèkkjksa dks dbZ vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa }kjk ¶vkaf'kd lqèkkj
ekWMy¸ dgk x;k gSA blus de fjVuZ çnku fd;k gS vkSj
xaHkhj lqèkkjksa osQ ,d vkSj nkSj dh vko';drk gSA
z jkT;] futh {ks=k vkSj cktkj osQ chp lgh larqyu dh
t:jr gSA
z fdlh Hkh liQy lqèkkj osQ fy,_ jkT; dks fuEufyf•r eq[;
dk;ks± dks l{ke :i ls djuk pkfg,%
 eSØksbdkWukWfed fLFkjrk
 LekVZ fofu;eu
 cktkj dh foiQyrkvksa dk lqèkkj
 oqQ'ky vk; forj.k
 lkoZtfud lsokvksa dh çHkkoh vkiwfrZ
545
z ikap çeq• {ks=k gSa tgka vHkh Hkh Økafrdkjh lqèkkjksa dh
vko';drk gS%
1- jkT; dk LokfeRo
2- jkstxkj l`tu
3- xgjk jktdks"kh; lek;kstu
4- f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk
5- jkT; dh {kerk
jkT; dk LokfeRo
z jkT; us futh daifu;ksa dks vuqefr nh gS ysfdu çfrLièkkZ
{ks=k vHkh Hkh cjkcjh ij ugh vk;k gSA yxkrkj detksj
çn'kZu djus okys lkoZtkfud miØe dks can djus dh
vuqefr nh tkuh pkfg,A ysfdu mUgsa ljdkjh leFkZu }kjk
thfor j•k tkrk gSA
z 2015&16 esa 244 xSj&foÙkh; osQaæh; lkoZtfud miØe esa
ls ,d frgkbZ dks ?kkVk gqvkA 1000 jkT; lkoZtkfud miØe
esa ls nks&frgkbZ ?kkVs esa gSaA
z osQaæ vkSj jkT; nksuksa osQ lkoZtfud miØe dk oqQy uqdlku
thMhih dk yxHkx 1 çfr'kr gSA
z fofuos'k ls mrus iQk;ns ugha gksrs] ftrus fd iw.kZ futhdj.k
osQ gksrs gSaA ?kkVs esa py jgs lkoZtfud miØe dk futhdj.k
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z oqQçcaèku osQ dkj.k lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ cSadksa dh fLFkfr
•jkc gSA ;g ljdkj }kjk cSad cksMks± dks 'kfÙkQfoghu djus
osQ dkj.k gSA
jkstxkj l`tu
z leL;k dk lkj ;g gS fd csgrj vk; çnku djus okyh
vPNh ukSdfj;ksa dh deh gS A
z buesa ls T;knkrj ukSdfj;ka laxfBr {ks=k esa gSa] tcfd
vfèkdka'k Jfed vlaxfBr {ks=k esa gSaA
z bldk lekèkku rst fodkl] cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj ½.k ckèkkvksa
dks nwj djus] Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k] dkS'ky çf'k{k.k vkSj O;kikj
djus esa vklkuh esa fufgr gSA
z fu;kZr laoèkZu uhfr ij Hkh è;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA
z gekjs Je dkuwu nqfu;k esa lcls çfrxkeh gSaA os laxfBr {ks=k
esa Jfedksa osQ NksVs lewg dh j{kk djrs gSa vkSj vlaxfBr
{ks=k dks uqdlku igqapkrs gSaA
z O;kikj la?kksa dks mnkj vk'oklu nsuk gksxk vkSj O;kikj
foLrkj vkSj fofuekZ.k ukSdfj;ksa dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, Je
dkuwuksa esa cM+k cnyko ykuk gksxkA
546
xgjs jktdks"kh; lek;kstu
z ckgjh vkSj ?kjsyw {ks=k esa mnkjhdj.k vkSj th,lVh ,d
Lokxr ;ksX; dne gSA ysfdu th,lVh esa dj dh njksa vkSj
NwVksa dks rdZlaxr cukus dh vko';drk gSA
z •k|] bZaèku vkSj moZjdksa ij cktkj foÑr ewY; fu;a=k.k
vHkh Hkh gSA
z ;fn O;FkZ dj NwV lekIr dj nh tkrh gS] vutZd ih,lbZ
dks cspk tkrk gS] Ñf"k vk; dks ,d Lrj ls Åij dj
fn;k tkrk gS vkSj oqQN cqjh rjg ls yf{kr xjhch mUewyu
dk;ZØeksa dks lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gS rks thMhih ls yxHkx
10» jktdks"kh; LFkku eqÙkQ gks ldrk gSA
çkFkfed f'k{kk
z ;|fi ukekadu esa lqèkkj gqvk gS] f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk •jkc
jgh gS vkSj vHkh Hkh ?kV jgh gSA
z 2016 dh çFke fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj] d{kk 5 osQ osQoy 50»
Nk=k gh LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa ,d lkèkkj.k dgkuh i<+ ldrs
FksA vkSj osQoy ,d pkSFkkbZ rhu vadksa dh la[;k dks ,d
vad osQ lkFk foHkkftr djus esa l{ke gSA
z xq.kkRed vè;;u dh rqyuk esa ikBÔØe dks lekIr djus
ij vfèkd è;ku osQafær fd;k tkrk gSA f'k{kd vuqifLFkfr
O;kIr gS vkSj ,d f'k{kd dks c•kZLr djuk yxHkx
vlaHko gSA
z jk"Vªh; n`f"Vdks.k ls] vxj ge osru dks 'kkfey djrs gSa rks
futh Ldwy ljdkjh Ldwyksa dh rqyuk esa lLrs gSaA
jkT; dh {kerk
z oqQN ewY;oku phtsa gSa tks osQoy jkT; gh dj ldrk gSA
jkT; dh {kerk ?kV jgh gS tcfd ukxfjdksa dh ekax c<+
jgh gSA
z jkT; osQ dk;ks± dks iwjk djus dh detksj {kerk gS vkSj
Hkz"Vkpkj O;kIr gSA
z fiNys ,d n'kd esa vkbZ,,l osQ inksa esa 10» dh deh
vkbZ gS] 25» iqfyl in •kyh gSa vkSj Hkkjr esa th 20 ns'kksa
esa çfr O;fÙkQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dh la[;k lcls de gSA
z xq.kkRed ekspZs ij Hkh fLFkfr •jkc gSA ljdkj osQ Hkhrj
ekuo lalkèku çcaèku cgqr •jkc gSA p;u] çf'k{k.k vkSj
inksUufr dh vlarks"ktud çfØ;k ns•h tkrh gSA
bl çdkj lqèkkj vHkh •Re ugha gq, gSaA os yxHkx lHkh {ks=kksa
esa vkSj ftruh tYnh gks losQ vko';d gSaA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. fdlh Hkh ns'k osQ lanHkZ esa fuEufyf•r esa ls fdls viuh
lkekftd iwath dk fgLlk ekuk tk,xk\ (2019)
(a) tula[;k esa lk{kjksa dk vuqikrA
(b) blosQ Hkouksa] vU; volajpukvksa vkSj e'khuksa dk
HkaMkjA
(c) dkedkth vk;q oxZ esa tula[;k dk vkdkjA
(d) lekt esa ijLij fo'okl vkSj ln~Hkko dk LrjA
ifjorZudkjh lqèkkj vkfFkZd fodkl ij osQafær
z 2018&19 osQ vkfFkZd loZs{k.k esa ¶o`f¼'khy lqèkkjksa¸ osQ
ctk; ¶ifjorZudkjh lqèkkjksa¸ ij tksj fn;k x;kA buesa ls
oqQN lqèkkj bl çdkj gSa%
v v v
Hkkjr esesa a vkfFkZ
Hkkjr vkfFkZddlqlq
/kj/kj
 eqækLiQhfr dk y{; vkSj Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad vfèkfu;e
osQ rgr ekSfæd uhfr lfefr dk xBuA
 lkoZtfud miØe osQ j.kuhfrd fofuos'k dk foLrkj
djukA
 mPp ewY; oxZ osQ djsalh uksVksa dk foeqæhdj.kA
 vkèkkj dkMZ dks dbZ vU; igpku i=kksa ls tksM+ukA
 O;kikj djus esa vklkuh dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy,
fnokfy;kiu dkuwu vkSj vU; mik; ykxw djukA
z bu lqèkkjksa dk mís'; turk osQ O;ogkj esa ifjorZu ykuk gS
vkSj ,slk djus esa ;s dkiQh liQy jgs gSaA
z tSls udn gLrkarj.k dh ctk; fMftVy ysunsu dks
çkFkfedrk nsuk] "'kwU; cSysal cpr •krs" vkSj çR;{k ykHk
gLrkarj.k vkfn dks egRo nsukA ;s lqèkkjksa osQ LVkWi&,aM&xks
vk;ke osQ mnkgj.k gSaA
547
 32 Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kj
ifjp;
z O;ogkfjd vFkZ esa] fo'ks"k dk;ZØeksa vkSj dk;Zokfg;ksa
dh ,d foLr`r J`a•yk dks ¶Hkwfe lqèkkj¸ osQ :i esa
lanfHkZr fd;k tkrk gSA os cM+s iSekus ij lkeqnkf;d ykHk
osQ fy, Hkwfe osQ 'kklu vkSj mi;ksx esa lqèkkj osQ fy,
egRoiw.kZ gSaA
z Ñf"k mRikndrk dks c<+kok nsus vkSj Hkwfe èkkj.k ç.kkyh
esa orZeku vlekurkvksa dks lekIr djus gsrq Hkwfe lqèkkjksa
dh vko';drk gSA
z iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa Ñf"k mRikndrk esa o`f¼ osQ fy,
ckèkkvksa dks nwj djosQ vkSj Ñf"k ç.kkyh osQ Hkhrj lkekftd
vU;k; vkSj 'kks"k.k dks lekIr djosQ xzkeh.k lekt osQ lHkh
oxks± osQ fy, lekurk çkIr djus vkSj volj çnku
djus dh ekax dh xbZ FkhA
Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lajpuk
z Lora=krk iwoZ Hkwfe lajpuk%
 Hkwfe fdlh Hkh jk"Vª esa lHkh vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa dh
uhao gSA
 Hkkjr esa] dbZ tutkfr;ksa us futh LokfeRo osQ fy,
lhek fuèkkZfjr ugha djus dk fodYi pquk D;ksafd
mudk ekuuk Fkk çÑfr osQ dbZ vU; vk'khokZnksa dh Hkkafr
Hkwfe Hkh lHkh osQ }kjk lk>k dh tkuh pkfg,A
 gkykafd] fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd fu;a=k.k osQ rgr] Hkkjr
osQ Hkwfe LokfeRo çfr:i esa tehankjh] jS;rokM+h ;k
egyokjh dh rjg ,d egRoiw.kZ cnyko ns•k x;kA
 Hkwfe dk LokfeRo vehj tehankj oxZ osQ varxZr tkus osQ
dkj.k os rsth ls 'kfÙkQ'kkyh vkSj vehj gks x;s] ogha
okLrfod Hkwfe tksrnkj fdlku] Hkwfeghu gks x, vkSj
xjhch esa jgus yxsA
Lora=krk i'pkr Hkwfe lajpuk%
z
 Lora=krk osQ ckn] Hkkjr us lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj
jktuhfrd lHkh {ks=kksa esa lekurk çkIr djus osQ y{;
osQ lkFk lektoknh fopkjksa dks viuk;k D;ksafd Hkwfe
,d O;fÙkQ osQ LoLFk fodkl osQ fy, vko';d ,d
egRoiw.kZ laifÙk gSA blfy,] Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dks lkekftd
vkSj vkfFkZd lekurk dh fn'kk esa egRoiw.kZ dne gSA
 Hkkjrh; lafoèkku us Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dks jkT; lwph dk ,d
fo"k; cuk;k vkSj blfy, Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dks ykxw djus
osQ fy, dkuwu fodflr djuk jkT;ksa dh ftEesnkjh cu
xbZA urhtru] 1950 osQ n'kd osQ nkSjku] lHkh jkT;
ljdkjksa }kjk tehankjh çFkk dks •Re djus] lhfyax
;k Åijh lhek fu;e osQ çorZu osQ ekè;e ls Hkwfe
forfjr djus] dk'rdkjksa dh j{kk djus vkSj Hkwfe
tksr dks lesfdr djus osQ ?kksf"kr y{;ksa osQ lkFk
dkuwu ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA
uksV% dbZ jkT;ksa }kjk ikfjr tehankjh mUewyu vfèkfu;e Hkkjrh;
lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 31 osQ lkFk la?k"kZ esa Fks] ftls xksydukFk
ekeys esa bafxr fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj blfy, laln us vfèkfu;e dks
fujLr djosQ ml •aM dks gVkus dk dne mBk;k] ftlus fofHkUu
jkT;ksa dks Hkwfe lhfyax vfèkfu;e ikfjr djus dh vuqefr nhA
ts-lh- oqQekjIik lfefr
z Hkwfe eqís osQ ijh{k.k osQ fy, vktknh osQ rqjar ckn ts-lh-
oqQekjIiu dh vè;{krk esa ,d lfefr xfBr dh xbZ FkhA
z oqQekjIik lfefr dh fjiksVZ esa O;kid Ñf"k lqèkkj mik;ksa
dk lq>ko fn;k x;k gS] ftlesa fcpkSfy;ksa dks lekIr
djuk] fdjk;snkjh dkuwuksa esa lqèkkj] Hkwfe osQ vkdkj dh
lhek vkSj Hkwfe tksr dk lesdu 'kkfey gSA
Hkwfe lqèkkj osQ mís';
z ,slk blfy, fd;k tkuk Fkk rkfd
Hkwfe osQ çcaèku vkSj lapkyu
osQ lkFk Hkwfe osQ LokfeRo dh
fcpkSfy;ksa dk
Li"V :i ls igpku dh tk
mUewyu
losQA ekfyd dks •qn tehu
dk lapkyu vkSj çcaèku djuk
pkfg,A
 z dk;Zjr Ñ"kdksa dh Hkwfe dh
vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djukA
z LokfeRo vkSj Hkwfe osQ mi;ksx esa
Ñf"k vk; esa vlekurk dks de
Hkwfe lhfyax djukA
z xzkeh.k {ks=k esa jkstxkj osQ volj
c<+kukA
z Hkwfe vlekurkvksa dks de djuk
vkSj Ñf"k jkstxkj iSnk djukA
z vfèkd oqQ'ky çcaèku osQ fy,A
gksfYMaXl dk z ckM+ yxkus vkSj cSfjosQfMax ij
lesdu vfèkd •pZ fd, fcuk Hkwfe dk
çHkkoh çcaèkuA
z NksVh&NksVh tksrksa }kjk çLrqr
dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djukA
lgdkjh la;qÙkQ
z cM+s foÙkh; lalkèkuksa dk fuos'k
•srh dks çksRlkgu
fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj jkstxkj osQ
voljksa esa o`f¼ dh tk ldrh gSA
z dk'rdkjksa osQ vfèkHkksx osQ
vfèkdkjksa dh iqf"V djus osQ fy,]
dk'rdkjh dk
mudh fdjk, dh Hkwfe dk dCtk
fuiVku vkSj
lqjf{kr djus osQ fy, vkSj iêðs
fofu;eu
dh Hkwfe ij fdjk, osQ fofu;eu
osQ fy,A
Hkwfe lqèkkjksa osQ pj.k
z tehankjh dk mUewyu
z fdjk;snkjh dkuwu (dk;Zdky dh
lqj{kk] fdjk, esa deh] fdjk;snkjksa
dks LokfeRo vfèkdkj)
z Hkwfe&lhek dkuwu
z mijksÙkQ dkuwuksa dks 9 oha vuqlwph
esa j•uk rkfd mUgsa U;kf;d
leh{kk ls cpk;k tk losQ
igyk pj.k
z 1953 esa jktLFkku vkSj iatkc
tSls jkT;ksa }kjk Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k
vfèkfu;eA
z vfrfjÙkQ Hkwfe dks LoSfPNd :i
ls NksM+us vkSj iqufoZrj.k dks
çksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, Hkwnku
vkSj xzkenku vkanksyu
z lgdkfjrk
Hkkjr esesa a HkwHkwfefelqlq//kjkj
Hkkjr
z gfjr Økafr (rduhdh lqèkkj)
z laifÙk dk vfèkdkj [A. 19(1)(f)]
nwljk pj.k
dks ekSfyd vfèkdkj osQ :i esa
lekIr dj fn;k x;k Fkk
z ekWMy (Ñf"k) Hkwfe iêðs vfèkfu;e]
2016
rhljk pj.k z fj;y ,LVsV fu;ked çkfèkdj.k
vfèkfu;e
z ekWMy fdjk;snkjh vfèkfu;e 2021
Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dh t:jr
z lekurk ykus osQ fy,% orZeku esa] Hkkjr esa oqQN gh
tehankj ns'k dh vfèkdka'k Hkwfe osQ ekfyd gSaA Hkwfe dk
iqufoZrj.k lekt dk ,d lektoknh ekWMy cuk,xk vkSj
bl rjg osQ ç;kl Hkwfe osQ LokfeRo esa vlekurkvksa dks
de djsaxs vkSj lkekftd vkfFkZd lekurk yk,axsA
z dk'rdkjh dks oSèk cukuk% Hkwfe dh lhek (lhfyax)
dh j{kk djuk vkSj lhekar vkSj NksVs fdlkuksa dks forj.k osQ
fy, vfèk'ks"k Hkwfe dks vyx djukA ;g xzke iapk;rksa dks
çR;sd fdjk;snkjh dk fjdkWMZ j•us osQ fy, l'kÙkQ cuk,xkA
efgykvksa dk l'kÙkQhdj.k% vkerkSj ij iq#"kksa osQ opZLo
z
okyh laLÑfr esa efgykvksa dk l'kÙkQhdj.kA Hkwfe lqèkkjksa
ls irk pysxk fd fyax ls ijs lHkh dks laifÙk dk vfèkdkj
fn;k tk ldrk gSA
z fdlkuksa osQ fodkl osQ fy,% ;g Ñf"k mRikndrk dks
c<+kdj xzkeh.k xjhch dks de djsxkA ;g fdlkuksa dks
mu ½.kksa dks fuiVkus esa enn djsxk tks mPp djksa vkSj
vukSipkfjd ½.k ra=k dk ifj.kke FksA
z vU;%
 ckgjh yksxksa }kjk vfrØe.k dks jksddj tutkfr dk
laj{k.k_
 csn•y gksus osQ fujarj •rjs dks nwj djus osQ fy,_
 Hkwfe dk vkdkj vkSj n{krk foijhr :i ls lacafèkr gSa_
Hkwfe ftruh NksVh gksxh] mRikndrk vkSj n{krk mruh
gh vfèkd gksxh_
 'ks;j&ØkWfiax LofeRo;qÙkQ&•srh dh rqyuk esa de
çHkkoh gSA
Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dh liQyrk
z Ñf"k lekt esa çpfyr 'kks"kd Hkwfe iêðsnkjh ç.kkfy;ksa dks
lekIr dj fn;kA
549
z vfèk'ks"k Hkwfe dks Hkwfeghuksa vkSj lekt osQ detksj oxks± osQ
chp forfjr fd;k x;kA
z Hkwfe dk'rdkjh dkuwuksa osQ ekè;e ls dk'rdkjksa dks
iêðsnkjh dh lqj{kk çnku dhA
z oqQN ekeyksa esa] dk'rdkjksa dks ekfydkuk gd Hkh fn;k
tkrk gSA
z 25&33» dh lhek esa fuf'pr fdjk;kA
z tehankjh osQ mUewyu] dk'rdkjh dkuwu vkSj lhfyax
dkuwu osQ lap;h çHkko us fdlkuksa dks Ñf"k çFkkvksa esa
fuos'k djus vkSj lqèkkj djus osQ fy, çsfjr fd;kA
z mUgksaus xjhch gVkus ij ,d egRoiw.kZ ldkjkRed çHkko
MkykA
z fupyh tkfr;ka vius vfèkdkjksa osQ ckjs esa vfèkd laxfBr
vkSj eq•j gks xbZ gSaA
z Ñf"k vFkZO;oLFkk] xzkeh.k lkekftd lajpuk vkSj xzkeh.k
'kfÙkQ lajpuk esa ekSfyd ifjorZu yk,A
z Hkwfe lqèkkj Hkkjrh; lekt dks lerkewyd lekt dh
vksj ys x,A
z Hkkjrh; jktuhfr osQ yksdra=khdj.k esa o`f¼ vkSj lekt
osQ çeq• oxks± osQ çHkko esa dehA
Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dh foiQyrkvksa osQ dkj.k
z jS;rokM+h osQ rgr vuqifLFkr Hkwfe&ekfydksa dh txg
fdjk;k çkIr djus okyksa dks ckgj dj fn;k x;k FkkA
z eè;LFkksa dks gVus osQ fy, Hkkjh eqvkotk fn;k x;kA
z tehankjksa us dkuwu dh •kfe;ksa dk bLrseky fd;k vkSj
fj'rsnkjksa vkSj nksLrksa osQ uke ij tehu gLrkarfjr dhA
z çkIr dh xbZ Hkwfe dh ,d cM+h ek=kk vforfjr vkSj •srh
jfgr cuh gqbZ gS D;ksafd eqdnesckth us dk;kZUo;u dks
èkhek dj fn;k gSA
z fdlku iSr`d Hkwfe ls HkkoukRed :i ls tqM+s gksrs gSa
D;ksafd Hkwfe dks nknk ls firk ls csVs vkSj fiQj iksrs dks
gLrkarfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
z vPNh xq.koÙkk okyh Hkwfe okys fdlkuksa dks •jkc xq.koÙkk
okyh Hkwfe feyus dk Mj FkkA
z cksf>y çfØ;k vkSj dk;kZUo;u vfèkdkjh èkhes vkSj Hkz"V FksA
z lesdu dh ykxr fdlkuksa ls olwy dh xbZ Fkh ftldk
lalkèkuksa ij çfrdwy çHkko iM+k Fkk
z NksVs fdlkuksa dks •jkc xq.koÙkk okyh Hkwfe feyh vkSj
os eqdnesckth ls ugha yM+ losQA
550
z Hkkjr esa dk'rdkjh dkuwu ,d leku ugha gS vkSj jkT;ksa
esa vyx&vyx gS
z dbZ tehankjksa us O;fÙkQxr •srh dk nkok fd;k D;ksafd
mUgsa Mj Fkk fd dk'rdkj mudh tehu ys ldrs gSaA
Hkwfe lqèkkjksa osQ iQk;ns
z 'kks"kd iêðsnkjh ç.kkyh dk mUewyu tks Hkkjrh; Ñf"k esa
O;kid :i ls çpfyr FkkA
z vfèk'ks"k Hkwfe dks Hkwfeghuksa vkSj lekt osQ detksj oxks± osQ
chp forfjr fd;k x;k FkkA
z dk'rdkjksa dks dk;Zdky@iêðsnkjh dh lqj{kk çnku dhA
z dk'rdkjksa dks vDlj Hkwfe ij ekfydkuk gd fn;k tkrk
FkkA
z fdjk;k yxHkx 25&33» dh lhek esa r; fd;k x;k Fkk
tks vis{kkÑr csgrj FkkA
z fgalk dk mi;ksx cgqr de fd;k x;k Fkk & mnkgj.k osQ
fy, Hkwnku vkSj xzkenku vkanksyu
z fcpkSfy;ksa osQ mUewyu vkSj fdlkuksa dks ekfydkuk gd
fn, tkus osQ ifj.kkeLo:i] Ñf"k esa fuos'k vfèkd vke
gks x;kA
z Hkwfe lqèkkjksa us xjhch ij ,d vk?kkr fd;kA
z fupyh tkfr;ksa vkSj oxks± dks vfèkd vfèkdkj feys vkSj os
•qn dks laxfBr djus esa l{ke cu ik,A
Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dh dfe;ka
z Hkwfe lhfyax dkuwuksa esa dfe;ka% jkT;ksa us ekStwnk tksr ij
cgqr vfèkd lhek fuèkkZfjr dh D;ksafd vktknh osQ ckn
70» ls vfèkd Hkkjrh; Hkwfe 5 ,dM+ ls NksVh FkhA pwafd
;g lhek vke rkSj ij ikfjokfjd tksr osQ ctk; O;fÙkQxr
tksrksa ij ykxw gksrh Fkh] blfy, tehankj viuh tksr (Ñf"k
Hkwfe) dks ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa osQ ukeksa esa foHkkftr dj
ldrs gSa ;k csukeh gLrkarj.k dk mi;ksx osQoy lhfyax
osQ vklikl igqapus osQ fy, dj ldrs gSaA blosQ vykok]
;fn tehankj osQ ifjokj dk vkdkj ikap ls vfèkd Fkk] rks
dbZ jkT;ksa esa lhfyax c<+kbZ tk ldrh FkhA
z dkuwuh lansg osQ {ks=k% Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dks ykxw djus osQ fy,
Hkkjr }kjk ikfjr dkuwu esa dbZ varfuZfgr •kfe;ka gSaA
buesa nwljksa osQ chp O;fÙkQxr •srh dh vi;kZIr ifjHkk"kk,a
'kkfey gSaA çR;sd jkT; osQ ikl Hkwfe lqèkkj dks fu;af=kr
djus okys dkuwuksa dk viuk leqPp; gSA blus Hkwfe lqèkkjksa
dks HksnHkkoiw.kZ cuk fn;k gS vkSj muosQ dk;kZUo;u dh nj
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 dks èkhek dj fn;k gSA blosQ vykok] jk"Vªh; Lrj ij bu
dkuwuksa dk ,d lkFk fuckZèk dk;kZUo;u laHko ugha FkkA
z jktuhfrd dkS'ky dh deh% Hkwfe lqèkkj uhfr;ksa dks ykxw
djus osQ fy, cgqr vfèkd jktuhfrd lkgl] çfrc¼rk
vkSj bPNk'kfÙkQ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ysfdu viQlksl
dh ckr gS fd Hkkjrh; ra=k esa bldh deh gSA uhfr vkSj
dkuwu osQ lkFk&lkFk dkuwu vkSj blosQ dk;kZUo;u osQ chp
i;kZIr varjky Li"V :i ls jktuhfrd bPNk'kfÙkQ dh deh
dks n'kkZrk gSA
z ç'kklfud ckèkk,a% Hkkjr esa Hkwfe iqufoZrj.k uhfr;ksa dk
fu"iknu Hkh ç'kklfud ckèkkvksa ls ckfèkr gSA ukSdj'kkgh us
rVLFk joS;k viukdj bldk lqjf{kr rjhosQ ls vuqikyu
djus dk yxkrkj ç;kl fd;kA mnkgj.k osQ fy,% oqQN
ekeyksa esa] jktusrkvksa vkSj vfèkdkfj;ksa us vfèk'ks"k Hkwfe dks
tCr djus osQ fy, feydj dke fd;kA
z ljdkjh dk;ZØeksa esa xSj&Hkkxhnkjh% ljdkjh dk;ZØeksa esa
lkoZtfud Hkkxhnkjh dh deh us Hkkjr osQ Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dks
cgqr nwj rd vkxs c<+us ls jksd fn;kA viuh vf'k{kk vkSj
xjhch osQ dkj.k] Hkkjr osQ lhekar vkSj NksVs fdlku] dk'rdkj
vkSj Hkwfeghu Ñf"k etnwj Hkwfe lqèkkjksa osQ dk;kZUo;u esa cgqr
de #fp fn•krs gSaA mu lHkh us dk;ZØe osQ dk;kZUo;u
dks èkhek djus esa viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA
z Hkwfe ls yxko% viuh Hkwfe osQ çfr vius etcwr yxko osQ
dkj.k] fdlku lekt dh HkykbZ osQ fy, vius vfèkdkjksa
dks NksM+us osQ fy, rS;kj ugha gSaA fdlkuksa esa vke rkSj
ij lgdkjh vkSj çseiw.kZ Hkkouk dh deh gksrh gS vkSj os
tkfr&vkèkkfjr foHkktu ls çHkkfor gks tkrs gSaA
z iwath dh deh% lgdkjh Ñf"k lfefr;ka iwath ?kkVs osQ eqís
osQ dkj.k Ñf"k dh c<+rh ekaxksa dks iwjk djus esa vleFkZ gSaA
blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] bu lektksa osQ fy, i;kZIr ½.k fodYi
miyCèk ugha gSaA
Hkwfe lqèkkjksa esa ckèkk,a
z lkekftd lkaLÑfrd dkjd% Hkwfe ls tqM+h ikjaifjd
Hkkouk,a] vKkurk us lesdu vkSj iqufoZrj.k esa ckèkk MkyhA
tkfrxr inkuqØeksa us Hkh bl çfØ;k dks ckfèkr fd;k vkSj
lkeqnkf;d •srh foiQy gks xbZA blfy,] lesdu dks cM+s
iSekus ij gj jkT; }kjk NksM+ fn;k x;k FkkA
z dkuwuh dkjd% dk'rdkjh dkuwuksa osQ ekeys esa]
çekf.kr djus dk cks> dk'rdkj osQ Åij gSA laiUu
fdlkuksa }kjk •kfe;ksa dk ykHk mBk;k x;kA vDlj Hkwfe
ekfyd dks tcju csn•y dj fn;k tkrk Fkk vkSj èkks•s ls
^LosPNk ls vkReleiZ.k* osQ :i esa fn•k;k tkrk FkkA
Hkkjr esesa a HkwHkwfefelqlq//kjkj
Hkkjr
z jktuhfrd ç'kklfud dkjd% ukSdj'kkgh çfrc¼ ugha Fkh
vkSj laiUu fdlkuksa osQ lkFk feyh gqbZ FkhA
z liQyrk&foiQyrk f}Hkktu dk feJ.k% Ñf"k lajpuk iwjs
Hkkjr esa cgqr fHkUu gksrh gS] vkSj Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dh çxfr
Hkh jkT;ksa esa vleku jgh gSA if'pe caxky esa] iqufoZrj.k
dk;Z dkiQh liQyrkiwoZd fd;k x;k Fkk] gfj;k.kk vkSj
iatkc esa lesdu dk;Z dkiQh çHkkoh <ax ls fd;k x;k Fkk]
dukZVd esa Hkwfe fjdkWMZ vkèkqfudhdj.k çHkkoh <ax ls ykxw
fd;k x;k FkkA
vkxs dh jkg
z dkuwuh rjhdksa dks ljy cuk;k tkuk pkfg,% mu mik;ksa
osQ Rofjr vkSj O;ofLFkr dk;kZUo;u dks lqfoèkktud cukus
osQ fy, Hkwfe lqèkkj ls lacafèkr dkuwuh çkoèkkuksa dks Li"V
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ekeyksa osQ rsth ls vkSj lcls vfèkd
ykxr çHkkoh lekèkku osQ fy,] fo'ks"k vnkyrksa dh LFkkiuk
dh vko';drk gks ldrh gSA
z ,d mfpr gLr{ksi çkfèkdj.k osQ lkFk fofu;fer iêðs%
 dk'rdkjh dks oSèk cukus ls NksVs vkSj lhekar dk'rdkjksa
dks laLFkkxr ½.k osQ nk;js esa ykus esa Hkh enn feysxhA
 ;g Hkh mEehn dh tkrh gS fd yht cktkj •ksyus ls
Ñf"k esa cgqr t:jh futh fuos'k vkdf"kZr gksxkA
 Åijh lhek dks lhfer djosQ vkSj ml lhek rd Hkwfe
dks iêðs ij nsus dh vuqefr nsdj laHkkfor •kfe;ksa dks
jksduk laHko gks ldrk gSA lhfyax dks osQoy mu yksxksa
dks vuqefr nsus osQ fy, ,d lhek osQ :i esa Hkh dke
djuk pkfg, ftuosQ ikl ,slh lhek ls uhps Hkwfe dk
LokfeRo gSA
 blh rjg] dk'rdkj osQ lkFk&lkFk ekfyd dks vius
fgrksa dh lqj{kk dh xkjaVh gksuh pkfg,A
z Hkwfe lqèkkj dkuwu% Hkwfe lqèkkj dkuwuksa dks vuqYya?kuh;
cukuk egRoiw.kZ gSA bl lacaèk esa jkt Ñ".k lfefr us
fliQkfj'k dh gS fd Hkwfe lqèkkj dkuwuksa dks etcwr djus
vkSj pqukSrh ls eqÙkQ cukus osQ fy, mUgsa lafoèkku dh 9oha
vuqlwph esa 'kkfey fd;k tk,A
z dk;ZØeksa dk çHkkoh <ax ls dk;kZUo;u% ljdkj dks ;g
lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, dkjZokbZ djuh pkfg, fd ;fn
liQyrk çkIr dh tkuh gS rks Hkwfe lqèkkj igy çHkkoh <ax
ls vkSj oqQ'kyrk ls dh tk,A bl mís'; osQ fy, ,d
le;c¼ lkWÝVos;j cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A
z dkuwuksa dks yksdfç; cukuk% Hkwfe lqèkkjksa ls lacafèkr
dkuwuksa dks yksdfç; cukus osQ fy, xzkeh.k vkcknh osQ chp
551
 ,sls dkuwuksa dk O;kid çpkj gksuk pkfg,A bu dkuwuksa dks
CykWd fodkl vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk çlkfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,
vkSj dbZ Hkk"kkvksa esa çdkf'kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A Hkwfe lqèkkj
uhfr;ksa osQ dk;kZUo;u osQ lacaèk esa xjhc fdlkuksa dks muosQ
vfèkdkjksa vkSj ftEesnkfj;ksa osQ ckjs esa tkx:drk bl rjg
osQ çpkj }kjk c<+kbZ tk,xhA
z jktuhfrd gLr{ksi dks de djuk% ;g egRoiw.kZ gS rkfd
Hkwfe lqèkkj dkuwu jk"Vª osQ lokZsÙke fgr esa dke dj losQaA
Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dks ykxw djrs le; jktuhfrd çHkko dks de
ls de j•k tkuk pkfg,A
z oqQ'ky ç'kklfud e'khujh% Hkwfe lqèkkjksa osQ dk;kZUo;u
dks xfr nsus osQ fy,] ljdkj dh ç'kklfud e'khujh esa
lqèkkj dh vko';drk gSA Hkwfe lqèkkjksa ls lacafèkr dkuwuksa dks
lqpk: :i ls vkSj tYnh ls ykxw djus osQ fy,] foHkkx osQ
vfèkdkfj;ksa dks mu dkuwuksa dk i;kZIr Kku çkIr djuk gksxk
z Hkwfe fjdkWMZ vkèkqfudhdj.k% v|ru Hkwfe fjdkWMZ]
Lopkfyr gLrkarj.k] fyf•r vkSj uD'ks vkèkkfjr fjdkWMZ
,dhdj.k] jktLo vkSj iathdj.k vUr% tqMko dh ,d
ç.kkyh 'kq: dh tkuh pkfg, vkSj orZeku foys• iathdj.k
o vuqekfur gdnkjh ç.kkyh dks gdnkjh xkjaVh lfgr
fu.kkZ;d gdnkjh ç.kkyh osQ lkFk çfrLFkkfir fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
osQl LVMh% vrhr esa Hkwfe lqèkkj çHkkoh
<ax ls osQls fd, x, Fks
z tehankjksa tSls fcpkSfy;ksa dks gVkuk lHkh lqèkkjksa esa
lcls çHkkoh lqèkkj FkkA
z Ñf"k lacaèkh fparkvksa us Lora=krk vkanksyu osQ nkSjku
jktuhfrd ykecanh dh uhao osQ :i esa Hkh dke fd;kA
bl jktuhfrd Kku vkSj f'k{kk osQ dkj.k Ñf"k osQ fodkl
dh çxfr osQ fy, Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dks Lohdkj djuk vklku
cuk fn;k x;k FkkA
z dbZ ckèkkvksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, ljdkj us jktuhfrd
mís';ksa osQ fy, dkuwu vkSj laoSèkkfud la'kksèku ikfjr
fd,A lHkh jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.kksa ls bu lqèkkjksa dh
vko';drk dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k vkSj muosQ çfr
mRlkg Hkh O;ÙkQ fd;k x;kA
z fdlku lHkkvksa vkSj fdlku la?kksa dh lgk;rk ls
fdlku viuh ekaxksa dks laxfBr djus vkSj vkokt nsus
esa l{ke FksA
z Hkkjr esa ,d u, ;qx dh 'kq#vkr djus dh bPNk]
ftlesa le`f¼] fodkl vkSj èku dks leku :i ls lk>k
fd;k tkuk Fkk] Lora=krk laxzke dh Hkkouk vkSj Lora=krk
dh miyfCèk ls mRiUu gqvk FkkA
552
z Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dks U;kf;d leFkZu vkSj laoSèkkfud •aMksa
dh mnkj O;k[;kvksa ls enn feyhA vxj laifÙk osQ
ekSfyd vfèkdkj dks lekIr ugha fd;k x;k gksrk vkSj
ukSoha vuqlwph us Hkwfe lqèkkj dkuwuksa dks viokn ugha
cuk;k gksrk rks Hkwfe&tksrksa dks ekU;rk nsuk dfBu gksrkA
efgyk,a vkSj Hkwfe vfèkdkj
z Hkkjr esa iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dks lafoèkku osQ rgr
leku vfèkdkj fn, x, gSaA vDlj] efgykvksa dks fojklr
osQ ekè;e ls Hkwfe rd igqap çkIr gksrh gS] vkSj fojklr
ijaijkvksa }kjk 'kkflr gksrh gS] tks {ks=kksa vkSj jkT;ksa esa fHkUu
gksrh gSaA
z fofHkUu èkkfeZd dkuwuksa osQ mÙkjkfèkdkj vfèkfu;e] tks
laifÙk vkSj fojklr osQ fy, efgykvksa osQ vfèkdkjksa dks
fu;af=kr djrs gSa] orZeku laifÙk vfèkdkj ç.kkfy;ksa esa ls gSaA
z fganw mÙkjkfèkdkj vfèkfu;e (la'kksèku)] 2005 us
efgykvksa osQ Hkwfe vfèkdkjksa esa lqèkkj dh laHkkouk c<+k nh gS
vkSj ;g ns'k osQ vfèkdka'k {ks=kksa vkSj yksxksa ij ykxw gksrk gSA
z fof'k"V Lons'kh leqnk; fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj] ikapoha vkSj
NBh vuqlwph esa 'kkfey {ks=kksa esa efgykvksa osQ laifÙk
vfèkdkjksa vkSj fojklr osQ ckjs esa vyx&vyx çFkkxr
tutkrh; dkuwu gSaA
ljdkjh ç;kl
z lHkh osQ fy, ,d lqjf{kr vkSj fu"i{k Hkwfe iêðsnkjh osQ y{;
dks çkIr djus osQ fy,] jk"Vªh; ljdkj vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa
nksuksa us gky osQ o"kks± esa dbZ çxfr'khy ifjorZu ykxw fd, gSaA
z muesa ls oqQN gSa%
 ou vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e] 2006 dk dk;kZUo;u (vfuok;Z
la;qÙkQ gdnkjh osQ çkoèkku)_
 vU; ckrksa osQ vykok fganw mÙkjkfèkdkj vfèkfu;e] 1956
esa la'kksèku] i;kZIr ;ksxnku ns jgk gS_
 Hkwfe vuqnku dk;ZØeksa osQ ekè;e ls çnku fd, x,
laifÙk vfèkdkjksa osQ forj.k dks çkFkfedrk nsukA 1985
dh ,d uhfr esa jkT;ksa dks Hkwfe vkSj ?kjksa lfgr laifÙk
osQ gLrkarj.k esa ifr vkSj iRuh dks la;qÙkQ gdnkjh nsus
dk funZs'k fn;k x;k FkkA
 fgekpy çns'k] mÙkj çns'k] eè; çns'k] gfj;k.kk vkSj
fnYyh tSls fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa] efgykvksa osQ uke ij
iathÑr Hkwfe osQ fy, LVkai 'kqYd esa deh us efgykvksa
osQ laifÙk osQ LokfeRo vfèkdkjksa dk leFkZu fd;k gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
efgykvksa osQ Hkwfe vfèkdkjksa osQ ykHk
z ySafxd n`f"V ls lekurk vkèkkfjr iêðsnkjh egRoiw.kZ gS%
iêðsnkjh dh lqj{kk lHkh osQ fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA Hkkjr esa
efgykvksa osQ ySafxd n`f"V ls lekurk vkèkkfjr iêðsnkjh
egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd ;g gj txg mudh vkthfodk] vkokl
vkSj oqQN efgykvksa osQ fy, viekutud fookg NksM+us osQ
rjhosQ osQ :i esa gSA
z efgykvksa osQ Hkwfe vfèkdkj egRoiw.kZ gSa vkSj bl ckr
osQ Bksl lcwr gSa fd Hkwfe dk LokfeRo Hkq•ejh] vHkko
vkSj Hks|rk ls tfVy :i ls tqM+k gqvk gS% NSS MsVk
(50 osa nkSj) osQ vkèkkj ij 2001 esa FAO/RAP vè;;u
gqvk Fkk tks Li"V :i ls Hkwfe osQ LokfeRo vkSj Hkq•ejh vkSj
xjhch osQ chp lacaèk LFkkfir djrk gSA Hkkjr esa ;g vuqeku
yxk;k x;k gS fd osQoy 12-7» Hkwfe tksr efgykvksa osQ
uke ij gS] ;gka rd fd 77» efgyk,a viuh vk; osQ
çkFkfed lzksr osQ :i esa Ñf"k ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA
z lrr fodkl y{; osQ fyax&laosnu'khy dk;kZUo;u
osQ fy, Hkwfe ij efgyk vfèkdkj vko';d gS% SDG
us y{; 1 (gj txg xjhch vkSj blosQ :iksa dks lekIr
djuk) vkSj y{; 5 (fyax lekurk çkIr djuk vkSj lHkh
efgykvksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa dks l'kÙkQ cukuk) osQ rgr Hkwfe
igqap vkSj HksnHkko ls lacafèkr laosQrdksa osQ fuekZ.k ij è;ku
osQafær fd;k gSA
z Ñf"k dk;Z djus okyh osQoy 31 çfr'kr efgykvksa dks
osQoy udn esa Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gS vkSj vU; 17
çfr'kr dks udn vkSj vU; rjg ls Hkqxrku çkIr gksrk
gS% U;k;laxr Hkwfe iêðsnkjh efgykvksa dks mfpr vkSj leku
etnwjh dh ekax djus vkSj mls çkIr djus esa egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkk,xhA vkadM+ksa ls irk pyrk gS fd jkstxkj osQ
lacaèk esa] efgykvksa dks nksxquk uqdlku gqvk gSA u osQoy
iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa efgykvksa osQ ukSdjh ikus dh laHkkouk
cgqr de gS] cfYd tc os ukSdjh djrh gSa rks iq#"kksa dh
rqyuk esa udn vk; dekus dh mudh laHkkouk osQoy 74
çfr'kr gksrh gSA
z Hkwfe vfèkdkj dkuwuh gSa vkSj u osQoy efgykvksa osQ
chp lqj{kk dh Hkkouk çnku djrs gSa vkSj ;g mUgsa
viuh ekaxksa dks mBkus dk vkRefo'okl nsrs gSa% vksfM'kk
jkT; esa Lo;a lgk;rk lewg osQ lnL;ksa osQ chp fd, x,
vè;;uksa esa] efgykvksa us O;ÙkQ fd;k gS fd Hkwfe vkSj
laifÙk osQ vfèkdkjksa dh deh osQ dkj.k muosQ ikl lqj{kk
tky ugha gS] blfy, muosQ lkFk nqO;Zogkj fd;k tkrk gS
vkSj bl pØ ls ckgj fudyus osQ fy, dksbZ dne mBkus
esa vleFkZ gSaA Hkwfe rd igqap efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh esa
Hkkjr esesa a HkwHkwfefelqlq//kjkj
Hkkjr
Hkh enn djrh gS ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i tyok;q ifjorZu
osQ çfr mudh yphykiu c<+rk gS vkSj tyok;q LekVZ
çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dks viuk;k tkrk gSA
èkeZ] oSokfgd fLFkfr] ikfjokfjd jhfr&fjoktksa vkSj tutkrh;
fLFkfr lfgr Hkkjr esa Hkwfe osQ LokfeRo dks çHkkfor djus okys
fofHkUu dkjdksa vkSj Lrjksa dks igpkuuk egRoiw.kZ gSA efgykvksa
dks viuh Hkwfe rd igqap] fu;a=k.k vkSj LokfeRo çkIr djus osQ
fy,] gesa çfrxkeh lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd ekunaMksa] orZeku esa
ekStwn dkuwuh vkSj uhfrxr <kaps esa varjky] efgykvksa osQ Hkwfe
vfèkdkjksa dks lqjf{kr djus okyh ekStwnk uhfr;ksa osQ lqLr ;k
xSj&ekStwn dk;kZUo;u vkSj var esa] efgykvksa osQ Hkwfe vfèkdkjksa
ij MsVk varjky dks lacksfèkr djuk gksxkA ;s lrr fodkl y{;
çkIr djus osQ fy, vko';d gSa] ysfdu os vlekurk dks de
djus vkSj efgykvksa dks l'kÙkQ cukus osQ fy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSaA
ekWMy fdjk;snkjh vfèkfu;e 2021
z dkuwu fdjk;snkjksa vkSj Hkwfe ekfydksa nksuksa osQ nkf;Roksa
ij Hkh ppkZ djrk gSA ,d fdjk;snkj osQ ifjlj esa lHkh
vko';d vkiwfrZ gksuh pkfg,] vkSj u rks Hkw&Lokeh vkSj u
gh laifÙk çcaèku mu rd igqap ls budkj dj ldrk gSA
z ;fn fdjk;snkjh dk uohuhdj.k ugha fd;k x;k gS] rks lekIr
gq, fdjk;snkjh le>kSrs osQ leku fu;eksa vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa
osQ rgr fdjk;snkjh dks eghus&nj&eghus osQ vkèkkj ij
uohuhÑr ekuk tk,xkA
z orZeku vfèkfu;e Hkkoh çHkko ls ykxw gS vkSj bldk
orZeku dk;Zdky ij dksbZ çHkko ugha iM+sxkA
z lqj{kk tek% vfèkfu;e us fdjk;snkj dh vfxze lqj{kk tek
dks vkoklksa osQ fy, nks eghus osQ fdjk, vkSj vU; çdkj
dh laifÙk;ksa osQ fy, Ng eghus osQ fdjk, rd lhfer dj
fn;k gSA
z lHkh u, iêðs fyf•r esa gksus pkfg,A le>kSrs dks mi;qÙkQ
ftys osQ ¶fdjk;k çkfèkdj.k¸ dks çLrqr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z ;fn Ng eghus dh foLrkfjr fdjk;snkjh dh vofèk lekIr
gks tkrh gS ;k vkns'k ;k uksfVl }kjk fdjk;snkjh lekIr
dj nh tkrh gS] rks fdjk;snkj fMiQkWYV :i ls igys nks
eghuksa osQ fy, ekfld fdjk, dk nksxquk vkSj mlosQ
ckn ekfld 'kqYd dk pkj xquk Hkqxrku djus osQ fy,
ftEesnkj gksxkA
z ;fn fdjk;snkj dks ços'k osQ le; ls de ls de pkSchl
?kaVs igys bysDVªkWfud lkèkuksa osQ ekè;e ls fyf•r
lwpuk ;k vfèklwpuk feyh gS] rks HkwLokeh ;k laifÙk
çcaèku ifjlj rd igqap ldrk gSA
553
vfèkfu;e dk egRo
z fooknksa vkSj vU; çklafxd eqíksa dk lekèkku_
z ns'k osQ fdjk;s osQ vkokl dkuwuksa dk la'kksèku_
z lHkh vk; Lrjksa osQ fy, fdjk;s osQ vkokl dh miyCèkrk]
?kj&foghu gksus osQ ladV dks de djuk_
z vkokl cktkj dk laLFkkxrdj.k_ vkSj xaHkhj vkokl dh
deh ls cpus osQ fy, fdjk;s osQ vkokl esa futh fuos'k
esa o`f¼ gqbZA
uksV% osQoy pkj jkT;ksa ;kuh vkaèkz çns'k] rfeyukMq] mÙkj çns'k
vkSj vle us vc rd ekWMy Vsusalh ,DV esa la'kksèku fd;k gSA
uhfr vk;ksx ,D'ku ,tsaMk% Ñf"k Hkwfe uhfr &
iêðs vkSj fjdkWMZ
z Hkwfe fo'kq¼ :i ls jkT; dk fo"k; gksus osQ ukrs] Hkwfe
vfèkxzg.k ls lacafèkr gksus osQ vykok] Hkwfe iêðs osQ fy,
ekStwnk jkT;&Lrjh; fdjk;snkjh dkuwuksa esa la'kksèku djus ;k
mUgsa ,d u, dkuwu }kjk çfrLFkkfir djus dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA
z gky gh esa uhfr vk;ksx us ,d ekWMy ySaM yhftax ykW rS;kj
fd;k gSA blosQ ckn] eè; çns'k us Hkwfe dks iêðs ij nsus ls
tqM+k ,d u;k dkuwu is'k fd;k gS] ftlesa uhfr vk;ksx Hkwfe
iêðs osQ dkuwu dh lHkh egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk,a gSaA
 mÙkj çns'k us uhfr vk;ksx ekWMy dkuwu dh çeq•
fo'ks"krkvksa dks viukrs gq, la'kksèku dk jkLrk viuk;k
gS] tks vius ekStwnk dkuwu esa ugha FkkA
 jktLFkku esa Hkwfe iêðs ij nsus dk dkuwu gS tks uhfr
vk;ksx osQ ekWMy dkuwu ls igys dk gS vkSj blls ijs gSA
z LokfeRo fjdkWMZ dks viMsV djus vkSj mUgsa fMftVkbt djus
osQ fy,] 2008 esa jk"Vªh; Hkwfe fjdkWMZ vkèkqfudhdj.k
dk;ZØe osQ :i esa tkuh tkus okyh ,d osQaæh; {ks=k dh
;kstuk 'kq: dh xbZ FkhA bl ;kstuk dk mís'; Hkwfe loZs{k.k]
loZs{k.k vkSj fuiVku fjdkWMZ dks v|ru djus osQ vkèkkj
ij okLrfod le; osQ Hkwfe fjdkWMZ dh ,d ikjn'khZ vkSj
,dhÑr ç.kkyh dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA
z mPp&fjtkWY;w'ku mixzg bestjh vkSj tehuh okLrfodrk
MsVk laxzg dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk gSA blesa Hkwfe
vfHkys•ksa vkSj iathdj.k osQ dEI;wVjhdj.k] fjdkMZ :eksa
osQ vkèkqfudhdj.k vkSj vfHkys• çcaèku osQUæksa dh LFkkiuk
dh Hkh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ gSA
554
Hkwfe vfHkys•ksa dk fMftVyhdj.k
jk"Vªh; Hkwfe vfHkys• vkèkqfudhdj.k dk;ZØe (NLRMP)
2008 dk mís'; Hkwfe vfHkys•ksa osQ çcaèku dk vkèkqfudhdj.k
djuk] Hkwfe@laifÙk fooknksa osQ nk;js dks de djuk] Hkwfe vfHkys•
vuqj{k.k ç.kkyh esa ikjnf'kZrk c<+kuk vkSj varr% ns'k esa vpy
laifÙk;ksa osQ fy, xkjaVhÑr fu.kkZ;d LokfeRo dh vksj c<+us dh
lqfoèkk çnku djuk gSA
z ekStwnk Hkwfe fjdkWMZ vkSj gLrkarj.k vkSj iathdj.k çfØ;k
dk dEI;wVjhdj.k
z ekufp=kksa dk fMftVyhdj.k vkSj LFkkfud vkSj ikBÔ fjdkWMZ
tSls lHkh MsVk çdkjksa dks ,dhÑr djuk
z loZs{k.k vkSj iqulZoZs{k.k vkSj fuiVku fjdkWMZ viMsV djuk
z dksj thvkbZ,l dk fodkl vkSj {kerk fuekZ.k
z DLRMP dk mís'; çdfYir gdnkjh ls fu.kkZ;d vkSj
jkT;&xkjaVhÑr gdnkjh dh vksj c<+us dk gSA
z NLRMP vc ujsaæ eksnh 'kklu dh çeq• fMftVy bafM;k
igy dk fgLlk gSA
Hkwfe fMftVyhdj.k dh vko';drk
z Hkwfe fMftVyhdj.k Li"V Hkwfe gdnkjh lqfuf'pr djsxk]
ftlls xjhcksa osQ fy, vkSipkfjd foÙkh; {ks=k ls mèkkj
ysuk vklku gks tk,xkA 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa] blls vpy
laifÙk ysunsu esa ikjnf'kZrk vk,xhA
z ;g çfrf"Br Mksesu osQ nq#i;ksx osQ ctk; cqfu;knh <kapk
ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, okf.kfT;d Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k dks
vklku cuk,xkA
z ;g mu yksxksa osQ eqíksa dks gy djsxk tks la?k"kZ] csn•yh
vkSj mudh Hkwfe ij vfrØe.k osQ çfr lqHks| gSaA
z ;g èkks•kèkM+h okys laifÙk lkSnksa osQ nk;js dks dkiQh
de dj nsxkA
z fjdkWMZ rd eqÝr igqap ukxfjd vkSj ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa
osQ chp baVjiQsl dks de djsxh] ftlls fdjk;k ekaxus vkSj
mRihM+u dks de fd;k tk losQxkA
Hkkjr esa Hkwfe vfHkys•ksa osQ fMftVyhdj.k esa pqukSfr;ka
z foHkkxksa esa dbZ nLrkostksa dh vko';drk% Hkkjr esa Hkwfe
LokfeRo fofHkUu foHkkxksa }kjk cuk, x, dbZ nLrkostksa osQ
ekè;e ls LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls mu rd igqapuk
cksf>y gks tkrk gS] bl çdkj fMftVyhdj.k çHkkfor
gksrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] fcØh foys• iathdj.k foHkkx
esa laxzghr fd, tkrs gSa] uD'ks loZs{k.k foHkkx esa laxzghr
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 fd, tkrs gSa] vkSj laifÙk dj çkfIr;ka jktLo foHkkx osQ
ikl gksrh gSaA
z oqQN jkT;ksa esa Hkwfe fjdkWMZ osQ daI;wVjhdj.k esa •jkc
çxfr% tcfd dukZVd vkSj vksfM'kk tSls oqQN jkT;ksa us
Hkwfe fjdkWMZ dk 100» daI;wVjhdj.k iwjk dj fy;k gS] dbZ
vU; vHkh Hkh dk;kZUo;u esa fiNM+ jgs gSaA
z Hkwfe la?k"kZ fMftVyhdj.k dks çHkkfor djrs gSa% lSdM+ksa
dkuwuksa vkSj gdnkjh osQ Li"V çek.kksa dh deh dk eryc
gS fd Hkwfe vkSj laifÙk ls lacafèkr ekeys Hkkjrh; vnkyrksa esa
lHkh ukxfjd ekeyksa dk yxHkx nks&frgkbZ fgLlk cukrs gSa]
tks Hkwfe lqèkkjksa osQ vkèkqfudhdj.k dks vkSj çHkkfor djrs gSaA
z Hkwfe LokfeRo vkSj HkwLokfe;ksa dh igpku lacaèkh eqís%
;g loZfofnr gS fd Hkkjr esa Hkwfe fjdkWMZ vLi"V gSa vkSj
LokfeRo dh xkjaVh ugha nsrs gSaA Hkkjr esa iathÑr fcØh
foys• dh ,d ç.kkyh ekStwn gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fd ysunsu
iathÑr gks tkrk gS] u fd Hkwfe dh gdnkjhA
z oSQMLVªy ekufp=k cukus esa nsjh% ekufp=k Hkwfe fjdkWMZ dk
,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd cukrs gSa D;ksafd os laifÙk dh lhekvksa
ij MsVk vkSj LokfeRo dh lVhd lhekvksa ij fooj.k çnku
djrs gSaA gkykafd] lHkh osQMLVªy ekufp=k ugha cuk, x,
gSa vkSj ;gka rd fd MhvkbZ,yvkj,eih tSlh ;kstukvksa esa
lHkh HkkSxksfyd {ks=kksa osQ fy, LFkkfud MsVk Hkh lR;kfir
ugha fd;k x;k gSA
z iathÑr fcØh foys• dh ç.kkyh% osQoy ysunsu osQ
iathdj.k dh vuqefr gS] u fd laifÙk gLrkarj.k vfèkfu;e
1882 vkSj iathdj.k vfèkfu;e 1908 osQ vuqlkj gdnkjhA
z MsVk folaxfr;ka% pwafd Hkwfe çys•u MsVk fofHkUu ljdkjh
foHkkxksa }kjk cuk, j•k tkrk gS] blfy, mUgsa vDlj viMsV
ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
z laifÙk iathdj.k dh mPp ykxr% yksx LVkEi MÔwVh osQ
Hkqxrku ls cpus osQ fy, iathdj.k ls cprs gSaA
z iathdj.k vfèkfu;e] 1908% vfuok;Z iathdj.k dk
çkoèkku ugha gS tSls fd ljdkj }kjk Hkwfe osQ vfèkxzg.k
vkSj ,d o"kZ ls de le; osQ fy, iêðs ij Hkwfe dk ysunsuA
z tkx:drk dh deh% vfèkdka'k yksx fMftVy :i ls
vf'kf{kr gSa vkSj os Hkwfe fjdkWMZ osQ fMftVyhdj.k osQ ckjs
esa tkx:d ugha gSaA
z ekuo lalkèku dh deh% okLrfod vkSj lEiw.kZ vkadM+s
dks MkVk osQaæ esa Mkyus osQ fy, rduhdh vkSj l{ke ekuo
lalkèku dh deh
z lkbcj lqj{kk% lkbcj •rjksa osQ çfr lqHks|rk] baVjusV
dusD'ku vkSj usVodZ dk eqíkA
Hkkjr esesa a HkwHkwfefelqlq//kjkj
Hkkjr
Hkwfe vfHkys•ksa osQ fMftVyhdj.k dh fn'kk esa
ljdkj osQ ç;kl
z LokfeRo ;kstuk% Hkkjr esa Hkwfe fMftVyhdj.k osQ ç;klksa
dks xkaoksa osQ loZs{k.k vkSj csgrj rduhd osQ lkFk ekufp=k.k
osQ 'kqHkkjaHk osQ ckn osQaæ vkSj jkT; nksuksa Lrjksa ij çfrLFkkiu
dks c<+kok feykA
z fMftVy bafM;k Hkwfe fjdkWMZ vkèkqfudhdj.k dk;ZØe
(DILRMP)% Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA
dk;ZØe dk y{; Hkwfe vkSj laifÙk fooknksa osQ nk;js dks
lqO;ofLFkr vkSj de djuk Fkk] ftlls Hkwfe fjdkWMZ osQ
j•j•ko osQ Hkhrj ikjnf'kZrk esa lqèkkj gks losQA
z jktLFkku foèkkueaMy us vçSy 2016 esa jktLFkku 'kgjh
Hkwfe (gdnkjh çek.ku) vfèkfu;e ikfjr fd;kA ;g
dkuwu lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd jkT; ljdkj jktLFkku esa Hkwfe
osQ LokfeRo osQ fy, xkjaVj gS] vkSj nks"kiw.kZ gdnkjh osQ eqíksa
osQ ekeys esa eqvkotk çnku djsxhA
z dukZVd ¶Hkwfe ifj;kstuk¸ osQ rgr Hkwfe fjdkWMZ dks
dEI;wVjhÑr djus okyk Hkkjr dk çkFkfed jkT; FkkA
z eè; çns'k] if'pe caxky vkSj vksfM'kk Hkwfe fjdkWMZ
fMftVyhdj.k esa lcls ljy çn'kZu djus okys Hkkjrh;
jkT; gSa] tks fnYyh fLFkr fFkad&VSad us'kuy dkmafly vkWiQ
,IykbM bdksukWfed fjlpZ (NCAER) }kjk rS;kj fd, x,
okf"kZd Hkwfe fjdkWMZ lwpdkad osQ vuq:i gSA
Hkwfe lqèkkj vkSj Ñf"k mRikndrk
z fcpkSfy;ksa dk mUewyu% tehankjh çFkk dks lekIr dj
fn;k x;k FkkA ¶ySaM Vw fVylZ¸ dk;ZØe ftlus Hkwfe ij
fdlkuksa osQ vfèkdkjksa dks ekU;rk nh] us Ñf"k esa vkSj fuos'k
dks çksRlkfgr fd;kA
z fdjk;snkjh lqèkkj% mUgksaus fdjk;snkjksa osQ vfèkHkksx vfèkdkjksa
vkSj fofu;fer fdjk, dh iqf"V dh tks yxk, tk ldrs FksA
blus Hkh fdlkuksa dks Ñf"k mit esa lqèkkj osQ fy, lfØ;
dne mBkus osQ fy, çksRlkfgr fd;kA
z Hkwfe gksfYMaXl dk iquxZBu% Hkwfe lhfyax vfèkfu;eksa dks
,d O;fÙkQ dh Hkwfe dh ek=kk dks fofu;fer djus osQ fy,
vfèkfu;fer fd;k x;k FkkA bls lhfer liQyrk feyh
D;ksafd osQoy 2» Hkwfe dks blosQ }kjk iquxZfBr fd;k
x;k FkkA
z Hkwnku vkSj lokZsn; {k.k dk çksRlkgu% mUgksaus yksxksa dh
psruk ls yksxksa osQ dY;k.k osQ fy, Hkwfe nku djus dh
vihy dhA
555
z Hkwfe gksfYMax dk lesdu% ;g n{krk esa lqèkkj osQ fy, is'k
fd;k x;k FkkA ;g iatkc] gfj;k.kk esa liQy jgk ysfdu
nf{k.kh vkSj iwohZ jkT;ksa esa foiQy jgkA
z lkewfgd la;qÙkQ •srh% bldk mís'; cM+s iSekus ij
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa osQ ykHkksa dk ykHk mBkus osQ fy, xzke
leqnk;ksa osQ rgr O;fÙkQxr Hkwfe tksr dks lkewghdj.k djuk
FkkA ;g vliQy jgk D;ksafd yksx viuh Hkwfe dks vyx
ugha djuk pkgrs FksA
z jk"Vªh; Hkwfe fjdkWMZ vkèkqfudhdj.k dk;ZØe% 2008 esa
'kq: fd;k x;k ftldk mís'; Hkwfe fjdkWMZ dks viMsVsM
vkSj fMftVy cukuk FkkA blus Hkwfe èkkjdksa osQ LokfeRo esa
Li"Vrk ykbZ gS vkSj ikjnf'kZrk dk lapkj fd;k gSA
Hkwfe lqèkkj osQoy iqufoZrj.k osQ lkèku ugha Fks cfYd lkekftd
ifjorZu osQ lkèku FksA mUgksaus fdlkuksa dks l'kÙkQ cuk;k vkSj
mUgsa mUur Ñf"k rduhdksa dks viukus osQ fy, çksRlkfgr fd;kA
tgk¡ ge dHkh vukt vk;krd gqvk djrs Fks ogha vkt Hkkjr
Ñf"k oLrqvksa osQ vxz.kh oSf'od mRiknd (lkFk gh fu;kZrd)
esa ls ,d cu x;k gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. ns'k osQ oqQN fgLlksa esa Hkwfe lqèkkjksa us lhekar vkSj NksVs
fdlkuksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa dks lqèkkjus esa
osQls enn dh\  (2021)
2. Ñf"k fodkl esa Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dh Hkwfedk ij ppkZ dhft,A
mu dkjdksa dh igpku djsa tks Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dh
liQyrk osQ fy, ftEesnkj FksA  (2016)
3. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa Hkwfe lqèkkjksa] Ñf"k mRikndrk
vkSj xjhch mUewyu osQ chp lacaèk LFkkfir djsaA Hkkjr esa
Ñf"k vuqdwy Hkwfe lqèkkjksa osQ fMtkbu vkSj dk;kZUo;u esa
dfBukb;ksa ij ppkZ djsaA  (2013)

v v v

556 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 33 Hkkjr esa ekuo fodkl
ekuo fodkl dk vFkZ
z ekuo fodkl dks yksxksa dh Lora=krk vkSj laHkkoukvksa dks
c<+kdj yksxksa ds thou Lrj esa lq/kj dh çfØ;k ds :i
esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ekuo fodkl yksxksa ds
thou dks csgrj cukus ij è;ku dsafær djrk gS ctk; ;g
mEehn djus ds fd c<+h gqbZ vkfFkZd o`f¼ ds ifj.kkeLo:i
lHkh ds fy, •q'kh c<+sxhA blesa LoLFk HkkSfrd okrkoj.k
ls ysdj vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd Lora=krk rd
dbZ fodYi 'kkfey gSaA bl çdkj ekuo çxfr dk lcls
egRoiw.kZ fgLlk yksxksa ds ilan dks c<+kuk gSA
yksxksa dh ilan esa fuEufyf•r rRo 'kkfey gks ldrs
gSa&
z LoLFk vkSj nh?kZ thou O;rhr djukA
z f'kf{kr gksukA
z jktuhfrd Lora=krk] ekuokf/dkjksa dh xkjaVh] vkSj thou
ds lH; Lrj ds fy, vkRe&lEeku tSls vko';d lalk/
uksa rd igqap çnkudjukA
ekuo fodkl ds vk;ke
1- mRikndrk% ;g ekuo Je dh mRikndrk dks n'kkZrk gSA
gekjk è;ku mRikndrk c<+kus ds fy, ekuo Je dh {kerk
c<+kus ij gksuk pkfg,A bl çdkj muds Kku esa lq/kj djus
vkSj Jfedksa dks csgrj LokLF; lqfo/k,a çnku djus ds
ç;kl gksus pkfg,] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i mRikndrk esa o`f¼
gksxhA
2- lekurk% ;g lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd lHkh yksxksa ds ikl
lalk/uksa rd igq¡pus dk leku volj gSA yksxksa dks muds
fyax] tkrh;rk] vk;] lkekftd fLFkfr] ;k Hkkjr ds ekeys
esa] tkfr ds ckotwn voljksa rd leku igqap gksuh pkfg,A
tSls Hkkjr fcuk fdlh/eZ] uLy] tkfr] fyax] tUe LFkku ds
vk/kj ij HksnHkko ds lkoZtfud jkstxkj rd igqap çnku
djrk gSA
3- fLFkjrk% fLFkjrk esa vkfFkZd fodkl] i;kZoj.k ns•Hkky
vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k ds chp larqyu lqfuf'pr djrs
gq,] Hkfo"; dh ihf<+;ksa dh t:jrksa ls le>kSrk fd, fcuk
orZeku ihf<+;ksa dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djuk 'kkfey gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, 'kwU;&vif'k"V vkanksyu ,d thou 'kSyh
gS tks yksxksa dks lHkh çdkj ds lalk/uksa dks pØh; rjhds
ls mi;ksx djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrh gS] tSls çkÑfrd
nqfu;k esa gksrk gS
4- l'kfÙkQdj.k% l'kfÙkQdj.k dk vFkZ gS yksxksa ds ikl
'kfÙkQ vkSj vius Lo;a ds thou ij fu;a=k.k gksukA yksxksa
dks og leFkZu feyrk gS ftldh mUgsa vko';drk gksrh gS
tks muds fy, lgh gksrk gSA l'kfÙkQdj.k dk vFkZ gS fd
yksx leku ukxfjd gSaA os vius leqnk;ksa esa lEekfur vkSj
vkRefo'okl;qÙkQ gSa
yksxksa dks l'kÙkQ cukus ds fy,] lq'kklu vkSj tu& dsafær
uhfr;ka vko';d gSaA lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls oafpr
vkcknh dk l'kfÙkQdj.k fo'ks"k :i ls egRoiw.kZ gSA
tSls daiuh ds fu.kZ;ksa esa deZpkfj;ksa dks 'kkfey djuk] çca/
dksa ds fy, çf'k{k.k ikBÔØe çnku djuk vkfnA
ekuo fodkl gsrq n`f"Vdks.k
1- cqfu;knh vko';drk n`f"Vdks.k & varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu
(vkbZ,yvks) bl j.kuhfr dh odkyr djus okyk igyk
laxBu FkkA fodkl ds fy, ,d cqfu;knh t:jr (ch,u)
n`f"Vdks.k og gS tks lHkh yksxksa dh cqfu;knh t:jrksa dks
iwjk djus dks çkFkfedrk nsrk gS A ewyHkwr vko';drk dks
fofHkUu çdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS% muesa ges'kk iks"k.k
ds dqN ekudksa dh iwfrZ] (Hkkstu vkSj ikuh)] vkSj LokLF;
vkSj f'k{kk lsokvksa ds lkoZHkkSfed çko/ku 'kkfey gSaA
2- vk; n`f"Vdks.k& ;g ekuo fodkl dk lcls iqjkuk n`f"Vdks.k
gSA vk; dks ekuo fodkl ls tqM+k gqvk ekuk tkrk gSA ewy
vk/kj ;g gS fd fdlh O;fÙkQ dh Lora=krk mldh vk;
esa ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA fdlh dh vk; ftruh vf/d gksxh]
ekuo fodkl dk Lrj mruk gh vf/d gksxkA
 3- {kerk n`f"Vdks.k& ;g n`f"Vdks.k çks veR;Z lsu ls tqM+k z ,pMhvkbZekuo fodkl ds rhu cqfu;knh vk;keksa esa fdlh
gqvk gSA {kerk n`f"Vdks.k ,d lS¼kafrd <kapk gS ftlesa nks ns'k dh vkSlr liQyrk dks ekirk gS%
ekud nkos 'kkfey gSa% igyk] ;g nkok fd dY;k.k çkIr 1- LoLFk vkSj yack thou& tUe ds le; thou çR;k'kkA
djus dh Lora=krk çkFkfed uSfrd egRo gS vkSj] nwljk] fd 2- Kku rd igqap& visf{kr Ldwyh f'k{kk ds o"kZ vkSj
HkykbZ dks yksxksa dh {kerkvksa vkSj dkedkt ds lanHkZ esa Ldwyh f'k{kk ds vkSlr o"kZ
le>k tkuk pkfg,A 3- thou&;kiu dk mPp Lrj& çfr O;fÙkQ ldy jk"Vªh;
4- dY;k.kdkjh n`f"Vdks.k& ;g n`f"Vdks.k euq"; dks lHkh vk; (Ø; 'kfÙkQ lekurk esa)A
fodkl xfrfof/;ksa ds ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ;k y{;ksa ds :i esa z ,pMhvkbZlwpdkad eku 0 vkSj 1 ds chp gksrk gSA
ns•rk gSA n`f"Vdks.k f'k{kk] LokLF;] lkekftd ekè;fed z lwpdkad esa ns'kksa dks ewY; vkSj jSafdax ds vk/kj ij pkj
vkSj lqfo/kvksa ij mPp ljdkjh O;; ds fy, rdZ nsrk gSA Jsf.k;ksa esa ckaVk x;k gS&
;w,uMhih ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ 1- cgqr mPp& 0-80 vkSj mlls vf/d ds ,pMhvkbZ ds
z ;g fjiksVZ 1990 ls tkjh dh tkrh gSA fy,A
z ;g fjiksVZ la;qÙkQ jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe ds fy, ekuo 2- mPp& 0-70 ls 0-79 rdA
fodkl fjiksVZ dk;kZy; }kjk çdkf'kr dh xbZ gSA 3- eè;e& 0-550 ls 0-699 rd
z bl fjiksVZ dk eq[; y{; voljksa] ilan vkSj Lora=krk 4- de & 0-550 ls uhpsA
ds foLrkj dh fn'kk esa ;ksxnku nsuk gSA z 2021 esa ekuo fodkl lwpdkad (,pMhvkbZ) esa 191
z bl lky dh fjiksVZ dk fo"k;% vulVZsu Vkbe] ns'kksa esa Hkkjr 132osa LFkku ij gSA
vulsVYM ykbOl% Lyhfiax voj Ý;wpj bu , oYMZ bu
VªkaliQkWeZs'kuA ,pMhvkbZ ds ewY;kadu dh vkykspuk%
z ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ 2021&22 ds vuqlkj] ekuo fodkl z ,pMhvkbZ ds ?kVdksa ds chp lkSnsckth% ,pMhvkbZvius
lwpdkad (,pMhvkbZ) esa Hkkjr dh jSad 2020 esa 130osa ?kVdksa ds chp lkSnsckth dks fufgr :i ls ekurk gS tc
ls fiQlydj 2022 esa 132osa LFkku ij vk xbZ gS] tks ;s ekiu ges'kk leku ugha gks ldrs gSaA thou çR;k'kk vkSj
fd dksfoM&19 egkekjh ds eísutj ,pMhvkbZ jSafdx esa th,uvkbZ çfr O;fÙkQ ds fofHkUu la;kstuksa ds ekè;e ls ns'k
oSf'od fxjkoV ds vuq:i gSA leku ,pMhvkbZ çkIr dj ldrs gSaA
z ,pMhvkbZ gky dh uhfr;ksa ds ifjorZuksa dks n'kkZus
ekuo fodkl dks ekiuk esa lqLr gS% la;qÙkQ jk"Vª Lo;a Hkh Lohdkj djrk gS fd
1- ekuo fodkl lwpdkad ,pMhvkbZ ekuo fodkl dk ,d O;kid mik; ugha gSA
,pMhvkbZ nh?kkZof/ (tSls thou çR;k'kk) esa ifjorZuksa dks
z ;g ,d lkaf[;dh; midj.k gS ftldk mi;ksx ns'k ds
n'kkZrk gS vkSj ;g ns'k ds ukxfjdksa ds thou esa gky ds
lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd vk;keksa esa lexz miyfC/ dks ekius
uhfrxr ifjorZuksa vkSj lq/kjksa dks n'kkZus esa /hek gSA
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
xq.k voxq.k
z ;g 1990 ds n'kd ls la;qÙkQ jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe
(UNDP) }kjk çfro"kZ çdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA z blds vkfFkZd vkSj z blesa ySafxd eqís vkSj
lkekftd nksuksalwpdkad HksnHkko 'kkfey ugha gSaA
z egcwc my gd ds lkFk feydj veR;Z lsu us bl
gSa vkSj blfy, ;g
lwpdkaddks fodflr fd;k FkkA
cgqvk;keh gSA
z ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ esa 'kkfey vU; lwpdkad vlekurk z ;g fodkl ds vafre z blesa vk; vlekurk]
lek;ksftr ekuo fodkl lwpdkad (vkbZ,pMhvkbZ) fyax mís'; ij dsafær gS vkSj jktuhfrd vf/dkj vkSj
fodkl lwpdkad (thMhvkbZ)] fyax vlekurk lwpdkad fodkl ds vFkZ dks Lora=krk 'kkfey ugha gSA
(thvkbZvkbZ) vkSj cgqvk;keh xjhch lwpdkad (,eihvkbZ) csgrj <ax ls le>us esa z blesa i;kZoj.k
gSaA enn djrk gSA lwpdkad'kkfey ugha gSaA

558 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
ekuo fodkl ds laca/ esa Hkkjr ds fy, pqukSfr;ka%
z de ldy ukekadu vuqikr% Hkkjr esa Ldwychp esa NksM+us
okyksa dh cM+h la[;k vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k esa
ck/k Mkyrh gS vkSj ,d xSj&uoksUes"kh okrkoj.k cukrh gSA
,u,l,lvks dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj Ldwy chp esa NksM+us
okyksa dh cM+h la[;k dk dkj.k u dsoy vkfFkZd raxh vkSj
?kjsyw ;k vkfFkZd dk;ks± esa cPpksa dk fu;kstu gS] cfYd
f'k{kk esa mudh #fp dh c<+rh deh Hkh gSA
z vPNh f'k{kk cqfu;knh <kaps dk vHkko% dkiQh gn rd
xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk vPNh cqfu;knh lqfo/kvksa tSls vPNh
d{kk] csgrj ikuh vkSj LoPNrk lqfo/kvksa] lh•us gsrq
fMftVy lqfo/kvksa vkSj •sy lqfo/kvksa vkfn ls fu/kZfjr
gksrh gSA
z ySafxd vlekurk% efgykvksa ds fodkl esa xfr'khyrk dh
deh vkSj dbZ ySafxd :f<+;ksa ds çlkj ds dkj.k ikjaifjd
:i ls efgykvksa dks fodkl ls vyx dj fn;k x;k gSA
vkof/d Je cy loZs{k.k 2020&21 ds vuqlkj iq#"kksa esa
57-75» dh rqyuk esa Hkkjrh; efgykvksa ds chp Je cy
Hkkxhnkjh nj fliQZ 23-15» gSA
z vi;kZIr LokLF; ns•Hkky lqfo/k,a & lkoZtfud vkSj
futh LokLF; lsok çnkrkvksa ds chp xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh {ks=kksa
ds chp xq.koÙkk esa dkiQh varj gS vkSj LokLF; ns•Hkky {ks=k
esa fuos'k ,d leku ugha gS D;ksafd ;g jkT; dk fo"k; gSA
;g Hkkjr dh fuEu vkSj eè;e vk; vkcknh dks LokLF;
ij •pZ djus vkSj muds fodkl dh xfr'khyrk dks jksdus
vkSj mUgsa xjhch ds tky esa iQalus ds fy, etcwj djrk gSA
z dqiks"k.k & xjhch] vlekurk] vuqfpr cky ns•Hkky vkSj
•k| lqj{kk ds dkj.k Hkkjr esa dqiks"k.k dh xaHkhj leL;k
gSA Hkkjr esa dqiks"k.k dh otg ls ekuo fodkl esa lq/kj
vkSj cky e`R;q nj esa vkSj deh ds dkj.k lkykuk yxHkx
10 fcfy;u MkWyj •pZ gksrs gSaAoSf'od Hkw• lwpdkad 2022
esa Hkkjr 121 ns'kksa esa ls 107osa LFkku ij gSA
z lkekftd lqj{kk dk vHkko& vf/dka'k Hkkjrh; dk;Zcy
vukSipkfjd {ks=k esa gS vkSj muds ifjokjksa dh lkekftd
lqj{kk rd dksbZ igqap ugha gSA Hkkjr dh yxHkx 88» Je
'kfÙkQ nSfud etnwjksa ds :i esa fcuk vuqca/ okys Hkwfeghu
•sfrgj etnwjksa vkSj fxx dkexkjksa ds :i esa dk;Zjr gSA
Hkkjr esesa a ekuo
Hkkjr ekuofodkl
fodkl
vkxs fd, tkus okys dk;Z
z çÑfr vk/kfjr lek/kuksa ds ekè;e ls ledsUæh;;kstuk
esa vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj i;kZoj.kh; eqíksa dks gy djuk
vko';d gSA
z tSlk fd veR;Z lsu us lq>ko fn;k gS fd fodkl ds mís';
dks çkIr djus ds fy, ljdkj dh uhfr dks 3 vkj ij
è;ku nsuk pkfg,&
 jhp& gkfly djus ds dkj.k rd igqapA
 jsat& rjhdksa vkSj lk/uksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tk,A
 dkj.k& çkFkfedrk dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A
z lekt ds lhekar oxks± dks 'kkfey djus vkSj lqO;ofLFkr
djus ds fy, dsafær ç;kl gksus pkfg, tks orZeku esa vius
fodYiksa dk foLrkj djus vkSj thou Lrj lq/kjus ds fy,
Lora=k ugha FksA
z lkoZHkkSfed f'k{kk vkSj lkoZHkkSfed LokLF; ns•Hkky ç.kkyh
ns'k esa dbZ eqíksa dks gy djus vkSj thou dh xq.koÙkk dks
cuk, j•us vkSj lq/kjus ds fy, ,d O;kid ç;kl gks
ldrh gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1. yxkrkj mPp fodklnj ds ckotwn] Hkkjr esa vHkh Hkh
ekuo fodkl lwpdkad esa lcls fupys ik;nku ij gSA
mu eqíksa dh tkap djsa tks larqfyr vkSj lekos'kh fodkl
dks dfBu cukrs gSaA (2016)
1- cgqvk;keh xjhch lwpdkad (,eihvkbZ)
z ;g lwpdkad la;qÙkQ jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe vkSj vkWDliQksMZ
xjhch vkSj ekuo fodkl igy (vksih,pvkbZ) }kjk tkjh
fd;k tkrk gSA
z ;g lwpdkad ,d çeq• varjjk"Vªh; lzksr gS tks 100 ls
vf/d fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa l?ku cgqvk;keh xjhch dks
ekirk gSA
z bls igyh ckj 2010 esa vksih,pvkbZ vkSj ;w,uMhih}kjk
tkjh fd;k x;k FkkA
z ;g lwpdkad LokLF;] f'k{kk vkSj thou Lrj ds 10 ladsrdksa
esa vHkko dh fuxjkuh djrk gS vkSj blesa f'k{kk] thou Lrj
xjhch dh l?kurk ds lkFk&lkFk ?kVuk nksuksa 'kkfey gSaA
z ,d O;fÙkQ cgqvk;keh :i ls xjhc ekuk tkrk gS ;fn og
Hkkfjr ladsrdksa (nl ladsrdksa esa ls) ds ,d frgkbZ ;k
vf/d (vFkkZr~ 33» ;k vf/d) ls oafpr gSA tks yksx
Hkkfjr ladsrdksa ds ,d vk/s ;k vf/d ls oafpr gSa] mUgsa
vR;f/d cgqvk;keh xjhch esa jgus okys ekuk tkrk gSA
559
z 2022 dh fjiksVZ ds eq[; fu"d"kZ%
 22-8 djksM+ ds lkFk Hkkjr esa nqfu;k Hkj esa lcls vf/d
xjhc yksxjgrs gSaA
 buesa ls yxHkx nks frgkbZ yksx ,sls ?kjksa esa jgrs gSa ftlesa
de ls de ,d O;fÙkQ dqiks"k.k ls ihfM+r gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. ;w,uMhih ds leFkZu ls vkWDliQksMZ xjhch vkSj ekuo
fodkl igy }kjk fodflr cgq&vk;keh xjhch lwpdkad
fuEufyf•r esa ls fdls doj djrk gS\ (2012)
1- ?kjsyw Lrj ij f'k{kk] LokLF;] laifÙk vkSj lsokvksa dk
vHkko
2- jk"Vªh; Lrj ij Ø; 'kfÙkQ lekurk
3- jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ctV ?kkVk vkSj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh
o`f¼ nj dh lhek
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,%
(a) dsoy 1
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
2- vlekurk lek;ksftr ekuo fodkl lwpdkad
z ;g ;w,uMhih }kjk 2010 ls çdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA
z ;g vlekurk dks pkSFkk vk;ke ekurk gSA
z ;g u dsoy LokLF;] f'k{kk vkSj vk; ij fdlh ns'k dh
vkSlr miyfC/;ksa ij fopkj djrk gS cfYd ;g Hkh ns•rk
gS fd vlekurk ds Lrj ds vuqlkj çR;sd vk;ke ds vkSlr
ewY; esa NwV nsdj mu miyfC/;ksa dks vius ukxfjdksa ds
chp dSls forfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
3- okLrfod çxfr lwpdkad
z okLrfod çxfr lwpdkad(thihvkbZ) gfjr vFkZ'kkL=k vkSj
dY;k.k vFkZ'kkL=k esa ,d vo/kj.kk gS ftls vkfFkZd
fodkl dsekid ds :i esa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (thMhih)
ds çfrLFkkiuekid ds :i esa lq>k;k x;k gSA
z ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ds foijhr blds leFkZdksa }kjk ;g
nkok fd;k tkrk gS fd os xSj&vkfFkZd fodkl dks vf/d
Hkjkslsean :i ls vyx djrs gSa & ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ds
yxHkx lHkh leFkZd Lohdkj djsaxs fd dqN vkfFkZd fodkl
cgqr gkfudkjd gSA
z thihvkbZ viuh dk;Zç.kkyh ds fy, rhu ljy varfuZfgr
fl¼karksa dk mi;ksx djrk gS%
1- vk; vlekurk dk ys•k tks•k]
2- blesa xSj&cktkj ykHk 'kkfey gSa tks ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
esa 'kkfey ugha gSaA
3- ;g i;kZoj.kh; {kj.k] ekuo LokLF; çHkko vkSj
vodk'k ds le; dh gkfu tSls ekinaMksa dh igpku
vkSj dVkSrh djrk gSA
4- lkekftd çxfr lwpdkad
z bls lks'ky çksxzsl baihjsfVo uke ds ,uthvks us çdkf'kr
fd;k gSA
z ;g LokLF;] ikuh vkSj LoPNrk] O;fÙkQxr lqj{kk] volj
rd igqap] lfg".kqrk] lekos'ku] O;fÙkQxr Lora=krk vkSj
ilan tSls dY;k.k ds ladsrdksa ij ns'kksa dk ewY;kadu
djrk gSA
z ;g fdlh Hkh vkfFkZd ekinaM dks è;ku esa ugha j•rk gS
vkSj blfy, ;g bl fopkj dh odkyr djrk gS fd%
 vkfFkZd n`f"V ls çxfr dks ekiuk okLrfod phtksa dh
O;kid rLohj ij fopkj djus esa foiQy jgrk gS tks
okLrfod yksxksa ds fy, ek;us j•rh gS_
 vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd çxfr ds chp dksbZ laca/ ugha
gSA
z lkekftd çxfr lwpdkad 51 fofHkUu ladsrdksa ij 149 ns'kksa
ds lkekftd çn'kZu dk ewY;kadu djrk gSA
z dqN lcls çeq• ladsrd fuEufyf•r gSa&
1- LokLF;
2- O;fÙkQxr vf/dkj
3- lekosf'krk
4- f'k{kk
5- iks"k.k
6- vkJ;
7- lqj{kk
8- O;fÙkQxr Lora=krk
9- LoPNrk
5- ldy jk"Vªh; •q'kgkyh lwpdkad
z ldy jk"Vªh; •q'kgkyh 'kCn 1970 ds n'kd esa HkwVku
ds pkSFks jktk ftXes flaX;s okaxpqd }kjk x<+k x;k gSA
z th,pvkbZ dh vo/kj.kk dk rkRi;Z gS fd lrr fodkl dks
çxfr dh /kj.kkvksa ds çfr ,d lexz n`f"Vdks.k viukuk
pkfg, vkSj ekuo dY;k.k ds xSj&vkfFkZd igyqvksa dks
leku egRo nsuk pkfg,A

560 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ldy jk"Vªh; •q'kgkyh lwpdkad 9 {ks=kksa ds rgr oxhZÑr
33 ladsrdksa ls fodflr ,d ,dy la[;k lwpdkad
gSA
z ldy jk"Vªh; •q'kgkyhdh vo/kj.kk dks blds pkj LraHkksa
}kjk le>k;k tk ldrk gS&
1- lq'kklu
2- lrr lkekftd vkfFkZd fodklA
3- lkaLÑfrd laj{k.kA
4- i;kZoj.k laj{k.kA
6- fo'o •q'kgkyh fjiksVZ
z fo'o •q'kgkyhfjiksVZ la;qÙkQ jk"Vª lrr fodkl lek/ku
usVodZ }kjk çfro"kZ çdkf'kr dh tkrh gSA
z ;g fjiksVZ 146 ns'kksa dh rqyuk djrh gS vkSj jSad djrh
gS fd muds ukxfjd •qn dks fdruk •q'k eglwl djrs
gSaA
z jSafdax iqfyax (xSyi oYMZ iksy MsVk ds vk/kj ij) ij
vk/kfjr gS tks 6 çeq• enksa dks è;ku esa j•rh gS&
1- thMhih çfr O;fÙkQ (Ø; 'kfÙkQ lekurk ds ekeys esa)
2- lkekftd lg;ksx
3- tUe ds le; LoLFk thou çR;k'kkA
4- thou ds pquko djus dh Lora=krkA
5- mnkjrk
6- Hkz"Vkpkj dh /kj.kkA
z 2020 dh fjiksVZ us igyh ckj nqfu;k Hkj ds 'kgjksa dks
muds O;fÙkQijd dY;k.k ds vk/kj ij LFkku fn;k vkSj bl
ckr ij è;ku fn;k fd dSls lkekftd 'kgjh vkSj çkÑfrd
okrkoj.k •q'kgkyh dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA
fo'o •q'kgkyh fjiksVZ 2022
z ;g fjiksVZ fo'o •q'kgkyh fjiksVZ dh 10oha o"kZxkaB gSA
z blus dksfoM&19 ds nwjxkeh çHkkoksa ds orZeku dY;k.k vkSj
O;kid fo'ys"k.k ij fjiksVZ nhA
z fo'o •q'kgkyh fjiksVZ 2022 esa Hkkjr dh jSad 2021 esa 139
ls lq/j dj 136 gks xbZA
z fiQuySaM yxkrkj ikaposa lky lcls •q'kgky ns'k cukA
z viQxkfuLrku dks Øe'k% yscuku] ftEckCos] jokaMk vkSj
cksRlokuk ds ckn lcls nq•h jk"Vª ds :i esa LFkku fn;k
x;k FkkA
Hkkjr esesa a ekuo
Hkkjr ekuofodkl
fodkl
D;k vki tkurs gSa\
z varjkZ"Vªh; •q'kgkyh fnol& ;g gj lky 20 ekpZ dks
la;qÙkQ jk"Vª ds rRok/ku esa euk;k tkrk gSA ;w,u us ekuk
fd •q'kgkyh dh •kst ,d ekSfyd y{; gSA 2022 dh
Fkhe gS& ^fcYM cSd gSfIi;j*] tks dksfoM 19 egkekjh
ls fo'o ds mcjus ij è;ku dsafær djsxhA
z fnYyh dk •q'kgkyh ikBÔØe& f'k{kk {ks=k esa2018 esa
'kq: fd;k x;k ;g ikBÔØe fnYyh ljdkj dh çeq•
;kstukvksa esa ls ,d gSA lh•us ds çfriQy pkj Jsf.k;ksa
esa iQSys gq, gSa&
1- fnekxnkj vkSj pkSdUuk cuuk
2- egRoiw.kZ lksp vkSj çfrfØ;k dk fodkl djuk
3- lkekftd HkkoukRed dkS'ky dk fodkl djukA
4- ,d vkRefo'oklh vkSj lq•n O;fÙkQRo dk fodkl
djukA
z eè; çns'k 2016 esa •q'kgkyh foHkkx LFkkfir djus
okyk Hkkjr dk igyk jkT; cukA foHkkx HkwVku dh rtZ
ij •q'kgkyh ds ckjs esa Kku lalk/u dsaæ ds :i esa
dke djrk gSA
z vka/z çns'k •q'kgkyh foHkkx okyk nwljk jkT; cu
x;k gS A
7- vksbZlhMh dk csgrj thou lwpdkad
z ;g lwpdkad lHkh ns'kksa ds dY;k.k dh rqyuk djrk gSA
z bls 2011 esa cuk;k x;k FkkA
z lwpdkad vkSj midj.k vksbZlhMh csgrj thou igy ds
fgLls ds :i esa fodflr fd, x, FksA
z ;g lwpdkad mu 11 fo"k;ksa ij vk/kfjr gS ftUgsa vksbZlhMh
us HkkSfrd thou fLFkfr;ksa vkSj thou dh xq.koÙkk ds {ks=kksa
esa vko';d ds :i esa fpfUgr fd;k gSA
z 11 fo"k;ksa esa vkokl] vk;] jkstxkj] leqnk;] f'k{kk]
i;kZoj.k] ukxfjd tqM+ko] LokLF;] thou larqf"V] lqj{kk
vkSj dk;Z&thou larqyu 'kkfey gSaA
8- ySafxd vlekurk lwpdkad (thvkbZvkbZ)
z ;g ySafxd vlekurk ds fu/kZj.k ds fy, ,d u;k lwpdkad
gS ftls ;w,uMhih }kjk 2010 dh ,pMhvkbZ fjiksVZ esa cuk;k
x;k FkkA
z ;g lwpdkad ,d lexz ewY;kadu gS tks ySafxd vlekurk
ds dkj.k ,d jk"Vª esa miyfC/ ds uqdlku dks n'kkZrk gS
vkSj ,slk djus ds fy, rhu vk;keksa dk mi;ksx djrk
gSA
561
 1- çtuu LokLF;& ekr` e`R;q njA
2- l'kfÙkQdj.k&jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh
3- Je cktkj dh Hkkxhnkjh& vkfFkZd xfrfof/ dks ekirk
gSA
z 2022 esaHkkjr 122osa LFkku ij gSA
9- ySafxd fodkl lwpdkad(thMhvkbZ)
z ;w,uMhih viuh ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ ds ,d Hkkx ds :i
esa thMhvkbZ dh x.kuk djrk gSA
z thMhvkbZ efgyk ls iq#"k ,pMhvkbZ ewY;ksa dk vuqikr gSA
z Hkkjr fo'o vkSlr ls Hkh dkiQh ihNs gSA
10- oSf'od ySafxd vlekurk lwpdkad
z ;g fo'o vkfFkZd eap (MCywbZ,iQ) }kjk çdkf'kr fd;k
tkrk gSA
z ;g mi ekidksa ds lkFk pkj çeq• vk;keksa esa ySafxd
lekurk dh fn'kk esa ns'kksa dh çxfr ij csapekdZ djrk
gS&
1- vkfFkZd Hkkxhnkjh vkSj volj & Je 'kfÙkQ esa efgykvksa
dk çfr'kr] leku dk;Z ds fy, leku osru] vftZr
vk;A
2- 'kSf{kd miyfC/ & çkFkfed] ekè;fed vkSj r`rh;d
f'k{kk esa lk{kjrk nj vkSj ukekadu njA
3- LokLF; vkSj mÙkjthfork& tUe ds le; fyaxkuqikr
vkSj LoLFk thou çR;k'kkA
4- jktuhfrd vf/dkfjrk &laln vkSj ea=kh inksa ij
efgykvksa dk çfr'krA
z pkj mi&lwpdkadksa ds lkFk&lkFk lexz lwpdkad ij ththth
lwpdkad 0 vkSj 1 ds chp Ldksj çnku djrk gS] tgka 1 iw.kZ
ySafxdlekurk fn•krk gS vkSj 0 iw.kZ vlekurk fn•krk gSA
z ;g lcls yacs le; rd pyus okyk lwpdkad gS] tks 2006
esa viuh LFkkiuk ds ckn ls le; ds lkFk bu varjkyksa dks
•Re djus dh fn'kk esa çxfr dh fuxjkuh djrk gSA
fo'o vkfFkZd eap (MCywbZ,iQ) us o"kZ 2022 ds fy,
vius oSf'odySafxd vlekurk lwpdkad esa 146 ns'kksa
esa ls Hkkjr dks 135 osa LFkku ij j•kA
z Hkkjr dk lexz Ldksj 0-625 (2021 esa) ls lq/j dj 0-629
gks x;k gS] tks 2006 ds ckn ls bldk lkroka mPpre
Ldksj gSA
562
fo'o vkfFkZd eap
z fo'o vkfFkZd eap lkoZtfud&futh lg;ksx ds fy,
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu gSA
z ;g 1971 esa ,d xSj&ykHkdkjh U;kl ds :i esa LFkkfir
fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj bldk eq[;ky; ftusok] fLoV~tjySaM
esa gSA
çeq• fjiksVZ%
z ÅtkZ laØe.k lwpdkadA
z oSf'od çfrLi/kZRedrk fjiksVZA
z oSf'od vkbZVh fjiksVZ
z MCywbZ,iQ] bulhM vkSj dkWuZsy ;wfuoflZVh ds lkFk bl
fjiksVZ dks çdkf'kr djrk gSA
z oSf'odySafxd vlekurk fjiksVZ
z oSf'od tksf•e fjiksVZ
z oSf'od ;k=kk vkSj i;ZVu fjiksVZA
ekuo iwath ifj;kstuk
z ekuo iwath ifj;kstuk vf/d bfDoVh vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl
ds fy, ekuo 'kfÙkQ esa vf/d vkSj csgrj fuos'k dks xfr
nsus dk ,d oSf'od ç;kl gSA
z vDVwcj 2022 rd] lHkh vk; Lrjksa ij 86 ns'k vius ekuo
iwath ifj.kkeksa dks cnyus ds fy, lkefjd n`f"Vdks.k ij
fo'o cSad lewg ds lkFk dke dj jgs gSaA
z ,plhih dk;ZØe tkx:drk c<+kus vkSj ekuo iwath ds
fuekZ.k ds fy, gLr{ksi dh ekax c<+kus ds fy, odkyr]
eki vkSj fo'ys"k.kkRed dk;Z dk ,d dk;ZØe gSA
z ,plhih ds rhu ?kVd gSa&
1- ekuo iwath ekiu ftls ekuo iwath lwpdkad (,plhvkbZ)
dgk tkrk gS
2- uhfr dkjZokbZ dks lwfpr djus ds fy, ekiu vkSj
vuqla/ku dk dk;ZØe
3- ekuo iwath esa fuos'k esa rsth ykus ds fy, ns'k dh
j.kuhfr;ksa ds leFkZu dk dk;ZØeA
ekuo iwath lwpdkad
z ;g fo'o cSad }kjk tkjh fd;k tkrk gS
z ,plhvkbZ fofHkUu ns'kksa esa ekuo iwath ds egRoiw.kZ igyqvksa
dh rqyuk djrk gSA
z Hkkjr ,plhvkbZ 2020 esa 180 ns'kksa esa ls 116osa LFkku
ij gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ,plhvkbZ ikap çeq• {ks=kksa dks ekirk gS& z f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; tSls fodklkRed {ks=kksa esa ySafxd
1- 5 lky ls de mez ds cPpksa dh e`R;q nj vlekurkvksa dks •Re djus ds lkFk&lkFk jktuhfrd vkSj
2- xq.koÙkk&lek;ksftr Ldwyh f'k{kk ds visf{kr o"kZ vkfFkZd Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, dkuwuh ck/kvksa dks nwj djus
3- LokLF; i;kZoj.k tSlk ladsr fn;k x;k gS esa Bksl çxfr ds ckotwn] 'kfÙkQ dk varjky vHkh Hkh
ekStwn gSA
4- 5 lky ls de mez ds cPpksa esa LVafVax dh nj
z tcfd iq#"k vkSj efgyk,a ds er dk ewY; leku gS]
5- o;Ldksa ds thfor jgus dh njA
nqfu;k Hkj esa dsoy 24 çfr'kr lalnh; lhVksa ij
z bu ekinaMksa dks blfy, pquk x;k D;ksafd vè;;uksa ls irk efgyk,a dkfct gSa vkSj 193 lnL; ns'kksa esa ls dsoy
pyrk gS fd os tula[;k dh mRikndrk ls fudVrk ls 10 ns'kksa esa efgyk çeq• gSaA
tqM+s gq, gSaA
z efgykvksa dks leku dke djus okys iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa
z ekuo iwath lwpdkad ds fuEufyf•r mís'; gSa% de osru fn;k tkrk gS vkSj muds ofj"B inksa ij inksUufr
1- uhfrxr dk;ks± dks lwfpr djus ds fy, fodkl ij gksus dh laHkkouk cgqr de gksrh gSA
ekiu vkSj vuqla/ku
chftax$25
2- ekuo iwath esa fuos'k ds fy, jktuhfrd çksRlkgu rS;kj
djukA z chftax ?kks"k.kki=k vkSj IysViQkWeZ iQkWj ,D'ku efgykvksa ds
vf/dkjksa dh mUufr ds fy, ,d •kdk gSA 2020 ?kks"k.
3- ns'k }kjk ekuo iwath esa fuos'k esa rsth ykus ds fy,
kki=k dh 25oha o"kZxkaB (chftax$25) dks fpfÉr djrk
j.kuhfr;ksa ds fy, leFkZu dk;ZØeA
gSA 1995 esa pkSFks fo'o efgyk lEesyu ds nkSjku la;qÙkQ
z ,plhvkbZ 0 vkSj 1 ds chp dh ,d la[;k gS tks orZeku jk"Vª }kjk ?kks"k.kki=k dks viuk;k x;k FkkA
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vc iSnk gq, cPps dh 18 o"kZ dh vk;q çkIr
djus ds ckn visf{kr mRikndrk dks n'kkZrk gSA
ekuo iwath cuke ekuo fodkl
ySafxd lkekftd ekunaM lwpdkad
ekuo iwath ekuo fodkl
z lwpdkad ekirk gS fd dSls lkekftd ekU;rk,a jktuhfr] z ekuo iwath f'k{kk z ekuo fodkl ds ifjçs{;
dk;Z vkSj f'k{kk tSls {ks=kksa esa ySafxd lekurk dks ckf/r vkSj LokLF; dks Je esa euq"; vius vki esa
djrh gSa] vkSj blesa 75 ns'kksa ds vkadM+s 'kkfey gSa] tks mRikndrk c<+kus dk lkè; gSA
nqfu;k dh 80 çfr'kr ls vf/d vkcknh dks doj djrs gSaA lk/u ekurh gSA
z lwpdkad dks mu vn`'; ck/kvksa ds ckjs esa irk pyk z ekuo iwath euq"; dks z ekuo fodkl bl fopkj ij
ftudk lkeuk efgykvksa dks lekurk gkfly djus esa djuk çkfIr ds lk/u ds vk/kfjr gS fd f'k{kk vkSj
iM+rk gS & laHkkfor :i ls rFkkdfFkr "ca/uksa" dks rksM+us :i esa ekurh gS_ çkfIr LokLF; ekuo dY;k.k ds
ds fy, ,d jkLrk cukukA mRikndrk esa o`f¼ gSA vfHkUu vax gSa D;ksfa d tc
z la;qÙkQ jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe (;w,uMhih) }kjk igyk ySafxd yksxksa esa i<+us vkSj fy•us
lkekftd ekunaM lwpdkad o"kZ 2020 esa tkjh fd;k x;k dh {kerk gksxh vkSj ,d
FkkA yack vkSj LoLFk thou thus
dh {kerk gksxh] rHkh os vU;
2020 dh fjiksVZ dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a&
fodYi pquus esa l{ke gksxa s
z yxHkx 90» yksx] iq#"k vkSj efgyk nksuksa] efgykvksa ds tks muds fy, ewY;oku gSAa
çfr i{kikrh gSaA z ;g rqyukRed :i ls z ;g rqyukRed :i ls ,d
z yxHkx 50» dk ekuuk gS fd iq#"k csgrj jktusrk cu ,d ladh.kZ vo/kj.kk gSA O;kid vo/kj.kk gSA
ldrs gSaA
ekuo iwath lwpdkad ¹,plhvkbZº & egkekjh çHkko
z 40» ls vf/d dk ekuuk gS fd iq#"k csgrj fctusl
,DthD;wfVo gksrs gSaA z egkekjh ekuo iwath fodkl esa ,d n'kd dh çxfr dks
z 28» dk ekuuk gS fd fdlh iq#"k }kjk viuh iRuh dks •rjs esa Mkyrh gS] ftlesa LokLF;] mÙkjthfork nj] Ldwy
ihVuk tk;t gSA ukekadu vkSj fodkl vo:¼rk esa deh 'kkfey gSA

Hkkjr esesa a ekuo

Hkkjr ekuofodkl
fodkl 563
z ,d vjc ls vf/d ;qokvksa dks Ldwy NksM+uk iM+k gS vkSj
mudh f'k{kk dk vk/k lky cjckn gks ldrk gSA
z blus efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa ds fy, vko';d LokLF;
lsokvksa esa xaHkhj #dkoVsa iSnk dh gSa] dbZ cPps egRoiw.kZ
Vhdkdj.k ls oafpr gSaA
z dksfoM&19 dk çHkko] fo'ks"k :i ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa ij
xaHkhj :i ls iM+k gS vkSj vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd
cktkj dk iru gqvk gS] lkFk gh lkekftd lqj{kk usVodZ
Hkh cgqr lhfer gS vkSj jkstxkj esa 12 çfr'kr dh fxjkoV
dk vuqeku gSA
Hkkjr dsafær fpark,¡%
z ,plhvkbZ dh fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd Hkkjr dk Ldksj
vius {ks=k vkSj vk; oxZ ds vkSlr ls de gSA
z urhtru] pkgs og LokLF; en tSls fodkl dh vo:¼rk
vkSj osfLVax ;k Ldwyksa esa ukekadu vkSj 'kS{kf.kd miyfC/;ksa
dh xq.koÙkk gks] Hkkjr vf/dka'k ns'kksa ls ihNs gSA
z fjiksVZ crkrh gS fd Hkkjr dh tula[;k dh mRikndrk
mldh {kerk dk dsoy 44 çfr'kr gSA
z uhfrxr n`f"Vdks.k ls] bldk eryc gS fd yacs le;
esa Hkkjr dh vk; dk 56 çfr'kr ges'kk dh rjg •pZ
gksxkA
z bl çdkj Hkkjr dh ekuo iwath Bhd ls fodflr ugha gqbZ
gS] ;g ,d ,slk rF; gS ftl ij jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh;
nksuksa rjg dh dbZ fjiksVks± vkSj loZs{k.kksa dk iqujh{k.k fd;k
x;k gSA
bl laca/ esa ljdkj dh çfrfØ;k
z Hkkjr ljdkj us la{ksi esa ,plhvkbZ ds fu"d"kks± dks iwjh
rjg ls ^vuns•k* fd;k gS vkSj ljdkj dh vkifÙk;k¡ dbZ
Lrjksa ij FkhaA
z ljdkj dk rdZ gS fd ,plhvkbZ us gky ds fnuksa esa lexz
f'k{kk vfHk;ku (f'k{kk ds fy,) ls ysdj vk;q"eku Hkkjr
(LokLF; ds fy,) rd fd, x, ç;klksa ij fopkj ugha
fd;kA
z ljdkjh vf/dkfj;ksa us rdZ fn;k fd fMftVy ;qx esa ekuo
iwath dh fLFkfr dks ekius ds fy, ,plhvkbZ us vkS|ksfxd
;qx ds ekid dk mi;ksx fd;kA
z dqN i¼frxr v'kqf¼;ksa vkSj vkadM+ksa ds varj ds ckjs esa
Hkh dkiQh vkifÙk;ka FkhA
564
tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k
z la;Ùq kQ jk"Vª tula[;k dks"k (;w,u,iQih,) ds vuqlkj]
tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k vkfFkZd fodkl {kerk gS tks tula[;k
dh vk;q lajpuk esa cnyko ds ifj.kkeLo:i gks ldrk gS] eq[;
:i ls tc tula[;k dk dkedkth vk;q okyh vkcknh (15
ls 64) dk fgLlk xSj dkedkth vk;q oxZ ds fgLls (14 vkSj
mlls de] vkSj 65 vkSj vf/d)dh rqyuk esa cM+k gksrk gSA
z mnkgj.k ds fy,% chloha 'krkCnh ds var esa ,f'k;k esa
tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k ns•k x;kA ldy ?kjsyw mRikn lkr
xquk c<+ x;k] ,d vkfFkZd mNky ftls ^^,f'k;kbZ vkfFkZd
peRdkj** ds :i esa of.kZr fd;k x;kA
Hkkjr esa fLFkfr%
z Hkkjr esa nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h ;qok vkcknh gSA Hkkjr esa]
dqy tula[;k dk yxHkx 66 çfr'kr Hkkx (808 fefy;u
ls vf/d) 35 o"kZ ls de vk;q dk gSA
z 2020 esa] vesfjdk vkSj phu esa 37 vkSj tkiku esa 49 dh
rqyuk esa Hkkjr esa tula[;k dh vkSlr vk;q 28 o"kZ FkhA
z tkiku us 1964 ls 2004 rd tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k dk
iQk;nk mBk;kA
z 2018 ds ckn ls] Hkkjr dh dkedkth mez dh vkcknh (15
ls 64 lky dh mez ds chp ds yksx) bldh fuHkZj vkcknh
ls cM+h gks xbZ gSA dkedkth mez dh vkcknh esa ;g mNky
o"kZ 2055 rd jgus okyk gSA
z ;g ifjorZu dkiQh gn rd dqy çtuu nj (Vh,iQvkj] tks
çfr efgyk tUe dh la[;k gS) esa deh ds dkj.k gksrk gS]
tc thou çR;k'kk esa o`f¼ fLFkj gks tkrh gSA
z la;qÙkQ jk"Vª tula[;k dks"k (;w,u,iQih,) }kjk Hkkjr esa
tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k ij fd, x, vè;;u ls nks fnypLi
rF; lkeus vk, gSaA
z Hkkjr esa tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k dk volj 2005&06 ls
2055&56 rd ik¡p n'kdksa ds fy, miyC/ gS] tks nqfu;k
ds fdlh Hkh ns'k dh rqyuk esa vf/d gSA
z ;g tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k dk volj vyx&vyx jkT;ksa esa
vyx&vyx le; ij tula[;k ekinaMksa ds vyx&vyx
O;ogkj ds dkj.k miyC/ gSA
z ?kVrh çtuu {kerk (orZeku esa 2-0) ds lkFk] c<+rh vkSlr
vk;q (2036 rd 36 o"kZ gksus dh mEehn)] ,d fxjrh
fuHkZjrk vuqikr (vkus okys n'kdksa esa 65» ls 54» rd
de gksus dh mEehn gS] dke djus dh mez ds :i esa
15&59 o"kZ tula[;k)] Hkkjr tulkaf[;dh; laØe.kdky
esa gSA ;g rsth ls vkfFkZd fodkl dh fn'kk esa c<+us dk
volj çnku djrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k ds ykHk%
z csgrj vkfFkZd fodkl% mPp dkedkth mez dh vkcknh
vkSj de vkfJr vkcknh ds dkj.k vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa esa
o`f¼ gqbZ gSA tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k mUur vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
esa lexz fodkl esa us ,sfrgkfld :i ls 15» rd dk
;ksxnku fn;k gSA
z Hkfo"; esa mRiknd Je cy tula[;k esa cPpksa dh de
la[;k çfr cPps mPp fuos'k dks l{ke cukrk gSA blfy,]
Hkfo"; esa Je cy dh mRikndrk csgrj gks ldrh gS vkSj
bl çdkj vk; esa o`f¼ gks ldrh gSA
z efgyk vf/dkfjrk% çfr ifjokj cPpksa dh de la[;k
vke rkSj ij efgykvksa dks vkSipkfjd dk;Zcy esa ços'k
djus dh vf/d Lora=krk nsrh gS] ;g Hkh fodkl dk ,d
u;k lzksr gks ldrk gSA
z cpr nj esa o`f¼] D;ksafd dkedkth mez Hkh cpr
dh çeq• vof/ gksrh gSA ;g vFkZO;oLFkk dks vkfFkZd
xfrfof/;ksa ds foLrkj ds fy, cpr dks fuos'k dh vksj
ys tkus esa l{ke djsxk vkSj bl çdkj ,d vPNs pØ dk
fuekZ.k djsxkA
z u, oxZ dk mn;% ;fn tulkaf[;dh; {kerk dk çHkkoh
<ax ls mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] rks ,d eè;e oxhZ; lekt
dh vksj cM+s iSekus ij cnyko gksxk] vFkkZr vkdka{kh oxZ
dk mn; gksxkA
z rsth ls vkS|ksxhdj.k vkSj 'kgjhdj.k% jkstxkj pkgus
okyh vkcknh dh vf/d la[;k ds dkj.k tks mPp vkfFkZd
xfrfof/;ksa gksaxhA
z uokpkj vkSj m|e'khyrk dh Hkkouk dks c<+kok% ,d
cM+h ;qok vkcknh Hkh m|ferk vkSj uokpkj dk ,d lzksr gks
ldrh gS] D;ksafd ;qokvksa dks de tksf•e&çfrdwy vkSj ubZ
laHkkoukvksa dks ryk'kus ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA blfy,]
rduhdh ;qx esa] tc LVkVZ&vi m|e vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj
jkstxkj ds fy, ,d mRçsjd gSa] brus lkjs ;qokvksa dk gksuk
,d cgqr cM+k ykHk gSA
tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k ls lacaf/r pqukSfr;k¡%
z c<+rh csjkstxkjh% tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k dks iwjh rjg ls
rHkh eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gS tc Hkkjr bl dkedkth
mez dh vkcknh ds fy, ykHkdkjh jkstxkj ds volj iSnk
djus esa l{ke gksA gkyk¡fd] ckgjh vkSj vkarfjd dkjdksa ds
dkj.k] csjkstxkjh esa o`f¼ gqbZ gS ftlls ;qokvksa dh {kerk
vuqi;ksxh gks xbZ gSA
Hkkjr esesa a ekuo
Hkkjr ekuofodkl
fodkl
z dkS'ky dh deh% Hkfo"; esa iSnk gksus okys vf/dka'k
jkstxkj esa vR;f/d dq'kyrk dh vko';drk gksxh vkSj
Hkkjrh; dk;Zcy esa dkS'ky dh deh ,d cM+h pqukSrh gSA
de ekuo iwath vk/kj vkSj dkS'ky dh deh ds dkj.k
Hkkjr voljksa dk ykHk mBkus esa l{ke ugha gks ldrk gSA
z fuEu ekuo fodkl ekunaM% Hkkjr ;w,uMhih ds ekuo
fodkl lwpdkad esa 189 ns'kksa esa ls 130osa LFkku ij gS]
tks fparktud gSA blfy,] Hkkjrh; dk;Zcy dks l{ke vkSj
dq'ky cukus ds fy, LokLF; vkSj f'k{kk ds ekinaMksa esa
dkiQh lq/kj djus dh vko';drk gSA
z vFkZO;oLFkk dh vukSipkfjd çÑfr Hkkjr esa tulkaf[;dh;
laØe.k ds ykHkksa dks çkIr djus esa ,d vkSj ck/k gSA
z {ks=kh; :i ls vlarqfyr tulkaf[;dh; ifjorZu%
dk;Z&vk;q vuqikr esa o`f¼ Hkkjr ds dqN lcls xjhc jkT;ksa
esa dsafær gksus dh laHkkouk gSA ikap jkT;ksa dks NksM+dj lHkh
jkT;ksa dqy çtuu nj esa çfrLFkkiu&Lrj ls uhps (2-1)
gS] mÙkj çns'k vkSj fcgkj ds vkadM+s Øe'k% 2-35 vkSj
3 ds mPp Lrj ij gSaA igys ls gh] vf/dka'k iwohZ jkT;ksa
esa vkthfodk dh deh ds dkj.k cM+s iSekus ij Jfedksa
dk iyk;u gqvk gS & igys iatkc esa •srh dh vksj] vkSj
vc 'kgjh ukSdjh dsUæksa (fnYyh@,ulhvkj] eqacbZ] csaxyq#]
vkfn) dh vksjA
mijksÙkQ pqukSfr;ksa dks nwj djus ds mik;%
z jkstxkj l`tu% dk;Zcy esa ;qok yksxksa dks tksM+us ds fy,
jk"Vª dks çfr o"kZ nl fefy;u jkstxkj l`ftr djus dh
vko';drk gSA O;olk;ksa ds fgrksa vkSj m|ferk dks c<+kok
nsus ls cM+h Je 'kfÙkQ dks jkstxkj çnku djus ds fy,
jkstxkj l`tu esa enn feysxhA
z ;qok vkcknh dh jkstxkj {kerk c<+kus ds fy, dkS'ky
fodklA Hkkjr dh Je 'kfÙkQ dks vk/qfud vFkZO;oLFkk ds
fy, lgh dkS'ky ds lkFk l'kÙkQ ncukus dh vko';drk
gSA ljdkj us 2022 rd Hkkjr esa 500 fefy;u yksxksa dks
fLdfyax ;k vi&fLdfyax djus ds lexz y{; ds lkFk
jk"Vªh; dkS'ky fodkl fuxe (NSDC) dh LFkkiuk dh
xbZ gSA
z jk"Vªh; VªkaliQj •krs (NTA) ds vkdyu dks v|ru
djuk% Hkkjr dk çfr O;fÙkQ •ir iSVuZ vU; ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa
dh rqyuk esa dkiQh de gSA Hkkjr esa ,d cPpk 20 ls 64
o"kZ dh vk;q ds o;Ld }kjk •ir dk yxHkx 60» miHkksx
565
 djrk gS] tcfd phu esa ,d cPpk ,d çeq• vk;q o;Ld
dh •ir dk yxHkx 85» miHkksx djrk gSA 2011&12 ls
f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; esa fuos'k ij gqbZ çxfr dks idM+us ds
fy, Hkkjr ds ,uVh, MsVk dks v|ru djus dh vko';drk
gSA jkT;&fof'k"V ,uVh, dh x.kuk gj lky dh tkuh pkfg,
vkSj ;qokvksa esa fuos'k ds fy, jkT;ksa ds vkdyu djus dh
vko';drk gSA
z cPpksa vkSj fd'kksjksa esa vf/d fuos'k djuk% Hkkjr futh
vkSj lkoZtfud ekuo iwath O;; ds ekeys esa ,f'k;k esa
fiNM+s LFkku ij gSA bls cPpksa vkSj fd'kksjksa esa vf/d fuos'k
djus dh vko';drk gS] fo'ks"k :i ls cpiu ds nkSjku
iks"k.k vkSj lh•us esaA ;g ns•rs gq, fd Hkkjr dk dk;Zcy
de mez esa 'kq: gksrk gS] nf{k.k dksfj;k dh rjg ekè;fed
f'k{kk ls lkoZHkkSfed dkS'ky vkSj m|ferk esa ifjorZu ij
vf/d è;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA
z LokLF; fuos'k% Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd fodkl ds lkFk LokLF;
O;; esa xfr ugha vkbZ gSA LokLF; ij lkoZtfud O;;
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ds yxHkx 1» ij fLFkj cuk gqvk gSA
lk{; crkrs gSa fd csgrj LokLF; csgrj vkfFkZd mRiknu
dh lqfo/k nsrk gSA blfy,] tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k ds nkSjku
LokLF; dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, uhfr;ksa dk elkSnk rS;kj
djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA
z vf/dkj&vk/kfjr n`f"Vdks.k ij çtuu LokLF;
lsokvksa dks lqyHk cukuk% uohure jk"Vªh; ifjokj LokLF;
loZs{k.k&5 (2019&21) ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa ifjokj fu;kstu
dh viwfjr ekax 9-4» gS] tks phu esa 3-3» vkSj nf{k.k
dksfj;k esa 6-6» dh rqyuk esa vf/d gSA ftls de djus
dh t:jr gSA
z f'k{kk esa ySafxd vlekurk dks de djuk f'k{kk ySafxd
vlekurk dks de djus esa lgk;d gSA f'k{kk esa ySafxd
vlekurk ,d cM+h fpark dk fo"k; gSA Hkkjr esa] yM+fd;ksa
dh rqyuk esa yM+dksa ds ekè;fed vkSj r`rh;d fo|ky;
esa ukekafdr gksus dh laHkkouk vf/d gksrh gSA fiQyhihal]
phu vkSj FkkbZySaM esa blds foijhr gSA
z efgyk dk;Zcy dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+kuk% 2019 rd] 20-3»
efgyk,¡ dk;Zjr Fkha ;k dke dh ryk'k dj jgh Fkha] ;g
2003&04 esa 34-1» FkkA 3 fVªfy;u MkWyj dh vFkZO;oLFkk
esa efgykvksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, mi;qÙkQ
u, dkS'ky vkSj voljksa dh rRdky vko';drk gSA
566
z jkT;ksa ds chp fofo/rk dks lacksf/r djuk% nf{k.kh
jkT;] tks tulkaf[;dh; laØe.k esa mUur gSa] esa igys ls
gh o`¼ yksxksa dk çfr'kr vf/d gSA gkyk¡fd] iwohZ jkT;ksa
dks Hkkjr ds dk;Zcy dk HkaMkj ekuk tkrk gSA çoklu ij
jktuhfr dks çcaf/r djuk gksxk rkfd jkT; tulkaf[;dh;
laØe.k ij ,d lkFk dke fd;k tk ldsA
z 'kgjhdj.k% vkus okys o"kks± esa cM+h ;qok vkSj dkedkth
vkcknh vius vkSj vU; jkT;ksa ds 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa LFkkukarfjr
gks tk,xh] ftlls 'kgjh vkcknh esa rsth ls vkSj cM+s iSekus
ij o`f¼ gksxhA bu iyk;u djus okys yksxksa dks 'kgjh {ks=kksa
esa cqfu;knh lqfo/kvksa] LokLF; vkSj lkekftd lsokvksa rd
dSls igqap çkIr gks ldrh gS] ;g 'kgjh uhfr ;kstuk dk
iQksdl gksuk pkfg,A
z la?kh; lg;ksx% tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k ds fy, 'kklu
lq/kjksa ds fy, ,d u;k la?kh; n`f"Vdks.k jkT;ksa ds chp
uhfr leUo; ds fy, çoklu] mez c<+us] dkS'ky] efgyk
dk;Zcy Hkkxhnkjh vkSj 'kgjhdj.k tSls fofHkUu mHkjrh gqbZ
tula[;k ds eqíksa ij ykxw djus dh vko';drk gksxhA
j.kuhfrd ;kstuk] fuos'k] fuxjkuh vkSj ikBÔØe lq/kj ds
fy, varj&ea=kky;h leUo; bl 'kklu O;oLFkk dh ,d
egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gksuh pkfg,A
dsæa h; ctV 2022% loZ lekos'kh dY;k.k dsfUær
z jk"Vªh; dkS'ky ;ksX;rk ÚseodZ (NSQF)% ;g mPp
f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa vkSj dkS'ky fodkl laLFkkuksa esa i<+k,
tk jgs ikBÔØe ds lkFk m|ksx dh vko';drkvksa dks
lajsf•r djuk pkgrk gS rkfd csjkstxkjh vkSj dq'ky Je
dh vuqiyC/rk ds chp ds la?k"kZ dks vklkuh ls gy fd;k
tk ldsA
z bZ&fo|k dk foLrkj% egkekjh ds le; esa vkWuykbu f'k{kk
dk ykHk mBkus ds fy,] ljdkj us bZ&fo|k dks 200 pkSuyksa
rd c<+kus dh ;kstuk cukbZ gS rkfd {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh
f'k{kk dh lqfo/k fey ldsA ;g fo'ks"k :i ls xzkeh.k
{ks=kksa esa jgus okys yksxksa ds lkFk&lkFk vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj
vuqlwfpr tutkfr leqnk;ksa ds yksxksa ds fy, ykHkdkjh
gksxkA
z fMftVy fo'ofo|ky;% ;g ns'k Hkj ds Nk=kksa dks
vR;k/qfud rduhd ds ekè;e ls ,d O;fÙkQxr f'k{kk
vuqHko ds ekè;e ls fo'o Lrjh; f'k{kk çnku djsxkA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z f'k{kk vkSj dkS'ky fodkl% tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k ds
nksgu ds fy, ctV esa fofHkUu ;kstuk,a j•h xbZ gSaA
z dkS'ky fodkl vkSj vkthfodk ds fy, fMftVy
ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k (MhbZ,l,p&LVSd) bZ&iksVZy% bldk
nksgjk mís'; ukxfjdksa dks dq'ky cukuk vkSj mUgsa jkstxkj
•kstus esa enn djuk gSA
z LokLF; volajpuk% egkekjh ds nkSj esa LokLF; volajpuk
ds egRo dks de djds ugha vkadk tk ldrk gSA LokLF;
laLFkkuksa rd igqap c<+kus ds fy, ljdkj fofHkUu ;kstukvksa
dks ysdj vkbZ gS%
z jk"Vªh; Vsyh&ekufld LokLF; dk;ZØe% ;g dk;ZØe
yksxksa dh ekufld leL;kvksa dh igpku djus vkSj mudk
lek/ku djus esa enn djsxkA blesa rduhdh lgk;rk
v v v
Hkkjr esesa a ekuo
Hkkjr ekuofodkl
fodkl
çnku djus okys IIIT-Bangalore ds lkFk NIMHANS
dk;ZØe ds fy, uksMy dsaæ ds :i esa dk;Z djsxkA
z jk"Vªh; fMftVy LokLF; ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k% ;g O;fÙkQxr
LokLF; fjdkWMZ ds fy, fMftVy igpku çnku djus ds
vykok MkWDVjksa vkSj vLirkyksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh çnku
djrk gSA
z vU; lkekftd volajpuk% ljdkj ih,e vkokl ;kstuk
vkSj gj ?kj] uy ls ty ;kstukvksa ds ekè;e ls Øe'k%
lHkh dks csgrj vkokl lqfo/k,a vkSj ihus ;ksX; is;ty
çnku djuk pkgrh gSA 8-7 djksM+ ?kjksa esa is;ty dh lh/h
vkiwfrZ 'kq: dh tk pqdh gSA lkFk gh] ljdkj us vkfFkZd
:i ls detksj oxks± ds fy, vxys o"kZ yxHkx 80 yk•
?kj cukus dh ;kstuk cukbZ gSA
567
 34 czsVu oqM~l laLFkku
z f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds ckn nqfu;k ds 'kfÙkQ'kkyh jk"Vª
vf/d ltkrh; oSf'od foÙkh; O;oLFkk ds fuekZ.k ds
fy;s mRlqd Fks ,oa la;qÙkQ jk"Vª la?k ds vkxeu ds lkFk ,d
ubZ vkSj vf/d fLFkj fo'o O;oLFkk ds çfr vk'kkfUor FksA
z ,d ubZ varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk ç.kkyh ij le>kSrs rd igq¡pus
ds fy;s] la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk] fczVsu vkSj 42 vU;
(dqy 44 ns'kksa) ns'kksa ds çfrfuf/ tqykbZ 1944 esa czsVu
oqM~l] U;w gSEi'kk;j] la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk esa ,df=kr gq,A
z fo'o cSad (vius igys lewg laxBu IBRD ds lkFk)
vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k (IMF) nksuksa dk eq[;ky;
okf'kaxVu Mhlh] la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk esa gS] ftls lkewfgd
:i ls ^czsVuoqM~l tqM+ok¡* ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] cSBd
esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k (IMF)
z varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k (IMF) dh LFkkiuk o"kZ 1944 esa
gqbZ Fkh vkSj 27 fnlacj] 1945 dks bl le>kSrs ds vuqPNsn
çHkko esa vk,A
z bldh çkFkfed ftEesnkfj;ksa esa fofue; njksa dks fu;af=kr
djuk] lnL; ns'kksa dks fo'ks"k vkgj.k vf/dkj (SDR)
çnku djuk] nqfu;k Hkj ds lnL; ns'kksa dh vYidkfyd
fons'kh eqæk nsunkfj;ksa dks •jhnuk gS vkSj ;g Hkqxrku larqyu
ladV dh fLFkfr esa lnL; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds fy;s lcls
egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k ds eq[; mís'; uhps lwphc¼ gSa
z varjkZ"Vªh; ekSfæd lg;ksx dks lqfo/ktud cukukA
z fofue; nj fLFkjrk vkSj O;ofLFkr fofue; O;oLFkk dh
lqfo/k çnku djukA
z ,d cgqi{kh; Hkqxrku ç.kkyh ds fuekZ.k vkSj fons'kh eqæk
çfrca/ksa dks gVkus esa lgk;rk djukA
z ,d larqfyr varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh lqfo/k çnku djukA
z vius Hkqxrku larqyu (BoP) esa vlarqyu dks nwj djus ds
fy;s vYidkfyd foÙkh; lalk/uksa dh vkiwfrZ djds lnL;
ns'kksa dk leFkZu djukA
z fujarj vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj foÙkh; lgk;rk ds ekè;e ls
mPp jkstxkj dks c<+kok nsukA
z nqfu;k Hkj esa xjhch dks de djukA
z varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k ds dk;Z%
z foÙkh; lgk;rk% varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k lnL; ns'kksa dks
Hkqxrku larqyu ds eqíksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy;s fons'kh
HkaMkj dks fiQj ls Hkjus] eqækvksa dks fLFkj djus vkSj vkfFkZd
fodkl ds fy;s ekgkSy esa lq/kj djus ds fy;s ½.k çnku
djrk gSA ljdkjksa dks varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k }kjk i;Zos{k.k
fd;s tkus okys lajpukRed lek;kstu dk;ZØe 'kq: djus
pkfg;sA
z varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k fuxjkuh% ;g varjkZ"Vªh; ekSfæd
ç.kkyh ij utj j•rk gS vkSj vius 190 lnL; ns'kksa dh
vkfFkZd vkSj foÙkh; uhfr;ksa dh fuxjkuh djrk gSA varjkZ"Vªh;
eqæk dks"k laHkkfor fLFkjrk tksf•eksa dh igpku djrk gS
vkSj bl çfØ;k ds fgLls ds :i esa vko';d uhfrxr
lek;kstu ij fn'kk&funZs'k çnku djrk gS] tks fo'o Lrj
ij vkSj vyx&vyx ns'kksa ls lacaf/r gksrs gSaA
z {kerk fodkl% ;g dsaæh; cSadksa] foÙk foHkkxksa] dj vf/
dkfj;ksa vkSj vU; foÙkh; laLFkkuksa dks rduhdh lgk;rk
vkSj çf'k{k.k çnku djrk gSA ;g jk"Vªksa dks jktLo laxzg
c<+kus] muds cSafdax cqfu;knh <k¡ps dk vk/qfudhdj.k djus]
etcwr dkuwuh <k¡ps dk fuekZ.k djus] 'kklu dks etcwr
djus vkSj lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k ,oa foÙkh; MsVk dh fjiksfVZax esa
lq/kj djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ ;g lrr
fodkl y{; dh vksj c<+us esa ns'kksa dh lgk;rk djrk gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k dh laxBukRed lajpuk
z la;qÙkQ jk"Vª (UN)] vkbZ,e,iQ (IMF) dk ewy laxBu]
vkbZ,e,iQ (IMF) ds ç'kklu vkSj mfpr dkedkt dh
ns•js• ds fy;s ftEesnkj gSA
z çca/ funs'kd vkbZ,e,iQ (IMF) dk çeq• gksrk gS]
ftls dk;Zdkjh cksMZ }kjk 5 o"kks± ds dk;Zdky ds fy;s
pquk tkrk gSA
z varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k esa cksMZ vkWiQ xouZlZ] eaf=kLrjh;
lfefr;ka vkSj dk;Zdkjh cksMZ 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
 Stylized view of IMF governance

vukSipkfjd :i ls lykg xouZj lfefr çfrfuf/Ro

nsrk gS
lykg nsrk gS
çfrfuf/Ro
th&7 dks lÙkk lkSairk gS vkbZ,e,iQlh
th&20
th&24 dks ekxZn'kZu çnku djrk gS

vukSipkfjd :i ls lykg
çfrfuf/Ro
nsrk gS dk;Zdkjh cksMZ
vukSipkfjd :i ls bysDVª
vè;{krk
lykg nsrk gS fuxjkuh
djrk gS
çca/
ns'k ds
vukSipkfjd :i ls lykg funs'kd
nsrk gS vf/dkjh
lwfpr djrk gS] fjiksVZ fu;qÙkQ djuk@NksM+ukA
dh lykg nsrk gS dk çca/ ds fu.kZ;ksa dk
vkSipkfjd :i
deZpkjh ls p;u djrk gS]
fujh{k.k djrk gS]
leh{kk djrk gS

cksMZ vkWiQ xouZlZ
z çR;sd lnL; jk"Vª dk çfrfuf/Ro ,d xouZj vkSj ,d
oSdfYid xouZj }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA nks xouZlZ dks çR;sd
lnL; jk"Vª }kjk pquk tkrk gSA
z ;g dk;Zdkjh cksMZ ds dk;Zdkjh funs'kdksa dks pquus ;k
fu;qÙkQ djus dk çHkkjh gSA
z ;g c<+s gq, dksVk] lnL;ksa dks fo'ks"k vkgj.k vf/dkj
ds vkoaVu dks eatwjh çnku djrk gSA
z ;g u, lnL;ksa ds ços'k vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k ls lnL;ksa
dh vfuok;Z okilh ds fy;s ftEesnkj gSA
z ;g le>kSrs ds vuqPNsn vkSj mifu;eksa esa la'kks/u dj
ldrk gSA
z nks eaf=kLrjh; lfefr;k¡] varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk vkSj foÙkh;
lfefr (IMFC) vkSj fodkl lfefr] cksMZ vkWiQ xouZlZ
dks lykg nsrh gSaA
z vius lacaf/r laxBuksa ds dke ij ppkZ djus ds fy;s
varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k vkSj fo'o cSad lewg ds cksMZ
vkWiQ xouZlZ vkerkSj ij varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k&fo'o
cSad okf"kZd cSBdksa ds nkSjku o"kZ esa ,d ckj feyrs
gSaA
eaf=kLrjh; lfefr;k¡%
z nks eaf=kLrjh; lfefr;k¡ cksMZ vkWiQ xouZlZ dks lykg nsrh
gSaA

czsVuu oqoqMM~l~l lalaLFkku

LFkku 569
 z IMFC] 24 lnL;ksa ls cuh gksrh gS] ftUgsa lHkh lnL; ns'kksa dk
çfrfuf/Ro djus ds fy;s 190 xouZjksa ds ,d iSuy ls pquk tkrk gSA
z ;g varjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; vkSj ekSfæd ç.kkyh ds çca/u ds eqíksa ls
lacaf/r gksrh gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk vkSj foÙkh; lfefr (IMFC)% z ;g le>kSrs ds vuqPNsnksa esa la'kks/u ds fy;s dk;Zdkjh cksMZ ds
çLrkoksa vkSj oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk dks çHkkfor djus okys vke fpark
ds fdlh Hkh vU; eqíksa ij Hkh ppkZ djrh gSA
z fo'o cSad lfgr dbZ varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkk,¡ IMFC dh cSBdksa esa
i;Zos{kdksa ds :i esa Hkkx ysrh gSaA
z fodkl lfefr ,d la;qÙkQ lfefr gS] tks fo'o cSad vkSj varjkZ"Vªh;
eqæk dks"k ds cksMZ vkWiQ xouZlZ ds 25 lnL;ksa ls cuh gSA
z bldk dke fodkl'khy vkSj mHkjrs cktkj ns'kksa esa vkfFkZd fodkl
fodkl lfefr% ls lacaf/r ekeyksa ij fo'o cSad vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k ds cksMZ
vkWiQ xouZlZ dks lykg nsuk gSA
z ;g egÙoiw.kZ fodkl eqíksa ij varj&ljdkjh lgefr çkIr djus ds
fy;s ,d eap ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
dk;Zdkjh cksMZ varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k dh lnL;rk
z blds 24 lnL; gSa tks lHkh cksMZ vkWiQ xouZlZ }kjk pqus z varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k le>kSrs ds vuqPNsnksa vkSj cksMZ
tkrs gSaA vkWiQ xouZlZ }kjk fu/kZfjr 'krks± ds vuqlkj] dksbZ vU;
z ;g varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k ds fnu&çfrfnu ds lapkyu jkT;] pkgs la;qÙkQ jk"Vª dk lnL; gks ;k ugha] varjkZ"Vªh;
dk çca/u djrk gS vkSj le>kSrs ds vuqPNsn }kjk cksMZ eqæk dks"k dk lnL; cu ldrk gSA
vkWiQ xouZlZ }kjk bls nh xbZ 'kfÙkQ;ksa dks fØ;kfUor djrk z IMF dh lnL;rk çkIr djus ds fy;s fdlh ns'k ds ikl
gSA IBRD dh lnL;rk vo'; gksuh pkfg;sA
z blesa lnL; ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds okf"kZd vkdyu ls
z dksVk va'knku% varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k esa 'kkfey gksus ij]
ysdj oSf'od vkfFkZd uhfr laca/h fparkvksa rd] varjkZ"Vªh;
çR;sd lnL; jk"Vª ,d ekSfæd ;ksxnku nsrk gS ]ftls dksVk
eqæk dks"k ds lapkyu ds lHkh igyqvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k
va'knku ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ;g jkf'k ns'k ds /u vkSj
x;k gSA
vkfFkZd çn'kZu (dksVk iQkWeZwyk) }kjk fu/kZfjr dh tkrh gSA
z cksMZ vDlj loZlEefr ls vius iQSlys djrk gS] ysfdu
dHkh&dHkh vkSipkfjd ernku Hkh vk;ksftr fd;s tkrs z dksVk iQkWeZwyk%
gSaA  ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (50») dk Hkkfjr vkSlr ¹PPP
z çR;sd lnL; dk er mlds ewy erksa (lHkh lnL;ksa ds fofue; njksa (40» vf/Hkkj) vkSj cktkj fofue; njksa
chp leku :i ls foHkkftr) vkSj dksVk&vk/kfjr erksa ds (60») ds vk/kj ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk feJ.k
cjkcj gksrs gSaA ,d lnL; dh ernku 'kfÙkQ mlds dksVs çR;sd lnL; jk"Vª ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh x.kuk ds
ls fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA fy;s mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSºA
varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k çca/u  vFkZO;oLFkk dk •qykiu (30»)
z IMF ds çca/ funs'kd dk;Zdkjh cksMZ ds vè;{k vkSj IMF  vkfFkZd ifjorZu'khyrk (15»)
LVkiQ ds çeq• nksuksa ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA  varjkZ"Vªh; HkaMkj (5»)A
z dk;Zdkjh cksMZ ernku }kjk ;k vke lgefr ls çca/ funs'kd z lnL;ksa dk dksVk (og jkf'k tks os laLFkk esa ;ksxnku djrs
fu;qÙkQ djus dk fodYi pqu ldrk gSA gSa) lh/s mudh ernku 'kfÙkQ ls lacaf/r gSA

570 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k çR;sd lnL; jk"Vª dks viuh eqæk ds
fofue; ewY; dk fu/kZj.k djus ds fy;s vius Lo;a ds
ra=k dk p;u djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA ,dek=k 'krZ ;g gS
fd lnL; ns'k viuh eqæk dh dherksa dk vk/kj Lo.kZ ls
r; u djrs gksa (tks vR;f/d dBksj lkfcr gqvk gS)] vkSj
;g fd lnL; lVhd :i ls çdV djrk gS fd ;g eqæk
ds ewY; dks vU; lnL;ksa ds fy;s dSls fu/kZfjr djrk gSA
fo'ks"k vkgj.kvf/dkj (SDRS)%
z SDR varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k }kjk lnL; ns'kksa ds vkf/dkfjd
HkaMkj ds iwjd ds fy;s cukbZ xbZ varjkZ"Vªh; vkjf{kr
laifÙk gSaA
z ^czsVu oqM~l ,Dlpsat jsV flLVe* dh lekfIr ds ckn]
varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k ,d çdkj ds ^^fMikWftV cSad** esa
cny x;k] tgk¡ lnL; mUgsa fn;s x, dksVk ds vuqikr esa
eqæk,¡ tek djsaxs (mudh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds vkdkj] •qysiu
ds Lrj ds vk/kj ij) vkfnA)
z mUgsa viuh tek jkf'k ds fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k ls ekewyh
C;kt nj çkIr gksxhA blds vfrfjÙkQ IMF bl udnh dks
Hkqxrku larqyu ladV dk lkeuk dj jgs lnL; dks m/kj
nsxkA varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k bl ç.kkyh dks lapkyu esa ykus
ds fy;s SDR&,d Ñf=ke eqæk vkSj ys•k bdkbZ&lnL;ksa dks
mudh tek jkf'k ds vk/kj ij vkoafVr djsxkA
z SDR dh dher 'kq: esa lksus dh ek=kk ds vuqikr esa
r; dh xbZ Fkh] ysfdu vc SDR ds eqæk ewY; dh x.kuk
cktkj fofue; njksa ij ;w-,l- MkWyj esa eqækvksa dh ,d
SDR Vksdjh ds ewY;ksa dks tksM+dj dh tkrh gSA
z SDR ds djsalh ckLdsV esa 'kkfey gSa% vesfjdh MkWyj
(osVst 41-73)] ;wjks (30-93)] phuh jWfUeUch *2015 esa
tksM+k x;k (10-92)] tkikuh ;su (8-33)] ikmaM LVfyZax
(8-09)A
z SDR dks ^^isij xksYM** ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] D;ksafd
blesa dksbZ okLrfod xksYM 'kkfey ugha gksrk gS_ ;g dsoy
,d ys•k bdkbZ ;k Ñf=ke eqæk gSA
z lnL; ns'kksa dks varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k esa mudh lkis{k
fgLlsnkjh ds vuqikr esa SDR vkoafVr fd;s tkrs gSaA
z SDR varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k lnL;ksa }kjk /kfjr eqækvksa ij
fd;s x, nkos gSa] ftuds fy;s bldk fofue; fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
z SDR dk lnL;ksa ds chp dkjksckj fd;k tk ldrk
gS] lnL;ksa dh eqækvksa esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj
Hkqxrku ysunsu ;k ladV ds muds larqyu dks gy djus ds
fy;s mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
czsVuu oqoqMM~l~l lalaLFkku
LFkku
z ;fn BoP dk eqík bruk xaHkhj gS fd fdlh ns'k dk laiw.kZ
SDR dksVk lekIr gks tkrk gS] rks ns'k IMF ls vfrfjÙkQ
SDR m/kj ys ldrk gS (vkSj bls vk;kr fcy ds Hkqxrku
ds fy;s MkWyj ;k vU; eqækvksa esa ifjofrZr dj ldrk gS)]
ysfdu lnL; dks varr% bldh vko';drk gksxh bl ½.k
dks C;kt lfgr varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k dks pqdk nsaA
z SDR esa dksVk O;ÙkQ (of.kZr) fd;k tkrk gSA
z mu vof/;ksa dks NksM+dj tc varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k vodk'k
ij gS ;k tc ;g O;kikj ds fy;s can gS] SDR eqæk ewY;
dks gj ik¡p o"kZ esa la'kksf/r fd;k tkrk gS vkSj oSY;w,'ku
ckLdsV dh leh{kk ds ckn gj ik¡p o"kZ esa cny fn;k
tkrk gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k esa lq/kjksa dh fLFkfr%
z dksVk lq/kj%
 Hkkjr dk dqy dksVk o"kZ 2010 esa dksVk dh pkSngoha
lkekU; leh{kk ds fgLls ds :i esa SDR 5821-5
fefy;u ls c<+kdj 13]114-4 fefy;u SDR dj
fn;k x;k FkkA
 bl o`f¼ ds lkFk Hkkjr dh fgLlsnkjh c<+dj 2-75»
(2-44» ls) gks tk,xh] ftlls ;g varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk
dks"k esa vkBok¡ lcls cM+k dksVk j•us okyk ns'k
cu tk,xkA
 Mk;usfed beftZax ekdZsV vkSj Mk;usfed us'kal
(EMDCs) esa cnyko ds lkFk lq/kjksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i
lnL; ns'kksa ds dksVk 'ks;jksa dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ iqueZwY;kadu
gksxk vkSj lcls xjhc lnL; ds oksfVax 'ks;j dh j{kk
djrs gq, Hkh 6» ls vf/d nksuksa ns'kksa dk çfrfuf/Ro
fd;k tk,xkA
 orZeku dksVk ç.kkyh fdlh Hkh lq/kj dks ykxw djuk
yxHkx vlaHko cuk nsrh gS D;ksafd mUgsa ikl gksus ds
fy;s dqy oksV ds 85» ls vf/d dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA dsoy la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk ds ikl yxHkx
17» dk ernku fgLlk gS] ftlls fodflr ns'kksa ds
leFkZu ds fcuk dksVk esa lq/kj djuk eqf'dy gks tkrk
gSA 85» oksV 85» ns'kksa dk çfrfuf/Ro ugha djrs gSa]
cfYd 85» ernku 'kfÙkQ okys ns'kksa dk çfrfuf/Ro
djrs gSaA
 vesfjdh dkaxzsl ds fojks/ ds dkj.k] pw¡fd ;g vius
fgLls dks çHkkfor dj jgk Fkk] 2010 ds dksVk lq/kj
tks cksMZ vkWiQ xouZlZ }kjk vuqeksfnr Fks] 2016 rd
ykxw ugha fd, tk jgs FksA
571
  varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k dksVk yxHkx SDR 238-5 fcfy;u
(yxHkx $329 fcfy;u) ls c<+kdj la;qÙkQ SDR
477 fcfy;u (yxHkx $659 fcfy;u) dj fn;k
x;kA blus fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy;s dksVk 'ks;j esa
6» dh o`f¼ djrs gq, fodflr ;k vf/d çfrfuf/Ro
okys ns'kksa ds leku çfr'kr dks de dj fn;kA
 varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k ;k fo'o cSad ds çHkqRo dk
eqdkcyk djus vkSj nqfu;k esa viuh fLFkfr dks etcwr
djus ds fy;s] tgk¡ fczDl ns'k oSf'od ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn dk 1@5 vkSj oSf'od vkcknh dk 2@5 fgLlk
j•rs gSa] fczDl ns'kksa us fczDl cSad uked ,d laxBu
ubZ LFkkiuk dhA
z vf/d çfrfuf/ dk;Zdkjh cksMZ% o"kZ 2010 ds lq/kjksa ds
fgLls ds :i esa ,d loZ&fuokZfpr dk;Zdkjh cksMZ cukus
ds fy;s le>kSrs ds vuqPNsnksa esa la'kks/u fd;k x;k] tks
,d vf/d çfrfuf/ dk;Zdkjh cksMZ ds fuekZ.k dk ekxZ
ç'kLr djrk gSA
z dks"k ds lalk/uksa ds mfpr vkdkj vkSj lajpuk dk ewY;kadu
djus vkSj 'kklu lq/kj çfØ;k dks vkxs c<+kus dk volj
15oha lkekU; dksVk leh{kk }kjk çnku fd;k x;k gS] tks
orZeku esa fopkjk/hu gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k }kjk tkjh egÙoiw.kZ fjiksVZ
z oYMZ bdkWuksfed vkmVyqd
z oSf'od foÙkh; fLFkjrk fjiksVZ
Hkkjr vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k
z Hkkjr IMF dk laLFkkid lnL; gSA
z IMF ds cksMZ vkWiQ xouZlZ esa Hkkjr ds dsaæh; foÙk ea=kh
insu xouZj ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA RBI ds xouZj IMF
ds oSdfYid xouZj ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
z iSls ds {ks=k esa varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k fofu;eu ds ifj.
kkeLo:i varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj fuLlansg c<+ x;k gSA bl vFkZ
esa] Hkkjr dks bu mi;ksxh ifj.kkeksa ls ykHk gqvk gSA
z SDR 13]114-4 fefy;u (2010 esa dksVk lq/kjksa ds
ekè;e ls SDR 5821-5 fefy;u ls vf/d) ds dksVk
ds lkFk] Hkkjr dh varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k esa 2-76» (2-44»
ls o`f¼) fgLlsnkjh gSA Hkkjr ds ikl vc IMF esa vkBok¡
lcls cM+k dksVk j•us dh fLFkfr gSA
z foHkktu ds ckn Hkkjr us fo'ks"k :i ls MkWyj vkSj vU;
dBksj eqækvksa dk mi;ksx djus okys ns'kksa ds lkFk egÙoiw.kZ
Hkqxrku larqyu ?kkVs dk vuqHko fd;kA varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k
gh og laLFkk Fkh] ftlus Hkkjr dks ladV ls mckjk FkkA
572
z 1965&1971 ds Hkkjr&ikd la?k"kZ }kjk ykbZ xbZ foÙkh;
pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus esa Hkkjr dks varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k ls
½.k çkIr gqvkA
z 31 ekpZ] 1971 rd Hkkjr us varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k ls
817-5 djksM+]#i;s dh fons'kh eqæk •jhnh vkSj og iSlk iwjh
rjg ls pqdk;k tk pqdk gSA
z o"kZ 1970 ds ckn ls] fo'ks"k vkgj.k vf/dkj dh LFkkiuk
us ml lgk;rk dh ek=kk dks c<+k fn;k gS tks Hkkjr IMF
ds vU; lnL;ksa ds lkFk] blls çkIr dj ldrk gS (1969
esa cuk, x, SDR)A
z •k|] bZa/u vkSj moZjd lfgr blds vk;kr dh dherksa esa
rst o`f¼ ds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjr dks varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k
ls ½.k ysus ds fy;s etcwj gksuk iM+kA
z Hkkjr dks pkyw •krs ds Hkqxrku larqyu esa yxkrkj ?kkVs ls
mRiUu fons'kh eqæk ladV dks nwj djus esa enn djus ds
fy;s o"kZ 1981 esa yxHkx 5]000 djksM+ #i;s dk ,d cM+k
½.k çkIr gqvkA
z Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh fLFkfr dk ewY;kadu djus ds fy;s
Hkkjr us varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k is'ksojksa dh fo'ks"kKrk dk
mi;ksx fd;kA Lora=k vkdyu vkSj lykg ls Hkkjr dks
ykHk gqvk gSA
z pw¡fd vDVwcj 1973 esa 'kq: gqbZ rsy dh dherksa esa o`f¼
us Hkkjr ds Hkqxrku larqyu dks iwjh rjg ls vLr&O;Lr
dj fn;k gS] varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k us bl mís'; ds fy;s
,d fo'ks"k dks"k cukdj rsy dh lqfo/k çnku djuk 'kq:
dj fn;k gSA
z IMF dh enn ls Hkkjr BoP ladV ls liQyrkiwoZd mcj
ldrk gSA
z IMF ds funs'kd eaMy esa Hkkjr dk fof'k"V LFkku
gSA Hkkjr us varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k dh uhfr;ksa ds fodkl esa
lEekutud rjhds ls ;ksxnku fn;k FkkA urhtru] Hkkjr vc
varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij vf/d ljkgk tkrk gSA
z 1993 ls] Hkkjr us IMF ls foÙkh; lgk;rk ugha yh
gSA
z 31 ebZ] 2000 dks Hkkjr us varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k ls
çkIr vius lHkh ½.kksa dks pqdk fn;kA
z SDR 13]114-4 fefy;u (2010 esa dksVk lq/kjksa ds
ekè;e ls SDR 5821-5 fefy;u ls vf/d) ds orZeku
dksVk ds lkFk] Hkkjr 2-76» (2-44» ls c<+dj) ds
'ks;jgksfYMax çfr'kr ds lkFk varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k esa 8ok¡
lcls cM+k dksVk /kjd gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z gkyk¡fd Hkkjr vius fuokZpu {ks=k tSls ckaXykns'k] HkwVku vkSj
Jhyadk ds lkFk&lkFk oksfVax 'ks;j ds ekeys esa dk;Zdkjh
cksMZ ds 24 fuokZpu {ks=kksa esa ls 17 osa LFkku ij gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k dh vkykspuk
z oksfVax ikoj esa vlekurk% vlgefr dk ,d fcanq
varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k dk 'kklu gSA dbZ o"kks± ls ;wjksi vkSj
la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk us ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k gS fd ,d
;wjksih; IMF dh deku laHkkysaxs vkSj ,d vesfjdh fo'o
cSad dh deku laHkkysxkA fLFkfr fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy;s
cgqr de mEehn dh is'kd'k djrh gS] tks fd o"kZ 2015
esa ekewyh lek;kstu ds ckotwn varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k esa
la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksi dh rjg ernku 'kfÙkQ dh
deh dks n'kkZrh gSA
z ½.k ij l'krZrk% ½.k ls tqM+h 'krZsa vR;f/d dBksj gSa
vkSj çkIrdrkZ ns'kksa dh vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd laçHkqrk dk
mYya?ku djrh gSaA "l'krZrk" vf/d dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks
lanfHkZr djrk gS] vDlj ½.k dks ,d uhfr midj.k esa
ifjofrZr dj nsrh gSA
z l[r uhfr dk;kZUo;u% uhfr;ksa dks mfpr Øe esa ykxw
djus ds ctk; ,d lkFk ykxw fd;k x;kA varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk
dks"k ekax djrk gS fd ftu jk"Vªksa us bls iSlk m/kj fn;k
gS] os rqjar lkoZtfud lsokvksa dk futhdj.k djsaA ;g eqÙkQ
cktkj laca/h ,d va/ fo'okl dh vksj ys tkrk gS tks
futhdj.k ds fy;s tehu rS;kj djus dh vko';drk dh
vogsyuk djrk gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k dk egÙo
z varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k foÙkh; fLFkjrk vkSj varjkZ"Vªh;
ekSfæd lg;ksx dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
z varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh lqfo/k] jkstxkj dks c<+kok nsus vkSj
nh?kZdkfyd vkfFkZd çxfr dk leFkZu djds ;g oSf'od
xjhch mUewyu esa Hkh ;ksxnku nsrk gSA
z varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k ls ½.k us dbZ ns'kksa dks rjyrk
ladV ls cpus esa enn dh gS] ftlesa o"kZ 1982 esa
esfDldks] 1991 esa Hkkjr vkSj gky gh esa xzhl vkSj lkbçl
'kkfey gSaA
z vafre mik; ds ½.knkrk ds vfLrRo ls fuos'kdksa dk
fo'okl dkiQh c<+ x;k gSA orZeku foÙkh; ladV ds vkyksd
esa ;g egÙoiw.kZ gSA
z varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k ds laLFkkid fl¼karksa ds leFkZd ts,e
dhUl us dgk] ^^varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k xksYM LVSaMMZ ds
fcYdqy foijhr gSA ;g varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dh csgrj
ç.kkyh dk ,d ç;kl gSA**
czsVuu oqoqMM~l~l lalaLFkku
LFkku
z fdlh Hkh ns'k dks vkarfjd la?k"kZ] çkÑfrd vkink]
vFkZO;oLFkk esa vpkud fxjkoV vkfn lfgr dbZ dkj.kksa
ls egÙoiw.kZ vkfFkZd uqdlku dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk
gSA ,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa fdlh ns'k dks mcjus ds fy;s rRdky
foÙkh; lgk;rk dh vko';drk gksrh gS] vkSj varjkZ"Vªh;
eqæk dks"k eq[; :i ls ml vkikr fLFkfr esa lg;ksx
çnku djrk gSA
z foÙkh; vkikrdky ds ekeys esa] IMF us vius lnL; ns'kksa
dh enn ds fy;s dbZ uhfr;k¡ ykxw dh gSaA jSfiM iQkbusaflax
baLVªwesaV (RFI) vkSj jSfiM ØsfMV lqfo/k (RCF) lfgr
IMF }kjk çnku dh tkus okyh dqN vkikrdkyhu ØsfMV
lqfo/k,¡ gSaA
z varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy;s
egÙoiw.kZ jgk gSA IMF us vDlj Hkkjr dks foÙkh;
lgk;rk çnku dh gS vkSj dqN uhfr;ksa ij fu.kZ; ysrs le;
ns'k ds usrkvksa dks mfpr lykg Hkh çnku dh gSA
fu"d"kZ
z varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k lnL; jk"Vªksa dks ekxZn'kZu çnku djrk
gS vkSj thou Lrj dks c<+kus] vkfFkZd fLFkjrk dks c<+kok
nsus vkSj vkfFkZd ladVksa ds çfr laosnu'khyrk dks de
djus okys mik;ksa dh odkyr djrk gSA vr% gkyk¡fd dqN
lq/kjksa dh vko';drk gS ij IMF fo'o vkfFkZd çxfr
vkSj fLFkjrk ds fy;s egÙoiw.kZ laLFkk gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. ^^jSfiM iQkbusaflax baLVªwesaV** vkSj ^^jSfiM ØsfMV iQSflfyVh**
fuEufyf•r esa ls fdlds }kjk ½.k nsus ds çko/kuksa ls
lacaf/r gSa% (2021)
(a) ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad
(b) varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k
(c) la;qÙkQ jk"Vª i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe foÙk igy
(d) fo'o cSad
2. ^^oSf'od foÙkh; fLFkjrk fjiksVZ** ________ (2016) }kjk
rS;kj dh tkrh gS
(a) ;wjksih; dsaæh; cSad
(b) varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k
(c) iqufuZekZ.k vkSj fodkl ds fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; cSad
(d) vkfFkZd lg;ksx rFkk fodkl laxBuA
573
 3. gky gh esa] fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl eqæk dks IMF ds fo'o cSad dk ,d laf{kIr bfrgkl
SDR ckLdsV esa 'kkfey djus dk çLrko fd;k x;k gS\ z czsVu oqM~l lEesyu] ftls la;qÙkQ jk"Vª ekSfæd vkSj
 (2016) foÙkh; lEesyu ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] o"kZ 1944
(a) :cy esa vk;ksftr fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj o"kZ 1945 esa varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk
(b) jSaM dks"k (IMF) vkSj iqufuZekZ.k vkSj fodkl ds fy;s varjkZ"Vªh;
(c) Hkkjrh; #i;k cSad (IBRD) dh LFkkiuk gqbZA
(d) jWfUeUch z IBRD dk eq[; mís'; f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ls xaHkhj :i
4. varjkZ"Vªh; ekSfæd vkSj foÙkh; lfefr (IMFC) ds lanHkZ ls {kfrxzLr gq, jk"Vªksa ds iqufuZekZ.k esa lgk;rk ds fy;s
esa fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% (2016) ½.k çnku djuk FkkA
1- IMFC oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk dks çHkkfor djus okys z cqfu;knh <k¡ps] fo|qr fxzM] jktekxks± vkSj ikjxeu] cka/ksa vkSj
fpark ds ekeyksa ij ppkZ djrk gS vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; vU; ifj;kstukvksa ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsus ds lkFk /hjs&/hjs
eqæk dks"k dks vius dk;Z dh fn'kk esa lykg nsrk iqufuZekZ.k ls fodkl ij tksj fn;k x;kA
gSA z fo'o cSad dks ml le; fo'o cSad lewg ds :i esa
2- fo'o cSad IMFC dh cSBdksa esa i;Zos{kd ds :i tkuk tkus yxk tc IDA] IFC vkSj ICSID tSls vf/d
esa Hkkx ysrk gSA laLFkku LFkkfir fd;s x,A
mi;ZqÙkQ dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ z fo'o cSad lewg (WBG) nqfu;k Hkj ds fodkl'khy ns'kksa
(a) dsoy 1 ds fy;s foÙkh; lgk;rk vkSj Kku ds lcls egÙoiw.kZ lzksrksa
(b) dsoy 2 esa ls ,d gSA
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa z blds lHkh ik¡p laLFkku xjhch dks nwj djus] lk>k
(d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2 le`f¼ dks lqfo/ktud cukus vkSj nh?kZdkfyd
fodkl dks c<+kok nsus ds fy;s lefiZr :i ls dke
fo'o cSad vkSj fo'o cSad lewg djrs gSaA
z fo'o cSad lewg ds ik¡p varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkuksa esa ls nks z Hkkjr IBRD] IFC vkSj IDA ds laLFkkid ns'kksa esa
iqufuZekZ.k vkSj fodkl ds fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; cSad (IBRD) ls ,d gSA
vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; fodkl la?k (IDA) dks lkewfgd :i
ls fo'o cSad dgk tkrk gSA lnL;rk%
z czsVu oqM~l lEesyu (1944) esa bldh LFkkiuk varjkZ"Vªh; z fo'o cSad lewg esa 'kkfey gksus ls igys] fdlh ns'k ds
eqæk dks"k ds lkFk dh xbZ FkhA ikl IMF dh iwoZ lnL;rk gksuh pkfg;sA
z 189 ns'kksa vkSj mlds ik¡p ?kVd laLFkkuksa dh oSf'od z IDA] IFC] ;k MIGA dh lnL;rk ikus ds fy;s ns'kksa
lk>snkjh] fo'o cSad lewg xjhch mUewyu vkSj le`f¼ dks dks igys IBRD esa 'kkfey gksuk gksxkA
c<+kok nsus ds fy;s çfrc¼ gSA z ICSID esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy;s mijksÙkQ çR;sd vko';drkvksa
dks iwjk djuk gksxk%
fo'o cSad lewg ds ik¡p fodkl laLFkku gSa%
1- ns'k dks IBRD dk lnL; gksuk pkfg;sA
1- iqufuZekZ.k vkSj fodkl ds fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; cSad (IBRD)
2- varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; (ICJ) dh lafof/ ds fy;s ,d
2- varjkZ"Vªh; fodkl la?k (IDA)
gLrk{kjdrkZA
3- varjkZ"Vªh; foÙk fuxe (IFC)
3- ifj"kn ds nks&frgkbZ lnL;ksa ds oksV ds ckn ICSID
4- cgqi{kh; fuos'k xkjaVh ,tsalh (MIGA)
ç'kklfud ifj"kn vkea=k.kA
5- fuos'k fooknksa ds fuiVkjs ds fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; dsaæ (ICSID)-

574 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 fo'o cSad }kjk tkjh egÙoiw.kZ fjiksVZ
z oYMZ MoyiesaV fjiksVZ
z bZt vkWiQ Mwbax fctusl baMsDl
z çs"k.k vkSj çoklu fjiksVZ
z oSf'od vkfFkZd laHkkouk fjiksVZ
z varjkZ"Vªh; ½.k lkaf[;dh
z fo'o fodkl ladsrd
z bZt vkWiQ fyfoax baMsDl
z bafM;k MoyiesaV viMsV
z ;wfuolZy gsYFk dojst baMsDl
z lsok O;kikj çfrca/ lwpdkad
iqufuZekZ.k vkSj fodkl ds fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; cSad
(IBRD)
z iqufuZekZ.k vkSj fodkl ds fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; cSad (IBRD)
Lo;a dks ,d oSf'od fodkl lgdkjh laLFkk ds :i esa
çLrqr djrk gSA
z ;g fo'o dk lcls cM+k fodkl cSad gSA
z 189 ns'k blds lnL; gSaA
z ½.k] xkjaVh] lykgdkj lsok,¡ vkSj tksf•e çca/u midj.k
çnku djds ;g lk• ;ksX; eè;&vk; vkSj fuEu&vk;
okys ns'kksa dh lgk;rk djrk gSA
z IBRD çR;sd o"kZ viuh bfDoVh ij fjVuZ ds lkFk&lkFk
½.k nsus ij gksus okys ekewyh ykHk ekftZu ls jktLo
mRiUu djrk gSA ;g IDA dks /u dk okf"kZd gLrkarj.k çnku
djrk gS] lcls xjhc ns'kksa ds fy;s dks"k] lkFk gh lkFk fo'o
cSad dh ifjpkyu ykxr dks doj djrk gS vkSj cSysal 'khV
dks etcwr djus ds fy;s HkaMkj esa tkrk gSA
z eè;&vk; okys ns'k IBRD ds iksVZiQksfy;ks dk 60» ls
vf/d fgLlk cukrs gSaA
z IBRD fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa fuos'k dk foÙkiks"k.k djrk gS
vkSj ifj;kstuk ds fodkl ds nkSjku Kku] fo'ks"kKrk vkSj
rduhdh lgk;rk çnku djrk gSA
z IBRD futh O;olk;ksa ds lkFk lg;ksx ugha djrk gS_ ;g
dsoy laçHkq ljdkjksa ds lkFk O;kikj djrk gSA
z blds vfrfjÙkQ ;g ljdkjksa dks laLFkkuksa vkSj uhfr;ksa dks
etcwr djus] lsok çnku djus dh ck/kvksa dks nwj djus vkSj
vius ns'kksa esa fuos'k ds ekgkSy dks c<+kus esa enn djrk gSA
z bldk vf/dka'k /u oSf'od foÙkh; cktkjksa ls vkrk gSA
czsVuu oqoqMM~l~l lalaLFkku
LFkku
Hkkjr baVjus'kuy cSad iQkWj fjdaLVªD'ku ,¡M MsoyiesaV
vkSj Hkkjr
z Hkkjr baVjus'kuy cSad iQkWj fjdaLVªD'ku ,¡M MsoyiesaV
(IBRD) dk laLFkkid lnL; gSA
z igyh ifj;kstuk ds :i esa Hkkjrh; jsyos ds lkFk blus
o"kZ 1949 esa Hkkjr dks ½.k nsuk 'kq: fd;kA
z 1960 ds n'kd ls IBRD Hkkjr ds fy;s nh?kZdkfyd
lgk;rk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ lzksr jgk gSA
z Hkkjr ,d fefJr ns'k gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fd ;g fuEu&eè;e
vk; ls eè;e&vk; dh fLFkfr esa ifjofrZr gks jgk gSA
z Hkkjr IDA vkSj IBRD nksuksa ls ½.k ds fy;s ik=k gS vkSj
fo'o cSad (IBRD $ IDA) ls lcls cM+k dtZnkj gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; fodkl la?k (IDA)
z IDA fo'o cSad lewg ds laLFkkuksa esa ls ,d gS] tks
nqfu;k ds lcls xjhc ns'kksa dks lgk;rk çnku djrk gSA
IDA] tks 173 'ks;j/kjd jk"Vªksa }kjk 'kkflr gS] thou dh
fLFkfr dks c<+kus] vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok nsus vkSj
vlekurk dks de djus okyh igy ds fy;s vuqnku
vkSj ½.k (^^ØsfMV** ds :i esa lanfHkZr) dh is'kd'k
djds xjhch dks de djus dk ç;kl djrk gSA
z IDA dk eq[; mís'; nqfu;k ds lcls xjhc ns'kksa dks
vuqnku vkSj de C;kt ij ½.k çnku djuk gSA
z IDA nqfu;k ds 75 lcls xjhc ns'kksa ds fy;s lgk;rk
ds lcls cM+s çnkrkvksa esa ls ,d gS] ftuesa ls 39 vÚhdk
esa gSaA ;g bu ns'kksa dh cqfu;knh lkekftd lsokvksa ds fy;s
/u dk lcls cM+k nkrk Hkh gSA
z IDA ds dk;ks± esa <k¡pkxr çxfr] laLFkkxr lq/kj] LoPN
ty vkSj LoPNrk] dkjksckjh ekgkSy esa lq/kj] Ñf"k
vkSj çkFkfed f'k{kk 'kkfey gSaA
z ;g fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks lcls de çfr O;fÙkQ vk;]
lcls •jkc ØsfMV jsfVax] lcls de ldy jk"Vªh;
vk; (GNI) ds lkFk ½.k çnku djrk gSA
z IDA vR;ar fj;k;rh 'krks± ij ½.k çnku djrk gSA bldk
eryc gS fd IDA ØsfMV esa 'kwU; ;k cgqr de C;kt nj
vkSj 30 ls 38 o"kZ dh pqdkSrh 'krZsa gSa] ftlesa 5 o"kZ ls
10 o"kZ dh NwV vof/ 'kkfey gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ IDA
½.k ds dkj.k foÙkh; ladV ds tksf•e okys ns'kksa dks
vuqnku çnku djrk gSA
z IDA ds fj;k;rh ½.k dk;ZØeksa (foÙkh; o"kZ 2019)
ls m/kj ysus ds fy;s fdlh jk"Vª dh çfr O;fÙkQ ldy
jk"Vªh; vk; (GNI) $1,145 ls vf/d ugha gks ldrh gSA
575
z lekurk] vkfFkZd fodkl] jkstxkj l`tu] mPp vk; vkSj
csgrj thou fLFkfr;ksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy;s IDA fofHkUu
çdkj dh fodklkRed ifj;kstukvksa dk leFkZu djrk gSA
z varjkZ"Vªh; fodkl la?k (IDA) iqufuZekZ.k vkSj fodkl ds
fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; cSad (IBRD) ds dk;ks± dks iwjk djus ds
mns'; ls dk;Z djrk gSA
z cgqi{kh; ½.k jkgr igy (MDRI) vkSj vR;f/d
½.kxzLr xjhc ns'k (HIPC) igy ds ekè;e ls] IDA
Hkh ½.k jkgr ds i;kZIr Lrj çnku djrk gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; foÙk fuxe (IFC)
z okf'kaxVu] Mhlh esa fLFkr varjkZ"Vªh; foÙk fuxe (IFC)
dh LFkkiuk 1956 esa fo'o cSad ds lg;ksxh ds :i
esa dh xbZ Fkh] ysfdu ;g lnL; ns'kksa esa futh {ks=k ds
foLrkj dks c<+kok nsus ds y{; ds lkFk LFkkfir ,d
vyx dkuwuh bdkbZ Fkh] tks ckn esa mu ns'kksa ds vkfFkZd
fodkl esa lgk;rk djsxhA
z IFC fo'o cSad ij vk/kfjr laLFkk gSA ;g nqfu;k dk
lcls cM+k fodkl laxBu gS tks fo'ks"k :i ls fodkl'khy
ns'kksa esa futh {ks=k ij è;ku dsafær djrk gSA
z ;g WBG ds okf.kfT;d {ks=k foax ds :i esa dk;Z
djrk gSA
z ;g okf.kfT;d vkSj ykHkdkjh miØeksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk
çnku djds vkfFkZd fodkl dks çksRlkfgr djrk gS
ftldk mís'; xjhch dks de djuk vkSj fodkl dks vkxs
c<+kuk gSA
z ifj;kstukvksa dks rhljs i{k ds lalk/uksa dks tqVkus esa Hkh
enn feyrh gSA
z IFC futh {ks=k ds lkFk m|ferk dks çksRlkfgr djus
vkSj LFkk;h O;olk;ksa ds fodkl ds fy;s dk;Z djrk gSA
z varjkZ"Vªh; foÙk fuxe (IFC) fuos'k] ifjlaifÙk çca/u vkSj
lykgdkj lsok,¡ çnku djrk gSA
z ;g O;olk;ksa vkSj futh {ks=k dh ifj;kstukvksa ds fy;s /u
m/kj nsrk gSA
z IFC m|eksa vkSj futh ifj;kstukvksa ds fy;s lkr ls ckjg
o"kZ ds chp dh ifjiDork vof/ okys ½.k çnku djrk
gSA ;g m/kjdrkZvksa dh eqæk vkSj udnh çokg dh t:jrksa
dks iwjk djus ds fy;s vyx ls çR;sd ½.k ds fy;s ,d
mi;qÙkQ iquHkZqxrku vuqlwph vkSj vuqxzg vof/ pqurk gSA
;fn fdlh ifj;kstuk dks blds yk;d le>k tkrk gS] rks
og yach vof/ ds ½.k ;k foLrkfjr vuqxzg vof/ ds
lkFk ½.k çnku dj ldrh gSA
576
z ;g vius lHkh fuos'kksa ds fy;s leku C;kt nj fu/kZfjr
djus dh uhfr dk ikyu ugha djrk gSA çR;sd fLFkfr esa
C;kt nj ij lHkh çklafxd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vkyksd esa ppkZ
dh tk,xh] tSls fd blesa 'kkfey tksf•e] ykHk Hkkxhnkjh
ds vf/dkj vkfnA
z IFC ds m/kj lapkyu ds fy;s vko';d yxHkx lHkh
/u nqfu;k ds foÙkh; cktkjksa ij ½.k nkf;Roksa ds eqís
ds ekè;e ls tqVk, tkrs gSaA
z o"kZ 1989 esa 'kq: esa jsfVax çkIr gksus ds ckn IFC us
LVSaMMZ ,¡M iwvlZ vkSj ewMht ls yxkrkj fVªiy&, jsfVax
gkfly dh gSA
z IFC daifu;ksa dks vf/d i;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy çFkkvksa
dh vksj çksRlkfgr djus ds fy;s Hkh dk;Z djrk gS] •kldj
tc lq'kklu LFkkfir djus] efgyk m|fe;ksa dks c<+kok
nsus vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu dk lfØ; :i ls eqdkcyk
djus dh ckr vkrh gSA
vkbZ,iQlh (IFC) vkSj Hkkjr
z Hkkjr varjkZ"Vªh; foÙk fuxe (IFC) ds laLFkkid
lnL;ksa esa ls ,d gSA
z gky ds o"kks± esa] IFC us ykHkçnrk esa o`f¼ dh gS vkSj
Hkkjr esa egÙoiw.kZ vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd çHkko okyh
ifj;kstukvksa esa fuos'k fd;k gSA
z ;g (LIS) fuEu vk; okys jkT; vkSj Hkkjr ds mÙkj&iwohZ
jkT;ksa esa viuh dk;Zç.kkyh dk foLrkj dj jgk gSA
z ;g Hkkjr esa fuos'k ds ekgkSy esa lq/kj ds ekè;e ls lHkh ds
fy;s futh {ks=k dh o`f¼ vkSj fodkl dks çksRlkfgr djuk gSA
z ekbØksiQkbusal m|ksx dh fLFkjrk ls tqM+h foÙkh; lsokvksa
vkSj ifj;kstukvksa ij è;ku dsfa ær djds foÙkh; lekos'ku
dks c<+kok fn;k tkrk gS] tSls fd ekbØksØfs MV C;wjks dh
LFkkiuk] tksf•e U;wuhdj.k dk;ZØe vkSj vkpkj lafgrkA
z LoPN bZa/u vkSj uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ (lkSj vkSj ck;ksekl)
ds fodkl esa layXu gksus ds lkFk&lkFk Ñf"k O;olk;
lfgr egÙoiw.kZ mi {ks=kksa ij è;ku dsafær djukA
z tyok;q ifjorZu 'keu ifj;kstukvksa vkSj lkekftd lsokvksa
(LokLF; vkSj f'k{kk) ij tksj nsus ds lkFk lkoZtfud&futh
Hkkxhnkjh (PPPs) dh LFkkiuk
cgqi{kh; fuos'k xkjaVh ,tsalh (MIGA)
z o"kZ 1985 esa MIGA vfHkle;] ftlus blds eq[; fe'ku
dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k] IBRD ds cksMZ vkWiQ xouZlZ dks çLrqr
fd;k x;k vkSj o"kZ 1988 esa fo'o cSad lewg ds uohure
lnL; ds :i esa MIGA dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z fuos'k xkjaVh] tSlk fd uke ls irk pyrk gS] MIGA
,d ,slk laxBu gS tks fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa fd;s x, futh
{ks=k ds fofHkUu çdkj ds fuos'kksa ds fy;s xkjaVh ds :i esa
chek çnku djrk gSA
z MIGA dh lnL;rk lHkh IBRD lnL;ksa ds fy;s
•qyh gSA
z Hkkjr o"kZ 1994 esa MIGA dk ,d vkf/dkfjd lnL;
cu x;kA
z vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok nsus] xjhch de djus vkSj yksxksa
ds thou Lrj dks c<+kus ds fy;s] MIGA fodkl'khy
ns'kksa esa çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dks vkdf"kZr djus ds fy;s
dke djrk gSA
z fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa varjkZ"Vªh; fuos'k dks çksRlkfgr
djus ds fy;s fo'o cSad lewg dk ,d lnL;] MIGA
jktuhfrd tksf•e chek vkSj ½.k o`f¼ ds :i esa fuos'kdksa
vkSj m/kjnkrkvksa dks xkjaVh çnku djrk gSA
z ;g fo'ks"k :i ls laosnu'khy vkSj la?k"kZ çHkkfor ns'kksa ij
fo'ks"k è;ku j•rk gSA
z MIGA fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa m/kjnkrkvksa vkSj fuos'kdksa dks
jktuhfrd tksf•e chek çnku djrk gS] tks vFkZO;oLFkk
esa fodkl dks c<+kok nsrk gS vkSj xjhch ds Lrj dks de
djrk gSA ,slk chek fdlh ns'k esa çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dks
vkdf"kZr djrk gSA
z jktuhfrd tksf•e chek ds mRiknksa esa 'kkfey gSa%
 la?k"kZ] vkradokn vkSj vfLFkjrk ls gksus okys uqdlku
ds fy;s dojstA
 ljdkjh LokfeRo ds eqís dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA
 vuqca/ ds mYya?ku dh fLFkfr esa lqj{kkA
 ;fn vki dkuwuh :i ls viuh LFkkuh; eqæk dks HkkSfrd
udnh esa cnyus esa vleFkZ gSa rks vkidh lqj{kk dh
tk,xhA
z tc ljdkjsa viuh foÙkh; çfrc¼rkvksa dks iwjk djus esa
vleFkZ gksrh gSa] rks miHkksÙkQkvksa dks ^ØsfMV ,UgkalesaV*
,d çdkj ds chek }kjk lqjf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA
z ,tsalh fuos'k dks xSj&okf.kfT;d •rjksa ls cpkus dh xkjaVh
nsrh gSA
fuos'k fooknksa ds fuiVkjs ds fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; dsaæ
(ICSID)
z ICSID dks o"kZ 1966 esa jkT;ksa vkSj vU; jkT;ksa ds ukxfjdksa
ds chp fuos'k fooknksa ds fuiVku ij dUosa'ku (ICSID
dUosa'ku) ds ifj.kkeLo:i cuk;k x;k FkkA
czsVuu oqoqMM~l~l lalaLFkku
LFkku
z fo'o cSad ds dk;Zdkjh funs'kdksa us varjkZ"Vªh; fuos'k dks
c<+kok nsus ds mís'; dks c<+kus ds fy;s cgqjk"Vªh; ICSID
dUosa'ku cuk;kA
z vf/dka'k varjkZ"Vªh; fuos'k laf/;k¡] lkFk gh dbZ fuos'k
dkuwu vkSj vuqca/] ICSID dks fuos'kd&jkT; fooknksa ds
lek/ku ds fy;s ,d eap ds :i esa ekU;rk nsrs gSaA
z dbZ f}i{kh; fuos'k laf/;k¡ (BITs) gSa] vkSj muesa ls dbZ
esa ,sls çko/ku gSa tks orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; ds fuos'k fooknksa
dks ICSID dks lanfHkZr djrs gSaA
z ICSID rF;&•kst] eè;LFkrk ;k lqyg ds ekè;e ls
fooknksa ds lek/ku dh lqfo/k çnku djrk gSA
z fooknksa dks lqy>kus ds mís'; ls çR;sd ekeys dks ,d
lefiZr ICSID Vhe nh tkrh gS tks is'ksoj ekxZn'kZu çnku
djrh gSA
z blds vfrfjÙkQ ;g ,d ç'kklfud jftLVj ds :i esa
dk;Z djrk gS vkSj fuos'k laf/;ksa ,oa eqÙkQ O;kikj le>kSrksa
ds vuqlkj jkT;ksa ds chp fooknksa dk lek/ku djrk gSA
z ;g varjkZ"Vªh; fuos'k dkuwuksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh Hkh çlkfjr
djrk gSA
z Hkkjr ICSID dk lnL; ugha gSA
fo'o cSad lewg dh lnL;rk
z IBRD le>kSrs ds vuqPNsnksa ds vuqlkj] cSad dk lnL;
cuus ds fy;s fdlh ns'k dks igys varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k
(IMF) esa 'kkfey gksuk pkfg;sA
z IBRD lnL;rk IDA] IFC vkSj MIGA dh lnL;rk
ds fy;s ,d iwoZ 'krZ gSA
z IBRD ds lnL; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; (ICJ) dh
lafof/ ds i{k ICSID ç'kklfud ifj"kn ds fuea=k.k ij
ICSID esa 'kkfey gksus ds ik=k gksrs gSa] tks blds lnL;ksa
ds nks&frgkbZ cgqer ls r; gksrk gSA
fo'o cSad lewg vkSj Hkkjr
z Hkkjr czsVu oqM~l le>kSrs ds ewy 44 gLrk{kjdrkZvksa
esa ls ,d Fkk] ftlus varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k (IMF) vkSj
iqufuZekZ.k vkSj fodkl ds fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; cSad (IBRD)
dh LFkkiuk dhA
z blds vfrfjÙkQ] ;g o"kZ 1960 esa IDA ds lkFk&lkFk
o"kZ 1956 esa IFC dk laLFkkid lnL; FkkA Hkkjr varr%
tuojh 1994 esa MIGA esa 'kkfey gks x;kA
z Hkkjr ICSID dk lnL; ugha gSA Hkkjr us tksj nsdj dgk
fd ICSID dUosa'ku vuqfpr gS vkSj bldh eè;LFkrk ds
fu;e fodflr ns'kksa ds i{k esa gSaA
577
z fo'o cSad ds vè;{k ICSID ds vè;{k ds :i esa
dk;Z djrs gSaA eè;LFkksa dks vè;{k }kjk pquk tkrk gSA
vlarks"ktud gksus ij ihfM+r i{k ,d iSuy ds fy;s
eè;LFkrk iqjLdkj dh vihy dj ldrk gS] ftls ICSID }kjk
Hkh xfBr fd;k tk,xkA Hkys gh iQSlyk tufgr ds f•ykiQ
gks] Hkkjrh; U;k;ky;ksa ds ikl bldh tk¡p djus dk dksbZ
vf/dkj ugha gSA
z IFC us o"kZ 1959 esa Hkkjr esa viuk igyk fuos'k fd;k]
blds ckn o"kZ 1961 esa IDA vkSj IBRD us o"kZ 1949
esa Hkkjrh; jsyos (,d jktekxZ fuekZ.k ifj;kstuk) ds fy;s
½.k ds lkFk Hkkjr dks /u nsuk 'kq: fd;kA
z IBRD us 1950 ds n'kd esa fo'o cSad ds m/kj ds Hkkjr
ds ,dek=k lzksr ds :i esa dk;Z fd;kA
z n'kd ds var rd Hkkjr ds c<+rs dtZ ds eqíksa us lkWÝV
yksu ds fy;s fo'o cSad (WB) lewg ds lg;ksxh IDA
dh LFkkiuk esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
z 1960 ds n'kd ds var rd] Hkkjr ds varjkZ"Vªh; foÙk
ds lcls cM+s lzksr la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk us vius f}i{kh;
lgk;rk dk;ZØe esa Hkkjh deh dj nh FkhA fo'o cSad
rc ls vkf/dkfjd nh?kZdkfyd foÙkiks"k.k dk lcls
egÙoiw.kZ lzksr cu x;k gSA
z 1960 vkSj 1970 ds n'kd esa Hkkjr dks IDA }kjk çnku
fd;s x, lHkh ½.kksa dk nks&ik¡pok¡ fgLlk çkIr gqvk]
tks cnys esa ml ns'k ds lHkh WB ½.kksa dk yxHkx
rhu&pkSFkkbZ FkkA
z tcfd MCywch (WB) us 1980 ds n'kd esa uhfrxr lq/kjksa
vkSj vf/d vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k ij tksj nsus ds fy;s
viuk è;ku cny fn;k] blus Hkkjr ds •jkc çca/u okys
lkoZtfud {ks=k ds laLFkkuksa dks m/kj nsuk tkjh j•k vkSj
Hkkjr dh can vFkZO;oLFkk dh vkykspuk esa nc xbZA
z 1991 ds Hkqxrku ladV ds larqyu ds ckn ½.k
iksVZiQksfy;ks esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ ifjorZu gqvkA Hkkjr rRdky
ckn esa lajpukRed lek;kstu foÙkiks"k.k çkIr djus okys
fo'o cSad ds vafre egÙoiw.kZ m/kjdrkZvksa esa ls ,d Fkk]
ftlus foÙk] djk/ku vkSj fuos'k vkSj O;kikj 'kklu ds {ks=kksa
esa uhfrxr lq/kjksa dk leFkZu fd;kA
z $25&30 fcfy;u dh çfrc¼rk ;kstuk dks Hkkjr ds
fy;s vf/Ñr fd;k x;k gS vkSj 2019&22 ds fy;s fo'o
cSad lewg (WBG) }kjk vuqeksfnr fd;k x;k gSA
z fo'o cSad vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj us tqykbZ 2020 esa MSMEs
ds fy;s vkikrdkyhu çfrfØ;k dk;ZØe ds fy;s 750
fefy;u vesfjdh MkWyj ds le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd;sA
578
z uoacj 2021 esa Hkkjr vkSj fo'o cSad }kjk es?kky; LokLF;
ç.kkyh lqn`<+hdj.k ifj;kstuk ds fy;s 40 fefy;u
vesfjdh MkWyj ds le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd;s x, FksA
Hkkjr esa fo'o cSad }kjk foÙkiksf"kr ifj;kstuk,¡
z fLdy bafM;k fe'ku
z gfjr jk"Vªh; jktekxZ xfy;kjk ifj;kstuk
z LoPN Hkkjr fe'ku
z lesfdr cky fodkl lsok,¡ (ICDS)
z loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku (SSA)
z jk"Vªh; xaxk unh csflu ifj;kstuk
z MSME xzksFk buksos'ku ,aM baDywflo iQkbusal çkstsDV
z ç/kuea=kh xzke lM+d ;kstuk
z jk"Vªh; ,M~l fu;a=k.k lgk;rk ifj;kstuk
z jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k vkthfodk ifj;kstuk
fo'o cSad ds Hkhrj lq/kjksa dh vko';drk
z dqN vkykspdksa us rdZ fn;k gS fd fo'o cSad vius
^^lajpukRed lek;kstu dk;ZØe** (SAP) dh vkM+ esa
okLro esa fo'o iwathokn ds fgrksa dh lsok djrk gS vkSj
vHkh Hkh fodflr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dk opZLo gSA SAP
^^eqÙkQ cktkj** vkfFkZd lq/kjksa dk ,d iSdst gS] ftls
fo'o cSad us blls ½.k çkIr djus ds fy;s ,d iwoZ 'krZ
cuk fn;k gSA
z ;g rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd SAP uhfr;ksa us LFkkuh; vkSj
fo'o Lrj ij vehj vkSj xjhc nksuksa ds chp dh •kbZ
dks pkSM+k dj fn;k gSA
z nqfu;k dh c<+rh ubZ vkfFkZd 'kfÙkQ;ksa] fo'ks"k :i ls
Hkkjr vkSj phu lkFk gh dqN vU; ,f'k;kbZ vkSj ySfVu
vesfjdh ns'kksa dks mfpr LFkku vkSj Hkwfedk nsuk egÙoiw.kZ gSA
z usr`Ro ds mÙkjkf/dkj ij cgl dks cgqi{kh; laxBu
ds y{;ksa] Hkfo"; esa bldh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk] lekos'kh
cgqi{kokn dks etcwr djus dh vko';drk vkSj mHkjrh
gqbZ vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ ,oa fodkl'khy jk"Vª fLFkfr dks etcwr
djus ds fy;s mBk, tkus okys dneksa ij fopkj djus ds
volj ds :i esa dke djuk pkfg;sA
z ;fn fo'o cSad ubZ oSf'od O;oLFkk dks lek;ksftr djus
esa vleFkZ gS rks mHkjrh gqbZ vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ vius ekxZ dk
fodYi pqu ldrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] phu us ,f'k;k
bUÚkLVªDpj bUosLVesaV cSad (AIIB) dh LFkkiuk dhA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z orZeku oSf'od O;oLFkk ij iqufoZpkj djus vkSj fo'o cSad z xjhcksa dks 'kkfey djuk
ds Hkhrj mHkjrh 'kfÙkQ;ksa vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks ,d  xjhcksa dks fodkl ds dsaæ esa j•uk fo'o cSad dh lHkh

lkFkZd vkokt çnku djus ds fy;s egÙoiw.kZ lq/kjksa dh igyksa dk ,d çeq• ?kVd gSA
vko';drk gSA  iwath ifj;kstukvksa ds foÙkiks"k.k esa fuEu vkSj eè;e

fo'o cSad lewg dk egÙo vk; okys ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa dh lgk;rk ds fy;s fo'o
cSad ½.k vkSj vuqnku çnku djrk gSA
z xjhch esa deh%
 vfodflr lnL; ns'kksa esa jkstxkj ds voljksa vkSj
 bldk mís'; vkfFkZd fLFkjrk dks c<+kus ds fy;s
vkfFkZd laHkkoukvksa dk foLrkj djukA
xjhch dks de djuk gSA ;g ,d ifj.kke ds :i esa
 ;g C;kt eqÙkQ foÙkiks"k.k vkSj de C;kt njksa ds lkFk
nh?kZdkfyd fodkl gkfly djuk pkgrk gSA
½.k nksuksa çnku djus dh ;kstuk cuk jgk gSA
 fiNys dqN o"kks± esa xjhch esa dkiQh deh vkbZ gSA

vkSlr çfr O;fÙkQ vk; nksxquh gks xbZ gSA vkSlr z lcls cM+h fodkl&laca/h vuqla/ku lqfo/k,¡
 cSad nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s fodkl vuqla/ku laLFkkuksa
thou çR;k'kk c<+h gSA
 fo'o cSad ^^LokLF; ds fy;s foÙk iks"k.k dk
esa ls ,d gSA blds fo'ks"kK foHkkx gSa tks i;kZoj.k]
U;k;] foÙk] LokLF;] f'k{kk vkSj iks"k.k ls lacaf/r eqíksa
lcls cM+k ckgjh lzksr** vkSj ^^f'k{kk ds fy;s
ij vU; ns'kksa dks lykg nsus ds fy;s bl tkudkjh dk
ckgjh foÙkiks"k.k dk nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k ,dy
mi;ksx djrs gSaA
;ksxnkudrkZ** gSA
z fLFkjhdj.k lgk;rk%
z lq'kklu vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj ds f•ykiQ yM+kbZ
 la?k"kZjr ns'kksa esa fo'o cSad ds egÙo dks de djuk
 fo'o cSad us dbZ ^^mRikn** fodflr fd;s ftudk
vlaHko gSA ;g ;q¼xzLr vkcknh dh lgk;rk djus]
mi;ksx Hkz"Vkpkj ls fuiVus vkSj fuos'k lafgrk] okfudh
'kkafriw.kZ fodkl dks fiQj ls 'kq: djus vkSj fgald
lafgrk vkSj •uu lafgrk lfgr lq'kklu dks c<+kok
la?k"kZ dks fiQj ls c<+us ls jksdus ds fy;s oSf'od Lrj
nsus ds fy;s fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ij fd;s x, ç;klksa dk leFkZu djrk gSA
 bldk mís'; ,sls ekgkSy dks c<+kok nsuk gS tks fuos'k
z Hkkjr ds fodkl dks foÙk çnku djuk
ds fy;s vuqdwy gksA
 fo'o cSad orZeku esa 28 vjc MkWyj ls vf/d dh
z dtZ esa jkgr
dqy 127 py jgh ifj;kstukvksa ds ekè;e ls Hkkjr dk
 ½.k jkgr ,d vkSj oSf'od eqík gS] ftls cSad lacksf/r
leFkZu djrk gSA
dj jgk gSA
z lkekftd fodkl dks c<+kok
 Hkkjh ½.kxzLr xjhc ns'k (HIPC) igy fo'o cSad
 bldk mís'; fuos'k ds ekè;e ls lekt dh
vkSj IMF }kjk o"kZ 1996 esa nqfu;k ds lcls xjhc
lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa dks vkxs c<+kuk gSA
vkSj lcls ½.kh ns'kksa dks ½.k jkgr nsus ds fy;s 'kq:
 blds vfrfjÙkQ ;g O;fÙkQxr vf/dkjksa dh j{kk djus
dh xbZ FkhA ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd ½.k jkgr ds
vkSj U;kf;d vkSj dkuwuh laLFkkuksa ds fodkl dks
ekè;e ls cpk, x, /u dk mu igyksa esa fuos'k fd;k
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy;s dke djrk gSA
tk, tks xjhch dks de djus ds fy;s ik, x, gSa] tSls
 ;g f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsdj vius lnL; ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa
fd LokLF; vkSj f'k{kk dk leFkZu djus okysA
dks etcwr djus dh bPNk j•rk gSA
 ^,UgkaLM HIPC bfuf'k,fVo* ds rgr ftu jk"Vªksa us

viuh iw.kZrk lhek çkIr dj yh gS] mUgsa IDA] IMF
vkSj AfDF ls iw.kZ ½.k jíhdj.k feysxkA
 cgqi{kh; ½.k jkgr (MDRI) igy dh LFkkiuk G8
usrkvksa }kjk o"kZ 2005 esa XysusxYl esa vius f'k•j
lEesyu esa dh xbZ FkhA
fo'o cSad dh vkykspuk
z ;g dgk x;k gS fd ;g vesfjdk ;k vU; if'peh ns'kksa
}kjk vius fgrksa dks vkxs c<+kus okys vkfFkZd fu;eksa
dks ykxw djus ds fy;s bLrseky fd;k tkus okyk ,d
midj.k gSA

czsVuu oqoqMM~l~l lalaLFkku

LFkku 579
z vkykspdksa dk rdZ gS fd eqÙkQ cktkj lq/kj j.kuhfr;k¡] ftUgsa
cSad vDlj okLrfodrk esa c<+kok nsrk gS] ;fn vuqfpr
rjhds ls] tYnckth esa ('kkWd Fksjsih)] xyr Øe esa]
;k vR;ar laosnu'khy] vçfrLi¼hZ vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa
ykxw dh tkrh gSa] rks vDlj vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy;s
fouk'kdkjh gksrh gSaA
z fo'o cSad vius ?kksf"kr vkSj okLrfod y{;ksa ds chp
folaxfr ds :i esa ns•us okys vkykspdksa ds fu'kkus ij
vk x;k gSA vkykspdksa dk rdZ gS fd fofHkUu vÚhdh jk"Vª
tks vfuok;Z :i ls fo'o cSad ds ^^LokfeRo** esa gSa] laLFkk
}kjk mRiUu fd;s x, udkjkRed çHkkoksa dks çnf'kZr djrs
gSaA dbZ vÚhdh jk"Vª ftUgsa fo'ks"k :i ls fo'o cSad ls
lacaf/r gSa] esa jk"Vªh; ½.k dk mPp Lrj gSA
z bldk Js; mu vkfFkZd fl¼karksa dks fn;k tk ldrk gS tks
vfo'oluh; :i ls vfodflr {ks=k esa çpfyr FksA bl
rF; ds ckotwn fd nqfu;k ds lcls xjhc yksxksa dks ty
vkSj LoPNrk dh vko';drk gksrh gS] ;s lsok,¡ cM+s iSekus
ij ykHk&lapkfyr if'peh fuxeksa }kjk çnku dh tkrh gSaA
z vkykspdksa dk nkok gS fd D;ksafd fo'o cSad bu O;olk;ksa
dks c<+kok nsrk gS] ;g vehjksa dks vehj vkSj xjhcksa dks
xjhc cuk, j•rk gSA vktknh ds ckn dbZ vÚhdh ns'kksa ij
rkuk'kkgksa dk 'kklu FkkA bu Hkz"V rkuk'kkgksa us vius&vius
ns'kksa esa cM+s iSekus ij lkoZtfud ½.k tek djuk 'kq: djus
ds fy;s fo'o cSad }kjk fn;s x, /u dk mi;ksx fd;kA
v v v
580
fu"d"kZ
z fo'o cSad lewg us volj c<+kus vkSj xjhcksa dks cgqr
vko';d lsokvksa rd igq¡p çnku djus ds fy;s vufxur
igyksa dk leFkZu fd;k gS D;ksafd fodkl'khy ns'k vkfFkZd
pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk dj jgs gSaA bu igyksa esa LokLF; vkSj
f'k{kk lsokvksa dks c<+kuk] futh {ks=k dks çksRlkfgr djuk]
cqfu;knh <k¡ps dk fuekZ.k djuk vkSj 'kklu vkSj laLFkkuksa
dks etcwr djuk 'kkfey gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. ^bZt vkWiQ Mwbax fctusl baMsDl* esa Hkkjr dh jSafdax
dHkh&dHkh lekpkjksa esa ns•h tkrh gSA fuEufyf•r esa ls
fdlus ml jSafdax dh ?kks"k.kk dh gS\ (2016)
(a) vkfFkZd lg;ksx vkSj fodkl laxBu (OECD)
(b) fo'o vkfFkZd eap
(c) fo'o cSad
(d) fo'o O;kikj laxBu (MCY;wVhvks)
2. fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk le;&le; ij 'Xykscy
bdksukWfed çksLisDVl' fjiksVZ tkjh djrk gS\ (2015)
(a) ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad
(b) iqufuZekZ.k vkSj fodkl ds fy;s ;wjksih; cSad
(c) ;w,l iQsMjy fjtoZ cSad
(d) fo'o cSad
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 35 fo'o O;kikj laxBu
fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds fodkl dk ifjp;
vkSj le;js•k
z 'kqYd vkSj O;kikj ij lkekU; le>kSrk (GATT)]
ftls 1947 esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk] us cgqi{kh;
O;kikj ç.kkyh dh uhao ds :i esa dk;Z fd;k ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO) dk xBu
gqvkA-
z 'kqYd vkSj O;kikj ij lkekU; le>kSrs (GATT) dh uhao
czsVu oqM~l lEesyu] 1944 esa j•h xbZ Fkh ftlds ekè;e
ls varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k (IMF) vkSj fo'o cSad dh LFkkiuk
dh xbZ FkhA
z varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj laxBu (ITO)] ftls çfrfuf/;ksa us
O;oLFkk ds rhljs pj.k ds :i esa ekuk] çfrfuf/;ksa
}kjk fd;k x;k ,d vU; çLrko FkkA
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu ,d ,slk eap gS tgka lnL; jk"Vª
O;kikj fj;k;rksa ds vknku&çnku ds fy, yxkrkj ckrphr
djrs gSa] tcfd vkbZVhvks O;kikj dks fofu;fer djus ds
fy, LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
z gokuk pkVZj] vkbZVhvks ds fy, ,d çLrkfor pkVZj]
ftlesa O;kikj] fuos'k] lsokvksa] O;kikj çFkkvksa vkSj
jkstxkj uhfr;ksa dks fu;af=kr djus okys O;kid fu;e
gksaxs] dks 1948 esa gokuk] D;wck esa O;kikj vkSj jkstxkj
ij la;qÙkQ jk"Vª lEesyu }kjk vafre :i fn;k x;k FkkA
z la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk dh lhusV us dHkh Hkh gokuk
pkVZj dks eatwjh ugha nh] blfy, ;g dHkh Hkh ykxw
ugha gqvkA blds ifj.kkeLo:i vkbZVhvks dHkh ykxw
ugha gks ik;kA
z th,VhVh] ftls 1 tuojh] 1948 dks LFkkfir fd;k x;k
Fkk] vkSj 1947 esa ftusok esa 23 ns'kksa }kjk gLrk{kfjr
fd;k x;k Fkk] ftldk mís'; /hjs&/hjs vk;kr dksVk
ds mi;ksx dks lekIr djuk vkSj O;kikj 'kqYdksa dks
de djuk FkkA th,VhVh] tks ,d bdkbZ ugha gS] us
1948 ls 1995 rd ,dek=k cgqi{kh; lk/u ds :i
esa varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk i;Zos{k.k fd;kA
z lajpukRed eqíksa ds ckotwn] th,VhVh us okLrfod oSf'od
le>kSrs ds :i esa dk;Z fd;k ftlus okrkZ ds vkB nkSj
çk;ksftr fd,A
z m#Xos nkSj] tks 1987 vkSj 1994 ls gqvk] ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i ekjkds'k le>kSrk gqvk] ftlus fo'o
O;kikj laxBu (MCY;wVhvks) dh LFkkiuk dhA
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu th,VhVh ds fl¼karksa dks 'kkfey
djrk gS vkSj mUgsa çHkko esa ykus vkSj mUgsa etcwr djus
ds fy, ,d nh?kZdkfyd laLFkkxr <kapk çnku djrk gSA
z WTO ds lHkh lnL; 1994 ds GATT] ,d varjkZ"Vªh;
le>kSrs dk ikyu djus ds fy, ckè; gSaA ;g dsoy
eky ds O;kikj ij è;ku dsafær djrk gSA
z uksV% WTO la;qÙkQ jk"Vª dh fof'k"V ,tsalh ugha gS
fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds mís';
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu ,d oSf'od laxBu gS ftldk eq[;
mís'; ^^lHkh dh HkykbZ ds fy, eqÙkQ O;kikj dks c<+kok
nsuk** gSA
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds Ng eq[; mís'; bl çdkj gSa%
1- varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj fu;eksa dks LFkkfir djuk vkSj mUgsa
ykxw djukA
2- vkxs ds O;kikj mnkjhdj.k dh ppkZ vkSj i;Zos{k.k ds
fy, ,d eap çnku djukA
3- O;kikfjd fooknksa dk lek/ku djukA
4- fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k esa ikjnf'kZrk c<+kukA
5- oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk ds çca/u ds fy, vU;
egRoiw.kZ varjjk"Vªh; laLFkkvksa ds lkFk leUo; djukA
6- fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa dks fo'o O;kikj ç.kkyh dk iwjk
ykHk çkIr djus esa lgk;rk djukA
fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh dk;Zç.kkyh fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh 'kklh lajpuk
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk çkFkfed y{; lqpk:] eqÙkQ] fu"i{k z fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk lokZsPp fu.kZ; ysus okyk çkf/
vkSj iwokZuqes; O;kikj dks c<+kok nsuk gSA ;g blds }kjk dj.k] eaf=kLrjh; lEesyu] ftls de ls de gj nks lky
fd;k tkrk gS% esa feyuk pkfg,A
 fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds O;kikj le>kSrksa dk ç'kklu
z leku lnL;rk okys rhu fudk; eaf=kLrjh; lEesyuksa ds
 eap O;kikj okrkZ dk vk;kstu
chp nSfud lapkyu djrs gSa_ dsoy lanHkZ dh 'krZsa gSa ftlds
 O;kikj fookn dk lek/ku
rgr çR;sd bdkbZ dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA
 jk"Vªh; O;kikj uhfr;ksa dh fuxjkuh
1- lkekU; ifj"kn
 fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks rduhdh lgk;rk vkSj çf'k{k.k
2- fookn fuiVku fudk;
nsuk
3- O;kikj uhfr leh{kk fudk;
 vU; varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa ds lkFk lg;ksxA

582 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
1- lkekU; ifj"kn
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh lokZsPp fu.kZ; ysus okyh laLFkk]
lkekU; ifj"kn] ftusok esa fLFkr gS vkSj vius drZO;ksa dks
iwjk djus ds fy, fu;fer :i ls cSBd djrh gSA
z bls eaf=kLrjh; lEesyu dh vksj ls dk;Z djus dk vf/
dkj gS] tks gj nks lky esa feyrk gS vkSj lHkh lnL; ns'kksa
ds çfrfuf/;ksa (vDlj jktnwrksa ;k muds led{k) }kjk
çfrfuf/Ro fd;k tkrk gSA
z lkekU; ifj"kn dh cSBd lkekU; ifj"kn] fookn fuiVku
fudk; vkSj O;kikj uhfr leh{kk fudk; ds uke ls Hkh
gksrh gSA
2- O;kikj uhfr leh{kk fudk; (TPRB)
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu lkekU; ifj"kn TPRB ds :i
esa TPRM ds rgr lnL;ksa dh O;kikj uhfr;ksa dh
leh{kk djus vkSj O;kikj uhfr ds fodkl ij
egkfuns'kd dh fu;fer fjiksVks± dks è;ku esa j•us ds fy,
feyrh gSA
z bl çdkj] fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds lHkh lnL; O;kikj uhfr
leh{kk fudk; (TPRB) esa 'kkfey gks ldrs gSaA
3- fookn fuiVku fudk;
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds lnL;ksa ds chp eqíksa dks gy djus
ds fy,] lkekU; ifj"kn fookn fuiVku fudk; (DSB) ds
:i esa feyrh gSA
z bl rjg ds fooknksa dks m#Xos jkmaM iQkbuy ,DV esa
fdlh Hkh le>kSrs ls lacaf/r gksuk pkfg, tks fd fooknksa
ds fuiVku (DSU) dks fu;af=kr djus okys fu;eksa vkSj
çfØ;kvksa ij le> ds v/hu gSA
z Mh,lch (DSB) dks vf/dkj gS
 fookn fuokj.k iSuy LFkkfir djsa
 fooknksa dks eè;LFkrk ds fy, lanfHkZr djsa
 iSuy] vihyh; fudk; vkSj eè;LFkrk fjiksVZ dks
viukuk
 mu fjiksVks± dh fliQkfj'kksa vkSj fu.kZ;ksa dks dSls dk;kZfUor
fd;k tk jgk gS] bl ij dM+h utj j•sa
 ;fn mu fliQkfj'kksa vkSj fu;eksa dk ikyu ugha fd;k
tkrk gS rks fj;k;rksa dks fuyafcr djus ds fy, vkxs
c<+saA
fo'o O;kikj
fo'o O;kikjlalaxxBuBu
fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds fl¼kar
z xSj&HksnHkko% blesa nks çeq• ?kVd gksrs gSa%
1- eksLV iQsoMZ us'ku (MFN) fu;e% MFN fu;e
;g dgrk gS fd fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds lnL;ksa dks
vU; lnL; ns'kksa ds lkFk lHkh O;kikjksa ds fy, leku
'krks± dks ykxw djuk pkfg,] vFkkZr] mUgsa vU; lHkh
MCY;wVhvks lnL;ksa dks lcls vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ka çnku
djuh pkfg, ftlds rgr os fdlh fo'ks"k mRikn çdkj
esa O;kikj dh vuqefr nsrs gSaA
2- jk"Vªh; mipkjkRed uhfr% xSj&'kqYd O;kikj ck/kvksa
dks nwj djus ds fy, jk"Vªh; mipkj rS;kj fd;k x;k Fkk
vkSj ;g fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k Fkk fd vk;kfrr oLrqvksa
dks ?kjsyw :i ls mRikfnr oLrqvksa ds leku ekuk tkuk
pkfg, (de ls de muds cktkj esa igqapus ds ckn)
(mnkgj.k ds fy, rduhdh ekud] lqj{kk ekud vkSj
vU; vk;kfrr oLrqvksa ds f•ykiQ HksnHkko)A
z ikjLifjdrk%
 ;g varjjk"Vªh; cktkjksa rd igqap esa lq/kj dh bPNk vkSj
,e,iQ,u fofu;eu }kjk yk, x, laHkkfor Úh&jkbfMax
ds nk;js dks lhfer djus dh bPNk nksuksa dks n'kkZrk gSA
 ,d lacaf/r fcanq ;g gS fd fdlh ns'k dks okrkZ esa
'kkfey gksus ds fy,] ,drjiQk mnkjhdj.k ds ykHkksa ls
vf/d ykHk gksuk pkfg,_ ikjLifjd fj;k;rksa dk mís';
;g xkjaVh nsuk gS fd ;s laHkkfor ykHk çkIr gksaxsA
z ckè;dkjh vkSj ykxw djus ;ksX; çfrc¼rk,a% fj;k;rksa dh
,d vuqlwph (lwph)] ,d dkuwuh nLrkost] cgqi{kh;
O;kikj okrkZvksa ds nkSjku vkSj ifjxzg.k ij MCY;wVhvks lnL;ksa
}kjk fd, x, 'kqYd nkf;Roksa dh ,d lwph gSA
z ikjnf'kZrk
 fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds lnL;ksa dks vius O;kikj fu;eksa
dk •qyklk djuk pkfg,] mu laLFkkuksa dks j•uk pkfg,
tks O;kikj dks çHkkfor djus okys ç'kklfud fu.kZ;ksa
dh leh{kk dh vuqefr nsrs gSa] vU; lnL;ksa ls lwpuk
vuqjks/ksa dk tokc nsrs gSa] vkSj mudh O;kikj uhfr;ksa
esa ifjorZu ds fo'o O;kikj laxBu dks lwfpr djrs gSaA
 O;kikj uhfr leh{kk ra=k }kjk çnku dh tkus okyh
vkof/d ns'k&fof'k"V fjiksVZ (O;kikj uhfr leh{kk) bu
vkarfjd ikjnf'kZrk vko';drkvksa (Vhihvkj,e) dks
c<+krh vkSj vklku cukrh gSA
z lqj{kk ewY;
 ljdkjksa dks dqN 'krks± ds rgr O;kikj çfrca/ yxkus
dk vf/dkj gSA
583
  fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds le>kSrs blds lnL;ksa dks u
dsoy i;kZoj.k cfYd ekuo LokLF;] i'kq LokLF; vkSj
ikS/ksa ds LokLF; dh j{kk ds fy, dkjZokbZ djus esa
l{ke cukrs gSaA
fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds lkFk eqís vkSj pqukSfr;k¡
z laLFkkxr leL;k,a% vesfjdk }kjk fu;qfÙkQ;ksa dks vo#¼
djus ds ifj.kkeLo:i] vihyh; fudk; ds ikl vihyksa
ij lquokbZ djus ds fy, fu.kkZ;dksa dh vko';d la[;k
;kuh dksje (7 esa ls 3) ugha jg x;k gS] vkSj fnlacj
2019 ls ifjpkyu vfuok;Z :i ls fuyafcr dj fn;k x;k
gSA vesfjdk esa] ,d /kj.kk gS fd fo'o O;kikj laxBu us
phu dh p<+kbZ dks jksdus esa foiQy jgus vkSj vesfjdk ij
dbZ O;kikj fooknksa esa xyr dke djus dk fu;fer vkjksi
yxkdj ns'k ds lokZsÙke fgr esa dke ugha fd;k gSAfookn
fuiVku dk;Z esa fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk ladV blds okrkZ
dk;Z ds VwVus ls fudVrk ls tqM+k gqvk gSA
z ikjnf'kZrk dk vHkko% fo'o O;kikj laxBu okrkZ dfBukb;ksa
dk lkeuk djrh gS D;ksafd bl ckr ij dksbZ lgefr ugha gS
fd laxBu ds vanj ,d fodflr ;k fodkl'khy ns'k ds
:i esa D;k ;ksX;rk gSA orZeku esa] lnL; •qn dks ^^fo'ks"k
vkSj vyx O;ogkj** çkIr djus ds fy, fodkl'khy
ns'kksa ds :i esa ?kksf"kr dj ldrs gSa & ,d vH;kl ftls
fooknkLin ekuk tkrk gSA
z bZ&dkWelZ vkSj fMftVy O;kikj% fo'o O;kikj laxBu
ds lnL;ksa us 1998 esa varjkZ"Vªh; bysDVªkWfud dkWelZ ls
tqM+s lHkh O;kikj laca/h ekeyksa dh tkap ds fy, ,d
MCY;wVhvks bZ&dkWelZ vf/LFkxu dh LFkkiuk dh] ;g
vuqeku yxkus ds ckn fd bZ&dkWelZ oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk
esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk,xkA blds vykok] vkWuykbu
VªsfMax dks fofu;fer djus okys dkuwuksa dk gksuk igys ls
dgha vf/d egRoiw.kZ gksxk D;ksafd dksfoM&19 egkekjh
us bZ&dkWelZ esa cnyko dks xfr nhA ØkWl&ckWMZj bZ&dkWelZ
oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds O;kikj dh rqyuk esa de varjjk"Vªh;
fu;eksa }kjk fu;af=kr gksrk gSA
z fodkl ,oa Ñf"k% Ñf"k ij le>kSrk (1995 esa ykxw
gqvk) dk mís'; vR;f/d O;kikj ck/kvksa vkSj vuqnku
dks de djuk gS tks Ñf"k O;kikj esa ck/k Mkyrs gSaA •k|
lqj{kk vkSj fodkl ds fy, Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh
vko';drkvksa ds ckjs esa fpark] gkykafd] Ñf"k ij le>kSrs
dks jksd jgh gSA
584
z phu esa jktdh; iwathokn% phu dh jkT; ds LokfeRo
okyh daifu;ka eqÙkQ cktkj varjjk"Vªh; O;kikj ç.kkyh ds
fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ •rjk iSnk djrh gSaA MCY;wVhvks dh
fu;e iqfLrdk ckSf¼d laink] jkT; ds LokfeRo okys
O;olk;ksa vkSj vkS|ksfxd vuqnku ds laca/ esa phu ds eqíksa
dks gy djus ds fy, vi;kZIr gS] tks bl eqís dk ,d
egRoiw.kZ igyw gSA bl otg ls vesfjdk vkSj phu ds chp
VªsM ;q¼ py jgk gSA
z •k| lqj{kk ç;kstuksa ds fy, lkoZtfud HkaMkj.k% 2015
dh uSjksch eaf=kLrjh; cSBd esa ,d Li"V tukns'k ds ckotwn]
•k| lqj{kk mís';ksa ds fy, lkoZtfud LVkWdgksfYMax dk
vHkh Hkh dksbZ lek/ku ugha gSA bl rF; ds ckotwn fd
jk"Vªksa us lgefr O;ÙkQ dh gS fd ;fn os lhek (rFkkdfFkr
^'kkafr •aM*) dks ikj djrs gSa rks dksbZ dkuwuh dkjZokbZ ugha
dh tk,xh] ,d nh?kZdkfyd lek/ku dh ryk'k dh tkuh
pkfg,] tSls fd ,e,lih ls feyus okyh ctVh; lgk;rk
dks O;kikj&foÑr ds :i esa oxhZÑr ugha djukA
z dksfoM&19 ds fy, ckSf¼d laink vf/dkj (TRIPS)
dh NwV ij vlgefr% dksfoM&19 ls lacaf/r vkS"k/h;
mRiknksa ds fy, ckSf¼d laink vf/dkj (TRIPS) le>kSrs ds
O;kikj&lacaf/r igyqvksa dks NksM+us dh vko';drk vHkh Hkh
MCywVhvks lnL; ns'kksa ds chp fookn dk fo"k; gSA
z vrkfdZd eNyh idM+us dh vuqnku ds çko/ku dk
fofu;eu% eNyh idM+us dks vrkfdZd vuqnku nh xbZ gS]
ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i phu tSls ns'kksa }kjk leqæh lalk/uksa
dk vR;f/d nksgu gqvk gS] tks nqfu;k dk 'kh"kZ eNqvkjk
vkSj fu;kZrd gSA
z cgqi{kh; O;kikj djkjksa ds dkj.k oSf'od 'kklu
dk fo•aMu% fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds xfrjks/ ds
ifj.kkeLo:i {ks=kh; O;kid vkfFkZd Hkkxhnkjh (RCEP)
vkSj Vªkal&iSflfiQd ikVZujf'ki (CPTPP) ds fy, O;kid
vkSj çxfr'khy le>kSrs tSls esxk cgqi{kh; O;kikj le>kSrs
lkeus vk, gSaA
z u, mHkjrs eqíksa dk lkeuk djus dh vi;kZIr {kerk%
fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh rduhdh {kerk orZeku esa bDdhloha
lnh esa bldh lkefjd çklafxdrk dks •rjk iSnk djus okys
çeq• eqíksa dks lacksf/r djus ds fy, iwjh rjg ls vi;kZIr
gSA laxBu us u rks vuqdwyu fd;k gS] u gh çfrfØ;k nh
gS] u gh egRoiw.kZ {ks=kksa esa forfjr fd;k gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z eksLV iQsoMZ us'ku (,e,iQ,u) dk ntkZ% ,e,iQ,u
fLFkfr okyk ns'k vius O;kikfjd Hkkxhnkj }kjk çnku dh
tkus okyh lokZsÙke O;kikj fLFkfr;ksa ls ykHkkfUor gksrk gSA
rnuqlkj] jk"Vª dks lcls de 'kqYd] lcls de O;kikj
ck/kvksa vkSj mPpre vk;kr dksVk ls ykHk gksrk gSAfo'o
O;kikj laxBu ds çR;sd lnL; ds ikl ,e,iQ,u dk
ntkZ gksrk gS] tks mUgsa vU; lnL;ksa ds leku O;kikj ykHk
dk vf/dkj nsrk gSA gkykafd] fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks blls
NwV nh xbZ gSA la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk us phu vkSj Hkkjr
(fodkl'khy ns'kksa) ij bl çko/ku dk mi;ksx djus dk
vkjksi yxk;k gS] gkykafd vkbZ,e,iQ }kjk oSf'od Lrj ij
Øe'k% nwljh vkSj ikapoha lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds :i
esa jSad fd;k x;k gSA
z vke lgefr dk vHkko% 2013 dk O;kikj lqfo/k le>kSrk
,dek=k ,slk u;k le>kSrk gS ftls fo'o O;kikj laxBu us
vius 25 ls vf/d o"kks± ds vfLrRo esa is'k fd;k gS tks
blds lHkh lnL;ksa (TFA) ij ykxw gksrk gSA ;g miyfC/
laHko gksus dk ,dek=k dkj.k ;g Fkk fd fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa
dks mudh çfrc¼rkvksa ds laca/ esa dqN NwV nh xbZ FkhA
bl rjg ds cgqyoknh le>kSrksa ds fy, yach ckrphr dh
vko';drk gksrh gS] ftlls çfØ;k cksf>y vkSj FkdkÅ
gks tkrh gSA
z c<+rk gqvk laj{k.kokn% oSf'od vkiwfrZ J`a•ykvksa ij xzsV
ykWdMkmu ds çHkko us O;kikj esa ,d egRoiw.kZ O;o/ku
mRiUu fd;kA laj{k.koknh mik;ksa dk nqfu;k Hkj esa jkstxkj]
vkfFkZd fodkl] Ø; 'kfÙkQ vkfn ij udkjkRed çHkko
iM+k vkSj oSf'od O;kikj O;oLFkk ds egRo esa deh vkbZA
vesfjdk vkSj fczVsu tSls ns'kksa us viuh laj{k.koknh uhfr;ksa
ds lkFk varjjk"Vªh; leqnk; ds chp vfo'okl dks c<+kok
fn;k gSA vesfjdk vkSj phu ds chp O;kikj fookn fLFkfr
dks vkSj •jkc dj jgs gSaA
z vfofu;eu% fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds fu;eksa }kjk jk"Vªh;
laçHkqrk dks gVk fn;k x;k gS] ftldk Je vkSj i;kZoj.k
laj{k.k ij udkjkRed çHkko iM+rk gSA bls vesfjdh
MkWfYiQu&lqjf{kr yscfyax] vkuqoaf'kd :i ls la'kksf/r
iQlyksa vkSj vU; eqíksa ij vius #• ds fy, vkykspuk
feyrh gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ] vuqfpr Je çFkkvksa] Je
vf/dkjksa ds mYya?ku (phu)] etnwjh] vkfn dh j{kk
djrs gq, fu;kZr dh ykxr esa dVkSrh djus ds fy, bldh
vkykspuk dh tkrh gSA
fo'o O;kikj
fo'o O;kikjlalaxxBuBu
z vk;kr çfr;ksfxrk% vk;kr vkSj fons'kh daifu;ksa ij c<+rh
fuHkZjrk ds dkj.k] MCY;wVhvks ds usr`Ro okyh 'kqYd dVkSrh
dk ?kjsyw ukSdfj;ksa vkSj etnwjh ij udkjkRed çHkko iM+k
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] phu ds 2001 esa fo'o O;kikj laxBu
esa 'kkfey gksus ds ckn ls vesfjdk us 3 fefy;u ls vf/d
ukSdfj;ksa dks •ks fn;k gSA
z nksgk nkSj dh vliQyrk% ,tsaMs ds eq[; ?kVd Ñf"k
mRiknksa esa O;kikj dk mnkjhdj.k] lsok m|ksx esa O;kikj
çfrca/ksa dks de djuk vkSj xSj&Ñf"k lkeku gSaA Ñf"k
vuqnku vkSj çLrkfor ^^fo'ks"k lqj{kk ra=k** ds ckjs esa
vlgefr] ftlesa fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks vius fdlkuksa dh
j{kk ds fy, vLFkk;h :i ls 'kqYd c<+kus dh vuqefr
nsus dk vkÞoku fd;k x;k Fkk] 2008 esa bu okrkZvksa dh
foiQyrk dk dkj.k cukA •k| lqj{kk] tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj
O;kikj vlarqyu tSlh vU; oSf'od O;kikj laca/h leL;kvksa
ij fo'o O;kikj laxBu us cgqr de è;ku fn;k gSA
z 'kqYd vkSj O;kikj ij lkekU; le>kSrk (GATT)@WTO
dh ifjpkyu ekU;rk% cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk esa ewY; ds
ekè;e ls vkiwfrZ vkSj ekax dh 'krks± ds tokc esa futh {ks=k
ds lapkydksa }kjk egRoiw.kZ vuqikr esa varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk
lapkyu fd;k tkrk gS & O;kolkf;d xfrfof/;ksa esa yxs jkT;
m|eksa ds lapkyu esa gLr{ksi vkSj foÑr fd;k tk jgk gSA
fo'o O;kikj laxBu vkSj vuqnku O;oLFkk
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh 'kCnkoyh ds vuqlkj] lkekU; vuqnku
^^cDls** }kjk n'kkZ;h tkrh gS tks VªfS iQd ykbV ds vuqlkj jaxhu
gksrh gS%a xzhu (vf/Ñr)] ,Ecj (/hek & ;kuh] de djus
dh vko';drk gS)] vkSj yky (vuqefr ugha) (fuf"k¼)A
z ges'kk dh rjg] Ñf"k esa phtsa vf/d tfVy gksrh gSaA
gkykafd ,Ecj ckWDl esa dVkSrh çfrc¼rk Lrj ls vf/d
?kjsyw leFkZu çfrcaf/r gS] Ñf"k le>kSrs esa dksbZ yky ckWDl
ugha gSA blds ctk;] vuqnku ds fy, ,d Cyw ckWDl gS tks
mRiknu&lhfer dk;ZØeksa ls tqM+k gqvk gSA
fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh vuqnku dk oxhZdj.k
z fu;kZr vuqnku% tc dksbZ fdlku ;k fu;kZrd fdlh fons'kh
cktkj esa Ñf"k eky csprk gS rks og fons'kh eqæk l`ftr
djds vius vkSj ns'k ds fy, /u cukrk gSA blfy,] tc
rd os ?kjsyw vFkZO;oLFkk dks çHkkfor ugha djrs gSa] rc
rd Ñf"k fu;kZr dks vke rkSj ij leFkZu feyrk gSA fu;kZr
vuqnku fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, nh xbZ foÙkh; lgk;rk
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,& phu tSls ns'k fdlkuksa dks fu;kZr
foÙkiks"k.k çnku djrs gSaA
585
z vukt çksRlkgu ds fy, vuqnku% iwoZ& czsfDlV ds ekeys z vk;kfrr lkekuksa ds Åij ?kjsyw mi;ksx ij fuHkZj
esa] ;wds dk u;k Ñf"k fcy 2020 rd Ñf"k O;olk; dks lfClMh% mnkgj.k ds fy,] la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk esa]
leFkZu nsus ds fy, vuqnku lqfuf'pr djrk gSA xkjaVh'kqnk fjVuZ çnku djus ds fy, fdlkuksa ls •jhnkjh dh
z lajpukRed lek;kstu vuqnku% Ñf"k esa flapkbZ dks ekax dh tkrh gS] tks vçR;{k :i ls miHkksÙkQkvksa ds fy,
çksRlkfgr djukA mnkgj.kksa esa ç/ku ea=kh Ñf"k flapkbZ dhersa de djrh gSA
;kstuk 'kkfey gSA Ñf"k ij le>kSrk (AOA)
z {ks=kh; fodkl vuqnku% {ks=kh; fodkl ds fy, vuqnku dk
z ;g th,VhVh ds m#Xos nkSj esa ckrphr dh xbZ Fkh vkSj 1995
mís'; lHkh çdkj ds xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa fdlkuksa ds dY;k.k
esa fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds fuekZ.k ds lkFk iwjk gqvk FkkA
vkSj thou ds Lrj esa lq/kj djuk vkSj csgrj jk"Vªh;
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu ,vks, ds ekè;e ls ,d fu"i{k vkSj
çn'kZu vkSj lekos'kh] yphyk lektksa esa muds ;ksxnku dks
cktkj lapkfyr O;oLFkk ds lkFk Ñf"k O;kikj esa lq/kj
c<+kuk gSA djuk pkgrk gSA
z vuqla/ku ,oa fodkl vuqnku% uokpkj dk leFkZu djus z ,vks, dh lfClMh O;oLFkk esa rhu çdkj dh lfClMh
ds fy, turk ds fy, vuqla/ku vkSj fodkl ds fy, ^^xSj&foÑr** ;k ^^U;wure foÑr** lfClMh (^^xzhu
lfClMh foÙkh; çksRlkgu ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA uohu ckWDl** vkSj ^^Cyw ckWDl** lfClMh) ls ysdj ^^i;kZIr
ifj;kstuk,¡ cukus okyh daifu;k¡ blds fy, vuqjks/ dj :i ls foÑr** lfClMh (^^,Ecj ckWDl** lfClMh) rd
ldrh gSaA 'kkfey gSaA
z lfClMh tks ;k rks U;wure foÑfr gS ;k O;kikj ij dksbZ çHkko ugha gS] xzhu ckWDl ds varxZr vkrh gSA ,d
mnkgj.k ds :i esa] volajpuk] •k| lqj{kk] jksx çca/u] vkSj vuqla/ku ls lacaf/r lHkh ljdkjh lsokvksa ij
fopkj djsaA blds vfrfjÙkQ] lHkh fdlku lfClMh tks lh/s rkSj ij nqfu;k Hkj esa O;kikj dks çHkkfor ugha djrh
xzhu gSa] xzhu ckWDl esa vkrh gSaA
ckWDl
z {ks=kh; fodkl vkSj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dk;ZØeksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
z blfy,] ^^xzhu ckWDl** lfClMh dh vuqefr fcuk fdlh lhek ds nh tkrh gS] tc rd fd os çR;sd uhfr ds
fy, vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrh gSaA
z dqN vioknksa ds lkFk] ,Ecj ckWDl esa os lHkh ?kjsyw lfClMh ;k leFkZu 'kkfey gSa ftuesa O;kikj vkSj mRiknu
,Ecj dks fcxkM+us dh {kerk gSA bl Js.kh esa ewY; leFkZu mik;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
ckWDl z fodflr ns'kksa ds fy, 5» Ñf"k mRiknu vkSj vfodflr ns'kksa ds fy, 10» rd lfClMh Lohdkj djus dk
çko/ku vacj ckWDl dk viokn gSA
z Cyw ckWDl esa lHkh ,Ecj ckWDl lfClMh 'kkfey gSa tks mRiknu dks çfrcaf/r djus dh {kerk j•rh gSaA bls fcuk
Cyw ckWDl fdlh çfrca/ ds mBk;k tk ldrk gS tc rd fd lfClMh mRiknu dks lhfer djus okys dk;ZØeksa ls tqM+h gksA
z fiQygky Cyw ckWDl lfClMh ij •pZ fd, tkus okys iSls dh dksbZ lhek ugha gSA
cktkj rd igqap z fo'o O;kikj laxBu lnL; fu;fer fo'o O;kikj laxBu
dk;Z dk;ZØe vkSj uoacj 2001 esa nksgk eaf=kLrjh; lEesyu
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa] eky ds fy, cktkj igqap 'krks±]
'kqYd vkSj xSj&'kqYd mik;ksa dks lanfHkZr djrk gS] tks esa 'kq: dh xbZ ckrphr ds ekè;e ls cktkj igqap esa yxkrkj
lnL; vius cktkjksa esa fo'ks"k oLrqvksa ds ços'k ds fy, lq/kj djuk pkgrs gSaA
lger gq, gSaA
?kjsyw vuqnku
z eqÙkQ O;kikj dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,] fo'ks"k ns'kksa }kjk
fu/kZfjr 'kqYd (tSls lhek 'kqYd) dks /hjs&/hjs de fd;k z la{ksi esa] ;g ?kjsyw lfClMh dks de djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr
tkuk pkfg,A blds vfrfjÙkQ] ;g vfuok;Z gS fd xSj&'kqYd djrk gS tks eqÙkQ O;kikj vkSj mfpr ewY; fu/kZj.k dks
ck/kvksa dks lekIr dj fn;k tk, vkSj 'kqYd 'kqYdksa ds çfrcaf/r djrk gSA
lkFk çfrLFkkfir fd;k tk,A

586 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z ;g bl /kj.kk ij vk/kfjr gS fd lHkh çdkj dh lfClMh
O;kikj dks leku lhek rd çHkkfor ugha djrh gSaA
z Ñf"k ij le>kSrs ds vuqlkj] lfClMh rhu Jsf.k;ksa ;kuh xzhu
ckWDl] ,Ecj ckWDl vkSj Cyw ckWDl esa vkrh gSA
z fodflr ns'kksa esa ?kjsyw leFkZu uhfr;ksa esa 20» vkSj
fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa 13-3» dh dVkSrh dh tkuh pkfg,]
tSlk fd leFkZu ds dqy lexz mik; (dqy AMS) }kjk
ekik x;k gSA
z Mh fefuel Lrj% MCY;wVhvks us ?kjsyw leFkZu ds fuEu
U;wure Lrj fu/kZfjr fd, gSa] tks bl rF; ds ckotwn
vuqer gSa fd os O;kikj dks foÑr djrs gSa%
 fodflr ns'kksa ds fy, mRiknu ewY; ds 5» rd]
 fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa ds fy, mRiknu ds ewY; dk 10»
rdA
fu;kZr lfClMh
z fu;kZr lfClMh dksbZ vkSj lHkh foÙkh; lgk;rk dk;ZØe gSa
tks Ñf"k oLrqvksa ds fu;kZr dh ykxr dks de djrs gSaA
z blls vU; ns'kksa dks Hkkjh lfClMh okyh oLrqvksa dh Mafiax
gks ldrh gS] ftlls mu ns'kksa ds LFkkuh; Ñf"k m|ksxksa dks
uqdlku gks ldrk gSA
z ewy :i ls] ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ;s okf.kT; ij udkjkRed
çHkko MkysaxsA
z bl le>kSrs ds rgr lnL; jkT;ksa dks Ñf"k mRiknksa ds fy,
fu;kZr lfClMh dks fu;ksftr djus dh vuqefr ugha gSA
z fodflr ns'kksa dks leku fdLrksa esa (1986&1990 ds
Lrj ls) Ng o"kks± dh vof/ esa vius fu;kZr lfClMh
•pZ esa 36» vkSj mudh ek=kk esa 21» dh dVkSrh
djuh pkfg,A
z fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy, nl lky dh vof/ esa leku
okf"kZd fd'rksa esa Øe'k% 24» vkSj 14» dVkSrh gksrh gSA
fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds rgr ^ihl DykWt+*
z ?kjsyw •k| lqj{kk ds fy, Hkh] fdlkuksa ds fy, ?kjsyw leFkZu
ds eqís us fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds chp la?k"kZ
dk dkj.k cukA
z 2013 esa ckyh eaf=kLrjh; lEesyu esa ,d vLFkk;h 'kkafr
•aM tksM+k x;k rkfd ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk lds fd fdlh
Hkh ns'k dks •k| lqj{kk igyksa esa Hkkx ysus ls dkuwuh :i
ls çfrcaf/r ugha fd;k tk,xk] Hkys gh lfClMh Ñf"k ij
fo'o O;kikj laxBu le>kSrs esa fu/kZfjr lhek ls vf/d gksA
fo'o O;kikj
fo'o O;kikjlalaxxBuBu
z ;g ^ihl DykWt+* 2017 rd pkj o"kks± ds fy, ykxw gksus dh
mEehn Fkh] ml le; rd uk;d leL;k dk LFkk;h lek/ku
•kstus dh mEehn dj jgs FksA
z Hkkjr us igyh ckj 2020 esa foÙkh; o"kZ 2018&19 ds
fy, ihl DykWt+ ykxw fd;k D;ksafd ;g pkoy fdlkuksa
dks nh tkus okyh lfClMh dh jkf'k ij 10» dh lhek
ls Åij pyk x;kA
z Hkkjr us ckn esa 2021 esa ihl DykWt+ dk nwljh ckj mi;ksx
fd;k] tc pkoy fdlkuksa ds fy, lfClMh 10» dh lhek
ls 13-7» vf/d FkhA
z Hkkjr us ,d ckj fiQj 2022 esa ihl DykWt+ dk mi;ksx
fd;k D;ksafd pkoy ds fy, lfClMh 10» dh lhek ls
vf/d gks xbZA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. ^^,xzhesaV vkWu ,xzhesaV**] ^^,xzhesaV vkWu n ,Iyhds'ku vkWiQ
lSfuVjh ,aM iQkbVkslSusfVd estlZ** vkSj ^^ihl DykWt**
'kCn lekpkjksa esa ckj&ckj fn•kbZ nsrs gSa& (2015)
(a) •k| vkSj Ñf"k laxBu
(b) tyok;q ifjorZu ij la;qÙkQ jk"Vª ÚseodZ lEesyu
(c) fo'o O;kikj laxBu
(d) la;qÙkQ jk"Vª i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe
eksLV iQsoMZ us'ku (,e,iQ,u) dk ntkZ
z eksLV iQsoMZ us'ku dk ntkZ ,d O;kikfjd Hkkxhnkj dks fn;k
tkus okyk ,d mipkj gS tks ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd
nks ns'kksa ds chp O;kikj vU; O;kikfjd Hkkxhnkjksa dh rqyuk
esa HksnHkkoiw.kZ ugha gSA
z rF; ;g gS fd ,e,iQ,u 'kqYd vkSj O;kikj (th,VhVh)
ij lkekU; le>kSrs dk igyk •aM gS] ,e,iQ,u ds egRo
dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA
z ,e,iQ,u] 'kkfCnd vFkZ esa] vf/ekU; mipkj dk vFkZ
ugha djrk gSA blds ctk;] ;g xSj&HksnHkkoiw.kZ O;kikj dks
lanfHkZr djrk gS tks ns'k dks xkjaVh nsrk gS fd ,e,iQ,u
dk ntkZ nsus okys ds vU; O;kikfjd Hkkxhnkjksa dh rqyuk esa
uqdlkunsg fLFkfr esa ugha gksxkA
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds ,d lnL; jkT; dks fofHkUu O;kikj
Hkkxhnkjksa ds chp varj djus ls euk fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn
fdlh O;kikj Hkkxhnkj dks fo'ks"k ntkZ fn;k tkrk gS] rks mls
lHkh fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds lnL;ksa dks miyC/ djk;k
tkuk pkfg,A
587
z tc fdlh ns'k dks ,e,iQ,u dk ntkZ fn;k tkrk gS] rks
;g vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gS fd og O;kikj ck/kvksa dks de
djsxk vkSj 'kqYd esa dVkSrh djsxkA
z blds vfrfjÙkQ] blls oLrqvksa ds eqÙkQ çokg vkSj vf/d
oLrqvksa ds O;kikj dh vuqefr feyus dh mEehn gSA
,e,iQ,u dk ntkZ gVkuk
z ,e,iQ,u mipkj dks fdlh Hkh le; fuyafcr fd;k
tk ldrk gS] vkSj ;g Li"V ugha gS fd ;fn lnL; ,slk
djrs gSa rks mUgsa fo'o O;kikj laxBu dks lwfpr djuk
pkfg,A gkykafd] ,slk djus ds fy, dksbZ vkSipkfjd
çfØ;k ekStwn ugha gSA
z ikfdLrku esa fLFkr ,d bLykfed lewg }kjk vkRe?kkrh
geys ds ckn 40 iqfyl dh ekSr gks xbZ] Hkkjr us 2019
esa ikfdLrku ds ,e,iQ,u dk ntkZ jí dj fn;kA gkykafd
Hkkjr dks ikfdLrku }kjk dHkh Hkh ,e,iQ,u dk ntkZ ugha
fn;k x;kA
,e,iQ,u fLFkfr ds ykHk
z ,e,iQ,u dk ntkZ fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy, cgqr iQk;nsean
gksrk gSA
 ;g O;kikfjd oLrqvksa ds fy, O;kid cktkj rd igqap
çnku djrk gSA
 vR;f/d ?kVs gq, 'kqYdksa vkSj O;kikj ck/kvksa ds dkj.k
fu;kZr oLrqvksa dh de ykxrA
 O;kikj çfrLi/kZ esa o`f¼ dh vksj ys tkrk gS
 ukSdj'kkgh dh ck/kvksa dks de djrk gS vkSj lHkh çdkj
ds vk;krksa ds fy, fofHkUu çdkj ds 'kqYd leku :i
ls fu/kZfjr fd, tkrs gSaA
 ukSdj'kkgh ck/kvksa dks de djrk gS] vkSj lHkh vk;kr
,d gh çdkj ds 'kqYd ds v/hu gksrs gSaA
 vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj fu;kZr m|ksx dks c<+kok nsus ds nkSjku
mRiknksa dh ekax esa o`f¼ djrk gSA
 O;kikj laj{k.kokn us tks vkfFkZd {kfr iSnk dh gS] mldk
fuokj.k djrk gSA
,e,iQ,u fLFkfr ds uqdlku
z çeq• uqdlku ;g gS fd vU; lHkh O;kikj Hkkxhnkj tks
MCY;wVhvks lnL; gSa] muds lkFk jk"Vª }kjk leku O;ogkj
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
z blds ifj.kkeLo:i ewY; ;q¼ gksrk gS vkSj ?kjsyw m|ksx
detksj gks tkrk gSA
588
z lLrs vk;kr ds f•ykiQ ns'k vius Lo;a ds m|ksx dh j{kk
djus esa vleFkZ gS] vkSj blds ifj.kkeLo:i] dqN ?kjsyw
f•ykfM+;ksa dks egRoiw.kZ uqdlku mBkus ds fy, etcwj gksuk
iM+rk gS ;k mudh o`f¼ dks jksd fn;k tkrk gSA
ckSf¼d laink vf/dkj ds O;kikj
laca/h igyw (TRIPS)
z fVªIl fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds lHkh lnL; ns'kksa ds chp
,d varjjk"Vªh; dkuwuh le>kSrk gSA
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu }kjk cuk, x, le>kSrs ds ,d Hkkx
ds :i esa TRIPS 1995 esa ykxw gqvkA
z ;g bl ckr ds fy, U;wure ekud fu/kZfjr djrk gS fd
jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dks dqN çdkj dh ckSf¼d laink (vkbZih)
dks dSls fofu;fer djuk pkfg, tc os vU; fo'o O;kikj
laxBu ds lnL;ksa ds ukxfjdksa ij ykxw gksrh gSaA
z ;g cgqi{kh; O;kikj ç.kkyh esa ckSf¼d laink dkuwu ds
igys mnkgj.k ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS vkSj vHkh Hkh
ckSf¼d laink ij vc rd dk lcls O;kid cgqi{kh;
le>kSrk gSA
z ;g rduhdh mUufr] yksd dY;k.k vkSj uokpkj ds lanHkZ
esa vkbZih ç.kkyh dks rS;kj djrk gSA
z fVªIl le>kSrs dks ^cuZ vkSj isfjl&Iyl* le>kSrs ds :i esa
Hkh lanfHkZr fd;k tkrk gSA
z TRIPS ifj"kn TRIPS le>kSrs dks dSls ykxw fd;k tk
jgk gS] bldh fuxjkuh vkSj fuxjkuh djus dk çHkkjh gSA
fVªIl ds çeq• çko/ku
z TRIPS ;g crkrk gS fd lnL; jkT;ksa dks etcwr ckSf¼d
laink vf/dkj lqj{kk lqj{kk çnku djuh pkfg,A
z ;g çR;sd fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds lnL; ij ykxw gksrk gSA
z bldk mís'; ys•dksa vkSj vU; dkWihjkbV /kjdksa ds
lkFk&lkFk mu yksxksa ds fy, dkWihjkbV lqj{kk çnku djuk
gS ftuds ikl lacaf/r vf/dkj gSa] tSls fd dykdkj]
lkmaM fjdkWMZ fuekZrk vkSj çlkj.k daifu;kaA
z HkkSxksfyd ladsr (thvkbZ)] vkS|ksfxd fMtkbu]
,dhÑr lfdZV ysvkmV fMtkbu] isVsaV] ubZ ikS/ksa dh
fdLesa] VªsMekdZ] O;kikj uke] vkSj vKkr ;k laosnu'khy
tkudkjh lHkh bl le>kSrs ds varxZr vkrh gSaA
z blds vfrfjÙkQ] ;g fookn lek/ku] lek/ku vkSj çorZu
dh çfØ;kvksa dh :ijs•k rS;kj djrk gSA
z TRIPS esa ,d eksLV iQsoMZ us'ku (,e,iQ,u) •aM
'kkfey gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
HkkSxksfyd ladsr (GI)
z thvkbZ ,d fo'ks"k HkkSxksfyd ewy fo'ks"krk ds lkFk eky
ij mi;ksx fd;k tkus okyk VSx gS tks ml ewy ls çkIr
çfr"Bk gSA ,d fof'k"V LFkku ls vkus ds :i esa ,d mRikn
dh igpku djus okyk ,d VSx blds fy, thvkbZ gksuk
vko';d gSA
z ,d HkkSxksfyd ladsr vf/dkj ,d rhljs i{k dks jksdus ds
fy, ladsr dk mi;ksx djus ds vf/dkj ds ekfyd dks
l{ke cukrk gSA
z oLrq dk HkkSxksfyd ladsr (iathdj.k vkSj laj{k.k)
vf/fu;e] 1999 Hkkjr }kjk fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds
lnL; ds :i esa ikfjr fd;k x;k Fkk] vkSj ;g 15
flracj] 2003 dks ykxw gqvkA
z HkkSxksfyd ladsr (thvkbZ) VSx çkIr djus okyk igyk
Hkkjrh; mRikn nkftZfyax pk; Fkk] ftls çfl¼ is; dks 2004
esa ekU;rk feyh FkhA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. Hkkjr us eky ds HkkSxksfyd ladsr (iathdj.k vkSj laj{k.k)
vf/fu;e] 1999 dks ckè; djus ds fy, ds fy, ykxw
fd;kA (2018)
(a) ILO (b) IMF
(c) UNCTAD (d) WTO
2. fuEufyf•r esa ls fdlus@HkkSxksfyd ladsr (GI) dk ntkZ
fn;k gS\ (2015)
1- cukjl tjh vkSj lkM+h
2- jktLFkkuh nky&ckVh&pwjek
3- fr#ifr yîów
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj dk p;u djsaA
(a) dsoy 1
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
Hkkjr dh O;kikj fpark,a vkSj fo'o O;kikj laxBu
z LVhy vkSj ,Y;qehfu;e ij 'kqYd
 LVhy vkSj ,Y;wehfu;e VSfjiQ gky gh esa vesfjdh
ljdkj }kjk dbZ O;kikfjd Hkkxhnkjksa ds f•ykiQ yxk;k
x;k FkkA VSfjiQ ,Y;wehfu;e ds fy, 10» vkSj LVhy
ds fy, 25» gSaA Hkkjr ekax djrk gS fd bls ckgj
fudkyk tk, ;k ;g MCY;wVhvks esa bl eqís dks c<+k,xk
fo'o O;kikj
fo'o O;kikjlalaxxBuBu
z fu;kZr lfClMh dk ekeyk
 gky gh esa] la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk us Hkkjr dks MCY;wVhvks
esa ?klhVk vkSj ,lbZtsM] ,ebZvkbZ,l] bZihlhth vkSj
vU; dk;ZØeksa ds :i esa Hkkjrh; O;olk;ksa dks is'k
fd, x, fu;kZr lfClMh ç.kkyh ds lkFk vius vlarks"k
dks vkokt nhA Hkkjr la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk ds vuqlkj]
,,llh,e }kjk fu/kZfjr fu;kZr lfClMh 'kklu dks
fu;ksftr ugha dj ldrk gS] D;ksafd Hkkjr dh çfr
O;fÙkQ vk; 1000 MkWyj ls c<+ xbZ gSA
z Ñf"k ds fy, vuqnku
 lfClMh dk orZeku vkoaVu 1986 ls 1988 rd ewY;
lwpdkadksa ij vk/kfjr gSA ,Ecj ckWDl vc U;wure
leFkZu ewY; (MSP) vo/kj.kk dks 'kkfey djrk gS]
tks Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa dks lfClMh çnku djrk gSA Hkkjr
ds •k| lqj{kk dk;ZØe ij bldk rRdky çHkko iM+
ldrk gSA
 gkykafd] ckyh f'k•j lEesyu esa viuk;k x;k ,d
^ihl DykWt+* Hkkjr dks vc rd vius ihMh,l dk;ZØe
dks tkjh j•us esa l{ke cukrk gSA gkykafd] vf/d
fodflr lnL; bl eqís ds fy, nh?kZdkfyd lek/ku
•kstus ds fy, dksbZ ç;kl ugha dj jgs gSaA
z fo'ks"k vkSj foHksnd mipkj (,lMhVh)
 lnL; jkT;ksa us nksgk nkSj ds nkSjku fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh
rjthgh mipkj çnku djus ds fy, lgefr O;ÙkQ dhA
bls fo'ks"k vkSj foHksnd mipkj (,lMhVh) ds :i esa
tkuk tkrk gSA
 gkykafd] if'peh ns'k phu vkSj Hkkjr tSlh fodkl'khy
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks bl lqj{kk dks nsus ls budkj dj
jgs gSa D;ksafd mudk ekuuk gS fd os bl çko/ku ds
v;ksX; gSaA
z ckSf¼d laink vf/dkjksa ls lacaf/r eqís
 fVªIl ds ekè;e ls nokvksa ds fy, vfuok;Z ykblsaflax
ds eqís dk lek/ku fd;k x;k gSA gkyk¡fd] fodflr
ns'k fVªIl $ le>kSrksa ds fy, ncko cukus dk ç;kl
dj jgs gSaA
fo'o O;kikj laxBu vkSj Hkkjrh; Ñf"k
z Hkkjr tSlh cM+h Ñf"k vFkZO;oLFkk esa] Hkkstu vkSj vkthfodk
lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djuk vko';d gS
z fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa] Hkkjr lkoZtfud LVkWdgksfYMax
lfClMh ds eqís ds nh?kZdkfyd lek/ku ds fy, n`<+rkiwoZd
ncko cuk jgk gSA
589
z 2013 ds ckyh eaf=kLrjh; lEesyu (MC&9) esa] ,d
varfje le>kSrk vkSj ^^lkoZtfud LVkWdgksfYMax** ij
,d 'kkafr •aM us mu cfg"dj.kksa dks cuk, j•k] tks
fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks Ñf"k mRiknksa dks LVkWdikby
Ñf"k mRiknksa dks Hkkstu dh deh ds f•ykiQ j•us dh
vuqefr nsrk gSA
z foi.ku o"kZ 2018&19 ds fy, pkoy ds fy, 'kkafr
•aM dk vkÞoku igyh ckj Hkkjr }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA
Hkkjr vkSj vU; fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy,] dSi dks
^^Mh fefuel** dgs tkus okys •k| mRiknu ds ewY;
ds 10» ij fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k gSA"
z Hkkjr us gkfudkjd eNyh idM+us dh lfClMh dks gVkus
ds fy, varjjk"Vªh; le>kSrs ds rgr ,d O;kid fookn
lek/ku çfØ;k ds fy, tksj fn;k gSA
z fVªIl le>kSrs ds rgr] Hkkjr okbu vkSj fLifjV~l ds leku
lqj{kk ds Lrj ds lkFk cklerh pkoy] nkftZfyax pk;] vkSj
vYiQksalks vke tSls eky ds fy, thvkbZ VSx çnku djus
dk ,d etcwr çLrkod gSA
z fodflr ns'kksa us Je ekudksa] i;kZoj.k laj{k.k] ekuokf/
dkj] fuos'k fu;eksa vkSj çfrLi/kZ uhfr lfgr] MCY;wVhvks
le>kSrs esa xSj&O;kikj eqíksa dks vkxs c<+k;k gSA
v v v
590
z Hkkjr xSj&vfHkHkkodksa ds fdlh Hkh lekos'k dk fojks/ djrk
gS] ftldk mís'; yacs le; rd laj{k.koknh uhfr;ksa dks
ykxw djuk gS] fo'ks"k :i ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa (xSj&O;kikj
eqíksa ds vk/kj ij] la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk tSls fodflr ns'kksa
vkSj ;wjksih; la?k oL=k] çlaLÑr •k| inkFkZ] vkSj blds
vkxs) tSls fof'k"V lkekuksa ij vk;kr çfrca/ yxkus dk
ç;kl dj jgs gSaA
fu"d"kZ
z laj{k.kokn] O;kikj la?k"kZ (tSls la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk
vkSj phu ds chp)] vkSj czsfDlV lHkh orZeku esa fo'o
vFkZO;oLFkk ij ncko Mky jgs gSaA f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds
ckn mnkjhÑr vkfFkZd ç.kkyh dks oSf'od Lrj ij cuk,
j•us ds fy, fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh Hkfo"; dh Hkwfedk
vko';d gSA Hkkjr vkSj vU; fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkk,a
tSls czkthy] nf{k.k vÚhdk] vkSj vU; ,d ,sls le; esa
fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk djrs gq, ,d liQy
fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds fy, ,d Bksl uhao j• ldrs gSa
tc jk"Vª fo'o O;kikj laxBu ls ckgj fudyus dh /edh
ns jgs gSa] ftlls ;g fuf"Ø; gks jgk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 36 varjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; laLFkku
,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad
z ,Mhch ,d {ks=kh; fodkl cSad gS ftldh LFkkiuk 19
fnlacj 1966 dks euhyk] fiQyhihal esa gqbZ FkhA
z ;g ,d cgqi{kh; fodkl cSad gS tks ,f'k;k vkSj ç'kkar
{ks=k esa lkekftd fodkl] lrr vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj {ks=kh;
,dhdj.k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, nqfu;k Hkj esa dke djrk
gSA
z ;g ,f'k;k vkSj ç'kkar (;w,ubZ,llh,ih) vkSj xSj&{ks=kh;
fodflr ns'kksa ds fy, la;qÙkQ jk"Vª vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd
vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dks Lohdkj djrk gSA
z orZeku dqy lnL; 68 gSa ftuesa ,f'k;k vkSj ç'kkar {ks=k
ds 49 'kkfey gSa vkSj Hkkjr ,Mhch ds laLFkkid lnL;ksa
esa ls ,d FkkA
z eklkRlqxq vldkok tkiku ds orZeku jk"Vªifr gSa ftUgksaus
2020 esa inHkkj xzg.k fd;k FkkA
z mís';% ,f'k;k vkSj ç'kkar {ks=kksa esa xjhch mUewyu vkSj
lekosf'krk] le`f¼] yphykiu] fLFkjrk ds fy, dke djukA
fo'ks"krk,¡%
z cSad dks fo'o cSad dh rtZ ij cuk;k x;k gS vkSj ,d
Hkkfjr ernku i¼fr dk mi;ksx djrk gS tgka lnL;ksa ds
iwath 'ks;jksa ds vuqlkj oksV fn, tkrs gSaA
z tkiku ds ikl 'ks;jksa dk lcls cM+k vuqikr (15-66»)
gS] blds ckn vesfjdk (15-56»)] phu (6-47»)] Hkkjr
(6-35») vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k (5-81») dk LFkku gSA
z ;g baÚkLVªDpj lsokvksa tSls f'k{kk] LokLF; ns•Hkky] yksd
ç'kklu] tyok;q ifjorZu esa enn] foÙkh; {ks=k ds fodkl
vkfn ds {ks=kksa esa ½.k] vuqnku vkSj lwpuk lk>k djus ds
:i esa fuos'k djrk gSA
è;ku dsafær djus okys {ks=k
z f'k{kk esa fodkl vkSj o`f¼A
z vkink tksf•e çca/u] tyok;q ifjorZu vkfn ij dke
djds i;kZoj.k fLFkjrkA
z ½.k] fuos'k] ckaM vkfn çnku djds foÙkh; {ks=k dk fodkl
djukA
z ifjogu] lapkj] ÅtkZ] ty vkiwfrZ vkfn tSlh volajpuk
lqfo/kvksa dks c<+kukA
laxBu dk fudk;
z mPpre uhfr fuekZ.k fudk; çR;sd jkT; ds lnL;ksa ls cuk
cksMZ vkWiQ xouZlZ gksrk gS vkSj ;s lnL; ,d 12 lnL;h;
fudk; dk pquko djrs gSa ftls funs'kd eaMy dgk tkrk gSA
muesa ls 8 ,f'k;k&ç'kkar ls vkSj 4 xSj&{ks=kh; lnL;ksa ls gSaA
z cksMZ vkWiQ xouZlZ lnL;ksa esa ls vè;{k dk pquko djrk gS
tks 5 o"kZ dh vof/ ds fy, funs'kd eaMy dk vè;{k
curk gSA tkiku ds ikl lcls cM+k fgLlk gS blfy,
jk"Vªifr tkiku ls jgs gSaA
,Mhch vkSj Hkkjr fodkl
z ,Mhch us (CARES) dksfoM ,fDVo fjLikal ,DlisafMpj
liksVZ ds rgr COVID&19 ds f•ykiQ yM+kbZ esa enn
ds fy, Hkkjr dks $1-5 fcfy;u ds ½.k dks eatwjh nhA
z ch,lbZ ,Dlpsat ij 850 djksM+ #i;s ds 20 lky ds
elkyk ckWUM tkjh fd,A
z ,Mhch vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj (GOI) us xzkeh.k dusfDVfoVh esa
lq/kj vkSj egkjk"Vª esa vFkZO;oLFkk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,
$300 fefy;u ds ½.k ij gLrk{kj fd,A
z ,Mhch vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj us >kj•aM esa ty vkiwfrZ ds
cqfu;knh <kaps dks fodflr djus vkSj 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa
(;w,ych) dks etcwr djus ds fy, 112 fefy;u MkWyj
ds ½.k ij gLrk{kj fd,A
z ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad us futh {ks=k ds lapkyu vkSj
lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, pquko vk;qÙkQ v'kksd
yoklk dks viuk mikè;{k fu;qÙkQ fd;k gSA
'kklu fjiksVZ tks nqfu;k dh vkcknh dk 40» vkSj oSf'od ldy ?kjsyw
z ,Mhch us xouZsal% lkmaM MsoyiesaV eSustesaV ij ,d fjiksVZ mRikn dk 30» ls vf/d doj djrk gSA
tkjh dh vkSj xqM xouZsal ds 4 çeq• igyqvksa ij çdk'k
MkykA
1- tokcnsgh
 ljdkj esa vf/dkfj;ksa dks vius dk;ks± vkSj ftEesnkfj;ksa

ds fy, tokcnsg gksuk pkfg,A

 lkoZtfud {ks=k ds çca/u] lkoZtfud foÙk çca/u vkSj

lq/kjksa ds ekè;e ls ljdkjh {kerk esa o`f¼ djukA

2- Hkkxhnkjh z ^^'ka?kkbZ iQkbo** ,llhvks dk iwoZorhZ Fkk ftldk
 ljdkj dks csgrj dk;kZUo;u dk;ZØeksa vkSj ifj;kstukvksa xBu 1996 esa phu] dtkfdLrku] fdfxZLrku] :l vkSj
ds fy, dke djuk pkfg,A rkftfdLrku ds chp gqvk FkkA
 fodsaæhdj.k] xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa ds lkFk lg;ksx vkSj z bu jk"Vªksa vkSj mTcsfdLrku ds lHkh usrkvksa us 2001 esa 'ka?kkbZ
lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh ekWMy ds ekè;e ls lgHkkxh esa xgu jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lSU; lg;ksx ds lkFk ,d
fodkl çfØ;k,aA u;k laxBu fodflr djus vkSj cukus ds fy, eqykdkr
3- Hkfo";ok.kh dh] tks 19 flracj 2003 dks ykxw gqvkA
 fu;eu vkSj fu"i{k dkedkt ds fy, dkuwu vkSj z blus LFkk;h lnL;rk vkSj i;Zos{kd dk ntkZ nsdj vU;
uhfr;kaA ns'kksa ds fy, viuh lnL;rk dk foLrkj fd;kA Hkkjr]
 lkoZtfud&futh fodkl ds fy, fLFkj :ijs•kA ikfdLrku] eaxksfy;k vkSj bZjku dks i;Zos{kd dk ntkZ fn;k
4- ikjnf'kZrk x;k vkSj ckn esa 2017 esa Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku dks LFkk;h
 vke turk dks tkudkjh miyC/ djkuk vkSj Li"V lnL; cuk;k x;kA
fu;e tks vklkuh ls le> esa vkrs gSaA z gky gh esa 2021 esa ;g ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd bZjku dks Hkh
 lwpuk dh le; ij miyC/rk vkSj vklku igqap ls 2022 esa LFkk;h lnL; dk ntkZ fey tk,xkA
le; dh cpr gksrh gS vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dks jksdus esa z LFkk;h lnL;% phu] :l] rkftfdLrku] fdfxZLrku]
enn feyrh gSA dtkfdLrku] mtcsfdLrku] Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrkuA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) z i;Zos{kd dh fLFkfr% eaxksfy;k] viQxkfuLrku vkSj csyk:lA
z laokn Hkkxhnkj% Jhyadk] rqdhZ] dacksfM;k] vtjcStku]
1. ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad (ADB) ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf•r
usiky vkSj vkeZsfu;kA
dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s%
1- ,Mhch ds 68 lnL; ns'k gSaA mís';
2- ,Mhch dk eq[;ky; VksD;ks esa gSA z lnL; ns'kksa ds chp vkilh fo'oklA
3- tkiku cSad ds lcls cM+s 'ks;j/kjdksa esa ls ,d gSA z jktuhfr esa çHkkoh lg;ksx vkSj O;kikj] vuqla/ku ,oa
4- ,Mhch esa ,f'k;k ds ckgj dk dksbZ lnL; ugha gSA fodkl vkSj laLÑfr dks c<+kok nsukA
Åij fn, x, dFkuksa esa ls dkSu lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ z fuos'k ds ekè;e ls laca/ksa dks c<+kuk vkSj fofHkUu ifj;kstukvksa
(a) dsoy 2 tSls ÅtkZ] i;ZVu] ifjogu vkfn esa enn djukA
(b) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 z yksdrkaf=kd] fu"i{k vkSj rdZlaxr jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds
(c) dsoy 2] 3 vkSj 4 ekè;e ls {ks=k esa 'kkafr] fLFkjrk vkSj lqj{kk cuk, j•ukA
(d) 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4 lajpuk
jkT; ifj"kn dk çeq• % ;g fudk; ds vkarfjd dkedkt]
'ka?kkbZ lg;ksx laxBu (,llhvks) z

vU; laxBuksa ds lkFk ckrphr vkSj varjjk"Vªh; egRo dk

z 'ka?kkbZ lg;ksx laxBu (,llhvks) {ks=k esa 'kkafr vkSj fLFkjrk iQSlyk djrk gSA
cuk, j•us ds fy, ,d ;wjsf'k;u jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj z ljdkjh ifj"kn ds çeq•% ;g ctV dks eatwjh nsrk gS vkSj
lqj{kk laxBu gSA ;g nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k {ks=kh; laxBu gS] laxBu dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa dks r; djrk gSA

592 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC

UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
z fons'k ekeyksa ds eaf=k;ksa dh ifj"kn% fnu&çfrfnu dh
xfrfof/;ksa dk è;ku j•rh gSA
z {ks=kh; vkradokn fojks/h lajpuk (RATS)% vkradokn]
vyxkookn vkSj mxzokn ls fuiVus ds fy, xfBrA
z ,llhvks lfpoky;% lwpukRed vkSj fo'ys"k.kkRed
leFkZu ds ekè;e ls enn djus ds fy, chftax esa
eq[;ky;A
z vkf/dkfjd Hkk"kk,¡% :lh vkSj phuhA
Hkkjr vkSj ,llhvks
z Hkkjr us COVID egkekjh ds chp 2020 esa SCO çeq•ksa
ds f'k•j lEesyu dh estckuh dhA Hkkjr us rhu LraHkksa
& LVkVZ&vi vkSj buksos'ku] foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh vkSj
ikjaifjd fpfdRlk ij è;ku dsafær fd;kA blus O;kikj]
vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd lg;ksx dks etcwr djus ij Hkh
tksj fn;kA
z ,llhvks f'k•j lEesyu flracj 2022 esa mTcsfdLrku esa
vk;ksftr fd;k tk,xk vkSj Hkkjr vxys lky 2023 esa
,llhvks f'k•j lEesyu dh estckuh djsxkA blds fy,
okjk.klh dks 2022&23 ds fy, ,llhvks {ks=kksa dh igyh
¶i;ZVu vkSj lkaLÑfrd jkt/kuh¸ ds :i esa pquk x;k gSA
Hkkjr ds fy, ,llhvks dk egRo
z ,dhdj.k&dusfDVfoVh&fLFkjrk% Hkkjr dh lnL;rk ls
{ks=kh; ,dhdj.k çkIr djus esa enn feysxh_ lhekvksa ds
ikj dusfDVfoVh vkSj fLFkjrk dks c<+kok nsukA
z lqj{kk% RATS ds ekè;e ls] Hkkjr vkradokn&fojks/h]
u'khyh nokvksa dh rLdjh esa lq/kj dj ldrk gS vkSj
•qfiQ;k tkudkjh lk>k djus] çkS|ksfxfd;ksa vkSj lokZsÙke
çFkkvksa ds fodkl dh lgk;rk ls NksVs gfFk;kjksa ds çlkj
dks jksd ldrk gSA
z ÅtkZ% i;kZoj.k dh vkcknh dks de djus ds fy, ÅtkZ
dh c<+rh ekax vkSj dq'ky çkS|ksfxdh ds mi;ksx ls {ks=kh;
lgk;rk ds ekè;e ls Hkkjr dh ÅtkZ vko';drkvksa dks iwjk
djus esa ,llhvks enn dj ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,&
Vh,ihvkbZ (rqdZesfuLrku&viQxkfuLrku&ikfdLrku&Hkkjr)
ikbiykbu tSlh #dh gqbZ ikbiykbuksa ds fuekZ.k ij ckrphr_
vkbZihvkbZ (bZjku&ikfdLrku&Hkkjr) ikbiykbu dks ,llhvks
ds ekè;e ls cgqr t:jh /Ddk fey ldrk gSA
z O;kikj% ,llhvks eè; ,f'k;k rd igqap çnku djrk gS]
tks Hkkjr vkSj vU; eè; ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa ds chp O;kikj dks
iQyus&iQwyus esa enn djus dk ,d oSdfYid ekxZ gSA
varrjkZjkZ""VªVªhh;; foÙkh;
foÙkh;lala LFkku
LFkku
z vkfFkZd laca/% ;g eè; ,f'k;k esa fu;kZr lsokvksa tSls
vkbZVh] nwjlapkj] cSafdax] foÙk] iQkekZL;qfVdy vkfn ds fy,
,d cktkj çnku djrk gSA
z Hkw&jktuhfrd laca/% eè; ,f'k;k ,d foLrkfjr iM+ksl
gS vkSj eè; ,f'k;k dks tksM+us ds ekè;e ls phu vkSj
ikfdLrku ds f•ykiQ larqyu cuk, j•us esa enn djrk gSA
z fons'kh fuos'k% ,llhvks Hkkjr dks vius vkfFkZd fodkl
dks c<+kus vkSj Hkkjh fons'kh fuos'k vkdf"kZr djus esa
enn dj ldrk gSA
Hkkjr ds fy, pqukSfr;ka
z ikfdLrku vkSj phu ds dkj.k viuk çHkko c<+kus esa
eqf'dysa •M+h djrk gSA
z Hkkjr dks if'peh ns'kksa ;kuh ;w,l,] ;wds] bZ;w vkfn ds lkFk
c<+rh lk>snkjh ds dkj.k larqyu cuk, j•us ds •rjksa dk
lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA
z :l vkSj phu] nks egk'kfÙkQ;k¡] Hkkjr dh {kerkvksa ij Nk;k
djrh gSaA
z Hkkjr us fiQj ls chvkjvkbZ ifj;kstuk dk leFkZu djus
ls budkj dj fn;k gSA vU; ns'kksa us BRI dk leFkZu
fd;k gS] blfy, ;g eqf'dy gS fd Hkkjr BRI ij dc
rd viuk i{k j• ldrk gSA
z f}i{kh; fookn dks mBkus dh vuqefr ugha nsrk gS] ysfdu
;g vke tehu •kstus vkSj ns'kksa ds chp ckrphr dh
fLFkfr cukus ds fy, ,d eap çnku djrk gSA
vkfFkZd lg;ksx vkSj fodkl laxBu
z vksbZlhMh] ,d varj ljdkjh laxBu dh LFkkiuk 1961 esa
nqfu;k Hkj esa vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj O;kikj dks çksRlkfgr
djus ds fy, dh xbZ FkhA
z ;g la;qÙkQ jk"Vª dk ,d LFkk;h i;Zos{kd gS vkSj ,d eap
çnku djrk gS tgka lnL; ns'k •qn dks yksdrkaf=kd crkrs gSa]
viuh uhfr;ksa dh rqyuk djrs gSa vkSj fofHkUu vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
ds lkeus vkus okyh vke leL;kvksa ds fy, mUgsa vU; ns'kksa
ds lkFk leUof;r djrs gSaA
z vf/dka'k vksbZlhMh lnL; mPp ,pMhvkbZ (ekuo fodkl
lwpdkad) ds lkFk mPp vk; okyh vFkZO;oLFkk,a gSaA
ik'oZHkwfe
z bldh LFkkiuk 1948 esa f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds ckn ;wjksi ds
iqufuZekZ.k ds fy, vesfjdk vkSj dukMk }kjk ç'kkflr ek'kZy
593
 ;kstuk ds rgr isfjl] Úkal esa (OEEC) ;wjksih; vkfFkZd
lg;ksx laxBu ds :i esa dh xbZ FkhA
z 1957 esa ;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; dks ykWUp djus ds fy,
jkse dh laf/ esa vksbZbZlh esa lq/kj ds fy, ,d fopkj rS;kj
fd;k x;k FkkA
z 1961 esa la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk vkSj dukMk us 20 laLFkkid
lnL;ksa ds lkFk bldk uke cnydj OECD dj fn;k]
tks vc 38 lnL; ns'kksa esa foLrkfjr gks x;k gS vkSj Hkkjr
vHkh rd bldk lnL; ugha gSA
mís';
z çkFkfed mís'; fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk esa lq/kj ds fy, dke
djuk vkSj O;kikj ds eqíksa ds lek/ku •kstus ds fy, ns'kksa
ds lkFk dke djuk gSA
z vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh fLFkjrk ds fy, ges'kk dke djus ds
fy,] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fodkl esa i;kZoj.kh; ifj.
kkeksa ds çHkkoksa ij fopkj djsaA
z lekurk] le`f¼ vkSj lHkh dh HkykbZ ds çlkj ds fy,
uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.kA
z vius dq'ky dkedkt ds fy, cktkjksa esa fo'okl c<+kus
ds fy,A
z vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds fodkl dk oknk djus okys jk"Vªksa ds lkFk
lykg vkSj dke djsaA
ftEesnkfj;ka
z ;g oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh fuxjkuh djrk gS vkSj
dq'ky foÙkh; fLFkjrk çnku djus] xjhch ls yM+us vkSj
lekt dh csgrjh ds fy, bu oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa
fLFkjrk cuk, j•us dk ç;kl djus ds fy, lwpukvksa dk
fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA
z lnL; jkT; ds çn'kZu dh leh{kk vkSj mlh ij lykg
vkSj i;Zos{k.kA
z ;g G&20 ns'kksa dks dj lq/kjksa ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrk gS
vkSj VSDl gsou ns'kksa ij utj j•rk gSA
z ;g nqfu;k Hkj esa Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj foÙkh; lacaf/r vijk/ksa ds
mUewyu dks çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
cqfu;knh dk;Z
z ;g jk"Vªh; vkSj varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij oSf'od eqíksa ij ,d
lkFk dke djus ds fy, lnL; jkT;ksa] uhfr fuekZrkvksa]
ukxfjdksa dks ,d lkFk ykrk gSA
z csgrj thou ds fy, csgrj uhfr;ka cukukA
z vkfFkZd ifj.kkeksa esa lq/kjA
z jkstxkj fuekZ.kA
z viuh fjiksVZ ds ekè;e ls oSf'od vkfFkZd n`f"Vdks.k dks
çdkf'kr vkSj iwokZuqeku djrk gSA
z Kku] MsVk fo'ys"k.k vkSj csgrj lkoZtfud uhfr;ksa ds fy,
bls lk>k djus dk gcA
594
laxBu lajpuk
z vksbZlhMh ifj"kn% fu.kZ; ysus okys fudk; esa lnL; jkT;ksa
ds jktnwr 'kkfey gksrs gSa vkSj laxBu ds vko';d dk;ks± ij
ppkZ djus] blds ctV vkSj oSf'od O;kikj ij ppkZ djus
ds fy, o"kZ esa ,d ckj egklfpo dh vè;{krk esa gksrs gSaA
z vksbZlhMh lfefr;ksa] lewgksa] fo'ks"kKksa] laLFkkuksa] ukxfjd
lekt] jkT; fudk;ksa vkfn ds ekè;e ls lapkfyr gksrk gSA
;g ns'kksa ds fodkl esa enn djus ds fy, MsVk dh leh{kk]
ewY;kadu vkSj uhfr;ksa ij ppkZ djrk gSA
z vksbZlhMh lfpoky;% egklfpo ds usr`Ro esa tks MsVk
,d=k vkSj fo'ys"k.k djrk gS] uhfr&fuekZ.k esa varnZ`f"V]
fo'ks"kKrk vkSj lgk;rk çnku djrk gSA
z vksbZlhMh fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k loZlEefr ls ernku ds
ekè;e ls dh tkrh gSA lnL; tks vLohÑfr esa ernku ugha
djuk pkgrs gSa] os ernku ls nwj jg ldrs gSaA
vksbZlhMh fjiksVZ
z xksbax iQkWj xzksFk% jk"Vªh; çn'kZu ds vk/kj ij ns'kksa dh
rqyukA
z vksbZlhMh vkmVyqd% ubZ uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djus ds fy,
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds fy, ,d xkbM cqdA
z vksbZlhMh vkfFkZd vkmVyqd% lnL; vkSj xSj&lnL; nksuksa
ns'kksa ds fy,A
egRo
z ,f'k;kbZ vkSj ;wjksih; ns'kksa dks lgk;rk çnku djrk gS tks
viuh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa lq/kjksa dks ykxw djrs gSaA
z lkekftd uhfr;ksa ds dk;kZUo;u ds çHkkoksa dk fo'ys"k.k
djrk gSA
z ;g i;kZoj.kh; eqíksa ds çHkkoksa ij fopkj djrs gq, fodkl
dh laHkkoukvksa dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
Hkkjr vkSj vksbZlhMh
z nksuksa dk lg;ksx Hkkjrh; uhfr fuekZrkvksa ds fy, 'kklu]
vkfFkZd uhfr] jktdks"kh; laca/ksa vkfn esa fo'ks"kKrk vkSj
rduhdh ykHk dk mi;ksx djus dk ,d volj gSA
z Hkkjr vksbZlhMh lfefr;ksa esa Hkkx ysrk gS vkSj VSDl çfØ;k]
varjkZ"Vªh; ifjogu iQksje vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; ÅtkZ ,tsalh ds
fy, ikjnf'kZrk vkSj lwpuk ds vknku&çnku ij oSf'od
iQksje dk lnL; gSA
z Hkkjr dks vPNs ç;ksx'kkyk vH;kl (th,yih) ij vksbZlhMh
dk;Z lewg ds mikè;{k ds :i esa Hkh ukfer fd;k x;k gSA
z vksbZlhMh varjkZ"Vªh; Nk=k ewY;kadu (PISA) ds dk;ZØe
dk lapkyu djrk gS ftlesa Hkkjr us 2009 esa Hkkx fy;k FkkA
uohure viMsV
z gky gh esa 2021 esa dksLVk fjdk vkSj 2020 esa dksyafc;k
vksbZlhMh lewg esa 'kkfey gq,A laxBu us 2021 esa viuh
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
WALLAH
WALLAH
 60 oha o"kZxkaB Hkh eukbZ vkSj ^n ykWUx O;w% ifjn`'; iQkWj n
oYMZ bdksukWeh Vw 2060* fo'ys"k.k tkjh fd;k ftlesa dgk
x;k gS fd 2060 esa nqfu;k dh okLrfod thMhih o`f¼ 2»
rd fxj tk,xhA
z Hkkjr] phu vkSj baMksusf'k;k la;qÙkQ :i ls 2060 rd
nqfu;k ds vk/s ls vf/d vkfFkZd mRiknu dk çfrfuf/Ro
djsaxsA egRoiw.kZ O;kikfjd lk>snkj phu] Hkkjr] czkthy]
baMksusf'k;k vkSj nf{k.k vÚhdk gSa D;ksafd ;s orZeku esa
nqfu;k esa lcls cM+h c<+rh vFkZO;oLFkk,a gSaA
z 2030 ds nkSjku phu dk mRiknu fgLlk yxHkx 30» gksxkA
Hkkjr dk fgLlk Hkh rsth ls c<+sxk vkSj 2030 ds eè; esa
phu dks ihNs NksM+ nsxkA
fczDl (czkthy] :l] Hkkjr]
phu vkSj nf{k.k vÚhdk)
z fczDl igys chvkjvkbZlh Fkk tc bls 2006 esa czkthy] :l]
Hkkjr vkSj phu ds fons'k eaf=k;ksa }kjk ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA
z ;g fczDl esa cny x;k vkSj 2010 esa nf{k.k vÚhdk
dks vkeaf=kr fd;k x;k] tks lHkh ikapksa feydj nqfu;k ds
27» ls vf/d Hkwfe æO;eku] nqfu;k dh vkcknh ds 425
ls vf/d vkSj oSf'od ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ds 24» dk
çfrfuf/Ro djrs gSaA
z ;g {ks=kh; fLFkfr;ksa ij vius çHkko ds fy, tkuk tkrk gS
vkSj oSf'od fuos'k cktkj vkSj cqfu;knh <kaps dh igy ds
ekè;e ls lq/kj esa enn djrk gSA
z BRICS nqfu;k dh 5 mHkjrh gqbZ vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dk ,d
lewg gS vkSj BRIC 'kCn 2001 esa vFkZ'kkL=kh fte vks'uhy
}kjk x<+k x;k FkkA bldh vè;{krk blds lnL;ks ds chp
okf"kZd vk/kj ij ?kqekbZ tkrh gS vkSj laf{kIr uke ;kuh
B] R] I] C ds vuqlkj vè;{krk dh tkrh gSA] ,lA
14osa f'k•j lEesyu 2022 ds eq[; fcanq
z :l&;wØsu la?k"kZ us jkT;ksa dks ladV dks gy djus ds fy,
lapkj vkSj jktuf;d lek/ku dh xkjaVh nhA
z lewg us rVLFkrk vkSj fu"i{krk ds lkFk ekuoh; lgk;rk
çnku djus ds fy, la;qÙkQ jk"Vª ,tsafl;ksa ds vkÞoku dk
leFkZu fd;kA
varrjkZjkZ""VªVªhh;; foÙkh;
foÙkh;lala LFkku
LFkku
z phu] Hkkjr vkSj nf{k.k vÚhdk us :l ds f•ykiQ ernku
djus dk iQSlyk fd;k vkSj ;wØsu ij vkØe.k dh fuank
djus ds fy, viuk fojks/ trk;kA
z lewg us rkfycku ds usr`Ro okys viQxkfuLrku ds ladV
ij Hkh ppkZ dh vkSj 'kklu esa lq/kj ds fy, lekos'kh
jktuhfrd lajpuk dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk ckrphr ds ekè;e
ls gy fd;kA
z çf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa] f'k{kk çfØ;k vkSj fofHkUu :ijs•kvksa ds
ekè;e ls Hkz"Vkpkj fojks/h ra=k dks etcwr djukA
z bZ&dkWelZ xfrfof/;ksa esa miHkksÙkQk lqj{kk dks c<+kok nsus vkSj
blds csgrj dkedkt ds fy, ,d fMftVy vFkZO;oLFkk
dk;Z lewg dh LFkkiuk dhA
z lhek ikj eknd inkFkks± dh rLdjh vkSj fuiVus ds fy,
'kklu ij fparkvksa dks lacksf/r fd;kA
fczDl 13oka f'k•j lEesyu 2021
z bldh estckuh 2021 esa Hkkjr }kjk dh xbZ Fkh vkSj bldh
Fkhe ¶fczDl @15% fujarjrk] lesdu vkSj vke lgefr
ds fy, baVªk&fczDl lg;ksx¸ Fkh tks lewg ds fl¼karksa
dk çfrfuf/Ro djrh gSA f'k•j lEesyu esa Vhdksa ds csgrj
forj.k] vuqla/ku vkSj fodkl] vkradokn dk eqdkcyk
djus ds u, rjhds vkSj çHkkoh 'kklu ds lkFk dk;Z djus
dh dYiuk dh xbZ FkhA
z ppkZ esa 3 eq[; LraHk 'kkfey Fks%&
1- jktuhfrd vkSj lqj{kk fpark,a% oSf'od vkSj {ks=kh;
lqj{kk eqíksa ij ppkZ] vkradokn fojks/h ç;klA
2- vkfFkZd vkSj foÙkh; fpark,a% O;kikj] Ñf"k] cqfu;knh
<kapk] ÅtkZ vkSj cSafdax tSls {ks=kksa ij è;ku dsafær
djukA
3- lkaLÑfrd ljksdkj% lkaLÑfrd vkSj yksxksa ls yksxksa ds
vknku&çnku ij è;ku dsafær djukA
fczDl ds mís';
z ;g vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd fLFkjrk c<+kus ij dsafær gSA
z lnL; ns'kksa ds chp lk>snkjh dks O;kid cukuk vkSj mfpr
lk/uksa ds lkFk fodkl dh laHkkoukvksa dks c<+kok nsukA
z çxfr dks cuk, j•us ds fy, lHkh lnL;ksa ds fopkjksa dks
leku egRo fn;k tkrk gSA
z de ls de çfrLi/kZ ds lkFk lnL; ns'kksa dh vkfFkZd
rkdr dk ç;kl djukA
z lewg oSf'od foÙkh; leL;kvksa dks gy djus esa enn djus
vkSj vius jktuf;d laca/ksa dks iwjk djus dk oknk djrk
gqvk ns•k tkrk gSA
z O;kikj vkSj fuos'k ds ekè;e ls vkfFkZd lg;ksx c<+kukA
z lkaLÑfrd laca/ksa] •sy] f'k{kk] fiQYeksa] nksLrh] vkilh
lh•us vkSj lqj{kk vkSj fofo/rk dk lEeku djus ds ekè;e
ls yksxksa ls yksxksa ds vknku&çnku dks etcwr djukA
595
z jktuhfrd vkSj lqj{kk igyksa dks leku j•rs gq, uhfr;ka
cukdj {ks=k esa 'kkafr vkSj fLFkjrk lqfuf'pr djsaA
fczDl igy
z U;w MsoyiesaV cSad (,uMhch)
 ,uMhch mu cgqi{kh; fodkl cSadksa esa ls ,d gS] ftudh
LFkkiuk lewg ds lg;ksx dks etcwr djus vkSj lalk/uksa
dks tqVkus esa enn djus ds fy, dh xbZ FkhA
 ;g cqfu;knh <kapk ifj;kstukvksa vkSj larqfyr lrr
fodkl ds ekè;e ls {ks=kh; vkSj oSf'od fodkl ds
fy, dke djrk gSA
 bldk xBu 2014 esa iQksVkZystk ?kks"k.kk esa lHkh 5 lnL;ksa
}kjk fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj bldk eq[;ky; 'ka?kkbZ esa gSA
 ;g çR;sd lnL; dks cSad esa leku va'knku nsrk gS
vkSj lHkh lnL;ksa }kjk blds fy, ernku fd, fcuk bls
c<+k ugha ldrk gSA
 blesa u, lnL;ksa dks 'kkfey djus dk çko/ku gS ysfdu
fczDl lnL;ksa dh fgLlsnkjh dks mudh ernku 'kfÙkQ;ksa
ds 55» ls de ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 ,uMhch ds ihNs fopkj ;g Fkk fd mHkjrh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
dks cqfu;knh <kapk ifj;kstukvksa] fodkl vkSj foÙkh;
enn ds fy, /u vkSj lalk/u miyC/ djk;k tk,A
 lHkh lnL; leku fgLlsnkjh j•rs gSa tks ,d ns'k ds
çHkqRo dks nwljs ij fxjkrk gS vkSj csgrjh ds fy, leku
vk/kj ij dke djrk gSA
 LoPN ÅtkZ mRiknu ifj;kstukvksa] 'kgjh fodkl] Ñf"k
fodkl] vkfFkZd fodkl vkfn tSls çeq• {ks=kksa ij è;ku
dsafær fd;k x;k gSA
z vkdfLed fjtoZ O;oLFkk (lhvkj,)
 fczDl lnL;ksa us lhvkj, dh LFkkiuk ds fy, 2014
esa ,d laf/ ij gLrk{kj fd,A rjyrk ds ncko ds
f•ykiQ dke djus ds fy, :ijs•k oSf'od cktkj esa
gksrh gS ftlesa eqæk dh leL;k,a 'kkfey gksrh gSa tks
fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk dks çHkkfor djrh gSaA
 'kq#vkr esa 'kq#vkrh fuos'k 100 vjc MkWyj FkkA
 ;g mnkjhdj.k ds dkj.k vkfFkZd vfLFkjrk dks larqfyr
djus ds fy, dke djrk gS tks cktkjksa esa vfLFkj lef"V
vkfFkZd ifjn`';ksa dk dkj.k curk gSA
 eqæk vnyk&cnyh ds ekè;e ls lnL;ksa dks leFkZu
nsus ds fy, vYidkfyd ½.k lqfo/k çnku djuk tks
Hkqxrku larqyu (chvksih) vlarqyu tSls foÙkh; ladVksa
esa enn djrk gSA
v v v
596
 ;g vkbZ,e,iQ vkSj fo'o cSad ds <kaps ij dke djsxkA
 djsalh LoSfiax ls lnL; ns'kksa esa O;kikj] vkfFkZd
lg;ksx vkSj daifu;ksa rd vklku igqap c<+kus esa enn
feysxhA
z fczDl Hkqxrku ç.kkyh% fLoÝV Hkqxrku ç.kkyh ds <kaps
ij ,d oSdfYid Hkqxrku ç.kkyh dk fuekZ.k djuk tks
;wØsu&:l ;q¼ ds dkj.k :l }kjk fLoÝV dk mi;ksx
djus ls çfrcaf/r fd, tkus ds ckn vc cgqr egRoiw.kZ
gksrk tk jgk gSA
z lnL;ksa }kjk fjeksV lsaflax mixzgksa dks lkewfgd :i ls ykWUp
djus ds lkFk varfj{k fe'kuA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. gky gh esa •cjksa esa jgk ^iQksVkZystk fMDysjs'ku* dk laca/
_____ ls gS (2015)
(a) vkfl;ku
(b) chvkjvkbZlh
(c) vksbZlhMh
(d) fo'o O;kikj laxBu
Hkkjr ds fy, egRo
z vkfFkZd eqíksa] çkS|ksfxfd;ksa vkSj O;kikj ij lwpukvksa ds
vknku&çnku ds ekè;e ls oSf'od eqíksa dks lacksf/r djus
vkSj lnL;ksa dh enn dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, ykHk mBkus
ds fy,A
z ;g oSf'od 'kklu esa enn djrk gS vkSj varjjk"Vªh; laca/
cukrk gSA
z ;g oSf'od jktuhfr esa Hkkjr dh fLFkfr dks etcwr djrk
gS vkSj bls ,d usrk ds :i esa çnf'kZr djrk gSA
z ;g cqfu;knh <kaps] fVdkÅ ifj;kstukvksa vkSj uohdj.kh;
ÅtkZ ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, ns'kksa ls lalk/u çkIr djus esa
enn djrk gSA
uohure viMsV
z fczDl dk 14oka f'k•j lEesyu vkHkklh izk:i esa gqvk]
ftls 2022 esa rhljh ckj phu }kjk vk;ksftr fd;k x;k Fkk
vkSj bldh Fkhe ^xq.koÙkk fczDl lk>snkjh dks c<+kok nsuk
vkSj oSf'od fodkl esa enn* FkhA
z blesa vkradokn] vkrad ds foÙkiks"k.k vkSj lhekvksa ds ikj
vkradokfn;ksa dh vkoktkgh dh fuank djus dh Hkh ckr dh
xbZA phu us ns'kksa ds chp c<+rh lSU; lk>snkjh vkSj viuh
lqj{kk ds fy, nwljs ns'kksa dh lqj{kk ls le>kSrk djus ds
f•ykiQ psrkouh tkjh dhA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk UPSC
UPSC
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