Block 2

[kaM 2
raf=dk ra=
bdkbZ 3 dsUnzh; raf=dk ra=
la j puk
3-0 lh[kus ds mn~n's ;
3-1 izLrkouk
3-2 dsUnzh; raf=dk ra=
3-3 lq"kqEuk (Spinal Cord)
3-3-1 lq"kqEuk dh lajpuk (Structure of the Spinal Cord)
3-3-2 lq"kqEuk ds dk;Z (Functions of the Spinal Cord)
3-4 efLr"d (Brain)

3-4-1 vxz efLr"d (Forebrain)
3-4-1-1 efLr"d-[k.M % çefLr"d oYdqV
3-4-1-2 efLr"d-[k.M % csly xSaxfy;k
3-4-1-3 efLr"d-[k.M% fyfEcd
3-4-1-4 vUrjefLr"d % FkSysel
3-4-1-5 vUrjefLr"d % gkbiksFkSysel
3-4-2 eè; efLr"d (Mid Brain)
3-4-2-1 VsDVe
3-4-2-2 VSxesUVe
3-4-3 i'p efLr"d
3-4-3-1 y?kq efLr"d
3-4-3-2 lsrq
3-4-3-3 esMqyk vkCykaxsVk
3-5 çefLr"d oYdqV ds [k.M (Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex)

3-5-1 vxz ikfy (Frontal Lobe)
3-5-2 'ka[k ikfy (Temporal Lobe)
3-5-3 eè; ikfy (Pareital Lobe)
3-5-4 i'pdiky ikfy (Occipital Lobe)
3-5-5 balqyk
3-6 psruk ls lEcfUèkr efLr"d izfØ;k,a

3-7 dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= ds fodkj
3-7-1 vYt+kbej jksx
3-7-2 ikfdZlUl jksx
3-7-3 vk?kkr (Stroke)
3-7-4 cgql`r dkfBU; (Multiple Sclerosis)
3-7-5 izefLr"d ?kkr (Cerebral Palsy)
3-7-6 vk{ksih fodkj (Seizure Disorder)
3-7-7 Le`fryksi (Amnesia)
* MkW- ehrw [kkslyk] lg-çkè;kid] euksfoKku foHkkx] nkSyr jke dkWyt

s ] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] ubZ fnYyh 61
raf=dk ra= 3-8 lkjka'k
3-9 eq[; 'kCn
3-10 iqujkoyksdu iz'u
3-11 lanHkZ ,oa i<+us ds lq>ko
3-12 fp=ksa ds lanHkZ
3-13 vkWuykbu lzkrs
3-0 lh[kus ds mn~ns';

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn] vki bl ;ksX; gksx
a s fd%
• dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= dh cukoV dh O;k[;k dj ldsx
a (s
• lq"kqEuk dh lajpuk vkSj dk;ksZa dh O;k[;k dj ldsx
a (s
• efLr"d dh lajpuk vkSj dk;ksZa dh O;k[;k dj ldsx
a (s
• le> ldsx
a s efLr"d vkSj psruk ds chp lacèa kksa dks(
• fofHkUu ikfy;ksa vkSj muds dk;ksZa dk o.kZu dj ldsx
a (s vkSj
• dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= dh {kfr ds izHkko dks le>uk ldsx
a As
3-1 çLrkouk
fiNyh bdkbZ esa geus raf=dk dksf'kdk,¡ ¼U;wjkUl½ dks ns[kk vkSj os dSls ,d nwljs ls laokn
djrs gSa mldks le>kA bl bdkbZ esa ge efLr"d vkSj lw"kqEuk dks le>sx a ]s ;g dsUnzh;
raf=dk ¼CNS½ ds Hkkx gSAa raf=dk ra= gekjs lHkh O;ogkj vkSj fopkj izfØ;kvksa ds fy,
ft+Eesnkj gSA ekuo raf=dk ra= ds nks eq[; Hkkx gSAa dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= ¼CNS½ vkSj
ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= ¼PNS½A fp= 3-1 esa nksuksa Hkkxksa dks bafxr fd;k x;k gSA
dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= ifjèkh; raf=dk ra=

cuk gS cuk gS
• efLr"d • dikyh; raf=dk
• lq"equk • es:n.Mh; raf=dk
lfEefyr gS+ • ifjèkh; raf=dk
• izlkj.k U;wjku lfEefyr gS
¼bUVj-U;wjku½ • laons h U;wjkUl
• eksVj U;wjkUl
62
fp= 3-1% ekuo raf=dk ra= ds eq[; rRo
raf=dk ra= ckDl 3-1 % fQuhl xst dk dsl
efLr"d dh pksV dk ,d izfl) ekeyk fQuhl xst dk gSA og 25 o"kZ dk Fkk vkSj jsy iV~jh
fuekZ.k dEiuh esa og QksjeSu ds in ij dk;Zjr FkkA o"kZ 1848 esa jsy Vªsd ds fy, jkLrk lkQ
djus ds fy, pV~Vkuksa dks mM+krs gq, og ,d [krjukd nq?kZVuk dk f'kdkj gqvk FkkA ,d yksgs
dh NM+ us mlds efLr"d ds ck;sa fgLls dks Nsn fn;k vkSj mlds efLr"d ds vxzikfy ¼Frontal
lobe½ dks u"V dj fn;k FkkA ;|fi og bl gknls esa peRdkfjd :i ls cp x;k] ij blds xEHkhj
euksoSKkfud ifj.kke gq,A og n;kyq vkSj esgurh Fkk] ij bl nq?kZVuk ds dkj.k og funZ;h vkSj
vØked gks x;k FkkA dqN o"kksZa ckn ¼1860½ esa fexhZ ds nkSjksa ds dkj.k mldh e`R;q gks x;hA
fp= 3-3 % fQuhl xSt ¼1823 1860½ dh fp= esa yksgs dh NM+ dks idM+ dj
¼1823-1860½
fn[kk;k x;k gS ftlls og ?kk;y gqvk FkkA
3-2 dsUnzh; raf=dk ra=

dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= esa efLr"d vkSj lq"equk ¼es:jTtq½ gksrs gSAa ;g bl izdkj dgk tk
ldrk gS fd dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= [kksiM+h vkSj jh<+ ds Hkhrj fLFkr gSA ;g ekuo 'kjhj ds
lcls egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA ;s cgqr laons u'khy lajpuk,a gS]a blfy, gM~Mh esa lajf{kr vkSj
efLr"ddj.k ¼Meninges½ dh lgk;rk ls fNih gksrh gSA efLr"ddj.k rhu iryh f>Yyh
;k uje Ård ijrsa gksrh gS]a tks dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= ¼CNS½ dh lqj{kk djrh gSA ;s
n`<r+ kfudk ¼Dura Mater½] tkyrkfudk ¼Archnoid½ vkSj e`nrq kfudk ¼Pia Mater½ gSA ,d
vU; lqj{kkRed ra=] jaxghu rjy inkFkZ ftls efLr"d es: nzo ¼Cerebrospinal Fluid½ ds
:i esa tkuk tkrk gS tks lq"kqEuk dh dsUnzh; ufydk ¼Central Canal½ vkSj efLr"d ds
oafVªdy ¼Ventricle½ esa ik;k tkrk gSA ;g efLr"d vkSj lq"equk dks lqj{kk iznku djrk gSA
ftu jksfx;ksa ds fdlh dkj.k ls lsjhczkLs ikbuy rjy fudy tkrk gS mUgsa flj esa >Vdk
yxus ij rst fljnnZ gksrk gS vkSj rst nnZ ls ihfM+r gksrs gSAa blds vykok V;wej ds
ekeys esa Hkh ;g nÒ; osUVªhdy ¼fjDr LFkku½ esa tek gksrk gS vkSj osUVªhdYl dh nhokjksa
ds lkFk gh lkFk efLr"d ds foLrkj dk dkj.k curk gSA bl fLFkfr dks ty'kh"kZ
¼Hydrocephalus½ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ;g V;wej ds fudkyus vkSj vfrfjDr fuy;
ls rjy inkFkZ fudkyus ls Bhd gks tkrk gSA efLr"d laons h xzkgh ¼fjlsIVlZ½ ls lwpuk
dks ,dh—r djrk gS vkSj izHkkod dks eksVj vkmViqV nsrk gSA ;g tfVy dk;ksZa esa Hkh
lfEefyr gksrk gS tSls ân; xfr] 'okl] psruk laKkukRed dk;ksZa vkfn dk fu;eu lq"kqEuk
LikbZuy dkYEl ¼Spinal Columns½ ds vUnj gksrh gSA vxys Hkkx esa lq"equk vkSj efLr"d
ds dk;ksZa vkSj lajpuk dh O;k[;k dh tk,sxhA
3-3 lq"kqEuk (Spinal Cord)

igys [k.M esa vkius raf=dk ra= ds eq[; Hkkxksa ds ckjs esa lh[kk gSA vki raf=dk ra= dh
dksf'kdkvksa ls Hkh ifjfpr gq, gSA vc ge jh<+ dh gM~Mh dh lajpuk vkSj dk;Z ij è;ku
64 dsfUnzr djsx a As
3-3-1 lq"kqEuk dh ljapuk ¼Structure of the Spinal Cord½ ds U æh;
raf=dk ra=
lq"kqEuk ¼es:jTtq½ dk vkdkj vaMkdkj gksrk gS] ,d flysM a j dh rjg vkSj ,d vkSlr
O;fDr esa bldh yEckbZ yxHkx 45 lsUVhehVj gksrh gSA lq"kqEuk cgqr uktqd lajpuk gS
blfy, ;g diky gfM~M;ksa vkSj d'ks:d }kjk lajf{kr vkSj pkjksa rjQ ls f?kjh gksrh gSA
es:n.Mh; raf=dk ¼Spinal Nerves½ ds tksMs lq"euk ds 31 vyx – es:n.M Lrj ¼Level
of Spine½ ij tqM+s gksrs gSA raf=dkvksa dh tksMh+ ,d ck;ha vksj tqMh+ gksrh gS] vkSj nwljh
nk;ha vksj tqMh+ gqbZ gksrh gSA ;g fupys Nksj ij FkksMk+ iryk Hkh gksrk gS ¼fp= 3-4 ns[ks½a
fp= 3-4 ¼v½ fp= 3-4 ¼c½

fp= 3-4 ¼v½ jh<+ dk fp=.k tks ,l vkdkj cukrk gSA
,l-vkdkj
fp= 3-4 ¼c½ Likbuy dkWye ds ik¡p {ks=
;g nks txgksa xzhok oØ {ks= ¼Cervical region½ ij vkSj nwljk yqEcj {ks= ¼Lumbar region½
ij mHkjh gqbZ gksrh gSA blesa dkQh la[;k esa d'ks:d ¼Vertebrae½ gksrs gSa tks blds pkjksa
rjQ gksrs gSAa lq"kqEuk esa nks xgjs dqt a ¼Grooves½ gksrs gS]a eè; esa ftls vxzo`fr eè;eku
njkj ¼Anterior Median Fissure½ vkSj i'p eè;eku njkj ¼Posterior Median sulcus½
dgrs gSAa raf=dk tM+s lq"kqEuk esa izo's k djrh gS vkSj lq"kqEuk dks NksMr+ h gSA MklZy :V }kjk
'kjhj ds fHkUu fHkUu vaxksa ls laons h raf=dk vkosx ¼Sensory Nerve Impulse½ lq"kqEuk esa
izo's k djrk gS rFkk osUVªy :V }kjk lq"kqEuk ls xfr raf=dk vkosx ¼Motor Nerve Impluse½
ds :i esa lwpuk,a ckgj fudyrh gSAa lq"kqEuk ds ØkWl – lsD'ku ls ;g Li"V gS fd blesa
nks vyx – vyx inkFkZ gksrs gS]a Hkwjk inkFkZ ¼Gray Matter½ vkSj lQsn inkFkZ ¼White
Matter½A lq"kqEuk dk vkUrfjd {ks= tks ,p ¼H½ ds vkdkj dk gksrk gS] esa Hkwjk inkFkZ gksrk
gSA vfèkdrj bldk xBu esa dksf'kdk 'kjhj vkSj fcuk ekbfyu 'khFk ds baVjU;wjku gksrs
gSAa lq"kqEuk ds chp ds Hkkx ds pkjksa rjQ lQsn inkFkZ gksrs k gS ftldk xBu ekbfyu 'khFk
;qDr v{krarq ls gksrk gSA
3-3-2 lq"kqEuk ds dk;Z ¼Functions of the Spinal Cord½
lq"kqEuk }kjk lkèkkj.k izfrorZ fØ;kvksa ¼reflex actions½ tks 'kjhj esa gksrs gSa ds fy,
mRrjnk;h gSAa lq"kqEuk ds U;wjkWUl laons h xzkgh ls lwpuk efLr"d rd ig¡qpkus vkSj efLr"d
ls izkIr lwpuk dks ekalisf'k;ksa vkSj 'kjhj ds vU; xzfa Fk;ksa esa Hkstus ds fy, mRrjnk;h gSA 65
raf=dk ra= bl izdkj] ;g efLr"d vkSj 'kjhj ds vU; {ks=ksa esa vkus o tkus okyh lwpuk dks ,dh—
r djrk gSA ;g izfrorZ dsUnz ¼reflex centre½ dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA ;g lq"kqEuk esa
vkjksgh vkSj vojksgh iFk dk è;ku j[krk gSA vfèkd Li"V :i ls dgs rks] vkjksgh iFk
vkosxksa dks efLr"d dh rjQ ys tkrk gS tcfd vojksgh iFk vkosxksa dks efLr"d ls lq"kqEuk
vkSj lq"kqEuk ls nwljh ekalisf'k;ksa vkSj 'kjhj dh xzfa Fk;ksa dh vksj ys tkrk gSA bUgsa raf=dkvksa
ds caMy ds ,d iFk ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA izR;sd iFk eq[; dk;Z djrk gSA Likbuksa
FkSyfs ed iFk ¼spinothalamic tracts½ esa v{krarq gksrs gSa tks lq"kqEuk ds U;wjku ¼raf=dk
dksf'kdk½ ds dksf'kdk fudk;ksa ls mRiUu gksrs gSa vkSj ;s FkSyes l ¼thalamus½ ij lekIr
gksrk gSA ;g iFk laons h dk;ksZa ds fy, ftEesnkj gS ftlesa Li'kZ] nnZ vkSj rkieku lfEefyr
gSAa lq"kqEuk ds dqN eq[; vkjksgh iFk gksrs gS]a tks egRoiw.kZ dk;Z djrs gSa tSls ik'oZ Likbuksa
FkSyfs ed iFk ¼lateral spinothalamic tract½ nnZ rkieku vkSj Li'kZ ds fy, ftEesnkj gS(
vxzo`fr Likbuksa FkSyfs ed iFk ¼anterior spinothalamic tract½ gYds Li'kZ vkSj nokc esa
'kkfey gSA izkoj.kh xsfz lfyl ¼fascicule gracilis½ Li'kZ vkSj xfr cksèk dh psruk esa 'kkfey
gS] vkSj vxzo`fr vkSj i'po`fr Likbuks lsjhcy iFk vèkZprs uk xfrcksèk esa lfEefyr gksrk gSA
lq"kqEuk ds eq[; vojksgh iFk ik'oZ vkSj vxzof` r dksVfZ VdksLikbuy iFk gS] tks LoSfPNd xfr]
gkFk vkSj iSj dh ekalis'kh ladqpu esa 'kkfey gSA eè;e jsfVdqyksLikbuy iFk ¼medial
reticulospinal tract½ eksVj dk;ksaZ ij fujksèkkRed izHkko gksrk gS] tcfd ik'oZ jsfVdqyksLikbuy
iFk ¼lateral reticulospinal tract½ dk eksVj U;wjkWu tks dadky dh ekWl a isf'k;ksa rd tk jgs
gksrs gS]a ij lqfoèkkRed izHkko gksrk gSA :czkLs ikbuy iFk ¼rubrospinal tract½ 'kjhj dh xfr
vkSj eqnzk dks lefUor djus esa enn djrk gSA
lq"kqEuk dbZ rjg ds izfroRkZ ds fy, izfrorZ dsUnz dh rjg dk;Z djrh gSA ;g izfrorZ pki
¼reflex arc½ dk dsUnz gS tgk¡ ij] vkus okys laons h vkosx] ckgj tkus okys eksVj vkosx esa
cnyrs gSAa blfy, ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lq"kqEuk efLr"d ds tksMu+ s okys baVhxszVj
dsUnz ds :i esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS] vkSj pky eqnzk] izfrorZ fo"kkDr míhidksa ds
izfrfØ;k vkfn ds fy, mRrjnk;h gSA
viuh izxfr dh tk¡p djsa 1
1- raf=dk ra= ds eq[; Hkkxksa dk fp=.k dhft,A
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2- lq"kqEuk dh lajpuk vkSj dk;ksZa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

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66
ds U æh;
3-4 efLr"d ¼Brain½ raf=dk ra=
efLr"d dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= ds 'kh"kZ ij fLFkr gS ¼fp= 3-1 ns[ks½a ;g [kksiM+h }kjk lajf{kr
vkSj efLr"d LrEHk ¼ruk½ ¼stem½ {ks= lq"kqEuk ds ekè;e ls 'kjhj ds lkFk tqMk+ gqvk gSA
ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= efLr"d ls iwjs 'kjhj ds {ks=ksa esa QSyk gqvk gS vkSj ;g nnZ] nokc]
Li'kZ] xfr] larqyu vkSj n`f"V laons uk] lquuk] xaèk vkSj Lokn lEcUèkh raf=dk ladrs Hkstrk
gSA
dksVZsDl ;k uh;ksdksVZsdl ekuo laKku vkSj laons h izlLa dj.k dk LFkku gksrk gSA vxys
Hkkx esa ge efLr"d dh dk;kZRed Hkwfedkvksa dk vè;;u djsxAas ysfdu igys ge efLr"d
ds lrg dks ns[ksx a Aas efLr"d rhu lrgksa dk mi;ksx dj ^^dVk gqvk** gS vkSj ;s lrg
okLrfod Lykbflax ls feyrs tqyrs gSAa tks iksLVekVZe ijh{kk ;k opZqvy Lykbflax tks
efLr"d dh pqEcdh; vuqukn Nfo gksrh gS] ds leku fn[krs gSAa rhuksa lrgksa dks fp= 3-
5 esa fn[kk;k x;k gS efLr"d ds ikj cxy ls LykbZflax dh x;h gS rkfd ck,a vkSj nk;sa
xksykèkZ Li"V gksA bl rjg dh LykbZflax dks ^v{kh; VqdM+k* ¼axial slice½ dgk tkrk gSA
bls {kSfrt VqdM+k Hkh dgk tkrk gS D;ksfa d ;g efLr"d ds ikj ,d {kSfrt dV gksrk gSA
efLr"d dks VqdM+k djus dk nwljk rjhdk èkuq VqdM+k ¼sagittal slice½ gSA èkuq js[kkfp=
VqdM+k efLr"d dks lhèkk ckbZa vksj ls nk;ha vksj] dksjksuy Lykbl ¼Coronal slice½] tc
efLr"d lkeus ls ihNs rd yacor dVk gqvk gksrk gSA vU; lEcfUèkr 'kCn i`"Bh; ¼dorsal½
gS] efLr"d ds 'kh"kZ dks bafxr djrs gSa vkSj osUVªy ¼Ventral½ dk vFkZ efLr"d ds uhps gksrk
gSA efLr"d ds lkeus ds Hkkx dks vxzorhZ vkSj ihNs ds fgLls dks i'porhZ ¼posterior½ dgk
tkrk gSA efLr"d esa eè;e Hkkx dks eè; Hkkx vkSj ck,a vkSj nk;sa fdukjksa dks ik'oZ dgk
tkrk gSA bu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ;g crkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd efLr"d esa dksbZ {ks=
dgk¡ fLFkr gS mnkgj.k ds fy, osVªes fs M;y izhÝaVy dksVZsDl ¼ventromedial prefrontal
cortex½ ;k 'ka[kikfy] vxzikyh ds ik'p Hkkx esa gSA
fp= 3-5% efLr"d ds ck,a xksykèkZ dk ik'oZ n`';

fp= lzkrs % https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:JonRichfield (2014).
vc ge ns[ksx
a s fd efLr"d ds vUnj okLro esa D;k gS\ o;Ld efLr"d ,d cM+k vax gSA
ftldk otu yxHkx 1-5 fdyksxzke gksrk gSA ;g cgqr uje vkSj tSyh dh rjg gksrk gSA 67
raf=dk ra= efLr"d dk fodkl yxHkx 18 o"kZ dh vk;q rd gksrk gSA blfy, rc rd 'kjhj dks mfpr
iks"k.k feyuk vko';d gSA efLr"d ,d uktqd vax gS vkSj blfy,] bls lcls igys ,d
l[r gM~Mh dh lajpuk ls lajf{kr fd;k tkrk gS ftls [kksiM+h ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
efLr"d [kksiM+h esa layXu gS vkSj ;s u dsoy bls cpkrk gS cfYd bls vkdkj dks Hkh cuk;s
j[krk gSA efLr"dkoj.k dh lgk;rk ls efLr"d dh j{kk dh tkrh gS] uje Ård ijrsa
tks fdlh Hkh izdkj ds >Vds dks vo'kksf"kr djus esa lgk;rk djrh gSAa [kksiM+h ds vanj
igyh ijr M;wjk inkFkZ gS] tks eksVh vkSj l[r gS] vxyh ijr vkjduks,M f>Yyh gS tks
tky tSlh eqyk;e vkSj Liath gksrh gSA bl ijr ds uhps lsjhczkls ikbuy nÒ; ¼Cerebrospinal
Fluid; CSF½ gksrk gS vkSj vafre ijr fi;k inkFkZ ¼Pia Mater½ gSA tks ,d uje Åre
ijr gSA esfuUtkbfVl ,d laHkkfor :i ls ?kkrd fodkj gS tc bu ijrksa esa fdlh ok;jy
;k thok.kq laØe.k ds dkj.k lwtu gks tkrh gSA efLr"d lh,l,Q ¼CSF½ ls f?kjk gqvk
gS vkSj ;g blesa rSjrk gSA efLr"d esa pkj fuy; ¼Ventricle½ gSA efLr"d ds chp esa nks
cM+s fuy; ¼Ventricle½ ekStnw gS] ,d izR;sd xksyk esa vkSj bls ik'oZ osfa Vªdy ds :i esa tkuk
tkrk gSA blds uhps rhljk fLFkfr gksrk gS vkSj] pkSFkk osfa Vªdy vkSj efLr"d LrEHk vkSj
y?kq efLr"d ds chp efLr"d dk vkèkkj gksrk gSA fuy; ¼Ventriculer½ lsjhczkl s ikbuy
nÒ; ¼CSF½ ls Hkjk gksrk gSA fp= 3-6 efLr"d dk ik'oZ n`'; dk voyksdu fn[kkrk gSA
fp= 3-6 % ekuo efLr"d
tSlk dh vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd efLr"d dh lrg >qjhZnkj gS] blds dbZ Hkkx gSA efLr"d
ds rhu eq[; Hkkx gS vxz efLr"d] eè; efLr"d vkSj i'p efLr"dA fp= 3-7 esa efLr"d
ds eq[; Hkkxksa dks fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA
fp= 3-7 efLr"d vkSj mlds Hkkx vxz efLr"d] eè; efLr"d ,oa i'p efLr"d
vxz efLr"d esa çefLr"d oYdqV] csly xSxa fy;k] fyfEcd flLVe] tSlh ljpuk,a gksrh
gS] eè; efLr"d esa VsdVe ¼tectum½ vkSj Vsx-esuVe ¼tegmentum½ lajpuk gksrh gSA
68
tcfd i'p efLr"d esa y?kq efLr"d ¼Cerebellum½] iksUl vkSj esMy q k vkWcykaxkVk gksrs gSA ds U æh;
iksUl] esMqyk vkWcykaxkVk vkSj lsfjcSye dks efLr"d LrEHk ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA raf=dk ra=
efLr"d xksykFkZ efLr"d ds LrEHk ¼rus½ ij fLFkr gksrk gSA
3-4-1 vxz efLr"d
vxz efLr"d ds nks Hkkx gSa Vsyus flQsyksu vkSj Mk;uflQsyksu ¼Telencephalon &
Diencephalon½A Vsyu s flQsyksu esa çefLr"d oYdqV] csly xSfa Uy;k vkSj fyfEcd flLVe
'kkfey gSA ;g ekuo efLr"d dk lcls cM+k foHkktu gSA çefLr"d oYdqV] nks lsjcs zy
xksykèkZ doj djrk gS tcfd] csly xSx a fy;k efLr"d ds mi dksfVZdy {ks= esa j[kk x;k
gSA Mk;uflQsyksu esa FkSyes l vkSj gkbiksFkSyes l] vkWfIVd fp;kLik vkSj ihfu;y ckMh
lfEefyr gSA ;g çeLr"d vkSj eè; efLr"d ds chp ekStnw gSA
3-4-1-1 efLr"d [k.M % çefLr"d oYdqV
çefLr"d oYdqV yxHkx 2 ls 4 feeh0 eksVk gksrk gSA ;g çeLr"d ¼lsfjcze½ ds Åij gksrk
gSA ;g ckgjh gS vkSj efLr"d dk voyksduh; Hkkx gSA ;gk¡ fefy;ul 'kkf[kdk;sa gSa tks
;gk¡ ij nwljs raf=dk dksf'kdk,¡ ds lkFk lq=;qXeu djrh gSA izefLr"d oydqV ¼Cerebral
Cortex½ esa NksVs fcuk ekbfyu ds raf=dk dksf'kdk,¡ ¼U;wjkWu½ dh mifLFkfr bls ?kwlj jax
¼Gray Colour½ nsrs gSa vkSj blfy, bls xzs èkwlj inkFkZ ¼Gray Matter½ ds :i esa tkuk
tkrk gSA oydqV ds uhps dh ijr dk xBu cM+s ekbfyu;qDr U;wjkWu ls gksrk gS tks bls
lQsn ;k mtyk jax nsrs gS blfy, bls mtyk inkFkZ ¼White matter½ dh rjg lanfHkZr
fd;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ NksVs vkSj cM+s mHkkj gksrs gS]a ftUgsa fu{ksi.k ¼Convolution½ dgk
tkrkgSA ;gk¡ mHkkj ds chp [kkaps ¼Groves½ gksrs gSAa NksVs [kk¡ps dks lYdh ¼Sulci½ vkSj cM+s
[kkaps dks njkj ¼Fissure½ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA izefLr"d oydqV ds dbZ dk;Z gSAa
mÙkj dsUnzh; xkbjl ,d lkekU; nSfgd laons h {ks= ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ;g Li'kZ]
rkieku vkSj nokc dh laons ukvksa dks izkIr djrk gSA iwoZ dsUnzh; xkbjl ,d nSfgd eksVj
{ks= ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS tks eksVj izfrØ;kvksa vkSj 'kjhj dh fLFkfr dks cuk;s j[kus
esa 'kkfey gSA blfy, dksVZsdl ds fofHkUu {ks= dks djus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ laons h dk;Z gSA
izkFkfed n`f"V dksVd Zs l n`f"V lwpuk vkSj izkFkfed Jo.k dksVZd s l] Jo.k lwpuk dks
igpkuus esa enn djrs gSAa ljy lwpuk dks ntZ djus ds vykok ;g laons h lwpuk dh
rqyuk vkSj ewY;kadu Hkh djus esa enn djrk gSA vr% ;g lwpuk ds VqdM+kas dks ,d lkFk
,dh—r dj vfèkd lkFkZd izR;{khdj.k djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA eksVj dk;Z] eksVj xfr
dks fu;af=r djus esa lgk;rk djrs gSAa izkFkfed nSfud {ks= izhlsUVªy xkbjl gS tks
vxzikfy esa ekStnw gksrk gSA ;g O;fDrxr ekalisf'k;ksa dks fu;af=r vkSj iSjks]a gkFkks]a iSj dh
ekalisf'k;ksa dh mfpr xfr ds fy, enn djrk gSA D;ksfa d dksVZDs l laons h lwpuk izkIr
djrk gS] ;g lwpuk dks ,dh—r djrk gS vkSj eksVj izfrfØ;kvksa dks Hkstrk gSA ;g psruk
vkSj vusd nwljh ekufld xfrfofèk;ksa tSls – Hkk"kk dh {kerk] laox s vkSj Le`fr ds fy,
ftEesnkj gSA dksVZsDl vU; Hkk"kk dk;ksZa tSls fyf[kr vkSj cksyh x;h Hkk"kk dks le>us esa
Hkh 'kkfey gSA dksVZsDl vYidkfyd Le`fr ds lkFk lkFk nh?kZdkfyd Le`fr esa lwpuk
laxzghr djus vkSj iqu% izkIr djus esa Hkh lgk;rk djrk gSA
3-4-1-2 efLr"d [k.M% csly xSaxfy;k
csly xSx
a fy;k izefLr"d oydqV ¼Cerebral Cortex½ esa fLFkr gksrk gSA ;g lQsn inkFkZ
ls cuk gksrk gS tks vfèkdrj iFkksa ls xfBr gksrk gSA ;gk¡ ?kwlj inkFkZ lQsn inkFkZ ds
foijhr dksfVZDl ds vUnj xgjkbZ esa mifLFkr gksrk gSA csly xSx a fy;k iqPNy ukfHkd
69
¼Caudate Nucleus½ iqVkesu] Xykscl iSfyMl vkSj ,exMk ykbV ukfHkd ls cuk gSA iqPNy
raf=dk ra= ukfHkd vkSj iqVkesu dh èkkjhnkj fn[kkoV gksrh gS blfy, bls ^fLVª,Ve* ds :i esa tkuk
tkrk gSA çeLr"d ¼Cerebrum½ dk egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gksus ds ukrs csly xSx a fy;k LoSfPNd
eksVj dk;ksZa tSls ek¡lisf'k;ksa esa ladqpu tks 'kkjhfjd eqnzk] pyuk ;k vU; xfr lEcUèkh
dk;Z dks fofu;fer djus esa enn djrk gSA ;fn bl {ks= esa jDr okfgdkvksa dks dksbZ
uqdlku gksrk gS] rks ;g jDr izokg esa ,d LFkkuh; :dkoV dk dkj.k curk gS] ftlls
LFkkuh; Lrj ij Ård {kfr ;k vk?kkr gksrk gSA bl n`f"V ls leL;kvksa ds lkFk 'kjhj
ds ,d rjQ vakf'kd i{kk?kkr dk Hkh dkj.k curk gSA ikfdZlUl jksx tks eè; efLr"d
ds dqN raf=dk dksf'kdkvksa ¼U;wjkWUl½ ds vèk%iru ds dkj.k gksrk gS tks csly xSx a fy;k
dks vius vkosxksa dks Hkstrk gSA bl jksx ds dkj.k O;fDr detksjh] daidaih] [kjkc larqyu
vaxksa dh tM+rk vkSj xfr djus esa dfBukbZ dk vuqHko djrk gSA
3-4-1-3 efLr"d [k.M% fyfEcd
fyfEcd ¼fyfEcd dk vFkZ gS ^fjax*½ ra= dkWilZ dksyksle ds pkjksa vksj ,d lhek cukrk
gS ;g ckabZ xksykèkZ dks nkbZa vksj ls tksMr+ k gSA blesa lhxqyVs xkbjl] vkSj fgIiksdEs il
tSlh lajpuk,a lfEefyr gS tks efLr"d ds nwljs Hkkxksa tSls fd vfexMkyk] lsIVy ukfHkd
gkbiksFkSyes l vkSj FkSyes l ls tqMs+ gSAa fyfEcd flLVe dks ^îqjkuk efLr"d ds :i esa Hkh
tkuk tkrk gSA ;g HkkoukRed vuqHko] vfHkO;fDr] izjs .kk ls lEcfUèkr dk;Z djrk gS]
D;ksfa d ;g dksVZsDl ds lkFk fofHkUu laox s ksa ds vuqHko esa lfEefyr gS] tSls fd Hk;] Øksèk]
xqLlk] nq[k] f[kykuk] ;kSu O;ogkj] yM+kbZ] vr% bls laox s kRed efLr"d Hkh dgk tkrk gS
;fn bl {ks= esa dksbZ uqdlku gksrk gS] rks ;g fLFkfr;ksa ds fy, vlkekU; HkkoukRed
izfrfØ;k,a dh vksj c<+krk gSA pw¡fd fyfEcd ra= lh[kus vkSj Le`fr esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrk gS] blfy, fgIiksdEs il esa dksbZ uqdlku gksus ds dkj.k Le`fr esa deh vkrh gSA
3-4-1-4 vUrjefLr"d% FkS y s e l
FkSyes l ,d cM+h nks ikfy okyh lajpuk gS tks efLr"d LrEHk ds 'kh"kZ ij gksrk gSA ;g
vxzefLr"d dk dsUnzh; Hkkx gS ftlesa egRoiw.kZ ukfHkd tsfudYdsV ckaMht+ ds :i esa
tkuk tkrk gSA vusd U;wjkWu Fksyes l ds ukfHkd esa fLFkr gksrs gSAa tsfudydsV ckWMht
Jo.k vkSj n`'; lwpuk ds izlLa dj.k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSA blfy, FkSyes l
nnZ] rkieku] Li'kZ vkSj psruk dh laons uk ds fy, mRrjnk;h gSA FkSyes l ds ukfHkd dks
efLr"d LrEHk ls vkosx izkIr gksrs gSa vkSj bUgsa ;g dksVZsDl ds vyx vyx {ks=ksa rd
Hkstrk gSA FkSyfs ed ukfHkd dh ,d eè;orhZ fLFkfr gksrh gS] ;g laons h xzkgh ¼fjlsIVlZ½ ls
eksVj xzkgh ¼fjlsIVlZ½ dks lwpuk çlkfjr djrk gSA FkSyfs ed {ks= dks dksbZ uqdlku ?kkrd
vkSj vfrewPNkZ ¼dksek½ dk dkj.k cu ldrk gSA
3-4-1-5 vUrjefLr"d% gkbiks a F kS y s e l
gkbiksFkSyes l ¼gkbiks dk eryc uhps½ iwoZ FkSyes l ds uhps fLFkr gksrk gSA ;g efLr"d dk
,d NksVk Hkkx gS ftldk otu yxHkx 7 xzke gksrk gSA vius NksVs vkdkj ds ckotwn]
;g dk;kZRed :i ls cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA blesa rhu egRoiw.kZ ukfHkd gS lqijkvksifVd
ukfHkd] iSjkosfa Vªdqyj ukfHkd vkSj Lruèkkjh fudk; bldk eè; Hkkx ,d MaBy ds :i esa
mBk gqvk gksrk gS ftls buQaMhcqye ¼infundibulum½ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS tks ik'oorhZ
ih;w"k xazfFk ls tqMk+ gqvk gSA gkbiksFkSyes l thfor jgus ds lkFk lkFk thou dk vkuan ysus
ds fy, vko';d gSA pw¡fd ;g raf=dk ra= dks var% Lkzkoh ra= ls tksMr+ k gSA ;g efLr"d
¼eu½ dks 'kjhj ¼lksek½ ls tksMr+ k gSA
70 Lruèkkjh 'kjhj èkzk.k laons ukvksa ds fy, ftEesnkj gksrs gSAa ;g vkuan ds dsUnz ds :i esa
Hkh dk;Z djrk gS] vkSj fofHkUu iz.kksn tSls [kkuk] Hkw[k] uhan vkSj ;kSu O;ogkj dh lUrqf"V ds U æh;
djrk gSA gkbiksFkSyes l Lok;Rr xfrfofèk;ksa dks Hkh fu;af=r djrk gS vkSj Lok;Rr xzkgdksa raf=dk ra=
}kjk lHkh izfrfØ;kvksa dks ,dh—r Hkh djrk gSA ;g ih;w"k xzfUFk ls gkjeksUl ds lzko dks
fu;af=r djrk gSA ;g fjys dsUnz dk dk;Z djrk gSA çefLr"d oYdqV ¼lsjcs zy dksVZDs l½
vkSj Lok;Rr dsUnzkas ds chp lwpuk LFkkukarfjr djds ;g 'kjhj esa ikuh ds larqyu dks Hkh
cuk, j[krk gS vkSj 'kjhj dh lHkh dksf'kdkvksa ds dk;ksZa dks fu;af=r djrk gS] D;ksfa d ;g
var% lzkoh xzfFk;ksa dks Hkh fu;af=r djrk gSA pwfa d gkbiksFkSyes l mRrstuk ;k lrdZrk dks
fu;af=r djrk gS] blfy, tkxzr voLFkk cuk;s j[kus esa Hkh lgk;rk djrk gSA
gkbiksFkSyes l esa [kkus ds O;ogkj dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, Hkw[k dk dsUnz gSA ;fn
gkbiksFkSyes l dks dksbZ uqdlku gksrk gS] rks blds dkj.k 'kjhj ds rkieku esa fHkUurk vkrh
gS vkSj ;g lkekU; Lrj ls Åij c<+ tkrk gSA
3-4-2 eè; efLr"d ¼Mid Brain½
efLr"d ds eè; Hkkx dks eè; efLr"d ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS bldk nwljk uke
esluflQsyksu ¼mesencephalon½ gSA blds nks Hkkx gSa VsDVe vkSj VsxesUVeA eè;
efLr"d lQsn iFk vkSj jsVhdqyj Qksjes'ku ls cuk gSA bldk dk;Z eè; efLr"d vkSj
çeLr"d ds chp vkosxksa dks izlkfjr djuk gSA blesa fuEu dksyhdqyh ¼Inferior Colliculi½
gksrs gSa tks Jo.k dsUnz ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa tcfd Js"B dksyhdqyh ¼Superior Colliculli½
n`f"V dsUnz dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSAa eè; efLr"d dqN raf=dk izfroRrZ tSls fd iSiyjh
izfrorZ vkSj vkW[a k dh xfr ds fy, mRrjnk;h gSA
3-4-2-1 VsDVe ¼Tectum½
eè; efLr"d ds 'kh"kZ Hkkx dks VsDVe ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA blds nksuks rjQ nks
dksyhdqyh] fuEu dksyhdqyh vkSj Js"B dksyhdqyh gSA fuEu dksyhdqyh Jo.k lwpukvksa dks
çlkj.k djrk gS rFkk Js"B dksyhdqyh n`f"V eksVj iz.kkyh dks çlkfjr djrk gSA
3-4-2-2 VsxesUVe ¼Tegmentum½
VsxesUVe eè; efLr"d ds eè; esa fLFkr gSA blesa jsVhdqyj Qksjes'ku ds dqN Hkkx
lfEefyr gS vkSj dqN foLrkj tks vxz efLr"d vkSj i'p efLr"d ds chp ds iFk ij fLFkfr
gSA blds nks ukfHkd gS & lclVsuf'k;k fuxzk vkSj yky dsUædA yky ukfHkd eksVj dk;ksZa
esa 'kkfey gksrk gS tcfd lclVsuf'k;k fuxzk ¼dkyk æO;½ Mksikekbu mRikfnr djrk gS
tks ikfdZUlu jksx dks jksdrk gSA nksuksa KkusfUnz; ra= ds fy, egRoiw.kZ rRo gSA jsVhdqyj
Qksjes'u esa dkQh la[;k esa U;wjkWu gksrs gSa tks ,d nwljs ls tqMs+ gq, gksrs gSAa ;g usVodZ
dksVZsDl] FkSyes l vkSj jh<+ dh gM~Mh dks lwpuk nsus ds fy, ,d ekxZ ds :i esa dk;Z djrk
gSA ;g mRrstuk] uhan] è;ku vkSj ekalisf'k;ksa dh xfrfofèk;ksa dks cuk;s j[krk gSA
3-4-3 i`"B efLr"d
i`"B efLr"d] efLr"d dk fiNyk Hkkx gksrk gS ftlesa esVus flQsyksu ¼Metencephalon½
vkSj ekb,ysufs lQsyksu vkrs gSA esVus flQsyksu esa lsrq ¼Pons½ vkSj y?kqefLr"d ¼Cerebellum½
vkrs gSa tcfd ekb,ysufs lQsyksu esa esMqyk vkWcykxkaVk ¼Medulla oblongata½ lfEefyr
gksrs k gSA
3-4-3-1 y?kq efLr"d ¼Cerebellum½
y?kqefLr"d efLr"d dk nwljk lcls cM+k Hkkx gksrk gS ftls NksVk efLr"d Hkh dgk tkrk
71
raf=dk ra= gSA ;g [kksiM+h ds vkèkkj ij iksUl ds ihNs vkSj eq[; Hkkx ds uhps fLFkr gS ;g efLr"d
vkSj jh<+ dh gM~Mh rd gksrk gSA y?kqefLr"d dk vakrfjd lQsn inkFkZ ,d iRrh dh ulksa
dh rjg fn[krk gSA ;gk¡ ij dkQh la[;k es xgjh js[kk;sa ¼Grooves½ gksrh gSa ftls lYdh
¼Sulci½ vkSj mHkjs {ks=ksa dks xk;jh ¼Gyri½ dh rjg tkuk tkrk gSA y?kqefLr"d esa yEcs vkSj
NksVs iFk gksrs gSa tks y?kqefLr"d ds Hkhrj vkSj vkosxksa dks Hkstrs gSAa lsjhcsye dadky dh
ekalisf'k;ksa dh xfr dks fu;af=r dj >Vdsnkj xfr dh vis{kk lgt] dq'ky vkSj lefUor
xfr djus esa l{ke djrk gSA ;g 'kjhj ds eqnzk vkSj larqyu dks cjdjkj j[kus esa enn
djrk gSA lh[ks x;s izfrorZ] vknrs vkSj dks'ky Hkh blh {ks= }kjk cuk;sa j[ks tkrs gSAa ;fn
lsjhcSye fdlh pksV] chekjh] V~;ew j vkfn ls {kfrxzLr gksrk gS rks blds dkj.k vuqefLr"d
jksx ¼cerebral disease) gks ldrk gS tks fof'k"B y{k.kksa ds lkFk tqMk+ gqvk gSA mnkgj.k
ds fy, xfr Hkax fcuk leUo; dk ¼Ataxia½] O;fDr ds 'kjhj ds Hkkxksa dks ,d gh rjg ls
pykus esa leL;k dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS tSlk O;fDr pkgrk gS oSlk ugha dj ikrkA
>Vds T;knk gksrs gS]a pky vkSj pyuk] esa fLFkjrk ugha gksrh vkSj larqyu esa Hkh xM+cM+h vk
tkrh gSA
3-4-3-2 lsrq ¼Pons½
lsrq ¼Pons½ esa lQsn inkFkZ vkSj jsVhdqyj QkWjes'ku gksrk gSA ;g esMqyk ds Bhd Åij
fLFkr gSA iksUl dk vFkZ gS ^îqy** vkSj vly esa ;g y?kqefLr"d vkSj efLr"d ds Åijh
Hkkx ds chp iqy dk dke djrk gSA iksUl 'kjhj dh ltxrk dks fu;af=r djus ds fy,
dk;Z djrk gSA ;g 'olu dks fofu;fer djus esa lgk;rk djrk gS rFkk uhan] lius vkSj
mRrstuk dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
3-4-3-3 esMqyk vkWcykaxkVk ¼Medulla Oblongata½
esMqyk vkWcykaxkVk vkdkj esa yxHkx ,d bap gS ;g lq"kqEuk ds 'kh"kZ ij fLFkr gS vkSj
efLr"d dk lcls fupyk Hkkx gSA blesa izkt s Ds 'ku VªDs V~l jsfVdqyj QkseZ's ku vkSj lQsn
inkFkZ gksrk gSA jsfVdqyj QkseZs'ku dk ukfHkd fu;a=.k dsUnzkas tSls â`n;] okgdk çsjd ;k
'olu fu;a=.k dsUnz ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS blfy, ;g thou fuokZg dk;ksZa dks fu;af=r
djrk gSA esMqyk ds vU; dsUnz gS tks xSj egRoiw.kZ izfrorZ tSls fd mYVh] [kkalh] Nhad
vkfn dh ns[kHkky djrs gSA ;g og LFkku Hkh gSa tgk¡ laons h raf=dk;sa 'kjhj ds ckbZ vkSj
nkbZ vkSj ls vkus okyh lwpuk dh vnyk cnyh djrh gS blls 'kjhj ds nk;sa rjQ dh
lwpuk efLr"d ds ck;sa rjQ tkrh gS vkSj 'kjhj ds ck;sa rjQ dh lwpuk efLr"d ds nk;sa
rjQ tkrh gSA
viuh izxfr dh tkap djsa 2
1- uhps fn;s x;s fp= esa efLr"d ds eq[; Hkkxksa ds ukaekfdr dhft,A
72
ds U æh;
2- gkbiksFkSyes l ds egRo ij ppkZ dhft,A raf=dk ra=
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3- y?kq efLr"d ds nks dk;ksZa dks lwphc) dhft,A
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3-5 çefLr"dh; oYdqV ds [k.M (Lobes of the Cerebral

Cortex)
oYdqV ¼oYd ;k dksVZsDl½ efLr"d dk ckgjh vkoj.k gS] ftlesa BlkBl Hkjs gq, U;wjkWUl
¼raf=dk dksf'kdk,¡½ gksrs gSAa ;g vR;fèkd >qjhZnkj gS]a gkykafd 'kq: esa ¼tUe ls igys½ ;g
fpduk gksrk gS ysfdu vkdkj vkSj efLr"d dh tfVyrk c<+us ds dkj.k ;g T;knk
>qjhZnkj gks tkrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks dksZVhykbZt's+ ku ¼Corticalization½ dgrs gSAa dksVZsDl
ds nks Hkkx gksrs gSa ftUgsa izefLr"d xksyk)Z dgrs gSAa ;g raf=dk rarqvksa ds ,d eksVs vkSj
dBksj cSMa }kjk <dk gksrk gS] ftls dkiZl dksyksle dgk tkrk gSA dkiZl dksyksle
¼Corpus Callosum½ ck,a vkSj nk;sa xksykèkZ dks lwpukvksa dk vknku iznku djus vkSj ,d
nwljs ls laokn djus esa l{ke cukrk gSA ;fn dkiZl dksyksle {kfrxzLr gksrk gS rks lapkj
ckfèkr gks ldrk gS vkSj izR;sd xksykèkZ Lora= :i ls dk;Z djsx a s vkSj 'kjhj dk ,d i{k
nwljs i{k dks tkus fcuk dqN Hkh djrs gSA blds dkj.k O;ogkj esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA ;g
foHkkftr efLr"d jksfx;ksa esa lkekU; gSA dksVZsDl esa njkjs rFkk xgjh js[kk;sa izefLr"d
xksyk)Z dks ik¡p ikfy;ksa esa ckW¡Vrh gSA ¼fp= 3-8 ns[ks½a A ;s 'ka[k ikfy] eè; ikfy] i'pdiky
ikfy] vxzikfy vkSj balqyk ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] ;|fi balqyk fNik gksrk gSA izR;sd
dh O;k[;k vxys i`"B ij nh x;h gSA
fp= 3-8% efLr"d ikfy;ksa dk fp=.k

73
raf=dk ra= 3-5-1 vxz ikfy (Frontal Lobe)
tSlk fd uke ls ladrs feyrk gS] vxzikfy efLr"d ds lkeus yykV ¼ck;sa vkSj nk;s½a
ekStnw gSAa vxzikfy dks lcls vxzorhZ Hkkx izhÝaVy dksVZDl ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
izhÝaVy dksVDZs l laons h lwpuk dks izkIr djus esa enn djrk gS vkSj blds pkjksa vkSj fofHkUu
Hkkxksa esa ç{ksfir djus esa enn djrk gSA vxZikfy ds dk;Z] eksVj dkS'ky vkSj NksVs dk;kZ]as
tSls ,d le; ij maxyh dks fgykuk 'kkfey gSA eè;iwoZd d.kZd eksVj dk;ksZa esa 'kkfey
gksrk gSA vxzikfy dk jksLVªy Hkkx mPp Lrj ds dk;Z tSls laKku] tfVy fu.kZ; ysuk vkSj
fopkj cukus esa lfEefyr gSA pw¡fd ;g fyfEcd ra= ls tqMk+ gS] blfy, ;g Hkkoukvksa dks
Hkh fu;af=r djrk gSA vxj vki igys [k.M esa mYysf[kr fQuhl xSt ds ekeys dks fQj
ls ns[ksa rks le> ik;sx a s fd mldk ck;k¡ vxz ikfy {kfrxzLr gqvk FkkA bl {kfr ds dkj.k
og vius laox s ksa ij fu;a=.k ugha dj ldrk FkkA vxz ikfy Hkk"kk lEcUèkh dk;ksZa esa Hkh
'kkfey gksrk gS ¼vfèkdrj dsl esa ck;k¡ vxzikfy½A bl {ks= dks czkd s k {ks= ds :i esa tkuk
tkrk gS] ftldk uke Ýkalhlh fpfdRld ikWy czkd s k ds uke ij j[kk x;k gSA ;fn czkds k
{ks= esa dksbZ {kfr ;k ?kko gks rks blds dkj.k ok.kh vkSj èofu ds mRiUu vkSj izokg esa
dfBukbZ gksrh gS ftls czkd s k okpk?kkr ¼Broca’s aphasia½ Hkh dgrs gSAa
ckDl 3-2 % okpk?kkr
okpk?kkr (Aphasia) Hkk"kk dh ,d gkfu gS tks ok.kh] i<+us ;k fy[kus dh {kerk] mRiknu ;k le>
dks izHkkfor djrh gSA ¼us'kuy vQsfl;k ,lksfl,'ku] la;qDr jkT; vejhdk½
ckWDl 3-3 ikWy czksdk ¼1824 1880½
¼1824-1880½
ikWy czkds k] efLr"d esa LFkkuh;dj.k ij xkSj djus okys igys O;fDr;ksa
esa ls ,d FksA vius ejht dk vè;;u djrs le; tks dsoy 'kCn ^ru*
dk mPpkj.k djus esa l{ke FkkA czkd s k us bl fof'k"B dk;Z dk voyksdu
fd;k FkkA tc jksxh dh e`R;q gks x;h rc mUgksua s uksV fd;k fd ejht
ds ck;sa xksykèkZ ds vxzikfy ds NksVs ls {ks= rd gh {kfr lhfer FkhA bl
izdkj czkd s k us dgk fd bl fof'k"B efLr"d {ks= dk dk;Z Hkk"kk dk fp= lzksr% www.
mRiknu gS] tks vc czkd s k ds {ks= ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA britannica.com
3-5-2 'ka[k ikfy (Temporal Lobe)

'ka[k ikfy efLr"d ds nksuksa vksj ftls ik'oZ lydl ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] duiV~Vh
ij ik'oZ i{kksa esa fLFkr gksrs gSAa bls ,d xgjh js[kk ftls ik'oZ lYdl ds :i esa tkuk
tkrk gSA 'ka[k ikfy dks dksVZsDl esa nwljs ikfy ls vyx djrh gSA ,d xkbjl ftls
vuqizLFk xkbjl ¼transverve gyrus½ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] Jo.k {ks= vkSj Hkk"kk dk;ksZa
ds izfØ;k esa lgk;rk djrk gSA ;g ikfy vfèkd tfVy dk;ksZa tSls n`f"V] xfr izR;{khdj.k
vkSj psgjk igpkuuk esa Hkh lfEefyr gSA ;fn 'ka[k ikfy esa dksbZ {kfr gksrh gS rks ;g foHkze
dks tUe ns ldrk gS] tks Jo.k ;k n`'; nksuksa izdkj ds gks ldrs gSAa 'ka[kikfy laox s ksa vkSj
izjs .kkRed O;ogkj esa Hkh 'kkfey gSA blfy,] 'ka[kikfy esa dksbZ {kfr gksus ij] dywoj cwlh
flaMªkeas ¼Kluver Bucy Syndrome½ gks ldrk gSA ;g taxyh canjksa esa fn[krk gS tks Mj dk
izn'kZu ;k fpark izfrfØ;k,a ugha fn[kkrs gSAa
ckDl 3-4 % dywoj cwlh lay{k.k
dywoj cwlh lay{k.k ,d nwyZHk O;ogkjkRed {kfr gS ftldh fo'ks"krk % vuqfpr ;kSu O;ogkj vkSj
oLrqvksa dk eq¡g esa Mkyuk gSA nwljs fpUg vkSj y{k.k oLrqvksa dks ns[k dj igpkus dh {kerk] lkekU;
Hk; vkSj Øksèk izfrfØ;kvksa dh gkfu] Le`fr gkfu fod"kZ.k }kSjs vkSj euksHkz'a k gSA efLr"d dk vxzorhZ
74
'ka[kikfy dk lEcUèk bl {kfr ds lkFk tqMk+ gqvk gSA gjiht] ,UlsQykbfVl vkSj efLr"d vk?kkr ds U æh;
ds lkFk ,sls izdj.kksa dks fjiksVZ fd;k x;k gSA bldk mipkj jksx lwpd ¼Symptomatic½ gSA blesa raf=dk ra=
eu%çHkkoh nokvksa dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA
blds vykok] ck;sa 'ka[kikfy esa ofuZd dk {ks= fLFkr gSA ftls 'kjhjfØ;k foKkuh dkyZ
ofuZds ds uke ij j[kk x;k gS tks ikWy czkd
s k ds ledkyhu FksA efLr"d dk ;g {ks= Hkk"kk
dks le>us esa enn djrk gSA ofuZd okpk?kkr ¼Aphasia½ okys O;fDr xyr rjhds ls ckr
djsxa s vkSj vU; O;fDr mls D;k dg jgs gS]a ;g le>us esa l{ke ugha gksxa As gkykafd èkkjk
izokg cksyus vkSj vfHkO;fDr esa dksbZ leL;k ugha gksrh gSA vr% bl {ks= esa dksbZ {kfr ;k
?kko gksus ij O;fDr 'kCnksa dk mRiknu dj ldrk gS] èkkjk izokg cksy ldrk gS] ysfdu ;s
xyr gksrk gSA
ckWDl 3-5 dkyZ ofuZd ¼1848 -1905½
dkyZ ofuZd teZu dk; fpfdRld us efLr"d {kfr okys jksfx;ksa esa cgqr
vyx rjg dh Hkk"kk leL;k ¼le>us esa vkus okyh dfBukb;k¡½ dk
mYys[k fd;kA bu leL;kvksa ds fy, efLr"d ds fof'k"B {ks=ksa dh
igpku dh x;hA ;g {ks= czkd s k }kjk igpkus tkus okys {ks= ls vyx FksA
mUgksaus okpkèkkr ¼Aphasia½ ds ckjs esa crk;k fd] ;g fodkj tks cksyus
fp= lzksr% vkSj fy[kus esa ckèkk igq¡pkrk gS] efLr"d ds fof'k"B {ks= esa lEcfUèkr
www.bing.com/ raf=dk jksx igpkuus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
images
3-5-3 eè; ikfy (Parietal Lobe)

eè; ikfy izR;sd xksyk)Z ds mij ij ,oa ihNs rFkk i'pdiky ikfy vkSj dsUnzh; lydl
ds chp esa fLFkr gksrs gSAa ,d xgjh js[kk] ftls iksLV dsUnzh; xk;jl ds :i esa tkuk tkrk
gS vkSj tks izkFkfed lksekVksllas jh dksVZsdl ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ;g ikfy Li'kZ dh
laons uk esa 'kkfey gSA ;g ekalis'kh f[kpko xzkgd ls lwpuk izkIr djrk gSA Li'kZ vkSj
'kjhj dh laons ukvksa dh ;g Kku n`f"V vkSj Jo.k lwpuk ds foospu dks lqxe djrk gSA
3-5-4 i'pdiky ikfy (Occipital Lobe)
i'pdiky ikfy izR;sd izefLr"d xksykèkZ ds ihNs vkSj vkèkkj ij fLFkr gSA ;g vk¡[kksa ls
izkIr gksus okyh n`'; lwpuk dh izfØ;k ds fy, mRrjnk;h gSA izFkfed n`f"V dksVZDs l {ks=
czkM
s eSu {ks= 17 gSA ;g tfVy n`f"V mnhidksa dk izR;{khdj.k djus esa lfEefyr gSA
i'pdiky ikfy esa dksbZ {kfr gksus ij tc izdk'k dh ped fn[kkbZ nsrh gS rks n`f"V esa
leL;k;sa gksrh gSa vkSj n`f"V foHkzkfa r ;k pk{kq.k vlacksf/krk (Visual Agnosia) gks ldrk gSA
3-5-5 balqyk (Insula)
;g 'ka[k ikfy ds uhps fNik gksrk gSA ;g ikfy n`f"V ds fy, fo[;kr gSA blfy, ;fn
bl {ks= esa dksbZ {kfr gksrh gS rks dksfVZdy vaèkkiu ¼Cortical Blindness½ gks ldrk gSA bl
{ks= esa O;kid {kfr] fo'ks"k :i ls nk;sa xksykèkZ esa {kfr] ck;k¡ n`f"V {ks= ds dkj.k vaèkkiu
gks ldrk gSA
dkWfVZdy vaèkkiu okys O;fDr dks iSVuZ ;k n`'; Nfo;ksa ¼lkcksa vkSj fØVys] 1982½ dks ns[kus
esa v{kerk gks ldrh gSA ;g gksfe;ksLVsfll dk fu;a=.k] laox s vkSj psruk esa lfEefyr
gksrk gSA blds vU; dk;ksZa esa vkRepsruk] laons uk] lgkuqHkwfr vkfn lfEefyr gSA
75
raf=dk ra=
ckWDl 3-6 czksMeSu {ks= ckDl 3-7 n`f"V foHkzkafr
dks j fcfu;u cz k s M eS u ] teZ u ,d izdkj dh =qfViw.kZ laosnh èkkj.kk gS] blesa fdlh ckgjh
raf=dkfoKkuh us efLr"d dks dk;ksZa míhid ds mifLFkfr ds fcuk O;fDr jax] izdk'k ;k vkdkj
ds vkèkkj ij foHkkftr fd;k FkkA og dk izR;{khdj.k djrk gSA
efLr"d dks bl rjg O;k[;k djus
okys igys O;fDr Fks A bUgks a u s
çefLr"dh; oYdqV dks 52 vyx- ckDl 3-8 pk{kq.k vlacksfèkrk (Visual Agnosia)
vyx {ks=ksa esa js[kkfp= fd;k FkkA
izR;sd {ks= dh vyx 'kjhj lajpuk pk{kq.k vlacksfèkrk dks igpkuus ds fodkj ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
fo'ks"krk,a gSa tSls dksf'kdk dk vkdkj] fd;k x;k gSA ;g n`'; {ks= rd gh lhfer gS ftlesa jksxh igys
vkoj.k vkSj ?kuRoA izR;sd czksMeSu ls Kkr v'kkfCnd n`'; míhid] lkekU; ;k lkekU; ds vkl
{ks= ¼BA½ fo'ks"k laKkukRed izfØ;k ikl n`f"V izR;{khdj.k gksus ds ckotwn dqN ;k lHkh Jsf.k;ksa ds
ds lkFk lgpkfjr vkSj dksfVZdy vFkZ ij ugha igqp¡ ldrk gSA ;g tkxzr voLFkk] voèkku] cqf)
lcxsz'ku vlrr dk o.kZu djus esa vkSj Hkk"kk dh {kerk dks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gSA ¼lkekftd vkSj
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA O;ogkj foKku dk varjk"Vªh; fo'odks'k] 2011½
3-6 psruk ls lEcfUèkr efLr"d izfØ;k,a

raf=dk ra= ds fofHkUu Hkkx leUo; ds lkFk dke djrs gS]a ftlls ge Lo;a ls] gekjs
okrkoj.k vkSj nwljh oLrqvksa vkSj yksx tks gekjs vkl ikl gS muls fHkK gksrs gaSA gks
jsfDVdqyj ,sfDVosfVax flLVe ¼vkj,,l½] dksVZDs l dks vkosxksa dks lapkfyr djrk gS
ftlls ekuo psruk mRrsftr gksrh gSA vkj,,l ¼R.A.S.½ raf=dk dksf'kdkvksa ¼U;wjkUl½
dk ,d usVodZ gS ftlesa laons uk vkSj voèkku lfEefyr gSA ;g lq"kqEuk ls lwpuk izkIr
djrk gS vkSj bls FkSyes l ls lsjcs y dksVZsDl dks Hkstrk gSA vkj,,l mRrsftr iz.kkyh ds
:i esa dk;Z djrk gS tks 'kjhj esa laprs psruk cuk;s j[krk gSA efLr"d dh rhu oSf'od
fLFkfr tkxuk] lksuk vkSj lius ns[kuk dk fu;a=.k eslksiksu esa fLFkr vkj,,l }kjk fd;k
tkrk gSA ;s voLFkk;sa U;wjkWu ds lfØ; gksus ds vkèkkj lq=;qXeu la;kstdrk vkSj laons h
fufo"V ds vuqeku ds vuqlkj ik;h o fodflr gksrh gSA ,EQSVfs eu ,d nok gS tks
çeLr"d ij mRrstd izHkko mRiUu djrh gS vkSj tkx`fr vkSj lrdZrk dks c<+krh gSA
ihfu;y ckMh eè;e efLr"d ls FkksMk+ Åij fLFkr gS] bldk eq[; dk;Z tSfod ?kM+h vkSj
y; pØ dk fu;eu djuk gSA ;g ldkZfM;u y; dks fu;af=r djrk gS tks vaèksjs vkSj
izdk'k pØ ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA fo'ks"k :i ls ;g if{k;ks]a ljhlì] eNyh vkSj mHk;pj
ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSAa ihfu;y xzfFk esykVksfuu dk mRiknu djrh gS] ;g gkeksZu 'kjhj ds
dk;ksZa dks ,d nwljs ds ledkyhu djus ds lkFk-lkFk iztuu gkeksZu dks fofu;fer djus
dk dk;Z djrk gSA
euq";ksa vkSj nwljs Lruèkkfj;ksa esa ;g uhan dks c<+kok nsus vkSj ldkZfM;u y; dks fofu;fer
djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
3-7 dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= ds fodkj

tc efLr"d vk?kkr (strokes) ;k pksV] V~;ew j ;k iks"k.k lEcUèkh leL;kvksa ds dkj.k
{kfrxzLr gks tkrk gS rks ;g fofHkUu O;ogkj vkSj laKkukRed ifjorZu dk dkj.k curk
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, tc {kfr czkd s k {ks= esa gksrh gS] tks ck,a xksykèkZ ds Hkkx esa gS] rc
O;fDr cksyus esa vleFkZ gksrk gSA bl Hkkx esa dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= ds eq[; fodkjksa dk
fooj.k izLrqr fd;k gSA
76
3-7-1 vYt+kbej jksx ds U æh;
raf=dk ra=
tc vèk% iru dh izfØ;k gksrh gS] rks ;g efLr"d ds dbZ raf=dk dksf'kdkvksa U;wjkWUl dks
u"V dj nsrk gSA ;g O;fDr ds Le`fr] voèkku] xfr fØ;kvksa dks cqjh rjg izHkkfor djrk
gSA bl vi{k;h chekjh dks euksHkz'a k ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA vYt+kbej jksx euksHkz'a k dk
,d lkekU; dkj.k gSA bldk T;knkrj igpkuk x;k dkj.k vuqokaf'kd gksrk gSA bl jksx
ls ihfM+r yksxksa esa Le`fr] uke ;kn u vkuk] yksx] txg] ;kn j[kus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gS
vkSj mudk voèkku foLrkj dkQh de gksrk gSA mUgsa viuh O;fDrxr LoPNrk cuk;s j[kus
esa vkSj ekufld {kerk cuk;s j[kus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA
mikftZr izfrj{kkghurk lay{k.k ¼,M~l½ tks ,pvkbZoh ok;jl dh otg ls gksrk gS] efLr"d
ds U;wjkUl dks laØfer djrk gS] tks fd izxkeh vèk% iru dh vksj c<+rk gS vkSj ;s euksHkz'a k
dk dkj.k curk gSA gafVaXVu jksx] ,d vkuqofa 'kd jksx gS] ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i vuSfPNd
xfr] tks dh okafNr ugha gS] Hkh xaHkhj euksHkz'a k dk dkj.k gks ldrh gS tks fd ?kkrd gks
ldrh gSA
3-7-2 ikfdZlUl jksx
;g êwoesVa * lEcUèkh fodkj gSA ;g iq#"kksa esa T;knk gksrk gSA bldh 'kq#vkr eè; mez vkSj
o`)koLFkk esa gksrh gSA bldk lcls lkekU; y{k.k fuf"Ø;rk ds nkSjku dkWia uk gS] ysfdu
;g LoSfPNd xfr ;k uhan ds nkSjku ugha gksrk gSA bls laKkukRed deh dh rjg o.kZu
fd;k tkrk gSA
3-7-3 vk?kkr ¼ Stroke½
dHkh dHkh pksV ;k chekjh] eksVj xfr;ksa esa lfEefyr efLr"d vkSj raf=dk dksf'kdkvksa
¼U;wjkWUl½ ds Ård dks u"V dj nsrh gSA lsjcs zy s gseksjt
s ¼efLr"d esa jDr Lkzko½ ;k ljsczy
s
bfLdfe;k ¼efLr"d ds {ks= esa jDr dh vkiwfrZ esa #dkoV½] ds dkj.k vk?kkr gks tkrk gSA
lsjcs kz os kLdqyj nq?kZVuk ¼lhoh,½ esa okfgdkvksa ds }kjk jDr dk izokg jDrlzko ds dkj.k cUn
gks tkrk gS] blds dkj.k vkWDlhtu dh deh gks tkrh gSA ;fn U;wjku u"V gks tkrs gS]
rc blds dkj.k eksVj U;wjkWu dks uqdlku gksrk gS vkSj bl dkj.k vaf'kd ;k iw.kZ i{k?kkr
gksrk gSA i{kk?kkr ds vykok vk?kkr dk lekU; ifj.kke Hkwyus dh chekjh okpk?kkr
¼Aphasia½] Hkk"kk leL;k vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd vfrewPNkZ ¼dksek½ Hkh gks ldrk gSA
3-7-4 cgql`r dkfBU; ¼Multiple sclerosis½
;g ,d Loizfrj{kh fod`fr vkSj ,d rsth ls QSyus okyk fodkj gSA ;g dsUnzh; raf=dk
ra= ds v{krarq dh lqj{kkRed vkoj.k ekbfyu 'khFk dks uqdlku igq¡pkrk gSA bl jksx dk
lkèkkj.kr% izkjaHk de mez esa gksrh gSA blds lkekU; y{k.k n`'; xM+cM+h] is'kh; detksjh]
daiu vkSj xfrHkz'a k ¼Ataxia½ gSA
ckWDl 3-9 Loizfrj{kh foÑfr ¼Autoimmune Disorder½
Loizfrj{kh foÑfr izfrj{kk iz.kkyh dh f'kfFkyrk ds ifj.kke Lo:i gksrk gSA izfrj{kk iz.kkyh vkidks
chekjh vkSj laØe.k ls cpkrh gSA dHkh – dHkh] ;|fi] izfrj{kk iz.kkyh mu izfrj{kh dk mRiknu
dj ldrs gSa tks LoLFk dksf'kdkvksa] Årdksa vkSj vaxksa ij geyk dj ldrh gS] ftlds dkj.k
Loizfrj{kh foÑfr gks ldrk gSA Loizfrj{kh foÑfr 'kjhj ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx dks izHkkfor dj ldrh
gSA 80 ls T;knk Loizfrj{kh chekfj;ksa dh igpku dh tk pqdh gSA dqN chekfj;k¡ vis{kk—r vfèkd
tkuh tkrh gSA tSls dh Vkbi I eèkqegs ] cgqer dkfBU;] Y;wil vkSj :esVkbM xfB;k] tcfd dqN
vU; chekfj;k¡ gSa ftudk funku djuk laHko ugha gSA
¼jk"Vªh; i;foj.kh; LokLF; foKku laLFkku] la;qDr jkT; vejhdk½
77
raf=dk ra= vkWVksbE;wu chekfj;ksa ds dkj.k dkQh gn rd vKkr gSAa vke lgefr gS fd vkWVksbE;wu
chekfj;ka vkuqokaf'kd vkSj okrkoj.kh; dkjd ds chp ijLij fØ;k ls gksrh gSA
3-7-5 izefLr"d ?kkr ¼Cerebral Palsy½
;g lkekU; jksx gS tks cpiu esa fdlh Hkh rjg dh {kfr tSls efLr"dksa ds Årdksa esa
laØe.k vk?kkr ;k tUe ds le; vkWDlhtu dh vkiwfrZ de gksus ds dkj.k gksrk gSA blds
dkj.k 'kjhj dh ekWlisf'k;ksa dh xfr dks LFkk;h uqdlku igq¡prk gSA LoSfPNd ek¡lis'kh
fu;a=.k {kfrxzLr gksrk gS vkSj blds dkj.k ,d rjQ dk ydok 'kjhj esa gks ldrk gSA
3-7-6 vk{ksih fodkj ¼Seizure Disorder½
;g nkSjksa ds vpkud iM+us ij gksrk gS blds dkj.k efLr"d dh dk;Z iz.kkyh esa ,d
vLFkk;h ifjorZu tSls psruk esa ifjorZu] eksVj fu;a=.k ;k ekWl
a isf'k;ksa esa ladqpu gksrk gSA
fexhZ bldk mnkgj.k gSA nkSjksa dh vko`fRr vkSj xEHkhjrk dks fpfdRlk ls fu;af=r fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
3-7-7 Le`fryksi ¼Amnesia½
Le`fryksi] Le`fr dh cM+h {kfr gksrh gS] tcfd vU; ekufld dk;Z gks jgs gksrs gS]a bldk
dkj.k laØe.k] vk?kkr] V~;ew j] MªXl] vkWDlhtu dh deh] fexhZ vkSj vYt+kbej jksx gks
ldrk gSA Le`fryksi] euksoSKkfud dkj.kksa ¼Psychogenic½ ls Hkh gks ldrk gSA ;g pksV
;k fuUnzkoLFkk ds lq>ko ¼hyponotic suggestion½ ds ifj.kke Lo:i gks ldrk gS ¼fuY'ku
vkSj ekdksZfoV'k] 1999½A ,p-,e- ds Dykfld ekeys esa ¼ckDl 2-5 dks ns[ks½a ] Le`fr yksi
eè; 'ka[kikfy esa f}i{kh; {kfr ds dkj.k] ftlesa fgIiksdEil 'kkfey gS ds dkj.k gqvk FkkA
izR;{khdj.k] laKku] cqf)] fØ;k dHkh – dHkh dk;kZRed Le`fr Hkh fojy gksrh gS] ijks{k
Le`fr vkSj vpsru Le`fr ¼varfufgZr Le`fr½ igys ds vuqHko tkudkjh dh tkx:drk dk
vHkko gks ldrk gSA Le`fr yksi nks izdkj dk gks ldrk gSA vk?kkrksÙkj Le`frHkz'a k] esa O;fDr
?kVuk ds ckn u;h Le`fr cukus esa l{ke ugha gks ikrk gS vkSj vfHk?kkriwoZ Le`fryksi] blesa
O;fDr dh ?kVuk ls igys dh Le`fr rRdky u"V gks tkrh gSA
1- vxzikfy ds dk;ksZa dh ppkZ dhft,A
.....................................................................................................................
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2- psruk esa efLr"d dh Hkwfedk Li"V dhft,A
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.....................................................................................................................
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78
.....................................................................................................................
ds U æh;
3- dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= ds eq[; fodkjksa dh lwph cukb,A raf=dk ra=
.....................................................................................................................
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3-8 lkjka ' k

vc tc ge bl bdkbZ ds var esa vk x, gSa rks ge lHkh izeq[k fcanqvksa dks lwph c) djsx
a s
tks ge igys gh bl bdkbZ esa lh[k pqds gSAa
• raf=dk ra= gekjs lHkh O;ogkj vkSj fopkj izfØ;k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
euq";ksa ds raf=dk ra= esa nks eq[; foHkktu gksrs gS]a dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= ¼CNS½ vkSj
ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= ¼PNS½A
• dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= esa efLr"d vkSj lq"kqEuk vkrs gS tcfd ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= dks
vkxs nSfgd raf=dk ra= ¼Somatic Nervous system½ vkSj Lopkfyr raf=dk ra=
¼Autonomic Nervous System½ esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA
• jh<+ dh gM~Mh ,d yEch csyukdkj lajpuk gS tks d'ks:d ¼Vertebrae½ esa vPNh
rjg ls layXu gSA bldh ,d vkSlr O;fDr esa yEckbZ yxHkx 45 lseh gksrh gSA ;g
diky vfLFk ¼Cranial Bones½ }kjk lajf{kr gS vkSj d'ks:d ¼Vertebrae½ bls pkjksa
vkSj layxu djrk gSA ;g nks LFkkuksa ij mHkjh gqbZ gksrh gS ljokbdy ¼Cervical½
{ks= vkSj yqEcj {ks= ¼Lumbar region½A
• efLr"d yxHkx 1-5 fdyksxzke otu dk ,d cM+k vax gSA blds rhu eq[; Hkkx gS]a
vxzefLr"d] eè;e efLr"d] vkSj i'pefLr"dA
• vxz efLr"d esa çefLr"d oYdqV] csly xSx a fy;k] fyfEcd iz.kkyh] FkSyes l vkSj
gkiksFkSyes l lajpuk,a vkrh gSAa eè; efLr"d esa VsdVe vkSj VsxesuVe lajpuk,a
'kkfey gSAa tcfd] i'p efLr"d esa lsjcs y s e iksUl vkSj esMqyk vkWcykaxkVk vkrk gSA
lsjcs zy
s dksVZsdl efLr"d dk ckgjh vkoj.k gS blesa dldj Hkjs gq, U;wjkUl gksrs gSAa
oYdy ¼Cortex½ esa njkjsa vkSj xgjh js[kk;sa izefLr"d xksykèkZ ¼Cerebral hemishpere½
dks ikWpa ikfy;ksa esa ckVrh gSA 'ka[kikfy] ¼Temporal lobe½ eè; ikfy ¼Parietal lobe½
vxzikfy ¼Frontal Lobe½ i'pdiky ikfy ¼Occipital lobe½ vkSj balqyk ¼Insula½A
gkykafd balqyk fNik gqvk gksrk gSA
• jsfVdqyj ,fDVosfVax flLVe ¼RAS½ U;wjkWul ¼raf=dk dksf'kdk,¡½ dk ,d usVodZ gS
tks laons uk vkSj voèkku esa 'kkfey gSA ;g gesa [kqn ls vkSj okrkoj.k ls lpsr jgus
esa enn djrk gSA ;g lq"kqEuk ls lwpuk izkIr djrk gS vkSj bls FkSyes l ls
çefLr"dh; oYdqV ¼lsjcs y zs dksVZDs l½ dks izlkfjr djrk gSA
• efLr"d esa {kfr ds dkj.k dbZ izdkj ds fodkj gks ldrs gSAa mnkgj.k ds fy, czkd s k
{ks= esa {kfr gksus ij Hkk"kk fodkj gksrk gSA dsUnzh; ra= ds dqN eq[; fodkj vYt+kbej
jksx] ikfdZlUl jksx] vk?kkr] cgqlqr dkfBU;] çefLr"d ?kkr] vk{ksi fodkj vkSj Le`fr
yksi gSA 79
raf=dk ra=
3-9 eq[; 'kCn
dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= % dsna zh; raf=dk ra= (CNS) esa efLr"d vkSj lq"kqEuk
gksrs gSA ;g gekjs iwjs 'kjhj ls lwpuk la;kstu
djrk gS vkSj gekjs O;ogkj ds leUo; ds fy,
ftEesnkj gSA
efLr"d % ;g dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= dk fgLlk gS vkSj [kksiM+h
ds Hkhrj fLFkr gSA blesa xzs vkSj lQsn inkFkZ ds
uje nzO;eku gksrk gS tks gekjs O;ogkj dks
leU;for vkSj fu;af=r djrs gSA
lq " kq E uk % ;g raf=dk Årdksa dk ,d eksVk caMy gS tks
gekjh jh<+ ¼Spine½ ds vUnj fLFkr gSA ;g 'kjhj
ds lHkh Hkkxksa dks efLr"d ls tksMr+ k gSA
okpk?kkr ¼ Aphasia½ % Hkk"kk dh {kfr] ;g Hkk"kk ds mRiknu ;k le>]
i<+us o fy[kus dh {kerk dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
çefL"d ?kkr % cpiu ds nkSjku gksus okyk jksx ftlesa tUe ij
laØe.k] vk?kkr ;k de vkWDlhtu dh vkiwfrZ ds
dkj.k efLr"d ds Årdksa dks uqdlku gksrk gSA

1- ---------- ,d laon
s h dsUnz tgk¡ xaèk ds vykok lHkh laons h tkudkjh] efLr"d ds
vU; {ks=ksa esa tkus ls igys vkxs dh izfØ;k ds fy, tkrh gSA
d½ ,fexMkyk [k½ fgIiksdEs il
x½ gkbiksFkSyes l ?k½ FkSyes l
2- ---------- esa {kfr ds dkj.k Hkk"kk dks le>us dh {kerk dks uqdlku gksrk gS ysfdu
'kCnksa ds mRiknu dh {kerk cjdjkj jgrh gSA
d½ ,fexMkyk [k½ czkd
s k {ks=
x½ ofuZd {ks= ?k½ i'pdiky ikfy
3- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu vxzefLr"d dh lajpuk ugha gS\
d½ FkSyes l [k½ fgIiksdEs il
x½ ,fexMkyk ?k½ ewy fuxzk ¼Substantia nigra½
4- n`f"V oYdy ¼Visual cortex½ n`'; lwpuk dks lalkfèkr djrk gS ;g çefLr"d oYdqV
ds fdl Hkkx esa fLFkr gSAa
d½ i'pdiky ikfy ¼occipital lobe½ [k½ 'ka[kikfy ¼Temporal lobe½
x½ eè; ikfy ¼Parietal lobe½ ?k½ vxzikfy ¼Frontal lobe½
80
5- lq"kqEuk dh lajpuk vkSj dk;ksZa dh O;k[;k dhft,A ds U æh;
raf=dk ra=
6- vxz efLr"d ds nks foHkktuksa dk o.kZu dhft,% Vsyus flQsyksu vkSj Mk;uflQsyksu
7- lsjcs y
s e] iksl
a vkSj esMqyk vkWcykaxkVk ds dk;ksZa dk o.kZu dhft,A
8- okpk?kkr ls vki D;k le>rs gS\a czkd
s k vkSj ofuZd okpk?kkr~ ds chp varj Li"V
dhft,A
9- dsUa nzh; raf=dk ra= esa {kfr ds dkj.k gksus okys fodkjksa dh ppkZ dhft,A

Autoimmune Diseases (n.d.). In National Institute Environmental Health Sciences.
Retrieved September 18, 2018, from https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/ conditions/
autoimmune/index.cfm
Bassett, D. S., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (2011). Understanding complexity in the human
brain. Trends in cognitive sciences, 15(5), 200-209.
Carl Wernicke (n.d.). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved September 19, 2018,
fromhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-Wernicke
de Sousa, A. A., & Proulx, M. J. (2014). What can volumes reveal about human brain
evolution? A framework for bridging behavioral, histometric, and volumetric
perspectives. Frontiers in neuroanatomy, 8, 51.
Kalat, J. W. (2015). Biological psychology. Nelson Education.
KluverBucy syndrome (n.d.). In National Center for Advancing Translation Sciences.
Retrieved September 19, 2018, fromhttps://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/ diseases/6840/
kluver-bucy-syndrome
Newman, M. E. (2003). The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM review,
45(2), 167-256.
Pinel, John. P. & Barnes, Steven J. (2017). Biopsychology. Pearson education.
Stone, J. L. (1991). Paul Broca and the first craniotomy based on cerebral localization.
Journal of neurosurgery, 75(1), 154-159.
Vallone, D., Picetti, R., & Borrelli, E. (2000). Structure and function of dopamine
receptors. Neuroscience & biobehavioral reviews, 24(1), 125-132.
Visual agnosia (2001). In International Encyclopedia of the Social &Behavioural
Sciences. Retrieved September 18, 2018, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/
veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/visual-agnosia

l Schematic representation of Nervous System division and its function. Retrieved
October 5, 2018, from http://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-6-human-
physiology/65-neurons-and-synapses/nervous-system.html
l Photograph of Phineas P. Gage (1823-1860) shown holding the tamping iron
which injured him. Retrieved October 5, 2018, from https://commons.
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phineas_Gage_Cased_Daguerreotype _WilgusPhoto
2008-12-19_EnhancedRetouched_Color.jpg 81
raf=dk ra= l Image of Carl Wernicke, retrieved December 28, 2018, from https://
www.bing.com/images
l Image of Paul Broca, retrieved December 28, 2018, from https://www.
britannica.com
3-13 v‚uykbu lzksr

l For more understanding on central nervous system, visit
– https://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_1/chapter_3.html
– https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/13-2-the-central-
nervous-system/
l For more understanding on lobes of brain, visit;
– https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/lobes-brain
– http://vpnl.stanford.edu/papers/grillspector_occipitallobe.pdf
– https://courses.lumenlearning.com/waymaker-psychology/chapter/reading-
parts-of-the-brain/
l To learn more about central nervous system, visit;
– https://www.who.int/mental_health/neurology/neurological_disorders_
report_web.pdf
– https://web.duke.edu/pathology/siteParts/avaps/04.13.1_ Neurod
egenerative_disorders_final.pdf
– https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/nervous_system_
disorders/overview_of_nervous_system_disorders_85,p00799
l For more on the region, Broadmann Area, visit;
– http://dai.fmph.uniba.sk/courses/CCN/lectures/CCN-06-areas.pdf
– http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2102
l For an interesting article on Phineas Gage, visit;
– https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk<themythaboutphineusgage
cgqfodYih; ç'uksa ds mÙkj
1½ ?k
2½ x
3½ ?k
4½ d
82
bdkbZ 4 ifjèkh; raf=dk ra=
la j puk
4-0 lh[kus ds mn~n's ;
4-1 izLrkouk
4-2 diky raf=dk;sa (Cranial Nerves)
4-2-1 xaèk raf=dk ¼Olfactory Nerve I½
4-2-2 n`f"V raf=dk ¼Optic Nerve II½
4-2-3 us= xfrokgh raf=dk ¼Oculomotor Nerve III½
4-2-4 pØd raf=dk ¼Trochlear Nerve IV½
4-2-5 f=èkkjk raf=dk ¼Trigeminal Nerve V½
4-2-6 viorZd raf=dk ¼Abducens Nerve VI½
4-2-7 vkuu raf=dk ¼Facial Nerve VII½
4-2-8 csfLVcqyksdksdyj raf=dk ¼Vestibolucochlear Nerve VIII½
4-2-9 ftºok xzluh raf=dk ¼Glossophary Nerve IX½
4-2-10 osxl raf=dk ¼Vagus Nerve X½
4-2-11 lgk;d raf=dk ¼Accessory Nerve XI½
4-2-12 vèkksftOgk raf=dk ¼Hypoglossal Nerve XII½
4-3 es:n.Mh; raf=dk (Spinal Nerves)
4-4 ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= (Peripheral Nervous System)
4-4-1 nSfgd raf=dk ra= ¼Somatic Nervous System½
4-4-2 Lopkfyr raf=dk ra= ¼Autonomic Nervous System½
4-4-2-1 lgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx ds dk;Z
4-4-2-2 milgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx ds dk;Z
4-5 lkjka'k
4-6 eq[; 'kCn
4-10 vkWuykbu L=ksr
4-0 lh[kus ds mn~ns';
bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki bl ;ksX; gksx
a s fd%
• diky raf=dk vkSj es#n.Mh; raf=dk ds dk;ksZa dh O;k[;k dj ldsx
a (s
• ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= dh O;k[;k dj ldsx
a (s
• le> ldsx
a s fd nSfgd vkSj Lopkfyr raf=dk ra= esa vUrj( vkSj
• nSfgd vkSj Lopkfyr raf=dk ra= ds dk;ksZa dh rqyuk dj ldsx
a As
* MkW- ehrw [kkslyk] lg-çkè;kid] euksfoKku foHkkx] nkSyr jke dkWyt

s ] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] ubZ fnYyh 83
raf=dk ra=
4-1 iz L rkouk
raf=dk ra= raf=dkvksa vkSj dksf'kdkvksa dk ,d tfVy ra= gSA tks 'kjhj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa
dks lwpuk,sa ys tkrk gSA bdkbZ 3 es]a vkius raf=dk ra= ds eq[; Hkkxksa ds ckjs esa lh[kk gSA
blesa dsna zh; raf=dk ra= ¼CNS½ vkSj ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= ¼PNS½ vkrs gSa ¼fp= 4-1 ns[ks½a A
fiNyh bdkbZ esa geus efLr"d vkSj ifjèkh; dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= ds Hkkxksa dh ppkZ dh FkhA
bl bdkbZ esa ge ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= dh ppkZ djsx a As ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= gekjs 'kjhj ds
ckdh Hkkxksa ds lkFk dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= ¼CNS½ dks tksMu+ s ds fy, mRrjnk;h gSA bls vkxs
Lopkfyr raf=dk ra= vkSj nSfgd raf=dk iz.kkyh esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA
¼v½ ¼¼cc½
fp= 4-1% raf=dk ra= dks nks izeq[k Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS %
v½ dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= vkSj c½ ifjèkh; raf=dk ra=
;g bdkbZ diky raf=dk ¼Cranial nerves½ vkSj es:n.Mh; raf=dk ¼Spinal nerves½ dh
O;k[;k djsxhA fofHkUu izdkj dh diky raf=dk vkSj muds dk;ksZa dh O;k[;k dh tk,xhA
mlds ckn ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= dk vFkZ Li"V djsx a s vkSj izfrorZ ds izdkjksa dh O;k[;k
djsx
a As bdkbZ ds vafre Hkkx esa Lopkfyr raf=dk ra= ¼Autonomic nervous system½ vkSj
mlds Hkkxksa dh O;k[;k foLrkj ls dh tk,xhA
4-2 diky raf=dk;sa ¼Cranial Nerves½

diky dh rafU=dkvksa dks mudh la[;k vkSj uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA diky raf=dkvksa ds
12 tksMs+ gSAa ¼izR;sd tksMh+ esa ,d nk;ha rjQ vkSj ,d ck¡;h rjQ gSA½ tks efLr"d LrEHk
ls ckgj fudyrh gS vkSj 'kjhj ds vU; {ks=ksa esa igq¡prh gSA diky raf=dkvksa esa v{krarq
ds caMy gksrs gSAa dk;Z ds vkèkkj ij diky raf=dkvksa ds fuEufyf[kr rhu izdkj gSA laons h
diky raf=dkvksa esa laons h v{krarq ¼Sensory Axon½ gksrs gSa tks laons h dk;ksZ esa 'kkfey gksrs
gSAa eksVj diky raf=dkvksa esa v{krarq eksVj dk;ksZa esa 'kkfey gksrs gSa vkSj fefJr diky
raf=dkvksa ¼Mixed Cranial Nerves½ esa nksuksa laons h vkSj eksVj dk;Z gksrs gSAa ifjèkh;
raf=dk ra= dh nwljh raf=dk;sa lq"kqEuk ls fudyrh gSAa vc ge diky raf=dk;sa ds izdkjksa
ij n`f"V Mkyrs gSa ¼fp= 4-2 ns[ks½a A
diky raf=dk,a la[;k I ls IV eè;efLr"d vkSj vxzefLr"d esa gksrh gSAa diky raf=dk,a
84 la[;k V ls XII lq"kqEuk – 'kh"kZ vkSj lsrq esa gksrh gSAa
ifjèkh;
raf=dk ra=
fp= 4-2% diky raf=dkvksa dks n'kkZrk ekuo efLr"d dk n`';
4-2-1 xaèk raf=dk ¼la[;k I½ ¼Olfactory Nerve, No. I½

xaèk raf=dk ¼I½ esa raf=dk dksf'kdk ds v{krarq gksrs gSAa ftuds ik'oZ rarq vkSj dksf'kdk 'kjhj
ukd dh 'ys"ek ¼Nasal Mucosa½ esa gksrs gSAa ;s xaèk ds laons h dk;Z esa lfEefyr gSAa
4-2-2 n`f"V raf=dk ¼la[;k II½ (Opitc Nerve, No. II)
n`f"V raf=dk ¼II½ esa laons h U;wjku ds v{krarq gksrs gSa tks vk¡[k ds jsfVuk esa mifLFkr gksrs
gSa ;s raf=dk;sa ns[kus dk dk;Z djrh gSA
4-2-3 us=xfrokgh raf=dk ¼la[;k III½ (Oculomotor Nerve, No. III)
us=xfrokgh raf=dk ¼III½ eè;efLr"d dh dksf'kdkvksa esa ls fudyrh gS vkSj vk¡[k dh
ek¡lisf'k;ksa rd igq¡prh gSA ;g raf=dk;sa vk¡[k dh ek¡lisf'k;ksa dks fu;af=r djus esa enn
djrh gS]a vk¡[k dks ftruh ek=k esa izdk'k dh vko';drk gS mruh ek=k esa izdk'k vk¡[k
ds vUnj tk;sA ;g vk¡[k dh xfr cukus es]a iqryh ds vkdkj dks fofu;fer djuk] vkSj
vk¡[k esa lek;kstu dk;Z dks djus esa 'kkfey gSA
4-2-4 pØd raf=dk ¼la[;k IV½ (Trochlear Nerve, No. IV)
pØd raf=dk eè; efLr"d esa dksf'kdkvksa ls fudyrh gSA eksVj rarq pØd raf=dk ls
vk¡[k dh Å/oZ fr;Zd~ is'kh ¼Superior Oblique½ ekWl
a isf'k;ksa rd QSyh gqbZ gSA ;g raf=dk
vk¡[kksa dh xfr esa eè;LFkrk djus vkSj eksVj xfr dks Hkh cukus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA
4-2-5 f=èkkjk raf=dk ¼la[;k V½ (Trigeminal Nerves, No. V)
fp= 4-3% f=èkkjk raf=dk dk fp=.k 85

raf=dk ra= f=èkkjk raf=dk dks rhu izdkj dh raf=dk esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA us= raf=dk
(Opthalmic Nerve) ÅèoZLuq raf=dk (Maxillary Nerve) vkSj vèkksguq raf=dk
(Mandibular Nerve) ¼fp= 4-3 ns[ks½a A bu rhu izdkj dh raf=dkvksa esa laon s h U;wjkWu gksrs
gSa tks Ropk ls vkosxksa dks ys tkus esa flj ds E;wdkslk ¼Mucosa½ ls vkSj nk¡r ls f=èkkjk
raf=dk xzfUFk ds dksf'kdk 'kjhj esa ys tkus esa enn djrs gSAa buds fefJr dk;Z gksrs gSa
tSls flj esa vkSj psgjs esa laons ukA ;g pckus vkSj izkfs iz;kslIs 'ku ¼Proprioception½ esa Hkh
'kkfey gSA ;g tcM+s esa ekalisf'k;ksa dh xfr dks fu;af=r djrk gSA
ckDl 4-1 Lokarjxzg.k (Proprioception)
Lokarjxzg.k og Hkko gS] ftlds ekè;e ls O;fDr vius 'kjhj dh xfr vkSj fLFkfr dks le>rk gSA
blesa lekurk vkSj larqyu dh Hkko Hkh lkekfgr gSA
ckDl 4-2 f=èkkjk raf=dk;sa
us= lacaèkh raf=dk ¼Opthalamic Nerve½
;g f=èkkjk raf=dk dh igyh 'kk[kk gSA ;g laosnh lwpuk dks fuEu lajpukvksa esa izsf"kr djrh gS%
vk¡[ksa] ukd xqgk] yykV fooj] izefLr"d nk= Åijh iyd] ukd dk Mksjle] [kksiM+h dk vxzHkkx]
blds vykok dqN us= lEcUèkh raf=dk;sa iSlflEisFksfVd ulksa dks Hkh lwpuk nsrh gSA
ÅèoZguq raf=dk ¼Maxillary Nerve½
ÅèoZguq raf=dk ¼V2½ f=èkkjk ukM+hxzUFk ds eè; esa 'kq: gksrh gS vkSj us= vkSj tcM+s dh raf=dk ds
chp ¼nksauks vkdkj vkSj fLFkfr esa½ eè;orhZ gksrh gS ¼cSjy vkSj dSfycj] 2008½A
vèkksguq raf=dk ¼Mandibular Nerve½
;g f=èkkjk raf=dk dk rhljk vkSj vafre foHkktu gSA eSfMcqyj raf=dk esa nksuksa laosnh vkSj eksVj
v{krarq gksrs gSaA
4-2-6 viorZd raf=dk ¼la[;k VI½ (Abducens Nerve, No. VI½

viorZd raf=dk VI ,d is'kh; raf=dk gS] tks lsrq ls fudyrh gSA ;g is'kh; fØ;kvksa esa
Hkh 'kkfey gksrh gSA
4-2-7 vkuu raf=dk ¼la[;k VII½ (Facial Nerve, No. VII)
vkuu raf=dk ¼VII½ esa is'kh; rarq gksrs gSa ;s rarq ykj dks lzkfor djus esa lgk;rk djrs
gS]a ;g psgjs ds Hkko] vk¡lw vkSj Lokn cukus ls lacf}r gSAa
4-2-8 osfLVcqyksdksdyj raf=dk ¼la[;k VIII½ (Vestibulocochlear
Nerve, No. VIII½
osfLVcqyksdksdyj raf=dk ¼VIII½ ,d Jo.k raf=dk gSA ;g nks laons h raf=dkvksa esa c¡Vh gS]
tks osLVhcqyj raf=dk vkSj dksdfy;j raf=dk ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gSA ;s raf=dk;sa lquus
vkSj 'kjhj ds larqyu dks cjdjkj j[krh gSAa
4-2-9 ftOgk xz l uh ra f =dk ¼la [ ;k IX½ (Glossophary Nerve,
No. IX)
ftOgk xzluh raf=dk ¼IX½ nksuks laons h vkSj xfrokgh rarq ls cuh gSA ;g thHk] xyk dks
vkosx Hkstrh gS] vkSj fuxyus] thHk dh laons uk] ykj dk lzko vkfn ls lac) a gSA ;g
jDrpki vkSj 'olu ds fu;a=.k esa Hkh lgk;d gksrh gSA
86
4-2-10 osxl raf=dk ¼la[;k X½ (Vagus Nerve, No. X) ifjèkh;
raf=dk ra=
osxl raf=dk ¼X½ nksuksa laons h vkSj xfrokgh rarq ls cuh gSA laons h rarq 'kjhj ds dbZ Hkkxksa
esa QSys gq;s gSAa ân; xfr] vkokt ds mRiknu] fuxyuk vkSj vkar lEcUèkh dk;ksZa dk
fu;a=.k djrs gSAa
4-2-11 lgk;d raf=dk ¼la[;k XI½ (Accessory Nerve, No. XI)
;g is'kh; raf=dk gSA blds dqN rarq lq"kqEuk 'kh"kZ (Medulla) esa mRiUu gksrs gSa vkSj
Fkksjfs ld ¼Thoracic½ vkSj mnj vkarjkx ¼Abdominal Viscera½ ds lkFk-lkFk xzluh vkSj
Loj ;a= esa foLrfjr gksrs gSA blfy, ;g raf=dk osxl raf=dk ds lgk;d ds :i esa tkuh
tkrh gSA pw¡fd blesa lq"kqEuk ds ?kVd gksrs gS]a bldks igys lq"kqEuk dh lgk;d raf=dk ds
:i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk FkkA ;g raf=dk daèks ds lapyu] flj dk eqMuk] vkarksa dks lapyu]
vkokt dk mRiknu vkSj Lokarjxzg.k ds fy, tkuh tkrh gSA
4-2-12 vèkksftºok raf=dk ¼la[;k XII½ (Hypoglossal Nerve, No. XII)
vèkksftºok raf=dk ¼XII½ esa xfrokgh rarq thHk dh ekalisf'k;ksa rd QSys gksrs gSAa ;g
raf=dk thHk dks fu;af=r djrh gSA
4-3 es:n.Mh; raf=dk ¼Spinal Nerves½
es:n.Mh; raf=dk 31 gksrh gSA buds diky raf=dkvksa dh rjg fo'ks"k uke ugha gksrs gSAa
;s raf=dk;sa es:n.M dh xqgk ls fudyrh gS vkSj d'ks:d LraHk tgk¡ ls os fudyrh gS
ds :Ik esa tkuh tkrh gS ¼fp= 3-4 ¼c½ bdkbZ 3 esa ns[ks½a A tks xzSo d'ks:d ls mRiUu gksrs
gS]a mUgsa xzSo raf=dk tksMs+ dgrs gSA ;s la[;k esa 8 gS] bUgsa lh-8 ds ekè;e ls lh-1 ds :i
esa ukekafdr fd;k tkrk gSA d'ks:d ¼Vertebrae½ ls mRiUu gksus okyh raf=dk;sa o{kh;
{ks= esa o{kh; raf=dk tksMs+ ¼Thoracic nerve pair½ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA Nkrh ds ikl
ls 12 tksMs+ fudyrs gSa vkSj T12 ds ekè;e ls T1 ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gSA 5 raf=dk;sa
d'ks:d ¼Vertebrae½ ds yqEcj {ks= ls fudyrh gS] yqEcj raf=dk tksMh+ ds :i esa tkuh
tkrh gSA L5 ds ekè;e ls L1 ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gSA f=d d'ks:d ¼Sacral Vertebrae½
ls fudyus okyh raf=dk;sa 5 gSa vkSj S5 ds ekè;e ls S1 f=d raf=dk tksMh+ ds :i esa
tkuh tkrh gSA vkf[kjh es:n.Mh; raf=dk dks vuqfa =d tksMh+ ¼Coccygeal pair½ ds :i
esa tkuk tkrk gSA ;g vuaf=d {ks= ;k lq"euk ds vxzHkkx ij fLFkr gksrh gSA
1½ diky raf=dkvksa dh la[;k uke vkSj dk;Z dh lwph cukb;aAs
la[;k uke eq [ ; dk;Z
87
raf=dk ra=
2½ es:n.Mh; raf=dkvksa dk fp= cukb;sa ,oa ukekafdr dhft,A
4-4 ifjèkh; raf=dk-ra= ¼ Peripheral Nervous System½

ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= ¼ Peripheral Nervous System, PNS½ esa os raf=dk;sa gksrh gS] tks
ifjèkh; {ks= esa vkSj dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= ds ckgj fLFkr gksrh gSA blfy, blesa oks lHkh
raf=dk;sa lfEefyr gS tks efLr"d vkSj jh< dh gM~Mh ls ckgj fudyrh gS ¼efLr"d vkSj
jh<+ dh gM~Mh esa fufgr ugha gS½A ogk¡ ls ;g 'kjhj ds vU; Hkkxksa esa fofHkUu ekalisf'k;ksa
;k vaxksa ds :i esa QSyrk gSA ;g nSfgd raf=dk ra= vkSj Lopkfyr raf=dk ra= esa
foHkkftr gSA nSfgd raf=dk ra= }kjk vk¡[k] dku Ropk vkSj ekalisf'k;ksa ls laons h lwpuk
yh tkrh gS vkSj dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= ¼ CNS½ dks Hksth tkrh gSAa eksVj izfrfØ;kvksa ds fy,
dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= ds xfrokgh rarq }kjk eè;LFkrk dh tkrh gSA ifjèkh; raf=dk dk nwljk
Hkkx Lopkfyr raf=dk ra= lakosfxd O;ogkj] nwljs vax vkSj xzfFk;ksa dks fu;af=r djrk gSA
ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= ¼ PNS½ dk eq[; dk;Z dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= dss nwljs Hkkx vkSj 'kjhj
ds vaxksa ds lkFk tqMr+ s gSA
4-4-1 nSfgd raf=dk ra= ¼Somatic Nervous System½
nSfgd raf=dk-ra= lHkh laons h vkSj xfrokgh lwpuk dks dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= dh vksj Hkstuk
vkSj xzg.k djus dk dk;Z gSA ;g ra= LoSfPNd fØ;k,¡ djrk gSA bl iz.kkyh esa nks izdkj
ds izeq[k U;wjkWUl gksrs gS]a tSls laons h U;wjku vkSj eksVj U;wjkuA laons h U;wjku] vfHkokgh
U;wjkWu gksrs gS] ;s lwpukvksa dks efLr"d vkSj jh<+ dh gM~Mh ls ysdj iwjs 'kjhj esa ekalisf'k;ksa
dks laizfs "kr djrs gSAa ;g LoSfPNd xfrfofèk;ksa dks cukus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA bl izdkj
nSfgd raf=dk ra= laons h vaxksa ls laons h lwpuk;sa izkIr djrs gS] vkSj dadky dh ekalisf'k;ksa
dh xfr dks fu;af=r djrk gSA tc ,d míhid ds fy, iwokZuqekfur izfrfØ;k nh tkrh
gS] rks bls izfrorZ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ,d izfrorZ esa raf=dk vkosx ,d izfrorZ pki
ls gksdj xqtjrk gS ;fn izfrorZ pki ¼reflex arc½ dk dsUnz efLr"d esa gS] rks bls diky
izfrirZ ¼Cranial reflex½ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA tc izfrorZ pki dk dsUnz lq"kEuk esa gS
rks bls es:naMh; izfrorZ ¼Spinal Reflex½ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA nSfgd izfrorZ
¼Somatic Reflexes½ esa dadky dh ekalisf'k;ksa dk ladp q u 'kkfey gSA Lopkfyr ;k varjax
izfrorZ esa fpduh ;k ân; dh ekalisf'k;ka ;k xzfFk;ksa dk lzko ds ladqpu ls cuk gksrk gSAa
fdlh Hkh vUos"k.k ds nkSjku] izfrorZ dk vUos"k.k ,d egRoiw.kZ uSnkfud midj.k gSA ;fn
?kqVus ds >Vdk ¼Knee Jerk½ V[kus dk >Vdk ¼Ankle Jerk½ dkfuZ;y izfrorZ ¼Corneal
reflex½ cfcUldh izfrorZ ¼Babinski Reflex½ vkSj isV lEcUèkh izfrorZ ¼Abdominal Reflex½
esa dksbZ fopyu gksrk gS] rks bldk ladrs dqN fodkj gksrk gSA ?kqVus ds >Vdk izfrorZ
88 ¼Knee Jerk reflex½ dks isVy s js izfrorZ ¼Pateller Reflex½ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA blesa
iSj dh fupys ekalisf'k;ka lfEefyr gksrh gSAa ?kqVus dk >Vdk izfrorZ] es:n.M izfrorZ dk ifjèkh;
vU; mnkgj.k gS] tc izfrorZ pki dk dsUnz lq"kqEuk esa gksrk gS] [kaMh; izfrorZ ¼Segmental raf=dk ra=
reflex½ rc raf=dk vkosx mRiUu gksrs gSa vkSj lq"kqEuk ds mlh [k.M esa lekIr gks tkrs gSAa
biflysVªy izfrorZ ¼ Ipsilateral reflex½ tks 'kjhj ds ,d gh rjQ ls mRiUu gksrs gSa ;k
f[kpko izfrorZ ¼ Stretch reflex½ ftls ek;ksVfS Vd izfrorZ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA izfrorZ
tks iSj ds fupys çlkjd }kj mRikfnr gksrk gS] ,dLVsl a j izfrorZ ¼ Extensor reflex½ ds
:i esa tkuk tkrk gSA tks VsUMu ¼Tendon½ ds nksgu }kjk mRikfnr gksrs gS]a VsUMu izfrorZ
¼Tendar Reflex½ ds :i esa tkus tkrs gSAa izfrorZ tks ,sfpfyt Vs.Mu ¼Achilies Tendon½
ds nksgu ls mRikfnr gksrs gS]a V[kus dk >Vdk ;k ,sfpfyt Vs.Mu ¼Achilies Tendon½ ds
:i esa tkuk tkrk gSAa dkWfuZ;y izfrorZ] iyd >iduk esa iznf'kZr gksrk gSA tc dkWfuZ;k
dks laidZ fd;k tkrk gS] rc ;s mRiUu gksrk gSA tc isV ds fdukjksa dks Li'kZ fd;k tkrk
gS rks isV dh fHkfÙk izfrorZ ¼ Abdominal reflex½ mÙkiUu gksrk gSA
ckWDl 4-3 IysaVj izfrorZ cuke ckfcULdh izfrorZ
raf=dk foKkuh tkslQs csfcULdh }kjk o"kZ 1899 esa cfcaLdh izfrorZ dk o.kZu fd;k x;k FkkA iSj ds
ryos ds ik'oZ Hkkx dks fdlh rst oLrq ls Vdjkus ls vaxwBs dk vfHkiknry vkadqpu ¼Plantar
Flexion½ mRiUu gksrk gSA bl lkekU; izfrfØ;k dks ^^vkdkspuh iknryh; izfrorZ** ¼Flexor Plantar
Reflex½ dgk tkrk gSA dqN jksfx;ksa esa ryos dks Vdjkus ls vaxwBs dk foLrkj ¼MksjflQysDlu(
Dorsiflexian½ mRiUu gksrk gS] vDlj foLrkj vkSj fldqMu ¼Fanning½ vU; maxyh ds lkFk Hkh gksrk
gSA ;g vlkekU; izfrfØ;k gS ftls izlkfj.kh iknryh; izfrorZ ;k csfcULdh izfrorZ ¼okYdj 1990½
dgk tkrk gSA
fp= 4-4 % iknryh; izfrorZ ¼csfcULdh fpUg½

csfcULdh izfrorZ dh vuqifLFkfr
csfcaLdh izfrorZ vlkekU;rk;sa ckfcULdh izfrorZ dh vuqifLFkfr ckfcULdh izfrorZ f'k'kqvksa ds 'kjhj
dks fLFkjrk nsrk gSA muds iSj dks igyk dne ysus ds fy, rS;kj djrk gSA ;g dwYgksa ds fupys
vaxksa vkSj jh<+ ds chp mfpr leUo; lqfuf'pr djrk gSA ;fn ,d uotkr f'k'kq esa dksbZ cfcUldh
izfrorZ ugha gS rc ;g crkrk gS fd mldk dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= iwjh rjg ifjiDo ugha gqvk gS ;k
mldh jh< dh gM~Mh esa dksbZ leL;k gSA
csfcULdh izfrorZ cuk;s j[kuk
tc cPps nks lky dh mez rd igq¡pus ds ckn Hkh f'k'kq izfrorZ fn[kkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa vklkuh ls tehu
ij viuk iSj j[kus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA mUgsa Lo;a dks larqfyr djus esa leL;k dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gS D;ksfa d muds iSj dh maxfy;ka ges'kk ckgj dh rjQ c<+h jgrh gSAa blls mUgsa pkjksa rjQ 89
raf=dk ra= vkjke ls pyus esa fnDdr gks ldrh gSA ckfcULdh izfrorZ cjdjkj j[kus esa fuEufyf[kr tfVy
dkj.k gks ldrs gSA
• iSjksa dh maxyh ij pyuk] lery iSj] è;ku nsus ;k è;ku dsfUnzr djus esa dfBukbZ] detksj
V[kus] pyus ds nkSjku iSjksa esa QSyko ;k lwtu] iSj dh vaxy
q h iats ;k gFkkSM+s dh rjg gks ldrh
gSA
• çefLr"d ?kkr ;k i{kk?kkr ¼'kjhj dk vkaf'kd i{kk?kkr ¼ydok½ ls ihfM+r cPps bl izfrorZ
dks tks Hkkx izHkkfor gqvk gS] mls cuk;s j[krs gSaA Loyhurk ¼vkWfVTe½ ls ihfM+r cPpksa esa Hkh
nh?kZdkyhu ckfcUldh izfrorZ gksrk gSA
L=ksr% https://www/pregmed.org/
dadky dh ekalisf'k;ksa dks **LoSfPNd ekalisf'k;k** dgk tkrk gS ysfdu ,d izfrorZ

izfrfØ;k gksus ij ;g LFkkukarfjr gks ldrk gSA bUgsa LoSfPNd dgk tkrk gS D;ksfa d ;s
viuh bPNk ls xfr ysrh gSA
4-4-2 Lopkfyr raf=dk ra= ¼Autonomic Nervous System½
Lopkfyr raf=dk ra=] ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= dk Hkkx gS] ;g fofHkUu LoSfPNd ;k varjax
izHkkoksa ds fy, xfrokgh U;wWjku lapkfjr djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA tSlk fd uke Lopkfyr
ls irk pyrk gS fd blds dk;Z de ;k T;knk Lopkfyr gSAa ;g izHkkodksa dks fu;af=r
djus esa enn djrk gS] tSls ân; esa ân; dh ekalisf'k;ka] Ropk ij vkjsf[kr is'kh] jDr
okfgdk;sa vkSj xzfa Fk;ksa esa midyk ÅrdA bl izdkj] nSfgd raf=dk ra= bafnz;ksa vkSj
LoSfPNd ekalisf'k;ksa dks fu;af=r djrk gSAa tcfd] Lopkfyr raf=dk ra= ¼Autonomic
Nervous System½ vaxks]a xzfa Fk;ksa vkSj vuSfPNd ekalisf'k;ksa dks fu;af=r djrk gSA
Lopkfyr raf=dk ra= ¼ANS½ ds dk;Z esa ân; xfr dks fu;af=r djuk] fiÙkk'k; vkSj
ew=k'k; esa vkjsf[kr isf'k;ksa dk ladqpu vkSj gkseksLVSfll dh fLFkfr dks fofu;fer djuk
xzfa Fk;ksa ds lzko dks fu;af=r o fofu;fer djuk gSA blfy, Lopkfyr raf=dk ra=
Lopfyr izHkkodkas dks fu;af=r djrk gS] ;s u dsoy lefLFkfr dks cuk;s j[krk gS cfYd
bls iuq% LFkkfir Hkh djrk gSA Lopkfyr raf=dk ra= ds nks Hkkx gS% lgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx vkSj
milgkuqHkwfrd HkkxA ;s nksuksa Hkkx ,d nwljs ls fofHkUu gS ysfdu ,d nwljs ds lkFk
feydj dke djrs gSA gkykafd dbZ Lopkfyr izHkkod nksuksa lgkuqHkwfrd vkSj milgkuqHkwfrd
{ks=ksa esa 'kkfey gksrs gSAa tc lgkuqHkwfrd ra= ds raf=dk rarq lq"kqEuk ls ckgj vkrs gS] os
rqjUr xSfa Xy;k ds lkFk lq=;qXeu djrs gSa tks lgkuqHkwfrd xSfa Xyvksfud ¼Sympathetic
Ganglionic½ Ja[kyk es fLFkr gksrk gSA nksuksa lgkuqHkwfrd vkSj milgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx ,d
nwljs ds fojksèk ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSAa tSls fd tc lgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx ¼Sympathetic
division½ ân; xfr dks c<+kus dk dke djrk gS vkSj 'kjhj dks ruko iwoZ fLFkfr esa lkeuk
djus ds fy, rS;kj djrk gS] milgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx ¼ Para Sympathetic division½ bls vkjke
djus vkSj 'kjhj dks 'kkUr fLFkfr esa ykus esa lgk;rk djrk gS ¼fp= 4-5 ns[ks½a A
Lopkfyr raf=dk ra= dk lgkuqHkwfrd vkSj milgkuqHkwfrd foHkktu nksuksa Hkkxksa dks 'kfDr
nsus dk dke ¼Tonically work½ djrs gSAa fujarj ruko ;k ekalisf'k;ksa dk ladqpu] bldk
vFkZ gS fd os Lopkfyr izHkkod ¼autonomic effectors½ ds fy, yxkrkj vkosxksa dk lapkyu
djrs gSAa pw¡fd ;s Lopkfyr fojksèkh fl)kUr ij dke djrs gS]a ;s ,d nwljs dks foijhr
rjhdksa ls izHkkfor djrs gSAa nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;fn lgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx ,d izHkkod ekalis'kh
;k xzfa Fk dks mRrsftr djrk gS] rc milgkuqHkwfrd bl mRrstuk dks jksdrk gSA dHkh –
dHkh izHkkodksa dks nksxquk izHkkfor fd;k tkrk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fd nksuksa lgkuqHkwfrd vkSj
90 mivuqdEih vkosx ,d lkFk lfØ; gksrs gSAa fQj ,slh fLFkfr esa bu nks fojksèkh izHkkoksa dk
;ksx] ;g fuèkkZfjr djrk gS] fd dkSu lk Hkkx vfèkd izHkkoh jgsxk\ mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ifjèkh;
milgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx ân; xfr nj dks de djus esa enn djrk gS rks ;g vk¡lx w zfa Fk;ksa ds raf=dk ra=
dke dks Hkh mUgsa vfèkd lfØ; dj c<+krk gS vkSj ikpu ra= ds dke dks Hkh 'kq: djrk
gSA ân; xfr nj dks lgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx }kjk c<+k;k tkrk gS] tks jDr dks ikpu ra= ds
vaxksa ls ekalisf'k;ksa dh rjQ eksMr+ k gSA
fp= 4-5 % Lopkfyr raf=dk ra= dk lgkuqHkwfrd vkSj milgkuqHkwfrd foHkktu
4-4-2-1 lgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx ds dk;Z

lgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx eq[; :i ls es#naM ds eè; esa fLFkr gS ¼ilyh fiatj ds Åij ls dej
{ks= rd tks Fkksjfs dd ¼Thoracic½ vkSj yqEcj ¼Lumbar½ {ks= gSAa
lgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx ^^yM+ks ;k gVks** ra= ¼yM+ks % Øksèk( gVks % Hk;½ ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA vkius
fdlh le; bl rjg ds {k.k dk vuqHko fd;k gksxkA bl izdkj] ;g foJke dh fLFkfr
ds rgr 'kjhj ds lkekU; dk;Z dks cuk;s j[kus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA bldk vFkZ gS tc
milgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx Lopkfyr izHkkodksa ds dk;ksZa èkhek dj nsrk gS rc ;g gn; dh èkM+du
dks fu;af=r djds bls lkekU; xfr esa cuk;s j[kdj vius dk;Z dk izfrdkj djrk gSA
vr% fp= 4-5 ls ;g Li"V gS fd Lopkfyr raf=dk ra= dk ;g Hkkx 'kjhj dks izfrfØ;k
djus esa enn djrk gSA ;g ekalis'kh Vksu vkSj lkekU; ifjfLFkfr esa jDrpki dks lkekU;
cuk;s j[kus esa enn djrk gSA gkykafd tc ckgjh okrkoj.k esa ifjorZu gksrk gS] rks ;g
,d vkikrdkyhu izfrfØ;k ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ckgjh okrkoj.k esa cnyko vkSj
lefLFkfr dks fLFkfr dks cuk;s j[krk gSA O;fDr dks lek;kstu esa enn djrk gSA ;g
ruko iw.kZ fLFkfr esa fuiVus ds fy, O;fDr ;k tkuoj dks enn djrk gS ¼fdlh dh
Hkkoukvksa ds lkFk lgkuqHkwfr½ ruko esa lgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx vfèkd lfØ; gks tkrk gS] vkSj
vius vkosxksa dks 'kjhj dh j{kk ds fy, rsth ls Hkstuk 'k: dj nsrk gSA ;g ,fMZuy xzfa Fk
dks Hkh mRrsftr djrk gSA ,ikbusÝkbu vkSj ukWj,ikbusÝkbu mRiUu djus ds fy, tks
ân; nj] jDr 'kdZjk ds Lrj vkSj jDr izokg dks dadky dh ekalisf'k;ksa esa c<+krk gS tks
ruko ls fuiVus esa enn djrk gSA T;knkrj lgkuqHkwfrd raf=dk ra= ,ikbusÝkbu
¼Norepinephrine½ dk mi;ksx djrk gSA ysfdu lHkh vax lgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx }kjk mRrsftr
ugha gksrs gSAa mnkgj.k ds fy, Hkkstu dk ikpu vkSj vif'k"V mRikn ¼mRltZu½ dk 'kjhj 91
raf=dk ra= ls ckgj fudyuk] rukoiw.kZ fLFkfr esa lfØ; ugha gksrk gSA cfYd ,slh fLFkfr esa ;g izfØ;k
:d tkrh gSa ;k ckfèkr gksrh gSAa ysfdu tc vR;fèkd fpark gksrh gS] rks ew=k'k; ;k vkar
dks [kkyh djus dh vko';drk yxrh gSA tc mRrstuk lekIr gksrh gSA rks lgkuqHkwfrd
raf=dk ra= dh fØ;k;sa milgkuqHkwfrd raf=dk ra= dh fØ;kvksa }kjk izfrLFkkfir dj nh
tkrh gSA ilhus dh xzfa Fk;k vfèko`Dd xzfa Fk;k] ekalisf'k;ka tks Ropk ds ckyksa dks [kM+k djrh
gS] vkSj ekalisf'k;ka tks jDr okfgdkvksa dks ladqfpr djrh gS] lgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx }kjk
mRrsftr dh tkrh gSA
4-4-2-2 milgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx ds dk;Z
bl iz.kkyh ds raf=dk dksf'kdk,¡ U;wjku es:naM ds Åij vkSj uhps] lgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx ds
raf=dk dksf'kdk ¼U;wjku½ ds nksuksa rjQ ¼Para dk vFkZ gS îjs* ;k ^ls vkxs*½ fLFkr gSA bls
dikyf=d ra= ¼Craniosacral system½ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS D;ksfa d blls diky
raf=dk;sa ¼Cranial Nerves½ vkSj f=d ¼lSdjy½ lq"kqEuk dh raf=dk;sa 'kkfey gSaA
milgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx vfèkdrj le; lfØ; jgrk gS] vkSj xSj rukoiw.kZ fLFkfr;ksa esa 'kjhj
ds dk;ksZa dks fu;af=r djrk gS] ;k tc jkstejkZ ds dk;Z Bhd Bkd gksrk gSA tc ruko
[kRe gks tkrk gS] lgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx ds fØ;kvksa dks milgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx ds dk;ksZa }kjk
izfrLFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA ;g 'kjhj iz.kkyh dh ejEer djus esa lgk;d gksrk gS vkSj
'kjhj dks ,d foJke dh fLFkfr esa ykus vkSj mRrstuk ds ckn 'kjhj dks lkekU; dkedkt
ds fy, cgky djus esa enn djrk gSA ;g ,flVkbydksykbu ¼Acetylcholine½ dk mRiknu
djrk gS] tks ân; nj dks de dj bls lkekU; Lrj ij ys dj vkrk gS vkSj blds }kjk
ikpu xzfa Fk;ksa dh mRrsftr djds ikpu esa lqèkkj djrk gSA ;g vek'k; (Gastric) vkSj
vkarksa dh xfrfofèk dks c<+krk gSA 'kjhj dh iz.kkyh ds lqpk: dk;Z djus ds fy,
milgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx ÅtkZ dks iqu% LFkkfir djrk gS tks lgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx ds dk;ksZa ls u"V
gksrk gSA blfy, bls ^^[kkuk&ihuk vkSj foJke ra=** ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkjsa %
1½ ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= esa os raf=dk;as gksrh gS tks -------- {ks= esa gksrh gSAa
2½ ifj?kh; raf=dk ra= dks -------- vkSj ------- esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA
3½ nSfgd raf=dk ra= -------- xfr ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA
4½ tc ,d vuqekfur izfrfØ;k fdlh míhid ds fy, dh tkrh gS rks bls ------- :i
esa tkuk tkrk gSA
5½ Lopkfyr raf=dk ra= ds nks Hkkx gSa tks -------- Hkkx vkSj -------- Hkkx gSA
3- LoSfPNd 4- çfrorZ 5- lgkuqHkwfrd 6- mi lgkuqHkwfrd
2- nSfgd raf=dk ra=( Lopkfyr raf=dk ra=
1- dsæa h; raf=dk ra=
fjDr LFkkuks ds mRrj %
92
ifjèkh;
4-5 lkjka ' k raf=dk ra=
vc ge bl bdkbZ ds var esa vk x;s gS]a rks vc ge lHkh izeq[k fcUnqvksa dk iqujkoyksdu
djsaxsA
• diky raf=dkvksa dks mudh la[;k vkSj uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA diky raf=dkvksa ds
12 tksMs+ ¼izR;sd tksMh+ ,d nk¡;h vkSj ,d ck¡;h vkSj½ gksrs gS]a tks efLr"d LrEHk ls
fudy dj 'kjhj ds vU; {ks=ksa eas igqp a rk gSA
• dk;ksZa ds vkèkkj ij diky raf=dkvksa ds rhu izdkj gksrs gSAa laons h diky raf=dkvksa
ds laons h v{krarq laons h dk;ksZa esa 'kkfey gksrs gSa is'kh; diky raf=dkvksa esa v{k rarq
tks is'kh; dk;ksZa esa 'kkfey gksrs gSa vkSj fefJr diky raf=dk;sa ftlds nksuksa laons h
vkSj is'kh; dk;Z gksrs gSAa
• 'kjhj esa 31 es# raf=dk;sa gksrh gSAa muds diky raf=dkvksa dh rjg fo'ks"k uke ugha
gksrs gSAa ;s raf=dk;sa jh<+ dh gM~Mh dh xqgk ls fudyrh gS]a vkSj d'ks:d LraHk
¼Vertebral Column½ ds Lrj ds vuqlkj tkuh tkrh gS tgk¡ ls ;s fudyrh gSAa
• ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= esa raf=dk;sa 'kkfey gS]a tks ijhèkh; {ks= raf=dk ra= ds ckgj fLFkr
gksrh gSAa rHkh blesa oks lHkh raf=dk;sa lfEefyr gSa tks efLr"d vkSj jh<+ dh gM~Mh
ds ckgj 'kk[kk—r gksrh gS ¼efLr"d vkSj jh<+ dh gM~Mh esa fufgr ugha½ ogk¡ ls ;g
'kjhj ds nwljs fgLlksa tSls vusd ekalisf'k;ksa ;k vaxksa esa foLrkfjr gksrk gSA ;g vkxs
nSfgd raf=dk ra= vkSj Lopkfyr raf=dk ra= esa foHkkftr gksrk gSA
• nSfgd raf=dk ra= lHkh laons h vkSj eksVj tkudkjh dks dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= dks
lapkfyr djrk gSA bldh LoSfPNd xfr gksrh gSA bl ra= esa nks izdkj ds U;wjku gksrs
gS%a laons h U;wjkWUl vkSj eksVj U;wjkUlA
• Lopkfyr raf=dk ra= ¼ANS½ ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= dk og Hkkx gS] tks xfrokgh
U;wjku ¼Efferent neurons½ dks vusd Lopkfyr ;k vk¡rksa ds izHkkodksa esa lapkfjr djus
esa lgk;rk djrk gSA Lopkfyr raf=d ra= dks vkxs lgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx vkSj
milgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx ds :i esa oxhZ—r fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s nks foHkktu ,d nwljs
ls cgqr vyx gSa ysfdu ,d nwljs ds la;kstu ds lkFk dk;Z djrs gSAa
4-6 eq[; 'kCn

ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= % ;g dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= ls vkSj iwjs 'kjhj esa lwpuk
ys tkus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA
diky raf=dk;sa % ;g ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= rd lwpuk,a ys tkrh gSA
es# raf=dk;sa % gekjs 'kjhj esa 31 tksMs+ es# raf=dk;sa gSAa ;s eksVj
laons h vkSj Lopkfyr tkudkjh lq"kqEuk vkSj 'kjhj
ds chp ys tkus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA
iz f roÙk
roÙkZ % ,d míhid ds izfr tks vuqekfur izfrfØ;k nh
tkrh gS rks ;g izfroÙkZ dgykrk gSA nSfgd
raf=dk ra=] ijhèkh; raf=dk ra= dk ;g Hkkx]
dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= ls lHkh laons h vkSj eksVj
lwpuk dk lapkyu djrk gSA 93
raf=dk ra= Lopkfyr raf=dk ra= % ;g ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= dk Hkkx gS ;g izHkkodksa
dks fofu;fer djus esa enn djrk gS% tSls ân;
dh ekalisf'k;ks]a Ropk ij fpduh ekalisf'k;ka] jDr
okfgdk;sa vkSj xzfFk;ksa esa midyk ÅrdA
lgkuq H kw f rd Hkkx % Lok;Ùk raf=dk ra= dk ;g Hkkx] ;g ruko lEcUèkh
fØ;kvksa ds fy, 'kjhj dks rS;kj djrk gSA
milgkuq H kw f rd Hkkx % ;g Lok;Ùk raf=dk ra= dk nwljk Hkkx gSA ;g
nSfud fu;fer xfrfofèk;k¡ djus ds fy, 'kjhj dks
rS;kj djrk gSA

1½ ------------------------------- raf=dk ra= }kjk gekjh iSj dh xfr nsus ;k dejs esa pkjksa rjQ pyus
dh {kerk fu;af=r gksrh gSA
d½ Lopkfyr raf=dk ra= [k½ nSfgd raf=dk ra=
x½ lgkuqHkwfr raf=dk ra= ?k½ iSjkflEisFksfVd raf=dk ra=
2½ ;fn vkidk -------- lfØ; gS] rks vki vis{kk—r vklkuh eglwl djsx
a As
d½ nSfgd raf=dk ra= [k½ lgkuqHkwfrd raf=dk ra=
x½ milgkuqHkwfrd raf=dk ra= ?k½ lq"kqEuk
3½ lgkuqHkwfrd raf=dk ra= ------- ls tqMk+ gqvk gSA
d½ lgkuqHkwfrd vkSj milgkuqHkwfrd raf=dk ra=
[k½ Lopkfyr vkSj nSfgd raf=dk ra=
x½ efLr"d vkSj lq"kqEuk
?k½ dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= vkSj ifjèkh; raf=dk ra=
4½ lgkuqHkwfrd raf=dk ra= ls --------- lEcfUèkr gSA
d½ iqryh QSyko [k½ ftxj esa Xywdkst dk Hk.Mkj.k
x½ ân; xfr esa o`f) ?k½ d vkSj x nksuksa
5½ raf=dk ra= ls vki D;k le>rs gS\a blds oxhZdj.k dh O;k[;k dhft,A
6½ diky raf=dk;sa D;k gS\a blds izdkj vkSj dk;Z fyf[k;sA
7½ lgkuqHkwfrd vkSj milgkuqHkwfrd raf=dk ra= esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A
8½ nSfgd raf=dk ra= ds dk;ksZa dh O;k[;k dhft,AA

Babinski reflex abnormality (n.d.). Retrieved May 13, 2018, from https://www.
pregmed.org/baby-developmental-milestones/babinski-reflex
94
Barral, J. P., &Croibier, A. (2008). Manual therapy for the cranial nerves. Churchill ifjèkh;
Livingstone. raf=dk ra=
Ciccarelli, S.K., & White, J.N. (2018). Psychology. Pearson Education Limited.
Dubner, R. (Ed.). (2013). The neural basis of oral and facial function. Springer
Science & Business Media.
Hubbard, J. (Ed.). (2012). The peripheral nervous system. Springer Science &
Business Media.
Jean, A. (2001). Brain stem control of swallowing: neuronal network and cellular
mechanisms. Physiological reviews, 81(2), 929-969.
Kalat, J. W. (2015). Biological Psychology. Nelson Education.
Pinel, J. P.& Barnes, S.J. (2017). Biopsychology. Pearson education.
Rinn, W. E. (1984). The neuropsychology of facial expression: a review of the
neurological and psychological mechanisms for producing facial expressions.
Psychological Bulletin, 95(1), 52.
Walker, H. K. (1990). The Planter Reflex. In Clinical Methods: The History, Physical,
and Laboratory Examinations. Boston: Butterworths.

Brain human normal inferior view with labels. Retrieved May 05, 2018, from https:/
/commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_
labels_en.svg
Babinski reflex abnormality (n.d.). Retrieved May 13, 2018, from https://www.
pregmed.org/baby-developmental-milestones/babinski-reflex
Plantar reflex (the Babinski sign). Retrieved May 05, 2018, fromhttp://
canacopegdl.com/keyword/plantar-reflex.html
4-10 vkuykbZu L=ksr

For more understanding on autonomic nervous system, visit;
– https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/15-1-divisions-of-the-
autonomic-nervous-system/
– https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-autonomic-nervous-system-2794823
– http://www.indiana.edu/~p1013447/dictionary/ans.htm
For more information on peripheral nervous system, visit:
– https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/13-4-the-peripheral-
nervous-system/
– https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-peripheral-nervous-system-2795465
cgqfodYih; ç'uksa ds mÙkj

1½ [k
2½ x
3½ ?k
4½ ?k
95

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[kaM 2

3-4 efLr"d (Brain)

3-5 çefLr"d oYdqV ds [k.M (Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex)

3-6 psruk ls lEcfUèkr efLr"d izfØ;k,a

* MkW- ehrw [kkslyk] lg-çkè;kid] euksfoKku foHkkx] nkSyr jke dkWyt

3-0 lh[kus ds mn~ns';

dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= ifjèkh; raf=dk ra=

3-2 dsUnzh; raf=dk ra=

3-3 lq"kqEuk (Spinal Cord)

fp= 3-4 ¼v½ fp= 3-4 ¼c½

2- lq"kqEuk dh lajpuk vkSj dk;ksZa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

fp= 3-5% efLr"d ds ck,a xksykèkZ dk ik'oZ n`';

fp= 3-6 % ekuo efLr"d

3-5 çefLr"dh; oYdqV ds [k.M (Lobes of the Cerebral

fp= 3-8% efLr"d ikfy;ksa dk fp=.k

3-5-2 'ka[k ikfy (Temporal Lobe)

3-5-3 eè; ikfy (Parietal Lobe)

3-6 psruk ls lEcfUèkr efLr"d izfØ;k,a

3-7 dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= ds fodkj

3-8 lkjka ' k

3-10 iqujkoyksdu iz'u

3-11 lanHkZ ,oa i<+us ds lq>ko

3-12 fp=ksa ds lanHkZ

3-13 v‚uykbu lzksr

* MkW- ehrw [kkslyk] lg-çkè;kid] euksfoKku foHkkx] nkSyr jke dkWyt

4-2 diky raf=dk;sa ¼Cranial Nerves½

fp= 4-2% diky raf=dkvksa dks n'kkZrk ekuo efLr"d dk n`';

4-2-1 xaèk raf=dk ¼la[;k I½ ¼Olfactory Nerve, No. I½

fp= 4-3% f=èkkjk raf=dk dk fp=.k 85

4-2-6 viorZd raf=dk ¼la[;k VI½ (Abducens Nerve, No. VI½

4-4 ifjèkh; raf=dk-ra= ¼ Peripheral Nervous System½

fp= 4-4 % iknryh; izfrorZ ¼csfcULdh fpUg½

dadky dh ekalisf'k;ksa dks **LoSfPNd ekalisf'k;k** dgk tkrk gS ysfdu ,d izfrorZ

fp= 4-5 % Lopkfyr raf=dk ra= dk lgkuqHkwfrd vkSj milgkuqHkwfrd foHkktu

4-4-2-1 lgkuqHkwfrd Hkkx ds dk;Z

4-6 eq[; 'kCn

4-7 iqujkoyksdu iz'u

4-8 lanHkZ ,oa i<+us ds lq>ko

4-9 fp=ksa ds lanHkZ

4-10 vkuykbZu L=ksr

cgqfodYih; ç'uksa ds mÙkj

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dadky dh ekalisf'k;ksa dks LoSfPNd ekalisf'k;k dgk tkrk gS ysfdu ,d izfrorZ