Géophysique Appliquée: Méthodes Sismiques

GLQ3205
Géophysique appliquée 2
Méthodes sismiques 1: Principes généraux

Gabriel Fabien-Ouellet
gabriel.fabien-ouellet@polymtl.ca
Été 2019
Plan du cours
1. Historique
2. Propagation des ondes
1
Historique
La sismologie
• À la fin des années 1800, tout ce
qui était connu de la structure
interne de la Terre était que la
densité augmentait avec la
profondeur.
• Le sismomètre est alors inventé.

Les 50 années suivantes
révolutionneront notre
compréhension.
• Un sismomètre permet de mesurer

de faibles vibrations aussi petites
que 10-3 cm.
2
La sismologie
Les sismomètres ont
grandement évolué depuis
ce temps.
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/monitoring/operations/network.php?network=GSN
3
Historique
La sismologie
Un réseau global fait le suivi
en temps réel des séismes
partout dans le monde.
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/monitoring/operations/network.php?network=GSN
4
Historique
Sismologie
L’étude des séismes est importante en raison des dommages qu’il peuvent
causer!
5
Historique
La sismologie
Mais aussi, la compréhension de la structure
interne a grandement évolué grâce à l’étude
des ondes sismiques.
https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt095
6
Historique
Applications économiques
L’étude des ondes sismiques a
rapidement trouvé une application
économique en exploration pétrolière
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxfJbW6KDp4
Premier levé de sismique réfraction en

Oklahoma effectué par William Haseman, J.
Clarence Karcher, Irving Perrine, and Daniel
W. Ohern.
7
Historique
Applications économiques
Aujourd’hui, la qualité des résultats s’est grandement améliorée!
8
Historique
Types de méthode sismique

Les types de méthode d’acquisition et de traitement sismique sont vastes !
• Tomographie sismique • Interférométrie sismique
• Sismique réflexion • Sismique en forage
• Sismique réfraction • Traitement des ondes de surface

passive
• Traitement des ondes de surface
• Rapport H/V
• Suivi microsismique
• Auscultation sismique d’ouvrages d’arts
• Inversion de formes d’onde
9
Historique
Tomographie sismique
La tomographie sismique permet de retrouver un modèle de vitesse en traçant le
parcours des rais sismiques dans le sol.
10
Historique
Tomographie sismique
La tomographie sismique peut être utilisée
à toutes les échelles!
« Cross sections of mantle P-wave (A) and S-wave (B) Vp 2770 km depth
velocity variations along a section through the southern United
States. The endpoints of the section are 30.1°N, 117.1°W and
30.2°N,56.4°W. The images show variations in seismic
velocity relative to the global mean at depths from the surface
to the core-mantle boundary. Blues indicate faster than
average and reds slower than average seismic velocity. The
large tabular blue anomaly that crosses the entire lower
mantle is probably the descending Farallon plate that
subducted over the past ~100 m.y. Differences in structure
between the two models in the transition zone (400 to 660 km Vs
depth) and at the base of the mantle are probably due to 2770 km depth
different data sampling in the two studies. »
11
Historique
Sismique réflexion
Lorsqu’une onde rencontre une
interface entre deux milieux de
propriétés mécaniques différentes, une
onde réfléchie est produite. La
sismique réflexion permet de retrouver
la position de ces discontinuités.
12
Historique
Sismique réfraction
Lorsqu’une onde rencontre une interface
entre deux milieux de propriétés
mécaniques différentes, une onde
réfractée est produite, qui à incidence
critique, suit l’interface et remonte en
surface.
13
Historique
Traitement des ondes de surface

La vitesse des ondes de surface dépend de la fréquence. On peut retrouver
les variations de la vitesse des ondes en étudiant cette dépendance en
fréquence.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926985114000767
14
Historique
Rapport H/V
Le rapport entre les composantes

horizontales et verticales des ondes
surface permet d’estimer l’épaisseur des
dépôts meubles.
Un milieu à deux couches aura une

fréquence de résonance donnée par:
<latexit sha1_base64="6NNXqou2I8TZLr7gCQpVaqU1ePQ=">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</latexit>
http://www.earthdoc.org/publication/publicationdetails/?publication=78502
15
Historique
Auscultation d’ouvrage d’art

La vitesse de propagation et l’amplitude des
ultrasons peuvent indiquer des fissures et des
zones altérées dans le béton.
16
Historique
Suivi microsismique
Les changements de
contrainte dans le roc
produisent des
microséismes. La
localisation du foyer
de ces évènements
permet d’identifier où
se produisent ces
changements de
contrainte.
https://www.esgsolutions.com/technical-resources/microseismic-knowledgebase/microseismic-monitoring-101
17
Historique
Inversion de formes d’onde

L’inversion de formes d’onde est un type
de tomographie qui tente de reproduire
l’entièreté du signal enregistré.
Mesuré
Simulé
18 (Ravaut, 2004)
Historique
Types des méthodes sismiques

Pour simplifier, les méthodes classiques sont:
Réflexions Réfraction Ondes de surface

Type d’arrivées Réflexions Réfraction Onde de surface
Études Estimation de la Mesures de la
Objectifs typiques stratigraphiques, profondeur au roc et vitesse des ondes de
détection d’objets détection de zones cisaillement
Profondeur typiques ponctuels
~10 m à(cavités)
10 km fracturées
0 à 50 m 0 à 30 m
5 à 10 % de la 10 à 20 % de la 10 à 20 % de la
Résolution verticale
profondeur profondeur profondeur
1/5 à 1/4 de
Profondeur eﬀective 1X l’espacement tir l’espacement tir
l’espacement tir
du levé géophone géophone
géophone
19
Propagation des ondes: Théorie
20
Propagation sismique
On applique brusquement une
large force sur le sol.
Cette force fera varier les

contraintes dans le sol, ce qui
provoquera des déformations
momentanées du volume de sol à
proximité.
Ces déformations peuvent être

mesurées par le déplacement
d’une surface.
https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/9759/seismic-survey
Comment varient contraintes,
déformations et déplacements
dans l’espace et le temps ?
21
Contraintes et déformations
Contraintes Déformations
22
Contraintes
• Contrainte: Force appliquée à une surface
• Unités: N/m2 ou Pa
• Il y a 3 faces et 3 directions, donc 9

composantes
• C’est une matrice 3x3 symétrique
<latexit sha1_base64="becNlpEg9DKrJM7TzsDmj+hoXtU=">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</latexit>
23
Déformations en compression/dilatation
On applique une force en x, le matériau se déplace et se déforme selon:
<latexit sha1_base64="x/0/PwnY2gJ6NsEDhaFm3XZKIdc=">AAADsniclVLLbhNBEGxneYTwSuDIZYWFxMnaRZHgaIkcckEECScRsRXNTsZmlNmHdmaNI8u/kSv8Fn8Af0F1Z4ICEQJmZW9PdVVNd+8UjbM+ZNnX3lpy4+at2+t3Nu7eu//g4ebWo31fd602I127uj0slDfOVmYUbHDmsGmNKgtnDorT15w/mJvW27p6H84aMynVrLJTq1UANB57OyvV8XKxWKXHm/1skMlKrwd5DPoU11691dulMZ1QTZo6KslQRQGxI0UezxHllFEDbEJLYC0iK3lDK9qAtgPLgKGAnuJ/ht1RRCvs2dOLWuMUh18LZUrPoKnBaxHzaankO3Fm9E/eS/Hk2s7wLqJXCTTQR6B/010y/1XHvQSa0ivpwaKnRhDuTkeXTqbCladXugpwaIBxfIJ8i1iL8nLOqWi89M6zVZL/JkxGea8jt6PvscoKyCeZVin1V3BfAmfmHBXxN5sIwj5TOYN9CygWgrOjlyrNzwkwPhfm/yv7OHF15eEqd0TrpC9DbyL3bZwI7/gmjGU3hcfFG1rc4fz3G3s92H8xyLNB/m67PxzG27xOT+gpPUctL2lIu7RHI1TQ0Dl9pi/JdvIhUYm+oK71ouYx/bIS9wMgOMDy</latexit>
La déformation est la différence entre longueurs initiale et finale sur initiale:
<latexit sha1_base64="I5ve6Uev6OYaQAEYv2QikTuj6eY=">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</latexit>
Et donc:
<latexit sha1_base64="l3qCwpTCNpCXZQcPVqIg8eaTgc4=">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</latexit>
24
Déformations en compression/dilatation
On applique une force en x, le matériau se déplace et se déforme selon:
<latexit sha1_base64="x/0/PwnY2gJ6NsEDhaFm3XZKIdc=">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</latexit>
Les déformations en compression sont données par:
<latexit sha1_base64="V5KfPOnioIHsZdKoZ5DpW9o2XSY=">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</latexit>
Le déplacement du volume élémentaire est un vecteur:
<latexit sha1_base64="ZNdmFqUlB0j3Fd5u/8rn7KR5yUo=">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</latexit>
25
Déformations en cisaillement
Si on applique une force sur la face 1 dans
la direction 2, la déformation due au <latexit sha1_base64="RcZee1fWtgJsagMVuL+Zy3Istok=">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</latexit>
cisaillement est définie comme:

<latexit sha1_base64="Y5S5BLUpW5WrkqEPU5cSYL1RuZY=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="Lc2G5jY8NsA4fVTF4Ic0/sSW3IY=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="AMQ4m7nDIcPvC2FTNjJQ7jwPkfI=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="GoXORQCI6YbMsNVZ5Ihdc2ptyrc=">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</latexit>
Les angles <latexit sha1_base64="sznPHTSF+cx8p/jwFPYQF4Lqg9E=">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</latexit>

et <latexit sha1_base64="sE3J0oyE0PB3rimTcgNqWlJr8Ms=">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</latexit>
sont donnés par:
<latexit sha1_base64="W7mkvEUv7h9D/Lr7rmzITDMdc78=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="Ez313H/YaVeuUupFVt7DBhanQIA=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="fib75G+VUpBbB7LQ6ok7ADVjXD0=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="l+bxYkcYnQ2Z7uxr6OYdF23rOao=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="MhO9g0Xsw1j7hqsopQOaigHmx5k=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="+HRnId+aZXDY46smgIgPaZck1yc=">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</latexit>
26

Pour de petits angles et

<latexit sha1_base64="8FgC2Bt5uLh/NnyS1m8jyJ5dJxQ=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="CdGhBXX+YZPCNcoidciDIK5447I=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="MhO9g0Xsw1j7hqsopQOaigHmx5k=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="cHUokuaJtrR6z/3V+JrszjHswLA=">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</latexit>
27

Et donc la déformation de cisaillement:
<latexit sha1_base64="x9CS8lZq3yYvR0nj8jLJK0tg39E=">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</latexit>
De façon générale: <latexit sha1_base64="MhO9g0Xsw1j7hqsopQOaigHmx5k=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="S0IMwDWglJcdqTx/6VZJYYjJZ8s=">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</latexit>
28
Déformation et déplacements
Les déformations du solide sont donc reliées aux déplacements selon:
• Compression dilatation:
• Cisaillement:
Les déformations forment aussi un tenseur:
<latexit sha1_base64="/L8MCIjctxjm6C3YEpw1btTAoNk=">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</latexit>
29
Déformations et contraintes
Les contraintes engendrent des
déformations
Contraintes
Pour de petites contraintes, la Fracture
relation contrainte/déformation est
linéaire.
On peut alors assimiler le sol à un

système masse-ressort
Régime élastique Régime plastique
Déformations
30
Les déformations et les contraintes sont donc reliées par des constantes, similaires
aux constantes des ressorts:
<latexit sha1_base64="p3sTNIjkDD3qvgAv8gkE6WdUMbc=">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</latexit>
Loi de Hooke généralisée:
<latexit sha1_base64="2nJypMam1WPpP/Kn1ZP5Bj+Kkzs=">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</latexit>
Force par unité de surface Allongement par unité de surface
Tenseur de rigidité
(constante de ressort)
31
Les constantes du ressort sont les différents modules élastiques.
Module d’incompressibilité:
<latexit sha1_base64="G/qDN2wPG1cgFHG1NnsrnxtBdJ4=">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</latexit>
Module de cisaillement:
<latexit sha1_base64="o4URlZvJn9B5OTY/H6gyN3P4bzw=">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</latexit>
32
Pour un milieu isotrope homogène, ces constantes ne dépendent pas de la direction
sur lesquelles les contraintes sont appliquées. Il n’y a donc que deux constantes:
Loi de Hooke généralisée pour un milieu isotrope et homogène:
<latexit sha1_base64="X0tUdw7WZZ0FRA+ogDd31CrxrWQ=">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</latexit>
Cisaillement Dilatation
(déformation due à la pression)
33
large force sur le sol.
Cette force fera varier les

contraintes dans le sol, ce qui
provoquera des déformations
momentanées du volume de sol à
proximité.
Ces déformations peuvent être

mesurées par le déplacement
d’une surface.
https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/9759/seismic-survey
Comment varient contraintes,
déformations et déplacements
dans l’espace et le temps ?
34
Deuxième loi de Newton

La deuxième loi de Newton:
<latexit sha1_base64="jnNfD6f8NzxlwrmWZzMhx5PUIlc=">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</latexit>
Nous sommes intéressés par la densité de force, c’est-à-dire
<latexit sha1_base64="tIwFOC3aZywUBGKTnwOx7+twPn0=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="RUjaGUuGmT6M93iv+keznwX44Rw=">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</latexit>
35

Pour une seule contrainte en compression dans la direction 1:
<latexit sha1_base64="qhaC74EL9LoSX4kU4EmMvd2LiMg=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="H+YqvOrDB/PuBxUQxuqsnLJo2wg=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="twwFOaNEkMC48mgIh9C0z3pvWXo=">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</latexit>
36

En généralisant pour des contraintes sur les trois faces pour la direction 1:
<latexit sha1_base64="8wqPg7O4PCsT3sGSFmnXjexo2Yc=">AAAEYXiclVLbbtNAEB23AdpyS8tjH1gRgZCQIjtBghekSFzUF2iRSFupjqy1s0lX9U3rddrK8ofxKTzzAn/BzHQLLVW52Mp69sw5Z2cmG5eprqzvf/GWljs3bt5aWV27fefuvfvd9Y3dqqhNosZJkRZmP5aVSnWuxlbbVO2XRsksTtVefPSa8nsLZSpd5J/saakmmZzneqYTaRGKup/DVGdRMz2JtAiNnh9aaUxxLPxWhDMjk+ZdFLSUDgQuA1qGrXjyymXDUhqrZSrCSs8zGTVB0La/UJS14tm13MFl7uBP3OFl7rCNuj2/7/MjrgaBC3rgnp1i3duCEKZQQAI1ZKAgB4txChIqfA8gAB9KxCbQIGYw0pxX0MIaamtkKWRIRI9wnePuwKE57smzYnWCp6T4M6gU8Bg1BfIMxnSa4HzNzoRe592wJ9V2it/YeWWIWjhE9G+6c+a/6qgXCzN4yT1o7KlkhLpLnEvNU6HKxYWuLDqUiFE8xbzBOGHl+ZwFayrunWYrOf+NmYTSPnHcGr67KnNEjnlaGdefo3uDODEXWBH9ZxNGyGfGZ5BvjIoTxsmx4irVzwkQvmDm/yt7eGJ74aUq37A25b4UvHfcbTcR2tFNCHk3Q4+zL2rxDge/39irwe6gH/j94OPz3mjkbvMKbMIjeIq1vIARbMEOjCHxHnpvvQ/e9vLXzmqn29k4oy55TvMALj2dzR+/K/9j</latexit>
En remplaçant dans l’équation de Newton, on obtient:
<latexit sha1_base64="RUjaGUuGmT6M93iv+keznwX44Rw=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="e/hS7qmTr0waFaE5d9gD8bSd6Gg=">AAAEVXiclVLbbtNAEB03ppRyaUofebGIkJCQIjtCAh6QIspDXxBFIm2lOo3W7jrdxjet16GV5U/iexB/AB+BxMx0C0mrclkr8eyZc87OjDcqU1UZ3//qrHTcW6u31+6s3713/8FGd/PhXlXUOpajuEgLfRCJSqYqlyOjTCoPSi1FFqVyP5ptU35/LnWlivyjOS/lOBPTXCUqFgahSfdzqE8KL0y0iJuwFNookXpHA6+eqPY3YI4Grff6Ki2s1DQTk0apdoF7hkrv2Y3c02Xu6Z+4s2XurJ10e37f5+VdDwIb9MCu3WLT2YEQjqGAGGrIQEIOBuMUBFT4HEIAPpSIjaFBTGOkOC+hhXXU1siSyBCIzvB/irtDi+a4J8+K1TGekuJPo9KDJ6gpkKcxptM8ztfsTOhN3g17Um3n+I6sV4aogRNE/6a7ZP6rjnoxkMBL7kFhTyUj1F1sXWqeClXuLXRl0KFEjOJjzGuMY1ZeztljTcW902wF578xk1Dax5Zbw3dbZY7IJ55WxvXn6N4gTsw5VkTfbMwI+SR8BvlGqDhjnBwrrlL+mgDhc2b+v7KHJ7YLD1X5lrUp9yXhneW+txOhHd2EkHcJely8UYt3OLh6Y68He4N+4PeDD897w6G9zWvwCB7DU6zlBQxhB3ZhBLGz5bxy3jjbnS+dH67rrl5QVxyr2YKl5W78BLo//hk=</latexit>
37
Vers l’équation d’onde

Depuis la deuxième loi de Newton:
<latexit sha1_base64="e/hS7qmTr0waFaE5d9gD8bSd6Gg=">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</latexit>
Nous avons aussi la loi de Hooke:
<latexit sha1_base64="Z497CQAEIKT8uioopMXavFeCvjo=">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</latexit>
En remplaçant les contraintes par les déplacements:
<latexit sha1_base64="aL6/TefiFgNasXBBIzX+CKs4wwA=">AAAEmniclVJNb9NAEB0XA6V8pXCEw4oIqQiROgGpvSBFwKGoQhSpaSPVabR21u026w+t16FVZK7wF/kHcOUXMDvdVkkrRLtW4pm3772dGW9UKFmaIPjpLdzwb966vXhn6e69+w8eNpYf7ZR5pWPRi3OV637ES6FkJnpGGiX6hRY8jZTYjcbv7f7uROhS5tm2OSnEIOUHmUxkzA1Cw8afUB/mLEw0j6dhwbWRXO13WDWU9XnOzH6nZm/ZyuarzurrMK1ezPNZOBLK8BnBMcrZS9ZBLrvIFUUpFR49lbK+tuRoXnJ0Bcl4XjKuh41m0AposctB2wVNcGsrX/Y2IIQR5BBDBSkIyMBgrIBDic8etCGAArEBTBHTGEnaF1DDEmorZAlkcETH+H+A2Z5DM8ytZ0nqGE9R+NOoZPAcNTnyNMb2NEb7FTlb9F/eU/K0tZ3gO3JeKaIGDhH9n+6MeVWd7cVAAuvUg8SeCkJsd7FzqWgqtnI205VBhwIxG49wX2Mck/Jszow0JfVuZ8tp/xcxLWrz2HEr+O2qzBD5StNKqf4M3aeIW+YEK7LfbECI9UnoDOsboeKYcOtYUpXifAIWnxDz+somnljPPLbKD6RV1JeAT4772U3EZvYmhJQl6HH6Ri3e4fbFG3s52Om02kGr/eVNs9t1t3kRnsAzWMFa1qALG7AFPYi9vvfN++798J/67/yP/uYpdcFzmscwt/ztv/tzF40=</latexit>
38

Depuis la deuxième loi de Newton et la loi de Hooke:
Nous avions trouvé une relation entre déformations et déplacements:
39

En remplaçant les termes:
40
<latexit sha1_base64="0foJgAlh7xM+gEuXn4mxqbJoAyg=">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</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="rJceuaMb4Bn5D3VDHLD4Xws1i7c=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="p2w7uekVUKjnInHrotDlpVkGt+0=">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</latexit>
41
<latexit sha1_base64="0foJgAlh7xM+gEuXn4mxqbJoAyg=">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</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="kzWjqH7whWfuGFKm7M/FLuuE26s=">AAAEG3iclVLbbtNAEB3XXNJyaQqPvKyIkIoqBTsgwQtSJHiohBBFIm2lOo3Wzqa1ur5ovQ6tLH8KX8Mb4pWH/gF8BcxMt1VohYC1Es+eOefszHjjUqeVDYJTb8m/dv3Gzc7yyq3bd+6udtfubVdFbRI1SgpdmN1YVkqnuRrZ1Gq1Wxols1irnfjoFeV35spUaZF/sCelGmfyIE9naSItQpNuFZnDQkQzI5MmKqWxqdT7AyHqSdpeAMLuD1rxUqy/2QifPI2y+vElhYimSlu5oDhGvdgQyBVRLmMtyTQqs7ip20m3F/QDXuJqELqgB25tFWveJkQwhQISqCEDBTlYjDVIqPDZgxACKBEbQ4OYwSjlvIIWVlBbI0shQyJ6hP8HuNtzaI578qxYneApGn8GlQIeoaZAnsGYThOcr9mZ0D95N+xJtZ3gO3ZeGaIWDhH9m+6c+a866sXCDF5wDyn2VDJC3SXOpeapUOVioSuLDiViFE8xbzBOWHk+Z8Gainun2UrOf2cmobRPHLeGH67KHJGPPK2M68/RvUGcmHOsiL7ZmBHymfEZ5Buj4phxcqy4SnUxAcLnzPx/ZQ9PbBceqvI1azX3peCt475zE6Ed3YSIdzP0OHujFu9wePnGXg22B/0w6Ifvn/WGQ3ebO/AAHsI61vIchrAJWzDCCk7hp9fxlv1P/mf/i//1jLrkOc19+G35334BU2XnVw==</latexit>
En notation vectorielle:
<latexit sha1_base64="b/xPBsIDaeyEdBx/XT+CJ0YCqEs=">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</latexit>
42
Équation d’onde
L’équation d’onde élastique pour un milieu homogène isotrope:
<latexit sha1_base64="b/xPBsIDaeyEdBx/XT+CJ0YCqEs=">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</latexit>
La forme générale d’une équation différentielle pour une onde est:
<latexit sha1_base64="nd48VsjPxlQwPkLwaREkbpkBdXw=">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</latexit>
On peut obtenir une telle forme en prenant la divergence et le rotationnel de

l’équation d’onde, ce qui nous donnera une équation pour les ondes P et S.
43
Équation pour les ondes P

En prenant la divergence:
<latexit sha1_base64="NrXPnkFJwu9AU0/1i4YJ3NPrzZs=">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</latexit>
se rappelant que <latexit sha1_base64="RVghPlPtjCzqOBdjpD83Rf7ryzI=">AAADxXiclVLbahRBEK3NeInxttFHERoXwadlRgR9ERYUzIuYQDYJZJbQ09sbh/RcmOlZDcvig1/jq36Nf2D+IqcqHYkGUXvYnepT55yuqumsdnnr4/h7byW6cvXa9dUbazdv3b5zt79+b6etusbYsalc1exlurUuL+3Y597Zvbqxusic3c2OXnF+d26bNq/KbX9c20mhD8t8lhvtAR30H6ZT67xWL1Va6sxplZpp5VVaF9miWx70B/EwlqUuB0kIBhTWZrXe26CUplSRoY4KslSSR+xIU4tnnxKKqQY2oQWwBlEueUtLWoO2A8uCoYEe4f8Qu/2AltizZytqg1Mcfg2Uih5DU4HXIObTlOQ7cWb0T94L8eTajvHOglcB1NN7oH/TnTP/Vce9eJrRC+khR0+1INydCS6dTIUrVxe68nCogXE8Rb5BbER5PmclmlZ659lqyf8QJqO8N4Hb0UmosgTyQaZVSP0l3BfAmTlHRfzNJoKwz0zOYN8Mio+Cs2MrVdqfE2B8Lsz/Vw5w4vLCw1W+Fq2Tviy9Ddx3YSK845uQym4Gj7M3tLjDye839nKw83SYxMNk69lgNAq3eZUe0CN6glqe04g2aJPGqOAzfaGv9C16ExWRj+Zn1JVe0NynX1b06RR6MseE</latexit>

:
<latexit sha1_base64="ZVy5jEFrtdCsEcdArG9Q9c3iS8Y=">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</latexit>
et donc que:
<latexit sha1_base64="BQxi4KdC6j59ON3jmWvreBgh168=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="GwMud2i158mnbCCbTDR00o9WyGE=">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</latexit>
44
Équation pour les ondes S

En prenant le rotationnel:
<latexit sha1_base64="dl0aLs9Z5OAfyaadcL+isz4VRp0=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="2+P6HzhyfcmzM1tPFaq1L0nXtAo=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="12z3UQLemVTsAPDO/84NYMQeeHw=">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</latexit>
avec <latexit sha1_base64="dHf2y4XDLX6vZh1fvGFbHImnMYM=">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</latexit>

:
<latexit sha1_base64="O3gG8/YWJwJbs4kyPocG5jby0Pc=">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</latexit>
et donc:
<latexit sha1_base64="VYYzLF7RB5glbgJslwqGjjjWpHI=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="yTvBPN1Txa8ctTV6HQ1HF+sULmI=">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</latexit>
45
Ondes de compression et de cisaillement

Les ondes P et S répondent à l’équation différentielle:
Une solution générale a la forme (remplacer dans l’équation pour vérifier):
<latexit sha1_base64="a+pAcwzuPzqJFSpG7WtUDyXt9dI=">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</latexit>
46
Ondes de compression et de cisaillement
Les ondes P et S répondent à l’équation différentielle:
Une solution générale a la forme (remplacer dans l’équation pour vérifier):
<latexit sha1_base64="a+pAcwzuPzqJFSpG7WtUDyXt9dI=">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</latexit>
47
Ondes P et ondes S
Ondes P Ondes S
avec <latexit sha1_base64="RVghPlPtjCzqOBdjpD83Rf7ryzI=">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</latexit>

. avec <latexit sha1_base64="dHf2y4XDLX6vZh1fvGFbHImnMYM=">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</latexit>
.
Pour un déplacement dans la direction 1 Pour un déplacement dans la direction 2
<latexit sha1_base64="sydqMtyLdzhZNt8qBTzETOdSY38=">AAAD0niclVJNb9NAEJ3UhZby0RSOXFZESAWkyI6Q6AUpEhx6QRSpSSs1kWW7m9aqv2SvQ4vlA+LKgV/DFf4G/4D+i76ZbqtChYC1Es++ee/tzHjDIokr47o/OgvO4o2bS8u3Vm7fuXtvtbt2f1zldRnpUZQnebkbBpVO4kyPTGwSvVuUOkjDRO+ER684vzPXZRXn2bY5KfQ0DQ6yeBZHgQHkd59OijRs6la9VLU/WD/2PfVMjf1KmSdKUpPDwDS69Qet3+25fVeWuh54NuiRXVv5WmeTJrRPOUVUU0qaMjKIEwqowrNHHrlUAJtSA6xEFEteU0sr0NZgaTACoEf4P8Buz6IZ9uxZiTrCKQl+JZSKHkOTg1ci5tOU5GtxZvRP3o14cm0neIfWKwVq6BDo33QXzH/VcS+GZrQhPcToqRCEu4usSy1T4crVla4MHApgHO8jXyKORHkxZyWaSnrn2QaS/ylMRnkfWW5Np7bKDMh7mVYq9Wdwb4Azc46K+JtNBWGfmZzBviEUx4KzYyVV6ssJMD4X5v8rezixvfJwla9Fm0hfmt5Y7ls7Ed7xTZjIbgaP8ze0uMPe7zf2ejAe9D2377173hsO7W1epof0iNZRywsa0iZt0QgVfKGv9I2+O9vOB+ej8+mcutCxmgf0y3I+nwEsRsvA</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="/aDnxR78KvJyRAL+gccIoDr2lJw=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="b3gp6l3qj/TDHyBH+nOK1omGK4s=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="G/14xSLttejS0Ix53I5ucDSWlY4=">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</latexit>
L’onde se propage dans la même direction L’onde se propage perpendiculairement à

que les déplacements. la direction des déplacements.
48
Ondes P et ondes S
Ondes P Ondes S
avec <latexit sha1_base64="RVghPlPtjCzqOBdjpD83Rf7ryzI=">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</latexit>

. avec <latexit sha1_base64="dHf2y4XDLX6vZh1fvGFbHImnMYM=">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</latexit>
.
Pour un déplacement dans la direction 1 Pour un déplacement dans la direction 2
<latexit sha1_base64="sydqMtyLdzhZNt8qBTzETOdSY38=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="/aDnxR78KvJyRAL+gccIoDr2lJw=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="qL40XhEy49IdrbDRcaCgph0ZPKE=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="b3gp6l3qj/TDHyBH+nOK1omGK4s=">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</latexit>
L’onde se propage dans la même direction L’onde se propage perpendiculairement à

que les déplacements. la direction des déplacements.
49
force sur le sol.
Ceci entraine des contraintes qui

produisent des déformations
élastiques du sol.
Les déformations se propagent

dans l’espace sous la forme d’une
onde.
Deux types d’ondes se propagent:

les ondes P (compression) et S https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/9759/seismic-survey
(cisaillement)
50

Géophysique Appliquée: Méthodes Sismiques

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Géophysique Appliquée: Méthodes Sismiques

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Méthodes sismiques 1: Principes généraux

• Le sismomètre est alors inventé.

• Un sismomètre permet de mesurer

Premier levé de sismique réfraction en

Types de méthode sismique

• Tomographie sismique • Interférométrie sismique

• Sismique réflexion • Sismique en forage

• Sismique réfraction • Traitement des ondes de surface

• Auscultation sismique d’ouvrages d’arts

• Inversion de formes d’onde

Traitement des ondes de surface

Le rapport entre les composantes

Un milieu à deux couches aura une

Auscultation d’ouvrage d’art

Inversion de formes d’onde

Types des méthodes sismiques

Réflexions Réfraction Ondes de surface

Cette force fera varier les

Ces déformations peuvent être

• Il y a 3 faces et 3 directions, donc 9

• C’est une matrice 3x3 symétrique

La déformation est la différence entre longueurs initiale et finale sur initiale:

Les déformations en compression sont données par:

Le déplacement du volume élémentaire est un vecteur:

cisaillement est définie comme:

cisaillement est définie comme:

Pour de petits angles et

cisaillement est définie comme:

Et donc la déformation de cisaillement:

Les déformations forment aussi un tenseur:

On peut alors assimiler le sol à un

Régime élastique Régime plastique

Loi de Hooke généralisée:

Force par unité de surface Allongement par unité de surface

Loi de Hooke généralisée pour un milieu isotrope et homogène:

Cette force fera varier les

Ces déformations peuvent être

Deuxième loi de Newton

Nous sommes intéressés par la densité de force, c’est-à-dire

Deuxième loi de Newton

Deuxième loi de Newton

En remplaçant dans l’équation de Newton, on obtient:

Vers l’équation d’onde

Nous avons aussi la loi de Hooke:

En remplaçant les contraintes par les déplacements:

Vers l’équation d’onde

Nous avions trouvé une relation entre déformations et déplacements:

Vers l’équation d’onde

En remplaçant les termes:

Vers l’équation d’onde

En remplaçant les termes:

Vers l’équation d’onde

En remplaçant les termes:

La forme générale d’une équation différentielle pour une onde est:

On peut obtenir une telle forme en prenant la divergence et le rotationnel de

Équation pour les ondes P

Équation pour les ondes S

Ondes de compression et de cisaillement

Une solution générale a la forme (remplacer dans l’équation pour vérifier):

Une solution générale a la forme (remplacer dans l’équation pour vérifier):

Pour un déplacement dans la direction 1 Pour un déplacement dans la direction 2

L’onde se propage dans la même direction L’onde se propage perpendiculairement à