Quasi-Abelian Categories and Sheaves

M ÉMOIRES DE LA S. M. F.
J EAN -P IERRE S CHNEIDERS

Quasi-abelian categories and sheaves
Mémoires de la S. M. F. 2e série, tome 76 (1999)
<http://www.numdam.org/item?id=MSMF_1999_2_76__R3_0>
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QUASI-ABELIAN CATEGORIES AND SHEAVES
Jean-Pierre Schneiders
Abstract. — This memoir is divided in three parts. In the first one, we introduce the
notion of quasi-abelian category and link the homological algebra of these categories
to that of their abelian envelopes. Note that quasi-abelian categories form a special
class of non-abelian additive categories which contains in particular the category of
locally convex topological vector spaces and the category of filtered abelian groups. In
the second part, we define what we mean by an elementary quasi-abelian category and
show that sheaves with values in such a category can be manipulated almost as easily
as sheaves of abelian groups. In particular, we establish that the Poincare-Verdier
duality and the projection formula hold in this context. The third part is devoted to
an application of the results obtained to the cases of filtered and topological sheaves.
Resume (Categories et faisceaux quasi-abeliens). — Ce memoire est divise en trois
parties. Dans la premiere, nous introduisons la notion de categoric quasi-abelienne et
relions Palgebre homologique de ces categories a celle de leurs enveloppes abeliennes.
Notons que les categories quasi-abeliennes forment une classe speciale de categories
additives non-abeliennes qui contient en particulier la categoric des espaces vectoriels
topologiques localement convexes et la categoric des groupes abeliens filtres. Dans la
seconde partie, nous definissons ce que nous entendons par categoric quasi-abelienne
elementaire et montrons que les faisceaux a valeurs dans une telle categoric sont
presque aussi aises a manipuler que les faisceaux de groupes abeliens. En particulier,
nous etablissons que la dualite de Poincare-Verdier et la formule de projection sont
valides dans ce contexte. La troisieme partie est consacree a une application des
resultats obtenus aux cas des faisceaux filtres et topologiques.
© Memoires de la Societe Mathematique de France 76, SMF 1999

s
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1. Quasi-Abelian Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1. Quasi-abelian categories and functors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.1. Images, coimages and strict morphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.2. Definition of quasi-abelian categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.3. Strict morphisms in quasi-abelian categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.1.4. Strictly exact and coexact sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.1.5. Exactness classes of quasi-abelian functors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.2. Derivation of quasi-abelian categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.2.1. The category /C(^) and its canonical t-structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.2.2. The category P(<?) and its canonical t-structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.2.3. The canonical embedding of £ in CH{£) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2.4. The category CH{£) as an abelian envelope of £ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.3. Derivation of quasi-abelian functors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.3.1. Derivable and explicitly derivable quasi-abelian functors . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.3.2. Exactness properties of derived functors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.3.3. Abelian substitutes of quasi-abelian functors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.3.4. Categories with enough projective or injective objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1.4. Limits in quasi-abelian categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.4.1. Product and direct sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.4.2. Projective and inductive systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
1.4.3. Projective and inductive limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
1.5. Closed quasi-abelian categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
1.5.1. Closed structures, rings and modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
1.5.2. Induced closed structure on CH(£) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2. Sheaves with Values in Quasi-Abelian Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

2.1. Elementary quasi-abelian categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.1.1. Small and tiny objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.1.2. Generating and strictly generating sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.1.3. Quasi-elementary and elementary categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.1.4. Closed elementary categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
CONTENTS
2.2. Sheaves with values in an elementary quasi-abelian category . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

2.2.1. Presheaves, sheaves and the associated sheaf functor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.2.2. The category of sheaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.2.3. Internal operations on sheaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.3. Sheaves with values in an elementary abelian category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.3.1. Poincare-Verdier duality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.3.2. Internal projection formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2.3.3. Internal Poincare-Verdier duality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3. Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.1. Filtered Sheaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.1.1. The category of filtered abelian groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.1.2. Separated filtered abelian groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.1.3. The category K and filtered sheaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.2. Topological Sheaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.2.1. The category of semi-normed spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.2.2. The category of normed spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.2.3. The category W and topological sheaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
MEMOIRES DE LA SMF 76
INTRODUCTION
To solve various problems of algebraic analysis, it would be very useful to have at

hand a good cohomological theory of sheaves with values in categories like that of
filtered modules or that of locally convex topological vector spaces. The problem to
establish such a theory is twofold. A first difficulty comes form the fact that, since
these categories are not abelian, the standard methods of homological algebra cannot
be applied in the usual way. A second complication comes from the fact that we need
to find conditions under which the corresponding cohomological theories of sheaves
are well-behaved. This memoir grew out of the efforts of the author to understand
how to modify the classical results in order to be able to treat such situations. The
first two chapters deal separately with the two parts of the problem and the last one
shows how to apply the theory developed to treat the cases of filtered and topological
sheaves.
When we want to develop homological algebra for non abelian additive categories, a
first approach is to show that the categories at hand may be endowed with structures
of exact categories in the sense ofD. Quillen [14]. Then, using Paragraph 1.3.22 of [2],
it is possible to construct the corresponding derived category and to define what is
right or left derived functor.
This approach was followed by G. Laumon in [10] to obtain interesting results for
filtered ^-modules. We checked that it would also be possible to treat similarly the
case of locally convex topological vector spaces. However, when one works out the
details, it appears that a large part of the results does not come from the particular
properties of filtered modules or locally convex topological vector spaces but instead
come from the fact that the categories considered are exact categories of a very special
kind. In fact, they are first examples of what we call quasi-abelian categories.
To provide a firm ground for applications to other situations, we have found it
useful to devote Chapter 1 to a detailed study of the properties of these very special
exact categories.
2 INTRODUCTION
In Section 1.1, after a brief clarification of the notions of images, coimages and
strict morphisms in additive categories, we give the axioms that such a category has
to satisfy to be quasi-abelian. Next we show that a quasi-abelian category has a
canonical exact structure. We conclude by giving precise definitions of the various
exactness classes of additive functors between quasi-abelian categories. This is nec-
essary since various exactness properties which are equivalent for abelian categories
become distinct in the quasi-abelian case.
Section 1.2 is devoted to the construction of the derived category T>(£) of a quasi-
abelian category £ and its two canonical t-structures. We introduce the two corre-
sponding hearts CT-L{£) and 7^%(<?) and we make a detailed study of the canonical
embedding of £ in CH(£). In particular, we show that the exact structure of £
is induced by that of the abelian category CH(£) and that the derived category of
CH(£) endowed with its canonical t-structure is equivalent to P(^) endowed with its
left t-structure. Since the two canonical t-structures are exchanged by duality, it is
not necessary to state explicitly the corresponding results for 7?.7^(<?). Note that the
canonical t-structures of V{£) and the abelian categories CH{£) and 'RT-L(£) cannot
be defined for an arbitrary exact category and give first examples of the specifics of
quasi-abelian categories. We end this section with a study of functors from a quasi-
abelian category £ to an abelian category A and show that CH(£} and W-L{£) may
in some sense be considered as abelian envelopes of £.
In Section 1.3, we study how to derive an additive functor
F : £ -tT
of quasi-abelian categories. After adapting the notions of F-projective and F-injective

subcategories to our setting, we generalize the usual criterion for F to be left or right
derivable. Next, we study various exactness properties of RF and relate them with the
appropriate exactness properties of F. After having clarified how much of a functor
is determined by its left or right derived functor and defined the relations of left and
right equivalence for quasi-abelian functors, we show that, under mild assumptions,
we can associate to F a functor
G : CU{£) -^ CH^)
which has essentially the same left or right derived functor. Loosely speaking, the
combination of this result and those of Section 1.2 shows that from the point of view
of homological algebra we do not loose any information by replacing the quasi-abelian
category £ by the abelian category CH{£). We conclude this section by generalizing
to quasi-abelian categories, the classical results on projective and injective objects.
This leads us to make a careful distinction between projective (resp. injective) and
strongly projective (resp. injective) objects of £ and study how they are related with
projective and injective objects of CH{£) or 7^H(£).
INTRODUCTION 3
In Section 1.4, we deal with problems related to projective and inductive limits in
quasi-abelian categories. First, we treat the case of products and show mainly that
a quasi-abelian category £ has exact (resp. strongly exact) products if and only if
C1-L(£) (resp. 'RT-L(£)) has exact products and the canonical functor
£ -4- CH(£) (resp. £ -^ mi(£))
is product preserving. The case of coproducts is obtained by duality. After a detailed

discussion of the properties of categories of projective or inductive systems of <f, we
give conditions for projective or inductive limits to be computable in £ as in CH(£).
In this part, we have inspired ourselves from some methods of [4, 9]. We conclude by
considering the special case corresponding to exact filtering inductive limits.
The last section of Chapter 1 is devoted to the special case of closed quasi-abelian
categories (i.e. quasi-abelian categories with an internal tensor product, an internal
homomorphism functor and a unit object satisfying appropriate axioms). We show
mainly that in such a situation the category of modules over an internal ring is still
quasi-abelian. Examples of such categories are numerous (e.g. filtered modules over
a filtered ring, normed representations of a normed algebra) but the results obtained
will also be useful to treat module over internal rings in a more abstract category like
the category W defined in Chapter 3. We conclude by showing how a closed structure
on £ may induce, under suitable conditions, a closed structure on CH(£\
In Chapter 2 we study conditions on a quasi-abelian category £ insuring that the
category of sheaves with values in £ is almost as easily to manipulate as the category
of abelian sheaves.
In Section 2.1, we introduce the notions of quasi-elementary and elementary quasi-
abelian categories and show that such categories are very easy to manipulate. First,
we study the various natural notions of smallness in quasi-abelian categories. We also
discuss strict generating sets which play for quasi-abelian categories the role played
usually by the generating sets for abelian categories. This allows us to introduce the
definitions of quasi-elementary and elementary categories and to show that if £ is
quasi-elementary then £H(£) is a category of functors with values in the category of
abelian groups (this an analog of Freyd's result). We also show that the category of
ind-objects of a small quasi-abelian category with enough projective objects is a basic
example of an elementary quasi-abelian category. We conclude the section with a few
results on closed elementary categories.
In Section 2.2, we show that that the category Shv(X',£) of sheaves on X with
values in an elementary quasi-abelian category £ is well-behaved. It is even endowed
with internal operations if the category £ is itself closed. Moreover, we show that
CH{Shv(X^))wShv(X^C/H(£))
and thanks to the results in the preceding sections, we are reduced to work with
sheaves in an elementary abelian category. Such sheaves where already studied in [15]
SOCIETE MATHEMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

4 INTRODUCTION
where it is shown that they have most of the usual properties of abelian sheaves. In
Section 2.3, we give further examples of how to extend to these sheaves results which
are well known for abelian ones. In particular, we prove Poincare-Verdier duality in
this framework. We also prove that if £ is closed and satisfies some mild assumptions
then we can establish an internal projection formula and an internal Poincare-Verdier
duality formula by working almost as in the classical case.
Chapter 3 is devoted to applications to filtered and topological sheaves.
In Section 3.1, we study the category of filtered abelian groups and show that this is
a closed elementary quasi-abelian with enough projective and injective objects. Its left
abelian envelope 7S is identified with the category of graded modules over the graded
ring Z[T] following an idea due to Rees. We also show that the category of separated
filtered abelian sheaves is a quasi-elementary quasi-abelian category having % as its
left abelian envelope. Since 7^ is an elementary abelian category, the cohomological
theory of sheaves developed in Chapter 2 may be applied to this category and gives a
satisfying theory of filtered sheaves. Since most of the results in this section are easy
consequences of the general theory, they are often given without proof.
Note that some of the results in this section where already obtained directly in spe-
cific situations by various authors (e.g. Illusie, Laumon, Rees, Saito, etc.). However,
to our knowledge, the fact that all the classical cohomological formulas for abelian
sheaves extend to filtered abelian sheaves was not yet fully established.
It might be a good idea to read this section in parallel with Chapter 1 as it provides
a simple motivating example for the abstract theory developed there.
In Section 3.2, we show first that the category of semi-normed spaces in a closed
quasi-abelian category with enough projective and injective objects which has the
same left abelian envelope as the category of normed-spaces. Applying the results
obtained before, we show that the category of ind-semi-normed spaces is a closed
elementary quasi-abelian category and that its left abelian envelope W is a closed ele-
mentary abelian category. We also show that the category of locally convex topological
vector spaces may be viewed as a (non full) subcategory of W and that through this
identification, the categories of FN (resp. DFN) spaces appear as full subcategories
of W. Since the theory developed in Chapter 2 applies to W, we feel that W-sheaves
provides a convenient notion of topological sheaves which is suitable for applications
in algebraic analysis. Such applications are in preparation and will appear elsewhere.
Note that, in a private discussion some time ago, C. Houzel, conjectured that a
category defined through the formula in Corollary 3.2.22 should be a good candidate
to replace the category of locally convex topological vector spaces in problems dealing
with sheaves and cohomology. He also suggested the name W since he expected this
category to be related to the category of quotient bornological spaces introduced by
Waelbroeck. We hope that the material in this paper will have convinced the reader
that his insight was well-founded.
INTRODUCTION 5
Before concluding this introduction, let us point out that discussions we had with
M. Kashiwara on a first sketch of this paper lead him to a direct construction of the
derived category of the category of FN (resp. DFN) spaces. These categories were
used among other tools in [8] to prove very interesting formulas for quasi-equivariant
P-modules.
Note also that a study of the category of locally convex topological vector spaces
along the lines presented here is being finalized by F. Prosmans. However, in this case
the category is not elementary and one cannot treat sheaves with values in it along
the lines of Chapter 2.
Throughout the paper, we assume the reader has a good knowledge of the theory of
categories and of the homological algebra of abelian categories as exposed in standard
reference works (e.g. [11, 12, 16] and [3, 5, 7, 17]). If someone would like an
autonomous presentation of the basic facts concerning homological algebra of quasi-
abelian categories, he may refer to [13] which was based on a preliminary version of
Chapter 1.

s
CHAPTER 1
QUASI-ABELIAN CATEGORIES
1.1. Quasi-abelian categories and functors

Let £ be an additive category with kernels and cokernels.
I.I.I. Images, coimages and strict morphisms

DEFINITION I.I.I. — Let / : E —^ F be a morphism of <f.
Following [5, 16], we define the image of / to be the kernel of the canonical map
F —f Coker/. Dually, we define the coimage of / to be the cokernel of the canonical
map Ker f —^ E.
Obviously, / induces a canonical map
Coim / —^ Im /.
In general, this map is neither a monomorphism nor an epimorphism. When it is an
isomorphism, we say that / is strict
f
The following remark may help clarify the notion of strict morphism.
REMARK 1.1.2
(a) For any morphism / : E —^ F of <?, the canonical morphism
Ker/ -^ E (resp. F -^ Coker/)
is a strict monomorphism (resp. epimorphism).
(b) Let / : E —^ F be a strict monomorphism (resp. epimorphism) of <?. Then / is
a kernel (resp. cokernel) of
F -> Coker/ (resp. Ker/ -^ E).
(c) A morphism / of £ is strict if and only if
/ = rn o e
where m is a strict monomorphism and e is a strict epimorphism.
8 CHAPTER 1. QUASI-ABELIAN CATEGORIES
1.1.2. Definition of quasi-abelian categories

DEFINITION 1.1.3. — The category £ is quasi-abelian if it satisfies the following dual
axioms:
(QA) In a cartesian square
E-^F
E'-^F'
where / is a strict epimorphism, / / is also a strict epimorphism.

(QA*) In a cocartesian square
E'-^F'
E-^F
where / is a strict monomorphism, / / is also a strict monomorphism.
Until the end of this section, E will be assumed to be quasi-abelian.
PROPOSITION 1.1.4. — Let f : E —> F be a morphism of £. Then, in the canonical

decomposition
of f, j is a strict epimorphism and k is a monomorphism. Moreover, for any decom-

position
of f where m is a monomorphism, there is a unique morphism
h' : Coim / -> J*
1.1. QUASI-ABELIAN CATEGORIES AND FUNCTORS
making the diagram

Coim/
commutative.
Dually, in the canonical decomposition
°f f ? ^* <ts an epimorphism and j* is a strict monomorphism. Moreover, for any

decomposition
of f where e is an epimorphism, there is a unique morphism
h' : I -Îm/
making the diagram
1m f
commutative.
Proof. — Let
i :Kerf-Ê
denote the canonical morphism. Since j is the cokernel of %, it is a strict epimorphism.

Let us show that A* is a monomorphism. Let x : X —> Coim/ be a morphism such

10
CHAPTER 1. QUASI-ABELIAN CATEGORIES
that k o x = 0. Form the cartesian square
E——^Coim/
xT t
I r
1
T I T
X'——;—>X
j
It follows from the fact that £ is quasi-abelian that j ' is a strict epimorphism. Since,
/ o x ' = k o j o x ' = k o x o j ' = 0,
there is a unique morphism x" : X' -^ Kerf such that i o x" = x ' . From the relation
x
° f = J ° x ' = j o i o x" = 0,
it follows that x = 0.
To prove the second part of the statement, note that, m being a monomorphism,
it follows from the relation
mohoi=foi=Q^
that h o i = 0. Since j is the cokernel of z, there is a unique morphism
h' : Coim / -^ J*
such that
h' o j = h.
From the equality
k o j = m o h = m o h' o j ,
it follows that
k = m o h'.
COROLLARY 1.1.5. — The canonical morphism

Coim / —^ Im /
associated to a morphism f : E -^ F of £ is a bimorphism (i.e. it is both a monomor-
phism and an epimorphism).
REMARK 1.1.6. — The preceding proposition shows in particular that the decompo-
sition of / through Coim/ (resp. Im/) is in some sense the smallest (resp. greatest)
decomposition of / as an epimorphism followed by a monomorphism. Hence, what we
call Im/ (resp. Coim/) would be called Coim/ (resp. Im/) in [12]. Despite the good
reasons for adopting MitchelPs point of view, we have chosen to stick to Grothendieck's
definition which is more usual in the framework of additive categories.
1.1. QUASI-ABELIAN CATEGORIES AND FUNCTORS 11
1.1.3. Strict morphisms in quasi-abelian categories

PROPOSITION 1.1.7. — The class of strict epimorphisms (resp. monomorphisms) of
£ is stable by composition.
Proof. — Let u : E —^ F and v : F —^ G be two strict epimorphisms and set w = vou.

We denote by iu ' Kern —^ E the canonical morphism and use similar notations for
v and w. We get the commutative diagram:
Ker w ———> Ker v
Kern
One checks easily that the upper right square is cartesian. Since u is a strict epimor-
phism, it follows from the axioms that k is also a strict epimorphism. To conclude,
it is sufficient to prove that w is a cokernel of iw. Assume / : E —> X is a morphism
such that f o iw = 0« Since u is the cokernel of iu and f o iu == 0, there is a unique
morphism / / : F —> X such that f o u = f. Since k is an epimorphism, the equality
/' o ^ o k = f o iw = 0
shows that / / o i^ = 0. Using the fact that v is the cokernel of z-y, we get a unique
morphism f " : G — > X such that / // o v = f. For this morphism, we get f11 ow = f
as requested. Moreover, w being an epimorphism, / // is the only morphism satisfying
this relation. D
PROPOSITION 1.1.8. — Let
be a commutative diagram in £. Assume w is a strict epimorphism. Then, v is a

strict epimorphism.
Dually, assume w is a strict monomorphism. Then, u is a strict monomorphism.
Proof. — We will use the same commutative diagram as in the proof of the preceding
proposition.
SOClfiTE MATHEMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

First, note that the square

( u iv )
EeKerv-——>F
(io)| \v
•^- -4^
E
w '-G
is cartesian. As a matter of fact, if the morphisms
X -^ E. X -4 F
are such that
w o e = v o /,
then
v o (f — uo e) = 0
and there is h : X —^ Kerv such that
i^ o h = f — u o e.
It follows that for the morphism
( ^ ) : X -> EeKerv
we have
(io)(^)=e, (ui.)(^=/
and this is clearly the only morphism satisfying these conditions. It follows from the
axioms and the fact that w is a strict epimorphism that
( u i , ) : Ee Kerv -> F
is a strict epimorphism.
Next, let x : F —)- X be such that x o i^ = 0. It follows that
xouoi^=xoiôk=0
and there is x ' : G —^ X such that
Hence,
{x — x' o v) o u = 0
and since
(x — x' o v) o i^ = 0
we deduce from what precedes that x = x ' o v. Since v is clearly an epimorphism,
such an x ' is unique. So, v is a cokernel of iy and the conclusion follows. D
1.1.4. Strictly exact and coexact sequences

DEFINITION 1.1.9. — A null sequence
E ' ^ E -^ E"
of £ is strictly exact (resp. coexact) if e' (resp. e") is strict and if the canonical
morphism
Ime' -^Kere"
is an isomorphism. More generally, a sequence
e1 e"-1
E^ -^ ... -e—^ En {n > 3)
is strictly exact (resp. coexact) if each of the subsequences
Ei -^ E,^ -^ EW (1 < i < n - 2)

is strictly exact (resp. coexact).
REMARK 1.1.10. — It follows from the preceding definition that strict exactness and
strict coexactness are dual notions which are in general not equivalent. However, a
short sequence
0 - ^ E - ^ F -^G -^0
is strictly exact if and only if u is a kernel of v and v is a cokernel of u. Hence, such
a sequence is strictly exact if and only if it is strictly coexact.
REMARK 1.1.11. — Thanks to the results in the preceding subsections, it is easily

seen that the category £ endowed with the class of short strictly exact sequences
forms an exact category in the sense of [14].
1.1.5. Exactness classes of quasi-abelian functors. — Since there are two

kinds of exact sequences in a quasi-abelian category, there are more exactness classes
of functors than in the abelian case. All these various classes are needed in the rest
of the paper. Hence, we will define them carefully in this section.
Let us first consider left exactness.
DEFINITION 1.1.12. — Let

F : £ -^ T
be an additive functor.
We say that F is left exact if it transforms any strictly exact sequence
0 -^ E' -^ E -^ E" -^ 0
of £ into the strictly exact sequence
0 -^ F { E ' ) -^ F(E) -^ F(E")
of T. Equivalently, F is left exact if it preserves kernels of strict morphisms.
SOClfiTfi MATHfiMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

We say that F is strongly left exact if it transforms any strictly exact sequence
0 -^ E1 -, E -. E"
of £ into the strictly exact sequence
0 -^ F ( E ' ) -, F(E) -, F ( E " )
of T\ Equivalently, F is strongly left exact if it preserves kernels of arbitrary mor-
phisms.
Finally, we say that F is regular if it transforms a strict morphism into a strict
morphism and regularizing if it transforms an arbitrary morphism into a strict mor-
phism.
REMARK 1.1.13. — Some authors have defined a left exact functor between arbitrary
finitely complete categories to be a functor which preserves all finite projective limits.
This definition coincides obviously with our notion of strongly left exact functor.
Other definitions of left exactness can also be introduced. They are clarified in
Proposition 1.1.15 the proof of which is left to the reader.
F : £ -tT
be an additive functor. Let S denote a null sequence of the form
0 -^ E ' -> E -> E"
and let F(S) denote the null sequence
0 -^ F ( E ' ) -, F(E) -> F{E11).
We shall distinguish four notions of left exactness for the functor F. They are defined
in the following table by the exactness property of F(S) which follows from a given
exactness property of 5.
F S F(S)
LL left exact strictly exact strictly exact
LR left exact strictly exact strictly coexact
RL left exact strictly coexact strictly exact
RR left exact strictly coexact strictly coexact
F - . 8 ->T
be an additive functor between quasi-abelian categories.
(LL) The functor F is LL left exact if and only if it is strongly left exact.
(LR) The functor F is LR left exact if and only if it is strongly left exact and regu-
larizing.
(RL) The functor F is RL left exact if and only if it is left exact.
(RR) The functor F is RR left exact if and only if it is left exact and regular.
REMARK 1.1.16. — Note also that with the notation of the preceding proposition,
F is LL left exact if and only if it is RL left exact and transforms a monomorphism
into a monomorphism. Similarly, F is LR left exact if and only if it is RR left exact
and transforms a monomorphism into a strict monomorphism.
Having clarified the various notions of left exactness, we can treat right exactness
by duality.
F : £ -,T
We say that F is right exact if it transforms any strictly (co) exact sequence
0 ->• E' -> E -^ E" -> 0

of £ into the strictly coexact sequence
F(Ef) -^ F(E) -> F(Eff) -^ 0
of T. Equivalently, F is right exact if it preserves cokernels of strict morphisms.
We say that F is strongly right exact if it transforms any strictly coexact sequence
E ' -, E -^ E" -. 0
of £ into the strictly coexact sequence
F(Et) -^ F{E) -> F{E!t) -^ 0
of F. Equivalently, F is strongly right exact if it preserves cokernels of arbitrary
morphisms.
Finally let us introduce the various classes of exact functors.
F :£ -^ T
The functor F is exact if it transforms any strictly (co) exact sequence
0 -> E' -^ E ->• E" -^ 0
of £ into the strictly (co)exact sequence
0 -^ F ( E ' ) -^ F(E) -> F ( E " ) -^ 0
of F , Equivalently, F is exact if it is both left exact and right exact.
The functor F is strictly exact (resp. strictly coexact) if it transforms any strictly
exact (resp. coexact) sequence
E ' -> E -^ E"
of £ into a strictly exact (resp. coexact) sequence
F ( E ' ) -^ F(E) -> F{E")
SOClfiTE MATHfiMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

of.F.
Finally, the functor F is strongly exact if it is both strictly exact and strictly
coexact. Equivalently, F is strongly exact if it is both strongly left exact and strongly
right exact.
1.2. Derivation of quasi-abelian categories

1.2.1. The category JC(£) and its canonical t-structures. — In this subsection,
we assume that £ is an additive category with kernels and cokernels. Since £ is
additive, it is well-known that the associated category JC(£) of complexes modulo
homotopy is a triangulated category. Here we will show that it is also canonically
endowed with two t-structures which are exchanged by duality.
DEFINITION 1.2.1. — A null sequence

E' -^ E -^ E"
of £ is split if, for any object X of <?, the associated sequence

Hom^X,^) -^ Hom^(X,E) -> Hom^X.E")
is an exact sequence of abelian groups. Dually, it is cosplit if, for any object X of £,
the associated sequence
RomÊ'^X) -^ Hom^(E,X) -> RomÊ'.X)
is an exact sequence of abelian groups.

A complex E of £ is split (resp. cosplit) in degree n if the sequence
d
m—l _"__v pn v rrin+1
is split (resp. cosplit).

A complex is split (resp. cosplit) if it is split (resp. cosplit) in each degree.
REMARK 1.2.2
(a) A null sequence
E ' -^ E -^ E"
of £ is split if and only if the associated short sequence
0 -^ Kere 7 -> E -^ Kere" -^ 0
splits. In particular, a sequence may be split without being cosplit.

(b) A complex E of £ is split if and only if it is homotopically equivalent to 0.
Hence, E is split if and only if it is cosplit.
1.2. DERIVATION OF QUASI-ABELIAN CATEGORIES 17
LEMMA 1.2.3. — Any object E of /C(<?) ma?/ be embedded in a distinguished triangle
E<Ê-> E>° ^
of /C(<?) where E^0 is the complex
• " E ~ 2 ->E-1 -^ Ker 4 - ^ 0
(with Ker d0^ in degree 0) and ^>0 is the complex
0-^Kerd^ -^ E° -^ E1 --
(with E° in degree 0).
Proof. — Denote by i the canonical morphism from Ker (f^ to E° and let u : E^0 —^
E be the morphism defined by
(
1 for n < 0,
u^ = z for n = 0,
0 for n > 0.
By definition, the mapping cone M of u is the complex:
... E-1 © IT2 -^^ Ker 4 C £;-1 -^ E° 4 E 1 . . .
(with ^° in degree 0). Let a : E^ —^ M and f3 : M —^ E^ be the morphisms

defined respectively by:
(
0 for n < -1, ( 0 for n < -1,
a71 = (^) for n = - l , and /^n = < ( i d ) for n = -1,
1 for n > -1, [ 1 for n > -1.
One checks easily that
f3 o a == id^>o and a o f3 — [6.M = û ° h + h o du
where h is the homotopy defined by:
.nÎ (S~0 1 ) for

^<0.
1 0 for n > 0 .
Therefore, E^0 is homotopically equivalent to M and the conclusion follows. D
PROPOSITION 1.2.4. — Let fC^0^) (resp. K,^0^)) denote the full subcategory of
/C(<?) formed by the complexes which are split in each strictly positive (resp. strictly
negative) degree. Then, the pair
(/C^),/^0^))
defines a t-structure on /C(^).

Proof. — Thanks to the preceding lemma, we need only to prove that

Hom^(£;,F) = 0
for E C /C^°(<?) and F G /C^G?). Using the preceding lemma, we get the two
distinguished triangles
E^° -, E -> E^ -^> F^° -, F -^ F>° -^ .
Thanks to Remark 1.2.2, our assumptions show that E^ ^ 0 and that F^0 ^ 0 in
/C(<?) and the preceding distinguished triangles allow us to conclude that E^0 ^ E
and F ^ F^. Since one checks easily that
Hom^(^°,F>°)=0,
the proof is complete. D
DEFINITION 1.2.5. — We call the canonical t-structure studied in the preceding

proposition the left t-structure o/'/C(<f). We denote by £IC{£) its heart and by LK71
the corresponding cohomology functors.
PROPOSITION 1.2.6. — The truncation functors r^, T^" for the left t-structure of
/C(<?) associate respectively to a complex E the complex
_^-2 _^-i -^Ker^ -^0
(with Kerd^ in degree n) and the complex
0 -^ Kerd^-1 -^ E71-1 -> En . . .
(with En in degree n). Hence, LKn(E) is the complex
0 -^ Kerd^-1 -^ E^ -^ Kevd^ -^ 0
where Kerd^ is in degree 0.
COROLLARY 1.2.7. — The category £IC(£) is equivalent to the full subcategory of

/C(<?) consisting of complexes of the form
0-^Ker/-Ê-4F-^0
(F in degree 0).
DEFINITION 1.2.8. — An object A of/X(<?) is represented by the morphism

f:E^F
if it is isomorphic to the complex
0 - ^ K e r / -^ E -4 F -^ 0
where -F is in degree 0.
REMARK 1.2.9. — Through the canonical equivalence

/C^)013 ^ 1C{£°^.
the left t-structure of /C^015) gives a second t-structure on /C(<?). We call it the right
t-structure of IC{£)' We denote by 'RIC(£) its heart and by RK71 the corresponding
cohomology functors. The reader will easily dualize the preceding discussion and
make the link between the right t-structure of IC{£) and cosplit sequences of £.
1.2.2. The category P(<?) and its canonical t-structures. — In this subsection,
we assume that the category £ is quasi-abelian.
DEFINITION 1.2.10. — A complex E of £ is strictly exact (resp. coexact) in degree n
if the sequence
rin—l ^ . 77172 ^ . r^n-\-l
is strictly exact (resp. coexact).

A complex of £ is strictly exact (resp. coexact) if it is strictly exact (resp. coexact)
in each degree.
REMARK 1.2.11. — A complex of £ is strictly exact if and only it is strictly coexact.
LEMMA 1.2.12. — Two isomorphic objects of IC(£) o>re simultaneously strictly exact
in degree n.
Proof. — Let £", F be two isomorphic objects of /C(<?) and assume E is strictly exact
in degree n. Applying LK1^^ we see that the complexes
0 -^ Ker^-1 ^-^ ^n-1 -^-^ Ker^ -> 0

and
0 -^ Ker^-1 -^ F71-1 ^^ Ker^ -> 0
are homotopically equivalent. Let
a : LTr^) -^ L^F) and f3 : L^F) -^ Ljr^)
be two morphisms of complexes such that
idL^F) -ao f3 = ho d^j<n(^) + (ILK^{F) ° h
where h is a homotopy. We know that LKn(E) is strictly exact and we have to show
that so is LK^'^F). To this end, it is sufficient to show that <^~1 is a cokernel of z^"1.
It is clear that J^T1 is an epimorphism. As a matter of fact, if g : Kerd1? —^ X
satisfies g o S'1?"1 = 0, it follows from the relation
idKer^-Ô/? 0 ^-^ 0
that g = g o a° o f3°. Since

g o a° o <%-1 = g o 6^~1 o a~1 = 0

and 8^~1 is an epimorphism, g o a° = 0 and the conclusion follows.

Assume now / : F^1 —^ A is a morphism such that / o i^~1 = 0. From this
equality, we deduce that / o a-1 o i^~1 = 0. Since 6^~1 is a cokernel of ^-1, we get
a unique morphism / / : Kerd^ —)- X such that /' o 6^~1 = f o a~1. Therefore,
/ / o f3° o <^-1 = f o <%-1 o f3-1 = f o a-1 o /T1.
Since
idj.n-1 -a~1 o f3-1 =h°o <^-1 + ^-1 o h-\
we get
f - f o f3° o <^-1 = / o h° o <^-1 + / o ^-1 o h-\
Since / o ^-1 = 0, we finally get
/=(//o/30+/o/ô)o^-l
and this concludes the proof. D
REMARK 1.2.13. — As suggested by the referee, we could also prove the preceding
lemma as follows. First, we note that since a split exact sequence is clearly strictly
exact, a complex which is isomorphic to zero in /C(<?) is strictly exact. Now, let E and
F be two complexes which are isomorphic in /C(<?). By a well-known result of homo-
logical algebra, we know that there are complexes E ' and F ' which are isomorphic to
zero in /C(<?) and such that
E C E' ^ F C F '
in C ( S ) ' Using the fact that a direct sum of two complexes is strictly exact if and
only if each summand is strictly exact, the conclusion follows easily.

E ^ F ^ G - ^ E[l]
be a distinguished triangle of /C(<C). Assume E and G are strictly exact in degree n.
Then F is also strictly exact in the same degree.
Proof. — Thanks to the preceding lemma, we may assume F is the mapping cone of
-w[-l] : G[-l] -^ E.
Hence, F^ = Ek C G^ and
^ _
_ (d^
dp= ( d ^ --^\
(I, T?l
w"\
—— I ^ ,-n I -
IF
~ \ 0 <%~ V\ o «%
" /) •
Denote by 6 : Kerd^ C G'71"1 —^ Kerd^ the morphism induced by
( 1 —wn~
,n-i
\
I . rj
j-in ^, /în—1
w (j-
. znn ^ r^n
—> rj (DG
One checks easily that the square

cn—l
°G
G 71 - 1 ——-——^Kerd^
fcn-i \qGn
Ker^ C G'71-1 ——^ Kerd^
is cartesian. Hence, it follows from our assumptions that 8 is a strict epimorphism.

Since
^-i ^n-i _^Ker6%
is a strict epimorphism, so is
d^~1 C id^n-i : ^n-1 C G71-1 — Kerc% © C?71-1.
By composing with 5, we see, by Lemma 1.1.7, that
^-i ^ ^ _ i _^.^
is a strict epimorphism and the proof is complete. 0
COROLLARY 1.2.15. — Strictly exact complexes form a saturated null system in /C(<?).
Proof. — The axioms for a null system are easily checked thanks to the preceding
proposition. Since it is clear that a direct sum of two complexes is strictly exact if
and only if each summand is itself strictly exact, the saturation is also clear. D
DEFINITION 1.2.16. — We denote by J\f{£) the full subcategory of /C(<?) formed by

the complexes which are strictly exact. Since Af{£) is a null system, we may define
the derived category of £ by the formula:
V(£)=IC(£)/^W-
A morphism of /C(<?) which has a strictly exact mapping cone is called a strict quasi-
isomorphism.
LEMMA 1.2.17. — Let T be a triangulated category endowed with a t-structure
(r^.r^).
Assume At is a saturated null system of T. Denote by
Q : T -> TIM
the canonical functor and by (T/Af)^0 (resp. (T/Af)^0) the essential image of Q\q-<o
(resp. 0[7->o/ Then,
((TMC^cr/A/-)^)
is a t-structure on T/A/' if and only if for any distinguished triangle
jCi -^ Xo -^ N -tl>
SOCIETY MATHfiMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

where Xi G T^, Xo G T^0 an^ N eAf, we have X^, XQ C A/'.
Proo/. — Let us proof that the condition is necessary. Consider a triangle
X^-^Xo-, N -^
of T where Xi G T^1, Xo € T^° and TV C A/". It gives rise to the triangle
Q(Xi) -^ Q{Xo) -^ Q(N) ^
ofT/A/'. Since Q(N) ^ 0 ,

Q(Xi) ^ Q(Xo)
is an isomorphism in T/A/'. Its inverse belongs to
Hom^(0(Xo),Q(Xi))
and our assumption shows that it is the zero morphism. Therefore, both Q(Xo} and
Q(X^) are isomorphic to 0 in T / M and the conclusion follows from the fact that Af
is a saturated null system.
To prove that the condition is sufficient, we have only to show that
Hom^(Q(Xo),Q(Xi))=0
for Xo e T^°, Xi G T^. A morphism from Q(Xo) to Q(Xi) is represented by a

diagram
y
5 / \, a
Xo Xi
where 5, a are morphisms in T, s being an A/'-quasi-isomorphism. Thus, in T, we
have a distinguished triangle
Y -^ Xo -^ N -^
where N G N . .By the properties of t-structures, we also have in T a distinguished

triangle
YQ 4 V -^ Yi -±4
where Vo C T^0 and Vi G T^1. Let us embed s o t m a distinguished triangle
Yo -^ Xo ^ N, ^ .
Applying the axiom of the octahedron, we get a distinguished triangle
y^ -^ TVo — N -^ .
By our assumptions, both Vi and No are objects of A/". Therefore, t is an .A/'-quasi-

isomorphism. Hence, we get the commutative diagram:
where the map from YQ to X^ is 0 since

Hom^(yo,Xi)=0.
The conclusion follows easily. D
DEFINITION 1.2.18. — Thanks to Proposition 1.2.14, the preceding lemma shows
that the left t-structure on /C(<?) induces a canonical t-structure on ?(<?), we call it
the left t-structure of V{S). We denote C7i{£) its heart and
LH" : V{£) -^ CH{£}
the corresponding cohomology functors.
PROPOSITION 1.2.19. — The truncation functors r^, r^ associated to the left t-
structure of'?(<?) send a complex E respectively to
... _^ ^-2 _^ ^n-i _^ Kerd^ -^ 0
fKer d1^ in degree n) and to
0 -^ Coim^"1 -> E" -^ E^ • • .
(E71 in degree n). Hence, LH'^Ê) is the complex
0 -^ Coimd^"1 -^ Kerd^ -^ 0
(Kerd^ in degree 0).
Proof. — From the definition of the left t-structure on V(£) and Proposition 1.2.6,
it is clear that r^^), T^^) are respectively canonically isomorphic to
... -^ ^-2 _^ ^n-i _^ Kerd^ -^ 0
(Kerd^ in degree n) and to
0 -^ Kerd^-1 -> E71-1 -^ ^ -^ • • •
(E171 in degree n). Hence, it is sufficient to prove that this last complex is isomorphic
in Z)(<?) to the complex:
0 -> Coimd^-1 -^ E71 -^ .E^1 -. • • •

(^n in degree n) through the morphism u induced by the canonical morphism

^-i ^n-i -^Coirnd^-1.
Since r^+^n) is clearly an isomorphism in P(<?), it is sufficient to show that so is

T^^n)^]. This morphism is represented by the diagram:
^n-i 6n~l
0 ———> Kerd^- — ——> E - —E——> Kerd^ ———> 0
E 171 1
1 1
-i-1 ° ^k" J^
/ 1 " 1i iI
1 E
0 —————^ 0 —————> Coimd^- - —^ Kerd^ ———> 0
and its mapping cone is the complex
f-s-^
"£;
0 ^ Kerd^-1 -^^ En-l v

^ /
) Kerd^ C Coimd^-1 (16En
~l\ Kerd^ ^ 0
(Kerd^ in degree 0). This complex is clearly strictly exact in degree —3, —2 and 0.
To show that it is strictly exact in degree —1, it is sufficient to note that
C o i m f " ^ / ) ^Coimd^- 1
\ JE ^
and that
r-^- 1 )
Coimd^-1 -^—1—4 Kerd^ C Coimd^-1
is a kernel of
Kerdi C Coimd^T1 ^^ n l\ Kerd^.
COROLLARY 1.2.20. — Let E be a complex of £. Then,

(a) The cohomology object L^Ê) vanish if and only if the complex E is strictly
exact in degree n.
(b) The complex E is an object of the category V^°(£) (resp. T>^°(£)) associated
to the left t-structure of T>(£) if and only if E is strictly exact in each strictly
positive (resp. negative) degree.
COROLLARY 1.2.21. — The left heart of £ is equivalent to the localization of the full
subcategory of /C(<?) consisting of complexes E of the form
0 -^ Ei -8E^ Eo -> 0
(EQ in degree 0, SE monomorphism) by the multiplicative system formed by morphisms

u : E —)- F such that the square
6F
F
^1 ————> ^Q )F
HI \uo
E\ ——> EQ
OE
is both cartesian and cocartesian.
DEFINITION 1.2.22. — An object A of CH{£) is represented by the monomorphism

f : E —^ F if it is isomorphic to the complex
0-Ê-^F-Ô
where F is in degree 0.
REMARK 1.2.23. — Through the canonical equivalence
V{£)°^ wy^),
the left t-structure of P^013) gives a second t-structure on P(<?). We call it the right
t-structure of'!)(<?). We denote by 1VH{£) its heart and by RH71 the corresponding
cohomology functors. The reader will easily dualize the preceding discussion and
make the link between the right t-structure of P(^) and strictly coexact sequences of
£.
1.2.3. The canonical embedding of<? in CH(£). — In this subsection, we study

the canonical embedding
£ -> LU{£}
and we show that it induces an equivalence at the level of derived categories.
DEFINITION 1.2.24. — We denote
I : £ -> CH^)
the canonical functor which sends an object E of £ to the complex
0-Ê-Ô
{E in degree 0) viewed as an object of CH{£).
LEMMA 1.2.25. — Assume the square
SF
F^—^Fo
HI T T\UQ
E\ —-—> EQ
OE
SOClfiTfi MATH6MATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

is cocartesian. Then CokerJ^ ^ Coker <?^.
Proof, — Denote by
OF : Fo —^ Cokerj^
the canonical epimorphism. It is sufficient to show that
OF o UQ : EQ —^ Coker SF
is a cokernel of S E ' Assume x : EQ —^ X is such that x o SE = 0. It follows from our

assumptions that there is x ' : FQ —^ X such that x ' o 6p == 0 and x1 o UQ = f. Since
OF is a cokernel of S p , there is x11 : Coker Sp —^ X such that x" o ep = x ' . Therefore
x" o (ep ° uo) = x and x11 is clearly the only morphism satisfying this equality. D
DEFINITION 1.2.26. — Thanks to Corollary 1.2.21, the preceding lemma allows us
to define a functor
c : cn{£) -^ e
by sending an object A represented by the monomorphism
EÊ,
to Coker SE- For any object A of CH(£)^ we call C{A) the classical part of A.
PROPOSITION 1.2.27. — We have a canonical isomorphism
i : C o I ^ ids
and a canonical epimorphism
e : \^cu{£} -^ I ° C .
Together, they induce the adjunction isomorphism
Hom^^(A,J(E)) =Rom,(C{A)Ê).
In particular, £ is a reflective subcategory of CH{£).
Proof. — Let E be an object of £. Since the cokernel of
0 -^ E
is clearly isomorphic to £', we get a canonical isomorphism
i(E) : C o I { E ) -Ê.
Let A be an object of CT-L^S) represented by the monomorphism
6
n E^ -p
-C/l ——> FJQ.
The canonical morphism

EQ —^ Coker SE
induces a morphism
e(A) : A - > J o G ( A ) .
Since the square

0———>Cokev6E
i—î
is cocartesian, e(A) is an epimorphism in CT-i(£).
From the general results on adjunction formulas, we know that it is sufficient to
show that both the composition of
e(I(E)) : I ( E ) - , I o C o I ( E )
and
I(i(E)) : I o C o I ( E ) - ^ I ( E )
and the composition of
G(e(A)) :C(A) - ^ C o I o C { A )
and
i(C(A)) : C o I o C ( A ) ->C(A)
give identity morphisms. This follows obviously from the definition of e and i. D
COROLLARY 1.2.28. — The canonical functor

I : S -> LU(e}
is fully faithful. Moreover, a sequence
E' -^ E -^ E"
is strictly exact in £ if and only if the sequence
I ( E ' } -^ I{E) -^ I{E11)

is exact in CT-LÊ).
Proof. — From the preceding proposition, it follows that

Horn ^^(J(^)J(F)) = Rom^C o I{E), F).
Since C o I ^ id^, we see that I is fully faithful.
Assume the sequence
0 -^ E' -4 E —^ E" -^ 0
is strictly exact. By a well known property of the heart of a t-structure, the cokernel
of I(e1) : I ( E ' ) —^ I { E " ) is obtained by applying the functor LHQ to the complex
0 -^ E->/' -4
e
E -^ 0
SOCIETfi MATHfiMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

(E in degree 0). Since e' is a monomorphism, CokerJ(e') is represented by this same

complex. The map
0 ———> E ' —e—^ E ——> 0
1° [elt
0 ———> 0 ———> E" ———> 0
being clearly a strict quasi-isomorphism, it follows that CokerJ(e') ^ I { E " ) . From
the adjunction formula of Proposition 1.2.27, we know that I is kernel preserving.
Hence, the sequence
0 -^ I ( E ' } -^\ I(E) ^\ I{E"} -^ 0

is exact.
Assume now that the sequence
E ' -^ E ^\ E"
is strictly exact. Applying the preceding result to the sequence
0 -^ Kere' ->£;-> Kere" -^ 0
and using the fact that I is kernel preserving we see easily that the sequence
I ( E 1 ) -, I ( E ) — I{E11)
is exact.
Finally, assume the sequence
I ( E ' ) -^ I ( E ) ^\ I { E t t )
is exact. From what precedes, it follows that
I^Coime') =CoimI(e'),
J(Kere") =KerJ(e // ).
Since CoimJ(e / ) ^ KerJ(e // ), the result follows from the fact that I is fully faithful.
D
PROPOSITION 1.2.29
(a) An object A of CT-L{£) represented by the monomorphism
E\ —> EQ
is in the essential image of I if and only if SE is strict.

(b) Assume
A-^B
is a monomorphism in CT-L(£) and B is in the essential image of I. Then A is
also in the essential image of I.
(c) Assume
0 -^ A' -^ A ^ A7' -, 0
z'5 a 5/ior^ e:mc^ sequence in CH(£) where both A' and A" are in the essential
image of I. Then A is also in the essential image of I.
Proof. — (a) & (b) If OE is strict, then the sequence
0 -^ Ei -^ Eo -^ Cokerj^ -^ 0
is strictly exact and by applying the functor I , we see that A ^ J(Cokerrf^).
Assume now that there is an object F of £ and a monomorphism
A-^J(F).
By Proposition 1.2.27, we know that this monomorphism is induced by a morphism
C(A) — F.
Hence, the canonical morphism
A ^ J(C7(A))
is also a monomorphism. This means, by definition, that the complex
0 -4- Ei -6E^ Eo -4 CokeroE -^ 0
is strictly exact at EQ. Therefore SE is strict and the conclusion follows.
(c) Assume A is represented by the monomorphism
EÊo
and A" is isomorphic to I ( E " ) where E" is an object of £. Since the morphism
a" : A —^ A" comes from a morphism C(A) —^ E11\ it is represented by a morphism
of complexes
^l-Ô
^01°— — — ^ E1"
^
"
Since the mapping cone of this morphism is the complex
0 ^ Ei ^ EQ ^ E" -> 0,
the kernel of a" is represented by the monomorphism
EI AKera.
associated to SE- By assumption, this kernel is in the essential image of J. By (a), it
follows that f3 is a strict monomorphism. Since the canonical monomorphism
Ker a —^ Eo
SOClfiTE MATHfiMATIQUE DE PRANCE 1999

30
is also strict, Proposition 1.1.7 shows that SE itself is a strict monomorphism and (a)
allows us to conclude. Q
DEFINITION 1.2.30. — For any object A of CH(£}, we define the vanishing part of
A to be the kernel V(A) of the canonical epimorphism
e(A) :A-^ I o C ( A ) .
REMARK 1.2.31. — For any object A of CH(£}, V(A) is represented by a bimor-

phism. Moreover, V(A) ^ 0 if and only if A is in the essential image of J.
PROPOSITION 1.2.32. — The canonical embedding

I : £ -^ jCH(£)
induces an equivalence of categories
V{I):V(£)-^V(£H(£)).
which exchanges the left t-structure ofv(£) with the usual t-structure of P(£^(<?)).
Proof. — By Corollary 1.2.28, we know that I transforms a strictly exact complex of

£ in an exact complex of CH(£). Therefore, there is a unique functor P(7) making
the diagram
£——I-—>£H(£)
Qe QCU{£}
^ P(J) -L
V(£)——^(CH^))
commutative.
Since any object A of C'H{£) may be represented by a monomorphism
6E
J7 ^ TT
CJ\ ———> £!JQ.
of <f, it has a resolution of the form

O-^J(Ei) -Î(Eo) ^ A - ^ 0 .
Hence, using Proposition 1.2.29, we may apply the dual of [6, Lemma 4.6] to the
essential image of I considered as a subset of ObCT-i^). This shows that for any
complex A of C'H{S) there is a complex E of £ and a quasi-isomorphism
I(E) -^ A.
Thanks to a well-known result on derived categories, the conclusion follows from
the fact that a complex E of S is strictly exact in a specific degree if and only if
P(J)(£') is exact in the same degree. D
1.2.4. The category CT-L{£) as an abelian envelope o { £ . — In this subsection,

we show that CH(£) is in some sense an abelian envelope of £. Although we have not
stated explicitly the dual results for VM(£\ we will use them freely.
DEFINITION 1.2.33. — Let A an abelian category. We denote by 7iex(£,A) (resp.
Cex(£, A)) the category of right (resp. left) exact functors from £ to A.
PROPOSITION 1.2.34. — For any abelian category A, the inclusion functor
I : £ -> £H(£)
is strictly exact and induces an equivalence of categories
I' : nex{CU{£),A) -^ nex{£,A).
By this equivalence, exact functors correspond to strictly exact functors.
Proof. — It follows from Corollary 1.2.28 that I is strictly exact. Hence I ' is a well
defined functor. Let us prove that it is essentially surjective. Let
F :£ -f A
be a right exact functor.
The functor
H° o IC{F) o r^ 0 : IC{£) -^ A
transforms a quasi-isomorphism of /C(^) into an isomorphism of A. As a matter of
fact,let
u : X ->Y
be such a quasi-isomorphism. Since Q(u) is an isomorphism in Z)(<?), so is r^Qû) ^
Q^Tû). Denote by Z the mapping cone of
rû : r<°X -^ r^Y.
By construction, Z^ = 0 for k > 0. Since Z is strictly exact, the sequence
Z~2 -^ Z~1 -^ Z° -^ 0
is strictly exact. Applying F, we get the exact sequence
F(Z- 2 ) -^ F(Z-1) -, F{Z°) -, 0.
Hence ^(^(F)(Z)) = 0 for k ^ -1. Since the triangle
W^X) -^ ICW^Y) -^ IC(F)(Z) ^
is distinguished in /C(-4), the long exact sequence of cohomology shows that
Ô/CÔT^)
is an isomorphism in A.
It follows from the preceding discussion that there is a functor
G : V(S) -^ A

such that GoQ=Hoo|C{F)or<o. Let

F ' : Cn{£) -^ A
be the restriction of G to CH{£). Since F ' o I ^ F, it remains to show that F ' is
right exact. Assume
0 -^ A' ^ A ^ A" -^ 0
is an exact sequence in CH{£). Since we may replace A' and A by isomorphic objects,
we may assume that A' = A^ = 0 for />* > 0 and that a' is induced by a morphism
of IC(£) that we still denote a'. Let Z be the mapping cone of a 7 . By construction,
Z G /C^°(<?) and we have a distinguished triangle
A'Â^Z^
in IC(£). Hence, A" ^ Z in ^P(<?) and
FÂ'') ^°(K;(F)(Z)).
Applying H° to the distinguished triangle
IC{F){A1) -^ /C(F)(A) -^ /C(F)(Z) ^
of /C(A), we get the exact sequence
F\A1) -^ F'(A) -^ FÂ") ^ 0.
Note that when F is strictly exact, /C(F)(Z) is strictly exact in any degree A; ^ 0 and
we get the short exact sequence
0 -^ F\A') -^ F'(A) -^ F\A") -^ 0.
To see that I ' is fully faithful, it is sufficient to recall that any object A of CH{£)
may be embedded in an exact sequence
J(Fi) -^ I(Eo) - ^ A - ^ 0 .
D
LEMMA 1.2.35. — Let £ be a full subcategory of the abelian category A. Assume £

is essentially stable by subobjects (i.e. for any monomorphism
A-Ê
of A with E in £ there is E' in £ and an isomorphism A ^ E''). Then,
(a) Any morphism of £ has a kernel and a coimage and they are computable in A.
(b) A sequence
E^F^G
of £ is exact in A if and only if
Coimn ^ Kerv
in £.
(C) If
E-^F
E'—-^F'
u
is a cartesian square in £ and u is a strict epimorphism then so is u'.
Proof. — To avoid confusions, we will make use of the canonical inclusion functor
J : £ -^ A
(a) Let
u : E -> F
be a morphism of <?. Since
Ker J(u) -^ J(E)
is a monomorphism, there is an object K of £ and an isomorphism
KerJ(n) ^ J ( K ) .
This gives us a morphism
J ( K ) -^ J(E)
which is a kernel of J{u). Since £ is a full subcategory of A, this morphism is of the
form J(k) where
k : K ->E
is a morphism in £. One checks easily that A; is a kernel of u in <?. Hence,
J(Keru) ^ KerJ(^).
Since the canonical morphism
Coim J(u) -, J(F)
is a monomorphism, there is an object C of £ and an isomorphism
CoimJ(u)^J(C).
Proceeding as above, we get a morphism
c : E -tC
such that
J(c) : J(E) -> J(C)
is a cokernel of
J(k) : J(Keru) -, J(E).
Therefore,
c : E ->C
is a cokernel of k : Kern —^ E and C is a coimage of u. Hence,
J{Coimu) ^ CoimJ'('u).

Parts (b) and (c) follow directly from (a). D
PROPOSITION 1.2.36. — Let £ be a quasi-abelian category and let A be an abelian

category. Assume that the functor
J:£-Â
is fully faithful and that

(a) for any monomorphism
A -> J(E)
of A there is an object E' of £ and an isomorphism
A ^ J(E'),
(b) for any object A of A, there is an epimorphism
J{E) -^ A
where E is an object of £.
Then, J extends to an equivalence of categories
CH(£) w A.
Proof. — It follows from (b) that for any complex A € T)~(A) there is a complex E
ofp~(<f) and a quasi-isomorphism
J{E) -> A.
Moreover, thanks to the preceding lemma, a complex E C V~~{£) is strictly exact in
degree k if and only if J(E) is exact in degree k. It follows from these facts that J
induces an equivalence
V~(£)^V~{A)
which exchanges the left t-structure of'?"(<?) with the canonical t-structure of'D~(A).
In particular,
cn(£) w A.
D
1.3. Derivation of quasi-abelian functors

In this section, we assume that £ and T are quasi-abelian categories and we will
give conditions for an additive functor
F : £ -,F
to be left or right derivable (Although we do note state explicitly the corresponding
results for multivariate functors, the reader will figure them out easily). We will also
1.3. DERIVATION OF QUASI-ABELIAN FUNCTORS 35
investigate to what extend -F is determined by its left and right derived functors.
Finally, we will explain how to replace -F with a functor
G : CU{£) -^ CH{£)
with the same left or right derived functor.
1.3.1. Derivable and explicitly derivable quasi-abelian functors. — As in

the abelian case, we introduce the following definition.

F : £ -rF
be an additive functor and denote as usual
^:/C(^)->P(^ Q^:W^VW
the canonical functors.
Assume we are given a triangulated functor
G:^^)^^^}
and a morphism
g:Qô>C^(F)^GoQ^
Then, (G, g) is a right derived functor of F if for any other such pair (G", </), there
is a unique morphism
h : G -^ G'
making the diagram
GoQe
9
^
Qô>C^{F) hoQe
G'oQe
commutative. The functor F is right derivable if it has a right derived functor. In this
case, since two right derived functors of F are canonically isomorphic, we may select
a specific one. We denote such a functor RF and call it the right derived functor of
F.
Dually, assume we are given a triangulated functor
G:V-(£)^V-(^)
and a morphism
g : G o Q e ->0ô/C~(F).

Then, (G, g) is a left derived functor of F if, for any other such pair (G1\ g ' ) ^ there
is a unique morphism
h: G' -^ G
making the diagram
G'oQe
GoQe
commutative. The functor F is left derivable if it has a left derived functor. In this
case, since two left derived functors of F are canonically isomorphic, we may select a
specific one. We denote such a functor LF and call it the left derived functor of F.
In order to give a criterion for derivability, we will adapt the usual results for
abelian functors.

F : £ -^ T
A full additive subcategory T of £ is F-projective if
(a) for any object E of £ there is an object P of P and a strict epimorphism
P ~-Ê.
(b) in any strictly exact sequence
0 -^ E' -> E -. E" ->• 0
of £ where E and E" are object of P, E ' is also in P.
(c) for any strictly exact sequence
0 ->• E ' -^ E -4 E" -> 0
where £", E and E" are objects of P, the sequence
0 -4 F ( E ' ) -^ F{E) -^ F{E") -^ 0
is strictly exact in f\
Dually, a full additive subcategory X of £ is F-injective if
(a) for any object E of £ there is an object I of Z and a strict monomorphism
E -^1.
(b) in any strictly exact sequence

0 -^ E ' -^ E -^ E" -> 0
of £ where E ' and E are object of Z, E" is also in Z.
(c) for any strictly exact sequence
0 ->• E ' ->• E -^ E" ->• 0
where £", £J and E" are objects ofZ, the sequence
0 -> F(£;') — F(E) -^ F ( E " ) -, 0
is strictly exact in T'.
LEMMA 1.3.3. — Le^ V be a subset of Ob(<f). Assume that, for any object E of £,
there is a strict epimorphism
P -^ E
with P in V. Then, for any object E of C~(£) there is a quasi-isomorphism
u: P -^ E
with P in C~(P) and such that each

^k . pk _^ ^k
is a strict epimorphism.
Proof. — We may restrict ourselves to the case where Ek = 0 for k > 0. To simplify
the notations, we set as usual Ek = ^-A;. We will proceed by induction. Assume we
have already Pje^ Uk-, d^ such that
0 ——> Ek ——^ Ek-i

< EQ ——^ 0
Uk
T Uk-1
T UQ
T
I < I I
0 ——> Pfc ——^ Pk-i Po ——^ 0
is a fc-quasi-isomorphism (i.e. the mapping cone is strictly exact in degree greater or
equal to k). Let us form the cartesian square
df,,
Efe+i—^Kerdf
T T
V'\ Uk\
E'^-^Keid^
Let
w : Pfc-n -> E^
SOCIfiT^ MATH6MATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

38
be a strict epimorphism with Pj^+i in P and set

=v
^4+1 °w ^k+i = v 1 o w.
Let us show that
<+i
0 ——> Ek+i ——^ Ek •-•••••- Eo ——> 0
T T T
^+1 ^fe ^0
I <+i I I
0 ———> Pk+, -±4 P, Po ——> 0
is a (k + l)-quasi-isomorphism. It follows from the definition of the mapping cone
and from the induction hypothesis that the only thing to prove is that the sequence
( Uk+i
^+1 \\ (d^
(dî uk
Uk \
\
l-^J -<J vI 0
p^—^êp, ° -^Ê,eP^
^fe+i ————> Ek+i e Pk —————
is strictly exact. By construction,
FT1
(vt}
v ~v \ Tri /T\ D
^+1 —————^ ^+1 ® Pfc
is a kernel of
/rif+i ^ ^
v
^+1 e PA; ° " d f e / ) Ek e Pfc-i
Since w is a strict epimorphism, the conclusion follows easily.
To conclude, let us show that z^+i is a strict epimorphism. By applying LHk, it
follows from the induction hypothesis that
Uk : Kerdf -)- Kerd^
is a strict epimorphism. Therefore, v ' is also a strict epimorphism and by composition,
so is Uk+i. D
PROPOSITION 1.3.4. — Let P be an F-projective subcategory of £. Then, the full

subcategory J\f~ (P) of iC~(P) formed by strictly exact complexes is a null system and
the canonical functor
IC~(P)/Af~{P)-^T>~(£)
is an equivalence of categories. Dually, let I be an F'injective subcategory of £.
Then, the full subcategory M^W of K^W formed by strictly exact complexes is a
null system and the canonical functor
/C-^ZV.A^CT-^P^)
is an equivalence of categories.
Proof. — Thanks to Lemma 1.3.3, the proof goes as in the abelian case. D
MfiMOIRES DE LA SMF 76
PROPOSITION 1.3.5. — Let £, F be quasi-abelian categories and let

F : £ ->^
(a) Assume £ has an F-injective subcategory. Then, F has a right derived functor
RF:V^(£) -^(J').
(b) Dually, assume £ has an F-projective subcategory. Then, F has a left derived
functor
LF:V-(£)-,V-(F),
Proof, — Thanks to Lemma 1.3.3 and Proposition 1.3.4, the proof goes as in the
abelian case. D
The preceding proposition is the main tool to show that a functor is derivable.
However, it does not give a necessary and sufficient condition for derivability. This is
the reason of the following definition.
DEFINITION 1.3.6. — An additive functor
F : £ -,T
is explicitly right (resp. left) derivable if £ has an F-injective (resp. F-projective)
subcategory.
REMARK 1.3.7. — Let
F : £ -,T
be a right derivable left exact functor. Call F-acyclic an object I of £ for which the
canonical morphism
F(J) -^ RF(I)
is an isomorphism and assume that for any object E of £ there is an F-acyclic object
I and a monomorphism
E -^1.
Then, F-acyclic objects of £ form an F-injective subcategory and F is explicitly right
derivable.
1.3.2. Exactness properties of derived functors

F : £ -^ F
be an additive functor of quasi-abelian categories and let T be an F-injective subcate-
gory of £. Consider the right derived functor
RF:^^) -^P-^).
Then
SOCIETY MATHEMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

(LL) The functor RF is left exact for the left t-structures of V~^(£) and V^^) if
and only if the image by F of any monomorphism
IiÎo
of £ where To; Ii 0'^ objects ofT is a monomorphism of F.
(LR) The functor RF is left exact for the left t-structure of V^^) and the right
t-structure of P4' (^) if and only if the image by F of any monomorphism
Ii -Îo
of £ where IQ, Ji are objects ofT is a strict monomorphism ofT'.
(RL) The functor RF is left exact for the right t-structure of T)^^) and the left
t-structure V^^F).
(RR) The functor RF is left exact for the right t-structure of ^(S) and the right
t-structure V^ (^).
Proof
(LL) The condition is necessary. Let A be an object of CH{£) represented by a
monomorphism
IiÎo
where Jo, Ii are objects ofZ. It follows that RF{A) is isomorphic to the complex
O^FW-^FW-Ô
(F(Io) in degree 0). Our assumption implies that this complex is strictly exact in
degree —1. Therefore, F{8) is a monomorphism in T.
The condition is also sufficient. Let E be an object of P^ 0 ^). Since
E ^ rÊ,
1
we may assume that E ^ = 0 for k < —1. Replacing E by an isomorphic complex if
necessary, we may even assume that Ek is an object of Z for any k C Z. Since E is
an object ofT^ 0 ^),
E-1 -^ E°
is a monomorphism of <?. Hence,
F{E~1) -^F(E°)
is a monomorphism of T and
RF(E) ^ F(E)
0
is an object of P^ ^).
(LR) Let us show that the condition is necessary. Let A be an object of CT-L{£)
represented by a monomorphism
A 4/o
where To 5 Ii are objects ofZ. It follows that RF(A) is isomorphic to the complex
o^F{h)^\F(io)ô
(F(7o) in degree 0). Our assumption implies that this complex is strictly coexact in
degree —1. Therefore, F(6) is a strict monomorphism in .7"'.
The condition is also sufficient. Let E be an object ofp"1"^) which is strictly exact
in each strictly negative degree. Replacing E by an isomorphic complex if necessary,
we may assume that £^ = 0 for k < —1 and that E^ is an object ofZ for any k ^ —1.
Since E is strictly exact in degree —1, the differential
E-1 -^ E°
is a monomorphism. Therefore, our hypothesis shows that
F(E-1) -^F(E°)
is a strict monomorphism in T and the complex
RF(E) ^ F(E)
is strictly coexact in each strictly negative degree.
(RL) & (RR) Let E be an object of T)^^) which is strictly coexact in each strictly
negative degree. Replacing E by an isomorphic complex if necessary, we may assume
that E^ = 0 for k < 0 and that E1^ is an object of Z for any k ^ 0. Therefore, the
complex
RF{E) ^ F{E)
is strictly coexact in each strictly negative degree. D
REMARK 1.3.9. — One checks easily that the condition in part (LL) of the preceding
proposition is equivalent to the fact that
LH~1 o RF(A) ^ 0
for any object A of CH(£). Similarly the condition in part (LR) of the preceding
proposition is equivalent to the fact that
RH~1 o RF{A) ^ 0
for any object A of CH{£).
F : £ -rT
be an explicitly right derivable functor of quasi-abelian categories and consider its right
derived functor
RF:V^(£) -^(J^).
Then the canonical morphism
I o F -^ LH° o R F o I (resp. I o F -> RH° o R F o I )

is an isomorphism if and only if F is RL (resp. RR) left exact.
Proof. — We consider only the RL case, since the RR case may be treated similarly.
Assume that
I o F ^ LH° o R F o I .
Let
0 -> E ' -^ E ->• E" -^ 0
be a strict exact sequence of £ and consider the induced distinguished triangle
I { E ' ) -, I ( E ) — I ( E " ) -±4
of P"1" (E). Applying RF and passing to cohomology, we get the exact sequence
0 -^ LH° o R F o I ( E f ) -, LH° o RF o I{E) -> LH0 o RF o I { E " )
of jC7i(J7). Using our assumption, we see that the sequence
0 -> I o F ( E ' ) -^ I o F(E) -> I o F{E")
is exact in CH(T}. Therefore the sequence,
0 -^ F{E1) -^ F(E) -> F{E11}
is strictly exact in T and F is RL left exact.
Conversely, assume F is RL left exact. Let Z be an F-injective subcategory of £
and let I be a resolution of an object E of £ by objects of X. The sequence
0 -^ E -> 1° -> I1
being strictly coexact in <?, our assumption shows that the sequence
0 -^ F(E) -^ F(I°) -^ F(J1)
is strictly exact in J-\ Therefore,
I o F(E) ^ LH° o F ( I ) ^ LH° o RF o I ( E )
as requested. D
F : £ -^T
be an explicitly right derivable functor of quasi-abelian categories and consider its right
derived functor
RF:V+(£) —P 4 -^).
Then
(LL) The functor RF is left exact for the left t-structures o/P"^) and V^^) and
LH° o R F o I ^ I o F
if and only if F is LL left exact.
(LR) The functor RF is left exact for the left t-structure of ^(S) and the right
t-structure ofT^^^F) and
RH° o R F o I c ^ I o F
if and only if F is LR left exact.
(RL) The functor RF is left exact for the right t-structure of P"^) and the left
t-structure P4" (^F) and
LH° o R F o I ^ I o F
if and only if F is RL left exact.
(RR) The functor RF is left exact for the right t-structure of 'D^~(£) and the right
t-structure P"^" (.77) and
RH° oRFoI ^ I o F
if and only if F is RR left exact.
Proof. — (LL) This follows from the preceding proposition and Proposition 1.3.8.
(LR) From the preceding proposition and Proposition 1.1.15, the condition is clearly
sufficient. Let us show that it is also necessary. By Proposition 1.3.10, we already
know that F is RR left exact. Since -F transforms any strict morphism into a strict
morphism, to conclude, it is sufficient to show that F transforms any monomor-
phism into a strict monomorphism. Let A be the object of C^H(E) represented by a
monomorphism
-EI —> EQ
of £. Consider the associated distinguished triangle
Ei -^ Eo -^ A -^
ofy^). Applying the functor RF and taking cohomology, we get the exact sequence
0 -^ RH° oRFo I(E^) -. RH° o RF o I{Eo) -^ RH° o RF{A)
of 7\^(J'). Hence the sequence
O^F(Ei)^HF(£;o)
is strictly coexact in F and F(SE) is a strict monomorphism in F.
(RL) & (RR) This follows directly from Proposition 1.3.10. D
1.3.3. Abelian substitutes of quasi-abelian functors. — In this subsection,

our aim is to show that, under suitable conditions, a functor F : E —^ T gives rise to
a functor G : CH(£) —^ CT-L^) which has the same left or right derived functor.
DEFINITION 1.3.12. — Two explicitly right (resp. left) derivable quasi-abelian func-
tors are right (resp. left) equivalent if their right (resp. left) derived functors are
isomorphic.


F : £ -^T
Assume F is explicitly right derivable. Then F is right equivalent to an explicitly
right derivable left exact functor
F° : £ -, T
which is unique up to isomorphism.
Dually, assume F is explicitly left derivable. Then F is left equivalent to an ex-
plicitly left derivable right exact functor
FQ : £ -, T
which is unique up to isomorphism.
Proof. — Let Z be an F-injective subcategory of <f. Let E be an object of £ and let

I be a right resolution of E by objects of Z. Since
RF(E) ^ F ( I ) ,
it is clear that
LH° o RF(E)
is in the essential image of
i : e -^ CU{E).
Set
F° = C o LH° o I .
By construction, the functor F° is left exact and is isomorphic with F on Z. Therefore,
Z forms an F°-injective subcategory of £ and we get
RF° ^ RF.
Hence F° is right equivalent to F.
Assume now that G : £ —^ T is an explicitly right derivable left exact functor
which is right equivalent to F. Since we have
LH° o RG{E) ^ I o G(E)
and RF ^ RG, we see that
G(E) ^ C o LH° o RG(E) ^ F°
and the conclusion follows. D

F : £ -,T
be an additive functor between quasi-abelian categories. Assume F is explicitly right
derivable. Denote Z an F-injective subcategory of £ and consider the right derived
functor
RF:V^(£) -^P+(^).
In order that there exists an explicitly right derivable functor
G : Cn{£) -> CU^)

and an isomorphism
RF=RGoT)(I),
it is necessary and sufficient that one of the following equivalent conditions is satisfied:
(a) The functor RF is left exact with respect to the left t-structures of T>~^(£) o,nd
P+CT.
(b) The functor F° is strongly left exact.
In such a case, G is right equivalent to the explicitly right derivable left exact functor
LH° o RF : CH(£) -^ CHCF\
Moreover, the restriction of this functor to £ is isomorphic to F if and only if F is
strongly left exact.
Proof. — First, let us show that conditions (a) and (b) are equivalent.
(a) => (b). Let
0 -^ A' -^ A -^ A" -> 0
be a short exact sequence of CH{£). From the associated distinguished triangle
RF(A') -^ RF(A) -, RF(Att) -^
and the fact that LH~1 o RF(A") ^ 0, we deduce that the sequence
0 -^ LH° o RF{A') -> LH° o RF(A) -^ LH° o RF{A")
is exact in CR{T\ Hence,
LH° o RF : Cn(£) -> CU^)
is a left exact functor. Consider now a morphism
e' : E ' -^ E
in £. Since the sequence
O-^Kere'-^-Ê
is strictly exact in £, it gives rise to an exact sequence in CH{£). Applying LH°oRF^
we get the exact sequence
0 -^ LH° oRFo J(Ker e1) -^ LH0 o RF o J(£") -> LH° o RF o I(E)

of CM,(T\ Therefore, the sequence

0 -^ F°(KeTe') -^ F ° ( E ' ) -^ F°(E)
is strictly exact in T and F° is a strongly left exact functor.
(b) =^ (a). Let
II-ÎQ
be a monomorphism of £ with both I\ and To m ^ Since F° is strongly left exact,
F°{I,)-^F°W
is a monomorphism of T'. The conclusion follows from the fact that F° and F coincide
on Z.
Now, let us come back to the main proof.
Necessity. Since RG is left exact with respect to the left t-structures of P"^) and
D"^.?7), so is RF and condition (a) is satisfied.
Sufficiency. Denote G the functor
LH° o RF : CU{£) -> CH{F)
and let J denote the full additive subcategory of CH{£) formed by the objects A
such that
L^ o RF(A) ^ 0
for any k -^ 0. It follows from condition (a) and from the long exact sequence of
cohomology associated to F that G is a left exact functor and that for any short
exact sequence
0 -> A' -> A -^ A" -^ 0
where A' and A are objects of J , A" is also an object of J and the sequence
0 -^ G(A') -^ G(A) -^ G(A // ) -^ 0
is exact in CH{F). Let A be an object of CH(£). As an object of P(<?), A is
isomorphic to a complex
0 ^ J-1 -^ 1° ^ I1 -^ • • .
of objects of Z. It follows that A is represented by the monomorphism
J-1 ->Kerd°.
Since the square
I-1————>I°
I-1———^Kerd°
is cartesian, it represents a monomorphism
A-^ J
where J is the object of CH{£} represented by the monomorphism

I-1 -^ 1°.
Since the sequence
0 -> I ( I ~ 1 ) -> 1(1°) -> J -^ 0
is exact in CT-L{£) and I ( I ~ 1 ) , 1(1°) are objects of J', we see that J is also an object
of J . Together with what precedes, this shows that J is G-injective. Now, let E be
an object of P"^) and let
E-^ J
be an isomorphism where J is a complex of Z. We have
RG o P(J)(E) ^ G o I{J) ^ F(J) ^ J?F(E)
as requested.
Assume now that
G' : CH{£) -. cn^)
is an explicitly right derivable functor such that
RF^RG' op(J).
It follows from this formula that
RGoD(I) ^RG' op(J).
Since P(-^) is an equivalence of categories, we see that
RG^RG1.
Therefore G' is right equivalent to G.
The conclusion then follows from the definition of -F°. D
F'.£-^F
be an additive functor of quasi-abelian categories. Assume F is explicitly left derivable
and consider its left derived functor
LF:V-{£)^V-{F).
Then, there exists an explicitly left derivable functor
G : CH(£} -> CH{F)
such that
LF = LG o p(J)
and any such functor is left equivalent to the explicitly left derivable right exact functor
LH° o LF : CH^) -^ CU^).
Moreover, the restriction of this functor to £ is isomorphic to F if and only if F is
regular and right exact.
SOClfiTfi MATHfiMATIQUE DE PRANCE 1999

Proof. — Let P be a F-projective subcategory of <?. It follows from the construction

of LF that it is right exact with respect to the left t-structures of V~(£) and T)~(^F).
Therefore,
LH° o LF : CH{£) -^ CH(F)
is a right exact functor. Denote it by G and denote Q the essential image of I\-p.
Consider a short exact sequence of CH{£)
0 -^ A' -, A -, A" — 0
where A and A" are objects of Q. Since I is a fully faithful strictly exact functor,
this sequence is isomorphic to the image by I of a strict exact sequence
0 -> E ' -> E -^ E" -> 0
of £ where E and E" are objects of P. It follows that E ' is an object of V and
consequently that A! is an object of Q. Moreover, since the sequence
0 -^ F ( E ' ) ->• F{E) ->• F{E") -^ 0
is strictly exact in 'J-', the sequence
0 -^ G{A') -, G{A) -^ G(A") -> 0
is exact in CT-L^F). In order to show that Q is G-projective, it is thus sufficient to
note that since any object A of CH(£) is a quotient of an object of the form I ( E )
where E is an object of <?, it follows from the fact that V is -F-projective that A is
also a quotient of an object of Q. The preceding discussion shows that G is explicitly
left derivable. Consider the functor
LF:P-(<?)^P-(^).
Since G o I(P) ^ F(P) for any object P of V ^ we get the requested isomorphism
LGoV(I)^LF.
Assume now that
G' : CU{£) -^ LU(T)
is an explicitly left derivable functor such that
LF ^LG' op(J).
It follows from this formula that
LGo^(I) ^LG' op(J).
Since P(J) is an equivalence of categories, we see that
LG^LG'.
Therefore G' is left equivalent to G.
The last part of the result follows from Subsection 1.3.2 D
PROPOSITION 1.3.16. — Let £ and T be quasi-abelian categories and let
F : £ —^ T (resp. E : F -^ £)
be an explicitly left (resp. right) derivable functor. Assume that
Hom^.(F(X),y) ^ Rom^(X,E(Y))
functorially in X C £, Y G T (i.e. F is a left adjoint of E). Then,
Hom^(LF(X),y) ^ Rom^(X^RE(Y))
functorially in X G D~{£), Y G -D+(J^).
Proof. — Let V be an F-projective subcategory of £ and let Z be an E'-injective

subcategory of F. Using the canonical morphisms
id^) -^ r^ (n C Z)
and the properties of E-injective and F-projective subcategories, one checks easily
that any morphism
u : LF(X) -^ Y
of D(J^) may be embedded in a commutative diagram of the form
LF(X) —u—> Y
va
F(P)——^1
u
where
(a) P (resp. I ) comes from an object of K~(P) (resp. K^(T)),
(b) the morphisms u' : F(P) — ^ I ^ a ' . Y — ^ I come from morphisms of K{F)^
(c) the isomorphism F(P) -^ LF{X) comes from a quasi-isomorphism
f3:P -> X
ofK-{£).
To such a diagram, we associate the unique morphism v : X —> RE(Y) making the
diagram
X —u-^ RE(Y)
4 \
P-Ê(I)
commutative. Note that in this diagram v ' : P —^ E(I) is obtained from u' by
adjunction and that RE(Y) —^ E(I) is induced by a. We leave it to the reader to

check that v depends only on u and that the process of passing from u to v defines a
functorial morphism
Hom^(LF(X),y) ^ Rom^(X^RE(Y)).
Proceeding dually, we get a functorial morphism
Rom^(X^RE(Y)} -^ Hom^^(LF(X),Y)
and it is easy to check that this defines an inverse of the preceding one. The conclusion
follows. D
COROLLARY 1.3.17. — In the situation of the preceding proposition,

LH° o LF : CU{£) -^ CH^)
is a left adjoint of
LH° o RE : Cn(^) -, LU(£\
Proof. — Since E is a right adjoint of F, E is strongly left exact. In particular,

RE^H^)) C D^0^)
for the left t-structure. The conclusion follows from the isomorphisms
Horn ^^{LH° o LF(X),Y) ^ Hom^>o^(r^° o LF(X),Y)
^Rom^(LF(X)^Y)
and
Horn ^^(X,LH° o RE(Y)) ^ Rom^^X.r^ o RE(Y))
^Rom^{X^RE{Y))
holding for any X er^), y<ErH(.F). D
1.3.4. Categories with enough projective or injective objects

DEFINITION 1.3.18. — An object I of £ is injective (resp. strongly injective} if the
functor
Hom^(.,J) ^^ ->Ab
is exact (resp. strongly exact). Equivalently, I is injective (resp. strongly injective) if
for any strict (resp. arbitrary) monomorphism
u : E -^ F
the associated map
Horn (F, I ) -^ Horn {E, I )
is surjective.
Dually, an object P of £ is projective (resp. strongly projective) if the functor
Hom^(P,-) :<? -,Ab
is exact (resp. strongly exact). Equivalently, P is projective (re'sp. strongly projective)

if for any strict (resp. arbitrary) epimorphism
u : E -^ F
the associated map
Hom(P.E) -.Hom(P,F)
is surjective.
REMARK 1.3.19. — What we call a strongly projective object was simply called a
projective object by some authors. We have chosen to stick to our definition for
coherence with our notions of exact and strongly exact functor and also because
projective objects are more frequent and more useful than strongly projective ones.
DEFINITION 1.3.20. — A quasi-abelian category £ has enough projective objects if

for any object E of £ there is a strict epimorphism
P-Ê
where P is a projective object of £.
Dually, a quasi-abelian category £ has enough injective objects if for any object E
of £ there is a strict monomorphism
E-tl
where I is an injective object of £.
REMARK 1.3.21. — Let

F ' . £ -rT
Assume £ has enough injective objects. Then, the full subcategory Z of £ formed
by injective objects is an F-injective subcategory. In particular, F is explicitly right
derivable.
Dually, assume £ has enough projective objects. Then, the full subcategory P of
£ formed by projective objects is an P-projective subcategory. In particular, F is
explicitly left derivable.
PROPOSITION 1.3.22. — Let? (resp. X) be a full additive subcategory of £. Assume

that:
a) The objects ofP (resp. X ) are projective (resp. injective) in £.
b) For any object E of £, there is an object P of P (resp. I of X ) and a strict
epimorphism (resp. monomorphism)
P—Ê (resp. E-)-I).

Then the canonical functor
iC~(P) -^ V~(£) {resp. ^(T) -> ?+(<?))

is an equivalence of categories.
Proof. — We treat only the part corresponding to P. The statement for Z will follow
by duality.
Thanks to Lemma 1.3.3 the proof may proceed as in the abelian case and it is
sufficient to show that strictly exact objects of fC~(P) are isomorphic to 0. Let P be
an object of IC~(P)' Assume P is strictly exact. By definition, this means that the
sequences
0 -4- Kerdf -^ Pk-> Kerdf_i -. 0
are strictly exact for any k G Z. If Kerdf_^ is projective in <f, the sequence splits and
Kerd^ is also projective. Therefore, a decreasing induction shows that the complex
P is split and the conclusion follows by Remark 1.2.2. D
PROPOSITION 1.3.23. — Using the same assumptions and notations as in the pre-
ceding proposition, a sequence
E' ^ E ^ E"
is strictly exact (resp. coexact) in £ if and only if the sequence of abelian groups
Horn (P, E1) -4- Horn (P, E) -^ Horn (P, E " )
(resp. Horn {E", I ) -^ Horn {E, I ) -^ Horn ( E ' , I ) )
is exact for any P C P (resp. I C X).
Proof. — We consider only the case of P, the other one is obtained by duality. The
condition is clearly necessary, let us prove that it is also sufficient.
We will first show that a sequence
0 -^ E ' -^ E -^ E"
is strictly exact if the sequence
0 -^ Horn (P, E ' ) -, Horn (P, E) -^ Horn (P, E " )
is exact for any P C P. Let x : X —> E be a morphism of £ such that e" o x = 0.
It follows from the preceding proposition that we may find a strict exact sequence of
the form
Pi -^ Po -4 X -, 0
where Pi and Po are in P. It follows from our hypothesis that the sequence
0 -^ Horn (Pfc, E ' ) -^ Horn (P^, E) -, Horn ( P k , E " )
is exact for k e {0,1}. Therefore, there is a morphism x ' : LQ —^ E ' such that
e1 o x ' = x o e. Since
etoxfo6=xoeo6=0^
it follows that x1 o 8 = 0. Hence, there is a morphism x" : X —^ E' such that

x" o e = x ' . Clearly,
e' o x" o e = e1 o x1 = x o e
and we see that e' o x" = x. Since x" is clearly the only morphism satisfying this
property, it follows that e' is a kernel of e" and the sequence
0 -> E ' -4 E -^ E"

is strictly exact.
To conclude, it is sufficient to show that a morphism
f :E ->F
of £ is a strict epimorphism if the associated morphism
Horn (P, E) ->• Horn (P, F)
is surjective for any P G P. But this is obvious since a relation of the form
e = f o e'
where e : P —)- F is a strict epimorphism implies that / is itself a strict epimorphism.

D
PROPOSITION 1.3.24
(a) An object P of £ is projective if and only if I(P) is projective in CH{£).
(b) The category £ has enough projective objects if and only CH{£) has enough
projective objects. Moreover, in such a case, any projective object of CH(£) is
isomorphic to an object of the form I{P) where P is projective in £.
Proof. — (a) Assume P is a projective in £. Consider an epimorphism u : A —t B in

CH{£) and a morphism / : J(P) —)- B. We have to show that / factors through u.
Since we may replace A, B by isomorphic objects, we may assume that A and B are
respectively represented by the monomorphisms Ei —^ EQ and Fi —^ FQ and that
u comes from the morphism of complexes
SF
FI ———^ FQ
Ui\
T
' ^'
T
UQ\
^/i ————> 21/0
We may also assume that / is represented by the morphism of complexes

OF
T
i "i
FI—^FO
0———>P
T
SOClfiTfi MATHEMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

Since u is an epimorphism,
uo 6F
v ®
-c/O ^ ^1
•P —————>
^ ^ -TO
j?
is a strict epimorphism. It follows from the fact that P is projective in £ that there
are two morphisms (?' : P —^ EQ, (p" : P —^ Fi such that (p = UQ o ^ + 6p o ^ // .
Therefore the morphism of complexes
£'1 ——> EQ
T A
T
0———^P
T
/
induces a morphism / : I ( P ) —^ A such that u o f = f.
Since I is an exact functor, it follows from the adjunction formula
Hom^^(C(A),E) ^ RomÎ{E))
that C transforms a projective object of CH{£) into a projective object of <f. Therefore
an object P of £ such that I(P) is projective in CH{£) is projective in £.
(b) Assume £ has enough projective objects and let A be an object of CH(£). We
know that there is an epimorphism
I(E) -^ A
where E is an object of £. Choose a strict epimorphism in £
P -^ E
where P is projective. We know that,
Z(P) -^ I(E)
is an epimorphism in C'H{£) and that J(P) is projective. Therefore, CH(£) has
enough projective objects.
Assume now that CT-L{£) has enough projective objects and let E be an object of
£. There is an epimorphism
P -^ I ( E )
in CH{£) where P is a projective object in CH{£}. Since C has a right adjoint, it is
cokernel preserving and transforms epimorphisms in CT-L(£) into strict epimorphisms
in £. Therefore,
C(P) -^ E
is a strict epimorphism. Since we have already remarked that C(P) is a projective
object of <?, it is clear that £ has enough projective objects.
Since any projective object Q of CH{£) is a quotient of an object of the form J(P)
where P is a projective object of <?, it is a direct summand of such and object. It
follows from Proposition 1.2.29 and part (a) that it is itself isomorphic to the image
by I of a projective object of <?. D
REMARK 1.3.25. — Assume £ has enough projective objects. For any object E of £
and any injective object I of <?, we have
HomÊ.J) ^RHom^(E,J) ^ RHom ^^(J(E),J(J)).
Therefore, Ext^^ ( I ( E ) , I ( I ) ) vanish for j > 0. Nevertheless, J(J) is not in general

injective in CH(£).
PROPOSITION 1.3.26
(a) An object J of £ is strongly injective if and only if I(J) is injective in CH(^}.
(b) Assume that for any object E of £ there is a strict monomorphism
E -^ J
where J is a strongly injective object of £. Then, £ is abelian.
Proof. — (a) Let J be an object of £ and assume J(J) is injective in CH(£). Let
E -^ F
be a monomorphism in £. We know that
I ( E ) -^ I ( F )
is a monomorphism in CH(£). Therefore,
^^cnw^WJ^J)) -^ Hom^^(J(£;),/(J))
is surjective. Since the functor
I : £ -^ CH(£)
is fully faithful, it follows that
Hom^(F, J) -> Hom^.(E, J )
is surjective. This shows that J is strongly injective in £.
Assume now that J is a strongly injective object of £. Up to isomorphism, a
monomorphism u of CH(£) is represented by a cartesian square
E,^F,
SE OF
ul
F ——>^ î
^j\ r
whose associated sequence
(8E\
yul {uo 8F
n
U —. F
—>• rj\ ^ v
———^ _^Q ^
(^ v ~ \ ZT-^Q
^^ ——————).
is thus strictly exact. Denote a and /3 the second and third morphism of the preceding
sequence and denote 7 the canonical morphism
EQ C î —^ Coim {3.

In CK(£\ a morphism / from

Ei\ ——> EQ
to J(J) is given by a morphism
/o : EQ -, J
such that /o ° SE = 0. Denote g the morphism
F W
^/o ffi r\
F ————>
( ^ ° \ J.
7
Since g o a = 0, there is a morphism g ' : Coim f3 —^ J such that
9 = 9 ' ° 7«
Since the canonical morphism
Coim/3 -> Fo
is a monomorphism in £ and J is strongly inject! ve in <?, we can extend g ' into a
morphism g " : FQ —^ J . Clearly, this morphism induces a morphism h from
FI^FO
to J(J) in CH{£) such that f =hou. Hence J(J) is injective in CU{£).

(b) We know that for any complex E of £ there is a complex J of £ and a quasi-
isomorphism
u: E —^ J
such that, for any k G Z, J"^ is a strong injective object of <? and
^ : ^ ^ J^
is a strict monomorphism. Let
EiÊo
be a bimorphism of £ and denote by E the associated object of CH{£\ From what
precedes, we may find a complex J and a quasi-isomorphism
u: E -^ J
such that
HI : Ei -^ Ji, no : ô —^ Jo
are strict monomorphisms and J^ are strong injective objects of<f. Hence, the complex
Ji -^Ker^j
is isomorphic to E and 5' is a bimorphism. Since Ji is a strong injective object, 8'
has an inverse in £. It follows that E is quasi-isomorphic to 0. Therefore 8 is an
isomorphism of <f. The conclusion follows easily. D
1.4. LIMITS IN QUASI-ABELIAN CATEGORIES 57
1.4. Limits in quasi-abelian categories

1.4.1. Product and direct sums. — In this subsection, we study products in
quasi-abelian categories. Our results show mainly that a quasi-abelian category £
has exact (resp. strongly exact) products if and only if C1-L(£) (resp. 7^H(£)) has
exact products and the canonical functor
£ -4- Cn(£) (resp. £ -^ mi(£))
is product preserving. We also give criteria for these conditions to be satisfied. We
leave it to the reader to state the dual results for direct sums.
LEMMA 1.4.1. — Let A be an additive category and let I be a small set. Then, A1
is an additive category and the canonical functor
IC(A1) -^ 1C(A)1
is an equivalence of triangulated categories.
Proof. — For any C G C(A1) and any i G I , denote d the complex of A defined by
setting
C? = (C^,
d^ = (dg),
This gives us a canonical functor
C(A1) -4 C(Ay
C ^ (Ci)iei
which is trivially an isomorphism of categories. Since two morphisms
f :C -> D , g : C -> D
1
are homotopic in C(A ) if and only if
fi'.d-^Di, g, : d -> D,
are homotopic in C(A) for every i C J, it is clear that we have a canonical isomorphism
of categories
IC(A1) ^ 1C{A)1.
In A1\ we have
(A^B), =Ai^Bi.
Hence, the preceding functor exchanges the distinguished triangles of IC(A1) with the
distinguished triangles of /C (A)1. D
LEMMA 1.4.2. — Let A be an additive category with products. Then, both C {A) and
}C(A) have products.

Proof. — The functor

n .^ ^ A
iei
being additive gives rise to a functor
<[I) ^(A7)-^(.4)
iei
and to a functor
/c(II):/C(-4J)-^(^
zeJ
By composition with the canonical equivalences
C(AY ^C(A1)
and
IC(Ay -^ JC(A1)^
this gives us functors
11 :• C(A)
11 C(Ay1 -^
-^ C(A)
C[A)
n : w -^ w)
iei
id
which are easily checked to be product functors for the corresponding categories. D
PROPOSITION 1.4.3. — Let £ be a quasi-abelian category and let I be a small set.

Then, £ 1 is quasi-abelian and the canonical functor
V(£1) -^ W
is an equivalence of triangulated categories which is compatible with the left and right
t-structures. In particular, we have canonical equivalences
1 1
£H(£ ) w cn{£Y, nu{£ ) w mi(sY.
Proof. — For any morphism / : E —^ F of £1, we have
(Ker /), •==. Ker /, and (Coker /), = Coker /,.
1
Therefore, an object E of IC(£ ) is strictly exact in degree n if and only if the complex
Ci is strictly exact in degree n for any i C I . The conclusion follows easily from this
fact. D
DEFINITION 1.4.4. — A quasi-abelian category £ has exact (resp. strongly exact)

products if it is complete and if the functor
id
n:^^
is exact (resp. strongly exact) for any small set I .
PROPOSITION 1.4.5. — Let £ be a complete quasi-abelian category. Assume £ has

enough protective objects. Then, £ has exact products.
Proof. — Let
Ui: E, ->• F, (i e I )
be a small family of strict epimorphisms of £. We have to prove that
ip.-îp.
id id
is a strict epimorphism. Let

v:P-^]^Fi
id
be a strict epimorphism where P is a projective object of £. For any i e J, it follows
from our assumptions that there is Wi : P —^ Ei such that
p^ 0 V = Ui 0 Wi.
Let w : P —> nêz î ê ^ ^q1^ morphism such that

Pi OW = Wi.
Clearly,
(JJ m j o w = v
id )
and the conclusion follows from the fact that v is a strict epimorphism. D
PROPOSITION 1.4.6. — Assume £ is a quasi-abelian category with exact products.
Then, the category T>(£) has products. Moreover, for any small set I,
n'' w -^ w
id
is a triangulated functor which is exact for the left t-structures. It is exact for the
right t-structures, if and only if products are strongly exact in £.
Proof. — Since the functor

n:^^
id
is exact, it gives rise to a functor
V{]]):V{£I)-^/D{£).
id
By composition with the canonical equivalence
W1 w V(£1)
this gives us a functor
Pî:V(£)1 -^V{£).
We will show that this is a product functor for V(£).

Let E be an object of D(f) and let F be an object of V(£Y. We have to prove

that the canonical morphism
(*) Horn ^ (E, PîFi) -^ JJ Horn ^ (E, F,)

iÎ
is bijective.
Let
E^F.
be a family of morphisms of T>{£)- We may assume that there is a strict quasi-
isomorphism
s : F ->G
of /C(<?7) and a family of morphisms
g , : E -^ d (ie I )
of /C(<?) such that the morphism fi is represented by the diagram
for each i € J. Denote

g:E-^^[Gi
iei
the morphism of/C(<?) associated to the family (gi)iei- Since Pê^ ls a functor, n%ejT 5^
is a strict quasi-isomorphism of /C(<?). Hence, we may define
/ : E -^ PiîF,
as the morphism of P(<?) represented by the diagram
n^ .
Since the diagram
commutes in /C(<?), we see that the diagram
^-^nw)
\^ id
f\ 4-|^ \(
^
is commutative in P(<?). This shows that (*) is surjective.
To show that (*) is injective, we have to prove that if
/ E^]^F
iÎ
is a morphism of T>{£) such that the diagram
^n^ \^ iEl
0 \ \Pi
\ •V
Fi
commutes in Z)(<?) for every i G J, then / = 0. Let
be a diagram of /C(<?) representing /.

Recall that a diagram
z
z^ ^s
X Y
of /C(<?) where s is a strict quasi-isomorphism, represents the morphism
X^Y
of V(£) if and only if there is a commutative diagram of /C(<?) of the form
where t is a strict quasi-isomorphism.

For any i G J, we have pi o f = 0. Therefore, there is in IC(£) a commutative

diagram of the form
where ti is a strict quasi-isomorphism. Denoting

z:G-^]^Zi
z:U-41^
i(El
the morphism of/C(<?) associated to (^)êJ^ we get, in IC(£), the commutative diagram
n%—ip.
êJ zeJ
Since Pî is a functor, ["êJ ^ is a strict quasi-isomorphism. Therefore, / = 0 in

T){£).
Since product functors are always strongly left exact, the last part of the proposition
is clear. Q
COROLLARY 1.4.7. — Assume £ is a quasi-abelian category with exact products.
Then,
(a) The abelian category CH{£) (resp. KH(£)) is complete and the canonical functor
£ -^ CH(£) (resp. £ -^ mi(£))
is product preserving.
(b) Products are exact in CH(£).
(c) Products are exact in KH(£) if and only if they are strongly exact in £.
Proof. — Let (A,),ez be a family of objects of CH{£}. We know that A, may be

represented by a monomorphism
Ei-^F,
of £. Hence, it is clear that the object
n^ iî
of T>(£) is isomorphic to the complex
nîp-
iei iei
Products being strongly left exact functors, this complex is in CH{£). Since CH{£) is
a full subcategory of T>(<?), it follows that \\^j Ai is the product of the family (A^)^j
in CH(£). Using the fact that
n ^ ^)7 ^ ^)
êJ
is triangulated, we check easily that products are exact in CH{£). This proves (b).
Let (Ai)iî be a family of objects of TVH{£). We know that Ai may be represented
by an epimorphism
Ei^F,
of £. Hence, it is clear that the object FLe/ ^ °^ ^(<c) ls isomorphic to the complex
n^n^
iei iei
This complex has components in degree 0 and 1. Hence, it is in V^°(£) for the right
t-structure ofP(<?). It follows that
nHom^^Â^^Homp^^nA^^Hom^^^^ff^nA.)).
id iei iei
Hence,
RH°(^[A,)
iei
is a product of the family (A^)^j in 1^H{£), If products are strongly exact in <?,
a^°(nA,)^nA,
zeJ iî
and the exactness of products in "KH(£) follows as in the case of C1-L{£). Conversely,
if products are exact in %7^(<f), a family of morphisms (nêi °f ^ gives rise to the
exact sequences
I(Ei) -^ I(Fi) -> J(Coker^) -^ 0
in T^H(£) and since
7 7 0 >0
IP(^) ^ n ^) ^ n ^ ^^) -
iei iei iei
is exact in 7?/^(<?), one sees that products are strongly exact in <?.
To conclude, it remains to note that thanks to the preceding constructions of
products in CH(£) and 7?^(<?), the last part of (a) is obvious. D
PROPOSITION 1.4.8. — Let £ be a quasi-abelian category and assume that CH{£)

(resp. 1^H(£)) is complete. Then, £ is complete.

Proof. — Let us prove that £ has products if so has CH{£). Let {Ej)^j be a small
family of objects of <?. Let
p,:n^)^(^)
j'eJ
denote the canonical projections of the product to its factors. Let
q,:C(]Î(E,))-Ê,
jeJ
denote the morphism obtained by composing C{pj) with the canonical isomorphism
CoI(E,)Ê^
We will prove that
C7(]p(^-))
jeJ
together with the projections qj form a product of the family (Ej)j^j,
First, let
Xj : X -^ E, (j e J)
be a family of morphisms of <?. Denote
x':I{X)-,\[l(E,)
jeJ
the unique morphism of C7{(£) such that
P j O X 1 =I(Xj).
Let
x:X^C(]Î(E,))
jeJ
be the morphism obtained by composing C ( x ' ) with the canonical isomorphism
X ^CoI(X).
Clearly,
Qj 0 X = X j
for j € J.
Next, let
x:X^C([[l{E,})
jeJ
be a morphism such that
qjox=0 (j e J).
In C'H(£), let us form the cartesian square
n /(£,) -^ i o^n I(E,))

jeJ j€J
u] ]l{x)
Y———„———>IW
where the first horizontal arrow is the canonical epimorphism. Since
I(Qj)°y=Pj
it is clear that
pj o u = I(qj) ° y ° u = I(qj o x) o v = 0
and we deduce that u = 0. Therefore,
I(x} o v = y o u = 0 .
Since y is an epimorphism, so is v and we get I(x) = 0. Hence, x = 0.

To conclude, let us prove that £ has products if so has 7W (<?). By duality it is
equivalent to show that £ has direct sums when CH(£) has direct sums. From the
adjunction formula
Hom^(A),E) ^Hom^^(A,J(E))
it follows that, for any small family (iêJ ^d anv object X of <f, we have
Hom^(G(^J(^)),X)^Hom^^(^J(E,),J(X))
^ ^7
^nHom^^(J(^),J(X))
^
^J]Hom^(E,,X).
z€/
Hence,
C(Q)I(E,))
id
is a direct sum of the family (Ei)iî in <?. D
1.4.2. Projective and inductive systems. — In this subsection, we study cate-

gories of projective systems of a quasi-abelian category. We leave it to the reader to
state the dual results for inductive systems.
Let £ be a quasi-abelian category and let Z be a small category. Recall that the
category of projective systems of £ indexed by Z is the category
^z°?
of contravariant functors from Z to £.

PROPOSITION 1.4.9. — Let £ be a quasi-abelian category and let I be a small cate-

gory. Then, the category of projective systems of £ indexed by I is quasi-abelian.
Proof. — Since for any morphism
u : E -^ F
zop
of ^ , we have
(Ker^)(z) ^ KerH(z),
(Coker^)(z) ^ Coker'u(z).
the conclusion follows easily. D
DEFINITION 1.4.10. — Let F be an object of £ and let i be an object ofZ.
Assuming £ is complete, we denote F^ the object of £xop defined by setting
F\i1) = ^ HOm ^M / ) = TT F.
QGHom {i,i')
A projective system isomorphic to a system of the form Fi will be said to be of

elementary type.
Similarly, assuming £ is cocomplete, we denote Fi the object of ^zop defined by
setting
Fi(i') = F^011^^)) = ^ p^
aGHom {i' ,i)
A projective system isomorphic to a system of the form Fi will be said to be of

coelementary type.
REMARK 1.4.11. — With the notation of the preceding proposition, Fi is exchanged
with Fi if one exchanges £ with ôp and I with Z°P.
PROPOSITION 1.4.12. — If £ is complete, then
Rom^p(E,Fi) ^ Hom^(E(z),F)
and there is a strict monomorphism
E-^ÊW
iei
for any object E of ^zop.
Similarly, if £ is cocomplete, then
Hom^p(Fi,E) ^ Rom^F,E(i))
and there is a strict epimorphism
(Ê(i)iÊ
iÎ
xov
for any object E of £ .
Proof. — Thanks to the preceding remark, it is sufficient to prove the first statement.
For any i' C Z, we have
Rom^(E(il),Fi(il)) ^ Horn ^ (Horn {i,i'), Horn ( E ( i ' ) , F } ) .
These isomorphisms give us the isomorphism
Hom^.zop(E,F') ^ Hom^zf^,/^ o E)
F
where /i^ and ^ denotes respectively the functors
Hom(?,*) and Hom(-,F).
Using standard results on representable functors, we get
Hom^zop (E, F1) ^F o E(i) ^ Horn (E(z), F).
Now let us prove the second part of the result. For any i G J, the identity morphism
E(z) -^ £'(z)
induces, by an isomorphism of the preceding kind, a morphism
E -^ E(i)1.
Together, these morphisms give us a canonical morphism
u : E -,]^[E(iY.
iÎ
Choose i' € I . To conclude, we have to prove that u(i') is a strict monomorphism.
Note that
(n Eaw) ^ n E(Z)V) ^ n n E(^^
iel iGl iGZaGHom {i,i')
Composing u(i') with this isomorphism, we get a morphism

v{z') : E ( i ' ) ^ n n E(z)
zCZaeHom (^,^ / )
such that
Pa OPi o v ( ^ ' ) = E{a)
for any a : i —^ i' in Z. For a = id^/ this shows that v{i') is a strict monomorphism
REMARK 1.4.13. — Taking E to be a constant functor in the preceding proposition
shows that
^mFî'^F
i'^l
if £ is complete.
SOCIETfi MATHEMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

COROLLARY 1.4.14. — Let £ be a complete (resp. cocomplete) quasi-abelian cate-

gory.
(a) Assume F is an injective (resp. a projective) object of £. Then, for any i G X,
F1 (resp. Fi) is injective (resp. projective) in ^zop.
(b) Assume £ has enough injective (resp. projective) objects. Then E10^ has enough
injective (resp. projective) objects
PROPOSITION 1.4.15. — Let £ be a quasi-abelian category with exact direct sums

and let X be a small category. Then, there is a canonical equivalence
cu^^^cu^.
Proof. — The canonical inclusion functor
I : £ -^ CH(£)
gives rise to a fully faithful functor
I : ôp -^ CH^.
Let E be an object of ^zop and let
A -, I ( E )
be a monomorphism of CH^)^. Since
A(i) -> I(E(i))
is a monomorphism of C'T-L{£) for any i G Z, we can find for any i G Z an object E ' ( i )
of £ and an isomorphism
I{E'{i))Â{i).
Using these isomorphisms, we may turn E' into an object of ^zop such that
I ( E ' ) ^ A.
0
Therefore, T^^ ?) is a full subcategory of CH^)^ which is essentially stable by
subobjects. Let A be an object of /^((f)2'01'. We know that there is a canonical
epimorphism
QA(^Â.
id
Since, for any i G Z, there is an epimorphism
I(E(i)) -^ A(z)
with E{i) in <f, we get an epimorphism
Î(E(i))Â.
id
By definition,
(Î(E(i)W)=@ ^ Wi))Î{@ @ E{i))
iel iÎ a-.i'—î iCi a-.i'—^-i
Therefore,
®w^
is an object of ^(^ zop ). Applying Proposition 1.2.36, we get the conclusion. D
1.4.3. Projective and inductive limits

PROPOSITION 1.4.16. — Let £ be a quasi-abelian category and let I be a small cat-
egory. Assume S has exact products. Then,
I(^mE{i))^^mI(E{i))
z€Z iel
in CU{£). Moreover, a similar formula holds in 1^H(£) if and only if the functor
^m:£1 -,£
iÎ
is regular.
Proof. — The first part follows directly from the fact that I has a left adjoint. Let
us now consider the second part.
The condition is sufficient. Denote J the full stfbcategory of S1- formed by the
functors E for which the canonical morphism
I(^mE(i)) -^^mI(E{i))
iei »ez
is an isomorphism in 1VI-L{£). Thanks to Corollary 1.4.7
i: s -^ nn(£)
preserves products. Hence, for any object F of £ and any i' e Z, we have
J(F^)) = I(FY\i)
for any i G I and it follows from Remark 1.4.13 that F1' is an object of J . Since
one checks also easily that a product of objects of J is in J , it follows from Propo-
sition 1.4.12 that any objet E of £1 may be embedded in a strictly coexact sequence
of the form
0 -^ E -^ J° -^ J1
where J0 and J1 are in J . For such a sequence, the sequence
0-ÎoE-ÎoJ°-ÎoJ1
is exact in 7^7^ (f)^ Projective limit functors being strongly left exact, the sequence
0 -^ }^mI(E(i)) -^ ^mI(J°(i)) -^ ^1(^(1))
id iEl iel
is exact in 7?/H(<?) and the sequence

0-^^mE(i) -^^mj°(i) -^^mj1^)
iel iel id

is strictly exact in £. Thanks to our assumption, the last morphism in this second
sequence is strict. Hence the sequence
0 — I(^mE(i)) -, I(^mJ°{i)) -, I(^mJ\i))
iÎ iel i€l
is exact in TiH{£). The conclusion follows easily.

The condition is necessary. Let
f :E ->F
be a strict morphism of £1. Since the sequence
0-^Kerf-Ê-^F
x
is strictly coexact in £ , the sequence
0 -^ I o Kerf -^ I oE -> I o F
is exact in K'H(£)1. Hence, the sequence
0 -^ ^mJ(Ker/(z)) -> 3^mJ(E(z)) -,^mI(F(i))
iÎ iÎ id
is exact in 7?/H(<f). Thanks to our assumption, it follows that the sequence

0 -^ I(^mKerf(i)) -> I(^mE(i)) -> I(^mF{i))
iei iei iei
is also exact in 7iT-i(£). Hence, the sequence
0 -^ ^mKerf{i) -^ ]^mE(i) -^ ^mF(z)
i€l iÎ i€l
is strictly coexact in £ and the morphism

]^mE(i) -^^mF(i)
zcz iei
is strict. D
PROPOSITION 1.4.17. — Let £ be a cocomplete quasi-abelian category. Then filtering

inductive limits are exact in CH{£} and commutes with
I : £ -^ CU{£)
if and only if filtering inductive limits are strongly exact in £.
Proof. — The condition is easily seen to be necessary, let us prove that it is also suf-
ficient. A strongly exact functor being regular, the dual of the preceding proposition
shows already that filtering inductive limits commute with I . To prove that filtering
inductive limits are exact in CH{£)^ note that the functor
Hm : £1 -^ £
iei
1.5. CLOSED QUASI-ABELIAN CATEGORIES 71
being strongly exact, it is strictly exact. Hence, by Proposition 1.2.34, it gives rise to
an exact functor
L : Cn(£1) -^ CH(£}
and a canonical isomorphism
L o Iî Îô lira .
zez
Composing L with the canonical equivalence
(*) CU^Sf w CH(£1)
we get an exact functor
L' :£H(£f -^£n(£).
Let A be an object of CH{£) . Equivalence (*) shows that, in CH^S)1, we have an
1
exact sequence of the form
0 -^ Is o Ei -^ Ie o Eo -^ A -> 0
where
(5 : EI -^ Eo
z
is a monomorphism of ^ . It follows that the sequence
0 -^ L o J^z(Ei) -^ L o I^x(Eo) -^ L'{A) -^ 0
is exact in CT-i(£). Therefore, the sequence
0 ^ lnn^(Ei(z)) ^ liin^(£;o(^)) ^ L\A) -^ 0
iez êz
is exact in CH{£). It follows that
L'(A) ^lnnA(z)
zez
and one checks easily that this isomorphism is both canonical and functorial. The
conclusion follows directly. Q
1.5. Closed quasi-abelian categories

1.5.1. Closed structures, rings and modules. — Recall (see e.g. [11]) that a
closed additive category is an additive category £ endowed with an internal tensor
product
T : £ x £ -t £,
a unit object
U G Ob(<?),
an internal homomorphism functor
H : e^ x £ -, £

72
and functorial isomorphisms

T(E, F) ^ T(F, E)
T(U,E)Ê
Hom^(r(E,F),G) ^ Hom^^G));
these data being subject to a few natural coherence axioms.
Let £ be a closed additive category. By a ring in £, we mean an unital monoid of
£. It corresponds to the data of an object R of £, a multiplication morphism
m : T(R, R) -^ R
and a unit morphism
u : U -^ R.
These data being assumed to give rise to the usual commutative diagrams expressing
that m is associative and that u is a unit for m.
Let R be a ring in £. By an ^-module, we mean an object E of £ endowed with a
(left) action of R. This action is a morphism
a:T(R,M) -^ M
which gives rise to the usual commutative diagrams expressing its compatibility with
the multiplication m and the unit u of R.
A morphism of an JZ-module E to an Ji-module F is defined as a morphism
f:E-^F
of £ which is compatible with the actions of E and F. One checks easily that, with
this definition of morphisms, fi-modules form an additive category which we denote
by Mod(R).
We leave it to the reader to check the following result.
PROPOSITION 1.5.1. — Let £ be a closed additive category and let R be a ring of
£. Assume £ is quasi-abelian (resp. abelian). Then, Mod(R) is quasi-abelian (resp.
abelian). Moreover, the forgetful functor
Mod(R) -^ £
preserves limits and colimits. In particular, a morphism of Mod(R) is strict if and
only if it is strict as a morphism of £.
PROPOSITION 1.5.2. — For any object E of £, the multiplication m of R induces
an action of R on
T(RÊ).
For any R-module F , we have
^^ModW^WE)^) ^ HomÊ,F).
In particular, T(R,E) is projective in Mod(R) ifE is projective in £.
Proof. — The fact that T{R^ E) is an -R-module is obvious. Let us prove the isomor-
phism. Define
^ : Hom^^(T(^£;),F) -> Hom^F)
by setting
(p(h) = ho a
where a : E —^ T(R, E) is the composition
E ^ T ( U ^ E ) ^'^WE)
and
^ : Hom^F) ^ Hom^^(r(Ê),F)
by setting
^(/i)=aôr(id^/i)
where ap is the action of R on J7'. A simple computation shows that ^ is an inverse
of (p and the conclusion follows. D
1.5.2. Induced closed structure on CT-LÊ)

PROPOSITION 1.5.3. — Let £ be a closed quasi-abelian category with enough projec-
tive objects. Denote
T : £ x £ -,£
the internal tensor product, U the unit object and
H : <?°P x £ -^ £
the internal homomorphism functor. Assume that for any projective object P the
functor T(P, •) is exact and that T(P,P') is projective if P1 is projective. Then,
(a) H{P^') is exact if P is projective,
(b) H(',I) is exact if I is injective,
(c) H(P,I) is injective if P is projective and I is injective.
Moreover, T is explicitly left derivable, H is explicitly right derivable and we have the
canonical functorial isomorphisms
(d) LT(X^Y)^LT(Y^X),
(e) LT(XÛ)^X^LT(U^X),
(f) RHom (LT(X, Y), Z) ^ RHom (X, RH(Y, Z)),
(g) RH{U^Z)^Z.
where X , Y C ?-(<?), Z C TÔ?).
Proof. — Thanks to our assumptions, (a), (b) and (c) follow directly from the ad-
junction formula
Horn (T(X, V), Z) = Horn {X, H(Y, Z)).
Let P denote the full subcategory of £ formed by projective objects. It follows from
the hypothesis that (P,£) is T-projective and that (P°^,£) is 7:f-injective. Therefore,

T is explicitly left derivable and H is explicitly right derivable. To prove (d), (e)
and (f), we may reduce to the case where X, Y are objects of IC~CP)' In this case,
LT(X, Y) ^ T(X, Y) and RH{Y, Z) = H(Y, Z). Since T(X, Y) is an object oflC~(P),
everything follows from the fact that £ is a closed quasi-abelian category. To prove
(g), we use (f) with Y = (7. This gives us the isomorphism
RHom (X, Z) ^ RHom (X, RH(U, Z))
where X G P~(<?), Z G P"^). Fix Z C Z^G?) and denote G the cone of the
canonical morphism
Z -,H(U,Z) ~^RH(U,Z).
It follows from what precedes that
RHom (X, C) ^ 0
for any X G V~{£). Hence, the complex
Hom(X.G)
is exact for any X C V and C itself is strictly exact (see Proposition 1.3.23). Therefore,
C ^ 0 and
Z ^RH{U,Z).
D
COROLLARY 1.5.4. — In the situation of the preceding proposition, £7i(£) is canon-

ically a closed abelian category. Its internal tensor product is given by
f = LH° o LT : CH(£) x CH(£} -^ Cn(£),
its unit object by U == I(U) and its internal homomorphism functor by
H = LH° o RH : Cn^)01^ x CH(C} — CH(C}.

The functor f (resp. H) is explicitly left (resp. right) derivable and we have the
canonical isomorphisms
L T ( I ( X ) , I ( Y ) ) ^LT(X,V)
and
RH(I(Y)Î(Z))^RH(Y^Z)
for any X , Y e P~(<?) and any Z € P"^).
Assume moreover that the functor
T(P, •): e -^ e
is strongly exact for any projective object P of S. Then, for any protective object Q
of jC'H(S) the functor
T(Q^}:CH(£)-^Cn{£)
is exact and T(Q^Q') is projective if Q' is projective in CH(£).
M^MOIRES DE LA SMF 76
Proof. — It follows from parts (d) and (e) of the preceding proposition that T is
symmetric and that I{U) is a unit. The coherence axioms are also easily checked.
Let V, Z e CH(£). We know that Y is isomorphic to a complex P of K,~(P).
Therefore,
RH(Y,Z)^H(P,Z).
The first non-zero component of H(P, Z) is of degree -1 and is isomorphic to
H(P°,Z-1),
the second non-zero component is of degree 0 and isomorphic to
Horn (P°, Z°) C Horn (P-1, Z-1)
the differential being
fRom(P^d^)\
\Rom(dp\Z-1)}'
Since Z G CH{£), d^1 is a monomorphism. So, the differential of degree -1 of
H ( P , Z ) is also a monomorphism and RH(Y,Z) G P^°(<f) for the left t-structure.
Moreover, we have also LT(X,Y) G P^°(<f) for any X, Y C £^(<f). Therefore, using
part (e) of the preceding proposition, we get successively
Hom
cnw (W Y)^) ^ Horn ^^ (r^0 o LT(X, Y), Z)
^Hom^(LT(X,y),Z)
^Hom^^(X,^^(y,Z))
^ Horn ^ô(^) (X, T^° o ÂT(y, Z))
^Hom^^(X,^(y,Z))
for x, y, z e £^(<?).
Since CH{£) has enough projective objects, T is clearly left derivable.
Consider P C P and an exact sequence
0 -^ A7 -> A -^ A" -^ 0
of CU{£). This sequence corresponds to a distinguished triangle
A' -^ A -, A" ^
of ?+(<?). Hence,
RH(P,A') -^ RH(P,A) — RH(P,A") -^
is a distinguished triangle of ?+(<?). Since Jf(P, •) is strongly left exact,
RH(P,Y)^H(P,Y)
is in CH(£) when Y is replaced by A', A or A". Therefore, the sequence
0 ^ H(I(P),A1) -^ H{I(P),A) -^ ^(P),^) -, 0

is exact in CH(£). It follows that (J(P), CH{£)) is ^-injective and that H is explicitly
right derivable.
To conclude, it is sufficient to recall that any object X of P~(<?) is isomorphic to
the image of an object of ]C~(P) and to note that if X, Y e P and Z e £, we have
Lt{I(X)J(Y))^t(I(X)Î(Y))
^LH°oLT(X,Y)
^T(X,V)
and
RH(I(Y)Î(Z))^H(I(Y)Î(Z}}
^ LH° o RH(Y, Z)
^H(Y^ZY
Let us now treat the last part of the statement. Thanks to Proposition 1.3.24,
we may assume that Q = I(P) and that Q' = I ( P ' ) where P and P ' are projective
objects of £. Let
0 -^ A' -^ A -^ A" -> 0
be an exact sequence of CM,(£\ This corresponds to a distinguished triangle
A' -^ A -, A11 -^
ofp~(<f). Applying LT(J(P), •), we get the distinguished triangle
LT(I(P),A') -^ LT(I(P),A) -> LT(I(P),A") -^
We know that
LT(J(P),X)^r(P,X)
for any object X of P~(<f). Therefore, the long exact sequence of cohomology shows
that r(J(P),.) is exact on CU{£) if
LH~1{T{P,AII)} ^ 0
for any object A" of CH{£\ This will clearly be the case if
T(P, •) : £ -, £
preserves monomorphisms. Keeping in mind the fact that T(P, •) is exact and strongly
right exact, this last condition is equivalent to the one in our statement. To conclude
we only have to note that
t(I(P)Î{PI))Î{T{P^PI))
and use Proposition 1.3.24. D
CHAPTER 2
SHEAVES WITH VALUES IN

QUASI-ABELIAN CATEGORIES
2.1. Elementary quasi-abelian categories

2.1.1. Small and tiny objects. — In this subsection, we study various notions of
smallness for an object of a quasi-abelian category. We leave it to the reader to state
the corresponding results for the dual notions.
DEFINITION 2.1.1. — An object E of a cocomplete additive category £ is
(a) small if
Horn (£;, ^ F,) ^ (9 Horn (£;, F,),
i<El iÎ
for any small family (J^)^j of £.
(b) tiny if
hm Horn (E, F(i)) ^ Horn (E, Inn F(i))
iei iî
for any filtering inductive system
E : I -^ £.
REMARK 2.1.2. — Here, we have followed Grothendieck's definition of a small ob-
ject. We don't know if the notion of a tiny object was already defined before. Of
course, every tiny object is small. It is also easy to see that in a abelian category,
every small projective object is tiny but this is not necessarily the case in a quasi-
abelian one. There is also a possible stronger condition of smallness. This condition
is clarified in the following proposition.
PROPOSITION 2.1.3. — Let £ be a cocomplete quasi-abelian category. An object E of
£ is such that
Horn (E, lim F(j)) ^ hm Horn (£;, F(j))
jej jej
for any inductive system
F : J -, £
if and only if E is a small strongly projective object of £.
78 CHAPTER 2. SHEAVES WITH VALUES IN QUASI-ABELIAN CATEGORIES
Proof. — Taking for Z a discrete category or a category of the form
^^ ^ ^ ^J)
one sees that
Horn (£;,.)
preserves direct sums and cokernels. Hence, E is a small strongly projective object of
<?.
Conversely, if E is a small strongly projective object, Hom(E,.) is both cokernel
and direct sum preserving. Viewing
Inn F(j)
3^J
as the cokernel of the canonical morphism
9 F(j)^@F(j)
a:j—^j' 3^J
allows us to conclude. D
PROPOSITION 2.1.4. — Let £ be a cocomplete quasi-abelian category. Assume fil-
tering inductive limits are exact in £. Then, a small projective object of £ is tiny.
Proof. — Let Z be a small filtering category and let P be a small projective object
of E. Denote Q the full subcategory of S1 formed by the functors E for which the
canonical morphism
Inn Horn {P,E(i)) -^ Hom(P,limE(z))
z€Z iÎ
is an isomorphism. Since P is small, it is clear that Q is stable by direct sums.
Moreover, for any E in £ and any i C Z, we have
Horn (P, Ei{i')) ^ Horn (P, Q) E) ^ Q) Hom(P.E) ^ Rom(P,E)i(i1)
a-.i—^-i' a:i—î'
and it follows from the dual of Remark 1.4.13 that the functor Ei belongs to Q.
Therefore, using Proposition 1.4.12, we see that any object E of £1 may be embedded
in a strictly exact sequence of the form
Qi -^ Qo -^ E -^ 0
where Qi and Qo belong to Q. Since filtering inductive limits are exact in <?, the
sequence
limQi(z) —^ }imQo(i) —^ \imE(i) —^ 0
iÎ iel iÎ
is strictly exact in £. Since P is projective in ^, we see that the sequences
Horn (P, Qi (z)) -^ Horn (P, Qo(i)) -> Horn (P, E(i)) -^0 (i € I )
Hom(P,limQi(z)) -^ Horn (P, Inn Qo(i)) -> Horn (P.hm E(i)) -> 0
iÎ i^T iel
2.1. ELEMENTARY QUASI-ABELIAN CATEGORIES 79
are exact. Inductive limits being exact in the category of abelian groups, it follows
that
Inn Horn (P,E(z)) ^ Horn (P, Inn E(i)).
iel i€l
2.1.2. Generating and strictly generating sets. — Although, in this subsec-

tion, we consider only generating and strictly generating sets, the reader will easily
obtain by duality similar considerations for cogenerating and strictly cogenerating
sets.
Let us recall (see e.g. [11]) that a subset Q of Ob(<?) is a generating set of £ if for
any pair
/
E———^F
f
of distinct parallel morphisms of <f, there is a morphism
G -Ê
with G C G, such that
/ o e ^ /' o e.
It is clearly equivalent to ask that for any strict monomorphism s : S —^ E which is
not an isomorphism, there is a morphism
G -tE
with G G Q which does not factor through s. Moreover, if £ is cocomplete and G is

small, it is also equivalent to ask that for any object E of £ there is an epimorphism
of the form
@G,Ê
j'eJ
where (Gj)j^j is a small family of elements of G
The preceding notion is suitable for the study of abelian categories where any
monomorphism is strict. For quasi-abelian ones, the following definition is more
useful.
DEFINITION 2.1.5. — A strictly generating set of £ is a subset G of Ob(£) such that

for any monomorphism
m : S -fE
of £ which is not an isomorphism, there is a morphism
G-Ê
with G G G which does not factor through m.

LEMMA 2.1.6. — Letu :E —f F be a morphism of £. Then, the following conditions

are equivalent:
(a) u is a strict epimorphism,
(b) u does not factor through a monomorphism s : S —^ E which is not an isomor-
phism.
Proof. —
(a) =^ (b). Let s : S —^ E be a monomorphism. Assume u' : S —^ E is such that
u = s o u'.
Since u is a strict epimorphism, so is s. Hence, s is an isomorphism and the conclusion

follows.
(b) =^ (a). Since u factors through the monomorphism Coimu —^ E^
Coim u ^ E
and u is a strict epimorphism.
D
PROPOSITION 2.1.7. — Let £ be a cocomplete quasi-abelian category. A small subset

G of Ob(<?) is a strictly generating set of £ if and only if for any object E of £, there
is a strict epimorphism of the form
@G,Ê
jeJ
where { G j ) j ^ j is a small family of elements of Q.
Proof. — Assume Q is a strictly generating set of<f. Consider the canonical morphism
G E
(D
G'G^,/iGHom(G,^)
^ •
Using the preceding lemma, let us prove by contradiction that e is a strict epimor-
phism. Let
m : S -)- E
be a monomorphism which is not an isomorphism and assume e = m o f for some
/ : X —^ S. For any G G G and any h G Horn (G, E), we get
h=mo f oi^G^h)'
in contradiction with Definition 2.1.5.
Conversely, assume we have a strict epimorphism
@G,Ê
j^J
and let m : S —> E be a monomorphism which is not an isomorphism. Assume that
for any j ^. J
ho Sj : Gj —^ E
factors through m. This gives us a family of morphisms

^ : G, -^ S {j e J)
such that
h o Sj = m o //..
Consider the morphism
h^.^G^S
j'eJ
associated to the family (h'j)j^j. Clearly,
m o h1 = h.
This contradicts the fact that h is a strict epimorphism. Therefore, one of the
h o Sj
does not factor through m and Q is a strict generating set of £. D
PROPOSITION 2.1.8. — Let G be a small strictly generating set of the cocomplete
quasi-abelian category £. Then, a sequence
0 -^ E ' -^ E -^ E"
is strictly exact in £ if and only if the sequence of abelian groups
0 -> Horn (G, E') -^ Horn (G, E) -^ Horn (G, E")
is exact for any G € Q.

Assume moreover that the elements of Q are projective objects of £. Then, a
sequence
E' -4 E -^ E"
is strictly exact in £ if and only if the sequence of abelian groups
Horn (G, E ' ) -^ Horn (G, E) -^ Horn (G, E " )

is exact for any G G G.
Proof. — Proceed as in the proof of Proposition 1.3.23. D
PROPOSITION 2.1.9. — Let £ be a cocomplete quasi-abelian category. Assume £ has
a small strictly generating set Q of small (resp. tiny) objects. Then, direct sums (resp.
filtering inductive limits) are strongly exact in £.
Proof. — Let
0 -^ E' -^ E -^ E"
1
be a strict exact sequence of £ \ where Z is a small discrete (resp. filtering) category.
For any i C Z, the sequence
0 -^ E\i) -^ E{i) -^ E"(z}
SOCIETE MATHfiMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

is strictly exact in £. Hence, for any G e 0, we get the exact sequence

0 -> Horn (G, E'{i)} -^ Horn (G, E(i)) -^ Horn (G, ^(z))
By taking the inductive limit and using the fact that G is small (resp. tiny), we get
the exact sequence
0 -^ Horn (G, Inn E^)) -^ Horn (G, Inn E(z}} -^ Hon^G.lmÊ^z))
iGZ ^€2: iel
The conclusion follows easily from Proposition 2.1.8. D
2.1.3. Quasi-elementary and elementary categories

DEFINITION 2.1.10. — A quasi-abelian category is quasi-elementary (resp. elemen-
tary) if it is cocomplete and has a small strictly generating set of small (resp. tiny)
projective objects.
REMARK 2.1.11. — One checks easily that an abelian category is elementary if and
only if it is quasi-elementary. So, the preceding definition is compatible with the
definition of elementary abelian categories in [15].
PROPOSITION 2.1.12. — A quasi-abelian category £ is quasi-elementary if and only
if CH{£) is elementary.
Proof. — Let us prove that the condition is necessary. Thanks to the dual of Proposi-
tion 2.1.9, direct sums are strongly exact in £. Therefore, the dual of Proposition 1.4.7
shows that CT-LÊ) is cocomplete and that
I : £ -^ jCn(£)
preserves direct sums. Let P be a strictly generating small set of small projective
objects of £. Clearly, I(P) is a generating small set of CT-L{£) and Proposition 1.3.24
shows that the objects of I(P) are projective in CH{£). To check that I ( P ) is small
for any object P of P, we may proceed as follows. Let (A^)^j be a family of CH{£).
We get a family of short exact sequences of CH{£)
0 -^ I(Fi) -^ I{E,) -^ A, -^ 0.
Therefore, the sequence
9J(F,)^Q^(^)-^®AÔ
iel iÎ iÎ
is exact in C1-L{£) and the sequence

Horn (J(P), ^ J(F,)) -^ Horn (J(P), (f) I(E,)) -^ Horn (J(P), ^ A,) ^ 0
id id id
is exact in Ab. Since
(Î(E,)=IÊ,)
iei iî
and P is small, we get the exact sequence
(D Horn (P, F,) -^ (]) Horn (P, E,) -^ Horn (I(P)^ A,) -^ 0.
êJ zeJ I(EZ
It follows that
Q) Horn (J(P), A,) ^ Horn (J(P), ^ A,)
^ iei
and we see that I ( P ) is small in CH{£}.
The condition is also sufficient. Since £1-i(£) is cocomplete, it follows from the
dual of Proposition 1.4.8 that £ is cocomplete. Let P be a generating small set of
small projective objects of CH{£). It follows that C(P) is a generating small set of
projective objects of <?. To check that C(P) is small for any object P of P, we can
proceed as follows. Since the canonical morphism
Î(E,)-Î(Q)E,)
id i€l
is epimorphic, we get an epimorphism

Horn (P,(D I(E,)) -^ Horn (P, I(Q) E,)).
iEl iÎ
Since P is small, we see that the canonical morphism

Q) Horn (P, I(Ei)) -^ Horn (P, J(^ E,))
i(El iei
is surjective. By adjunction, it follows that the canonical morphism

(3) Horn (C(P), Ei) -, Horn (C7(P), ^ E,)
iGJ zeJ
is surjective. Since it is also clearly injective, C(P) is small. D
REMARK 2.1.13. — Let A be a cocomplete abelian category and let P be a full

additive subcategory of A. Assume that the objects of P form a strictly generating
small set of small projective objects of A. Then, thanks to a result of Freyd (see
e.g. [12, Theorem 5.3]) the functor
h:A-Âdd(POP,Ab)
A \-^ Hom^(.,A)
induces an equivalence of categories. Hence, we could view the following proposition
as a corollary of the preceding one. However, for the reader's convenience, we prefer
to give a direct proof.
PROPOSITION 2.1.14. — Let£ be a cocomplete quasi-abelian category and let? be a

full additive subcategory of£. Assume that the objects ofP form a strictly generating

small set of small protective objects of £. Then, the functor
h : £ -, Add^.Ab)
î-^Hom^(.,E)
CH{£)wAdd{V°^,AbY
Proof. — For any strictly exact sequence
E ' -4 E -4 E"
of £ and any object P of P^ the sequence
Hom^P.E") -^ Hom^(P.E) -^ Hom^P.E")
is exact since P is projective. Hence, the functor h is strictly exact and induces a
functor
h:V-(£)^V-(Add(POP,Ab)).
Consider the category C whose objects are denned by
Ob(£) = {{Pi)iî : I small set, P, e Ob(P)}
and whose morphisms are denned by
Hom^((P,)^(Pêj) = nOHo"^^)-
id jeJ
So, a morphism / of
Hom^((P,),ez,(Pn,ej)
-••-•-^"^VV-1 i/zfc-f '> \ j ^
may be considered as an infinite matrix (fji) with

/„ : Pi -^ PJ Vz C J, Vj G J.
the set
U : fjz + 0}
being finite for any i C J.
Now, let us define the functor
S : C -^ £
by setting
5((Pêz)=OPz
zeJ
OI
for any object (Pêz ^' For any morphism
/: [pi)iei -^ (P^J
we define
5(/):QP.^9^'.
iî jeJ
by setting
S(f)osi=^s',of^
jeJ
where
^:P^®P. ^^/^®^
^/ j-ej
are the canonical morphisms.
Since Pi is small for any i G I , the functor 5 is fully faithful. As a matter of fact,
for any objects (Pê/ and (Ppj-eJ of £, we have successively
Hom,(5((P,)^), S((P^j)) ^ Hom,(9 P, ^ P^)
iî jeJ
^nO110111^^')
i(El j^J
^Hom^((P,)^(Pj),ej).
Hence, C is equivalent to a full subcategory S{£) of <?. Since the direct sum of a
family of projective objects is a projective object, the objects of S(£) are projective.
Moreover, by hypothesis, for any object E of <f, there is a strict epimorphism
S((Pî) -^ E
where (PêJ is an object of £. Therefore, by Proposition 1.3.22 we have an equiva-
lence of categories
JC~(S(C))wV-(£),
and the functor S induces an equivalence of categories
IC~W^V-(£).
Let P be an object of P. Recall that the functor
^ : pop ^ ^
is a small projective object of AcM( / P OP ,A6). As a matter of fact, for any object F
o{Add(P°^,Ab), we have
Hom^.F)^^?).
Hence, for any family (F)î of Add^P^.Ab) we get
Hom(^,^F,)^(^F,)(P)
iÎ iEl
^®W)
iei
^^Hom^.F,),
iÎ
and h13 is small. Moreover, if
0 -^ F ' —^ F -^ F " -^ 0
SOCIETfi MATHEMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

is an exact sequence of Add(POP,Ab) then the sequence
0 -^ F\P) -^ F(P) -. F " ( P ) -> 0

is exact. Therefore, the sequence
0 -^ Horn (^p, F'} -, Horn (^p, F) -^ Horn (^p, F") -^ 0
is also exact and hp is projective.

For any object F of ^4^(P°P,.46), we define the morphism
v: ^ ^P ^ F
{(PJ):P€^,/€F(P)}
by setting
VOS^f) =^p(f)
where
^?(/) : ^ -^ F
is defined by
^p{f)(P'){g)=F{g)(f)
for any object P1 of P and any morphism ^ of Horn ^ (?',?). Let us show that v is
an epimorphism. It is sufficient to show that for any object P ' of P the morphism
v(P') : (f) /^(P7) -> ^(P7)

{(PJ):PCP, /GP(P)}
is surjective. Consider /' G ^(P7). Since idp/ G ^ p/ (P') = Hom^(P / ,P / ), we have
^(P^^Xidp/)) = ^(/^(PQ^dp/)
-F(idp/)(n
=f1
and the conclusion follows.

Let
S ' : C -^ Add^.Ab)
be the functor defined by setting
^((P^)^®/^.
êJ
Thanks to the preceding discussion, we may apply to S ' the same kind of arguments
we applied to S and conclude that 5' induces an equivalence of categories
S ' :JC~(C) ^V-Âdd^.Ab)).
Moreover, since in the diagram
we have clearly h o S = S ' , it follows that

h:V-{£) ^V-ÂddiP^.Ab))
is also an equivalence of categories.

Using the fact that h is strictly exact, we see that it exchanges the hearts of T^~ (£)
and VÂdd^P^.Ab)) corresponding left t-structures. So, h induces an equivalence
of categories
h: CU{£) -^ CHÂdd^.Ab)).
Since the category Add^^Âb) is abelian,
CnÂdd^.Ab)) w AddiP^.Ab)
and the proof is complete. D
PROPOSITION 2.1.15. — Let £ be a quasi-abelian category. Assume £ is quasi-
elementary. Then,
(a) Both the categories £ and CH{£) are complete with exact products. Moreover,
I :£ -^ CH(£)
preserves projective limits.
(b) Both the categories £ and CH(£) are cocomplete with strongly exact direct sums.
Moreover,
I : £ -^ CH(£)
preserves direct sums.
(c) Both the categories £ and £H(£) have enough projective objects. Moreover,
CH{£) has enough injective objects.
Proof
(a) It follows from the preceding proposition that C'H(£) is complete. Hence, Propo-
sition 1.4.8 shows that £ is complete. Thanks to Proposition 1.4.5, £ has exact
products. Hence, the conclusion follows from Corollary 1.4.7.
(b) This follows from Proposition 2.1.12.
(c) Obvious. D
PROPOSITION 2.1.16. — Let £ be a quasi-abelian category. Assume £ is quasi-
elementary. Then, £ is elementary if and only if one of the following equivalent
conditions is satisfied

(a) The functor

I : £ -^ CU{£)
preserves filtering inductive limits.
(b) Filtering inductive limits are exact in £.
(c) Filtering inductive limits are strongly exact in £.
Proof. — This is a direct consequence of Proposition 2.1.4, Proposition 2.1.9 and

Proposition 1.4.17. D
PROPOSITION 2.1.17. — Let £ be a small quasi-abelian category with enough pro-

jective objects. Then,
Tnd{£)
is an elementary quasi-abelian category and there is a canonical equivalence of cate-

gories
CU(Xnd{£))wlnd{CU(£}).
Proof. — Proceeding as in the abelian case (see [15]) and using well-known results
on ind-objects (see e.g. [1]), one can check that the category Tnd{£) is an elemen-
tary quasi-abelian category. Denote V the full additive subcategory of £ formed by
projective objects. It follows from Proposition 2.1.14 that
CU(Tnd{£)) w Add^.Ab)
Since any object of CH(£) is a quotient of an object of I ( P ) and since any such object
is projective, Xnd{CT-L{£}} is an elementary abelian category and
Xnd(£H(£)) w Add(V°^,Ab).
2.1.4. Closed elementary categories

PROPOSITION 2.1.18. — Let £ be a closed quasi-abelian category with T as internal
tensor product and let R be a unital ring in £.
(a) Assume P is a small (resp. tiny) object of £. Then, T(R,P) is a small (resp.
tiny) object of M.od(K).
(b) Assume Q is a strictly generating set of £. Then,
{T(R,G):GeQ}
is a strictly generating set of Mod(R).
(c) Assume £ is quasi-elementary (resp. elementary). Then Mod{R) is quasi-
elementary (resp. elementary).
Proof. — Part (a) follows directly from Proposition 1.5.2.

To prove (b), let E be an fi-module and let s : S —^ E be a monomorphism
of Mod(R) which is not an isomorphism. Since Q is a strictly generating set of £,
Definition 2.1.5 shows that there is G —^ E in £ which cannot be factorized through
s in £. It follows that the associated morphism T(R,G) —)- E of Mod{R) cannot be
factorized through s in Mod(R) and we get the conclusion.
Part (c) is a direct consequence of (a) and (b). D
PROPOSITION 2.1.19. — Let £ be a small quasi-abelian category with enough pro-
jective objects. Assume £ is endowed with a closed structure with T as internal tensor
product, H as internal homomorphism functor and U as unit object. Then, there is a
closed structure on Xnd(£) which extends that of £ and any two such extensions are
canonically isomorphic. Assume moreover that for any projective object P of £ the
functor
T(P, •) : £ -> £
is exact (resp. strongly exact) and that T(P^P') is projective for any projective object
P' of£. Then, similar properties hold for projective objects ofXnd(£).
Proof. — Assume Xnd(£) is endowed with a closed structure extending that of £.

Denote T ' its internal tensor product, H ' its internal homomorphism functor and U '
its unit object. Using the canonical fully faithful functor
"•" :£ -,Xnd(£)
we may express the fact that the closed structure of Xnd(£) extends that of £ by the
formulas
U ' ^ 'V\ r'C'FVF") ^ 'T(F,F)", H ' ^ E ' ^ F ' ) ^ "H(E,FY\
Let E : X —^ £, F : J —^ £ and G : /C —^ £ be three filtering inductive systems of £.
It follows from the adjunction formula between T ' and H ' that
T\\Ê{iy\ hm ^(jD ^ Inn Inn 'T(^), F(j)Y
iEi jej ieijej
and that
^ / (llm"F(Jy^l"$"G(A;r) ^ l^m lim^FO')^^))".
JEJ fee/C jeJk^K,
These formulas show directly that T ' and H ' are unique up to canonical isomorphism.
We may also use them to construct a closed structure on Xnd(£) extending that of £
(details are left to the reader).
Since any projective object ofXnd(£) is a direct factor of a projective object of the
form
®^
iÎ
with Pi projective in <?, the last part of the statement is clear. D
SOCI6T6 MATHfiMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

2.2. Sheaves with values in an elementary quasi-abelian category

In this section, we will fix a small topological space X and an elementary quasi-
abelian category £ and we will show that the category of sheaves with values in £ can
be manipulated almost as easily as the category of abelian sheaves.
2.2.1. Presheaves, sheaves and the associated sheaf functor

DEFINITION 2.2.1. — A presheaf on X with values in £ (or S-presheaf) is a functor
F : Op(X)op -, £
where Op{X) denotes the category of open subsets of X with the inclusion maps as
morphisms. If V C U are two open subsets of X, we denote
rû : F(U) -^ F(V)
the associated restriction morphism. We define the category of presheaves on X with
values in £ by setting
Psh{X^)=£OPWOP.
Let F be an object of Psh(X\ £). We define the fiber Fy; of F at x G X by setting
F,= hm F(V)
V(EV^
where Vx denotes the set of open neighborhoods of x ordered by inclusion.

For any U 6 Vx, we denote
rû ' F(U) -^ F,
the canonical morphism.
For any open subset U of X and any ^-presheaf F, we denote F\jj the <?-presheaf
obtained by restricting the functor F to Op(U)°^.
An object F of Psh(X',£) is a mono-presheaf if for any open subset U of X and
any covering V of [7, the morphism
r : F(U) -^ J] F(V)
v^v
defined by setting pv o r = r^ ^ is monomorphic. Equivalently, F is a mono-presheaf
if and only if HE o F is an abelian mono-presheaf for any object E of £.
An object F of Vsh{X\£) is a sheaf (or £-sheaf) if for any open subset U of X
and any covering V of U we get the strict exact sequence
0 -^ F(U) ^ JJ F(V) ^ JJ F(W H W)

v^v w,w'ev
where r is defined as above and
Pw,w o r ' = r^rw/ ,w °Pw - r^wnw ,w ° Pw •
Equivalently, F is a sheaf if and only if HE ° F is an abelian for any object E of £.
2.2. SHEAVES WITH VALUES IN AN ELEMENTARY QUASI-ABELIAN CATEGORY 91
We denote by Shv(X',£) the full subcategory ofPsh{X,£) formed by sheaves.

PROPOSITION 2.2.2. — The category Psh(X',£) is a quasi-abelian category and
CH(Psh{X^£)) ^ Psh(X',CH(£)).
Moreover, if P is a strictly generating full additive subcategory of small projective
objects of £. Then, the canonical functor
h : Psh(X^£) -^ Add(P,Psh(X',Ab))
which associates to an £-presheaf F the functor
P^hpoF
factors through an equivalence of categories
CH(Psh(X^£)) -^ Add(P^Psh(X',Ab)).
In particular, h is a fully faithful strictly exact functor.
Proof. — The first part of the result follows from Proposition 1.4.9. Since £ has exact
direct sums, it follows from Proposition 1.4.15 that
Cn{Psh(X^£)) ^ Psh{X',£H(£)).
Since Proposition 2.1.14 shows that
CH(£)Âdd(P,Ab),
the conclusion follows easily. Q
DEFINITION 2.2.3. — Let V be a covering of X. We define L(V; F) to be the kernel

of the morphism
Y[F(V)^ JJ F{Wr}W).
vev w.w'ev
We set also
L(X;F)= hm L(V;F)
VeCv{X)°P
where Cv{X) denotes the set of open coverings of X ordered by setting V < V if for
any V C V there is V G V such that V C V.
Finally, we define the <?-presheaf L(F) by setting
L{F)(U)=L(U^F\u).
We have a canonical morphism
F->L(F).
PROPOSITION 2.2.4
(a) For any £-presheaf F , L(F) is an £-mono-presheaf.
(b) For any £-mono-presheaf F , L{F) is an £-sheaf.

Proof. — L(F) is an ^-mono-presheaf (resp. an <f-sheaf) if and only if hp o L{F) is

an abelian mono-presheaf (resp. an abelian sheaf) for any tiny projective object P of
£. Since it is clear that
hp o L(F) = L(hp o F)
we are reduced to the case where £ = Ah which is well-known. D
DEFINITION 2.2.5. — We define the associated sheaf functor
A:Psh{X',£) -,Shv(X'^)
by setting A = L o L. We have a canonical morphism
a(F) : F -,A(F).
PROPOSITION 2.2.6. — For any morphism
u : F ->G
from the presheaf F to the sheaf G there is a unique morphism
v : A(F) -^ G
making the diagram
a(F)
F —4 A(F)
commutative. Therefore, F ^ A(F) if and only if F is a sheaf, and we have the

adjunction isomorphism
K^^W^^0) ^ ^^/.(W^G)
which shows that Shv(X;£) is a reflective subcategory ofPsh(X',£).
Moreover, for any x C X , we have a canonical isomorphism
A(F).^F,.
Proof. — We have
h[A(F)][P]=A[h(F)[P]}.
Hence, there is a unique morphism
v'[P] : A[h(F)[P}} -^ h(G)[P]
such that
vf[P]oa(h(F)[P})=h(u)[P].
Since h is full there is a morphism
v : A(F) -> G
such that
h(v) = v'.
For such a v^ we get
/i(v o a(F))[P] = v1 o a(h(F)[P}) = h(u)[P}

and since h is faithful, we have
v o a(F) = u.
Moreover, any morphism
w : A(F) -^ G
such that
w o a(F) = u
satisfies the equality
h{w) = v1
and h being faithful, we get
w = v.
Since
h[A(F)}[P]=A(h{F)[P]),
we get
hp(A(F),) = h[A(F)][P], ^ h(F)[P], = hp(F,)
and the last part of the result follows easily. D
2.2.2. The category of sheaves

PROPOSITION 2.2.7. — The category
Shv(X^)
is quasi-abelian. Moreover, a sequence
E -> F -^G
is strictly exact (resp. coexact) in Shv(X;£) if and only if the sequence
E^F^-, G^
is strictly exact (resp. coexact) in £ for any x G X . In particular, a morphism
u: E -^ F
of Shv(X',£) is strict if and only if
u^ : E^ -, F^
is strict for any x € X .
SOClfiTfi MATHEMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

Proof. — Let
u: E —^F
be a morphism in Shv{X\ <?). Define the object K of Psh(X, £) by setting
^(£/)=Kern([/)
for any open subset U of X. Since
h(K)=Kerh(u),
it is clear that K is an <?-sheaf. By construction, K is a kernel of u in Shv(X\£).
Define the object C of P^(X; <?) by setting
C((7)=CokerH([7).
Since C is a cokernel of u in Psh(X\ <?), the adjunction formula for A shows that A(C)
is a cokernel of u in <?^(X; <?).
It follows from what precedes that any morphism
u : E -^ F
of Shv(X'^ £) has a kernel, a cokernel, an image and a coimage and that
(Kern)a; ^ Kerâ.), (Im^ ^ Im(^),
(Cokern)a; ^ Coker(na.), (Coimn)^ ^ Coim^).
Therefore, to conclude, it is sufficient to prove that u is an isomorphism if u^ is an
isomorphism for every x G X. Since
h{u)[P}^hp{u,)
this is a direct consequence of the corresponding result for abelian sheaves. D
PROPOSITION 2.2.8. — The category Shv(X,£) is complete and cocomplete. More-
over, direct sums and filtering inductive limits are strongly exact.
Proof. — Let
F:J-^Shv{X^)
be a functor and let L be the projective limit of F in Psh(X,£). Since
hx o L = Hm hx ° F(j)
j^J
for any object X o f < ? , L is an f-sheaf. Hence, L is a projective limit ofFin Shv{X\ <?).
Let R be the inductive limit of F in Psh(X, <?). It follows from the adjunction formula
for A that A(R) is an inductive limit of F in Shv{X\£). The last part follows from
the fact that in Shv(X',£) we have
(lunF(j)),=limFy),.
3^J jej
D
DEFINITION 2.2.9. — Let E be an object of E and let U be an open subset of X.

Consider the <f-presheaf F defined by setting
if vcu
W^
[0 if V (/LU
the restriction map
r^y : F(V) -, F(W)
being id^ if IV c V and 0 if W ^ V. By construction, for any <?-presheaf G, we have
^^rshW^G) ^ Hom^G(^)).
We set
Eu=A(F).
Clearly,
K^^W^ 0 ) ^ Hom^G(£/)).
PROPOSITION 2.2.10. — For any open subset U ofX, the functor
(')u : £ -^Shv(X^)
is strictly exact and preserves inductive limits. Moreover
fE if xeU
(Eu)x ^ S
\0 if xÛ
PROPOSITION 2.2.11. — Let Q be a strictly generating small set of objects of <?.
Then,
[GU : G C Q, U open subset of X}
is a strictly generating small set of objects of Shv(X'^£).
Proof. — Consider the canonical morphism

u: ^ F(U}u -^ F
ue0p(x)
corresponding to the morphism
F{U)u -^ F
deduced from the identity morphism
F(U) -> F(U).
For any x € X, we have
( ^ F(U)u)^Q)F(U).
uÔp(x) xeu
The morphism
^F(£/)^F,
U9x

induced by u^ corresponds to the restriction morphisms

r^:F(£/)^F,.
Hence, Uy: is a strict epimorphism for any x G X. This shows that u is a strict
epimorphism. Since Q is a small strictly generating set of <?, for any U G Op(X),
there is a small family (Gu,i)iîu °^ G an(^ a ^ri^ epimorphism of £
(9 Gu,i -^ F{U).
ieiu
Since (')u preserves inductive limits,
Q){Gu,i)u-^F{U)u
iElu
is a strict epimorphism in Shv(X',S), Hence, we get a strict epimorphism
(B 9(c;^)y^F.
ue0p{x) ieiu
PROPOSITION 2.2.12. — The canonical inclusion
I : £ -> Cn(£)
gives a canonical functor
Shv(X;£) ->Shv(X^C/H(£)).
This functor induces an equivalence of categories
CH{Shv(X^)) ^Shv(X',Cn{£)).
Proof, — Since I is continuous, I o F is an CU{£) -sheaf for any <?-sheafF. This gives
us a canonical functor
J : S h v ( X ' , £ ) -,Shv{X',CH(£)).
Ones checks easily that J is fully faithful and that its essential image is stable by
subobjects. Moreover,
J(F),^J(F,).
Let Q be a strictly generating small set of objects of <?. We know that I(Q) is a
generating small set of CT-L{£). Hence, for any object F of Shv{X\ CH{£)), there is a
small family (Ui,Gi)i^L of Op(X) x Q and a strict epimorphism
(3)(J(^))^F.
I<EL
Moreover, since I commutes with filtering inductive limits, one checks easily that
{I(Gi))u, = J((Gi)u,)
and that
9j((Go^)^j(^(Q)^).
I^L ieL
Hence, we have an epimorphism
^((B(^)-^.
l^L
The conclusion follows from Proposition 1.2.36. D
2.2.3. Internal operations on sheaves. — Let £ be a closed elementary quasi-

abelian category and let T (resp. H, U) be its internal tensor product (resp. its
internal homomorphism functor, its unit object).
DEFINITION 2.2.13. — Let F and G be two objects of Psh(X^). We denote by

H(F, G) the kernel of the morphism
h: IJ H(F(U), G(U)) -^ U H(F(U)^G(V))
uôp(x) uyÔpW
vcu
of £ defined by setting
pny oh= H(\^F{u}-,^jj) opu - H(r^v,idG(v)) OPv
for any V C U in Op(X). Clearly,
U^H(F\u^G\u)
is a presheaf. We denote it by U(F,G\
PROPOSITION 2.2.14. — Assume F , G are two objects ofShv(X',£). Then, ^(F.G)

is an object ofShv(X'^S).
Proof. — Let V C U be open subsets of X and let W be a covering of X. Since G is

a sheaf, we have the strictly exact sequence
O->G(V)^ {J G(VF}W)^ J] G(vnwnw1).
w^w w^w'ew
From the adjunction formula linking T and H , it follows that H ( F ( U ) , ' ) is a contin-
uous functor. Therefore, we get the strictly exact sequence
0-^H(F(U),G(V))^ Y[ H(F(U),G(VnW))-^ JJ H(F(U),G(V H W n W ' ) ) .
W(E\V W,W'^~W
Using a tedious but easy computation, we deduce from this fact that the sequence
0 ^ ^ ( F , G ) ( X ) ^ JJ U{F,G){W)-, J] U{F,G){W^W)
M/ew W,W'EV^
is strictly exact in <f. And the conclusion follows. D

DEFINITION 2.2.15. — Let E, F be two objects of Shv(X,£). We denote T{E^F)

the S -sheaf associated to the £-presheaf
U^T{E(UYF(U)Y
PROPOSITION 2.2.16. — We have the canonical functorial isomorphism
^^Sk^xÛE.F^G) ^ Hom^^(^(F,G))
forE, F, G inShv(X^).
Proof. — Let h G Horn shv{x^T(E^F^G) and let t/ D V be open subsets of X.

By composition with the canonical morphism
T(E(U),F(V)) -. T(E(V)^F(V)) -^ T(^F)(Y),
the morphism
h(V):r(E^F)(V)-^G(V)
induces a morphism
huy:T(E(U)^F(V})-^G(y).
By adjunction, this gives us a morphism
hfuy:E(U)^H(F(V)^G(V))
for any V C U in Op{X). Hence, we get a morphism
h'u :E(U) -^ n H(F{V)^G{V))
vcu
V open
and one checks easily that h'{j factors through

h^:E(U)-^H{F\u^G\uY
Moreover, the family (h'^)ue0p{x) defines a morphism
y(h) :E-^n{F,G)
mShv(X^).
Now, let h G Horn ^^^.^.^ (£',%( jF',G)) and let U be an open subset of X. The
morphism
h(U):E(U)^H{F\u^G\u)
gives rise to a morphism
h'(U):E(U)-^H(F(U^G(U)).
By adjunction, we get a morphism
h'Û) : T(E(U),F(U)) -^ G(U)
which is easily checked to be a morphism of presheaves. We denote
^(h):T{E^F)^G
2.3. SHEAVES WITH VALUES IN AN ELEMENTARY ABELIAN CATEGORY 99
the associated morphism of <%v(X;<?). An easy computation shows that ip is an

inverse of (p and that ^ and (p are functorial in £', F and G. D
COROLLARY 2.2.17. — The category Shv(X',£) endowed with T as internal tensor

product, Ux as unit andU as internal homomorphism functor is a closed quasi-abelian
category.
2.3. Sheaves with values in an elementary abelian category

2.3.1. Poincare-Verdier duality. — Let / : X —^ Y be a continuous map of
locally compact topological spaces and let A be an elementary abelian category. Recall
that
Shv(XÂ) (resp. Shv(Y',A))
denotes the category of sheaves on X (resp. Y) with values in A. For short, we set
P*(X,A) = V^Shv{X,A)) (* = +,-,0)
and use similar conventions for /C.
As usual, for any closed subspace Q of X and any A-sheaf F on X , FQ^X'.F)
denotes the kernel of the restriction morphism
F(X)^F(X\Q).
DEFINITION 2.3.1. — For any sheaf F € Shv(X',A), we define the sheaf
MF)eShv(YÂ)
by the formula
r([/;/.(F))= inn w1^);^)
QCf-nU)^ /-proper
We call f-soft a sheaf F such that Fu is /-acyclic for any U e Op(X).

Of course, f\ is left exact and gives rise to a derived functor
a/.:^+(x;^)^p+(y;A).
Hereafter, we will show that under the assumption that f\ has finite cohomological
dimension, Rf^ has a right adjoint functor. To get this result, we will adapt the
reasoning of [7] to our more general situation.
DEFINITION 2.3.2. — Let K(F) denote a bounded functorial /-soft resolution of

F c Shv(X',A) (e.g. a truncated Godement resolution). For any G € Shv(Y',A), we
define the presheaf
fK(G)^Psh(X'Â)
through Proposition 2.2.2 by asking that
Horn (P, F([/; /^(G))) = Horn (f^K(Px)u)^ G)

for any P in a generating small set of small projective objects of A.
PROPOSITION 2.3.3. — For any G € Shv(Y\A), /^(G) G Shv(X,A). Moreover, if

G is injective, f^{G) is flabby.
Proof. — Let (Uz)iî be a covering of an open subset U of X. We know that, for any
k G Z, the complex
...^ ^K\Px)uû, -^(^K^Px)^ ^K\Px)u^^
ij^l iÎ
k
is exact. Since K (Px)v is /i-acyclic for any open subset V of X and /; has finite
cohomological dimension, the complex
. . . ^ (f) MK^Px^nu^) -^ 0 ^(Px)^) -^ f^K\Px)u) -^ 0
ijel iÎ
is also exact. It follows that the sequence

0-^Rom(f^K(Px)u).G)-^Y[Hom(f,(K(Px)ui),G)-^ fl Hom(/!(X(Px)^n^-), G)
id ijei
is exact. Hence, we see that the sequence

0-^ Horn (P,r(l/;/^(G)))-^ Horn (P,nr(^,/^(G)))-^ Horn (P, Y[ Y(Ui n ^; /^(G)))
iei ijei
is exact for any P in a small generating family of small projective objects. It follows
that the sequence
0^r(£/;/^(G))^nr(^;/i,(G))-^ ]^ Y(UÛ^fK{G))
iei ijei
is exact and that f^(G) is a sheaf. Let us assume now that G is injective. Let V be
an open subset of U. We have the monomorphism
K(Px)v^K(Px)u.
Hence, we get the epimorphism
Horn (f,(K(Px)u).G)-^ Horn (MK(Px)v)^G).
As above, we deduce that
W/]<(G))^r(y;/i,(G))
is an epimorphism. D
DEFINITION 2.3.4. — Let Z^y,*/!) denote the full subcategory of IC^~(Y,A) formed
by complexes of injective sheaves. We denote by
f•:V+(Y;A)-^V+(XÂ)
the functor induced by
/^^(y^^/c^x;^)
through the equivalence of categories

^(v^^p^y;^).
PROPOSITION 2.3.5. — There is a canonical morphism of functors
Rf^-(G)-^G.
Proof. — Let G be an injective object of Shv(Y\ A). Since f^(G) is flabby, it is also
/-soft and
Rf,f\G) ^ f.f^G).
By definition,
r(u;f,fK ((?))= inn W-û^f^G)}.
QC/- 1 ([/),<? /-proper
From the exact sequence

o ^ roC/-1^);/^)) -> rv-1^); /],(<;)) ^ n/-1^) \Q;/J^(G'))
we deduce that Horn (P, ^(/"Û"); /]c(G'))) is a kernel of
Kom(f,(K(Px)f-nu)),G) -> Hom(f,(K(Px)f-nu)\Q),G)
Since the sequence
0 -^ K(Px)f-i(u)\Q -^ K(Px)f-^(u) -^ K(Px)q -^ 0
is exact, it follows that
Horn (P^QC-1^);^^)))^ Horn (/>(^(Px)o),G).
Since Q is /-proper, we have an obvious map
Pu -^ /.(PQ) -^ f^K(Px)Q).
Hence, there is a canonical morphism
Horn (P,rQ(/- 1 (17);/^(G)))-^ Horn (P,r(£/;G))
which gives rise to a canonical morphism
ra/;/./i,((?))-^r(i/;G)
as requested. D
THEOREM 2.3.6. — The canonical morphism

RHom (F, /'(G)) -^ RHom (A/.(F), G)
induced by the morphism
Rf,f\G)-^G
is an isomorphism.
SOClfiT^ MATHfiMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

Proof. — We know that any sheaf F G Shv{X^ A) has a resolution by sheaves of the
type
(BW)v.
where V is an open subset of X and P a member of a generating small set of small
projective objects of A. Since / has finite cohomological dimension, we may reduce
ourselves to the case where F = Pu and G is injective. In such a case, since f^(G) is
flabby, we have
RHom(P^,/'(G)) ^Hom(P,r(£/,/^(G)))
^Rom(f,{K(P)u).G)
^RHom(P/,(Pt/),G)
2.3.2. Internal projection formula. — In this section, A denotes a closed ele-

mentary abelian category with T as internal tensor product, U as unit object and
H as internal homomorphism functor. We assume moreover that for any projective
object P of A, T(P, •) and H(P, •) are exact functors. It follows from the results in
the previous section that Shv(X\ A) endowed with T as internal tensor product, H as
internal homomorphism functor and U\ as unit object is a closed abelian category.
DEFINITION 2.3.7. — We say that an object P o!Shv(X',A) has projective fibers if
Pa. is a projective object of A for any x G X.
LEMMA 2.3.8. — (a) Assume P is an A-sheaf with projective fibers. Then,
T(P, •) : Shv{X', A) -^ Shv(X^ A)
is exact. Moreover, if P' is another A-sheaf with projective fibers, then T{P^P') has
projective fibers.
(b) Assume I is an injective A-sheaf. Then,
^(., I) : Shv{X', A)^ -^ Shv(X', A)
is exact. Moreover, if P is an A-sheaf with projective fibers, then ^(P,J) is an
injective A-sheaf.
Proof. — Part (a) follows directly from the fact that

T(^,F).=T(^,F,).
To prove the first part of (b), let
0 -> E' -^ E -> E" -^ 0
be an exact sequence of Shv{X\ A). Let P be a projective object of A and let U be
an open subset of X. Since the ^4-sheaf Pu has projective fibers, it follows that the
sequence
0 -^ T(P^, E ' ) -> T(Pu. E) -^ T(P^, E") -^ 0
is exact. Using the fact that I is injective, we get the exact sequence
0 -^ Horn (T(P^ E"), I ) -^ Horn (T(P^ E), I ) -^ Horn (T(P^ E'), J) -^ 0.
The adjunction formula between T and 7i then gives the exact sequence
0 -^ Horn {PuÊ", I ) ) -^ Horn (P^(E, I ) ) -^ Horn {Pu,H(E', I ) ) -^ 0.
Since for any A-sheaf F, Horn (P^/, F) ^ Horn (P, F(£/)), we see that the sequence
0 -^ U(E',I)(U) -^ U{E,I)(U) -^ U(E",I)(U) -^ 0
is exact for any open subset U of X and the conclusion follows.
The last part of (b) is obtained by similar methods. D
REMARK 2.3.9. — One can also prove that if I is an injective A-sheaf, then 1-L{E, I )
is flabby for any .4-sheaf E.
PROPOSITION 2.3.10.— The functor
T : Shv{X', A) x Shv{X', A) -^ Shv(X^ A)
is explicitly left derivable and the functor
U: Shv(X', A)^ x Shv{X', A) -^ Shv(X-, A)

is explicitly right derivable. Moreover, we have the canonical functorial isomorphisms :
(a) LT(E^F)^Lr(FÊ),
(b) LT(UxÊ)Ê,
(c) RHom (LT(E, F),G) ^ RHom (E, RU(F, G)),
(d) RH(Ux,E)Ê.
Proof. — Let P denote the full subcategory of Shv(X', A) formed by A-sheaves with
projective fibers. By Proposition 2.2.11, any .4-sheaf F is a quotient of an object of
the form
®W)y.
t€J
where P, is a projective object of A and Ui is an open subset of X. Since
(^Wu}
\iei
= (B P.,
) y^ iei,Ui3x
it is clear that ©^j(Pz)^ belongs to P. Hence, any Asheafis a quotient of an object
of P. By the preceding lemma, it follows that (Shv(X;A),P) is T-projective. Hence,
T is explicitly left derivable.
Denote Z the full subcategory of Shv(X',A) formed by injective A-sheaves. We
know already that any object of Shv{X, A) is a subobject of an object of Z. By the
preceding lemma, (Shv(X\ A),T) is ^-injective. Hence, U is explicitly right derivable.
The last part of the proposition follows directly by replacing the various objects by
suitable resolutions. Q

LEMMA 2.3.11. — Let X be a locally compact topological space. Let P be a protective

object of A and let E be an A-sheaf on X . Then, the canonical morphism
r(rc(x; E), P) -^ r,(x; T(E, ?x))
is an isomorphism. In particular, T{E^Px) is c-soft if E is c-soft.
Proof. — We will work as in [7, Lemma 2.5.12].

Without losing any generality, we may assume X is compact. Let (K^î be a
finite covering of X by compact subsets. Since E is an A-sheaf, we have an exact
sequence of the form
o-^r{xÊ)^(^r(KÊ)^ (])r(^n^;E).
id ijei
The object P being projective in A, the functor T(-,P) is exact and we get the
morphism of exact sequences
0———>T(^(XÊ),P)—>^Q)T(^(KÊ),P)—^ Q)T(r(KinK,;E),P)
iei ijei
, 1^
^
0———>Wr(E,Px))——^Q)W,T(E,Px))———^Q)r(KinK,;T(E,Px))
h
•4"
A
iÎ ^ ij€l
Let us show that a is a monomorphism. It is sufficient to show that for any small
projective object Q of A and any
h:Q-^T(T(XÊ)^P)
such that a o h = 0 we have h = 0. Since
(*) Inn T(r(£7;E),P)^r(^P)^ Inn r((7;T(^Px))
U3x U3x
U open U open
and Q is tiny (see Remark 2.1.2), we can find a finite compact covering of X such
that
A o h = 0.
Since A is monomorphic, the conclusion follows.
To show that a is epimorphic, it is sufficient to show that for any small projective
object Q of A and any
A:Q^r(X;T(E,Px))
there is
h' :Q->T(r(X;E),P)
1
such that a o h = h. Using once more (*) and the fact that Q is tiny, we can find a
finite compact covering of X such that
A' o h = 13 o h"
for some
^:Q_,^T(r(^;E),P).
»€J
It follows from the first part of the proof that f3 and 7 are monomorphic. Since
0 = // o V o h = // o f3 o ^ = 7 o ^ o ///
we see that fi o h" = 0. Hence,

/z" = A o h'
for some
^:Q-^T(r(X;E),P).
For such an /i', we have
A' o a o h1 = f3 o X o h' = f3 o h'1 = V o h.
Hence, a o h' == h and the proof is complete. D
LEMMA 2.3.12. — Let f : X —^ Y be a morphism of locally compact topological

spaces. Let P be an A-sheaf on Y with projective fibers and let E be an A-sheaf on
X . Then, the canonical morphism
rcf^P)-^/!^/-1?)
is an isomorphism. Moreover, T(E,f~lP) is f-soft if E is f-soft.
Proof. — Since
T{f,E,P\ = T((f,E)y,Py) = TW\y);E),Py)
and
f,(r(E,f-lP))y=W-l(y)•,T(E\f-^),(Py)\f-^y)))
for any y G V, we are reduced to the preceding lemma. D
PROPOSITION 2.3.13. — Let f : X —f Y be a morphism of locally compact topological

spaces. Assume f\ has finite cohomological dimension. Then,
LrWÊ^F) ^ RfWEJ^F)
for any E in V~ (Shv (X', A)) and any F in V~ {Shv (Y', A)).
Proof. — This follows directly from the preceding lemma if we replace E by a soft
resolution and F by a resolution by A-sheaves with projective fibers. D

2.3.3. Internal Poincare-Verdier duality

PROPOSITION 2.3.14. — Letf : X -^ Y be a morphism of locally compact topological
spaces. Assume f\ has finite cohomological dimension. Then, the canonical morphism
Rf^Rn(E,fF) -, RH(Rf,E,F)
induced by
Rf^fF -^ F
is an isomorphism in V^(Shv(YÂ)) for any E in P- (Shv (X; A)) and any F in
P+(5^(V;A)).
Proof. — It is sufficient to prove that
Rrcr^R^/'F)) -^ Rr(y;R^(j?/,^F))
is an isomorphism for any open subset V of Y. We may even restrict ourselves to the
case V = Y and prove only that
RHom (P, Rr(V; RH(E^ f-F))) ^ RHom (P, RF(X; RH{Rf,E^ F)))
for any projective object P of A. This follows from the chain of isomorphism below:
RHom(P,Rr(y;R^(EJ'F))) ^ RHom(Py,R^(EJ'F))
^RHom(Lr(E,Py)J'F)
^ RHom (Rf,LT(E, f^Px), F)
^RHom(LT(^/,^Px),F)
^ RHom (Px, RH(Rf,E, F))
^ RHom (P, Rr(X; Wi{Rf,E, F))).
D
CHAPTER 3
APPLICATIONS
3.1. Filtered Sheaves

3.1.1. The category of filtered abelian groups. — To fix the notations, let us
recall the following definitions.
DEFINITION 3.1.1. — A filtration on an abelian group M is the data of an increasing

sequence (-Ffeêz of abelian subgroups of M such that
U Fk = M.
feez
A filtered abelian group M is an abelian group Moo endowed with a filtration
(Mfe)fcez.
We call Moo the underlying abelian group of M.
A morphism of filtered abelian groups u : M —^ N is the data of a morphism
Hoc : Moo -^ Aôo
of the underlying abelian groups such that
ôo(Mfc) C Nk
for any k (E Z. The set of morphisms from M to N is denoted
Hom(M,AO.
It is clearly endowed with a canonical structure of abelian groups. With this notion of
morphisms, one checks easily that filtered abelian groups form an additive category.
We will denote it by JAb.
The following two obvious propositions will clarify the structure of limits in TAh.
PROPOSITION 3.1.2. — The category JAh has kernels and cokernels. More precisely,
let u : M —^ N be a morphism of filtered abelian groups. Then,
108 CHAPTER 3. APPLICATIONS
(a) Kern is the abelian group u^^Q) endowed with the filtration
(u^(O)nMk)^
(b) Cokern is the abelian group Aô/ôo(Xoo) endowed with the filtration
(Nk + ôo(Moo)/Hoo(Moo))fcez-
A s a consequence, we see that
(c) Im u is the abelian group Hoc (MX)) endowed with the filtration
(u^{M^)r}Nk)kez.
(d) Coimu is the abelian group Moo/u^(0) endowed with the filtration
(Mk+u^W/u^(0))^
It may equivalently be described as the group Uoo(Moo) endowed with the filtration
(uoo(Mk))kez-
In particular, the morphism u is strict if and only if
u^(Mk) = Uoo{M^) H Nk
for every k G Z.
PROPOSITION 3.1.3. — The category TAh has direct sums and products. More pre-
cisely, let (Mi)iî be a small family of filtered abelian groups. Then,
(a) ®^j Mi is the abelian group ®^j(^)oo endowed with the filtration
f®(M^) ,
Y^ ) k^L
(b) n%e^ î ^s
ê a^ân subgroup
U IP^
k<EZi€l
ofY[iî(Mi)oo endowed with the filtration
frr^) •
vez / feez
REMARK 3.1.4. — It follows from the last point of Proposition 3.1.2 that FAb is not
abelian. Moreover, Proposition 3.1.3 shows that ifJ is infinite, (]~[^ ^)oo m8iy d^61*
from n^W) 00 -
PROPOSITION 3.1.5. — The category TAh is a complete and cocomplete quasi-abelian
category in which direct sums and filtering inductive limits (resp. products) are strongly
exact (resp. exact).
Proof. — It is direct consequence of the two preceding propositions. D
3.1. FILTERED SHEAVES 109
DEFINITION 3.1.6. — Let M be a filtered abelian group and let I G Z. We denote

by M(l) the filtered abelian group obtained by endowing Moo with the filtration
(Mi^k)kez'
Clearly,
M ^ M(l)
is a functor of TAb into itself. We call it the filtration shifting functor. Let M, N be
two filtered abelian groups.
The sequence
(Hom(M,7V(fe)))feez
of subgroups of
Horn (M, N)
is increasing and gives a filtration of
|j Hom(M,A^)).
A;ez
We denote FHom (M, N) the corresponding filtered abelian group.
Denote (M 0 N)k the image of the canonical morphism
Q) Mi (g) A^ -^ Moo 0 -^00

ôo y^ N^
l^L
induced by the canonical inclusions
Mi -^ Moo, Nk-i -^ Aôo.

Clearly, ((M 0 N)k)k€Z forms a filtration of Moo ^ Aôo- We denote by M 0 N the
corresponding filtered abelian group.
Finally, we denote by FZ the filtered abelian group obtained by endowing Z with
the filtration defined by setting
F Z . = { 2 "^
|^0 otherwise.
PROPOSITION 3.1.7. — The category TAh endowed with - 0 - as internal tensor prod-
uct, FHom^,-) as internal Horn-functor and FZ as internal unit forms a closed
additive category. In particular, we have
(a) Horn (M (g) N, P) ^ Horn (M, FHom (N, P)),
(b) M(g)7V^7V(g)M,
(c) M ( g ) F Z ^ M ,
for any objects M, N , P of JÂb.

PROPOSITION 3.1.8
(a) For any I € Z, we have
FHom(FZ(-0,M)^Mz
for any object M of JAb. In particular, FZ(—^) is a tiny projective object of JAb.
(b) For any object M of JAb, the canonical morphism
(D (])FZ(-Q-^M
l^L h€Mi
induced by the preceding isomorphism is a strict epimorphism. In particular,
(FZ(-O)^z
forms a strictly generating family of objects of JAb.
COROLLARY 3.1.9. — The category JAb is an elementary closed quasi-abelian cate-

gory. In particular, JAb has enough projective objects. Moreover, for any projective
object P of JAb, the functor
P 0 < : JAb -^ JAb
is strongly exact and P 0 P' is projective if P' is projective.
To show that JAb has enough injective objects, we need first a few auxiliary results.
DEFINITION 3.1.10. — For any filtered abelian group M, we denote by M(oo) the
filtered abelian group obtained by endowing Moo with the constant filtration.
PROPOSITION 3 . 1 . 1 1 . — Assume R is a cogenerator of Ab. LetFR denote the object

of JAb obtained by endowing the abelian group R with the filtration defined by setting
_{R ifk>0,
r Hk — \
[0 otherwise.
Then, FR
n ^
Jfe€ZU{oo}
is a strict cogenerator of JAb.
Proof. — Let M be an arbitrary filtered abelian group. We have to show that the
canonical morphism
FR
z:M^ n
hCHom^M^^^FRW) ^€ZU{oo}
(n ^
is a strict monomorphism. First, note that
Hom^(M, JJ FR(k))= ^ Hom^(M,FJ?(A-))
A;GZU{oo} fcGZU{oo}
and that
Rom^(M,FR(k))
3.1. FILTERED SHEAVES HI
is the subset of Horn (Moo, -R) formed by morphisms hk : M —^ R such that

hk(M-k-i) = 0 ,
where we set M-oo = 0 by convention. Therefore, to give
he}iom^(M^FR(k))
kez
is to give a family
(hk : Moo -^ R)kez
of morphisms ofabelian groups such that hk(M-k-i) = 0. Moreover, for any m G M,
we have
[z(rn)h]k = hk{m)
for any h C Hom^(M, fêz ^W) and any ^ e Z.
Let us show that i is a monomorphism. Assume m G Moo \ {0}. Since R is a
cogenerator of Ab, we can find a morphism
hoo '• Moo —)- -R
such that hoo(m) / 0. Setting hj, = 0 for any k € Z, we get a morphism
h E Hom^(M, JJ FA(A-))
feez
such that
[z(rn)h]oc + 0.
Hence, z(m) 7^ 0 and the conclusion follows.
Let us now prove that i is strict. Assume m e Moo is such that i(m) has degree
less than L This means that
[z(rn)h]k e FRk+i
for any h G nHom^^(M, rLezôo}^^)) and any A- C Z. Therefore,
hk(m) = 0
for any k < -1. Assume m ^ Mi. Denote p : Moo —> Moo/M/ the canonical
projection. Since
p(m) / 0,
1
we can find a morphism h : M^/MI —^ R such that h'(m) ^ 0. Consider the
morphism
h G Hom^(M, JJ FR(k))
A;GZU{oo}
defined by setting
( h ' o p [fk=-l-l
hk = \
10 otherwise.
We get a contradiction sincee
/^-i(m) / O

and -I - 1 < -/. Therefore, m C Mi and the proof is complete. D
PROPOSITION 3.1.12. — Assume I is an injective object of Ab. Then,
FI(k)
is an injective object of FAh for any k C Z U {00}.
Proof. — Let M be an object of FAb. For k = oo, we have
Hom^(M,FJ(oo)) = Hom^(M^J)
and the result is obvious. Let us assume k ^ oo. In this case, we have
Hom^(M,FJ(A-)) = Hom^(Moo/M_,-i,J).
Let
0 -^ M' -^ M -> M" -^ 0
be a strictly exact sequence in FAb. We get a commutative diagram of Ah
0 0 0
1 1
0 ————> M^_i —————> M_fe_i —————> M"k-i ————> 0
1
I 1 1
0 —————> M'^ ———————> Moo ———————> M^ —————> 0
[ 1 1
M^/M'_,_, ——> MÎM.k-v ——> M^/M'^-z
[ [ [
0 0 0
where all the columns and the first two lines are exact. Therefore, the last line is also
exact. Since I is injective in Ah^ the sequence
0 ^ Hom(M^/M^,_i,J) ^ Horn (Moo/M-,_i,J) ^ Hom(M^/M^_i,J) ^ 0

is exact. This shows that F I ( k ) is injective in FAb. D
COROLLARY 3.1.13. — The category FAb has enough injective objects.
Proof. — Apply the preceding propositions to an injective cogenerator of Ab (e.g.

Q/^). D
3.1.2. Separated filtered abelian groups. — Let us recall that any filtered
abelian group M may be turned canonically into a topological abelian group by taking
[Mk : k C Z} as a fundamental system of neighborhoods of 0 in Moo. In the sequel,
when we apply topological vocabulary to a filtered abelian group, we always have this
particular topological structure in mind. In particular, a filtered abelian group M is
separated if and only if f^cz ^ = 0.
DEFINITION 3.1.14. — We denote FAb the full subcategory of FAb formed by sepa-
rated filtered abelian groups.
PROPOSITION 3.1.15. — Let (Mi)î be a family of separated filtered abelian groups.

Then, the filtered abelian groups
@Mi and {JM,

id iel
are separated. In particular, they form the direct sum and direct product of the family
(Mi)î in FAb.
PROPOSITION 3.1.16. — The category FAb has kernels and cokernels. More pre-
cisely, let u: M —^ N be a morphism ofFAb. Then,
(a) Ker u is the subgroup u^ (0) endowed with the filtration
(u^\0)nMk)ke^
(b) Cokern is the group N^/u^(M) endowed with the filtration
(A^+ôo(M)/ô(M))^z.
Hence,
(c) 1m u is the group Uoo(M) endowed with the filtration
(u^{M)F}Nk)ke^
(d) Coimu is the group Moo/u^(0) endowed with the filtration
(Mk+u^(0)/u^(0))^
It is isomorphic to the group Uoo(Moo) endowed with the filtration
(u^{Mk))kez-
In particular, u is strict in FAb if and only if it is strict in FAb and has a closed
range.
PROPOSITION 3.1.17. — The category TAb is quasi-abelian.
SOCIETfi MATHfiMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

Proof. — We know that FAb is quasi-abelian. By the characterization of the strict

epimorphisms in JAh and the structure of kernels in TAh^ the axiom (QA) is auto-
matically satisfied. Let us deal with the axiom (QA*). Consider the co-cartesian
square
M' -^N'
v v'
M-^N
of JÂb. Assume u is a strict monomorphism of FAb. This means that u is a strict
monomorphism of TAh and that its range is closed. We know that
w : M —^ N C M'
m ^-> (u(m)^v(m))
is a strict monomorphism of JAh. Let {mk)ke^ be a sequence of M such that

w(nk) —^ (n,m')
in N C M ' , it follows that
u(mk) —>• n
in N. Since u is a strict monomorphism with closed range, there is m G M such that
mk —^ ra
in M and u(m) = n. Therefore,
v(mk) —f v(m)
and since M' is separated, we get
v(m) = m'.
Hence,
w(m) = (n.m')
and we see that the range of w is closed. Therefore, the sequence
O-^M-^NeM'-^N'-^Q
is strictly exact in TAh. It follows that u' is a strict monomorphism of FAb and that
Cokern ^ Cokerz/.
Since Cokern is separated, Coker?/ is also separated and u1 has a closed range. D
PROPOSITION 3.1.18. — In JAh,
(FZ(Q)^z
forms a small strictly generating family of small protective objects. In particular, JAb
is a quasi-elementary quasi-abelian category.
Proof. — This follows directly from Proposition 3.1.15 and Proposition 3.1.16 since
FZ is clearly separated. D
REMARK 3J-.19. — The object FZ is not tiny since there are filtering inductive
system of TAh with a non zero inductive limiUn TAh but a zero inductive limit in
FAb. As an example, consider an object M of JAh and the system
(M(0),ez.
In TAh^ we see easily that
InnM(Z)
/ez
is the group Moo with the constant filtration. Hence, in JAh,
limM(0 ^0.
l^L
DEFINITION 3.1.20. — We denote by

J : FAb -^ FAb
the canonical inclusion functor. We denote by
L : FAb -^ FAb
the functor defined by

£(M) =M/^kezMk.
PROPOSITION 3.1.21. — There is a canonical adjunction isomorphism
Hom^(M,?(AO) ^ Hom^(L(M),AO.
In particular, the functor I is compatible with projective limits and the functor L is
compatible with inductive limits.
PROPOSITION 3.1.22. — The functor

J : ^FAb -^ JAb
?:P(^4&) -^VÂb).
Its quasi-inverse is given by
LL:T){yAb) -^V(Âb).
Through this equivalence, the left t-structure of P(^4&) is exchanged with the left
t-structure of V^FAb). In particular,
? -.CnÂ^wCHÂb).
SOClfiTtS MATHEMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

Proof. — Since any projective object of FAb is a direct factor of a filtered abelian
group of the form
(DFZ(^)
i€l
which is separated, it is also separated. Let M' be an object of D(JAb) and let
P- -4 J(M-)
be a projective resolution of J(M'). Since the components of P' are separated,
£(?•) ^ P- ^ M-
in D(^4&). Hence,
LL o 7 ^ id .
Let
P ^M-
be a projective resolution of M' C D{FAb). Since the components of P ' are separated,
we have
L(P-) ^ P-
in D(7Ab) and
Jo£(P')^M-
in D{FAb). Hence,
7 o LL ^ id.
To conclude, it is sufficient to remark that a sequence
M' -, M -^ M"
of FAb is strictly exact in FAb if and only if it is strictly exact in FAb. D
REMARK 3.1.23. — The functor
J : v(FAb) -^ V{FAb)
does not preserve the right t-structures. As a matter of fact, if u : M —^ N is a strict

monomorphism of FAb with a non closed range, the complex
0 ^ M -^N -^0
with M in degree 0 has null cohomology in that degree in KT-L^FAb) but not in
mi(FAb).
3.1.3. The category 7^ and filtered sheaves. — Hereafter, we will have to deal
with graded rings. Our point of view is that these are rings in the closed abelian
category of graded abelian groups and graded additive maps. We denote the internal
tensor product of this category by 0 and its internal Horn functor by GHom. Con-
sequently, by a module over a graded ring we always mean a graded module and by
a morphism between such modules will always mean a graded morphism.
DEFINITION 3.1.24. — Let RZ denote the graded ring Z[T].

To any filtered abelian group M, we associate the graded RZ-module
R{M)=Q)M^
feez
the multiplication
•T : Mk -^ Mfc+i
being the canonical inclusion. This gives us an additive functor
R: FAb -^ Mod{W)
where Mod(R^) denotes the category of RZ-modules.
Let N be an RZ-module. Denote
nfe+i^ : Nk -> Nk-^-i
the action of T and consider the inductive system
(TV^n^+i^êz.
Set
(L(AO)oo=lm^
feez
and let (L(N))k be the canonical image of Nk in (L(A^))oo« Clearly,
(L(AQ,),ez
forms a filtration of the abelian group (L{N))oo. We denote L{N) the corresponding
filtered abelian group. This gives us an additive functor
L : .Mod(RZ) -^ FAb.
PROPOSITION 3.1.25. — We have the canonical functorial isomorphisms
Hom^(L(AO,M) ^ Hom^^(7V,J?(M))
and
L o R(M) ^ M.
In particular, R is a fully faithful continuous functor and L is a cocontinuous functor.
Moreover, R is strictly exact and is compatible with direct sums.
SOCltSTfi MATHfiMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

PROPOSITION 3.1.26. — The essential image of
R: JAb -^ A-W(RZ)
is formed by RZ -modules M such that
T' : M -> M
is injective.
PROPOSITION 3.1.27. — The essential image of R forms a L-projective subcategory

of Aôc^RZ). In particular,
L : Aôd(RZ) -^ JAb
is an explicitly left derivable right exact functor which has finite homological dimen-
sion.
Proof. — Let us denote P the essential image of R.

(a) Any object of Aôd(RZ) is a quotient of an object of P. As a matter of fact,
the canonical morphism
^ (f) RZ(-fe) ^ M
ke^hCMk
is an epimorphism for any RZ-module M and it follows from the preceding proposi-
tions that
Q) Q) RZ(-k)^R((^ (3) FZ(-fc)).
kezheMk kezheMk
(b) In an exact sequence
0 -> M' -^ M -^ M" -^ 0
of Mod{W} where M, M11 belong to V, M belongs to P. This follows directly from
the preceding proposition since a subobject of an object of P is clearly an object of
P.
(c)If
0 -^ M' -^ M -^ M" — 0
is an exact sequence of Alod(RZ) with M ' , M, M" in P, the sequence
0 -^ L{M') -^ L(M) -^ L(M") -^ 0
is strictly exact in TAh. As a matter of fact, we may assume
M' ^ R(N'), M ^ R{N), M" ^ R{N").
Hence, using the fact that R is fully faithful, we see that the given exact sequence
may be obtained by applying R to a strictly exact sequence of the form
0 -^ N ' -> N -^ N11 -^ 0
of FAb. The conclusion follows from the fact that L o R ^ id. D

RR : V{FAb) -> P(.Mod(RZ))
is an equivalence of categories which exchanges the left t-structure ofV{JAb) with the
canonical t-structure o/T>(.Mod(RZ)). A quasi-inverse of RR is given by
LL : V(Mod{W)) -> V{JAb).
In particular, R induces an equivalence of categories
CH(JAb) w Mod(W).
Proof, — This follows directly from the preceding propositions. D
COROLLARY 3.1.29. — The functor
JAb -^ Ab^
which associates to any filtered abelian group M the inductive system
k ^ Mfe,
the transitions of which are given by the inclusions
Mk -^ Mk' {k ^ A/),
induces an equivalence of categories
Cn(JAb) w Ab^.
Proof. — This follows from the preceding proposition if one notes that the functor
Mod(W) -^ Ab^
which sends an RZ-module M to the inductive system
(M^T.:M^Mfc/)^z
is clearly an equivalence of categories. D
PROPOSITION 3.1.30. — The structure of closed category of JAb induces a structure
of closed category on CT-L(JAb) which is compatible with the usual structure of closed
category of .Mod(RZ) through the equivalence of the preceding proposition.
Proof. — Note that there are obvious canonical functorial morphisms

R(M) 0 R(N) -^ R(M 0 N)
R(¥Rom{M,N)) -, GHom (fl(M), R(N))
for M, N in FAb. Although they are not bijective in general, one can check easily
that they become isomorphisms if M ^ FZ(() for some / € Z. Therefore, we see that
RR(M) (^L RR(N) ^ RR(M (g^ N)
.RJ?(RFHom(M,AO) ^ RGRom{RR{M), RR(N))

REMARK 3.1.31. — The category K = CHÂb) is a closed elementary abelian cat-

egory for which we may apply all the results obtained in the preceding chapter. In
particular, the cohomological properties of filtered sheaves on a topological space X
are best understood by working in P(X,7^).
3.2. Topological Sheaves

3.2.1. The category of semi-normed spaces. — In this section all vector spaces
are C-vector spaces. Recall that a semi-norm on a vector space E is a positive function
p on E such that
p ( e i + 6 2 ) <p(ei)+p(e2) for any e^.e^Ê
p(ce) = \c\p(e) for any c G C, e G E
Let E be a vector subspace of F and let p be a semi-norm on F. Recall that p
induces a semi-norm p ' on E and a semi-norm p" on F / E . These semi-norms are
defined respectively by
p\e)=p(e) and p"([/]^) = jnp(/ + e).
DEFINITION 3.2.1. — A semi-normed space^ is a vector space endowed with a semi-

norm RE- A morphism of semi-normed spaces is a morphism / : E —> F of the
underlying vector spaces such that
\PF o /| < ORE
for some C > 0. With this notion of morphisms, semi-normed spaces form a category
which we denote by Sns.
Let E be a semi-normed space. As is well-known, the semi-norm RE gives rise

to a canonical locally convex topology on E. Hereafter, we will always have this
particular topology in mind when we use topological vocabulary in relation with
semi-normed spaces. Using this convention, a morphism of semi-normed spaces is
simply a continuous linear map.
LEMMA 3.2.2. — The category Sns is additive. More precisely:
(a) The C-vector space 0 endowed with the 0 semi-norm is a null object of Sns.
(b) For any E,F in Sns, the C-vector space E © F endowed with the semi-norm p
defined by
P(e,f)=pE(e)+pF(f)
is a biproduct of E and F in Sns.
LEMMA 3.2.3. — Let f : E —)- F be a morphism of Sns. Then,

(a) Ker/ is the vector space f^W endowed with the semi-norm induced by RE;
(b) Coker/ is the vector space F/ f(E) endowed with semi-norm induced by pp.
3.2. TOPOLOGICAL SHEAVES 121
Therefore,
(c) Im/ is the vector space f{E) endowed with the semi-norm induced by pp;
(d) Coim/ is the vector space E/f^Ô) endowed with the semi-norm induced by
PE- Equivalently, Coimf may be described as the vector space f(E) endowed
with the semi-norm p defined by
p(x) = mf pE(y)
yef-1^)
for any x G f(E).
In particular,
(e) / is strict if and only if
mf pE{x + y ) < Cpp(f(x))
for some C > 0. In other words, f is strict if and only if it is relatively open.
PROPOSITION 3.2.4. — The category Sns is quasi-abelian.
Proof. — We know that Sns is additive and that any morphism of Sns has a kernel
and a cokernel.
Consider the cartesian square
E^F
.1T T|,
T-^G
where / is a strict epimorphism and let us show that u is a strict epimorphism. We
may assume that T is the kernel of
E^G^-^F.
Hence,
T={(x^y)ÊeG:f{x)=g(y)}.
Denoting
i : Ker (/ -g) -^ E C G
the canonical injection and TTE and TTQ the canonical projections, we have
v = 7rg o i and u = TTG ° i'
Since / is surjective, for any y G G there is x € E such that
fW=g{y).
In such a case, (x,y) € T and
u(x,y) =y.
This shows that the application u is surjective.

122
CHAPTER 3. APPLICATIONS
Recall that
PE@G((x, y)) = pE(x) + pG(y) ^(x, y ) G E C G.

Clearly,
Kern = {(e, 0) C E C G : /(e) = 0}.
Therefore, for any (a;, y ) c T, we have
+ (e?e
^K^^ ^ = ee^/^ + e)+^'
Since / is a strict epimorphism, there is C > 0 such that

^lfPE{x+e)<CpF{f(x))
for any x <E E. From the continuity of g , we get C ' > 0 such that
PF(f(x))=pF(g(y))^CtpG(y).
for any (a;, 2/) G T. Hence, there is C11 > 0 such that
(e^L.^^^^^^^^^^
for any (a*. ?/) G T and u is a strict epimorphism.

Consider the cocartesian square
G-a-^T
t T
"I I"
E
^F
where / is a strict monomorphism and let us show that u is a strict monomorphism.
Denote a the morphism
(-^) : E ^ G e F .
We may assume that
T = Cokera = (G C F ) / a ( E ) .
Denoting
^GeF-^ (G(^F)/a(E)
the canonical morphism and (TF and (TG the canonical embeddings, we have
u = q o (JQ and v = q o <jp.
Consider y C G such that n(^/) = q o cr^(^) = 0. It follows that
(y^)Ca(E)
and there is x C £' such that
{y^)=(g(x)^-f(x)).
Since / is injective, x = 0 and we get y = g(x) = 0. Hence u is injective.
Since g is continuous and / is strict, we can find positive constants C, C ' and C"
such that
po(y) <: pc(y + g(x)) + pc{g{x))
<
l p G ( y - ^ g ( x ) ) +CpE(x)
<pG{y+g(x))+C'pF(f(x))
<C"pG^F({y+gW^-f(x)))
for all y G G and all x C E. Therefore, for any y G G, we have
PcQ/) ^ ^/ inf.p((y + ^), -/Or)))
xÊ
<C" inf p(Q/+^))

(^QeQ'^)
^%((^0)))
^ ^p(n^)),
where p denotes the semi-norm of {G 0 F ) / a ( E ) induced by p. It follows that u is a
strict monomorphism. D
DEFINITION 3.2.5. — Let E and F be semi-normed spaces.
We denote by E^F the semi-normed space obtained by endowing the vector space
E 0^ F with the semi-norm p defined by
p(z) = inf PE(xk)pF(yk)'
z=^k=l -^fc^fc
We denote by L (£', F) the vector space Horn ^ (I?, F) endowed with the semi-norm
q defined by
q{h) = sup pF(h{x)).
PE{X)<1
We denote by C the semi-normed space obtained by endowing C with the semi-

norm | • [.
PROPOSITION 3.2.6. — The category Sns endowed with 0 as internal tensor product,
L as internal homomorphisms functor and C as unit object form a closed category.
DEFINITION 3.2.7. — Let (Ei)iî be a family of semi-normed spaces. We denote by

^ Ei the vector space (B^j Ei endowed with the semi-norm p defined by
id
P((ei)î) = ^pi{ei).
i€l
We denote by ]~[ E^ the subvector space of Y[î Ei formed by the families (e^)^j
iei
such that
p(e) = suppi(ei) < +00
iÎ

endowed with the semi-norm p.
PROPOSITION 3.2.8. — (a) Let (ui : Ei —)• F)iî be a bounded family of morphisms
of semi-normed spaces. Then, there is a unique morphism
u:(Êi-^F
iei
such that u o Si = Uz (here S i : Ei —^ Q Ei denotes the canonical monomorphism).

iî
(b) Let (vi: F —^ Ei)iî be a bounded family of morphisms of semi-normed spaces.
Then, there is a unique morphism
v:F-t\[E,
iei
such that pi o v = Vi (here p i : ]~[ —^ Ei denotes the canonical epimorphism).

iei
(c) Let (ui: Ei —^ Fi)iî be a bounded family of morphisms of semi-normed spaces.
Then, the kernel and the cokernel of
(D^9^
iÎ iÎ
are respectively isomorphic to Q) Kerui and Q) Cokerui. Similarly, the kernel of

id i<El
n^n^
iÎ iCi
is isomorphic to Y[ Kerui. Moreover, if each Ui is strict, then the cokernel of

iei
n^-n^
iei iei
is isomorphic to ]~[ Cokerui.

iei
REMARK 3.2.9. — We could also introduce the subcategory Sns of Sns whose mor-
phisms are the linear maps / : E —^ F such that
\PF ° f\< P E '
Then,
e and n
id id
appear as the true direct sum and direct product of objects of Sns. Note however that
Sns is not additive and so does not enter into the general framework of quasi-abelian
categories.
COROLLARY 3.2.10. — For any set I
(^C (resp.^[C)
iEl iEl
is projective (resp. injective) in Sns.
Proof. — The first part follows directly from the preceding proposition thanks to
the characterization of strict epimorphisms contained in Lemma 3.2.3. As for the
second part, the characterization of strict monomorphisms (loc. cit.) reduces it to the
well-known Hahn-Banach theorem. D
PROPOSITION 3.2.11. — The category Sns has enough projective and injective ob-
jects.
Proof. — (a) For any object E of Sns^ the canonical morphism
<^CÊ
be BE
defined by
u{{Cb)b€bE) = ^ Cbb
bCBE
is a strict epimorphism. As a matter of fact, any b' e BE may be written as
u((8b'b)b€BE)
and
L
P ^ ^b'b)b(EBE =
b^BE
Thanks to the preceding corollary, it follows that Sns has enough projective object.
(b) Let E be an object of Sns and let us show that there is a strict monomorphism
from E to an injective object of Sns. Denote N the subspace p~l(0) of E endowed
with the null semi-norm. Since any linear map h : X —^ N is continuous, it is clear
that N is injective in Sns. Therefore, the sequence
0 -4- N -> E -^ E / N -^ 0
splits in Sns and E is isomorphic to N (D E / N . Hence, we may assume N = 0 (i.e. E
is separated). In this case, denote by B^ the unit semi-ball of L(£J,C) and consider
the morphism
V:E >
- nc<p€B^

defined by
v(e)y =^(e).
Thanks to the theorem of bipolars, this is clearly a strict monomorphism and the
conclusion follows from the preceding corollary. D
PROPOSITION 3.2.12. — Let (Ei)iî be a family of semi-normed spaces. Then, for
any semi-normed space F we have the following canonical isomorphisms
(^(E,0F)^((Êi)^F
iel i<El
L((J)E^F)^f[L(E^F)
id
L(FÊi)^f[LÊi)
iÎ
Proof. — This follows directly from the adjunction formula

Hom^ (E^)F,G) ^ Horn ^ (E,L(F,G)).
Sns Sns
D
PROPOSITION 3.2.13. — For any projective object P of Sns the functor

P 0 • : Sns —^ Sns
is strongly exact. Moreover for any projective object P' of Sns, the object P 0P' is
also projective.
Proof. — Let P be a projective object of Sns. Since the result will be true for a direct
factor of P if it is true for P, we may assume that P is of the form ^ C. Thanks to
i(El
Propositions 3.2.12 and 3.2.8 we may even reduce ourselves to the case P = C. But
C is the unit object of the closed category Sns^ so we get the conclusion. D
COROLLARY 3.2.14. — The abelian category C'H(Sns) has a canonical structure of
closed category.
Proof. — This follows from Corollary 1.5.4. D
3.2.2. The category of normed spaces

DEFINITION 3.2.15. — We denote by Afvs the full subcategory of Sns formed by
normed vector spaces.
PROPOSITION 3.2.16. — Let u: E —^ F be a morphism of Afvs. Then
(a) Keru is the subspace u~l(0) endowed with the norm induced by that of E,
(b) Cokern is the quotient space F/u(E) endowed with the norm induced by that of
F,
(c) Imu is the subspace u(E) endowed with the norm induced by that o f F ,
(d) Coimu is the quotient space E/u-1^') endowed with the norm induced by that
ofE,
(e) u is strict if and only if u is relatively open with closed range.
Proof. — Direct. Q
PROPOSITION 3.2.17. — The category At vs is quasi-abelian.
Proof. — Since Afvs is clearly additive with kernels and cokernels, we only need to
prove that axiom QA is satisfied. Let
EO^F,
Ei-^F,
be a cartesian square with u a strict epimorphism. It follows from the preceding
proposition that UQ is a strict epimorphism of Sns and that the square is cartesian in
Sns. Therefore, u\ is a strict epimorphism in Sns and thus in Afvs. Now, let
ul
F ——>^ rî
cj\
T T
.J ]f
EO^F,
be a cocartesian square in Afvs where UQ is a strict monomorphism ofAfvs. It follows

that UQ is a strict monomorphism of Sns with closed range. By definition the sequence
^M
Eo —"% Ei e Fo —^—-^ Fi ^ o (*)
is strictly coexact in Mvs. We know (p is a strict monomorphism of Sns. Let us prove
that its range is closed. Assume Xm is a sequence of £'0 such that
(-e(Xm),Uo{Xm)) -^ (y,z)
in EI C FQ. Then, uo(xm) —^ z m FQ and since UQ has closed range, there is x in EQ

such that uo(xm) —^ uo(x). Since UQ is relatively open, Xm -^ x in EQ. Therefore
(-e(xm),uo(xm)) —> (-e(x), uo(x)) and since £'1 e FQ is separated, we see that
(y^) = (~e(x),uo(x)). Hence (p is a strict monomorphism of ATvs and the sequence
(*) is strictly coexact in Sns. It follows that u^ is a strict monomorphism of Sns an
it remains to show that it has a closed range. Let Xm be a sequence of E^ such that
ui(xm) -> y in Fi. Set ^/ = ^(z,t). This means that
'0(a'm - ^ -t) —^ 0

in Fi. Since the sequence (*) is strictly exact, there is a sequence Sm of Eo such that
(Xm - Z + e{Sm), -t - Uo{Sm)) -^ 0
in E^ C FQ. It follows that uo(sm) —^ -t in FQ. Hence Sm —^ s in Eo and no^) =

-^. Moreover, Xm -^ x = z - e(s) in Ei. Clearly, u^(x) = ^(a-,0) = ^(O,^) +
(—e(s),uo(s))) = y and the conclusion follows. D
PROPOSITION 3.2.18. — The canonical inclusion
I : Afvs —^ Sns
has a right adjoint
Sep : Sns —> J\fvs.
Moreover, Sep o I = idj^-vs •
Proof. — We define Sep by setting

Sep(E) = E / N
where N == {x € E : pa{x) = 0}. One checks easily that
Hom^(E,J(F)) = RomÊ/N^F)
Sep : Sns —)- A^vs
is strongly right exact and has a left derived functor
LSep:V{Sns) -^ V^JVvs) *c{0,+,-,6).

The functor
I : Afvs —^ Sns
is strictly exact and gives rise to a functor
I:V(Sns) -tV\Mvs) * C {0,+,-,&}.

Moreover, I and LSep define quasi-inverse equivalences of categories. In particular,
I : CH^JVvs) -, jCn^Sns)
is an equivalence of categories. (Note that the same result does not hold for KT-iÂfvs)
andmi{Sns).)
Proof. — Since any object of Sns is a quotient of an object of the form
®c
id
and since objects of this form are clearly separated, one sees easily that Afvs forms a
Sep-projective subcategory of Sns. The conclusion follows. D
COROLLARY 3.2.20. — The functor
Sep : Sns —> Sns
is left derivable and
LSep:P*(5n5) -^V^Sns) * G {0,+,-,6}
is isomorphic to the identity.
3.2.3. The category W and topological sheaves. — In this section, we fix two
universes U and V such that U C V.
PROPOSITION 3.2.21. — rfte category
VV = Xndy Snsu
is an elementary quasi-abelian category. It has a canonical closed structure extending

that of Snsu' For any protective object P ofXndySnsu, the functor
P 0 • : Tndv(Snsu) —^ Tndy{Snsu)
is strongly exact and transforms a projective object into a projective object. In partic-
ular,
C1-i(Tndv{Snsu)) wTndy(Cn(Snsu))
is canonically a closed abelian category, the projective objects of which have similar
properties.
Proof. — This is a direct consequence of Proposition 2.1.17, Proposition 2.1.19 and

Proposition 1.5.4. Q
COROLLARY 3.2.22. — Let P denote the full additive subcategory of Snsy formed
by semi-normed spaces of the form
©c
id
for some U-set I. Then, we have the canonical equivalence of categories
}VwAdd(P,Abv).
Proof. — This follows from Proposition 2.1.14. D
DEFINITION 3.2.23. — We denote Tc the category formed by locally convex topolog-

ical vector spaces and continuous linear maps. For any object E of Tc, we denote by
BE the ordered set formed by absolutely convex bounded subsets. For any B e BE,
we denote EB the vector subspace of E generated by B endowed with the gauge
semi-norm associated to B.

W : Toy -> W
defined by setting
W{E) = Inn " E B "
B^BE
is faithful. Moreover, Rom^(W(E),W(F)) is formed by linear maps from E to F
which transform bounded subsets of E into bounded subsets of F. In particular,
Rom^(W(E)^W(F)) =Hom^(E,F)
if E is bornological.
Proof. — This follows directly from the formula
Hom^( lim "EB\ Hm "FB/") ^ ^m Urn Hom^^Fa/).

BEBE B'eB'F B^BEB'^B'F
D
REMARK 3.2.25. — Let E be an object of Tcy. Through the equivalence of Corol-

lary 3.2.22, W{E) corresponds to the functor
P^ Horn ^ (P,E)
from V to Aby • Note also that
aom^(Q)CÊ)^lÊ)
id
where <oo(^; E) denotes the space of bounded families of E which are indexed by I .
W : Tcu -^ W
preserves projective limits. Moreover, an algebraically exact sequence
0 -^ E ' -> E -^ E" -> 0

of FN (resp. DFN) spaces gives rise to the exact sequence
0 -^ W(E') -> W(E) -, W(E") -^ 0
o/W.
Proof. — This follows directly from the preceding remark combined with well-known
results of functional analysis. D
REMARK 3.2.27. — The preceding result show that a sheaf with values in Tcu give
rise to a sheaf with values in W. Note also that the categories of FN and DFN
spaces appear as full subcategories of W. Since we may apply to the category W
all the results of the preceding chapter, the cohomological theory of W-sheaves is
well-behaved. Putting all these fact together make us feel that W-sheaves form a
convenient class of topological sheaves for applications to algebraic analysis.

s
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[I] M. ARTIN and B. MAZUR - Etale Homotopy, Lecture Notes in Mathematics,

no. 100, Springer, Berlin, 1969.
[2] A. A. BEILINSON, J. BERNSTEIN and P. DELIGNE - Faisceaux pervers,
Asterisque 100 (1982).
[3] H. CARTAN and S. EILENBERG - Homological algebra, Princeton Mathematical
Series, no. 19, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1956.
[4] R. DEHEUVELS - Homologie des ensembles ordonnes et des espaces
topologiques, Bull. Soc. Math. France 90 (1962), p. 261-320.
[5] A. GROTHENDIECK - Sur quelques points d'algebre homologique, Tohoku
Math. J. 9 (1957), p. 119-221.
[6] R. HARTSHORNE - Residues and duality. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, no. 20,
Springer, Berlin, 1966.
[7] M. KASHIWARA and P. SCHAPIRA - Sheaves on manifolds, Grundlehren der
mathematischen Wissenschaften, no. 292, Springer, Berlin, 1990.
[8] M. KASHIWARA and W. SCHMID - Quasi- equivariant D-modules, equivariant
derived category, and representations of reductive Lie groups. Lie theory and
geometry, Progress in Mathematics, no. 123, Birkhauser, Boston, 1994, p.
457-488.
[9] 0. A. LAUDAL - Sur les limites projectives et inductives, Ann. scient. EC.
Norm. Sup. 36 serie 82 (1965), p. 241-296.
[10] G. LAUMON - Sur la categoric derivee des D-modules filtres, Algebraic
Geometry (M. Raynaud and T. Shioda, eds.), Lecture Notes in Mathematics,
no. 1016, Springer, Berlin, 1983, p. 151-237.
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Mathematics, no. 5, Springer, New York, 1971.
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[12] B. MITCHELL - Theory of categories, Pure and Applied Mathematics, no. 17,
Academic Press, New York, 1965.
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Universite Paris 13, Villetaneuse (France), June 1995. Available on the web at
<http://www-math.math.univ-paris13.fr/^prosmans/^
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K-Theories (H. Bass, ed.), Lecture Notes in Mathematics, no. 341, Springer,
Berlin, 1973, p. 85-147.
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(1987), p. 1-31.
[16] H. SCHUBERT - Categories, Springer, Berlin, 1972.
[17] J.-L. VERDIER - Categories derivees : Quelques resultats (etat 0), Seminaire
de Geometric Algebrique du Bois-Marie (SGA4:^). Cohomologie Etale, Lecture
Notes in Mathematics, no. 569, Springer, Berlin, 1963, p. 262-312.

Quasi-Abelian Categories and Sheaves

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M ÉMOIRES DE LA S. M. F.

J EAN -P IERRE S CHNEIDERS

© Mémoires de la S. M. F., 1999, tous droits réservés.

Article numérisé dans le cadre du programme

© Memoires de la Societe Mathematique de France 76, SMF 1999

2. Sheaves with Values in Quasi-Abelian Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

2.2. Sheaves with values in an elementary quasi-abelian category . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

To solve various problems of algebraic analysis, it would be very useful to have at

of quasi-abelian categories. After adapting the notions of F-projective and F-injective

is product preserving. The case of coproducts is obtained by duality. After a detailed

SOCIETE MATHEMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

SOCIETE MATHEMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

1.1. Quasi-abelian categories and functors

I.I.I. Images, coimages and strict morphisms

1.1.2. Definition of quasi-abelian categories

where / is a strict epimorphism, / / is also a strict epimorphism.

where / is a strict monomorphism, / / is also a strict monomorphism.

Until the end of this section, E will be assumed to be quasi-abelian.

PROPOSITION 1.1.4. — Let f : E —> F be a morphism of £. Then, in the canonical

of f, j is a strict epimorphism and k is a monomorphism. Moreover, for any decom-

of f where m is a monomorphism, there is a unique morphism

h' : Coim / -> J*

making the diagram

°f f ? ^* <ts an epimorphism and j* is a strict monomorphism. Moreover, for any

of f where e is an epimorphism, there is a unique morphism

making the diagram

denote the canonical morphism. Since j is the cokernel of %, it is a strict epimorphism.

SOCIETE MATHEMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

that k o x = 0. Form the cartesian square

COROLLARY 1.1.5. — The canonical morphism

1.1.3. Strict morphisms in quasi-abelian categories

Proof. — Let u : E —^ F and v : F —^ G be two strict epimorphisms and set w = vou.

Ker w ———> Ker v

PROPOSITION 1.1.8. — Let

be a commutative diagram in £. Assume w is a strict epimorphism. Then, v is a

SOClfiTE MATHEMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

First, note that the square

1.1.4. Strictly exact and coexact sequences

Ei -^ E,^ -^ EW (1 < i < n - 2)

REMARK 1.1.11. — Thanks to the results in the preceding subsections, it is easily

1.1.5. Exactness classes of quasi-abelian functors. — Since there are two

DEFINITION 1.1.12. — Let

SOClfiTfi MATHfiMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

0 ->• E' -> E -^ E" -> 0

SOClfiTE MATHfiMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

1.2. Derivation of quasi-abelian categories

DEFINITION 1.2.1. — A null sequence

of £ is split if, for any object X of <?, the associated sequence

is an exact sequence of abelian groups.

is split (resp. cosplit).

splits. In particular, a sequence may be split without being cosplit.

LEMMA 1.2.3. — Any object E of /C(<?) ma?/ be embedded in a distinguished triangle

of /C(<?) where E^0 is the complex

• " E ~ 2 ->E-1 -^ Ker 4 - ^ 0

(with Ker d0^ in degree 0) and ^>0 is the complex

(with E° in degree 0).

By definition, the mapping cone M of u is the complex:

... E-1 © IT2 -^^ Ker 4 C £;-1 -^ E° 4 E 1 . . .

(with ^° in degree 0). Let a : E^ —^ M and f3 : M —^ E^ be the morphisms

.n^I (S~0 1 ) for

defines a t-structure on /C(^).

SOCIETE MATHEMATIQUE DE FRANCE 1999

Proof. — Thanks to the preceding lemma, we need only to prove that

DEFINITION 1.2.5. — We call the canonical t-structure studied in the preceding