Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
"!
'()*+,-.K0
EE2020
Page 1
'()*+,-.K0
Load side
EE2020
Page 2
'()*+,-.K0
EE2020
Page 3
'()*+,-.K0
EE2020
Page 4
'()*+,-.K0
are out of phase with each other by 120, the voltages are said to be balanced. This
gives
There are two possible combinations. One possibility is called positive (abc) sequence
This sequence is produced when the phasor diagram rotates counterclockwise. The
phase sequence is determined by the order in which the phasors pass through a fixed
point in the phase diagram. This can be expressed mathematically as:
The other possibility is called negative (acb) sequence and expressed mathematically
as:
EE2020
Page 5
'()*+,-.K0
whereZY is the load impedance per phase. For a balanced delta-connected load,
Since both the three-phase source and the three-phase load can be either Y or , we
have four possible connections:
Y-Y connection (i.e., Y-connected source with a Y-connected load)
Y- connection (i.e., Y-connected source with a -connected load)
- connection (i.e., -connected source with a -connected load)
-Y connection (i.e., -connected source with a Y-connected load)
EE2020
Page 6
'()*+,-.K0
EE2020
Page 7
'()*+,-.K0
The relation between phase and line voltages can be proved Vectorially as in Fig. 9.
and
Also the line voltages lead their corresponding phase voltages by 30.
Applying KVL to each phase in Fig. 8, we obtain the line currents as:
EE2020
Page 8
'()*+,-.K0
so that
So that the voltage VnN is zero. Therefore, neutral line can thus be removed without
affecting the system. In fact, in long distance power transmission, conductors are used
with the earth itself acting as the neutral conductor. Power systems designed in this
way are well grounded at all critical points to ensure safety.
The line current is the current in each line, and the phase current is the current in each
phase of the source or load. In Y-Y, the line current is the same as the phase current.
An alternative way of analyzing a balanced Y-Y system is to consider the per phase
equivalent circuit given in Fig. 10. We look at one phase, say phase a, and analyze the
single-phase equivalent circuit. Then applying KVL for this circuit to get the same
values for the line currents.
EE2020
Page 9
'()*+,-.K0
Fig. 11
Vb = 100 120
Vc = 100120
1000
6.86 22.166
13.5 5.5
100 120
6.86 142.166
13.5 5.5
100120
6.8697.834
13.5 5.5
Total Complex power supplied to the two loads = 3Va Ia*= 31006.8622.166
= 1905.9027 + J 776.4655 VA
Chapter Three: Three-Phase Circuits
EE2020
Page 10
'()*+,-.K0
Power factor of the combined load is cosine the angle between the voltage and current
= cos(22.166) = 0.9261 Lagging
Report:
A Y-connected balanced three-phase generator with an impedance of 0.4+j0.3 per
phase is connected to a Y-connected balanced load with an impedance of 24 + j19
per phase. The line joining the generator and the load has an impedance of 0.6 + j0.7
per phase. Assuming a positive sequence for the source voltages and that Van =
120 30 V, find: (a) the line voltages, (b) the line currents.
2.2 Balanced Y-
three-phase circuits
The balanced Y-delta system is shown in Fig. 12, where the source is Y-connected and
the load is
case. Assuming the positive sequence, the phase voltages are again:
EE2020
Page 11
'()*+,-.K0
The line voltages are equal to the voltages across the load impedances for this system
configuration. From these voltages, we can obtain the phase currents as:
These currents have the same magnitude but are out of phase with each other by 120.
The line currents are obtained from the phase currents by applying KCL at nodes A, B,
and C. Thus,
The relation between phase and line currents for -connected circuits is shown in
Fig.13.
Fig. 13, Relation between phase and line currents in -connected circuits
From phasor diagram above, the magnitude IL of the line current is 3 times the
magnitude Ip of the phase current, or
Chapter Three: Three-Phase Circuits
EE2020
Page 12
'()*+,-.K0
where
3
and
Also, the line currents lag the corresponding phase currents by 30.
EE2020
Page 13
'()*+,-.K0
Fig. 15
Converting the 3-ph load from to Y then load impedance ZY =
"#$%#
&
4 '0.667
In that case the transmission line impedance (ZT) will be in series with ZY
Chapter Three: Three-Phase Circuits
EE2020
Page 14
'()*+,-.K0
()
*+ $ *,
"---
.$%#.//0
17.647 28.075 A
"0./10
&
"
&
and lead by 30
28.075 30 10.1891.925 A
Report:
One line voltage of a balanced Y-connected source is VAB = 180 20 V. If the
source is connected to a -connected load of 20 40, find the phase and line
currents. Assume the abc sequence.
2.3 Balanced -
three-phase circuits
The source as well as the load is delta-connected as shown in Fig. 16. Our goal is to
obtain the phase and line currents as usual. Assuming a positive sequence, the phase
voltages for a delta-connected source are:
EE2020
Page 15
'()*+,-.K0
The line voltages are the same as the phase voltages. From Fig. 16, assuming there is
no line impedances, the phase voltages of the delta connected source are equal to the
voltages across the impedances; that is,
The line currents Ia, Ib and Ic are greater than the phase current by 3 and lag the
corresponding phase current by 30.
EX. 3. First Mid-term Exam, First semester (1431/1432)
A three-phase, positive sequence - connected circuit with a line impedance of 1 +
j3 . The line feeds a balanced load, which absorbs a total complex power of 12 + j5
kVA. If the line voltage VAB at the load side is 2400 V, calculate:
a) The line and phase currents at the load side,
b) The line voltage (Vab) at the source side
c) The source power factor.
EE2020
Page 16
'()*+,-.K0
EE2020
Page 17
'()*+,-.K0
Report:
A positive-sequence, balanced -connected source supplies a balanced -connected
load. If the impedance per phase of the load is 18+j12 and Ia = 22.5 35 A, find
IAB and VAB.
2.4 Balanced -Y three-phase circuits
Consider the -Y circuit in Fig. 17. Again, assuming the abc sequence, the phase
voltages of a delta-connected source are:
we obtain the other line currents Ib and Ic using the positive phase sequence,
Chapter Three: Three-Phase Circuits
EE2020
Page 18
'()*+,-.K0
Report:
In a balanced -Y, negative sequence circuit, Vac = 240 15 and ZY = (12 + j15) .
Calculate the line currents.
Chapter Three: Three-Phase Circuits
EE2020
Page 19
'()*+,-.K0
EE2020
Page 20
'()*+,-.K0
Apparent Power
Active Power
Reactive Power
Line Current
Power Factor
Load #1
Load#2
Load #3
Load #4
?
?
35 kVAR
?
0.6 lag
?
30 kW
?
?
0.8 lead
20 kVA
15 kW
?
?
? (lag)
35 kVA
?
20 kVAR
?
?
Combined
Load
?
?
?
?
?
To raise the combined load power factor to 0.98 lag, three capacitors -connected in
parallel with the combined load as shown in Fig. 19-B. Calculate the kVAR rating of
each capacitor, then find the capacitance of each capacitor.
EE2020
Page 21
'()*+,-.K0
Fig. 19-A
Fig. 19-B
Load #1
Q1 = 35 kVAR
P.F.1 = 0.6 lag 1 = cos-1 0.6 = 53.13 sin(1) = 0.8
S1 = Q1/ sin(1) = 35000/0.8 = 43.75 kVA
P1 = S1 cos (1) = 43750 0.6 = 26.25 kW
I1(Line) = S1/(3 VL) = 43750 / (3 380) = 66.47 A
Load #2
P2 = 30 kW
P.F.2 = 0.8 lead 2 = cos-1 0.8 = 36.87 sin(2) = 0.6
S2 = P2/ P.F.2 = 30000/0.8 = 37.5 kVA
Q2 = S1 sin (2) = 37500 0.6 = - 22.5 kVAR
I2(Line) = S2/(3 VL) = 37500 / (3 380) = 56.975 A
Load #3
S3 = 20 kVA
P3 = 15 kW
p.F.3 = P3/S3 = 15/20 = 0.75 lag 3 = cos-1 0.75 = 41.41 sin(3) = 0.6614
Q3 = S3 sin(3) = 20000/0.6614 = 13.229 kVAR
I3(Line) = S3/(3 VL) = 20000 / (3 380) = 30.3869 A
EE2020
Page 22
'()*+,-.K0
Load #4
S4 = 35 kVA
Q1 = 20 kVAR
sin(4) =Q4/S4 = 20/35 =0.5714 4 =sin-1 0.5714=34.85 P.F.4=cos 0.5714 = 0.8207 lag
P4 = S4 cos (4) = 35000 0.8207 = 28.7245 kW
I4(Line) = S4/(3 VL) = 35000 / (3 380) = 53.177 A
Combined Load
P (Total) = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 = 99.9745 kW
Q (Total) = Q1 - Q2 + Q3 + Q4 = 45.729 kVAR
Complex power = 99.9745 + J 45.729 = 109.9365 24.5797 kVA
S (Total) = 109.9365 kVA
P.F. (Total) = cos (24.5797) = 0.9094 Lag
I (Total) = S (Total) /(3 VL) = 109936.5 / (3 380) = 167.0312 A
Table 1
Apparent Power
Active Power
Reactive Power
Line Current
Power Factor
Load #1
Load#2
Load #3
Load #4
Combined Load
43.75 kVA
26.25 kW
35 kVAR
66.47 A
0.6 lag
37.5 kVA
30 kW
22.5 kVAR
56.975 A
0.8 lead
20 kVA
15 kW
13.229 kVAR
30.3869 A
0.75 (lag)
35 kVA
28.7245 kW
20 kVAR
53.177 A
0.82 Lag
109.936 kVA
99.9745 kW
45.729 kVAR
167.0312 A
0.9094 Lag
7
8476.2
186.845 @A
2= > #
2= ? 50 ? 380#
EE2020
Page 23
'()*+,-.K0
EE2020
Page 24
'()*+,-.K0
Since the load is unbalanced, ZA, ZB, and ZC are not equal. The line currents are
determined directly by Ohms law as
This set of unbalanced line currents produces current in the neutral line, which is not
zero as in a balanced system, and can be calculated as:
In a three-wire system where the neutral line is absent, we can still find the line
currents Ia, Ib, and Ic using mesh analysis.
First mid-term exam, second semester 1432/1433
A Y-Y, 4-wire, Three-Phase circuit with load shown in Fig. 21. The line voltages all
have the same magnitude and are in a positive phase sequence. If Vab =250 V;
a)
b)
c)
d)
EE2020
Page 25
'()*+,-.K0
Fig. 22
the Y-Y circuit can be as follows:
Van = 144.3376-30 V
Vbc = 250-120 V
Vbn = 144.3376-150 V
Vbc = 250+120 V
Vcn = 144.3376+90 V
144.3376 30
3.60844 90 #
4060
144.3376 150
2.4056 105 #
60 45
EE2020
Page 26
'()*+,-.K0
144.3376 90
7.216990 #
200
###
d) the power factor of load at phase #a = cos(-90-(-30)) = cos (-60) = 0.5 lag
the power factor of load at phase #b = cos(-105-(-150)) = cos (45) = 0.707 lead
the power factor of load at phase #c = cos(90-90) = cos (0) = 1.0
First mid-term exam, first semester 1433/1434
For the three-phase circuit with negative sequence shown in Fig. 23, if Vb = 12030
determine: a) The line and phase currents,
b) The active power dissipated in phase A load,
c) The complex power delivered by the source.
EE2020
Page 27
'()*+,-.K0
Fig. 23
V,
Vc = 120150 V
for loop I2
12030 120150 " C60 45D # C60 45 200D
Chapter Three: Three-Phase Circuits
EE2020
Page 28
'()*+,-.K0
62.91 7.11
60 45 I" 207.846 120
F
F E
G "H E
#
207.8460
60 45
75.48 34.2
1
207.846 120
75.48 34.2
60 45
E
F E
F
G "H
#
207.8460
60 45
62.91 7.11
35977.434
4.594 116.1
F
G "H E
#
1.3718 86.49
Since the load is Y connected, so that the phase and line currents are equal and are
calculated as follows:
" 4.594 116.1 #
# " 3.46852.63 #
# 1.371893.51 #
EE2020
Page 29
'()*+,-.K0
Fig. 24
If the neutral wire is connected,
given that Vph = 240 v (rms), then phase and line currents are:
2400
2.4 90
'100
240 120
4.0 120
60
240120
3.0120
80
given that Vph = 240 v (rms), then phase and line currents are:
loop I1
EE2020
Page 30
'()*+,-.K0
loop I2
in matrix form
E
60 '100 60 "
415.692230
FE
F G H
415.6922 90
60
140 #
"
60 '100 60 I" 415.692230
E
F E
F
G H
#
415.6922 90
60
140
# " 4.351 82.243 3.147 66.36 1.58 115.3
EE2020
Page 31
'()*+,-.K0
Report:
First Mid-term Exam, First semester (1432/1433)
For the three-phase, 3-wire, Y-Y
circuit shown, if the source has
positive sequence with phase voltage
va = 1100. Calculate:
a) The line and phase currents,
b) The source complex power,
c) The total dissipated power
through the transmission line,
d) The total complex power
supplied to the load.
4.2 -
Unbalanced 3-phase systems
Final exam, second semester 1433/1434
For the three-phase, positive-sequence circuit shown in Fig. 25, if the supply voltage
Vab is 100V, find the real power absorbed by the load.
Fig. 25
Since +ve sequence, Vab = 100 v, Vbc = 100120 v and Vca = 100 120 v.
For loop aABba:
100 = I1 (18 J6) I2 (5) I3 (8 J6) .(1)
EE2020
Page 32
'()*+,-.K0
18 '6
5 C8 j6D I"
100
20
10 N MI# N
M100 120N M 5
C8 j6D 10
22 j3 I&
0
EE2020
Page 33
'()*+,-.K0
###
###
###
EE2020
Page 34
'()*+,-.K0
Fig. 26
5. Matlab Applications
In this section we will build a simulink model for balanced - system and a balanced
Y-Y system. We will present the phase and line quantities. Take R=5, L=1 mH
Chapter Three: Three-Phase Circuits
EE2020
Page 35
'()*+,-.K0
Three-phase, -
, Balanced Circuit (Positive Sequence) (Va=50
0)
Oscilloscope 3
Oscilloscope 1
Oscilloscope 2
Oscilloscope 1
EE2020
Page 36
'()*+,-.K0
Oscilloscope 2
Oscilloscope 3
EE2020
Page 37
'()*+,-.K0
EE2020
Page 38
'()*+,-.K0
EE2020
Page 39
'()*+,-.K0
EE2020
Page 40
'()*+,-.K0
< <DNLNL<E<e]<]]<
q]<mm<]]<DNE<k
Problem #1
A) For the Y-Y circuit shown in Fig. 1, find the line currents, the line voltages, and
the load voltages.
EE2020
Page 41
'()*+,-.K0
EE2020
Page 42
'()*+,-.K0
A) Find the currents Ia , Ib, and Ic in the 3-ph network shown in Fig. 6. Take Z =
12 j15 , ZY = 4 + j6 , and Zl = 2 .
EE2020
Page 43
'()*+,-.K0
A) In the circuit of Fig. 8, if Vab = 440 10, Vbc = 440 250, Vca = 440 130
V, find the line currents and the load voltages.
EE2020
Page 44
'()*+,-.K0
EE2020
Page 45
'()*+,-.K0
EE2020
Page 46
'()*+,-.K0
A) Find the real power absorbed by unbalanced 3-phase load given in Fig. 11.
EE2020
Page 47
'()*+,-.K0
D) In the Y-Y system shown in Fig. 13, loads connected to the source are
unbalanced.
(a) Calculate Ia, Ib, and Ic.
(b) Find the total power delivered to the load. Take Vp = 240 V rms.
EE2020
Page 48