Pali Part1

The New Pali Course Book I
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
I
The Alphabet
Pronunciation
Parts of Speech
Gender, Number and Case
Declension of Nouns
Conjugation of Verbs
Conjugation of the Root Paca (to cook) Paca
Different Conjugations
The Seventh Conjugation
Past Tense
Personal Pronouns ()
Future Tense
Declension of Feminine Nouns
The Imperative
The Optative or Potential ()
Absolutives or so-called Indeclinable Past Participles
Neuter Gender
The Infinitive
Classification of Nouns
Pronouns
Adjectives (Pronominal)
The Verbal Adjectives or Participles
Past Participles
"To" in the Sense of Ablative of Separation
Adjectives
Numerals
Declension of Numerals
Ordinal Numerals
Adverbs
Syntax ()
Order of Sentences
Concord
Enlarge and Analyse a Sentence
Passive Voice
Passive Participles
Causal or Causative Verbs
Vocabulary
II
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
1. Alphabet, Pronunciation, Parts of Speech, Declension, Conjugation
The Alphabet
Pronunciation
Parts of Speech )
Declension of Nouns
Conjugation of the Root "Paca" paca
2. More conjugations, Masculine nouns, Past Tense
Masculine Stems Ending in i i
Past Tense
3. Personal pronouns, Future Tense, Masculine nouns in and u
Personal Pronouns
Future Tense
Masculine Nouns Ending in
Masculine Nouns Ending in u u
4. Adjectival nouns, Masculine nouns in , Adverbs of time, Feminine
nouns, Imperative mood, Optative mood, Indeclinable Past Participle
Adjectival Nouns Ending in u u
Masculine Nouns Ending in
Adverbs of Time
The Imperative
Feminine Stems Ending in i i
Feminine Stems Ending in
Indeclinable Past Participle
5. Feminine nouns in u, Adverbs of place, Neuter nouns, Infinitive
III
Feminine Nouns Ending in u u

Adverbs of Place
Neuter Gender
The Infinitive
Neuter Nouns Ending in i i
Neuter Nouns Ending in u u
Some More Particles
6. Classification of nouns, Pronouns, Pronominal adjectives, Present
participles
Pronouns
The Demonstrative Pronoun "Ta"Ta
The Demonstrative Pronoun "Ima"Ima
The Present Participle
7. Past participles, Usage of -to, Adjectives
Past Participles
"To" in the Sense of AblativeTo
Adjectives
8. Numerals: Cardinal, Ordinal
Numerals
Ordinal Numerals
9. Adverbs, Syntax, Concord
Adverbs
Syntax
Order of a Sentence
Concord
How to Enlarge and Analyse a Sentence
10. Passive voice, Passive participles, Causative
Passive Voice
Passive Participles
The Vocabulary: Pali-English | English-Pali
IV
The New Pali Course Book 1
By Prof. A. P. Buddhadatta, Maha Nayaka Thera

Seventh Edition 7
(Published by Singapore Buddhist Meditation Centre, 1998)
Foreword
By Dr. G. P. Malalasekara
University College, Colombo
I consider it a great honour that I should have been asked to write this
foreword. The eminence of Rev. A. P. Buddhadatta Thera as a scholar is
far too well-known in Ceylon and elsewhere for his work to need any
commendation from others. His books, particularly the
Plibhshvataraa, have for many years now been a great boon to
students of Pali. The fact that they are written in Sinhalese has, however,
restricted their use only to those acquainted with the language. Rev.
Buddhadatta has by this present publication removed that disability. As a
teacher of Pali, chiefly through the medium of English, I welcome this
book with great cordiality for it would considerably lighten my labours. It
fulfils a great need and I wish it success with all my heart. I would also
congratulate the publishers on their enterprise in a new field.
G. P. Malalasekara.
University College, Colombo.
17th June, 1937.
VI
Preface
Pali is the language in which the oldest Buddhist texts were composed. It
originated in the ancient country of Magadha which was the kingdom
which was the kingdom of Emperor Asoka and the centre of Buddhistic
learning during many centuries. Pali is older than classical Sanskrit, and a
knowledge of it is very useful to students of philology and ancient history.
It is still the classical language of the Buddhists of Ceylon, Burma and
Siam.
During the latter half of the last century some European scholars became
interested in the study of Pali and wrote some articles and books to
encourage the study of it. At the same time the publication of Pali Texts
in Europe was begun through the efforts of Professors V. Fausboll, H.
Oldenberg and T. W. Rhys Davids. Thanks to the indefatigable labours of
the last mentioned scholar and the Pali Text Society, which he established
some fifty years ago, the whole of the Pali Canon (of the Theravda
School) is now found in print.
Pali is now taught in many universities both in the East and the West.
There is also a desire all over the civilized world at the present day to read
the original Pali Texts in order to find out what the Buddha has preached
to mankind 25 centuries ago and to see what historical and philosophical
treasures are enshrined therein. Therefore, to facilitate the study of Pali,
some modern scholars have compiled Pali courses, grammars and readers
according to modern methods. Of these the Pali Grammar by Chas.
Duroiselle, formerly Professor of Pali at Rangoon College, still stands
unrivalled. Gray's Pali Course has done much service for a long time to
students in India and Burma; and S. Sumangala's Pali Course has done the
same to students in Ceylon.
Although such books were written in European languages hardly any
appeared in Sinhalese. Here they studied Pali through books which were
written many centuries ago. Therefore, about 1920, when some schools in
Ceylon began to teach Pali, the great difficulty before them was the lack
of suitable books. Then, requested and encouraged by Mr. P. de S.
Kularatna, Principal, Ananda College, I compiled Plibhshvataraa (I, ,
I) in Sinhalese to teach Pali grammar and composition to beginners. It
was a success; the demand for the first book necessitated the publisher to
VII
bring out three editions of it within eleven years from 1923 to 1934. (ed.
Now it is in the eleventh edition)
Many complimented the work. Recently there came a request from Burma
for permission to translate the same into Burmese. Some suggested to me
to write it in English as the books already mentioned did not satisfy them;
but I dared not to do it as my knowledge of English was insufficient for
such a task. But finally I was prevailed upon by Dr. G. C. Mendis to
produce this volume.
This is not a literal translation of the Sinhalese edition, but a different
compilation on the same lines. To understand the nature of the work it is
enough to quote from the report, sent to me by the "Text Book
Committee" of the Education Department of Ceylon, on the Sinhalese one:
"This is a book for teaching Pali to beginners through the medium for
Sinhalese. The method adopted is the modern one of teaching the
languages through composition. The lessons are well graded and practical.
This supplies a long felt want... We should recommend it for use in
schools as an introduction to the study of Pali".
My thanks are due, first of all, to Dr. G. C. Mendis, who very kindly
assisted me in many ways to bring out this volume; secondly to Dr. G. P.
Malalasekara, Lecturer in Oriental Languages, Ceylon University College,
for his Foreword, and lastly to the Colombo Apothecaries' Co., Ltd., for
the publication of this volume.
A. P. BUDDHADATTA
Aggrma,
Ambalangoda,
15th June, 1937.
VIII
The New Pali Course-First Book
The Alphabet
1. The Pali alphabet consists of 41 letters, eight vowels and thirty-three
consonants.
Vowels
a,
i,
u,
e,
Consonants
:
:
:
:
:
k,
c,
kh,
ch,
g,
j,
gh,
jh,
,
t,
p,
h,
th,
ph,
,
d,
b,
h,
dh,
bh,
n
m
:
y,
r,
l,
v,
s,
h,
,
2. Of the vowels a, i, u are short; the rest are long.

Although e and o are included in long vowels they are often sounded
short before a double consonant, e.g. mett, seh, okkamati, yotta[1].
*[1] Wide Book for further treatment of letters.
Pronunciation
3. Pronunciation
a is pronounced like a in what or u in hut
is pronounced like a in father
i is pronounced like i in mint
is pronounced like ee in see
u is pronounced like u in put
is pronounced like oo in pool

e is pronounced like a in cage
o is pronounced like o in no
k is pronounced like k in kind
kh is pronounced like kh in blackheath
g is pronounced like g in game
gh is pronounced like gh in big house
is pronounced like ng in singer
c is pronounced like ch in chance
ch is pronounced like ch h in witch-hazel
jh is pronounced like dge h in sledge-hammer
is pronounced like gn in signore
is pronounced like t in cat
h is pronounced like th in ant-hill
is pronounced like d in bad
h is pronounced like dh in red-hot
is pronounced like kn in know
t is pronounced like th in thumb
th is pronounced like th in pot-herb
d is pronounced like th in then
dh is pronounced like dh in adherent
ph is pronounced like ph in uphill
bh is pronounced like bh in abhorrence
y is pronounced like y in yes
s is pronounced like s in sight
is pronounced like ng in sing
j, n, p, b, m, r, l, v and h are pronounced just as they are pronounced in
English.
Parts of Speech
4. In English, there are 8 parts of speech. They are all found in Pali, but
the Pali grammarians do not classify them in the same way. Their general
classification is:
1. Nma = noun
2. khyta = verb
3. Upasagga = prefix
4. Nipta = indeclinable particle
Pronouns and adjectives are included in the first group. Adjectives are
treated as nouns because they are declined like nouns.
Conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs and all other indeclinables are
included in the fourth group.

5. There are in Pali as in English three genders and two numbers.
Gender
1. Pulliga = Masculine
2. Itthiliga = Feminine
3. Napusakaliga = Neuter
Number
1. Ekavacana = Singular
2. Bahuvacana = Plural
6. Nouns which denote males are masculine; those which denote females
are feminine; but nouns which denote inanimate things and qualities are
not always neuter, e.g. rukkha (tree), canda (moon) are masculine. Nad
(river), lat (vine), pa (wisdom) are feminine. Dhana (wealth), citta
(mind) are neuter.
Two words denoting the same thing may be, sometimes, in different
genders; psa and sil are both synonyms for a stone, but the former is
masculine, and the latter is feminine. Likewise one word, without
changing its form, may possess two or more genders; e.g. geha (house) is
masculine and neuter, kucchi (belly) is masculine and feminine.
Therefore, it should be remembered that gender in Pali is a grammatical
distinction existing in words, it is called grammatical gender.
7. There are eight cases, namely:
1. Paham = Nominative
2. Dutiy = Accusative
3. (a) Tatiy = Ablative of agent, and
(b) Karaa = Ablative of instrument
4. Catutth = Dative
5. Pacam = Ablative of separation
6. Chah = Possessive or Genitive
7. Sattam = Locative
8. lapana = Vocative
The Ablative in English is here divided into Tatiy, Karaa and Pacam.
But, as Tatiy and Karaa always have similar forms both of them are
shown under "Instrumental". Where only the "Ablative" is given the
reader must understand that all (3) forms of the Ablative are included.
Declension of Nouns
8. Nouns in Pali are differently declined according to their gender and
termination.
Nara is a masculine stem, ending in -a.
It is to be declined as follows:Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
naro = man
nar = men
Accusative
nara = man
nare = men
Instrumental
narena = by,
through man
Dative
narya, narassa = to or for

narna = to or for men
man
Ablative
nar, naramh, narasm =

narebhi, narehi = from men
from man
Genitive
narassa = of man
Locative
nare, naramhi, narasmi =

naresu = on or in men
on or in man
Vocative
nara, nar = O man
with
or narebhi, narehi = by, with

or through men
narna = of men
nar = O men
Some of the stems similarly declined are:purisa = man

gma = village
manussa = human being
Buddha = the Enlightened One
hattha = hand
dhamma = doctrine
pda = leg; foot
sagha = community
kya = body
loka = light
rukkha = tree
loka = world
psa = rock; stone
ksa = sky
suriya = sun
vihra = monastery
canda = moon
dpa = island; lamp
magga = path
maca = bed
putta = son
hra = food
kumra = boy
sha = lion
miga = deer; beast
vija = merchant
assa = horse
cora = thief
mitta = friend
goa = ox
dsa = slave
sunakha = dog
bhpla = king
varha = pig
kassaka = farmer
sakua = bird
lekhaka = clerk
aja = goat
deva = god; deity
kka = crow
vnara = monkey
9. Inflections or case-endings of the above declension are:
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
Accusative
Instrumental
ena
ebhi; ehi
Dative
ya; ssa
na
Ablative
; mh; sm
ebhi; ehi
Genitive
ssa
na
Locative
e; mhi; smi
esu
Vocative
a;
The last vowel of the stem should be elided before an inflection which
begins with a vowel.
Exercise 1
Suggested Solutions
Translate into English

1. Manussna.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Purise.
Hattha.
Pdamhi.
Kyena.
Buddhesu.
Dhamma.
Saghamh.
Suriye.
Rukkhassa.
ksena.
Bhplebhi.
Dev.
Canda.
Gmasm.
Goya.
Shna.
Asso.
Sakuna.
Macasmi.
Translate into Pali

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
The dogs.
Of the hand.
On the men.
From the tree.
In the islands.
With the foot.
By the hands.
To the lion.
Of the oxen.
From the birds.
By the king.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O deity.
To the sun.
In the sky.
Through the body.
On the bed.
Of the moons.
In the world.
The monkey.
Through the light.
Exercise 2
Suggested Solutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Purisassa goo.
Manussna hatth.
ksamhi saku.
Buddhassa dhammo.
Macesu manuss.
Assna pd.
Rukkhe sakuo.
Psamhi goo.
Lokasmi manuss.
Bhplassa dp.
Translate into Pali

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The body of the ox.

The bird on the tree.
The island of the world.
With the feet of the man.
By the hand of the monkey.
Of the birds in the sky.
In the doctrine of the Buddha.
8. The villages of the king.

9. The birds from the tree.
10. The horse on the path.
Remark.
In translating these into Pali, the articles should be left out. There are no
parallel equivalents to them in Pali. But it should be noted that the
pronominal adjective "ta" (that) may be used for the definite article, and
"eka" (one) for the indefinite. Both of them take the gender, number, and
case of the nouns they qualify. (See 46 and 48).
10. There are three tenses, two voices, two numbers, and three persons in
the conjugation of Pali verbs.
Tense
1. Vattamnakla = Present Tense
2. Attakla = Past Tense
3. Angatakla = Future Tense
Voice
1. Kattukraka = Active Voice
2. Kammakraka = Passive Voice
Person
1. Pahamapurisa = Third Person
2. Majjhimapurisa = Second Person
3. Uttamapurisa = First Person
The first person in English is third in Pali.
Numbers are similar to those of nouns.
11. There is no attempt to conjugate the Continuous, Perfect, and Perfect
Continuous tenses in Pali; therefore only the indefinite forms are given
here.
Conjugation of the Root Paca (to cook)

Paca
12. Indicative, Present Active Voice
Person Singular
Plural
Third
(So) pacati = he cooks
(Te) pacanti = they cook
Second (Tva) pacasi = thou cookest (Tumhe) pacatha = you cook

First
(Aha) pacmi = I cook
(Maya) pacma = we cook
13. The base bhava (to be) from the root bh
is similarly conjugated.
Person
Singular
Plural
Third
(So) bhavati = he is
(Te) bhavanti = they are
Second (Tva) bhavasi = thou art
(Tumhe) bhavatha = you are
First
(Maya) bhavma = we are
(Aha) bhavmi = I am
The following are conjugated similarly:gacchati = goes

tihati = stands
nisdati = sits
sayati = sleeps
carati = walks
dhvati = runs
passati = sees
bhujati = eats
bhsati = says
harati = carries
harati = brings
kati = plays
vasati = lives
hanati = kills
ruhati = ascends
hasati = laughs
ycati = begs
Exercise 3
Suggested Solutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Nar suriya passanti.

Go pse tihanti.
Manusso gme carati.
Sakuo rukkhe nisdati.
Buddho dhamma bhsati.
Aha dpa harmi.
Maya goe harma.
Sagho gma gacchati.
Tva sha passasi.
Bhpl asse ruhanti.
Dev ksena gacchanti.
Ass dpesu dhvanti.
Tva pdehi carasi.
Tumhe hatthehi haratha.
Maya loke vasma.
Sunakh vnarehi kianti.
Puriso mace sayati.
Varh ajehi vasanti.
Sh sakue hananti.
Sunakh gme caranti.
Translate into Pali

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The horse stands on the rock.

The goats walk in the village.
You see the sun.
The moon rises in the sky.
The men sleep in beds.
The oxen run from the lion.
People live in the world.
Thou bringest a lamp.
We live in an island.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Thou art a king.

You see the bird on the tree.
The monkey plays with the pig.
The king kills a lion.
The deity walks in the sky.
Trees are in the island.
He carries the lamp.
We see the body of the man.
We eat with the hands.
14. There are seven different conjugations in Pali; they are called
dhtugaas (= groups of roots). The Pali grammarians represent roots
with a final vowel, but it is often dropped or changed before the
conjugational sign. Each dhtugaa has one or more different
conjugational signs, which come between the root and the verbal
termination.
The seven conjugations and their signs are:
1st Conjugation = Bhuvdigaa: a
2nd Conjugation = Rudhdigaa: -a
3rd Conjugation = Divdigaa: ya
4th Conjugation = Svdigaa: o, u, u
5th Conjugation = Kiydigaa:
6th Conjugation = Tandigaa: o, yira
7th Conjugation = Curdigaa: e, aya
A great number of roots are included in the first and the seventh group.
The roots paca and bh, given above, belong to the first conjugation. The
last vowel of "paca" is dropped before the conjugation sign a.
The monosyllabic roots like bh do not drop their vowel. It is guated or
strengthened before the conjugational sign:
i or strengthened becomes e
u or strengthened becomes o
e.g. N + a becomes Ne + a;
Bh + a becomes Bho + a
Then e followed by a is changed into ay
and o followed by a is changed into av
e.g. Ne + a becomes naya;

Bho + a becomes bhava
It is not necessary for a beginner to learn how these bases are formed. But
the bases will be given very often for the convenience of the students. The
base is the root with its conjugational sign combined.

15. The special feature of the first conjugation is that the last vowel of the
base is strengthened before the First Personal endings.
The same rule is applied for the bases ending with a of the 2nd, 3rd, 6th
and 7th conjugations, in addition to their special features.
The bases of the seventh conjugation are of two kinds as it has two
conjugational signs, e.g. from the root pla two bases ple and playa are
formed.
Conjugation of Pla (to protect or govern)
Indicative, Present, Active Voice
Base: Ple
Person
Singular
Plural
Third
pleti
plenti
Second
plesi
pletha
plemi
plema
First
Base: Palaya
Person
Singular
Plural
Third
playati
playanti
Second
playasi
playatha
First
playmi
Some of the similarly conjugated are:
jleti = kindles
mreti = kills
oloketi = looks at
coreti = steals
deseti = preaches
playma
cinteti = thinks
pjeti = offers, respects
ueti = flies
peti = oppresses
udeti = (the sun or moon) rises
pteti = fells down
hapeti = keeps
16. The conjugational sign of the fifth group is shortened in the Third
Person plural.
Base: Vikkina = To sell
Person
Singular
Plural
Third
vikkiti
vikkianti
Second
vikkisi
vikkitha
First
vikkimi
vikkima
The following are similarly conjugated:kiti = buys

jnti = knows
suti = hears
jinti = wins
miti = measures
gahti = takes
uggahti = learns
ocinti = gathers (together), collects
Exercise 4
Suggested Solutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Putt dhamma uggahanti.

Sho miga mreti.
Vijassa putto goe vikkiti.
Maya vijamh mace kima.
Lekhako mittena magge gacchati.
Ds mittna sunakhe haranti.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Kassako goe kiti.

Kk kse uenti.
Vij Buddhassa dhamma suanti.
Cor mayre* corenti.
Aha Buddha pjemi.
Tva dpa jlehi.
Dso gona peti.
Tumhe magge kassaka oloketha.
Maya dhamma jnma.
Translate into Pali

1. The robber steals an ox.
2. The clerk's son buys a horse.
3. Merchants sell lamps.
4. He knows the friend's son.
5. Boys learn in the village.
6. Peacocks are on the road.
7. The slave lights a lamp.
8. Lions kill deer.
9. The king governs the island.
10. Birds fly in the sky.
11. We see the sons of the merchant.
12. Look at the hands of the man.
13. You hear the doctrine of the Buddha.
14. They respect (or make offerings to) the community.
15. The monkey teases (or oppresses) the birds.
* Mayra = peacock.
17. Masculine stems ending in i i
Declension of Aggi (Fire)
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative, Vocative aggi
aggi, aggayo
Accusative
aggi
agg, aggayo
Instrumental
aggin
aggbhi, agghi
Dative, Genitive
aggino, aggissa
aggna
Ablative
aggin, aggimh, aggism aggbhi; aggh
Locative
aggimhi, aggismi
The following are similarly declined:muni = monk
kavi = poet
isi = sage; hermit
ari = enemy
bhpati = king
pati = husband; master
gahapati = householder
adhipati = lord; leader
atithi = guest
vydhi = sickness
udadhi = ocean
vhi = paddy
kapi = monkey
ahi = serpent
dpi = leopard
ravi = sun
giri = mountain
mai = gem
yahi = stick
nidhi = hidden treasure
asi = sword
rsi = heap
pi = hand
kucchi = belly
muhi = fist, hammer
bodhi = Bo-tree
More verbs conjugated like pacati:
khaati = digs
chindati = cuts
likhati = writes
labhati = gets
gacchati = comes
hiati = wanders
vandati = bows down
paharati = beats
asati = bites
aggsu
Exercise 5
Suggested Solutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Muni dhamma bhsati.

Gahapatayo vhi mianti.
Ahi adhipatino hatta asati.
Isi pin mai gahti.
Dpayo girimhi vasanti.
Ari asin pati paharati.
Kavayo dpamhi nidhi khaanti.
Tva atithna hra desi.
Tumhe udadhimhi katha.
Vydhayo loke manusse plenti.
Kapi ahino kucchi paharati.
Kavino muhimhi maayo bhavanti.
Ravi girimh udeti.
Aha vhna rsi passmi.
Maya gme hima.
Translate into Pali

1. Leopards kill deer.
2. The sage comes from the mountain.
3. There is* a sword in the enemy's hand.
4. There are** gems in the householder's fist.
5. We give food to the guest.
6. The farmer's sons measure a heap of paddy.
7. The serpent gets food from the poet.
8. The monks kindle a fire.
9. The householder gets a gem from the leader.
10. The monkeys on the tree strike the leopard.
11. The leader strikes the enemy with a sword.
12. The sages look at the sun.
13. We get paddy from the husband.
14. The sickness oppresses the sons of the guest.
15. I see the sun upon the sea.
* There is = bhavati.
** There are = bhavanti.

[20090723 ******]
Past Tense
18. Conjugation of Paca (to cook)

Past Indefinite, Active
Person Singular
Plural
Third
(Te) apacisu, pacisu,

(So) apac, pac, apaci, paci
apacu, pacu = they
= he cooked
cooked
Second
(Tva) apaco, paco = thou (Tumhe) apacittha, pacittha =

you cooked
didst cook
(Maya)
apacimha,
(Aha) apaci, paci = I
First
pacimha, apacimh, pacimh
cooked
= we cooked
The following are similarly conjugated:gacchi = went
kii = bought
gahi = took
vikkii = sold
dadi = gave
nisdi = sat
khdi = ate
sayi = slept
hari = carried
ruhi = ascended; climbed
kari = did
acari = walked; travelled
hari = brought
dhvi = ran
The prefix a is not to be added to the bases beginning with a vowel.
19. The verbs of the seventh group are differently conjugated:
Past Indefinite, Active
Pla (to protect)
Person Singular
Plural
Third
plesi, playi
plesu, playu, playisu
Second playo
playittha
First
plesi, playi playimha, playimh
The following are similarly conjugated:mresi = killed
jlesi = kindled
desesi = preached
nesi = brought
coresi = stole
pjesi = offered; respected
nesi = carried
thapesi = kept
cintesi = thought
pesi = oppressed
kathesi = told
ptesi = dropped down or felled
Exercise 6
Suggested Solutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Munayo macesu nisdisu.

Aha dpamhi acari.
Cor gahapatino nidhi coresu.
Maya bhpatino asi olokayimha.
Tva atithino odana adado.
Adhipati vijamh maayo kii.
Pati kassaka vh yci.
Isayo kavna dhamma desesu.
Kapayo girimh rukkha dhvisu.
Vij udadhimhi gacchisu.
Maya maggena gma gacchimha.
Dpi kapi mresi.
Tumhe patino padpe gahittha.
Aha Buddhassa pde pjesi.
Kavayo kapna odana dadisu.
Arayo as nesu.
Ahi kapino pi dasi.
18. Maya girimh canda passimha.

19. Tumhe munna hra adadittha.
20. Bhpati nidhayo plesi.
Translate into Pali

1. The slave struck the enemy with a sword.
2. We got food from the householder.
3. He carried a monkey to the mountain.
4. The merchants went to the village by the road.
5. Birds flew to the sky from the tree.
6. The thieves stole the gems of the king.
7. I gave food to the sages.
8. The sons of the poet heard the doctrine from the monk.
9. I saw the leopard on the road.
10. The lion killed the deer on the rock.
11. They saw the mountain on the island.
12. The boy went to the sea.
13. The dogs ran to the village.
14. The merchant bought a horse from the leader.
15. The guest brought a gem in (his) fist.
16. The monkey caught the serpent by (its) belly.
17. The householder slept on a bed.
18. We dwelt in an island.
19. The boy struck the monkey with (his) hands.
20. I saw the king's sword.
N.B. -- The verbs implying motion govern the Accusative; therefore "to the
mountain" in the 3rd, and "to the village" in the 13th must be translated with
the Accusative as: giri, gma.
But "to the sages" in the 7th must be in the Dative, because the person to
whom some thing is given is put in the Dative.
Personal Pronouns ()
20. Two personal pronouns amha and tumha are declined here because of
their frequent usage. There are of the common gender and have no
vocative forms.
The First Personal "Amha"
Case
Singular
Plural
Nom.
aha = I
maya, amhe = we
Acc.
ma, mama = me
amhe, amhka, no =
us
Ins.
may, me
amhebhi, amhehi, no
Dat., Gen.
mama,
mama
Abl.
may
amhebhi, amhehi
Loc.
mayi
amhesu
mayha,
me,
amha, amhka, no
The Second Personal "Tumha"

Case
Singular
Plural
Nom.
tva, tuva = thou
tumhe = you
Acc.
ta, tava, tuva = thee tumhe, tumhka, vo = you
Ins.
tvay, tay, te
tumhebhi, tumhehi, vo
Dat., Gen.
tava, tuyha, te
tumha, tumhka, vo
Abl.
tvay, tay
tumhebhi, tumhehi
Loc.
tvayi, tayi
tumhesu
N.B. -- Te, me and vo, no should not be used at the beginning of a sentenced.
Note. -- The word for "not" in Pali is na or no; the word for "is not" or "has
not" is natthi.
Exercise 7
Suggested Solutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Aha mayha puttassa assa adadi.

Tva amhka gm gacchasi.
Maya tava hatthe passma.
Mama putt giri ruhisu.
Tumhka sunakh magge sayisu.
Amha mitt cora asin paharisu.
Tumha ds arna asse harisu.
Coro mama puttassa maayo coresi.
Isayo mayha gehe na vasisu.
Kavi tava puttna dhamma desesi.
Amhesu kodho* natthi.
Tumhe vijassa mayre kiittha.
Maya bhpatino mige vikkiimha.
Gahapatino putto ma pahari.
Adhipatino ds mama goe paharisu.
Aha tumhka vh na gahi.
Dp gmamh na dhvi.
Tumhe ahayo na mretha.
Maya atithna odana pacimha.
Kapayo ma hra ycisu.
Translate into Pali

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I sold my gems to a merchant.

We gave our oxen to the slaves.
You bought a sword from me.
(You) don't beat monkeys with your hands.
The leader brought a lion from the mountain.
The monk preached the doctrine to you.
7. We gave food to the serpents.

8. The slaves of the householder carried our paddy.
9. You did not go to the sea.
10. There are no gems in my fist.
11. The poet's son struck the dog with a stick.
12. Our sons learnt from the sage.
13. Your monkey fell down from a tree.
14. My dog went with me to the house.
15. A serpent bit my son's hand.
16. The leopard killed a bull on the road.
17. My friends looked at the lions.
18. We did not see the king's sword.
19. I did not go to the deer.
20. Thou buyest a peacock from the poet.
* kodha = anger (m)
Future Tense
Future indicative, Active.
Person
Singular
Plural
Third
(so) pacissati = he will (te) pacissanti = they will

cook
cook
Second
(tva) pacissasi = thou (tumhe) pacissatha = you

will cook
wilt cook
First
(aha) pacissmi = I (maya) pacissma = we

shall cook
shall cook
The following are conjugated similarly:gamissati = he will go

bhujissati = he will eat
harissati = he will carry

vasissati = he will live
dadissati = he will give
karissati = he will do
passissati = he will see
bhyissati = he will fear
All verbs given in the Present Tense may be changed into Future by
inserting issa between the base and the termination, and dropping the last
vowel of the base, e.g. bhuja + ti >> bhuj + issa + ti = bhujissati.
22. Declension of masculine nouns ending in
III
Pakkh (Bird)
Case
Singular
Plural
Nom., Voc.
pakkh
pakkh, pakkhino
Acc.
pakkhina, pakkhi
pakkh, pakkhino
Ins.
pakkhin
pakkhbhi, pakkhhi
Dat., Gen.
pakkhino, pakkhissa
pakkhna
Abl.
pakkhin, pakkhimh, pakkhism pakkhbhi, pakkhhi
Loc.
pakkhini, pakkhimhi, pakkhismi pakkhsu
Some of the similarly declined are:hatth = elephant

sm = lord
kuh = leper
dh = tusker
bhog = serpent
ppakr = evil-doer
dghajv = possessor of a long live
seh = millionaire
bhg = sharer
sukh = receiver of comfort, happy
mant = minister
kar = elephant
sikh = peacock
bal = a powerful person
sas = moon
chatt = possessor of an umbrella
ml = one who has a garland
srath = charioteer
ga = one who has a following
Exercise 8
Suggested Solutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Mant hatthina ruhissati.

Maya sehino geha gamissma.
Tva smino puttassa kapi dadissasi.
Gaino sukhino bhavissanti.
Amhka smino dghajvino na bhavanti.
Ppakr yahin bhogi mresi.
Mama putt sehino gme vasissanti.
Kuh srathino pda yahin pahari.
Sikh chattimh bhyissati.
Srath asse gmamh harissati.
Tumhe mlhi sasina olokessatha.
Bal dhino kya chindissati.
Amhka mantino balino abhavisu.
Sehino mlino passissanti.
Maya gehe odana bhujissma.
Translate into Pali

1.
Our lord went to the minister.
2.
The millionaire will be the possessor of a long life.
3.
Evil-doers will not become* receivers of comfort.
4.
The tusker will strike the leper.
5.
The minister will get a peacock from the lord.
6.
The charioteer will buy horses for the minister**.
7.
My peacocks will live on the mountain.
8.
The serpents will bite the powerful.
9.
The lord's sons will see the lions of the millionaire.
10.
We will buy a deer from the guest.
11.
The elephant killed a man with (its) feet.
12.
You will not be a millionaire.
13.
The king's sons will eat with the ministers.
14.
The monkeys will not fall from the tree.
15.
I will not carry the elephant of the charioteer.
* "will not become" = na bhavissanti.
** Dative must be used here.
23. Declension of masculine nouns ending in u
U IV
Garu (teacher)
Case
Singular
Plural
Nom., Voc.
garu
gar, garavo
Acc.
garu
gar, garavo
Ins.
garun
garbhi, garhi
Abl.
garun, garumh, garusm garbhi, garhi
Dat., Gen.
garuno, garussa
garna
Loc.
garumhi, garusmi
garsu
Some of the similarly declined are:bhikkhu* = monk

bandhu = relation
taru = tree
bhu = arm
sindhu = sea
pharasu = axe
pasu = beast
khu = rat
ucchu = sugar-cane
veu = bamboo
kaacchu = spoon
sattu = enemy
setu = bridge
ketu = banner
susu = young one
* Bhikkhu has an additional form 'bhikkhave' in the vocative plural.
Some nouns of the same ending are differently declined.
24. Bhtu (brother)
Case
Singular
Plural
Nom.
bht
bhtaro
Acc.
bhtara
bhtare, bhtaro
Ins., Abl.
bhtar
bhtarebhi,
bhtbhi, bhthi
Dat., Gen.
bhtu,
bhtussa
Loc.
bhtari
bhtuno, bhtarna,
bhtna
bhtaresu, bhtusu
bhtarehi,
bhtna,
Voc.
bhta, bht
bhtaro
Pitu (father) is similarly declined.

25. Nattu (grandson)
Case
Singular
Plural
Nom.
natt
nattro
Acc.
nattra
nattre, nattro
Ins., Abl.
nattr
nattrebhi, nattrehi
Dat., Gen.
nattu,
nattussa
Loc.
nattari
nattresu
Voc.
natta, natt
nattro
nattuno, nattrna,
nattna
Some of the similarly declined are:satthu = adviser, teacher

kattu = doer, maker
bhattu = husband
gantu = goer
sotu = hearer
netu = leader
vattu = sayer
jetu = victor
vinetu = instructor
vitu = knower
dtu = giver
Remarks:26. The prepositions saha (with) and saddhi (with) govern the
Instrumental case and are usually placed after the word governed by them.
The Instrumental alone sometimes gives the meaning "with".
The equivalent to the conjunction "and" is ca in Pali. Api or pi also is
sometimes used in the same sense.
The equivalent to "or" is v.
Exercise 9
Suggested Solutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Bandhavo sushi saddhi amhka geha ga missanti.

Sattu pharasun tava taravo chindissati.
Garu mayha susna ucchavo adadi.
Bhikkhavo nattrna dhamma desessanti.
Tva bandhun saha sindhu gamissasi.
Ass ca go ca gme hiissanti.
Tumhe pasavo v pakkh v na mressatha.
Maya netrehi saha satthra pjessma.
Bht veun pakkhi mresi.
Amhka pitaro sattna ketavo harisu.
Jet dtra bhun pahari.
Satth amhka net bhavissati.
Maya pitar saddhi veavo harissma.
Ahayo khavo bhujanti.
Mama sattavo setumhi nisdisu.
Amha bhtaro ca pitaro ca sindhu gacchisu.
Aha mama bhtar saha sikhino vikkiissmi.
Susavo kaacchun odana harisu.
Gma gant tarsu ketavo passissati.
Setu katt gmamh veavo hari.
Translate into Pali

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I shall cut bamboos with my axe.

The teachers will look at the winner.
They carried sugar-canes for the elephants.
Hearers will come to the monks.
Leopards and lions do not live in villages.
I went to see the adviser with my brother.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Our fathers and brothers were merchants.

My brother's son killed a bird with a stick.
Our relations will buy peacocks and birds.
Monkeys and deer live on the mountain.
He struck my grandon's arm.
Enemies will carry (away) our leader's banner.
Builders of the bridges* bought bamboos from the lord.
Rats will fear from the serpents.
I gave rice to my relation.
The giver brought (some) rice with a spoon.
My father's beasts were on the rock.
Our brothers and grandsons will not buy elephants.
The teacher's son will buy a horse or an ox.
My brother or his son will bring a monkey for the young ones.
* Builders of the bridges = setu kattro or setuno kattro.
27. Adjectival nouns ending in -vantu and -mantu are differently declined
from the above masculine nouns ending in -u.
1. They are often used as adjectives; but they become substantives
when they stand alone in the place of the person or the thing they
qualify.
2. There are declined in all genders. In the feminine, they change their
final vowel, e.g. guavat, slavat; guavant, slavant.
***The New Pali Course Book 1**********

28. Masculine ending in -u
Declension of Guavantu (virtuous)

Case
Singular
Plural
Nom.
guav
guavanto,
guavant
Acc.
guavanta
guavante
Ins.
guavat, guavantena
guavantebhi,
guavantehi
Dat., Gen.
guavato, guavantassa
guavata,
guavantna
Abl.
guavat,
guavantasm
Loc.
guavati,
guavante,
guavantesu
guavantamhi, guavantasmi
Voc.
guava, guava, guav
guavantamh, guavantebhi,
guavantehi
The following are declined similarly:dhanavantu = rich

balavantu = powerful
bhnumantu = sun
bhagavantu = the Exalted One, fortunate
paavantu = wise
yasavantu = famous
satimantu = mindful
buddhimantu = intelligent
puavantu = fortunate
kulavantu = of high caste
guavanto,
guavant
phalavantu = fruitful
himavantu = the Himalaya, possessor of ice
cakkhumantu = possessor of eyes
slavantu = virtuous, observant of precepts
bandhumantu = with many relations
Those ending in -mantu should be declined as: cakkhum, cakkhumanto,
cakkhumat and so on.
29. Declension of masculine nouns ending in
Vid (wise man or knower)
Case
Singular
Plural
Nom., Voc.
vid
vid, viduno
Acc.
vidu
vid, viduno
Ins.
vidun
vidbhi, vidhi
Dat., Gen.
viduno, vidussa
vidna
The rest are similar to those of garu.

The following are declined similarly:pabh = over-lord
sabba = the omniscient one
attha = knower of the meaning
vada = charitable person
vi = wise man
matta = temperate, one who knows the measure
30. Adverbs of time
kad = when?
tad = then
sad = ever, always
idni = now
ajja = today
suve = tomorrow
hyo = yesterday
yad = when, whenever
ekad = one day, once
pacch = afterwards
pur = formerly, in former days
sya = in the evening
pto = in the morning
parasuve = day after tomorrow
parahyo = day before yesterday
Exercise 10&&&&
Suggested Solutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Bhagav ajja sotrna dhamma desessati.

Bhikkhavo bhagavanta vandisu.
Cakkhumanto sad bhnumanta passanti.
Tad balavanto vehi ar paharisu.
Kad tumhe dhanavanta passissatha?
Suve maya slavante vandissma.
Bhagavanto sabbauno bhavanti.
Viduno kulavato geha gacchisu.
Himavati kapayo ca pakkhino ca isayo ca vasisu.
Puavato natt buddhim bhavi.
Kulavata bhtaro dhanavanto na bhavisu.
Aha Himavantamhi phalavante rukkhe passi.
Pur maya Himavanta gacchimha.
Hyo sya bandhumanto yasavata gma gacchisu.
Viuno pacch pabhuno gehe vasissanti
Translate into Pali

1. Sons of the wealthy are not always wise.
2. One who has relations does not fear enemies.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
The brothers of the virtuous will bow down to the Exalted One.
Your grandsons are not intelligent.
Tomorrow the wise men will preach to the men of the high caste.
Today the rich will go to a mountain in the Himalayas.
There are fruitful trees, lions and leopards in the garden of the rich
man.
When will the famous men come to our village?
The sons of the powerful will always be famous.
Once, the wise man's brother struck the virtuous man.
Formerly I lived in the house of the over-lord.
Yesterday there were elephants and horses in the garden.
Now the man of high caste will buy a lion and a deer.
Our fathers were mindful.
Once we saw the sun from the rich man's garden.

31. There are no nouns ending in -a in feminine.
Vanit (woman)
Case
Singular
Plural
Nom.
vanit
vanit, vanityo
Acc.
vanita
vanit, vanityo
Abl., Ins.
vanitya
vanitbhi, vanithi
Dat., Gen.
vanitya
vanitna
Loc.
vanitya, vanitya vanitsu
Voc.
vanite
vanit, vanityo
The following are declined similarly:ka = girl

gag = river
nv = ship
amm = mother
dis = direction
sen = army, multitude
sl = hall
bhariy = wife
vasudh = earth
vc = word
sabh = society
drik = girl
lat = creeper
kath = speech
pa = wisdom
vaav = mare
lak = Ceylon
pips = thirst
khud = hunger
nidd = sleep
pj = offering
paris = following, retinue
gv = neck
jivh = tongue
ns = nose
jagh = calf of the leg shank
guh = cave
chy = shadow, shade
tul = scale, balance
sil = stone
vluk = sand
majs = box
ml = garland
sur = liquor, intoxicant
visikh = street
skh = branch
sakkhar = gravel
devat = deity
dol = palanquin
godh = iguana
The Imperative
32. The Imperative Mood is used to express command, prayer, advice or
wish. This is called Pacam in Pali and includes the Benedictive.
Paca (to cook)
Person Singular
Plural
3rd
(so) pacatu = let him cook
(te) pacantu = let them cook
2nd
(tva) paca, pachi = cookest

(tumhe) pacatha = cook you
thou
1st
(aha) pacmi = let me cook
(maya) pacma = let us

cook
The following are conjugated similarly:hotu = let it be

pivatu = let him drink
jayatu = let him conquer
rakkhatu = let him protect
hapetu = let him keep
bhavatu = let it be
gacchatu = let him go
pakkhipatu = let him put in
bhsatu = let him say
[090801]

33. The Potential Mood - called "Sattami" in Pali - expresses probability,
command, wish, prayer, hope, advice and capability. It is used in
conditional or hypothetical sentences in which one statement depends
upon another.
Verbs containing auxiliary parts may, might, can, could, should and
would are included in this mood.
Paca (to cook)
Case
Singular
Plural
3rd
(So) paceyya
(would) cook
if
he (Te) paceyyu = if they

(would) cook
2nd
(Tva) paceyysi = if thou (Tumhe) paceyytha = if

you (would) cook
(wouldst) cook
1st
(Aha) paceyymi = if I (Maya) paceyyma = if

(would) cook
we (would) cook
The following are conjugated similarly:bhujeyya (if he eats)

nahyeyya (if he bathes)
katheyya (if he says)
hareyya (if he brings)
hapeyya (if he keeps)
bhaveyya (if he becomes; if he would be)
Note. Equivalents to "if" are sace, yadi and ce; but ce should not be used at
the beginning of a sentence.
Exercise 11
Suggested Solutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Vanityo nvhi gagya gacchantu.

Tva slya kana odana pachi.
Sace tumhe nahyissatha, aha pi nahyissmi.
Yadi so sabhya katheyya, aha pi katheyymi.
Lakya bhpatino senyo jayantu.
Devat vasudhya manusse rakkhantu.
Sace te vluka hareyyu aha (ta) kiissmi.
8. Tumhe drikya hatthe mla hapetha.

9. Slya chy vasudhya patati.
10. Cor majsyo guha harisu.
11. Kayo godha sakkharhi paharisu.
12. Hatth soya taruno skha chindi.
13. Sace maya guhya sayeyyma pasavo no haneyyu.
14. Tumhe mittehi saha sura m pivatha*.
15. Maya parisya saddhi odana bhujissma.
16. Bhnumato pabh sindhumi bhavatu.
17. Drik kaya nsya sakkhara pakkhipi.
18. Tumhe parishi saddhi mama katha sutha.
19. Amhka amm dolya gma agacchi.
20. Sace tva vaava kieyysi, aha assa kiissmi.
* M pivatha = do not drink. Particle m should be used in such a place
instead of na.
Translate into Pali

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
The robber carried the box to the cave.

Go to your village with your mothers.
Let the women go along the river in a ship.
If he buys a deer I will sell my mare.
We heard the speech of the girl at the meeting.
We utter words with our tongues.
Do not strike the iguana with pebbles.
May my following be victorious in the island of Lak.
May our offerings be to the wise.
Adorn* the maiden's neck with a garland.
The shadow of the creeper falls on the earth.
The woman brought a scale from the hall.
Do not drink liquor with girls and boys.
If you will cook rice I will give food to the woman.
May the deities protect our sons and grandsons.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
The girls brought sand from the street.

My following cut the branches of the tree.
Let the elephant bring a stone to the street.
The beasts will kill him if he will sit in the cave.
There are gems in the maiden's box.
* Adorn -- alakarohi.
34. Declension of feminine stems ending in -i

Bhmi (earth, ground or floor)
Case
Singular
Plural
Nom., Voc.
bhmi
bhmi, bhmiyo
Acc.
bhmi
bhmi, bhmiyo
Abl., Ins.
bhmiy, bhmy
bhmbhi, bhmhi
Dat., Gen.
bhmiy
bhmna
Loc.
bhmiya, bhmiy bhmsu
The following are declined similarly:ratti = night

aavi = forest
doi = boat
asani = thunder-bolt
kitti = fame
yuvati = maiden
sati = memory
mati = wisdom
khanti = patience
aguli = finger
patti = infantry
vuhi = rain
yahi = (walking) stick
ni = corn-measure
dundubhi = drum
dhli = dust
vuddhi = increase, progress
35. Declension of feminine stems ending in -
Kumr (girl, damsel)
Case
Singular
Plural
Nom., Voc.
kumr
kumr, kumriyo
Acc.
kumri
kumr, kumriyo
Abl., Ins.
kumriy
kumrbhi, kumrhi
Dat., Gen.
kumriy
kumrna
Loc.
kumriya, kumriy kumrsu
The following are declined similarly:nr = woman

taru = young woman
rjin = queen
itth = woman
sakh = woman-friend
brhma = brahman woman
bhagin = sister
ds = slave woman
dev = queen, goddess
saku = bird (female)
mig = deer (female)
sh = lioness
kukku = hen
kk = she-crow
nad = river
vp = tank
pokkhara = pond
kadal = plantain
gv = cow
mah = earth, the river of that name
hatthin = she-elephant
Absolutives or so-called Indeclinable Past Participles

/
36. The words ending in tv, tvna, tna and ya, like katv (having done),
gantvna (having gone), and dya (having taken), are called
Absolutives, which cannot be declined. All other participles, being verbal
adjectives, are declined.
Some European Pali scholars have called them "gerunds"; but, as the Past
Participles may be used in their place without affecting the sense, they
resemble more in the Active Past Participle, e.g.,
In the sentence:
So gma gantv bhatta bhuji
(Having gone to the village, he ate rice)...
"gantv" may be replaced by Past Participle gato.
In analysing a sentence, these go to the extension of the predicate, which
in fact shows that they are neither gerunds nor participles.
Examples:
1.
pacitv = having cooked
2.
bhujitv = having eaten
3.
pivitv = having drunk
4.
sayitv = having slept
5.
hatv = having stood
6.
pacitna = having cooked
7.
dya = having taken
8.
vidhya = having commanded or done
9.
pahya = having left
10. nahtv = having bathed
11. kitv = having played
12. okkamma = having gone aside
Remark
A. Tv, tvna and tna may be optionally used, and they are added to the
base by means of a connection vowel i, when the base is not ending in a long
.
B. "Ya" is mostly added to the roots compounded with prefixes, e.g. + d +
ya = dya, vi + dh + ya = vidhya.
In other cases it is sometimes assimilated with the last consonant of the base
or sometimes interchanged with it, e.g.,
(1) Assimilated:
+ gam + ya = gamma (having come)
ni + kham + ya = nikkhamma (having come out)
(2) Interchanged:
+ ruh + ya = ruyha (having ascended)
pa + gah + ya = paggayha (having raised up)
o + ruh + ya = oruyha (having descended)
Exercise 12
Suggested Solutions

1.
Brhma kumriy saddhi nadiya nahtv geha agami.
2.
Nriyo odana pacitv bhujitv kukkuna pi adasu.
3.
Kumriyo sakhhi saha vpi gantv nahyissanti.
4.
Rjin dp nikkhamma nvya gamissati.
5.
Vnar itthiyo passitv taru ruyha nisdi.
6.
Taru hatthehi skha dya kahi*.
7.
Tumhe vpi taritv** aavi pavisatha***.
8.
Dpayo aavsu hatv mig mretv khdanti.
9.
Yuvatna pitaro aaviy gamma bhujitv sayisu.
10.
Hatthin pokkharai oruyha nahtv kadaliyo khdi.
11.
Sh migi mretv susna dadissati.
12.
Gviyo bhmiya sayitv uhahitv**** aavi pavisisu.
13.
Mama mtuln puttassa dundubhi nessati.
14.
Saku mahiya hiitv hra labhati.
15.
Kk taruno skhsu nisditv ravitv***** ksa uessanti.
* Pulled; dragged.
** Having crossed.
*** (you) enter.
**** Having risen.
***** Having crowed or having made a noise.
Translate into Pali

1.
Having killed a deer in the forest the lioness ate it.
2.
Having gone to the village the brahman woman bought a hen

yesterday.
3.
The damsels went to the tank, and having bathed and played there,
came home.
4.
The she-monkey, having climbed the tree, sat on a branch.
5.
The brothers of the girl, having played and bathed, ate rice.
6.
Sisters of the boys, having bought garlands, adorned the neck of the
queen.
7.
Having crossed the river, the she-elephant ate plantain (trees) in the
garden of a woman.
8.
Having brought a boat, our sisters will cross the tank and enter the
forest.
9.
Having cooked rice for the father, the maiden went to the pond with
her (female) friends.
10.
Having come from the wood, the damsel's father fell on the ground.
11.
The cows and oxen of the millionaire, having drunk from the tank,
entered the forest.
12.
Having bought a drum, the woman's sister gave (it) to her friend.
13.
Having gone to the forest along the river, our brothers killed a
lioness.
14.
The queen, having come to the king's tank, bathed there* with her
retinue and walked in the garden.
15.
The she-crow, having sat on the branch slept there* after crowing**.
* There = tattha.
** "Ravitv" may be used for "after crowing".
****The New Pali Course Book 1
37. Feminine nouns ending in -u
Dhenu (cow [of any kind])
Case
Singular
Plural
Nom., Voc.
dhenu
dhen, dhenuyo
Acc.
dhenu
dhen, dhenuyo
Abl., Ins.
dhenuy
dhenbhi, dhenhi
Dat., Gen./ dhenuy
dhenna
dhenuya,
dhenuy
Loc.
dhensu
Some of the similarly declined are:ygu = rice gruel

ksu = pit
vijju = lightning
rajju = rope
daddu = eczema
kacchu = itch
kaeru = she-elephant
dhtu = element
sassu = mother-in-law
38. Mtu is differently declined from the above.
Mtu (mother)
Case
Singular
Plural
Nom.
mt
mtaro
Acc.
mtara
mtare, mtaro
Abl., Ins.
mtar,
(mtuy)
mtarebhi,
mthi
Dat., Gen.
mtuy
mtarna, mtna, mtna
Loc.
mtari
mtaresu, mtusu
Voc.
mta,
mte
mt,
mterehi,
mtaro
Dhtu (daughter) and duhitu (daughter) are declined like mtu.

39. Adverbs of Place
tattha = there
ettha = here
idha = here
mtbbhi,
upari = up, over

tiriya = across
kattha = where?
tatra = there
kuhi = where?
anto = inside
antar = between
sabbattha = everywhere
ekattha = in one place
kuto = from where?
tato = from there
Exercise 13
Suggested Solutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Dsiy mt dhenu rajjuy bandhitv nesi.

Mayha mtuln ygu pacitv dhtarna dadissati.
Kaeruyo aaviya hiitv tattha kssu patisu.
Dhanavatiy sassu idha gamma bhikkh vandissati.
Rjiniy dhtaro rma gantv satthra mlhi pjesu.
Kana pitaro dhtarna vuddhi icchanti.
Kuto tva dhenuyo kiissasi?
Kattha tava bhaginiyo nahyitv pacitv bhujisu?
Te gehassa ca rukkhassa ca antar kisu.
Nriy duhitaro gehassa anto macesu sayissanti.
Dhtuy jaghya daddu atthi.
Yuvat ml pilandhitv sassuy geha gamissati.
Amhka mtarna gviyo sabbattha caritv bhujitv sya
ekattha sannipatanti*.
14.
Dhanavatiy nattro magge tiriya dhvitv aavi pavisitv
nilyisu**.
15.
Asani rukkhassa upari patitv skh chinditv taru mresi.
* Sannipatati = assembles; comes together.
** Nilyati = hides oneself.
Translate into Pali

1.
2.
The girl's mother gave a garland to the damsel.

Having tied the cows with ropes the woman dragged (them) to the
forest.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Having wandered everywhere in the island, the damsel's sister came

home and ate (some) food.
Where does your mother's sister live?
My sister's daughters live in one place.
When will they come to the river?
The queen's mother-in-law came* here yesterday and went back**
today.
Having bathed in the tank, the daughters of the rich woman walked
across the garden.
Our aunts will cook* rice-gruel and drink it with women friends.
The cows of the mother-in-law walk between the rock and the trees.
When will your mothers and daughters go to the garden and hear the
words of the Buddha?
From where did you bring the elephant?
Sons of the queen went* along the river*** to a forest and there fell
in a pit.
There is itch on the hand of the sister.
The thunder-bolt fell* on a rock and broke it into two****.
* Use absolutives like gantv.
** Went back = painivatti or paccyami.
*** Along the river = nadi anu or nad passena.
**** Breaks into two = dvidh bhindati.
Neuter Gender
40. Declension of neuter nouns ending in -a
Nayana (eye)
Case Singular
Plural
Nom. nayana
nayan, nayanni
Acc. nayana
nayan, nayanni
Ins.
nayanena
nayanebhi, nayanehi
Dat.
nayanya, nayanassa
nayanna
Abl.
nayan, nayanamh, nayanasm
nayanebhi, nayanehi
Gen. nayanassa
nayanna
Loc. nayane, nayanamhi, nayanasmi nayanesu

Voc. nayana, nayan
The following are declined similarly:dhana = wealth
phala = fruit
dna = charity, alms
sla = precept, virtue
pua = merit, good action
ppa = sin
rpa = form, image
sota = ear
ghna = nose
pha = chair
vadana = face, mouth
locana = eye
maraa = death
ceti = shrine
paduma = lotus
paa = leaf
susna = cemetery
yudha = weapon
amata = ambrosia
tia = grass
udaka = water
jala = water
pulina = sand
sopa = stair
hadaya = heart
araa = forest
vattha = cloth
suvaa = gold
nayanni
sukha = comfort
dukkha = trouble, pain
mla = root, money
kula = family, caste
kla = bank (of a river, etc.)
bala = power, strength
vana = forest
puppha = flower
citta = mind
chatta = umbrella
ada = egg
kraa = reason
a = wisdom
khra = milk
nagara = city
The Infinitive
41. The sign of the infinitive is -tu. It is used as in English:
pacitu = to cook
pivitu = to drink
bhottu or bhujitu = to eat
laddhu or labhitu = to get
dtu = to give
ptu = to drink
gantu = to go
ktu = to do
haritu = to carry
haritu = to bring
Tu is simply added to the roots of one syllable to form the infinitive.
An extra -i- is added before tu in the case of the bases consisting of
more than one syllable.
Exercise 14
Suggested Solutions

1.
Dhanavanto bhtarna dhana dtu na icchanti.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Dna datv sla rakkhitv sagge* nibbattitu** sakkonti***.

Kumr alta netv bhatta pacitu aggi jlessati.
Nriyo nagar nikkhamma udaka ptu vpiy kla gacchisu.
Nattro ara phalni haritv khditu rabhisu****.
Slav isi dhamma desetu phe nisdi.
Coro yudhena paharitv mama pituno aguli chindi.
Yuvatiyo padumni ocinitu***** nadi gantv kle nisdisu.
Maya chattni dya susna gantv pupphni ocinissma.
Ka vattha netu paa gamissati.
Tumhe vana gantv gvna dtu pani haratha.
Maya locanehi rpni passitv sukha dukkha ca labhma.
Tva sotena suitu ghena ghyitu****** ca sakkosi.
Kukkuiy ani rukkhassa mle santi.
Viduno amata labhitv maraa na bhyanti.
Manuss cittena cintetv******* puni karissanti.
Tumhe dhamma sotu rma gantv puline nisdatha.
Dhanavanto suvaa datv a laddhu na sakkonti.
Drako chatta gahitu******** sopa ruhi.
Mama bhagin pua labhitu sla rakkhissati.
* Sagga = heaven.
** To be born.
*** Are able.
**** Began.
***** To gather, to collect.
****** To smell.
******* Having thought.
******** To take.
Translate into Pali

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The boys went to the foot of the tree to eat fruits.

The maiden climbed the tree to gather flowers.
I went into the house to bring an umbrella and a cloth.
The girl asked for a fire-brand to make a fire.
We are able to see objects (=forms) with our eyes.
You smell with your nose and hear with your ears.
Having gone to hear the doctrine, they sat on the sand.
People are not able to purchase wisdom with (their) gold.
Having divided* his wealth the rich man gave (them) to his sons and
daughters.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
The maidens went out of the city (in order) to bathe in the river.
There were umbrellas in the hands of the women on the road.
Having struck her with a weapon, the enemy wounded** the hand of
my mother-in-law.
Having gone to the garden they brought flowers and fruits for the
boys.
He will go to the forest in order to bring leaves and grass for the
cows.
The girls and boys brought lotuses from the pond (in order) to offer
to the shrine.
Having bathed in the tank, our sisters and brothers came home to eat
and sleep.
Having seen a leopard the boy ran across the garden and crossed***
the river.
You get merit through charity and virtue.
Having grazed (eaten grass) in the cemetery, my aunt's cows went to
the tank in order to drink water.
The maidens bought flowers in order to make**** garlands for (their)
sisters.
* Bhjetv.
** Vaita akasi.
*** Tari.
**** Ktu; paiydetu.
42. Neuter nouns ending in -i

Ahi (bone, seed)
Case
Singular
Plural
Nom., Voc. ahi
ah, ahni
Acc.
ahi
ah, ahni
Ins.
ahin
ahbhi, ahhi
Dat., Gen. ahino, ahissa

Abl.
ahna
ahin, ahimh, ahism ahbhi, ahhi
Loc.
ahini, ahimhi, ahismi ahisu, ahsu
The following are similarly declined:
1. vri = water
2. akkhi = eye
sappi = ghee
4. dadhi = curd
5. acci = flame
6. satthi = thigh
43. Neuter nouns ending in -u
3.
Case
Cakkhu (eye)
Singular
Plural
Nom., Voc.
cakkhu
cakkh, cakkhni
Acc.
cakkhu
cakkh, cakkhni
Ins.
cakkhun cakkhbhi, cakkhhi
The rest are similar to those of garu.
The following are declined similarly:yu = age
dhanu = bow
madhu = honey
assu = tear
jnu, jau = knee
dru = firewood
ambu = water
tipu = lead
vasu = wealth
vapu = body
vatthu = ground, base
jatu = sealing wax
44. Some more particles
Particles, named avyaya in Pali, consists of adverbs, conjunctions,
prepositions, indeclinable past participles ending in tv, tvna, tna and
ya, and infinitives.
ma = yes
eva = thus, yes
addh = certainly
v, athav = or
puna = again
tath = in that way
saki = once
sanika = slowly
sgha = quickly, soon
purato = in the front of, before
yva, tva = till then, so long
nn = separately
vin = without
katha = how?
kasm = why?
Exercise 15
Suggested Solutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Maya gviy khra, khramh dadhi, dadhimh sappica

labhma.
Mt dhtuy akkhsu assni disv (tass)* vadana vrin dhovi.
Kasm tva ajja vpi gantv puna nadi gantu icchasi?
Katha tava bhtaro nadiy padumni ocinitv harissanti?
Addh te dhanni dya vana pavisitv miga mretv nessanti.
Amhka pitaro tad vanamh madhu haritv dadhin saha
bhujisu.
Maya suve tumhehi** vin araa gantv drni
bhajissma***.
Kumr sgha dhvitv vpiya klitv sanika gehni agamisu.
Tumhe khra pivitu icchatha, athav dadhi bhujitu?
Yva mayha pit nahyissati tva aha idha tihmi.
Yath bhpati peti tath tva ktu icchasi?
ma, aha bhpatino vacana atikkamitu**** na sakkomi.
* Of her.
** Ablative must be used with "vin".
*** Bhajati = breaks.
**** To surpass.
Translate into Pali

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Do you like to drink milk or to eat curd?

First* I will drink gruel and then eat curd with honey.
Go quickly to the market to bring some ghee.
Having bathed in the sea why do you like to go again there now?
Do you know how our fathers gathered honey from the forests?
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
I will stay on the river bank till you cross the river and come back.
My mother-in-law went to the city without her retinue and returned
with a sister.
The millionaire fell on (his) knees** before the king and bowed
down at his feet.
Is your horse able to run fast?
Yes, certainly it will run fast.
Having gone to the forest, with bows in hands, our brothers killed an
elephant and cut its tasks.
Why does your father walk slowly on the sand?
* Pahama, adv.
** Jnhi patitv (don't use the locative).
****The New Pali Course Book 1
45. Nouns are divided into 5 classes, viz:1.
Nmanma = substantives and proper nouns
2.
Sabbanma = pronouns
3.
Samsanma = compound nouns
4.
Taddhitanma = derivatives from nouns or substantives
5.
Kitakanma = verbal derivatives
[3] Compound nouns are formed by the combination of two or more words,
e.g.,
nluppala = blue water-lily
rjaputta = king's son
hattha-pda-ssni = hands, feet and the head
[4] Verbal derivatives, otherwise called Primary Derivatives, are formed
from the verbal root itself by adding suffixes, e.g.,
paca (to cook) + a = pka (cooking)
d (to give) + aka = dyaka (giver)
n (to lead) + tu = netu (leader)
[5] Taddhita nouns or Secondary Derivatives are formed from a substantive
or primary derivative by adding another suffix to it, e.g.,
nv (ship) + ika (in the meaning of engaged) = nvika (sailor)
[1] The first group of this classification includes concrete, common, proper,
and abstract nouns other than that of Primary and Secondary Derivatives.
Pronouns
46. Pronouns admit of all genders as they stand for every person or thing
which are in different genders. They become adjectives when they qualify
other nouns. They have no vocative forms.
Declension of relative pronoun ya (which, who) ya
Masculine
Case
Singular
Plural
Nom.
yo
ye
Acc.
ya
ye
Ins.
yena
yebhi, yehi
Dat., Gen.
yassa
yesa, yesna
Abl.
yamh, yasm
yebhi, yehi
Loc.
yesu
yamhi, yasmi
Feminine
Singular
Plural
Case
Nom.
y, yyo
Acc.
ya
y, yyo
Ins., Abl.
yya
ybhi, yhi
Dat., Gen.
yass, yya
ysa, ysn
Loc.
yassa, yya ysu

Neuter
Case
Singular Plural
Nom
ya
ye, yni
Acc.
ye, yni
ya
The rest is similar to that of masculine.
Similarly declined are:
sabba = all
pubba = former, eastern
itara = the other
aatara = certain
aa = other, another
katara = which (one of the two)
katama = which (one of the many)
apara = other, western
ubhaya = both
para = other, the latter
ka (ki) = who, which
47. Adjectives in Pali are not treated separately from nouns, as they take
all the inflections of the nouns. Almost all pronouns become adjectives
when they are used before a substantive of the same gender, number and
case. They are pronouns when they stand alone in a sentence. This
difference will become clear from the following exercise.
Exercise 16
Suggested Solutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Sabbesa nattro paavanto na bhavanti.

Sabb itthiyo vpiya nahtv padumni piandhitv gacchisu.
Ao vijo sabba dhana ycakna datv geha pahya
pabbaji*.
Mt ubhaysa pi dhtarna vatthni kiitv dadissati.
Ko nadiy vpiy ca antar dhenu harati?
Kassa putto dakkhia disa gantv vhi harissati?
Ye ppni karonti te niraye** nibbattitv dukkha labhissanti.
Ksa dhtaro vanamh drni haritv odana pacissanti?
Katarena maggena so puriso nagara gantv bhani** kii?
Itar drik vanitya hatth pupphni gahetv cetiya pjesi.
Paresa dhana dhaa v gahitu m cintetha.
12.
Aparo aissa vpiya nahtv pubbya disya nagara

pvisi***.
* Left the household life; became a monk.
** Bhaa = (n) goods.
*** Entered.
Translate into Pali

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
All entered the city (in order) to see gardens, houses and streets.
The daughters of all the women in the village walked along the path
to the shrine.
Another maiden took a lotus and gave (it) to the farmer.
Which man will bring some milk for me?
Who stands on the bank of the river and looks in the southern
direction?
Sons of all rich men do not always become wealthy.
Whose grandsons brought the cows here and gave (them) grass to
eat?
Tomorrow, all women in the city will come out from there and
wander in the forest.
The other woman, having seen a leopard on the street, ran across the
garden.
Whosoever* acquires merit through charity will be born in heaven.
A certain man brought lotuses from the pond, another man carried
(them) to the market to sell.
My brother's son broke the branches of the other tree (in order) to
gather flowers, leaves and fruits.
* Yo koci.
48. Declension of demonstrative pronoun ta (that)

Masculine
Case
Singular
Plural
Nom.
so (he)
te (they)
Acc.
ta, na (him)
te, ne (them)
Ins.
tena (by, with or through tebhi, tehi (by, with or through

him)
them)
Dat., Gen.
tassa (to him, his)
tesa, tesna
Abl.
tamh, tasm
tebhi, tehi
Loc.
tamhi, tasmi
tesu
Case
Feminine
Singular
Plural
Nom.
s (she)
Acc.
ta, na (her) t, tyo (them)
t, tyo (those women)
Ins., Abl. tya
tbhi, thi
Dat., Gen. tass, tyo
tsa, tsna
Loc.
tassa, tya tsu

Neuter
Case
Singular
Plural
Nom.
ta (it)
te, tni (those things)
Acc.
ta (it)
te, tni (those things)
The rest is similar to that of the masculine.

Eta (that or this) is declined like ta. One has only to prefix an "e" to the
forms of ta, e.g. eso, ete, eta, ena, and so on.
49. Declension of demonstrative pronoun ima (this)
Masculine
Case
Singular
Plural
Nom.
aya = this (man)
ime = these (men)
Acc.
ima
ime
Ins.
anena, imin
ebhi, ehi, imebhi, imehi
Dat.,
Gen.
assa, imassa
esa,
esna,
imesna
Abl.
asm, imamh, imasm
ebhi, ehi, imebhi, imehi
Loc.
asmi,
imasmi
esu, imesu
imamhi,
imesa,
Feminine
Case
Singular
Plural
Nom.
aya = this (woman)
im, imyo
(women)
Acc.
ima
im, imyo
Ins., Abl. imya

Dat.,
Gen.
Loc.
these
imbhi, imhi
ass, assya, imiss, imissya,

imsa, imsna
imya
imsu
assa, imissa, imya
Neuter
Case Singular
Plural
Nom. ida, ima = this (thing) ime, imni = these (things)
Acc. ida, ima

ime, imni
Exercise 17
Suggested Solutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Aya sho tamh vanamh nikkhamma imasmi magge hatv

eka itthi mresi.
So tsa yuvatna tni vatthni vikkiitv tsa santik* mla
labhissati.
Imiss dhtaro tamh vanamh imni phalni harisu, a nriyo
tni khditu gahisu.
Im sabb yuvatiyo ta rma gantv dhamma sutv Buddha
padumehi pjessanti.
Ime manuss yni puani v ppni v karonti tni te
anugacchanti***.
Tass kaya mt dakkhiya disya ima gma gantv idha
cira**** vasissati.
Tassa natt imassa bhtar saddhi Koambanagara***** gantv
tni bhanni vikkiissati.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
T nriyo etsa sabbsa kumrna hatthesu padumni

hapesu******, t tni haritv cetiya pjesu.
Tass rjiniy et dsiyo imehi rukkhehi pupphni ocinitv im
mlyo karisu.
Kesa so ima dhana datv sukha labhissati?
Yo magge gacchati, tassa putto sura pivitv ettha sayati.
Ke ta khetta******* gantv tia haritv imsa gvna
datv khra labhitu icchanti?
* Santika = near (but here: tsa santik = from them).
** Mla (n) money, cash.
*** Anugacchati = follows.
**** Cira (m) for a long time.
***** Koambanagara = Colombo.
****** 3rd person plural of the Past Tense.
******* Khetta (n) field.
Translate into Pali

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
A certain man having gone to that cemetery gathered those flowers

and brought them here.
This lioness having come out from those forest killed a cow in this
place*.
The husband of that woman bought these clothes from that market
and gave them to his grandsons.
Whose servants will go to Colombo to buy goods for you and me?
Tomorrow his brothers will go to that forest and collect honey and
fruits.
Her sisters went to that field (in order) to bring grass for these cows.
I got these lotuses and flowers from a certain woman of that village.
Today all maidens of this city will go to that river and will bathe in it.
They brought those goods to a merchant in that market.
Having sold those cows to the merchants, they bought clothes,
garlands and umbrellas with that money.
Who are those men that** killed a lion yesterday in this forest?
Which woman stole her garland and ran through this street?
* Place = hna (n).
** Use the relative pronoun "ya".

N36
50. Participles are a kind of adjectives formed from the verbal bases. Like
verbs they are divided into Present, Past and Future; and each group is
again divided into Active and Passive. Being adjectives they are declined
in all the genders.
The Present Active Participles are formed by adding "nta" or "mna" to
the verbal base, e.g.,()
"nta" "mna"
gaccha + nta = gacchanta = going
gaccha + mna = gacchamna = going
paca + nta = pacanta = cooking
paca + mna = pacamna = cooking
51. Declension of the Present Participle
Gacchanta (going)
Masculine
Case
Singular
Plural
Nom.
gaccha, gacchanto
gacchanto, gacchant
Acc.
gacchanta
gacchante
Ins.
gacchat, gacchantena
gacchantebhi,
gacchantehi
Dat.,
Gen.
gacchato, gacchantassa
gacchata,
gacchatna
Abl.
gacchat, gacchantamh, gacchantasm
gacchantebhi,
gacchantehi
Loc.
gacchati, gacchante,
gacchantasmi
gacchantesu
gacchantamhi,
Voc.
gaccha, gaccha, gacch
Feminine
Case
Singular
Plural
gacchanto, gacchant
Nom., Voc. gacchant
gacchant, gacchantiyo
Acc.
gacchanti gacchant, gacchantiyo
Ins., Abl.
gacchantiy gacchantbhi, gacchanthi
and so on like kumr. N.35

Neuter
Case Singular
Plural
Nom. gaccha
gacchant, gacchantni
Acc. gacchanta gacchante, gacchantni

Remark: Here one should note that these participles change their endings in
the feminine.
The following are declined similarly:pacanta = cooking
haranta = carrying
karonta = doing
kianta = buying
caranta = walking
tihanta = standing
dhvanta = running
haranta = bringing
nahyanta = bathing
viharanta = living, residing
hasanta = laughing
vikkianta = selling
bhujanta = eating
dadanta = giving
sayanta = sleeping
rodanta = crying
passanta = looking at, seeing
nisdanta = sitting
52. A. All of these have another form ending in -mna, like gacchamna.
In that form, they are declined like nara(N.8) in the masculine,
vanit(N.31) in the feminine, and nayana(N.40) in the neuter.
B. These participles take the gender, number and case of the substantive
in forming sentences, e.g.
Tihanto goo tia khdati = The bull which is standing eats grass, or
Goo tiha tia khdati = The bull eats the grass standing.
C. Active Participles formed from the transitive bases often take an object,
e.g.
Bhatta bhujanto = eating rice.
Exercise 18
Suggested Solutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Gma gacchanto drako eka goa disv bhyi.

Drik rodant ammya santika gantv phe nisdati.
Vij bhani vikkiant nadiya nahyante manusse passisu.
Kyo hasamn nahyantiyo gacchanti vanita akkosisu.
Puriso hasanto rukkha ruhitv phalni khdanto* skhya nisdi.
Bhagav Svatthiya** viharanto devna manussna ca
dhamma desesi.
S sayanti itthi uhpetv*** hasamn tamh hn
apagacchi****.
Tumhe bhmiya kamna ima draka ukkhipitv*****
mace hapetha.
Sha disv bhyitv dhvamn te mig asmi vane vesu
patisu.
Imasmi gme vasantna purisna eko pharasu dya vana
gacchanto ekya ksuya pati.
Nisdantiy nriy putto rodamno tass santika gamissati.
Ycak bhatta pacanti itthi disv ta hra ycant******
tattha nisdisu.
Vanamh drn harant ka ekasmi pse udaka
pivamn******* nsdi.
Vij bhani kiant vikkiant ca gmesu nagaresu ca
hianti.
Dna dadanto so dhanav slavante gavesati********.
* Khda = to eat hard food. "Bhuja" is used in eating soft food.
** In the city of Svatthi.
*** Having awakened or raised.
**** Went away, moved aside.
***** Having raised up.
****** Begging.
******* Drinking.
******** Seeks.
Translate into Pali

1.
Going to the river the slave sat at the foot of a tree, eating (some)
fruits.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The mother, having raised the crying girl, gave her (some) milk.
Walking on the river-bank we saw (some) people bathing in the river.
Seeing us there a deer began to run and fell in a pit.
Coming out of the forest the lion saw a cow eating grass on that field.
Bringing firewood from this forest the maiden drank water from that
tank.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
A certain man living in this village saw a leopard running to that

mountain.
Our fathers and brothers will wander through villages and towns,
(while) selling and buying goods.
Standing on the mountain that day, I saw a lioness sleeping in a cave.
The boy came to see me, laughing and running.
Carrying a drum for his aunt, the farmer sat on this rock, looking at
these trees and fields.
The Buddha, living in Svatthi for a long time, preached His doctrine
to the people of that city.
While cooking (some) rice, his sister sat singing* on a chair.
Giving alms to the beggars the millionaire spent** all his wealth.
Playing on the road the boys saw a man running from there.
* (Gta) gyant.
** Vissajjesi.
Past Participles
53. The Past Participles are formed in many ways. Their formation will be
shown in the second book; only a few examples are given here.
gata = gone
bhinna = broken
gata = come
otia = descended
kata = done, made
haa = brought
vutta = told, said
pakka, pacita = cooked

laddha = received
kta = bought
bhutta = eaten
vandita = worshipped
hata = killed
chinna = cut
kuddha = enraged
pahaa = beaten
haa = carried
mata = dead
sutta, sayita = slept
hita = stood
nisinna = sat
vuttha = lived
daha = bitten
N.B. -- These Participles are often used as complements of verbs, e.g., So
Klakato (hoti) = he is dead. Sometimes the verb is understood.
"To" in the Sense of Ablative of Separation

to
54. Suffix "to" is sometimes added to the nominal bases to denote the
ablative of separation. There is no distinction between the singular and
plural in that form. These are included in the indeclinables:
rukkhato = from the tree or trees
gmato = from the village or villages
purisato = from the man or men
tato = from there, (therefore)
kuto = from where?
sabbato = from everywhere
Exercise 19
Suggested Solutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
Hyo araa gato so puriso ahin daho mari.

Rukkhato oti pakkh drakena sakkharhi hat honti.
Purisena pharasun chinno so rukkho tassa gehassa upari pati.
Gmato nikkhant* t gviyo khette tia khditv vpito jala
pivissanti.
5.
Vijehi nagarato hani bhani imesu gmesu manussehi ktni
(honti).
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Tya kaya pakka odana aavito gat tass bhtaro bhujitv

sayissanti.
Pitr vutta anussarant** s yuvat tya laddha dhana gahitu
na icchi.
Ekena hatthin chinna skha a hatthiniyo gahetv khdisu.
Kuto tumhehi imni vatthni tni padumni ca ktni?
Kuddho so bhpati tasmi nagare vutthe sabbe manusse tato nhari***.
Sappena daho vijassa putto tassa dsehi ekassa vejjassa****
santika nto***** hoti.
Idha imasmi phe nisinna kumri gehato gat a drik pahari.
Tya paha s ka tass mtuy santika gat rodant ahsi.
Magge gacchant te puris tya dhenuy bhinna ghaa******
passisu.
Bhpati tehi manussehi katni gehni passitv tesa mla adsi.
* That have come out.

** Remembering.
*** Ejected.
**** Vejja (m) doctor, physician.
***** Carried.
****** Ghaa (m) water-pot.
Translate into Pali

1.
2.
3.
4.
The peacock, having descended from the tree, has gone now to the rock.
Having been bitten by a serpent the boy was carried to a physician.
This woman does not like to take the money recieved from her sister.
The man who has come* from that village bought (some) goods from
this market.
5. Remembering his mother's words the boy did not go to the dead man.
6. My aunt's cows will come out of the forest and will eat the grass mowed
and brought by the slave woman.
7. Having seen a man sleeping on the bed the householder told his boys not
to go near him.
8. A deer was seen by the maiden who was cooking rice** for her mother.
9. The rice that was cooked by her is given to beggars and crows.
10. The house made by them was broken by an elephant.
11. The enraged king killed all men who came to the city.
12. The branch broken by the elephant fell on the ground, and afterwards
your cows ate its leaves.
13. The garland received from the queen by that girl is given to another girl.
14. The rice given to them was eaten by the slaves and the beggars.
15. The horse bought by the millionaire is carried by a charioteer.
* Has come = gata.
** Who was cooking rice = bhatta pacantiy.
Adjectives
55. Pronominal (47) and verbal adjectives (50) are shown above.
Ordinary adjectives are seta (=white), rassa (=short), mahanta (=big),
and so on. As the adjectives qualify nouns, which are of different genders
and numbers, they must agree with their substantives in gender, number
and case.
Examples:
Adj.
1. Ratto
Noun
Adj.
Noun
Verb
goo
rassni
tini
khdati
(= The red ox eats some short grasses.)

2. Set
ka
nla
vattha
paridahati
(= The fair girl wears a blue cloth.)

Here is a list of adjectives which are frequently used:
khuddaka = small
ma = unripe
mahanta = big, huge
pakka = ripe
dgha = long
dahara = young
rassa = short, dwarf
mahallaka = elderly, old
ucca = high, tall
vitthata = wide, broad
nca = low, vulgar
seta = white
majjhima = medium
nla = blue
appaka = few, a little
ratta = red
bahu, bahuka = many, much
ka = black
pta = yellow
paita = wise
uttna = shallow
balavantu = powerful
gambhra = deep
dubbala = feeble
khara = rough, coarse
surpa, dassanya = beautiful,
mudu = soft
handsome
bla = foolish, young
56. The declension of adjectives will present no difficulties to the student
who has mastered the declension of nouns.
The declension of verbal and pronominal adjectives and those of ending
in -vantu and -mantu is given above. The others are declined like nouns
(in various genders) according to their endings.
For instance: dgha, rassa and others ending in -a of the above list
are declined in the masculine like nara, and in the neuter like nayana. In
the feminine they lengthened their last vowel, and are declined like
vanit.
Those ending in -u, such as bahu and mudu are declined like garu, dhenu
and cakkhu. Sometimes these, ending in -u, add k to their feminine
stem, and then they are declined like vanit, e.g., mudu = muduk, bahu =
bahuk.
The words ending in , like ml (one who has a garland), take -in instead
of in forming feminine stems, e.g.,
(Masculine) ml ... (Feminine) mlin
Mlin and such others are declined like kumr.
Exercise 20
Suggested Solutions

Ratt gviyo khette hidantiyo bahu tia khdisu.
Ucc kumr nla vattha paridahitv* mahanta nagara gamissati.
Bahavo manuss dghhi rajjhi set dhenuyo bandhitv gambhra nadi
harisu.
Amhka bahna bandhavna putt dubbal honti**.
Paitassa purisassa s bl bhagin pakkni phalni ocinitv appakna
drakna adsi.
Tass mahallikya itthiy daharo natt uttne jale nahyati.
Tasmi ucce rukkhe hito vnaro imasmi nce tarumhi nisinne pakkhino
oloketi.
Mlin nr rassena maggena khuddaka gma gacchi.
Dahar ka mudun hatthena rattni padumni gahti.
Balavanto appaka pi dhana labhitv dubbale manusse penti.
Balavant k go uccesu girsu hiitv bahni tini khdanti.
Bahunna*** blna putt tass nadiy gambhre jale patitv marisu.
Mama bhtarna majjhimo nce phe nisditv ma phala khdati.
Maya suve majjhima vpi gantv setni padumni nlni uppalni****
ca harissma.
Tumhe mahallake dubbale ca purise disv m hasatha.
* Paridahati (v) wears.
** Hoti (v) is.
*** There are two forms: "bahna" and "bahunna".
**** Uppala (n) lily.
Translate into Pali

A white cow drank much water from that big tank.
Wearing red clothes many girls are going to the big market in that large city.
The sons of that elderly woman are neither powerful nor rich*.
Our young ones always like to eat many unripe fruits.
That foolish woman went to that long river and fell in its deep water.
Water in this pond is not deep but shallow.
My old (elderly) aunt brought a long rope to bind that red cow.
The powerful man cut many tall and dwarf trees in that small garden.
Sitting on a low chair the young girl eats a ripe mango** she got from her
mother.
Much grass is brought by the slaves from that small field on the bank of that
wide river.
White lotuses and blue lilies are bought by that feeble maiden from the
elderly man.
The black oxen are sleeping on the rough ground near that high mountain.
The young boy's soft hand is burnt by the flame of that small lamp.
Many people will cross the great ocean and come to see this beautiful little
island.
In this beautiful city there are big houses, wide streets, long paths, and many
gardens.
* Neither ... nor = "v ... na": balavanto v dhanavanto v na honti.
** Mango (m,n) amba.
*****The New Pali Course Book 1
Numerals
57. Cardinals
1. Eka (= eka)
2. Dvi (= dve)
3. Ti (= tayo)
4. Catu (= cattro)
5. Paca
6. Cha
7. Satta
8. Aha
9. Nava
10. Dasa
11. Ekdasa
12. Dvdasa; brasa
13. Teasa; terasa
14. Cuddasa; catuddasa
15. Paarasa; pacadasa
16. Soasa
17. Sattarasa; sattadasa
18. Ahrasa; ahdasa
19. Eknavsati
20. Vsati
21. Ekavsati
22. Dvvsati; bvsati
23. Tevsati
24. Catuvsati
25. Pacavsati
26. Chabbsati
99 = Eknasata
100 = Sata
1000 = Sahassa
10,000 = Dassahassa
100,000 = Satasahassa; lakkha
1,000,000 = Dasalakkha
10,000,000 = Koi
100,000,000 = Dasakoi
27. Sattavsati
28. Ahavsati
29. Eknatisati
30. Tisati; tis
31. Ektisati
32. Dvattisati; battisati
33. Tettisati
39. Eknacatts
40. Cattsati; catts
49. Ekuapas
50. Pas; pas; pasati;
pasati
59. Eknasahi
60. Sahi
62. Dvesahi; dvsahi; dvisahi
69. Eknasattati
70. Sattati
79. Eknsti
80. Asti
82. Dveasti; dvsti; dviysti
83. Teasti; tiysti
84. Catursti
89. Eknanavuti
90. Navuti
92. Dvenavuti; dvnavuti; dvinavuti
1,000,000,000 = Satakoi
58. Some of these numerals take all the genders, and some have their
own.
A. The stems eka, ti, catu are of all genders and declined differently in each
gender.
B. The stem dvi and those from paca to ahrasa do not show different
inflections in different genders though they take all the genders.
C. From vsati to navuti the numbers are feminine. So is koi.
D. Stems sata, sahassa and the compounds ending with them are neuter.
E. Eka (one) has only singular forms. The plural forms of it are used to
express the meaning "some", e.g. eke manuss = some people.
F. The stems from dvi to ahrasa have only the plural forms. From vsati
upwards to navuti and from sata upwards to koi are in singular. But they
take the plural form when it is required to show separate quantities, e.g.
cattri satni = four (quantities) of hundred.
G. Numerals are more often used as adjectives.
59. "Eka" is declined like the relative pronoun "ya" given above (46).
Declension of Dvi (= two)
Plural (common to all genders)
Nom., Acc.
dve, duve
Abl., Ins.
dvbhi, dvhi
Dat., Gen.
dvinna, duvinna
Loc.
dvsu
Declension of Ti (= three)
Plural
Masculine
Feminine Neuter
Nom., Acc. tayo
tisso
Abl., Ins.
tbhi, thi tbhi, thi
tbhi, thi
tni
tinna,
tinnanna
Dat., Gen.
Loc.
tsu
Declension of Catu (= four)
tissanna
tinna,
tinnanna
tsu
tsu
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
Nom., Acc. cattro, caturo catasso

Abl., Ins.
Neuter
cattri
catbhi, cathi catbhi, cathi catbhi, cathi
Dat., Gen. catunna

Loc.
catusu
Declension of Paca (= five)
catassanna
catunna
catusu
catusu
Plural (similar in all genders)
Nom., Acc. paca

Abl., Ins.
pacabhi, pacahi
Dat., Gen. pacanna

Loc.
pacasu
Cha, satta, aha and all up to ahdasa are declined like paca, e.g.
Nom. Acc. Abl. Dat., Gen. Loc.
cha cha chahi channa chasu
60. Vsati and other numerals ending in -i are declined like bhmi (34).
Tis and others ending in - are declined like vanit. Vsati itself has
another form ending in -, i.e., vs.
"Sata" (100) and "sahassa" (1000) are declined like nayana (40).
Exercise 21
Suggested Solutions

Cattro puris cathi pharashi cattri rukkhni chinditv harissanti.
T tisso itthiyo imehi thi maggehi ta aavi gantv tissanna kana

ti phalni adasu.
Ekissa slya sata puris, pas itthiyo ca nisdissanti.
Maya ito navahi divasehi* pacahi kumrehi saddhi Koambanagara
gamissma.
Paca ds dasanna assna bahu tia, appaka udakaca harisu.
Vsati puris dasahi goehi cattri khettni kasanti.
Vijo kahpana** dvhi satehi*** aha asse kiitv te catunna
dhanavantna vikkii.
Tsa channa itthna cha bhtaro mahanta pabbata ruhitv cha
kapayo nesu.
Tsa mt dasa ambe kiitv catassanna dhtarna dadissati.
Idni Lakya paca-cattsa-satasahassa manuss vasanti.
Pubbe Svatthinagare manussna satta koiyo**** vasisu.
Tumhe ito dvhi vassehi Anurdhapura***** gantv tattha nava divase
vasant mahante cetiye passissatha.
Dso ekena hatthena dve nikere****** itarena eka panasaca*******
harati.
Aha cattri vassni********* nagare vasitv tato pacch tayo
mse********* gme vasissmi.
* After nine days.
** 'Kahpaa' is a square coin extensively used in former days, the purchasing
power of which is said to have been about that of a florin (2 shillings).
*** With two hundreds (of kahpaas).
**** Seven crores of people.
***** The sacred city of the Buddhists in Ceylon.
****** Nikere (m/n) coconut.
******* Panasa (m/n) jackfruit.
******** Vassa (m/n) year.
********* Msa (m) month,
Translate into Pali

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Four women bought eight mangoes and gave them to the two daughters.
Tomorrow five men will go to the forest and cut ten trees with their five
axes.
Three girls went separately* to three tanks and each** brought thirty
flowers.
In this hall there are five hundred men and three hundred women.
There are five thousand people, one thousand cattle*** and five hundred
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
houses in this town.

The seven brothers of the five girls went to that forest and killed eight
deer.
We lived in Colombo for eight years and nine months.
They will go to live there again three years and two months hence.
Having bought three clothes the father gave them to his three daughters.
Ten men with twenty oxen are ploughing these five fields.
Sixty elephants came out of the city and thirty of them entered the forest.
Of the twelve horses bought by me one is sold to another man.
The slave having brought 25 coconuts sold 20 of them to a woman.
Two merchants bought two horses for three hundred**** pieces (of
kahpaas).
Five million people live in the island of Ceylon.
* Visu.
** Ek'ek.
*** Gvo.
**** Use the Instrumental.
Ordinal Numerals
61. Ordinal Numerals
Terasama = thirteenth
Pahama = first
Cuddasama = fourteenth
Dutiya = second
Vsatima = twenieth
Tatiya = third
Tisatima = thirtieth
Catuttha = fourth
Pacama = fifth
Cattsatima = fortieth
Chaha = sixth
Pasatima = fiftieth
Sattama = seventh
Sahima = sixtieth
Ahama = eighth
Sattatima = seventieth
Navama = ninth
Astima = eightieth
Dasama = tenth
Navutima = ninetieth
Ekdasama = Eleventh
Satama = hundredth
Dvdasama = twelfth
All these are treated as adjectives.
In the masculine they are declined like nara
. In the feminine their last vowel is changed into or and are declined
like vanit and kumr respectively. Their declension in the neuter is like
that of nayana.
Remark. "The first among the eight men" and such other phrases should be
translated with the locative or genitive forms, as:
(1) Ahasu purisesu pahamo or
(2) Ahanna purisna pahamo.
Exercise 22
Suggested Solutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Gacchantesu dasasu purisesu sattamo vijo hoti.

Tassa sattam dht ahamya eka vattha adsi.
Catassanna yuvatna tatiyya bht paca asse nesi.
Mayha pit sattatime vasse pacame mse kla aksi*.
Maya ito chahe divase cathi purisehi saddhi dutiya nagara
gamissma.
Idni ahamo Edwardnmo bhpati rajja karoti**.
Pubbe chaho Parakkamabhu-bhpati Jayavaddhanapure rajja kari.
Phaslya*** astiy sissesu pacavsatimo hyo gambhre udake pati.
Amhka pitro ito pacame vasse bahhi manussehi Anurdhapura
gamissanti.
Dvsu phaslsu pahamya tisata siss**** uggahanti.
Dvinna dhanavantna dutiyo tisatiy ycakna dna adsi.
Nahyantsu pacasu nrsu tatiyya bht dhanav hoti.
Bhatta pacantna tissanna itthna dutiy nahyitu gamissati.
Bhagav pahama vassa Brasiya Isipatanrme vihari.
Tad so pacanna bhikkhna bahunna manussnaca dhamma
desesi.
* Kla karoti = dies.

** Rajja karoti = reigns.
*** Phasl (f) school.
**** Sissa (m) student.
Translate into Pali

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The fifth of the ten merchants will buy the gem.

On the third day the four rich men will give alms to a hundred beggars.
There are eight hundred students in the first of the three schools.
My fourth brother lives in the sixth house of the fifth street in Colombo.
We will go to the city in the third month of the second year.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
His tenth son will come here on the 25th day of this month.
The sixth of the seven women wears a red cloth, and the fifth a blue one.
King Edward V died 26 years ago*.
His son, King George V reigned for 25 years and 10 months.
I will buy the second of these ten horses with one hundred florins.
Out of the eighty students in this school the 20th died yesterday.
His dead body was carried to the cemetery by 15 students.
My sixth brother will come here with the fourth one.
His third brother's second daughter learns at this school.
The first sister of the queen will visit Anurdhapura after three months.
* Ago (ni) upari. Use the genitive with this.
Adverbs
62. The adverb proper in Pali is stated to be in the accusative singular of
the neuter, e.g.,
"Sukha sayati" = sleeps comfortably.
"Sdhuka karoti" = does (it) well.
But many other indeclinables like tad (then) may be taken under this
heading.
Of the numerical adverbs ordinals take the form of the neuter singular,
e.g.
Pahama = at first; for the first time.
Dutiya = for the second time.
Cardinals form their adverbs by adding suffixes -kkhattu and dh.
Catukkhattu = four times.
Catudh = in four ways.
A List of Adverbs
visu = severally,
separately
dukkha = with difficulty
sama = evenly
sanika = slowly
sgha = quickly
eva = thus, so
sahas = suddenly
daha = tightly, strictly
ekadh = in one way
dvikkhattu = twice
saki = once
pacadh = in five ways

katha = how?
tath = in that way
sdhuka = well
Exercise 23
Suggested Solutions
abhiha = constantly
ekamanta = aside

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Imesa dasanna dhanavantna pacamo sukha jvati.

Aya dpi sanika gantv sahas gviy upari pati.
Ahanna kana chah gvi daha bandhitv vpi nesi.
Ime paca drak abhinha magge dhvant kanti.
Imesu navasu sissesu sattamo sdhuka uggahti.
Bhikkh Bhagavato santika gantv ta vanditv ekamanta
nisdisu.
So seh (attano*) dhana pacadh vibhajitv pacanna
dhtarna adadi.
Tassa chahya dhtuy putto dvikkhattu ima nagara gacchi.
Pahama te ass ratha sama kahisu, dutiya sgha
dhvisu.
Mama ahanna bhtarna catuttho dukkha jvati.
Katha te cattro vij tattha vasanti?
So dhtara eva vatv sahas tato aa hna gacchi.
* His own.
Translate into Pali

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Those ten boys are constantly playing at this place.

The fifth of these seven merchants lives happily (or comfortably).
The king twice came out of the city and once bathed in this tank.
The horses will run quickly drawing evenly the carriages after them.
The fourth of the seven monks does not observe* the precepts**
well.
6.
These twelve merchants went to the Buddha and sat aside to hear His
preaching***.
7.
Suddenly a thief came to me and tried**** to take my umbrella.
8.
Slowly they went together***** to the bank of the river and came
back separately.
9.
10.
11.
The third of the five sons of my friend learns with difficulty.

How did he enter the city and come out of it quickly?
The second daughter of his sixth brother lives (with difficulty) or
miserably.
12.
Thus he spoke to his third sister and went aside.
* Na rakkhati.
** Slni or sikkhpadni.
*** Desana.
**** Ussahi.
***** Ekato.
Syntax ()
63. A sentence may contain any number of words; but one cannot make a
sentence without a verb.
Even the shortest sentence must have two portions: the subject (katt) and
the predicate (kriy). (One may say "Go" without any subject, but there
the subject is understood.)
(1) "Puriso sayati." (The man sleeps), is a complete sentence. Here
"puriso" is the subject and "sleeps" is the predicate.
(2) The above sentence has no object as intransitive verbs do not take an
object. But transitive verbs always take an object; therefore a sentence
formed with a transitive verb consists of three portions, viz.:- katt
(subject), kamma (object), and kriy (predicate), e.g.
Subject
Object
Predicate
Puriso
rukkha
chindati
= The man cuts the tree.
Order of Sentences
64. In the sentence, "Puriso rukkha chindati", the subject comes first,
the object second, and the predicate last. (In an English sentence, the
object must come after the predicate.)
This is the general way of forming sentences which a beginner must

follow. But there are no definite rules about the order of the words in a
Pali sentence. The above sentence may be written in four ways:(1) Puriso rukkha chindati.
(2) Rukkha puriso chindai.
(3) Chindati puriso rukkha.
(4) Puriso chindati rukkha.
In any way the meaning is the same; and one has no difficulty in finding
the subject and the object as they are always in different cases.
Concord
65. (1) The predicate must agree with the subject in number and person.
(2) An adjective (participle included), must agree with the noun it
qualifies in gender, number and case, e.g. Balav puriso sayanta goa
bandhati.
(3) A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender, number
and person, e.g.,
(A) Ye pua karonti te sagge nibbattanti.
(B) Yo magge gacchati tassa pit hyo mari.
Exercise 24
Suggested Solutions
Point out subjects, objects and predicates in the following

sentences:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Bht vpi gacchanto ekassa rukkhassa mle nisdi.

Tassa pit pto geh nikkhamitv vana gamissati.
Te pakkhino tesa rukkhna skhsu nisditv ravanti.
Catasso kumriyo pupphni ocinitu eka rukkha ruhisu.
Dasa hatthino imassa taruno aha skh bhajitv khdisu.
S yuvat dve ml piandhitv hasant tihati.
Suve maya ta nagara gantv bahni bhani kiissma.
Magge dhvant paca drak ekasmi ve patisu.
Paarasa vij dasa asse haritv sehino vikkiisu.
Dve kassak cattro ke goe haritv tassa nadiya nahpesu.
Insert suitable subjects, objects and predicates where necessary.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
............... rukkha ruhitv phalni ocinti.

Magge gacchanto ............... dhvante ............... passi.
Tuyha bhagin draka dya hasant ................
Dso ............... rajjuy bandhitv nahpeti.
............... paamh vatthni kiitv netha.
Maya nahtv gantv bhatta ................
Aha suve tay saddhi gma ................
Yuvatiyo ............... ocinitu ............... gamissanti.
Amhka ............... tasmi nagare bhani vikkianti.
Cattro ............... padumni dya vihra gamissanti.
............... suve paa gantv ............... harissma.
Tva sakkharhi godha m ................
Vnar ............... ruhitv ............... bhajanti.
T itthiyo ............... pacitv bhujitv ................
Enlarge and Analyse a Sentence

How to Enlarge and Analyse a Sentence
66. It is stated that a sentence consists of two parts, the subject and the
predicate, or sometimes three parts: the subject, the object and the
predicate. (Note that the object belongs to the predicate.)
In enlarging a sentence one must enlarge the subject or the object, or both
of them. They may be enlarged with one or more adjectives, adjectival
phrases, or clauses, or with a noun in the genitive, which is in the nature
of an adjective, as it separates the thing possessed, from others.
The enlargement of a predicate is called its extension. It may be done by
adding one or more adverbs or adverbial phrases, or words in the
Instrumental, Ablative (of separation) or Locative cases.
Now let us enlarge the sentences:
(A) Puriso rukkha chindati.
Enlargement
Enlargement
Enlargement
Subject
Object
Predicate
of subject
of object
of predicate
Balav
puriso mahanta
rukkha pharasun
chindati.
So seto,
balav
puriso
hatthehi
rukkha pharasu
dya
ucca,
mudu
chindati.
pupphehi
Paav,
ca rukkha tasmi vane, chindati.
puriso phalehi
dhanav, bal
idni
yutta, ta
(B) Goo tia khdati.
Enlargement of
Enlargement of
Enlargement
Subject
Object
subject
object
of predicate
tia idni
Ratto
goo
bahu
Balav seto
goo
khette jta,
tatta hatv,
khdati.
tia
bahu
sgha
Catuppado*,
sigi**, blo, goo
rukkhe baddho,
khuddak
visu visu
khettamh
khdati.
tia
katv dya
dsena nta
* Quadruped or that which has four feet.

** That which has horns, or possessed of horns.
Exercise 25
Suggested Solutions
Enlarge the following sentences.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Predicate
Kumri bhatta pacati.

Drako magge kati.
Vnar rukkhe nisdanti.
Kassak khetta kasisu.
Sho vanamhi vasati.
Bhpati nagare carati.
Pit gehe sayati.
Dhtaro nadiya nahyanti.
Bhtuno putto uggahti.
Vanityo padumni haranti.
Tumhe pakkhino m mretha.
Tva cetiya vandhi.
khdati.
13.
14.
15.
Aha sla rakkhissmi.

Bhikkhavo dhamma desenti.
Maya Anurdhapura gamissma.
Analyse the following sentences.

1.
2.
Cattro puris balavante aha goe ta mahanta khetta harisu.

Imasmi gme ahasu gehesu pacatisati manuss dukkha
vasanti.
3.
4.
Te dhanavant mahantesu macesu sukha sayissanti.

Pacanna dsna dasa putt vsatiy balavantehi goehi khetta
kasanti.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Ek itth dvinna puttna rattni vatthni haritv adsi.

Dhanavanto vij sakaehi bhani dya gme gantv tni
sgha vikkiissanti.
Bhpatino pahamo putto bahhi manussehi saddhi suve uyyna
gamissati.
Mayha mtuln ratta gvi dghya rajjuy daha rukkhe
bandhi.
Sehino balavanto aha putt kakkhaa cora ashi paharitv
tatth'eva* mresu.
Gma gacchant vanit aiss bla dhtara disv tass tayo
ambe adsi.
* Tatth'eva = on the spot.
Passive Voice
67. The verbs given so far in this book are of the Active Voice. To form
the passive, one must add "ya", sometimes preceded by i or , to the root
before the verbal termination, e.g.,
paca + ti > paca + ya + ti = pacyati (is cooked)
kara + ti > kara + ya + ti = karyati (is done)
Often, the "ya" is assimilated by the last consonant of the base, e.g.,
pac + ya + ti = paccati (is cooked)
vuc + ya + ti = vuccati (is told)
68. In forming a sentence with a verb in the passive voice, the subject
stands in the Ablative of Agent and the object in the Nominative. The
verb takes the number and the person of the Nominative (object).
This is the way Pali grammarians stated it. But in English, the subject
always take the Nominative form; therefore the object becomes the
subject when a sentence is turned from active to passive.
Vanit odana pacati.
turned into passive, becomes:Vanitya odano pacyati (or paccati).
Here, "vanitya" is named anuttakatt (the agent, subject) and "odano"
uttakamma (the object in the Nominative) in Pali.
Present Tense, Passive
Person Singular
Plural
3rd
(so) paccati = it is cooked
2nd
(tva) paccasi = thou are (tumhe) paccatha = you are

cooked
cooked
(aha) paccmi = I
cooked
Conjugation of Pahara (to beat)
Person Singular
1st
(te) paccanti = they are cooked
am (maya) paccma = we are

cooked
Plural
3rd
(so) paharyati = he is beaten
(te) paharyanti = they are beaten
2nd
(tva) paharyasi = thou art (tumhe) paharyatha = you are

beaten
beaten
(aha) paharymi = I am (maya) paharyma = we are

beaten
beaten
The following are conjugated like "paharyati":karyati = is done or made
kahyati = is dragged or
gahyati = is taken
drawn
haryati = is carried
dyati = is given
haryati = is brought
kasyati = is ploughed
bandhyati = is tied
desyati = is preached
bhujyati = is eaten
mryati = is killed
1st
vandyati = is worshipped
kiyati = is bought
vikkiyati = is sold
rakkhyati = is protected
bhsyati = is told
dhovyati = is washed
Exercise 26
Suggested Solutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Kaya odano pacyati.

Te Go dsehi paharyanti.
Tva balin purisena kahyasi.
Maya amhka arhi mryma.
Te mig tya dsiy bandhyanti.
Imin vahakin* imasmi gme bahni gehni karyanti.
Tumhe tasmi gme manussehi bandhyatha.
Amhka bhani tesa dsehi gma haryanti.
Ahahi vijehi cattro ass nagara haryanti.
Maya amhka dhtarehi nattrehi ca vandyma.
Ta mahanta khetta pacahi kassakehi kasyati.
Vanitya bahni vatthni tassa pokkharaiya dhovyanti.
Sehin bahunna ycakna dna dyati.
Tasmi rme vasantehi bhikkhhi slni rakkhyanti.
Chahi bhikkhhi pacasatna manussna dhammo desyati.
Pasya manussehi tasmi pae bahni bhani kiyanti.
Dasahi vanithi dvisata ambna vikkiyati.
Dsiy pakko odano gahapatin bhujyati.
Magge hito drako tassa mtuy hatthehi gahyati.
Buddhena devna manussnaca dhammo bhsyati.
* Vahak (m) carpenter.
Translate into Pali

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The cows are tied with long ropes by the slaves.

Two black horses are bought by the two rich men.
You are beaten by four men.
This house is built (made) by eight carpenters.
Nine cows are killed by two tigers in that forest.
Thou art dragged to the field by those powerful men.
Many goods are sold in this village by those two merchants.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
You are tied fast by the people of the city.

The baby is carried to a physician by his mother.
The rice is well cooked by the second daughter of the merchant.
The doctrine is preached to the people of this village by the monks
residing in that monastery*.
The rice cooked by the slave woman is eaten by her son and brothers.
Many red clothes are washed in the tank by those women.
Three hundred mangoes are sold by six tall women.
Much wealth is given to his relations by that rich man.
All grass in this field is eaten by eight oxen and four cows.
The Buddha is worshipped everywhere in this island.
Two fields are ploughed by 12 farmers and six oxen.
Those who went by that path are killed by a lion.
The son of the man who walks on the road is beaten by that powerful
man.
* Vihra (m) monastery.
70. The past and future forms of the Passive Voice are formed by adding
" + ya" to the root before the verbal termination, e.g.,
Past 3rd singular:
- pahara + > pahara + -ya + = pahary = (he) was beaten
Future 3rd singular:
- paca + issati > paca + -ya + issati = pacyissati = (it) will be cooked
Passive Participles
71. The participles, like verbs, are divided into two classes, that of Active
and Passive. The Active Present Participles are shown above (50). The
Passive Present Participle is formed by adding " + ya" to the root before
the active termination, e.g.,
(1) paca + mna > paca + -ya + mna = pacyamna = being cooked
(2) pahara + nta > pahara + -ya + nta = paharyanta = being beaten
Forms like pacamna (being cooked) and vuccamna (being told) also are
formed by assimilating "ya" with the last consonant of the root. (The rules
of assimilation will be given in the Second Book.)
72. The Declinable Active Past Participles are very few. The Passive Past
Participles are formed in various ways; the most common way to form
them is to add "ta" or "ita" to the root or the verbal base, e.g.,
paca + ita = pacita (cooked)

hara + ita = harita (carried)
nah + ita = nahta (bathed)
n + ta = nta (carried)
n + ta = ta (known)
bh + ta = bhta (become, been)
su + ta = suta (heard)
Here one notices that "ita" is added to the roots ending in a, and ta is
added to the roots ending in vowels other than a. But this rule is not
without exceptions.
A list of some Passive Past Participles is given above (53). The words
therein are formed in various ways; but the student should not bother at
present about their formation.
Another form of Passive Past Participles much common in use is formed
by adding 'inna' to the root and by dropping the last syllable or the vowel
of the root, e.g.,
chida + inna = chinna (cut)
bhida + inna = bhinna (broken)
d + inna = dinna (given)
tara + inna = tia (crossed, gone ashore)
ni + sda + inna = nisinna (sat)
73. The Potential (or Future) Passive Participles are formed by adding
'tabba' and 'anya' to the verbal base, e.g.,
ktabba / karaya (must be, fit to be, or should be done)
haritabba / haranya (must be, fit to be, or should be carried)
pacitabba / pacanya (must be, fit to be, or should be cooked)
bhujitabba (fit to be or should be eaten)
dhovitabba (fit to be or should be washed)
bhavitabba (fit to be or should become or happen)
nisditabba (fit to be or should be sat)
vattabba (fit to be or should be told)
vanditabba (fit to be or should be worshipped)
dtabba (fit to be or should be given)
chinditabba (fit to be or should be cut)
rakkhitabba (fit to be or should be observed or protected)
uggahitabba (fit to be or should be learnt)
Exercise 27
Suggested Solutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Kaya bhujiyamna bhatta sunakhassa dtabba (hoti).

Purisena chindiyamno rukkho gehassa upari patissati.
Purisehi khettni kasitabbni, vanithi tesa bhatta pacitabba.
Puttehi dhtarehi ca pitaro mtaro ca vanditabb honti.
Dsena haryamno asso vijna vikkiitabbo hoti.
Corehi paharyamn puris aa kattabba adisv* aavi
dhvisu.
Srathin paharyamno asso ratha kahanto sgha dhvati.
Tumhehi dnni dtabbni, slani rakkhitabbni, puni ktabbni
(honti).
Sissehi dhammo sotabbo** satthni*** uggahitabbni.
May dyamna**** bhujitabba bhujitu bah ycak
gacchanti.
Vanit dhovitabbni vatthni dya vitthata nadi gamissati.
Yuvatiyo vandanyni cetiyni disv ekya kaya ociniyamnni
padumni ycisu.
Mama bht tasmi vane hianto chindanye bah rukkhe passi.
May ovadiyamno blo vattabba apassanto khinno***** nisdi.
* Not seeing.
** Should be heard.
*** Sciences.
**** Given by.
***** Dejected.
Translate into Pali

1.
The fruit that is being eaten by the boy should not be given to another
one.
2.
3.
The field should be ploughed by the farmers with their oxen.

Being beaten by an enemy and not knowing what should be done*,
the man ran across the field.
4.
Many beggars came to receive the alms given by the rich merchant.
5.
Your parents** are to be worshipped and protected by you.
6.
Being admonished*** by the teacher the student began to learn what
should be learnt.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
The horses that are being carried by the merchants are to be sold
tomorrow.
Ths horse being beaten by the slave ran quickly to the field.
Precepts should be oberved and alms should be given by you.
Many clothes are to be washed by our friends.
Ten men cut many trees that should be cut in that garden.
The trees which are being cut by them will fall on other trees.
The merchants did not get any food that should be eaten by them.
What should happen will happen**** to us and the others.
The rice is to be cooked and carried to the field by us.
* Kim ktabban ti ajnanto.
** Mtpitaro (is a compound noun).
*** Ovadito.
**** Bhavissati = will happen.

74. Causative verbs are formed by adding to the root the suffixes, (1) e, (2)
aya, (3) pe, or (4) paya,
before the verbal termination. The radical vowel of the root is lengthened
or changed before these suffixes, when it is followed by one consonant,
and remains unchanged if it is followed by a double consonant, e.g.,
pac + e + ti = pceti (causes to cook)
pac + aya + ti = pcayati (causes to cook)
pac + pe + ti = pcpeti (causes to cook)
pac + paya + ti = pcpayati (causes to cook)
N.B. -- There is a similarity between 'pceti', 'pcayati' and 'coreti',
'corayati'; but the former are causal and the latter are simple verbs.
75. The group of verbs 'coreti', etc., called Curdi Group (see 15),
always take 'e' and 'aya' in their simple forms and their causal bases are
formed with 'pe' and 'paya', e.g.,
Simple: coreti, corayati = steals
Causal: corpeti, corpayati = causes to steal
76. (A) Intransitive verbs become transitive when they take causal forms,
e.g.,
Drako sayati. (The baby sleeps.)
Mt draka saypeti. (The mother makes her baby sleep.)
(B) Transitive verbs take one or two more objects in their causal forms,
e.g.,
Simple: Goo tia khdati.
Causal: Dso goa tia khdpeti. (The slave causes the ox to eat
grass.)
77. A list of causatives
krpeti = causes to (or makes one) do
gahpeti = causes to (or makes one) take
nahpeti = causes to (or makes one) bathe
bhojpeti = causes to (or makes one) eat
nisdpeti = causes to (or makes one) sit
harpeti = causes to (or makes one) carry
harpeti = causes to (or makes one) bring
gacchpeti = causes to (or makes one) go
chindpeti = causes to (or makes one) cut
mrpeti = causes to (or makes one) kill
Exercise 28
Suggested Solutions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Seh vahaki geha krpeti.

Mt draka pokkharaiya nahpessati.
Amhka pitaro bhikkh bhojpesu.
Vanityo dsi bhatta pcpesu.
Ppakrino dsehi* bah mige mrpenti.
Gahapatayo purisehi* drni gahpenti.
Garu sisse dhamma uggahpesi.
Adhipati purisehi rukkhe chindpessati.
Aha kahi bhani harpessmi.
Tumhe bhtarehi kapayo gma harpetha.
Maya dasahi goehi khetta kaspessma.
Mt putta phe nisdpetv bhatta pacitu taule** harpesi.
* Instrumental is also used with the causal forms.
** taula (m, n) (uncooked) rice.
Translate into Pali

1.
The sinner causes his brothers to kill birds.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
The rich men make their sons gave alms.

The king makes the carpenters build five houses.
The charioteer makes the slave bring two horses near the chariot.
The women get their daughters cook rice for the guests.
The carpenter gets the work* done by the servants.
The leader gets his men cut many trees in his garden.
They will get the field ploughed by 20 oxen.
I will make my son eat some food.
We will cause our slaves to go to the town.
They make the cows eat grass.
Do not allow him do that work*.
* work = kamma (n), kammanta (m).
Vocabulary
Pali - English -
Abbreviations
pot.p. Potential Participle
pron. Pronoun
ger. Gerund
3. Of the three genders
m. Masculine
f. Feminine
n. Neuter
ind. Indeclinable
adv. Adverb
v. Verb
adj. Adjective
inf. Infinitive
pr.p. Present Participle
p.p. Past Participle
attha (m) knower of the

meaning.
adsi (v) gave.
addh (ind) certainly.
adhipati (m) lord, leader.
anugacchati (v) follows.
anussarati (v) remembers.
anussaranta (pr.p)
remembering.
antar (ind) between.
anto (ind) in, inside.
apagacchati (v) goes away.
apaci (v) cooked.
apara (adj) another, western.
apassanta (pr.p) not seeing.
api (ind) and, also.
appaka (adj) few, a little.
abhavi (v) was.
abhiha (adv) constantly,
often.
amata (n) ambrosia, the
supreme bliss.
amba (m) mango.
ambu (n) water.
amm (f) mother.
amhe (pron) we.
amhka (pron) to us, our.
aya (m, f) this [man,
woman].
araa (n) forest.
[a]
akkhi (n) eye.
agacchi (v) went.
aggi (m) fire.
aguli (f) finger.
acari (v) walked, travelled.
acci (n) flame.

aja (m) goat.
ajja (ind) today.
aa (adj) another, other.
aatara (adj) certain.
aavi (f) forest.
aha (3) eight.
ahama (adj) eighth.
ahavsati (f) twenty-eight.
ahasata (n) 800.
ahdasa (3) eighteen.
ahrasa (3) eighteen.
ahsi (v) stood.
ahsti (f) eighty-eight.
ahi (n) bone, seed.
aa (n) egg.
atikkamitu (inf) to
surpass.
atithi (m) guest.
atthi (v) is, has.
atha (ind) then, after that.
ari (m) enemy.

alakaroti (v) decorates,
yu (n) age.
yudha (n) weapon.
rabhati (v) begins.
rabhi (v) began.
rma (m) grove,
monastery.
ruyha (ger) having
ascended.
ruhati (v) ascends.
ruhi (v) ascended.
ruhitv (ger) having
ascended.
loka (m) light.
va (m) pit.
haa (p.p) brought.
harati (v) brings.
haranta (pr.p) bringing.
harpeti (v) causes to
bring.
hari (v) brought.
haritu (inf) to bring.
haryati (v) is brought.
hra (m) food.
hiati (v) wanders.
adorns.
asani (f) thunderbolt.
asi (m) sword.
asti (f) eighty.
assa (m) horse.
assa (pron) his, to him.
ass (pron) her, to her.
assu (n) tear.
ahi (m) serpent.
aha (pron) I.
[]
kahati (v) drags, pulls.
kaddhyati (v) is dragged,
is pulled.
ksa (m) sky.
khu (m) rat.
gacchati (v) comes.
gacchi (v) came.
gata (p.p) come.
gantv (ger) having come.
gantu (inf) to come.
gamma (ger) having come.
dya (ger) having taken.
neti (v) brings.
nesi (v) brought.
netv (ger) having brought.
paa (m) shop, market.
ma (adj) unripe.
ma (ind) yes.
[i]
icchati (v) wishes.
itara (adj) the other.
ito (ind) hence.
itth (f) woman.
ida (n) this [thing].
idni (ind) now.
[e]
idha (ind) here.

ima (adj) this.
im (pron) these [women].
ime (pron) these [men].
isi (m) sage.
isipatanrma (m) the grove
of Isipatana (at Sarnath).
eka (adj) one, certain.

ekakkhattu (adv) once.
ekacattsati (f) forty-one.
ekatisati (f) thirty-one.
ekato (ind) together.
ekad (adv) one day, once.
ekadh (adv) in one way.
ekattha (adv) in one place.
ekamanta (adv) aside.
ekavsati (f) twenty-one.
ekasahi (f) sixty-one.
ekdasa (3) eleven.
ekdasama (adj) eleventh.
eksti (f) eighty-one.
eknacattsati (f) 39.
eknatisati (f) 29.
eknapasati (f) 49.
eknanavuti (f) 89.
eknavsati (f) 19.
eknasahi (f) 59.
eknasattati (f) 69.
eknasata (n) 99.
eknsti (f) 79.
eta (3) that, this.
ettha (adv) here.
eva (ind) thus, yes.
es (f) that [woman]. (stem:
[u]
ukkhipitv (ger) having
raised up.
uggahti (v) learns.
uggahitabba (pot.p) that
should be learnt.
ucca (adj) high, tall.
ucchu (m) sugarcane.
uhahati (v) rises up.
uhahitv (ger) having risen
up.
uhpetv (ger) having
awaken.
ueti (v) flies.
uttara (adj) northern.
uttna (adj) shallow.
udaka (n) water.
udadhi (m) ocean.
udeti (v) rises up.
upari (ind) above.
uppala (n) water-lily.
ubhaya (3) both.
ussahati (v) tries.
eta)
eso (m) that [man]. (stem:
eta)
[o]
kath (f) speech, talk.

katheti (v) says.
kathesi (v) said, told.
kadal (f) plantain.
kad (adv) when?
kapi (m) monkey.
kamma (n) work.
kammanta (m) work.
kammakra (m) worker.
karaya (pot.p) that should
be done.
kari (v) did.
karissati (v) will do.
kar (m) elephant.
karyati (v) is done.
karoti (v) does.
karonta (pr.p) doing.
kavi (m) poet.
kasati (v) ploughs.
kasyati (v) is ploughed.
kassaka (m) farmer.
kka (m) crow.
kk (f) she-crow.
ktabba (pot.p) that should
be done.
ktu (inf) to do.
kraa (n) reason.
krpeti (v) causes to do.
kya (m) body.
kla (m) time.
kla karoti (v) dies.
ksu (f) pit.
okkamma (ger) having

moved aside.
ocinti (v) gathers, collects.
ocinitv (ger) having
collected.
ocinitu (inf) to gather, to
collect.
otarati (v) descends.
otaritv (ger) having
descended.
odana (m/n) [boiled] rice.
otia (p.p) descended.
oruyha (ger) having
descended.
oruhati (v) descends.
oloketi (v) looks at.
olokenta (pr.p) looking at.
[k]
kacchu (f) itch.
ka (f) girl.
kaacchu (m) spoon.
kaeru (f) she-elephant.
kata (p.p) made, done.
katama (3) which of the
many.
katara (3) which of the two.
kattu (m) doer, compiler.
kattha (adv) where.
katv (ger) having done.
katha (ind) how.
khara (adj) rough, coarse.

khdati (v) eats.
khdanta (pr.p) eating.
khdi (v) ate.
khditv (ger) having eaten.
khinna (p.p) dejected.
khra (n) milk.
khuddaka (adj) small.
khud (f) hunger.
khetta (n) field.
ka (adj) black.
kianta (pr.p) buying.
kiti (v) buys.
kii (v) bought.
kiitv (ger) having bought.
kiyati (v) is bought.
kitti (f) fame.
ki (3) what?
kati (v) plays.
kitv (ger) having played.
kukku (f) hen.
kucchi (m/f) belly.
kuh (m) leper.
kuto (ind) from where?
kuddha (p.p) enraged,
[g]
gacchati (v) goes.
gacchanta (pr.p) going.
gacchpeti (v) causes to go.
gacchi (v) went.
gacchissati (v) will go.
gag (f) river.
ga (m) one who has a
following.
gahi (m) knot.
gahti (v) takes.
gahpeti (v) causes to take.
gahi (v) took.
gahitu (inf) to take.
gahyati (v) is taken.
gata (p.p) gone.
gantu (m) goer.
gantu (inf) to go.
gantv (ger) having gone.
gamissati (v) will go.
gambhra (adj) deep.
angry.
kumra (m) boy.
kamr (f) girl.
kula (n) family, caste.
kulavantu (adj) of the high
caste.
kuhi (adv) where?
kla (n) [river] bank.
ketu (m) banner.
ko (m) who? (Nom.)
kodha (m) anger.
koambanagara (n) city of
Colombo.
[kh]
khaati (v) digs.
khanti (f) patience.
garu (m) teacher.

gavesati (v) seeks.
gahapati (m) householder.
gahita (p.p) taken.
gahetv (ger) having taken.
gma (m) village.
gyati (v) sings.
gyanta (pr.p) singing.
gv (f) cow.
giri (m) mountain.
gv (f) neck.
guavantu (adj) virtuous.
guh (f) cave.
geha (m, n) house.
goa (m) ox.
godh (f) iguana.
catutth (f) Dative.

catuddasa (3) fourteen.
catuppada (m) quadruped.
catursti (f) eighty-four.
catuvsati (f) twenty-four.
carati (v) walks.
caranta (pr.p) walking.
caritv (ger) having walked.
citta (n) mind.
cinteti (v) thinks.
cintetv (ger) having
thought.
cintesi (v) thought.
cira (adv) [for a] long
time.
cuddasa (3) fourteen.
cuddasama (adj) fourteenth.
cetiya (n) shrine, pagoda.
cora (m) thief.
coreti (v) steals.
coresi (v) stole.
[gh]
ghaa (m) water-pot.
gha (n) nose.
ghyitu (inf) to smell.
[c]
[ch]
ca (ind) and.
cakkhu (n) eye.
cakkhumantu (adj)
possessor of eyes.
canda (m) moon.
cattisati (f) forty.
catu (3) four.
catuttisati (f) thirty-four.
catuttha (adj) fourth.
cha (3) six.

chaha (adj) sixth.
chah (f) Genitive.
chattha (n) umbrella.
chattisati (f) thirty-six.
chatt (m) one who has an
umbrella.
channavuti (f) ninety-six.
chabbsati (f) twenty-six.
hapeti (v) keeps.

hapetu (v) let him keep.
hapesi (v) kept.
hna (n) place.
hita (p.p) stood.
chy (f) shade, shadow.

chsti (f) eighty-six.
chindati (v) cuts.
chindanta (pr.p) cutting.
chindpeti (v) causes to cut.
chinditabba (pot.p) that
should be cut.
chinna (p.p) cut.
[]
asati (v) bites, stings.
asitv (ger) having bitten
or stung.
[j]
jagh (f) shank, calf of the
[t]
leg.
jau (m) knee.
jatu (n) sealing wax.
jayatu (v) let him conquer.
jala (n) water.
ju (m) knee.
jnti (v) knows.
jleti (v) kindles.
jlesi (v) kindled.
jinti (v) wins.
jivh (f) tongue.
jetu (m) victor.
ta (3) that.
taula (n) rice [uncooked].
tatiya (adj) third.
tato (ind) thence, from
there.
tattha (adv) there.
tatra (adv) there.
tath (ind) so, likewise, in
that way.
tad (adv) then.
tarati (v) crosses.
taritv (ger) having crossed.
taru (m) tree.
taru (f) young woman.
tava = thine, your.
tassa = his.
tass = of her, to her.
tahi (adv) there.
t (f) those women.
tni = those things.
[]
a (n) wisdom.
ta (p.p) known.
tu (m) knower.
[]
hatv (ger) having stood.
hapita (p.p) kept.
ti (3) three.
tihati (v) stands.
tihanta (pr.p) standing.
tia (n) grass.
tia (p.p) crossed, gone
dadanta (pr.p) giving.

dadamna (pr.p) giving.
dadti (v) gives.
dadi (v) gave.
daddu (f) eczema.
dadhi (n) curd.
dant (m) tusker, elephant.
dasa (3) ten.
dasakoi (f) hundred
million.
dasama (adj) tenth.
dasalakkha (n) million.
dasasata (n) thousand.
dasasahassa (n) ten
thousand.
dassanya (adj) handsome,
beautiful.
daha (adv) tightly.
dh (m) tusker, serpent.
dtabba (pot.p) that should
be given.
dtu (m) given.
dtu (inf) to give.
dna (n) alms, charity.
dyaka (m) giver.
draka (m) young one, boy.
drik (f) girl.
dru (n) firewood.
dsa (m) slave.
ds (f) slave woman.
dinna (p.p) given.
divasa (m) day.
ashore.
tinavuti (f) ninety-three.
tipu (n) lead.
tiriya (adv) across.
tisati (f) thirty.
tisatima (adj) thirtieth.
tis (f) thirty.
tumhe = you.
tuyha = to you, your.
tul (f) scale, balance.
te (m) they.
te-asti (f) eighty-three.
tettisati (f) thirty-three.
tenavuti (f) ninety-three.
tepas (f) fifty-three.
terasa (3) thirteen.
terasama (adj) thirteenth.
tevsati (f) twenty-three.
tesahi (f) sixty-three.
tesattati (f) seventy-three.
teasa (3) thirteen.
tva = thou.
[d]
dakkhia (adj) southern.
daha (p.p) bitten.
datv (ger) having given.
div (ind) day-time.

dis (f) direction.
disv (ger) having seen.
dgha (adj) long.
dghajv (m) possessor of
long life.
dpa (m) island, lamp.
dpi (m) leopard.
dyati (v) is given.
dyamna (pr.p) being
given.
dukkha (n) pain, misery,
trouble.
dukkha (adv) with
difficulty, miserably.
dutiya (adj) second.
dundubhi (f) drum.
dubbala (adj) feeble.
deti (v) gives.
deva (m) rain, deity.
devat (f) deity.
dev (f) queen, goddess.
desan (f) preaching.
desita (p.p) preached.
deseti (v) preaches.
desesi (v) preached.
desyati (v) is preached.
doi (f) canoe, boat.
dol (f) palanquin.
dvattisati (f) thirty-two.
dvdasa (3) twelve.
dvdasama (adj) twelfth.
dvnavuti (f) ninety-two.

dvvsati (f) twenty-two.
dvsahi (f) sixty-two.
dvsattati (f) seventy-two.
dvsti (f) eighty-two.
dvi (3) two.
dvikkhattu (adv) twice.
dvicattsati (f) forty-two.
dvidh (ind) in two ways,
into two.
dvinavuti (f) ninety-two.
dvisattati (f) seventy-two.
dvisata (n) two hundred.
dveasti (f) eighty-two.
dvepas (f) fifty-two.
dvesattati (f) seventy-two.
[dh]
dhana (n) wealth.
dhanavantu (adj) rich.
dhanu (n) bow.
dhamma (m) doctrine.
dhtu (f) element, relic.
dhvati (v) runs.
dhvanta (3) running.
dhvi (v) ran.
dhvitv (ger) having run.
dhtu (f) daughter.
dhli (f) dust.
dhenu (f) cow [of any kind].
dhovati (v) washes.
dhovitabba (pot.p) that

should be washed.
dhovyati (v) is washed.
nidhi (m) hidden treasure.

nibbattitu (inf) to be born.
nibbattitv (ger) having
born.
[n]
niraya (m) hell.

nilyati (v) hides.
nisinna (p.p) sat.
nisdati (v) sats.
nisdpeti (v) causes to sit.
nisdi (v) sat.
nisditabba (pot.p) should be
na (ind) not, no.

nagara (n) city.
nattu (m) grandson.
natthi (v) is not.
nad (f) river.
nayana (n) eye.
nara (m) man.
nava (3) nine.
navama (adj) ninth.
navasata (n) nine hundred.
navuti (f) ninety.
na santi = are not.
nahta (p.p) bathed.
nahtv (ger) having bathed.
nahpeti (v) causes to bathe.
nahyati (v) bathes.
nahyanta (pr.p) bathing.
nma (n) name.
nr (f) woman.
nv (f) ship.
ns (f) nose.
ni (f) corn measure, tube.
nikera (m) coconut.
nikkhanta (p.p) got out.
nikkhamati (v) goes out.
nikkhamma (ger) having
come out.
nidd (f) sleep.
sat.
nisditv (ger) having sat.
nca (adj) low, vulgar.
nta (p.p) led, carried.
nla (adj) blue.
nharati (v) ejects.
neti (v) leads, carries.
netu (m) leader.
nesi (v) led, carried.
[p]
pakka (p.p) cooked, ripe.
pakkhipati (v) puts in.
pakkh (m) bird.
paggayha (ger) having
raised up.
pacati (v) cooks.
pacatu (v) let him cook.
pacanta (pr.p) cooking.
pacamna (pr.p) cooking.
pacanya (pot.p) that should
be cooked.
paci (v) cooked.

pacita (p.p) cooked.
pacitabba (pot.p) that should
be cooked.
pacitu (inf) to cook.
pacitv (ger) having cooked.
pacch (ind) afterwards.
paca (3) five.
pacadasa (3) fifteen.
pacama (adj) fifth.
pacatisati (f) thirty-five.
pacadh (ind) in five ways.
pacavsati (f) twenty-five.
pacasata (n) five hundred.
paavantu (adj) wise.
pa (f) wisdom.
pasati (f) fifty.
pas (f) fifty.
painivatti (v) went back.
paiydetu (inf) to make,
to prepare.
pahama (adj) first.
paa (n) leaf.
paarasa (3) fifteen.
pasati (f) fifty.
paita (m) wise man.
patati (v) falls.
pati (m) husband, master.
pati (v) fell down.
patti (f) infantry.
paduma (n) lotus.
panasa (m) jack-fruit.
pabbata (m) mountain.

pabbajati (v) becomes a
monk, renounces.
pabh (m) overlord.
para (adj) other, latter.
parasuve (ind) day after
tomorrow.
parahyo (ind) day before
yesterday.
paridahati (v) wears.
paris (f) retinue, following.
pavisati (v) enters.
pavisitv (ger) having
entered.
pasu (m) beast.
passati (v) sees.
passanta (pr.p) seeing,
looking at.
passitu (inf) to see.
pahaa (p.p) beaten.
paharati (v) beats.
paharitv (ger) having
beaten.
paharyati (v) is beaten.
pahya (ger) having left.
pka (m) cooking, boiling.
pcayati (v) causes to cook.
pcpayati (v) causes to
cook.
pcpeti (v) causes to cook.
pceti (v) causes to cook.
phasl (f) school.
puna (ind) again.

puppha (n) flower.
pubba (adj) former, eastern.
purato (ind) in front.
pur (ind) before, formerly.
purisa (m) man.
pulina (n) sand.
pj (f) offering.
pjeti (v) offers, honours.
pjesi (v) respected, offered.
pjetv (ger) having
pi (m) hand.
pteti (v) fells, makes to
fall.
ptesi (v) felled.
ptu (inf) to drink.
pto (ind) in the morning.
pda (m) foot, leg.
ppa (n) sin.
ppakr (m) sinner,
evil-doer.
pleti (v) protects, governs.
plesi (v) protected.
pvisi (v) entered.
psa (m) stone, rock.
pitu (m) father.
pips (f) thirst.
pivati (v) drinks.
pivatu (v) let him drink.
pivamna (pr.p) drinking.
pivitu (inf) to drink.
pivitv (ger) having drunk.
piandhitv (ger) having
donned.
ptha (n) chair.
pta (p.p) drunk.
pta (adj) yellow.
pita (p.p) oppressed.
peti (v) oppressed.
pua (n) merit, fortune.
paavantu (adj) fortunate,
meritorious.
putta (m) son.
offered.
pokkharan (f) pond.
[ph]
pharasu (m) axe, hatchet.
phala (n) fruit, nut.
phalavantu (adj) fruitful.
[b]
battisati (f) thirty-two.
bandhati (v) binds, ties.
bandhyati (v) is bound.
bandhu (m) relation.
bandhumantu (adj) one who
has relations.
bala (n) power.
balavantu (adj) powerful,
strong.
bal (m) powerful.
bahu (adj) many.
bahuka (adj) many.
bras (f) Benares [city].
bla (adj) young, foolish.

bhu (m) arm.
buddha (m) the Enlightened
bhsyati (v) is told, is said.

bhikkhu (m) Buddhist
monk.
One.
buddhi (f) wisdom.
buddhimantu (adj) wise.
bodhi (m/f) Bo-tree.
brhma (f) brahmin
woman.
[bh]
bhagavantu (m) the Buddha,
the Exalted One. (adj) the fortunate.
bhagin (f) sister.
bhajati (v) breaks.
bhaa (n) goods.
bhattu (m) husband,
supporter.
bhariy (f) wife.
bhavati (v) is, becomes.
bhavatu (v) let it be.
bhavitabba (pot.p) that
should happen.
bhg (m) sharer.
bhjetv (ger) having
divided.
bhtu (m) brother.
bhnu (m) sun.
bhnumantu (m) sun.
bhyati (v) fears.
bhyitv (ger) having
feared.
bhsati (v) says.
bhindati (v) breaks.

bhinna (p.p) broken.
bhujati (v) eats.
bhujanta (pr.p) eating.
bhujitabba (pot.p) that
should be eaten.
bhujitu (inf) to eat.
bhujyati (v) is eaten.
bhutta (p.p) eaten.
bhpati (m) king.
bhpla (m) king.
bhmi (f) earth, ground.
bhog (m) serpent.
bhojpeti (v) feeds.
bhottu (inf) to eat.
[m]
magga (m) path.
majjhima (adj) medium,
central.
maca (m) bed.
majs (f) box.
mai (m) gem.
mata (p.p) dead.
mati (f) wisdom.
matta (adj) temperate,
one who knows the measure.
madhu (n) honey.
[y]
manussa (m) man, human

being.
ya (3) which (relative).

yaihi (m/f) stick, walking
maya = we.
mayha = to me, my.
mayra (m) peacock.
maraa (n) death.
marati (v) dies.
mahanta (pr.p) big, large,
stick.
great.
mahallaka (adj) elderly, old.
mah (f) earth, the river of
that name.
m (ind) [do] not.
mtu (f) mother.
mrpeti (v) causes to kill.
mrita (p.p) killed.
mryati (v) is killed.
mreti (v) kills.
mresi (v) killed.
ml (f) garland.
ml (m) possessor of a
garland.
msa (m) month.
miga (m) deer, beast.
mig (f) she-deer.
miti (v) measures.
mitta (m) friend.
muhi (m) fist, hammer.
mudu (adj) soft.
muni (m) monk.
mla (n) root, money.
yattha (adv) where

(relative).
yad (adv) whenever.
yasavantu (adj) famous.
ygu (f) rice, gruel.
ycaka (m) beggar.
ycati (v) begs.
ycanta (pr.p) begging.
yci (v) begged.
yva (ind) as far as.
yva ... tva (ind) until.
yuvati (f) maiden.
yojeti (v) harnesses, joins,
composes.
[r]
rakkhati (v) protects.
rakkhatu (v) let him protect.
rakkhitabba (pot.p) that
should be observed or protected.
rakkhyati (v) is protected.
rajja (n) kingdom.
rajju (f) rope.
ratta (adj) red.
ratti (f) night.
ratha (m) chariot.
ravi (m) sun.
ravitv (ger) having crowed.
rassa (adj) short.

rsi (m) heap.
rukkha (m) tree.
rpa (n) form, image.
rodati (v) cries.
rodanta (pr.p) crying.
[l]
lakkha (n) hundred
thousand.
lak (f) [island] of Ceylon.
lat (f) creeper.
laddha (p.p) got.
laddh (ger) having got.
laddhu (inf) to get.
labhati (v) gets, receives.
labhitu (inf) to get.
likhati (v) writes.
lekhaka (m) clerk.
loka (m) world.
locana (n) eye.
[v]
vaita (p.p) wounded.
vaitamaksi (v) wounded.
vahak (m) carpenter.
vattabba (pot.p) that should
be told.
vattu (m) sayer.
vattha (n) cloth.
vatthu (n) base, site, ground.
vada (adj) charitable.
vadati (v) says.

vadana (n) face, mouth.
vana (n) forest.
vanit (f) woman.
vandati (v) bows down,
worships.
vandita (p.p) worshipped.
vanditabba (pot.p) that
should be worshipped.
vandyati (v) is worshipped.
vapu (n) body.
varha (m) pig.
vasati (v) dwells.
vasanta (pr.p) living.
vasu (n) wealth.
vasudh (f) earth.
vassa (m/n) year, rain.
vassati (v) rains.
vaav (f) mare.
v (ind) or, either - or.
vc (f) word.
vija (m) merchant.
vnara (m) monkey.
vp (f) tank.
vri (n) water.
vluk (f) sand.
vikkianta (pr.p) selling.
vikkiti (v) sells.
vikkii (v) sold.
vikkinyati (v) is sold.
vijju (f) lightning.
vitu (m) knower.
viu (m) wise man.

vitthata (p.p) broad, wide.
vid (m) wise man.
vidhya (ger) having done
or commanded.
vin (ind) except, without.
vinetu (m) instructor.
visikh (f) street.
visu (ind) severally,
separately.
viharanta (pr.p) residing,
living.
vihra (m) monastery.
vsati (f) twenty.
vsatima (adj) twentieth.
vhi (m) paddy.
vuhi (f) rain.
vutta (p.p) said.
vuttha (p.p) dwelt, lived.
vuddhi (f) increase,
progress.
ve (ind) certainly.
vejja (m) doctor, physician.
veu (m) bamboo.
veu (m) bamboo.
vydhi (m) sickness.
[s]
saki (adv) once.
sakua (m) bird.
saku (f) she-bird.
sakkoti (v) is able.
sakkhar (f) sugar, gravel.

sakh (f) woman-friend.
sagga (m) heaven.
sagha (m) community.
sace (ind) if.
sahi (f) sixty.
sata (n) hundred.
satakoi (f) thousand
million.
satama (adj) hundredth.
satalakkha (n) ten million.
satasahassa (n) hundred
thousand.
sati (f) memory.
satimantu (adj) mindful.
satta (3) seven.
sattadasa (3) seventeen.
sattati (f) seventy.
sattatisati (f) thirty-seven.
sattama (adj) seventh.
sattam (f) Locative.
sattarasa (3) seventeen.
sattavsati (f) twenty-seven.
sattsti (f) eighty-seven.
sattu (m) enemy.
sattha (n) science. (m)
caravan.
satthi (m/n) thigh.
satthu (m) teacher, adviser.
sad (ind) ever, always.
saddhi (ind) with.
sanika (adv) slowly.
santi (v) are.

santi (f) peace, relief.
santika (adj) near.
sannipatati (v) assembles.
sappi (n) ghee.
sabba (adj) all, every.
sabbattha (adv) everywhere.
sabba (m) the
Omniscient One.
sabbad (adv) ever, always.
sabh (f) committee,
society.
sama (adv) equally,
evenly.
sayati (v) sleeps.
sayanta (pr.p) sleeping.
sayita (p.p) slept.
sayi (v) slept.
sayitv (ger) having slept.
sas (m) moon.
sassu (f) mother-in-law.
saha (ind) with.
sahas (adv) suddenly.
sahassa (n) thousand.
s = she.
skh (f) branch.
sdhuka (adv) well.
sm (m) master, lord.
sya (ind) in the evening.
srath (m) charioteer.
sl (f) hall.
svatth (f) city of that

name.
sikkhpada (n) precept.
sikh (m) peacock.
sindhu (m) sea.
sil (f) stone.
sissa (m) student.
sigha (adv) quickly.
sla (n) virtue, precept.
slavantu (adj) observant of
precepts, virtuous.
sha (m) lion.
sh (f) lioness.
sukha (n) comfort.
sukha (adv) comfortably.
sukh (m) receiver of
comfort, happy.
suti (v) hears.
suta (p.p) heard.
sutta (p.p) slept.
sutv (ger) having heard.
sunakha (m) dog.
sur (f) liquor, intoxicant.
suriya (m) sun.
surpa (adj) handsome,
beautiful.
suvaa (n) gold.
suve (ind) tomorrow.
susna (n) cemetery.
susu (m) young one.
seh (m) millionaire.
seta (adj) white.
setu (m) bridge.

sen (f) army, multitude.
so = he (stem: ta)
sota (n) ear, stream.
sotabba (pot.p) that should
be heard.
sotu (m) hearer.
sopa (n) stair.
soasa (3) sixteen.
hotu (v) let it be.

English Pali -
Abbreviations
m. Masculine
f. Feminine
n. Neuter
indec. Indeclinable
adv. Adverb
v. Verb
adj. Adjective
inf. Infinitive
pr.p. Present Participle
p.p. Past Participle
pron. Pronoun
ger. Gerund
3. Of the three genders
[h]
haa (p.p) carried.
hata (p.p) killed.
hattha (m) hand.
hatthin (f) she-elephant.
hatth (m) elephant.
hadaya (n) heart.
harati (v) carries.
haraya (pot.p) that should
be carried.
haranta (pr.p) carrying.
harpeti (v) causes to carry.
hari (v) carried.
harita (p.p) carried.
haritu (inf) to carry.
haryati (v) is carried.
hasati (v) laughs.
hasanta (pr.p) laughing.
himavantu (m) the
Himalayas.
hyo (ind) yesterday.
hoti (v) is, becomes.
[a]
across tiriya (adv)
adorns alakaroti (v)
adviser satthu (m)
afterwards pacch (adv)
again puna (indec)
age yu (n)
all sabba (adj)
alms dna (n)
always sad, sabbad (adv)
and ca, api (indec)
anger kodha (m)

another aa, apara (adj)
arm bhu (m)
army sen (f)
ascended ruhi (v)
ascends ruhati (v)
aside ekamanta (adv)
assembles sannipatati (v)
ate khdi (v)
axe pharasu (m)
[b]
balance tul (f)
bamboo veu, veu (m)
bank [of a river] kla (n)
banner ketu (m)
base vatthu (n), bhmi (f)
bathed nahta (p.p)
bathing nahyanta (pr.p)
beast pasu, miga (m)
beaten pahaa (p.p)
beats paharati (v)
beautiful dassanya, surpa
(adj)
becomes hoti, bhavati (v)
becomes a monk pabbajati
(v)
bed maca (m) sayana (n)
been bhta (p.p)
before pur, purato (indec)
begging ycanta (pr.p)
begs ycati (v)
begins rabhati (v)

began rabhi (v)
belly kucchi (m/f)
Benares [city] brnas (f)
between antar (indec)
big mahanta (adj)
bird sakua, pakkh (m)
bitten daha (p.p)
black ka (adj)
blue nla (adj)
boat doi (f)
body vapu (n), kya (m)
boiled rice odana (m/n),
bhatta (n)
bone ahi (n)
Bo-tree bodhi (m/f)
bow dhanu (n)
box majs (f)
boy draka, kumra (m)
brahman woman brhma
(f)
branch skh (f)
breaks bhajati (v)
bridge setu (m)
bringing haranta (pr.p)
broad vitthata (p.p)
broken bhinna (p.p)
brother bhtu (m)
brought haa (p.p)
brought hari, nesi (v)
Buddha bhagavantu, buddha
(m)
buying kianta (pr.p)

buys kiti (v)
[c]
carpenter vahak (m)
carried hari, nesi (v)
carried haa, harita, nta
(p.p)
carries harati, neti (v)
carrying haranta (pr.p)
cash mla (n)
caste kula (n)
cave guh (f)
causes to bathe nahpeti (v)
causes to bring harpeti (v)
causes to carry harpeti (v)
causes to cook pcpeti,
pceti, pcayati (v)
causes to cut chindpeti (v)
causes to do krpeti (v)
causes to go gacchpeti (v)
causes to kill mrpeti (v)
causes to sit nisdpeti (v)
causes to take gahpeti (v)
cemetery susna (n)
certainly addh, ve,
ekanta (indec)
Ceylon lak (f)
charitable vada (adj)
charioteer srath (m)
charity dna (n)
city nagara, pura (n)
clerk lekhaka (m)

climbed ruhi (v)
climbs ruhati (v)
coarse khara (adj)
coconut nikera (m)
collects ocinti (v)
Colombo [city of]
koambanagara (n)
come gata (p.p)
comes gacchati (v)
comfort sukha (n)
comfortably suka (adv)
community sagha (m)
constantly abhiha (adv)
cook sda (m)
cooked pakka, pacita (p.p)
cooked apaci, paci (v)
cooking pacanta (pr.p)
cooking pka (gerund) (m)
cooks pacati (v)
corn dhaa (n)
corn measure ni (f)
cow gv (f)
cow [of any kind] dhenu (f)
creeper lat (f)
cries rodati (v)
crossed tia (p.p)
crow kla (m)
crying rodanta (pr.p)
curd dadhi (n)
cut chinna (p.p)
cutter chettu (m)
cutting chindanta (pr.p)

cuts chindati (v)
drinking pivamna (pr.p)

dropped ptesi (v)
drum dundubhi (f)
dust dhli (f)
dwarf rassa (adj)
dwells vasati (v)
dwelt vuttha (p.p)
[d]
daughter dhtu (f)
day divasa (m)
day after tomorrow
parasuve (indec)
day before yesterday
parahyo (indec)
day time div (indec)
dead mata (p.p)
death maraa (n)
decorates alakaroti (v)
deep gambhra (adj)
deer miga (m)
deity deva (m) devat (f)
descended otia (p.p)
descends oruhati, otarati (v)
did kari, akari (v)
dies marati, kla karoti (v)
digs khaati (v)
direction dis (f)
doctor vejja (m)
doctrine dhamma (m)
doer kattu (m)
does karoti (v)
dog sunakha (m)
done kata (p.p)
doing karonta (pr.p)
[do] not m (indec)
drags kahati (v)
[e]
ear sota, gha (n)
earth vasudh, bhmi, mah
(f)
eastern pubba (adj)
eat khdati, bhujati (v)
eaten bhutta, khdita (p.p)
eating khdanta, bhujanta
(pr.p)
eczema daddu (f)
egg aa (n)
eight aha (3)
eighteen ahrasa,
ahdasa (3)
eighth ahama (adj)
eighty asti (f)
eighty-eight ahsti (f)
eighty-four catursti (f)
eighty-nine eknanavuti (f)
eighty-one eksti (f)
eighty-six chsti (f)
eighty-three teasti (f)
eighty-two dvsti, dveati
(f)
ejects nharati (v)

elderly mahallaka (adj)
elephant dant, hatth, kar
(m)
eleven ekdasa (3)
eleventh ekdasama (adj)
enemy ari, sattu (m)
Enlightened One buddha,
bhagavantu (m)
enraged kuddha (p.p)
enters pavisati (v)
entered pvisi (v)
[in the] evening sya
(indec)
ever sad, sabbad (adv)
evenly sama (adv)
every sabba (adj)
everywhere sabbattha
(indec)
evil-doer ppakr (m)
Exalted One bhagavantu
(m)
eye akkhi, nayana, locana,
cakkhu (n)
[f]
face vadana, mukha (n)
fame kitti (f)
family kula (n)
famous yasavantu (adj)
farmer kassaka (m)
father pitu (m)
feeble dubbala (adj)
feeds bhojeti, bhojpeti (v)

felled ptesi (v)
fells pteti (v)
few paritta, appaka (adj)
field khetta (n)
fifth pacama (adj)
fifteen paarasa,
pacadasa (3)
fifty pas, pas,
pasati (f)
fifty-nine eknasahi (f)
fifty-one ekapas (f)
finger aguli (f)
fire aggi (m)
firewood dru (m)
first pahama (adj)
five paca (3)
flame acci (n)
flies ueti (v)
flower puppha (n)
follows anugacchati (v)
food hra (m), bhojana (n)
foolish bla (adj)
foot pda (m)
for a long time cira (adv)
forest vana, araa (n) aavi
(f)
form rpa (n)
formerly pur (indec)
fortunate puavantu,
bhagavantu (adj)
going gacchanta;
forty cattsati, cattrsati

(f)
gacchamna (pr.p)
forty-nine eknapas (f)
forty-one ekacattsati (f)
four catu (3)
fourteen cuddasa, catuddasa
gold suva a (n.)

gone gata. (p.p)
gone ashore ti a. (p.p.)
got laddha ( p.p.)
(3)
got out nikkhanta (p.p)
friend mitta (m)

from there tato (indec)
from where kuto (indec)
fruit phala (n)
fruitful phalavantu (adj)
grandson nattu (m)

grass ti a (n)
gravel sakkhar (f)
ground bhmi (f) vatthu (n)
[g]
grove of ispatana isipatan
garland ml (f)
gathers ocinti (v)
gave dadi, adsi (v)
gem mai (m)
ghee sappi (n)
girl drik, ka, kumr,
kumrik (f)
given dinna (p.p)
giver dtu dyaka. (m)
gruel ygu (f)
rma (m)
[h]
hall s l (f)
hand hattha; pni (m)
handsome dassanya; surpa.
(adj)
happy sukh (m)
having awakened uh petv
gives deti dadti. f.
(abs)
giving dadanta (pr.p)

goat aja (m)
having born nibbattitv (abs)
god deva (m)
having climbed ruyha (abs)
goddess dev
having come gamma (abs)
(f)
having come out nikkhamma
goes gacchati (v)
(abs)
goes away apagacchati (v)
having commanded vidh ya
goes out nikkhamati (v)
(abs)
having cooked pacitv (abs)
hides nilyati (v)
having crossed taritv (abs)
high ucca (adj)
having crowed ravitv (abs)
Himalayas himavantu (m)
having divided bh jetv (abs)
Honey madhu (n)
having done katv ; vidh ya (abs)
Horse assa (m)
having donned piandhitva (abs)
House geha (n)
having drunk pivitv (abs)
Householder gahapati (m)
having eaten bhu jitv ; kh ditv .
Human being manussa (m)
(abs)
Hunger khud (f)
Having got laddh ; labhitv .(abs)
Husband pati; bhattu (m)
having left pah ya (abs)
How katham. (ind)
having moved aside apakkamma

(abs)
[i]
having raised up paggayha;
I aha .
ukkhipitv (abs)
Iguana godh (f)
having risen up uhahitv (abs)
Image r pa (n)
having slept sayitv (abs)
Increase vuddhi (f)
having stood hatv (abs)
Infantry patti (f)
having taken d ya;
Instructor vinet ; satthu (m)
ga hitv (abs)
In that way tath (ind)
he so (stem ta) (m)
In front purato (ind)
heap r si (m)
In one place ekattha (ind)
heard suta (p.p)
Intelligent buddhimantu (adj)
hearer sotu (m)
In two ways dvidh (ad)
hears su ti (v)
Intoxicant majja (n) sur (f)
heart hadaya (n)
Is hoti; bhavati (v)
heaven sagga (m)
Is able sakkoti (v)
hell niraya (m)
Is beaten paharyati (v)
hen kukku (f)
Is bought ki yati (v)
here idha; ettha (ad)
Is brought haryati (v)
hermit isi; tapass (m)
Is carried haryati (v)
hidden treasure nidhi (m)
Is done karyati (v)
Is drawn ka hyati (v)
Known ta (p.p)
Is eaten bhu jyati (v)
Knower tu (m)
Is given dyati (v)
Knower of the meaning
Is killed m ryati (v)
attha (m)
Island dpa (m)

Is made karyati (v)
Is not natthi (v)
Knows j n ti (v)
[l]
Is ploughed kasyati (v)
Lamp dpa; padpa (m)
Is preached desyati (v)
Large mahanta (adj)
Is protected rakkhyati (v)
Laughing hasanta (pr.p)
Is sold vikki yati (v)
Laughs hasati (v)
Is taken ga hyati (v)
Lead tipu (n)
Is tied bandhyati (v)
Leader netu; adhipati (m)
Is told bh syati (v)
Leads neti; nayati (v)
Is worshipped vandyati (v)
Leaf patta; pa a (n)
Is washed dhovyati (v)
Learns ugganh ti; sikkhati (v)
It ta . (n)
Leg p da (m)
Itch kacchu (f)
Leopard dpi (m)

Leper kuh (m)
[j]
Let him conquer jayatu (v)

Jack (fruit) panasa (m)
Let him cook pacatu (v)

Let him drink pivatu (v)
[k]
Let him go gacchatu (v)

Let him keep hapetu (v)
Keeps hapeti (v)
Let him protect rakkhatu (v)
Kept hapesi (v)
Let him say bh satu (v)
Killed m resi (v)
Let him put in pakkhipatu (v)
Kills hanati; m reti (v)
Let it be bhavatu; hotu (v)
Kindled j lesi (v)
Light loka (m)
Kindles j leti (v)
Lightning vijju (f)
King bh p la; bh pati (m)
Lion sha (m)
Knee j u; ja u (m)
Lioness sh (f)
Knot ga hi (m)
Liquor sur (f)
Monkey v narakapi (m)
Little appaka; paritta (adj)
Month m sa (m)
Lived vuttha (p.p)
Moon canda; sas (m)
Living vasanta (pr.p)
Morning (in the )p to (ind)
Long dgha (adj)
Mother amm ; m tu (f)
Looks at oloketi; passati (v)
Mother-in-law sassu (f)
Looking at passanta; olokenta (pr.p)
Mountain giri (m)
Lord adhipati; s m (m)
Mouth mukha; vadana (n)
Lotus paduma (n)
Multitude paris (f)
Low nca (adj)
[m]
[n]
Near santika (adj)
Maiden yuvati; taru ; kum r (f)
Neck gv (f)
Man nara; purisa; manussa (m)
Night ratti (f)
Many bahu; bahuka (adj)
Nine nava (3)
Mare valav (f)
Nineteen ek navsati (f)
Market pa a (m)
Ninth navama (adj)
Measures mi ti (v)
Ninety navuti (f)
Medium majjhima (adj)
Ninety-nine ek nasata (n)
Memory sati (f)
Ninety-six channavuti (f)
Merchant v ija (m)
Nose n s (n) gh a (f)
Merit pu a (n)
Not na (ind)
Meritorious pu avantu (adj)
Not seeing apassanta (pr.p)
Milk khra (n)
Now idni (ind)
Million dasalakkha (n)

Millionaire seh (m)
[o]
Mind citta (n)
Observer of precepts slavantu
Mindful satimantu (adj)
(adj)
Minister mant (m)
Ocean udadhi; jalanidhi; sindhu (m)
Monastery vih ra r ma (m)
Of the high caste kulavantu (adj)
Money m la (n)
Offered p jesi (v)
Monk bhikkhumuni (m)
Offering p j (f)
Offers p jeti (v)
Possessor of an umbrella chatt (m)
Old mahallaka (adj)
Power bala (n)
Omniscient sabba (adj)
Pouwerful balavantu; bali (adj)
One eda ( )
Preached desita (p.p)
Once saki ; ekakkhattu (ad)
Preached desesi (v)
One day ekad (ad)
Preaches deseti (v)
One who has a following ga (m)
Preaching desan (f)
Oppressed plesi (v) plita.(p.p)
Precept sikkh pada (n)
Oppresses pleti (v)
Progress vuddhi (f)
Or v ; atha; v (ind)
Protects p leti; rakkhati (v)
Other a a; apara; para (adj)
Pulls ka hati (v)
Over upari (ad)
[q]
Over-lord pabh (m)

Ox go a (m)
Queen dev; r jin (f)

Quickly sgha ; khippa . (ad)
[p]
[r]
Paddy vhi (m)

Palanquin dol (f)
Rain vuhi (f) deva (m)
Path magga (m)
Rains vassati (v)
Patience khanti (f)
Ran dh vi (v)
Peacock may ra; sikh (m)
Rat khu (m)
Physician vejja (m)
Reason k ra a (n)
Pig var ha (m)
Received laddha (p.p)
Pit v a (m) k su (f)
Reigns rajja karoti (v)
Place h na (n)
Relation bandhu (m)
Plantain kadal (f)
Remembering anussaranta
Poet kavi (m)
(pr.p)
Pond pokkhara (f)
Renounces pabbajati (v)
Possessor of eyes cakkhumantu
Residing vasanta (pr.p)
(adj)
Possessor of long life dghajv (m)
Possessor of garlands m l (m)
Respects p jeti (v)

Retinue paris (f)
Rice ta ula (n)
Rice (boiled) odana (m.n.)
Sells vikki t. v.
Bhatta (n)
Sends peseti. v.
Rice gruel y gu (f)
Separately visu ; n n . ind.
Rich dhanavantu (adj)
Serpent ahi; d h; sappa; bhog.
Ripe pakka (p.p)
m.
Rises up udeti; u eti (v)
Seven satta. .
River ga g ; nad (f)
Seventeen sattarasa; sattadasa.
Rock sela; p s a (m)
Root m la (n)
Seventh sattama. adj.
Rope rajju (f)
Seventy sattati. f.
Rough khara (adj)
Seventy-nine ek sti. f.
Running dh vanta (pr.p)
Seventy-two dvesattati;
Runs dh vati (v)
dvisattati. f.
Severally visu . ind.
[s]
Shade ch y . f.
Said vutta; kathita. p.p.
Sand pulina. n., v luk . f.
Sat nisinna. p.p.
Sat nisdi. v.
Shadow ch y . f.
Sayer vattu. m.
She s . f.
Says vadati; bh sati; katheti. v.
She-bird saku . f.
Scale tul . f.
She-crow k k. f.
School p has l . f.
She-deer mig. f.
Science sattha. n.
She-elephant hatthin; ka eru. f.
Sea sindhu; udadhi. m.
Ship n v . f.
Sealing wax jatu. n.
Shop pana. m.
Seat asana. n.
Short rassa. adj.
Second dutiya. Adj
Shrine cetiya. n.
Seeks gavesati. v.
Sickness vy dhi. m.
Seeing passanta. pr.p.
Sin p pa. n.
Sees passati. v.
Sinner p pak r. m.
Selling vikki anta. pr.p.
Sister bhagin. f.
Shallow utt na. adj.

Shank ja gh . f.
Sharer bh g. m.
Sitting nisdanta. pr.p.
Steals coreti. v.
Sits nisdati. v.
Stick yahi. m.f., da a.m.
Six cha. 3.
Stole coresi. v.
Sixteen soasa. 3.
Stone sil . f., p s a. m.
Sixteenth soasama. adj.
Stood hita. p.p.
Sixth chaha. adj.
Stood ah si. p.p.
Sixty sahi. f.
Street visikh ; vhti. f.
Sixty-nine ek nasattati. f.
Strength bala. n.
Sixty-two dv sahi; dvisahi .f.
Strictly dalha . ad.
Sky k sa. m.
Strong balavantu. adj.
Slave d sa. m.
Student sissa. m.
Slave woman d s. f.
Suddenly sahas . ad.
Sleep nidd . f.
Sugar sakkhar . f.
Sleeping sayanta. pr.p.
Sugar-cane ucchu. m.
Sleeps sayati. v.
Slept sutta; sayita. p.p.
Slept sayi. v.
Slowly sanika . ad.
Small khuddaka. adj.
Sun suriya; ravi; bh nu;

bh numantu. m.
Sword asi. m.
[t]
Society sabh . f.
Takes ga h ti. v.
Tall ucca. adj.
Tank v p. f.
So eva ; tath . ind.

So far t va. ind.
Soft mudu. adj.
Teacher garu; satthu; cariya.
Sold vikki i. v.
m.
Son putta. m.
Tear assu. n.
Temperate matta adj.
Soon sgha ; khippa . ad.
Ten dasa. 3.
Speech kath . f.
Ten million koi. f.

Ten thousand dasasahassa. n.
Tenth dasama. adj.
That ta; eta. adj.
The other itara. adj.
Then tad . ad.
Some eka. (plur.) .
Spoon kaacchu. m.
Stair sop a. n.
Standing tihanta. pr.p.
Stands tihati. v.
Thence tato. ind.
To collect ocinitu . in.
There tattha; tatra; tahi . ad.
To cook pacitu . in.
They te. m.
To-day ajja. ind.
Thief cora. m.
To do k tu . in.
Thigh satthi. m.n.
To drink pivitu ; p tu . in.
Thinks cinteti. v.
To eat bhottu ; bhu jitu . in.
Thine tava; tuyha .
To gather ocinitu . in.
Third tatiya. adj.

Thirteen terasa;telasa.
To get laddhu . labhitu . in.

Together ekato. ind.
To give d tu . in.
Thirteenth terasama. adj.
To go gantu . in.
Thirty-nine ek nacatt lisati. f.
Told vutta; kathita. p.p.
Thirty-three tetti sati. f.
Told kathesi. v.
Tomorrow suve. ad.
Tongue jivh . f.
Thirst pip s . f.
Thirty-two
batti sati;dvatti sati. f.
This ima; eta. adj.
Took ga hi.
This person aya . m.f.
To prepare paiy detu . in.
This thing ida . n.
To smell gh yitu . in.
Those things t ni. n.
To surpass atikkamitu . in.
Thou tva .
To take ga hitu . in.

Travelled acari. v.
Tree rukkha; taru. m.
Tries ussahati. v.
Trouble dukkha; kasira. n.
Tusker d h. m.
Thought cintesi. v.
Thousand sahassa. n.
Thousand million satakoi. f.
Three ti. 3.
Three hundred tisata. n.
Twelve dv dasa. adj.
Thunderbolt asani. f.
Twelfth dv dasama. adj.
Thus eva . ind.
Twentieth vsatima. adj.
Tightly daha . ad.
Twenty vsati. f.
Till then t va. ind.
Twenty-eight ahavsati. f.
To be born nibbattitu . in.
Twenty-five pa cavsati. f.
To bring haritu . in.
Twenty-four catuvsati. f.
To carry haritu . in.
Twenty-nine ek nati sati. f.
Twenty-one ekavsati. f.
Twenty-three tevsati. f.
We maya ; amhe.
Wealth dhana. n.
Weapon yudha. n.
Twenty-two b vsati; dv visati.
Well s dhuka .ad.
Twenty-six chabbsati. f.
Went agacchi; gacchi; agami;
f.
Twice dvikkhattu . ad.
gami.v.
Two dvi. .
Went back painivatti. v.
Two hundred dvisati. n.
When kad . ad.

Whenever yad . ad.
[u]
Where kattha; kuhi ? ad.

Wherever yattha. ad.
Umbrella chatta. n.
Unripe ma. adj.
Up upari. ind.
Us amhe.
Which ya.(relative). .
Which of the many katama. .
Which go gamissati; gacchissati.
v.
[v]
White seta. adj.

Who ko?(Stem ka). .
Whose kassa?
Why kasm ? ind.
Wide vitthata. adj.
Wife bhariy . f.
Victor jetu. m.
Village g ma. m.
Virtue sla. n.
Virtuous slavantu; gu avant u.
adj.
Wins jin ti. v.
Vulgar nca. adj.
Wisdom na. n., mati; pa ;

buddhi. f.
[w]
Wise pa avantu; pa ita. adj.

Walked acari.v.
Walking caranta. pr.p.
Walking stick yahi. f.
Walks carati. v.
Water jala; udaka ambu; v ri. n.
Water-lily uppala. n.
Water-pot ghaa. m.
Wise man vid ; vi . m.

With saha; saddhi . ind.
With difficulty dukkha . ad.
With many relations
bandhumantu. adj.
Woman itth; n r; vanit ;
vadh . f.
Woman friend sakh. f.
Word v c . f.
Work kamma; kammanta. n.
World loka. m.
Worshipped vandita. p.p.
Wounded va ita. p.p.
Wounded va itam ak si. n.
Writes likhati. v.
Written likhata. p.p.
[y]
Yellow pta. p.p.
Yes ma; eva . ind.
Yesterday hyo. ad.
You tumhe.
Young taru a; b la; dahara. adj.
Young one susu. m.
Young woman taru ; yuvati. f.
Your tumh kam.

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The New Pali Course Book I

Gender, Number and Case

Conjugation of the Root Paca (to cook) Paca

The Seventh Conjugation

Declension of Feminine Nouns

The Optative or Potential ()

Absolutives or so-called Indeclinable Past Participles

The Verbal Adjectives or Participles

"To" in the Sense of Ablative of Separation

Enlarge and Analyse a Sentence

Causal or Causative Verbs

Feminine Nouns Ending in u u

The New Pali Course Book 1

By Prof. A. P. Buddhadatta, Maha Nayaka Thera

The New Pali Course-First Book

2. Of the vowels a, i, u are short; the rest are long.

is pronounced like oo in pool

Gender, Number and Case

narya, narassa = to or for

nar, naramh, narasm =

nare, naramhi, narasmi =

nara, nar = O man

or narebhi, narehi = by, with

Some of the stems similarly declined are:purisa = man

Translate into English

Translate into Pali

Translate into English

Translate into Pali

The body of the ox.

8. The villages of the king.

Conjugation of the Root Paca (to cook)

(So) pacati = he cooks

(Te) pacanti = they cook

Second (Tva) pacasi = thou cookest (Tumhe) pacatha = you cook

(Aha) pacmi = I cook

(Maya) pacma = we cook

13. The base bhava (to be) from the root bh

(Te) bhavanti = they are

Second (Tva) bhavasi = thou art

(Tumhe) bhavatha = you are

(Maya) bhavma = we are

The following are conjugated similarly:gacchati = goes

Translate into English

Nar suriya passanti.

Translate into Pali

The horse stands on the rock.

Thou art a king.

e.g. Ne + a becomes naya;

The Seventh Conjugation

The following are similarly conjugated:kiti = buys

Translate into English

Putt dhamma uggahanti.

Kassako goe kiti.

Translate into Pali

Nominative, Vocative aggi

aggin, aggimh, aggism aggbhi; aggh

Translate into English

Muni dhamma bhsati.

Translate into Pali

** There are = bhavanti.

18. Conjugation of Paca (to cook)

(Te) apacisu, pacisu,

(Tva) apaco, paco = thou (Tumhe) apacittha, pacittha =

plesu, playu, playisu

*The New Pali Course Book 1********