Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
+RPPDJH
-HDQ/RXLV
0DUWLQRW\
SDU)UDQFN'HORULHX[
HW-HDQ5LVWDW
-DFTXHV'HUULGD
SDU0DUF&USRQ
'DQLHO+HUQDQGH]
6DOD]DU
SDU0DUF6DJDHUW
/HV/HWWUHVIUDQDLVHVGXIYULHU1RXYHOOHVULHQ
ZZZOHVOHWWUHVIUDQFDLVHVIU
-($1/28,60$57,127<
ORJHIXQEUH
GH0RQVLHXU0DUWLQRW\
7HYRLFLGRQFPRQVLHXUHPSRUWVRXVQRV\HX[
3DUOpDUPHGHVRPEUHVHQXQFODLUTXLVpHQIODPPH
(WSDVVHVXUODVFQHGHWRQWKWUH
6DQVIHQWUHVQLSRUWHVWHUUHOpRUFKHVWUH
'HVRLVHDX[VRXGDLQVpHVWWXGpRYLHQWLOFHYHQW
(QWUGDQVWDERXFKHFRPPHXQSRLQJHWWRQFRUSV
(VWODSURLHVDQVILQGHVFKLHQVGHOpLQIHUQDO
2FDQGHVWQEUHVOHVYDJXHVIRQWOH
%UXLWGpXQOLYUHTXpRQIHXLOOHWWHHWQRXVUDFRQWHQW
/pKLVWRLUHGXFLHODPRXUHX[GHODWHUUH
h
$KMpDLYXXQHRPEUHTXLSRUWDLWVXUVDERVVH
8QKRPPHFRPPHXQIDJRWGHERLVHWOHIHX
OpRGHXUGXVDQJORUVTXpLOGFKLUHOHVDUEUHV
4XLQHGHPDQGDLHQWTXpIOHXULUXQHIRLVHQFRUH
h
)DXWLOTXpLOPpHQVRXYLHQQHGHVWHPSVKHXUHX[
1RXVQRXVFUR\LRQVLPPRUWHOVHWFRPPHSHUVHDUPV
'XERXFOLHUGHODMHXQHVVHQRXVSRXYLRQV
7UDQFKHUODWWHGHPGXVHHQFKDQWDQWXQ
$LUGpRSUD
h
YRXVTXLGRUPH]GDQVOHVWRLOHVHQFKDQV
2PEUHVRPEUHVDLPHVTXHPHYRXOH]YRXV
-HPDUFKHSDUPLOHVUXLQHVHWMHFKHUFKHHQFRUH
$XFLHOODOXPLUHGDQVODQXLWXQHSRFKH
9LGH
3RXUWDQW
h
0OLVDQGHDSHUGXVDEDJXHGDQVOpHDXGpXQH
)RQWDLQHDYDQWGHPRXULUFRPPHDUDJRQ
-pDLOHV\HX[EUOV
h
$KPDLQWHQDQWTXHOHVDFWHXUVVRQWSDUWLVOHV
0XVLFLHQVOHXUWRXUUHQWUHQWGDQVODFRXOLVVH
/HULGHDXGHVFQHWLUOHVVSHFWDWHXUV
6HOYHQWGDQVOHSOXVJUDQGGVRUGUHODVDOOH
7LQWHFRPPHXQVDFGpRVVHOHWVWXVDOXHVOH
3HXSOHGHVRPEUHV
$PL
h
h
&pWDLWGDQVOHVOHVOEDVROpRQUHJDUGH
/DOXQHGDQVXQPLURLUFRPPHXQHOHWWUH
&U\SWHSRXUHQGFKLIIUHUOpQLJPHDSSHOOH
7RQFHODXQHYLHHWVXUOHVDEOHOD
0HUHIIDFHOHGHVVLQGpXQUYHDXVVL
7WTXHWUDFFpWDLWGDQVOpHQYHUVGXPRQGHHW
/DOXQHVRXVOHEUDVWXPDUFKDLVDXPLOLHX
'HVGLHX[HQH[LOSTXHVLOQp\DXUDSDV
'HUVXUUHFWLRQ
h
7RXW
(QPRL
WUDQJHPHQW
6pWHLQWHW
$WWHQG
h
7DPDUD7DPDUD
/HVDQJHVRQWUHSOLOHXUVDLOHVVXUOHWRP
%HDXGHOpDPRXU
>f@
&RPPHQWHQSOHLQHFRXUVHHQFRUHFHWHIIUQ
'VLUGHYLYUHGVRUPDLVUHQGXOD
1XLWLPPRELOHHWORXUGHDKMHQpDFFXVHUDL
1LOHVGLHX[QLOHVKRPPHVMHQpDLULHQGLUH
4XHOHVODUPHVHWVXUODWWHGXGRUPHXUOpRJUH
$SRVVDSDWWHJULIIXHFRPPHXQUYHGpWHUQLW
1XOQpFKDSSHODIURLGHQFHVVLW
,,/
( 6
Jean Ristat
/(775(6)5$1$,6(6)95,(56833/0(17/p+80$1,7'8)95,(5
-($1/28,60$57,127<
6XUODPRUWGpXQDPL
,
OHVWGHVPRLVVRPEUHVVDQVHVSRLUGHFODLULUH/DQXLWGFLGH
GHUJQHUVDQVSDUWDJHHWODPRUWKDSSHGHVDLPV+LHU
FpWDLWXQHJUDQGPUHDGRUHDXMRXUGpKXLFpHVWOHSOXV
PHUYHLOOHX[GHVDPLV'HQRXYHDXGDQVPRQHVSULWERXOHYHUV
UHYLHQWOHUHIXVGHVHUHQGUHOpYLGHQFHQRQLOQpHVWSDVPRUW
MHQHSHX[\FURLUHODUDLVRQWLWXEHHWTXDQGHOOHVHUHSUHQG
VpHQWUHFKRTXHQWOHVSOXVMDPDLVHWOHVWURSWDUG/DPRUW
QHODLVVHSDVGHUSLW(OOHVDFFDJHWRXWDYHFDUGHXUHWOHVULUHV
QpRQWSDVGpFKRGDQVOHQDQW0HYRLFLSUFLSLWGDQVOHGVHUW
3RXUSHXSOHUPDGRXOHXUMHUHOLVGHVYHUVGH-HDQGH6SRQGH
YLHX[FRPSDJQRQGHGHXLO
4XLVRQWTXLVRQWFHX[OGRQWOHFzXULGROWUH
6HMHWWHDXSLHGGX0RQGHHWIODWWHVHVKRQQHXUV"
(WTXLVRQWFHVYDOHWVHWTXLVRQWFHV6HLJQHXUV"
(WFHVPHGpEQHHWFHV)DFHVGp$OEWUH"
&HVPDVTXHVGJXLVVGRQWODWURXSHIROWUH
6pDPXVHFDUHVVHUMHQHVDLVTXHOVGRQQHXUV
'HIXPHVGH&RXUWHWFHVHQWUHSUHQHXUV
'HYDLQFUHHQFRUOH&LHOTXpLOVQHSHXYHQWFRPEDWWUH"
4XLVRQWFHVORYD\HXUVTXLVpORLJQHQWGX3RUW"
+RPPDJHUVODYLHHWIORQVOD0RUW
'RQWOpWRLOHHVWOHXU%LHQOHYHQWOHXU)DQWDLVLH"
)ORQODPRUW-HDQ/RXLVPRQFKHUDPLOpWDLWFRPPHLO
WDLWKRPPDJHUODYLH$XSOXVKDXWSRLQW4XpWDLWODPRUW
SRXUOXL"&HTXpHQGLVHQWSLFXUHHW/XFUFH5LHQGHSOXV
VRQPDWULDOLVPHWDLWVDQVIDLOOHHWVRQDWKLVPHVHUHLQSRXU
UHSUHQGUHXQHH[SUHVVLRQGH'HOHX]H,OWUDLWDLWODPRUWGHKDXW
ODWRLVDLWODGILDLWSDUIRLVHWYRXODLWILQDOHPHQWODGQXGHU
SRXUHQULUH,ODYDLWFKRLVLSRXUOLUHGHYDQWVRQFHUFXHLOGH
VDSLQYRORQWDLUHPHQWSDXYUHXQSRPHGH%DXGHODLUHOH0RUW
MR\HX[,OQRXVOpDYDLWUFLWXQVRLUGHZKLVN\SDUWDJDORUV
TXpLOVpDSSUWDLWUHQWUHUGDQVFHWWHFOLQLTXHROpRQGHYDLW
OpRSUHUGXFzXU,ODIILFKDLWDLQVLVRQSURIRQGPSULVSRXU
VHVIXQUDLOOHV-HDQ/RXLVQpWDLWXQKRPPHQLGHFUPRQLH
QLGHWRPEHDX,OYRXODLWTXpRQVDFKHFHTXpWDLWVDPRUWSRXU
OXLHWLOYRXODLWTXHFHVRLWXQSRPHTXLOHGLVH&HVYHUVTXL
PRTXHQWODUHOLJLRQHWODUHOLJLRQGHODPRUWDXURQWSRXUPRL
GVRUPDLVOHVDFFHQWVGHVDYRL[SOHLQHGHGOHFWDWLRQHWGpLURQLH
5HFRSLDQW%DXGHODLUHMpDLPHUDLVIDLUHHQWHQGUHFHVLQWRQDWLRQV
FRPPHVpLOOHUFLWDLWGHQRXYHDX
'5
-HYRJXHHQPPHPHUHWFUDLQGUDLVGHSULU
6LFHQpHVWTXHMHVDLVTXHFHWWHPPHYLH
1pHVWULHQTXHOHIDQDOTXLPHJXLGHDXPRXULU
-HDQ/RXLVVRQUDSSRUWODFRQQDLVVDQFHWDLWJRXUPDQGHW
VLYROXSWXHX[TXHODSGDQWHULHOXLWDLWWRWDOHPHQWWUDQJUH
,ODLPDLWSDUWDJHU,ODLPDLWGRQQHU,OQHFUDLJQDLWSDVGHUH
FHYRLU/DFXOWXUHWDLWXQWUDLWGpXQLRQHQWUHDPLVHWGRQQDLW
OLHXGHVFRQYHUVDWLRQVDXVVLSDVVLRQQHVTXHMR\HXVHV0DLV
MHQHYRXGUDLVSDVODLVVHUFURLUHTXH-HDQ/RXLVQHVpLQWUHVVDLW
TXpDX[zXYUHVGXSDVV6RQLQVDWLDEOHFXULRVLWOHSRXVVDLW
H[SORUHUODFUDWLRQGHVRQWHPSV,OVpWDLWDLQVLHQWKRXVLDVP
SRXU3DUDGLVDUJRXVLQVGH9LFWRU%ODQFTXHMpDYDLVGLWVHQ
XQHUHODWLRQDPLFDOHQDTXLWDORUV,OWDLWGpXQHDWWHQWLRQ
VRXWHQXHSRXUOHVFUDWLRQVGHVJHQVTXpLOFKULVVDLW,OOLVDLW
UHOLVDLWFRPPHQWDLWDYHFXQHMXVWHVVHHWXQHLQWHOOLJHQFHTXL
YRQWGVRUPDLVPHPDQTXHUFUXHOOHPHQW$YHFFHWWHPRUWMH
SHUGVODSRVVLELOLWGpWUHXQSHXSOXVLQWHOOLJHQWXQSHXSOXV
FXOWLY2XGHOHFURLUH
1RXVSDUWDJLRQVDXVVLODSDVVLRQGHOpDUW-HDQ/RXLVQpDYDLW
GHFHVVHGHYLVLWHUOHVH[SRVLWLRQVDXVVLELHQGpDUWDQFLHQTXH
FRQWHPSRUDLQRXSUHPLHUDXWDQWHQ)UDQFHTXpOpWUDQJHU
,ODYDLWGRQQDX[/HWWUHVSOXVLHXUVDUWLFOHVVXUGHVSHLQWUHVTXpLO
DLPDLWHWTXpLOIUTXHQWDLW1RXVQRXVGLVSXWLRQVSDUIRLVVXUWHO
RXWHODUWLVWH/HVDPDWHXUVGpDUWVRQWSURPSWVVHTXHUHOOHUVXU
OHXUVFKRL[3HXLPSRUWH1RXVSDVVLRQVRXWUH/pDUWQRXUULVVDLW
VRQWUDYDLOGHPHWWHXUHQVFQH,OHQWUDLWSDUWHQWLUHGDQV
VDFRQFHSWLRQGHOpRSUD4XHSXLVMHHQGLUHVLQRQOHUHJUHW
DPHUGHOpDYRLUFRQQXWURSWDUGSRXUDYRLUYXOHV%RUDGHVGH
5DPHDXRXOHV1RFHVGH)LJDURGH0R]DUW"(QMpDVVLVWDLV
DX3HOODVHW0OLVDQGHGH'HEXVV\MHQHVXLVSDVFDSDEOHGpHQ
GLUHEHDXFRXSSOXVTXHPRQPRWLRQHVWKWLTXHTXLIXWJUDQGH
ERXOHYHUVDQWH-HUHVVHQWDLVFHTXLHVWFULWGDQVOH6RQJHGH
3ROLSKLOH/DGOHFWDWLRQHVWFRPPHXQGDUGWLQFHODQW(Q
VRQ)DXVWGH*RXQRGPpDYDLWFDSWLYSDUVRQDXGDFH
GHXLOWXEUOHVOpDYHQLUHWURQJHVOpHVSRLU'HPDLQGHYLHQW
XQSHXSOXVFODXGLTXDQW-HDQ/RXLVQRXVDLQFLWVQHSDV
ODLVVHUGHSODFHDX[ODUPHV(OOHVFRXOHQWSRXUWDQW&RPPHQW
VXSSRUWHUTXHGHPDLQVHUDVDQVOXL"&LFURQVHGHPDQGDLWVL
OpDPLWLQHVHUDLWSDVODVDJHVVHH[FHSWHFHTXHOpKRPPHD
UHXGHPHLOOHXUGHVGLHX[LPPRUWHOV-HDQ/RXLVYRXODLWOH
PHLOOHXUSRXUFHX[TXpLODYDLWOXVFRPPHDPLV6DVROOLFLWXGH
WDLWJUDQGHSURIRQGHHWIHUPH,ODLPDLWFRPPHVDYHQWDLPHU
OHVFzXUVQREOHVVDQVUHVWULFWLRQVDQVIDX[VHPEODQWPDLV
DYHFXQODQYLIHWPDQLIHVWH(WLODLPDLWOHERQKHXUGHVHV
DPLVGRQWLOSDUWLFLSDLW1RVUHQFRQWUHVQRVGQHUVDYHF-HDQ
5LVWDWHW7DPDUDDXMRXUGpKXLVLIRUWHHWOJDQWHGDQVOHGHXLO
WDLHQWXQHIWH/DMRLHWDLWOHVHXOOX[HGHFHVEDOWKDVDUV(W
QRXVULLRQVEHDXFRXS&KDFXQHGHQRVUHQFRQWUHVFRPPHQDLW
SDUOHVGHUQLUHVEODJXHVTXHQRXVDYLRQVHQWHQGXHV-HDQ/RXLV
QRXVDYDLWRIIHUW-HDQHWPRLSRXUXQHRFFDVLRQTXLVFHOODLW
QRWUHDPRXUHWTXpLODYDLWDUGHPPHQWVRXKDLWHXQHPDJQLILTXH
GLWLRQGHV0WDPRUSKRVHVGp2YLGHGDQVODTXHOOHLODYDLWJOLVV
XQSHWLWPRWDYHFXQHFLWDWLRQGp+RUDFH$JHOLEHUWDWHGHFHP
EULXWHUH3URILWHGHODOLEHUWGHGFHPEUH1RXVWLRQVHQ
HIIHWHQGFHPEUHOHPRLVGHV6DWXUQDOHVRWRXWHOLFHQFHWDLW
DXWRULVH,OVHVDYDLWGMSUHVTXHFRQGDPQHWQRXVLQFLWDLW
DLQVLSURILWHUGHODYLHHQMRXLUVDQVUHWHQXHDLPHUHWIDLUH
IUXFWLILHUOHVERQKHXUVGXSUVHQWOpKHXUHRPRQHVSULWHVW
VRPEUHFRPPHXQSXLWVVDQVIRQGFHWWHSHQVHPpHVWXQEDXPH
DXFzXUHWXQHOHRQTXHMHYHX[IDLUHIUXFWLILHU,OIDXGUDSRXU
QRXVTXLOpDLPLRQVWUHGHVFRPEDWWDQWVGHOpKXPDQLVPHHWWUH
KHXUHX[MHYDLVWHQWHUGHOXLUHQGUHFHWKRPPDJH
Franck Delorieux
'DQVXQHWHUUHJUDVVHHWSOHLQHGpHVFDUJRWV
-HYHX[FUHXVHUPRLPPHXQHIRVVHSURIRQGH
2MHSXLVVHORLVLUWDOHUPHVYLHX[RV
(WGRUPLUGDQVOpRXEOLFRPPHXQUHTXLQGDQVOpRQGH
-HKDLVOHVWHVWDPHQWVHWMHKDLVOHVWRPEHDX[
3OXWWTXHGpLPSORUHUXQHODUPHGXPRQGH
9LYDQWMpDLPHUDLVPLHX[LQYLWHUOHVFRUEHDX[
VDLJQHUWRXVOHVERXWVGHPDFDUFDVVHLPPRQGH
YHUVQRLUVFRPSDJQRQVVDQVRUHLOOHHWVDQV\HX[
9R\H]YHQLUYRXVXQPRUWOLEUHHWMR\HX[
3KLORVRSKHVYLYHXUVILOVGHODSRXUULWXUH
/DOLWWUDWXUHWDLWXQHGHVJUDQGHVSDVVLRQVGH-HDQ/RXLV,O
DYDLWOXWRXVOHVFODVVLTXHVHWOHVDYDLWUHOXVDYHFWRXMRXUVOHPPH
HQWKRXVLDVPH,ODYDLWWUDGXLW+RPUHSRXUVRQSODLVLUOp,OLDGH
HWOp2G\VVH,OFRQQDLVVDLW9LUJLOHSDUFzXUHWOHUFLWDLWHQODWLQ
DYHFERQKHXU,ODYDLWSRXUXQVSHFWDFOHFULWGHVVHUPRQVGH
%RVVXHWSOXVYUDLVTXHOHVYUDLV$XFRXUVGHVHVLQWHUPLQDEOHV
YR\DJHVDXWRXUGXPRQGH3URXVWOpDFFRPSDJQDLW0DLVFHW
KRPPHTXLFRQQDLVVDLWWDQWUHVWDLWVDQVDUUWDYLGHGHGFRX
YHUWHFRPPHWRXWKRPPHGHKDXWHFXOWXUHLOQHYRXODLWULHQ
WDQWTXHGFRXYULU-HPHUMRXLVGHOpDYRLULQLWL%\URQTXL
QHOpDYDLWMDPDLVHQWKRXVLDVPHQOXLSUWDQWXQHWUDGXFWLRQ
QRXYHOOHHWHQYHUVGX'RQ-XDQ%\URQSUVHQWHOHVGXFWHXU
FRPPHXQGLVFLSOHGp$ULVWLSSHGH&\UQHOHSKLORVRSKHTXL
IDLVDLWGXSODLVLUOHVRXYHUDLQELHQ&HODQHSRXYDLWTXHUMRXLU
'5
WUDYHUVPDUXLQHDOOH]GRQFVDQVUHPRUGV
(WGLWHVPRLVpLOHVWHQFRUHTXHOTXHWRUWXUH
3RXUFHYLHX[FRUSVVDQVPHHWPRUWSDUPLOHVPRUWV
/(775(6
7RONLHQGDQVWRXWHVVHVODQJXHV
GpLQVXIIOHUXQHPXODWLRQPRQGLDOHDX[SDVVLRQQVOHVIDQV
RQWUSHUWRULWUDTXOHVHUUHXUVHWFRQWUHVHQVGH)UDQFLV
/HGRX[7RXWHIRLVOpDLGHGHFHWWHFRPPXQDXWHVWGRXEOH
WUDQFKDQWSRXUOHVWUDGXFWHXUV(OOHREOLJHODSUXGHQFH
WDQWOHVGRFWHVLQWHUQDXWHVQHVpHQODLVVHQWSDVFRPSWHU,OD
GRQFVHPEOLPSRVVLEOHDX[WUDGXFWHXUVGHIDLUHOpFRQRPLH
GpXQHSHQVHGHODWUDGXFWLRQ6RXSOHVVHHWULJXHXUGM/HV
WUDGXFWHXUVVHVRQWHPSOR\VUHGRQQHUDX[SHUVRQQDJHV
OHXUSDUOXUHYULWDEOH(QYHUVLRQRULJLQDOH6DPOHSHWLW
MDUGLQLHUQHSDUOHSDVFRPPH'HQHWKRUOp,QWHQGDQWGX
*RQGRU/HVLPSDUIDLWVGXVXEMRQFWLIQHVRQWSDVWRXMRXUV
HMDQYLHUGHUQLHUODQXLWGMWRPEHYR\DLWODVDOOH
&DYDLOOVGHODUXHGp8OPHQYDKLHSDUXQHFRPSDJQLH
KWURFOLWHWDOHMXVTXHGDQVOHFRXORLUWXGLDQWVHQ
OLWWUDWXUHPGLYDOHDSSUHQWLVWUDGXFWHXUVJHHNVSDVVLRQQV
HWTXHOTXHVKXUOXEHUOXVGEDUTXVGpRQQHVDLWRf3DUHLO
HQJRXHPHQWQpHVWSOXVSRXUWRQQHUFpHVWGH7RONLHQGRQW
RQSDUOHFHVRLU
WUDQJHGHVWLQTXHFHOXLGH-557RONLHQ,OIXWWRXU
WRXUOYHSRWDFKHHWVWXGLHX[RIILFLHUGHWUDQVPLVVLRQVSHQ
GDQWOD*UDQGH*XHUUHSKLORORJXHEULOODQWPGLYLVWHUXGLW
HWWUDQTXLOOHFRQWHXUKRUVSDLUWKRULFLHQGHODOLWWUDWXUHUR
PDQFLHUSRWHHWVXUWRXWGPLXUJHFUDWHXUGH
ODQJXHVf6DQVTXpRQSXLVVHMDPDLVGVHPPOHU
WRXWHVFHVDFWLYLWV&HTXLH[SOLTXHOpHPEDUUDV
GHVFULWLTXHVHWGHVMRXUQDOLVWHVQRWDPPHQW
HQ)UDQFHODSXEOLFDWLRQGX 6HLJQHXUGHV
DQQHDX[RFODVVHU7RONLHQ"'DQVOHFRQWLQHQW
PDOGJURVVLGHODOLWWUDWXUHMHXQHVVH"
&pHVWFHWH[LOTXHOpXQLYHUVLWOHFRQGDPQD
ORQJWHPSVPDOJUOpLQWXLWLRQGHFHUWDLQVJUDQGV
OHFWHXUVFRPPH-XOLHQ*UDFTTXLYR\DLWGDQV
OH6HLJQHXUGHVDQQHDX[UHVVXUJLU ODYHUWX
URPDQHVTXHGDQVXQGRPDLQHFRPSOWHPHQW
LQDWWHQGX'DQVODOLWWUDWXUHJQUDOH"$X
UDQJGHVFXULRVLWVOLWWUDLUHV"7RXWFHODWDLW
IRUWPDOFRPPRGHFRPPHWRXWHVOHVWLTXHWWHV
,OIDOOXWTXHOpzXYUHHOOHPPHLQYHQWWOHJHQUH
TXLODWURQTXHHWODFRQWLHQWOpKURLFIDQWDV\
&HWWHVDQFHGXVPLQDLUHDQQXHOFRQVD
FU7RONLHQVpLQWLWXODLW3HXWRQWUDGXLUH
-557RONLHQ"/DTXHVWLRQHVWGLIILFLOH/H
6HLJQHXUGHVDQQHDX[IXWSDVVDEOHPHQWELHQ
WUDGXLWHQWUHHWSDUOHJUDQGWUD
GXFWHXUGH'LFNHQV)UDQFLV/HGRX[&pHVWOD
YHUVLRQTXHWRXWOHFWHXUDHQWWH0DLVFHWWH
WUDGXFWLRQVRXIIUDLWGpXQFHUWDLQQRPEUHGH
GIDXWVFHUWDLQVH[FXVDEOHVHWGpDXWUHVQRQ
&DUVL/HGRX[QHGLVSRVDLWSDVGHOpHQVHPEOH
GHOpzXYUHGH7RONLHQFHTXLHQWUDQHGHIDWDOV
FRQWUHVHQVSRXYDLWRQVHILJXUHUTXHWRXWHV
OHVDOOXVLRQVKLVWRULTXHVRXOLWWUDLUHVGDQV OH
6HLJQHXUGHVDQQHDX[QpWDLHQWSDVGHVDOOX
VLRQVGHVzXYUHVILFWLYHVLQH[LVWDQWHVPDLV
TXH7RONLHQDYDLWSRXVVOHUDOLVPHMXVTXpFULUHYUDLPHQW
FHVzXYUHV"LOGLVSRVDLWHQUHYDQFKHGX*XLGHOpXVDJHGHV
WUDGXFWHXUVTXH7RONLHQDYDLWODLVVGHUULUHOXL/HGRX[OXLD
SUWXQHRUHLOOHLQDWWHQWLYH)URGRQDXUDLWGUHVWHU)URGR
3RXUTXRLSDV6LOpRQDMRXWHFHODGHVFKRL[GRXWHX[RXGHV
HUUHXUVGHWUDGXFWLRQFXULHXVHVRQFRPSUHQGODQFHVVLW
GHGLVSRVHUGpXQHWUDGXFWLRQQRXYHOOH
&pHVWFHTXRLVpHVWDWWHOGHSXLVOHWUDGXFWHXU
TXEFRLV'DQLHO/DX]RQVRXVODGLUHFWLRQGXVSFLDOLVWH
9LQFHQW)HUUTXLDDXVVLDVVXUOHVPLQDLUH&RPPHQW
SURFGHU"/HVGHX[PDWUHVGpzXYUHRQWSXEQILFLHUGH
OpDSSRUWFRQVLGUDEOHGHODFRPPXQDXWGHIDQVGHOpFUL
YDLQ$XILOGHVDQQHVHWJUFH,QWHUQHWTXLDSHUPLV
GHFLUFRQVWDQFH,ODIDOOXJDOHPHQWSXUJHUOHWH[WHGHWRXWHV
OHVUIUHQFHVDQDFKURQLTXHVQRWUHPRQGHWUDQJUHVOD
7HUUHGX0LOLHXGDQVOHXUFRQFHSWLRQRXIRUPXODWLRQFRPPH
'LHXRXFHWLQFRQJUXFRXVLQODPRGHGH%UHWDJQH
TXHQRXVDYDLWLQYHQW/HGRX[(QVXLWHODUHWUDGXFWLRQD
QFHVVLWXQHFRPSUKHQVLRQPLQXWLHXVHGHOpzXYUHHOOH
PPHELHQGHVJDUGVOH6HLJQHXUGHV$QQHDX[HVWXQH
zXYUHFLUFXODLUH'DQLHO/DX]RQDJXHWWDYHFDWWHQWLRQOHV
HIIHWVGHUHWRXUVXUFHUWDLQVPRWVFOHIVTXH/HGRX[DYDLW
OJDPPHQWJRPPV$LQVLGXPRWULQJDQQHDXTXL
QpHVWMDPDLVDQRGLQ/HWUDYDLOVXUOHVPWDSKRUHVHVWDXVVL
DGPLUDEOH9LQFHQW)HUUPRQWUHELHQTXHODSOXVLQILPH
SDUWLHGXOLYUHODSOXVSHWLWHPWDSKRUHSDUWLFLSHGXGHVVHLQ
Victor Blanc
&DUQDYDOGHODPPRLUH
Le Carnaval des innocents,
dEvelio Rosero, Mtaili. 303 pages,
21 euros.
HJ\QFRORJXH-XVWR3DVWRU3URFHVRDX
UDLWSXGHYHQLUTXHOTXpXQWXGLDQWLO
VHUXQLVVDLWDYHFOHSURIHVVHXU$UFDQ
&KLYRHWVHVDPLVHWOHXUH[SRVDLWVRQSURMHW
GHYULWDEOHELRJUDSKLHGPHQWGRFXPHQWH
GXVLPDOQRPP/LEUDWHXU6LPQ%ROYDU
0DLVYLQJWFLQTDQVSOXVWDUGOpRXYUDJHQpD
WRXMRXUVSDVYXOHMRXUHWOHGRFWHXUVpHVW
ORLJQGHVHVFRQILGHQWV6DYLHVHQWLPHQWDOH
QpHVWSDVQRQSOXVXQPRGOHGHUXVVLWHVRQ
SRXVH3ULPDYHUDOHPSULVHHWOHWURPSH
DYHFGHMHXQHVKRPPHVHWXQJQUDOHWVHV
GHX[ILOOHVOXLDGUHVVHQWSHLQHODSDUROH
&KH]OH&RORPELHQ(YHOLR5RVHURFKDULVPH
HWJUDQGHXUGpPHDSSDUWLHQQHQWDXSDVV
,9/(6/
( 7 7 5 ( 6
6LWDQWHVWTXpLOVDLHQWH[LVWXQMRXU'DQVOH
&DUQDYDOGHVLQQRFHQWVVRQVHFRQGURPDQ
WUDGXLWHQIUDQDLVSDU)UDQRLV*DXGU\OH
URPDQFLHUUHVWDXUHWRXWHIRLVWHPSRUDLUHPHQW
XQHIRUPHGHFRXUDJHSROLWLTXH/HWHPSV
GpXQHIWH/HWHPSVGpXQFDUQDYDO
/HQDUUDWHXUGXWUVUHPDUTX/HV$UPHV
0WDLOLGMDYDLWXQFWJURWHVTXH
HWSDWKWLTXH9LHLOLQVWLWXWHXUOLELGLQHX[SDV
VLRQQSDUODFXHLOOHWWHGpRUDQJHVtHWVXUWRXW
SDUODSODVWLTXHGHVDYRLVLQHTXHFHWWHDFWL
YLWOXLSHUPHWWDLWGpDGPLUHUtLOUHVVHPEOH
WUDQJHPHQW-XVWR3DVWRU3URFHVR(QSOXV
FDOPH0DLVTXLVDLWFHTXpLODXUDLWWSHQGDQW
OHV6DLQWV,QQRFHQWVMRXUGHVIDUFHVMRXUGH
OpHDXHWGHVEDLQVSXULILFDWHXUV"3HXWWUH
DXUDLWLOOXLDXVVLUHYWXXQFRVWXPHGHJRULOOH
SRXUHIIUD\HUVDIHPPHHWVHGRQQHUOpLOOXVLRQ
GpXQHIRUFHSHUGXHGHSXLVORQJWHPSV3HXWWUH
DXUDLWLOHXOpLGHGHIDLUHFRQVWUXLUHXQFKDU
GHFDUQDYDODQWL%ROYDUFHTXLOpDXUDLWSOXV
VUHPHQWPHQODPRUWTXHOpDWWDTXHGHVRQ
YLOODJHGH6DQ-RVSDUGHVEDQGHVDUPHVQRQ
LGHQWLILHV(QWHUPHVEDNWKLQLHQV-XVWR3DVWRU
3URFHVRHVWXQSHXODIDFHFDUQDYDOHVTXHGX
YLHLO,VPDO6RQGRXEOHOXGLTXHHWSROLWLTXH
/DIWHGDQVOH&DUQDYDOGHVLQQRFHQWV
HVWUYODWULFHGHVUDSSRUWVFRPSOH[HVHQWUH
SDVVHWSUVHQWGDQVOD&RORPELHGHVDQQHV
6LOpLQYHUVLRQGHVYDOHXUVVp\PDQLIHVWH
GHPDQLUHFODVVLTXHWUDYHUVGHQRPEUHXVHV
GHVFULSWLRQVGHSDUDGHVODUJHPHQWDUURVHV
GpDJXDUGLHQWHFpHVWHQHIIHWGDQVOHVXUJLV
VHPHQWGpXQSDQRXEOLGHOp+LVWRLUHtOHV
YLROHQFHVFRPPLVHVSDU6LPQ%ROYDUVRXV
SUWH[WHGHJDJQHUOpLQGSHQGDQFHGHVFR
ORQLHVHVSDJQROHVGp$PULTXHGX6XGtTXH
VpH[SULPHOpRULJLQDOLWGp(YHOLR5RVHURGDQV
OHWUDLWHPHQWGXFDUQDYDO(QVLWXDQWODWUDJL
FRPGLHGHVRQJ\QFRORJXHHQSOHLQHSULRGH
GHUMRXLVVDQFHVHWGpH[FVLOGLWODJUDQGH
IUDJLOLWGHODSHQVHFULWLTXHHQ&RORPELH
6RQHQOLVHPHQWGDQVXQTXRWLGLHQGRPLQ
SDUODJHVWLRQGHODSHXUGDQVXQFRQWH[WH
GHYLROHQFHSHUPDQHQWH
/HFDUQDYDOGHOpDXWHXUFRORPELHQHVW
DXVVLIRUPHO6LODIROLHGRXFHGp,VPDHOWDLW
GLWHODSUHPLUHSHUVRQQHGDQVXQVW\OH
SOXWWEUHIHWKRPRJQHFHOOHGH-XVWR3DVWRU
3URFHVRHVWWRXUELOORQQDLUHHWSRO\SKRQLTXH
3RXUWDQWODWURLVLPHSHUVRQQHSRUWSDU
XQQDUUDWHXUWUVLPSOLTXPDLVP\VWULHX[
OHUFLWGX &DUQDYDOGHVLQQRFHQWVDODWUX
FXOHQFHGH +DGULDQDGDQVWRXVPHVUYHV
GHOp+DWLHQ5HQ'HSHVWUHDXWUH
JUDQGURPDQGXFDUQDYDO
Anas Heluin
)5$1$,6(6)95,(56833/0(17/p+80$1,7'8)95,(5
/(775(6
7UROORSH
LQFDUQDWLRQGXURPDQFLHU
La Cure de Framley,
d Anthony Trollope, traduit de langlais par Alain Jumeau.
Fayard, 530 pages, 25 euros.
HV$QJODLVDSSHOOHQWFHWWHFULVHUFXUUHQWHFKH]HX[OD
7UROORSH&UD]HIROLHWUROORSLHQQHHWSHQGDQWOH
%OLW]OHV/RQGRQLHQVGHVFHQGDLHQWDYHFHX[ODFDYH
XQURPDQGH7UROORSHPR\HQLQIDLOOLEOHGHVpYDGHUGHODSHXU
HWGXEUXLWGHVERPEHVHWGHUHSORQJHUGDQVOp$QJOHWHUUHGH
ODUHLQH9LFWRULDGRQW$QWKRQ\7UROORSHVRQ
SUHVTXHH[DFWFRQWHPSRUDLQHOOHPPHWDLWQHHQ
DWSHQGDQWORQJWHPSVOHFKDQWUHSUIUHWGXKDXWGHVD
FLQTXDQWDLQHGHURPDQVQRUPHVOHSOXVDERQGDQW
'DQVVRQSD\VLOHVWODIRLVDXVVLSRSXODLUHHWDXVVL
UHVSHFWTXH'LFNHQVRX7KDFNHUD\XQHYULWDEOHLQVWLWXWLRQ
TXLRQWWFRQVDFUHVPRXOWELRJUDSKLHVHWGRQWOpzXYUH
HVWSRXUOD%%&XQHPLQHGHWOILOPVHQFRVWXPHV
(Q)UDQFHFXULHXVHPHQW7UROORSHQpDMDPDLVHXOHVXF
FVGHVDXWUHVJUDQGVYLFWRULHQVPRLQVWUDGXLWODILQGX
;,;HVLFOHLODWRXEOLSHQGDQWODSOXVJUDQGHSDUWLHGX
;;HVLFOHDYDQWGHUHVVXUJLUGDQVOHVDQQHVDYHFVHSW
RXKXLWWLWUHVSXLVGHUHWRPEHUGDQVXQHFHUWDLQHLQGLIIUHQFH
/HVGLWLRQV$OELQ0LFKHOVRXVOpJLGHGHOpGLWHXUFODLU
TXpWDLW-DFTXHV%RQQHWDYDLHQWHQWUHSULVODWUDGXFWLRQGH
VRQF\FOHOHSOXVFOEUHOHVURPDQVORQGRQLHQVGHV3DOOLVHU
1RYHOV/HGSDUWGH-DFTXHV%RQQHWDLQWHUURPSXOpHQWUH
SULVHDSUVOHWRPHHQHWLODIDOOXDWWHQGUHTXLQ]HDQV
SRXUTXHOHSURIHVVHXU$ODLQ-XPHDXFKH])D\DUGSXEOLH
HQILQOHHHWGHUQLHUYROXPHOHV(QIDQWVGXGXF
&pHVWHQFRUHOXLTXLWRXMRXUVFKH])D\DUGDUDQLPOD
SXEOLFDWLRQGHOpDXWUHF\FOHPDMHXUGH7UROORSHVRQF\FOH
SURYLQFLDOGHV%DUVHWVKLUH1RYHOVHQSDQQHGHSXLVVRQ
HYROXPHOHV7RXUVGH%DUFKHVWHUHQ'HSXLVLOQRXVDSHU
PLVGHOLUHOHWRPH'RFWHXU7KRUQHHWDXMRXUGpKXLSDUDWOH
HOD&XUHGH)UDPOH\2QDWWHQGDYHFLPSDWLHQFHOHVGHX[
GHUQLHUV
$ORUVTXHOHV 3DOOLVHU1RYHOVVRQWGHVURPDQVORQ
GRQLHQVRQOpDGLWHWGHVURPDQVSROLWLTXHVGFRUWLTXDQW
OHVWDFWLTXHVOHFWRUDOHVFRPPHDXWDQWGHSDUWLHVGoFKHFV
SLPHQWHVGpKXPRXUOHV%DUVHWVKLUH1RYHOVVRQWSURYLQ
FLDX[HWOHXUVLQWULJXHVWRXUQHQWVRXYHQWDXWRXUGXPRQGH
HFFOVLDVWLTXHHWGHVVWUDWJLHVTXLOpDQLPHQW&pHVWOHFDV
GDQV OD&XUHGH)UDPOH\GDQVOHTXHOOHMHXQHHWVPLOODQW
UYUHQG0DUN5REDUWVRXEOLHTXHOTXHSHXOHVGHYRLUVGHVD
FKDUJHHWVHODLVVHHQWUDQHUSDUGHVDPLVSOXVIRUWXQVGDQV
XQPRQGHDULVWRFUDWLTXHROHVSDLOOHWWHVUHFRXYUHQWSDUIRLV
GHVJRXIIUHVGHF\QLVPHHWGHWXUSLWXGH
7UROORSHHVWSHUSWXHOOHPHQWGUOHPDLVVDGUOHULHPDVTXH
XQHYLVLRQFDUQDYDOHVTXHHWILQDOHPHQWWUVQRLUHGHODVRFLW
TXpLODFRQQXH,O\DFKH]OXLTXHOTXHFKRVHGH%DO]DFGDQV
ODIDRQGHGPRQWHUOHVPFDQLVPHVGpXQHVRFLWGHIDLUH
H[LVWHUXQSHUVRQQDJHHQTXHOTXHVWUDLWVDXVVLELHQTXHGDQV
OpDUFKLWHFWXUHGpHQVHPEOHGHVHVJUDQGVF\FOHVTXLYRLHQWOH
UHWRXUGHSHUVRQQDJHVUFXUUHQWVRFFXSDQWWRXWWRXUOH
SUHPLHUUDQJDYDQWGHVHFRQWHQWHUGHMRXHUOHVXWLOLWVGDQVOH
URPDQVXLYDQW0DLVOR%DO]DFHVWHVVHQWLHOOHPHQWWUDJLTXH
KDQWWRXMRXUVSUWSDUH[FVGHUDOLVPHEDVFXOHUGDQVXQ
IDQWDVWLTXHVRXYHQWJODXTXH7UROORSHSOXVSROLFSDUIDLW
JHQWOHPDQUHVWHSDUIDLWHPHQWPDWUHGHVHVPDULRQQHWWHV
WURLVSHWLWVWRXUVHWSXLVVpHQYRQWTXpLOFRQVLGUHVDQVJUDQGH
LQGXOJHQFHPDLVSRXUWDQWQRQVDQVXQHFHUWDLQHWHQGUHVVH
7ROVWRDFULWMHQHVDLVSOXVRTXpLOWDLWEOXIILPD
JLQRQVOHWHUPHUXVVHSRXUEOXIISDU7UROORSHSDUVRQ
DLVDQFHURPDQHVTXHSDUVDFRQQDLVVDQFHQDWXUHOOHFKDS
SDQWWRXWHWKRULHGHOpDUWGXURPDQ&HTXRL7ROVWR
QpHVWYULWDEOHPHQWSDUYHQXTXHGHX[IRLVGDQV*XHUUHHW
3DL[HW $QQD.DUQLQHFDU5VXUUHFWLRQSDUDLOOHXUVXQ
WUVEHDXOLYUHHVWSOXVFKDRWLTXHHPEDUTXHUOHOHFWHXU
GDQVXQHILFWLRQSRO\SKRQLTXHDXORQJFRXUVTXLOXLGRQQH
OpLPSUHVVLRQGHYLVLWHUXQPRQGHWUDQJHUGHSXLVXQZDJRQ
GHOX[HOp2ULHQW([SUHVVHWVHVERLVHULHVVDQVKHXUWVVDQV
JULQFHPHQWVRRQPRQWHGDQVOHWUDLQHWRQVHODLVVHSRUWHU
7UROORSHOpDUXVVLGDQVFKDFXQGHVHVOLYUHVRXSUHVTXH
FKDFXQFDUGDQVVHVUDUHVURPDQVEUHIVLOQHWURXYHSDVVD
GLVWDQFHHWRQDOpLPSUHVVLRQGpXQDFFRXFKHPHQWSUPDWXU
GpXQHzXYUHTXLQpHVWSDVDOOHDXERXWGHVRQGYHORSSH
PHQWQDWXUHO7ROVWRSDUDWLODSSUFLDLWDXVVLEHDXFRXS
VHVFKDVVHVFRXUUH,O\HQDXQHGDQVOD&XUHGH)UDPOH\
ELHQHQWHQGXHWODUSXWDWLRQGXUYUHQG5REDUWVQpHQ
VRUWLUDSDVLQGHPQH
7UROORSHGDQVXQHDXWRELRJUDSKLHMRXLVVLYHGpXQHFDQGHXU
TXLFRQILQHODSURYRFDWLRQFRQVWDWDLWVDQVWUDQVHLQVSLUDWRLUH
VDQVPRLFUDWLIVDQVIDXVVHKRQWH-pDYDLVSRXUFRXWXPH
GpFULUHHQSRVDQWPDPRQWUHGHYDQWPRLHWGpH[LJHUPHV
PRWVWRXVOHVTXDUWVGpKHXUH(QFRPPHQDQWVLWWVRQ
YDOHWOHUYHLOODLWKMHSRXYDLVDFKHYHUPRQWUDYDLOOLW
WUDLUHSRXUOHSHWLWGMHXQHU&HWWHUSDUWLWLRQGHPRQWHPSV
PHSHUPHWWDLWGHSURGXLUHSDJHVGpXQURPDQRUGLQDLUHSDU
MRXU(QVXLWHLOSRXYDLWVHFRQVDFUHUVRQWUDYDLOGpLQVSHFWHXU
GHVSRVWHVTXLOXLDSHUPLVGpLQYHQWHUOHVERWHVDX[OHWWUHV
F\OLQGULTXHVURXJHVTXHOpRQYRLWHQFRUHHQFHUWDLQVHQGURLWV
GH/RQGUHV
$LOOHXUVDORUVTXpLOGRLWFULUHVXUFRPPDQGHXQFRQWH
GH1ROLOVHFRPSDUHXQIDEULFDQWGHFHUFXHLOV9LVYLV
GHODOLWWUDWXUHMHPHVHQVXQSHXFRPPHOHFDSLWRQQHXU
RXOHFURTXHPRUWMHVXSSRVHTXDQGRQOHXUGHPDQGHGH
SRXUYRLUXQHQWHUUHPHQW,OOHXUIDXW\SRXUYRLUTXHOTXH
VRLWOHFWGSODLVDQW
2QHVWORLQGHVDIIUHVQRURPDQWLTXHVGpXQ)ODXEHUWHWGH
VRQJXHXORLU2QHVWSOXVSUVGXJQLHOpWDWSXU7UROORSH
VHPEOHSRVVGHUWRXVOHVGRQVGXURPDQFLHUVDQVDYRLUULHQ
H[LJVDQVDYRLUULHQFKHUFK,ODOHVHQVGHVGLDORJXHVIOHXUHWV
PRXFKHWVFRPPH-DQH$XVWHQ,Y\&RPSWRQ%XUQHWWRX
1DWKDOLH6DUUDXWH,OGFU\SWHODVRFLWGHVRQWHPSVDYHFOpLQ
WHOOLJHQFHTXLPDQTXHXQ=RODLOLQWHUSHOOHOHOHFWHXUFRPPH
$OH[DQGUH'XPDVLOVpDXWRFRPPHQWHFRPPH5REEH*ULOOHW
7UROORSHHVWOpLQFDUQDWLRQGXURPDQFLHULOHVWWRXVOHVUR
PDQFLHUVHQXQ$QJODLVMXVTXpDXERXWGHODSOXPHLOMXVWLILH
OXLVHXOOp$QJOHWHUUHFRPPHQWHQYRXORLUXQSD\VTXL
HQXQPPHVLFOHDSXGRQQHU-DQH$XVWHQHW:DOWHU6FRWW
'LFNHQVHW7KDFNHUD\OHVVzXUV%URQW6WHYHQVRQ*HRUJH
(OLRW7UROORSH"(WFHQWDQVDSUV*HRUJH+DUULVRQHWOHV
WURLVDXWUHV%HDWOHV"
4XHOOHSRTXHXQURPDQKRUVF\FOHERXULIIDQWGHYLHGH
QRLUFHXUHWGHGUOHULHWUDGXLWHQDWUHSULVDXIRUPDWGH
SRFKHHQ-pDLOXOpDQQHVXLYDQWHXQHSUHPLUH6HUDLWFH
GLUHTXH7UROORSHHQILQFRPPHQFHHQ)UDQFHXQHYULWDEOH
FDUULUH"2QHQDXUDODFRQILUPDWLRQTXDQGSDUDWUDOHWRPH
GHVHV&KURQLTXHVGX%DUVHW
Christophe Mercier
-DFTXHV5LFKDUG
SHLQWUHGHOpLQQRPPDEOH
Le Carr des Allemands, Journal dun autre
de Jacques Richard. ditions de la Diffrence,
142 pages, 17 euros
QFKDWHWXQHDPLHURPDQFLUHHWSURIHV
VHXUHQWRXUHQWOHVROLWDLUHPLVDQWKURSH
TXLSUHQGODSDUROHGDQVOHSUHPLHUUR
PDQGH-DFTXHV5LFKDUG&HSHLQWUHEHOJHDGM
SXEOLGHVQRXYHOOHVTXLRQWWTXRLTXHWDUGLYHV
GDQVVDYLHUHPDUTXHVSDUODFULWLTXHSRXUOHXU
WUDQJHWHWOHXUWRQLQTXLWDQW/HVSHLQWUHVFUL
YDLQVVRQWOHSOXVVRXYHQWSRWHVHWFpHVWSOXVGH
SRPHTXHGHURPDQTXHOpRQGHYUDLWSDUOHUSRXU
TXDOLILHUOH&DUUGHV$OOHPDQGV/HWLWUHVHUD
H[SOLTXOpDYDQWGHUQLUHSDJHROHQDUUDWHXU
YLHQWVHUHFXHLOOLUVXUODVSXOWXUHGHVRQSUH
TXLQpHVWSDVSURSUHPHQWSDUOHUXQHWRPEH
PDLVODIRVVHFRPPXQHSUVGXFRLQRIXUHQW
HQWHUUVRQOpLPDJLQHGHVVROGDWVDOOHPDQGV
/HOLYUHWRXWHQWLHUVHSUVHQWHHQFLQTFDU
QHWVQRQSDVFRPPHXQUFLWFRQWLQXPDLV
FRPPHXQHVXLWHGHVFQHVIUDJPHQWDLUHVGRQW
RQQpLGHQWLILHSDVWRXWIDLWOHFRQWH[WHQLPPH
OHVSURWDJRQLVWHVQLPPHOHVYRL[2QQHVDLWSDV
GHPDQLUHWUVFHUWDLQHTXLVRQWOHVORFXWHXUV
0DLVRQHQUHWLHQWXQDXWRSRUWUDLWGDQVOHVHQV
WUVSLFWXUDOGXWHUPHFDUGHSHLQWXUHLOHVWTXHV
WLRQHWGHVWDEOHDX[VDLVLVVDQWVEULEHVGHFRQYHU
VDWLRQVGHFDIGLDORJXHVDYHFOpHQVHLJQDQWHTXL
HVWODFRQILGHQWHSULYLOJLHUPLQLVFHQFHVGpXQH
IHUPHHWGHIDRQODQFLQDQWHODKDQWLVHGHFH
SUHTXLDDEDQGRQQVDIDPLOOHSRXUVXLYUH
HQ5XVVLHOHV$OOHPDQGV(VWLOUHYHQX"(VWLO
UHSDUWL"&HIDQWPHIX\DQWYLHQWHQWRXWFDV
UJXOLUHPHQWYLVLWHUOHVUYHVHWOHVUIOH[LRQVGX
QDUUDWHXUVROLWDLUHHWQRXUULUVHVFRQYHUVDWLRQV
2QDXUDLWWRUWGpLPDJLQHUTXHOHUFLWGX
IDLWGHVDIUDJPHQWDWLRQHWGHVRQPRQWDJH
V\QFRSHVWREVFXU,OHVWFHUWHVWUVVRPEUHHW
SDUIRLVIORXPDLVLOHQUVXOWHXQHDWPRVSKUH
HQYRWDQWHTXLQHWLHQWSDVVHXOHPHQWDXVXMHW
TXLHVWXQHHQTXWHVXUXQKRPPHTXLVpWDLW
HQJDJGDQVOHV:DIIHQ66HWTXLSHXWWUHWXD
GHVHQIDQWVEUHIVXUXQPRQVWUHPDLVDXVW\OH
UIOH[LITXLVDQVWUHDODPELTXVDQVWUHDIIHFW
DXQHIRUPHLQDWWHQGXHFHOOHTXHFKRLVLVVHQWHQ
JQUDOOHVSRWHVTXLVHEDWWHQWDYHFOHVPRWV
SOXVTXpLOVQHOHVXWLOLVHQWSRXUUDFRQWHU/HIORX
GXUHJDUGTXLSORQJHODUDOLWWRXWHQWLUHGDQV
XQHVRUWHGHORLQWDLQUHFRXYHUWGpXQHSDWLQH
TXLVHORQ3DVROLQLWDLWODFDUDFWULVWLTXHGH
*LRUJLR%DVVDQLUHVVHPEOHELHQVUDXSRLQW
GHYXHGpXQSHLQWUHTXLDEHVRLQGHGLVWRUGUHOH
UHOSRXUOpDSSURFKHUGHOXLHWGHQRXV
/HQDUUDWHXUHVWWUVFRQVFLHQWGHODSDUWLFX
ODULWGHFHUHJDUGHWGHFHWWHQDUUDWLRQTXLOH
WURXEOHDXSRLQWGHFUDLQGUHGHFWR\HUODIROLH
'XUHVWHOHVSDVVDQWVTXpLOFURLVHVRQWGHVIRXV
TXLYRQWHWYLHQQHQWGDQVXQKSLWDOSV\FKLD
WULTXHYRLVLQ(WTXDQGFHVRQWGHVDPLVGHV
YLVLWHXUVLOVHPEOHTXHOHODQJDJHQHVRLWSDV
OHYUDLFRQWDFWTXLOHVXQLWHX[HWOXL-HPH
UHJDUGHHQHX[FRPPHRQVHSHQFKHDXGHVVXV
GXYLGH2QQpDSDVHQSHUPDQHQFHODSOHLQH
FRQVFLHQFHGHFHTXpRQHVW(QFRUHPRLQVGHFH
TXHVRQWOHVDXWUHV6LFpWDLWSRVVLEOHLO\IDXGUDLW
XQHFDSDFLWGpDWWHQWLRQGRQWMHVXLVGSRXUYX
/DPLHQQHIORWWHWURSHWGULYHGpXQULHQ&pHVW
XQHVRUWHGHPDODGLHMHVXSSRVH
4XDQWODUDOLWHOOHPPHFHOOHTXLOpHQ
WRXUHFHOOHTXLOpDSUFGFHOOHTXpLOUHJDUGHHW
FHOOHTXpLOIRXLOOHHQOXLHOOHQpDSDVXQHVROLGH
FRQVLVWDQFHHOOHVpYDSRUH&pHVWSUFLVPHQW
SDUFHTXpLODOHVHQWLPHQWTXHWRXMRXUVTXHOTXH
FKRVHOXLFKDSSHUDHWGXUHVWHFKDSSHUD
FHX[TXLOpREVHUYHQWOXLTXpLOFULWHWUHGRXEOH
RXYDULHVRQDUWGHSHLQWUH-pDFFRVWHWURSWW
GDQVOHJULVGXUHOTXLQpHVWMDPDLVTXpXQUYH
SHLQHSOXVSDLV
3DUPLOHVYRL[TXHOpRQHQWHQGGDQVFHOLYUH
FKRUDOLOHQHVWXQHGHSDUWLFXOLUHPHQWIUDS
SDQWHFHOOHGHODWDQWHODVzXUGXSUHTXLSRXU
VRQQHYHXFRPPHQWHOHSDVVGHVSKRWRVGHV
DQHFGRWHV'DQVVRQPRQRORJXHKDOHWDQWHQWUH
FRXSGHYLVLRQVHWGpLQFHUWLWXGHVRQUHYRLWVRQ
IUUHODPDQLUHTXpDYDLW'XUDVGDQVFHUWDLQV
PRQRORJXHVGHOp$PDQWHDQJODLVHGH6DYDQQDK
%D\Gp,QGLD6RQJRXGDQVOD'RXOHXUGHIDLUH
UHYLYUHGHVLQVWDQWVGHFUXDXWSXUHHWGpDPRXU
SDUIRLVFRQIRQGXV2QVHQWTXpRQHVWGDQVXQH
]RQHRODPRUDOHQpDSOXVFRXUV0PHSRXU
YRTXHUOpDWURFLW
&HQpHVWTXHORUVTXHOHQDUUDWHXUSUHQGOXL
PPHODSDUROHTXHODIURQWLUHTXLVSDUHOHELHQ
HWOHPDOHVWSOXVIHUPH0DLVSHXSHXLOHQ
UHYLHQWXQHGLVORFDWLRQGHVDSURSUHSHUVRQQDOLW
FRPPHVLOpREVHVVLRQGHVRQSUHFULPLQHOSDV
VLFULPLQHOTXHFHODHQFURLUHVDWDQWHWDLWOH
PR\HQGHSUHQGUHFRQVFLHQFHGHVDSURSUHGLV
VROXWLRQ/HVVXSSOLFHVLOOXVWUVDYHFODPLQXWLH
PDQLDTXHGHV)ODPDQGVGX0R\HQJHVHUYDLHQW
H[DFWHPHQWDH[KLEHUOpLQQRPPDEOHOpLJQREOH
OpLQWULHXUGpXQKRPPH,OVpDJLWGHGIDLUHGH
GSHFHUGHGFRXGUHOHVDXWUHVDXWDQWTXHQRXV
QRXVVDYRQVGFRXVXV,OVpDJLWGpHQGFRXGUHDYHF
OpDXWUHPRLPPHFHPRLPPHTXLHVWOpDXWUH
/HVVFQHVYLROHQWHVTXLVRXGDLQWUDYHUVHQW
OHWH[WHLQIDQWLFLGHVYLRORXVLPSOHPHQWVFQHV
VH[XHOOHVVDQVDPRXUTXpLOVpDJLVVHGHVXSSR
VLWLRQVVXUODYLHGXSUHRXGHIDQWDVPHVGX
QDUUDWHXUOpDJRQLHUHFRQVWLWXHDYDQWODYLVLWH
ODIRVVHFRPPXQHVHVXEVWLWXHQWFHTXHVHUDLW
XQHYULWDEOHLQYHVWLJDWLRQUDOLVWH2QVDLWTXH
OpDXWHXUQHYHXWSDVWUHXQVLPSOHWPRLQQL
XQLQTXLVLWHXU&HQpHVWSDVXQVRXFLGHYULW
RXGHYHQJHDQFHTXLOpDQLPH$XWUHFKRVH8QH
VRUWHGHFRQWDPLQDWLRQRQLULTXH6HYRLUWXHU
UDPHQHUODVXUIDFHFHTXLFULHGDQVOHQRLUHWOH
IDLUHHQSOHLQMRXU
Ren de Ceccatty
/(775(6
POUR UNE BIBLIOTHQUE CHINOISE (XXIII)
/H5YHGDQVOHSDYLOORQURXJH
-
pWDLVSDUOHUOHPRLVGHUQLHUGHVGLIIUHQWHVLQWHUSUWDWLRQV
GXURPDQGH&DR;XHTLQOH5YHGDQVOHSDYLOORQURXJHHQ
SDUWLFXOLHUGHFHOOHVTXLRQWVXVFLWDX;;HVLFOHHQ&KLQH
GHYLIVGEDWVSDUPLOHVVSFLDOLVWHV,OPHSDUDWLPSRUWDQWGH
UDSSHOHUTXHSRXUVRQDXWHXUOHWLWUHHQWDLWQRQOH5YHGDQV
OHSDYLOORQURXJH+RQJORX0HQJPDLVOp+LVWRLUHGHODSLHUUH
uRX0PRLUHVGHODSLHUUHVHORQOHVWUDGXFWLRQV6KLWRX-L
/HURFODSLHUUHGXSUHPLHUFKDSLWUHWUDQVIRUPHHQEHDXMDGH
GHODWDLOOHGpXQSHQGHORTXHGpYHQWDLOVHUHWURXYHUDGDQVOD
ERXFKHGH%DR\X-DGH3UFLHX[DXPRPHQWGHVDQDLVVDQFH
GpRVRQQRP
$XILOGHPHVOHFWXUHVGXURPDQOpLQWHUSUWDWLRQSUHPLUH
GHFHSURGLJHPHODLVVDLWLQVDWLVIDLWFHUWHVQRXVWLRQVGDQVXQ
PHUYHLOOHX[P\WKRORJLTXH/DGHVVH1ZDUSDUHODYRWHF
OHVWHGHVLPPRUWHOVXVHQWGHOHXUVSRXYRLUVVXUQDWXUHOV0DLV
FRPPHQWFRPSUHQGUHOHFRPSRUWHPHQWGH%DR\X-DGH3UFLHX[
ORUVTXpLOUHQFRQWUH/LQ'DR\X-DGH6RPEUHODVzXUHWWH/LQ"
VDYXHODVzXUHWWH/LQIXWSULVHGpXQJUDQGPRLq4XH
FpHVWWUDQJHSHQVDWHOOHDXIRQGGXFzXU,OPHVHPEOHELHQ
OpDYRLUYXTXHOTXHSDUW&RPPHVRQYLVDJHPpHVWIDPLOLHUr(W
OXLDXVVLGHVpFULHUqf-pSURXYHDXIRQGGXFzXUOpLPSUHV
VLRQGHODUHWURXYHUDSUVXQHORQJXHVSDUDWLRQf0DLVWRL
SRVVGHVWXXQMDGH"u1RQMHQpHQSRVVGHSDVfFRPPHQW
VHUDLWLOGRQQQpLPSRUWHTXLGpHQSRVVGHUXQVHPEODEOH"r
6XELWHPHQWSULVFHVPRWVGpXQDFFVGHQLDLVHULHOHMHXQHJDURQ
OHGWDFKDGHVRQFRXHWGHWRXWHVVHVIRUFHVOHMHWDVXUOHVRO
2QUHPDUTXHUDLFLOHPRWQLDLVHULHFRPPHWRXWDXORQJGX
URPDQSURSRVGH%DR\XOHVTXDOLILFDWLIVGpLGLRWRXGH
GHPHXU,OHVWIDLWVRXYHQWDOOXVLRQVRQKEWXGHVD
VWXSLGLWDORUVTXpRQQRXVOHGFULWSDUDLOOHXUVFRPPHKDELOH
FRPSRVHUGHVYHUVFDOOLJUDSKLHUHWF
/HVLQRORJXH5DLQLHU/DQVHOOHGDQVVRQWXGHOH6XMHWPXWLTXH
HWOD0WDSKRUHGHODSLHUUHGRQQHXQHLQWHUSUWDWLRQSDVVLRQ
QDQWHHWGFLVLYHGX5YHGDQVOHSDYLOORQURXJH2QOXLGRLWGDQV
OD3OLDGHODWUDGXFWLRQGH6SHFWDFOHVFXULHX[GpDXMRXUGpKXLHW
GpDXWUHIRLVDQWKRORJLHGHWH[WHVGX;9,,HVLFOHFKLQRLVGRQW
MHUHFRPPDQGHYLYHPHQWODOHFWXUH6SFLDOLVWHGHVzXYUHVHQ
7UVSHXGHWHPSVDSUVVDSXEOLFDWLRQ OH5YHGDQV
OHSDYLOORQURXJHFRQQXWGHQRPEUHX[LOOXVWUDWHXUV/HV
DWHOLHUVSRSXODLUHVVpHQVRQWHPSDUVSRXUGHVHVWDPSHV
GXQRXYHODQGHVJUDYXUHVRXGHVEURGHULHVf2XWUHOHV
GHVVLQVHQQRLUHWEODQFTXLDFFRPSDJQHQWOpGLWLRQGHOD
3OLDGHRXFHX[GHODEDQGHGHVVLQHGHVGLWLRQV)HLRQ
SRXUUDDGPLUHUOHVzXYUHVHQFRXOHXUGH6XQ:HQH[SRVHV
SRXUODSUHPLUHIRLVHQ2QQHFRQQDWSUDWLTXHPHQW
ULHQGHVDYLH,OVHUDLWQHQVRXVOHUJQHGH-LDTLQJHW
VHUDLWRULJLQDLUHGXPPHSD\VTXH&DR;XHTLQ,ODXUDLW
DFKHYVHVLOOXVWUDWLRQVOpJHGHDQVVRLWzXYUHV
UXQLHVGDQVDOEXPVGHJUDQGIRUPDW(QUDOLWLOHQ
FRPSRVDVRLWGHX[LOOXVWUDWLRQVSDUFKDSLWUHGX5YH
GDQVOHSDYLOORQURXJHTXLUSWRQVOHHQFRPSUHQG
,OHQPDQTXHGRQFGL[FHOOHVTXLFRQFHUQHQWOHVSLVRGHV
UHODWDQWODFRQILVFDWLRQGHVELHQVGHODIDPLOOH-LD/D%LEOLR
WKTXHGHOpLPDJHGDQVVRQGLWLRQGX5YHGDQVOHSDYLOORQ
URXJHQRXVSHUPHWGpDGPLUHUHWGHUYHUVXUOHWUDYDLOGH
6XQ:HQ:X+RQJPLDRHW/DXUHQW%DOORXKH\H[SOLTXHQW
TXHODIUHVTXHGH6XQ:HQDERUGHWRXVOHVWKPHVSURSUHV
ODSHLQWXUHFKLQRLVHGHVSD\VDJHVDX[SHUVRQQDJHVHQ
SDVVDQWSDUOHVIOHXUVHWOHVRLVHDX[OHVSDYLOORQVHQIRUPH
GHNLRVTXHOHVRLVHDX[UDUHVRXOHVDQLPDX[VDXYDJHVOHV
FDUURVVHVRXELHQOHVSDODQTXLQVOHVGLHX[FRPPHOHVIDQ
WPHVVDQVRXEOLHUOHVDQWLTXLWVQLOHVREMHWVGpXVDJHGDQV
ODYLHTXRWLGLHQQH/HQRPEUHGHSHUVRQQDJHVUHSUVHQWV
DSSURFKHOHVFKDFXQGHVVLQDYHFODPPHILQHVVH
HWOHPPHVRLQ
Jean Ristat
5HJDUGVVXUODPWDSKRUHHQWUH2ULHQWHW2FFLGHQWRXYUDJH
FROOHFWLIGLWLRQV3KLOLSSH3LFTXLHUSDJHVHXURV
/H5YHGDQVOHSDYLOORQURXJH%LEOLRWKTXHGHOpLPDJH3DULV
HXURV
6SHFWDFOHVFXULHX[GpDXMRXUGpKXLHWGpDXWUHIRLV%LEOLRWKTXH
GHOD3OLDGHSDJHV
'HYHQLU:DOW:KLWPDQ
crits de jeunesse,
de Walt Whitman. Acte Sud, 155 pages, 16 euros.
9,/(6/
( 7 7 5 ( 6
'5
HV FULWVGHMHXQHVVHGH:DOW:KLWPDQSDUDLVVHQW
SRXUODSUHPLUHIRLVHQIUDQDLVDX[GLWLRQV$FWH
6XG'HTXRLVpDJLWLO"6L[QRXYHOOHVFULWHVHQWUH
t:KLWPDQQpDDORUVTXHDQVtHWFpHVWGLUH
GL[DQVDYDQWODSUHPLUHSXEOLFDWLRQGH )HXLOOHVGpKHUEH
TXLLUDVpDJUDQGLVVDQWFRPPHOpKHUELHUJLJDQWHVTXH
GHVDYLH'pRQRXVYLHQQHQWFHVQRXYHOOHV":KLWPDQ
GHYHQXOHJUDQGSRWHIRQGDWHXUGHOp$PULTXHQDLVVDQWH
EURGDFHTXpLOIDXWELHQDSSHOHUXQHP\WKRORJLHDXWRXUGH
VHVRULJLQHVOLWWUDLUHV,OYRXODLWTXH )HXLOOHVGpKHUEHIW
ODPDQLIHVWDWLRQPLUDFXOHXVHSULPRUGLDOHGHOp$PULTXH
TXpHOOHVVRUWLVVHQWGHVDERXFKHFRPPHXQIHXLPPGLW
XQHSLSKDQLH&pHVWDLQVLTXpLOYRXOXWHQIRXLUWRXWFHTXL
SUFGDLW)HXLOOHVGpKHUEHHIIDFHUOHVWUDFHVGXOLWWUDWHXU
GEXWDQWWWRQQDQWQpD\DQWVDQVGRXWHDXFXQHLGHGX
FKDQWUHTXpLOGHYLHQGUDLW0DLVDYHFOHVXFFVYLQWODFO
EULWHWOHFXOWHTXLHQWRXUHXQHLGROH:KLWPDQDSSULWTXH
FHUWDLQVDYDLHQWSOXFKOHVYLHLOOHVJD]HWWHVHWVpDSSUWDLHQW
SXEOLHUVDQVVRQFRQVHQWHPHQWVHVFULWVGHMHXQHVVH,O
SUIUDOHXUFRXSHUOpKHUEHVRXVOHSLHGHWSXEOLDOXLPPH
FLQTQRXYHOOHVFHOOHVTXLOXLVHPEODLHQWOHVPHLOOHXUHVGHV
YLQJWTXDWUHWH[WHVTXpLOMXJHDLWOXLPPH JURVVLHUVHW
LQIDQWLOHV/HVQRXYHOOHVTXHQRXVDYRQVVRXVOHV\HX[VRQW
FHOOHVTXH:KLWPDQDFKRLVLHVSOXVXQHVL[LPH)OHXUVGH
WRPEHHWVRQWHQFURLUHOpH[FHOOHQWHSRVWIDFHGH3DXOLQH
&KRD\/HVFDUHIIHFWLYHPHQWOHVSOXVLQWUHVVDQWHV
'LVRQVOHWRXWGHVXLWHFHVQRXYHOOHVQpRQWULHQGpH[FHSWLRQ
QHO:KLWPDQQpDSDVHQFRUHWURXYVDJUDQGHYRL[O\ULTXH
/HVW\OHWUV;,;HVLFOHHVWSODLVDQWOLUHSDUIRLVXQEULQ
H[SOLFDWLI0DLV:KLWPDQVDLWSDUIRLVWURXYHUGHFHVEUXVTXHV
GQLYHOODWLRQVGHVW\OHTXLPDUTXHQWGMVRQPSULVSRXU
OHVFORLVRQQHPHQWVLGLRWVGHVFKDPSVOH[LFDX[HWQLYHDX[GH
ODQJDJHOpLPDJHGHOpLQFLSLWGHODSUHPLUHQRXYHOOHtTXL
HVWYUDLPHQWFHTXpRQSHXWDSSHOHUXQHHQWUHHQPDWLUH
'LQJGLQJ/HPDWUHGpXQHFROHUXUDOHYHQDLWGpDJLWHUOD
SHWLWHFORFKHSRVHVXUVRQEXUHDXLQWHUURPSDQWODFODVVHDX
PLOLHXGHODPDWLQHHWLQIRUPDQWDLQVLOHVOYHVTXpLOVRXKDLWDLW
OHVLOHQFH&HVPRPHQWVGHPHXUHQWWRXWHIRLVDVVH]UDUHV
2QOLWDVVH]ELHQDXILOGHVSDJHVTXHOOHVVRQWOHVLQIOXHQFHV
HWOHVREVHVVLRQVGXMHXQH:KLWPDQ&HOXLTXLVHGLUDSOXV
WDUGOHILOVGH0DQKDWWDQFULWVXUOHVYLOODJHVOHVPzXUV
SD\VDQQHV/DSKLORVRSKLHTXDNHUTXpLOSHUYHUWLUDPDLVOpLQ
IOXHQFHUDMXVTXpDXERXWOXLGLFWHVHVGHVFULSWLRQVQDWXUHOOHV
FRPPHOHVFRQFOXVLRQVGLILDQWHVTXLWHUQLVVHQWXQSHXVHV
QRXYHOOHVHWTXpLOHPSUXQWHDX[SHWLWVUFLWVPRUDOLVDWHXUV
WUVHQYRJXHOpSRTXH
/DSRVWIDFHOXPLQHXVHGH3DXOLQH&KRD\/HVFDUSHUPHW
GHGEURXVVDLOOHUFHVQRXYHOOHVHWGHFRPSUHQGUHTXHSOXV
FRPSOH[HVTXpLOQp\SDUDWHOOHVQHVRQWSDVVDQVSUIL
JXUHUPPHIDLEOHPHQWOHVWKPHVGH)HXLOOHVGpKHUEH
/pDQDO\VHTXpHOOHIDLWGHODVFQHGHYR\HXULVPHGDQV
Op (QIDQWHWOH/LEHUWLQ PHWDXMRXUODSXOVLRQVFRSLTXH
TXLUJQHUDSOXVWDUGGDQVOHVSRPHV%HDXFRXSIDLW
VHQVOpDPLWLDYHFODPRUWOHFRQFHSWGpDGKVLYLWTXL
VpEDXFKHSRXUGVLJQHUOpDPRXUHQWUHFDPHUDGRVOpHDX
FRPPHV\PEROHGXIPLQLQHWGHODPUHTXpRQDLPHf
:KLWPDQQpHVWHQFRUH:DOW:KLWPDQFHUWHV0DLVLOHVW
HQJHVWDWLRQ,OHVWQRWDEOHTXHODVHXOHILJXUDWLRQGHVRL
TXpRQWURXYHGDQVFHVSDJHVVHWURXYHGDQVODGHUQLUH
QRXYHOOH:KLWPDQVp\SUVHQWHHQYLHLOODUGUDFRQWDQW
VRQKLVWRLUHDXFRLQGXIHXGHVMHXQHVJHQV/HMHXQH
KRPPHTXpLOHVWDORUVTXLGEXWHDYHFQHUJLHGDQVODYLH
DEHVRLQGHFHWWHILJXUHGXYLHLOODUGFRPPHVLSUHQDQW
SHXSHXSRVVHVVLRQGHOXLPPHODYLHLOOHVVHGHYHQDLW
ODVHXOHIRUPHDGTXDWHSRXUDEULWHU:DOW:KLWPDQ
UFLSLHQWGHWRXVOHVVRXYHQLUVGHODWHUUH&pHVWDLQVL
TXHMHXQHVVHHWYLHLOOHVVHVHUHIOWHQWQRXVTXLOLVRQV
FHVOLJQHVDSUVWDQWGpDQQHVPRUWHVOHYLHX[:KLWPDQ
QRXVVHPEOHXQSHUVRQQDJHGXMHXQH
Victor Blanc
)5$1$,6(6)95,(56833/0(17/p+80$1,7'8)95,(5
/(775(6
9ROWDLUHRXOpRSWLPLVPH
Voltaire,
de Franois Jacob. Folio biographies , 336 pages, 9 euros.
Folio rdite la Princesse de Babylone, lAffaire Sirven,
Trait sur la tolrance, avec une postface de Philippe Sollers,
Zare, le Taureau blanc.
OpQLJPDWLTXHSVHXGRQ\PHGLDEROLTXHGRQWLOVLJQDLWFKDFXQH
GHVHVOHWWUHV/D5YROXWLRQVXUJLW/pDEED\HGHYLHQWELHQQD
WLRQDO6HVUHVWHVVRQWH[KXPV2QVHVHUDLWHPSDUGHGHQWV
GHODIURFHPFKRLUHGXFDOFDQXPWUDQJHPWDPRUSKRVH
GHVVDLQWVHWGHVUHOLTXHVGHYHQXVODTXHV8QFKDUHVWDIIUW
GFRUOpDQWLTXH/HFRQYRLWUDYHUVHFDPSDJQHVHWYLOODJHV
VRXVOHVKRXUUDV/pGLWLRQFRPSOWHGHVHVzXYUHVLPSULPH
.HKOHWTXLUXLQD%HDXPDUFKDLVHVWGXYR\DJH&LQTMRXUV
SOXVWDUGDX3DQWKRQ3DULVHVWXQHIWH
'HSXLVOHFKDVVHXUGpLQIPHTXLYRXODLWFODLUHUOHPRQGH
HVWGHYHQXOpKRPPHSURYLGHQWLHOTXLWURXEOHOHVMRXUVHWOHV
QXLWVGHVEDFKHOLHUVSDUIRLVXQWRWHPDXWRXUGXTXHOGDQVHQW
GHVUSXEOLFDLQVHQPDOGH5SXEOLTXH2QQRXVDIILUPHTXH
VRQ7UDLWVXUODWROUDQFHVHYHQGFRPPHGHVSHWLWVSDLQV,OHVW
FHQVVHUYLUGpDQWLGRWHDX[EDUEDUHVTXLKDQWHQWQRWUHFLYLOLVDWLRQ
KULWHGHV/XPLUHV&HVYLQJWFLQTFKDSLWUHVWRQQHURQWSDU
OpORTXHQFHOpDPSOHXUGHVFRQQDLVVDQFHVODFUR\DQFHLQGIHFWLEOH
HQXQHWROUDQFHXQLYHUVHOOH
*HQYH)UDQRLV-DFREHVWHQFKDUJHGHOp,QVWLWXWHWGX
PXVH9ROWDLUH,OFRQQDWVRQSHUVRQQDJHHWVRQSRTXH,O
DFRPSRVVDELRJUDSKLHSDUWUDQFKHVGHYLHHWVDQVRXEOLHU
OpHVVHQWLHOLOIDLWODSDUWEHOOHDXWKWUH,ODUDLVRQ'HSXLV
/RXLVOH*UDQG9ROWDLUHHVWSHUVXDGTXHOpDUWGUDPDWLTXH
HVWOpDUWDEVROX,OFULUDFLQTXDQWHGHX[SLFHV2XEOLHV,OD
FRPPHQFSDUXQmGLSHVDFUOD&RPGLH)UDQDLVH$UWPLU
VXLYUDSRUWHSDU$GULHQQH/HFRXYUHXUSXLV0DULDPQHR
OHFOEUH%DURQLQWHUSUWH+URGH/XLPPHMRXHOHUOHGH
/XVLJQDQGDQV=DUHGHYDQWOHURL)RQWDLQHEOHDX/HNDLQ
HQSHUVRQQHYLHQWMRXHU)HUQH\&pHVWSRXUYRLUUHSUVHQWHU
,UQHTXpLOHVWUHQWU3DULVRLOPRXUUD&HIXWVRQGHUQLHU
VXFFV7RXVVHVDGPLUDWHXUVGHOD&RXUGHOp$FDGPLHHWGH
OD&RPGLH)UDQDLVHVRQWFRQYDLQFXVGpWUHHQSUVHQFHGpXQ
QRXYHDX6RSKRFOH
Jean-Franois Nivet
'5
OWDLWQ$URXHWHWQpDYDLWDXFXQHFKDQFHGHYLYUH,OIDXW
FURLUHTXHOHVPGHFLQVDYDLHQWHQFRUHDSSUHQGUH&KH]
OHVSUHVMVXLWHVGH/RXLVOH*UDQGRQOXLHQVHLJQHODULJX
HXUODUKWRULTXHOHVWH[WHVIRQGDWHXUVLOGFRXYUHOHVGOLUHV
VFRODVWLTXHVHWOpLQMXVWLFH/HIDLEOHVRXIIOHGXEHUFHDXVHPXH
HQWHPSWHHWOHVJD]RXLOOLVHQGDQJHUHX[DQDWKPHV$XIDLW
HVWVDGHYLVH,OHVWGMURXHUYLQJWDQVKWHGHODSHWLWH
FRXUGH6FHDX[LOJRWHDXOX[HHWDSRVWURSKHOHVSXLVVDQWV
-pDLYXGHVPDJLVWUDWVYH[HUWRXWHVOHVYLOOHV3DUGHVLPSWV
FULDQWVHWGpLQMXVWHVGLWVf2QOpHPEDVWLOOHLOVpH[LOH3RXUXQ
KRPPHOLEUHOHVFDSLWDOHVVRQWGDQJHUHXVHV,ODLPHOD+ROODQGH
VDSURVSULWODOLEHUWGHSHQVHU/p$QJOHWHUUHOHWUDQVIRUPH
LODSSUFLHVDFXOWXUHOLW6KDNHVSHDUHUHQFRQWUH6ZLIWGRQWLO
DGPLUH*XOOLYHU/DPGHFLQHODSK\VLTXHODFKLPLHOHSDV
VLRQQHQW,OIDLWIHXGHWRXWERLVWUDJGLHVFRPGLHVSWUHV
SRPHVHVVDLVRSUDVVRQWVHVPHLOOHXUVSDVVHSRUWV7RXVOHV
JHQUHVVRQWERQVKRUVOHJHQUHHQQX\HX[3RXUXQWHPSVOHV
WWHVFRXURQQHVUHFKHUFKHQWVDFRUUHVSRQGDQFHHWVDFRQYHU
VDWLRQ,OHVWDGRXESDUOHURLGH3UXVVHHWODUHLQHGHV5XVVLHV
LOHVWUHX9HUVDLOOHVFKDQWHODJORLUHGH/RXLV;9HWVD
YLFWRLUHGH)RQWHQR\
/HFRXUWLVDQLQGRFLOHDJDFHDXWDQWTXHODYROWDLURPDQLH
6HVHQQHPLVVRQWOJLRQFRPPHVHVGLVJUFHV/DSROLFHVDLVLW
OHVSUHPLHUVFKDSLWUHVGX6LFOHGH/RXLV;,9HWVRQ2GHVXU
OHIDQDWLVPH0DKRPHWHVWUHWLUDSUVWURLVUHSUVHQWDWLRQV
1pLPSRUWH,OOpHQYRLHDXSDSHDILQGHVRXPHWWUHDXFKHIGH
ODYUDLHUHOLJLRQFHWWHzXYUHGLULJHFRQWUHOHIRQGDWHXUGpXQH
VHFWHIDXVVHHWEDUEDUHf3RXUFRQWUHUOHIOX[GHVVRWWLVHVOHV
HUUHXUVGHMXJHPHQWHWOHSRLVRQGHVVXSHUVWLWLRQVLOVpDGRQQH
DX[FRQWHVSOXVVROXEOHVGDQVODSHQVHTXHOHVSKUDVHVDEV
FRQVHVGHVSKLORVRSKLHV=DGLJ&DQGLGH/HPRQGHFRPPHLO
YDOD3ULQFHVVHGH%DE\ORQHYDQWHQWOHVGLIIUHQFHVDXWDQWTXpLOV
VpDWWDTXHQWDX[REVFXUDQWLVPHV,OIDXWELHQTXHWWRXWDUGOHV
KRPPHVRXYUHQWOHV\HX[DXPLOLHXGHVURQFHVHWGHVRUWLHV
FKDFXQGHWURXYHUVRQMDUGLQ
/HVJUDQGVFRPEDWVOpDWWHQGHQW/HVQRPVGH&DODV6LUYHQ
/DOO\/D%DUUHVFDQGHQWVRQFKHPLQGHMXVWLFLHU,OHVWSRXU
OHVVLFOHVIXWXUVOHYHQJHXUGHOpLQQRFHQFH/HGDQJHUHWVD
SUXGHQFHOpRQWFRQGXLWYLYUHDX[IURQWLUHV&LUH\FKH]
PDGDPHGX&KWHOHWVLVDYDQWHVLEHOOHVLLQILGOHVXUOHV
ERUGVGXODF/PDQSXLV)HUQH\VRQGHUQLHUUHIXJHRHQ
(GLWK:KDUWRQ
LQYHQWHXUGX*XLGH9HUW
GLWK:KDUWRQTXLDYFXORQJ
WHPSV3DULVWDLWVDQVGRXWH
OHSOXVIUDQDLVGHVFULYDLQV
DPULFDLQV(OOHWDLWDXVVLOpXQHGHV
SOXVULFKHVHWSRVVGDLWLO\DSOXVGpXQ
VLFOHDXWRPRELOHHWFKDXIIHXUDYHF
OHVTXHOVHOOHVLOORQQDLWOD)UDQFHGH
%RXORJQH&DXWHUHWVGH5R\DW1LFH
GH7RXORXVH6RLVVRQVtSRXUQHFLWHU
TXHTXHOTXHVXQHVGHVYLOOHVYLVLWHVORUV
GHWURLVSULSOHVHQHW(OOH
WDLWDFFRPSDJQHGHVRQPDUL7HGG\
HWXQHIRLVGp+HQU\-DPHV0DLVD
FpHVWODSUIDFHGH-XOLDQ%DUQHVTXL
QRXVOpDSSUHQGHWOpDPXVDQWHSKRWR
UHSURGXLWHVXUODEDQGHGXYROXPHRQ
\YRLU0UHW0UV:KDUWRQ-DPHVHQ
FDVTXHWWHFDUUHDX[OHFKDXIIHXUHW
VHVJURVVHVOXQHWWHVGHFRXUVHFRPPH
GDQVXQHSLFHGHGp$QRXLOK
(GLWK:KDUWRQHOOHQHGLWULHQGHVHV
FRPSDJQRQVQLGHVGRPHVWLTXHVFKDU
JVGHEDJDJHVTXLOHVDFFRPSDJQHQW
HQWUDLQHWYRQWSUSDUHUOpDUULYHGX
JURXSHGDQVOHVSDODFHV(GLWK:KDUWRQ
QHVpLQWUHVVHSDVOpDQHFGRWHPDLVDX[
PRQXPHQWVTXLGLFWHQWVRQSDUFRXUV
3HX GH SLWWRUHVTXH GRQF GDQV
VHVUFLWVGHYR\DJHtHOOHQpHVWSDV
$OH[DQGUH'XPDVQL1HUYDO(WSHX
GHGHVFULSWLRQVGHSD\VDJHVtHOOHQpHVW
SDV&KDWHDXEULDQG0DLVXQHUHFHQVLRQ
DYHUWLHGHVFKWHDX[HQUXLQHGHVJOLVHV
HWGHOHXUVJLVDQWVGHVPRQDVWUHV(OOH
HVWSOXWWGXFWGHV1RWHVGHYR\DJH
GH0ULPHHOOHLQYHQWHOH*XLGH9HUW
DYDQWODOHWWUH
/HTXRWLGLHQGXYR\DJHQHOpLQWUHVVH
SDVFpHVWWRXWMXVWHVLOpRQFRPSUHQG
TXHOp$XYHUJQHQpHVWSDVXQHERQQH
UJLRQKWHOLUHPDLVHOOHFRQQDW
VXUOHERXWGHVRQJOHVOpKLVWRLUHGHOD
)UDQFHHWGHVRQDUFKLWHFWXUHHWOLYUH
GHVGWDLOVGpDXWDQWSOXVSUFLHX[TXH
GHFHVPRQXPHQWVTXpHOOHGFULWFHU
WDLQVRQWDXMRXUGpKXLGLVSDUXHWTXpLO
QpHVWSOXVSRVVLEOHGHYRLUFHX[TXL
VXEVLVWHQWFRPPHHOOHOHVDYXVDYDQW
OpUHGXWRXULVPHGHPDVVHDYDQWOHVDX
WRURXWHVHWOHVLWLQUDLUHVIOFKVDYDQW
ODWUDQVIRUPDWLRQGHVYLHLOOHVSLHUUHV
HWGHVPDLVRQVGpFULYDLQVHQOLHX[
GHPPRLUHHWSDVVDJHVREOLJVGHV
FLUFXLWVGHJUDQGHFRQVRPPDWLRQ/D
)UDQFHTXLWUDQVSDUDWWUDYHUVVRQ
UFLWHVWHQFRUHFHOOHGH%DO]DFDYHFVD
OHQWHXUHWVHVVLOHQFHVSDUFRXUXHDYHF
OHSOXVUDSLGHGHVPR\HQVGHORFRPR
WLRQGHOpSRTXHSDUXQHIHPPHGpXQH
LPPHQVHFXOWXUHGRQWODGLVWLQFWLRQHW
ODERQQHGXFDWLRQQHOpHPSFKHQWSDV
GHWDFOHUXQ9LROOHWOH'XFWURSLQWHU
YHQWLRQQLVWHVRQJRW
,OQHVpDJLWSDVIRUFPHQWGXSOXV
ZKDUWRQLHQGHVOLYUHVGH:KDUWRQ
PDLVSDUOHVWPRLJQDJHVTXpLORIIUH
FpHVWSRXUXQ)UDQDLVOpXQGHVSOXV
SUFLHX[
5(75289(=
'$16/$&2//(&7,21
/HV/HWWUHVIUDQDLVHV
DX[GLWLRQV/H7HPSVGHVFHULVHV
,OV
GH)UDQFN'HORULHX[
SUIDFHGH0DULH1RO5LR
/H0XVH*UYLQGH/RXLV$UDJRQ
SUIDFHGH-HDQ5LVWDW
8QHVDLVRQHQHQIHU
Gp$UWKXU5LPEDXG
SUIDFHLQGLWHGH/RXLV$UDJRQ
/DUURQV
GH)UDQRLV(VSHUHW
SUIDFHGH-HDQ5LVWDW
3DUDGLVDUJRXVLQV
GH9LFWRU%ODQFSUIDFH
GH)UDQFN'HORULHX[
9HUVHW3URVHV
GH0DDNRYVNLFKRL[SUVHQWDWLRQ
HWWUDGXFWLRQGp(OVD7ULROHW
*DJQHXVHV
GH)UDQRLV(VSHUHW
SUIDFHGH&KULVWRSKH0HUFLHU
SDUDWUH
/HV2Q]H0LOOH9HUJHV
Gp$SROOLQDLUHSUIDFHGp$UDJRQ
Christophe Mercier
6$92,56
/pDEROLWLRQXQLYHUVHOOHGHODSHLQHGHPRUW
XQFRPEDWLQWHUPLQDEOH
Sminaire La peine de mort ,
de Jacques Derrida, volume II (2000-2001).
Galile, Paris, 2015. 416 pages, 35 euros.
OIDXGUDLWFULUHXQMRXUXQHKLVWRLUHGHOpHQJDJHPHQWGHV
SKLORVRSKHVVXUODVFQHSXEOLTXHGRQWOHSULQFLSDOFULWUH
GHGLVWLQFWLRQVHUDLWOHUDSSRUWODYLROHQFHTXpLODXUD
LPSOLTXSRXUOHVXQVHWOHVDXWUHV,OVSDUHUDLWFHX[TXLVH
VRQWULVTXVOXLWURXYHUGHVUDLVRQVVRXVTXHOTXHSUWH[WH
TXHFHVRLWHWFHX[TXLVHVHURQWQRQVHXOHPHQWJDUGVGHOXL
WURXYHUODPRLQGUHMXVWLILFDWLRQPDLVTXLQpDXURQWMDPDLV
FHVVHQRXWUHGpHQGFRQVWUXLUHODORJLTXHODUKWRULTXHHW
ODVPDQWLTXH7DQGLVTXHOHVSUHPLHUVQpDXURQWSDVWRXMRXUV
VXUVLVWHUODVRLIGHVDQJDXSODLVLUGVLUGXPHXUWUH
TXLVRPPHLOOHHQFKDFXQHWTXHOpKLVWRLUHUYHLOOH
LQWHUYDOOHVUJXOLHUVOHVDXWUHVQpDXURQWMDPDLVYRXOX
FGHUHQDXFXQHFLUFRQVWDQFHFHTXH&DPXVDSSHODLW
VLMXVWHPHQWODFDVXLVWLTXHGXVDQJ 1XOGRXWH
DORUVTXHFpHVWGDQVFHVHFRQGHQVHPEOHTXpLOIDXGUDLW
LQVFULUHODSHQVHHWOpHQJDJHPHQWSKLORVRSKLTXH
SROLWLTXHHWPPHWKLTXHGH-DFTXHV'HUULGDWHOV
TXpLOVVHVRQWGSOR\VGDQVXQLQWHUPLQDEOHTXHV
WLRQQHPHQWGHODYLROHQFHGHVHVUXVHVODQJDJLUHVHW
GHVHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVIUDXGXOHXVHVGHVSUHPLHUVOLYUHV
GH OpFULWXUHHWODGLIIUHQFH'HODJUDPPD
WRORJLH DXGHUQLHUVPLQDLUHTXpLOGRQQDOpFROH
GHVKDXWHVWXGHVHQVFLHQFHVVRFLDOHV/DEWHHWOH
VRXYHUDLQHQWUHHW/HSHQVHXUGHODG
FRQVWUXFWLRQQpDXUDMDPDLVFUXHQHIIHWVDYLHGXUDQW
SRXYRLUDSSRUWHUVDFDXWLRQHQFRUHPRLQVDSSODXGLU
TXHOTXHYLROHQFHTXHFHVRLW,OQpDXUDFRQVHQWL
DXFXQPHXUWUHtHWFHODVXIILWOHGLVWLQJXHUGDQVOH
VLFOHGHWDQWGHVHVFRQWHPSRUDLQVTXLQpDXURQWSDV
UVLVWODWHQWDWLRQGHOXLWURXYHUGHVUDLVRQV
,OQpHVWSDVVXUSUHQDQWGVORUVTXHSDUPLOHV
QRPEUHX[FRPEDWVTXpLODPHQVOHSUHPLHUTXLUH
WLHQQHOpDWWHQWLRQVRLWVRQUHIXVLQFRQGLWLRQQHOGHOD
SHLQHGHPRUWHWVDOXWWHLQIDWLJDEOHHQIDYHXUGHVRQ
DEROLWLRQXQLYHUVHOOH2XWUHVHVQRPEUHXVHVLQWHU
YHQWLRQVHWSURWHVWDWLRQVHQIDYHXUGHFRQGDPQV
PRUWQRWDPPHQWDX[WDWV8QLVFRPPHOHPLOLWDQW
GHV%ODFN3DQWKHUV0XPLD$EX-DPDOLQMXVWHPHQW
FRQGDPQODSHLQHFDSLWDOHIXWGHX[DQQHVGXUDQW
OpREMHWGHVRQVPLQDLUHHQWUHHW$SUV
DYRLUGLWHQOHVVDQFHVGHODSUHPLUHDQQH
FHVRQWFHOOHVGHODVHFRQGHTXHSXEOLHQWDXMRXUGpKXL
OHVGLWLRQV*DOLOHGDQVXQHSRTXHWURXEOHTXLVH
SUWHSOXVTXHMDPDLVOHXUOHFWXUH&DULOIDXWGLUH
HWUSWHUTXpLO\DGHTXRLVpDODUPHU3RXUDXPRLQV
WURLVUDLVRQVQRXVQpHQDYRQVSDVILQLDYHFFHWWHTXHVWLRQ
HWLO\DIRUWFUDLQGUHTXHOHWHPSVGpXQHDEROLWLRQXQLYHU
VHOOHTXLUHQYHUUDLWDX[RXEOLHWWHVGHOpKLVWRLUHOHFKWLPHQW
VXSUPHtFHWHPSVTXpDXURQWWDQWDWWHQGX9LFWRU+XJR
-DFTXHV'HUULGDHWDXMRXUGpKXLHQFRUH5REHUW%DGLQWHUHW
QRXVDYHFHX[tQpHVWSDVSUVGpDUULYHU'pDERUGRQWVXUJL
XQSHXSDUWRXWHQ(XURSHGHVIRUPDWLRQVSROLWLTXHVQDWLR
QDOLVWHVHWUDFWLRQQDLUHVDXVXFFVFURLVVDQWTXLIRQWGX
UWDEOLVVHPHQWGHODSHLQHGHPRUWXQDUJXPHQWGHFDPSDJQH
(WPPHVLOHVYHUURXVLQVWLWXWLRQQHOVVRQWVROLGHVSXLVTXH
OpDGKVLRQODFRPPXQDXWHXURSHQQHIDLWGHOpDEROLWLRQ
XQHFRQGLWLRQVLQHTXDQRQLOVFRQWULEXHQWGLVWLOOHUOHSRLVRQ
GHVRQLGHGDQVODSRSXODWLRQ&HTXLVHPEODLWGHYRLUIDLUH
OpREMHWGpXQLQOXFWDEOHSURJUVVDYRLUTXHSDUWRXWHWSRXU
WRXVODFRQGDPQDWLRQODSHLQHFDSLWDOHHWVRQH[FXWLRQ
GHYLHQGUDLHQWLQWROUDEOHVPHQDFHGHVHUHWRXUQHUHQXQH
LQH[FXVDEOHUJUHVVLRQ8QVRQGDJHGpRSLQLRQSXEOLDX
PRLVGHPDLPRQWUDLWDLQVLTXHGHV)UDQDLVVH
GFODUDLHQWIDYRUDEOHVVRQUWDEOLVVHPHQWDYHFXQHSUR
JUHVVLRQGHSRLQWVSDUUDSSRUWOpDQQHSUFGHQWH2Q
LPDJLQHDLVPHQWFHTXpLOSRXUUDLWHQWUHDSUVOHVDWWHQWDWV
GXQRYHPEUH(QVXLWHODSHLQHGHPRUWFRQWLQXH
GHSDUWDJHUOHPRQGHHQWUHOHVSD\VTXLHQPDLQWLHQQHQWOH
SULQFLSHHWFHX[TXLOpRQWGILQLWLYHPHQWFDUWHGHOpDUVHQDO
GHVSHLQHVFRPPHOpDPRQWUODFDUWRJUDSKLHG\QDPLTXHGH
OpDEROLWLRQUDOLVHSDUXQHTXLSHGX&ROOJHGH)UDQFHHW
GHOpFROHQRUPDOHVXSULHXUHDYHFSRXUXQJUDQGQRPEUH
GpWDWVDXFXQVLJQHLQGLTXDQWTXHOHU\WKPHGHVH[FXWLRQV
SRXUUDLWIDLEOLUHWTXpRQSRXUUDLWVpDFKHPLQHUWRXWOHPRLQV
9,,,/(6/
( 7 7 5 ( 6
YHUVXQPRUDWRLUH-DPDLVOp$UDELHVDRXGLWHOD&KLQHOp,UDQ
Op,UDNOH3DNLVWDQOHVWDWV8QLVHWFQpRQWVHPEOSOXV
ORLJQVGpXQHWHOOHGPDUFKHtHWOHWHUURULVPHOHXUGRQQHOH
SUWH[WHLGDOSRXUOHUHVWHU0DLVVXUWRXWOHGHUQLHUUDSSRUW
SXEOLSDU$PQHVW\,QWHUQDWLRQDOHQPRQWUHTXpXQ
QRPEUHFURLVVDQWGpWDWVRQWHXUHFRXUVODSHLQHFDSLWDOH
HQHWTXHSDUUDSSRUWOpDQQHOHQRPEUHGHV
H[FXWLRQVWDLWHQDXJPHQWDWLRQGHSUVGH
(QILQtHWFpHVWOTXHQRXVUHWURXYRQVOHVPLQDLUHGH
-DFTXHV'HUULGDVXUODSHLQHGHPRUWGRQWWRXWHODIRUFH
HVWGpHQDSSRUWHUODGPRQVWUDWLRQtFHVPPHVWDWVTXL
UHVWHQWLQGIHFWLEOHPHQWDWWDFKVDXSULQFLSHGHODSHLQHGH
PRUWQHOHVRQWSDVVHXOHPHQWSRXUOHFDUDFWUHH[HPSODLUH
5RXVVHDX%HFFDULD1LHW]VFKH+XJRHW&DPXV'DQVFH
VHFRQGYROXPHFHVRQWHVVHQWLHOOHPHQWOHVSRVLWLRQVGH.DQW
ODGRFWULQHGXGURLWHWFHOOHVGH)UHXGVRXVODSOXPHGH
VRQGLVFLSOH5HLNOHEHVRLQGpDYRXHUTXLVRQWFRQYRTXHV
PDLVRQ\FURLVHJDOHPHQWODSHQVHGH+HLGHJJHU6FKPLWW
DLQVLTXHFHOOHGH5REHVSLHUUH&RUWHVHWTXHOTXHVDXWUHV
2QQHUVXPHUDSDVLFLOpHQVHPEOHTXLVpDUWLFXOHDXWRXUGH
WURLVTXHVWLRQVDXILOFRQGXFWHXUGpXQHKLVWRLUHGXVDQJ
TXLHVWDXVVLXQHKLVWRLUHGHVFKWLPHQWV4XpHVWFHTXpXQ
DFWH"4XpHVWFHTXpXQJH"HW4XpHVWFHTXpXQG
VLU"0DLVRQGLUDXQPRWGHFHTXLSRUWHODFRQYLFWLRQGH
FHWHQJDJHPHQWHQIDYHXUGpXQHDEROLWLRQXQLYHUVHOOHGHOD
SHLQHGHPRUW$WWDUGRQVQRXVXQLQVWDQWVXUODGLIIUHQFH
TXpLOVSUWHQWODSHLQHFDSLWDOHGRQWDXVVLELHQ+XJRTXH
&DPXVRX5REHUW%DGLQWHURQWPRQWUGHSXLVORQJWHPSV
FHTXpLOIDOODLWHQSHQVHULOVOHVRQWDYDQWWRXWSDUFHTXpLOV
UHVWHQWFRQYDLQFXVTXHFpHVWDLQVLTXHVHPDQLIHVWHOHSOXV
YLVLEOHPHQWDX[\HX[GXPRQGHOpH[HUFLFHGHOHXUVRXYHUDLQHW
&pHVWVLYUDLTXHORUVTXHOpWDWLVODPLTXHYHXWVHGRQQHU
OHVDWRXUVGpXQWDWVRXYHUDLQLOQp\DSDVGHYRLHTXpLO
HPSUXQWHDYHFSOXVGHGWHUPLQDWLRQPHXUWULUHTXHFHOOH
TXLFRQVLVWHPXOWLSOLHUILOPHUHWGLIIXVHUOHVH[FXWLRQV
FDSLWDOHVTXpLORUGRQQHFRPPHODPDUTXHODSOXVSUREDQWH
SDUFHTXHODSOXVVDQJODQWHGHVDVRXYHUDLQHW4XHFHVRLW
FHOOHGXVXMHWPDWUHHWSRVVHVVHXUGHVDODQJXHRXFHOOHGHV
WDWVMDORX[GHOHXUSUURJDWLYHtSDUH[HPSOHGHOHXUGURLW
GpDFFXHLOOLURXGHUHIXVHUOpKRVSLWDOLWDX[UIXJLVTXLIUDS
SHQWOHXUVSRUWHVGRQWQRXVVDYRQVGVRUPDLVTXpLOVpDJLW
DXVVLGpXQGURLWGHYLHHWGHPRUWODVRXYHUDLQHWFpHVWOD
JUDQGHDIIDLUHGHODGFRQVWUXFWLRQGHUULGLHQQHOHILOTXLUHOLH
OHVXQVDX[DXWUHVOHVOLYUHVOHXUVWKPDWLTXHVOHVOHFWXUHV
TXLOHVRUGRQQHQWGH3ODWRQ&DUO6FKPLWWHW+HLGHJJHU
HQSDVVDQWSDUWDQWGpDXWUHVSRWHVHWSKLORVRSKHV&HODQ
.DIND(WFpHVWSDUFHTXHODSHLQHGHPRUWHVWLQVSDUDEOH
GXGURLWGHJUFH\FRPSULVOpLQFDUQDWLRQPPHGXSRXYRLU
GXVRXYHUDLQTXHODGFRQVWUXFWLRQFRQVWLWXHOHSUHPLHU
FRLQHQIRQFGDQVODFRQVWUXFWLRQSROLWLTXHGHFHWWHPPH
VRXYHUDLQHWPDLVDXVVLGHWRXWOpGLILFHGHVFKWLPHQWVTXL
OpDFFRPSDJQHQW&RPPHVRQKDELWXGHOHSDUFRXUVTXH
'HUULGDSURSRVHGDQVVRQVPLQDLUHVXUODSHLQHGHPRUW
HVWMDORQQGHFRQIURQWDWLRQVPDMHXUHV&pHVWDLQVLTXHOH
SUHPLHUDFFRUGDLWXQHJUDQGHLPSRUWDQFHODOHFWXUHGH
HQWUHWUHFRQGDPQPRXULUFRPPHWRXWWUHPRUWHO
HWWUHFRQGDPQPRUWHQYHUWXGpXQMXJHPHQWGILQLWLI
FRQWUHOHTXHOLOQpH[LVWHSOXVGHUHFRXUV&HTXLGLVWLQJXHOD
SUHPLUHFRQGDPQDWLRQFpHVWTXpODGLIIUHQFHGHODVHFRQGH
XQHDXWRULWVHGRQQHOHSRXYRLUGHFRQWUHYHQLUFHTXLIDLW
SRXUWDQWOpHVVHQFHGHODYLHTXLHVWOpLQGWHUPLQDWLRQGX
PRPHQWGRQQGHODPRUW6pLO\DXQHFKRVHTXpLOQpHVW
SDVGRQQGHVDYRLUHWGRQFGHFDOFXOHUGDQVVRQDEVROXH
SUFLVLRQFULW'HUULGDFpHVWOHPRPHQWGRQQGHPDPRUW
6DXISHXWWUHGDQVOHFDVGHODSHLQHGHPRUWTXLLPSOLTXH
HQSULQFLSHTXHOpRQFRQQDLVVHTXHOpDXWUHFRQQDLVVHHWSDU
IRLVTXHMHFRQQDLVVHODVHFRQGHSUVOHPRPHQWGHIDRQ
GRQFFDOFXODEOHOHPRPHQWGHqPDPRUWqf/RODPRUW
PHYLHQWGHOpDXWUHODSHLQHGHPRUWHVWODVHXOHH[SULHQFH
TXLSHUPHWWHHQSULQFLSHTXHOHPRPHQWGRQQGHODPRUW
VRLWXQPRPHQWYRXOXHWSXEOLTXHPHQWGDW9RLOFHTXL
HVWLQVRXWHQDEOH4XHOHPRPHQWGHODPRUWSXLVVHWUHXQ
WHPSVYRXOXHWLPSRV4XpLOSXLVVHIDLUHDLQVLOpREMHWGpXQ
FDOFXO&DUFHODUHYLHQGUDWRXMRXUVGFLGHUOpLQMXVWLILDEOH
WHUODYLHFHWWHSRVVLELOLWTXLIDLWVRQDEVROXHVLQJXODULW
LUUHPSODDEOHHWLQVXEVWLWXDEOHFHOOHGpWUHHQFRUHHWWRXMRXUV
MXVTXpVRQGHUQLHUVRXIIOHYHQLU
Marc Crpon
'HUQLHUVOLYUHVSDUXVGH0DUF&USRQ
/DJDXFKHFpHVWTXDQG"GLWLRQVGHVTXDWHXUV
/D3HLQHGHPRUW9HUVOpDEROLWLRQDEVROXHDYHF-HDQ/RXLV
+DOSULQ6WHIDQR0DQDFRUGDGDYHFXQHSRVWIDFHGH5REHUW
%DGLQWHU3UHVVHVGHOpFROHQRUPDOHVXSULHXUH3DULV
)5$1$,6(6)95,(56833/0(17/p+80$1,7'8)95,(5
6$92,56$576
8QHUHOLJLRQQHQDWMDPDLVGHULHQ
OHFDVGHOpLVODPGHVRULJLQHV
Jsus selon Mahomet,
de Grard Mordillat et Jrme Prieur.
Seuil/Arte ditions, 271 pages, 20 euros.
'
HVWURLVJUDQGHVUHOLJLRQVPRQRWKLVWHVOpLVODPHVWFHOOHTXL
PDUTXHGHODPDQLUHODSOXVH[SOLFLWHTXLVRLWOpKULWDJH
GRQWHOOHHVWSRUWHXVH&HQpHVWSDVQLHUVRQRULJLQDOLW
TXHGHUHFRQQDWUHTXpHOOHSURORQJHHWUHSUHQGGHQRPEUHX[
VFKPHVGXMXGDVPHHWGXFKULVWLDQLVPHOpD\DQWSUFGH/D
VXFFHVVLRQGHVSURSKWHVUHFRQQXVSDUOp,VODPtGp$EUDKDP
0DKRPHWHQSDVVDQWSDU0RVHRX-VXVtWPRLJQHGHFHWWH
IRUPHGHJQDORJLHUHOLJLHXVHHWV\PEROLTXH6L0DKRPHWHVW
RIILFLHOOHPHQWOHVFHDXGHVSURSKWHVFpHVWTXHGpDXWUHVOpRQW
SUFGHWTXHOHXUOJLWLPLWHVWUHFRQQXH
*UDUG0RUGLOODWHW-UPH3ULHXUDSUVDYRLUVRQG
OHVSUHPLHUVSDVGXFKULVWLDQLVPHSRXUVXLYHQWOHXUSDU
FRXUVHQVpDWWDUGDQWFHWWHIRLVVXUOHVSUHPLHUVSDVGH
OpLVODPHQYLVDJWUDYHUVODILJXUHGH-VXVGDQVOH&RUDQ
HWODWUDGLWLRQPXVXOPDQH/pLGHHVWIFRQGHFDUHQIDLW
WUDYHUVODILJXUHGH-VXVWHOTXHOpHQYLVDJHOH&RUDQFpHVW
WRXWOHFRQWH[WHGpDSSDULWLRQGHOpLVODPTXLVHGYRLOHVHV
VRXUFHVVHVQRXYHDXWVVHVPRGHVGpLQWHUSUWDWLRQVRQ
UDSSRUWDYHFOHFKULVWLDQLVPHGDQVVHVGLIIUHQWHVIRUPHV
HWDYHFOHMXGDVPHUDEELQLTXH
&DURQSDUOHEHDXFRXSGH-VXVGDQVOH&RUDQELHQ
SOXVTXHGH0DKRPHW6L0RVHHVWOHSURSKWHOHSOXVFLW
HW$EUDKDPHVWGFULWFRPPHOHSUHPLHUYUDLPRQRWKLVWH
FpHVW-VXVTXLMRXHXQUOHGFLVLIGDQVOpHVFKDWRORJLH
PXVXOPDQH-VXVVHUDELHQOOD)LQGHVWHPSVORUVTXH
OpDSRFDO\SVHVRQQHUDOpKHXUHGHODUHGGLWLRQHWGHOpXOWLPH
FRPEDWFRQWUHOH0DOHWOp$QWFKULVW'DMMODYDQWOH
WULRPSKHGX5R\DXPHGH'LHX0DKRPHWQHVHUDTXH
OHWPRLQGHVHVH[SORLWV6XUFHSRLQWOHUOHGX&KULVW
HVWWUVSURFKHGHOpHVFKDWRORJLHFKUWLHQQHGHVSUHPLHUVWHPSV
GXFKULVWLDQLVPHHWGHVDSRFDO\SVHVtDSRFU\SKHVRXQRQtTXL
RQWWFULWHV&pHVWSOXWWVXUODYLHHWODQDWXUHGH-VXVTXH
OHVFKRVHVGLYHUJHQWOLUHOHOLYUHGH0RUGLOODWHWGH3ULHXUTXL
VHIRQGHVXUWRXWHXQHOLWWUDWXUHFULWLTXHODYLVLRQPXVXOPDQH
GH-VXVHVWRULJLQDOHSURORQJHDQWGHVKUVLHVFKUWLHQQHVHW
OHVFRQFHSWLRQVGHFRXUDQWVPLQRULWDLUHV
8Q-VXVRULJLQDO
/RUVTXHOH&RUDQGFODUHTXH-VXVQpHVWSDVYUDLPHQWPRUW
VXUODFURL[PDLVTXHFpHVW'LHXTXLDMXVWHIDLWSDUDWUHODFKRVH
DX[REVHUYDWHXUVMXLIVSUVHQWVLOVHPEOHVHSODFHUGDQVODILOLDWLRQ
GXGRFWLVPHGHVSUHPLHUVWHPSVGXFKULVWLDQLVPH/RUVTXpLO
LQVLVWHVXUODQDWXUHKXPDLQHHWHQULHQGLYLQHGH-VXVLOUHSUHQG
XQWKPHGHVSUHPLUHVFRPPXQDXWVMXGRFKUWLHQQHVDXVVL
DSSHOHVELRQLWHVHWQD]DUHQQHV3RXUWDQWOH&KULVWGRQW
OHVWUDLWVVRQWGHVVLQVSDUOH&RUDQHVWVSFLILTXHOpLVODP
LOQpHVWSDVXQVLPSOHSURSKWHGDQVOHVLOODJHGH0RVHRX
Gp,VDDF$LQVLODYLUJLQLWGH0DULHHVWUDIILUPHHWODILJXUH
GHODPUHGX&KULVWVRXVOHQRPDUDELVGH0DU\DPMRXHXQ
UOHLPSRUWDQWGDQVODFRQVWUXFWLRQGX-VXVGHOpLVODPELHQ
SOXVTXHGDQVOH1RXYHDX7HVWDPHQWHQIDLW/HUHFRXUVDX[
SURWRYDQJLOHVDSRFU\SKHVGHODWUDGLWLRQFKUWLHQQHSHUPHW
GHGFULUHOHVSUHPLUHVDQQHVGpXQ-VXVTXLDFFXPXOHOHVPL
UDFOHV$XILQDOOH-VXVPXVXOPDQSOXVTXpXQVLPSOHSURSKWH
DSSDUDWFRPPHXQQRXYHO$GDPQGHODYRORQWGH'LHXHW
FKDSSDQWDXVLPSOHVWDWXWGHPRUWHO
DFFXVHOHVMXLIVGpDYRLUIDLWPHWWUHPRUW-VXVGHPDQLUHELHQ
SOXVQHWWHTXHQHOHIRQWOHVYDQJLOHVtRXFRQWUHOHVFKUWLHQV
LOHVWGRXWHX[TXHOpRULJLQDOLWUDGLFDOHGXPHVVDJHUHOLJLHX[
GH0DKRPHWHWGHODFRPPXQDXWSURWRPXVXOPDQHDLWW
FODLUHSRXUOHVSUHPLHUVFRQFHUQV,OVSURSRVDLHQWOpRULJLQH
XQHUHFWLILFDWLRQGXPRQRWKLVPHPDLVDXVHLQGHODJUDQGH
IDPLOOHGHVPRQRWKLVPHVMXLIVHWFKUWLHQVHWQRQGpLQFDUQHU
XQFRXUDQWVWULFWHPHQWGLYHUJHQW
)DLUHFHTXHOpHQYR\GH'LHX
QpDYDLWSDVIDLW
6HORQ3ULHXUHW0RUGLOODWPDLVDXVVLVHORQGHQRPEUHX[
VSFLDOLVWHVFpHVWDXFRQWDFWSURORQJDYHFOHVMXLIVHWOHVFKU
WLHQVDSUVOHVSUHPLUHVYLFWRLUHVGHVSUHPLHUVFDOLIHV
TXHOpLVODPHQHVWYHQXVHGILQLUFODLUHPHQWFRPPH
XQFRXUDQWVSFLILTXH3RXUFHODLOIDOOXWXQOLYUHDSWH
FRQVWLWXHUXQHDOWHUQDWLYHDX[FULWVMXLIVHWFKUWLHQVGDQV
GHVSD\VFRQWUOVSDUGHV$UDEHVPDLVELHQSOXVSWULV
GHFXOWXUHFULWHTXHQHOpWDLWOp$UDELHSULVODPLTXH
(WOH&RUDQIXWGRQFFRQVWLWXPDOJUOHVUHSURFKHVGH
FHUWDLQVFRPSDJQRQVGXSURSKWHIDLVDQWUHPDUTXHUTXH
OHVFDOLIHVIDLVDLHQWOXQHFKRVHTXH0DKRPHWQpDYDLW
MDPDLVHIIHFWXHOXLPPHPHWWUHSDUFULWHWXQLILHUOH
PHVVDJHGH'LHX
3OXVLQWUHVVDQWHHQFRUHHVWODSODFHGH-VXVGDQVOHV
SUHPLUHVLQVFULSWLRQVLVODPLTXHVGX9,,HVLFOHDORUV
TXHOH&RUDQQpWDLWSDVHQFRUHIL[GILQLWLYHPHQWOHV
LQVFULSWLRQVYDULHQWHWIOXFWXHQWVDQVMDPDLVUHSUHQGUH
PRWSRXUPRWOHFRQWHQXGHVVRXUDWHVYHQLU0DLVRQ
UHWURXYHXQHFRQVWDQWHLPSRUWDQWHGDQVFHVJUDIILWLVLO
\DGHVUIUHQFHVDX[SURSKWHVELEOLTXHV1R$EUD
KDPHWFHWYLGHPPHQW-VXVPDLVSDV0DKRPHW&H
GHUQLHUVHPEOHHQWUHUSDUODSHWLWHSRUWHGDQVOHV\VWPH
UHOLJLHX[PXVXOPDQPDOJUVRQUOHLQGQLDEOH/D0HFTXH
HW0GLQH,OIDXWDWWHQGUHSRXUYRLUHQILQDSSDUDWUHVRQ
QRPfVXUXQHSLFHGHPRQQDLH(WLOQpHVWFLWTXHFRPPH
HQYR\GH'LHXHWQRQVRQSURSKWH,OIDXGUDGHVDQQHV
SRXUTXHODILJXUHSURSKWLTXHGHVPXVXOPDQVVRLWDYDQWWRXW
FHOOHGH0DKRPHWOpRULJLQHFHUOHWDLWPDQLIHVWHPHQWWHQX
SDU-VXV&pHVWELHQGDQVOHEHVRLQGHIDLUHPHUJHUXQSUR
SKWHVSFLILTXHOpLVODPIDFHGpDXWUHVUHOLJLRQVIRUWHPHQW
VWUXFWXUHVTXHOHVWDWXWGH0DKRPHWHVWGHYHQXWHOTXpLOHVW
DXMRXUGpKXL(QFRUHXQHIRLVRQFRQVWDWHTXHQRQVHXOHPHQW
XQHUHOLJLRQQHQDWSDVGHULHQPDLVTXpHOOHVHPRGOHVHORQGHV
LPSUDWLIVIUTXHPPHQWELHQSHXUHOLJLHX[FRPPHHQWPRLJQH
SDUIDLWHPHQWOpLVODPGHVRULJLQHV
Baptiste Eychart
'XEXIIHWRXOpHQWUHHQPDWLUH
Jean Dubuffet
Mtamorphoses du paysage ,
jusquau 8 mai 2016, la Fondation Beyeler,
Ble.
QFRQQDWODIDPHXVHSKUDVHGH-HDQ
'XEXIIHW/pDUWGRLWVXUJLURRQQH
OpDWWHQGSDVSDUVXUSULVH/HVSLUHVGLI
ILFXOWVTXpRQSURXYHFODVVHUFHWDUWLVWHGDQV
OHSD\VDJHHVWKWLTXHFRQWHPSRUDLQVHPEOHQW
UHIOWHUSDUIDLWHPHQWFHWWHDIILUPDWLRQ1RQSDV
TXpLOVRLWLPSRVVLEOHGHOXLFROOHUGHVWLTXHWWHV
$XFRQWUDLUHLOHVWWRXUWRXURXSLVHQPPH
WHPSVPDWLULVWHHWOpLQYHQWHXUGHOpDUWEUXW
DEVWUDLWVXUUDOLVWHH[SUHVVLRQQLVWHJHVWXHOf
0DLVDYDQWWRXWVDSURGXFWLRQSODVWLTXHQpHVW
ILGOHTXpXQHVHXOHORJLTXHFHOOHTXLUHIXVH
OHFRQIRUWHWOHGDQJHUGpXQV\VWPHOLQDLUH
HWVFOURVDQW
3URFGDQWSDUVULHVRXSOXWWSDUF\FOHV
OpzXYUHGH'XEXIIHWVpDFFRUGHPHUYHLOOHDYHF
ODPWDSKRUHGHOpDUEUHHWVHVUDPLILFDWLRQV
FHWWHLPDJHHPSOR\HSDU.OHHFRPPHHP
EOPHGHFUDWLRQRUJDQLTXHOpLQVWDUGH.OHH
OpLGHQWLWLPPGLDWHPHQWUHFRQQDLVVDEOHGHV
WUDYDX[GH'XEXIIHWQpHPSFKHSDVXQHIIHW
GHUHQRXYHOOHPHQWSHUPDQHQW'HIDLWOpDUWLVWH
FRPPHVRQDQDXQGRQUDUHFHOXLGpLQYHQ
WHUGHVIRUPHVLQFRQQXHVHWVXJJHVWLYHVGHV
UHSUVHQWDWLRQVMDPDLVDSHUXHVDXSDUDYDQW
&RPPH.OHHHQFRUH'XEXIIHWPDQLHDXVVL
IDFLOHPHQWODSOXPHTXHOHSLQFHDX$LQVLOHV
WLWUHVYRFDWHXUVTXpLODWWULEXHVHVGLIIUHQWV
WKPHVVRQWVRXYHQWGHVH[SUHVVLRQVFRQGHQVHV
GpXQHSRVLHSHUVRQQHOOHHWXQLYHUVHOOH$VWX
FXHLOOLODIOHXUGHEDUEH"/LHX[DEUJV6LWHV
DODWRLUHV%UHIVH[HUFLFHVGpFROHMRXUQDOLUHf
0DLVSHXWWUHODSDUWLFXODULWSULQFLSDOH
GH'XEXIIHWHVWVDOXWWHFRQWUHFHTXpLOQRPPH
ODFXOWXUHDVSK\[LDQWH0RQDUWHVWXQH
HQWUHSULVHGHUKDELOLWDWLRQGHVYDOHXUVGFULHV
GFODUHFHOXLTXLQpDHXGHFHVVHGHGUHVVHUXQ
UTXLVLWRLUHFRQWUHODFXOWXUHHWVRQFDUDFWUHU
SUHVVLI2SSRVOpDUWWURSVRSKLVWLTXLOH[DOWH
ODSURGXFWLRQGpWUHV LQGHPQHVGHFXOWXUH
DUWLVWLTXHHWDGPLUHOHVTXDOLWVGpLQJQXLW
GHVSRQWDQLWHWGpLQYHQWLRQ
6HIDLVDQWOHGIHQVHXUGHWRXWHIIRUWSODV
WLTXHGILQLDXSDUDYDQWFRPPHKRUVQRUPHV
SDUOHTXHOVpH[SULPHQWOHVLQWHUQVOHVDXWRGL
GDFWHVHWSOXVJQUDOHPHQWOHVLUUJXOLHUV
GHOpDUWLOIRQGHHQOD&RPSDJQLHGpDUW
EUXW([SRVHHQ6XLVVH/DXVDQQHFHWWHFRO
OHFWLRQDWWULEXHSRXUODSUHPLUHIRLVOHVWDWXW
GHYULWDEOHFUDWHXUWRXVFHX[TXLWDLHQWHQ
PDUJHGHVPLOLHX[DUWLVWLTXHUHFRQQXV/pzXYUH
GH'XEXIIHWSDUVHVVLPSOLILFDWLRQVSDUVHV
PDWULDX[LQVROLWHVSDUVRQUHIXVGHWRXWHUJOH
DFDGPLTXHHQWUHWLHQWXQIOLUWDPELJXDYHF
OpDUWEUXW
3RO\PRUSKHHWERXOLPLTXHOpDUWLVWHHVW
OpRULJLQHGpXQHSURGXFWLRQGpDERQGDQFHH[
FHSWLRQQHOOHSOXVGHWUDYDX[USHUWRULV
GHVPLOOLHUVGHSDJHVFULWHV
&URLWLOGHFHWWHIDRQVpDSSURFKHUGHOD
SURGXFWLRQDUWLVDQDOHYLWHUOHFKHIGpzXYUH"
4XRLTXpLOHQVRLWODSUROLIUDWLRQFHOOXODLUHOH
WURSSOHLQVHWURXYHJDOHPHQWDXVHLQPPH
GpXQHFUDWLRQPXOWLIRUPHHWYDGHOpHVSDFH
XUEDLQUHPSOLGHILJXULQHVDX[WUDFHVRXJUDIILWLV
PXOWLSOHVTXLFRXUHQWOHVVXUIDFHVGHVHV0LUHV
RXVHV1RQ/LHX[
/pH[SRVLWLRQGHOD)RQGDWLRQVHQRPPH
OHV0WDPRUSKRVHVGXSD\VDJH/HVSD\
VDJHVOHVSOXVFRQQXVGH'XEXIIHWVRQWOHV7H[
WXURORJLHVFHVWRLOHVGpDSSDUHQFHRUJDQLTXH
TXLVHPEOHQWFRPPHXQHDFFXPXODWLRQGH
SRXVVLUHHWGHWHUUH3RXUOpDUWLVWHWRXWHIRLV
OpLGHHVWGpREWHQLUGHVQDSSHVfGRQQDQWXQH
LPSUHVVLRQGHPDWLUHIRXUPLOODQWHYLYDQWHHW
VFLQWLOODQWHfPDLVYRTXDQWDXVVLWRXWHVHVSFHV
GHWH[WXUHVLQGWHUPLQHVYRLUHGHVJDOD[LHVRX
GHVQEXOHXVHV/HVVWUXFWXUHVPRXYDQWHVHW
LPSUYLVLEOHVODIOXLGLWGHODPDWLUHIRUPHQW
GHVDPDOJDPHVYDVLIVTXLIUDQFKLVVHQWOHVOL
PLWHVGHODWRLOH$XWUHPHQWGLWGHVSD\VDJHV
TXLVpYDGHQWGDQVOpLPDJLQDLUH
Itzhak Goldberg
$576
'DQLHO+HUQDQGH]6DOD]DU
5EHOOLRQHWUYODWLRQ
pLQWUWGHOpDUWLVWHJXDWPDOWTXH'DQLHO+HUQDQGH]
6DOD]DUSRXUODSKRWRJUDSKLHHVWQGDQVVRQHQIDQFH
HWVpHVWFRQYHUWLHQSDVVLRQORUVTXpLOILWVHVWXGHV
GpDUFKLWHFWXUH3HQGDQWODJXHUUHFLYLOHGX*XDWHPDODGDQV
OHVDQQHVLOWUDYDLOOHFRPPHUHSRUWHUSRXUGHVDJHQFHV
LQWHUQDWLRQDOHVFRPPHOp$JHQFH)UDQFH3UHVVH5HXWHUVHW
$VVRFLDWHG3UHVV
6HVSUHPLUHVSKRWRVRQWXQOLHQGLUHFWDYHFOpDUFKLWHF
WXUH(QLOGFLGHGpDEDQGRQQHUOHMRXUQDOLVPHSRXU
VHFRQVDFUHUSOHLQHPHQWOpDUWHQFHQWUDQWVRQSURMHWVXUOH
SRUWUDLWOHQXHWODPPRLUHKLVWRULTXH
3LRQQLHUGHODSKRWRJUDSKLHGHQXVPDVFXOLQVHQ$PULTXH
ODWLQHLOVpORLJQHGHODUHSUVHQWDWLRQWUDGLWLRQQHOOHGXFRUSV
PDVFXOLQ&RPPHOHPHQWLRQQH0LJXHO)ORUVGDQVVRQ
LQWUHVVDQWWUDYDLOVXUODSKRWRGHQXPDVFXOLQHQ$PULTXH
FHQWUDOH'DQLHO+HUQDQGH]6DOD]DUHVWOHVHXOSKRWRJUDSKH
ODWLQRDPULFDLQWUHVOHFWLRQQSDU'DYLG/HGGLFNSRXU
VRQRXYUDJH7KH0DOH1XGHSXEOLFKH]7DVFKHQHQHW
ODUHQRPPHGXSKRWRJUDSKHYDELHQDXGHOGHVIURQWLUHV
GHOp$PULTXHFHQWUDOH
'HSXLV'DQLHO+HUQDQGH]6DOD]DUDSUVHQWXQH
WUHQWDLQHGpH[SRVLWLRQVLQGLYLGXHOOHVHQ$PULTXHODWLQHDX[
WDWV8QLVHQ(VSDJQHHQ%HOJLTXHHQ)UDQFHHQ&RUHHW
DX-DSRQ6RQWUDYDLODWUFRPSHQVSDUGLIIUHQWVSUL[
GRQWOHJO\SKHGpRUGHODELHQQDOHGpDUW3DL]OHSUL[$]XVD
6KRSRXUVRQRXYUDJH*XDWHPDODPPRLUHGpXQDQJHOHSUL[
-RQDWKDQ0DQQ+XPDQLWDVGHOp,QWHUQDWLRQDO$VVRFLDWLRQ
RI3K\VLFLDQVLQ$,'6&DUHSRXUOHFRQWHQXKXPDQLWDLUH
GHVRQzXYUH
5LJREHUWD0HQFKXOXLDRFWUR\ODUSOLTXHGHODPGDLOOH
GXSUL[1REHOGHODSDL['HSXLVVRQWUDYDLOVXUOH
JQRFLGHDX*XDWHPDODIDLWSDUWLHGHVFROOHFWLRQVSHUPD
QHQWHVGHODFDVHUQH'RVVLQPPRULDOPXVHHWFHQWUHGH
GRFXPHQWDWLRQVXUOp+RORFDXVWHHWOHVGURLWVGHOpKRPPH
'DQLHO+HUQDQGH]6DOD]DUSUVHQWHGDQVODFDSLWDOHJXDW
PDOWTXHOpH[SRVLWLRQ*XDWHPDODVHUHYEHOD/H*XDWHPDOD
VHUYOHVHUHEHOOHXQHVULHGHGLSW\TXHVSKRWRJUD
SKLTXHVHQQRLUHWEODQFSUVHQWDQWOHVFRUSVGpKRPPHVHW
GHIHPPHVKDELOOVSXLVQXV&KDTXHSHUVRQQHHVWLQVFULWH
GDQVXQPPHHVSDFHQHXWUHHQDQJOHtHQUIUHQFHH[SOLFLWH
DXWUDYDLOGp,UYLQJ3HQQTXLDXWLOLVFHW\SHGHPRQWDJHtFH
TXLSHUPHWDXSKRWRJUDSKHGpDFTXULUXQFHUWDLQYROXPHGHV
MHX[GpRPEUHHWGHOXPLUHHWGpLVROHUOHPRGOHGHOpHQVHUUHU
SRXUPLHX[OHUYOHU8QPPHGLVSRVLWLIGURXODGOLELWXP
TXLVHGSORLHGDQVODJDOHULHHQXQHVXLWHLPSUHVVLRQQDQWH
;/
( 6
HWGRQQHIRUFHHWXQLWOpHQVHPEOHPDOJUODVLQJXODULWGH
FKDTXHFRUSVGHFKDTXHSRVHGHFKDTXHYLVDJHGHFKDTXH
H[SUHVVLRQ
/HKDVDUGOpRUGUHGDQVOHTXHOOHVSKRWRVRQWWSULVHV
FHOXLRXOHVPRGOHVVRQWDUULYVIRUPHQWOHSDUFRXUVUHWHQX
SRXUOHPRQWDJHVLOpRQH[FHSWHFHUWDLQVDMXVWHPHQWV/HV
WLWUHVRQWWFKRLVLVSDUOHVPRGOHVHX[PPHV&HUWDLQV
RQWFRQVHUYOHXUQRPGpDXWUHVXQLTXHPHQWOHXUSUQRP
FHUWDLQVRQWSULVXQSVHXGRQ\PHSUHVTXHWRXVRQWPHQWLRQQ
OHXURFFXSDWLRQ
/HWLWUHGHOpH[SRVLWLRQHVWH[SOLFLWH6pLOYRTXHYLGHP
PHQWODUYODWLRQDXVHQVSKRWRJUDSKLTXHGXWHUPHLO
H[SULPHJDOHPHQWDXGHOGXWUDLWHPHQWGDQVODFKDPEUH
QRLUHODPLVHQXGHODSHUVRQQDOLWGHOpLQGLYLGXSKRWR
JUDSKLGHVSDUWLHVOHVSOXVLQWLPHVGHVRQWUHXQHIRLVOHV
YWHPHQWVWV&KDQJHUOHYSRXUOHEQpHVWYLGHPPHQW
SDVSRXUOpDUWLVWHXQVLPSOHMHXGHPRWVHWHQFRUHPRLQVXQH
IDQWDLVLHXQHLURQLH3DVVHUGHODUYODWLRQODUEHOOLRQ
FpHVWODQFHUXQGILOpRUGUHWDEOL&pHVWQRQFHUDYHFIRUFH
OHUHMHWGHVFRQYHQWLRQVPRUDOLVWHVHWFRQVHUYDWULFHV8QUHMHW
GHODQRUPHHWGHVVFKPDVULJLGHVTXLHQVHUUHQWFRPPH
GDQVXQWDXXQHVRFLWSDWULDUFDOHHWPDFKLVWH&pHVW
SUVHQWHUODVRFLWJXDWPDOWTXHGDQVODULFKHVVHGHVD
GLYHUVLWHWGHVHVPWLVVDJHV&pHVWSURPRXYRLUXQHVRFLW
SOXVUHVSRQVDEOHSOXVRXYHUWHSOXVWROUDQWHSOXVOLEUH
&RPPHOHUDSSHOOH2VFDU0DOGRQDGRGDQVOHWH[WHGpLQ
WURGXFWLRQGHOpH[SRVLWLRQLOVpDJLWODIRLVGHVHGIDLUHGX
YRLOHVHUYOHUGXODWLQUHYHODUHHWGpRSSRVHUXQHUVLVWDQFH
VHUHEHOOHUGXODWLQUHEHOOLV8QHUEHOOLRQGLWOpDQWKURSR
ORJXHTXLDGLYHUVHVIDFHWWHV/DSUHPLUHHVWFHUWDLQHPHQW
FHOOHGHTXLWWHUWRXWOLHQHQWUHOHQXDUWLVWLTXHHWODFRQFHSWLRQ
GXFRUSVLGDOGpROpLGHGHODQFHUXQHFRQYRFDWLRQRXYHUWH
OpDYHXJOHVDQVDXFXQFULWUHGHVOHFWLRQSDUOpDSSDUHQFH
SK\VLTXH/DGHX[LPHHVWGHFRQIURQWHUXQHVRFLWIDXV
VHPHQWSXULWDLQHHWVRWWHPHQWFRQVHUYDWULFHGHVIRUPHV
DOWHUQDWLYHVGpH[SUHVVLRQFHOOHVGHOpDUWLVWHPDLVJDOHPHQW
FHOOHVGHVHVPRGOHV(WODWURLVLPHFHUWDLQHPHQWODSOXV
GLIILFLOHFHOOHGHTXHVWLRQQHUOHVWDQGDUGSK\VLTXHLGDOHWGH
VpRSSRVHUQRQVHXOHPHQWDX[VWURW\SHVGpRULJLQHHWKQLTXH
GpJHGHFODVVHVRFLDOHGpRSWLRQSROLWLTXHRXVH[XHOOHPDLV
JDOHPHQWODPDQLSXODWLRQGRQWFHVWDQGDUGHVWOpREMHWHW
TXLFRQGXLWDXPSULVGHODGLYHUVLWDXUHQIRUFHPHQWGHV
VWUXFWXUHVGHSRXYRLUHWOpHQFRXUDJHPHQWGHODYLROHQFH
2QOpDXUDFRPSULVFHSURMHWDUWLVWLTXHHVWXQSURMHWPL
QHPPHQWSROLWLTXH,OHVWQHQGDQVOHFRQWH[WHGH
ODPRELOLVDWLRQFLWR\HQQHGHVPRLVGHPDLHWGHMXLQGDQV
OHSDUFFHQWUDOGHODFDSLWDOHJXDWPDOWTXHODVXLWHGHOD
GPLVVLRQGXSUVLGHQW2WWR3UH]0ROLQD
8QDSSHOODQFSDUOpDUWLVWHVXU)DFHERRNDSHUPLVOpLQ
YLWDWLRQGHPRGOHVQRQSURIHVVLRQQHOVPDMHXUVVDQVGLV
FULPLQDWLRQGpJHGHJHQUHGpRULJLQHRXGHSURIHVVLRQ
/HVGL]DLQHVGHSHUVRQQHVTXLRQWUSRQGXOpLQYLWD
WLRQGHOpDUWLVWHRQWHQWUHHWDQV'DQVFHUWDLQVFDV
'DQLHO+HUQDQGH]6DOD]DUDFKRLVLGHOHVSKRWRJUDSKLHU
VHXOHV'DQVGpDXWUHVFDVLOVIRUPHQWGHVFRXSOHVUHOVRX
LPDJLQDLUHVGHVKRPPHVHWGHVIHPPHVGHVKRPRVHWGHV
KWURVXQHSHUVRQQHWUDQVJHQUH&HUWDLQVVRQWDUWLVWHV
SODVWLFLHQVGDQVHXUVPXVLFLHQV'pDXWUHVVRQWWXGLDQWV
VSRUWLIVHPSOR\VHQWUHSUHQHXUVHQVHLJQDQWVDFWLYLVWHV
RXH[UHFHQWGHVSURIHVVLRQVOLEUDOHV
/HVUHJDUGVHWOHVFRUSVH[SULPHQWSDUIRLVDYHFXQHFHU
WDLQHYLROHQFHGHVGRXOHXUVHWGHVSHXUVGHVWUDXPDWLVPHV
TXLVHPEOHQWVRXGDLQVpFRXOHUGHYDQWOpREMHFWLIGXSKRWR
JUDSKHFRPPHOLEUHVGpXQSRLGV8QHVRFLWRXODYLROHQFH
QpHVWSDVUVROXHVpH[SRVHGHPDQLUHRXYHUWHHIIURQWH
SURYRFDWULFH&RPPHPHOpDUDFRQWOHSKRWRJUDSKHXQGHV
PRGOHVHVWDUULYODVDQFHDYHFGpKRUULEOHVFRXWHDX[XQ
PDUWHDXSRXUHVVD\HUGHVHEOHVVHU
-HFKHUFKDLVGHVJHQVUHOVGLW'DQLHO+HUQDQGH]6D
OD]DUSRXUH[SULPHUXQHUDOLWTXHMHYRXODLVDSSUKHQGHU
SROLWLTXHPHQWHWDUWLVWLTXHPHQW0DLVSHQGDQWOHSURFHVVXV
DXILOGHVVHVVLRQVTXLRQWGXUGHPLQXWHVMHPHVXLV
UHQGXFRPSWHGXFWKXPDQLVWHGHPRQSURMHWOHIDLWTXH
PHVPRGOHVDLHQWFHWWHRXYHUWXUHFHWWHOLEHUWFHGVLUGH
VRUWLUGHVFDQRQVWDEOLVDWSRXUPRLXQHH[SULHQFHWUV
VDWLVIDLVDQWH'HYDQWODQXGLWGHPHVPRGOHVMpDLUXVVL
PHWWUHGHFWODVHQVXDOLWTXLHVWVRXYHQWXQIUHLQMpDLSRUW
XQUHJDUGVXUOHFRUSVGHPDQLUHSUHVTXHDEVWUDLWHSUHVTXH
FOLQLTXHVDQVODFKDUJHVH[XHOOHVDQVFHWWHFRORUDWLRQ-H
PHVXLVFRQFHQWUVXUOHUHJDUG&pHVWODMX[WDSRVLWLRQ
GXPRGOHKDELOOSXLVQXTXLSHUPHWGHPHWWUHOpDFFHQW
VXUODGLIIUHQFHHWODUYODWLRQTXLVpRSUHYLHQWGHFHWWH
SUR[LPLWGHFHWWHOLEUDWLRQPPHVLFXULHXVHPHQWFHOOHFL
HVWSOXWWGDQVOHSRUWUDLWKDELOOTXHGDQVOHQX
2XLSRXUOHSKRWRJUDSKHODQXGLWHVWXQHIRUPHGH
OLEHUWHWODSHUYHUVLRQQpHVWSDVGDQVOHVLPDJHVPDLVGDQVOHV
\HX[GHFHOXLRXGHFHOOHTXLUHJDUGH6HGYWLUGLWMROLPHQW
'DQLHO+HUQDQGH]6DOD]DUFpHVWDEDQGRQQHUOHVQRUPHVHW
OHVFRQYHQWLRQVSRXUVDYRLUTXLQRXVVRPPHV
Marc Sagaert
/(775(6)5$1$,6(6)95,(56833/0(17/p+80$1,7'8)95,(5
&,10$7+75(
CHRONIQUE CINMA DE LUC CHATEL
1DWXUHYLYDQWH
GHEDQGHRULJLQDOHOHVSHFWDWHXUHVWHQUHYDQFKHKDELWSDUOHV /HXUPDLVRQVpHVWUHWURXYHFHUQHSDUOHVLPPHQVHVSODQWVGH
,
'DQVXQPLQXVFXOHORFDOVLWXDXFzXUGpXQTXDUWLHUDQRQ\PH QRWHVGXYHQWGHVJULOORQVGHVRLVHDX[fSOXVLHXUVUHSULVHV FDQQHVXFUH8QMRXUVRQILOVWRPEHJUDYHPHQWPDODGH(OOHQH
GH7RN\R6HQWDURODFLQTXDQWDLQHPXWLTXHSDVVHVHVMRXUQHV 7RNXHH[SOLTXH6HQWDURHW:DNDQDTXpHOOHGLDORJXHDYHFOD SHXWVpHQRFFXSHUWUDYDLOODQWFRPPHRXYULUHDJULFROHDYHFVD
FXLVLQHUOpXQLTXHPHWVTXpLOSURSRVHDX[FOLHQWVGHVGRUD\DNLV OXQHOHVDUEUHVOHVRLVHDX[$YHFOHVDOLPHQWVTXpHOOHWUDYDLOOH EHOOHILOOHGDQVOHVFKDPSVRHOOHSDVVHGHVMRXUQHVHQWLUHV
VSFLDOLWMDSRQDLVHFRPSRVHGHSDQFDNHVHWGHKDULFRWVURXJHV JDOHPHQWHOOHFXLVLQHFRPPHHOOHYLWHQIDLVDQWILGHVDSSD FRXSHUOHVFDQQHVVXFUHODPDFKHWWHSRXUXQHSDLHGHPLVUH
FRQILWV2QGHYLQHGDQVODUSWLWLRQHWODSUFLVLRQGHVJHVWHV UHQFHVHQVHILDQWVRQLQVWLQFWHQJXHWWDQWOHP\VWUHGHVWUHV (OOHDSSHOOHGRQFVRQH[PDULSDUWLGRX]HDQVDXSDUDYDQW6RQ
OHPR\HQGpYDFXHUVRQPDOWUH8QHUHQFRQWUHSHXRUGLQDLUH HWGHVFKRVHVHQWDQWOpFRXWHGHWRXWFHTXLQHVpH[SULPHSDV DUULYHYDFUHUXQKXLVFORVHQFRUHSOXVWRXIIDQWTXHODPDODGLH
YDWRXWODIRLVH[SORVHUVDURXWLQHUYHLOOHUGHGRXORXUHX[ DYHFGHVPRWVHWTXLHVWGHYHQXSRXUHOOHODSDULDODPDUJLQDOH SXOPRQDLUHTXLSXLVH*HUDUGRFORXDXOLW
VRXUFHGHSODLVLUHWGHYRORQW
)RUWGpXQHPDWULVHWHFKQLTXHLPSUHVVLRQQDQWHTXLWUDQV
VRXYHQLUVHWOXLIDLUHHQILQDIIURQWHUFHWWHYLHTXpLOIX\DLW
IRUPHFKDTXHSODQHQVXSHUEHWDEOHDXRODOXPLUHODSHUV
3RXUOHV'OLFHVGH7RN\R1DRPL.DZDVHFLQDVWHMDSR
SHFWLYHODFRPSRVLWLRQOHVJHVWHVVRQWWXGLVDXPLOOLPWUH
QDLVHVXUGRXHGHDQVHOOHDUDOLVGL[ORQJVPWUDJHVGH /HV'OLFHVGH7RN\RILOPGH1DRPL.DZDVHDYHF.LULQ.LNL0DVD
&HVDU$FHYHGRQHQRXVODLVVHDXFXQHFKDQFHGpFKDSSHU
ILFWLRQHWGL[GRFXPHQWDLUHVGHSXLVfDFKRLVLGpDGDSWHU WRVKL1DJDVH.\DUD8FKLGDPLQHQVDOOH
FHWWHGRXEOHLPSDVVHRVRQWHQJDJVOHVSHUVRQQDJHVFHOOH
XQURPDQGH'XULDQ6XNHJDZD $QSXEOLHQ)UDQFHSDU
GpXQHWHQVLRQIDPLOLDOHFURLVVDQWHWLVVHGHQRQGLWVGRQW
$OELQ0LFKHO&HILOPDGHVDOOXUHVGHIDEOHSDUODVLPSOLFLW
RQFRQQDWUDILQDOHPHQWOpLVVXHHWFHOOHGpXQHSUHVVLRQGH
HWODIRUFHGHVSHUVRQQDJHVTXLOHSRUWHQWHWSDUODPRUDOHTXL
,,
VHGJDJHGHOHXUUHQFRQWUH&HOOHTXLYDUDSLGHPHQWHQYDKLU
'DQVOHSUHPLHUORQJPWUDJHGXMHXQHUDOLVDWHXUFRORPELHQ SURSULWDLUHVWRXWSXLVVDQWVGRQWRQGHYLQHDLVPHQWTXpLOV
OpFUDQHWQRWUHHVSULWFRPPHHOOHDSRVVGFHOXLGH6HQWDUR &HVDU$FHYHGROD7HUUHHWOpRPEUHODQDWXUHHVWJDOHPHQWRP ILQLURQWWWRXWDUGSDUGWUXLUHFHTXpLOUHVWHFHWWHIDPLOOH
HVWXQHSHWLWHIHPPHUYHXVHHWIUDJLOH7RNXHDQVHOOH QLSUVHQWHPDLVHOOHDSOXWWOHPDXYDLVUOH/HILOPVHGURXOH GHFRLQGHSDUDGLVHQSDUWLFXOLHUFHWDUEUHVRPSWXHX[DXSLHG
YHXWWRXWSUL[WUHHPEDXFKHSDUOHFXLVLQLHUVROLWDLUHTXL DXFzXUGpXQHUJLRQGH&RORPELHOH&DXFDDXVXGGH&DOL GXTXHO$OIRQVRDYDLWMDGLVDSSULVVRQILOVUHFRQQDWUHHW
UHFKHUFKHXQHYHQGHXVH$SUVXQHVULHGHUHIXVSROLVHWWUV TXLYLWTXDVLH[FOXVLYHPHQWGHVFXOWXUHVGHFDQQHVXFUH3RXU LPLWHUOHFKDQWGHVRLVHDX[
JQVGHFHGHUQLHUHOOHXWLOLVHOpDUPHIDWDOHOpDQFHWWHSWH GYHORSSHUOHXUH[SORLWDWLRQOHVSURSULWDLUHVDFKWHQWGHSOXV
EDVHGHKDULFRWVURXJHVGRQWRQJDUQLWOHVGRUD\DNLV$SUV HQSOXVGHWHUUDLQV$OLFLDHOOHQHYHXWQLYHQGUHODPDLVRQR /D7HUUHHWOpRPEUHILOPGH&HVDU$FHYHGR
DYRLUJRWFHX[TXH7RNXHOXLDODLVVVHOOHTXLOHVFXLVLQH HOOHYLWGHSXLVGHVGFHQQLHVQLSDUWLU(OOH\KDELWHDYHFVRQ DYHF+DLPHU/HDO+LOGD5XL](GLVRQ5DLJRVD
GHSXLVFLQTXDQWHDQV6HQWDURHVWFRQYDLQFXLOQHSHXWSDV ILOV*HUDUGRVDEHOOHILOOH(VSHUDQ]DHWVRQSHWLWILOV0DQXHO PLQHQVDOOH
SULYHUVHVFOLHQWVGHFHGOLFH,OYDGRQF
OpHPEDXFKHUFRPPHDLGHFXLVLQLUH&pHVW
XQVXFFV2QIDLWGVRUPDLVODTXHXHGDQVOD
UXHSRXUDFKHWHUVHVGRUD\DNLV&HTXLDLGHUD
DXVVL6HQWDURUHPERXUVHUOpHPSUXQWYLH
TXLOXLDSHUPLVGpREWHQLUODJUDQFHGHFH
SHWLWFRPPHUFHGHTXDUWLHU-XVTXpDXMRXU
ROHSDVVPDXGLWGH7RNXHYDODUDWWUDSHU
HWDYHFHOOH6HQWDURVHVFOLHQWVHWODPDX
YDLVHFRQVFLHQFHMDSRQDLVHOpJDUGGpXQH
SDUWLHGHVDSRSXODWLRQf6HQWDURYDGHYRLU
IDLUHXQFKRL[UDGLFDOTXLYDERXOHYHUVHU
VDYLH,OVHUDSRXUFHODDLGSDU:DNDQD
XQHFROOJLHQQHTXDVLPHQWDXVVLPXWLTXH
TXHOXLTXpLODYDLWSULVHHQDIIHFWLRQ7URLV
JQUDWLRQVGVRUPDLVXQLHVGDQVXQFRPEDW
SRXUODGLJQLW
&HTXLUHQIRUFHODWRQDOLWIDEXOHXVH
GXILOPFpHVWOpRPQLSUVHQFHGHODQDWXUHTXL
VHPEOHJXLGHUOHVSHUVRQQDJHVRPQLSUVHQFH
YLVXHOOHDYHFOHVFHULVLHUVTXLGDQVFHFDGUH
XUEDLQGVKXPDQLVRIIUHQWXQHSRVVLELOLW
GHEHDXWGHUHVSLUDWLRQGHVDOXWRPQL
Les Dlices de Tokyo, lm de Naomi Kawase, avec (de gauche droite) Kyara Uchida, Kirin Kiki et Masatoshi Nagase.
SUVHQFHPXVLFDOHDXVVLFDUVpLOQp\DSDV
6RFUDWHHQ<YHOLQHV
QPDUJHGXWKWUHPLILFWLIPLGRFXPHQ
WDLUHTXpLOGYHORSSHDYHFVRQFROOHFWLI
OH0RXNGHQ7KWUH2OLYLHU&RXORQ
-DEORQNDVHSUWHDXMHXGHODFRPPDQGH&H
TXLOXLUXVVLWELHQ$SUVDYHQXH9LFWRU
+XJRFUDYHFXQJURXSHGHPLJUDQWVGDQV
OHFDGUHGHVSLFHVGpDFWXDOLWSURSRVHVSDU
OH7KWUHGHOD&RPPXQH$XEHUYLOOLHUV
OHPHWWHXUHQVFQHDUSRQGXODGHPDQGH
GXGLUHFWHXUGX&'1GH6DUWURXYLOOH6\OYDLQ
0DXULFHSRXUODHGLWLRQGXIHVWLYDO2G\VVHV
HQ<YHOLQHVMDQYLHUDYULO/HSULQFLSH
FUHUXQHSLFHMHXQHSXEOLFDXWHUPHGpXQH
UVLGHQFHGDQVXQWDEOLVVHPHQWVFRODLUHRX
DXWUHVWUXFWXUHORFDOHHQYXHGpXQHWRXUQH
GDQVOpHQVHPEOHGXGSDUWHPHQW6HV7URLV
VRQJHVIRQWGRQFSDUWLHGHVVL[FUDWLRQVGHFHW
YQHPHQWDXTXHORQWDXVVLSDUWLFLS6\OYDLQ
0DXULFH$XUOLH0RULQ-HDQ3LHUUH%DUR
-RKDQQ\%HUWHW1LFRODV/DXUHQW
/HVFRQWUDLQWHVGHOpH[HUFLFHtXQHKHXUH
PD[LPXPHWXQHVFQRJUDSKLHDVVH]OJUH
SRXUSHUPHWWUHGHVOLHX[QRQTXLSVGpDF
FXHLOOLUOHVSLFHVtRQWPHQ2OLYLHU&RXORQ
-DEORQNDVXUOHVWUDFHVGH3ODWRQ'XSURFV
GH6RFUDWHSUFLVPHQWPDWLUHYLGHQWHGH
UIOH[LRQVXUODGPRFUDWLHHWVHVLQVWLWXWLRQV
&DUOHFRIRQGDWHXUGX0RXNGHQ7KWUHDYHF
(YH*ROODFHW)ORUHQW&KHLSSHDEHDXVpDGUHVVHU
GHVDGROHVFHQWVLOQHUHQRQFHHQULHQVRQ
GVLUGHWKWUHFULWLTXH'HVFQHFLWR\HQQH
GDQVXQHVSULWSURFKHGXWKWUHDOOHPDQGTXL
DODUJHPHQWPDUTXOHVGEXWVGXFROOHFWLI/D
FUDWLRQGDQV2G\VVHVFRQFHUQDQWDXVVLELHQOD
IRUPHTXHOHWH[WH2OLYLHU&RXORQ-DEORQNDD
IDLWDSSHO2OLYLHU6DFFRPDQRSRXUPHWWUHHQ
PRWVFHTXH3ODWRQGLWGH6RFUDWHGDQV3UHPLHU
$OFLELDGH(XWK\SKURQHW$SRORJLHGH6RFUDWH
$XFHQWUHGpXQFHUFOHIRUPSDUGHVFKDLVHV
GpFROH-HDQ0DUF/D\HUHW*XLOODXPH5LDQW
SRUWHQWGRQFWUDYHUVWURLVGLDORJXHVHP
SUHLQWVGHPDHXWLTXHOHVSDUROHVGH6RFUDWH
HWGHVHVLQWHUORFXWHXUV6DQVDOOHUWRXWIDLW
MXVTXpOHVLQFDUQHU6L-HDQ0DUF/D\HUHVW
GpDERUGXQSKLORVRSKHSOHLQGHPDOLFHIDFH
XQKRPPHGpWDWVXUOHSRLQWGpHQWUHUHQ
JXHUUHLOGHYLHQWGDQVOHVHFRQGPRXYHPHQW
GXVSHFWDFOHXQUHOLJLHX[DXODQJDJHSWULGH
PD[LPHVDYDQWGpHQGRVVHUQRXYHDXOHUOH
GH6RFUDWH&HWWHIRLVHQSOHLQSURFVIDFH
XQMXJHTXLOpDFFXVHGHSHUYHUWLUODMHXQHVVHHQ
LQYHQWDQWGHQRXYHDX[GLHX[*XLOODXPH5LDQW
OXLGRQQHODUSOLTXHDYHFOpQHUJLHQFHVVDLUH
SRXUGRQQHUYLHFHWKWUHGHODSDUROH'HOD
SHQVHSDUOH*UFHODTXDOLWGHMHXGHVHV
LQWHUSUWHVHWVRQGLVSRVLWLILPPHUVLIVDQVWUH
IURQWDO7URLVVRQJHVHVWXQHLQYLWDWLRQUXVVLH
ODSKLORVRSKLH
3DUWDJSDUOpHQVHPEOHGHVPHWWHXUVHQVFQH
GHFHV2G\VVHVOHUHIXVGp2OLYLHU&RXORQ-D
EORQNDGHWRXWGLGDFWLVPHHWLQIDQWLOLVDWLRQHVW
GpDXWDQWSOXVUHPDUTXDEOHTXHVRQVXMHWWRXFKH
GLUHFWHPHQWODSGDJRJLH/pDGUHVVHVXEWLOH
GHVGHX[FRPGLHQVHVWSRXUFHODVRXOLJQHSDU
GHX[FUDQVGLVSRVVFKDTXHH[WUPLWGX
GHPLFHUFOHGHVSHFWDWHXUVTXLIRQWFRQWUHSRLQW
DX[GLDORJXHVHWOHVDQFUHQWGDQVOHSUVHQW
'pLPDJHVGH6WDU:DUVGHVSHLQWXUHVGHVWUHHW
DUWLVWHVJUHFVHQSDVVDQWSDUGHVSKRWRVGH
PLJUDQWVOHGLVFUHWXQLYHUVYLVXHOGXVSHFWDFOH
H[SULPHOpWHQGXHGHVLQTXLWXGHVGX0RXNGHQ
7KWUH(WVRQWDOHQWGDQVOHXUPLVHHQIRUPHV
Anas Heluin
7URLVVRQJHVGp2OLYLHU6DFFRPDQR
PLVHQVFQHSDU2OLYLHU&RXORQ-DEORQND
(QWRXUQHGDQVOHV<YHOLQHVMXVTXpDXPDUV
ZZZRG\VVHHV\YHOLQHVFRP
(WOHVHWPDLOp$SRVWURSKH6FQHQDWLRQDOH
GH&HUJ\3RQWRLVH 9DOGp2LVH9DOGp2LVH
7+75(
,YRYDQ+RYHOpDQWL&DUPHOR%HQH
/
pHVWDEOLVKPHQWWKWUDODVHVFRGHVHWVRQHVWKWLTXH
TXDOLILHGXEHDXQRPGpH[FHOOHQFHDUWLVWLTXH)DLUH
SDUWLHGHFHWWHFDWJRULHSUVHQWHELHQYLGHPPHQWGH
QRPEUHX[DYDQWDJHVFHOXLQRWDPPHQWGpDEROLUWRXWHVOHV
IURQWLUHVOHVVSHFWDFOHVSUVHQWVYR\DJHDQWDX[TXDWUHFRLQV
GHODSODQWHGHIHVWLYDOHQIHVWLYDOHWGHWKWUHVKDXWGHJDPPH
HQLQVWLWXWLRQVSUHVWLJLHXVHVOHVSURGXFWLRQVWDQWHOOHVDXVVL
LQWHUQDWLRQDOHV&WUFHSWLRQPGLDWLTXHYRXVDXUH]GURLW
WRXVOHVKRQQHXUVYRLUHFDUUPHQWGHVPRPHQWVGHSPRL
VRQGHVSOXVJUDQGVQRPVGHODFULWLTXHFHX[GHVJUDQGV
MRXUQDX[HQIDLWOHVDXWUHVOHVSHWLWVVHFRQWHQWDQWGDQVXQH
GPDUFKHWRXWHPLPWLTXHGHVXLYUHOHPRXYHPHQW4XDQW
DXSXEOLFOHFKHUSXEOLFf4XHOSXEOLFMXVWHPHQW"'DQVVRQ
UFHQWOLYUHGpHQWUHWLHQVDYHFOHMRXUQDOLVWH*HUKDUG-UGHU
%DFNVWDJH 7KRPDV2VWHUPHLHUXQHGHVWRLOHVGHFHSHWLW
PRQGHH[SOLTXDLWWUVFODLUHPHQWDYHFXQHIURLGHOXFLGLW
TXHOSXEOLFGHFRQVRPPDWHXUVVRQWKWUHVpDGUHVVDLW(Q
VRPPHLOGRQQHFHSXEOLFDYHFWDOHQWWUVH[DFWHPHQWFHTXH
FHOXLFLDWWHQGGHOXL7RXWOHUHVWHQpHVWTXHYDLQHVDUJXWLHV
0DLVVR\RQVIUDQFVFHSHWLWPRQGHQHQRXVHVWSDVWRWDOHPHQW
WUDQJHUHWLOQRXVDUULYHSDUIRLVPDLVRXLGHSUHQGUHSODLVLU
FHUWDLQHVGHVHVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVUHFRQQDLVVDQWOHWDOHQWGHV
XQVHWGHVDXWUHV0DLVFpHVWSUFLVPHQWSDUFHTXHFHUWDLQV
GHVDUWLVWHVGHFHWWHH[FHOOHQFHDUWLVWLTXHRQWGXWDOHQWTXpLO
QpHVWSDVDFFHSWDEOHGHWRXWDYDOLVHUGHOHXUSDUWHWTXHOpRQHVW
HQGURLWVLQRQHQGHYRLUGHSDUIRLVSRVHUTXHOTXHVTXHVWLRQV
PDOSHQVDQWHV
/H%HOJH,YRYDQ+RYHHVWXQHGHVYDOHXUVVUHVGHFHWWH
FDVWHWUVIHUPHGHOpH[FHOOHQFHDUWLVWLTXH6RQQRPDDLQVL
FLUFXOFRPPHFHOXLGp2VWHUPHLHUSRXUODVXFFHVVLRQGH/XF
%RQG\DX7KWUHGHOp(XURSH2GRQILQDOHPHQWDWWULEX
ODYDYLWH6WSKDQH%UDXQVFKZHLJHWWRXWOHPRQGHOpDWWHQG
DYHFLPSDWLHQFHDYHFVRQVSHFWDFOHWLUGXILOPGH9LVFRQWL
OHV'DPQVLQWHUSUWSDUODWURXSHGHOD&RPGLH)UDQ
DLVHFHWWGDQVODFRXUGpKRQQHXUGXSDODLVGHV3DSHVDX
)HVWLYDOGp$YLJQRQ/HPHWWHXUHQVFQHSURGXLWWRXWYDLO
VRUWWRXWMXVWHGpXQWUDYDLODX1HZ<RUN7KHDWUH:RUNVKRS
VXUOHGHUQLHURSXVGH'DYLG%RZLHFULWDYHF(QGD:DOVK
HWMXVWHDXSDUDYDQWLODYDLWGRQQ3DULVXQVXSHUEH9XGX
SRQWGp$UWKXU0LOOHUDSUVXQHWUVGFHYDQWH$QWLJRQHGH
6RSKRFOHLQWHUSUWHSDU-XOLHWWH%LQRFKH&HWWHIRLVFLSRXU
QHSRLQWURPSUHVRQU\WKPHHWVDQVGRXWHSRXUQRXVIDLUH
SDWLHQWHUGpLFL$YLJQRQLOYLHQWGHSUVHQWHU3DULV.LQJV
RI:DUXQFRQGHQVGHVWURLVSLFHVGH6KDNHVSHDUH +HQUL
9+HQUL9,HW5LFKDUG,,,FRXYUDQWOHVDQQHVGDWHGX
GEXWGXUJQHGp+HQUL9GHOpKLVWRLUHGHOp$QJOH
WHUUH7RXWHQUHVWDQWGDQVOHJUDQGLRVHLODTXDQGPPHIDOOX
VULHXVHPHQWWDLOODGHUHWIRUWHPHQWDGDSWHUGDQVOHVWH[WHV
GH6KDNHVSHDUHOHVSHFWDFOHSURSRVGXUHHQFRUHSDVPRLQV
GHTXDWUHKHXUHVWUHQWHFHVWDGHRQVHSRVHELHQHQWHQGX
ODTXHVWLRQGHOpHQMHXGHODUHSUVHQWDWLRQVLQRQGHVDUHOOH
QFHVVLW/DUSRQVHHVWVLPSOHOHVPDXYDLVHVODQJXHVGLURQW
PPHTXpHOOHHVWFDUUPHQWVFKPDWLTXHIRUFHGHVLPSOLFLW
UHQGUHFRPSWHGHOpLPSLWR\DEOHOXWWHSRXUOHSRXYRLUTXHVH
OLYUHQWOHVJUDQGVGHFHPRQGHWUDYHUVWURLVILJXUHVGHURL
ELHQGLIIUHQWHVOHVXQHVGHVDXWUHVXQHOXWWHSRXUOHSRXYRLU
TXLELHQYLGHPPHQWQHSHXWTXHQRXVUHQYR\HUFHOOHGHV
SXLVVDQWVGpDXMRXUGpKXL$XULRQVQRXVXQGRXWHVXUFHWWH
UHODWLRQODVFQRJUDSKLHVLJQH-DQ9HUVZH\YHOGQRXVUHQ
YR\DQWDX4*OHZDUURRPGH&KXUFKLOOGXUDQWOD6HFRQGH
*XHUUHPRQGLDOHXQOLHXDFFHVVLEOHTXpDSUVODWUDYHUVHGpXQ
ODE\ULQWKHGHFRXORLUVQRXVOHUDSSHOOHUDLWWRXWDXWDQWTXH
OHVFRVWXPHVPLVODPRGHGHFHWHPSVRXTXHOTXHVDXWUHV
DOOXVLRQVPLVHVLFLHWO&pHVWGRQFGDQVFHWHQYLURQQHPHQW
TXp,YRYDQ+RYHGYHORSSHVRQSURSRVHQOHPDUWHODQWDYHF
GHVLPDJHVGHFHTXLVHMRXHVXUOHSODWHDXILOPHQJURVSODQV
OHWRXWHQFRUHDORXUGLSDUGpDXWUHVLPDJHVFRPPHQWDLUHV
FRPPHVLOHVHXOMHXWKWUDOQHVXIILVDLWSDVODGPRQVWUDWLRQ
'HVSLFHVGH6KDNHVSHDUHFKDLUHQOHYHQRXVQpDYRQVTXH
OHVTXHOHWWH$LQVLQDWXQQRXYHDXW\SHGHWKWUHFHOXLGX
IHXLOOHWRQRXGHODVULHRVHXOHVQHFRPSWHQWTXHODSHWLWH
KLVWRLUHHWVRQDQHFGRWH'pDLOOHXUVOHVSHFWDFOHVpRXYUHEHOHW
ELHQGHPDQLUHWRQLWUXDQWHDYHFOHWLWUHGXILOP.LQJVRI
:DUSURMHWHQJUDQGVXUOpFUDQSODFIDFHDXSXEOLF/HWRXW
HVWSURGXLWDXVRQGpXQHPXVLTXHFRPSRVHSDU(ULF6OHLFKLP
LQWHUSUWHVXUVFQHDYHFFRQWUHWQRUHWTXLVLHOOHQpHVW
SDVGQXHGpLQWUWILQLWSDUODVVHUHWVpDVVLPLOHUXQHVRUWH
GHPXVLTXHGHILOP/HVSULSWLHVGHOpKLVWRLUHVRQWFHQVHV
WHQLUOHVSHFWDWHXUHQKDOHLQHHW,YRYDQ+RYHQpKVLWHSDV
TXDVLPHQWIDLUHGDQVODFDULFDWXUHFRPPHVRQWUDLWHPHQW
Gp+HQUL9,VDLVLGDQVXQHQWUHODFVGpLQWULJXHVOHPRQWUH&H
QpHVWSDVOHWDOHQWGXFRPGLHQTXLHVWHQFDXVH'pDLOOHXUV
(HOFR6PLWVFRPPH5DPVH\1DVU+HQUL9FRPPH+DQV
.HVWLQJ5LFKDUG,,,HWWRXVOHXUVFDPDUDGHVGHSODWHDXVRQW
SDUIDLWVFpHVWELHQODFRQFHSWLRQGHOpHQVHPEOHODYLVLRQ
HWGRQFOpHQMHXGHODUHSUVHQWDWLRQTXLHVWHQFDXVH&pHVW
GpDXWDQWSOXVUDJHDQWTXHWRXWHVWHIIHFWLYHPHQWSDUIDLWHW
UDOLVDYHFXQHEHOOHSUFLVLRQ2QHVWFHSHQGDQWHQWRXWFDV
ELHQORLQGpXQHUHOOHSHQVHVXUOHVSLFHVGH6KDNHVSHDUHHW
QRWDPPHQWVXUVRQ5LFKDUG,,,FpHVWDSUVFHOXLGp2VWHUPHLHU
SUVHQWDX)HVWLYDOGp$YLJQRQDYHFOHVXFFVTXHOpRQVDLWOH
WURLVLPHTXHOpRQQRXVSURSRVHHQFHGEXWGpDQQHELHQ
ORLQGpXQHUIOH[LRQFRPPHFHOOHMDGLVGH&DUPHOR%HQH
TXpDQDO\VD*LOOHV'HOHX]HGDQV 8QPDQLIHVWHGHPRLQV
,YRYDQ+RYHQpRIIUHSDVVRQ5LFKDUGFRPPHOHILW%HQH
SXLV*HRUJHV/DYDXGDQWLO\DXQHGL]DLQHGpDQQHVGDQVOD
5RVHHWOD+DFKHVDSOHLQHHWHQWLUHOLEHUWWKWUDOHHQ
OHGLVSHQVDQWGHWRXWHVHUYLWXGHGUDPDWLTXHFRPPHOH
GLW'DQLHO/RD\]DTXLIXWOHGUDPDWXUJHGH/DYDXGDQW'H
PDFKLQHVSURGXLUHGHVSRVVLELOLWVWKWUDOHVLQRXHV
SURSUHPHQWLPSHQVDEOHVLOQpHVWELHQVUSDVTXHVWLRQ
/R%HQHSXLV/DYDXGDQWFKHUFKDLHQW,YRYDQ+RYHOXL
GDQVFHVSHFWDFOHIDEULTXH3DUSXUPDQTXHGpDPELWLRQ"
Jean-Pierre Han
.LQJVRI:DUGpDSUV6KDNHVSHDUHSDU,YRYDQ+RYHDYHF
OH7RQHHOJURHS$PVWHUGDPDWSUVHQWDX7KWUHQDWLRQDO
GH&KDLOORWGXDXMDQYLHU
-HXGHPDVVDFUH
OpKHXUHRDXWHXUVHWPHWWHXUVHQVFQH
VpFKLQHQWVDLVLUOHUHOHQTXWHQWVXU
SODFHDXSUVGHVYUDLVJHQVQpKVL
WDQWSDVOLYUHUOHXUVSURSRVWHOVTXHOVVXUOHV
SODWHDX[YRLUHFDUUPHQWOHVLQYLWHUVXUVFQH
OpKHXUHROpH[SUHVVLRQGHWKWUHGRFXPHQ
WDLUHUHIDLWIORUVSDVWRXMRXUVERQHVFLHQW
GpDLOOHXUVYRLOTXHUDSSDUDWIRUWRSSRUWX
QPHQWOpDXWULFKLHQ.DUO.UDXVDYHFVRQzXYUH
LPSRVVLEOHPRQWHUGDQVVRQLQWJUDOLW
VDXISUYRLUXQHGL]DLQHGHVRLUHVOHV'HU
QLHUVMRXUVGHOpKXPDQLW/DSLFHFULWHYRLO
SOXVGpXQVLFOHHQWUHHWVHGYH
ORSSHHQHIIHWVXUSOXVGHSDJHVUSDUWLHVHQ
VD\QWHVHWFLQTDFWHVXQSDUDQQHGHJXHUUH
GHGDQVOHVTXHOVYROXHQWSHU
VRQQDJHVOHWRXWWDQWDOOJSDUXQHFLQ
TXDQWDLQHGpLQWHUPGHVPXVLFDX[f&RQVFLHQW
GXFDUDFWUHKRUVQRUPHGHVRQzXYUHFRQXH
SRXUXQWKWUHPDUWLHQ.DUO.UDXVUGLJHD
XQHYHUVLRQVFQLTXHDEUJHGHfSDJHVHW
VFQHVGHYDQWVHMRXHUVHXOHPHQWVXUXQH
GXUHGHYLQJWTXDWUHKHXUHV/HVGLIILFXOWVQH
VpDUUWHQWSDVOSXLVTXHFHV'HUQLHUV-RXUVGH
OpKXPDQLWGDQVOHFKDRVDPELDQWDXWRULVHQW
.DUO.UDXVGDQVXQHVRUWHGpHIIHWPLPWLTXH
GHODUDOLWSDVVHUDOOJUHPHQWGpXQUHJLVWUH
OpDXWUHHPSUXQWHUWRXVOHVJHQUHVUDSSRUWDQW
GHVSURSRVVDLVLVLFLRXOGDQVODUXHRXGDQV
OHVEDUVFROODQWGHVSDVVDJHVGHMRXUQDX[RX
GHGRFXPHQWVRIILFLHOVGDQVGHVGLDORJXHVGHV
PRQRORJXHVGHVFKDQVRQVfHQQpKVLWDQWSDV
IDLUHXVDJHGHGLIIUHQWVGLDOHFWHVHWXWLOLVHUVDQV
YHUJRJQHGHVWHUPHVGHODQJXHVWUDQJUHVSDUR
GLDQWOHVVW\OHVGHVXQVHWGHVDXWUHVSROLWLFLHQV
MRXUQDOLVWHVHWFGDQVXQHLQYHQWLYLWGHWRXV
OHVLQVWDQWV/pDXWHXUDIILUPHQpDYRLUVLPSOHPHQW
HXUHFRXUVTXpGHVSDUROHVOXHVRXHQWHQGXHV
PRWSRXUPRWLOIDXWGRQFHQFRQFOXUHTXH
VRQWUDYDLOGHPRQWDJHHVWSDUWLFXOLUHPHQWVXE
WLOHWHIILFDFH&DUVDGQRQFLDWLRQGHVPIDLWV
GHODJXHUUHGDQVOHVFRQVFLHQFHVQRWDPPHQW
GDQVFHOOHVGHVHVFRQFLWR\HQVHVWGpXQHUDUHHW
MR\HXVHIURFLW4XpXQDXWUHFULYDLQDXWULFKLHQ
7KRPDV%HUQKDUGOXLDLWYRXXQHJUDQGHDG
PLUDWLRQQpDULHQGpWRQQDQW
5HVWHTXHODSLFHHVWXQYULWDEOHFDVVHWWH
SRXUTXLHQWHQGVp\DWWDTXHUSDUWLUGHOD
WUDGXFWLRQGH-HDQ/RXLV%HVVRQHWGH+HLQ]
6FKZDU]LQJHUTXLVHWLUHQWDYHFERQKHXUGH
WRXWHVOHVHPEFKHV'DYLG/HVFRWVDYDQWVDO
WLPEDQTXHODIRLVDXWHXUDFWHXUPHWWHXUHQ
/HV/HWWUHVIUDQDLVHVIROLRWHVGH,;,,
GDQVOp+XPDQLWGXIYULHU
)RQGDWHXUV-DFTXHV'HFRXUIXVLOOSDUOHVQD]LV
HW-HDQ3DXOKDQ
'LUHFWHXUV&ODXGH0RUJDQ/RXLV$UDJRQSXLV-HDQ5LVWDW
'LUHFWHXU-HDQ5LVWDW
;,,/
( 6
VFQHPXVLFLHQHWGLVWLQJXfXQLYHUVLWDLUH
TXHOpRQYRLWVXUWRXVOHVIURQWVWKWUDX[FHV
GHUQLHUVWHPSVVpHVWSORQJGDQVOHPDHOVWUP
GHV'HUQLHUV-RXUVSRXUHQWLUHUDYHFXQHTXLSH
UGXLWHSRXUXQWHOSURMHWTXDWUHDFWHXUVHW
XQPXVLFLHQVXUVFQHTXHOHVLPDJHVYLGR
GpLPDJHVGpDUFKLYHVYLHQQHQWVRXWHQLUXQVSHF
WDFOHTXLWLHQWODIRLVGXFDEDUHWGXPXVLF
KDOOHWGXWKWUHGHWUWHDXfHWTXLQHGXUH
TXpXQHKHXUHTXDUDQWHFLQT$XWDQWGLUHTXH
ODUGXFWLRQHVWUDGLFDOHHQIDLW'DYLG/HVFRW
QRXVRIIUHXQHVRUWHGHSUOYHPHQWGHOpzXYUH
XQSUOYHPHQWFRPELHQSDUODQWDYHFGHV
KDXWVHWGHVEDVWRXWHVOHVVTXHQFHVQHVRQW
SDVGpJDOHTXDOLWPDLVFpHVWVDQVGRXWHODORL
GXJHQUHPDLVGpXQHFRQVWDQWHHIILFDFLW'DQV
VHVPHLOOHXUVLQVWDQWVWRXMRXUVWRXVVRXWHQXV
SDU'DPLHQ/HKPDQDXSLDQRFRQILQGDQVXQ
FRLQGHODVFQHH[LJXHWMROLPHQWGVRUJDQLVH
SDU$OZ\QHGH'DUGHORQVRQJHDX[FORZQHULHV
GH.DUO9DOHQWLQXQFRQWHPSRUDLQGH.DUO
.UDXVRXHQFRUHDX6FKZH\NGH%UHFKWHW
DXVVLTXHOTXHVDXWUHVWUXEOLRQVGHOpSRTXH
,OVVRQWGRQFTXDWUHSRXULQWHUSUWHUODPXO
WLWXGHGHILJXUHVTXLSHXSOHQWFHWXQLYHUVHQ
SOHLQHGUOLFWLRQ/HVSRUWUDLWVHVTXLVVVGpXQ
5GDFWHXUHQFKHI-HDQ3LHUUH+DQ
6HFUWDLUHGHUGDFWLRQ)UDQRLV(\FKDUW
5HVSRQVDEOHVGHUXEULTXH0DUF6DJDHUWDUWV
)UDQFN'HORULHX[OHWWUHV&ODXGH*OD\PDQPXVLTXH
-HDQ3LHUUH+DQVSHFWDFOHV1LFRODV'XWHQW
HW%DSWLVWH(\FKDUWVDYRLUV
&RQFHSWLRQJUDSKLTXH0XVWDSKD%RXWDGMLQH
&RUUHVSRQGDQWV)UDQ].DLVHU3D\V%DV
)HUQDQGR7ROHGRg&RORPELH*HUKDUG-DFTXHW0DUVHLOOH
0DUFR)LORQL,WDOLH5DFKLG0RNKWDUL$OJULH
&RUUHFWHXUVHWSKRWRJUDYHXUV61-+
WUDLWGHSOXPHUDJHXUGHPLOLWDLUHVGHFRPPHU
DQWVGHSUWUHVGHSROLWLFLHQVGHMRXUQDOLVWHV
WRXWODIRLVDFWHXUVHWFRPPHQWDWHXUVGH
VLPSOHVEDGDXGVRXDQRQ\PHVWRXVSOXVP
GLRFUHVOHVXQVTXHOHVDXWUHVVRQWMR\HXVHPHQW
DVVXPVSDUODSHWLWHTXLSHODWWHGHODTXHOOH
zXYUHDYHFJRXUPDQGLVH'HQLV3RGDO\GV
PDWUHGHFUPRQLHTXLDIILUPHGDQVODWUV
EHOOHHWMXVWHSUHPLUHVTXHQFHYRXORLUQRXV
OLUHOHVSDJHVGXOLYUHGH.UDXVHWFRP
PHQFHVpH[FXWHUfDYDQWTXHQpDSSDUDLVVHQW
6\OYLD%HUJTXHOpRQGFRXYUHHQFKDQWHXVH
O\ULTXH%UXQR5DIIDHOOLHW3DXOLQH&OPHQW
WRXVMR\HX[HWWUVHIILFDFHVSDUWLFLSDQWVGH
FHWWHSLWR\DEOHIDUDQGROH'HQLV3RGDO\GV
UHYLHQGUDSULRGLTXHPHQWVRQOLYUHODPDLQ
SRQFWXHUOHGURXOHPHQWGHVRSUDWLRQV7RXW
XQPRQGHHIIUD\DQWGHIURFLWIRUFHGpLP
EFLOHEDVVHVVHVXUJLWLOIDXWELHQVp\UVRXGUH
FpHVWDXVVLOHQWUH
J.-P. H.
/HV'HUQLHUV-RXUVGHOpKXPDQLWGH.DUO.UDXV
0LVHHQVFQHGH'DYLG/HVFRW7KWUHGX
9LHX[&RORPELHU&RPGLH)UDQDLVH-XVTXpDX
IYULHUK7O
ZZZOHVOHWWUHVIUDQFDLVHVIU
5HVSRQVDEOHVGXVLWH6EDVWLHQ%DQVHHW3KLOLSSH%HUW
UXH3OH\HO,PPHXEOH&DOOLRSH6DLQW'HQLV&HGH[
7OSKRQH)D[
(PDLOOHWWUHVIUDQFDLVHV#KXPDQLWHIU
&RS\ULJKWOHV/HWWUHVIUDQDLVHVWRXVGURLWVUVHUYV/DUGDFWLRQ
GFOLQHWRXWHUHVSRQVDELOLWTXDQWDX[PDQXVFULWVTXLOXLVRQWHQYR\V
5HWURXYH]OHV/HWWUHVIUDQDLVHVOHGHX[LPHMHXGLGHFKDTXH
PRLVVXU,QWHUQHW3URFKDLQQXPUROHPDUV
/(775(6)5$1$,6(6)95,(56833/0(17/p+80$1,7'8)95,(5