Media and Information Literacy Curriculum For Teachers 2015 PDF

Carolyn Wilson
Alton Grizzle
Ramon Tuazon
Kwame Akyempong
Chi-Kim Cheung
ğĘƀļĘļčĞƼƼŜĸŕŬ
ūǝŔǢėŸğĘƼƼŬŹũŕŭŨė
ħĘƼƼŶűŬ
ŲƀŭũŕŭũŨ

!

"#
$%
&'('
)
*+, -. /
7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France
,'( 0120 3)4
www.unesco.org/webworld
)

5 6, 7%6
$8
ISBN 978-92-3-001080-5
A C2 0 D)
EFG =@ $8 H IJ( K ,D:) 00
L
91:; *" )
*+, <= -, > -, ?@ ?@ -.B(
MGK 3#" @ N2O')" @ N%O, @ N;, @ N(%, @ N'" ? %
PI
"
>@ QR
" S)
:
N3'T4 -, . B( > -. U:
FG H QK
PV4
WJ. :X -. L
Y) 3G L
Y
M*+ Z:
" &'2 0 )

Alton Grizzle and Carolyn Wilson L[

Couverture (de gauche à droite, de haut en bas) :
1. © iStockphoto
2. Sous licence CC BY Rodrigo Galindez 9. © 2007 Rajal Thaker, avec l’aimable autorisation de
3. © iStockphoto Photoshare
4. © 2008 Edson E. Whitney, avec l’aimable autorisation 10. © 2001 sous licence CCP, avec l’aimable autorisation
de Photoshare de Photoshare
5. © 2005 Adnan Kabir, avec l’aimable autorisation de 11. © 2007 Arup Haldar, avec l’aimable autorisation de
Photoshare Photoshare
6. © iStockphoto 12. © 2008 Edson E. Whitney, avec l’aimable autorisation
7. © iStockphoto de Photoshare
8. © 2007 Rajal Thaker, avec l’aimable autorisation de p. 58 : Sous licence CC BY Rodrigo Galindez
Photoshare p. 77 : © Photo ONU/Martine Perret
9. © iStockphoto p. 90 : © 2008 Edson E. Whitney, avec l’aimable autorisation
10. © iStockphoto de Photoshare
11. © iStockphoto p. 100 : © OSCE/Stephan Weixler/Autriche
12. © 2005 Alain B. Labrique/JHSPH, avec l’aimable p. 106 : CC BY Gorski
autorisation de Photoshare p. 117 : © 2003 Justin Fahey, avec l’aimable autorisation
p. 13 et 43 (de gauche à droite, de haut en bas) : de Photoshare
1. Sous licence CC BY Video Volunteers(VV) p. 125 : © 2006 Hugh Rigby/sous licence CCP, avec
2. © 2009 Dr Urvish Joshi, avec l’aimable autorisation l’aimable autorisation de Photoshare
de Photoshare p. 133 : © 2006 Sara Feldman, avec l’aimable autorisation
3. © 2006 Hugh Rigby/CCP, avec l’aimable autorisation de Photoshare
de Photoshare p. 144 : © 2007 William Ongala, avec l’aimable
4. CC BY Video Volunteers(VV) autorisation de Photoshare
5. © 2008 Bob Msangi, avec l’aimable autorisation de p. 152 : CC BY Video Volunteers (VV)
Photoshare p. 157 : © 2009 Docteur Urvish Joshi, avec l’aimable
6. © 2009 Frederick Noronha, avec l’aimable autorisation de Photoshare
autorisation de Photoshare p. 170 : sous licence CC BY Video Volunteers (VV)
7. Sous licence CC BY C G-K p. 174 : © 2007 Alfredo L. Fort, avec l’aimable autorisation
8. © 1997 CCP, avec l’aimable autorisation de de Photoshare
Photoshare p. 176 : sous licence CC BY Paul Keller
)
.TO
3*1:

)
\]^
3*12
)
.TO
_:

)
.TO

)J$ H PT
CLD 1050.12
)
*+ à:
7
9b" 3'(:
cJ$ -,a:" -,YC2 :
N7*
FG d'. (4*

LMMM e
KT:
NK4 LK -, .I*
%%6
(":, Nf
P*
9,8 g$:,
4](
._, *2 d'. GJ/ :%$, -'(2 N$ \(*'
J6

, <(h 98 \4
N" , $ KT:*
3G :
i%62 9=@ -, NU(b
-"
jMMMkJX U(b
K. d'. 7/@ 7K@ Q1"
J;%2 Jh
9*(
FG *2K4 kB
*:*G) ?! *;K]$ J;;= ; ; l Jb
" L
Y &%:;
3GJ;%2 -. L
Y UJ(; *8 M F
V
_6:
;^
)a:
3G PI -, :"
3Gm*@
:
cDh ,A4 :
+] nV1'
L*G)
—
o;" N)

Np,J" V1X@

Q6: '* NL

No:h qJ2" 9"'! NJ;, !"
o;" N)

Np,J" V1X@ !
o;" H )

N '. r 6
(
/
9=@ -, 3)4 N 3)4 oV #
o;" N)

N,'( P*: , T(h NJ;,$%! !
Ns" T8 &' (

Schools and Social Capital Network Scottish Applied Educational Research Scheme (AERS)
vG N)
N&].w 012w LYb
b:), '
x"J
N)
N&].w 012w LYb
b:), )
o;" N)

Np,J" V1X@ * +
,-./ —
@ N s
J" N-)b2 : ;K y: : N?F 2 J;, 0 '
1 2 3 456'789:9; <)= >?@AB .) —
Q6: '* NL:;J" No (,= NZ

3'(:
8J, NJ;, <V C!D."$

)J$ No;" N(CLEMI) &].w 9V 3'(:'

z"J
8J, NJ;, TV E=FE
NfK (,= N)
H J4*;
&].{
(,
|J
} QK6 U !
%;J$@ U= NL:),GJ!
%;J$@ U= N;:;J" (,= N,'( &'. 3)4 NJVq ~:@ 3GH?"
s1
Ny8 yG (,= N"#
'8 Ns*'(, U, C!9'GI G1
T,q N)
N , 5, 9'+!
N,].w "#
H JVq 6, N
3'(:
(, NpG, AO, (,= ~: $J K
0 ? NT,
8 (,=
;)
N3
8: N&].0 , H "A , $6/ NT28 FL

}o;" (,= N(IAMCR) 12w &].w 6T

(*
NoV TV MN
O E
)J$ NL")

A
N0;8 (,= N0120 $61
'8 N.*:=0 ^:
120 8J, NJ;, / *'

#@ NLT);J"
) NqJ8$ (,= N T@ T:, NJ;, KPM
?! N; :, N'"T; 0 ?K (,= N;"#

)
Q~:@ D!
7
L:^'; N T: ,

O"J
N?F :
J; 6T'
?"#
b:)
$
';q N
= N)
N3'(:'
Z
<: $'%"'
o;" N)

Ns*'( K. 3)4 )V E)!=
3'(:
"#
Qq NpG J;O:
O)'
8J N=
:
&'(
), NQJ;, .4 Q
O)'
N'
& NZ(

&(
s, N(EAVI) -;Gb 6'1 " (*
NoV <V %!' M% +!
R,
T N'%:) 'hJ" (,= N(MENTOR) ,].w "#'

(* '
) N*'(:
]12]
2]
;J,@ (, N&. J;, %)%)+!
, NQJG%
N(MENTOR) ,].w 3'(:'

(*
oV S T$

s" NH08 ,"K 8 (,= U)9' '
Q6: 3, N_6
s"
6:
N&].{
|0 3'(:
N, J;, !'I,
$61'
? ( NoV NZ(
3'(:

N012]
%:
'
NoV V'G

sT'
N(CHED) sT'
N012w
(, NA , N8 N ;: N(AML) &].{

0 $J( (*= N)V F =
8 N:2 (,= N3'(:
"#
H '
;:@
2 3.FWX:5 = >?@AE$! YB .)K
;*= N"J^

= (,= N"#
(, N|0 3'(:
;^'
L
N6, ?
K.F
)*
N"
N(ICMPA) ,(
Q= &].{
Z
8J NQJ;,
V
NfJ;> o;" N

"#
Qq
P":
&].{
| p,B
NQJ;, Z)9'
!
s:=
@ Ns
J" N-)b2 : ;K y: : N?F :
J; 0 '
NK:)
8 NUTb

&].w 9V
(
*%
J*2Y, NQKw o' , _. * ! %
;)

UJ^ N&].w &'. '8 NA , .F*[
%;J$@ U= N;:;J" (,= N"#

'8 .45D\ ! ! !]
;
= NZ(
3'(:'
;
= '8 N"#
'8 N*. ) D4;^ 4
$61'
? ( NJ;, NZ(
3'(:

N012]

'
NoV V' G

sT'
N012w
(, NA , N8 N ;: N(AML) &].{

0 $J( (*= N)V F =
8 N:2 (,= N3'(:
"#
H '
;:@
s1
Ny8 yG (,= N"#
'8 Ns*'(, U, Nyb2 GI G1
Q6: '* NL:;J" No (,= NZ

3'(:
8J, NJ;, <V C!D."$

Q6: 3, N_6
s"
6:
N&].{
|0 3'(:
N, J;, !'I,
= N)
N3'(:'
Z
<: Np,J" V1X@ $'%"'

" <" _6 =` a ' 0b 5.Fc 9) +.4 Q 5FF
]_$D dD5<e
5'L
<"_◀
';q N:" &
'8 N"#
3)4 oV
!*
+
];q N
s*'( "% NSNAT Q J6, V !Ef !
%;J$@ U= NpG*'

8J H ,'( 3)4 -. Y), NI; pG, 3*1, gF/h
2)
N"#
'8 '
0 '
%;J$@ U= N

pG J;O:

8J C)
C!'
T, N?"#
J;O:'

( $D
!
T, N "#

'8 N6, $6!K N! /%
T, N ;J"8 "#

'8 N6, 9'*"
T, N ;K^@ "#

'8 N6, i/ N!'
T, NT, (,= NQ6, jM
%;J$@ U= NfK (,= N6, ME) !"
%;J$@ U= N;:;J" N=

:'
Lb2 (,= N6,
3!
%;J$@ U= N"

" N];, L)' (,= N6, C%
&
%;J$@ U= N S (,= NQ6, &"I !
%;J$@ U= N;:;J" (,= M)%
%;J$@ U= N;:;J" (,= N"#

'8 N*. TV ! !]
%;J$@ U= NL

S);@ NUniversity of Fort Hare NQ6, /]I
%;J$@ U= NB)G= No

= N,].w <;:
J;, !fM!
%;J$@ U= Ns: ,'" NCentral University of Technology NQ6,
%;J$@ U= N"J^

<8 (,= N6, %/
%;J$@ U= N, (,= N

NQ6, &/
%;J$@ U= N;:;J" (,= N,'( 3'. 3)4 Nvb, Q~:@ I
%;J$@ U= N;:;J" (,= NT:, s,@ k /
$D dD5<e
5'L
"◀
;,= Ny, s*'( '8 N-;6 T8 IM
(V
NL:)^8 N ;T

L '
, K '8 N3'(:
"#
QJ;, +D
*
;,=
;,= NL:)^8 N)')8 P*: '8 NT:, ,@

%/
;,= N, N"J^

= (,= N"#
'8 NJ;, COMN$FV
;,= NL:)^8 NVTDI NVTDA NHeart TrustNTA N@ QJ;, l 3NO !
;,= NL:)^8 Ns*'(*'
; o;%
'8 N-;6 QT8 &!D
;,= NL:)^8 Ns*'(*'
K2h '8 NQ6,
;,= N, N"J^

= (,= N%), 7
fK"J" Ns*'( K.w L:K '8 N; 2 K , D*J
&; Ny;

Ns*'( K.w '(
'
Ns*'( K. D!V
U';K^
NS;J" ?:$ '8 Ns*'( K. N3)4 )V E

S No;
J> '8 N6, +! .)
!"2 K;J2 (,= NQ6, &

=F
!"2 K;J2 (,= N.), ~:@ PL+!
N); NNortheast comprehensive school N0120 ,'( =

2 f, H .F' * )
L,
;*=
;:8 H
(,
N| 3'(:
QK NQJ;, M
K;J! N
8 -h,8 b;, M?@M2 NQ6, +9)
&. EF
;,= NL:)^8 NPBC TV N9%:), 6/ & /_
;,= NL:)^8 N PBC TV N1,
;,= L:)^8 N)
N?b: TX ! F
NQJ;, NICT4D ;,= N(,

|J
I%'jM
Projects and Partnerships HEART Trust/NTA
NL:)^8 N)
NT;
J6T
%O 0120 ,'( Nb:), f OM ! !%
;,=
;,= NL:)^8 N)
N,'( 012]

p,B
5,
ICT4D ;,= NTb
%), p,B
QJ;, IF
]_◀
;K]^" N8K N| U:

pG o' , N ,@ k
0 V
;K]^" N8K Ns*'( K. '8 NQ.), Q~:@ ; ' ! d
(,= N$61
&].w 3)4 NQ.), Q~:@ m;.Q
;K]^"
L2" N *2 N,'( 012w Qq *9'$.N
L2" N *2 N0120 ,'( Qq NzOD:

,(
)
Y), C! U

N
K N(NCTE) s*'( K.w
o' NJ;, $< ^ )," .d

N
K NIGNOU NQ;
,].w
$61
'8 N.), ~:@ EF0
?b2 N$61'

> '8 l $.9K /

N9, N3'(:
"#
Qq N&:) 3'(:
8J, N?"#
J;O:
Y), m /Q
;
=
;
= N9, NZ(
3'(:'
;
= '8 NL
'8 N*. f4 Q D4
T N(NCED) ?"#

J;O:'

8J N<;:
-.
Y), )n
.
T Ns*'( <;2 (, 9

Kln
L:)8" NG0 N)'

G0 '8 N DO Mass Communication N)V Vl6!"
L:)8" N2J8 N3'(:

"#'
&KJ2 (, EFI$!)!
0 ? NT,
8 N(NILIS),'( T: &'(

( NJ;, o!)6 D
0 ? NT,
8 N(IPS) 0 ? H )

(, NT:, ,@ 2
L.
;:6
pqGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 3.'
0X>M6
prGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG > E T2 3
$! Y>M6
stGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 5 X%5 X b
ptuGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG dFe
*2
K(:
~ H *" N( 3
(
H
($@ 2X T8 9b" G%': :
,'( . KA6C2
, H =
:
)6:
<8 4 M*:
1 J;J%2 . 24 ;J6
" P:*:'
*8 l /
3
]X -, 3:; -;F
kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V
T8 b: N0120
vG N. iT; , QJG+
EFG l $Iw" Ms 9T4 -,
2 \( ,'( -, 'VG
L(:*:; s, 9T4 -, iV. ;@ LK :4, ,'( EFG ,], k, 3%2 H 3V%
?6:

l J+
< ; F
" 7)
FG H M,'( l /
H @ T(:
;J H L 34% 9,"
A @ @ =68 @M&M@ &].w ,'( @ o;2
3A _2 :
"#
8J P;
M^:
'*. H )V 9,(8 s*'(
'
T)
" ,G K, @M&M@ s*'(*'
1D A &].w ,'( @ o;2 , B:(;
Q=@ () ;w L]. N()
J! L]. \G@ i%62 6 J*:) '*. H _.
9*; N0@ MsTT)
V J,@
~ B:(; M@M&M@ " '/ ~ '8 } () )'
o;"
61
S#w L; ':
.~w %:
H '*:
6
A=:
i$ T
B. &, l ('A O2
3;%2 l 1C; Nl QJ*'
N
F
(T2 Q 1, -*I *4J
T: 5 6 <:

&+
H ,K 3:; 6" s*'(*'
11X 3 A*1, , N M',*h Q1" @M&M@
UTb
s;], l 912 L@ WJ : -, ; 62 '*. 7] Z:
" '; N3" cD
*J
?"#

13
M324 " H 3G)2
1DC FG K. H ',h , "%, &D: -, 8a:

H = )
JXA2 3
l L*:; BX 9T4 -, :6/ -, 8a:

:(=J, QAK) !/ '*(
S'*h 4 Ms*'(*'
J;O2 3'(:
120 ,'( =
2 ,'( &].w 9*b2 0 -, ( 6;[
&4 s

BD
-, i;J$ *:= 3+2 Z:
9*h &. 9*(
@" 4 M
pG
. QJ$: T;:
K s(2 ¡|
K. H GK*:. <=
2#0 Lab" Qb
L *:= 3+2 ¡|
QAK), K. ^" BD
-, .* , P"@ '2 ¡(
(1

%' 9h . T:X0 -, ')' J= QAK), (=J s

BD
-, i;J
NX@ ¡> U= T;

J6T
%O, 2]
;J,@ %;J$@ U= H ;b: T;2 9*.
M^'
k:6 n612 J;J62 9=@ -, QX@
= *'
QK), K.
-. ,. 6 O(C; N
@M&M@
WJ(; MsV= l (TO
EFG 3)% A C2
w ] A*C,
FG A (C; M;:6; :
)VJ
.I N**12 N*'
%O f

-*_:; M() )
2.@ ?F
s*'(" cD
0120 ,'( =
2 Q

*=J2 3: M H ! *'(:

*'(:

91 2

M9T%:) H kJX@ ^
l *" NTw J
)J
"J(
l @M&M@
a" *' (*: ;(2 l \2 ',h 2# -*I . FG K. 9*C;
&A%2 [Y . K. kJX J=w 9*b2 MZ
L(:
J;O2 &].w ,'(
¢KT 91 2 N@M&M@ £
" d(2 (,= Th ,4 N@M&M@ &].w ,'(*'
0 $J(
,'( KT:
ZK 8J, b N*V]
2#0 ,(
)
K.w =:

Mj_6

6:
Q6: 3, ¤Ge P, L(:
" @M&M@ Lab"
. -6 Ms*'(*'
1D A |
F" (
&*:G0 -. ,*2 I )
*+, L
J= 2 QKT EFG -,
'J ]X " ; pV: l 3=# &*:G0 FG L@ H %
3); \ N\O ; H @ %:( M3
(
6@ $8 H s*'( <;2 )Y, H
QV U 2
M;"#
;:) $8 . J;O:
; :
'*. H FG
M'*(
EFG H A($ K 3
L8 -;F
J
V8
Jh -. UJ(
MF &!
4 l

F K 'v
)

14

|

q GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!5.wx8)y Y
s GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG <'Q
s GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG./
pp GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG )d
pq GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 3.'
pz GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 5
<
& );/ E b'

{| GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGlL4v
F "
{q GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG}"GlG"~2 3
MF)
\
17
`
{s GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG =.F .F@}"GlG"~1 2 3.F5\ 4m
{r GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 2 3 T
{t GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 5
5
{z GGGGGGGGGGGGG54 .)K5 9$T<. d5

,g
F lL4v5
q| GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
F lL4v;<'
qp GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG lL4v
F l @)2 )!
q{ GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG5 X=.F > E
qz GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 2 3l @)}"GlG"~2 3;F ';F 'g57> D
s{ GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGlL4v
F "& ): )@
S
AdF
,%
9*b; ¡T(:
?@J
;J H i6
KJ$ 9
L@¥ . L)w 7%6
(
L].w -, QK 2
LK ' ?@ B. $ ,'( 9% %'2 : :
N9X2 ?@ LK 7:. ;J i6
FG
P:*:
()
9=@ -, ,q]

" s K A; @M&M@ L M¥$J^
K6
" A%2
M| )w i6
F
',
V
"
;"J2 3+ K= Q . KAh ?F

N &(

J! L]. H i6
FG ;(2 32 4
3A 2 M(*;%
;6
) &].w 9V H 3:8b, 9/:
JG+£
?%
s 3$ qA (2
&].w ,'(*'
$J( P_; ?F
N &(
;w L]. H
F8 i6
FG ;(2
P*= H f
s*2¥ H $J( EFG *G), "
F8 JA %; MQ6
k, &:) 3'A (:
3*/ H
1Db
3$G@ i%6:
A($ 6 . ,'( b &D: 3%:
: :
-, Q6
),
.*:=0 ,0 qA (; *4 3
. H L)w 7% -, |@ i M*'(:
.*:=0
¥M3, P*
5 6 T:8 NkJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V L@ P 7O . " \#( -,

. \JA (:
-, (*: -A *C2 M. J4 ~D2 . s .)2 @ K@ G NS#0
4 &].w 9V L@ M.*:=w *:w o " N" *$ 6
iO, . %"0 N2~
l L :6;
F
NQ6
k, &:) 3'A (:
. T
a:

L; L@ -*; ,'(
L MV5
EF
3*%2 8 l ,'(K1, -, G! &].w 9V V5
$J(
18
M&].0 ,D:), l $J( EFG 9% G &].w ,'( @ o;2 -, ;^

G! T: 5 6 &].0 9V V5 (@) -*_:2 &].w ,'(*'

$J( L
K1, &].w 9V Ka" 36:2 :
x
(U) NJ%*;
(*: H ,'( ,%, -,
L*_ 3%2 ]X -, V5
EFG K@ 3%2 8 () N($ 6 . V5
':
,'(
&].w 9V P, 9,(:
" s,D:)*'
$J( EFG n*)2 L@ ^T; N9"% H M,A%2 :
,D

K A2 L@ EFG $J(, i;J -. T): '
-*C; M; , %;JO" ,'( 4
,%, &].0 9V -, QK

. ,D" T
O -, 3A *C2 ?%
:
*" s
,'(K1, &].0 9V -*C2 2Y, ¤" b qA (2 ¦$ N'16 H M-;JX ,'(
M($ . ~ ,X 3;%2 -, kJX
FG H 9:62 NH%

HJ^
Gb: 36" N;TXw &].w 9V L@ nI
-,
A
i$:
= K(:, &+ 9*2 @ MkJX &].w 9V -, *G@ J8@ , '1
~

(*: H ;KY2 L@ P4: -, QKA6, V5 ;TXw &].0 9V
L$ A N)Y*8 M,'(
A
}
J$: O
Q Gb: l J+ N,].w T
9V 3+2 3A 2 %$ N;'%2 MJ%*;

3+:
3+ AO2 4 M.TO &].w 9V l T)
"
~ 3:; 3
s H NLq:
-*_2 %;JO"
,(
6'1 E 2
) -, $2 ^"

3+:
9;T8 ;TXw &].0 9V H 2F

MP G(*"
A(, ,@ P4:; *
L¦$ N9b
F" MQKA6, 4]X@ kKT, 34 . 2F
3+:
FG 2J;
P, i$:; *" GK KY2 3
H &(
?@J
K%:0 IJ. '( ; *, N;TXw &].0 9V -,
N ;TXw &].0 9V V5 3%2 -*C;
]X -, :
(
Z:
" w FG J$; A
A M2(42
A H *
G*:(; :
7JO
NV5
'2 ;Ka2 x[
M=: %'2
EF" s*', 3) @ L*'A ( L; L@ <'O:; U]O

s" &].w ,'( @ o;2 ;(2 L
s*'( -, ._, J@ i%6:
)VJ
2#0 "*" G s*'( . Z 8#
L A M
n:2 ._, %" L*'( 0YG P:*: M: A,J" P*: l Z:
" N3"A] l EF" s*'
k, &:) 3'A (:'
3( H N9%:), 9b" 3*'(2 H N3*'(2 8 3'(:
3GK " U]O
s*2 3
4 L*'A ( L; G. N&].w ,'( a" s*', 6T1

U]O
%2 ]X -, MQ6

Ns;"#8 3GK . @J :
0 A6:'
N N]%. . , Q.8 3G
0@ " :
M3'(: . 8J, nT1
3'A ( . 8A J, 8 -, 3'(:
A6:;
-, :
;"#
2#0" OT2J, L; L@ x[ @M&M@ L*'( dT:; \ N-+
<'!@ H
3'(:
O4 H ^:
;(2 L M;'%:

K 3'(2 H (T:; :
%;JO
s)62 ah
,
\G -, G s*'(*'
AO:
. GJ@ ;(2 @M&M@ XK -. 3 2 4 :

Mi$J
w F
19
o;:
3G 2
&].w ,'( @
o;2 -;A*:, s
, s" P* ; " zT2J
)
2A.@ ?F
@M&M@ L
M&].w ,'(*'
0 $J( Q '+, S62 } &].w @ o;2 ,'( @
§. ) ; A A, & , l N 9b
H sT,A G *8 N?KJ$ 9b" 6'O1 (2 , FG 9%;
A N&].w @ o;2 ,'( @ o;2 -, 98
M@M&M@ ;! \G@ -.
F" B(,
lL4v
F "& ' 45 Xo\ )p+9

F "
( ' Sc

d' ;<' ;w' l @) +<!0 l @)
+E'
F
F
F
F
F 3
W5 d 30^ l7bS

'

F cL,X
F
K 'X
56
g

F
lL4v " 20
35

+\ S
+
) lL4v)d
;<' $)#w;3 (\ ;3
kg .5
VL *4%D )FlL4v >m4 <! lL4v+\ *.)' .)6glL4v
5'
F ' 5 9 lL4v(\ *
3E\ 58'*
5Tc.
2 )!vK 'v 5Tc. 3L,
*
$
L4v.
=
@)+Dc
,'( EFG 3%2 . ,'( . 16

*G@ . ,'( @ o;2 KAbC; N -,
. Q%
. &].w @ o;2 KAb; NkJX@ -, M4]X 3%
Q.J, P, ,D:
MF
-. T(:'
&].w P, ]%(" 9,(:
. NV5
EFG F 2 8 3%2 N&].0 V5 3$
@ ;(:
bC2 M(, s2J
s*'(*'
1D
A &].w ,'( @ o;2 , - A*_:;
*2 . KAb2 8 l &].w ,'( @ o;2 *_:; :
':D 3G
-, 9h ?@ S62 ,'( &].w 4 P, ; , Q1" 9,(:
. Q%
. 6T
. T
M,D:) =
:
-, ?a" h
,'( @ s4]: s
-;FG s" 4](
L 12 L:)V L:;J$ L:, ab 4
@ 2 P
, ,'( @B:(2 N¨(T'
T)
" M&].w @
. N0 f= o28

-, 2 32 .
=
2 Lah -, 9'%:'
S)

.*4J
, 6, 0120 ,'( =
2 , . *. _
z')2 3:; 3
.
H ¨ :), 9b" (, 9,(:
32 4 I FG La" J4w 9" N0120 ,'(
Unesco ICT competency Standards for Teachers, 2008
N&].w @ -, = KJ , ,'( @ B:(2 N-;JX> l T)
" *" N*I -, &].w
)
'+, S62 s

BD
-, i;J$ P*:= %$ N
~ . Q]. .4O P B:(; ?F

. (* 2 :
z"J
l *8 NkJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V s" ;*:
=@ l h@
A
3
(
QK(:, = 9T4 -, ,D:)
:
6'O1 . P'O
&].w @ $J(, ◾ U6
&D: @ $J(, ◾
,'( @ $J(, ◾ S#w @ $J(, ◾
,'( @ $J(, T(:
;J ◾ *4J
T
&D: @ $J(, ◾
T: @ $J(, ◾ *)
@ $J(, ◾
;TX
@ $J(, ◾ U(
@ $J(, ◾
L].0 @ L; ':
@ $J(, }
:
z"J
98 nI2 3:; 3
@ ! .( 9b
P=) 3G EFG 98 s" 6I 4]. vG
*'(:
Q
:*_2 Ob@ I, 9A h _(" La$ A N
~ P, .%
EFG H (* 2
nT1C; ,. N@ G G QqT
O%
.)
2.@ ?F
@.&.@ H (l Q
) ;*:

. G
KT:; L@ Z:
" 3'. N6'O1 EFG L$K1C; \ N@.&.@ " $J(, J8@ L*'(C
7)'
(T2 N':D, 9b" %TO2 3:; A b4 P_D; ; 0 6'O1 EFG -, ;(
.94
"GlG"2 35D5!` {;c+9

21
"

F
" "
lL4K D)
" %D )5b

L4K
F
"
D,X "GlG" $.c;F )
" "
MEF) _ d
" "
. !7!X
"
X
QT. &D:); *+ -, ;(
N(
(1
. .,D:)2 :
(*: *'
$%
¤T
@
,'( -, 98 @ o;2 O^2 @ . @ *:(2 :
(z 7
) ,].w "#

l N@.&.@ &].w ,'( @ o;2e QT(
,D: ]X -, )
d()2 .&].w
A . 16
9T H ':D 3G s" ,
.Q, 1,
3+ 3;%2 G Ns*'(*'
1D A C
@.&.@ =~*
)
, -, Q=J A
LA
,'( a" s A*'C, s*'(C, p:C; p,J" T
P, ,
,%: L'T
H s*'( K.
L'T% w FG n%2 (=J*" L,%; \ s*'A ( L@ _;@ )
W# 2 .&].w
. 9*(
A % |
FG T:. l \2 .*= '*. H 8b H 9A*: ?6:

-*; :
"'O
. z%$ 8J; N<T)
F
.VJ T;Fb2
(]($ '% p,B
?~) s"A : 9*62 LK s*'( K.w *V%
p,B
-*I o' 9b"
XK
.<(
-, ;,
22
@.&.@ ,':), V$
N L)w 7%6" P:*:
. f
Q4 qA (C; L@ ah -, &].w ,'( @ o;2 L
KJ$ 9
e L@ . 2 :
L)w 7%6
(
L].w -, QK H K
6
. cX 9b"
A ?@ LK 7:. H :;J i6
FG 9*b; NT(:
?@J
;J H i6

%'2 : :
H N9X2
.j$J^= K6" A%2 ?@ LK ' ?@ B. $ ,'( 9%
G @.&.@ *'
)VJ
V

H s s*2 -, 3
AD2 :
,%: $J(" s*'( K A; N3'A (:
3'(:
'*. H Gp
.9T%:)
&].w 9V V5 *, ,'(*" s*'( &].w ,'( @ o;2 K AC; G{
N
( " & '2 K ,q]
x'
%O, 3 " NJ%*;
(*: H ,'(
& I . -;JX ,'( ,%, &].w 9V K@ 3%:
,q]
"
.I#
$Iw" N;K(2 '%:), NQJ &]. 9V * P A b; ,'( &].w a" 3' P*: L Gq
.: , ,'(, 3+ l
A
; , <'O:2 N@.&.@ FG -, QK :0 L
23
s" P*
9*b; 6" N@ :; 0 98 &].w ,'( @ o;2 l J+
^T; Gp
.(4 N N$J()
:

K" U]O
;2 \" &].w ,'( @ o;2 -, s*'( -A *C; L@ ^T; G{
LTh Ns*8 kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V P, 9,(:
-, 3*2 :

.2F

]%:w ]%(
" L(:*:; N"h
A L, -. $J( 3;
L2 L@ s . ^T; Gq
-. *8 N8]: 8 -. N,'( J$2
.,'( EFG : 8
@ N4. -, L(; -;F
cDh8 Nb*C .* *8 N)
N=J
':*; L@ ^T; Gs
.$J( ,'( . 16'
H:C, 9b" 9V
N2 '4 @ N'6 .*

N$%
9)2 l \2 @ QKa8 &].0 ,'( @ o;2 l J+
^T; Gr
U(b'
H%
3
NKT: 3

|
*'
)VJ
.I
s*'(*'
1DA @.&.@
.,6
&D: *I -, 3: :
QKA6C J I . @.&.@
) 2 ^T;
A ; N|@ 9b" . ':D
¤T
P, 2 -*C; J, QK@ L@
C A N (; FG
-, ':D, ;:), B. ,'( &].w @ :; |K p,J" J;O:
A(, 'G
L@ P4: -, :
4 N N\( KA6:$
,@ .,'( &].w 4 P, z"#

.|
O^;
3$ \b: . s*'A ( Q.), l \; ,6
EFG A*_:2 ?F
@.&.@ L¦$ N&. 9b"
; , l 7JA O:
]X -, &].w ,'( @
EFG K ,q]
\J+
N'*. 8 N,'( K1, -, G! &].w 9V V5 ◾
.
( " V5

.¨;J(
@ iA_
=: 7 -*I ,A%C ,'(*'
?%
3%:
8 ◾
A
.i%6:'
QKa8 $61
, J;J6:

]%: & , ◾
;JA 6
;(2 H %O, *)C; L@ kJX ,'( K1, &].0 9V
-*C; 8 ◾
9V
UTb
/ 8 UTa" , 91:; A , /1X NQ6
k, 3'(:

24
.*%2
3G:X
*8 N-GJ
-,
H G; 3,D: ,'( &].w
.,'( 4]X@ &].w 4]X@ ◾
.,'( &].0 9V" 91:; *" KJ$
Y), 7% 4 ◾
;J6
;:
*_
N,'( ;J N(L)w 7%6
(
L].w)

;( ◾
b:
GJ'
.
UOD
8) -;JX 7% . ;(:
P ,q]
K%
NT(:

.(/1D
v:
A C G , ◾
.(&. @T*8 :
;K(:
) kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V -, P4:
.*+2 ;D2 3+ ,'( K1, ◾
.=:0 ;62 N, i%6:
N,'( l /
'*. ◾
.,'( =# K@ P4, ◾
.K1" %

~ H *" N,'( 3%2 3+2 3$ 8 ◾
..:, h@ H ,'( WJ. -;2 ◾
.&D:]
'"4 y/ H IJ. N: h@ N' )2 N,D: QK. N;D2 N,'( ª ◾
@ ;K1:40 @ 1Db
Q6
H J%
~D2 @ 9V) 9A \" ,'( &D: ◾
,'( @ o;:
K:, T
9*; Nk1%
:*G@ -, 3!J
" .)
@ .*:=0
. FG 7O X *+(*" P%;
F
N&].w

l «&].w ,'( @ l T)
" )
BX i;J$ /2 l K:
9*C2 O"#, )V 0 , ] ;62 kJ= Nw T8, ^" -*I GJ;O2 32 :

:
G 0 EFG .@.&.@ @ . dTC; ¦8 FD:: :
_;J(
-;(

..*:=0 8bC J%*;
UOD
H ,D:)C ,'( &].w 3$ $J(, Gp
.,'( K1, ,].0 c1
3%2 G{
.,'( &].w &D: : Gq
nI2 9=@ -, s*'( J;O2 ,(
"#
-, )V 0 , : P, 0 EFG z" 3A 2 4
s*'(*'
)
2.@ ?F
@.&.@ |
*'
i'X 3" z"J2 :
;:
4](

.(
J+)
2 9):

~ ,
S)

-, %$JC; , @.&.@ |
L
j:
'*.e P% . ]w N,'( -, ;) .
*'4w (
2#0 P,
$ *" J,
EFG L2 L@ ^T; (. -,

,%, -, jKw 2#j
P, 3V]:; *" * A*1C, 2)Y *'(:
3+
':D, P, <:; *" 2 9=@ -, ;

s*'( 9T4 -, @.&.@ *'
, &D: ?@ L@ )
*+ A , kJ2 N
~ l .'6 =:0
A 6
. ;J6
. 8Y2 :
§(
QR
" 9*b; L@ ^T;
(
L].w H sT
25
s*'( vK *2 H @.&.@ 3G); L@ ^T; N:
^/ -2 ;@ . QK L)w 7%6
o;:
$J! H 0@ N "#
-, @ :; 0 = GT:." 7%6
;J6
EFG *G
.(
'6 ¤T
-*I
F8
@ 6/ 9h . N;T
(*)
9V
*8 .TO &].w 9V ¤" P, @.&.@ 3V]:;
S#0 . QJ$: ;TXw &].w 9V P, _;@ NL; ':
.~w8 ,].w T
9V @ N<:8
L,D:) -;F
s*'( <;2 6; L@ ^T; 0 NZ:
" .-;JX ,'( ,%, -, @
¤" . _;@ iTO; * .,%: =
:
. 16
3*C; -;F
¤
@ . @.&.@
.K6, $ ,%: =
:
&D: L;
. N&].w ,'( @ o;:

s*'( <;2 , )'
Z
BD
i;J$ /2 . %
EFG *:(2 .«
`
=.F .F@}"GlG"~2 3 Tp0 6
o
!? "
lL4Kl @)2 )!

F lL4K;<' lL4K5
2 3 " 2 3.F5 XK 6

F _ e@g
F
$T<.
':*2 (*: , b ;(2 " s A*', U] K. a" s*', s*'A (, K. 55
5
,'(*'
0 $J( &].w ,'( &].w ,'(
&].w
\b:0 ,q]
3%:
,q]
;( 3$ N&].w 9V $J(, 2 3;<)
,].w c1
: 8 K1, N,].w c1
N5 6 NT:
.*:=0 7)
N2,'( ,'( NkJX ,'(K1,
¡,'( &].w :0 ,q]
\J+
N3 V5
¡s 9T4 -, ,D: :;Ka:
WJ!@ ?
9T4 -, p: L*_ 9V H L*_ 3%2 H &].w ,'( p,K ;F )
'*. H ,D: s,D:) ,'( K1, &].w $J! H QJV
6
26
3'(:
3'A (:
9V) 9 \" kJX 1

;6
&].w 9V ,].w T
9V }.TO &].w 9V
F lL4v
#
0 Tb
NS#w L; ':
N;KJ
,%, N] 61

P;q:
1, N.*:=0 NT: N,'(
N
*6 2
N<6
) N<:
N: N5 6
(¬
¬
N,

&].w ,'( $J(, iTO2 $J( ]X -, L(:

o;:
$J! 3+2 $J(, :v;w)
k, &:) 3'A (:
H 0 &].w ,'(*'

Q6

¡=~*
- QK;J
&].w K1, QK 3%2 ,'(*'
$J( =.F .F$3e)
$J( &D: p;#
3.K 3'(:
\" ,'( "#
,X H &].w
&].0 ,'(*'
.* H 8bC N
U]O
s*'( J;O2 \" hJ
36

(*: *'
;= (" nI2 9=@ -, j,'( &].we £" w FG H (ICT) j0120 &].w 9V ,'( =
2e -. ¨(: .
32 4 a" J4{
9" N0120 ,'( =
2 *G@ -, 9'%:'
S)

.?"#
&+'
S)
l L, $I @
Unesco ICT Competency Standards for Teachers, 2008 £
H \8 9b"
a) EFG P, 9,(:

;mJ
,(
)

-*I @.&.@ *'
;:
Kw L*_
; ,(

)
L:
n:2 :

3'(:
3$ H ;T
O% L2 L@ ^T; .$8 3'(:
3+ ;:),
P, 4]2 ;J6
" %'(:

K -, G! H N,'( ;J6
s4 - T(:
;J
8#2 L@ ^T; N)
EFG K=2 0 .&].w ,'( @ o;2 H (T: )

S8 ~ ®)
EFG 9, PI
Q.
H L*'(C T('; L@ -*C; ?F

G , .
a)
® FG H * 9_$@

;( o(2 ?@ l ®: @ :*V], k, , NQK=,
,(
)
e % H L; @.&.@ F
`VJ
<
L¦$ NFG ®;62 -*C; 8
s*'(C <;2 ,(
"#
. T2#C N&].w ,'( @ l T)
" Q*:(C j;mJ

K.¦" :4]. ;mJ
,(
)'
9'62 l %
FG ?KY; L@ ^T; .c1D
= .
H s*'(C K . _
z'A )C2 L@ ^T; NX@ .&].w ,'( a" s*'C, s*'(, U]
. $J( EF" A*'C (*: C ;(2
27
6
,X H ,'( &].w $J(,
.*:=0 8b J%*;

H ,'( &].w 9V *G),
?%
3
J;O2 G ¨;J(
L(
FG -, \
L
5 6 T: &D: H &].w 9V P, 9,(:
H s U]O
s*'( Q4 ;(2
N$%
n,):
;K(:
T(:
;J ,X H Ka8 ,'( K1, -, G!
.4](
EFG nI; 3)%
FG ; H « 34 9b
.hJ
36
J%*;
6
H s8b*8
,'( &].0 *G@ V5" i'(:2 'X:C .C: 9V) -, .* , I FG - A*_:;
¡¨(T
3_(" P, 120
]X -, L PO:); :
%
$2 ◾
¡,'( $ 1%
◾
¡ 3)$C2 :
/D
9,(
<(b
&6
s" ,'( H Lq:
&. n612 ◾
9V
" .
9 P b2 N.: .*:=0 \J s" .
6
9)2 ◾
¡J%*;

A " ) . \JA (:
-, P*: -A *C2 :
9V
$2 ◾
¡.*:=w )
¡" *$
9XK H%
*:
H%
T(:'
' $2 ◾
28
,(
T4J ,(
Q6
H $ b
;(2 ]X -, N
h@ $" 36
. <4J
K <(
◾
¡)Y*'
¤D
* K)
n_$ i;J -. O')
H -;F'
¡;K1:40
(
;(:
QKa8 9*(
◾
¡; QJ "D: L*I H Q.) NJ%*;
'*(
9)2 ◾
;TXw &].0 9V) ;K(:
34 &# P, N2~ H 9.$ .*:= (8 P$*8 9*(
◾
¡( 9T .
¡( 9T . T:) P*: *'
.*
QJ8F
&*" &%
◾
¡H%
#
. r 6
◾
¡,'(*'
3V], 9X, $2 ◾
¡f
,(

/
$2 ]X -, *4J
Q
. Q.) ◾
¡*'(:
K*'
8J, ,'(*'
088 T: l J+C; La" ¯*)
◾
¡T: H ,'( K1, @ d:h &D: P b2 ◾
N*;K8 T: ]X -, (,'( @) 3'(:
8 3'(2 3'A (:
3'(:
9)2 ◾
.T: ,D:), %2 ◾
( N)
N&].0 J;O2 [Y, P, i"O:;)
3+ LK -, %%62 <(1; } 8b
) $ b
?@ }
36'
L8 L
_" , $% , P*: , i'X . .)2 L@ -*; 3+
EFG L .: , ,'(, &].
2,D
V5
EFG 9*b2 .Q6
"
¡f
-, ':D, .* *V] , $J( ,'( $2 ◾
.hJ
36
J%*;
3.2 :
J=w 3%
" &:
w ;(2 0
¯ i'X ◾
&].0 @ $J(, K i;J -. J;O:
&q]
L*_" s*'( @.&.@ K;
T:.w H FXa2 U]O
>@ -*2 6" 3$ / H " L,%; :
%TO:
*. H ,'(
,'( K1, &].0 &D: -, J s*2 8 l
a) EFG \2 .s)
s" 9*:
-)
. ':D J+
= *G :
J;O2 ^" ;KJ
/ Lah ]. F
-. T(:
H
H . 3'(:
H 8b P:
,q]
J" n:2 kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V L
,:) *:
H (ODL) (" -. 3'(:
¯: 3'(:
H ,D: -*; 4 NL'T
¨("
s)6:
,'( K1, ':D &].w 9V &D:)C2 L@ -*C; 8 b; .(CPD) s*'(*'
P4, H @ .*:= ¤" H s',(

s*'(*'
-*; .3" /D
(*: H s*'( 8b,
. * 3'A (:
" '1
~ ,'( $J( H 8b:; L@ Q.T:, $J^=
Q;d5T<. FR)./""GlG"2 3q;c+9
hJ
36
J%*;

29
K1, &].0 a" A*'

kJX ,'( ,'( &].w
,'( &].w 3%2
.,
Q6
H
F8 K P*= H 3'(:
3*/ H ?%
:
98b 9 , P%2
..:, K1, -, 2 ,'( ,].0 c1'
?%
3%:'
/J$ 98b nT12
(, V5 . 2J2 :
GK1, ,'( 3%2 . s*'(C 4 QK;q G G \

* .kJX ,'( K1, 5 6 NT: N&].w 9V
QK. <)C2 ,(
,D
H
K -. 3+
EFG \J62 ,. G~D2 -*C; :
J=0 $J(*" s*'(C ;2 G JX> \G
E! ,].w L*_ : 8 3$ K . -;K4 ; L@ s*'( . s(:; .
I#
WJ! ,'( &].0 &D: 8 N3+
EFG ,%2 :
,'( 3%2 8 N,'( -,
':D, H 9*:

a), \b: . -;K4 ; L@ s*'(C . ^T; N
~ . Q]. .QKA(:,
9V H ;K(:
:
9V), 2
]X -, ?J ; :
7JO
,'( 3+ &].w 9V
.(
'6 &].w
2 ,'( ,].w c1'
U]O
) 2 8 3%2 . 324 AO; L@ s*'(C . NX@
..:, K1, -,
30
&].w ,'( &D: :
9b" 9/:
N,'( &].0 1, A P, 9,(:'
,q]
" s*'(C @.&.@ KC;
9*b; .
K ;(, l Q:)C ,'( &].w 4]X@ $J(,
~ 9*b; .F
-. T(:
C,
@ 2 :X -, 3A *C2 :
U):8 s*'( -, <'OC; .$%
KT2 , _;@
\G -, A(, .* *" /D
&].w ,'( @ o;:
,q]
K K J;O2
iTO2 . U]O
.)2 :
J;O2 s*'( . N
~ l $Iw" .*'(:
U]O
=:
.,].w :w 6T
" i'(:; *$ /X N3*'(2 H K K EFG
l \2 <
O
6*:2 ;"J2 <
@ b ,].w K &D: : qA (; L@ ^T;
?K6
LJ%
H $J( U):8 -, &G <= G *C " 3'(:
L .i A*(C :
6T
. ( b2
]X -, *C " 3'A (:
'*. H LJD; 3'( 2 :
i;JO
U]O'
,].w :w &%C; .-;(

L@ K@ ~ '*(
EFG H zb " &%
s*'( . .8b2 ¤" 9XK 1
c1
:
.8b2 3'A (2 ^" U]O'
,q]

AO;
. ;'%:
;6
&].w 9V . UF= 1, *
9T4 -, p:C L*_ nT/@ %
3G@ N°, S4 ?@ -, J8@ N.*:=0 #

P4*'
-;JX s,D:)C P, 9. :
d6I@ .
H ,%: L'T
.
~ :%; 0 . ':D, 1, B. S#w
l UTb
" P$; <T

*6 &].w 9V &D: , 3;
S6T/@ -;F
s K. ;2 N> U= %;J$@
JY2 :
)
.*:=0 ;_%
2 :
b4 H 8b 9VJ
T%:0
31 .32 H
H ,'( ,].w K &D: : H 3:% 32 8 J;O2 -, L*'( -*:; ,.
. pG -*I ,'( &].w $% LqA (C; -;F
s;K;J
-, L6T1C; N*'(:
*C
nT1; NV5
-, .:, .* , 9=@ -, @.&.@ *'(:
iTO2 H 32 8 L'XC; ,.
.P P*: H @ | &+
-*I L @.&.@ iTO2 H s(,0 , L*'(
s*'( 8

EFG o(2 ." OT2J s*'( , *'
,(
\G
sT;
H .@.&.@ §. -, 98 H ,D:); L*'( T):; L@ P4: -, :

qB; N '*b; :
0 " %'(: J;O2 H L*'(
9/ ?F
k 3%2 9T
.(4:
*=w pV:

35
# /X! @}"GlG"~2 3{0 6
=.F 3
2 3# /" 2 3K 6
p;#
;R
,(
)
* ; L@ s*'( . )
l s*'( .2 5
.(P*: ) "#
H )
EFG i%62 -*; 8 @.&.@ @.&.@ *'
s:,q]
;mJ
5

* 2 , b H 3G); 8 8; L@ 3'.
"#
7 -*I P@
H ,'( &].w &D: -*; 8 * ; L@ s*'( . iTO2 &D: . ;b:
;<)2 3
c1
3%2 . -;K4 ; L@ 3'. .
pG @.&.@ H : K
9V l ") V5
I . ,'( K1, ,].w
3'. NWJ^
F
.kJX ,'( K1, ;TXw &].w
3'. .,'( &].0K1, -, K -, ( .* , :X
.@.&.@ *'
U]O
3$ 3%2 . 3G.)2 :
v]:,
,%, &].w 9V AO2 8 * ; *'(; L@ s*'( . ',
.* " $J( ;(2 lL4K " 32
J;O2 3'. .6
S4
H '. G LJX ,'( K1, &].0 9V -,
F
9V -, N: =
:
&D: 3
AD2 :
T:8 kJX ,'(
-, QK(:, nV[ \:w N?TXw &].w l .TO &].w S# h
-, QK(:, K1, &D: . -;K4 ; L@ 3'. .*

-, N9V) 9 , ?%
:
J;O:
,'( &].w
3"] l EFG 9% 3
8 $J(; L@ &].w ,'( a" s*' s*'( . 3+2 . s*'( Q4 ;(2 :K;w)
H *V] \J+
i'X . -;K4 ; L@ ¡1
$J! 3+2 8b, 9T H 1
$J!
&D: -, 4@ l QK :0 3:; 6" 3'(:
3'(:
:'*. 3'(:
d:h H '.$
k, 3'(:
"#
H kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V K1, L2 6" N3'(:

6" 3'(:
'*. 3+:" %'(: 5 9*b; *" NQ6
@ :; 0 = ,'( &].0
QK(: J+
= > $ &#62 ), 1
$J! nT1C2 .
~ i%62 -,
.(d@ NJ8~) o
@ $%
'D
-. J+
¨^"
T):; L@ ,'( &].w a" s*' s*'( . H ,q]
^:
J= 57
-;K4 ; L@ 3'. .3"] l 3G" G'%
,q]
;"#
;"#
s*'( *,
3'. .*:
Q
QKw +, -, @.&.@ 3'(2 . &].0 @ o;2 ^"
&].w E 2 3"] 9($ KK ]. :" '1
~ $J( U):8 ,'(
. .,'( &].{
3:$J(, ;(2 H l@ QOD8
N*'
3G . s('O, ; L@
F8 s*'(
9T H *62 :
'
. N$ QJ$: 6T
K@ .
3GK <('
3GR62 U]O'
; , L2 *'(2 U 2 i'X
s*8
=.F 3
2 3# /" 2 3K 6
&].w &D:0 ;R

':*; L@ s*'( . s*'(*'
<;:
;(2 $3e)
*'(:
K*'
$J(, U):8 ,'( l /'
=
:
K, iTO2 . 8A JC; ?F
=.F .F
3" /D
*:
3.K \"
~ *;K8 / 9=@ -, ,'( &].0
k, &:) 3'A (:
J;O2
*:
Q6

9=@ -, @ ! J%$ ] s:@ ! s2 N@ *'(2 P)2 w -*_:;
s*'( 9T4 -, 2 -*; Ob -, K(
L*_*'
=, IJ.
&A%2 . J
@.&.@ " OT2J N
-,
:
*V%
.3'" P, 3V]:; *" *'(:
)Y
]X "):8 s*'( . ^T; :
QK6 \( . _
z')2 N2.I, 2J%$
<;2 \" -, s(, p,B

:X 32 -8, H .*'(:

. 3'*.
.
EFG 3+(, O^2 3'. ^T; Ns*'(
,'( &].w K 3$ }"GlG"~2 3gWX:> E

J%*;
, H
9*b2 Q
EF" zT2J2 :
@.&.@
3'(:
NJ%*;
UOD
N,'( . 16
N,'( T(:
;J N p : b
u : b ¡,'( &].w 4]X@ N;TX
3$ { : b ¡Q6
k, &:)
33
.,:D
Q
} 3'(:
@.&.@ N0120
,X
F
lL4K(\ 4#` ) ;F " D#2 3/0L,*
G54< @'5TK 6
g 3)./"H
. 3'( Q4 9*b2 L@ Q

EFG -, (4: pV:
. ^T;
H kJX ,'( K1, &].0 9V
,(
,D
V5 3%2 /2 ;62 ◾
.J%*;
(*:
7%6
N,'( . 16
;J NT(:
;J68 3G *'
3
5 ◾
.(UDHR) L)w 7%6
(
L].w -, QK H '. c1
.J%*;
s" ,'( &].w " &w s" 4](
/ ) 2 ◾
H%
6'
1*8 kJX ,'( K1, &].0 N:*G@ ,].w ;K(:
/ ◾
. J;J6:

]%: / ◾
.,(
,D
9XK i%6:'
QKa8 $61
G, ¯[ ◾
.$ :2 :
06
. \J(:
Q4 ,'( &].0 4]X@ / ◾
&].w L*_, 3$ }"GlG"~2 3g5! Y:> E
2,D:
9*b2 Q
EF" zT2J2 :
@.&.@
¡,'( &].w H 9*:
q: b ¡,'( &].w 4]X@ N;TX
3$ {: b
¡*
p|: b ¡L].w r: b ¡,'( &].w H ^'
s: b
;3' bglL4P l @)5ER.3R)

34 c;F
54.6lL4vl @)*4LlL4v)d
=T= cL F5
5@9
G N*
54)
. 3'( Q4 9*b2 L@ Q

EFG -, (4: pV:
. ^T;
.&].0 GqB; :
3%
7)
N,].0 c1
s" z"J
) :
◾
. \JA (:
N 9T .) &].w H O*
<
%
9'6:
A(, 2# &D: ◾
%:
;62 NkJX U) . P*: H ¤
¨(" n
1, &D2 :
O*
<
%

.(O*
<
%
. %"0 H 3G)2 :
VJ &].w 9V H ,D:)

;(
D2 :
L].w H ,D:) %:
-, .:, .* , % 9'62 ;62 ◾
.* /@ .4
.,'( &].w c1 H 9*:
&. N9*:
;b2 N9*:
;_4 \b: ◾ 34
,(
,D
" '1
~ ,].w T
9V *G@ ;, / 3$ ◾
9b" ,'( l /

}"GlG"~2 3g5Y Y:> E
JYC, ($
9*b2 Q
EF" zT2J2 :
@.&.@
k, 3'(:
J%*;
UOD
N,'( . 16
N,'( T(:
;J p: b
.T: ,'( @ z: b ¡2;62 S#w cJ$ t: b ¡Q6

/40d5
5.35Fe
F B! d'4 c;F
G:J
5 5<e
F
. 3'( Q4 9*b2 L@ Q

EFG -, (4: pV:
. ^T;
=# @ 6T
WJ! =:6; :
,'( . 16'
QJY
A(
"% :X ◾
.,'(
."'O ,'( l /
" OT2J 6'O1 *'
n2 , ;62 ◾
.,'(*'
'*:6, K1 h -, .:, .* , ;62 ◾
.,'(" %'(: D
J%
~D2 H ,D:) ;( / ◾
,'(*'
?%
3%:
}"GlG"~2 3g5 :> E
,'( K1
Q
EF" zT2J2 :
@.&.@ 9*b2
¡2;62 S#w cJ$ t : b ¡L].w r : b ¡,'( &].w H 9*:
q : b
Q
} 3'A (:
@.&.@ N0120 u: b ¡T: ,'( z: b
.,:D

F
l @)45 <!: /

F ;<'4 c;F
G X+Fd'+\ +b+Dg: )@
. 3'( Q4 9*b2 L@ Q

EFG -, (4: pV:
. ^T;
N:4, 3%2 9=@ -, ':D, K1, -, 2 ,'( %, A6 2 . 2%, 5 ◾
.GA62 k, N,
G N:(=J, N:4K N:6/
*V], NA6:
N
(
N4
N¯I
N 9T .) ;( -, .:, .* , &D: ◾
N].w N%V
&]$ N#
P48) &].0 9V ,'(, 3%2 \" (PV4

.(;TXw p,B

.<.]:
D
%T) &0 . \JA (:
◾
35 a2 3$ ,'( K.
]X -, 32 :
G! @ .*:=0 $%
4)
. \JA (:
◾
.,'( ) 2 . 7)

.$ s" 9. :
K &].0" '1:C =
:
-, .* , . \JA (:
◾
Q;J$ V1X ?@ @ N_4:
N$_ *%
;6:
%")
$J( P, Q;
$J( %, ◾
.,'(*'
kJX@
P*= K@ . IJ K%
NT
1*" b:
i;J -. '*:6 4
;62 ◾
.
%(, ,:D
pV:
S8 ~ , N 2#0 @ ,'(
N=::0 N 9T .) ,].w c1
) :
2#0 -, .* , &D: ◾
3.
VJ &].w 9T4 -, ,% ,'( @ 1
l =J
N,% K D'2 N**(:

.(*_

q, $ ,
A6:
;6:
,].0 L*_ 2 N(, J+ =
,]. h@ iTO2 }"GlG"~2 3g5

@:> E
;'%2 Q;=
Q
EF" zT2J2 :
@.&.@ 9*b2
q : b ¡2;62 S#w cJ$ t : b ¡;'%:
Q;
&].w 9V : b
,
;q O%
N QJ%
s : b ¡U6
O" n%:
*4J
J;J6:
N QJ%

d( 1;w
D90 'K"5.c )
@);34 c;F
G<S^
F S.65
@)
. 3'( Q4 9*b2 L@ Q

EFG -, (4: pV:
. ^T;
':D, 4 H 2,D: N120 Th K@ N*4J
=
:
@ 3$ ◾
.QK(:, WJ!
h@ B. /D
$ -. T(:
9=@ -, ,].0 c1
-, ( .* , &D: ◾
&].w N#
&].w N?'%:
TO &].w N 9T .) &].w 9V -, QK(:,
.(G! N*4J

.S#0 O" ,'( -. @ 6" '*. J= ◾
S#w Tb
Tb
9= &D: UT@ 3$ ◾
.*:=w 7)
;62 }"GlG"~2 3g5 :> E
,].w L*_*'
H%

Q
EF" zT2J2 :
@.&.@ 9*b2
3'(:
J4*;
UOD
N,'( l /
i N,'( T(:
;J N p : b 36
H 9*:
q : b ¡,'( &].w 4]X@ N;TX
3$ { : b ¡Q6
k,
.(
7O
. &].w pp: b N,'( &].w
c *.mR )!;)$
L4v)d"gR.3R)
34 c;F
G5EF)@
5 <J54 .)
. 3'( Q4 9*b2 L@ Q

EFG -, (4: pV:
. ^T;
':D &].w 9V a" 36:2 :
(4:
.%
" <.]:
-*C; 8 ¯[ 9'62 ◾
.(, a2 @ ;! i%6:
..:, J+ = &A%2 ,]. c1 : ◾

H%
6
KT:
1*8 kJX ,'( K1, &].0 / } ◾
H 'T4 -, : @ , QK
s,_ 6 &].0 L*_ ?%
3%:
. Q% 5 ◾
.H%
:
J%*;
,X
! N],) VJ &].w 9V H 9VJ
d( ;62 H ;J;J6:
!1
&A %2 8 3$ ◾
N z%$ _(" . %"w : 12 3A 2 :
@ *_
J+
= ¡kJX J+
=
(.¬
NQK6, $@ . ;b:

T2 . U]O
P b2 "GlG"2 3g5 :> E
,q]
^:
QK @.&.@
Q
EF" zT2J2 :
@.&.@ 9*b2
3'(:
J%*;
UOD
N,'( . 16
N,'( T(:
;J p : b
9T H ,'( &].w ¡,:D
Q
3'(:
@.&.@ N0120 u: b¡Q6
k,
kJX
$8 NJ%*;
UOD
N3'(:

MM 'g}"GlG"~2 30L,*

5D) 3# l @)4 c;F
G5 5D 5eD'%N):g_Le lL4v
F "5
. 3'( Q4 9*b2 L@ Q

EFG -, (4: pV:
. ^T;
./D
32 H %TO2 ,]. @ :, ) :" U]O
':D, &4 8 3$ ◾
@ 3$ H T'O
, ;(:
*'(:
Ob -, .:, .* , &D: 3$ ◾
.&].w ,'(
(,'( =# 3+8) ,], J8 p
:X . U]O
Q.), . 2%, 5 ◾
."'O ,'( l /'
XK . S4

H NGK1, ,'(*'
?%
3%:
. U]O
Q.), . 2%, 5 ◾
37 .3$(, f@ H '1
~ ,'(
Nzb
6T
;(:
N+ '
! + '
N
(
,].w 120 %:
:$J(, &D: ◾
.U]O
s" ¯: J6
9/:
NL(:

,q]
$J( J;O:
N*J
! *J
N3%:
2# &D: 3$ ◾
.U]O
k
;% Q1" *:0 QGb QJ%'
8b2 J8@ *'(2 ¤" ;(:

&].w ,'( @ $J(*" OT2J Ka2 &D: ◾
.U]O'
9XK 3'(:

P, % z" i'D
*;%
;6
&].0 =
2 &D: ◾
. -. "J! 6T/@ -;F
U]O
l T)
" /X N=X
\b: . U]O
Q.)
1
H 0120 ,'( =
2 &D: ◾
.3*'(2 H ,D: 8 3
: &].w K1, 0120 ,'( =
2 K1,
.3'(:
H 8b P:
&].w ,'( @ &D: ◾
&D: H T'O
, J;O2 ^" <;:
]X -, T):C \( &D: ◾
.3'(:
6T'
K1*8 T: K, &].0
&].0 3%2 H T'O
, J;O:
<;:
]X -, T): \( &D: ◾
.&].w ,'( a" OT2J,2 4]X 9V) 3$ ,'(
±gc²±`p[Gi±`[G±³±o´}Z±µk)²
±gc²±]*'2 ±¶·¸]¸¹
±º»*Z ±gc² ±gc_>o ±qZ ±*#´Z ±NV ±³ ±^*'3² ±p p}2¼ ±`F* ±pZZ ±o´}Z ±»S²
½·¸]¸¹
p¾:S2¿±»S² ±I
±gpN ±0V}o ±p# ±ZBZ ±Y´# ±»´$_ ±p_p[G ±»S^ ±dF ±»F ±qf ±q¾:S2¼ ±`[GZ ±ZÀ3^ ±a y
±d_>o ±´fi ±¸ÁG² ±G_ ² ±³ ±]ÂF¿i ±^´[G² ±p22 ±`[G ±B.² ±\¾3² ±ÃF ±µ:S2¼
±M»G²±a´_[G²±3Wo±p#i±Ä».SZ±Hc9i±\¾3²±\#i±Ä$Z±ÅF±`[GZ±B.²±0p²±d^±*o*GZ
±*SG²i ±PR´² ±ÃF ±M.GZ ±¶ZÀ3² ±*o*$ ±½ ±pZZ ±µ:S2¿ ±\#.^ ±YÂ& ±d^ ±*o* Z ±»g²i
±¶Z)Æ±\p[$i±`pDci±*o*$±¶ZÀ3²±`W$±mZ±)²i±H¾R´Z ±%p=´±¶ZÀ3²±µ»i±c^WZ±p22Æ
±´[2 ±hb ±¸[#.^ ±\V ±³ ±)»´Z ±!¾cZi ±GZ ±³ ±.DcZ ±)F i ±µ.¿ ±+'i ±¶ZÀ3² ±\#i ±Ç3O
¸T_GZ±³±o>SZ±M6W2¼±2c²±8.OZ±ÂB[Z±%po±p$±·¸]¸¹±`p[GZ±2c^
±d^±Q.GZ±i±Èmb±Ä.V+É±4c Z±.o´:±pOpV±M6W2±½·¸]¸¹±gc²±³±±p¾:S2¿±»S²±ÃF±[^
±Ê´bZi ±º2Æ ±\p[$Z ±YÂ& ±d^ ±]ÂF¿ ±³ ±p9´:'Z ±ZÀ3^ ±M6W2 ±¶p^ÂF¿ ±)´² ±\p[$ ±YÂ&
¸³.Jć¿±$Z±YÂ&±d^±p^´[G²±pf}Z±p[_F±M6W2±¶*c3_[Z 38
ÈPBLÉ±\¾3²±\#±ÃF±0W.²±`[GZ ±II
±»g²i ±M»G² ±*F´R ±» y´Bxo ±q_p[G ±]Dbi ±p2») ±!fc² ±.o´B ±´f ±\¾3² ±\# ±ÃF ±0W.²x ±`[GZ
±¸\¾3² ±\# ±p p}2i ±Ê*ScZ ±ÇWOZ ±h3Ob ±R´Z ±³ ±» y´Bxo ±_V ±ÄÂBZ ±k*Z ±9:&¼ ±)*G²x
±qbiG ±`[G ±´[2 ±hb ±¸*cV ±Äó»bi ±³ ±}2^ ±U^ ±G^ ±³ ±BZ ±p[V ±³ ±q_[GZ ±!gcZ ±,f ±À6b ±*SZ
±³ ±ÂBZ ±UË ±YÂ& ±d^ ±µ´2 ±*# ±ÃF ±pF_ Z ±N.G²i ±o).OZ ±N.G² ±3V ±/0Go ±oK[Z ±`D y cî
±[ 2i ±`[GZ ±M*f ±Hp_ ±») ±ÂBZ ±]´Soi ±¸pGRi ±pp# ±ÂW6_ ±\: ±S y_Gî ±SpR) ±´$
¸h ¾bi±hpZ2i±$Z
±pF_ ±pSo´3±[_$Z±Y yGN±`p_:±d_>o±·¸]¸¹±gc²±³±\¾3²±\#±ÃF±`¾SZ±`[GZ±ÃF±[^Æ±*#
¸cpG^±»´g_±M*g3
q_[GZ±$Z ±III
±`ZGZ ±M6W2¼ ±a´#Z ±g^*'3o ±pcSZ ±d^ ±Fć^ ±F´_ ^ ±Ì ±q_[GZ ±$Z ±»S^ ±)´G
±d^ ±ÇV ±³ ±q_[GZ ±$Z ±p[_F ±Pp9´ ±ò ±¸fi*i ±qZ ±Z)Æ ±Ì ±*c3 ±Ç3O ±"}R¼i ±qGpBZ
±¶D#Â²±doi*±½pZZ±B6bÆ±\_6±qZi±Ä$Z±»i)±m y_3x ±´B'Z±d^±B3^±F´_
y _V±ap#Æ
±Z)Æ±µ´=±³±S3Z±N.G²±G.^±¶SpS$Z±`p_:±¶S2±Ni.G²±»´^¼±dF±$Z±¶[ 2Æ±".A
-*; .pV:
3;%2 ¡) :
¯#4 ¡T
) 2 9'62 P*
T K &D: ¡;T:Xw
.&].w ,'( @ o;:
U' FG 2 _;@
H i%6:
¡,].w K H K
(
J@ H i%6:
; , *'(
6T
U'@ . ', 9*b2
.#
(*: K
06
K GIV
. U' FG f*C; .s(, A @ QKJ ,
6
i A*(, 6$ . 06
K U'@ ?:6;

(4
Q6
-, @ (,
T' &D:); *. QKw K$G '8 H P 7O
U]O
L@A @.&.@ o;:
<C, p
FG L .%% 0 . ;J+
$J( iATOC2 8
$ .kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V -, 2 s,_ -, ':D, h &; 98 LIJ(:;
3.; *, NpV:
-. ]"w ,'( 9'62 T
P*= l J+'
, %;J &%;
PV4
<T)
9*h@ i*.@ 3$ -, U]O
-A *:;
F" .U]O
k
6T
3'(:
9"% H
PI l (T 9b" _;@ (4
06
K U'@ ?KY; ." S :
%;JO
" 06
@
.:6/ T:X IJ

@ WJ. 7] . &D:)C2 %;)2 '* 2#0
K J= U]O'
-*C; N 9T .
.k:) '
($J
,].w : -, E! @ JG" S40 :
<:
@ &]$
39 (:
3'(:
GV
\G@ i%62 9=@ -, ; L'*(; U]O
9( 2 ?F
*'(:
"% l (:
3'(:
K(;
]X -, 3'(:
8 %(2 h@ <
@ sT
s" z)T, A 9*. s" (:
3'(:
@ ¯#2 .8#b,
A , F 2 H v#hw
'¤ ¯J B. KT: 3'(:
N(jigsaw learning) ," 3'(:
%2 Ns(,
. k:), '" \( 3G , J;O:8 3'(2 <, i%62 l "% EFG 98 \2 N],
.
NF
E 2 @ f E 2 " ; J8@ 4, i%62 NKJ$ s" 9,(:'
9_$@ , N :
-,
;:), -, ( .* , =2
1
H *;K8 -;T:
QK 8 \b:
3'(2 $ KT2 <'O:; ,].w "#
3'(2 3'(:
<, U'@ . H K
.¨(T
3_(" -, U]O

.wiki _
-*I (2 9b" 9*(
(:
3'(:
. ,
c1
9'62 GVI
" %'(: 4 20 s%
. \JA (:
]X -, c1
9'62 J= . U]O
3'(:;
N
F
. 3G *'
vKw -, ;, FG d( 9'62 i%6C; L@ ^T; .&].w 9V
':D
9*:
-, A(, @ b \" ]O1 ;^'
q,J
&D: ;62 8 U]O
3'(:;
Nj%:
e 6'O1 . \J(:
-, *:; 8 U]O
o;2 3:; .s(, A *=
UF ;

9'62 -,
FG &D:); N -,@ * .,]. ?@ H QK
j;K
e Nj;,J
e
.2~ 6" *;K8@ **8 o
s(, L*_, ~ 4 9XK
QK, L2 4 .3,*:G . ~6; ,]. -, O:%, :X U]O
-, <'OC; L@ -*C; ,
A .S#0 . ?TX 1, -, ;$ PO%, @ NU2; -, ;$ z;[ N;TX
l U]O
3)%;
@
*, N
Y N(O%
-, WJ^
N* '
9'62 '*. H 3GKh 3:; .* ,
.7)
N%:

7)
9'62 GVII
i'(:; *$ cX 9b" N 7)'
|@ 9'62 J= 8 U]O'
sTC;
.;J+
"% -, .* *" i'A (:; *" _;@ -
N%:
)Y*'
3G "
3+
:
8 .I, 3'A (2 . U]O
Q.), ; , o;:
7J 7)
9'62 . ', 9*b2
9V ', 4]. G , ¡
# H IJ. 3:; :
;
U(
@ &]$ L; ':'
Q*:( 1:

.T(:
;J J%*;
;_%" HJ^
( A* 2 &].w
*=#
GVIII
-, .:, .* , H ,D: 3:; N QKA(:C, ':DC, 0h@ ;"#
"% EFG FDA:2 L@ -*C;
(,
H GT:8 :
61
0% k U]O
:; L@ -*C; .,].0 I
L'*(; 3 N
3'$ -, 14 (O%, LGb; 3@ @ ..~ ;TX 14 l G
A6; s(, A
8J6:
;
O%'
$ K6:2 b" zT2J, ?F 2 zOD, PI
Q^/ .* , -*I 40
.&D:): :

.J;1:'
G= F 2 zOD, l
6; $JX ;
:; L@ _;@ U]O'
-*; ', -, ;,
A Dh Q6" i'(:2 :
QG
VJ K -, ( .* , P* " ,%; L@ -*; @
s(,
.Db
-. 14 %V 3'$ : zOD:
7]O O%8 ,D:
Q86 GIX
.*)
&].0" /D

pG J%$ H 2#w k8 Q86 &D:)C2 , T
!
K <('; 3'( L@ ?@ N&].w kKT, 3'(2 '. T2 8 U]O'
J+
Q86 L*'( $ &D:);
42 .Ob &*2 9=@ -, 94 . N
- H U]O
" L": &%; *" 1
fA ,
.;"J2 '*. @ . U]O
P, 2#0 EFG
LT('; @ NUTb
\:); ; '2 %V 3'$ : 9*. i;J$ K U]O
<(';
~ . ', -,
LT('; @ .S#w @ ;KJ
. 9%; p,J" H &].w |, @ P, '"%, LJ ; s$6/ K
U]O
l A=:; (,
H Q6
1; ;J2 ;$ :¦" ', (, '
P"2 %;)2 i;J$ K
." 76:
w H sT!J

:w GX
?K6
LJ%
H $J( U):8 -, Í ,G Í T= 9bC; ?F
*" 3'(:
. U' FG ?O;
L*_, : L .;= J8@ i*.@ k:), . 3'(:
\b: . U]O
P b2 ^T; .-;(

.(
9*(
\b:0 ]X -, 3'(:
'*. H
f*^w /J$ U]O
n*; ,'( &].w
"w \b: -, U]O
-*:; N(.TO @ VJ @ (*)
) ,].w c1
: ]X -,
.3GJ+ = @ 3G$@ @ 32/ B. 3) @ -. T(:

QJ kJX@ ,J" ?@ @ (Moviemaker @ iMovie) ,B
U]O
&D:);
~ . ', -,
-, JX> I, ?@ @ ¤" _4 :2 NQ %4K Q N*4 14 : \" N¯: , 1, ~
.3,*:G -*I
41
@ o;:
Q:D, P=J, i6',
&].w ,'(
A

@ NU]O
Ns*'(*'
11D, ,q ,].w "#
Gp
s NJ,
V= ,qJ
EFG B:(2 .)
9T4 -, )J
N;'0 N"J(
^'
" b FG /
d() 9*; ." I -, 3." )
:%'@ ?F
jMENTORe -, p:*8
o;2e , L .&].w ,'( o;2 , H ',h K@ ,q J;O2 H
.s*'( K. . cX 9b" 8#
P, ,qJ
EFG O; 9*; js*'(*'
1D &].w ,'(

G -, ®,].0 "#
A*_:2 L@ ^T; :
PI G , ,qJ

:2 :
'¤ 9*b2
?@ ?@
9G Nf . *$ ®
pG H *_2 ^T; 8 ®
F" &%
l:: :

H G*:(; L@ * '
-*; :
2#0 G , ®8 s v[ -*; 9G ®
a) EFG H
®'. IJ K%
&].w V$ P, 9,(:

NU]O'
1D,A A
<:8 Ns*'(*'
1D, A #4 ,qJ
-*_:2
<:8 NK l 3)%,
A
.S#w @ $J(, <:8 Ns P, 4]X 4](
:; <:8 N9G
1D, <:8 42
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001492/149278e.pdf z"J

&].w J;O:
)
[Y, G{
-A *C2 :
,q]
\J+
3%:
N^
Q. l *=#C N
K '. i A: [Y -, .* ,
[YC EFG .)2 L@ W# C -, .,(
,D
H ,, K@ -, ,'( K1, &].w 9V
B*8 &].w ¡:;KA(2 &].w A2 ¡*5
¤
&+
:
"b: )*D
¤
K .
.:6:
T
Q4 N %
" ¡J%*;
6'
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0016/001631/163102e.pdf z"J

±ÄSGZ±Ä±]*SZ±Î±p^ÂF¿±p}Z±Y´#±Ïi*Z±E_¼ ±
±ÇoG^±´$b±½*Z´bi.±,c^±*o* Z±f ¼±
Ð*o*±`ppS
±H^ ±VÑZ ±´W3b´p[Z ±p3b.OZ ±c [Z ±\R ±d^ ±ÈÒÓÓÔ ±´pbóÉ ±4o» ±³ ±Ïi*Z ±E_¼ ±,f ±`pDc ±`
¸i»i±4[ î±p3b.OZ±p}Z±»/i±d^±`F*i±Ä´W3b´pZ±_Dc^
http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/IMG/pdf/Synthesis_en.pdf ±½±C.Z
p^ÂF¿±p}Z±YÂ&±d^±ÕW_Z ±
±_Dc^ ±d^ ±`F*i ±I»´´J ±G^ ±Ä1if ±LcoÇ[V ±Yb´5b}b ±Ä]´Wo)»´b ±\R ±d^ ±GBZ ±e,f ± bx
±1»^ ±³ ±<o.Z ±³ ±*SF ±Ê,Z ±p^ÂF¿ ±p}Z ±Y´# ±YiÆ ±Ïi*Z ±._Ö² ±Ì ±WZ ±*c3o ±¸´W3b´pZ
±g´Z±ÄSGZ±Ä±]*SZ±½±p^ÂF¿±p}Z±Y´#±Ïi*Z±E_¼±ÃFi±È´W3b´pZ±d^±`F*±>oÉ±ÒÓÓÔ
¸ÒÓÓÔ±´pbó±Ä4o»±³±*SF±Ê,Zi±Ä*o*±`ppS±ÇoG^±´$b±½*Z´bi.±,c^±*o* Z
a±cb±^±ZJ±Äp_cZi±pA.S_o*Z±T[G±o>R±6Rc^±*cF
±e.N´ ± o ±Ê,Z ±º2Æ ±@ÑZ ±a×N ±ÄÏZi ±¸S3x^ ±AË ±\W6o ±]ÂF¿ ±p22À ±ÕcA´² ±Po.G
±`f3x ±qZ±»g²±Ê±Ø±^´[G²i±]ÂF¿±p22À±N.G²±Õ3$Z±)´g Z±.N>±´f±dA´²±ÕW_Z
43 ±µ´2 ±*# ±ÃF ±Y:¼i ±]ÂF¼ ±]*'2 ±d^ ±).OZ ±ÕW_Z ±p[9´Z ±»g²i ±o*ScZ ±»*SZ ±0o0G ±³
±d^ ±1cZ ±ÕW_i ±p^´pZ ±p$Z ±Õ3$i ±ÄqF_¼ ±ÇpKZi ±p_cZ ±p[_F ±%p=´Z ±[p2´Vi ±i)ÀV
¸9'Z±`gp#±ÃF±ÇÀZ
±\p ±Ì ±3cZ ±GAR ±p_f ±+i ±ÄÕcA´² ±Hp_ Z ±o»iÙ ±^´[G²i ±]ÂF¿ ±p22 ±N.G^ ±a
±`gNS ±dFÇGZ ±i ±`g_[G ±g Z ±i ±ÄH_ ² ±³ ±Õ[FN ±ÕV»6xî ±ÕcA´_V ±`f»i) ±g Z ±a ±Ø ±6Z
±^´[G² ±p22 ±ÃF ±H[B y ^ ±H_ ^ ±TpS$Z ±Zi,² ±)´g [Z ±p22Æ ±ÁcGZ ±dî ±¸`gi+ ±TpS$ ±i
±NS±qG.²±»A¿±a´Wo±^±ZJ±Äo>SZ±e,f±\^±6Rc^±`±^*cF±dWZ±¸p^ÂF¿±p}Z±qf±]ÂF¿i
±ÇJ±»WNÆ±ÃF±#Ob ±.V±#i.B²±Hp=´²±*c±a´W±aÆ±$[^±#±Ucf±¸q.KZ±`ZGZ±³±]ÂF¿
±QBb±ÃF±".BZ±a ±¸df.Z±R´Z±³±Y$Z±hp[F±´f±_^±Ä)*G²±NSZ±C.±qZ±»S²±ÃFi±p.KZ
¸pZ´_5±.Vi±H2i±+_cZ±V}6²±c$[:^±»F¼±,&Æ±H^±Ê»iÙi±qcJ±q²F
½C.Z
http://www.nordicom.gu.se/clearinghouse.php?portal=publ&main=info_publ2.php&ex=258&me=3
?*2 U:8 &].w @ 3$ Gr
! %;JO" &].w @ $J(, jP* '
,'(e )
p,J" \JA (C; N(TO
EFG ]X -,
.O)T, %2
'18 L'*(; &(
O%
H s 5, l Ns, s
Y), -, N;^'
.:C, *= (TO
\:)2
.6" ! 6" *+A , H ;" K, , l N&]. BX sA C, l N,6
s" 9/
O:%,
K*:. U):8 -, SA *2 *'8 cX 9b" N:$J(, Kq *'8 S*'(2 *'8 N2 kJ , ]Xe
-;@ N=:62 :
,'( P=#)2 @ N-. 6T2 8 JTC,
($ 4, K. 3'(2 ,
EFG &D: iTO2 H 2 8 L .;
,'( $% qA (2 *'8 ...Nd:, T'O2 -*, NG 2
:G$ -,Y2 6" < S4
H Q;)
J%
~D2 -, *: 4 K(

@ '*(" %'(: @ ;"#
;A6:
P, 9,(:2 :'V(" @ 1Dh " %'(: 61
9V) =2
j;6:
-, G! P, @ N:*"
http://unescodoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001570/157020e.pdf z"J

,'(*'
$J(*'
[Y, 6 G
;J(2 (TO
-*_:2 .,'(*'
$J( f4 9=@ -, | & %
EFG &%2
'*; :
kJX
" ,'(*'
$J( z"J2 'G ¡,'(*'
0 $J(*'
44
H ,'(*'
0 $J( ;( /2 ¡120 ,'( =
2 *8 Nh KJ$ ?@
."#
,

T):; L@ h L) 98 . -, ',h .* , -, = ,'(*'
$J(
,'(*'
0 $J( N &(
;0 L]. H K *8 .2 $8 H ].$ L;
. f
Q4 G
¡,'(*'
32= $J(, ◾
¡2K= 3%2 ,'( P4, s(2 ◾
¡,'( =# ª ◾
¡,'(*'
4]X A(
&D:w ◾
.-;JX P, ab" 9/:
A(, $J(, i'X \" ,'( iTO2 ◾
. 8#
%%6 q w LT2
]X -, 3:; :
N,'(*'
$J( [Y, J;O2 L
$J( L .Z

s;:) . @ ;
@ 9*C; N9_$@ Q1" 'T%:) K

;(2 WJ, "6, N 9T . ?@ N
O2 \G@ -, K(
*.K 9b2 ,'(*'
)
J@ ;62 . L'T
.)2 L@ ,'(*'
0 $J( [Y, L,¦" .9*(
cJ$
H
(
8b -, , -*2 k, $J(, . ,'(*'
0 $J( O2 3.K H ,(

.$J( P*: ,
http://unescodoc.unesco.org.images/0015/001587/158723e.pdf z"J

120 ,'( =
2 H s*'( Q 8 ;(, Gt
=
2 P, A(
9,(:
H
"#
.O4 .)2 ;(, PI QR" :.4 -, 4]O
l $Iw" NS$J;, N9: N) 8[ P, GK= )
N120 ,'(
, 7] \" N2 =J$ (,= N:
T'
=J$ (, N"#
H =
:'

(*

.12w ,'( =
2 H s*'( Q 8 ;(, b
=
2 ]X -, s*'( *, ;(2 8 =:
3;%2 G \G L A
3'(2 l ?KY; *, 1
$J! P4, -. J+
¨^" N32 ;= (" O. N120 ,'(
.k:) ($ , ?~ U] 9_$@
T:8 ] -, .* , -, 120 ,'( =
2 H s*'( 8 ;(, L:2
G*:( :
"% NT
N%O f ¯; ?F
,(
)
◾
H ':D "% ?"#
¯]/0 , s" P* 2 :
=~*

'G ◾
¡s*'(*'
-, .* , -*_:; = b 9T
A
s*'(*'
^T; :
QKA6 *'
91 , |K zOA D, &%2 :
NiTO:'
,(
xOD
◾
. @ , .* , 98 -*I "):8
45

!
2 3l @)5E5
<—
.......................................... .... j&].w ,'( @e
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j@.&.@e -, \:) *

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j@.&.@e *'
)VJ
3
(
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /:
j@.&.@e 2 '*.
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p,
2#
Ú« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ££££

0^
F %D )5b5T:p: b—
s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : d
;F )$T<. _ e@
F W
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %O f 'D

:p:<E
t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'lL4v
F ";3
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
:{:<E
t{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5! 5 9"GlG"2 3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI 50
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
:q:<E
,X
F
lL4v+\ S
+4 E)
t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !7!K(QX D)
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PI
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
:s:<E
tu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;F );F )G"GlG"2 3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q
EF
#% P=J
: {: b—
zs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F lL4v cL," D,X;3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %O f 'D

zr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S.)65 d:p:<E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (":*'
PI,
zt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5> cL,X5d:{:<E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $61
4]X@ .4 } iTO:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,'( , 4]X@ .4 iTO:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (":*'
PI,
up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % # 9)O?@SI
: q:<E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
51
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c1
9'62
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7)
9'62
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2F
3%:
?TX0 9'6:

« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (":*'
PI,
D,Xe'5F.4:s:<E
uq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*
*"[)

5 5FX$e@'
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (":*'
PI,
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q
EF
#% P=J
uz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lL4v
F g+Y.):q: b—
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%O f 'D

p||. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ::c D,X+<!:p:<E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:

\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2
p|q. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +Y.)B)0b5
L4v54 4c:{:<E
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2
p|s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a)!lLXMEF):q:<E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2
p|t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5< ElL"+Y.): s:<E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2 52
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q
EF
#% P=J
pp| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lL4v
F g NF: s: b—
ppp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F lL4K!:>cO:p:<E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2
ppq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D,XjSDT5 5
L4v5F: {:<E
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2
pps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<lL5EB!X: q:<E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (":*'
PI,
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q
EF
#% P=J
ppt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L4v:r: b—

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %O f0 'D

ppu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. TX \ L4v:p:<E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2
p{p. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5
@ !L4:{:<E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2
p{s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 v5F. L4v:q:<E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
53
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2
p{. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5b L4v:s:<E
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (":*'
PI,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q
EF
#% P=J
p{u. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I F<)lL4vj dlL4v:: b
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %O f 'D

pq|. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Y dlL4v 'WI F<)lL4v*
:p:<E
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
S.)6g5Y dlL4v+\ <'
@):{:<E
pq{. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.c0 'K+\ I%/ .60 'K+\
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
« .......................................... ...... Ob ;"#
"%
5F4 E)5
L4vX
@):q:<E
pqs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 #Eg5.c_ X+.9 .\ : )
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
«Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q
EF
#% K1
pqt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3' d'!7!K:t: b—

« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %O f0 'D

pqz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7K; g_ D9:p:<E
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
ps|. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7K; gT @ d):{:<E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
5 K5 :z: b— 54

psr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D) 3

F .F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %O f0 'D

pst. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F .F5 K5 <De';/ E:p:<E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
pr|. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F .F5 K5 5.F ) D:{:<E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
prs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.c
F .F5 K5 :q:<E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q
EF
#% P=J
prt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
)@: b;F )}"GlG"~2 3+^):u: b
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %O f 'D

prz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;F );F )+^):p:<E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob0 ;"#
"%
p|. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "GlG"2 3;F ) w!:{:<E
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;"#
2#0
p{. . . . . . . . . . . . . . P g}"GlG"~2 3.F5'
553)%N)::q:<E
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;"#
2#0
Ú« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #% /:

Ú« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q
EF
#% P=J
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !

p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6:n : b—

ÚÚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %O f 'D

55
Ú .......................................... ............. )VJ
PI
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#

"%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q
EF
#% P=J
ptp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5< )lL4v45 d: b—

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %O f 'D

ptq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5<glL4v+\ 5F
:p:<E
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (":*'
PI,
5 54 .)K5 <Y X:{:<E
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
( &].]
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
.......................................... ...... Ob ;"#
"%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (":*'
PI,
ptu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F HL3):q:<E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#
"%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (":*'
PI,
pzp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5F DlL4v\ ^: s:<E
pzp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 K
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2
« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (":*'
PI,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q
EF
#% P=J
<)$.cd): r:<Eq: b—

pzr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ d5e
56
.......................................... ............. )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
Ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;"#
"%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2
pzz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[ M%

e<: s:<Es: b—
.......................................... ............. )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#

"%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2
: r:<Er: b—
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *D_
8 L'T'
J"(
L].w
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )VJ
PI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'(:
\G@
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ob ;"#

"%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3%:'
/2
pus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dFe;6
:5
<
&D: 8
j&].w ,'( @e
,'( K1, &].w 9V V5 " j@.&.@e &].w ,'( @ , i'(:;
$ .J%*;
(*: H 1Db
2 H : 5 S#0 h T: 9, kJX
P A bC; *8 .$ ,'( 9% %'2 N: :
NT(:
9/:
, H ;KJ
7%6
qA (C;
9VJ
9% 8 N=: 8 . q20" kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V 3%2 .
.\:) *

$J( ,'( . 2J; P*: , H
Q6
;J*: P*: H s 8b 3, j@.&.@e ◾
J%*;
'*(
<'/ H G ,'( &].w 9V ◾
N%:( N, l QJ+
-;2 H @ §. kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V ◾
.4
57 $6/ NI#$0 ) &D: H NL,D:)C G
; :
s,_ *8 H * vG ◾
.s
B:(C2 $J(*'

*h "%C, @.&.@ &%C; N&].w ,'( Z , <;J%2 ]X -,
N,].w $J(*'
P@ ;J(2 l =6
" FG JA %C; .6
. H 9*(
Q6
H ;
@.&.@ \#(; *8 .#
w VJ ,'( 3+ &].w 9V TO &].w -*_:2
.,'( $2 H 3 : h T: "
j@.&.@e -, \:) *

;
s:'J H L*'( 9*b; FG .s*'(C G *'
)VJ
$:) .* L
Í 11X * A*1C, QK@ G FG .'(
,D
H @ <;2 'J, H , 3G -;F
&% H
K . %; 0 d: .(,
('G G(
~ H *") G( 9, s*'( <;2 )Y
)Y H &)4@ 9T4 -, ,D: -*C; N
)" :" n*)2 'D" K. 3A 2 %$ N(,
*+*'
Í _;@ C, FG .
, <'/ H j@.&.@e 9X; :
(,
@ G( ]X -,
.kJX .*:=0 *+ Nq
s,6
s
Y) ,6
!
j@.&.@e *'
)VJ
3
(
$J(*" j@.&.@e d(C; G .i")
H '%:), '1 , S8 ), s" P*
l j@.&.@e , d();
G 8 N'*. 8 N,'( K1, -, G! h T: N&].w 9V V5 3$
.,%2 :
,'(*'
?%
3%:
8 N,D: 8 N3%
s,_*'
9h . &A%C, G N 2 -*; NQ,= ! "% Í %$ PI 4 N9,h 9,:, j@.&.@e L
.K

:
&)4 -, = @ 98 % H

-*_:2
%O f0 'D
◾
)VJ
PI ◾
3'(:
\G@ ◾
Ob -, . ;"#
"% ◾
3%:'
/2 ◾
)VJ
PI ◾
P=J ◾
Í _;@ KA62 *8 Ns*'(*'
11D
-, 9
)VJ
\G ;F ) # /" ` d' 58
EFG FX@ < ; N2 OX ?@ H .Q 98 -, :0 (" 2T s*'( . ^T; :
\(
= G ?F
> E T$."GlG"2 35<J &(
w H T:.0 s(" ,
.,qJ
EFG -,
L*_ 1; K6; Ns*'(*'

Q
I, $<e P X 5EF@ ;c 6T;
nI2 $G -
NÍ],h L; L@ , K1% o
K
i'(:
L@
A l Qh0 3 -, .7)

.L*'( b:); 4 *, A=2 T:.
4 . 3 ;' $) 5e9!X 4 57 <.F T)
" )
4 -*;
T): $J( 5
]X -, -*; :
Q;(
7JO
-. ',@ O.w QX EFG A
. s*'( P b2 3:; .z%$ ',a8 Ob ;"#
"% EFG l J+C; L@ < ; .Q 98 H
K= 3.K ^" .T $%
@ '6 ¤T
" OT2J Ob -, ;_6:
fa8 ,D:
.j@.&.@e Oba" i'(:; ,'(*'
" ,4 )
9)2 \ Ns*'(
9=@ -, V
3%:
@ <;:
9=@ -, ;<) 0b b7c ;<)F ^' 3)4 -*_:;
9=@ -, 3%:
- A*_:2 :
N3%:
, . _
z')2 l /:
FG \2 .k:) ;62
.3'A (2 "*" 3%:
N3'A (:
3%2 N3'A (:

; *" .
P, ,D: ¯#%C S *4 ;<
EFG ¨(" 3::DC2 NÍX@
.*V%
EFG l :$I H LT!J; :
/D
3(=J, 3;
L@ L*'(
/:
j@.&.@e 2 '*.
&%2 )Y, ;@ H K= P4
T:.0 H FX < ; N|K % ;@ 2 F 2 .
Q#
" %'(: , N2;
@ JA % p,B
k:6, N$G@ )Y ;
@ s*'( <;:"
)Y =: WJ( T'2 L*_
'8
:
/:
&%2 .S4
iI

.?
| 3'(:
H s8b s*'(
.=2

a2 s 6'1 U6/@ .* , ;62 ◾
-* FG .j
j j@.&.@e *'
9,h WJ. kJ ; N
9J H } ◾
.= 9_$@ . 2=: T'2 L@ -*; :
N H ;
~ 0 ;62 -, )Y
8a:
9=@ -, ( L'T
)Y H Í
3V%
s*'( <;2 9,h 3%2 q ^T; ◾
.) .0 @
pG H f H =, j@.&.@e -, §. vG S8 ~ *$
H J^ ;@ ;62 H Í _;@ .); \ .*
Q 0 9X2 @ J2 ?@ < 2 . 8a:
" FG
.O^C; L@ j.@.&.@e -*C; 6" QK= p,B
pG
¯: S4
T:.0 s(" FX P, Nj.@.&.@e F :
"%, 9_$@ ;6:" )Y, 98 &%2 ◾
< ; :
)VJ
'¤ 9C*b2 .(;T
;K :
. ?@) "'O K
FG H QBX -, vG 9G ®=K ^T; 8 ®j@.&.@e o;2 ^T; 8 G
2
16'
, vG 9G ®'. 16
-*C; -;@ NQK=, -2 3
~ ®)Y 9XK j@.&.@e
EF
-*C; 8 ®'. 16
-*C; -;@ NQJ$:C, -2 3
L ®,q]
K :
.
®U'O :
2# . JY2 L@ QKA6C =:0
59
D) _62 ?R
-, L; 4 @
~ (; . 2 3:; L@ 9T4 j@.&.@e _62 < ; ◾
Q.4e B. '(
:
'*. H )
.)2 L@ -*C; .E].@ T:.{
%$ *'

A(C,
;"#
K L .(www.unesco.org/webworld/en/oer/) P4 B. (OER) j: ;"#
K
."w b *+, 9, N;J
'*'
XJ2 <=*" G/ 32 *'(2 K, G :
;*'
QJ%
EFG ; H w l J+) .Í , ,D: -;JXÛ
n:2 :
(Creative Commons)
.(9/ :
-,
.T;J 2 T:X J= 3 -, N
A(C D)
@ N 2 32 ?F
|
J;O2 3:; L@ , ◾
."J :
EFG pV: 3%2 ;T:X0 'J EFG T4J,
F8 < ;
3A 2 ?F
|
*'
,q]
6%:
J= 3: N=~*
"J :
EFG 3%2 l Í K: ◾
.;F 2 /2
~ H *" N 2
2# f@ . N|
Kw Q(:), S6T/@ 4 )Y L2 N'J EFG H ◾
.(EK@ J+) )Y G:D2 :
Kw
'*. q < ; N=6
. N
F8 .|
*'
J*:), 3%2 T4J, i2 q ^T; ◾
9_$@ kJX@ )Y, P, 8b*'
'8 N
9" /D
'
i2 J;O2
.)Y ':DC, H @ ?F
9*(
?"#
P*: C &].w N*C
p,
2#
.T:.0 s(" GFX@ -*; :
j@.&.@e p,K l $K
2#0 ¨(" ; , H
&A%C2 L@ -*C; N Q/ -, Í K. - A*_:2 '%:)C, Q8 j@.&.@e &A%C; L@ -*C; '%:), QK ◾
GK*:. -*C; N,D
H -;K= s*'(C l T)
" .s*'(C P*
;:X @ ,
Q8
. s)6:
QKh p,B8
N C 1Db
T;:
'*(
*$ kJ 2 s.T@ @ T@ . ?O; FG ( "%, ◾
3;%2 -*C;
F8 .Jh@ ] l -;Jh -, ¯#2 Q#$ H s*'( 9T4 -, , F 2
~ ;
.T;:
p,B
FG H Q/
NI" i'(:2 ':D, K H j@.&.@e , -, K. p,K -*C; ':D, , p,K ◾

N, 6, N3'(:
%2 ', -*_:2 .s*'(*'
Í
*;%2 ?J ; :

.G #% 2#0 s" -, Í %(2 J8 G
FG L; *" .
~ l , N.*:=0
3%2 %;J \G@ T:.0" FX P, i4
zOD:

~ <'O:; NÍ0($ p,
FG L; L@ 9=@ -,
.9,8 9b" p,B

'(
,D
l 3
XK 9T4 s*'(*'
S#0 . Q
3;%2 -*; S#0 ]X -, QK ◾
@ %': 'T
9XK -, kJX@ )Y, P, 8
" L2 L@ -*C; .3'(:
, 3:*, ]X @
. " /X QK K. l JO_2 -
s*'( <;2 )Y, L@ l Qhw 3C -, .=X -,
-*C; .S#0 .
3;%:
"'O ]):
;
(,= P, vb:2 L@ *C; 9" NS#0
.(,= QKh @ N&'"K NQKh "*" Q
3;%2 B:(2 L@ )Y*'
60
:
'*. L@ 8Y -, .J8@ @ s: 2# p,K , \b: -*C; N9;O
k .
Í], , NQKA6C 9,(
-, K. i$ kJX@ l )Y, -, ':D2 \ ,D:) p,
2#
.p,
7O i*. NQBD
K J$2 N;q
k:),
.F ! 5
?4 R H 9) "GlG" 1 2 3 ('
: 65b)E57
QKT, G (www.unesco.org/webworld/en/oer) : ;"#
K*'
)
1, L
;"J2 K*8 G:X 32 )
-. QK/ b, A L@ ah -, QJ:T, Q;=
J$2
G/ 32 *'(2 K, G : ;"#
K L . (OERs) 9,
" 1XJ, : ,
-, ,D: n:2 :
N(*)Creative Commons *+, 9, ;J
' XJ2 <=*"
.-;JX 9T4
s*'(
~ H *" } QK(:, .* , -*:: N: ;"#
K*'
)
1, P,

~ H *" N;J6" GK, 8b, 2 ¬) -, } 3'(:
"#
, U]O

..@.&.@
:" ,4 -;F
@.&.@ " 8b*'
s*'( K. )Y, Q.)C, 4 ]X -,
pG ? AO Ns*'(*'
- A,Y N1 EFG ]X -, 9,
" 1XJ, : , ;"J2 K*8

9, 0 /J$ N3" /D
pG J;O2 . s',(
QK
L*I *% @ N

~ N
K @ '6, )Y, -. QK1
pG P, :%C,
)" |
%:0
32=: P, 2 N32=:0 UJ4 L*_ ¬) -, L*: G. .& 3:^
H
.;J 9" 4 9b"
)"
~ N'6
k4@ 9b" )Y z" '* )Y s" 8
L(:
cJ$ 1 P b2
JX@ H 4] (" .9T%:) H @.&.@ |
. )6:
QK;q 9=@ -, )
"
61 4 " ^" 3.
3;%2 -, : ;"#
K*'
)
1, -*:: N &.
:
)Y l : ;"#
K 9% 9;62 . Q.) Creative Commons -*I
." &%2 :
:
'*(" -;JX 8b, H <!J2
n*)2 ;'%:

PTO
7% *, . 2J2 Creative Commons XJ2 *
%" n
1
. L
q:; :
'2 N" L+ :6; :
7%6
'2 ;6:" s.T*'
(http//creativecommons.org) .s.T -, 3G! @ -; :)

63

££££
p: b
:p: b
T(:
;J N
N,'( l /
N,'(
NJ%*;
UOD
64
Q6
k, 3'(:

:;! L %
-*C; NÍ,*. 3'(:
*, ;62 -* -, L8 ~e
8b 3
n:; 6" 3'(:
-, L :); U]O
L@ 8a:
G
j.;K1:40 Q6
H NP*: H N,(
Q6
H 8 9b"
UJ! L

p: b
%O f 'D

N,'( 120 s" U%:
N120 ,'( =
2 ()&].w 9V
P;
*
L
.U(b
4 ;(:
?J,a8 &].w ,'( @ $J(, l J+
?R
-, L]( ;
;(:
N3'(:
WJ! 120 ,'( =
2 D):
Í @ Í [ j@.&.@e $J(, S6T/@
A C2 &
$ ( :
(*: L
.$J( ,'( G) A .$J( ,'( l /
H Y$:

?F

N120 ,'( =
2 h@ P*= &].w 9V b: -, UJ
PO:) 0
h@ l = vG L@ NL~ NnI
-, ..*:=0 )
;K1:40 1Db
2 H T('2
¯
($ 9b" 8b -, Dh ?@ -*:
(* $J()
-, Q;=
@ $J(, nT1C2 L@ l k~K@ , FG .$J( ,'( (*: , 9XK Q6
, P*= H
.3'(:
3'(:
H Q;:, *G@ ~ ,'( &].w
[Y, " Q.4) N 3
(
H 012]
Z
K620 -. QK1
1w Í %$
N(Q@ ', Þ * , "@ ] ?@) 3
(
@ -, ', Þ« L@ (12w 2,'( =
2
', Þ 9*2 ( * , ') Q@ ', ÞÚ NQ '2 q= ;
N*) ', Þ 9*2 :

. &. ; d: *6 2
H v#b, ', ÞÚ l $Iw" NJ2T*
q= &D:)2 N*)
H .$ 61
J4 L@ 61'
(
K620 ; .;KJ
l P*:), ', Þ
~ l \_;
"J4 L@ 1{
)
(, %; . &. H ¢4 ', Þ y'T
KKq 4 3
(
6@ P*=
.3
(
H Í ; E 3:; ;= U:8 L',
l /
;'D
2
61
;KJ
L; ':
O6, K. L$ A N'* *" GFXa ,.
65 , J8@ 9b" KA6C2 N;
U(
@ N].w '
T: <:
,D: S# P4,
.
-, 3
(
:$% '" -. ) @ -. *'(:
(, L]A bC; NhJ
36
J%*;'
;8J, K@ 3G kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V L
NJ%*;
3.2 &].w 9V S8 ~ .$J( ,'( 3;%:
' J%*;
UOD'
Q.4
L'16; :
,'( ) 2 8 $J(, N?% 9b" ,D: 8 3$ s . ^T;
c1
$ S^/ :
%;JO
N;JD)
;^'
(:0 &D:
~ H *" N'.
P, 9,(:'
(4 N N$J() QKA6C, 8 l f
:6; Ns*8 .(, L(, ¯#40
&D:0 l N3 z* | ), -, 9V
EFG '*2 , P, J, ; H N&].w 9V
$J(, L .kJX ,'( K1, h T: &].w 9V ,%2 :
K*'
(

.-;(
?K6
LJ%'
,q]

-, .* , J$2 ,'( &].w @
1, @ . &].w 9V ;J(2 3:; N,D:) %:

:(T -. J+
¨^" Nc1
EFG I, *'
T)
" ()
.T:. ~ Dh @ *+, l K(2 L@ -*; $61
3%
GK62 :
":
'*. ]X -, G$2 3:; " 7, ,'(
9V"
4]. 0 ,'(, K1, -, Th P, 2)Y, L(:2 NP*: , ?@ H 9/:
&+ -, &G = G &].w 9V L@ ~
L :; -;F
s ,'(*'
kJX@ *+, S#0 -, kJX ,'( K1, h : T: 9, N&].w
.3" cD
L*_
cDh 3'A (:; L@ Í $8 -; 3
., 6 ?'%:
& ;J(2 QK. S*2 N<
-, 8 H
p: b
QJ%
")6
EFG *G@ -, 9'%:
-*C; 0 s H .<)6$ U)6
":
QJ%

L@ UTb
. L@ (; pG H ,'( &].w @ $J(, XK L¦$ A N ":

:C; ,D:); N*%C; NbA: C; L@ NkJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V V5 Í _;@ * ;
Í _;@ ':*; L@ < ; .*'(:
.*:=0 1Db
3$G@ i%6:
,'(
Ns'%:), s*'(:, 6T1C
NF
-. T(:'
,D: $J(, 9'6:
?%
:'

.32(*: , H J%*;
) H 36
H 8b 9=@ -, Ns, Ns('O A ,C s, Ns :C,
( N,'( @ $J(,
k: J;J%2)
EFG B:(2 .8b F
-. T(:
N?%
:
G V8 ] . Q
EFG " 3A 2 %
/11D:
-, .:, .* , P, ]X:C, OT2JC, &].w ,'( @ L@ A Q

:
9V) Q
EFG :: N0
®:*G@ <T , ®);2 3:; ~ ®&].w 9V G , ®,'( G , ◾
®&].w @ $J(, G , ◾
®,'( @ $J(, G , ◾
®,'( &].w @ . \JA (:
< ; ~ ◾
'*. ET:." j@.&.@e Q
EFG &%:
<E .<)6$ K QK, KJ , o
3'(2 3'(2
Z*= 9b" s*'( ;J(2 3:; \ N
F
66
lL4v
F " ;3 .p
3: ?F
9%6'
)VJ
3G 9V) .
3'
,A%C, NkJX@ H 91 CA , 9b"
7JO:

5! 5 9"GlG"2 3 .{ j-. o;:
e s" 7J
vKw /J
3
.&].w ,'( @ j]X -, o;:

j

lL4v +\ S
+4 E) .q s*', 3) @ L*'( nT1; L@ G \

D) ,X
F J;O:
N&].w ,'( a"
!7!v(QX f p,J" -*I j@.&.@e Xw ,q]

;F` );F )}"GlG"~2 3 .s .;

p: b
=2 &].w ,'( @ 3$ :p:<E
L:. : ◀
5\Sm
j&].w 9Vj j,'(e ;62 ◾

kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V *G@ \b: ◾
&].w ,'( @ o;:
3'(:
pV: / ◾
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQ

EFG -, :0 ("
67 &].w ,'( @ o;:
§(
\G ;62 ◾
6
:4 H s*'( U]O
Q H T2 :*G@ N&].w ,'( @ 3$ ◾
S#0 h T: 9, -;JX ,'( ,%, &].w 9V K \b: ◾
,'( c1 ,].w c1
-, .:, .* , H K EFG \b: ◾
5e9!X57 <
: lL4v"
k $ .9/:
,'( '*. H Í ;6, Í K ,'( K1, -, G! &].w 9V <('2
-, Q=J ;^'
T)
" ,@ .
~ -, P@ GK L@A P, N,'( i;J -. 9/:'
7JO

K1, (,D:) =
:
:(T -. J+
¨^") @ . &].w 9V ;J(2 3A 2 %$ j@.&.@e

Y), K(2 $61
3%
GK6C2 J;J62 ":8 '*. ]X -, Gmb 32 *V4 4,
H ,G K <('2 &].w 9V L@ -, 3!J
" .T:. ~ Dh @ (, *+, l J;J6:
":

NT:8 N N,].!K1, Q. P, P%:; 4 2)Y (I L¦$ N(*: 9XK 9/:
&+
l $I N,'(" d(2 :
kJX )Y @ NS#w ,X ,%, @ N5 6 @ N: @
.3" cD
L*_ L :; -;F
s
G NQ. Í K@ &].w 9V <('2
p: b
¨(T
3_(" P, 9/:
L
]X -, PO:); N$J( ,'(*'
4 "*" 9*(2 ◾
.. J4 ~D2
..:, .*:= \J@ s" .
6
9 A)2 ◾
.1Db
" 2 q :; ?F
3
(
Lab" *'(: *,

&A%C2 ◾
..*
*:0 o T; ) -. " P*: 3'(:; 9V G ◾
T4J ,(
Q6
H $ b
p;J2 . 9*(2 N
h@ P*= H ,6'
T4J, Ka8 9*(2 ◾
)Y T2J2 :
¤)C *. QKw NK)
n_$ ]X -, O')
H 3G - ,(

./D

.; QJ "D:0 ,_
9V
k J%*;
'*. 9):
@ 9V G ◾
." *$
9XK H%
*:
H%
T(:'
' G ◾
.();K(:
34 &# -*I N2~ H 9.$ .*:= . P$C*8 9*(2 ◾

F
= ' —
Q4 . *:(; NkJX ,'(K1, &].w 9V i;J -. :C ,'( &D: -) L
16
-*C; :
,'( L, ;62 . 324 l $Iw" N,'(*'
32= 3$ . f

s,_ ,].w K*'
.:, ( X vG N&
.:. 3%2 .=# '. 68
$Iw" .*%
4 4
-, T8 l :2 G NS#0 Th . QJ$: NP=J
.(.TO, 9h . @ Í #
N1 NQ/ N8) .:, h@ H ,'( EFG J$:2 N
~ l
NiV
.* , %%6
I#$0 T: NS#0 . "" 6 / H :2 -*;
A N
~ P, .G! : h T
.4
-*C; ,'( EFG . L@ G 3G 9,(
L$
.j;^'
¤j jÍ= Q=e s" ¯#2 L@
K1, ;62 . .); \ FG ., WJ^
H Í 0@ :
3 -, N,'( K1, 3%2 9T4
L K1 -, ?@ @ 1, ?@ `VJ
Y)
L; 4 ." 7
-*; :
,'(
LK .I, ; L2 L@ n A=JC -, K1, ;@ ®(,
H ,'( $:
41, J8
®, i%6:
-*; QK= -. -GB2 N'(C, ! P$K
T: 9, NkJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V ]X -, :C, @ . ,'( l J+
*C;
, Q. Í K@ EFG ,'( K1, <('2 .S#0 h :
&].w ◾
%:
◾
3'(:
3'(:
:'*. 9)2 ◾
)'
&].w 9V *2 [Y, 2 ()
(K4 LK -, 4, N , L2 , Í T
!) ,'( @ P*= l /
, $2 ◾
p: b
,'( l /'
"" "*" L2 ◾
,'( ;J T(:
;J 9, N 7%6
(
3%
;(2 ◾
P*: *'
.*
QJ8F
"*" L2 ◾
,'( P*= ◾
H%
#
. r 6
◾
$#
◾
5e9!X —
KA .E].@ Q8F V5
-. ',a8 ,]. c1 @ K, -. &].w 9V H 6" ◾
.(

6 k:) . K EFG nI2 :
c1

:
: K1 -, G! @ <:8 . (
9=@ -, ,(
T: @ '
/(,
H 6" ◾
.*:=0 Q6
-. N ':D, $% -. N3
(
-, kJX@ =@ -. NJ%*;
-. ,'(, &%2
G C=2 ^T; :
P=J Lab" J%C; ?F
-,
:
8 '¤ l 7JO2 .
~ l , N;K1:40
?F
-, ®GK(T: ^T; :
'2 T: H (I ^T; <:8 ?@ JA %C; ?F
-, ®T: H
xb 3+2 -*C;) ®Kb IJ! T: &D2 9G ®G! -, *G@ J8 <:
G , JA %C;
69 (h @ :*'
9*,
WJ C2 L@ -*C; 8 4 ., " *:
P b2 . Q.)C H Í *, Í K &].w 9V <('2 ◾
9V L*_, H JA $ . 5
EFG *, -, C(*2 L@ -*C; N QAB,C ! K4 &]. 9V .

n
1 , " *:
'. (
*C; ':D, J+ = 38 .v'" H &].w
®+, ?@ -,
¨(" @ h @ : @ T:*'
A*(:C ,:
" i'(:2 14 -. S#0 Th . 6" ◾
*" ®66/ G 1%
EFG L@ -, i%6:
*; 8 .¬
N4J(
.
UJ6
<T)" <:

F
NY)
FG -. "={
,q]
T):8 4 L*'( L; 0 4 Nl G QJ%
EFG L@A
C
,2 JYC; L@ -*C; 8 .kJX@ 9V), l %:0 9" N
a) EFG . S4
-,
P_2 < ; 0
,D
QJ$: K1 kJX ,'( K1, -, G! h T: N&].w 9V
4 :
kJX ¨(" G , ®:$% @ D;2 . NU(b
. )Y EFG ,%2 :

3:; 8 6" ®&(
' l *:2 :
,'( G , ./D
:T4J Í %$ *.@ FG -. p:2
@) ,'( %"O, k, b4, .v'" H s:, s:)Y, 9T4 -, ,. ,'(, P, 9,(:

'2 nT1C2 L@ 8 v'" H (T:C, -, vG 9G .L:)Y L2G ,%2 :
(,.
4 .I, G 9G ®v'" H ,'( . 16
" i'(:2 s4 -, vG 9G ®,. ,'(
®(«)L)w 7%6
(
L].w -, QK '. S1 *8 s 7% G , ®F :

-, $ ,'( 9% %'2 : :

N9X2 ? LK 7:. ;J i6
FG 9*b; NT(:
?@J
;J H i6
KJ$ 9
(«)
.K ?a" A%2 LK &]. ' ;@ ]X
$J(*" /D
nV:
l [@ NE].@ ¯#% xb
H ;
J$2 :
"=w l K:0" ◾
p: b
(®9( ; L@ &].w ,'( @ 3'(2 ?F
Db'
-*C; ~,) &].w ,'( @
U]O'
,
Q6
H QK= &].w 9V -. 6V0 A .@ ®EKJ *" n'O1, 98 (; ~,
(; ~, ;@J" ®EFG &].w 9V " &%2 :
)VJ
V5
K G , .&
s*'(
,'( K1, &].w 9V &D:" J, i'(:; ,. /1X jÍ*'(:C,e Db
L; L@
®;R
*C $J( G , ®kJX
&].w 9V P, '. 2 ,
,D: $ L A2 &
ßDh J;J%2 K. . 9*. ◾
G , .&(
cD
s.O%
H NS#0 B. ,'( ?K, 9, NkJX ,'( K1,
=
:
&].w 9V &D: H _%2 . 38 ®ßDb
,D: H J+2 :
~*

kJX ,'( K1, 9V
EFG T('2 Z K G , ®;KJ
@ L; ':
@ S#0 9,
®2 H
K1, &].w 9V ', -, *V4 PI .A @ :, H &4 . Í
" 34 ◾
®', EFG nI2 E].@ Q8F K -, ?@ ., EFG H QK= kJX ,'(
.
*6, 2G @ S# @ T:, @ &]. 9V ?@ vG (2 3
Í ,; S+%: @ 9AD2 ◾
9'A .; ':
%
.~w O6, ] 61
P*= S :X %$ N
~ l $Iw"
s*'
6; L@ -*; , Q^/ .* , -*I
®L 6; *" 3,]. -*C; 8 ●
® PV4
TX L
: 8 ●
®QK. GCFD:2 :
J%'
6 ~, ● 70
®
6
EFG 9, H Í 1Dh E%: : , J8@ G , ●
®98b -,
FG P, P*: D ~, ●
P*: H ,'( &].w 9V *4 /D
2=:: - A*_:2 jJ6 l
e <:8 ◾
.J%*;

=T.F"GlG"5./"
@ *8 .9T4 -, '%:), '1 , S8 /1:X P* ; j@.&.@e &].w ,'( @ , L@
\" kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V *G@ 3$ . f
9*6" j@.&.@e d(C;
.
J%
~D2 "

3
-, 3
(
. \J(:
_
P*: l *:w o " 2
N&(
6
. +$6
Q6
k, &:) 3'(:
H xJD0 ¡
: -;J:T, ,'(*'
sOh s :, 6T1C; L@ . s @.&.@ P bC; L@ ^T; *8
p: b
9V &D: . 36; L@ @.&.@ " W# ; K%A C
-;J C 9, ,*2 N,'( &].w
Th 3G'" H J%*;
* H B8@ 8b "w F
-. T(:'
;'%:
Q;
&].w
.(
,'(
5e9!X —
&].w ,'( @e -, 9b
H QK
j@.&.@e V1X l J+@ ◾
L@ %:(2 9G .
, Q 98 (2 , L AK .Q, 98 4 .j(
) s*'(*'
1D

®-*_:; L@ < ; ;@J" , ®],8 L8 /
9T4 -, ,D:), G j@.&.@e " i'(:2 ':D, \(*" OT2J
:
6'O1 l J+@ ◾
.3
(
s'.$ sT.0
&].w 9V @ $J(, ●
T: @ $J(, ●
J2T*
@ $J(, ●
T(:
;J @ $J(, ●
S#w @ $J(, ●
*4J
9V
@ $J(, ●
71
TX @ $J(, ●
*)
@ $J(, ●
#
0 U(
@ $J(, ●
+]C2 ?F
, .6'O1 EFG -, 9
':D, ;(2 -. 6" NT: @ S#0 &D: *C;
12 QJ%$ <:8 ®&].w ,'( @ $J(, 3G @ 6'O1 EFG -, 98 s" 4](
-,
.@.&.@ *'
Í %$ ,'( @ $J(, &].w @ $J(, s" P* '
%O f
8b j@.&.@e :{:<E
p: b
L:. : ◀
5\Sm
S#0 h T: 9, kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V V5 ◾

T: 9, kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V -, (4:; L@ s . ^T; ~, ◾
S#0 h
hJ
36
J%*;
l T)
" :*G@ j@.&.@e ◾
,'( K1, &].w 9V H ;K(:
:
N 61
":

]%: NT(:
;J ◾
.kJX
;F )# /"
72
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%
EFG -, :0 ("
l /
" :4]. f@ . NkJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V V5 / 3$ ◾
NJ%*;
* H 8b NF
-. T(:
N$J( ,'(
.& EFG K NkJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V
,q]
x
;62 ◾
5e9!X57 <
-
N;TXw &].w 9V s 61
LK -, .P*: , 98 H *, ,].w K1 $61
L
@ 2(*: , H 916; , $J( z%$ Q^/ ' ;
L K
" Nj3
(
. QF$e vG L2
N 61
* H ,# ^T; )V 9,. Q. vG .1Db
:"J 2 dOD:; , H 3
(
H
$61
-, L (4:; :

*J
4 q 2 N, , *+, ,'(, l Vb(
,'( 9;62 5 ;w' ◾
/D
,*:Gw -. b
^"
L PO:); 6" ¯I" Q8F, ,'( K1, L2 L@ ^T; N&].w 9V H :y ◾
0 :
,
'¤ l Qhw ^T; ¡9*:6 GA62 *" :4K I" :4]. . 36

Í *V4 ; 0
L8 ~ :(":, P42 P, "=@ 9*62
,(
6'1 ;(:

'( ; L@ s 61'
-*; N" L,%; ?F
9*(
H 5
5dF ◾
p: b
,(
LYb
H 8b*'

L=:6; :
,'(" s ;2 ]X -,
. NßDh A62 ?@ dOD:2 L@ < ; ,(
b4 L@ Í 6I L; L@ < ; :5L<)K ◾
:
'2 (, L0 '. i$; :
$ b4,) N . s;@J
IJ(; L@ s%'(
3'*. H 9%:), 2 -. GB; L@ s 61
. N(ab" L ':D;
*
9. :
Q. 4 &].w 9VJ$ A C2 L@ < ; +\ +b l <F )
◾
La" L P4:; *8 ¡(,(
;: @ 2
0120 @ #
w ;B
9VJ
8)
P, j3:^'"e
. 6:
H 3
n) 2 @ T
H 8b , &].w 9V 3O(C2
;TXw O^:
H P 9b" 3%
$8 9*:2 L@ L(4:; 3@ *8 N-;JX> s,
,6
o
NO')
L*C; -;F
P*= ($@ /J2 L@ &].w 9V . < ; 5> ◾
9V
-*C; NT6 . Q%
v]:, ]X -, .* /D
,(
¤
Í _;@ -
Nz%$
P*: 2 -;2 H 3G)2 L@ &].w
S4
H G 20 * ;_%
$J( L :6; ¢ dF 5.\L 5D ) D,X ◾
%%6
JD ;:
(T -, 9'%:
@ ^
T 61
J;%:
. ^T; 0 N<
i s" Lq:
i%62 s,].w -, L P4:; 5 gAd5^@=V) ◾
(cf. Fackson BandaÞ UNESCOÞ àááâ) /1D
H ßDb
i6
$J( H *

73

F W0^
T(:
;J H i6
s*'
. . *:
J%*;'
? J,@ ,'( l /

9V . ^T; .?):
" s*'
', G ,'( EFG .,(
,'( l /
H i6

;J H i6
L*I . Q.) NS#w h T:8 kJX ,'( K1, &].w
.-, 9
,'( l /

9, N=
:'
P;
b:0 P, kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V K Í ;2 ^:;
9b" $J( ,'( l /
120 ,'( =
2 n:2 . 120 ,'( =
2
NS#0 Th h T: 9, NkJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V PO:)2 .?$ Th
EFG &A%C2 .,'(, K1, @ K1*'
8J, KJ , -, J8@ Í ;2
F" nT12 NQ;= ,X 3;%2
9/:
$#
6T
&:) 3'(:
H s =: T':
Q;= Í /J$ Q;
,w
.JAYC, A($ 9b" ¨(T
_(" P, (*:
9*b2 )V V5 QA. kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V
@ , @ (d@ NJ8~) )= @ 4J. K4 ;@ LK -, ,'( K1, l /
9T $2 ◾
Í , ,'( l /
, cX 9b" ,(
T: J$C2 ¡;K
S#0 B. @ QKA6, -8,@ H '. ]0 3:; ?F
L*_ -, ;
J%
/1X ;* ◾
6:
&. Q
. Q2JC, NQ;. .:, ,'(, K1, l /
9T $2 ◾
4]X @ ;
@ |)

'T% =
,'( ª P* 2 ◾
5e9!X —
p: b
)
-, ;TX 14 l -. 6" N*V] S#0 @ T: K1, &D: ]X -,
1%
GFG -, 98 P, i"O:2 E].@ Q8F (4:
-, Í ;@ K .(
@
k:) . I
1%
EFG H L8 ~ ®
($ ',@ , 9( 2 :
1%
EFG H )VJ
§(
G , .;TX0
.)62 l ?KY2 4 ^2 ¯#4 N;( P, i$:; 0 ,
-, Í 4]O o
Nn: , 9%(" TX "%C, J%
. ^T; @ $ -GBC2 Q14
%, <:8 ◾
.3;
QK= TX qA (C2 La" T!J

@ $J(, -, Í = L .<8 -. 1 A6 2 ;TX@ 14 @ '6, _%
6/ O^2 #X ◾
':D, O^:
E].@ Q8F ;( iTO2 . Q%
.
;
L; L@ H G &].w ,'(
O^:
a2 L8 , ®2*:. ?F
H %"OC, s (42 S8 k, ?@ l .;_%

QJ$: 9V
G , Ns (42 q 61
O^:
EFG 4 A ~ ®6 P*: .
H &].w ,'( @ $J(, T('2 L@ -*; :
K G , ®'b*'
?1:'
s*'
®s 3.K
P*: , H 8b J%
~D20 B8@ Q%" PA:*:; = 9b" P'O A - L@A . i$2 9G ◾
.cD
;@ -. $ B(A C2 Í ::$ Í 0%, <:8 ®~ ®J%*;K
,'( s" ;@J" 4](
G , ®(*: , H ,'( 3%2 K l J+
3:; 8 ; , 4 ◾
®O')
,'( s" N$J(
74
B)5 )d)5L<)%D )5b

n'O1, &D: L¦$ N7)
FG H .&].w ,'( @ l \J A(:
T(:
&].w ;J qA (2
A .,(
,'( l /
, l b; j,'( ;Je
3
(
3
¯: G ,'( L
.
: K1 -, QK :w . 2% N$ k^, ?~ K -. 6T
H 24 ;(:
N
-,
*8 J%
~D2 . ,(
Q4 '%:2 Nz%$ TD
?;@ H @ ''4 '4 ?;@ H ,'( 8#2 ,.
$ b
-*_2 L@ ;K(:
4]X" PA:*:2 :
&].w 9V
-*C;e .QT8 =K l N*%2 .
]X -, 24 '%:) &].w 9V T2 .(T(:
;J6
)
9
K) .jL%
QK
)
.,D2 :
'6 (*: l
Y)*" J;%:
3;%2
5 d%D )5b —

@ ;2 @ \X LK -,
KT2 J+
= -. T(:
;J ;6:
" G T(:
;J
&]
;J *6; 0 T(:
;J H i6
.L)w 7% -, |@ i G T(:
;J .(*4 J=
'
-. J+
¨^" N$ @ ,'( 9% %'2 -. : :
" i'A (:; 9*. ?@ Í _;@ -
z%$
;J H 8bC -, P*
-A *C2 Ni6
F
; ,.K $61
;J 9b2 .,D:)
d(, T(:
;J q(2 L@ -*; . P*: '6 (*: 3.K T
; @ *8 T(:

;J .. T(:
':D $ " s;K(
KJ$
¯*)
]X -, P*: H *'

. K4 WJ " n*)C; .?%
:
*:
@ G N
Y) -, @ :; 0 = G T(:

P*2 :
s%
9, NK%
.-;JX ;J ;*6
; K%
EFG L2 ,. z%$ T(:
;J
.&D:0 )
Í T 2 ? 9b" G;62 < ; NGJ
. ¨62 :
"OD

lL4v+\ g5 ) —
p: b
N(S#w 6 / T
.TO) ,].w J" $8 O; ?F

~ ?K(2 &]. O4 L
-. T(:'
(*: .)C; )
J+
= N('6 *'4w
) $J^

, T(b
! d: d%T2 NQ;. \J@ . 'V &].w q:; ,. .9_$@ 9b" )
f'
&%; L@ '6

&].w 9V -, A($ p; -*C; .L <'!@ H
:,
.:, K1, -, 2 ,'( -, -*, 4 B8@ L .J%*;
'*(
H 8b*'
9V
%:2 , Í T
! ':D, = '*2 :
.~w 61
L@ s H .P*: *2 H 3G)C; I(:,
K%: &A%C; L@ -, ("@ Q ', S62 &].w 9V 8J2 L¦$ NkJX 9V
L*_, ' 98
.A6:, @ ;J2 &]. l ?KY; L@ *C; *8
KT:,
d)5L<) —
U6/@ -, 9X2 LK ;J;J62 J4 ~D20 -;J6*'
'8 ;J6
l J;J6:

]%: K(2
9T . J;J6:

]%: T:X 3:; .* ! @ * kJX@ '.$ = ;@ @ &].w 9V
.s'( @ )Y EFG
, < (2 0 0%, ,]. )Y, 2 ,. N
5e9!XO —
)Y 3G@ . Í
JO); '*; - A*. 6" NT:K1, S#0 &D: ]X -, ◾
EF
9*:6C a:
G , .)VJ
_"%
8
" *V4 PI .,6
:0 ,].w
H " *( s%
H 6" ®T(:
;J ,'( :X l /
, . '
75 .'. QJO)
&].w 9V 3+:
:%O, @ v'"
/ NÍ Í ,]. 0, #X .(*: , H '%:) ';T
&].w 9V K 3A4 ◾
'*(
H 8b" f'
,].w '
EFG n*)2 %;J ;@ H .Í]%:), '( 2 :

®V)
E 2w *:(2 :
&].w 9V -. ':D2 8 ®J%*;

;*
N QK 9, Ns 61
;* @ T(:
;J P b2 :
*+ 9*. H 6" ◾
s 61
9*. . 8A .
*'4w ,6
! *+ @ NK ]" L'J, Ns 61

.3.
" Í J;= 3'*. 9( 2 :
)VJ
§(
K N*+ EFG 3*.2 -;F

c1D
= . NJ;J6:

]%: H &].w 9V i &# ,6
. < ; ~ 4 ◾
FG H .,(
LYb
TX O^:" i'(:; , H &].w 9V . x^_
*, -. :,0
9;62 '*. K4 :
N%")
sT'
)V N8@ Lq8 -, Z:
fT:40 4 N7)

.J%*;K l ;KT: %;J -, GK]" H 36

6; ,. N3.q ?@ L@ 6" Ni4K 9b" "b:, J%*;
P, $61
;J & , L A
Í
cJ6
-, 4 B8a"
F" &%; $ N,*2 4 EK4 S8
N$61
. K%
WJ$
'V_ " * NÍJ%*;K Í V4 8 :(* -, z%$ o
NQT8 QJD L .;(

K(: . L; L%'*:, Í *VK vG 9VG KT:0" J!w L .J%*;
" ,:

.;KT:0 ;OD
-, ;(
9*b:
J%*;
d( P2 H Q.)*'
EFG < 2 -*; 8 ¯#4 NJ;J6:

]%: . kJX@ '*:6, a2 9*b:
b4 H P2
.
B, 0 :
a:

.iAI 9b" K6, L%" K1% G , 4 ◾
K1, &].w 9V P, 9. :
:q:<E
p: b
S#0 h T:8 kJX ,'(
L:. : ◀
5 XSm
d( &].w 9V 9/2 8 ◾

$%
cDh kJX ,'( K1, -, G! &].w 9V &A%C2 8 9*:

a), ◾
.¬
N-8, Gb
*
s N&].w ,D:), K ◾
*
9T4 -, L*_ : ]X -, &].w 9V P, 8b ◾
;F )# /" 76
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V 9T4 -, ,D: 3:; :
)VJ
3G / 3$ ◾
9V P, 9. :
. s/&].w ,D:), .)2 \ 3G EFG $J(, L@ 8 3$ ◾
.?% 9b" NkJX ,'( K1, &].w
5e9!X57 <
1%
-, ':D, Í .@ &].w 9V T2 8 3$ G &].w @ $J(, -, Í @ Í = L
:
K 3+:
,D:)2 :
%:
G , NIJ. 9=@ -, ,'( y12 8 N 61

,D:)2 :
':D %:'
|@ 3$ l 9/:
?R
-, .3
T(/ QJ(T, Í]/@ L2
J+
< -, L; 4 *8 .G) 2 -*C; 8 ,D:)2 :
jq,J
e _;@ N&].w 9V
S8 ~ , },'( &].w 9V ':), 9. 2 @ xb k, 61
K 3+C; p:C; -*"
.,'( 3;%2 8 . JY2 /D
32J+
9*. 8 3$ 9=@ -, N<8 -.
:
)VJ
0 A6 2 ^T; Nj@.&.@e " i'(:; , H
-*C; 8 N,D: -*C; 8 N( L'/; 8 NkJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V
j@.&.@e H =C %]

EK@ Q8F 0 3.2 .*;%2 32 :
,'( 3%2
p: b

F lL4v+\ g NF
,'( @ ':D, 3;%2 H ':D, <
@ @ %2 ,].w c1
:, &D:); 8 ◾
®( $ 1; \"
®*
<= -, ,D:0 EFG T4 . \J(:
3:; 8 ◾
®(, ,]. '
;^'
.%
@ j e @ / .%
G , ◾
2~ 6" '
L@ ?@ Nj()
J
G '
e L@ NLG'8, h, N,]. i'A (, <:8 ◾
&].w ' :X JYC; L@ -*C; 8 .3
('
*$ %;J . JY2 S#0 .F @ .TO
®,].w '
B.
%
J
9h K6C2 L@ *C; 8 ®G%': :
,'( .

F lL4v+\ g+Y.)
&]. 9V G*:(2 9*2 7J @ ,]. Í / 6 2 ◾
,]. @ Q/ 9' ◾
7)
9' ◾
®R: -, &].w 9V H Q*:( 9*:
7J T4 -, :) -, ◾
77 ®-;JX ) @ $ kJ :
%;JO
. a:
1
EF
-*; 8 ◾
®Q[T 1Db
:"J 2 dOD:; ?F
3
('
*$ :$J(, . JY2 8 ◾
N4. -, L(; -;F
cDh0 N)
s*2 Ns)
s" Q) l 2J+ . LJY; 8 ◾
20 '4 N'6 .*
,]. ' H b, . J;J6:

]%: o(2 k, ?@ l A6 2 ◾
=F3)+Dc*
.2 )!
®~ N,].w
i'D; -, G *, )w a:
3G , ◾
T(:
9/:
H s s 7% P, 9/
'/ ◾
&].w ,'( @ $J(, Oh
NT(:
;J P, 9/
'/ ◾
s%
(¬
N%:

;T
) K G T:.0 s. H FXY2 ◾
McLuhan & Fiore 1967. The Medium is the Message: An Inventory of Effects. Penguin Modern Classic ()
p: b
=F3)
=
@)
=T.3.6
zh
*
\:)C *
◾

l ,A%C; Í %$ 3" /D
( L':)C /L,D:)C LOh
L 4C; ◾
KA6C ,].w
G

)C $ b
. *V4 &].w 9V O4 -, *
(42 ◾
,'( , H $% .*:= ;K1:4 1Dh =: s':) /s,D:)*'
◾

F $
` <£

@=F3)
=
@).T
)VJ
3G:X ;(, 32,'(, K1, ,'( ,%, :D; 8 ◾
.4 @ ;
b @ <:
8 32,'(, K, NT: 9, N,'( K1, ?#b2 8 ◾
'. 16'
LT::; 8 @ NT

/D
,(
S#0 Th B. ,'( K1,
~ H *" N,'( K1, 9;*2 3:; 8 ◾
J$; :
,D
%

9X ,'( K1, i%6C2 8 ◾
78
5\5F"
A -, WJ^
G , ◾
®&].w ' @ ,'(, 1, H b, s(,
®=: 3:; 8 ◾
® :@ ?F
-, ◾
®
~ L$J(2 8 ®\:)C *
G -, ◾
®
J
G , ◾
®, L :); ~, ® :)C -, ◾
®
:@ :
,'( G , ◾
®=6
EFG $J(, ;62 *C; 8 ◾
®'($ *C; ?F
, NQJ$:, -2 3
~ ®E;@ ?F
9b
H QJ$:,
: :
,'( 9G ◾
®,,@ : ,'( 3%2 3+2 3$ -*C; 8 ◾
®&D:]
'"4 y/ H ,'( EFG qJ" 3;%2 -*C; 8 ◾
®+ ' )2 ,D: QK. ;D2 ,'( . +$6C -*C; 8 ◾
5e9!X —
p: b
O%
:0 *'A (2 -*; ?F
, .E].@ = )VJ
'¤ '. iAT Í ,]. Í 1 #X ◾
®\:) *
-. Í]_$ N
% s,_ N,].w
@:T, E].@ )VJ
'¤ '. iAT . <:8 ." &%
H <!J2 ßDh @ ?K1:4 xb H JA $ ◾
®j
:@ :
,'( G ,j£"
vK'X d: ¯T1
H 5%: +6
-, N &; ]X " &%2 :
b
P*= L AK ◾
®b
EFG H 8b*'
,'(, l :62 9G Q^/ .* , -*I 9'A .Í]
J
l
H QJ6
=K $J(, l :62 N 9T . .
:62 :
,'( xb 98 < " <:8
-. \J(2 L@ N'$6
9%:)2 L@ 9T4 )
8J $J(, l :62 N)"], ?2J2 L@ 9=@ -, D

H ,'( EFG *G@ k, , 4 .WJ4 . 16
<'O: S8 ~ , $J(, 9=@ -, K1:40
®,'( EFG LK -, G~D2 H "(/ : :
J%
K. 38 .,
2
@ &]$ @ .~w @ ; ':
p,B
3G@ ¨(" -. 6" NS#0 T: &D: ]X -, ◾
Í @ Í],. S8 :
E].@ *V%
H Q8F )VJ
PI G , . &(
-, ].w
FG ]X -, E].@
b -, PI ¨(" @ @ qJ" $ 3:; :
7JO
/ ® H
.
.J;J6:
mJ
0 N32,'(, K1, -. b
&. s 61'
i6; ~ ¯[ ◾
C &+ G $61
e
%, 4 ◾
ji%62
79
3'(:
N3'(:
Nj.@.&.@e :s:<E
L:. : ◀
5\Sm
3'(:
3'(:
'*. j@.&.@e *'
|@ 3$
j@.&.@e *'
;"#
"% ◾

]X -, o;:
j@.&.@e &].w ,'( @ , o;2 ◾
;F )# /"
p: b
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%
EFG -, :0 ("
3'(:
3'(:
'*.
]X -, qA (C; L@ j@.&.@e *'
-*C; :
<
;62 ◾
j@.&.@e " OT2J ;"#
"% \b: ◾
;"#
"% EFG &D:)2 (, Ob@ ¯[ ◾
5e9!X57 <
j@.&.@e o;:

;"#
"%C
5\ <)v5 <

. 1%:0 8A JC; N<
O
6*:; 3'(2 U'@ G V1%:0 "% O" 3'(:
L@
OT2J §(
-, ;(
-*_:; G .6
(*: , H &].w ,'( a" OT2J ,
B. Q;= , \(, U]O
<):; NJ%
~D2 9V) 9 V1%:0 3'(:
"
,
kKT PV4
nI2 N%:( 4 $J(, N
a) ;62
:
V1%:0 9J 80
pV:
" J+
QK. 4 ~D2 ¡
a) 9 ) 2 ¡9V0
9'62 3+2 ;62 N
a) EFG
/J "
]X -, U]O
d+6; Nj@.&.@e o;:
T, %;J .'J, 98 -. QK1

9*2 \b: FG H V1%:0 "%" /D
', - A*_:2 .i*(" 9V) \b:
9'62 ]X -, &].w H /1D
\b: ¡,].w 9'6:
]X -, 7J(
(d@ NJ8~) o

.=
0 6T
]X -, S#0 . QT
OX \b: ¡:)*'
? Z@
(PBL+\ +b4$D;F )

o@ ) S4
H U]O
k
OC; N*'(2 ,+ K =, 9V) 9 . T 3'(:
9*C;
& FG ab .]b 9 2# ?%
:
*2 l $Iw" N'X: $J(
U'@ -. QT. ;4 'G ~ & , G .8 N;:@ H #, v, (,= H <O
'8 H
;% 1%: H U]O
v[ ]X -, . .*
;KJ
$J( q(; (2 *'(2
. V: i%6:
<
@ '¤@ 3'(:
\G@ 3) a" U]O
J;C; .%% 98b*" i'(:2 %*(,
\:)2
($ .*:= %;)2 '* 3*12 j@.&.@e -*I 9V) 9 . T 3'(:
. ,
.K6, *=
p: b
$.F jdD
(TO
3
(
\b:0 *'(
,D:); :
%:
-, .:, .* , l *'(
6T
K(;
-, .* , ]X -, 1%:0 '*. -. B(C A ; , Í T
! . ; :

K . 2J2 ) 2 ¯#40
\b: ¡'¤ ¯J ¡+] -;2 N9, Ob@ 9*b2 G i%6:
QK d A*)C2 O)TC A , OX
&D: ¡;T:Xw
K I . %")
$J( (=J, ¡%%6:" &%'
zOD:
¡\J(, G ,
U' FG p,K Í _;@ -*C; *8 .pV:
WJ. ¡) :
¯#4 ¡T
) 2 9'62 P*
K@
9V H (
a2 -. i%62 J= N*'(
6T
',@ -*_:2 L@ -*C; .j@.&.@e o;2 '*. H
.S#0 Th (*: , K@ -. i%62 @ N&].w
K d5
(, H U' FG ab . @ 9, -. % A*(C, K . 06
K U'@ ?O;
iTO2 -*C; 8 L
%% @ &D:" L,%; U]O
L8 N*. QKw K$G
h U]O
WJ(:; ~ j@.&.@e o;2 '*. H T, ;J+ EFG .(4 0 . ;J+
$J(
T
P*= N l J+
H , %;J
~ <O:; .Í,; ,].w 9VJ
-, ':D,
<):; .U]O
k
V1%:0 3'(:
%;J 3.2 $ 9"%C " NpV:
3;%2 N,'( 9'62
T:X b H
6
K .)C2 *8 .
6
@ K6
4 UT@ 9*h@ i*.@ Í *$ U]O

-, E! -. @ 4] n= 3'$ i;)2 -. K J= U]O'
-*C; N 9T . .IJ

.Q
,].w :C
81
$! );F )

.8#bC, \G@ i%62 9=@ -, 9*(
\" Í (, U]O
P*: ; *'(2 p l (:
3'(:
bC;
]X -, 3'(:
9, Í %(2 J8@ <
@ 9*b
A :; z)" 9*. . (:
3'(:
iATOC; L@ -*C;
= '¤ ¯J N(jigsaw learning) ," d A*)C ]X -, 3'(:
NKA6C, ,
3G vK J;O2 9, *'(2 <, i%62 l \; FG 98 NKT:C 3'(:
¨(T
3_(" .
NF
E 2 " ; J8@ 4, N1Db
*'
9_$@ KT2 Ni*.@ 6 . :

-, ( .* , $ =; \ 1
H *;K8 -;T:
QK 8 \b:
.JX -,
3'(2 $ 8b, <'O:; @ *8 N@.&.@ 3'(2 3'(:
<, U'@ .
8b ¯: , ?@) wiki _$ ?@ H (2 9b" 9*(
" L; @.&.@ H "% EFG -. ', @
.(L8 ?@
+Fd'
':D, $ a" %'(: / .%
. \JA (:
]X -, ß 9'62 J= . U]O
3'(:;
N 9T . .)VJ
$ 3$ QK;q -*C; NV*)
9'6:
-,
FG P, .&].w 9V -,
:
9*:
h@ -, @ i'D
'*(:)C 6'O1 ;^'
q,J
&D: 8 U]O
3'(:;
? j;K
j j;,J
j j%:
e q,J
;62 8 U]O
o;2 3:; . (, *= UF 2
z%$ VJ= o
Nd(, ~ 7 H c1
9'62 -,
FG iTO2 ^T; N-,@ ~ .,].
.%TO2 KJ *;K8@ -;J*:8
Í (O%, L; L@ -*C; .3,*:G C; ,]. -, PO%, :X U]O
-, <'OC; 9T .
p: b
A
U]O
3)%; .S#0 . ?TX 1, -, ;$ PO%, @ NU2; -, ;$ z;[ NÍ;TX
, %:
N
Y NWJ^
N\:) *
9'62 9=@ -, 3=2 3:; .* , l
.7)

y +Fd'
%'(: )VJ
3G " , zT2J; , * 0 N7)'
|@ 9'6:" &%
8 U]O'
J+C;
9*b2 .;J+
j@.&.@e "%, -, .* *" %'(: '2@ NkJX ,'( K1, &].w"
U(
@ N&]$ 12 *+@ 3'(2 . U]O
Q.)C, N FG H ;"#
<
7)
9'62 ',@
9V)*" zT2J2 3GK]" H ( A* 2 &].w 9V ', L@ 8 @ N3GK]" H VJ
;
L; ':

.T(:
;J J%*;

.7
l j*=#;e @
A 6; NQ ,]. ' H S,4C ,'(, U]O
FXa; N"% EFG P,
9T . NkJX@ '
.;KJ
. T; .~ BX l ';62 (,
H P4 K -. ST:8 6/ -,
%, 2 ◾ 82
?F 2 zOD, PI
Q^/ . , -*I 9*(
3 -,
3'$ -, ^/ PO%, QGbC, ◾
.,D:) ]%:
;
O%'
;62 P, Nb J;1:
<C,
.3'$ 9h . GJ;1:
?F 2 zOD, l ';62 ; FX@ ◾
3'
zOD:
H 7]O O%8 ,D: NDh Q -. %% VJ, K, -, .* , P*= ◾
.
:; 14 %V
: d
&D:); NEJ8~ iT *8 .&]$
pG H 2#8 Q86C &D:)2 , Í 8
A C <('; N
~ l K:w" .&].w QK, o;2 '*. T2 8 U]O'
6I
Q86C L*'(
42 3 -, .Ob" &%
. '4@ N
- H U] "*" L*'( nT1; 1
3'(, K
.;"J2 '*(8 U]O
P, 2#0 EFG

:
7JO
" Q86C &D: -*C;
UTb
\:); %V ; '2 p,J" K. . L'*(; N%V 3'$ : i;J$ K U]O
<('; ◾
3'. N&].w QK, 3'(2 8 H L%%6; NS#0 H @ .~w H s 6/ K U]O
<('; ◾
'"% EF
.~ :" L,%; 3 NQK EFG 3'(2 f*; 3'(, P, '"%C, J=
-. ;J(:'
14 ;$ z;[ 1; N(,
-, i;)2 i;J$ " &%
3%2. . U]O
FXa; ◾
p: b
.76:
w H sT!J
U]O
$:), (,
Q6
H U]
2 )!K
?K6
LJ%
H $J( U):8 -, 3, <= FG NiTO:
]X -, 3'(:
. p
FG ?O;
L*_ : n:C; .d(, ~ i*.@ k:), . 3'(:
\b: . U]O
P b2 ^T; .-;(

,]. c1 : ]X -, .iTO:
\b:0 ]X -, 3'(:
H c^
/J$ U]O'
,].w
T(:
"w 7J \b: U]O
PO:); N(U:, *), NVJ, ,]. : 9T .)
./D
3GJ+ = 3G$@ 32/ ]X -, 3) @ -.
9*, p,J" ?@ @) Movie Maker @ iMoviee p,J" 9, ,B
U]O
&D:); ', -*_:2
.3*; JX> I, ?@ @ ¤" _4 :2 Q %4K Q *4 14 3;%:
( ,
5e9!X —
Q8F j@.&.@e -, Q(
;"#
"% -, ?@ -. ',@ / ;62 s*'( -, <' ◾
3'(2 H s
A($ 3'( 2 :
)VJ
AC . L$J(:; 3.K N3;
$
a, S6T/@ :
E].@
.j@.&.@e 3'(2
2#0 EFG nI2 L@ ah -, :
Ob J;O:
s*'( A= N9*. .* , ]X -, ◾
83 .3'*. H
: b35b7<S
Civic Education for Media Professionals: A Training Manual, ◾

http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001804/180402e.pdf
informational literacy : ◾
A Primer Understanding: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001570/157020e.pdf
Big6, www.big6.com, ◾
Media Development Indicators: ◾

A framework for assessing media development,
Committee of Concerned Journalists, ◾

www.concernedjournalists.org/tools/principles/rights
http:/www.journalism.org /resources/principles ◾
Media Education: A Kit for Teachers, Students, Parents and Professionals, ◾

{: b
: {: b
4]X@ TX 3$
,'( &].w
84
f
':*; 6" %%6
%2 L G $61'
| \
L
.K@ 3, 9( 2 :
,'(
News Reporting and Writing H NJ
$ v=
%O f 'D

;KJ
) ;'%:
&].w 9V a2 b: nT/@ N012w &].{
Q;
=
:
5 P,
S4 ?@ -, P@ 7O . :, TX ,'( Z:
" S6T/@ N ._, (61
L; ':

Q;
) ;TXw &].w 9V ,'( , L 61
<('; NFG ,'( . H .°,
8b, 9)2 H NQ[T 2BX q :2 ,'(, l
/ L*I H ;6, K (*;%

.QJ%:), NJ%*;K N: , (*: , H hJ
36
H s
K1, (;'%:
Q;
) ;TXw &].w 9V 5 K \b: 3: NQ
EFG H
4]X@ J%*;
;J6
;(:8 NJ%*;
(*: H 1Db
2 H kJX ,'(
Q
EFG &%: *8 . *G;(2
) $ b
" T
O N
Y) " N&].w
l /'
"" l P*: *'
Q>J, KJ , 8 -, N;TXw &].0 9V
O:
-. ,. 6
A
.s 8b 9 A)*8 N&(
6'
P b, NLq:
i'X i%6:
: 5 f l N,'(
-. ]_$ NT(:
;J &].w ;J 9, ;_4 Q. \b: -, s*'( s*2 H Q
EFG .):
{: b
.;TX0 J;%:
H $ b
4

) *G@
. N&].w ,D:), 9T4 -, ,% s,_ H K;Kq
F8 b NQ;
=
:
9_ "
= > H T8 . A2 QJG+
EFG
&%2 *$ .s -, L(
Kb
J;%:8 9T
.&
: ,'( TX K1, -, '
?% 3%2 l =6
.
F8 8Y2 ¦$ NJ+

3%2 9'62 . z%$ o
-;K4 L N&].w ,'( " s A*', L*'( nT1; ,.
;TX J;%:" T
O H 32
Y), *, . _;@ 9" N,; %':; :
TX ,'(
.?KA(2 N9%:), NJ &].0 3*.K -. ]_$ N%4K
K.
<E
S.)65 dGp
5 cL,X5dG{
% # 9)?@SI
Gq
([)
*" *
5 5FXV 6' D,Xe'5F.4Gs
85
P*: $61
:p:<E
L:. : O ▶ ◀
5\Sm
$61
;J T(:
;J *, & , AO2 ◾
J%*;
" H GK P*: H $61
-, ;^
◾
(
) N$ b
N
Y) N;J6
9T .)
(

s:)
. -;(
?K6
LJ%
H s$61

Y), K ◾
(-A *, N9 A)C, N<4J, Nf NQ>J, 9T .) ◾
' a2 =*" J;J6:

]%: N,(
6'1 ,X H $61
◾
,'( 4]X@ K ◾
;F )# /"
{: b
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%
EFG -, :0 ("
$61
;J T(:
;J *, & , O A
A 2 <%(2 ◾
N*G;(2 hJ
36
J%*;
l ()
H GK $61
-, ;^
;62 ◾
H (
@
)
. 32
Y), ,'( , s 61'
O:
3%2 ◾
,(
6'1
5e9!X57 <
A QJ$ } kJX -, k4@ Q QJ$ Q_6

S :@
f
L,¦" L@
NT8 l '1 , ! N,'(*'
;J+ S%'X .3) @ *6; L@
(, L( 2J2 L2J
L .$61
d*)2 NQJ
EFG . r 6
\"
.(, L;2
$61
§. The Elements of Journalism N9:)q &2 $8 9"
@ *8 .'; Q#$ F, N|@ i } J6
UOD
3" @ \J(2 :
} T(:
;J B:.@ 86
*:'
,.K NkJX@ ;J 7%6
@ N',
;T
2, i%6:
; B:.
,'( KT:" n*)2 ,. J", l :62 N'.$ T(:
;J L2
.;K1:40 .*:=0
N 5
EFG K@ 9=@ -, N@ ! .J" '2 $2 H &].w 9V K *G@ PT2 G -, N$
E" P_; 3+:
-, JA 6:
FG .,6
@

QJO -. '%:), L2 L@ &].w 9V ¯:62
:2 , .4 J;O2 l Z:
" ?KY; *, N 4]X@ -*I \:'
s 61
. ,:

. 61
;(

:
Ob -, UA :D; L@ -*; N;_%
EFG l K:
5e9!X —
?@ ^T; .3GK]" H QJ6
$61
T(:
;J AO2 -.J;J%2 ":8 6T
" L*'( 'A ; ◾
Z:
8 N,
O6*'
VJ, ,q K J;J%:
-*_:;
-, ;J+

-, QJA 6
$61
T(:
;J &A%2 H D;:
O:
●
*
$61
;J ,X H QK6, *G), S,A4 :
,].w 08
@ / L 61
●
J%*;

*, K ;TX0 J;%:
&].w <(
J%*;
8J6
-*I ●
K 3GJ+ = $J( s 6/ P, ]"%, J= s*'( * A C
'A ; N:,
~ L8 ~ ◾
{: b
J8F; L@ ]"% 3(, kJ C2 -;F
-, <'O .G;(2 H @ J%*;
l ()
H $61

QK -. ]_$ N

@
)
. )V K ,].w O^:
$ ST(
QKA6C, 0
s:6 / -, %, ":" L*'( &%; 3 .,(
6'1 s
n
1, s" '*:6C J2:

-, &].w 9*(; :
7JO
N&].{
QKA6C 5
l $ LbC; NGJ=@ :
'"% .2J;
.
7JA O:
32 :
)VJ
;_%
N
]X
;<)F ^'
GJ=@ :
]"% @/ J%
pV: ":8 ◾
J%*;
&].w" %'A (: ;_%
(Blog) , @ 6" ":8 ◾
(.¬
N 1
9XK b4, N9*. h N 9T .) .*= 3'(2 Ob@ H 8b ◾
5 ).FSm
"4J'
(IX 61
0 K ◾
87 $61
9"%, ;.
◾

) N4]X N;J6
:{:<E
L:. : ◀
5\Sm
&].w 4]X@ N,'( ;J NT(:

;J N$61
;J ◾
, s 61'
=2 xOX J;J6:
<:, H ',b
3%
* .4 N4]X .4 ◾
,'(
$61
o
, N;*
z N4]X L
) :
(, TX P*= H $61
4]X@ ◾
( 61
kb
%'2 L
/'%:)C
&].0 9V fJ $61
;J -. L($ ◾
{: b
- H61
s" 4](
s T= 7% ◾
3'T4 -, ,A% s,_ s J;%2 ◾
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
J;%:
K. . Ga2 N,'( ;J NT(:
;J N$61
;J6
(
¢KT / ◾
;TXw
N,'( , $61
*C, . 4]X iTO2 8 9'62 ◾
(
1Db
;:) . ◾
;* l ()
H &].0 9V T4J, $61
;J -. L($ T('; ?F

*4 J;%2 ◾
.:
Y), $61
;J
, s$61
*, 9*b2 :
%'6
-, 8 Ns
Y), 7% ¯[ N9"% H ◾
N,'(
@ L T('; ?F
AO:
@ s -, QK
J;%:
9'62 b4, 3$ ◾ 88
.J%*;
'*(
H ,].w L*_ : H sOb s8b*8 Q
L 61

5e9!X57 <
.4,
a), $61
N;
H
$61
O^2 . 324 s 61

]%: H 9X:2
F" $ N&].]
*5 J@ PI

K@ ~
A .T, J; :
7JO
9_$a"
*C, *C; P*: H '.$ §(8 &].w 9V -
&%; L@ W# -, N"4J
*5
J =" 3:;J ;* 9=@ -, N
F
.P*: . QT8 'O
=2 xOX PI" @ 8' 4]X@ .4 K*:. ]X -, 3) @ . "4J
&:
¦" L 61

. @ 1%
O^2 8 ,
{: b
$61
4]X@ .4 } iTO:

:
4]X .4 G ', @) } s 6/ 9T4 -, .I v')
4]X@ .4 A6 2 ◾
WJ^
3A4 .(| " " .~¦" /D
;( G JX> , ¡s 61'
Z
K620 Gab@
.%
-, . 98 -, d 2J
o
3) @ _.@ 9T4 -, ab" 7 20 4]X@ .4 PI ^T; ~ 4 ●
=X O' @ = 9T4 -, IJ "
4]X .4 F :
,q]

4 ●
,'( , 4]X@ .4 iTO:

~ H *" Ns hY T: ,a8 N,'( , (I :
v')
4]X@ .4 A6 2 ◾
@ h
Z
o' Gab@ :
s hY 4]X@ .4 .* , 9,) )VJ
3%
¢KT
(T:*'
;J, (*
8 NT: , L'T
¨(" :(I :
4]X .4
P*: -, N/1D

a), N/
i N'" %'(: ,'( 4]X@ ;_4 4 ●
,(
)
N *C N1Db
J%
. ,'( 4]X@ JAYC2 8 4 ●
. N4]X kKT . Q :)C =6
,'(*'
QO:C h JAYC2 8 4 ●
89 (,(
,'( l /
/1D
N*4J
ª 6
9,) kKT EFG iTO2 8
5e9!X —
@ http://www.freedomhouse.org £" cD
$61
;J fJ$ . ]w s*'(C -, <'OC; ◾
QK@ ?@ @ NReporters without Borders K ]" s'J*" cD
3
(
H $61
;J fJ$
.3G'" '. 91 ?F
1:
;62 N&].w" /D
Afrobarometer £8 N'/ ~ *'4 f4
@ 9,(
¯[ ;62 () N1:
FG . i$; L8 ~ , ¯[ () -, 3'(: -*:; \
[Y EFG O^2 :
;( 9*b2 .3G'" H $61
;J 12 . J@ :
^:
(S#w 9,) Tb
. J$: &].w ;J T
;J N.TO
;J =K ●
&].{
%
¤T
●
,].w J;%:
. JY2 :
)
x^_
●
,'( l /
H JY2 :
;K1:40 9,(
●
&].w 9V ', P A* 2 ●
&].w 9V s 61
. Q[T *
●
&]. 9V

:0 K= ●
&].w H 2F
"4J
"4J
K= ●
<= s'J =2 :
"(1
●
3.K 9, N
K _(" .s$61
-. $'
]*6" &%2 :
3
(
H *+ -, ;(
vG ◾
J+
.v; H s$61
;*
L
H QK Nv*
H

&].w 9V
;* H *+ EFG S*G 8 Nv'" H $61
;J 3.2 Ob *+, vG S8 ~ *$
{: b
.T(:
;J $61
;J
:" NO* <
4 -*_:2 N%T), * @ A62 J+2 6/ J;%:
',@ 3'( &A%C; \ ◾
;( *G@ h% L*'(J;C; \ .7F
U>K0" o*2 :
1
6
N$JD

.;
H IJ( ;_%
-. J;J%2 3;%2 3 -, Ns 61'
,(
=:
xOD

(ombudsman) &].w I kb
H s%%6 @ ?@ ;*
z P, '"%, 3'( ?J ; ◾
(Vb
K%:0 -. &](:]

~ ('*, .* , @) &].w T4J, *+, kw 9*, @
WJ(:); .T@ 08 @/ L 6/ T2 , @ 4]X@ G I ,. kb
@
-*I @ :
;_%'
$ O^2 S*2 4 S8 ~ *$ i%6:; N4]X .4 &@ 3'(
A
S8 ~ *$ i%6:'
N'6 &].w 9V ¨(T" 12w" s*'( @ &%; .*V%
.%

&@ F 2 iTO2 8 -. L*'( 3'(:); 4 .;
s',(
s 61'
8' .4 *:(2
..%
EFG
Q1" :O^2 S*2 _4 @ -. ]"{
s, 9T4 -, QF O^:
" QKJ= 3'( P_; ◾
.PV4
K H <2@ A62 @ aOX ?@ -, 3'( i%6:; .)VJ
&].w 9V 9T4 -, Qq"
;J6
8:) I FG ,
32+], -;:
9 @ #$K K*:. U]O
-, <'O; ◾
($61
<= -, 4]X ! * -. ',@ @/ ,'( ;J/T(:
;J /$61

.Q
; H 1D'2 (* 2 ^"
;<)F ^' 90
,].w 9 )
◾
s J;%2 Nv')
.4 N$61
;J 12 =K N 9T . N6" ◾
&]$ @ @ L; ':
QGb, @ ]"%, J+
= $ L A2 0%, ◾
U]O
s" b4, N9*. %' N 9T . N.*= 3'(2 Ob@ H 8b ◾
5 ).FSm
QK ,'( ;J ¢KT, $J( H *

i ◾
&)
s%
Ni J%
N4 20 N

i T(:
/,'( ;J ◾
(
-, Nb:
" %'(: s%
N;:

'1
~ /:
i J%
l $Iw" N,'( l /
J= s4 ◾
Q
*C N,'( ;J6
A
L%
A, ◾
&].w 9V" cD
;*
z 2F
3+:
◾
s'J 7% ◾
{: b
;( \b: } BD
P1; ?F
, : q:<E
. ] : ◀
5\Sm
'
:'G@ k, BD
*4 3%2 ;(, ◾
:!/ H @ BD
K. H 3A 6:2 :
T:.0 ◾
;F )# /"
91
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
$ @ cDh @ S8 ~ *$ @ BD
*4 3%2 H ,D:) ;( / ◾
.
i6:)2
:!/ %;J H @ BD
K. H 36:2 :
¢KT*'
;%
b4 ◾
5e9!X57 <
$6/ '. S" ?F
f0 9b2 ...G :
$61
;J+ L
A
]%:0 Ni%6:
N::w . dT; iO, $6/ N;
LJ%

.f

$61
EFG 3+2 8 l J+; L@ N,'( -, 9V
3'
, , d(, O(C; L L 61
:6;
;
?F
*
9T4 -, , , L:
N*G@ J8 ;_%
. _
z'A )C2 %;JO" ,'(
1%
'2 :X NG~D2 3'. :
J%
9*b2 .( 3$ H = ':DC, ;:),
9h o(; \ N6
(TO" .,'( 3;%2 8 H J%
FX@ (
" QJ;=) ,G B:(2 :

-, .,
1Db
32J+ 3) @ s 61
QBX (ãa:
ä 3" @ \J(; ?F
) BD
3;%2
{: b
.?% :"
:; L@ a:
EFG*
3 ; L@ 3
+Fd'
L@ i6:)2 :
-;(
9'6:" &%; (#
0 (4, @) )VJ
61
k 3'( :D; ◾
9,. Q. QK.
~ 9*b; .(, 1%
;TXw *%
3%2 ;(, l K:0" Q1
9:62

:
8
< S4:
●
*G a:
●
Q1
●
UJ%
●

●
?K(
!/?K(
?T
&*:G0 ●

!/
●
QR
●
@ BD
K. l T)
" T:.w H GFX@ ^T; :
9,(
f@ . 1%
3'( 9'6; 3 -,

:
$ 9,(
,@ .:!/ %;J
92
(PV4'
n61
d( O.) %O z"#
(G *8 PV4
K) 4
41
●
,(
6'1 o;J2 ●
)@ @ E$a" <.]:
-, 0" *
&]. ●

*b
/*:8w ●
(E \:) *
o
N¤
9
TX K) :
●
.%'(:
1
9*b; *" N&D:) \J6
3 -;(
N0%qJ" P4*" &*:G0 _;@ ^T;
7)
9'62
)Y -, G! @) L@ L@ | £
QJ;
24 -, 9
,].0 O^:
3'( WJ(:); ◾
%;J H ;*:
Tb
=@ s" L%C; NKA6, &; H s(, A I (G:D; :
,].w
N,A% ,'( N?@)
( (
p;#
32 :
;mJ
@ J+
= N?@) I "%,
.s:O^:
]X -,
~ 98 (BD'
VJ 3.
NIJ. 32 :
]"% NQ8F K1
{: b
2F
3%:
?TX0 9'6:

?F
<T)
¯[ 3, <'O; N) I :; U:, BD
s ':D, s:(O4 U]O
O. 3:; ◾
.kJX
;TXw QK s)62 -*; 8 ,'(" d!@ kJX -, k4@ s:(O%
k 9( ;
.(E].@ c1
9'62 l QK(
d=J; N&D:): :
;( . ]]
)
;<)F ^'
BD
9'62/7)
9'62/c1
9'62 vJ+ = $ WJ(2 ":8 ◾
1
9XK b4, 9*. %' N 9T . N.*= 3'(2 Ob@ H 8b ◾
5 ).FSm
H ;K1:40 N)

N$%
N.*:=0 a:
)TX .JAYC2 :
QK(:§(
◾
(TX
J;J6:
'*. . '
:'G@ :*4 . QK(: BD
§. a2 ◾
93
TX !/ 9b2 '*. ,'(*'
(
i$:
◾
(q o8$ N| " " NQJ;
Q4 NL L |) (
;TXw ,].w )Y ◾
®~,) ;K(
'¤ OD2 TXJ;O2 '*. :s:<E
(®8 ®-, ®-;@ ®d:, ®~
. ] : ◀
5\Sm
( BD
P/ '*.) GK; :
1%
;62 BD
;J(2 ◾
$61
JG= G i%6:
5 ◾
;F )# /"
{: b
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%
EFG -, :0 ("
":" J, T
P*= l 1%
QJ$ -, :" BD
P/
]X -, 3:; :
'*(
/ ◾
BD

'*. . %TO2 3:; 8 N;8a:
$61
-. *:2 :
Ni%6:
& ¢KT 3$ ◾
BD
P/
A
%'(: 61
;( i%62 ^" i%6:
%2 iTO2 ;TXw J;%:'
-*C; 8 9'62 ◾
4
71
"
&].w 9V U6/@ N-;J6 T8 NTX K1, Ns$61
s" 4](
/ 3$ ◾
5e9!X57 <
-, p;, G N 61
H J;J6:
<:, l 912 *8 N,
TX L
N\D å, N-VJ%
Nvb
N.hw N;.
N'^ PV4

H V5
f4@ -, Q G TX '2 <2J2 :X *, L A
94
.J%*;

;TX J;%:
K. ":8 News Reporting and Writing H NL*T
#

5 D,v5
L4v bv5: V
T8 @ @ J;J6:
oV P, 6:'
,].0 )Y <2, @ l , Q;" &%
-*C;
T:; L@ s8b -, <'O; .J;J6:
<:, k:), . BD'

!1
'*. T4J, -;J6
.Q;
EFG ]X E*'(2 EGh , 3GJ+ = $ LTC; 1
=Ed=F b": bgl$EdA<d)5F.4

G , (@)
:
x%
L A; N 6/ iT)
:O^2 ]X s 61
s'J @ U: i$J;
A :
BD
§.
32 :
T
'"J! '*. @) , , P, %" N. <:8 , i%62
.G:X :
%;JO
" (T'
d(, dO.@ 9G) 1%
61
K ~ 8 (U) ¡((*=
{: b
+Fd'
¯; 3 .S,A4 :
,'( A6 :; )V _4 @ 6
61
J;%:
9'6:" 3'( &%; ◾
BD
;62 H (T2 :
'*(
T:.w H GFX@ :
9,(
l K:0" N
9/2 ?F
3%:

1%
;J(2
BD
;J(2 QK. (®8 ®~ ®-;@ ®d:, ®~, ®-, 0 S)
'¤) BD
§. ●
9*C2 ®~ Nw 9*C2 ®-;@ N(O%
9*C2 ®~, NDb
9*C2 ®-,) d(, 9*62 :
T
G
(K
9*C2 ®8 N<T)
@ P$

f
=:6; :
,'( . (
A(, ;! 9T H ß1%
K
"*" $61
●
."F= N'/ ~ Nk^, ~ '(= N32 b(
-8 ¡*
D2 0 ¡_2 0 i%6:
A ¢KT, l K: BD
-, i%6:
'*(" 3'( &%;
.(I:, -8 ¡" /D
'/ J;%:
. *:. ¡P$
<

L,w4 $ h
¡4
-, i%6:
*V4 N:61" vb J;J6:
i%6:
%2 -, Q 94 . 3'( iTOC;
F8
$8 P=J).
~ l , N
K1" %'(: .%
NI# PV4
-, i%6:
%;J
$61
§. (The Elements of Journalism N:q
2 )!v
95 T
O6, @) b k b:), P, i):
" s*'( @ @ T;:
9 A)C &%; ◾
9*b2 .&K%
p,B
@ K(
H 12 1%
OX PI" s":*'
¯*)
" (" /D

@ ;
N1%
N=Kw Q*:(C o N<:: :
1%
@ 0% 9)')2 OD

.
]X -, 1%
2 3: :

(
$
L4v+6
N?@) I 32+], (,;) $ L' ); <:8 @ ,; #$K K*:. s*'( -, <'O; ◾
&D: 9=@ -, (s J;%2 Ni%6:
;(, N,. @ BD
" J%
NBD
GqB; :
3%

.Q
; H ::0 D':
H +] EFG
;<)F ^'
,].w 9 )
◾
:w ◾
c1
9'62 N
Q;
-. J;%2 ◾
1
9XK b4 9*(
%' N 9T . N.*= 3'(2 Ob@ H 8b ◾
5 ).FSm
{: b
(0120 ,'( =
2 &D:
~ H *") TX P*= %2 TX K1, ◾
;TXw O^:
H ,] 7F
◾
: b35b7<S
:Joseph, Ammu. (2005): Media Matters Citizens Care. Retrieved on 17 May from ◾
http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/19137/11164945435advocacybrochure.pdf/advocacybrochure.pdf
.( N; /LJ;) . QK ◾

32 .Right to Know: Principles on Freedom of Information Legislation. International standards Series
www.article19.org/pdfs/standards/righttoknow.pdf -, ;@/;, H (=#
-, xTh/J;B$ H (=# 32 ASLIB Training Suite. Freedom of Information (2004) ◾

http://www.aslib.com/training
Media Ethics and Accountability Systems. New York: Hampton Press .(«) .L=}K'8 NLJ2J" ◾
All the President’s Men (film). Warner Bros .(Ú) .(<28) . NL,

! (p:,) . N'"8 ◾
96
http://www.cpj.org P4 . Ns 61
;*
◾
.() .> = N,K ◾

.The Dynamics of Mass Communications. 9th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill Humanext
.() .4]X H <;2

Ankerstar and Dalke’s Balancing Personal and Professional Ethics ◾
¡((4 0 K N
NX): -*; -;*2 NU*'
9
K P, p,B
)
32 ¡(<;:
9
K 4]X 3%:
[Y, P, ) Seminar on Ethical Reasoning *;0 .\ :8
◾
http://www.newtrainingideas.com/ethics-training.html -, L)/9;J"@ H (=#
.() N9:)q .U N$8 ◾

The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect. New York:
Three Rivers Press of Random House
News Reporting and Writing (10th ed.) Boston: McGraw Hill .(Ú) .s ', N, ◾
() ."2 N, ◾

Freedom of Information: A Comparative Legal Survey (2nd ed.). Paris: UNESCO at
Poynter Institute http://www.poynter.org ◾
http://www.rsf.org P4 . NK ]" L'J, ◾

.(«) .(LJ6,) 9b:, @ &2 N9:)q
{: b
◾
Thinking Clearly: Cases in Journalistic Decision-Making. New York: Columbia University Press
http://www.journalism.org P4 .N;TXw &].w 9V PI ◾
.() .@..f NK ◾

Philosophical Foundations of Global Journalism Ethics. Jounal of Media Ethics 20:1, 3-21
.() .-;:b" 8 U" NKK ◾

All the President’ Men. New York: Simon and Shuster
() .)
◾
Guidelines for Broadcasters on Promoting User Generated
Content and Media and Information Literacy. Paris: UNESCO at ◾

.() .)
◾
Model Curricula for Journalism Education for Developing Countries and Emerging Democracies. Paris:
UNESCO at http://unesco.unesco.org/images/0015/001512/151209e.pdf
/9;J"@ P4 -, .=# 32 () .History of American Journalism .f)8 (,= ◾

http://ehub.journalism.ku.edu/history/1920/1920.html P4 . L)
97
q: b
:q: b
&].w ,'( H 9*:

. T, -;JX 9,(C 8 9,(C 8 V= K6C;
J+C; 8
.9*:
@T, -, ;mJ
EFG 2a2 ¡3
J+ 8 98
The Matter of Images NJ;K Kb:;
%O f 'D

,; L6, -6 .1
" ¤', $% H ( .Q;. 0h@ &].w H 9*:
FD:; L@ -*;
H NVJ
&]$ H NL; ':
hh . NS#w P4, . &].0 9V H J+2 ':D, ]*:"
.<:
;TX0 J;%:

1
1
LV*)
L[
L].w :, ;
1, U:
L'J &D:);
]X N0YG =; , QK. ._4 @ @ 1%" %'(: ,'( 9%
.*) @ ": *'

-, G! @ : K @ L @ L,
" 91:2 4(, N*
l *;%2 1%
3G_62
L@ ; L; , T
! ¦$ N'% KJ
J
@ 1%
. " N
F
.J;J6:
" OT2J K%

@ o
@ 7J(
8 G*2 :
V1D
¨(" &D: B. @ 9V) 9*2 QK. l 1;
H L'*(; -;F
¤
@ . L@A N
6
EFG H " 0 ..*:=w %TO
@ N(d@ NJ8~) o
@ J*(

A NZ:
" .*
l &%C ?F
L*_ :D; L@ &].w
L -, 8 H 'D; 0 :X0 FG L$
,D: -*; N&q]
-, J8@ O)T, @ O* ]*2 l @ ?KY; *, N,
2F
QJ+
-,
9T4 -, L; 0 @ K1%,
~ L; 4 .%I 4, %:(, J;B2 KJ$ (, / O.0
@ ¢%
NGb) ,'( %':C, O(C; ?F
) :
@ <T)
L; .9J/ 61
@ <2

N*:
@ U6:
@
K@ -, QK@ kJX ,'( K1, &].w nT1C; ,. .(P*:)
-, N&(
6'
B*8 N
~ P, .P*: H 9.$ JX> . ?a8
($@ -. &].w
)C, %O -*$
q: b
., @ U -, "4 ?@ LK ,'( b4 3;%2 &].{
n*)C; L@ L*" *G
§. 3G .*:= ¤" -*I L'*(; kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V L@ v L@ _;@ :6
H J+ L '. .P*: H G" JY2 P*: " &].w 9V Ja:2 ..*:=0 7)
FG H '.$
.(, &]. 9V *I 9*(2 ?F
KA6
7)
l i*(

:
]*:
1
A6 2 l =6" -6 N,'( &].w H $J( U):80 ( H
z6; ?F
7)'
_;@ 9" N*2~ 6" '
@ Q1'
z%$ o
N9'6:
l N&].w 9V ,%2
?A62 .
(
Q%
&].w 9V ':*2 s @ \#( L@ 3 -, .@ EJ 0 ?F
Q1
"
<
O :
]*:
1%
a" ;2 ]X -, P*: o(2 N_;@ a$ N=2 . P*:
.'T% -6 "
.1
EFG . 8a:'
. A:
-*_2 . .4 A QK(:, i, H &].0 ./ -, ;(

.4 _;@ PTA:2 &].0 ./ -, ;(
..:, ',h KT, L*_*" ,:
-GBC2 La"
(d@ NJ8~) o
@ -)
@ 7J(
. T, *2 J+2 :
@ ¤) K &D: J+A 62 4]X@
.V(
PI
@ T
Q%
@
EqB2 ?F
< ! 9*:
" T%
-, :) -, ; , Q
EFG H )VJ
'¤ 9*b2
@ ) @ $ kJ :
%;JO
. JY2 L@ 1
EF
-*; 8 ®D
-, &].w 9V
®Q[T :"J 2 q :; ?F
3
('
*$ :$J(, . JY2 8 ®-;JX
<E
99 ::c D,X+<!Gp
+Y.)B)0b5
L4v54 4cG{
a)!lLXMEF)Gq
5< E5Tn"+Y.)Gs
Q1
Q4 TX 9% :p:<E
q: b
. ] : ◀
5\Sm
;TX0 J;%:

(4
K ◾
VJ L*_ Q4 ◾

9*2 ◾
(d@ NJ8~) o
9*2 ◾
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
100
(, ;TXw O^:
H 9*:
9'62 ◾
V)
E 2w ?~ &].w 9V H G :
':
';" ]*2 &A%2 :
;TX0 J;%:
A6 2 ◾
EJ;12 3:; ?F
I . *
. ]*:
a2 3%2 ◾
,'( 3+ &].w 9V H (d@ NJ8~) o
]*2 9'62 ◾
5e9!X57 <
8 3%'4 -. s,].w K%

¨(" UJ.@ NVJ ,].0 9V
. K*:. <T)" ◾
¨(T
,].w O^:
A6 2 .
0 H * 0 N&].w 9V H (, @ 3;%2
cDh 9($ KK 4 .'6, H G \D EFG k, ? 3A4
6
;_%

:
2#0 H ', JA $ 6" .IJ( 1
. 8 @ Qa, -, 1Dh -;R:
';T
&].w 9V @ V)
E 2w ?~ &].w 9V H s',(
s$61
9T4 -, ,D: 3:;
.3:,J8 f
/1X . r 6
P,
(
a:
qJ"w
U ?F
,):
@ N:;G H P4 ?F

8 OX 6
;TXw O^:
9'A 6" ◾
IJ( 1
. EFG
6
K 8#2 L@ ^T; . H .*
QK"w @ N; %O
&%; L@ -*; . EF" '1: 9V) f'
*C:. ?F
9*:
;TX0 O^:
-*I
www.rwanda}genocide.org/multimedia.html 9T . ()

q: b
V)
E 2w ?~ &].w 9V O^2 H J5 :
1
P4, ;6:
S#w . 6T" L*'(
1 2 9b" 1
,].w O^:
9'6:

:
'¤ &D: -*; . EF
S,D: :
1
KA . 61
O^:
H @ L; ':
hh . '*2 3Í 2 ?F
, / ●
NQ1
-;2 N,
;q &D: T:.w H FX> N]*:
EFG " 32 8 A6 2 .QJ"
.GK(T: 32 :
G , 1
/O%'
H J+2 :
, G , .O%'
@
®1
EFG GK2 :
1%
G , ®1
EFG &D: ]X -, S'/ :

J
G , ●
.1
EF
L; 4 ?F
a:
G , .T(h , nT12 L@ .1
EFG Q4 3%:" 34C
." :4](
@ WJ( I*'
Gb 3$ . 1
EFG a2 l J+@ ®G*

.1
H QK=, -2 3

*$ f
GJ8F: 6
" '1: ,'( S8 ~ *$ 4 ●
. T2# G , .VJ, 9b" 9%2 3
kJX@ ,'(, o* . 1
Q4 b:
®.
l T)
"
~
> =.'=6=:

08 Q=@ . *, J8@ J8@ (d NJ8~) s)
s" Q)" %'(: 9V) 6T/@ %
◾
l $I N*'4w
36
*+@ k
N( 9T . Q6: 3,8) (
*:

J*2Y H EK*:. 32 ?F
NP " L]. H N_
z')2 32 N &. H . P*: *+,
;(2 9T H &].w 9V T('2 ?F
|0
. N)
Q6: 3,
P"J
(

"6, 9T H 3GK= 3_
6'1 U6/@ P*= .CK .J $8 . s)
s" Q)
101 A
3+ $8 H '.
8b ,'( l -
/ H Q) &. )'
O*
<
%

.&].w 9V H cX 9b" N0120
NT:8 NkJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V T('2 ?F

. 8a:'
6I = vG ◾
b: N1
H 2 b4, ]X -, .L].w FG \G@ i%62 H NS#w N5 6
k, 3%2 ($ 9b" kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V
-*C; 8 Z:

-, '¤
3A%C; L@ 9"% H P*: *'
-*; 8 N(d@ NJ8~) s)
s" Q) I 3:" :
G &@ Ns)
s" Q)" '1: ,'( 9%
K@ KJ , &].w 9V 9G ®" :0 EFG
'1: $J( i'X . 9*(
"
~ N]*(
k:) . y " L]. F 2 H %% ;[
FG <('2 L@ &].w 9V
-*; 8 N9(
" ;[ S8 ~ ®, QX: pV:
._, "
®
( "

9V) 2 ^" &].w 9V J;O2 . (
7O
. 6'1 U6/@ 8A N Q(
◾
3+ &].w 9V ,D:) ? @.&.@ L .)
s*2 s)
s" Q)" %'(:
" ; 8' K*:. . kJX ,'(K1, &].w 9V P A bC; L@ ,¦" N,'(

(L(*:) NLGb NJ%
) *
k
nT1; N@.&.@ ]X -, . Q)
a), E 2
H (d@ NJ8~) o
;_%
.
K 3%2 -, *2 :
(4 N N\() ,q]

.$ '.
8b -, N,'( 3+ &].w 9V
*+ P b2 9G
:
'¤0 ¨(" -. "={
<_:%, ?@ ]O: J= 3'( -, <'O
●
l b; 9
K vG 9G ®
F" L,%; 8 ®&].w ,'( $J(, v'" H ,].w
,'(*'
0 $J( L,¦" 7J ?a" .-,@ ~ N
~ -. QK6, ',@ O. ®
F" 3,4
'1: '6 J;O:
p,J" G , ®s)
s" Q) _4
(*" 3)2 L@ &].w
;6:
¨(" G , ®(*: , @ v'" H GF 2 3:; :
s)
s" Q) 9V)*"
EFG H LJD, kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V k, ?@ l ® p,B
'2 iTO2 H
q: b
Q) 9V), L:
@.&.@ &D:
]X -, -*C; :
QJ:T 7JO
G , ;@J" ®p,B

]X -, ®)
9*2 %;J s)6:
Z:
" N,'( &].w H V G 2 s)
s"

a), 2 l '; /:
¯#4 Q
* U :
b: NG! '¤0 EFG
Q) /D
vm> G , .&].w ,'(*'
0 $J( *8 Ns)
s" Q)
9V), . JY2 L@ 1Db
:"J :
@ " /D
J+
=
-*; 8 ®s)
s"
®kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V H (d@ NJ8~) o
9*2
PI" l i'(:2 .kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V )
" i'(:; *" ,
L2J+ vG ◾
J+2 :
Q1
@ O^:
"
NkJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V H ],(
)

.kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V H )
$
Global Report on the Global Media Monitoring Project 2010
9/2 :
pV:
¨(" 2 ●
6" ?@ @ N(Q
EFG ; H #% P=J l J+) Status of Women in the Newsroom

:
'¤0 -, ?@ 4 .kJX ,'( K1*" &].w 9V" )
4](" 91:2 kJX@
®&].w 9V H QV)
)
Q/ G , ®.* @ KJ$ . pV:
'2 (T2 G ,
9G ®Q1
EFG $ L2 4 :
N)
@ N$%
@ N.*:=w 9,(
G ,
T')
1
= J= ?@ FD:2 L@ :, . 9G ®i'4 ?@ J, FG 9b; L@ ^T;

( P*: '( ; L@ < ; , ." &%2 L@ < ; , / N3( :"= S8 ~ ®)'
B. ,q]
J=w ~D2 ) &].w 9V l:2 L@ ;@J" 9_$ -, 9G ®, EFG
^T; 9G .v) 2 z. ®=X ¤G ?@ @ ,6
9T4 -, '. WJ C2 L@ " N2F
3+:

O%
-, 8'* '2 s" &(
O%
-,
* &].w 9V s" ':D, J, L; L@
L*I H /X
Y), 9*6:2 &(
O%
-,
* &].w 9V L@ ;@J" 9G ®cD
102
~D2 . 2. &].w ,'( @ $J(, 9G ®)
s*2 s)
s" Q)
®s)
s" Q) /D
vJ+ = G , ®
~ 32 8 ®Lab
F" J=w
9V ,A%C2 :
':D ]*:'
v) 2 . JY2 L@ /D
vJ+ =
-*; 8
9V H ],(
)
K.@ S8 H @ %:(2 9G ®kJX ,'( K1, &].w
Q/ 9;T2 H
~ .) N-GJ
S4
H G *, B8@ kJX ,'( K1, @ &].w
®K1
FG H 6" %2 ~, ®
~ %:(2 ~ ®9=J
Q/ P, %, Q@J
s" Q)
a)*" 91:2 :
NE].@ J8~ :
8 '*, Ob@ J;O2 H J+
U . ^T; ◾
'6 .*
@ N4. -, L(; -;F
cDh08 Nb* .*

a)*" @ Ns)

\
L; L@ ^T; .¬
N;J
H @ 4q H Lb(; -;F
J%
@ N4J(
'40 @ N%'^
-,
<T)
3$ ^" N&].w 9V H .* EFG &A%C2 :
]*:
\b:
T%
-, :); -, Y 3 -, N*;%2 3:; -, n
1
N&].w 9V H ]*:
EFG i'X
.VJ= -, R
%6'; -, N]*:
EF"
;<)F ^'
%:
/3*1:
A,
~ H *" } ;TX J;%:
H ,D:), VJ, K, 3%2 9'62 ◾
.
*2 H 3)2 , 9_$@ :
J;%:
K. '*. 3%2 ;62 ◾
*
. VJ K a2 3%2 ◾
q: b
9*:
:
,].w .1
.4 :{:<E
L:. : ◀
5\Sm
4]X &].w .4 ◾

&].w 9V ':D, . .%
%TO2 ◾
*+ s%
3%2 ◾
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
103 ':D ,].w .1
" %'(: 4]X .%
:
K ◾
,].0 c1
1
-, .:, .* , . 4]X &].w .4 iTO2 ◾
4]X &].w .4 l K: ,]. c1 3%2 ◾
, Q=J ;^
.%
EFG
($ 3%2 ◾
4]X &].w .4 . VJ= -*; ^2 //2 ¯#4 ◾
5e9!X57 <
N,].w .1
" S($K &].w 9V .

(_2 ?F
*5
J <A 2 l =6
L A
EFGJ+C2 L@ . 8Y2 L@ " W# -, N:
-*_2 . .4 PI l N ':D, i, H ',(

.4 _;@ PTA:2 .1
-, ;(
..:, ',h KT, L*_, : H ,:
.1

o
@ -)
@ 7J(
@ (
f@ . *2 qB2 :
@ ¤) K &D: J+62 4]X@
.V(
PI
@ T
Q%
@ (d@ NJ8~)
5e9!X —
q: b

Y)
KA .:%O, H QK= 4]X ¢KT/,].0 * .4 6" J= ◾
WJ^
¯[@ .%
EFG H *_2 32 :
)VJ
0 D
A .EFG * .4 PI -.
J EF
L2 4 :
a:
G , ®s':) s n
1, .%
EFG 3.2 8 .,
®&].w ./ . *5

3:; A ?@ l 3A4 .%")
QJ% '
;TXw J;%:
H QK
]*:
. * .4 iAT ◾
-, QKA6, ',@ z.@ .*%2 H . 7)

2 -, 8a:
..%
EF" A%:

EFG J;%:
$ :2 :
06
H .
S'/2 :
:
$ 3.2 ,].w O^:

®KJ$
a '; L@ -*; ?F
¯: P=J G , N.%

NJ8~ o
J;12 N 9T .) EFG * .4 O^2 kJX@ ,]. 0 , A6 2 ◾
L@ -*; #40 _;J(
xOD
KA ..%
" A%:
3:; k, ?@ l 3A4 .(L].w H d@
.,].0 c1
EFG : @/ *5
¤'
,%2
;<)F ^'
A:
" %'(: 4]X .%
O^2 :
)VJ
0 *'
=, ◾
':D ,].w c1
. .%
EFG iTO2 ◾
104
4]X .%
. $I/^2 J=w /2 ◾
<:
N&]$ NL; ':
:q:<E
L:. : ◀
5\Sm
¯
i%62 :
^1
V*)
&]$ ◾
&]$ H 9*:

a), ◾
<:
H 9*:

a), ◾
'6 &]$ K
G ◾
;F )# /"
q: b
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("

V* &]$@ ; '2 p,J" ¯ H J+
◾
(<:

~ H *") .TO *)
L; ':
H 9*:
. 3%2 ◾
L; ':
@/ &]$
(, J;O2 ◾
Tb
k p,J" *V4 . ; '2 p,J" K H J+
◾
L].w H (d@ NJ8~) o
9*2 9'62 ◾
]*:
H ,D:) %:
2#0 9'62 ◾
*)
L; ':
H ';T
@ '6 1%
H J+
◾
5e9!X57 <
P*= H -;Gb -, 9VG K. P, NI ¤ H J5 :

&].0 9V k4@ -, &]$ B:(2
Q8 =@ H T8 ?G*= &*:G . _;@ S#w L; ':
91 NQX )
H .3
(
6@
105 A .,'( $
,G 1, 9*2 <:
S
q , N) S4
H .3
(
-,
N(" &].0 9V L
]X -, )
P*: 3$ 8 !/ H ,G K <('2 L@ -*C; NkJX ,'( K1, l $I
,'( $J(, -, &G = .
¬;:
-, (, km p;J2
1%
K
.$ ( ?F
3
(
l 2J+ !/ H 9V
EFG 3G)C2 8 3$ G @.&.@ &].w
5e9!X —
Th . P4 @ q .X@ S%' :
,
&]$ ¨(" ¯ UT@ H 6T'
S#0 &D: ◾
. J8F:
vTh H QJG" S%% &]$@ )*X -, *V4 PI NBox Office Guru £8 S#0
@ NS#0 . &]$ EFG -, 98 -, O:%, QGb*" 34 N-,@ ~ .(
6 -;(1

7 H '. 8#
32 ?F

6
@ Db
@ J, / .9,
" EGh , *'$ #X
A .1%
K
9*:
-,
F
*
UF w 9*:6 <T)
$
.D;2 @ 9*2 H S,D: :
;J'
':D J+
= ;62 s*'( -, <'O; ◾
=: 32 :
&]$ ¡
]X Q#
EFG Qb <:
H L'" N 9T .
[@ $J!2
1
9, kJX@ VJ, K, ?@ ¡1
@
*. ¡ ':D, -,
I FG :2 EF8 P4, J$2 ~) 5 6, 8J, @ 6:, Q;" 34 .% ;

2+], -. $ 6:2 %, K.0 K P*= Q;
EFG l K: (:%O, H
8 KA .(, @ N(*: , @ N:$% :; L@ -*; .v'" <:8 %, @ U:8 ?@ #X ◾
.4 ®0 ~ @ ~ ®]*:
EFG P, i :2 9G .2#X ?F
I <= ':D, 9*2 3A 2
-, 8a:2 L@ .'6 ; ':
61
-, @ S#0 -, ].0 -, .* , . 91 ◾
].w H Q@J 9*2 8 4 NQ^/ .* , -*I .)
=J
12 ].w EFG L@
EFG ¨(T
'*:6 4 ." /D
+] ¨(" L AK .9=J
9*2 %;J P, %,
q: b
~ ®.* _.@ -, ¨(T
9T4 -, ':D, Q1" ]*:
EFG ¨(" l J+C; 9G .]*:

®-*,
~ L@ %:(2
9*C2 .
OT
'J
l ,J2 :
=~*
;J
. VJ
V*)
&]$ z* 8A JC; ◾
$% H QK= ('O:
T!J
\D -. B(2 :
%:(*'
*I *+ QK.
9OT
JA *; .,)
\
T'2 l E1, 9 ; ?F
9OT
d.C; N1%
EFG H .(,
<T)
8K 3 N;T
@ EK],
~ H *" N\
6 ( -, 8 9J, Q. H QK.
X@ N36
¬b
-, Qb %'2 N,1X =, N . 1%" EJ, NE4 @ V.:
.E;K l QK(

k, ?@ l 6I, N9OT
/ .
*
UF <T 9'A . .z*
FG PT:2 &]$a" *V4 PI ●
.P*: H KJ
34 T! 9OT
FG 9*;
§(
EFG 3G)C2 8 3A 4 .d% 1
&D: %;J -. ]_$ N,
9*. / ●
@ J;
J;12 %;J N,) 1%
EFG 3*/ L A2 :
':D ]*:
;(2 H %:

A 4 3'
H Gb, Q(" cD
d( L 8 ¯[ .(`,J
9OT

'D
S8
*$ ^:;
. ':D, 21

QK;q L .L; ':
*)
H WJ(2 :
J+
= -, .:, .* , . 16
G $G ◾
;, WJ. l ?KY; NP4
H .æ ?@ L8 ?@ -, <'); -
hb
. : J+
= K.
o' *'
(,
|J
@T:2 Q@J, @ NJoan Pennefather) .hb
. QA
Q;
kmJ
-,
(« N f,/~> NMacleanäs H N8 H
V*)

@ '6, &]. 9V" @ NV)
E 2w ?~ &].w 9V" /D
#
0 P4*'
Q;" 34 ● 106
2:X :
1%
WJ(: .*D_
;K

=:w -. 9V" 9*2 :
N%,
K
G G;K: :2 :
':" 1%
EFG L4 .*+ @ 8
EFG IJ(2
J+
= ]*:
~ 1%'
IJ. H '%:) )Y EFG *%" J4w .kB

.';T
'6
-;Gb P*= . ^T; ~ .;Gb, E 2 L; ':
*)
./
Y), 4 ●
V)
E 2w ?~ ]*:
1%'
T2# 4 ®hb
. 3114 3) @ ;m
Th . QK(: P4 N11D: %
3G)2 8 b: .*
¤$ ':D, .
.';" 9*2 y/ G* '
,%, Nß1%
K
-$ . a:
H Q;
NS#0
;<)F ^'
V* &]$@ @ ; '2 p,B

',@ 9'62 ◾
IJ( ]*:
L*_ .
y1
%:
2#0 J@ 3%2 ◾
1%
WJ(2 &%2 :
N'%:) :0 8[
V*)
*+ 3%2 K ◾
';T
'6
% ;
&]$@ 9*:
: s:<E
q: b
L:. : ◀
5\Sm
% ;
[@ 9'62 ◾
9*:
◾
.*:=0 ^:
d% ◾
(Storyboard) 1%
F 2 OOD, &D: ◾
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
107
%, ;$ z;

( %;J F 2 zOD, PI ◾
9V) @ 7J(
@ (d@ NJ8~) o
3;%2 8 . 8#
P, N%, ;$ z;[ 9'62 ◾
)

(Alternative Music) ';T
d% H 9*:
. K ◾
V)
E 2w ?~ '2 P, ';T
&].w 9V H 9*:
L4 ◾
5e9!X57 <
P4
H
N$J2 '8 QK. d% l J+C; .?" P*: , 98 H Í ; Í K d% <('2
)
.
H &D:)2 , Í 8 N$%
;
* -, ;(
H Í ,G Í K _;@ <('2
.@.&.@ -, = G G*
. d% a2 8 3$ L .
F8
S4
H QJh s
J8a" /D
;
[@ A6 2 NS#w Th &D: i;J -. ◾
! *'8 J$2 x[ .) [ EFG @ H +]2 :
3%
s,_ 9'A .6

; , ''62 9*b; L@ ^T; .(;
9 )2
*'" GB. ;
/ 91:2 :
7JO
/
~ H *" N!w *'8 L*_, K ●
.*'
EF
P*:) 3$ " N6
!
N1
2 N .
) J;J6:
NQIw NL
&D:
N; '

A K ●
q: b
;
§. 1
§. s" 4](
N/D
JY N(%;w P, O%'
PO4 -,2
*$ ( '2 AT2 8 T:.0 H FX P, N;

:; :
.*:=0 ;_%
H J+
●
s" K o. 3A 2
*$ @ N':D, 7J. -, @ ':D, .*:= %T -, f J;12 3A 2
'¤ &D:" N;$ z;[ GqB; :

=
; s,_ @ 3%
¯[ .w 8F

9
8
:

®f
-, A(, .* , %:(, ;
qB; 9G ●
G , N
F8 J, L8 ~ ®AO* <
4 ?@ S,DC: 9G .;
H )
=J
9*2 / ●
®, d 2JC a:

®
F
: :) -, ®P4 FG H o
-, ®Q A%
P4, H G -, ●
®32%:(, @ f
-, .* , ?@ ;
(T:); 9G ●
®A*I Q1" . T(:
3A 2 :
7]X @ ¯
@ QK()
;J(2 G , ●
.*
FG Í OD:, ;
z;[ ^'T; L@ -*; ?F
k N\:) *
KA
qJ" H Í K L
L% <('; k, ?@ l .^2 Ka8 T(b
d% $%
Q4 3A4 ◾
*.@ . QJ+ i
ç ®.*:=0
(
;(2 H Z:
" N.*:=0 )
J+
=
.*:= ;_4 H s'.$ 8 -;F
s% 3.2 :
Nv*
GJ%, N(Freemuse) *+,
®Ga2 L8 , ®3G%, H
7JA O:
3A 2 :
;_%
G , .
:

J
3V]; %, ;$ z;
J:T, (stroryboard) F 2 zOD, 3 A*/ ! *'8 #X ◾
§(
#X KA .! *'8 9*2 \ :
1'
/X ;. n, .! *'8 GX:2
.9*:
FG ;(2 ah -, :

108
ç NÍ]/@ Í K=, ! EF" cD

;
z;[ L8 ~ ●
?F
F :
zOD, s" " %, J=@
.%:
1
H "b:
\]:X0 =@ ª0 N:(I
:
N(www.mediawatch.org) NS#0 Th . NMediaWatch 9, N*+ k P4, Q;" 34C ◾
3'(:
i;J -. &].w 9V H (
No
f@ . *:
N;(
"6*" &:'2
i%62 9T H :*+ :
]*6
N'*, kJX@ @ N*+ EFG \G@ -. %2 A .9*(

.\G EFG
;<)F ^'
N
§(
N9*:
:"
~ %, ;$ [
~* 3%2 9'62 ◾
9VJ
EFG '*62 :
3%
=
;;0
v:X -, L!@
è *'
%, ;$ z;[ F 2 OOD, PI ◾
: b35b7<S
q: b
;J,@ %O, -, Q~Xa, (*= Nz%$ nI:

9T . =, EK@ Q8F l S)
P=J ◾
AO; @ N-. 6T; L@
F
(T2 s" . ^T; .%O EFG X *V], L2 0 4 N
*b

.3:%O, 3V]2 :
/D
3(=J,
MIT Comparative Media Studies .* _.@ %'@ ?F
S#w . P4 G NReconstruction ◾
http://web.mit.edu/cms/reconstructions B*:T @ S'2 :
&; H
K N=
2 N&]$@ N] )2 d%" d(2 P4, . z" -, ( .* , N“Imob” ◾
www.imob.com :
http://www.birth-of-tv.org/birth " L; ':'

D;:
5 6 N “BIRTH“ ◾
(TO
-, ¯:C, K. vG L; ':
./ \:)2 :
,
TX N“Cynopsis” ◾
www.cynopsis.com
I Q6
N(
8,0 J8F:
"Th &4@ C2 NBox Offic Guru ◾
http://boxofficeguru.com
QJ vG .L; ':

V*)
&]$ -. 6T'
0*h J8 P4 NThe Internet Movie Database ◾

Ns=JD N s'* NhK
N
:2 :
0% N&]$0 -;. -. ,'( -,
www.imdb.com
109
A ?F
Q@J*'
P"J
(
J*2Y
NQ6: 3, :*+ ◾
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995) at
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/platform/
International Federation of Jounalist. (2009) Getting the balance right ◾

Gender Equality in Journalism: BrusselsÞ Belgium at:
http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/28397/12435929903gender
booklet en.pdf - World Association of Christian Communication (2010) Who Makes the News? ◾
Global Media Monitoring Project: Toronto, Canada at www.whomakesthenews.org ◾
International Media Foundation (2011) Global Report on Status of Women in the News Media: ◾
Washington, DC, USA at: http://www.iwmf.org/pdfs/IWMF-Global-Report.pdf
s: b
: s: b
&].w ,'( H ^'

.3
1, G ^'
110
(}) ?J"8 S K LO@
$<eP X5EF@
'
L@ s H .Ú &. HNLG'8, h, 9T4 -, N
J
G '
Qb
'*
ST:8C
G JY2 4 -;Gb/&].w ,D:), U 2/ 'X L¦$ N9VJ
%'2 8 . JY2 4 ,].w
&].w ,'( H $J(, U):8 H ,
l QOD
L .9VJ
EFG ) 2 . _;@
,'( K1, N ':D &].w 9V ]X -, s,_ N$ N,'( 1; 8 3$ H -*2
;^'
E.4 /D
:^

z 98 .S#w N: N h NT:8 NkJX
A $8 ^'
*'" K1% Nd( F" .Q;J$ %;JO" d( 1; . 9*(2 :
N/D

,'( &].w 9V , ,D:); G:D; :
]O/w .%
@ ;,J
%:

N,
J;12 ;q N1
%:
q,J
9*b2 .$J( ,'( $ 1; l 3( H
d(, 1;w ,Yb d% N 9T .Nq,J
EFG 9*b2 L@ -*; .QIw NO%'
@
Q/ H O')
-, (h i'D

. ;q -, Q~Xa ,
O%
@ N9; V* 3'$ H JOD

($ @ N2J; :
)T
@ N3'
1Dh *':2 :
^'
q,J
EFG 9*b2 .$J!2$
&D:)2 4 N 9T . .-;Gb 9T4 -, *$ 9); Nd( ,'(, q, ?@ @ N" L,%; :

^
9*b2 4 .<_^
.
0'

_T4 &D: -*; @ N ),J
-. T(:'
J* QK
+ '
^'
" .T2 \J(2 , G N(, / @ *'8 @ T. &D: J2
F8 &].w 9V
)V 9V), ] H J+
^T; N&].0 9V ,D:)2 :
^'
f ,. .VJ ^'
@
.%
q,J
¨(" G , ®*
9T4 -, &].0 9V ,D:)2 :
^'
3$ 3A :; 8 G
~ , H -*; JX 3A Y)
®&
,'( &].w 9V H L',(
,D:); :
)VJ

s: b
.Q
,'( @
'
':D, L(,
è A
c]D: l cDh@ Q. 9/2
:
^'
-, .:, .* , $J( U):8 . s*'( <;2 l Q
FG \2
3$ N9VJ
,'( 9%
]X -, -*; :
7JO
3$ -, 3*:
&].w 9V ,D:)2
" kJX ,'( K1, &].0 9V -, 3
2 ,'( @ $
3*$ zT2J; 8
.,D:) ^'

<E

F lL4K!:>cOp
D,XjSDT5 5
L4v5FO{
<lL5EB!XOq
,'( &].0 c1 QJ4 } :p:<E

111 L:. : ◀
5\Sm
,'( c1 H ]O1 q,J

K ◾
VJ ^'
q,J
d( 9'62 ◾
;
1
(collage) %1', } &].0 9V ^
\b: ◾
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
H c1
-, .:, .* , H d( -. T(:'
,D:) 6'O1 q,J
. \J(:
◾
,'( &].w 9V
(
'6 (*: H .:, WJ! ,D:) q,J
00
. \J(:
◾
5e9!X57 <
s: b
,'( &].w 9V c1 H ,D: 3A :; :
;,J

6'O1 ¨(T" *V4 PI é ◾
.)
].w N'V(
;,
])'), N%V
&]$ N)
9

N])')
:

®6'O1 EFG ]X -, '% 3:; :
,'( 9VJ
G ,
.) ,'( 1; \" .:, WJ! (*: , H ,D:) q,J
00
. \JA (2 ◾
EFG H ,D:) VJ + '
^'
/ç .(¬
NQ'T
H ,
P4 NG 20 N 9T
@ &D: H J+
.(*: , H f
9T4 -, (T 9b" , , L2 6" q,J
00

.¬
N3,1:
@ NO)T 1
@ \J6

6'O1 . \JA (2 .(*: , @ v'" -, ;;B
4OT
-, .:, .* , A6 2 ◾
&D: ]X -,
1; 32 :
v'T" '1: ,'( G , .*, 98 H ,D:) ;,J

-, *+, @ L, D2A ;;J" 4O" 3 A*/ ®
! 32 :
,'( G , ®6'O1 EFG
i'X ,
,'( 9%
,D:): :
)VJ
;,J

6'O1 G , .v:X
®Kb TO0
:, *G@ -. :O" B(2A %1', 3 A*/ N;$ zV[ @ $J!2$ / &D: i;J -. ◾
NL
Nd% N*V] VJ @ + '
^'
NT q,J
&D: .s(, *
*
L; L@ -*; .
6:
*
FG l A=:'
NG! NJ;1:
;q N,
O%
,@ NU]O
0YG ,@
@ Nf k¦" 76:
w" sT!J
U]O
N%1' EF" \:)
.¬
Ns)
@ N
112
;<)F ^'
c1
-, .:, .* , H 6'O1 q,J
9'62 ◾
P*: H q,J
00
9'62 ◾

@ '6 ;;B
4OT
H ,D:) q,J
3%2 9'62 ◾
%1', b 3*12 ◾
TX " PT
J
,].w '
: { :<E
s: b
L:. : ▶ ◀
5\Sm
;TXw &].w 9V H ]O1 q,J

9'62 ◾
;TX 14 H 6'O1 q,J
iTO2 ◾
,'( TX 9'62 3%2 G(, &].w H ,D:) ^'
◾
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L N QJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
s(, 6
61
; ':
.~w O^:
H ,D:) ]O1 q,J
.* , 9'62 ◾
113
(, ;TX 14 H ]O1 q,J
-, .* EFG iTO2 ◾
-, N'T4 -, ,D:) ]O1 q,J
.* , &].w 9V k -A *C2 :
7JO
3%2 ◾
*
l
1; 3A :; :

J
!/
(, ,]. ' &D: B.
1; -*; :
,'( 3%2 ◾
5e9!X57 <
A D2 ◾
Y), &4 4 .¤T
;* . JY2 L@ ah -, :
(;:
^:
,6
k zO
-, QT8 .* , NS4
FG H NS8 .,6
4, $ AB; UOX %
¦" +6
F, ,
.
-;JG+: s" vJ. P
¦$ N4 FG . :{
L H Q=:, UTb

O6, 9T4 -, N.~ O6, 9T4 -, N61
k 9T4 -, 6
FG O^2 ;@J" 3A : 8 ●
TT L; 4 O^:
H 4J
EFG -, 38 ®~ O^:
':D: vK%:.¦" 8 .; '2
®&].w 9V -, 9
Q;J
V1D

S @ $% _4 @ NQ;= , )8 N*
3A 2
a), @ Í ;= Í KA ◾
A ; 6
F" 91:; BX J;O:" 34C N.* , H 9*(
]X -, .6/ _4 @ NÍJXY,
. TC
L@ 1%'
-*; 0 N;KJ
l T)
" .; '2 ?TX p,J" H J+é; N61
H C; N ;KJ

NL; ':
l T)
" ¡*'8 % kA(:; L@ -*; 0 N 61'
T)
" ¡ -;(
k(:2
&D:" pV:
b4, N;TXw 1%
PI -, :0 (" .s:%4
@ %4
dOD:; 0 ,
s: b
9
8
:
'¤
®9%C2 L@ -*; :
,'( O^:
. ':D &].w 9V JY2 8 ●
®14 98 J;O2 H S,DC: :
]O1 q,J
.* , G , ●
®
J
G '
QT('
Í %TO2 Í 0, -;J*:
FG 9A b; %;J ?a" ●
P, N)Y -, G! @ , )Y p;#'
,D: -*; q, @ / %1', ê@ ●
GJ;J*2 kJ= :
,'( N\:) *
T:.0 H FX0
;<)F ^'
&].0 9V -, .:, .* , H * ;TXw O^:

3%2 / ◾
61
@ ;KJ
@ L; ':'
QA(, ;TX 14 9'62 J;O2 ◾
1%
&]$

: q:<E
114
L:. : ◀
5\Sm
&]$

◾
&]$ H ;,J

6'O1 .* , ◾
V* b (stroryboard) F 2 zOD, PI ◾
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
" '1: ]O1 q,J
.* , *)
H
-, .:, .* , ;62 ◾
N;'%:
VJ
T6
N3'
1Dh N)VJ
QJ
NI NV*)
%:
&D:)
(1%
L,q L, N4
A L*_, -. T(:'
,D:) ;,J

6'O1 .* , ;62 ◾
&]$ H s(,
s: b
s(, $ " /D
]O1 q,J
.* , - A*_:; V* b F 2 zOD, PI ◾
H QT8 T(b" P:*:; V* $ H ,D:) ]O1 q,J
.* , . \JA (:
◾
JX> '"
5e9!X57 <
. EFG -, 98 KA62 :

)VJ
§(
s. é ◾
A .T (2 :
V*)

" *V4 PI
Nd% N1Db
@ NL,
L N1%
; , L AK .&]$ EFG @ -, Gb @ Gh
]X -, . T(:
3A 2 :
3%
9VJ
G , .,
K NJ;J6:
N/D
JY NQIw
':D §(
^2 ]X -, b d(, ^2 -*; 8 ¯[ ®3'
H §(
EFG &D:
(.¬
NL L,
N21
)
.v:X -, $ ~ V* b F 2 zOD, F A 3 A*/ N.* , H 9*(
i;J -. ◾
A
¯[

F
T ^'
&D:
]X -, 3A 2 :
7JO
\]:Xw =@ Tb
=@ KA .T=@ '" H QT8 T(b" PA:*:; 3'$ -, Í (O%, s*'( . WJ.@ ◾
%:
a2 4 .3G'" H pç:C@ 3'$ H S,DC: :
'2 s" 3'
H ,D:) ^'
s"
*
G ;@J" -, ®%:
EFG ]X -, . T(:
3A 2 ?F
, .S,DC: :
':D
115 ®3'$ 98 H \:)C
H WJ(C Í Í *'$ L1D2 L:]. L::$0 A6 2 N'6 T: @ S#w &D: i;J -. ◾

:
9V) H J+ ':D, L'"
®3'
-. L:].w L::$]
O(2 ?F
TO0 G , ●
®a2 A?@ w ®,D:) ;,J

]O1 G , ●
®'A*2 :
].w :$]
Í (T2 3'$ 98 <= -, \:)C *
;62 *; 9G ●
®].w :$]
'%2 :
3'
" '1A: ,'( G , ●
;<)F ^'
V* b, 9'62 ◾

V*)
b F 2 zOD, PI ◾
&]$ ]. :$0 9'62 ◾
s*'$ s" %, J= ◾
5 ).FSm
s: b
&]$ H 21
&D: ◾
21
JY L.:T; -;F
(Foley) s
*.@ ◾
%V
&]$ H ,D:) ]O1 ◾
: b35b7<S
Q6: ;0
Z*h -, |@ 9b" Q%:), G N<)6$ nI:'
G EK@ ATC P=J *V4
L" &%; L@ ^T; N'. .s:%O s2G X *V], L2 0 4 N
F
.Q6: '* 8,
.$ L'*(; :
i P, 3V]:2 6" 3) a" =: @ 3" /D
P=J -. 6T
"
:Goodman, Steve, (2003). Teaching Youth Media ◾
A Critical Guide to Literacy, Video Production, and Social Change, NY: Teacher’s College Press
:Hitchcock, Peter, (1992) Videography ◾

.A Guide to Making Videos. Ontario, Canada: Peter Hitchcock Productions
:Jenkins, Henry, (2006) Convergence Culture ◾

Where Old Media and New Media Collide. US: New York University 116
McLuhan, Eric and Zingrone, Frank (1995) Essential McLuhan, Canada: Anansi ◾
:Bone, Jan and Johnson, Ron (2001) Understanding the Film ◾

.An Introduction to Film Appreciation. US: Glencoe McGraw Hill
Bordwell, David and Thomson, Kristin, (1998). Film Art: An Introduction. 6th Edition. US: McGraw Hill ◾
Film Education, 91 Berwick Street, London UK W1F 0BP. This includes a variety of free teaching materials ◾
:and outstanding study guides, many of which can be downloaded from the website
www.filmeducation.org
Film Study Guides for High School. Written For Pacific Cinematheque and Distributed by Open Learning ◾
:Agency of BC, Canada. These include study guides for individual films
www.cinematheque.bc.ca
,National Film Board of Canada. www.nfb.ca The NFB works with schools ◾
.public libraries and museums to unite documentary films and education
.Howard, Sue ed. (1998) Wired-Up: Young People and the Electronic Media. UK: Routledge ◾
This anthology is designed as an accessible introduction to important research regarding
new communication technologies
r: b
L].w :r : b
%O f0 'D

117
S4 . 4:; ?K, " %
}(#
0 .TO) &].0 9V &D: . L].w ?O;
].w L].w -, L. vG N*=w H ., p:, @ ,X @
J
p;#
^" N:), WJ(

? :
L].w ?O; , QK. ..*:=w p;#
" Í @ \Jé (C2 :
,(
,D
]. ; :

8
; :
].w Í],) (T ;(2 ^" 8[ @ ,X @ p:, @ Db
p;#
.
9VJ
p;#
. ?O2 ,(
,D
]. L@ s H N(.¬
N&]$ ;q^
" )T

s'b
]ç8 9A b; .(¬
N$J( ;(2 N,])
61
-. 9V ],) f
,. 2 ,X
,'( K1, &].w 9V &D:)2 .; @ ;'%2 ,]. ' 9X
`VJ
1
p,B
Í],) L*_ J;O2 9^b:
'2 ;):
L].w 9"%, '. 9162 :
V(
kJX
-
NV(
EFG LK -, .(¬
N;KJ
p,J" ] 0%, N#
0 P4 K, N; ':

PA:*: :
;J6
J%*;
;(2
> -, Í = 9b2 :
N/D
&].w 8[ 3+(, -A *:2
.'*. (":, -, N"
..J
@ -'( UF: 2
> @ cJ$ n, B. ].{

V(
UF= &].w 9V
3A -,
QT8 .* , UF: ; 4 ?F
@ *
T'O; ?F
L*_ &].w 9V AO2 , Í T
! N
F
9X
(d@ NJ8~) o
7J(
-)'
Í %$ .* EFG 12 -*; .s -, . A:,
.¬
N|)
9
L )Y 8
&D:)2 .Q*( L8@ -, -8 98 l NJXå" @ 9b" N].w 912
9VJ
,'( L .34 %:(, ,'(, 9%
@ ,X @ p:, -. p;#'
].w ,6

H L].{
qT
'
Í J+ .*
k
J%
P/ '*. H *, ].w ]X -,
%
-;K4 ; L@ A($ L]. " '*. T'A O:2 ?F
, * ; L@ s*'( . < ; N&
2(*: ,
n:2 :

. ('OA ; L@ s*'(*'
3 -, N
~ . Q]. .,'(*'
1*8 ].w 3%2 .
.s,6
s
Y) ].w 8'
].w 3V> 3;%2 s*'
<A 2 l ?KY; 4 -'( 9T4 -, z^_

L .&].w 9V . T' a2
L; L@ L].{
-*; *
r: b
n
1
,(
,D
" /D
PI Í T= P_; L@ *; . '
Q, PI, -. ":
s 61

? :
?J;J6:
sT
s" nI 91$ vG -; 3
, .Í(, Í *= UF: 2 :
$#
p,J"
L*_ . ,].w 8'

6'1 JAY2 L -*; N
6
G EFG L2 *'A 4 N&].w 9V
.'. 9b" A JG5

~ L; L@ LK -, N;TXw O^:

.1
EFG 2 0 N=
:
&].w 9V
9V
b:w P, ].w * S(2A s H
Í
.%
EFG 9*(2 N,*. .*
% . r 6
H Q.) l \2 QKA6, .4 ]X -, *+ A ,
%" 8a2 . .):
.%
EFG S* A*/C .) " L].w ./ :(I 4
(1
.
].w 3+2 ¤" 120 ':)*'
-*; NL'T
-, ;(
H .Í%4K Í ; Í 4K/ L].w
.O%
FG *, -. ) : @ '¤@ ;@ ;
S8 L s':) (* "
@ ] ]. @ ; ':
].w . Í :%, (; 3
N?'%:
EK &
L].w dOD2 %
J+2 QF$ B. $ :*'

= AJ ].w 3;%2 J8a$ J8@ L -*; ~ N].w '

H QKA6, :, qJ" @ N
*6, kJX@ Q=@ @ N
*6 2
. @ N#
P4, . Qa $
9V -. 6T
8
9/2 s H N0 :w ;.J
4 2 H @ ; '2 p,J" @ 3'$
-, ,6
! *+ L)
,6
:)2 *8 .,(
l 2,'(, 3;%:
Q;=
¨(" H N ,J" @ 2 . <(b
%$, <)8 p;#'
:
6, H ].w 2#0
.2/ s)6:
L
&].w 9V P*=
2 O^:
$8 ! /D
'6 ].w Q.4 L2 NL'T
-, ;(
H
T=@ 8[ -, 2 ].w . *:(2 L@ ,].w 8
. NL ¨(" H N
F
.QK=
l /
H <!J2 :
*+ (
8
?#b2 N
~ l $Iw" .,6
-,
F8
118
8 5 h NQX )
H .'6 &].w 9V -, ]. ), 6 *

.'*8a" 3
(
O2 ;#
].w GK= S2" 8[ @ :, 9A*2 G 4]*(

<E
5. TX \ L4v
5
5
@ !L4
54 v5F. L4v
5 5b L4v
*5
J V(
L].w :p:<E
r: b
L:. : ◀
5\Sm
L].{
*5
J 9'62 ◾

6
].w . *5
J iTO2 ◾
KJ;{
1*8 L].w ◾
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
L; ':
9X
3A , 1*8 L].w H i%6:
◾
119
].w ./ 3
. H *+
($ \G 3%2 K ◾

6
].w ~* . QK= *+ iTO2 ◾
,].w L*_ ,B
. ].w a2 3%2 ◾
5e9!X57 <
KA .L].w .1" %'A (: :%O, H QK= *+ H i% A NT: S#w &D:" ◾
KJ$ 3G -, KA .,'( EFG l /
L;J; -;F
s*'
*+ EFG K= L,
¯[ *+ EFG O^2 :
.O%
q ;¦" J8~ .*+ EFG (I -;F
.*

9*:6 *+ EFG a2 ¯[ .s':) s n
1, *+ EFG 3.2 8 ¯[ .$G@
.L].w ./ .
3:; A ?@ l 3A4 .'6 &].w 9V H QK= ].w -, .:, .* , . *+ iAT ◾
N*+ , L].
D; s NÍ], .:"= 3.
L]. 98 -, QK6, ',@ z.@ç .*+ EF" &:
0
.s':)*'
: (=J , H i%
A ◾
.&].w 9V H O^:
@ ,B
QK= . J@ 4 -'( =: S8 ~ , H i%
r: b
H QF
S4
,

fK NÍ], .A(, ,]. '
KJ; 1*8 L].w H i% A
A :
p,B
9 .:%O, H ;K @ L; '2 ,J"
.), Q. ;K6
,
.)
s" T2C
:
].w Í +], N,A%2 :
p,B'
s:. . Q P*: @ Gh N(, O6, #X ◾
?@
F8 9 A .QKA6, p,J" WJ. @ ].w EFG J;J*2 <T)
¯[ .Q#
EFG ]X T A C2
FG ]X ,D:) L].w 2#
($ 3A4 .2~ p,B
-*I
J; p:, @ L].w J;J*2
.\:) *
y'T:
,
w
Tb
k #X .:%O, H l (
<2J 9:62 :
L; ':
p,J" <2J2 H i% A ◾
A p,J" " @ . L].{
G:D2 4 :
,D
@ : KA ; ':

S4 H @ s(,
6"a" 34 .S4
FG H
/
-*; ?F
\:) *
KA N2:X ¯[ .KA6,
.S4
FG ]X « 2, L]. -. 2
V(
;6:
NT(:
;J6" 6_ L@ ^T; 9G N&].w 9V
|0 Z 1 9b2 ].w L@ ◾
®,6
@ NkB
8
@ Ns'( I 9T H N,'( l /
i @ N$61
;J
&].w 9V ¨(T
,6
11D2 9;*2 ?@ -. L].w ^T; 9G ®\:
FG (T2 G ,
9T4 -,
ë*C kJX ,'( K1, @ &].w 9V . 9G ®kJX ,'( K1, ¨(" @
-,
2V(" 91A:; *" ,6
9T4 -, 'V)*'
(IX L2 L@ , @ /X =
®L].w
.
a) EFG ç4 .¯" i%62 G kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V
\
L ◾
kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V L,¦" 9G ._2 :
'2 *.2 :
p 6
z.@ ç
ë
nI2 H L GFD:; L@ ^T; :
J=w G , ®]. LK 9*(
H J*:)2 L@ 120
-, V(
i%62 9T H ,(
6'1" A6_C2 kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V L@ 3
®
~ =*" J= FD:C2 L@ ^T; ~ ®L].w
5wbL
—
.¬
N#
w P4 ] 61
P, &D:)
-;J*:
FG 2 -*;
;<)F ^'
*5
J . q2w" L].w 3%2 9'62 ◾
KJ;w ].w ; ':
,B
3%2 6" ◾
r: b
,(
,D
]. :{:<E
. « : ◀
5\Sm
,(
,D
]. 9'62 ◾
,(
,D
].w zOD:
."w '*(
◾
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
;_%
-, .* , ,'( 1;w '8 ,(
,D
]. -, K. 9'62 ◾
121 \'
Í IJ. - A*_:2 N:D; _4 ; ,. ,D
J:TC, L]. F :
OX J;O2 ◾
&D:)C: :
."w %:
2#0 N\:)C *
N
J
NKA6
,. ,X L]. : ◾
KJC
J
"'O ,'( 9% H ,(
,D
]. 9/:
2#
($ 3%2 ◾
.\:)C *
l Z:
" /
GJ;J*2
5e9!X57 <
| \G i%6:
&].w 9V ]X -, , P, *+:, %;JO" 9/:
H ,6
<!J2
. % f$ k. b: -, 6'
,(
61
]*6
N;'%:
', -, .K6, &.
\J(C2 ]*6
EFG ., 6, @ ;] -, 6'
6
6$, . P b2 ]* 3+2 N<):
.,(
,D
].¦"
]. ':D2 8 $ A .,(
,D
]. \G d(, 4 NE]. Q8F ', l Í K: ◾
:
,(
,D
]. :
2 :
9V) -, *V4 L AK .; :
].w -. ,(
,D

.:%O, H ,(
,D
].w ':D ,D:0 KA .2Gh 4 S8
.G 8F xb
nI:
',a8 z%$ P4 EFG S=K@ %
)
:
,(
,D
P4, @ q ◾
.(P4 '2 -, Í 0" ':D, i, P, <:2 kJX@ K1, &D: -*;
●
r: b
http://www.un.org.za/public-service-announcement-on-the-effects-of-drugs
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/human-trafficking-public-service- ●
announcements.html
●
http://saloproductions.com/public-service-announcements/psa-samples.php
., 9
)VJ
V1D
4 Q A1 .TO } ,(
,D
]. -, K. H i4K A
s: 2#0 T:.0 s(" FX .*;%2 8 9'A '% 32 :
)VJ
9VJ
,'( KA
.."w %:

,D
]. :" 3., ;@ KA .,(
,D
]. -, ;(
H (
(T
&D: 9'A ◾
,(
,D
]. H %:
§(
S*G 8 9'A .0 &@ PV4" * A., S8 ~, EFG ,(

;
O%'
*(: ]X -, %'D2 ?F
a:
$ A ., KJ
J
@ G(, ;(2 H
.k6
1;0 1
*(: -*; 8 $ A .,'
':D
F 2 zOD, l ';62 Q8F ', -, ~Xa, ,. ,X L]. n;2 s*'(*'
-*; ◾
A JO_; 4 QJ, -, J8@ L].w ;m l L=:6; 4 .
32Gb, . -;2J, (storyboard)
i)
F :
zOD, H (*); J; , i2 -, L*'( -A *:; 8 Q/ 98 . L].w \%; l
www.storyboardsinc.com -, F 2 OOD, -. ',@ . 16
-*; .* A*1 ?F

-, *V4 H JA $ .,G $% @ .*:= _4 2 ,. ,X L].w QJ:T, OX PI ◾
FG .\:)C *
, \
4 .,(
,D
L].w fa8 ,D: 9*:6 PI
)VJ

J
,'( H J+ .
1; KJC
J
9h ;62 . .) E" %

.'% l :62 :

122
,'( L2 L@ < ; .
F" &%: 8 \:) *
P, 9/:
8 H L J$ ◾
.KA6, \:), *= 6 ë=,
J

é & Í ":8 /ç ◾
-*; .,(
,D
L]. i'D
,D: -*; :
2#0" *V4 PI
2#0 (,(
,D
L]. L*_, $@) ."w 2#0 *V%
9*b2 L
(:0 .) %:

%:
2#0 & 1; Í " Í A*_:, ,(
,D
L].w Í ;*2 Í OOD, 9*8 ◾
.*
."w
r: b
5
5
@L4v53'¥ D
Think Literacy *
5D)<
www.edu.gov.on.caleng/…/thinkliteracy/liberary.html
.].w '*6
-, WJ^
@ \
¯
9*(
/*+ \G@ P, i"O:
* A*/ l3E
;@) 5<) N(\G i%62
/ $ *" Nv$ ) 2) ."w 6'7K
.(9*(
\G@ i%62 ^" N8 N,D: -*; ,]. '
Í / &A4 ®
/
;J2 :
6;
G -, ®\:)C *
G -, 3.6
'
EFG k, ?@ l N)
%TO
7J(
o
J*(
Í],) v*= -. Í]1 , A
.(¬
N;
$
a, ,].w
2#0 \G" OT2J, L2 L@ < ; 4 :
N'*6'
,(

J

1
N1%
NJ+
= N*_:2 :
,'( Í],) E].@ Q8F ."w
QK6, 3., 4, &D: .(1Db
\ A2 N;q N^'
N) @ =J
IJ(
.QJY,
.%:
: 2#" Í OT2J, L; L@ < ; , G N=: < A=:; ,(
xOD
2 )!K
N8J6: &J
,J
/D
JY P;F &]8 1
,
9*. P4 KA
:

J
P, &]:2 E;J2 ?F
d( 9%: %:
-, ?@ Lab" vJ4 FD2 .¬

.
1; ?2
123
cD
,(
,D
L]. WJ. L, S4 Lab" 2X -. P$K ¯[ 53 !
S#w @ ;KJ
@ L; ':
. T ?F
,(
,D
L]. -*_:; L@ < ; *8 ."
NQKA6, UF= §. (Vh !@/(b8 NEFG &].w 9V H KJ2 ç ]. §.

9*b; L@ F :
zOD, . N;q 3V.
T 'D
- A*_:;
A l $Iw"
.T (*)
@ VJ
;<)F ^'
,(
,D
L]. OOD, & , ◾
b4 WJ(
,]. 8 ,(
,D
L]. V
p: ◾
r: b
."w '*(
L].w :q:<E
. ] : ◀
5\Sm
*
N
J
NP4 ;.J
L].w ◾
L].w H
p 6
3%2 ◾
].w : 3*1:
K ◾
p,B
H p: qJ" ◾
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 (" 124
,'( 9%
'8 L].w '*. 9'62 ◾
."0 %:
2#0
~ H *" NL].w H , & , WJ. %;J \b: ◾
JY
L].w ,
a:; :
A 91 2 ◾
KA6 \:)C *
. ].w 9VJ
J@ 3%2 ◾
Í],) d( P, *
9. :; 8 KA6, 9b" @ NL].w X
A , H 9.$ *= & , ¯[ ◾
A 8
(kJX@ 9b$ ].w ¨(" ¯
L].w , H G 20 @ ;62 ◾
?J;J6:
L*_ s" B.) [T, ! L].¦8 p,B
@ H (')
qJ" '*. ;62 ◾
(? :

5e9!X57 <
]* N,(
,D
]. N].w @ KA .A @ :(,= &J/:, H
" 34C ◾
N,. ,X N? 2 L]. L]. 98 -. Í =, Í / &A4 .P4 EFG H QK= N;.J
@ p;#

,'( 9% H GJ@ 3A4 N', -, 98 ]X -, *G
2 3A 2 :
Q1

J
/ç .;.
(, :); -, @ (/ -, Í],) L]. 98 1, KA .;R

8 ¯[ .L].w H G(h @ :, @ * PI )Y 8
:D2 4 ~ ¯[ ◾
r: b
.?'%:
L].w -. %;):
/;.J
EFG ':D2
V$ 4 .LT,
è @ i, @ -8, *):
7% P"
a), H '6 (*: J+2 , Í T
! ◾
.KJ
6 P*: -'( l T)
" EF8 ]. 2# <Vh
(":
#
w P4 -, Í K. qC NL; ':
. ]. Gh N] -, .* , . P' A ◾
:
].w -, A K. #X .', EFG H ,D:)C ].w 2#0 /ç .kB8 8
, .2 -'( 6; :
J.b KA L]. 98 H qB2 :
(')
1Dh /ç .<8 -.
J;12 3A :; 8 ®:(4 k, , ®,(
,D
L]. @ L].w ,A%; :
'6
@ K.
G
®¯
QK()

s" nI *2 K= l =6
4 .L]. 98 H Jë *C2 :
3%
9VJ
N,'( KA ●
, ®L].w FG H QKA6, 3., vG 9G N
~ l $Iw" .].w L*_ ?J;J6:
L*_
K:0" ®6I ! @ ''ì _, ,'(, ;@ vG 9G ®3. EFG 3.
SIJ C. :
PV4
G
9T%2 9G NkJX@ QT(" ®L].w FG c1D" *
l ,A%2 :
nV1
G , N''62 l
J8@
J
@ ,'( 9(
^2 ?@ ¯#%2 9G ®"= $ A ®L].w FG H ,ë%C ,'(
.',a" Í K, ¯[ ®Í0*:8 @ 4K
FG H ,D:)C 3*1:
§. K -;J*:
FG , <'A O:; .<8 -. :
Í .TO, Í ]. #X ◾
N;
Nbw) 3*1:
§. 3.2 8 .\:)C *

%
J
,'( NL].w
9b
3.; 8 NkJX@ QT(" ®Jë *C2 :
,'(
J
(¬
N*'
:X NL'
N_

®L*_
125 @ N.~ @ ; '2 p,J" H q" 9b" ? 2 p:, PI (; (')
qJ" & , L ◾
8
I ^" NL]. @ .
Qhw LK -, N;:, 9b" S#w .
F8 NU:8 H
OT2J
:
¨(" @ 8 9b" p,B
'8 O^2 Í],) p,B
d.J2 :
Np:*'
(A1
PI -. nI 9b" -;Gb &]. x[ p,B
H p: qJ"¦" (;:
¨(" n*)2 .("
vG S8 ~ ®J8~ %"O, G 9G , p:, qJ" -. ',@ #X .p,B
; ;" H p:
G , ®GFD:; L@ -*'
-*; :
J=w G , Np: qJ"
a), d.J2 v'" H s4
-, Jì ,C :
9VJ
, ®$ S(IC ?F
7)
<T)" GJ;J*2 3A 2 :
p:" '1A:
J

ç ?F
7)
9;T:" *4C
^::
®$ PIC A '*; , p: Q/ S8 9G ®) p: ]X
/ç .*+/)Y KJ$ 9*b2 L@ ^T; .L].w ./ H s',(
3Ga" *V4 PI é ●
-;F
s)VJ
sT.]
-, 98 K L@ %:(2 9G .Q A1 ].w @ H i4K A .3, 98 K@
FG P/ H 3G); -*" :$J(, La" %:(2 8 ®L].w H nI 9b" J5 4 32J8~
:62 :
,'( $2 H 2V$ 3%2 H @ (, 9_$@ 9b" 9. :
. v.): L].w
P= } QV$ ~ “The Persuaders” %V
&]$ ')' L2 4 NK1
FG H +],) ®

.(Q
EFG ; H P=J *V4 H p,B
F
Í /
;<)F ^'
\:) *
N3*1:
,/%:
N (
(T

~ H *" } L].w 9'62 ◾
2Gb, L]. n;2 ]X -, } &].w A, 9 ◾
)
)
L].w :s:<E
r: b
L:. : ◀
5\Sm
"D:0 |)
L].w 9'62 ◾
|)
L].{
=:
¢KT 3%2 ◾
"D:w L].{
*5
¤
3%2 ◾

"D:w ]X &].w 9V . %ATOC *+ ◾
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
126
"D:0 |)
L].w 3%2 ◾
|)
L].{
T =:
¢KT 3%2 ◾
"D:0 |)
L].w H QJY 9,(
9'62 ◾
|)
L].w H QJY
&D:0 Í J+ . , . r 6'
2#" /:
◾
A <' H LT!J; ?F
s*'
: ,w ¯[ ◾
"D:0 @ *5 ¤G 9X2
5e9!X57 <
.'6 ,(
T: H Í 6" J=
ç NJ, &
~ .:%O, H @ v'" H |)
L].w -. ',@ P*= ◾
Í ;K. Í , 9*62 :
UT l J+ . QJ%
-, =:
¢KT Í ,D:), ].w EFG 9'A

%
J
,'( \
T:.0 H Í FX> NL]. 98
($ 3A4 .|)
L].w" &*:G0 .
.L*_ ;(2 H L].w 9h/3*1:
&D:)C; 8 ¯[ .\:)C *

,J'
,D: H 98 '*6

($ 3A4 .) )
'*6
-, Q~Xa, Q. ]. fK ◾
.Q 9VJ
(b
1

.|)
L].w T4J S(IC :
*5
¤
H i% A NT: K1, @/ S#0 &D:" ◾
r: b
A
@ s s6hJ, 9T4 -, ,D:) ].w T4J S¤b@ :
=:
¢KT P=
.=:
¢KT EFG P, Q%: ].w i"O:2 k, ?@ l 3A4 ."D:0
L T('; L@ -*; ?F

fK .s n
1, *5
¤
EFG 9A*2 8 i% A ◾
, H *5 ¤G . JO2 4 ¯#4 ?@ J8~ .Í%4K Í ; Í 4K/ |)
L].w L; L@ L*_
.|)
L].w" i'A (:;
"D:0
9T4 -, .I) ,].w 9V
362 :
*+ s%
" *V4 <:8 ◾
9% c1D" =2 ¢KT, -, vG S8 ~ , 8a2 ."D:0 O^:" i'A (:; , H (

A
U ':D
Q ':
.~w O6, -, 11D A
T
4@ N?@J
.]O:
.¬
N"D:w pV: L]. )

(
'. JO)2 2 -, í L s)
V]*(
:
J$ |)
b:) %; ◾
FG I . |)
L].w fK .J 2 8 *, " J(b2 , H Í ,*:G J8@ @ .J
z%$ í
P"£
,D:) ^'
fK . (

. |)
L].w 2J; k, ?@ l ¯[ .i'(:

.''_, @ %4K ,D:) ^'
S8 ~ , H 3A4 .:/: @ G$@/E$@ nhJ,
ç N|)
L].w H (

&D:0 Í J+ ◾
.. , . r 6'
2#" c@
5 ).FSm
127
(f H ].w ;.J

~ H *") '6 (*: 8
" &%2 :
;.J
◾
].w H Gb" (:0 ◾
;(2 . L; 8#
L@ -, 3!J
. NGb '*; *" (:0" %'(: N.J

*@J
◾
.:, 8[ n
1
^
" &*:G0 2# p;#

, *
=2 -. kJ 2 :
6" `
zOD:
◾
: b35b7<S
&D:]
Í T, L; 0 *"
*b
8,@ -, ~Xa, P=J EFG -, B8
L@ +] d=J;
',a8 &A%C2 *'4 @ '6, ';" K, . 16
l (); L@ s" . ^T; .3
(
6@ P*= H
.s":*'
,], J8@
T(b
$%
].]
;% QJ+ &A%2 www.adbusters.org ◾
2#0 J;%2 L].0

2 sT2 ].0" 11D:, .TO, www.adage.com ◾
¬
N,D:)
Í . ].w 9*(
b4*'
B, ]. h@ http://adsoftheworld.com/ ◾
i;):
2# JY2 8 p,B
FG b:); The Persuaders – Frontline – www.pbs.org
r: b
◾
-, 3
(
l 3) @ l 32J+ 8 . Í _;@ 9" Nf
?#b; ~, . z%$ o
L].0
.i;):
/L].w , H sT4J BD
-, .* , %4K H %V
FG &%; .3

N9_$ -, NQ
EF
T)
" . O:%, : H P4, . S#0 . '*8a" p,B
;m -*;
p,B
-,
91
(=J, N
~ -,@ ~
High campaign and emotional branding ◾
http://www.un.org.za/public-service-announcement-on-the-effects-of-drugs ◾
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/human-trafficking-public-service-announcements.html ◾
http://saloproductions.com/public-service-announcements/psa-samples.php ◾
The Merchants of Cool – Frontline – www.pbs.org ◾
UTb
9= L*'( \:); 8 b:); NS#0 . J$:, :), ◾
Think Literacy, Media, Grades 7–10 (2005) –

http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/studentsuccess/thinkliteracy/library. html
Rejected Online – http://bestrejectedadvertising.com/html ◾
3A 2 :
].w J8@ Í _;@ -*_:; . 2# @ ; 2 $ UT LGb _$ ].
.ÍK%: J8 ].w @ (, @ _$
128
: b
;6
&].w :: b
?'%:
&].w
129
%O f 'D

;(2 H =
2 Q. 4]2 ;6
=
:
T('2 ?F

. s*'( QQ
EFG \JA (2
&].w 9V h@ L 8 ¯2 .|)
?K1:40 .*:=0 ^:
H s 8b,
Tb
%TO2 U2
;T;
A NS#0 . TX) ;6
#
0 *4J

H B8@ Í 0 , J$2 @ 8 N;'%2 &]. 9V -, Í 4]O AO2 4 (¬
N;
U(
.*:=w
.J%*;
'*(
H 8b hJ
36
T(:
;J $J( ,'( l /

n*); ...¬
N
%
2
S#0 (L; '2 ;K) .FC .TO &].w 9V 4]2 L
,'( l /
. Q%
-, P; A *, N ':D, J", B. i$:
" &].w 9V L*_
9" N<)6$ ,'( v]: . $ s K :%; 0 6" N8
. &%2 $% gb;
;6
0120 ,'( =
2 S2 %
NÍ], .(;q2 =: H zh 9b" L*G); 3G
H xb" xJD0 . f
P b2 G N$J( KT2 ,'(*'
B8@ 8b *
&,@ /J

.Í: J8@ (*: , l ?KY; *, J%*;
'*(

F
-. T(:'
Q;= ), N=
:
-, K. 4]2 Q;
&].w 9V p:2 NP4
H
.)
;K1:40 .*:=0 ;_%
" i'(:; , H ,(
b4 H P 7O . 8b
H N32(*: , H J%*;
'*(
H ." xJD0 s*'
Q;
&].w 9V J", n*)2
.'6 (*: *'
Í "J4 J8@ (
;_%
TX 9(= . Q.)
: b
<E
5Y dlL4v 'WI F<)lL4v*
5.c0 'K+\ I%/ .60 'K+\ S.)6g5Y dlL4v+\ <'

@)
5 #Eg5.c_ Xkg .\ : )5F4 E)lL4v"
@)
=
2 l ?'%:
&].w -, :p:<E
;6
&].w
L:. : ◀
5\Sm
130
&].w 9V -. Q=, D;2 QFT } ;J*:0 ^:

◾
®&].w 9V %:
& , G , ◾
;
&].w "*" *4J
&].w ◾
;
&].w ;'%:
&].w 9V s" \]:X0 x% ◾
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
&].w 9V -. Q=, D;2 QFT 3;%2 ◾
;6
;'%:
&].w 9V %:
l Q;
%:
:'/@ 8 / ◾
qA . 4 QX EFG L@ 8 ;6
;'%:
&].w 9V s" $]:X0 / ◾
8b:
J%*;

5e9!X57 <
: b
?'%:
120 ~* -, A6:
O% H 9A*2 N*4J
&].w 9V ]X -, &G AO2 qJ" %
◾
~* l N.F .TO &].w 9V * -, * G NcDh@ .* , l Dh -,
-, " NÍ*4 nT/@ L*_ L *" .L*_ H vb:
(:
"w 9 A); ?F
'

N*"
~ -, 3G NßDb
J2T*
L; ':
;KJ
8 Q=@ Q. B.
/
-*
9;62 L .. L8 *, L*_ 1;w *, Ia8 J+; @" ?F
%
2
i;J -.
A
Í /J$ J$; } 2,'( U%:
" \J(; , G *4 " l ,'( Q1
1

.9. :'
Q;=
5 d: &].w 9V AO2 H 6T
A*, N.* , -*I L'*(; -;F
NL": 'ë C; ●
H P@ 9b" ,D: AO2 8 N;T
H S#0 &D: 3A 2 8 K NS#0
< ; .36
P*: 3'(:
l T)
" GV$ ,D: %TO2 3%2 3'. .P*:
.1
H :b4, 3::
6T
FG : 3;%2
H T(:
;J ;(:
cJ
*4J
&].w 9V n*2 k, ?@ l 6T
s": . ●
T(:
H ;6
&].w 9V
f
&D: 8 . 36" H 8J; L@ < ; .3(*: ,
(L; ':
;KJ
61
) ;'%:
&].w 9V L@ 8 J8F; L@ < ; *8 .3) @ -.
/
-*; ?F
S#0 . ;TXw P4 Í],) ;6
&].w 9V P, U%:2
1
l 36" pV: 3;%2 s": . ^T; .32(*: , H (zV
QKA(:, K, B.

.JX> 3;%2 9h ?@ @ Power Point£
s,D:),
N32(*: , H ;'%:
'2 ;6
&].w 9V o$2 k, ?@ l 6T
s": . ^T; ●
131
3GJ+ = -. T(:'
f
,D:); :
&].w 9V @ ':D, 2 3'. *8
l $I N ':D &]. 9V ,D:), ¤$ N*, ;TX 9V)*" i'A (:; , H /D

.:b4 .* l 6T
: 3;%2 < ; .
:; :
PI/;_%

5e9!X —
k, ?@ l Í b ç4, N;'%:
;6
&].w 9V s" )VJ
$]:X0 -. Í 14 Í 1 <:8 ◾
;'%:
&].w 9V s" \]:X0 "b:
=@ 3A4 .(O1, @ %% $]:Xw EFG T2
-, i%6:
;J;J6:

Y) ;_4 . _
z')2 < ; .*4J
@ #
0 &].w 9V
.kJX 61
¢KT ,'(
* A*1, *+A , ;J;J62 '*(
,].w L*_ _X G N;'%:
&].w 9V * k ◾
H61
L ., KJ$ l T) -, Í 0" ;TX ,]. *+, l T) TX A6/ -, 8a:'
aT s" \]:X0 4 N7)

FG -, Í 4]O .'*(
EFG PTA:; 0 S#0 B. 9*(; ?F
-
.,; 61
#
w D)
. J+; ?TX J;J%2 s" ?KJ$ LìC, ?@ 9*6; ?TX
A 4 k, ?@ l nI; Í J;J%2 <:8 Í 6" J= ◾
P,
. S%" &@ N,'( $J( ^2
.(*: , H 2%2 Q;
&].w 9V 5
32K$ 8 . f
9. 2 %;J . Q;
&].w 9V 5 a2 8 -. Í J;J%2 <:8 ◾
G , N*;K8 .*:=0 s*'( Q . &].w 9V a2 8 Y)
¯J .,
.*4J
&].w 9V l U(b
$8 / ;(:
cJ
;6:

&].w 9V %2 ,D: :{:<E
: b
?G*
120 9V P*: H ;6

*4J
120 9V
L:. : O ◀
5\Sm
.¬
N.*:=0 Tb
} .*:=0 ]. :
;6
&].w 9V ◾
O:
9/:
%2 ◾
H ^:
;6
=
:'
:8 ?G*
120 9V H ^:
s"
KT: 4](
◾
J%*;
)Y
;F )# /" 132
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
P*: H )
.*:=0 Q6
. *4J
9/:
a2 9'62 ◾
,'( $J(" vb:
\" ;6
&].w 9V -, s'h @ 9h &D: / ◾
P*: H
_4
)Y . Ga2 ?G*
120 9V H ;6
&].w 9V &D: 8 3%2 ◾
P*: H J%*;
'*(

5e9!X57 <
. *4J
9/:
=
2 a2 3%:
Í =, Í 6" L"A : ?J C; (g 9c
¢ d"
3G'" &].w 9V &A%2 8 N3G'" H ,D:) 1 . ]0 6T
- A*_:; L@ < ; .*:

3:; 8 N.* , -*I b4; N#
0 3G'" P4, L": ; L@ ^T; .=D
3
('
H LT!J; :
kJX " *V4 (_; L@ ^T; .Q L'T
P, %" 3G'" Q/ WJ.
.1
H pV:
b4, < ; .=D
3
(
6 A= 3G'" -. IJ( Q1
'*b2 L@
A. . ?@ ]O: J=" L": &%; 54.6 *.m o\ ) ; <' I" BLe)
N'6 .~w Í],) ;6
&].w 9V ;'%:
?G*
120 9V a2 H i%6:'
Q^/
;K1:40 @ .*:=0 b4 H *
8b, . (S#0 ¡
*'4w /D
61

: b
q;w WJ,/<): . % f$ %:
?@J
]O: PI, -. ',@ .)
@
Tb
%TO2
*6 2
K . 8#
-, L; 4 .'4
.*:=0
(
@
3G -, b4, s":*'
-*; N*=w" .P*: ¤T(:
'8 (#;2 vT)
9,) .*:=w
G -, ®GJ;J*2 3:; :
)VJ
9VJ
G , N
J
i'D; ?F
-, ®,].w )Y U6/@
FG H ®*, 98 " &%; ?F
9*(
, LJ*:)/;.J
U6/@ 3G -, ®~ \:) *

®#
w &].w -. ?'%:
&].w ':D; 8 Nc1D

9V @ -, ?@ 2 1
H ,. b4, UA K%; L@ ^T; ( g i <!

*6 =
:
S#0 s": ¤" H T8 9b" &D:)C2 :
Q;
=
:
/&].w
*4J
;KJ
N*4J
Q ':
Q=@ N(8F
2
%TO2 Q1%
1
9VJ
&D: Í],)
L@ < ; .(SIMS 9, N#$0 P4
U(
@ Í],) S#0 . #
w U(
/J2T*
U(
@
L": ?J ; L@ < ; N-;J*:
FG 9T4 .EFG ;6
&].w 9V <Vh ;, b4 :2
N]"% EFG ]X -, .
*6 2
&D: N, ; (*: , H -,@ ~ N]"%,
.*:=0 s,D:) Q .
*6 2'
a2 -, J; , 1
. IJ(; L 3'.
.)
;K1:40
5e9!X —
A S2" 2%2 ;6
&].w 9V L@ 8 iI 7O . ?@ ]O:" 3A 4 ◾
%;JO
^2
A
,'(*'
3
KT2 f
9. 2 %;J Z:
" ^:2 8 N(*: , H f
$ 9/:; :

.3GJ4 P/ . a:

133 8 N?G*
9/:
H ;6
=
:
&].w 9V &D: 8 " 34C ◾
. *6 2
=
2 . 8 NÍ], .3V> 3*4 ,
,(
Q . JY2
A " *4J
9/:
L@ 8 b: ®P*: H J%
! s" 9/:
Q $
%;J H ^;
.,'( KT2 $J( H 38C b2 (*: , H f
9. 2
A I, 9. :
;(2 \" .*:= 9/2 Th P4, &D:0 2# PI ◾
<!J2 s(,
.*:=0 9/:
Th &D: H L*'( =; 4 :
;6:
JD G , .);2 H
.Ga2 -, 6'
4J ¯#4 JD K ®*'(2 WJ!
0120 ,'( =
2 <('2 N36
-, QO:, Q;= h . #
0 36
?O; ◾
9*b2 Q8 ¯ -, 36
. Í J@ vJ2 4 =
:
EFG &D: L .Í Í K $
,'( l /
;(2 ]X -, 8b 9)2 H 9A*:2 :
N#
0 J4*;
(
, 9*b2 :
N#
0 ,D
( ¡J%
P/ '*. H f0 L]b; LF'
N\(
#
0 QKw (« .¬
NT'O
PI -, i%6:
@ NT;R
*: ª 68 2 *.@
'*. iTO2 i;J -. N&(
O%
H 'X
],( ,6
'*(
K@ -)62 A :

.36
H Í = Q , L2 4 éé*C,
(C,
KJ A ; . ;*2 P, d( H LT;J4 e-government E-governance s, L ●
'*(
l KJ b; *" .2*'. , H ,6
,D:)2 :
*+ .

l L*'( d.C; (cf. UNESCO 2007) .',h ,('
: , '*(
EFG L2 T=*" :

s', ?@ :X 3'. .3G'" H e}governance iTO2 ^'" ?F
k H 6T'
S#0 &D:
H LJD, 3G k, ?@ l b; L@ s*'( . .b
-,
FG =2 L*.;
®&. 9b" s ?@ ]O: 3A 2 9G .1D; , H 32b: S A*2 4 @ @ '*(
EFG
Í Í 6" J= ®V), GV$ S8 , .e-governance £
P;b, iTO2
($ 4
?F
G , .6 36
" '/ ~ (
7O
. @ :%O, H '*, P;b,
: b
®~ ®v'" H 6 36'
#%2
*G@ ~ Í J,@ ;6
=
:
-, ?@ @ 0120 ,'( =
2 . 16
L ◾
U(b
8 Nb A* .*
-, 3G! 4. -, L(; -;F
)
=J
(I ;(:
.V -8,@ H Lb(; ?F
cDh0 $8 l $I0" NA2 A'6 A'4
-;F
cDh]
N)'
: ,0 . Í Í 6" J= N
K@ '6, K1, &D: ●
,'( =
2 &D: H NV -8, H Lb(; -;F
cDh]
@ N4. L(;
:
':
¤$:, ," )
P:*:; 9G .kJX0 ;6
=
:
-, ?@ @ 0120
-;F
cDh]
,0 EFG J$:2 k, ? l ®T=
:
EFG . 16'
=J
" PA:*:;
H 9*(
, ®
~ . T2# (T:
G , ®V -8, H Lb(; -;F
@ 4. L(;
~ T
S8 ~ ®;6
=
:
l /

b*, (, .*= S8
d(2 L@ ^T; :
*+ G , .<T)
$J(, NQJ$:, ! :%O, @ v'" '1

®J, FG 9*(
, ®'1: T
U! 95 H I F"
QK(: '. :
,].w K ,D: :q:<E
\ 1
H *4J
U(
9*b; *" NzV

134
. « : ◀
5\Sm
H ,B
' @ N: ;"#
K1 NzV
QKA(: '. :
,].w K ◾
3'(:
;(2
(, 9,(:
9); *'(2 ¤" i'D
*4J
U(
/zV
QK(: '. :
,].w K ◾
,. ;_%
p;#
.
T) QK;
QKa8 ,].w U(
◾
'):
U(
@ P, %" %:
U(
◾
;F )# /"
: b
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
Th . '. :
P4 *I -, NzV
QK(: '. :
,].w K *4 ;62 ◾
<:
K1 N(Blogs) #
w A NS#0 . b4 WJ(
NS#w
S#w Th . " 3:; :
VJ 21
:) N#
0 <:
N(;) :
3'(:
3'(:
H *4J
U(
0 N (podcastingÞ videocastingÞ vodcasting)
QK(: '. :
,].w K s,D:), N,q } , ;J$ .*:= , J;O2 ◾
U(
/X zV

3'(:
3'(:
H N*4J
U(
* 0 NzV
QK(: '. :
,].w K &D: ◾
WJ(

(
@ : %:
~ zV
QK(: '. :
&].w 9V U(
@ K@ &D: ◾
(.¬
N.*:=0
N&'(
NI;J
Í],) *;K8 PI" '/ ~ 3G ,
, K1, &D:" GJ;O2 32 :
zV
QK(: '. :
,].w K ':D, 9'62 ◾
3'(:
3'(:
:'*. H Ga2 ,D: k, 3%2 N , ! ,J" @ : ,
3'(:
3'(:
:'*. H : ;"#
K1 GJ$2 :
cJ
a:
3%2 ◾
5e9!X57 <
135
Search) 6" vJA 6, ?@ Í ,D:)C, .*'A (2 ?F
I H J$ \ : )5F4 E)X
-*; :
N*4J
U(

~ H *" NzV
QK(: '. :
K" 6V0 PIé é KA N(Engine
.K EFG -, Í K. KA62 L@ < ; .s*'( -, .* , l (fK @) s(, A fK O. H ,D:
;( -. 6" ®S,D: ;(, ;@ .2=: T'2 H 2V$ -, T2J2 -*I K EFG 3+ A
:
;( L L4 .3'(:
H zV
QK(: '. :
K &D: BX 9T4 -, ,D:)
®BD
;(, . i$2 9G ®2+], G , .BD
G*:(; :
'2 P, ,D:)2
T8 9b" ^2 L@ *; K@ ;62 *; 9G N" /D
zV
QK(: '. :
K *V4 H
=
2 n:2 ;@J" 8 ®K EFG #X ~ ®3'(:
3'(:
'*. H b4 L(:
9 A)2
@ NWJ( L*_ ^2 @ NQ;= 7JO" ,'( P, 9. :
QF2 U]O'
QK(: zV

®3*V]2 :
3" /D
$J( i'X
8 .Peacemaker, Food Force, Darfur is Dying 9, N , ) Q86, T(
;@ <(
!7!K_ "
-, 3'(:
V$ G , ®,(
;_%
7]X 9b" :
. v.)2 L@ J2T*
T('
-*;
^T; N*'(:
)Y H S#0 l
'
V= @ 8 iV. -, vG L8 L ®U(
EFG ]X
S#0 l

L; s .kJX@ ,. S# K1, -, K EFG . 16
. s*'( P b2
@ N(CD}ROM, DVD) *4 cJ4 . .I, U(
@ . 16

6, s*'(*'
-*; N;^'
Í K6,
. s": P b2 < ; .J2T*
Q=@ . '*62 32 iT :
U(
&D:
N(¬
N$J^
NI;J
N^'
Í],) QK6, PI, H #
0 U(
-. " &%
◾
8 T('
&D: 8 -. Í J;J%2 <:8 .KA6, *'(2 L*_, H s: @ T(
&D:
.f
\G@ i%62 H T('
EFG S*G
k:), P$ ^" N3'(:
3'(:
:'*. -, 8 #80 U(
0 Í ,D:), );2 OX PI ◾
: b
KK -. Í =, Í J;J%2 <:8 f
FG 3'A . .&])
UJ6

9, N,(
;_%
.

.'. "=w H U(
. 8 SJ C :
'¤ l Í b, N;_%
EFG . s*'( 9($
',8 K 9*b2 } 3'(:
'*. H &D:)2 K@ K, G :(OERs5b)E57
! @ '. 2) kJX@ K, ,J" T:X N;$ [@ NT:X , <:8
1X P, G 32 N: , % 9h H N$J( l /
3.
,D:), } %2 @ N('. 2
/D
=6
P, :
, &D:0 QK. &D:0" n*)2 Z:
" N: ,
. s": P b2 ^T; .(s' A)C Ns" ", Ns*'(: Í],) s,D:) -, (, .*
: , ;"J2 K1, l /
J$2 Q. #
P4, ;62 ◾
K1*8 ,D: -*; d: ;"#
K1 $:)2 L@ < ; :
;(/T'O: ;62 ◾
: , ;"J2
:'*. = ¤" P, 2 3:; &D:)2 : ;"#
K1 ab2 8 9'62 ◾
3'(:
3'(:

,q]
=:0 3$ N: , ;"J2 K1, l *4J
U(
0 9;62 NÍ], -*; 8 9'62 ◾

a:
7%
~ -*I -, : ;"#
K1 T'O:, P, î*::
-, .:, .* , % 9'62 ;62 s": . < ; ( g 9c

5D) g jdD
;'%2 U(
#
0 U(
0 s" 7J
5 .3;
$
a #
0 U(
0 H ,D:) %:

'/2 :
pV:
IJ(; L@ s": . ^T; .:;K6, ;"#
:*4 -, QK6, %2
.IJ(
" Í , ,D:); L@ Power Point p,J" B.

136
zV
K@
~ H *" *'(:
Ob -, .* , , 16
OX PI ( g i <!
" ; K s": . < ; .3'(:
3'(:
'*. H ,D:)2 *4J
U(
0 @ '. :

s H ; &%; L@ s": -, i;J$ . ^T; .o;:
'*. H *4J
U(
XK T'
P= 9/ :
-, ;*'
) .3'(:
3'(:
H *4J
U(
&D: T' ;62 JX i;J
&%;
http://ames.eun.org/2009/09/teachers_handbook_on_how_to_us.html P4 -, « 91

: b35b7<
.z%$ 6I2 WJ! S(IC Q6: ;0

-, ',@ *+(, H G ', EFG L@ +] d=JC;
.-,@ * *'4 '6, K1, ;62 s" .
Youth Protection Toolkit, www.yprt.eu ◾
Lenhart, A. 2009. It’s Personal: Similarities and Differences in Online Social Network ◾
Use between Teens and Adults. Teens, Social Networking, Generations presentation at the
International Communications Association Annual Meeting. (May 2009).
www.pewInt ernet.org/Present a tions/2009/19-Similarit ies-and-Dif f erences-in- Online-Social-Network-
Use.aspx
- Madden, M. 2009. Eating, Thinking and Staying Active with New Media. ◾
Health, Education, Teens, Families, Web 2.0 presentation at the National Institute of
Child Health and Human Development.(June 2009).
www.pewInternet.org/Presentations/2009/15- Eating-Thinking-and-Staying-Active-with-New-Media.aspx
t: b
S#0 cJ$ :t: b

2;62
137
%O f0 'D

QT8 Í /J$ S#0 J$; .;J*(
¤
P*= -, s*'
|@ J,@ ,'( P*: , H 8b L
9_ " .?K1:40 *
9*(
3'(:
. " ; a2 ;
.,D:), P*
Q6
s)6:
S#0 Kq %$ NQ= -, ( .* , ]X -,

/
,'( -;D2 34J2

2%TO2 &D: 8 Í = L$J(; UTb
K0 .f'
QJ$: ,'( K1, K. T8 9b"
FG i$J2 ;:
JD$ .JD*'
IJ. Í _;@ 3
T8 9b"
~ -, QK :0 L(O:);
.S#w X %%6
3
(
H QK= '2 ?q2 , Í T
! N" ;w O:

J=0 EFG S8 *, * .'b EFG
(, H -;§%
;*6
J=w ¨(" ~D2 .); 4
9b" S#0 &D: . UTb
9*6
E ; 0 ;*6
2# .
K*:.0 L¦$ NQ ,
8 3 %2 32.), B. G k~@ ?@ -. -;(" %T
. 32.) %;J 9_$@ L .Y),
FG H Í *.K Í , Í K <('2 L@ =
:'
-*; .S#0 &D:" %'(: JD QK @ <A 2
.UTb
K0" J, i'(:; ,. /X N
t: b
<E
7K; g_ D9
7v; gT @ d)
#$0 3
(
H UTb
QJ%

. « : ◀
5\Sm
#$0 3
(
ï <; ◾
S#0 . UTb
K. S#0 &D: ◾
7%6" %'(: K -, G!

i ◾
138
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
S#w 3,D: . UTb
,*:G K. 3$ ◾
S#0 &D:" i'(:; , H /1D
s4 Nv')
.4 N,(
& x
/ ◾
S#0 &D: . UTb
Q.) K *'(:
9V
&D: . 324 J;O2 ◾
,D:" '1
~ JD ;6:
cJ
" ;K . 3'(= } Y), 9b"
5e9!X57 <
s,D:) 9T4 -, pé:C L*_ q(2 9. :

9)2 S#0 -, <
:D, n'O1, ï <;
.( 9T . *6 2
%TO:8)
;
[@ 9, NS#0 . '. (
3*; K1, &D:" QJ%
EFG o;2 -*;
Power Point WJ. K. -*; *8 .P*: . Ga2 Q;: 2, S#0 WJ(2 :
(: )
A .#$0 3
('
)VJ
§(
-, -*, K. B8@ WJ(
-*_:; L@ < ; .ï <;
-. 14
3+
Í IJ. &%2 A (2 L@ .* , 98 -, <' .)VJ
§(
EFG Q^/ .* , H b4,
t: b
.ï <;
V$ -. Í =,
*$ N
F8 J, L8 L NS#0 L,D:); @/ .*:= Th l L*:; 8 L s*'( a ◾
6T
3" cX ßDh /2 ', K. NS#0 B. 6"w 3, <' .
3,D: k,
8b N(;T; Í],) S#0 P4, -, 9;2 9*62 N1Db
-;JX ', -.
bloggingÞ) #;2 B. ;J^:
N-;:
NS#0 ]X -, L(:
(Chat Rooms) hK
\J! H
&D:0 *'(:
V
. 8J; Nxb
FG (" s": P, % ?J ; L@ < ; .(twittering
. 1Db
$D, ¨(" L AK .
%$J JD 2;62 -. ]_$ NTb'
Y) .

.S#0 Th &D:
,'( H vb:'
,D:); ; Í : , Í (4, .* , H L'*(; -;F
L": 3 A*1; ◾
è
* EF
\8 S4 1D2 ^T; ." '1: 3G @ 3'(:
*, -, s(, <=
(, PI s": s*'( . ^T; .(',8 K 1 Í],)
($ 8b, . 16
^"
.s8b s": . Ea2 :,], NP4
($ 3%:
Ob )*D" *V4 PI b4, .* , 98 . .Q^/ .* , l &*_w s*'( -, <' ◾
*G <)6" T2J2 3, <' .S#0 . " L,%; 4 UTb
La" L%:(; 94 . )V
A 8 h Nh% : .* , 98 WJ(2 L@ < ; . l -, 3'A .
, 3) GKJ$@ 3+
9T4 Q() '(
10 &A%; L@ UA . ^T; NG. .GFD2 :
J%
. JA@ ?F

.QJ$:, &4 EFG S8 L NS#]
K0 &D: -. (:, K1, . Q2J Q
EFG
vG 9G ®å= , -, vG 9G 4 .'(
10
b2 , P, .* 9*. pV: L4
A &. (T2 G , ®v'" @ :%O, H S#0 &D: -. QK6, 1 -,
, 4 ®GJ$2
139
.10 EFG U! H '($ -*;
'*(
H 8b*'
NTX QGb N*'(2 \G S#0 UTb
&D:); k, ?@ l 4 ◾
vG 9G .¬
N3(, 9. :
':D, $% -, cDh -, ; . \J(:'
N3G'" H )

&D: . UTb
6:
'($ -*; ?F
, ®,D:0 EFG -, .
è k:), l b2 9V0K ?@
Í K R6;A L@ N(?KJ$ 9b" @ Q^/ .* , -*I) s*'( -, <' ®" ; 9b" S#w
J+C; L@ ^T; 0 .f
H S#0 *(: I, $I P, N36" I*" i'A (:; Í =,
A L 3'(*'
-*; 8 Í _;@ * N<)6$ S#0 &D: B. $G@ '" 8 f

U]O
6;
.E 20 FG K*:. .
':D, Q*:( /1D
s4 v')
.4 N,(
& x
s*'( P, 4 ◾
UTb
K0 &D: . 8J2 8' .4 -. ~* J;O2 . 3( A h 3 NS#0 %TO2
.S#]
H L'*(; -;F
NL": i%6; 3" /D
1Db
' S#0 . K0 v' 9'A ◾
L@ < ; .J*(
-, £
Ú£
s" 3G*.@ ¯#2 K0@ 9T4 -, S#0 &D: H N.* ,
P, J, %, 3 NK0 ,D:); \G ? S#0 &D: k, . _
J;%:
z')2
K0
S#0 ,%2 :
;6:
cJ
G , .G; 3,D: S#w" 9G $J(, k,
®9G
-, G! -. @ N9 O
7%6
Q6: 3, 4 2 NL)w 7% .[ H " -. Í h% 3+ A ◾
l /
H i6
} UTb
S#0 &D:" i'(:2 :%O, @ v'" H %
c1

PI EFG 4 . P*: ,6
9G0 K N-;§%
;* NT(:
;J N,'(
±Y´9´Z±³±T$Zi±ÇGZ±o.#±<»G±\f±¸?GZ±g>G±gA»±pOpV±Ì ±.Db±`±Ê).N±\W6
¯¨©$°bQª
±Y´9´Z ±³ ±T$Zi ±ÇGZ ±o.$ ±p$>Z ± o ±\f ±Ðao»iÙ ±a.^Æ ±\f ±Ðo_$Z ±H^ ±^´[G² ±Ì
±³ ±apOZi ±pOZ ±T# ±a´Wo ±a ±qKco ±\f ±Ð¼ ±`Z ±i ±`Gb ±+² ±Ðo_$Z ±a_= ±\ ±d^ ±^´[G² ±Ì
±ÐXSBc^ ±³ ±\:$o ±Ê,Z ±^ ±Ðw oi3^ ±o*$Z ±p´ZćWZi ±b}b¼ ±]*'2i ±^´[G² ±Ì ±Y´9´Z
±ÄQ´S$Zi ±o.$Z ±?G ±dF ±Ç:R ±Ê.G5 ±;b ±V ±Õ_[G² ±d^ ±[A ±Ð[W6² ± ZG^ ±dW_o ±PpV
±¸doÁSZ±o_#±Ì ±$Zi
ð}N¼±`ZGZ±³±.A'²i±o*$Z±¦§¨©(JFQª
F2±Â±¦©$«ª ◀
h¬h(QªÄh6ªb«ª
b}b¼±]*'2±µ.±d^±.A'²i±o*$Z±`gN ◾ 140
YiÖ3^±\W6±b}b¼±]*'2±0o0G ◾
a^Æi±p9´:'Z ◾
WR@®Qª¨Dª$^
½ÃF±do»)R±a´_[G²±a´Wp2±Ä.SOZ±e,f±d^±µgb¼±*G
Ðgi*#±Y_#±.Wo±doi±Äb}b¼±]*'2±dF±_cZ±.A'²ño*$Z±P9ii±)*G ◾
o*$Z±b}b¼±SpB±]*'2±TN.±a±\_$o±qZ±*o*gZi±.A'²±Y´#±N.G²±.o´B ◾
d¾6Z±\_GZ±qW.^±i±p$>Z±`gb´V±Y_#i±Õ^*'3²±U´[2±Õ±C}Z±`gN ◾
ÅV±pZiÖ3_±b}b¼±]*'2±d^±Õ_[G²±ÕW_Z±N.G²±e,f±TpB ◾
¯¨©$°bQª
YtYª¨±?¨cb®« ¨JR@®«ª¨(:"«ªa¨g$®Qª
Youth Protection Roundtable Tool Kit- Stiftung Digitale Chancen 2009¨¦[²¨.®J²
¨T$Jg¨bâ¨³²$"®¬«ª¨ ´ÄhVQ¨cb®«ª¨[²¨©a(ŸtYª¨(´bg¨¦Zh@²¨g(V?¨ FQ¨,Z²¨µB¨cb®²

ÄhV¨¶·¨¸b2bQª¨XbNg¨XïCZg¨¨¹[NQ¨2!¨?V¨W_ï®QªÖR¨[?ö7´¨²?¨Q¨h´(@²¨²$!
¨g¨Zh@²¨g(V?¨ ´¨,Zg¨gb®«ª¨[²¨f¨gZ@ ¨'h®!ª¨g¨ª&Q¨ /ZQªa¨#aºQö ®²¨gb®«ª
¨X·¨³@´hQª¨³²$"®¬« ¨ q»g¨$¼¨`Y¨µB¨¹T?¨SN½ ï?w¨µB¨XbNg¨¨¹cb®²¨fÄZ«¨1!¨TV®^ª¨g·
¨_hR?¨Xb@R;g¨²$Z?¨#a¾ª¨f%g¨$¼¨¹³CQRQ¨33"«ª¨h ¿ª¨#ªb«À¨¹Zh@²¨g(V?¨ FQ¨W«ª¨µB¨cb®«ª
¨Z¨`¬FY¨T$"®¬«ª¨DÁ¨[²ïg¨$¼¨¹³@²¨(V@Q¨,Z²¨µB¨cb®²¨±?¨>b¼bQª¨(;!¨X·¨$3¼¨µB¨[?
¨,Z«ª¨µB¨cb®«ª¨µ´b¨²¨_Q¨[NVg¨$3¼¨µB¨[?¨`hQ·¨¸b2bQª¨¸!¨[²ä¨¹cb®«ª¨ª&^¨[?¨$ qV@®«ª¨`
¨ FQª¨¶·¨¸b2bQª¨XbNg¨$¼¨W_¬FY¨Xb²$"®¬«ª¨\q$@g¨X¨[NVg¨VÀ¨¹g'¨Â,¾¨g(V@Qª¨ FQªÄhVQ
¨S¼¨[²¨q$@«ª¨cb®«ª¨XbNg¨²ö QB¨X¨³¨~¨¹Jh6¨?bVV ö ª'b3²¨,Z«ª¨µB¨gb®«ª¨[²¨¶a¾ª
¨Gªb^¨XbRVg¨Â½Qªa¨#a¾ª¨W=@²¨TbhQª¨Xª¨V aö 2!ö ^®Yª¨R;®gÖQ&Qa¨¹'b_VRQö ®²¨³²$"®¬«ª
¨W_ZNVg¨`Y¨'®?ª¨³@ ¨&!¾ª¨g¨¹Qb_¬ ŸtYª¨¶·¨¸b2bQª¨_Q!¨[²¨[NVga¨<,bQª¨©#$@®²¨QJY
¨VÀ¨W__hb®Q¨[g$/ª(Qª¨$¨ÂhBÄ²¨W^#(FV ¨XbYbNg¨²$Z?¨W^'V?¨ FQ¨,Z²¨µB¨cb®²¨¶·¨¸b2bQª
¨W^¬g¨V²¨¹h²bhQª¨W_h¨[²¨G¼b²¨f¨~¨W_ ¨1"QªïV¼(Qª¨cb®«ª¨®Yª¨[²¨#a¾ª¨QJZQª¨Gªb_Qª¨[Nq V
¨³²$"®¬«ª¨S¼¨[²¨q$@«ª¨cb®«ª¨W¨©#gÃ¨~
¨`Y¨±?¨cb®«ª¨>bY¨GhZ3¨$V®@g¨Ä#aºQ¨R3Qª¨ª%¨h ¿ª¨#ªb«ªa¨gÁZ@Qª¨¦o²Å¨¦i?xQª¨µB¨cb®«ª
q ²¨gb®«ª¨>ªbY¨8@ ¨X¨[²¨WB(Qª¨±?¨¹hZ:bQª¨³YªbJQª¨±?¨¹y¨SÀ¨S¼ï?w¨µB
¨Xª$RQª¨W=@²¨~¨(=
¨Â½Qªa¨#a¾ª¨S¼¨[²ö ª$V?ä¨$3¼¨µB¨[?¨`hQ·¨¸b2bQª¨[NVga¨®²ïYbYJQª¨µB¨cb®«ª¨XÆ´¨¹OQ%Ä²a
¨'b2¨9J®Qª¨Kg(:¨[?ö²¨¹i?xQª¨µB¨cb®VRQ¨³RV®²¨g7À¨Â½Qªa¨#a¾ª¨¶·¨]®Yª¨g·ïCZgÖQ&Q
ŸtYª¨±?¨^xYa¨¸F:¾ª¨R²@²¨b,¨[?¨bg$h´¨(gb3ä
¨[²¨¹RJ®¬²¨'#3²¨`h´¨K¼$¨VR¼ŸtYª¨±?¨#bb«ª¨cb®«ª¨X¨¶·¨(=ZQ ¨¦cb®«ª¨[²¨KJ®Qª¨~¨'b3¼
141 ¨cb®«ª¨X·¨¶a¾ª¨R^bRQ¨`hR?ä$¨²¨¬ ¨'b²¾ª¨&!¨T$?a¨©$¼Y¨³@ ¨cb®«ª¨©ª(¼¨Â½Qª¨WR@®g¨X¨W_«ª
¨g¨Kh¼#¨µBäö ªÃZ²¨XbNg¨²ö QB¨Ç§ÈÉ¨gaÊ¨©'b;®²ŸtYª¨ h ¨*qhVg¨bâ¨¹³²$"®¬«ª¨S¼¨[²¨q$@«ª
¨b^ŸtYª¨F2¨±?¨`Ya$^½gä¨`Ya(Jgÿ¨f¨Xª¨#J®?ª¨(:"²¨¶ª¨Xb@´hQª¨Xb²$"®¬«ª¨`®Zg¨X
¨ h2¨©'a»Q
q
¨W_¬FY ¨g%¾ª¨ËQª¨±?¨³²$"®¬«ª¨ŸtYª¨N/¨±?Ä¼ªb«ª¨[²¨$g$@Qª¨LZ^¨ ¦c%¾ª¨±?¨8g(®Qª
¨$gª*®«ª¨¸V®ªa¨g$Qª¨N½Qª¨'½®Yª¨¬ ¨Ägb FQªa¨SÀ¾ª¨[?¨>Z®²ªa¨'®YQ¨ qa(ï®QªÄ¼ªb«ªö²Å
¨W^¨Â½Qªa¨#a¾ª¨XÆ´¨4!¾ ¨c%¾ª¨±?¨5(g¨cb®«¨5(@®Qª¨(;!¨$gª*®g¨¹1"Qª¨]ªb®²¨T$"®¬«ª¨xZQ
¨]&^¨S²¨~¨©#'ªbQª¨VhR@®Qª¨>ª¨[?¨ZQª¨(:"VRQï@¼ªa¨WhhJ¨ª(·¨±?¨[g'#¼¨µB¨Qª¨[²¨µÀ¨~
A¼ªb«ª
¨?V¨$6¨1b3Y¨xY¨[NVg¨¹Xh¾ª¨RB¨~Ä¼ªb«ª¨'$3²¨S_¨ªÃ·¨¦µ_½®QªÌX¬Yª¨ËbJ¨L_®Yª
¨bY¨±?¨DÁ®¨+ZQª¨Xª¨5tFY¨X¨[NVg¨¹OQ%¨¶·¨´6¿ Ä,ªa¨Ë;Y¨±?¨#ª(´¾ªä¨XN¬Qª¨[²¨Zh@²
ö ª'b´¨Xb_ªbg¨¨Í®Q a¨¹©w²¨W^g6ä¨[g(!ª¨_ªb²¨¶·¨Xa(;7g¨¨²$Z?ŸtYª¨±?¨GR®"²
¨µ_½®RQ¨h6¨>b¼bQª¨ 3ga¨¹X¬Y¿ª¨ËbJ¨±?¨f$@®Qª¨(;!¨$gª*®g¨¹Í®Q a¨W_ÀbR,¨[?¨t«ª¨®ZQª
¨(®g¨$¼¨[g&Qª¨Â½Qªa¨#a¾ ¨'6¨µ_½®Qª¨X¨VÀ¨h@¼ªbQª¨©hQª¨~¨S3g¨V²¨µN ö ª(ªb¨(ÀŸtYª¨±?
¨RR7²¨²bR@V ¨W_g'
¨[?¨X?¿¨5(@®QªäïJR¨hYN²·ïZ@g¨KQª¨µB¨X?¿ª¨X·¨¦#aºQ¨³V«ª¨µB¨Kgb¬®Qªa¨X?¿ª
¨;?Æ ¨Xb²$"®¬«ª¨T¼¨VRÀ¨¸«ª¨Sh,¨±?¨hª(Qª¨ShV®Qª¨hRV@À¨#aºQ¨V²¨µB¨²$!äÌa¨®Z²
¨Â@Q¨~¨À'½«ª¨W_Z²¨R;QªaŸ?ÎQ¨W_hJR¨¸V®ª¨#ªÃ¨¹Ä.ZQªa¨(V@Qªa¨W,ÀÅ¨2!¨²bR@²
Ÿ!a¨ª'V®,ª¨~¨W_V,ª¨¸!#·¨¼ªb@Q¨³À'$²¨µB¨XbYbNg¨Qª¨[²¨µÀ¨~a¨#a¾ª¨X¨V a¨h3YhQª
¨[?ŸtYª¨¶·¨©µNQª¨bQbQª¨¬Y¨'®?ª¨³@ Ÿ&!¨ª%·a¨(:"VRQö 6(q @¨(À¨W_R@g¨ª&_´¨¹YtYª¨±?
Y?¿ª¨xZQ¨h´6¿ª¨©ZJQª¨]&^¨¶·¨]®Yª¨g·¨g¨¹Â½Qªa¨#a¾ª¨³ ¨¸bV«ª¨G_Qª¨Kg(:
t: b
%+"WÏ
[<D; 0b:%D54Ð)d)!7!K4+.d)6.5^@
%< 4! "ac F=
%!
Ï D _ D9KX,X
@)G[.
GAbKcg*,Ñ5b )
'8DK c^"!!>*
o)'$)+el"
=
%P c ! : 4 c"l ,V 3g5!M` @ ! DW53,-+"*.
$)5DÏ
.'P ;3E"!7!Kl @) 4;3*
G5.d
%5@9;3' !
I"W
G 3F.
=
@)HF%D+9AF )e,SDey<bH 3)!SDey<bH 3)!
y<bH 3)! c%*4" c*43)! cSDey<b! .wHNG;3E!"
G5< F5m4k3)+ 6'5./SDe
!7!K5DQ?40 'K*456' T @

Youth Protection RoundtableTool Kit – Stiftung Digitale Chancen 2009*
&D)<
!7!K?4,X0 'KK 6
*
/%5!7KSc !` )'5 \
0 'KÏ "+3̀' c 35.`c: 4 ' cG=
@)= \
F 0 D)5
M_ D9K .K5

5d!40de,G=
=D
% \ !$
<.
G5 !7!KSc
l @)*
Y"}{Ò|a~ <De'"54 .)K l @)g%D+9
<5.Fl @);ÏLY
5!7K*,-5/l @)40d530 d)!
0 d)!e, M)G}530 d)!~[. 3
: E)K,"0 )b_ÓI 6'0 )b_ '
*k"5^ ,!7!K5D9=F)P 4 VS
k5m7K 3 4 M'S
53
G=
@)P c4Ï ,5..̀
@F. ) 142
( )l c" .K5Ô+^ E)I <)5F.4!7!K?40 )bK$ 0 )bK0 5cÕ
YX;/_ D9G*,Ñ5Ô d5cÕ <TANsL
AJ'l c"PINs5@9
G5Ô
+^ E'> e4(M
Sc
5dmBcFÏ m '
E^S
A e)'K
,"SFS \ D$4`
4I 6)ZN+dI 6)0 )bK
5/0 d)!5F.4*4ko)"*.G 3.JSAD" yLTX4 3.F';)K":
+)aFeI 6)0 )bLÏ,]Ï
(' 35!ÏLY
5.c
,S"*.G0 )b
H K bX;w
gGI79 3aK
@;\H7Q Ï
MF
Ï D 0 4%"
Ö Ï ,Ï
G!7!K5DQ4l?'$)5 6)< /ac4_ D9KX5^ @
@)
0 'L5F!7!K
@)*0 ETX Ï =Qd)W%9'i` d)5 .
id)
c ^*)KXy'4;3)6'7D
Ï D G=N D;3)/*4=F
%_ D9KX
Gid)F: 4 c+9'×@90 D)0 'L
'$)!7!KK 6
S.G*,-*
_<)
2*,- 0 'L5 m5F5 <('3I +9 D)4K ,Xa6AD .
;3' b*
>MR!80 <;3E' /WwKX"5^ ,5 d/g54 .)K5D9W
D90 <(' 3?40 'K <' VS
kGR!
@)
4;/E.!5^ @
G+DcI*
%Y?":%e,' c:40Dc;J0 ETX N)5Bc D^"54 .)K
*453Y" D^"*,-4><)KGP : b*
Ï>Ma/7*
: 4R"+9£'a/7
Bce@5m4YX;/_ D9KXG+Dc*
53*4(9l Ïw!!7!KAT
;4G*,-HF@9HFÏ eD'
><)KØ ) G=
6><)K5dm
5D9=F) Ï "D'':/ w/"%a/7*
4!` £59
:^.
!"*
4><)K5`Î <)K\ : )5 <('3l @)'

Ï D AD .G!7!K
*
" .G*,-W\ : )+\ ?4k 3 !7!K4 3F.d';J*,-
G+Dc*
53Y"Ï
"a/75F.4dD^"5.c%
ÏM
ÏK <!Ï E' /F)._ D9KX
t: b
*4

@)54 .)5
4×@Q(F
4 45^ ,
F
*4(9
5Q #g
@)(9 c .GS.)6g;3E!"*4( )5N5^ ,
F
*4)
* c%!@R4_ D9G;3E'/l c";3! *,-W;35^ , ! *4
Ï !
5Q 5" K
Ï D NG5^ @;3' ! ;/!>5D'7ac D)4
Gl 4
$/+Ï ^ ,
e,M5EF)@

4 /!@9Se)$)5^ @ EF 4 VS
:5^ @ EF
ÏLY
,]
g 3;)",": 4 c*
," ! S
: 4 c4:95^ @ ! Do

R)DT @
:n D
@9W0^*
,-*.)jd EF 4;)Ø ) G5 _ K

4Sc*
EF+.d'*.G 3Ï
K c !L4
,".
0 0 .)bS
EF
I <);)
4$/:e,YX5 .*$F4+95m
5^ @ ! D'
Gj J#TW: 4 <
+Dc*
3 5\M EF
"=
@)
-, Í K. Z
L)w 7% L4 KA6; .S#0 Tb
?~Y k:6" K1% , 3$ 3 -, ◾
',0 9*b2 .kJX@ 7% P, T(:
;J U_:2 ,. * 0 } T(:
;J
T% K%

H .b:
N @ 9*2 .]X / N?(
(
NGJ
. ¨;J6:
8 Q+6, *,
.386 '. \2 4" '1 , K%
L2 L@ . Z
L%
; N
98
iT :
;6:
" i'A (:2 3
i;/ P, 3(, S'1 "J 2 -. 6:
s*'( -, <' ●
®"J :
EFG -, G*'(2 :
f
, ®PI
P, ',(2 8 .J8~
?@ @ b:
NL)0 7% v: NS#0 . ^
/, 4 N;
6:
a), 4 ◾
@ p, ,4 K1, &D: i;J -. @ 6T
]X -, .S#0 . kJX@ Q
143 < ; :
%4
V1D
G~D2 < ; :
OD
" *V4 PI Ns*'(*'
&].w ,'(
NS#0 Th . ,'(, . 16'

: T' . \J(:
^" . 6T
s*'( .
Q :
#
0 $1
V$ ¨(" G , .L)0 7% :2 ;:6,
: P4,
.L,w %" %% 0 :2 N'*. xb
F
,D:) K1 L2 L@ < ; ®#
w
.J8~ iT :
JD -, ?@ s
:, xb
F" &%
s*'(*'
-*;
PO:)2 9G .(JX> , ?@ @) S#0 . : TO
,'( QJ$ S#0 . 6T" 34 ◾
i'(:2 J= ~D2 L, -, 9G ®, L(2 6/ 'b, Db2 . 32.), TO
P4
4, 4K ;6:
)VJ
9V
4 *V4 PI ®S#0 -, 61 . Í K: :61"
.T P4,
1Db
,'( 3 G , .* -. 9!^
B. 6T" 34 N.*:= Th -, Í = S8 L ◾
Tb
-, :$F 4 S8 1D2 ,'(, . (
,¦" 9G ®&(
H . QJ$:
®
a) EF" %'(: E].@ Q8F JD G , ®.*:=0
8b, N () QK NvT);$£
" i'(:
Y) 7%6
L" -, Í (O%, 2 ◾
P, 2a2 :
p,B
d: kJX@ .*:= Th ?@ -, @) N" /D
,'( ;:6
. a2
2#X ?F

L8 ~ , NQ^/ .* , -*I N9' .(" cD
J2T*
q=
®S#0 . 3. b k:6" 36:
s,D:)*'
-*; 8 .:,] *" 3G@ /1X
Tb
. Qb (¬
N;$ N/) ;:6 ¨(T

7% K(2 - 4 9'
.S#0 . @ .*:=0
http://www.facebook.com/terms.php ()
7%6
. 2 .(http//www.unicef.org/crc/) N9 O
7% Q6: 3, 4 2 fK ◾
t: b
N3' 9b" *
NQ6
4 . %T
H i6
L, 98 H 9 9
T=: )0
$%
Q6
H 'V(
H 8 9b" 8b N]^:0 ',( N;~Y a:
I ;*6

-, ;*6
*V], =2 ¢KT, PI l :62 4 20 H K, -, vG 9G ..*:=0
®326" R2 L@ -*; :
K ,'(
J=0 L N012]
Z
K620 -. K1
N“Technology Watch Report 10” J;J%:'
Í %$ ◾
*4J
3
(
H Q6
. s)62 9=@ -, l ;
G ,])
/1D
;*6" /D

Í JOX Nh LK -, N;%
;*6
U! 9b; .( 012]
Z
K620) S#0 3
. H
Z
K620) &].w 9V $ *" N#
0 120 . *:(2 :
'*(
*+ P*= .
;:
FG .#
0 3VJ
;2 l ;*6
(U! @) (I ?KY; .(Ú 012]
NS#0 -. 2
;:
I \J QK(:,
K 8[ b 32 6" QOD
;^" G
%; NK62]
&(
s, N?2 L* :8
.Í,@ J8@ S#0 9(
Z
L(:
;(2 \"
...L*_, 9b" S#0 . L, &])
$2 3:; 3
~ è , ! 0120 l /
L
¨(T" 6_:
l L,D:) *(; NK6, P*: *8 *4J
3
(
kJ L@ ^T; @ _;
.(ITU News) ...9_$@ ;* . 16
9=@ -, 32;G -. b
32;J
vG .,6
QJO 9X2 Lab" L%'%; S#0 . ;J6
, H sOh
-, ;(
-
◾
,D'
: , ), d%T; L -, Í 0" '. JOé ),
é i'^, _$ l S#0 A62 Lab" ;:, i'4
¨(" l T)
"
F8 J, T; 4 .8
,6
QJO S62 J8a$ J8@ T; 9" 0 N,(

.s -, ;('
T)
" 6
S)

NB8 )=G ;*6
d%T2 :
8
,6

3
(
9(
J= ~D2 ,6
. < ; ;@J" 9G .?2 :8
" lK@ ?F
LT
4 ●
144
®0 3é
3( ~ ®Í,@ J8@ #$0
;@J" ~ ®\:
FG a2 ¨(" G , ®, l /1D
" 6_:
< ; @ . i$2 9G ◾
S*2 L 916 ?F
, ®;KJ
L; ':
G *8 S#0 4 " U!J -* ! -,
®3
(
H %O, @ '" ?@ 9T4 -, S#0 . QJO)

(blocking) J+6
8 NS#0 . ;*6
s,a2 H &D:)2 (}) K@ @ Q. -. 6T" 34C ◾
". K EFG ;, 4 .
~ l , N%
T4J @ N#'
*(: @
./1D
, H #% ,w b: .,D:)2 p,J" @ .*:= Th ?@ #X ◾
/1D
*I La" %:(2 9G .;*6
/1D
x[ -. &D:0 x[ H 6"
-. 6:; ?F
w P=) PO% FG H S / :
JD -, ¨(" < 2 . 2.) $8
, H K%
&D:)2 ,. .:
¨(" G , ®(120 S#0 k:6*" %'(: JD
®ò4 G H /1D

z: b
0 $J( :z : b

T: , ,'(*'
145
%O f0 'D

,@ .%]
J%
H l Q
,%, H (@.&.@) ,'( &].w @ l L*'( \JA (2 %
@ A, 9b2 ,'(" %'(: kJX -, ;(

L@ . ;b:
$ Q
EFG \G
.@.&.@ -,
. QK(:, K Kb2 *8 . ,'( $J(, " H 3G)2 :
3V.
. Q
EFG 8J2
3'(:
H @.&.@ *4 . ;: 8#
,@ .3'(:
%;J 3'(2 KJ , dOD:2 ?@ N$J( U):8 8
(; FG .9%6
FG . s('O, s*'(:, L6T1; ,. s,D:) *G@ qB; $ P*: H
¡=JD: %;J ,'( =2 ,@ ;62 3;
,].w =6
\b: 8 3*'(2
\G ,'( EFG 1; : QK. iTO2 *(: 3 ¡,'( EFG 3%2 3+2 9'62
();) .9V)*'
' K ; J%
~D2 . .)2
(4 $J() -, .* , 3"] H AO; L@ 3) T):; L@ s*'( .
~D2 9V) 9'62 \" IJ. ;D2 G
2 2 *$ ,'( . 16
9=@ -,
, ¤" H N;"#
¤T
H N*'A (2 *'(2 ?@ . EFG iTO2 -*; .J%

&].w $J(, <):8 ?F
3'($ .ßDb
%:
KJ @ N11D:, , ¤" @ N,.
N,'( K1, ':D, -. ("
&].w ,'( k6$ 9V 3$ . Í K4 nT1; ,'(
/D
<):; *8 .9_$@ 9b" 9V) 9 9=@ -, $J( EFG *(: 3%2 .
L .,'( 3'(:
\" %V
K1 -, A ò4@ l QK :w . Í K4 nT1; T:"
H kJX ,'( K1, &].w V5 A%; 3 ; ,'( &].w <):8 ?F
3'(
z: b
. FG H ',(
6T
;"#
)Y S#w h : T:8 NP*:
-;D2 Í @ ,'( l /
3
n:; ~ P*: KJ$ ,G ,X ,'( ,%, J$;
,D:); kJX@ ,'(, K1, vG N2F" 6" &].w 9V dOD:; , H .3" /D
,'(
]X -, @ J. 9b" Í h Q%:) ,'( ,6
J;%:
J8F NÍ],) f

(Q ':
hh . "D:w J58) Í #
J5 " 3:; L@ -*; .(,(
J5
9V O" b
EFG 3:; L@ 6; .(,(
'G %'
H *8) =
Í = @

F8 @.&.@ -*_:; N|@ 9b" .3) @ -;6
cDh 9T4 -, @ &].w
.=
:
N6"
PI , NT:" /D

%'(: ,'( $J(, , H /X i*.@ 3$ J;O2 . Q
EFG 8J2
s*'( Q.), l \2 *8 .J%
~D2 9V) 9 . Q.) \" *4J
$J( T:"
s" 4](
5.c )
F " 5
}
F ;/ E
~ U):8 .
,'( K1, -, ( .* , &D: } l /
H 32, ;(2 \" N3G EFG
k, 3'(:
H J*:{
cJ$ 3'(: &,@ J$:2 N EFG U):8" .6
. H QJ$:
;J$ Q H QJ*:) *G) /J$ s*'(*'
-,Y; *, N,'( l J*:) /
]X -, NQ6

.
($ Ob
<E

F .F5 K5 <De';/ E 146

F .F5 K5 5.F ) D
5.c
F .F5 K5
z: b
,'(*'
0 $J( %TO2 3G :p:<E
L:. : O ◀
5\Sm
,'( @ $J(, ,'(*'

*2 ◾
,'( @ $J(, H )VJ
3G ◾
Q;
(*: H ,'( a2 ◾
,'( $J(, H %TO:
;( ◾
,'( @ $J(, 9J, ◾
;F )# /"
147
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
2,'( $J( (*: H ,'( @ $J(, l =6
,'( *G@ K / ◾
0 $8 H %TO2 -*; :
,'( @ $J(, H )VJ
§(
/9J, 3$ ◾
(#
w .TO) ,(
,'( K1, \b: ;62 ◾
,'( @ $J(, ;(, 9'62 ◾
,'( K1, K
Y) 4]X &D:0 7J b4, ;62 ◾
5e9!X57 <
0120 ,'( =

2 N,'( @ $J(, N,'( KJ , L
,'( P*: , /X b4, H KJ2 , Í T
! N-;(
?K6
LJ%
H
:
8b 9=@ -, (*, 8 N$J(,) Q;= , l &
=6" L$ .&].w
nI vK¦" T
< ; *8 NU:
H T
9T4 KJ EFG 3$ ?R
-, .P*: H *G)
.,'( &
z: b

F ( '
EK@ QK
,'( ;J(2 4
.& , 9b" IJ. *;%2 ?J ; 6" G+2 :
(, (*= 32 O(, G ,'( ◾
A :
'2 G ,'( ◾
( N" K$:) ^2
( N 8'" 8'") ;
$J( ;(2 H 3G); L)w . l 91; , G ,'( ◾
@ %% *4 9*62 N%': * ; 9h . nT1:
:
(, S*2 O(, G ,'( ◾
. ( N-)
@ o ;K) T%2J, @
J4 @ *.@ H I# ,
-. 6" ®-;(
?K6
LJ%'
6
/ @ -+2 9G ® ;J(:
EFG s" 8#b x%
G ,
®QKJ EF
P@ Í / &%2 ;J(2 2 L@ *; 9G .,'(*'
kJX@ ;J(2
}
F "5
~( '
,'( @ $J(, QT(
d(, K
( N;w L].) *4J
3
(
H |@ ) i G ,'( @ $J(, ◾
&D: 3%2 ;6:
;R
1Db
-, .* , G ,'( @ $J(, ◾
- b
0 ':D, H QJAY
A(
N4]X 7JO
9_$@ B. ,'( 148
= 9b" 0120 ,'( =

2 *(: P*: KJ$@ ÍD2 ,'( @ $J(, ◾

WJ. .?%
:
H ,'( :: 3%2 9'62 K 4 .?%
:
d(, KA
.U]O'
?K(
,
z6 H Q ,
,'( @ $J(, §./9J, -*_:2
,'(*'
KJ
=: l \J(:
/;62 ◾
,'( K1, ;62 ◾
. 6T
-8, @ ,'( =2 -8,@ ;62 ◾
,'( QK= 3%2 9'62 ◾
,'( h@ -;D2 3+2 ◾
QJAY,
($ 4]X@ %;JO" ,'( &D: ◾
Q;
$J( : ◾
L2G ?K U:8 P= .,'( @ $J(, 9J,/§. N&. 9b" N4
.B i6' N«} 6 / N)
-. K1
(understanding information literacy)=
.,'( @ 3'(2 7 §./9J, -, 98 H ;R
" *V4 K. s*'( -, <'
z: b
9b" K62 } l \J(:2 L@ -*; 8 ®9V) 9 , H ':D, PI, .
~ iTO2 -*; 8
P, 9,(:

D2 :

,'( Í],) s(, J4 ~D2 @ ,
a), 96
;R
,'( i4K
®(
, 'b,
K1, / .

;

,. .* , ] -*I ,'( K1, 12 -*;
.'*, K1, -. ',@ O.w 3 A= s*'(*'
EFG ,'(
5 S.)6

F
,'( S6T/@ NP;
=
:
*
-, P$" .&
. 9*. %;J H |@ ^2 vG
, QJG+
EFG -,
:; .$%
)
.*:=0 ;K1:40 Q6'
vJ6, "*" $J(
.,'( @ $J( (*: , d*); nT/@
:
IJ
/ç .,'( P*: , KJ , S#0 . @ T: H 6T" 34C ◾
H 3'A (:
, 26
H IJ
EFG A6/ ç4 .,'( P*: , & , 2O" 9*62
s2G s" "b:
=@ G , .$J( P*: , KJ , "b, *, F :" 34C .6
.
."b2 ?@ S+0 ~ Ns2KJ
$ *" ,'( @ $J(, 3G , -*_:2 , H 3;@ ":8 s*'( -, <' ◾
)*D" *V4 (_; L@ Í _;@ 3'. .1Db
3:$J(, l Í K: N,(
T:" %'(:
.,'( P*: , H %T
J*:w EFG U):8 -, ~ 2A UT@
149
P*: , N,'( s" 4](
12 :
,q]
) :
P, " 3 PI s*'( -, <' ◾
,'( @ $J(, N,'(*'
xJ J$:
N0120 ,'( =
2 N,'(
(@.&.@) &].w
/X .2 9J, $8 L" ,'( $J(, k:), ;:;/T:; 8 s*'( P, 4 ◾
3'(:
7O H) k:)$ Z(
k:) l Z (,
*'(:
k:) -, %:0 .
H ,'( K1,
Y), V5 K 9'A .$J( ,'( : QK 4 .(J*:)
0120 ,'( %2 &D:" ,'( $J(, , ;(2 3:; 8 4 .P*:
,'( a" 3'; , <
-, 9( 2 :
§(
/ ◾
N2,D: N8#b 2*, G , NG
2 3:; 8 ,'( -, ':D, @ s" 9"4 L4 ◾
b
H N?"#
H N P*: H
~ N
(
61'
T)
" :*4
;K1:40

:
0% k 4 6" ◾
P=J*8) -;JXÛ
'%
z%$ S)
J4 ~D20 @ 9*(" &%'
$ G ,'( ●
N &(
H )
-. K1
Towards Literacy Indications
Y, P= NI FG
.( 6 /
P*: H QJO Q4 1, G ,'( l /
s,a2 $2 ●
,'( %:" /D
'2 -. ':D, , l ,'( @ $J(, :62 9G ●
z: b
%2 U! H ,'( a" s*', 6T1; L@ f'
-*; 9G NÍ], ®0120
®0120 ,'(
8 ®(*: , H ,'( 3%2 } l J+
3:; 8 .,'( q $%
4 ¨(" 4 ◾
&].w s" ( ,
61
H Í],) .TO ,'( l QJ+
s" % -*;
9V
?%
a:
~ &].w 9V ,'( s" ¤h
4](
KA ®#
0
®,'( LA1; -;F
cDh ;G G , .*4J
,].w 9V
.TO ,].w
.
:
b
" &%
s*'( . WJ. ®~ *, ,'( EFG $J(, 9G
T2J2 :
'
(¬
N6/ N] , N?@) .TO, &]. ' -, 2 ,'( QK= 3A4 ◾
,'( *4 2 , Í _;@ 6T
O; L@ < ; .*(:0 =#0 -;D:
'*.
NGJ$2 &. @ GJ$2 l K:0" ,'(*'
(4
*%
N6*2 :
V
l K:0"
.QJ$:, ,'( -2 3
~ s,D:)*'
T)
" T2# pV:

cJ$ ;(2 WJ, "6, 9=@ -, ,'( @ $J(, , -, QK$w -*; 8 ◾
.| 1
-*I ;"#
3'( *, s)62 @ N9*(

-;K @ H 6" ?J :
'b, @ (,
a), KA N*'8 @ T:, @ S#0 &D:" ◾
&D:" 6" pV: WJ. .$J^
@ N¬;:
N.*:=0 &'(
N&'(
N "#
2
-*I -, WJ('
2K@ , #X 8 2 '¤ -. <= NWJ(
(" .“PowerPoint” p,J"
3
kJX@ ,'(, XK K@ 9G ®:D I QJ$: ,'( -, ( .* ,
^" :(*= :
,'( 9;6:" S*4 9G NÍX@ ®IJ. .
~ J@ 8 N
/
PO:)2
®~ 8 ®" cX . %TO2 150
,'(*'
0 $J( *'(:
¤T
:{:<E
. « : O ◀
5\Sm
9J, S H ,'(" /D

9V) 9 9
K S)
9J ◾
T: &D: ◾
,'( ,%, *'(:
¤T
◾
;F )# /"
z: b
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG *8 ("
3'(:
\" ,'( ,'( 9% s" 4J
3$ ◾
-, 1:
<
*(: ?@ N,'( 3+2 , H §(
U(: / ◾
N1D' NfJ
NT: H Q*:( 1:
NÍ],) $J( ,'( J$2 -8,@ ;62 9=@
(¬
NT
.4 NP=J
6" J= 9= -, T: GJ$2 :
cJ
3%2 3'(:'
($ 9b" T: k &D: ◾
s(, I,
,'(" %'(: 9V) 9 9=@ -, S)
9J iTO2 ◾
5e9!X57 <
,'( a" %'(: 9V) 96

:)
9J -*_: Z:
0 K*:. s*'( -, <' ◾
(QJ%
EFG JX> H
P= Nw F
i4K / . 16
9=@ -,)
A ,'(" %'(:
a) KA 5.3 d' .p

:62 :
,'( s.
151
9_$ , #X * K1 $8 KA
F *4jdD 6'7 .{
*I ,'( = K1 =2 -8,@ K 2Sc d' .q
;mJ
@ QJ%
@ P*)
" /D
NÍ],) QKJC ,'( l \J(2
F 0 . ) .s
=JD: (o*'
@
A 5^L@ .r
,'( WJ. QK(:, K1, -, 2 ,'( 3+
.(
(
) 7)
. ('.
) V
:
. * @ *%2 / ;<) .
() Woody HortonÞ jr E*:. ?F
7)
8 N,'(*'
kJX@ 12 P, :
EFG L4 ●
Q8F :)
9J L i$2 9G .,'( @ $J(,
( Bloom 12 @
_2 L@ -*; ~, N
F8 -; 3
~ ®,'( @ $J( 0 §(
9b2 E].@
®IJ. 32 *8 %4K ("::, T2J2 H *:(2C :)
9J EFG L@ -+2 9G NP4
H ®~
K

H N,'(" %'(: 9V) 9 7)
:)
9J -, 98 6 s*'( L A= ●
H Q8F ;_%
/'¤ $8 P, 9,(:'
H
S4
L_% 3@ 8a2 NQJ%
EFG ; H
.

i'(:2 (:;, H ,(
T: @) T:, H #
w @ .TO N:D) H 6/ 2 ◾
L@ ;J2 Í .I, KA .(¬
N% "#
N/D
=6
?~ "J2 Ns*'( K. NÍ],) "#
"
QV$ 3A%2 8 .0% H 2= :
9V) D
A . 61
H P@ 9b" '. P'O A 2
L@ -*; 8 N
~ -,@ ~ ®v'" ¤" H ,'( iTO2 -*; 9G ®3'(*8 '*(
,'(
®,'( EFG &D:)2

:6; :
,'(" /D
(, 4 (( @) H T: s,@ P, P*:= ◾
z: b
-, <'A O:2 :
& KA .T: &D: -, ò4@ l QK :0 9=@ -, H L*'(
3A4 (S#0 Í],) kJX@ K1, l $Iw" T: H QK= K @ $8 *(: U]O

." '8 :
& /,
K1 EFG -, G= :
QV
k,
é ,'( 2=: -, , ¤" 3A4 ◾
Q 8 q(2 L@ ah -, /2 PI
,'(" i'(:; , H U]O

\b: 9=@ -, T: H ,'( K, 9*(: ,'(" %'(: 9V) 9A :)
9J ◾
9J iAT .(¬
Nq;w WJ, NJ%*;
N#40 7% NÍ],) &. Lah @ @
a),
.I FG \b: 9=@ -, :)

,'( WJ. `V I, ,'(, l /
9=@ -, J2T*
=
2 9*(: ◾
-, Q%:) ,'( QV$ QK= *8 L4 ." 3 9h . @ = H (*4 @ 1)
.S#0 -, QK
,'( P, T: K1,
,'(
2 %;J *6 2
=
2 @ ;KJ
&D: A" 8 Í 1 <:8 ◾
.PowerPoint ,D:), 6" pV: WJ. .v'" H
*(:

F 5F)+\ +b
F 5 +b
*.) T0
5F+\
+b
(9)"" "
WK5Fb 152
3Fb0 b"$)58$/
W5 d5/
d'
+ 95/

F
jdDBm
89"585 DT.3+/ 3F` b£
3Fb "$)58"
F *
$' )b)m b"$.+/
Bm/0b 3)D)"AD$)5 $/
Bm/0b / "I
F

F / 6vc*
I ; 5! Y5Fb
+"d!=.F R';)"a6
F /*4jd""a6*" *4jdD 6'7
*.l y RF4
AG
F *
:` d
B!X5D
F

F 6)!$) $/5X p /*.)'"
SDK ¢dD <)56
5X S@';
F /jb
Te@5F^X5E0 .4X$!7K ?+\ e@
53E9L < <)5@9+\ 5@9
'

F
3
<'$)5! Y {5
FD L6
a)ÏLY
@F)"+Fd)"
56 , c /
F '
q5 <"% E)L6(d5YdD5.F
,"5.w
S
"P 3A\ J5 .̀6
!*.)'$/5Y Y
`
4c5
MLF) 4 D)S;\c @F ÏLY

G0 ! D
"5.c D) 3 .!7!K4"5<<b5D)
gjd""a6+/
0 EQK"(b )
: 4 aFT""*.*.
Towards Information Literacy Indicators: Conceptual Framework, Paper, www.uis.unesco.org/ - ◾

z: b
g
F *40 jd>5EW=.F R';)"a6 / 5Y Y5Fb
template/pdf/cscl/InfoLit.pdf
.{5Fbg: 2Sc d'
l jdD 3 .!7!K4jdD0 6
g Qpk*.)"a6
!7!KSc
> .";3_Le FÏLY
=
+<b0b@)jdD
B.
$\
^"^*45D9gjdDÙedu, gov, orgÏLY

0 . ){GooglescholarÏLY
5. K5!7KScgjdD
45!7 EF
*.mjdDa)g0 +9P3EI 6Xn
5D) ' gjdD5
D)0 . )qG0pdf EF
+Q
gjdDs5 a) @F5 6XP 3E5
agricola, ebsco, agris0 Y
"5 ! D 4cH ÏLY
! D 4c
jdDF5F.4 Q_Le5<e
" Fg:
," 4cGGGcaris
cE d' ' E .F5ejdD ! D 4c*.m
and~~5e ' E
.F2M
("BmabjdD5\L
v
5
b*.mjdDwildcard5b)E5c0 . )}}or~not
0 . )r>L
V+Dc*
: )@0 .4X" ^vB!"5NF"0 )
G$\ <F'+9 32 )d'$)
F lL)+"*
RSS5.

F 54!"y ^"5cJ
45<;<)5Ú;<)%
5 5Fb
G0,X5!7K 5!7KSca)*
: <) I <;<)
5mE$/
5
@5Fb
3Fb4+.4"$)58=k=/
$)m$/
5^L@
: )

*
5F
F 0 +9;w!""$.(
$)X$/
:)X$/

F /E4""$.(
153 32 )b"

F SV'H 9'l @)5 5Fb
SD)'('G
58
+b+"*
3F4Fb$)
F ADe'
.Refwork, zotex0 Y
":)
5D)
5
"0 . )
53 9
b;3*,]S
)SV)H 9)F5b )X
(... google documentsslashÏLY
53 9
+\
"
F .F
G$4%05E5Fy<b;3
*4J
,'(*'
0 $J( :q:<E
z: b
. « : O ◀
5\Sm
S#0 . QJ$: ,'( (T ◾

U6
,J" (, \b: ◾
U6
,J" #
0 O( ;* .#
0 ,'( . H
7% s4 ◾
b

-;2
*=#
$ *" N*4J
,D
◾
(#
0 3'(:
) S#0 ]X -, 3'(:
◾
*4J
h *4J
ª 6
◾
;F )# /" 154
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG *8 ("
ª P;q2 9% -;D2
2 9J, $ *" N?J5:
3
(
P, %, *4J
3
(
/ ◾
*4J
,'(
K1, l /
N ' -;D2 Nc1

(, H 0 :w K@ , *(: ◾
cDh s" 9/:
NQ(T
,'(
1Db
*;K8 QBD
-, Q;. ¯
è ;62 QK. 9=@ -, ,'( =
2 *(: ◾
;J
' XJ2 ."w .b $ *" N
7% s4 iTO2 3$ ◾
(11D: "T

K N6T
8J6,) T %:
*(:" S#0 . 6T
◾
.*4J
,'( ª H ( h : T:8) ,'( K1, K 3$ ◾
5e9!X57 <
*" NK -, ( .* , &D:"

/
-*; N*4 9b" ,'( -;D2 (" ◾
%2 . *G@ _; , G LJç é /
FG .;J5:
,'( ¨(T
-*, !
~ L;
P, *'A (2 < ; *4 , U):8 l =6
qB;
F8 N*4 34 l ,'( 9;62

2 3%2 3+2 } P4, ;62 9'62 *4J
$J( -*_:2 NÍ@ .,'(" /D

z: b
*4 9b" D, ,'(, v]:, ;, 4 .*4J
=
:
O" N,'( *(:
.(¬
NkJX@ ,'(, P, :%"O,
2 . 6T
;D2 ,'( 9% H
($ pV:)
'*(

-, ')' 3+ A N ,B
J2T*
" P ] . L*'( -; 3
~ ◾
2,'( Q= @ . ]0 . s*'( . .(I#$ @ ;K. K) J2T*

@ , Í _;@ -*_:; L@ -*; FG .,KD
Q= Tb
,B

: ,B
@ . ('O; L@ Í _;@ s*'( . .*+2 ' @ Qa
n2
(Vh U Q=@ , ! ,J" -, *V%" s*'( K Aq . '
: =
:

: ,B
-, s. 94 . K ; S#0 . 6" J= s*'( -, <' .*(:0
?% J " 3A4 . , ! ( "b, 5 ;*" P:*:2 * ':
''4 U6
Q=@
.*, 98 <Vh ;,
5e9!X —
P*= 9=@ -, N#
0 T: T
.%8 kJX@ #
K1, H S#0 . 6" ◾
-, 6T
@" .6T
\G P, &]:
,'( K1, K. :X .s(, I, ,'(,
l /'
9_$ %;JO
K (“and, or, not” NÍ],) %O, '*. n2 , *'8 &D: ]X

~ <T Í]'A (, :

-, .:, *4 ,]. K1, *(: . U]O
9*6
b
-, .* , @ 9*. OX PI ◾
?F
Q;
%:
,%2 :
; 4 .|K <= @ 3%2 @ 6" , K. 9=@
155 *4 ', b Tb
l

, NÍ],) *4 ,'(, l /
9=@ -, G(

.(
)" !'" -*; ha"
.JX> ?"J2 p,J" ?@ @ s*'( K. K 1 3;%:
(S#) Í #
Í (4, fK ◾
,'( K1, G , .P4 B.
/
-*; 8 *+ A , ,'( L2 8 ª0
P4 FG *(: . LJA *2 ®
16
K*" *4J
K p,K 32 8 ®'*(:) *4J

.<Vb
; 4 ® FG H EK G , 3'(:
'*. l T)
" 2V$ 4
@ cDh@ 9T4 -, .I (;) : K1 (blogs) A -, .* , qC ◾
,D2 ?F
\
G , ®EFG &].w 9V B. f

KT:; :
,'( G , ..* ,
®3($K N;@J" NG , ®,'( &%; -, ®,'( EFG
Í : , Í (4, gb@ .p @
16
&%; 8 9' (;) ¯: , ?"J2 P4, q ◾
\ 1
H ")6
'*(
QJ%
, s)62 NÍ],) `V ?"J2 I, (;)
K V$ ª0 (;) ¯: , P4, . s*'(, <;2 *, Lab" b4, 3+ A .(;K.0
.Q.%
EFG ]X -, ,'(" vb:

UF: ; Í @ I L; L@ < ; .v'" H "#
" i'A (:; I, A, ":8 ◾
J8@ &,@ ?
|0 *'(:
k:) H ?"#
xJD0 s)62 NÍ],) KKJ
,*:G0
. s)62 9=@ -, ;
\ 1
U]O
,'( l /
P;2 NP*: H Í J%$ %TO

.(¬
N,'( $J( b: . H 3GJ%$ KK; J%
~ N3'(:

0 %:0 ;(, G , ®U]O
J+ = -, N'. r 6
< ; *4 ,'(, ;@ 4 ◾
'1: kJX
G , N,'( . +$6 ,: -*_ 8 ®: %:
'6

®,'( . +$6
a)*"
*4J
w . r 6'
)
.[ NÍ],) *4J
,'( . r 6'
: K K ◾
z: b
.(,'( . r 6'
Q*:( 7JO
*4J
h0
World Heritage Library £
#
0 P4 qC ◾
N?G
q 9, N(T 8 H %V
w P b2 } . r 6
*G@ ç4 ◾
6" .
?G h@ )Y, H h -. L
Y) " &%; L@ < ; ?F
9*(
4
. &(
9V@ H " ?F

(" :;G H Í /X Í (I sT2
%, -.
®9*(2 8 #
0 Tb
. h
Q vG ~ 2 Y)
U]O
. ¯J ◾
: b35b7<S
J$; G .,'( @ $J(*" %'(:, /X P4 FG 4; http://dis.shef.ac.uk/literacy ◾
.,'( @ K1, kJX@ P4, l z"

)
-. QK/ @ 6" K UNESCO. 2008. Towards Information Literacy Indicators
K1 -, QT8 .* , P4 FG J$; .,'( @ $J( [Y, 6 L(" ()
.,'( @ $J(, 9J*" %'(:*'
U):8 " J*; :

9J" '1
~ K1 -, QJ$ 4 9*b; http://www.big6.com ◾
.&].w ,'(
.Gaunt, J., Morgan, N., Somers, R., Soper, R.,and Swain, E.2007 ◾
156
Handbook for Teaching Information Literacy. Cardiff, Cardiff University ◾

u: b
N9/:
:u : b
3'(:
N@.&.@
,:D
Q

157
3'(:
H Í :" <'O:; L*_ H :"0
1 , 4
%O f 'D

N9/:
G ?F
P -*I -, (@.&.@) &].w ,'( @ , % l J+
^T;
0 = *G ¨(T
*_(T" i 9b" LOT2J, 3'(:
3'(:
L .;6
3'(:
;J+ 8Y2 *8
.( NNdongko) JX LK -, Í 0($ L; L@ *, ? -*; 0 NP4
H .9/:
'*. -, @ :;
ÍN@ Q%(C N 9/:
'*. -, §. N. ! @ . Q1" NF,]:
L*'( iTOC;
.
1
H
12w 9V8 N;6
&].w 9V p,K 3:; ,. B8@ ;A62 3'(:
3'(:
:'*. =2
F,]:
s*'( U):8 L A .|
H (T:, N6/ NL; '2 N;K) ?G*

.,;K J8@ 3'(2 3'(2 :'*. ;(2 ;"#
¤T
J /J$ n:; @.&.@
¤" i'X H .)C; L@ *C; NkJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V P, U]O
s*'(C 9. 2 L
,;
k%
EF" ;
L .$J( i'X E" qA (C; , FG N;K(2 J%*;K J8@ ;"J2
2KA *8 N$J( , $J( '*. . _
z')C; N
16
H %TO2 3:; *8
.3'(:
;J+
9b" _
z')C2 :
,:D
Q
N FG -, |
H QX G NQ
EFG B:(C2
u: b
-*I -,) 3'(:
9/:
s" 4](
b:)2 .%")

H
2 3A 2 ?F
L*_ . 9,h
QK 8 %" Q
:2 .4](
'2 @.&.@ q(C; 8 ¯#%2 (3'(:
;J+
~
.%TO2 @.&.@ Kw 2Y, ¤" i'X ^" ^:

<E
;F );F )+^)
}"GlG"~2 3;F ) w!
P g}"GlG"~2 3.F5'
553)%N):
3'(:
N3'(:
N9/:
:p:<E
L:. : ◀
158
5\Sm
9/:
;J(2 ◾
9/:
;J+ ◾
'*(
EFG q(C2 L@ @.&.@ $J( -*C; 8 9/2 :'*(8 3'(:
3'(:
\b: ◾
-. @.&.@ ]X -, 3'(:'
2# ◾
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
9/:
'*(
|@ 3$ 5 ◾
iTO2 T:.0 s(" FX P, 3'(:
/3'(:
'*(" :4]. 9/:
;J+ 9'62 ;62 ◾
@.&.@ ,
5e9!K57 <
u: b
S#
~ H *") kJX ,'( K1, h T: &].w 9V &D:) 8 ~
&].w 9V &D:) 8 " 3'A (C :
7JO
" :
'. N1
H (Q;
=
:
@
®U]O
l ,'( 1;
]X -, 3:; :
7JO
. '2 JY2 8 ®kJX ,'( K1,
A C2 L@ -*C;
.3'(:
3'(:
'*. "J 2 <'/ H @.&.@ XK
9/:
~* J$
T: &].w 9V U]O
L*'( T('; ?F
K
<8 -. A6 :
/J$ ~*
EFG J$C2
Q8F A ~*
EFG -, ;(
-*_:; .1
$J! H kJX ,'( K1, h
(Ú ÞBerlo ó ÞShram ó ÞShannon and weaver) EK@
(
A/1) 9J ◾
(L*_)
J
◾
('
) Q%
◾
A
(d( ,/< :)) %': ◾
(Q
*:8 3:; o(
" 9J l %': -,) `(
i;JO
◾
&%2 :
K G , . / H 3'(:
*C, H ~*
FG iTO2
]X -, -*; :
7JO
KA
3C:2 8 ®K EFG ]X -, 3'(:
"J 2 9A b:2 8 ®vF,]:
: K G , ®3'(C*8 "
159 A C2 L@ j.@.&.@e £" :$J( -*C; 8 ®3'(:
3'(:
'*. H `(
i;JO
QK
®9/:
QK -)6
A
,'(
]X -, L%':; :
1 ?% 9b" 1 A6 :
F,]:
&,@ : cJ
H J+

K1, h T: &].w -. ]X -, Q*:(C 3'(:
3G , N
F" zT2J2 .1
H
H 9V
EFG a2 G , ®1
$J! H 32,'(, F,]:
d%':; ' ?@ B. .kJX ,'(
$J! H
/
F,]:
PO:); :
,'( K1, &].w 9V K ®3'(:
3'(:
Z ,
. H =Kw G*:(: :
:X0 '*. %O f ¯[ .1

,'( K1, h T: N&].w 9V
]'62 8K j@.&.@e 3'(2 <'O:;
nT12 Í],) 9VJ
,'( !/ 9% Q6
k, 3'(:
H T('2 ?F
'
*$ NkJX
&].w 9V ]X -, 3'(:
<'O:; .(1
H K I, 2~ 6" =
:
&].w 9V
=
:
&].w 9V K 3GK s*'(C <= -, Í]'62 Í . kJX ,'( K1,
H =
:
@/ &].w 9V ]X -, );2 3:; ?F
, NkJX@ QT(" .3'(:
3'(:
'*. H
@ =
:
&D: ]X -, *);2 3A 2 KA6C, I, @ QKA6C,
), -, vG 9G ®1
$J!
®A C; , . j@.&.@e , iTO2 s*'(*'
-*C; 8 ®&].w 9V
h T: &].w 9V j]X -,e o;:
j@.&.@e j-.e o;:
:2 ,. ',@ KA
]8 &D: 3C:; 6" / $J! H ;J 2 ',@/QKA6C, b / .kJX ,'( K1,
®*'(:
3:"J 2
U]O'
s:"% L2G ,%2 ?F
, .s28F s:"%
u: b
j@.&.@e 3'(:
;J+ :{:<E
5\Sm
j@.&.@e "#

◾
®$J( , QKJ (2 ~, ◾
*" z"J
@.&.@ $J( , ◾
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
@.&.@ U]O
*V], *'(2 2# J;O2 ◾
U]O'
$J( , 2# PI ;62 ◾
160
57 6'7K
&].w ,'( @ $J( ; G :

:
@.&.@ , 2 ◾
* ;62 ●
,'( -. 6T
●

/
,'( L, ;62 ●
,'( 9VJ
9'62 ●
,'( 9VJ
7 3%2 ●
,'( &D: ●
/]D
●
V
3%:
●
2# / . / H "):8 T EFG J;O2
]X -, F*':'
-*C; :
7JO
KA
.Í*C, J, FG 9( 2 QKA6C, b @ ;"J2
H J+
.Ob 2#0 EFG -*_:2 K Q
,(
xOD
@ fK OX Í A ◾
H @.&.@ 9X; ,. xOX/fK @ N@.&.@ -, ,. xOX/9%:)C, fK J;O2
-*:
T:.w" L*'( GFXa; L@ < ; :
)VJ
\J+
/T:.0 KA .*V4 K QK,
. EF
3"):8 T -, U]O

A C 9/:
~* l K:0" ◾
&].w 9V CT(': :
K JA " ¯[ N%")
QJ%
H 91
u: b
(K @)
G , .,(
xOD
/K H kJX ,'( K1, h T:
EFG q(: 8 ®"]O
Í :, L ?F
(K @)
, ®3'(*8 S T('2 \ ?F

®3'(:
'*. K
2#{
$J( , KJ *'
3*$ <('; Ns*'(:C*8 ¯
-, F,]:
-*:; 8 ◾
3'(
@ $J( -. $J(£" N$J( , d(, ;J(2 -*C; .,G Í K N%%6:
,D:)
2#0 &D: 8 -. $J( -*_:2 Q. Í 0h@ FXa2 4 $J( EFG .$J( -.
EFG &D:)C2 N'*(

-, . 2#w EFG &D:)C2 d:, N9V) 96" @ 3'(:
" /D

.%'
*%2 N3'(:
:
H 2, -, k1%
2K : NDb
vK 3+:
%

.(;T; -, oT:%,) *V] "K/4]X
N$J( , 2#0 /2 z. KA N .E].@ Q8F @.&.@ , *V4 P= ◾
3.K -*C; NÍ], .*'(:
3:"J 2 3.
,D: U]O
PO:); 6" N EFG -, 9
,'( 9VJ
9'62 nI2 -*C; s H N& *'
O;JX &D: ]X -, * ;62
., 9
;% '¤a" "61, ,'( c1 ':D Í = J+C; " 3J"
-, 98 q w U]O
T):; L@ < ; :
KA .G:D2 K Q -, Ob@ Q. #X ◾
l xb
FG -, <):C 3'(:
9% H $J( , T('2 L@ -*C; ?F

G , .Ob
®1
$J! X kJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V" U]O
xJD
3'(2 H ,D:)C ;"#
2#0 :2 :
("J
QJ%
Nl Q
P= ◾
C (, 2# *I -, #X N" cD
|
H .@.&.@
GJ;O2 @ :" 34
161 "J :
H @.&.@ 9/:
;J+ XK H "% EFG .)C2 8 ."] P, ,D: ^"
A
3'( 8 ®" cD
H (4: *'(:
pV:
" 2#0 EFG zT2J2 8 ®*'(:

, N" cD
-*I 2#0 EFG 2 8 NÍ],) ®3:*, H 9(
" 6 ~ U]O

(®Kw FG ¯ 3%2 p,J" H Q*:( §(
G
-*; 8 nI; Í b 3 A*/ .@.&.@ , J;O2 H : T: K H J+
◾
" P:*:2 :
Q;J
; T:.w H FX .s:¤T
s2G k H (, ;"J2 2# &D:
." ; 9b" 3'(:
3'(:
"J 2 . a:
*; :
s:¤T
s2G
C ¯[ NcD
'*. ]X -, @ N H =C
k -, Q~Xa, Ob@ l K: ◾
9T)

@ 8J6
3'(:
Í],) ':DC, *'A (2 @ &D:w cJ
@.&.@ &%C;
]X -, :

.(¬
N(*)
@ ?T

H @.&.@ *'
2Y, ¤" ¤:
^:
QK :q:<E
u: b
f
5\Sm
N3
(
Q*:(C *C ,. 6 &].w ,'( @ $J( 9,b
7)
◾
.¬
N,(
)
J;O2
A C ¤T
◾
f H @.&.@ Kw "'O Q 6
EFG . <'^:'
2# PI Nf H @.&.@ K H :=C, ^T; :
;A6:
◾
.;A6:

;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
Í . Í '6, GF 2 ?J ; :
@.&.@ K KT, / ;62 ◾
162
6'1 U6/@ -, ':D, .* , k
@.&.@ *'
p;#
◾
f H @.&.@ Kw zOD:
. T:.0" GFX@ < ; :
)VJ
;_%
/ ◾
57 6'7K
91:2 NKTC, @ NP;b, Np,J" -. Í 6" J=@

ç NkJX@ K1, @ S#0 . 6T

> &D:" ◾
kJX@ '6, ',@ H J+@ .s*'( K.w G(, H Í
QK=, N&].w ,'( @ 3'(:"
?F
-. p,B
FG ':D; 8 .
:; :
)VJ
0 KA ', EFG @ #X ..
o;:" s*:C s*'(*'
K a8 &CD; L@ p,B
F
-*C; 8 ®@.&.@ *_:;
®&].w ,'( @
:
(;K ;T
) K ,'( G , .@.&.@ \G@ 3.2 *+, @ (*= -. 6T" 34 ◾
®s*'( l p,B
EFG ,%C2
EFG -, ;(
./:
-, .* , BD
-, K. A N@.&.@ p,J" K ¯ s,a2 ^" ◾
KA .cD
(I H *V%
EFG iTO2
]X -, -*C; :
7JO
¯[ .EK@ , /:

.:)Y, @ 2JVK H @.&.@ ¯ L*I ^" J H <!J2 4 $I /2 ?@
5b7< ^)
u: b
L*_ ;62 ●
;"#
)
p,B
k:), . s s*.
s8bC ;62 ●
.¬
NKw/F :'
2# OX J;O2 ●
@.&.@ *'
p;J2 OX J;O2 ●
*.
(*
/)Y ;62 ●
,q]
QJ$: K ;62 ●
@.&.@ p,J"
3%:
K@ J;O2 ●
A , n= p,B
"'O ;( ;62 3:; ,. *V%
EFG ^:2 9G
T:. ;@ KA ®U]O'
1DC
.#%2 4 $I
K
]X -, -*C; :
7JO
G , N:¤T
;"#
=:0 T:.0 s. H Í FX> ◾
; G , ®2~ 6" 3V4 p,B8 EJ;O2 @ N
QK= s*'( K. p,J" H @.&.@
',a8 QKA6C, K " b: ®-;D
-, 9
<Vb

.:)Y, H s*'A (C, @ Np,J" , @ NJ%
(/ k
@.&.@ *'
p;#'
9*. OX A ◾
163 @.&.@ F
-*C; 8 ¯[ ®.* EFG -, 9
=:0 @ ;
G ,
FG -*I 3'*h L,w" -;JX> 6'1, U6/@ .* , KA .=:0 EFG T'2 . .)C; L@
®@.&.@ *'
p;#
H 3, 98 T('; L@ -*C; ?F

, .w
: b35b7<S
University Library Service.2009. Handbook for Information Literacy Teaching ,third revision ◾
Paris, UNESCO. 2003. Media Education in the Pacific: A Guide for Secondary School Teachers ◾
Teaching Information literacy through learning styles: the application of Gardner’s multiple intelligences. ◾
Intan Azura Mokhtar, Wee Kim Wee, School of Communication and Information (WKWSCl) at Nanyang
Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 2008
Big6. 2010. Teaching Information Literacy Through Literature, Big6 eNewsletter 11.1,4. www.big6.com ◾

!
p|: b
*
:p| : b
. * :: ◀
166
%O f 'D

Í 4 . LhJ
K0 ô*C; .&].w 9V E2 , d%':; * 8 QBD
;
(*=
*
1; PVh W#$ * .120 &].0 9V" i'A (:2 Ob@ H &; 98 3:4 -, Í T8
.) %;JO
" ,].0
L C A ; -;F
s%':C KJ$ -, AC, ) :, .* , -. QT. a"
:C Í ':)C, ET:. G l .&].w 9V G*=
L:@ L:%;J vG N7K@ 9b"
;J+ .
2J2 .\:)C *
£
" 12w &].w ./ 12 , @ &].w 9V
.,'( &].w 9V c1 ) 2 QJ4 H 9.$ vbC*8 *
l J+C; N%':

J*(
8 (, V1X GKA6C2 s(*:)C -;GbC J%
-, .* , G \:)C *
L A
K." )Y -, G! &].w 9V &%2 NQKA6C, .* , .,*:G0 o
X
n:: :
)@ S4
[ H T8 9b" L'(C 3:; NÍ], .
( 9VJ
!/ L*_
?#b; NÍ], NL; ':
3
. H .s(, \:), *= @ $J!*;K QK6, ;" .* , '" 3
-;F
*
UF ; p,B
FG L8 ~ NK6, p,J" ]X ]. " Q, (, Th -, L'(
.
/
L;J;
P*) @ Gb QJ, 98 H N@ 0 N\:), *= KJ *8 &].w 9V 9T4 -,
J+C; s H
. (, '*6 :
/D
" 2 ;KJ
.*:=0 :$J(, . T, :" : L2 Í ,]. Í 1
*4 ]X -, G) :" &% N&].w 9V -, ,'( @ 9VJ
d%': ,. .
F

2
.1Db
VKT,
E§. ¨(T" 9T%$ N, -, EFXa ?F
d( : '($ @ N
~ P, N= -*C -, @ *8
p|: b
]X -,) $J!2$ Q/ @ V* O%
EqB2 ?F
d( <8J2 8 L .JX ¨(T
¨$J
. ':D, 7JO" *
) 2 . Í _;@ JY; (¬
NJ;J6:
NO%'
N,
;q
. ,@ ., 6 / . (; QJ+ %
w s: -, 94@ L_*; ] J4C L@ A LT
b:8
O6 L
ATC; -;GbC -, ;(
* N « l -, =~* ? 2 L]. 7J^:)$ Nq ':

.''4 L
è A
L, H Í '($ 3'( ; *, NS#0 L6 1:; 3@ @ N].w 4
]X
Í
UF= §. ,].w c1
:, :T; , T
! Ns
6
s':) P, ." 9/:
^"
4 9'62 G :
N`
zOD:
@ .*:=0 )
T8#
K . 2J2 ;4 .
L *" -:
." i;J
-*C; 0 @ -, 3!J
. .cDh =: T! %:(C,
9(
KK -. " fa" 0 QJ$ 36*: 36"@ L@ 0 N,]. p: EKJ *" Dh 98 9($ K '.
.L)
-, QT8 .* , -, (4:
l cDh ':D, J+; 8 ) 2 H *
K .)C2 ®&].w 9V * C= f ~
.
EFG .)C2 *8 ..*:=0 3:¤
@ N3)
@ (d@ NJ8~) 3)
%$ N*C, ;_4
K ) 2 . * C
. a:
L :C 6C; 8 NE*=
p:C, s" 4](
3$
H ,].w c1
L*_, UTb
&D:); 8 3$ . Í _;@ .)C2 .(C, %;JO" '. IJ(
: 8 ;62 .
F8 *
K .)C2 NFG ,'( . H .1
X '(
32
.
($ J8@ 9b" *
l
1; %;J ,].w /1
3$ . JY2 L@
Y @ p:C 'D
-*C; 8 )VJ
'¤ -, ;(
Q
EFG b:):
E 2 H ) :
'*. K%2 L@ ,]. " %;JO
-*C; 8 ®,].0 c1
Db

9V &D:); L@ * '
-*C; 8 ®,]. H d( :; L@ Db
-*C; 8 ®s(,
167
®,
2 H &].w
5\Sm
7)
6"@ *
◾
$:)C G*
;62 ◾
d( *
:; 8 ◾
;F )# /"
p|: b
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%
EFG -, :0 ("
zb
\:) *
& , \b: ◾
,]. ) 2 ,
UT ;62 ◾
$: *
;62 3:; 8 9'62 ◾
(, 9. :; 8 ':); :
&].w 9V *
:D; 8 ¯[ ◾
*6
9,(
¯[ ,].w c1
P, *
U :; 8 9'62 ◾
*

J
:0 s" 4](
fK ◾
5e9!X57 <
&D: 7J fK .,

32 H &].w 9V
cDh &D: 8 -. ',@ / ç P*=
. QJ$:C K ¨(" = .\J(:
N%$J
NT4J N$#
N,'( . 16'
&].w 9V
EFG -, 1'D:)2 L@ -*C; ?F
, .T(h ~ %, @ ; '2 p,J" #
P4
,D:0 EF
-*C; 8 ®" :*:w QKA6C, ,]. 9V
*
&D: 8 -. K1
168
®L : E14 QJ;^C, L2 L@
A C2 L@ ':DC, . -, @ ,*2 ':DC, 'X -, 'V(
-*C; 8 9AD2 ◾
; ':
p,B
¨("
® &].w 9V *= -.
%2 4 ?F
, .
6
].w @
. V ; '2 p,B
':D L'T
-, K. H *
U 2 -. 6T" 34C NS#0 &D:" ◾
®G A C2 %;J ?a" N:T 21Dh p,B
'2 ':D G*
EFG @J%2 8
-*C; 8 . 9T . ; '2 p,B8 NpV ,]. B. 9%C2 :
3%
9VJ
9'A ◾
NÍ],) ':DC, .*:= ¤$ -, Í /Dh@ \:)2 c1
EFG S8 L ,].0 9VJ
^:2 L@
FG JYC; L@ -*C; 8 ®; '2 P, ;8F
1Db
9;T2 3A 2 L @ N(4J(
'D
NJ*(

®*
. J,
N*
\: 3
L'(C ,D:); :

6
2#0 -. 6" NS# Í ,D:)C, ◾
= z. N$:)C ¤
KA N"% / ..*:=0 $J!*;
@ `
zOD:
9,
.&
*= -. I# ; , vJ+
L*:; Í /Dh@ UF : @ %:(2 :
].w -, K. P*= \" ] 61
¨(" P= ◾
*
-, ¤
EFG l
@
KA .6T
I, *
¤$ $8 UF ; 4 L].w ,(
xOD
PI : @ #X
.¤$ 9
,D:)2 4 :
1
*'

KA . 6/ -,
%, @ N; '2 p,J" @ N3' 8 NPVh ,].
s: ':DC, s2J4 &A4 ◾
p|: b
A 8 .s2J%
-, ?@ H 3G)C2 4 :
: 'X @ *
/
4 :
" :0 A2 FG ;C
®*
-, PVh ,]. '. 916;
EFG -;. . Í 2J, .
&]$@ -;. . 16'
S# &D: @ 61
-, Í K. n 12 ◾
* C
G ;@J" -, ®&]$ EFG -, 98 H EJ2 L@ P4:2 ?F
, N
%$J ].w &]$
®&]$ EFG -, 9
\:)C
&]$ . Í :)C, .3'
WJ. ;" 9T4 ]. *
GbC; N&
*)
0/ -, ;(
H ◾
QGb*" @T; L@ 9T4 *
. WJ(C2 L@ P4:2 ].w -, ?@ Ni")
xb
H Q8F
®&]$ EFG
&,@ : p;#'
,D:)2 4 (collage) %1'C, 3 A*/ N;$ zV[ @ Q,= / Í ,D:)C, ◾
NL
Nd% N": ^'
NVJ ^'
Nq,J
-, TC, @ &D: H JA $ .s(, *=
3G i1' F
'*:6C *
@ .:TDC, *
v[ ^" ...¬
N;
,
O%
Ns)
@ @ Nf ,@ @ NF,]:
0YG J,@
@ @ N H 76:
w H sT!J
F,]:

.¬

¨(" J+C2 K EFG S8 ~ .:%O, H (,
@ G( -. QJ$: ;#
K fK ◾
EFG )(2 :
Q/ G , ®'( ; ?F
, ®=D
3GJ+, T; 8 NU]O

~ ®L'*C, 3@ &@ U] % 3G 9G ®'*; :
-. O(; ?F
TO0 G , ®K
® -. 1
EFG
%2 ?F
, Q:DC 1
G , N ;#
K EFG H U] J+; 3
®
1; 62 :

J
G , ®\:)C *
G -, NK EF
''62 . Í 2JC,
169
)Y X ';T
] ; ':
p,B
&]$ '%:)*C
8 -, ;(
=; ◾

@ .*:=0 *%
G , b:):
,].w : EFG -, Í _(" A6 2 .kB
,].w
/@
2 L.TC @ L :C KA)C; 8 .3G*= l G,A%C; L@ 3'. :
; :
@
®
p;#
32 :C,
&D:); :D; 4 *
L :: -;F
N() 28 J,'" GJ=@ :
6" -, i%62 ◾

:
UT -, J8@ @ <T)
Í ,]. 1
,
Q6
-, UJ
5F) ●
.; '2 'V. @ 1Dh P, 4](" OT2J, ) ;m 5@9 cL ●
,]. c1 )(2 (, 34 @ 4, @ v' P, 9*:
. Q%
5@953 ●
., 3'(:
.

-, 3
(
H ?J ; , 3'(:
\" ,'( ,].w c1
&D: 5Dc ●
pV: NTX No%O
(42 NÍ],) ,
Q6
H Q , L2 L@ -*; :
,'( <)

(...¬
N"D:0
.,'( ,].w c1
&D: UT@ nI2 A bC2 "] Q @ 2 H (, ',@ KA ◾
;<)F ^'
p|: b
]. '*6
,(
xOD
PI ◾
@.&.@ " i'(:2 c1
;T:C, '_ C, J4 ◾
, 1
i1', ◾
c1 9'62 ◾
S#0 . 6" ◾
: b35b7<S
-, ; K ; ^T; .z%$ 6I2 UT G S=KC@ 4

*b
8,@ -, Q~Xa, P=J EFG
.3G'" @ 3:%O *V]C, L2 3) @ s"A C 9T4 -, K
www.adage.com
Advertising Age ◾
*
-. 6" 2#0 -. J;%2 L].w
2 -*_:2 N11D:, Q
.¬
N\:)
The Persuaders – Frontline – www.pbs.org ◾ 170
f
;#b; , . o
a:
-, L].w i;):
2# S*2 8 p,B
FG b:); ◾
N%4K 2, y'T2 ?F
%V
FG .3
-, 3
(
l 3) @ l LJ+; 8 9" N<)6$
P4, . '*8a" p,B
QGb, -*; .L].w i;):
3
. T4J, BX -, .* , . *:(;
.P%, Ú H #
0 PBS
The Merchants of Cool – Frontline – www.pbs.org ◾
.3" /D
: UTb
" '1
~ 7)
6"@ p,B
FG b:);
The Internet Movie Data Base – www.imbd.com ◾
! P4, ..1
L'T
-, QK1
L; ':
p,J" &]$ -. 6T'
Í 0*h J8 P4
;_4 &]$ @ s=JDC s'*C -. ;% 6"@ l $I N;KJ
-;(
-. ,'("
.\:) *
i;):

pp: b
&].w :pp : b

(
;J%
=
:

171
%O f 'D

,].w L*_ K A6C2 @ *G y
" J,@ 12w 9V . QJO)
'C
a), L@
T(:
;J *C, ]X -, J%*;'
L= AJC; -;F
s 61
l T)
" d: .Q*:(C '*(

N, %;JO" Ns2Ja:, K%A C
¨(" l T)
" *G s 61

]%: ;J6
EFG N$61
;J
Qb" QJG+
06
¨(" H D
} ,].w 9V
?J;,
)

n
1"
)
I ]X -, |@ 9b" N:'G O*" NQJO FG 9A b:2 .NJX _(" H
<):2 N<T)
F
.~ ~ cDh@ ?;a" ' 8J*2 ]X -,
F8 QJYC (
)
"b:
;:
Í J+ .^
" *G@ N(
6 -;:) . N&].w 9V ;KA(2 J;J6:

]%:
Í _;@ nT/@ 9" U
l *b
-, =:
. :%; ,].w i$:
(; 3
N&].w 9V
HJ^

9b" ^2 QF$
*'4w &].w 9V ¨(" S2" .U
l U
-, *b
l U
-,
.(
,].w &+
-;2 ;:,
)Y ¨(" ./X ; 2 8[ G *D_
,].w )Y N3
(
L'T
3+(, H
*" N, ! *+, GJ;C2 :
8 N; 2 !
cD
O%
-, 8'*, kJX ,].w
T
~* 9bC; N,].w T
9V" 91:; *" .:;/ S62

-, 8'*, JX _("
" ; O2 vG . . ,6
; :
&].w 9V -. Í];" ,(
,D
n
1
s'6 s vC2 :

NQ^1
(*: -, 8'* '6 &].w 9V T(h K;Kq" 9*:;
.b*C P*: C .O%
T(:
, O(C2 L*_ J;O2 '*. H

bC; :
N. ,]. )Y, * . (
7)
K1:4 H =
:
&%:
P A h 4
pp: b
;K1:40 $J^
K6
2a2 ]::
EFG Q4 q :2 .L'T'
QJ". ,]. ]::8
N%:
w FG 9 4 .*'4w (1
. 9*(2 :
8
(
&].w 9V 9*b2 .)

s;:) . ,].w 9V'
v]*:w p,
'*. N:0 6$, s4 -, 3!J
.
, H 9*(2 kJX@ 8[ P,
62 *D_
,].w )Y -, ;(
%. 4 .(

q(2 4 .¬
N(;$ U(
@ &]$@) S#0 . $#
9V ,J" p:2 kJX@ P, @ N0120
'V " 9% n:2 :
2, <T)" N
6:
EF
: ab :
NQ;
8
EFG Q4
4 .TO8 .:, 1, ]X -, V
kJ%
l d: /
3
(
B. 2/ G/
.*4J
K T

-, 9/:
*;K8@ ¨(" FA 4 . . Í /J$ ;62 (
&].w 9V 5 9*C;
NÍ],) $%
;K(:
:'
Í /J$ Í _;@ J$2 ) ,].w K L@ ! NH%
o :
JD,
kB
,].w 9V
P:*:2 *8 .(6 ,].w L*_ KT2 8b, : 9)
-, L nT/@
(I ;(2 l '6 &].w 9V JO_; *, .\#0 ;(, .@ i%6:
,q]
K Q%
"
a2
:
*:
;_%
-*C; N
~ . O. .IJ(2 :
p,B
. s)62 ]X -, `$:

GTX@ 2 T2 L@ N=
T
:
;2 @ ¤" b: @ - ^:8 N3
(
6@ P*= H
3:; :
J;%:
TX -, ;(
L@ A NÍ_;@ \J( -, .(
&].w 9V ]X -, A($ 9b"
]X -, . *
. b
3:; N;K1:4 @ UT
@ 6 *
-. T
.'%:)C (
,].w 9V

A
vG NQ;
&].w 9V =
2 P, .
F8 ^:; |)
P4
. ,].w .1
a2 L@
P@ J", l $Iw" N
K6
X -, 9XK -, NsG 20 H ,'(*'
B8@ i$2 L
-*C; 8 G *G@ J8 _%
L .JX 3 2 n,):
QJ$ q(C2 , EFG 98 .&(
UOD'
172
®;J6
N:Xw ND
-, .* , B8@ ;(2 H Q.)C &].w 9V
`VJ
1 S
q , ].w L Í /X Í GT:
L@ V)
; :
&].w 9V &+ i6:);
S4
H d%T2 L@ N*
% . :
]%: . ª$6C2 L@ ,].w )Y*'
-*C; 8 .'X
J+
^T; ®(;
'*(
-,) '*. ;J*: . +$6C, (Í6"J, ?@) Í ; 2 Í ., )
.s',(
-, ?@ . xJ , ;b2 ?@ a2 H ; "
H =:2 :
'2 * 0 N';T
&].w 9V % P, Nm :
-, A= H Q
EFG 9*:2
K(
b4C, 3:: *8 .Z6
(
(
,].w )
]X -, 9*(2 :
NQ^1
(*:
A @ N;TXw &].w 9V
;:C
;TX0 P4
~ H *" N*C, ,]. '4 9V" J$2
N9*(
-8,@ Q^1
'6 (*: f H '6, &]. 9V b -*C; .S# .
l /
i q(C2 Q^1
,].w %
EFG L .B8 ,].w 9V'
';" '(= N¬

.3. B(C; Í 2/ s'6 L)'
J$C2 ,'(
<E
5 5<glL4v+\ 5F
; lL4vg5 5 <Y54 .)K X

F HL3)
5F DlL4v+\ 3
(
;J%
H &].w 9V ', :p:<E
pp: b
L:. : ◀
5\Sm
&].w 9V ', #

0 Q :
(
K1:40 ◾
'. QJO)
&].w 9V ', 9/:
x*@ ◾
N;/
S62 &].w 9V @

-, 8'* &].w 9V N(; :
) /D
&].w 9V ◾
,(
T
*+@ N?@ N,(
,].w )Y
('6) Q^1
(*: &]. 9V ◾
,].w ]::
5 (J2T*
0120 &].w 9V) =
:
U%:
◾
("b:, ', ~ ,]. 9V ')' NÍ],) 8#
;K(:
◾
K620 8#b P;b p,
'*:
◾
173
((
,].w )Y) L'T'
QJ"(
&].w 9V ◾
&].w 9V ', (

082B
◾
:0 6$, s4 ◾
T= ' . K%
◾
kJX@
> *5 ◾
,B
L*_ J;O2 N&].w 9V ', ◾
6 L*_ 9"%, =D
L*_ ◾
'6, =X K1*" (:0 ◾
s
n
1, J;J6:

]%: s" J2:
◾
;F )# /"
pp: b
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%
EFG -, :0 ("
'. QJO)
&].w 9V ' ':D x* / ◾
. =
:
EFG JYC2 8 NQ;
=
:
5 N(
K1:40 9*. %;J 4 ◾
&].w 9V 'C, x*@ 'G
L*_N'*(
N,].w )
.JYC2 '. QJO)
&]. 9V 'C, L@
A 8 3A4 ◾
.T

NÍ],) (J;J6:
) L*_ Q;= "%, 5 9)C; ,].w 9V
U%2 L@ 8 ¯[ ◾
('6, =X K1*" (:0
'C, 'G 3+C2 @ 9bC2
)
/s%

6

4 20 L@
A 8 3$ ◾
&].w 9V
5e9!X57 <
;KA(2 A2 . Í T8 Í ;2 N'.

QJO 9, N&].w 9V
;:0 'C 9bC2 L@ -*C;
l T)
" *8 N:0 -, 6'
&G = )$C 3+2 L .T(:
;J . Z:
" N&].w 9V 174
N,. ',) J+
= ;KA(2 ;(2 H 3)C; 'C h@ 2 L@ .$61

]%: \#0
; ':
.~w N.TO) &].w 9V -, ':D, @ $2 -. Í]_$ N(6" ! N/X
(...¬
NS#0
|@ J,@ 7O P@ . ;T:C, .:, K1, -, Q~Xa, ,'(, , L A %'
I,
L@ kJ NQK(:, = -, 8'*, N.~ 6/ -, N&].w 9V L2 ,. .f
$J(, J0
A 9"%" .kJX L*_, %:2 , Q 98
i(C; 4 8#b, ', -*I -, &].w 9V P A* 2 L$
.2~ p;J2 '*.
~ -, Í 0" . p:;
KT:C K%:0
K b5
)
&].w 9V U6/@ n
1, a2 8 Qb, J;%2 &D: B.
6
K 3:2
. 16'
« s2J%
N Q
l QK(
) .QK6, PI ;TXw O^:
. ;K1:40
a:
=K KA6C2 :
9,(
;62 s*'(C . ^T; .(TX P/ '*. TX 34 ,'(,
.QJO)
@
y +Fd'
pp: b
NcD
O%
'*;) P 9b" :O^:" )V ; '2 O6, Q. S,4 _4 KA
I "%C, H *C:. ?F
+ ]X -, \]:Xw Tb
=@ J5 (&. ', @ N,6

.(<.]2 @ KJ C, J;J%2 NÍ],) ;TX0 1%

(, 7J H ((, > @ J+ = WJ. NÍ],)
P/ '*. TX 3%" i'(:2 ,'(, . 16
9=@ -, N« s2J%
N Q
l QK(
)
(TX
N;¤$ ! 9"%, ;¤$) ':DC, ¤" H Q=:C, , b, H Q*:(C J;J6:
l J+
b: N(/X f, 9"%, , f, N

-, 8'*, 9"%, cD
O%
-, 8'*,
.¬
NJ;J6:
L*_,
. JY2 ' L@ 8
A , I, QJ;

(L@.L@.|) £
2%
;TXw O^:
WJ(:
L4 KA6C, &; H s(C
.;TX0 1%

(, 7J ;
\]:X0 Tb
=@
$YdB
Kw H KJ2 *8 ?@) ' ), G *8 )V ,]. )Y, U6/@ ;G -. 6" " 34
WJ. -*; . ; 2 n
1, P, T2 , -, i%62 (I" '1
~ ,6

." 3 H pV:

175
;<)F ^'
'. QJO)
,].w 9V
', 6" ◾
(4 0 K H 8b ◾
7)
9'62 -;*2 l :)2 A, $@ ◾
5 ).FSm
&].w" OT2JC, ." ./ 5

('. :
$#
p,B
) U(
: ◾
#
0 b ◾
HJ!2
J;1:
;
&]$ ◾
J2T*
,X p,J" ◾
kJX@ ./ ◾
)
.*:=0 $%
K(" :{:<E
pp: b
3
( &].]
. « : O ◀
5\Sm
(
&].w 9V
$%
.*:=0 K(" ◾
T(b
$%
&].w 9V ●
Q6: %T) $ $%
O*
<
%
●
H%
o :
QJG5 H '*: JD ●
L=J :
$%
;K(:
●
(
3
NH%
,].w n,):
●
&].w 9V
|)
a:
◾
(U
l U
-, NU
l *b
-, NÍ],) sG 20 H ,'( i$:

$2 ● 176
(J%*;
UOD
) &(
P:
B*8 ,].w 9V
●
.*:=0 )
¤T(:'

å8 &].w 9V ●
,(
\G &(
?@J
!/ H &].w 9V Q4 ●

) $ b
]X -, hJ
36'
p;#
●
QJ= .* &].w 9V ◾
QJ=C .*
=: T'2 . =
:
U%:
(
&].w 9V .)2 8 ◾
s"#^C -;J=C*'
,]. %
0 K ◾
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
GK62 T(b
$%
. &].w 9V JY2 8 nI2 ¯[ ◾
'6, G8J*2 H%
o :'
QK_ '*(
" \J(C; , ,;K ¯[ ◾
l /
H 3G)2 8 N%_2 8 &(
HJ( &].w 9V PC2 8 9'A ◾
.)
8bC ;(2 J%*;

T'2 (S#0 V_
.1
*4 NÍ],) (
&].w 9V
-*; 8 b4, ◾
pp: b
QJ=C .*
=:
5e9!X57 <
lL4v*
5EF)@
B!X×!+Fd'
P bC2 &].w 9V S8 ~ , H J+
.GKA6C2 @ T(b
$%
. &].w 9V JYC2 8 4
.Q;
$#
$%
H :
@ o :
-, ;, .
$%
3%
KA .6, V! 3
!@ "J! T(h UJO, ;KY; T(h ! Í 1 Í]'62 J=@
ç
ç
.'6 $%
H )6: 3%
EFG ,], k, H ?%
;@ z. s:! *'8 H *_:
,D:)C *'
@ 1
KA .4J. @ $% @ N;K (, .* , . 8JC; %V *'$ Gh
62 o(2 :
§(
KA ..* EF
O*
<
%
/ q(2 @ i'D2 :
6
H
.],62 @
y +Fd'
177
-;KT( cDh0 @ -;§( 3
O"@ V:"0 'J -, U] s" Vb. ]O:" 34

:

-, '' N6T
pV: P*= (" .0Y
3G:X <T G , 3;
®6, G 3, 38 T=@ -;KT( @ O" 0YG -, 38 ◾

9V ]X -, -;KT( @ O" 0YG . U]O
\JA (2 NÍ],) 32:X0 * UT ◾
(&].w
,].w 9V
':D, -, U]O
G%: :
-;KT( @ O" 0YG H ) :2 :
3%
◾
.P*: H -;J=C *(
\:)2 ,]. p,J" Gh @ b @ / -, K. @J4 ◾
%'(: ;_%
S8 ~ , KA ..TO FG H :b4, 3:2 :
8#b 9V) @ PI K
.<, 9b" IJ. 32 4 & 3G'" @ _C 'T
"
5 b5
. 9*6, ;$ @ (blog) #
, @ S#0 . .*:= Th ?@ @ NÍ#
Í (4, q
H 11D:, (...¬
NPlan International N(TO'
(
71
9,)
K *+, 9T4 -, S#0
;(2 3:; 8 fK .¬
NL)w 7% ,:) *:
¤T
9, K6'
QJ". ;_4 -. $

.'. 2 §. ]X -, NP4 L; -;F
s(
s s" *=w " 6

jdD5\ <)v5 <
pp: b

:
9V)" i'(:2 QJ=C .*
k _.@ P, ]"%, L*'(C ?J ;
& 3G'" H ;
TX T8 ,D:); :
,].w 9V
"
-, )
.*:=0 3GK]" @ ;_%
(
&].w 9V 9% 8 -. 3Gm> _
¬
N:
*h :6/ BD
4K
& 'T
-, 2 ,'( TX
QJ*:) (":C H .*:=w )
a:
2
;<)F ^'
6" J;J%2 ◾
06
K N4)
9'6:
Nß
9'6:
-;*2 pV: ":, J;%2 ◾
kJX@ .*= *'(2 Ob@ 1
H h% H 8bC ◾
5 ).FSm
178
';" NV E 2 ?~ &]. 9V
O^2 H N2w @ 7J(
@ (d@ NJ8~) o
" i'(:2 ;_4 ◾
;
P*: H &].w 9V H (
)
9V) ◾
P*: C 9
1Db
, b8 /1D
◾
T
9, NK
s(
K) L
QJ"(
;
5 L/
\(I QJG5 ◾
((
Q :
*+, Z

pp: b
,'( v]: :q:<E
1 L:. : O ◀
5\Sm
(')8 (&(
O%
) .*:= p:*8 ,'( ◾
; :
&].w 9V
Q6
L;[ "*" L].w ●
&].0 9V ,X : o;%*8 P;q:
&4@ 1:
●
(*
T! 9"%, *
=) 8]:0 $%
;2 ●
,'( v]: H "% 2#0 ◾
&(
' l *: ,'( ;J
' 7% ◾
,'( 'C, 7% -, G!
PTO
7% ●
&(
' ,'(, ●
179
(Creative Commons) 1 : QJ6
,B
●
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQ

EFG -, :0 ("
,'( v]: ;J(2 ◾
,'( v]: H ':D "% 2#0 . \J(:
◾
,].w 9VJ
i'D2 8 N;62 J8@ 9b" @ N8]:0 $%
&].0 9V ?F^2 8 ¯[ ◾
; :
,D
$ :*'
T!J
=:0
,'( &D: d(, vK N&(
' l *: ,'( ,'( ', 7% s" *:
◾
&(
n
1
,X ,'( l 9,b
/
;(:
&(
' l *:C
5e9!X57 <
pp: b
y +Fd'
@ kB
61
kw *. 3)4 H QK
;_%
WJ(: N&;@ ] l s,; -. 9%2 0 Q
.I, :2 :
;TXw 1%
K. @ N,; Q1" .;TXw L; ':
4 kw
*8 .3)%
FG '*b; :
;TXw 1%'
Z*=w K(
P, %, /X ; 2 )Y*" i'(:2
.jQ;6C, TX@e @ j¤ TX@e @ NjQ= TXa8e )Y" %'(:C ;TXw 1%
12 -*C;
jdD5\ <)v5 <

<T -. 3
a); V:"0 f H @ Q. -. 9%; 0 , P, ]"%, J=¦" L*'( &%;
"=w L%; 3 N
. "=@ P* :" L": &%; .s(, p: (, 8, 3'_ 2
.3;
'_ :" %'(:C ].w P, *V%
.@ H QK=
(IPR5E5Fy<b0bjd
-*C; .,'( l 9,b
/
. G> ;J
' 7%6
':D K(" L*'( b:); 180
0 N ;J
' 7% k), ) N;J
' 7%6
D;:
'D
6T
O^; L@
.¬
N;J
' 7% I ,
L'T
4, N;J
' 7% -. *= 98b QKA6C,
w!53V?£ !5 )
?F
1:'
@ 61
¨(" P;q2 &4 N:61" i4:
3A 2 ND) @ . L*'(C 916;
;B8 k ::$ L*_, . 8#
" L*'(C &%; 3 . L; '2 O6, '. S'1
1 LT:; 3 N1:
H l T2J S'A : :
; '2 O6 p,B
K. U'@ @ 61

.-;J*:
FG H E*'(2 , $ LqBC;
;<)F ^'
7)
c1
9
62 6T
pV: :2 ":, c1 ◾
6" 4 / 0 K ◾
.*
3'(:'
kJX@ Ob@ H @ 1
9XK b4 H 8b ◾
5 ).FSm
pp: b
,'( / $J( P*: , ◾

*4J
T
$J( s" Q
◾
&(
' ,'(, ;J
' 7% ,'( l /
H 9,b
i6
9V), ◾
';T
&].w zV K(/ : s:<E
1 L:. : : O ◀
5\Sm
181
G5 <T ';T
&].w 9V ◾
V)
E 2w ?~ &].w 9V
,(
41 ●
0120 ,'( =
2 5 ●
':) '_ C; , &].0 9V E 2 K(
^2 ●
(V)
E 2w ?~ &].w 9V l T)) ';T
&].w 9V ;62 ◾
(QJO)
' J%,K ?@) '. QJO)
';T
&].w 9V ', ◾
N'^b
/*(
N N"b
UTb
N)
) ':D, .O4 ';T
&].w 9V *= ◾
.¬
N(¬
NLJ= N$%
(*: ) b* ¤
N(¬

($D, .O%
@ (*: *2 ;_4 ,) ';T
&].w 9V L*_, ◾
"% NQ^1
(*: J+ = ,) ';T
&].w 9V H 61
'*(
◾
('. :
8b:

(T(:
;J N$ b
N:
,) P*: H ';T
&].w 9V K ◾
':D, ¤" H ';T
&].w 9V . +$6 QKw zOD:
◾
f H ';T
&].0 9V ●
P*: H ';T
&].0 9V ●
';T
&].w 9V

KJ;w ~* ●
;F )# /"
pp: b
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%
EFG -, :0 ("
%TO:
N; N%O f ';T
&].w 9V ;J(2 ◾
#
w .F .TO 9V
':D, h@ &D:" ';" ,]. 9V -, ',@ 9'62 ◾
9V s" *:
. ?O2 :
(P;q:
:0 NzOD:

~ H *") J;J6:
'*. / ◾
V)
E 2w ?~ &].w 9V ';T
&].w
(*:
~ H *") QKA6 Q^1
(*: ¨(" H ';T
&].w 9V a2 3%2 ◾
2/ 1;0 /J
6, b*C ¤
,*:G ;_4 O^2 H * 0 N(I#$0
(, , @ Q^/ .*:= ¤" &D2 ';" &]. 9V bw zOD:
◾
K b5
*V4 L(_; (S#w Th . _(") Qq" ';" &]. 9V 06
K L*'( @J%;

:
0 H * 0 N';T
&].w 9V QK zOD2 , H * 9_$a"
(;TXw $ ;62 N?@) PI zOD2 ◾ 182
GK1, l QK(
@ PV4
: ◾
,'( @ T
3+2
(, ◾
J;J6:
'*. H (G*
) 6'1 U6/@ v[ ◾
(Q :
J;J6:
) '*(
QK ◾
3'. +$6 G*
7O P2 ◾

V(
i%62 ◾
*C 9_$ [Y, *V%8 GT:."
:
V1D
L": &D:); L@ -*C;
QK :, ◾
QJ:T, ◾
s'/ L)
l =, ◾

($ ◾
QJYC, ◾
8b2 ◾
fP .N!v+ DlL4v
bv5: V
pp: b
3=F
T 9
P, ]"%, J=¦" L,%; ¡9;T
&].w 9V )Y, kw , 'J" L": &%;
'1: * ,(
)
32+], L A; ¡s 61
P, N P, N-;J6
3GJ;J%2 9*b; L@ ^T; .V)
E 2w ?~ &].w 9V H Q*:( '2 P, %, NQKw J;J6:
"

:
V5'
';T
&].w ' ;Ka2 8
;TXw 1%
:X ◾
,'( K1, :X ◾
1%
k, (<.]:
@ &].w N?@)
( %;J ((, J+ = ;(2 N?@) + :X ◾
*
9($ KK : ◾
9X i%62 ◾
P;q:
&4@ 1:
-, ¯
f4 ◾
$
L4v2 )!v
183 ;6:
V_.@ -, ¨(" ;K4 P, ]"%, LJ ; b A*C (*: Q;" L*'( &%;
T; @ U2; . '*62 3:; ;$ z;[ :¦" i;J
&%; 3 .,'( -, 32T'O:, 32=:
.9_$@ a2 . 16'
kJX@ JY, d%, L _C; 4 .(podcast) Tb
.
;<)F ^'
0 K ◾
9;T
&].w 9V H :w ◾
';T
&].w 9V )Y, kw Q;
":8 ◾
kJX .*
3'(:
Ob@ 1
b4, H 8bC ◾
5 ).FSm
(*: EF
,].w T
9V Q^1
(*: 'J, ◾
&])
$6/ / ) . J;%2 ":8 ◾
: b35b7<S
pp: b
.Birdsall, W.F. (N.D.), The Internet and the Ideology of Information Technology ◾
http://www.isoc.org/inet96/proceedings/e3/e3_2.htm ( ';/B*:T H P4 Q;q)
Fidler, R. 1997. Media Morphosis: Understanding New Media. California. Pine Forge Press ◾
Green, L.2002. Communication, Technology, and Society. London, Sage Publications ◾
Habermas, J. 1998. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, ◾
Trans. Thomas MacCarthy. Cambridge, Polity Press
Habermas, J. 1994. Citizenship and National Identity. Steenbergen, B.V. (Ed.). ◾
The Condition of Citizenship. London, Sage Publications
Littlejohn, S.W. and Foss, K.A. 2008, Theories of Human Communication (9th Ed.), ◾
Belmont, California; Thomson Wassworth
Marris, P. and Thornham S. (Ed.). 2002. Media Studies: ◾
.A Reader (2nd Ed) New York, New York University Press

Pavlik, J.V. 1998, New Media Technology: ◾
Cultural and Commercial Perspectives (2nd. Ed.) Boston, MA; Allyn and Bacon
Servaes, J. 2003. Approaches to Development. Studies on Communication for Development. Paris, ◾

184
Communication and Information Sector – UNESCO
Stevenson, N. 1995. Understanding Media Cultures: Social Theory and Mass Communication. London, ◾
.Sage Publications
Sussman, G. and Lent, J. (Eds.). 1991. Transnational Communications Wiring the Third World. Newsbury ◾
Park, California; Sage Publications

r:<Eq: b
: r:<Eq : b
n%:
*4J
J;J6:

U6
O"
185
L:. : O ◀
5\Sm
" <.]:
:"
1
;
zV[ b H ,B
=
:
&D: ;62 ◾
;TXw J;%:
;q 3
. H =
:
EFG &D: 8 -. ',@ ◾

~ . T2#
Y) =
:
EFG &D: V$ ◾
,'(, . 16
. KJ
Q4 . N 61
J;1:
41, . =
:
EFG a2 ◾
4,
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
'*62 :
3%
9VJ
" <.]:
32 :
1
9'62 ◾
µo/Æ±.o´:±Y î±³$:Z±.o´:Z±Y ^±³±»´:Z±FÂZ±p´ZćW±]*'2±³±.DcZ ◾
Û¨©(JFQª¨¹¨©$°bQª
»´:Z±FÂZ±%p±qZ±p ^ÅZ±]*'2 ◾
Çf_ Z±ÃF±f.±`ppSi±g±FÂZ±`±qZ±»´:Z±ÃF±M.GZ ◾
»´:Z±FÂ[Z±pRÂ&Æ±b´ Z±\p[$ ◾
gb tQª¨ 'J«ª
¸]ÂF¿i±^´[G²±p22±ÃF±f»±7Rb±¸pZZ±bpZi±)g6Z±ÃF±XSp[G±CF ◾
±qpcO ±´2$Z ±To.A ±dF ±pZGNi ±F ±pN.J´ÓZ ±»´:Z ±\pW6 ±)F i ±%pSc ±*# ±*SZõ ●
±Äo*$Z±öGZ±qFÂ^±NV±aÀ5±`gbÀ5±\p 3Zi±ó*pOZ±º*cg^±Ê)b±Ì±]_>b¿±Ì±.o´:Z
±÷¸QÂA¿±ÃF±.Ö^±Ê±ÃF±Y´:$[Z±HR´Z±d^±µ0±Hp_ ±)F±ÃF±`gc^±*#i±\V±»*R±H^
Marshal± Blonskyø
±ó*pN ±CoË ±3o ±a ±dW_o ±PpV ±\¾3bi ±ÄùúúÒ ±]F ±³ ±µ»´Z ±Ì ±.Dcc2 ±Ä*SGZ ±ogb ±Y´[$õ ●
±Ê,Z ±µÅZ ±d2 ±a ±¸4p[ b ±1´Z ±co*^ ±`G ±K5 ±Y_FÀ ±ÕcA´² ±*#Æ ±AÑZ ±Ù ±<.Go
±\W6±FÂZ±Ä»´:Z±\o*±ai´go±Ê,Z±Äa´Sf.²±]´So±_pN±.'p2±p:'6Z±Ç^WZ±h[_
±.f² ±FÂZ ±%:p2i ±¸EcR¿ ±*o*5 ±.W^ ±oi» ±gc^ ±a´S['pZ ±p¾* ±»´:Z ±.VÀ ±qcpi»
±^*cF ±ccpFÀ ±Tb ±dZ ±M´2i ±¸HpN.Z ±dOZ ±YW5 ±d^ ±ÂW5 ±o»&¿ ±BS[Z ±i ±pbÂF¿ ±»´:Z
±d^ ±TS$[Z ±p»& ±ËÖ^ ±Ì ±ÏZ ±mG3c2i ±Äó*pN ±CoË ±³ ±h ±FÂZ ±` ±GRi ±*f6b 186
www¸saffo¸comñessaysñtexthotnewmedium¸php ±÷¸pR´´²
±ÇJ ±h[G o ±_^ ±Ä^´[G² ±R) ±Y´# ±ÇB& ±G ±ó*pOZ ±AËi ±»´:Z ±FÂZ ±ÃF ±}o ●
±Ê±³±i±»&Æ±³±g±FÂZ±`±qZ±»´:Z±]*'2 ±qKco±¼±¸o»&¿±]ÂF¼±\¾2i±³±Y´S^
¸Z)Æ±±#±_±p#±pb´bSZ±¼$Z±d^
±*GZ ±a´bcOZ ±g ±Hy_ ±qZV ±pN.J´ÓZ ±»´:Z ± ZG^ ±³ ±o.$Z ±d^ ±»*SZ ±4Oc ±Hy_õ ●
±Photographer± and± Computer¸÷q^^ ±T¾F ±Ê ±\W6 ±HR´Zi ±µo0pOZ ±Õb´R ±*G ±`Z ±¸>^ ±ai.R
±retoucher± Barry± Blackman
±E´b ±P9 ±¸pZ# ±.N´² ±ó*pOZ ±C¾Ëi ±»´:Z ±%pSci ±FÂZ ±p´ZćW ±hpN ±Yic ±$ ±. ◾
p´ZćWZ±e,f±YÂ&±d^±f.±dW_²x ±ÇpKZ
±µo/Æ ±q²F ±³ ±p´ZćWZ ±e,f ±]*'2 ±gpN ±` ±[^ ±P9i ±)*# ±ÄX ±9'Z ±´$Z ±Ì ±)c2 ◾
±Fc9±³±Õ[^GZ±\R±d^±p´ZćWZ±e,f±]*'2±Y´#±.¾*Z±Y* Z±P6W2±¸o»&¼±.o»SZi
»&Æi±µo/Æ
±ÃF ±`g[GN ±)i)»i ±`g 2 ±So.A ±ÃF ±p´ZćWZ ±e,gZ ±1cZ ±N.G^ ±.Ö ±k*^ ±Ê ±Ì ±7Rb ◾
±e,f ±ÃF ±}² ±pZiÖ3²i ±*¾ÓZ ±P9 ±¸qO$:Z ±.o´:Z ±i ±µo/Æ ±p#N ±³ ±/»Z ±»´:Z
f*f6±qZ±Çf_ Z±Ì±3cZi±Äf.o´:±ò±qZ±*#Æi±8'5Æ±Ì±3cZ±p´ZćWZ
±»´:Z ±$3^ ±. ±¸»´:Z ±FÂZ ±d^ ±XcW_ ±qZ ±p ^ÅZ ±k*# ±ÃF ±\:# ±ÄcW_^ ±XZ+ ±aV ±+ ◾
±g¾. ±aW^¿±qZ±ÇpKZ±E´b±P9±¸p ^ÅZ±]*'2×±»´^Æ±?G±. ±Yi#i±pN.J´Ń
¸*f6²±k*Z±hV}±Ê,Z±.Æ±i±»´:Z±mcG^±ÃF±ÇpKZ±e,f±ÇÀ±"Ë ±¸»´:Z±ÃF
;<)F ^'
r:<Eq: b
#
.TO, &]. 9V H " <.]:
32 1
'($ ',@ 9'62 ◾
;q
HJ!2
J;1:
61
J;1:
-, (4 0 K H 8b ◾
:0" /X -;*2 H 8b ◾
187
s:<Es: b
d( ~ ;
,
O%
: s:<Es : b
L:. : ◀
5\Sm 188
,'( c1 ,].0 c1

-, K. H ,8 ;q O%
9'62 \b: ◾
,
9*. H ,D:) O%'
" *V4 PI ◾
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQ

EFG -, :0 ("
c1 ,].w c1
-, .:, .* , H G;q ,
O%
&D: 9'62 ;62 ◾
,'(
G*
. % k:6 . /D
;
O%'
¨(" J@ 9'62 ◾
@ N)
J5 @ (* :
a8 Ns(, x%:
\" ,'
< &D:w :X ◾
.*:= : @ NL=J,
5e9!X57 <
s:<Es: b

($ Q1" &D:)2 ,]. c1 ,'( ',@ . 16'
&].w 9V ¨(T
6), J= ◾
k H J+
.Q
; . D
H QK
'2 -, J8@ @ ,
;q @ O%'
k
@ @ N;TXw@ ; ':
O%'
k @ N(, 6/ 9XK IJ( $J!2
1

j^'
e B.
1; 3A 2 ?F
d( / .; '2 p,J" -, O:% @ @ NV*)
O:%
,].w c1
-, 98 H ,
:,D: :

.;TX O%
@ N; '2 p,J" -, PO%, @ N$J!2$ Q/ @ N:" Q1
, -. 6" ◾
%'X 32 ?F
TO0 G , .O%'
@ Q1
H '1
~ I P4, / .<8 -. 1 A6 2
T: H D

L8
.O%'
@ Q1
I, l T)
" *
P4, / ®
F
:
? d( H T; L ^:
F
-*; L8 8 Ns: ':D, O%
@ ;" O%'
@ ,
;q
®O%'
@ Q1
i;J -.
1;
..*:= : @ L=J, @ | P* 2 O^2 K1" HJ!2$ 1, @ ;$ 1, @ 9AD2 ◾
T O%'
" *V4 PI ®~ :O^2 H G:D2 4 :
O%'
@ ,
;q G ,
i'X "'O ,'( 9% H ,
&D:w :Xw FG .) 8 . @ O^:
®6
F
Kb TO0
%
V e<
189
e<FB!" —
J //
/"J(
" d(/;'0" d(/1:X0
5! R 3w£' 5Dc5e<ECU – Extreme Close Up of eyesface
AF<
mV?£' + E:R3w'5Dc5e<reaction CU of head Close Up
..b
5JLJ" @Q=E)P"3w'5Dc5e<CU – Close Up head and shoulders
@Q"
@Q"5JLJ" @QÔ@[)b3w' 5e)
5e<MS – Medium Shot
;6+
3w'5 45e<5FTW5e)
5e<MLS – Medium Long Shot
5N3w£' 5FT5e<LS – Long Shot
V?'5e<l 4+90M3w£' 5FT5e<ELS – Extreme Long Shot

M
395 g: 4l @)'5 3w£' 5
45e<ES – Establishing Shot
s:<Es: b
%
V —
4 De!AF@'O%D:Bm
D4Xd!5 `
%
5E@
5V
5eF*4;
DOw)
4:Bm
d!5 `
%
5.<)
"5 45V
:Bm
S
: l c4R!" 9I / 9S
)
:Bm
RRE! .
4 De!AF@'O%N^:Bm
D+E"d!5
%
5 E'
5V
( *4;
5\ . dFe —

: b5) J:^: (Frame Tv
G(c)'=bW) %
" D'=b*
B e<!';'
: (Shot5e<F
Bm&E!0b e<F*
54.6
:(SequenceÖ e<5FF
8B De!v$e 'G>[ E
+9,"5e<F> D5
5e<Sec :(Cut) Se<
GRE!cg5EF)@
*
g¢ b 39
XFd! 6 ':$E)@' :(Fade out/in) $6 '3$6 '> E),
190
c
" %N'B De!$e 'GX*
6 ':3w'
39
g W=.*
"=.W *
%
+<)' : (Pan) 5
! 5e<
A9)AF@l @)'"*.O,]WBm
*
b
Hd)'"%D'=
+E'4M7%
Hd)' :(Zoom) %N)%D)lM
%N'S 39'+E)*4 )D)
TD/" ^ .4%
Hd)' :(Tilt) +
*
5D)<
Mass Media and Popular Culture Resource Binder. Toronto: Harcourt Brace & Company Canada
;<)F ^'
,].0 c1
-, .:, .* , H ,
&D: ;62 ◾
;, %2 6'O1, -. 6T
;TX O%
@ $J!2$ / N:" O%
9'62 ◾
0 :w @ JG+:
k O^2 . ,
&D:w _;J(
xOD
-;2 ◾
r:<Er: b
Module
5, Unité 5
: r :<Er : b
*D_
8 L'T'
J"(
L].w
L:. : ◀
191
5\Sm
j*D_
8e "~= ◾
*D_
8 i'X H ,D:) 2#0 ◾
\:) *
'"
J
1; H ; :
,](
i'X -.
6
',
($ ◾
(
].w ]*6
]X -, *
l
1; 3:; :
)VJ
9VJ
PI ◾
;F )# /"
. -;K4 L*'( L NQJ%

EFG -, :0 ("
:
($ k, ; :
,](
i'X H ,D:) 2#0 3%2 9'62 ◾
(
'6 (*: . ; :
,](
b J@ 3%2 ◾
i'D
&D:)2 QK6, 2# ]X -, *
l
1; 3:; :
3%
9VJ
9'62 ◾
; :
,](

. '6, ; :
,](
i'X , H Q;
=
:
K 3%2 ◾
5e9!X57 <
r:<Er: b
k:) . V0 9;T2 l :£62 K£
" @ l £
($ £(
i;):
£ 2# Le ◾
&D: (
7£O
. ].w ]*6
7] l K@ j$% (Te
£J
L ..

L].w B:(; .qA C; @ s(C, p:, PA1C; L'T
P*= H &D:)C2 Q £].
£
j.'6 \J+
P, (" U_:; 4 @ -, 3!J
. N
($ J8@ '8 94@ 3
(
6@ P*= H
Noreen Janus, Adertising and Global Culture, in Cultural Survival Quarterly, 1983
.L'T'
QJ"(
kB
8
,D:)2 :
i;):
2# ;6:
S#0 . 6" J= ●
':D, . \JA (2 .Adertising Age b .1" d(C; ?F
www.adage.com P4, q
G , 4 .$% jP"j 2 : p;#'
kB
8
9T4 -, ,D:) 2#0
Q§( $%
9"%, ;'%:
$%
-. } [T, ! @ [T, 9b" }J*_,
2]. @ #X L'T'
QJ"(
8
kw #
w P4 q ●
. (

3. &D: H J+ C @ ."F= :'(= :
L].w FG §. K .4" 16 2 ●
.JX> 4 @ ':D, %O, \:); p: o
JX> P, L].w FG L4 N*,
~ L8 ~
k, ?@ l b: .\:) 7)
P, 3V]:
s].w -, 98 " " 32 :
7JO
K
, H J+
) $ ,D:) ^'
3 ; 0 L8
d: NL].w 3 ; L@ cDh0 -*;
(.j.e *_:; :
1
L].w -, 9( 2 :

3:; :
7JO
9' .$% jP"e . ?O2 K6'
QJ"(
].w L@ K%
-, T8 K. %; ●
*
l
1; 3:; :
3%
9VJ
KA .:O" jPT
e FG q
(*: @ H s'/0 L)
\:); ,X @ p:*" cX L].w ,. OOD, PI ● 192
L2 L@ ah -, :
."w %:
2#0 ¯[ K .(, %O, H @ Q^1

L].w 08 2 :
'2 -. v$@ ':D2 8 ¯[ .*
FG '" H
($ J8
) 7)
\:)2 :
"@ @
*b
;J,@ H
:
(4J
)2 " 9%2 :
.
G L'T'
QJ"(
$%'
,
A*)
k L@ *"e ◾
3:; L@ ,
J
n:2 @ N
~ i%62 H ,G K ,'( 0120 3+ <('2 N'*b2
j&]$ @ N 2;
@ N] @ NTX @ N; ':
])') ]X -, . (;q2
-, 3G *" N(Noreen Janus, “Advertising and Global Culture”, in Cultural Survival Quarterly, 1983)
S#w Th i;J -. N&

~

J
1; H =
:
T('2 ?F
?%

nI2 ].w
',@ -. 6" ●
a2 ?@ 0 =
:
EFG &D: 8 ¯[ .-'( G;JC; :

*
K .(
7)
H '($ K=, ! p:, i;):
OX PI N6T
FG l K: ●
.*
FG l /
H
($ J8 L2 L@ ah -, :
2#0 ¯[ .\:)
*,
~ ;6
=
:
9( 2 8 b:
3)2 :
§(
¯[ ." cD
6 P*: H ; 2 ,].
2 -. ',@ A6 2 ●
, " H 0($ :
2 :
', @ L8 k, ?@ l 3A4 .
($ ; 2 ,]. J;O2 H
\:) *
'" H NEqB2 ?F
d( 1; H N; :
,](
. \JA (:'
;<)F ^'
r:<Er: b
,D:)2 :
2#0
]. ',@ 9'62 ◾
S#w . 6" J= ◾
]. ]*6
_;J(
xOD
PI ◾
193
$[B:²±` G^
±Y´# ±ÕW[g3² ±eb ±qF}3 ±pcSZi ±2»_² ±d^ ±F´_ ^ ±̈¦X?¿ª
±^*'Z±i±!c²±µË±ÃF±`gFcR ±M*g±cpG^±^*&±i± c^
¸aÂF¿±gZico±qZ
±\p_Z ±g ±k,$o ±i*SV ±,&Ö ±µû ±i ±;'6Z ±pZ² ±»´:Z ±̈¦Í«ª¨%bVZQª
¸[_^±µp5±i±8'5
±Êi ±Äp^ÂF¿ ±8´:cZ ±*# ±`gN*g3o ±do,Z ±ÕW[g3² ±F´_ ^ ±̈¦'b_VQª

¸;cZ±,f±h[:o±.&±;'5
y
±3±ÄÕG^±q^ÂF ±;b±*o*$Z±gpZ±hó±qZ±1cZ±F´_ ^ ±̈¦D$_®¬«p ª¨'b_VQª
±4c Z ±i ±Äd3Z ±\^ ±ÄV}6² ±;¾:'Z ±d^ ±)*G ±f).N ±H_
¸(Z±ÄpF_¿±SBZ±i±Äcg²±i±Ämb±Ä.V+ø
y ±a´S[o ±1cZ ±a±Y´S ±o.Db

±µ´= ±³±p^ÂF¿ ±Z2.Z ±aiOoi ±̈¦</ZQª¨'b_VQª
y o ±*R±p$i±Ä»´^Æ±Ì±`g.Dbi±Ä`g'o»±Äp:'6Z±`g»
±Ox
¸1cZ±d^±O['^±F´_ ^±\R±d^±O['^±Q.B±h+±a´_>²
±`[GZ ±H^ ±ap#Æ ±?G ±³ ±hG_ ±ò ±Î ±E_2¼ ±YÂ& ±d^ ±`[GZ ±̈¦i@V¬Qª¨WR@®Qª
194
±E´b±Â±d^±*#i±e»F±eb)±.Dbø±qV.$Z±`[GZi±q¾.²
¸`[GZ±d^±O['^
±Y´:$Z ±[R.F ±³ ±]*'3 ±qZ ±pcSZ ±pZ2Æ ±*# ±Ì ±Ç6o ±̈¦ÄBlockingÅ¨(=Qª¨

±qbi}WZ¼ ±aćGZ ±Ì ±Y´9´Z ±Hc^ ±YÂ& ±d^ ±q_R» ±k´$^ ±ÃF
±World± Wide ±.Dbø ±Uniform± Resource± Locator± Î± URL ± ±Î ±^´[G_[Z
±e6b ±ò ±Äb}b¼ ±ÃF ±HR´^ ± ½Blogø±bi*²±¸eb)±Web
±;'6Z ±,f ±]´So ±p#i ±Ä*#i ±;'5 ±\R ±d^ ±)F ±hbp9i
±AË ±i ±»´:Z ±i ±Ä*#Æ ±?G ±P9i ±i ±ÄSp[GZ ±Ñc
±ÃF ±`gSp[G ±µ¼)¿ ±do.&ü ±b}b¿ ±q^*'3²x ±dW_oi ±¸ó*pOZ
±¸k´$² ±\o*G ±T# ±e*#i ±b yi*²x ±#:Z ±a ±ÇJ ±Äb yi*²x ±k´$^
¸÷b}b¿±ÃF±p^ó±}N)õ±vV±b yi*²x ±Ì ±»6xo ±^±ZJ
±d^ ±¸pF_ ±i ±pcAi ±i ±p2p2ø ±)y*$^ ±F´_ ^ ±Ì ±µ_b¿ ±̈¦Ä;/ZQªÅ¨hZ:ªb«ª
±T# ±\^ø ±Q´S$Z ±d^ ±F´_ ^ ±)F ±pcA´² ±\_6 ±a ±<}O²
±^ ±¸V»6² ±\^ø ±pZiÖ3²i ±oF.Z ±ÃF ±Y´:$Zi ±o´:Z
±\_GZ ±ÕcA´² ±ÃF ±aÀ ±Y´S ±qZ ±O3[OZ ±qgN ±B5cZ ±pcA´²
±`g[_F±Äo):R¿±`gV»6^±YÂ&±d^±`gG_ ^±H=i±Õ3$±ÃF
±qZ ±k.&Æ ±)´g Z ±NV ±YÂ& ±dî ±Ä]GZ ±Y ² ±³ ±qF y´BZ
¸ÕcA´²±Hp_±p#±Õ3$Z±gb´Z,o
. N*4J
&].w 9V &D: B. Nf
Q4 l b2 =T5 d^
dFe;6
QK. @ 'b2 l ()
,].w k:6 TX P, 9. :

@ N32%'(:" N3" /D
,'(" 0Kw ]X -, N:!/
., l 32J+"
L . @ @ .*:= A(, .* , l *:w

5! 55T
9*6; N.*:=0 %(
;J+ H N*'
.
PI

.T=
7%6
-, ]8 2 H
:
s 61'
8')
¢KT .* , B `) 4c5 . 4c cL,X 4c
A T 8')
12
',@ S¤b@ . ;( .a" %:'
s H .(IFJ) s 61'
Z
K620 9T4 -, .%
EFG -,
-*_:; *+(, L¦$ N
Q*:( .%
s" 4J$ vG L@
NK6
N.I N4
N71

~ H *" N8#b, ¢KT,
16
. iTO2 kKT EFG L8 N,(

) NG

%0 G 'G@ . Z:
" ,].w *%
~ ,'( .
.*
l =2
'% 3 N4 B. =2 N,'( P* 2 T=*" 3:; '*. 0 'K

120 h@ P*= .s(, z B. i':, l 9J, 9T4 -,
L@ :6; 0 %': L@ ! .%':, \:)2 N
N]J, <'O:2
195 L; d: N120 S4 . 9J " 3'. . @ K=, L;
.9(
" 32 34 12w
H .)2 ,]. " z62 :

\J+
PV4
.* , y
.E) 2 ;62
. 8J2 :
j@.&.@e o;2 H ,D:) ;"#
"% y +Fd'
z62 :
$J+
N11%
N%:
4)
9'62 K
.,].0 c1
"
:
Q.%
"*" L; @T, @ (, l b2 N,].w w H 5c E'K
.v')
362
L N,'( -, ':D, @ 9;62 . Q%

l bC; _ <)
N*4 QJ h l N @ NQ/ @ N1" i'(:; J, L8
NQ= -, .* , ]X -, %0
/
-*;C 6"
l Z:
" ?KY; *, N
*6 2
@ N1Db
<6
8
.*4 012 ¤" i'X
\" N*. T, @

Y * 7%6
-, .* , SDey<b
QK. @ N(;q2 @ N9*(
FG ¬) . -;JX Q4 %2
8'*, 7%6
EFG L2 NL J8@ H .E:6, !/
s.T 9T4 -, o
9*(
b d.J2 :
8
9T4 -,
.kJX@ (' ?a8 (" 7%6
EFG [ -*; .3) @
3%2 3$ 9=@ -, $ ,'( 9'62 K . Q%
I <%E)
dFe;6
KJ , o
NG*:(2 :
I#$0 '*2 ?F
i4

.?JG+
G(, 2
v')
1; KA6; 4 %:( 3%
-, ?, &+ 5 <Y
G T
-, .* , *'(:2 %:(2 N,0 l QJ+

*'8 b2 .j;J$ .4 .* ,e @ KJ , jG~ zOD,e
N%:( N;T
$J( -, 9,:, z* l
F8 $%

..*:=0 3'(:
?,J
:
. Q%
. *:(; Nv')

$2 l *_, \;

J%
-, .* , :12 3
.=:, *'(2 "%,
9b" *; :
V
O')
" $ <(b
P:*:; 3 &+ 5T<.
-, 3G:X 32 -;F
sTD: E]8 B. [T, ! @ [T,
;J N*I Q1" N
F8 (2 G .J "D: &+ ]X
KJ
Q . JY2 :
J%
l T)
" :X0 *,
. ;J6
7%6
;* .
QJ
?8J, & , } :*%" J4w \]:X]
%%6
&#0 B `)
*2 :
*62 J%*;
3+
(*: L .;K(:

.L)w ,J8 &# L)w 7% -, 8
196
N*4J
120 K@ N*4J
=
:
&D: . Q%
5 K5.c5
.,'( b &D: 3%2 ;6:
N*4J
Tb

h@ H ,'( &D: 3$ . f
Q4 l _;@ b2
IJ. . K1 -, ( .* , -,
% QK(:
. "'O & K@ . 324 l @ NU6
Q=@ B.
Q%
0 *4J
$J( 9*b2 .*4 ¤" H ($ 6
B. 1
T
-): N,].0 K ) 2 QJ4 .
H GT):8 :
Q;
$J( iTO2 3%2 N*4J

(
.*4J
¤T
9XK 3'*.
9b" :b4, S*2 (":8 @ h) _4 @ I,

(, _ e@
.¨ :),
?F
Nb ?J;J6:
<
-. Y) Db
` d
61
l T)
" /X N'
( V
L*_ KA6;
</ s" n'O1 FG s" ¯I" *:
^T; .] @
U6/@ .* , @ Db
" 1%; ?F
N,].w '

.,].0 8
L'*; -;F
6'1
LK 32J4 FD:;
LJ6 '. -*2Y ;J6
d)5L<)
dFe;6
JX> 9.$ Y), ?@ -, @ ,].w '

</ -, 9X2 ?@
., ! @ ,
@ No
@ N-)
-. J+
\" NKJ$ 9
i6; a" QJ
: £
@T, .JX> KJ$ ?@ 9, 7%6
o " P:*:
N7J(
@ N-;

. $ K
L)w 7%6
(
L].w ¢KT, -, |@
_.@ P*= H '/a: ,J
" \#.0e Z:
9b

;J6
f@ G :"
;): 34%6" ;T
Q
;_4 P, d4]:; & , j.3
(
H &])
(

.Q)
N1
1
-, ')' B. 14 K; $#
h@ -, 9h ;FE
.'/: 8J6
TO O(,
o
Qh{
QT(
&D:)2 . L)w 7% -, i %D )5b
-. 6T
, 2J; 9($ ?@ l 9" N+ '
T(:
;J l z%$
(T : $61
;J B:(2 .'% @ N%'2 @ N,'(
. P*: '6 (*: 3.K T
; Ni6
F
¤
" ª :62 :
,'( . 16
H s i
F 5b
.,(

197
, @ .(, sw @ NK4 @ "4 LK 6:
H ;J6
5
L5d
Qh{
jT(:
;Je G , .
\KJC n'O1 &D:);
, 2J; 9($ ?@ l 9" N+ '
T(:
;J l z%$ o
J+
\" N'% @ N%'2 @ N$ @ ,'( -. 6T

.
F
,D:) '
-.
9V z%$ o
) &. 9b" &].w 9V ;J G K1% :5 d5b
9T4 -, QJO)
@ Q[T "4J
-, GJA 62 (.TO &].w
)$ L4 iTO2 LK ;J6
EFG 62 0 } *J
O')

.T
KK#

1D2 @ N:0 P,
$ 12 K <('; Dh ?@ . iTO; &. n'O1, :(GatekeeperP d

FG 9X; .~w @ '
_(" . %"w ,'(
< @ 9J2 l '; J%
~D2 H 'X
'*(
-*I
FG 6; .G*
-. &].w 9V '*2 :
,'(
&].w 9V
,J
9)'):
;:), P*= . < 6

14 H =K ?; :
K1 H ST; ?F
9J -, :"
.
" QJ;= 14 ?@ LJ%; -;F
-;J6 l N(,
N,'( N$#
,) ,].w ;:6 -, QK(: $EB
dFe;6
&(
$G $ 9
.(
~ l , N,
N].w NTX
.**12
The Guttenberg ":8 H LG'8, h, l QJ*'

GJ8~ 5 5<
-. ;J4 l 3
(
'%2 32 8 n'O1 FG 1; .Galaxy
-, 4]O ;
,'( 8J #
0 =
:
i;J
i"O2 4 .) S4
H kJX@ (4 98 l W . (4 98
World) (
Tb
S#w Th P, JXY, n'O1C FG
.(Wide Web
)Y s" 9. :
. ?O2 :
'*(
G
;J(2 9_$@ :v;d

" 36
i'(:; . P*: H QK= '2 *J

8 N,D: 3:; 8 NQJO)
O')
~
" P:*:2 :

.,(
.*:=0 Q6
" %'(: J%
)
P12
8')
* ,6
)Y -, 98 36
9*b;
." OT2J
NQ:), 6: , T2¦" hJ

36
) :; : Q;d
N&(
n
1
;(2 . 9*(2 , ¯J" (ATb, J4"
H vb; s:, , P*: , N$ h *, NL%
QK
.,(
LYb
198
! J4" N )(2 T2¦" ?KJ
36
*:; >I;d
*(: Q NQF$ ! @ 5 4 3+ N
)*'
(IX
K)$ N,(
Q6
H xJD, ! , P*: , N;F :
O')

.P 7O . :,
<T)" f
-, QKA6, .* GJ
. WJA 6; 12 ?@ 5/_ e,
NJ8~e o
N7J(
) GKJ$@ s" P* 2 :
8#b V1D

.(¬
N)
9V) Njd@
; @ .
J+C; :
;*6
7%6
-, .* , !vy<b
7%6
EFG 2 3:; NQK. .2F
,# L)w ,J8 ;*6
Q1" 7%6
EFG -. B(2 A :

iV
H
" 4 20 NL)w 7%6
(
L].w N,) '1 , A
7% N
F8 9*b2 .(¬
N9 O
7% 4 2 NL)w 7%6
/ J%
;* l cX 9b" d()2 } U(b
@ .*

.P*: H b* ¤
@
,'( P, 9,(:
H ,D:) %:
9V
$8 -,
a:2 :(ICTK 'K
F '
dFe;6
NTb
U6
Q=@
~ H *" N120 '*. 9)2
=
2 L:2 NkJX@ QT(" .
,q]
,B
-. ]_$
N 2
0120 l $I N2,'( -, 0120 ,'(
.w ;
1

(, @ P*= N&].w 9V
hw 2
xOD
) 0120 K . Kb2 G
.;6
,'( =
2 , H (']

KJ$ %:(; :
¢KT %:( .* , @ N )'
NQ%(
5 v
J+
H %;J ',h ;m @ . G) 2 -*; ..*= @
.
-, K. H @ 3')
iO H 6
G *8) , l
%TO
9T4 -, #% $ -, .* , @ . @ N( )'

.P*: FG _.@ P*= -,
T%, QJO) .*:=w
.3 @ ?, G~ TO :
9T4 -, " 36:

Emb 3:; &].w 9V h@ -, 9h ?@ 5FdlL4v+\
s'/ L)
-, (*: @ Q^1
(*: @
~ P*: , @ Ns(, HJ^= P4, H =:; P*: , } s(, A '" H
9V *:2 .8#b, n
1, EKJ$@ P* 2 P:* , @ N(, ;G
9V -. N(; :
) /D
&].w 9V -. '6 &].w
199 .,(
,].w T
9V -. @ N

GJ;2 :
&].w
,
§(
@ ;:, 6 . '6 &].0 9V B:(2
.J%*;
Q6
" ¨" ,]. &+
-, Q*:) \( ¡T
O^; L@ -*; P n'O1,
F
3
. H .q,J
@ h0 ¡3'(:
@ QBD
@

PV4" '1: ,'( /
T
! n'O1 &D:); N&].w
N0120 i;J -. %'2 @ (*= 32 :
NQK6, 0 @
.;TX J;%:
@ NTD:0
.,'( , d%:)2 :

:) @ N.*
@ NcDh
F
3 -, N,'(*'
:= . \J(:
. KJ
Q4 l b;
F 5

h@ B.
( " '% ,D: N*%2 NG1, ;62
.QK(:
:
_(" P, O"# <6
Th -, . &+ !7!v
-, ' ,D
Internet Protocol Suite TCP/IP &+ &D:)2
-, L:2 Tb
-, Th G .3
(
6@ P*= H f

*;K8 N; :
Tb
N/D
N,(
Tb
s;],
91:2 :
N(
6 s4O
. N,6
Tb

#
0 %:
-, ( .* , ]X -, _(T"
.;T

61
H *;%2 GJ;J62 :":8 TX P*= '*. 5 d
dFe;6
.S#w @ ; ':

.~w T
]
:2 :
,'( P* " &%; ?F
Db
$Ed
Db
FG 9*. d*); .;_%
N=:
NcDh N;

.$61
"
. N0" T
xb
. ?O2 :
*'(:
"% l b; $d;F )
.Q6, l *:0 -, N 9T
.*'(2 @ ,'( v]:, QJ$ 5
"% EFG H .3'(:

'*. <'4 H 3'(: P_2 *'(2 "%, ;F )4M7
7 <'/ H 32('O2 KJ$ =: PI 3:;
L*); :
1Db
3" 2 . 8#
-, 8 P, N3'(:

*G), -*; 8b & , ) ; .3'(:
'*. H "
.*'(:
¤T
H 3'(:
.T: &D:0 ,q]

5D) 3
Q6
L@ " K1% .3'(: . 8#
QJ " 91:; n'O1, : d
;F )
NL,
L" K6, N*'(2 p,J" 7]O P, j@T2e 0
9( ; *, NJ*:" 3'(:; KJ$ 98 .V: . j4:2e 0
200
,K H k14 *G@ ~ ,'( &].w 9V =
2
&].w ,'( $J(, J;O2 L .3'(:
-,
FG
X :*2 9" Ns(, |K p,J" *: KJ , .:%2 0
':D, -8,@ H J;O:
FG 3:; .*J
3'(:
'J, 7
-*I N.*:=w b
]X N9*(
-8,@) ':D, I@
.(
~ l , N* ! *'(2 0
Z:
" 9*; ?F
Nb: J8 %
B. ;C ?F
&].w \ 6'vlL4K+\
9V l _;@ n'O1 b; .s':) T'!@ T'O; ,
b
@ NQV)
;J
:
,*. o(2 :
&].w
.02 J8 =:

-V"
&*:G ;%2 l
]X -, 8
d()2 :
'*(
A)
:
,(
2#0 i;):

; .,D
@ P')
ka"
J;O:
@ N; :
4](
@ NPT
%:
9b2
.? :

-. P *= 9T4 -, v]:{

QA(C &].w 9V 5%/ .6lL4v+\
GB. i$:2 12 4 .=
:
&D: i;J
.9VJ
,'(
@ N120 H ,D:) ;K
. , n'O1 ; lL4v+\
dFe;6
;K
]X -, 3:; ?F
) ?G*
120 .
9V .
~ l , N<6
N*)
L; ':
.~w8
-, s,_ $2 3:; N4 ,'(*'
1, G &].0
k(2C L@ -*; Z:
" N$61
3%
GK A6C2 J;J62 '*. ]X
)
H .T:. ?~ Dh @ *+, l ;J;J6:

)
9V 9*b
&].w 9V n'O1C, &DC: , T
! NQX
.S#0 . QJ$: Q;
&].0
.G*
l
1; Emb 3:; ?F
&].w $
L4v.
N&].w ,'( n'O1 H QK= \J6

(2 "GlG"
(4 N N$J()
l n'O1 b;
,'( K1, &].w 9V P, 9,(:
s*'
n:2 :

3'(:
, ?%
:
J;O2 N($ 6 . kJX
.s'.$ s, 3, 9( 2 .*:= ¤b2 9T H Q6
k,
9( 2 :
11%
dT
Nq,J
Nh N6'O1 lL4K N
K@ ~ .&].w 9V B. % k:6 3 ; *

#
0 &].w 9V H ,D:) j^'
e 9*(2 NTb:

9V H j\
6
3'.e $ 9*(; :
) %;JO
"
201 ..TO &].w
N*I @ '. Q1" N?G*

12w 9V &D: 3$ lL4v "5
:
%:
N&].w 9V
?K%:w .
3

~ H *"
9'62 QJ4 . Q%
_;@ .8#2 :
N,D:)2
,].w h -, .:, .* , B. 12w : 3%2
U6
Q=@ ;KJ
": $61
L; ':
9,)
q, $ . Q%
H D':; n'O1 F
d(, * .(G!
-, .:, J, -*I =: N*%2 N''62 N0120
.h
(* 2 &D:" P')'

P;
V :
P" l ,J
Ob o7
3;%2 @ N"F= Q1" IJ. %2 B. @ NkJX@ P' P,
¨ D2 @ Ns':) &, Q[T, :"J 2 @ N, , .
<
-, G! N'*b2 /X WJ. 3;%2 @ NGJ(
.PT
x% H ,D:)
.i':, l 1, -, 'J ,'( 5
.$J2 @ *'(2 WJ! * 0 NzV Q. &D: p,K \ )
@ N
§(
*4J
p,
_;@ n'O1 (; L@ -*;
@ N,J
@ N(V= @ 9,8 9b") ;
@ N1

.OOD:

\D -. B(2 :
%:(*'
*I *+ QK. 9*2 :eX
dFe;6
d.; N1%
EFG H .(, $% H ' ('O:
T!J

9OT
JA *; .,)
\
T'2 l } E1, 9 ; ?F
} 9OT

~ H *" N\
6 ( -, 8 9J, Q. H QK.
EJ, NE4 @ jV.:e <T)
8K 3 N;T
@ jEK],e
N36
¬b
-, Qb %'2 N,1X =, N . 1%"
.E;K l QK(
X@
7 H . -, ')' ]X -, QJ,^, @ 14 K ×<Ð

L,
H
*: 9)'):
G N,].w c1

.L
@ N" N(T B. ;= a" '1: ,'( 1; ?@

l @
\J l N h
1; @ NS#w Th . IJ.
.*

;
TX 3;%2 . 8JC; ?G*
12w 9V -, 5 D,vlL4v+\
] 61
) .TO &].w 9V 9*b; G .*
l
. N(L; ':
.~w) ,].w T
9V N( 9T .
N 9T .) S#w Th . &].w 9V N;:, 6
.( #
0 P4
1, B. (;q2 N=: N**12 32 ?F

,].w k:6 6lL4v 202
.*4
N,'(, NTX@ . ?:6; N*+:C, . (T2 1; b, 5Ed

9'4 :, QK= ~ 7 . .TO, QK. L; N].
.T) '

*G %, KA6C2 G NTX ;(, @ d A*)C2 :

3%
D,X;c
&*:G0 l bC2 *8 N,]. ' 9T4 -, s(, BD
O.@ ?F

(TO
NJ:
9*b; 3%
3G@ -, ¨(" .*
E; E0@ ?F

..
a" 91:, BD
L@ @ NßDb
P"O
NV

8a:
G `VJ
$G NJ%*;
3*/ H G 8b 5! 5 95 9
.:*2 H 3); P*: H (4, FXa; L@ KJ$ 98 L,¦" L@
H | J%*;
* §. -, &G . 8b
L)w 7%6" P:*:
H ;
J B:(; NJ%
P/ '*.
.
/D
) ' -, N,].0 )Y :" *:2 5
L4v5 )5` )
dFe;6
.TO) ,].w '

-, @ (P*: ,(

*:2 NP G(*" .(S#w Th L; ':
.~w
-, _.@ $ ª$6; :

6
]X -, P*: H ;K(:

. .*:=0 @ ;
@ 4J(
@ 2w .*
':D,
N/D
32,*:G @ ;'%:
3:$%" '%:) 8b @T,
.8#b Q_6
8 H *GJ;O2 .
N;K 12 :
N(;$) VJ @ 21
N,].w ' $D9jD
<6
9, Q=@ . 2Gb, @
*:w -*;
.8F
2

1
.I 4 J+
= $ * , 5D 95 <Y
! *= B. N(, .*= '_ 2 :
JG+
-, G!
$%
cX 9b" N(, $%
`VJ
:
-*I N*
gh
(
:
1:, l -;(
LJ%
9V@ -, "J^

.-;(
?K6
LJ%
9V@ -;(
LJ%
JX@ H
9h . TX P*= -.

Y) .TO &].w 9V 5 d
.] , @ 6/
B. ;'%2 (T 3:; } B 7 -,

a:2 :
&].w 9V 54DelL4v+\
203 ., '*.
,]. p:, . 16

\" ,].0 k:6 P* 2 '*. 2 )!v
N,].0 c1
b '*. l _;@ b; L@ -*; .V
.:w H s',(
cDh l *8
T)
" .*= 4, . a:
l \; 120 h@ -, 9h 5 4
.s(, 4, @ (, _4 l
J(b

~ H *" N'/ ."w *. . iTO; n'O1, l kF
F
-, G! N : 3*12 N&]$ N<:

N-
d%
(; Nw FG H .U6
p,B8 N;J
' h@
? &D:); L@ -*; ."w 9*(
L@ &(
' l *:w
-, = &(
' K" B:(2 .&D:) T! <) L8 WJ!
:
':* o. N,. 1" P*: *'
.*
H%
#

.KJ$ :%;
¨% G ?F
N98 *
( , @ &(
n
1
& , 5
5dF
, . &. i$2 =; 0 ..* , @ Db
/D
n
1
9V%
d( o(; n'O1 FG L@ ! N,(
6'1 9b;
@ 3(I -. J+
\" NP*
" i'(:2 n
1 ¨(" La"
.:;*6
(, J= ~D2 <'O:2 Z:
" N3(4,
<('2 L@ T
! , U'O, &(
O%
-,
*, &]. 9V 5
5
@lL4+\
dFe;6
.:, q:, p,J" $2 ]X -, ,(

6'1 3.K H K
.98 P*: 9*2
-, 0" N,(
6'1 -, (, :; L].w -, 5
5
@L4
.; 2 ,]. @ p:, 2
TX
KT:; L@ P*: KJ$ -*; ,(
) & , l 0 6
KJ$ $ P*: ; ?F
L ?@ } ;J6" ,'(
. Nv#b &*:G0 ~ 9V) -'(
H L
KT:;
3G@ -, Juergen Habermas B:(; .
*b
Q) f@
A
.&(
& , H -;J+
`VJ
K6 G 7J(
L A2 :

9,(
La" K%:.0 5Ô
l ?KY2 4J(
$]:X0 La" N;T
%
1'
.s(, 7J. H 9/a: 7 :

=, i;J -. QJ b, .*), h B. '0 12 54v

..~w T
i;J -. * '
p,B
9%
} )^,J8
,].w )Y v' . a:

@ QJO)
06, l b2 lL4v5. TX
s4 .4 iTO2 PI ]X -, '.
,].w

.38' d.J2 204
Nd(, 9*6; Emb 32 ?F
,].w
9( 2 :
'*(
+Y.)
$@ @ @ @ -8,@ @ /Dh@ 9*; @ N1; @ N,J; @
_;@ n'O1 (; L@ -*; .
X QK=, %%
s" N'(
$ @ N @ Nf
@ N-8, s" 4](

.,].0 k:6
.) . ;K1:4 @ = IJ 2 :

.%
5'5. TX
&# 2F
*5
J (2 N&].w 9V l T)
"
Y), -, 9X2 A ?@ LK * .4 4]X .4
.)Y, @ ,
*:
/1X N(d@ NJ8~) o
f@ . *:
@ 6:
x6M `d)
q(2 :
4 @ \J+
@ v')
l T)
" } Q@J I
.o
f@ . .*:=0 K H O*
1
K*:.
N
~*
3G 1

~ H *" Nq,J
&D: 5M

(T%
L2J; [ J%T
Q. N,) P4
-, <= 9*:
.(_T
(T%
L6
1
J%T
Q. ?2J; *" NK)

3Jb; -;JX> P, cDh@ " &%; ?F
S#w B. 120 54 .)K D9
dFe;6
Tb
. .*:=0 xb
9*b; 8#b, b ,*:G
Th O(2 .3) @ -. ,'(, J$2 n,], L; /Dh
.QT8 T(h ~ .*:= Th -. 0, jv" o;$e
U6
q
*'(:
O(2 :
T
p,B
6
?
',@ ¯#2 . ':D, -, '*(
@ T

(, 8
l T
p
(2 p:2 :
T: ,B
-, ,B

.1
n%2 9b:" 36:2 :
,B

V1X &D:); &].w 9V H 9*:

h@ -, PVh 9h 5e.a<
_.a" (, / 71
^"
.
\J(:
3:;
00K 1
EF
L; L@ -*; .$% @ .*:= .* ,
." ; @ T'
1
-, .* , O" V*)
O%'
-, ')' 9*2 :(StoryboardE)e@
ZG U:8 H ,J
')' T8 l Tb2 ,J

&%; ?F
_6:
-, = F :
zOD, 9*; } (comic book)
.&]$ @ J;12 9T4 JD "
N 9T .) &].w H '% K bw ,D:) Q= )
N.1
*4 N2
NJ2T*
Q=@ N;KJ
Q=@
205 .(
~ l , NP"O
&. 9b" %$#, NL ¨(" H :"

N8J6: 1
9% MEF)
k:6 ¡)^,J8 @ V"J8 h B. N1
P,
T2 p:2 :
)Y ¡hw EF
*) @ VJ
.; ':
p,B

:{
QKJ pV:
k l QK. ,].w
b; $
L4v
N 9T .) ;$ @ .*), @ ":, S8 N,].0
.(¬
NL]. N 6/ @ ' , -, s(, K. NU:8 N; '2 %'
-, ab k:6 @ ':) 9T4 -, p: &].w" _;@ \J(; l @)+Dc*
o).
,].0 ;:6 -, ':D, @ l b; G N&D:) 9T4
&].w 9V ,D:), :; L@ -*; ?F
* '
:
,].w k:6 L':); -;F
¤
@ L; N
F" .*4J

.
F8 :;
QGb, i;J -. @ 1

U(: . 3V4 *'(2 U'@ $\;F )
.'(
U :

9T .) k:6 1;w 1

. *:(2 :
&].w 9V 5\lL4v+\
.(¬
NS#w N&]$ NL; ':
N
s,D:)*'
n:2 '. :
9 A)C2 :
2,'( %TO:
:(Web 2.0{Ý|a
dFe;6
%TO:
EFG L .,D:); :
,B
V1X 3*12
A
.8b L(:
*G@ . Kb2
L(" v#b2 T
@ 1
@ Tb
6 / -, .* , :(website$!7KSc
.(EK@ (
Tb
J+) Uniform Resource Locator
cDh@ Q. -, QK. :/ 2K 3:2 S#0 . P4, :(wiki$

9*b; .E:6, n%2 @ $I H P4 ,D:), 3G);
/ N%'(2
~ H *" NO"#, ;:6, 6 / Q. T
!
3:; @ H AC -. ; £
':D; .¬
N:), N
-*; Ns,D:) -, ;(
9T4 -, QK. 2;:6, ;62
.'. K -, .:, .* , 9*62
-, 'VG *8 2 -, -*2 S#w B. '^b2 3:; ,X :(World Wide Web5 5D9
^'
N
9h G )V V5 ] $2 B. k:6
,'(, 9
L. N Hyper Text Markup Language (html) T
]X -, ,'( 9%
' NUniform Resource Locator (URL)
.Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (http) 82B

zV[ 9*6:" P4 ,D:), EB. &%; S#0 . P4, :(You Tube_'
.-;JX P4 ,D:), P, 8b:; 6" 3*2 ;$
206

!"
( )6 %@
#$% &' ()* +, ' -. / 01 2
** !$3 45 7 6 8!'
9 $#$ :" );
!**<
=
) )> ?'"
'5@ )9 @# A'@' B9C 6 @ D
E?"F
!G H$I J
< !K ) 45 1 L@# 8G !'I MN"<
-OP< -7#QR -#($ S T K S !U V :" Q$

8H)U
!9 S'W S
!';$ XR% -Y -Z%9
8A'' '*$ 2 EI K )@ 7# 7< ![ !K ) B9C@ 6
! AG%
)#)V = 2G@* 45 1 7 G S\@
82 #G
Janes Karklins
G-
=9? E $#) )"G
www.unesco.org/webworld
ISBN 978-92-3-001080-5
2G;

=9F
ΓΪΤΘϤϟ΍ϢϣϷ΍ΔϤψϨϣ
ΔϓΎϘΜϟ΍ϭϢϠόϟ΍ϭΔϴΑήΘϠϟ

Media and Information Literacy Curriculum For Teachers 2015 PDF

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Media and Information Literacy Curriculum For Teachers 2015 PDF

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

 

Couverture (de gauche à droite, de haut en bas) : 

o; " N)

Q6: '* NL

o; " N)

o; " H )

o; " N)

Ns " T8 &' (

o; " N)

 ,- ./  —

1 2 3 456'7 89:9; <)= >?@AB .) —

Q6: '* NL:;J" No  (, = NZ

)J$ No; " N(CLEMI) &].w 9V  3'(:'

}o; " (, = N(IAMCR) 12w &].w 6T

) N qJ8$ (, = N T@ T:, NJ;, KPM

?! N; :, N '"T; 0 ?K (, = N;"#

L:^'; N T:  , 

o; " N)

s" NH0 8 ,"K 8 (, = U)9' '

(, NA , N8 N ; : N(AML) &].{

2 3.FWX:5 = >?@AE$! YB .)K

NfJ;> o;" N

UJ^ N&].w &'. '8 NA ,  .F*[

%;J$@ U= N ;:;J" (, = N"#

(, NA , N8 N ; : N(AML) &].{

Q6: '* NL:;J" No  (, = NZ

%;J$@ U= NpG *'

%;J$@ U= N

T,  N "#

T,  N ;J" 8 "#

T,  N ;K^@ "#

T,  N T,  (, = NQ 6,  jM

%;J$@ U= NfK (, = N 6, ME) !"

%;J$@ U= N ;:;J" N =

%;J$@ U= N"

%;J$@ U= N S  (, = NQ 6, &"I !

%;J$@ U= N ;:;J" (, = M)%

%;J$@ U= N ;:;J" (, = N"#

%;J$@ U= NL

%;J$@ U= NB) G= No

%;J$@ U= N"J^

%;J$@ U= N , (, = N

%;J$@ U= N ;:;J" (, = NT:, s,@ k  /

NL:)^8 N ;T

; , = NL:)^8 N)')8 P*:  '8 NT:, ,@  

; , = NL:)^8 NVTDI NVTDA NHeart TrustNTA N @ QJ;, l 3NO !

& ; Ny;

! "2 K;J2 (, = NQ 6, &

! "2 K;J2 (, = N. ), ~ :@ PL+!

N); NNortheast comprehensive school N 0 120 ,'( =

; , = NL:)^8 NPBC TV N9%:),  6/ & /_

; , = NL:)^8 N PBC TV N1,   

NQJ;, NICT4D ; , = N(,

Projects and Partnerships HEART Trust/NTA

;K]^" N 8K Ns*'( K. '8 NQ. ), Q~ :@ ; ' ! d

L 2" N *2 N ,'( 0 12w Qq *9'$.N

L 2" N *2 N 0 120 ,'( Qq NzOD:

? b2 N$ 61'

T N(NCED) ?"#

T Ns*'( <;2 (,  9

L :)8 " NG0 N )'

L :)8 " N2J8 N3'(:

1DC    FG K. H ', h  , " %, &D: -, 8a:

Couverture (de gauche à droite, de haut en bas) :

o;" N)

Q6: '* NL

o;" N)

o;" H )

o;" N)

Ns" T8 &' (

o;" N)

,-./ —

1 2 3 456'789:9; <)= >?@AB .) —

Q6: '* NL:;J" No (,= NZ

)J$ No;" N(CLEMI) &].w 9V 3'(:'

}o;" (,= N(IAMCR) 12w &].w 6T

) NqJ8$ (,= N T@ T:, NJ;, KPM

?! N; :, N'"T; 0 ?K (,= N;"#

L:^'; N T: ,

o;" N)

s" NH08 ,"K 8 (,= U)9' '

(, NA , N8 N ;: N(AML) &].{

2 3.FWX:5 = >?@AE$! YB .)K

NfJ;> o;" N

UJ^ N&].w &'. '8 NA , .F*[

%;J$@ U= N;:;J" (,= N"#

(, NA , N8 N ;: N(AML) &].{

Q6: '* NL:;J" No (,= NZ

%;J$@ U= NpG*'

%;J$@ U= N

T, N "#

T, N ;J"8 "#

T, N ;K^@ "#

T, NT, (,= NQ6, jM

%;J$@ U= NfK (,= N6, ME) !"

%;J$@ U= N;:;J" N=

%;J$@ U= N"

%;J$@ U= N S (,= NQ6, &"I !

%;J$@ U= N;:;J" (,= M)%

%;J$@ U= N;:;J" (,= N"#

%;J$@ U= NL

%;J$@ U= NB)G= No

%;J$@ U= N"J^

%;J$@ U= N, (,= N

%;J$@ U= N;:;J" (,= NT:, s,@ k /

NL:)^8 N ;T

;,= NL:)^8 N)')8 P*: '8 NT:, ,@

;,= NL:)^8 NVTDI NVTDA NHeart TrustNTA N@ QJ;, l 3NO !

&; Ny;

!"2 K;J2 (,= NQ6, &

!"2 K;J2 (,= N.), ~:@ PL+!

N); NNortheast comprehensive school N0120 ,'( =

;,= NL:)^8 NPBC TV N9%:), 6/ & /_

;,= NL:)^8 N PBC TV N1,

NQJ;, NICT4D ;,= N(,

;K]^" N8K Ns*'( K. '8 NQ.), Q~:@ ; ' ! d

L2" N 2 N,'( 012w Qq 9'$.N

L2" N *2 N0120 ,'( Qq NzOD:

?b2 N$61'

T N(NCED) ?"#

T Ns*'( <;2 (, 9

L:)8" NG0 N)'

L:)8" N2J8 N3'(:

1DC FG K. H ',h , "%, &D: -, 8a:

l L*:; BX 9T4 -, :6/ -, 8a:

NX@ ¡> U= T;

s GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG./

& );/ E b'

{z GGGGGGGGGGGGG54 .)K5 9$T<. d5

q{ GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG5 X=.F > E

qz GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 2 3l @)}"GlG"~2 3;F ';F 'g57> D

;"J2 3+ K= Q . KAh ?F

5 6 T:8 NkJX ,'( K1, &].w 9V L@ P 7O . " \#( -,

G! T: 5 6 &].0 9V V5 (@) -_:2 &].w ,'('

FG H 9:62 NH%

EF" s', 3) @ L'A ( L; L@ <'O:; U]O

4 L'A ( L; G. N&].w ,'( a" s', 6T1

( ' Sc

W5 d 30^ l7bS

35

,'( EFG 3%2 . ,'( . 16

. N0 f= o28

"GlG"2 35D5!` {;c+9