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Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37143-1_62

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Trip effect on thermo-mechanical behavior modeling of steels during
quenching process

MAHMOUD YAAKOUBIa, MOUNIR KCHAOU a, FAKHREDDINE DAMMAK a

a
Unit of Mechanics, Modeling and Production (U2MP), Enis, POB W. 3038 Sfax, Tunis,
mahmoud_yaakoubi@yahoo.fr mounir.kchaou@issatgb.rnu.tn fakhreddine.dammak@enis.rnu.tn

Résumé – La prévision des contraintes résiduelles générées par le traitement thermique des pièces
en acier est une tâche complexe et insuffisamment contrôlée due aux plusieurs interactions entre le
transfert thermique, les transformations de phases et le comportement mécanique du matériau. Les
transformations de phase pendant la trempe induisent une plasticité assez grande que la plasticité
classique du matériau mult iphasé dont ses propriétés sont estimées à travers une loi linéaire des
propriétés des composants de l’agrégat. Divers modèles ont été proposés pour tenir compte de
l’appelée plasticité de transformation (trip) dans la modélisation du comportement mécan ique de
l'acier qui subit une transformation de phases pendant la trempe. Dans cette démarche, deu x
approches sont proposées pour tenir co mpte de trip dans la modélisation mécanique. Dans la
première approche, un incrément de déformation appelé incrément de plasticité de transformation
est ajouté aux incréments classiques de déformat ions ce qui modifie la règ le de l’écoulement
plastique. La deu xième approche emp loie un schéma thermo-élastoplastique classique avec une
évolution spécifique de la limite élastique du matériau mu ltiphasé pendant la trempe. La valid ité de
ces deux approches est discutée sur la lu mière des résultats obtenus de la littérature.

Mots clés : modélisation / thermo mécan ique / trempe / trip / limite élastique.

Abstract – The prediction of the residual stresses generated by heat treatment of steel parts is a
complex and insufficiently controlled task due to several couplings between heat conduction, phase
transformations and mechanical behaviour of material. Phase transformations during quenching
induce plasticity that fairly higher than classical plasticity of mult iphase material that its properties
are estimated fro m linear law of mixture co mponents properties. Various models were proposed to
take into account of the so called transformation induced plasticity (trip) in the modeling of
mechanical behavior of steel that undergoes phase transformation during quenching. In this way,
two approaches for the mechanical modeling taking into account of trip are proposed. In the first
approach, an increment of deformat ion labeled transformation induced plasticity increment is
added to classic deformations increments so the plastic flow rule is modified. The second approach
uses the classical thermo-elastoplastic scheme with specific evolution of yield stress of mult iphase
material during quenching. The validity of these approaches is discussed on the light of the results
gotten fro m the literature.

Key words : modelling / thermo-mechanics / quenching / trip / yield stress.

Djerba 25-27 Mars 2013, Tunisie

5 ième Congrès International Conception et Modélisation des Systèmes Mécaniques CMSM’2013

1 Introduction  5 4

ε v    z k  k T   z k  k  δ (3)
 k 1 k 1 
Rapid quenching after surface heating is a heat
 Classical plastic strain is calculated by using the
treatment process that hardens and compresses the
classical theory of plasticity with the associated
surface layer of the treated part thus its yield
hardening rules. A superposition of isotropic and
strength and fatigue resistance will be imp roved.
kinemat ic hardening is supposed in this modeling
Its use and its development involve difficulties to a
adopting the Chaboche theory [30]. According to
large part of trade people. For better understanding
that preceded, the Von Mises yield function and the
the processes that control this practice, many
plastic strain rate tensor are defined respectively as
studies for analyzing the phenomena intervening in
follows:
the heat treatment were carried out in order to be 1
able to predict profiles of microstructures and depth
f  eq  p   3 ξ : ξ    y  T   R  p, T 
2
(4)
of quenching as well as stresses and residual  2 
deformations caused by the heat treatment. It’s
found that one of the major factors influencing the ε p   f (5)
ζ
evolution of stress and deformation is the Where ξ = s –x, T is the temperature, σeq is the
TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) [1]. Th is equivalent stress, s is the deviatoric stress tensor,
increment of plasticity appears to accommodate and x is the linear kinematic hardening tensor
stresses induced in the interface between parent and (back-stress); it’s defined versus plastic strain
new phase that each one of them has its own tensor:
properties. Thus, local dislocations are created in x   2 3 C ε p (6)
the parent phase (austenite) which has the lowest
yield stress [2]. If an external loading stress even With C is a material parameter. σ y (T) is the yield
litt le than the yield stress of austenite is applied stress, R is the hardening function and  is the
during the transformation, local d islocations plastic multip lier.
become permanent strains in the direction of the  The transformation induced plasticity increment
load at the macroscopic scale. This permanent is expressed by:
strain is called TRIP [2]. In this study, two 4

procedures are proposed to take into account of the ε pt  3   T    k k  z k  z k s (7)

2 k 1
TRIP effect on the heat treatment residual stresses where
and distortion during steel quenching. For the first
2 Tref
procedure, a transformation induced plasticity k  (8)
increment is added to classic deformations  y, 
increments so the plastic flow ru le as well as and
stiffness tangent matrix is modified. The second  Ln  z l  1  z l2  si z k  z l

procedure uses the classical thermo-elastoplastic k  z k    (9)
scheme with specific evolution of yield stress of Ln  z k  1  z k  si z k  z l
2

mu ltiphase material during quenching. The validity

of these techniques is discussed through
comparison between numerical simulat ions and with
experimental results gotten fro m the literature [3].
 y,  4  3k
zl  (10)
2 Modeling 2 Tref 9k

2.1 Approach with an added TRIP Where  is the Heaviside function,  k is a material
incre ment parameter related to phase k; it is homogenous with
stress inverse, k  z k  expresses the transformation
Within the framewo rk of the small deformations,
and for a material undergoing a metallurgical process dependence and s is the deviatoric stress. µ
transformation, the total strain is the sum of the and k are respectively shear modulus and bulk
elastic, volu metric, classical plastic and modulus of the material.
transformation induced plastic strain:
2.2 Approach with specific yield stress
ε  ε ε ε ε
t e v p pt
(1)
In this approach, the transformation induced
 Elasticity is modeled by the law of Hooke : plasticity increment is o mitted. So, equation (1)
1   becomes:
εe  ζ  tr  ζ  δ (2) ε t  εe  ε v  ε p (11)
E E
With εe, εv and εp are the same ones cited above.
 The volumetric strain is expressed by:

Djerba 25-27 Mars 2013, Tunisie 1

 The effect of supplementary plasticity the adopted evaluation of the threshold percentage
accompanying phase transformation on mechanical Psγ which requires complementary investigation.
behaviour during quenching is taken into account
through adopting a particular evolution of yield a
stress of the mult iphase material. Indeed, we
suggest that the yield stress is equal to that of the
weak phase (austenite) until a threshold percentage
Psγ of init ial austenite is decomposed into cold
phases. Then, yield stress is estimated using
mixtu re linear law:
5
 y  T    z k  y,k  T  (12)
k 1

3 Simulation and discussion

b

The FE simu lation for quenching of an AISI 1045

carbon steel cylinder with 30 mm in diameter and
90 mm in length was conducted using the FE
software ABAQUS lin ked to many user subroutines
allo wing the thermo-metallo-mechanical coupling
analysis during heat treatment. An axisymmetric
quadrilateral element was used. The initial
temperature of the cylinder was assumed to be
900°C, and it’s quenched with water at temperature
equal to 27°C. The heat transfer coefficient varies
according to surface temperature during the water
quenching of a cylindrical specimen. Most of
material properties such as thermal conductivity,
specific heat, young modulus and plastic modulus
were temperature and phase dependent. The
enthalpy changes during transformations were
taken into account during thermal solution. The
stress-strain solution was carried out by applying
the two approaches mentioned above. For the first
approach, the addition of the increment TRIP to
other deformations increments induces
modification on Jacobian matrix and consistency
condition. When using a specific y ield s tress in the
second approach, the threshold value Psγ is
evaluated according to metallurg ical fractions
composing the aggregate. The validity of these
approaches is investigated through the
confrontation between the profiles of residual
stresses measured on the test-tube described
previously with the computation results obtained by
applying these two approaches.
Figure 1a) represents the distribution of the hoop
residual stresses calculated with applying the tow
approaches accompanied by measured one. We can
remark then that both numerical results (obtained
fro m the added increment of TRIP and obtained
through a specific material yield stress evolution)
are in good agreement with experimental measures.
In the same way, figure 2 b) shows that both
models can effectively predict the tendency of the
axial residual stress for the case of axisymmetric
model but numerical result issued from the first
approach is quite mo re coinc ident with
experimental measure than result obtained from the
second approach. This discrepancy may be due to
Figure 1. Profiles of a) Hoop stress, b) Axial stress
4 Conclusion
The modeling of the effect of the transformat ion
plasticity (TRIP) on the mechanical behavior o f a
steel undergoing phase transformations during the
quenching process can be carried out either by
evaluating the increment of TRIP and by adding it
to the other increments then reformu lating the yield
function and the tangent matrix, or by considering
that the involved material has a specific yield stress
which is lower than that obtained by the linear law
of mixture. Basing on experimental results ensuing
a fro m the bib liography, we observed that the two
methods are adequate except that the calibration of
the yield stress of material requires a
complementary improvement when the second
approach is adopted.
5 Bibliographie
[1] J. Kim, S. Im, H.-G. Kim, Nu merical
implementation of a thermo-elastic–plastic
constitutive equation in consideration of
transformation plasticity in welding, Int. J. of
Plasticity 1 (2004) 111–137
[2] Z. Moumni, F. Roger, N. T. Trinh, Theoretical
and numerical modeling of the thermo mechanical
and metallurgical behavior of steel, Int. J. of
Plasticity 27 (2011) 414–439
[3] M. Jung, M. Kang, Y.-K. Lee, Theoretical
Fin ite-element simulat ion of quenching
incorporating improved transformation kinetics in a
plain mediu m-carbon steel, Act. Mater. 60 (2012)
525–536

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