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MATHEMATIQUES 2
Durée : 4 heures
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p 3p ≡ 1
n
3n+2012 − 9 × 52n
Mn (R) n (Ei,j )
1≤i≤n 1≤j ≤n In E i,j
i j
R [X]
A Mn (R) u Rn
A
P
d
k
P
d
P = ak X ∈ R[X] P (A) = ak Ak P (A)
k=0 k=0
P ∈ R[X] R[A]
P A P (A) = 0 P (u) = 0
A u
A
ϕA Mn (R) Mn (R)
ϕA (M ) = AM − M A.
ϕA
ϕA
n=2
n=2
ϕA I2 A (ϕA )
!
a b
A= ∈ M2 (R)
c d
ϕA (E1,1 , E2,2 , E1,2 , E2,1 ) M2 (R)
ϕA 6= 0 A 6= λI2
λ∈R
ϕA
ϕA A
c = (c1 , . . . , cn ) Rn
A
e = (e1 , . . . , en ) u
i 1 ≤ i ≤ n λi ei
λ1 0 ··· 0
0
P c D=
e
0
0 ··· 0 λn
(i, j) 1≤i≤n 1≤j≤n
Bi,j = P Ei,j P −1 .
(i, j) Bi,j ϕA
ϕA
ϕA
Mn (R)
(Pi,j ) 1≤i≤n ϕA (i, j) λi,j
1≤j≤n
Pi,j
A
A ∈ Mn (R) ⊂ Mn (C) ϕA Mn (C)
ϕA (M ) = AM − M A M ∈ Mn (C)
ϕA
z∈C z A z
t
A
z∈C z̄ z A
X ∈ Mn,1 (C) X =
6 0 Y ∈ Mn,1 (C) Y 6= 0 AX = zX
t
AY = z̄Y
ϕA (X t Y ) z − z̄ ϕA
λ A X ∈ Mn,1 (R) X 6=
AX = λX
(i, j) µi,j
λ λi,j APi,j X = µi,j Pi,j X
ϕA
m A
u n
un = 0 un−1 6= 0 y Rn un−1 (y) 6= 0
i 1≤i≤n ei = un−i (y)
(e1 , e2 , . . . , en ) Rn
B∈ (ϕA ) v Rn B
P
n P
n
n−i
v(y) = αi ei αi ∈ R) v= αi u
i=1 i=1
(ϕA )
u
u λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λp 1 ≤ p ≤ n) p
u k 1 ≤ k ≤ p Eu (λk )
λk mk
B ∈ Mn (R) v Rn B
B∈ (ϕA ) k 1 ≤ k ≤ p Eu (λk )
v v (Eu (λk )) ⊂ Eu (λk )
B∈ (ϕA ) v
n
R u
(ϕA )
n=7
p mk
ϕA
α ϕA B
B ∈ Mn (R), B 6= 0). πB B d πB
k ∈ N ϕA (B k ) = αkB k
Bd = 0