Ejercicio Nº 7

Calcular los esfuerzos en las barras del reticulado sometido a una carga exterior.

y P Datos:
x 1 2 3 α P  50 kN
E  3 107 kN m 2
A  0.01 m 2
b
  45
4 a 2m
5
b 3m

a a a a P3x  P3y  35.36 kN

Conectividades

L [m] γ1 γ2 k = EA / L
Barra xij [m] yij [m]
(x )  ( y )
ij 2 ij 2
x l
ij
 yij l  [kN/m]  104

1–2 2 0 2 1 0 15

2–3 2 0 2 1 0 15

1–4 2 3 3.606 0.555 0.832 8.321

3–5 2 3 3.606 0.555 0.832 8.321

2–4 4 3 5 0.800 0.600 6

2–5 4 3 5 0.800 0.600 6

Matriz de rigidez elemental (coordenadas globales)

i j
i   1 2   1 2 
 2
1
2
1

EA   1 2 2  1 2  22 
2
Ki  j 
 L   12  1 2  12  1 2 
j 
  1 2  2  1 2  22 
2

1
Barra 1 – 2 Barra 2 – 3
1 2 2 3
 1.500 105 0 1.500 105 0  1.500 105 0 1.500 105 0
1  2 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
K1 2   K 2 3  
  1.500 105 0 1.500 105 0   1.500 105 0 1.500 105 0
2  3 
 0 0 0 0  0 0 0 0

Barra 1 – 4
1 4
 2.560 10 4
3.840 10 4
2.560 10 4
3.840 104 
1 
3.840 104 5.760 104 3.840 104 5.760 104 
K1 4  
  2.560 104 3.840 104 2.560 104 3.840 104 
4 
 3.840 10 5.760 104 3.840 104 5.760 104 
4

Barra 3 – 5
3 5
 2.560 10 4
3.840 10 4
2.560 10 4
3.840 104 
3 
3.840 104 5.760 104 3.840 104 5.760 104 
K 3 5  
  2.560 104 3.840 104 2.560 104 3.840 104 
5 
 3.840 10 5.760 104 3.840 104 5.760 104 
4

Barra 2 – 4
2 4
 3.840 10 4
2.880 10 4
3.840 10 4
2.880 104 
2 
2.880 104 2.160 104 2.880 104 2.160 104 
K 2 4  
  3.840 104 2.880 104 3.840 104 2.880 104 
4 
 2.880 10 2.160 104 2.880 104 2.160 104 
4

Barra 2 – 5
2 5
 3.840 10 4
2.880 10 4
3.840 10 4
2.880 104 
2 
2.880 104 2.160 104 2.880 104 2.160 104 
K 2 5  
  3.840 104 2.880 104 3.840 104 2.880 104 
5 
 2.880 10 2.160 104 2.880 104 2.160 104 
4

2
Sistema global de ecuaciones (ensamblaje)
1 2 3 4 5
 1.756 10
5
3.840 10 1.500 10
4 5
0 0 0 2.560 10 3.840 10
4 4
0 0  U1x   0 
1   y  
 3.840 10 5.760 104 3.840 104 5.760 104  U1   0 
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
 1.500 10 5
0 3.768 10 5
0 1.500 10 5
0 3.840 10 2.880 10 3.840 10
4 4 4
2.880 10  U 2x   0 
4

2     
 0 0 0 4.320 104 0 0 2.880 104 2.160 104 2.880 104 2.160 104  U 2y   0 
 0 0 1.500 105 0 1.756 105 3.840 104 0 0 2.560 104 3.840 104  U 3x   P3 
x

3       y
 0 0 0 0 3.840 104 5.760 104 0 0 3.840 104 5.760 104  U 3y   P3 
 2.560 104 3.840 104 3.840 104 2.880 104 0 0 6.400 104 6.720 104 0 0   0   Rx 
4      4y 
 3.840 10 5.760 10 2.880 10 2.160 10
4 4 4 4
0 0 6.720 10 4
7.920 10 4
0 0   0   R4 
 4 
6.720 10   0   R5 
x
 0 0 3.840 10 4
2.880 10 4
2.560 10 4
3.840 10 4
0 0 6.400 10 4
5

 0 0 2.880 104 2.160 104 3.840 104 5.760 104 0 0 6.720 104 7.920 104   0   R5 
y
  
K U P
 
Sistema reducido de ecuaciones (eliminación de filas y columnas asociadas a desplazamientos conocidos)
1 2 3
 1.756 10 5
3.840 10 1.500 10
4 5
0 0 0  U1x   0  U1x   7.673 104 
1   y    y  4 
 3.840 10 5.760 104 U1   5.115 10 
4
0 0 0 0  U1   0 
 1.500 105 0 3.768 105 0 1.500 105 0  U 2x   0  U 2x   7.673 104 
2  y      y   
 0 0 0 4.320 104 0 0  U 2   0  U 2   0 
 0 0 1.500 105 0 1.756 105 3.840 104  U 3x  35.36  U x   1.160 103 
3      3y   3

 0 0 0 0 3.840 104 5.760 104  U 3y  35.36  U 3   1.387 10 

3
Determinación de reacciones (utilización de filas eliminadas del sistema global)
1 2 3 4 5
 2.560 10 3.840 10
4 4
3.840 10 4
2.880 10 4
0 0 6.400 10 4
6.720 10 4
0 0   R4x 
4   y
 3.840 10 5.760 10 2.880 104 2.160 104 6.720 104 7.920 104
4 4
0 0 0 0  U   R4 
 0 0 3.840 104 2.880 104 2.560 104 3.840 104 0 0 6.400 104 6.720 104    R5x 
5   y
 0 0 2.880 104 2.160 104 3.840 104 5.760 10 4 0 0 6.720 104 7.920 104   R5 
 R4x   29.46 
 y  
Verificación:  y 3y 4y 5y
 F x  Px  Rx  Rx  0
 R4    22.10 
 R5x   5.89   F  P3  R4  R5  0
 y  
 R5   13.26 

Determinación de esfuerzos en las barras

N i  j  ki  j ei  j ei  j  ti  j  U i  j
 
   (U xj  U ix ) 
ti  j   1  U i  j   y y 
  2   (U j  U i ) 
N i  j  ki  j  1 (U jx  U ix )   2 (U jy  U iy ) 

N1 2  1.500 105 1  (7.673 104  7.673 104 )  0  (0  5.115 104 )   0 kN
N 23  1.500 105 1  (1.160 103  7.673 104 )  0  (1.387 103  0)   58.93 kN
N1 4  8.319 104  0.555  (0  7.673 104 )  0.832  (0  5.115 104 )   0 kN
N 35  8.319 104 0.555  (0  1.160 103 )  0.832  (0  1.387 103 )   42.49 kN
N 2 4  6.000 104  0.800  (0  7.673 104 )  0.600  (0  0)   36.83 kN
N 25  6.000 104 0.800  (0  7.673 104 )  0.600  (0  0)   36.83 kN

4
Ejercicio Nº 8
Resolver el ejercicio anterior agregando las barras 3 – 4 y 1 – 5 indicadas a continuación.

L [m] γ1 γ2 k = EA / L
Barra xij [m] yij [m]
(x )  ( y )
ij 2 ij 2
x l
ij
 yij l  [kN/m]  104

3–4 6 3 6.708 0.894 0.447 4.472

1–5 6 3 6.708 0.894 0.447 4.472

Barra 3 – 4
3 4
 3.578 10 4
1.789 10 4
3.578 10 4
1.789 104 
3 
1.789 104 0.894 104 1.789 104 0.894 104 
K 3 4  
  3.578 104 1.789 104 3.578 104 1.789 104 
4 
 1.789 10 0.894 104 1.789 104 0.894 104 
4

Barra 1 – 5
1 5
 3.578 10 4
1.789 10 4
3.578 10 4
1.789 104 
1 
 1.789 104 0.894 104 1.789 104 0.894 104 
K15 
  3.578 104 1.789 104 3.578 104 1.789 104 
5 
 1.789 10 0.894 104 1.789 104 0.894 104 
4

5
Sistema global de ecuaciones (ensamblaje)
1 2 3 4 5
 2.114 10 5
2.051 10 4
1.500 10 5
0 0 0 1.789 104  U1x   0 
2.560 10 4
3.840 10 4
3.578 10 4

1    
 2.051 10 6.655 104 3.840 104 5.760 104 1.789 104 0.894 104  U1y   0 
4
0 0 0 0
 1.500 105 0 3.768 105 0 1.500 105 0 3.840 104 2.880 104 3.840 104 2.880 104  U 2x   0 
2     
 0 0 0 4.320 104 0 0 2.880 104 2.160 104 2.880 104 2.160 104  U 2y   0 
 0 0 1.500 105 0 2.114 105 2.051 104 3.578 104 1.789 104 2.560 104 3.840 104  U 3x   P3 
x

3       y
 0 0 0 0 2.051 104 6.655 104 1.789 104 0.894 104 3.840 104 5.760 104  U 3y   P3 
 2.560 104 3.840 104 3.840 104 2.880 104 3.578 104 1.789 104 9.978 104 8.509 104 0 0   0   Rx 
4      4y 
 3.840 10 5.760 10 2.880 10 2.160 10 1.789 10 0.894 10
4 4 4 4 4 4
8.509 10 4
8.815 10 4
0 0   0   R4 
 4 
8.509 10   0   R5 
x
 3.578 10 1.789 10 3.840 10 2.880 10 2.560 10 3.840 10 9.978 10
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
0 0
5
 1.789 104 0.894 104 2.880 104 2.160 104 3.840 104 5.760 104 0 0 8.509 104 8.815 104   0   R5 
y
  
K U P
 
Sistema reducido de ecuaciones (eliminación de filas y columnas asociadas a desplazamientos conocidos)
1 2 3
 2.114 10 5
2.05110 4
1.500 10 5
0 0 0  U1x   0  U1x   1.573 104 
1  y    y  4 
 2.051 10 6.653 104 U1   0.485 10 
4
0 0 0 0  U1   0 
 1.500 105 0 3.768 105 0 1.500 105 0  U 2x   0  U 2x   2.150 104 
2  y      y   
 0 0 0 4.320 104 0 0  U 2   0  U 2   0 
 0 0 1.500 105 0 2.114 105 2.051 104  U 3x  35.36  U x   3.829 104 
3      3y   4

 0 0 0 0 2.051 104 6.653 104  U 3y  35.36  U 3   6.493 10 

6
Determinación de reacciones (utilización de filas eliminadas del sistema global)
1 2 3 4 5
 2.560 10 3.840 10
4 4
3.840 10 4
2.880 10 4
3.578 10 4
1.789 10 4
9.978 10 4
8.509 10 4
0 0   R4x 
4   y
 3.840 10 5.760 10 2.880 104 2.160 104 1.789 104 0.894 104 8.509 104 8.815 104
4 4
0 0  U   R4 
 3.578 104 1.789 104 3.840 104 2.880 104 2.560 104 3.840 104 0 0 9.978 104 8.509 104    R5x 
5   y
 1.789 10 0.894 104 2.880 104 2.160 104 3.840 104 5.760 104 8.509 104 8.815 104 
4
0 0  R5 
 R4x   35.73
 y  
Verificación:  y 3y 4y 5y
 F P R R 0
x x x x
 R4    22.10 
 R5x   0.38   F  P3  R4  R5  0
 y  
 R5   13.26 

Determinación de esfuerzos en las barras

N1 2  1.500 105 1 (2.150 104  1.573 104 )  0  (0  0.485 104 )   8.66 kN
N 23  1.500 105 1  (3.829 104  2.150 10 4 )  0  (6.493 104  0)   25.17 kN
N1 4  8.319 104  0.555  (0  1.573 104 )  0.832  (0  0.485 104 )   3.90 kN
N 35  8.319 104 0.555  (0  3.829 104 )  0.832  (0  6.493 104 )   27.28 kN
N 2 4  6.000 104  0.800  (0  2.150 104 )  0.600  (0  0)   10.32 kN
N 25  6.000 104 0.800  (0  2.150 104 )  0.600  (0  0)   10.32 kN
N 3 4  4.472 104  0.800  (0  3.829 104 )  0.600  (0  6.493 104 )   28.30 kN
N15  4.472 104  0.800  (0  1.573 104 )  0.600  (0  0.485 104 )   7.26 kN

7
MÉTODO DE RIGIDEZ: RESOLUCIÓN DE RETICULADOS PLANOS

Considerar la estructura de la Figura sometida a dos estados de carga por separado:

1) Carga exterior de 2 t
2) Variación térmica uniforme: ∆ T = 20 grados

Se pide:
1) Determinar el desplazamiento del punto de aplicación de la carga para cada estado de carga
2) Determinar los esfuerzos en todas las barras debido a los estados de carga

Propiedades materiales:
2
A := 10cm
6 kg
E := 2.1⋅ 10 ⋅
2
cm
−5
α := 1.2⋅ 10

Modelo de cálculo :

Se procede a numerar nudos de la siguiente manera:

Se determinan a continuación las matrices de rigidez de las distintas barras:

Barra 1-2

L := 300cm
β := 90deg

γ1 := cos ( β ) γ2 := sin ( β )
A 4 kg
K := E⋅ K = 7 × 10
L cm

⎛ γ12 γ1⋅ γ2 −γ12 −γ1⋅ γ2 ⎞

⎜ ⎛ 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 ⎞
⎜ ⎜
2 ⎟
−γ1⋅ γ2 −γ2 ⎟ ⎜ 0.000 70.000× 10
2 3 3⎟
γ1⋅ γ2 γ2 0.000 −70.000× 10
K1-2 = K⋅ ⎜
kg
=⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
γ1⋅ γ2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ cm
2 2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
⎜ −γ1 −γ1⋅ γ2 γ1 ⎜ 0.000 −70.000× 103 3
⎜ 2 2 ⎝ 0.000 70.000× 10 ⎠
⎝ −γ1 ⋅ γ2 − γ2 γ1⋅ γ2 γ2 ⎠

Barra 2-3

L := 300⋅ 2 cm
β := −45deg

γ1 := cos ( β ) γ2 := sin ( β )
A 4 kg
K := E⋅ K = 4.95 × 10
L cm

⎛ γ12 γ1⋅ γ2 −γ12 −γ1⋅ γ2 ⎞ ⎛ 24.749× 103 3 3 3 ⎞

⎜ ⎜ −24.749× 10 −24.749× 10 24.749× 10
⎜ 2 2 ⎟ ⎜ 3 3 3 3⎟
⎜ γ1⋅ γ2 γ2 −γ1⋅ γ2 −γ2 ⎟ ⎜ −24.749× 10 24.749× 10 24.749× 10 −24.749× 10 ⎟ kg
K2-3 = K⋅ =
⎜ 2 2 ⎟ ⎜ 3 3 3 3 ⎟ cm
⎜ −γ1 −γ1⋅ γ2 γ1 γ1⋅ γ2 ⎟ ⎜ −24.749× 10 24.749× 10 24.749× 10 −24.749× 10
⎟
⎜ 2 2 ⎜ 3 3 3 3
⎝ −γ1⋅ γ2 −γ2 γ1⋅ γ2 γ2 ⎠ ⎝ 24.749× 10 −24.749× 10 −24.749× 10 24.749× 10 ⎠

Barra 1-3

Dado que los extremos de esta barra se encuentran restringidos, puede obviarse su
presencia a fines de cálculo de desplazamientos y esfuerzos en las otras barras

Matriz de rigidez global

⎛ 24.749× 103 −24.749× 10

3 ⎞ kg
K := ⎜ ⋅
⎜ 3 3 3 cm
⎝ −24.749 × 10 70.000 × 10 + 24.749 × 10 ⎠
Vectores de carga y solución en términos de desplazamientos nodales

Caso 1) Carga exterior de 2 tn

⎛ 2000⋅ cos ( 30deg ) ⎞ kg ⎛ 1732 ⎞ kg

P := ⎜ P= ⎜
⎝ 2000sin ( 30deg ) ⎠ ⎝ 1000 ⎠

Solución:

−1 ⎛ 0.109 ⎞ cm
U := K ⋅P U= ⎜
⎝ 0.039 ⎠

Caso 2) Variación térmica

Considerar dos estados: Estado I=Desplazamientos bloqueados con variación térmica +

Estado II=Desplazamientos debidos a fuerzas de bloqueo cambiadas
de signo sin variación térmica

Dado que sólo el Estado II produce desplazamientos, sólo éste es considerado para la
solución en términos de desplazamientos del sistema.
Sin embargo, para determinar los esfuerzos totales habrá que sumar los Estados I y II.

Estado I: Desplazamientos bloqueados

3
Barra 1-2 N12 := −α ⋅ ∆T⋅ E⋅ A N12 = −5.04 × 10 kg

3
Barra 1-3 N13 := −α ⋅ ∆T⋅ E⋅ A N13 = −5.04 × 10 kg

3
Barra 1-2 N12 := −α ⋅ ∆T⋅ E⋅ A N12 = −5.04 × 10 kg

Estado II: Vector de cargas

⎛ 3
−5.04⋅ 10 ⋅ cos ( 45⋅ deg ) ⎞ ⎛ −3.564 × 103 ⎞
P := ⎜ ⋅ kg P= ⎜ kg
⎜ 3 3 ⎜ 3
⎝ 5.04⋅ 10 + 5.04⋅ 10 ⋅ sin ( 45⋅ deg ) ⎠ ⎝ 8.604 × 10 ⎠

Solución:

−1 ⎛ −0.072 ⎞ cm
U := K ⋅P U= ⎜
⎝ 0.072 ⎠
Esfuerzos

Caso 1) Carga exterior de 2 tn

U := ⎜
⎛ 0.109 ⎞ cm
⎝ 0.039 ⎠

Barra 1-2

L := 300cm
β := 90deg

γ1 := cos ( β ) γ2 := sin ( β )
A 4 kg
K := E⋅ K = 7 × 10
L cm
3
N := K⋅ ⎡⎣ γ1⋅ ( 0.109cm − 0cm) + γ2⋅ ( 0.039cm − 0cm) ⎤⎦ N = 2.73 × 10 kg

Barra 2-3

L := 300⋅ 2 cm
β := −45deg

γ1 := cos ( β ) γ2 := sin ( β )
A 4 kg
K := E⋅ K = 4.95 × 10
L cm
3
N := K⋅ ⎡⎣ γ1⋅ ( 0cm − 0.109cm) + γ2⋅ ( 0cm − 0.039cm) ⎤⎦ N = −2.45 × 10 kg

Barra 2-3

Dado que no existen desplazamientos en los extremos de esta barra, el esfuerzo es nulo.

-2450 kg
2730 kg
Esfuerzos

Caso 2) Variación térmica

U := ⎜
⎛ −0.072 ⎞ cm
⎝ 0.072 ⎠

Barra 1-2

L := 300cm
β := 90deg

γ1 := cos ( β ) γ2 := sin ( β )
A 4 kg
K := E⋅ K = 7 × 10
L cm
3
N := K⋅ ⎡⎣ γ1⋅ ( −0.072cm − 0cm) + γ2⋅ ( 0.072cm − 0cm) ⎤⎦ − 5.04 × 10 kg N := 0kg

Barra 2-3

L := 300⋅ 2 cm
β := −45deg

γ1 := cos ( β ) γ2 := sin ( β )
A 4 kg
K := E⋅ K = 4.95 × 10
L cm
3
N := K⋅ ⎡⎣ γ1⋅ ( 0cm − −0.072cm) + γ2⋅ ( 0cm − 0.072cm) ⎤⎦ − 5.04 × 10 kg N := 0kg

Barra 2-3

Dado que no existen desplazamientos en los extremos de esta barra, el esfuerzo corresponde
al Estado I solamente:

3
N := −5.04 × 10 kg

0 kg
0 kg

-5040 kg
Ejercicio Nº 9
Calcular los esfuerzos en las barras del reticulado sometido a la carga exterior P. Las barras
poseen sección circular con un diámetro   0.020 m .

y Datos:
x 1 P P  11 kN
E  2.10 108 kN m 2
A   2 4
b
 3.1416  104 m 2
2 3 4 EA  65973 kN
a  1.0 m
b  1.5 m
a a

Conectividades

L [m] γ1 γ2 k = EA / L
Barra xij [m] yij [m] ij 2
(x )  ( y ) ij 2
x l
ij
 y ij l  [kN/m]

1–2 1 1.5 1.803 0.555 0.832 36595

1–3 0 1.5 1.500 0 1.000 43982

1–4 1 1.5 1.803 0.555 0.832 36595

2–3 1 0 1.000 1.000 0 65973

3–4 1 0 1.000 1.000 0 65973

Matriz de rigidez elemental (coordenadas globales)

i j
2 2
i   1  1 2  1  1 2 

EA   1 2  22  1 2  22 
Ki j 
 L   12  1 2  12  1 2 
j 
  1 2  22  1 2  22 

1
Barra 1 – 2
1 2
 11260 16890 11260 16890 
1
16890 25335 16890 25335 
K1 2  
  11260 16890 11260 16890 
2 
 16890 25335 16890 25335 

Barra 1 – 3
1 3
0 0 0 0 
1
0 43982 0 43982 
K13  
 0 0 0 0 
3 
 0 43982 0 43982 

Barra 1 – 4
1 4
 11260  16890  11260 16890 
1
16890 25335 16890 25335 
K1 4  
  11260 16890 11260 16890 
4 
 16890 25335 16890 25335 

Barra 2 – 3
2 3
 65973 0 65973 0
2
0 0 0 0 
K 2 3  
  65973 0 65973 0
3 
 0 0 0 0

Barra 3 – 4
3 4
 65973 0 65973 0
3
0 0 0 0 
K 3 4  
  65973 0 65973 0
4 
 0 0 0 0

2
Sistema global de ecuaciones (ensamblaje)
1 2 3 4
 22520 0 11260 16890 0 0 11260 16890  U1x   P1x 
1    
 0 94652 16890 25335 0 43982 16890 25335  U1y   0 
 11260 16890 77233 16890 65973 0 0 0  U 2x   0 
2    
 16890 25335 16890 25335 0 0 0 0   0   R2y 

 0 0 65973 0 131946 0 65973 0  U 3x   0 
3    
 0 43982 0 0 0 43982 0 0  U 3y   0 
 11260 16890 0 0 65973 0 77233 16890   0   R4x 
4     
16890 25335
0 0 0 0 16890 25335   0   R4y 
  
K U P
  
Sistema reducido (eliminación de filas y columnas asociadas a desplazamientos conocidos)
1 2 3
 22520 0 11260 0 0  U1x  11 U1x  5.718 104 
1    y  5 
 0 94652 16890 0 43982 U1y   0  U1  5.558 10 
2  11260 16890 77233 65973 0  U 2x    0   U 2x   1.667 104 
      x  5 
 0 0 65973 131946 0  U 3x   0  U 3  8.337 10 
3
 0 43982 0 0 43982  U 3y   0  U y  5.558 105 
 3  

Determinación de reacciones (utilización de filas eliminadas del sistema global)

1 2 3 4
2  16890 25335 16890 25335 0 0 0 0   R2y 
 11260 16890  
0 0 65973 0 77233 16890  U   R4x 
4 
 16890 25335 0 0 0 0 16890 25335   R4y 
 

 R2y   8.25   F x  P1x  R4x  0

 x   
 R4    11  Verificación:  F y  R2y  R4y  0
 R4y   8.25   x y
    M 4  1.5  P1  2  R2  0

Determinación de esfuerzos en las barras

N i  j  ki  j ei  j ei j  ti  j  U i  j
 x x
   (U j  U i ) 
ti  j   1  U i  j   y y 
  2   (U j  U i ) 
N i  j  ki  j  1 (U jx  U ix )   2 (U jy  U iy ) 

3
N12  36595   0.555  (1.667 10 4  5.718 10 4 )  0.832  (0  5.558 105 )   9.915 kN
N13  43982  0  (8.337 105  5.718 10 4 )  1.000  (5.558 10 5  5.558 105 )   0 kN
N14  36595   0.555  (0  5.718 10 4 )  0.832  (0  5.558 10 5 )   9.915 kN
N 23  65973  1.000  (8.337 10 5  1.667 10 4 )  0  (5.558 10 5  0)   5.500 kN
N 3 4  65973  1.000  (0  8.337 10 5 )  0  (0  5.558 10 5 )   5.500 kN