GE2201

Physical Education

Physical Education is an integral part of the education program purposely to promote the optimum
development of the individual physically, socially, emotionally, and mentally through total movement in
the performance of properly selected physical activities (Andin, 2022).

The phase of education is concerned with the teaching and learning of skills and attitudes in play activities.
It is an aspect of education that may be appropriately described as education through physical exertion.

Legal Bases of Teaching Physical Education in the Philippines

1901 Physical exercise was one of the subjects introduced in public schools, and a regular athletics
program was developed.
1920 Physical Education was made a required subject subjects in the curriculum of all public schools.
1937 Physical Education was made a curricular subject in the secondary school curriculum.
1969 The School of Physical Education and Sports Development Act of 1969. A program of activities
including, among others:
1. A program of health education and nutrition,
2. A program of physical fitness for all pupils,
3. A program of competitive athletics,
4. A program of intramurals and inter-unit athletic competition within schools, districts,
and provinces; and
5. Annual athletic competitions within and among regions.
1982 MAPE was introduced, and the learning area involved music, arts, and physical education.
(Foundation of Physical Education by Carmen Andin)

Article 1 of the International Charter of Physical Education and Sports, UNESCO, Paris (1975) and
Recommendation 1, Inter-disciplinary Regional Meeting of Experts in Physical Education and Sports,
UNESCO, Brisbane (1982). The practice of Physical Education and Sports is a fundamental right of All… and
the right should not be treated as different from the right to adequate food, shelter, and medicines.

Article XIV Section 19 (1) & (2) of the 1987 Philippine Consultation mandates that:

The state shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs, league competitions, and
amateur sports, including training for international competitions, to foster self-discipline, teamwork, and
excellence for developing a healthy and alert citizenry.

All educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the country in cooperation
with athletic clubs and other sectors.

Components of Physical Fitness

The components of Physical Fitness are divided into two categories the health-related components
(Flexibility, Cardiovascular Endurance, Muscular Strength, Muscular Endurance, and Body Composition)
and the performance-related components (Agility, Balance, Coordination, Power, and Speed).

1. Health-Related Fitness

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Health-Related Fitness is a function of the body’s adaptation to exercise. It could be developed

and maintained through a regular and proper exercise program. There are at least five (5)
components of Health Related Fitness. They are as follows:

A. Muscular Strength refers to the ability of the muscle to exert maximum effort in a brief
duration. It may be developed through isotonic, isometric, or isokinetic contractions.
Isotonic Contractions are voluntary contractions in which muscles shorten and lengthen
alternately. The muscle contracts at varying speeds against resistance. These contractions are
of two types:
1. Concentric Contraction – refers to muscles that shorten during exercise. No movement
occurs, and the length of the muscle remains unchanged.
2. Eccentric Contraction – refers to the muscle that lengthens during an exercise. Muscles
exert force during an exercise. Muscles exert force due to an outside resistance.

The most common example of isotonic contraction is calisthenics exercise. This uses a body
segment or the entire body weight as resistance during an exercise. Some of the most
traditional calisthenics exercises that are being performed to increase muscular strength are
push-ups, sit-ups, and pull-ups. Another approach to developing muscular strength involving
isotonic exercise is using weights.

Isometric Contractions are another type of contraction in which the muscles are contracted
against an immovable resistance. The exercise provides maximum contraction of muscle;
however, there is no observed movement during the exercise. This is done for about 5
seconds.

Isokinetic Contractions are similar to isotonic contractions, but the muscles are exposed to
fixed machines with variable degrees of resistance. Through the range of movement,
resistance is equal to the force applied.

Two physiological benefits derived from strength training:

1. Increase muscle strength by 10-25% within 6-8 weeks; and

2. Increase muscle size or muscle hypertrophy.

B. Muscular Endurance refers to the ability of the muscle to endure a sub-maximal effort for a
prolonged period. Performing a strength exercise such as push-ups over a long period or
performing the same exercise for continuous repetitions demonstrates muscular endurance.
One basic requirement in achieving muscular endurance is muscular strength. Muscle
endurance is developed by employing the strength training exercises mentioned above,
either for long periods or an increased number of exercise repetitions.

C. Cardiovascular Endurance refers to the ability of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs to adapt
to physical exertion for a Prolonged duration. Usually, the heart rate is increased from the
resting pulse to the target heart rate that the individual has to sustain for 20 to 60 minutes.
With high levels of endurance, an individual has more energy and the ability to sustain
different types of activities. It is also likely that coronary heart disease (CHD) is prevented.

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There are important variables to consider when engaging in any cardiovascular endurance
program. These are:

1. Intensity refers to how stressful the exercise is.

2. Duration refers to how long the exercise will be performed.

3. Frequency refers to the number of times the individual will exercise each week.

4. Mode refers to the kind of activity selected, such as brisk working or jogging.

References:

Astillero, G., Badon, B., Balacuit, C., Corado, G., Liad, A., Limbo, C., Tuliao, R., & Tungpalan, K. (2021).
Physical activity towards health and fitness (Path-Fit 1): Health & wellness, movement education and
exercise program. Mindshapers Co., Inc.: Manila.

Urbiztondo, S., De Jesus, M., Grecia, J., & Encarnacion, P. (2019). PathFit 1 (Physical activities toward
health and fitness): Movement competency training. Vibal Publishing House: Quezon City.

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