1.

IPETCTABYBAHE HA BPEMEHCKH IPOMEHJIMBKM

BEJIKYMHM

BOBEA
EnexTprHHTe Mpeu co BpeMeHCKH moCTojann cTpyH BO TexHMKaTa
npakTHKa neHec ce yuTe ce xopHCTaT, HO MHOry novecTo H co nopasHopoHa
npHMeHa ce enekTpHHTe Mpexu co BpeMeHCKH npoMeHnHBH CTpyH. Ha npu-
Mep, npewOCoT Ha enekTpHYHaTa enepruja oA MecTOTO kane uTo ce mpon3
BeayBa (enektpwHaTa ueHTpana) no norpouyBavwTe ce Bpum HCKIyTeHO
co BpeMeHcKH npoMeHIMBH CTpyH. IpenocoT Ha cHrHanTe kaj pannoTo, Tene-
BM3MjaTa panapwTe MOWe na ce nocTHrHe camo co noMOuI Ha øpeMeHCKH
npoMeHJMBH CTpYH, co nocpenCTBO Ha eneKTpoMarHeTHH 6paHOBH, uITO TaKBH-
Te CTpyH MOKaT na ru npon3BenaT. Tenerpadnjara, TeiehOHHjara ce npmeph
3a KopHCTeHe Ha cTpyHTe uTO ce MeHyBaaT co TeKOT Ha BpeMeTo.

Haxo BO moveTOKOT Ha mpHMeHaTa Ha enekrpHHaTa enepruja 64ne kopH-

CTeHH, npen cè, nocTojaH¥HTe cTpyH H eJTeKrpHHHTe MauIHHH H ypenn npenBH-
neHH 3a HHB, cenak on kpajoT Ha MHHaTHOT BeK, co HOBHTe npoHajnoun, no
ce6HO co reHujaiHwre orkpHTja Ha Hukona Tecna OBO3MOKeHa e unpoka upume-
Ha Ha BpeMeHCKH npOMeHIMBHTE Crpyn.

11 IloM 38 Hax3MeHHHA CTpyja Oxwa cyuraHa Ha BpeMBHCKH IpOMEELIH

BTO CTPyE

Bo OcHOBH Ha enexTpoTexHHKaTa-1 ro o6jacHHBMe þenOMeHOT Ha BH-

KeBeTo Ha enekTpHUHTeTOT BO npOBOAHHLATE B0 KOH e BocnoCTaBeHO noCTO-
jaHo enekTpHHO none. Ilon BJMjaHwe Ha oBa mone H nojasara Ha KynoHOBaTa
CHna Aoarfa no HacoveHo aBH*ese Ha HaeieKTpH3HpaHHTe vecTHIKH, OIHOCHO
ce noóHBa nocTojaHa enekrpHHa CTpyja.
loce6Ho 3Havese 3a eieKrpoTeXHHKaTa HMa nojaBaTa ITO HaCTaHyBa Bo
npoBOAHHLUHTe, Kora BO HHB Cce BOCITOCTabyBa eiekKTpHYIHO noJie mja jaHHa ce
MeHyBa co TekOT Ha BpeMeTO. 3emajkn 3a npeAMeT Ha aHaTH3a eneH MeTaleH
npoBOAHHK co noCTojaH kpy*eH npecek (cL. 11), MOKe Aa ce 3aknyu kako ce
OAHecyBaaT cno6onHHTe enexTpOHH BHarpe BO npoBOAHHKOT. BeKTopoT Ha
eneKTpHHOTO none HMa noCTOjaH npapeu (npaBeuoT Ha ockara Ha npoBoAHH-
 Are PH
9
PaHITHOWOdII BAE;OI Or O19H Oa
ArAdOr aN
HOLIH) OWa eaHiHONOdI 0 doiedaHaI LOXHHTo8odu eH »LHEARdM
O
PH 3HeaKcda exAT 'O13HHeHCOO
A 0O IrOu OLOHhHdIMOra BH
BHON0du exHacHIOdu
QtRH EH eLeH3WOdu eH ax 1odoled»HaU eH LOH
LOHA HOIEH [o«o eH
Tt 08 30 aLrOI OHhHdLIIrN LodaLIede 0o eXoda eHLTd
OJAH Oa »dieHa
aLM8edy EH PAPT¢00 OLIm
eakyHaEHTadu 1owHHTO8odu eH
LOHOTEH
HOE[go a OLITI OXEX H8SPdX
1-RIPXHHXALOdLYIe BH HaOHO) oa OL
aLHAOJOH EH
(ox(doLedaHaI ) doecH HOhHdIIAIrO necdaou HIre[HIIHALOI HHhHINEed eakragcago
ONP PHHTado eLeHToAodu o« HaELOOUOo8 20
LoXHHTO8Odu eH alH8»edy eH
er awoW arou
LrOI OLOHhHdLIALra eH BLEHwodu EH LOTHa H oLOHhHdLaura
LodaLxedex 0o LOOHOBIJ00 o8
e[hdio eLPHhHdLYLra eH EIPHONOdu eH LOTHa H LOdaLTedex
-
exor ogHiLNKALr
-agee e[kdio eHhHdLraira aLHHOdLAD EH eHHOdg eHado eITHO a-arou OFs -
-Hdiroura e[HTeiradox eLPHATITEH TO LOU OHHdLxaure oAHIHaNOdu
eH oMHE[
-HIra rou e[KdLo ehHdixora eaHIHANOdu eakarfou 80 HITe[HdeLen aLHHToaodu
08 PXr had 3o er axOW e[kdio eLEHhHdLIsLre BH LOdaLIedex eaÁIr»NIduO
O No0adu fonaH EHH HHOdixaILre aLHHTOgoLro eH eHHEdg eLeHredo wy[orHg
PHHCdg
BHTOdo PaMImanodu eHra 0o OHourOUraduo HOdLxotra aLHHTO9ouro EH 3HONMaT
EXHaCHIdu ay loxHHTO4Odu oa rou OHhHdlieLre oLoaHuHONOdLI LHNON
LOHHrer oa eleirHo EH 10lALHCHALHH H eLeIOOBH 00 1OHOEI.J0 08 8 LHeN
OW 1ONa oa aHAMHaTr eH PX0OPH eleHaHH OLm 'aoNeL aMHg aN HIHO ALHEDIEPA
H HHOdIHALrI ALHHTOgoLro eH LOaHSUO daLredex aHIHNOdu LeenH BT LexoN
eH eLeH0OeH H 1O1aLHCHALHH OH
HaAedu LOH O8 LEraKaLOfOT
AHEEAALO{AN
aN HHAMOIrEH LETHO HHOdIIAra aLHH
H O LHAHIHONodu eH OLO&Lo[au eH HHOdireura aLHTOgOiro oda
LALOU EH eLEHaWodu eakxkdmudu ef ax oIM SIrOu
axoW eakxHacHTdu ef
OLIM BLPLrHO ex»U HKALTIQPE eo el
HdLYLra eH elerodudu oo
1odaiedex ou HNl eGACdaO[I
BLeIHO eH
()3-= (d
(11)
erÁNdo¢
ELPLPHCOL 0o HCedH 3 e
MON H HHOdIXAIa
alHHTO9
-OLro cda PLTHO BLEaOHOLA
HaCHIrdu ef O8HITHWodu
OLTHg
aurOu O1OHHHdLxaIrg OL
NadaHeH LOxAL 0o LEeakHAN
er KOW BLeXOOEH H
013LHCaLHH BXANor '(LON
TpHHa cTPyja. TlpH Toa BHnOBHTe Ha npomeHaTa Ha npHKJIyYEHHOT HarioH H
eJTeKTpHYHaTa CTpyja uTo ce BOCHOCTaByBa Bo npoBoAHHKOT Ce eHaKBH.
3a Hak3MeHHYHa CTpyja ceKoja cTpyja Koja co TeKOT Ha BpEMETO
ce CMeTa
ja MeHyBa CBOjaTa javHHa H Hacoka BeIHMe Heka Taa crpyja e dyHKUHja on
BpeMeTo, r o MaTeMaTHKH MOKe na ce mpercraBH co spa30T i =f ( t ) .
HCTo TaKka, H npOMeHJIHBHOT HanoH ce nperCTaByBa kako dÞyHKIUHja oA BpeMeTo
u flt.
CHTe npOMeHUTHBH BeJIHHHM, OCBeH Ha BakKOB HaHH, MOKEMe na r
mpHkaKeMe H co MjarpaM Bo npaBoaroJHHOT KOOpHHaTeH CHCTeM. TIpH TOa
ancuicaTa Ha cexoja To-xa on kpHBaTa ro mpercrasypa apemeTo uro noMHHa-
O O moveTOKOT, Aoneka opnHHaTara ja nperCrapyBa tpenHoCTa Ha Taa
mpOMeHMBa peJHHHa BO naneHHOT MOMeHT, na 3aToa Taa BpenHoCT H ja
HapekypaMe MOMEHTHa.
AKo kpHBaTa on cn.1.2 ja mperCTaeyBa npoMeHIHBaTa cTpyja i = f ( t ) ,
TOraui BO MOMeHTOT t 1,5 s BpenHOCTa Ha crpyjara i = 5 A.

Kaj npoMeHJIHBHTE eneKTpH

HH CTpyH MOKe Aa ce MeHyBa He iA
caMo HHBHaTa javmHa H3pazeHa Bo 7
aMInepH, Tyky HajveCTO ce cpeT- 6
HyBaMe H co TaKBH CTpYH Ha KOH
BO CTpyjHOTO KOJIO HM ce MeHyBa 5
H Hacokara Ha TevemeTo. 3a na
HIMaMe IenoCHa npeTCTaBa Kako ce
MeyBa jaHHaTa Ha cTpyjara, pH
aHaiH3aTa Ha npoMeHJIHBHTE CTpyH 2
MOpaMe co yure HeKoja 11
1onoJIHH-
TeJIHa 03Haka na HCTaKHEMe BO tis)
oja Hacoxa Bo enekTpHHOTO KO- 0 5 3 5
JO MHHYBa CTpyjaTa BO naneHOT CI. 12
MOMeHT. BHnejk BO npenBHI
noaraaT caMo Be, Meryce6Ho cnpoTHBHM HacOKH, HajenHoCTaBHO e Taa paTH-
Ka na ce o3HaH co 3HaATe uiyc (+) H MHHYC (). Toa on 3Haveno leka
CTpyHTe ITO BO ereKTpH-HoTO KOJIO TevaT BO eHa Hacoka HMaaT 3Hak (+) H
Ha MjarpaMOT ce upHKaxypaaT co opHHATH HaI BpeMeHCKaTa ocka- ancuHca-
Ta, 1oneka cTpyHTe co upoTHBHa Hacoka HMaaT 3Hak (), a HHBHHTe opAHHaTH
ce noa ancuHCHaTa ocka. 3Haure.+ " H,-" c KOH ce oÑenexysaar cmpo-
THBHHTe HacoKH Ha pOMeHUIHBHTe CTpYH He TpeQa na ce noBpayBaaT co MaTe-
MaTH IKHTe CHM6oJIH 3a onepaAHTe coPHpaHbe H Banebe.
Bo aHaHTe H pecmeTkTe na enexTpHHTe kOJna uTo ke ru BpIuIHMe
nOHATay, cexorai MOpa na ce oHaH OHaa Hacoka Ha koja à npHnara noam-
 THBHATa BpeAHOCT Ha cTpyjata. Toa Bo eieKTPHYHOTo KOJIO MOKE emHOCTaBHO
na ce 03HaYH co BupTaHa cTpeJIKa H 03Haka 3a CTpyjaTa i (cLl1.3a.). BaxBaTa

f(t)
( +
t tis)

a) -iA) 6)
C 1.3
03Haka 3a Hacokata Ha
HH3
cTpyjata He
3HaH Aeka
npoMeHJIHBaTa cTpyja MHHYBa
eJ1eKTPHHOTo KOJIO Cekoraiuu BO
03HaueHaTa
caMo 3a HacokaTa BO HacOKa, TyKy TOa e o3Haka
KOja Ke Teve
cTpyjaTa co no3HTHBeH 3Hak
TeHe co
cnpoTHBHa Hacoka ke HMa CTpyjaTa
uTo
HeraTHBeH 3Hak
BHnejkn 3HaLIMTe WTO CTpyjaTa HaBHCTHHa TH IMa ce
H36paHa Hacoka ke ja HapexyBaMe oAHecyBaaT Ha Taa
apaBHJIO KOH Koe Mopa peiepeTHa 3a o6jacHeHHe Ha OBa
na ce
ipynpxyBaMe, Kora
oCHOBHO
CTpyH, ke HH 1ocy»xH GJL. 1L.3a H 6. Ha Hea
paõ0THIMe co
npoMeHJMBHTe
e
KoJIOTO BO KOe Tee ipHKaxaHa cnojHaTa uema Ha
npoMeHIHBa CTpyja, a npoMeHHTe
npeTCTaBeHH Ha nHjarpaMoT oA CIL L.3 0. AKo Ha
Hej3HHata
jaTa ce nOTIOJIHO 3ananeHH, Ha npoMeHHTe Ha javHara jaHa ce

t1 CTpyjata Teve BO ipHMep, 3HaeMe eka BO Ha cTpy-

HaBopeiiHHOT Ien Ha HHTepBanoT on 0 1o
KOH TOTKaTa b, Taa Hacoka MOKEMe 1a ja eIEKTpHHOTO KOJIO on
03H2geHa co i3bepeMe kako TOIKaTa a
BupTaHa CTpe+ka (cL 1.3a). Ha no3HTHBHa H 3aroa e
MeHCKH HHTepBai
opIHHaTHTe Ha
nAjarpaMOT oA GIL. 1.36
jaHHaTa
HanpoTHB BO HHTrepBaiOT oA ti O t2,
Ha
CTpyjaTa HMaaT
BO TOi Rne-
no3HTHBeH 31aK
ce HeraTHB
6nnejin 3ananeHata cTpyja OpiHHaTHTe
Teve
Ha
jaaHaTa Ha
3

peHTHa Hacoka. cupoTHBHO OA

H36paHaTacTpyjaTa
OBHe pa3JIHKH BO 3HauHTe Ha pede-
AaT Ha nOMHC1a Ieka enekipHHara CIPYja He
HH3HYKHOT Mpouec Ha ABHKeHe Ha ene
CMeaT ana He .
C e BpuuH 3a HaBe-
HeraTHBHaTa CTPyja Ha nonpyr HaH on
CTpyja. DKHrATra cyurTHna Ha HaH3MEHHIILar OHOj 3a Te ueCTH-
vecTH-
JIaToPHO BHKeHe Ha eeknpHNTe eCTHIH BO CTpyia e no3HTHBHaTTa
HacovenOTO
MpOBOMIHKO oD OC-
no3HTHBHaTa
8
 Kaj HaHiMeHIHTTHaTa CTpyja enex+pOHHTe He ce BKaT OA emnoT non Ha
reHeparopOT KOH PyTHOT, kaxo uTo e Toa xaj enHOHacoiaTa cTpyja, ryy
OCUHpaaT mOMery DBe rnaBHH nonoxón, noToHo oxoy CBOjaTa cpeaHa
nOJTOKPa
TloHMOT Ha npoMeHTHB HanoH ult), a co Toa H mpoMeHuTHBa CTpyja i(t)
e MHOry IHpOK. Ha cl 14 npHKaMaHH ce HeKoJIky KapaKTepHCTHM BHnOBH 3a
npoMeja Ha enexTprHaTa crpyja CHTe npHKaKaHH BHIOBH npHnaraaT Ha

ift) 4t)

a) 6) b

ilt)

9)
CL 14

upoMeHHBHTe CTpyH, HO cenak 3a6enexauHBa e paaHKaTa Bo kapakrepoT Ha

omeHHTe nphMepH. IIpBHOT npHMep (a) e kapakTepHCTHTei no Toa uro
npOMeHaTa Ha javHaTa Ha cTpyijara co TekOT Ha BpeMeTO He ce noBTopyBa,
Tyry OBaa upoMeHa e on cysaen kapakTep. BHIOT Ha npoMeHaTa Ha javHaTa
Ha eexTp-H2Ta CTpyja i (t) Bo pHMepHTe (6,8,r H a) e kapakrepnCTHYeH no
TOa urro cexoja BpenuoCT ce nOBTOpyBa no oapeneHo BpeMe. OBa TBpIeme
MOKe na ce upoBepH oA mjarpaMETe 3a HHBHHTe HajxapaxTepucTHHM TOVKH
(Hyna, MaxcCHMaJHa mo3HTHBHa H MakcHMaJHa HeraTHBHa BpenHocT). OurneIHO
e nexa BpeHOCTHTe Ha oBHe CTpyH nepHonHHo ce moBTopyBaaT, na nopa-
mH Toa ce HapekypaaT neproaH CTpy 3a enexTpoTexHHxaTa oBHe cTpyH
HIMaaT noce6Ho 3HaveHe, na 3aToa ke OHnaT npeIMET Ha HaiueTo npoyayBaHe
BO CIeAHHTe conpKHAW. AKo rH 3eMeMe 3a
upeMeT Ha anann3a camo
upoMeHJIH-

9
 BWTe Crpyn co nepnoJwmeH KapaKrep, THe Ke MU*aT Na Ce 110NeNAT Bo Jne rou
rpyiw:

1. EneKTpHnaTa cTpyja ITO ce Meiyna no CHIlYcen 3akOH (ci. 1.4b) mn

nara na rpynaTa T.H. npocro nepHoiwTIM (xapMOiIMCKW) CIpyu. Hasme
ipw-
Ha-
Ta CTpyja unja npOMeHa ce oBADa no CHIIYCEH 3aKOH, a ce roTopVRa .Ha
oapenen BpeMenckH nepHon, ce Hapekypa pocro nepHoAHua, opan
TOa
u o cHHyCHaTa penHIHHa He MOKe 1a ce paaioKH BO 1OipoCT BHJI
2. EneKTpHYHaTa c+Tpyja WTO ce MeHyBa 1o 3akoH ciMYen Ha oHoi
O
cn. 1.46 npHTaYa Ha rpyiaTa coMeiO nepkHOJU1IM (HeCHITYCOHJUIH) Crpyn, KOH
xoH
MOXaT na HMaaT Hajpa3JIHYHH BHIIOBHH Ce co roieMa
ipHMeHa BO
panHOTez
HHKaTa, eneKTpoHcKHTe MauIMHH H CIL Cekoja ciomeHo nepuonw'Ha dugu
MOe na ce pa3JioH Ha noBeKe npoCTO nepHoAHIn dyHkllHH.

1.1.1. CHHyconna

3a npoyuyBalLe Ha eieKTpwHHTe
KOJa
B 3a HaM3MeHHYHa CTpyja noTpeQHH ce
peCHH TO3HaBalba oA
TpHrOHOMeTpHjaTa.
3aToa ke noTcETHMe Ha HekOH IOHMH
uTO
CTe TH yueie BO MaTeMaTHKaTa H Ke rH
mpouMp¥IMe Co HOBH.
Ip CHHyCHaTa pOMeHa Ha Hekoja
o< HaH3MeHHa BeJIHHHa, Taa BpeMeHCKH TH
MeHyBa CBOHTe BpeIHOCTH no 3akOHOT Ha
CI. 1 5 CHHyCOT. Tlon cHHyc Ha Hekoj aron a BO
mpaBoarOJIeH TPHaroJIHHK, ce nonpa36Hpa
oHOCOT nOMery cipoTHB:HaTa kaTeTa (AB) n xHmOTeHYsaTa ( OB ) (cL 1.5).
Tloa npernoCTaBKa xHTIOTEHY3aTa Ha rpnaroJHHKOT na HMa BpenHoCT eoma
(1), cHHycOT Ke Qnne onpejesieH co H3pa30T:

sina = AB AB
OB (12)
KocHHycoT 3a HCTHOT aroi a BO npaBoaro.IHHOT TpHarosHHK e onHoc noMery
HaierHaTara kaTera (OA) H xHnOTeHy3aTa ( OB):
Cos OA =OA
OB = OA
(1. 3)
On ropanTe u3pa3u upousneryBa neka cuHycor Bo enunevanor Kpyr e

eHakoB Ha opiHHaTaTa noBJIEYEHa H13 BpBOT Ha painy-BeKTOPOT, a koCHHy

10
cOT OroOBapa Ha lupoekiujara na panuyc-vek'TopOr Ha aqucara. Bo noHara-
Toa
MOUHHTe upoyuyBaHa ke ro kopucruMe m.M. upu2onoMeuupucku Kpy2.
enpy? umo nacUanyaa ko?a sekuop co yoAMUna l pamuoMepno ce opiuu
Toa He-
ONOAy eOna MouKa cupomuGHO o9 cipeakaua na uacoonukoü. Ipu
roBara BpBHa ToiKa ro oumyBa rpuroHOmeTpucknor Kpyr. Bunejku BeKT
paFuyc, HapeieH e GCKUop.
paouyc
-

poT co nOMKUHa 1 OB/Je HMa ynora Ha

Ha-
Heka cpeiUHATa Ha kpyror noBAeYeMe
HH3 xopu3OHTaIHa iHHMja
ToHka o, KOja
peveHa BpemeHcka oCKa H Ha Hea no xKenóa na H36epeMe enHa
ke npeTcTaByBa noueTOK Ha cHHycOHnaTa. On TouKaTa O HanecHo ke ja
HaHe-
ceMe noDKHHaTa OB, koja ro npeTCTaByBa BpemeTo uITO My e noTpeQHO Ha
OB Ke
pannyc-BEKTOPOT 1 na HanpaBH Kpyr oA 360° reoMeTpHCKH. AoJDKHHaTa
ja moneHMe Ha H3BeceH 6poj eHakBH IenOBH (CJL 16). OiuaieveHoCTa Ha koja

C. 1.6
H Aa oHIO oA OBHe TOIKH Ha BpeMeHCkaTa ocka on noverokOT Ha CHHyCOHIIaTa

My e nOTpeQHo Ha painyC-BEKTOPOT 1a ce
O ro npeTCTaByBa BpeMETO ITo
aroJi Ha BpemeHCKaTa ocka oÑkHO rH 3a6enexyBaMe
3aBpTH 32a onpeneneH
caMo HajkapakTepHCTHIHHTE TO-IKH, HajveCTO OHHe kOH oarOBapaaT Ha noMe-
3a npoCTOpeH aroJ1 OA
CTyBaHeTo Hapanwyo-BeKTOpOT OA noTeTHaTa noioKOa
90, 180°, 270° H 360° 0°, Bo THe TOIKH HaMecTO BpeMETO rH o6enexy-
BaMe arIHTe UITO rH 3adhaka pannyc-BEKTOPOT Cco no3HTHBHHOT AeJI Ha BpeMeH-

CKaTa oCka.
Co npoeKTHpaHbe pannyc-BeKTOPOT Ha opIHHaTHTe nOBJIeHEHH oA
Ha
OCka ke I0ÖHEMe paIHHH BpeAHOCTH 3a
coOIBETHHTe TOIKH Ha BpeMeHCKATa
TOKH nokHBaMe kpHBa JIHHHja koja
CHHyCOT. CnojyBajáH rH Taka noQneHHTe
Ha CHHycoT 3a eneH noH BpTex Ha
TH nOkaxyBa npoMEHHTe Ha BpenHOCTa
BHKa CHEYCOHMa
panyc-BeKTOpOT. OBaa kpHBa ce
OA cIHKaTa e BHIIHBO Jeka 3a BpeMe Ha BpTeheTO Ha panHyc-BeKTopOT
OA 0 Ao 90° pacTe H CHHYcoT on 0 n0 1, uTO e H HerOBaTa HajroieMa
HaMaryBa CHHYCoT OA 1 no 0
BpenHOCT. Bo HHTepBaiOT OA 90 Ao 180
ce

11
 On 180° no 270° ppenHoCTa Ha cHHycOT noBTOPHO paCTe, HO cera Bo cnpo-
THBHA Hacoxa on 0 no - 1. H Bo HTepnanoT on 270° o 360° cmHycOT nOn
TopHO omara on - 1 no 0. lo onHILIaHTe 360° ce ce moBTOpyna Ha MCTHOT
HavHH
Kora ru 3HaeMe BpeHoCTHTe Ha cKrycoT 3a ar on 0° no 360, MOKeMe
a o mpeCMeTaMe H 3a xoj H na 6n1o apyr aroI noroieM O 360°. Axo ca
KaMe, Ha npHMep, na npecmeTame sin 800° Hajnppo ae ro n0MeiHMe TOj aron
co 360°. OCTaroxOTe aronoT 3a koj 6apaMe cHHYC

800 2 360° 800° 720° =80°.

3Ha sin( 800° ) = sin( 2 360°+ 80°)= sin80°

Kako enHHHIUa Mepka 3a aroI BO TpHOHOMe-

TpHjaTa, aH BO eJieKTpOTeXHHKaTa e BOBenena eau-
HHLaTa Hapevena pamajaE ( rad ). Toa e aron mj
uTo kpyxeH Jax e eaHakoB Ha HeroBHOT panHyc
(cI 1. 7). TeomeTpHCkaTa enHHHUa 3a aron e cTe-
neH ( 1° ), a noMaTH eIHHHIUH ce MHHYTa ( 1) H
cexyHna ( 1" ). Bunejku noJHHOT aroi HMa 360°
HTH 277 panjanH T = 3,14.., JJynoJidoBHOT

opoj), 3a HHBHaTa MeryceQHa Bpcka ce noQwBa:

1 rad 360
2-3,14 57,3
CL 17

Ha ci 16 e Hauprana yurre enna kpMBa Hapevena kocaycoRna uTOce

nO6HBa Ha cveH HaHH Kako H CHHYCOHIaTa. On cJiHkaTa ce rnena nexa no-
Mery peTe pBH nOCTOH BpeMeHCKo noMeCTyBaHe uTo oAroBapa Ha mpo-
CTOPHOTO noMecTyBaBe Ha paimyc-BeKTopoT Oa 90°.

111 Ja ce HanHuaT BpenHoCTHTe Ha CHHyCHaTa H KoCHHyc Hata dyHKUMja 3a ariu oa

o, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 180°, 270°H 360°, a noroa na ce npeTeTaBaT Ha TpHro
HOMETDHCKaTa KpyxHMua.
OaroBop

0 30° 45 60 90 180|27o° 360

sina 0 1/2 2 / 2 / 3 / 2 1 0 -1 0

cosB 3/22/21/2 o 1 |o 1

12
 1.1.2. KaKy panujaHM My onroBa paar Ha aron on enCH cTerieH
OnrOrop: Axo ja noCTaBMMe nponopunjaTa:

180 =1 x

te nobneMe nexa x = 0,01745 rad.

12. Ao6Base Ha axcMeEIEA CTpyla

Kora ro npoyryBame npHHIHNOT Ha paôoTa Ha eneKrpwTIMTe reHepaTo

pH Bo OCHOBH Ha eneKTpOTexHHKaTa 1 ce 3ano3HaBMe co HaHOT Ha koj ce
-

no6Ba Har3MeHIHTHaTa emc. Cera ke ce samo3HaeMe noneTaTHO Co co31ATe-

HaTa eMc. 3a OBaa uen Ke ro ynorpeônMe HajeuoCTaBHIHOT MOnen Ha r e e -
Top arrepEaTOP MpHKaKaH Ha cL L8.
NoMery MarHeTHHTe
noMOBH NH S Ha eieH
noCTOjaH MarHeT, 30JH-
paHoe npHUBpCTEHa Ha
oCka ema HaBHBKa O
pOBOHa KHua. HaBHBka-
Ta MOKe Ja ce BpTH OKOJIy
oCkaTa, a Ha Hej3HHHTE
KpaeBH ce Bp3aHH ABa Me-
TaIHH IpCTeHa Pi H P2.
npcTeHHTe ce BpTaT 3aen-
HO CO HaBHBKaTa, a no HHB

ce JH3raaT jarieHH vETKH-

HHba Ha kOH e pHKITyYEH CL 1. 8.
raBaHOMeTap. YOTpeQe-
HHOT raIBaHOMETap HMa HYJIa Ha cpenMHaTa Ha ckanaTa, uTO 3HaH CTpeJiKATa

MOKe na ce OTKIOHyBa H HaneBo H HanecHo.

Kora ce BpTH HaBHBKaTa, ' Ke 3a6esie>XHIME Jeka oTkIOHOT Ha cTpeIkaTa

pacTe on HyiaTa B0 Hacoka Ha 3HakOT LIyc A0 MakCHMaJTHaTa BpenHOCT, nOToa

ce HaMayBa cè 1oneka cTpeIKaTa He ja nokaxe HyJTTaTa BpeMHOCT. ABOKetbe
TO ro nponoixyBa BO Hacoka Ha 3HaKOT MHHYC, Ke ja AoCTHTHe MakCHMaTHaTa
BpenHOCT, na ke ja npoMeHH HacokaTa H noBToPHO Ke ce BpaTH Ha Hyna. 3a
CieHHTe BpTeH Ha HaBHBKaTa CTpeJikaTa Ha raBaHOMETapoT ro nOBTOpyBa

HCTOTO BHKEHe.
CTpekaTa Ha ra1BaHOMeTapOT Ke nokaxe Hyna Bo MOMeHTOT KOra paM-
HHHaTa Ha HaBHBKaTa e nocraneHa HopMaIHO Ha MarHeTHHTe CHUIOBH JTHHHH

13
(npeTCTaBeHa to HcnpekHHanH JAHHHH Ha c . 1.8), a HajroneM OTKIOH KOr.
KOra
mpoBOAHHUHTe Ha HaBHBKaTa MHIHYBaaT non cpemHHaTa Ha MarHeTHHTe nonoR
OTKTOHOT Ha cTpeIKaTa Ha raBaHoMeTapoT e pe3ytaT Ha
BpTeHeTo
HaBHBKATa BO MarHeTHOTO NOJie, UTO cnopen DapaneepHOT 3aKOH 3a eseTo
MarHeTHa mayxunja ycnoByBa nojana Ha HHIyuwpana emc, Koja npenk3BM
CTpyja BO 3aTBOpeHOTO enexTpHHo KOno. Bo HanHBKaTa ce Munyunpa emc
roneMHHa H Hacoxa ce noBTOpyBa no HCTHOT penocnen no cexoj moH
ex.
Taxa no6nenaTa eMc ce Hapexypa HeHHHA ec HHayunpalte Ha
Ha eMc
mpH BpTeHe Ha HaBHBKaTa HaCTaHypa caMO BO HejaHHHTe akTHBHH CTpa
Toa ce mpoBOMHHUATe. an b (cnl8), nOnexa pO mpOBOHHwATe c H d He C
HHIyLIHpa emc. THe caykaT caMo 3a na 6Hne HaBHBKaTa npoBoAHO 3aTBOpeHa
TIpH BpTenero Ha HaBHB KaTa npoBOIHHKOT a cexoraui ce Haofa non
CnpoTHBHHOT MarHeTEH NOJI BO OJHOc Ha ipOBOHHKOT b, na BO HHB Ce RHTy
HpaaT enexTpoMOTOpHH CHJIH Co cupoTHBHa Hacoka Cenax, ranBaHOMeTapoT
ro MepH 36HpHHOT HamoH Ha HaBHBKaTa ITO e ABa naTH noroneM on HHTyIR
paHaTa eMC BO eneH npOBOIHHK. 3a na MOKeMe MaTeMaTHYKH Aa ro kopasaMe
3axOHOT 3a upoMeHaTa Ha HHnyuApaHata eMc e cienHme ITo ce cay"yBa co
Hea caMo BO eHHOT IpOB0AHHK OA HaBHBKaTa npH Hej3HHOTO IBHDKEHe BO
MarHETHOTO 1OJIe.
Ha cL 19 e npHkakaH HanpevHHOT npeceK Ha HaBHBKaTa uTo ce BpTH co
KOHCTaHTHa 6poHHa ( V= const ) BO XOMOreHo MarHeTHO noTe ( B = const).

6
SScosl

6)

a)
CI. 1 9.

14
 16MA IpGMEHA H MHI HTyr nyue, Hary jana ua eOTDOM THA M
uymunja (u 0)
Kora npoonKETa ke uojne, Ha npmmep, wo esMutyara 2, 10j sp

of1MyHs npoowKAYI upn apreseo. Berropi na Gpmnana v enja TO-

MM Aa pmnn Ha ne MKHENTw, KopKsHTaHA
KOMIIOEiTa v, o pABe 1A - GCKa1a, man wHam CRYraj Hopwas2
18 MAT11ETHATA MUAykunja H, W
Beprnkasma KoMILWETA Vy npaRe Hay ,

OCKATA, 01OCHO HaYT Cnysaj w npares na marHETHATa HayKAja

(Cn.1.9).
HnyunpassaTH EMC OnpoAMKAST a e aawWH OA KOMILOHEHT21a Ha
6pmaTA V 6nejón usmKENENG HejsmaTa HaKa e ru npeceryea
MATHETHre csonn MAMW. KOMIOMEsTa1a Ha GpsnsaTa v e opMa.a
CHIOBHTe MIM, na caMO oA Hea ke 3aBHCn BpeTa Ha mnayunpaaTa eMc
o mpooMKOT. MoMENTHATA spensoct na nnuyunpaHara ec o nposo
KOT MOMe na ce maiHse Cnope M3paT on Ocon Ha enexrpoTexHHKaTa

V B (L4)
KAJ1e uro er B(T)- MarneTHa MHAYKLAja;_e MOMeHTHa epeiHoCT Ha HHay-
Mpanara eMC; | ( m ) - oJIKna Ha npoBOJUHMKOT BO MarHeTHOTO HONE
Vm/s ) - KOMfIOHerTana öpMHara HopMasna Ha MarHeTHATE CHUNOBH JHHH
Munynpanara emc 0 npoBOHMK co oIKHa , Koj ce BpTH co
noCTojana 6psnna v, BO XOMOreno MarueTHo noJne co Haykunja B, e ope-
SIena caMO CO roJIEMKHATa Ha xopuOHTaHaTa KOMIIOHEHTa Ha QpsHHaTa v
uTO e HopMaJINa Ha MarHeTHHTe cHiOBH JIHHMH.
Ciopen cIL 1. 9. arJHTe S 102 H S2vvs Kako arH co HopMaHH Kpau

Merycebn0 ce enakBh. KopHCTejkn ro OBoj ¢daKT MOKeMe npoMeHara Ha

6psHNATa V na ja wspasHMe ipexy aroioT 3a kojuTo ce 3aBpTen npoBOHHKOT

OI TpHaroJIHMKOT 2 vv, cJleJIn

V Vsina (1.5)

BHecynajM ro OBoj nspas so MspaxoT (1. 4) no6HBaMe:

v Bsina (L 6)
15
 Bwnejkn npeTnoCTaDuDMe nexa I, vHB ce konCTAFTIM, O ipaxor (16)
CeM neka rosneMHHATa HA MUIYIIwpanATa emc 3AnMCH CaMO O1 aroioT u
1popoMKOT ro 3akJ1onyna co MarueTHHTE. CHJIOBM JIMIHMH. 14 p43r nejiaMe He
KOJTky KaparrepucTHIM nonOmQH Ha nponoiMKOT BO OJHOC Ha MarHeTiTe

CHUIOBH JIMUMM.
3a nonom6ara Ha nponoAHHKOT Bo TouKATa 1 ( CIL 1. 9) HManMe o = 0
0, HTH I f o e HcTo Cfiopen
munyunpanaTa eMc ke 6HIe e
=

sino 0, na
1a cJienn e
=
0.
pa3or 1L4 nexTopoT Ha öp3HHaTa Vz 0, a v #
=
Vy»
HHTy BO TO1KaTa 4
nojapn BO npoBOHMKOT
HHnyunpana emc HEMa na ce
=
a 0,
=

noQMnaMe e =
0, HIH V Vy v H
34 koja a =
180°, sin180° 0, na
Ha MarHeTHHTe CHOBH
napaieieH
0. lpoBouHKOT H Bo OBaa nonoxQa
=
e
e

BO NOJIOKöa Ha
ToukaTa 3 ke uMaMe
Co nopenypaHe Ha npoBoHHKOT a

a 90°, sin90° =
1, na HHayunpanaTa eMc e HajroieMa:

e l v- B. sin90° =
/ vB (17)
Em- v B
Ha HHAYUMpaHaTa eMc.
AKo H3pa30T
Em e MakcHMaJHaTa BpeHOCT
Kane ITO
1.7 ro BHeceMe Bo H3pa30T 1.6 Ke noQHeMe:

e = Em'sina
(1.8)
Qp3HHaTa ce vy
= OH V V, na H co
kOMIIOHeHTHTe Ha
Bo OBaa nonox6a
HHBHa noMOLLI noQnie H3pa30T 1.18.
6H ro
5 KOMITOHEHTHTe Ha 6p3HIHHTe Kke
Kora npoBOAHHKOT ke QHne B0 TOHKaTa
0H V, a HHAyunpaHaTa eMc
ke 6Hne e = -

IvB = -

Emax
OHnaT Ky =

270°, sin270° = 1.
6nnejkn a Ce
eMC BO npOBOAHHK ITO
MoxeMe 1a 3aknyHMe IekKa HHIYUHpaHara
xOMOrEHO MarHeTH0 none ce MeHyBa nponopuH-
BpTH CO nocrojana 6poHHa BO

e
N

10 240° 270 300 a90* ago°_

J0 60° o° 120° 160 1oo 12
1

S
C. 1. 10

16
 OHaHO co CHHYCOT OA aroJIOT 3a KojuITo ce 3aBpre, na rpacdHYKH MOKe na
ce mpercTaBH CO CHHYCOHna (cn. 1. 10). Ha anunCHaTa ocKa ce HaHeceHn arJTHTe
3a KOH Ce 3appreI npoBOAHHKOT, H3pa3eHH Bo CTemeHH, a Ha opIHHaTHaTa ocka
ce HaHeceHH BpenHOCTHTe Ha eMC BO
HHIyUHpaHaTa pas/iHHH MOMeHT.
AKO
rH nOBpeMe BpBOBHTe Ha MOMeHTHTe HHayIwpain emc ja no6name rpadrr-
Kara npercTana 3a npoMeHaTa na HinyuapanaTa eMc co cHHIycen o6HK.
3a uenoCHO Oc03HaBaHbe Ha HauHH0T Ha kojuTo ce HHIYUMpa eMC BO
HaBMBKaTa, Ao6po Qn 6nno na ce oTkpHe n 3aKOHOT no KojurTo ce MeHyBa
dTykcOT. Axo noBpuHHaTa uTo ja 3achaka HapHBkaTa Bo moveTHaTa monoKÑa
4-1 on c. 19a e S, Toraui dJTykcOT HHB Hea, cnopen dopMynaTa on OCHOBH
Ha enekTpOTeXHHKaTa-1, ke QHne MakcHMaie:

Kora HaBHBKaTa ke nojne, Ha npHMep, BO nonox6aTa 2-b o cA. 1. 9

dUnyKcOT Ke QHne:

B-S' (1. 9)

On CL 196 cnenH Hexa:

S' Scosa
na co 3aMeHa BO H3pa30T 1. 9 no6HBaMe:

B S cosa (1.10)
Kane ITo ( Wb ) e MoMeHTHaTa BpeIHOCT Ha MarHeTHHOT HJTYKC ondaTeH
oA HaBHBKaTa.
Aa ro pa3rnenaMe BpeMeHCKHOT OHOC noMery drykcOT H HHIyUHpaHaTa
eMc BO HaBBKaTa cnopea cn. 1 11. Ha cHKara ce npHKaxaHH BpeMeHckaTa
mpoMeHa Ha MarHeTHHOT daykc ? ondareH on HaBBKaTa 3a BpeMe on enen
BpTex H poMeHara Ha HHIyHpaHara eMc Kako mocTenHIa oa BpeMeHCKaTa
npoMeHa Ha onykcOT.
Kora HaBHBKaTa e HoPMaiHa Ha MarHeTHHTe CHIOBH JIHHHH (ToJTOKQa 1),
Tora MarHeTHHOT ¢HUayKG e MakcHMaJneH d = Pmax a HeroBaTa npOMeHa Bo
Toj MOMeHTe emakBa Ha nyna, na H HHITYLHpaHaTa eMc Bo HaBBKaTa cnopen

DapaneeBHOT 3aKOH e enHakBa Ha Hy/1a e=

-
A 0.
0.
At
Kora HaBHBKaTa e napaneHa co MarHeTHTe cHTOBH JIHHAH (monokQa 2
ondarenHOr orykc @ = 0, HO HeroBara MOMeHT e MaxcHMan-
mpomeHa BO Toj
Ha, 1a HHAYIHpaHaTa eMc e MakcHMaJTHa e = Emax Bo noJHOx6aTa 3 ondaTe-

2. OcH OBH Ha eneKTpoTeXHH Kara - 2 17

 p»fla)E
m
e:0
90

360

C. 1 11

HHOT MarHeTeH ÞJIyKC NOBTOPHO e MakcHMaieH kaKo H BO ToIOKôata 1, H

6Hnejkn HaBHBKaTa e 3aBpTeHa 3a 180°, MarHeTHHTe CHIOBH JIHHHH
poIHpaT
OA CnpoTHBHaTa CTpaHa, na ÞJTyKCOT e co cipoTHBeH 3Hak
max, a HH-
AyLUHpaHaTa eMc e
noBTOPHO eIHakBa Ha Hy1a. Kora HaBHBKaTa ke nojne BO
nOJIOK6aTa 4, 3HaH Kora ke ce 3aBpTH BO OHOC Ha noveTHaTa nonoxõa 3a
270, ondaTeHHOT DJIyKC e enHakop Ha HyJ1a, HeroBaTa mpoMeHa BO TOj Mo
MeHT e MaKcHMaJTHa, na H HHyuHpaHaTa eMc e MakcHMaHa, HO Cco
cnpoTHBHa
Hacoka oA OHaa B0 noJIOKÖõaTa 2, e=- Emax IloioxõaTa 5 Ha HaBHBkaTa e
HCTa co noJIOKQaTa 1, na = Pmax He=0.
OA ceTO OBa IITo ro kaxaBMe oHrTeAHa e BpEMeHCKaTa Heco0IBETHOCT
Ha HyTTHTe H MakcIMaJIHHTe
BpeHOCTH Ha MarHeTHMOT ¢DJIYKC ondareH On
HaBHBKaTa H HHIyUHpaHaTa eMC BO Hea. Kora MarHeTHHOT
¢HUTyrc e uajnronew
(HoJIOK6a 1, 3 n 5) Toram npOMeHaTa Ha dJykcoT e emarna Ha HyJ12, Ia H
HUYUADaHaTa eMc e Hyia Kora pOMeHaTa Ha dJryxcOT e HajroieMa (n0
JIOK6a 2 H 4), Toram H HHJyuapanara eMc e Hajroiema
On cL 1. 11 Mo*e na ce 3a6enexH H Heka kpHBaTa Ha MarHeTHHOT
DJTYKC
3a 90° nopaHo rH
npHMa HyJITHTe H MakCHMaJIHHTe BpeAHOCTH OA OHHE Ha
HHUIYILHDaHara eMc; na dopmyIaTa (1.10) 6H MOKeJna na ce HamHLe:

18
 90° )
Pmax COsa max sinl a+
=

no KO-
3HaH, aKO MarHET7IHOT ÞAyRc onpareH oA HaBHBKATa Ce MeHyBa
ce HHAYUnpa eMc mO CHHIYCeH 3aKOH.
CHHyceH 3akOH, Torau Bo npOBOAHHKOT

1.3. lapamerpw na upocronepuonnIWTe BCJIWIHHH

3 1 a3a Ha Han3MeHHHHTe BeJIHTHHH

BaKHoCT 3a
Kako uTo HarnacHBMe BO IpeTxoAHaTta nekunja OA HajroieMa
cTpyM, nocebHO OHMe kaj KOn
enekTpoTexHHYKaTa npaKTHKa ce nepHoIHIHHTe
noCTeneHo
BpeMeHCKkaTa npOMeHa ce oABHBa xapMOHHYKH.
CHHyCHHTe BeIHIHHH
nOToa ce cCMaJyBaaT nO HyJTa,
paCTaT oA HYJTa AO CBOjaTa HajroieMa BpeIHOCT, Hacoka H
HO BO CnpOTHBHaTa
na noBTOpHO pactaT 10 HajroneMaTa BpeIHOCT,
Ha kpajoT 1OBTODHO onaraaT I0 HyIa.
Ha HopMyJiaTa (1. 8) 3a HHAyHpaHaTa
eMC HaBHB BO
TlpH H3BenyBaHbETO
MOMeHTOT KOra
noHaBMe Aa ro HaÑJbyAyBaMe on
KaTa, Hej3HHOTO BpTeHe na H
e enHaKBa Ha HYJIa ( e
=
0 3a t =
0),
BpeHOCTa Ha HHIyLLMpaHaTa eMc Ha
noveTOK. Ako BpTebeTO
aHjarpamOT oA CJL L 10 moHyBa oA koopIHHaTHHOT
0), xora Taa 3adaka Hekoj aroI
noHeMe na ro HaQJbyayBaMe (t
=
HaBHBKATa
eMc BO npOBOIHH-
ocka Ha MarHETOT, HHIayunpanaTa
BO OIHOC Ha HeyTpaJTHaTa
õHne e 0, TyKy ke HMa BpeIHOCT, ce pa3Qkpa BO
HeKoja 3aBHC
KOT HeMa Aa
HOCT OA nOIOK6aTa Ha HaBHBKaTa.
Ha-
Ha eMc Bo npOBOIHHKOT a Ha
Aa npeTmoCTaBHMe HeKa HHayUHpa:LeTO
t = 0) BO MOMeHTOT KOra po-
BHBKaTa CMe noHaJie 1a ro HaQJbyayBaMe
nOMeCTeH 3a aron on Hey-
BOIHHKOT ce Haora Bo noJ1OK6a 1 on CL 1.10,
þopmyJna 3a MOMeHTHaTa BpeIHoCT Ha HHAYUH--
TpaIHaTa ocka. MaTeMaTHYKara

paHaTa eMC TOraiLI Ke 6Hne:

e Em sinl a + O) (1 11.)

HA3MCHYYIH&ra Bo
Pispa30T ( a+ O) ce HapexyBa pa38 Ha
BO 3arpanaTa

AHa, a aronoT O3a noveTHHOT MOMeHT

( t 0) ce HapekyBa noOTHA Da- =

32 36op0T Ha3a e rpuKH 360p H

3HaH H3 JTen", oAHOCHO dasaTa ro onHuIy-
,

Ha Han3MeHHYHATa BeJIHYHHa.
Ba MOMeHTHHOT,, H3rien" (BpeIHoCT)
BO TEKOT Ha eneH nepHOA ce MeHyBa
Da3aTa Ha HaH3MeHHYHaTa BeJIHYHHA
H HHayuHpa-
3a 27 painjaHn, oAHOCHO 3a 360°. TloHeTHaTa da3a Ha HanOHOT

HaTa eMc BO NOHaTaMOWHHOT

TeKCT Ke ja oÑesiexy»aMe co QyKBaTa O (Tera), a

noveTHaTa dasa Ha cTpyjara co 6ykxvaTa ¥ (ncH).

19
 upMKa*aH Ha cn. 1.12a.
bopMynaTa (1.11) c
AjarpaMOT 3a HA)nyupanaTa eMC oJI
Ha KOopIHHaT
e Neka nnjarpaMOT e noMeCTeH B JieBo BO OAHOC
CIHBO
OIeTOK H neka HHnyuHpanaTa emC 3a t = 0 MMa mo3THBHA BpeHOCT.

e e

En
Cm

360
360
6)
a) C. 1. 12

ro HaóJbyAyBaMe Kora npoBOIHH-

emc noHEMe Ia
Ako HHIyuHpaHseTo Ha
5-11 1 ke 3aoerexHMe Aeka HHIyunpaHaTa
(CI. 10),
KOT a ce Haora Bo nonox6a
OA CL. 1. 12b e 3abeneKTHBO Iexa
eMC BO MoMeHT HMa HeraTHBHa BpenHOCT.
Toj
eMc e mOMeCTeH B IeCHO
OA KOOpIHHaTHHOT IO-
HjarpamOT Ha HHayuHpaHaTa
MaremaTHIKaTa dopMyJia 3a HHJyI-
yeTOK, a noveTHaTa hasa e HeraTHBHa.
paHaTa eMC BO OBOj c+yvaj ke 6nne:
e = Ensin( a - O).

MoxeMe na 3ak+yHMe Aeka BpeIHOCTa Ha HHTyIIHpaHaTa eMc Ha noieTO-

kOT OA Ha6JbyayBatbeTo MOKe na Qnne H no3HTHBHa H HeraTHBHa, a ce pasQHpa

MOKe 1a HMa H BpeAHOCT HYJ1a.

1.3.1.1. Ase Hax3MeHVH enc co aMnwTyAH Em = 25 V H Em2 = 32 V HMaaT

noveTHH pa3n O1 = n / 6 HO2 = - n / 6 pecieKTHBHO. Ma ce HanHliaT H3pa3HTe 3a MOMeH-F

THHTe BpeAHOCTH Ha oBHe eMC ako a = 3,14t

OnrOBop: e =25 sin(3,14 +Tt/6)V; e = 32 sin (3,14t - Tt/6)V

1. 3. 2. ITepHoa Ha Hax3meHHHHTe BeIHVHHH

Kako uITO HCTaKHaBMe BO 1.1.1,, BpeMETO UITO e norpeóHO HaHIMEHHTH3Ta

BeJHTHHa na H3BpUH eAHa noJHa ocuHIaIHja, oAHOCHO enHa ueToCHa npOMEHa
no HHTeH3HTET H no Hacoka ce BHKa nepHon. No o6eie*yBame co 6ykBaTa 1, a
ro MepHMe BO cEkyHIH (C. 1.13).
 lonOBHHaTa on BpeMeHCKHOT HHTepBan T/2 ce HapexyBa
CTHKaTa MOXe 1a ce nonyiepHon On
3a6eneKH neKa npomeHHTe Ha
BpIIaT B0 TexOT Ha npBHOT no- HHAyUMpaHaTa eMC ce
ayTepHoA BO EIHa Hacoka, a Bo
TexOT Ha
BTOPHOT nonynepHOn
BO e
CupoTHBHaTa HacOxa 3Hau,
HaHOMEHHHATa BeIHHHa 3a
BpeMe OA eneH nepHoA
MBanaTH ja CBOjaTa
MeHyBa
Hacoka IlepHonOT Ha Ha
MeHHHHTe BeTHHHH ITOce
2
MeHyBaaT no CHHyceH 3aKOH e
2T pannja Ha cnL L 3 on
TOKATa 0 Ao 2 ce H3BpILIyBa
eHa eioCHa npoMeHa, a
nOTOa cè ce noBTOpyBa, 6knejKH T
sina = sin( a + k-2T), C 1. 13
k = 1, 2, . .BpeMETO OA
TOHIKaTa 0 no 2 Ha cJIHKaTa e mepHoIOT Ha HaH3MeHHYHaTa BeJIHHHa. Toj MOKe
a ce MepH OA KOja H na Qkno TOKa, HO oQHTHO ce MepH on MoMeHTOT Kora
Har3MeHHHaTa BeJTHHHa MHHYBa HH3 HYna HTH H3 MaKCHMaIHaTa BpenHoCT.
HHayuHpaHaTa eMc BO BpTJIHBaTa HaBHBKa no roneMAHa H Hacoka 3aBHCH
H OA 6psHHaTa co koja Taa ce BpTH BO MarHeTHOTO noJie. Hexa, Ha npHMep,
HaBHBKATa 3a enHa cexyHIna npaBH 50 BpTexH. Toa 6H 3Haveno nexa HHnyurpa-
HaTa eMC Ke HanparH 50 noJHH IpOMeHu, onHoCHO 50 nepHoAH. BpemeTO Ha
Tpaene Ha caMo eneH nepHon Ke 6une T 1/50 0,02 sek, ce pa3ókpa co
npernoCTaBka neka 6p3HHaTa Ha BpTeHETO e mocTojaHa.

1 3. 3. pexreunja

Kony nepHoAH Ke Ma Har3meHwHaTa BeHH14a (CTpyja, Hano, eMc)

BO eaHHHa BpeMe 3aBHCH On 6p3AHaTa co koja ce BpTH HaBHBKATa, oAHOC-
HO On BpeMeTO Ha TpaeHeTO Ha nepHonOT. bpojorT Ha uenocHHTe npoMeHH
(mepHonH) Ha HaH3MeHHYHaTa BeIHHHa BO eAHa cexyHaa ce BHKa dperses
j a H ce 6enexH co 6ykBaTa f. llepHONOT H ÒpekKBeHIHjaTa ce Bo pennpo-

eH COOAHOC:

Hz

21
 e 1 Hz. HMeTo ro nooHna no reDMau
EAHHHUa Mepka 3a dpekBeHuHja
e dpeXBeHITHJa Ha HasmeHHHaT
CKHOT DH3H1ap XajHpHx Xepu EneH xepu
BeTHYTHHA uj nepHoA H3HecyBa enHa cexyHna

1Hz s
Ha jaka CTpyja e CTau
peKBeHInjaTa Ha HanoHOT BO
eneKTpOTexHHKaTa aH
50 Hz, a BO AMepHKa 60 Hz. Cmpy-
Espona H H3HecyBa
AapaksHpaHa 3a uena CBeTHn
BakKBa dpekweHIUMja,
6HnejH BO ETekTphHHTe
jaTa ce npon3BeAyBa co
cBeTJIOCHOTO TpenepeHbe.
AkO, Ha npHMep, ce ynOTDe
KH He ce 3a6enexyBa
ro 3aõeiexH Tpenepemero
oko Ke MOKe na
CTpyja co 22 Hz, TOBeTKOTO
e HenphjaTHO. CTOV
CBETHIIKH, ITO ce pa3bHpa,
CBETJIHHaTa on eieKrpHTHHTe
dpeKBeHIUHja 3a uIHpOka yioTpeQa He ce npOHIBEIYBa, 6uneiu
ja co noroneMa
HMa ureTHO IejcTBO, CEKoraii e npHcyTHa H cè nom
caMOHHAyxunjaTa, koja
co pacTeLeTo Ha dpeyBeHUHjaTa
pa3eHa eeKTpOTexHHKaTa ce BHKaT
opekBeHIHHTe uITo ce kopHCTaT IEHecka Bo
BO akyCTHKATa 3a
rHraxepuh. Ha npHMep,
OA AeceTHHa xepun Ao HeKoJIKy Hz no 20 kHz. Pa-
ÞpeKBeHTeH AOMEH OA 20
npeHoC Ha roBopOT ce kopHCTH 000 MHz. TenebH-
on Han 100 kHz 1o 1
AHOAHÒy3HOTO nOApaje nouyBa
on 47 MHz no 500 MHz, pamapHTe on
3HCKHTe CHTHaH ce pacnopeneHH

1GHz 10 20 GHz, a caTesiHTCKHTe BpCkKH On 4 GHz 1o oKOJIy 15 GHz. Bo

HajHOBO BpeMeniaHHpa KopHCTeH:e Ha eneKTpoMarHeTHH

ce
QpaHoBH dpex- co

eTeKTpOMarHeTHH 6paHOBH OI
BeHIHH H OA CTOTHHa GHz, a ce HcnHTyBaaT
3a npeHoc Ha
HHOpanpBEHHOT, na aypH H on BHIIIHBHOT Jei Ha ciekTapOT
CHTHaTH.
Kaxo uTO HCTaKHaBMe, QpojOT Ha BpTexHTe Ha HaBHBKaTa ro onpenenyBa
6pojoT Ha nepHOAHTe BO EIHHHUa BpeMe, a co Toa ja onpeieayBa H dpekBeH
LDHjaTa Ha HaH3MeHHHaTa BeJIHHHa. 3a ia ce no6He HHAyCTpHCKa ¢pexBEHIHja
on 50 Hz BO reHepaTOp co eneH map monoBH ( p = 1, enen N H eneH S no)

noTpeQHo e HaBMBkaTa na ce BpTH Co 6p3HHa on 50 BpTexH BO Ccexyuna, wH

uro e HCTo 3 000 Bprexn BO MHHYTa 3uau, dpexBeHunjaTa Ha noôNeHaTa
Hax3MeHITHa BeuHTAHa e npaBomponopuHOHaHa co 6paMHaTa Ha BpTekbeTo n

Ha HaBHBkaTa Bo MarHeTHOTO IoJne.

f n - - 4( vrt
min

Bp3HHaTa on 50 ( vrt/s ) HH 3 000 ( vrt/min ) He Moxe cexorau

ce noCTHTHe, HO nOTpeõHaTa opekKBeHiuHja on 50 Hz MOKe Aa ce 10oHe
mpH nOMaJTH öp3HHH Ha 6pojoT Ha napoBH MarHeTH
BpTeHbe, ako ce 3roneMH
nonOBH (P : 2, 3,..). Ha pHMep, BO reHepaTop co Ba napa MarHei

22
noiOBH(P: 2 ETHDHIIOJIeH reHepaTop), Han3MeHHHO N, S, N, S, 3a eneH
BpTe Ha HaBHBKaTa ( 27 pamHjaHn ) Ke HaCTanaT 1Be noTHOIHH npOMeHH-ITe
pHOIH Ha HHnyuHpaHaTa emc. Kaj noBekenomHHTe reHepaTopH QpojoT Ha
nepHOIHTe, OAHOCHO ÞpeKBeHUHjaTa Ha HHTyuHpaHaTa eMc ke 6HIe TOJIKky
noroneMa koJIKy e noronem 6pojoT Ha napoBH nonOBH.

f= p*n ( ) = Pn, vrt

S 60 min

AKO OpojOT Ha napOBH nonOBH p 1 noTpeQHH ce 3 000 ( vrt/min ) 3a

na ce noóHe dpekBeHmunja on 50 Hz; 3a p = 2 Tpe6a 1 S00 ( vrt/min ); 34
p 3 Tpe6a 1 000 (vrt/min); 3ap =4 Tpe6a 750 (vrt/min) wTH.
Ha epwHeUHHOT kpyr on 1.1.1 na ro HaóbyayBaMe BPTe»eTO Ha eju-
HHHHOT BeKTOp r OkoJTy ToTKaTa O co noCTojaHa aromHa Qp3HHa. 3a noJIH
BpTex on 27 panHjaHH e noTpeQHo BpeMe T, BcyuHOCT, eneH nepHon. Bek-
TOpOT r Ke oTHLLe, npH HCTH yciOBH, aroi a 3a Bpeme t. Ciopen Toa:

27:T a: t

(1. 12.)

KoHHKOT a/t ja mpeTCTaByBa aTroHATa 6paHHa Ha enHnw"HHOT DeKTOp

H ce 6enexH co 6ykBaTa o(oMera):

HUTH a = wt (1. 13)

Axo H3pa30T (1. 13. ) ro 3aMeHHMe BO ( 1. 12 ) Ke no6Heme:

2 7Tf (1 14. )

QpaHHa aw BO
AroTHaTa eiEKTpOTeXHHKaTa ce HapekyBa paIHa ópaHEa HIIH

pyCER dpexBezeja H ce MepH BO panwjann Bo cexyHna ( rad/s ). Oa

BeJIHIHHHTe KOH ro kapakTe-
mpeTxoHHTe HopMyJIH ce rIena BpckaTa nOMery
Ha HakIMeHHHHTe BeJIHIHH KpyxHaTa
pH3HpaaT npouecoT Ha poMeHa
f. JoBoJIHO e Aa ce 3Hae
dpexBeHIuHja w, nepHOnOT TH ôpekBeHIHjaTa
eHaTa, na na ce onpenenaT ApyTHTe Be KapakTepHCTHKH.

23
 AKO BO dopMyJiaTa (1.8), 3a HHLIyuHpaHaTa eMC, aroioT a ro 3ame
Wt ke ro noQHeme BHCTHHCKHOT H3pa3 3a oipeneiyBalbe Ha Hej3HHaTa MeHHMe c
ej3HHaTa MOMeHT-
Ha BpemnOCT:

=EnSinwt Eisin2n ft
=
e =
Emsina

HUTH, ako noveTHaTa dasa e O cnopen H3pa3OT (1.11) ke no6HeMe:

e Emsin( wt + O),

HTH CIopen H3pa30T (1.10) 3a dJnykcOT Ke noQneMe

Cos( wt ).
max
YeCTo maTH npH paõoTa co HaksMeHIHHTE BeiHHHH co BHCOKH ex

BeHLIHH Ce ynoTpe6yBa H noHMOT OpaoOBA IOHEa A. Taa ro nperCTaRVBa

pacTojaHHETO uITo oAroBapa Ha eieH IepHON Ha eiekTpOMarHeTHHTe 6paHORu

K3paseHo BO MeTpH. THe ce npocTHpaaT HH3 npoCTopOT co õp3HHa Ha cBeTTH-

HaTa c = 3.108 m/s

= CT=

1.3.3.1. Aa ce onpenenaT þpeKBeHIMHTe Ha Hau3MeHnYHHTe CTpyn co kpy«HM ¢pekBeH-

LU: 104,7 rad/s; 157,1 rad/s; 3016 rad/s; 314,2 ad/s; 628,4 rad/s
OaroBop Cnopen H3pa30T f = w/2r noQHBaMe: 16 2 / 3 Hz; 25 Hz; 48 Hz;

50 Hz; 100 Hz.

1.3.3.2. Aa ce onpepenH nepnoaoT 3a ppeKBeHunare on upeTxoUHara 3anava:

OaroBop: 0,06 s: O,04 s; 0,021 s: 0,02 s; 0,01 s.
1.3.3.3. EnHa napHa MawMHa 3anBAKyBa reHepaTop co 6p3HHa n = 60 vrt/min.
Koy napOBH nonOBH Mopa na HMa rexepaTopoT 3a na 6Hne hpekBeHUMjaTa f = 50 Hz?
OaroBop: p = 50.

1.3.3.4. Koky TpeÑa na u3HecyBa 6p3HHaTa Ha reHeparTopOT Koj HMa p = 12, 3a na

6Mne dpexBeHUMjaTa f= 50 H2?
OaroBop n = 250 vrt/min.

1.3.3.5. EneH reHepaTop MMa 12 naoBH ( p 6) Mce BpTH co 6p3HHa n = 500 vrt/min.
KoKaBa dpexBeHMjaTa Ha cTpyjaTa u1o ja npoH3BEAYBa Toj.
OnroBop: f 50 Hz.

24
 1.3.4.MoMEHTHa H MakCHMaJIHa BpeAHOCT Ha HaH3MeHHHHTe BeTHHHH
AKO ro
HaôJbyayBaHbe
BpeMeHCKHOT tex Ha Ha3MeHHHaTa BeJTHHHa 3a
BpeMe oA eneH noJTyTIepHOI ke BHAHMe neka Hej3nHHTe BpeIHOCTH ce MeHyBaaT
BO cekoj pa3iHYeH MOMeHT. BpenHoCTa uwTo ja HMa HaH3MeHHYHaTa Be.JIHTHHa BO
HeKOj MOMeHT Ce HapexyBa MOMeHTHa BpepuOCT. MoMeHTHaTa BpeHoCT ce
03HatyBa co MaiH PyKBH, na Taka MOMeHTHaTa BpenHOCT Ha CTpyjaTa Ke ja
03HaTyBaMe co QyKBaTa i, HanoHOT Co u, HHlyuHpaHara eMc co e H MOKHOCTa
CO P.
Cekoja Hak3MeHHHa BeIHHHa 3a Bpeme on eieH noiymepHOn bapeM en-
Hau MOpa na HMa BpenHOCT KOja e noroJieMa on cHTe apyrH MOMEHTHH BpeI-
HOCTH. OBaa HajroIeMa BpeHOCT Ha HaH3MeHHHaTa BeJIHHHa 3a BpeMe oA
eneH nonyrmepHoA ce BKa MaxcMana ppeniocCT HIH aMILHTyna. Ja o3HayBa-
Me co roneMH 6yKBH co HIeKC m. Taka, aMILIHTynaTa Ha cTpyjara ja oõe-
eKYBaMe co m, Ha HanoHOT co Un, Ha HHayuApaHara emc co Em H Ha
MOKHOCTa co Pm.3a Bpeme on eneH nepnon HaH3MeHHTHara cHHycHa BenHa
Ma Ba1aTH MaKCHMaTHa BpeIHOCT. Bo no3HTHBHHOT noaynepaon HMa no3H-
THBHa aMTLJIHTY13, a Bo HeraTHBHHOT HeraTHBHa. 3a na 6kne uesioCHO ornpene-
JieHa enHa Hax3MeHHHa BeIHTHHa (HanoH, cTpyja), norpeQHo e na ce 3HaaT
HeKoiKy oCHOBHH KapakTepHCTHKH: dpexBeAjaTa, noeTHaTa dasa H MaxCH
MaJIHaTa BpenHoCT.

3anau:
1.3.4.1. Aa ce onpenen MOMeHTHata BpenHocT Ha cTpyjaTa i = Imsinwt no 0,01 s
on noveTOKoT Ha nepkoaoT, ako aMnuIHTynaTa Ha crpyjara e Im 10 A, a dpexBeHUMjaTa
f 50 Hz.
OuroBop: i = 0.

1.3.4.2. Ja ce onpenem MOMeHTHaTa BpenHoCT Ha MHayuMpaHaTa enexTpomOTOpHa cwna

3a BpeMeTo t = 0,00167 s , ako MakcHMaJHaTa BpeJHOCT Em = 180 V , a þpeKBeHuMjara

f 50 Hz.
OarOBOp e = 90 v.
1.3.4.3. Aa ce onpeieH aMILIHTY1aTa Ha CTpyjaTa Bo CJeAHHBE cayuau:

f 50 Hz 100 Hz 200 Hz 500 Hz

i = 25,6 A 15,8 A 2,65 A 1,86 A
0,025 s 0,15 s 1,64 s 0,001 s
t

OnroBop BapaHHTe BpeAHOCTH rH no6HBaMe cnopeA u3pasoT:

25,6 25,6 A
Im sinwt sin314 0,025

44,6 A; 82,8 A; 266 A

25,6 A:

25
 u(t) 40sin 300t + 1200
1.3.4.4. HausmeHH41HHOT HanoH e J1aneH co u3pa3or Kpy*HaTa ppeKBeHUMja, dpevn.
.
ce HanHuie koJIKaBa e aMIJHTY/JaTa,
noveTHara pa3a,
a
Ha HaioHoT.
UMjaTa, nepnonOT H noveTHaTa BpelHOCT
300 1/s; f
=
50 Hz; T =0 0o.
21
= 120°;
=
w
OaroBop: Um = 40 V; e

u o) = 20 y3V.

1.4.1 EpeKTHBHa BpeaHocT

Han3MEHHTHAa peJiHIHHa He e o

Kora noTpe6Ho na ce n3MepH Hekoja TO-

e
MOMEHTHH BpeIHOCTH, 6HnejkH Boce.
exoj
roAHO Aa ce ynoTpeQyBaaT Hej3HHHTe
H aMiJHTYIHTE
He ce noroIHH 3a Vm
MOMeHT THe ce pa3.nHYHH. HCTo Taka,
HaH3MeHHYHaTa BeJHIHHa BO TeKoT
Ha eneH mepHOA caMO TR2
Tpeoa, 6HAejKH
maTH TH noCTHTHyBa THe BpeAHOCTH
ce CnopenyBaaT CTpyHTe cnODen
Bo npaKTHKaTa e MHOry nonoópo Aa
HHBHOTO ToJIHHCKo JejcTBo, 6HnejKH TOa He 3aBHCH OA ÞpeKBeHIMjaTa, HTV
T O Ce TpoLIH 3a
HacokaTa Ha CTpyHTe, a ce kapakTepH3Hpa co eHeprHjata
OA
ToLIHHaTa uTo ja pa3BH-
Ha oTIoPHOCTa Ha npoBOAHHKOT. Heka
cOB1anyBaHe
OTIIopHOCT R BO
HeKOj npOBOHHK CO
Ba Han3MeHHHATa cTpyja TevejKH HH3
TeKOT Ha eneH nepHOA 6AIe Q Cekoraii MOKe Aa ce H3õepe eIHOHacoTHa
HCTO KOJIHYecTBO TOLIHHa
CTpyja koja HH3 HCTaTa Taa oTIOPHOCT R Ke pa3BHe
Q. Moxe 1a ce kame neka oBHe cTpyH cmopen CBOETo TOLIHHCKO AejcTBO ce

eHakBH.
NoA eherTHBHA BpeaHOCT Ha HAK3MCHHHATa CTpyja ce noApa3óHpa OHaa
exBHBaTCHTHa eAHOHacoHa cTpyja co noCTOjaHa jamua koja ke pa3BHe HCTO
KOJIHeCTBO TOMJIHHa kako H HaH3MEHHTHATa cTpyja.
EpeKTHBHHTe BpeAHOCTH Ce o3HavyBaaT co roJieMH 6yKBH kako H eIHOHa-
coTHHTe BeJIHHHH: HanoH U, crpyja I , HHayLIApaHa emc E H MOKHOCT P.
TlOHexorau, Hako nopeTKO, ce nonHulyBa H HHleKc ef. HajroieMHOT 6poj
MepHA HHCTpyMeHTH, uTO ce ynOTpeQyBaaT BO eJieKTpHHHTe Kona 3a HaxsMe
HHa CTpyja, ce 6aKnapeHH 3a epeKTHBHH BpeAHOCTH.
3a Aa ro npeTCTaBHMe nejcTBOTO Ha HaH3MeHHuHaTa cTpyja, Hajaoopo e
Hej3HHaTa edeKTHBHa BpeAHOCT Aa ce H3pa3H npeky aMnLJIHTyAaTa. OBa ke lo
mOCTHTHeMe ako ro npecmerame koJHueCTBOTo
ToMJIHHa uTo ja pa3BHBa H e
HOHacoHaTa CTpyja H HaH3MeHHYHATa cTpyja Bo TeKOT Ha epeH nepHOA 3a Tda
uen HMaMe eneH
OTIoPHHK Co OTnoPHoCT R HH3 Koj Teue HaH3MeHHHa
ja i lns inwt
=
ce xoja
CiP)
meHyBa co TexoT Ha
BpeMeTO. Cnopea LyioBHOT 3a
MOMeHTHaTa MOKHOCT Ha Taa
cTpyja:
p Ri2 =
RI sin2wt
26
 MoKHOCTa p. bH1
Ha cTpyjata i m
Ha an.1.14 e npHKaxaHa npoMeHaTa
MeHyBa kako0
MOKHOCTa ke ce
nejk OTnopHOCTa Re nocTojana roneMHHa,
urTo cexoja opIHHaTa
Ha
2 I sin^wt. lpomenuTe Ha i2 no6HnaaT
ce raka

\Im -In
wt
=n Sinwt

C. 1 14

e BHIJIHBO Ieka MOKHOCTa

dyHKIIHjara i ce IHra Ha KBanpaT. OI AHjarpaMOT
e coceMa pa36HpJIHBO, QHmejkH BO
noCTOjaHO HMa no03HTHBHa BpEIHOCT uWTO Bo
Ce pa3BHBa TOLJIHHa H ce onnaBa
OTIIOpHHKOT CO OTIOPHOCT R HenpeKHHaTO
OKOJIHaTa cpenHHa, 6e3 pa3IHKa Ha
HacokaTa H MOMeHTHaTa BpeIHOCT Ha CTpy-

jaTa Ha
BxyIHaTa ToILJIHHa ITO ja pa3BHBa HaH3MeHHHaTa CTpyja e eIHaKBa
ocka
nOBpILIHHaTa urTo ja 3aTBopaaT dyHKIIAjaTa i HIH P H BpeMeHCKaTa
e eIHaKBa Ha noOBp-
(ancuncaTa). MoKe 1a ce IOKake neka OBaa nOBpILIHHa
LIMHaTa Ha npaBoaroIHHKOT co oCHOBa
TH BHCHHa In/2. ToniHHaTa uTo ja
pa3BHBa Hax3MeHHHaTa cTpyja ke QHne

(1. 15)
RT
a OHaa oA eIHOHacoHaTa cTpyja:

2 R T. (1. 16)
27
 ce eanakDH
BHnejKH OBHe npe TonJIHHH
. l6 Ke no6neme;
NEcHTe cTpaHH Ha dopMyiHTe 1. 15 n

|I= 0,707
2
Ha
HaHIMeIHHI1aTa crpyja 3av2nATH IOMa OA
e
EpeKTHBHaTa BpenHoCT COOIOC BaKH M 34 epexrut
HCTHOT a
MakCHMama BpeuiOCT.
Hej3HHaTa eMC:
HanoHOT HIH HHIYUHpaHaTa
BpenHCT Ha

Em
2 2

1.4.2. Cpezna openIOCT

HamHM BO 38-
ce neHHHHpa Ha pa3JiHHM
CpenHaTa BpenHOCT MOKe na
BeJIHYHHaTa 3a koja ce paÑ0TH. Taka, Ha mpimeD
BHCHOCT oA kapakTepoT Ha
cpenHa BpenHOCT Ce IedHHHpa co
3a ronem 6poj MepHH pexYJITaTH npoceHaTa
H3pa30T
X1+X2t. Xn (L 17)
ASR n

pa3JiHHHTe Mepetba, a
Kaje uro Ni, . . . . Nn TH IpeTCTaByBaar pe3yJITaTHTe OA
ne 6pojOT Ha H3BenEHHTe Mepeba.
ITO e ayaj
Meryroa, kora ce paboTH 3a paMHOMepHa npoMeHa, kaKo
cHHyCHa cTpyja, TOrai cpeIHaTa BpeIHOCT ja
npeTCTa
Kaj HaH3MeHHHaTa
He OH MOKena
ByBa npoceHaTa BpeIHOCT 3a oapeneH BpeMeHCKH HHTepBai H
na ce onpeJenH Taka enHoCTaBHO
Kako BO ¢ÞopMynara (1.17.) JauunaTa Ha enekTpHYHaTa
Ha
CTpyja Bo OCHOBH Ha eneKTpOTexHHKaTa-1 ja nedHHHpaBMe kako koJIHYECTBO
Ha Hekoj npoBOAHHK BO
eiekrpHIATET IUTo MHHYBa HH3 HampeHHOT npecek
Teve enHoHacoHa
enHHHUa BpeMe. OBa 3HaH Aeka HH3 npoBOIHHKOT Kora
CTpyja nOMHHYBa KoJIHYeCTBO eiekrpHHTeT Q = I t . Cnopen Toa, (cpenHa
Ha HaH3MeHHTHaTa cTpyja e OHaa exBHBaTeHTHa cTpyja c0
noCTOJaH
BpeHoCT
jaHHa koja 3a noIOBHHa nepHoA npeHecyBa HCTO KOJIHvecTBO eeKTpHIHTE
KaKo H HaH3MeHHHaTa.
oCka
TlOBpuMHaTa 3arpanena co AnjarpamoT Ha cTpyjara H BpemeHcKaTa
3a nonOBHHa nepHon T/2 (cn. 1. 15) ro npercTanyBa koJHueCTBOTO Ha enekTpk
wHTeTOT uTO ro npeHecyBa crpyjara. Ako OBaa noppuHHa ja 3aMeHAMe
mOBpIUMHaTa Ha eneH ekKBHBaleHTeH npaBoaroJIHHK co oCHOBa T72, Torau h e

rOBaTa BHCHHa ja onpenenyBa roieMHHaTa Ha cpenHara BpeNHOCT Ha HaMsM

HHHaTa CHHyCHa cTpyja Is. Co npecMeTKH MO«e Aa ce yTBpIH NeKa:
28
 R 0,637m m

a no ananorHja 3a cpen-
HaTa BpeMHOCT Ha HanoHOT
H HHUYHpaHaTa emC
ISR
UsR Um Th
C. 1. 15
EsR En
CpenHHTe BpeHOCTH Ce MHuyBaaT co coonBeTHHTe roieMH 6yKBH H HHIeKCs
noxpaj HHB
CpenHaTa BpeIHOCT Ha Hak3MeHHTHaTa cTpyja ja onpeneIHBMe 3a moJTO-
BHHa nepHOA T/2, 6HnejkH 3a lienHOT nepHon T Taa e HyJna. Kaj cuHyCHaTa
Hak3MeHHHa C+pyja noBpuHHaTa Ha no3HTHBHHOT noJIynepHon e eAHakBa Ha
nOBpIIHHaTa Ha HeraTHBHHOT I0JTyIepHon, na cpeaHaTa BpenHOCT Ha npenece-
HOTO KOJHHECTBO ATeKTpHIUHTeT 3a BpeMe on eneH nepHoA e enHakBo Ha Hy1a.

14.21. EperTHBHaTa BpenHoCT Ha HanoHoT Ha rpanckara Mpexa Bo P. MakenoHnja

U =220 V, a dpexBeHUHjaTa f 5O Hz . Aa ce HanHIe H3pa30T 3a MoMeHTHaTa Bpel-
HOCT Ha HanoHOT.

OaroBop u 310sin314tv
1.4.2.2. Konkara e dpexBeHUnjaTa H ecpexTuRHATa BpeAHOCT Ha Hau3MCHIVRaTa crpyja
co MOMeHTHa BpenHoCT i = 14.I sin 314t:4

OaroBop: l= 104: f= S0H:.

14.2.3. CpeAHaTa BpeaHOCT Ha cTpyjara sa nonOBMHa nepHOn IsR = 100 mA. Aa ce
onpene MaKCHMAIHaTa ln H epexTHBHaTa BpeIHOCT I 3a CTpyjara.
OaroBop m = 157 mA; I = 111 mA.

14.2.4. AMLIHTYAaTa Ha HanoHOT Un = 1410 V. Aa ce onpeneH epeKTHBHaTa H

cpeIHaTa BpeAHOCT Ha HanOHOT.

OaroBop: U = 1 0 0 0 V; USR = 898 V.

14.2.5. MaremaTHYKHOT 3pa3 3a MOMCHTHaTa BpeAHoCT Ha CTpyjaTa i = Im sin314t.

a ce onpeneu MOMEHTOT &, BO KOj MOMeHTHaTa BpenHoCT Ha cTpyjata ke 6une ennakBa co
peAHaTa BpeAHOCT Ha CTpyjaTa. BpeMeTo na ce MepH OA MOMEHTOT KOra cTpyjara noMHHa1a
H3 BpenHOCT HyJE
OaroBop: t = 22-10 S.

29