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KHHfA 2 1987

1

Z.9.

Pe)J;aKUHHTa na "ApXeOJIOrHH" npuexa sa 06CblK)J;aHe MaTepHaJIHTe, npencraseau aa 6bJIrapCKH e3HK B 2 eK3. (mescm U HaY'leH anapam) na MalllHHa (crpannua OT 30 pena ITO 66 ynapa) C KaqeCTBeHIf sa OTITeqaTBaHe otipasu, cnUC'OK na otipaeume (2 eK3.) H pe310Me (3 eK3.). DpeBo)J;H na MaTepHaJIH OT qylK)J; aa 6bJIrapCKH e3HK H npenacsaae na MalllHHa pe)J;aKUHHTa He H3BbpWBa.

La redaction d' ApXeOJIOrHH accepte Ies mater iaux pour eire examines, presentes en langue bulgare en 2 ex. (texte et appareil scieniifique) dactylographies (page de 30 lignes-66 frappes), accompagnes de figures propres a etre irnprirnees, lisie des figures (2 ex.) et resume (3 ex.). La traduction en bulgare et les textes dactylographies doivent etre assures par I'auteur.

Ha x o p n u a r a

MeiJHa an.uucauust c u306paJICeHUe na 2PUrfJOH om MeAHuK. Kpas fIG XI 1- nau. na XIII B. OKp'OJICeH ucmopuuecsu !vIY3eCt, Bsaeoeeepao

CHllA1IW P03a CmaHeBa

Sur l a couverture

Application en cuiore avec representation de gritfon de Melnik, tin du X I Ie - debut du X I I t- s. M usee historique depariemenial, Blagoeorad

Pho to R 0 z a S tan e va

© Apxeonoru-rectca I1HCTI1TYT H MY3eif npa EAH 1987

c/o Jusautor, Sofia

ISSN 0324·1203

rOd. XXIX 2

1987

oprAH HA APXEOnOrHYECKHB HHCTHTYT H MY3ER 11 P H 6 'b n rAP C KAT A AK A D. E M H B HA HAY K H T E

rp06HHuaTa -'opaSMepHBaf:le H

npHC~lllapH - npoeKTHpaHe, KOHCTPYKUHH

.lJ.A<I>I1HA BACI1JIEBA

Ilpes 1982 r. Kpaii:'- C. Csemapa, PasrpaaCKH oxpsr, 6e pasxpnra 3~A~Ha rpot)HHua1, qHeTO apXHTeK1'ypHO pemeaae H xYAO}KeCTBeHa yxpaca ce cpetnar sa np'sa m.r Me}K,lI,y H3- BeCTHHTe nocera rpaxaiicxa rp06HHUH aa repHTOpHHTa aa HPB. BKpaH aa 1985 r. Cseuiapcxara rpooanua 6e BKJIIOqeHa B CnHC'bKa na cseTOBHOTO KyJlTYPHO HaCJle,ll,CTBO. Me}K,lI,YHap0,ll,HOTO saaueaae aa naMeTHHKa H roJlHMaTa orrosopaocr no OTHOllleHHe aa aayqHOTO My T'bJiKysaHe HH sa,ll,'bJl}KaBa ,lI,a B3eMeM OTHOIlleHHe K'bM ,nOHBHJlHTe ce B nepaonasaas nexar HHKOH C-b06w.eHHJI H CTaTHH, B KOHTO ce 3aCHraT npoexrupanero H H3rpa}K,lI,aHeTO na rpoonauara, a C TOBa H HeHHaTa HCTOPHH KaTO naMeTHHK na rpaxuacxara apXHTeKrypa",

E,lI,HH OT rrspsare H HaH-Ba}KHH B'bnpOCH npa H3CJle,ll,BaHeTO aa )J.a,ll,eH apxarexrypea naMeTHHK e OTKpHBaHeTO MeTO,lI,'a aa npoexrapaaero H penrenaero Hja KOHCTPYKUHHTa My. B aacromnara CTa'fHH CMe nanpasaaa omrr ~a YCTaHOBHM HaqHHa Ha npoeKTHpaHe nJiaHa na rpooaauara, KaKTOH peureaaero aa KOHCTPYKUHSlTa H. C TOBa npH6aBHMe MaJl'bK npaHOC DTHOCHO CTpOHTeJlHHTe n03HaHHSI Ha TpaKHTe, qHHTO apXHTeKTypHH naMeTHHUH ca OTHOCHTeJlHO Haii-paHHHTe aanaseax '.!loKY-MeH'fH OT HCTopHSlTa aa KYJlTYPliOTOCTPOHTeJlCTBO no aaunrre 3eMH.

nJIaH'bT aa Caemapcxara rp06HHua cs)J.'bp}Ka BCHqKH nOMew.eHHS, 1!l3HCKBaHH OT norpe6aJIHHSI KyJlT us TpaKHTe. C'bCTOH ce OT YJJ.'bJUKeH npoxozea KOPJl){OP (,lI,pOMOC), OT KOHTO ce npeMHHaBa B npeJt.ll.BepHe C ){Ba sxona ~ uearpanea. K'btd rpooaara CTaH H crpaansea HS CeBepoH81'O.H8Ta My CTeHa, BOJJ.ew. K'bM 7p~T() n0)4ellleHHe~UaJIHqHeTO aa DOMellleHHSI . B IlJIaHa HaTpaKHHCKa rp06HH~ ua, ,KOH'lP He ea pasnOJlO)l{eHH no Ha.aJI'&:lKHaT8 HOC, cpemaae TYKS811p'bB.n'bT'i C npUoaBJlHe-

TO aa cTpaHHQHOTO noxeuteaae" apXHTeKT'bT e napymaa n03HaTHH OCOB cxexaras sx B nnaaosere aa TpaKHikKHTe rp06HHUH, KaTO e BHec'bJI C'blU,eBpeMeHHO e,ll,Ha pa3){BH}KeHOCT B nsaaa H npoerpaacrseaoro penreaae aa rpo6- aauara.

Csemapcxara rpotiaaua e asrpaaeaa OT npeUH3HO o6pa60TeHH KaMeHHH 6JIOKOBe 6e3 cnoihca. 'CI1JI'bTlfO npanenaaaa q>yrll. TH e nOKpHTa'C KaMeHHIt UHJI1IHJJ.PHqHH CBO)J.OBe, C pa3JIH1fH3' BH~HHa, 'CDOnteTcrBYBam.a H a pasaepare HanOMemeHHHT8, creneayaaaa no npeasasnaneaaero HM csraacao morpeeaaaare 06HqaH. TpaKHitcKH rp06HHUH C xerapa'br'bJIHII nOMelU,ElHH'SI, nOKpHTH C UHJlHH)J.PHqHH CSO)J.OBe, ca H3BeCTHH KaKTO Y Hac, raxa H B MaKe)J.OHHSI, Cesepaa I'spua», I01KHa PYCHSI H MaJIa A3HH, )J.aTH.paHH OT IV-III B. np. H •. ~ ••

Bsnpocsr sa npOH3XO)J.a aa Ta3H KOHCTPYKUH1I, KOH70 e nana B'b3MO:lKHOCTH sa HOBH apXHTeKTypHH nJIaHOBH II npOCTpaHCTBeHH pe" lUeHH1I BaHTHqHOTO CTPOHTeJlCTBO, He e aan'bJIHO H3HCHeH. H3BeCTHO e, lie UHJIHH)J.PHqHRHT KJIHHOB CBO)J. ce cpeuia oute .npes V B. np. H .• e. KaTO nOKpHTHeR8 rptmCKH nopra, HO KaTO KOHCTPYKlI.HSI B aaB'bpmeH BH)J.e npaJlO1KeH HaH-paHO B TP8KHHCKaT8 rp06HHqHa apxarexrypa {IVB. np. H. e.)". Ilpaaepare sa Ta3H HOBaq,opMaHa nOKpHTHe ca HaifMHor06poHHH B 3eMHTe na TpaKHH. '

rp06HHua-ra npa Caemapa HH npe)J.CTaBSI 3a np'b8 n'bT e)J.HO KOMnJleKCHO peIlleHHe Ha KOHCTPYKUHH OT' UHJIHH)J.PHqHHCBO)J.OBe Ha,ll, TpH nOMemeHH5I C pa3JIHqHH BHCOqHHH, KOOTO He ca pa3nOJlO:lKeHH na eaaa OC. TOBa peineaue BJlH3a B HCTOpHHTa Ha aHTHqHaTa apXHTeKTY· pa H CTPOHTeJlCTBO KaTO rrspso H e)J.HHCTBeHO aacera, Ho B TBOpqeCTBOTO aa HeHHHH CTPOHTeJI HaMHpaMe orne enaa rrspsa cr-snxa, csuto HeH3BecTHa OT HCTOpHHTa ua apxarexrypara

1.

01' TOBa speae, a HMeHHO: H35IB5IBaHeTO na IWHCTPYKlI,HH rro rpacaznrre aa crpanara KaTO apxurexrypno-nexoparaaen eJIeMeHT. CBO,n:OBHre ,n:'brH na ztaere rrOMemeHU5I - xopnnopa H crpam{qHaTa CTaH, He ca CKPUTl-1 C BepTYIKaJ1J1a <paca,n:Ha CTeHa, KaKTO e rrpaKTHKYBaHO npn nocera H3BeCTHHTe rp06HHlI,H C lI,HJIHH,n:PHIJHO rrOKpJ1THe6• CBo,n:OBHTe rrpo<pJ1JIJ1, H3- paseun st.pxy rpacazta-ra na Cseutapcxara rpooHHlI,a, BHaC5IT HOB, Herr03HaT nororaaa eJIeMeHT B'bB <paca,n:HHTe pemeana aa KYJITOBaTa apxnrexryp a. ApXI1TeKT'bT TyK OTHOBO e napyumn e,n:I1H 01' aHTHqHHTe KaHOHH, a J1MeHHO: rrpaBOJIHHeHHH5IT reOMeTp113'bM e paspyuren 01' I pasnaaacenara "B'bJIH006pa3Ha" JII1HHH na naeTe rroayzn.rn, C KOHTO TOM e yKpaCHJI ropuara qaCT na rpacanara. TOBa pemenne IlOKa3Ba ycer K'bM eCTeTI1Ka If T'bpCeHe na HOBH <POPMI1 H3B'bH KaHOHa Ha aHTHqHaTa KJIaCHqeCKa CJ1- MeTpHqHa rpacana. 11 aKO B 60raTaTa m.rpeunra yKpaca Ha rp06HHlI,aTa 01' KaMeHHa rrJIaCTHKa H CTeHonHC ce cpeiuar napane.nn oomo H B ,n:eTaMJI H 01' eJIHHHCTJ1qeCKaTa apxnrexrypa, TO napane,n sa nonorino <paca,n:Ho peiueaue OCBeH Epexreaoaa B ATHHa, qHHTO <paca,n:a He e CHMeTpHqHa, HHMa. B'b3MO)KHO e T03J1 HOB eJIeMeHT na e 6J1JI J13rr'bJIHeH H npn npyr« xy JITOBH J1JIJ1 rpa)K,n:aHCKJ1 rrOCTpOMKH 01' TOBa BpeMe rro naunrre 3eMJ1, HO sacera npurexcauaue cauo HaM-paHHJ1H, CBemapCKHH Mo,n:eJI, aauioTO MOrJ1JIHHHT HaCJ1~ ro e 3aIla3HJI. MHoro noK'LCHO B pl1MCKaTa H BH3aHTHMcKaTa apxnrexrypa cpetuave HerOBOTO rrpJ1C'bCTBJ1e. TOBa pemenae e ocooeno paanpocrpaneno B cpennoBeKOBHaTa KYJITOBa apxarexrypa y Hac, KaKTO H na 3arra,n:.

rTJIaHOBaTa KOMIl03J1lI,HH H IlOCTpOeHl1eTO n a rp06HHlI,aTa BHaCHT nnrepecea rrpJ1MepJ1 3a J1CTOpHHTa Ha IlpoeKTaHTCKaTa H CTpOHTeJInara npaxraxa, KoeTO noraspxctaaa, 'Ie aa nepuona 01' ,n:peBHOCTTa ,n:o xpas na cpennnre BeKOBe npouect.r aa npoercrnpanero H narpaxcztanero He ce e rrpOMeHHJI B 06mH JIHHJ1J1 H no C'bmeC1'BO. ApXHTeKT'bT e rrOJIyqJ1JI sanasa na rrOCTpOJ1 rp06HHlI,a na MeCTeH BJIa,n:e1'eJI, KOHTO e TpH6BaJIO ,n:a C'bOTBeTCTBa na 3HaTHHH My can B TpaKJ1MCKOTO 06meC1'BO H HerOBOTO 60ra1'CTBO. ETO aaiuo sa nsrpascnane na rpooHHlI,aTa TOM e H36paJI KJIaCHqeCKHH KBa,n:poB r-panezc J1 csapeaeanara, OIJeBH,n:Ho se-re MOnepna KJIaCHqeCKa caonosa KOHCTPyKlI,J1H, a 3a YKpacaTa H OCBeH apxH1'eKTypHH eJIeMeH1'H 11 neraa,n H e rrpe,n:BH,n:HJI C1'eHorrHCH H CKY JIIlTypa.

3amo apXI11'eKT'b1' e H30CTaBHJI OCOBO-CJ1- MeTpHqHaTa rrJIaHOBa KOMIl03HlI,J1H7, Tl1rrJ1qHa s a TpaKHi1cKHTe norpeoanna c'bOp'b)KeHJ1H, sacera e rpynno na ce 06HCHH (06p. 1). Ho npeMJ1HaBaMKH K'bM npyro, HeTHrrHqHO KOMrr03HlI,HOHHO peuienne, TOM He e MOrDJI na H36erHe eCTeCTBeHHTe erarm sa peaJIH3HpaHe1'O na apXH1'eK1'YPHHH 3aMHC'bJI - KOMrr03HpaHeTO, ycTaHOBHI'laHe pasnepnre na OT,n:eJIHHTe noneineHHH na rp06HHlI,a1'a H aa KOHCTPYKTHBHHTe

2

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H eJIeMeH1'H, KaK1'O J1 IlpeHaCHHeTO na nJIaHaCKJ1lI,a aa repeua. He e MOr'bJI ,n:a H36erHe H J13rrOJI3BaHeTO ua C'bBpeMeHHH1'e TeXHHqeCKH cpencraa aa panora - JIHHHMKaTa H nepreaa.

1

npn npOeKTJ1paHeTO, B'b)KeTO H KOJIqeTaTa

npn rpacnpanero, KaKTO H .rr.eTepMHHHpaHJ1Te 01' Te3H rexnasecxn cpeacrsa MeTo,n:H aa pa- 60Ta.

3HaeM 01' noceraumnre H3CJIe,n:BaHHH, 'Ie sa ,n:a MO)Ke,n:a ce npeaece m.pxy repena nnatrsrCKHlI,a Ha H3BeCTHa rp06HHlI,3, apXHTeKT'bT e TpH6BaJIO npensaparenno na 1I3pa60TH reoMeTpHqHWH H Mo,n:eJI. Mo,n:eJI'bT e CJIe,n:BaJIO ,n:a csm.paca H3pa3eHH OqepTaHHHTa aa BCHKO

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• 06p. 1. T paxuuctcama epotinuua npu c. Ceeuiapu (6e3 opouoca) II,WH no apx, T. TeO(/JUJlOe. Fig. 1. Le sepulcre thrace pres du village Suest ari (sans le dromos). Plan dapr es l'architecte T. Teojiloo

• 06p. 2. II poesm-csuua IW epotinuuama npu c. Ceetuapu. Fig. 2. Projet-esquisse du se pulcre pres du village Scestari

• 06p. 3. Il poetcm-ctcuua na epotinuuama, npenece« na me pena. Fig. 3. Projet-esquisse du sepulcre transporte sur le terrain.

enao noueuteune xpes npaBI1JIHa reoaerpasna qmrypa C onpezeneau paavepn. Banar a ce sarro-raa OT r JIaBHOTO noaemenne (norpe6 aJIHara CTa5l) , a KaTO npaBHJIO BCHl(KH OCTa-HaJIH nOCJIe,ll.OBaTeJIHO ce onpenena r OT Hero. Ho ensa TyK npn aHaJIH3a na nnana aa rp06HHIl,aTa OT Caeurapn npHJIO)KeHl1eTO na T0311 MeTO,ll. MO)Ke na ce aacmonaaa HanbJIHO 51CHO.

H3CJIe,ll.BaHeTo HH pa3KpH nope,ll.HHTe eTanH na pa60THH5I npouec (06p. 2). Taxa, cnen KaTO e HanpaBHJI npoexra CKHIl,a aa rp06Hl1 uara, apXI1TeKTbT e npHCTbnHJI KbM CbCTaB5IHeTO

aa HeHHH5I reonerpnuen MO,ll.eJI. fp06H3Ta xanepa e 0HJIa 33Ml1CJleHa BbB cpopMaTa na xsanpar. TOH npueaa cesepuara if CTeHa (a - b) sa rOJJeMI151 KaTeT na npaso'sr-i.aen TpHbrbJJHHK CbC CTpaHH 3:4:5, C KOHTO nocTpoHBa npaBI1H brbJJ, H C nOMOIl.l,Ta Ha JII1- HHHKa 11 nepre.n npnnana npaBHJJHa reo MeTpuuna cpopMa aa nOMeIl.l,eHHeTO. OTTYK noCJJe,ll.OBaTeJJHOCTTa na npoueca e cnennara: nOCTp05lBa ce ,lI.l1arOHaJJbT na xaanpa ra (c - b). TIOJJOBHHaTa OT ,lI.l1arOHaJJa (C - 0) npenacs na IQ)KHaTa crpana na nOMeIl.l,eHHeTO. OTCel(KaTa C - d=c - 0 Il.l,e 6b,ll.e WHpOl(HHaTa (cesepnara crpana) na npennaepnero. TIo npo,lI.bJJlKemleTO na sanannara CTpaI-Ia na rporinara xavepa Toil HaHaC5I MaJIKH5I KaTeT (a-e) aa 113XO,ll.HHH npasosr-snen TpHbrbJIHI1K H nOJIYl(aBa OTCe'lKaTa c-f, K05lTO npencraBJIHBa sanannara crpaua na rrennsepnero

h (a-e = c-f). CJJeJl, TOBa nOCTp05lBa ycnopenHHTe (f-g II c-d) H (d-g II c-f). Taxa apxnrexrr.r e nOJIYl(HJI paaaepnre na npennsepnero. CTpaHHl(HOTO noueutenae e 3aMI1- CJJeHO ct.uio raxa C xsanparaa cpopMa. 3a ,lI.a nOJJYl(11 paavepnre MY, apXHTeKTbT 113- XO)K,lI.a cera OT pasuepa aa npennsepuero. 3a Ta3H Il,eJI nOCTp05lBa paBHOCTpaHeH TpHbrbJIHHK, l(H5ITO OCHOBa e H3TOl(HaTa CTpaHa na npennsepnero (d-g). Ilpexapsa npes m.pxa My (h) JIHHH5I, ycnopenna aa OCHOBaT.a. TIpO,ll.bJI)KaBa IQ)KHaTa crpana na npennaepHeTO ,lI.0 npecnxanero if B TOl(Ka i C JJHI-IH5ITa, MHHaBaIl.l,a npes m.pxa na paBHocTpaHHH5I TPHbrbJIHHK (h). TIpeHac5I OTCel(KaTa g-i BbPXY OCHOBaTa na TpHbrbJJHHKa, 3a ,lI.a nOJJYl(H ,lI.bJIlKHHaTa na sanaznrara CTeHa na crpaHHl(HOTO noxemeune (g-k), H npaan k-111 g-i. Illaponuaara na npouoca (m-n) OT CB051 crpaua e panna aa 3/4 OT ,lI.bJIlKHHaTa aa IQ)KHaTa crpana aa npennsepnero (f-g), a ,lI.bJJ)KHHaTa My (m-p) e panna na TpH MaJIKH xarera na npaBObrbJJHH5I TPHbrbJIHHK (3:4:5), C KOHTO e nOCTpOel-I ,lI.POMOCbT H e onpene.neno nepneH,lI.HKYJI5IPHOTO My nOJJO)KeHHe Cnp5lMO cpaCa,ll.aTa Ha rp06HHIl,aTa. C TOBa reOMeTpHl(HH5IT MO,ll.eJI na rporiaauara e aast.puren. Mo,lI.eJIbT e B np0113BOJIeH MaIl.l,a6, HO OT,lI.eJJHl1Te nOMeIl.l,eHH5I ca B TOl(H11 CbOTHOlIleHH5I enno C ztpyro. T0311 MO,ll.eJI MO)Ke ,lI.a 6b,ll.e peaJIH3HpaH BbB BC5IKa )KeJIaHa rO,'1eMHHa. feOMeTpHl(HHHT MO,ll.eJJ aa rp06HHIl,aTa me 6b,ll.e npenecen BbPXY TepeHa no CbIl.l,HH nOCJIe,ll.OBaTeJIeH Hal(HH, no KOHTO e 6HJI CbCTaBeH, 6e3 zta ce OTl(HTaT nOJIYl(aBaHHTe ,lI.ecpopMaUHH, KaTO Me)K,lI.y OT,lI.eJJHHTe nOMeIl.l,eHH5I ce onpenenxr nperpanHHTe CTeHH (06p. 3). Ho cera, cnen KaTO apXI1TeKTbT e OpHeHTl1paJI rp06HI1Il,aTa no CTpaHHTe Ha CBeTa, Ha ceBepHaTa CTeHa Ha rp06- uara xaraepa ine 6b,ll.e ,lI.a,ll.eHa xce.nanara peaJJHa ,lI.bJIlKHHa (11 112 TpaKI1HCKH CTbnKI1).

OT nea, KaKTO ce BH)K,lI.a OT nOCTpOeHl1eTO (06p. 2), me ce nOJJYl(aT nOCJIe,ll.OBaTeJJHO peaJJHI1Te p33MepH aa OCTaHaJJI1Te nse noueIl.l,eHI151.

3

TIPH TpaCHpaHeTO Ha rrnaHa rrOMemeHHHTa aa rpoounuara ca rrOnYlJrWH H3BeCTHH OTKnOHeHHH OT aan.nanapamrre CPOPMH 11 pasMepH. Te He CJIe,n:Ba ,n:a HH yuynsar. TIOCTPOHBaI-IeTO aa npasn brnH H rrpoxapaanero na YCDope,n:HH nYlHHH BHHarH e 6Hno TPy,n:HO DOCTH}KI1MO. B npeseu Erl1DeT Ta3H paoora ce e 113- BbpWBana 01' xopa, cneunanno 06YlJeHH sa Ta3H ue,a, raxa aapesemrre xapnejtonaarn. Ta311 paoora, KaKTO 113Pl1lJHO nnure ro.nevnar apXHTeKT na HTanHaHCKHH Penecaac An6epTH, He e 61Ma neCHO OCbmeCTBHMa 11 cronerns nO-KbCH08. 113TmcneHHHTa nOKa3BaT, lJe npn rpoonanara 01' Csemapa OTKnOHeHHeTO OT nnaHl1paHHTe pa3MepH B KpaH Ha reOMeTpHlJHOTO nOCTpOeHl1e e oxo.no 5 CM.

TYK e He06xo,n:HMO na nonuepraen, lJe reOMeTpHlJHlIHT Mo,n:eJI (nOCTpoeHHeTO) aa rpoonnuara (06p. 2) He cnensa B HHKaKbB pIYlJaH ,n:a ce CbnOCTaBH C OHe3H reOMeTpHlJHl1 anaJ!li311, xpea KOHTO ce TbPCH ,n:a ce OTKpl1HT MeTo,n:I1Te, no KOHTO ca 6HnH Cb3,n:aBaHH nponopUHHTe B apxnrexrypara". He cnensa na ce CbnOCTaBHT H C reOMeTpHlJHHTe aHanH3H, -rpea KOHTO ce npaBHT onHTH 3a OTKpHBaHe HalJHHa na nOCTpOHIlaHeTO aa apxHTeKTYPHHTe rpopMH10. 11 B naara cnyuas MeTO,rJ,HTe (reo aerpnuHHTe nOCTpoeHHH) peuraaar caxo xynoacecrseHOTBOplJeCKH H eCTeTHlIeCKH 3a,a:alIH. 3a' Hac TYK reOMeTpHlJHHHT Mo,a:en HMa e,a:HHCTBeHO TeXHHKonpIWOfKeH npOH3XO,n: H" npenuaatfaneHHe. Ho eCTeCTBeHO TOBa He H3KnlOlJBa ecTeTHlJeCKHTe npennosuranas na HerOBH5I apXHTeKT KbM onpene.nenn reOMeTpl1lJHH cpHrypn. B T03H CMHCbJI KaTO npnwepn aa reouerPHlJHH Mo,n:enH MOfKeM ,n:a nOCOlJl1M nafi-paanHlJHl1 penrenna. TYK nasave ,n:Be OT nocrpoeHHHTa na TpaKHHCKH rp06HHUH B Me3eK (06p. 4)11 H Craspono.nuc (06p. 5)12.

Cnenaa cr.mo raxa ,n:a oT6enefKHM, lJe npnljHHaTa aa lIeCTO ynorpeonaannre 'mcna 2, 3 H 4 npH rrocTpoHBaHeTo Ha reOMeTpHlJHHTe Mo,n:enl1 He ce ,n:bJIfKl1 na BJIaraHOTO B T5IX npnBHeceHO MI1CTl1lIHO C'b,rJ,bpfKaHl1e, m.npexn ne 're npnaaaneacar KbM T. Hap. "nYHHH lJHCJIa"13. TIpl1lIHHaTa e lIHCTO npaKTHlJeCKa - e,n:Ha OTcenxa MOfKe ,n:a 6i,n:e pasnenena HaH -JIeCHO Ha 2, 3 H 4 lIaCTH lJpe3 npocToTO crbBaHe Ha BbfKe C HYfKHaTa ,n:bnfKHHa.

TIp!1 peuretmero na KOHCTPYKI~H5ITa na CBemapcKaTa rp06HHua 3a BHCOlIHHa ,a:o 3eHHTa na CBO,rJ,a apxarexrt.r e npnen pasxep, 6ml- 3bK, HO He paBeH Ha ,n:HarOHaJIa Ha CbOTBeTHOTO noveurenae. )le6eJIHHaTa na CTeHl1Te, noceum CBo,n:OBeTe, He e YCTaHOBeHa apxeo.no-

4

'I

-_ 206, G6-

4

~=3.,3 (x :3)2

5

• 06p. 4. [J poetcm cK1I.I{a na m ptucuictcama epotinuua npu Meaef(. Fig. 4. Projct-csquisse du sepulcre thrace pres de Mezek

• 06p, 5. [J poexm-csuua IW epotinuuama npu Cmaepononuc, F'bPU,UH.. Fig. 5. Projet-esquisse du sepulcre pres tie S tauropolis, Grece

ruuecxn. Cnopen MeTo,n:a "K"14 T5I Tp5l6Ba na 6b,n:e OKOJIO 96 CM (3+ 1:4 TpaKHiicKH CTbnKH, A = 3,75 CM) sa CTeHHTe na rpoonara KaMepa,

a 3a ceBepOH3TOlIHaTa CTeHa Ha CTpaHl1lJHOTO noueurenne OKOJIO 61 CM (2 TpaKHHc KH CTbIl-. KH, A = 3 CM). He e H3KJIIOlIeHO WbHUlHHTe CTeHH, 6e3 IOfKHaTa, ,n:a ca C en HaKBa ,n:e6eJIHHa.

TIPH rpoonnuara OT CBeIII.apl1 OCBel{ H3HBHBaHeTO aa CBo,n:OBHTe ,rJ,bfH BbPXY diaca nara HaMHpaMe orne e,n:HH 3a6eJIefKHTeJJeH ecrernlIeCKH H KOHCTpYKTHBeH MOMeHT - WHpOlIHHara na rpooaara KaMepa e no-rOJ1HMa OT ,rJ,HaMeTbpa na csona, KOHTO H !,!oKpHBa. Ornp snaaHeTO Ha rreTHTe Ha CBo,n:a HaBbTpe ,n:aBa Bb3- MOfKHOCT ,n:a ce HaMaJIH ,n:e6enHHaTa na noceumre CTeHH. TaKOBa peiueune ce cpeuia lJecro B CJIe,n:BallJ,HTe Be KOBe, HO TYK ro HaMHpaMe aa npt.s m.r. B JIHTepaTyp3Ta, H3BeCTHa nocera, He e oT6en5l3aHO H306llJ,0. T03H cpaKT e cute enuo ,n:OKa3aTeJICTBO 3:1 TeXHHlJeCKHTe H KOHCTPYKTHBHHTe 3HaHH5I na TpaKHHCKHTe a pXHTeKTH.

* * *

TIOHBlIJIHT.e ce CTaTHlI B nepHo,n:HlIHHH nexar OT HHfKeHep-reo,n:e3a Ile'n.p BbJIeB 3aCHraT CbIII.O raxa m.npocn, CBbp3aHH C nOCTpOeHl1eTO aa Csetnapcxara rpoomrua. TYK ute ce OrpaHHlJlIM C KpaTKl1 6enefKKH, KaTO B3eMeM OTHOUleHl1e rJIaBHO no HHKOH npnvepn H 113BO,n:.II 01' CTaTIIIITe MY, KOHTO I1MaT npsxa spt.axa C "OTKpI1TaTa" 01' Hero rpaxuacxa MepHa enununa sa ,n:bJIfKIIH3, KaKTO H C npoueca na npoexrnpaaero II opaavep aaauero ua rporinauara.

1, 3a roneMlIHaTa, 11 BH,n:a aa MepHaTa enn- 1I1Iua aa ,n:bJIfKlIHa, KOHTO rpaxare ca 1I3no.n3BaJIll B CTpOlfTeJICTBOTO, nlICMeHlI CBe,n:eHHH JIHn-

CBaT. 3acera xocaeaa ,llaHHH MoraT na HH nanar e,l(HHCTBeHO TeXHHlIeCKHTe aHaJIH3H HacaMlfre naMeTHHUH. T03H MeTO,ll He e HOB, HO TOM Hee pa3pa60TsaH CncunaJIHO 3a Ta3H ueJI H H3nOJI3SaHeTO My .cpesna peaana rrpexxa OT CYOeKTHseH H OOeKTHBeH xapaxrep'". Ilpena SCHlIKO TPY)l.HOCTHTe H3HHKsar QT caaare naMeTHHIJ;H - OCo6eHO QPH TpaKHMCKRTe rp06- HHUH. Hanpm!lepoo <pa6JIHlIHIl npHlIHHH noMellleHHHTa JJM,:ilMHoro pe;ll;KH CJlyqaH "MaT paaaa H ycnope)l.HH creaa , a OTTyK H 'br JIHTe HM He ca BRHafH npaaa. Ilpa rp06HHIJ;HTe C, i<P'br¥ DJJaR J(:P'hf'bT C'blllO He e aaaara npaSHJIeH. BCJI~TBHe na TOBa B HHROR ltpaMepH He e, B'b3MO)KHO )l.a ce saae c nOJIO)lHITeJIHOCT KOH OT pasxepare aa H3CJIe)l.BaHHH naMeTHHK ca paSHH HJIH cToHTHaH-6JIH3KO )l.onpoeKTH HTe. JIHncaTa HacneIJ;HaJIHH apx,HTeKTYPHH 3acHl1MaaHSILKOHTO.lI..aQ~JIB~_BaT H cTaHaJIHTe aepopMaUHH CJIe)l.nOCTpoSlB~HeTO .Ha crpanara, 3aTpY,llHSIBaT aHaJIH3HTe. KaKTO e M3- secrao, S apxarexrypaara npaxraxa npes JlpeSHOCTTa H aHnlqHOCTTa npH npoexrapaaeTO, a CJIeJl rosa H TpaCHpaHeTO aa eJlHa crpa,lla ce e H3nOJI3SaJI reoMeTpHqHHSIT MeTO,ll. B pe3YJITaT aa Ta3H npaxraxa.a .nnaaa eARHHSIT OT pasaepare e 6R'JI H3XOJl.eH. TOBa e OH3H paauep OT HaH-Sa]f{HOTO nOMeI.U,eHHe B crpaaara, S CJIyqaSI rp06HQTO. nOMfJl{,eHHe, C KOHTO aanouaa nOCTpO.HBaHeTO na reoMeTPHII-

HH.H if MO,lleJI. .

OCTaHaJIHTe paaxepa, J(:aKTO SH)l.BXMe, 06HKnoseno ce nOJrY.qatJaT OT Hero }f lie ca C'bH3MepHMH C H3nOJI3SaHaTa MepHa eJlHHKIJ,aH He xorar )l.a~:1!JI.aT H3ROJI_aHH33, OTKp"BaHeTO if. no TaSH 'n~H't{HHa--3a BCeJm OT,lJ.eJIeH .naxerHUK ce HBgBaaeOOXO)J;HMOCTTa ,lJ.a ce T'bPCH U3XOJlHHBT paaaep - a HMeHHO npa Kp'brJIHTe rpodaa xaxepa TOH SHHarH e Jll1aMeT'bp'bT HM, a B 'IeTHpH'bf'bJIHHTe (KaTO npaBHJIO) - ,ll'bJI)l{HHaTa aa CTeHaTa cpelllY sXO,lla S rp06HaTa KaMepa. B'bpxyc ~HOeT1"a na 'IHCJIOBHg H reoMeTpH'IHHft ,8HQJ1H3 HaH'3CJIe,llBaHKg naaerHHK 6e3cnopHO BJlHIIHHe. ,()Ka3Ba 'H' npeaasaeerra, C .KOJl.TO ca OHJIKH3pa60TeHH H H3- nOJl3SaHH B CTPOHTeJICTBOTOHRKOraIHHHTeMe .. puna sa Jl'bJI)KHHa, KOKTO e1J.Ba JIH ca HMaJIH JleJIeHHS!, nO-MaJIKH OT HaWMS!: caaraxersp. Csuioro ce . oraaca H 3aTpaHcnoHKpaHeTO na JlpeSHHTe MepKIf B csspexeaaara necernsaa MepHa CHCTeMa. CJIe,IJ.Ba na no,IJ.'IepTaeM ome Be,IJ.H'b1K, tie MepHaTa e,IJ.HHHlla He e 06Jl{, ,lJ.eJIHTen aa S.CHqKH paaaepa B eAHarp06HHu.a, HO''Ie B .npeSHocTTa " aHTHqHOCTTa ra, a-cayliaS! crsnxara, BHHarH C'bOTBeTCTBYBana aa onpeaeneaa rer JIOSHa, peen. MoHeTaa eAHHHua.B nepHo.zta", KOHTO TYK HH:HH'l'ePecysa, TOBa ca T8JIaHT'bT " JJ.paxMaTa18• TOBa' eseero)I.'bT, noCpe~1'BOMK0HTO ce HaMHpa MepHaTa JIHUeH aa eJlHHHua; ycr8I«"ffleH: OT H3CJIe)l.BaHH sra HM aspxy H3seCTHHTe nocera ny6JIHKyBaHH TpaKHiicKH rpo6tfHQH. C'bIU,H5IT MeTO.l{Ce QTKpDB3 If npMJlara ,If B crpaAijOT rp,a)lCJlaHCKara apxHTeKTypa.'K3KTO Jl{,e.BH)l.HM, n. B'bJIeB

pa3rJIe)KJla ST'bnKaTa KaTO 06w. ,lleJII1TeJI aa BCHIJKM' pasaepa sa rpooanuara.

2. B rrspsara CH CTaTH.H n. Bt.nea cso6111aBa, 'Ie CtpaHHTe aa TpHTe KBaJlpaTHH noMeJl{,eHHB Ita Cseatapcxara rpooanna ca "KpaTHH aa aensaecmara S HaY'IHaTa JIHTeparypa "TpaKHiicKa csetueaa cr-snxa" If lie ca pasaa C'bOTBeTHO aa 8, 9 H 12 rpaxaiicxa CT'bnKH (c "He3HaqHTeJIHH OTKJIOHeHH.H")17. Bsnea C'bnOCT3.SR JIHuaTa (xea aparypsre) aa Te3" nOMeJl{,eHHSl H noaysaaa lIHCJIOSH OTHOmeHHSI, KOHTO C'bOTSeTCTBysaT aa nO,llo6HH OTHOllIeHHR B' Xeoncosara nHpaMHJla18• 3a T03H CJIYllaH TOM nanre: "EJlHo nOCJIaHHeJlO Hac, KOJlHpaHO B 6eaM'bJIBHHTe xsanpa aa rpoonanara OT Caeuiapa, 2300 rO,llHHH nO-K'bCHO e pa3IJeTeHO: OTHOllIeHHeTO Me)f{JlY naomare aa nOMeru.eHlHl ca paBHH HaeJIeMeHTHTe na paBHHHHOTO 3JIaTHO ceseaae." B T03H ,,<tlaKT" TOB BH]f{;J.8 "npHeMCTseHOCTTa s CTpOHTeJIHHTe TpaJlHUUH", nopaaa KoeTO "B'bnpOC'bT aa npoeKTHpaHeTO S ,llpeSHoctta ute 6'bJle S 3HalJHTeJIaa crenea npOCBeTJteH"19. 3a Jla nOTS'bPJlH reas H3BOA". aBl'Op:bT npHBe)f{Jla KaTO npaaep Ilaereona Il P:HM, l(1)Jl.eTQ "OTHOHIeHHeTO Me)f{,lly JIHuaTa:~Ha· :AQfJrenOKp'bJKHOCTH (S'bHllIHH.H H Il'bTJ)eWHfiB Kpt.r cnopen Hac) ,llasa ep,HH OT eJIfMetlTHTe (0,5688) aa BTOPOTO 3JIaTHO ceQeHHe"20. Ha npyro M5ICTO ooaue Br.nea no- 5ICHHBS, lie ,,3JIaTHO Ce'IeHHe" - nponopunara, ne 6HJIa npanaraaa B CTPOHTeJICTBOTO aa napaMH,llH S Ernner, S xpaMOBOTO H o6w.eCTseHOTO CTPOHTe,nCTBO, BilpeBH8 f'bPUH.H, PHM, penecaacosa Bspona ... "21 Ilopaan TOBa 'I H rareJIjIT Hep,oYM.HBa 3a~0 H3nOJI3BaHeTO na csmara.vnponopuaa B TpaKHHcKata rpocaana Jla e "OCMOTO qyJlO a-ceera''?

Ta3H rrspsa CTaTH5{, a H OCT3HaJIHTe sne'IaTJISlSaT, KaTO aa np'hS nornea qHCJIOBHTe C'bnOCT8.BKH BJl'bXBaT nosepae. Ho aHaJIH3'bT aspxy nnaxa na rponanuara noxassa, lie aBTOp'bT He e 06'bpH8n BHHMSHRe aa CJIe,llHOTO: aKOTDH HanpaSIIC'blll.HTe npecxaraaaa, KaTO H3flOJI3sapeaJlHO H3MepeHKTe )l.W)KHHH B MeT" pa HJIK aKO npaexe npyr paaxep na crsnxara (HsnpHMep29 CM}, JlonycKaMKH nOJl06HH "fie- 3RallHTeJIHH OTKJlOHeHHR", rue nOJIy'IH pe3YJITaTH, KOHTO He csananar C OTHOllIeHHSITa, KOHCTaTHpaHH npn XeonCOS8Ta napaxana. OKa3Ba ce, lie npa nOJl06HH C'bnOCTaBKH OT csmecrseao saasease ca "He3HallHTeJIHHTe OTKJIOHeHHR" npa OKp'bf'mIBaHeTO HJIK H3nOJI3SaHeTO na ,lJ.Pyru paasepa sa CT'bIl,KaTa. B p,eHCTBHTeJIHOCT, KaKTO nOKa3Ba H3C./Je,IJ.saHeTO HH S'bpxy nnaaa sa rp06H"u.aTa,'HeHHHSIT C'b3· JlaTeJI (npoexraar) e 6HJI ,l{aJIellOT UH<tlpeHara MHCTHK8 H He ca e nOCTaBRJI sa 3a,llaqa Jla aamHq,poBa <tlaKTal ,,'Ie npHHUHnHOTO peureaae aa Xeo.nCOB8Ta nHpaMH,lla" My e 6HJIO H3BeCTH022• Peanaare OTHOllIeHHSI na noxellleHHJlT8 B Csemapcxara rpoeaaua, B'bnpeKH 'Ie npH )f{enaHHe MoraT na ce csexar K'bM OTHOmeHHeTO 8:9: 12. ae ca npezsapareaao sanJIaHHpaHH. Te ca, KaKTO Belle YCTaHOBHXMe

5

no-rope, pe3YJITaT OT reOMeTpH'-IHOTO nOCTRoeHHe, KoeTO apXHTeKTbT npoexranr e H3nOJI3BaJI, sa ,ll,a npenece B eCTeCTBeHa rOJIeMHHa n.nancxena BbPXY repena'".

TbH KaTO BbJIeB TbPCH B TpaKHHCKaTa rpoonnua nponopimonanan OTHOllleHHH, He- 06XO,ll,HMO e ,ll,a CH rrpHrrOMHHM, '-Ie xoraro B apxrrrexrypara ce rosopn sa nponopunn, OCO- 6eHo na enno 3aTBopeHO rrpOCTpaHCTBO, BHHarH ce HMaT npezrsnn ,ll,bJI)KHHaTa, urnpoxanara H BHCO'-lHHaTa na noneuternrero HJIH ce HMaT npensm; He MHCTH'-IHH, CaKpaJIHH '-IHCJIa H OTHOllleHHH, a nerno HarrbJIHO KOHKpeTHO, xoeTO MO)Ke ,ll,a ce Bb3rrpHeMe BH3yaJIHO H ,ll,a ce rrO'-lYBCTBa. TOBa e YCTaHoBeHo B HCTopHHTa na apxnrexrypara, H TO B HeHHaTa UHJIOCT. Flponopunnre aa TpHTe rrOMemeHHH na rpoounnara CJIe,ll,OBaTeJIHO cal: 1: J2, KaTO npneMeM, '-Ie aa BHCO'-lHHa no 3eHHTa na CBO,ll,OBeTe ca 6HJIH B3eTH ,ll,HarOHaJIHTe na noxemennara. B paarnezsnaaara CTaTHH I1. BbJIeB noconaa aaropnre H sar JIaBHHTa na rry6JIHKaUHIITe, KOIITO rro HHKaKBII cb06pa)KeHHH e CMeTHaJI sa HY)KHO ,ll,a cnoxreue. E,ll,HHCTBeHo xoraro ct.oomaaa, '-Ie e OTKPHJI "TpaKIIHcKaTa cseuiena crt.nxa", KOHTO 6lIJIa HeH3BeCTHa nororasa B HaYKaTa, e ,,3a6paBeHo" ,ll,a ce oT6eJIe)KH, '-Ie 3a TpaKHHcKaTa CTbrrKa 3a rrpbB rrbT H H306mo e nncaao OT ztpyr aBTOp, orne npes 1976 r., a CJIe,ll, TOBa npea 1980 r.24 I1bJIHOTO sar.naaue na T03H rpyj; e cnovenaro B JIHTeparypara KbM ,ll,pyra cTaTHH25, HO OTHOBO e BbB spt.sxa C TpaKHHcKaTa crsnxa. ECTeCTBeHO I1, BbJIeB HMa npaso na csoe MHeHHe rro Bbrrpoca, HO TOBa He ro OCB060)K,ll,aBa OT 3a,ll,bJI)KeHHeTO ,ll,a oT6eJIe)KH no-pannnre rry6JIHKaUHH H na H3JIO)KH nay-mo MOTHBHTe sa nee'srJIaCHeTO CH.

3. B paarneacnauara rro-rope CTaTHH asTOPbT He nOCO'-lBa paanepa na .csemeaara TpaKHHCKa crt.nxa" H He 06HCHHBa KaK ro e OTKPHJI. TOBa TOH npasn rrO-KbCH026 B ztpyra CTaTHH. ,J{o H,ll,eHTa sa pasvepa na CTpOHTeJIHHH MO,ll,YJI B rpoonnnara'' TOH ,ll,OCTHra ITO CJIe,ll,HIITe TpH rrOCOKH:

a) HeH3BeCTHO samo cb6Hpa lllHPO'-lHHHTe na TpHTe nxona (1,347, 1,056, 80,8) aa rpooHHuaTa H ITOJIY'-leHOTO '-IHCJIO pa3,ll,eJIH Ha 12, T. e. na coopa OT CTpaIIHTe na npaBObrbJIHHH TPHbrbJIHHK - 3:4:5 (3+4+5= 12), H ITOJIy'-IaBa sa ,ll,bJI)KHHa na "CTbITKaTa" '-IHCJIOTO 0,2676. TOBa e H e,ll,HHCTBeHHHT CJIY'-laH H cnrypno nafi-nenonxonaumar, npn KOHTO TOH "YCTaHoBHBa", '-Ie npn CTpOe)Ka na rpocmruara e H3ITOJI3BaH T03H TpHbrbJIHHK. HaITpaBeHaTa ITpOBepKa ITOKa3Ba, '-Ie lllHPO'-lHHHTe na BXOnosere, rrOCO'-leHH OT asropa, ce pa3JIH'-IaBaT 3Ha'-lHTeJIHO (pa3JIHKH - 4,5, 10,06 H 8,8 CM) OT ct.umre urnpo-nrna B ,ll,OCTbnHOTO HH apXHTeKTYPHO 3aCHeMaHe (ITJIaHbT Ha naMeTHHKa)27. Te He ca B ornomeane 3:4:5, a C60PbT HM, pasnenen na 12, nana '-IHCJIO (25,516), nd~MaJI1{O OT 26,76 CM. OCTaHaJIHTe pasxepu na rp061-IHuaTa ITpOueHTHO ca MHoro rrO-6JIH3-

6

KH C OHe3H OT apXHTeKTYPHOTO 3aCHeMaH e.

6) "YcTaHOBHJI" ITO ropnna Ha'-lHH pasxrepa na rt.pcenna MO,ll,yJi (cr-snxa) (H3BecTHo e, '-Ie MO,ll,YJIbT e eJIeMeHT na csoraourenne, a CTbITKaTa - MepHa e,ll,HHHua - 6. a., 11,. B.), aaTOpbT "ITP0KOHTpOJIHpa" (a BCbmHOCT naaexcaa no ,ll,pyr ITbT ITOJIY'-leHHH pe3YJITaT) , ,,'-Ipe3 CbnOCTaBHHe Ha Cpe,ll,HHTe pa3MepH Ha TpHTe nO'-lTH xaanparnn ITOMemeHHH H ,ll,POMOC". TbH KaTO, KaKTO BH,ll,HXMe, He e Bb3MO)KHO no raKbB Ha'-lHH ,ll,a ce onpe,ll,eJIH pa3MepbT Ha H3- nOJI3BaHaTa ITpH enan CTpOe)K MepHa enannua sa ,ll,bJI)KHHa28, TyK caao me nOKa)KeM "Hay'-lHHH" MeTO,ll" C KOHTO e narrpaaerro "ITPOKOHTpOJIHpaHeTO" na pasnepa na crsnxara. MaTeMaTH'-IeCKH, CXeMaTH'-IHO TO MO)Ke na 6b,ll,e H3pa3eHO CbC cnennara <j:lopMyJIa:

,.l; ,n:b]J)KHHl!Te H3 CTp'3Hl1Te B MeTpH

= 1 CTbITKa,

1.-' 6poll H3 CbOTBeTCTBaIll,HTe CTbrIKH a CbOTBeTHO rrbpBaTa CTaTHH:

,.l; AbJDKHHHTe H3 CTp3HHTe B MeTpH

=X 6pOH CTbITKH.

.l\bJIlKHH3T3 H3 1 CTbIlK3 O'-leBH,ll,HO e, '-Ie ITpH TaKbB MaTeMaTH'-IeCKH MeTO,ll, "npOKOHTpOJIHpaHeTO" me ,ll,a,ll,e )KeJIaHHH pe3YJITaT.

B) ABTOPbT no.nysaaa ,ll,bJI)KHHaTa aa "TPfh KHHCKaTa csemena CTbITKa", a H aa ,ll,pyrH H OT ,,<j:lOpMyJIHTe aa ,ll,bJI)KHHaTa na 10 rro MepH,ll,HaHHTe H ITa paJIeJIHTe"29, a HMeHHO:

111,143-0,562 cos 2qJ =02646

60.7000 ,M H

CbOTBeTHO

111,321 cos qJ-O,094 cos 3qJ = ° 2683

60.5000 ,M

II ,ll,06aBH: "Te3H pe3YJITaTH HH naaar OCHOBaHHe ,ll,a nonycnea, '-Ie napozm C pa3BHTa reoMeTpHH H aCTpoHoMHH, KaKbBTO e 6HJI H rpaKHHCKHHT, ca H3Be)K,ll,aJIH caMOCTOHTeJIHO CBOHre MepHH e,ll,HHHUH sa ,ll,bJI)KHHa. "30 I1, Bunes)

Eztaa JIH e aeooxonnao ,ll,a ce npnaeacna ,ll,pyro ,ll,OKa3aTeJICTBO, '-Ie npesnare naponn, BKJII-O'-IHTeJIHO H erHITeTCKHHT (na He rOBopHM sa TpaKHHCKHH), He ca onpeiI.eJIHJIH no no,ll,06eH'Ha'-lHH pa3Mepa Ha CBOHTe MepHH e,ll,HHHUH sa ,ll,bJI)KHHa. 1l0cTaTb'-lHO e cauo ,ll,a rrOCO'-lHM diparmpautara KOJIH3HH B UHJIaTa ITOCTaHOBKa. 3amOTO, sa na nanpaaar H3- '-IHCJIeHHH, ITO,ll,06HH na ropnnre, OCBeH MHoro npyra vcneuaa.aan 3HaHHH, 3? KOHTO HHMa ,ll,OKa3aTeJICTBa, '-Ie ca rH rrpHTe)KaBaJIH, ,ll,peBHHTe MaTe:~1aTHUH e TpH6BaJIO na n03HaBaT H H3nOJI:3B3T npenu BCH'-IKO HHKaKBa csmecrBYBarn:'a Be'-leMHpt<'a sa ,ll,bJI)KHHa, C KOHTO ca MepkJtlf MepIi)jM'aHHTe.

4. I1oCJIe,ll,HHHT npuvep , na KOHTO me ce cnpev ITOBeqe, OTKOJiKOTO aa paar.neacaamrre no-rope, ITOKa3Ba no KaKBH rpeuncn MO)Ke na nosene He,ll,OCTaTb'-lHOTO n03HaBaHe na a PXHrexrypara H CTpOHTE'.n,TBoTo. TaKa,3a na onpenernr ,ll,e6~JIHHaTa 'Ha BbHlllHHTe CTeHH na rporinattara, i:tBTOPbT' Ii:a'-leptaBa e,ll,HH ,ll,0 npyr ,ll,Ba I xsaztpara, npe,dC1'3BJIHBamH rpoona-

3,5

12

9

1,75

• 06p. 6. Fpotinuuama npu Ceetuapu, Onpeoe nsine oetie nunama Ita cmenume no fl. B'OAeB. Fig. 6. Le sepulcre pres du village Soestari, Determination de t' epaisseur des murs d' apre. P. Va lev

Ta KaMepa H npe~~BepHeTo Ha rp06HHuaTa C paanepn, H3pa3eHH B crt.rrxn, H npes enno aaasprane na ~HarOHa,JBITe, HeH3BeCTHO samo MHHaBamH npea ztaara xaazpara, nOJIYlfaB; rt.pcemrre CTOHHOCTH (06p. 6)31. TOBa peurenne B rOJI5IMa crenen HanOMH5I fIOCTpoeHHeTO, H3- riO.'I3BaHO sa fIo~06Ha Il,eJI npa rpooaauara B Ka3aHJIbKJl2. Ho aKO TO e Bb3MO)f{HO TaM, fIPH fIOKpHTHe C KOllIepOBH~eH 4>aJIllIHB CBO~ (KYnOJI) , TYK npn rpooaauara ~O c. Csemapn, fIOKpHTa C fIOJIYUHJIHH~PHlfHH CBO~OBe, CJIYlfa5lT e npHHUHfIHO paanasen. Hanara ce ouie senHb)f{ ,na npHnoMHHM H5IKOH HaH-eJIeMeHTapHH TeXHHlfeCKH HCTHifH, KOHTO BceKH, KOHTO ce 3aHHMaBa C HCTOPH5I na apxnrexrypara H CTpOHTeJICTBOTO, e ~Jlb)f{eH na saae. Hanpnnep:

a) lle6eJIHHaTa na BepTHKaJIHHTe CTeHH na e~Ha 3H~aHa crpa~a 3aBHCH 01' T5IXHaTa BHCOlfHHa, 01' aaronapaanero H .01' HalfHHa na H3- rpaxcnanero HM. 4epTe)f{bT, KOHTO naaa asTOPbT, He OTlfHTa HHTO e~HO 01' Te3H H3HCKBaHH5I. C T03H nepreac me ce fIOJIYlfH enna H csuia ~e6eJlHHa H npn BHCOlfHHa na CTeHHTe 01' 3 M, H npn BHCOlfHHa 01' 30 M.

6) C xeprezca anropt.r onpenena ~e6eJlHHHre na ceeepoaanazmara H na IOrOH3TOlfHaTa BbHllIHa CTeHa. Ho . Te3H CTeHH H5IMaT KOHCTPYKTHBHH 4>YHKUHH, re ca caxio orpaacnaum, T5IXHa ra ~e6eJIHHa He ce npeCM5ITa. CTeHHTe, na KOHTO Tp5l6Ba ,na ce onpenena neriennnara, c a ceaeponaroaaara H IOr03afIa~HaTa. Te ca, KOHTO HOC5IT rosapa 01' nOKpHTHeTO H noeuar CTpaHHlfHHTe nanpescenua 01' nOJlYIl,HJIHH~PlllfHHTe CBO~OBe.

Bp suraae ce OTHOBO KbM xepreaca, C KOl11'O e YCTaHOBeHa m.nunrara ~bJI)f{HHa na rpoonnuara 6e3 ~pOMoca. Cnopen asropa "llb.[l)f{HHaTa na rpoonauara 01' Caemapn o.naueTBOp5lBa CbBbpllIeHIIH )f{H3HeH m.r aa nonnna-:

JlH 51 BJIa~eTeJI ... "33 ETO samo 33 HeHHaTa ,nbJl)f{H na e 6HJIO H36paHO "CbBbpllIeHOTO'< lfHCJ10 2834. TOBa e H "CaKpaJIHHHT lfHCJlOB MO~eJl na rp06HIIuaTa npu CBemapH"35.

AKo ce rpt.rne no H36paHH5I 01' aaropa m.r aa OCMHCJl5lHe na rraMeTHHUHTe na xynrypara, MOral' ~a ce HanpaB5IT H ),I.pynj: "OTKPHTH5I". TaKa HanpHMep lfHCJIOTO 28 6H ,MOrJIO ~a ce TbJ1KYBa KaTO lfeTHpH: lib'HI; B~eTo: lf~CJIOTO 7

(7x4 = 28), KoeTO CHMBOJIH3Hpa ,,6JIy)K~aemHTe CBenIJIa", peen. "H~e5lTa sa BCeJIeH3Ta". To MO)f{e ,na ce est.pace H C JIYHHH5I xanennap, a H C necerre )KeHCKli 4>HrypH B rpconara KaMepa. B TaRbB CJIYlfaH re me CHMBOJIH3HpaT ~eceTTe JIYHHH xeceua H3 )KeHCKaTa 6peMeHHocT Ii T. H., Ii T. H.

4liCJIOTO 28 e fIOJIYlfeHo C YCTaHOBeHH5I 01' asropa (BH~51xMe no-rope no KaKbB Halfl1H) pasnep na TpaKHHcKaTa crt.nxa. Tlpn CTbfIKa 29 CM, K05lTO cnope~ Hac e H3fIOJI3BaHa rrpH npoeKTHpaHeTO Ha fIJlaHa H 06eMa Ha rp06HHuara fIPH CBemapH36, eCTeCTBeHO aa ~bJl)f{HHaTa IT H5IMa ~a ce fIOJIYlfH "CbBbpllIeHo" lfHCJlO. Ho nexa sa MOMeHT na ~onYCHeM, lfe rp06HHuara HaliCTHHa e 6HJIa 3afIJIaHHpaHa C ~bJI)f{HH3 28 "TpaKHHcKH CBemeHH CTbfIKH". 11 TYK 01'HOBO, KaKTO B CJIYlfa51 C MepH~HaHHTe H napaJleJIHTe, ce HaTbKBaMe na CTpaHHaTa KOJlH3IHI, K05lTO anropt.r He e 3a6eJI5I3aJ1. Pa60T3Ta e B TOBa, lfe lfHCJIOTO 28 ce 51BHBa Be~Hb)f{ B KalfeCTBOTO aa npe~BapHTeJIHO 3anJ1aHHpaHO "cbBbpllIeHo" lfHCJlO, a BTOpH fIbT - TO ce 51B5IBa KaTO pe3YJITaT aa reoxerpauno peuieHHe, C KoeTO ce YCTaHOB5IBaT ~e6eJIHHaTa na cesepnara H }O)KHaTa CTeHa H oomara ~bJI)f{HHa Ha rp06HHuaTa. OCBeH TOBa H3XO~HHTe BeJIHlfHHH npn TOBa reoverpn-mo peuremre (nae 01' TpHTe nOMew.eHH5I) ca CbW.O npe~BapHTeJIHO 3anJIaHHpaHH B OTHOllIeHHe na 3JI3THOTO cesenae [17]. CJ1e,noB3TeJIHO TpaKHHcKHHT apxnTeKT e penm,n MaTeMaTHlfeCKa sanaxa, K05lTO MO)f{e 6H e BbB Bb3MO)f{HOCTHTe cauo n a eJIeKTPOHHOH3lfHCJIHTeJIHa MallIHHa.

3aBbpllIBaHKH, me npH6aBHM oiue HHKOJIKO pena sa H3CJIe,nOBaTeJICKH5I MeTO~ na n. BbJIeB. B enna 01' CTaTHHTe CH "ApXHTeKTYPHO reo~e3HlfeCKH npOYlfBaHH5I aa rpoonanara npn Csemapn" [2], BbJIeB ce cnnpa naxparxo II aa nse ~PYrH TpaKHHcKII rp06HHUH - npu Me3eK II Ka3aHJlbK. Cnopen Hero rpoomnta-ra nptr Me3eK He e nocrpoeua C aTHlIeCKaTa crt.nxa 26,9 CM (ua xoro e onOHHpaJI HeH3BeCTHO, saW.OTO HHKOH nocera He e nHCaJ1, lIe TH e rrpoexrnpana C aTHlIeCKa CTbfIKa), a CbC cr-snxara OT 26,76 CM, T. Hap. TpaKHHCKa cseuieua CTbrrxa, 3aw.OTO ~bJ1)f{HHaTa na ~pOMoca, ,,~OCTa· T1,lIHO ~bJIbr", ce paBH5IBa Ha 77 CTbrrKH (A=4,5 CM). 113BO~bT, nanpaseu cave na e~HH 01' eJIeMeHTHTe aa fIJ1aHa, e npnrn.psan. Ho asrop sr H cera nponycxa ~a oT6eJ1e)f{H, lfe HHe CMe ny6JIHKYBaJIH aHaJ1H3 Ha Ta3H rpoonaua orne npes 1980 r. [24] H lIe aHaJ1H3bT na TpHTe IT nOMew.eHH5J nOKa3Ba H3fIOJI3BaHeTO aa cr-snxa 01' 29 CM (pa3JIHKH no 3 CM), a ~bJI)f{HHaTa aa ~pOMoca e nOJIYlIeHa reo MeTpnuecxn (06p. 4) H pa3JIHKaTa e caxo 1,4 CM.

"MaJIKo nO-CJIO)KeH, mnue Il. BbJIeB, e m.npoci.r C Ka3aHJ1bllIKaTa rpoonnua. 1l0KaTo K. H. H. apx. 1l. BaCHJIeBa TbPCH ~HpeKTHOTO npHCbCTBHe na TpaKHHCKa cr-snxa B nnana aa rpoommara, nauiero H3CJIe~BaHe nOKa3Ba, lIe ~peBHH5JT apXHTeKT e rp sruan 01' ennara OKPb)KHOCT C pannyc 1,8732 M npu npoercru-

7

panero H OT cnenaaunrre reOMeTpHIJI-lH rroCTpOeHHH e rrOJlYIJaBaJl BCe HOBH H HOBH (rroMaJlKH cnopen HaC) paanepn." IILe ce aocrpaxnpaue OT npennoxceuaa Heo6H'IaeH MeTOLl. Ha rrpoeKTHpaHe M opa3Mep5IBaHe OT BbH Ha nt.rpe, BHLl.HXMe IJe cnopezt Bt.nes H npn rpo6- nnua'ra OT Caeiuapu npeaaapurenno e 6HJla oripeneneaa BbHlIlHaTa Ll.bJl)l{HHa. TYK e HHrepecen oriaxe HaIJHHbT, rro KOi1TO Bt.nea e HaMepHJl H onpenenun, 'Ie BbHlIlHHHT paLl.HYC Ha Kpbra Ha KynOJlHOTO rrOMemeHHe e paBeH aa 1,8732 M, T. e. C TOIJHOCT necer XHJlHLl.HH OT MeTbpa, xoraro TYXJleHaTa CTeHa na Kyno.na e cxpnra OT 3allI,HTHaTa KaMeHHa pnsa. ,Ue6eJlHHaTa na Ta3H CTeHa, KaKTO H na sallI,HTHaTa pnsa ca rrOCOIJeHH nan-paao H eLl.HHCTBeHO B aaurara CTaTHH "MeToLl. na npoexrnpane na Kasanm.mxara rpo6HHua"[23]. Bt.TpewHHHT pannyc na xpt.ra e H3BeCTeH, HO 6e3

1 BbPXy norunara ra 6HMI H3BbpweHH npenaapHTeJIHI1 reorpaaauecx« 113CJIep,BaHHll OT CbTPY,1\HHUH KbM MI1HHOreOJIO)KKHll HHCTHTYT (BAH), 'lpe3 KOHTO e VCTaHOileHO C TOllHOCT MllCTOTO na KaMeHHa rrOCTfjohKa. I'potiauuara e p aaxpura non PbKOBO!(CTBOTO n a CT. H, C. M. L[H'lHKOBJ.

2 M. II H 'l Ii K 0 B a. TpaKHHCKa rporianua KpaH

C. Csetuapn. - OTe'leCTBO, 1982; rip. 22, TpaKHHCKa r-porianua KpaH c. Cseuiapn. - MnK,. :983, KH. 3, c.29; Tpoonnuara OT Caeurapa. - 113- KycTBO, 1983, KH. 4, c. 24; Il. B b .n e B. OCMOTO 'ly,1\O aa CBeTa? (Xeoncoaara nnpauuna. r porianna-i a OT Cnetuapu , TIaHTeoHbT B PHM). - OTeqeCTBO, 1983, 6p. 19, c. 17; Ha6JIIO,1\eHH5! BbPXY nnaua aa rp06HH. uara np a c. Cneuiapn. - MnK. KII. 6, 1981: 3a npaMaTa H3 nararopertunre H rpotin auara npn CBelIl,8pH. - OTe'leCTI30, 1984, 6p. 23; KbM acropnn ra H3 reoneanxecxure HaYKH: B€JIHK3T3 33ra,1\K8. - I'eo,1\e3HH, KapTorpacjJHll, 3eMeYCTpoHcTBO, !98.5, 6p.3, c.28; Ap xurexrypuo reO,1\e3H'leCKI1 npoynaanan n a rpoonnuara np n Cseuiap a. - Feoneaaa , KapTorpacjJHll, 3eMeycTpoHCTBO, 1985, KH. 5, c. 32; CBelIl,eHH51T ernnercxn TpHbrbJIHHK. - np06JIeMH na KYJITypaTa, 1985, 6p.4. H5!MaXMe B1,3MOlKHOCT ,1\a ce 3an03HaeM C1,C CJle,1\HHTe pa60TH n a anrop a: L[nCJiOBaTa ceMaHTHtea B rporinnuara npn Cneurapn, JIeKUHH B Ce~IIlHapHYM TpaKHKY~1 (rt. n. B.), 10. XII. 1984; Mathematical models of the Thracian tombs at Kaz anl uk and Sveshtary - Archaeo metry conference of Southern Europe. Abstracts, Delphi, 9- I I, November, !984, p.7; CT8THHTa ,,3a lIHCJIOTO 2 H €,1\HH ap xeo.nor a'leCKH naMeTIIHK B Paarp aucxn oxp sr" (MaTeM3THJ(a, 1984, KII. I) ce OKa3a Heny6JIHKYBaHa.

3 B nJI3HOReTe na noccr-a H3seCTHHTe TP<1I<HHCKH rp06HHUH 01' TOBa BpeMe (V- III B. np , H. e.) H5IMa nO,1\06eH np nvep. CTpaHHlIHo noweuien ne. HO cm.p- 3aHO C nor p eoaanara xavep a HMa rporiannara na Arpeii B MHKeH8, ,1\aTHpaH3 OT XIV B. np. H. e.

4 fOJIHMa 'laCT 01' np avepure C~ H3MHpaT B MaKe,1\OHH5!, nOp3,1\H KoeTO BCHlIKH TpaKHrkKH rp06HHUH, llOKPHTH C l(H.~HH,1\pH'leH CBO,1\, ca H3BeCTHH B apxeoJIOrHlfeCKaTa HaYKa HenpaBHJIHO KaTO ,,~WKe,1\OHCKH" THn.

5 r. K 0 lK Y X 8 P 0 B. BKJIa,1\ cppaKHfmeB B HCTOPHIO CTpOHTeJIbHOH TeXHHKH. Pr i mus Congresus Studiorum Thr acicoru m. Thr acia IlL Serdical. 1971, 333-335. TYK npocjJ. Koacy xapoa npi,s C'h06lIl,aB3 H3BOJ\a CH OTHOCHO HaH-paHHoTo npHJIOlKeHHe na xna CH'leCKI111 UHJIHH,1\pJ1lreH CBO,1\ B TpaKH5!.

6 Ha np avep cpaca_~aTa na HeOT.~aBHa OTKpl1TaTa rpoon aua np a Bep rnua (Ceuepua fbPUHl1), ClIHTaHa aa rpoos aua H3 <PHJIHn MaKeJ\OHCKH - BlK. M. A nd r 0 tI i k 0 s. The Royal Graves at Vergina. Athens, 1980.

8

Ll.a ~e rrpH6aBH KbM Hero Ll.e6eJlHHaTa Ha TYXneuara CTeHa OT 54 CM, He e Bb3MO)l{HO na ce nOJlYIJH BbHlIlHHHT pannyc = 1,8525 M, uH<Ppa, MHoro 6JlH3Ka Ll.O 1,8732.

B HaCTOHllI,HTe 6eJle)l{KH HapOIJHO He ce cnnpaae ua YBJleIJeHHeTO na asropa (aKO MO)l{e\ raxa na ce H3pa3HM) KbM MaTeMaTH3HpaHe aa naMeTHHUHTe na apxnrexrypara, KbM OT-. KpHBaHeTO na 3aJlO)l{eHH B KYJlTOBOTO crpanoCTpOHTeJlCTBO peJlHrH03HO-MHCTH'IHH, caxpa,nHH IJHCJla H MOLl.eJlH, "HOCHTeJlH na 60raTO MaTeMaTH'IeCKO, eCTeTHIJeCKO H peJlHrH03HO-<pHJlOCO<pCKO C'bLl.bp)l{aHHe"37, H T. H. Hanupane, IJe OTrreIJaTaHHTe 'MaTepnaJlI1 KaTO rrspau onHTH OT T03H xapaxrep B na urara KHH)l{HHHa ca onHTH, KOHTO HHMaT HHllI,O 06llI,O C HaYKaTa "HCTOPHH aa apxnrexrypara H na TeXHHKaTa,. H ce HY)l{Ll.aHT OT crreU:HaJIHO, OTLl.eJlHO pasr Jle)l{Ll.aHe.

7 nJIaHbT na rpoonauara (06p. I) e no 3aCHHMaHero nil H. C. apXHTeKT T. TeocpHJIOB, OHC - B. TbPHOBO, na KOHTO H3Ka3BClM 6J1arO,1\apnOCT aa npenocra seuara MH Bb3~IOlKHOC1' na r 0 rrOJI311aM np a npoy'lB!lHH5ITa CH.

S JI e 0 H 13 a T H C T a A JI b 6 e p r H. neC5!'!b

KHHf 0 ClO,1\'leCTPe. B nepesone B. TI . .3y60Ba. M., MCH, XXXV.

9 3. M e C C e JI b. Ilponopuaa B aHTHlIHOCTH H Cpenaero seka. M., BAA, 1936; n. X e Nt 6 H,1\ T. nHHaMH'leCKa5lCHMMeTpH5I B ap xn retcryp e. M., BAA, 1936.

10 K. H. A cjJ a Hac b e B. Tlocrpoennc apXHTeKTYPHOi! cjJOPMbI np e BHepYCCKHMH 30L(TIHMH. M., AH CCCP, 1961.

11 PCl3MepH no: B. <P H JI 0 B. KynOJiHHTe rpooHHUH np n Me3eK. - I1BAI1, T. XI, 1937.

12 Pasuep H no B. G 0 sse 1. Makedonische kammergriiber. Berlin, 1980, rp06HH1\a N~ 32.

13 B. A. <P P 0 JI 0 B. Acrpa xsnsre MHcjJbI H PHCYHKH. - B: Ouep xu eCTecTBeHHcHaY'lHbIX 3HalIHH B ,1\peBHOcTH, AH CCCP, I1HCTHTYT eC'TeCTB03HaIlH51 H TeXHHKH. M., 1982.

14 I'. K. 0 )K Y X a P 0 B. CBO,1\bT B aJ-!TH'lHOCTTa H cpennure BeKOBe. C, BAH, 1974.

15 B. Was s e 11 b erg. Der Fuss des Kalli kratus. - In: Archaol ogischer Anzciger , 1984 Heft 4. Berlin, 547-554.

16 n. B a C H JI C B a. MOHeTH3Ta CHCTeMa n a rnaKHTe. - HYMH3MaTHKa, KK, 1978, KH. I, 5-tl; KbM at.np oca aa TerJIOBHaTa CHCTeMa B EreHcKH5I CB5IT npes III XHJI5IllOJIeTHe np , H. e. - HYMH3MaTH' xa , KK. KH.3, 1985, 35-39. H. B ii sin g. Metrologische Beitriige. - In: .Iahrbuch des deutschen Archiiologischen Iusti t uts, Berlin, B. 97/1982

17 IT. B b JI e B. OCMOTO lIYll,O n a csera? (XeorrCOBaTa nHpaMH,1\a, rp0611HuaTa 01' Cseutap a, IlauTeOHbT B PHM). - Oreuecrao, 1983, 6p. 19, c.·17. 18 L~. Il, e K 0 B - K a p a H A a w. 3a Xeonconara IIHpaMH,1\a H sa BTOPOTO 3JIIlTHO CeqeHHe. - OTe-

qeCTBO, 1983, 6p. 10, 30-31. .

HI fl. B b.11' e B', Ocvoro LJV~O .. " c .. 18.

20 Flax TaM. -

21 Il. B b JI e B. CBelIl,eHH5IT ernnerc xa rp a-sr-s,nHH". - ITp06.nCMI1 aa xynryp ara , 198;), 6p.4, c. 100. 22 Il. B b JI e B. KbM HCTOpH5!Ta na reonesnsecKIlTe HaYKH: BeJIHKaTa 3ara,1\Ka. - feO,1(e3H5I, xaprorp adian, sexicycrponcruo, 1985, 6p. 3, c. 28.

23 n. B a C H JI e B a. MeTOJ\ aa np oex nrp anc n a

Ka3aHJIbWKaTa rpotiu a ua. - Te xun-recrca MHCb.r.,

BAH, 1984, KH. I, 89-96.

24 D. Vas s i I eva. L'unite de mesure de 10·

queur dans les constructions tnraces, Thracia,

V, 1980, p. 265-300. .

Zi n. .B' 1> JI e B. ApXHreKTypIl0-reo~'(e3H"ecKH npoY'1C8HHSI, c. 32.

28 naK raM,C. 30.

27 no aVXHTeKTYPHO saCHHMaHe OT H. c. ap x, Teolj>HJI Teo<pHJIOB OT HHnK.

2R D. V'3 s s il eva. L'unite de mesure .. - .•

269-285.

u n. B 1> JI e B. K1>M HcropOTa .... c. 29-30. 30 flax TaM.

31 n. B 1> JI e B_._Hai5.l11dlleSlISi B'bP xy rrnana He rpconauara npa eeao Cseulapil. - MnK H ApXHTeK-

TypHo-reO.l{eSHtfeCKH npoysnanaa, <pHr. 2.

st It B a c A JI e s a. MeTO.l{ na npoexrapaue na KaSaHJI'bUlKaTlr""' rp06HHua. c. 89, <pHr. I.

33 n. B 'b .'1 e B. Ar xarexrypao-reoaesasecxa npo-

Y'lBaHHSI. c. 31. \ 34 Flax raa. >

811 Il, B 1> JI e i. Ha6JIIO.l{eHH5I. . .. c. 23.

86 He T03H asnpoc me ce B'bpHeM OTH080 CJIM n'b.nHOTO ny6JIHKYBaHe na Csemapcxara rpocuaua. 37 n. B 1> JI e B. 3a apauara HB nararopeauare H rpoeaauara npa Csemapn. - OTelJeCTBO, 1984, 6p. 23, c. 9.2.

D. V ASS I LEV A

Le sepulcre pres de Svestari, Projet, mesurage et construction

L 'au teur etabli t le processus du plan de projection e t de I a solution de I a construction du ~epulcre thrace pres du \ ill age Svestari, departemen t de Razgrad, decouver t en 1982. date.-du IVe_HIe s. avo n. ere. La methode est la suivante: le modele geomelrique du schema-plan est compose sur la base des rnesures admises pour l a camera sepulcrale dont Ie carre est construit a I 'aide du triangle rectanguI aire dans un rapport des cotes 3:4:5. Les trois,:pieces du sepulcre sont dans des rapports exacts I'ur.eavec I' autre. Pour la hauteur des voutes [usqu 'au zenith est adoptee 13 di agon ale du carre de l a piece respective. Les profiles desvoutes de lantlchembre et de la piece laterale son t reflefes sur I a f a~alle d u sepulcre. C'est un element nouveau.Tnconnu cornme solution de construe-

tion de f acade dans I' architecture cultuelle, qui apparalt ici pour l a premiere lois et se rencon tre bien plus tard dans I'architecture romaine. byzantine et rellgieuse medievale .dans les terres vbnlgares et a I 'Occident.

L'auteur s'arrHeegalemerit sur lesarticles de llngerieur-gecdesi~te Petar Villev consacres au sepulcre de Svestari. II rel eve les conclustons erronees au point de vue architectural et technique faites dans les articles (par example I a fig. No 6). Il souligne I a passion de l 'auteur de deceler dans les monuments archttecturaux des chiffres et des rnodeles rellgleuxmystiques. sacramentels, qui n 'ont rien de commnn aVEa; )'histoire de I' architecture et de I a technique de construction.

K bM 8'bnpOCa 3a Bb3npHeMaHerO Ha XPHCTMHHCKaTa CH'M80JlHK3

B cTapo6bJlrapCKaraKY JlTypa

C 0<pHUHaJIHOTO. nOKp'bCTB8He aa 6'bJIrapllTe npa . KH SI3 Bopac I ce OC'blD,eCTBSIsa npexoa OT enaa . THn'HYJITypa, Hspelleua YCJIOBHO "e3HqeCKa"t,K~M HopeHao pa3JIHQHBTa XPHCTHHHcKa'KYJITypa OTBH3aHTHHCKH THn2• B JIHreparypara, nOCBeTeHa na H3TOQHHUKTe aa XPHe1'Il1iJHCTBOTO H OCo6eHQHSHerOBoTO peanH0<PYHKUHOHupaHe SOOHKHOBeHHH )KUBOT; ce H3T'bKSa .npHet.reTBeHOCn8 My C PS3JIHQHH Tpa,ll.IUJ;HH, BSlpBaHHstH peJJHrH03HH npasraKUs. CneUH<pHQHHTe''Oc06eHoc'm aa T. Hap; ",lI.BOesepHe'" B PS3JlHlJHHTe XPHCTHSIHCKH ,lI.'bp)KaBH 3aBHCHT OT xapaerepa na C'bIUecTBYBa.~ IlJ;llTe ~aM, 06HQaH. Ilpoueesr aa npenJIHTSHe na e3HQeCKHTe H XPHCTHSlHCKHTe npezcraaa

2 Apxeonoras, 2, 1987

ce OC'bIUeCTBRBa aa OCHOBaTa aa YHHBepCaJIHH 1I0BeIllKH H,lI.eH. HCHMBOJIH. Cpez Te3H CHMBOJIlf, npa TOB8 e;um 01' Haii-,lI.peBHHTe, e KP'bCT'b~. TOR e n03HaT aa BCHlJKH enOXH. a npH6JIH3H" TeJIHO OT IV B. HerOBOTO H306pa3SIBaHe B onpeneaea KOHTeKCT CT8Ba'THnHQeH 6eJIerJl,a XPUCTHHHCKOTO H3KYCTB06•

BCRKo H3CJJe.lI.B3He H8 OT,lI.eJIHH KP'bCTHH H306palKeHHSI, CB'bp3aHH C npexonaa nepaona sa YCTaHoBSIBaHe aa XPHCTHSIHCTBOTO. ce c6JI'bcKBa C TPY,lI.HO peIllHMHSI np06JIeM. xora re ca nOCTaBeHH KaTO XPHCTHHHCKH H Kora KaTO HexpHcTHBHCKH 3HaUH~, 06HKHoBeHo KP'bCT'bT ce npaexa KaTO ,lI.OK83aTeJICTBO 3SXPHCTHSIHCKUR XapaKTep Ha spxeoJIOrHlJeCKH HaXO,ll.KH,

9

HO npHHaMelKHOCTta My K'bMpa3JlHQHH apenauma H. HexpHCTHSlHCKHTpa)lHUHH npaaa rasaaa aTpH6YUHJI HetHrYPHa.

.llaTHpaHeTO na paHHOCpe)lHOBeKOBHHTe &bJJrapcxa HaXO)lKH cnopez HaJlHQHeTO aa XPHCTHHHCKH HHBeHTap HaH-tleCTO BO)lH )lOM3' soaa, tie re ca OT nepaoaa CJle)l nOKp'bCTS8He" T08. C'bIUOTO BalKH H npa OT6eJIJl3B8Hero ria I3p'b3KH MelK.ll.Y e3HqetTBOTO H XPHCTHJlHCTBOTO - nonyxasa ce KapTHHa aa C1.IUetTBYBaIUH e3HtleCKH npelKHBeJI,HIJ.H B XPHCTHHHCKHJI nepaon, a ce fy6H n'bTHT aa npOHHKBaHe aa XPHCTHHHCTBOTO, KOfaTO OIUe B Ta3H $a3a MoraT )la ce osaxsar HHKOH aHaJIOrUH MelK.ll.Y CpO)lHH CliMBOJlH. B aaurero H3CJle)lB8He me CTaHe )lYMa KaK ce B'b3npHeMa KP'bCT'bT KaTO 3HaK B nepaona IX-X B. H IUe 6'b)laT nonxpeneaa H3Ka3BaHH sese C'b06p8JKeHfUI B Ta3H nOCOKa.

KP'bCT'bT npHHa)lJIelKH K'bM 3H8UHTe, OTpa3J1BaIUHKOCMOfOHHtlHHTe npe.ltc'raBH aa qOsexa. HerOBaT8cTPyKTYP8 onpeaeas npocrpaaCTBeHaTa opHeHTaIJ.HJI cnpsuc xerapare cseroaHH DOCOKH,HJIH TOHCHMBOJIH3Hpa OBJIa)lJlHOTO OT sosexa npOCTpaHCTBo.BepOJlTHO B T8K'bB CMHC'bJI ouie B npaacropasecxara enoxa noCTaBJIHeTO aa KP'bCT caxpaaasnpa onpezeneso MJlCTO HJIH YTB'bp1K)laBa HeqHH c06CTBeHoC1. CHMBOJIHK8Ta aa 3HaKa ce Pa3RpHBa HaHrrsaao npn OT'bX<,llecTBJlBaHeTOM:Y Cl>C ,;eBeTOBHOTO )l'bPBO" (BepTHKaJIeH nJIaH aa KocMoca) H ".ll'bPBOTO na lKHBOTa" BeKOBe npe,!(H nOHBaTa aa XPHCTHHHCTBOTO. KP'bC'f'bT CTaBa YHHBepCaJIeH CHM8QJI na e)lHHCTBOTO aa lKHBO- 11a . H CM'bpTTa, OTK'b)leTO H)lBa aeroaara POJISI B pHTyaJIHOTO noseneaae, xaraara H np. H3nOJI3BaHeTO My HMa pa3JIHtlHH acneKTH npH )la)leHH napona H enoxa". BloB <ix>PMHTe aa Kp1>CTa OT IV H III XHJI.,np. H. e. sese ce C'b)l'bpJKaT nosra BCHqIfJt'$ItlfAAJ3elIf3~~~H~ nOCJIe H OT XPHCTHBHCT80TO. Cpe.n..' 1'}rX ' ce . OTKpOHBaT KP'bCT'bT C pa3KJIOH~HH " ,pa~He

(C'b)l'bp)KaIU aaeara aa ".ll'bPBOTO"), KP'E.C1"b1- OT qeTHpH TPH'bf'bJIHHtleTa C,06111 Iijl'bx,'np~ CTHHT panaopaxeaea KP'bCT, snacau B Kp'bf

HJIH caMOCTOHTeJIeH. 1, I

K'bM pOJIHTa Ha Kp'bCTa B XPHCTHJlHCKaTa peJIHfHH TpH6Ba )la ce npH6aBH HaA-Hanpe)l HecJIyqaAHHHT My H360p KaTO HeHH 3HaK Ii CHMBOJI. Ilpa O<floPMHHero aa XPHCTHJlHCKaTa H)leOJIorliJI CTapHTe MHTOJIOreMlI"oco6eHO resn OT c06CTBeHaTa lO)leHCK8 Tpa)lHUHSI,Ce TpaHe<)x>pMH par C'b06pa3HO H)leJlTa 33 cnaceaae H8,'IOueqeCTBOTO xpes H3KynHTeJIH8Ta XPHCTOBa lKepTBa10• B XPHCTHHHCKaTa npeacraaa ce sanaasa KOCMHqeCKH}JT CHMBOJIH3'bM,OO;c' ~JJ.HH HOB axnerrr: e)lHHCTBeH YMHpaw.HJlT n3,kP1>CTa BO)KH CHH M01Ke )la oexaaae HC1>eAHHH y ce6e Cli l.{eJIHH CBJlTll.tIoBelllKOTO eCTeCTBO aa 60ra noasepraaa 8HTponOIJ.CHTpH3Ma sa HOBaTa peJJHrHH, a 06pa3'bT B1>PX).' KP'bCT8 aKTyaJIHsapa: B XPHCTHSlHCKH KOHTeKCT crapare KOCMHIJHH npe)lC1'8BH.

i'li '.i:'1 I '

10

Q¢opMHHeTO aa theologia crucis'" e CB'bP- 3aHO C H3)lHpBaHeTo na n'b)lB006pa3H aa 3HaKa II pa3nJlTHeTO B CTapHH 3aBeT, a B )loKTpHHara ce sanasaar Cneu.H¢HtlHH lO)leffcKH npeaerasa. TJlXHOTO npHC'bCTBHe ce yceIU~rf1CHO npa rrpaxTH sec KOTO H3nOJI3BaHe na xpscra, n0_3HaT KaTO eCXaTOJIOfHtleH 3HaK 3a 3aKpHJIa H c06- craeaocr-". BT03H acnexr ce 06J1cHfiBa noCTaBSlHeTO Ha Kp'bCTOBe )lo BXO)lOBere H npo- 30PIJ.HTe aa XPHCTHHHCKHTe xpaaoae, na3eIUH BepYIOIUHTe OT .. )lHBOJIOBHTe Hana)leHHH"14.

3a OC06eHOTO nOtlHTaHe Ha Kp'bCTa )lOnpHHaCH KYJIT'bT K'bM MOmHTe, KOHTO ro H3)lHra )l0 MOr'bIU anorponejloa. Ilpea IV-V B. ce nonYJIJlpH3HpaT ' Bep("hfiTe 38 iHaMHpaHeTO Ha rOJIrOTCKHH KP'bCT15 H ce YTB'bp)K)laBa MHCTOTO aa KP'bCTHHTe H306pam:eHHH B )leKOpaIJ.HHTa Ha XPHCTHHHCKHH xpaM. OT T03H nepHO)l TH,nHtlHH XPHCTHHHCKH <j>oPMH na xpscra CTaBaT TpHYM$aJIHHHT rOJIrOTCKH KP'bCT H KP'bcT'bT C pa3WHpeHHB Kpa,Sl 'paMeHe, KOHTO ca sapHaHT" Ha JIaTRHCKHH KP'bCT18• ,MacoBOrOB'b3- npHeM3He aa KyJITa; BKOiroClt ~HH e3liqe<:KH npe,ZtCT8BH, ~o.n..H .lto' H3BeCTHO " npo$aHH3HpaHe HaCBe.w.eH"~ CUM80JI - Ha 6HTOBO HHBO aoceaero na KP-PCT Ii nOCTaBSIHeTO My no paMH'!H" MeCTa HMa Bp'b3Ka C eneMeHTapHHTeMarHqeCKH rlpaKTH~l{' CaM01'() XPHCTHHHCTBO nonaxora e 6HJIO, B'b3npHeMaHO KaTO MarHH OT 06HKHoBeaHTe xopa, , 3alI.lOTO Jl'bJIfO ce e KPHJIO B raffllCTBeHoc,-!7. 3a'l'OBanpH H3SlCHHBaHe 3HatleHHeTO aa xpscra TpSJ6B8 Aa ce, MHCJIH aa pa3JIHtlHHTe HHBa aa aefosoro ssanpaeaaae.

B3aHMonpOHHKBaHeTo Ha XPHCTHHHCKHTe HTpa)llfUHOHHHTe npencraan, npoxeaare B C'b)l'bp1K8HHeTO na n03HaTHTe C,HMBOJIH H H30- 6pa1KeHHH HJIH nOHBaTa aa HOBH CTaBa B e)lHH npexozea nepaoa, KoHTO nO)lrOTBJI MHfa ,H~ ~H"JI~' ,OTp~'jIlHe\JHa C3H1JecTBOTO. 8 T03HheplioJ{' e '" B'b3MOm:HOC'bIUecTBYBa HeTO ,Ra Pc'bIJHJH~1i ,t:PoPMH, C'bOTBeTCTBamH na XPHerlf$lMCK8Ta aopua, HO C'bC csm.paeaaae, KoeTO e HQ-(\IJH3KO JJ,O TPa)lHUHOHHHTe pa36HpaHHH. TaRHla B'bTpelllHH )lBHm:eHHH C'bIUeCTBYBaT H BpaHHocpeJJ,HoBeKoBHaTa 6'bJIrapCKa KYJITypa nerrocpeacrseao npeJJ,H II CJIe)l o$Hi{HaJIHOTO npaexaae aa XPHCTHJlHCTBOTO. 3a na ce )lOJIOBH CJIO)KHOCTTa aa T03H npouec, HaCTOHmaTa pa- 60Ta paStJIelK.l{aH306pa1KeHHero aa Kpt.CTa KaTO:CJIeMeHT OT e3H'leCKaTJl, 04PHIJ.HaJiHa H XPHCTHHHCK3ra ,HapO,1J.Ha KyJITypa, T. e. B )lBe rpa HU ~.HC"Tyau.HH, pasxp HJ3aIUIfSp'b3KRTe aa pa3JIHtlHHTe •• rpa)lIUJ.HH.

cl»aKT'bT38 HaJIHtlHerO aa XPHCTHHHCKH KP'bCTOBeBCTPOHTeJIHHTe H TpHYM$aJIHHTe HaMHeR aa npa6'b./lfapcKHTe XaHODe e YCTaHOueR H KOMeHTHpaH OTJUlBHa18.T'bit KaTO 3H8K'bT ce CB'bp3Ba c cppa3aTa "OT Sora apXOHT", e H3RaSSaHO MHeHHe 38 HanpeMa,1lHJI npouee aa XPHCTHHHH3aIJ.HH cpea e3HQHlIIJ.HTeO'hJIrapH • .llpyrH aUTOpH, KaTO B. 3JIaTapCKH, OOJlCHSlS8TnapaJJ.GKCa H8 H3nOJI3lJaHeroi I ;IfH

ii

XPHCTHHHCKa THTJla OTBJI8,l(eTeJIHTe OMYPTar HMaJIaMRp, H3SecTaH xaro rOHHTeJIH na XPHCTHHHHTe, C IJHcrononHTHtlecKH C'b06pa>KeHHH,

. nopana KOeTO TeaHBJIa,ll.eTeJIH ce OTHaCHT HH,lJ,mpepeHTHO KoM XPHCTHHflCKaTaCHMBOJIH'Ka19• B. OerneBJIHeB UO,ll.IJepTaB8 pomtTa na xpscra HMeHHO B 041HU}laJIHHTeH~C"20. C'bm;OTO ce OTHaCH H sa TIf1'J1aTa,~a3YBaHano nono- 6He aa BH3aHTHfkJ(aT8.,O'tBora BaCHJIeBC", H aa Kp'bCTa,It;,xpH3MaTS, noc'l'aseHH npen HMeTO aa X8HB xaro "invocatio symbolica'Y. Tpa..ll.HIJ.JUlTa,l(a ce H3nOJISB8 TOO" 3HaK B o<P"IJ.It8na3T8K8MeHHa xeronsc H3rJIe>K,lI.a H,lI.sa OT BpeMeTO sa xan KpYM BiUl,l(nHCHTe, aa KORTO ca oT6eJIH3aHH3aBJI8'!{eHH rpanose H KpenOCTH22• DOCOIJeHHTe MHeHHH ca ,lJ,OBeJIH ,lJ,0 H3BO..ll.a, IJe Kp'bCT'bT n XPHCTHHHCK8Ta BJIa.l\eTeJICK8 THTJl,a, npe.l\ HMeTO .aa, X8Ha HMaT 3HaIJeHHe'¢8_K8T06ene3H na lJ.8pCKa SJIaCT, C 'KonTO ,6'bJIr.apCK}OUIT BJl8..ll.eTeJI H3T'bKBa MOr'bUtecTBOTO cu H paBeHCTBOTO C BH3aHTHiicKRH HMnepaTOp.

H3JIO>KeHaTa H,lJ,eH ce nonxpens OT H306pa>KeHHHTa B'bpXY 3JI8THHTe Me.l\aJIbOHH na xaa OMYPTar23• THXHaTa HKOHorpaq,HH cssnana Han'bJIHO C H300pa>KeHHSlTa B'bpXY MOR'eTHre aa HMnepaTOpHTe JhB V H CHHa My KOHCTaHTHH, MHXaHJI II, Teoq,HJI24 H caxo Ha,lJ,nHC'bT COIJH, lie BJIa,lJ,eTeJIHT e OMYPTar. A. fpa6ap cnOMeHaB8 KaTO aeino 06HIJaHHO B HYMH3MaTHKaTa, IJe OT,lJ,eJIHH BJIa,neTeJIH 3aeMaT HKOHorpa<pCKH MO,ll.eJIH OT,lI.'bp>KaBaTa, C KOHTO C'bnepHRllaT,HnOr8K'bB HaIJHH HCKaT na CH npHCBOHT ('bm;wretseJl~H aa BJIaCTTa20• B ny6JIHKaIJ.HSlT8 na Me,!{8JThOH8 01' Ilapeseu ce COIJH napanea C HMneparopcK8Ta BH3aHTHHCKa HKOHorpa4>HH H ee npaeaa, ne arpatiyTHTe Ha XPHCTHHHCKHH SJIaneTeJICa B'b3npHeTH 01' xaaa caMOKaTO 8TPH6YTH ua BJIaCTTa 11306m;0. OH MOrJIo,!{a ce nOMHCJIH 38 e,!{HH KOHxperes noson npa B'b3npHeMaHeTO na BH3aHTHiicKaTa CHfttBOJIHK8vaKOCS'bp>KeN( H306pa}KeHHeTOOT MeAaJIboaa,oTroBapSlm;o na MOHeTHTe na Jhs V, C'bC CBe.tteHHeTO aa .opd,l('bJDKH'f1eJIH aa TeocpaH aa noarracsanero ua MHpHHH .l\OfOSOP Me:lK,l(y C'bm;HSI HMnep8TOp ':HxaH OMYPT8r (815 r.)". I1Mrtepa1'Op'bT ce.33KJIeJI C e3HIJeCKaTa KJIeTBa aa 6'bJIrapWre,cKOeTO npaaaaaa CRJIaTa na THXHaTa .l\'bplKaaS, a XSH'bT e3H'IHRK- B xPlittHSlHCKHTe' CHtdBoJIH. B'b3MO}KHO e tde~aJIb()HIl1'} Jl.~ .ca -aaapaeenn HMeHHO no ,'F03" cJ'lY'laft;,.:'l(OraTO,.6'bJIrapHTe ce H3paBHSlBaT HSU'bJlIRl"C BH3aH1"HHUH'l"e B nOmiTHIJeCKOTOC'bnepHRtleCTB097.

I1Ma ome e,l(Hoc'b06ps}KeHHe. MOHeTJIHTe eMHCHIl M HKOHo6OpcKHj{cnepHO,l(, IJHHTO STOpa q,a38,CB'bPS8R8 C Il8pYBaHeTO na axnepaTOp JI'bBV ,(813w--820),"C'blmsna C ·BpeMeTo na xan OMYPTaT ~81~ -oK.&3l), 3aJIa3BaT KaTO npaBHJIO H306pa»reHIHITa aa HMnepaTopa H xpscra 01' naere -crpana aa MOHeTHTe,' 6e3 06pa38 H8 XPHCTOC28• KP'bCT'bT e OT .rnna aa 't{>HyMcpaJIHHSI fOJIrOTCKHKP'bCT B'bpXy. CT'bnana, H.l\Bam; OT MOHeTHTe aa KOHcTaHTHH

BemiKHH TH6ePHll II. A,,'fpa6ap H3T'bKBa aq,HHHTeTa K8 HMnepaTopHTe HKOH060pUH K'bM Hero, 3am;OTO ro B'b3npHeMaT HaH-Belle B CMHC'bJIa na no(Se~H 3HaK H 3HaK na HMnepCKHH TPHYMq" 8 He'Ha' noeenara aa XPHCTHHHCTBOT029. B cavara BH3aH1"H~ 3HaK'bT no TOBa apeMe ce CB'bp3BanOBeqe C'bC CSeTCKaTa BJIaCT, OTKOJIKOTO C U'bpKOBHaTa nOKTpHHa.

Oxaasa ce, IJe nopn npa npeaeepersaaero aa XPHCTHHHCKaTa CHMBOJIHIJHa CTOHHOCT na Kp'bm TOll ce IfKJIlOI:IBaB enao HneoJIOrHIJeCKO nofft+He - npeporaraaare sa BJIaCTTa, KOHTO TpSl6Ba na 6'b.l\aT H31"'bKBaHH. B'bBe>K~aHeTO aa xpucra KaTO 3HaKHa .xaacxara BJIaCT aaMHpa onopa H B npa6'bJIrapCKaTa peJIHrH03Ha ..lI.OKTpHHa - nannacsr B'bpXy KOJIOHKaTa 01' Ma.1l.apa COIJH OMYPTar xara >KpeU na 60ra l1aRrpa3o, sactuero 60>KeCTBO, naaamo 3eMHa BJIaCT. BH>K,lJ,a ce, IJe KJIOHHm;aTa K'bM MOHOTeH3'bM peaaraa. na npa6'bJIrapHre31 C'b.l\'bp>Ka H,lleH, cponaa aa XPHCTHHHCKaTa, aa OCSeTeHara OT He6eTO (60r):'B'bpXOBHa BJIaCT.

Taxa KP'bCT'bT' HaMHpa· MSICTOTO CH open e3HIJHHUHTe npaosarapa.xaro O<!>HIJ.HaJIeH 3HaKf npaer saenao C THTJlaTaH HSIKOH JJ.pyrH saeMKH OT BH3aHTHHCKHH ,l(BOPUOB pHTyaJI3)!. ,,06e3Bpe}K,l(aHeTO" aa x PHCTHSlHCKHH My nJIaCT e npOBOKHpaHO .l\OHSlK'b.l\eOT caxara BH3aHTHHCKa TpanHUHH. B'b3npHeMama Te3H XPHCTHHHCKH CHMBOJIH npocro KaTO, 3TPH6YTH aa BJIaCTTa33•

XpOHOJlOrnHTa aa KP'bCTHHTe H306pa}KeHRSI B cq,epaTaHaHaponHaTa KYJITYpace ORa3Sa 'nOI:lTH' HeB'b3MO>KH8 aa YTOQHHBaHe, K8KTO If THXHaTa· ·~pHeTIMIHCKa HJIH nexpaCTHHHCKa npHHa,l(ilte}KHOCT. ',JIHncaTaHa KPWrepaa sa C'bOTHaCHHeTO RM· C nOKp'bCTBaHeTO He n03BOJIHBa na ce OTrpaHHIJH XPHCTHHHCKHSIT KP'bCT OT eneuearapea COJIapeH3HaK. Koraro K. lIIKopnHJI onHCB8 3H8UHTe OT T03HBHJJ. B DJIHCKa, TOHl'R pa3;n;eJIJI aa "npOCTO 3H8un" H XPHCTHHHCKHCHMBOJIHS4• JI, 1l0HIJeB8-DeTKOBa pa3,l1.eJIRKp'bCTHHTe H300pa}KeHHH B'iJJ.se nO,At>6HH rpynH (reoMeTPHqHHlI CHMBOJJHIJHH 3H<lUH);' HO pa3JIHKaTa Me}K.llY THX OCTaBa, HeJtCH830•

DPHIJHCJIHBaHeTO na 3HaKa K'bM eaaara HJIM .llpyraTa rpyna saBHCH·,,l(O rOJISlMa crenen OT MHCTOTO, na KoeTO e nOCTaBeH, 6e3 TOBa na e carypea eener. HaH'-TOIJHO TOH ceonpenena KaTO XPHCTHHHCKH, xoraro e H306pa3eH no CTeHHTe aa U'bPKOBHH crpa)J.H HJIH B'bpXy HSIKOH apxarexrypsn ,l(eTaHJIH OT narepaopa, T. e. 'no MecTaTa,KOHTO cnopen nOCOIJeHaT3 no-rope. npaxraxavce 'nO.l\CHrypHB8T C Kp'bCT~ (Toea' ca 3H8UHTe, KOHTO .ae BJIH3aT B oqrn. UHaJIHaTa '!{eKopaTRBHanporpaMa H cnanar K'bM'c¢tP'aTa aa H8pO.l\H8TaKYJITypa.) TaKRBia' npHMepH liMa OT Kpsunara IJ.'bpKBa B DpeCJIaB, irspxaa .N'!! 1 01' ABp8.l\aKa, rrspxsara S'bB BHHRua H np, KP'bCT'bT MO}Ke aace onpeaeaa KaTO XpHcHTRacKH H xoraro csanaaa C RKOHorpa<PcKH1'e oco6eHocTHHfl Tpa,!{HuoHHHTe THnOBe - TpHYM<paJIeH, JlaTHHCKH, Kp'bCTa·· aa EpycaJIHMCKaTa Teo¢aHHH H np.

11

YCTaHOB5IBaHeTO na KOHTeKCTa, B IW}iTo e nocraaeri' KPbCT'bT, pasxpuaa BC'hlUHOCT npoueca Ha B3al1MOrrpOHI1KBaHe Ha XPI1CTI151HCKI1- re 11 e311qeCKI1Te npencraan I1JII1 CeMaHTI1KaTa aa 3HaKa. Oc06eHo ueHHH B TOBa OTHoweHHe ca naMeTHHUHTe (MaJIKO na 6poil), B KOHTO Cb)!(I1TeJ1CTBOTO na nsere Tpa)l.l1lJJIH MO)!(e zta ce YCTaHOBI1. Cpen THX e 6POH30BH5IT 3fvIYJIeT CbC 3HaUH 01' Ilpecnas. HaMepeH 6,'IH30 )1.0 KP1,f-

JIaTa Ubpl<Ba36 (06p. 1 a, 6). 3HaKbT >+< >-t<.

H306pa3eH na ennara crp aua, e nnrepnpernpau xa ro nrecrxparno no aropeane na 113BeCTHI:I51

npa6bJJfapCKI1 3HaK y

noceur ManrLJeCKa

<PYHKUH5I37. BbB Bpb3 K a C TOBa e He06xo)l.I1MO na ce nOCOqH, LJe BbnpocbT aa xapaxrepa na npaor.nrapcxare pyHHH 3HaUB see ouie He e )l.OKpaH pellleH38• OLJeBB)l.HO enna LJaCT ce H3nOJI3YB3T KaTO npOH3BO)l.CTBeHH 3HaUH, HO TOBa He npexu H 're zta BJIH3aT B xpt.rana qHCTO MafHqeCKHTe. OCBeH 3HaKa "HnCHJIOH" TaKHaa ca HeCbMHeHO KPbCTbT, ,,)l.BOHHaTa 6pa)l.Ba", "CTpeJIaTa". Ilonxpena HH nasa Ce)l.MOJlblJHaTa MafHlJeCKa posera 01' nJIHCKa39, BbPXY K05lTO CT05lT napez; C npyrn H H36poeHHTe 3HaUH. Enna, MaKap H KbCHa Heiitla aHaJIOfHH, e CJJaB5IHCKO "BbICOqHOe KOJIbUO" OT X II B. (B5ITHlJl1)40. T0311 THTI yxpanrenns C3 cai.psaHH C Mafl15!T3 H BbPXY HaKHTa ca Bp5l33HI1 CXO)l.HH na HaWHTe 3HaUH. CneUH<pHQHH51T xapaxrep ce YJI3B5I B KOM6HHaUH5ITa HM C onpe)l.eJleHH H306pa)!(eHIf51 _" ,,)l.BOHHaTa 6paJl.aa" aanptraep e nocrasena no oopasa ua uravan C naiipe 01' Ma)l.apa41.

KPbCTo06pa3HIf5lT 3HaK 01' cnOMeHaTIf51 npeCJIaBCKH aMYJIeT e OqeBIf)l.Ho cBbp3aH C XPHCTH5IHCKIf51 KPbCT42, m.npexn LJe H5IMa TOqeH nap ane.n C 06HLJaHHHTe HKOHOfpa<pCKif rnnoBe. 33 )1.3 ce nonseprae CBbp3BaHeTO na e3HLJeCKH5I 3HaK H XPI1CTH5IHCKIf51 KPbCT, ca npnBe)!()l.aHI1 aHaJIOrYlH C npyru rrO)l.06HI1 3HaUII, noncxasaaunr pa3BHTifeTO aa enna -rakana Bpb3Ka43• He MO)!(e oriase na ce YCTaHOBH )l.aJIH TaKHBa H306pa)!(eHI151 He OTpa351BaT Cb)!(HTeJICTBO crnpemr 864 f. Ct.mo raxa sa Cb)!(aJIeH He He MO)!(eM na Ka)!(eM )l.aJIIf e3IILJeCKI151T 3Ha K 01' aMYJIeTa e 6HJI ,,110KpbCTeH" CJIe)l. npnevaueTO na XPIfCTII51HCTBOTO, HO BbB BceKII CJIyqaH H3fJJe)!()l.a HeBepOHTHO npenuert.r na e 6HJI npnrexcanue na )l.YXOBHO JIHUe44.

ManlLJeCKaTa CHJIa ira aMYJIeTa ce Cb)l.bp)!(a BbB BceKII ennu 01' HerOBHTe eJIeMeHTI1, KOI1TO ca ,,)!(113HeHO II3pa3HTeJIHI1"45. 3HaUI1Te 01' )l.Bere CTpaHH aa npeCJIaBCKI151aMYJJeT ca a6comOTHO paBHOCTOHHI1 qaCTH OT enno MIlTOJIOfIIqeCKO U5IJIO. KPbCTOBI1)1.HH5IT 3HaK, nesaBI1CI1MO nann e XPHCTH5IHCKH, I1JIH He, e TOJJKOBa )l.ei1cTBeH, KO.'1KOTO 11 3HaKbT (V), TbJ1- KYBaH KaTO CI1MBOJI I1JIH xpnnrorpaaa na 601' Tanrpa'". TOBa nasa OCHOBa aa nO-HaTaTbU1:

12

• 06p. 1. EPOH3013 asujsem om Il pecnae C puuusectcu sn auu: a) Jl~ll{e; 6) O/WKO. Fig. 1. Amulette en bronze de Pres/au avec des iignes r unioucs: a) face; 6) enuers

1

2

• 06p. 2. E pON80a neuatn. om Il pecsae C Ll306paJICNtue na Kp7JCm. Fig. 2. Sceau de bronze de Pres/au acec represen iation de croix

HOTO <PYHKIlHOHHpaHe aa xp scra KaTO XPHCTH5IHCKH 3HaK.

AKo B aMYJJeTa CbC 3HalJ,H ce yceiua nayCMHCJJeHOCT no OTHOUleHHe aa KPbCTOBH,ll,Hl1H 3HaK, TO neuart.r aMYJJeT 01' TIpeCJJaB47 neMOHCTpHpa HaMeJJ5IBaHeTO na XPHCTHHHCKaTa CHMBOJJHKa 'H B CbmOTO apeue spt.axara if C e3H'-IeCKaTa OCHOBa (06p. 2). <popMaJJHO ITOr.nennaro, KPbCTbT B T03H BH,ll, e JJOrH'-IHO pasBlITHe na 3HaKa OT npyrus aMYJJeT. <PopMaTa My e TlII1H'-IHa sa 11306pa1KeHHHTa OT X B. H ce cpenra I-I3H-'-IeCTO B ClJ,eHI1Te CbC CB. KOHCTaHTlIH H EJJeHa. Pa3,ll,BOeHHTe paMeHa HaMeKBaT QTHOBO sa I1PHCbCTBHeTO na Y, ITO,ll,CI1JJBam Bb3,ll,eHCTBHeTO na x PHCTI15IHCKH51 3HaK.

Ilo-ocooenara cpYHKlJ,H5I aa xpt.cra C paaKJJOHeHH paMeHa ce np05IB51Ba B ,ll,Be ClJ,eHH BbPXY BapOBHKOBH KaMbHH OT MaHaCTHpa B C. PaBHa, Kb,ll,eTO e BKJJJ-Q'-IeH B pa3JJH'-IHH ITO CMHCb .. lI KOMI103HIlHH48. B ennara e .npencraBeH JJbB C orn.paara nasan r.nasa H H3ITJJe3eH e3HK, nonrmpam C .nanara CH 60TYUl B "CH51- HHe". BJJ51BO OT 60TYUla e H306pa3eH KPbCT C pasnaoeaa panene. BTopaT3 KOMn03HlJ,H5I e CbCTaBeHa cavo OT KpbCTOBe, lI3p5I3aHa e npeIlH3HO H sa pa3JJHKa OT ropnara HMa OTHOUleHHe e,ll,HHCTBeHO KbM XPHCTH51HCKaTa CHMBOJJHKa.

KPb CTbT B JJ51BaTa '-IaCT na KOMn03HIlH51Ta e CbCTa BeH OT TpH pa3JJH'-IHH runa. OCHOBHar a <popMa e na KPbCT C pasrpoena B Kpa51 paMeHa, a BC51IW pa3KJJOHeHHe aast.puma C rpnbrbJJHH'-Ie. OKOJJO npecenxara ca ITOCTaBeHI1 '-IeTHpH MaJJKH KpbCT'-IeTa C ITO enna TO'-lKa, B,ll,JJb6HaTa B Kpa5I na BC5IKO paxo. l.J,51JJaTa <popMa ce ,n06JJH1KaBa ,no T. Hap. E pycaJJHMCKH

KpbCT411• B He51 ca HaCJJOeHH IUIKOJ[KO ceaanTH'-IHH HHBa nonsepraaama ecpHKaCHOCTTa na xpr.cra H HeroBHH· TpHYMcpaJ1eH xapaxrep. Oc06eHOTO e, lJ:e H TyK ce e rr05IBHJJ 60TYUlbT .:_ no xpt.cra , HeYMeJ10 nanpacxan OT npyra p sxa. B p saxara Me1K,ll,y naere H306pa)KeHHH e oneannna, He3aBI1CHMO '-Ie ,ll,06aBeHOTO M01Ke 611 cnana KbM npyr-a xy.arypna H penaruoana Tpa,ll,HlJ,H5I. 50TYUlbT (06YBKaTa) e 3HaK, IT03HaT B XPHCTH5IHCKaTa Tpa,ll,HlJ,1151, HO aa Hac e Ba1KHO HaJ1H'-IHeTO na nocra TaKI1Ba pHCyHKH, TbJJKYBaHH B KOHTeKCTa na lUaMaHHCTH'-I[-U!Te n pe,ll,CTaBH50•

Ka3aHOTO HH ztaaa npaso na nor.neaaea B onpenenena CBeTJIHHa KpbCTOBeTe 01' CbIir,HH THn, xoraro ca H306pa3eHH BbPXY CTeHI1Te na XPHCTH5IHCKH IlbpKBH OT TIbpBaTa 6bJJrapCKa ,ll,bp)KaBa. Tpynno e na ce YCTaHOBH KaKbB CMHCb,n ce anara B T03H THll KPbCT npu npyru XPHCTH5IHCKH xynrypn, HaH-MHor06pOHHHTe aHaJl0rHH, KOHTO ca HH H3BeCTHH nocera, ce HaMHpaT B ApMeHH5I. KpbCTOBe C pasnsoeHH paMeHe ca Bp5l3BaHH BbPXY CTapHTe HaArp06HH naMeTHHIlH - "Xa'-lKapH", a ci.mo m.pxy CTeHI1. TIpHeMa ce, qe TOBa e enua pauua cpopMa aa xp scra, npeACTaBJ15IBama CI1JJHO cxeMaTH311paH sapnaur Ha "crux ansata"!". KOIITCKOTO H3KYCTBO CbIII,O n03HaBa Ta311 rpopMa: 06HKHOBeHO pa3,ll,BoeHI15IT KPbCT e BnHcaH B npyr pasuopaaenea KPbCT 01' T11I1a "pa toncee". C peura ce B CTeHonHCH 11 Ha,ll,rp06HYI rrnovn, HaH-06mo narupaua 01' VII-VIII B.52 B Kana,ll,OK115! (napaKJJI1C 21 B I'sopeae) TaKHBa xpi.croae OCPOPM5IT KOMl103HlJ,I151 01' BbHUlHaTa crpana na axona. TIapaKJ1IICbT B 3r1J1Be e yxpacea C ABa xp scra BbPXY asrpeuntara J-Q)KHa CTeHa53. v1306pa1KeHII5ITa ca penediau, paMeHaTa Ha KpbCTa ca rrJ1bTHH H pa3AB05IBaHeTO He H3JJI13a H3B'bH OqepTaHHeTO ua p anoTO. OqeBl1,ll,HO. YIToTpe6aTa HM He e '-IeCTa, a B ApMeHH5I, xoraro ce pa3BHBa KJJaCHqeCKI15IT THIT na .xa-ncapnre", e,ll,HHCTBeHO H306pa351BaH e KPbCTbT C KaITKH HJ1I1 rormera B Kpa5I aa paMeHaTa, KoeTO noncxassa, '-Ie KPbCTbT C paa,nBoeHH pa~eHa He BJJH3a B KOHBeHIlHOHaJ1HH5I xpt.r anaun.

OT Kpt.r J1aTa irspxaa BO TIpeCJ1aB ca H3- BeCTHH 06III,0 179 KPbCTOBH,ll,HH 3HaKa. Cano 7 ca C paaasoenu (HJJH pasrpoenn) paMeHa54• Te ca ITOCTaBeHH na rpanaunomnrre MeCTa ,ll,0 BXO,ll,OBeTe, a K. MII5ITeB noconsa eAHH TPOHHO pa3KlIOHeH BbPXY '-IaCT OT KOJJOHa55• 3aeAHo C ztpyrn ITOA06HH CPOPMH re ca nanpacKaHH He6pe1KHO sa pa3J1HKa OT "rraTpHapmecKH5I" KPbCT 01' BbHUlHaTa J-Q)KHa CTeHa, T. e. pa3ABOeHH5IT KPbCT CJJH3a na HHBOTO na '"HeoCBeTeHHTe" MarHQeCKH 3HalJ,H.

He e Bb3M01KHO ,ll,a ce npeuenn ,ll,aJ1H 3HaKbT e npennovnran na onpenenenn MeCTa. Cpeuia ce '-IeCTO B TIJJHCKa, Ma,ll,apa, TIpeCJJaB, no-rm BHHam rrpHApY1KeH OT 5IBHO uexpnCTH5IHCKH 3HalJ,H. YIToTpe6aTa My B HaH-rOJ1HMOTO e3HlIeCKO CBeTHJJlIme na Ilr.paara 6bJJrapcxa ,ll,bp)KaBa56 He nasa IIHCPOPMaIlHH, nann

13

e ,llOIll'bJI ~ C ywaHOQ~BaHeTO aa XPMCTR5IH,CTBOTO CJIe,ll864 -r., HJHvCe H3nOJI3YEa M npes e3HllecKHTeBpeMeHa, H caen TOBa nopana npHJIHKaTa My C OCHOBHHR XPHCTH5IHCKH CHMBOJI. ,uBYCTpaHHM5IT npeCJIaBCKH BMYJIeT HH n03BOJIHBa caao na nonycaess, lie T03H THn Kp'bCT C'b,ll'bpiKa e3HlleCKHH pYHeH 3HaK, rpanc$>pMHpaH non BJlHHHHe aa XPHCTHHHCTBOTO, 6e3 YTOIIH,HBaHe, ,llaJiH npeaa HJIH cJle,ll noKp'bCTBaHeTO. OlleBH,llHO TOR H nO'K'bCHO sanassa eaasecxara CH npennasaa CHJIa.

EnHrpa¢CKHHT MaTepHaJI OT MaHacTHpa B c. PaBHa ,llOn'bJiBa KapTHHaTa aa paanpocrpaHeHHeHa xpscra C pa3l{JlOHeHH' paaeaa B XPHCTMHHcKa cpena. TaM TOR ce ·nOSlBSlBa noxra TOJIKOBB. lIeCTO, J{OJIKOTO H ,llpyrHTe 1HIJOBe. KP'bCTHHTe 3HalJ,H ocjloPMHT "KaTaaer" na BCHlIKH B'b3MOiKHH THIlOBe Rp'bCl'. Ilo,ll06HO nemo ce HaMIO,llaBa H Ha,llpyrH MeCTa, HeCB'bp3aHH ooaq:e C XPHCTIJHHeKHSI J{YJlT -:- 6JIOK OT H3TOtIHaTaKpenocTHaCTeHa aa I1pecJIaBo7, KaMeHeH 3'b6ep OT xpenocraara CTeBa B CHJIHCTpao8,. q ,llp. KOMno3HlJ,HHTe OT crpynaan aa e,llHO MSICTO .xpscrose noCOIIBaT C'bC CHrypHOCT np0lJ,eea HaYCBOSlBaHe 'lia XPHCTHSlHCTBOTO H aerosara CHMBOJIHKa .Henocpe,llCTBeHO CJIe,l( axra aa nOKp'bCTBaHeTO. 1\p1>CTOBeTe ca BpR38aHH ]1.0 pa3JIHtIHH.e3HlIeCKH 3HaqH, HRKOH,QTKOHTOBepOHTHO, ca fI .no-paaaa. fpacpHTHTe OT PaBHa ca ocooeao HHTepeCHH B TQBa OTHOIlleHHe He caxo sapana C'b.IlOCTaBKHT~ MeiK){Y eaasecxa H XPHCTHHHeKH ~306paiKeHHjf, lIO H 3apa,!lH HCHOTO oueprasaae aa HHBaTaQa asropaee: 06YlleHH MOHaGH .,HnO-HeIJpOCBeTeHH xopa • .B'bBBCHtIKH no,ll09HH KOMIJ03HlJ,HH ce npasa: "IJpeBO,ll" aa 3HalJ,HTe, KORTO e ,llBynocolleH. CTapHTe ,3HaUR C TRXHOTO 3HatIeHHe ce C'bOTHaCSlT C'bC CUJlaTa na xpscra. (H 06paTHO).

Bspxy KaMeHHa nnona OT C. Kpasapexa, lliYMeHCKO, e npencraseaa XOpH30HTaJiHa KOMIJ03HlJ,HH, sae'spursama C rOJIHM KP'bCT C xanKOBH,llHH H3paCT'blJ,H B xpas aa paxeaara, K'bM KOSITO H,llBa MBJJ'bK KOHHHK C KOIJHel'. Han

., KOHHHKa ca aanpacxana 3HalJ,HTe ~. [><I,

tIecTO cpemana no KpenOCTHH neHHH ,llpyrH MeCTa; T. e. XPHCTHHHCKHR'I' KP'bCT ce C'bOTHaCH C onpe,lleJIeHa e3HlleCKa CHMBOJlHKa (neyrpanasapama ro HJlH nonxpensma), KOSl'l'O Mye paBHOCToHHa. IUeQT6eJIeiKHM, tIe cpea BpH3aHH're, Kp'bCTOBe e Maoro .nony.napea TlIrrsr, KOHCTpYHpaH OT tIeTHpH TpH'br'bJIHHKa, KOHTO e HaH-6JIH3'bK ,llo MaJITHHCKH5I.MoiKe ,lla ce IJpHeMe, lie B aero ca BHiK,llaJiH ,llaaTa

no-rope, ",llBOHHaTa6pa,llBa" e OT 3HaUHTe c MarHlIeCKO 3HaQeHHe.

14

B T03H pen aa .MHCJIHCe~p'br:u,aMe K'bM KP'bCTOBeTe C pa3KJIOHeHHpAMeHa, KOHTO pasKPHBa ... T CH .. Jlar8 CH H BUPHC'b(:TBHeHa ,ll. pyra KpbCTJlH H3()(}pa}l(.eHHH. B~p«y KaMeHHa nno-

sa (OKpb1KeH HCTOPHlIecKH~Y3eH. IlIYMeH) e apSl38Ha KOMn03HnHH 01' ABe OCUOB~HlH:30- 6paiKeHHs,3aTBopeHH BOTAeJJI{H PaMJqI; B ~S1- BO'I'O nOJIe C'I'OH KP'bCT CHenp8BHJlUlia'bUUfHH og:epTaHHH, B KOH'I'O e BDHeaH Tb-H'bK KP'b.CT C TPH'bf'bJlHHlIera B xpas aa paMeH8Ta,. 'fipH ' np~eqKaTaHM ca nocraaeaa tIerHpH T()qIQI.,' KP'b(:T'bT8 ,llHCHOTO noae, KaKTO H paMKaTa My ca 06HKoJleHH C TOqKH, KoeTO nOA"IepTaBa MamIJeCKHH xapaxrep aa H3()(}paiKeHHe'l'o. B OT,lleJlH3 MaJiKa paMKa non JIeBHR· Kp'bCT e BPSIsan APyr, C TPOMHO pa3KJlOHeHH p~Ha. Taxa oT,lleJIeH, TOM O'leBH,llHO .0npeAeJIfl HHKaK'bB acnexr sa etpHK8CHOCTHa' rOJIeMHH, TPa)l.HUHoHeH XpHC1'HSlaCKH KP'bCT. BepOHTHo e nonxepraaa Bp'b3KaTa . Me.lK,llY xpscra H ,ll'bPBOTO aa iKHBOTa, KaTO HMaMe npensan .ztpeBHoTo 3HatIeHHe aa TPOHHO pa3KJlOHeHHH KP'bCT.

Toaa, tIe se.pOSITHO 3HaKbT "HDCHJIOH" OCR· rypnaa aa Kp'bCTa 'C pasnsoeaa paaeaa POJlHra. Ita OC06eHO Mor:u,eH npennasea HJlH noeenea 3HaK, ce BHiK,lla H B cnOMeHaTHR KaMeHeH 6JIOK OT TIpeCJIaB. KP'bCT'bT no,ll saocrpeaa apxa, KOM6HHHpaH OT xpscra C TPHbf'bJIHHtIer8 H "BHJIOnO,lloOHHH", e C nO}J;lIepTaHO ~eHTpaJIHO MHC'fO H rcneaaaa, TOM' e lJ,eHT'bp'b'l' na e,u.Ha 3HaKOBa KOMIJ03HlJ,HlI60•

Ococeaocrare na paaraescaaaas 3HaK ce paaxpasar H no otue e,llHH IJ'bT. AKo ce cpaana xecrcrara aa pa3IJpOCTpaHeHHe aa pasnaoeHHSI (H pasrpoeaas) KP'bCT H T03H C rprrsranHH'IeTa B xpas aa paxeaara.vrae B ROJI3a aa BTOPH5I. K. MHBTeB ro ·cnOMeHaBa KaTO THnHIIHO cTapoBHaaHTHHcK8.,4!oPM881.KaTO rpacpR'IeH BapHaH1'1oH e flai-6nH3'bK ,llO xpscra, CHMBOJlH3'Hpar:u, . Teo<JlaHH1tTalll• I1KoHorpacpHRra naxpscra C pa3I1IHpHBaLlJ,-H ce B xpas paMeHa e H3KJIlOqHTeJIHO YCTOHtIHBa, TOR ce H306pa3HBa B'bB BCHlIKH cpa3H aa XPHCTHHHCKOTO H3KyCTBO, HO KaTO lIeJIH e HaH-xapaKrepea aa paHHHH nepaoa, KOfaTOC Hero ce nozsepraaa noeenara aa XPHCTHHHCKaTa pe-, JlHI'HSI (IV-V B.). HerOBOTo pasnpocrpaneHHee OCo6eHO CHJlHO B aexirre na PHM0-KaTOJIHqecKaTa nspxsa H crpyxrypara My e Ta311' aa JIaTHHCKMH KP'bC-r6S• B paaaoxpaCTHHHCKOTO H3KYCTBO no ,llHeIllHHTe 6'bJIrapCKH 3eMH ce cpema noxra 6e3 H3KJ1lOlIeHHe caMOT03H THIT".Tpa,!{HlJ,HHT8 HMa 3Ha'leHHe sa H3noJi3BaHeTO aa XPHCTHSlHCKHTe Kp1>CTOBe CJIe,ll "nOBTopHOTO" npaesaae aa XPHC'l'HHHCTBOTO, xoraro CHMBOJlHKaTa My e OHJla axryaana. Crapara spssxa ce B'b3CTaHOBHBa H UPM npeynorpeoseanero na ' apxarexrypan ,lleTaHJlH OT', paHHoxpHCTHHHCKHTe ~'bpKBH B XpaMOBeTe H ,llBOp~HTe aa ,llOCKOPOIllHHTe e3HqHH~H86.

fpacpHtIHHRT sapaaar aa T03H' KP'bCT ce H3of)pa3HBa nOBceMeCTHO, OCo6eHO aspxy CTe-

HHTe aa XPHCTHSlHCKHTe KYJITOBH crpana OT BpeMeTO na Ilspeara m.JIrapCKa .lI.'bpJKaBa. TOM e OT "ocBe'J'eHHTe" MarH'IecKH 3RaUH .lI.Opa xoraro e H3nOJI3BaH KaTO . npHMHTHBHa MafHH. Herosara <jlYHKUHH e H3USl,110 B XPHCTHSlHCKaTa coepa sa pa3JIHKa OT .lI.BOMCTBeHOTO nOJIO>KeHHe aa Kp'bCTOBeTe OT .lI.pyrHH pasrJIe>K.lI.aH THn.

YTOqHHBaHeTOa8 M.SlCTOTO, KOeTO e saeMa.lI KP'bCT'bT B paMKHTeHa o<jlHUH8.lIHaTa H naponnara Ky.1ITypa aa Ih.psara 6'bJIrapCKa .lI.'bp>KaBa, HH n03aO.lIHBa .lI.a nanpasaa HSiKOH H3BO.ll.H:

I. I. KP'bCT'bT ce YCTaHOBSIsa KaTO Ba}KeH eneaear na o<jlHUHa.lIHaTa xynrypa H xancxara H.lI.eOJIOfHSI no BpeMeTO aa xaa OMYPTar. npoueC'l>Te 3anO'lHaJI npa HerOBJISI npenllleCTBeHHK, HO cera HMa CBOSI 06ocHoBKaH .lI.ooHBa 38B'bpmeHocT. H3nO.lI3BaHeTO My KaTO CH}dBOJI aa uapcxara BJIaCT -H noOe.ll.a e aHaJIOrHqHO HapO.lISiTa My B'bB BH3aHTHHCKaTa HMnepHH OT T03H nepHo.ll.. TOM ce B'b3npHeMa B MOMeHT, xoraro csntecrsyaa oOeK'l'HBHa Heoexonaaocr. OT nO.ll.oOeH CHMBOJI: o'bJIrapCKaTa .lI.'bp}KaBa 3aCTaBa KaTO paBHocTOMH8 na BH- 3aHTHSI nOJIHTHlIeCKa CHJIa, T'bpcem.a HallHH aa ce oOJIelle B npe.ll.CTaBHTeJIHHTe CHMBOJIHlIHH <jlOPMH na anacrra. KP'bCThT e OHJIB'b3npHeT 0e3 XPHCTHSHCKHjf My CHMBOJIHqeH.nJIaCT, HO B C'bUJ.HSI H.lI.eOJIorHqeCKH aCIteKT.

I. 2. B C'bIUOTO apexe ce OKa3Ba, 'Ie xaaCKaTa KaHUeJIapHSI e npHCnOCoOHJlI!, xpscra KaTO o<jlHUHaJleH 3HaK B nepaoza aa 3aCHJleHa XPHCTHSlHH3aUHSI B'bTpe B .n.'bp)KaaaTa,T. e. HH.n.HpeKTHO o<jlHUl.IamUlTa· ,KyJlTypa ¢ OTpa3HJIa e.ll.HH peaJIeH<PaKT. TYK HHe BH}K.lI.8Me aspaaeaa HeOOX:O.ll.HMOCTT8 OT XPHCTldSlHH3HpaHe na Jl.'bp>Kasara zrsnre npe~H napysaaero aa KH~3 BOpHC.

I I. I. cI>YHKUHSlTa aa xpscra B Heo<jlHUHaJIHaTa e3HlIeCKa cpe.ll.a e TPY.ll.HO o npeAeJIaMa KaTO CJle.ll.CTBHe aa npOHHKBaUJ.OTO XPHCTHflHCTBO HJlH KaTO aexpacrasacxa. Haa-npocrirre paaaopaaeaaa Kp'bCTOBe, xoaro nM<>6JIa.ll.aBaT nOKOJIHlIeCTBO cpea OCniHaJIHTe -BH.lI.OBf MoraT Jl.8 6'b,naT KaKtoconaplIH 3HaIJ,H,TaKa H XPHc1'HSlHCKH CHMBOJIH. TSlXHO'I'Opa3Jllt'laB8Ifee HeB'b3MO}KHO (.lI.0PHH.zr.a CfHaMHpar l3 xapaxrepaa cpena) no npocrara npasaaa, lie ca~HHT XPHCTHSlHCKH CHMBOJI npOH3J1H3a orcrapare coJIapHH 3HaUH. C'bUJ.ecTBYBaHeTo aa pYHHH 3HaUH C KP'bCTeH eJIeMeHT npennonara nO-JIeCHO

1 3a YCJlOBHOCTT& Ka l'ePMHHa BlK. T. BaH K 0 B.

KP'bfOBPIlTbT .H8 HCTopl{1lra (HCTOpH'I.ecK8Ta TeMa B D'bP Bo61.JIr apCXHTe JlHTepaTYpuIIRaMeTHItUH). - JIHTeparypaa MHC'bJI, KH. 10, 1984, 3~4 H_ nOCO'IeHaT8 JlIlTefaTypa.

B. r 10 3 e JI e B. KHII3 BOPHC I. C.. 1969; C. B a K JI H HOB. cz,opMHp.aHe Ha CT8p061>JI r apexara KYJlTlpa. C., 1977. ~-28.

Tesa Bp'b3KH ca H3CJle~.aiUI Haii-)J.06pe B 06- JlaCTTa H8 IPOJIKJIopa. BlK. HaiJP. Jl.·41 p.s 11 e p. 30JlOT8S seras. M .• · 1983; B. P bI 6 a II: 0 B. H3b1- qeCTBO npeaaax CJlBBliH. M., 1981; C'b~O A. r y p eB H'I. npo6JJellH aa Cpe,llHOBeKOBHaTB HapolzlHa· xyJlrypa, C., 1985; I. A. Ric h m 0 n d. Archaeology

YCBOSlBaHe na apscra H B Ta3H c<jlep~ ouie npe.lI.n o<jlnunaJI.HOTO nOKp'bCTSaHe.3a T03H eran n 38 BpeMeTO HenOCpe.ll.CTBeHO cnen no KP'bCTBaHeTO e Ba>J{1\9 OC'b3HaBaHeTO aa paBllOCTOHaara CH.lIa aa Jol:p'bCTa H aa CTapHTe n03HaTH JHaIJ,H - re BCHIIKH CHMBOJlH3HpaT npHCaCTBneTO aa BHClllHTe Oo}KeCTBa xa nsere pasJIHIIHH penaraa. XPHCTHSlHCKH~T KP'bCT e 6HJI Q'b3npHeT HaH-JIeCHO B acneKTaHa MarHlIeCKHre cpeacrsa.

II. 2. 3a xpscra C pasaaoeaa paxeaa nPM'bp)KaMe nOCOllBaHaT8 apssxa C eaasecKHfI 3HaK HnCHJIOH. MacoBOTO My nOSlBS,lB8He ., KOMnaKTHHKOMn03HIJ,HH OT KP'bCTHH H30- ~pa>KeHH" KaTO pennaxa aa Tpa.ll.HIJ,HOHHHTe XPHC1HSlIICKH THnOBe, H TO SlBRO S npoueca aa 3an03HasaHeTO C XPHCTHSHCKaTa CHMBOJIHsa, CBH.lI.eTeJlCTBa sa OTHOllleHHeTO K'bM HeTO KaTO K'bM 3HaK C oCoOeHa CHJIa H 3HalleHHe. TOBa 3aKJIIOQeHHe ce nozxpens H OT no-caarioTO My p83npOCTpaHeHHe B'bpXY o<jlHUHaJIHH crpaaa sa -pa3JIHKa OT xpscra C TpH'br'bJlHnqerara B xpax na paaeaara, KOHTO HMa rpanaunOHHa <jlopMa •

Tps6B8 .u.a )J.06asHM. lie. pa3ABOeHHSlT KP'bCT 1I KPOCT'bTC pa9TpoeHH paMeHa - sepOSlTHO ce C:B'b.PSB8T C JlpeBHH're npe)(CTaBH- 38 .lI,'bPBOTO lia }KHBOTa H He3aBHCHMO lie MO)f{eM .lI.a - cpeuiaeM TeS" q,oPMH B pa3J1HqHH KYJITYPH H enoxn, I:Ue'rH oroeJIe>KH:M H KaTO 3HaUII, n03HaTH sa CJIaBSlHHTe16 .

I I. 3. Koraro pasr JIe}K.lI.aMe KP'bCTHHTe H300pa}KeHHSI, HeSJIH3aI,IJ.H B axoaorparpaara aa XPHCTHSlHCKOTOH3KYCTBO, nO-SiCHO JIHlIaT ceMaHTHqHHTe nJIaCTOBe H spsaxara C'bC CTapH npencrasa. Ha TOBa HHBO no-npaxo ce OC'bmeCTBSBa npHeMCTBeHOCTTa Me:lK.lI.Y e3HQeCKHTe H XPHCTHSHCKFlTe H.lI.eH. BKoHKpeTHHSI CJIyqaH C xp'scra C pa3KJIOHeHH paxeaa ce BH}K.lI.a enaa OT MexaHH3MHTe aa T. Hap. 6HTOBO XPHCTHSlH.eTBO 8 onpeneaeaa cpena npes paHHOTO cpenaoBeKOBHe.

- B'b3npHeMaHe10 aa xpscra B o<jlHUHaJIHaTa e3HqeCKa KYJITypa aa 6J;JIl'apHTe B nspsare JIeceTHJIeTHS aa IX B., xaxap a C HexpHCTHSlH<:KH. OTTeH'bK, H csoraacsnero My C e3HlIeCKaTa CHMBOJIHKa npena II CJle.ll. axra na nOKp'bCTBaHeTO nOC01JBa oine Be.ll.H'b}K HerOBHS yaasepCaJIeH xapaxrep, n03BOJUlB8UJ. O'bP30TO My npHeMaHe KaTO XPHCTHHHCKH 3HaK B pa3JIHIIJ:lHTe KyJITYPH.

,nd the After-Life in Pagan and Christian Imagery. Oxford, 1950; The Conflict between Paganism and Chrilitianity in the FOU1'th Century"ed .. ,by Momigliano. Oxford. 1963.

( )1<. 6 JI a H K 0 B. 0 l1BaeB~'pJlH H awY.JIetaxSMceSHKax. - B: BH3aaTHlI, IOlKHble CJlaBlIHe H .lI.pellJllIlI PYCb. M., 1973. 203~209.

I TYK H O!l--HaraT'bK ax," KpCCT - B: MH<pbI HapO;l,OB Mapa. IT. M .• 1982. 12-14; E. AHTOHP,a. O'lepKIf KYJlbTYPbl JlpeBlnlx 3eNJIe)leJlLlleB Ile-

E)J.Hd H CpeJlHei ASHII. M., 1984, 73-75. 141- 2; G . .J 0 b e s.Dictionliry of Mythology. Folkre and Symbols. New York, 1962, 385-387; H. Sachs, E. Badstiibner, H. Neumann.

15

Chr istl iche Ikonographie in Stichwor ten. Leipzig, 1980, 218-219. Lex ikon e'er Kunst, II. Leipzig, 1971. 724-727: Lexi kon der Christlichen Ikon ovr ap h ie , 1'.2, Rom -\Vien, 1970 - Kreuz , 563-574.

6 BLK. 10. B 'b Jl e B a. Cn:HOlIHCHTe a a K'bCHOaHTH4HHTe H paHHoxpHCTHHI-IC!(HTe rpo6HHI~H. Ha;',lepe nu Ha repuropanr a n a E'bMapHH (IV-VI Il. up. 1-1. e.). KaHJ1H,~aTCka J1HCepTalJ,HH. C., 1986 (P'bIW[IHC), c. 161, 165, 172 H nocoueua JlllTepaTypa.

7 E. Din k I e r. Kreuzzelchen und Krem.Jahr buch I iir An ti l:e und Christentum, 5, 1962, 93-100.

8 BLK. nanp. )I\. B 'b )K a p 0 B 3. CJ!aBHHH H

HOMaJ1H n a TepHTopHHTa 1-1 a ,L(HeIllHHTe 6'bJlraDCKH 3eMH OT xp asr H3 VI-XI B. - B: TIJlHCKa-TIpeCJlaB. 3. c., 1981,16-56; LI.. I1Jl. LI.ll~!HTpOB. TIorpe6aJlHHHT oripen npa paHH06'bJlrapCKHTe HeKpOIIOJlH B'bB BapHeHclw (VIII-IX B.). - I1Al-1, XXXIV, 1974, SI-92; T. TOT e B. TIpoytJBaHHH ar-porimna-ra a a Il pecaas IIjJe3 1963 H 1964 f. - I1HMUJ, V, 197?, 41-53.

9 B LI.Bvpe4HeTO KPbCTo06pa3HHTe MOTHBH 0603Han aaar nO-CKOpO CBeTa. BLK. E. A H T 0 HOB a. !J,HT. C·b4., c. 75, 142. 3a xaJll(eHL\H, <PHHHKH~IUH, erHnTHHH .1Be Kp'bCTOCaHH C'b4KH osnas aaar HJ1B3LUHH ))(!lBOT; il KHT3ti, I1HJ1HH, CK3H,~HH3BHH C KP'bCT ce ourav ana ue6eTOH T. H., B)h. G_ .] 0 be s. Op. cit., p. 385, 3R6.

10 C. A. Pa r t rid e. The Phoenix and the

Ladder. Los Angelos, 1964,

11 fPHfOPHH 01' HI1Ca. V: G. A I'm s t r 0 ng.

The Cross in the O!d Testament according to Athan asi us , Cyril of Jerusalem and the Capadoci an Fathers. - In: Theologi a Crucis-Sign urn Crucis. Festchri lt fur E. Din klers 70. Geburstag. Ti.ibingen, 1979, 17-38.

12 E. D' ink l e r: Op. cit., p. 100. sq; Lexikon der chr is tl ichen l kon ogr aphie ... - Kreuz , 563- 565: G. Arm s t ron g. Op. ci t., 17-18.

rs E. Din k l e r. Ki euzzeichen und Kreuz ... , p.99.

14 A. G r a bar. Martvrium. Recherches sur e culte des reli q ues e t 1 'art chr+tien antique. 2. Paris, 1946 (repr. London, 1972), p.275 sq

lIi A. and J. Sty I ian 0 lI. By This Conquer. Nicosia - Cyprus, 1971.

16 A. Grabar. Opv ci t., p.275 sq.

17 A. Bar b. The Survival of Magic Art. - In: The. Conflict between Paganism andChri.,tia-

nitv. 100-124. .

• 18' <1>. Y C n e H C K H il. HaL\r.HcH crapoaonr apcxia: KOJlOHHbl C H]VeHaMH r opcnon, Ha[(llHCH c <pparMel-1T3MH J10[OBOpOB. - B: I1PAI1K. X. 1905, 173·- 242; I\. TIl K 0 P II 1-1 Jl. Ha.u,IIHCH_ 01' TI'bPBOTO 6'bJlJ apCKO UaPCTBO B 4epHoMopcKaTa 06Jl3CT n a BanKaHCKHH norryocrpon - B: Byzan tin osl avi ca, II, Praha, 1930, 189-195.

19 B. 3.'1 a Tap C K H. TIpHeMHHUHTe a a

OMYPTar. - 1136paHH nponsnenenna. I. C., 1972, 165-167.

20 B. E e III e B Jl H e B. Il parit.nr apcxu e nnr-p arp-

CKH llaMeHTHI~H. C., 1981, c. 92, 95, 125.

21 B. E e III e B JI He B. IJ,HT. C'bq., c. 125, 131, 141. 22 TIaK TaM, 92-101.

23 n. C Jl a B 'q e B, 11. VI 0 p n a HOB . .3JlaTHH MeJ1aJlbOI-lH n a x an OMYPT3r (814-831). - Ap xeon o-

rHH, ]{H.2, 1979, 25-30.

24 A. G r a' bar. L'Iconoc1asme bvz an tin , Pa

ris, 1984, HJl. :~9, 41-, 42. ",

25 A. I' P 36 a p. Cre nonncnre 110 CTbJl6HLUeTO aa "CB. COCPH!I" B KHeB H BH3aHTHHCKaTa HMnepaTOp·· CKa axoncr paqiaa. - 1136paHI-I C'b4HHeHHH. !. C., 1982, c.84.

26 fl1EI1, V, 19, c. 113.

27 TIpeJ1l!OJlOLKeHHeTO e n a CT. 1-1. c. JI. MaapolIHHOBa.

28 A. G r a bar. L'Iconocl asme ... , p. 141.

2P A. Gr a.b ar.· L'Ernpereur-dans l'ad"by-

zantin. Paris; 1936, p.34, 170-171, 239-240.

30 B. E e III e B Jl H e H. L~IIL C'Lq., c.52,

16

31 JI. B a Ii C H Jl 0 B, E. TI e rl 4 e B. Hal!l'HKII 11a <pHJlOCO<PCKO MHCJleHe B ll'kpB06'bJlrapCK3Ta KYJlry pa. - B: HCTOPHH ua 6'b.1rapCKaTa <pHJlOcocpCKa MHCbJI. I. C., 1970, 22-29.

32 B. E e III e B Jl He B. I'h.paorn.nr-ap are. EH1' II «y.r r y p a. C., 1981, 114-115.

sa A. G r a bar. L'Emper cur . ., p.35.

!l4 K. ill K 0 P n H JI. 3HaKH 1-1 a cTpOHTeJlbl-IOM MaTepHaJle. - B: I1PAI1K. X, 1905,250-264.

3& JI. LI. 0 H l] e B a - TI e TKO B a.' .'3l-IaUH at.p x y ap xeonornuecxu IIaMeTHHIlH 01' cpennoaexoaaa D'bJl" r apnn . C., 1980, 34-35.

36 T. TOT e B. EL\HI-l 6POH30B MeiI.aJlbOI-l C'bC 3HaUH OT Il pecn as. - ApXeOJlOrH!I, [(1-1. 2, 1967, 36-38; B. G e IlJ e B Jl !l e n. Fh.pnorn.nr-apcaa awy,1eTl!. - I1HMB, IX (XXIV), 1973, G::l-63.

37 .8. E e III e B Jl He B. IJ,HT. C'b4., c.54. _

38 T. M a I{ a p 0 B a, C. TI Jl e T I-l e B a, TH-

110JlOl'HH H ronorp adma SHaKOB MaCTepOB I-Ia cre nax anyrpenuer o r opona nJlHCKH. - B: C60PHHK 13 n aMeT n a npoqi. C. BaKJlHI-I013. C., 1984, 212--223 H I'OC. Jl HT.

<19 C. B a x Jl H 1-l0_B. <l>0pMHjCaHe ua craporn,n r apcxara «y.try pa, c. 154; B. E e ur e a J] He a. 3Haueu ne ro a a nt.paorit.nr apcxua 3HaK Y. - I--lHMB, XV (XXX), 1979, 17--23 - CMHTa, 'Ie poserar a C 6l-1Jla s a r anaeue, a He e 1-l0CeHa KaTO aMVJleT.

40 B. B a C H Jl e H ]{ o. Pyccxoe JlpHK.naJ1HOe HCKYCCTBO. M., 1977, c. 211-212, HJl. 88.

41 LI.. 0 a 4 a p 0 B. EbJIrapCKH cpeuuoaekosuu PHCYHI\H-rpa<pHTll. C., 1982, c. 107, TaO,!!. CXV, I. 42 T. TOTCB. l~HT.c'b4., 30-38.

4a LI.. 0 B tl a p 0 B. 3a II'bpB06'bJIrapCKH'le aMy-

JleTH. - MTIK, KH. I, 1977, 10-12.

44 T. TOT e B. IJ,HT. CM., c. 38.

4& f. Bar He p. TIp06JleMa LKaHpOB B J1peBHe PYC(:I<OM HCKy'CCTBe. M., 1974, c. 57.

46 B. E e III e B Jl He H. 3HalJeI-lI1eTO ... , 19-20. 47 T. TOT e B. 3a en.HH 6POl-l108 nevar C KP'bCT H ncsceu n annuc 01' Il pecn aa. - I--lHMB, VIl (XXII), 1971, 201-203; B. 13 e III e B Jl He B. IhpBo6'bJlr apcxu avy.neru ... , c. 57.

48 MaTepHaJlHTe OT PaBHa He ca liy6JlHKyaaHH. 3a Db3MOLKI-IOCTTa J1a ],H BHL\H n pa60TH C THX 6.~arOl\apH ua: CT. H. C. Ka3HMHp TIonKoI-ICTaHTHI-IOB. -

4~ BLK. Lexi kon del' Kunst, _ p. 726; Christl iche l kon ogr aphie in Stichworten , p.218.

&0 LI.. 0 B 4 a pOD. 3a C'bJ1'bpLKaHHeTO n a eJ1HH 6'bJlrapCKH paHHocpe/\HOBeKOBeH CHMBOJl. - B: E'bJlr apcxo CpeI\HOBe]{OBI1e. 5'bJlrapO-C'bBeTCKH COOpHHK B necr ua 70-r0J1HIllHHl-laTa a a nporh. LI.yHLJea .. C.,

1980, 294-298. .

&l Kh atchkar , Armenian cross-stones. Catalogue of exhibition by G. Jeni. Venezia, 1981,' p. 16, ·il.

8-10. .

02 A. E f fen be r g e r. Koptische Kunst. Wien , 1976, p. 147, 155, Tal. 41, 92.

53 G. d e J e r ph ani 0 n . Les Eg!ises r u-

pestres de Cappadoce. Album. I. Paris, 1925, pl. 20,4; 26,4.

54 P .. Pall! e B. 3l-1auI1 H PHCYHKH 110 CTeHHTe a a Kp sraara ut.pxna H TIpecJlClIJ. - I1HMUJ, VI, 1973, 205-212 H IIpHJlOLKeHIlTe Ta6JlHUH.

05 I\. M I! 51 T e B, Kp'sr.n ara m.pxna B TIpeCJlaB.

C, 1932, c.55.

56 r. <I> e x e p. TIHcMeHH naMETHI!UH ua np a O'bJlrapHTe B MaL\apa. - B: Manapa. I., c. 395 C.~.; JI. LI.oH4E'B3-TIeTKoBa. IJ,HT. CM., TaOJl. XX, XXIII. &7 LI.. 0 B 'I a p 0 B. 5'b,'rapCKH cpen.I-IOBeKOBIIH pI1CYHKl-I ... , c.81.

58 JI. IT, 0 H 4 e B a - TI e l' K 0 B a. IJ,HT. C'b'I.,

06p. 7.

59 B. A H T 0 HOB a. CpeJ1HOBeKOBHH n ann aapn a IIaMeTHHUH C HaJ1nHCH 11 PHCYHKH .or Koa apoarp an. - B: 113BecTHli' HaHapOl\HHH. MY3eH B Koa apoar p an, KH. III, 1965, 25.-35,. 06p. 12.

60 LI.. 0 B q a p 0 B. AJlerOpH'HlI1 .H300paLKeHH!I -H HaJ1IIHCII OT TIpeCJlaB. -.B: Pal aeobulg arica, X (1986), 3, p.68-72. Cpa. KOMi103HUHHla 01' PaBHa

I! e,I!H nO-K'bCeH npauep y H. 0 B 4 a p 0 B. K'bM IIKOHorpa<jJHIITa na HIIKOH cserua npes X-X IV B. - Apxeonor aa, KH. 2, 1984,43-48, o6p. 1. Bepoarxo nopann ocooeaara CII CIIJla Toif crasa H saax aa no6e,llHJlOTO XPHCTI!IIHCTBO.

61 K. M I! II T e B. U.I!T. C'b'l., c. 172. 62 Lexi kon der Kunst. p. 726.

63 B}IL no-CneUHaJIHO naaeruannre aa mI!BOrmcra I! cxy.nnrypara B Paseua, xpaa ua IV-V B.

O. Bsc. npnaepa Y )1. O.B'l a p 0 B, M. B aK JI H HOB a.YaHHoBH3aHTHHCKI! naMeTHHUH OT B'bJlr apaa, IV-VII B. C., 1978.

66 M. R a i\JI H HOB a. PaHHOBH3aHTHlkKaTa apXIlTeKTypHa lleK~paUH!I I! yxpacara a a p anaocpennoBeKOBHIlTe 6'hJlr~pCKH nocrpoasa. - B: C60PHIIK B n aaer aa npop, C. BaKJlIIHoB. C., 1981. 93-99.

68 Z. Va i'i a. Die welt der alten Slaven. Prah a, 1983, p. 85, 86.

Sur la question de l'adoption de la syrnbolique chretienne dans la cul ture ancienne bulgare

E. MUS S A K. 0 V A

(R e sum e)

La conversion des Bulgares sous le prince Boris ler marque l a transition de l a culture protobulgl1re palenne a laculture chretienne. Etant donne que I a doctrine de I a nouvelle religion et par.ticul ieremen t sa pratique cultuellegardent toujours une partie des traditions anciennes existantes, I 'auteur essaie dindi quer des exemples de confession des deux religions diffE!rentes dans l a culture bulgare du Bas Moyen Age du IXe_Xe s.

L'attention de I'auteur est attiree par lacr oix en tan t que signe d 'une importance uni verselle, connu par toutes les societes hurnaines depuis l 'antiqui te et regenere par les agen ts de I 'eglise chre. tienne. On a pris en consideration lesdifferents niveaux de perception de l a symbolique chretienne et c'est pourquoi la Ionctlon de l a croix est etudiee dans la sphere de I a culture aussi bien ofllclelle que populaire, Immedlatement Yers I'epoque de Ia conversion. On souJigne qu'it est . presque' impossible

3 ApXeoJIOrHSI, 2, 1987

d 'etablir une analogie des signes de croix par rapport a leur appartenance a I a tradition paienne ou chretienne. .

. . II apparait. qu'aux deux niveaux l a symboJique reellede I a croix se neutralise. Dans le milieu paten de l a cour elle est concue seulernent comme signe de pouvoir et de puissance en imitant l a pratique byzan tine, tandis que pour la population ordin aire l a croix deVient.sawplement plus forte que les signes magiques connus. L'auteur attache une plus grande attention aun type speclfique de croix - avec des bras ramifies, qui est lie au signe magique protobulgare le plus repandu Y. en developpan t ainsi I'dee de V. Besevliev et Dv Ovcar ov.

Les associations specifiques recherhees par rapport a I a croix dans cette peri ode de transition devoilen t Ie mecanisme dadaptatton du chrtstl anisme a une tradi tion concrete.

17

MamepuaJlU U cioouienu«

PHMCKH 6pOH3OB llJReM OT KOneKUH~Ta

na OKPb)f{HHSI HCTOpH4eCKH MY3eH, CHJIHCTpa

nET K 0 rEO p r H E B, H BAH B b q B A P 0 B

Ilpes JHITOTO na 1984 r. B !<OJIeKl.I,IHITa aa OKP'h)KHlISl lCTOp"lJeCKH MY3eH - CHJIHCTpa, e nOCTbnHJI e~HH HOBOOTKPHT OPOH30B lliJIeM. TOH e OliJI HaMepeH CJfYlJaHHO B p . .uYHaB, OJI1I30 ~o opera, npn KM 399, aa OKOJIO 700 M sanaano OT .KaJIeTO npa c. Berpes (TerYJIlIIlJiYM)l. He e B'h3MO)KHO ~a ce onpenezra TOlJHO ~aJIH lliJIeM'hT e OliJI naaaan B'hB. BOA:aTa OlIJ,e npes aHTHlJHaTa enoxa, HJIHe OliJf fIbpBOHalJaJIHO aa cymara - aanpaaep .nOCTaBeH B rpoe, OJI1I30 no opera, H e~BaBriocJIe~CTBHe npa 1I0k xonasaae Haopera OT pexara e IIMHaJI B'hB sonara.

UlJIeM'hT e HanpaBeH OT T'hHKa OpoH30Ba JIaMap"Ha C .n.eOeJIHHa .n.o 0,001 M. BHCOtlHnara My e 0,255 M. <l>opMaTa e OBaJIHa, JIeKO npannecnara B ropaara lJaCT . .u'hJIraTa TliJIHa lJaCT 3aB'hpUIBa C .n.'hrOBH~Ha, XOpH30HTaJIHO CTO}JlIJ,a nJIOCKa JIeHTa. Ha nes JIHlJaT TpM nynKli 3a 3aKalJBaHe Ha ~On'hJIHHTeJIHO nOKpHTlie na spara, KoeTO e OMJIO aeposrno OT KO)Ka (o6p. 1-3).

Ceraumoro C'hCTO}JHlle aa lliJIeMa e noopo. .ue¢opMau.lIHTe ca He3HaQlITeJIHH. JIMncBaT lJaCT OT nepH¢epHaTa THJIHa JIeHTa H MaJIKM QaCTli OT T}JJIOTO. Ha H}JKOJIKO MeCTa IIIJIeM'hT e aanYKaH. 3a.n.HaTa JI}JBa lJaCT e OliJIa nponyxaaa OlIJ,e npes aHTlllJHOCTTa 1I no BbTpeillHaTa noB'hPXHOCT aa TOBa MSICTO ce BH)K.n.a rp")KJI"BO aanpaseaa xpsmca (oop. 4), KOHTO e ensa BlI.n.H-

Ma OTB'hH . .uoCTa rpyoara nsrpeuraa noaspxHOCT aa IIIJIeMa e npasena OQeBH~HO aoceaero My HanpaBO B'hPXy rJIaBaTa .n.OCTa Hey.n.OOHO. Be3 C'hMHeHHe TOH e OHJI aocen B'hPXy MaJIxa, MeKa IIIanKa, KO)KeHa lIJIll T'hKaHa, KO}JTO e CMeKlJaBaJIa nonapa ~O raasara.

Ilpn 1I3paOOTKaTa aa IIIJIeMa e OHJIa CJIe.n.saaa C 1I3BeCTHli 1I3MHeHH}J ¢aPMaTa aa aTHlJeCKH}J IIIJIeM2• TOM liMa nearpanen rpeoea, KOHTO 3anOlJBa B OCHOBaTa Ha THJIHaTa lIaCT C OBaJIHa H3n'hKHaJIOCT B'hB ¢apMaTa na paxoBHHa H saaspmaa B ropaara lJaCT aa IIIJIeMa C rnasa aa open. l(JIIDH'hT na nrauara e 3aBHT JIeKO Ha.n.OJIY . .use xpsr-rera MapKHpaT oxare (oop. 2, 4, 6). ~}JJIaTa nOB'hpXHOCT na rpeoeaa

18

.n.0 paxoaaaara e nOKpHTa C rpasapana no nOBbpXHOCTTa aa MeTaJIa ·IITHlJH nepa (oop. 4).

fpe6eH'hT pa3.n.eJISi IIIJTeM8HH .n.Be crpaHHlJHH nOJIeTa, KonTO ca orpa,neHH C nIltypOBM.n.eH 0pHaMeHT. B'hS acsxo OTTe3H QOJ}eTa ce BH)K,na no e~HO M300pa}f{eHHe aa 3MHH (06p. 3 ~ 6). Onanrxare aa 3MHHTe sanonaar npn THJIa, B OCHOBaTaHa IDJIeMa, a raaaare liM ~OCTHraT .n.o ropaara MY tIaCT. I'naanre na saesyrareca npe.n.CT8BeHU CHJIHO cxeMaTH3Mpaaa M CTHJlH3MpaHM. B ,!{o~aTa MM tIaCT ce BlI}f{~a no e,nHH MaJI'bK, 1I3BHTH3pac11>K; a orrope JIlitIaTIIO TpH H3paCT'bKa, npliJIlIlJH H na porsera (06p. 4, 5, 7, 8). Me}f{~y 3MlIMTe 'MliHaBa IIIHYPOB opnaxear, 1I3BlIT KaTO ~'hra, nsara xpas aa KOHTO saaspmaar npen rJIaBHTe Ha BJIetIyrHTe e p03eTa C'hC CnlIpaJIHO pa3noJIO}f{eHH JIHCTa (oop. 1, 5).

B npenaara tIaCT na UIJIeMa ce ooocooaea OT.n.eJIHO, lJeJIHO nOJIe,Orpa,neHooT H3BHTHTe TeJIa aa ~pyrH~Be3MHH. OnaIIIKHTe HM JIe}f{aT npn CJIenOOtIHHTa, a fJIaBHTe HM ce ~06JIlI)KaBaT B cpenara aa IIIJIeMa, Ha,!{ tIeJIOTO (06p. 1) . 3MHHTe ea rrpeacrasena KaTO onacanare IIOrope, HO TYK JIHnCBaT cnOMeHaTHTe aspact-snn aa rJIaBHTe.

B cpe.n.aTa Ha lJeJIHOTO nOJIe e npe.n.cTaBeH spes rpaaapase 6IDCT, OOJIelJeH B XliTOH M 6poHH. I'nasara e JIeKO H3BMTa M HaKJIOHeHa K'hM ~HCHOTO pauo. MaKap H npenazeaa csncex CYMapHO, xeprare aa JIHueTO JIHtIaT noepe. Bt.pxy K'h.n.pHu.HTe na xocara ce BH}f{.n.a IDJIeM. 3a.n. ,nHCHOTO paMO JIHtIli ropHaTa tIaCT Ha KOnae C aspxa aarope (cop. 9, 10).

Bnaao OT TOBa M300pa)KeHMe ce BM}f{,na OlIJ,e enaa ¢Mrypa - 6IDCT aa MJIa,ne}f{, npenCTaBeH C'hlIJ,O spes rpasapaae. qacT OT r-sp~HTe JIMIICBa, saenno C orsyneaoro napxe OT IIIJIeMa na TOBa MHCTO (06p. 11, 12). Bee nax HHKOJIKO K'hCH pe3KM B 1I0B'hpXHOCTTa na MeTaJIa aa TOBa MHCTO .n.aBaT OCHOBaHHe na ce npennoaara, tIe 6IDCT'hT e_ 6MJI npencrasen OOJIetIeH B JIeKa npexa. qepTMTe na JIMu.eTO ca npeacrasean no C'hlIJ,HH HatIMH, KaKTO aa rrspaas OIDCT. I'naaara e JIeKO HaKJIOHeHa H

1

3

• 06p. 1. Buo tea UU!eAW omnpeii. Fig. lAspect du casque de del' an .

• 06p. 2. Ilsicnuma no noeuna na uinesca. Fig. 2. Moitie droite du casque

• 06p. 3. Buii na uinesca omsaii. Fig. 3. Aspect du casque de derriere

H3BHTa KbM JI5IBOTO pano. OKOJIO Kb,n:pHl.LI1Te na xoca ra ce BIDK,n:a JIbIJ:HCT seneu, a nan JI5IBOTO paMO - KaMlllHK.

no zto.nnara IJ:aCT na IJ:eJlHOTO none MHHaBa penerpen 60p,n:lOp. B cpenara na rrOJIeTO, Ha,n: 60p)J,!opa, HMa MaJlbK OTBOP, xoirro e aapyum,n ueJIOCTTa na H306pa)J{eHHeTO na m.pnna 61OCT. OTBOPbT e CJIY)J{HJI MO)J{e 6H sa saxpenaaae Ha nJIaCTHHKa, K05ITO e rrOKpHBaJIa Hoca Ha HOCelll,H5I lllJIeMa .

.n5IBaTa IJ:aCT na IJ:eJIHOTO nOJIe JIHnCBa.

Bce na x Ha,n: CJlerrOOIJ:HeTO JlHIJ:H eznra seprnxanna rpaenpana .TJHHH5I (06p. 10). TOBa e e,n:HHCTseHO aanaau.nara ce cnena OT enuo npenno.naraeuo rpero H306pa)J{el-IHe B TOBa no.ne, KoeTO saeaao C ,n:PYfHTe ,n:Ba 610CTa e 06pa3YBaJlO CHMeTpHIJ:eH, TpHIJ:JleHeH nexoparnsen MOTHB.

C l13KJIlO'leHHe na l1306pa)J{eHH5ITa B IJ:eJIHOTO no.ne BCH'lKH OCTaHaJIH eJIeMeHTl1 na yxpacara aa urneaa ca H3pa60TeHH C l13rrOJI3BaHeTO aa nse TeXHHKH - H3IJ:YKBaHe l1 rpasnpane. J13rrbJIHeHHeTo aa nOBeIJ:eTO OT T5IX nOKa3Ba H3BeCTHa He6pe)J{HOCT, oc06eHO uio ce OTHaC5I no ,n:eTaHJlllTe. Taxa nanpnxep p03eTHTe ua lllHypOBYI,n:HH~1 eJIeMeHT ca C Hee,n:HaKbB 6pOH JIHCTa (06p. 5). TeJIaTa na 3Ml1HTe B CTpaHHIJ:HHTe no.nera He ca a6COJIlOTHO e,n:HaKBH, Hl1TO ca pa3nOJIO)J{eHH nam.nno Cl1- MeTpH'lHO, KaKTO O'leBH,n:HO e rrpe,n:BH)J{,n:aJl rrbpBOHaIJ:aJIHH5IT 3aMHCbJl.

Maxap H ,n:a He ce cpemar MHoro IJ:eCTO, lllJIeMOBe OT T03H THn (C nonoona HJIH csmara cpopMa, npenaaanasenae l1 YKpaCHTeJIHH MOTl1Bl1) ca HaMHpaHH B npenemrre na PHMcKara HMnepH5I. Cnopezi KJIacHcpHKaUl15ITa, ripenJIO)J{eHa OT X. P. P06HHCbH, lllJIeMbT OT Cl1-

2

19

4

5

• 06p. 4. ll ncnomo CmpaHU4.I·!O none U BUa na epetiena omcmp anu, Fptubustuo usotipaocenue. Fig. 4. Champ lateral droit et aspect de fa criniere de (ote. Representation graphique

• 06p. 5. Bui) IW uineua omeope. Fig. 6. Aspect da casque d'en haut. Representation graphique

• 06p. 6. Buii na uiseua omsait, Fpaibuuno usotipaocenue , Fig. 6, Aspect du casque de derriere. Representation graphioue

• 06p, 7, 3.41Uflma e nsieomo cm punuuno none. Fig. 7, Le serpent dans le champ lateral gauche

J1l1CTpa cnana KbM rpynara H na CnOpTHI1Te lllJIeMOBe na 1l0MOmHaTa pl1MCKa KaBaJ1epl15I3. H3n0J13BaHeTO 11M e 6l1J10 OrpaHl1qeHO caMO npn napann 11 cnoprna ynpaacneuna ua xaaaJ1epH5ITai, KOeTO 065ICH5IBa H T5IXHaTa ueno-

CTaTbQHa 5IKOCT. 3a CMeTKa aa TOBa cpopMaTa, tl,eKOpaUH5ITa l1 6J15ICbKbT na MeTaJ1a, OT KOllTO ca 6HJ1l1 narrpasena, ca npnnaaann na ynpaacHeHl1HTa na Boi-iHHUl1Te 3peJ1HmHOCT H npHBJ1eKaTeJ1HOCT.

CnOpTHl1Te xaaanepnacxn WJ1eMOBe na Pl1MCKaTa soacxa ca 6HJIlI HaH-06mo 0'1' naa THrra - CbC H 6e3 MaCKa. Illneaoaere 6e3 MaCKH ca 6HJ1H nanpaseun raxa, Qe tl,a nOKpl1BaT H QaCT OT JIHueTO, KaTO ca OCTaBHJIH OQHTe OTKpHTH5. Pasr JIe)J(tI,aHHHT TyK WJIeM OQeBHtI,HO He cnana KbM 1'0311 THn H Tp5I6Ba tl,a ce ripenrro.nara, Qe TOi-i e 6HJ1 nocen aaenno C OTtI,eJIIIO nanpasena MaCKa, KOHTO He e navepena.

20

6

7

8

9

• 06p. 8. 3.Muflma 6 C1HalOnlO cm punuuno none. Fig. S. Le ser pen t dans le champ lateral droit

• 06p . .9. lfellliO none. Fig. 9. Champ frontal. Buste j'Atchena

• 06p. 11. 'Ienno none. Btocm na COA HI-lBUlWlIjC. Fig. 11. Champ frontal. Busie de So! J noictus

OTKpl1THTe nocera PHMCKH cnoprnn xaaaJIepHi1cKH lllJIeMOBe OT rp ynara H He ca MHoro- 6poilHH. Me)K,n'y H3BeCTHHTe HH Hail-6JIH3bK rro cpopMa, ClD)KeT H CTH.!} ua yxpacara aa ur.neMa OT CHJII1CTpa e e,nHH lllJIeM OT HOPCPOJIK, AHI'JII151, OTKpHT rro ct.anaaeaae ct.uio B pexa - p. YeHcbM6• Toil EMa ct.at.pureno c surara cpopMa, a H51KOH eJIeMeHTH OT nexopauaara My ca e,nHaKBH C Te3H aa JUJIeMa OT CYlJlHCTpa.

11

OT ocooeuo sua-reuue sa narnpanero na JUJIeMa OT CI1JIHCTpa e rrpaBHJIHOTO narepnpernpaue aa H306pa)KeHH5ITa B qeJIHOTO no.ne. Orrpe,neJI5IHeTO na H306pa)KeHlleTO B JI51BaTa qaCT Ha TOBa rrOJIe He rrpe,nCTaBJI5IBa oco6eHa Tpy,nHOCT. H 51Ma CbMHeHHe, 'Ie 610CTbT npencraas CJIbH'IeBO 60)KeCTBO. Hxouorpatpnara II 3Tpa6yTHTe My rOBOpr!T, 'Ie TOBa M(»Ke na 6b)J,e CTapOTO PHMCKO 60)KeCTBO - COJI HJIH COJI I1HBHKTyC - 60)KeCTBOTO, KoeTO OT II B. HaTaTbK ur-pae MHoro Ba)KHa po.n a B peJIHI'H03HO-CPHJIOCocpCKHTe npencrasn na PHMJI5lHHTe7• I13BecTHO e, 'Ie COJI e H3BbHpe,nHO nony.n apen B PHM oiue OT spenero aa MapK

21

• 06p. 10. 'Ienuo none - n seama uacm c titocm na Amuna. Fpadiueno u306paJICeJ-lUe. Fig. /0, Champ frontal - partie oaudic avec buste d'A theria. Representation graphioue

AHTomn'i 11 ABrycT8. KbM II B. ooaue noxa- 3aTeJICTBaTa aa rrOlIl1TaHeTO aa TOBa CTa po PI1MCKO 60lKeCTBO HaMaJI51BaT P513KO 11 HeroBOTO M51CTO B peJII1rl103HI151 nanreon aaeva nelIeJIeW:I151T see no- rOJI51Ma rrorry JI51PHOCT COJI I1HBI1 KTyC9.

I1306palKeHl1eTO na COJlapHO 60lKeCTBO He e llylK,n:O na peneproapa na IIIJIeMOBI1Te ,n:eKOpaUl111 B I1Mrrepl151Ta. Karo ce I1Ma npezmnn, lIe 3a pa3rrpocTpaHeHI1eTO Ha KYJITa KbM Hero zionpnaacar rm.pne MHoro BOHHI1UI1Te10, TOBa He e YlIy,n:Baw:oll.

Oripe,n:eJI51HeTO aa 11306palKeHlfeTO B neaTpaJII-IaTa lIaCT aa lIeJIHOTO no.ne e no-rpynno . .nl1rrCaTa na xapaxrepnu aTpH6YTI1 (C H3KJIIOlleHl1e aa KOrrl1eTO, KoeTO, KaKTO ce BHlK,n:a noHaTaTbK, He ,n:orrpHH3C51 MHoro aa YTOllH51BaHe na onpeneneunero) H cxeMaTHllHOCTTa aa rpaBIOpaTa He rr03BOJI51BaT ,n:a ce xasce CbC carypHOCT Koe e H306pa3eHOTO 60lKeCTBO. Bce rraK na 6a3aTa na TOBa, KoeTO MOlKe 6e3crropHO ,n:a ce YCTaHOBI1, 60lKeCTBO C 6POl-I51, IIIJIeM 11 KOrrl1e, KaKTO H ,Bb3 OCHOBa Ha cpaBHeHl1e C npyrn H306palKeHl-I51 rro 3aW:I1THO PI1MCKO BbOpblKeHl1e, MOlKe ,n:a ce npnene, lIe rpaaiopara npencrans ezuro OT ztsere 60lKeCTBa - MHHepBa 11J111 Mapc. C nozoona npnnecxa e npencrasen Mapc BbPXY KHeMI1,n:a OT IUpay6l1Hr12. OT CbW:OTO M51CTO rrpOH3XOJK,n:a enna KOHCKa 6poH51, BbPXY K051TO ce Bl1lK,n:a Mapc C npnsecxa, npexa, 6pOH51 H xorme, rro,n:06HI1 na npezcraBeHHTe BbPXY CHJII1CTpeHCKH51 IIIJJeM13. Bt.pxy enna -racr OT IIIJIeM, nax OT Illpayoaar-, e npencraseaa MI1HepBa C npnsecxa H xorme, nonoonn na Te3H BbPXY pa3rJIelK,n:aHH51 TyK IIIJIeM14. Hsoopaacenne na cstuara 60r11HH, 6JIH3KO no TOBa OT CI1JIHCTpa, ce BHlK,n:a H BbPXY e,n:HH IIIJIeM OT fHC6bP015.

B I1CTOpl111eCKaTa JlI1TepaTypa, nocserena na PHMCKOTO BbOpblKeHl1e, lleCTO ce rrOCTaB51 BbrrpocbT aa nporornna na T0311 BH,n: IIIJleMOBe H sa M51CTOTO na T51XHOTO rrpOH3Bo,n:CTB016.

22

BbB apr.axa C T03H rrp06J1eM iue TpH6Ba na ce OT6eJJelKH, rre B paiiona na LLYPOCTOPYM ca OTKpHTI1 H51KOJIKO rro,n:06HI1 IIIJleMa. E,n:HH OT THX ce rrasn B coupxara na CHJlHCTpeHCKH51 MY3eH H narnpa OT I B17. OT II B. ca ztp yrare IIIJIeMOBe, OTKpHTH B 6JIH30CT ,n:o rpana'", na H3TOK OT Hero, KOHTO cnanar KbM ct.ntara rpyna H. HaH-6J1H3KHHT napanen na paar JlelK,n:aHHH TyK III .II eM - T0311 01' rp. YeHCbM, ce narnpa B III B. 3aCJIYlKaBa ,n:a 6b,n:e OT6eJlH3aHO oiue, lIe enna npyra rpyna IIIJIeMOBerun C OT npuerara TyK KJIacHq-JHKaUH51, npnrexcanar rpeoean, 3aBbpIIIBaW:11 C OPJIOBH r.naBI1. lIIJleMOBeTe OT Ta311 rpyna, KOI1TO ca HlaH- 6JJl-13KI1 no pa3rJJelK,n:aHI1H TyK - Te311 OT Xenep HxaHM19 11 E pl1reUl1020, ce narnpar B KbCHI1H II H HallaJIOTO na III B.

I13JIOlKeHHTe ,n:OTyK cb06palKeHI1H nasar OCHOBaHl1e IIIJIeMbT OT CHJlI1CTpa ,n:a 6b,n:e ,n:aTHpaH HaH-06w:0 KbM Kpa51 na II 11 nauancro na III B.

Y CTaHOBeHaTa narnpoaxa spi.ma KbM npo- 6J1eMa sa MHCTOTO na rrp0I13Bo,n:CTBOTO aa T0311 IIIJIeM. HaH-Bepo51THo TOH e 611JI aocen OT orpauep HJJH OT OTJII111HJI ce BOHHHK 01' HHKOH OT 6.TTH3KI1Te rapH1130H1121. TbH KaTO T0311 BI1,n:

IIIJleMOBe He 6HJI aocen 01' BOHHI1UHTe, OT JlerI10HHTe, a OT CJIYlKeW:H B aYKCI1JIHapHaTa xaaanepnn, MOlKe ,n:a ce xaxce CbC Cl1rypHOCT, lIe TOH He e npnnannezsan na BOHHI-IK 11J11-1 oqmuep OT V MaKe,n:oHcKH I1JIH X I KJIaB,n:HeB JIerHOH, KOI1TO ca 611J1H aa rapHH30H 6JII130 no MHCTOTO na H3MHpaHeTo aa IIIJIeMa - B LLYPOCTOPYM. AKo ce npaeve, se IIIJIeMbT e nonannan B p. LLYHaB oute npes aHTHlIHOCTra, He e H3KJlIOlleHO TOH na e 611JI anaueu OT Bo,n:I1Te Ha peKaTa H ,n:a e rrorra,n:HaJl B He51 ,ll,OCTa ,n:aJIell OT MHCTOTO aa HaMHpaHeTO My. Bee nax He e 113J1I1IIIHO na ce oT6eJIelKl1, lIe CBe,n:eHI1H1'a sa 110MOW:HHTe KaBaJIepl1l1cKI1 naC1'H B 6J1H30CT ,n:o LLYPOCTOPYM couar npncscrBl1e1'O na nse alII-! - Ala Gallorum et Thracum, HaMHpaJla ce B T031-1 panoa npes I B., H Ala I Gallorurn Flaviana, K051TO ce sam.pacarra B 1'a3'11 ,qaC1' .na rrpOBI-II-IUH51 LLOJIHa MI-I3HH no ]06,r.,- K0ra'I'0 e 611JJa npexasp.nena B Topna

10

12

• 06p. 12. 'Ie nno nOM - uenmpanna U Of/CfW «acm C 610cmoIJe tea AmWLa U CO;! HHIJuKmyc. Fpadruuno ueotipaocenue. Fig. 12. Champ frontal- partie centrale et droite avec bustes d'Athena et de Sol I nuictus. Representation graphique

MH3H5!22. H5!Ma CJIe,ll.OBaTeJIHO HHKaKBO OCHOBaHHe llIJIeMbT ,lI.a Ob,ll.e CM5!TaH aa cOOcTBeHOCT na H5!KOH CJIYJKe~ B Te3H LIaCTH, TbH KaTO TOH ,lI.aTHpa, KaKTO 6e BeLIe Ka3aHO, 01' enaa nO-KbCHa enoxa. He e H3KJIlOLIeHO TOH ,lI.a e 6HJI coocraeaocr aa H5!KOH serepan, 33- CeJIHJI ce no Te3H MeCT3 cnen Kp35! H3 CJIYM- 63Ta CH. TOB3 npe,ll.TlOJIOJKeHHe He MOJKe ,lI.3 Ob,ll.e ,lI.OK333HO CbC CHrypHOCT, TbH K3TO, KaKTO oe cnOMeH3TO, llIJIeMbT MOllie ,lI.3 e 6HJI ,lI.OBJIeLIeH 01' aozrare H3 peK3T3 H 01' nO-,lI.3JIeLIHO MHCTO.

P33rJIeJK,lI.3HKH YKP3C3T3 na T03H THn WJ1eMOBe, X. P. P06HHCbH OT6eJI5!3Ba, LIe BbPXY MHoro 01' T51X H300paJKeHH51T3 H3 3MHH YLI3CTBaT B ,lI.eKOpaIl,HOHHaTa KOMn03HIl,H5L nona npennaanaeo, non ¢OpM3T3 H3 m.npoc, T03H 3BTOP npeanara XHrrOTe3aT3, LIe npHCbCTBl1eTO H3 3MHHTe B YKpacaTa e OHJIO Bb3npl1eTO non BJ1I15!HHeTO na rpannnaare na TpaKHlkKOTO In~yCTBO. T03H MOTHB cnopezi Hero e OHJI npenecen B YKp3caT3 aa BbOpbJKeHHeTO na PHMCKaTa BOHCKa non BJIH5!HHeTO H csoop asno c BKYCOBeTe na MHoroopOHHHTe TpaKI1HCKH peKpYTI1 B K3B3JIepl151T323. B nOJI3a na TOBa rm.pnemre roaopn ¢aKTbT, LIe nOBeLIeTO OT H3seCTHHTe nocera WJIeMOBe, B LIH51TO yxp aca ee BHJK,lI.aT H306p3JKeHH51 H3 3MHH j C3 HaMepeHI1 B ,lI.YH3BCKHTe npOBHHIl,HH H3 HMnepl151T3. EH MOrJ10 ,lI.3 ce npe,ll.rrOJIara, LIe H3MepeHHTe H3BbH T33H LIaCT H3 nsmepasra WJIeMOBe C nonorina ,lI.eKOp3Il,115124 ca OHJ1H nopi.vann OT BOHHHIl,H OT TP3KHHCKH npOH3XO,ll.. Tp510S3 ,lI.3 ce OTOeJIeJKH ace nax, LIe npneuaaero H3 T3311 XHnOTe33 K3TO aOeOJIIOTHO ,lI.oeTOBepH3, MOJKe na CT3He ensa roraaa, xoraro ce H3Mep51T CBbp3BaIIl,HTe 3BeH3 MeJK,lI.Y npOH3Be,ll.eHH51 H3 TP3KHHCKOTO H3KYCTBO (npeJKHB51J10 nepnona H3 p33Il,BeT3 CH H H3 H3H-rOJI51MOTO en BJIH5!HHe KbM IV-III B. np. H. e.) H m.npocnnre WJleMOBe (QTH3C5!~H ee H3H-00~0 KbM II-

III B.). TOB3, P330HP3 ce, OCT3B3 H3BbH 00- XB3T3 H3 H3CT05!~3T3 p300T3.

H5!KOH H3CJIe,ll.B3LIH ocp surar BHHM3HHe H3 npHJIHKHTe, Cb~eCTBYB3~H B CHCTeM3T3 H CTHJI3 H3 ,lI.eKop3Il,H5!T3 H3 OT,lI.eJIHHTe WJ1eMOBe 01' T03Il THn. T3K3 H3TlpHMep npHJIHKaT3 B TOB3 OTHoweHHe MeJK,lI.Y ,lI.B3 lIlJIeM3 01' HHKOnOJ1HC 3,l1. I1CTPYM25 II HIOCTe,ll., AHrJIll51, e YCT3HOBeH3 H ,lI.OK333H3 yoe,ll.HTeJIH026. TOBa H3BeJK,lI.3 H3 MHCbJIT3, LIe 're C3 OllJIH npOH3- senena B eznra H Cb~3 paOOTHJ1HHIl,3 27. B DOl(xpena H3 TOB3 CbJK,lI.eHHe MOJKe ,lI.3 ce npnsene DPHJIllK3T3 H3 WJIeM3, p33rJIE'JK,lI.3H TyK, H T03H.oT p. YeHCbM. T3Ka B nozrxpena H3 CT3- p3T3 XllDOTe33, H3K333H3 OT I1B. BeJIKOB28, LIe Te3H WJ1eMOBe C3 npOH3BeJK,lI.3HH B ,lI.yH3SCKHTe npOBI1HIl,HH, Mor3T ,lI.3 ce H3TbKH3T ,lI.B3 ¢3KT3: H5!KOH MOTHBH 01' yKp3C3Ta H3 Te3H WJIeMOBe ce H3MHp3T npeJ\IIMHO no eK3eMnJ151pIITe, OTKpIITII B Te3II npOBIIHIl,Hll, 3 WJIeMOBeTe, OTKpllB3Hll B 33n3,l1.HHTe npOBllHIl,HH, C3 OHJIH, II3r JIeJK,lI.3, npOH3BeJK,lI.3HII B e,ll.HH II Cb~H paOOTllJIHHIl,H C Te3H, naaepenn H3 113TOK OT I1T3J1H5!.

E,lI.H3 rrO-TlpeIl,H3H3 ,lI.3THPOBK3 H3 P33- rJ1eJK,lI.3HH5! WJIeM MQ)Ke ,lI.3 ce 03311p3 ennnCTBeHO H3 3H3J1H3a H3 H300p3JKeHH5!T3 B LIeJIHOTO nOJIe H CBbp3B3HeTO HM C OOlIl,OTO P33- BHTHe H3 peJI11rH03HHTe npencraan B HMrrepH5!T3. 3a nO-TOLIHOTO ,lI.3THp3He 6H MOrJ10 ,lI.3 nonpnaece II H3MIIp3HeTO H3 eBeHTY3JleH H3,l1.nHC, K3KbBTO Hep5!,lI.KO ce cpeiua BbPXY nepnoepaare JleHTH na THJI3 na nonorinn urneMOBe29• 33 CbJK3J1eHHe Ta3H JIeHT3 H3 WJIeM3 OT CHJIHCTP3 e OTLIyrreH3 H TYK me Ob,ll.e H3- Tlp3BeH caMO onHT 33 3H3JIH3 H3 BbnpOCHHTe II300paJKeHH5!.

I13BecTHO e, LIe B 274 r. IIMn. ABpeJIH3H npOBb3rJI3C5!B3 neo COJIH I1HBHKTO 33 .Focnonap na PIIMCK3T3 llMnepH5!"30. Hapezi C rrocJIe,ll.I1Il,I1Te B 00J13CTT3 H3 peJIHrH03HH5! JKI1BOT T03H 3KT npHLIHH51B3 H II3BeCTHH 113MeHeHH51 B OOJI3CTT3 H3 11300p33HTeJIHOTO H3KYCTBO, cnyaceiuo H3 OrpHIl,H3JlH3T3 IIMnepcK3 nporrar3H,lI.3. DeT,lI.eCeTHH3 rO,ll.HHI1 TlO-p3HO IIMn. EJI3r303J1 np3BH neycneuien OTlHT )J:3 cat.pxce

23

npHKO KYJITa na COJI I1HBHKTyC C HMnepaTOpCKHH. He3aBHCHMO OT peaKUHHTa cpeuty T03H onar CJIe,n: EJIara6aJI, sp-smaaero K'hM Ta3H H,n:eH, npennpnero no- K'hCHO OT ABpeJIHaH, e ycneunro. Hapen C zmanaztecer-re rJIaBHH KanHTOJIHHCKH 60)KeCTBa ueHTpaJIHO M5ICTO B PHMCKH5I naHTeOH aaeva enno rpunanecero 60)KeCTBO - COJI I1HBHKTYC, OT'h)K,n:eCTB5IBaH B ocpHUHaJIHaTa peJIHfH03Ha CHCTeMa C HMneparop a. 3aCJIY)KaBa na ce oT6eJIe)KH e,n:HH nOKa3aTeJIeH npHMep OT 06JIaCTTa Ha H306pa- 3HTeJIHOTO H3KYCTBO: B'hPXy enua 3JIaTHa ,n:Ha,n:eMa OT J1ao,n:HKe5I, npnnncnana aa CHPHHCKH MaHCTOp, ce BH)K,n:aT H306pa)KeHH5ITa na cnoMeHaTHTe rpuuanecer 60)KeCTBa31. ,UHa,n:eMaTa nampa B Kpa5I na III B., T. e. CJIe,n: npom.srJIaCHBaHeTO na COJI I1HBHKTYC aa rJIaBHO PHMCKO 60)KeCTBO. T03H 60r aaexa ueHTpaJIHO M5ICTO B YKpaCHTeJIHaTa KOMn03HUH5I Ha ,n:Ha,n:eMaTa. Ha pa3rJIe)K,n:aHH5I TyK UIJIeM COJI I1HBHKTYC aaexra CTpaHHqHO MHCTO B KOMno-

1 4acTTa OT HaCT05lIl\aTa paoora, K05lTO ce OTHaC5I ,1<0 navapaucro na mneaa. Ha6Jl1o,ll.eH1l5lTa na repena II anaJ]1l3a aa cpopMaTa_MY, ca aanacann OT 11. DblJBapoB. OCTaHaJ]aTa lJaCT OT paoorara e nanacaaa OT IT. I'eopraes.

2 H. R u sse 1 - Rob ins 0 n. The Armour of Im-

perial Rome. Thetford, 1975, p , 131. 3 Ibidem, p. 131.

4 A r ria n. Tactica, p. 33.

6 H. R u sse I - Rob ins 0 n. 0 p. ci t.,

p. 109.

S J. M. C. To V n bee, R. R. Cia r k e: A

Roman Decorated Helmet and other Objects from Norfolk. - .IRS, 38, 1948, 20-27, pl. II-IV.

7 G. Hal s b erg e r. The Cul t of Sol In victus. Lei den , 1972, p. 19; A. v , Do mas z e w ski. Abhandlungen zur romischen Religion. Berlin, 1909, S. 173 - nOCOlJBa, 'Ie COJ] e enuo OT naa-crapare 60- )!(eCTBa B PHMCKIlH naHTeOH.

8 G. Hal s b erg e r. Op. cit., p.35.

9 11 nnere 60JKeCTBa ce npencraaat B aarporroMopcpeH BH,ll.. B)!(. cyMHpaHo sa COJ] B RE, III A, col. 905, 3a COJ] l1HBHKTYC - Y G. H a I s b erg e r . Op. cit., p. 124; 11306pa)!(eHHH caao na r n aa a H 610CT na COJ] l1HBHKTYC He ca PH,ll.KOCT - G, Hal sbe r g e r. Op. ci t., p. 126 and notes 7, 8.

10 G. H a Is b erg e r. Op. cit., p. 36. llCf.H. Russel-Robinson. Op. ci t., p. 120, pI. 348.

12 J. Keirn, H. Klumbach. Der ra-

rnische Schatzfund von Straubing. Miinchen, 1951, p. 19, Tal. 17/1.

13 I bid em, S. 26, Tal. 25.

14 H. Russel-Robinson. Op. cit.,

p. 109, 405.

16 J. M. C. Toyn bee. Art in Britain Under the Romans. Oxford, 1964, p.239.

16 Cf. H. R u sse 1 - Rob ins 0 n. Op. ci t.,

p. 107; I. W e l k 0 v. Ein Pferdeschmuck aus Mo. esia Inferior. OJH, 1952, S. 109 sqq; L. Bar k 0 cz i. Romai diszisak Szonybol. Folia arch ael ogi ca,

24

3HUH5ITa na lIE~JIHOTO nOJIe. TOBa naaa OCHOBaHHe na ce npenrto.nara, qe lIl~M'hT e 6HJI H3- pa60TeH npeztn 274 r., HJIH no-onpeneneno - B'hB npenero Me)K,n:y 218 H 274 r.

B 3aKJIlOqeHHe me 6'h,n:aT oT6eJI5I3aHH oute nae Ha6JIlo,n:eHHH. D'hP'BOTO 3aC5Ira e,n:HH ,n:OCTa yxynaau; cpaKT: T03H THn lIlJIeMOBe, nacr OT rmunra H cxr.na exnnaposxa, ca 6HJIH aocenn He B JIerHOHHTe, a B nOMOIll.HHTe BOHCKH32• 065ICHeHHe aa TOBa aacer'a nee orne He e HaMepeno. CB'hp3aHO C T03H rpaxr e H BTOPOTO na- 6JI10JleHHe. 113BecTHO e, qe CJIe,n: B'hBe)K,n:aHeTO na KYJITa na COJI I1HBHKTYC C'hIll.HHT 60r e npOB'h3rJIaCeH aa nOKpOBHTeJI na JIerHOHHTe, ,n:OKaTO 3a nOKpOBHTeJI Ha nOMOIll,HHTe BOHCKH e 06HBeH BaaJI-3eBC-IOnHTep OT ,UOJIHXeHe33• TOBa norsupxmaaa ztarnpanero aa lIlJIeMa OT CHJIHCTpa npenn 274 r. ,UeKopaUHoHHaTa KOMn03HUHH B qeJIHOTO My nOJIe BHaCH HCHOTa B npencrannre aa pa3BHTHeTO na peJIHfH03HHTe npencrasn H B5IpBaHH5I B pHMCKaTa BoHCKa.

1954, p.48; A. R ad not i. Bronz Mithras tabla Brigetiobol. Archeol ogi ai Ertesi ta, 1946-1948, p. 137 ff; F. Dr e x e 1. Ramische Par ader ustung. Strena Balicl an a, Zagreb-Split, 1924, p. 55; J. M. C. T 0 yII bee. Op. cit., p. 295.

17 J. Gar b s c h. Rornl sche Par aderustungen.

Miillchen, 1978, S.68 (mit Lit.).

18 A. R ad u l e s cu. El rni br on zei di Ostrov. - D a cia NS, 7, 1963, p.555ff.

19 H. R us sell - Rob ills 0 II. Op. ci t.,

p. 128, pl. 376.

20 Ibidem, p. 128, pl. 378-380.

21 ITo at.npoca aa np anoro na ce HOCII TaKbB WJ]E'M

BlK. Y H. R us s e I 1- Rob ins 0 n. Op. ci t.,

p. 109.

22 W. Wag n e r. Die Disl okation der rornischen Auxillar lormatlonen. Berlin, 1938, S. 37 I, 40 I; B. T epa c II MOB a. PIlMC'KIlTe nOMOIl\HH BOHCKII aa npoBHHUIlH MIl3HH ()lIlCepTaUHH). c., 1971, c. 38, 49-50.

23 H. Russell-Robinson. Op.cit.,

p. 109.

24 B)!(. aanp. cnoxe aarna r ope WJIeM OT p. YeHCbM, WJ]eMa OT CeH· )!(epMeH OT .n e - H. R u sse I 1- Rob ins 0 n. Op. ci t., p. 133, pI. 396.

25 O. Ben d 0 r I. Antike Gesich tsh elmcn und

Scp ul kr al m asken . Wien, 1878, Taf. 12, Pig. 3a-c. 26 J. M. C. Toy n bee. Op. ci t., p. 292.

27 Ibidem.

28 I. WeI k ow. Op. cit., passim.

29 Cf. H. R u sse I I - Rob ins 0 n. Op. ci t., pl. 284.

30 G. Hal sb erger. Op. cit., p.158.

31 F. A I the i m. Die Sol d aten kaiser. Fran kIur t a. M., 1939, 281-284.

32 H. R u sse I I - Rob ins 0 n. Op. ci t.,

p. 108.

33 A. v. Dom a s z e w s k i. Die Religion des r omischen Heeres. Berlin, 1924, S. 60 f.

Casque de bronze rornain de Ia collection

du Musee historique departernental a Silistra

P. CEO R G I E V, J. B A C V A R 0 V

(R e sum e)

Les auteurs pr esen ten t un casque de bronze romain nouvellement decouvert dans l a region Tegulicium. II est cl asse d ans le groupe H des casques de sport de cav aler ie de larrnee romaine, conf ormernen t a l a classification de Russell-Robinson. II ap p ar ten ai t a lin mi li tair e des troupes de cava-

ler ie auxil aires et il est d u temps entre l'an 218 e t 274. L'analyse des motifs decor atifs du casque peut servir de confirmation de l a these que ce type darrnemen t dapp ar at deiensif a de Iabr i que dans des ateliers si tues dans l es provinces d an ubi ennes de ! 'Empire r orn ain .

3a HHTepnpeTaUHHTa Ha TaKa Hape4eHHH ,,<PPH3 Ha 3,l1,paBeHOCHHTe 60)l{eCTBa"

OT ¢IiJIHnOnOJI

TOTKO CTO)IHOB

<PpU3bT OT <PH.nHrrOrrOJl e BHYWHTeJIeH II C pa3MepliTe Cli, li C rr.naCTHqeCKHTe Cli KaqeCTBa H 6e3crropHO e aaeua.n Bli):(HO M5!CTO B fOJl5!Ma 06rn.eCTBeHa crpana - HaH-Bep05!THO xpav. B MHorO¢HfYPHaTa KOMfI03UIJ,H5! CbC CHfYPHOCT ce paartoanaaa cavo rpnanara ACKJlefIUH, X HfH 51 H Tenecrpop (06p. 1). Cnezt npoyxaanero, nanpaseno OT B. 115!KOBHq npn rrspsonavannara My ny6JlUKaUH5!1, T03li 3HaqHM rraMeTHHK na aHTHqHaTa penurna B TpaKH5! He e 6UJI 06eKT n a no.aaraumre My ce 3a):(bJl60qeHli npoyssaHli5! U B nay-mara JlUTepaTypa ce e sarm.p):(liJlO m.paonauannoro My Ha3BaHHe ,,<PPH3bT na 3):(paBeHOCHHTe 6mKeCTBa". CTpYBa HH ce, qe npencrannre, BbrrJlbTeHH spea nsoopaseanre 60JKeCTBa, ca MJ:lOfO rrO-06XB<lTHH. HHrepnperaunara na navernnxa e TpY)(Ha H HeMHHyeMo BbBJlHqa B WHPOK xpt.r rrp06JleMH 01' liKOHOfpa¢CKO H ceMaHTHqHO eCTeCTBO, npexynaama ce npes npocnevaraxara na peJlHfH5!Ta B TpaKH5! npes aHTHqHOCTTa (He cavo pliMCKaTa), 3arn.OTO rrpOH3XOJK):(a OT <PH.mmono.n - MOJKe 6H HaH-):(peBHU5! H HaHanavnreaen xy.m-ypeu IJ,eHTbp na TpaKH5!. LI;eJlTa na npennosseaara pa60Ta e ):(3 ce na- 6eJleJKaT OCHOBHlITe rrp06JleMH H ):(a ce npenJlOJKli B H5!KaKBa crenea T5!XHOTO pemasane.

Penedn-r 01' <PH.nHrrorro.n UMa 06IIJ.H pasMepu: BHCOqHHa 1,08 M, umpnna 2,80 M li neoennna 0,43 M. <PlifYPHOTO none e BHCOKO 0,79 M li WliPOKO 2,70 M. DaMeTHliKbT e HSpa60TeH OT 65!.n, cnrnost.pnecr MpaMOp. BbB dipuaa ca U3Ba5!HH dmrypare aa ocev 60JKeCTsa. ¢JlaHKlipaHli 01' 61OcToBeTe na Cenena

4 Apxeo.norus. 2, 1987

(JIYHa) H Xerntoc (COJI) , rrOCTaBeHU BbPXY nporpnnnpann weCTOCTeHHH apn. OT Jl5!BO na ):(5!CHO cnen 610cTa na Cenena e naoopaseaa 60rI1H5!, 06.neqeHa B ):(b.nbr XUTOH 11 yBHT IW):( nero XHMaTHOH. I'naaara, C rrpnripaaa nasan xoca, e orxpura. 115!cHaTa p sxa e CBUTa B J1aKbT5! H nocrasena npen r-spnnre, nonrn.xnara B XliMaTHOHa. B CBUTaTa ):(JlaH ):(bPJKH Ma.nbK npenaer. JI5!BaTa pr.xa e OTnycnara li rtpnm.pxca XliMaTHOH3. llo He5!, B):(5!CHO, e rrpe):(CT3BeHa M.na):(a 60fUH5!, 06bPaara H3IJ,5!JlO B nporpun Ha):(5!CHO, oonexeaa B ):(b.nbf, ):(BOHHO npenacaa XHTOH 6e3 p sxaaa. llecHH5!T Ii xpax e CBHT B KO.nHHOTO, C U3HeceHO nasan crt.nano. C Jl5!BaTa pt.xa, OTrrYCHaTa nanpen H uano.ny, 60fHH5!Ta ):(bPJKH xt.ca ¢aK.na nan JKepTBeHHKa, navnpam ce san CTOHlIJ,H5! no 60fHH5!Ta Teneopop. OCHOBaTa aa JKepTBeHHKa - T5!CHa XOpH30HTaJlHa HBHIJ,a, ce BHJK):(a aan xpaxara na MaJlKH5! 60f. C n5!CHaTa CH pt.xa, CBUTa B JlaKbT5! H BnHfnara nanpen, MJlanaTa 60fHH5! HaJlHBa renHOCT BbB ¢HaJlaTa na ACK.nerrHH, CT05!lIl, ):(0 Teneopop. I't.crara xi.npaaa xoca na 60fHH5!ra e orn.nara Hasan li sam.paana B MaJlbK KOK. ACKJlerrHH e npencrasen (~pOHTaJlHO, B rpanHUHOHHaTa HKOHOfpacpH5!, 06bpHa.n r nasa naJl5!BO, C nornezt K bM ¢HaJlaTa. llo ACKJlenHH e npencrasena ¢POHTaJlHO XHfH5!, B nonynspnara HKOHOfpa¢H5! CbC 3MH5! B ):(5!CHaTa pt.xa, aacovaama ce KbM 6.nlOnOTO B .n5!BaTa H pt.xa. llo XHfH51 e npeacrasena, ct.uio ¢POHTanHO, 60fUHH B nbJlbf XHTOH H XHMaTHOH, yBHT OKOJlO T5!JlOTO U npeMeTHaT rrpe3

25

• 06p. 1. C/JpU3'bm Ita sopoeenocnume 6o:JICccmea om C/Ju/LUnonoA. Fig. 1. La {rise des "divillites salulaires: de Philippopolis

r-naaar a. L!.HcHaTa p sxa, CBJ1Ta B JIaKbTH, e onpHHa npe~ rbP~HTe BbPXY rbHKaTa Ha XHMaTHOHa H npnzrspxca xpas. cnYCKaI.lJ, ce OT r.naaara. J1HBaTa p sxa e OTnYCHaTa ~O THJIOTO. 50rHHHTa e 6e3 HHKaKBH xapaxrepHH aTpH6YTH. Uo HeH ca H306pa3eHH ~BaMa MJIa~H 60rOBe, rOJIH, HaMeTHaTH C KbCH XJIaMH~H, orrpenu na KonHH C BbpXOBeTe HanOJIY. 11306pa)KeHHHTa HM ca n04TH OrJIenaJIHH. Pa3- JIHKa HMa cavo B onp s aara na xbJI60Ka nHCna pr.xa aa 60ra OTJI5IBO H OTnYCHaTaTa JIHBa p sxa aa ~pyrHH 6or. Me)K~y THX e npHKJIeKHaJIO KY4e, 06bpHaTO Ha,a:HCHO. B caMHH ~OJIeH necen t.rt,n na 06pa3HOTO nOJIe, Me)K~y xpaxa na KpaHHHH 60r H apara C H306pa)KeHHeTO na XeJIHOC, e npencraseuo HHue.

<PPH3bT e H3nbJIHeH BbB BHCOK penerp, ;'. neprpexrua o6pa60TKa na CHTH03bpHeCU[H MpallWp. <PHrYPHTe ca C KJlaCH4eCKH nponopILHH, 4epTHTe aa JIHILaTa, aHaTOMH4eCKHTe no,a:p06HOCTH H ~panepHHTa ca H3BaHHH C BHCOKO MaHCTopCTBO. 51BHO KaMeHOnJIaCTbT e HMaJI MHoro noopa lllKOJlOBKa.' OT H306pa)KeHHHTa, sanasena n04TH H3UHJIO, ca nospe,a:eHH caMO 4aCT OT ~pexaTa Ha 60rHHHTa B JIeBHH KpaH aa ¢PH3a, JIHueTO na Tenecrpop, JIHuaTa H pt.uere, ~bP)KaI.lJ,H KonHHTa na ~BaMaTa 60roBe B~HCHO, ~HCHOTO 6e~po Ha e~HHHH H rr04TH ueJIHH JIHB KpaK Ha ~pyrHH OT 60rOBeTe. Bucoxara pavxa e uepasna OT~OJIY H orrope, BepOHTHO 04YKaHa BTOpH4HO. <PoHbT e pasen H rJIa~bK. I'pyrio H nenoparioreao e H306pa)KeHHeTO na Xennoc. KOHTpaCTHpaI.lJ,O C H3HI.lJ,HHTe, nonupann 1l0BbP,XHOCTH na ¢Hrypnre OT ueHTpaJIHHH ¢PH3 .. Do~06HO no nJIaCTH4eCKH Ka4eCTBa 'e H306pa)KeHHeTO na CeJIeHa.

Cnopen 5. L!.HKOBH4 xpannara 60rHHH BJIHBO e L!.eMeTpa, 60fl1HHTa no Xl1rHH e Xepa, a MJIa,a:HTe 60rOBe B~HCHO - Apec H L!.110HHC. ABTOPbT e 6H.1'[ sarpy ~HeH HaH-MHoro npu orrpe,a:eJIHHeTO Ha MJIanaTa 60rHHH cpeI.lJ,y

26

ACKJlem[H. 5. L!.HKOBH4 OTXBbPJIH Bb3MO)KHOCTTa .,Ta3H neBoHKa ... HaH-eJIeraHTHaTa, nan-xpacnaara B UHJIaTa KOMIl03HUHH" na e ATHHa, noueace TH HHMaJIa IlPHCbI.lJ,HTe if aTpH6YTH H H3rrbJIHHBaJIa pOJIHTa Ha rrOMO~HHua Ha ACKJIerrHH, YHH3HTeJlHa 3a e~Ha 60- rHHH. 3aToBa npenno.nara, 4e TH e HH KOH OT cecrpnre aa XHfl1H - 5130 HJIH DaHaKeH. ABTOPbT He e 06bpHaJI BHHMaHHe Ha KbcaTa ¢aKJIa, KOHTO MJla~aTa 60rHHH HaC04Ba KbM OJITapa 3a,a: TeJIec¢op. 3a OJITapa rrO~CKa3Ba H Bb3JlHHHHeTO, KoeTO ce rOTBH ~a HallpaBH ACKJlerrHH. 113BbpllIBaHKH pm-yana OKOJIO OJITapa (na xpaxa HJlH CBE'THJlHI.lJ,eTO, OT KoeTO rrpOH3XO)K~a BepOHTHO H ¢PH3bT), 60rHHHTa H ACKJIerrl1H ce HBHBaT neHCTBHTeJUlHHT uenr'sp na UHJlaTa aneropnuecxa .KOMrr03HUHH. 51BHO 60rHHHTa He MO)Ke na 6b~e BTODOCTenennara 5130 HJlH DaHaKeH, H306pa3'HBaHH pHnKO H nenonynspaa B TpaKHH. BbB spt.axa C TOBa 6H MOrJIO na ce rrOC04H, 4e e neyoezurrerma nnrepnperauasra aa BCH4KH ¢Hrypu KaTO UHJIO .60)KeCTBeHO ceMeHCTBO Jle4HTeJIH -=- 5130, DaHaKeH, Teaecrpop, ACKJlerrHH, XHrHH, ErrHOHe, MaxaOH H Do,a:aJlHpHH2.

Hacxopo B nay-morronynapna KHHra aa aHTH4HHH <PHJlHrrOrrOJl M. Onepvan npenno)KH HOBa HHTeprrpeTaUHH na ¢HrypHTe 01' ¢PH3a. CBoe06pa3eH KJl104 KbM HeH ca ¢Hr ypare na naaxara MJIa,a:H 60rOBe. ABTOPbT oop suta BHHMaHHe na HHueTO no xpaxa na e,a:HHHH OT THX H npen.aara ,a:a ce Bb3rrpHeMaT KaTO L!.HOCKYPHTe. Cnopea Hac Ta311 HHTeprrpeTaUHH e rro-rrpHeMJlHBa. 50rHHHTa C BOaJI no L!.HOCKypHTe e cnopen M. Onepnan L!.eMeTpa, a Eneaa, THXHaTa cecrpa, e 60fHHHTa B JleBHH KpaH Ha KOMrrOBHUHHTa. OCHOBaHHe aa TOBa My ~aBa MaJlKHHT 06bJI npenaer B pi.sara if - cnopen Hero HHue. DpHeMaHKH CHMeTpH4HOTO paanonarane na 60)KeCTBeHHTe TpHa~H B penerpa, aaropr.r npeztnara B MJla,a:ara 60rHHH cpeury ACKJ[errHH ,a:a ce BH,a:H Kopa (Ilepcerpona). zn.mepara na L!.eMeTpa. Iloay-raaa ce KOMrr03HUHH, B 4HHTO uerrn.p ca ACKJlerrHHI". XHrHH H Teneorpop , ¢JlaHKHpaHH

1

01' LLeMeTpa H Kopa, a re 01' CB05I crpana 01' Eae aa II LLHOCKYPHTe3.

Ha npt.s nornen Ta311 HHTepnpeTaUJI5I e CTpOHHa II y6e.rt:HTe.lIHa; HO B He5I MoraT ,ir.a ce nOCOlIaT C.lIa6H nYHKTOBe. B C.lIYlIaHTe, xoraro LLHOCKYPliTe ce H306pa35IBaT saenno C Eneua ll.lIH npyra 60rHH5I, 're suuar a ca npencrasenn CHMeTpHlIHO 01' nsere H CTpaHH4. TIpe.rt:CTaB5IHeTO aa E.lIeI-Ia lIaK B .rt:PyrH5I KpaH na MI-IOroqmrYPHaTa KOMn0311ll115I B.lI1l3a B paapea C nOCOlIeHaTa, yrsi.pnena 01' npenpnxcxara enoxa cxeaa. Ilpn TOBa KYlIeTO, npencraseao MeLK.rt:y 6paT5ITa, OCTaBa 6e3 065IcI-Ier-me. To He e TeXeI-I aTpH6YT. ITPIICbCTB HeTO My 6H 6H.lIO OCI-IOBaTe.lII-IO cavo aKO e CIIMBOJI I-Ia 60LKeCTBOTO, C KoeTO ca acounnpann B T0311 C.lIYlIaH5• B 60- rllI-I5ITa .rt:o T5IX C e.rt:HaKbB ycnex MOLKe .rt:a ce Bll.rt:H npH .lIllrrCaTa I-Ia onpe.rt:e.lI5Imll aTp1l6YTll H LLeMeTpa, H Xepa, H npyra 60rHH5I C HaH- 06Ill MaTpOHa.lIeH xapaxrep. A 60rHH5ITa B .lIeBH5I KpaH na ¢pH3a 611 MOr.lIa nO-CKOpO na 6b.rt:e Kopa (Flepcepoaa). Xapaxrept.r H3 06.lIeK.lIOTO H H OTKpliTaTa r.lIaBa .rt:aBaT Ta3H Bb3MOLKHOCT. OBa.lIHIl5fT npenaer B p-sxara H MOLKe .rt:a ce Tb.lIKYBa KaTO Hap, e.rt:HH 01' arpn- 6YTHTe, C KOHTO 60rHH5fTa ce H306pa35IBa lIecT06• A B M.lIa.rt:aTa 60rHH5I no He5I e HaH: nenpnexnaao na ce BIILK.rt:a Kopa (Tlepceooua). Cnopezr M. Onepxan ¢aK.lIaTa H OHHoxoeTO 611.lIH I-IeHI-IH aTpH6YTll. B cuenn KaTO Ta3H e rpynno .rt:a OTKpHeM Flepcepoaa B rraMeTHIIllH Ha aHTHlIHOTO 113KYCTBO. KaTo M.lIa.rt:a .rt:eBoHKa T5f ce npe.rt:CTaB5I B MIITa 3a rpa6BaHeTo H 01' Xanec, HO 06.lIeK.lIOTO H e npyro. B ztp yru rraMeTI-Illllll T5f ce npe.rt:CTaB5f KaTO B.lIa.rt:eTe.lIKa na OTBb.rt:HH5f CB5fT H.lIli npn saap unanero H na 3eM5fTa, HO H B T5fX e -rpynno na 5f CpaBH5fBaMe C M.lIa):J.aTa 60rHH5I, usm.pumauia pnrya.na BbB c:I:>H.lIHnOrrO.lICKIl5f ¢PH3. Kopa HOCH .rt:b.lIbr XHTOI-I, Ha.rt: KOHTO e VBIIT XHM3THOHbT. Kocara csmo He ce npeztcraas no T0311 HalIHH. Cpen BCHlIKH 60rHHll 01' rp suxna H no- KbCHO 01' rpbKo-pHMCKH5f naHTeOH HaH-6mi:30 .rt:o 06- pasa 01' npoyuaauaa TyK naMeTHHK e Aprennna. Ilpusrepu sa npnvecxara H .rt:BOHHO npenacanna XHTOH HH nasar pe.nedm 01' IV B. np, H. e. 01' Merapa, Bpaypo n II np." MHoro navernnllll 01' V-IV B. np. H. e. npencransr Aprevana B MOMeHT Ha Bb3.lIIl5fHHe Ha.rt: O.lITap, OKOJIO KOITTO npn CbCTBaT ArrO.lIOH, II .rt:pyrH 60- LKeCTBa. B .rt:5ICHaTa p t.xa .rt:bpLKII ofnroxoe, a B .nanara KbC ¢aKeJI8• Oc06eHo BaLKeH napa.ne.n ce 5fB5IBa 11306pa LKeHlleTO na 60rHH5fTa BbPXY eMllCH5I KO .lIOHlla.lIHH MOHeTll na c:I:>ll.lIllnono,n, npn xoe TO T5I e B ananorunea aa otipasa 01' pe.nerpa ,lItI! IJI!br, .rt:BOITHO npenacau XHTOH, C HliCKO nauauia anorrrnr-aa II C ¢aKJIli B pt.ue, ezmara 01' KOHT 0 e nasenena naao.ny", B .rt:PYrH eMHClIlI na c:I:>lI.lIlInOnOJI, Belle C KbC XHTOH, ApTeMlI.rt:a e n pe ncrasena B MOMeHT na npnnouienne, C Kb ca ¢aK.lIa ripen ropsm LKepTBeHllKlO. CbBMeCTHOTO npencrassrne II noxaraue H a A pTeMll.rt:a II ACK.lIenHIT' ce BMeCTBa aarrs.nno B rp srucnre II : rp sxo! p lIMCKHTe' npencrasn.

Oiue B . .u06pyCKlI, rry6.lIlIKyBaITKlI naveranunre 01' CB..§.TH.lIlImeTO npu I'naaa Tlanera, rrOCOlIH, lIe B 6JIll30CT C ACK.lIerrHOHa B EmmaBbP, B csemenara ropa, ce HaMHpa.lIH xpavosere na Aprexmna II A¢pO.rt:HTall. E.lIll30CTTa aa Aprenana C ACKJIenHIT e 3aCBlI.rt:eTe.lICTBYsana H B npyrna rO.lI5fM KY.lITOB uenr-sp na 60ra - Ilepran. TaM nopn 60rHH5ITa HOCeJI3 H ernrrera XHrH5f12• I1 naxpaa.: HO He C nocnenno no BaLKHOCT 3HalIeHHe aa H.rt:eHTll¢Hunpanero na M.lIa.rt:aTa 60rHH5I C Aprevnna, e 06CT05fTeJICTBOTO, lIe .¢pH3bT e OTKpHT B

, nO.rt:HOLKHeTO na Herierrene. Pa3MepHTe H rer.lIOTO My (OKO.lIO TpH TOHa) noncxaanar, lIe TOIT e npeH3nO.lI3BaH npHCTpoeLKa na KbCHOaHTHlIHaTa xpenocrna CTeHa He.rt:a.lIelI 01' rrspnoHalIa.lIHOTO en MecToHaxoLK.rt:eHIle13. A TO nona.rt:a B paHona Ha xpaMa Ha ApTeMH.rt:a Ha TPHXb.lIMHeTO H no BC5IKa Bep05ITHOCT aa ¢H.lIaT3 ApTeMH3Ha.rt:a14.

.uaTHpoBKaTa Ha naMeTHHKa HMa 3HaqeHHe H sa neroaara nnrepnperauna. Cnopen E . .u5IKOBHlI ¢PH3bT e ci.snanerr no spevero na MapK ABpe.lIHH . .ueITCTBHTe.lIHO n.lIaCTHlIeCKHTe xalIeCTBa HaCOlIBaT KbM npenero aa AHToHllHIITe. Kocneuo Ta3H narnposxa ce norm.pxcnaaa 01' H306paLKeHH5fTa na .uIIOcKYPHTe, lIHeTO HaH-IllHpoKO pasnpocrpauenae 6e.lIeLKII HMeHHO Ta3H enoxa'". MOHeTaTa, B K05ITO H306paLKeHHeTO aa Apreanna CTOH HaIT-6JIH30 no TOBa 01' penerpa, HOCH na asepca oripasa na c:I:>aycTHHa M.lIa.rt:a,LKeHa aa MapK ABpeJIIIH16. Aneropnsnara KOMn03IIllH5I H ocooeno ApTeMII.rt:a II TpHa.rt:aTa 3.rt:paBeHocHH 60LKecTBa 6H C.lIe.rt:BaJIO .rt:a ca cst.paaaa C HH¢OpMallH5f,npOH3THlIama 01' BaLKHH sa c:I:>I1.lIHnOnOJI, a MOLKe 6H H npoBHHllH5ITa HHMnepH5ITa cb6HTII5I. TOlIHO BpeMeTO na MapK ABpe.lIHH npeunara TaKHBa. 113BecTHo e, lIe xpenocrnara CTeHa aa TPHXbJIMHeTO 6H.lIa Bb3CTaHOBeHa B HalIaJIOTO na MapKoMaHcKaTa BOITHa17. 4YMHaTa' ernr.rt:eMH5f, 06XBaHa.lIa HMnepll5ITa no TOBa speMe, B3e.lIaLKlIBOTa nopn na JIYllHIT Bep. Orpaxcnanero aa TPHXbJIMHeTO - cenanmue na Aprexnna, enno 01' r.lIaBHHTe 60LKecTBa na rpana, H 3HalIeHHeTO na snpaaenocmrre 60- LKeCTBa B nepnon na BOHHH H en H.rt:eMHH, 065ICH5IBa M5ICTOTO lIM B penerpa. Ilpn TOBa Tp5I6- sa na ce HMa npensan ap saxara na ApTeMH.rt:a (peen . .uHaHa) C HMnepaTopa, .rt:OMa MY, apMH5ITa H HMnepH5ITa18. nOKpOBHTe.lICTBOTO H B TaKHBa cb.rt:60HOCHH nepnoan (none KaTO nponaraunna nnea) e 5IBHO. LLaHHHTe, lIe na 113TOK MapK' ABpe.lIHH H JIYllHIT Bep ca npenCTaB5IHHKa1'O )lHocKypHTe19, noncxasnar CMIICbJIa na npact.cranero HM BbB ¢PH3a. Bee B nOCOKa na norst.pacnaaaue Ha· ap saxara na ¢pH3a C BaLKHH cb6HTH5I 01' spexero na MapK ABpeJIHH H JIYllHIT Bep ca arpaumpaaara spt.sxa na JIYllllIT Bep c .uHaHa B naxeruaua 01' Ediec H Ileprau, ysexoaenaaauta rrooenure My nan napTHTe20• c:I:>aKTbT, lIe ApTeMII.rt:a sananaa LKepTBeHHKa, noncxaana, lIe sepo- 5ITHO ll5IJIaTa uepenonua , (CHMBOJIHlIHO) ce .H3-

27

m.pursa B Hef'moro CBenIJIHLlJ.e HJlH BbB Bpb3K3 C UpbHHK H.'IH purya,n, HMmlJ. ornorueune KbM nest. OTCbCTBHeTO CpeJI: r0J151MaTa rpyna 6mKeCTBa aa AnoJIoH, r.naaen 60r BbB <PHJll,mOno,n, CO'IH, OT eJI:Ha crpa na, lre He MO)!{e JI:a ce rosopu aa npeJI:CTaB51He na ,,3JI:paBeHOCHHTe 60)!{eCTBa", a 01' npyra. 'Ie HaH-BepOHTHO cPpl13bT e IWOJI: aa odmnuanea aKT na cpHJlaTa ApTeMI13HaJI:a.

HaH-np06JIeMaTH'IHa MO)!{E' 6H e HHTepnperauuara aa 60fl1H5ITa JI:O X Hr1l5l. Ee3 H5IKaKbB aTpH6YT, 60rl1H5ITa, 'I1151TO 60)!{eCTBeHOCT B TOBa 06Kpb)!{el'me e 6e3cnopH3, ce JI:OOJllUKaBa 51BHO JI:O npencrasara aa eJI:Ha ME'CTHa, JI:06pe 113BeCTHa 11 nOH5ITHa nOKpOBI1- re.nxa. HKOHorpacpCKH '{'51 HaMHpa npax napa.ne.n B aHOHI1MHI1Te 60rHI-IH, I1peJI:CTaBHHH npen TpaKHHcKHH KOHHHK21. AKO CMe aa npas rrt.r, TOBa asoopaacenne me I1pHJI:06l-le ocooena saxeHOCT xpea npnc'scranero CI-l B oqmunanen pennrnoseu naMeTHI-lK na HaH-rOJleMI-lH rpaKI-lHCKI-l xyn rypea LLeHTbp npes pHMcKaTa enoxa.

U51JlOCTHaTa I-lHTepnpeTa)~I-lH aa MHorocpl1-

1 D. 11 H J( 0 B H 'I. _¢lPH3'bT na 3l1,paBeHOCHHTe 60)J(eCTBa n a TpaKH!I H KYJlT'bT n a ECI,YJlan B nJlOBAJ-;B. - rHBTI, 1921, 127_;__157, Ta6JI. 1.

2 H, 3 an p n HOB. 3a Mell,HllHHara na TpaIOfTe,,TP3KHH, 1976, .3, c.96, CpB. 11. Il o n u e a. TIPIfHOC KbM npoY'IBal-IHHTa ua pHMCKaTa apxrrrexrypa B IOJKHa Bt,nrapns, fMTIO, II, 1956, 152-154, 06p, 9.3-94.

3 M. 0 per m a n , Plovdiv - an ti ke Drcih ugelstadt. Leipzig-c Jena=-Ber l in , 1984,91--93.

4F.Chapouthier. Les Di oscur es au

service rlune deesse. Paris, 21-80, No 1-75.

~ B)K. F, C hap 0 u t hie r . Op. ci t., 38-

59, 7fJ-I(l.'1.

G A, C. P Y C H e F. a, 3eM.,ell,eJlhIleCKlie x y JIbTbl B Onnnn .torercxoro BpeMeHH. KHeB, 1979, c. 54, plic.2, 4.

7 L. K a :1 i 1. Artemis. - Lexicon l con ogr aphicum Mythologiae Classi cae. Artemis Verlag Zurich und Miinchen, II, 1984, N'g 673, 1225 a; G. D aux. Chr oni que des Ioui l les fouilles en Gr ece en 1957.-

BCI-!, LXXXII, 2, 1958, p. 691, fig. 37. '

8 L. K a hi!. Op. ci t., N 1066,1011,1020-1022. 9 H. M Y ill MOB, AHTH'1 H HTe MOHeTH na DJIOBAHB, - fHBMD, 1924, N'g 137-138, Ta6Jl. IV. XIII. Cn open I-!. MYWMOB B Ta3H eMHCIfH e npeJICTaBeH3 lleMeTpa, HO JIHnCaTa H3 XHMaTHOH HaA XHTOHa If oc06eHO n puop anara B Ma.lIbK KOK xoca 11 Ma.lIKl!HT JIYHeH c spn Ha,1J, '1eJIoro lle,o:BYCMHCJIeHO HHIlHKHpaT ApTeMHlI,a. Ton no B naMeTHHUH OT IV B, np. H. e. MO)J(eM na BHlI,HM rrspsoocpasu aa H306paJKeHHeTO OT MOHe'raT8. B)J(. L. K a h i l , Op. ci 1., No 906- 907,

10 I-! , My 1lI MOB. l!,m, Cb'l., N'g 454, Ta6JI. X I; C'bU{HH. AHTH'IHHTe MOHeTli ua BaJIKaHCKH5! no.n yOCTPOB H MOHenITe n a 6b.lIrapCKliTe uape. C., 1912, N'g 5374,

11 B. 11 0 6 P Y C K H. Tp8KHIIcKoTo C'BeTH,1HU{e ua ACKJIenHH no I'a as a Il aner-a. - AHI-!M, 1907, c. 17, e5JI. 1.5.

12 E. 0 h l e m u t z: Die Kul le und Heilig-

tiimer der Got ter in Pergamon. Wurzburg , 1940, p. 140, 161, 260-261.

13 PeJlerp'hT e OTKPHT n pn H3KOflHH pa60Tl-I rr a nJI, "l!,ap Hn Illnuman" (,o:H. .Pos a JlroKceM6ypr"), 113rO'lHO OT Hecer-rerre. BJK. 5. )l H K 0 B If '1. L~HT, C'bll, , C. 127 CJI.

11 MeCTOnOJlo)J(eI!HeTo u a n pe.ancnar aeunn x p aa ua ApTeMH,lJ,a ce nO;1CKa3Ba OT nHKOJIKO BaJKHH uaXOI\KH. Ocae n <jJpH3a a a 1f3TO'lHHH CKJIOH u a He6eTrene e OTKPIfHI H Mp3MopHa CTaTYH aa 60rHHHTa C

28

cpHrypHH5f cPpl13 OT <PHJlI1110nOJr CTpaJI:a OT BTOpH'IHaTa 06pa60TKa na JI:BaTa My Kpa51, B pe3YJlTaT Ha K051TO C3 npe~CTaBeHI1 6~CTOsere na Xenuoc 11 Cenena. TpYJI:HO e JI:a ce raJI:3C JI:aJlH B I1bpBH'IHH5I 06J1I1K aa naMeTHI1Ka Bl>PXy panxara e HMaJlO JI:pyrl1 w306pa)!{eHH51 aa 60)!{eCTBa nepCOHl1cj:lHKaUI1H, I-lJlIf H5fKaKBl1 CHMBOJIH H KOI1 TO'IHO. I'p yriure 11306pa)!{eHHH na XeJlHOC 11 Ce.nena ca B JI:I-lCOHaHC C Te3H aa 60)!{eCTBaTa 01' cpPH3a. TOBa nOJI:CKa3Ba, 'Ie re BepOHTHO ca 61-lJll-l ):L06aBeHI1 Ha6bp30 11 OT MaliCTOp C 110-CKpOMHI-l Bb3MO)!{HOCTI1. <Pa I{TbT, lie I-l B 1'0311 BI1JI: l1aMeTHI-lKbT Bep051THO e 611J1 npel13110JI3BaH I1pH HHKaKBO cb6HTHe, nOJI:CKa3Ba If npOM51HaTa J-1a BKYCOBeTe B eJI:H3 no- KbCHa enoxa. En Mor JIO ):La ce 11 peJI:110JIO)!{I-l, 'Ie BTOpH'IHI1Te npOMeHI1 B 06LlJ.H51 BI1JI: na CPPI-lsa CJleJI:Ba JI:a ce OTHecaT KbM apevero aa I1Mneparop X ennoraoan , xoraro rpancxara ynpasa na <P11J111 nono.n , a sepoarno H cpHJlI1Te -rpea pa3J1H'IHI1 CpeJI:cTBa Tp5l6BaJlO JI:a H3pa3HT CB05lTa 6J1aroJI:apHocT I-l nO'II-lT KbM I1MnepaTopa, JI:aJl na rpana TI1TJlI-lTe MeTp0I10JlI151 11 HeOKOp22.

BepOHTeH n ap ane.n B'bB ¢lH,1IfnOnOJICKaTa HYMH3M3THx a, BJK. D, Con c e v. Iconographie et cult" de divinites greques en Bulgarie. - RA, 1962,2, p. 197-- 198, fig, 11; I-!. M Y W Iv! 0 B, AHTH'IHHTe MOHeTH ua TIJIOBAHB, M 307, Ta6JI. XIV. B p asoua H3 111,PKs ara "CB, Bcr-opo.nnia" ca OTKpHTH J\BaT3 a aan nca, cBIfAeTe.lICTBYBaU{H s a Aeiillocna n a C'b6paHlfeTo aa qnIJI3Ta A pTeMH3lfa,o:a. B)J(, Jl. BOT Y W a P 0 B a. TPH AOKYMeHTa aa ncropua r a a a PIfMCKHH ¢lHJIHn0I10.1, -A pXeOJIorJ-lH , 1968, KH, 2, 48-49. I-! a HaM-BHcoK3Ta, cesep nara tJaCT )-1 a Hcoerrcne, B nJIaCTa OT PHMCI<313

e no x a e OTKpHTa r-n nae na Te)J(eCT aa CTaH C OTne'1aT'bK ~ OT r e v a C oopa-a ua ApTeMH,IJ,~!, npencrasmua fl B )~bJI'br XIfTOH, C ABe rpaKJIH B p sue re. T03H naMP-TH_HK 6e J!Jo6e3eH aa HH nOK3)Ke fl. c. AT. TIeiiKoB, P'bKO!lOAH'feJI n a p asxonxnre, s a KoeTO My H3Ka3BaMe nama ra 6Jlaro,o:apHOC1. Jlro60nHTHOf', ue oripaai.r na ApTeMHlI,a 01' TeJKeCTTa HaMlfpa n ap ancn B KYJITOBaTa CTaTYH n a 60rliHHTa, n pencraae n a B x p ava i-I n a TPHX1,JIMHeTO, cnopez MOJIeT3 Ha ¢lIfJlHlIonOJ! OT BpeM~TO n a 1(0MO,o:. Bac. T. I' epa C II MOB. I-!HKOJIKO MOHeTH n Me,o:aJIbOIlH OT ¢lHJIHnOnOJl, - rnI-!BM, 1931-1934, 123- 124, 06p, 58-59; K. K ° JI e B. MOHeTIfTe KaTO H3- aopn s a IfCTopHHTa n a TIJlOB,o:IfB. - ApxeoJIOrH'1E'CKH npoYlJBaHHH a a HCTopHlITa ua TIJIOBAliB H DJIOBAHBCKIfH Kpait TIJIOBAHB, 1966, c. 61, 06p. 34; C'b III H a. 1l)J(aM6a3Tene, nsoripascuo m.pxy aHTH'1Ha MOHeTa 0'1' ¢lH,~Hnono.1, -I1MJOB, 1975, c. 117, 06p.I-2. l--l3fipoeI-lIlTe naMeTHHllH OrpaJKA3T If 3aCT'bnBaT I-!e- 6eTTene - Haii-BepOHT1-10TO MlICTO, K'b,o:eTO ce e HaMHpan xpasrsr n a ApTeMHAa. Toua ce nOTB'bp)J(AaBa H OT auan naa u a rlHKO,1KO MOHeTH H Me,Ll,JJIbOHH OCBeH nOC0'1eH3Ta eMHCHH 1-1 a KOMol!. B)J(. I(. K 0 JI e B, MOHeTHTe KaTO 1f3BOPlf sa ncr opn a-ra aa TI.10Bj\HB, 72-74, 77-78, 06p.28, 32; I-!. My 1lI MOB. l!,I-IT. ct.u . N'2441, Ta6JI. XI, 488-489, Ta6JI. Xl!. B'bf1pOC'bT aa MHCTO'!'O ua xpaaa B'b3 OCHOBa 1-1a nOCO'leHHre .,o:aHI'1H e npenver n a OT,o:eJI1-10 np oyuaaue ,

Cn open nann are 01' naxernauare , B KOIfTO ce ,0:0- KyMeHTHpa rpH.1aTa ApTeMH3Ha,~a, TH Uep05ITHO ce e p aanon ar an a B H3T0'1HaTa '1aCT Hd ¢lHJIHnOnOJl H 3eMlfTe ua H3ToK-roroIf3TOJ( OT Hero B rp ancxara My TepHTopHH. B)J(, B. rep 0 B. 3eMeBJIaAeHlfeTO B PIIMCKa TpaKHH H MIf3HH. - rCY ¢lKI-!¢l, 72, 2 (1977), 1980, 105-108 C JIHT.

15 F. C hap 0 II t hie f. Op, cit., 98-99. 1'; BJK. 6eJI, 9.

17 0, n H K 0 B H 'I. l!,HT, Cb'!., 162-163; JI. E 0- T Y IH a p 0 B a. AHTH'IHIfHT ¢lHJ1HflOnOJI B CBeTJIHHaT3 n a HOBHTe apXeOJIOrH'IeCKH p aaxonxu. - Apxe ono-

fH4eCKH np oyunauun aa HCTOpH5lTa H3 n.'IOB/\HB H TIJlOB)l}IBCKHll Kpaii. TIJlOB!\HB, 1966,- 50-51.

18 T. C TOll HOB. 06pO'IHHTe peJIe¢H na

Aprexana (LLuaHa) - e3;1a4K<J 01' MH3Hll Ii TpaKII5I npes pHMCKaTa e nox a. - Ap'X<;OJlOfHH, 1984, KH. 2-3, c.38, 42; E.Simo11. Diana.-Lexicon l con ographicum Mythol ogi ae Cl assi cae . 1 I, p. 793-794, N2 271-279.

19F. Chapouthier. Op. ci t., p. 99,

11 ot. 4.

2°E.Simo11. Op.cit., No 280.

21 T. C TOll HOB. 3a uxon or p arpas r a H ceuauTHKaTa aa )KeHCI{I11e H306pa)KeHHll 13 n3Me1HHllHTe Hi! TpaKHikKH5I KOHlIHI<' - Bexone , 1987, 1. c. 18-31 !lJl. c. 2,19.

22 K K 0 J1 e B. I~HT. c su., 69--71 c vrur.

Sur I'interpret ation de ladite .Jrise des divinites salutaires" de PhiIippopolis

T. S T 0 JAN OV

(R e sum e)

L'auteur etudi e de nouveau l a grande Ir ise de m ar br e de Philippopolis, ap pelee dans l a l i tt er ature La Ir ise des di vini tes s al utaires. Le nom provien t des representations l es plus sures d 'interpretation de: Ascl epi os , Hygie e t Telesph ore. Pour l es cinq autr es di vini tes de Iii Ir ise , on propose de nouvelles interpretations Oll bien on corrige celles, f ai tes jusqua present, en attir an t Iattention sur l es dif iicul tes pour I'identification sOre dans certalus cas. L'auteur adrnet comrnc etan t l a plus vr aisernbl ablc lin tcr nr etation de deux di vini tes rn asculines ~ I 'e x trerni te dr oi te du relief comrne l es Di oscur es , pr oposee par M. Oppermann. La deesse a ga uche des Di oscures est in ter pretee cornrne Hera ou Demeter ou Epion e. I, attire I 'attention sur l e fait que l e manque d'attributs car acter isti ques et l a ressernbl ance icon ogr aphi que avec certaines reo presentations des deesses an on ymes. figurant devant l e Cavalier thr ace , porte a admct tre qui ci est repr esen t,;e une deesse I ocale. En ce qui concerne I a

je une dcesse , par ti cl pan t a I 'oblation ensemble avec Asclepi os , 1 'auteur propose de I 'in ter preter cornme etan t Artemis, une des di vini tes princi pale a Phi li pp opolis. En outre, les par alleles i con ogr aphques avec des monuments de Iar t grec cl assique, line telle interpretation est sllggeree aussi par l e l i eu de l a decouverte de l a frise a pr oxi mi te i mrned i ate de ! 'en dr oi t probable du temple (l e sanctuaire) d 'Artemis. Pour ce qui est de l a deesse a 1 'ex trerni te gmiche lie l a composition, on suppose quel le pourrai t etre Core (Persephone). La nouvelle analyse du mon ument conlirrne I a d atation adrni se jusqu 'a present, it s av oir vers J'epoque de Marc Aur ele et lie Lucius Verus. La composition al l egori que du relief sugger e qu 'i! est vr ai sem bl abl emen t Ie resul tat d'lIn ac te of ii ciel dhomm age (de lyle Ar ternisi ade ou de I 'administration m uni ci p ale a Philippopolis a I 'eg ard des deux ern per eurs. ]I cs t possible que l a frise ljlt utilisce de nouveau plus tard a un e occasion sembl able so us I 'ernpereur H{liog<lbalE'.

300MOP¢HH MeTanHH HaxoAKH OT CeBepOH3TOLJHa 5bnrapH5I

KOHCTAHTHH TOTEB

Flpenuer na pasr J1eJK)J.aHe B aacrosurara paoora ce HBHBaT HHKOJ1KO 6POH30BII npenMeTa, KOHTO C'bC soovoprpnara en cpopMa H npennasnasenne na KaTIIHapH (xodiapn) ce OTHaC5IT K'bM xpt.ra aa J1I060nHTHHTe apxeoJ10rHtIeCKH HaXO)J.KH. I1HTepeC'bT K'bM T5IX e n PO)J.I1KTYBaH KaKTO 01' He)J.OCTaT'btIHaTa HM H3ytIeHOCT, raxa H 01' B'bnpOCI1Te, KOHTO re nOB)J.HraT C npennasnaueunero H 300MOPCPHO~ TO CH OcpopMHBaHe.

HaXO)J.KHTe ca HaMepeHH rrpes pa3J1HlJHO speae H npOH3XOJK)J.aT 01' CeBepOH3TOlJHa D'bJ1- rapua: Tlpecnaa-, B'bJ1HapH, lllYMeHcKI1 OKp'br2 H KaJ1HaKpa, T0J16yx HHCKH oxpsr". Ct.-

CT05IHHeTO, B KoeTO re ca CTJ1rHaJIH )J.O nnec, He n03B0J1HBa na ce C'b)J.H C YBepeHOCT sa BCH 4- KIne HM lJaCTH H aa HHCTaJ1HpaHHH B xyxure HM 300MOpcpHH cpnrypKH MeXaHH3'bM aa saKJ1IOlJBaHe H OTKJ1IOlJBaHe. Flpn TOBa n0J10JKeHHe namnre YCHJIH5I w,e 6'b)J.aT HaCOlJeHn KbM H3HCH5IBaHe rJ1aBHO Ha 300MopcpHaTa cpopMa H cm.paannre C HeH B51pBaHHH H npe)J.CTaBH na HaCeJIeHHeTO, KoeTO rlf e C'b3)J.aJ10 H n0J13BaJ10, 01' enna crpana, H, 01' )J.pyra - K'bM OCBeTJ15IBaHe, ,n:OKOJ1KOTO e B'b3MOJKHO, na Tpa)J.HIl,H5ITa, cm.paaaa C THXHaTa eTHHlJeCKa npHHa,n:JIe)IUIOCT, H eBeHTyaJ1HaTa HM )J.aTHpOBKa.

29

Karunapn OT I1peCJIaB (o6p. 1 a, 6, 8)

01' Ilpecnas npOH3XO)l{)1.aT )1.8a 300MOp<PHlI KaTHHapa: e)1.HH C <popMa na nruua H BTOpH C <popMa aa nanrepa. nbpBH51T e naxepen npn pe)1.0BHH apXeOJIOrHlJeCKH pasxonxn aa HaH-rOJIeMI151 01' OTKpHTHTe )1.0 )1.HeC B Ilpecnas MaHaCTHpH - nBOpUOBH5I4, a BTOPH51T e 3anHcaH B HHBeHTapHaTa KHHra Ha MY3eH nBeJIHKH Ilpecnas" KaTO CJIYlJaHHa HaXO)1.Ka 01' BbTpeIllHH5I rpan".

KaTHHapbT 01' nBOpUOBH5I MaHaCTHp ce CbCTOH 01' )1.Be e)1.HaKBH, OTJIeTH 01' 6pOH3 noJIOBHHKI1, KOHTO HaCTaBeHH enna )1.0 ztp yra C B)1.JIb6HaTaTa CH m.rpeuma lJaCT 06pa3YBaT 06eMHa <pHrYPKa aa rrrnua (06p. 1 a, 6). 5IHueBH)1.HOTO T5IJIO HMa pasuepn 4x3,5x 1,8 CM. Kpt.r.nara enpa r.nasa aa rrruuara, najt-sepo- 51THO naruna. ce CBbp3Ba C T51JIOTO nocpenCTBOM npasa IllH5I H aast.puma C H3)1.a)1.eHa nanpezi lJOBKa. T5IJIOTO OT3a)1.· aasi.pnma C xi.ca H JIeKO H3SHTa narope onaunca. MHH)1.aJIoBH)1.HHTe KpHJIa ca nJIbTHO npH6paHH KbM 1'51- JIOTO. nO)1. xopeaa aa <pHrYPKaTa ce II3)1.aBa npaaot.r-snna nOCTaBKa. OlJHTe ca oT6eJI5I3aHH 01' )1.BeTe CTpaHII Ha rJIaSaTa lJpe3 H3nbKHaJIII TOlJKll. nOlJTll B Cpe)1.aTa Ha e)1.HOTO KPIIJIO e ll3p513aH OTBOP C <popMa Ha 6YKBaTa T, 06bPnara Ha)1.0JIy. 3ae)1.HO C KpbrJIll51 OTBOP BbPXY r JIaBaTa na nrnuara II 1'0311 na npaeoi.r-snaara nOCTaBKa ca CJIY)I{eJIll sa saxaautaue aa HeCTllrHaJIHTe )1.0 Hac lJaCTII aa KaTIIHapa. 4pe3 T5IX ce e OCbIllgcTB5IBaJIa sp'ssxara C MOHTIIpaHH5I BbTpe B KYXOTO 300MOP<PHO T5IJIO MexaHH3bM sa 3aKJIIOlJBaHe II OTKJIIOlJBaHe. Tlpu JIHnCaTa aa nannaaunrre II3BbH »cnaornncxara <pllrypa lJaCTII e Tpy)1.HO na ce npaB51T )1.0ra)1.KH OTHOCHO pa60THll51 MexaHlI3bM. HerOJIeMIITe paaaepn nO)1.CKa3BaT, lJe KaTIIHapbT He e CJIY)I{eJI sa 3aKJIIOlJBaHe na BpaTII, a nO-CKOpO e 6HJI npe)1.Ha3HalJeH 3a 3aKJIIOlJBaHe Ha )1.bpsena paxna IIJIH MaJIKO xoaseace aa HaKHTll.

BbB Bpb3Ka C )1.aTaTa Ha KaTHHapa He e 6e3 3HalJeHIIe, se e navepen B carypna apXeOJIOrHlJeCKa cpe)1.a, )1.aTllpaHa C <pparMeHTH 01' CTap06bJIrapCKH rJIHHeHH csnose, npecnasCKa pucysaaa xepaanxa sa CTeHHa 06JIHUOBrca 11 npyrn naxonxn 01' X B. Ilonananero My B 113TOlJHIl51 BbHIlleH MaHaCTHpCKll )1.BOp ensa JII1 e MO)l{eJIO )1.a CTaHe nO-KbCHO 01' aropara nOJIOBHHa na X B., xoraro aKTHBHll5lT )l{IlBOT B T03H 60raT CTOJIHlJeH MaHaCTHp e 6llJI npeYCTaHOBeH BbB apt.sxa C'bC 3aBJIa)1.51BaHeTO ua Ilpec.naa 01' BIl3aHTllHCKll51 lfMnepaTOp

11. UlfMIICXIIH npes 971 r."

Ilpexn ana.nornn aa pa3rJIe)l{)1.aHlf51 xaTHHap C <popMa na BO)1.0nJIaBaIll,a nrnua He MO)l{eM ,Ua nOCOlJllM If TOBa 3aTpY,UH5IBa ,UO rOJI5IMa crerrea npenno.ncoxennsrra OTHOCHO eTHlllJeCKIl51 xapaxrep na rpananaara, C K051TO KaTIIHapbT MO)l{e na ce cat.pace. nOJIOBIIHKa 01' 6POH30B KaTIIHap C <PapMa na rrrnua 6eIlle HaMepeH CbBceM HaCKOpo rrpH pa3KonKll BbB BbTpeIllHH5I rpan na npeCJIaB7• nO)1.06HH xa-

30

THHapH ca. lf3BeCTHl1 cpen HaXO,UKI1Te 01' MeTaJI BbB BOJI)I{Ka EbJIrapl1S18• Koraro KbM TOBa ce npH6aBH rOJI5lMaTa nonYJI5lpHOCT H paanpocrpaneuue na MOTI1Ba "Bo,UonJIaBaIll,a rrraua" B H3KYCTBOTO aa TIOpl}CKHTe naponn , H5lMa ,Ua c6bpKaMe, aKO onHcaHaTa HaXO)1.Ka OT)1.a)1.eM ua )1.aJlelJHa, HO )l{I1Ba TIOpKCKa rpa)1.HUI151.

BTOPIl5lT npeCJIaBCKH xaruuap e CbIll,O 6POH- 30B H HMa YCTPOHCTBO, nO)1.06HO na nb pBH5I.

. MaKap MHoroKpaTHo )1.a e BKJIIOlJBaH 3apa)1.H HHTepeCHaTa CU <popMa KaTO HJIIOCTpaUI15l B MOHorpa<pUlJHH rpynose no crapoot.nrapcxa KYJITypa II H3KYCTB09, KaTIIHapbT He e onncaan nO)1.p06HO. Ct.crasen e OT )1.Be cIIMeTpIIlJHIl nOJIOBUHKU, KOIITO ca cBbp3aHu, KaKTO npu rrspnn s KaTHHap. J1Ma rpopva Ha MaJIKa nanTepa C pasuepu: 3x 1,9xO,6. no T5lJIOTOCaHaHeCeHI1 nOCpe)1.CTBOM xpt.rnera , sarrsnnenn C fl03JIaTa, xapaxrepmrre 3a naurepara rrerna no T5lJIOTO, KOIITO nO,UCIIJlBaT )1.eKOpaTHBHIl51 e<peKT. 3a lJaCTIITe, KOIITO ca OCllryp5lBaJIU rrpuxpennanero aa xa TIIBapa II HerOBOTO aaKJIIOlJBaHe, e TPY,UHO na ce npaaar npe,UnOJIO)l{eHH5I. C T51X ca 6HJIH cat.psaan OTBopHTe na rt.pnn re H BbPXY rnaaara. KaK e 6HJI ycrpoea IIHCTaJIllpaHll5lT B KYXOTO T5lJIO MexaHll3bM aa 3aTBap51He II OTBap5lHe, e CbIll,O TPY.uHO )1.a ce xazce. C HHTepeCHaTa CH <popMa II n03JIaTeHaTa CH yxpaca KaTI1HapbT HaH-BeP051THO e CJIY)I{eJI aa 3aKJlIOlJBaHe na HerOJI51MO xosxeace sa CKbnoueHHOCTI1. OTCbCTBHeTO aa aHaJIOI'Hll Y Hac H B lJY)I{611Ha e cepII03Ha TPY.uHOCT )1.a ce npaas r npennoncacenn 51 OTHOCHO eTHHlJeCKaTa Tpa)1.HUIl5l, KbM K051TO Tp516Ba na ro OTHeceM. no OTHOWeHl1e na ,UaTaTa, K05lTO npennarar aa Hero H. MaBpO)1.11HOB10 II CT. BaKJIIIHOBll - X B., e TPY,UHO na ce H3Ka)l{aT m.spaxcenus .

KaTHHap OT BbJ1HapH (o6p. 1 2, 8) Hanepea npenn 6JIH30 nernanecer rO)1.HHH CJIYlJaHHO rrpa 113KonHll paoorn B 3eMJIIIIll,eTO na c. Bt.nnapn , lIIYMeHcKIl OKPbr, KaTIIHapbT aa H5lKOJIKO TIbTH CMeH5l npn reacarenare cu .

nOCJIe,UHIl5lT - HIIKOJIa Feoprnes 01' lIIYMeH, 1;0 npe,UOCTaB5l npes 1984 r. aa ApxeonornlJeCKll MY3eH - Bapaa sa oTKynYBaHe12. C )1.pyrll CBe)1.eHIl5l 3a M5lCTOTO II 06CT05lTeJICTBaTa Ha HaMllpaHe Ha HaXO)1.KaTa He ycn51XMe na ce C)1.06HeM H TOBa npesu sa nbJIHOTO H OCBeTJI51BaHe II H3BO)1.11 OTHOCHO HeHHaTa )1.aTHpOBKa.

KaTHHapbT e CTllrHaJI )1.0 Hac C eznrara CH nOJIOBIIHa (o6p. 1 e, 0), K05lTO lIMa paauepn: 4,3 X 3,8 X 0,2 CM. OTJI5ITa e 01' 6POH3 II cnen nJIbTHO npnxpensane OTKbM st.rpeumara Cll s)1.JIb6HaTa CTpaHa C H3ry6eHaTa STopa nOJIOBIIHa KaTI1HapbT e npe)1.CTaBJI51BaJI 06eMHa )l{llBOTllHCKa <pllrypa. )KIIBOTHOTO e C UllJIIIH)1.PIIlJHO T5lJIO, aanpanena no)1. nonrn npan 'brbJI IllH5l II MaJIKO enpo nponopuaonnpaaa Cnp5lMO T5lJIOTO TpaneUOBll)1.Ha rJIaBa. BbPXY

1

• 06p. 1 a, 6) E POH308 «amunap c diop sca na nmuua om Il pecnae (X-XI 8.); 8) EPON30!J «amuHap C tbop su na nanmepa u noenamena y"paca om [J pecnae (X B.); e, a) [J OA08UNlW om 6PON30B xamuflap c qopsia na "Y'te om c. B7JAIWPU, H060na· sapcso - nuue U onaxo (X - X I 6.) ; e) E pO/-l.906 «amunap C c/JOpMa tea IW/-I,'le om K asuaspa, TOA6YXUliCIW (XII-XIV 8.). Fig. 1 a, 6) Cadenas de bronze en forme ti'oiseau de Preslao (Xe- X [e s.}; 6) Cadenas de bronze en forme de panthere a ornemetit dore de Pteslav (Xes.}; e, a) Moiti« de cadenas de bronze en forme de chien du village v alnari, deportement de Sllmenface et revers (Xe_Xles.).- e) Cadenas de bronze en forme de petit cheval de Kaliahra, departement de Tolbuhhln. (XIIe-XIVe s.)

r.naaara, K05ITO e 113,Ll,a,Ll,eHa nanpen e oT6e· JIH3aHO OKO C pOM60BH,Ll,HO OqepTaHHe. BbPXY rnaaara n a 1KHBOTHOTO ce BH1K,Ll,a rrac'r OT npyra qlHrypKa, OTJIHTa 3ae,Ll,HO C Hero. ):I(HBOTHOTO e B 3aCTHHaJIa CTaTHqHa n03a H HaH-

MHoro np11JII1qa aa xy-re. Ilpen r-spnare My ce BH1K,Ll,a T-06pa3eH OTBOP, KOHTO, KaKTO npn OTBopHTe aa ormcanare KaTHHapH OT IlpeCJIaB, e 6HJI cat.paaa C npyrn re HeCTHrHaJIH ,Ll,0 Hac HerOBH qaCTH sa 3aKJIIOqBaHe H OTKJIlOqBaHe.

Flpn OTCbCTBHe ua rrO,Ll,p06HOCTH sa apxeoJIOrHqeCKaTa cpena, B KOHTO KaTHHapbT e naaepen, enna OTKpl1Ta HaCKOpo npn pasKonKH BbB BbTpeWHHH rpan aa Ilpecnas HaXO,Ll,I<aD nonpnnacs OTqaCTH ,Ll,a ce XBbPJIH CBeTJIHHa H sa narara My. Bb3 OCHOBa na J,10CJIe,Ll,HaTa C YBepeHOCT MO)!{e na ce xaxce, lIe orsynenara BbPXY r.naaara qmrypKa e H306pa3HBaJIa rrrnua. EJIH30CTTa Me1K,Ll,y xaTHHapHTe 01' Ilpecnas H BbJ1HapH JIHqH 01' npt.s nor.nen. LLBaTa ca HMaJIH ae icaao e,Ll,HaKBH pasnepn H cpopMa, HO 11 e,Ll,HO H CblIJ.O

31

YCTpoikTBO na MeX3i-IH3Ma sa 3aKJJJD'-IBaHe H 01'KJ1IO'-IBaHe. HerOJleMHTe paanepa HaCO'-!BaT, -re He ca 6HJlH npemraaaasenu sa BpaTH aa lKHJlHlll,HH H npyrn noueutenua, a aa saraapane aa ,ll,'bpBeHa paKJla 3a ,ll,peXH.

TI pn H351CH5IBaHe ai.npoca aa eTHH'-IeCxara Tpa,ll,HUH5I aa 300MopcpHHTe cpHrypKH Ta3H rpyna KaTHHapH He Tp5l6Ba na ce 3a6paB5I, ne KyJlT'bT K'bM KY'-IeTO e MHoro crap H na oc06eHO iunpoxa nonYJl5lpHOCT ce e paaaa,n cpen pennua nnenena H uapozm OT Cesepen KaBKa3. KaTO ce ll'bplKH CMeTKa sa ornasua YCTaHoBeHHTe napanenn B KyJlTypHHTe npoasn aa aauras napon C aaponure B KaBKa3, MOlKeM He 6e3 OCHOBaHHe B xaruna pa C cpopMa ua xy-re OT B'bJlHaplI,ll,a BH,ll,HM nanesen OTrJlaC aa nparrsnrapcxa rpanuuna. K 'bM Ta31I Tpa,ll,HUH5I no BC5IKa Bep05lTOCT ce OTHaC5IT H nOCT'bnHJlHTe npe3 nOCJle,ll,HHTe rO,ll,HHH 01' pasxonxare B TIpeCJlaB OKOJlO 20 - 30 rnasnpaaa I' JlHHeHH '-IalllH C 06eMHo MO,ll,eJlHpaHH no ,ll,p'blKKHTe Ky'-IeWKH rJ1aBH14.

TIo st.npoca aa narara aa xarnnapa OT Bt.nuapu MOlKeM ,ll,a ce onpev Ha aHaJlOrH'-Iaara cpopMa aa xaruaapa 01' B'bTpeWHH5I rpaz; B I1peCJlaB, KOlfTO cnopen P'bKOBo,ll,HTeJl51 aa pa3KonKHTe e HaMepeH B nJlaCT C MaTepHaJlH OT X--'-XI B.

Karnuap 01' Kannaxpa (06p. 1 e)

Hanepen e npu apxeOJlOrH'-IeCKH paaxoriKH H npoy'-IBaHH5I, npoaeacnaun B KaJlHaKpalo. He3aBHCHMO '-Ie e 06HapO,ll,BaH na H5IKOJIKO rn.ra, KaTHHap'bT He e 6HJI npenver na OT,ll,eJlHO paarneaoiane . .n. Eo6'-IeBa npaBHJlHO onpenens naxonxara KaTO KaTHHap, n pencraansaaui "KOH'-Ie CpOI' na r naaara H y xp aca OT opuauenra "nTH'-Ie OKO"16. B'b3 ocnona na cpaBHeHHeTO, KoeTO npasa C nono- 6eH aa Hero 6POH30B KaTHHap 01' MY3e51 B rp. Ka3aH17, E06'-IeBa nOCTaB5I xarnnapa OT Kannaxpa B X B.18 T5I He npuseacna KOHKpeTHH apXeOJlOrH'-IeCKH C'b06palKeHH5I aa Ta3H narupoaxa H ce OCHOBaBa Ha, narara, npen.noxceaa sa xarauapa B MY3e51 B Ka3aH OT M. <PeXHep, 6e3 ,ll,a ,ll,'bplKH CMeTKa aa narapOBKaTa ua oine H5IKOJIKO C'bBCeM aHaJlOrH'-IHH HaXO,ll,KH OT BOJl)KKa Bi.arapna, KOHTO ,ll,pyrH asropa nOCTaB5IT B rpaHHUHTe aa X-XIII BY, a <P. M. Banees H B XIV-XV B.20 Peuraaaruo 3Ha'-IeHHe B TOBa OTHOllleHHe Tp5l6Ba na ce OT,ll,a,ll,e Ha apXe0J10rH'-IeCKaTa cpe,ll,a, OT K05lTO KaTHHap'bT nponaxoacna. He Tp5l6B8 ,ll,a ce 3a- 6paB5I, LIe lKHBOT'bT B Kannaxpa oc06eHO aKTHBHO npOTH'-I8 npea XIII-XIVB.21 H rm.pne Bep05lTHO e p83rJle)K,ll,8HH5IT 6POH30B KaTHHap ,ll,a ce oruece K'bM TOBa speue. Illo ce OTHaC5I no H3BO,ll,a, '-Ie eTHH'-IeCKH naxonxara ce OTHaC5I K'bM npaot.nrapare'", csmo MO)Ke ,ll,a ce cnopu. B'b3MO)KHO e 06a'-Ie Ta3H cpopMa ,ll,a e peay.nTaT na npeacaseaana OT enna ztanexna TIOPKCKa Tpa,ll,HUH5I, K'b,ll,eTO KyJlT'bT K'bM KOH5I e C MHoro ,ll,'bJ160KH KopeHH23•

32

• 06.0_ 2 a, 6) EPOI-i30I3a K/llOiiaAIW om T'spuoeepoi) (XIJ/e-XIVe B.)_ Fig. 2 a, 6) Serrure de bronze de Tarnougr ad (Xl Jle- X/ Ve so)

EpOH30Ba KJII04aJIKa OT Tr.pnoarpan (06p. 2 a, 6)

Haxonxar a npousxoxoia OT nacnna aa TIaTpHaplUH5ITa B'bpXy X'bJlMa Llapeaeu H e nO,ll,p06HO onncaaa H narapana'". I1HTepeC'bT, KOIITO nosnnra C or.nen na 300MOPCPHHTe 1130- 6palKeHH5I - cpeury nOCTaBeHH nse 06eMHH cpHrypKHHa KYLIeTa, e onpasaan B MHoro 01'HOllleHl151. He e 6e3 3Ha'-IeHYle, '-Ie B'bpXy n.noCKHTe CTpaHH na KJlIO'-IaJlKaTa e naneceu CB'bP- 3aHl151T C'bC COJlapHHTe KYJlTOBe opuaveirr xpt.r'-Ie C oT6eJl5l3aH uenrsp l1J1H "nTH'-Ie OKO". MaKap H narnpana B XIII-XIV B., He e H3KJllO'-IeHO cpHrypaJlHaTa yxpaca, cscroauia ce OT KYLIeWKH H306palKeHl{51, na cszn.pzca OTrJlaCa OT Bp'b3KH H BJ1H5IHH5I C nJleMeHa 11 naponn OT Cesepen KaBKa3.

B Kpa51 aa Te3H 6eJlelKKH aa pasr J1e)K,ll,aHHTe HaXO,ll,KH Tp5l6Ba ,ll,a KalKeM, LIe 300MOPCPHHTe CTHJlH3HpaHH cpHrypKH ca ce n05IBHJ1H B pe3YJlTaT na CTapH TOTeMHCTH'-IHH npexcnneJlHUH. C'bC CTaTH'-IHHTe CH H 3aCTHHaJlH n03H )KHBOTHHCKHTe H306palKeHH5I ca arpaenn pOJl51 na anorponeu (na3I1TeJJJl). B CJ1Y'-Ia5I Ta3H T5IXaa CPYHKUH5I e 6HJla 01' oc06eHO BalKHO 3HaLIeHHe, T'brr KaTO npanacsauara HM npennasna CHJla e ynsoaaana B5IpaTa aa TeXHHTe npure»carenn B npaKTHLIeCKaTa POJl5l, K05lTO ca HMaJ1H KaTHHapHTe.

2

1 Havepc s a n pn pa3KOnKH a a Ji,BOpU,OBHH M3HaCTHp B TIpeCJIaB, n poae aeuu non PbKOBO,IlCTBOTO n a T. TOTeB.

2 ll ancpcua e CJIY'laHHO n pn H3KonHH pa60HI B 3eMJIHLUe'ro n a C. Bl"lH3[)H, WYMeHCKH OKP'br. TIpe3 1984 r. e aaxy ne ua s a cpe,ll,HOBeKOBHH5I OT,IleJI n a ApXeOJIOfWleCKH5I xY,ll,O)KeCTBeH MY3eH, BapHa.

3 f. LJ:)K H H rOB. KaJIHaKpa. C., 1979, 061'. aa c. 19.

4 MaHaCTHpbT He e ny6JIHKYBaH. TIpe,IlBapHTeJIHH CBe.l\eIlH5I y T. TOT e B 11 TI. F e 0 p r H e B. HOBH ,IlaHHH s a 06JIlfKa H3 H5IKOIf MaHacTHpH B TIJIHCKa H TIpeCJI3B. - B: DbJIrapCKO cper~HOBeKOBHe. DbJIrapOCbBeTCKIf C60pHHK B 'leCT n a 70-rO,ll,HWHHHaTa Il3 n podi, VlB. LJ:yil'leB. c., 1980, 130-1.37: T. TOT e B. LJ:BOpU,OBH5IT MaH3cTHp B TIpeCJI3B. - CT3p06bJIrapCKa JIHTepaTypa, 17, 1985, 70-85,

5 ¢HrYPHpa aanuc aaa B cr apara HHBeHtapH3 KHHra na MY3e51 KaTO CJIY'laHI-Ia aax onxa, n ave pe na npn op ane BbPXY TepHTOpH5ITa a a BbTpeWHHH r p an. r, 3a p aap yiu aa anero JIa MaHaCTHpa no TOBa BpCMe CBH,ll,tTeJICTBYBaT H HaMepel-IHTe n pu p aaxonx ure MOHeTH.

7 Csenen ae aa HaMepeHaTa nOJIOBHHKa C q)OpMa H3 nruua ,ll,bJI)KHM H3 PbKOBOI.(HTeJIKaTa I-Ia p aaxonxnre T. MHXallJIOBa OT ¢HJIHaJIa I-Ia OVIM n pn DAH B r p. WYMeH.

8 B. X. B a JI e e B. LJ:peBHee H cpenirosexonoe HCKYCCTBO Cpenuer o TIoBOJI;-Ke. Houncap-Oa a, 1975, pHC. 38 H pHc.68 (14, 15, 16).

9 H. M a B p o n H HOB. CTap06bJIrapCKOro 113- KYCTBO. C., 1959, 06p.264; CT. B a K JI H HOB. ¢opMHpaHe n a CTap06bJIrapCKaTa KYJITypa VIXI B. C., 1977, 06p. na c.211.

10 H. M a B P 0)1, H HOB. Ll nr. CM., c.226,

06p. 264.

11 CT. B a-x JI H HOB. IJ,HT. Cbt1., c. 211.

12 LJ:Hec ce C1,xpaHHBa B Cpe)1,HOBE'KOBHHH orne,a I-I a Ap xeo.ror nueexas XY,ll,O)KeCTBeH MY3eH, Bapua.

]3 Haxonx ara npOH3XO)K"a 01' p aaxoruor BbB B'bTpewHHH r p an ua TIpeCJI3B, n posexcnauu non p sKOBO).\CTBOTO 1-1a l-l. 110pll,aHOB H T. MHXafIJlOIla npea 1984 r. 3a 3an03H3BaHeTO C HaXO,IlKaTa 6JIarO,ll,apHOCT ll,bJ1fKHM n a T. MHX afl.l0sa.

14 !-leny6.1HKYBaHH p aauonxu H MaTepl1aJIl-! u a T. TOTCB.

15 f. LJ: )K H H rOB. L~HT. ct.u., c. 19.

IG JI. DO 6 q e B a. Pan nocpenuoae sonun 6bJI·

r-apcxu CeJIHLUil H lIeKpOnOJIH no IO)KHO,L\o6py~~.)KaHCKHH 4ejJHoMOpCI{H 6p5lr. - B: Cpe,L\I-IOBeK0B[-[a DbJIr a pu a a LjepHoMopHeTo. BapHa, 1982, c. 101, Ta6JT. IV6.

17 M. ¢ e x I-I e 1'. BeJIHKHe 60.1rapbI. M., 1978, c. 28, 06p. 2.

18 JI. 13 06 'l e B a. lJ,HT. Cb'l., c. 101 II CJI. 19 ApXeOJIODIH CCCP. Crena EBpa3HH B sno x y c penaeae xom.s. M., 1981, puc. 79 (24, 2<:',) H pHC. 98 (8).

20 M. B a JI e e B. L~aT. n'l., pHc,68 (14, 15,

16).

21 f. LJ: )K H H rOB. IJ,HT. Cb'l., c. 19.

22 JI. 50(, q e B a. ~HT. c s«., c. 108.

23 P. C. JI H n e u. 06pa3bI 6aTblpa Hero KOH5I B TIOPKO-MOHrOJIbCKOM s noce. M., 1984, 124-241 H noc. JIHT.

24 fl. C .TI a B lj e B. Hax onxu 01' H3CHna H3 TIa-

TpH3plllHHTa. - B: Il apear pat-T's puoa, 1980, III

222-223, 06p.7 (a, 6).

Trouvailles rnetalliques zoomorphes de la Bulgarie du Nord-Est

K. TO T E V

(R e sum e)

L'auteur "'arrele sur quelques objets en bronze, tr ouves a des epoq_ues di iieren tes a

Pr esl av , Valn ari , dans l a region de Surnen , Kali akr a,

Tol b ukh in et l a col line Care vee a Veli ko Tar n ovo (fig. I a, 6, B, r , ll" e e t fig. 2 a, 6)

Apres I a description et I a comparaison avec. des tr ouvailles sernblables d'autres eridr oi ts en Bulgarie et a I'etranger, lauteur determine leur date et ess ai e d 'ecl air cir leur forme zoomorph e curieuse eu eg ard a l a tradition ethnique a l aquelle elles se r ap por ten t. II r eleve qu'a I 'et ape actuelle des etu-

5 ApXeOJIOfHH, 2, 1987

des, il est dif li cile de r epon dre avec certitude a toutes l es questions qu'ell es souleven t.

En con cl usion , 1 'auteur rei eve que les formes zoornorphes on t ap par ues par suite de survivances totemi ques anciennes. Avec leurs poses stati ques et Iigees, les representations anirn ales j ouaien t l e role d 'apotr opaion s (gardi ens). Cette Ionction etait d 'une importance p ar ticul ier e , car la force preventive at tr ibuee redoublait l a croyance de leurs possesseurs et l a destination des tr ouv ailles cornrne caden as.

33

Me,lI,Ha anJIHKaUH5I C H306pa)KeHHe_ na rpHcpOH OT MeJIHHK

Bl10JIETA

HEllIEBA

EJl,Ha 01' HaM-HHTepeCmlTe H HaM-xy6aBHTe HaXOJl,KH 01' apXeOJIOrHqeCKHTe pa3KOJlKH B MeJIHHK I1pe3 110CJIeJl,HHTe rOJl,HHH e MeJl,Ha aI1JIHKaIl,H5I C H306pa)!{eHHe aa rpntpon (06p. 1). T5I e OTKpWra B 5IMa 3bpHOXpaHJ1JIJ1w.e, HaMHpaw.a ce aa aanan 01' errHCKOI1CKaTa rrspxaa "CB. HHKOJIa", J130CTaBeHa H sarpynana OKOJTO cpenara Ha XIII B., CbJl,eMKJ1 01' uanepenara 3aeJl,HO C arrJTHKaIl,H5ITa B nacnna aa 5IMaTa MOHen na BJ13aHTJ1MCKH5I HMl1epaTOp 110aH LLYKa BaTaIl,H (1246-1254)1.

fPHCPOHbT e C paaxepu: Jl,bJI)!{. 0,1"1 M H unip. 0,15 M. Hspaoorea e 01' MeJl,Ha JTaMapJ1- Ha qpe3 rrpeCOBaHe C MaTpHIl,J1, I1pH KoeTO ce e 110JIyqHJI HHCbK penerp, 110Jl,CHJTeH na MeCTa xpea Jl,Ol1bJIHHTeJII-IO rpaanpaae C TbHbK pesen. Ilopann KpeXKOCTTa aa MHoro TbI-IKH5I MeTaJTeH JTHCT 110 BbHllIHHTe OqepTaHH5I ua oripaaa e H3p5I3aH orne eJl,HH, H3110JI3BaH KaTO 110Jl,JIO)!{Ka aa I1bpBH5I (06p. 2). 3al1a3eHH ca 25 01' 06w.0 26-Te Me)1.HH HHTqeTa, C KOHTO e 6HJTa npnxperrena arrJTHKaIl,H5ITa. MaJIKaTa HM )1.bJl)!{HHa 110Ka3Ba, qe T5I e YKpaC5IBaJIa npenMeT 01' TbHKa KO:tKa HJIH 01' I1JIbTHa TbKaH HJIH rrsx I1pe)1.MeT, HaM-Bep05ITHO 01' )1.bPBO, 0611IHT c enna 01' Te3H )1.Be MaTepHH. TOM Tp5I6Ba Jl,a e HMaJT KYJITOBO I1pe)1.Ha3HaqeHHe, TbM KaTO 5IMaTa I1pHHa)1.JIe)!{H KbM emICKOI1- CKH5I aHCaM6bJI. B He5I 65Ixa HaMepeHH H He- 3Hal[HTeJIHH cpparMeHTH 01' CTeHorrHCHaTa YKpaca ua rrspxsara. I-13BeCTl-IO e, qe I1pe3 cpenHOBeKOBHeTO Hep5I)1.Ko ca 6HJIH YKpaC5IBaHH C rpHcpoHH zn.pneun BpaTH, el1HCKOI1CKH H MHTpOrrOJIHTCKH rponose, pHTyaJIHH KyTHH HJIH xoaseacera (MOW.eX paHHTeJIHHIl,H, )1. a pox pannTeJIHHIl,H)2.

. Hsoopaxcenaero rrpe)1.CTaB5I aaii-paanpo-

cTpaHeHH5! B XPHCTH5!HCKH5! CB5!T THI1 rpncpOHH - C r.naea n a open". OPJIOBH ca H KpHJIeTe, H xpaxara. T5!JIOTO, onaurxara, J'llIHTe, rpHBaTa ca JIbBCKH. /KHBOTHOTO e B rrpocpHJI HaJl,5!CHO. 3a Cb)KaJIeHHe nnara I1peJl,HH xpaaHHKa H qaCT 01' onauixara ca ClJYl1eHH H JIHI1- CBaT. LIaCTHqHO e aanaseua "l1ocTaBKaTa", na K05ITO ca CTbl1HJIH 3a)1.HHTe xpaxa. TOBa I-Ie 1103BOJI5IBa Jl,a onpenenav C TOqHOCT Jl,aJIII rpHcpOHbT e 6HJI caMOCT05!TeJIeH 06pa3, HJIII I1bK e lJaCT 01' KOMI103HIl,H5!. TpYJl,HO e na YTOlJHHM II nosara My. illHPOKO pa311epeHYITe II 110Ka3aHH BbB rpac KpIIJle, rOJI5!MOTO H pasTBopeHO 6aJl,eMOBHJl,I-JO OKO, inpt.xaamrre yunr, pa3TBOpeHH5IT KJIIOH, II311blJeHaTa rpt.n H nonlJepTaHHTe 3a)1.HH XbJI60Il,II, 110BJl,HrHaTaTa onaunca - BCHlJKO TOBa cssnasa Bl1elJaTJIeHl1eTO sa Hal1perHaTOCT, eKcnpeCHBHOCT, xapax-

34

TepHH aa rparpounre, rrpeJl,CTaB5!HH caMOCTO- 5!TeJIHO B noaa na rOTBew.H ce sa CKOK. Ho ct.meepenenao Te311 HKOHorpacpCKH 6eJIe3H ce cpeiuar H B KOMI103HIl,HH, B KOHTO Te3H MHTHlJHH )!{HBOTHH ca XBaHaJIH C rrpenanre CH KpaKa :tKepTBaTa HJIH I1bK ca CTbl1HJIH C THX 1106eJl,OHOCHO BbPXY He5I, CJIeJl, KaTO ca 5I noBaJIHJIH, CbC 3a6HTH B T51JIOTO II HOKTH4.

Ilpn BCHqKH CJIYlJal1 ooase 06pa3bT e MHoro :tKI13HeH, snyuraaa CHJIa H lJYBCTBO sa 110KpOBHTeJlCTBO 01' e)1.HO nooposcenarenuo :tKHBOTHO. B Hero H5IMa HHTO HPOCT, HHTO eJIeMeHT na Jl,eMOHHqHOCT. TOM e Tbp:tKeCTBeH H npeztCTaBHTeJIeH - enaa xapaxrepaa qepTa na 1'0- 3rt BHJl, 11306pa7KeHH5! B H3TOqHOXPHCTH5IHCKOTO H3KYCTB05• He MO)l{e Jl,a HMa CbMHeHHe, qe B Hero e BJIO)!{eHa H)1.e5ITa 3a rpHcpOHa KaTO crpaxc H l1a3HTeJI na 60:tKeCTBOTO H na HerOBH5I o.arap, cnocooen Jl,a 3alIl,HTH sosexa 01' 3JIO H HenpHHTHoCTH. TOBa e eJl,Ha MHoro Jl,peBHa npencraaa, npesnmana B CpeJl,HOBeKOBHH5I XPHCTH5!HCKH MHpOrJIeJl, 01' aHTHlJHaTa MHTOJIOrl15I6•

Tp5I6Ba )1.a oT6eJIe)!{HM, lJe H306pa:tKeHHeTO e MHoro CTI1JII1311paHO 11 I1Ma nO)1.lJepTaHO )1.eKopaTHBeH xapaxrep, BbrrpeKH 5!CHO 113pa3eHH5I crpeneac sa HeroBI15I Cb3Jl,aTeJI spea H5IKOl1 aHaTOMl1qHH rro)1.p06HOCTH )1.a My BJl,bXHe OJl,yXOTBopeHOCT 11 "I1CTI1HHOCT", rrpH6JIH)!{aBaM KH ro Jl,0 peaJIHHTe 06pa3H aa open H JIbB. HaMCHJIHO uapaseua e Ta3H Jl,eKOpaTI1BHOCT B KpHJIeTe. Te ca 01' CbprrOBH)1.HH5I THn, pa3BHJI ce orne I1pe3 aHTHqHOCTTa, HO B e)1.HH xapaxrepen aa Cpe)1.HOBeKOBHeTO BapHaHT. TYK KpHJIeTe 06alJe ca raxa llIHpOKO H BHCOKO pasnepenn OKOJIO r.nasara. lJe 5I 06paMqBaT nO)1.06Ho na opeo.n. TOBa HH nana OCHOBaHHe na norrycHeM, lJe rpHcpOHbT e rrpencrasea KaTO csoeotipa- 3eH CHMBOJI na X PHCTOC - CMI1CbJI, lJeCTO BJIaraH 110 pa3JII1QeH HalJHH B TaKHBa H306pa)!{eHH5! aa Cpe)1.HOBeKOBHH 5I ,,3BepHHeH CTHJI"? Ta3H noaa na Kpl1JIeTe 611 MOrJIa na ce onpeneJIH 11 KaTO posera - CHMBOJI ua CJIbHlJeBI15I KyJIT, C KOMTO CbW.O QeCTO ce cm.psaa 06pa3bT na rp nrpona H KOMTO e H3pa3 na enna npesn a, aHTYIQHa TpaJl,I1Il,I15I B cpe)1.HOBeKOBHaTa My ceMaHTHKa8. PeJIecpHHTe "Bb3JII1" 110 cpenara na KpHJIeTe I1MI1Tl1paT xpanuia na rOpHI1, noKbCI1 nepa, KaKBI1TO ce BH)!{Jl,aT HenOCpeJl,CTBeHO )1.0 r JIaBaTa, 01' nsere H CTpaHH. C TOBa H C Jl,Ol1bJIHHTeJII-IO nauecenare no BCI1QKH nepa KOCI1 HaCelJKI1 ce ct.anaaa HJII03H5I aa 06eMHOCT aa cpopMI1Te II sa l1epCl1eKTHBa. CHJIHO CTI1JIH- 3HpaHH H reOMeTpH3HpaHH ca 11 HaQaJIHI1Te lJaCTH na KpHJIeTe, na K011TO e npunanena

1

• (16p. 1. MeGHa ansukauusi C usotipaacenue na 2PU(POH om Me ucu« ({{{JaR na Xl J - {-IWW/lOmO na X J I! (J _, nuueea uacm}, Fig. !. Application en cuiore avec representation de griffon de Melnik, fin du X11e- debut du Xl I ts s. Face

• 06p. 2. Meow: an.nus auusi C u206paJICel-We «a cPUrPoH am Mesnu« (onoxo) . Fig. 2. Application en cuiroe avec representation de grifton de Melnik. Enuers

Ill,HTOBH)],Ha rpopaa. Te ca 113nbKHaJIH, C peJIecpHH, )],onbJIHHTeJIHO Top)],HpaHI1 C peseu pt.oose noxpaa. Ta3H cpopMa cnopen Hac He e CJIYlfallHa. T5I nonaeprasa MOIll,Ta, CI1JIaTa aa )!{HBOTHOTO.

MHoro cxeuarusno, I-l0 113pa3HTeJIHO e noxasaaa JIbBCKaTa rpusa - spea nsa peJIecpHH. np screna, ct.iuo )],onbJIHHTeJIHO TOp)],l1paHH.

CpaBHHTeJIHO 6JIH3KH )],0 )]'ellcTBHTeJIHH5I 06pa3 aa open ca rnaaara, rOJI5IMOTO H OKO, OTBopeHO B 6)],HTeJIeH B30P, CHJIHO 3aKpHBeHH5IT B ropna ra CH -racr H nOJIYOTBopeH KJIIOH, KOHTO H3TbKBaT XHIll,HOCTTa H CHJIaTa aa nTHuaTa . .nbBCKOTO T5IJIO e Cblll,O CHJIHO, CTPOllHO, rpaUHJIHO B )],BH)!{eHHeTO CH, )],eMOHCTpHpaIll,O uapcrsenara JIbBCKa nOXO)],Ka H rbBKaBOCT. To e nOKpHTo C K03HI-la, noxasana npeapenerpHH 51MHlfKH. Pa3TBopeHHTe npr.crn n a xpaxara ca nO)],BHTH, CbC 3aoCTpeHH HOKTH. C BJIO)!{eHH5I B H306pa351BaHeTo HM aHaTOMH3bM OTHOBO ce nozrseprasa CHJIaTa H XHIll,HOCTTa na HCTHHCKI151 open.

T03H rpl1cpoH I1Ma BI1COKI1 xY)],O)KeCTBeHH xavecrsa H ce napexcna cpen Hall-H3I1CKaHHTe 11 xy6aBI1 06pa3UH aa rpntpoua B cpenaosexoaHOTO 113KYCTBO ua XPHCTI151HCKI151 CB5IT, H B lfaCTHOCT B 6bJIrapCKI1Te 3eMH. KaTo TBop6a na xY)],O)!{eCTBeHOTo 3JIaTapCTBO TOll noxasna BI1COKO MallCTopCTBO H cpHHec npn 113nbJIHeHHeTO. HerOBH5IT rsopeu, KOllTO HeCbMHeHO e Cb3)],aTeJI na MaTpI1UI1Te, KaKTO e xapaxrepuo sa cpe)],HOBeKOBl1eTO, e np05lBI1JI TbHbK XY)],O)!{eCTBeH ycer 11 e 6HJI noope 3an03HaT He caMO C HKOHorpacpH5ITa 11 CTI1JIa Ha rro)],06eH pon 11306pa)!{eHI151, HO 11 CbC ceMaHTHKaTa HM. TOlfHH napanean cpen 113BeCTHl1Te 06pa3UH He MO)!{aXMe na OTKpl1eM. TOBa rrOBI1WaBa

CTOll HOCTTa na a nJI HKaUI151Ta H ~I n p H)],aBa OpHrl1I-laJIeH xapaxrep, KoeTO rn.« OT CB051 crpaaa cBH)],eTeJICTBYBa sa H351BeHa rsopnecKa HH)],HBH)],yaJIHOCT HS cb3)],aTeJI5I. Pa3611pa ce, CaMH5IT HalfHH ua uapaoorxa, npenrronaraui MaCOBOCT aa npOH3BO)J,CTBO, He 113KJIIOlfBa B 6b)],elll,e )],a 6b)]'aT OTKpHTH H )],pyrH TaKHBa anJII1KaUHH. Ho e Bb3MO)KHO 11 MaTpHUHTe )],a ca 6HJIH H3I10JI3YBaHH e)],HOKpaTHO.

3a onpene.nane na )],aTHpOBKaTa aa rpncpoHa snavetrne HMaT KaKTO nxouorpadmara, xY)],O)!{eCTBeHH5IT CTHJI H ceMaHTHKaTa MY, raxa H TeXHOJIOrHlfeCKHTe My OC06eI-lOCTH. MOHeTaTa, HaMepeHa 3ae)],HO C Hero, 6eJIe)!{H cano ropnara My XpOHOJIOrHlfeCKa rpanana. TpH6Ba )],a ce I1Ma npenaan H lfe cpe)],HOBeKOBnara irspxaa "CB. HI1KOJIa" He e no-panna OT X B.9, KoeTO rrsx npenonpenena Bb3MO)KHara My )]'OJIHa XpOHOJIOmlfeCKa rpauaua.

OPH H3CJIe)J,BaHeTO na naMeTHHUHTe C H30- 6pa)KeHHH aa rpHcpOHH OT 6bJIrapCKHTe 3eMHI-la)], 30 na 6pOll, pa3Ho06pa3HH no HKOnorpadia a, CTHJI, MaTepHaJI na H3pa60TKa, ce YCTaHoB5IBa eKJIeKTH3bM OT eJIeMeHTI1 H nOXBaTH, )],bJI)Kalll, ce npenn BCHlfKO xa rpa)J,HUHHTe 01' pa3JIHlfHHTe THI10Be aHTHlfHH rpnCPOHH, npeMHHaJIH B cpe)],HoBeKOBJ-IOTO H3KYCTBOlO. 061ll,0 B3eTO, 're ca TpI1 - npenuoasaarCKH, rpt.uxn H CKHTCKHll, KaTO rp suxare ca )],Ba - apxaaseu (VPI-VI B. np. H. e.), KO}ITO e MHOro 6JIH3bK )],0 npe)],Hoa3HaTCKH5I, 11 KJIaCHlfeCKH (OT VI B. rrp. H. e.), paannuaeam ce OT nero!". Pa3JIHKHTe B uxouorpatpaara HM ce )],bJI)!{aT na pa3JIHlfHOTO CMHCJIOBO Cb)J,bp)!{aHHe, BJIaraI-lO B T51X13. rpHcpOJ-IbT e OT OHe3H eJIeMeHTH Ha aHTHlfHH5I ,,3BepHHeH CTI1JI" , KOHTO He caao npeannasar B cpenuoneKOBHOTO H3KYCTBO, HO II Illl1pOKO ce pasnpoCTpaHHBaT B Hero - KaKTO B H3TOlfHa, 'raxa H B 3ana)],Ha Espona. OCHoBHHTe lI)],eH aa TOBa MHTHlfHO )!{HBOTHO OT aHTHlfHOCTTaKaTO rra3HTeJI II CHMBOJI na 60)!{eCTBOTo, anorponenunare My CPYI-IKUIIII, 3aeJIH M5!CTO H B XPIICTH5IHCKaTa MIITOJIOrH5!. Karo U5IJIO 06alfe cpenuosexoanure ennor JIaBH rpl1cpoHH ce

35

3

• 06p.3. Bponsoea anIlUIWI{UJl C ePUcjJON om M. Kpu.AW/30 «ane 80 T'OPeO/3uu(e - X c. Fig. 3. Application en hron : avec representation de griffon du lieu-dit Krumooo half! pres de Targoviste, Xe s .

• 06p. 4. Illtupepna nnooa om onmapna npeepaiia c ueotipaocenue 110 epUc/JON om Cmap a Saeopa-: X 1- X 11 A. Fig. 4. Representation en relief sur une dalle en pierre de la cloison dautel avec representation de griffon de Slam Zugora, Xl» - XIIe s.

OTmPlaBaT C enno onpocrasaue na oopasa, C H3Lle3BaHeTO aa rpeoenare H MOIll,I-IHTe uapCTBel-1H TYJIOBHIll,a, C rrO-CHJIHa CTHJIH3aIl,IUI H CXeMaTI13aIl,HH, C rrO-rOJIHMa ,LI,eKopaTHBHocT H perrpe3eHTaTHBHOCT14.

PeJlecj:JI-II1Te H306palKel-IHH ca TpeTHpaHH rrJIOCKOCTHO, B CTHJIa na H3TOLlHOXPHCTHHHCKOTO H3KYCTBO. Te3H oc06eHOCTH ca ,LI,06pe H3HBeHH B rraMeTHHIl,HTe C rpH¢OHH OT 6bJIrapCKHTe 3eMH OT IX-X B. HaTaTbK. Tlp n cpaBHeHHe Ha MeJIHHWKHH rpH¢OH C HHKOH 0'1' THX - nanpnxep C rpH¢OHHTe na CaH,LI,bKa OT Tepauuna (II nOJIOBHHa na IX B.)15, na 6poH30BaTa aI1JIHKaIl,HH OT KpYMOBO KaJIe ,LI,O T'sprosmue (X B. )16, aa umrpepnara nnona 01' Crapa 3aropa, ,LI,aTHpaHa pa3JIIl'IHOOT VII-VIII ,LI,O XIII BY, MHoro CXO,Ll,Ha C K051TO e n.nouara 01' XHJII<HC, I't.puna (XX I B. )18 H ,LI,p. Cpen Te3H naMeTHHIl,H MOlKe 6H HaH-6JIH3I<a e anJ1HKaIl,HHTa OT KpYMOBO xaJIe (06p. 3), a no OTHoweHHe na OpJIOBaTa rnana npasu aneaarnenue 6JIH30CTTa CbC crapoaaropcxara 11 JIOLl a (06p. 4). LLoCTa rOJIHMO CXO,Ll,CTBO HMa J-laWHS!T rpnrpoa C e,Ll,HO H306palKeHYle 01' BH3aHTHiJeKHH MY3eH B AnIHa (XXI B.)19, C rpmpou BbPXY xacera 01' KOHcTaHTI1HOnOJI (II nOJIOBHJ-la na X-I nOJIOBHHa na XI B.). nO,Ll,06HH ca H rpnrponare, H306pa3eHH BbPXY ,LI,a.nMaTHKaTa na AJIeKCeM V LLYKa MYP3Y¢JIOC B XpOHHKaTa aa HHKHTa XOHHaT (1204 1.)20. MaKap H rm.pne CYXH H cxeuaTHLlHH, ,LI,O H3BeCTI~a crerren 6mT31<H no HKOHOrparpcrorre CH 6e.ne3H ca rpH¢oHHTe 01' ,LI,'bpBOpesoenara spara na XpeJIbOBaTa rn.pxsa B PHJICKHH MaJ-laCTHp 01' 1335-1340 1.21

Cnopen Hac MeJIHI-IWKaTa anJlHKaIl,I-IH saeaa MelK,LI,HHHO MHCTO cpen Te3H naMeTHHIl,H, KOI-ITO

36

nonopaxae He cave KaTO Cb,Ll,bplKaIll,H CXO,Ll,HH HKOHorpa¢CKI-I eJleMeHTH, HO I-I KaTO T-WM-H3- BeCTHH, TbH xaro He e Bb3MOlKHO B paMKI-ITe aa enaa CTaTHH ,LI,a nOCOLllIM BCHLlKH ananornu. Te HOCSIT B ce6e CII enevearare aa KJlaCH'leCKHH H ,LI,OpH Ha apXaH'lHlIH rpbIl,KH rplI¢OH, npeTBOpeHI-I BbB BH3aJ-ITHMCKIIH XY,LI,OlKeCTBeH CTI1J1. HHKOH OT LlepnITe na rpaooaa OT MeJlHHK 1-laI10MHHT aJ-ITHLlHHTe npe,Ll,Hoa3HaTCKH 06pa3- Il,H - CbPI10BH,LI,HO H3BHTITTe KpITJle, 3a,Ll,HHTe OPJIOBH xnaxa, pa3TBopeHIIHT KJIlOH, HO Te ca OTrJlaC OT BJlHHHHH, pa311pOCTpaHHJlH ce aa 5aJlKaHHTe orne B ,LI,bJl60Ka ,LI,peBHUCT. BbB BI-I3aHTHMCKaTa HKOHorpa¢HH Te3H 'lepTH ca "YKpOTeI-IH", nO-CI-!J1HO CTHJlII3I-IpaHH.

CTI-IJlOBHTe oc06eHOCTII na pa3rJlelK,LI,aHOTO 1I306palKeHI-Ie ro CBbp3BaT C l1aMeTHHIl,I-ITe IIMeHHO 01' BH3aHTI-IMCKIIH KyJITypeH xp sr, I-I TO HaM-BeLle C Te31I OT 5aJlKaHIITe. Herosara CIIJIHO nonseprana ,LI,eKopaTIIBHOCT II rrpeaCTaBI-ITeJlHOCT ro OTHaCHT cnopen Hac K'bM XPOHOJIOllILleCKIIH apean na X II H ,LI,OpII HaLlaJlOTO aa XIII B., xoraro crapnre TOTeMHCTIILlHII npe,Ll,CTaBII npepacraar B eM6JIeMaTIIKa22. Ho TOl1 e see ouie TB'bp,LI,e lKH3HeH H nO-6J1l:!3bK ,LI,O peaJlHOCTHTe B cpasaeaae C 110-K'bCHI-ITe l1a MeTH IIIl,II , ~HHTO ,LI,eKopaTIIBHocT II CXeMaTH'lHOCT Ha,Ll,,LI,e.nHBaT ,LI,O raxaaa crenen, Lle 06pa3I-ITe ca Hal1bJlHO JIHWeHII 01' n.nt.r. Ta31I ,LI,aTHpOBKa ce nOTBbplK,LI,aBa II OT HHKOII TeXHO"'10rI-ILleCKII Cl1eIl,II¢IIKII. He6e3HHTepeC}IO e ,LI,a oT6eJlelKIIM, se HMIILlKIITe, C KOIITO e 110- xaaana JI'bBCKaTa K03IIHa, ce cpenrar ,LI,OCTa LlecTO KaTO TIII1II'leH enenenr OT yxpacara na rJIHHeHH Cb,Ll,OBe OT X I I - rrspsara fiOJlOBIIHa na XIII B. B MeJIHIIK H aa ,LI,p. MeCTa. OCBeH TOBa, KaKTO e I-I3BeCTHO, CJIO}KHHHT PIICYH'bK 110 MaTpIIIl,IITe II I-IMHTIIpaHeTo na rpaanpoexa npea THX, 3aCBII,LI,eTeJlCTBaHII B CJlYLlaH, ce nOHBHBaT B 3J1aTapCTBoTO K'bM xpas na XII B.28

3acera 'He e B'b3MO}f{J-l0 ,LI,a ce onpenenn CbC cnrypuoct ,LI,aJlII al1J1HKaIl,IIHTa e H3pa60- rena B MeJlHIIK, IIJlI-I na npyro MHCTO. noCKJlOHHH CMe ,LI,a npuexea, 'Ie e neno na MecreH MaMcTOp. OCBeH HMlI'IKHTe 110 JlbBCKOTO T5IJlO

4

H51KOH 0'1' HKOHOrparpCKHTe OC06eHOCTH, HaHBeqe B OpnOBaTa qaCT, MOraT Aa ce BHAHT B 06pa3H na nTHUH no MenHHlliKI1Te crpadnrro CbAOBe OT Kpa51 na X II - rrspaara no.noauna na X II I B. Henanex OT rrspxaara "CB. HHKO.na", npn xpenocraara CTeHa, orpaacnaura 0'1' H3TOK nnrane.nara na CpeAHOBeKOBHH51 rpan, B uenr-spa na K051TO ce naxnpa T51, ca OTKpHTI1 OCTaHKI1 OT rpYHKUI10HI1pana npes BTOpaTa rrOnOBHHa na X II -- na qanOTO na X II lB. 3JIaTapCKa pa60THnHHUa . .D.aHl-I11 aa anarapCKO rrpOH3BOACTBO HMa H B }KI1J1HW.HI151 11 CTOrraHCKl151 KOMrrJIeKC, pa3Kl-)HBaHI1 aanocnem,x npn pasxonxn IO}f(HO 01' UbpKBaTa24. A 113BeCTI-lO e, qe npeAlVlen-I C J<YJITOBO rrpeAHa3HaqeHHe,

IPa3KonKIITe ce npoaencnar 01' KOJIeKTHB nO,Q pbKOBo.nCTBOTO Ha aar op a. AIlJIHKaUHlITa e OTKPWfil B cex-r op, npOY'-IBaH 01' f. CTOlIHOB (fHM - MeJIHHK). H3Ka3BaM My npM3HaTeJIHOCT aa npe aocraneuara MM Bb3MOlKHOCl' na 1I ny6JI IIJ(YBaM. MOEeTaTa e onpe ne-

• ne s a 01' H. C. BJI. Ilcuncs (I-HiM), na KorOTO cr.uio M3K33BaM 6.ijarOl-\apHOrT.

2 BlK. N. M a v rod i nov. Le tresor protobulgare de Nag yszen trniklos. - AH, XXIX, 1943, p. 150, tabl. XLVII; p. 147, t abl. XLI; Jl. Jl p yMe B. Pe36apCKO H3KYCTBO. - B: J-1CTOPMlI n a 61,JIrapCKOTO lI306pa3MTeJIHO H3KYCTBO. C., 1976, c. 284, 06p. 308, c. 288 c.n., 06p. 313 H np.

3 J1. Jl 0 H'-I e B a - T1 e r K 0 B a. fpmjJOH'bT B H3KYCTBOTO n a cpenuonexonn a bbJIrapMlI. - Apxeonorus , XXI, 4, 1979. c. 32. Ha c. 22-10 3BTOPK3T3 n p ana m.nen 0630p H3 BCH'IKH H306paJKE'HHlI na r pn¢OHlI 01' 6'b.ijrapCKHTe 3eMH, nOCTaBHHKH fH n a ¢OHa H3 naMeTHHUHTe 01' CTpaHlITe n a BH3aH1Hi1cKHH KYJI' ry pe a xp sr. Tn e nonop an a 11 UHTMpa 113BeCTI-lHTe a aY'lI-IH TpYAoBe, B KOHTO ce H3CJIel-\B3T H [JOKa3MIT Te3H H306paJKeHHH. C'-lHT3M 3<1 HeHYJKHO 1-\ a nOBTapHM

T33H 6H6J1YIOrpacjJMH H3I1HJIO.

OCHOBHHTe pe3YJITaTM, )],0 KOHTO e CTHrHaJIO H3CJIel-\BaHCTO ua H306pmKeJ-IHH1'a H3 rpHCpOJ-lH B a a- 1'W1J-IOTO H Cpel-\HOBeKOBHOTO M3K)'CTBO, HaH-1-\06pe C3 CHCTeMaTH3Hpal-IU OT r. K. Bar H e 1'. fpHcjJOJ-J BO BJIaI-\HMHpo-Cy3I-\a,~bcKOJ:I cjJac3J\HO}1 CI,YJIbflType.CA, 1962, N2 3, 82-89.

4 J1. Jl 0 H 'f e B a . Fl e TKO B il. Ll HT. Cb'! .,

c. :35, 33--34, 6b1.62, 43-53.

5 L. Rea u. l con ogr aph i e de 1 'art chr eticn.

T. I. Paris, 1955, p. 117; f. K. B 3 r He p. iJ,MT. CT,'!., c.84 CJI.; B. T1. Jl a p K e B H 'I. Cue rcxoe HC'

KYCCTBO BU3aIlTHM. M., 1975, 192-193.

6 H. T1. K 0 H A a K 0 B. Ouepxn H 33MeTKH no HCTOPHH c penneaexonor o HCKYCC1R3. Tlp ar a, 1929, c.358, 359; R. Will. Recherches i con ogr aph iques sur l a sculpture rom arie en Als ace. - Leo Cah ier s techni que de I 'Art. Strasburg. 1947, p. 51; f. A. T1 Y r a q e H K 0 B a. fpmiloH B aHTWIHOM H CpeJ(IleBeKOBoM HCKycCTBe Cpe)J)leH A3HE. - CA, 1959, N2 2, c.71 H CJI.; r. K. Bar I-! e p. iJ,HT. CM., 83-84; B. Tl. Jl a p K ell H '-I. L~HT. ct.u., c. 193 H n p.

7 W. von Be a ken bur g. Heilige und damon i sche Tiere. Lipzig, 1943, 241. t abl . 112-113; L. Reau.O}l.cit.,p.84,88,116;r. K. BarHep.

l~HT. C'b'-l., c.85; J1. Jl 0 H'I e B 3 - Fl e r K 0 B a.

IJ,Hr. COL!" c.23.

8 A. <P. J1 0 C e B. AHTHllH3H MHqlO.ijOrMH B ee HCTOpll'leCKOM pa3BllTIlH. ,'Itl., 1957, c. 284; f. l(. B ar II e p. 0 300MOpqlHblX H306palKeHHHx I-Ia npesnePYCCKHX x opocax , - KCI1HMK, 81, 1960, c.25 c.n. Il np.

9 BJl(' A. T1 P e [J H C. Kl,M [Jp06JIeMa1a nar npOBl(aT3 aa Cpel-\HOBeKOBH3Ta KilTeJ\paJIa .,CB. HHIWJIa" B KpenOC1'Ta ua J\1e"~HHK. - B: 13'bJIrRpCKaT3 xy.nr y p a H B33IHvIOAdICTBI-feTo if CbC CBeTOBHaTa xynryp a. I.

KaKbBTO HeCblVlHeHO e YKpaC5!BaJIa arrJlHKaUH5!ra C rpl1rpOl-I, 06HI{1-:!OBeI-IO ca ce H3pa6oTBamI aKO He B caxnre UbPKOBHH aHC31Vl6JII1, TO B nenocpencrnena 6nH30CT AO T5!X. MeJll-IHK npes T03H nepnon e 6lW rOJl5!M H 113BeCTeH rpan, C pa3BHTI1 3aHa51TH, CeAaJIHw.e ua enI1CKOI1H 51, T. e. HaJIHue ca BCl1qKH ycnonnn, sa Aa AOrrYCHeM, lie pa3rneMAaHOTO H306p31I{eHHe e

H3pa60TeHO Ha IVl5!CTO. .

C H3KJIIOqHTenHO BHCOKI1Te CH xYAOfKeCTBeI!H AOCTOHHCTBa an.nuxaunara-r-pnrpoa e ouie eAHO CBHAeTencTBO sa 60raTaTa cpeAHOBeKOBHa KynTypa Ha T03H rpaA H e ueHeH npHHOc B KYJ1TypHaTa CbKPOBI1w.HHua na 6bJlrapCKHTe 3eMI1.

JloKJIaJrH na T1'bPBM Me/l(I-\YHap0l-\eH «our pee no 6'bJI· r apncrnx a. C., 1983.

10 J1. Jl 0 H 'I e B a - T1 e l' K 0 B a. iJ,HT. Cbll"

c. 37.

11 f. K. B a r J-l e p. fPH¢OH BO BJIaJ\HMHpOCY31-\aJIbCKOH ¢acaJi.Hoil cxyns rrry pe , 82-83 .

• 12 F. C ham 0 u x. La civilisation grecque. Pa-

rIS, 1963, p. 45; Jl. A r P e. KbM n-sn poca s a [JPOH3- x oua lola cpeot.puara aM¢opa 01' KYKOBa MOfHJJa. - ApXeOJIOrMH, XXVI, 2-3, 1984, 76-78, oOp.6.

13 f. K. Bar He p. Iljrr. Cb,!., c. 8.3; E.

E. K y 3 b M H H 3. 0 CeMaJ-lTHKe H~o6paJKe}lHH n a LJepTOMJIblUKCJI1 a ase. - CA, 1976, N2 3, C. 70 H np. 14 r. K. Bar He p. Ll,HT. cr.v., c.84.

1.5 N. M a v rod i nov. 0 p. ci t. - A H, X X I X , 1943, p. 147, t abl , XLI, p. 150, tab!. XLII.

16 Jl. 0 B 'l a p 0 B. DpeCJI3BCKH nap ancn n B KpenOCTTa KpYMOBO KaJIe n pn Tt.proauuie. - I1HMlli, VI, 1973, c. 230 C.~., 06p.9.

17 B. M a B po 1-\ MHO B a. CKYJInTypa. KYJITYpara 11 H3KYCTBOTO n pes npene n a T1'bpBaT3 6bJIrapCKa I-\bPJK3B3. - B: HCTOPMH ua 6'bJIrapCKOTO H306pa3Hre.n no H3KYCTBO. I. C., 1976, 89-90. ABTopK3Ta OT· HaCH IIIM¢epHHTe nJIO'IH 01' Crap a 3aropa, MeJl(l-\y ](OM' TO H Ta3H C H306pa}KeHHeTO na r-p ndion , K'bM IX-X B. B 6eJI. 193 (c. 14R) nOCO'IBa MI-lel-lHeTO ir a pa3J1H'-IHI1Te aar opu , KOMTO ca rH H3C!leABaJIH H KOHTO fM )JaTHpaT pa3JIHllHO - 01' VII-VIII )],0 XIII Fl. B'lo3 OCHOBa n a [JapaJIeJIH 01' I't.pnua J1. JlOH'!eBa-T1eTKOBa rB OTH.1CH KbM xp as n a X B. (iJ,HT. CM., c. 26). Orip a- 3'bT n a open BbPXY ej\HaTa OT n.ton are oriase , KOHTO e n aii-ue p oarno 01' XI-XII B., HB naaa OCIIOBaHlle na npHeMeM rau as a 1-\3THpOBKa H aa OCT<lHa.TJHTe [JJIOlJH, B T.lL H sa Ta3H C rpH¢OH - n:«. B. He III e B a. MpaMopeH pe.ned, n a I-\ByrJIaB open 01' Me.1HHK. ApXeOJIOfHH, XXVI, 2-3, 1984, c. 113 H unr. JlI1T.

lR G. C. Mil e s. Byzantium and the Arabs: relations in Crete and the Aegean Area. - DUlTlbarton Oaks Papers, 18. washington, 1964, ill. 74. 19 G. Sot i rio u. Guide du Musee Byz an tin d 'Athenes. Athenes, 1955 - orip. ua rcopn uar a H u a 3arJI. cr p.

20 H. G e r s tin g e r. Die griechische Buchm alerei . Tafe1band. Wien, 1926, tal. XXIV. T1pe3 cpeJ\!lOBeIWBHeTo ce e 3a[Ja3H.~a H npennara a rtorp onenu ua ¢yHKl\HH n a r pud.ona KaTO 33Il\IlTHHK OT M3rHH H 3JIHI-IH - BJK. B. Fl. Jl a p K e B H 'I. iJ,HT. Cb'-l., c. 193 H UHT. JIHT. B'bB BH3aHTMH r pudiorrs-r ce npem.pnan B eMOJIeMa ua xecapcxua p anr-. 06JIeK.T]0

C 06p33H na r pnrboun HOCeJIIl H HM[JepaTopH, H xecapH - BJK. H. T1. K 0 H 1-\. a K 0 B. iJ,1-IT. CV!., c.29, 103, :360. TaK3Ba eM6JIeMa e CKYJI[JTHpaHa H BbPXY eJI.!-Ja OT CTpaHHTe a a H3BeCTHHH l(a[JHTeJI C MOHorpaM Ha 6b.nrapcKHH uap MHX aEJI U1HIIIMaH (1323-1:330) - bJK. T. C H JI 51 I-I 0 B C K a. CKYJI[]1·ypa. 113!(YCT-' BOTO no BpeMe IIa B'r opar a 6bJIrapCK3 )],'bp)l(a!la. - . B: I1C'l'OpHH a a 6'bJlralKK0To H306pa311Te.nl-10 H3KYCTBO. 1. C., 1976, c.206, 06p.216-218.

37

21 B)K. 6e.11. 2.

22 .n. JJ, 0 H q e B a - Fl e r K 0 B a.

IJ,I1T. CVI.,

c. 37.

23 B)J(. E. A. P hi 6 3 K 0 B. PeMeCJIO )lpeBHeIi

pYOI. M.-.n., 1948, c. 319. 3a Ta3H TeXHI1Ka B 61.JI-

rapCKI1Te 3eMH - C. reo p r He B a, JJ,. E Y Y 11 HC K H. Craporo 3JIaTapCTBo BolL Bpaua. C., 1959, c. 36.

24 Pa3I<OnKI1 r. CT05lHOB II E. UBelKoB. Henyo.nuKYBaHI1 AaHHI1, 3a KOI1TO HM H3Ka3BaM 6JIarOAapHocT.

V. NESEVA

Application en cuivre avec represention de griffon de Melnik

(R e sum e)

Lors des iouill es de 1 'egl ise

S! Nicolas, dans une fosse a I 'ouest d 'elle, aban donn ee e t recouver te d 'une couch e ep aisse vers l e milieu du XIIIe s. dapr es l a rnonn aie tr ouvee, il a ete d&co uver te une application r epr esen tan t un griffon a tete d 'aigle. El le est Iabr iq uee de tole de cuivre par press age avec des matrices, par suite de quoi a ete forme un bas-relief renf orce par en dr oi ts par une gravure com plemen t air e avec un burin mince. A cause de l a Ir agi l i te de I a feuille rnet al li que mince, sur l es con tr ours exteri eurs de l a figure a de tai llee encore une, servant de t aquet. Ont ete conserves les r accor ds avec l esquels a ete Iix ee I 'application, vr aisernbl ablemen t sur un objet a destination cil tuell e - bojte ou coffret, porte en bois, tron e qui au Moyen age et ai en t bien souven t decor es de griffons.

Les ail es, l es pi eds, ainsi g ue 1. a tete son t d 'un aigl e.

Le corps, la queue, l es oreilles, la crin i ere sont de lion. L'anirn al est de pr ofil a dr oi te. Manquentles deux pieds de dev an t e t un e partie de l a queue. La figure denote de l a tension et de I 'ex pressivi te car acteri stiques des griffons, re pr esen tes sep arernen t, snp pr etan t a sauter , ou bien dans des compositions, dresses vic tor ieusernen t sur I a victirne abattue. II ex h a!e l a force, inspire l e sentiment de protection danim al bien veill an t. II in carne l Tdee du griffon en tan que g ardi en de dieu e l de son autel - representation antique in carriee dans l a mythologie chr etienne. La figure est Ior tcmen t stylisee e t d 'un car actere

38

dccor atif soul igne.. rn algre l a ten dance cl airemen t exprirnee de son auteur de lui irripri mer de l a s piri tuali te et de l a ver aci te, en la r appr ochan t, par lIn di cati on de certains details anatomiques, des figures r eelles d'aigle et de lion. Dans lTcon ogr aphi e son t i n di q uees des traditions qui son t passees dans I'art chr eti en des pays du cer cle culturel byzan t in .

Le griffon est une oeuvre origin ale qui n 'a pas de p ar allel es ex actes parmi l es monuments conn us ,de 1 a Bulg arie et des autres pays. Mais il a certaines r essembl an ces avec des monuments des Xe-XIe s., aussi bien au point de vue icon ogr aphi que que stylistique. Certains pr occdes techn ol ogi ques e t moyen s dex pression Ie r ap pr ochen t eg alement aux vases cerami ques de Melnik e t d 'autres en dr oi ts de l a merne epoq ue. L'ap pari ti on de l a decoration corn pl i q uee sur les matrices et de I'imitation a I 'aide de ces d ern ier es de gravure, te1le qu"on voi t sur l a representation, ain si que les monuments sern bl abl es in diques, l e datent a l a fin du XIIe -Ie debut du XIIIe s. Bien qu'iln'ait pas de donnees concretes concernant l 'en dr oi t de sa fabrication, on peut sup poser qu 'i l es t I' oe uvre d ' un m ai tr e-orIevre local qui a f abri q ue eg alernen tIes matrices, tout en n 'etan t pas exc1 u qu 'i I ai t tr av ai 11 e dans un atelier don t on a decouvert les vestiges l ors de Icuil lcs non loin de leglise St Nicolas.

Par ses h autes qualities ar tisti q ues l a representation constitue encore une preuve de la r iche culture medieva!e de Melnik, apport dans Ie p atrimoine culture! des terr es bulg ares.

/KAH-K.no)], fAP)],EH. XE0J10fH5!. MOCKBA,

TEOPET)14ECKA5! APDPOfPECC, 1983. 295 c.

MOHorpa<jJ1H1T3 n a /KaH·K.~oA I'ap neu "TeopeTII'IHa apxe onorna'' (n pcaon OT rppe ncxa}, nanane n a B CCCP n pcs 1983 r., e m.pnara no pcna CH, KOllTO CIl nocrana aa lI.e.1J,Qa p aap ariora TeOpeTII'IHIITe npoo.ne. Mil a a apxeo.roruara B eJ\HH 3Ha'lIfTeJlHO nO-U1HpOK n.r au. H3BeCTHO e, ne uocer a TpaJ\HlI.HOHHaTa apxeoJlOrHlI <jJYHKlI.HOHHpawe npeJ\IIMHO KaTO onncareau a HaYKa, 6e3 Il:a e 113rpa.QH.1Ja CBOll U.1IJ10CTHa TeOpeTH'IHa CHCTeMa. Ho KaKTO TOBa aene ca uanp aun.ru penuua f[aYKH, H TlI c.nen HaTPynBaHeTO ua on pene.neuo KOJlH'1eCTBO eMnHpH'IeH varepnan eCTeCTBeHC ce YCTpeMlIBa KbM Ka'leCTBeHO HOBO paBIIHlI(e - TE:OpeTH'IeCKOTO. 3a rOJlllMaTa '1aCT apXeOJl03H TOBa 06CTOllTeJlCTBO H3- r ncxczta I1enpHIlH'IHO. H KaKTO rtp an un no nonue praaa 2BTOPbT ua acr-snnreauara CT2TI-[51 51. A. Illep, noHlITHeTO "TeopeTwI aa apxeonor aa" e Hen pHB HC[ HO ue caxro 33 JlJo6lfTeJlll ua nony.na puu xn nr a , 33 apxeo.ro- 31f, pa3KpHBalI(H "TallHHTe" If ,,3araIl:KHTe" ua J\peBHHTe n a MeTJ-I HUH, HO H aa apxccnor a npod.ecaonan. B CBeTOBuaTa .n u re p a-ryp a, orrie.na ae a nO-HaTaTbK CbW,HlIT aBTOp, see oiue He e HMaJlO KHHrH C nOll:06HO nasnan ne'' (c. 5). MmKe na ce x aace , 'Ie y Hac crpeMe)l(bT KbM TeOpeTH'IHO MHCJleHe e Hall-lIpKO H3pa3eH B TpaKOJlOrH5ITa, Kbll:eTO Jl,OpH ae-re ce rrOCTaBlIT H HlIKOH <jJH.1!OCO<jJ<:KH np06JIeMH.

Hcocx onuaocrra 01' Cb31\aBaHeTO n a TeOpeTH'IHa apxcoxor-aa /K.- K. I'ap nen 060CHOBaBa, KaTO H3- TbKBa, 'Ie nocer a He e lICHO "Kbll:e aanou aa H KbJ\e aam.piuu a a p x e 0,1] 0 r H II T a cpe n TaKHBa POJ\CTBellH AlIClI.!lrrJlIIHH KaTO HCTOPHlI, aurpononor n a H np." (c. 35). DO)l.06Ha cury aunn nOKa3Ba, ue see orue lIC[IO He e ouep t an npell:MeTbT n a apXeOJlOrH5ITa, a rax a C'bU.LO H Hei'IHHTe MeTO.'l.H. !-1311CHlIBaHeTO n a .B3aHMOOTHoweHHeTO Me)J{Il:Y npenvcr a H Me r O)I)-ITe aa apxeonor ns ra, CbnOIl:4HHlIB<lHeTO n a 3HaHHeTO (BKJlI04eHO B He5l) B enu a TeopeTH4Ha CHCTeMa 6H no- 3BOJlHJlO Ta3H HaYKa 01' npe)\HMHO on ncaren n a n a ce n pe m.pue B reopernu na CbC CBoil c06CTBeH x arer opna.neH an ap ar.

OCHOBHHTe np06J1eMH B I{]UIraTa ca 6HJ1H BKJllOqeHn B KYPC<l JleKUHH, npoucreun B /KeHeBcKHlI ynnsepCHTE'T npcs 1976-1977 r. OT aarop a n a KHHr3Ta )I<-K. I ap neu. Ouie ror aaa TOli en nOCTaBlI s a aaaau a na C1,3A3J\e rcopc r nu a a apxeon or na , cr.cpcnorou aa allKH CBOHTe YOWHlI B JlOrIlKO-ceMaHTH4ec.KOTO 060CHOBaBaHe K3KTO Ha apXeOJlOf!llJeCKHTe OTKPHTHlI, TaKa H na ci1MHTe apXeO,1]OfH4eCKH ,rroKa3aTeJICTBa. )K.-K. l ap ne a, KaKTO caa rtonue pr as a , ce e 3aHHM3BaJl B n pom.nxceu ne n a )\1,JlfH rO,1\HHH C H3no.13YBaHeTO n a KOMnlOTpHTe B apxeonorna ta. Do 01'HOWeHUe u a "H3T04HHKOBe,1\CKI111 aHaJlH3" B Ta3H Bpb3Ka TO~I e H3nOJl3YBaJl npe)\HMHO cne nnure MeTOJ\H:

a) c.06CT.BeHOJIHHrBHCTH4eCKH aHaJlH3

6) CeMHOJlOrll'leCKH aHa,1JH3

B) M3TeMaTH'IeCKH MeTOJ\, H3nOJl3YBaH Hall-'1eCTO IIpH petu as anero 1-13 KJlaCII<jJHKall.HOHHH np06J1eMH (c. :11). DO,1\06eH 1I0J\XO,1\ n03BOJlllBa cnopen anrop a na 6b,1\e npeonona uo MHHMOTO HJlH ll:ellCTBHTeJlHOTO npOTHBonOCTaBlIHe Me)l(,1\y TpaJ\HlI.HOHHaTa eMnHpWIHa TeOpeTII'IHa apxeonor as C HeHHI1Te ~leTOJ\OJiOrH'lHH np06J1e~lH.

HeCJlY'IallHO orne npes arop ata IlOJlOBHHa H3 70-Te rO,1\HHH 1l1lKOH apxeoaosn (Deetz, 1967, Hymes,

Kpumuica II peuensuu

1970 II np.) n ponnnx a HH'repeC KbM MeTO,1\IITe a a T. Hap. nopascnam HJlH rpancrhopaaunonen aHaJlH3. TOBa 6ewe ell:HH 01' m.pe are np06J1eMH, KOHTO nox as ax a y6ellHTeJlHO He06xol\HMOCTTa 01' TeopeTH4HH p as p a- 60TKH B 06J1 aCTTa n a apxeonor nu ra.

TpYIl:HO e ,~a ce KalKe, 'Ie H3c,']eIl:BaHeTO ir a )I(aHKJlo,1\ I'ap aeu e HaYKa sa apxcon or au nara H ayx a H TO ,1\a ce or nece H3U5IJlO KbM HaYKOBeJiCKaTa n poo.neMaTHKa. HeCbMHeHO aar op i.r He OCTaBa B rp3HHlI.HTe n a HaYKOBell:CKaT3 MeT ouo.nor 11 II, Tbll KaTO 113nOJl3Ba ,1\OCTHlKeHHlITa n a KH6epHeTHKaTa, CHCTeMHH5I aHaJlH3, JlOrIiCTH'lHHlI aHaJl113, a B HlIKOI1 CJlY'laH TO~I H3nOJl3B3 H <jJHJlOcO<jJCKaTa MeTOJ\OJlOrHlI. HaYKonei.\CKaT3 MeTOAOJlOfHlI TOll sacar a claCTH'lHO H npn TOBa 'Ill e CbnOA'llIHeHa n a no-oriuur H a6CTpaKTH!I MeTO,1\OJlOrHH. Pa36Hpa ce , H3CJleABaHeTo n a np06J1eMHTe e Bb3MO)l(I-IO Il:a ce oct.uiecrau H B paMKHTe n a HaYKoBeAcKaT3 MeTO,1\OJlOrH5I. ABTOPbT n a KHHraTa 06a4e He e TbPCHJI rax aaa crpor a AH<jJepeHUHall.HlI, KaKTO HlIKOH 6Hxa MOrJlH na CH IlOMHCJllIT. Ha rn.pno MlICTO, HaYKOBell:CKHTe npoo.tcvu 6H CJleABaJlO ,1\a BKJlIO'lBaT: 3aKOHOMepHOCTHTe n a <jJYHKlI.HOHHpaHe H p ass nrue H3 apxeoJlOfll5lTa KaTO HaYKa, CTPYKTypaTa H Il:HHaMHKaTa n a cm.p aauar a CHell n aynn a AeI1HOCT, B3aHMOAellCTBHe-

. TO n a apXeOJIOrHlITa C OT,~eJlHH coun an an HI'ICnITYTIl H T. H. OT rJlE'i.\Ha TOQKa a a HaYK03HaHHeTO 6H CJleABaJlO Aa ,1\OMHHHpaT np06J1eMHTe n a: opr aunaauuar a n a HaY4HaTa AellHOCT, nOJlHTIiKaTa B 06J1aCTTa H3 apXeOJlOrH'IHaTa ,1\ellHOCT H up. TYK 6Hxa MOrJlII na ce OTHecaT H HH<jJopMauHOHHHTe n ponec n, cs spa aua C ynp aancunero n a HayL!l-IHlI rrOTeHUHaJl, HAP. TaKHBa H3CJleJ\BaHHlI ca Bb3MO)l(HH, HO He ca B uenr-sp a n a BHHMaHlieTO B KHHraTa H3 /KaH-KJ101l: I'ap nen. ABTOPbT He OCTaBa B paMKHTe a a 06w,OHaY'lHaTa n aYKOBeACKa MeTO,1\OJlOrHH II ce H3AHra J\O no-aocrp axru a-ra <jJHJlOcO<jJCKa MeTOIl:0,10rHH. TOBa TOll oCbw,eCTBHa a n a neno H B nOCJleAHHlI naparp aqi, Kb,llE'TO roa opn a a CpHJlOCO<jJCKH npenenn (C. 266) n a "JlOfHCTII4HH5I aHaJlH3" B rcoper an aar a apxeo.iornn. B TOBa oruoureIme )I(aH-KJlOA I'ap ne n ce CTpeMH Il:a 060cHoBe .n orHKo-ceMaHTH'IHHTe aCneKT!I a a apXeOJlOfH4eCKoTo OT· KpHTFe 11 apXeOJlOfH'IeCKOTO ,1\OKa3a1'eJlCTBO. TOll noKa3Ba y6eIl:HTeJlHO, 'Ie np06J1eMHTe n a rcoper au na ra ap xccnor-na HMaT uenocpencrneno OTHOUleHHe KbM "KYJlTypHaTa aHTpOnOJlOrHlI". Il pn.nar aaxn JlOfHCTWIHHlI aHaJlH3, /K.-K. I'ap nen 060CHoBaBa 06eKTa H ue.a r a n a H3CJle,1\BaHHlITa B CHCTeMaTa ua re.opemun ara apXeOJlOrH5I. Oc06eH nn repec B TOBa OTHOWeHHp. n pencraannn a cavar a JIOfH'IeCKa crp yx ryp a n a p asr.1Je)l(AaHHTe np06.1JeMH. 3a Hell TOll rrpcnaar a B rep as a a CBOllTa KHHra cnoeoop aae n MO)l.e.1J n a ,1\bPBOTO n a ucn nre , HJlIOCTpHpaw,H llepapXn4.eCKaTa c r.n onuaneuocr I-Ia lIp06J1l'MHTe H T5IXHaTa Il:HXOTOMHQHOCT. H3~I' r o.na ua cre nen n a 06W,HOCT I1Ma aHaJlH3bT aa apxeoJlOfH4eCKHTe nOCTpoeHHlI, a a KOllTO Toil nocnem ana l'JI. I 01' CBOllTa KHllf a. Cnopcn np n auan a n a ,1\HXOTOMH4HOCTTa TOll o rne.na m.rpeiuen aHaJlH3 (Ha apxeoJlOIHlJeCKHTe rrOCTpO(,HHlI) H BbHWHa r.renna 10'lKa. Ha CJleIl:Baw,OTO llepapXII'lHO p asuume nOcpe,1\CTBOM JlOfHCTH4HHlI 3HaJlH3 /K.-K. I'ap nen CC onn p a H3 np06J1eMa s a CTPYKTyp,i'!'a H cj)YHKu.HlITa, ctrsps aua np sxo C )l.HXOTOMH5ITa n a De (excn.n ax auasrra) H DK (KoMnHJlaUHlITa), H3noJl3YBaHH B apxeonor-nuuar a n ayx a. HMeHHO TyK oc06eHO a axcn a POJIH nr-p ae JlOrHCTH'IHlIlIT aHaJlH3. I'n ana III aarop t.r H311.lIJlO nOCBe· nr an a n a KOMnH~IauHlITa, a r.n aa a IV - n a eKCII.1JHK3· 1I.1I11Ta. TOBa e CJleABaw,OTO - rperoro p aa muue n a 1I3·

,39

cnenaaue, KOeTO JlOrH'leCKH e c i.nonn nneno n a n pe,/\HIllHHTe ,l(Be.

I'rr aa a V (06Illa cxeMaTH3aUHH), VI (<DopMa n a apXeOJlOrH'lHHTe ny6J1HK3UlIH) H VII (Il penen nre a a re opemvuar a apXeOJlOrHH) aBTOp'bT OTHaCH K'bM noCJle,/\HOTO p asnnme na H3CJle,l(BaHe, xoero HMa HaMBHCOKa crerrex n a a6CTpaKTHOCT. TYK TOM ce cn np a B .n or nuaa nOCJle,/\oBaTeJlHOCT n a cxe aar as auas ra n a TIK H TIe II n a HerOBOTO OTpa)KeHHe B apxecnor nunure ny6J1HKaIUlH. TIoCJle,/\HaTa r a an a rtpencrannaaa nasecrno ap-surane K'bM I r n aaa, HO n a HOBO p aaname. ]/[3rrOJl3YBafIlO1 pe3YJlT3THTe OT H3CJle,l(BaHHHTa B npe,l(HIllHHTe rJlaBH H np06J1E:MHTe s a "B'bHIllHaTa r ncana TOlJKa" (OT r.n. I), aBTOp'bT paar.ncscna OTHOIlleHHeTO n a reoper avuar a apXeOJlOrHH K'bM npyra Hay'lHH Hanpasaeaaa.

B KHHraTa non apXeOJlOfH'leCKO nocrpoenne aaTOP'bT p asonpa BceKH BH,l( TeKCT, T. e. OT,ll,eJleH rpyn no apxeonorna - crarna , KHHra, llMaIllll aa ue,n ,l(a 3an03H aHT H aY'IHaTa 06IllHOCT C pe3YJlTaTHTe OT p aaxorrxn llJlH pa3Y3HaBaTeJlHo Ha6J11O,l(e}llle. ]/[MeHHo B Ta311 npr.ax a )1(.-1\. I'apnen [p aar.ncxoia JlOfHCTH'lHlIH aHaJlf!3: B TeOpeTH'IHaTa apXeOJlOrHH. TOM npencr anass a TaKbB MeTO,l(, KOMTO llMa aa uen ,l(a H3pa3H BbB <jJopMa n a nOCJle,ll,OBa1eJlHOCT OT onep aunn p aactox neHHHTa, n aanp anm ce B OCHOBaTa a a apxecnor nvecxaTe n ocrpoenas. OT Ta111 rJle,ll,Ha TO'lKa B reoper nvnara apxeonornn aBTOp'bT BKJllO'lBa Ha'lIlHllTe aa cuanaa ane n a c soraernn 3HaKOBll nocrpoenua. TYK TOM OTHaCH H caMOTO ,,1l3KYCTBO" n a apxeo.nor a n a ,l(OCTHrHe orrTllMaJlHll pe3YJITaTll n ocpencrnou JlOrllCTWIHIlH an an na.

ABTOP'bT npencraaz rr03HaBaTeJIHHSl npouec B reoperuvn ara apxeonorns KaTO enua cnap an ua CTPYKryp a , KOHTO 06XBaIlla nonocp a a a n aanare , THXHOTO o nacan ne., opr an aanp anero llM B aor auecxa nocnenoBaTeJlHOCI, an repnper-anaa H ouenx a n a ,/\OCTOBepHOCTTa (c. 218). TOBa e e,/\HH UllK'bJl n a cnap an a-r a. B CJle,/\B aII~IlH UllK'bJl ce OC'bIlleCTBHB a "noBTopeH ne", HO n a HOBO Ka'leCTBeHO p aannme. TYK Oil CJI€,ll,BaJlO n a ce oT6eJle)Kll, lJe aBTOp'bT HeHBHO ce rrOJl3YBa OT ,l(HaJleKTl!lJHHH MeTO,ll, B aer oa ara ,l(HaXpOHHa HHTepnper auna , 6e3 na oT6eJlSl3Ba TOBa H 6e3 na ce B'b3nOJlayna OT penaua npyr a B'b3MO)KHOCTH, KOHTO T03H MeTO}I oTKpHBa. Ho nonorien ncnx on n03BOJlHBa n03HaBa· ren aara }leMHOCT zta ce <jJopMaJll!3Hpa n a e3HKa n a MaTeMaTHKaTa, KoeTO e Ba)KHO sa apxeonor aara.

Ho aBTOp'bT HlIMa npere nnnn na cssnaa a enn a USlJlOCTHa aaaspnreaa TeOpeTHlJHa apxeonoms. TOM H3PHqHO nonuepr-aaa, lJe HerOBHTe H3CJle,l(BaHHSl ce OTHaClIT "K'bM x ap axrep a n a MHCJlOBHHTe onep aunn, H3noJl3YBaHH B OHa3H qaCT a a HayqHOTO H3CJle,l(BaHe, KOllTO ce HaMHpa Me)K'/\y criop a aa H3XO,/\HHTe }laHHI! H pe naxrnp anero n a n ayu nure ny6J1HKaUHH" (c. 34). TYK cnenn a na nonvepr ae«, se Te3H rrp06J1eMH aa rrorOJl5lMa u acr OT apXeOJl03HTe H3rJle)K,l(aT HHTyHTHBHO lICHH H CJle,/\OBaTeJlHO aeayxcaaemn ce OT H3CJle,l(BaHe. Ho n a reopernvno pasnnme ce OKa3Ba TOqHO 06paTHOTO. Cnopen Hac TB'bP}l€ Ba)KHO e 06CTOllTeJlCTBOTO, se eKOJlOrHqeCKH5IT <jJaKTOp, reor p adcxnar <jJaKTOp, 61!0JlOrHqHH5IT <jJaKTOp H JJ:p. )1\.-1\. Tap nen CqHTa KaTO nap ave rpa a a )KH3HeHaTa c pe.aa. Te HMaT H3- KJllOqHTeJlHO Ba)KHa COUll OKyJlTypH a pcr-y,n ap a III a <jJYHKUHlI H ,,3a)1,'bJl)KHTeJlHO rrpHC'bCTBYBaT B npouecure n a KYJlTYPHOTO B3aHMo,/\eMCTBHe". B Ta3H npt.sx a asTOP'bT 06p'bIlla ocooeuo BHHMaHHe n a "eKOJlOrHqHaTa nap aJJ:HrMa", s sne aeua OT f. YHJlJlH (Wi!ley 1953, 1956). C HeMHa noxout 3HaqHTeJlHO no-rrsnno MO)Ke na ce p asxp ae H3ME:HeHHeTO n a MaTepHaJlHHH' H }IYXOBHHTe acnexrn B ,/\HHaMHKaTa H a KYJlTypaTa. 3 a BCHlJKO, KoeTO MO)Ke ,/\a OCBeTJlH )KH3HeHaTa cpena, B K05lTO e H3MHllaJl )KHBOT'bT na lJOBeKa, )1\.-1\. I'apnen OCHOBaTeJlHO H3rroJl3YBa rrOH5I1 He TO "eKo<jJaKTH". TOBa ca (jJaKTH n a eCTeCTBeHa cpena, ir a KOHTO BJlHlIe H.nH He rOcrrO,ll,CTBOTO a a qOBeKa, B rrpOTHBOrrO,10)KHOCT n a "apTe<jJaKTHTe", T. e. 06eKTHTe na MaTepHaJlHaTa xyn ryp a, C'b3JJ:a,ll,eHH OT pt.xara n a qOBeK3 (c. 39). TYK cnena a ,/\a oT6eJle)KHM, lJe ornenanero n a MaTepn anu ar a H nyxoauar a xy.n'ryp a e OTHOCHTeJlHO, T'bM KaTO rro caa ar a MaTepHaJ!Ha xyn ryp a MO)Ke ,/\a ce C'bJJ:H aa JJ:YXOBHHlI )KHBOT, T. e. Ta3H "MaTepHaJl1l3 xy.nryp a''

40

MO)Ke na e nonysena H B pe3YJlTaT a a ,/\YXOBHa ,/\eMHOCT. TaKIlBa ca u an p aac p KYJITOBI1Te n pcnuc rn. HaMy6e)1,HTeJIHO e B ,/\aJJ:eHH5I cJlyyaj;i xy.nryp ara )1,a ce p aar JIe)K)1,a KaTO 3H aKOIl a (reMHOTHlJeCKa) CHCTeM3, B K05lTO na ce o-rneaar HSlKOJ!I(O acnexr a H3 opr aaaaaUH5I: ceMaHTHqeCKIl, CHHTaKTHyeCKH, np ar-aarmecxu, cHrHHqlHKaTHBeH H IlH(jJopMaI.l,I10HeH.

He06xo,/\I1MOCTTa OT C'b3)1aBaHeTO n a reoper nuu a apXeOJlOrHH npoaaruua Il 01' 06CTOHTeJ!CTBOTO, ue npn nnrepnper aunara n a ,/\aHHHTe H Ha6J11O,l(eHH5ITa apxeo.nor-sr C1,3HaBa TOBa HJ!H He, onepup a C orrpeneJleHH xonuenry annu MOJJ:CJlH. E}lHO e Te3H Mo,/\eJl H ,/\a 6'b,/\aT H3rrOJl3YBaHH CTHXI1MHO, np yro e -re na 6'b)1,aT HaYYHO 060CHOBaHH 0T r neuna TOYKa n a THXHaTa HCTHHHOCT. TOBa B 3HaYHTeJlHa crene n 6H n03BOJlHJlO JJ:a 6'b,/\e npe onons aa eurponus ra B apXeOJlOrHlJHHTe H3CJle,/\BaHI!1I. B Ta3H ap ssxa, 6e3 ,ll,a npornaonocraas reoperuuuar a apXeOJlOfH5I n a Tpa,/\HI.I,HOHHaTa, TOM 1I P a3rJ!e)KJJ:a KaT 0 CHCTeMa OT H3CJle}lB aHHlI, OTH 3ClIIllH ce K'bM MaTepHaJlH HTe 06eKTH, KOHTO 3ae,/\1I0 C np yr-are ,ll,aHHH MoraT ,/\3 OCBeTJllIT I!CTOpHHTa H Ha'!HH a n a )KHBOT n a x opar a OT MHHaJlOTO. TYK ce OTHaCSl1 OTJJ:eJlHHTe C'b6HTH5I, BceKH,/\HeBHaTa JJ:eMH OCT, H a'lHH'bT n a )KHBOT, I!HCTHTYTI1Te H BHpBaHH5ITa (C. 40). ABTOP'bT np annano CM5ITa, T.le nonycr auarc uenn B apxe oJlOrH'l(,CKHTe H3CJ1e,/\BaHHlI BKJlIOlJBaT H "MHO)KeCTBO nn anone: COUHOJlOrWleCKH, eCTeTH'leCKH If T. H." (C. 40). TOBa nox asn a, lJe reopet nunat a apxeonorua CH B3aHMoJJ:eMCTBYBa C'bC COUHOJlOrHHTa, eCTeTHKaTa H np.

Pa3rJle)K,/\3MKH HaYIiHHTe a a n ayunn pa3C'b)KJJ:eHHH B apxeonornar a, )1\.-1\. I'ap nen 06p'bIlla ocorieno BHHMaHHe H a ,/\Be KaTerOpI1H 1!3CJle)1,OBaTeJlCKI! onep aUI!H. EJJ:HHTe OT TSlX ce OTHaCHT K'bM HerrOCpe)1,CTBeHOTo asyu auanc ua CaMI!Te MaTepHaJ!HH 06eKTH: npaxrnxar a a a pa3K0rrKHTe, MeTO)l,HTe a a rr.pcene, TeXHHKaTa aa oT60p, MeTO)1,HTe a a KOHCepBaI.l,H5I a a MlICTO RJlI1 B Jla60paTOpli5lTa. ,UpyrHTe pa3Cb)K,/\eHI!1I ca CB'bp3aHH C npex on a "OT (jJaKTOJlOrHlJeCKHTe MaTepllaJ!H K'bM H3Ka3BaHeTO n a 060CHOBaHH npe anonoscennn aa TSlX B HaM-pa3J1HqHH n anp aancnus: XpOHOJlOrHqeCKH H.rIIl reorp arpcxn aTpH6YUHH, peKOHCTpYKUHlI n a HCTOPH'leCKHTe cb6HTHH, H3BO,/\H aa COUHaJlHaTa opr an aa aUHlI, HKOHOMHKaTa, peJlHrH03HaT3 np axrux.a. TeXHOJ!OrHHTe H T. H." (C. 40). ABTOP'bT npenno.n ara, 'Ie C'bOTHOIlleHHero MelKJJ:Y JJ:BaTa r nrr a H3CJIe}lOBaTeJlCKH onep aunn HMa JIHHeeH x ap axre p: C'b6HpaHe a a H3- JlO)KeHHTe ,/\aHHH, KOMeHTapHH H IlHCKYPCHBHH C'b)K)1,eHHlI. TYK 6H cnenaano JJ:a ce ,/\06aBH, 'Ie Me)K}lY TlIX HMa OTHOIlleHHe n a "liP aSH" H ,,06paTHH" KH6epHeTHlJHH BP'b3KH, a OCBeH TOBa JJ:HCKypCHBHH1e C'b)K,l(eHHlI BHHarH csmecrayaar B "KOHTeKCTa" n a orrpenenen a CBeTOrJIe)1,Ha CHCTeMa, xapaKTepHa aa cyoexra n a apxeOJlOrHqeCKOTO n03HaHHe. CBeTorJ!e,/\HaT3 CHCTeMa B onpencaen a crenen s anaa a HOpMH n a H3CJle,/\OBaTeJlCKaTa JJ:eMHOCT H BJlH5Ie m.pxy CTpaTerH5ITa n a H3- CJleJJ:BaHeTO. B T03H CMHCbJl aBTOp'bT oT6eJlH3Ba: "HHTO eJJ:HH 06PKT He MO)Ke na 6'b}le on ncaa 6e3 H3rrOJl3YBaHeTO, MaKap H a a HeHBH3 orropa B'bpXY C'bIlleCTBYBaunrre 3HaHHH H 6e3 OTqHTaHe n a 3aJJ:aqHTe n a H3CJle,/\a ane , KOHTO H3 CBOM pe n onpene.nar Ha,/\e)K)1,HaTa MeTO)1,OJlOrH5I n a onncanaar a rro C'bIlleCTBO H rro (jJopMa" (c. 62).

OT)1,eJl5lMKH JJ:Ba OCHOBHH r nn a nocmpoenu s: KOMnHJlaTHBHH H eKCnJIHKaTHBEH, K'bM nr.ps arc )1\.- I\. I'apne H OTH aca "BClIKa rrOCJle,l(OBaTeJIHOCT OT B3aHMOCB'bP- 3aHH H3Ka3BaHHH, npenaasnasena sa GrrHCaHHe na rrpenMeTHTe OT MaTepHaJlHaTa xynrypa ... " (c. 67). Te Tp5l6Ba )1,3 6'b.'\aT 06e,/\HHeHH no' TaK'bB HalJHH, 'Ie JJ:a 06JIeKlJaT H3yqaBaHeTO n a CB'bp3aHHTe C T5IX HCTOpHlJeCKH rrp06J1eMH.

3a p aan ax a OT rrs paoro (KOMrrHJlaTHBHOTO) rrocrpoernre B T03H CMHC'bJl, x oirro My n pnnaa a aBTOp'bT, eKCrrJlHKaTHBHOTO (B10pOTO) n ocrpoeuae npencrasn 1Isa "opraHH3HpaHO MHO)KeCTBO OT H3Ka8BaHHH, naconeHO K'bM peKOHCT[JYKUHSlTa H3 C'b6HTHlI IIJ!H HaqHHa na )KIIBOT ua ,/\peBHHTe xopa H 06IlleCTBeHH rpyrm na OCHOBaTa aa Te31l oc06eHOCTH, KOIITO ce lIBlIB3T B ,/\a)1,eHIIH KOMIIJleKC OT apxco.noruuecxn MaTepHaJIII Ii HaOJIlO)1,eRHH" (c. 69). E xcrtn HKaTHBH HTe uocrp oeHHSl ca CB'bp3aHH C npex ona OT apXeOJlOfH'leCKHTe

cjJaI<TH H Ha6moJ[eHH5I KbM XOp8T8 OT npeBHOCTTa, KbM T5IXHaTa HCTOPH5I. ApXeOJJOfWIE.CKHTe MaWpl1aJJH ce rpernpa r KaTO 3HaKOBl1 CI1CTeMI1, "C.~enH" OT cb6HTH5I I:! 06pa3H n a )KHBOTa OT MI1HaJJOTO. CaMH no ce6e CH Te3H "CJJeJ\H" npenCTaBJJ5IBaT pe3YJJTaT OT o rp aacaTeJJHH H CBbp3aHHTe C T5IX HHcjJopMaUHOHHH npoueCH.

01' Ta3H r.nenua TOIJKa TeOpeTlIIJHaTa apXeOJJOfH5I MOJI<e nil ce p aar nexcna KaTO CHHTeTHIJHa HaYKa s a pa3JJHKa OT aHaJJHTHIJeCKaTa, H3YIJaBaw,a naMeTHHunre "TaKHBa, K3KBH10 ca". TeOpeTHIJHaTa apxeoaorH5I e orn.pnar a KbM x op ar a, Cb3,!!,aJJH HJJH Bb3JleiICTBYBaJJH H5IKOra BbPXY cavnre apXeOJJOfHIJeCKH naMeTHHUH. TIo JaKbB HaIJHH TeOpeTHIJHaTa apxeoJJOfH5I ce OKa3Ba cm.paaua C aIiTpOnOJJOfH5ITa.

B TeOpeTHIJHaTa apXeOJJOfH5I nOH51TlIeTO "BpeMe"

aB10pbT 1I3nOJJ3YBa B na a CMHC1,JJa:

~ KaTO AaTHpOBbIJeH rrpH3HaK

6) KaTO XpOHOJJOrHLJeCKa eJ\HHlIua.

TYK 51BHO CTaBa J\YMa s a J\IHlxpOlIel-1 nonx on, xoirro 06aIJe He e oT6eJJ5I3aH B KHHfaTa_ TOBa e nOJ\XOAbT, IJpe3 KOI1TO MO)Ke na ce p asxpne nponecy an nar a crp yx ryp a a a CHCTeMaTa H 06HKHOBeHO ce HaMHpa B eAHHCTBO C np annn na sa el\HHCTBO H Cb01BC1CTBHe a a H(,TopHIJeCKO, JJOfHIJeCKO H J\HaJJeKTHlleCKO.

B TeOpeTHIJHaTa apXeOJJOfH5I en open aarop a n a KHHfaTa Ba)KHO M5IeTO aae xar THnOJJOfHIJHHTe noCTpOeHH5I. TlIrrOJJOrH5ITa TyI< ce n p05lB5IBa KaTO "BC5IKO OpraHl'I3HpaHO MHO)KeCTBO 01' 06eKTH, KoeTO rr03BOJJ5IBa na asropa Aa rrpaBH 3aKJJIOLIeHH5I OTHOCHO cjJaKTH, HeCbAbp)KamH ce B rrbpBI1IJHHTe npencrasu sa Te311 06eKTH" (c. 116). B Ta311 apsaxa e He06xoJ\HMO na 6b,ll.8T pa3Kpl1TI1 CI1CTeMaTH'leCKHTe CbOTBeTC'IBH5I Me)KJ\y Bb1peIIlHI1TC cnojtcraa n a 06eKTHTc H TeXHHTe BbHIIlHH xapaKTcpHCTHKH. L~aBHaTa ue,n e n a OCHOBaTa Ha OTKpHTI1Te MHHHMaJJeH 6poii cBoiicTBa Aa 6b,ll.aT rrOJJYLJeHH Haii-I'oJJ5IMO KOJIHLJeCTBO x apaKTepl1CTI1KH H no-narar-sx 01' CbrrOCTaB5IHeTO n a BbTpeIIlHHTe H BbHIIlHI1Te npnsn anx ,ll.a 6b,ll.e H3BJJeLJeHa I1HqJOPM3l\H5I aa COHl1aJJHHTe npocrpancrneuo-npeaenn KOOp,ll.HHaTI1 n a Te3H Ma1epHaJJH.

np06JJeMHTe a a TeOpeTI14HaTa apxeOJJOrl151

)1(.-1\. I'apne a CbOTHaC5I ct.c crpe aexca n a ce cnr.pas a 3H84eHI1eTO Ha H3Ka3BaHH5ITil B T83H HaYKa e onepaUI1I1Te, H3rrOJJ3YBaHH aa T5IXHaTa nposepx a. OT Ta3H r.nenn a TO'lKa cnope.a anrop a TeOpeTH'IHaTa ap xe o.n ofl151 HMa np aico OTHOIIleHl1e KbM aHaJJI1TH'lHaTa cjJHJJOCOcjJl151, JIOI'H'leCKH5I eMnHpH3'bM H ceMHOTHKaTa. Buposev nocaennara B KaIJeCTBOTO CI1 na HaYKa sa 3HaKOBHTe el1CTeMH (11 T5IXHaTa I1HTepnpeTaUH5I) ce 060c0651Ba K8TO aenocpenc mcn a MeTOAO.~OrI14eCKa ocHOBa n a apxeonoruma.

B xn nr ar a ce orip t.m a BHHMaHHe n a He06xoJ\l1- MOCTTa 01' C'b3J\aBaHeTO n a "MpE')Ka Han3I-IHHTe". TOBa rue AOBeJ\e criopen aar op a AO npep asr aeacnane n a c sutecrnyaarnara npaxrux a aa ny6JJHKYBaHeTo n a apXeOJJOrH'IeCKHTe MaTepHaJJH. CnOpE'A anr op a "Mpe)KaTa a a n ananre" TOB8 c a caspaanu novexcny CI1 113CJJe,ll.0- B3TeJJCKH uen-rpone (HO He npOCTO "I\OKYMel-IT3JIHI1"), KOI1TO C noneue MJJI1 nO-MaJJKO 06W,H YCI1JJH5I C'b3J\aBaT 6a3a n a ,ll.aHHI1Te no ,ll.a,ll.eH OTpaCbJI OT 3HaI-II1e" (c. 225).

TIpHBe)K,ll.aflKH pa3JJM'lHH HopMaTHBHI1 np nnuann B opfaHH3aLlH5IT8 n a apxeOJJOrWIeCKoTo 3HaHl1e, )1\.-1\. Fap ne n CM5lTa, 'Ie "HI-lTepnpeTaI~I151Ta MO}Ke na ce C'II1Ta nocaenn a cjJa3a n a BC5IKO eKCrrJJHKaTHBHO 113CJJeABaHe, a BC5IKa 3aKJJIO'II1TeJJHa aprYMeHTalJ,H5I, nr-p aeura POMI n a OlJ,eHKa H3 nocronepnocr. ce 51B5IBa Heiiaa HeOTMeHI1M3 n acr" (c. 242).

Pa3rJJe)KJ\aiiKH (rrOCJJeI\HaT3 r n aaa) fpaHI1lLHTe 11 B'b3MO)KHOCTHTe H a TeOpeTl1IJHaTa apXeOJJOrH5I (cnenBaiiKH CnHp3JJHaTa crp yxryp a n a H3CJJe,ll.BaHe), )1\.-1\. I'apne a OTHOBO ce apr.m a KbM HeiiHI151 npenver. T5I ce onpenens KaTO "HayKa n a CHMBOJJH'leCKIITe n acTpOeHH5I (BbB Q)OpMYJJHpaHI151 no-rope CMI1C'bJJ) H enaospeuenno 113KYCTBO Aa C'b3AaBa Te311 rroCTpOeHI151 ",ll.06pe" 01' JJOrl1CTI1IJHa fJJeAHa TOIJI<a" (c.245).

OT I'JJeJ\Ha TO'lKa n a HeiiHI151 npenver on penennueTO n a r p anunu re n a TeOpe'fHIJH3T3 apXeOJJOfH5I e He rrO-MaJJKO Ba)!{HO, OTKOJJKOTO B'b3MO)KHOCTHTe H. Fl penMeT'bT s a TeOpeTH'IH3Ta apXCOJJOrH5I ce n avnp a B

6 Apxeonorns, 2, 1987

npnx a 33BHCI1MOCT OT I-lei1J-lI1Te MeTOJ\H. no T3K'bB Ha4HH e H3JJHLe He caxo naneno CeMI10TH'IeCKO e,ll.HHCTBO Me)KAY npen aer H Me-rO,ll.H, HO ct.urecrayaa 11 orrpeneneno CbOTBeTCTBl1e Me)K,ll.y T5IX. B T03H CMHC'bJJ TeOpeTJ1LIHaTa apxeOJJOrH5I 113HCKBa eJ\HH nO-3a,ll.1,JJ60- IJeH an aJJH3, xojrro e B C"bCT05lHl1e na otiearreun He06- x oAHMHTe aI-lTpOnOJJOrHLJeCKI1 11 HCTOpl1'1eCKH pexouCTpyKI~HH. ETO s atno crropen )1\.-1\. I'apnen reopeTH'IH3Ta apXeOJJOI'H5I I1Ma 38 aanan a ,ll.a "peIIlH n pn H3CJJeJ\BaHeTO n a npennnre rraMeTHHLlI1 rrO-CJJO)KI-IH aaAaIJH, OTKOJJKOTO rrpOCTO C'b6HpaHe H 113Y43BaHe n a apxeOJJOrl14HHTe MaTepl1aJJI1 H B KpaiiHa CMeTKa na ce saexe C pem aaanero n a np06JJeMH, CT05lW,H ripen KYJJTypHaTa aHTpOrrOJJOrl151 I1JJH I1CTOpl151Ta n a otiuteCTBOTO" (c. 246). B 1a311 np sas a aETop1,T l1~pa35IBa n aAE')KJ\3, 'Ie peKoHcTpYKl\I1HTe, KOI1TO e B C'bCT05ll-fHe ,ll.a oCbw,eCTBH TeopeTHLIH3Ta apXeOJJOfH5I, me rr03BOJJ5IT na 6bAaT cjJOpMyJJHpaHM ,,33KOHI1Te" n a 'lOBeIIlKOTO noaeneune , nO-MaJJKO rrpI1MI1THBHH, OTKO.~KOTO rp aJ\11lJ,HOHH HTe 0651CHeHH5I H a BJIH5IHH5IT3, CXO,ll.CTBaT3 I1JJH KyJITypHHTe TpaAI1LlHI1" (c. 247).

MaK3p H J!3 He cxe am a e,ll.H03HalJHO npnponar a H3 ,~yaJJH3Ma, )1\--1\. I'ap neu OCHOBaTe.nHO npor anonoCT3BH ArrOJJOH n a JlHOHHC. 3a nyan naa a E' aeoox o,ll.HMO na ce npH3Ha5lT J\BeTe npOTHBOrrOJJO)KHOCTH sa cy6cTaHl\HH, KOI1TO ca rrpl1LJI1HH CaMI1 na ce6e CH H KOI1TO He ce HY)KAa51T OT BbHIIlHa npl1LJI1H3 s a CBoeTO Cbw,I'CTBYBaHe. HaJJI1LIl1eTO na 60p6a Me)K)lY I\Be npoTI1BOrrOJJO)KHOCTH oure He 3Ha'lH AY3JJH3bM, KaK'bBTO e CJJyLl aar C 60p6aT3 Me)KlIY ,ll.06POTO H 3JJOTO. B 06- tn ar a rrOc.neJ!,OBa1eJJHOCT, K05lTO riocouaa aBTOp'bT, J\06po H 3.~O, HH H 5IH H T. H. JlHOHHC ce nOCT3B5I a a M5ICTOTO n a 3JJaTa CI1JJa, ,ll.OK3TO en open MI1TOJJOrH5Ir a e T04HO 06paTHoTo. AnOJJOH e rro JJHHU5ITa aa "THTaHlJLlHOTO H aLl aJJO", T. e. pa3pYIIlI1TeJJHOTO. Jll10HI1C KaTO r:HH n a 60ra, p aaxt.can 01' TllTaHI1Te H BrrOCJJeJ[CTBl1e Bl,3Kp'bCHaJJ, e OJJI1l\eTBOpeHl1e u a Cb3HAaTeJJHOTO, KOHCTPYKTHBHOTO H 06HOB5IBamO Ha'laJJO. Te3H nne "Ha'laJJa" IIpH TOBa He ca paBHOCTOl1HH HHTO BbB BpeMeTO, HHTO B npOCTpaHCTBOTO. J1 MaKap aat opt.r na He I1CKa na ce OKa)Ke B .n arep a aa "AyaJJI1CTI1LIHI1Te QJl1JJOCOcjJHH, npOBb3fJJaC5IBamH He06xo,ll.HMOCTTa OT rrOCT05lHHaTa 60p6a Me)KJ\Y nne "CHJII1", eJ\H3KBO He- 06XO,ll.HMI1 s a nonm.pacaue n a )KHBOTa, TaKHBa KaTO Jl06jJo H 3JJo, HH H 5IH, A rr 0 JJ 0 H H Jl H 0 H 11 C (p asp. Mon - E_ Jl-), animus H anima" (c. 263), TO Toii OCTaBa B n ne n Ha CbW,H5I T03H "nyaJIH3bM".

ApxeOJJOrl151Ta se-re ce 060c0651Ba KaTO n ayx a, K05lTO BI{Jl104Ba B ce6e cn glOpMaJJHO eCTeCTBeHOH3- Y41l0 H XYM3HHTapHO 3HaHHC. ApXeOJJOrH5ITa 113y- 4 aaa Bew,eCTBeHHTe 06eKTH, no KilTO pe3YJJTa1 01' orrpeAeJJeH8 COl\HaJJH3 )leiiHOCT re HOCHT B ce6e CH rr <JMeT aa He51 H aa CaMI15! ,ll.yxoBeH )I,I-IBOT n a oourecraoro. ETo aanro s a apxeonor a re q)yHKI~HoI-Il1paT K3TO 3H3KOBI1 CHCTeMH, KOUTO OTp835IBaT [j CH05lTa crp yxryp a COl\HaJJHO-eKOJJOI'H'IHHTe xapaKTepHCTI1KH n a Ha411Ha rra )KI1BOT. TeOpeTI1'1HaTa apXeOJJOrHH ooxuauia B CB051 npenver KaKTO np oueca n a n ayuuare OTKPHTH'f, raxa 11 npoueca n a caarrre HaYIJHH J\OK83aTe.rrCTBa. ABTOPbT y6e,ll.I1TeJJHO nox asn a, LIe TOBa, KoeTO B TpaJ\Hl\HOHHaT30nI1CaTeJJHa 8pXeOJJOrH5I C 113I'Jle}K)laJJO "HE'll'I1THBHO 51CHO" 11 ,,01' caao ce6e CH p aariap amo ce", ce HY)K,ll.ae 01' OCMHCJJ5IHe H 060cHoBaBaHe. Ha Ta311 OCHOBa HMeHHO ce OTKpl1Ba TIbT s a nO-H3TaTbWHO pa3BHTHe n a apXeOJJOfH'leCKaTa H ayx a, K05lTO neue ce CTpeMI1 na rr pe ononee CBoeTO Onl1CaTeJIHO p aaname.

Cn open Hac ,lia npc aen n.n au ce 04epTaBaT CJJeAHHre HeJ\OCTaTblJ,H npa onnr a n a aar op a Aa csanane Teoper nu a a apxeOJJOrl151 (He3aBI1CHMO OT H3T'bKH3TI1Te norope,ll.ocToiiHCTBa):

1. ABTOPbT 113nOJJ3YBa rorona cxexa OT 06JJaCTTa n a KH6epHeTHKaTa H TOBa e 0651CHHMO, T'bii K3TO J\bJJrO npe ae ce e 33HHMaBaJJ C "BbrrpOCHTe n a n ayu nara HHrjJopMal\H5I KaTO lJ,51JJO Ii nepcnexruanre s a : HeiiH3T3 aBTOM3TI13al\H5I" (c. 30). Il on yu aaa ce rax a , 'Ie KH6ep' HeTHK3Ta ce rrOCTaB5I B pOJJ5ITa n a MeTOJ\OJJOfHHTa no OTHomeHHe aa apXeOJJOfH5IT3. A H~BeCTHO e, 'Ie T33H HaYKa c caMO enn a OT o 6w,OJ-Ia y4 I-I H1'P J\HCHl1rrJJI1HH, KOH'IO 01' CB051 crp an a I1MaT s a MeTO,Qo.norH5! rjJHJJOCOcjJH5IT3.

41

2. He3aiH!CHMO 'Ie aBTop1,T HHKb!l,e He H3nOJ13YBa noH5ITHeTO MeT6!l,oJlorH51, HaH-qeC10 TO ce H3ll0.~3yBa a a 0603HaqaBaH<: n a HaYKa, K05lTO HMa aa npenuer n a H3- cxena aue on pe.ne.ae nu MeTO!l,11 HIII1 CHCTeMH 01' MeTO!l,I1. )!(aH-KJlO!l, F'apne a ycnan a n a !l,OCTHfHe!l,O Cb!l,bp)KaHHeTO n a !l,HaJleKTHqHHTe npOTHBOllOJlO)KHOCTH,llOcpe!l,CTBOM 'IH5ITO 60p6a CP npea auaa a B HOBO KaqeCTBO, KoeTO e HOCHTeJl n a xapMOHH5I B pa1BHTHeTO, a He B MbpTBH5I noxon, HOBOTO KaqeCTBO, nOJlyqeHO B pe3YJlTaT OT 60p6aTa ha npOTHBOllOJlO)KHOCTHTe, "CHeMa" B ce6e CH TeXHH1e orp annuenaa. ETO 3aIl.{0 B KHHfa1a aBTOPbT, MaKap H n a cpOpMyJlHpa uennn H!l,eH H na nOCTaBll Ba)I(HH 3al\ilIJH B 06J1aC1Ta n a apxe on ornvecxar a HaYKa, ClI OCTaBa !l,OKpaH B "ITPOKPYCTOBOTO J10)Kf;" n a cpopMaJlHO-JlOrHqeCKOTO MHCJleHe KaTO OCHOBHO Cb!l,bp)KaHHe n a H3KYCTBeHHll HHTeJleKT. 01' cano ce6e CH ce p asriap a, 'Ie cytiexrt.r a a apxecnoruuecxoro n03HaHHe e HOCHTeJl 11a xanecra a , KOHTO He MOfaT n a 6bl\aT MOl\ellHpallH C 1l0MOIl.{Ta n a nsxycraenax HHTeJleKT. ETa 3aIl.{0 re opemvnar a apxe oncru a HeMO)Ke na ce 331\0BOmI caao C KH6eplieTHqHaTa MeTO!l,OJlOfHl1. Apxeonor-i.r ena a .1H .ll.ei\CTByBa no n pn aun na u a MaWHHaTa. ITO-CKOPO Tll MO,IleJlUpa HllKOU 01' HefOBHre n03HaBaTeJlHU CPYHKllHH. Orne J1aMeTpH 6ewe a anp as an neyc nemen OllUT ,Ila p asr-nen a uonex a KaTO MaWHHa. Cnry auns r a e ananornun a - apxeo.rort.r ce 1l0CTaB5I CbIl.{O B 1l0JIO)KeHHe n a MawHHa, HO T03H llbT Ku6ep.HeTUqHa. Ho 8(;HqKO TOBa, KoeTO U3TbKHaxMe no-rope, He oauas ana, 'Ie Tp1l6Ba na ce OTXBbPJlH 113CJ!e1\BalieTO n a an rop a. HallpOTHB, TO nparex as a penuua ,ll,OCTOllHCTBa, HaH-lla)KIIOTO c pen KOIITO e TOBa, ue aeue ce OCb3HaBa He06xo;J.HMOCTTa 01' rcoper aun a apXeOJlOfH5I. 11 T0Ba' HallCTHHa nOKa3Ba, 'Ie 01' 01111- ca ren n a HaYKa apxeonor nn ra sese n pevu naaa B 1I0BO KaqeCTBO.

ll,OCTOIIHCTBOTO a a KHHraTa npencrann aaa H H3- TbKHaTOTO 06Cr05lTeJICTBO, 'Ie H3KYCTBellHllT HHTe.~eKT MO)Ke 1\3 6bl\e He3aMeHHM nOMOIl.{HHK a a apxeo.ror a [10 lIbTll aa Cb3,ll,aBaHeTO aa rc oper auu a apXeOJlOrH5I H n pa peuraa anero n a pennua KOHKpeTHII s anaua.

)!(aH-KJlo)l. Tapneu npaan YClleWE:H onur na HaMeplI MllCTOTO n a reoperuvuar a apXeOJIOrH5I B CIICTeMaTa n a T. Hap. "HOBa" ap xeonorns. TOBa e OCbIl.{eCTBeHO n pennvno n a OCHOBaTa n a 06Il.{OHayqHaTa KH- 6epHeTHqlla MeTO!l,0.10fH5I. K05lTO 06aqe He e e na n-

J. L 0 H N I N G. EINE SIEOLUNG DER MIT· TELNEOLIHISCTHENGRtJPPE BISCHHEIM IN SCHERNAU, LO KR. KITZINR EN ,KALl.MONZ 1981. (206 CTp. TeKCT, 120 Ta6.1I1'UH, 10 npnrypror C n.n ano ae II npodnum OT pa3KonKIITe, I CTaTIICTII'leCKa Ta6J1Hlla 11 CTaTIIH 01" M. Xonrp, r. H0611c H B. Illupxep)

B 44-H~ TOM n a Materia1hefte zur Bayerischen Vorgeschich te , Il openuua A, ca ny6J1I1KYBatlll pe- 3YJlTaTHTe OT p aaxonxnre na HeOJlHTHOTO HaXOI\IIIl.{e Illep aay , <I>pr, n poae aen a non p sxoaoncraoro a a n . .TTJOHHHr npes 1971 r. sa enna rtn out OT 1600 M2. I'Ip oyuenoro el\HOCJlOHHO ce.annie ce OTHaC5I K'bM KbCua ra cp33a 5 HWX aiiM n a xy.n ryp ara PbOCCH, OTr08ap sui a XpOHOJlOrll'leCKH n a KbCHH5I eHeOJlHT P 6bJlr apcx nre 3eMII. MeCTOnbJlO)KeHHeTo n a CeJlIIIl.{eTOn a pb6a n a el\HH 1l0KPHT C JIbOC HOC, e ocorieno 6J1aro· n pas rno, TbH KaTO BtI<OllaHHTe B CKJlOHa cr p ann, Max ap II qaCTHqHO ep03HpaHII, ca sanaaeun He06l1qai'IHo noope. 3a pa3J1HKa OT OCTaHaJlIITe cpenuoenponencs a cen nura OT T03H ne.paon KOHTO C3 nocr ar nann no Hac C3MO B Cy6CTpyKUHH, 06eKTbT Ilje pn ay n aaa e ana H3KJlJO'·IIITeJIHa Bb3MO)KHOCT sa Ha6J1JO,ll,CHHH BbPXY IICTopHllTa aa <::bUlCCTBYBaHeTO . a e aua np aucropaqeCK8 cr p aua OT BK01l3H rnn , qllHTO )KIIBOT ce H3qHC,l11Ba OT 3BTOPa. n a OKO.~O 50-60 rO)l.IIHIl. TOBa 06- CTOHTe.lICTBO e HBllo,~3YBaHo m.n nouen nc s a nOJIYtJ3'

42

CTBl'lIa. MaKap H )l.a He s ac s r a BCHtJKII BbnpOCH n a rcopc-rnu a ar a apxcoxor aa , KH1-IraTa npcacraanaa a neCbMHeH npHHOC B 060CHOBaBaHeTO n a penana Ba)KHH Ilp06J1E'MH, OTKpHBaIl.{1I rn.rs KbM Cb31\aBaHeTO n a reoperuu nar a apxecn orn a.

_ 3Ha'lHMOCTTa n a KHHraTa s a 6bJlrapCKaTa ap xe oJlO[HqeCKa H ayx a e oves anna , TbH KaTO p aar.neacnamrre m.npocn CTIIMYJlHpaT II llKTHBII311paT H3CJIe,ll,0IlaTeJlCKaTa ll.eHHOCT n a enuo I·IOBO p as a aine , KoeTO HMa 51pKO H3pa3eH reoperuveu x ap ax rep. CbIl.{eBpeMeHBO 1l0craBeHIITe llp06,~eMII B Hell n03BOJl5lBaT n a ceo OCMHCJlH ceraWHOTO p aau nure u a TeOpeTHqllllTe H3CJIe,ll,BaHII5I B 6bJlrapCKaTa apXeOJlOfllll.

KOHKpeTHO a a 6b,lJfapCK<ITa apxeonor ns KHHraTa e ueaa a npel\IIMHO C TOBa, ue BbBe)Kll.a HOBH H3CJle,ll,OB<lTeJlCKII uanp an.renan H OTKpHBa Bb3!110)KHOCTH s a npOHHKBaHeTO n a ,ll,OCTH)KeHlIllTa n a KH6epHeTl1Ka. r a, CHCTeMHO-CTPYKTypHHll an an na, JlOrHKaTa, TeOpH5I H a IIH41OpMallHllTa, H aYK03HaHHeTO, ceMHOTHKaTa, CPH.n ocorpa s ra H up. B apxeOJlOfHqeCKIIT~ H3CJle)l.BaHII1l. Tll nox aasa, 'le ripen 6bJlfapCKaTa apxeonoraa CTOllT aa peiu an ane Ba)KlIl! aanax u, IIMaIl.{H aa ue.n 06oc0611· BaHeTO a a TeOpeTHqHH H TeOpen!KO-MeTO)l.OJlOrH'lHl! 113CJle,ll,OBaTeJlCKH acnexrn. BbB np-sax a C TOBa 611xa MOfJlH ,lla ce 060c0651T c nope.a Hac CJle!l,HHTe na np aanenns: TeopeTHKO-HHCPOPMallHOHHH np06J1eMH n a apxeonorua ra, ceMIIOTII'lHH acnexru H a apxeonor-nsecxoro 1l03HaHHe, CIICTeMHO-CTpYKTypeH aHaJIH3 B apxeo.nor-nuecxnre 113CJleI\BaHHll, KH6epHeTHqeH 1l01\XO,ll, B apxeOJ!orH'leCKIITC H3cJle,ll,BaHII1l, CPHJlOCOCPCKH OCHOBaHHll· s a reope nonrar a ap xeonoms , x HnOTeTHKO!l,e,ll,YKTHBeH 1l0I\XO,'l B apxeo.aoravecxar a HaYKa. Peur as a aero n a 1l0)l.06HH 3anatJH uie crioaorue aa e nn a 3HaqHTeJlHO nc-r-onawa CHCTeMaTH3aUHll n a nOJlYl!eHHre pe3YJITaTH H uarpy n annre 3HaHII1l B 6bJlrapCKaTa apXeO,1]OfH5I. H lie a a n ocnenuo MllCTO aese MO)Ke !l,a ce npncr-srur KbM aHa.lJH3 n a OTl\eJlHIITe apxeonor aqeCKII [10CTpOeHIIl1. TOBa 6H OTKPHJlO nbT5I H KbM ecpeKTIlBHOTO H3nOJl3YBaHe n a H3KYCTBeHH5I HHTeJleKT B 6bJlrapCKaTa apxeoaorns. Kn nr-ara MO)Ke ,ll,a CTIIMyJlHpa nar paacaauero a a caMOCb3HaHHf npn oc smeCTBllBaHeTO n a OT)leM{!Ile apXeOJlOrH'IeCKH 113CJIe!l,nHHII5I H n a pons ra H 3Ha'IeHHeTO a a KOMnHJIallHHTa H ekcnn nxauaa ra.

ESJ10rI1 ll,AH KOB

sane j'13 MaKCHMaJlHa 110 06eM u aneoemor p arpcx a H apxeonor auecxa HHCPOPMallHll. ITpaBH nneuarnenae MOilepHaTa M'~TOIl.HKa a a npoyxa aae H !l,OKYMeHTallIlH, llPHC[10c06eHa IUM ocooeuoornre n a 113CJle.ll.BaHII5I repe a, KaKTO H acecrpan nnar OCTpoYMeH aaan na 1·1 a OTKpHTll1e cnr y aunu. OllTHMaJlHa e CPHKcallHllTa H3 HaXO)l.KHTE B paM.KH·re a a BCHKa cr p ana aa BceKH e,ll,HH 0T ner-re nepuona n a narpynaane a a xyn rypnua llJI3CT B Hell. ITy6JIIIKYBaHaTa m.n na nn an ar-p arpnx a a uax onxnre npencraanaua 113BopOBa casa s a u.eJllIll 1l0- uarar-sureu aaan na.

06Il.{0 c a H3CJlel\BaHH 95 pa3J1I1'lHO OllBeTeHH ncra a, OTKpOllBaIl.{H ce n a qJOHa xa )KbJlTeHIIKaBHll J1bOC. LJaCT OT TllX ca ce OKa3aJlH llMH, a npyrn -BKonaHH cr p an a. ll,Ee OT 1l0('.1Jt')l.HHTe c a 6HJlH oC06eHO 1I,06pe 3ana3eHII H ca n an n j'laii-60ra13 HHCPOPMallHll. Te ca c 110 nse nOCJle1l,0BaTeJlHH nOMeIl.{eHII5I, p aanenenn OT nanpes na CTeHa, C OfHHIl.{a no aan anuara CTeB11 H MO)Ke 6H C ncmn . P a60THTe, cm.paauu C nepHO,ll,HqHOTO a ac ans ane u a qHCTa fJlHHa n a noaa HJlH C nO)l.HOBllB3- HeTO H npeycrpoacrsoro ua cr p anare , ca IIMa.ijH aa pe3YJITaT HaTpYllBaHcTo a a KyJITypeH nn acr B l11X, nocrur am n a MeC1a no 0,7 M TOqHaTa nn annr-p arpa s 110 HHBa n a BClIqKH HaXO.'lKH, B T. -r. H n a cpparMeHTIIp anu re , e n03BOJIHJla ua nacnens au a !l,a YCTaHoBH B p3MKH;~e H,<,) crp anure onpeue.ncua llJlOIl.{1I C pa3JlIIqHII CPYHKUHH ~,MllCTO 3;;1. xp anene , pa60THH MeC1a C pa3m'I';l1j0 [1pe!l,H33!Ha4eHHe, OCHOBHHTe JlHHIIH ua nan-

»cenne (no car-snx an are B nona HaxOAKIl), a B CBO- 60AHilTe OT naxonxn MeCTa - n a n pcnno.aoxcu MeCTa a a cnane. OT naneoeruorparpcxa r.nenu a TOLJKa T031l MeTOll, aa ll,OKYMeHTllp8He H anan na n as a OnTHM3J1HH pe3YJlTaTIl. 33 C'b)!(3J1eHHe Y Hac nocer a TOH HIlK'bll,e He e np an ar an C TaKaBa 1l3LJeprraTeJlHOCT. Il.nanarpa<jJHHTa no HHBa B paMKHTe Ha Crpa)l,llle OCBeH TOB3 e n03BOJlHJla ua aarop a na n pocaena rrOJlYLJHJlIlTe ce B TeLJeHHe n a BpeMeTO H3MeCTBaHHH na Te3H nn oma. B )!(IlJlIlui:e N2 2 06aLJe e KOHcTaTHp aHO MHCTO s a 06- p a60TKa n a KaM'bK, OCTaHaJlO nerrpoveneno npes UHJlOTO npeve n a C'bll.(eCTBYBaHe n a cr p anar a. YCTaHoBeJ-Ja e csmo TaKa H H3BeCTHa CrreUH3J1H3aUHH B 33- I-IHTHHT3 ITa )!(HTeJlHTe n a nae re crp ann.

OT ocotie n mrre pec C3 pe3YJTTaTl-lTe, nOJlYGeHH npn 3HaJlH3a H3 xep annxara OT cr p aaa N2 2. B 3arraAHOTO [1 rtoueurenue npeoo.a anaaar C'bAORe rn n Psocen, AOK3TO B rrpeAHOTO, n pucr poeuo nC-K'bCHO, C'hAOBe THn EHlliMxaHM. O'leBIlAPO no-n-ssp aCTHIITe LJJleTlOJ-le n a ceMeHCTBOTO, )!(HBeell.(H B 33AHOTO noveurenne, ca OCTaHaJlH BepHH n a Tpa~H[(1I0HHaTa KepaMHK3, AOKaTO nO-MJlaAOTO noxonenne , »cnueeiuo B npennoTO noveute nae , e nperamrano K'bM H3nOJl3YBaHeTO n a nO-HOB3Ta (nO-MOll,epHB) Kep3MHKa TlIlT EHllixaHM. Pa3KpnBaJ-JeTO H8 T03H YHHK8JleJ-l s a npaHCTOpHLJeCKIne npOYLJRaHHH CJlYLJaH J-I8 KOJ-lTHJ-IYHTeT H n3p3.1JeJTHOCT H3 AOH3)KHBfTBall.(n CBoeTO npeue <jJOpMH C J-IOBR eCTal! 3J10 B'b3MO)KJ-I0 caao 6J1arOAapeJ-lHe J-Ia npeunsJ-IaTa AOKYMeJ-lTaUHH J-Ia npOYGBaHeTO.

3a H3HCJ-IfTBilJ-le n a x ap ax rep a J-I3 CTOnaJ-lCTBOTO n a npOYLJBaHaTa 06lli,HJ-Ia ct.utect sen a s acn yr a HMaT J-j IIl-lTepAHCUHnJlHHapJ-lHTe H3CJle.~BaHHH. DaJlf'060TaHHLJeCKHTe aHaJlH3H ua M. X on<jJ nOKa3BaT orrvreacn aJ-IeTO n a rnueau uu, p to« , .ne u H MaK, KaKTO H coop n a fO.1JHMO KOJlHGeCTBO j\HBOOaCTHll.(H nJlOAOBe H KOpel-III. f. H06HC ce e 3aHHMaBaJl C <jJaYI-IIICTHLJHHfT MaTepHaJT H e AocTHfHaJl .110 H3HeHa.!\Bau[H pe3y.1JTaTH: 67,8% OT MerHaTa xp an a n a HaCeJleJ-lHeTO npousXO)K.lIa OT ,ll,HBH )l(HBOTHH H caao 32,2% - OT .lI0MaWHH. Cpen 1I0CJle.llHHTe )lOMHHHpa en n a Ape6J-1a n opona CBH J-I5I , cnennaa a OT ct.uro T3Ka npeoo.n anas amo .lIpe6- HH r-oaen a H osu a/xoaa. TOBa OTK.ITOJ-leHHe OT nocer a n03HaTHTe C1'OnaJ-lCKH CTPYKTYPH s a T03H nepn on 6H MOfJlO n.a 6'bAe p asr.nexcnano KaTO eKCTeMT-Ia, JTOx an a a H3HBa n a 06ll.(aT3 s a K'bCHHH eJ-TeOJlHT n a lOfoH3TOLJHa H lO)KHa ,CpeAHa Eap on a TeHAeHIlHH K'bM YBeJTHLJaBaHe na .lIeJT3 1-13 JlOBa B MecmlTa x p aua H3- HaCeJleHHeTO. Ha.llpefHOHaJlHHHT x ap ax rep a a Ta3H TeH.lIeJ-lIlHH n aseacna na MHC'bJl1'a s a HeHHa1'a spt.ax a C KYJlMHJ-IaUHOJ-lI-!aTa TOLJKa a a K.nHMaTH'leCKH5I MaKCHMYM. He 6e2 su auenue ca H pe3YJlTaTHTe 0'1' nOLJTH .lIBYXHJlH.lIOJleTHaTa HaMeca Ha LJOBeKa B npllpO.llHaTa

cpe.lla. .

QeHHH .lIaHHH 33 CI-la6.l1HBaHeTo na HaCeJleHHeTO C KaMeHHa cy poauna ce Cb.ll'bp)l(aT B pa3pa60TKaT3 na r-eoaor a B. Illap aep , KOHTO He cave e onpenen an

OTAP JIOPD,KI·mAHYID,3E. D,PEBHA KOJIXYID,A. MYIT YI APXEOJIOfYI5I. C., 1985. 286 C.

64 CHYIMKYI, 4 DJIAHA, IPEKOHCTPYKQYI5I

, I'

B pe3YJlT3T'I-la A'bJTrOrOAHWl-iHTe apXeOJlOrH1JeCKH npOY1JBaJ-lH5I Hi) OT.lIeJlJ-lHTe paiioHH a a lfepHOMopCKOTO KpaH6pe)KHe HanOCJleA'bK 3HaGHTeJlHO ce 3aCHJTH HJ-ITepeC'bT K'bM HCTOpl!GeCKOTO pa3RHTHe n a Te3H LJaCTH n a aHTHGHH5I CBllT. Ilepu onannnre rr)'6J1HKaUHH, HHKOJIKOTO nopennun OT H3}\aHHH, Cb)['bp)Kall.(H 0606- nranaum pe3YJlT3TH, H C60pHHIlHTe 3a(i)Jl6H5I, YIC-rPIlH, MecaM6pHH H AnOJlOHII5I n03BOJlllBaT' ·\ib-3a.llll.ry6:otleHo Ail ce BlIHKHe B lIp06J1eMaTHKa'T3HanO}T1'HHCKHH ape aor.

BHlI.OBeTe cy pona na H MeCTOJ-laXO)lIlll.(aTa fl, HO e 1-13· 1I0Jl3YBaJl yc neunro apxeOMeTpHLJHI! MeTOAH, 33 .II a p asxpue pe auua COuHaJlJ-lH 3cneKTH, cum pacaun: ce B rasa rrp06.~eM'ilTHKa. TOl1 pa3J1HLJaBa 60% siecmnu. CypOBHJ-IH, cpeuraum ce OKOJlO cen auie ro, 8% 6J!U8KU CYPOBHHH, oTKpHBaHH a a pa3CTOHHHe eAHH AeH rn.r B .lIHaMeT'bp OKOJlO ce.r nuie-ro, Il iJaAI''IJ-IU CYPOBHHH (26%), lIPOH3XO)!(.lIall.(H OT nO-.lIaJTeLJHH H ax oanura. Cpen THX 'ca KpeM'bUHTe H aM<jJH60JTHTHTe. KaKTo 6e YCTaHoBeHo 0'1' HaH-HOBHTe npoY1JBaJ-lHH J-Ia B. Ill uaknep H f. Maxenae n, aM<jJH60JlHTHTe, H3110JT3YB3HH s a H3pa60TBaHe n a HaH-Ba)KHHTe OP'bAH5I na cpenxoenp one ncxnre HeOJlHTHH KYJlTYPH, npOH3XO)!(.lIaT OT 3ana.llHa Crap a lIJlaHHJ-Ia HJlH 0'1' lO)KI-!HT<:' Kap narn. DOll,06Ha CTpYKTypa n a cHa6il5lBaHe C KaMeHHa cy poBHHa e Ha6J110.llaBaJ-la H B CHllXPOHHOTO cen mue JIIO.llnurcdepr-. 3a C'b)KaJleHHe aHa.HI3H OTT03H p on sacer a Y Hac He ca H anp aBeHH. Tex nare pf3YJlTaTH 06a1Je 6Hxa 6HJTH rnt.pne nOJle3HH H 6Hxa M0fJTH Me)KAY np yroro na noxax ar .lIaJlH B Iljcp n ay He e YCTaJ-lOBeHa enu a 06ll.(OBaJlH.lIJ-Ia 3aKOHOMepHOCT, KoeTO e MHoro BepOHTHO.

OT n oceae uaero ca nOJlYGeHIl H .lIeBel C14 .lIaTH, KOHTO B nexan aopup an BH)! 06XBall.(aT BpeMeTO Me)K.lIY 3800-3200 lip. H. e., C'bC CTaTHCTl'GeCKa Te)J(eCT OKOIlO 3500. B KaJTH6pHpaH BH.lI re nonan ar B paMKHTe n a V XHJI. np. H. e. OT TOBa CJleABa, LJe KyJlTyp3Ta PbOce n B Cpenua Eupon a (B T. LJ. H KbCJ-IaTa fl <jJa3a EHWxaHM) e cnn xponua a a II HIlI rpas a H3 K'bCHOeHeoJlHTJ-IHTe KOMnJleKCH KO)l)KaAepMeH - fYMeJlHHlla - Kap aaoao VI H KPHBO.llOJl - C'bJlKy'U3 - Ey6aJ-lH.

A J-IaJlH3'bT na KepaMHK3Ta, oTKpHTa B cen nutero, nOKa3Ba C'bll.(eCTBYBaHeTo ua KOHTaKTH C uaa-aan an.raTa lIepH<jJepHH u.a JIeHfHeJlCKHH KoJi1hJTeKC, KOHTO II CBOllTa IV <jJa3a, CHHxpoHHa n a xpas n a K'bCJ-IHH eueon nr Y Hac, .lI0CTHra .110 PeHH H I'ope a D,YJ-IaB. B Ille puay cit OTKpHTH Il ns a Me.llJ-lH npcnve r a ~ crt np aJlOBHj[eI-! n pt.crcn H WHJlo06pa3HO .lIJ1eTlle, - KOHTO ca a ait-p au aare MeTaJlHH HaXO.llKH B lO)!(J-Ia H 3arraAI-ia repM3HHH. THXHOTO npHC'bCTBHe He H3J-1eHa.llBa, KaTO ce HMa npens na, Ge CTaBa .lIYMa s a BpeMe10 ua rn.pna n MeTa.nel·[ ,,6YM" B EaJlKaHO-KaprraTCKHfT paHOI-!, KOHTO e HMaJl riesc nopno rat.p ne n aneue n OT3BYK.

PelleH3HpaHHHT TPY.lI e 0;~.D6eJ-lo Ba)KeH s a 6'bJlrapCKHH 'IHTaTeJl C MeTO.llHLJeCKIITe CH 3cneKTH, KOHTO nOKa3BaT C'bll.(eCTBYBaHeTo HB axon ann )!(HJlHll.(a H B CpeAJ-Ia Eap on a, K3KTO H HaH-paIlHOHaJlI-IIlTe MeTOAH J-Ia H3CJleABaHeTO HM.

Bor arar a .lI0KYMeHTaUHH, ny6J[HKYBaHa B TOMa, e oop aseu a a lIpeUH3Ha rc peu aa p860T3. TH nOK33B3 He raMO BHCOKHTe MeTOAH'leCKH H3HC](BaJ-lHH K'bM BCllKO C'bBpeMeHHO apXeOJlOfH'leCKO ascncnaauc , HO Il WHpOKHTe B'b3MO)KHOCTH s a H.CTOpHLJeCKa a nrcp n peTaUHH, KOHTO 1'a311 AOKyJi1eHTaIlH5I nas a J-1a H3CJle.lI0BaTeJlfT ..

XEHPYIETA TOD,OPOBA

r-'f3J1e3J1HTe B noc.ne nn n-re J-I5JKOJfKO fO.llHHH KJ-IHfH 33 D,peBHa KOJlXHAa C'bll.(eCTBeHo060raTHB3T 3HaI-!H5IT3 a a T03H WHPOKOH3BeCTeH B .lIpeBH·OCTTa p aHOH H a YI3- TOLJJ-IOTO lfepHOMopHe1,

B HaGaJlOTO n a 1936 r , 1l3"aTeJlCTBO "HaYKa H H3KYC11l0" npe.llJlO)KH J-Ia BI-!HM(lHHC10 J-Ia 'c rte na a.n fiLTHTe H nO-llIHpOK xp sr LJHTaTeJIH KJ-IHfaTa n a Or ap JIopAKI1l1aHH;I,3e "D,p<:'BHa KOJlxHAa. MHT H ap xe oJlOfHH". OpeBOA'bT n a 6'bJlrapCKII e3HK e AeJlO J-Ia B. Hafl,'1.eHoBa. TOBa H3iT13HHC, rrpHAPY)KeJ-lO C npenfOBOP 01' B.- BeJTKOB, He e HAeHTHLJHO CbC C'bBCTC.KOTO. KOpHrHpaJ-lO H .lI0n'b.1JHE'HO OT am op a , TO e H 060fI'TeHO C nOBeLJe HJlIOCTpaIlHH .

. MOI-101'P3<jJH5IT3 c snt.psc a m.ne ae nwe , jl.E'Bel r n aan, nOKa33J1IlH H3 aJ-lTW-IHHTe, reor p adxneure H :eTHH'-IeC-

43

KHTe HMeH3. CHa6)J.eH3 e C 60ra1' CIIHMKOB xra re pu an , n.n aI-IOBe H peIWHCTPYKU,HH.

"BMec-ro rtpenr oaop" npencrasaa aa BCT1,nJleHHe, B KoeTO B ,!(OCTaTb'leH 33 CJlY'I3ll 06eM ca npencraseuu rn.pnnre HCTOpH'IeCKH cBeN'HHll 33 npes uare rpy- 3HHCKH u.~eMeH3 KOJIXH H TllXH3Ta CTpaH3 ,!(O BeJIHKO· TO( LJepHO) MOpe 01' XIII-XI B. up. H. e. H craporpt.uxure JIereH,!(H s a nox on a H3 aprOHaB1'HTe 33 3.~31- HOTO PYHO, OTpa3HMr UbpBHTe nocemenun n a r sp-

uure no lIepnOMopCKOTO Kp3ii6pelKHe. I

Fa ana I, KOllTO e 033rJlaBeHa .. YBO;.t B H3YtJaBaHIoTr) n a ncropnara H KYJITypaTa a a .upeBHa KOJlXH)J.a", ce CbCTOH 01' '1enlpH n acru. B .. CTpaHaT3 H3 Ko,1xIITe" aaropt.r np ocnens aa reor p arpcxare, np ap onuare H KJlHMaTH'IHllle oC06eHOCTii n a 06JI aCTTa, B KOllTO npenn 3-4 XHJlll,!(o.~enlll ce s ap aacna '!(peBHaTa KO,lXHUCKa UHBHJIH3au,Hll.

B'bnpel<H H3KmO'lHTeJlHaT3 nonya s puocr H3 MI1Ta s a aproH3BTHTe rOJIeMHllT HflTepec H3 r-sp uare KbM Ko.1JXH'!(a ce nposmna a enaa 01' VIII-VII B. lip, H. e. B enox ara ua Bcn mcara rp sux a KO.1JOHH3311lfll H HaMHpa orp ascenne B enH'IeCK3T3 JlHTepaTypa OT TOB3 apeue. DHcMeHH H3BOPlf H3 )l,peBHOKOJIXlf,!(CKH e3HK He ca sanasenn. 3 eUHrp3¢CKHTe naMeTHHu,H ca H3 r p suxn e3HK H npencraans aar e;.tHHWIHH n ax onxa. OCBeH rsx aaropt.r e H3nOJI3YBaJl HaH-CTapllTe caenen as 0'1' aCHpHHcKH as ropa, OTKbCH 01' Cb'lHHeHHllTa n a anTlf4HH nucarena H CJlYtJ3HHH cnoueuaaanna, OCK'bl\HH ,lIaHHH 01' cpe)J.HOBeKOBlIaTa rpY3HHCKa ne ronuc.

Dpa3HHHHl'e, oseprau» 01' rlHCMellHTe H3TO'lHHU,H, ce aarrsn aar 6JIarO;.tapPHHe na apxeonor-nvecxure rrpoY'lBaHHH, 'IHHTO HCTOPHH e npOCJIe)J.eH3 B caenaamara '13CT. B pe3YJlTaT n a H3CJIe.l\BaHHllTa, 3anO'IHaJIH npes 70-Te rOJlHHH n a MlfHaJIHH BeK, e csop aa H306HJleH MaTepHaJl, ci.m.pac au; uea aa HH¢opMau'Hll a a COU,H:wHHTe, HKOHOMIf'leCKHl'e 'I non amvecxarc CTPYKTypH aa .upeBlla Ko.1JX H)J.a. LJeTBbpTilTa '1aCT npenCTaBH KpaT1,K nper nen n a acropaorp aqms ra 01' rrspnara rrOJlOBHHa Ha XVIII B., xor aro n I'pysxn Bb3- HHKBa nurepec KbM Konxuna, .!\O HaH-HOBHTe npoY'lBaHHlI no OT;.teJlHHTe BbnpOCH, KOHTO s ansr ar B OCHOBaTa H a TOBa H3CJle,!(BaHe.

"DPH H3BopHTe Ha'!(peBHara KO.1JXH1\CKa UHBlf.'H- 3aUHH" e 3arJlaBHeTO ua II rJl3IJa, '1pe3 KOllTO O . .nOPk KH n au nnae HaCOtJBa BHHMaHHeTO KbM n aa-p ann '1Te ne paonn n a Ta3H xyn-ryp a: 01' aace.nuanero rra nnernua 3an2)J.Ha I'pysua no p a3UBeTa n a "KyJlTypaTa H a 6pOH30BaTa op auaa", n a KOHTO e nOCBeTeHa r.n aa a III. Bb3XO,!(bT n a KOJlXH1I.CKaTa xyn-ryp a npea K'bCHaTa 6poH30Ba enox a e 03HaMeHYBaH CbC Cbru.eCTBYB3HeTO npes XIII R, TIp, H. e. B IOrOH3TO'lHC'TO lIepHoMopHe a a r ona ao UJIeMeHHO 06e;.tIfHel·lHe ua npennure I<OJIXH, cnove naro B uannncure n a aClfpHHCKHH uap TYKYJlTaHHHYPT3 I (1245-1209 r. np. H. e.). ABTOPbT H3- xas s a npennonoxcenue-ro, ue K'bM T03H ne pa on ce 01'HaCHl' H rn.ps are urocerueuns ria axenunre no 6perone re a a IOrOH3TO'lHOTO H H3TOtJHOTO lIepHoMopHe.

B r.n as a IV, "KOJlXH.!l,CKO UaPCTBO", e p asr.nenan m.n poct.r s a 10Ba m.pso 06e;.tHHeHHe, KoeTO nOCTeneuno ce npenp-sura B _CIfJlHa m.pacana B HaqaJIOTO na m.paoro XHJJ5IUO,'1"lIle np. II. e .• 3anHlaJIO npea VIII B. np. H. e. non yaapare n a BOHHCTBeHHTe KHMepHHCKH nne ae aa. 3a H3HCHHBaHe na x ap ak rcp a a a nOJIHTH'IeCKHTe 'I cou,HaJIHHTe HHCTHTYU,HH, npu rrsn nara JIHrrCa n a MeCTHH HapaTHBHlI H enarparpcxn ,!(aHHH, ca H3nOJl3YBilHH rm.pne OCKb;.tHHTe CBe)J.eHHH 01' aHTH1JHaTa JlHTepaTypHa rp anauas . ABl'OP'bT npneMa, 'Ie KOJlXH1\a e npeacraanaaan a rrO.'IHTH'IeCKO 06enneune ira OT,!((,JIHlf n.~eMeHa,. tJHllTO TepHTopHH e 6HJIa p aaneneua n a CKerITyxHH.

KOHu,enUH5ITa na 0, JIop;.tKHnaHH1\3e ce OCHOBaB3 s a npencrannre s a xror sru» KOJIXH,!(CKO UaPCTEO B VI-V B. np. H. e. KaTO npHeMHHK n a nJleMeHHOTO 06e;.tHHeHHe "cTpaH3 KYJlX3", To npencraaxs na HOBO ro.lllMO 06e,!(HHeHHe n a 3ana1\HHTe KapTBeJlCKH rt neMeH3, nO.drOTBeHO 01' U,HJIOCTHHll XO,!( n a COunaJlHOHKOHOMH'IeCKOTO H Ky.nypHoTo HM p a3BJ-IT He. CnnpaHKH ce na CJlOlKHHH rrpo6JJeM 01' HCTopHHTa 1Ia KOJlXH)J.CKOTO u,apCTBO - sunpoca sa npOH3BOllCTBeHHTe H COu,HaJlHHTe OTHOIlJeHHH npes VI-IV B. np, H. e., 6eCl

44

n a ce 06Bbp3Ba C OKOH'Ia rene n orr onop, aBTOp'bT nocoxua , ne I(Jl3COBaTa crp yx-ryp a n a Kr)JIXH1\CKOTO 06ru.eCTBO B Hal~\-o6ru.H '1epTH e npn ana nao TaKaB3, KaKBaTO ce CM5IT3 e a x ap axrepua s a ,,;.tpeBHHH DJlH3bK 113TOK, s a aan anuoro aHTHlJHO H sa OCTaH3,1HTe np yru oouiecraa" .

DO-HilTaTbK e 0T,!(eJleHO BHHMaHHe n a TpHTe HaHBalKHH 'I OCHOBHH OTpaCLJla n a KOJlXH)J.CKaTa HKOHOMHKa: 3eMe1\eJlHeTO, 3aHaHT'!HrICTBOTO H TbprOBllllTa. B't.npexa cpaBHHTeJlHO MaJIKOTO ;.t3HHH (apXeOJIOrH'IeCKH H nHCMeHH) O. Jl op nxnn auanae He ce C'bMHllB3, 'Ie IfMeHHO 3eMe,!(emreTO e e)J.HH 01' B01\eru.HTe,

B oaar-n auenara "KOJlXH;.tCKH 3aHa5lTH (H3j\eJIHll, TeXHIfKa, CTHJI)" ner a r n aaa <lBTOP'bT He CH nocr aaa CJlO)I(H3Ta 3 all a'! a ,!(a nan p asn H3'1epfiaTe.ij n a x ap axTepHCl HI{ a n a BCH'IKH OTP aCJlH na 3aHaHT'IHHCKOTO npOH3BO.J.CTBO, a cauo ila ox ap 3KTepH3Hp a Hlll;OH HerOBH KJIOHOBe, B KOHTO HaH-HpKO H3HbKBaT cnoeoop a- 3HeTO H cneUHCpH'IHHTe nepru n a KOJlXH)J.cKaTa KYJlryp a. Oc06eH HHTepec npencrasas aa KOHCTaTaUHHTa MY, tie npes VI-IV B. np. H. e. KOJlXH.lJ.CKaTa xep aMHKa e H36llrHaJla IlJlHllHHeTO ua r p suxare 06pa3u'H 11 e aan asnn a rp a,!(Ifu,HOH nara CH caM06HTHOCT B renen ne H a TpH CTOJIeTH H,

113nOJI3YBaHKH pe3YJlTaTHTe 01' nocer aumare npoY'lBaHIIH BbPXY MeTaJlo)J.06HBa H MeTaJlo06pa60TBaHe· TO H ,!(aHHHTe 01' xy llOlKeCTBeHOCTHJIOBHH aHaJlH3, O. JIop,!(KHrraHH'!(3e CTHra no 3aKJIJ01JeHlIeTO, 'Ie npes V B. np. 1I. e. B KOJlXH)J.a (aepoamo na HbpBO MllCTO B caxas BaHH) e c'surecrayaan a BHcoKoxy;.tolKeCTBeHa opar nnaana 3J1aTapCKa lIlKOJIa, KOH10 C ysepeuocr nonaaan a Hail-cJIOlKHHTe TeXHlf'leCKH rrOXBaTIf. H.a- 6e.~H3aHH ca npoBHHUHaJIHHTe ueurpoae , Kb1\eTO ce 06pa60TBaT 6POH3, lKeJlH30, cpe6po H 3JIaTO.

B rx aaa VI C~ KOMeHTHpa npocxevt.r aa r pt.uxoro npou axnane B KOJlXH)J.a. TIbPBHllT p aanen e nOCBeTeH ua OCBOBHHTe MOMeHTH na r pt.unara KOJIOHH3au,Hll. O. Jl op axun an anse C'IHTa, 'Ie r-t.p nnre He ca MOrJIlf lla OCHOBaT TyK rOJIeMH lJ,eHTpOBe nop allH csuiecrayaaaero ua CHJIHO l(apCTBO B T031! paHOH na lIepHoMopCKOTO KpaH6pelKlfe. Toil aacr-snna CTaHOBHru.el'O, ue e.1JHHCKHTe cen mua no 113TO'lHOTO qepHo~lOpHe ca exnopnn, '1pe1 KOHTO ce ocr.mecraaaann TbprOBCIUlTe KOHTilKTH na rbpu,lfTe C MeCTHOTO HaCeJIeHHe ua ior aTaTa C npapcnnu pecypcn CTP ana. 113T'bKBa OTC'bCT' snet o n a KaKbBTO H na e 6l1JI auauurexe n nanpe m,« IfJIH npOMeHH B uas nna n a )KHB0T aa lKHTe,1HTe aa Kpail6pelKHala HBHua n a Konxun a npes nepaona H3 "BeJlHKaTa rp'sux a KOJlOHlI3aUHH" C H3KJIJO'IeHHe ua paarrpocrpanen aero n a r p suxn CTOKH. Karo '13- TbKBa, 'Ie npes V-IV B. np, H. e. aTH'IeCI(IlTe r i.prOBu,B He ca BHaCllJlJ.! u KOJlXHua a acoxoxy noacecraeua pucynana xep aank a, a npennvno MaCOBa UP0)J.YKUHll 01' aTH'IeCKHTe KCpaMH'lIIH pa60THJlHHlJ,H, aaropt.r oT6eJl5l3Ba He3Ha'lHTeJI nara pOJl51 aa H3CJle!(BaHaTa l'epHTopHll B 06ru.HTe rr.pr oacxa nnrepecn ua ATHHa H 'Ie TbproBcKo-HKOHOMH'leCKHTC Bp'b3KH na r-t.punre C KOJIXHua nnxor-a He ca )J.OCTHraJlH HHBOTO ua rt.pronna ra C np yr-nrc 06J1acrH n a DOHTa H n a rn.pao MHCTO Cl,C CeBepHOTO ljepHoMopHe,

Crp aaninrre 01' acrop as ra ua KOJlXH)J.a rrpes BTOp ar a rrOJlOBHHii n a IV E. np. H. e. ca OCBeT.~eHH u pe s OTKPHTOTO npea 1956 r. B'bB BaHH 01' O. JIop,!(KHrIaHH.l\3e "rIOrpe("eHHe n a 3HaTHHH BOHH", aa xoe ro e nOCBeTeHa cxennaruara, VII r.n aaa. B Hero saenno C Tpa)l,Hu,HOH'lHTe eJIeMeHTH (Ha1JHHa aa nor peoeaue , HaKBTHTe -'3JIaTHH, cpeot.pun 'I 6POH30BH) ce Ha- 6JIlU!l,aB3T H5IKOH HOBH 06H'laH, 06llCHeHHe H3 KC'Hl0 aBTOp101' navnp a B pasnaaaumre ce KOHTaKTH C r p suKHH H C'bCe)J.HH5I Ha KOJIXH1\a emoxy.rrype n CBllT.

06eKT ua H3CJIe,!(BaHe B r.r aaa VIII e" EJIHHlf3MbT eJIHHHCrH'IeCKaT3 xyn ryp a I! Kon xuna", Kb)J.eTO e 01'neneao rOJl5lMO BHHMaHHe na aHaJIH3a n a np06J1eMHTe n a eJ1HHH3Mil, ua B3aHMHOTO BJIHllHHe na 113TO'lHHTe H aarrannnre '1aCTH ua nper ua Fp yans ,

DOCJle;.tHaTa r n aaa n a Ta3H KHHra e nocaere n a Ha apXeOJIOrH'IeCKHTe rrpoy'lBaHHll Ha BaHcKoTo rp~ nnu;e. B pe3YJlTaT a a MHOforO)J.HlIlHH p aaxonxa, pt.xoaoneun 01' O. JI opnunnaname , ca YCTaHoBeHH TpH rre pn on a B pa3BHTHeTo ua r p ana. 113c.ije1\BaHeTO ua

"fpa)l,a H3 xp aaone re", l<OeTO ow,e !13J1e'l He e aaai.pUleHO, nOCT3BH peanua n nre pe cu a H MHOfO B3iKHH Ilp06,le~1H OT HCTOPHlIT3 u a npes ua I'p ysua II HeHHHTe BS3HMOOTHoweHHlI C 3HTH4HaTa UHBHnH33UHO.

Orap .nopI\KHn3HHl(3e npenn ara 113cneAB3He, uanacauo HHTepeCHO H 060CHOB3HO, B KoeTO ce 0606w,<lB3 nOCTl1fH3TOTO npes nocnenuure rOl\lHllI B 06JraCl'r3 n a H3Y'labaHeTO na KOnXHI\3 H aa 6a33Ta H3 CbnOCTa· BOHe H3 nHCMeHHTe Il apxeonoruvecrorre H3TO'lrHII.\H ca p asxpnrn Bb3.~OBHTe npo6ne~m B Hei\HaTa lICTOpHlI. Ta3H KHHra, B KOlITO aa m.pan rn.r e nOKd3aHO UH.nOCTHOTO pa3Bl1THe n a Kon x aaa, nOB)J.Hra pennua cnopHH' BbnpOCH, npel\H3BHKaHH OT i\OceraWHOTO Cl,CT05!HHe n a apxeonorauecxure npOY'IB3fIH5! B I'p y- 3H1I2.

f1pe}{J1araHOTO 1131\aHHe HMa rOn5IMO 3H3'jefllle s a ·6r.nrapCKHTe 4HTaTenll, KaTO ce HMa npeQBlli\, xe IlpeBO)J.bT e uen o H3 cne ua an nct apxeoxor .xcero

I f. A. J1 0 P A Kiln a H P )1. 3 e. Ko.nxlIAa B

VI-II BB. ,,\0 H. s. T6HnllcH, 1978; O. D.. J1 0 P i\K H n a H H .ll 3 e. D.peBHlIlI Konxuna. J\111(j:> H apxe onorua. T6H.nHcH, 1979.

M3KCHManHO OTAiwe'l3B3 Bb3MO)KHIlTe -rH'TO'IHOCTH n pu nnrep nper a Li.HWra ua cncuurpnx aara repxuuo.norus. KOJlXH,l\CKOTO II TpaKHticKoTo Kpaii6pe}KHe HMaT CXOI\HO r eor p arpcxo non oxccuuc H n pes 3HTH'IHOCn3 C3 nOJ\.nO>l{eflH H3 CI\H3KBO KyJlTYPHO BJllIlIHHc OT eAHH H CbW,1I uenr pose. Ct.nocraun ne-ro ua npOWjBeJ(eHIIHTa H3 10BenHpcTBoTO II TopeBTIIK3'ra OT TpaKIiH H KO.DXH.i1,3 (MeT3no06pa60TsaHeTo I:' ocooeuo pa3BIITo H B )\BaT3 per-aoua) Il03BonlIBa A3 ce OTKpHllT H p aarp aHII'I3T MeCTHHTe e.neMeH1H OT npoHHKH3nHTc 01' 06- w,IITe ueurpone n a YI3TO'lHOTO C:pe.'l.H3eMHoMopHe. OTKpHTHlI'la B Fpy sns xror ar J(a aon punecar 33 nont.naane ua np33HHHIITe n pn H3C.neAsaHeTO ua rp aKIIHCKaTa KyJlTypa.

Tpxona 11a ce oT6e,leiKll, ue B n nrepcc n a nor onaxrar a lICHOTa H3 H3J10}KefIHeTO B KHHraTa H3 OT3P Jl opnxun aunnse 6n 6rwo uevrcct.orip aano jla ce ilPIIJlO>l<1I x apra n a nscnenaauara Tl:'pIlTCp11lI.

2 C. C 3 IT P hi K H H. HOBHe KHllrH 0 D.peBHeii KOJlxHJ\e. - CA, 1082. 26S-271.

KPbCTHHA OAHAAOrbBA

45

IX Me}l{.llYHapO.lleH xonrpec no aHTH4eH 6pOH3

OT 21 no 25 an pa,n 1986 r, B cron aua ra n a ABCTpll51 Buena ce n poaene IX MelKJl.YHapoJ\eH KOHrpec no aHTllqeH 6pOH3. HerOBaTa npcr-p ava 6ewe 1l3rOTBeHa OT 610- pOTO n a OpraHH3al~HOHHIl51 KOMHTeT, B Koiho 651xa BKJlIOqeHH !l3- TbKHaTH (neUHaJlHCTH OT ABCTpH5I. Han-r onava sacnyr a aa TOBa HMal B.06epJlaihHep, ,lI.HpeKTOp a a AHTHqHH5I OTJ\eJl na xY1\OfKeCTBel'lo-HCTOpHqeCKH5I MY3el{ Bl,B BHeHa, K. Fuisaarnep , A. Bep napn-Ba,nxep H 111. BH,lI.XaJlM. nOKJla,ll.IlTe 651xa nOJ\qIlHeHH Ha eJ\H~ OCHOBHa TeMa "rpbUKIl H PIlMCKH 6POH30BIl cTaTYIl Il craryerxn". Taxa <t.opMyJlllpaHa, rexara p as xpusaure Heor-p anacen n Bb3MO)KHOCTIl s a pasfJlelK1\aHeTO n a we1\bOBpH na aHTHqHOTO H3KYCTBO, n a CTliJlOBHTe, HKOHorpa¢cKIlTe Il TeXHllqeCKHTe Bb3- MO)!(HOCTH a a craryapu a a 6POH3, aa ocooeaocrare na CTOJlllqHaTa Il n ponnnunan nar a 6POH30BiI na a ctaxa.

B J\eHlI aa per-acrp aun ara na BceKH eJ\HH OT yqaCTllIlUHTe 65lxa BpbqeHIl KpaTKH pe310MeTa ua ,,\0- KJla.l\IlTe, KoeTO YJleCHH 1l3BbHpe}l,HO MHoro .l\IlCKycHHTe.

B p aoorara ua xour peca saex a yuacrue ysen a OT ,lI.BaJ\eceT crp anu. OCEeH crp auara J\OMaKHH C r-oncMH r p yn a OT CnelLHaJlIlCTH 65lxa n pcn craaen H Fep aaucxara cpe.l\e-

p an na peny6J1HK3, <DpaHUHlI,

Illneauapna. YiTaJlHlI, Yur ap na , PYMbHHlI. OT nOKaHeHHTe ,lI.BaHanecer ,l\YWH OT BbJlrapHll KaTO rOCTH na OpraHH3aIl,HOHHHlI KOMHTeT npHCbCTBYBaxa uiecr. A. nHMHTpOBa-MIlJlqeBa H B. BaCHJleB OT A pxeonor-anccxna HHCTHTYT aa BAH, Xp. BYIOKJlHeB H Kp. Ka,nqeB (Crap a 3aropa), T. Kr.nueua (Hona 3aropa) H B. JII06eHoBa (TIepHHK).

3ace,rr,aHllllTii 65lxa nponeneun BbB BeJlHKOJlenHilTa 3i1 Ta3H II,eJl saaa n a TIPIlP0,l\0-HC10pHqeCKHlI MY3ei'!. Cnen KpaTKH npunercrnn a OT crpaua na opr anaaaropare ce npevuua KbM CblI.l,HOCTTa na p aoorara. K. Turaaarnep (ABCTpHlI) aanpann OCHOBeH )(OKJla,ll. sa pe3YJITaTHTe OT "ITPHpO.l\OHa_yqHHTe H TeXHHqeCKIl H3CJle,l\BaHHll na IOHOmara OT Mar,l(aJlellc6epr". OT 1983 r. XY,l\O)KeCTBeHo-HCTOpHqeCKHlI MY3ei'! BbB BHeHa e aanouuan peannaap anero na e.l\HH H3CJle,l(OBaTeJlCKH I1pOeKT s a ncecrpanuo H3- CJI{!,l\BaHe ua H3BeCTHaTa CTaTYll. EKHI1 OT cneuaamscrn C nOMOlI.l,Ta

46

ua Hai'!,cbBpeMeHHa anap aryp a H XIlMHKOTeXHOJIOrHqeCKIl cpeacr aa H3CJle.l\Ba acecrp anuo uaueru axa. TIo T03H HaqHH n pouyrara rnopoa na "aHTJiLIHaTa" 6poH30Ba nJlaCTHKa ce OKa3Ba rnopeuue n a XVIII B.

CbW:Hll npezmorien B 3aJlHTe a a Xvnoacecraeuo-ucropx-recsnn MY,ei:i 6ewe oTKpHTa enua 3a6e,~e)KHren na H3J10lK6a aa aHTHqHiI 6POH- 30Ba naacrnxa OT KOJleKII,HHTe ua AHTHqHHlI ornen. He caMO KaTO 06eM, HO H KaTO Cb,l\bp)KaHHe H3- JlO)K6aTa npen.rar aure enua p anxa Bb3MO)KHOeT na ce npoc.ncna p asBHTHeTO na 6pOH30JlellpCKilTe rexHHKH H xY,l\O)!{eCTBeHllll 6pOH3 B WHPOKH reorp aqicxu Il XPOHOJlOrHqeCKH rpaHHII,H. TlI e orp aaeua B e,l\IlH 06eMHcT H H3,l\bp)KaH Bbll BCllKO OTHoweHHe xaran or-, n p a,l(PYlKeH C MHor06poi'!HH HJlIOCTpal\IlH aa mououen are npenaern.

Tpn OT D,OKJla,l\HTe na cnenorieaHOTO aacenan ne Ha 21 anpn.n, H3HeceHH OT C. CTYKIl (HTaJlH5I), <D. Excuiaan (Fep aancxa <jJe,l\epaJlua penyon axa) H M. Harcne (ABCTpHlI), 65lxa rrOCBeTeHH ua H3eJle.1\BaHH5lTa 01' XHMHKOTeXHOJlOrHqeCKHTe aHaJlH3H aa H3BeCTHHTe CTaTYH OT Pnaxe, n auepeuu B Mopero, cera B Haunou ann ns My3eii. ua Pe.l\lKHO Kan aopus. Ha CJJe,l\BalI.l,HlI neu 611xa ,l\OKJl3.l\BaHIl HOBOOTKpHTIl 6POH30BH cTaTYH HJlIl nonJlO)KeH H aa HOBa HHTep nperauun H3BeCTHH Belle TaKHBa: B. 11. XaHJlMaep (3an. BepJlHH) - "HoBH Ha6J1IO,l\eHHlI na r.n aaa ra OT KIlTepa"; X. KaH (lUBei'!l\apHlI)"E<jJe6bT OT CeJlIlHYHT H MOHeTOcenenero'': E. Iloxvapcxn (ABCTpaa) - "KbM npconeaa s a HCTOPHKO-XY,l\OlKeCTBeHOTO suauen ae na lUa6epc 01' E<jJec"; r. UHMep (<DPr) - "MOMHlJeTO OT KH3HK"; C. JIeMaH (<Dpr) - "rpbIl,KH H PHMCKH Te)!(KOaTJleTH"; K. Po.aeii (<DpaHuasr) - "CTaTYH H cTaTyeTKH n a eJlIlHHCTllqeCKIl nn anerea a"; B. BOJlMap (ABCTpHlI) - "BPOH30BHlIT iououra OT Arne"; <D. Bpeuep (<DpaHl\HlI) - "TIopTpeTH, H3J1eTH 01' MeTaJl B eCTeCTBeHa rOJleMHHii. TexHHKa, THnOJlOrHlI, .l\aTHpOBKa, <jJYHKII,HH". ABTOPbT H3rrOJl3YBa H3- BeCTHH 06Pil3l\H OT <jJpeHcKIlTe KOJleKII,HH, sa na apr yaeurnpa CBOllTa reaa H,l(a 110](alKe cneundiaxata B n oprperu ara 6poH30Ba nJlaCTHKa. r. JIaY3eH (<DPr) npe,l\CTaBH "PHMCKH 6POH30BH H306pa)KeHHlI". B xp sra n a Ta3H np06J1eMaTHKa 6ewe

.l\OKJla,l\BaHa rOJlllMaTa 6poH30Ba

nJlaCTHKa B cr.ooureuuara a a

E. Ty.nyna (rbPl\HlI) - "E.l\HiI KOHua 6poH30Ba CTaTYll n a Anr ycr"; K. TIon (PYMbHHfI) - "BPOH30BIl HMnepaTopCKH CTaTYH OT TepIlTOpuara ua PHMCKa na](Hll"; T. To-

MaWeBJilI-BYK (Illaenuap au) -

"BPOH30B 610CT n a MHHepBa B eCTeCTBeHa fOJleMHHa"; K. CHpMa}! (Yarap n a) - ,,<DparMeHTIl OT MOHYMeHTaJlHH 6POH30BH CTaTYH, !-I aMepeHH B AKBHHKYM"; P. lflrnxen (<DPr) - ,,3a 6POH30BHlI KOJlOC aa IOcTIlHHaH I OT Aur ycrcnoua". CTaTYlITa e 6HJla H3.l\HfHaTa B 546 r. MaJlKO rrpe,lf}! aam.pumauero na rrspxnara "CB. CO<jJHfI". nO](.na,ll.qllKbT oT6eJl1l33 H3 KJllOtJHTeJl nara po.n s na T031l MOHYMeHT aa pa3BHTHeTO Ha 6pOH30BaTa nJlaCTHKa npes CJIe,l(BaW:HTe CTOJleTHlI.

Bropara OCHOBHa reva B npo- 6J1eMaTIlKaTa ua xour peca 6ewe nOCBeTeHa n a 6pOH30JIellpCTBOTO Il 6pOH30JlellpCKHTe TeXHHKH. Yi3H~ ceunre .l\OKJla.l\H noxaaaxa r-eneMH 5l nanpe.ar.x B Ta3H 06J1aCT. ITOqTH BCHqKH rOJleMH MY3eH p asnonar ar C noope ypeneun XHMHqeCKH Jla60paTopllil H ca cHa6,l\eHH C Hai'!-cbBbpweHa cr.spcxenxa arrapary pa. TIpe.l\CTaBeHHTe .l\OKJla,l\H 6llxa pe3YJlTaT OT KOMnJleKCHH H3- CJle.l\BaHllll na rOJleMIl KOJleKTHBH OT cneuaauucru. Hle cnoveua caxio J\OKJla.l\HTe n a aaropckua KOJleKTHB: A. MapHlI-Kapy6a, E. o opMHJIH, n. MHKeJlIl (HTilJlllll)"TeXHHqeCKH H?CJlE',l\BaIlHlI na nllOHHC OT Myse» n a TepMHTe, PHM"; A. MapHll-Kapy6a, P. CaHII,H, TI. I'yuo (HTilJlHlI) - "roJleMHTe 6pOH30Be 01' PHMCKHlI nal\HOHaJleH MY3eii: pecraspaun a, «oucepnauns , excrroanp aue". B. BaCHJIeB (BbJIrapHll) ce cnp a s spxy e,l(HH OT,l(aBHa }l,HcKyTHpaH rrpo- 6J1eM aa y no rpeoara n a OT,l\eJIHH <jJ0PMH aa OTJlHBaHeTO aa 6POH30BH 1l3,l\eJlHll.

Bnx a uanpaaen n IIHTepeCHH cs- 06lI.l,eHHll 3i1 HOBH OTKpHTHlI n a 6pOH30JlellpCKH aTE'JIHeTiI, n a 60- r arn KOJleKII,HH OT 6POH30BlI era-

TyeTKH B AyrYCTa PaypHKyM

(lUBei'!II,apHH), JIYI-lH (HTaJlHlI),

'CeBepHOTO Il p n-repuoxop ae, I'op- 3HyM (Ynr ap a s}, aa <jJHrypaJIHllll 6pOH3 OT rcp aropnst ra ua MaJlKa CKIlTHlI H np06J1eMHTe n a HerOBHlI npOI!3XO,l\. 3a KOJleKII,HlITa OT np erin a 6pOH30Ba nJlaCTHKa B Kaoapun (CJlOBeHHlI) r onopu H. OCMYK.

AJI. MIlJIlJeBa npencrann r nna n a Benepa B 60raTaTa 6pOH30sa KOJIeKUH51 OT HOBe. H a c uuara 6ewe nosepeno n pencenareacrnoto n a enHO OT aacenaunnra. Cb06l1.(eHHeTO ua MJla):lH51 xoner a T. KbH'IeBa 6ewe nOCBeTeHO a a H306pa)KCHH51- ra ua TpaKHilcKIl51 KOHHIlK B 6POH- 30BaTa TlJIaCTHKa 0'1' HOB03aropCKO, a n a Kp. KaJIlJCB - na MaJIKaTa 6poH30Ba nJIaCTHKB OT TepMropun ra ua ABrYCTa Tpa51Ha.

B. J1106eBoBa npencrasn KYJITOBar a nJIaCTHKB OT paaon a n a fOPB-B CTPYMB B Ko,~eKUH51Ta n a MY'leH B TIepHHK, MrlOro m.npocn H H3Ka3BaHH51 npenuanuxa ):IOKJIaJibT na X p. BYIOKJIHeB, nOCBeTeH na 60raTaTa KOJIeKUH51 01' 6POH30BIl 06KOBKH H anJIHKaUIlH BbPXY ToaJIeTHH CBH):IblJeTa, I1POH3xQ)K):Iall.(H OT TepHTOpll51Ta aa Asrycra Tpa51Ha,

Ha 3aKJIlOlJllre,~HoTo aaceuan ae 651xa 0606l1.(eHH pe3YJITaTHTe 0'1'

p aoo ra ra n a xoar peca. Beure 110).(lJepT3H rOJIeMll51T nporpec B KOMnJIeKCHHTe XHMHKOTeXHOJIOrH4HB Il npnpoaonay-nm MeTOIl.H ua H3- cnennaae. TIo npe,ll,JIO)KE'HHe n a ,lI,eJIeraUH51Ta OT I'ep MallCKaTa tjlenepa.n na pen yrinnxa CJle)],BalI.(H511' X Me)K,lI,YH8 pones KOHrpec no auTH4eH 6pOH3 uie ce CbCTOH BbS <1>paH6ypl' npes 1988 r.

A. )J}IMl1TPOBA-Ml1J1l!EBA

XXV Mem.llYHap0.lleH CI1Mn03HYM no apxeoverpna"

CHMn03HYMHTe no ap xcouer-

pHH rt pencraaaa nar eDeTOBeH <poPYM n a CneUHaJ1HCTIITe, p atioreuia S 06JIBCTTa n a np nn ar-ane HB csBpeMeHHH <pH3HlJeCKH, XHMH4eCKH H MilT eMBTHlJeCKH MeTO,ll,H aa Topcene, H3CJIe,ll,BBHe H ,lI,aTHpaHe ua apXeOJIOl'll'IeCKH 06eKTH. OT 1984 r. ce npoaexcnar BeeKH ,lI,Be rOIJHHH.

XXV cHMn03HYM 6e opr-aa as apan 01' HaUHOHBJIHHH H3CJIe).(OB3- TeJICKH ueur-sp no enCCTseHH u ayKH "lI,eMoKpIITOC" II ce CbCT051 0'1' 19 ,lI,0 23 MaH 1986 r. B ATHH3, fbpUH5I. B Hero B3eX3 yxacrue 257 CneUllaJIHCTII (159 nporpecopn II ,lI,OKTOplI) OT 23 CTp3HII: fbPUII5I (,lI,OMaKHH) - 103 YlJaCTHIIUII, AHrJIII5I - 37, CAlli. - 23, <1>Pf - 20, <1>paHlJ,II51 - 15, HraJIH51 - 11, KaH3,l1,a - 9, II T. H.

13 bJIrapll51 YlJ3CTBYB3 C 5-lJJIeHHB neaer a lJ,1I51: CT. H. C. I CT, n-p II. H" Xeapnera TO,ll,OpOBa OT ApXeOJIOrHlJeCKH51 IIHCTHTYT na BAH, CT. H. C. II CT. ABrYCTHH TIeTKC>B H H. C. MHXallJI Feopr nen OT MHCTIITYTa no TpaK0J10rH51 na BAH, CT. H. C. II CT., K. <p. H. MepH Konaseaa OT feo<pH3I1lJHH5I HHCTHTYT n a BAH H H. C. K. T. H. l1BeJIHH KYJIeB 01' CoqmHcKH51 YHIIBepcIITeT.

TIporpaM3Ta Ha CIIMn03HYMa

.npeasnacnaure 3ace,L(aHH5I no CJIe,L(HHTe TeMII:

l. ll.aTllpaHe n a HeOpraHHlJHII MaTepHaJIH

2. lI,3THpaHe n a OpraHHlJHII Marepa aJIII

3. On penen sue npouaxona ua apXeOJIOl'lllJeCKH CYPOBHHH

4. lI,peB.Ha MeTaJIyprll51

* APXEOMETPM51:

0606-

uranamo Ha3BaHHe na pa3JIIl'IHH ,<p1I3HlJeCKH, XIIMHlJeCKII II ~13- _TeMaTII4eCKH MeTOllH II CbOTBeTHII TeXHHlJeCKH cpencrsa , npanar aau aa r-spcene, H3CJIe,ll,BaHe H narnpane ua apXeOJIOrHlJeCKII 06eKTH. Y Hac ce 113nOJI3YBar TepMIIHHTe: Tex_HlIlJeCKII IIHTep,lI,HCllllnJIHHH, HHTep,ll,IICUHIlJI HH·apHH ,1I3CJIe,ll,BaHH5I Hap.

5, TeXHOJIOrlI5I H3 HeMCraJIHH H3,l1,eJIII51 B IlpeBHocTT3

6. T'sp cexe II npoy-mane u a )],PCBHII naMeTHIIlJ,1I

7. TIpeXO):(bT OT KbCHH51 HeOJIHT RbM p au nara 6poH3cBa enoxa B EreHcKH5I per aou,

Ha C'bCT05lJIIITe ce 10 3ace.,L(aHHH 651xa 113CJIywaHH 06l1.(o 70 ,L(OK,~a):lB. OCBeH TOBa 611xa nponeneux H nne IIocTepHH ceCHH, n a KOIITO 651xa npencraaenn 06l1.(o 112 nocrep a. Hauiara crp aua ce npenCTaBH C 5 ,!I0KJI3,l1,iI (X. Tonopcaa, M. KOBa4eBa, 11, KYJIeB, M. Kanap sen) II 2 nocrep a (A. TIeTKoB II M. I'eoprnes).

B paMKIITe Ha CIIMIl03HYMa 6e nposenen H ceMIIHap ua cneun aJIIICTIITe no ap xeovat-a uru are H3- CJIe,L(BaHH5I.

TIpe.,lI,BH)]' orp aau seuoro M5ICTO, He e Bb3MO)KHO na 6-b,ll,aT oT6eJI51- 3aHH BCHlJKH npencraaena IIa CIIM.n03HYMa cb06l.lJ,eHII5I, KOHTO s aCJIY)KHXa Bce06l.lJ,0 BHHMBHlle.

TYK me 6bj\aT cnOMeHaTII ca ao OHe3H 01' T5IX, KOHTO JlBBaT npen.CTaBa s a onpeneneu n TeH,lI,eHlJ,IIH B pa3BIITlleTO n a ,L(3,l1,eHII 113CJIe,ll,BaHII5I IlJIH cb06l1.(aB3T aa c smecrBeHH pe3YJITilTH.

B rrspnnre ,L(Be TeMH 651xa

06e,ll,IIHeHH cb06l.lJ,eHH51, KOHTO npen.CTaB51xa pe3YJITaTH 01' pa3BHTlleTO .H npunar auero aa TepMOJIYMHHeclJ,eIITHII5I (9 cb06l.lJ,eHH5I) H Mal'HHTHHle (10) MeTO,ll,H, KaKTO II s a ,lI,aTHpaHe no s sr JIep0,L\-14 (5) H _j\eHl~pOXpOHOJIOrll'lHH5I MeTO,L( (4).

YCHJIH5ITa na CneUllaJIHCTIITe, paoorcuin B rona aanp aaneane, ca HaCOlJeHH npenn BCHlJKO KbM npelJ,1I3l1paHe Ha 113MepBaHII5ITa II .nonauranaae n a TOlJHOCTTa n a noJIYlJaBaHHTc a6COJIIOTHH )],aTH. 3acJIY)KaB.a ccooeao BHIIMaHHe crpe_Me)KbT KbM KOpr:JIBlJ,H5I H3 ,lI,a.rtrre, nOJIYlJeHH C nOMOl.lJ,Ta I-I a pa3JIIIlJHII MeTO,L(H. lI,06bP npn aep B TOBa OTHoweHHC 6e ,lI,OKJIa,ll,bT ua f. Bamep (XaHJ.!,eJI6epr, lPPf), B KOHTO AaTIITe, nOJI_YlJCHH .no TepMOJIYMIIHecueHTHII5I MeTolI OT KepaMUlJHH 06pa3lJ,H OT Tpo51 I,

ce cpaBH51BaT C JlaTHTe, nOJIYlJeHH .no pa)J,HoBbrJIepO,ll,HH51 MeTO,L( a a ,L(bpneHII Bbr,~eHH, HBMepE'HH na Cbll.(OTO MHCTO, (11 nsara MeTO,ll,a nasar noripe c sr JIaCYBall.(H ce naTil - OKOJIO 3000 f. np. H. e., 6e3 KaJIII6palJ,H5I s a HalJaJlOTO ua Tpo51 I.) Hapen C TOBa e HaJIHlJ,e JI CTpeMe.)K KbM nOBH1lI3BaHe aa IlPOH3BO,ll,HTeJIHOCTTB a a MeTO,ll,HTe aa ztar ap aae, n pn aep s a xccio pe ,lI,OKJI31IbT n a HeJICbII (B'bPH3- 611, Kanana), B KOHTO ce cb06l1.(3Ba s a pa3pa6OTeHHH PYTIIHeH MeTO,ll, s a narup aue no BbrJlep0,ll,-14 c. noaourra ua YCKopHTeJI. (3a au aJIH33 e ,L(OCTaTb4Ha nporia 01' 50 MIIxpor p ava BbrJIepO,L(, KaTO sa eJlHH nen MOral' ,lI,a ce aHaJIII3Hpar OKOJIO 20 np06H!)

B T03H P33,l1,E'JI aurepec n pe,lI,1I3BIIKa H nJIeH3pHII5IT ,lI,OKJI8,L( na ,L(-P EHTKeH (OKCq!OP,ll" AHrJIH51), B xoiiro TOH 113JIO)KH nOCTlIlKeHH51- 'ra s a nOCJIe}l,HIITe 3 rO,ll,IIHH B paa.BHTHero na TepMOJIYMIIHecueHTHII51 MeTO,ll, II narup auero C nOMOll.(T3 H3 MeTO):la ua eJIeKTpOHHH 51 n apaaa.fHHTCH peaonanc,

TIo rrspna reua Mepll KOBalJeB3 .1I3Hece ,lI,OKJI 3,l1, "A p xeoaarn HTH HTe 113CJIeJlBaHH5J KaTO cpencrno s a narap aa e", KOHTO 6e nocpeumar C rOJI51M mrrepec.

OT ,L(OK.~a,L(IITe II 06cblK,lI,aHII51Ta B 06JIaCTTa aa apxeoxarunruoro naru pane II ocooeao OT paar oaop are a a npOBe)leHII51 CnelJ,HaJJII3Hp an ceannap , B KOHTO Mepll KOBaueaa ):IOKJIa,ll,Ba "H5IKOII paac sac,lI,eHII5I BbPXY ap xeoaar a nrnara Me:rO,L(OJIOrH51", Morar ,L(a ce HanpaB51T _CJIe):lH II re H3BO,ll,H:

a) MeTO,L(HTe H oc06eHO 113nOJI- 3YBaHHTe TeXHHlJeCKH cpencrna II MaTeMaTlIlJeCKII anapar ce pa3BH.HaT HHreH3HBHO H aa MHoro BIICOKO HaYlJH.0-TeXH HlJeCKO HHBO . .BCH4KH npoueCH' no 06p a60TBBHe, 113'MepBaHe II H34HCJI5IBaHe aa npo_6HTe ca aBTOMaTH3HpaHl1, KoeTO .BO,ll,:1 /1,0 P5l3KO Y_BeJIHlJaBaHe KOJIH'IeCT.BOTO na aHaJIII3HpaHHTe n po.6H II TOllHOCTTa ua onpenenenure .,L(<iTH, a C TOBa II apXeOJIOrHlJeCKaTa

47

eipeKTHBI10cr H nOnYJlllpHOCT ua MeTO.ll.HTe.

6) s sn pcxn LJe peay JlTaTl1Te OT 6bJlrapClune H3CJlet(B3HH5I ce nOJI- 3YBaT C Me)l<.n:YH3pO.ll.Ha H3BeCTHOCT H aSTopHT(,T. y Hac Cbl.l\eCTBYBa cepucaua TeXHH'leCKa H30CTaHaJlOCT. Ocrap s.n ara anapaTypa ne 1l03BOJl5lBa ,113 61>.II.aT H3nOJl3YBaHH llbJlHOL\eHHO BI1COKaT3 KBaJlJ1(pI1KaL\1111 H OllHTbT n a 6b.ryrapCKHle cneL\HaJlI1CTH.

B H5IKOJIKO .llOKJla.ll.a 651Xil C'b- 061.l\eHH pe3YJlTaTH, 1l0CTHrHaTH n pn nac.aenuaue n a apxeOJlOrl1LJeCKH n aXO.ll.KH C nOMOI.l\Ta Ha XHMH'lHH 11 <pH3WIHH MeTO.ll.H s a YCTaHOB5IB;1HE' ua TCXHI151 XHMHLJeCKH H/HJlH MHI-IepaJlOrH'lE'H cscraa. crp yxryp a H np yr n <pH3H4HH nap auerpn , KaTO TB'LP,l(OCT, llJlbTHOCT, ClleKTpaJlHI1 x apaKTCpl1CTI1KH H T. H. UCJlI1Te, KOI1- TO ce npec.aenaar, ca HaI1-061.l\0 nue:

a) YCTaHos5lBaHe u a M5ICTOTO na np0l13BO,l(CTBO HJlI1 na M5ICrOTO, 01' KoeTO llPOH3XO)l<,,(aT cy POBI1- HI1Te;

6) YCTaHoIl5lBaHe H pexoucrpyap aue I-Ia ,l(peBHHTe TeXHOJlOrHl1 a a llPOH3BO,l(CTBO n a xepaxuxa, CT'bKJlO, MeTaJIH, CllJlaBI1 11 T. H.

B rrspnoro uanp aanenue 611xa npencrasean pe3YJlTaTJ-I 01' 113CJle,l(B3He H3 xepaauxa (32), n a CTbKJlO (5), J-I a KpeMbK (3), 06CH.II.HaJ-l (1),;MpaMopH (5), MeTaJlH I! cnn aBI1 (19). Ha H3Y'IaBaHe n a ,l(peBJ-IH TCXJ-IOJlOrHH ua llP0l13BO.ll.CTBOTO 611- xa nOCBeTeJ-lJ-l npoysaaua a m.pxy: xepavaxa (7), CTbKJlO (7), pa3J1H'lJ-lH Me1amI i-r en.a ann (20). TOBa, KoeTO npaan Blle43TJleHI1e H 6H MOrJlO ,l(a 6b,l(e 1l0COLJCJ-I0 KaTO TeII,I(CHL\H5I B pa3BHTHeTo J-Ia TC311 H3CJIe,l(SaHHll B cnennaunrre rO,l(HHH, e WHPOKH5IT cnexr-sp OT <pH- 3HYHI1 H XHMH'lHH MCTO,l(H, KOHTO ce npnn ar-ar, s a ,l(a MOral' 1I0JIYLJeHHTe pe3YJITaTH, OTIIOCHO JlOKaJlH- 3HpaHeTO aa HaXOAKHTe HJlH peKOHCTpYHpaHeTO ua ,l(peBHl-ITe TeXHOJlOrHH, ,l(a 6b,l(aT aeocrrop HMH. Ctmeapexenno MHoro rOJIllMO BHHMaHHe ce oop-suia ua MaTeMaTHLJeCxara 06pa60TKa na aHaJlHTHLJHHTe .II.aHHH,

C nurepec Ollxa 1l0cpeW;HaTH ,l(OKJla,l(HTC na rellJI (OKC<pOP,l(, AHrJIHll) H TIepHHYKa (XaH,I(eJI6epr, <I>Pf), B KOHTO ce naaa OUCHKa aa Bb3MO}KHOCTHTe Bb3 OCHOBa na ,l(aHHH s a H30TOllHHTe OTHOlllCHHlI na OJlOBOTO, ,l(a 6b,l(C VCTaHOBeH p aaoirs r, 01' KOllTO np-OH3XO}K,I(a cyponnuara HJIH e H3pa60TeH ,l(a,l(eH MeTaJIeH npenver. (T03H nonXO,l( OH MOrbJI na ce llPHJIO}KH ycneWHO H Kb'1 r aaaypara na xep aMHLJHH Cb,l(OBe HJlH CTbKJla.) He-

3aBHCHMO OT 1l0paCHaJIHTe mrec

Bb3MO}KHOCTH na Mac-cneKTpo-

MeTpHlITa, KOHTO n03BOJI5IBaT na ce onpeneaar CTOllHocTHTe ua H30- TonHHTe OTHoweHH 51 na OJIOBOTO C Bb3npOH3BO,l(HMOCT ± 0, 1%;- caMO C nOMoW;Ta ua H30TonHHTC OTHOWeHH5I lie e Bb3MO}KHO Aa ce ncnysar e,l(H 03HaLJHll pesy JITaTH. 3a ,l(06po paar pau asaaane a a OT-

48

nenunre HaXOAHl.l\a 01' cy pOBHH'! KbM ;1.aHI-1 HTe s a B30TonHHTC OTJ-IOlilE'HH H e Hc06xo,l(HMO zta ce npH6aB5IT H ,l(aHHH HaH-Be4e aa MI1KpOeJIeMeHTHH5I CbCTaB I-Ia H3CJle,l(BalHITe 06- pa3L\H H n on yneuara HIHPOPM3- UBSI ,l(a 6bt(C nO,l(.~O}KeHa na MaTeMaTH4€CKa 06pa60TKa Ype3 x.n aerr.pen H t(HCKpHMHHaHTeH aHaJlH3. ,U06bP n pnxep B TOBa OTHoweHHe 6e .II.0KJIa,l(bT Ha MbOHC H CbTPY,I(HHUH (Feu r, EeJIrH5I), B KOllTO ce npencrasnr ,l(aHHH s a H3CJlet(BaHeTO n a 6eJlH MpaMopH OT l1TaJIHH, F'spL\H5I II TYPUHll. EJleMCHTJ-IH5JT csCTaB ua 06pa3UHTe (C'b06w;aBaT ce t(aHHH s a Cb,l(bp}KaHHeTO n a 37 eJleMetITa!) e n on yven C 1l0MOI.l\ra H3 HeYTpoHHoaKTHBaL\HoJ-JE'H 3J-1aJIH3, aToMHoa6cop6L\110HeH auaJIH3 (6e3nJlaMbKoB) H KJIaCHyeCKH XHMHyeCKH aJ-JaJlH3. C 1l0MOW;Ta n a 1l0JI5IpH3aUHoHHa H eJICKTpOI-IHa MHKPOCKOllHlI no MeTO,l(a n a OIJBeT5JBaHeTO ca rrOJIYlJCHH ,l(aHHH s a MHHepaJlOrH'IHHlI CbCTaB H pasJIH'IHI1 nerpor p arpcxn nap averpn.

TIPH H3CJIe,l(BaJ-JeTO n a xep aMHYHH HaXO,l(KH np asu ancuar.teI-!He CbW;O raxa H CTpeMC}KbT Hapen C ,l(aHHHTe s a XHMHYHHll c sCTaB ,l(a ce TbPCllT onopan TOLJKH H B MHHepaJlOrH'IHH5I c scraa, KaKTO H ,l(aHHH OT nerpor parpcxn H3- CJIe,l(BaHHlI (,U}KOHC, AHrJIHHCKOTO YLJHJIHw;e no apxeonor a n B Aruna).

On penenen nn repec 3aCJlY}KHXa H Cb06W;E'HHllTa, B KOliTO ce n penCTaB5IXa excnep ancu J'aJIHH AaHHH, MO,l(eJIHpaW;H ApeBHHTe TeXHOJIOrHH (Illnep,n, J1e06eH, ABCTPH5J), KaKTO H ct.oriuren aero n a Baruep H curp. (MIOHxeH, <I>Pr), B KoeTO nepy ancxa xepaetnxa OT npevero aa I1HKHTe CC H3CJlE',I(Ba C nOMOI.l\Ta na HCYTpOHHoaKIHBaL\HOHeH anaJlH3 H Mboc6ayepoBa Cn€KTpOMeTpH5I H ce MO,l(CJIHpaT YCJIOBHlIra sa H3nHyaHe aa xepaunxa ra llJIH rrsx TC3H aa <I>OTOC 11 cr.rp. (J10Hc ,l(OH, AHrJIH5I), B KOHTO ce peKOHCTpYHpaT YCJI0BHllTa aa noay-rasane ua 6pOH3 B MHKeHa llJlH na CTOMaHa OT LJepHOMOpCKH MameTHTOBH nac snu BbB BH3 aI-lTH5I.

TIo rpera reva l1BeJIHH KYJIeB (CCC ct.anropn P. ,U}KHHrOBa H f. ,U}KHHrOB) aaaecc noxnana ,,113- caenaaae aa onpenennue MllCTOTO na rrpOH3BO)l,CTDO ua crparparoxep aumca (XII-XIV B.) OT IllyMeH, Bapua H YepBeH", KOllTO 6e H3CJIYlllaH C anrepec,

TIo uiecra rexa 611xa H3HeceHH 6 noxn ana H 25 rrocrep a. OnpezteJleHO ce 3a6eJl1l3Ba nonunranane na nnrepeca KbM r-spceunrre MeTO,l(H H ,l(ellHOCTH B penaua MaJiKH CTpaHH, KaTO fbPUHlI, PYMbHHll, YHrapH5I H np. TbPClIT ce apxeoJIO['H'leCKH 06eKTH n a cywa H non BO,l(a. Il pn saa ara e 5ICHa - BHCOKa. apXeOJIOrH'leCKa II aay sua e<peKTHBHocr, KOllTO onp annana ananCOBOTO HHBCCTHpaHC n a 3HaLJllTeJIHH cpencraa.

3a r-spcexe H AOKYMeHTHpaHe Ha apXeOJlOrHLJeCKH 06eKTH MaCOBO ce H3110JI3YBa aepoapXeOJIOrH5ITa - He ce npeanpnevar cepH03HH

apxeonor avecxu pa3KOlIK11 6e3 CHry pna n penaapjrre.ma HH<P0PM3l\l1lI OT B1>3,1(yxa. 'uOKYMeHTHpaHCTO n a 06CKT11Te B1,B BCll'IKH cpa3H 1-1 a pa3KonaBaHCTO BM CC H3BbpWB3 H3KJlI04HTCJIHO OT Bb3,1(yxa. UeJIOrO,l(HWHO CC H3BbpWBaT CHCTeMHH, MHQfOKpaTHH Bb3,1(YWHH apxeoJlOrHYCCKH Ha6J1IO,I(eHHll H CHHMKH BbPXY TCPliTopHHTe H aKB3TopHHTC n a 1l0'lTH BCHYKH eBpOneHCI<H crpaHH. AKTHBHO ce pa60TH 110 m.np oCHTe H3. KOCMHY€CKaT3 apxeon orn a. r. Myry.aa c npoacexrnp a H3- KJlI04ylTCJlHH ,l(Han03HTHBH na apXeOJIOrH'leCKH 06eKTH, 3aCHeTH 01' KOCMoca, B TOBa LJHCJlO HaMHpaW;H ce B TYPUH5I, rbpUH5I, EJI1l3KHlI 113TOK H np.

BbB s ssnyiuna ra apXeOJIOrH5I Bb.)JrapH5I H30CTaBa C neceraneTHlI. Y Hac ca uanp ascaa cauo HllKOJIKO CllOJlY'lJlHBH on n fa s a zroKYMeHTupaHe n a H3BCCTHH 06eKTH H HHW;O s a r spceae n a ueaaaecrua 06CKTH. He06xo,l(HMH ca cepH03HH YCHJIH5I aa npeononnnaue na TOBa H30CTaBaHC-.

TIPH TepeHHHTC npoyvaanan BO,l(cw;n reo<pH3HYHll MeTO,l(H ca n poTOHH3Ta MarHHTOMeTpH5I (X. Bexep , <I>Pf) H eJleKTpOl-lHOCbnpOTHBHTeJlHHTe MeTO,l(H (A. Xec , <I>paHuaa), OTJlH'IHH pe3YJITaTH ,l(3Ba nporonrrara rp anxenrouerpna , KOsro ce upnaar a OT 2-3 rO,l(HHH (X. Bexep , <I>pr). YCHJICHO ce p asp a60TB3T CneL\H aJlH3HpaHH eJIeK'fpOMarHHTHI1 MeTO,l(H H arraparypn (P. <I>apKap, Kan an a ; A. Ta66ax, <I>pm-IUH5I). B MHOro CTpaHH (<I>pr, ,UaHHll, LJCCP, Ynr-apaa , TIoJIwa) npot(bJDKaBaT CKCllE:pHMeHTH a a np nn araue sa reop anapua CI1CTeMH B apxeo.aor ns ra , HO aacer a pe3YJlTaTHTe HC 3a)(OBOJI5IBaT. AKTHBHO ce pa60TH B 06JIaGTa na <p1!311LJeCKOTO H MaTeMaTIILJeCKOTO MO,'leJl!lpaHe aa apll.eOJIOr1l4eCKH 06eKTH (BellMYT,. CAIl(; TIHPO, I1TaJlHll H np.).

Cneua an naapana an ap ary pa 6c npencranena OT nporp, A. Xec (<I>p.) - pe3HcTHBHMeTbp C ar p anen LJeTHpHeJIeKTpO,l(eH KOMYTaTop "BeHep,l(HnOJl".

ABrycTHH TIeTKoB H MHXaHJI

I'eoprues ,l(OKJla,l(BaXa "ABTOM3TIl'lHO H eJleKTpOMeXaHHlJHO enexrponpoysBaTeJlHO 060PY,I(BaHe", B KoeTO 611xa npe,l(CTaBeHH ceMellcTBo eJleKTpOMexaHH'IHH KOMYTaTopH ",U06PHLJ" s a 4,24 H 32 e.neicrpona, aa LJeTHpHeJIeKTpO,l(HH, TpHeJleKTpO,l(HII, cnxerp auun, t(HllOJIHH H HecHMeTpHLJHH CXeM!I H ,l(ByeJIeKTpO,l(HH cxcna , KaKTO H MHKporrpouecopHa eJleKTpOHHOnpoyusareaaa CHCTeMa ",U06pYt(lKa" C 64 cnexrpoua, aacer a C,I(HHCTseI-Ia B CBeTOBHaTa npaxraxa.

CbW;HTC asropu B ct.aarop CTBO C MHXaHJI Kanapues H ,UllMHTbP I'eopr aen ,l(OKJla,l(BaXa "feo<pH3H'lJ-l0 npoy-maue n a MOrHJIa ,,3eJI€Hxa", B KOllTO onHCBaT MC10,l(llKaTa II pe3YJlTaTHTe 01' npoYYBaHeTO na MOrHJIa ".3eJIeHKa" Kpall c. EbJlra peno, TOJI6YXHHCKll oxp sr • ,UoKJIa,l(HTe aa 6bJIr ap CKHTe reorpa- 3HUll llPC,I(H3BHKaxa nnrepec.

lIocnenuara, cenua 'leMa 6ellIe apxeoaornuecxara H 6e nOCBeTeHa aa np06JIeMIITe n a npexona 01' neoJIIITa K'bM 6pOH30BaTa enox a. B CBOll ,llOKJIa,ll .Tlpcxon 01' eHeOJIHTa K'bM 6pOH30BaTa eno x a B D'bJIrapIIH"

X. TO,ll0pOBa noxaaa B'b3MO)!(HOCTI!Te a a CIIHxpOHII3aILHII Me)!()J,y C'b;;_, OTBeTHIITe KyJITYPI! B I't.pua a II D'bJIrapl!lI. TOBa cpaBHIITeJIflO H3- cnenaaue, ,llOKJIa,llBaHO s a rrsp na rrsr, pas xpuaa C'blIJ.eCTBYBaHeTO u a

3Ha'lIITeJIHII npa3HI!HII B CTpaTIIr-parpcxara KOJIOHKa n a TeCaJIHflckure npal!CTOpWleCKII KYJITYPII.

A. ITETKOB, 11. KYJIEB

XVII KOHcpepeHJJJ151 no KJ1aCYI4eCKYI CTY.n.YIYI "Et1peHe{(

01' II no 16 aBrYCT 1986 r. B CTOJIIIILaTa n a r.up nepJIHH ce nposene penoauara XVII KOH<jJepeHILHlI no KJIaCH'leCKI! CTY,llI!I!, opr aa aaap ana 01' Me)!(,llYHapO,llHl!lI KOMIITeT no KJIaClI'leCKII CTY,llIlH "EilpeHf", B cn yua s 01' AKa,lleMlIlITa aa H aYKHTe ua r.up, crp auara, na KOllTO ce n ana nopenno na opr aa aanp a KOH<jJepeHILHHTa. Haurara crp aaa 6e sexe nsa !l'bTII .llOMaKIIH na Te31! KOH<jJepeHILIII!: IV KOH<jJepeHILlIlI B ITJlOB,llIlB npes 1962 r. II XV KOH<jJepeHILl!lI B Hececsp n pes 1978 r.

B KOH<jJepeHILl!lITa asex a y uaerne Ha,ll 350 ,llYUlI! 0'1' BC.I!LJ KI! coILl!aJIllCTH'leCKll crp aua, BKJI. Il IOrocJIaBl!lI, 01' ABCTPHlI, Ispuas , 3ana,lleH Bep.ma , Hcn anua, l1TaJIllH, Kanana , CAllI", XOJIaH,llllll, c:I>pr, 51noHlIlI. Crpauara ,lI,0- MaKllH 6e npezrcrasena C Hail-MHoro npIIC'bCTBYBalIJ.ll II y'laCTBYBalIJ.H. OT COILllaJIHCTllLJeCKIITe crpaHII n o-r oneaa 6l1xa rpynm-e a a 4exOCJIOSaKI!lI - 30, na CCCP - 20. Haurara crp ana 6e ripeacraseua C 12 HaYLJHH pa60THHILH- 01' Apxeoa oruuecsn a llHCTI!TYT C MY3eil, 01' l1HcTllTYTa no TpaKOJIOrns , 01' l1HCTI!TYTa no 113KYCTBOan auue, OT_ Karenp ara no rp axon orn n II Llenr-sp a aa npeann e3llILI! II KYJITYPif npn C~T "KJIHMeHT OXPll,llCKH", C'blIJ.O apXeOJI0311 01' MY3el!Te B JIOM, Ilepa nx, CBIIlIJ.OB. 3a ct.scaaeune He 6e npencrasena Karenp ara no KJIaCIILJeCKa <jJI!JIOJIOrl!lI, LJH5lTO TeM3THKa nanara e 6llJIa eaua 01' OCHOBHI!Te aa Te31! KOH<jJepeHILHH.

OCHOBHa r exa a a KOH<jJepeHILHlITa 6e: AHTI!l!HOCTTa II Eapona=ILeH1'bp I! nep arpep a a B aHTHLJHHlI CBlIT. .ueJIOBaTa pano-ra npo reve B rpn ce KILIl I! , rrspaara C nne nouceKILIIH, H LJeTUpl! C'bn'bTCTBYBalIJ.H CHMlJ03I!YMa. CeKILHlI I: AHTHlIHOCTTa H "BapBapcKHH" CBHT B rexn nre HCTOPHKO-KYJITYPHH B3aHMOOTHOllIeHl!lI: lJO,llceKILHlI a): 4epHOMopHe H naJIKaHHTe. ITO,llCeKILHlI 6): Bananna I! Cpenaa EBPOn a. CeKILHlI II: 06pa3'bT na "Bapaap are'' B aHTH'lH~11 a JIHTepaTypa, <jJllJIOCO<jJHlI I! H ayxa. CeKILl!lI I II:

Ilpencrasara aa 'lY)!(,ll1! napoan

B aHTll'lHOTO H3KYCTBO. CHMno-

3HYM I: Haa-acsa apxeOJIOrH'leCKH OTKpHTHlI. 2. CHMn03HYM no MH-

7 ApXeOJIOrHlI, 2. 1987

KeHOJIOrHlI. 3. B'san p aeaanero ua aHTHLJHOCTTa B COILH3JIHCTHLJeCKOTO 06lIJ.ecTBO. 4. CHMn03HYM no np06JIeMHTe Ha KbCHaTa aHTHlJHOCT. ITO,ll06HH CI!Mn03HYMH csn'bTCTBYBaT sunar-n Bc.HKa KOH<jJepeHILHH aa KOMHTeTa "EilpeHe".

OCHOBHHHT ,llOKJIa,n 06lILO 13'bpXY r n aanara TeMa 6e H3HeceH aa nzenapno sacenan ae or axan, it Xep uan , ,llHpeKTOp H3 lJ,11 no crap a IICTOPl!ll H apxeoaoras K'bM rep MallCKaT3 aKa,lleMlIlI s a HayKHTe - "lJ,e~lT'bp II nep arpepns n a aHTH'lHlIll CBllT". ITo 3aMHC'bJIa IIa opr auuaar opure na nJIeHapHOTO 3aceaau ne 6Hxa 1!3HeCellH C'bOTBeTIlO OCHOBHII HaCOLJBalIJ.1! )I,OKJIa,ll1l no n ocoucn are TeMI!, xt.nero TpH6Baure ,lla ce nOCTaBHT np06JIeMIITe, no KOIITO npo-rese p aoorara B ceKILIIIITe II c1IMno311YMIITe.

.u. D. lUeJIOB (CCCP) - I'p suK3Ta KOJlOHI!3aILIIH no Cesepaoro 4epHoMopHe I! napnapcxas CBHT; B. BeJIKOB (n'bJIrapHH) - l1crOPHKO-KYJITYPHII B3allMOOTlIOllIeHHlI Me)!(,llY aHTlI'lHOCTTa II "BapBapCKIIH CBHT" aa BaJIKaHIITe; T. KOJIHIIK (4eXOCJIOBaKIIH) - PI!MJIlIHH I! repMaHILII B Cpe,llHO,ll,YHaBcKIITe 06- JIaCTH cnen ~l3pKoMaHcKIITe BofiHH; K. Ileruen (T .uP) - PIIM II cesep sr ,ll0 YKpenBaHeTO na PI!MCKl!ll pefiHCKH JIIIMeC; 3. PI!TOK (YIlr apna) - .Bapsap nre" B aHTI!'lllar a JIliTepaTypa; P. MIDJIep (r.uP) - Bapnap are B l!,neOJIOrHHTa aa npeB'b3XO,llCTBO B auraunara <jJHJIOCO<jJI!H; B. lIJl!H,llJIep ([.uP) - 06pa3 H npencrasa na qY)!(,llHTe ~apO,llH B aHTlI'lHOTO 113KYCTBO; H. l1pMllIep (T .uP) - B'sanpaeuaHeTO ua aHTl!lJHOCTTa B COILllaJIIICTlI'leCKOTO 06lIJ.eCTBO,

ITo Ta311 TeMaTHKa B OT,lleJIHIITe 'ceKILIIH, nO,llceKILIII! H CIIMn0311YMH >611xa 1!3I-IeCeHII K'bM 200 noxa ana II llaYLJ1l1I C'b06lIJ.eHII n, Te pasr JIe)!(,llaxa p a3JIII'lHH acnexrn HC! Ta3H np06JleMaTIIKa. Hurepecnu 611- xa apxeOJIOrWleCKHTe H enarpatpCKIITe npaaocn. l1MallIe If IIHTepecHII TeOpeTH'leCKII pa3pa60TKII s a ripenCTaBaTa aa "BapBapCKI!51" C5l1T B aHTHlJHaTa JIHTepaTypa, <jJIIJIOCO<jJHH, H3KYCTBO. 113HeceHH 6Hxa HOBII apxecaor a secxn OTKpllTlIlI n a TCPIITOpl!51Ta aa 4eXOCJIOBaKHH, YHraplIll, PYMbHHH, n'bJI-

r apua , CCCP C n p an oceu x ap axrep aa 1!351CHHBaHe aa B3aIlMOOTHOllleHHlITa Me)!(,lly "BapBapIITe" II uaCeJIeHl!eTO B npOBIIHILlIl!Te n a PIIMCKaTa HMneplIll. Penaua ,llOKJIa.nH 3aC51raXa Te311 OTHomeHIIH H sa enna n o-p anua enoxa, s a n'bpBOTO XUJIH,llOJIeTHe np. H. e., rJIaBHO no OTl10111eHlle aa rp'bILKHTe nOJIIICH 110 Ceaepnoro, 3ana,llliOTO H 113TOLJao ro 4epHoMopue.

AHTIIKOBe,ll,CKIITe ,ll1!C'ILHnJIHHH Y Hac 611xa npencraneun Llpe3 naum n poy-manan B 06JIaCT1 a na I!CTOpuara, ap xeoxornnra , IICToplIHTa na H3KYCTBOTO, e311 K03HaI-l nero. YcneU1HO ,lle6IDTllpaxa nauru MJI3,ll1l KOJIerH, KoeTO e enna 01' OCHOBHIITe s anaun n a KOH<jJepeHILIIHTe "Efipene". B CeKILII5l I a n porp. M. Ta'leBa rOBopH 3a TpaKllftcKHTe ILape H KOJIOHIIHTe no 3ana.nHOTO 4epaonopae, B. JIl06eHoBa -'3a opraHH3aILIIHTa na npOH3BO,llCTBOTO H T'bprOBIIHTa n pes aHTU'lHOCTTa no ,lI,OJIIIHaTa ua p. Cl'PYMa. B cexILIIH III B. Il onoaa-Mopos pasr nezta HHKOII aCneKTI! 01' n oprperHOTO 1!3KYCTBO B Tp axn a I! MII3H5l npes II-III BeK. ITo-aKTHBHo 6e naurero YLJaCTl!e B CI!Mn03HYM I, KofiTO 6e P'bKOBO,lleH OT CT. H. C. 3JI. I'oxeua. H. c. .u. Fepr oaa n penCTaBII Por oaeacxoro C'bKPOBI1lIJ.e, KoeTO no 1'0311 na LJHH aa n P'bB m.r 6e H3HeceHO ua Me)!(,llYHapO,llHa KOH<jJepeHILIIH. 3JJ. I'oxeaa 113Hece ,1(0- cer aum are pe3YJITaTH OT pas xonKIITe n a 1!3BeCTHOTO CBeTI!JIII nte ua HIIM<jJHTe n p a C. OrHHHOBO, ITa- 3ap,nlKHllIKI! oxpsr. 3a I-1OBOOTKPHTOTO CBeTHJIHlIJ.e aa ACKJIeIIH fi na repuropunra na Cep nnxa r-onopn .u. Boresa. B. CrOI!LJKOB naup aan HaYlJHO ci.oourcnne s a HCToplIHTa ua <lHTII'lHIIH AJIMYC, "" ,llH. JIOM, IT . .uOHeBCKII - aa x anao are aa X I KJIaB,lllleB JIerHOH B .uypocroPYM, ,llH. CaJIHCTpa. 3a IIp'bB II'bT uaur npe,ll,cT3BIITeJI -l1PHC<jJOH Bpenos, Y'laCTBYBa B HaYLlHO ct.oriuren ne B CIIMn0311YMa no MIIKeHOJIOrllH. B CHMII0311YMa aa HOBIITe apxeoaornaecxu or xpm a sr HHKOJIKO l-laYllHlI Cl,06meHHH 6Hxa nsuecemr OT HeMcKHTe KOJIerH I(. BaxTeJI, B . .ubOJIe, r. c:I>yKC-[oMOJIKa, Tepna <jJOH nIDJIOB, B. Dborrep, pa60THJIII aaenuo C 6'bJIrapCKII apXeOJI0311 B 51 TPYC, na. c. KpI!BIIHa,

49

Pycencxn OI<P'bf. TOBa 6e MHOrO nOJIQ)KHTeJlHa H351Ba n a CbTPY,l\HH'leCTBOTO Me)K,l\Y apXeOJI03HTe n a f)J,P H HP13, c suro enna 01' s analJHTe aa KOMHTeTa "EtIpeHe",

Ha TpaKHHCKH n aaern nua H aa np06JIeMH 01' HCTOpH5ITa H HKOHOMHKaTa n a TpaKHTe 651xa noCBeTeHH H HaYlJHH cb06rn;eHH5I n a yqeHH 01' np yrn CTpaHH, BHHMaI-I He 3aCJIY}KaB3 p ario rara n a nou. A, T1:eHe (13epJIHH), KofITO noCTaBII HHTepeCHII BbnpOCH a a pa3- BHTHeTO ua CToKoBO-napHlJHHTe 01'HOUIeHII5I B TpaKHHcKoTO oouiecrBO B xp a s n a V II HaqaJIOTO na IV B, np. H. e, B CBeTJIHHaTa n a nan-

HHTe 01' KH. 7 01' "AiIa6a3Hc" u a Kcenorpour.

Ha 3aKJIIOlJlITeJIHOTO nJIeHapHO aacenanue 651xa uan panenu 0606- rn;HTeJIHH ornern aa p ario-i ara ua OT,l\eJIHHTe ceKUHH H cHMn03HYMH, KOHTO o-reprax a ,l\eHCTBHTeJIHH5I n p an oc no paar.neacnauara n a KOH¢epeHUH5ITa nurepecua H cp asnaTeJIHO nepas paoors ana raxa KOMnJIeKCHO TeMaTHKa B CbBpeMeHHaTa HaYKJ. 51 nOHCKH5IT yuen n poo, MacaOIm )J,OH (n03HaT Y Hac upes ny6JIHKYBaIIaTa B 13bJIrapH5l Heroaa KHHra s a Cnap rax) , e,l\HH 01' H3BeCTHH'Ie 60pUII s a MHP, n porue Ha,l\npeBapaTa B aTOMHOTO BbO-

psacaaane, nonapn KOI1He OT opnr auanen cjJHJIM a a rparenua ra n a Xupouuma. cI>nJIMbT 6e n poxcexrap an n a YllacTHHUHTe B nnenapHOTO sacenauae H no 1'0311 nOBO,l\ XVII KOH¢epeHuHJ! rt pne H CbOTaer na nexnapauaa. )J,oKJIa)lBaIlH 651xa 11 06C'b}K,l\aHI1Te na aacenaHHeTO n a Me)K,l\YHap0,l\HH5l KOMHTeT npe,l\JIO)KeHH51 s a npoxenu B cTaTYTa n a KOMHTeT3. ITo npen.n o»cea ae aa Yur apcxara aKa,l\eMHSI a a HaYKI-ITe 6e n pnero XVI II KOH¢epeHUH5l na KOMHTeTa "ErlpeHe" ,l\a ce nponene npes 1988 r. B 13 y,l\a neura.

B. BEJlKOB

OT 3 1\0 J4 HoeMBpH 1986 r. r ocr ua ApXeOJIOrHlJeCKIISI HHCTHryr H MY3ei:i n p a 13AH 6ellle nporp, a-p P06ep ETHeH - "IHpeK

- TOp ua Llea rsp a "ITHep Tlapnc" K'bM CHPC (HaUHOHaJJE.'H uem t.p a a HaYLfHH H3CJIe,l\BaHH5l B ITapH}K) H nporpecop no crap a HCTOPHSI H apxeOJIOrI1S1 B YHHBepCHTeTa ua r p an Bop no (cI>paHHH5I). LJJIeH e H na Q)pel-ICK3Ta WKOJI3 B PHM, TOH e PbKOBO,l\HTeJI na p ennua rppeucx« apXeOJIOrnLfeCKH MHCHH B CBeTa. ITpe3 1946 r. PbKOBO,l\H paaxorncn B MapoKo H3 H3BeCTHH5I 3HTI1LfeH r p an BOJIy6HJIHC, npes 1965 r. np3BH p aaxonxn B JII16I15l, H3 aHTHLfHOTO Bop ao BbB cI>paHUI1H H np. 01' 1964 r. OrJI3B51B3 rppeucxonopryr-an cxara apXeOJIOrHLfeCKa exCne,l\HHHSI B rp. KOHI1M6pHra (Tlopryr-ana a). PbKOBo,l\HTeJI e c uuo raxa H aa MHQ}KeCTBO rpanose, KaCTeJII1, PHMCKH BI1JII1 I1 np. a!-I~'HLlHH 06eKTH aa rcpuropuara na Vl6epHHCKHSI 11-08 . .3aHHMaBa ce C np06JIeMHTe ua apXHTeKTyp3Ta, peJIHfHHTa H MaTepnaJIHaTa xynrypa npes pHMCKaTa enoxa.

ABTOP e ua penuua rry6JII1KaUI1H H MOHorpaq:>I1H, 01' KOHTO rroas aecrnu ca CJIe,l\HHTe: "VlMIIepaTOpCKn5lT KYJIT ua TepHTOpH5lTa na Vl6epHtICKI151 n-oa 01' ABrYCT ,l\0 )J,HOKJIeTHaH", 1958 r.; "BoJIy6HJIHC", 1960 r.; "PeJII1fH03HHTe CHHKpE'TH3MH B Vl6cpI1HCKH5I n-OB

npes I1M!1epaTOpcKaTa enoxa",

1973 r.; "AHl'I1llHOTO Bop no".

P06ep ETI1eH e anrop H aa nonyJI5IpHaTa Y Hac xmrr a "E)Ke,l\HeBHI15lT )KUBOT B ITo~1IIei1", npesenena na 9 e3HK3 H nper-spnan a rpa H3,l\aHH5I, a cr.uio raxa H n a IISIKOJIKO MOllorpa¢HH a a "BeKa n a ABrYCT", "CMbpTTa u a Il eaap" H "CbKpOBI1rn;eTO 01' Tap ona''. ITO,l\ neroaa penaxnus H aBTopCTBO H3- JIH3a r nopenuuara 01' ,[,OMOBe aa "Pe3YJITaTI1 or pa3KOllKHTe B KoHHM6pHra", Kb,l\eTO Tofl e aBTOp n a TOM I I, "ErrHrpa¢I1Ka H CKYJIII

ryp a", lq76 f.

Ilporp. P06ep ETHeH e YlleH CbC CBeTOBH3 H3BecTHOCT H B 06JIaCT ra ua cnar-parpnxara. B C'b'i'PY,l\HHLfeCTBO C YHI1EepCHTeTa aa rpan JlI1e)K (13eJIfH5I) Llenr-sp sr "IT. ITa-

PHC" non Pl,l(OBO,l\CTBOTO aa P. Ernell C'b3,l\a,l\e e,l\Ha EBponeHcKa ¢OH,l\alJ,H5I aa KOMnIOTbpHa 06pa60TKa aa JIaTHHCKHTe H r p suxare Ha,l\I1HCH. C nOMOIJJ;Ta aa MHKPOKOMIIIOTbP uie ce 06pa60TBaT aBTOM3THlleCKn BCH'-!KH ,l\aHHH OT Ha,l\nHCHTe. cI>OH,l\aUH51Ta HMa npoeKT 3a C'b3,l\aB. He na ,,6aHKa" C nb,1HU ,l(aHHH OT BCI1'-!KI1 Ha,l\nI1CH B r p sxo-puwCKHSI CBSIT na CbTPYJ'(HI!lleCTBO C errar p arpnre 01' BCIlLfKI1 CTpaHH.

¢peHCKH5lT YlJeH HMa Bb2-MO}KHOCT ,l\a ce 3an03HaE' C nOCTH)KE'HH5lra na apxeOJIOrI15lTa, H rio-cnell.HaJIHO na aHTHLfHaT3 ap xeoaor aa, B naurara crpaua, KaKTO I1 C HaliHOBHTe OTKpHTH5l B otinacrra na apXeOJIO[H5lTa.

fOCT'bT nauece B A_pxeOJIornlJeCKHSI HHCTI1TYT H Mpell ,l\lle JIeKl.\HH HB- rexa: "ITp06JIeMH I1a PHMCKaTa 6a3I1JIHKa" H .En nrp aqiaxara H KOMnlOTbpbT - np06JIeMH H MeTO,l\HKa". JleKl(HHTe 6S1xa nocpemaarn C rOJIlIM narepec 01' 6bJIr ap CKHTe crt eun aJIHCTH.

B. 13O)KI1JlOBA

Ilpodi BeJH13ap BeJIKOB HOCHTeJI Ha Xep~epOBa Harpa~a

B «p an H3 1986 r. nporp,

BeJIH3ap BeJIKOB, 3aM.-,l\HpeIHOp na AI1M npI1 13AH, 3aM. rn aaen penaxrop ua crr. "ApXeOJIOrHlI", 6e Y,l\OcTOeH C narp anara "fOT¢PH,l\ ¢OH Xep aep'' s a 1986 r. Har panara ce npHC'b)K,l\3 eacer onno 01' BHeHcKH5I yHI1Bep CHTer aa BI1,l\-

50

HH YlJeHH I1 .L\enUH ua KYJITypaTa B Eapon a s a n puuoca HM B YKp ermanero na pa36HpaTCJICTBOTO H ,l\py}!(6aTa Me)!(,l\Y naponnre. TOHa aBTopHTeTHO Me)K,l\YHap0,l\HO OTJII1- LfI1e e BHCOIW rrpH311aHHe aa roaeMH5l npHHOC ua HaWH5I H3TbKHaT YlJeH H KOJIera B 06JI3CTTa aa

apXeOJIOrH5lTa, HCTOpH5lTa H en nr-parpuxara npes aurnunocrra,

Pe,l\aKll.I151Ta n a err. .ApxeoaorH5I" ro n03,l\paBSlBa 01' Cbpue 3a BI1COKaTa H 3aCJIY)KeHa Me)K,l\YHapenna narpana H My nO)KeJIaBa HOBH TBOplJeCKH ycnexn.

01' penaxuasra

KHHrOnl1C

06lI1,H CbllHHeHH5I

A saiiscoa. jJ Ulrt'tO. CTapH xpnCTllHHCKll nauern aua 01' XaCKOBcxa oxp-sr. [AJI6YM]. C., K-T aa xy JlTypa, 1986. 35 c. C IW.

01' K'bCHaTa aHTll'ITOCT II cpeaHOBeKOBlleTO.

Ap xeosoeuuecxu onucpumu s U paskontcu npes 198.5 2. [Hays. csorimea ae OT] XXXI Hall. KOHcp. no apXeOJlOrHH, Be.TIllKO T-hPHOBO 1986 r. Pen, KOJI. B. BeJI KOB H np. BeJIHKO T'bpHOBo, 1986. 193 c.

C'b)('bplKa peaioaera aa /\OKJIaJIll s a nposeneau paaxornca na 06eKTH 01' npaHCTOpH'IeCKaTa, anrnuaara II Cpe,ll;HOBeKOBHa1'a enox a.

Boee, Il em np . TIPOH3XO,ll; na HaCeJIeHlleTO n a Pasrp aacxn OKp'br lIO aHTpOnOJIOrH'IHll ,ll;aHHH. - B: MaTepHaJIll aa MllHaJlOTO H3 Pa3rpa,ll;CKH5I KpaiL I. Pasrp an,

1985, 119-184.

113CJIe,ll;BaHll51 OT npancropuuecK3Ta enox a no OCM3HCK01'O BJIa,ll;ll'IeCTBO.

Bence, B. MeLJTll H ,ll;eflc1'BH1'eJlHOCT. - I'on, CY "KJI. OXPH,ll;CKll". l1CTOp. <jiaK., 77, 1985, N22, 478 - 482.

CnoMeHH a a XPHCTO M. ,UaHoB II a pXeOJIOrllLJeCKH1'e ll3CJIe,ll;Bal'lH H B rp. Caunancxa.

Iluuumpoe, Boscuoap, Anon oHH5I TIoHTHKa. C030lIOJl. - Mope, I, 1985, 257-267.

I1CTopH5I1'a aa r pana OT OCHOB3BaHe1'O My ,ll;0 B'sap aacztanero.

Mu punoaa, MU.il1a. I1H1'epecHH

OTKpH1'HH. - MTIK, 1986, N2 2,

61-62.

Haxouxn 01' KaMeHHO-Me,ll;HaTa, aHTf''IHaTa H cpenaonexoana ra erioxa.

OB4apo(J, Tooop, P'bKOBO,llC1'BO no apxeonor n >T. [3a CTY,ll;eHTHTe 01' BTY "KHPHJI H MeTO,ll;HH"]. 4. I. BeJIHKO T'bpHOBo, BTY .. KHPHJ1: H MeTO,ll;Hi\" , 1985. 125 C., C HJI., 1'a6JI., n.n.

Pauseecsu, Cmosui. Tonou naauPlH CBH).IeTeJICTBa aa PY,ll;0,ll;06HBa II MeTaJlO,ll.06HSa B Crp annxca n pes aHTH'IHOrTla If cpenaonexonnero. - B: Crpannxcanc eo-Caxapckn C60pHHK. T.4. KH.6. C., 1986, 317 -326.

Pouacoecxa, A una It Jl u nsina Ma8pool.lIwea. Cren ormcen opnaMeHT. C., BAH, 1985. 440 c., C HJI.

CTeHonlIcHH opH3MeHTIf 01' np aHCTo.pW!eCKaTa enoxa ,ll;0 X IX B.

Xpucmoea, 30paeKcl. DH6.!IIIOrpacpHH na rpynosere n a npoo. I1BaH Benenaxoa. - HYMH3MaTHKa, 1986, N2 2, 42-47.

A Vad es a oadaszat a bolgargoldmiioeszeteben, - Ni rnrcd, 101, 1981, N 6, 269-270.

,UH Be'I'bT H JIOB'b1' B II3 KVCT-

BOTO no f:i'bJlrapCKHTe 3eMH. -

Velkoo, Velizar, Archaol ogische Untcrwasserforschungcn in Bulgarien. - Ethnogr.-archiiol. Zft., 1986, N. 2, 283-296.

Il p a a c r o p n s

AelMoea, JI. 11., H. fl. Mep-

nepm U B. C. Tumoe. Pacxorncu nOCeJIeHHH IOHal{H1'e B IO}KHOH BOJIrapHH. - ApXeOJIOrHqeCKHe OTKpbITHl1 1984 r-ona, 1986, 494 - 495.

Aenapoe, M. A. Tep pacaoe seMJle,ll;eJIHe ,UareCTaHa (Bon pocsr r enes nca , KYJIbTYPHOH THnOJIOrHH Ii COUHaJIbHOH POJlH cHcTeMbI).Stud. praehistor., 8, 1986, 50-62.

Faiiocuee, M. r. 0 )lpeBHeil MeTaJIJIoo6pa6oTKe B ,Uarec1'aHe.St ud. praehistor., 8, 1986, 32-49.

Komoeuu, B. M. AHTPOllOMOPq:,nsre 06pa3bI B npenn nx aacxan sHbIX p HCyH x ax Topnoro ,UareCTana. - Stud. praehislor., 8, 1986, 63-90.

Kuuinapeea, u. X. u r. H. JIucuuu na. B.~}KHeHWHe acnexrsr CTaHOBJ1eHHH H pa3BHTHH npo nsno ,iJ,HIUero X03llHcTBa n a IOlKHOM H CeBepo·BoCTOQHOM KaBKa3e (VII II TbIC. ,iJ,O H. 3. -St ud. praehistor., 8, 1986, 7-31.

Huxo soe, D020afl. 3a'IaTKH npeBHel1 IlIICbMeHOCTH I-Ia 60JlrapCKHx 3eMJIHX. - 0630P, 1985, Ng 72, !00-103.

TIHI{'fOrpaMH H 3I-IaIJ,H na rJlHHeHH c snone 01' KaMeHHO-Me,l(I-IaTa enoxa.

CKUK.Ij'i, H. H. 0PY,ll;HH rpyzta II x 03llHCTBO 60JIrp a,ll;CKOH (AJI,l(eHH II) 3HeOJIHTHC;eCKOtI KyJlLTYPbL - Stud. pr aehistor., 8, 1986, 91- 107.

'Ioxaoocue«, MUXWlfl. TI'bPBHre o6HTaTeJlH no ,ll;OJlHI-laTa n a CTpYMa. - CTpYMa, 2, 1985, 131-138.

l1~c.ne,ll;BaHe ua paHHHl1 ueoJlHT B BJIaroeBrpaAcKH, K!{)CTeI-I,ll;HJlCKH H ITepHHwKH oxpsr .

Bakalahis, G. et A. Sakelariou, Par adi rni. Mainz am Rhein, Philipp von Zabern, 1981, 88 p., Taf. 1-73, I-Xl.V, 16 Bei!.

Rez. V. Ni kol ov. - Stud. praehistor., 8, 1986, 225-230.

Bauern lind Handioerher,

Jiingstein in Bulgarien 6. u. 5. .Iahrtausend. Red. Ralf Busch, Hans-Eckart J oachi m. Salzburg, Museum Caroline Augusteu rn, 1984. 29 p., 84 f.,y ill.

Boeo, P. et S. Colakou. Ant hr opol igische U nters uch uf!_g des neoli tischen Skelct ts von Cavdar, Bezirk Sofia. - Stud. pr aehistor., 8, 1986, 217-224.

Boiilooa. E. et M. Filipova.

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Cchadzieu, S. Fruhaneolithische Kera mik a us der priihistorischen Siedl ung bei S lat ino, Bezi vk Kj usten di l. - Stud. praehistor., 8 1986, 185-202.

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Hansel. Bernhard. Wan der un gen in Su dosteur op a wiibrend del spaten Bronzezeit mit ihr Verhiiltnis zu m Territorium Albaniens. - Iliria, 15, 1985, N. 2, 223-241.

Paar nexcna H 6'b"1rapCI<HTe 3eMH. Hillers, 'l. et O. I. Ceorqieu.

Tell Karanovo 1984. Vorbericht uber die 1. Ka mpagne der ost erreichisch-bulgarischen A usgrab ungen am Tell von Karanovo. Salzburg, 1984,32 p., Abb., Taf. (Schr if tenreihe des Instit uts fi.ir Alte Geschichte und Altertu mskun de der Universitiit Salzburg. Reine I. Vorliiufige Bericbte und Vorl agen, 1).

l lceua, V. Neue Metallfunde

a us der priihis torischen Si edl ung Hotnica-Vodopada. - Stud. prae· histor., 8, 1986, 212-216.

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Rez.: Bernhard Hansel. - Pr aehistor.Zft., 61,1986, N 1,114 -115.

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AHTHliHOCT

A _1a8JICOB, jJ ItAt'W It 11 ptco IT empoe. ApxeOJlOrWleCKH p as xonxn I-Ia KpenOCTTa n pn Mesex. - I1MIOHl3, 8, 1985, 49-68.

51

E aAa6afLOC, Il em »p U 11,0Hfl

Il paoceea. TpaKHikKH HeKpOnOJIH B KB. "TI06e,l(a" B Byprac.vlMI011B, 8, 1985, 9-29.

EaA/wHc/W, A. THPH3HC H

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C'b,l('bp/Ka: TpaII.Hl\HHHl aa aaTH4HOTO H3KYCTBO B p annosnaaaTlIHcKaTa k aaanerna /KHBOnHC (I1KoHHTe "l3orOpO,l(Hlla C MJIa.n,eHeua" Il "CB. Ce[JrHI1 nCB. BJIax" OT C6HpKa.Ta n a KneBCKHl! MY3,eH) - c. 11)-21; Bp'b3KH Me)K,L\y H3- KYCTBO H pnryan B KOHcTaHTHHonoJl n pea sropara nOJlOBHHa na XI B. - c. 22-60; B3anMO,l(eilcTBHe Melli,l(y HKoHorpacpCKH KaHOH H XY,l(O/KeCTBeH CTHJI B rraJJeOJlOrOB-

54.

CKaTa /KHBOnHC ua BH3ilHTIHIc. 61-77; Vxp acara na I'p'bl\KH p'bKOnHC C AKaTHcTa aa Bor oponaua (MOCKB3, ,U'hP/K. HCTOp. MY3eH Synod. gr. 429) - c. 78-87; C'b,L\oara na eaaa BH3aHTHHcKa KHHfa (P'bKOllHC'bT 01 ,U'bp)l(aBHaTa ny- 6JIHqHa 61!6JIHOTeK3 B J1eHHHrpap" rp. 118 - c. 88-97; POJIHT3 Ha BH3aHTHilCKHTe Tpa,l(Hl\HH TIP" xy,l(O)l(eCTBeHOTO O¢OpM5!He na r p suKHTe p'bKOnHCH OT nropa ra 1I0JJOBHHa n a XV H XVI BeK·- c. 98 - 101; BH3aHTHHcKH Ij'lT04HHl\H 23 apxnrex-ry puare ¢POHrHCTInCn n a I1360PH HKa OT 1073 r. - c. 102 - 112; POJIllTa na BH31lHTHflCKHH P'bKOllHC 01' Xl BeK KaTO oopaseu 3a 6'bJIrapCKOTO, TaKa HapeqeHO "J10H,l(OHCKO", eaaurea ae aa uap I1B3H AJIeKC~Hl1'bp OT XIV B. - c. 118-133; Hal\HOHaJlHH ocoeeHOCTH na MHHHaTlopHTe na EBaHr en aero ua uap I1BaH AJIeKCaH,l('bp - c. 134-147; C'bOTHou:reHH5I Melli,l(y MHHllaTlOpHTe aa "J10Ht(OHCKOTO" H "EJlHCaBeTrpa.l\cKOTO" esanreJIHe - c. 148-160; I1306pa)l(eHHH Hi! HKOH060pl\H H HKOHOllO'IHraTeJIH B'bpXy CTpaHHl\HTe na KHeBCKHl! nCaJITHp - c. 161-165; Xy,L\O)l(eCTBeHOTO HaCJIe,l(CTBO na C1 apa PYCHl! H cbBpeMeHHocTTa - c. 166-222; Cn HC'bK na rpy JI.OBeTe na Bepa J1HxalloBa - c. 231-236.

Jl uxaueea, B .. 0. POJIb BH3aHTHrICKOi\ PYKOIIHCH XI B. KaK 06- p asua ,L\Jlll 60JIrapCKOro TaK naau aacxior-o J10H,L\OHCKOfO Eaaur eJIHll YIBaHa AJIeKCaH,l(pa XIV B. - BH3. BpeMeHHHK, 46, 1986, 174

- 180.

CTY,l(HI{cKHH KO,L\eKC.

MeAaAtea, KamJI. H ay-ma ceCHH B Acenosr-p an [aa reva POlIOTIHre n pea XII-XIV B.).·- BeIWBt, 1986, N2 2, 94-95.

Ha 8 H 9 OKTOMBPH 1985 r'., 1I0CBl'TeHa na 800-rO,l(HIlIHHH3Ta 01' B'bCTaHHeTO ua Aceueaun.

M usaunoe, Cmauen. Kt.ne ce e navnp ana xpen ocr-ra MYI·wpafa. - BeKOBe, L986, N2 4, 60-63.

MOM'IU/lOIJ, Ilusoo. B. Kapu ooarCKaTa xpen ocr MapKeJlH. - HlIp., 1986, N!i 4, 57 -65.

Hetueea. Buonema. FpanoycrpOHcTBeHo peu.euae ua oouiecr aeHHH ueur-sp na Ilapeseu B T'hpnOBO np es XIIi-XIV B. - TeXH. MHC'bJl, 1985, Ng 5, 87-91.

Il enxoea. EI/CepKa. CTeHOI1H-

CHTe OT rpaneaapns ra na PmKeHCKHS! MaHacTHp. - H3KYCTBO, 1986, J{g 7, 31-37.

Ilempoea. Il . HaY'lH3 CeCHl!

B IlIYMeH aa Cpe,l(HOBeKOBHHl! 6'bJIr apcxn rp an npea XII-XIV B. - ApXeOJlOrHH, 1986, N2 1, 58-60.

JI ucapoea, Becena. Cpe,L\HOBeKOBHH rpHBHH OT OI(P'b/KHHH HCT<'lpH'IeCKH MY3eri B KJ('cTeH,L\H:r. - ApXeOJIOrHl!, 1985, Ng 3, 48-55.

Il ono«, AmaHac. Ue.ceT rO)lHHH ¢HJlHaJI ua ApXeOJIOrH'leCKHH HHCTHTyT H MY3eH npn D'bJlrapCKaTa aKa)I;eMHH na IfaYKHTe B'bB BeJIHKO T'hPHOBO. Apxeo.aor-n s , 1985, Ng 3, 8-14.

CpeaH.elJeKOIJ(!H tIUBU.1U:i(lI{ItH

Bonea p uu . C., Codmn-npecc, 6. r. 42 c. (HOBOCTIl- H3 l30JIrapHH).

Cmauu» OIJ, CmaHUCAaIJ. Crapo- 6bJIrapCKllHT aMYJIeT 0'[ Bonr-p an. - Apxecnoras , 1985, M 3. 42

- ·45.

Cmou soe, Kpacusiup, K'bM

a sn poca aa Pi!3BHTHeTo ua en aBl!HCKaTa MaTepHaJIHa xyarypa. no ,L\aHHH OT naponnara ap xnrercry pa. - TIp06JI. xy.rryp ara, 1986, Ng 1, 92-106.

CmOUHeI3, A nanu, Cneror Jle,l('bT na npacsnrapare. C., l3AH, 1985. 177 c.

Peu.: ,UIlMHT'bp OB4apoB. - Dp06JI. xy.rrypara, 1986, Ng 4, 96 - 98.

TOpaAWHJlH, A. K peKoHCTpYKl\HH Kp yr.n of uepxsn B Il pec.a aae

(Bo.ar-apna}. - BeCTH. 06w.ecTB.

aay« AH ApM. CCP (EpeB3H),

1981, Ng 4, 55-60.

Tomeo, Koncmanmuu, ,UBe TBOp- 6H na CTeaTHTOBaTa nJIaCTHKa OT T'spnosrp an. - Bexose, 1986, Ng 1, 57-5.9.

Tomeo, Tomto, MaHaCTHp'bT B "TY3JIaJI'bKa" - ueur-sp na PHCYaana ra xep avuxa B Ilpecn as npea IX-X B. C., 1982. 80 c. C HJI.

Rez.: Petre Diaconu. - SCI V, 36, 1985, Nr. 3, p.274.

Tomee, Tomto. IJ,eHT'bp. 3a . apxeOJIOrH'leCKO p aaxpa aaue H H3y'laBaHe aa TIJIlICKa, Ilpccaaa H M~,l(apa (10 rO,L\HHH ¢HJIHaJI na ApXeOJIOrH'leCKHH HHCTHTYT 11 My- 3eH B IlIYMeH). - Ap xeonorna, 1985, Ng 3, 1-8.

fhtKOI], Iluuum sp, Cpenao seKOBHll 6POH30BH Kp'bCTOBe OT erapa 3aropll. - I1MIOI1l), 8,. 1985, 87-94.

Bakaloua, E lka. Society and Art in Bulgaria in the 14th Cell' tury. - Byzantinobulgarica, 8,

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HYMH3MaTHKa

EU.w6UflOlJ, Il em sp, HOBH H3- CJIeJ\BaIlHH at.pxy CTpeJIHTe-napH. - HYMH3MaTHKa, 1986, N2 2,3-14.

EOJICKOB, Xpucmo JI. u Benuecnae Il . neUKOB. MeTO.I\IPleCKI1 n penophKI1 no HYMI13MaTI1Ka: J->I1MCKI1 I1MnepaTopCKll MOHenl. C., ObJIr. HYMI13M . .I\-BO, -1982. 112 c. c· 11J1.

B.1aouAwpOBa-AAQOJICOBa, JI.O'l-

tea. KOHTpOJlHa MapKa ua Taatia BbPXY MOHeTa aa Hepos. - HyMI13MaTHK'l, 1Y1:l6, N2 2, 36-38.

JI.epAIOIOJIClte6, Xpucmo Il . Op.I\eHI1, Me.I\aJlI1 11 nOlJeTHI1 3HaHHH, CBbp3aHI1 C HMeTO na I'eoprn nl1- MHTpOB. - B: MOHeTI1, 6aHKHoTH, 0p.I\eHI1, Me.I\aJlI1 M nOlJeTHI1 3HaUl1 C orip aaa na I'eoprn LLI1MI1TPOB. 1882-1982. I0611J1eeH C60pHHK. (C.), (1982), 23-35.

Il paeanoe, Iiunum-sp, Ouie aa MOHeTocelIeHero Ha Cnap rox. - I1MIO 11 0 , 8, 1985, 83-86.

Il paeauoe. J!.. Cperrspuoro MOuerocesene na Ka6MJle 11 Kanap, - rOA. CY "KJlHMeHT OXPH.I\CJ{!1". Hcrop. rjJaK., 77, 1985, N2 2, 131- 141, 3 C. HJI.

Euiast, EJ~ILI.1. ObJlrapCKH MOHeTH C otip asa aa I'eoprn nHMHTpOB. - B: MOHeTH, 6aHKHoTH, op.n.eHH, Me.n.aJlH H nO'IeTHH 3HaUH C oop aaa na I'eopra nHMHTpOB. 1882 - 1982. I0611J1eeH C60pHHK. (C.), (1982), 9-13.

.t:ropoaHoB. H6aH. "B 651r C

UHJlaTa soflcxa''. CnH.I\ereJlCTnOTO sa naxepeaare BbB BeJlHKH OpeCJlaB nenara na rpaxara BHJaHTHHCKH BOeHalJaJlHHUH. - OresecrBO, 1986, N2 15, 14-15.

Kapauomoe, Hean. MecaM6pHHCKHTe MOHeTHH MarI1CTpaTH. - HyMH3MaTI1Ka, 1986, N2 2, 15-31.

Kapauomoe, Heau. Il npxy.taUI151 Hd MecaM6pHHCKHl'e TeTpanp ax an. - I1MIOVIo, 8,1985, 69 - 81.

Kapuuucoecsud, Il . O. "

11. E. Kreasca». npeBHHH r opon Tapa: I1cTopHKo-apXeOJlOflIlJeCKHlI osepx. Knen, HaYKoBa .n.YMKa, 1985. 159 c.

MOHeTa na OAPI1CKOTO uap crso. nonycKaT; lie Tnp a apexenuo c BJl113a,'la B CbCTaBa aa pHMcKara npOBHIIl\H51 MH31151.

Peu.: A. 11. Mej\OBHlJeB. - P)I\. 06lIJ.ecTn. HaYKH B CCCP. Cep.5. HCTOPH5I, 1986, N2 3, 186-189.

Me.wAreo. Anope». LLna rip's-

CTeHa C )KeHCKO H306palKeHHe OT pHMcKaTa elIoxa. - HYMIl3MIlTHKa, 1986, N2 2, 39-41.

M ULUeB, Jl asap, Br.nr-apcxn 6aHI(HOl'H 1885-1974. [Karanor]. C., o·bJlr. HYMH3M. A-BO, 1982. 1.35 c. C HJI.

MUWP6. Jl asap . 06pa3bT na Feopru nHMHrpoB BbPXY 6aHKHOTHH~ Hi! Haponaa pcnyria a«.a ObJlrapH5I. - B: MOHeTH, 6aHKHOTH, op aena, Me.n.aJlH H no-rerun 3HaUH C oripaaa aa Feopru nHMHTpOB. 1882-1982. I06HJleeH coopBI1K. (c.), (1982)" 21-22.

HUKOA06. Bopuc. OTJIHlJHTeJIHH H narp anan 3HaUH na BbTpeUJHaTa MaKeAOHCKa peBOJllOUI10HHa opraHH3aUH5I. - Boean oncrop. c6., 1986, N24, 172-179.

Hu uueuamuuetc nap-sunu«. YKa· 3aHII5I, llHCpOpMal{1l5l, cb06w,eHII5!.

C., ObJIr. HYMH3M . .I\-BO, 1982.

43 c. C HJ!. (CaHTbK 6).

06pa3'bm na »cenama B .410- nemnomo uesucmeo, [Karanor aa 113J10)K6a]. C., ObJlr. HYMH3M . .I\-BO, 1982. 103 c. C 1IJ1.

Cmansoe, Mumso, KaKBo n penCTaBJl5!Ba raxa HapeQe.HII5IT "Moaorp aa n a ua p MHxallJl Ilhuuuau" - Be xo se , 1986, N2 1, 30-35.

Ta-eea, Mapcapuma. no n po- 6J1eMa aa rll6eJlTa ua CeBTOIIOJlIIC [no HYMII3MalH4HH nauna]. - Hy - MH3MaTHKa, 1986, N2 2, 31-36.

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Iooanooih, BOjCA08. OCTaBa cpeAH hOBeKOBHIlX KOHTpaMap KllpaHHx AIIHapa I13 OKOJlIIHe Bapne (Byr apcxa), - HYMII3MaTHlIap, 1, 1978, 119-140.

Szaloer t, W. Einige Be iner kungen z urn Fund VOIl Rt'ka Devnia. - rO.I\. CY "KJlIIMeHT OXPII,lJ,CKH". VICTOp. rpax., 77, 1985, N2 2, 408 - 411.

EnHrpa¢HK a

A sescanopoe, Feopeu, AHTII'j-

BH naMeTHIlUII 0'1' MOHTaBa. - Ap xconorns , 1986, N2 1, 36-45.

Illecr ennrp arpcxa naMeTHIIKa II TpH ¢parMeHTa na nJlaCTlIlJlIOTO H3KYCTBO,

EaflKOG, T'putpon, VICrOpH5ITa

n 6bJlfapCKaTa nacxena xynrypa OT IX-X B. H crapoovnr apcxare ermr parpcxn naME'THMUII. - Crapo- 6bJlr. JlllT., 1985, N2 18, 178-183.

Bapmuss«, P. O. 0 npoT060Jl' r ap cxnx Ha.n.nIlC5!X xaHOB KpYMa (803-814) H OMYPTara (814-831) If nexoropux sonpocax opr aanaaUI1I1 paHlIe60JlrapCKOro rocY.l\apCTBa. - BecTH. 06w,. nayx AH ApM. CCP (Epenaa). 1981, N2 4, 67-77.

J!.JICOfl06, EO.'lH. 3a JllIlJBOCTTa aa epernxa OT H3,lln1lCa npn ECKYC. -CTap06'b,~rapHcTHKa, 1986, N2 2, 104-109.

Koncmanmunoea, Benu-oca. CKaJlHII5IT nannac OT c. Kpen ra. T'sprOBHw,KII oxp t,r. E311KOBII til n a.neorp atpcxn] 6e.'lelKKII. - rOA. CY "KJlHMeHT OXPII.l\CKII". ¢aK, caas. qJHJlOJl., 74, 1985, N2 3, 86-89.

MawoB, Cnac. Hannucare B'hPxy CbJl;OBeTe OT Por03eHCKOTO csxpoaaute. - 113KycTBo, 1986, N2 6, 41-45.

Muxatuoe, Cmauen, Hannact.r ua JlaTHHCKH e311K s spxy MelJa OT Ilepnauzxara KpelIocT. - ApxeoaorHH, 1985, N2 3, 46-47.

Ilonxoncmaumunoe, Kasuuup .

KHlIlKoBeH H npocaereu U'lHTbP 0'1' IX-X B. - ,MOI<', 19A6, N~ 2, 46-50.

Enarp atpcxa MaTepl1aJl OT Ma· nacrapa npll c. PaBHa.

Il un «oncmanmunoe, . KaSUAWp.

Ouie Be.l\lI'hlK aa uannaca C .naTa CT cTap06bJlrapCKH5I MaHaCTHp npn

c. PaBHa, Bapueu cxn OI<p'H. - Apxeo.noru s , 1986, N2 1, 8-19.

Cu nmoe, EO~aaH. PUMCKa ROen aa .l\lInJlOMa 01 C. 0YTOBO, BeJlHKOTbPHOBCKH oxp sr (nOJlHa MII- 21151). - ApXeOJlOrH5I, 1985, N2 3, 38-41.

ct>O.1, Asexcanih.p, OAPHCKII II TpH6aJlCKH nape 01' Por03eHCKI1' re Ha,r(nHCH. - BI':KoBe, 1986, N2 4, 5-15.

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Ha c. 269 n yrin nrcyaa nOCBeTHTeJleH a ann nc OT Tpeavuc, LLoJl' na MII3115!.

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Touratsogl;;i," 1.- Inscriptions Iuner air es i ne di tes au Musee de Veroia. - fOA. CY "KJlHMeBT OxPIIACKII". VICTOp. ¢alc, 77, 1985, N2 2, 418-426, :} c. H./T.

M y 3 e if H 0 J~ e .J] 0

H KOHcepBalJ,HH

A mouucoea-Teopeucea, ff. u

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nJlaCTHKa OT BHJl.IIHCI\Il51 MY3eH . [Karanor ]. C., Ce nresmp x , 1985. 159 c. C HJI.

DOJlCaHOe, Acen . OOLI yr posa. - OTelJeCTllO, 1986, .N'2 12,28-29.

¢pecKHTe OT m.p x sara "CB.

Teouop THpOH H Teouop Crp aTH,~,1T" B c. nO:''iJ,pcKo, o.~aI'OeBrp ancua oxp r.r.

Bosncxama Ii "6pKBa - HOB 06- AUK 1/ etccnonu pane: nop a nHMHrpona. ApXeOJlOrHlJeCKC n p oyv aaHe - c. 15-]1'; Torno TOi\OPOB.

KOHCTPYKTHBHO yKpenB8He. -

c. 18-19; BaclIJI KIITOB. }I.PXIIrex rypaa pecranpauun - c. 20 - 26: U.B5JTKO KaAllikKH. K.~IIMaTII'lHa IIHCTaJlanll51 - c. 27-

28. - AmK, 1986, N~ 2, 14-28.

Fenoea, HO'>:QI!Ha. noraTCTB<1- ra ua HaUnOH3J1HI151 HCTOpHlJeCKH MY3eI1 (KOHCYJlTIlUII5I B nOMOw, aa Y4I1TeJl51). - Bexose, 1986, N2 3, 50--56.

JI.eAe6, Tooop . HOBHTe excno- 3l1UIIH aa XacKOBCKH5I OKpblKeH HCTOpH'IeCI<H MY3eH. - I1MIOH6, 8, 1985, 251-156.

Kepeuuinuee, 5lHKO. KbM

HCTOPHHT3 ua OKrblKHH5J IICTOPI1- 'leCKH MY3eH - Byp rac (1946- - 1980). - HMlOHo, 8, 1985,227

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55

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II E. Cuuoea. E~IHCHoHHo-cneKrp anno H3c.neJl,B8He H8 ap xeorrorH4eCKH ~6eKTH or pOllonCKH KapCTOBII neutep n. - THTM. XHM., XHM. TeXHOJl. H 1IeT8Jlypr., 2, 1984, 468-471.

T'paxuucsama epotinuua om Ceeuiapu . <fJOTO H3.nO)K6n B HauaoHa.nHH5I HCTopH4ecKH ~ly3erl Coqm5l, IO.nH 1986. C., 1986, TE'KCT.

xaranor U n n. oe3 liar.

Ct.craa.: MapM5l 4H'IHIWBa,

TOThO I1B3.HOB. Ml1xGl H.n EHeB

H KpaCHMl1p Kp'bCTeB.

q;, panuutru II fJl(lIaiJ UB Po-

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6:) c. C H.n. ,

C'bA'bp)Ka: Axexcanm.p <fJO.n.[YBOJl,.j 4-11; Bornan HHKO.nOB. <fJpacKHHCKH BK.najl H3 Poroseaa.

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C. ITETPOBA

PE~AK~HOHHA KO~EFH%

AKaiJ. ~HMHTbP AHrE~OB (enaee« peoasmop}, npodi. BE~H3AP BE~KOB (3a.M.-eA. peitasmop], em. H. c. A~EKCAH~fA MH~c[EBA (cespemap j, 0011,. ~1O~MH~ FETOB, em. H. c. PYMEH KATIfHc[APOB, em. H. c. HBAH MAPA30B, em. H. c. ~HMHTbP OBc[APOB, npotp, JIET'bP JIETPOB, em. H. c. I em. XEHPHETA TO~OPOBA, em. H., c. MAPH% c[Hc[HKOBA, em. H. c. ffOP~AHKA IOPYKOBA

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<POPMaT aa xaprasra 60X84{8 113.1l. HH.1leKU 11137 Tapasc 1580 ilOpbqKa 167 OT.1leJlH. KHHlI<Ka 1,89 JIB. Eonauieu a60HaMeHT 7,20 JIB.

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liadiuna Ba cu seea - fp06HIJl\aTa n pn Cseurapa - npOE'KTHpaHe, opaaaep snane II KOHCTPYKI(II5I Fnucaaema MycaKoea - K'bM m.npoca aa Bb3npHE'MaHf' n a XPIICTI151liCKaTa CIIMBOJlI1Ka B CTapO- 6'bJlrapcl(aTa KyJlTypa . . . . . . . . ....

MATEPHAnI1 11 Cb013ll1.EHH5I

Il emtco Feopeuee, Hean. D7j'leapOe - PIIMCKII 6POH-

30B lU.neM 01' KOJleKl\I151Ta n a OKPb)KHIJ5I IICTOpH1.feC!(11 My3efl II r. CIJJlIJCTpa . . . . . . . 18 Tomko Cmonnoe - 3a nurepnper aunsra n a rax a Hape'!eHH5I ,,¢>PI13 ua 3.2paBE:HOCHHTe 60)KeCTIla"

01' ¢>I1Jll1nOflOJl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Koncmanmu u Tomeo - 300MOP¢HII Mel'aJ1HIJ n aXOi\IOI OT CeBep0l13TOlHIa 13bJlrapl151 . . . . 29 Buonema Heuicea - Mei\Ha anJlHK3l\l151 C 1J306pa-

.)J(el-llJe H 3 F pH¢OH OT MeJll-lHK. . . . . .. 34

KPHTHKA 11 PEUEH3HH

Eel/om JJ ennoe - )K a H - K.~ o n I' a p ,l( e H.

TeOpeTII1.feCKa51 apxeo.rorua. M., Il por pecc. 1983. 295 c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Xen puema Toitopoea - J. L ii h n i n g. Eine Sie dl ung der mi tt elneolih ischcn Gruppe Bischthei rn in Scherriau, Ldkr.-Kitzinren, Kallrruin z

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Kp scmuna Il ana doniosa - 0 Tap JI 0 p ;r K H - n a H H ;r 3 e. ,UpellHa KOJlXH;ra. Mtrc H ap xe o.norHH. C, 1985. 286 C., 64 CHHMKfl, 4 nn a u a,

I peKoHcTpYKl\I151 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

A/l. MU/l'leea - IX Me)K;rYHapo.ll.eH xonr pec no aHTH1.feH 6pOH3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A. Il emnoe, 11. Ky/lCe - XXV Me)KJ\YHapo;reH CHMn03HYM 110 apxeOMeTpl151 . . . . . . .

B. BC/lKOG - ~VII ,~oH¢epeHl\HH no KJlaCHlleCKH CTY.ll.HI1 "EHpeHe . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B. nOJ!(UJl0eG - BH)leH qlPeHCKH Y4eH B 13'b.nrapHH Ilporp. Bennsap BeJlKOB HOCHTeJl ua Xep aepoaa narpana.

Kunr on ac .

TABLE DES MATIERES

Dajina Vasileva - Le sep ul cre pres de Svesari ,

Projet, rnesur age et construction • . . .. 9

E lisaueta Musa/lOva - Sur! a q uestion de I' adop-

tion de l a symboli que chr etienne dans l a cul-

9 t ure an cienn e bulg ar e . . . . . . . 17

MATERIAUX ET COMMUNICATIONS

Petko Georgieo, loan Bacuaroo - Casque de broni.e r orn ain de l a collection du Musee histori que

dep ar ternent al :1 Silistr a . . . . . . . . . . 25 Totko Sto ianoo - Sur lTn ter pr etation de l adi te "Frise des divinites s al u tair es" de Philippopolis 29 Konstan tin Toteo - Tr ouv ail l es mctalll ques zoo-

mor phes de l a Bulg ar ie du Nord-Est.. .. 33

Violeta Neseua - Application en cui vr e avec re-

presentation de griffon de Melnik 38

CRITIQUE ET OUVRAGES RECENSES

Eulogi Dan/wv - IK a H KJlo.ll. fa p 1\ e H.

TeOpeTH1.feCKaH apXeOJlOfI1H. M., Il por pecc, 1983. 295 c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Henricta Todorooa - J. L li h n i n g. Eine Siedlung

der mi ttelne ol ihischen Gruppe Bischteim in Schern au , l.d kr. Ki tzinren , Kall rnunz , 1981 . 42

Krtisiina Palla iotooa - 0 Tap JI 0 P n K H n a-

H H n 3 e. ,UpellHa Konx n aa. MilT H apxeon o-

fUH. C., 1985.286 c., 64 CHI1MKIl, 4 nn aua , I peKOHCTPYKl\H5I . . . . . . . . • . . • . • • 43

REVUE

46 47 49 50

50 pi

A l. i)1il{;e~a - IX Congres international du br on-

ZE! an tique . . . 46

A. Petkoo, I. Kuleo - XXVe Symposium inter-

national darcheometr!e 47

V. Vetkoo - XVIIe Conference detudcs cl assi-

ques Eirenc . . • 49

V. Boiiloia - Savant francais <,minent en Bul-

garie 50

Prof. Vel lzar Velkov l aureat du prix Herder. 50 Bibl iographie 51

ISSN 0324-1203

I 20203 I

UEHA 1,80 JIB.

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