Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
!
!"
#$#%&'
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
© # 8!;⎯#8<=>?BB=>;
$XFXQH SDUWLH GH FHWWH SXEOLFDWLRQ QH SHXW rWUH UHSURGXLWH QL 1RSDUWRIWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQPD\EHUHSURGXFHGRUXWLOL]HGLQDQ\
XWLOLVpH VRXV TXHOTXH IRUPH TXH FH VRLW HW SDU DXFXQ SURFpGp IRUP RU E\ DQ\ PHDQV HOHFWURQLF RU PHFKDQLFDO LQFOXGLQJ
pOHFWURQLTXH RX PpFDQLTXH \ FRPSULV OD SKRWRFRSLH HW OHV SKRWRFRS\LQJ DQG PLFURILOP ZLWKRXW SHUPLVVLRQ LQ ZULWLQJ IURP
PLFURILOPVVDQVO DFFRUGpFULWGHO pGLWHXU WKHSXEOLVKHU
??B B!!>!?B #G HG K?"G MN QHQG #RQQQ U;? G WXB?
B8>'YQZQZQQ B ?N'YQZQZH ?B'?B[!\!> ]"'WWW\!\!>
# ^
# B!!>`??B
??BB!!>!?B#
## ^M
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ Ʉɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ
3RXUSUL[YRLUFDWDORJXHHQYLJXHXU
)RUSULFHVHHFXUUHQWFDWDORJXH
K \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Q
Q ?|?88B!? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Q
!?; \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Q
H \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Q%
H\Q =?B \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Q%
H\ !!?B;!?8?! \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ %
H\H !!?B|BB!?=` \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ H
H\ ?!!8!?8 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ H
N=!=?B \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ H
& #;! \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ H
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
&\Q #;!?B \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ H
&\ #;!8!?B \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ H}
&\H ?BB?~B?\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
% K?B?B \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
%\Q K?B?B `!?= \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
%\ K?B?B?= \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
%\H K?B?BB?8?!8! \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
%\ K?B?B ?!?= \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
%\& |!>? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
N=!B?;~B?!!8 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ %
\Q N=!B?;~B|B \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ %
\ N=!8B|B \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ &
\H ?!!!\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ &%
\ ?! \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ &%
\& N=!B?;?NB!?=` \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ &}
\% N=!!?` \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ %
\ ?!>;!?8?! B|BB!?=` \\\\\\\ %
} #B? !?? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ %
}\Q ?<8 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ %
}\ ?;B \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ %}
}\H ?8!?N \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ %}
}\ `!|?8N \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ %}
Z ?<8\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ %}
Z\Q ?|!>? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ %}
Z\ B?!?8?!?δ~ `!BB \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
Z\H ??!!! \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
Z\ ??!>! \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ %
Z\& ?8B8B? ?!?<8
N \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ }
Z\% ? ?! \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ }
Z\ ?|?!>|BB!?=`= \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ }
Z\} ?8! \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ }
Z\Z ?8? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ }%
Z\Q ?8"??B!` \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Z
#
] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ QQ
Q !8 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Q&
?; !\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Q&
H ? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Q
H\Q U?B \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Q
H\ #?8?!;B?=; \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
H\H B!?=! \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ HH
H\ #? `!<?!! \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ H&
U?B` \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ H&
& ;!!\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ H&
&\Q ?B;!! \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ H&
&\ 8!?B;!!\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ HZ
&\H <?>=\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Q
% ?= \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Q
%\Q ??;?B ? `!< \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Q
%\ ??;?B ?;B?= \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Q
%\H ??;?B ?8 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ H
%\ ??;?B ?;B?= ?! \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ H
%\& 8? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ &
=` \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{{ %&©#'
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{%{ %&©#'
=H{=?=?' `!|?~?88B`8?<8
=H?;B=H" \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ %%
={ !>?|? ?!?8B|?
8?B?B?>!!`;?B\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ }}
=&{#>?= \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ }}
=%{?!8 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ }}
={#!|? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Z%
=}{#!?B? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Z%
=Z{N8B!!|?8 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Z}
=Q{N8B!!|?B?= \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Z}
=QQ{N8B?=?| # !B?Q8B!BB?
8!?;!!!`;?B \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Q
=Q{ ? ?8>??;!"8?`
!? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ QQ
=QH{ ? ?8>??;!"8??;!N
!? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ QQ
=Q{ ? ?8>??;!"8??;!N
!?~8\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ QQ
=Q&{ ? ?8>??;!"8?G
BBB`!? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ QQ
=Q%{ ?=?|? ?!?
!B?GGG&QG \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ QQ
=Q{8=?|? ?!?
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ QQ%
= \Q{N8B!>?|? ?!? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ QH%
= \{N8B!>?|? ?!??;!
?!!8!?8 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ QH%
?"B?Q{#?=8??= \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ H%
?"B?{K?B?B ?!?=8BN=!
8!|!>? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
?"B?H{ |!>? B \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ %
?"B?{;?N??|B \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ }
?"B?&{ |?!>?=8?BB;?N?"B \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ &
?"B?%{ =B?B= \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ &%
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{}{ %&©#'
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{Q{ %&©#'
Q ? # B!!>` ??B # =?? ?B ?B?
!8 B|"B ! B!!>` ??N # ??N B? #\ ? # ?
8 " ?; B? !8? ??B 8 B ` ?B? ? B
? B|B!! B|B!`\ ! G B? # { ? ?!; { 8"B
??BG 8! !? !>`G ?88 !>`G 8! !? ?!!"B ?
8"B! U!?8"B!?B? #\ B?"?! ~
! |G ?N ?;?N `B # ??B 8? B ? 8 8?!8\
=?? ??BG =;?B =;?BG B? ?;! B? #G 8?!8
=?B?N?;?N\ ?#!BB?"?;!B|=????B?B? G
B! N8??!!BN=??\
!?!! !BB?#!!?B`!>`8G?B?
8"BG ?!! ??B B G ? ` B # ??N B? #
8?!>?`! \
H "B!? B? # 8 B? !?? ??B ?=
!BB8?B#??NB?#\ B ??"B8? `B?#
|? B|N?! ! !>` 8"B!? B? # 8 8? 8?"B
B|;BB?;?B?8?` ?8?`B!`B? ?B\
?B"|!?=B| ??BGB#??NB?#|=?=G?B?
8"BG ~ ?88B` ? ?8? B "B!? B? # ? B 8"B!?
??B =?B\ ;=! "B!? B? # 8"B!?
??B=?B!8?;`!B??!\
& ? # ? 8; ?! 8! ?`?= ;?B? !? ?88"? |=?= 8? ?
8?"B8B`8!B?! ~"B!?\
% BB?;|?`|B8B?!8"B!?\
! 8?"B 8 ~ B? #G ~ ??G 8B<G ?NB?
???G < !8 N8 8?!B B " ! | #
??N B? #G 8 8! !? !? ?= !8B ?BG ?
?= `B` ? ` ! G ! !G 8 88 B ! < !8 B ?
! B 8 !B? B? 8"B!? B|B? ! "B!? B? #
?"B!?B?#G?!`B?!!\
} |? ? B ! ?; ! ? ! 8"B!?\ |B? 8"B!?
!"B=?8?88B!?!!B?88"B!?\
Z ? ? B ? ` !? B B? 8 "B!? B? # 8; ?
B " 88 BB!BB ??B=\ ? # ?? 8
8?"B8??; B888??;=?BBN!\
? ??B #%& ? ?"B 8? B ! | H} B? #'
? ?\
? 8 8B?! B? #%Q}% ! ` !! B ? ?
!?B?# %&\
Z ?W > 8"B< >? > B > # "B!? ?< " > "!
8?=>\#>?BB">B8"B <=?<?BB!>8?=>\
??B ?? # %&G >? " 88? "< # !>!?B ! H}'
? \
> ?? 8B?! # %Q}% =?= !?8?! ;B?= ? ? WBB ? #
%&\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{Q{ %&©#'
N!!;?'
?88;
H}$H$ H}$H$K
?88;`?B?"B?! ?B;?<?
?"~B|?88"?!\
? 8 ! B? ? & B? #%G 8"B B =?B
7UDQVIRUPDWHXUVGHPHVXUH\#!B8?;?'
! ? ! ` B ! ! 8"B!? ? 8? ?;? \
!?GB?8"B!??
!
88
8B?!8?;G
?\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
8;=
H}$H$ H}$H$K
BB ? > ;= > ?88;?B > ?? !? " > 8
;=!?>?";?"B\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
>???& #%G8"B>>=?BB,QVWUXPHQWWUDQVIRUPHUV\
>! > BBW=8?'
> ! >? ! >? > ! > 8"B!? WBB ? !>?= B
\ >?G>8"B!?WBB"
!
W>?W
8B?!"<?;G
?\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{Q{ %&©#'
!"#$%&!'" *!$+'$*!
, + -
? ? !? 8 `8 ?;! ? ?!!
!8B?= 8 !? 8 B= # ?N `! 8 HRX ~
&RX\
? 8 8B?! B? #%Q}% ! ` !! B ? ?
!?\
;"?~B?8#%&'
|?88B!? ! !B ~ B? B? 8 !? B? 8
!8?=\
!>? ? ? !? ?`B ! |?88B` ?N
= \Q \\
! ! ;? 8?"B 8 B|?88B!? 8
!\ B ! ?G B B| ! |?88B`\ B !
?GB?! !|?88B`<!8B;B
?\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
#%}G6SpFLILFDWLRQLQWHUQDWLRQDOHG XQFXLYUHW\SHUHFXLW
#%H}G7HQVLRQVQRUPDOHVGHOD&(,
#%G7UDQVIRUPDWHXUVGHPHVXUH±3DUWLH7UDQVIRUPDWHXUVLQGXFWLIVGHWHQVLRQ
> 8? # % ?88B W =B8>? !?8?! ;B?= ? !!
"WB?= <;B?=8 ≥G&K?8W `! Q&RX
QRX\ >< ? 88B< ? BW ;B?= ?G !B ? 8!;
!\
> !?8?! ;B?= ? !? " `88 W> W> !? `!<
?!! 8W B !? `!< # ?88B!? ? !? `!
HRX&RX\
>??8B?!#%Q}%=?=!?8?!;B?=? \
− #%G!!=!;;B?=?
− #%H&}G!!=!8B=!?8?!?!?8?!;
− #%}QG!!=!8B=;! 8WB!? #<\
>??88B!?!B">!??=?;?=\
?=? !?8?!;B?=? W>!>>???88B?=;= \Q? \\
#%}G,QWHUQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUGRIUHVLVWDQFHIRUFRSSHU
#%H}G,(&VWDQGDUGYROWDJHV
#%G,QVWUXPHQWWUDQVIRUPHUV±3DUW,QGXFWLYHYROWDJHWUDQVIRUPHUV
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{Q%{ %&©#'
#%%QG 7HFKQLTXHV GHV HVVDLV j KDXWH WHQVLRQ ± 3UHPLqUH SDUWLH 'pILQLWLRQV HW
SUHVFULSWLRQVJpQpUDOHVUHODWLYHVDX[HVVDLV
#%QQG&RRUGLQDWLRQGHO LVROHPHQW±3DUWLH'pILQLWLRQVSULQFLSHVHWUqJOHV
#%}&G(YDOXDWLRQHWFODVVLILFDWLRQWKHUPLTXHVGHO LVRODWLRQpOHFWULTXH
#%G7HFKQLTXHGHVHVVDLVjKDXWHWHQVLRQ±0HVXUHVGHVGpFKDUJHVSDUWLHOOHV
#%H&}'QZZG&RQGHQVDWHXUVGHFRXSODJHHWGLYLVHXUVFDSDFLWLIV
#%}QG*URXSHVGHFRXSODJHSRXUV\VWqPHVjFRXUDQWVSRUWHXUVVXUOLJQHVG pQHUJLH
#%}Q&G*XLGHSRXUOHFKRL[GHVLVRODWHXUVVRXVSROOXWLRQ
#%Q&&G ,VRODWHXUV FUHX[ DYHF RX VDQV SUHVVLRQ LQWHUQH HQ PDWLqUH FpUDPLTXH RX HQ
YHUUH SRXU XWLOLVDWLRQ GDQV GHV DSSDUHLOODJHV SUpYXV SRXU GHV WHQVLRQV QRPLQDOHV
VXSpULHXUHVj9
# Q}G &DUDFWpULVWLTXHV GHV OLJQHV HW GHV pTXLSHPHQWV j KDXWH WHQVLRQ UHODWLYHV DX[
SHUWXUEDWLRQV UDGLRpOHFWULTXHV 'HX[LqPH SDUWLH 0pWKRGHV GH PHVXUH HW SURFpGXUH
G pWDEOLVVHPHQWGHVOLPLWHV
1 0
B"8!GB ;?|?88B`\
12,2,
? ? !8? ; !?8?! B
B!?=` ! !! BB ? ` B? !?
B|B B!?=` 8?` 88BB ~ B? 8?G
8>? 8? ?88 ~ !BB! | ?=B ; X 8 ?888
!N
[KHQHQ]
12,2/
03 0-
I!
`!8B?`BBB? ?!??!
12,21
03 00
=? `!8B?`BBB?8!?=?88B!?"B
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
#%%QG+LJKYROWDJHWHVWWHFKQLTXHV±3DUW*HQHUDOGHILQLWLRQVDQGWHVWUHTXLUHPHQWV
#%QQG,QVXODWLRQFRRUGLQDWLRQ±3DUW'HILQLWLRQVSULQFLSOHVDQGUXOHV
#%}&G7KHUPDOHYDOXDWLRQDQGFODVVLILFDWLRQRIHOHFWULFDOLQVXODWLRQ
#%G+LJKYROWDJHWHVWWHFKQLTXHV±3DUWLDOGLVFKDUJHPHDVXUHPHQWV
#%H&}'QZZG&RXSOLQJFDSDFLWRUVDQGFDSDFLWRUGLYLGHUV
#%}QG&RXSOLQJGHYLFHVIRUSRZHUOLQHFDUULHUV\VWHPV
#%}Q&G*XLGHIRUWKHVHOHFWLRQRILQVXODWRUVLQUHVSHFWRISROOXWHGFRQGLWLRQV
# %Q&&G +ROORZ SUHVVXUL]HG DQG XQSUHVVXUL]HG FHUDPLF DQG JODVV LQVXODWRUV IRU XVH LQ
HOHFWULFDOHTXLSPHQWZLWKUDWHGYROWDJHVJUHDWHUWKDQ9
# Q}G 5DGLR LQWHUIHUHQFH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI RYHUKHDG SRZHU OLQHV DQG KLJKYROWDJH
HTXLSPHQW±3DUW0HWKRGVRIPHDVXUHPHQWDQGSURFHGXUHIRUGHWHUPLQLQJOLPLWV
12,2,
5
? ;B?= ? !8= ? !?8?! ; ? ? B!?=!
= ? !! >? > !?< ;B?= > B!?=!
"??BB<88?B>8?<;B?=G? 8>? "<??=BW>!>
?88N?B<X ??888?! >!!
[KHQHQ]
12,2/
3 6
I!
> `!< W>!>>!?8?!;B?=? >?"=
12,21
3 6
>?= `!< W>!>>??!!?!<?88B!?"B
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
12,2
0
8 !
;?B B? 8? ` = ? B? =? ? ? !?
|?8B?`BB! !
KHQQQ
12,2
0
8 $!
;?B B? !? ` = ? B? =? ? ?
!? |?8 B?`BB !
!
KHQQQ%
12,2
B`?BB!! ?88?BG!8G
8 8!!?
[KHQQ]
12,27
!!N?B8?B|B!?|? ?
12,28
9
?88 B? 8? BB ~ B? !? BB ? ?
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
KHQQQ}
12,2:
09
.!
?88 B? 8??=~ B?!??= ? ?
KHQQ
12,2,
ε
`B? ??B?|`8;
! ` B ?88 ? ? B | 8? =?B ? ?88 ? ?
?=
KHQQ
# = 8? !! ` !8? ~ B? `! ?B
8? !? 8? !8 !8? ~ !
BB\
.8 −8
İ = Q
8
12,2
6
8 !
> ;?B > 8?< ;B?= W>!> ?88? > =? > !?8?! ;B?=
? ?W>!>8 ?!"?
KHQQQ
12,2
6
8 $!
> ;?B > !?< ;B?= W>!> ?88? > =? > !?8?! ;B?=
? ?W>!>8 ?!"?
KHQQQ%
12,2
6;
>W=W>!>88B>;B?=!! ?=GG8!;
!B;!
[KHQQ]
12,27
6
>N?B!!88B"<>!?<W= ??
12,28
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
>? >?!?B8?<;B?=>?!?B!?<;B?= ?;B?=?
KHQQQ}
12,2:
.!
>? >?8?<;B?=>?!?<;B?= ?;B?=?
KHQQ
12,2,
< =
ε
>W>!>?;B?=? !>? ?;B?=?W>!>
? > ?!>?>?!?B? ??`?B>?? ?
?
KHQQ
> ?< ? ! B< B? !8 ? ? `!< ">8?<
?!?<;B?=G???!!!;B?=!8??B;B?=\
.8 −8
;B?= İ = Q
8
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{{ %&©#'
. B?88? ??=G
8 B?8?BBG
8 B?!?BBB` 8 8 ?88B`?B!\
12,2,,
0>
ϕ *
!8>?B;!8?!?'
ϕ ϕ − ϕ
B ;! ? !> BB ? ` B|?=B ϕ B 8 ?
?8? ?\
KHQQHG
# |=`8?B\
12,2,/
0
=? ?88B` ~ ? ? !? B
?B8! 8!|8B8!
12,2,1
>
??! !! !?G N8 G ?;! !? ?!
8?!??;?!
? !>?= =?B N8 8? B? 8?! ?88? ;B?8G ?"" ~ ?!
8?!8! B?!??=\
12,2,
> 0
;?BB?!>?=B?`BB"?B!8!!
12,2,
= 0
;?BB?8?!?88?;B?8~ ?!8?!8! G`B
? ? !? 8 ? !! !? ~ B?
!??=B`|B?!!~?!>?=8!
KHQQG
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
W>
. >?? ??G
8 >?!?B8?<;B?=G?
8 >?!?B!?<;B?=W> 8 ?88B>! ?\
12,2,,
>
ϕ *
> !8>?"W>8?<?>!?<;B?=8>?'
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ϕ ϕ − ϕ
> ! > 8>? "= !> >? > ?=B ϕ X ? 8 !
? \
Q > 8>? 8B?! ? " 8; W> > !?< ;B?= 8>? ϕ B? >8?<
;B?=8>? ϕ \?BB<N8!??\
KHQQH
> !B<!! ?B;B?=B<\
12,2,/
6
=? ?= ? !?8?! ;B?= ? G > W>!> ? W>
8! B8!"!
12,2,1
?
??! > !?< !! N8 ? W> ? !? > 8W
?!B?===B?=
> " ?BB< N8 ? > ?88? 8W ;B?8G ?"" ? ? 8! 8W
?!??>?!?<;B?=\
12,2,
?
;?B >"W>!>>?!!?!<` >???"?
12,2,
=
> ;?B > ?88? 8W ;B?8 ? ? 8! 8W ?!G W>!> >
!?8?! ;B?= ? 88B< > !?< !! ? > ?
!?<;B?=?W>?"!!
KHQQ
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{{ %&©#'
12,2,
00 0
8
;?B !?!B?8BB;B?8>?8B?`BBB|`8!
88B<?;!B B?
12,2,7
- 0
!"? ;?B ` !??! B|B? | ? ? ! `
!!?8~88!?B!`
12,2,8
0 @ 0
? ?! 8 |? !N BB ?;! B? G ~ B|N!8
B?~>?8?!~8 8!
K%Q
12,2,:
0 @ @
?BB8B!~B?
K%Q&
12,2/
0 @ @
? B B 8 B ~ B? 8? B|? |8?!
~BB!? ?~B?
K%Q%
12,2/,
0 0 ?? -A
? 8B 8 B ~ B? 8? ?!?!
!8??88N?;B?!8?!?8?!;!? ?8>?~
B?
K%Q
? !8 8? "" |N!G B !? B ? B ? B ~ B 8
`|?! ??B|?=?B?N="B\
12,2//
0 @
8B?! | ? 8>?G 8 !>? |N8B?
! ?G ?88 | 8? B? !?! B? 8B B;G ~ B? `!
?G 8>? ? B? 8? ? ~ B? ? !? 8>?
`B!` 8B 8>? 8 `B!` ?G |? 8? B? ;?B
!?! B? 8>? ~ B? `! ? ` ? " ~
B|8B?!!B|?"! ?
K%H%
12,2/1
0 @ @
?BB~B?!G8??!?!?!
;?B ?X ?"B 8 B !BB? ? B? 8? B !?
?8B?8!B!;!B ?~B?
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
12,2,
>> 3
8
> >=> \\\ ;?B 8>?8>? ;B?= W>!> > `8 = ?
?<"8! B?
12,2,7
> !"? ;B?= ;?B W>!> !>??! > B? ? ? W>
=?!?8?"B<W>?B!!
12,2,8
6
? < W> > ?B 8 ?BB< !! ?>G N!8 >=>
8?!!! 8!?88
K%Q
12,2,:
6 >< =6
?<W>?B8??>!B<
K%Q&
12,2/
>< =6
? < W> ?B 8 ? ?> >=> 8?! B ?> ?B
!
K%Q%
12,2/,
>< =6
?<W>!>?B8?!!?>>=>?!?!W>!>
?88N?B<!8?>!?8?!;!8 ?=B8>??> ?B!
K%Q
]> ? ?>= ? <G > ?B ! > ?B B !> ? N >? ?
?!= ?B?B N=>=\
12,2//
>
? ? =; B!? ? >8>? <G ? ? =; < ! =?G > ?
>>=>\\\8>??>8W `!<;B?=?>?B><8>?=? ?B
?>? !=8>???<8><>\\\;?B 8>?
?>8W `!<;B?=W>!>WB""??>=;B!?>?"!
?<!> ?B
K%H%
12,2/1
> 6
< W>!> > ?B !! ?> > BB< >=> ? ?!
?!?! !B< BW ;?B ! ? !BB? ? =; ? !
! B!;?> ?B8!
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{{ %&©#'
" ? 8>? ~ !; ~ B? 8B?!
?!??!8? ?! ?~B?!8B?!`8
8?QG\
12,2/
A0
?BB??B?`BBB?B~|=?8>`
# ?BB? >?"BB !! ~ B= ? ? !
8?B|?!"B ?"BB=\
12,2/
A0
?BB? ? B?`BB B ?B | 8? ~ |=
?8>`
#?BB?>?"BB!!~?N!"B?\
12,2/
? ? !? ~ ?B ?88?B G
!8|=??88?B??B=
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
12,2/7
? ? !? ~ ?B B? B!`
8!
12,2/8
0
B | ? ? !? 8>? G 8
"B ? ? 8>?G ~ B? ! | ?=B ; ?
BB!? ?~B?
12,2/:
0
)5
?!8?B`BB ?B8BB?8??=8 8B?
?N?B 8 B?`BB B ? ` B ? ? 8 ?N N=! |!>?
!8? 8? 8 8! G ? `|?N N=! 8!
!8?
12,21
0 0 0-
8B?= 8? B|? ?"? B 8 B?`BB B
? ?!??!
12,21,
?
"~B~!!B= ?
KH%HQ
? >8>? < W> !;B< ?> ?B ? ? =; B!? ? <
!>??!X"<??> ?B ?!?>8W>!>N!QG\
>!"??88N?B<W>G ?BB<! =?G>? X`!
?!?! > 8;`! ?!?! B >? H ? > ? X`! ?!
8;`!?!?!B>?\
" >8>? < W> !;B< ?> ?B ? ? =; B!? ? <
!>??!X"<??> ?B ?!?>8>??<N!QG\
12,2/
A
??BB?W>!>>?88??"!;;B?= ?8>!=
!> ?BB? ? ?BB< !! ;>? ? B > !B< >=> ? >
B=> !?"B\
12,2/
A
??BB?W>!>>?88??"!;;B?= ?8>!=
!>?BB???BB<!!=!?"BW\
12,2/
? !?8?! ;B?= ? 88B< !?= G =?=
?B??88??
12,2/7
?!?8?!;B?=? 8;?88B<B!!?B8!;B?<
12,2/8
;
> W= ? =B8>? !?8?! ;B?= ? G ? > =B
8>? ? G !! " B? > 88 8!= ? ?B
;B?=?> ?B!
12,2/:
)5
>B8B<= ?!"?88B>?8?<;B?=8 >?N
;B?=?W>!>?? !8B<W>B;?>?B` ?8!
?W>>B;??!!?!<`
12,21
6
> ?= 8? > ?" ? > !B= W>!> > !?8?!
;B?=? >?"=
12,21,
?B !!?B!! ?W
KH%HQ
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{%{ %&©#'
12,21/
0
?! | !! !8? | !?8?! ?;! !?!
?=`??"BB?
? ?!8!B!>8?8?!?B!8?B!
!?\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
12,211
0
BB? |B?!?G!8?~B? |
B?B?"~>?=?
12,21
0 3
!? N! 8? ? ? !?
!`? !8!8?B'
− !N!B"?N?!!B=
− !?;B?!?;?B? ?!?
?;!?!!"!>B=B!?!8B?=
− !`G
− !B!<?`?!?!!!
12,21
0
# `?B!N~B?B=>?
?!?BGB?!!8!`B!?? ?
!?\
12,21
0
# `?N!N~B?B=>?
" B ?!! 8 ! 8 ?8 B !? B= ?
!?B\
12,217
0@ ?>
# `88!!"!>?8?8
Q ? ! !?G B N !N ? !!"!> ?8 B !? B? B= R
!N!!"!>? # ?8B!? # \
!!"!> B= 8?B ? N 8>? 8 !
88B?B|!!!? !?8B|8>?\
12/2,
8B?=!? ?;~B?B?;
KH%Q
12/2/
00 < =
8 !BB8?NB!8?8?B!`
KH%QH
12,21/
? ?! ? !! != ? !?8?!?! W> ? B? ??"B
?=!!?!
> ?!!?"?"<W!>=8?>8?<!?<\
12,211
>? B< >!?<;B?=W?; G!8?W>>;B?=W?;
?>>=>;B?=?B?!
12,21
>
> 8? > !?8?! ;B?= ? ? ? ! ?
!'
− !>?B>B!!G
− ! > W > !! > !?8?! ;B?= ? W> ?
W>B?8>8 >!8B=!?8?!G
− ! !?
− B!<?! !>!!!
12,21
5
#K W>!>>?B<!!>>=>;B?=B
?B!>8!!!?B<>! >!?8?!;B?=? \
12,21
5
#K W>!>>?W!!>>=>;B?=B
>?B?>8!!?=!?<>B!?B!\
12,217
5
#K W>!>88?B?88
Q>!?G>W!!>B?8!?<>RKB!?!! >B
?8>#K !?>#K !
> 8?B= B ?8 W 8>? =? ??B ! = ? > !!
>?8>?\
12/2,
?!?8?!?! =??B?=;B?=;
KH%Q
12/2/
< =
?;!!=?BB< WB!8??"<?B!!
KH%QH
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{}{ %&©#'
12/21
0< =
"B|8BB!?8B?!? ;B88
B~"
KH%Q
<8B|8B!?!8B?=!8;B88!<B`?
B?"|N?BB`GB!"\
12/2
< =
"B!??!!
KH%Q&
!??=?B8;!?B\
12/2
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
=?B B B`|B | 8? !? 8! |B |?= | !?
?|8B?=!?
12/2
0 0-
&!
;?BB?!?8?!8B?`BBB!??!
# |?88B`'
• 8!??G~B?!?8?!B"B|
• 8 8B?= !?G ~ B? !?8?! B " B= "? B
"B=B|8B?=
• 8;!?8?! G~B?!?8?!B?' & & Q & $ & Q Y & \
12/27
!?B8B??=?N?8?!
KH%QQ
12/28
@> <- =
&,
!? !! B? " B= B? " ~ ? |
;!?8?!
KH%QG
12/2:
@ 0 <- =
&/
!? !! B? " ~ ? B? " "? |
;!?8?!
KH%QH
12/21
< =
? ?"B< !?8?! B > ? !? W> ?B "=>
KH%Q
! <8 !8B= !?8?! >? ? !<B!?B >= B?= ??B ? ?BB!
B?=W>!>;??B\
12/2
< = B
??"B< !?8?!!!
KH%Q&
>!?8?!??BB<?;!?B??<\
12/2
?=?BW>!?<?W>> !??!?8?!
?!?8?!?!
12/2
&!
>!?8?!?!;?B W>!>>!?8?!>?"=
> ?88B'
• ?!?8?!G>!?8?!?!"W>?B >
• ? !?8?! ?!G > !?8?!?! "W B ? BW ;B?= ?B "W B ? ?>
?B >?!
• ?!?8?!;G>B?!?8?!?!' & & Q & $ & Q Y & \
12/27
?!?8?! >? =?B?8W<
KH%QQ
12/28
>> < =
&,
> !?8?! !! "W > B ?B ? > ? ;B?= ?B ?
!?8?!;
KH%Q
12/2:
< =
&/
> !?8?! !! "W > ? ;B?= ? > BW ;B?= ?B ?
!?8?!;
KH%QH
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
12/2,
? @ 0 <- =
" ~ !! ~ !! ? B ` B 8
B!?=`|? ?!?
KH%HH
12/2,,
? @? -
" ~ B ~ B? G ! 8? B|? | "" ??= 8?
8?!;?B=B=?"BG~B? `!?=G8?88B!?8!?
8B=#
KH%HG
12/2,/
0 0
! ? B? ;?B BB B? !?8?! B? ;?B ?= ?
!8!
KH%Q
12/2,1
0 0 03 -
?! ;BB `G !! ?;! !? ?B !?8?! =?B ~
!BB !? !G !!?? 8 =?B ~ B? 8?! ?!;
?""8?B!??B!>? `!8!
12/2,
0@> 03 <9 =
;?B !; B? !?8?! 8 `! B? B|?! !"
B?!?8?!`B|!?!88!?
KH%H
12/2,
0 -
8
B?"?;!?8?! B?"~"?GB`
B? 8? ?88B` B " ~ >? ~ "? B?
"~>?B?"
12/2,
<- =
. !
?88B??88B`?;!?8?! ~B??~!!;
KH%&
Q # ?88 !8 ~ B? !?8?! !? ~ >? ~
?;8?B?!?8?!!?~>?' & Q Y & $ & Q . # \
& Q & !BB!?8?!8??G`=?B=B=?"B\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
12/2,7
9
8?!?!;8?B!?
KH%Q
12/2,
< =
??B !!??!!!>?>B!?=!
?!?8?!;B?=?
KH%HH
12/2,,
;
? ?B !! ?> > !B< ;? ? ? !B =B="B
;?B 8?!G?? `!<G 8WB!? #?88B!?
KH%HG
12/2,/
> 8"B ! "W > ?!?B !?8?!?! ? > ? !?8?!?!
8! !
KH%Q
12/2,1
3
;?B ?! W>!>G !! W> ? ?B !?8?! !?8?!?! ;?B
`?B >? > !?8?! `G WB >?; ? 8W B `?B > ?!; 8W
8?>?!?8?!8! 8?=!??=;>=> `!<
12/2,
>> 3 6 < =
> !; !?8?!?! ? ? =; `!< B= > ! > !
!?8?!?!?>B !?! >!?8?!
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
KH%H
12/2,
8
> ;B?= "W > ? ;B?= ?B > !?8?! ; ? > BW
;B?= ?BG W> > 8?< ;B?= ?88B "W > >=> ? BW ;B?=
?B>=>;B?=?B??>?B
12/2,
< =
. !
>? >;B?=?88B>!?8?!;>8!!?;B?=
KH%&
Q > ? !8 > > !?8?!?! > >=> ;B?= ? ? ;B?=
!?8?!;"<>!?8?!?! >>=>;B?=!?8?!' & Q Y & $ & Q . # \
& Q ? & !B>?<!?8?!?!GW>!>?=?BB<=B="B\
12/2,7
>?!;8W8?>!?8?!
KH%Q
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{H{ %&©#'
12/2,8
- < δ =-
?88B?8?!?!;3 ? B?8?!?!;3 '?δ3 ? $3
12/2,:
0 0
7
B!>?=8?BB?!?8?!8;??B?8?'
ǻ&
ǻ7 ª Q º
7# = « »
& ° # ¬ ¼
Δ&8B!>?=";B?!?8?!B|;?BB8?Δ7;
& # 8B?!?8?!~#\
Δ& $ Δ7 B ! B?"B B B? !?8?! ! B?
?88N?;B?8??B?8B?=!!\ GB!;`B| B!B?8?B?
!?8?!`8?=?8>`?"B?\
12/2/
0 ? @?
!?8?!8??B?"~"?B?"
12/2/,
? @?
!!?!8??B?"~"?B?"
12/2//
0 3-
B??B?BB!
1212,
00 0 03
B | ? ? !? G !! B? " ?
B? " ; !?8?! ;BB ! ~ B? `?
8 !8B?=8!?8B` B?!?
B B!?=` !8 BB ? ? ~ B?
?~B?;?BN=!?G!?!!8?!?88N?;=?BG
~B? `!?=G~B??!?!!?8?!;N8?;!!8??BBB & Q Y & \
|!?!!8?!8!8=?B8?BB?B? ?\
1212/
0
? ? ? B`B B? !?G ? ! ?B
|B?GBB88BB~B?8?
12121
!?! ` =?B !! B? " ? B? " !
>? B|B 8? ? ? ? B? "
B? " ! B|B 8? ? ? ?
=?BB8?!?? ??
Q
?;?BB|!?! / ' / =
&Q +& ⋅πI
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
12/2,8
> < δ =
>?"W>?!;8W3 ? ?>?!;8W3 '?δ3 ? $3
12/2,:
7
> ?!?B!>?= >!?8?!?! ?=;!>?=8?'
ǻ&
ǻ7 ª Q º
7# = « »
& ¬ ¼
°&
Δ&8>";!>?=!?8?!?!;>8?;?BΔ7
& # 8>!?8?!?!??#
> Δ&$Δ7 ?!!= > ?"B B< > !?8?!?! ? ?88N? B?
! >8?>?=!?\ G>8?8!< >!?8?!?!
>B">W?=?8>??"B\
12/2/
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
12/2/,
6 >;
>?<!!?!"W>BW;B?=?B?>?>?B
12/2//
>B?=??B"W>B!
1212,
>!8 ?!?8?!;B?=? G!!"W>?;B?=
?B?>?>?B >!?8?!;8"B<!B<!!?>
W>?!? `!<!8B=;!W>!>88B>!?<;B?=
B!?=! ?BB< !8 ? ? ! > ? ;B?= >
`;?B !?<;B?=G??!8?=!?!?88N?B<`?BG?? `!<>
!?8?!; ?!?! > W 8? > ; !! 8??BBB # Q Y # \ > !8?= !?!
?<"!8?W>BB<8??BB<>? \
1212/
? ;B?= ? W>!> > !?< ;B?=G ?B ! G
"??BB<88?B>8?<;B?=
12121
? !?! W>!> ?BB< !! "W > ? ?B ? > >=>
;B?= ?B > 8?< W= > ? ? "W ?>
?B ? > ?> ?B > 8?< W= > ? ?
!8?>8?<?!?<W= >??
Q
>=;?B/ >!?!' / =
&Q +& ⋅πI
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{H{ %&©#'
1212
-
8 =~B|BB!?=`8
? BB`8;?88???N"|8B!8?
" $8!>B? ?!
! $ " BB 8 ?! B? 8 ? ? ?
!?
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
12 +0
122,
B !! ~ 8 B|! =?B `! 8 `
!!B?"~"?|;!?8?! B?G?<?
8?! ` = ? ~ B? `! !G ? ?"B ~ B? `!
8;= \
122/
??
!?!`!!B?"~"?|;!?8?! B?
B|8?! =B=?"B ~ B? `! ?G ? ? ;?B B; ~ B?
`!8
1221
00
B ~ !! ?N " B? "" ??= B? " ~ "?
;!?8?! B?? BB`?88???N
"B?""??='
? !?!!!B?"~>?B?
" B`|!>!?88B`B?"~>?B?
122
@
!8B?~B?B?"~"?G!?
B ? ? !? ; !; 8 B?
G ? !?G 8BG 8; !; 8 B? 8!\
? ? !? B ~ B? 8 B? B? 8!
;! ~B?!BB?8\
? ?BB !!? B? !B? !? ! |;
?B?#%Q\
? ? !? !B? !?=G !
`?B ?"B?Q\
1212
;!!8?>B!?=! >88 '
? B=;;B?=W>!>?<?88??!!8
" ?$8;? ?!
! ?$ ?!>; ? >=> 8 ?! > ? 8 > !?8?! ;B?=
?
122,
3 6
!! B 8 > ! !? `!< =?B ? W>!>
!! "W > BW ;B?= ?B ? !?8?! ; ? ?>G >?;= ?
8?! W>!> = !? ? 8W `!<G " ?88!?"B ? > !? `!<\
= \
122/
? !?! W>!> !! "W > BW ;B?= ?B ? !?8?! ; ?
?>G ? W> 8! = !? ? 8W `!<G " >? ? >=> ;?B ? >
!? `!<\
1221
? B !! ?! > ? !B "W BW ;B?= ?B > !?8?!
;B?=;??>B>;;B?=W>!>?88??!>?!B'
? ??>!!"W>>=>;B?=?B??>
" > !? W> ? 8B ;B?= ?88B "W > >=> ;B?= ?B ?
?>
122
> ;>
?W!> ?>=GW>!?<G >BW;B?=?B
BB !?8?! ;B?= ? >?BB " ?"B ?= 88G "G ?G
!? <8 ?< " ?"B 8! 88\ #?8?! ;B?= ? >
?B88 ??8!>?BB!8B<W>?BB!B? >??\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
$
?B ? !!= !B? !? ;?B ! =;
#%Q\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{H%{ %&©#'
|?B N!8?Q\
;"?~!?N?? ?!??N
"B=B=?"B\
2,2 "
6 0
?!;!!B;?'
?!!G!?8?88??!!?BB\
Q 8 |? ~ B? !? !? !>?= "` B? 8? B
8 >\
88 B | > B? !?G B ` B? ?
B|B B? ! 8? ?BB`G B !; |B ? ? !?
!8BB!\
H ? !? 8 ; 8? !!8 8!?B B|>?"BB?=G ;B?
!>? ?=?888B|B?> !?\
2,2 "
6A0
?!;!!B;?'
? B? ;?B < B? 8? |? ?"?G 8 >G
8?8?H&#
" B !; ` B ?< B? `|~ ;? Q ]$ 8 !B? ~
8!8
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
>?BN!Q\
K"? !? N?B > !?8?! ;B?= ? ?> ?
=B="B\
2,2 &>
>!;!!?> BBW='
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
> ?;?= ;?B > W? ;?8 8 ? 8 >G N!
G?
H > ?;?= ;?B > B?; ><G ? 8 >G N!
Z
> ?;?= ;?B > W? ;?8 8G ? 8 >G
N!QG}?\
>!G!??<!!??BB<!!\
Q #?"N8!W>8?!>?=!!8 >=>><\
W>?> ! >=>><?!?G!>?"?W B?!
?BB!8?G!?8?!;B?=? = !>!>B"\
H #? ?< " 8; "< 8!?B = > >=G "< ?"B ;B? ? >?=
"<> > <=`8\
2,2 &>
>!;!!?> BBW='
? ?;?= ;?B > ?" ? 8?G ? ; ? 8 >G
N!H&#
" B???8?B;B Q]$ ?!B??<?>B"!
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{H}{ %&©#'
! B|? ?"? 8 8BB 8? B? 8G B? G =?X ! G
;?8B\ ?8BB|N!8?B;?N8BB? ?"B?%
B? 8 ? ; 8? 8? ? ! ` !8 ~ ; B|?
H$
B!;!8B?8!!?8!8?\
` ? ? !? 8; B ?
! !?B;!`&\QGB!;`B
N=!B|B? ~B?B!\
2/2, "
?BB? ~ ?B 8 ~ Q G B? ?! ? |?!
? B ! ?8>` ! ?B
B8B? B ` ! ;! 8? ?! N B B?
=Q\
QG&
NQ
Q
QG
QGH G&
QG
QGQ
QG
Q Q& & H H&
K
,(&
# ?!8;!?B!B?;!B `?;?'
N K{Q$}Q&
K B ?B
Q 8B? `!BBB??=?!>!
G&8B?=?!>!? ;\
B|B? G B? = B!` | 8? ? ! 8? B|?B\ B !? ` B?
>; !?B|B?N ?B|"|?!!!!?!>\
B ?BB? B~ B? 8? ?"? 8 |!? ?
= !?;B?=??B!;!`&\Q\QGB!;`
B=?8 BB8??B?N?B~8! '
?{&##8!B?
"{&#!B?!>?\
! > ?" ? ?< " 8BB "< G G !; =?G ;?8 ?B\ >
8BBN!>8BBB;B=; ?"B%
>W8N!?!8=H$W8
?!!>B"? >8! !?8!8?\
]> !?8?! ;B?= ? ?< " ! > ?B
;! ! =; &\QG > ` >B ??X 8 ?
BBW\
2/2, "
?BB? ? ? ?B >=> >? QG > ?!= ?! > ??X
! ?8>! ! >?BB " "< B8B<= > W>? ;B?=
`?>;!B!?"< ?!N?!!?!W>=Q\
QG&
NQ
Q
QG
QGH G&
QG
QGQ
QG
Q Q& & H H&
K
,(&
> ?!!?"!?B!B?W>> BBW=`?'
N K{Q$}Q&
W>
K >?B
Q 8W `!<?B=>=8B;B?=
G& W!>=8B;B?=\
>?BB?G>B!!=>? !"<?B\ >> !>!=>
N?BB?>?BB"?="W? ?!?8!>?\
?BB? ? 8B?! W> > ?" 8? !? " = !?B< >
?B;!!?=?&\Q\QG>8 ?= ??N
8?"8! >B"'
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
?!?=B|?88?;!>?> `G"`
;??8?8;?B|?88?!?\
? !? ! ?< B?G B 8 !? 8
?888G ! 8? N8B B? !;G B? ;B? !G !\G ? 8? 8? B !>?
8! \
N=!?~B|\
?BB?~B?!B;?'
? ?~B;H\Q\Q}
" ?!88?""|N!;H\Q\Q
! ?~~B?;H\Q\H'
Q ?~!~B?;H\Q\QZ
?~!~B?;H\Q\\
5
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2, 5 03 0
;?B?B&RX%RX\
;?B ?B B? 8? ?= | ? ? !?
8>? !! 8>? | ? 8>? B?
8?B?; Q H B;?B?=
?\
;?B8 BB?B?#%H}\
! | ? ? !? B ! ? ?
? ? 8! "? B? 8? ?= 8 ? ` B ;? |B
?="?B|B8BB;8B?B 8 B?#%QQ\
? !? ?= 8 !> B B? 8?` ~ B| B
? ? B\ ;?B ` ! ! !
;?B ?B 8 ? ? !? !!
8>?B??B?N8>?\
Q QQ
Q K K
H H
M?B?8?`!??!?8?<G
Q
? K8B?N"
H
!? = W> ` !!! W? > WG !>?=
8??<!!B=!?;\
!? ! B? ??G ?888? ? \=\ =G ! ;B?G !\ ?<
"!?<GN!>8! 8?\
`?=?!?\
>!<?>=?'
? B??B<H\Q\Q}
" ??><H\Q\Q
! ?>?B<H\Q\H'
Q BB<?>?B<H\Q\QZ
8?!?>?B<H\Q\\
!
??;?B?&RX?%RX\
> ?? ;?B ? 8?< ;B?= ? !?8?! ;B?= ? !!
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
"W B ? >8>? < ? ?> "W ? < ?B 8 ?
?>>?BB"Q$ H >;?B ?<;B?=\
;?B?=;#%H}\
> 8 ?! ? !?8?! ;B?= ? ? ? ?= 8! ? "?
> ? 8?< ;B?= 8 W>? > ? B? B;B "? > >=> ;B?=
`88 #%QQ\
> ? !?< ;B?= 8 >?BB " !> ?!!= > 8?!! ? > B!?
W> > ? " \ > ;?B =; "BW ? ! ?? ;?B
!?8?! ;B?= ? !! "W 8>? ? ?> >8>?
<\
Q QQ
Q K? K
H H
M?>!8?!!!'
Q
? K "<
H
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{{ %&©#'
QQ&
" K8B?N?\
H
Q ?!??=B~8BB
Q&\%\Q\
8"BGB!?`B?88? ??=|;?B8B\
;?B ?B B? 8?! 8!G N8 ;B?8G 8
?!8?!Q'QGQG&G&HG&GG&K \=?!>?=GZ\}\
;?B ?B B? 8?! 8!G N8 ;B?8G 8
?!8?!G}!!! 'QQ&&H&QK \=?
!>?=GZ\}\
;?B8 BBB=\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
? ?GB|;?BB?8?!8!?B!8~
!B? ?B 8!G |? ;?B 8?! 8!G !> ;BB >
;?B?BG?!8?~!B??BG8;=?B`\
?! 8? B? ?N?B ;!G B?`BB 8 ~
G!~B??\
;?B ?B ?! ?= ?888 ?N !
~ B? ? B ?"B? !?8G ? ` B? ?"B
B|?88B!?B??N?B;!!|~?=\
%
' A ?
0 + 0 0
@ 0
)
QG # B?8>?B???~ !;~B?
H\Q\H?
QG& H
QG # B?8>?B???~ !;
~B?H\Q\H"?;!B???` ?~B?
QGZ H
QG # B?8>?B???~BH\Q\Q}
?B???` ?~B???
QGZ }> !88?""|N!H\Q\Q?B???`
?~B?
Q ?=?"B8??!!B!!B|B?\
N=!8!|!>? |? ?!?"?
B? 8? ?= ? ` B ;? |B ?= "? B? B? 8B B;
8B?B 8 #%QQ\
H B ?`B??N?B;!|? ?!?
8
~ B? 8? ?= 8 B8B 8? B
=?B ~ B? B? 8B B; 8 B ?B
$
H
?!?=QG8B;!!GB!BB`B?8B"?\
QQ&
" K ?<\
H
Q >?!?<;B?= W=8!??B;B?==;Q&\%\Q\
]>;8"BG>?? ??>B" ?8B;?B\
> ?? ;?B ? 8 ? ? 8W ?! QG N8 ;B?8G ?'
QGQG&G&HG&GG&K "?=GZ\}\
> ?? ;?B ? 8 ? ? 8W ?! \} B?===G N8 ;B
?8G?'QQ&&H&QK "?=GZ\}\
>;?BB?8 ;?B\
? =; ? G 8; > ;?B ? 8 ?? ? ?!? W> ?
?? ?!!?!< !B?G > !B?? > ? 8G W>!> ?< " ?? ;?B " ?!?
W>>??!B?G8!B\
> ;B?= ?! "< > ?N 8?= ;B?= W>!>G G
8><?>=!\
> ?? ;B?= ?! ?888? > ?>= ! ? =;
?"B"BWG=>W>>8"B? ?N8?=;B?=\\?
\
?/$ 6 >
3
!
'> > 6
!
6 >
)5
QG # MW8>???>? !;B<
?>?B<H\Q\H?
QG& H
QG # MW8>???>? !;B<?>
?B<H\Q\H"W>??!?> ?B88=\
QGZ H
QG # MW8>???>?B??B<H\Q\Q}
W>??!?> ?B88=???>
QGZ }> <H\Q\QW>??!?> ?B88=\
Q !??8"B"<?="W? ?!?\
> >?B ? ?!!?!< ` ? !?8?! ;B?= ? ? "? > 8?< ?
;B?=W>?>?B?B;B"?>>=>;B?= `88 #%QQ\
H > ?N 8?= ;B?= ? !?8?! ;B?= ? " BW `?B > >=>
8
;B?= `8 > ? 8?< ;B?= 8 B8B W> > ? ;B?= ?! QG !
H
;!GW>!>;>BW\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2 D-0>
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
? 8! !? !? !?8G B|!>? Δ7 | ? ? !?
~B?8! G~B? `!?=G8B?!>?=8!GB?8B
=? !>?= 8! B` B ? ? !8 8BG 8
?! 8?! !8 G} !! ! QG 8? 8? B? ;?B
?888? ?"B?H\
8? B|? ?"?G 8 ~ !BB ` &\QG
8! G B B |!>? Δ7 ` ? B ?"B? H ;
|`?=?B~B|N!B?8??"?\
? ? !? 8; 8 ! ~ ?B
8 ~ Q ?< ~ ?B ~ Q G B B |!>?
Δ7 ` ? B ?"B? H ; `? ;? 8?
?!>Q !B ?BB ?BB?Q'
? B?=`=?B|>B'G
" B?=`<8!'G&;=\
QG
.Q
GZ&
GZ
?>B
G}& "!
G}
Q H &
K
,(&
Δ7>
?!!! ?B8B B;?8? . = ?;!
Δ >
Δ7> B |!>? 8? Δ7 ` ? B ?"B? HG ~
?BK ≤Q\
% /% 9 900 0
|!>? Δ7 B 8? B?!B?|B? B? 8B "?
B|BBB??;??B`BB=\ B
|!>? !B?|B?`?B ?"B?H\
2 D
B >W 8! G > 8? Δ7 ? !?8?! ;B?= ? ? >
8! ;B?=G?? `!<???"?>>=>?" >
?;?B?"G??<8W ?!"WG}B?===?<G>?BBN!
>?888?;?B=; ?"BH\
?" 8? N! > ;?B =; &\Q ? 8! G > 8"B
8? Δ7 ?"B H >?BB " ! "< ? ? `?B > N! ?"
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
8?\
? !?8?! ;B?= ? 8! ;! ? ? ?B N! Q
????B"BWQG>B 8?Δ7=; ?"BH>?BB
" ! "< > BBW= ? ?!> Q >? > ?B ? > 8?=
N!Q'
? B?=!'G
" <<8?=!'G&=\
QG
.Q
GZ&
GZ
?B
G}& "<
G}
Q H &
K
,(&
Δ7>
>?B!! ?! >8? . = W>
Δ >
Δ7> 8???BK¡Q?
Δ7> B 8? Δ7 8! ?"BH??B>≤Q\
% /" >
> 8? Δ7 > W= > BW !B? B? >
> W= B > = W>!> "\ > ?N
8? >B?!B???=; ?"BH\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{%{ %&©#'
D-0>
- A
< 0 @ 8 = Δ Τ
B!B?GB=?B|>B %
B|B?=`|8?|!;?|>BGB|!>? Δ 7
B|>B~B?8?8B|;B888?8?&\
B!B?GB=?B|>B>`!BB %&
G?B|B?=`GB|>B|=?XG
>`!BBGB|!>? Δ 7B|>B~B?8?8
B|;B888?8?&&\
B!B?GB<??B?" &
B=?B|>B<??B?"G
!B?;?'
¢
&
%
&
M
}&
QQ
R
QH&
|!>? Δ 7G B? ?!N<?|?8!
?BB`!?!??!~B|B?G8?8?B;?B
?888\
!? ? 8? N8B B G B !; ` B !! 8! B? !B?
|B?~B?`BBBB?88?\
!>N ;? |B 8 B ? ? !?
! ;?N ?? |B ` ? ?"B? \ ;?N |B
?=;"??B?8BB;8B?B8 \
=B=?B?88B`'
± ? ?= ? !>! ? ; 8B? 8; 8B
"? 8 B? ?! |?! ?B B? N ? ?
!?\
± ??!B|B?N>?"BB?<8B?;!B?
?= ! ~ `! BB =?
?;! B? ? !>! ? ; 8B 8B? 8; =?
;Z\&\
± ?;?BB??=?!>! ?!`8
B? ?! B!` !? B? ?! B|B?
B|BB!?=`\
± ?B?#%QQG8!>?`8 GBN??
8 B;??B|B8B?B'
• =? ' G&K ≤ 8 ≤ HK' ?= ? !>!
?=!~ `!BB
• =?'HK≤8 ≤%&K'?=?!>!
? ;?!>! \
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
>8?Δ7?>N?B ?! >!?>
?BB!8?W>!>?!?!W>G??!GB?>?BB
N!>?888?;?B\
> !>! > B? B;B !?8?! ;B?= ? >?BB " ?
?!!?! W> > ?? B? B;B ?"B \ > ? B? B;B >?BB "
"?>=>;B?= `88 \
88B=?BB'
− >?8;WW!>=8BW>?;B?=>"? >?
>?!=?!N?BB? >!?8?!;B?=? \
− > => > N?B B? ?BB< W W> > ? > ?
8W `!< W>? ;B?= ?= W> > 8; W W!>= 8B
W>?;B?=?=Z\&\
− > ;?B > ? B=>= 8B W>? ;B?= ?! W> W>!>
>=> >B!! >!?8?!?>=> >B?
>B!?=!\
− # %QQG ?!> 8 B< W ?? W>? ;B?= ? !
>??B?B;B >`8'
• ?='G&K≤8 ≤HK'?B=>=8BW>?;B?=??
>?8W `!<W>?;B?=
• ?= ' HK ≤ 8 ≤ %&K' ? W!>= ? ? B=>= 8B
W>?;B?=\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{}{ %&©#'
± ?B|B??=?!? ?!?
G 8 B? =? G ??
` ? B ?"B? \ B? =? G B|?
! ~ `! BB ? 8! ! ? ;B ?;!
!>?=8?BB\ ?!??;!?B?;B
!8~B=B|B??=?!? ?
!?\
± |? ?= ! ~ `! BB
?"B?G !B G ?;! !>?= 8?BB ? B? =?
G !? B? !? B|B? ? ?
!?\
± ;?|B?="?B?B?8BB;8B?B8 G
? ` B N=! 8! |!>? | ? ?
"?B?8??=8 \
±
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
!>N;?|B ?B%\\QBB?#%QQ\
, / 1
00 0 > 0 > 0
4
0 8 G 0@ 03
< =
< = < H= < H= < =
K K K K
G& H& Q
Q & Q}&
QH & Q}&
&& H
Q& && H
%& &
Q %& &
& H&
& Z& HZ&
Q& %
H & Z& HZ&
}& Q& %
H% }& Q& %
Z& QQ& &Q
Z& QH &
Q& Q& %H
&& Q& Q& %H
QQ& Q&& %}
%& Q& QZ& }}
Q&& Q Z&
Q ? B !? |?BB? N8G B !? !> B ;? |B B 8B
B;\
? ` B ;?N |? 8 8 %&K | 8? ! !
? ;G !>?= ? B ;?N |? ? !>! ? ; ? !>!
8;|?;!?\
, / 1
G& H& Q
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Q & Q}&
QH & Q}&
&& H
&& H
Q& %& &
Q %& &
& H&
& Z& HZ&
Q& %
H & Z& HZ&
}& Q& %
H% }& Q& %
Z& QQ& &Q
Z& QH &
Q& Q& %H
&& Q& Q& %H
QQ& Q&& %}
%& Q& QZ& }}
Q&& Q Z&
Q N8?BB?!!>>>=>B?B;B\
> ;B?= B;B 8 %&K >?; ? < " ?BB< BG !>?=
"WW!>=?B=>=8BB;B?<"!!?<\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{&{ %&©#'
; !?8?! ?;! " ~ "? ;
8? Q ~ |? B " ~ "? \ ?
|??B?;K;?B !?!\
B? " ~ "? N8 ?N 8G BB 8?
Q~?B?;QK;?B !?!B"~"?
\
− ?!?GB|B?=`|8?!!\
|? ?88B!?"B ?N ? ? !? ?;! ?
?!!8!?8?;!8!!B\
− !B? 8! !8 B? " ~ "? B? G B
!; |? `|B 8 ! 8? B ?\ B !; ` B
?!!8!?8!!8?B?\
− B? |? 8 "? 8 B? !? B|B ?!!
8 !? 8 ?;! B? " ~ "? G ;?B 8B B; 8
!;~B??B|?!>\
N=! B?; ?N !>?= 8?BB ?88B!?"B ? ;
!?8?! ? "BG ~ !? ? ` ? 8? | 8B?=G
!~8B?=!?` ?8?;!?8?! \
? !>?= 8?BB ! B` B|B B!?=`
!!\ ? ?"B !? B!` ? B|B? B|B B!?=`
|N=8?!>?=8?BB\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
#?8?! ;B?= ; W> ? BW;B?= ?B >?BB " "! Q ?
;B?= "W > BW;B?= ? ?> ?B\ > ;B?=>?BB"??\!\;B?=
K\\\;?B\
>BW;B?=?BN8>W?>G>?BB""! Q??\!\
;B?= QK\\\;?B"W>BW;B?=??>?B\
− =>>?=!!!\
> ;B?= ? ?88B!?"B !?8?! ;B?= ? W> ? W> !? `!<
?!!W>;;B?=8!\
> 8??B !>?= B;B >?BB N! > B 8! ?"B & ? > 8??B
!>?=;B?=8! >??"BG? ?8=8 ?!!=
>8! Q\\H\\
??B!>?=`??88B!?"B>!8B!?8?!;B?=;G?
!?8?!W>!>?8? ??!?!?8?!?!W>!>?8? >!?8?!
;B?=;\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
> 8??B !>?= ? 8 W> > B!?=! !!\
> BW B!!?B > B? > B!?=! ` ? 8??B
!>?=?\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{&{ %&©#'
? - 0> A ?
# ?+<=
- +
6@ 0 0
< =
3
?~ ~B? 8 Q
QG 8
&
H
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
72/2 > 0
?~; B!N!?\
!B? 8! !8BG B ? ? !? !8B
?!?8?"B88!>! !8?<?;?B!
QQ&B?!>! ?=\
?;?BB?!?8?!&|G|8B?=|;!?8?!
8? B? !?8?! ?= 8B {& ~ YQ\ ?88 !?8?!
N `B!` ?? 8? | 8B?= !? 8?
8B&B ;?88?=\
&
Q & =
Q
Q B"|B
& B?!?8?!|B\
B !; ` B? !?8?! BB G ?88G ~ B? 8? ~ B?`BB B? !?8?!
?= \
N=! B?; ?N 8 !?G N8 8? ?δG ~ QK
GZ ~QGQ 8 G8; ?B|"|?!!!!?!>\
Q "!BB| B? ?"!?\ B;???"B8; ?
B|"|?!!!!?!>\
?>?B< QG8
&
H
QG8 Q
B? !;B<?>
QG8
?B< &
H
Q >?B< G>;?B=; B? !;B<?><?
;?B\
>8"B B;B?B;?B `! >< `!<\
H B<8? >!?8?!;B?=;?G>;?B >;B?=WBB"`?B'
72/2 >>
>!>!>?B!! >!?8?!\
??BB< 8! G > !8B !?8?! ;B?= ? >?BB ?B " !?8?"B
W>?= ? !>88 B=>= 8B ;B?= >?;= ? 8? ;?B QQ& > ?
B=>=8B;B?=\
> !?8?!?! & ? G ? ?! ? ? !?8?! ;B?= ; >?BB >
?!?8?!?!"<>?−&YQ\ >? >!?8?!?! ?<W
= 8? ? !?8?! ?! >?BB "< >? & > !8!?B ?
>?;B?= >\
&
Q & =
Q
W>
Q>" B
& >!?8?!?! B\
> ?!?B !?8?!?! >B " ?G G ? > 8? ? W>!> > ?
!?8?!?! \
>`B?=!?8?!BGN8??δ??QK?GZ
QGQ>8 ?<"?=8"W? ?!?8!>?\
Q >88!>!> < >8!\ >8"B;???<">
"! ??="W? ?!?8!>?\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
? ;?B ? δ 8 B? !!8 B|B? B? G B? 8? B?
`!\
H ? ;?B ? δ !? <8 B!` ! 8 |N!? ?;? B?
\
8 !? !? B? =B? 8! !>?=
|8=?\
& ;?B <8` ? δ ?88? ?N B!` 8= |>B ?B <>`G
~#ZH'
? ?8' ≤ & × Q {H
" N' B8?8 B8?8 B8?8 ≤ × Q {H
! B' ≤ Q × Q {H
? ? ?= ? !>! B|B B!?=`
=?B~
&Q
?!>! # × ;?B!
&Q + &
" ? ?= ! ~ `! BB B|B
B!?=`=?B~
&Q
8 ×HGH× ;?B !?!
&Q + &
Q ??8;?B? ?!?!8B\
B|?"B|BB!?=`8!!;!?8?! \
H ?! HGH N 8 B ;?B 8 !; B 8B ?;? !?\ ?!
Q K H × & K B ?!!B?B?|??B?;8 \
HGH = H× ≈
G& K Q& K
? B !? |B ; N ! 8BG B|B !
8;88 ?=!~ `! BB
HK;?B !?!8?Q\
|BB8;88?=!
~ `!BBHK;?B !?!8?Q\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
B<8N!8"B|8BBGB?;?B?=?B
B?B= 8! `B? ?!|B?`BB?
B ?"B?%\
? > ? B=>= 8B W>? ;B?= > B!?=! >?BB " `?B
>'
&Q
8B;B?= >#K × 8?
&Q + &
" >?>?8W `!<W>?;B?= >B!?=!>?BB
"`?B'
&Q
8 ×HGH× \\\
&Q + &
Q >?!?"8 ?!8B!?8?!;B?=? \
>">B!?=!?<"!! >!?8?!;\
H > ?!HGH N ?BB8 ;?B?!;>W!?\ > ?!
Q K H × & K >!B? ?!"W?\!\;B?=?8 \
HGH = H× ≈
G& K Q& K
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
W=;W!G>"W!B?>?BB"!?8?"B
W>?= ? ? 8W `!< >? W>? ;B?= HK \\\
Q\
B? !8"B !??G > ? 8! ! !8?=
?!?>B? ?!BB=; ?"B%\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{&%{ %&©#'
? ? !? ! ?B 8 88 ?
?=G B`|B ?B ? ?=G B !?`G B!
`>`|!!! N B!? 8?
Q\
722, 40 0 0
8? ~) K × 8 8 !>?=!8 B?
!>?= ?=G B? ?! ? ? !? ~
8? ? ; ~ ? B " 8? !?
8??\
ε ' ???N?B
Ó ' !?!
8 ' 8?;?B !?!
8 ' 8??=;?B !?!
. ' ?88? ?
7 ' B? ?!
⋅ 8
8£ 7 −
. . ⋅ 8£ 7 − ⋅ 8
İ£ = =
⋅ 8 ⋅ 8
.
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
'
$K ?
"
> !?8?! ;B?= ? >?BB " = ? !! W>? W>
??=GW>=X??;B?=G>!>?!?BGB!!?B?>?B ! ?
N?B>!!?>!?<W= >? Q\
722, 4
?< ;B?= "BW ) K × 8 ? ? ?< " "W ? ? "G >
?! > #K !8 "< W!>= 8? ? > 8?<
!?<?B>?BB"?\
ε ' ?N??
Ó ' !?<;B?=8?
8 ' ?<;B?=\\\
8 ' ?8?<;B?=\\\
. ' ? ??
7 ' ? ?!
⋅ 8
8£ 7 −
. . ⋅ 8£ 7 − ⋅ 8
İ£ = =
⋅ 8 ⋅ 8
.
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{&}{ %&©#'
ε %
8 + 0
0 7 % M 07 %
< =
O
+ 0 ε %
8 0 7 %
M 0
< =
O
#N=!? 8~!?=B!8?"BB!?=`\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
? " 8? ?N " !? ; 8?
8? B ;?B ? ?"B? }G ? B ! |?
!?B?#%\
|8B <8 |?88B` ?N ? ? !? 8
? B ? B|?G ?B ` B|8B <8 M |?88B` ? ? ?
!? ?BB ? 8 ;B88 ?BB` B 8? =?X
\
Q #N=!!B? 8~!?=B!8?"BB!?=`\
|8B<8 8?;!BB??!B|!B?
? ! B|?88?BB?= !?\ <8 M 8? 8B ~ ?
88?B !B|?88?BB?=!?\
%
6 8 ε
7
< 222= 7 %
O
%
6
8
ε
7
7 %
< 222=
>`!BB!?=!!8?"B<=B?\
>;;B?=? >8?<>!?<?B>?BBN!>
;?B=; ?"B}??=!!"#%\
<8 8B ` ?88B !?8?! ;B?= ? ?B?
"?GW>B8BM`?88B!?8?!;B?=? ?BB
=?B??B!B"?U \
Q >`!BB!?=!!8?"B<=B?\
<8 8B 8?; ;B?= !BB? 8?=?8 B?>; ? W!>=?
8?\ <8M8?; >8 8B8!=W!>=?8?\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{%{ %&©#'
69 " L
8 8
K?B!B??88B` 8 8 QG% QG%
H H
? ?!?8?B?B|?;
8;88B!>?=?`|?? ?"B?Z\
!>?= |? 8! ~ ?88B` B " 8?G
?B!\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
6 " L
8 8
?;?B >?88B;B?=8 8 QG% QG%
H H
]?;>?8!>??!!'
!;?B 7 Q G& μ ±
>?B ;?B7 ≥ & μ
7 Q Q ±
?BB=>7 > Q
?= !?8?! ;B?= ? >?BB " !?8?"B W>?= > ?!
B?=; ?"BZ\
>8! B??"?88B?<!>8?<?B\
K>
3
;>
8
K 5 > >
D D
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
| !? B ; !?8?! ?"B !8B
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
?!> ? B? =? 8? 8! 8 B? !?= 8?
?88B!?"B\
? 8! ? B? 8 !B? ? <8G ?
;B?8!?N\ ?<8;B;N!?B?
`! ! ~ B|=?=? B? = H\ " ~ B? B?
`!GB?!?8?!&G?δB?8!;\
?!B? !?B?;?'
? ?<8
? ! ? ? N ? ? !>?` <8 8
?88 B? 8; ` B ? ? ! ;? B? 8! !?
8?NN=!!;8?B?;B\
Q ? <8 8 =?B ! ;?B?"B |B N! ? ? `
8 ! \ B !; ` ! ! ? B|" | ?!!
!!?!>\
B ?`B|?<8;B?`!`8?B|=?=?B?=H\
" ?;B
??`B!>?`? ?;BB\
! ?8!?B
? ? `| ? <8 ? ;B ! ?8 ?!! B
!!B|?!>\
? ;? ? <8\ B ?BG B !; 8 ?N
8??=?8>?888'
? !B8!Q\%
" ?|!>? Z\Q
! B?!?8?!?δ~ `!BBZ\
??!>! !8Z\\H
?8"??B!`G!?Z\Q
??!!!Z\H
= ??!>! Z\\
> ??!>!? ;8B8B?=?≥HKZ\&\
? 8B ~ `! BB 8 ? ? <8 N ?;!
?B?;B?=?8 <HKZ\&\Q
? 8 ? Z\Z ;?B?"B ` 8 ? ?
!?8!
!?8?! > !8B ?"B !?8?! ;B?= ; >?BB " => > BB
8??=8! >?88B!?"B8?!?=<\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
>8! >???!B? ?<8G?8!?B\
> <8 ? >?BB " !? > ? `!< ? B > BW
!>?=H\ >"==??> >`!G!?8?!?!&G?δ
??!!?!<>?BB"?\
• <8
? ? W ? ?!> <8 ? >? ?BB
? ? ?!!= > ? 8! !? !8B< W> > `
!;"<\
Q <8 ?< ?B " ! ;?B ? ? ? W>!> >? ;?\
!>;?>B""!?="W? ?!?8!>?\
><8 BBW>8!?8! > BW!>? =H\
•
W>!>?!>;?B? "!\
• 8!?B
> >? ? <8 ? G >? >?BB " 8 8 ?=
"W? ?!?8!>?\
82, 6
> BBW= ? <8 \ ?BG ! >B " ? > B;?
"!B?'
? ?!!?!<!>!Q\%
" 8?Z\Q
! !?8?!?!??δ??8W `!<Z\
!>888BZ\\H
#? !;B?=KG ?88B!?"BZ\Q
>!!W>?!?8?"B<Z\H
= B=>=8BZ\\
> W!>=8BW! >;B?=?=≥HKZ\&\
W <8 ? W> # ;B?= > ;B?= ?= 8 ¥ HK
Z\&\Q
?8Z\Z;?BB< 8!!?8?!;B?=?
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{%{ %&©#'
8 ` B ? ? !? ?N ? B!
`<8`}\QGB;~B?;B}\\
?8~ `!BB;N!~}B?|?
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
?;?BB?!?8?!&|G|8B?=|;!?8?!
ǻ& Q &
8?!>?=8B ≤ = ?B8! ?;\\&\
& Q &
?88B ?<8!BBB??;B\
?!Z\%
B => B!?=!Z\
?!!?!<Z\}\
8? 8W `!< >?BB " 8 ?} >8! ;B?=\ >
<8 !? " !? W !?8?! ;B?= ? ?!!= >
`! > BW!>?=;=H\
>!?8?!?!& ???!?!?8?!;B?=;>?BB!>?="<
ǻ& Q &
>? ≤ = =?<8!\\&\
& &
><88>?BB!B>B >\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{%%{ %&©#'
?
N #
# N #
<8
8 # N #
??8!
?K# ?8?
!? !?
U? U?
? >??!>!
?8!
8B# ?;8B
B ?
<8 B ?
<8
% 1 6 ,(&
?
;B
??!>;
!?8?! K !??`?=
"
"&Y?δ
?# B B
B!?=`
>
>M
=?# B?""?
!?# Y
!?#
?
}8!?
? >?# B
!?
#B8!
% 1? ?
;B
,(&
<8
W#K W#K
#K
#K !#K
? !!?!<!>!
>
<8 >
<8
% 1 6 ,(&
> > M
= # BW;B?=
! #Y ! # ?B
}8\;B?=
> # !?<
W=
!!?!<!>!
>
% 1?!
,(&
?;?B?;B\B?BGB!;8?N
8??=?8>?888'
R B? ? G ` N! ?8 B ? 8 "G
!G G G G = >G B| B? !"? 8"B ? ? 8?
?B\
? 8 ~ `! BB ; N! ~ } B?
|?8! \
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
? 8 ~ `! BB ; N! ~ Q B?
|?\
? `! |? ` ? B|=?=? ! ! "B=?
;=H\
B= !? B? `! |? 8 ? B " ?!! B ?"!?
B ?!>\
: 6
? 8 ?B B ? ? !? !8B B B
B!?=` B\ ` B ? ?B B ? ? !?
!8BGB?8?8 8 ?! ? ?"B?Q\
BW!>?`!>?BB"!??<=H\
?BB !? >`!?<"?="W? ?!?8!>?\
: 6
>>?BB"?8;!8B?!W>%\&\
> !? " 8 > !8B !?8?! ;B?= ? > B!
?=! ?B\ ]> 8 > !8B !?8?! ;B?= ? G >
8?<;B?=8 >?BB"??!!?!W> ?"BQ\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{{ %&©#'
` B ? ?B B B B!?=` BG B ? ?
? ? BB ? ~ ?; !? 8 !
?;!B ?"B?Q\
? |!>? ?B ?;! B? !>?= ?= ?;! B? !>?= ?=
B? 8B B;G B < ? 8B !>?= ?= ; %\&\ ? 8?
=\
` B < ? 8B B !?G B ? ? ?;! B? !>?= ?=
?888!!~!>?`B!?B?G? ?!!!?
B!!B ?!>\
BBB!>?=! ~Q&\%\&\Q\
? ? !? B B B!?=` BG
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
B B!?=` ? ? ? 8? = B` B !>?
?= 8B `? 8 ~ Q 8? >\ !>?
B8?B?>;???!\
!>? 8? ? ` B B 8 ? <
>!8B>B!`\
? 8? ?"? 8 ? < > !8B
>B!` = ? ?? B >`G ` B <
?!?8>``B BB!?=`B\
> 8? >?BB " 8 W> > ? " W> > >=> ?
"G >?;?B?"%\&\ >8?>?BB"!\
]> > >? !?< W=G > >?BB " ? W> > ?888?
? " !! ?!> !?< W= B?B<G B >W ?=
"W? ?!?8!>?\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
>?B;B?=W=>?BB"B??!!?!W>Q&\%\&\Q\
>?"8?>?BB""WQ#?H#\
> !?8?! ;B?= ? > B!?=! ?BG 8!; ;B?=
?! ? ?=G >?BB " ? QG > ? 8?< ;B?=\ > !?<
>?BB " ? > !8= ;?B\ > >?BB " ! B > 8?
>B!?=!>??!>??<?\
> B!?=! !? " ! " ?< ? ! W> > ?
8? N!Q8>\ >8? >W=>?BB"
"<>?!;??>\
> 8? 8? > >? W= ?< " ? "< >
>!8B\
> ?" 8? !? " ? "< > >!8B
8? B? ??BG >? > < >? ? >?B !? > ?
>B!?=!?B\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{{ %&©#'
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
|? 8 ! ; !?8?! G 8B?=
!? 8?\ ? ! ?G B|B B!?=`
!!;!?8?! \
? !?8?! B? > ` N!B B ?N
>?`?N?!!!!\ |!B?>
`?B?88 ?\
? ?B B? !?8?! ! ~ 8 ¦Q ?8 B ? B!
` <8 $ ;B\ ? ! ~ B? `! ?=
?8?!!G} QG B? `!?=\
;B !>?= B? !?8?! ? !B?`?= | 8B BG
8B? B? !?8?! ! ?;? B ? B!`
<8 $ ;BG ~ ? ?"B Q& B?
?=8` B88?!B?`?= B\
Q `|"?!?!!"BB`B? ?!?
!8B?"BGB!;B!?8?!;?'
? !?8?!B"B=~"?B"B=G
" !?8?!B"?~"?B"?\
B < B!` !? B ` B? !?8?! ;? ! B?
G B 8B = !? 8 B? B? !?8?! ?8 B|? B!` ~ =?B ~
!BB8!BG8~B?G`?8? ~B??=\
;B?=BB 8
QG 8 QG 8 QG 8 8# =
8? 8 =
. 8 QG8 8 = .
8 QG8 8 = .
8 QG8 . # 8 8
"BW
Q$>\
;B?=
QGZ\8
?B )K \8 8 = )K ⋅ 8 8 = 8 QGZ8 { {
{ { 8 = .
? .
:2/ δ ; 3 6
> ?< " !? > !?8?! ;B?= ;G ? !?8?! ?!
8??\ =>>B!?=!>?BB"!!\
>!?8?!?!>?BB"?=?>>?N!B>?!?
?!! > ?= !!\ > !?< > ?= > >?BB "
!?>8\
;?B ?< !>?= !?8?!?! > 8! BG ?
8B?< !?8?!?! ? >?BB " ? " > B!! <8 ?$
G?? !B<BW;B?=B>?Q& ?;B?=>?8!
?BWBB!!\
Q ]> > ? ? ;B?= ?B W>!> BB ?!!"B W> > !?8?! ;B?=
? !8BB<?"B> BBW=>B"?'
? >!?8?!?!"WB?BW;B?=?BB??>?BG
" >!?8?!?!"W>??BW;B?=?B???>?B\
> B!! < > !?8?! !> >? > ? !?8?!?! ;? W> > ;B?=G
?= B 8? > !?8?!?! ? ? > ;B?= ? > ? ;B?= ? >?
8;B<?>?>?=;B?=W>!>>?BB"B>?>?;B?=\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{{ %&©#'
H B| ?< ! =? " |B G B 8 !B |?
`|?!!B?`?=|8?!;?'
− 8!"BB?
− ;?? B? !?8?! ?N ! !?` N! B B 8? B ?
B!`
− ;??B?!?8?!~B? !B?8?!??;??8B?\
? ! !?G B !; ` B ?"!? 8;G 8? N8B !8?? B ;?? B? !?8?!
!?<8$!?B!B?B?;??B?!?8?!~B|?=?B?8?
8? B|?G `|?! !B?`?= | 8\ ? B|! ? B !? B
!8B?=GB88 ?"B| !!!>?`8?\
8!??δ;~8 ¦QB
B? !?8?!G B? > ` N!B B ~ B|>?` ?N
?!! !! \ ? 8! B? > `\
? ! ~ B? `! ?= ?8 ?!!G G}
QG B? `!?=\
? B !!!G B? ;?B !?! B? ?88B` ?N " ?
?8? ~B?8??=8 8>?\
|N?`|8?N=B?!?B|B|N!8?
Q% $ 8B?B!;!!;8=?B~Z
B? ;?B ? B? #%}\ ? !? !?B!B B? "? B?
;?B !?!!?!!!<`B|B!?\
B|N?B?;??B?!?8?!G;BQGHZ\\Q\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
H > " B > B?=G ?< " !B ?!? W>>
8!>?!!"!? > BBW=!?'
− 8!"B< >?
− !?8?!?!!>?=!?"<>!>?!?B !>B=>B!!
− !?8?!?!!>?=!?"<8? ! >!?8?!" ?? >\
> !?G >B " 8; "< > ? ?!G N?8B "< !8?= > !?8?!?! ;??
!?8?! > ? <8 ?$ "< !?B!B? > !?8?!?! !>?= !? "< > 8? !?
= > G >? 8! >? !!\ ! > ? !?< ?< " !;
!?<>??!>\
> !?8?! B ?δ >?BB " ? ? 8 ¦ Q => W> > !?8?!?!
?G = ? > >? N!B >?! ? ?!!
> ?= !!\ > ?!!?!< > ?= > >?BB " =;\ > ?
>?BB"!??>? `!<"<?=?"WG}?QG
? `!<\
> >?BB " ? 8; !8B?! W> \H\ > G > ? >?BB "
?BB<??8?"WQ#?H#\ >!?8?!;B?=? >?BB"
=X "W >=> ;B?= ?B ? ?> ? > >!! ?88B "W >
!?<?B\>!!>?BB"?88B >? Q\ >!>?BB
"??!\
>`?88B?B>!?W>!> ??=?B8? >? \
= > >!!G > \\\ ;?B > ?88B ;B?= ? > ? ?B
>?BB"B>?>?8?<;B?=8 "W8>???>\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
>!?8?!;B?=? >?BB">?;8?> G? !B=
?"8?G? > BBW=`'
? ;"B<??=
" > ! " > "< >? >?B > B
?!!?!<!B??>= !?!>?=>;?B >!?8?!?!
! W>?>B!!8! #B?Q
N??G>B?N> ?! ">8?<?!?<W=
>B!?=!>W= !??\=\!?"X?\
> N?? !? ` > ! < > W=
N! Q% $ W> > W= !88 !!;< B >? Z >
;?B =; # %}\ > ! < " "? > ? <!?B
\\\>!!!>!?<W=\
>N?? >;?? >!?8?!?!GQG?H Z\\Q\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{%{ %&©#'
:22, 40 0 0
? ? !>! ; ?B ? ? !?
!8B! ~B?#%%Q\
? |? ?88B` B " ~ >? \ ? "
B|B 8? ? ? ?G B? " ~ "?
; !?8?! G B| " !>?` B !? B
!>;B~B?8?B|?\
|? ? !>! ! =?B ~ ?88B` B? !!; ? ;?
! ? ;? ?=\ ? !>! !
!8&&B??=?!>!\
?;?B!B? |!>!;=\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
?BB?! B|B? 8? B|? 8 ;! 8? B? ;??
B? | B? ! B? ?=\ B?
! ?BB?!G B|= !?
?88??? ? B B B !? ! !8B
B|=B?\
Q ?BB?!? ?!??!8?B|?;B ?B\
!N~B?8; ?8?B|?8 |=??8\
H !?GB ?`BBB?!!\
:2
:22, 4
8B >?BB " 8 ? !8B !?8?! ;B?= ? ?!!?!
W>#%%Q\
> ;B?= >?BB " ?88B "W >=> ;B?= ?B ? ?>\ > ?> ?B
>8?<W= >?? G>BW;B?=?B >!?8?!
;B?=;G >?B ?!>!?<W=?> ?>?BB"?>
=>\
>8?;?B?>W?;>?8 >8B;B?=>?BB"!\
;! B? ?B > ?< " =; "< ;?? > W?;>?8 ?
"> !??W>?;B?=\> ?B!>! ?>!
;B?=?88?=?!>!?<W=G>?BB"??>
;B?=!\
Q ?B >!?8?!;B?=? WBB"!=> ?B\
>?>!!?<"?>=>?"B!!=;!\
H >G;;B?=B?B>?BB"!!\
> W?; > ?88B 8B >?BB " ?!!?! W> # %%QG " >
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
> ;B?= >?BB >?; > ?888? ;?B =; ?"B 8= > >=>
;B?= `8?>8! B?B;B\
> >?BB " 8 W> "> 8; ? =?; 8B?\ !!;
8B ?!>8B?<G!! ?8>!!G>?BB"?88B\
− 8;!>?=!!>B =?BB?G
− B?>;!!?B=>B =N?B ?!B?G
− >?W B?>;!!?!>B =N?BB?G
− > ;! B? ?B !\=\G;??>W?;>?8 >
! `? > ? ;B?= B;B\ ;;B?= B? B ?< >?;
B!>W?;>?8? ;B?=B;B\
> ?88B!? Q& 8; ? Q& =?; 8B 8! = > ?B ? N?B
B?\ > ? ?= "W ? ?! ? 8!>? !>! > N?B B?
Z\&\QG > " B=>= 8B ?< " ! > ?!> 8B?<G !! ?8>!
!\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{}{ %&©#'
|? ! ? ? !? !8B 8B?
=?; ` !"? ?;! B|? ? !>! 8B? =?;
B??!!\
? !>! ?B ! ? B? #%%QG !8
?8?;?B?;?B!`!8¤}¤\ !!!8
B`B|?8BB|!BB?8B?88!>!=B
~HB?;?B!\ !>! !8?;!!B??888\
?|?!>!8B?;B?;?B?888`?B ?"B?
! B?B?8BB;8B?B ;?|B8! \ ?
|??!>!!8!8~!;?BB8B8?QGQ&\
?`!|?88B!?!>!B?;?'
! ? B? | ?88B!? | !8B ?;? ?8 B
!>! !8 ` ? \ ! 8? !>! !8 ~
?; B|B? N ?=?! ; 8? ! B
B|;?B?!8B|B?\
|??!>!!88B?!B|?!>?=B?#%H&}\
:2 6A0
?BB|?8B;! ~B?#%%Q\
:2 2, 8 U1B5< =
|? ! ? ? !? !8B ?;!
! ~ `! BB B? ;?B ?888 `
?B ?"B? !B?B?8BB;8B?BG?88B`?
!!8!?8>`\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
> >?BB " 8 W> "> 8; ? =?; 8B?\ > !!;
8B ?!>8B?<G!! ?8>!!G>?BB"?88B\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
− 8;!>?=?N?B"?W!!G
− > ;! B? ?B !\=\G;??>W?;>?8 >
!`?G?=?!!>? ?=G
:221 >
>>?BB"!??!8B!?8?!;B?=? W>=?;8B?<
B< ? !" W> > =?; 8B?< B=>= 8B > ? !"
"BW\
> ;B?= > BB 8B >?BB >?; > ?888? ;?BG =; ?"B
8= > >=> ;B?= > `8 ? > 8! B? B;B\ >
!>888B;B?=>?BB>?;>;?BB8B"<QGQ&\
>W=8!>?BB"?!!?!W>#%%Q\
> >?BB " 8 ? !8B !?8?! ;B?= ? W> ? >
? 8W `!< W>? ;B?= > ?888? ;?B =; ?"B 8
=>>=>;B?= `8?88B<=!! ?8>!!\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{}{ %&©#'
|? ! ? ? !? !8B !
~ Z\\Q ` ?;! B? ? !>! ? ; 8; B? ;?B
?888 ` ? B ?"B? G ! B? B? 8B B; 8 B
?B;?|B?=\
X!>!!! ;?88B`G?;!!!8!?8>
`\ ? ?<8N;~B|?8B\ |?
~!|8?N=\
− ?!!>?=8;8?B|B??=?!G
− ?!!8BB=B|B?N?=?!G
− N ! ? ?N 8 ~ ?; B|B? N ?
=?!G
− ?! ? ? ? | ?BB?! B|B? | ! 8? N8BG
;?? ? B? | =? = 8 ;?
\
? ;? ; ! ? ? !?
!8B!!`;?B88;B?! ?NN=!\\\
?B B !! `;?BG B !? B !? B ;
B\ ?; !!!!?B"!?\ !
!!?;8?8 8!8?N8B "BG!!\
!> ~ ! 8? ?!! B|B? B !!\ B|?"! |?!!G B
!>NB??!!\
? !>?= 8 ? ? ? !? ?8 8? !
!! ` !BB B|?88?BB?= |= 8? 8?
QK \ ! B|?G B? |?B? B? " ~ >? G B?
!?B!?!!!;=\ =;
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
!8??88|?\
? B|?G B? B? ! 8? 8B Q B?
?;? B !!! "B ?B\ ? !> ? B?
"!B !!! ?! !?! !BG ! B
"!?? ?!?G ~Q
B?`N?!"?;?B!!!\
= > W ?\!\ > ?8= ? 8!; ;! >?BB " !!\ >
?!!"W>B!?=!?>!?8?!;?
<8G>B!?=!!?"!!\ >?!!"W>
B!?=! ? > !?8?! ; ? <8G > B!?=! !?
"!!">>?BB"W8??B<W>>?\!\;B?=???
8! Q\\Q\
> >?BB " 8 ? !8B !?8?! ;B?= ? ?!!?! W>
Z\\Q B< W> 8; W!>= 8B ;B?= > ?888? ;?B =; ?"B G
8=>>=>;B?= >`8?>?B?B;B\
!!; 8BG !! ?8>! !G >?BB " ?88B\
<8? >?BB""!>W\ <`\
− 8;!>?=!!>B =?BB?G
− B?>;!!?B=>B =N?B ?!B?G
− >?W B?>;!!?!>B =N?BB?G
− > ;! B? ?B ! \=\ ;?? > W?;>?8 >
!`? >?;B?=B;B\
??=?!!?!!?!W>Z\\Q\
> BBW= >?BB " ? ? !8B !?8?! ;B?= ? >
`;?B!!8;!8B?!W>\\\
?B > `;?B !!G > ?!?B !?8?! !?8?! >?BB " \ >
>?BB"?"<>!!=>!?<?B\ >>!!WBB"8"<?
8!; ;! N?8B ? G !!"?G !\ !> > 88 "<
?="W? ?!?\ ?=>?"?G>!>!B
>? ?!\
? ? ? 8! ;!G > ? > > !! ?< " >
>?GQ\
> " > !?8?! ;B?= ? ? > > !! >?BB " B< >?
8 "< > != `8 ? >?BB N! QK \ > ;B?= > 8W
! ? > >=>;B?= ?BG > !?< ;B?= ? > >!! ! =
>>?BB"!\!>?BB"8? >8\
= > G > ;B?= > 8W ! >?BB "< >? Q >
;B?= " > !! ? >?BB ? "??BB< ?B\ > ;B?= 8 ;
>>!!B8!?!?! >!B!?!!BG?!B<?
> !?< ?B > !?8?! ;B?= ? G >?BB " B >? Q >
;B?=?>??B" >>!!\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
? ? ?! 8 ? ~ !; ~ B? \\
?"B??'B|? !?Q ~!>?`8?8!
?B ?"B??\
" ? ?!8?~ !;~ B??
~ B \\ ?"B? "' B|? ! ? Q ~ !>?`
8?8! ?B ?"B?"\
Q |B 8; |B ;! !>?= ??"BG B !; ` ?!! ?"B
B|B? B !! 8 B ? ;? ! ~ !>?= =?B ~ !BB! ;
!BB!\
|? `G 8? B|?G B? B? ! 8? 8B Q B?
?;?B!!!GB!;`B|8?!!!!!!|?B?"?\
|? |?!> ? <8 N! B|B B!?=`
?"B 8 B? ?BG 8B B` 8! \ 8 ?B
G& ¦GQ × Q & ? ? B? 8 ;! ?N?B ?
8? }> ~ B| B|B B!?=`\ ? ` B|B B!
?=`?? ?~B|?|B|<??!= \
:282, 40 0 0
? ; ! ~ B? `! ?=G ~ B? 8? ?"? ?N
N8?N? ?!?!8B\
!!`;?B8B8B?B!B?≥Q\
B !B? G& GG B|B? !! `;?BG !?B!B B| B! B?
8?G ?B|"|?!!B|B?B!!\
? !?N8?N? ?!?!8B
8B ; ` B ? !! `;?B `| !?B!B B| B! B? 8?G ? B
!B ~ N! !N\ ? ! ? ? !? !8B
=?B B BB ? `|B 8"B |" B ` 8;
?88??;!8?;??B?8??"?\
B !! `;?B BG ! N ? !
` G !>?=G `! 8? { ?N ;?B ?B
8! {'B|?88?B!8BB!!`;?B\
? !BB?!N8?8?B?!B?
8! 8? N8B GQ 8 B? !B? 8! G&\ # !
8!88?B|?|?=BB??
? ? !? !8B ?N B 8?
`!\
B|!?B!??!`8?;!?8?! ?B!
;! ?BG B ?N 8? N 8; 8?
!?B!B"?BB?~8?B! !
8? ; !?8?! \ ;??G ~ B? 8? ?"? B
!! `;?B 8 ! B B? !?8?! `;?B { 8? N8BG
!? ? 8!?B 8 ! ?= { ??8 ?N ;?B !?8?! `
!8 ?N ;?B 8? NG ? !8 ! !
8?;!?8?! B\
;?B !? B? 8?G B ? ; ! ?N
`!N\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Q W >? ? ??"B " WBB " ;!G ?= >B " ? "W
?? ?!=?=>"???>?"\
>?>;B?= >8W! =>"<>?Q
>;B?=" >!!G>>!!8?! >88B<!!>B"BW\
> => >?BB " ? <8 > B!?=! ?"B ? ?B
;!G BB W> > B` 8! \ 8 G& ¦ GQ N Q & ? ?"; >
?N8?=8>?BB"??=}>>\\\ >\\\>?BB
"!>?;!! BB<8?> >;! B??=\
:282, 4
>>?BB"??? `!<G?8???">N8?
?!8B!?8?!;B?=? \
>`;?B!!!?" !B?≥Q\
!B? G& ? GG > > `;?B !!G ? !?B!B? > B!
8?>?BB"?=8"W?? ?!\
? N 8? ? !8B !?8?! ;B?=? ?;>?
> `;?B !! >? ? !?B!B? > 8? B!G " ? ;< !B 8 ? ?
N8;\ ?!8B!?8?!;B?=? ?B=;>"8"B!?!!=>
?=W>!>?<?88?;!"!? >!>?=?"8?\
> `;?B !! G W ? !?B ! ;B?=G
"G `!<?8?{W>>?? !?={>?;"!?
'!>!8B?88???!W>>`;?B!!\
> ! "W > B > W ? >?BB N! >
?!!?!< !B? ?! GQ ? ?!!?!< !B? G&\ >?BB " ?
?!! "< ?= ? ?= G W> = > > !8B !?8?!
;B?=? ?>B 8?? `!<\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
;?B BB B? `! B? 8? 8? B|? ; = ?
B?88|?\
Q ? ;! B| B? !>?=G B? B? `! ? ? B?
8? B? !?8?! `;?B & Q Y & G ! B? ;?B B|\ B !; ;BB ? ? `|
8 B| B? 8? B ""?= ! B ?! B|B
B|B B!?=` `|~ ! ! ?N 8? N\ "
!? 88B? B ;?? ?88 ; !?8?! 8;` 8? B? 8?G B
!? B B 8>??= ?;? ? ?8 { 8? {
B|?|!>? Z\Q !!B? ?!? \ ?!!?GB?
G ! B|? |!>? G 8 8? ! B !! `;?B B|B
B!?=`B\
|N8!?!`?!BB;!?`B| 8;?B?? ??
? ? !? B? !B? 8! G&\ ;?? ?
8?G B ! ?8>` 8BB 8?!BG B !?8?! 8?? !?
8; B!BB8>??=\8;?B! B!`|~8?
!? >`\ BB 8!8?B 8? 8 B ? ? !?
8B>?!B?8!\
8; B? ! ?;! Q\G ? <8 ; ! ~ }G
Q Q B? ?=G ? B? =? ;?B ?B `!
?=G ?;! ;?B 8?! 8! ! ? ?"B? QQ
?! 8?! Q =? G} ! =? ? ?
!?!8B\
:282
8; B? ! ?N Q\& Q&\G ? <8 ; !
B?BB8!!`Z\}\
Z\}\H\
B?!?? ??<?NB!?8?
? B 8?!G B !; ` B|B? 8! N =?
8?!G8!>?`BGB?B8!>?!!=?
8?! !8? ~ ;?B ?B B? 8?! 8!\ B !; `
!>?` B ? ? ~ 88 N=! 8! ? ? =?
8?! ?B `G B?G B|? B ? 8?! | ;?B
`B!` !8 Q B? =? 8?! 8! \ ;
B? ! ~ ! N=!G B ? B ? ?N ;?B N `\
?! 8! !? =? 8?! | G ! =?
!!! ? ?"B?QQ\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
8; !8B?! W> Q\G <8 >?BB " ? ? }G Q ? Q ?
;B?=G ? ?? ! ?= `!< ;?B ?= ? W> ;?B
?!!?! W> ?"B QQ ? ? 8W ?! Q ?= ? ? 8W ?! G} B?===
?=?!8B!?8?!;B?=? \
:2821 5
8; !8B?! W> Q&\G <8 >?BB " ? ? G & ? Q ?
;B?= ? ? ? ;B?= B8B "< > ? ;B?= ?! QGG QG& QGZ ? > W
N ;?B > ?? ! ?= `!< 8!?W>;?B
?8?!!?!W> ?"BQQ??8W ?! Q?=??8W ?!
G}?=B?===?!8B!?8?!;B?=? \
8; !8B?! W> Q\& ? Q&\G <8 >?BB " ? B?B< ?BB
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
=?8!W=?8! Z\}\?Z\}\H\
= ? >?;= W !?< W=G "!? >
8!G > >B 8! < 8 ?=G ?!> W=G > 88 B
?!>8?=!8=????8;?B\?!>W=>B B B
8!; ?!!?!< ` W> 8 ?=G W>B ?>?>>
W=>?;?8 ?<;?B 8?="W?Q\8;=
!8B?! W> > `G ! ? N ;?B B<\
8! !? 8 ?= 88BG > ?= ? " ?!!?! W>
?"BQQ\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{}%{ %&©#'
:2:2, 40 0 0
|? !! ` B ? ? !? 8 8!\
|? 8 ! ? ? !? !8B
!!`;?B!8!?B\
|? ?B !!!? B? ! ~ >? G ~ B? 8?
&Q
BB 8 ~ 8 ⋅ ?B!? !!`;?BG~!>?==?B~Q
&Q + &
&B?!>?=?=\
?!>?=B|;?'
? !>?= !8 | ?! 8 =? | !?!
!!?;! ?!8?!G}=?
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
" !>?=?!8\
? ? B? !>?= ? ? !? ? ! B B?
|?8?\
B !; ` B B ? !>?= ! B
!G?8?~8BQB?!>?=8! \
|? !N ~B? ;?B ! B? 8? N ?
8??=8?X!BB!\ 8>??=B?8?8? 8B
¦!8??=8?X\
Q <8!~!8! ?!8?!Q\
8 ?!! B !! B|?!>G B ? 8 ?B ?;! !>?= !!
!?B?8?`\
?"G; ?"B?\
!! ?BB~B?=\
| 8? !? ; = ?;!
!BB!8\ =;!8??88|?\
Q N=!!!?B?8?Q&\&\H\
B?B? 8 G;#8?B\
:2:2, 4
> >?BB " 8 "< >!!= > >=> ;B?= ! ? > ?!?B 8?<
&Q
;B?= 8 > `;?B !! ? 8 ⋅ ? Q ? & ?
&Q + &
"\
? " !8 ? 8 ?! ?= ? ? !; ?!?!
!!W>?8W ?! G}?=
" 8?!"\
> ? > " > !?8?! ;B?= ? ? ! > ? 8
B\
>?=>W=>B"B??8?!!">=>>?Q
>8! "\
>>?BB"?W!?>8? >8?<;B?=?W!?>X8??=
8?<;B?=\ >8>??=B >8?<;B?=>?BB "<>?¦
>8??X!=\
Q !8!"?8!<>?;?8W ?! <\
M< ?= "W ? ?! ?8!>?>!?"8 W>"?!!
8?!!\
??" ?"B\
>!!>W=\
> 8?< ? !?< ;B?= >?BB " ! ? !BB!8\ > ! >?BB
"8? >8\
Q ` ?8?=;Q&\&\H\
?=>8;B?=8?B?#;!?"\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{}}{ %&©#'
#K
&Q #8?
Q QM~?
& !?!!8?
Q
8)K§8§&Q H ? ??
? #>?==M
&Q Y&
&=!?
} %=8?
Z
? ?
% } 8 !!!
&
H Z !
QM~>?
QQM~"?
QQ
,(&
% $>0 -
- 0 0> 03
!>?=8B|?8??N =&%\
/M 5M
=M
,(&
% > 0
=M5M
,(&
% !0
;?B |8?! 8 B? !>?= 8 B|? 8 ? B
;?'
8
|= M |
6
5M ω×/ M
G}|= M | G%|= M |
6 B?!>?=?=G;B?8
8 B?!??=G;B
|= M | B 8?!G>\
Q |8?!?B8?!;?B 5 M ω ⋅ / M ? ?!8?!G}\
B!;`B !?!<8B?G8?N8B?!?!~?\ ??!
!8 B? ?! `;?B B !?! ?! B|B | ?!
8?\
H B !; ` B? B?! B? !>?= ~ ¦& 8 | = M | ~ ¦GH 8 B
?!8?!\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
#K
&Q #8
Q Q?;B?=?B
& #8?!?!
Q H?;B?=?
8)K§8§&Q
? M=M
&Q Y&
&! !?<;B?=
%! 8?<;B?=
Z }
KB?=?=?
% } >!!;!
& ZKB?=!
H
QR=>;B?=?B
QQ W;B?=?B
QQ
,(&
M >?8?=;=&?%\
/M 5M
=M
,(&
=M5M
,(&
8 65
|= M |
6
5M ω⋅/ M
G}|= M | G%|= M |
W>
6 >?";B?8
8 >?!?<;B?=;B
|¨ M | >8?!>\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
? ? !? G `8 ?!!G !
88?88N?;~B?8?`!BBB??BBB?"??
B?`BBB|? !\
??B?!!?;!B?#%\
# ~ ! G B !; ` B|? ?B ? B !
?8>`;?;# Q}'
− 8?Q#H#
− 8G}×Q & ?QG×Q & ?
− >B?;&&\
Q ? ?!! B|B? B !!G B ? 8; ! ? |?
!?8>`\
! ?! !! 8 ! ?8>` B B? #%%Q | ?88B!?"B ~
B ?8"??B!`\
8!?QG&8 $ H ?88B`?8?H\
8 !B?G B? ~ QGQ 8 $ H ; Q ? ~ !
;?B8?H?;?B;?8"??B!`\
|? |?!> ? ;B ! B ; !?8?!
8?\ |? |?!> ! 8? }> ?;!
8B`8~B?8;!GBB<88 |N8?
!?\
8 ?!! !! ?!>G ? 8!?B 8 8! 8 B? !!8
|?!>!?;QQ\\
,2/ @ 03 0R δ
0>
,2/2, 40 0 0
> !?8?! ;B?= ? G !8B W> ?!!G >?BB " < ? !B? ? ?
?88N?B<>?8??>B?"?<W>!>>?\
>>?BB"8 ?!!?!W>#%\
− 8?"WQ#?H#
− 8"WG}×Q & ??QG×Q & ?
− B?;><"W&?&\
Q M< ?= "W ? ? ?!G ?< " !? > ?8>!
!\
!! ?! ?8>! ! ?!!?! W> # %%Q ? ?88B!?"B ?
!\
>>;B?=>?BB"!?QGQ8 $ H ?"Q????>;?B
H" ?=>? !;B?=\
> !?8?! ;B?= ? >?BB " ! >?; 8? > > ?
!B;B?QGQ8 $ H N!>B8!"\&\Q\
H M< ?= "W ? ?! ? G > K ? !" ?"; ?< " 8B?! "< ?
8??B !>?= ? ?88B<= > 8 ? ;B?= 8! ?";\ < 8!? ?
= ? 8 ?!!?! W> Q\\H ?;= N?B !>?= \\ >B= >?BB
";\>!?>"?B?!!!?888?\ B>=>>!!;"W
K !;B ? 8!!B"G > !?8?! ;B?= ? !>?;8?> ?
QGQ8 $ H >8??B!>?=B;BN!H8#\
>=>>?BB"?>!?8?!;B?=;8??\
> => >?BB " W> ? 8 > B` ?"; > 8?= 8G
8=><8 >N8?;! >!?8?! }>\
?= "W ? ?! ? 8!>? ? 8!?B !? " 8! 8; > =>
= !?8?!QQ\\
,2/ ; 3 6;> R δ
>
,2/2, 4
> >?BB " !? W> ;B?= "??BB< ?B W?;>?8\ > ;B?=
>?BB " ?8B< !? ? B?;B< BW ;?B > ;B?= ;?BG ??
QGB>W?=G?>?8B<!?B?;B<BW;?B" "=
W!> \ > > B!?=! ?< " !! > !?8?!
;B?=;\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{Z{ %& © #'
B? !?8?! & G ? δ ; Z\ !>?= 8?BB ; Q\\H
8; ! 8? B|? ~ `! BB ; !?8?!
B<\
,2/2/ @ 03 & δ
6M
#>?`;!?8?! G8B?=!?
~ ? ~ `! BB ~ & ? δ \ ? |?
?88B` B? "~ >? B? " B ? 8B?=
!?GB"B ?\ `|"~"?
8G 8? ! ?G BB !! ! 8?
B|? | "? 8?!G ~ B? \ ? B|?G B 8
!B?`?=;Z\\Q!\
? !?8?! & ~ ~ Q& B? 8?
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
?= 8 !?;??8B|?~ `!BB\
?;?BB?|?=?B~'
?=B|
QG& × | ?B| 8B?=×
?=B| 8B?=
8B|?|8B ??8?|8B?=\
?;?BB?|?=?B~'
?=B| 8B?=
QG& × | ? # !8B ×
?=? ? !? !8B
8 B|? | B 8B?= ?? 8? | ? ? !?
!8B\
|? 8 B # ?;! 8 ¥ HK =? 8 ≥ HK
=?; ?;B ;?B ?888 `?B ?"B?
!B?B?8BB;8B?B\
N8B ;?B | ? 8 8B?= 8 ; !?8?! 8 &&K
?B ?"B?Q'
{ B?8BB;8B?B' 8 &&K\
{ ?=!~ `!BB'%}K\
#?8?!?! &G ?δ Z\ ? 8??B !>?= ? Q\\H !? " ? =
>?\!\ >!?8?!;>"<\
,2/2/ ";> & δ
?6
;<!?8?!;B?=;!?8?!?!>?BB""!??\!\?
& ? ?δ ?\ > ;B?= "= ?88B "W > >=> ;B?= ? >
?>?BW>=?!?8?!?!G?"W>?BW>=?\
]>?BW;B?=?B8;G>?BB"!!!B<G"<?BW8?!G
?>=>\ =>G>8!Z\\Q B?>;>?BB!!\
>!?8?!?!&>?BB"???;B?=B>?Q& >?8?<;B?=
8 !" ?? >8W `!<W>?\
>;?B >;B?=>?BB"`?B'
>;?B >;B?=>?BB"`?B'
> ;B?= #K | W> 8 ¥ HK ?= 8 ≥ HK ?= >?BB >?;
?888?;?B=; ?"B8=>>=>;B?= `8\
N?8B ;?B ? ?! ? &&K !?8?! ;B?= ? =;
?"BQ\
{ ?>?8W `!<W>?;B?='%}K\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{Z{ %& © #'
?=B|
8 ? = 8 ×
?=B| 8B?=
?=B| 8B?=
8 ? = 8 ×
?=? ? !? !8B
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
,2/212, -
!! |? B ?88?B B ; ! ~ B? #%\
N8B!!|?`?N=~Q\
|?88?B B B? !>?= ?88? T N8 8!!B"
8#\ ?B?= !?B!!|?;N8B=Q\
?88?B~"?B?=?;"?8??|?QRX?;!
`!!888??8?QGRX\ ?88?B~
"? ; ?; B `! ?! ? B? =? GQ& RX ~
RX\ B !; ` B ;?B 8 BB ? B? =? G& RXG
?G!B??B?"BGB!?`B? !~B? `!`
B?"B?N?B\
? "B B ;? " ; 8 ! ;? !>?=
8?BB&8#? 8;B?! ? ?"B?&\
Q 8B!8!?8?8"?N8;=B=\
B?88"NGB!!|?8?888=Z\
H `| ? N?! B!` =?B B 8 B " G
!B? ?? ;? 8?? BB `|B 8 B? ! |8B
8? ?8\
#?8?!?!&??δ>?BB"??'
?;B?= >?!
8 8 ×
?;B?= >!8B!?8?! ;B?=?
> !! ? > ? >?BB " ?!!?! W> # %\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
N?8B !!?>W=Q\
>>?BB?>?88?!>?=TN88!!B"8#\
!?B"?>?BB"8 >!!N?8B=Q\
W"? >?BB >?; ? "? W> ? B? QRXG W> ? 88 !
`!< N!= QGRX\ ?W"? >?BB >?; > ?!
`!< > ?= GQ&RX RX\ ;?B >B " > ?=
G&RX RX "G ?"BG > ? >B " 8 ? > `!<
W>!>=;>>=>;<\
> ;< ? B;B >?BB ?BBW ! ? 8??B !>?= B;B & 8# 8;
!8B?!W> ?"B&\
Q B>??W"!?"<N?B"?!!?"=?\
>88 N?BG>"?B?!!!?888?=Z
H ]> B!! =?B 8!= ? !;< ? ! > "?!= G > >?BB "
?"<;?<=8??!>>??BBW>! 8;8B\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{Z%{ %& © #'
=
& &?
=
,(&
? ?|?
# ? ;!?8?! ~?<
# #?!8B?= ≈ Q
!>?=8?BB
= 8?!
¨ B
B|8?8 & B?!?8?!? ?|?\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
% 7 -
=
&? &
=
,(&
? ?|?
# ? ;!?8?! ~?<
# #?!8B?= ≈ Q
!>?=8?BB
= 8?!
¨ B
=
& &?
=
,(&
?
#? #?8?!;B?=;"
# #8B=!?8?! ≈ Q
?=
= ?=8?!
¨ B
> B8 & >!?8?!?! >? \
=
&? &
=
,(&
?
#? #?8?!;B?=;"
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{Z}{ %& © #'
=
&? &?&
=Q =
,(&
? ?|?
# ?Q ;!?8?! ?<
# ? "?NB? & !?!8B?=
!>?=8?BB
= 8?!
¨ B
"# ? # ?B?N "?!> 8 8?!"B?"B ~!BB;
!?8?! # ?Q ©# ? 8?;!?8?! !?8?!\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
=
&? & U
&
=
,(&
? ?|?
# ?Q ;!?8?! ?<
# ? "?NB? & !?!8B?=
!>?=8?BB
= 8?!
¨ B
U U?|8B?;!!?8?! &
=
&? &?&
=Q =
,(&
?
# ?Q #?8?!;
# ? NB?<"!& #8B=!?8?!
?=
= ?=8?!
¨ B
=
&? & U
&
=
,(&
?
# ?Q #?8?!;
# ? NB?<"!& #8B=!?8?!
?=
= ?=8?!
¨ B
U B=?W>!?8?!?!&
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{Q{ %& © #'
88!??88B`BB?8! MGB?|?!>?=
8?BB 8! ? B ?"B? & ?88B` B ;? !>?= 8?BB
!8?8?H\
;? !>?= 8?BB 8? 8? B B ` ? B
?"B?&\
! ' |? !>?= 8?BB ? 8? B?
!?!B??8B|?~ `!BB\
? 8! !? !?G B !>N B? 8! B? ? !!\ ? >
|?B`?B?88|?\
,2/2 @ 03 ? @?
<72/2,72/2/=
; !?8?! ?;! " ~ "? ;
8? Q ~ |? ?88B` B " ~ "? \
?|?~ `!BBQK;?B !?!\
B? " ~ "? | 8? N8 ?N 8 8 !8B?=
8 !? 8 ?;! 8! ! B ? 8? ? ?
!? G B? |? ?B?; K ;?B
!?!\
{ < 8! 8? !B? !8 B? " "? B?
G B !; B ?B ? B ?\ B !; ? !! B
?!!8!?8?B?\
{ B? ?8"?8B?!? B?!!8
!? 8 ?;! B? " "? G 8B >? ;?B 8 ? B "
?!!~B??B|?!>\
; `B?`?="!!;QH\QQH\\
,2 @ 03 -00 0 03
?|??88B`B?"?B?\B?;
?=!~ `!BB
&Q
8 × HGH × ;?B !?!
&Q + &
? 8= 8 ?!!= 8! MG > 8??B !>?=
;B?= 8! ?"B & ?88B ? > !8= 8??B !>?= B;B >?BB "
?W>H\
,2/2 ";> ; > <72/2,
72/2/=
#?8?! ;B?= ; W> ? BW;B?= ?B >?BB " "! Q ?
;B?= "W > BW;B?= ? ?> ?B\ > ;B?=>?BB"??\!\;B?=
QK\\\;?B\ >BW;B?=?BN8>W?> ?!?
`!< !8B= ;! W> ;;B?= 8! 8? > !?8?! ;B?=
? G>;B?=>?BB"??\!\;B?= K\\\;?B\
{ =>>?=!!!\
> ;B?= ?88B!?"B !?8?! ;B?= ? W> ? W> !? `!<
?!!W>;;B?=8!\
{ ? 8! =?8 "W BW ;B?= ?B ? ?> !8?G >B "
8; != = > \ > !? `!< ?!! >B "
!!=>\
{ > ;B?= BW > B? !? > !? `!<
?!! W> > BW ;B?= ?BG ? >=> ;?B ?< " ?= 8 > `
>8!>?\
>?BB"; >?>?B?=?!!QH\Q?QH\\
> ;B?= >?BB " ?88B "W > ? ;B?= ?B ? ?>\ >?BB
>?;??>?8W `!<W>?;B?=
&Q
8 × HGH × \\\\
&Q + &
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
? `!B?|?8?=?B?;?B?=?
|; ?? <?\ ? B|? Q \ G B?
`! |? 8? N B? `! ?=G B? B|? 8
!'
?;!Q&\
8 8! ?N " B|B B!?=`G B !; `
! 8!> 8? B ?\ B !? ` !B? 8! 8B?! ?N
"?!!8!?8!!!8?B?\
? |? ?; B ;?B ?888 ` 8!; \\\
\\\H\ BB ?88B` 8? Q !!; B " !>?`
! |B !>?` B !? B? \ !>G B? !;
|B < ? BG B <? |B ~ ~ B? B " B ?
B!;B"B~B?\
# ? ; ! ? ? !? !8B
B!!`;?B\
?|?8? 8 GB"!!!B"!?B
B?|!BB? ?!8! ?B ?"B?QH\
) K × 8 ! H ≤ ≤ Q
?8!|?! ~Z\%N!8!`!!B?8?
B " !!!\ ` B ? ? !? ?
? ? ? !B ?! B? B ;?B ! 8? 8?
BB8! ?B ?"B?QH\
!B B? 8! ! ~ B? `! BB ?=G ~ B?
8? ?"? B ? ? !? !8B B
!!`;?B8B!B?8! ≥ QBB ?"B?Q\
Q ?`8B!!`;?B'
? !! `;?B 8 B G B ? <8G ? ` B? ! B
B? B ? 8! ! ? ? !8B B|? 8! ! B
!!`;?B ~B!B?8!\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
" ?B B !! `;?BG B !? B !? 8; B\
` !?BGB8;?B;?BBB\
W!>? `!<
? ×%
`!<
W>? Q&\
? 8!; ;! ?! > B!?=! !8?G >B " 8;
!= = > \ < 8!; =?8 ?! > !? `!< ?!! >B " >!!
=>\
> ;B?= >?BB >?; > ?888? ;?B =; \\\ ? \\\H 8!;B<\
> ;B?= >?BB " ?88B Q "W > ?B ?!> !?<
W=!??>\ > ?G!? ?<G! "?>?>
?B ?BB>W=!>?BB"!!=>??>\
> >?BB " ? ? !8B !?8?! ;B?= ? > `;?B
!!\
> 8?< ;B?= 8 G " >!!= > !?< ?B ? >
B >? > ?!!BB??8! ?"BQH\
%
6 8 #? >
ε ZO[
< 222= > 6 + 7 % 7 %
) K × 8 H ≤ ≤ Q
> 8! >?BB " ?!!?! W> Z\% W> > N!8 > "
;B?=?>!!\ >!?8?!;B?=? >?8?> ?!
!>! >??>N!>B8! ?"BQH\
>?!!?!<!>!>?BB"W>?8W `!<G??"8??
>!8B!?8?!;B?=? >`;?B!! >?!!?!<!B?
≥Q?!!?!W> ?"BQ\
Q >`;?B!!'
? >`;?B!!!?"G ?!8?"W>?!!?!<?!8B? =
<8 ? ?!!?!< > `;?B !! >? >W >? > ! "W ? ;?B
B>? >?!!?!<!B?B\
" ?BX > `;?B !! > ?!?B !?8?! !?8?! !? " \ !?8?!
?><!?"?>?!?B?;?B\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
# !8B!!`;?B'
? ? ?= 8 8 !8 B ;?? | B? B? 8? B? `!
B` B ? ? B ? ? ! 8? `!\ ?
B?! !?B!?B 8B ?;?"B B| B!B?B?8?
B? `!\ # ?= 8 <8 B!` B? !!8\ ? B ?=?
|B?=QQGB??=Y`\ ??=? 8?B!!\
" B !B 8! ! ? ? !? !8BG !?
?=??8B| !"B? `!B?8?\
! &
YQ ,(&
% ,,A - , Y
0 03
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Q × 8 Q Q Q Q
YQ ,(&
% ,,A ,5
6>B;>>3
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{Q%{ %& © #'
,,2, ' @> 03
! ?!?B?#%\
? ! 8 `| ? ? !?
! ?NN=!8! \%\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
? ?!?!8BG?BB8
;!?B?;!B!> N ?=\
!>?= |? ; ?88B` 8? Q 8 !>?! !
`? ?"B?Q&\
` B ? ? !? ? ? ? ~ B|? ?!
?=|?88? ?G8 \
? , ' 0- > - A?
6
' 0-
RX?B
;!"
K!?B
RX?B~
!>?`"
;!"
!?
K!?B~
!>?`"
?!>?=|??88B`?!B?"\
,,2, ' > >> 3 6
>??=!?!"#%\
> !?8?! ;B?= ? ! >?; 8? > > ;?B >
?;;B?=N!>B=; ?"B}\
> ? !? ? ? !?8?! ;B?= ? !8B?!
W>>`8! \%\
> !?8?! ;B?= ? >?BB " !8BB< ?"B ? ?BB ;!?B
8W>> ?=B< N\
> !?8?! ;B?= ? >?BB " ! >?; 8? > >
;! ??= ?G8B??=\
?, ' > > 6
6
' 6
RX?B
]>;B?=
?B
K!?B
RX?B
?!>?B
]>>=>
!?B
K!?B?!>
?B
>B??88B>! >?B\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
?#%H&}?88B`8B! !8?!?8?!
& Q & B? δ \
# ? ! 8 8; B? `?B B? !!8 !!? B|?!>
!?B?! ?;!BN=!\Q\Q\
# ? | 8? ? ;BB\ B | 8? ~ B 8"B |?!>
? ;BB ` "; ?;! !!8 8?!B 8! ;
!?8?! \
|? ! ~ 8 B` 8 |? Q & ? ~ B?
8 ;! ?N?B ` 8? ? ? ! ?B
;!~8?}#8?}>\
; !?8?! ! 8 B ;! ?B\ 8
|N8? B !? 8 8!?B ?B 8 B|? ~
8? }#\ ??= ?888 8 ?B 8 88 B
?!?`~B?8Q & ?\
` B ; !?8?! 8B B` ? ? ? ~ B|? |B |< ?
?! ?88?8??8B|?\
,/2, 40 0 0
B !? ! ? 8? N8B >B ?B <>`
!8"B 8BB B|; ?= | ? `B!`G B|
`8 | `G ! ?N B ?888 8?< B|B?G `
B!!B|N!BBB\
? ;? ; ?88?? B? 8B?` =?B` !>?`
!?' --```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Q !!
? ?"!?
H !?8?!?= & 8! ??\
,12, 40 0 0
#?`?=|?88B`~? ?!?8>?\
%&©#' {QZ{
> 8 8; > `?B< = > !?8?! => ? >
!8B?!W>>`=;\?Q\Q\
> ? ?== \B;=>8"B?==>?>?;"
";W>8?!B?= !?8?!;B?=;8?\
> >?BB " W> ? 8 > B` ? B? Q & ? >=> >? > ?N
8?= 8 >? !B " ?!> ?B ;! ! ? ? ?
8? }# }>\
,/2, 4
> !?8?! !? ??B \=\ ?B <>! BG >? => 8BB >
; ?< " >?X? ?< > W?<G > >?BB " `88 W> ? B?"B
?!!= > B;? B?W > !< > G W> 8"B = >
? ?!?"!>B?W\
,/2/ ' B
,12, 4
>?=?88B<?=B8>?!?8?!;B?=? \
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{QQ{ %& © #'
?`?= " ; ! ?N !? = QG QHG Q
Q&\
&Q
&Q
? Q?
&
& Q
?
,(&
,(&
% ,/ > 0 % ,1 > 0
? ?
3 A
&Q
&Q
Q?Q ?
Q?
Q &
& ?Q ?
?
,(&
,(&
% , > 0 % , > 0
? ? R
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
, A 0
B ? ? !? 8 G B? !B? 8!
!??! 8? B? B ?"B B| G N8 8!?=G ~ B?
?=B?!>?=8!G8!8?B?!B?8!!!\
? ! ?B `! !8 ZZ QQ B?
`!?=8B!B?8!8B?\
?B?=>?BB"?!!?!W>=QGQHGQ?Q&\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
&Q
&Q
? Q?
&
& Q
?
,(&
,(&
% ,/$ > ;> % ,1$ > ;>
6 6 ;>;
6
&Q
&Q
Q?Q ?
Q?
Q &
& ?Q ?
?
,(&
,(&
% ,$ > ;> % , $ > ;>
6 R
6 ;>; ;> ;
6
, " 3
?=!?8?!;B?=? G>?!!?!<!B?=?"<>>=>
8"B8!?=;B?=??;B?=?W>?"G8!" >
?!!?!<!B?!!\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{QQ{ %& © #'
!B? 8! ?B 8 B ? ? !?
8>?8'
G{G&{QG{HG
| B 8>??= ; 8? 8? B ;?B ` ?
?"B? Q% ; ? = Q% 8 B? !B? 8! ?888 ~ ;?B
8? `! ? B ? ! 8 !>?= !8
Q B? !>?= 8! B? =? 8 !>?= !8
&~QB?!>?=8!B?=?\
{QG
{G&
{G
G&
QG
,(&
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
G{G&{QG{HG
> ;B?= ? 8>? 8B?! >?BB N! > ;?B =; ?"B Q%
?B = Q% > ?888? ?!!?!< !B? ? ?< ;?B 8? ? `!<
W> > ! ?= ? W> " Q ? ;?B ?
"?=W>" &Q ?;?B ?"?=\
± #??
G G Q GH
G& G& G%
QG QG QG
HG HG 8! 8!
Q >8"88?! ?!8?"=;<BW ≈ ;<>=>\
>8W ?! >?""?!!?!W>Z\}\\
H #K >?;= W !?< W= Z\}' > W= B? B<
!!??BB< > 8 B< ? ? ?B ;B?= W=G ! 8 > W= ?< "
=B!\
ευ
{QG
{G&
{G
G&
QG
,(&
% ,
6 R/RR ,R
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
? ;B ; ! ~ 8? ?"?G ~ "
$ !>?= ~ B? `! ?=G ; ?"B? Q ~ ! `|B ?
8; 8? ? <8G ! ? ? !?
B?G ` ! " |? 8 8; B? ! ?N N=!
Q\\
? !B? 8! 8 ? ? !? 8!
!??! 8? B? B 8 ?"B B| G N8 8!
?=G 8! 8? B? !B? 8! !!G ?BB? & B? ?= ~
!8?? ?!?=;%\\
# ? ; B? B \ Q&\&G !B? 88B?
8 B 8 ?! = ?' QG H\ ? !B? H QG 8?
N8BG !8 B 8 ?! B? !B? H B? !B? Q 8 B
8 ?!=?\
? ?B ! `! !8 Z% Q 8
B!B?8!8B?8!\
!B? 8! ?B 8 ? ? !?
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
8!H%\
| B 8>??= ; 8? 8? B ;?B ` ?
?"B?Q8B?!B?8!?888~&B??=~B?
?= B8B 8? B ?! ?= QGG QG& QGZ ~
;?B 8? `! ? B ? ! 8 !>?=
!8 Q B? !>?= 8! B? =? 8 !>?=
!8&~QB?!>?=8!B?=?\
Q ?!8?!B?!>?=8!! ~Z\}\\
B? ?!??<?N B 8B;Z\}\\ B|
B | !>?= `|!!?BBG 8? ! G |B B B
!BBBG B?B8=B=\
H ` ? ? B | ~ & B? ?= ~ B?
B8!|~~B?!8?~ ?!?=QGGQG&
QGZGB!;`!B? ?B " ?!!!!?!>\
8; !8B?! W> Q\G <8 >?BB " ? ? }G Q ? Q ?
;B?=G ? > N ;?B > ?? ! ?= `!< Q\ ? ? >
88?BWB ?8Z\}\Q?Z\}\\
?!!?!<!>!>?BB"??"8???!"
;B?=?$"??? `!<G ?"BQ8;>?">W"<
<8 ? B? !?8?! ;B?= ? >? !> ? ! "
!8;!8B?!W>Q\\
> N8 BBW "< > B \ Q&\& > ??B !B? ?
8 ?! ? !' QG ? H\ #B? H QG N?8BG !8? >
8 ?! !B?H?!B? Q ?8 ?!\
> ?? ! ?= `!< >?BB " Z% Q ?!!?!< !B?
8!\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{QQ%{ %& © #'
+0> 0 ϕ
< =
0 ε \
\ '
0 & Q ; & Q ; & Q ;
H %G HG HG HG Q Q Q G HG& HG& HG&
% QG %G %G %G } QG G G G
, 2 2, 40 0 0
? 8 = ? !??! 8? B ?88 B? !?
8 B? ;?B ! B? !? 8 G ~ 8 8! 7 ?8 B
!!! 8?\ ? !? 8 8 ?8 !!! B?
8? 8 8 88!'
88 W
8W
;
8 W
Q
H
W 7
WG7
,(&
D0
Q #!! 8
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
% ,7!0 0 -
8 !!! B|?B? B? " ~ >? B? " ~ "?
B ~ B? G B? !? | ? ? !?
! 8? 8 7 `|~ ;?B 8!
!?;?B ?88B!?!!!;=Q\
'
& Q ^ & Q ^ & Q ^
H %G HG HG HG Q Q Q G HG& HG& HG&
% QG %G %G %G } QG G G G
, 2 2, 4
88 W
8W
;
8 W
Q
H
W 7
WG7
,(&
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
]6
Q >!! 8
8!?8= 8
H!?8= 8
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{QQ}{ %& © #'
? 8 = ? !??! 8? B ?88 B? !?
8 ~ 88! 7 ?8 B!!!8? B? ;?B ! B?
!? 8 ?;?B!!!8?K ?"B?Q}\
8
! ⋅ Q
7 ⋅8
1 , 1 / 1 1
, / 1
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Q ⋅ Q {H { ≤ & ≤
8 |??BGB!;`B? ?"B!8 8;
`B?8! ?B|"|?!!!!?!>\
, 2 A 0@
0
!? ?= B ~ !! ?=B
; ?;! B "B?"BG ? 8 BBG
?B ?"B?QZ\
#>??!! > ? 8 > ? !?< ;B?= 8 ? ? 8!
7 ? ?88B!? ? 8?< > !! > 8? ;?B > !?<
;B?= 8 " >?88B!? >8?<>!!\
8
! ⋅ Q
7 ⋅8
H Q H H H
% Q % % H
>>?BB"!??!!?!W>Z\Z\
, 2 !3 6;
? !?< ;B?= W= " !! " B? W> B?
W=8!??B;B?=?=; ?"BQZ\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
? ,: 0
0
` B ! ? BB ` B ;?B 8 BB !?
?= 8 BB ` 8 "?G B ;?B 8 BB 8;
BG?B|??B?!8!\
, 22/ 0
? 8?! 8! B ~ !! ?=B ;
?;!B"B?"BG? 8BBG8!
;B?8B?;?B!>8?B;?B8! %\H\
? 8?! >` B ?= B|B BB
8! ;B?8 B? ;?B Q&G &G &G &G Q K B B8B
!?NG ! B? !? ?= ?;! ?! 8?! Q\
;?B8 BBB=\
B BB ? !! ?=B ;G B !>?= ` ?
! ?\
#? ~ B? H\Q\Q&\"G B !; ` B? 8?! >` ?=
B|BBB?88~}>\
B|B!?B!BBBG
? !! ~Z\QG!?8?B|?!%\&\
? B|? 8! ~ QG B? 8? 8 G B|B
BB 8?!>?=\
? B|?G }> ~ QGZ B? 8? ?=G B|B
BB !>?= ?;! B? !>?= !8? ~ B? 8?! >`
B?=;Q&\%\HG?B`B?B!>?=~B!>?=
8!\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Q QQ QQ&
H H H H
, 22/ !
>?8 W="!!"B?W>B?W=
8! ? ?B ;B?= >?BB " 8! ;B?8 ? > ;?B >?BB " !>
>;?B8! %\H\
> ? >?B B= 8 > ?B ;B?= W= >?BB " 8! ;B
?8 > ;?B >?BB " Q&G &G &G &G Q K ? > !?B B8BG B? >
?!?<;B?=W><8W ?!\ >;?BB>B"8 \
! > ?B ;B?= W= ? !! " B?G > W= ? B< B?
?B!\
;? > H\Q\Q&\"G > ? >?B 8 > ?B ;B?=
W=>B" ?? }>\
> ?!!?!< !B? ? ?B ;B?= W= >?BB " H % ? Q&\H ?
Q&\\
, 22 6
>!?<W=???B;B?=W=G?>?BB"?
?!!?!W>Z\QG?=W>>?!!?!W>%\&\
= > 8!= W> 8?< ;B?= QG 8 G > ?B ;B?= W=
B?\
=>G?QGZ>?8?<;B?= }>G>?B;B?=W=>?BB
"B?W>>"!8=>?>?BB=8Q&\%\HGW>B
>>W=?B?W>>?"\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{Q{ %& © #'
8 |? B !? 8?! >` B 8! G
?88B? !! ~Z\Q~QG B?8? 8
?!>?=B|BBB\
? B? ! B|B 8?G !? B? !? 8
"B ~B?!??=B8B8?B ?!\
B? ??8BB!?G!N!;!>?=B
B!?B?Q&\\
B BB !>?= 8? B ? ! ~
`|~QB??=!>?=~B?!>?=8!8?
B|? ! ~ =?B~ B? ?=B8B8? B ?!
?=\
? ;B 8! B !B 8! 8!8 B
`B?<88!Q&\%\&\ ?;B8; !~
" $ !>?= ~ B? `!?=Q\% ?"B? QG
~ ! `|B ? 8? ? ? ? ` ` B
?" 88;B?! ~Q&\\
Q !!
?";? ^ ^
!?'
? ?!? ^ ^
H <8G=? ^ ^
% B?8BB;
8B?B 8 [ K ] ^ ^ $\Q
B?= ^ ^ $\Q
;?"? 8
$M $#\ \G8?N8B\
U?' #$M
U?' #$ $M
>!?<W=?>?BB=88! G???B>?BB"
? ?!!?! W> Z\Q ? 8?< ;B?= QG 8 W> B?= > ?B ;B?=
W=\
> ;B?= ? 8 > 8?< W=G ? > ?!?B !?< ;B?= ?< "
?88!?"B<?BB>?>?!?<;B?=B8B"<>;B?= ?!\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
8; !8B?! W> Q&\G <8 >?BB " ? ? G & ? Q ?
;B?= ? ? ? ;B?= B8B "< > ? ;B?= ?! W> " ?
Q ? ;?B 8 "W Q ? G& K ? ? 8W ?! Q & ?
Q ?;?B 8"WQ?QK ??8W ?! G}B?===\
]> > ? >? ;?B !?< W=G >< ? " B? ? ?
Q&\\
?B;B?=W=B?=>W>;B?=8Q?;B?=
?B?W>?"=>W>?;B?=`?B?;B?=B8B"<
>?;B?= ?!\
> ?!!?!<?!!?!<!>!?8!8B>??><8
Q&\%\&\ > !?"??!" ;B?=?$"??
? `!<G Q\% ? ?"B Q 8; >? " >W "< ? B?
? >?!>?!" !8;!8B?!W>Q&\\
Q ? ?!
??"";? ^ ^
!?'
!?8?!;B?= ^ ^
?
H <8G=? ^ ^
% R=>;B?=
`8 8 [ K ] ^ ^ $\Q
?B? ^ ^ $\Q
B;B"? 8
$M $ #\=\
?=' #$M
?=' #$ $M
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{Q{ %& © #'
Q #?8?!?=
!?~ & [8 ] ^ ^ H\\Z
?
Q
!? ^ ^ Q\
Q} # !8B [ = ] ^ ^
QZ #
B?? %& ^ ^
H
Q 8??= {
!?" 8 K ^ ^ H\Q\
?`?=" Q?{Q
|B!? ?{ ^ ^ QH\
H?{H
H !??= 8 K ^ ^ H\Q\&
%\\
K?B8?! K ^ ^ %\H
8!
Q\
% #B?8! ^ Q&\
?!B? K
?N?B8B ^ Q\
B| #
!8B !B?
!B?8!
K N
Q&\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
K N
Q\
K
^ Q&\
?/FRQWLQXHG
Q ?!?8?!?! >
!?8?!; & [8] ^ ^ H\\Q
?!?8?!?! >>=>
QQ ;B?=!?8?! &Q [8] ^ ^ H\\}
Q ?!?8?!?! >
?;B?=!?8?! & [8 ] ^ ^ H\\Z
#?8?!;' <8
Q% B?B ? ^ ^ Q\Q
?B<>!B [ = ]
?=!' <8
Q B?B ? ^ ^ Z\
?B<>!B [ = ]
Q} ? !8B#K [ = ] ^ ^
QZ ?? #
<? %& ^ ^
H
#' Ι[ ]
!! Q Q { ^ ^ H\Q\H%
Q\
% !!?!<!B? ^ ^ Q&\
?NB?8 K
W= ?!8B#K ^ Q\
=?=>?!!?!<!B?
K
^ Q&\
K ^
Q\
K
^ Q&\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
} ?!>`B K ^ ^ Q&\%\H
Z #B?8= ^ Q&\&\H
?
H !!8!?
8
M"??= R ^ ^ Q\\Q
8 B? K ^ ^ Q\\
M QG$& μ
Q = !??";?'
8
88!
Y88!
M 'B?;????!>! ; ?"B?G!BH
'B?;????!>!? ;; ?"B?G!B
B!!?B?!!8!?88;?88??
8B?`88B?\
?/FRQWLQXHG
} >?BB=8 K ^ ^ Q&\%\H
Z ?8!B? ^ Q&\&\H
H #? `!<
?!!
?!B R ^ ^ Q\\Q
KB?=B?;! K ^ ^ Q\\
M QG$& μ
Q ?= ?"";?'
?=
8!
Y ?=?8!
M 'M?!8BB?B;B ?"BG!BH
' W!>=8BB;B ?"BG!B
> !!= > !? `!< ?!! ?< ?88? ?
??B8B?\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
,2/
Q
,(&
%& © #'
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Q
>;;B?=
8 % K I } RX ;\B\ #$ $M K Z
?!K
,2/ A 6
,(&
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
{QH{ %& © #'
,72, 40 0 0
?!!8!?8G!8?""??=8
8!G ; !! B? " ~ "? ;
!?8?! B?"\ !N<88B?= \\
` B ?!! 8 !? 8 8? B !! ? B?
!N !? ~ ?G B? 8! ? ?
!??B?!B?8! ;= \\
? B|8?! ~ B? `! BB B? " 8? B? "
8 !8B?= ? "? ` 8"B `|BB 8? ?! !?
Ω;
" B??!?~ `!BB'
{ !?8?' Q ;?B !?!
{ !?!' & ;?B !?!8?G
! B?"" ??= 888 !>! QG / &¤ B? ;?B
!=?B~N B?;?BB? ??=!>!8
B?\
N8B 8 B? ?888 !B? ?<8
8?? ?<? ??= ~ `! BB 8 8 ~ N
B? ?B?; ?N?B ?N " B? "" ??= 8?
! !?=\
8
8 ≥ Q ⋅ ); ⋅ ⋅ ʌ I ⋅ & ⋅ /
H
/ B?;?BB?""??=><\
Q N8B;?|B'
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
,72, 4
> !? `!< ?!!G !8= ? ? !B ? ? 8!; ;!G >?BB "
!! "W > BW ;B?= ?B > !?8?! ;B?= ; ? > ?>
?B\ >!!?<8!?BB<?>W= \\
]> ? !? `!< ?!!< !! "< > ? ?! > ?> B?
> ? ;B?= !?8?!G > ?!!?!< > !?8?! ;B?= ? >?BB
?W>>8! ?!!?!<!B?= \\
,72/2, +
>?!B>?BB"=G>?'
>;B?=B?;!?<"?8?=?8?<> ?>?;=?8W
`!< 8? ;B?= 8 =? >? Q > ?N # ;B?= ?! > ?
!B=?8?=!\
8
8 ≥ Q ⋅ ); ⋅ ⋅ʌ I ⋅& ⋅ /
H
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
|? !>! 8>? B? "" ??= !
! ? !>? B? = \G ?8 ?; !! B 8 B?
\ `! N !>! QG$& ¤ ?88B`G !` !>!
=? !`!>!8 ;#%%Q\
|? ~ `! BB !G ?88B`? ~ B?
`! ? B " B? "" ??=\ ? |?
? 8 " !? Q ;?B !?!\ ? ! ?G B !>?
8? Δ7 B ? 8; ` ~ ! ` B? 8?
? ? ? ?"B Δ7 ¥ Q $> \ !>? 8? 8? B?
;?B?888?B ?"B?H\
?!>!N=\
|? ! ?;! "" ??= !! ! ? !>?
B?= \\
B8?? ~?B??;!!B?GB?88B`!`8B
=?;8!`8B8; !?}$¤\
? !8B? B ` B ? |? ?"B !8 |? ?"B
|??8?G !!? B 8 !8B?= !8B 8 B < # !; 8? B?
#%}Q\ # ? ?88B` B ?N ? ? !? `8
?!!# \
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
?;B8""??=!?8'
?;B;?8! BB!?!'
? !B?
B? ??=~B? `!BB\
" ?? B?~!B?
?!??B? ?;!8?8! \
> 8B ;B?= > ? !B >?BB " 8 ?!!?! W> > ?=?
=; = \ ? !!= > ;B?= B? ;!\ QG $ & μ ;B?=
8B>?BB"?88B`!G ;=?;? ;8;#%%Q\
> # ;B?= W>? >?BB " !? G ?88B<= ? 8W `!< ;B?=
"W>?B >?!B\ >;B?=>?BB"??!>;?!
Q \\\ =>>8?Δ7>?BB"??>>?BB"
!B>8?>??!>??<?Δ7¥Q$>\ >8?
>?BBN!>?888?;?B=; ?"BH\
8B;B?=8!"\
>>?BB"8 W>?!!?!B?!!?!W>>?=?=;
= \\
?=?8??B??W>8?=?8'}$μ8?;;B?=
8B>?BB"?88B`!G ;=?;? ;8;\
?B G !> ? !8 B ? B G !!= !8B !8B= ;!
# < ? !; "< # %}Q\ > ?88B< B< !?8?! ;B?= ? `88 W>
#?!!\
? =?8?
? >8?;;B?=W>8W `!<\
" B??W>8?=?8
#W>>!?W>?;B?=\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
B ? ? !? ?;! ?!! 8 !? 8G B?
8B?`=?B`!8B ?;?'
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
> !?8?! ;B?= ? W> !? `!< ?!! > ?= 8B? >?BB
!B> BBW= ?'
?!B / +
KB?=B? <8'
;! 8?;
;B?=QG$& μ
}$ μ
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{QH%{ %& © #'
" A"
?;
$>0 6-
;!?8?!
M~>?
BB!?=`
#?>? &Q
!?!!8?
M~?
8 |?
M~"? M
;!?8?!
,(&
% "2,A>0 -
;!?8?!
M~>?
BB!?=`
#?>? &Q
!?!!8?
M~?
8 |?
#?
& ? ? M!?
? ?
M~"?
;!?8?! M
<~
!?8
8
B?
M"?=??=
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
,(&
% "2/A>0 -
" A"
?;
6
#?8?!;B?=;
R=>;B?=?B
B!?=!
R=>;B?=!?8?! &Q
#8?
!?!
?;B?=
?B ?8=;!
W;B?=?B
?>?B
!?8?!;B?=;
,(&
% "2,A
#?8?!;B?=;
R=>;B?=?B
B!?=!
R=>;B?=!?8?! &Q
#8?
!?!
?;B?=
?B ?8=;!
W;B?=?B
!?8?!;B?=; ?>?B
# <
KB?=
B?;!
?!B
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
,(&
% "2/A
;> 3 6
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{QH}{ %& © #'
" AL
?;
!0 0 9
@ 0
8"B B 8B 8? B ~ B|? ? 8 ? ? !?
B?;!?8?! 8!!?8~>?B8>
!>?=8=\
?>!!|B=G!>?=8;8=\ B?B=|
8? BB ~ B? | 8? !>?= 8? 8 "?
8?! ` B !!G B !>?= 8; 8= 8? 8B \
;?!>?=8B?88>?B??B?>
!!\ 8B ?;? B` B? ? ? ;?B ! ⋅8 8 G
` B !? 8? ; & Q !>?= ~ B? !>?= T Q & Q ⋅ ⋅8 G
?B ` B !? !? & !>?= 8? B B B!?=`
!! 8??BBB\ ` B? B= ;? !!G B !?
!? & !>?=~;?\
# G ` ! ? N8BB ?;! B? !? 8 "?
B BB!?=`G88B=?B?B
8?\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
" AL
?;
> 8? ? ! 8"B ? !?8?! ;B?= ? = ?
8!?8?!;?>=>;B?=>8>? ª?88!>?=\
= ? W!>= ? BG !>?= ?< " ?88 \ > B ?BB<
?> !>?= "< ? BW 8?! ;! !! G > !>?= ?< ?< ?
? ?<\ > !>?= B;B 8 > 8>? 8 > ;B?= ? >
W!>= \ > W !? > W> > ;B?= 8? ;?B
`8 G > 8?< !?8?! > ; & Q ?< !>?= != > !>?= T Q
& Q © ©8 W>B > !?< !?8?! & !>?= "< > 8??BBB !! ?=!
\]>>BW!>?=?& WBB"!>?=?W\
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{Q{ %& © #'
" A
?;
0 3@> 03
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
B !B Q ~ B N M B? #%H&}G B 8!8?B !??!` >?
`!G B N=! B ? B 8 B|?88B!? ? ?
!???N8!?8!8! \
#B| NMB?#%H&}'
? #%H&} ?88B` 8 B N=! B ? 8 B ? ?
!?!!?B!??!`>? `!\
" A
?;
K> 3 6>
# %H&} >?BB " ?88B > ` ? !?8?! ;B?= ?
=?=>>=> `!<!>??!!\
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright International Electrotechnical Commission
{Q{ %& © #'
L? >
#%G *XLGH GH PDLQWHQDQFH HW GH VXUYHLOODQFH GHV KXLOHV PLQpUDOHV LVRODQWHV HQ
VHUYLFHGDQVOHVPDWpULHOVpOHFWULTXHV
#%QB8?G &ODVVLILFDWLRQGHVFRQGLWLRQVG¶HQYLURQQHPHQW
# Q%QG 6SpFLILFDWLRQV GHV PpWKRGHV HW GHV DSSDUHLOV GH PHVXUH GHV SHUWXUEDWLRQV
UDGLRpOHFWULTXHV HW GH O LPPXQLWp DX[ SHUWXUEDWLRQV UDGLRpOHFWULTXHV − 3DUWLH $SSDUHLOV GH
PHVXUHGHVSHUWXUEDWLRQVUDGLRpOHFWULTXHVHWGHO LPPXQLWpDX[SHUWXUEDWLRQVUDGLRpOHFWULTXHV
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
BBBBBBBBBBB
L? >6
# %G 6XSHUYLVLRQ DQG PDLQWHQDQFH JXLGH IRU PLQHUDO LQVXODWLQJ RLOV LQ HOHFWULFDO
HTXLSPHQW
#%Q'?BB8?G&ODVVLILFDWLRQRIHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQV
# %Q%G &RPSRVLWH LQVXODWRUV ± +ROORZ LQVXODWRUV IRU XVH LQ RXWGRRU DQG LQGRRU HOHFWULFDO
HTXLSPHQW±'HILQLWLRQVWHVWPHWKRGVDFFHSWDQFHFULWHULDDQGGHVLJQUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV
# Q%QG 6SHFLILFDWLRQ IRU UDGLR GLVWXUEDQFH DQG LPPXQLW\ PHDVXULQJ DSSDUDWXV DQG
PHWKRGV − 3DUW5DGLRGLVWXUEDQFHDQGLPPXQLW\PHDVXULQJDSSDUDWXV
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
The IEC would like to offer you the best quality standards possible. To make sure that we
continue to meet your needs, your feedback is essential. Would you please take a minute
to answer the questions overleaf and fax them to us at +41 22 919 03 00 or mail them to
the address below. Thank you!
Nicht frankieren
Ne pas affranchir
A Prioritaire
Non affrancare
No stamp required
RÉPONSE PAYÉE
SUISSE
3, rue de Varembé
1211 GENEVA 20
Switzerland
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Q4 This standard will be used for: French text only
(tick all that apply) English text only
both English and French texts
general reference
product research
product design/development
specifications Q9 Please share any comment on any
tenders aspect of the IEC that you would like
us to know:
quality assessment
certification ............................................................
technical documentation ............................................................
thesis ............................................................
manufacturing ............................................................
other..................................................... ............................................................
............................................................
............................................................
Q5 This standard meets my needs:
(tick one) ............................................................
............................................................
not at all ............................................................
nearly ............................................................
fairly well ............................................................
exactly
La CEI ambitionne de vous offrir les meilleures normes possibles. Pour nous assurer
que nous continuons à répondre à votre attente, nous avons besoin de quelques
renseignements de votre part. Nous vous demandons simplement de consacrer un instant
pour répondre au questionnaire ci-après et de nous le retourner par fax au
+41 22 919 03 00 ou par courrier à l’adresse ci-dessous. Merci !
Nicht frankieren
Ne pas affranchir
A Prioritaire
Non affrancare
No stamp required
RÉPONSE PAYÉE
SUISSE
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
--```,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
M}HQ}&}
&1+', ;:787;
$,72//2/
<8?8"<>##?B !
UK G ] ¨