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  • Who Shall Survive J L Moreno 1978 879pgs PSY

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    939 vues879 pages

    Copyright

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    Droits d'auteur :

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Téléchargez comme PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    939 vues879 pages

    Who Shall Survive J L Moreno 1978 879pgs PSY

    Transféré par

    Bonusje

    Droits d'auteur :

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Téléchargez comme PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 879

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    ~~~~~~
    ~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~
    DEVELOPMENTALLEVELOFGROUPS
    Thegrowthoftheindividualorganismasaunityfroma
    simp lertomorehighlydifferentiatedlevelsiswellrec ogniz ed .
    B utthedevelop mentofasoc ietyofindividualsisstillp rob lematic .
    Doessoc ietyc hangeonly, ordoesitgrow? B othp ointsofview
    havefoundadvoc ates
    . Somec laimthatc iviliz ationsgrowand
    dec line( Sp engler) orthattheyareeverc hanging, theirform
    c onditionedb yec onomic forc es( Marx ) . Theq uestionisifthese
    p roc essesmusttak etheirc ourseofnec essityoriftheyaresub -
    j ec tab letoc hangeandc ontrol . Ex p erimentationonlyc ande-
    c ide, aformofsoc iogenetic ex p erimentwhic hb eginstowork
    withthesimp lestgroup sfirstandstep b ystep ap p roac hesmore
    c omp lex ones . Itmustb eunderstoodthatwhenwesayhigher
    andlowerdifferentiationwedonotimp lyanyj udgmentofvalue
    ( goodorb ad) as, forinstanc e, thatamorehighlydifferentiated
    group isanimp rovedgroup , alessdifferentiated, animp aired
    group .
    W eareonlyex p ressingvaryinglevelsofdifferentia-
    tionastheyarefoundinthestruc turesandastheyarerelated
    todifferentc riteria .
    SOQOMETRIc TESTOFB AB YGROUPS
    Itiswellk nownthatthehumaninfantisb ornwithonlyafew
    andweak , unlearnedreac tionsb utwithap lastic ityforlearning,
    ahighdegreeofsp ontaneity
    . Ourstudyofgroup organiz ation
    indic atedthathumans, longafterthefirstyearsoflifeareunab le
    todevelop p ermanentsoc ieties, thattheyc omp areunfavorab ly
    withc ertainhighlydevelop edanimalsoc ieties, thatsoc ialorgan-
    iz ationtrendsarep rec ip itatedthroughtheinterp layoftheir
    sp ontaneousaffinities . Theolderasoc ietyofhumans, themore
    differentiateditssoc ialstruc ture, themoreoriginalsp ontaneity
    b ec omesrestrainedandc hanneliz ed . W earrivedatfindingsde-
    sc rib edb elowthroughthestudyoftherelationofinfantsand
    c hildrenatdifferentdevelop mentallevelstowardsotherinfants
    andc hildren . Ob servationofinfants, p riortotheonsetofsoc io-
    1 2 7
    1 2
    8

    W HOSHALLSURVIVE?
    metry, hasb eenc onfinedtoindividual- c enteredresp onses
    . Studies
    oftheemotionalandsoc ialdevelop mentofinfantshaveleftun-
    touc hedtheevolutionofgroup organiz ationamonginfantsof
    thesameagelevel, p erhap sb ec auseb ab iesdonotgroup themselves
    sp ontaneouslyandanartific ialex p erimentalsituationisneeded
    tounc overtheunderlyingp ossib ilitiesoforganiz ationonthedif-
    ferentdevelop mentallevels . Tomeetthep rob lemwep lac ed
    agroup ofnineb ab iesinp rox imityinthesameroomfromthe
    dayofb irth
    . Theywerestudiedoverap eriodof1 8months .
    Theinq uiryfoc ussedonwhatdevelop mentalleveltheb ab ies
    reac hedasasoc iety, notwhatdevelop mentallevelthisorthat
    infantreac hed .
    Atfirstthetestwasarrangedforgroup sofb ab iesfromb irth
    on, allp artic ip antsofanyonegroup b eingonthesameagelevel .
    Theb ab ieswerep lac edinc losep rox imityinthesameroomin
    whic htheywereandhadb eenlivingsinc eb irth . Theob j ec tiveof
    thestudywastoasc ertainwhattyp esofstruc turesap p earearliest
    intheevolutionofgroup sduringthefirstthreeyearsoflife
    . The
    infant- to- infantrelationswereob served . Thep ointwasnot
    whetherthereac tionsofeac hindividualwereareallysoc ial
    resp onseornotb utp rimarilyifgroup organiz ationresultedfrom
    theac c umulativeeffec toftheirinterac tionandwhatformsittook .
    Themainlinesofdevelop mentmayb esummariz edasfollows
    : a
    stageoforganic isolationfromb irthon, agroup ofisolatedindi-
    vidualseac hfullyself- ab sorb ed
    ; astageofhoriz ontaldifferentia-
    tionofstruc turefromab out2 0- 2 8week son, theb ab iesb egin
    toreac ttowardseac hother, thefac torofp hysic alp rox imityand
    p hysic aldistanc emak ingresp ec tivelyfor"p syc hologic alp rox -
    imity"or"p syc hologic aldistanc e, "the"ac q uaintanc e"b eginning
    withneighb orsfirst, ahoriz ontaldifferentiationofstruc ture
    ; a
    stageofvertic aldifferentiationofstruc turefromab out4 0- 4 2
    week son, oneoranotherinfantc ommandsdisp rop ortionateatten-
    tionshiftingthedistrib utionofemotionwithinthegroup fromthe
    horiz ontaltoavertic aldifferentiationofstruc ture, thegroup whic h
    hadb eenup tothisp ointeq ually"levelled, "develop smorep rom-
    inentandlessp rominentmemb ers, a"top "anda"b ottom . "No
    onestageap p earstofunc tionex c lusivelyatanyonelevel : there
    ap p earstob ea"hangover . "Thisp henomenonseemstoac c ount
    largelyforthegrowingc omp lex ityoforganiz ationwhic hone
    DEVELOPMENTALLEVELOFGROUPS

    1 2 9
    meetswithatthehigherc hronologic alagelevels . Thedevelop -
    mentofassoc iationofinfantsc omp aredwiththedevelop mentof
    individualinfantsis"retarded . "Numerous, momentaryc ontac ts
    b etweenb ab iesgetlostanddonotaidinp roduc ingsoc ialorgan-
    iz ation
    . Mutualinterac tionsmustap p earwithac ertainfreq uenc y
    andc onstanc yb eforetheyc anb ec lassifiedasasoc ialstruc ture .
    Theb ab ieswereofthesamec hronologic alage, eitherb ornthe
    samedayoradayortwoap art . Ifab ab yleftthehosp ital, itwas
    rep lac edb yab ab yofthesameage . Theob servationsweremade
    dailyb ytwoob serversandimmediatelyrec orded
    . Thec ategories
    ofc ontac tsofb ab ieswithb ab ieswereasfollows : a) Howmany
    timesab ab ylook edattheother, initiatingorresp onding ; b ) how
    manytimesab ab yc riedwiththeother, initiatingorresp onding
    ;
    c ) howmanytimesab ab ysmiledattheother, initiatingorre-
    sp onding
    ; d) howmanytimesab ab ytriedto . grasp theother,
    initiatingorresp onding
    ; andfinally, e) howmanytimesab ab y
    touc hedtheother, initiatingorresp onding.
    Ac ontrolstudywasdevised, rep lac ingtheb ab iesb ydollsin
    referenc etothefivec ategoriesofc ontac tsenumeratedab ove
    . In
    thedollsoc iogramsonlyonep artic ip antwasanac tualb ab y, the
    othereightp artic ip antsweredolls .
    Thep urp oseofthisex p eri-
    mentwastostudythedeviationsb etweenthesoc iogramofac tual
    b ab ieswiththesoc iogramofdolls .
    Thedollex p erimentwas
    rep eatedonc ein3 0days
    . Astheb ab iesgrewolderthedeviations
    b etweenac tualanddollsoc iogramsinc reasedwhilethefac torof
    c hanc einfluenc erec eded .
    SOCIOMETRICTESTOFAPUB LICSCHOOL
    Asthenex tstep thesoc iometric testwasgiventotheb oysand
    girlsofallc lassesinap ub lic sc hool, fromthek indergartenthrough
    the8thgrade
    . Eac hc hildwasask edtoc hooseamongtheir
    c lassmatesthosewhomhewantedtohavestayinthesamec lass-
    roomandtositnearhim
    . Aq uantitativeanalysisoftheirc hoic es
    revealedthattheattrac tionsb etweenthesex es, b oysc hoosing
    girlsandgirlsc hoosingb oys, washighestink indergartenand1 st
    grade, 3 5 . 5 % and3 2
    . 9%resp ec tively, ofallc hoic esmade ; that
    thisratioofattrac tionfellinthe2 ndgradeto 8 . 5 % ;
    inthe3 rd
    1 3 0 W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    gradeto4 . 7 7 o ; inthe4 thgradeto1 . 6 7 o, itslowestlevel ; it
    showedaslightinc reaseinthe5 th, drop p edtoz erointhe6 th,
    roseto3 . 2 %inthe7 thandgainedac onsiderab leinc reaseinthe
    8th, risingto1 0 . 5 3 7 o . Itrevealedthatthenumb erofb oys
    c hoosinggirlswasthesameasthatofgirlsc hoosingb oysinthe
    k indergarten, 1 7 . 7 5 7 o ; inthe1 stand2 ndgradesb oystak ethe
    initiative, 2 7 7 oversus 5 . 9% and6 . 87 oversus1 . 7 7 oresp ec tively ;
    inthe3 rdgirlshavetheinitiative, 3 . 1 7 oversus1
    . 6 7 o
    ; inthe
    4 th, 5 th, 6 thand7 thgradestheyareab outeven, b utgirlstak e
    theinitiativeagaininthe8thgrade, 6 . 5 8% versus 3
    . 95 % .
    Asac onseq uenc eofthetestgiventothesep up ilsac omp lex
    struc tureofthec lassorganiz ationwasunc overed, widelydif-
    feringfromthep revalentone . Anumb erofp up ilsremained
    unc hosenorisolated
    ; anumb erc hoseeac hother, formingmutual
    p airs, trianglesorc hains ; othersattrac tedsomanyc hoic esthat
    theyc ap turedthec enterofthestagelik estars
    .
    Thep erc entageofindividualsisolated, thatis, unc hosenb y
    theirownc lassmates, fluc tuatedb etween1 5
    . 4 %and4 5 . 7 %in
    thevariousc lasses
    . Thisp erc entagestartedat 2 7 % inthek inder-
    garten ; roseto4 5 . 7 7 o, itshighestp oint, inthe1 stgrade
    ; de-
    c reasedto
    3 0 . 5 %
    inthe2 nd
    ; drop p edto2 1 . 2 7 ointhe3 rd
    ; to
    1 8 . 2 7 ointhe4 th ; rosesharp lyto2 8 . 6 7 ointhe5 th
    ; drop p edin
    the6 thand7 thgradesto1 5 . 4 %and1 5
    . 6 %androseagaintoa
    highp ointinthe8th, 2 9
    . 5 7 o . Thenumb erofmutualp airswas
    lowestinthek indergarten, 3 ; roseslowlyto6 inthe1 stgrade
    ;
    to1 2 inthe2 ndgrade, to1 4 inthe3 rdgrade, to1 7 inthe4 th
    grade ; drop p edto1 3 inthe5 th, roseto2 3 inthe6 th, drop p ed
    againto1 5 inthe7 thandfellstilllower, to1 2 , inthe8thgrade
    .
    Theformingofmorec omp lic atedstruc tures, suc hastriangles,
    c hains, etc . , waslowestinthek indergartenand1 stgrade, where
    theyweretotallyab sent ; theymadetheirap p earanc einthe2 nd
    gradeandwereinevidenc efromthenon .
    Thefindingsinresp ec ttotheb ab ygroup sandinresp ec t
    toc hildren' sgroup sfrom4 to1 5 yearsarep resentedinTab les,
    inFreq uenc yHistograms, andp artic ularlythroughthemeansof
    ap roc esstovisualiz ethep ositionofeac hindividualwithinhis
    group aswellastheinterrelationsofallotherindividualsasthese
    areaffec tedb yattrac tionsandrep ulsions, the soc iogram .
    DEVELOPMENTALLEVELOFGROUPS

    1 3 1
    PUB LICSCHOOL, FIRSTTEST
    * Theup wardtrendisfurther indic atedb yalargenumb er ofheterosex ual
    c hoic esgoingoutsidethec lassgroup .
    TAB LE 2
    TAB LE
    3
    NUMB ER of
    UNCHOSEN
    B OYS COMPARED W ITH NUMB ER of UNCHOSENGIRLS
    ANDNUMB EROFPAIRSFORMEDB Y B oys COMPAREDW ITHNUMB EROFPAIRS
    FORMEDB YGIRLS, FROMKINDERGARTENTOEIGHTHGRADE
    * Figuresinc ludeinter- sex ualp airs .
    Unehosen
    Pairs*
    OfAllChoic esMade : B oys Girls
    B oys Girls
    Kindergarten5
    4 2 1
    1 stGrade
    . - . - . 1 2
    4 3 3
    2 ndGrade2 7 7 5
    3 rdGrade3 4
    9%
    4 1/ (
    4 thGrade2 4 9
    8
    5 thGrade- - - 5 5 6
    7
    6 thGrade2 4
    1 1 1 2
    7 thGrade- - - 3
    2 6 9
    8th Grade. - .
    . - - - -
    - .
    . - - - -
    - - - - - -
    7 6 1 , E 5 1 A
    STRUCTURALANALYSISOFSCHOOLGROUPS
    OfAllChoic esMade :
    Kindergarten
    Unc hosen
    2 7
    . 0%
    Pairs
    3
    Triangles
    0
    Chains
    0
    1 stGrade4 5 . 7 % 6 0 0
    2 ndGrade . - - . - - - - . . - . - - . - . - - . . . . 3 0. 5 % 1 2 1 0
    3 rdGrade2 1 . 2 % 1 4 0
    1
    4 thGrade - - - - - - . - - . - - . . - . - - . 1 8 . 2 % 1 7 2 0
    5 thGrade. - . . . - - - . - . . - . - . . 2 8 . 6 % 1 3 1 2
    6 thGrade1 5 . 4 % 2 3 3
    1
    7 thGrade
    1 5 . 6 % 1 5
    0 2
    8thGrade2 9. 5 % 1 2
    1 0
    TAB LE1 .
    QUANTITATIVEANALYSISOFCHOICESB ETW EENTHESEXESINTHE
    GRADESOFAPUB LICSCHOOL
    OfAllChoic esMade :
    Kindergarten
    .
    . . . . . . . .
    B oysChose
    Girls
    1 7 . 7 5 %
    GirlsChose
    B oys
    1 7 . 7 5 %
    B oth
    Sex es
    3 5 . 5 0%
    1 stGrade2 7 . 00% 5 . 90%
    3 2 . 90%
    2 ndGrade
    - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    6 . 80% 1 . 7 0% 8 . 5 0%
    3 rdGrade1 . 6 0% 3 . 1 0% 4
    . 7 0%
    4 thGrade1 . 6 0%
    0 . 00% 1 . 6 0%
    5 thGrade0 . 00% 2 . 00% 2 . 00%
    6 thGrade0 . 00% 0 . 00% 0. 00%
    7 thGrade1 . 6 0% 1 . 6 0% 3 . 2 0%
    8thGrade* 3 . 95 % 6 . 5 8% 1 0
    . 5 3 %
    1 3 2

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    Analysis
    Up tothesec ondgrademoreb oysareunc hosenthangirls .
    Fromthesec ondtothefifthgradethep ic tureisreversed . From
    thefifthtotheeighththedistrib utionisap p rox imatelyeven .
    Morep airsareformedb yb oysup tothefifthgrade . From
    thefifthgradetotheeighthgrademorep airsareformedb ygirls .
    Itistheq uantityof p airs
    andtheinterloc k ingb etweenthemwhic h
    isdec isiveforgroup stab ilityandc ohesion, andnotthehigh
    orlownumb erofunc hosen . Ifthegreatertendenc yofgirlsto
    formp airsandthis, afterap oorstart, theoldertheyb ec ome,
    thenthismayb eac luetoaninterestinghyp othesiswhic hshould
    b etestedonalargesamp le : thatthefemaleshowsagreater
    tendenc ytowardssoc ializ ationthanthemale, agreatertrend
    towardsc onstanc yofc hoic eandtheformationofstab legroup s .
    PUB LICSCHOOL, SECONDTEST
    Onec lassfromeac hgradewasretestedafterap eriodofseven
    week shadelap sedtofindout( a) towhatex tentthec hoic esof
    thec hildrenfluc tuateand( b ) ifthegeneraltrendoforganiz ation
    p ersistswhic hhadb eenfoundc harac teristic forthisc lassinthe
    firsttest
    . Itap p earsthatalthoughoneortheotherp up il' sp osition
    c hangesthegeneraltrendoforganiz ationp ersists . Afterap eriod
    ofalmosttwoyears( twenty- twomonths) thep op ulationofthe
    samep ub lic sc hoolwasretested . Tab les4 - 6 indic atethefindings .
    Thefindingsofthesec ondtestc orrob oratethefindingsofthe
    firsttestineverymainasp ec t. Thisap p earsofgreatsignific anc e
    asitc anb esaidthatwemetthesec ondtimeap rac tic allydifferent
    p op ulationduetotheturnoverwithintwoyearsandthec hanged
    distrib utionofthec lasses . Itc anb eex p ec tedthatfuturesoc io-
    metric testingofsimilarp ub lic sc hoolp op ulationswillfurther
    c orrob orateourfindings .
    However, thefollowingvariationsb etweenthefindingsofthe
    firstandofthesec ondtestc anb enoted
    . Thenumb erofintersex -
    ualattrac tionswasfoundtodec linemoregraduallyandthenum-
    b erofmutualp airstoinc reasemoregraduallyfromthe1 stgrade
    on
    . Comp lex struc turesap p eartwoyearslater . Othervariations
    areveryslight . Thedegreeofac c urac yofteac hers' j udgmentsin
    resp ec ttomostp op ularandtomostisolatedp up ilshasthehighest
    DEVELOPMENTALLEVELOFGROUPS

    1 3 3
    TAB LE4
    QUANTITAIIVRANALYSISOFCHOICESB ETW EENTHESEXESINTHE
    TAB LE 5
    p ointinthek indergartenand1 stgrade, dec linesfromthenon,
    andshowsthelowestp ointinthe7 thgrade .
    Parallelwiththetestgiventothep up ils, aj udgmenttestwas
    giventotheirteac hers . Eac hteac herwasask edtowritethename
    oftheb oyandthegirlinherc lassroomwhomshewouldj udge
    willrec eivemostofthec hoic esfromtheirc lassmatesandthetwo
    whowillrec eivenex tmost ; alsothenameoftheb oyandthegirl
    whomshewouldj udgewillrec eivetheleastc hoic esandthetwo
    whowillrec eivenex tleast . In 4 8% oftheinstanc estheteac hers'
    j udgmentsc oinc idedwiththefindingsthroughthesoc iometric
    testinresp ec ttothetwomostc hosenb oysandgirls ; in 3 8% of
    theinstanc esinresp ec ttothetwoleastc hosenb oysandgirlsin
    herc lassroom .
    STRUCTURALANALYSISOFSCHOOLGROUPS
    OfAllChoic esMade : Unc hosen Pairs Triangles Chains
    Kindergarten 2 7 % 6 % 0 0
    1 stGrade. . . .
    . . - . . - .
    .
    . - . . .
    3 2 % 5 % 0 0
    2 nd Grade. - . . - . - - . . - . - . . - - - . . - . - . - - . . 2 9% 1 2 % 0
    0
    3 rdGrade 2 9% 1 0% 0 0
    4 thGrade- - . . - . . - - - - . - - . . . . - - - . - . 2 5 % 1 6 % 2 1
    5 thGrade- . . . 2 1 % 1 8% 1 2
    6 th
    Grade . . . - - - . . . . - . - - . . . - . . . . . 1 6 % 1 6 %
    6 1
    7 thGrade_ 2 1 % 1 7 % 3 3
    8thGrade . . .
    2 0%
    2 0% 3 2
    UngradedClasses- 2 7 % 1 7 % 0 0
    Physic allyHandic ap p ed
    . - .
    2 9% 1 7 % 3 2
    GRADESOFAPUB LICSCHOOL
    OfAllChoic esMade :
    B oysChose
    Girls
    GirlsChose
    B oys
    B oth
    Sex es
    Kindergarten- 1 5 . 0% 1 2 . 0% 2 7 . 0%
    1 stGrade . . . - . 1 3 . 0% 8 . 6 % 2 1 . 6 %
    2 ndGrade . 1 6 . 0% 9
    . 8% 2 5
    . 8%
    3 rdGrade 9. 2 % 1 0 . 6 % 1 9. 8%
    4 thGrade . 4 . 2 % 4 . 7 % 8 . 9%
    5 thGrade2 . 4 % 1 . 5 % 3 . 9%
    6 thGrade. 5 % . 6 %
    1
    . 1 %
    7 thGrade1 . 5 % 1 . 9% 3 . 4 %
    8thGrade . 1 . 2 01o 4 . 0% 5 . 2 %
    UngradedClasses- 1 . 2 % 0. 0%
    1
    . 2 %
    Physic allyHandic ap p ed. . . - - - - . . 5 . 1 % 2 . 2 % 7 . 3 %
    1 3 4

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    TAB LE6
    DEGREEOFACCURACYOFTEACHERS' JUDGMENTSINRESPECTTO
    MOSTCHOSENPUPILSANDISOLATEDPUPILS
    SOCIOMETRICTESTOFAHIGHSCHOOLFOR B oys
    THERIVERDALESCHOOL
    Thetestwasfurthergiventob oysfromtheagesof1 4 to1 8
    yearsinap rivatec ollegep rep aratorysc hoolandresultedasfol-
    lows : Of1 5 3 b oys, 1 7 remainedisolated, i . e . , 97 o ; 1 05 formed
    mutualp airs,
    i . e
    . ,
    6 87 o ; morec omp lex struc tures, suc hastri-
    angles, sq uares, orc hainswereformedb y 1 6 % . Theex p eri-
    mentalsituationforthec ollegep rep aratorygroup was, however,
    notidentic alwiththatusedinthep ub lic sc hoolgrades
    .
    Inthe
    formeronlyb oysweresub j ec tsandtheyweregiven4 c hoic es
    insteadof2 .
    Ab out2 5 7 ooftheseb oyswereb oardingatthe
    sc hoolwhiletheremainderweredaystudents .
    TAB LE 7
    APRIVATEPREPARATORYSCHOOL
    ANALYSISOFCHOICES
    Unc hosen
    After

    After

    After

    After
    1 stChoic e

    2 ndChoic e

    3 rdChoic e

    4 thChoic e
    4 5 %

    2 2 %

    1 6 %

    9%
    Chosen
    5 ormoretimesc hoseninc luding2 ormoremutual
    c hoic es
    - - - - - - - - - -
    5 3 %ofp op ulation
    2 ormoretimesc hoseninc luding1 mutualc hoic e 3 2 %ofp op ulation
    Chosenonc eandwithnomutualc hoic e

    6 %ofp op ulation
    Classes
    Perc entage
    ofAc c urac y
    Kindergarten6 2 . 5 %
    1 stGrade
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    . . - - 6 4 . 5 %
    2 ndGrade 5 0 . 0%
    3 rdGrade 5 0 . 0%
    4 thGrade
    3 7 . 5 %
    5 thGrade
    3 0 . 0%
    6 thGrade3 0 . 0%
    7 thGrade2 5 . 0%
    8thGrade4 0 . 0%
    DEVELOPMENTALLEVELOFGROUPS

    1 3 5
    Thefirstsoc iometric testoftheRiverdalesc hoolp op ulation
    wasgiventwomonthsafterthesc hoolwasinsessioninthefall
    .
    Ontheb asisofthe1 stc hoic e, 1 0%
    ofthenewb oys( thatis,
    b oyswhohadnotattendedthesc hooltheyearb efore) remained
    unc hosen
    . Itwillb enotedthatthisisp rac tic allythesamep rop or-
    tionasthatforthesc hoolp op ulationgenerally
    . Newb oysre-
    c eived2 . 8c hoic esp erb oyasagainst
    3 . 7 5 c hoic esp erb oyforthe
    wholesc hool
    .
    Revisionofc hoic estak enthreemonthsafterthefirstc hoosing
    showedadj ustedb oysusuallymaintainorimp rovetheirp osition
    andunadj ustedb oysmaintaingenerallythesamep ositionorelse
    regress . Oftheunadj ustedb oys, only
    1 5 0% imp rovedtheirp osi-
    tionasagainst4 4 %oftheadj ustedb oyswhoimp rovedtheir
    p osition.
    Itisofinteresttoc omp arethetwodivisionsinthep op ulation
    thedormitoryb oysandthedaysc hoolb oys
    . Consideringthe
    dormitoryb oysex c lusively, 82 %
    ofthisp op ulationformedmu-
    tualp airs ;
    c onsideringthedaysc hoolb oysex c lusively, only6 87 o
    formedmutualp airs .
    Theformerc lassofstudentsc omp rised
    2 5 %ofthesc hoolp op ulation ; thelatterc lass, 7 5 %
    ofthep op u-
    lation
    . Itisevidentatonc ethatthep syc hologic alp ositionofthe
    twogroup sisvastlydifferent
    . Theb oyslivinginthemoreinti-
    matesituationandhavingmorefreq uentandmorec onstantsoc ial
    c ontac twithoneanotherb ec omeb etteradj ustedthantheday
    sc hoolb oyswhoseop p ortunitiesforc losec ontac taremorec asual
    .
    Itap p earsalsothatthedormitorystudentsareagreaterattrac tion
    forthedaysc hoolb oysthantheirfellowstudentswhoaresimi-
    larly"outsiders . "
    Theaveragenumb erofc hoic esrec eivedb y
    thedormitorystudentis4
    . 85 whileforthedaystudentitis3 . 3 2 .
    Thisisthemorestrik ingwhenwec onsiderthedisp rop ortionin
    numb ersofmemb ersofthetwogroup s .
    Thesec ondsoc iometric testwasgivenafteranintervalofthree
    months
    . Thefindingsinresp ec ttoc hangingofc hoic eswere
    as
    follows :
    8% ofthe1 stc hoic eswerec hanged, 1 81 7 oofthe2 nd
    c hoic es .
    Thusthe1 stand2 ndc hoic esap p eartohaveahigh
    degreeofvalidity- 92 %ofthe1 stc hoic esmaderemaining
    unc hangedand82 %ofthe2 ndc hoic esremainingunc hanged
    afterthisp eriod.
    1 3 6
    ATTRACTION
    MUTUAL ATTRACTION
    REPULSION
    MUTUAL REPULSION
    INDIFFERENCE
    I
    MUTUAL INDIFFERENCE
    Ac irc lerep resentsagirl .
    Alargec irc lerep resentsawoman .
    Adoub lec irc leordoub letriangle
    signifiesthattheindividualisamem-
    b erofadifferentgroup fromtheone
    c harted .
    Inone- c olorc hartseac hlinerep re-
    sentsanattrac tion .
    Aredlinerep resentsattrac tion.
    Ab lac k linerep resentsrep ulsion .
    Ac rossedlinerep resentstwo- sided
    relation .
    KEYTOSOCIOGRAMS
    GIRL
    OIRtIN
    DIFFERENTGROUP
    COLOREDGIRL
    COLOREDGIRLIN
    DIFFERENTGROUP
    HOUSEMOTHERORINSTRUCTOR
    HOUSEMOTHERORINSTRUCTOR
    INDIFFERENTGROUP
    B OY
    B OYIN
    DIFFERENTGROUP
    COLOREDB OY
    A
    A
    COLOREDB OYIN
    DIFFERENT GROUP
    MALEINSTRUCTOR
    MALEINSTRUCTOR
    INDIFFERENTGROUP
    Atrianglerep resentsab oy .
    Alargetrianglerep resentsamain .
    Alinedrawnfromoneindividualto
    anotherrep resentstherelationofone
    individualtotheother .
    Inmulti- c oloredc hartseac hdiffer-
    entc olorrep resentsadifferentrela-
    tion .
    Adottedlinerep resentsindiffer-
    enc e.
    Anarrowedlineindic atesone- sided
    relation .
    Inc hartsrep resentingsp ec ific emotionalreac tionsofoneindividualtowards
    another, aredlinerep resentssymp athy ; adottedorb rok enlinerep resentsfear
    ;
    athinlinerep resentsanger ; aheavyb lac k linerep resentsdominanc e .
    3
    Fig . 1 . Attrac tionsb etweenindividualstak etheformofac hain
    .
    Fig . 2 . Attrac tionsb etweenindividualstak etheformofp airs,
    isolatedunits
    andgroup softhree .
    Fig
    . 3
    . Thesub - group sarec entraliz ed, eac hab outtwodominating
    ( star) in-
    dividualswhohavenoattrac tiveforc esunitingthem
    . The staris an
    individualwhorec eivesatleast five c hoic es .
    Fig . 4
    . Agroup inwhic htwodominatingindividualsarestronglyunited,
    b oth
    direc tlyandindirec tlythroughotherindividuals . *
    * Theab ovesoc iogramsarefromJ
    . L. Moreno, Ap p lic ationoftheGroup
    MethodtoClassific ation, 1 93 2 , p . 1 01
    .
    TYPICALSTRUCTURESW ITHINGROUPS
    1 3 7
    Fib
    . 2
    A
    V
    1 3 8
    2
    3
    4
    TYPICALSTRUCTURESW ITHINGROUPS
    6
    7
    1
    . Attrac tionsandrep ulsionstak etheformof ap air .
    Mutualattrac tion( redp air)
    .
    Mutualrej ec tion( b lac k p air) .
    Indifferenc evs. rej ec tion .
    Attrac tionvs. rej ec tion
    .
    Indifferenc evs. attrac tion .
    2 . Mutualrep ulsionsandattrac tionstak etheformof ac hain.
    Chainofmutualrej ec tions .
    Chainofmutualattrac tions .
    3 . Mutualrep ulsionsandattrac tionstak etheformof atriangle .
    Triangleformedb yrej ec tions.
    Triangleformedb yattrac tions .
    4 . Mutualrep ulsionsandattrac tionstak etheformof asq uare.
    Sq uareformedb yrej ec tions .
    Sq uareformedb yattrac tions .
    5 . Mutualattrac tionstak etheformof ac irc le .
    6 . Attrac tionstak etheformofa c enter ( star) .
    7 . Rej ec tionstak etheformof
    ac enter ( star) .
    8
    . Centerofinc omp atib lerelations, rej ec tionsvs
    . attrac tions .
    TYPICALSTRUCTURESW ITHINGROUPS
    8
    1 3 9
    5
    r
    1
    . Totalisolation- nolinesofattrac tionorrep ulsionc onnec t sub j ec twithany
    otherindividual
    .
    2
    . Sub j ec tisattrac tedtosix individualsoutsideofhergroup ( outsideindivid-
    ualsaresymb oliz edb yadoub lec irc le) whodonotrec ip roc ate
    .
    3 . ' Sub j ec tisattrac tedtofourindividualsoutsideofhergroup andrej ec ts
    two
    more
    ; theydonotrec ip roc ate ; threeothersoutsideofhergroup whoare
    at-
    trac tedtohershedoesnotrec ip roc ate .
    4 . Sub j ec tisattrac tedtofiveindividualswithinhergroup
    ; theyresp ondwith
    indifferenc e .
    5 . Mutualattrac tionsb etweenthreeindividualstak etheformofatriangle
    b ut
    eac hofthesub j ec tsisotherwiserej ec tedandisolatedwithinherowngroup
    ;
    theresultisanisolatedandrej ec tedtriangleofp ersons .
    6
    . Fivesub j ec ts, eac hisolatedandrej ec tedwithinher owngroup rej ec tand
    isolateeac hother
    .
    7
    . Twosub j ec ts, eac hotherwiseisolatedinherowngroup formap air
    ofmu-
    tualattrac tion
    ; theresultisanisolatedp air .
    8
    . Sub j ec trej ec tssix andisrej ec tedb yfifteenindividuals withinandtwo
    individualsoutsideofherowngroup
    . Theresultisanisolatedandrej ec ted
    individual .
    1 4 0
    TYPESOFSOCIOMETRICDIAGRAMS
    Soc iometric diagramsaresoc onstruc tedthatinterp ersonalrela-
    tionsandsoc ialinterac tionsc anb eex p loredandmeasured . Sever-
    altyp esofsoc iometric diagramshaveb eendevelop ed :
    1
    . Sp on-
    taneousInterac tionDiagrams( 1 92 3 ) , 2
    . Ac q uaintanc eDiagrams
    ( 1 93 4 ) , 3 . Soc iograms( 1 93 2 ) , 4
    . Soc iomatrix ( 1 94 0) , 5 . Role
    Diagram( 1 94 0) , 6 . Sp ac eandMovementDiagram( 1 92 3 ) .
    SPONTANEOUS INTERACTION DIAGRAMS
    Sp ontaneousinterac tiondiagramsaretheoldestdiagramswhic h
    trytop ortrayac tualinterp ersonalrelationsforthep urp oseof
    measurement
    . TheGermannamewhic hIgavetothesediagrams
    was"Stegreifdiagram"and"Stegreifnoten", whic hmeans"sp on-
    taneousinterac tiondiagrams
    . "Theyrep resentatyp eofdiagram-
    mingwhic haimsatthec losestp ossib ledup lic ationoflifeitself .
    Thep urp oseis, therefore, top resentsymb olic allyinthediagram
    allfundamentalvariab lesofalifesituation, time, sp ac e, numb er
    andtyp eofp ersonsp resent, ac tsandp auses, initiative( starting
    asc ene) , simultaneityofap p earanc e, leadership , c hangeinleader-
    ship , ending( asc ene) .
    Keytosymb ols : t= unitoftime ; inthediagramsinc ludedhere
    itisoneminute, oneminuteb eingfoundac onvenientunitofmeas-
    urement ; thus, 5 minuteswillb e5 t . Atothertimesthesmallest
    timeunitusedwastensec ondsinsteadofoneminute
    . Everysc ene
    ( A) c onsistsofac ts( a) andp auses( p ) ; A= na+np . Anac t
    isafoc usedop eration, aseatingamouthful, walk ingac rossa
    room, rep arteeinadialogue, hittingatarget, k issingorfalling
    asleep .
    A
    p auseisrestingb etweentwoac ts. Eac hoftheseac ts
    andp ausesmayvaryindurationandmaytak eafrac tionofa
    sec ond, anumb erofsec onds, orlonger . Inthec aseofoneindi-
    vidualAamouthfuloffoodisc onsumedintensec onds, inthat
    ofanotherindividualB intwentysec onds ; thep auseb etweentwo
    k issesmayb einonec aseonesec ond, inanotherc asethreeminutes .
    Inlifeitselfthetemp oissp ontaneous, thatis, determinedb ythe
    p artners, b utthetemp oofanac tmayb eac c eleratedorslowed
    downb yex ternalc onditions, asinb usiness . Inthec ourseof
    ob servingalargenumb erofac tsandinterac tsc ertainaverages,
    normsofidealduration, b ec amenotic eab le, withoutanylossto
    thesp ontaneityoftheac torandtheresultofthep roduc tion .
    TYPESOFSOCIOMETRICDIAGRAMS

    1 4 1
    ACQUAINTANCEDIAGRAM
    Thediagramisadiagramofac q uaintanc es
    ; individualsp ar-
    tic ip atinginanop ensession, b eingstrangerstoeac hother, were
    foundtohavefewac q uaintanc eswithinthegroup
    . Itisofdiag-
    nostic valueintheanalysisofasessiontok nowofthep re- ex isting
    soc ialc ontac tsofthep artic ip ants .
    SOCIOGRAMS
    Inc ontrastwiththesediagramsinwhic hasymb olisgivento
    eac himp ortantlifevariab lethereareotherdiagramswhic hare
    moreab strac t
    . Inasoc iogram, forinstanc e, thetimeandsp ac e
    symb olsarenotrec orded, onlytherelationship sb etweenallthe
    p ersonsinterac tingarerec orded . Soc iogramsaresorec ordedas
    ifthep roc esseswhic htheydep ic ttak ep lac eina"soc ial"sp ac e,
    [ notinac tualp hysic alsp ac e] andinatimelessuniverse
    . Thereare
    soc iograms, however, inwhic hp hysic al and
    soc ialsp ac eareinter-
    twined( seeSp ac eandMovementDiagram, p . 1 4 9) .
    Inp rep arationforanyanalysissoc iometric diagramsshould
    b ec arefullyc onstruc ted
    . Thisisp artic ularlyimp ortantforsoc io-
    grams . Areadab lesoc iogramisagoodsoc iogram . Tob eread-
    ab le, thenumb eroflinesc rossingmustb eminimiz ed
    . Thefewer
    thenumb eroflinesc rossing, theb etterthesoc iogram . After
    havinggatheredandtab ulatedthec hoic es, p ic k thep ersonswho
    aremostc hosenandstartthesoc iogramwiththem . Plac ethe
    p ersonsintheirnaturalformations- threep ersonsinatriangle,
    fourinasq uare, fiveinap entagon, etc
    . , wellsep aratedonthe
    p ap er
    . Inthedrawingtheex istenc eofsub group sshouldb eob -
    servab le . Anillustrationofagooddiagramistheac q uaintanc e
    diagramonp . 1 4 5 .
    Illustrationsofb adlyc onstruc tedsoc iograms
    aremostofthec ottagec harts, asthec utsusedforthemstemfrom
    thefirsteditionoftheb ook
    . Forthec omp arisonoftwoormore
    group sthesoc iogramsmustb ec onstruc tedafterthesamep rinc ip le
    inordertob ereadab le
    . Thesoc iogramhasmanyadvantagesover
    thesoc iomatrix ;
    itp resentsallthedataandtheirrelationship sat
    oneglanc eanditp ermitsstruc turalanalysisinitsmostminute
    detail
    . Soc iogramsc anb ec onstruc tedeasilyifthegroup issmall
    ( b elowthirtyindividuals) andifthenumb erofc hoic esandre-
    j ec tionsislimited( twotofive)
    . Ifthegroup islargea"reduc -
    1 4
    2

    W HOSHALL SURVIVE?
    tional( dec imal, c entesimal, etc . ) tec hniq ue"c anb eusedinthe
    c onstruc tionofthesoc iogram( seeillustration, p . 4 2 8) .
    SOCIOMATRIX *
    Asoc iomatrix isstillmoreab strac tthanasoc iogram
    ; allthe
    p ersonsp artic ip atinginasituationarerec ordedb utherenotonly
    timeandsp ac e, b utalsothesignsofc ontac tb etweenthemare
    eliminated.
    ROLEDIAGRAM
    Itp ortraysthec lustersofrolesofindividualsandtheinterac tion
    b etweentheseroles
    .
    SPACEANDMOVEMENTDIAGRAM( Loc oGRAM)
    Thep arallelogramindic atesthesoc ialsp ac ewithinwhic hmove-
    menttak esp lac e
    . Eac hc rossindic atesthep ositioninsp ac etak en
    atthemomentofinterac tionb ythefourindividualsa, b , c , andd .
    * Symb olistic diagramsofinterac tion, suc hassc hematic diagrams,
    sc atter
    diagrams, histograms, rec ordrelationship sin astillmoreab strac tfashion
    .
    Thep ersonsthemselveshaveb ec ome
    symb ols andgeneraliz ations, itemsin
    sc alesandfreq uenc ies
    . Anumeric alrep resentationisthefarthestab strac tion
    fromtherealp roc ess, saytwoandahalfb illionindividualsex p ressing
    human
    lifeonearth .
    7 t
    K
    k
    a
    P
    m
    d
    P
    V
    R
    TYPESOFSOCIOMETRICDIAGRAMS
    t
    2 tt
    to t3
    t
    t4 t5 t6 2
    1 1 OILW 1 &k iW EI
    I
    1 1 1 k MMM5 9wail
    SPONTANEOUSINTERACTIONDIAGRAMI*
    Thediagramrep resentsap roc essofinterac tionb etweennineindividuals
    . K,
    k , a, p , m, d, P, V, R, aretherolestak enb ythem . Theinterac tionp roc ess
    c onsistsof6 sc enesofeq ualduration( tl- t6 ) and2 ofhalfduration( t/ 2 ) .
    Durationofentirep roc essis7 t
    . tisfiveminutes, 7 tisthirty- fiveminutes
    . K
    isthep rotagonistwhodominatesthep roc essofinterac tion
    . Z erosymb olin-
    dic atesthatk , aandp arep resentinthefirstsituationwithouthavinganac tive
    p artinit
    . Thesignforp auseillustrates, asinthec aseofP, thedisap p earanc e
    ofthisindividualfromthesc ene . Pointsofc oordinationareusedtoindic ate
    simultaneityofac tion, asisthec asewithp andRinthelasttwosc enes .
    * FromJ
    . L. Moreno, DasStegreiftheater, 1 92 3 , p . 95 .
    1 4 3
    1 4 4
    Th
    sc hl
    sc h3
    sc h3
    3 H
    D
    TYPESOFSOCIOMETRICDIAGRAMS
    . 7 t
    tt
    2 2 ti
    t
    2
    t2
    t
    2 t3
    t
    2
    TnW 11 W 5 1 6
    j
    516 N! ` k i
    1 iiiiii W L00
    IIIIIIII 0W
    1 1 / 1 / 1 1 / 1
    Il~l~l~l~i~l
    SPONTANEOUSINTERACTIONDIAGRAMII*
    Thediagramrep resentsap roc essofinterac tionb etweeneightindividuals .
    Th,
    sc hl, sc h2 , sc h3 , 3 HandD, aretherolestak enb ythem( 3 Hstandsfor 3 indi-
    vidualstak ingoneandthesamerole) . Theinterac tionp roc essc onsistsof4
    sc enesofeq ualduration( t1 , t2 , t3 andt4 ) and6 ofhalfduration( t/ 2 )
    .
    Durationofentirep roc essis7 t . tisfiveminutes, 7 tisthirty- fiveminutes . Th
    isthep rotagonistwhodominatestheentirep roc essofinterac tion .
    * FromJ . L. Moreno, DasStegreiftheater, 1 92 3 , p . 90 .
    t4
    t
    2
    TYPESOFSOCIOMETRICDIAGRAMS
    1 4 5
    ACQUAINTANCEDIAGRAM *
    Twenty- fourindividualsrep ortwithwhomtheywereac q uaintedb eforethis
    fac e- to- fac emeeting, withoutanyfurtheremotionalorsoc ialc onnotations,
    merely"k nowingeac hother . "
    * FromEdgarB orgatta,
    Group Psyc hotherap y, Vol . III, 1 95 0, p . 3 06 .
    1 4 6
    TYPES OF
    SOOIOMETRICDIAGRAMS
    iTS
    STRUCTUREOFAOUITAGEFAMILY- C3
    Criterion
    : Livinginp rox imity, sharingthesamehouse
    ; 5 c hoic es, nolimit
    p lac edonrej ec tions .
    2 4 girls . Isolated1 ; Tlnc hosen2
    ; Unc hosenandRej ec ted2 ;
    NotChoosing 3 ;
    Pairs 1 5 ;
    MutualRej ec tions 5 ;
    Inc omp atib lePairs4 ; Chains2
    ; Triangles2 ;
    Sq uares1
    ; Circ les1 ; Stars( of attrac tion)
    1 ; Stars( of rej ec tion) 1 , CM
    .
    Classific ation : Ex trovertedGroup Organiz ation
    ; InwardAggressive .
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    1 4 S2 - 3 6 z 4 ILi2 2 0 9B - 81
    2 5 2 0 2 4 - 2 . - 2 1 0
    . 3 4 . $ 7 Sa 1 7 . 82 LIAS V . 4 2 7 1 3 2 . z - _2 8, 03 . 89 . 7 1 . 3 3 e> S_07
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    TYPESOFSOCIOMETRICDIAGRAMS
    KEY-
    .
    i
    ' MUTUALLYANTAGONI5 TIC
    - - ' - - :
    MUTUALLYCOMPATIB LE
    ROLE
    DIAGRAM
    FromJ . L. Moreno, Ed
    . , Group Psyc hotherap y, ASymp osium, 1 94 5
    .
    TYPESOFSOCIOMETRICDIAGRAMS
    ROLEDIAGRAM
    Maritalstate, atatimewhenathirdp ersonhasenteredthesituation, MissS .
    Mr . andMrs . Tareattrac tedtoeac hotherintherolesofhusb andandwife
    ( R3 - r3 ) andtheroleofsup p orterandhomemak er( R2 - r2 ) . Mr . T' sloverole, .
    inwhic hheisnolongerattrac tedtoMrs
    . T, findsex p ressioninhisrelationto
    MissS( RI- S1 ) . Shealsofulfillshisp oetandadventurerroles( R4 - S4 and
    R5 - S5 ) andhisfatherrole( R6 - S6 ) .
    +b
    i
    SPACEANDMOVEMENTDIAGRAM
    *
    a, b , c anddarefourindividualsinterac tingwithinthesamesoc ialsp ac e . The
    diagramisc onstruc tedtomeasurethep hysic alc onfigurationsofdistanc eb e-
    tweenindividualsinanyseq uenc eofsituations . Thep hysic aldistanc eb etween
    aandb , andaanddisthesame ; thedistanc eb etweenb andc istwic ethe
    distanc eb etweenaandb ; thedistanc eb etweenaanddisthreetimesthedis-
    tanc eb etweenaandb orc andd . Measuringthedistanc esininc hes, feetor
    metersonec anfollowup thec hangesindistanc efromsituationtosituation
    andc omp aretheac c omp anyingvariationsorc hangesintheac tiontak ingor
    rolep layingofthefourindividuals. Inthesp ac ediagramorloc ogramab ove
    aandb andaanddformtwop hysic aldyads
    ; inthenex tsc enetheloc ogram
    mayc hange, a, b andadrawveryc lose, formingap hysic altriangle, dremains
    alone, b yhimself, ap hysic allyob servab leisolate .
    B ec auseofmeasurab ilityofp ositionsandmovementsinsp ac ethistyp eof
    diagramismoreusefulthanthesymb olic rep resentationofrelations .
    * FromJ . L. Moreno, DasStegreiftheater, 1 92 3 , p
    . 88 .
    1 4 9
    1 5 0
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    v
    STAGEOFORGANICISOLATION
    CRITERION :
    LIVINGIN PROXIMITY
    Agroup of9b ab iesofthesameagelevelwerep lac edinthesameroomandin
    c losep rox imity, throughoutthefirstyearoflife
    . Theemp hasisofob servation
    wasnotp lac edup onthedevelop mentofthedifferentresp onsesasc rying, suc k -
    ing, c luc k ing, sulk ing, andwhethertheseareorarenottrulysoc ialresp onses,
    andsoon, b utup ontheearlyb eginningsofinterrelationandgroup formation
    .
    Nosignofsuc hb eginningc ouldb etrac edduringthefirst2 6 week sininfant-
    to- infantrelation
    . Eac hb ab ylivesinisolationfromtheother
    . W ithinthis
    p eriodofisolationandc losetothe2 - monthslevel, thevoic eofac ryingb ab y
    mayarousetheattentionofhisneighb or- mark ingthesub divisionofthis
    p eriodb etweenfullisolationandtheb eginningoftherec ognitionofothers .
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    1 5 1
    STAGEOFHORIZ ONTALDIFFERENTIATION
    CRITERION
    : LIVINGINPROXIMITY
    Thetrueb eginningofgroup develop mentstartsfromtwentytotwenty- eight
    week s . Oneb ab y, C, rec ogniz esitsneighb or, E, whorec ogniz es
    itinreturn .
    Oneb ab y, D, isrec ogniz edb ytwoneighb ors, AandB , andrec ogniz esone
    neighb or, G. Oneb ab y, A, rec ogniz estwob ab ies, B andD, b utremainsunrec og-
    niz ed . B isattrac tedtoD, Cisattrac tedtoB
    ; b yindirec tionthroughC, b ab y
    B mayb ec omeinfluenc edb yE- weseeheretheforerunnerofa
    I ` c hain . " On
    thislevelinterrelationsarearousedb yp hysic alp rox imityandareb asedup on
    p hysic aldistanc eornearness .
    Thep hysic aldistanc ep roduc esp syc hologic al
    distanc e . Atthislevelemotionstravelthroughp hysic al
    p rox imityinsp ac e
    horiz ontallyandinc onseq uenc etherefollowsthedevelop ment
    ofgroup struc -
    turesthrough horiz ontal differentiation .
    1 5 2
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    0
    0
    STAGEOFVERTICALDIFFERENTIATION
    CRITERION: LIVINGINPROXIMITY
    Thedifferenc einp hysic alstrengthandmentalalertnessb eginstoaffec tthe
    group organiz ationassoonastheb ab iesareab letowalk andtomovearound
    freely, fromfortytoforty- twoweek son . Thegroup b eginstodevelop a
    Atop " : leadersAandB , anda"b ottom" : dep endentsC, D, E, F, G, H, J
    andK, withisolatedmemb ers
    : N, I, LandM- thatis, vertic aldifferentiation .
    F
    1
    PG
    L
    MC
    i
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    STRUCTUREOFAKINDERGARTEN
    CRITERION
    : STUDYINGANDPLAYINGINPROXIMITY, ACTUALLYSITTINGB ESIDE
    THEPUPILSCHOSEN; 2 CHOICES
    1 5 b oysand1 8girls . Unc hosen
    9, NV, FE, MA, TO, AS, RG, PRandalsoRS
    ( b oyinlowerleftofc hart) andSI( girlinlowerrightofc hart)
    ; Pairs3 ,
    AL- W B , W B - SN, SN- LW ;
    Stars ( CentersofAttrac tions) 4 , W B , SN, PG,
    MR; Chains
    ( ofrelationship s) 0 ; Triangles0 ; Inter- Sex ualAttrac tions2 2
    ;
    NotChoosing2 , CE,
    MZ
    .
    3 3 p up ilsmak e 6 2 c hoic es ; 3 p airsareformedb y4 p up ils
    ;
    for 2 p up ils b othc hoic esaremutual ;
    for 2 p up ils onec hoic eismutual .
    6 %a( 2 p up ils)
    ac hievefullsuc c essinsp ontaneousselfp lac ement
    .
    94 %

    6 %( 2 p up ils)
    ac hievep artialsuc c essinsp ontaneousselfp lac ement .
    88% ( 2 9p up ils)
    ac hievenosuc c essinsp ontaneousselfp lac ement .
    Outofthese 2 9p up ils

    6 1 %( 2 0p up ils)
    c hooseanunrec ip roc atingp arty
    .
    2 7 %( 9p up ils) remainunc hosen .
    Thisanalysisdemonstratesthattheteleisweak lydevelop edinthisgroup of
    c hildrenrangingb etween4 and
    6 yearsofage .
    Inagroup p syc hotherap yp rogramsp ec ialattentionmayb egiventothe
    2
    p up ilsnotc hoosingandthe 9
    unc hosenones
    . Comp aretheauthoritarianseat-
    ingorderinac lassroom"b efore"thesoc iometric testisgivenand"after"
    itsresultsarek nown .
    1 5 4
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    CLASSSTRUCTURE, 1 STGRADE
    CRITERION: STUDYINGINPROXIMITY, ACTUALLYSITTINGB ESIDETHE
    PUPILSCHOSEN ; 2 CHOICES
    2 1 b oysand1 4 girls . Unc hosen1 6 , PR, CA, SH, FI, RS, DC, GA, SM, B B , TS,
    KI, TA, HF, SA, KR ( girlintop rightofc hart) and GO ( b oyintop leftof
    c hart) ; Pairs 6 , SI- GO, HN- W I, W O- CE, KR- HC, KR- ON, CE- HN; Stars 5 ,
    FA, CE, W O, HC, MB ; Chains0 ; Triangles0 ; Inter- sex ualAttrac tions 2 3 .
    3 5
    p up ilsmak e
    7 0
    c hoic es ; 6 p airsareformedb y1 0p up ils ;
    for1 p up ilb othc hoic esaremutual ;
    for8p up ilsonec hoic eismutual
    .
    2 . 9%( 1 p up il) ac hievefullsuc c essinsp ontaneousselfp lac ement .
    2 6 . 9%( 9p up ils) ac hievep artialsuc c essinsp ontaneousselfp lac ement .
    97 . 1 %7 0
    . 2 % ( 2 5 p up ils) ac hievenosuc c essinsp ontaneousselfp lac ement .
    Thisanalysisshowsthattheteleisb etterdevelop edinthisgroup thanitisin
    theKindergartengroup
    .
    Inagroup p syc hotherap yp rogramc omp arehowmanyofthe 1 6 unc hosen
    p up ilshavefoundc hoic ep artnersinotherc riteria, asp layingtogetheror
    visitingeac hotheroutsidethesc hool .
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    1 5 5
    CLASSSTRUCTURE, 2 NDGRADE
    CRITERION
    : STUDYINGINPRo%IMITY, ACTUALLYSITTINGB ESIDETHE
    PUPILSCHOSEN ; 2 CHOICES
    1 4 b oysand1 5 girls . Unc hosen9,
    W I, KP, MG, AT, P8, 00, CR, MR, SH ;
    Pairs
    1 2 , Z V- MK, MK- LN, OW - Z I, OW - GR, GR- LL, Z I- JM, HN- CM, SL- JN,
    JN- PO, PO- SL, HF- B E, GL- GU ; Stars2 , SL, PO; Chains0 ; Triangles1 ,
    SL- JN- PO; Inter- sex ualAttrac tions5
    .
    2 9 p up ilsmak e 5 9 c hoic es ; 1 2
    p airsareformedb y1 7 p up ils ;
    for7 p up ilsb othc hoic esaremutual ;
    for1 0p up ilsonec hoic eismutual .
    2 4 %( 7 p up ils) ac hievefullsuc c essinsp ontaneousselfp lac ement .
    3 5 % ( 1 0p up ils) ac hievep artialsuc c essinsp ontaneousselfp lac ement .
    7 6 %

    4 1 % ( 1 2 p up ils) ac hievenosuc c essinsp ontaneousselfp lac ement


    .
    Outofthe1 2 p up ils

    1 0Y2 %(
    3 p up ils) c hooseanunrec ip roc atingp arty .
    1
    3 0/ 2 % ( 9p up ils)
    remainunc hosen .
    Thisanalysisshowsthattheteleisb etterdevelop edinthisgroup thanitisin
    the1 stGradegroup .
    Inagroup p syc hotherap yp rogramwatc hthe"early"triangleformation,
    SL- JN- POandtheforc esop eratinginit
    .
    1 5 6
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    CLASSSTRUCTURE, 3 RDGRADE
    CRITERION :
    STUDYINGINPROXIMITY, ACTUALLYSITTINGB ESIDETHE
    PUPILSCHOSEN; 2 CHOICES
    1 9b oysand1 4 girls . Unc hosen7 , VS,
    OR, CH, MN, PD, KN, Z K
    ; Pairs1 4 ,
    SR- Z C, SR- NE, SL- JC, NV- TI, PL- JT, JT- ET, KR- B E, B E- AG, KB - GZ ,
    PL- GO, GO- MC, W L- LG, SA- GE, GE- TY ;
    Stars 3 , GO, PL, JT ;
    Chains1 ,
    ET- JT- PL- GO- MC- LG
    ; Triangles0
    ; Inter- sex ualAttrac tions 3 ; NotChoosing
    1 , LV.
    Inagroup p syc hotherap yp rogramsp ec ialattentionmayb egiventothep up il
    notc hoosingandthec hainformedb ysix p up ils .
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    1 5 7
    CLASSSTRUCTURE, 4 THGRADE
    CRITERION: STUDYINGINPROXIMITY, ACTUALLYSITTINGB ESIDETHE
    PUPILSCHOSEN; 2 CHOICES
    1 7 b oys and 1 6
    girls
    . Unc hosen6 , EP, RY, EL, FA, SI, OF ; Pairs1 7 , GR- SI,
    GR- LI, MR- LN, LN- SM, YL- KN, AB - B A, B A- B R, KI- KN, AB - PN, FO- VN,
    B U- CV, LN- W I, LN- MR, B R- MC, B R- RS, W I- MR, MC- RS ; Stars 2 , LN, VN;
    Chains0 ; Triangles
    2 , B R- RS- MC ; LN- W I- MR; Inter- sex ualAttrac tions1 ;
    NotChoosing1 , SH.
    Inagroup p syc hotherap yp rogramsp ec ialattention shouldb egiventothe
    rap idlydec reasingnumb erofinter- sex ualattrac tionsandtherolep layedb y
    thestars, LNandVN, inthisp roc ess .
    1 5 8
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    CLASSSTRUCTURE, 5 THGRADE
    CRITERION
    : STUDYINGINPROXIMITY, ACTUALLYSITTINGB ESIDETHE
    PUPILSCHOSEN; 2 CHOICES
    1 9b oysand1 6 girls . Unc hosen1 0,
    HN, ES, TR, SL, RS, HR, RF, JN, FSand
    MR( girl, c irc leinup p errightofc hart) ;
    Pairs ( mutualc hoic es inside of
    group ) 1 3 , ML- MR( b oys, trianglesinup p erleftofc hart) , DA- LV, AD- VR,
    AD- RE, RE- VR, JL- LR, RT- ER, ER- SS, RT- B T, DM- GA, MR- CR( girls, c ir-
    c lesinrightc enterofc hart) , DM- FI, FI- MR ; Pairs ( mutualc hoic es
    outside
    ofgroup ) 6 , ST- HN, ST- NI, NI- HN, MR- ES, ES- FS, TR- PN ;
    Stars2 , FI,
    DM; Chains 2 ,
    CR- MR- FI- DM- GA- HN, SS- ER- RT- B T- SR;
    Triangles( inside
    ofgroup ) 1 , AD- VR- RE,
    ( outside ofgroup ) 1 , HN- NI- ST ; Inter- sex ualAt-
    trac tions1
    ; ChoosingOutsideTheirGroup 9, ML, HN, MR, SL, ES, SA, JN,
    TR, FS;
    NotChoosing2 , SMandGA( b oy, b ottomleftofc hart)
    .
    Inagroup p syc hotherap yp rogramsp ec ialattentionshouldb egiventothe
    c entrifugaltendenc y, 9p up ils
    c hoosingoutsideoftheirgroup andtheeffec t
    ithasup ontheentiregroup organiz ation .
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    1 5 9
    CLASSSTRUCTURE, 6 THGRADE
    CRITERION; STUDYINGINPROXIMITY, ACTUALLYSITTINGB ESIDETHE
    PUPILSCHOSEN; 2 CHOICES
    1 8b oysand 2 1 girls . Unc hosen6 , FS, HD, ML, GA,
    B R, W L; Pairs( inside
    group ) 2 3 , W L- W T, W T- SH ( b oy, triangletop leftofc hart) ,
    GO- GI, GO- TI,
    TI- GI, PI- W I, PI- SH, NL- PI, YG- FR, FR- SH
    ( b oy, triangleex tremeb ottom
    leftofc hart) , SH- YG, FE- TU, TU- B R ( girl, c irc leex tremetop rightofc hart) ,
    HI- NS, HR- AR, AR- OE, OE- EL, EL- KR, KN- PT, DM- AL, SL- B Y, B Y- LP,
    LP- SL; ( outside ofgroup )
    3 , W L- LY, SH- CA, KR- HD; Stars 1 , OE; Chains
    ( inside ofgroup ) 1 ,
    HR- AR- OE- CL- KR- OE, ( outside ofgroup ) 1 , LY- W L-
    W T- SH- CA; Triangles3 ,
    GO- GI- TI, YG- FR- SH, $ L- B Y- LP ; Inter- sex ualAt-
    trac tions0 ; ChoosingOutsideTheirGroup
    4 , W L, SH, FS, KR.
    Inagroup p syc hotherap yp rogramwatc hwhetherthec omp letec leavageb e-
    tweenthetwosex group sisrep eatedinotherc riteria .
    1 6 0
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    CLASSSTRUCTURE, 7 THGRADE
    CRITERION
    : STUDYINGINPROXIMITY, ACTUALLYSITTINGB ESIDETHE
    PUPILSCHOSEN; 2 CHOICES
    1 4 b oysand1 8girls
    . Unc hosen5 , W N, CH, LB , JH, B R;
    Pairs1 5 , LN- SR,
    SR- LR, SR- RI( Note : iSRmak esthreec hoic esallofwhic haremutuallyreeip -
    roc ated) , RI- TP, FR- B A, MR- EB , SP- B Y, B Y- LA, LA- B C, B C- MN, B B - MY,
    KE- KR( girl, c irc leb ottomrightofc hart) , KR- HE, JR- KR, MN- W L ; Stars4 ,
    B Y, LR, RI, LA; Chains 2 , SP- B Y- LA- B C- MN- B Y, LN- SR- RI- TP- B A; Tri-
    angles0 ; Inter- sex ualAttrac tions 2 .
    Inagroup p syc hotherap yp rogramwatc hthe"return"oftheinter- sex ual
    c hoic e- andinter- sex ualleaders.
    L
    fb
    I
    A
    ' ~KP
    S
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    1 6 1
    CLASSSTRUCTURE, 8THGRADE
    CRITERION: STUDYINGINPROXIMITY, ACTUALLYSITTINGB ESIDETHE
    PUPILSCHOSEN; 2 CHOICES
    2 2 b oysand2 2 girls . Unc hosen1 3 ,
    KP, GL, SN, LI, SL, MT, KE, SO, Z L,
    KI, HA, TA, RT( girl, c irc lerightb ottomofc hart) ; Pairs( insideof group )
    1 2 , B T- MR, SM- SK, GI- Z F, HF- MM, MM- YD, HF- YD, Z F- PR, B T- KR,
    GL- PL, SE- HR, HS- OI, B A- ML, ( outsideof group ) 1 , FN- LR ; Stars 2 , SM,
    PL; Chains0 ; Triangles1 , HF- MM- YD; Inter- sex ualAttrac tions( insideof
    group ) 8, ( outsideof group ) 7 ; ChoosingOutsideTheirGroup 1 2 , SL, DR, GI,
    SE, B A, ML, 01 , HA, HS, B Y, FN, SI .
    Inagroup p syc hotherap yp rogramc omp aretheinc rease of unc hosenp up ils, 1 3 ,
    withthelargenumb er of thosec hoosingoutsidethegroup .
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    CLASSSTRUCTURE, UNGRADEDCLASSES
    CRITERION: STUDYINGIN
    PROXIMITY, ACTUALLYSITTINGB ESIDETHE
    PUPILSCHOSEN ; 2 CHOICES
    Fig. 1
    . UngradedClass1 , 1 4 b oysand 6 girls . Unc hosen6 ,
    LS, MN, VL, S, J,
    LC ;
    Pairs7 , PA- TT, TT- SF, CC- LO, B R- VC, JT- FT, JT- CT, OT- ES
    ; Stars0 ;
    Chains0 ; Triangles0 ; Inter- sex ualAttrac tions1 ; NotChoosing
    5 , LS, MN,
    VL, JA, V.
    Fig. 2 . UngradedClass2 , 9b oysand8girls . Unc hosen
    5 , JS, W J, CV, EH,
    FL; Pairs6 , PD- PA, PA- TP, AM- JD, CC- RL, CM- RL, CM- CC
    ; Stars1 , CM;
    Chains0 ; Triangles1 , OM- CC- RL;
    Inter- sex ualAttrac tions0 ; NotChoosing
    2 , N, JS
    .
    Inagroup p syc hotherap yp rogramp aysp ec ialattentiontothe7 p up ilsnot
    c hoosing.
    ER
    TD D
    lF
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    1 6 3
    CLASSSTRUCTURE, CRIPPLECLASS
    CRITERION: STUDYINGINPROXIMITY, ACTUALLYSITTINGB ESIDETHE
    PUPILSCHOSEN ; 2 CHOICES
    1 0b oysand1 3 girls. tTnc hosen 7 , EK, AS, ER, DHa, RK, FT, GT ; Pairs5 ,
    JB - TD, EF- LD, LD- DH, DH- NS, NS- MP; Stars 3 , MP, NS, DA; Chains1 ,
    EF- LD- DH- NS- MP- DH ; Triangles0 ; Inter- sex ualAttrac tions1 ; Choosing
    OutsideTheirGroup 1 , ML; NotChoosing 2 , EK, FR.
    Inagroup p syc hotherap yp rogramattentionshouldb egiventothe siz e
    ofthe
    c lassgroup . Inthisc lassroom2 donotc hoose, 1 c hoosesoutsidethegroup and
    7 areunc hosen . Thenumb erofp up ilsmayb etoolarge, c onsidering thelow
    emotionalex p ansivenesswhic hsomeofitsmemb ershave .
    Thereisnoidealnumb erforthesiz eofatherap eutic group assome work ers
    whoadvoc ateinfavorofthree, five, seven, nine, twelve, etc . , ap p eartothink .
    Thesiz eofthegroup isafunc tionoftheemotionalex p ansiveness ofitsmem-
    hers .
    Thetyp eofp hysic alhandic ap , asstuttering, b lindness, c ereb ralp alsy, ties,
    c horea, etc
    . , hasab earingup onthesoc iometric statusofanindividual .
    1 6 4
    fin' s
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    OI9a
    CASESTUDIES
    Fig. 1 . Psyc hologic alorganiz ationaroundap up ilJulia ; c riterion, studyingin
    p rox imity ; soc ialatomofthesub j ec thasdevelop edaftereightmonths
    inc lassgroup 8B 1 inP. S. 1 81 , B rook lyn, N. Y. Juliaisthefirstc hoic e
    ofeightb oys, B uster, Mic hael, George, Herman, Leonard, Frank ,
    Jac k
    andAlfonso, whoallwanttositb esideherinthec lassroom .
    Alfonso
    istheb oywhorec eivesherthirdc hoic e
    . Sheisatthesametimere-
    j ec tedb yninegirls, Olga- whomsherej ec tsinturn- Helen, Gertrude,
    Patsy, Sylvia, Florenc e, B eatric e, Mariaandherfirstc hoic e, Petrina,
    whodonotwanttositnearher . Sheisthefirstc hoic eofShirleywhom
    shec hoosessec ond
    .
    OLga
    1 6 5
    Fig
    . 2 . Psyc hologic alorganiz ationaroundap up ilOlga ; c riterion, studyingin
    p rox imity ; soc ialatomofthesub j ec thasdevelop edaftereightmonths
    inc lassgroup 8B 1 inP. S. 1 81 , B rook lyn, N. Y . Olgarej ec tssix b oys
    whomshedoesnotwanttositnearher, Charles, Leonard, B ill, Russell,
    B usterandJac k ; thelatterwhorej ec tsherasdoalsoFrank and
    Mic hael
    . Sheismutuallyattrac tedtooneb oy, George . Shec hooses
    fourgirls, Shirley, Sylvia, Florenc eandDoris, whomshewantstosit
    nearherandwithoneofthem, Florenc e, sheformsamutualp air . She
    isrej ec tedb ytheotherthreegirlsandinadditionb yJuliawithwhom
    sheformsamutualrej ec tion . Thesix thgirlshowninthec hart,
    B eatric e, isrej ec tedb yher .
    Fig
    . 3
    . Thep syc hologic alorganiz ationaroundJulia, showninFig . 1 , andthat
    aroundOlga, showninFig . 2 , arep resentedtogetherinthisc hartto
    indic atehowthetwogirlsareinterloc k eddirec tlyandb yindirec tion
    throughtheindividualswhoc hooseorrej ec tthemandwhomthey
    c hooseorrej ec tandwhooverlap inthisp atternofrej ec tionsandat-
    trac tions . Thisp syc hologic alorganiz ationdemonstratesdramatic ally
    thatgroup p syc hotherap yc annotb eeffec tivelyap p liedunlessallp eop le
    aroundanindividualarec onsidered
    ; thatusuallymeanstherap yof
    theentiregroup .
    1 6 6
    IOIB QYENCY OF
    ATTNAOTmN
    B ETW EEN B OYS AND
    GIRLS
    AGE IN YEARS 4 - IS
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    FlIEQYENCY W ITH
    W HICHB OYS CHOOSE GIRLS
    AND
    GIRLSCHOOSEB OYS
    AGEINYEARS 4 - I3
    FREQUENCYHISTOGRAM
    PUB LICSCHOOL 1 81 , B ROOKLYN, NEW YORK, POP. 1 85 3 ( B OYS ANDGIRLS)
    Fig . 1 . Attrac tionb etweenthesex es, b oysattrac tedtogirlsandgirlsattrac ted
    tob oys, isrep resented . Thisattrac tionisindic atedashighestinthe
    k indergarten, risingto2 7 %anddrop p ingto2 6 %inthe1 stgrade .
    Theagesofthesep up ilsrangeb etween4 and7 years . Inthe2 ndgrade
    theattrac tionsfellto1 6
    1
    / s%
    ; inthe3 rdgradeto8%% ; inthe4 th
    gradeto2 1
    / 2 %,
    itslowestlevel ; inthe5 th, 6 thand7 thgradesthereis
    shownaslightinc reaseto5 1 / 2 %, 3 1/ 2 % and3 %resp ec tively . Inthe
    8thgrade, wheretheagesofthep up ilsrangeb etween1 3 and1 5 years
    theattrac tionsrosedec idedlyto8% .
    Fig . 2 . Initiativeonthep artofeac hsex inc hoosingtheotherisindic ated .
    Fromthe1 stgradeup tothe5 ththeinitiativeoftheb oysinc hoosing
    girlsisab outtwic easgreatasthatofgirlsinc hoosingb oys . Inthe
    5 thgradethetab lesarereversed : girlsshowinganinitiativegreater
    thanthatofb oys . Inthe6 th, 7 thand8thgrades( agerange1 1 - 1 5
    years) theinitiativeofb oysandofgirlsisab outeq ual . ( Thedot-
    dashlineindic atesgirlsandthep lainlineindic atesb oys . )
    Thesefourhistogramswerec hartedafter a p art ofthedatawas
    analyz ed . W henallthedatawereanalyz edsomec hangesinthep er-
    c entageswerefound, althoughthegeneraltrendwhic htheyindic ate
    remainedunc hanged . Forfurtherdetails, seeTab les1 through5 .
    lax
    II
    Lt
    in \
    itt
    1
    m
    it
    2 3 1
    iii
    LIt
    Sot
    "0
    IS
    1 7 0
    I3 0
    Itt
    1 3 1
    L7 .
    ux
    I0%
    90
    B
    4 t
    SL
    N.
    3 x
    2 x
    IS It 1 3 1 2 / 1 / 0 987 4 5 4
    Itt
    us
    3 0%
    In
    Lt
    in
    2 3 1
    in
    us
    Sit
    1 *
    Ht
    q t
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    I3 , .
    IS0
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    / of
    f 7 1
    81
    TO
    4 1
    Qt
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    / it
    1 \
    Et
    Is
    / S/ 01 3 1 2 / 1 to 987 C5 4
    FREQUENCYOFMUTUALPAIRS
    B ETW EENCHILDREN
    AGE INYEARSt- 1 3
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    PUB LICSCHOOL1 81
    FREQUENCYHISTOGRAM
    PUB LICSCHOOL
    1 81 , B ROOKLYN, NEW YORK, POP. 1 85 3 ( B OYS ANDGIRLS)
    Fig . 3 . Mutualattrac tionb etweenc hildrenisrep resented
    . Thep erc entageof
    mutualp airsislowestinthek indergarten( agerange4 - 6 years) ,
    namely7 - 8% ; risesto9%inthe1 stgrade( Agerange6 - 7 years) ;
    risesto1 3 %inthe2 ndgrade( agerange7 - 8years) ; risesto1 8%in
    the3 rdgrade( agerange8- 9years)
    ; risesto2 09o' inthe4 thgrade
    ( agerange9- 1 0years) ; risesto2 7 %inthe5 thgrade( agerange1 0-
    1 1 years) ; drop sto2 6 %inthe6 thgrade( agerange1 1 - 1 2 years) ;
    drop sto2 5
    01o inthe7 thgrade( agerange1 2 - 1 3 years) ; drop sfurther
    to2 001o
    inthe8thgrade( agerange1 3 - 1 5 years) .
    Fig . 4 . Freq uenc yofisolationamongc hildrenisrep resented . Thep erc entage
    ofisolatedandunc hosenishighestinthek indergarten, 1 stand2 nd
    grades
    ; theagesrangefrom4 - 7 years. After7 years, ap p rox imately
    fromthe3 rdgradeonthep erc entagedrop sgraduallyandreac hesa
    lowp ointat1 3 yearsofagewhenittendstoinc reaseslightly
    .
    FREQUENCY Of
    ISOU4 TION
    B ETW EEN CHILDREN
    AGEINYEARS4 - IS
    1 6 7
    3 2
    U, .
    3 0 .
    2 97
    .
    1 3 t
    t7 .
    2. S7
    Y4 s
    2 Jt
    2 2 1
    2 / 7.
    001
    1 7 / 87
    .
    / 1
    IL
    I5 7 .
    / 4 3
    / 3 1
    Itt
    U7 .
    / OA
    1 t
    B 7 .
    1 1
    v.
    St
    4 7
    .
    3 7 .
    E1
    / 7 .
    IS / 4 / 3 IE/ / / 0 9S
    1 C
    S4
    - - - - - - - - - _- - 7 1 7.
    7 .
    -

    0W . s
    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    t,
    =
    YS,
    - - - - - - - - - - _
    t4 7
    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    2 2 7
    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    Yos
    - ~~- / /
    - -
    1 1 ,
    ~_` __ ~~___-
    - -
    / 0' t
    - - -
    q
    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    8/
    1 t
    - - - - - - - - - - -
    C
    - - - - - - - -
    - - -
    5 t
    - - - - - - - - - -

    4 ts
    3 t
    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    - - - - - - - / 7
    -
    - - - - - - - -
    - - - - - - - -
    / 0 / 4 / I / YII / 0 V B 1 4 $ 4
    i
    ~e
    i
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUP' S
    APRIVATEPREPARATORYSCHOOL, POPULATION, 1 5 3 B oys
    MAPOPASCHOOLCOMMUNITY
    ( Forex p lanatorytex t, turntonex tp age . )
    A
    A
    , 1\

    / 111 1 1 \
    it
    t>
    A
    n
    R
    T
    ITA
    IN
    MA
    k m
    FA
    MA
    IYA
    MA Ml
    Yr
    \/ ~
    1 7 0
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    APRIVATEPREPARATORYSCHOOL, POPULATION, 1 5 3 B oys
    MAPOFASCHOOLCOMMUNITY
    Afterthedata, b asedonsp ontaneousc hoic esofthestudentsforeac hother,
    withtheiraversionsandthereasonsforeac hhadb eenc omp iled, thefollowing
    c hartoftheentiresc hoolwasmade
    . Eac hstudentisindic atedb yatriangle
    inwhic htheup p erfiguredenotesthegradeorform
    . B ythismeansthestu-
    dentsmayb eviewedasawhole, oranyp artmayb eseeninitsrelationtoother
    p arts, andtothewhole . Manyelementshaveb eenomittedforp urp osesof
    simp lep resentationhere, suc hasallaversions, allreasons, andwhatarec alled
    "c hangedc hoic es"madeatalatertime
    . Unrec ip roc atedattrac tionsarealso
    omitted, asreq uiringtooc omp lic atedac hart . Inthisc hartonlymutualat-
    trac tionsarep ortrayed .
    Notetheisolatedindividuals, 3 4 innumb er, outofatotalof1 5 2
    ; theystand
    outc learly .
    Thep artlyisolatedindividuals, 2 2 innumb er, alsoap p earonthec hart, suc has
    theindividual1 / 3 0inthelowerrighthandc orner
    .
    Certainsmallgroup s, suc hasthetwointhemiddleleft, whic haredetac hed
    fromthemainstruc ture, suggestasep aratesituationforstudy
    . Herewehave
    afifthformb oy, 5 / 1 4 , asleaderofagroup largelyc omp osedofthirdform
    b oys
    . Theisolatedindividual, 5 / 5 , andthep artlyisolatedindividual, 3 / 3 , seek
    identific ationwiththegroup .
    Itwillb enotedhowtheindividualssp ontaneouslygroup themselves, irresp ec -
    tiveofforms, p artic ularlytheolderstudents, whereawiderp artic ip ationin
    ac tivitiesoc c urs .
    Inagroup p syc hotherap yandsoc iodramap rogram, attentionshouldb egiven
    tothehighnumb erofisolatesandthelargenumb erofc liq uesp roduc inga
    c ommunityoflowc ohesion .
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    1 7 1
    Thec hartshows asc hool fraternity . Quiteunderstandab ly, feelingsofrep ul-
    sionarenotgivenfrank lyb ythestudentsb ec auseoffeelingsofloyalty, b ut
    neverthelesssignific antc onc lusionsmayb edrawnfromthefac tthattwo' sen-
    iors, 6 / 1 3 and6 / 1 4 , arenotdesiredb yanyoneinthefraternityinsp iteofthe
    fac tthattheywereformallyelec tedtoj oin . Theindividual5 / 1 1 isthec enter
    offorc esofattrac tionandis, infac t, thep residentofthefraternity .
    Inagroup p syc hotherap yp rogramc omp arethehierarc hic struc tureofthe
    fraternitywithitssoc iometric struc ture . Thec onflic tmaywellb eastowhat
    thetherap eutic p rogramtriestostrengthen : thevaluesofthefraternitysys-
    temorthesoc iometric struc turewhic histhec umulativeeffec toftheunor-
    ganiz edp rotestagainstthem .
    1 7 2
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    Thec hartshowsthep ositionoc c up ied b ya typ ic alleader inthesc hool . Note
    that4 / 2 hassix rec ip roc alattrac tions ; six additionalattrac tionstowardhim
    b yindividualstowhomheisindifferent ; onemutualdislik eandfouraddi-
    tionaldislik es, eac hofwhomfeelsneutraltowardhim . Thisisahigh 1 1 b atting
    average. "Thetotalnumb erofindividuals( 1 7 ) towardwhomrelationshave
    b eenex p ressedinthec ourseofthesurvey, distrib utedoverfourforms, indi-
    c atesthat4 / 2 tak esanac tiveattitudetowardhisfellowstudentsandtolife
    andisnotonthe"sidelines. "
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    1 7 3
    AREJECTEDINDIVIDUAL
    Thestudent3 / 1 5 arousesac tivefeelings- heisthefoc usofagreatdealof
    antip athy ; hec hooses3 / 2 5 andisc hosenb yhim
    ; healsoc hoosestwoothers,
    5 / 2 0and5 / 2 1 who, signific antly, arenewb oysandwhoareindifferenttohim
    ;
    hefurtherc hooses5 / 1 9who, however, rej ec tshim
    . Thisshowsthat3 / 1 5 has
    formedonlyonesatisfac toryc ontac tintheentiresc hool, whiletherearesix
    mutualrej ec tionsandtwowhic hhedirec tstowardsp ersonswhoareindifferent
    tohim, andanotherfromap ersontowardswhomheisindifferent, b esidesthe
    rej ec tionfrom5 / 1 9alreadymentioned .
    1 7 4
    EVOLUTIONOFGROUPS
    AFOOTB ALLTEAM
    Thec hartshowsthefootb allteamwhic hinc ludestwosub stituteb ac k s . Note
    thattheq uarterb ac k 4 / MSisthefoc usofattrac tionforc esontheteam, ashe
    shouldb e, b utthatfullb ac k 5 / RB isc hosenb ynob odyontheteamandisre-
    j ec tedb yfour : 4 / RHand4 / EHoftheb ac k field, and5 / JAand5 / CW ofthe
    line. Itiseasytoseethatwhen5 / RB isrunningwiththeb allheisnotap tto
    getthemax imumofc oop erationininterferenc eandb loc k ing . ( SeeMap of
    aSc hoolCommunity, p p . 1 6 8- 1 6 9 . )
    SOCIOMETRIC SURVEYOFMOTIVATIONS
    Throughasoc iometric surveyofthemotivationssp ontaneously
    givenb yc hildrenwewereab letorec ordverb atimtheex p ressions
    astheyweregivenb ythem . Usingthemeansofselec tinga
    numb eroftyp ic alinstanc esfromthefirsttestofap ub lic sc hool,
    wehereattemp ttogiveinminiatureasurveyofthematerial .
    Eac hmotivationhasb eenb rok enup intothep hrasesofwhic h
    itc onsists . Thefreq uenc yofmotivationsoc c urringatdifferent
    agelevelsinreferenc etothec riterionaroundwhic hthegroup sof
    c hildrenwereintendedc anb ec alc ulated . Eac hofthesemotiva-
    tionshasb eenevaluatedinreferenc etoitsmeaningingroup
    organiz ationandinreferenc etothedevelop mentallevelatwhic h
    itwasfound .
    KINDERGARTEN
    ( Ages4 - 6 Yrs . )
    1 7 5
    Neilc hoosesLoretta :
    Neilc hoosesJune :
    Joyc ec hoosesRob ert :
    Joyc ec hoosesHoward :
    Howardc hoosesHelen
    :
    Luc yc hoosesMary :
    Luc yc hoosesRose :
    Howardc hoosesJoyc e :
    Rob ertc hoosesHoward :
    Frank c hoosesJoyc e :
    Frank c hoosesJohn
    :
    Johnc hoosesJoyc e :
    Shelook snic eallthetime . Shehasanic e
    hank ieandanic edress . "
    "Shetak esmetoherhouseandgivesmec oc oa-
    nut . "
    "B ec ausehewearssomuc hnic ec lothesandlie
    alwaysc omesaroundtop laywithme . "
    "B ec ausehelivesonmyb loc k ; b ec auseallthe
    timewhenItellhimtoc omedownandp lay
    withme' c auseIc an' tc omeup , healways
    does . "
    L`
    B ec auseshe' smyfriend . She' snic e . "
    "She' snic etome . Sheletsmeholdherflowers
    . "
    "She' snic etome . Sheletsmeholdherflowers
    too . Sometimessheletsmep layrop ewithher . "
    "Shelivesaroundmyb loc k andshep layswithme
    everyday . She' smyfriendandsheneverfights
    withme. "
    "Healwaysc omesaroundmywayandhealways
    sk ateswithmeandhealwaysc allsformewhen
    Ic omehomefromsc hool . "
    "She' smyfriend . Ilik eherb ec auseIwanttogo
    overtoherhousesometime . Ineverwenttoher
    houseyet. "
    "B ec auseIlik etop laywithhim
    . "
    "She' snic e . Shesayssonic e, ` MissHarlow, may
    Igototheb athroom? ' "
    1 7 6

    W HO
    SHALLSURVIVE?
    Eugenec hoosesDaniel
    : "Onc ehec amearoundmyhouseandgaveme
    p ep p ermintc andy . Thenhec amearoundmyway
    andhegavemesomec andytogivetomy
    b rother . "
    Eugenec hoosesFrank :

    "B ec auseheeatswithme. "


    Luc yrej ec tsFrank :

    "He' sb ad . "
    InRegardtoSex
    . whenItellhimto
    c omedownandp lay
    withme' c auseIc an' t
    c omeup healways
    does .
    Shesayssonic e, "Miss
    Harlow, mayIgoto
    theb athroom? "
    B REAKINGUPOFTHEEXPRESSIONS
    In
    RegardtoLevel
    ofMotivation
    look snic e
    hasanic edress
    muc h wearsso
    c lothes
    nic e
    In RegardtoRac e
    givesmec oc oanut
    letsmeholdherflowers
    p layswithme
    neverfightswithme

    None .
    sk ateswithme
    c allsforme
    wanttogoovertoher
    house
    gavemep ep p ermintc an-
    dy
    eatswithme
    Conc lusions, Kindergarten
    Comp aredwiththemotivationsgiveninlatergrades, the
    utteranc esofthek indergartenc hildrenareex tremelynaive
    imageswhic harehardlysep arab lefromtheac c omp anyingges-
    tureandmovement .
    Themimic - verb alex p ressionsp roj ec tedas
    atalk ingfilmwouldp resentthemotivationsmoreadeq uately
    .
    B utitisevidentthattheattrac tionsaredefinite, howeverinar-
    tic ulatethemotivationsforthemmayb e .
    W hetherornotthe
    p hrasesgivenarep ic k edfromsomewhereandreiteratedb ythe
    c hilddoesnotalterthefac tthattheyareused
    in relationtoa
    p artic ularotherc hildwhoisc hosen
    . Indeed, itap p earedthatthe
    c hoic edec isionandtheex c itementac c omp anyingtheac twere
    greateratthisagelevelthaninlateryearswhenthec hildrentend
    tob ec omemorec irc umsp ec tintheirc hoosingandmoreinc lined
    tothink thematteroverb eforemak ingtheirc hoic es
    . Thek in-
    dergartenc hildinstantaneouslyb ub b lesoverwithhisc hoic eand
    withap artic ulardelightasifhewereinahurrytoreleasea
    p leasantsec ret .
    W hetherornotthe"think ingitover"ofthe
    SOCIOMETRICSURVEYOFMOTIVATIONS

    1 7 7
    olderc hildmak esthec hoic esmoresensib le, itc ertainlydiminishes
    thefresh, sp ontaneousex p ressionasfoundintheresp onseofthe
    p re- sc hoolc hild .
    Ap p rox imatelyone- thirdofthec hoic esofthek indergarten
    p op ulationarefortheop p ositesex . B utthemotivationsgiven
    arestillsoundifferentiatedthatthemotivationsforheterosex ual
    c hoic esc annotb edistinguishedfromthoseforhomosex ual
    c hoic es . Thisdoesnotinferthatthesex ualfeelingisnotin-
    herentintheattrac tionb utratherthatthisfeelingdoesnotb e-
    c omeartic ulatedex c ep tinrareinstanc es . Ontheotherhand,
    whereasinresp ec ttosex artic ulationisp resentalthoughweak ,
    inresp ec ttorac eandnationalitynomotivationswhatsoeverare
    detec tab leatthisagelevel . Individualsofdifferentnationality
    andrac eattrac teac hotherandthedistrib utionoftheseattrac -
    tionsisasevenasifnationalityandrac ewerenotyetattrib utes
    oftheindividual .
    Thewild, unrec ip roc atedc hoosingreflec tstheroleofp hysic al
    p rox imityinthemak ingofassoc iationandac c ountsforthep re-
    dominanc eofthehoriz ontalstruc tureofdifferentiationoverthe
    vertic alstruc ture . Theonlyp ronounc edvertic aldifferentiation
    p resentisthep rimitiveleaderstruc ture . Theorganiz ationof
    thegroup isrudimentary . Thec harac teroftheweak lyartic u-
    latedmotivationsisesthetic andp re- soc ial .
    W hethersuc hex p ressionsasgivenb yc hildrenofthek inder-
    gartenand1 stgradec anb ec lassifiedasp redominantlyegoc entric
    ( Piaget) , orb ettersaid, ifthenotionegoc entric isatruedup lic ate
    oftheac tualp roc ess, isq uestionab le . Theyoftenindic atein-
    artic ulatesymb olic think ing . Intheinterp retationofPiagetthey
    ap p eartob eab ovetheso- c alledautistic andb elowtheso- c alled
    logic allevelofex p ression, thatis, egoc entric . Inourex p eri-
    mentalsituationswep aidp artic ularattentiontowhatonec hild
    think sof another, howhereflec tsab outanotherinrelationtoan
    immediatep urp ose, andlesstowhatthesub j ec tsthink ab out
    themselvesinisolation . W edidnotc onsidertheverb alex p res-
    sionaloneb utalsothenon- verb al, mimic ex p ressions, howa
    c hildwarmsup towardsanotherwhomhec hoosesorhowhe
    overlook sotherc hildrenasiftheywerenotp resent . Infac t,
    wec onsideredthetwop hasesofex p ressionasinsep arab le . A
    veryinartic ulate, indefiniteverb alex p ressionwasoftenac c om-
    1 7 8

    W HO
    SHALLSURVIVE?
    p aniedb yadefinite, dec isivegesture
    . W eoverratelanguageas
    asoc ialindex ifwedonottak eintoc onsiderationthep hysic aland
    mimic index op eratinginhumaninterac tion . Theyoungerthe
    c hildrenthemoretheyemp hasiz ewithgesturesratherthanwith
    words
    . Theyp roj ec ttheirintelligenc ethroughap antomimic
    language .
    Theolderthec hildrenthemoretheyshifttheirem-
    p hasisfromthegesturetothesp ok enword
    . Formerlythelan-
    guagewasap artoftheirb ody . Nowitisusedasatool .
    How-
    ever, alsointhehighergradeswefoundap erc entageofc hildren
    whop ersistinthep rimac yofb odilyac tion, usingwordsonlyas
    anap p endage .
    Itisourop inionthatsoc iometric c lassific ationisb etterab leto
    differentiatethevariouslevelsinthep re- soc ializ edp eriodthan
    individualistic c lassific ationsasautistic oregoc entric
    . Theb asis
    ofsoc iometric c lassific ationisnotap syc hewhic hisb oundup
    withinanindividualorganismb ut individualorganismsmoving
    aroundinsp ac einrelationtothingsorotherorganismsalsomov-
    ingaroundtheminsp ac e .
    Theteleop eratesalreadyinthefirst
    yearsoflife, howeverunex p ansiveorrudimentaryitsex p ression
    intheformofattrac tionsandrep ulsions . Oursoc iometric c las-
    sific ationformulaeonthatlevelsimp lyex p ressthep ositionofan
    individualwithinagroup ofotherindividualsandthings
    . B elow
    ac ertainagelevel, whenhehasnotyetdevelop edtheab ilityto
    ex p resshisaffec tionsinsomanywords, thesoc iometric c lassi-
    fic ationintheusualsensec annotb emade
    . Ac tivitiesandmove-
    mentnowrep lac ewordsandmotivations ; thesoc iogramisre-
    duc edtoaninterac tionandmovementdiagram
    . Theob j ec tive
    materialitselfremains, alivingp ic tureofmovingsub j ec tsand
    ob j ec ts .
    1 stGRADE
    ( Ages6 - 7 Yrs . )
    Clairec hoosesMarion
    :
    "She' smyb estfriend. Shec omes
    overtomyhouselotsoftimesb utshe
    goeshomeveryearly . Shetellsme
    hermotherisgoingtob uyanic etoy
    formeandyou
    . Ifwemeetanother
    girlandIsay, ' Let' swalk withthe
    othergirl, ' Marionsays, ' No, let' s
    walk withmeandyou
    . ' Isay, ' All
    right, let' sgotogether . ' 1 1
    Marionc hoosesClaire
    :
    "Ilik eherb ec auseshealways
    givesmec andywhenIeatwithher .
    Shelendsmec rayonswhenIhavelost
    mine
    . OnetimeshegavemeherDix ie
    c up . "
    Edwinc hoosesLily :
    "B ec auseshe' ssmart
    . She' snota
    c hatterb ox . She c omes
    to sc hool
    dressedup nic e
    . Shedoesn' tsc ream .
    Shefoldsherhandsnic e . "
    Morrisc hoosesTony :
    "B ec ausehegivesmelotsofb ig
    yellowp enc ils
    . Hesayshelik esme .
    Hesayshelik esmetheb estofall
    . "
    Morrisrej ec tsFranc ' s :
    "Hetak esmyc andy . "
    SOCIOMETRICSURVEYOFMOTIVATIONS

    1 7 9
    Lilyc hoosesEdwin :
    "B ec ausehe' sab oy . He' sanic e
    b oy . Helik esmeandIlik ehim .
    B ec ausehegivesmethings
    . Hegoes
    homewithme
    . Hegivesmeevery-
    thingwhathe' sgot . Hehasnic e
    eyes . "
    Tonyc hoosesMorris :
    "Heeatswithme. Hehelp sme
    b uildwithb loc k s . "
    Clairerej ec tswarren :
    "B ec auseliehitsme . "
    B REAKINGUPOFTHEEXPRESSIONS
    InRegardtoLevel
    InRegardtoSex

    ofMotivation

    InRegardtoRac e
    Hehasnic eeyes
    .

    Shetellsmehermother
    B ec auselie' sab oy,

    isgoingtob uyanic e
    Helik esmeandIlik e
    toyformeandyou .
    him .

    Ifwemeetanothergirl
    givesmec andywhenI
    eatwithher
    lendsmec rayonswhenI
    havelostmine
    givesmeeverythingwhat

    None
    he' sgot
    givesmelotsofb igyel-
    lowp enc ils
    goeshomewithme
    dressedup nic e
    foldsherhandsnic e
    hehasnic eeyes
    help s
    me b uild with
    b loc k s
    Conc lusions, 1 stGrade
    Themotivationsatthisagelevelshowaninc reasedvariety
    andarec learerthanformerly .
    B esidesoftenhavinganesthetic
    c harac ter, theyinc ludereferenc estothirdp ersonsandtowork
    relations .
    Heterosex ualandinterrac ialattrac tionsap p earinap -
    p rox imatelythesamep rop ortionsandwithsimilarc harac teristic s
    1 80

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    asinthek indergarten . Sex ualmotivationsareslightlyindic ated
    andinterrac ialmotivationsareagainmissing
    .
    2 ndGRADE
    ( Ages7 - 8Yrs . )
    Audreyc hoosesMuriel
    :
    ' ' Ilik eher' c ausesheisgood, she
    readssogood . Shealwayssays` Yes'
    whenIask hertop layhousewithme .
    Shedoesn' tleavemeifanothergirl
    c omesalong . "
    Audreyc hoosesHerb ert :
    "Ilik eHerb ertverymuc h . Ithink
    helik esmetoo . Ilik ehim' c ausehe' s
    fairineverything . "
    Herb ertc hoosesB enny :
    "ImetB ennyinthec lassIwas
    infirst, longago . Ididn' tlik ehim
    verymuc handthenIgottolik ehim
    moreandmore . Heusedtob eb ad
    b utnowhe' sgettinggood . Heused
    tob eatup otherk idsandeverything .
    Nowheaetsgood, lik emeandsome
    otherk ids . "
    Murielc hoosesAudrey
    :
    "ImetAudreyinIA. Teac herp ut
    herseatb yme . Sheneverlaughedat
    meifIdidn' tdomynumb ersright .
    Iwanttoalwayssitb yher . "
    Murielc hoosesHerb ert :
    "Helik esmetoo, ' c ausehe' sal-
    wayslaggingaroundmeandwants
    metop laywithhim . Heneverhitme
    yet "
    Herb ertc hoosesJohn :
    "Ilik eJohn' c auseb emak esall
    thek idslaugh. "
    B ennyc hoosesHerb ert :

    Johnrej ec tsHerb ert :


    "He' snic e . Hep laysnic e . Most

    "Idon' tlik eHerb ert . W henhe


    alltheb oyslik ehim, hec anp layb all readshemak esmealmostdeafhe
    sogood . Hec anrunfasttoo. He' s readssoloud . "
    myb estfriend . "
    B REAKINGUPOFTHEEXPRESSIONS
    InRegardtoLevel
    InRegardtoSex

    ofMotivation

    InRegardtoRac e
    ' c ausesheissogood, she
    readssogood .
    ' c ausehe' sfairinevery-
    thing .
    Ilik e
    Herb ert very nowhe' sgettinggood .
    muc h
    . Ithink helik esnowheac tsgood .
    metoo.

    ' c ausehemak esthek ids


    laugh
    .
    Helik esmetoo, ' c auseShedoesn' tleavemeif

    None
    he' salwayslagging

    another girl
    c omes
    aroundme . . .

    along .
    SOCIOMETRICSURVEYOFMOTIVATIONS
    Sheneverlaughedatme
    ifIdidn' tdomynum-
    b ersright .
    He' snic e .
    Iwanttoalwayssitb y
    her.
    Conc lusions, 2 ndGrade
    Theoc c asionaldevelop mentofatriangleatthisagelevelsig-
    nifiesthatthec hildren' sorganiz ationinp roc essofformation
    isb ec omingmorec omp lex andmorefinelyintegratedthanfor-
    merly.
    Moreoftentherelationship sex tendb eyondthoseof
    p erson- to- p ersonc harac ter
    . Themoresuc hstruc turesdevelop
    themorethec hildrenc anb egintolib eratethemselvesfromthe
    intimatehomegroup andinp artic ularfromtheadultsoftheir
    ac q uaintanc e . Thec hildstartstofunc tioninadoub lerole, one
    inhishomegroup , thesec ondingroup sofhisownc hoic e
    .
    Motivationsgiveninthek indergartenand1 stgradesc ontinue
    andhangoverintothe2 ndgrade . Inaddition, thec hildrenstress
    thesenseoftimeinrelationtothep ersonlik ed, evaluatehisde-
    p endab ility, andgiveverdic tsofmoralj udgment
    . Rej ec tionsare
    moresharp lydefined .
    Haroldc hoosesArnold :
    ( English)

    ( c olored)
    "He' smyb estfriend
    . Ik newhim
    b eforeIwenttosc hool . Helived
    ac rossedthestreetfrommyhouse .
    W henIfirstmovedthereIdidn' t
    haveanyfriends, soIsawhimandI
    c alledhimintomyb ac k yard
    . And
    Isaid, ' Doyouwanttob efriendst'
    andhesaid, ` Yes, ' andwestartedto
    p layb all
    . ThenIwaslittle . I' ve
    neverb eenmadathimforthree
    years . W estilllivenearb utImoved
    up theb loc k further
    . Hedoesn' tget
    madrightawayorrough, lik esome
    otherb oysdo
    . Hej ok esandfools
    aroundalot . Iwenttohishouse
    ab outfourtimes . Thefirsttimewe
    wasinthe2 ndgradeandhesaid, ' Do
    youwanttoc omeovertomyhouse
    top laygames? ' Sowewent. Now
    wealwaysp layinthestreet . "
    1 81
    3 rdGRADE
    ( Ages8- 9Yrs . )
    Arnoldc hoosesHarold :
    "W henIfirstmethimhewasn' t
    q uitefriends, withme, b utnowheis
    .
    W henIwenttop laywithhimhe
    usedtop ushmedown . ThenIdidn' t
    usetop laywithhimanymorefor
    afewdays ; thenhewasnic etome
    .
    Hesaidtomeonedaythathe' dnever
    fightwithmeandIsaid, ' Iwillnever
    fightwithyou, too
    . ' Onedayhelost
    hislunc handIsharedmylunc hwith
    him.
    Helik esthesandwic hesmy
    mothermak es . Ilik ehimb ec ausehe
    livesnearme
    . Hehelp smewithmy
    homework andhetellsmeifImak e
    amistak e
    . Sometimeshetellsmethe
    rightanswer . Heridesme
    b ic yc lesometimes . "
    on his
    1 82
    Haroldc hoosesAnna :
    ( Italian)
    "Shelivesab outab loc k fromme
    .
    Imetherin2 A. Shewastalk ingto
    ArnoldandsoIwentovertohim
    andweallstartedtotalk toeac h
    other
    . Ithoughtshewasanic egirl .
    Thenweask edhertop layp unc h-
    b allwithusaftersc hoolintheyard
    andshedid . Shewasgoodrightoff .
    Evenifshec ouldn' tp laygoodwe
    wouldhavep layedwithhertillshe
    learnedtop laygood' c ausewelik ed
    her . Shedoesn' tp laysomuc hwithus
    nowoutsideofsc hool
    . Shedoesher
    work good . She' soneofthesmart
    girls . Sheneverdidanythingwrong
    tous. "
    Arnoldc hoosesAnna :
    "
    1 showedAnnawhereeveryb ody
    liveswhenshedidn' tk nownothing
    ab outanyb odyhere. Shehadj ust
    c omehere . Iusedtotellhertodo
    thingsandsheusedtotellmeto
    dothingsandthat' showweb ec ame
    friends . Ihelp herinnumb erstories .
    Thatishard
    sp elling. "
    forher
    . She
    W HO SHALL
    SURVIVE?
    showsme
    Annac hoosesHarold :
    "He' sanic efriendofmine . He
    usedtogivemep lantswhenhe
    work edforthefloristfix ingup the
    c emetery . Hewasinmyc lassin2 A.
    W ewerep layingagameandIp ic k ed
    himandthenweb ec amefriends . He
    usedtolik eme . Ip laywithhimin
    p lay- timesandIalways p ic k
    him
    whenit' smyturn
    . Onlyifheisn' t
    thereI p ic k someotherb oy . Henever
    c hoosesothergirlseither . He' sthe
    monitor
    . "
    Annac hoosesArnold :
    "He' snic e. Hedoesn' thitgirls
    either
    . Sometimesheletsmewater
    thep lantswhenit' sreallyhisturn .
    Ionlymovedhereab outtwoyears
    agoandIk newArnoldthenex tday
    afterIwashere
    . Hewaswalk ing
    aroundthestreetandhehadalittle
    b ab ywithhimwheelingit, andI
    said, ` Hello, ' andliesaid, ` Hello . '
    ThenItoldhimmynameandhe
    toldmehisnameandthenwek ep t
    goingwitheac hother. Heusedto
    p laywithmemostlyallthetimeb ut
    nowhep laysmorewithJosep h . I
    don' tk nowwhythatis
    . Ifeelsad
    whenhegoesawayfrommesome-
    times
    . Ithurtsme . Iwouldlik eto
    p laywithb othofthemb utnow
    mostlygirlsc omeafterme
    . Margaret
    wantsmetob eherb estfriend . She
    saysI' mp retty . Ilik ehertooand
    she' sp retty, too . "
    Haroldrej ec tsJohn :

    "Idon' tlik ehim


    . Hetalk sb adinfrontofthe
    girlsandeveryb ody
    . Hehitsthegirls . "
    Haroldrej ec tsRose :

    "Idon' tlik eherverymuc h


    . Shesitsdownall
    thetime, doesn' trunoranything . "
    Annarej ec tsGeraldine :
    W henwep layb allshegivesmesuc harotten
    b all( throw) thatImiss
    ; shewantsmetomiss
    soshec angoup
    . I' dlik eherifshedidn' tdo
    that . "
    SOCIOMETRICSURVEYOFMOTIVATIONS

    1 83
    Annarej ec tsCarl :

    "He' sfreshandhe' sroughandhedoesn' tlik e


    girlseither . "
    Annarej ec tsherc lass-

    "Idon' tlik eanyofthemb ec ausethey' reall


    roomneighb ors
    :

    b oys. "( However, shec hoosestwob oystore-


    p lac ethem . )
    Arnoldrej ec tsHenry :

    Hemak esallk indsofnoisesandmotions . "


    B REAKINGUPOFTHEEXPRESSIONS
    InRegardtoSex
    W ek ep tgoingwitheac h
    other. Heusedtop lay
    withmemostlyallthe
    timeb utnowhep lays
    morewithJosep h . . . .
    Iwouldlik etop lay
    with b oth of them
    ( b oys) b utnowmostly
    girlsc omeafterme
    .
    Idon' tlik ehim . He
    talk sb adinfrontof
    thegirlsandevery-
    b ody
    . Hehitsthegirls .
    Idon' tlik ehervery
    muc h
    . Shesitsdown
    allthetime, doesn' t
    runoranything .
    Idon' tlik eanyofthem
    b ec ausethey' reall
    b oys.
    Ialwaysp ic k himwhen
    it' smyturn. . . . He
    neverc hoosesother
    girlseither .
    InRegardtoLevel
    ofMotivation
    Iusedtotellhertodo
    thingsandsheusedto
    tellmetodothings .
    Hehelp smewithmy
    homework andhetells
    meifImak eamis-
    tak e.
    Ihelp herinnumb er
    stories . . . . Sheshows
    mesp elling .
    Heusedtogiveme
    p lants. Sometimeshe
    lets
    me
    water
    the
    p lantswhenit' sreally
    histurn .
    Heridesmeonhisb i-
    c yc le .
    Shedoesherwork good .
    Sheneverdidanything
    wrongtous .
    He
    doesn' tgetmad
    rightawayorrough .
    InRegardtoRac e
    W henIwenttop laywith
    himheusedtop ushme
    down .
    Conc lusions, 3 rdGrade
    W iththedec reaseofheterosex ualattrac tionsandtheinc rease
    ofhomosex ualattrac tions, themotivationsgivenatthisagelevel
    revealamorec ritic alattitudetowardstheothersex
    . B uta
    warmerfeelingtowardsthesamesex isnotyetevident
    . No
    1 84

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    restraintisyetap p arentintheex erc iseofc hoic etowardsindi-
    vidualsofothernationalitiesnorareinterrac ialmotivationsfor
    suc hc hoic esinevidenc e .
    Choic esarestillmadefor individual
    reasons .
    Thec hildrenap p eartoc hooseassoc iatesac c ordingtoattrib utes
    nec essaryfortheirj ointp ursuitofc ommonaimswithdefinite
    goals . Theirestimatesaremorep ragmatic thanb efore
    . The
    motivationsaregivenlargelyinnarrativeform
    . W ithearnest-
    nessthec hildrenrelatehowmuc htheirfriendship smeantothem
    andhowb adlytheyfeelwhentheotherp artyseemstob einatten-
    tivetothem
    . Hereandthereitap p earsinthemotivationsthata
    c ritic alp ointisreac hedingroup develop ment
    . W iththeaware-
    nessforfriendlyfeelingswhic harenotrec ip roc atedthedesire
    tooverc omethisdissatisfac tionlook sforsomec omp ensation
    .
    W ehaveob servedc hildrenwhoareunc hoseninthegroup sp re-
    vioustothe3 rdgrade, b utlittleAnna, who, althoughnotun-
    c hosen, isawareofherlonelinessandex p ressesitisanovelty
    b ec auseofherdegreeofartic ulation . Inasp ontaneitytestthis
    ex p erienc ec ouldc omeforthmoreab undantlyandmaygivec lues
    tothereasonswhysheisnotab leto"enj oy"herrelationsinthe
    group
    . W iththefeelingoflonelinessthesensefordistanc ein-
    c reasesandagreateraweandfearinresp ec ttoindividualswho
    areb igger, stronger, ormentallysup erior, asadults, orwhoare
    differentintheirp hysic almak e- up , astheothersex , b egintodawn
    inthec hild
    . Thedisap p ointmentab outunrec ip roc atedlove, for
    instanc e, forap arent, doesnotresultinsub j ec tivereac tionsonly,
    asfear, runningaway, c rying, b utthec hildlook sformoreex -
    p ressioninassoc iationswithindividualsofhisownagethanhe
    naturallywouldotherwise
    . Itc anb esaidthatthefirsttotalim-
    p ressionofthesoc ialgroup aroundhimmayhaveb eenthesame
    initsgeneralc ontoursforthec hildfromearlyinfanc yon . B ut
    asthec hildgrowshedevelop smoredifferenc eswithinhimself
    andb ec omesawareofmoredifferenc esinthetotalp ic turearound
    him. Aslongasthesedifferenc esareex p erienc edinarudi-
    mentarystagetheydonotaffec thisemotionalreac tionsandthe
    emotionalreac tionsofhisassoc iates, nor, inc onseq uenc e, his
    p ositionwithinthegroup . Thefeelingofthesedifferenc eshas
    toreac hac ertainsaturationp ointinhimandinhisassoc iates
    b eforeitresultsinrep erc ussionswithinthegroup .
    SOCIOMETRICSURVEYOFMOTIVATIONS

    1 85
    4 thGRADE
    ( Ages9- 1 0Yrs . )
    Donaldc hoosesNic holas
    :
    ( English)

    ( Italian)
    "He' stheb estoneinthec lass
    . He' ssuc hanic efellow . Alwayshe' sj olly .
    Helik estotellj ok es
    . He' sonthefootb allteamandisagoodtac k ler . "
    Nic holasc hoosesDonald :
    "He' salwaysp rotec tingme
    . Therearesomeolderb oyswholik e tomak e
    p assesatme' c auseIanswerthemb ac k k indoftoughwhen
    theyc allme
    ' W op . ' Myfatherisalwaysp uttinghisp ushc artb ythesc hool
    andwhen
    hec allsout` B ananas' orsomethingthesek idslik etok idme
    . Donaldalways
    stic k sup farme
    . Hesayshethink sI' dmak eagoodp rofessionalfootb all
    p layer . Imightb ethat . "
    Nic holasc hoosesRuth :
    ( Jewish)
    "She' snic e. Shedoesn' ttalk muc h . Sheisq uitep rettyandshesays
    ' Hello' tomostoftheb oys
    . "
    Ric hardc hoosesDonald :
    ( Russian)
    "He' smyp al
    . Hek nowsalotab outsp orts . He' sinterestingtolistento
    .
    Ifyougethimmadhehasab addisp ositionandtriestodonearlyeverything
    inhisp owertogeteven- startingfights .
    Thentogetoverit, hesays, ` Let' s
    c hooseup agameofp unc hb all, ' orsomething
    . Hegoesaroundnic eand
    friendlyex c ep twhenhegetshisdisp ositionup
    . W ehangouttogetherp rac -
    tic allyallthetime
    . He' ssortofc omic alsometimesandothertimes
    he' svery
    serious, getstalk ingab outhimself . I' dlik etositnex ttohimb ec auseof
    j ustfriendliness . "
    Ric hardrej ec tsLeonard :
    ( German)
    "Mostofthetimehe' smad . Ifyougonearhimhestartsflingingaround
    .
    Hesays, ` W hat' stheideal' Helik essp ortsb uthedoesn' tget
    theideasof
    sp ortsintohishead .
    Foraminutehec atc hesonb uthegetsrightoffit
    again
    .
    Allhe' sgoodforissc hoolwork . "
    Ric hardrej ec tsHarry :
    ( Jewish)
    "Hetalk salot. He' sc omic al.
    Onc ehewasmyp alb utnowIdon' tseem
    tolik ehim .
    Hegoeswithadumb b oy, Louis, whorunswithagang . They
    neverdoanythingrightiftheyc andoitwrong .
    Outsideofsc hoolorinside
    either, theyc an' tb estillaminute, alwaysshouting, notnervousex ac tlyb ut
    alwaysj ump ing . "
    Ric hardrej ec tsTony :
    ( Italian)
    "Fortheleastthinghegetsmadatyou . He' snotinterestingandhe
    hangsoutwithb adb oystoo, mostlyItalians . Sortofsneak y. Ifhec an
    p layatric k onyouthatyouwon' tlik e, hedoes it . HeandHarryand
    1 86

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    B runoandJosep husedtoformgangsandgetafterc hildrenthatgetA' sand
    B ' s . TheyonlygetC' sandD' s . Ifwewerep layingp unc hb allanddidn' t
    letoneofthemin, they' dstartsomething . Thegangwasstartedb ythese
    b oys' olderb rothers . Theolderb rotherswouldtelltheyoungeronesall
    ab outitandtheyoungeronesastheygotolderwouldfollowthesamefoot-
    step s . Thisgangisstillmeetingandmyc ousin( age1 2 yrs. ) saysthatgang
    washereeversinc ehe' sb eenhereandhe' sb eenherefiveyears . Hisb rother
    saystheywereherewhenhewassix yearsold . W henwep layhandb allwith
    theyoungeronesofthegangaroundouragetheygettolik eusandfollow
    usaroundandgetreformed, - someofthem, ab outaq uarterofthem . B ut
    mostofthemarefifteenandseventeenyearsoldnowb ec auseab outtwentyof
    thelittleonesleftthegangforgood . Someofthosewholeftc allthemselves
    stillthe` 3 5 thStreetGang . ' They' resoignorantthey' renotashamed . They' re
    p roudab outsayingitb ec ausetheirolderb rothersareinit . W etryto
    ex p laintothemthatit' swrongb uttheyk eep doingitanyway . Thegang
    usestheyoungerb oystorunerrandsforthem . Someoftheolderoneswork
    onc einawhile. B uttheygetfiredafteraweek fordoingnothingandc oming
    late . Onlyoneofthemhadasteadyj ob andhelostittoo
    . Theirfathers
    andmothersgivethemmoneytogooutandgetaj ob andtheysp endit any
    oldway. Theytrytoenc ouragethemb uttheydon' tc arewhattheydo . I
    k nowtheystoleac aronc e. Somegirlswholiveonthatb loc k gooutwith
    them. Theyareolderthantheb oys, Ithink , andtheymak ethemselveslook
    toughb ysmearingalotoflip stic k androugeontheirfac es . "
    Ric hardrej ec tsW illiam :
    ( Irish)
    "Hec an' ttalk c learly, sortofmumb les, soyouc an' tunderstandhimand
    itgetson your nerves . He' sveryc leverthough, b utIdon' twanttob enear
    him . "
    B REAKING UP OFTHE Ex REssioNs
    InRegardtoLevel
    InRegardtoSex

    ofMotivation

    InRegardtoRac e
    Sheisq uitep rettyandisagoodtac k ler

    whentheyc allme ' W op . '


    shesays"Hello"to k nowsalotab outsp orts .
    mostoftheb oys .

    interestingtolistento
    He' salwaysp rotec ting
    me .
    j ustfriendliness
    lik estotellj ok es
    Conc lusions, 4 thGrade
    Thec leavageb etweenthesex esisalmostentirelyc omp lete
    atthisagelevel . Theb oysc hooseb oysverynearlytothetotal
    ex c lusionofgirls, andgirlsc hoosegirlsverynearlytothetotal
    ex c lusionofb oys
    . Thereflec tionofthisdevelop mentintheir
    SOCIOMETRICSURVEYOFMOTIVATIONS

    1 87
    motivationsap p earsmorec harac teristic anddec isiveinthe5 th
    grade, whereitisdisc ussed .
    Themotivationsindic atealsothe
    formingofgroup sinresp ec ttovariousc oop erativeaims, op en
    orsec ret . Thec hildrenwork outsc hemestofitrealityandoften
    alsowiththerisk sinvolvedinlifesituations . Thisp eriodmark s
    thefirstap p earanc eofyouthfulgangformationsop eratingona
    largesc aleoveralongp eriodoftime . Suc hgangshaveoftena
    sp ontaneousandb enignc harac ter
    ; theyarefreq uentlyinitiated
    b ythec hildrenthemselves, indep endentlyfromadultgroup sand
    alsofunc tionindep endentlyofthem
    . Choic esaremadeinc reas-
    inglyfor c ollec tive reasons .
    Interrac ialc hoic esap p earlessfreq uentlyb utthereasonfor
    thisishardlydetec tab leinthemotivations
    . Veryseldomisa
    termex p ressingrac ialfeelingsemp loyed .
    Individualc asesmay,
    atthisagelevelorevenearlier, disc losedistinc tattitudestowards
    individualsasmemb ersofothernationalityandsoc ialc lass, b ut
    hereweemp hasiz ethegeneraltrend . Elsewhereinthishook the
    imp ortanc eofindoc trination, theinfluenc eofp arents' op inions
    up onc hildren, isdisc ussed. If, insomec asesviolentlyhostile
    op inionsareex p ressedb yp arentsthismaystirup thec hild' s
    fantasytowardssuc hfac tors
    . B utthep rob ab lereasonwhyeven
    ex c itingsuggestionsdonotseriouslyaffec ttheorganiz ationsof
    thegroup sformedb yc hildrenup toandinc ludingthisagelevel
    isthattheimp ressionsmadeup onthec hildrenb ythesesugges-
    tionsareoffsetingeneralb ytheirsp ontaneousattrac tiontoc hil-
    drenofothernationalities, esp ec iallywhenthenationalitiesof
    thedifferentc lassmemb ersarenotdisc losedandremainunk nown
    tothem . Thedifferenc eb etweenthesex esisearlydisc overedb y
    thec hildren, b utinthec hild' smindthedifferenc esb etweenin-
    dividualswhob elongtothisorthatnationalityoverlap swith
    individualandsoc ialfac tors, sothatheisunab letoc omp rehend
    theadult' ssuggestion .
    Thenanotherelementisimp ortant
    . Aslongasgroup organiz a-
    tionislittledevelop ed, thenetwork sb indingindividualstogether
    areeitherentirelyab sentorlac k inginc ontinuityatsomany
    p ointsthattheyc annotb emadetofunc tionasavenuesforshap ing
    op inion. Thesenetwork sarestillrudimentaryb eforethe4 th
    gradeandevenwhenthesex ualc leavagesetsinsodec idedly
    duringthisp eriodthedifferentiationofthenetwork swithinthe
    1 88

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    twohomosex ualsetsisstillinwantofthefurtherdifferentiation
    foundinthelatergrades
    . Theadultsareab letothrowtheb urn-
    ingmatc hintothefantasyofthec hildren, b uttob ec omeap er-
    manentlyb urningflame, todevelop intoa
    c ollec tive feeling, it
    hastob ep assedfromonec hildtotheotherthroughoutthenet-
    work .
    5 thGRADE
    ( Ages1 0- 1 1 Yrs
    . )
    Gertrudec hoosesAdele :
    "B ec ausesheis
    so
    nic e, Ithink .
    Almosteverythingisnic eab outher .
    Shelendsmeb ook swhenIhaven' tgotany . Shek eep sinfriendship with
    meagreatdeal .
    She' dalwayshelp meifIdidn' tk nowathing . She' s
    k indtoeveryb ody, mostlyeveryb odylik esher . Shemak esaj ok esometimes
    b utsheisn' tfoolishlik esomeothergirlsare. She' shardlyeverselfish . W e
    mayhaveaq uarrelsometimesb utthenex tdaywemeetwec an' thelp to
    say` Hello' andthen, ofc ourse, we' refriendsagain . Ik newherforone
    andahalfyears. She' shardlyeversulk y . "
    Gertrudec hoosesLillian :
    "Ihavealmosttheex ac tfeelingIhaveab outAdele
    . I' msureIlovethese
    girls . They' resonic e, sogood . They' remyreal, truefriends
    . Ic ouldalways
    dep endonthemandtheyc ouldalwaysdep endonme
    . I' mverygladshe
    woulddep endonmeb ec auseI' ddoanythingIc ouldforheraslongasI
    c ould. ImetLillianfirstandthenAdeleintheothersc hoolandIintro-
    duc edthemandtheyb ec ame
    very intimatefriends . Thesefriendsarej ust
    someb odyelseyoup utc losetoyouinsteadofarelative, that' swhatfriendship
    means . "
    Ralp hc hoosesRob ert :
    "Ialwaysp laywithhimb ec ausehelivesaroundmywayandwehavea
    b aseb allteam . He' sagoodsp ortanddoesn' tgetmadattheleastlittle
    thingyoudo. Lik eyou say somethingtohimhedoesn' tlik e, hedoesn' t
    getmadrightaway . Hec anp layverygoodandp itc hesonourteam .
    W henb oysgetintoafighthestop sitandmak esb oyswhoareenemies
    friends . Hegoesover, mak esthemstop andshak ehands . He' snotstingy ;
    healwayshelp stheotherb oysandgivesthemanythinghehas . W henever
    hehasanythinghealwayssharesit . Heac tslik ehek newalot, doesevery-
    thingthewayheshoulddoit
    .
    He' ssortofin- b etween, notnoisyandnot
    q uiet . He' sk indtoanimalsandhehasadogandhetak esc areofitj ust
    lik ehewouldofab rother. Onourteamwehavetwelvefellows, nineregular
    andthreesub stitutes . Rob ertandIstarteditandthatk ep tusc losefriends . "
    Ralp hc hoosesAugustus
    "Hehaslotsofp igeonsandhec aresforthemallb yhimself
    . W hatI
    lik eab outhimis, heshares . Heletsmeflyhisp igeons . He' sgood- natured .
    Ihaveamovingp ic turemac hineandwehavesometric k s
    . W earetrying
    toorganiz eac lub . W ehavethreememb ersalready .
    W ec harge5 c entsa
    week andIlik ethewayAugustusisgoodatc ollec tingthefees
    . Sometimes
    heb ragsab outhimselfandItellhimso . W egetalonggood
    . "
    SOCIOMETRICSURVEYOFMOTIVATIONS

    1 89
    Sidneyc hoosesTheodore :
    ( Russian)

    ( Russian)
    "He' soneofmyb estfriendsandIseemtolik ehimmost . He' sareal
    fellowandyethe' sk ind . Hefoundab irdwithab rok enwingandc ared
    forittillitc ouldflyaway . Someb oystak eadvantageofhimb ec ausehe
    c an' tfightsowellb utIstop them
    . Hehasanarmthat' sp aralyz edb uthis
    otherarmhasalotofstrengthonac c ountofthatso hec anp layhandb all .
    Ihaveb eenwithhimallthewayinsc hoolex c ep tonetermsinc e2 A . "
    Theodorec hoosesSidney :
    "
    W henIgetintoac rowdofb oysandtheystarttofightandIc an' t on
    ac c ountofmyarm, healwaystak esmyp art . I' vek nownhimsinc e2 A.
    W hentheyneedanex trap layerandthereisn' tanyb odyto p layinagame,
    healwaysask sthemtotak eme . W eask eac hotherriddlesandallthat .
    Iask himwhathelearnedandItellhimwhatIlearnedandwe ask eac h
    otherq uestions . Hehasalotofc omic alwaysab outhimandc ank eep
    everyonelaughing
    . Hewastoldtomak ej ok esforap lay, itissoeasyfor
    him . Heseemstob easgoodafriendasyouc anfind . "
    Jamesc hoosesGordon :
    ( Sc otc h)

    ( Sc otc h)
    "Hesp eak sSc otc handsodoI .
    Ithink hewasb ravetoc omeoveralone
    onab oatandleavehismotherthere. . . . "
    Georgec hoosesChris :
    ( Greek )

    ( Greek )
    "Hesp eak smylanguage . W e' reGreek
    .
    W ep lay` Cop sandRob b ers'
    together . Chrismadeagolfc ourseandc hargedap enny . Hehasanic e
    disp ositionb utissortoflaz y . He' ssofatthathec anonlydothingslik e
    thatwell . . . . "
    Adelinerej ec tsAnna :
    ( Italian)
    "Idon' tlik ehersomuc h . SometimesshedressessofilthyIdon' tlik e
    tolook ather. Herhairhangsallover, lik emostItalians . "
    Mic haelrej ec tsMorris :
    ( Italian)

    ( Jewish)
    "Hewantstop laywithusb utwewon' tlethim . W ealsob eatNorman
    up b ec ausehewasonMorris' side . They' reb othJewish . W eb eathimup
    six orseventimes
    .
    Hetak esthingsthatdon' tb elongtohim . "
    Morrisrej ec tsMic hael :
    "Healwaysb ringshisfriendsaroundwhoj ump onme . Ic an' tfighthim
    anyway ; hewearsglasses . "
    Helenrej ec tsAugust :
    "He' sc oloredandveryfunnyac ting . Idon' thaveanythingtodowith
    him. Isp eak tohimonc einab luemoon . Iwanttosayhenevergotfresh
    tome, though . "
    1 90

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    Mildredrej ec tsLydia
    :
    "Sheisnic esometimesandsometimesIfightwithher
    . SheisJewishand
    Idon' tb otherwithJewishp eop le
    . Sheisnic esometimesthough . "
    Janerej ec tsW illiam :
    "Alwaysdiggingunderthegroundtomak etunnelsandallk indsofhouses
    .
    Mayb ethat' snotsillyb utitseemssillytome . Hemak esup stuffhec alls
    minstrelsb utIdon' tseeitmak esanysense
    . Theteac herlaughswithhim
    sometimesandthatmak esmemad . He' sc olored. "
    Johnrej ec tsGeorge :
    "Agirlb roughtflowerstosc hoolandtheywereverynic e
    . B utGeorge
    j ump edup andsaid, ` I' llb ringsomeb etterthanthose ; that' snothingto
    whatI' mgoingtob ring . ' Hethink she' sb etterthaneveryoneelse . He' s
    ashow- offandhe' swild . Hec omesaroundandthink shec anhittheb oys
    inthec lass
    . Hec anhitp unc hb allb estsohethink she' sb estofall . "
    Russellrej ec tsVivian
    :
    "Ifyoustep onherfootandsay` Ex c useme, ' she' llstamp rightb ac k on
    yourfoot
    . She' salwayshumminginc lass . Ifyoulendhersomethingshe
    isn' tc arefulofit . Alsoshetalk stooslow
    . Ic an' tstandithowshetalk s .
    Andshesaysfoolishthingsinsteadofnothing
    . "
    Edithrej ec tsAntonette :
    "She' snothonestb utIp laywithherb ec auseshe' sac ustomerofmy
    father' s. She' ssmartb utshethink sshec antelleveryb odyeverything
    . "
    Adelinerej ec tsEdgar :
    "Idon' ttalk tohim . W henIsaysomethingtohim, hedoesn' tk now
    whatI' msayingandIdon' tunderstandhim, soIdon' twanttositb yhim .
    Otherb oysc allhim' Dummy . ' B utIdon' tthink it' strue
    . Ithink he' s
    smart
    .
    W henhedoesn' tunderstandteac herhemak esafac eandp ushes
    hisheadforwardandthek idslaughandhestartstoc ry . Idon' tdothat .
    Itisn' tright. "
    Janerej ec tsB ernic e :
    "Shegetsterrib lynervous
    . Thenshec an' tfindherp enc ilb ox whenit' s
    rightonthedesk
    . Shemak esherselfthink thingsarehard . Sheisn' tas
    smartastherestofus
    . I' dgettofussingifIwereseatedb yher . "
    Helenrej ec tsGloria :
    ' ' Sheistooq uietandsheistheteac her' sp et . W henI' mtiredIgoaround
    withherandIk nowshewon' tj ump around . Shestar- gaz es . W ealltease
    herandshewon' tgetangry. Shelik estop laywithdolls . Shethink sad-
    ventureissittingonthegrassandtalk ing . Andthatseemslik ej usttalk
    tome . "
    Ruthc hoosesGloria :
    "Ilik ethewayshetalk s
    . Shec omesfromB uffaloandhasanac c ent .
    Shetalk sveryfanc ylik e . Itrytogetit . Sheisp rettyandc hub b y- lik eand
    q uitemuc hfuntolistento . Sheisalwaysthink ingup thingswithherimagina-
    tion
    . "
    SOCIOMETRICSURVEYOFMOTIVATIONS

    1 91
    Rob ertarej ec tsB ertram :
    "Hetalk stohimselfandmumb leswhenheiswork ing . Hehasfireyred
    hairthatdoesn' tlook nic eandhec rac k sj ok eswhenheisnotsup p osedto
    .
    Heisfunnyandnoonewillsitnex ttohim . "
    Rob ertarej ec tsClifford :
    "Idon' tb otherwithhimatall .
    Heisalwayssleep ing . Theteac herc lap s
    herhandsandthenhej ump sup .
    Mayb eheisnotsleep ingb uthelook sthat
    way . "
    Miriamrej ec tsMatthew :
    "Heisfatandfunny . W ec allhimthefatfellowinOurGangc omedy
    .
    Eventheteac herhastolaughathim . Hesitsinb ac k astheseatsinfront
    aretoosmallforhim . Hisb ellygoesouttoofar .
    Idon' twanttob enear
    him. "
    Miriamrej ec tsPeggy :
    "Ik eep up asmilesoIwon' tshowIdon' tc areforher .
    Iusedtolik e
    herb utwhenIseehowsheisalwaysslap p ingherlittle
    sisterIdon' tlik e
    heranymore . Sheisfatandtalk stoomuc h
    . Shewon' tp lay, sheisafraid
    shewillreduc e. W henshedoesanythingshetellsyouab outit
    . "
    B REAKING UP OFTHEE' x ranssioNs
    InRegardtoLevel
    InRegardtoSex

    ofMotivation

    InRegardtoRac e
    She' dhelp meifIdidn' t Hesp eak sSc otc handso
    k nowathing . Sheis

    doI .
    k indtoeveryb ody . . .
    Hesp eak smylanguage .
    hardlyeverselfish .

    W e' reGreek .
    Ic ouldalwaysdep endon
    themandtheyc ouldal- Herhairhangsallover
    waysdep endonme .

    lik emostItalians' .
    He' sagoodsp ort
    . . .
    c anp laygood . . . not
    stingy . . . alwayshelp s
    . . . alwaysshares
    . . .
    k indtoanimals
    .
    Heac tslik ehek newa
    lot, doeseverythingthe
    wayheshoulddoit.
    healwaystak esmyp art .
    W earetryingtoorganiz e
    ac lub .
    Ilik ethewayshetalk s
    fanc y- lik e .
    They' reb othJewish .
    He' sc oloredandfunny
    ac ting .
    SheisJewishandIdon' t
    b other withJewish
    p eop le.
    He' sc olored.
    1 92 W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    I don' tunderstandhim .
    I' dgettofussingifI
    wereseatedb yher .
    She' stooq uiet
    . . .
    star-
    gaz es .
    Hetalk stohimselfand
    mumb leswhenheis
    work ing. . . Heis
    funnyandnoonewill
    sitnex ttohim .
    Heisalwayssleep ing .
    Heisfat . . . . Hisb elly
    goesouttoofar .
    shetalk stooslow . Ic an' t
    standithowshetalk s .
    sheisalwaysslap p ingher
    littlesister . .
    .
    isfat
    andtalk stoomuc h . . .
    won' tp lay . . .
    Conc lusions, 5 th
    Grade
    Inthe5 thgradetheintersex ualc hoic esarealmosttotallymiss-
    ing . Thegroup isnowsp litup intotwohomosex ualunits . The
    motivationsareoftenb asedonsimilaritiesoftraits, p hysic aland
    mental, ofsoc ialstandingandofinterestsinc ommonp ursuits .
    Intheb oygroup swefindwarmattac hmenttendingtowardshero
    worship
    ; inthegirlgroup s, attac hmenttendingtowardsdevoted
    emotionalfriendship .
    Therej ec tionsaresp ec ific allymotivated,
    wellartic ulatedandb asedlargelyondifferenc es, p hysic aland
    mental . Prej udic esinresp ec ttothenationalityandthesoc ial
    affiliationsofc ertainrej ec tedindividualsarefreq uentlyreflec ted .
    Attimeswerec ogniz eanamb ivalentc hoic e .
    Suc hamb ivalent
    feelingisnotalwaystrueamb ivalenc e, asb etweenMildredand
    Lydia ; itreflec tsac onflic toftwoc riteria, thec onflic tb etween
    thehomosex ualandethnic c riteria . Insuc hc ases, iftheindi-
    vidualwouldhaveb eenask edtoex p ressthetwop referenc es
    indep endently, oneforsex andtheotherfornationality, the
    amb ivalenc ewouldhaveb eendissolvedinanattrac tiontowards
    anotherindividualofthesamesex andinarej ec tiontowardsan
    individualofadifferentnationality . Thenumb erofinterrac ial
    c hoic esdec linesc onsiderab lyinfavorof intra- rac ial
    c hoic esand
    ofintra- nationalityc hoic es . Thetrendistowardsastillgreater
    c leavagewithinthetwohomosex ualgroup sintodivisionsalong
    SOCIOMETRICSURVEYOFMOTIVATIONS

    1 93
    thelinesofnationalityandsoc ialc lass( p oororric h, neighb or-
    hoodofresidenc e, etc . ) .
    6 thGRADE
    ( Ages1 1 - 1 2 Yrs . )
    Step hanc hoosesMax :
    "Ip laywithb oysallolderthanmeandIc ritic iz ethemandhestop sthem
    fromhittingme . . . . W henIfirstc ametothesc hoolhewastheone
    whohelp edmewitheverything . Ialways p lay withhim. He' sgoodtop lay
    with' c ausehedoesn' tevertrytoc heatyou
    . He' sthesamenationalityas
    me, too . He' snotselfishandwheneverhehasanythinghegivesyouhalf . "
    Gertrudec hoosesMae :
    "She' sPolishandJewishlik emeandshe' saverynic egirl
    .
    Hermother
    andmymotherc ook thesamewayandwewearc lothesalmostj ustalik e .
    W egotothemoviestogetherandherauntlivesinthesamehouseasIdo . "
    Gertrudec hoosesEleanor :
    "Ilik eherforthesamethingsalmost . Onlyhernationalityisn' tthesame
    asmine. . . . "
    B ettyc hoosesB arb ara :
    "I' mfatandwhenItrytob enic etoanyb odytheydon' tseemtolik eme
    .
    B arb araisfattooandandIlik eherb ec auseshehasalotofsense . Shedoesn' t
    getatemp erup lik eIdoifsheisteased . She' sp atient . I' mnotandI
    guessthat' swhyIlik eher . Shealwaystellsmenottogetmadsoeasy
    . "
    Madelinec hoosesMarietta :
    "Sheisab outmysiz eandmyage . Ilik etowalk withher' c auseIthink
    welook nic etogether . Sheisn' tnoisyorrude, onlyonc einawhilesheis
    rudeunc onsc iously, whic hmeansshedoesn' tk nowsheisrudeherself . She
    iswillingtop laygamesthataregayandwithalotofac tion . W elik eto
    help eac hother . Sheistruthful . Alsoifyouask hertob ringyousomething
    shewillb ringitevenifshehasalotofotherthingstoc arryj ustthesame . , "
    Joelc hoosesGunther :
    "Ik eep trop ic alfishandIc ollec tstamp sandGuntherlik estoseemy
    things . Heseemstob einterestedinthemandthat' swhatIlik eab outhim .
    Heisn' tonlyalwayswantingtop layb aseb all . Idon' tseeverywellsoI
    lik etodootherthingsthanp laysp orts . "
    Samuelc hoosesDaniel :
    "Heisc omic al . Onc eheisyourfriendheisveryloyaltoyou .
    He
    doesn' tb ragab outthep ic tureshemak esalthoughheisab outtheb estartist
    inthesc hool .
    Esp ec iallyairp lanes, hec andrawwonderful . Idon' tsp eak
    verygoodEnglishyetandhehelp smewithit . Thenhemak esaj ok eab out
    itwhenheisc orrec tingmeandIdon' tmindb ec auseofthewayhedoesit
    . "
    Luc illec hoosesAnita :
    "She' smorec omp anionab letoyou . She' sdifferent, hasmorep ersonality
    thanmostp eop le. Andshe' srefined . Shedoesn' tthink she' sb etterthan
    1 94 W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    othergirls, either
    . Some, iftheywerelik eher, wouldstartb ragging
    b ut
    sheisn' tthatk ind. Shemindsherownb usiness
    . W henshesayssome-
    thingyouk nowit' sthetruthandyoudon' twhensomegirls
    talk . Mostly
    too, sheisn' tb ossy . "
    Anitac hoosesDoris
    "Everyonesaysshe' snic eandIthink sheistoo . Shehasanic efamily
    andaroomb yherself . W ep layac tressestogether .
    W henyoup laywithher,
    sheisreadytotak eherturn .
    Lik eatgamesshewillgiveup theb allright
    away . Shedoesn' tsaythingstohurtyou, saying` You' renogood, '
    lik eher
    c ousindoes. "
    Vic torrej ec tsPhilip :
    "Hehasb igearsandlaughslik eJoeyB rown .
    Hehasab igmouthlik e
    himtooandallthek idsmak efunofhimb ec ausehewalk sflat- footed . He' s
    smartinsc hoolb utIdon' tc areforhim . "
    Myrtlerej ec tsJosep hine
    :
    "Sheisforevermadb utnotsayingwhatk ind
    ofp eop legethermad.
    Shec onsidersherselfhigherthananyoneelseandsheb osseseverything
    . "
    I' mfat . . . B arb arais
    fattooandIlik eher .
    Ik eep trop ic alfish . . .
    andheseemstob ein-
    terested.
    Idon' tsp eak verygood
    English yet
    and he
    help smewithit .
    W elik eto
    help
    eac h
    other .
    W e
    p lay
    ac tresses to-
    gether
    .
    Step henrej ec tsFelix :
    "Healwaysp layswithonefellowandthenanother
    . Hedoesn' tk eep up
    afriendship right. He' sasissy.
    Healwaysp layswiththegirlsandgip s
    themtoo . "
    B REAKINGUPOPTHEEXPRESSIONS
    InRegardtoLevel
    InRegardtoSex ofMotivation InRegardtoRac e
    p laysfair.
    She' sPolishandJewish
    Heisveryloyaltoyou . lik emeandshe' sa
    He' snotselfish . verynic egirl
    .
    He' sasissy. Heal- Sheisab outmysiz e, and He' sthesamenational-
    waysp layswiththe
    myage . Ilik etowalk ityasme, too .
    girls . withher' c auseIthink
    welook nic etogether .
    SOCIOMETRICSURVEYOFMOTIVATIONS
    He doesn' t
    b rag ab out
    thep ic tureshemak es .
    Shedoesn' tsaythingsto
    hurtyou .
    Hehasb igearsand
    ab igmouth . . .
    Heissmart . . . b utI
    don' tc areforhim .
    She c onsiders
    herself
    higherthananyoneelse
    Healwaysp layswithone
    fellowandthenanother
    .
    Hedoesn' tk eep up a
    friendship right .
    Conc lusions, 6 thGrade
    Thec omp letedominanc eofhomosex ualc hoic ereac hesac limax
    inthisgrade . Atrendtowardsintra- rac ialc hoic ec ontinuesto
    b eevident . Motivationsforthec hoic esareex p ressedwithgreater
    surenessanddistinc tiononthesimilarityoftraitsandc ommon
    interestsinthesameac tivities
    . Motivationsforrej ec tingmem-
    b ersofdifferentnationalityandrac ialgroup sarep resent( omit-
    tedinthistex t) .
    7 thGRADE
    ( Ages1 2 - 1 3 Yrs
    . )
    Jeanc hoosesHenrietta :
    ' II think Ilik eherb ec auseshehasthesameideasIhave
    . W eb othlove
    towrite
    . Andsheisn' tsillyab outb oyslik ePaulineandEileenandW inifred
    are . W elik eb oysallrightb utwedon' tlik etob esillyab outthem . Every-
    b odyusedtosnub meb ec auseIwasfromSightOb servationc lassb utsinc e
    Henriettagoeswithmetheystop p ed . Shehelp smereadsmallp rintand
    istheonlyonewhoc omesoveranddoesitofherownfreewillb eforethe
    teac herask sthemto . W eareb othq uiteserious . "
    Jeanrej ec tsLillian :
    "Shealwaysmovesawayfrommewhenshe' ssup p osedtositb esideme .
    Ithink it' sb ec auseshe' sp rej udic edagainstmeonac c ountofmynationality . "
    W illiamc hoosesJohn :
    ' W ep layhandb alltogether . He' safairdealer, notlik esomewiseguys,
    p ic k ingfightsandc ursing . He' ssomethinglik eme . W e' reIrishandhis
    motherisdeadandmyfatherisdead . He' sagoodguy . Ifwec ouldsit
    togetherinc lassIthink wec ouldgetalongandwouldn' tq uarrel . Heain' t
    sneak y, don' tsayhelik esyouoneminuteanddon' tthenex t . Youc antell
    himasec retandhewon' tgoaroundandtelleveryb ody . He' dgiveyouany-
    thing, evenhislastc ent . Mostofthetimehe' sj olly . "
    1 95
    1 96

    W HO SHALL
    SURVIVE?
    W illiamc hoosesEileen :
    "Shesuitsmytaste . She' sgotmoresensethanothergirls. She' snot
    b ashful, thoughsheisayearyoungerthanme . Shedressesnic ely . Ak idin
    c lassk newherandwestartedj ump ingrop ewithherforfun . Shej ustsays
    ` Hello' whensheseesyouonthestreetanddoesn' tmak eyoufeelfunnyin
    frontofotherb oysb ymak ingfunofthewaytheytalk whentheyk nowa
    b oylik esthem . Nowit' sb ask etb alltimesoIdon' thavetimetoseeher .
    Sheisab outmysiz eandshehasb londehairandb lueeyes . That' smytaste,
    it' swhatIlik e . "
    Eileenc hoosesW illiam :
    "Mostofthegirlsinthec lasslik ehiseyes . Ithink he' stheb estb oyin
    ourc lass . He' ssmart . Ithink heishandsome. I' mtheonlygirlhesp eak s
    tob ec ausemostofthegirlsareb ab yishandhedoesn' tlik ethat . I' mallowed
    togotothemovieswithhimandonc eIhadhimtomyhouseforsup p er . "
    Sadierej ec tsEileen :
    "Shep utsonherredb eretandp ullsherc urlyhairoutandmak esup to
    someb oysandsaysshej ustwantedtolook nic eforherselfandwedon' t
    b elieveit . Sheac tsdip p ysometimes .
    Oneminuteshewilllik eyouand
    thenex tsheissore . Shehasc ertainmoods . "
    W illiamrej ec tsViola :
    "Idon' tlik eher . She' sc olored
    . Ihaven' tgotanythingagainstherb ut
    Idon' twantyoutop uthernex ttome . "
    Eileenrej ec tsViola :
    "Ifanythingshouldhap p entoak id, lik eheisp utb ac k , sheisrightthere
    toradioitwithherb igmouth
    . "
    B REAKINGUPOFTHEEXPRESSIONS
    InRegardtoLevel
    InRegardtoSex

    ofMotivation

    InRegardtoRac e
    Mostofthegirlsinthe Shehasthesameideas W e' reIrish
    .
    c lasslik ehiseyes .

    Ihave. W eb othlove
    towrite . . . W eareIthink . . . she' sp rej u-
    b othq uiteserious .

    dic ed . . . mynation-
    ality .
    Sheisab outmysiz eand
    shehasb londehair He' ssomethinglik eme
    Idon' tlik eher . She' s
    andb lueeyes . That' s

    . . . hismotherisdead

    c olored . Ihaven' tgot


    mytaste, it' swhatI

    andmyfather' sdead,

    anythingagainsther .
    lik e .
    Conc lusions, 7 thGrade
    Themotivationsatthisagelevelhaveb ec omemorep enetrating
    andoc c asionallyc hoic esaremademotivatedb yc omp lementary
    attrib utes . Intersex ualc hoic esb egintoreap p ear
    . Themotiva-
    SOCIOMETRICSURVEYOFMOTIVATIONS

    1 97
    tionsforthemhavenear- adultc harac teristic sofsop histic ation .
    Intra- rac ialmotivationsareagainp resent( ingeneralomitted
    fromthistex t) .
    8thGRADE
    ( Ages1 3 - 1 4 Yrs . )
    Evelync hoosesRuth :
    "AtfirstIthoughtshewasfreshandwastryingtosnub me . B utgradu-
    allyIfoundthatsheisneitherfreshnorhigh- hattedb utsweetandnot
    stub b orn
    .
    Shehasanic ep ersonality, j ustdrawsyoutoher
    . Noneofus
    three( Evelyn, Ruth, Elinor) haveb oyfriendsb utwetalk withb oys .
    I
    p referagirltoab oyasafriendandsodoRuthandElinor . I' lltrytob e
    herfriendallmylife, evenwhenI' mgrownup . "
    Evelync hoosesElinor
    "Ilik eherlessthanIdoRuth . Sheisverystub b ornandfresh . Ifshe
    wantstogotoac ertainshowshewon' tgivein .
    W ehavetofollowher .
    B utIlik eherverymuc hthough . SheisalsoJewishasIamandmymother
    wantsmetogowithJewishgirls .
    Sheisverysymp athetic , too . Shehas
    funnywaysab outher . Shethink ssometimessheisnotwanted
    . Ihavea
    p ityforheralittleb it. Sheissotallandthinandsheisnotsosmartas
    Ruthisinsc hool. She' sb ashfulandittak eslongforhertogetc hummy
    withp eop le
    . Shewillex p ressherop inionab outp eop letousb utnottotheir
    fac e. Ifshedoesn' tgetwhatshewantsshewillinsistonitandsheis
    willingtosp oilusfromhavingagoodtimeifshegetsannoyed . B utshe
    isveryfairandIamveryfondofher . Sheb iteshernailsandRuthdoesn' t
    dothat
    . Sheismoreshywiththeb oysthanIamb ec auseshethink sthey
    don' tlik eherassheistootallandnotp retty . "
    Davidc hoosesMarie :
    "Ab outthe3 AInotic edherandsheseemedtob ethehighestofthe
    girls. W etalk edtoeac hotherthen
    . Inthe4 B shegotsk ip p edandleftthe
    sc hoolandj ustc ameb ac k theb eginningof8B
    . Ihardlyeverseeheras
    she' snotinmyroom . She' sb etterlook ingthanthemaj ority .
    Curlyb rown
    hairattheends, b lueeyes, sameheightasIam . I' minterestedtob ec ome
    friendswithher
    . Idon' tk nowherwellyet . Iusedtointhelowergrade
    b utsheseemstohaveforgotten
    . She' smyideaofwhatagirlshouldb elik e . "
    Stanleyc hoosesDavid :
    "Iwasin7 B 4 withhim ; Iwasnewandhetreatedmeb etterthanallthe
    otherfellowsdid. Ilik ethethingshedoes . Sodotheteac herandthe
    otherp up ils . Nowheismyb estfriend
    . Hehasaverynic enatureab out
    him . Soc iab le . Heissortoflik eme
    . Hewantstok noweverythingand
    totalk outenthusiastic . Hehasahandsomefac eforab oyofhisage
    . Only
    thingishewalk swithhisheadb entdowntotheleftashec an' tseevery
    muc houtoftherighteye . "
    Dorothyc hoosesPeter :
    "Imethimwhilehewasheadmonitor . AtfirstIdidn' tlik ehimatall
    andalltheothergirlslik edhim . Ithoughthehadtoomanyfriends . I
    1 98 W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    wastak enoutoflineonedayfortalk ingandb roughtup tohim . Hewalk ed
    mehomethatdayandfromthenonIb egantolik ehim . Iseehimalotin
    sc hool. Hehasask edtotak emeout. Ilik ehimagreatdeal . It' smostly
    hislook sthatIlik e. Hehasanic edisp ositionandhe' snotfreshtogirls . "
    Ric hardc hoosesRoger :
    "Iadmiredhimatfirstb ec ausehep layedfortheb estteam . Insome
    waysheisn' tsogoodasp ort . Lik eifyouhithimhegetsmad . Ij usttook
    asuddenlik ingtohim . Everytimeyouseehimhehasasmileonhisfac e
    andifyouseehimoftenyouj ustgettolik ehim . Ilik ehisgameness . Lik e
    whenthec irc uswasintownhesuggestedwesneak in . "
    Alb ertc hoosesRose
    I
    Sheonc esatnex ttomeinc lass . Shej ustap p ealstome . Fortheselast
    twoweek sIdon' twalk homewithherb ec ausewehadk indofanargument .
    Idrop p edmyb aseb allgloveandshek ic k editandtheb oysk iddedme . She
    doesn' tp ayverymuc hattentiontome . "
    Shirleyc hoosesFlorenc e :
    "Ilik eherc omp any . She' salittlemoreintelligentthanIam . She' s
    mostagreeab le . I' veneverdisp utedwithheryet . Sheseemstomealittle
    morematurethanIamb ec ausesheworriesab outwhatherfriendswillsay
    ab outherandIc ouldn' tb eb otheredab outthat . Sheisaleader . Iama
    leader, too, andwenevertrytob osseac hotherandthat' swhyweagree
    .
    W eb othlik edramatic sverymuc h . W eb othwanttob eattheheadinstudies
    too . She' smuc hb etterlook ingthanIamandshe' snotc onc eitedab outit .
    She' sinterestedinOlgawholiveswithallgrown- up sandthat' swhysheac ts
    sogrown- up . She' sgoodindramatic sb utIthink I' mstillalittleb itb etter,
    though, inthat . "
    Alb ertrej ec tsAlex ander :
    ( Irish)
    "Mostp eop ledon' tlik ehim. HeismoreIrishinhiswaysandourc lass
    don' tlik ethat . He talk q alot, argues, andfights, andisawfulloudingym
    whensomethinghap p ens . "
    Ric hardrej ec tsClara :
    ( c olored)
    "She' soneoftheworst, slop p y, andwhenshegetsmadyouk nowit .
    Stanleyrej ec tsErma :
    ( Jewish)
    "Idislik edherfromthefirsttimeIsawher . Itwasj usthermanner ;
    shethink salotofherself . She' sJewish . Sheisn' tveryc leaneither . "
    Patric iarej ec tsCarmela :
    ( Italian)
    "I' dgetHailColumb iaifmymothersawmegoingwithanyofthem
    Italians . "
    SOCIOMETRICSURVEYOFMOTIVATIONS

    1 99
    Normanrej ec tsAnna :
    ( Jewish)
    "Ithink it' sherfac e
    . Hernoseisthemostp rominentp artofherfac e.
    IfeltalittledisgustedthefirstdayIsawher, theb eginningofthisterm
    .
    Herfac eistyp ic allyJewishandmyfamilydoesn' tlik eJews
    . Iwasb rought
    up thatway . Iwassortofc onsc iousofitforthelastthreeorfouryears
    .
    Herhairislongandstringy
    . Shetalk swithaJewishac c ent . She' sap ain
    inthenec k . Ithink b oysdon' tlik eheratall
    . Ihaveneversp ok entoher .
    SheneverdidanythingtomeandIneverheardanythingab outherfrom
    anyoneb utthat' showIfeelab outher . "
    B lossomrej ec tsEva :
    ( c olored)
    "Shedoesn' tmak efriendswithwhitegirls
    . Shehasahorridb odyodor. "
    Irarej ec tsTony :
    ( Jewish) ( Italian)
    ' I Idon' twanttob ehisfriend . Idon' ttak etoItalians
    . Igetantagonistic .
    I' musuallyontheoutswithhim
    . "
    RuthsaysofW aldo :
    ( c olored)
    "He' sgood
    . He' ssop oliteandhumorous, willingtodoanything
    . Doesn' t
    getsoreifheissc olded
    . Hek nowsifhe' swronghe' swrong . Alsoheis
    b rilliant
    . Everyb odylik eshim
    . Thegirlslik ehimtoo, evenifheisc olored .
    Iwouldn' tmindtositb yhimb utIc hosemyb estgirlfriendsfirst
    . "
    Ruthrej ec tsEva
    :
    ( c olored)
    "Nob odyc aresforher
    . She' snotc lean . Evenothernegroesignoreher.
    Sheisc onc eitedtoo . Think sshehasab eautifulvoic e
    . Shesingsloudas
    shec an
    . Iask edW aldowhytheydon' tlik eherandhesaidshewasa
    W esternnegro
    . Ik nowshework saftersc hool
    . Shehasnofatherormother . "
    Edwardsaysofgate :
    ( c olored)
    "Shehangsoutwithtwootherc oloredgirlsandifshedidn' tdothatI' d
    think shewasb etter, b utstillIc an' tsayI' dlik eherb ec auseshe' dstillb e
    c olored
    . Theothertwogirlslik etofist- fight . You' dthink theywereb oys
    towatc hthem .
    Andgatetriestogetthemtostop sotheyarealways
    tryingtogetridofherb utshehangsontothem
    . She' sneatasanywhite
    girlb utdumb togowithp eop lenob odylik es
    . "
    Harrietrej ec tsMarie
    :
    "Iwouldlik eherb uthermannerofsp eec hannoysme
    . Shelisp e . She
    alsohasfunnylittlehab itswhic hannoy, - shak ingherheadandsnap p ingher
    fingers . "
    Paulrej ec tsCharles
    :
    "Iguesshe' llb eflunk ed . Hehandsindirty, slop p yp ap ers
    . He' snot
    loworrowdyb utj ustdumb
    . Heisn' trightintheb rain
    . Playswithp enc ils
    andmak esb elievetheyrep resentsomething
    . "
    2 00

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    Davidrej ec tsArlene :
    "Shec allsme` Steep lec hase' andthatgetsmesore . Irunalot
    . "
    Stanleyrej ec tsAugusta :
    "Shealwaysc omesup andsays` Hello, B londie, ' andmak esmefeelfunny
    . "
    Stanleyrej ec tsAndrew :
    "Ilik etomak ethings, mac hineryandwagonsandlittlefurnitureandhe
    issoc lumsyheb reak sthemwhenyou' reshowinghimhowtodosomething
    .
    OnlythingIlik eab outhimishiswaytotalk
    . He' saSoutherner . "
    Augustarej ec tsArlene :
    "Ic an' ttellwhatitisab outherb utitgivesmetheshivers
    . Shewalk sas
    ifshehadn' tanyb ac k b one
    . "
    Ruthrej ec tsSally :
    "Nob odylik esherinourc lass
    . She' sanosey- b ody . Notsmartatall,
    notgoodforathletic seven . Doesn' tlik etoreadorsewordoanything
    .
    Really, she' suseless . There' snolifeinher
    . Shelook satnewsp ap erc omic s
    andsheb ounc esherb allandshe' ssix teen . "
    Ruthrej ec tsSusan :
    "Sheisalittleevil- minded
    . Shec ursesandhastheb oysc hasingafter
    her
    . Hermindisneverofftheb oys . Sheisalwaystalk ingab outthem
    . "
    RuthisindifferenttoConstanc e
    :
    "Shec an' tdomuc hb ec auseshe' sc rip p led
    . She' ssoq uietyouwouldn' t
    k nowshewasinthec lassb utsheissoc iab lesometimes . Shereadsserious
    b ook sandisalwaysp lantinghergardenwithflowers
    . B utwhenshetalk s
    sheisn' tinteresting. Itisalwaysanawk wardsilenc eifyouaretalk ingto
    her . "
    Conc lusions, 8thGrade
    Theriseinthenumb erofintersex ualattrac tionsinthe8th
    graderesultsfromthefac tthatanumb erofb oysandanumb er
    ofgirlstransferthedominantp artoftheiraffec tionfromtheir
    resp ec tivehomosex ualgroup towhic htheyhadb eenp reviously
    attac hed . Moreorlesslooselyk nitc hainrelationsb reak inb e-
    tweenthelargehomosex ualunitstowardswhic hthemaj orityof
    thememb ersc ontinuetogravitate .
    Howeverlooselyk nitthese
    c hainrelationsb etweenb oysandgirlsmayb eatthisage, they
    p resentthep otentialorganic b asisforsex ualornon- sex ualb oy-
    girlgangs
    . Thegroup organiz ationdisc losesthatatthisdevelop -
    mentallevelthegroup isorganic allyp redisp osedtodevelop mix ed
    gangsofb oysandgirlswithouttheneedofolderindividualsto
    initiateanddirec tthem .
    SOCIOMETRICSURVEYOFMOTIVATIONS

    2 01
    Comp aredwithearlieragelevels( ex c ep tfortheinc ip ientsigns
    foundinthe7 thgrade) , thisisanovelty . Theseinter- sex ual
    struc turesap p earfromastatic p ointofviewtob esimilartothe
    intersex ualstruc turesinthe1 stand2 ndgrades . B utfroma
    dynamic , develop mentalp ointofviewtheyhaveadifferentmean-
    ingb ec ausetheyap p ear after thehomosex ualc leavagefromthe
    3 rdtothe8thgradehasaffec tedandshap edgroup organiz ation .
    Thenewheterosex ualattrac tionshadtooverc ometheresistanc es
    c omingfromthehomosex ualb ondageindividuallyandc ollec -
    tivelydevelop ed . Thec oop erativegangsinthe4 th- 5 thgrade
    agelevelsareuni- sex ed, andheterosex ualattac hmentorc ollab -
    orationinearliergradesisusuallyap erson- to- p ersonrelation
    p redominantlyandnotagroup relation . Therec urrenc eof
    heterosex ualgravitationinthe8thgradeisp rop hetic ofarenewed
    andmorep ersistentattac k oftheheterosex ualtendenc iesagainst
    thehomosex ualtendenc iesingroup organiz ationwhic hthrough-
    outadolesc enc emark sthegroup lifeoftheindividualup to
    maturation .
    Themotivationsofthec hildrenatthisagelevelap p earex -
    c eedinglymature . Theyc anwellc omp arewithmotivationswe
    havesec uredfromhighsc hoolc hildren .
    Tothesummarygivenaftereac hgrade, wemayhereesp ec ially
    emp hasiz ethetec hniq uethroughwhic htheinterrac ialattrac tions
    haveb eenasc ertained . Thesoc iometric testhadb eengiventoall
    individualsofac ommunityorsc hoolinresp ec ttosuc hc riteria
    asareofp rac tic alsignific anc etotheseindividuals, tolivein
    p rox imity, towork inp rox imity, ortostudyinp rox imity . In
    resp ec ttoeac hofthesethreec riteria, threedifferentstruc tures
    ofthegivenc ommunityresult
    . Theevidenc ethusgainedthrough
    thesoc iometric testc annowb eusedfortheunc overingandinter-
    p retingofaffinitiesanddisaffinitieswhic hmayunderliethese
    sp ontaneousc hoic es .
    Theevidenc ehasb eenusedtounc over, forinstanc e, whether
    anyintersex ualfreq uenc iesdominatetheinterrelations . These
    freq uenc ieswerethenstudiedinresp ec ttothethreedifferent
    c riteriatorevealwhatmodific ationssex ualattrac tionundergoes
    whenthefunc tionofthegroup andthep ositionofthememb er
    inthegroup havec hanged . Throughoutthetestingthesub j ec ts
    areunawarethattheirintersex ualc hoic esmayundergoanalysis .
    2 02

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    Thefindingshaveb eenusedalsotounc overandinterp retwhether
    anyfreq uenc iesinresp ec ttonationalityorrac edominatethe
    interrelations .
    Again, thesub j ec tsarethroughoutthetesting
    unawarethattheirinterrac ialorintrarac ialc hoic esmayb eused
    tostudyrac ialtensionsingroup s
    . Thisfac tofthep op ulations
    testedb eingtak enb ysurp risegivesthefindingsagreatsp ontaneity
    value
    . Therewasneversuc haq uestionask edas, "Doyoulik e
    negroes? "or"Doyoulik ethisc oloredb oyorthatItaliangirl? "
    Nothingofthisk indenteredorneedstoenterintothesoc iometric
    test . All ex p ressionsindic atingrac ialfeelingweregivenb ythe
    c hildrensp ontaneously
    ; nottheslightestp rovoc ationb ythetester
    wasallowed.
    Theonlyc riterionoftheinterviewwas
    : W hydo
    youwanttositb esidethep up ilsyouhavec hosen?
    Inthec ourse
    oftheinterviewitisalsodisc losedwhatreasonstheyhavefor
    nothavingc hosentheirp resentneighb orsandwhatreasonsthey
    havefornothavingc hosenc ertainotherindividualsab outwhom
    wek nowthattheyhavec hosenthem
    . Thetestersimp lyc harts
    therelationsb etweentheindividualsasmemb ersoftwosex esor
    asmemb ersofp artic ularnationalities, j ustashec hartstheir
    relationsasmemb ersofahomegroup , ac lassroomgroup , ora
    work group
    . Thesoc iogramsandtheanalysisofthemotivations
    givenb ythememb ersofc ontrastingnationalitiesofferagrowing
    insightintothep roc esseswhic hunderliethedevelop mentofrac ial
    c leavages .
    INTERPRETATIONS
    Thethreedirec tionsortendenc iesofstruc turewehavede-
    sc rib edforb ab ygroup s, organic isolation, horiz ontaldifferentia-
    tion, andvertic aldifferentiation, arefundamentalfeaturesinthe
    develop mentofgroup s
    . W efindthemap p earingagainandagain,
    howeverex tensiveandc omp lex thegroup sb ec ome
    . B utthe
    earliestdevelop mentalp ointsatwhic h
    sex , nationality, orother
    sp ec ific fac torsb egintoaffec tgroup organiz ationisinneedof
    furtherinvestigation .
    Inthegroup sfrom4 yearson( through1 5 ) theattrac tionof
    thesex esforeac hotherap p earshighestinthek indergarten, 1 st
    and2 ndgrades, dec linessharp lyafterthe3 rdgrade, nottoshow
    anyap p rec iab lymark edinc reaseagainuntilthe8thgrade . This
    indic atestherestraintofb othsex esup totheageofp ub ertyand
    SOCIOMETRICSURVEYOFMOTIVATIONS

    2 03
    thesignific anc eoftherestraintup ongroup organiz ation . The
    lowestnumb erofmutualp airsandthehighestnumb erofisolated
    c hildreninthep ub lic sc hoolarefoundinthek indergarten, 1 st
    and2 ndgrades, indic atingthatc hildrenofthisageareseldom
    suffic ientlyc ertainwhomtoc hoose .
    Thissuggeststheneedof
    morep rotec tionforthemthaninlateryears
    . Thehighinc rease,
    ontheotherhand, ofmutualp airsandmorec omp lex struc -
    turesfromthe4 thgradeonsuggeststhatc hildrenofthisage
    ex c hangeemotionsreadilyandfreelyformp artnership sand
    sec retassoc iations . Itsuggeststhattheorganiz ationwhic hyoung
    c hildrenandadolesc entsformamongthemselvesc omesmore
    andmoretoc omp eteininfluenc ewithorganiz ationswhic h
    adolesc entsforminrelationship toadults . Prop ortionately, the
    influenc eofadultsup onc hildren, c omp aredtotheinfluenc eof
    c hildrenup onc hildren, mayb eb eginningtowane . Thismay
    ac c ountforthefac tthattheteac her' sab ilitytorec ogniz ethep osi-
    tionofthemostdesiredandoftheleastdesiredb oyorgirlinher
    c lassistoalargeex tentinac c urate . Theteac her- j udgmentsc on-
    c ernedonlytheex tremesinp osition . Theaveragep ositionsof
    individualsare, itisevident, farmorediffic ulttoestimateac -
    c urately . Theintric ac iesofthec hildren' sownassoc iationsp revent
    theteac herfromhavingatrueinsight . Thisfac tap p earsasone
    ofthegreathandic ap sinthedevelop mentofteac her- c hildrela-
    tionship s.
    Thefurtherinc reaseinp airsandmorec omp lex struc turesfor
    theagelevels1 4 to1 8yearsc omp aredwiththefindingsofthe
    grammarsc hoolgroup indic atesastillgrowingdifferentiationof
    group organiz ationwithinc reaseinc hronologic alage
    . B utp ar-
    allelisalsoaninc reaseinthenumb eroftheisolated . Thisisstill
    greaterthanthehighestnumb erfoundinthefirstgradesofgram-
    marsc hool . Atthe4 - 7 yearleveltheunc hosenc hildap p ears
    tob e"leftout, "forgotten . Itdoesnotap p ear, ingeneral, leftout
    b ec auseofb eingdislik edorrej ec tedb ythememb ersofthe
    group . Theunc hosenc hildrenastheyarefoundatlaterage
    levels, p artic ularlyafter1 3 years, ap p earsonotonlyb ec ausethey
    areleftoutb ytheothersb utinnumerousc asesduetotheatti-
    tudesmemb ershaveformedinresp ec ttoeac hother
    .
    Thep eriodic alrec urrenc eofheterosex ualandhomosex ual
    tendenc iesamongthememb ersofagroup p roduc esaneffec t
    2 04

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    up ongroup organiz ation . Theheterosex ualc yc leb etweenthe
    agesof4 and8isdisp lac edb yahomosex ualc yc leb etweenthe
    agesof8and1 3 . Thenanewheterosex ualc yc leb eginsap p ar-
    entlyoverlap p ingasec ondhomosex ualc yc le . Thehomosex ual
    tendenc ywhic hc anb ededuc tedfromthehighnumb erofmutual
    p airsamongtheb oysofages1 4 to1 8wouldp rob ab lyap p earto
    b ec urtailedandsharp lydisp lac edb yahighnumb erofp airs
    b etweenb oysandgirlsiftheywouldhaveb eenp artic ip antsin
    mix edgroup s . Amongadultgroup safurthergreatlyinc reased
    c omp lex ityisp rob ab leandthatthesestruc turesb reak downinto
    simp leronesinthep eriodofsenesc enc e .
    Theorganiz ationofac lassgroup intheearlysc hoolgrades
    p resentstheinitialb eginningsofstruc tureswhic hb ec omeinc reas-
    inglynumerousinthenex tsuc c eedinggradesand, vic eversa, an
    organiz ationofahighergradestillretainssc antremnantsof
    struc tureswhic hhaveb eennumerousinthelowergrades . For
    instanc e, 3 0p up ilsofk indergartenB formed3 p airs . Inthe2 nd
    gradeB 1 , thesamenumb erofp up ilsformed1 5 p airs . Struc tures
    ofattrac tionb etweenthesex eswereformedb y
    2 5 % ofthe
    p up ilsinthisk indergarten . In4 thgradeB 1 only2 %took p art
    insuc hstruc tures . Thisinterdevelop mentalgrowthofgroup
    distinc tionsc analsob eob servedthroughthestudyofthedevel-
    op mentofthesamegroup fromyeartoyear .
    Theorganiz ationofgroup sinwhic hmentallyretardedp revail
    revealsnumerousunrec ip roc atedc hoic es, alownumb erofmutual
    p airs, andmanyisolates . Itresemb lestheorganiz ationp roduc ed
    b yc hildrenofp re- sc hoolagesandintheearlygradesofgrammar
    sc hool .
    Theevolutionofsoc ialgroup sop ensthewaytoac lassific ation
    ofindividualsac c ordingtotheirdevelop mentwithinthemwhic h
    inturnmak esp ossib lethec onstruc tionofsoc ialgroup s
    . W e
    havedemonstratedthatc hronologic alageormentalagedoesnot
    p ointouttowhatsoc ialgroup anindividualb elongsorshould
    b elong . Asoc iometric testisnec essarytodeterminehisp osition
    inthisresp ec t . Ourp ub lic sc hoolc lassesareatp resentformed
    ac c ordingtoc hronologic alage, mentalage, sc holastic p rogress,
    or, oc c asionally, ac c ordingtoac omb inationofthese . Thesoc io-
    metric p ositionofthep up ilwithinthesc hoolandwithinthe
    group sinwhic hhemovesisneglec ted . Agroup ingofindividuals
    SOCIOMETRICSURVEYOFMOTIVATIONS

    2 05
    maynotb ec omedesirab leasasoc ialgroup ingalthoughthemem-
    b ershavestudiedorwork edorlivedtogether foratime, or
    althoughtheyap p eartohaveasimilarintelligenc elevel, areof
    thesamereligiousornationalityaffiliations, andsoon . Thesub -
    j ec tsthemselves, inthisc ase, thep up ils, haveattitudestowards
    oneanotherwhic harec ruc ialforthemandforthesoc ialgroup -
    ing
    . Theirownfeelingshavetob ec onsideredintheformingof
    soc ialgroup ingstowhic htheymustb elong . Andthisleads, when
    systematic allyc arriedout, tosoc iometric testing .
    Ifthesoc iometric testisp erformdonalargesc aleand the
    findingsstudiedinrelationtob ehavior, ourk nowledge ofthe
    moredesirab leorganiz ationforc hildrenat
    variousagelevels
    willb ec omemoreac c urate . Attheendofthesc hooltermthe
    soc iometric testc anrevealwhatorganiz ationthep up ils within
    thec lasseshavedevelop ed . Certainp atternsoforganiz ationdis-
    c overedthroughc ontinuoussoc iometric testingmay
    indic ate
    undesirab lep rognosisforthefuturedevelop mentofagroup orof
    c ertainindividualswithinitnotwithstandingthatthe sc holastic
    p rogressofeac hindividualandhisc onduc tissatisfac tory . It
    c anb ep redic tedthatthestudyop ensawaytotherec ognitionof
    delinq uenc yinitsinitialstageandp rovidesasc ientific method
    ofdiagnosingitsp redisp osingc ausesandofdevelop ingp reven-
    tivemeasures . Itloc atesforusthetimep ointsinthec hild' s
    group develop mentatwhic hp reventivemeasuresareofferedthe
    p ossib ilityofsuc c essfulap p lic ation
    .
    Thesoc iometric testingof
    thep op ulationofso- c alleddelinq uenc yareas ( home, sc hooland
    neighb orhoodgroup sareamongitsvariousc omp onents) inc ities
    mayfurnishthep syc hogeograp hic alevidenc eup on whic hc on-
    struc tivemeasuresc anb eb ased .
    CRITICALREMARKS
    W henthefirstp ub lic sc hooltestwasgiventhemaj orityofthe
    p up ilshadb eentogetherinthesamec lassforthreemonths . The
    testoughttohaveb eengiventothesamec lassgroup inregular
    p eriodsfromthetimeoftheirinitialformationintoac lass . As
    thiswasnotdonewedonotk nowhowp ersistentlythe same
    p atternwouldhaveap p earedfrommonthtomonthor overa
    longerp eriod
    .
    Thetestwasadministeredtoallthep up ilsofthe
    2 06

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    sc hoolatthesametimeinthesc hoolyear, morethanthreemonths
    aftertheyhadentered . Thusthep eriodoftimeoftheirb eing
    togetherwaseq ualatleastforthemaj orityofthep up ils . Many
    ofthep up ilshadb eentogetherinthesamec lassforone, twoor
    morep reviousgrades . Thismayreflec tup onthep ositionofsuc h
    p up ilswithintheirc lassorganiz ationonlyandmaynotinterfere
    essentiallywiththegeneraltrendofthestruc tureswehavefound .
    Fromthisp ointofviewthemostac c uratec onditionshaveb een
    inthek indergartengroup s .
    W hereasthep op ulationofac lassintheRiverdaleCountry
    Sc hoolremainsrelativelyunc hangedthroughouttheyear, the
    p op ulationofac lassinPub lic Sc hool1 81 , B rook lyn, isinc on-
    tinuousflux . Up to 2 5 % ormoreofitsp op ulationc hangesdur-
    ingonesc hoolyear . Outofthisresultsthefac tthatanumb erof
    p up ilshaveb eenashorterp eriodoftimetogetherwiththeir
    c lassmatesthanthemaj ority . This, moreover, mayaffec tthe
    soc iometric p ositionoftherelativelynewc omersintothegroup s .
    B utthegeneraltrendofthestruc turemayb elittleornotatall
    affec tedb yitifthedifferentiationofthestruc turedep endsup on
    thedevelop mentallevelofthep artic ip antsofthegroup andif
    theyareofthesameorofap p rox imatelythesamedevelop mental
    level. Andj ustthelatterap p earstob etrue .
    Fromtheinterviewsofthec hildrenitap p earsthattheirmoti-
    vationsforlik ingordislik ingeac hotherinresp ec ttothec riterion
    ofstudyingtogetherarederivedinp artfromformerex p erienc es
    theyhadhadinc ommonintheneighb orhood . Oreveniftheir
    ac q uaintanc ehadb eguninsc hool, thattheirmoreintimate
    ac q uaintanc edevelop edoutside . Thisindic atesthec riss- c rossc ur-
    rentswhic hc onnec tthesc hoolwiththesurroundingneighb or-
    hoodsasp artsofawidersoc ialunit .
    Inmanyc aseswec anseehowac q uaintanc eswhic hb eganin
    sc hoolleadtotheorganiz ationofgangsoutsideintheneighb or-
    hood . W eseehowtheseformationstak ep lac ewithoutteac hers
    orp arentsb eingawareoftheirramific ations
    . Itmaywellb ethat
    suc hassoc iationshaveab earingup onthestruc turesofthec lass
    organiz ationtowhic hthesec hildrenb elongandthatitc anb e
    trac edthroughthetest .
    PERIODSOFGROUPDEVELOPMENT
    Theeffec twhic hthematuringsoc iab ilityofindividualshas
    up onthestruc tureanddifferentiationofgroup sandwhatinflu-
    enc ethisorganiz ationonc eestab lishedex ertsinreturnup onthem
    haveledustodistinguishthefollowingp eriods
    Up to7 - 9years :

    Pre- Soc ializ edPeriod


    7 - 9yearsto1 3 - 1 4 years :

    FirstSoc ializ edPeriod


    1 3 - 1 4 yearson :

    Sec ondSoc ializ edPeriod


    PRE- SOCIALIZ ED PERIOD
    Thegroup sformedb yc hildrenduringthedifferentp hases
    ofthisp eriodarelessc onstantandlessdifferentiatedthanlater
    on . Inthe"younger"group sahighnumb erofunc hosenand
    isolatedandalownumb erofmutualp airsap p ear . Asthesp on-
    taneousab ilitytoc hooseap artnerwhoinreturnc hoosesthe
    c hooserisap p arentlylittledevelop ed, group sformedb yindi-
    vidualsinthisp eriodshowadiffusep atternwhic hdoesnotp re-
    disp oseforindep endentc oop erativeac tions . Partnership sand
    gangs, whentheydevelop inthisp re- soc ializ edp eriod, areinstan-
    taneous, tooinc onstantandundifferentiatedtop roduc ec oop era-
    tiveac tionorc oop erativegoals . Ifgangsareunc overedshowing
    anydeterminationinthep ursuitofagoal, oneortwoc hildren
    whoareolderandwhoac tastheirleadersareusuallyfound .
    FIRSTSOCIALIZ EDPERIOD
    Fromab out7 - 8yearsonc hildrenthemselvesb ec omeab le
    toformgroup swhic hareindep endentofadultsandwhic h
    showc oop erativeac tionandthep ursuitofac ommongoal . From
    thisagelevelonthroughoutadolesc enc ethedesiretohavea
    func tioninassoc iationwithindividualsofthesamelevelofdiffer-
    entiationc anb edetec tedand, ifthisisnotsatisfiedop enly, the
    individualmaysec retlyj oinanavailab legroup
    . Inthefirst
    soc ializ edp eriodc hildrenformindep endentsoc ialgroup samong
    themselves . Olderindividualsmayb ep resentb uttheyarenot
    nec essary . Theorganiz ationofc hildren' sgroup sinthisp eriod
    indic atesthatinterrelationship softhememb ersaresuffic iently
    differentiatedtounderstandc ertainc odesandtop ursueac ommon
    aim .
    2 07
    2 0 8

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    Thesex attitudec harac teristic forthisagelevelissuggestedin
    theorganiz ationofthegroup sdevelop inginthisp eriod, the
    homosex ualtendenc yb eginningtob emoremark edatab out 8
    yearsofageandc ommenc ingtodec lineaftertheageof1 3 . The
    homosex ualtendenc yingroup organiz ationc ontinues, although
    inlesserdegree, throughoutthewholep eriodofadolesc enc e . B e-
    sidesthesehomosex ualoruni- sex edgangs, therearefoundmix ed
    group sofb oysandgirlswithadefiniteinterestinsex . Itis
    rep ortedthatthemaj orityofthememb ersareusuallyofages
    from1 2 up . Thisc oinc ideswiththeformingofgroup struc tures
    whic hindic atethegradualinc reaseofinter- sex ualc hoic efrom
    1 3 yearsofageup . Inthissense, oneoranotherp artnerinthe
    group mayb eseveralyearsyoungerthan1 3 ifthereareb oysor
    girlsofthementionedagelevelp resentwhoinitiatetheyounger
    .
    Inotherwords, c hildrenb etween6 and1 2 yearsdonotdevelop
    agangforsex ualp urp osessp ontaneously . Fromab out7 to8
    yearsontheyareab letoformanon- sex ualgang ; from1 2 - 1 3
    yearsonthesex ualfac torc anenterintoitanddifferentiateit
    further . Evenc hildrenofthep re- soc ializ edlevelc anb eledb y
    olderleadersintob elongingtoagang, b utthereisnogenuine
    sp ontaneousp artic ip ationontheirp artb eforetheirsoc ializ ed
    growthb eginsat7 to8yearsofageortheirsoc ialsex ualp eriod
    b eginsat1 3 years . Theeffec twhic hthematuringsex ualfunc tion
    ofindividualshasup onthestruc tureofgroup sledusthereforeto
    distinguishthefollowingstages
    Up to6 - 8years
    :

    FirstInter- Sex ualStage


    8 yearsto1 3 years :

    FirstHomosex ualStage
    1 3 - 1 5 yearson :

    Sec ondInter- Sex ualStage


    1 3 - 1 7 yearson :

    Sec ondHomosex ualStage


    Ourex p erienc ewithc hildren' ssoc ietiesc onsistingofmany
    hundredsofmemb ersmaythrowafurtherlightup onthep rob -
    lem . W efoundthatc hildren, b oysandgirls, whohadreac hed
    the 8 yearagelevelorwerenearingitwereab letorunasoc iety
    oftheirownwithouttheaidofanyolderindividuals . Usually
    theyformedsoc ietieswithoneleaderasthehead . Ifgrowthhad
    b eenstop p edatthisagelevelandifnomorehighlydifferen-
    tiatedsoc ietieswouldex istthesec hildren' ssoc ietieswouldp ersist
    anddevelop anorderlyorganiz ationastheyattaintheminimum
    ofc onstanc yanddifferentiationnec essaryforc ommonp ursuits .
    PERIODSOFGROUPDEVELOPMENT

    2 09
    Thesetestsc ouldnotb edevelop edb eyondac ertainlimitasin
    ac tualitytheadolesc entandadultgroup sp ressup onc hildgroup s
    whentheyareinsp ontaneousformationandtheyhavenoc hanc e
    tooverc omethisp ressureandtodevelop b eyondneighb orhood
    gangsandloc algroup s .
    CLEAVAGESINGROUPS
    Graduallyfromthe1 stgradeonthegroup develop samore
    differentiatedorganiz ation ; thenumb erofunc hosendec reases,
    thenumb erofp airsinc reases, fromab outthe3 rdgradeon
    c hainsandtrianglesap p ear .
    Theorganiz ationb ec omesmore
    andmorereadyandmaturetofunc tionforthegroup . Coop era-
    tivegroup ac tionwhic hb eginstoflourishfromthe3 rdand4 th
    gradesonisp otentiallyinherentintheorganiz ationofthisage
    levelb eforethefunc tioninginthisdirec tionmayb ec omeap -
    p arenttooutsiders
    .
    Theinc reaseddifferentiationofgroup s
    formedb ythec hildrenfromab outthe2 ndgradeonandthe
    dec lininginsightofadultsintotheroleandthep ositionofap ar-
    tic ularc hildinthegroup mark theb eginningof
    a "soc ial"c leav-
    age, a c leavageb etweenadultgroup sandc hildgroup s .
    Fromthe4 thgradeonthep erc entageofheterosex ualattrac -
    tionsdrop sverylow . Thereisindic atedtheb eginningofa
    sex ualc leavage whic hc harac teriz estheorganiz ationfromthen
    up tothe8thgrade . Parallelwiththisthenumb erofp airs
    andofothersoc ialstruc turesinc reasesrap idly . Itap p earsasif
    thesex ualc leavageisac c eleratingthep roc essofsoc ializ ation,
    deep eningtheemotionalb ondsb etweenthememb ersofthefra-
    ternityandsisterhoodintowhic hthec lassisnowb rok enup .
    Fromab outthe5 thgradeanotherp henomenonc anb eob -
    servedinthesoc iograms . Agreaternumb erofItalianc hil-
    drenb egintoc hooseItalianneighb ors ; agreaternumb erof
    Jewishc hildrenb egintoc hooseJewishneighb ors ; agreater
    numb erofGermanc hildrenb egintoc hooseGermanneighb ors,
    etc . ; andalargernumb erofItalianc hildrenrej ec tJewishc hil-
    dren, ofJewishc hildrenrej ec tItalian, ofGermanc hildren
    rej ec tJewish, andofwhitec hildrenrej ec tc oloredc hildren,
    andsoon, thanb efore . Thisp henomenonc ouldnotb eob served
    inthep re- sc hoolgroup sandrarelyinthelst, 2 ndand3 rdgrades
    2 1 0

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    althoughthep erc entageofmemb ersofthedifferentnationalities
    wasab outthesame . Itindic atestheb eginningof arac ial c leav-
    age . Theorganiz ationwhic hwasalreadyb rok enup intotwo
    homosex ualgroup s, intotwohalves, tendstob reak up further
    intoanumb erofsub - group s, moreorlessdistinc t, eac hc onsist-
    ingofb oysorgirlsofthesameorsimilarnationality . W hether
    thisisc harac teristic onlyforthep artic ularsamp leofc hild
    p op ulationstudiedorisageneralp henomenonwillb ec ome
    c learassoonasagreatvarietyofc hildp op ulationsinurb anand
    ruralsec tionsisstudied .
    However, itisevidentthatc hildren
    haveno sp ontaneous
    aversioninresp ec ttonationalitydifferenc es .
    W hereac leavageap p earsitislargelythep roj ec tionofadult
    influenc e . Atthisagelevelanotherp henomenonb eginstoreflec t
    inthesoc iograms, thesoc io- ec onomic status, p rec ip itatinga"soc io-
    ec onomic "c leavage
    .
    Thefourp henomenaj ustmentionedarerelatedtoseveral
    fac tors . Oneisthep hysic alandmentaldifferenc eb etweenadults
    andc hildren .
    Childrenareb ec omingawareofthedifferenc es
    b etweenthemselvesandtheadultsandofthesimilaritiesb e-
    tweenthemselvesandotherc hildren . Thep syc hologic aldistanc e
    b etweenadultsandc hildreninc reases, thep syc hologic alnear-
    nessb etweenc hildrenandc hildreninc reases . Thisisoneb asis
    forthedevelop mentofc hildassoc iationsindep endentofadult
    assoc iations . Asthenetwork samongthec hildrenhaveb ec ome
    finerandstronger, thec ollab orativeac tivitiesofc hildrenwhic h
    up tothisp ointwererelativelyanop envista, arenowdiffic ult
    fortheadultstodetec t
    . However, thec hildassoc iationsinherent
    inthesoc ialstruc tureneverac tuallydevelop b eyondanemb ry-
    onic stage . Up toac ertainagethisisduetotheirinsuffic ienc yin
    theformingofgroup s . B utfromthe2 ndand3 rdgradeson
    thisfailureislargelyduetothep ressurec omingfromadult
    group swhic hb eardownup onthemanddonotp ermitoftheir
    fullex p ression .
    Soonafterthedifferenc eb etweenadultsandc hildrenb egins
    toaffec tgroup organiz ationtherefollowstheeffec tofthediffer-
    enc esb etweenthesex es . Thedistinc tionb etweenb oyandgirl
    oc c up iesthemindofc hildrenlongb eforethisp eriodb utup to
    thisp ointitratherenhanc estheirc uriosityforeac hotherand
    drivestowards- attrac tionratherthantowardssep aration . Yet
    PERIODSOFGROUPDEVELOPMENT

    2 1 1
    onc ethep eriodofthefreemix ingofthesex esisover, thedis-
    tanc eb etweenthetwosex esinc reasesandleadstoanewc leavage
    .
    Theb reak - up ofthegroup intofraternalhomosex ualassoc ia-
    tionsandhomosex ualsisterassoc iationsb egins
    . Thissex ual
    c leavagemayb esaidtohaveac ounterp artinc ertainimageries
    ofp rimitivesoc ieties
    . InanAfric anlegendrelatedb yFrob enius
    menandwomenlivedap artindifferentvillages .
    Eac hvillage
    wasgovernedb ytheonesex alonewhic hc omp riseditandFro-
    b eniusdesc rib esp eriodic hostilitiesoc c urringb etweenthetwo
    c ommunities
    . Thec auseforthisrealorimaginedoutc omemay
    b etrac edsymb olic ally, tothefirsthomosex ualc leavageinwhic h
    thewarfareb etweenthesex esisab letoassumegroup form . This
    c leavage, althoughitdoesnotdevelop b eyondanemb ryonic stage,
    isneverentirelyoverc ome .
    Theonc ominginc reaseofhetero-
    sex ualgravitationitselfisnotab letorep airc omp letelytherift
    in
    whic hallfuturetendenc iestowardshomosex ualgroup ingsare
    inherent .
    W henthehomosex ualtendenc yingroup formationb ec omes
    animp ellingforc eitaidstok nittheindividualsintoagroup
    whic hismorefinelyintegratedthanb eforeandthroughemo-
    tionalb ondagegivesanimp etusforac hievement
    . Itmayap p ear
    moreec onomic alandmoresec uretolook foridentityorsimilar-
    ityinfellowship s, alesserrisk inap eriodinwhic hthedevelop -
    mentofc ollec tivefeelingisinanex p erimentalstage . Aimsare
    moreeasilyac hievedifresistanc eswithinthegroup sareab ol-
    ished .
    Slightdifferenc esinc olorofthesk in, siz e, figure, fac ial
    ex p ression, ormentaltraits, gaininsignific anc eastheyap p ear
    toresistthetransferoffeeling
    . Theeffec tofthesuggestion
    c omingfromp arentsorfromotherolderindividualswhose
    op inionisresp ec tedb ythec hildisimmense
    . B utwhysuc hsug-
    gestiondoesnotleaveamorelastingimp ressionup onthec hild
    b eforethisagelevelc anb ep erhap sex p lained
    . Itmayb ethat
    theemotionalb ondageinc hildgroup sduringthep haseofsex -
    ualc leavagep rep aredthesoilsothatsuc hsuggestionmayb e
    c omp rehended, founduseful, andsotak erootmoreeasily .
    B ut
    thesefac torsalonewouldnotsuffic etoentrenc hthesefeelings,
    totransformthemfromindividualintoc ollec tiveex p ression . A
    retainingandc onservingfac torisneeded
    . Thisissup p liedb ythe
    network swhosesignific anc ewedesc rib eelsewhereandwhic h
    2 1 2

    W HO
    SHALLSURVIVE?
    b egintodevelop atthisagelevel
    . Itisthroughthesenetwork s
    thatverb alandnon- verb alop inionc antravel
    .
    Thereap p earsc learlytob eap arallelb etweenintersex ualand
    interrac ialattrac tion
    . Curiosityinresp ec ttotheothersex and
    c uriosityinresp ec ttoanotherrac eb othp resup p oseanex p ansive
    mood .
    W henheterosex ualattrac tiongiveswaytohomosex ual
    attrac tion, j ustasc uriosityfortheothersex fatiguesandindiffer-
    enc eorantagonismtowardsitdevelop s, alsothec uriosityfor
    memb ersofanotherrac efatiguesandindifferenc eorantagonism
    towardsitdevelop s .
    W henc hildrenareintelligentenoughto
    formmorefinelyintegratedinterrelationstheyfeeloutforthe
    firsttimethetwogreathindranc esinthep ursuitofc losedand
    aggressivegroup ac tion :
    theothersex andtheotherrac e . Inthe
    firstsc hemestoc onq uertheworlditseemssomuc heasierand
    saferforb oygroup stoleaveoutgirlsandtoleaveoutnational-
    itiesc ontrastingtotheirown .
    W hilesex ualc leavagewasfoundinallthenationalities
    amongthegroup sstudied, whatap p earstob ealongerduration
    ofthisp henomenoninc ertainnationalitygroup smayb erelated
    tothelaterc oming- onofp ub ertyortoc ulturalmores
    . Itmay
    alsob ethatinnationalitygroup sinwhic hhomosex ualgroup ings
    aremoreemp hatic andhavealongerdurationitp rovidesab etter
    soilformalegroup stodevelop asc ohesiveunitslaterandwith
    hostile, aggressiveattitudestowardstherestofsoc ietyfromwhic h
    theydeviatetoagreaterorslighterdegree
    . Ontheotherhand, the
    verylongdurationofthesex ualc leavageingirlgroup sandthe
    emotionalb ondageresultingfromitmay, whenthistak esp lac e,
    fac ilitateaninc reasedsenseforindep endenc e
    . Thesituationin
    thesex ualc leavagehasatendenc ytowardsrec ap itulation
    .
    Itwill
    p rob ab lyb efoundthatwiththerisingtop owerofhomosex ual
    aggressivemalegroup stheregoeshandinhandtheirsup p ression
    ofc ohesivefemalegroup sandtheirc laimsforemanc ip ationand
    eq ualop p ortunity .
    CONCEPTOFAGE
    Thefundamentalmark inthep roc essofsoc ializ ationap p ears
    tob ereac hedat7 - 9years .
    Thisdoesnotmeanthatthisp ro-
    c essisfinishedatthatageb utthatc hildrenreac hatthatagethe
    p ointwhentheyc anformanddirec tasoc iety .
    Thenex tmark
    SOCIOGENETICLAW

    2 1 3
    inthep roc essofsoc ializ ationistheageof1 3 - 1 5 years, when
    thesex ualdevelop mentb eginstoreflec tup onit
    . Athirdmark
    is1 6 - 1 7 years, whenthematuringofmentaldevelop mentb egins
    toreflec tup onit .
    Anindividualap p earstoreac hthedifferentmark sinhisgen-
    eraldevelop mentatdifferenttimes . Anindividualwhosemental
    develop mentmayap p earaveragenormalmayap p earsoc ially
    retardedandemotionallyadvanc ed . Thesedifferenc esinthe
    growthofmental, emotional, andsoc ialc harac teristic sofan
    individualsuggestthatthehyp othesisof age b eeitherdisc arded
    orredefined. Insteadofusingdifferenttestsforthedifferent
    asp ec tsofp ersonalitydevelop ment, fortheab strac tlevelofintel-
    ligenc e, intelligenc etests, forthep erformanc elevelofintelli-
    genc e, p erformanc etests, fortheemotionalleveloftheindivid-
    ual, p syc hoanalytic inq uiry, thereisneedofatestoftheindi-
    vidualwhic hevaluatesallthesefac torsintheirinterrelations
    andwhentheyap p earinc onj unc tion, thatis, whentheindi-
    vidualisac ting . TheSp ontaneityTestisdevisedtoac c omp lish
    thisob j ec tiveanditdemonstratesthattheunityofp ersonality
    organiz ationisthep rimaryfac ttob ec onsidered . Itap p earsthat
    thisunityfunc tionsasanac tivep rinc ip leintheevolutionof
    p ersonality . W ec annotwelldifferentiateonep artofthisunity,
    forinstanc e, theintellec tualdevelop ment, andsayitis"re-
    tarded"anddifferentiateanotherp artofthisunity, theemotional
    develop ment, andsayitis"ac c elerated . " W eneedtoc onsider
    theorganiz ationofp ersonalityab oveanyofitsvariousasp ec ts,
    asaunitywhic h, j ustlik ethep hysic alorganism, c annotesc ap e
    fromfunc tioningasaunityallthetime . Asaunityitmoves
    forwardfromyeartoyear
    . Itisinterestingtonoteherethatthe
    soc iometric testofgroup shasdemonstratedasimilarp rinc ip le
    op eratingingroup evolution . Ingroup sofc hildrenandadoles-
    c entswiththeinc reasingageofthememb ers- whateverthe
    p ositionofindividualmemb ersmayb e- thegroup organiz ation
    asawholemovesforwardfromyeartoyear .
    SOCIOGENETICLAW
    Thefindingthatwiththematuringoftheintelligenc eand
    theemotionsalsothesoc iab ilityofanindividualmatureswasto
    b eex p ec ted
    .
    B utitisunex p ec tedtofindthatagroup ofindi-
    2 1 4

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    viduals "grows, " that the organiz ation
    of their interrelations
    c rystalliz es, thatthec lashesb etweenthedifferentintelligenc es,
    emotionab ilitiesandsoc iab ilitiesoftheindividualswithinthe
    group donotdestroythep roc essofmaturationnorp rohib itthe
    ex istenc eandrec urrenc eofregulartendenc ieswithinit . The
    c riss- c rossc urrentsinagroup c ometoasynthesis, theyp roduc e
    organiz ationswhic hhavea"sense"andinviteinterp retation .
    Oursurveyofthedevelop mentofsp ontaneousgroup organi-
    z ationsfromyeartoyearofageamongc hildrenandadolesc ents
    ap p earstoindic atethep resenc eofafundamental"soc iogenetic "
    lawwhic hmaywellb esaidtosup p lementtheb iogenetic law .
    Justasthehigheranimalshaveevolvedfromthesimp lestforms
    oflife, so, itseems, thehighestformsofgroup organiz ationhave
    evolvedfromthesimp leones . Ifc hildrenweregiventhefree-
    domtousetheirsp ontaneousgroup sasp ermanentassoc iations,
    asc hildren- soc ieties, thensimilaritiesinstruc tureandc onduc t
    withp rimitivehumansoc ietiesb ec omeap p arent
    .
    Itiswellk nownthatp rimitivefamilyassoc iationregulated
    morefunc tionsthandoesthemodernfamily . W ithinitsorgani-
    z ationthefunc tionofeduc ationandlab oraswellasnumerous
    otherob j ec tiveswereex ec uted
    . Children' ssoc ietiesmightgiveus
    anindic ationhowp rimitivesoc ietieswoulddevelop ifwec ould
    rec ap itulatethemtoday . W ewillseeinthenex tsec tionthatthe
    girlsinHudson, whengiventheop p ortunitytoc hooseassoc iates
    forhome, work , etc . , c hosefreq uently, andmoreoftenatthe
    youngeragelevels, the
    same
    p ersonsforallthedifferentfunc -
    tions, - withwhomtheywantedtolive, towork , top lay, etc .
    W heneveritwasp utintop rac tic eitledtoanoverlap p ingof
    func tionswithinthesameorganiz ationofindividuals . Thisisan
    ex p ressionofsoc ietysimilartothatfoundinc ertainp rimitive
    familyassoc iations
    . Thefac tthatothergirlsmadedistinc t
    c hoic esfordifferentfunc tionalgroup ssuggeststhatwithinthe
    samec ommunitydifferentp atternsofsoc ietyorganiz ationare
    desiredb ydifferentindividuals . Thefac tthatalltheseindi-
    vidualshaveb eenb roughtup inasimilarindustrialenvironment
    andstillhavetendenc iestowardp roduc ingc ontrastingsoc iety
    organiz ationsmayarguethatthemac hineisnotthesolefac tor
    inp roduc ingsp ec ializ ationoffunc tionandsoc ialdifferentiation .
    Ourfindingssuggestthenotionthatgroup organiz ationisinits
    SOCIOGENETICLAW

    2 1 5
    ontogenetic develop menttoagreatex tentanep itomeofthe
    form- modific ationswhic hsuc c essiveanc estralsoc ietiesofthe
    sp ec iesunderwentinthec ourseoftheirhistoric evolution . It
    mayb ec alledthe group theoryofevolution
    . Thishyp othesis
    issup p ortedb y
    ( a) Sp ontaneousorganiz ationofgroup ingsamongc hildren
    andadolesc entsdevelop yearb yyearfromsimp letomorec om-
    p lex stagesofintegration .
    ( b ) Thesegroup srevealthataremainderoflowerorganiz a-
    tionc analwaysb etrac edinthenex thigherstageandthatindi-
    c atorsofab eginningtowardshigherorganiz ationc anb etrac ed
    inthenex tlowerstage .
    ( c ) Similaritieshaveb eennotedb etweensp ontaneousgroup
    organiz ationsamongc lassesofc hildrenintheearlygradesand
    sp ontaneous group organiz ations amongmentally retarded
    adolesc ents .
    ( d) Similaritiesoftendenc iesinsoc ialorganiz ationaresug-
    gestedb etweenc hildren' ssoc ietiesandthoseofp rimitives .
    B OOKIII
    SOCIOMETRYOFACOMMUNITY
    SOCIOMETRYOFGROUPS
    EXTERNALSTRUCTUREOFACOMMUNITY
    Thep roj ec ttodeterminethep syc hologic alp roc essc omp ris-
    ingawholec ommunityseemslik eanunsurmountab letask .
    A
    dup lic ateofthisp roc esstob eac c uratehastotak eintoac c ount
    morethanthetrendsinthep op ulation . Thep roc essisb rok en
    up innumerousindividualp roc esses, eac hofwhic hc ontrib utes
    somethingtothetotalp ic ture . Thedetailedc omb inationof
    theseindividualp roc essesagainareverynumerous
    . Allthe
    lightsandshadesneedtob eintegratedinthep resentationorelse
    aformoffic tionwilltak ethep lac eofsc ientific truth . Thefirst
    task , therefore, whic hwesetourselveswastoanalyz eallindi-
    vidualsofagivenc ommunityintheirinterrelations
    . W ewere
    enc ouragedinthediffic ultundertak ingb ytheex p erienc esin
    othersc ienc es- afewc arefullythoughtoutb reeding- ex p eri-
    mentsledtothefoundationofb iogenetic s- fromthec areful
    p syc hologic alstudyoffewindividualsagoodk nowledgeofmen
    ingeneralresulted . Sowec ountedthatfromthec arefulstudy
    of one c ommunityab etterk nowledgeofthestruc tureof any
    c ommunitymaydevelop also . Finally, wethought, however
    uniq ueac ertainc onc retesamp leofp op ulationmayb e, the
    methodsandtec hniq uesgainedinthec ourseofinvestigation
    willb euniversal .
    Thec ommunityinwhic hthestudywasmadeisnearHudson,
    NewYork
    ; itisthesiz eofasmallvillage, b etween5 00and6 00
    p ersons ; itisac losedc ommunity
    ; ithasauni- sex edp op ulation ;
    thegirlsarestillintheirformativeageandremaininHudson
    forseveralyearsuntiltheirtraininghasb eenc omp leted ; they
    aresentinfromeveryp artofNewYork Stateb ythec ourts .
    Theorganiz ationisdual, c onsistingoftwogroup s, staffmem-
    b ersandstudents . Thereare1 6 c ottagesforhousingp urp oses, a
    c hap el, asc hool, ahosp ital, anindustrialb uilding, asteamlaun-
    dry, astore, anadministrationb uilding, andafarm . Thehouse-
    2 1 9
    2 2 0

    W HO
    SHALLSURVIVE?
    motherhasthefunc tionofthep arent
    ; allmealsarec ook edinthe
    houseunderthedirec tionofak itc henoffic er ; thegirlsp artic ip ate
    inthehouseholdindifferentfunc tions, aswaitresses, k itc hen
    help ers, c ook s, laundresses, c orridorgirls .
    Thec oloredp op ulationishousedinc ottagessep aratefromthe
    white . B utineduc ationalandsoc ialac tivitieswhiteandc olored
    mix freely . Theseandsimilarasp ec tsc anb etermedthe"soc ial
    organiz ationofthec ommunity . "Andwhateverthe"soc ialstruc -
    ture"ofap artic ularc ottagemayb eitisnec essarytoasc ertainthe
    p syc hologic alfunc tionofeac hofitsmemb ersandthe"p syc ho-
    logic alorganiz ation"ofthec ottagegroup . Thesoc ialfunc tionof
    agirl, forinstanc e, mayb ethatofsup ervisingthedormitory, b ut
    herp syc hologic alfunc tionmayb ethatofahousemotherp etwho
    isrej ec tedb ythememb ersofhergroup andisolatedinit . These
    emotionalreac tionsandresp onsesamongthegirlsofthegroup
    mustresultinadynamic situation, its"p syc hologic alorganiz a-
    tion
    . "
    Thesoc ialorganiz ationofthetotalc ommunityhasb eneathits
    outerap p earanc eanotherasp ec t . Althoughsep aratelyhoused,
    thereareattrac tionsandrep ulsionsb etweenwhiteandc olored
    girlswhic hgravelyaffec tthesoc ialc onduc tinthisc ommunity .
    The"emotionalc urrents"radiatingfromthewhiteandc olored
    girls, and vic eversa,
    havetob easc ertainedindetail, theirc auses
    determined, andtheireffec tsestimated . Similarlyemotionalc ur-
    rentsradiateamongthewhitep op ulationirresp ec tiveoftheir
    housingandotherdistinc tionsfromonec ottagetoanother . Suc h
    p syc hologic alc urrentsflowfinallyb etweenoffic ersandstudents
    andwithinthegroup ofoffic ersthemselvesinitssumtotalaffec t-
    ingandshap ingthec harac terandthec onduc tofeac hp ersonand
    ofeac hgroup inthec ommunity .
    Theex p erimentalsoc iologistwhoentersanewc ommunitywith
    thep lanofstartingasoc ialrevolutionwithinithastop rep are
    himself, hisstaffofc o- work ersandthep eop leinthisc ommunity,
    forthetask .
    W henIenteredHudsonIhadtheenthusiastic
    andundividedsup p ortofthesup erintendent, b utverysoonI
    hadtofac ewithherseveralb ottlenec k sstandinginthewayof
    therealiz ationofthep roj ec t :
    theB oardofTrustees, theAsso-
    c iateSup erintendentsandDirec tors, thestaffofhousemothers,
    work sup ervisorsandteac hers, theramific ationsleadingtothe
    SOCIOMETRYOFGROUPS

    2 2 1
    Dep artmentofSoc ialW elfareandtherep erc ussionsc omingfrom
    theCityofHudson, afewmilesawayfromourownc ommunity
    .
    Lastnotleast, wehadtorec k onwiththep op ulationofthegirls
    themselves .
    Irealiz edalreadyafterthefirstfewdaysthatthep roj ec tand
    Ihadfriendsandenemiesinallsec tionsofthep op ulation
    . I
    triedtoenc omp asswithmyb estsoc ialimaginationthep rosand
    c onstak ingp lac ewithinmorethanathousandp eop leinrefer-
    enc etomyself .
    Intheb eginningtheyhardlydifferentiatedb e-
    tweenthep lan, myselfandtheteamofmyc o- work ers
    . Inthis
    dilemmaIinventedasoc iometric tec hniq uedevisedtox - raymy
    ownsituation, atec hniq uewhic hIlaterc alled"soc iometric self-
    rating"andp roj ec tion
    .
    Itwasb asedontheassump tionthat
    everyindividualintuitivelyhassomeintimationof
    thep osition
    heholdsinthegroup
    . B yemp athyhec omestok nowap p rox i-
    matelywhethertheflowofaffec tionorantip athy
    forhimis
    risingorfalling
    . Ib egantomap outinmyownmind, oftentwoor
    threetimesaday, thesoc iogramsofthek eygroup sup onwhom
    thesuc c essorfailureofthep roj ec tdep ended
    . Ib egantosk etc h
    allthesituationsinwhic hmyc o- work ersandIwereinvolvedat
    thetimeandinwhic hrole
    . ThenItriedtoc larifyhowwefelt
    towardseac hofthesep eop le .
    Itwasc omp arativelyeasytostate
    myownp referenc es, c hoic esorrej ec tions, towardsthek eyindi-
    vidualsinthec ommunity .
    Itwasmorediffic ultto"guess"what
    everyoneofthesep eop lefelttowardsmeandmyp lanandwhat
    reasonstheymighthave
    . Morediffic ult, b utofthegreatest
    imp ortanc e, wastoguesshowthesep eop le
    felttowardseac h
    other .
    B yasortofhighlytrainedemp athyIsuc c eededinp ic tur-
    ingmyownsoc iograms ;
    theywereagreataidinp reventingand
    c ounteringattac k sb eforetheyb ec amedetrimental .
    Thistec h-
    niq uewasp artic ularlyimp ortant, asittrainedmysoc ialintuition
    .
    Lateron, onc elargep artsofthep op ulationwerewarmedup to
    thep lanandunderstooditssignific anc e, help ersandfriendsarose
    amongthem, unk nowntome .
    Finally, onc ethesoc iometric c om-
    munitytestwasp utintoop eration, thesoc iogramsofthehouses
    gaveusmoreac c urateinsightandc orrob oratedmany
    ofmy
    guesses .
    Anotherp rob lemwastodevelop ateamofc o- work ers
    . W hen
    Istartedthesc ientific teamc onsistedonlyoftwo, myselfandan
    2 2 2

    W HO SHALL
    SURVIVE?
    assistant ;
    tofindwork ersandtoestab lishawork ingteamaround
    anideawhic hisnew, notuniversallyac c ep tedorevenc ontro-
    versial, isex tremelydiffic ult
    . W henideasandmethodsareinthe
    stageof"p rimary"p roduc tivitytheteamwork ershavetoac c ep t
    ac ertainindividualasthesc ientific leaderandhisinsp irations
    andhyp othesesastheguidefortheirownthink ing
    . Thep rob -
    lemastohowto"share"inp rimaryp roduc tivityinsc ientific
    andartistic p ursuitsisstillunsolved
    . Thevalueofteamwork
    b eginstoc omeforthafterthep rimaryp roduc tivityp haseis
    over, whenthestageoftec hnic alandanalytic alc onsiderations
    isreac hed
    . Thishasb eenmyex p erienc ewiththeHudsonex p eri-
    ment
    . Notwithstanding, wesuc c eededinfindingalargenumb er
    ofwork ersamongthesoc ialwork ersandteac hersinthec om-
    munity .
    SOMOMETRICTESTOFHOMEGROUPS
    Thec ellofthesoc ialorganiz ationinthec ommunityatlarge
    ismissinginHudson
    : thenaturalfamily . Thesegirlsaresep -
    aratedfromtheirp arents
    ; insteadoftothelattertheyareas-
    signedtoahousemother ; theyarealsosep aratedfromtheir
    sib lingsandarep lac edintogroup sofgirlswhoareunrelatedto
    themandtoeac hother
    . Theop inionisheldb ymanythatitis
    thep arentalinstinc tandaffinityofb loodrelationthatmak esthe
    assoc iationofp arentswiththeirownc hildrendesirab le
    . B uthere
    inHudsonthenaturalaffinitiesaremissing
    . Forthenaturalp ar-
    enta"soc ial"p arenthasb eensub stituted, forthenaturalc hild,
    a"soc ial"c hild
    . Adevic e, therefore, hasb eeninventedtodeter-
    minethe"drawingp ower"onegirlhasforanother, onegirlhas
    forahousemother, andinreturnonehousemotherhasforagirl
    .
    Throughsuc hdevic ewemayfindouttowhomeac hgirlis
    attrac tedandb ywhomeac hgirlisrep elled
    . Thestudyofthesum
    totaloftheseattrac tionsandrep ulsionsmaygiveusaninsight
    intothedistrib utionofemotionsinthisc ommunityandthep osi-
    tionofeac hindividualandgroup inrelationtoitsc urrents
    .
    Thesoc iometric testp rovidessuc hadevic e . The
    c riterion
    towardswhic htheattentionofthec hildrenhasb eendirec tedis
    theirlik ingordislik esfortheindividualsinagivenc ommunity
    inresp ec ttolivingtogetherinthesamehomewiththem
    . The
    SOCIOMETRYOFGROUPS

    2 2 3
    siz eofthep op ulationfromwhic hthec hildc ouldselec therhome
    assoc iateswasfivehundredandfive
    . Itwasestimatedb yuson
    theb asisofsimilartry- outsthatitwouldb esuffic ientiffive
    c hoic eswereallowedtoeverygirl
    . Thetestwasthengiventothe
    wholep op ulationatthesametimeinthemannerdesc rib edon
    p age1 04
    . W ewerethenab letoc lassifyeac hgirlac c ordingtothe
    c hoic esshehadmadeandthec hoic esshehadrec eived
    . Anillus-
    trationofatyp ic alc hoic eslip follows
    :
    W L,
    Cottage 7
    Choic esmade
    1 . ME, C1 6

    2 . KT, 07

    3 . GE, 07

    4 . CN, C1 6

    5 . SV, C6
    Choic esrec eived
    1 . ME, C1 6

    2 3 . PR,
    C7

    4
    . SV, C6

    5 . EH, C1 0
    Thec hoic efindingsindic atetheamountofinterestW LinC7
    hasforthe3 4 girlswithwhomshelivesc omp aredwiththe
    amountofinterestshehasforgirlsoutsideherc ottage ; itindic ates
    alsotheamountofinterestgirlsofherownc ottagehaveforher
    c omp aredwiththeamountofinterestgirlsofotherc ottageshave
    forher
    . Itshowsherinterloc k edwithmemb ersoffourc ottages .
    Thefirstc hoic eofW LwasMEfromanotherc ottage, C1 6 , who
    alsoc hoseherfirst
    . Altogethershec hooses2 ( KTandGE) from
    herownc ottageand3 ( ME, CN, andSV) fromotherc ottages .
    Sheisc hosenb y1 ( PR) fromherc ottageandb y3 ( ME, SV, and
    EH) fromotherc ottages . Seesoc iogramsofW L, p . 2 99- 3 00 . *
    W hen, then, eac hgirlofc ottage7 isc lassifiedasab oveillus-
    tratedinthec aseofW L, theac tualc omp ositionofc ottage7 c an
    b ec omp aredwiththec omp ositiondesiredb yitsmemb ers, whom
    theywouldlik etohaveinandwhomoutofthec ottage
    . See
    soc iogramofC7 , p . 2 7 1 . Look ingwithinthec ottagewedisc over
    girlswho, lik estars, c ap turemostofthec hoic es, othersforming
    mutualp airs, sometimeslink edintolongmutualc hainsorinto
    triangles, sq uares, orc irc les, andthenanunlook ed- fornumb erof
    unc hosenc hildren . Look ingoverthetotalc ommunity, weob -
    servethatthec hoic esrunc riss- c rossthroughout, unc overingthe
    invisib ledynamic organiz ationwhic hac tuallyex istsb elowthe
    offic ialone . Suddenlywhathasseemedb lank orimp enetrab le
    op ensup asagreatvista . W eseethec hoic esrunninginstreams
    * Someoftheinc onsistenc iesb etweenthesoc iogramofac ottageandthe
    soc iometric c lassific ationofthatindividualareduetothefac tthatthegroup s
    dep ic tedaresub j ec ttofreq uentc hanges .
    2 2 4

    W HOSHALL SURVIVE?
    tooneortoanotherc ottage . Andweseeotherc ottagesp rac tic ally
    isolated . W eseec ottagesc onc entratingtheirc hoic eswithintheir
    owngroup sandthenweseeanothersendingsomanyc hoic esto
    otherc ottagesthatseeminglyitsowngroup desirestodisb and .
    LIMITSOFEMOTIONALINTEREST
    Insteadofthe2 , 5 2 5 c hoic esex p ec ted, only2 , 2 85 c hoic eswere
    ac tuallymade
    . Twohundredandfortyc hoic es, i . e. , 9%%, re-
    mainedunused
    . Nineandone- halfp erc entindic atestowhat
    ex tenttheemotionalinterestofthewholeHudsonp op ulationis
    limitedwhenfivec hoic esareallowedinresp ec ttothec riterion
    oflivinginp rox imity .
    Ifweanalyz eonegroup fromthisasp ec t, c ottage1 , wefind
    thatitleft2 6 c hoic esunused
    . TwoindividualsfromC3 , wefind,
    madenoc hoic esduringthestageofthefirstc hoic e ;
    4 , duringthe
    sec ond ; 4 , duringthethird ; 5 , duringthefourth ; 1 1 , duringthe
    fifth .
    Ob viouslythegirlswerefreshatthestart, only2 made
    noc hoic ethen . B utfromc hoic etoc hoic etheamp litudeoftheir
    interestdec lined . Duringthelastp hase, whenthefifthc hoic e
    wasmade, thenumb erofunusedc hoic esrosefrom
    8% ( 1 st
    c hoic e) to1 6 %( 2 ndc hoic e) remainedat1 6 %( 3 rdc hoic e) rose
    to2 0%( 4 thc hoic e) to4 4 %( 5 thc hoic e) . Tab le8p resentsthe
    p erc entageofunusedc hoic esfrom1 stto5 thc hoic eforeac h
    c ottagegroup .
    TAB LE8
    PERCENTAGEOFUNUSEDCHOICESFROM1 STTO5 THCHOICE
    First
    Choic e
    Sec ond
    Choic e
    Third
    Choic e
    Fourth
    Choic e
    Fifth
    Choic e
    Cottage2 0% 0%
    0% 0%
    0%
    Cottage1 1 0% 0% 0% 0%
    8%
    Cottage1 0%
    0%
    0%
    5 %
    2 5 %
    Cottage1 4 . _ . . ___ . . . __ . __ . 0% 0% 4 % 4 % 2 8%
    Cottage7 3 %
    6 % 6 % 9% 1 2 %
    Cottage1 6
    . . . . 3 % 3 % 3 % 7 % 2 7 %
    Cottage1 04 % 8% 8% 1 2 % 1 2 %
    Cottage1 5
    3 % 3 % 9% 9% 3 5 %
    Cottage6
    4 %
    4 % 4 % 8%
    4 4 %
    Cottage1 2
    1 2 % 1 2 % 1 2 % 1 5 % 1 5 %
    Cottage 1 3 . - .
    1 1 % 9% 9% 2 0% 2 4 %
    Cottage8. . . . . 3 %
    3 % 1 2 % 2 7 % 4 8%
    Cottage3 8%
    1 6 % 1 6 % 2 0% 4 4 %
    Cottage92 0%
    2 0% 2 0% 2 4 % 3 6 %
    Cottage4 . 1 2 %
    1 5 % 2 0% 3 5 % 6 0%
    SOCIOMETRYOFGROUPS

    2 2 5
    W ithalmostc loc k - lik eregularitytheinterestdec lines
    . Itis
    interestinghowrap idlytheirintereststartstoweak en .
    Usually
    afterthe3 rdc hoic eac risisisevident .
    Onlythreec ottages, Cl,
    C2 andC1 1 p assedthroughthefirstthreec hoic eswithoutlosing
    one, andonlyc ottage2 reac hedthefinal5 thc hoic estillunb eaten .
    Cottage4 left6 0%unusedinthe5 thc hoic eandthreeotherc ot-
    tagesleftlittlelessthan5 0%unusedinthatc hoic e . Onec hoic e
    more, p erhap s, ortwo, andthegirlsofmostofthegroup swould
    havereac hedthelimitoftheirinterest
    .
    Thegradualdec lineof
    emotionalex p ansiveness c anb eillus-
    tratedinstillanotherway
    . Fromthe5 05 girls, 5 00p artic ip ate
    inthe1 stc hoic e ; 4 6 0arestillmarc hinginthe2 ndc hoic e
    ; 4 2 0
    girls, inthe3 rdc hoic e ; 3 7 5 , inthe4 thc hoic e
    . Tomak ethe5 th
    c hoic eonly3 00girlshaveasuffic ientamountofinterestleft
    . A
    6 th, 7 th, or8thc hoic emayhavefurnisheduswithap ic ture
    ex emp lifyingaslowap p rox imationtothefreez ingp oint .
    Thisdemonstrateswhatwemayc allthep roc essofslowing
    downofinterest, thec oolingoffofemotionalex p ansiveness, the
    soc iodynamic dec line
    ofinterest . Afterac ertainnumb erof
    effortstheinterestgrowsfatigued
    . Itreac hesex tinc tionof
    interestinresp ec ttoac ertainc riterion, thesoc iodynamic limit
    ofap erson' sex p ansion, its
    soc ialentrop y .
    SOCIODYNAMICEFFECT
    Anotherp roc esswasob servedtorec urwithap ec uliarregu-
    larity .
    Thenumb erofc hoic eswasnoteq uallydividedamong
    thegirls .
    Someattrac tedmoreattention, theyrec eivedmore
    c hoic es
    ; someattrac tedlessattention, theyrec eivedfewerc hoic es
    orremainedunc hosen
    . Somegirlsac c umulatedmorec hoic esthe
    furtherwep rogressedfromthe1 sttothe5 thc hoic e
    . Therewere
    c aseswhereagirlrec eivedmorethan4 0c hoic es, c ontrib uted
    fromgirlsfromallp artsofthec ommunity
    . Ontheotherhand,
    manyofthegirlsseemedtob eentirelyc utofffromthec irc uitof
    attention
    . Thenumb erofunc hosenafterthelstc hoic eosc illated
    b etween3 5 %and1 5 %ofthememb ersofthec ottages
    .
    W ehadgoodreasonstohop ethatwiththep rogressingc hoic es
    everyonewouldc atc hsomethingforherself
    . Thenumb erofthe
    unc hosenb ec amesmallerinthesec ondandstillsmallerinthe
    thirdc hoic e .
    B utafterthe3 rdc hoic ethep rogressstartedto
    2 2 6

    \VHOSHALLSURVIVE?
    slac k en. Thenumb eroftheunc hosendidnotfallasrap idlyas
    b eforethe3 rdc hoic e
    : thefigurestendedtostandstill . Thenum-
    b eroftheunc hoseninc ottage1 afterthe1 stc hoic ewas1 3 girls ;
    itfelldownto9inthe2 ndc hoic e, to7 inthe3 rdc hoic e, to6 in
    the4 thc hoic eandremainedat6 inthe5 thc hoic e . Cottage1 5
    startedwith1 1 unc hosenandfinishedwith2
    . Cottage1 6
    startedwith2 0unc hosengirlsandreduc edthemto1 2 inthe
    end . Cottage8startedwith2 2 unc hosengirlsandhad6 atthe
    end . Ofc oursethesurp lusofc hoic eswentsomewhere
    . Itwentto
    thegirlswhoattrac tedmoreattentionfromthestart
    . Their
    greaterattrac tionseemedtob eresp onsib leforthefac tthat7 5
    girlsfrom5 05 ( 1 5 7 o) remainedunc hosen, isolatedinthec om-
    munityafterallthec hoic eswerec ounted .
    Itmightb esp ec ulatedthatifthegirlshadc hoseneac hotherat
    arateofmorethan5 c hoic esp erp ersonfinallyeverygirlofthe
    p op ulationwouldhaverec eivedac hoic e
    . B utallindic ationsin
    ourresearc hsup p ortthec onc lusionthatahigherratethan5
    c hoic eswouldhaveinc reasedthenumb erofc hoic esforthosewho
    haveb een"stars"under5 c hoic ec onditionsandwouldstub b ornly
    havec ontinuedtoleaveouttheunc hosenones . W ec allthis
    p roc essofp ersistentlyleavingoutanumb erofp ersonsofagroup
    the soc iodynainic effec t .
    TAB LE9
    NUMB EROFLTNOHosFNFROM1 STTO5 THCHOICE *
    1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th
    Cottages

    Choic e Choic e Choic e Choic e


    Choic e
    C1

    . . 1 3 9 7 6 6
    C2 9 6 4
    3
    2
    C3 . . .
    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    1 3 8 6 4
    3
    C4 .
    . . . . . . . .
    . - - - 1 3
    1 0 6 5 5
    C6 1 2
    9 6 4 1
    C7 1 8 1 4 1 2
    1 0 9
    C82 2 1 5 9 7 6
    C91 8 1 1 7 7 6
    01 0. . 2 2 1 9 1 7 1 4 1 4
    01 1 - - -
    - - - - - - -
    1 1 5 2 2 2
    C1 2 1 4 9 7 6 5
    01 3 1 2 7 6 5 4
    01 4 . . 1 6 7 6 6 4
    C1 5 1 1 7 3 3 2
    C1 6 2 0 1 6 1 4 1 2 1 2
    Totals
    2 2 4
    * 05 isnotinc ludedhere .
    1 5 2 1 1 2 94 81
    SOCIOMETRYOFGROUPS

    2 2 7
    LOCATIONOFCHOICES
    The loc ation of the c hoic es,
    whether inside or outside the
    group hasadefiniteeffec tup ontheorganiz ationofthegroup .
    Theirdistrib utionc hangesfromthe1 sttothe5 thc hoic e . Thefol-
    lowingthreesamp lesillustratethemostc harac teristic p atternsof
    organiz ationresultingfromthisfac tor
    COTTAGE9, LOCATIONOFCI1 OICES
    Thesametrendisrep eatedthroughallthep hasesfrom1 stto
    5 thc hoic e : themaj orityofc hoic esgoinside, theminorityof
    c hoic esgooutsidethegroup . Itisasamp leofan introverted
    organiz ation .
    Cottage1 0givesasamp leofan
    ex troverted organiz ation . The
    maj orityofc hoic esgop ersistentlyineac hp haseoutside, the
    minorityineac hp haseinside
    .
    COTTAGE7 , LOCATIONOFCHOICES

    COTTAGE1 0, LOCATIONOFCHOICES
    Inside Outside
    1 stc hoic e
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    1 0 1 5
    2 ndc hoic e
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    9 1 6
    3 rdc hoic e
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    6
    1 8
    4 thc hoic e
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    8 1 5
    5 thc hoic e 9 1 4
    Totals
    4 2 7 8
    Inside ' Outside
    1 stc hoic e
    - -
    1 4 7
    2 ndc hoic e
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    1 5 6
    3 rdc hoic e
    - -
    1 4 7
    4 thc hoic e

    . . . 1 3
    7
    5 thc hoic e
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    1 0 7
    Totals
    6 6 3 4
    Inside Outside
    1 stc hoic e
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    1 3 1 1
    2 ndc hoic e
    1 2 1 4
    3 rdc hoic e 1 7 1 2
    4 thc hoic e

    . . . . . . . .

    . . 1 i
    1 3
    5 thc hoic e

    - -
    1 0
    1 1
    Totals - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

    6 3 6 1
    2 2 8

    W HO
    SHALL SURVIVE?
    Cottage7 isasamp leinwhic hthemaj orityofc hoic esswings
    b etweeninsideandoutsidethegroup withoutanydec idedtrend ;
    inthreep hases, 2 nd, 4 thand5 thc hoic e, themaj oritygoesoutside ;
    intheremainingtwop hases, 1 stand3 rdc hoic e, itgoesinside
    .
    Thisc anb ec alleda b alanc ed organiz ation .
    ATTRACTIONS, REPULSIONSANDINDIFFERENCES
    Humanrelationsc anb ec omp aredtoastic k withtwoends .
    Theemotionsgoingoutfromp ersonsareonlyonehalfofthe
    stic k . Theemotionsc omingb ac k aretheotherhalf .
    Aneglec tedasp ec tinsoc iometric researc h istheimp ortof
    indifferenc es . W ehavefoundinthisc ommunity, b esidesthe
    c onsiderab lenumb erofunusedc hoic es
    ( 9Y2 %) , alargevolume
    ofindifferenc es . W hatdoesthisindifferenc etoc hangemeanand
    whatarethefac torsb ehind, asIhavefreq uentlyc alled it, the
    "dynamic sofneutrality? " Amanis, oratleastdec lareshimself
    indifferentastowhetherhework sinp rox imitytoAorto B ,
    ortoanyotherindividual ; whetherhesitsinac lassroomnear
    A, B , oranyotherindividual ; whetherhemarriesA, B , orany
    otherindividual . Or, anindividualstartswithb eingattrac tedto
    A, B , C, b utb ec omesindifferenttowardstheminthec ourseof
    time
    ; hedoesnotc arewhethertheystaywithhimorleavehim,
    hedoesnotc aretorep lac ethem . Or, again, anindividualA
    hasb eenindifferenttowithwhomhework s, p laysandlivesb ut
    inthec ourseoftimeheb eginstolik etheseindividualsandhe
    doesnotc aretohavethemrep lac edb yanyone . Itc anb eas-
    sumedthatthissoc ialinertiaisp artic ularlyduetoc ulturalfac tors .
    Inc ertainc ulturesitmayb eanethic alimp erativetomanifest
    indifferenc etoc hange, b ec auseheissup p osedtoloveeveryone ;
    thatiswhyitshouldnotmak eanydifferenc etohimwithwhom
    hework sorlives, itwillc omeoutwellintheend . Inother
    c ulturesthep arentsc hoosethemaritalp artnerfortheirsonsor
    daughters ; theydonotmarrysomeonewhomtheylove, b uta
    p ersonwho, forinstanc e, hasagoodanc estry ; theassump tion
    isthattheywilllearntoloveeac hotheralthoughtheymay feel
    indifferentintheb eginning ; ifthesymb olic allyandax iologic ally
    rightp artnerisselec ted, allotherindividualorsoc ialc onsidera-
    tionsaresec ondary
    . Inac ohesivec ulturemoreex c itab leormore
    SOCIOMETRYOFGROUPS

    2 2 9
    sub missiveindividualsareeq uallyc oerc edtoc onformwiththe
    mores . Thesoc iometristhasnop remiumforindividualswho
    showp referenc esandc hoose, againstindividualswhoshowindif-
    ferenc es ; heisp rimarilyinterestedinthefac ts . However, he
    ismostinterestedtok nowwhatfac torsop erateinsp ec ific situa-
    tionstop roduc eahighdegreeofindifferenc esasc omp aredwith
    otherswhic hp roduc ealowdegreeofindifferenc es . Heisp ar-
    tic ularlyinterestedtok nowoftherelationship b etweenanex c es-
    sivelysp ontaneous, amanic allyandaggressivelyorientedc ulture
    andthetrendsinthesoc iometric index ofitsmemb ers . Isthere
    a"hyp omanic c hoic e- mak ing"p revailinginhyp omanic c ultures
    towardswhic hevenitsmoresub missiveindividualsareswayed?
    Dowetendtowardsac ulturewithahighoralow"p referenc e"
    index ? Ontheotherhand, wehavetowatc hthedep ressiveeffec t
    whic hc ertainc ulturalnormsmightex ertup onitsmoreex p ansive
    memb ers . Themostimp ortantlongrangeq uestion, however, isto
    studywhethertheindifferenc etoc hangeex istsonlyinsituations
    determinedb y"weak "c riteriaorwhetheritisdeep lyfrustrating
    in soc ialsituationsdeterminedb yvitaland"strong"c riteria, re-
    gardlessofc ulture . Howeverp rofoundthedifferenc esinstruc -
    ture, therefore, fromthesoc iometric geograp hyofonec ultureto
    anothermayb e, somedeep slic e- a"soc iometric c onstant"- may
    ex istwhic htheyallshare .
    Herewere
    5 05 girlswhoattherateof 5 c hoic eseac hhadthe
    op p ortunitytomak e 2 , 5 2 5 c hoic es . Tosec uretheotherhalfmeant
    toasc ertaintheresp onsestothesec hoic es . Aseverygirlwasinthe
    c enterofavaryingnumb erofrec ip roc atedorunrec ip roc ated
    c hoic es, everygirlb elongingtosuc hanatomic struc ture, aformof
    interrogationhadtob eap p liedinwhic halltheindividualsrelated
    toeac hotherinresp ec ttothec riterionofwantingtoliveinp rox -
    imityc ouldp artic ip ate . Ineac hc aseallthegirlsrevolvingaround
    eac hgirlandsheherselfhadtob einterviewedsep aratelyandstill
    inrelationtoeac hother . Thiswasac c omp lishedb y"agroup of
    interviewers"whoattemp tedthroughc oop erativeac tion, eac h
    fromanotherindividual' sangle, tosec urethestruc tureex istingin
    relationtoanyindividualinthisc ommunity . Inthec aseofW L
    b eforementioned, 8p ersonswereinterviewed, inc ludingW L
    .
    W Lwasask ed : 1 , "Howdoyoufeelab outlivingwithME, KT,
    GE, CN, SV, PR, orEMinthesamec ottage? Answer` Yes, No,
    2 3 0

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    orIndifferent' ; " 2 , "W hatmotiveshaveyouforac c ep tingorre-
    j ec tingher? "AndthenME, KT, GE, CN, SV, PR, andEHwere
    ask edtoreturn : "Howdoyoufeelab outlivinginthesamec ot-
    tagewithW L? Say` Yes, No, orIndifferent
    . ' W hat motives
    haveyouforac c ep tingorrej ec tingher? "
    ThefindingsrevealW Lisattrac tedto5 , 2 ofwhomareinher
    ownc ottageandtheother3 inotherc ottages . Sherej ec ts 2 , one
    fromherownc ottageandonefromanother
    . Sheattrac ts7 , * 3 of
    whomareinherownc ottageand4 outsideinotherc ottages . She
    isrej ec tedb ynone . Attrac tionsaremutualin5 instanc es . The
    mostintensivemutualattrac tionasshownb yfirstc hoic eand
    motivationsistowardsagirlinanotherc ottage . Seesoc iogramof
    W L, sec ondp hase . SeealsoMotivationsTab leofW L, p .
    2 3 1 - 2 3 3 .
    Thisinq uiryasc ertainedinthesamemannerforeac hindividualof
    thep op ulationthenumb erofattrac tionsorrep ulsionsgoingout
    fromhertowardsothermemb ersandtheattrac tionsandrep ul-
    sionsgoingb ac k toherfromthem .
    Thesevenindividualsinterloc k edwithW Ldelineatethe
    b order- linesofwhatmayb ec alled asoc ialatom withW Lasits
    nuc leus . Inrelationtoeveryotherindividualanothergroup of
    p ersonswerefoundinterloc k edinresp ec ttothesamec riterion .
    Itc anb esaidthatthesoc iometric testinitsfirstp hase( sp ontane-
    ousc hoic e) attemp tedtodetec ttheseatoms . Initssec ondp hase,
    themotivationalp hase, itwillb egintop enetrateb eneaththeir
    surfac e, asitwere, toc rushthesoc ialatom
    .
    Throughthestudyofthe5 05 atomic struc turesit was found
    thattheyoftentimesdifferedwidelyfromthep ositionofthe
    resp ec tiveindividualsintheirac tualhomegroup s, thatthese
    atomic struc turesfreq uentlyoverlap oneanother, manyindivid-
    ualsb eingp artsofdiversestruc turesatthesametimewith, how-
    ever, avaryingdegreeofinterest . Firstwec lassified, asex p ressed
    fromthe1 sttothe5 thc hoic e, theYesattitude, attrac tion, in
    resp ec ttolivinginp rox imity, theNoattitude, rep ulsion, andthe
    Neutralattitude, indifferenc e, irresp ec tiveofthemotivationsex -
    p ressedfortheseattitudes . Thenwesec uredfromtheindividuals
    themselveswhatmotivationstheyc onsideredasunderlyingtheir
    * Threemarep ositiveresp onseswereunc overedwhenW L' s c hoic e p artners
    wereinterviewed .
    attrac tionsandrep ulsions
    . Itwasfoundthatoneemotionrarely
    seemedtomotivatethem ; usuallyitwasac omp lex ofemotions .
    Theseemotionsap p earedlik ea"c urrent"c enteringinandmov-
    ingtwoormorep ersonsatthesametime . Thestudyofthemoti-
    vations( seeTab leofMotivationsb elow) gave, ifp iec edtogether
    andweighedforeac hindividualofthesamegroup , adeep erin-
    sightintotheforc esregulatingordisturb inggroup organiz ation .
    TAB LEOFMOTIVATIONSOFW L
    1 stChoic e, ME, C1 6
    :
    W eseemtounderstandeac h
    otheralthoughwearevery
    different . Iamex c itab leand
    moodyandsheisalwaysc alm
    andc heerful . W eareb othgo-
    ingtodothesamek indofwork
    inthefuture, stenograp hyand
    offic ework . Shehasac alming
    effec tup onmeandIalways
    wantedtolivewithher .
    2 ndChoic e, KT, C7 :
    KTisj usttheop p ositeof
    ME. SheisHungarianand
    sometimesteac hesmeafew
    words . Sheiswonderfulin
    sp ortsandthestarinb aseb all .
    Iamnotsuc hagoodp layerb ut
    afastrunnerandKTmak esthe
    othershavep atienc ewithme
    .
    Sheisdeterminedshewillmak e
    astarofmetoo .
    Sheisslow
    ab outsomethings, lik esewing,
    andsoIoftenhelp herwithit
    .
    It' sgoodtob earoundher
    . I
    lik ehernex tafterME
    .
    SOCIOMETRYOFGROUPS

    2 3 1
    1 stChoic e, ME, C1 6 :
    W L issointeresting . She
    seemstofeelthingssodeep ly .
    Theslightesthap p eningsand
    sheistearfulorelseec static
    ab outit .
    Idon' tgetthisway
    verymuc handsoIlik etoshare
    thingswithher
    . Ithink sheis
    c olorful .
    InterviewResp onse, KT, C7
    :
    Yes, Iwouldlik etohaveW L
    inmyc ottageb ec auseofher
    sp irit . Shewasn' tverygoodin
    sp ortswhenshewasnewand
    shewassop ersistent, Ij ustad-
    mireherforthat
    . Sheissensi-
    tiveandalthoughthegirlslik e
    hershefeelshurtiftheyc riti-
    c iz eher, lik eingames, Imean
    .
    2 3 2
    3 rdChoic e, GE, C7
    GEIwantinmyc ottageb e-
    c auseIfeeltowardsherlik eshe
    wasmylittlesister . Ineverhad
    anyandIlik etotak ec areof
    her . Itisj usttoosweetfor
    anythingthewaysheap p rec i-
    atesifyoudothetiniestthing
    forher .
    Ialwaysgiveherall
    thethingsIc an' tuseandshe
    mak esthingsoutofthemfor
    herself. Sheisc leverthatway
    .
    Mostlysheisj ustalonesome
    littlec hildyouj usthavetob e
    fondof .
    4 thChoic e, CN, C1 6 :
    Ic hoseCNfourthb ec ause
    sheisn' tsonec essarytomeas
    theothers .
    Sheismorealux -
    ury .
    Sheisamusingandj ust
    naturallyc omic al
    .
    5 thChoic e, SV, C6
    :
    Itrytomodelmyselfafter
    SV. SheishighlyintelligentI
    think , muc hmorethanIam,
    fartherinreadingb ook sand
    k nowingthings
    . Sheisdelic ate
    andIhavesomeinfluenc eover
    herinmak ingherrestafter-
    noons .
    Shec omesfromthe
    samep artofNewYork State
    Idoandsometimeswetalk
    ab outhowitisthere
    .
    InterviewResp onse, PR, C7
    :
    No . It' sonlyb ec auseshehas
    awayofedgingup toyouand
    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    InterviewResp onse, GE, C7
    Yes, ohyes, IwantW L. She
    isthek indestgirlinourwhole
    c ottage . Sheisalwaysthink -
    ingofthenic estthingtodo
    forsomeone . Ididn' tc hoose
    herb ec auseIc hoseallgirlsI
    p layaroundwithwhoaren' tso
    b usyasW L. Shehastostudy
    moreandisolderthanthegirls
    Igowith
    .
    InterviewResp onse, CN, C1 6
    :
    Yes, weareveryc omp anion-
    ab le . Shealwaysunderstands
    myj ok esanddoesn' tgetangry
    lik emostgirlsdowhenImak e
    sharp remark s .
    4 thChoic e, SV, C6
    :
    W Lk eep smefromb eing
    homesic k . Shealwayshassome-
    thingtotalk ab outandalthough
    sheismoodysheneverac ts
    b ored ; isalwaysinteresting. I
    think shehasab eautifulway
    ofac ting, lik ewhenshegreets
    youonthewalk . Youfeelshe
    isreallyhap p ytob etalk ingto
    youinp artic ular .
    3 rdChoic e, PR, C7
    Ilik eW Lvery, verymuc h .
    Shedoesn' ttalk tomemuc h,
    standing so c lose when she
    talk stoyou . Thereissome-
    thingab outherthatisrep ulsive
    tome
    . Ihaveahardtimetob e
    nic etoherwhenshec omesnear
    tome . Ifeltthiswayab outher
    evenb eforeIfoundoutab out
    herhavingsec retmeetingsmost
    everydaywithc oloredgirls . It
    seemsshej ustc an' tlivewithout
    them
    . Shedoesn' tj ustgowith
    themherselfb utshetriestoget
    newgirlstoc arryhernotesso
    they' llgetinterestedtoo
    . I
    think it' sj usttoob adab outher .
    Ifshec ameoutintheop enwith
    ityouwouldn' tgetsodisgusted
    withher . B utshegetsthenew
    girlsonthesly .
    Shep romises
    themallk indsofthingsifthey
    willdoitforherandthenshe
    forgetsallab outherp romises .
    InterviewResp onse, EH, C1 0
    :
    No .
    She' stwofac ed . You
    neverk nowwhenshe' syour
    friendoryourenemy, sheal-
    waystalk sab outp eop leb ehind
    theirb ac k sandissweettotheir
    fac e . Iwishshe' dleaveme
    alone, Ic an' tstandherwhenshe
    triestomak eup tome .
    SOCIOMETRYOFGROUPS

    2 3 3
    SOCIOMETRICCLASSIFICATION
    Onthisb asiswewereab letoc lassifyeac hindividualandeac h
    group ofthe, givenc ommunityac c ordingtoitsp ositionwithinit .
    W ewereawarethatwehadtoap p roac hthec lassific ationp rob -
    lemfromananglewhic hisinsharp c ontrastwiththec urrent
    though, alwayssayssheisb usy,
    has- toread, orsomething . I
    don' tk nowifitistrueornot .
    Sheisthemostattrac tivegirl in
    thec ottageIthink ; hassuc ha
    nic ec omp lex ionandk eep sher
    hairallc urled . Sheisj ustlove-
    ly.
    5 thChoic e, EH, C1 0
    :
    I' dlik etohaveW Linmy
    c ottage, she' srefinedandsup er-
    iortoalotoftheothergirls . I
    c ouldlearnfromherandlook
    up toher .
    2 3 4

    W HOSHALLSURVIVE?
    methodologies . Classific ationmethodsac c ordingtotyp e, as
    Jung' s, Kretsc hmer' s, andothers, haveinc ommonwithp syc ho-
    metric c lassific ationmethodswhic hmeasureanindividual' sintel-
    ligenc e, ap titudes, andab ilities, thattheirattitudeofc lassific ation
    isc enteredup on one individualsingly, whereastheindividuals
    andgroup saroundhimareonlysummarilyc onsidered . Inc on-
    trast, wedonotdealwithanindividualsep aratedfromthesoc io-
    dynamic situationinwhic hhelives, withinwhic hheap p ears
    c ontinuously, attrac tedtoandrej ec tedb yotherindividuals . The
    c ruc ialp ointofourc lassific ationistodefine anindividualinrela-
    tiontoothers, andinthec aseofgroup s, always agroup inrelation
    toothergroup s . Thisissoc iometric c lassific ation. Theap p roac h
    wasnotatheoretic alsc hemeb utthep roduc tofemp iric alinduc -
    tiongrowinglogic allyoutofourinitialp rec ep ttodisc overand
    c ontrolthep syc hologic alc urrentsinagivenc ommunity
    .
    Thefollowingsamp ledemonstratesthesoc iometric c lassific a-
    tionofoneindividualandthemethodsemp loyedtodevelop an
    inc reasingdegreeofp rec isionintheformula .
    TheindividualW Lc hooses 2 insideand3 outsidehergroup
    inresp ec ttolivinginp rox imity . Sheisc hosenb y1 insideand3
    outsidehergroup . "L"designatesthec riterion, livinginp rox im-
    ity . Thefiguresab ovethehoriz ontallinesignifyc hoic esmadeb y
    thesub j ec t ; thoseb elowit, thec hoic esrec eivedb ythesub j ec t .
    Thefigurestotheleftofthevertic allinearerelatedtoc hoic es
    madeorrec eivedb ythesub j ec tinsidehergroup ; thosetothe
    right, outsidehergroup , asfollows
    FormulaI
    in L out
    sent

    3
    W L
    rec eived

    1 3
    Throughthep roc essofinterrogationrej ec tionsandadditional
    attrac tionswererevealed . ( Seep . 2 3 0 . ) Thefollowingformula
    givesthetotalnumb erofattrac tionsandrej ec tionsmadeor
    rec eivedb yW Linsideandoutsidehergroup . FormulaIc hanges
    ac c ordinglyasthenumb erofrej ec tionsareindic atedb yafigure
    immediatelyfollowingthefigureindic atingattrac tions( andis
    sep aratedfromitb yadash) , asfollows
    SOCIOMETRYOFGROUPS

    2 3 5
    FormulaII
    in Lout
    sent

    2 - 1 3 - 1
    W L
    rec eived3 - 04 - 0
    Theseformulasex p ressleftfromthevertic allinethep osition
    W Loc c up ieswithinthegroup inwhic hsheac tuallylives ; right
    fromthevertic alline, herp ositionwithinthec ommunityin
    resp ec ttothec riterionoflivinginp rox imity . Theythusdefineher
    statusinresp ec ttotheeightfac torsgivenb elowintheTab leof
    TermsofSoc iometric Classific ation .
    TAB LEOFTERMSOFSOCIOMETRICCLASSIFICATION
    PositiveorNegative :

    Positive, thesub j ec tc hoosesothers ;


    Negative, thesub j ec tdoesnotc hoose
    others .
    Isolated :

    Thesub j ec tisnotc hosenanddoesnot


    c hoose .
    Ex trovertedPosition : Thesub j ec tsendsthemaj orityofher
    c hoic estoindividualsoutsideherown
    group .
    IntrovertedPosition : Thesub j ec tsendsthemaj orityofher
    c hoic estoindividualsinsiderherown
    group .
    Attrac ted :

    Thesub j ec tusesmorethanonehalfof
    thec hoic esp ermitted .
    Attrac tive
    :
    Thesub j ec trec eivesmorethanonehalf
    ofthec hoic esp ermitted . ( InorOutis
    addedtoindic ateifthec hoic esarein-
    sidethesub j ec t' sgroup oroutsidere-
    sp ec tively . W henthisisnotaddedthe
    c hoic esareunderstoodtorelatetob oth
    insideandoutsidethegroup . )
    Rej ec ting :

    Thesub j ec tusesmorethanonehalfof
    therej ec tionsp ermitted .
    Rej ec ted :

    Thesub j ec trec eivesmorethanonehalf


    oftherej ec tionsp ermitted .
    2 3 6
    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    Indifferenc e : Thesub j ec tisindifferenttotheindi-
    vidualswhoareattrac tedtoherorwho
    rej ec ther .
    Thec lassific ationofW Lis, ac c ordingtotheseeightfac tors
    :
    Positive, NotIsolated, Ex trovertedPosition, Attrac ted, Attrac -
    tive, NotRej ec tedorRej ec ting .
    Inanotherinstanc e, thatofTL, theformulasaredifferentiated
    asfollowsintothreep hases :
    TL
    . FormulaIII .

    in

    out
    sent

    c h1 c h2 c h3 c h4 - 1 I c h5 - 3
    rec eived

    - 1 6 1
    -
    0- 1 5
    Inc ontrasttoW L, TLisanindividualwhosec lassific ationex -
    p ressesanunfavorab lep osition
    : Positive, Isolated, Introverted
    Position, Attrac ted, NotAttrac tive, Rej ec tedandRej ec ting .
    Thetwelvec asesinTab le1 0illustratehowp rolific soc iometric
    c lassific ationisinb eingab letodifferentiatethep ositionofany
    individualac c ordingtosoc iodynamic c irc umstanc es
    . Itinformsus
    thatanindividual, RU, isnegativelysituated . Sheisnotp artic u-
    larlyinterestedinanyoneandnooneisp artic ularlyinterestedin
    her
    . Ittellsusthatanindividualisisolatedinherowngroup . It
    disc losesifanindividualisinanex trovertedp ositionandwhether
    sheiswantedwithinherowngroup b utsendsherc hoic esoutside .
    It, again, revealsifanindividualrej ec tsorisrej ec tedinhergroup
    oroutsideofit .
    Suc hsoc iometric c lassific ationistheemb ryoofthelater"soc io-
    matrix asitisusedb ysoc iometristsinrec entyears
    . Itisthe
    soc iomatrix of asingle
    individual . Assoonasseveralindividuals
    arep lac edintothematrix withalltheirp resentrelationship sthe
    soc iomatrix ofagroup results( seep age1 4 7 ) .
    TL. FormulaI . in L out
    sent 4 1
    rec eived 0 0
    TL. FormulaII
    . in L out
    sent 4 - 1 I
    1 - 3
    rec eived 0- 1 6 0- 1 5
    1 0
    TW ELVE EXAMPLES OFSOCIOMETRIC CLASSIFICATION ( CRITERION L, LIVINGIN PROXIMITY)
    CLASSIFICATION
    Positiveor
    Ex troverted,
    Introverted
    Name Formula I

    FormulaII Negative Isolated orB alanc ed


    Attrac tedAttrac tiveRej ec tingRej ec tedIndifferent
    L L
    sent 4 1 1 4 - 1 1 1 - 3
    ElsaTL
    Pos. X Intro . X X X
    -
    rec . U

    0 0- 1 6
    ~ 0- 1 5
    L L
    sent 4 1 4 - 1 1 - 0
    HW
    Pos . Intro . X X X
    rec . 4 1 ~1 4 - 3 1 - 0
    L I1
    sent 3 2 3 - 8 2 - 1
    UQ
    Pos . X Intro .
    X X X
    rec . 1 0 0- 3 0- 1
    sent 2 3
    L
    5 - 2 1 2 - 2
    r
    GL
    O
    Pos. Ex tro .
    X X X n
    rec . 5 1 2 5 - - 0 1 2 - 0
    sent 3

    2
    L
    6 - 7 1 - 2
    O
    GB tai
    Pos . Intro . X X X X H
    rec . 6 1 1 6 - 2 1 0- 1
    L L
    k
    3 2 sent 3 - 01 2 - 0
    AA
    Pos .
    O
    Intro . X X
    rec . 3 2 3 - 0 2 - 0
    L L
    C)
    sent 0 5 1 - 01 5 - 2 7 J
    LS
    Pos . X Ex tro . X
    X
    O
    rec . 0
    L
    2 0- 91
    L
    1 - 5
    ro
    sent 0 0 0- 0 0- 0
    RU
    Neg. X Neg . X
    rec . 0 0 0- - 0 0- 0
    L L
    sent 2 1 3 2 - 4 j 5 - 0
    PT
    1 - 1 2
    Pos . Ex tro . X X X
    I rec . 1 - 0 4 - 1
    sent 1 3 2 - 4 1 1 - 3
    SR
    Pos. Ex tro . X X X
    4 - 0, rec . 3 6 7 - 0
    L L
    sent 5

    0 5 - 1 1 - 1 N
    AI W
    1
    Pos. Intro. X X X v
    ree . 4 2 3 - 3 0- 1 3
    L L
    sent 3 1 2 3 - 0 2 - 0
    B A
    Pos . Intro . X X
    - I_
    rec . 3 1 2 3 - 0 2 - 0
    2 3 8

    W HO
    SHALL SURVIVE?
    W ithoutc onsideringindetailthemotivationsb ehindthese
    attrac tionsandrep ulsions, fear, dissatisfac tionorwhatever, a
    studyofthesec ases, withoutak nowledgeofanythingab outtheir
    historyorc onduc t, intelligenc eorab ilities, ex c ep tthek nowledge
    thatthesep ositionsc ontinuedduringthep eriodof
    one year, indi-
    c atesthatfive, TL, UQ, LS, RU, AI, ofthetwelvec asesareunad-
    j ustedwithintheirlivinggroup . B utthesoc iometristshould
    neverrelyup onthesoc iogramalone
    ; hemayreadintoitmore
    thanisthere, hemayp roj ec tintoitsomeb iasesofourc ulture
    .
    Thec lassific ationofElsaTLasisolated, rej ec tedandrej ec ting,
    isc omp rehensivelyc orrob oratedb yanintensivestudyofherc on-
    duc t . Seep . 3 4 2
    . ThenegativeandisolatedsituationofRUin
    thec ommunityisverifiedb yherlac k ofsoc iab ility
    . Ineac hc ase
    thec lassific ationwassustainedb yc linic alevidenc eandfurther
    testing
    . Seep
    . 3 4 4 . Anyc hangeinc onduc twasfoundalsotob e
    trac edimmediatelythroughthesoc iometric test . W henthesoc io-
    metric testshowedac hangeinc lassific ation, ac hangeinc onduc t
    wasevidenc ed .
    W henthereisidentic alsoc iometric c lassific ationoftwodiffer-
    entindividualsthisdoesnotindic atethatthesamemotivations
    havenec essarilyledtoit
    ; itindic atesonlythesame soc ialsetting
    inthehomegroup ( L) .
    Yeteveninthesec asesofidentic alc lassi-
    fic ationfurtheranalysisleadstofurtherdifferentiationofthe
    formulasshowingthatthesoc ialsettingoftwoindividualswhic h
    ap p earedidentic alatthestartmaylook verydifferentfroma
    mic rosc op ic p ointofview
    . Thisc anb eillustratedinthec asesof
    AAandB A.
    Ac omp arisonofthesoc ialsettingofthesetwoindividuals
    whoap p earsoc iometric allyeq uatedshowsharp c ontrasts
    . AA
    isattrac tedtoandattrac tsindividualswhoseemwelladj usted
    . In
    thesoc iometric testsherec eiveda3 rdanda5 thc hoic efromtwo
    girlswhoc ommandagreatinfluenc einthec ommunity . The
    I . Q
    . ' softheindividualsinthesoc ialatomofAAare
    : AA, 1 1 4 ;
    B T, 1 1 6 ; SA, 1 03
    ; TT, 7 5 ; andMT, 87 .
    Inallb utonec ase
    ( TT) thegirlsaredoinghighsc hoolwork .
    Ontheotherhand,
    inthesoc iometric testofB Athec hoic essherec eivesc omefrom
    individualswhoarep rac tic allyc utofffromtherestofthec om-
    munity .
    Inaddition, theI . Q . ' softheindividualsinthesoc ial
    atomofB Aare
    :
    B A, 5 3
    ; AE, 6 8 ; CT, 5 8 ; YA, 7 0
    . Inallb utone
    SOCIOMETRYOFGROUPS

    2 3 9
    instanc e ( YA) , theyarefailingtop rogressap p rec iab lyeitherin
    sc hoolwork orvoc ationaltraining . Neverthelesstheac tual
    p ositionintheresp ec tivehomegroup ofAAandB Ac orrob orates
    thep rec isionofthesoc iometric c lassific ation . Thec ontrastshows
    thatAAisp lac edinanup gradesoc ialsettingwhic hmaymature
    herb estp otentialities, whereasB Aisinadowngradesoc ial
    settingwithindividualsamongwhomsheherselfhastheb est
    c lassific ation . W emaystatehereourob servationthatiftwo
    individualshavethesameorsimilarsoc iometric c lassific ation,
    thesoc ialsettingaroundthemindic atesafavorab leorunfavor-
    ab lep rognosisintheirp rob lemofsoc ialadj ustment .
    Thissup p ortsmyc laimthatthesoc iometric p ositionofthe
    individualisnotsuffic ientlydefinedunlessthesoc iometric test
    isgiventothewholec ommunitytowhic hthatindividualb elongs .
    Thesurroundingstruc turesmaythrownewlightup onthep osition
    ofthatindividualandrevisep rematureinterp retations . Afurther
    differentiationb etweentwoindividualswasasc ertainedthrough
    studyoftherelationtotheirresp ec tivehousemotherandtheir
    c lassific ationintheirresp ec tivework group .
    Suc hanalysisofthesoc ialsettingofindividualsindic atesthat
    thec lassific ationstatusinasoc ialatomisrelative, thatitc hanges
    insignific anc edep endingup onthesoc ialatomswithwhic hitis
    interrelated . Thisalsob ringsup theq uestionoftherelativeinflu-
    enc eofoneortheotherc hoic eorattrac tionb etweentwoindi-
    viduals( notonlyinresp ec ttothemselves) inresp ec ttotheir
    homegroup andtothec ommunity
    . W ehaveseenthattheinflu-
    enc eofonec hoic edifferswidelyfromtheinfluenc eofanotherif
    thenetwork of thewholec ommunity is tak enintoc onsideration .
    Fromthisp ointofviewtheindividualB L, whois, ac c ordingto
    herc lassific ation, ap op ularindividual, b eingc hosenb y1 8p er-
    sonsinsideand 2 outsidehergroup , c omp aresp oorlywithan
    individuallik eLP, whoisc hosenb yonly4 individuals
    . B utLP
    isthefirstc hoic eofthese4 , however, and3 ofthese4 c ommand
    direc tlyorb yindirec tionab out1 00c hoic es, whereasinthec ase
    ofB Lthec hoic esc omefromindividualswhoarep oorlyadj usted
    inthemainandaresinglyalmostc utofffromthec hiefc urrents
    ofthec ommunity . Ifitc omestoestimating, therefore, whic h
    individualwieldsmorep owerinthec ommunity, thenumb erof
    attrac tionsandrej ec tionsanindividualhasdoesnotalonefigure,
    2 4 0

    W HO SHALL
    SURVIVE?
    b utwhoarethec hoosingandrej ec tingonesandwhatex p ansion
    rangetheirnetwork shave
    . Inotherwords, wearriveheretothe
    p rob lemofc lassifyingleadership .
    Thesoc iogramonp . 3 2 2 illustratesthesoc ialsettingofavery
    p op ularindividualinthegivenc ommunityandtheoneonp age
    3 2 3 thatofaveryp owerfulindividualinthisc ommunity .
    DIMENSIONSOFRESEARCHANDTHEVALIDITYOFFINDINGS
    Theob j ec tivewastotestac ommunityasawholeandtorec on-
    struc titp urelyontheb asisoffindingsyieldedb ythetest . Our
    guidingp rinc ip leintheresearc hhasb eenfromthestart, afterwe
    haddec idedonwork inginanunex p loredterritory, toletthedirec -
    tionandtheex p ansionoftheresearc hgrowoutofthesituation .
    Thereforeourp roc edurewasnotfix edinadvanc e .
    However, thisisnottosaythatIwork edwithoutawellc alc u-
    latedb luep rint, infac t, Ihadmorethanone . B utIdidnotp ermit
    themtoholdmedownrigidlytoap reordainedp ath
    . Ic hanged
    myb luep rintseveraltimesastheb uildingwentup
    . IfeltthatI
    c ouldnoterraslongasIhadac leargoalandthegenuinec o-
    op erationoftheinhab itants . B eforewestartedIvisualiz edfive
    dimensionsofresearc h : 1 ) thedimensionofac q uaintanc esandof
    simp lestsoc ialc ontac ts
    ; 2 ) thedimensionofc hoic esandrefusals
    ofc ontac t, whic hIthoughttob eduetothelik e- dislik e- indif-
    ferenc eortheattrac tion- rep ulsion- indifferenc ep atterns . I
    definedanattrac tionorrep ulsionastheresultantofa"p arallelo-
    gramofforc es"whic hb indsindividualsorsep aratesthem
    ; the
    forc esmayb ep hysic al, p syc hologic al, soc ialorc ultural ; 3 ) the
    dimensionofmotivations ; 4 ) thedimensionofsoc ialinterac tion,
    and5 ) thedimensionofrolep layingandrolereversal . Iassumed
    thatthedep thp roduc tivityofagroup req uiredadep thanalysis
    ofitalongthesefivelevelsofresearc h . Ac c ordingly, Ic on-
    struc tedseveralinstrumentstoac c omp lishthedeed
    : theac -
    q uaintanc etest, thesoc iometric test, thetestofemotionalex -
    p ansiveness, thesp ontaneitytestandtherolep layingtest .
    Afterthetestwasgiveneac htimeweanalyz edthefindings
    anddevelop edoutofthemthenex tlogic almoveinthesenseof
    theinq uiry . Thefirststep inthetestwassosimp lyc onstruc ted
    inorderthatwemightgetanimmediatefootholdintothesp on-
    SOCIoILETRYOF
    GROUPS

    2 4 1
    taneousevolutionofc ommunitymac hinery
    : weleteverymemb er
    c hoosehisassoc iatesinresp ec ttothec riterionoflivinginthe
    samehome, irresp ec tiveofage, nationality, orwhatever
    .
    B utin
    thec ourseofanalyz ingthesec hoic eswefoundtheoutc omeso
    c ontradic tingthatwec ouldnotrec onstruc tthehomegroup sin
    thec ommunityup ontheirb asis
    . Aminorityonly"c lic k ed, "that
    is, c hoseeac hothermutually, andastillsmallerminorityc lic k ed
    b yfirstc hoic e
    . Thelargemaj ority"p assedb y"orneglec tedeac h
    otherforunk nownreasons
    . Atthesametimethec hoic es"b rok e"
    alltherac ial, religiousandI
    . Q
    . lines, c oloredc hoosingwhite,
    whitec hoosingc olored, Catholic sc hoosingProtestants, highI
    . Q .
    c hoosinglow
    I . Q . , and vic eversa .
    Further, wehaddisc overedthatinsteadofthe
    2 , 5 2 5
    c hoic es
    ex p ec ted( ontheb asisof
    5 05 p ersonsc hoosingatarateof
    5
    c hoic eseac h) , only
    2 , 2 85 c hoic eswereac tuallymade
    . Thefac t
    of 2 4 0
    c hoic esb eingmissinghadc omp elledustomak easp ec ial
    investigation .
    ( Seec hap ters, LimitofEmotionalInterestand
    Soc iodynamic Effec t
    . ) B utthedisc overyofc hoic esb eingmissing
    b roughtab outanotherc ritic alsp ec ulationregardingourp roc e-
    dure
    . B esidesthetwofac tors, limitofemotionalinterestandso-
    c iodynamic effec t, whetherornotanyindividualhasmadeher
    5
    c hoic esinfull, mayhavearelationtothenumb erofac q uaintanc es
    shehashadtheop p ortunitytomak eandarelationtothep eriod
    oftimeshehassp entinthegivenc ommunityup tothemoment
    ofthetest
    . AstheHudsonsc hoolisac losedc ommunity, wehad
    thep ossib ilityoftrac ingthesefac torsac c uratelyaseveryindi-
    vidualwhoarrivedintoitfac edthep op ulationeq uallystrangeto
    herwiththeex c ep tionofrareinstanc eswhereinanewgirlhad
    p reviouslymetoneortwoofthep op ulationoutside
    .
    Afterhavingtreatedthesetwosidep rob lemswereturnedto
    thep rimarystageofourresearc h
    . Thegreatnumb erofunrec ip ro-
    c atedc hoic essuggestedtoustheideathatp erhap saninq uiryat
    theotherend, fromtheunresp ondingindividuals, mayadj ust
    manyone- sidedsituationsandtransformthemintorec ip roc ated
    ones .
    Also, aswehadfoundinc ertainc asesthatthemutual
    c hoic ewasundesirab leforoneortheotherp arty, wec onsidered
    moreinformationab outb othendsoftherelationship nec essary
    .
    Thereforeweb egananinvestigationintothe
    motivations underly-
    ingthesec hoic es
    .
    2 4 2

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    Itisthep lac e, here, p erhap s, top onderup onmethodic alerrors
    whic hwemayhavemadeup tothep resentp oint .
    Firstc omes
    thevalidityofsub j ec tivec hoic e .
    Sub j ec tivec hoic etob evalid
    req uiresthetotalab senc eofsuc hfac torsasthreatandfearand
    theop erationofsuc hfac torsasc onfidenc einthe
    realiz ation of
    theirc hoic es . Itisob viousthatthegirlsinHudson, ifthey
    wantedadesiretob ec arriedout, wouldtrytomak etheirc hoic es
    assinc ereastheywereab le
    . Furthermore, themeaningofthetest
    wasex p lainedtothegirlsb ythesup erintendentinp erson, whom
    thegirlsrealiz edhadfullauthorityandwhosegreatdesireto
    aideac hgirlwasoftenex p erienc edb ythem . Therec k lessness
    ofthec hoic esmade, asp resentedinthesoc iograms, isevidenc e
    thatnodoub tneedex istastothesinc erityofthec hoic esex c ep t
    inoc c asionalc ases .
    Theyk newthattheywouldnotb ep unishedforb einghonest,
    b utrewarded, ifinanywayp ossib le, b yb eingmovedintothe
    c ottageinwhic htheylik edtolive
    . Itc ameoutintheinterviews
    thatthec hoic ewasattimesnotonlydirec tedtowardsanindi-
    vidualb uttowardsthec ottageasawhole
    .
    Sec ond, afterthevalidityorinvalidityofsub j ec tivec hoic ewas
    c onsidered, weestimatedthevalidityofc hoic eandresp onsefor
    thep urp oseofc lassific ation
    . Therangeofc hoic esandresp onses
    fellb etween5 and 4 1 . Everysinglestatementab outanindividual
    wasthusc hec k edb y5 to 4 1
    otherstatementsandhenc eap p eared
    wellsup p orted . Thirdwec onsideredthefluc tuationofop inions,
    thep rob lemthattheop inionsofindividuals, esp ec iallyofadoles-
    c ents, mightb efoundtoc hangerap idly . Thereforethegirlswere
    allowedap eriodof90daysinwhic htoc hangetheirc hoic esor
    resp onses
    . However, theymaintainedtheiroriginalc hoic esand
    resp onsestotheex tentof95 %
    . Fourthc ametheac c urac yofthe
    girls' statementsandmotivationsfortheirc hoic es
    . Theseare,
    indeed, freq uentlyinac c urate . Notwithstandingc omp rehensive
    studyofeac hc hild' sstatementsofmotivations, theyaresome-
    times, asinthec asesofb ac k wardc hildren, littlemorethannaive
    utteranc es .
    Yetinoneresp ec tthemostinartic ulatemotivation
    doesnotdifferoneiotafromthemostartic ulateone . Itex p resses
    thisorthatindividual' sdesireorp rotestregardinglivinginthe
    samec ottagewiththisorthatotherindividualatthetimeofinter-
    rogation
    . Thefac tthatthemoreintelligentp ersonmotivatesher
    SOCIOMETRYOFGROUPS

    2 4 3
    lik es, dislik esandindifferenc esmorefullydoesnotc hangethefac t
    thatshealsoonlyex p ressesap referenc e . Thustherealtestofthe
    situationisnothowac c uratestatementsare, b utagain, howsp on-
    taneousandsub j ec tivelytruetheyare .
    Afurtherrestric tiveargumentisthatthep referenc eof5 p er-
    sonsoutsideyourgroup doesnotex c ludeyourlik ingthep ersons
    ofyourowngroup , ifonlyinlesserdegree
    . B uttoresignfrom
    b eingtogetherwithp ersonswhomyouk nowtob eofgreater
    insp irationalvalueforyouandyourp rogressisdiffic ult
    .
    Lastnotleast, itwashardtodeterminethe"weight"ofac hoic e
    andthedifferenc eb etweenafirstandasec ondc hoic e . Thisis
    whyIlaterintroduc ed thetimeindex , measuringtheintensity
    ofc hoic eb ytheamountoftimeindividualssp endtogether .
    Ourattemp ttorevaluatetheac c urac yofthefar- reac hingc on-
    c lusionsc onc erningthelimitofemotionalinterestofindividuals
    inresp ec ttodifferentc riteriaandthesoc iodynamic effec twhic h
    resultsfromthep syc hologic alp ressureb earingup oneac hindi-
    vidualinlargep op ulationssuggestedtoustoc onsideranother
    sourc eofp ossib leerrorinourc alc ulation
    . Thememb ersofthe
    Hudsonp op ulation, b eforetheyb ec ameap artofit, hadb een
    memb ersofac ommunityoutside . Manyoftheiremotionalinter-
    estsmayreside, andc ertainlymusthaveatonetimeresided, in
    thec ommunityfromwhic htheyc ame . However, thegirlshave
    notb eenask edtoc hooseforlivinginp rox imityindividualswho
    livedatthetimeoftheinterrogationinsomeoutsidec ommunity .
    Itisp ossib lethatsuc hemotionalattac hmentstop arents, sib lings,
    friends, menorwomen, donotdec reaseinintensityevenaftera
    longstayinthetrainingsc hool
    . Thismayac c ountfortheindif-
    ferenc esomeindividualshavedemonstratedinmak inguseofthe
    fiveallottedc hoic es . Ifthetesthadb eenc arriedoutinamanner
    not limitingthec hoic estothep op ulationwithintheHudson
    sc hoolandhadallowedthegirlstoc hoose any ac q uaintanc eany-
    where, theresultofthetestmighthaveb een, andwec anassume
    italmosttoac ertainty, farmorep rolific thanthep ic turewehave
    ob tained . Manymorec ommunitiesthanHudsonwouldhaveb e-
    c omesub j ec ttoourtest . Eac hofthesec ommunitiesmayhave
    ap p earedinour"Psyc hologic alGeograp hy"map asac ottagenow
    ap p ears
    . Aninc lusionofindividualsoutsideofthesc hoolwould
    havemadethewholep roc edureridic ulous, asitwouldhaveb een
    2 4 4

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    ap p arenttothegirlsthatthetestwasnotsinc erelymeantb ut
    p urelyac ademic
    .
    Thismighthaveinterferedgravelywiththe
    p rosp ec tofreleasingfromthemsp ontaneousandsinc ereex p res-
    sions
    . Further, thefac tthatnoindividualoutsideofHudsonwas
    availab leforthegirlsmadethec onditionseq ualforall
    . Still
    further, wehavefoundthatwiththeex c ep tionofmenfriends,
    mostofthep urelysoc ialac q uaintanc esthegirlshavemadeoutside
    arerep lac edb ygirlswhosefriendship theyhavewoninHudson
    .
    B utwerealiz ethat theidealc onditionsforthisex p erimental
    studyshouldp rovidefor"unrestrained"ex erc iseofc hoic e
    .
    Theq uestionalsoc anb eraisedifthesoc iometric testisanec es-
    saryp roc edureinthedeterminingofgroup andc ommunityor-
    ganiz ation .
    Isitnc tp ossib letodeterminetheorganiz ationofa
    group throughc arefulob servationofeac hmemb er, throughinter-
    rogatingoneab outtheother, findingtheindifferenc es, attrac tions
    andrep ulsionsex istingandthemotivationsunderlyingthem?
    W ouldc lassific ationmadeup onthisb asisandthesoc iogram
    c hartedap p rox imatec lassific ationandsoc iogramsasarrivedatb y
    thesoc iometric testitself ?
    Suc ha"soc iometric allyorientedob servationalmethod"isof
    c onsiderab levaluewhenevertherealtestc annotb ec arriedout
    ;
    withtheaidofan"ob server"soc iogramitmaygivearough
    p ic tureofthesituation
    .
    B utsuc hap roc edureisstillinadeq uateanditsc lassific ation
    wouldb efalse, howeverac c uratethegatheredinformationmay
    b e, b ec auseitlimitstheinvestigationtotheindividualsofwhic h
    thegroup
    ac tually c onsists
    . Thisgroup isnotfullyisolatedfrom
    therestofthec ommunity .
    Theindividualsofthisgroup arein
    c ontac twithmanyotherp ersonsinthec ommunity
    : thefieldof
    investigationhasnec essarilytob eex p andedtoallindividualswho
    mayhaveb eeninc ontac twithanymemb erofthisgroup
    . To
    asc ertaintheseweshouldhavetoengageagreatnumb eroffield
    work erswatc hingeverymemb erofthegivenc ottageoverasuf-
    fic ientp eriodoftime, and, tob eac c urate, everymemb erofthe
    c ommunity, b ec auseitisj ustassignific anttok nowhowmany
    otherindividualsfeelindifferent, attrac tedorrep ulsedtowards
    someindividualofthec ommunityb einginvestigated
    . Thiswould
    meanunsurmountab lelab or
    . B uteventhenwewouldgetac on-
    fusingp ic tureofthesituation, littlemorethananac q uaintanc e
    COMMUNITYORGANIZ ATION

    2 4 5
    index sub j ec tivelyundifferentiated, - imitatingp iec emealthesoc io-
    metric test .
    Infac t, whatsuc hap ointofviewfailstoc onveyisanunder-
    standingoftwoimp ortantitemsthetesthasb roughttoc larity .
    Oneisthat theac tualsettinginwhic hanindividuallivesand
    whic hisimp osedup onhimb ywhateverauthorityandthesetting
    whic hhewouldlik etohaveneednotb eandseldomareidentic al .
    Itdoesnotrec ogniz ethesoc ialatomofanindividual, thatc on-
    figurationofemotionalc urrentsrunningfromthisindividualto
    othersinvariousloc alitiesofthec ommunityandthatoftheemo-
    tionalc urrentsrunningfromeac hofthemb ac k tohim . Thesec -
    ondfac torwhic hthisp ointofviewfailstotak eintorec ognition
    isthat everyc ollec tiveisorganiz edmoreorlesssuc c essfully
    aroundadefinitec riterion . Thisholdshoweverinartic ulateit
    mayb einthemindofitsmemb ers . Itmay, forinstanc e, b ethe
    c riterionofwantingtoliveinp rox imitywithc ertainindividuals
    whic hp roduc esac onfigurationofemotionalc urrentsb etweenone
    andanumb erofp ersons . W ithoutthisc riterionwewouldhave
    ac onfigurationoflik esanddislik esb etweenoneindividualand
    anumb erofotherswithoutk nowingtowhic hc riteriontheselik es
    anddislik esarerelated .
    Afurtherinvestigationalwaysreveals,
    asweourselveshavefoundthroughex p erimentingwiththetest
    inthisindefinitefashion, thatvariousc riteriamingleandc on-
    ditionthisc onfiguration, - thewantingtowork inp rox imity, to
    studyinp rox imity, sex ualc riteria, c ulturalc riteria, orwhatever .
    Therefore, theob servationalp roc edurehasfromasoc iometric
    p ointofviewthevalueofanaux iliary . Thesoc iometric test,
    instead, isauseful methodic alguide. Ithelp stodraw, organic ally
    andp rogressively, informationfromeveryp ossib lesourc eb earing
    up onthesoc ialatomsofwhic hthec ommunityc onsists
    .
    COMMUNITYORGANIZ ATION
    TYPESOFGROUPORGANIZ ATION
    Elec tronshavethesameweightandq uantityofelec tric ity
    whentheyarealone, b utiftheyareattac hedtogethertomak e
    up anatomtheyb egintoex hib itindividuality . Similarlywith
    2 4 6

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    men. Iftheyareattac hedtogethertomak eup agroup they b egin
    toex hib itindividual"differenc es" whic hdidnotseemtoex ist
    b efore
    .
    Itisonethingtoask what c auses b roughtab outthesediffer-
    enc esandtheformingofagroup . Thisq uestionhasb eenask ed
    andmanyanswersoffered . B utitisanotherthingtoask howis
    agroup orasoc ietyorganiz ed . Theformerq uestionishyp othetic
    anddealswithc auses
    ; thelatterisdesc rip tive andanalytic aland
    dealswithfac ts .
    Thesoc i. ometric ap p roac hofgroup organiz ationisfreefrom
    p rec onc ep tionofthec ontrastb etweenindividualism andc ollec -
    tivesorc orp orateb odies . Ittak estheattitudethatb eyondthis
    c ontrastthereisac ommonp lane, asnoindividualis entirely
    unrelatedtosomeotherindividualsandnoindividualisentirely
    ab sorb edb yac ollec tive . Thep ositionofeac hindividualwithin
    hisk ind, howeverap p arentlyisolated, isonethingandc oop era-
    tiveac tsofsuc hindividualsatc ertaintimes isanother.
    W ehavelearnedthatgroup sofindividuals haveatendenc yto
    develop definiteorganiz ationwhic hc anb e ac c uratelyasc ertained
    andthatthep atternsofthisorganiz ationc hange . ( a) Ac c ording
    totheagelevelofitsmemb ers . ( Seep p . 1 5 0- 1 5 2 . ) ( b ) Ac c ording
    totheinterestofthememb ersforoneanother . ( Seep . 2 4 9) . If
    thegroup isahomegroup andifthemaj orityof itsmemb ersp re-
    ferstoremainwithinit, this organiz ationtendstob eintroverted
    ( seep . 2 7 0) ;
    b utifthemaj orityofitsmemb erswantstolive
    withoutsiders, this organiz ationtendstob eex troverted ( seep .
    2 6 5 ) . Anintrovertedgroup organiz ationtendstob ewarm, over-
    filledwithemotion . Anex trovertedgroup organiz ationtends to
    b ec old, aslittleemotionissp entwithin it . W henthememb ers
    arenotinterestedinwithwhomtheylive, eitherwitheac hother
    orwithoutsiders, the organiz ationisoneofsolitaires ( seep . 1 3 9,
    Fig
    . 1 ) .
    Iftheintrovertedandex trovertedtendenc ies reac han
    eq uilib rium, the organiz ationisb alanc ed.
    "Ex troverted"and"introverted" arep syc hologic alc onc ep ts
    introduc edb yCarlJungwhic harewidelyusedto c onnotesp ec ific
    individualreac tionp atterns
    .
    B ut ex troverted
    and
    introverted
    group organiz ation
    aresoc iometric c onc ep tsandhavenorelation
    to introverted and
    ex troverted asusedinthep syc hologic alsense .
    Forinstanc e, manymemb ersofanintrovertedgroup
    organiz ation
    COMMUNITYORGANIZ ATION

    2 4 7
    mayb eex trovertsandmanymemb ersofanex trovertedgroup
    organiz ationmayb eintroverts
    . Further, theyarenotsub j ec tive
    notionsb utex ac tlymeasurab leex p ressions
    .
    Thesoc iometric
    notionswhic hc orresp ondto
    ex trovert and introvert
    inthep syc ho-
    logic alsenseare
    emotionalex p ansiveness
    and emotionalshrink -
    age
    .
    B utthey, too, haveb eendevelop edinregardtothefunc -
    tioningoftheindividualwithinagroup andc anb ep resentedin
    ametric fashion .
    Asimilarp rob lemariseswhenwec onsiderthetheoryofin-
    stinc ts
    . Thedic hotomyofinstinc tintheformofthesex ualand
    theaggressivec omp onentsmaysatisfythep syc hoanalystandthe
    needsofindividualistic allyorientedp syc hiatry
    . Fromtheirp oint
    ofviewitmayap p earthatweshouldidentifyallemotionsex -
    p ressingattrac tionwiththesex ualc omp onentandallemotions
    ex p ressingrep ulsionwiththeaggressivec omp onent
    . B utthis
    division, evenifc onsideredtruefortheindividualorganism,
    meetswithmethodologic aldiffic ultieswhenap p liedtogroup s
    .
    Theoriginofac ertainemotion, loveorhate, risingfroman
    individual, whatevertheanalytic definitionoftheend- p roduc t
    mayb e, isinitsp syc hogeograp hic alunfoldmentinterloc k edwith
    emotionsrisingfromotherindividuals
    . Oftenwec anseehowthey
    growtogether, insymb iosis, dep endentup ononeanother
    . W hen
    wesay attrac tion,
    weindic atethatac ertainemotionsp reads
    throughac ertaingeograp hic alareainresp ec ttoac ertainc riterion
    to j oin
    withac ertainindividual .
    W henwesay rep ulsion, we
    indic atethatac ertainemotionsp readsthroughageograp hic al
    areainresp ec ttoac ertainc riterionto
    sep arate fromac ertain
    individual
    . Asex ualc urrentisnotnec essarilytheac c umulation
    ofsex ualimp ulses
    ; itisoftenthep roduc tofmanyc ontrasting
    andevenc ontradic tingfac tors .
    Ifweshouldsay, insteadof
    attrac tion,
    love or lib ido,
    wewouldsaymorethanwec ansay ;
    wewouldc onfusethesex ualc omp onentwhic hhasanindividual
    originwiththesex ualc urrentwhic hhasasoc iometric origin.
    Itap p ears, therefore, moreusefultoc onsiderthesoc iometric area
    ofinvestigationashavinglawsofitsownandnottomix its
    interp retationswiththosec omingfromotherfields
    .
    ( c ) Ifthegroup asawhole- orthemaj orityofitsmemb ers-
    ( sometimesthroughtheinfluenc eofak ey- individual) develop s
    ahostileattitudetowardsoneormoreoutsidegroup s, its
    organiz a-
    2 4 8

    W HO
    SHALL SURVIVE?
    tion c anb ec alled outwardaggressive . ( Seesoc iogramof
    C7 ,
    p . 2 7 1 ) . Ontheotherhand, ifthistendenc yisdominant inside
    thegroup , asin C1 2 , theorganiz ationc anb ec alled inwardaggres-
    sive . ( Seesoc iogramof C1 2 , p . 2 7 4 ) . ( d) Ac c ordingtothe
    func tionorthec riterionofthegroup , asa home group , awork
    group , orwhatever, adifferentorganiz ationmayresultineac h
    instanc e, evenifthememb ersarethesameinb othinstanc es . The
    work group mayb eharmonious, thehomegroup disharmonious,
    inb othgroup sthesamegirlsfunc tion . Laterwewillc omealso
    toc onsiderc omp lex organiz ationdifferenc esdueto ( e) c onflic ting
    func tionswithrinthesamegroup . Anex amp leisthenatural
    familywherethec onflic tarisesb etweenthefunc tionofthesex ual
    group ing, themanandwoman, andthefunc tionofthesoc ial
    group ingb etweenfather, mother, andc hildren . Group organiz a-
    tionc hangesarealsofoundtob edueto( f) overlap p ingoffunc -
    tions
    . Anex amp leisthep rimitivefamilyassoc iationsuc hasthe
    Chinese, whic hinc ludesfunc tionswhic hotherwisewouldb e
    ex erc isedb yotherunits, asasc hoolunit, awork unit, etc .
    Organiz ationandfunc tionofagroup ap p eartob ec losely
    related . Ifahomegroup hasanorganiz ationwhic hisex tremely
    ex troverted, thatis, amaj orityofitsmemb erswouldp refertolive
    inothergroup s, thefunc tioningofthishomegroup suffersinits
    differentasp ec tsp rop ortionatelyandc harac teristic ally .
    W e
    studiedthevarioustyp esofdisturb anc esdevelop inginhome
    group sandasc ertainedtowhatdefiniteformofgroup organiz a-
    tionadefiniteab errationinfunc tionisp otentiallyrelated . The
    samefunc tioninac ottagegroup , forinstanc e, theex ec utingof
    thenec essaryhousework , isp erformedwithdifferingeffic ienc y
    ac c ordingtotheorganiz ationofthegroup , b esidesotherfac tors .
    Ifthemaj orityofthememb ersattac htheiremotionalinterest
    mainlytoindividualsoutsidetheirgroup , thisex trovertedor-
    ganiz ationisap otentialc onditionwhic hmayeasilyreleasedis-
    turb anc esofthisfunc tionthroughlac k ofp rec isioninwork ,
    sup erfic ialityofp erformanc e, tardiness, etc . Iftheorganiz ation
    isofthereversetyp e, introverted, andinadditionmanyofthe
    memb ersrej ec teac hother, thesamefunc tionmayshowadis-
    turb anc eofadifferentnature, asfric tionandc onflic tb etweenthe
    memb ersoveritsex ec ution . Ontheotherhand, anorganiz ation
    inwhic hmanymemb ersrej ec tthehousemotherandatthesame
    COMMUNITYORGANIZ ATION

    2 4 9
    timeattrac toneanother, forminganetwork againstthehouse-
    mother, mayreleaseadifferentdisturb anc eofthegivenfunc tion .
    Astheac c ep tingofdirec tionsfromthehousemotherisessential
    tothework , outofthislastmentionedtyp eoforganiz ationre-
    gressioninthework ex ec utedfreq uentlyresults, ac c omp anied
    b yop enreb ellion .
    QUANTITATIVEANALYSIS Or GROUPORGANIZ ATION
    Thefirstp rob lemwhic hwefac edintheq uantitativeanalysis
    ofhomegroup swastoasc ertaintheamountofinterestitsmem-
    b ersshowedfortheirowngroup
    . Thisiswhatwec all, b riefly,
    RatioofInterestforHomeGroup
    . W eusedthefollowingtec h-
    niq ue . Cottage1 0has
    3 3 memb ers . Eac hmemb erisallowed
    5
    c hoic es
    . Ifeverymemb erofC1 0usedher
    5 c hoic eswithinthe
    group , 1 6 5
    c hoic eswouldb edistrib utedwithinit, or1 00%
    . B ut
    thememb ersofC1 0haveattac hedonly
    5 3 c hoic estotheirown
    group
    . Comp utingtheratioof 5 3
    c hoic esto 1 6 5 p ossib lec hoic es,
    wehave
    3 2 . 1 2 %,
    theRatioofInterestforHomeGroup inC1 0 .
    TAB LE1 1
    RANKINGOFCOTTAGESACCORDINGTORATIOOPINTERESTFOROW NGROUP
    C6
    - - - - - - - -

    . . . . . . . . . .
    . . . . .
    . . . . . . . . . .
    01 3
    C1 5
    - - - - - - - - - - -

    . . . . . .
    .
    . . . . . . . .
    . - -
    01 2
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    C8. . .
    C2
    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    C1 1

    .
    . - -

    -
    C1
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

    01 6
    C7
    C3
    - - - - - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - - -

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    . . .
    05 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    7 1 . 2 0%
    7 1 . 03 %
    6 9. 6 3 %
    5 9. 000/ ,
    5 6 . 3 6 0/ ,
    5 6 . 1 0%
    5 5 . 4 5 %
    5 3 . 5 7
    4 7 . 00%
    4 6
    . 6 7 %
    4 6 . 000/ ,
    4 4 . 5 7 %
    3 9. 1 7
    3 7 . 93 %
    3 2 . 1 2 %
    3 1 . 00 - lo
    Sub seq uentc omp arisonoftheseratioswiththec onduc tof
    the

    resp ec tivec ottagegroup revealedthatwiththetrendoftheratios


    towardslowerp erc entages, asb elow
    3 5 7 o ( C1 0 and C5 ) , the
    standardofc onduc tofthegroup sinthisc ategorywaslower
    2 5 0

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    thantheaveragestandardinvariousrep ec ts : lac k ofinterestof
    themaj orityofmemb erstoraisethestandardofhousemorale,
    greaterinterestinmemb ersofotherc ottages, analmosttotal
    lac k of esp ritdec orp s inresp ec ttoformsofmalb ehaviorwhic h
    arerelatedtolac k ofunityinthehousegroup , asrunaways, and
    ahighnumb erofmemb erswhoap p lyforassignmenttoother
    c ottages .
    W iththetrendoftheratiosofinteresttowardsthe
    higherp erc entages, 3 5 %andover, c ottagesap p earonthetab le
    whic hhaveshownac omp arativelyb etterstandardofc onduc t
    .
    Elevenofthesec ottages( allex c ep tC7 , C1 1 , andC1 2 ) hadno
    runawaysforap eriodofninemonths, whilethosec ottageswith
    p erc entagesb elow3 5 7 o' hadseveral . However, ahighratioof
    interestwasnotalwaysc orrelatedtoahighstandardofc onduc t
    ifotherfac torsex istedintheorganiz ationofthegroup toc ounter
    this . Forinstanc e, inthec aseofC1 2 ( ac oloredgroup ) thehigh
    ratioofinterestshownforitsowngroup wasadisadvantage :
    thememb ersdidnotlook forotheroutletsandatthesametime
    therewerenumerousrej ec tionsamongthemselves.
    Theamountofinterestmemb ersofafamilygroup orofany
    together- livinggroup haveforitc annotgob elowac ertainmini-
    mumifthisgroup istob ec onsideredamoralforc eintheshap ing
    ofthep ersonalitiesb elongingtoit . W hatisthisminimum? It
    seemstousax iomatic toassumethatifoutof2 atleast1 , outof4
    atleast2 , outof6 atleast3 , ifatleast5 0%ofac ottagegroup
    donotwanttok eep thegroup up anddesireitsc ontinuation, then
    thisgroup hastob erank edasb elowtheminimumstandard . Of
    c ourse, 5 0%isanarb itraryestimate
    .
    W eseethatfreq uentlyafamilyorab usinessisheldtogether
    b yonedominantindividual
    ; assoonasthatindividualdies, it
    c ollap ses .
    Itmayonedayb efoundthattheminimumishigherthan
    5 0%andnotlower . B utitc anb esp ec ulatedthattheminimum
    ofinterestforthegroup , ifthegroup istoc ontinueasac onstruc -
    tiveunit, c anp rob ab lyb elowerthelargerthegroup is . Itisob -
    viousthatap airrelationisdiffic ultifoneofthep artnersismore
    interestedinarelationtoathirdp erson
    . B utifagroup c onsists,
    forinstanc e, of2 , 000p ersons, andif5 00ofthemwanttop re-
    servethegroup , thisgroup mayhaveab etterp rognosisthana
    p airrelationinwhic hone- halfisdisinterested
    . Inlargegroup s
    COMMUNITYORGANIZ ATION

    2 5 1
    thefac toroffunc tionhasgreaterop p ortunitiesforflex ib ilityand
    sp ec ializ ation
    . Forinstanc e, inap airrelationonec annothave
    towardstheotherp ersonb utonefunc tionatatimeandex c hange
    offunc tionisonlyp ossib leatdifferenttimes
    . B utinlargegroup s
    onep ersonmayhaveanumb erofdifferentfunc tionsatthesame
    timetowardsanumb erofdifferentp ersons
    . Yetanotherfac toris
    signific ant
    : theinfluenc ewhic hleader- individualsareab letoex ert
    inlargegroup s . Thedistrib utionofp owerinlargegroup sde-
    p endsup ontheintric atedistrib utionofemotionalc urrents . An
    individualwhoisinc ontrolandc ansteerthec ourseofoneof
    thesec urrentsc anwieldanimmensep otentialinfluenc eoutofall
    p rop ortiontohisimmediatefollowing .
    Theloveandhatredwhic hmemb ersofthesamehomegroup
    haveforeac hotherwillhaveaneffec tup ontheorganiz ationand
    c onduc tofthegroup asawhole. W eattemp tedtofollowup this
    fac tortec hnic allythroughasc ertainingthedistrib utionofattrac -
    tionsandrej ec tionsamongthememb ersofeac hc ottagegroup
    sep arately . W efollowedthetec hniq ueofsummingup thenum-
    b erofattrac tionsandrep ulsionsinthesamegroup andc alc ulated
    theresp ec tivep erc entages . Ifthememb ersofagroup ex p ressed
    7 5 attrac tionsand 2 5 rep ulsions, theratioofattrac tionswouldb e
    7 5 %andtheratioofrep ulsions 2 5 % . Tab le 1 2 p resentsthe
    p erc entagesofattrac tionsandrej ec tionswithineac hc ottage
    group .
    TAB LE1 2
    RANKINGOFCOTTAGESACCORDINGTOTHESUMOFATTRACTIONSAND
    REPULSIONSINPERCENTAGES
    Attrac tions
    Rep ulsions
    C2
    ..
    .
    85 . 3 6 % 1 4 . 6 4 %
    C1 3 84 . 4 3 % 1 5 . 5 7 %
    01 83 . 93 % 1 6 . 07 %
    07 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

    7 8 . 7 9% 2 1
    . 2 1 %
    C1 5 7 6 . 2 3 % 2 3 . 7 7 %
    06
    - -
    . 7 5 . 4 2 0/ , 2 4 . 5 8 0/ ,
    01 1
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    6 6 8 . 4 7 %
    3 1 . 5 3 %
    C1 6
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    . 3 0% 3 2 . 7 0 0/ ,
    C1 2
    . . - . 6 6 . 6 7 % 3 3 . 3 3
    C9
    6 5 . 4 9' % 3 4 . 5 1 0/ ,
    C1 4 5 9. 1 4 % 4 0 . 86 %
    08. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8 . 4 8% 4 1 . 5 2 %a
    C3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    5 5 . 81 01 o 4 4 . 1 9%
    01 04 9. 2 0% 5 0 . 80%
    C4 4 8 . 4 1 % 5 1 . 5 9 0/ ,
    2 5
    2

    W HO
    SHALL SURVIVE?
    Thep erc entageofattrac tionamongthememb ersofC1 0is
    4 9
    . 2 0 andthep erc entageofrep ulsionis
    5 0 . 80. Thep erc entage
    ofattrac tionamongmemb ersofC6 is 7 5 . 4 2
    andthep erc entageof
    rep ulsionis 2 4 . 5 8 .
    InC1 0itisnotonlytheratioofinterestwhic h
    islowb utthenumb erofrep ulsionsex c eedsthenumb erofattrac -
    tionsandindic atesalowstandardofgroup organiz ation
    . InC6
    theratioofinterestis 7 1 . 2 % ;
    inCl0itis 3 2 . 1 2 %
    .
    Thisillus-
    trateshowwidelytwohomegroup sc andiffer
    .
    B esidesthesummingup ofthenumb erofattrac tionsandrej ec -
    tionswec onsideredanotherasp ec t, aq ualitativefac tor
    : thatoften
    asingleaffec tionofoneindividualforanothermayhaveinits
    rep erc ussionsaneffec tup onthegroup orup onthec ommunity
    whic hex c eedsb yfarthesmallp artitc ontrib utesq uantitatively
    .
    Itisasoc iodynamic growthofaffec tion, notonlyanumeric alone
    .
    W ehavetriedtofindforthisq ualitativefac toraq uantitative
    ex p ression( seep . 3 2 4 ) .
    Inestimatingthep op ularityofac ottagegroup withinthe
    c ommunityc omp aredtoalltheotherc ottagegroup s, wehyp othe-
    c atedthatthegreaterthenumb erofindividualsinthec ommunity
    whodesiretoliveinasp ec ific c ottagethegreateristhatc ottage' s
    ratioofattrac tion
    . Tosec urethisratioofattrac tionweused
    thefollowingtec hniq ue .
    W edividedthenumb erofc hoic esits
    memb ersac tuallyrec eivedb ythemax imumnumb erofc hoic es
    theymighthaverec eivedifallthegirlsinthevariousotherc ot-
    tagegroup satthetimeofc hoosinghadsentalltheirc hoic esinto
    thatc ottage . Anex amp leis C5 .
    Thetotalp op ulationofthe
    c ommunityatthetimeofthetestwas
    5 05 . Thetotalp op ula-
    tionofthe1 6 c ottageswas
    4 3 5 . The 7 0 individualsunac c ounted
    forwereatthattimeresidingc hieflyinthehosp italoronthefarm
    attac hedtothesc hool
    . Asb oththesegroup swereformedon
    c riteriaotherthanlivinginp rox imity- aswasthec aseofthe
    c ottagegroup s- ( intheoneinstanc e, thec riteriontob etreated
    forillness, intheotheravoc ationalc riterion) weex c ludedthe
    findingsinreferenc etothesegroup sfromthoserelatingtothe
    1 6 c ottagegroup s
    . Atthetimeofthetestthep op ulationof
    C5
    was
    1 7 .
    Henc ethenumb erofgirlsinotherc ottageswas 4 3 5
    less 1 7 , or 4 1 8 .
    Themax imumnumb erofc hoic esthese 4 1 8
    girls
    mighthavesentintoC5 is 4 1 8
    multip liedb y5 , thenumb erof
    c hoic esallowed, or 2 , 090
    c hoic es . Thenumb erofc hoic es C5
    COMMUNITYORGANIZ ATION

    2 5 3
    ac tuallyrec eivedfromotherc ottagegroup swas2 5 . Dividing
    2 5 b y2 , 090, C5 ' sratioofattrac tionisfoundtob e1 . 2 % . The
    rank ingofthec ottagegroup sac c ordingtotheirresp ec tiveratio
    ofgroup attrac tionisp resentedinTab le1 3 .
    TAB LE 1 3
    RANKINGOFTHECOTT"AGEsACCORDINGTORATIOOFGROUPATTRACTION
    ( Au Index ofRelativePop ularity)
    Cottages

    RatioofAttrac tion
    C2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    C1
    C7
    C6
    C4

    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    01 3
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    C1 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

    C1 0
    01 1
    . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    01 6 . . . . . . .
    . . . .
    C1 5
    . . .
    C
    8
    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    C3
    C1 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    .
    . . . . . . . . . . .
    . -
    C5
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    . 0%
    3 . 8%
    3 . 3 %
    3 . 0%
    3
    . 0 0/ ,
    3 . 0%
    3 . 0%,
    2 . 9%,
    2 . 6 %
    2 . 5 %,
    2 . 5 %
    2 . 001o
    1 . 7 %
    1 . 6 %
    1 . 2 0/ ,
    0 . 9%
    Total- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

    4 1 . 0%
    Itap p ears, therefore, thatthesumofalltheratiosofattrac tion
    is4 1 % . W ehadfoundthatthedesiretoremaininthep resent
    c ottages, theratioofinterestsummedup forallthec ottages-
    arrivedatb yaddingallthep erc entageslistedinTab le1 1 and
    dividingb y1 6 - is5 1 % . Henc eitisevidentthatthe
    c ohesive
    forc esatwork inthisc ommunitywerestrongerthantheforc es
    drawingthegirlsawayfromtheirc ottagegroup ings . Thediffer-
    enc eb etweenthesetworatios, or 1 0%,
    indic atesthattheintro-
    vertedtrendisstillgreaterthantheex trovertedandoffersob -
    j ec tiveevidenc eoftheb alanc eex istinginthegroup softheHud-
    sonc ommunity . Thep erc entageunac c ountedforwhentheratio
    ofinterest, 5 1 7 o, andtheratioofattrac tion, 4 1 7 o, areaddedto-
    gether, is8% . This8%rep resentsthenumb erofunusedc hoic es
    amongthep op ulation, 4 3 5 , ofthe1 6 c ottagegroup satthattime
    .
    Thep erc entageofunusedc hoic esp reviouslymentioned, 9Y2 7 0
    ( seeLimitsofEmotionalInterest, p . 2 2 4 ) wasreduc edto 8
    whenthep op ulationc hartedwasreduc edfrom5 05 to4 3 5 .
    2 5 4

    W HO
    SHALL SURVIVE?
    Ontheb asisoftheratiosofinterestfortheirownandforout-
    sidegroup s, ofthedistrib utionofattrac tionandrep ulsionwithin
    agroup andtowardoutsidegroup s, oftheratioofattrac tion, a
    group hasforothergroup s, andotherstatistic alc alc ulations, a
    soc ialq uotient ofagroup c anb edevelop ed
    .
    STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
    OF GROUPORGANIZ ATION
    InGreek mythologyErosisthegodofloveandErisisthegod
    ofdisc ord . Lesswellk nownistheinterestingb rotherofEros,
    Anteros, thegodofmutuallove . ThatishowtheGreek sac -
    c ountedfortheforc esofattrac tionandrep ulsionamongmen . It
    ismostb eautifulGreek p oetrywhic hstatesthatwhenloveb egins
    anarrowfliestothec hosen . Thesymb olofthearrowhasits
    c ounterp artinoursymb olforattrac tion, the"redline . "The
    Greek sheldthatalltheredlinesarep roj ec tedb yEros, allthe
    b lac k linesb yEris, andallthemutualredonesb yAnteros, and
    thatmenhadnothingtosayab outthem
    . Insteadofsearc hing
    withatorc hintothelab yrinthofloveandhatred, theyhada
    mythic alformula . W ehavetriedtoanalyz ethisnetwork .
    Theformstak enb ytheinterrelationofindividualsisastruc -
    tureandthec omp letep atternofthesestruc tureswithinagroup
    isitsorganiz ation . Theex p ressionofanindividualp ositionc an
    b eb ettervisualiz edthroughasoc iogramthanthroughasoc io-
    metric eq uation .
    Aminuteresearc hofsoc iogramsC1 toC1 6 , p p
    . 2 6 5 - 2 7 8, has
    op enedthewaytowardsaq uantitativestudyofhome( c ottage)
    organiz ationandtheirrelationtob ehavior . Oneofthemic ro-
    sc op ic tec hniq uestoestimatethestatusofagroup inregardto
    struc turec onsistsinc alc ulatingthenumb erofeac hsp ec ific struc -
    ture, asisolatedstruc tures, p airstruc turesofmutualattrac tionor
    ofmutualrej ec tion, trianglestruc turesofattrac tion, etc . See
    Tab le1 4 , Classific ationofCottageGroup sAc c ordingtoStruc -
    turalAnalysis, p . 2 5 8.
    Cottages1 0and6 , whoseq uantitativeanalysesofformsofisola-
    tionaregiveninTab le1 4 , showedthefollowingc ontrastsinstruc -
    ture : Cottage6 hasnoisolatedindividualsagainst1 4 inC1 0
    ; it
    has2 8p airsofmutualattrac tionagainst1 0inC1 0 ; ithasnop airs
    ofmutualrej ec tionagainst6 inC1 0 ; ithas8red- b lac k orinc om-
    COMMUNITYORGANIZ ATION

    2 5 5
    p atib lep airsagainst9inC1 0
    ; ithas5 c hainsofmutualattrac tion
    against2 inC1 0
    ; ithas4 trianglesofmutualattrac tionagainst0
    inC1 0 ; ithas5 sq uaresofmutualattrac tionagainst0inC1 0
    ; it
    has6 c irc lesofmutualattrac tionagainst0inC1 0 ; ithas1 star
    ofrej ec tionagainst2 inC1 0 . Fromthep ointofviewofstruc ture,
    C6 isb etterintegratedthanC1 0 .
    W hethertheisolatedp ositionofthe1 4 individualsinC1 0
    isb enefic ialforthemornotdoesnotalterthefac tthatitis
    detrimentalforthegroup asawholeif1 4 outofap op ulationof
    3 3 arenotwantedinthathome
    . Also, ahighstandardofinte-
    grationwithinagroup doesnotb yanymeansimp lythatthat
    group itselfiswellintegratedwithinthec ommunity
    . Thestruc -
    turalp ositionofagroup inthec ommunityisadifferentasp ec t
    andp rob lem . Itc anb ec onc ludedthatthelargerthenumb erof
    isolatedstruc turesinagroup organiz ation, theloweristhe
    standardofitsintegration ; thatthelargerthenumb erofmutual
    attrac tions, thehigheristhestandardofthegroup ' sintegration ;
    thatalargenumb erofmutualattrac tionsisasoilforthefiner
    harmonies ; thattheseharmoniesb ec omeevidentasmorec omp lex
    struc tures, asc hains, triangles, sq uares, etc
    . ; that, ontheother
    hand, disorganiz ationanddisharmonyareindic atedb yagreat
    numb erofmutualrep ulsionsandofattrac tionswhic harerej ec ted .
    READINGOFSOCIOGRAr4 S
    Inthec ourseofreadingsoc iogramsitb ec ameevidentthat
    c ertainstruc turesrec urwithregularity . W ehaveliftedsome
    ofthemostc harac teristic struc turesfromthesoc iogramsand
    p resentthemonp p . 1 3 7 - 1 3 9
    .
    Typ ic alStruc turesinGroup s, I
    A. RedPair . Twoindividualsformamutualattrac tion, a
    redp air .
    B
    . B lac k Pair . Twoindividualsrej ec teac hother ; theymutu-
    allydesiretoliveap art
    .
    C . Inc omp atib lePair .
    Twoindividualsarenotc omp atib le .
    Onesendsaredlinewhic hisansweredb yab lac k line
    ; onesends
    aredlinewhic hisansweredtob yadottedline
    ; twoindividuals
    senddottedlinestoeac hother .
    2 5 6

    W HOSHALLSURVIVE?
    D
    . B lac k Chain . Thisstruc tureisformediftwoindividuals
    mutuallyrej ec teac hother, andoneofthemformsamutualrej ec -
    tionwithathird, thethirdformingamutualrej ec tionwitha
    fourth, thefourthwithafifth, etc . Theinc omp atib lec hain
    mirrorsthenumb erofp ersonsinagroup whoaresensitiz edto
    findfaultwithothers ; thelongertheb lac k c hainthemoreare
    theysosensitiz ed . Theemotionalattitudeofthosewhoenterinto
    ab lac k c hainisindangerofb ec omingmoreandmoreab sorb ed
    b yc ritic al, susp ic ious, andhostileinterests, esp ec iallyiftheyare
    isolatedinthegroup
    . Thenewc omerintoagroup , p artic ularly
    intothegroup swhic hhaveahighlydisintegratedorganiz ation,
    develop softenarep utationwhic hisunmeritedandreflec tsthe
    interrelationwithagroup whic hisitselfmaladj usted .
    E
    . RedChain . Thisstruc tureresultswhentwoaremutually
    attrac tedandoneofthemformsamutualattrac tionwithathird,
    thethirdformingamutualattrac tionwithafourth, thefourth
    withafifth, etc .
    Thec omp atib lec hainrep resentsanuninter-
    rup tedflowofemotionalc ontac tswithinthegroup
    . Itisthe
    naturalrouteforindirec timitation, suggestion, gossip , etc
    . , and
    isinfluentialintheformingofgroup attitudes . Itisthesoc ial
    telep honewire .
    F. B lac k Triangle .
    Threeindividualsinc omp atib lewitheac h
    otherformab lac k triangle
    . Thisstruc tureattimesac c omp anies
    widelydifferentc onduc t . Inoneinstanc e, theb lac k lineseac hof
    thethreesenttotheothertwop ersonswerefoundtob edue
    largelytoj ealousyandp rotestagainsttheothertwo, aseac h
    soughttodominatethegroup , unrestric tedandsingle- handed
    .
    G. RedTriangle
    . Threeindividualsc omp atib lewitheac hother
    formthroughmutualattrac tionaredtriangle
    .
    H. B lac k Sq uare. Ab lac k sq uare( andalsoab lac k c irc le) are
    struc tureswhic haresorarethatwehavenotenc ounteredanyin
    thisresearc h
    . Thisisp rob ab lyduetotheirb eingreflec tionsof
    suc hc onc entratedrej ec tionthatthesituationinthegroup in
    whic htheydevelop hastob erelievedsoonaftertheyc omeinto
    formation .
    I . RedSq uare
    . Fourindividualswhoaremutuallyattrac tedto
    atleasttwoofthefourformaredsq uare . Everyc losedstruc ture
    asthishastob elook edup onsusp ic iouslyasitmaysignifythe
    b eginningofagangc utofffromthelargergroup
    . B utwhenthe
    COMMUNITYORGANIZ ATION

    2 5 7
    fourp ersonsareinterrelatedb yattrac tionstoothersinthegroup ,
    itisanoffshootofasup erstruc turewellintegratedintotheor-
    ganiz ationofthegroup .
    J. RedCirc le . Aredc irc leisformedsimilarlyasaredc hain
    ex c ep tthatinadditionthestruc tureisc losed
    .
    K. RedStar . Thisstruc tureisformedif 5 ormoreindividuals
    areattrac tedtothesameindividual ; thelatteristhec enterofthe
    redstar
    . Manysuc hstruc turesc anb enotedinthesoc iograms .
    L
    . B lac k Star . Thisstruc tureisformedif 5 ' ormoreindi-
    vidualsrej ec tthesameindividual ; thelatteristhec enterofthe
    b lac k star
    . Manysuc hstruc turesc anb enotedinthesoc iograms .
    M. RedStarrej ec tingtheGroup
    . Thisstruc tureisformedif
    thec enteroftheredstarrej ec tsthemaj orityofthosewhoare
    attrac tedtoher .
    Typ ic alStruc turesinGroup s, II . FormsofIsolation . *
    A. Simp leIsolation . Thisstruc turerep resentsisolationofan
    individualnotonlywithinherowngroup b utwithinthec om-
    munity .
    Theindividualisnotc hosenorrej ec tedanddoesnot
    c hooseorrej ec t
    . Nooneisanx ioustolivewithherandsheinturn
    doesnotc arewithwhomshelives . Itisastruc tureofsimp le
    isolation .
    B . Inthesec ondtyp eofisolationrep resented, theindividual
    c hoosesindividualsoutsidehergroup b utisnotc hosenb ythem
    orb yindividualswithinhergroup .
    C . Inthethirdtyp eofisolationrep resented, theindividualis
    c hosenb yindividualsoutsidehergroup , b utherselfc hoosesindi-
    vidualsotherthanthosewhoc hooseher . Sheneitherc hoosesnor
    isshec hosenwithinhergroup ; orshemayb ec hosenb yindividuals
    withinhergroup b utmak esnoc hoic eseitherwithinoroutsideof
    hergroup .
    D. Inthefourthtyp eofisolationrep resented, theindividual
    c hoosesonlyindividualswithinhergroup b uttheseindividuals
    areindifferenttoher .
    E
    . IsolatedTriangle . Inthefifthtyp eofisolationrep resented,
    thethreeindividualsformamutuallyc omp atib letriangleb ut
    eac hofthethreeindividualsrec eiveb lac k linesfromthegroup .
    Itisastruc tureofanisolatedandrej ec tedtriangle .
    * Seec hartsonp . 1 3 9 .
    2 5 8

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    F
    . Inthesix thtyp eofisolationrep resented, fiveindividuals,
    eac hisolatedandrej ec tedintheirgroup , rej ec toneoranotherof
    thesefive . Thisstruc ture, itwasfound, develop edfromarej ec ted
    gangwhic hwasb reak ingup .
    G. IsolatedPair . Twoindividualsformamutuallyc omp at-
    ib lep airb utb othofthemareunc hosen . Inthisinstanc e, oneof
    thep airrej ec tsthegroup andtheotherisattrac tedtomemb ers
    withinit .
    H
    . Isolated, Rej ec tedandRej ec ting. Theindividualisnot
    onlyunc hosenb utrej ec tedandsheinreturnrej ec tsthegroup .
    TAB LE1 4
    CLASSIFICATIONOFCOTTAGEGROUPSACCORDINGTOSTRUCTURALFORMSOF
    ISOLATION
    Similartab lesofc lassific ationc anb emadeforallc ategoriesofsoc ialstruc -
    turesfoundinac ommunity ; theyarenotinc ludedhere .
    * Theanalysisof05 ismadeonlyinresp ec ttothefirstp hase, thec hoic es
    .
    * * Totalp op ulationatthetimeofthisc ountingofthep op ulationwas4 3 5
    p lus2 newadmissions .
    Organiz ationofSoc ialAtom ( p age3 02 )
    Fig . 1 , Person1 , HT. HTisthec enterof1 6 attrac tions . Six
    girlsareattrac tedtoherfromoutsidec ottagegroup sand1 0are
    No . of
    Persons
    Un-
    c hosen
    Unc hosen
    and
    Rej ec ted
    Unc hosen,
    and/ or
    Rej ec tedand
    Rej ec ting Isolated
    Isolated
    and
    Rej ec ted
    Chosen
    b utnot
    Choosing
    C1 2 0 3 3
    C2 2 2 2 2
    C3
    2 4 2 4 1 1
    3
    C4 2 6 1 3 2 1
    C5 * 1 7
    2
    3
    C6 2 5 2
    C7 3 5 3 3 2 1 3
    C8 3 1 2 2 1 2
    C9 2 8 3
    C1 0
    3 3
    6 7 1 2
    C1 1 2 8 1 1
    C1 2 3 3 1 4
    C1 3 2 9 2 2 2
    C1 4
    2 9
    3 1 1
    C1 5 2 7 2 2
    C1 6
    3 0
    6 5 1 1
    Total : 4 3 7 * * 3 4 3 4 3 1 4 4 1 9
    COMMUNITYORGANIZ ATION

    2 5 9
    attrac tedtoherfromherownc ottage . Sherej ec ts3 ofthose
    attrac tedtoherwithinhergroup andoneotherwithinhergroup
    whoisneutraltowardsher
    . Toanothersheisindifferent . Of
    thosefromoutsidegroup ssherej ec ts3
    . Thec linic alp ic tureof
    thosewhomsherej ec tsrevealsthattheylowerthegeneralc on-
    duc tlevelofthec ommunity . Sheisselec tiveinherfriendship and
    definiteinherrej ec tions .
    Fig
    .
    2 , Person 2 , EM. EMisthec enterof 2 2 attrac tions, 3
    fromgirlswithinhergroup and1 9fromgirlsoutsidehergroup .
    Shehasenoughfollowerstooc c up ywiththemawholec ottage
    andtob etreatedlik eaq ueenb ee, b utsheisindifferenttoallb ut
    two( MMandCO) , oneofwhomishersister . Sherej ec ts3
    others . EMisanartistic , self- c enteredc hildwhoseemotional
    energyislargelyab sorb edb yc reativeendeavor .
    Fig. 3 , Person3 , LE. LEisthec enterof1 4 rej ec tionsand1
    attrac tion
    . The1 attrac tionisfromac oloredgirl( HL) b utthe
    c oloredgirlwhomLEisattrac tedto( MS) rej ec tsher, asdothe
    threeotherstowhomLEisdrawn . Theremainingtwoc hosen
    b yLEdonotresp ond . Thisstruc turereflec tsthep ositionof
    arej ec tedindividualwhostillendeavorstofindarec ip roc ating
    attrac tion . Suc hastatusdidnotdevelop atonc e . Itisanend
    p haseofalongp roc ess .
    Fig. 4 , Person4 , B U. B Uisthec enterof6 attrac tions, allof
    whic harerec ip roc ated, 5 fromgirlswithinhergroup and1 from
    agirlinanoutsidegroup . B Urej ec ts3 individualswithinthe
    group . B Uisinthep ositionofaleader- individualwithinher
    group andinap ositiontorej ec t . Shec anaffordtob eindep endent .
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFW ORKGROUPS
    Up tothisp ointtheresearc hwasc onc ernedwithhomegroup s .
    Itgaveattentiononlytotherelationsb etweenp ersons . B utwhen
    weap p liedthesoc iometric testtothework group sinthec om-
    munityanadditionalfac torhadtob ec onsidered : materials, tools,
    mac hines . Thereforetwoasp ec tsenteredthetest : ( a) therela-
    tionsofthework erstoeac hotherandtheforemanand( b ) the
    relationofthework erstothep artic ulartec hnologic alp roc ess
    . A.
    thirdasp ec t, theec onomic , wasnotevaluatedinthetestasin
    Hudsonmonetaryc omp ensationisex c luded . Itwasanadvan-
    2 6 0

    W HO
    SHALL SURVIVE?
    tagetoap p roac hsimp ler, lessdifferentiatedwork unitsb efore
    morehighlydifferentiatedones
    . Themac hinedevic eswerep rimi-
    tiveandthefac torofwageswasdisc ounted
    .
    Thesoc iometric testwasvariedtofitthenewsituationand
    giveninthefollowingmanner
    . Thetesterenteredthework room
    andtriedtogetintorap p ortwiththegroup b yex p lainingthat
    sinc ereansweringoftheq uestionsab outtob ep uttothemmight
    leadtoab etteradj ustmentoftheirwork situationtotheirwishes
    .
    Eac hindividualwasask ed :
    1
    . Didyouc hoosethework youaredoingnow? Ifnot, name
    thework youwouldp refertodo .
    2 . Choosefivegirlsfromthewholec ommunitywhomyou
    wouldlik eb estofallasc owork ersandnametheminorderof
    p referenc e, firstc hoic e, sec ondc hoic e, third, fourth, andfifth
    . The
    individualsyouc hoosemayatp resentb einyourhomegroup or
    inthiswork group orinothergroup s
    . Choosewithoutrestraint
    whomeveryoup refertowork with
    .
    3 . Choosethreec owork ersfromthisgroup inwhic hyouarenow
    p artic ip atingwhomyoup refertowork with
    . Nametheminorder
    ofp referenc e : firstc hoic e, sec ondc hoic e, andthirdc hoic e
    . Con-
    siderinc hoosingthatsomep artsofthework aredoneb yyouin
    assoc iationwithasec ondorthirdp ersonandyoumaywishother
    assoc iatesinsteadoftheonesyouhavenow
    .
    Thetestwasgiventoallthework group sinthec ommunity
    .
    Seep
    . 2 81 SteamLaundry .
    Asec ondex amp leisoneofthe
    handic raftgroup sherewithp resented .
    Handic raftGroup . Thegroup c onsistedofninememb ers
    . Its
    organiz ationwasc onsideredfrorntwoangles
    : thememb ersas
    individualsandthememb ersaswork ers .
    Thework p roc essc onsistedinrenovatinghouseholdfurniture .
    Thematerialsusedwere : p aint, varnish, sandp ap er, c ane, etc . The
    firstp roc essc onsistsofremovingoldp aintfromfurniture ; the
    sec ond, rep airingandp ainting
    . Thework c ouldb ec arriedonso
    thateac hgirlc ouldex ec uteap roc essalone . B utitwasfoundb y
    ex p erienc ethattob reak themonotonyofthework thegirlsc on-
    versedaloudtomak ethemselvesheardoverthenoisemadeb y
    thesc rap ingofthewood
    . Thereforetheywerep utatthetask in
    p airs, whic hhadtheeffec tthatthep artnerstalk edtoeac hother
    insteadoftogirlsatadistanc e .
    COMMUNITYORGANIZ ATION

    2 6 1
    Soc iometric testfindingswere : 6 ofthe9work ers( or6 6 %)
    gaveasfirstc hoic ethe same girlsinthec ommunityc hoic easin
    theirc hoic efromtheimmediatework group
    . Threework ers( or
    3 3 7 o) p referredagirloutsidethework group b utnamedoneof
    theirc owork ersassec ondc hoic e . Onework er, May
    ( L) , was
    rej ec tedb y4 ofthe9 ; anotherwork er, Ella( GR) b y3 ofthe
    9, amongwhomMayandEllarej ec tedeac hother
    . Only1 , May,
    saidshedidnotc hoosethework anddidnotlik eit .
    Analysis . Asindic atedb ythesoc iogram, p . 2 7 9, GandR
    aremutualfirstc hoic es ; lik ewisearePandT. GRandB are
    mutualc hoic es, firstc hoic efromB andsec ondc hoic efromGR
    .
    Lisrej ec tedb yGandalsob ythreeotherwork ers, inc luding
    GR- whomsherej ec tsinturn- i . e. , sheisa"b lac k "starofthe
    group . S, CandL are isolated . Thelattertwosendtheirfirst
    c hoic eoutsidethegroup . Ssendsherc hoic etoGandisun-
    rec ip roc ated . Comp arisonofthework c hoic eswiththehome
    c hoic esofthesameindividualsdisc losedthat2 2 work c hoic es
    areidentic alwiththelivingc hoic es, thatis, 5 0% . ( Thenumb er
    ofp ossib lec hoic esinthework testandinthehometestisthe
    same, 5 c hoic esfor 9 p ersons, 4 5 . ) Ontheb asisoffirstc hoic es,
    thep erc entageisstillhigher, 6 6 % . Thereisevidentatrendto
    differentiateb etweenthec hoic esofthegirlsinresp ec ttothec ol-
    lec tiveanditsfunc tion, i. e . , b etweenthosewithwhomanindi-
    vidualp referstoliveandthosewithwhomshep referstowork
    .
    Theimp ortanc eofinterac tionb etweengroup sandthec ounter-
    effec tthep ositionofanindividualinonegroup hasup onhis
    p ositionwithinanothergroup b ec ameap p arent . T, whoisisolated
    inherhomegroup , isc hosenb y2 inherwork group . Thusher
    p ositionwithinonegroup isc omp ensatedfororc ounter- b alanc ed
    b yherp ositionwithinanothergroup . Lisisolatedandrej ec tedin
    b othherwork group andherhomegroup . Cisalsoisolatedin
    b othgroup s . Theirp ositionsinb othc ollec tivesareeq uallyunsat-
    isfac tory . Sisisolatedinherwork group b utc hosenb ytwoin
    herhomegroup . B isthec enterof4 attrac tionsinherhome
    group andrec eives2 c hoic esinthehandic raftunit
    . Thusthe
    p ositionofthisindividualisstrengthenedineac hgroup b yher
    adj ustmentwithintheothergroup .
    Ontheotherhand, weseethedynamic interp layofrelation-
    ship sdevelop edinonegroup affec tingthep ositionoftheindi-
    2 6 2

    W HO
    SHALL SURVIVE?
    vidualwithinadifferentgroup
    . W henthetestingofthehome
    group sb eganGwasfoundtob eisolated, rej ec tingRandthe
    group
    ; Rwasfoundtob eisolated, rej ec tedandrej ec ting . One
    monthlater, whenthetestwasex tendedtothework units, Gand
    Rwereisolatedandrej ec tedeac hotherintheirwork group . B ut
    whenthesoc iometric testofthehandic raftunitwasrep eated
    threemonthslater, itdisc losedGinaleader- p ositionandmutual
    firstc hoic ewithR, whereastheywerestillisolatedwithintheir
    homegroup . Figures1 and 2 onp p
    . 2 7 9- 2 80ofAHandic raft
    Group , showthisstageinthedevelop mentofthework group struc -
    ture
    . Fivemonthslaterretestingofthec ottagerevealedmutual
    attrac tionb etweenGandRandthefavorab lyadj ustedp ositionof
    b othwithinthec ottagegroup .
    Ac c ordingtotheratingsoftheinstruc tor, thetwomutually
    attrac tedp airs, R- GandP- T, arethemosteffic ientofthe
    work ers . Lrec eivedthelowestratingb ec auseofunsatisfac tory
    work andwastingofmaterials . Itap p earedthatifanop eration
    req uiredthework inginp airs, twop ersonsshould, forthep rop er
    ex ec utionofthework b esuffic ientlyc omp atib letoresp ec teac h
    other' swork effic ienc y.
    HOMEANDW ORKGROUPSDIFFERENTIATED
    Theorganiz ationofagroup andthefunc tionalliedwithitare
    c loselyrelated, aswehaveshownp reviously . Definitedisturb -
    anc eofafunc tionwithinahouseholdisac c omp aniedb yac har-
    ac teristic p atternoforganiz ation . Thefunc tionsinahousehold
    arelargelysoc ial, b ehavingac c ordingtoac ertainstandard, din-
    ingtogether, ex c hanginginnumerab lelittlec ourtesies, tolerating
    oneanotherinintimategroup life . B utinawork group these
    func tionsaretoalargeex tentab sent . Theyarereduc edtoamini-
    mum . Itisfromtec hnologic alc hangesthatnewfunc tionsde-
    velop andareimp osedup onthegroup . Thesamegroup ofp er-
    sonswithac ertainfamilyorganiz ationp lac edintoatec hnologic al
    situationdevelop adifferenttyp eoforganiz ation .
    Astruc tureoc c urringintheorganiz ationofahomegroup
    whic hmayex p resslittleornodisturb anc einthefunc tionsofthis
    group c anex p ressaveryseveredisturb anc einthefunc tioningof
    COMMUNITYORGANIZ ATION

    2 6 3
    awork group , evenifthesameindividualsarec onc ernedinb oth
    instanc es
    . Suc haninstanc eistherelationship b etweenDRand
    LR
    . Seesoc iogramsofaSteamLaundry, p p .
    2 81 - 2 82 . Inthe
    homegroup , C1 2 , theyrej ec teac hother, b utthisstruc turehadno
    ap p rec iab leeffec tup onthegroup asawholeasfarasc ouldb eob -
    servedforoverninemonths . Theyrej ec teac hotheralsointhe
    steamlaundry, theirwork assignment
    . B utinthissituation
    theirhostileinterac tiontowardseac hotherhadthemostup -
    settingeffec tup onthework p roc essandthec oop erationofthe
    group asawhole, afewtimesb ringingthework toastandstill
    .
    Thishasasimp leex p lanation
    . DRandLRwerethefeedersof
    thesteamroller
    . Iftheyq uarreledwitheac hothertheyfailedto
    feedthemac hineevenlyordelayedthefeeding . Adelayordis-
    turb anc einthefeedingdisturb edordelayedthec atc herswhotem-
    p orarilyhadnowork todo
    . Atothertimes, whenthetwoene-
    miesdidnotwanteventolook ateac hother, onefedthemac hine
    toohastily, theothertooslowly
    . Onec atc herwasthensoover-
    c rowdedwithwork thatshec ouldnotmeetthedemandfullyand
    p iec esc aughtinthemac hinenec essitatingtheforewomantohalt
    thesteamrollerinordertoremovethem .
    Again, whileanex trovertedorganiz ationinahomegroup may
    p redisp osetowardsseveredisturb anc esinfunc tion, anex troverted
    organiz ationinawork group mayp redisp oseb utveryslightly
    towardsdisturb anc e
    . Thesoc iogramoftherug- mak inggroup
    demonstratesanex trovertedgroup organiz ation
    . Theeffic ienc y
    ofthework p roc esswas, however, notinterferedwithtoany
    ap p rec iab ledegree . Thereasonforthisisap p arentlyrelatedto
    thetec hnologic alp roc essitself . Eac hwork erwork swithherindi-
    vidualc roc hethook atasp eedsheherselfdic tates
    . Herac tions
    donotdep endup ontheac tionsofherassoc iates
    . Ontheother
    hand,
    thework ers, althoughtheydidnotc hooseorlik eeac hother,
    hadc hosenthework
    . Interestinthework tob eex ec utedc an
    p rovidec omp ensationforlac k ofinterestinc owork ers .
    Thetesthadalsob eengiventomentallyretardedgroup sas
    wellastogroup sinthec ommunityoutside . Itap p earedthatthe
    trendofdifferentiationb etweenhomeandwork c hoic esas
    ob servedformanygroup sinHudson dec reases ingroup sofmen-
    tallyretardedindividuals . Thesamegroup forhomeandwork
    wasc hosenmoreoften . Attac hmenttothesamep ersonsforall
    2 6 4

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    soc ialneedsmayhavep syc hologic allyanec onomic advantage .
    Overlap p ingofthetwofunc tionsinonegroup mayb elessde-
    mandingthantheirsp ec ializ ationintotwogroup sforp erform-
    anc e . Itap p earslik earegressiontoformswhic hwerep revalent
    inmorep rimitivesoc ieties( Chinesefamilyassoc iation) . The
    trendtowardsdifferentiationseemedto
    inc rease formentallysu-
    p eriorgroup sinthec ommunityoutside .
    B uttherewereex c ep -
    tions : therewereasmallnumb erofgroup sc onsistingofmentally
    retardedindividualswhofavoredthedifferentiationofgroup sand
    therewereasmallnumb erofgroup sc onsistingofmentallysu-
    p eriorindividualswhofavoredtheonegroup set- up . B utthe
    generaltrendasfoundisanotherdemonstrationofthe
    soc ioge-
    netic law thatsoc ialgroup sgrowthroughap roc essofdifferentia-
    tionfromsimp lertomorec omp lex units
    .
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFGROUPS- HOMES
    2 6 5
    STRUCTUREOF A COTTAGE FAMILY- Cl
    Criterion : Livinginp rox imity, sharingthesamehouse ; 5 c hoic es ; nolimit
    p lac edonrej ec tions .
    2 0girls . Isolated3 , VD, LW , FN; Unc hosenandRej ec ted3 , DC, B E, LA;
    Pairs ( ofattrac tion) 1 8 ; Inc omp atib lePairs1 1 ; Chains5 ; Triangles2 ,
    EM- MM- GO, EM- GO- LP; Sq uares
    3 , DF- W L- GO- LP- DF, EM- MM- GO- LP- EM,
    EM- GO- W L- B S- EM; Circ les2 ,
    B S- EM- MM- GO- W L- B S, EM- GO- MM- AT- B S-
    EM; Stars ( ofattrac tion) 3 , DF, GO, EM.
    Thec hainsaretheloc allink softhep syc hosoc ialnetwork softheentirec om-
    munity. Triangles, q uadrangles, c irc les, p rovidetheb asisforsub group forma-
    tion.
    Classific ation
    :
    Ex trovertedGroup Organiz ation .
    CluesforGroup Psyc hotherap yinSitu :
    Ofthe1 00c hoic es, 4 7 goinside, 2 5 arenotused, and2 8gooutsidethegroup .
    Thep rob lemis1 ) howtodrawtheemotionsofthememb ersb ac k totheirown
    group ; 2 ) work ingwiththeisolates ; 3 ) p rob ingintotherej ec tions ; notethat
    theyc omefromthestars, DF, GO, EM.
    2
    6
    6
    i
    STRUCTUREOFACOTTAGEFAMILY- C2
    Criterion : Livinginp rox imity, sharingthesamehouse
    ; 5 c hoic es ; nolimit
    p lac edonrej ec tions .
    2 2 girls . Isolated2 ; NotChoosing 2 ;
    Pairs2 3 ; MutualRej ec tions1 ; Inc om-
    p atib lePairs9 ; Chains2 ; Triangles2
    ; Sq uares2 ; Stars ( ofattrac tion) 2 ;
    Stars ( ofrej ec tion) 1 . Note : Starofattrac tionMAisalsoastarofrej ec tion
    .
    Classific ation : Ex trovertedGroup Organiz ation .
    NotefortheGroup Psyc hotherap ist :
    ThestarMAisrej ec tedb yfourindivid-
    ualswhoare, nex ttoher, inthemostp owerfulsoc iometric p ositionsofthe
    group
    .
    Notethec loserelationb etweentheindividualswhorej ec tMA . W atc hthe
    newc omersinthec ottageastothec amp withwhic htheyassoc iate .
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFGROUPS- HOMES
    ORGANIZ ATIONOF
    GROUPS- HOMES
    v1
    2 6 7
    5
    STRUCTUREOF ACOTTAGEFAMILY- C3
    Criterion : Livinginp rox imity, sharingthesamehouse
    ; 5 c hoic es ; rej ec tions
    notinc ludedatthisstageofinvestigation
    . Thisc hartillustratesamethodof
    asc ertainingthep syc hologic alorganiz ationofahomegroup
    . Thec hoic esfrom
    memb ersofthisc ottagetoothermemb erswithinitarep lotted
    . Thec hoic esas
    theymayhavec omefromtheoutsidetomemb ersofthisc ottage, orfromthe
    lattertop ersonsoutsidearenotp lottedhere
    .
    Theorganiz ationresultingis
    : 2 3 girls . Isolated
    5 , B A, GM, RA, LY, TS;
    Unc hosen
    5 , CM, JM, GL, RC, B N ;
    NotChoosing4 ; MutualAttrac tions
    ( p airs) 6 , AE- HF, AE- PC, PC- PP, PC- YAPC- KR, UT- SY
    ; Chains1 , HF- AE-
    PC- KR- PP
    ; Triangles0 ; Stars1 , LT
    ( Note, LTisan"IsolatedStar"asshe
    c hoosesnooneinreturn)
    .
    Classific ation : Ex trovertedGroup Organiz ation
    . Sp ec ialFeatures- Large
    Numb erofNonPartic ip atingIndividuals, IsolatesandUnc hosen, LowCo-
    hesionandLowDifferentiation
    .
    NotefortheGroup Psyc hotherap ist :
    Ap syc hodramaaroundLTasp rotagon-
    istmightdisc losetheforc esp roduc ingthestrangestruc tureofthegroup .
    0
    2
    6 8
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFGROUPS- HOMES
    STRUCTUREOFACOTTAGEFAMILY- C3 , B EFORERECONSTRUCTION
    2 4 girls . Isolated1 ; Unc hosen 2 ;
    Unc hosenandRej ec ting1 ; Unc hosenand
    Rej ec ted4 ; NotChoosing 3 ; Pairs1 5
    ; MutualRej ec tions5 ; Inc omp atib le
    Pairs4 ; Chains2 ; Triangles2 ; Sq uares1 ; Circ les1
    ; Stars ( ofattrac tions) 1 ;
    Stars ( ofrej ec tions) 1 .
    Classific ation :
    Ex trovertedGroup Organiz ation ; InwardAggressive .
    Sinc ethefirsttestwasgiventhep op ulationc hangedfrom
    2 3 to 2 4 . Notethat
    4
    girlsdonotusetheirc hoic esatall, theyonlyex p ressrej ec tions . Thestruc -
    turehasc hangedc onsiderab lysinc etheentranc eofthe2 4 thgirl, CT . LT, for
    instanc e, whowasanIsolatedStarb efore, nowhasmutualrelationswithall
    thosewhoc hooseherandamutualrej ec tionwithGLwhoformerlyc hoseher .
    NotefortheGroup Psyc hotherap ist :
    Ap syc hodramaaroundthestarofre-
    j ec tionCMmightdisc losetheforc esp roduc ingtheinwardaggressiveorganiz a-
    tionofthegroup .
    sc
    a
    T
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFGROUPS- HOMES
    t""1
    2 6 9

    ; au
    STRUCTUREOFACOTTAGEFAMILY- O4
    Criterion : Livinginp rox imity, sharingthesamehouse ; 5 c hoic esinc luding
    thehousemother ; nolimitp lac edonrej ec tions .
    2 6 girlsandhousemother . Unc hosen1 , RU; Unc hosenandRej ec ted
    3 , B W
    ( rej ec tedb yten) , LS( rej ec tedb ynine) , RF( rej ec tedb ythree) ; Unc hosen,
    Rej ec tedandRej ec ting2 , VG,
    DN; Not Choosing1 , HA; Pairs9, CD- OP, CR-
    B I, CR- SA, LU- B I, GO- DA, PP- LK, MN- RT, LU- CR, YD- TB ; MutualRej ec -
    tions3 , B I- GO, LU- RF, HA- DN; Inc omp atib lePairs2
    ; Chains1 , SA- CR- LU-
    B I- LK; Triangles1 , CR- LU- B I ; Stars
    3 , LK, PL, B I ; Housemother, 1 3 attrac -
    tions, 1 0rej ec tions, 3 indifferent .
    Classific ation :
    Ex trovertedGroup Organiz ation ; InwardAggressive .
    CluesforGroup Psyc hotherap yinSitu :
    Thehighrej ec tionofthemotherfiguresuggestsherrep lac ementorwork ing
    throughthethreestarsLK, PLandB I, whoarec hosenb y
    1 9 ofthe 2 6 mem-
    b ersofthegroup , andtwoofwhomc hoosethehousemother, whilethethirdis
    indifferenttowardsher .
    2 7 0
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFGROUPS- HOMES
    STRUCTUREOFACOTTAGEFAMILY- C6
    Criterion
    : Livinginp rox imity, sharingthesamehouse ; 5 c hoic es
    ; nolimit
    p lac edonrej ec tions .
    2 5 girls . Pairs2 8 ; NotChoosing2 ; MutualRej ec tions0
    ; Inc omp atib lePairs8 ;
    Chains 5 ;
    Triangles4 ; Sq uares5 ; Circ les 6 ; Stars ( ofattrac tion) 6 , ES, W R,
    SV, HT, B U, B R
    ; Stars ( ofrej ec tion) 1 , ET. ( Note"IsolatedStar" W R
    . )
    Classific ation : Introverted
    . Inc omp arisonwithCottages1 , 2 , 3 and 4 whic h
    arec lassifiedasEx troverted, asmorethan5 0%
    ofthec hoic esgiveneither
    arenotusedorgooutsideofthec ottagetomemb ersofothergroup s,
    inthe
    c ottageab ovemorethan5 0%ofthec hoic esgivengotomemb ersinside
    ofthe
    group . Thisgroup b ehaviorisc lassified, ac c ordingto
    soc iometric c onvention,
    asan
    IntrovertedGroup Organiz ation .
    Sp ec ialFeature- HighDegreeofDifferentiation.
    Notenear- isolatedindividualGUatb ottomofc hart ;
    hertransfertoanother
    c ottageisdesc rib edonp . 5 05 - 5 07 .
    NotefortheGroup Psyc hotherap ist :
    Ap syc hodramap lac ingtheisolatedstar
    W RversustheintegratedstarSVmayrevealtwodifferentvalue
    systems.
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFGROUPS- HOMES
    2 7 1
    STRUCTUREOF A COTTAGE FAMILY- C7
    Criterion
    : Livinginp rox imity, sharingthesamehouse ; 5 c hoic es ; nolimit
    p lac edonrej ec tions .
    3 5 girls . Isolated2 ; Unc hosenandRej ec ted 3 ; IsolatedandRej ec ted1 ; Un-
    c hosen 3 ; NotChoosing6 ; Pairs1 9; MutualRej ec tions 3 ; Inc omp atib lePairs
    9 ; Chains 5 ; Triangles1 ; Sq uares0 ; Circ les0 ; Stars( of attrac tion) 4 .
    Classific ation : Ex trovertedGroup Organiz ation ; OutwardAggressive . Sp ec ial
    Feature- LargeNumb er of IsolatedandUnc hosen .
    NotefortheGroup Psyc hotherap ist : Ap p rox imately 2 0%of thegroup mem-
    b ersdo not c hoose ; asp ec ialgroup session of thenon- c hoosersisindic ated . Is
    itduetoindifferenc eoraretherelatentc hoic es?
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFGROUPS- HOMES
    STRUCTUREOFACOTTAGEFAMILY- C1 0
    Criterion : Livinginp rox imity, sharingthesamehouse ; 5 c hoic es
    ; nolimit
    p lac edonrej ec tions .
    3 3 girls . Isolated1 ; Unc hosen6 ; TJnc hosenandRej ec ted7 ; NotChoosing2 ;
    Pairs1 0 ; MutualRej ec tions6 ; Inc omp atib lePairs9 ; Chains2
    ; Triangles0 ;
    Sq uares0 ; Circ les0 ; Stars ( ofattrac tion) 3 ; Stars ( ofrej ec tion) 2 .
    Classific ation : Ex trovertedGroup Organiz ation ; InwardAggressive
    . Sp ec ial
    Features- LowCohesionandLowDifferentiation . Also, individualSLisre-
    j ec tedb y 1 7 ofthe3 3 , thatis, almost5 0% . Thussheisp rac tic allyp ushedout
    ofthegroup inwhic hsheissup p osedtomak eanadj ustment . Ontheother
    hand, thereisanindividual, MK, whorej ec ts1 0individualsorab out
    1/ aofthe
    memb ersofthegroup , althoughsheisc hosen b y7 , a"Rej ec tor"or"Rej ec t-
    ingStar . "W hatmak esthisc hartstillmoreinterestingistheex istenc eofthe
    individualLR, whoisc hosenb y 7 memb ersofthegroup b utwhodoesnot
    c hooseanymemb erofthegroup , an"IsolatedStar . "
    Thegirlsofthisc ottagewhowereinstruc tedtomak eaminimumof1 6 5 c hoic es
    didnotmak euseofb ut5 3 c hoic es, lessthan% . Althoughtheywereask edto
    ex p ressrej ec tionswithoutsp ec ialinstruc tionstheyrej ec ted5 5 times, nearly
    twic easmuc hasthereareindividualswithinthegroup and, asiftotop this
    p atternofmutualselfdestruc tion, thereisac leavageb etweenthegirlswho
    areinc linedtoc hooseandthegroup ofgirlswhoareinc linedtorej ec t .
    NotefortheGroup Psyc hotherap ist : Thec leavageisp roduc edb yloyaltiesfor
    op p osedethnic group s ; therej ec tedindividualsarefriendlywithNegroes, the
    rej ec tingindividualsp referthec omp anyofwhites . Asoc iodramab ymeansof
    whic hthegrievanc esofthetwogroup sarec larifiedanddesensitiz ed, isindi-
    c ated .
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFGROUPS- HOMES
    2 7 3
    A.
    r
    STRUCTUREOFACOTTAGEFAMILY- O1 1
    Criterion : Livinginp rox imity, sharingthesamehouse
    ; 5 c hoic es ; nolimit
    p lac edonrej ec tions .
    2 8
    girls
    . Unc hosen1 ; Unc hosenandRej ec ted1
    ; Pairs2 4 ; MutualRej ec tions1
    ;
    Inc omp atib lePairs4 ; Chains1 2 ; Triangles1
    ; Sq uares2 ; Circ les2 ; Stars
    ( of
    attrac tion) 2
    ; Stars ( ofrej ec tion) 2 .
    Classific ation :
    IntrovertedGroup Organiz ation
    ; InwardAggressive .
    NotefortheGroup Psyc hotherap ist :
    Ex p osetheentiregroup toasoc iodrama
    andex p lorewhetherthelargeamountofaggressionhasac ohesiveoradis-
    soc iativeeffec t
    . Isrej ec tionsentintoagroup p referab letoindifferenc e?
    2 7 4
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFGROUPS- HOMES
    STRUCTUREOFACOTTAGEFAMILY- C1 2
    Criterion : Livinginp rox imity, sharingthesamehouse
    ; 5 c hoic es
    ; nolimit
    p lac edonrej ec tions
    .
    3 3 girls . Unc hosen1 ; Unc hosenandRej ec ted4
    ; MutualPairs 3 1 ; MutualRe-
    j ec tions7 ; Inc omp atib lePairs2 1 ; Chains 2 ;
    Triangles2 ; Stars ( ofattrac tion)
    4 ; Stars ( ofrej ec tion) 1 .
    Classific ation : IntrovertedGroup Organiz ation
    ; InwardAggressive . Sp ec ial
    Feature- Outof3 3 individualsthereare3 1 whoareeitherrej ec tedorwho
    rej ec tsomememb erofthegroup ; onlytwoarefreefromthisp atternofag-
    gression
    . Itisinterestingthatthisc ottageisoneofthetwoc oloredhouses
    withinthec ommunity, whic hisoverwhelminglywhite
    . Thegirlsp roj ec tmost
    oftheirattrac tionsaswellasrej ec tionsup onthegirlsoftheirownrac e, p ro-
    duc inganex c essofloveaswellasofhatewithinasmallsoc ialarea .
    NotefortheGroup Psyc hotherap ist :
    Startasoc iodramaandb reak thegroup
    intotwoop p osingc amp s, theoneunitc onsistingofindividualswhoindic ate
    selfp referenc e, theotherc onsistingofindividualswhoindic ateselfrej ec tion
    .
    Thep rob lemtob eex p loredwillb ewhetherselfp referenc emeansherelovefor
    one' sownrac eandselfrej ec tionhostilityagainstone' sownrac e .
    ORGANIZ ATION
    OFGROUPS- HOMES
    2 7 5
    STRUCTUREOFACOTTAGEFAMILY- C1 3
    Criterion
    : Livinginp rox imity, sharingthesamehouse ; 5 c hoic es ; nolimit
    p lac edonrej ec tions .
    2 9 girls . Unc hosen2
    ; Unc hosenandRej ec ted2 ; NotChoosing2 ; Pairs4 0 ;
    MutualRej ec tions1 ; Inc omp atib lePairs5
    ; Chains6 ; Triangles8 ; Sq uares6 ;
    Circ les 3 ; Stars8 .
    TheHousemotherisnotrep resentedonthec hart . All2 9
    girlsareattrac tedtoher .
    Classific ation : IntrovertedGroup Organiz ation . Sp ec ialFeature- HighDegree
    ofDifferentiationandHighCohesion .
    NotefortheGroup Psyc hotherap ist
    : Howmanynewc omersc anthegroup
    ab sorb andintegratewithoutlosingitsp resentlevelofc ohesion? Thisq uestion
    c anb eansweredb ytestingtheemotionalex p ansiveness ofthestarsinrole-
    p layingsituationsinwhic hthenewc omersp artic ip ate .
    2 7 6
    ORGANIZ ATION OF GROUPS- HOMES
    STRUCTUREOFACOTTAGEFAMILY- G' 1 4
    Criterion :
    Livinginp rox imity, sharingthesamehouse
    ; 5 c hoic es ; nolimit
    p lac edonrej ec tions .
    2 9
    girls . IsolatedandRej ec ted1
    ; Unc hosen3 ; NotChoosing1 ; Pairs1 3
    ; Mu-
    tualRej ec tions1 ; Inc omp atib lePairs2
    ; Chains1 ; Triangles0 ; Stars
    ( ofat-
    trac tion) 1 ; Stars
    ( ofrej ec tion) 1 .
    Classific ation :
    Ex troverted, InwardAggressive .
    Comp arethep airSR- LSab ovewiththeirRunawaySoc iogram,
    p . 3 96 , and
    tex tonp .
    3 98- 4 00 .
    NotefortheGroup Psyc hotherap ist
    : W henp otentialrunawaysareindic ated
    b ythesoc iogramasab ove, asoc iodramac anb esetup inwhic htherunaway
    p lansareac tedout, thus"p reventing"themfromoc c urringinac tuality
    .
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFGROUPS- HOMES
    2 7 7
    STRUCTUREOFACOTTAGEFAMILY- 01 5
    Criterion
    : Livinginp rox imity, sharingthesamehouse
    ; 5 c hoic es
    ; nolimit
    p lac edonrej ec tions .
    2 7 girls . Unc hosen 2 ;
    NotChoosing 2 ; Pairs2 7 ;
    MutualRej ec tions1 ; Inc om-
    p atib lePairs1 8 ; Chains
    5 ; Triangles6 ; Sq uares4 ; Circ les1
    ; Stars( ofat-
    trac tion) 5 ; Stars( of rej ec tion) 2 .
    Classific ation :
    Introverted, InwardAggressive
    . Sp ec ialFeature- HighDegree
    of Differentiation .
    NotefortheGroup Psyc hotherap ist :
    ThetriangleDA- MS- MKhasb eenfound
    torec urinasuc c essivenumb er of
    tests . Asoc iodramamayex p lorewhetherit
    rep resentsac onstruc tiveoradestruc tiveelementtotheentiregroup
    .
    2 7 8
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFGROUPS- HOMES
    STRUCTUREOFACOTTAGE FAMILY- C1 6
    Criterion : Livinginp rox imity, sharingthesamehouse ; 5 c hoic es ; nolimit
    p lac edonrej ec tions .
    3 0girls.
    Isolated1 ; Unc hosen 6 ; Unc hosenandRej ec ted5 ; NotChoosing1 ;
    Pairs1 8
    ; MutualRej ec tions2 ; Inc omp atib lePairs7 ; Chains 6 ; Triangles2 ;
    Sq uares0
    ; Circ les0 ; Stars ( ofattrac tion) 5 ; Stars( of rej eetion) 1 .
    Classific ation :
    Ex troverted. Sp ec ialFeature- LargeNumb erofUnc hosenand
    Rej ec ted .
    NotefortheGroup Psyc hotherap ist : Inasoc iodramaletthep ro- group ( the
    1 9memb erswhoc hooseandarec hosen) fac ethec on- group ( the1 3 memb ers
    whoneglec tthegroup orarethemselvesneglec ted) .
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFW ORKGROUPS
    2 7 9
    I
    AHANDICRAFTGROUP
    Fig . 1 . RandGattrac teac hother( mutualfirstc hoic e) . TandPattrac teac h
    other( mutualfirstc hoic e) . B andGRattrac teac hother ( firstc hoic evs . sec -
    ondc hoic e) . C, SandLareunc hoseninthegroup . B utwhereasCandSare
    simp lyunc hosen, Lisrej ec tedb yfour, C, T, PandGR. Twooftheseforma
    strongp airrelation ; Lfurtherrej ec tsGRinturn ; GRisalsorej ec tedb yR
    andS.
    NotefortheGroup Psyc hotherap ist : Inawork situationimp ersonalfac torsde-
    terminec hoic easinterp ersonalaffinity, c omp etenc y forthej ob andteam-
    p roduc tivity .
    Atec hnic allysk illedp artnerisoftenp referredto anemotionallyattrac tive
    p artnerwhoislesssk illed .
    2 80
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFW ORKGROUPS
    H
    AHANDICRAFTGROUP
    Fig . 2 . indic atesthatthe9work ersfromFig
    . 1 work inp airsandthatthey
    haveb eenp airedinac c ordanc ewiththeiremotionalrelationsandtheirwork -
    p roduc tivityasdyads : G- R, T- P, B - GR, SwithCandLalone .
    C
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFW ORKGROUPS
    2 81
    STEAMLAUNDRY
    STRUCTUREB EFORERECONSTRUCTION
    Fig . 1 . 7 work ersand1 whiteforewoman
    . DRandLR, thefeeders, rej ec t
    eac h o
    ther . G
    R andW L, thec atc hers, rej ec teac hother . W Lrej ec tsalsothe
    feederop p ositeher, LR. FRandCV, thetwofolders, attrac teac h other. FR
    andCVrej ec tW L. GM, theshak er, isattrac tedtoCVandrej ec tsGR
    . GM,
    DR, GRandFRrej ec ttheforewoman( FM) b utonlyDRisrej ec tedb yher .
    LR, W LandCVareattrac tedtotheforewoman . Thesevenwork erslivein
    C1 2 , b utonlyW Lisp lottedonthesoc iogramofC1 2 b ec ausemostofthem
    c ametothec ommunityatalaterdate . W Lc anb eloc atedonthesoc iogramof
    C1 2 onp
    . 2 7 4 atthetop lefthandc orner . Itmayb enotedherethatsheisa
    starofc onsiderab leattrac tion( 5 ) inherhomegroup . However, hersoc io-
    metric p ositioninthesteamlaundryisofadifferentorder
    . Heresheisre-
    j ec tedb y3 ofthework ers ; themutualattrac tiontothewhiteforewomanisa
    c arryoverfromthehomegroup inwhic hsherep resentsoneofthefewstab iliz -
    ingforc esandwhereshehasanaffec tionaterelationship withthewhite
    housemother .
    NotefortheGroup Psyc hotherap ist : A soc iodramaatthep syc hologic al
    momentinwhic hallwork ersofthelaundryandthewhitemanagementwould
    p artic ip ate, mighthavep reventedtherac ialriotwhic htook p lac eafewweek s
    afterthissoc iogramwasmade .
    2 82
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFW ORKGROUPS
    STEAMLAUNDRY( AFTERARETEST)
    Fig . 2 . DRhasgainedap ositionofgreaterinfluenc e
    . InFig . 1 sheisthe
    ob j ec tofoneattrac tion, GR ; now
    sheisthec enteroffiveattrac tions : GR,
    W L, FR, CV, GMandformsap airwithGR
    . Sheisrej ec tedb yLRwhomshe
    rej ec tsinreturn . InFig
    . 1 theforewomanisrej ec tedb yfourwork ers, now
    sheisrej ec tedb yallb utLR
    . Theinfluenc eofDRisap p arentinthec onc en-
    tratedop p ositionagainsttheforewoman . ( SeeChap teronRac e
    . )
    Thep ressurewithinthework situationhasc hangedthesoc iometric p ic ture
    .
    ThegrowinghostilityagainstthewhiteforewomanhasalsoinvolvedW L
    .
    ( Onemustrememb erthattheauthorityinoneofthec oloredc ottagesisa
    c oloredp erson, whereasheretheauthorityisawhitep erson
    . Oneshouldalso
    b earinmindthattherac ialriotinthec ommunitystartedinthesteamlaundry
    . )
    SOCIAL MICROSCOPY
    THEEMOTIONALEXPANSIVENESSOFMAN
    Thec ommunityofHudsonatthetimeoftesting hadap op u-
    lationof5 05 p ersons . Ifeac hp ersonshouldex p ress lik eor
    dislik etowardseveryotherofthe remaining5 04 p ersons, the
    c ommunitywouldb efilledwithab out 2 5 0, 000( p rec isely, 2 5 4 , -
    01 6 ) feelingsofloveorhatred . The2 5 0, 000feelingsoflove
    orhatredc onsistof1 2 5 , 000p air- relations
    . Theoretic ally, atleast,
    everyp ersoninHudsonc ouldenj oysomanyc ontac ts
    . Ofc ourse,
    thep ossib ilitiesofap ersoninHudsonare stilllimitedc omp ared
    withthoseofap ersoninac itysuc hasNewYork . ANewYork er
    livinginac ommunityofab outsevenmillion inhab itantswould
    havetheop p ortunitytop roduc eab out 4 9b illiondifferentatti-
    tudesor2 4 / b illionp air- relations .
    Fortunately, p erhap s, ouremotionsare farmorethinlysp read
    anddistrib utedandtheq uantityoftheir ex p ansion, aswehave
    p rovedatHudson, c anb eeasilymeasured
    .
    W esayfortunately
    b ec auseiftheex p ansivep owerofouremotional lifeshouldb eso
    inc redib lylargeastoenab leustop roduc e andsustainb illionsof
    friendship sorhostilitiesoursoc ialuniverse wouldb urstfromthe
    unendurab leheatoftoomuc haffec tionandp assion .
    W ehavegiveneveryp ersoninHudson theop p ortunityto
    c hoose5 p ersonswithwhomshewouldlik eto live . Thismeans
    thatinsteadofex p ec tingfromeac hp erson anex tentofinterest
    up to1 2 5 , 000p airsofrelations, wegaveeac h anop p ortunityup
    toamax imumof5 05 times5 c hoic es, thatis, 2 , 5 2 5 relations, and
    ifwec ountedtheresp onses, manymore . Inc redib leasitmay
    ap p ear, agreatnumb eroftheindividuals inHudsonc ouldnot
    mak euseofthe5 c hoic es . Formanygirls3 or4 c hoic eswere
    fullysuffic ienttoex p resstheirneeds inresp ec ttothehomec ri-
    terion . Asmallnumb erdidnotc hooseatall .
    Therewerealsoa
    2 83
    2 84

    W HO
    SHALLSURVIVE?
    numb erwhoc ouldhaveusedmorethan5 c hoic estoex p resstheir
    interest .
    Noothersoc ialinstitutionismoreresp onsib leforman' ssoc ia-
    b ilityandtheshap ingofhisemotionalex p ansivenessthanthe
    family . Thep lastic ityofthenewb orninfantisp rob ab lyfarlarger
    thanthatoftheadultman, p erhap sp otentiallyinfinite . Notonly
    theq ualityb utp erhap salsotheq uantity, theex p ansivenessof
    emotionalinteresthasb eenmoldedb ythefamilygroup . Afamily
    b eingagroup of few p ersonsforc esthegrowingc hildtolimithis
    attentiontothedevelop mentoffewrelationship s, top arentsand
    tosib lings . Histhirsttoex p andisthusearlyc utandc hanneled ;
    hegetsusedtob eingc ontentwithasmallnumb erofrelations .
    W hengrownup hefeelsthathec annotab sorb morethanasmall
    numb erofrelations . Indeed, theq uantumofhisac tiveac q uaint-
    anc eswillrarelyriseorfallab oveorb elowtheaverage . Ifhe
    mak esanumb erofnewfriendsorenemiesaneq ualnumb erof
    formerfriendsorenemieswillfadeoutofhisattention
    . Hec an-
    notgob eyondac ertainlimit, itseems, tok eep ab alanc e .
    Manyq uestionsc anb eraised . W hyistheemotionalex p ansive-
    nessofsomep ersonssomuc hlargerthanthatofothers? Isitc on-
    stitutional? Doesinc reasedex p ansivenessgotogetherwithin-
    c reasedsp ontaneity? Doesreduc edex p ansivenessgotogether
    withdec reasedsp ontaneity? Isthec ourseofman' sdevelop ment
    towardsrestraintandrigidity? Istheretrainingofman' ssoc ial
    sp ontaneitydesirab le, willthefuturesoc ietydevelop asp ec iesof
    manwhosesoc ialsp ontaneitywillb einfinitelylargerthanours?
    Ifso, anaturalp owerisheregiventomanfullofp otentialities
    whic hmayenab lehimtowinintherac eagainstthemac hine
    throughtheex p ansionofhissp ontaneoussoc ialenergytoanex -
    tentunk nownheretofore .
    Thereisonetowhomwealwayshaveasc rib edthep owerof
    infiniteex p ansiveness . ItisGod . Inourreligionsitisp erfec tly
    naturaltothink thatGodhasap rivaterelationtoeac hp ersonof
    theuniversesep arately . Hehasnorelationship s enmasse, hedoes
    notk nowusaltogether, hek nowsuseac hsep arately . W ehave
    figuredoutb eforethataNewYork erc ouldhave2 4 / b illion
    relationship swithinhisc ommonwealthalone . ForGodthisis
    notonlyp ossib leb utnec essaryandtrue
    . W illthemanofthe
    futureb emoresimilartoourimageofGod?
    SOCIALMICROSCOPY

    2 85
    EMOTIONALEXPANSIVENESSANDSOCIALCONTACTS
    Ac c ordingtop lanwemovedfromthefirstdimensionofre-
    searc h- theattrac tion- rep ulsion- indifferenc e p atterns- to the
    sec onddimensionofresearc h, therangeofac q uaintanc es, soc ial
    c ontac tsandemotionalex p ansiveness
    . Thereaderwillnotic ethat
    wereversedtheorderdesignatedintheb ook
    : Ididnotstartwith
    thelogic allyfirststep , theac q uaintanc esandc ontac ts, b utwitha
    step whic hseemedtob eethic allymoreap p rop riateforthesoc io-
    metric researc h- thec hoic esanddec isionsoftheinhab itants .
    HadIstartedwiththec ollec tionofdatawhic hmayhaveap p eared
    insignific anttotheinhab itants, theymayhavefeltlik eguineap igs
    ofasortandthesoc ialex p erimentmighthaveb eenb loc k edb efore
    itsinc ep tion
    . Afterthec ommunitywas"warmedup "b ymeans
    ofthesoc iometric testtoafairdegreeofc oop eration, wec ould
    afford, withoutfearofarousingsusp ic ion, toreturntothefirst
    step andex p loretheirrangeofc ontac tsandex p ansiveness .
    TESTOFEMOTIONALEXPANSIVENESS
    Thetestofemotionalex p ansivenessmeasurestheemotional
    energyofanindividualwhic henab leshimto"hold"theaffec tion
    ofotherindividualsforagivenp eriodoftime,
    indifferenc efrom
    soc ialex p ansivenesswhic hismerelythenumb erofindividuals
    withwhomheisinsoc ialc ontac tregardlessofwhetherheisab le
    toholdthemornot
    .
    Anillustrationisthemotherwhoisab le
    tounderstand, holdandguidethreec hildren, withsec urityand
    p oise
    ; whenshehasafourthc hildsheb eginstohavefitsof
    anx ietyandagitationfromtimetotime
    . Ifthefamilyshould
    inc reasetosevenc hildren, forinstanc e, itwouldb ediffic ultfor
    hertodividetheamountofemotionalex p ansivenessb etweenall
    theseven .
    Threewouldb etoomuc hforherandesc ap eher
    attention.
    Anotherillustrationisap hysic ianwhoc anholdand
    c ounselwithinhisthreeoffic ehourstenp atients
    . Shouldthe
    loadinc reasetotwelveorfifteen, hisemotionalex p ansiveness
    b eginstodec line, fatiguesetsinandhisj udgmentb ec omesp oor
    .
    Thesamemayb esaidab outsoc ialwork ers, lawyers, c lergymen,
    salesp eop le, indeed, ab outeverytyp eofsoc ialservic einwhic h
    theemotionalp roduc tivityinatask islink edtootherindividuals,
    2 86

    W HOSHALLSURVIVE?
    simultaneouslyorinsuc c ession . Theemotionalex p ansiveness
    ismoredirec tlyrelatedtob ehaviorandac tionthanthemore
    inc lusivesoc iometric test . Itdoesnotmatterherehowmanyare
    c hosen, b uthowmanyanindividualc anholdandsatisfyinhis
    immediateneeds . Inthesoc iometric analysisofb ehaviorit
    standsb etweenthesoc iometric testandthesp ontaneitytest .
    TheParentTest( seep .
    4 6 3 )
    andtheFamilyTest( seep age
    4 7 1 ) aretestsofemotionalex p ansiveness
    . Inthec ourseofParent
    Testsweob served, asidefromthemannerahousemotherreac ted
    towardsthedifferentc hildrenaroundher, thatonehousemother
    wasab letoattrac ttheattentionofmorec hildrenthananother,
    andalsothatsomehousemothersfatiguedmorerap idlyintheir
    interviews . Afterafewtestswec ouldalreadyrank thehouse-
    mothersroughlyac c ordingtotheiremotionalex p ansiveness . W e
    followedthematterup intheresp ec tivec ottagesettingswherewe
    foundourestimatesc orrob oratedb ytheb ehavioralresp onses .
    Ahousemotherc anemb rac ewithhergivenemotionalenergy
    onlyac ertainnumb erofc hildren . Ifthenumb erofgirlsshe
    emb rac essurp assesac ertainlimitap roc essofselec tivitysetsin .
    Shewilldevelop aone- sidedinteresttowardsthosetowhomshe
    issp ontaneously"drawn". therestwillfallonthesideline . This
    limitofex p ansivenesshas, thus, aneffec tup ontheorganiz ation
    ofthegroup throughp roduc inganumb erofgirlsisolatedfrom
    thehousemothereitherb ec ausetherearetoomanyinthec ottage
    orb ec auseof"faulty"assignments
    . Onefac torina"faulty"as-
    signmentisthatthegirlassignedtoac ertainc ottagedoesnot
    ap p ealtothehousemother . Theeffortthelatterhastomak eto
    reac hthec hildisoutofp rop ortiontowhatshehasavailab lefor
    her . Andiftwoorthreesuc hindividualsareassignedtothe
    housemother, p rob lemstoherb uteasilyreac hab letoothers, she
    b ec omes, ifshetak esherdutyseriously, moreex haustedthrough
    dealingwiththemthanthrougheffortsmadeforadoz enother
    c hildren . Eventuallysheb ec omesindifferentandshetriestomask
    herundoing . B utherdiffic ultiesc anb etreatedinrolep laying
    situations.
    Emotionalex p ansivenessissub j ec tib letotraining . No indi-
    vidualc anb ep ushedb eyondwhatap p earstob ehisorganic limit .
    B utinmostofthec aseswehavestudiedthislimitationhasb een
    duetoafunc tionalinab ilitytomak efulluseofitsrangewithin
    SOCIALMICROSCOPY

    2 87
    theorganic limit
    . Thehousemothersc anb etaughtthroughan
    analysisoftheir volume ofemotionalex p ansiveness, b yshowing
    them, thatitisfarlargerthanitap p ears ; freq uentlyitisc on-
    sumedb ymanyotherindividualsandob j ec tivesoutsideherac tual
    j ob
    . Throughthestudyofthisvolumeandtherangeofits"c on-
    sumers"wearrivedatthep rob lemofthevolumeof all ac q uaint-
    anc esanindividualhasinthec ommunityinwhic hhelives .
    ACQUAINTANCETEST
    Theac q uaintanc etestmeasuresthevolumeof"soc ial"ex p ansion
    ofanindividual, therangeofhissoc ialc ontac ts .
    Everyindividualdrawshissignific antrelationsfromhisvolume
    ofac q uaintanc es . Ac q uaintanc esinthelargersenseoftheword
    areallthep eop lewhomhek nowsfac etofac eorp eop lewhomhe
    k nowsindirec tly, forinstanc e, viaanotherindividualorthrough
    c orresp ondenc e . Asalreadyp ointedout, theoretic allyatleast,
    thep lac eforanac q uaintanc etestisattheveryb eginningofan
    investigation, evenaheadofthesoc iometric test
    .
    W eb egantostudytheac q uaintanc evolumesofindividuals,
    andforthisp urp oseHudsonofferedanex c ellentop p ortunity . The
    inc ominggirlarrivesintoac ommunityinwhic hsheistotallywith-
    outac q uaintanc es, andfromthemomentofentranc ehernewac -
    q uaintanc esarelimitedtothegivenp op ulation . B ec auseofthese
    twoc onditionsitwasp ossib letogaugetherelativegrowthin
    volumeofac q uaintanc esofeac hindividualinHudson .
    W eusedthefollowingtec hniq ue : ( a) Thetestwasgivento
    unselec tedgroup s, toeveryinc ominggirlasshearrived . ( b ) The
    c onditionswerethesameforeveryindividualtested . ( c ) The
    testwasrep eatedevery3 0days . ( d) Theinstruc tionswereasfol-
    lows :
    "W ritethenamesofallthegirlswhomyouc anrec allat
    thismomenttohavesp ok entoatanytimesinc eyouc ametoHud-
    son. Itdoesnotmatterhowlongagoyoumadeanac q uaintanc e,
    norifyousp ok etoheronlyonc eormanytimes. Ifyoudonot
    rec allanac q uaintanc e' sfullname, writehernic k nameorher
    firstnameoridentifythep ersoninsomeway . Donotinc lude
    girlswithwhomyouliveinyourc ottage . "
    InTab le1 5 isp resentedanac q uaintanc eindex sec uredthrough
    theAc q uaintanc eTestadministeredoverap eriodof6 monthsto
    1 6 girls.
    Analysis
    Theac q uaintanc evolumeofthe1 6 girlsafter3 0daysranged
    b etween7 , thelowest, and6 3 , thehighestnumb erofac q uaint-
    anc es ;
    after6 0days, b etween8and6 5 ac q uaintanc es ; after90
    days, 1 0and7 9 ; after1 2 0days, 9and84
    ; after1 5 0days, 9and
    1 01 ; andafter1 80days, 8and1 3 1 . W erec ogniz efromaread-
    ingofTab les1 5 and1 6 thatthegrowthinvolumeofac q uaint-
    anc esvariesfromindividualtoindividualandfromtimetotime .
    In9instanc es, itc anb enoted, theac q uaintanc evolumeinc reased
    ingeneral
    p rogressively
    frommonthtomonth( JN, DB , MK, SO,
    KN, HY, HF, FA, andNI) ; in2 instanc estheac q uaintanc evol-
    ume regressed ingeneralfrommonthtomonth( ILandGU) ;
    in5 instanc esitneitherinc reasednordec reasedap p rec iab lyb ut
    remainedp rac tic ally stationary ( RD, ML, DN, HR, andRZ )
    .
    Analysisofthep rogressivec asesshowsthatthenumb erofnew
    ac q uaintanc esmadefrommonthtomonthwasingeneralgreater
    thanthenumb erofac q uaintanc es"lost"
    ; inthestationaryc ases,
    thenewac q uaintanc esaremoreorlessb alanc edb ythenumb erof
    ac q uaintanc eslost
    ; andintheregressivec asesthenumb erof
    newac q uaintanc esissmallerthanthenumb erofac q uaintanc es
    lost ; onc ec aseap p eareduneven( IL) b utwitharegressivetrend
    .
    Theac q uaintanc evolumevariesfromindividualtoindividual
    tosuc hanex tentthat1 80daysafterenteringthec ommunityof
    2 88 W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    Name
    TAB LE 1 5
    INDEX OF THE VOLUME OFACQUAINTANCESOF1 6 INDIVIDUALS
    After
    1 80days
    After AfterAfter
    I . Q
    . Cottage80days6 0days90days
    After

    After
    1 2 0days1 5 0days
    JN 1 00

    C1 6

    1 3

    1 8

    3 3 3 9

    4 1 4 2
    GU
    1 2 1

    01

    6 3

    6 5

    4 2 2 6

    2 9 2 8
    RD 6 2

    C6

    1 2 9

    9 8
    DB 85

    08

    3 0

    4 3

    4 2 4 6

    7 3 7 2
    ML 80

    C6

    2 4

    2 7

    3 0 3 3

    2 7 2 8
    MK 86

    C4

    1 0

    1 2

    2 5 3 8

    2 9 3 0
    SO 1 1 2

    C6

    3 0

    4 4

    3 7
    5 0

    6 2 7 4
    KN 87

    C1 1

    2 1

    3 2

    3 3 5 2

    1 01 1 3 1
    IL 1 1 6

    C1

    4 2

    6 1

    5 0 2 8

    4 6 4 3
    DN 85

    C8

    2 2

    4 2

    2 9
    3 2

    3 4 3 1
    HY 1 02

    C2

    1 5

    1 2

    2 4 3 1

    5 1 4 6
    HR 6 5

    C1 6

    1 0 1 1

    1 4 1 3
    RZ 88

    C1 6

    3 3

    1 4

    2 2 2 5

    2 5 2 6
    HP 91

    C1 0

    3 0

    4 4

    7 9
    84

    7 5 82
    FA 7 7

    C1 0

    1 4

    1 6

    1 5
    3 2

    3 2 3 3
    NI 82

    C1 1

    1 3

    2 5

    4 1 4 2

    4 7 4 9
    ANALYSISOFACQUAINTANCEINDEXOF
    Ac q uaintanc e

    After

    After
    SOCIALMICROSCOPY

    2 89
    Hudson, livingunderthesamec onditions, andhavingthesame
    op p ortunitytomeetothers, oneindividual, RD, hadanindex of8,
    whileanother, KN, hadanindex ofmorethansix teentimes
    larger, 1 3 1
    ; andRD, wholivesinC6 , showedherac q uaintanc es
    tob edistrib utedamong5 units, whereasKN, wholivesinC1 1 ,
    hadhersdistrib utedamong1 6 unitsofthec ommunity .
    Ac omp arisonoftheac q uaintanc eindic esofthese1 6 p ersons
    withthefindingsoftheirsoc iometric testingafter1 5 0daysindi-
    c atedthatthenumb erofindividualsanyoneofthe1 6 k nowsis
    severaltimeslargerthanthesoc ialatom, thenumb erofthose
    whoreleaseinheradefiniteemotionalreac tionup onanyc riteria
    .
    Forinstanc e, RDwithanac q uaintanc eindex of9c hoseonly2
    individualswithwhomshep referredtoliveandtowork
    ; KN
    withanac q uaintanc eindex of1 01 c hose1 4 differentindividuals
    onseveralc riteria .
    Ofthe1 6 individuals, after1 80days5 aredefinitelystationary
    intheirvolumeofac q uaintanc es
    ; 2 areregressive ; and3 ofthe9
    p rogressiveinstanc esshowatendenc ytowardsahalt
    . Thismay
    suggestthatafterac ertainp eriodap ersoninac losedc ommunity
    reac heshisindividual average
    ac q uaintanc elevel .
    Numerousfac torshaveap p arentlyab earingup onthevolume
    ofac q uaintanc es . GU, whohasanI . Q. of1 2 1 , reac hesafter1 5 0
    daysanac q uaintanc eindex of2 9
    ; IL, whohasanI . Q . of1 1 6 ,
    reac hesafter1 5 0daysanac q uaintanc eindex of4 6
    . GUandIL
    arethe2 individualswhohavethehighestintelligenc eq uotients
    amongthe1 6 girls .
    B utKN, whohasanI . Q . of87 afterthe
    samep eriodoftimehaselap sed, hasanac q uaintanc evolumeof
    1 01 .
    Manysimilarc aseshaveb eenfoundalthoughourfindings
    donotsuggestanydefinitec onc lusionsyetastotherelationof
    theI . Q . totheac q uaintanc eindex
    .
    TAB LE 1 6
    Two INDIVIDUALCASES, RD AND
    KN
    After

    After

    After After
    Volume

    3 0days
    RDKN
    6 0days
    RDKN
    90days
    RDKN
    1 2 0days
    RDKN
    1 5 0days
    RDKN
    1 80days
    RDKN
    Lost
    1 3 2 1 0 5 6 3 1 1 0 1 2
    Maintained
    6 1 8 6 2 2 7 2 4 6 4 2 7 7 5
    Ac q uired new
    7 2 1 2 1 4 6 1 1 2 2 8 3 5 9
    1 5 6
    Totalvolume
    7 2 1 8 3 2 1 2 3 3 9 5 2 9 1 01 8
    1 3 1
    2 90

    W HO
    SHALLSURVIVE?
    Distrib utionofVolume :
    After3 0days
    {
    RD
    gN
    After6 0days
    I
    RD
    KN
    After
    90days
    I
    RD:
    gN
    RD:
    After1 2 0days KN:
    RD:
    After1 5 0days
    KN:
    03 , C4 , C7 , 01 5 , C1 6
    RC, Hosp
    . , C1 , C' 2 , C4 , C6 , C1 0, C1 4 , C1 6
    C4 , C7 , C1 5 , C1 6
    RC, Hosp
    . , 01 , C2 , C3 , 04 , C6 , C7 , 08, C1 0, 01 5 , C1 6
    03 ,
    04 , C7 , 01 1 , 01 5 , C1 6
    Hosp . , Cl, C2 , 03 , C4 , 05 , C6 , C7 , C1 0, C1 4 , C1 5 , C1 6
    C4 , 07 , C1 1 , 01 6
    RC, Farm, Ho . sp . , C1 , 02 , C3 , C4 , C5 , C6 , C7 , C8, C1 0,
    C1 3 , C1 4 , C1 5 , C1 6
    C4 , 07 , C1 1 , C1 5 , C1 6
    RC, Farm, Hosp . , C1 , C2 , C3 , 04 , C5 , C6 , C7 , CS, C1 0,
    01 3 , C1 4 , 01 5 , C1 6
    Itc anb esp ec ulated, however, thatanindividualwhoseintelli-
    genc eisap p rox imatelyonthesamelevelasthatofthemaj orp or-
    tionofthep op ulationinhisc ommunitywillusuallyhavealarger
    ac q uaintanc evolumethananindividualwhoseintelligenc eisfar
    sup eriororfarinferiortothatofthemaj orp ortion . RDandHR,
    withI . Q. ' sof 6 2 and6 5 resp ec tively, reac hafter1 80daysac -
    q uaintanc eindic esof8and1 3 resp ec tively . TheI . Q. ' softhe
    individualswithwhomRDandHRareac q uaintedareinthe
    maj orityofinstanc esonasimilarlylowlevel
    . Itmayb ethatin
    ap op ulationthemaj orityofwhic hareofasimilarintelligenc eas
    RDandHR, RDandHRmightreac halargeac q uaintanc evol-
    umeduringthesamep eriodoftime
    ; andthatinap op ulationthe
    maj orityofwhic hareofasimilarorhigherintelligenc elevel
    thanGUandIL, GUandILmightreac halargerac q uaintanc e
    volumeduringthesamep eriodoftime .
    However, theemotionalandsoc ialdifferentiationofthegroup
    towhic htheindividualb elongsseemsalsotohaveab earingup on
    theac q uaintanc eindex ofanymemb erofthatgroup . Thesoc io-
    metric p ositionGUandILhaveintheirresp ec tivec ottagesdis-
    c losesthatb othareb estadj ustedtoindividualswhoarefarb elow
    theirlevelofintelligenc e . Ontheotherhand, KN, whohasafar
    lowerI . Q . thanGUandIL, ap p earsinaleader- p ositionwithfol-
    lowers, fourofwhomaresup eriortoherinI . Q. Thesup erior
    soc ialandemotionaleq uip mentofKNseemstob elargelyre-
    sp onsib leforherlargeac q uaintanc evolumeandforherp osition
    withinhergroup .
    SOCIALMICROSCOPY

    2 91
    SOCIALATOM
    W henDemoc ritosdevelop edthetheoryoftheatomheop ened
    up themodernc onc ep tionofthep hysic aluniversr . ' I' oc laimthe
    atomasthesmallestlivingp artic leofwhic htheuniversec onsists
    hehadtoc losehiseyestotheac tualc onfigurationsofp latterand
    c laimimp udentlythattheyarec omp osedofotherinfinitelysmall
    units, themselvesindivisib le, theatoms . Perhap sinanap p roac h
    ofthesoc ialuniversewec anlearnfromDemoc ritosandc loseour
    eyestotheac tualc onfigurationssoc ial"matter"p resentstous
    families, fac tories, sc hools, nations, etc . Perhap samindnotdis-
    trac tedb ythegrossfac tsinsoc ietywillb eab letodisc overthe
    smallestlivingsoc ialunit, itselfnotfurtherdivisib le, the soc ial
    atom .
    W henwelook atac ommunitywithoutc onsideringitsac tual
    struc tureandwhethergoodorb ad, wefirstb ec omeawareof
    numerousc ollec tiveswhic hswimonitssurfac e : families, work
    group s, rac ialgroup s, religiousgroup s, etc . Andwerec ogniz e
    thatthesegroup ingsarenotwildformationsb utthattheyc enter
    aroundadefinitec riterion
    :
    livinginp rox imity, work inginp rox -
    imity, etc . W erec ogniz ealsothatthep ositionwhic hanindi-
    vidualhasinthesec ollec tivesisofteninc ontradic tionwithhis
    asp irations . Ifmorethanoneindividualisnec essarytorealiz e
    andsatisfyhumandesiresasoc ialsituationdevelop s, asoc ialre-
    lation, asoc ialneed . Thesex ualdesire, thedesireforshelterand
    thedesirefornourishmentp artak enwithothersaresuc hdesires .
    Morethanonep ersonisnec essaryiftheaimistob ringab outthe
    realiz ationofahomeorwork group . B ut, similartoindividualA,
    alsoindividualB , C, D, Eandmillionsofothersareinthesame
    p osition : theyneedotherp ersonswithwhomtoestab lishahome
    relation, asex ualrelation, awork relationorac ulturalrelation .
    Thoseinterestsaresharedb ymillionsb utdifferindetailand
    degreefromindividualtoindividualandfromgroup togroup .
    Thedifferenc esindetailanddegreemak ethep roc essveryc om-
    p lic ated . Ap ersonneedsanumb erofotherp ersonstoac c omp lish
    hisendsandtheotherp ersonsneedhimtohelp themac c omp lish
    theirs . Thep rob lemwouldhaveasimp lesolution, then, ifallthe
    p ersonsc onc ernedmutuallyrec ip roc ated . B uttheydonotunani-
    mously"c lic k
    . "Onewouldlik etolivewiththisp ersonb utthis
    p ersonisattrac tedtosomeb odyelse . Onewantstowork withthis
    2 92

    W HOSHALLSURVIVE?
    p ersonb utthisp ersonrej ec tshim, andsoforth
    .
    Mendifferin
    theamountofinteresttheyhaveandintheamountofattention
    theyrec eive
    . Thesameistrueofthegroup stheyformandof
    theirrelationstoothergroup s
    . Amassoffeelings, attrac tions,
    rep ulsionsandindifferenc esrunintoeveryp ossib ledirec tionand
    fromeveryp ossib ledirec tion, sometimesmeeting, oftenc rossing
    andsep aratingfromeac hother
    .
    B uttheq uestionishowtoasc ertainthetruep ositionofanin-
    dividualinthec riss- c rossofp syc hologic alandc ulturalc urrents
    whic hmoldb utalsotransgressthegroup sinwhic hhelives
    . Just
    asthep hysic alatom, alsothesoc ialatomhasnovisib leoutlineon
    thesurfac eofthings . Itmustb eunc overed
    . Throughthesoc io-
    metric testamethodforthedisc overyofthesoc ialatomwasob -
    tained . ( Seep . 2 3 0) .
    Anillustrationofasoc ialatomisthe
    following
    : PersonAisattrac tedtosix p ersons : B , C, D, E, F
    andG. B , CandDrej ec tA
    ; FisindifferenttoAandGisat-
    trac tedtoA. Ontheotherhand, thep ersonsM, N, 0, PandQ
    feelattrac tedtoAb utArej ec tsM, Nand0andisindifferentto
    PandQ
    . Thisc onstellationofforc es, attrac tions, rep ulsionsand
    indifferenc es, whatevertheirmotivesmayb e, inwhic hp ersons
    A, B , C, D, E, F, G, M, N, 0, PandQareinvolvedinreferenc e
    toadefinitec riterionwec allasoc ialatom, thesoc ialatomofA
    .
    Conc retesamp lesofsoc ialatomsarep resentedinsoc iograms,
    p . 2 99- 3 07 .
    Thesearesoc ialatomsdep ic tingahomec om-
    p lex ineac hofthefourinstanc es
    . Forthesex ualc omp lex ,
    thework c omp lex , therac ialc omp lex , etc . , adifferentsoc ialatom
    ineac hc asec anb easc ertainedthroughthesoc iometric test
    . These
    soc ialatomsarenotc onstruc tions :
    theyareac tual, living, energy-
    fillednetwork s, revolvingaroundeverymanandb etweenmenin
    myriadsofforms, differentinsiz e, c onstellationandduration
    .
    Presentedb elowisthec lassific ationofthec omp lex ofsoc ial
    atomsofanindividual, CharlesM .
    Itgivesap ic tureofthe
    c oteriesinwhic hhelives .
    Classific ationofCharlesM.
    L W
    3 - 0 1 2 - 1 3 - 4 8- 0
    0- 3 0- 3 2 - 5 1 7 - 1
    S
    C
    3 - 0 1 0- 1
    3 0- 4 1 6 - 0
    1 - 2 0- 1
    3 4 - 01 6 - 0
    SOCIALMICROSCOPY

    2 93
    Thesefourp artsofasoc ialatomaretheliving( L) ( home) ,
    work ing ( W ) ,
    sex ual( S) andc ultural( C) atomsofCharlesM
    . ,
    c omp risinginall6 5 p ersons
    . Hishighestrangeofex p ansiveness
    isinthe"c ultural
    ( C) atom" ; herehemix eswith4 0p ersons . His
    lowestrangeofex p ansivenessisinthesex ual( S) atom
    ; there
    heisattrac tedtothreep ersons
    . Heisisolatedandrej ec tedinhis
    home( L) atomandheisdisc ordantinhiswork relations .
    W ewereab letodeterminethroughthesoc iometric testwith
    whic hindividualsap ersonwantstob einp rox imityandhow
    manyindividualswanttob einp rox imitywithhiminresp ec tto
    agivenc riterionandthusthe outerdelineation
    ofap artic ular
    soc ialatomwasasc ertained
    . ( Classific ationFormulaI, seep .
    2 3 6
    . ) Followingthedirec tionsp ointedoutinFormulaI, wewere
    ab letodeterminethroughgroup interviewandanalysisofmotiva-
    tionstheattrac tions, rep ulsionsandindifferenc esfromthec enter-
    individualtoeac hoftheindividualsofhisc irc leandfromeac h
    oftheseindividualsb ac k tohim . Andsoafirstideaofthe
    inner
    c onstitutionofthissoc ialatomwasasc ertained
    . ( Classific ation
    FormulaII, seep . 2 3 6 . )
    Followingthedirec tionsp ointedoutin
    FormulaIIwec ouldaddtheintensityoftheseattrac tions, re-
    p ulsionsandindifferenc esinfivedegreeasex p ressedb ythesub -
    j ec t . ( Classific ationFormulaIII, seep
    . 2 3 6 . ) Followingthe
    direc tionsp ointedoutinFormulaIIandFormulaIII, weat-
    temp ted, throughthesp ontaneitytest, todeterminetheemotions
    ofwhic hthevariousattrac tions, rep ulsionsandindifferenc esac -
    tuallyc onsist, torec ordalsowhic hemotionsdirec tthec urrents
    andwhic haresec ondary .
    Awiderc omp rehensionofthesoc iodynamic organiz ationofan
    atomc amethroughtheac q uaintanc etest . Theac q uaintanc evol-
    umeofap ersonisthefirst, c rudeindic atoroftheex p ansivenessof
    anindividualinmak ingandretainingc ontac tsinagivenc om-
    munity
    .
    W esec uredafinerap p rec iationoftheemotionalex -
    p ansivenessofanindividualthroughthesoc iometric test
    . W e
    found, forinstanc e, thatindividualJNinvolves, inresp ec ttothe
    homec riterion1 1 individuals
    ; inresp ec ttothework c riterion,
    8individuals
    ; inresp ec ttotherec reationalc riterion, 3 individuals
    ;
    andinresp ec ttothec ulturalc riterion, 5 individuals
    .
    Herac -
    q uaintanc evolumeatthetimeofthetestwas1 02
    .
    2 94

    \\T HO
    SHALLSURVIVE?
    Throughtheac q uaintanc etestwelearnedifasoc ialatom
    hasarhythmic growth, reac hesahighp oint, andthensink stoa
    moreorlessaveragelevel
    ; ifitisinap haseofex p ansionorof
    shrink age ; ifitsp readsac c ordingtothegeograp hic alloc ationof
    theindividual' sc ottage, fromhisc ottagetothenex t, withinhis
    work group sontootherc ollec tives, orifitgrowsinc onsistently
    withtheseanderratic allyovertheentirec ommunity
    ; ifitb ec omes
    stationaryafterafewweek s
    ; ifitb ec omesregressiveafterac on-
    siderab lerise
    ; andfinally, withwhic hgroup softhec ommunity
    theindividualb ec omesac q uaintedandwhomhec anrec allwhen
    thetestisgiven .
    Italsofurtheradvanc esourk nowledgeofa
    soc ialatomifwedeterminea) theemotionalex p ansivenessof
    eac hindividualwhoap p earsrelatedtothec enter- individualofthe
    soc ialatominreferenc etothec riterionofthatsoc ialatom
    ; b ) the
    emotionalex p ansivenessofthec enter- individualinreferenc eto
    different c riteria .
    Iftheemotionalex p ansivenessrelatedtoone
    c riteriononlyisc alc ulatedforthec enter- individual, werec eivea
    falsep ic tureofthetotalrangeofhisinterest
    . Anindividualmay
    havealowex p ansivenessinrelationtoonec riterionandc om-
    p ensatethisthroughahighex p ansivenesssinrelationtoanother
    .
    Furthermore, if
    theemotionalex p ansivenessoftheindividuals
    in
    hissoc ialatomishigh, thisindic atesthatthec enter- individual
    isrelatedtoindividualswhoareinc ontac twithmanyothers
    ; if
    theirex p ansivenessislow, thatthec enter- individualisofrelatively
    greaterneeedto"them. "
    Onec anlook atasoc ialatomfromtwodirec tions, fromanin-
    dividualtowardsthec ommunityandfromthec ommunitytowards
    anindividual . Inthe first
    c ase, the"individual- c entered"soc ial
    atom, onec anseehowthefeelingsradiatefromhimintomany
    direc tionstowardsindividualswhoresp ondtohimb ylik es, dis-
    lik esorindifferenc eand of
    whomheisaware, orwhoc hose,
    rej ec torareneutraltowardshimwithoutthatheisawareoftheir
    p artic ip ationinhissoc ialatom
    . Thismayb ec alledthep syc ho-
    logic alasp ec tofthesoc ialatom . Inthe sec ond c ase, the"c ollec -
    tive- c entered"soc ialatom, onec anlook atsoc ioatomic formations
    fromthep ointofviewofthec ommunityanditisthiswaythatit
    hasac tuallyb eendisc overed
    . W henonemovesfromthec om-
    munityintotherealmof a
    p artic ularsoc ialatomheisagainc on-
    SOCIALMICROSCOPY

    2 95
    fronted, asinthep syc hologic alversion, withthesameindividuals
    whoareinterloc k edwithap artic ular, c entralindividual
    . B uthe
    seesnowthattheseindividualsarealsointerloc k edwithonean-
    otherandthattheirfeelingsalsoradiatetowardsindividualswho
    arenotdirec tlyap artofthisp artic ularsoc ioatomic c onfiguration
    .
    Heisherefac etofac ewithap henomenonwhic hmayeasilyb e
    overlook edinthec ourseofdesc rib inganindividual- c enteredsoc ial
    atom .
    Heseesinthenewversionthattheindividualswhoare
    interloc k edwiththec entralindividualA, enterwithfragmentsand
    p ortionsoftheirownsoc ialatoms, notonlyintothec irc learound
    A, b utalsointoeac hother' sc irc les . Thec entralsoc ialatomap -
    p earssurroundedwithp lanetarysoc ialc onfigurationsb uteac hof
    thesep lanetarysoc ialatomsthemselvesarelik ethec entralsuns,
    eac hsurroundedwithnumerousp lanetarysoc ialatoms, andso
    forth, ad infinitum . Thus, insteadofc enteringourattentionup on
    ak eyindividualwithanumb erofindividualsrevolvingaround
    him, weseeaninterp enetrationofvarioussoc ialatoms, ofvarying
    siz esandvaryingc onfigurations, avisualdemonstrationthatthey,
    whic hrep resentthesmallestsoc ialunitsofhumansoc iety, are
    themselvesinvolvedinmoreandmorec omp lex soc ialc onfigura-
    tionsyettob estudied . ( SeeMap III, "Soc iometric Geograp hy
    ofaCommunity" . )
    Thec lassific ationofthesoc ialatomillustratesinadramatic
    fashionthatweliveinanamb iguousworld, halfrealandhalf
    fic tion ; thatwerarelylivewithp ersonswithwhomwewouldlik e
    tolive ; thatwework withp ersonswhoarenotc hosenb yus
    ; that
    weisolateandrej ec tp ersonswhomweneedmostandthatwe
    throwourlivesawayforunworthyp eop leandp rinc ip les . The
    atomc onc ep tgivesusanop p ortunitytob ringtheimmensec om-
    p lex ityofformswithinthesoc ialuniverseunderonec ommonde-
    nominator . Itisasifadirec torofagreattheaterhasevolveda
    suc c essionofmostc olorfulandattrac tivesettingsandsc enes,
    mask sofheroesanddialoguesofeternitytodistrac tourminds
    fromthefac tsb eneath
    . Similarly, onthestageofthesoc ialuni-
    verse, millionsofk indsandvarietiesofc ollec tives, families,
    sc hools, fac tories, c hurc hes, nations, aresp readb eforeoureyein
    mostfasc inatingp atterns
    ; weareourselvesac torsonthisstage
    andasifb yb lindnec essity, wec easelesslyandindeterminately
    2 96

    W HO
    SHALLSURVIVE?
    c ontinuetob ringforthevernewc ollec tivestoreignasothersfade .
    B ec auseweareourselvesenmeshedinthisnetwork ithasb een
    sohardtob reak thedoortotheac tualworldb eneath, torec ogniz e
    thehumanuniverseinallitsformsasasummation, interp enetra-
    tionanddynamic multip lic ationofsoc ialatoms
    .
    TELESTRUCTURE
    TeleChartI
    Simp leTele
    Simp leTele
    ( Congruous)
    Simp leTele
    ( Inc ongruous)
    Symb olic Tele
    Ob j ec tTele
    InfraTeleforp ersons
    ( Unrec ip roc atedb utp ositive
    attrac tionstowardarealego
    orarealrole)
    Transferenc erelationsamong
    3 p ersons, b elongingtoa
    group ofinsanes
    . 0

    g
    R
    O
    a
    o
    A

    8
    0
    I
    A
    0 D OIj ec t
    . t
    Thetelep roc essmayshowmanyvarietiesoftele .
    Someofthemareillustrated
    inthediagramsab ove . Theattrac tionofAforB isresp ondedto
    b yanat-
    trac tionofB forAinthesamelifesituation .
    This is simp letele.
    InfraTelefor
    anob j ec t
    Transferenc eto
    N
    O
    0
    q
    O : Q}- +Proj eefad
    p ersons
    A
    ' ~

    Syab o!
    Transferenc eto
    ob j ec ts
    0
    +
    Symb ol
    A
    aalOb j c < t
    ~- - __
    . _
    . +
    2 97
    Iftheattrac tionb etweentwop ersonsoc c ursonthesamelevelofp referenc e,
    thenthesimp letelec anb ec alled c ongruous . A c hoosesB first ; B c hooses A
    first . Iftheattrac tionb etweentwop ersonsoc c ursondifferentlevelofp refer-
    enc e, thenthesimp letelec anb ec alledinc ongruous . Ac hoosesB first
    ; B
    c hoosesAthird
    . Theattrac tionofAforB maynotb eforB ' srealego, b ut
    forhisalterego, forsomeroleorsymb olwhic hherep resents- theroleof
    thep hysic ian, thep riest, thej udge, etc . B , inturn, maynotb eattrac tedtoA' s
    realego, b uttoaroleherep resents, forinstanc e, theroleofthesc ientist . This
    issymb olic tele .
    Aisattrac tedtowardsanob j ec twhic h, inturn, isusefultohim, forinstanc e,
    anyfoodtowardswhic h A reac hessp ontaneouslyandwhic h, inturn, satisfies
    hisneedsandb enefitshishealth
    . Thisis ob j ec t tele.
    Inallthesethreec ases, theattrac tionis p ositive fromb othsideswhetherthe
    sidesarethetwoegosoftwop ersons, tworolesofthesetwop ersons, ora
    p ersonandanob j ec t .
    A formofattrac tionc antak ep lac ewhic his p ositive fortheonep ersonb ut
    notsharedb ytheotherp erson
    . Itisunrec ip roc ated . Ac hoosesB . B doesnot
    c hooseA
    . Ac hoosesB inac ertainrole . B doesnotc hooseAeitherasanego
    orinanyrole . Thisis infra- tele forp ersons . Therec analsob eaninfra- tele
    forob j ec ts . Develop mentsofthetelep roc essarethe Einfuhlung ( emp athy) of
    anac torintohisp artandintohisp artner . Emp athyisonewaytele .
    Therearedevelop mentsinthetelep roc esswhic hc anb ec lassifiedasp syc ho-
    p athologic alformations ; forinstanc e, ap erson A, wheninrelationtoap er-
    sonB seesB inarolewhic hB doesnotac tuallyex p erienc e, arolewhic hA
    p roj ec ts intoB
    . Itisadelusionof A, ap roj ec tedsymb ol . This istrans-
    ferenc e.
    A
    p ersonAmayb eattrac tedtoanob j ec t, forinstanc e, afood, b utnotfor
    whatitac tuallyisandnotforwhateffec titmayhaveup onhisb ody, b utas
    asymb ol . Hemayattac htoitac ertainmystic alsignific anc ewhic hisentirely
    sub j ec tive, adelusion
    . Itisap athologic alattrac tionandmayb edefinitely
    harmfultohim. Thisisan ob j ec ttransferenc e .
    Theq uantitativestudyoftransferenc eeffec tup onsoc ialstruc tureisp ossib le
    throughc omp aringagroup ofinsanep ersonswithagroup ofnormalp ersons
    underthesamec onditions . Studiesofgroup sofinsanesrevealthatthesoc io-
    gramp roduc edb ythemisneitheralltransferenc enoralltele . Itisamix ture
    ofb oth . Thestruc tureofaninsanegroup willp rob ab lyap p earb elowthe
    telelevelb utab ovethec hanc elevel .
    As farasitwasab ovec hanc e, itwould
    ac c ountforthedegreetowhic htruetelep roc essesaremix edinwithp ro-
    c essesoftransferenc eanddelusions
    .
    2 98
    I
    TELE STRUCTURE
    TeleChartII
    Thevertic alsp readofteleinasoc ialstruc ture
    3
    / v
    Max imum
    Degrees
    of
    Tele
    Intensity
    o
    Infra- tele
    Emp athy

    Transferenc e
    PureChanc e
    Thisc hartshowsasc alerangingfrommax imumteletop urec hanc e . The
    areab etweenteleandc hanc ec oversarangeofinc omp letep erc ep tionsand
    p athologic alinterp ersonalrelationship s .
    Tele
    Infra-
    Tele
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFSOCIALATOM
    2 99
    SOCIALATOMOFINDIVIDUALW L
    FROMTHEPOINTOFVIEW OFTHEINDIVIDUAL( CENTRIFUGALASPECT)
    CRITERION : LIVINGINPROXIMITY
    W Lattrac tsoneandisattrac tedtotwoindividualsinherhouse
    ; sheisat-
    trac tedtothreeindividualsoutsideherhouse, twoofwhominturnareattrac ted
    toher
    . Shesendsher2 ndand3 rdc hoic esinside, her1 st, 4 th, and5 thc hoic es,
    outside
    . Sheisthe3 rdc hoic eofanindividualinside, the1 st, 4 th, and5 th
    c hoic eofthreeindividualsoutside
    . Twoofherc hoic esarerec ip roc ated( W L-
    ME, W L- SV)
    . Threeofherc hoic esareunrec ip roc ated( KT, GE, andCN) .
    Shedoesnotrec ip roc atetwoc hoic es( PRandEH)
    . Shegravitatesintotwo
    differenthouses( C6 , C1 6 ) b esidesthehouse( C7 ) inwhic hshelives
    . Thec hart
    illustratesthemethodoftrac ingthesoc ialatomofW Linresp ec ttothec ri-
    terionoflivinginp rox imity.
    3 00 W HOSHALL
    SURVIVE?
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFSOCIALATOM
    SOCIALATOMOFINDIVIDUALW L
    FROMTHEPOINTOFVIEW OFTHEINDIVIDUAL( CENTRIFUGAL
    ASPECT)
    CRITERION :
    LIVINGINPROXIMITY
    Thec hartillustratesthemethodoftrac ingfurtherthesoc ial atomofW Lin
    resp ec ttothec riterionoflivinginp rox imity .
    Theresp onsestothec hoic es
    whic hap p earedunrec ip roc atedareasc ertained .
    KT, GE, andONresp ondwith
    attrac tiontoW L
    . W Lresp ondswithrep ulsiontoEHandto PR.
    Thissoc iogramp ortraystheindividual- oriented
    p syc hosoc ialversionofthe
    soc ialatom
    .
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFSOCIALATOM
    PATTERNOFASOCIALATOM
    FROMTHEPOINTOFVIEW OFTHE COMMUNITY
    ( CENTRIPETALASPECT)
    Analysis
    Soc ialatomAisthefoc usofattention . Theimmediaterelationship stosoc ial
    atomsb , c , dandeareindic ated, showinghowsomerelationship sarec losed,
    whileothersareop en . Chainsarealsoinevidenc e.
    Thediagramsc hematic allyshowstheimp ortanc eofk eep ingc ontex tinmind
    whileanalyz ingthesoc ialatom . Thesoc ialatomunderstudyisb utthec om-
    p lex ofsoc ialrelationsastak enfromap artic ularreferenc ep oint . Anyanalysis
    ofonesoc ialatomimp lic atesananalysisofthenetwork sinwhic hitis
    emb edded .
    Movingfromallsidesofthec ommunitytowardsanindividualp rotagonist
    b eforewereac hhimweenc ounteronthesoc iometric map anenc irc lementof
    liveindividualswhoaresp ec ific allyrelatedtohimandtowhomheisrelated ;
    whomayormaynotb erelatedtooneanother ; andwhomayormaynotp ro-
    videlink swith- other, moredistantp artsofthec ommunity . Thisversionof
    soc ialatomisthec ommunity- oriented, c ollec tivistic form .
    3 02
    1 V
    CA
    1 C
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFSOCIALATOM
    O'
    q
    Is

    ! T/
    SOCIALATOMS: CRITERION- LIVINGINPROXIMITY
    Fig. 1
    . HTofC6 isac enterofattrac tiontotenindividualsofhergroup , B U,
    PC, ES, HM, CD, W T, RG, SO, ET, TA, threeofwhomsherej ec ts,
    TA, W TandHM; shealsorej ec tsGEwhoisneutraltowardsher
    . She
    isindifferenttooneofthegirls, RG, andformsmutualp airswiththe
    remainingsix . Sheisanattrac tiontosix individualsoutsideofher
    group , W Lof01 1 , B Aofthehosp ital, B CofC1 6 , HHofC7 , PAof
    01 0andCAofC1 4 , threeofwhomsherej ec tsandtothreeofwhomshe
    is
    attrac ted . HT rep resentsanindividualofanall- aroundp op ularity
    withinandwithouthergroup . Theindividualswhomshec hoosesand
    rej ec tsindic atetheex erc iseofb alanc edj udgment . W henthesoc ial
    atomofHTwasdrawnthesoc iogramofCottage6 andthatofother
    c ottageshadc hanged . Thisac c ountsforthedifferenc eb etweenthe
    soc ialatomshownhereandthep ic tureofthec ottagesofthoseoutside
    herc ottagewhoc hooseheraswellasthatofCottage6 .
    Fig . 2 . EMof05 ( notc hartedeitherindividuallyoronthePsyc hologic al
    Geograp hyofaCommunity) isanattrac tiontothreeindividualsof
    hergroup , MM, LA andCO, ofwhomsherej ec tsone, LA, andtwoof
    whom, 00andMM, sheisattrac tedtointurn ; MMishersister . She
    isanattrac tionto1 9otherindividuals, B AofC7 , LN, ETandGUof
    C6 , GLandFLofC8, LSand B TofC1 4 , PPofC1 1 , KRoftheFarm,
    NRoftheHosp ital, LUofC4 , NOof05 , FEof09, SLofC8, B Iand
    VMof01 3 , towardsallofwhomsheisindifferent, ex c ep ttothelatter
    twowhomsherej ec ts . Outofherfivec hoic essheusesonlytwo, one
    goingtohersister . EMisanindividualofimmensep op ularitywith
    individualswhodonothavetolivewithherinthesamec ottage
    ( p syc hologic aldistanc e) ; thosewhohavetolivewithherk nowher
    b etter . Theindisc riminateindifferenc eshedemonstratestowardsthe
    wideattentionsherec eivesisc harac teristic forher .
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFSOCIALATOM
    Our)
    3 03
    f
    SOCIALATOMS :
    CRITERION- LIVINGINPROXIMITY
    LE ofC8isac enterofrej ec tionsc omingfromnineindividualsofherown
    c ottageandfromfiveindividualsofotherc ottages . Sheisattrac tedtoone
    individual, GO, inherownc ottageandtofiveindividuals, MC, HM, NB , NI
    andMSoutsideherc ottage, oneofwhomisc olored ( MS) . Theseindividuals
    eitherrej ec torignoreher . LE isanindividualwhoisisolatedandrej ec ted
    insideandoutsidehergroup . Sherec eivesonlyonec hoic efromHL, ac olored
    girl . Herp ositioninthegroup hasremainedalmostunc hangedinthec ourse
    ofoneyear . Thep ressureagainstherfromthegroup issop ersistentandgen-
    eral, herresentmentinreturnsodeep , thatthep rosp ec tofadj ustmenttoher
    owngroup isp oor . LEisatyp ic alc aseforre- assignment, b utunfortunately,
    shehasalsomadeherselfdislik edoutsideofhergroup
    .
    B UofC6 isattrac tedtofiveindividuals, SV, HI, PC, W TandSOofherown
    group withwhomsheformsmutualp airs. Sherej ec tsthreeindividuals, TA,
    B Rand ETwithinherowngroup andismutuallyattrac tedtooneindividual,
    B Rof01 1 , outsidehergroup . B Uisanindividualwelladj ustedinherown
    group b utonewhop ayslittleattentiontogirlsofothergroup sandtheyin
    turnp aylittleattentiontoher .
    MTi
    3 04
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFSOCIALATOM
    3 05
    MULTI- CRITERIALSOCIOGRAM
    KeytoSoc iogram
    Solidb lac k linesindic ate
    ac q uaintanc e ob tainedb ytheq uestion
    : Pleaselist
    thenamesofallp ersonswithwhomyouareac q uaintedatyourp lac eofwork
    .
    Heavyinterrup tedb lac k linesindic ate
    c hoic e ( attrac tion) ob tainedb ythec ri-
    terion
    : W hic hp ersonorp ersonsdoyouenj oyhavingasguestsinyourhome .
    Heavyredlinesindic ate c hoic e
    ( attrac tion) ob tainedb ythec riterion : W ith
    whic hp ersonorp ersonsdoyoulik etowork whenc alledup ontodoaj ob re-
    q uiringc oop erativeeffort .
    Thisc hartillustratesthatthevolumeofac q uaintanc esisthematrix outof
    whic hattrac tionsandrej ec tionsb etweenindividualsemerge
    . Italsoshows,
    withinthesamesoc iogram, thec umulativeeffec tofthreedifferentc riteria
    .
    Single- c riterionsoc iogramsgiveonlyafragmentaryp ortrayalofthep osition
    ofanindividualwithinasoc ialgroup
    . Thesoc iometric statusofanindividual
    mayc hangefromonec riteriontoanother
    . Anindividualwhoisc lassifiedas
    anisolateorastarononec riterionmaynotb esoc lassifiedonanotherc riterion,
    oronthesamec riterionatalaterdate .
    3 06
    FRIEND
    ORGANIZ ATION OF SOCIAL
    ATOM
    I
    PASTOR

    B ROTHER
    04 4
    PARENTS
    FRIEND
    FELLOW W ORKER
    FELLOW W ORKER
    TT, - .
    ( AVILIANSOCIALATOM*
    Themeaningofthese
    tW , p ic turesissimp le
    . Theytendtoshowhowthep lac e
    ofthevariousmemb ersofap erson - eivillansoc ialatomistak enoverb yp er-
    sonsinthearmy . Thep arentsan- rep lac edb ytheCommandingOffic er, the
    b rotherb ytheNonc omb atantOffic er, theteac herb ytheinstruc tor, thep astor
    b ythec hap lain, rhofamilydoc torb ythemedic aloffic er, thefriendsand
    fellowwork ersb yb uddies . Norep lac ementismadeforwifeandc hild .
    * FromE
    . Fantel,
    M
    . D. , "TheCivilianandArmySoc ialAtom, B eforeand
    After, "
    Gown
    Psyc hotherap y, Vol
    . IV, No . 1 - 2 , 1 95 1 .
    t" .
    ' I
    rA, Ll
    Vol
    0* 0~TEAC' HE; R
    W IFE
    I
    ' Ah
    MEDICAL OFFICER

    INSTRUCTOR
    B UDDY
    . 0 J
    Tr
    i
    B UDDY
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFSOCIALATOM
    . W
    CHAPLAIN
    B UDDY
    C . O.
    N. C . 0 .
    B UDDY
    3 07
    THEARMYSOCIALATOM
    Oftensoldiersc lingtothememb ersoftheirarmysoc ialatomb ec ausethey
    haveadoub lemeaningforthem, andthesuddenlossofmemb ersofthearmy
    soc ialatom, suc haswhenseveralb uddiesarelostinac tionc anleadtosevere
    dep ressivereac tions
    .
    Thesoc ialatomc onc ep tishereusedinitsb roadersense
    ; itrep resentsnot
    onlytheattrac tion- rep ulsion- neutralityp atternaroundanindividual( soc ial
    atominitsnarrowersense) b utalsothec lusterofrolesaroundhim, the
    c ulturalatom
    .
    3 08
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFCULTURALATOM
    READER
    Fig . 1 illustratestheinitialstageinthedevelop mentofasoc ialatomwhose
    c riterionis c ulturalp rox imity. Thesub j ec tisareader
    . Rep resentativesofa
    teehno- c ulturalp roc ess, B ook s1 - 7 . Authors1 - 7 areap artofthec onfiguration
    ;
    theyarethrownintoitb ec ausetheyhavewrittenab ook ; thereaderisthrown
    intoitb ec ausehehasreadtheb ook s .
    Atthisstagethec ulturalatominvolveseightindividuals .
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFCULTURALATOM
    READER
    Fig . 2 illustratesanotherp haseofthisc ulturalatom . Thesub j ec t- readerap -
    p earsinterloc k edthroughB ook s1 - 7 withallotherp ersonswho havereadone
    oftheseb ook s, Reader- Group s1 - 7 .
    Atthisstagethec ulturalatommayinvolvemillions ofindividuals .
    3 09
    3 1 0
    ORGANIZ ATIONOFCULTURALATOM
    Fig. 3 illustratesafinalp haseofthisc ulturalatom . Thesub j ec t- readerap p ears
    interloc k edwithAuthors1 - 7 throughB ook s1 - 7 andalsotoReader- Group s1 - 7
    throughB ook s1 - 7 . Thec ulturalatomherevisualiz edmayb ec harac teristic
    forthisreaderonlyandnotforanyoftheotherreaderswhob elongtooneof
    theReader- Group s1 - 7 . Nootherreadermayhavereadallsevenoftheb ook sas
    istrueofourSub j ec tReader.
    Throughtheb ook c onserves1 - 7 thesevenauthorswarmup millionsofindi-
    vidualstothesameideas, p erc ep tionsandac tions ; inturnthereadersmay
    c arrythemthroughthep syc hosoc ialnetwork simmediatelysurroundingthem
    .
    Figures1 - 3 illustratean
    ac tual ease( seemyb ook DerKoenigsroman)
    andthe
    enormousex p ansionofasinglec ulturalnetwork .
    SOCIALMICROSCOPY

    3 1 1
    TELE
    Emp athy, asdefinedb yLip p s, * isa"one- way"feelingintothe
    p rivateworldofanotheregoandassuc hap syc hologic alp henom-
    enon ; itsatisfiestheneedsofthep syc hologist . B utitdoesnot
    tak ec areofthe"two- way"andmultip lefeelingintoeac hother' s
    p rivateworldsofseveralindividualsandthesoc ioemotionalstruc -
    turesresultingfromthem . Thisis, however, ap roc essofgreatest
    imp ortanc etosoc iologistsandsoc iometrists .
    Parallelwiththis
    Freudtdevelop edthec onc ep toftransferenc e, whic hsignifiesthe
    unc onsc iousp roj ec tionoffanc iedex p erienc esup onthep ersonof
    thep hysic ian . W hereasemp athytriestofeelintosomethingreal,
    transferenc efeelsintosomethingunreal . Transferenc etriesto
    satisfytheneedsofthep syc hiatrist . Transferenc e, too, isan
    individualp syc hodynamic p henomenon, althoughwithap syc ho-
    p athologic alc onnotation .
    Thisisthesituationwithwhic hIwasc onfrontedwhenItried
    tofindatheoretic alframework formysoc iometric andp syc ho-
    dramatic disc overies . Neithertransferenc enoremp athyc ould
    ex p laininasatisfac torywaytheemergentc ohesionofasoc ial
    c onfigurationorthe"doub le"ex p erienc einap syc hodramatic
    situation . First, b ec ausetheserep resenttwoormultip lewaysof
    interac tion ; sec ond, b ec ausetheyareseenasasoc ialwhole, from
    asup eriorp lane, notfromthep ointofviewofonep artic ular
    p ersonA, orB , orC, althoughtheyareinc ludedinit . Itisa
    soc iologic alp henomenon . Ihyp othec atedtherefore, thatemp athy
    andtransferenc earep artsofamoreelementaryandmoreinc lusive
    p roc ess, tele. Thisisac onc ep twhic hsatisfiestheneedsofthe
    p syc hologist, thep syc hiatrist, and thesoc iologist ; Idefineditas
    "Anob j ec tivesoc ialp roc essfunc tioningwithtransferenc easa
    p syc hop athologic aloutgrowthandemp athyasesthetic outgrowth"
    andex p lainedfurther"develop mentsinthetelep roc essare
    Einfuehlung, emp athyofanac torintohisp art ; emp athyisp osi-
    tiveb utthep roc essof rec ip roc ation doesnotenterintoitsmean-
    ing"- andtransferenc e"Thefac torresp onsib lefordissoc iation
    anddisintegrationinsoc ialgroup s . "Idefinedteleasthefac tor
    * TheodoreLip p s, "DasW issenvonFremdenIc hen, "Psyc hologiac heUn-
    tersuc hungen, 1 , p p . 6 94 , 1 907 .
    t SigmundFreud, "Vorlesungenz urEinfuehrungindiePsyc hoanalyse, "
    Vienna, 1 92 6 .
    3 1 2

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    resp onsib lefortheinc reasedrateofinterac tionb etweenmemb ers
    ofagroup , "fortheinc reasedmutualityofc hoic essurp assing
    c hanc ep ossib ility . "
    Ifthep syc hologistinsiststhatthefac torresp onsib leforall
    formsof"interp ersonalsensitivity"isemp athyoranemp athic
    p roc ess, orifp syc hoanalystsdilutethec onc ep toftransferenc e, as
    manyp syc hoanalytic allyorientedgroup p syc hotherap istsaredoing,
    theyarestretc hingthemeaningofthesec onc ep tsb eyondrec og-
    nition ; theylosetheiroriginalandgenerallyac c ep tedmeaning .
    Agoodsc ientific termhasitsownp rofile .
    B ysuc hp layingwith
    wordswelosetwogoodc onc ep tsandruinathird . Therefore, I
    offeredasolutionwhic hp reservedb othc onc ep ts, transferenc eand
    emp athyintheiroriginalp rofilesandrelatedthemlogic allytoa
    largerc onc ep t, thetelehyp othesis .
    ThalesofMiletusisac c reditedwiththek nowledgeofthe
    attrac tivep owerofferrousmaterial . Heattrib utedtoita"soul
    . "
    Assoonasthep hysic alb asisofthisp henomenonwasrec ogniz ed,
    Thales' interp retationwasdisc arded . B utmorethantwothou-
    sandyearslaterMesmerp ostulatedanattrac tivep ower, thistime
    c omingfrom"animal"b odies . Hethoughtthatinthep roc essof
    hyp nosisamagnetic fluidp assesfromtheop eratortothesub j ec t,
    thatthisfluidisstoredup inanimalb odiesandthatthroughthis
    mediumoneindividualc anac tup onanother . B raiddemonstrated
    laterthatitc annotb ep rovedthatamysteriousfluidp assesfrom
    onep ersontotheother, thatthep henomenaemerginginthe
    p roc essofhyp nosisaresub j ec tiveinorigin
    . Charc ot, Freud, and
    othersdevelop edfromthisp ointthesub j ec tivep syc hologyof
    today.
    Perhap sthec ontroversyb etweenMesmer, B raidandFreud
    c anb esettledifweremoveourattentionfromtheop erator- sub -
    j ec trelationinthep roc essofhyp nosis, orfromthep hysic ian-
    p atientrelationinthep roc essofsuggestionandc onc entrateup on
    c ertainp roc essesof interac tion
    b etweenp ersonswhic hmak eit
    doub tfuliftheseareofsub j ec tiveoriginonly . IntheStegreif
    ( sp ontaneity) ex p erimentwec ouldob servethatsomeindividuals
    haveac ertain sensitivity foreac hother, asiftheywerec hained
    togetherb yac ommonsoul . W hentheywarmup toastate, they
    "c lic k " . Itoftenwasnotthelanguagesymb olwhic hstimulated
    them . W hentheanalysisofeac hindividualap artfromtheother
    SOCIALMICROSCOPY

    3 1 3
    failedtogiveadeq uatec luesforthis"affinity"wec ouldnotavoid
    c onsideringthep ossib ilityofa"soc ial"
    p hysiology- internal
    tensionalmaladj ustmentswhic hc orresp ondingorgans
    in different
    individualsb ringintoadj ustment . Atac ertainp ointmanemanc i-
    p atedfromtheanimalnotonlyasasp ec iesb utalsoasasoc iety .
    Anditiswithinthissoc ietythatthemostimp ortant"soc ial"
    organsofmandevelop . Thedegreeofattrac tionandrep ulsion
    ofonep ersontowardsotherssuggestsap ointofviewb ymeans
    ofwhic haninterp retationoftheevolutionofthesoc ialorgans
    c anb egiven .
    Oneex amp leisthefunc tionalrelationb etween
    thetwosex es ; anotherex amp leisthefunc tioningofsp eec h .
    Thesex ualorganiz ationofmanisdividedfunc tionallyb etween
    twodifferentindividuals . Ac orresp ondenc eofp hysiologic al
    tensionsex iststowhic hemotionalp roc essesarec orrelated . The
    attrac tionsandrep ulsions, orthederivativesofthese, b etween
    individuals, c anthusb ec omp rehendedassurvivingreflec tions, as
    adistant, a"tele"effec tofasoc io- p hysiologic almec hanism . The
    originofsp eec halsoc annotb ec omp rehendedwithouttheassump -
    tionofasoc io- p hysiologic alb asis . Justaswehaveinthec ase
    ofsex ualityc orresp ondingex ternalandinternalorganswehave
    inthec aseofc ommunic ationc orresp ondinginternalorgans, the
    b rainc entersofsp eec hinonep ersonrelatingtotheb rainc enters
    aswellastheex ternalorgansofhearingintheother . Sp eec hof
    onep ersonshap edthehearingandunderstandingofsp eec hofthe
    otherp erson, and vic eversa, whic hb ec ameanotherc hiefstimulant
    inthedevelop mentofman' ssoc iab ility. Itseemstousavaluab le
    work inghyp othesistoassumethat b ac k ofallsoc ialandp syc ho-
    logic alinterac tionsb etweenindividualstheremustonc ehave
    b eenandstillaretwoormorerec ip roc atingp hysiologic alorgans
    whic hinterac twitheac hother . Thep rinc ip leofb isex ualityis
    onlyasmallp artofawiderp rinc ip le : b iosoc iality
    . Theattrac -
    tions, rep ulsionsandindifferenc eswhic hwefind, therefore,
    osc illatingfromoneindividualtotheother, howevervaryingthe
    underlyingfac tors, asfear, anger, symp athyorc omp lex c ollec -
    tiverep resentations, itmayb eassumed , haveasoc io- p hysiologic al
    anc horage .
    Theinnumerab levarietiesofattrac tions, rep ulsionsandin-
    differenc esb etweenindividualsneedac ommondenominator . A
    feelingisdirec tedfromoneindividualtowardsanother . Ithas
    3 1 4

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    tob ec arriedintodistanc e. Justasweusethewordstelep er-
    c ep tor, telenc ep halon, telep hone . television, etc
    . , toex p ressac tion
    atadistanc e, sotoex p ress
    thesimp lestunitoffeelingtransmitted
    fromoneindividualtowardsanother weusetheterm
    tele,
    "distant. "
    Thetelec onc ep tisintroduc edb yusnotforac onvenienc eb ut
    duetothep ressureofouranalytic findings .
    Thesub j ec tunder
    investigationisnotc overedb yanyofthesoc ialandp syc hologic al
    sc ienc estoday .
    Soc iologyissatisfiedwiththemassap p roac hof
    amass
    . Itmayattemp ttoc alc ulatethe trends
    inp op ulation
    throughstatistic almeasures, thefreq uenc yofc harac teristic traits,
    etc .
    Massp syc hologyisdesc rip tiveofmassreac tions, asfor
    instanc e, lossofindividualityin a mass, etc . Psyc hologyofthe
    individualaimsataninterp retationofmasssituationsthrough
    p roj ec tingtoamassthefindingswhic hrelatetoasingleindi-
    vidual, forinstanc e, hysteria, neurosis, etc . B utthesalientp oint
    istoinvestigateamassof, forinstanc e, fivehundredindividuals
    fromthep ointofviewofeac hindividualc ontrib utionandofthe
    emotionalp roduc twhic hresultsintheformofmassreac tions .
    Thenitb ec omesevidentthatthefreq uenc iesofthesoc iologistare
    thesurfac eex p ressionofdeep erstruc turallayersinthemak e- up
    ofp op ulations ;
    thatmassp syc hologic alfindings, as, forinstanc e,
    thelossofindividualityinmassac tions, areanimp ressionistic
    desc rip tion, thec omp rehensionofmassp roc essesfromasp ec -
    tator' sp ointofviewandnotfromthatofthep artic ip ants
    ; that
    p roj ec tionsofhysteria, neurosis, Oedip usc omp lex , etc
    . , froman
    individualtoamassareunduegeneraliz ationsandsymb oliz ations
    .
    Theac tualp roc essesareofadifferentnature
    . Themic rosc op ic
    investigationsoftheorganiz ationofthismass, thep ositioneac h
    individualhaswithinit, thep syc hologic alc urrentswhic hp ervade
    it, andtheforc esofattrac tionorrep ulsionwhic hitex ertsup on
    othermasses, c omp elustoformulatenewc onc ep tsandasp ec ial
    terminologyb etteradap tedtothenewfindings
    . B eforetheadvent
    ofsoc iometryallfindingsap p earedtoindic atethattheessential
    elementsofex istenc eareloc k edwithintheindividualorganisms
    andarerec ogniz ab leonlyinresp ec ttotheindividual
    . Thesoc ial
    imp ulsesalsodidnotseemtop resentanex c ep tiontothisrule,
    howevergreataninfluenc einshap ingthemweattrib utedtothe
    environment ;
    theshap etheyhadattainedinthec ourseoftheir
    SOCIALMICROSCOPY 3 1 5
    evolutionwasb oundwithintheindividualorganismonly, nothing
    whic hmatteredfundamentallyex istedoutsideoftheindividual
    organism . Thiswasthep ositionofthep syc hologic alsc hools .
    Themaj orityofthesoc iologic alsc hoolsheldtoorigidlytothe
    c onc ep tofc ollec tive. W hathadstartedundertheleadership of
    EmileDurk heimasagoodroaddevelop edintoab lindalley .
    Therewasnovistaforagenuineap p roac htoanex p erimental
    soc iology . B utthereisinthefieldoutsideoftheorganisma
    sp ec ialarea, thearea b etween organismswhereanewoutlook was
    found . Charac teristic p atternsofinterrelationhaveb eenfound
    toex istb etweenindividuals, definiterulesc ontrolthedevelop -
    mentfromstagetostageandfromp lac etop lac e ; theyareof
    suc haregularityofformandhavesuc hac ontinuouseffec tup on
    group snearanddistantthatitap p earsasifsoc ialimp ulseshave
    b eenshap ednotonlyinresp ec ttotheindividualorganismb utalso
    b etweenindividuals andthataremainderofthisp roc essisalways
    disc overab lewheneversoc ialgroup sareanalyz ed . Theserelations
    c annotb ec omp rehendedasac c idental : theyareinwantofan
    ex p lanationastohowthisorderofrelationsdevelop ed . The
    simp lestsolutionistoassumethatonamorep rimitivelevelof
    soc ietytheindividualswerep hysic allymorec loselyalliedand
    thatthisb ondweak enedgraduallywiththedevelop mentofthe
    telenc ep halonandthetelep erc ep tors .
    Ifweimagineamonistic originoflifefromac ommonunit
    itishardlyb elievab lethattheorganismswhic hhavederivedfrom
    thisunitandhavedevelop edtodifferentk indsandrac eshave
    entirelyb rok enofftheoriginalb ondsex istentamongthem .
    Someremainder, howeversc ant, howeverrudimentary, however
    diffic ulttodisc over, muststillex ist . Inanalogy, thesoc ialand
    c ulturalp atterninitsinitialstagemusthavec onsistedofsuc h
    anintimateb ondofinterrelationsthatatfirstgroup reac tions
    p redominatedandthatinthec ourseofevolutiontheemanc ip a-
    tionoftheindividualfromthegroup inc reasedmoreandmore .
    B utthegroup b ondamongtheindividualsneverb rok eoffalto-
    gether . Aremainderofit- andp erhap sasafeguardinemer-
    genc ysituations- p ersists . Indic atorsofsuc haremainderare
    thep ersistentrec urrenc eofvariousstruc turesonvariouslevels
    ofdifferentiationfromap syc ho- organic levelinwhic hex p res-
    sionoffeelingisinartic ulateup toap syc ho- soc iallevelinwhic h
    3 1 6

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    ex p ressionoffeelingishighlyartic ulate .
    Conc ep tsasreflex ,
    c onditioningreflex , instinc t, mentalsyndrome, etc
    . , whic hhave
    grownoutoftheap p roac hoftheindividualorganism, arenot
    ex p lanatoryofthesefindingsandhavenomeaninginthisarea .
    Fiftyindividualswhosinglyarec lassifiedassufferingfrom
    hysteriamayasagroup revealap atterntotallydifferentfroma
    masshysteria, forinstanc e, anex trovertedgroup organiz ation
    withahighnumb erofinc omp atib lep airs
    . Or, again, thesex ual
    c harac terofindividualmemb ersmayb emaleorfemale, hetero-
    sex ualorhomosex ual .
    Fromanindividualp ointofviewthisis
    adefinab lec ondition, b utfromthegroup p ointofviewtheinter-
    sex ualc hoic es, attrac tions, rep ulsionsandindifferenc esamong
    suc hmemb ersmayresultinanorganiz ationwhic hhasasatotality
    adifferentmeaningfromthatofthesex ualc harac terofitsindi-
    vidualmemb ersalone . Itmay, forinstanc e, showanorganiz a-
    tionsp litintotwop arts, ahomosex ualandaheterosex ualgang
    whic hareinastateofwarfareb ec ausesomememb ersofthe
    homosex ualgangareob j ec tsofthedesiresofc ertainmemb ers
    oftheheterosex ualgangor vic eversa .
    Transferenc eisdefinedasthep syc hop athologic alb ranc hof
    tele, emp athy( Einfuehlung) asitsemotionalb ranc h . Teleisa
    soc ialc onc ep t, itop eratesonthesoc ialp lane ; transferenc eand
    emp athyarep syc hologic alc onc ep ts, theyop erateontheindividual
    p lane. Ithasb eenfoundthatteleandemp athyc anb etrained ;
    p arallelwiththetrainingoftele, transferenc ec anb e"un"trained .
    Everyindividualmanfunc tionsinasystemwhic hisc onfined
    b ytwob oundaries
    : theemotionalex p ansivenessofhisownp er-
    sonalityandthesoc io- emotionalp ressureex ertedup onhimb y
    thep op ulation . Thep syc hologic alvariationsinp op ulationp res-
    sureaffec ttheindividualesp ec iallyduringhisformativeyears .
    W ehaveshownhowdeep itseffec tisevenintheap p arentvac uum
    aroundanisolatedp erson, thatthesp ec ific moldsandb oundaries
    wehavec reatedtoshelterandshap eindividuals, thehomeunit,
    thesc hoolunit, andthework unitarenotac tualb oundaries, that
    theforc esofattrac tion, rep ulsionandindifferenc ep assb eyond
    theselimits, c easelesslystrivingtowardsex c hangeofemotional
    states, thatthistendenc ytoreac houtandtoex c hangeemotions
    isstrongerthansoc ialinstitutionsformedap p arentlytop rotec t
    managainstthevagariesofhisadventurousnature
    .
    SOCIALMICROSCOPY

    3 1 7
    Therelationstreatedup tothisp ointmaymark theb eginning
    ofameasurementofsoc ialatoms .
    Theelec tro- magnetic and
    p hysio- c hemic alanalysisofemotionsisoutsideofthesoc iometric
    domain . Ourp rob lemisthesoc ialex p ansivenessofmanandhis
    transmissionofsoc ialemotion . Soc ialex p ansiveness, differing
    fromemotionalex p ansiveness, doesnotinferonlyhowp otent
    anemotioniswhic hisp roj ec tedtowardsthisorthatp erson, b ut
    how
    many p ersonsap ersonisab letointerest, tohow many p er-
    sonshec antransferanemotion, andfromhow many
    p ersonshe
    c anab sorb emotion . Inotherwords, ittrac estheoriginofa
    "p syc hologic alc urrent . "
    Evenifonedaythefeelingc omp lex , tele, shouldyieldtop hysi-
    c almeasurement, fromasoc iometric p ointofviewthisfeeling
    c omp lex issep aratedonlyartific iallyfromalargerwhole
    : itisa
    p artofthesmallestlivingunitofsoc ialmatterwec anc omp rehend,
    thesoc ialatom .
    Thereforethesoc iometric ap p roac hofteleis
    c loselylink edwithourfindingsinregardtotheinnerorganiz a-
    tionofasoc ialatom . Thefirstthingwemeetinthesoc ialatom
    isthatafeelingc omp lex whic hgoesoutfromap ersondoesnot
    runwildlyintosp ac eb utgoestoac ertainotherp ersonandthat
    theotherp ersondoesnotac c ep tthisp assivelylik earob otb utre-
    sp ondsac tivelywithanotherfeelingc omp lex inreturn
    . Onetele
    mayb ec omeinterloc k edwithanothertele, ap airofrelationsb eing
    formed .
    Teleis anab strac tion ; ithasnosoc ialex istenc eb yitself . It
    hastob ec omp rehendedasap roc esswithinasoc ialatom . B utit
    isp ossib letoc lassifyitac c ordingtotheeq uationofitssoc ial
    ex p ansion, itssoc ial
    effec t . Thisisex emp lifiedinthefollowing
    illustration
    AnindividualAisthefirstandex c lusivec hoic eofasec ond
    individualB , andB isherfirstandex c lusivec hoic e
    . Ex c ep tfor
    theonetelefromB , Aisfullyisolatedinthec ommunity . How-
    ever, B isfirstc hoic eofC, D, EandF
    . C, D, EandFarethe
    c hoic eofresp ec tively6 , 8, 5 and5 otherindividuals . Among
    theselatter2 4 individualsarethreep ersons, G, HandI . Eac h
    ofthemisthec enterof7 c hoic es . Theeffec toftheonetelefrom
    B toAistoc onnec tAwithamainp syc hologic alc urrentenab -
    linghertoreac h4 3 p ersonsp otentiallyp redisp osedtowardsher .
    Ontheotherhand, anotherindividualmayb eunab letoex ertany
    3 1 8

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    c onsiderab leeffec tup onthec ommunityashertelerelateheronly
    toindividualswhoareinarelativelyisolatedp osition .
    Hertele
    areside- trac k edandneverreac hthemainc urrents .
    Anindi-
    viduallik eA, whoisasap ersonc omp arativelyunk nownb utwho
    ex ertsthroughthemediumofotherindividualsafar- reac hing
    effec tup onmassesofp eop le, isaninvisib leruler
    . Theform
    whic htheonetelegoingfromtheindividualAtotheindividual
    B tak esc anb esaidtob earistoc ratic , an aristo- tele .
    Suc han
    aristo- telehasoftenturnedthec ulturalandp olitic alhistoryof
    ap eop le, asintheinstanc eofSoc ratesandPlato, orNietz sc he
    andW agner, orMarx andLaSalle .
    EMPATHYANLTELE
    Thep artwhic hemp athyp laysinthettl p roc essinthec ourse
    ofsoc iometric testingc aneasilyb eex p lained ; ih, ~testeewillneed
    somedegreeofEinfuehlungtoj udgewhoaniotithememb ers
    ofagroup lik ehim, dislik ehimorareindifferenttowardshim .
    Itismorediffic ulttounr ; ivelthefunc tionofemp athyinrole
    p layingandp syc hodramatic situations .
    Ihavep ointedoutthe
    needforawiderc onc ep twhenIfirstb egantosystematiz etheex -
    p erimentalap p roac htogroup formationin statu nnsc endi "Es
    gib tSp ieler, diedurc heinegeheimeKorresp ondenz mitetrander
    verb undensind
    . Siehab eneineArtFeingefuehlfuerdie getp - li-
    seitigen
    innerenVorgaenge, eineGeb aerdegenuegtandoit
    b rauc hensieeinandernic htanz usehen
    . SieB indfuereinander
    hellseherisc h .
    Siehab eneineVerstaendigungsseele, einemediaie
    Verstaendigung . "*
    "Therearerolep layerswhoarelink edto-
    getherb yasec retb ond . Theyhaveasortofsensitivityforeac h
    other' s
    rec ip roc al innerp roc esses, agesturesuffic esandfreq uently
    theydonothavetolook atoneanother
    . Theyarec lairvoyantfor
    oneanother.
    Theyhaveasp ec ialsenseforc ommunic ation, a
    medialunderstanding . "*
    Thishyp othesisb roughtmec losertotheessenc eofthep rohlc i : ,
    Justasthetransferenc etheoryhasp rovedinsuffic ienttoex p lain
    thep henomenao freality testingandsoc ialc ohesiononthegroup
    * ' ' DasStegreiftheater, "1 92 3 , p
    . 5 7 ; transl . " TheTheatreofSp ontan-
    eity, "B eac onHouse, 1 94 5
    .
    SOCIALMICROSCOPY

    3 1 9
    level, theemp athytheoryisinc ap ab leofex p lainingthep henomena
    ofmultip lerec ip roc ityoffeelings
    . Itwastheemp iric altestwhic h
    aidedmeinthec larific ationofthisriddle .
    The"doub lesituation"inp syc hodramaisac linic altec hniq ue
    inwhic hthec lientisinterac tingwithhisdoub le, p ortrayedb yan
    alter( aux iliary) ego
    ; itc analsob eusedasanex p erimentalde-
    sign, itp rovidesanob serverwithanex c ellentop p ortunityforthe
    studyoftheinterweavingofemp athyandtransferenc eintheteie
    p roc ess
    . Certainfac tsstandoutandhaveb eenidentifiedb ymany
    ob servers .
    A) Thereisthefeelinginofthealter( aux iliary) egointothe
    sub j ec t.
    Thealterego( therap istorc ounselor) istheac tive,
    emp athiz ingagent
    ; thep atient, c lientorsub j ec tistheob j ec t .
    Thisp roc essisemp athy
    . Itc orresp ondstothemak ingof( - hoioe
    goingoutfromAtoB inthesoc iometric realm
    .
    B ) Thereisthereturn"feelingin"ofthesub j ec torc ?
    ; rhtinto
    thealterego- therap ist
    . Itisp artandp arc el( , feverydoub lesitua-
    tion .
    ( Fromatransc rip t)
    Doub le
    : I' munhap p y, Ishouldnothavesuc ht' rrib lethoughts
    .
    Sub j ec t : Yes, Ihavethoughtsofendingmylife
    ; Ic annotstop them .
    Doub le : Ic ouldn' tstop them, b utIwill
    .
    Sub j ec t : Iwill
    . Imustforgethim.
    Suc hareturnfeelingc anb ec alled
    '_rop athy . "Itc orresp onds,
    inthesoc iometric area, totheresp onsefromB toAfor' ic hoic e
    orrej ec tion
    .
    C) Thereisnotalwaysagreementb etweenegoandsub j ec t
    .
    Theemp athic statements, trueoruntrue, ofthealterego, areoften
    violentlyresentedb ythesub j ec t
    .
    ( Fromatransc rip t)
    Doub le
    : Ilovethatman .
    Sub j ec t
    : Ohno, Idon' tlovehim . Ihatehim!
    Thec hallengingofthec lientisoftenap artofthetec hniq ueto
    b ringafeelingtoc rystalliz ation
    . Afterap ausethec lientex tends
    Sub j ec t
    : Ilovedhimonc e, b utnowIhatehim .
    B ec auseofthisinternalstruggleitisusefultodifferentiateb e-
    tween"p ositive"and"negative"emp athy .
    D) Oneofthemostsignific antp hasesinthedoub ledramais
    3 2 0

    W HO
    SHALL SURVIVE?
    whenthedoub leandthec lientreac hanalmostc omp leteunityof
    c ommunic ation
    ; intheac tingoutoffeelingsandthoughts, ges-
    tures, movementsofthesub j ec tandalteregoc omp lementeac h
    otherasiftheywouldoriginateinoneandthesamep erson
    . Itis
    morethanEinfuehlungfromAtoB orB intoA
    ; theyhavethe
    samesorrowandthesamep ain, orthesameec stasyorthesame
    love .
    Thedistinc tionb etweendoub leandc lientisgone
    ; they
    shareinasingle"Erleb nis . "
    Thisp henomenonmayb ec alled
    "omnip athy", atermc oinedb yMax Sc heler . *
    E) W hatisrealtothep atient, esp ec iallytothep syc hotic , isfor
    thealter( aux iliary) egoap lay, ask ill, anab ility
    . Thefeelingof
    griefb ec auseofhavinglostherloverinanairc rash, orb eingfired
    fromaj ob andwithoutmeansofsup p ort, orhearingvoic esin-
    forminghimofhiswife' sdisloyaltyandorderinghimtoac t, is
    anex ternalandinternalrealitytothep atient
    . B utitisunrealto
    thealterego .
    Thisineq ualityofstatusp roduc esp rofoundc on-
    flic ts, theb ehaviorofthealteregomayap p earartific ialandc on-
    trivedandup setsthep atient
    . Thesolutiontothisisfreq uently
    tohaveanotherp atientasadoub le, onewith
    similar p syc hotic
    ex p erienc es, ifp ossib le, ap syc hotic leaderinthesoc iogramofthe
    ward
    . Thep atientmaytrustandadmirehim, whereashemaydis-
    trustandresentap rofessionalego
    . Anothersolutiontothisc on-
    flic tisop enlytohavetheegoadmittothep atient
    : Yes, it' sso,
    Iam"ac ting"thep art, b utitgivesmeanop p ortunitytounder-
    standyoub etter .
    Or, finally, andoftenmosteffec tive, what
    startedoutintheegoasask ill, anintervention, b ec omesgenuine
    love, itb ec omesidentity .
    F) Thep atient, asap artofhissic k ness, feelshimselfintode-
    lusionaryandhalluc inatedeventsandp ersons
    . Thisp henomenon
    hasb eenc alled"autotele . "Thealteregohastofollowthep atient
    inthisdiffic ulttask .
    G) Thetric hotomytele- transferenc e- emp athyop ensup great
    p otentialitiesfordevelop ment . "Emotionalex p ansivenessissub -
    j ec tib letotraining
    . "* * "Asac omp assofinterhumanrelationsit
    isp rimitive, b utIb elievethatourintuitioninthisdirec tionis
    trainab le
    . "t
    * "W esenandFormenderSymp athie, "1 92 2
    .
    Seep . 4 6 3 .
    tSee"Soc iometryinAc tion, "op . c it. , p . 3 02
    .
    SOCIALMICROSCOPY

    3 2 1
    H) Quantitativestudiesofthetele- transferenc e- emp athyc om-
    p lex haveb eenonthewaysinc e1 93 7 . t
    W henwestudyac ommunity, asaninterrelatedwhole, using
    thetric hotomytele- transferenc eemp athyasreferenc eandc on-
    sideringwhateffec tonep artofthec ommunityhasup onthe
    other, werec ogniz ethatitstotalitytoo, doesnotgrowwithout
    direc tionorc haotic ally ; that, j ustastheindividualorganism
    growstowardsadefiniteend, maturity, alsogroup sgrowwith
    atendenc ytowardsadefiniteorganiz ationwhic hguaranteesend-
    forms, survivalandalastingp reservationofthewhole
    . Lik e
    theinevitab ilityofap re- c onc eivedp lan, theorganiz ationunfolds .
    Atfirst, outofanindefinitestatusgrowahoriz ontalandavertic al
    differentiationofstruc ture, thedevelop mentofa"b ottom"andof
    a"top . "Thenstagefollowsstageasgraduallythesoc ial, sex ual
    andrac ialc leavagesdifferentiateitfurther . Ex aminingthe
    memb ership ofthisc rystalliz ingorganiz ationweob serveagain
    thatthistoo, isnotawilddistrib utionofp ositionandfunc tion .
    Ifwemayb eallowedtodevelop theanalogyofab ottomanda
    top ofthegroup stillfurther, wemaysaythattheisolatedwhom
    wefindatthetop ofthegroup arerelativelysup erior, solitaire
    individualsandtheisolatedwhomwefindattheb ottomofthe
    group arerelativelyinferior, unc hosenandunwantedindividuals .
    Theindividualsformingthetop ofthegroup mayb ec omeaggres-
    sivetowardsthememb ersofthemiddlegroup sand, theindi-
    vidualsformingtheb ottomofthegroup mayalsoturntowards
    thememb ersofthemiddlegroup s ; b etweenthesetwogroup sthe
    middlegroup attemp tstodevelop ac ohesiveunityandc oordinated
    strengthtok eep inc hec k b oththetop group sandtheb ottom
    group s . Itap p earsthattheend- formstowardswhic hthesum
    totalstrivesisoneinwhic htherep resentativesofthec reative
    func tion( aristo- tele) c ometoaninter- func tioningwiththerep re-
    sentativesofthesoc ialfunc tion, theleadersofthegroup .
    tSeeTelec harts, p . 2 96 - 2 98 ; Soc iatry, Vol . I, 1 94 7 , p . 4 4 6 ; Soc iometry,
    Vol . 9, 1 94 6 , p . 1 7 8 ; seealsoPsyc hodramaMonograp hNo . 1 2 , 1 94 4 , "Role
    AnalysisandAudienc eStruc ture . "
    3 2 2
    LEADERSHIPSTRUCTURES
    0
    B - L
    1 R
    A
    POPULARSoc ioMETRIc LEADER
    B Listhec enterofattrac tionfromtwentyindividuals . Eighteenofthese
    twentylivewithherinthesamehomegroup , thetotalp op ulationofwhic his
    2 5 memb ersatthistime . Thep op ulationofthisc ottagehasfluc tuatedb e-
    tween2 5 and3 1 individuals . B Lisattrac tedtofourindividuals( SA, TT,
    MLandOY) ofherownhomegroup . Thusshewouldb ec lassifiedasap op ular
    leader . B utthetwoattrac tionsc omingtoherfromoutsidehergroup arefrom
    twoisolatedandrej ec tedindividuals, VEofC9andPRofC3 andtheattrac -
    tionsfrominsidehergroup c omefromindividualswhoaresinglyalmostc utoff
    fromthec hiefc urrentsofthec ommunity . Therefore, notwithstandingthefac t
    thatB Lc ommandsq uantitativelyagreatdirec tinfluenc e, thisinfluenc eis
    limitedtotheareaofherownc ottage, 08 .
    LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES
    3 2 3
    A
    POW ERFULSoc ioMEvaic LEADER
    LPofC6 isthec enterofattrac tion
    fromfourindividuals : SVandESb oth
    ofherownc ottage, MMofClandKMof
    C7 . Sheisthefirstc hoic eofthese
    individualsasisindic atedb ythe
    numeral1 onthesideoftheline ex tending
    fromeac hofthemtoher .
    Shemak esuseoffourofherfivec hoic es
    andap p ears
    attrac tedinreturntoSV, ES, MM
    andKMwitheac hofwhomsheforms
    a
    p air
    . Quantitativelyshewouldb e c lassifiedasanindividualof
    averagedirec t
    influenc e, b utthroughSV,
    ES, MMandKM, shec ommands b yindirec tion
    nearlyonehundredindividuals,
    ofwhomfifty- eightareindic atedinthec hart .
    Sheac tuallyhasap owerfulp osition
    inthec ommunity .
    3 2 4
    LEADERSHIPSTRUCTURES
    I
    P
    0~
    4 _0
    ( ~o
    q ' Q0 Q ' 0
    b ' 6 '0 ~5 ' ~o
    q
    P
    0

    - 41
    b
    ' d
    STRUCTUREOFANISOLATEDSOCIOMETRIC
    LEADER
    Asingletelerelationship whic hp roduc es, throughindirec tlink s, alargenet-
    work ofinfluenc eisc alled"Aristo- tele
    . "
    IndividualAisthefirstandex c lusiveattrac tionofB andB isthefirstand
    ex c lusiveattrac tionofA
    . ( B othindividuals, AandB , mak euseofonec hoic e
    onlyfromthefiveattheirdisp osal
    . ) Ex c ep tfortheonetelefromB , Ais
    isolated inthec ommunity
    . B utB isalsothefirstc hoic eofC, D, EandF, who
    inturn, arethec entersofattrac tionof6 , 8, 5 and5 otherindividualsresp ec -
    tively
    . Amongtheselatter2 4 individualsarethreep ersons, G, HandI, who
    arethec enterof7 attrac tionseac h
    . Theeffec toftheonetelefromB toAis
    toc onnec tA, lik eaninvisib lerulerwithamainp syc hologic alc urrent, andto
    enab lehimtoreac h5 0p ersonsp otentiallyp redisp osedtowardshim .
    SOCIALMICROSCOPY

    3 2 5
    EXTENSIONOFTELETHEORY, ITSPOSITIONW ITHINTHE
    SOCIOMETRICSYSTEM
    Idesc rib edaversionofthesoc iometric test* whic hwasc alled
    "soc iometric selfrating", b utwhic hmayb etterb ec alleda"soc io-
    metric p erc ep tiontest
    . "Theindividualgoesthroughseveralstep s .
    Firststep
    : theindividual"sk etc hesoutallthesituationsin
    whic hheisinvolvedatthetimeandfillsinalltheindividualswho
    tak eap artinthemandinwhic hrole . "
    Sec ondstep
    : "hetriestoc larifyforhimselfhowhefeelstowards
    eac hofthesep eop le
    . Hep retendsthatheistak ingp artinasoc io-
    metric testandc hoosesorrej ec tsthemac c ordingtop referenc e
    andrank , givinghisreasons . "
    Thirdstep
    : "hemak esaguesswhateveryoneofthesep eop le
    feelstowardshimandwhatreasonstheymighthave . "
    Fourthstep
    : "heguesseshowtheseindividualsmayb erelated
    toeac hother . "
    Fifthstep
    : "afterhehasfinishedhisownselfratinghemayask
    anotherp ersonfamiliarwithhissituationtoratehimindep en-
    dently . "
    Six thstep
    : "thevalidityandreliab ilityofdatafromsoc iometric
    selfratingc anb edeterminedb ygivingtoagroup ofindividuals
    anop ensoc iometric testimmediatelyaftertheyhaveratedthem-
    selves
    . Thus, theindividual' sintuitionofhissoc iometric status
    c anb ec omp aredwiththeob j ec tivefac tsofothers' ex p ression
    towardshim,
    e . g. ,
    hisac tualsoc iometric status . "
    W ehavek nownforsometimethattelehas, b esidesa
    c onative
    also
    a c ognitive
    asp ec tandthatb othenterintothec hoic esandre-
    j ec tionsmade
    . B utthereneverwasaninstrumentwhic hc ould
    tap thec ognitivefac torex c lusively
    . "Inyoungc hildren' sgroup s,
    . . .
    aftertheyhavedevelop edthe ab ility
    toc lic k withonep artner,
    thisp artnership doesnotremainasingularc ase, b utsimilarly
    theydevelop the
    sense
    toc lic k withotherp ersonswholik ethem-
    selveshavedevelop edasimilarsenseforinter- p ersonalc hoic e
    . "4
    Inasuggestiveartic leasoc iometric investigatorsc ametothefol-
    * SeeMoreno, J . L
    . , "Soc iometryinAc tion, " Soc iometry, Vol
    . 5 , 1 94 2 ,
    p . 3 01 , 3 05
    . Allq uotationsdesc rib ingthetestaretak enfromthisartic le
    .
    Soc iometryMonograp h, No . 3 , p . 2 1 .
    Deutsc hb erger, Paul, 1 1
    TheTele- Fac tor
    : Horiz onandAwareness, "So-
    c iometry, Vol . 1 0, 1 94 7 , p . 2 4 9 .
    3 2 6

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    lowingc onc lusion
    : "Teledoesnotop erateeq uallythroughoutthe
    totalityofanindividual' ssoc ialatom, b utc onsistsofanhoriz on
    inwhic hawarenessisgreat, levelofc hoic eex p enditurehigh, and
    p erc ep tionofinter- relationship sac c urate
    ; andanunstruc tured
    region, mark edb ytentativeandtok enc hoic estowhic hrec ip roc a-
    tionishit- or- miss
    . Thisistheareab etweenthec hanc eleveland
    thetelelevelwhereindrivesforac c ep tanc eandmisp erc ep tions
    ab outtheroleoftherec ip ientmayc overarangeofp athologic al
    interp ersonalrelationship s . "
    Inac c ordwiththis, therefore, I
    sub dividedtheareab etweenthetelelevelandthep urec hanc e
    levelintotheinfratele( farthestfromc hanc e) , emp athyandtrans-
    ferenc elevels . *
    Ifreq uentlyenc ounteredinthesoc iogramsindividualswho
    rec eivealargenumb erofc hoic esb utwhoseownc hoic esremain
    unrec ip roc ated
    ; asac onseq uenc e, theyfeelisolatedandlonely
    .
    Intheanalysisofsuc hc asesonefindsthattheyop erateintheir
    c hoic e- mak ingwithahighfeelingofaffec tionfortheindividuals
    theyarec hoosing, b utwithlittleawarenessastotheirfeelings
    towardshim
    ; theyhavealsolittleawarenessfortheindividuals
    whoc hosethemb utwhomtheydonotc hoose
    . Itap p earsthat
    atthetimeofmak ingimp ortantc hoic estheirc onativeteleishigh,
    theirc ognitiveteleislow
    . Isub mittedsuc hindividualstorole
    testinginsoc iodramatic sessionsanddisc overedthattheir
    p er-
    c ep tion ofthe soc ial roles
    inwhic htheindividualsc hosenb ythem
    p erformed, wasweak , outofp rop ortionwiththefeelingofad-
    mirationandawetheyhadforthesestatusesandrolesandforthe
    individualsemb odyingthem
    . Inotherwords, theydisc loseda
    disturb anc eontherolelevel, ahighlevelof
    roleenac tment
    versus
    alowlevelof rolep erc ep tion
    ; t p aralleltothec onflic tshownonthe
    interp ersonallevel, ahighc onativeteleversusalowc ognitivetele
    .
    W henIintroduc edtheselfratingtestIc alc ulatedthatifthe
    p erc ep tualintuitionofsuc hindividualsc ouldb eawak enedand
    trained, theirc hoic eswouldb emoreadeq uateandtheirsoc io-
    metric statuswouldimp rove
    . Iwasab letoverifythishyp othesis
    inalargenumb erofc ases .
    Myoriginaldesignmayb emodifiedb ygivingtheac tualsoc io-
    * Soc iometryMonograp h, No . 3 , p . 2 5 - 2 7 .
    tMoreno, J . L. , andMoreno, F. B
    . , "RoleTestsandRoleDiagramsof
    Children, " Soc iometry, Vol. 8, 1 94 5 .
    SOCIALMICROSCOPY

    3 2 7
    metric testandthep erc ep tiontestsimultaneouslyandb yleaving
    outsoc iometric c riteria . Fromthep ointofviewofdevelop ing
    sensitivep erc ep tionalresp onsesthesimultaneousgivingofthe
    testmayhavec ertaindisadvantages, the"warmingup "totwo
    sep aratefoc iatthesametimemayb ec onfusing . Theonetest
    isofanautistic , imaginational, autonomousnature, theother
    isofanob j ec tive, realistic andc ollab orativenature
    . Itisdiffic ult
    forsub j ec tstoswitc hatthesametimefromonefoc ustoanother ;
    ap auseforreorientationisneeded . Ex p erienc ewithlargesamp les
    ofindividualsshouldenlightenuswhic hoftheoriginaldesigns
    ismorep roduc tive, togivethetwotestssimultaneously, togive
    theguesstestsep aratelyfromtherealtest, oneimmediatelyfol-
    lowingtheother, ortogivethep erc ep tiontestalone
    . *
    Ap itfallofthesoc iometric p erc ep tiontest, asinrealsoc iometric
    tests, istheneglec tofgivingthesub j ec tap p rop riatematerial
    instruc tions, b ynotwarminghimup adeq uatelytothesituations
    heistoevaluateandp erc eive .
    Ifoundthatifthesub j ec tsomit
    thefirststep intheinstruc tionsoutlinedab ove, hisresp onseswill
    b ep oorlyfoc ussed . Ifhedoesnotvisualiz ethe c riteria ofthe
    situationsinwhic hhec hoosestointerac twithc ertainindividuals,
    themeaningfulnessoftheresultsthreatentob ereduc edanda
    c omp arisonwiththeresultsfromac tualsoc iometric testsmay
    b ec omeinac c urateand, toanex tent, p ointless .
    Itc anb ehyp othec atedthatthegreaterthesoc iometric distanc e
    ofanindividualisfromotherindividualsintheirc ommonsoc ial
    sp ac e, themoreinac c uratewillb ehissoc ialevaluationoftheirrela-
    tionship tohimandtoeac hother
    ; hemayguessac c uratelyhow
    A, B , Cwhomhec hoosesfeelstowardshimb uthemayhavea
    vaguep erc ep tionhowAfeelsab outB , Afeelsab outC, B feels
    ab outC, B feelsab outA, etc . Thedaymayc omewhen, through
    * Ihavec onstruc ted, similartothesoc iometric p erc ep tiontest, a p syc ho-
    dramatic p erc ep tiontest ;
    itmayalsob ec alledan"ac tionp erc ep tion"test
    .
    Inthefirstp hasethesub j ec tisask edtooutlineaseriesofc ruc ialsituations
    whic hheex p ec tstoex p erienc einthec ourseofagiventime( thenex ttwenty-
    fourhours, aweek , etc
    . ) , ameetingwithhiswife, hisemp loyer, hisc hild, etc
    .
    Heistodesc rib ehowheex p ec tstoac tinthesesituationsandhowheex p ec ts
    theseindividualstoac ttowardshim
    . Inthesec ondp hasehemayb eask edto
    ac toutthesituations without
    aux iliaryoralteregos, thatis, ac tingallthe
    p artshimself,
    p resentingthec onflic tswhic hmayensueandthesolutionswhic h
    areofferedb yhimselforb yhisc op rotagonists
    . W hereasthesoc iometric p er-
    c ep tiontestfoc ussesonthep erc ep tionoffeelingsthep syc hodramatiep erc ep -
    tiontestfoc ussesonthe p erc ep tionofac tionandinterac tion.
    3 2 8

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    c ultivationandtrainingofmanygenerationsinthec onationand
    c ognitionoftele, inroleenac tmentandrolep erc ep tion, wewillb e
    ab letop enetratethesoc ialuniverseb ystandingstill, withoutmov-
    ingintoit, andc ommunic atewithindividualsatadistanc ewithout
    meetingthemp hysic ally, attainingtheeffec tsofex trasensoryp er-
    c ep tionwithoutanex trasensoryfunc tion .
    Itisp rob ab lethatthematerialtap p edb ysoc iometric andac tion
    p erc ep tiontestsc angiveusimp ortantc luesastothedevelop ment
    ofdelusionsandhalluc inationsinthementalp atient . Themes-
    sagesandsignalswhic hthep atient"sendsout"and"rec eives"
    c andrawtheirinsp irationsfromthetele- andac tionmatric es
    whic hhavedevelop edsinc eearlyc hildhood .
    Thep ositionoftelewithinthesoc iometric system* anditsrela-
    tiontosp ontaneityandc reativityisstillop entoc alc ulation . Tele
    iswhatismeasuredb ysoc iometric tests ; b utwheredowegofrom
    there? Ac c umulatedfindingsgosofarassuggestingthatthere
    isanevolutionofsoc iometric struc ture, that telestruc turesare
    transmittedfromearliertolaterc onfigurations, inotherwords,
    thattelec anb e"stored"and"c onserved" . I am, therefore, in-
    c linedtoc onc ludethat teleneedsac atalyz erlik esp ontaneityto
    b emob iliz ed . Therelationofsp ontaneitytoc reativityhashere
    ap arallel, teleis"c reatogenic " . Analogoustotheb iogenetic unit,
    thegene, thetelec anb ec onc eivedasthesoc iogenetic unit, fac ili-
    tatingthetransmissionofoursoc ialheritage .
    * Seep . 5 3 - 5 4 .
    MOTIVATIONS
    CATEGORIESOFMOTIVATIONS
    Ac c ordingtop lanwemovedtothethirddimensionofour
    researc h- thestudyofmotivations .
    Themotivationstheindividualsthemselvesgavewererec orded
    intheirownwordsforthep urp oseofartic ulatingindetailand
    adj ustingtothedesiresandex p ec tationsoftheindividualswith
    thetec hnic alp ossib ilitiesofthec ommunity .
    W henagirlwassoattrac tivetofifteenothersthattheyall
    wantedtolivewithherinthesamec ottageandshehadc hosen
    b uttwoofthemtolivewithher, itwasimp ortantintheinterest
    oftheunrec ip roc atedthirteentoasc ertainiftheywereunc hosen
    MOTIVATIONS

    3 2 9
    b yherforanyp artic ularreasonandifarap p roac hementwas
    p ossib le. Itwasfurthernec essarytok nowthemotivationswhen
    attrac tionwasmutual, asthesemightrevealattrac tionswhic h
    wereharmfulforoneorb othp arties . Ourmethodwas, afterthe
    desiresofeac hindividualinthec ommunityinreferenc etotheir
    differentob j ec tivesweredisc losed, toaidtheminreflec tingtheir
    ac tionssothattheymightb eab letoattaintheirgoalsthemselves
    .
    Itwasatheoryof"thesub j ec ts' ownac tionsindevelop ment"
    ratherthanatheoryofourownwhic hwesoughttop rove . The
    motivationswhic hwec ollec tedwerethereflec tionsintheirown
    mindsc onc erningtheirwishes . Thec riss- c rossingmotivations
    werefollowedup indetailiffornootherreasonthantoestimate
    furtherthep ositionofeveryc hildinthec ommunity . W ewere
    ab letoguaranteec onfidenc eofinformationandnoc hildwasever
    informedb ywhomshehadb eenc hosenorrej ec tedoranymotiva-
    tionsc onc erningher . Allindividualswhob elongedtothesame
    soc ialatominresp ec ttoanyc riterionwereinterrogatedtogive
    theirmotivationsforb eingattrac tedtoorrej ec tinganyp artic ular
    individual.
    Inresp ec ttothec riterionoflivinginp rox imity, 1 07 typ es
    ofc hiefmotivationsweregiven, 5 8ofwhic hfellunderthehead-
    ingofdislik e, 4 6 undertheheadingoflik eand3 ofindifferenc e .
    Theydemonstrateafinerdisc riminationformotivationsofdis-
    lik ethanoflik e .
    Thenumb erofvarietiesofmotivationsof
    dislik eorrej ec tionisgreaterthanthenumb erofvarietiesfor
    lik eorattrac tion .
    Itwouldap p earthatoursub j ec tsweremore
    artic ulateingivingex p ressiontorej ec tionthantoattrac tionor
    indifferenc e .
    Themotivationsgiven, howeverinartic ulate, disc losehow
    individualistic thereac tionsare .
    Look ingatanysoc iogramwe
    c anrec ogniz ethep ositionsoftheindividualswithinitonlyso
    farastheirc lassific ationisc harted . W ec ar. saysoandsomany
    individualsareunc hosen, isolated, unc hosen- rej ec ted, isolated-
    rej ec tedorformingmutualp airs, b utwec ouldnotdifferentiate
    oneisolatedstruc turefromanotheroronemutualp airfrom
    another, etc . B utwiththeex p ressedmotivationswec anb egin
    todifferentiateb etweenthese
    . Oneisolateap p earsasanewc omer
    whomthegroup hasnotyetab sorb ed
    . Anotherisolatedindi-
    vidualap p earsasaformerrej ec tedonewhoissimp lyneglec ted
    3 3 0

    W HO
    SHALLSURVIVE?
    "b ec ausesheisnotintelligentandhasb adhab its
    . "Similarlywe
    seeeac hisolatedstruc tureinagroup b ec omingoflivingmeaning,
    eac hdifferentfromtheother
    . Onemutualp airap p earsmotivated
    fromonesideb y"Shep rotec tsme, "fromtheotherside"She
    islik ealittlesistertome . "Anothermutualp airap p earsmoti-
    vatedfromonesideb y"Goodc omp anionship "andfromtheother
    b y"Ic anc onfideinher . "Onestruc tureofrej ec tionap p ears
    motivatedb y"lies, ""steals, = ' "isdirty, ""ismean"and"q uar-
    rels"
    ; andanothersuc hstruc tureismotivatedb y"Sheisalways
    p lanningtorunaway
    . "Eac hstruc tureap p earsasadifferently
    motivateddynamic ex p ression .
    Themotivationsgiveafurtherb asisforc omp arisonofgroup s
    .
    W ec anc omp are, forinstanc e, C4 , whic hhadrec eivedalow
    rank ingthroughq uantitativeanalysis, withC6 , whic hrec eiveda
    highrank ing . Thememb ersofC4 p roduc ed2 6 differentmotiva-
    tionsfordislik ingothers
    ; C6 p roduc ed1 5 . C4 p roduc ed2 0
    differentmotivationsforlik ing
    ; C6 p roduc ed2 5 . W ec anc om-
    p arethehighestfigureanymotivationoflik ingordislik inghas
    inC4 withthefigureforthesamemotivationinC6
    . InC4 the
    mostfreq uentlygivenmotivationwas"Iwantherb ec auseshe
    isofmynationality, "whic hwasrep eated1 7 times
    . Thismotiva-
    tionisab sentinC6
    . Therewere1 0girlsinC4 ofnationality
    whic hc ontrastedwiththatofthemaj ority ; inC6 , 6 . W efol-
    lowedup therelationofthegirlsofc ontrastingnationalitytotheir
    housemothersandfoundthat8oftheminC4 dislik edtheirhouse-
    mother, whereasinC6 only3 dislik edher
    . InC4 thehouse-
    mother' srelationtothesegirlsap p earsasafac torc onditioning
    thereac tions
    . Shep referredgirlsofnativeAmeric anstoc k and
    herattitudewasalsoreflec tedb ythegirlsofAmeric anex trac tion
    withinthegroup
    . Asp litintotwofac tionsgraduallyc rystalliz ed,
    eac hasp iringtodominatetheother . Thec ontrastingminority
    elementwasdrivenintoanattitudeofdefense
    . B eingfewerin
    numb ertheywantedtostrengthentheirp ositionb ygettinggirls
    oftheirnationalityinotherc ottagestolivewiththem
    . Themost
    freq uentlygivenmotivationforrej ec tioninC4 was"Sheisa
    nigger- lover, "whic hwasgiven1 6 times . Thismotivationwas
    givenb utonc einC6 . Thep ressureofthegroup inC6 against
    friendship withc oloredgirlswassop ronounc edthatnogirlwho
    wasp lac edinthisgroup waslik elytohavesuc hafriendship
    MOTIVATIONS

    3 3
    1
    sec retly,
    whereas in C4
    numerous girls hadfriendship swith
    c oloredgirlsanddisc losureofthisac tivityarosefromj ealousy
    ofoneanother . Anotherinterestingc ontrastisb etweenthe
    c oloredc ottages, C9andC1 2 , andthewhitec ottagegroup s . As
    amotivationforrej ec tionthec oloredgirlsnotonc egave"She
    lovesawhitegirl, "b ut"She' sanigger- lover"wasgiven99times
    b ywhitegirls
    . Foradisc ussionoftherelationb etweenc olored
    andwhite, seep p . 4 07 - 4 09. Asintheseex amp les, inlik emanner
    furtherdifferentiationb etweenallthegroup smayb etrac ed
    throughmotivations .
    TAB LE1 7
    RANKINGOF Two COTTAGESACCORDINGTOFREQUENCYOFMOTIVATIONSAS
    COMPAREDTOTHEIRSOCIOMETRICINDICES
    Soc iometric indic es
    Thec ohesionofC6 ismorethanoneandahalftimesgreater
    thanthatofC4 . Corresp ondingtotheirsoc iometric index for
    ingroup interest, C6 hasalargernumb erofp ositivemotivations
    andasmallernumb erofnegativemotivationsthanC4 .
    B oth
    c ottagesuseonlyap art( 4 0%) ofthetyp esofmotivationswhic h
    areusedintheentirec ommunity . Thec omp arisonofthemotiva-
    tionstruc turewiththesoc iometric struc tureofgroup sop ensup
    newinsightsintotheirmic rosc op ic organiz ation .
    Themorewestudiedmotivationsgivenb ythesub j ec tsthe
    morewep aidattentiontoeveryc hoic emadeb yanindividual, not
    inthep syc hoanalytic sensethatithadameaninginthedevelop -
    mentoftheindividual, b utinthesoc iometric sensethatithada
    valuein"feelingout"theassoc iationswithp ersonswithinthe
    realmofherac q uaintanc eswhic hareb estsuitedforthem
    . B ut
    themotivationswereofteninsuffic ientorinc onsistent ; wefound
    c hangesofop inion, untruthfulstatements, statementswithout
    foundationgivenab outp ersonsnotk nownp ersonally . W ehad
    todevelop amethodwhic hwouldreflec tandanalyz etheinter-
    relationsmoreintimately .
    O~
    CSIr~
    : w
    U
    6 ~
    Uo ; ~
    V
    O
    U
    o . S
    p
    NV
    ~, S V
    C) O
    q
    V O
    tiff
    tE
    OO
    ~
    f
    O' 0
    EntireCommunity 1 07
    4 6 5 8
    Cottage 4 4 6 2 0 2 6 1 4 6 . 6 7 % 3 %
    Cottage 6 4 0 2 5 1 5 1 7 7 . 2 0%
    3 %
    3 3 2

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    VALIDITYOFMOTIVATIONS
    Inthec ourseofstudyingc hildren' sgroup sb elowthep re-
    sc hoolagelevelwelearnedtodisc riminateb etweenmotivations
    forattrac tion, rej ec tionorindifferenc ewhic haretheresultof
    indoc trinationandmotivationswhic haretheresultofsp ontaneous
    attrac tions, rep ulsionsandindifferenc es . Duringthep resoc ial-
    iz edp eriodc hildrenformgroup son
    ap syc ho- organic levelof
    develop mentandthememb ersareunaffec tedb yorlittlesusc ep ti-
    b letoindoc rination, b uttowardstheendofthisp eriodtheyb e-
    c omemoresusc ep tib le . Fromthenonthe p syc ho- soc ial levelis
    inasc endanc eandthememb ersalsob ec omesensitivetothep syc ho-
    logic alc urrents ; graduallytheyb ec omep artic ip antsinthenet-
    work sinthec ommunity . Aswerealiz edthatthestudyofinter-
    rac ialandinter- nationalityattrac tionsatagelevelsinwhic h
    individualsareimp ressionab leorsusc ep tib letoindoc trination
    wouldb ediffic ult, web eganwiththestudyofinter- rac ialc hoic es
    atthep re- sc hoolagelevelandfollowedtheseup intheirdevelop -
    mentfromyeartoyear . W efoundthat( a) inter- rac ialc hoic es
    showadifferentp atterninthep re- sc hoolp eriodthantheydo
    thereafterandthatthisisp artlyduetotheeffec tindoc trination
    hasup onthec hoic esmade( seep . 2 1 0) ; ( b ) thatthesoc iogenetic
    lawisap p lic ab lealsotointer- rac ialdisc rimination ; thep attern
    ofinter- rac ialattrac tionsandrep ulsionsdevelop sinthedirec tion
    ofhigherdifferentiation ; ( c ) whenindoc trinationb eginstoshow
    itseffec tup oninter- rac ialc hoic e, disc riminationinc hildren' s
    group stendstofollowthep syc ho- organic route ; thec hildren
    willtrytoadj usttheirdoc trinestotheirsp ontaneouslik esand
    dislik es ; ( d) withtheweak eningoftheirsp ontaneitytheolder
    theindividualsb ec ome, themoretheyareinc linedtoab andonthe
    organic routeandthemoretheymayb eswayedb yindoc trination
    simp lyasitisc arriedtothemthroughthenetwork softhec om-
    munityinwhic htheylive
    .
    Inthec ourseofstudyingtheeffec twhic hp syc hologic alc urrents
    haveup onindividualswedisc overedtwoothertyp esofmotiva-
    tions : motivationsofattrac tion, rep ulsionorindifferenc eab out
    ap ersonoranumb erofp ersonswhic hareb asedup ondirec t
    ac q uaintanc eandmotivationswhic hareb asedup on symb olic
    orc ollec tiveac q uaintanc e, thatis, up onhearsayormentalhal-
    luc inations . Anillustrationofsymb olic ac q uaintanc eisHU, who
    SOCIALINTERACTION

    3 3 3
    wasregardedasathiefb y5 5 individuals, 1 0ofwhomwerenot
    ac q uaintedwithherand2 6 ofwhomreiterateamotivationfrom
    hearsay
    . Theimp ortanc eofsuc hsymb olic j udgmentsb ec omes
    thegreaterthelargerthenetwork sarethroughwhic hsuc han
    op inionc antravel
    . Thesignific anc eofsymb olic ac q uaintanc e
    andsymb olic j udgmentismorefar- reac hingstillwhenitisre-
    latedtoanindividualb ec auseheisamemb erofac ollec tive
    . For
    instanc e, LSisrej ec tedb ec ausesheisJewish
    ; 7 ofthegirls
    rej ec tingherhadnevermadeherac q uaintanc e .
    Theb asisforthesedevelop mentsarethep syc hologic alnet-
    work swhic hp ervadep op ulations
    . W henmec hanic alnetwork s
    asp rec ip itatedb ythep rintingp ress, theradio, etc
    . , aredrafted
    up onp syc hologic alnetwork s, thec irc ulationofsymb olic j udg-
    mentmaylosesomerelationship tothenaturalformsofsoc ial
    c ommunic ation . Henc ethemac hineandthemeansofmec hani-
    c altransmissiondonotp roduc e- theyonlymultip lyanddistort
    agivenp roduc t .
    SOCIALINTERACTION
    SPONTANEITYSTATEANDSOCIALINTERACTION
    W henwesaythatp ersonAhatesp ersonB , wedonotex p ress
    whatisac tuallygoingonifwedonotindic atewhatthishating
    ofB meanswithinthewholemovement . If, inturn, wesaythat
    B isj ealousofA, wearefailingtoex p resswhatthisj ealousy
    meansinthewholemovement . Thep roc essisadynamic move-
    mentwithtwop oles, AandB
    . Fromthep ointofviewofthe
    movement, thishatredofAtoB andthisj ealousyofB toAis
    interloc k ed, notstatic b utinflux
    . Atac ertainmomentitmay
    reac hac limax inAasthefeelingofp anic , forinstanc e, c oinc iding
    withthemoodinB ofrageanddesiretodominate
    . Ananalysis
    ofthec onditioninAandofthec onditioninB sep aratelymay
    leadtoourunderstandingB orAb utnot
    A and B , thatis, the
    statearisingfromtheir
    interac tion .
    Asp ersonAdidnotwanttolivewithp ersonB andneither
    didp ersonB wanttolivewithp ersonA, wehadtoanalyz ethe
    3 3 4

    W HO
    SHALLSURVIVE?
    emotionalmovementb etweenthem
    . Thep rob lemwastodevelop
    amethodofstudyingstatesb indingtwoormorep ersonstogether,
    toanalyz ethemovementsb etweentheminordertosec ureafiner
    interp retationofthesemovementsthantheirex p ressedmotiva-
    tionsafforded .
    Emotionalstatesasanger, fear, orlik ing, andmorec omp lex
    statesasreflec tion, c onvic tion, orc uriosity, arelimitedrealities .
    Theydonotex istastheyap p eartothep ersonwhoisfilledwith
    them .
    Theyarep artofawhole, theyb elongtothenex tlarger
    reality, thesoc ialatoms . Prop erlyintegratedintosoc ialatoms
    individualsub j ec tivenotionsasangerorfearundergoatrans-
    formation ; theyc anb edesc rib edas group sub j ec tive notions-
    c lic k ing
    emotions, whentwoindividualsagreesp ontaneously ;
    c rossing
    emotions, whentheydisagree ; b reak ing emotions, when
    astrongemotionisresp ondedtob yaneutralattitude ; and p assing-
    b y emotions, whentheob j ec tisunawareoftheirp resenc e . Inthis
    mannerap henomenalogic allyc orrec tdifferentiationisestab lished
    b etweenthemic rop syc hologic alandmic rosoc iologic alfields . Itis
    ofgreatmethodologic alimp ortanc etodelineatethethresholdb e-
    tweenp syc hologic alandsoc iologic alp henomena
    . Itisdiffic ult,
    ifnotimp ossib le, todothisonthemac rosc op ic p lane .
    Itisp os-
    sib le, aswehaveshownab ove, toac c omp lishthistask withthe
    assistanc eofsoc iometric tec hniq uesonthemic rosc op ic p lane .
    Inthe"Stegreiftheater"Ihavedesc rib edthe sp ontaneitystate :
    "Itisnotgiven, wemustwarmup toitaswedotoc limb ingup a
    hill"and"Sp ontaneitystateisnotonlyanex p ressionofap roc ess
    withinap erson, b utalsoarelationtotheoutsidethroughthesp on-
    taneitystateofanotherp erson
    . Itisthemeetingoftwodifferent
    statesfromwhic hthec onflic tarises
    . "Thereareac tuallytwop oles
    ofonemovementreflec tingandc hangingeac hother . Thisstarting
    ofasp ontaneitystatethroughtheinterac tionoftwoormorein-
    dividualshasagreattheoretic alsignific anc e . Intheanalysis
    of a single
    individualwemayb einc linedtorelateeveryarising
    ex p ressionto"former"attitudes . W eareinc linedtothink that
    theymayb e, atleastinp art, derivativesoforalliedtop astp er-
    formanc esandthereisnoendtothissearc h
    . Thegenesismustb e
    retrac edthroughsymb ols
    . W eneverc omefac etofac ewiththe
    first ac t, the original situation .
    B utwhenwestudy, asinHudson,
    SOCIALINTERACTION

    3 3 5
    twoormoreindividualswhonevermetb eforeandwhofromtheir
    firstmeetingonhavetolivetogetherandtob ep artic ip antsinthe
    samegroup , wearefac etofac ewiththefirstac ts, theoriginal
    situationsof"this"c ommunity . W eseethemwhentheyenter
    sp ontaneouslyintointerrelationship swhic hleadtotheformingof
    group s, sub sp ec iesz nornenti . Thefirstmeetingmayb etheb irth
    ofasoc ialseedandleadtoatruegroup formation . B utlik einthe
    b iologic alsp herewheremillionsofseedsarewasted, alsointhe
    soc ialsp heremillionsofmeetingsgotowasteiftheyarenot
    b roughttoasignific antc ontinuation .
    W estudytheirsp ontaneousreac tionsintheinitialstageof
    group formationandtheac tivitiesdevelop inginthec ourseofsuc h
    organiz ation . W earep resentwhentherelationship sareb orn,
    attheearliestp ossib lestageinthesoc ialrelationoftheindi-
    vidualswhomeetandwec an, ifnec essary, develop thetreatment
    forward insteadofb ac k ward . Ourp roc edureis soc io- c reative .
    W eb eginwiththe ac t, theinitialattitudeonep ersonshowsforthe
    other, andfollowup towhatfatetheseinterrelationslead, what
    k indoforganiz ationtheydevelop . TheParentandFamilyTests
    ( seep . 4 6 3 ) aresamp lesofp roc edureinthec ourseofwhic h
    strangersareb roughttogetherforthefirsttime . B uthowever
    unstruc turedthesesituationsmayb eandalthoughtheseindividuals
    meet"asindividuals"forthefirsttime, itisob viousthatthis
    c ommunityisnotanisland ; itisp artofalargersoc ietywith
    sp ec ific c ulturalinstitutions
    . Theyareb oundtohaveenteredand
    influenc edthestruc tureofthisc ommunityfromtheverystart,
    notonlythroughthe"c ultural"c onserveswhic hithasimp orted,
    language, b ook s, religious, educ ationalandsoforth, b utthrough
    theveryb ehavioroftheindividualsthemselves . Thec ommunity
    needs, therefore, tob eex p loredand, ifnec essary, p urgedfront
    undesirab lec ulturalc onserves, ondeep erlevelsthanthoseofac -
    q uaintanc eandattrac tion- rep ulsion- indifferenc e . Itisthelevelof
    soc ialinterac tionandmoresp ec ific ally, thelevelofc ulturalinter-
    ac tionwhic hnowc onc ernthesoc iometristonhisex p editioninto
    thedep thofthesoc ialmic roc osmos
    . Thec ommunitymustb e
    "dec onserved"fromthep athologic alex c essesofitsownc ulture,
    oratleast, theymustb ep utunderc ontrol . B eforewec anstart
    withanewc ulturalex p erimentwemustb ringtoviewandreac h
    thetrueb ottomofthec ommunity, itssp ontaneity- c reativity
    3 3 6

    W HO
    SHALL SURVIVE?
    matrix .
    B utwhatissp ontaneityandc reativity? And whatare
    theinstrumentswhic hc anb eusedtob ringab outanewc ultural
    order?
    Sp ontaneityc anb edefinedastheadeq uateresp onsetoanew
    situation, orthenovelresp onsetoanoldsituation
    . W ithout
    c reativitythesp ontaneityofauniversewouldrunemp tyandend
    ab ortive
    ; withoutsp ontaneitythec reativityofauniversewould
    b ec omep erfec tionismandlifeless
    . Someoftheinstrumentsare
    sp ontaneityandrolep layingtests, p syc hodrama, soc iodramaand
    a_riodrmna : therearemanymoretob einvented .
    Sp ontaneity, Anx iety
    andtheMoment*
    Anx ietyisafunc tionofsp ontaneity
    . Sp ontaneityis, asde-
    fined, theadeq uateresp onsetoap resentsituation
    . Ifthere-
    sp onsetothep resentsituationisadeq uate- "fullness"of
    sp ontaneity- anx ietydiminishesanddisap p ears . W ithdec rease
    ofsp ontaneityanx ietyinc reases
    . W ithentirelossofsp ontaneity
    anx ietyreac hesitsmax imum, thep ointofp anic
    . Inthe"warm
    up "ofanac tortoap resentsituationanx ietymaymoveintotwo
    op p ositedirec tions ;
    itmaystartwithhisstrivingtomoveout
    ofanoldsituationwithouthavingenoughsp ontaneityavailab le
    todoso ; or, theanx ietymaysetinassoonassome"ex ternal"
    forc ep usheshimoutoftheoldsituationandleaveshimhang-
    ingintheair . Theterrifyingthingforanac toristhiswaver-
    ingb etweenasituationwhic hhehasj ustab andonedandtowhic h
    hec annotreturnandasituationwhic hhemustattaininorder
    togetb ac k intob alanc eandfeelsec ure . Theinfant, immediately
    afterb irthistheillustrationp arex c ellenc eforthisp henomenon .
    Hec annotreturntothewomb , hehastostaywithinthisnew
    world, b uthemaynothaveenoughsp ontaneitytoc op ewithits
    demands . Insuc hmomentsofc omp leteab andonmentitisim-
    p erativethathedrawsup onallhisresourc esorthatsomeone
    c omestohisaid, anaux iliaryego .
    Anotherillustrationisa
    soldierwhoissuddenlyattac k edb yanoverwhelmingnumb erof
    enemies, orthep rotagonistofthep syc hodramatic situationfac ing
    agroup ofunb elievers, amaninafrenz y, whoac tstosavehislife .
    * See ' ' TheSoc iometric System, "p
    . 4 2 .
    SOCIALINTERACTION

    3 3 7
    Think ingthroughthisp roc essitisdialec tic allyfaultytostart
    withthenegative, withanx iety . Thep rob lemistonamethe
    dynamic fac torp rovok inganx ietytoemerge . Anx ietysetsinb e-
    c ausethereissp ontaneitymissing, notb ec ause"thereisanx iety, "
    andsp ontaneitydwindlesb ec auseanx ietyrises .
    Func tionoftheSp ontaneityTest
    TheSp ontaneityTestisab letounc overfeelingsintheirnasc ent,
    initialstate . Throughitthetesterc angetab etterk nowledgeof
    thegenuineresp onsesanindividualmaydevelop inthec ourseof
    c onduc tandp erc eiveac tsinthemomentoftheirp erformanc e .
    Thisiswherethevariousformsoftesting, p artic ularlytheB inet,
    FreeW ordAssoc iation, andGestalthavenotac c omp lishedthe
    deed . Letusimaginethatthreerep resentativesofthesedoc trines
    havesuggestedtoasub j ec tundertheirstudytogivefreep layto
    hisideasandemotions, eitherthroughwritingorthroughsk etc h-
    ingsp ontaneouslyanyc onfigurationsex p ressingthem . TheB inet
    testermayattemp ttoestimateap p rox imatelythementalageindi-
    c atedb ythec ontentofthewriting . Thep syc hoanalystmayat-
    temp ttogiveaninterp retationofthec onflic tsreferredtob ythe
    sub j ec tinthewordsandtofindc harac teristic symb olswhic hhe
    c anfollowup inafurtherFreeAssoc iationtest . TheGestalt
    analystmaystudythec onfigurationsofthematerial . Insteadof
    b eingsatisfiedwiththec oldmaterialthesub j ec tleavesb ehindafter
    hisex c itementinthestateofp roduc tionhasp assed, we needtosee
    himwhenhe"warmsup "totheex p ression . Itmayb eargued
    thatthesub j ec tisp resentduringanintelligenc etestandalsoin
    thep syc hoanalytic situation . B utourp ointisthattheemp hasis
    islaidinb othinstanc esup onthematerialgiven, insteadofup on
    theac t, up onthesub j ec tmatterinsteadofup on
    theac tor . Toac t
    meanstowarmup toastateoffeeling, tothe"sp ontaneity"state
    ofanac tor, andnotonlytheresultingex p ressionorp roduc tsep a-
    ratedfromhim . Itismethodic allyimp ortanttotreat"ac tsas
    p artsofanac tor"inc onj unc tionwiththep roduc tsofhisac ting
    .
    TheW armingUp Proc ess
    Thewarmingup p roc essisthe"op erational"manifestationof
    sp ontaneity .
    Aselec tric ityismeasuredb yitseffec tssp ontaneity
    3 3 8

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    c anb emeasuredb ythedynamic softhewarmingup p roc ess .
    Theob j ec tivewasthestudyofthewarmingup p roc essinvolving
    oneormoreindividuals, regardlesswhetheritresultsinsensations,
    p erc ep tions, emotionsorac ts . Ourex p erimentalstudyofthe
    warmingup p roc essasitdevelop sintoanac tledusfirsttothe
    ob servation
    ofwarmingup indic ators
    .
    Thesearenotsoc ialand
    mentalsignsonlyb utalsop hysiologic alsigns, alteredb reathing
    rate, gasp ing, c rying, smiling, c lenc hing theteeth, etc . The
    b odilystarters
    ofanyb ehaviorasac tingorsp eak ingonthesp ur
    ofthemomentarec harac teriz edb yp hysiologic alsigns . Inthe
    p roc essofwarmingup thesesomatic symb olsunfoldandrelease
    simp leemotions, asfear, anger, ormorec omp lex anddiffused
    states
    .
    Itisnotnec essaryforverb alreac tionstoevolveinthe
    p roc essofwarmingup ; theymayortheymaynot . B utsome
    mimic symb olsareusuallyp resent ; theyarerelatedtounderlying
    p hysiologic alp roc essesandtop syc hologic alstates .
    W armingup indic atorshaveb eenex p loredex p erimentallyfirst .
    Theex p erimentwassoc onduc tedthatthesub j ec twasunc onsc ious
    ofagoalandhadnointentiontop roduc eanysp ec ific mentalstate
    .
    Itwassuggestedtohimthathethrowhimselfintothisorthat
    "b odily"ac tionwithoutthink ingwhatwillc omeofit . The"start-
    ing"oftheseac tionswasfoundtob eac c omp aniedb yap roc essof
    "warming up . " W ec ouldob servethenthatifasub j ec tletsgo
    withc ertainex p ressionsasgasp ing, ac c eleratingtheb reathing, etc . ,
    withoutadefinitegoalc ertainvagueemotionaltrendsnevertheless
    develop . Thelatterdidnotseemtob erelatedto one emotion
    ex c lusivelyb utrathertoawholegroup ofemotionswithsimilar
    p rop erties . Forinstanc e, theex p ressions- c lenc hingteeth and
    fists, p ierc ingeyes, frowning, energetic movements, shrillvoic e,
    hitting, sc ufflingoffeet, holdingheadhigh, ac c eleratedb reathing,
    andothers, tendtoreleaseemotionalstatesasanger, willtodom-
    inate, hate, oravagueanddiffusedp rec ursorofthesetrendsof
    feeling . Anotherset, ac c eleratedb reathing, gasp ing, tremb ling,
    flight, twistingfac ialmusc les, inab ilitytotalk , suddenc ryingout,
    c lasp inghands, etc
    . , develop sanothertrendof feeling, anx iety,
    fear, desp air, oradiffusedc omb inationofthese . Anotherset,
    smiling, laughing, c huc k ling, wideningtheeyes, k issing, hugging,
    etc . , stimulatesac onditionofhap p yex c itation
    .
    SOCIALINTERACTION

    3 3 9
    Howeverundifferentiatedthefeelingsp roduc edmayb e, itis
    hyp othec atedthatonesetofmovements
    starts onetrendoffeel-
    ings, anothersetofmovements
    starts anothertrend, andsoon
    .
    Eac hofthesethreesetsofstartersap p earstoop erateasaunit
    .
    W henonesetofstartersfunc tionedandthesub j ec twasinstruc ted
    toaddastarterb elongingtoanother, op p osingset, itwasob served
    thatthec ourseofwarmingup wassodisturb edthatthestatec or-
    relatedtothefirstsetwaslostordiminishedinintensity
    . Forin-
    stanc e, ifinthewarmingup initiatedb ythethirdsetofstarters
    mentionedab ove, thesub j ec tisinstruc tedtoc lenc hhisteethor
    sc ufflehisfeet, thedirec tionofthep roduc tionb egunisthrown
    offitsc ourse .
    B odilymovementswerefoundtofollowonean-
    otherinac ertainorderofsuc c essionac c ordingtowhic hstarter
    initiatesthewarmingup
    . Ifthesuc c essionisinterrup tedthetem-
    p oralorderissp oiledandthestateoffeelingreleasedisc onfused .
    Onthisb asiswec andiagnoseinwhatp haseofitswarmingup
    anemotionalstateis, statusnasc endi, c resc endoorc limax . W arm-
    ingup indic atorsarethedec idingc lueastowhetheranemotional
    stateisinp roc essofrelease
    . Verb alreac tionsarelessreliab lesigns
    thatastateisreac hedorab outtob ereac hed
    . Asub j ec tmayuse
    ap twordswithlittleornoac c omp anyingemotion, b utitisp rac -
    tic allyimp ossib le, onc eanemotionisinitiated, toac twithoutb eing
    c arriedawayb ythetrendoffeelingp roduc ed . Allassoc iations,
    ac ts, verb alandmimic arerelatedtothetrendoffeelingdevelop ed .
    Sec ondly, weex p erimentedwiththe intentional p roduc tionof
    sp ec ific results, forinstanc e, c ertainp erc ep tions, c ertainac tsor
    roles, orc ertainemotionalstates. Inthisex p eriment amental
    starter
    rep lac estheb odilystarters
    . Thesub j ec tisc onsc iousofa
    goalandtoldtop roduc eac ertainstate, forinstanc e, "throwyour-
    selfintothestateofanger . "Nowhek nowshisgoalahead . The
    moresuc c essfulthesub j ec tisinthrowinghimselfintothedesired
    statetheb etterc oordinatedtothestatewillb etheverb alandmimic
    assoc iationsp roduc ed( adeq uatestate) . Ifthesub j ec tinitiates
    unfittingb odilystarters, thedesiredsp ontaneitystateisnotat-
    tained . Ifthestartersareslightlyoutoffoc uswiththeintended
    state, thestatereac hedisinadeq uateandtheorganiz ationofthe
    p roduc tionwillb ec orresp ondinglyundifferentiated, loose, andof
    shortduration( inadeq uatestates) . Ifthestartersarefaultily
    c oordinatedthep roduc tionisrash, c onfusedandab rup t, disp ro-
    3 4 0

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    p ortionatetotheamountofeffortex p ended( overheatedstates) .
    Inthec aseofthewelldevelop edstate, theindividualap p earsto
    ap p rox imatec loselyhislimitofdifferentiationoftheemotions .
    Inanotherex p erimentthementalstarterisrep lac edb y
    inter-
    p ersonal and soc ialstarters, thestarterb einganotherp ersonora
    symb ol, forinstanc e, theAmeric anflag . Inanotherex p eriment
    again, theb odilyandmentalstartersaresup p lementedb y p syc ho-
    c hemic alstarters asalc ohol, c offee, sodiump entothalorinsulin,
    tomentionb utafew .
    Inp roduc tionswhic hoc c uronthesp urofthemoment, ex tem-
    p oraneously, mimic signsorex p ressionsarehelp fultostartand
    ac c eleratethewarmingup ofanyemotionalorsoc ialstate . Itis
    differentifamemoriz edroleisp layedasontheregularstage
    .
    There, throughc ontinuousrehearsal, theac torhasanop p ortunity
    toc rystalliz ehisp erformanc eac c ordingtoac ertainartistic p attern .
    B uteven
    he,
    p lac edintoasp ontaneousp lay, fallsvic timtothe
    tec hniq ueofwarmingup themoregenuinehisp erformanc e .
    Thereasonforthisc anb eex p lained
    .
    Themotiveinac tuallife
    whenwewarmup toanemotionalstateisusuallyanotherp erson' s
    b ehavior . B utinanex temp oraneousp laythismotiveismissing,
    thefic titiousp artnerb eingtooweak asub stitute . Tostartthe
    warmingup ofanemotionasp ec ialeffortisneededwhic histhe
    greaterthesimp lertheemotions, aneffortwhic hhastob eorigin-
    atedfromtheb odilymec hanismitself . To"fak e"thesewarming
    up indic atorsisj ustasdiffic ultastoeliminatethementirelyin
    p resentingsimp leemotions . Itisq uitediffic ultforap ersonto
    throwhimselfintoastateoffear, todevelop itsindic atorsandto
    p roduc e simultaneously
    theemotionofloveandac orresp onding
    dialogue .
    DIMENSIONSOFINTERACTIONW ITHINASMALLGROUP
    Awelldevelop edtheoryofsp ontaneityandthewarmingup
    p roc esshastop reludeanyp rogramofinterac tionresearc h . W ith-
    outthemtheinvestigatorislik eac hauffeurwhodrivesac ar
    withoutk nowingthemotor ; itisgoodenoughuntilanemergenc y
    oc c urs .
    Ac c ordingtop lan, wec annowmoveourresearc hastep deep er
    SOCIALINTERACTION

    3 4 1
    intothestruc tureofgroup s .
    Firstwedeterminedtheac q uain-
    tanc ematrix ofagroup , thenthesoc iometric matrix andthird,
    thematrix ofmotivationsandwhatc omp etenc eeac hofthem
    mayhaveforthesoc ialsurvivalandsoc ialdeathofsuc hgroup s .
    Themovementb etweenAandB whic hwehavec lassifiedattrac -
    tion- rep ulsion- indifferenc ep atternshasac orresp ondingtelestruc -
    turewhic hmayb eneitheranattrac tion, arep ulsion, noranin-
    differenc e p erse . Thep rob lemwastodeterminethe"soc ioemo-
    tionalmatrix "ofthegroup . B ymeansofsomeinstrumentwehad
    tofindawaytowatc hhowafewindividualsenterintosoc ial
    relations
    . Asarousingandp rob ingthesp ontaneityofthese
    individualsisthealp haandomegaofthesearc h, Ihavec alled
    thetest"sp ontaneitytest . "Itc anb eap p liedtorelativelyunstruc -
    turedsituations, asthemeetingofstrangers, ortosituationsof
    varyingdegreesofstruc ture . Throughthesp ontaneitytestwe
    wereab letostudythemoreintimateemotionalinterac tionsamong
    asmallgroup ofindividualsasthesedevelop edinthec ourseof
    theirlivingtogether. Thesub j ec tisp lac edop p ositethosep ersons
    inthec ommunitywho, throughthesoc iometric test, haveb een
    foundto"b elongtogether"tothesoc ialatomofthesub j ec t . These
    individualshadc hosenorrej ec tedthesub j ec tinresp ec ttoagiven
    c riterion, asforinstanc e, thatoflivinginthesamehouse . Itis
    p rob ab lethat thematerialenteringintotheirreac tionswillb eb or-
    rowedfromex p erienc estheyhavehadtogether, whic htheynow
    have, orwhic htheywishtohaveinthefuture . Ihavenotp ic k ed
    agroup ofindividualsatrandom, b utagroup whic hwasfound
    tob einterloc k edinthec ommunityandwhic hhadb eenthoroughly
    ex p loredastoitsac q uaintanc e, soc iometric andmotivationalin-
    dic es
    . HadIc hosenagroup atrandomwec ouldnothavelearned
    howthefindingsinthedifferentdimensionsareinterrelated . I
    selec tedagroup fromCottage8withElsaTLasthec entralin-
    dividual
    . W erec ap itulatethefindingsofthesoc iometric testand
    motivationalanalysisb eforewegointothesp ontaneitytest .
    A. Soc iometric Test
    Thegroup c onsistsoffiveindividuals, Elsa, Maud, Gladys, Joan
    andVirginia . Thesoc iometric c lassific ationofElsa( seesoc io-
    gram, p . 3 5 6 . ) wasex p ressedinthefollowingClassific ationFor-
    mulas
    3 4 2

    W HO
    SHALL SURVIVE?
    ELSA
    Class . FormulaI :

    in Lout
    sent

    1
    rec eived

    0
    Class. FormulaII : in
    L
    out
    sent 4 - 1 1 - 3
    rec eived0- 1 6

    0- 1 6
    Thedominantfeaturesofherc lassific ationare isolated and
    rej ec ted withinhergroup andwithinthec ommunity
    . Herc lassi-
    fic ationshowedthatb esidesherhousemother 3 1 otherindividuals
    wereinterloc k edwithherinthec riterionof living inp rox imity .
    Datadesc rip tiveofherc onduc tinHudsonhaveb eengathered
    fromthe 3 1 p ersonsinhersoc ialnuc leuswhoex p ressedarelation
    towardsher- asfarastheyc ouldartic ulateit . Astudyofthe
    network sinwhic hshep artic ip atedshowedthatthep ositionof2 7
    ofthe3 1 p ersonsinthenetwork sweredep endentup ontwoindi-
    viduals . ThesetwogirlslivedinthesamehousewithElsa . Only
    twootherindividualsap p earedunaffec tedb ythem . Therefore,
    itseemedsuffic ienttoc onc entrateourattentionup onthisnuc leus
    offive, assumingthatinformationc omingfromanalysisofthis
    nuc leuswouldautomatic allyeluc idatetherest . Henc eonlythe
    rep ortsofElsaherselfandofthesefourindividualsareherep re-
    sented
    .
    Althoughthesefourindividuals( whowerec hosenb y
    Elsatolivewith : Maud, 1 stc hoic e ; Gladys, 2 ndc hoic e ; Joan, 3 rd
    c hoic e ; andVirginia, 4 thc hoic e) hadb eenlivingwithElsainC6
    formorethanoneyear, theyunanimouslyrej ec tedher . Consider-
    ingtheattitudestowardsElsawithinhergroup andwithinthe
    c ommunity, itseemedthatElsac hosethefourgirlswhoap p eared
    tohermostlik elytoresp ondandtohelp her . Thefifthc hoic eof
    Elsawenttoac oloredgirlinC1 2 ( seep . 3 5 6 ) .
    Asindic atedinClassific ationFormulaI, Elsac hosefourp er-
    sonswithinhergroup andonefromanoutsidegroup . Formula
    IIshowsthatallfivep ersonsrej ec tedherandthat, inaddition,
    sheisrej ec tedb y1 2 otherswithinhergroup andb y1 5 others
    outsidehergroup , whilesheherselfrej ec tsonep ersoninhergroup
    and3 outside .
    W edirec tedourattentionnex ttothesoc iometric p ositionofthe
    5 individualsshehadc hosen . Theoutsidec hoic ewasac olored
    girlwhoseClassific ationFormulasrevealherinanotherwise
    SOCIALINTERACTION

    3 4 3
    isolatedp osition . Thesoc iometric p ositionofthefourindividuals
    shehadc hoseninherowngroup wereasfollows
    Maudisc hosenb y3 p ersonswhosep ositionsarenotlink ed
    toinfluentialc urrentseitherwithinthegroup orwithinthe
    largerc ommunity
    . Henc eherrej ec tionofElsaisrestric tedtoa
    p ersontop ersonrelationship p rimarily . Shehasinc ommonwith
    Elsaanattrac tiontoac oloredgirl, b ut, inc ontrasttoElsaher
    attrac tionisrec ip roc ated .
    AsGladysalsoisinanisolatedp ositionb othwithinandwithout
    hergroup , herrej ec tionofElsadoesnotap p eartohaveanyap p re-
    c iab leeffec tb eyondtheirp ersontop ersonrelationship .
    Joanattrac ts4 insideand1 2 outsidehergroup . Thefollow-
    up ofthesoc iometric p ositionsofthese1 6 individualsrevealsthat
    Joanisthefirstc hoic eofthreeindividualswhothemselvesare
    c hosenb y 1 3 , 1 6 , and1 8, resp ec tively, inthec ommunity . As
    these 4 7 individualseac henterinto1 to 7
    otherrelationship sand
    theirc orresp ondentsintostillfurtherrelationship s, thefac tthat
    Joanrej ec tsElsahasafar- reac hingeffec t : Joanisinap osition
    GLADYs
    Class . FormulaI
    :
    in L out
    sent 3 1 2
    rec eived 1
    1
    0
    Class . FormulaII : in L out
    sent 3 - 6
    2 - 1
    rec eived 1 - 4 0- 1
    MAUD
    Class . FormulaI : in L out
    sent 2 1
    rec eived 2 1
    Class. FormulaII : in L out
    sent 2 - 1 1 - 0
    rec eived 2 - 3 1 - 0
    JOAN
    Class. FormulaI : in L out
    sent 2 3
    rec eived 4 1 2
    Class . FormulaII : in L out
    sent 2 - 2 1 3 - 2
    rec eived 4 - 0 1 1 2 - 0
    3 4 4

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    toinfluenc edirec tlyorindirec tlysomec urrentsinallthenet-
    work s . Shewasfoundtob eak ey- individualp artic ip atingin
    thefivemainnetwork sintowhic hthep op ulationisdivided .
    Virginiaisc hosenb y6 withinhergroup andthese6 rec eive
    inall2 1 c hoic esfromothermemb ersofthegroup . Sheisthus
    thek ey- individualwithinthegroup althoughsheherselfisnot
    themostc hosen . Thefac tthatsherej ec tsElsamayhavean
    effec tfarb eyondthesinglerelationofElsaandVirginia . Virginia
    isinap ositiontoinfluenc edirec tlyorindirec tlyatleast2 7
    p ersons, thatis, allb utfourofthec ottagep op ulation .
    B . MotivationsforChoic esandRej ec tions
    ElsatowardsMaud :
    Sheismyfirstc hoic etolivewith .
    Sheisnic estofalltome . Idon' t
    k nowwhatIlik eab outMaudex ac tly
    b utsheislik eab leinsp iteofevery-
    thingtheysayagainsther . Herb ig-
    gestfaultisahab itshehasofsaying
    rightouthowshefeelsab outyou .
    Shethink sb ydoingthatshewillb e
    c onsideredfrank . Idon' tthink frank -
    nessisalwaysj ustthewaytoac t .
    Youhurtap erson' sfeelingssome-
    timesmorethatway, whenyouc ould
    j usthavesaidnothingorb eenalittle
    nic erab outit . B utwetalk toeac h
    otheralotandwedolik emanyofthe
    samethingsandhavesomeofthe
    sametroub les, lik egettinginwrong
    withthegirlsandhousemother.
    MaudtowardsElsa :
    Idon' tb elieveintryingtob e
    friendswithheranymoreb ec auseshe
    talk stomeab outc oloredgirlsallthe
    timeandgoesaheadandtellsonme .
    B utj ustthesameIdon' tb elieveshe
    getsasq uaredealinthisc ottage .
    Lik esheiswashingdishesandthe
    girlsinthek itc henk eep p assingre-
    mark s . Onesays, "That' snotthe
    waytodoit, Elsa ; " or"Youdidn' t
    getthisdishc lean ; "or"Youc an' t
    evenwashaglassrightevenifit
    hadnothinginitb utwater
    . "And
    theyk eep itup tillElsagetsnervous
    andstop sandmayb eb angsdown
    whatshehasinherhands . Andthen
    thehousemothersays, "W hat' sthe
    matterwithyou, Elsal"AndElsa
    getssenttoherroom . Thehouse-
    motherneverfindsoutthatthek ids
    wereaggravatingherb ec ausetheydo
    itundertheirb reath, theyhateher
    so . Igetintotroub lewhenIamwith
    her . Itisb etterifwedonotlivein
    thesamehouse
    .
    Class . FormulaI :
    VIRGINIA
    in
    Lout
    sent 2 1
    rec eived 6 1
    Class . FormulaII : in L out
    sent 2 - 6 j
    1 - 2
    rec eived 6 - 2 1 1 - 1
    ElsatowardsGladys :
    Sheismysec ondc hoic e .
    She
    doesn' tholdanythingagainstyou
    lik esomeofthegirlsdo . Shehasa
    forgivingnatureandneversays,
    "Youarep ullingthec ottagedown, "
    thewayVirginiadoesifyoub reak a
    littlerule . Gladyshastotak ealotof
    b lamej ustlik emyself .
    ElsatowardsJoan :
    Joanismythirdc hoic e . Ialways
    lik edJoanandwantedherfora
    friendb utshestartstob emyfriend
    andthenstop sallofasudden . She
    hasn' tgotmuc hp atienc eifyoudon' t
    doj ustwhatshewantsallthetime
    .
    ElsatowardsVirginia
    :
    Sheismyfourthc hoic e
    . Idon' t
    c aresomuc hab outherasIdoab out
    SOCIALINTERACTION
    3 4 5
    GladystowardsElsa
    :
    Idon' tseethatsheissoterrib le
    ifthek idswouldleaveheralone .
    Theonlytimeshegetsmygoatis
    whenshestic k saroundandj uststays
    andstayswhenyouwanttob eridof
    her, lik eap iec eofmolassesyouc an' t
    getoffyourhands . Sheisp esty, any-
    b odywillhavetosaythat . Ex p ec ts
    youtoletherp laywithyouafteryou
    alreadygetstartedandhangingonso
    youc an' tshak eher . Idowishshe
    wasinsomeotherc ottage . W e' db e
    hap p ierandsowouldshe.
    JoantowardsElsa :
    Kidsc anb esneak yonc einawhile
    b uttob esneak yallthetime, that' s
    Elsa .
    Shedoesn' tgethap p yover
    thingsyou' dex p ec tshewould
    . Lik e
    herlittlesistersentherap oemshe
    wroteandIhaditp utinthesc hool
    p ap erandyou' dthink shewouldhave
    b eenp roud . B utno, shedidn' tget
    ex c itedab it . OnetimeMissETwas
    sc oldingherandshej ustsc reamed .
    Sheusuallydoesn' tdoanything, not
    evenanswerb ac k . SothistimeIfelt
    sorryforherandIdideverythingfor
    her
    . Iloanedheramysterystory, too,
    andthenwhenIask edherforit
    b ac k , b ec ausemysterystoriesarehard
    togethere, shedeniedIevergaveit
    toherandthenIfoundoutshehad
    givenittoMaud . Elsaisc ourageous
    thatway ; she' lllieordoanything
    thatc omesintoherhead, doesn' tseem
    toc arewhatyouthink . Sometimesit
    doesn' tamounttoanythingb utitis
    thewayshedoesitthatmak esyou
    disgusted, alwayslyingab outnotgo-
    ingwiththec oloredgirlswhenyou
    seeherdartaroundthec ornerj ustto
    getaglimp seofthem, esp ec iallyof
    hergirlfriend . Idonotwanttolive
    withher .
    VirginiatowardsElsa :
    IfeelthatElsahassunk sofar
    thatit' snotanyusehavingher
    3 4 6
    theothers. Allthegirlstrytoget
    Virginiatob etheirfriendb utshe
    doesn' tshowmuc hp artiality
    . Sheis
    ab outthesameallthetime . Sheis
    alwaysc ritic iz ingmeb utshedoesn' t
    trytohelp measmuc hasIwouldlik e
    herto
    . Ifshewouldtryto, Iwould
    getalongb etter .
    Elsatowardsthehousemother :
    Sheisn' tmyfriend . Ij ustfeelshe
    isagainstme . Shelistenstothegirls
    whoareagainstme, too . Shethink s
    IamwrongevenwhenI' mnot
    .
    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    around . W hat' sthereasonIshould
    b otherwithher? Ifshehadanyb ac k -
    b oneshewouldn' tb elik esheis
    . It
    j ustgivesyoushiverstohaveherin
    thesameroomwithyouatrec reation .
    Iwouldn' twanttolivewithher .
    HousemothertowardsElsa
    :
    W hen Elsa' smotherc omesshe
    weep s, b utthenex thourshehasfor-
    gottenher. Shethink ssheisp erse-
    c utedb yp eop le . Shetriedonc eto
    runawaywithW T, amentallyre-
    tardedc hild . Elsathrewap illowc ase
    fullofherthingsoutofherwindow
    andthen, withsheetstiedtotheb ed
    sheattemp tedtoslidedown . The
    wavingsheetsinfrontofAnna' swin-
    dowandherfeetk noc k ingagainstthe
    houseawok eAnnaandshep ounded
    onherdoortonotifyme
    . B ythe
    timeIhadthelightsonElsawas
    ringingthefrontdoorb ell . Shehad
    sp rainedherank le
    . Sheac tedtotally
    indifferenttothewholeep isode . Onno
    oc c asiondoessheex hib itanytemp er,
    nordoessheanswerb ac k . Sheisa
    solitaryp erson, nevervolunteersfor
    eitherwork orgames
    ; day- dreamer,
    heedlessandc arelessinwork . B ad
    nailb iter . Herp rogress
    in
    sc hoolis
    goodandsheisoneofthemostintel-
    ligentgirlsinmyhouse . Shehasa
    tasteforfinerywhic hshowsonevery
    p ossib leoc c asion . Fromsomeold
    raggedlac ec urtainsshemadeab ras-
    siere . W hateveristhrownoutshe
    willtak eandmak eunderc lothesand
    thingsof . Onetimeshetook c astout
    voileandmadep anties, smallasfor
    adoll, andworethem . Herroomis
    alwaysfullofj unk whic hshec ollec ts,
    anythingshinyorglittering . Steals,
    tak esthingswhic hIwouldgiveherif
    Ik newshewantedthem . AtChrist-
    mastimeshetook ab out$ 2 worthof
    thingsfromthestore . Thethings
    wererings, handk erc hiefs, p enand
    SOCIALINTERACTION

    3 4 7
    p enc ilsets, p owderp uffs, stringsof
    b eads, etc
    . Prob ab lyshewantedthem
    togivetob othc oloredgirlsandwhite
    girlsasashortc uttofriendship as
    shehadthemalldoneup inp ap erand
    tiedwithb itsofrib b onwhenitwas
    disc overed . She didn' t c ry when
    sc oldedab outtak ingthem . Isp ersis-
    tentinrunningafterthec oloredgirls .
    Mygirlshavelostp atienc ewithher
    forthis . Sheliesab outitevenwhen
    theyc atc hherinp lac eswiththem .
    Languageverydirty, andnoteslik e-
    wise. Ib elieveElsashouldb egiven
    anewc hanc einanotherc ottage .
    C. Sp ontaneityTest
    Thep urp oseofthesp ontaneitytest, inthisap p lic ation, isto
    ex p loretherangeandintensityofthesp ontaneityofindividuals
    intheirex c hangeofemotions
    . B yitsmeansweasc ertainthe
    sp ontaneousreac tionofthesub j ec ttowardseac hp ersonp lac ed
    op p ositehim, thetyp eandvolumeoftheiremotionsandthesp on-
    taneousreac tionofeac hofthemtowardsthesub j ec t . Itaidsin
    thedeterminationofthe"soc ioemotionalmatrix "ofasmall
    group .
    Thesub j ec tisinstruc tedasfollows : "Throwyourselfintoa
    stateofemotiontowardsX. Thep rec ip itatingemotionmayb e
    eitheranger, fear, symp athyordominanc e . Develop anysitua-
    tionyoulik etop roduc ewithher, ex p ressingthisp artic ular
    emotion, addingtoitanythingwhic hissinc erelyfeltb yyouat
    thistime
    . Throwyourselfintothestatewithnothingonyour
    mindb utthep ersonwhoisop p ositeyou ; think ofthisp ersonas
    therealp ersonwhomyouk nowsowell
    in
    everydaylife . Call
    herb yherac tualnameandac ttowardsherthewayyouusually
    do
    .
    Onc eyouhavestartedtop roduc eoneoftheseemotional
    states, trytoelab oratetherelationtowardsthatp ersonthrough-
    outthesituation, livingoutanyex p erienc e, emotional, intellec tual
    orsoc ial . "Thep artnerrec eivesnoinstruc tionex c ep ttoreac t
    asshewouldinac tuallifetotheattitudeex p ressedtowardsher
    b ythesub j ec t . Thetwop ersonsare
    notallowed toc onsultwith
    eac hotherb eforetheyb egintoac t
    . Thistyp eofsp ontaneitytest
    isnotentirelyunstruc turedb ec ausethetwop artnersop erating
    3 4 8

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    inthesituationk nowoneanother . Lifehasalreadyp rep ared
    themforeac hotherandforthetest . Theydonotneedany
    p rep arationsastotheirfeelingsforeac hotherandthek indof
    c onflic tstheygetinto . Thisisob viouslydifferentfromthep sy-
    c hodramatic situationtestinwhic hthesub j ec tfac esanaux iliary
    ego, thatis, insteadofap ersonrelevanttohiminlifeitself, an
    artific ial, ex p erimentalagent .
    Thep ersontestedisp lac edop p ositeeveryp ersonwhohas
    b eenfoundtob erelatedtoher . As weareex p loringb othends
    ofeac hrelationship , wehaveinturntomak easub j ec tof"every"
    p artnerintherelationship . Inotherwords, afterthesub j ec t
    hasp roduc edanyoneofthefourstatestowardsap artner, the
    p artnerisinstruc tedtop roduc eastateshec hoosestowardsthe
    sub j ec t . Thep ersontestedmayc hoosetop roduc etowardsall
    p artnersthesamestate, forinstanc e, symp athy, orhemayc hoose
    top roduc eadifferentstateeac htime, onc esymp athy, onc edom-
    inanc e, onc eanger, onc efear, oranyotherc omb inationofstates .
    B uthemaystartouttob ec ordialandsymp athetic ; nevertheless,
    b eforehek nowsit, histruefeelingsshowandhewarmsup to
    angerandhostility . Thereac tiontime, thewordssp ok en, the
    mimic ex p ressionandthemovementsinsp ac eofb othindividuals
    arerec ordedasdirec tedb ythetester . Thesalientp ointofthe
    testisthatthesub j ec tisask edtoex erc isefullsp ontaneity .
    This
    tec hniq ueisillustratedinthetestingoftherelationship ofElsa
    toMaud, Gladys, JoanandVirginia . W ep resentheretherec ords
    ofeightsituationsoutofthe3 2 whic hwererec orded, showing
    theinterac tionofElsawithfourotherindividuals, thatis, as
    Elsaac tedtowardseac hofthefourgirlsandaseac hofthe
    fourgirlsac tedtowardsElsa .
    D. SituationTestandRolePlayingTest
    Ac c ordingtop lan, wemovedwithourresearc hfurtherinto
    thefifthandsix thdimensionofgroup struc ture ; thesituation
    testex p loresthe "situationmatrix " ; itc onsistsofsp ac eandtime
    relations, loc usandmovements, ac tsandp auses, volumeofwords
    andgestures, initiation, transferandterminationofsc enes .
    Therolep layingtestex p loresthe"rolematrix "ofagroup ; it
    c onsistsofp rivateandsoc ialroles .
    Elsatook p artinoneoftherolep layinggroup sandshewas
    SOCIALINTERACTION

    3 4 9
    oftengivenoc c asiontoac toutdifferentroles- theroleofa
    daughteroramother, ofagirlfriendorasweetheart, ofahouse-
    maidorofawealthylady, ofap ic k p oc k etoraj udge . Sheac ted
    thesep artsinagreatvarietyofstandardlifesituationsasthey
    imp ressthemselvesup onanadolesc entwhogrowsup inthe
    slumsofagreatindustrialc ity
    . Inthesesituationssheisfac ed
    witha home
    c onflic t- mother
    andfatherinaheatedargument
    whic hfinallyleadstotheirsep aration ; with awork
    c onflic t in
    whic hshegetsfiredfromaj ob b ec auseshec omesinlate
    ; with
    alove
    c onflic t
    inwhic hshelovesab oywhoisasp oorandre-
    j ec tedassheis
    . Ananalysisofthetex tandgesturesp roduc ed
    intheserolep layingsituationsgaveusc luestounderstandher
    earlyfamilylifeb etterandtheemotionaltensionswhic hgradually
    b roughtab outherp resentstatus .
    Italsogavethosememb ers
    ofthegroup whorej ec tedheranop p ortunitytoseeElsaop erate
    inavarietyofsituationsotherthanthosetowhic htheywere
    ac c ustomed .
    W henmyideac rystaliz edintheearlytwenties, thep eriodof
    myStegreiftheaterex p eriment, to"p layout"situationsandnot
    onlytoob serveandanalyz ethem, the"situationtest"wasb orn
    .
    W hensituationp layingwaslimitedtoasp ec ific asp ec tofit, for
    instanc etotherolesinwhic htheindividualsop erated, itb ec ame
    "rolep laying"or"roletesting
    . "W hensuc hsituationp laying
    waslimitedto' sp ontaneity, ex p loringwhetheranindividualc an
    mob iliz esp ontaneityadeq uatelyinanimaginaryorlifelik esit-
    uation, itb ec ame"sp ontaneityp laying"or"sp ontaneitytesting
    . "
    Thesp ontaneitytesterisp rimarilyinterestedintheamountof
    sp ontaneityex hib itedb ytheac tors ; thesituationaltesterisin-
    terestedinthec onfigurationofthesituations
    ; theroletesteris
    interestedintherangeofrolesandtheirstruc ture
    . , B ec auseof
    theaffinityofthethreeteststhec ommonmaterial, thesc enesand
    dialogueswillb ep resentedfirst, b uttheanalysis, atonetimefrom
    thep ointofviewofsp ontaneitytesting, atanotherfromthep oint
    ofviewofsituationtestingandagainfromthep ointofviewof
    roletesting, willb ep resentedinc onj unc tioninalatersec tion
    .
    E.
    Rec ordsofSituationandRolePlayingTests
    Situation1 . Elsavs . Maud
    . Anger.
    Elsa :
    W ell, Maud, Ihop eyougotalotofsatisfac tionoutoftellingMiss
    3 5 0 W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    Stanleyab outmewalk ingaroundwithmyfriendinsteadofc omingright
    home.
    Maud : W home?
    Elsa
    : Yes, youlYouwouldtak eittoastaffmemb erthatIdidn' tc omedi-
    rec tlyhome!
    Maud : Proveit!
    Elsa : Thereisnothingtop rove
    . Youtold . Thatissuffic ient . Youhadsome
    nerveac c usingme!
    Maud : I' mwaitingforyoutop roveit .
    Elsa : W ell, mylosingrec reationisp roof
    .
    Maud : W ell, ifyoudislik elosingrec reationsomuc hwhydidyouhavetowalk
    homewiththegirl- friend?
    Elsa : B ec auseIwantedto
    . Andb esidesInotic eyouwalk homewithyours
    whenyoufeellik eit, don' tyou?
    Maud : W ell, whydon' tyougoandtellonmethen?
    Elsa : B ec auseI' mnotlik eyou.
    Maud : Istillthink Ididn' ttell
    . Nomoretalk ing, p roveit .
    Elsa : Ik nowrightwellyoutoldonme
    .
    Maud : Allright, Iask youtop roveit . Youc an' t, c anyou? Sothereis
    nothingmoretop rove .
    Reac tiontime : 1 5 sec onds ; duration, 2 minutes2 0sec onds .
    Mimic ex p ressionofElsavs . Maud
    : ElsaislivelytowardMaud, inc ertain
    momentsdominates . Shemovesherarmstowardsher, look sstraightintoher
    eye, sp eak sinaloudvoic e, rushestowardsMaud, sc owlingandsettingherj aw
    forward . ShemadeMaudretreattwotimes
    . Hereyesflashedandc olorc ame
    andwentinherc heek s
    .
    Situation . . Maudvs . Elsa . Anger
    Maud
    : Elsa, wherewereyousec ondp eriodthismorning?
    Elsa : W hyIwasinthestudyhall- whereIwassup p osedtob e!
    Maud : Youwere sup p osed tob ethereallright, b utyoudidn' thap p entob e
    .
    Elsa : B utIwasthere
    . W heredoyousup p oseIwasanyway?
    Maud : That' swhatIwanttok now . Ifyouwerethere, wheredidIsit
    anyway?
    Elsa : Awayup infront . Isatintheb ac k .
    Maud : Youarewrong. Isathalf- wayb ac k today.
    Elsa : W ell, ItellyouIwasinthestudyhallj ustasyouwere!
    Maud : NowElsa, Iwanttok nowwhereyouwere . Ilook edesp ec iallyfor
    youandyouwerenotthere
    . Iwatc hedforyoutoc omeinlateandstill
    youdidnotc ome . Youdidnotc omeinthatstudyhalldoorsec ondp eriod
    .
    Nowb eforeyoutak ethisanyfurther, Iwanttok nowwhereyouwere-
    b eforeIgotoMissStanleyab outthematter .
    Elsa : Allright, I' lltellyou, Iwasinthelib rarysec ondp eriod
    . Areyou
    satisfied?
    Maud : No, I' mnot! Youlie! Youwere- well, Ik nowwhereyouwereand
    I' mgoinginandseeMissStanleythisinstant .
    Reac tiontime : 2 0sec onds ; duration, 1 minute5 0sec onds
    .
    Mimic ex p ressionofMaudvs
    . Elsa : Maudishesitantinstarting . Her
    look friendlyuntilalmosttheveryend
    . Elsaap p earstoreflec tthesameat-
    SOCIALINTERACTION 3 5 1
    titudeofsec retfriendliness . Maudfinallyb ec omesenc ouragedb yElsa' smild
    reac tiontoherwords, inherlastoutb urststamp sherfootinfrontofElsa
    andrushesoffindignantly.
    ElsaandMaudex temp oriz edinalleightsituationsinwhic htheyac ted
    togetherafriendlyattitude . Situations1 and2 aretak enfromanotherseries .
    Situation3 . Elsavs . Gladys . Anger .
    Elsa : W ell, Gladys! Youk now, whenyoup olishedmyshoes, whatwasthe
    b igideaintak ingalltheleatherofftheheels?
    Gladys : Ineverdidtak ealltheleatherofftheheelsofyouroldshoes . You
    oughttob ethank fulthatsomeonewasgoodenoughtop olishyourshoes
    foryou!
    Elsa
    : Iamthank fulenoughthatyoup olishedmyshoesb utIask you, why
    didyouruintheheelsb ysk inningtheleatheronthem?
    Gladys : Ididn' tdoit .
    Elsa : Humm! Isup p oseitgotoffb yitself! Ifeelsorryforyouifyou
    c an' tevenp olishshoeswithoutruiningthem .
    Gladys : Don' tfeelsorryforme, p lease! Youhavetofeelsorryforyourself
    first, itseemstome .
    Elsa : Anywaythatwasameantric k , p uttingmyshoesmark edinthatc on-
    ditionb ac k inmyroom .
    Gladys : Mydear, I' msorry, b utIp utthemb ac k inp erfec tc ondition!
    Elsa : Ohyes! W ellIp romiseyou, youwon' tdomyshoeseveragain!
    Gladys : W ell, whowantsto!
    Reac tiontime : 1 8sec onds
    ; duration, 1 minute4 0sec onds .
    Mimic ex p ressionofElsavs . Gladys : Elsawalk ssuddenlytowardsGladys,
    look shesitantlyatherandthenrushesoutwithherfirstb urstofwords .
    Gladysstandsup straightwithherheadthrownb ac k andsmilesasshesp eak s
    wordsex p ressinganger . AtthisElsalosesallaggressiveness, b othinher
    voic eandgestures, half- smiles, b uteyesex p resssadness .
    Situation4 . Gladysvs
    . Elsa . Anger
    .
    Gladys : Say, Elsa, whatdoyoumeanb ystayinginyourroomlastnightand
    destroyingmyJuniorTrainingnote- b ook ?
    Elsa : StayinginmyroomtodestroyyourJuniorTrainingnote- b ook ? W hy,
    youarec raz y! Iwasonlystudyingit, andc op yingnotesfromit .
    Gladys : W hy, youhavesomenerve . Youtorethep agesoutofmynote- b ook
    andnowyoudenyit . Oh, youmak emefurious . Ic ouldk illyou!
    Elsa : W hy, Ididn' tdoanythingofthek ind!
    Gladys : W ell, youc ertainlydid! Nowyouhavetob uyreinforc ementsand
    fix myb ook
    . W hy, j ustthink ofwhatMissKinderhook willsaywhenshe
    seessuc hab ook . Andit' sallyourfault, too!
    Elea : Itc ouldn' thaveb eenmethattorethemout!
    Gladys : Itc ertainlywasyou! Don' tstandthereandc ontradic tmelItwas
    you!
    Reac tiontime : 5 sec onds
    ; duration, 1 minute1 0sec onds .
    Mimic ex p ressionofGladysvs . Elsa
    : Gladysap p earsnonp lussedinc on-
    frontingElsa, fac ialex p ressionisangryb utthetoneofvoic ep ortraysno
    3 5 2
    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    anger . Hermovementsaregentleandslow . Elsastandsstill, tak ingevery-
    thingshesayswitheq uanimity, look ingstraightatGladysallthetimeb utnot
    b ec omingangryinreturn, merelydefensiveinp osture .
    Situation5
    . Elsavs . Joan
    . Anger.
    Elsa : W ellJoan, yougottherec reationroomtodonow, haven' tyou?
    Joan : W ell- yes, why?
    Elsa : W ellIwasj usthop ingthatsinc eyou' vegotthatroomtodonow,
    thatyou' llp olishitup allnic e. Youk now, notlik eyoudidmyroom!
    Joan : Say, now, youlook tohomeforthosethings, doyouhear?
    Elsa : Ofc ourse, Ihear . OtherwiseIwouldn' tb esp eak ingtoyou, wouldI?
    Joan : Awisec rac k fromadumb b ell!
    Elsa : W ell, haveyoumadearesolutiontop olishtherec reationroomasyou
    should? Youk now, allshinyandeverything?
    Joan : Perhap sIc ouldrelyonyoutodothat .
    Elsa : Me?
    Joan : Yes, you! AllthatIhavetosayis, "Elsa, c omep olishtherec . floor! ' '
    andyouc omerunningrightalong.
    Elsa : Oh, no! Idon' t!
    Joan : Oh, yes, youdo, andthat' snotalleither . Youc omeatmyeveryb ec k
    andc allandyouk nowit .
    Elsa : Ifyoudotherec . lik eyoudidmyroomitwill-
    Joan : Ifyoudon' tlik ethewayIdidyourroom, doityourselfhereafter .
    Getoutofmywaymightyq uic k !
    Elsa : Ihap p entodomyownroomnowsinc eIdon' troomwithyou .
    Joan : W ell, dearie, wheredoesthedirtgo? B ehindthedoor?
    Elsa : No, dearie, itgoesintothedustp an .
    Joan : Itgoesintothedustp an- well, Ib et .
    Reac tiontime : 2 0sec onds ; duration, 3 minutes .
    Mimic ex p ressionofElsavs . Joan
    : Elsaleansonac hairandtwistsher
    fingersnervously . Duringherfirstverb alex p ressionshelook sex p ec tantlyat
    Joan, eyeb rowsraised, anx ious . Joanrep liesinac ondesc endingtone, sneering .
    Atthenex tremark ElsaimitatesJoan' ssarc astic toneandlook sawayfrom
    her . AtthisJoanaggressivelyc onfrontsElsa, c ausinghertoretreatfurther
    andfurther. Joan' svoic eisloudanddominant . Elsac ontinuestoresortto
    sarc astic tones .
    Situation6 . Joanvs . Elsa. Anger .
    Joan : W ell, mayIhavetheb ook youtook outofmyroom, Elsa?
    Elsa : W ereyousp eak ingtome? Ididn' ttak eanyb ook outofyourroom .
    Joan : Iwon' targuewithyoub utIwillhaveyougivememyb ook !
    Elsa : B utIdon' tk nowevenwhatyouaretalk ingab out .
    Joan : Don' tlietome, Elsa! W hat' sthatverysameb ook thatI' mmissing
    doingup onyourc ornershelf? Iwanttheb ook , p lease!
    Elsa : Igotthatb ook fromMissCranton . Theb ook b elongstoherandI
    b orrowedit .
    Joan : Ihap p entohaveb eentheonetob orrowMissCranton' sb ook andthat
    p artic ularb ook atthat . Listen, youwillloseyourrec reationindefinitely
    fortak ingthingsoutofgirls' rooms . Ithoughtyou' drealiz ethatb y
    thistime!
    SOCIALINTERACTION
    3 5 3
    Elsa : Iwanttousethatb ook todomyEnglish .
    Joan : Ithoughtyoudidn' ttak ethatb ook
    . Andsinc ewhendoyoutak e
    English.
    Elsa
    : W hy, I' vetak enitallterm!
    Joan
    : Oh, that' sagoodex c useforstealingab ook ! B ytheway, whatEnglish
    areyoutak ing?
    Elsa : English8% .
    Joan
    : W hatp eriod?
    Elsa : Thirdinthemorning .
    Joan : Youarec raz y
    . Itak eEnglishthirdp eriodinthemorningandI' m
    sureyou' renotinit .
    Elsa
    : W ellI' mgoingtok eep thatb ook anduseit .
    Joan : That' swhatyouthink
    . Getoutofmyway . I' mgoingrightintoyour
    roomandgetthatb ook !
    Reac tiontime : 5 sec onds ; duration, 2 minutes5 0sec onds .
    Mimic ex p ressionofJoanvs . Elsa
    : Joanwalk sup toElsa, standsdirec tly
    b eforeher
    ; Elsaremainsrigidlyonthesp ot . Joanfiresoneremark after
    anotheratElsainloud, b rutalvoic e, b utElsaretainsherformersarc astic
    toneandmildvoic ethroughout
    . Joanc omp letelydominatesElsa' smimic ex -
    p ression, finallyc hasingheroutoftheroom .
    Situation7 . Elsavs . Virginia . Anger.
    Elsa
    : W ellVirginia, Iwouldlik etok nowwhathap p enedtomydressand
    howyouhap p enedtotearAt
    Virginia : Yourdress? Youaredisgusting!
    Elsa
    : Yes, mydress, andmyb eatoneatthat . Andsinc eyouaremyroom-
    mateandyouwerethelastonetohangitup Ithink itwasmeanofyou
    totearit . Youc ouldhaveb eenmorec areful!
    Virginia : I' msorry! Idon' tk nowhowyourdressgottorn
    . AmIresp onsib le
    forthethingsthatgooninthatroomj ustb ec auseIamyourroom- mate?
    Howc ouldItearyourolddressanyway?
    Elsa
    : Howdoyouk nowthatyoudidn' tc atc hitontheb edorsomething?
    Myb estdresstoo, andItriedsohardtok eep itnic e!
    Virginia : B ut, Itellyou, Elsa, Idon' tk nowathingab outyourdress
    . W hy
    don' tyoutak eitintothehousemotheranddon' tstandthereandhollerat
    me . Idon' thavetotak eyourab use .
    Elsa
    : Youdidtearit, b utIwon' ttak eittoanyhousemother . Youc ouldat
    leasthavetoldmeab outit .
    Virginia
    : Tellyou? Idon' tk nowasIhadanythingtotell! Ididn' ttear
    yourolddress!
    Reac tiontime : 2 2 sec onds ; duration, 1 minute2 0sec onds
    .
    Mimic ex p ressionofElsavs . Virginia
    : Elsawalk stimorouslyup toVir-
    ginia, tak ingthelongestroutearoundac hairtogettoherandsp eak stoher
    inanap p ealingvoic e
    . Elsadrawsherhandk erc hiefthroughherfingersas
    ifweavingap atternthroughouttheentiresc ene
    . Virginiac onsistentlylook s
    atthefloor
    . Herc olorrisessteadily, up totheend . Hervoic eb urstswith
    angerb utshemaintainsheraloofdistanc efromElsa, refusingtob eruffled
    .
    Situation8 . Virginiavs
    . Elsa . Anger
    .
    Virginia
    : Forheaven' ssak e, Elsa, willyoustop singing? Everytimeyoudo
    3 5 4
    W HO
    SHALLSURVIVE?
    thoseb athroomsyouhavetogoandstartsinging
    . Can' tyouk eep q uiet
    forac hange? HereIamtryingtodomyhomework tothetuneofyour
    oldsingingandI' mwork ingonamap
    . Howc ananyonec onc entratewith
    arac k etlik ethat?
    Elea : B utitmak esap ersonfeelgood
    . Andp eop learoundshouldb ehap p y
    too, whensomeoneelseishap p yenoughtosing .
    Virginia
    : W ell, ifIc an' tk eep youq uiet, mayb eMissStanleywill
    . I' ll
    simp lyrep ortyoutoher .
    Elsa : Ithink Isingp rettygood
    . Ienj oyitanyway!
    Virginia
    : W ell, yoursingingmak eseveryb odyelsesic k . W illyoup leaseshut
    up ?
    Elsa
    : MissStanleylik estohearsingingb ec auseshesaidso
    .
    Virginia
    : W ell, I' mnotMissStanley, andb esidesMissStanleydoesn' thave
    homework todo .
    Elsa : Oh, gosh, youarethemostp essimistic p ersonIevermet
    . Idon' tsee
    whyyouhavetodoyourmap inthemorninganyway
    . W hydon' tyou
    getyourlessonsdoneatnightasyououghtto?
    Virginia
    : IguessIc andomylessonswhenitismostc onvenient, hear?
    Elsa
    : W ell, ifsingingismyonlyc rime, Ic onsidermyselfluc k y!
    Virginia : W ell, I' dratherseeyougooutandk illsomeonethantohearyou
    singc onstantly, esp ec iallywhenI' mb usywithmymap !
    Reac tiontime : 6 sec onds
    ; duration, 1 minute5 0sec onds .
    Mimic ex p ressionofVirginiavs . Elsa
    : Virginiaswingsherarmsoutina
    gestureofdisgust, look ingawayasifshec an' tstandthesightofElsa
    . Her
    c olorgraduallyrises
    . Shestutterstwic eassheattemp tstoex p ressverb ally
    whatsheap p earstorefusetoallowhermimic ex p ressiontob etray . Elsastands
    p erfec tlystill, relax ed, ex c ep tforherhandswhic hgrasp andungrasp the
    b ac k ofac hair
    . Shealsoap p earstob eholdingb ac k andnotlettingherself
    gofully .
    ANALYSISOFSMALLGROUPS
    3 5 5
    Ac q uaintanc eTest
    Soc iometric Test
    _Sp ontaneityTest
    Si+ua+ionTes+
    Rolep layindTes+
    FIVEDIMENSIONSOFSOCIOMETRICRESEARCH
    Thesefivetestsarec onstruc tedinordertotap infivesuc c essivestep sthe
    moreinac c essib lelayersofthegroup , startingwiththemostp erip heraland
    movingtothemostc entrallyloc atedlayers
    . Theyareessentialp artsof
    soc iometric researc handmayestab lishdiagnostic foundationsforsc ientific ally
    validformsofgroup p syc hotherap y .
    3 5 6
    ANALYSISOFSMALLGROUPS
    Thissoc iogramp ortraysthesoc iometric matrix ofElsap rec edingtheSp on-
    taneityTest
    . Elsaof08isarej ec tedindividualinthec ommunity . Thedotted
    linedividesthestruc tureintotwohalves ; theup p erhalfindic atesthep osition
    ofElsainCS, thelowerhalfherp ositionoutsideofthec ottage . Outofa
    p op ulationof2 5 memb ersElsaisrej ec tedb y1 . 6 individualswithinhergroup
    andb y1 5 individualsinotherc ottages
    . Sherej ec tsonep ersoninsideher
    group , W C, whoresp ondswithamutualrej ec tionandfurtherrej ec tsthree
    outsiders, allofwhomrej ec therinturn . Fourofherc hoic esgoinsidethe
    group ; herfirstc hoic etoM( Maud) , hersec ondtoG( Gladys) , herthirdto
    J( Joan) , herfourthtoV( Virginia) . Theindividualsc hosenb yElsaare
    rep resentedb yaheavyredc irc le . Herfifthc hoic egoesoutsideherc ottage
    toac oloredgirlinC1 2 whodoesnotresp ond ; thosewhomshec hoosesinside
    thec ottagerej ec ther .

    I
    ANALYSISOFSMALLGROUPS
    4 7
    Afurtheranalysisofthep revioussoc iometric matrix disc losesthatoutofthe
    3 1 individualswhotook adefiniteattitudetowardsElsainrej ec tingher2 9
    hadaninsignific antp ositioninthenetwork softhec ommunity ; that, there-
    fore, theirattitudetowardsElsac ouldnothaveharmedherb eyondtheirim-
    mediatec ontac twithher . Only2 , itwasdisc overed, VirginiaandJoanc om-
    mandedawidelyreac tinginfluenc einthenetwork s . Itissignific antthatthese
    twowerec hosenb yElsa, anefforttob reak intoahighersoc iometric status .
    Thec hartab ovep lotsElsainthec enterofthefourindividualswhomshec hose
    tolivewith
    : Maud, Gladys, JoanandVirginia . W eseeherattrac tedtoeac h
    ofthemandrej ec tedb yeac hofthem . B utasthec hartindic ates, theeffec tof
    therej ec tioninthec aseofGladysandMaudisoflittlesignific anc eb eyond
    thep ersonalfac t
    . However, therej ec tioninthec aseofJoanwhohasattac hed
    toher4 7 individualsindifferentsec tionsofthec ommunityandofVirginia
    whoistheleaderinthec ottage, with2 1 attac hedtoher, mayac c ountforthe
    p ersistentandinc reasingdislik eofElsa.
    3 5 7
    JOAN
    ANALYSISOFSMALLGROUPS
    d
    ELSA
    9
    MAUD
    Keytosoeio- emotionalmatrix : Redindic atessymp athy
    ; dottedb lac k line,
    fear ; thinb lac k line, anger ; heavyb lac k line, dominanc e
    .
    Sp ontaneityTest ; Elsa, thesub j ec t
    . Thec hartvisualiz esthefindings
    oftheSp ontaneityTestc omp rising3 2 situationsin1 6 ofwhic hElsatook the
    leadfourtimeseac htowardsMaud, towardsVirginia, towardsJoanand
    towardsGladys ; intheother1 6 eac hofthefourgirls, Maud, Virginia, Joan
    andGladyseac hsep aratelytook theleadtowardsElsainfourdifferentsitua-
    tions . Fordesc rip tionofeightofthedifferentsituationsoftheSp ontaneity
    Testseep p . 3 4 9- 3 5 4 . Onthec hartaredlineindic atesthatsymp athywasp ro-
    duc edtowardstheop p ositep artnerb ytheindividualtak ingthelead ; adotted
    b lac k line, thatfearwasp roduc ed
    ; athinb lac k line, thatangerwasp roduc ed ; a
    heavyb lac k line, thatdominanc ewasp roduc ed
    . Eac hsituationissep arately
    p lotted .
    Thesoc iometric testhadrevealedallfourindividualstob ec hosenb yElsab ut
    rej ec tingherinturn
    . ( Seep . 3 5 7 . ) Sp ontaneityTestsofElsainresp ec tto
    theseindividualsandoftheseindividualsinresp ec ttoElsafurtherc larifyand
    differentiatetherelationex istingb etweenthem, asp lottedinthec hartab ove
    .
    W erec ogniz ethattherej ec tionofElsab yMaud, Gladys, JoanandVirginia
    hasadifferentweightineac hc aseandthatherc hoic eofthemhasalsoadif-
    ferentweightineac hc ase
    . Sp ontaneityTestsofElsaandMaudshoweac hof
    thetwogirlsp roduc ingsymp athytowardstheother, althoughMaudhadre-
    j ec tedElsainthesoc iometric testonthec riterionoflivinginp rox imity . Elsa
    p ersistentlydemonstratesdisp leasuretowardsVirginiaalthoughshehadc hosen
    herandVirginiarej ec tsElsab othinthesoc iometric testandthesp ontaneity
    tests. Therelationsex istingb etweenElsaandJoanandb etweenElsaand
    Gladysareshowntob emorec omp lex , allofthethreedemonstratingmix ed
    feelings
    . Thestatesp roduc edb yElsatowardsGladysandb yGladystowards
    Elsaareshowntob esp lit, Gladysp roduc ingsymp athytowardsElsainhalf
    hertestsandangeranddominanc eintheotherhalf ; Elsareac tswithfearand
    anger
    . Lastly, inonesp ontaneitytestoutoffour, Joandemonstratessym-
    p athytowardsElsa, dominanc eonc eandangertwic e ; Elsademonstratesfear
    onc eandangeronc e .
    ANALYSISOFSMALLGROUPS
    3 5 9
    Soc io- EMOTIONAL MAT=
    Thec hartillustratesthattheemotionsgoingoutfromindividual E towards
    fourindividualsofherac q uaintanc e, M, G, JandVandc omingtoEfrom
    theminreturnareevenlydistrib utedwithinthesoc ialatomofE . Inresp ec t
    toE, 1 6 testsituationsrevealedthep rop ortionb etweentheoutgoingandin-
    c omingemotionsex p ressingsymp athytob e8 : 7 ; thep rop ortionb etweenthe
    outgoingandinc omingemotionsex p ressingfearorangertob e8 : 9
    . In6 4
    testsituations, thep rop ortionswere3 4
    : 2 8and3 0 : 3 6 resp ec tively . Thep ro-
    p ortionsindic atethatthesoc iallyb indingandthesoc iallydisintegratingemo-
    tionsareinthissoc ialatomonlyslightlyb elowb alanc e . Thiswouldsuggest
    thattheattitudesarousedinEinliferealitywouldap p rox imatelyfollowthis
    p rop ortion, whoeverhap p entob ethec hiefp artic ip antsinthesoc ialatomof
    Eatvarioustimes ; inotherwords, thattheseaveragesarep rob ab lymaintained .
    ANALYSISOFSMALLGROUPS
    00
    A CASEOFINVOLUTIONARYMELANCHOLIA
    Thec hartillustratesthattheemotionsgoingoutfromindividualT( towards
    thefourc harac tersofthegroup inwhic hshelivesandinresp ec ttowhomshe
    wastested) andc omingtoT( fromtheminreturn) areunevenlydistrib uted
    withinthesoc ialatomofT. Six teentestsituationsinresp ec ttoTrevealed
    thep rop ortionb etweentheoutgoingandinc omingemotionsex p ressingsym-
    p athyis2 : 1 3 ; thep rop ortionb etweentheoutgoingandinc omingemotionsex -
    p ressingfearorangeris1 4 : 3
    . In6 4 testsituations, thep rop ortionsare6 : 5 4
    and5 8 : 1 0, resp ec tively . Thep rop ortionsindic atethatthesoc iallyb indingand
    thesoc iallydisintegratingemotionsareinthissoc ialatomentirelyoutof
    b alanc e .
    NotefortheGroup Psyc hotherap ist : T
    isamemb erofap syc hotic group whic h
    wastreatedb ymeansofgroup p syc hotherap y . Itwasthefirstgroup treat-
    mentofthistyp e( seeJ
    . L. Moreno, "Ap p lic ationoftheGroup Methodto
    Classific ation, "1 93 2 , p . 99) anddemonstratedhowonementalp atientc anb e
    usedtohelp theother .
    0
    3 _
    o
    0
    1 sa
    4 aud
    faud
    : 1 sa
    . lsa
    3 ladys
    Gladys
    Elsa
    Elsa
    Joan
    Joan
    Elsa
    ANALYSISOFSMALLGROUPS
    SITUATION1
    VV1 6 W1 6 W W Z ' 1 1 VW W AAoa
    2
    8 1 9 1 1 &7 1 2 %7 r2 0,
    Duration : 2
    minutes, 2 0sec onds
    SITUATION 2
    vovvo2 5
    1 3 01 1
    2

    1 4 1 5
    Duration : 1 minute,
    5 0
    sec onds
    SITUATION3
    2 vowoa
    3 0

    1 9

    1 3
    Duration : 1 minute, 4 0sec onds
    SITUATION4
    = v~e~v
    Duration : 1 minute, 1 0sec onds
    SITUATION5
    3 6 1
    1 2 voovoAVM%
    ova
    1 0

    2 1

    2 1' W 2
    2

    1 0

    ,
    Duration : 3 minutes
    SITUATION 6
    2
    2 0
    1 3 oo~soo
    6
    vvl
    1 4

    1 6

    1 0
    Duration : 2 minutes, 5 0
    sec onds
    3 6 2
    Elsa
    Virginia
    Virginia
    Elsa
    Duration : 1 minute, 2 0sec onds
    KeytoSymb ols :
    ASymb olofinterac t
    Symb olofp ause
    Symb olofinitialor
    terminalinterac t
    The timeunit usedforthemeasurementofaninterac tis ten sec onds ;
    for
    instanc e, Situation1 c onsistsof1 4 times1 0sec onds,
    i. e . , 2 ' 2 0" . Thenumb er
    insertedwithinaninterac tsymb olisthevolumeofwords( forinstanc e, 1 2 )
    sp ok enduringthatp eriod .
    Theeightinterac tiondiagramsab ovep ortraytheeightsituationsinwhic hElsa
    andherp artnersinterac ted . ElsaandJoanhadthelargestnumb erofinterac ts,
    ofthelongestduration, 5 minutes, 5 0sec onds
    ; ElsaandMaudhadthesec ond
    largestnumb erofinterac ts, duration, 4 minutes, 1 0sec onds
    ; ElsaandVirginia
    hadthethirdlargestnumb erofinterac ts, duration, 3 minutes, 1 0sec onds ;
    ElsaandGladyshadthelowestnumb erofinterac ts, shortestduration, 2 min-
    utes, 5 0sec onds .
    SITUATION7
    1 9 _LAQi~1 - lA
    vvv
    SITUATION8
    5 7 7 W 2 OW 1 6

    W 2 5
    2 2 lO lO
    7 3
    1 9.
    Duration
    : 1 minute, 5 0sec onds
    SOCIALINTERACTION

    3 6 3
    THESOCIOEMOTIONALMATRIXOFASMALLGROUP
    Ananalysisofthesp ontaneousresp onsesb etweenElsa, the
    sub j ec t, andeac hofthefourp artnersinthe3 2 situationsac ted
    disc losedthateac hindividualdifferedinthefreq uenc ywithwhic h
    shewarmedup toasp ec ific relation . Maudp referredtop ro-
    duc efourtimesasituationinwhic hshec oulddisp laysymp athy
    towardsElsa, b utVirginiadidnotp roduc esuc hasituationeven
    onc e
    ; Joanc hosetodosoonc eandGladystwic e, outofthe
    allowedfouroc c asions . Virginia, however, c hosetop roduc ea
    relationwhic hex p ressedeitherangerordominanc efourtimes
    ;
    Joan, threetimes
    ; Gladys, twic eandMaud, notonc e . Feardid
    notemergeinanyofthesix teensituations . Thefollowingtab le
    isatab ulationoftheattitudestak enb ythefourindividuals
    towardsElsa :
    TAB LEOFSOQIOEMOTIONAL INTERACTIONI
    Theattitudetak enb yElsatowardsthefourindividualsistab u-
    latedintheac c omp anyingtab le
    TAB LEOFSOCIOEMOTIONALINTERACTIONII
    Tab leIIindic atesthatElsawarmedup top roduc efourtimes
    asituationinwhic hshec oulddisp laysymp athytowardsMaud ;
    twic etowardsGladys
    ; twic etowardsJoanandnotonc etowards
    Virginia
    . B utshec hosetop roduc easituationc allingforanger
    fourtimestowardsVirginia ; onc etowardsJoan ; onc etowards
    Gladysandnotonc etowardsMaud . TowardsGladysandJoan
    shec hosetop roduc easituationinwhic hshec oulddisp layfear .
    Ac omp arisonofthetwotab leswiththesoc iometric andmoti-
    vationalc lassific ationsofthefivesub j ec tsup tothisp ointun-
    c oversthefiner, mic rosc op ic differentiationoftheinterrelations
    b etweenElsaandthefourotherindividuals . W e - see thatthe
    TowardsElsa : Symp athy
    Anger Fear Dominanc e
    Maud
    . 4 0 0 0
    Gladys2 1 0 1
    Joan1
    2 0 1
    Virginia
    0 2 0 2
    Elsatowards
    :

    Symp athy Anger Fear Dominanc e


    Maud . . 4 0 0 0
    Gladys . 2
    1 1 0
    Joan
    2 1 1 0
    Virginia0 4 0 0
    3 6 4

    W HO
    SHALL SURVIVE?
    rej ec tionofElsab yMaud, Gladys, Joan, andVirginiahasa
    differentweightineac hc ase
    . Thegreatestfreq uenc yofanger
    towardsElsaisp roduc edb yVirginia
    ; thegreatestfreq uenc yof
    symp athyisp roduc edb yMaud
    . W esee, sotosp eak , thatthe
    rep ulsionfromthesefourp ersonstowardsElsac ouldb eex -
    p ressedin fourdifferentdegrees
    ofanger
    . Tab leIalsosuggests
    thattherej ec tiontowardsElsaisnotab solute
    . Maudissymp a-
    thetic ineac hofthefoursituations
    . B utthefac tthatMaudre-
    j ec tedElsaasap ersontolivewithandmotivatedthissodefinitely
    mayindic atethatwhenwetook thesoc iometric testwec aught
    Maudinamoodinwhic hangertowardsElsawasdominant, due
    tosomep rec ip itatingc ause
    . Ontheotherhand, Elsahadc hosen
    Maud, Gladys, JoanandVirginiaasthefourgirlswithwhom
    shewouldlik etolive
    . Thefeelingshedisp laystowardsthemin
    thetestshowssymp athydominatingtowardsMaudonly
    ; towards
    GladysandJoansymp athyontheonehandandangerandfear
    ontheotherap p eareq uallydistrib uted
    ; andtowardsVirginia
    angerrisesup eac hofthefourtimes
    . Thisalsodisc losesc learly
    that
    whatap p earsonthesoc ialsurfac easan"attrac tion"isac om-
    p lex ofmix edemotions
    . Thec aseofElsashowsfurtherthatif
    anindividualiswidelyrej ec tedorremainsunc hosen, hisvery
    warmingup toattrac tiontoc ertainp ersonsmayb erenderedun-
    stab le
    . Inthedesirenottob ealtogethernegativehemaymak e
    ac hoic eorc hoic eswhic haretheb esthec anmak eunderthec ir-
    c umstanc es .
    Quantitativestudiesoftheemotionalinter- relationsofthe
    individualswhob elongtothesamesoc ialatommak eitp ossib le
    forustop enetrateintotheinter- p ersonalenvironmentwhic hmay
    b etheimmediatesettingformentaldisorder
    . Elsap roduc edinthe
    1 6 teststowardsherassoc iates8attitudesex p ressingsymp athy
    and8ex p ressingantip athy( anger, dominanc e, orfear)
    ; thetest
    assoc iatesp roduc edtowardsElsa7 attitudesex p ressingsymp athy
    and9ex p ressingantip athy( angerordominanc e) .
    TAB LEOFSOCIOEMOTIONALINTERACTIONIII
    Symp athy Anger Fear
    Donvi-
    nanc e Symp athy
    Antip athy
    Elsatowardsher
    Test- Assoc iates : 8
    6 2 0 II 8

    I 8
    TheTest- Assoc iates II
    towardsElsa :
    7 5 0 4
    u
    7 9
    SOCIALINTERACTION

    3 6 5
    Ab outasmanyreac tionsofsymp athyc anb ec ounted( 7 ) of
    thetest- assoc iatestowardsElsaasofElsatowardsthem
    ( 8) , and
    ab outasmanyreac tionsofantip athytowardsElsa( 9) asof
    Elsatowardsthem ( 8) . Ifthesum- totaloftheemotionswhic h
    c rosstoandfromElsa, andnotanyoneemotionorassoc iatein
    p artic ular, aretak enintoc onsideration, thec omp lex ofrelations
    whic hc onstitutesElsa' ssoc ialatomap p earsto"b alanc e
    . "This
    tendenc ytowards"b alanc e, "thetendenc yoftheemotions"going
    outfrom"- emp athy- and"returningto"thec enterindividual
    - retrop athy- of
    asoc ialatomtooffsetandto"eq ualiz e"eac h
    other, wassofreq uentlyenc ounteredinourstudiesthatwehave
    c ometoregarditasap artic ularp henomenonofthesoc ialatom .
    THESITUATIONALMATRIXOFASMALLGROUP
    Letuslook attheinterac tionsfromthesituationalangle
    . W e
    notethatElsa' s
    resistanc etostartingis ofdifferentintensity
    towardseac hp artner
    . Herreac tiontimeisofshortestduration
    towardsMaudandlongesttowardsVirginia . W edifferentiate
    b etween
    inab ilitytostart, delayedstarting
    and erratic starting ;
    b utdelaymayb eduetodiffic ultyinfindingap lot . Thep lotrose
    up mostrap idlyinthetestElsa- Maudanditiswiththelatter
    thatElsaheldherown
    . TowardsVirginiaandJoanElsa' sstate
    ofp roduc tionap p earedunderheated, weak andhesitant
    ; towards
    Maud, over- heatedandverb ose
    . TowardsMaud, Elsamain-
    tainstheinitiativeineac hsituation, suggestingmostoftheideas,
    b utinthesituationstowardsherothertest- assoc iatestheinitia-
    tiveisheldb ythep artner
    . Itisalsoc harac teristic thatsevenof
    theeightangersituationswere
    finished b ythetest- assoc iate,
    Elsab eingunab letob ringab outanendwithoutthep artner
    direc tingit
    . Forthestudyofsituationsitisofvaluethataudio-
    visualrec ordingsaremadetoregistertheminuteandsub tleinter-
    ac tions .
    AnalysisofW ordMaterial
    . Thelengthofthesentenc esin
    termsofnumb erofwordsusedinthefirstrushofex p ressionof
    hostilitytowardstheotherp ersonareanindic atoroftheamount
    ofaggressionthesub j ec thastowardstheotherp erson
    . Elsauses
    2 7 wordsinherfirstex p ressiontowardsMaud
    ; 2 2 wordsinher
    firstoutb ursttowardsGladys
    ; towardsJoan1 2 wordsandto-
    3 6 6

    W HOSHALLSURVIVE?
    wardsVirginia1 9words . EvidentlyitiseasierforElsatogive
    ex p ressiontoangertowardsMaudandleasteasyforhertodo
    sotowardsJoan
    . Itisofinteresttoc omp arewiththisthelength
    ofsentenc esandthenumb erofwordsusedb yElsatowardseac h
    p artnerinthec ourseofthevarioussituations
    : towardsMaud
    sheuses98words, towardsGladys98words, towardsJoan1 1 2
    wordsandtowardsVirginia1 08words
    . Thep ic tureistherefore
    reversed
    . Joan, whorec eivedtheleastinthefirstonrushofwords
    nowgetsthemostandMaud, whogotthemostinthefirstonrush
    nowgetsthefewest
    . Thelengthofsentenc esintermsofthe
    numb erofwordsusedinthefirstonrushofeac hofthefourin-
    dividualstowardsElsawere
    : Maud8, Gladys2 1 , Joan1 3 , Vir-
    ginia5 7
    ; c ountingthenumb erofwordsusedinthetotalsituation
    Maudused1 3 9, Gladys88, Joan
    1 6 4 andVirginia 1 4 4 .
    Inthe
    analysisofthedevelop mentofthedialogue, however, thereisan
    indic ationthatthegreaternumb erofwordsusedb yElsatowards
    Virginiawasnotduetoastrengthofaggressiontowardsherb ut
    tothestrongangerreac tionofVirginiatowardsElsa, whowas
    c omp elledtorep lyandhenc etoac c umulatealargeverb alreac tion
    .
    Theamountofverb alaggressionwhic hElsaex hib itstowardsthe
    variousp artnersisthesametowardsMaudandGladys, b ec omes
    weak ertowardsJoanandreac hesitsweak estandsoftestattitude
    towardsVirginia
    ; whereastheverb alaggressiondisp layedtowards
    Elsab ythep artnersisstrongestfromJoanandweak estfrom
    Maud .
    TAB LEOFINTERACTIONIV
    AMOUNTOFAGGRESSIONANDDOMINANCEMEASUREDB YTHENUMB EROFW ORDS
    USEDININITIALONRUSH .
    Elsa : Maud

    Elsa : Gladys

    Elsa : Virginia

    Elsa : Joan
    2 7 : 8

    2 2 : 2 1

    1 9 :
    5 7

    1 2 : 1 3
    TAB LEOFINTERACTIONV
    COMPARISONOFSOCIOMETRICSTATUSW ITHTOTALW ORDVOLUMEIN
    THIRTY- TW OSITUATIONS.
    W ordVolume-
    Soc iolnetric Status

    Thirty- TwoSituations
    Joan( Star)

    Joan : Elsa
    1 3 00 : 7 00
    Virginia( Star)

    Virginia : Elsa
    1 05 0 : 6 00
    Maud

    Maud Elsa
    900

    6 00
    Gladys

    Gladys : Elsa
    85 0 : 5 00
    Elsa( Isolated, Rej ec ted)
    Joanleadsinsoc iometric status
    ; sheleadsinthevolumeofwords .
    Elsaislowestinsoc iometric stattus
    ; shehasthelowestvolumeofwords .
    Thereisahighc o- relationb etweensoc iometric statusand"interac tion
    status, " i. e . , thevolumeofwordssp ok en( p rob ab lyalsoofgesturesmade)
    throughoutaninterac tionwithc ertainindividuals,
    seeTab lesIII, IVandV.
    Thelowsoc iometric statusofElsac orresp ondstoalowvolumeofwords
    sp ok entowardstheindividualswithwhomsheinterac ts
    . Thevolumeofges-
    turesmadeb yhertowardstheseindividualstendedtob eeq uallylow .
    Ifthe
    soc iometric statusofanindividualishigh, asanex ec utiveofanindustrial
    p lant, leaderofap olitic alp arty, p hysic ianinc hargeofahosp ital, etc . , the
    volumeofwordssp ok enandthevolumeofgesturesmadewilltendtob e
    eq uallyhigh . Theleadermayattimesp refertob esilentandletasp ok esman,
    anaux iliaryego, usehisvolumeofwords .
    Hyp othesisII
    Theamountof"initiative"ofanindividualininterac tionwithotherindi-
    vidualsatthestartandduringc ritic almomentsinc reasesinp rop ortionwiththe
    soc iometric statusheenj oyswithinthegroup . Tab leVab oveillustratesthis .
    AsElsa' ssoc iometric statusislowtheamountofinitiativeshetak esoris
    p ermittedtotak eislow . Inreverse, ak eyindividualenj oyingahighsoc io-
    metric statusinthegroup willtendtoassumeinp rop ortionalargeramountof
    initiative .
    Hyp othesisIII
    Thefreq uenc yofterminatingasituationorc onc lusionmadeininterac tion
    willb elowerinthec aseofanindividualwithalowsoc iometric status, higherin
    thec aseofanindividualwithahighsoc iometric status . W eseethishyp othe-
    sisillustratedintheTab leab oveb yElsaandherp artners .
    SOCIALINTERACTION 3 6 7
    TAB LEOFINTERACTIONVI
    Volume Terminal
    Numb er
    ofW ords Initiation
    Motion
    ,

    , Nr I
    Soc iometric ofSit-
    Part- Part-
    Status nations
    Time ElsaPartner
    Elsa
    ner
    Elsa ner
    Isolated, Rej ec ted
    8 1 6 min. ,
    6 7 2

    1 03 3 1 7 1 7
    a}
    r2 id
    yO
    '
    8
    0 8 1 7
    ' 1 wm
    0 OFI
    1 7 min . 4 00
    1 2 5 5
    oo' p m c ad
    1 6 3 3 min . , 1 07 2 2 2 88 1 1 5 2 1 4
    f~ ao 4 odl W
    Total
    Hyp othesisI
    3 6 8

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    Asummaryoftheanger- c oloredp hrasesusedb ythefour
    girlstowardsElsaintheeighttestsp resentedfollows
    Maud :

    Proveit!
    Youlie!
    Gladys
    :

    Yououghttob ethank ful!


    Feelsorryforyourselffirst!
    W ell, whowantsto!
    Youhavesomenerve .
    Nowyoudeny .
    Youmak emefurious .
    Ic ouldk illyou!
    Youc ertainlydid!
    It' sallyourfault!
    Itc ertainlywasyou!
    Don' tstandthereandc ontradic tme!
    Itwasyou!
    Joan :

    Doyouhear?
    Awisec rac k fromadumb b ell!
    Yes, you!
    Oh, yes, youdo!
    Doityourselfhereafter!
    Getoutofmyway!
    W heredoesthedirtgo?
    Iwon' targuewithyou!
    Iwillhaveyougivememyb ook !
    Don' tlietome!
    Iwanttheb ook !
    Youwillloseyourrec reation!
    Agoodex c useforstealingab ook !
    Youarec raz y .
    That' swhatyouthink .
    Getoutofmyway!
    I' mgoingtogetthatb ook !
    Virginia : Youaredisgusting .
    Tak eitintothehousemother .
    Don' tholleratme .
    Don' thavetotak eyourab use .
    Stop singing .
    Keep q uiet .
    Tryingtodohomework toyoursinging
    .
    Arac k etlik ethat .
    I' llsimp lyrep ortyou .
    Yoursingingmak eseveryb odysic k .
    Shutup .
    Hear .
    I' dratherseeyougooutandk illsomeonethanto
    hearyousingc onstantly .
    SOCIALINTERACTION

    3 6 9
    Theanger- c oloredp hrasesusedb yElsatowardsherp artners
    follow
    TowardsMaud :

    Yougotalotofsatisfac tionoutoftelling
    ab outme
    .
    Yes, you!
    Youwouldtak eittoastaffmemb er!
    Youhadsomenerveac c usingme!
    Iwasinthestudyhall!
    TowardsGladys :

    Ifeelsorryforyou !
    Itwasameantric k .
    Youwon' tdomyshoeseveragain!
    Youarec raz y!
    Ididn' tdoanythingofthek ind!
    Itc ouldn' thaveb eenme!
    TowardsJoan :

    Notlik eyoudidmyroom!
    Oh, no! Idon' t!
    I' vetak enitalltermI
    TowardsVirginia : Itwasmeanofyoutotearit .
    Itriedsohardtok eep itnic e :
    Theq uantityofanger- c oloredex p ressionsusedb ythefour
    individualstowardsElsaalsoc ertifytothevaryingweightsof
    theirresp ec tiverej ec tionofherasindic atedab ove . Joanp ro-
    duc esthegreatestnumb erandvarietyofanger- c oloredp hrases,
    Virginiaissec ond, GladysthirdandMaudp roduc esfewest . In
    turn, Elsa' sq uantityofanger- c oloredex p ressionsisalmost
    eq uallyweak towardseac hoftheindividuals .
    TheattitudeofElsatowardsherp artnersisp ersistentlyweak
    andindifferent
    . TowardsJoanshep roduc esp hrasesemp tyof
    c ontent, unab letoc allup amotivetob eangryather . Also, when
    thesituationisreversedwithJoanasthesub j ec tandangryat
    Elsa, shesimp lystandsandtak esherremark sratherp assively
    .
    Joansaid : "Awisec rac k fromadumb b ell! "withoutgettingany
    reac tionfromElsa . Joanalsosaid
    : "Ic ansaytoyou` Come,
    p olishthefloor' andyouwouldc omerunningrightalong"with-
    outmuc hreac tionfromElsa
    . Elsa, whensheac c usesVirginia
    oftearingherdress( somethingwhic hsheherselfhaddoneto
    anothergirl) , wasunab letoc arryoutthismotivec onvinc ingly
    inthesituation
    . Shep rac tic allyrelinq uishedinsaying" youdid
    tearit, b utIwon' ttellanyhousemotheronyou . "Virginiaac -
    3 7 0

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    c usesElsainintensiveangertostop singingandmak ingnoise,
    usingthewords"I' dratheryou' dgoandk illsomeb odythanto
    singc onstantly . "Elsarunsawayfromthisattac k , resp ondingat
    theend"Ifsingingismyonlyc rime, Ic onsidermyselfluc k y . "
    Elsaac c usesGladysofsc rap ingtheleatherfromhershoeswhile
    p olishingthem .
    Itap p earedduringthetestthatElsac ouldn' t
    findanymotivatedreasontob eangryatGladysandinherem-
    b arrassmentsoughtaninc redib leone . However, itwasfound
    thatElsahadherselfdonethistotheshoesofanothergirlinthe
    c ottageafewdaysb efore . Thesuggestionofsec retac tivitiesin
    whic hMaudandElsap artic ip atedandc onflic tsdevelop ingout
    oftheseisreflec tedinthetex toftheirdialogue . Elsawarmsup
    toamorenaturalex p ressioninresp onsetoMaud
    .
    Theword c ontent ofthesp ontaneousreac tionsb etweenElsa
    andMauddisc losesac ommonc onflic t, therelationtoc olored
    girlsandthefearofb eingb etrayedtothehousemotherandof
    b eingp unished . Thisrelatedb othElsaandMaudtoasex ual
    c urrentwhic hinterloc k sagroup ofc oloredgirlswithagroup of
    whitegirls . Itex p lainstheoftensuddenlyc hangingfeelingb e-
    tweenMaudandElsaasduetoj ealousy . Theq uic k nesswith
    whic htheyreac ttowardseac hotherandthewaythey"touc hoff"
    eac hotherb etraysanintimac ywhic hisnotrep eatedb yElsain
    interac tionwithanyotherp artner . Thesuddenness, duringone
    ofthetests, withwhic hMaudb urstintolaughterwhenElsa
    ac c usedherofshowingtothehousemotheralovelettershe
    ( Elsa) hadwrittentoherc oloredfriendandwhic hwasfullyout
    ofthemoodofthec ontex t, angerateac hother, andthesp on-
    taneousnaturalnessoftheirac tingfromthisp ointonintimated
    thattheyenac tedb eforeoureyesasc enetheyhaddoneoftenb e-
    foreinac tuallife . Immediatelyafterwardsb othlaughedateac h
    otherandweheardfromtheirownlip sthetaletoldhowMaud
    initiatedElsaintothep rac tic eofc arryingherloveletterstoa
    c oloredgirl, howElsaonedayb egantowritetothesamegirland
    refusedtob ethec arrieranylonger .
    Duringthislastminuteof
    theirinterac tingtheyseemedunc onsc iousofthesituationinwhic h
    theywere, ab sorb edinamoodofrec ap itulation .
    Theyemb rac ed
    andk issedandp ettedeac hother
    . Theydidthismak ingitap p ear
    asifthesituationwoulddemandit, b utthetoneoftheirwarming
    up gesturessuggestedthatElsaandMaudwereunc overingtheir
    SOCIALINTERACTION

    3 7 1
    p rivatep ersonalities . Itap p earedasifwewerewitnessesto
    wishesandinterrelationsstillgoingoninthem, notsimp lyre-
    c onstruc tedfromap astrelationship orimagined, andthatwe
    c anp redic tfutureb ehaviorfromit .
    Aswek nowfromthesp ontaneitytestex p eriment, anemo-
    tionalstateonc ep roduc edhasthetendenc ytoc arryautomatic ally
    allaffec t- materialwhic hisloc k edwithinitintoop enex p ression ;
    andif, asitisinthesetests, theob j ec tofthisex p ressionisnot
    afic titiousp ersonb uttheac tualwell- rememb eredc ounterp artin
    similarlifesituations, thenthisp roc essreleases, asifthrougha
    formof"medial"understanding, asimilarwarmingup p roc ess
    intheotherp erson .
    ElsaandMauddidnotwarmup intheb eginningb ec ausethey
    b oththoughttheyhadto"p lay . "B utassoonastheylostthem-
    selvestheyc lic k ed . Yet thiseaseofp roduc tiondidnotc ome
    b ec ausetheyc reatedsomethingb utb ec ausetheylivedthemselves .
    Itwasap iec eofrevelationonthelevelofasp ontaneitythey
    c ouldnotc ontrol . W ek nowthatMaudistheonlyoneinthe
    c ottagewithwhomElsalik estosp endherleisuretimeandwho
    lik estosp endtimewithher . Theyalsoc ometoeac hother' said
    intheirvariousadventures . Soc iallytheyb elongtothesame
    group , althoughElsaissup eriorinintelligenc e
    ( I
    . Q . 1 1 5 ) and
    Maudisdullnormal ( I . Q . 7 2 ) . Elsa' sc oloredfriend' too, isfar
    inferiortoElsainintelligenc e ( I . Q . 6 5 ) . Itmayb ethat her
    attrac tiontowardsp ersonsmentallyb eneathherisnotonlydue
    tothefac tthatsheisnotac c ep tedb ythosenearertohermental
    age, b utb ec auseshegravitatestowardsoc ialgroup swhosede-
    greeofdifferentiationnormallyc orresp ondstothatofindividuals
    youngerinc hronologic alageorlowerinmentaldevelop ment . It
    isthegroup struc tureasawholewhic hmattershere, notonly
    theindividualsc onc erned
    .
    Astudyofhersoc iometric p ositionb eforeshec ametoHudson
    indic atesasimp lersetting . Thisinab ilitytoc oordinateherselfto
    p ersonswhomightb ec omeattrac tedtoher, remainingan isolated
    and rej ec ted individualwithinherc ottagegroup , unab letoc hange
    herp ositionwithinitthroughherowneffortinthec ourseof
    morethantwoyears, b utalwaysrunningamuc k remindsusof
    thep ositionofindividualsinimmaturesoc ialgroup ssuc hasthe
    1 stand2 ndgradesinp ub lic sc hoolp roduc e . Up ontheb asisof
    3 7 2

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    suc hfac tsasthesoc iometric c asestudyofthis1 7 - year- old3 rd-
    yearhighsc hoolstudentwithanI
    . Q . of1 1 5 yields, theattrac tion
    towardsthesoc iallylessdifferentiatedgroup sap p earmore
    naturalforher . Thisalsoex p lainswhy ,
    shewasinvariab lyfound
    mix ingandp layingwithgirlsfarremovedfromherinageand
    mentaldevelop mentwheneverob servedonthegrounds .
    Itc anb enotedthatinb othsituationswhic hc alledforanger
    b etweenElsaandMaudthemotivep roduc ingangerwasb y
    eac hofthemsp ontaneouslyinitiatedasrelatedtoforb iddensex -
    uality . Thesex ualmotivedidnotap p earagainamongthemotives
    inthesituationsp layedb yeitherofthemtowardsotherp artners
    .
    B utthestealingmotivewasinitiatedthreetimessp ontaneously
    eitherb yElsaherselfac c usingherp artnersofstealingorb y
    herp artnersac c usingher . Elsawarmedup wellwhenshe
    threwtheac c usationtowardsGladysthatshehadsc rap edthe
    leatheroffhershoes, b utassoonasGladysturnedaggressor
    towardshershedrop p edherattac k , b ec amep assive, andher
    movementsdep ic tedretreat . Shefoundb utex c usesforanswer,
    theaggressorturningex c user
    . Thetwoac c usationsshemade
    towardsGladysandJoanap p earedsoworthlessandinsignifi-
    c antthattheydidn' tseemtoc arrysuffic ientweighttob eangry
    ab out- b othc onc ernedsimp lyp ettytric k sofonegirlup onan-
    other . B utasitap p earedfromtheoverlyangryresp onsesof
    thosep artners, thesewereak indoftric k sheherselfrep eatedly
    p layedup ontheminac tualityandtheyhatedherforthisinlife .
    W hyshouldn' tshegetangryatthemiftheyweretreatingher
    thatwayinthesesituations?
    Thetrendtotak eworthlessthingsandtoac c umulatethem
    underherb ed, ofwhic hsheisac c usedb yVirginiainatest, is
    link edtoherdesireforaffec tionwhic h- shelac k sormissesand
    hersc hemetogaintheloveofthosewhorej ec therinthec ottage
    throughp ettygiftsaswellastowinb ac k thec oloredgirlwhohad
    turnedtoMaud . Itap p ears, thattherestless, imp ulsiveac -
    tionsofElsaaretheac tionsofadaydreamerwhoishap p yinher
    isolationb utunhap p yab outthelossofaffec tionsheusedtore-
    c eivefromhermotherandunab letoc omp rehendtheavalanc he
    ofrej ec tionfromothers .
    Thestrongestattitudesofangeranddislik etowardsElsac ame
    fromVirginiaandJoan . Joanisak ey- individualandleaderout-
    SOCIALINTERACTION

    3 7 3
    sideinthec ommunity ; Virginiaisak ey- individualandleaderin
    thec ottagegroup . Duetotheirp ositionintheirresp ec tivenet-
    work sitap p earsthattheinfluenc eoftheirrej ec tingElsahasrun
    throughthep syc hologic alc urrentswhic hinterloc k different
    group sofindividualsintovariousnetwork sanddeterminedor
    help edtoenc ouragesimilarattitudestowardsheronthep artof
    others .
    W eareab lenowalsotoc larifythemoststrik ingc harac teristic
    inElsa' sc onduc t : herindifferenc eandap athytowardsc ensuring
    aggression . Thisisthemoreb afflingasitstandsinc ontrastto
    herlivelyandc omb ativeattitudedemonstratedinherformer
    environment . Nordidshedisp laythisindifferenc eintheearly
    stagesofherp artic ip ationinHudson . Thec hangehadb een
    b roughtab out, itap p eared, b ytwofac tors . Ontheonehand, her
    indifferenc ewasinc reasinginp rop ortiontothewithdrawalof
    heremotionalinterestfromthegroup inwhic hshelivedandits
    transferenc etoahiddengroup inwhic hshewasallowedtoex -
    p ressherselfunrestrained . Ontheotherhand, thisap p earedto
    b enec essitatedandc rystalliz edb ythec ontinuousp ressureex -
    ertedup onherb ythegroup inwhic hshelived . Sheap p eared
    help less, disp layingap erseveringap athytowardsasituationto
    whic hshefeltherselftob euneq ual . Shewasunab letodifferentiate
    b etweenindividualswhorej ec tedher"direc tly"andthosewho
    simp lyreflec ted"indirec tly"theattitudeofc ertainleaderswithin
    thegroup . Thenetwork whic hc ontrib utedtoherc onflic twasso
    widelysp readthatasp ontaneousadj ustmenthadb ec omealmost
    imp ossib leforhertoattain . Anattemp tatc urenaturallyinvolved
    awholec hainofindividualswithwhomherp ositionwasinter-
    loc k ed
    .
    THEROLEMATRIXOFASMALLGROUP
    ThethreeoutstandingrolesinElsa' ssec retlifeare : therole
    ofthenigger- lover, theroleofthep ettythief and theroleofthe
    reb el . As thenigger- loversheisaleaderinthesex ualunder-
    groundofthec ommunity . Sheisnotonlyap rac titionerherself,
    b utaletterc arrierandintermediaryforothers ; theothernigger-
    loverinthegroup isMaud . B ec auseoftheemp athywhic hthey
    shareforthesameNegrogirl, anintimac yhasdevelop edb e-
    tweenthem, ac irc ulartransmissionoffeeling .
    Joan, Vir-
    3 7 4

    W HO
    SHALLSURVIVE?
    giniaandGladysop erateinsex ualc ounterroles, theyareall
    outforwhitep eop leandheterosex uallove . B ec auseofthep e-
    c uliarhomosex ualc limatewhic hp ervadesthec ommunityand
    inwhic hElsaisanimp ortantfigure, howeverstrongandsup er-
    iortheyap p earintheirsoc ialrolesonthesurfac e, theyareon
    thedefenseagainstthec urrentswhic hnooneinthec ommunity
    c anp reventorc ontrol . Elsa' sroleofthep ettythiefhasawellor-
    ganiz edp attern, itisnotalwaysimp ulsivestealing ; shehasto
    p ayforthelovesheisgetting, j ustlik eab oywhob ringsagift
    tohisgirlwhenhetak esherout . Thegirlfriendtellsherwhat
    shewantsandElsatriestogetit ; thisiswherethelittlep osses-
    sionsgowhic hJoanandVirginiagetfortheirgoodb ehaviorand
    fromtheirwhitefriends. Intheroleofthereb elandnon- c on-
    formistsheisinap erp etualwarwithJoanandVirginiawho
    up holdthec onformingroles, rep resentingtheoffic ialgovernment
    ofthec ommunity . Sheisasc hemerofrunawaysandriots . It
    isb ec auseofthesesoc ialroledynamic sthatsheisindifferent
    andap athetic towardsc ensureandaggressionfromtheauthori-
    ties. Thisindifferenc eandap athyarenotindividualc harac ter-
    istic s ; sheisb ynomeansanindifferentindividual, herentire
    emotionalex p ansivenessisdivertedandab sorb edb ydifferent
    goals. Itisinrolep laying, whensheac tedoutthec onflic tswith
    hermotherandsomedreadfulex p erienc eswithmen, thather
    otherside, herwarmanddream- lik ep ersonalityc ametothefore .
    Sheb roughtheraudienc etotears, evenheroffic ialenemies .
    W henourattemp ttoadj ustElsatothegroup inwhic hshe
    wasliving- treatmentb ysuggestion, analysisofherc onduc t,
    c hangeofherfunc tionwithinthehouseandofherassoc iates
    withinthegroup - didnotsuc c eedineffec tingac hangeinher
    b ehaviorwec onsideredc reatinganentirelynewsettingforher .
    B uttheq uestionwaswheretop lac eherandwithwhom . The
    soc iometric testwasatthisp ointausefulmethodic alguidewhic h
    indic atedtoustheindividualsinthec ommunitytowhomheraf-
    fec tiontravelled, housemothers, teac hersorothergirls . W hen
    wefoundthatherinterestrevolvedmoreorlessp ersistently
    aroundc ertainp ersonsinthreedifferentc ottagesweb eganto
    p ayattentiontotheseindividuals, esp ec iallytothemotivesElsa
    hadinseek ingassoc iationwiththemandhowthelatterresp onded
    toheraffec tion
    . Asherac q uaintanc evolumeinthec ommunity
    SOCIOPSYCHOPATHOLOGY
    3 7 5
    wassmall, wethoughtthattheremayb emanyotherindividuals
    b esidesthesewhomighthaveab enefic ialeffec tup onherandwe
    triedtoenlargethenumb erofherac q uaintanc esb yhavingher
    meetothersintherolep layinggroup s. Throughthistec hniq ue
    wehadtheop p ortunitytoseeherac tingop p ositetheindividuals
    c hosenb yherinthesoc iometric testandalsoop p ositeothergirls
    whomshehadnotk nownb eforeandinrolesselfc hosenorc hosen
    b yus. W henthesoc iometric testwasrep eatedafterfourweek s,
    sheaddedthreeotherstothenumb erofgirlswithwhomshe
    wantedtoliveandshewasinturnwantedb yfour . Thegirlsfor
    whomshedisp layedattrac tionwedividedintothosewhoshowed
    attrac tioninreturn, thosewhorej ec tedherandthosewhowere
    indifferenttoher . Togainaninsightintowhic hassoc iationsgave
    p romisetob emoreenduringandb enefic ial, wep lac edherinto
    standardlifesituationsinwhic hsheac tedwiththevariousother
    p ersons, whethertheserej ec tedherorwereattrac tedtoher, in
    orderthatwemightp redic twhattheirc onduc ttowardsherwould
    b einac tuallife
    . Itwasourp rinc ip letoletthegirlswork outb y
    themselvesanysituationwhic hmayoc c urinlifeandwhic hthey
    mayonedayhavetomeet . Ac omp arisonofaseriesof82 situa-
    tionrec ordsindic atedthatonlytwoofthesevengirlsElsahad
    c hosenreleasedfromhersp ontaneousex p ressionswhic h, inar-
    tic ulationofemotionandj udgment, c ontrastedfavorab lywith
    herdailyb ehavior, orwhic hoverc amec ertainp ettyhab itual
    trendswhic hshehaddemonstratedinsp eec handac tionwhen
    interac tinginthesesituationswiththeothergirls
    . Itseemedthat
    shewantedtowinthe' symp athyofJeanetteandFlorenc efrom
    C1 3 whenac tingwiththem
    . Afteragradualeliminationofthe
    c ottageswhic hwereunfitforElsaandac losesc rutinyofher
    relationstothesetwogirlsandtothehousemotheroftheirc ot-
    tage, C1 3 ap p earedasthemostausp ic iousassignmentforElsa .
    SOCIOPSYCHOPATHOLOGYOFGROUPSTRUCTURE
    Followingthep atternofresearc hp resentedinthissec tionwe
    haveex aminedalargenumb erofsmallgroup sofvarioustyp es
    ofmemb ership , b othnormalandab normal, inp risons, mental
    3 7 6

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    hosp italsandtheop enc ommunity . Theoutstandingdisc overy
    wastherelationb etweenthec onduc tofthegroup andtheb al-
    anc esandimb alanc esofsoc ioatomic struc ture . Throughq uanti-
    tativestudieswec oulddeterminethesp ec ific interdep endenc ies
    ofsoc ioatomic struc tureandc onduc tdisorders . Thereferentof
    asoc ialatomstruc turewasnotap artic ularindividualA, b ut"all"
    theindividualswithwhomhewasinvolved . Imaginethat, after
    havinganalyz edElsainreferenc etoherfourp artners, Maud,
    Gladys, JoanandVirginiaaswehave, wewouldhaveanalyz ed
    Maudinreferenc etoElsa, Gladys, JoanandVirginia, andafter
    thatGladysinreferenc etoeac hoftheothersandfinallyfollow-
    ingthroughthesameroutinewithJoanandVirginia . Imaginethat
    wewouldhavec arriedeac hofthemthroughthefivedimensions
    ofresearc h, fromtheac q uaintanc eleveltotherolelevel ; there-
    sultingp ic tureoftheb alanc esandimb alanc eswithinthissoc ial
    atomwouldnotonlyhaveb eenc omp lete, b utonanentirelydif-
    ferentp laneofinvestigation . W ewouldhavemovedthec enter
    ofinvestigationevenfurtherawayfromtheindividualthanwe
    alreadyhave, towardsthec ollec tivep laneofmic rosc op ic researc h .
    Itisap athtowardsthe soc iop syc hop athologyofgroup struc ture,
    asIhaveformulateditonanearlieroc c asionandwhic hisworth
    whileq uotinghere . "Thep syc hoanalytic alap p roac hoftheOedi-
    p usdramaisc orrec taslongasitc onsiderstheOedip usc omp lex
    asanindividualreac tionofOedip usmirroringallotherp ersons
    aroundhim. B uttorep resentthereal, wholeOedip usdrama, an
    interrelationanalysisis nec essary . Anindividualanalysisofeac h
    ofthethreep ersons, Oedip us, hisfatherLaiusandhismother
    Joc aste, hastob emade . W ewillfind, then, j ustasOedip usmay
    haveinhisc omp lex hatetowardshisfatherandlovetowardshis
    mother, thathisfatherhastowardshimandJoc asteac omp lex
    whic hwemayc allhereb riefly"Laius"c omp lex andthathis
    motherJoc astehastowardsOedip usandLaiusac omp lex whic h
    wemayc all"Joc aste"c omp lex . Theinterloc k ingofthesethree
    p ersons, thefric tionsb etweenthem, thec lashesb etweentheir
    c omp lex eswillp roduc etheac tualp syc hosoc ialp roc essoftheir
    interrelationswhic hisq ualitativelydifferentfromthemannerin
    whic hthedramatic p roc essreflec tsinOedip usalone, orhowitis
    reflec tedwithinhisfatherormothersingly, eac hap artfromthe
    other . Inotherwords, wegetamultip lic ityofinterrelationship s
    SOCIOPSYCHOPATHOLOGY

    3 7 7
    whic hare, sotosp eak , amb ic entric , andthroughthisk indof
    studywegetaninsightfromwithinastohowthe"total"family
    group ismic rosc op ic allyorganiz ed . "*
    Itisinthewardsofmentalhosp italsthatIc ouldob servethe
    soc iometric fab ric ofp syc hotic group sandtheb alanc esandim-
    b alanc eswithinthesoc ialatomsofthep artic ip atingp atientmem-
    b ership
    . Iob served
    theshiftinb alanc eingroup sofnurseswith
    a"single"p atientmemb erandthenwith"two"p atientsasaddi-
    tionalmemb ers, with"three"andmore, untilup tothegroup in
    whic h"all"memb erswerep atientssufferingfromsomeformof
    p syc hosis . Inthec aseofthemanic - dep ressiveorthesc hiz op hrenic ,
    wehaveob serveddeviationsofthesum- totalofemotionsinthe
    soc ialatom, awayfromb alanc e . Thisc anb eex p lainedasfollows
    Thehyp oac tivedep ressedindividualwhosemotorb ehaviorisre-
    tardedtendstop roduc ealik ereac tiontowardsalloftheindi-
    vidualstowardswhomheisemotionallyselec tive, whereasthey
    assumetowardshimvariousanddifferingreac tions
    . W hatever
    thereac tionsoftheseindividualstowardshimmayb e, whether
    oflove, fearorp ity, andinwhateverfreq uenc ytheseoc c ur, if
    hisattitudetowardsthemtendstob estereotyp edinto, forin-
    stanc e, feartowardsall, thedistrib utionofemotionswithinthe
    soc ialatomwill, itisob vious, ap p eargrosslyunb alanc ed . The
    therap eutic p rob leminthec aseofT ( seesoc iogram, p . 3 6 0) is
    toreorganiz ehissoc ialatom, toassignex p erimentallyagroup
    tohimwhic hc anaidhiminhisattemp tatc ureandtowardswhic h
    hisstereotyp edattitudehasnotb ec omefix ed . Intheformation
    ofsuc hanex p erimentalgroup wec anb eguidedb yfollowing
    the"sp ontaneous"reac tionsofthep atient : thelatterareanindi-
    c atorofwhoshouldandwhoshouldnotb eassignedtohimat
    anyp artic ularstageoftreatment . Personalitystruc tureandthe
    interp ersonalenvironmentaremergedintoanewsynthesis ; they
    arep artsofoneandthesameorganiz ation, thesoc ialatom .
    Interp ersonalenvironmentisnotmerelya c hanc e fac tor . There
    arealimitednumb eronlyofinterp ersonalstruc turesp rob ab le
    foranindividual, j ustastherearealimitednumb eronlyofp rob -
    ab ledevelop mentsoftheindividualorganism . Theindividual
    instinc tivelygravitateswithintheunitedfieldtowardssoc ial
    J . L. Moreno,
    "Psyc hologic alOrganiz ationofGroup sintheCommunity, "
    B oston, 1 93 3 .
    3 7 8

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    struc turesin whic hheisb estab letoattainandtomaintain
    b alanc e .
    Fromthep ointofviewofasoc iometric allyorientedp syc hia-
    tristthefollowingtrendsingroup dynamic sc ouldb easc ertained :
    a) Soc iometric testsofp atientgroup srevealednumerous"amb i-
    valentc hoic esandrej ec tions ; "however, whenthetestswerefre-
    q uentlyrep eated, attwotothreehourintervals, whatap p eared
    tothemac rosc op ic eyeasamb ivalentrevealeditselfasarap id
    andfreq uentc hangeoffeelingtowardsap artic ularindividual
    .
    Ap atientmayemb rac eafellowp atientinthefirsttestwith
    genuinewarmthandothersignsofaffec tion, b utslap himinthe
    fac einthesec ondtesttwohourslaterwitheq uallygenuine
    warmthofhostility . Inathirdtestafewhourslaterb othmay
    p asseac hotherb yindifferently . b ) Patientgroup sdevelop at
    timessoc iometric ally c onstant struc tureswithadegreeofp er-
    sistenc ywhic hisrarelyob servedinnormalgroup s . Thesame
    p atternofc onfigurationmayex istformonthsp rac tic allyun-
    c hanged . Theotherex tremeisalsofreq uent, arap idlyc hanging
    struc turewhic hreq uiresrep eatedretestinginordertok eep up
    withit . Itap p earsthatp atientgroup stendtowardsex treme
    rigidity- lowsp ontaneity- orex tremefluenc y- ex c essofsp on-
    taneity, thein- b etweenformsb eingc omp arativelyrare
    . c )
    Psyc hotic group shavetheirownp syc hotic leadersandp roduc e
    theirownisolates . Theemergenc eofap syc hotic leaderandhis
    statusarefreq uentlyb asedondistortedp erc ep tionsanddelusions .
    Theyoftenhave, however, anunc annywayofc ommunic ating,
    siz ingeac hotherup withagreatdealofrealism .
    Thep athologic al
    mix tureoftele, emp athyandtransferenc ec omesintodisp layin
    p syc hodramatic situationsandrolep layingwhenonep atientis
    usedasanaux iliaryegofortheother . d) Theyformp syc hotic
    network softheirownwhic hdeterminetheirnormsandstand-
    ards. Thesep syc hotic network sarethemorestric tlysep arated
    fromnormalnetwork sthemoredeep lyp syc hotic thegroup has
    b ec ome . Theydonotimitatethenormals, whomtheyoftenfear
    andrej ec t .
    Look ingattheab normalsanddeviatesfromaworldsc ale,
    theyrep resentaminority ; theyarec omp arativelyharmlessas
    theyarerap idlysegregatedb eforetheyc anex erc isemuc hharm
    and, lastb utnotleast, theyarec omp arativelyimmuneto
    SOCIOPSYCHOPATHOLOGY

    3 7 9
    manyofthesoc ialp erc ep tionsandp rej udic eswhic hsp read
    throughthenetwork sofemotionalc ommunic ationp roduc edb y
    theso- c allednormalgroup s
    . Indeed, weoftenforgetthatthe
    greatmanifestationsofsoc ialimb alanc e, thewarsandrevolutions,
    arep roduc tsofthenormal, average, non- deviategroup s . The
    memb ership ofthesegroup sinfluenc eeac hotherthroughp ower-
    fulsoc ialnetwork swhic htheyhaveunc onsc iouslyc reatedand
    throughwhic htheirfeelingsofloveandhate, theirdirec tand
    symb olic p rej udic estravel . Thep athologyandtherap yofthe
    normalgroup shaveb eenneglec tedb utitisup onthemthatthe
    soc ialhealthofmank inddep ends.
    SOCIATRYANDSOCIOSIS
    Theimb alanc eswithinthesoc ialatomandtheirreflec tionup on
    thedevelop mentofp syc hologic alc urrentsandnetwork sgive
    soc ialp syc hiatryanosologic alb asisanddifferentiateitasadis-
    c ip linefromp syc hiatryp rop er .
    Psyc hiatric c onc ep tsasneurosis
    andp syc hosisarenotap p lic ab letosoc ioatomic p roc esses
    . A
    group ofindividualsmayb ec ome"soc iotic "andthesyndromep ro-
    duc ingthisc onditionc anb ec alleda"soc iosis
    . "
    Theinitiationofthesc ienc eofsoc iatryc oinc ideswiththe
    c ritic alhistoric alsituationofmank indinthemiddleofourc en-
    tury
    . Theaimofthenewsc ienc eisp rop hylax is, diagnosisand
    treatmentofmank ind, ofgroup andintergroup relationsand
    p artic ularlytoex p lorehowgroup sc anb eformedwhic hp rop el
    themselvesintorealiz ationviatec hniq uesoffreedom
    without the
    aidofsoc iatryorp syc hiatry
    . Thesec retaimofsoc iatry, andof
    allsc ienc e, istohelp mank indintherealiz ationofitsaimsand
    ultimatelytob ec omeunnec essaryandp erish
    .
    Neitherthelawsofc hanc enorthelawsofheredityc anac -
    c ountfortheb irthofhumansoc iety
    . Norc anec onomic sac c ount
    forit .
    Newfac torshaveb eendisc overed, tele, sp ontaneity
    andc reativity
    .
    Thegoalsofsoc iatryc annotb eattained
    merelyb yaseriesofab reac tionsorb ytheadj ustmentofman
    atoutp rix toasoc ialandc ulturalorder
    . Theyc annotb eattained
    withoutc hangingthisorder- c hangingitmeansthesettingup
    ofanewsystemofvaluesandthep enetrationofhumansoc iety
    withit
    . Thissystemofvaluesmustb eevolvedinc onformity
    3 8 0

    W HO
    SHALL SURVIVE?
    withsoc iometric andsoc iatric laws
    . Thec hangec annotb e
    b roughtab outwithouta"revolution"inalldep artmentsoflife,
    themostradic alithasundergonesinc etheglac ialage
    .
    CONDUCT
    ORGANIZ ATIONANDCONDUCT
    W ehaveoftenfollowedwithoureyesb irds, group sofb irds
    insp ring, andwatc hedhowtheywerealigned, oneinfront, two
    orthreefollowing, thenab igb unc hc losetogether, thenthinning
    outtothreeorfour, oneortwofollowingaloneandoneortwo
    stillmoreb ythemselves, onthesides
    . W eoftenwonderedb y
    whatk indofrulesthesegroup ingsaregoverned
    . Prob ab lya
    soc ialinstinc tdrivesthemtotravelingroup s
    . B utwewondered
    whetherthearrangementtheyp roduc ewithinthesegroup ings
    isinfluenc edb ymec hanic alforc esonly, sp eedofflying, endur-
    anc e, andsoon, orwhetherattrac tionsandrep ulsionsamong
    theindividualb irdshaveap artinp roduc ingtheformation
    .
    Itisc ertainlysowithp eop le
    . W henweob serveadolesc ents
    atp layonthegroundsweseehowthreeorfourareanx iously
    tryingtok eep p ac ewithonewhoisrunningahead, onewalk ing
    withanotherarminarm, twoorthreesc attered, eac halone
    . And
    ifwewatc hedthesamegroup daily, wec ouldasc ertainthatthis
    arrangementisnotac c idental, itisrep eatedatleastoverac ertain
    p eriodoftimeinmuc hthesameformationuntil, p erhap s, one
    getstiredoftheotherandnewattac hmentsdevelop andanew
    leaderc omestothefront .
    Onec ontrastingelement, ac oloredc hildamongwhitec hildren,
    forinstanc e, p roduc esingeneralanattitudeofinterestandsym-
    p athy
    .
    Eventuallytheotherc hildrenmayb ec omeindifferent
    towardsherb utrarelydotheyb ec omehostile
    . Itisdifferent, how-
    ever, ifthenumb ersc hange
    . Ifthree, four, fiveormorec olored
    enterintoagroup oftwentytothirtywhiteindividuals, the
    emotionalattitudetendsgenerallytoc hange
    . Eac hofthec olored
    issensitivetowhathap p enstotheotherthroughtheac tionsof
    thewhitegroup andtheyareinc linedtoformintoagangsp on-
    taneously
    . B utifthetworac esareab outeq ualinnumb ers, hos-
    CONDUCT

    3 81
    tilitiesarealwaysreadytob eletloose
    ; symp athyandindifferenc e
    arerarer .
    Thefollowinginc identillustratessuc hasituationdevelop ing
    inac ottagegroup . Into C1 3 , whic hhad2 9whitegirls, an
    Indiangirl, W I, wasp lac ed . Sheb ec ameap etofthehouse-
    motherandofthegirls
    . Latertwohalf- Indiangirlswereassigned
    tothegroup
    . Theattitudeofthegroup towardsthefirstIndian
    girlb ec amec ritic al
    . Theywerelessattentivetoherinp layand
    moreseldomdefendedherinq uarrels. W henthenewIndian
    girlsweresc oldedb ythehousemother, W Ifeltitasanaffront
    toherselfaswellastothem . Thethreedevelop edgraduallya
    unityofattitude
    . Thewhitegirlsb egantofeelthemselvesasa
    group ap artfromtheIndiangirlsandb ec amelessintimatewith
    them
    . Theminoritygroup , however, werethefirsttob ec ome
    sensitivetothec hangedsituation . W henafourthIndiangirl,
    SN, wasp lac edintothegroup , shehadtob eremovedfromit
    duetothediffic ultiesamongthegirls
    . Contrastingelementsap -
    p eartohaveastimulatingeffec tup toac ertainp oint, b utb ec ome
    anirritatingfac torifthisp ointisoverstep p ed .
    Asoc iometric
    testatthisdaterevealedtheIndiangirlsinagangformation,
    rej ec tedb ythewhiteandrej ec tingtheminreturn . The satura-
    tionp oint
    forIndianmemb ersseemedtob ereac hed . Soonafter-
    wardsitab sorb edreadilyaforeign- b ornPolishgirlandaRus-
    sianJewishgirl
    . Thisinfersthatagroup c anb esaturatedfor
    onec ontrastingelementandstillb eab letoadj usteasilytoother
    c ontrastingelements
    . Thestruc turalorganiz ationofthegroup
    andthedegreeofdifferentiationthegroup hasattainedindic ate
    itsstatusinresp ec ttosaturationfordifferentc ontrastingele-
    ments .
    Thep rob lemofadj ustingc ontrastingrac ialandnationality
    elementsintoonegroup ap p earedtob emorediffic ultin
    home
    group sthaninotherc ollec tives
    . Sinc ethememb ersmustlive
    insuc hc losep rox imityc ontrastingnationalityandrac ialc har-
    ac teristic sarefeltmorestronglyandmeetwithgreaterresist-
    anc e .
    Thesaturationp ointforNegroesandIndianswithinthe
    samewhitegroup washigherinwork andp laygroup sthanin
    homegroup s .
    Memb erswithdifferentnationalityandrac ial
    c harac teristic sp roveoftentob eastimulusforc omp etitionand
    p rogressforagroup
    . Thestimulusap p earsofgreateradvantage
    3 82

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    inwork andc ulturalgroup sthaninhomegroup s . W erec ogniz ed
    theneedofab alanc eddistrib utionofthedifferentrac esand
    nationalitieswithineac hgroup andwithinthec ommunityasa
    whole : thatis, thenec essitytodevelop arac ialq uotient
    . Itap -
    p earsthatonefac torintherac ialq uotientwillb efoundtob e
    dep endentup onthec riterionofthegivenc ollec tive
    .
    Justasc ontrastingnationalityandrac ialelementsaffec tgroup
    organiz ationandc onduc t, otherc ontrastingelements, assex , have
    tob ec onsidered
    . If, withinap op ulationof5 00to6 00whitegirls
    whohavelivedsegregatedfromthenormallyorganiz edc om-
    munity, suddenlyagroup ofmenap p earandresideforatime, a
    switc hingoftheemotionalinterestofthegirlsfromtheirown
    sex tothementak esp lac e
    . Itc anb esaidthattheteleis"b ored"
    withunisex edattac hmentsonlyandrunsavidlyintothisnewout-
    let .
    W henafewmenresidep ermanentlyinsuc hac ommunity
    theyb ec omec entersof"sex ualc urrents"andp amp eredduetothe
    ex c essiveamountofattentiontheyrec eive . Anothersituation
    develop sinHudsonwhereagroup ofsix tyc oloredgirlsarep lac ed
    intwoc ottagesofthec ommunity . Thesec oloredgirlsp rovidea
    newdirec tionforemotionalinterest, andunderthec irc umstanc es,
    atherap eutic advantagetothec ommunityinthisresp ec t
    .
    Inanyc ommunitytherearec ertaingroup ingswhic hdevelop ,
    theorganiz ationofwhic hisinfluenc edb yforc esc omingfrom
    within .
    Homeandwork group sastheyareformedinHudson
    resultfromforc esc omingex c lusivelyfromwithinthec om-
    munity.
    B utinanyc ommunityc ertaingroup ingsdevelop , the
    organiz ationofwhic hisinfluenc edb yforc esc omingfromwith-
    out . W eseeaninstanc eofthisk indinex istenc einwhatwe
    mayc alla"dual"organiz ationwithinastateinstitution
    : on
    theonehand, thegroup ofinmates, andontheother, the
    group ofstaffmemb ers . "Thisisaninmate, "or"Thisisa
    memb erofthestaff . " Inevitab lyadifferentgroup attitudeof
    eac hgroup towardstheotherdevelop s, aroundeac hofthese
    twoc riteria . Themoretheattemp tismadetomeltthesetwo
    group ingsintoone, intoamonistic organiz ation, as, forinstanc e,
    inHudson, themorethec ommunitygainsthec harac terofalarge,
    ahugefamily . Itisthen, atleastforthetimeb eing, asifthe
    c hildrenhavec hangedtheirp arents, asifthestatehastak enthem
    intoitsp arenthood
    . Inthissp irit, eventhec ommitmentlosesits
    CONDUCT

    3 83
    hardc harac terasitc anb esaidthatallc hildrenare"c ommitted"
    tolivewiththeirownp arentsup toac ertainageaslongasthey
    areminors .
    W ehavealreadyshownthatgroup swithap op ulationofb oth
    sex eshaveanorganiz ationwhic hgrowsandthatthedevelop -
    mentallevelofasoc ialgroup c anb erec ogniz edfromthedegree
    ofdifferentiationwithinitsstruc ture. Justasanindividualc an
    b e"soc iallyretarded, "awholegroup c anb e"soc iallyretarded" ;
    itmayhaveanorganiz ationc orresp ondingtoadevelop mentallevel
    lowerthangenerallyfoundatitsagelevel
    .
    Again, wehaveob -
    servedgroup organiz ationswhic hwereb rok enup b ec auseoneset
    ofmemb erswithinittendedtowardp roduc ingstruc turesoflower
    differentiation . Ontheotherhand, group organiz ationc anb e
    "soc iallyp remature"whentheorganiz ationofthegroup isc harac -
    teristic foradevelop mentallevelb eyondthatoftheorganiz ation
    c ommonlyfoundatitsagelevel . Thedevelop mentofdifferentia-
    tiondemonstratesadifferentp atternifthep op ulationofthegroup
    isunisex ed
    . Thehomosex ualc urrentflowingb etweenthemem-
    b ersisnotc ounterac ted, asinmix edgroup s, b yaheterosex ual
    c urrent .
    Throughthesoc iometric testwewereab letodeterminewhen
    c hildrenb egintodevelop theirownsoc ietiesandatwhatagelevels
    theseassoc iationsgainedsuc hanemotionaleffec tup ontheirmem-
    b ersthattheirc onduc tisdeterminedmoreandmoreb ythese
    influenc esandlessandlessb ytheinfluenc esc omingfromthe
    mix edadult- c hildrengroup s .
    Itap p earsthatthec ritic alagein
    theadult- c hildrelationb eginsaroundtheeighthyearandthat
    ab outthistimethe c hild- c hildrelations withinc hildren' sassoc ia-
    tion' sb ec omemorehighlyorganiz edandlessdep endentup onthe
    adult .
    Thec asesofisolationwhic hdevelop fromtheeighthyearto
    thep eriodofp ub esc enc earenotsimp lyisolated, forgotten, left
    outindividualsasfoundatthek indergartenlevelb utresultat
    leastp artlyfromdifferentc auses . Onesetofc hildrenisattac hed
    toandmoreaffec tedb ytheadultgroup , theirfamilyorteac hers
    ;
    anothersetofc hildrenisattac hedtoormoreattentivetoagroup
    ofc hildren . Thereisalsoathirdsetofc hildren
    . Theyfall
    b etween
    thetwosoc ialgroup swhic harefundamentallyrelatedto
    everygrowingindividual .
    Theyb elongtob othgroup s, b utnot
    3 84

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    fullytoeither . Thissoc iometric p ositionseemstomark theb e-
    ginningofisolationofmanyindividualswhoeventuallyc rystalliz e
    eitherap artfromb othgroup s, asinsc hiz op hrenic c onditions, or
    develop anattitudeofaggression . Thattheseisolatesfinally
    p refertheb oy- gangtothefamily- gangisduetothefac tthat
    whereastheiraggressiontowardthefamilyusuallyendedin
    failure, theaggressiontowardstheb oy- gangoc c asionallymetwith
    thesatisfac tionofdominatingit . Theisolatedaggressorhasan
    easierc hanc ehere . Itistheoutc omeofsuc hdevelop mentswhic h
    wec ouldstudyonalargesc aleinHudson . Throughsoc iometric
    tests( ParentsandFamilyTests, seep . 4 6 3 ) wefoundthatonly
    1 9%ofthep op ulationwasattac hedtoandmoreeasilyinfluenc ed
    b yadults, while7 0%ofthep op ulationwasattac hedtoandmore
    easilyinfluenc edb ytheirp eers ; 1 1 %remainedlittleinfluenc edb y
    eithergroup , isolated .
    Thesefac tssuggestedadiffic ulttherap eutic p rob lemwithinthe
    c ommunity . Thestaffofadults, housemothersandteac hersand
    othersdirec tlyinc ontac twiththegirls, inallab out80p ersons,
    ap p earedunab letotouc hemotionallythelargerp artofthep op u-
    lation . Itap p earsthatthisfac tisthec hiefreasonwhythestaff
    ofinstitutionsareoftenforc edtoresorttorigiddisc ip lineand
    p artic ularlytoinflic tingp unishmentiftheywanttoimp resstheir
    willup onap op ulationthemaj orityofwhic hesc ap estheirsp on-
    taneousinfluenc ing .
    InHudson, ifthehousemothers, teac hers,
    andotherswanttoimp resstheirwillup onthe7 0%whoesc ap e
    them, theyhavetoresorttothestrategyofusingthe1 9%astools,
    intermediaries, toreac hthe7 0%
    . B utwehavelearnedthrough
    oursoc iogramsthatthese1 9%areoftennotthek ey- individuals
    forthemaj ority . Theyoftenlivewithintheirc ottagegroup in
    c loseaffiliationwiththehousemother, segregatedandrej ec tedb y
    manyoftheirp eers . Theyemulatethedomineeringattitudeofa
    housemotherwhic hdoesnotstirtherestofthegroup towards
    c oop eration . Andthisisthec asethemorethegroup gravitates
    initsc onduc tinadirec tiondeterminedb yemotionaltrends, tend-
    ingtowardsthedevelop mentofadolesc entgangs .
    THEPSYCHOLOGICALHOME
    Thefamilyisac omp lex soc ialgroup . Itc onsistsoftwogroup -
    CONDUCT

    3 85
    ingseac hwithadifferentc riterion
    . Theonegroup ing, c omp osed
    ofthemanandthewoman, isasex ualgroup ing .
    Therelation
    b etweenthemanandwomanisthedominantfac tor
    . Ithadb een
    startedb ythetwop ersonsaloneandex istedb eforec hildrenc ame
    intoit .
    Ithadb eenstartedwithoutintendingtotak eadditional
    memb ersintoit, oratleastwithoutk nowingwhomtheymight
    b ewhowouldenterintoit .
    Thesec ondgroup ing, c omp osedof
    thefather, themotherandthec hildren, isamonastic group ing,
    monastic b ec ausethesp iritofthemonasteryp revailsinthisgroup
    .
    Themonasterywasarevoltagainstthefirstgroup ing
    . Itc utit-
    selfofffromthematrix andemulatedmethodic allytheotherp or-
    tionofthefamily
    . Anotherrevoltagainstthefamilystruc tureis
    thec ommunistic attemp ttodivorc ethenurturingoftheoffsp ring
    fromtheirp roc reators .
    Inthisc asethesec ondp ortionofthe
    group isc utawayandtheoriginalremains . Theserevoltssuggest
    thatthetwop ortionsareofdifferentoriginandmaynotalways
    haveb eentogether
    . Group twoisp rob ab lyafurtherdifferentia-
    tionafteratotemistic p atternanditc anb eassumedthattherec og-
    nitionofc onsanguinityoffatherandc hildaidedinmeltingthe
    twop ortionsintoone
    . Thep syc hologic alex p erienc eofp arenthood
    andthedistinc tionofb eingap arentderivedfromitmusthave
    b eenenormousandistothisday
    . Itwassomewhatshatteredwhen
    manlearnedthathisindividualc ontrib utiontothec hildisnegligi-
    b lec omp aredtotherac ialheritageofhisk ind
    .
    Thec ottagegroup sininstitutionsaremoresimp lyorganiz ed
    thanisthefamily
    . Thefather- mothersituationisnotp resent
    .
    Onlythesec ond, themonastic p ortionisleft, aunisex edgroup ,
    oramix edgroup withahousemotherorahousemotheranda
    housefather, b utallunrelatedtooneanother
    . Thereisnoelement
    ofb lood- relationb indingthemonetoanother
    .
    Itisan"ex p eri-
    mentalhome . "
    Itisdiffic ultforgirlswhoc ometoac ommunitylik eHudson
    tofeelathomeasalllegitimatemotivesforsuc hattitudeareat
    firstmissing
    : thenaturalb ondfeelingasinasuc c essfulfamily
    group
    ; thefeelingofindividuallib ertyandp ossession
    ; andthe
    feelingofp ermanentarrangementsandob j ec tives
    . B utaswe
    k nowfromob servationtheimp ortanc eforc hildrenofadolesc ent
    agetop roduc eattac hmenttoanuc leusofp ersonswhoofferp ro-
    tec tionandastimulusforemotionalandintellec tualp rogress, itis
    3 86

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    eq uallyc ruc ialforustok nowinwhatthis"p syc hologic al"home
    whic hsomegirlsdevelop andothersdonot, c onsists
    . Isthereany
    p ossib ilitytomeasurethis?
    Nogirldevelop sthisfeelingifshe
    isrep ulsedb ythememb ersofthegroup who, inturn, donotp ro-
    duc einheranymotiveforstayingwiththem . "Home"q uality
    isanuc leusofattrac tionsandrep ulsionsandiftherep ulsiveten-
    denc ydominates, thehomefeelingiswanting .
    Everyindividualgravitatestowardsasituationwhic hoffers
    himasap ersonalitythehighestdegreeofsp ontaneousex p ression
    andfulfillmentandhec ontinuouslyseek sforc omp anionswhoare
    willingtosharewithhim . Thep syc hologic alhomeishisgoal
    .
    Thishomeideamayb eidentic alwithhisac tualhomegroup orit
    mayb erelatedtooneormorep ersonsoutsidetowardswhomheis
    attrac ted . Inmayevenb enothingb utavaguenotionwithinhis
    mind
    . Stillitmayb esuffic ienttoinfluenc ehisattitudeandc onduc t
    inhisac tualhomegroup . Thec ontinuedex istenc eofahome
    dep endsup ontheinterestitsmemb ershaveforeac hother . Any
    home, tofunc tionsuc c essfully, musthavethesup p ortofsome
    p ortionofthegroup . Theonlyp ermanentfeature, theonlyin-
    variab leinanyhomestruc ture, isac onfigurationofrelations, a
    p syc hosoc ialnuc leus . Thelargerthememb ership ofthehome
    group themoreimp ortantitb ec omestodetermine, fromthep oint
    ofviewofitsc ontinuedex istenc eandofitsinfluenc eup onthe
    c onduc tofitsmemb ers, whic hmemb ersgravitatetop ersons
    outside .
    Anillustrationmayb etak enfromoneofthec ottagegroup sin
    Hudson . Cottage8has 3 1
    memb ers . Atthetimeofthefirst
    soc iometric testitshousemotherheldtheaffec tion, suffic ientlyto
    direc ttheirc onduc tc ontinuously, ofKathryn, May, Grac e,
    Marion, Mafalda, Anna, Jane, B ertha, Felma, Kathleen, Gailand
    Dorothy . Fourofthesegirls, Marion, Anna, JaneandKathleen
    heldstrongp ositionswithinthegroup . Marionisattrac tedto
    andholdstheaffec tionofsix girlsandfiveofthesearedifferent
    onesfromthosethehousemotherholds : Alic e, Sylvia, Gladys,
    MerlineandLuc ille . Annaisattrac tedtoandholdstheaffec tion
    ofthree : B ertha, JaneandKathleen, whomthehousemotherholds
    too, andLauraandHelen, twoothers, sothatshestrengthensthe
    b ondsofthehousemothertothesethreeandfurtherex tendsher
    relationship tothelattertwo . Janeholdstheaffec tionoftwo
    CONDUCT

    3 87
    k eyindividuals, AnnaandMarion . KathleenholdsFelma, Anna,
    Kathryn, MayandGrac e, allgirlswhomthehousemotherholds,
    andtwoothers, EvaandLetitia . Twogirlshaveadirec tp er-
    sonalb ondtothehousemotheronly, b utnottoothergirls, Gail
    andDorothy . Six girlsremainisolatedfromb othhousemother
    andothergirls : Lillian, Violet, Louise, Virginia, MarieandSarah .
    Fourgirls, Norma, Edith, EileenandCharlotte, areb oundtogether
    intoagangoutsidetheinfluenc eofothergirlsorofthehouse-
    mother . Thus1 0girlsremainoutsidethep syc hologic alnuc leus
    of2 1 girlsinthec ottagegroup C8 . These1 0areevidentlyin-
    differenttowardsthegroup andthehousemotherandgravitate
    towardsp ersonsoutsidethegroup
    .
    Thep syc hologic alnuc leus
    ofthec ottagec anb edesc rib edasac hainleadership withthehouse-
    motherinthec enterand1 2 girlsaroundher . Itisob viousthatif
    b yc irc umstanc e, eitherthroughp arole, illness, orreassignment,
    six ofthese1 2 shouldleavethec ottageatonetimethehousemother
    wouldb efac edwithadilemma, thep syc hologic alnuc leuswould
    b eshattered, andthegroup threatenedwithdisintegration .
    Inotherc ottagegroup sthehomenuc leusvariesinitsstruc ture .
    InClwithalowmemb ership of2 0, weseethenuc leuslimitedto
    thehousemotherand1 4 girls, eac hstronglyrelatedtoherb ut
    weak lyrelatedtooneanother ; further, 3 girlsremainisolated,
    3 unc hosenandrej ec ted . InC3 thenuc leusrevolvesaroundone
    girl, thehousemotherremainsoutsidethenuc leus, morelik ea
    housek eep er
    . Thereasonwhyalargenumb erofthesegirlswho
    remainunattac hedtoeitherhousemotherorgirlsdonotrunaway
    isthattheyhave nowheretorunto, orelsevariousob j ec tivesmak e
    thesc hoolstillmoreattrac tivetothemthananyp lac etheyhave
    p reviouslyk nown .
    Animp ortantfac toristheamountofemotionalenergyeac h
    memb ersp endsorisab letosp endinhishomegroup . Thisb e-
    c omesthemoreob viousthelargerthehomegroup , esp ec iallyto
    thememb erwhoisanx iouslyinterestedorresp onsib leinholding
    thegroup together, thehousemother . Theq uestionishowgreat
    orsmallthec ap ac ityofthehousemotheristoholdhergirls
    ; how
    manygirlshavenoattac hmenttothehousemotherofthec ottage
    ortoanotherindividualab letoenc ourageandadj usthertothe
    group
    . Fromthisp ointofview, ifac ottageweretohaveap op u-
    lationof1 0girlsand5 ofthemremainedunintegrated, thegroup
    3 88

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    wouldb eworseoffthanifthep op ulationwere2 5 inwhic hthe
    samenumb erwerenotintegratedb ec ausethelargerthenumb er
    ofgirlsinac ottagethegreateristheop p ortunityforalleventually
    tofindsomeagentc onnec tingherwiththegroup . Themeasure
    ofahousemother' sex p ansivenessisnotsimp lythenumb erb ut
    alsothep ersonalitiesofthegirlsshec anhold
    . Certaingirlsmight
    req uireb utaminimumofex ertiononherp art, whileforothers
    amax imumofex ertionmayb ec alledfor . Thelengthoftime
    shereq uirestob uildup arelationmaydiffergreatlyfromonegirl
    toanother . Theidealp rinc ip lewouldb enottoassignanynew
    c hildtoanygroup whic hhasevenonememb erstillunintegrated .
    Itisnec essarytoasc ertainac c uratelytheex p ansivenessofthe
    housemother, asup onitdep endsthek indoftrainingnec essary
    toinc reasethisc ap ac ityandtodevisetec hniq uestosup p lement
    andsub stitutenaturalforc es .
    W eseethenaturalmother, howeverlargeherfamily, turning
    herattentiontothemosthelp less, thelast- b orn . Thissuggests
    thatahousemothershoulddivertherattentiontothenewc hild
    assoonasshec omesintohergroup . Thenaturalmother, when
    shehasonec hildmoredisadvantaged, c rip p led, orb ac k ward, trans-
    ferstothisoneanex c ep tionalloveandc ontinuouslysuggeststhe
    samesp irittotheothermemb ersofthefamily . Thisp roc edure
    leadsoftentothesp oilingofthec hildanditsoverdep endenc eup on
    themother, b utthereisasoundp rinc ip leinitwhic hc anb eap p lied
    tomanyhousemother- c hildsituations .
    Itsuggeststhatthehousemothershouldnotonlyp ayattention
    tothenewc hildherself, b utob serveoneoftheoldergirlstowhom
    thec hildissingularlydrawnandp lac eup onthisgirlresp onsib ility
    inb ehalfofthec hild . Shehastolearnthefunc tionofinner
    assignmentinagroup , toreleasenumerousfunc tionstotheolder
    girls, toturnherattentionalwaystotheweak estsp otinthegroup ,
    toassignonegirltoanother, twogirlstoathird, agroup toa
    leaderandneverallowittohap p enthatonegirlisp rivileged .
    Instead, sheshouldenc ouragethedevelop mentofnewc entersall
    thetime, asingeneral, theverylimitationsshehastowardsthe
    girlsthesup eriorgirl- leaderhasalsotowardsherfollowers . Suc h
    aleaderhas, j ustasanadult, alimitedc ap ac itytoab sorb andto
    resp ondtoloveanddemandsup onheraffec tions . Ithasoften
    b eenrep ortedthatlargefamilieshaveagreaternumb erofde-
    CONDUCT

    3 89
    linq uentsthansmallfamilies .
    Thisc aninlargemeasureb eac -
    c ountedforb ythelimitedemotionalex p ansivenessofmanand
    b yhislimitedap titudeforemotionalab sorp tion . Evenanatural
    motherb ec omesa"tec hnic al"motherassoonasshehastoleave
    oneortwoofherc hildrentothemselveswhileshep erformsother
    dutieswhic hc allherawayfromthemorb ec auseshehassomany
    c hildrenthatshec annotb eattentivetoall . Thisb ec omesstill
    moreob viousinourc ottagegroup s . W eseeourhousemothers
    unawareofthenaturallimitationsoftheiremotionalex p ansive-
    ness, gettingrestless, nervous, irritab le, ap p arentlywithoutreason,
    b utb ehinditisalwaysthesamec ause, thefeelingofherinferiority
    top layup toallthedemandsandc allsup onherandc onseq uently
    herattemp ttoc overup thedefic ienc iesinherc ottagethrough
    varioussub terfuges
    . Shemayb ec omesup ersensitivetoc ritic ism,
    q uic k - temp eredwhenshehadnotb eensob efore, andusethevery
    slangofthegirlsinordertoimp ressthemq uic k ly
    . Thisk indof
    c onduc tmaydelaythehousemother' sp rogressinc reatingarela-
    tionorb reak downinamomentthework ofmonthsandaffec tb y
    indirec tionherrelationtothefriendsandfollowersoftheseverely
    sc oldedgirl
    . Otherhousemothersmaytrytogetawayfromtheir
    limitationsthroughap olic yof
    laissez - faire,
    watc hingthesurfac e
    routineofthec ottageonly .
    Thisisanotherdec larationofin-
    suffic ienc y, anotherex amp leofthetec hnic almother, leavingan
    emotionalvac uuminsomanysp otsofhergroup unc hec k edb y
    b ondsb etweenherselfandthegirlsorb etweenthegirlsthem-
    selves .
    B utifthehousemotherfeelsthatherc ottageisherp er-
    manenthomeandthegirlswithwhomshelivesherc hildren, she
    willmak eanefforttoinj ec tallherloveandab ilitiesintothe
    situation
    . Ifherp rimaryinterestsareoutsidetheinstitution, she
    willb elesseffic ientthanthetask ofahousemotherdemandsand
    ex haustallherresourc es
    .
    Asp ec ialp rob leminadj ustmentisrep resentedb ythenewgirl
    andthenewhousemother
    . Themoreintrovertedtheorganiz ation
    ofagroup , theharderisitforanindividualtob reak intoitand
    findadj ustmentinit, andthemorethegroup willb einc linedto
    develop afeelingofdifferenc eanddistinc tionfromothergroup s
    andc orresp ondinglyeveryindividualofthisgroup , afeelingof
    differenc eanddistinc tioninresp ec ttoindividualsofothergroup s
    inthegivenc ommunity
    . W henahousemotherleavesandanew
    3 90

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    onerep lac esher, weseethenewhousemotherb eginningwith
    greatenthusiasmb utsoonthereafterb ec ominghysteric al, unsure
    ofherself, anx iousforap p rovalandb eforeshereac hestheend
    ofthisp hase, showingfatigue, disc ouragement, dep ression . She
    seesnowayoutex c ep tb ygivingup thep ositionasoutsideher
    ap titudeorb yfollowingsomeformofroutine . Itisnec essary
    todevelop ahousemothergraduallyb ygivingherduringthefirst
    six monthsofp rac tic easmallnumb erofgirlsnotex c eedingthe
    siz eofanormalfamilyandinc ludingnotmorethanoneortwo
    c hildrenwhoareesp ec iallydiffic ult . W henthisp roc edureisnot
    followedandthe"limit"ofthehousemother( orofanyoneina
    similarp osition) issurp assedb yforc e, thep erformanc eofthis
    p ersondeterioratesorshesimp lyb ec omesill .
    Thereisanotherfac torwhic hdeterminesgroup reac tionto-
    wardsthenewhousemotherandthenewgirl . Itisthe
    p reserving
    influenc eofgroup organiz ationup onthec onduc tofitsmemb ers .
    W hen, duetoinc reasedinflux ofp op ulationac ottagehadtob e
    filledb eyonditsnormalc ap ac ity, thenumb erofc omp laintsof
    girlsab outothergirlsinc reased . Itremindsusoftheoldargu-
    mentthatoverp op ulationleadstowar . Itseemednaturalthatthe
    greaterthenumb erofgirlswhohavetob eac c ommodatedwithin
    thesamenumb erofroomsthegreaterc anb etheop p ortunityfor
    fric tions . W ec alc ulated, ifoverc rowdinghasaneffec tup onthe
    c onduc tofthegroup , thenweshouldb eab letoimp rovethec on-
    duc tofthegroup throughreduc ingthenumb erofitsmemb ers .
    W ehadoc c asiontotestthiswheninC4 fivegirlswereassignedto
    othergroup sorp aroledwithinafewdays . Thenumb erofdis-
    c ip linaryc asesdrop p edimmediately . However, whenweap p lied
    asimilartestto C3 andreduc edthenumb erofitsmemb ersb elow
    normalc ap ac ity, thenumb erofdisc ip linaryc asesfailedtodrop .
    AnanalysisofC4 showedthatthefivegirlswhohadb eenassigned
    orp aroledfromitreduc ed, ononehand, theoverflowtonormal
    c ap ac ityand, ontheother, removedgirlswho, whiletheydidnot
    oc c up yanyk ey- p ositionswithinthegroup , inj ec tedarestlessness
    intoit, eitherb ec ausetheywereanx ioustob ep aroledsoonor
    b ec ausetheywantedtob eassignedtoanotherc ottage . B utwhen
    weanalyz ed C3
    wefoundthatwehadc utoutofitsstruc turegirls
    whowerewelladj ustedwithinitandhenc ewehadnothelp edthe
    remainderofthegroup
    . Inotherwords, welearnedthata
    CONDUCT

    3 91
    mec hanic al
    reduc tionofalargec ottagegroup toasmallerone
    doesnotnec essarilyhaveatherap eutic effec t
    : itdep endsp rimarily
    up onwhic hindividualsarec utoutandwhatgroup organiz ation
    remains .
    C4 hadamorehighlydifferentiatedstruc ture ; there-
    assignmentofthefivegirlswasanec essaryop eration
    ; thenumb er
    ofdisc ip linaryc asesdrop p ed . B utinC3 thestruc turewasso
    undifferentiatedthat, asitap p eared, noreassignmentwouldhave
    sub stantiallyaidedimmediately .
    Ap p arentlyitisthep reservinginfluenc e( up onthec onduc tof
    itsmemb ers) ofgroup organiz ationwhic hisresp onsib leforthese
    reac tions . C3 andC4 haveasgroup s
    ahistoric al develop ment .
    Asthenumb erp aroledfromornewlyenteringintoac ottagegroup
    inthec ourseofoneyearisap p rox imatelyone- fourthofitsp op u-
    lation, fouryearsgob yb eforeac omp letep op ulationturnover
    tak esp lac einac ottage
    . Allindividualswhohavep assedthrough
    thegroup havelefttheirmark ac c ordingtotheirp ositioninit
    .
    Atanytimeinc ominggirlsmeetwithanestab lishedorganiz ation
    b uiltnotonlyb ythememb erswhoarep resent, b utb ythosewho
    haveleftasurvivingeffec tup onthegroup organiz ation
    . They
    arealsometb ywhatmayb ec alledthe survival ofsoc ialandp sy-
    c hologic alimp ressionswhic h
    p redisp ose theattitudeofthegroup
    towardsthem . Thisp henomenonp reservesthegroup against
    anyradic alinnovationsthenewc omermayseek toimp osesud-
    denly. Itisagroup ' s soc ial defensemec hanism . Group swhic h
    lastoverap eriodofyearsdevelop adefinitec harac ter . Theor-
    ganiz ationofanysuc hgroup willex p lic itlyrevealitandthis, in
    turn, willb everysuggestiveastowhatp ersonsshouldorshould
    notb eassignedtoit .
    Ithasb ec omeevidenttousthatp erhap sthec hieffac torinthe
    growthofgroup organiz ationisthissurvivaloftheimp ressof
    severallayersofolderstruc turesandc onditions . W esee, for
    instanc e, ahousemotherc onduc tingagroup ; hermethodhasb een
    toshowaffec tionandtoattac hthegirlstoherselfp ersonally . She
    leavesthec ottageandisrep lac edb yahousemotherwhosemethod
    isimp ersonalandwhop utseac hofthegirlsintoap lanwhic hshe
    hasdesigned
    . Iftheformerhousemotherwassuc c essful, thenew
    onec annotb reak thesp ellofherinfluenc eup onthegroup over
    night . Thisinfluenc emayb ereflec tednotonlyintheindividual
    3 92

    HOSHALLSURVIVE?
    girl' sreac tions, b utmorethanthat, intheinterrelationsamongthe
    girls .
    Oldstruc turesgivewayonlygraduallytonewstruc tures
    .
    Similarlythep ersonalityofeveryindividualwhohasb eena
    memb erofap artic ulargroup mayleaveimp ressionswhic hsurvive
    longafterhehasdep arted
    . W eseethisillustratedoverandover
    againinc ertainsituationsarisingwithinfamilies
    . Yetwep ay
    one- sidedattentiontothep rob leminadj ustmentitsofreq uently
    c auses
    . W henasonmarries, wep ayattentiontohisp rob lemof
    adj ustmentinthenewrelationship b utlittleattentiontothep rob -
    lemarisingthroughthec hangeintheoldfamilyorganiz ationhe
    hasleft.
    Thec omp laintofthemotherthatnooneisab letofill
    hisp lac enowthathehasleftisap op ularsuggestionofthesur-
    vivaleffec tofanindividualafterdep arturefromagroup
    . Many
    disturb anc eswithinthegroup ariseduetosuc h
    negative reasons .
    Theinterrelationswhic harec utoutofthegroup struc tureb yhis
    leavingarenotatonc erep lac ed
    .
    F1 9 1
    H. . , b . . . . d
    A
    G
    L' a
    1 j j
    CLEAVAGESINGROUPS
    o

    0
    n . c ~. .
    A
    b
    3 93
    THEFAMILYCHART
    Thefourdiagramsrep resentsoc iometriep hasesinthedevelop mentofthefam-
    ily
    . FigureIrep resentshusb andandwifeasasp ec ialtwo- rolerelation, asep ar-
    atedyad . FigureIIrep resentsanotherp hase, father, motherandtheirc hildren,
    theirdaughtersandtheirsonsononehand, thesamep eop leasb rothersand
    sistersontheotherhand
    . Inthisgroup ingthehusb andandwiferelationdoes
    notex ist. FigureIIIc omb inesFigureIandFigureII
    ; thehusb andisalso
    thefather, thewifeisalsothemother, b utthereisac leavageb etweenthetwo
    rolec lusters
    . FigureIVshowsthefamilyagainsttheb ac k groundofitssoc ial
    ec ologywithinitssoc iometric matrix andnot"ab strac ted"fromitasin
    FigureIII
    . Hereweseethehusb and- fatherb eingdrawntowardsotherfe-
    malesandmalesb esidestohiswife, thewife- motherb eingdrawntowardsother
    femalesandmalesoutsideofthefamilyinstitution . Thec hildren, too, areat-
    trac tedtootherp eop leoutsideoftheirfamilyfold, b esidestotheirp arents
    andsib lings
    . Thisdiagramap p rox imatesmostc loselytheac tualsoc iogramof
    thefamilyc onstellationsandsuggeststhatthevariousformswhic hthefamily
    hastak eninthec ourseofsoc ialevolutionarevaluedec isions
    ; nooneisab so-
    lute
    . Inac ulturewithap olygamousfamilytyp ethesoc iogramsmayshow
    strongmonogamoustrends
    . Ontheotherhand, inac ulturewithamonogamous
    familytyp ethesoc iogramsmayindic atestrongp olygamoustrends
    .
    3 94
    CLEAVAGESINGROUPS
    CLEAVAGEINFAMILYGROUP
    Circ leClrep resentsthesex ualgroup ing
    ; theother, C2 , themonastic orsoc ial
    group ing
    . Thelargec irc leindic atesthatC1 and02 aretwoc ellswithinthe
    samefield
    . LinesgofromChild1 , 2 and3 toParent1 andParent2 inthe
    sec ondc ellwhic hindic atesthatthesefiveindividualsformagroup
    ; b utno
    linesgofromChild1 , 2 or3 tothemanandwomaninthefirstc ell, whic h
    indic atesthatthemanandwomanformthisgroup sep arately
    . Thetwoc ells
    rep resentdifferentfunc tions
    : Cell1 thesex ualandrep roduc tive ; Cell2 the
    p arentalandp rotec tive
    . Thetwogroup ingswithinthefamilyhavenotalways
    b eenunitedintoonep attern
    ; theyhavep rob ab lyhadtwodivergentlinesof
    evolution
    . Asmainstep sinthesep arateevolutionofthefirstc ellc anb ec on-
    sideredgroup marriage, p olyandryandsuc c essivep olygamy
    ; asstep sinthe
    sep arateevolutionofthesec ondc ellthetotemgroup andthemonastery
    .
    Thec leavageb etweenthetwoc ellsmayalsob eac luetothefutureevolution
    ofthefamily
    . Ap p arentlytheymustnotb eforeverunited
    . Thep arentaldyad
    mayb einstitutionaliz edindep endentlyfromthesex ualdyad
    . Threetyp esof
    develop mentareherep ossib le :
    1 ) sex ualdyads( withoutrep roduc tion) ;
    2 ) rep roduc tivedyads( withoutp arentalob ligation)
    ; 3 ) p arentalc onstellations
    ( soc ialp arentsrearingc hildrenofvariousorigin, noneoftheirown)
    .
    CLEAVAGESINGROUPS
    o~o
    M
    CO
    Y
    0
    PSYCHoLoGic AL HoME- C8
    Criterion : Livinginp rox imity, sharingthesamehouse
    ; 5 c hoic es
    ; norej ec -
    tions
    ; emp hasisp lac edonrelationship stoHousemother
    .
    3 1 girls
    . Outsideofanuc leusof2 1 andaHousemotherare4 individualswho
    formagangand6 individualswhoareisolated
    .
    TheHousemotherisindirec tandmutualc ontac twith1 2 individualswhic h
    indic atesherab ilitytoreac handholdsomanyp eop le- anunusuallylarge
    emotionalex p ansiveness
    . Itisrarethatamotherhastheemotionalex p ansive-
    nesstoholdandtraineffec tivelymorethanafewc hildren
    . Ifthenumb eris
    toolargethec hanc esarethatoneoranothermayesc ap ehereduc ativeinfluenc e
    .
    Ifthenumb erofc hildrentob etak enc areofb yap artic ularmotherb ec omes
    toolargeheremotionalex p ansivenessisover- reac hedandfatiguesetsin
    . A
    p hysic ianwhohastoc onsulttoomanyp atientsinarowmaytireandhisser-
    vic ethenb ec omesp erfunc tory
    . Thesamegoesforteac hers, salesgirlsindep art-
    mentstores, waitressesinrestaurants, foremeninfac tories, forallleadership
    func tioningwhic hreq uiresemotionalaswellassoc ialp roduc tivity
    . Thisc hart
    alsogivesc luestosoc ialandmentaldisturb anc es, inoverc rowdedp risons, in
    hosp italsandsc hools, thec onseq uenc eofinadeq uatestaff
    .
    Theop p ositep ic tureresultsiftherearemorestaffmemb ersthanp atients,
    moreleadersthanfollowers, morewaitressesthanc ustomers, morep roduc ers
    thanc onsumers
    . Thenthec onflic tsetsinamongthestaff, theleaders, the
    p roduc ers
    .
    3 96
    CLEAVAGESINGROUPS
    ARUNAW AYPAIR, SR ANDLS
    Thesoc iogramindic atesmutualattrac tionb etweenSRand
    LS. Ex c ep tforthe
    relationofSRtoB U, theyforman isolated p airintheirc ottage
    . B othrej ec t
    RB , CN, andB A, girlsinthesamec ottage
    . B U, whomSRlik es, isalsolik ed
    b yLS
    . SRrej ec tsI( thehousemother) andII( thek itc hensup ervisor) and
    LSisindifferentto them. LS formsmutualp airswithindividualsinother
    c ottages, RQinC7 , STinC1 3 , andRS, ac oloredgirl, inC1 2 . SRisindifferent
    toorrej ec tsattrac tionsc omingfromoutsidethehomegroup , PRofC1 6 , YU
    ofCll, W LofC1 1 , GMofC3 , HRofC1 6 , Il . AofCll . Sheisindifferent
    toSVoftheHosp italb utmutuallyattrac tedtoSNof07 , ofwhomshemak es
    anex c ep tion . Towardsmemb ersofherowngroup ( asidefromLSandB U)
    sheisindifferent( HT, MI, TS) andsherej ec tsW T
    . B othgirls, SRandLS,
    ap p earc utofffromthemainc urrentsandb loc k ed, isolatedandlimitedmainly
    toeac h other . SR
    isattrac tedtoamanoutsideofthec ommunity, whointurn
    isattrac tedtoher( notp lottedonthisc hart) andthisp ersistingattrac tion
    finallyp rec ip itatedtherunningawayofb othgirls
    . Itc anb eseenthattheir
    p ositionwithinthesc hoolc ommunityp redisp osedthemtothisac tion
    . Not
    b eingintegratedintothec ommunitytheyhadnoresistanc etooverc omeand
    thustheyc ouldmoreeasilyresp ondtogoalsandasp irationsoutside .
    Itisinterestingtonotethatinthep revioustestofC1 4 onp
    . 2 7 6 , SRc hoseB U
    whodidnotrec ip roc ate
    . Theremayhaveb een, however, alatentmutuality
    alreadythenb ec ausewhenthetestwasrep eatedshortlyb eforethep aroleof
    B Uthelatterformedamutualp airwithSR
    . Sinc eB Uwasgoneatthetime
    oftherunaway, herrelationship withSRrep resentsanotherp ullawayfrom
    theHudsonc ommunity
    .
    W
    CLEAVAGESINGROUPS
    STRUCTUREOFINTERRELATIONSB ETW EENTwoRACIALGROUPS
    CRITERION : LIVINGINPROXIMITY
    Thec hartindic atestheinterc hangedattitudesinresp ec ttolivingtogetherin
    thesamec ottageof2 3 c oloredgirlsand3 4 whitegirls . Ninewhiteandninec ol-
    oredgirlsformmutualp airs, wantingtob einthesamec ottagetogether .
    Eighteeninc omp atib lep airsareformedinwhic honep artyc hoosesanotherto
    livewithinthesamec ottage, theotherp artyeitherrej ec tingherorex p ressing
    indifferenc e . Thisisfurtherb rok endownasfollows : 5 c oloredgirlsc hoose6
    whitegirlswhorej ec tthem ; 6 whitegirlsc hoose6 c oloredgirlswhorej ec t
    them ; 1 c oloredgirlc hoosesawhitegirlwhoisindifferenttoher ; 5 whitegirls
    c hoose4 c oloredgirlswhoareindifferenttothem . Sevenc oloredgirlsc hoose
    whitegirlswhodonotresp ondatall . Onewhitegirlc hoosesac oloredgirlwho
    doesnotresp ondatall . Thep op ulationinwhic hthesoc iometric testrevealed
    theseinterrelationstoex istc onsistedof3 7 7 whiteand5 9c oloredgirls .
    3 98

    \VHOSHALL SURVIVE?
    ARUNAW AYPAIR
    Inthefallof 1 93 2 twogirlsranawayfromC1 4
    . B othgirls,
    Ruth
    ( SR) , 1 7 , andMarie( LS) , 1 6 , weredaughtersofforeign-
    b ornItalianp arentsandhadb eenb roughtup inItalianneighb or-
    hoodsoftwodifferentc itiesinNewYork State
    . Ruthwas
    marriedat1 4
    . Herhusb andwasunemp loyedandhadalong
    c ourtrec ord
    . Hep lac edherintoahouseofp rostitution
    . W hen
    shep rotestedheb eathersoseverelythatsheb ec ameunc onsc ious .
    Aftertwodaysinthehousesheranaway
    . Hewasarrestedand
    sentenc edandthemarriageannulled .
    ThereafterRuthdid
    domestic work foroneyear
    . Attheendofthisp eriodshec on-
    trac tedsyp hilisfromanotherItalian, ab ootleggerandrob b er, and
    ap p liedvoluntarilyforheradmissiontoHudson . Shewasafraid
    ofthetwomenwhohadb roughthermisfortuneb utretainedan
    affec tionforanotherItalianwhohadlivednex tdoortoher
    .
    Marie, ontheotherhand, hadhadnosex ualex p erienc e
    . She
    c amefromab rok enhome . Herp arentshadb eendivorc ed, eac h
    hadmarriedagain, andshehadlivedalternatelywitheac hofthem
    ex c ep tforap eriodoffiveyearsb etweentheagesof 8 and 1 3
    years, whenshewasp lac edinac onventsc hool
    . Herc ommitment
    toHudsonresultedc hieflyfromthep leaofhermotherthatshe
    wasinc orrigib le .
    Allrep ortsofthec onduc tofthetwogirlsinHudsonup to
    thetimeoftheirrunningaway, whic hwasafirstattemp t, had
    b eenex c ellent
    . Thesoc iometric c lassific ationofRuthinAugust,
    1 93 2 was
    SR. Formula1 :

    SR. Formula2
    inLout

    in L out
    sent

    sent

    2 - 6

    1 - 4
    rec eived

    rec eived

    o- 0

    7 - 0
    Marie' sc lassific ationofthatdatewas :
    LS
    . Formula1 :

    LS. Formula2 :
    inLout

    in L out
    sent

    sent

    2 - 4

    5 - 0
    rec eived

    1 4

    rec eived

    1 - 0

    4 - 1
    Thesoc iogramonp age
    3 96
    illustratesthesoc iometric p osition
    theyhadinHudsonshortlyb eforetheirrunaway
    . Thiswasone
    yearaftertheyhadc ometothesc hool
    . Thetestwasrep eatedafter
    CONDUCT

    3 99
    onemonthandrevealednob asic c hangeintheirresp ec tivep osi-
    tions . Ontheb asisoftheirc lassific ationwefoundthattheir
    p ositioninthec ommunityp redisp osedthemtorunaway . Their
    nameswerep lac edonthelistofsoc iometric reassignmentsto
    tak ep lac easaresultofourstudy . B eforetheirdesiredtransfer
    toanotherc ottagewasmadetheyranaway .
    Thesoc iogramindic atesthemutualattrac tionb etweenthetwo
    girls, SR, Ruth, andLS, Marie, inresp ec ttolivinginthesame
    c ottage
    . Theywerealsomutualfirstc hoic esforwork ingtogether .
    MariewasthefirstgirlwithwhomRuthb ec ameac q uaintedin
    C1 4 . Theirattrac tionap p earsdeep lyintrenc hedastheyb oth
    rej ec tthe same girlswithinthec ottage, RB , CNandB A . Itis
    signific antthatthegirlstheyrej ec taregenerallyrej ec tedwithin
    thegroup . TheoneothergirlwhomRuthlik es, B U, andwho
    c hoosesSRinturnintheretest( seeSoc iogramofARunaway
    Pair, p . 3 96 ) Mariealsolik es . W iththeoneex c ep tionofB U,
    whowasp aroledinSep temb er, b othgirlsrej ec torareindifferent
    toeventhosegirlsofthegroup whoareattrac tedtothem . Ruth
    rej ec tsthehousemother( I) andthek itc henoffic er ( II) , while
    Marieisindifferenttothem . Thetwogirlsformanisolatedp air
    intheirc ottageanditap p earsfromthemotivationsofthisc irc le
    ofp ersonsthatRuthusuallytook theleadindeterminingwhat
    attitudetheyshouldb othtak etowardsothers .
    W hereasRuth
    hasonemutualrelationship toagirlinanotherc ottage, SNofC7 ,
    thep ositionofMarieoutsideherc ottageismoreop enlyfriendly .
    Sheformsfourmutualp airswithgirlsinothergroup s
    . Her
    friendship withthec oloredgirl, RSinC1 2 gavetheonlyinstanc e
    forfric tionb etweenRuthandMarie .
    B othgirlsap p earedc utofffromthemainc urrents, b loc k ed,
    isolatedandlimitedtoeac hotherforB Uhadb ythistimeb een
    p aroled . InOc tob erRuthheardthroughanewgirlthatsome
    ofherb oy- friendswerestillthink ingofher . Thusthep rec ip itat-
    ingmotiveforrunningawaywasgiven . W hileanHallowe' en
    p artywasinp rogressinthec ottage, athirdgirlac tedas"dummy, "
    fainted, distrac tedtheattentionofthehousemotherandtheother
    girls, andRuthandMarieranaway .
    Theac tofrunningawayc anfreq uentlyb eforetoldandp re-
    ventivemeasurestak enifac arefulsoc iometric c lassific ationof
    eac hindividualofthep op ulationismadeatregularp eriods . Even
    4 0 0

    W HOSHALLSURVIVE
    ac hildinthec ommunityoutsidemayfeelp ressedtorunaway
    fromhisfamilyorfromthewholec omp lex ofp ersonalc onnec -
    tions, inc ludingthetowninwhic hhelives
    . W ithrareex c ep tions,
    thec hildinac losedc ommunitydevelop sreb elliousattitudes . W e
    differentiatethreec lassesofrunaways : First, individualswhoare
    unattac hedintheirgroup andrunawayfromtheir c ottage .
    Fre-
    q uentlytheyask forassignmenttoanothergroup andtryto
    sec ureitthroughvariousstrategies
    . Assoonastheyhaveamore
    favorab leadj ustmenttheirrestlessnessvanishesandtheysettle
    down . Theyarep otentialrunawaysuntilsuc hadj ustmenthas
    b eenmade . However, thereareisolatedandrej ec tedindividuals
    withinc ottagegroup swhodonotrunaway, astheyhaveattac h-
    mentstomemb ersofotherc ottagegroup s . Sec ond, individuals
    whorunawayfromthec ommunityasawhole . Theyarec ut
    offandb loc k ednotonlyintheirc ottagegroup , b utinreferenc e
    tootherac tivitiesofthec ommunityaswell . Ifc lassific ationsig-
    nifiesthisp ositioninaninitialstage, motivationsforattac hment
    tothec ottageshouldb edevelop edasp reventivemeasures . The
    adj ustmentofthesec asesisdiffic ult . Third, individualswhorun
    awayb ysuddenimp ulse . B utindividualswhoap p eartob eim-
    p ulsiverunawayswerefoundtohaveanex p lanationfortheir
    ac tionintheirsoc iometric p osition
    ; theirsp ontaneousac tionwas
    foundtob eintimatelyinterwovenwiththesetting . Often, aswe
    haveseeninthec aseofRuth, thesoc iometric p ositionofanindi-
    vidualinthetownwhereshec omesfromandtheemotionalc ur-
    rentstowhic hshehadb eenrelatedinthep asthavetob estudied
    p arallelwiththoseoftheimmediatec ommunity .
    RACE
    Theq uestionmayariseifitisp ossib lethroughthestudyof
    theorganiz ationofagivenc ommunitytoforetellinadvanc enot
    onlyb ehaviorreac tions, asrunningaway, b utgreateroutb reak s
    involvingagroup ofp ersonswhic hc anb everyharmfultooneor
    anotherp artofthep op ulation . W ehaveshownthatitisp ossib le
    torec ogniz eearlysignswhic hp redisp osedtosuc hdisturb anc es
    withinthegroup organiz ationofthec ommunity . Up tothe
    adventofsoc iometric methodseithertheindividualwasstudied
    unrelatedtothec ommunityasawhole, oramassunrelatedtoeac h
    individualofwhic hitc onsists . B uttheap p lic ationofsoc iometry
    CONDUCT

    4 01
    tothep rob lemrevealsthesoc iometric struc tureofthec ommunity
    andthep syc hologic alp ositionof eac h
    individualwithinamass ;
    ittrac esthroughthenumerousinterac tionsofsp ec ific individuals
    thep redisp osingz onesoutofwhic hsp ontaneousmassreac tions
    ariseandthesub seq uent, gradualdevelop mentofsuc hreac tions .
    Suc haz oneinminiaturewhic hex istedoverasix months'
    p eriodwasstudiedwithinasec tionofthec oloredp op ulationin
    Hudson .
    TheB eginningoftheResearc h
    Thec oloredp op ulationwashousedinC9andC1 2 . C9hada
    c oloredhousemother, C1 2 awhitehousemother . Attheb eginning
    ofourresearc hthesoc iometric testdisc losedtheorganiz ationof
    C9andC1 2 ; thelatterisc hartedonasoc iogramonp . 2 7 4 . In
    C1 2 , inthec enterof1 5 attrac tionswithinap op ulationof3 3
    girlswereSusan( LW ) andSarah ( W T) . Mutualattrac tion
    wasindic atedb etweenthem . AlthoughSarahW Trec eivedmore
    c hoic esthanSusanLW andshewas, moreoverinmutualrelation
    withanotherstar( AA) whoc ap turedanother7 c hoic es, astudy
    ofthemotivations, ofsp ontaneityandroletestingrevealedthat
    SusanLW wasthedominantp artnerintheirrelationship . Thus,
    Susanwastheac tualleaderofthegroup . Sherej ec tednineinher
    group . Theanalysisofthesp ontaneousinterac tionsofthesenine
    withhershowedfearastheleadingemotion . Charac teristic for
    herp ositionisamutualrej ec tionb etweenherandJaneMS. Jane,
    whohadthehighestI . Q . ( 1 1 6 ) ofthegroup andwasthemost
    advanc edstudent, wasisolatedandrej ec tedb ythegroup , ex c ep t
    foroneattrac tionfromanewc omer( GO)
    .
    InC9, notc harted
    amongtheindividualc ottages, b esidesthreek ey- individuals, Eliz a-
    b eth( PA) isthec enterofattrac tionandleadsthegroup . The
    map indic atingtherelationswithintheentirep op ulation( Soc io-
    metric Geograp hyofaCommunity, No . III) dep ic tsnumerous
    rej ec tionsb etweenC9andC1 2 .
    Thisap p earedtob erelatedin
    p arttotherelationsb etweenthetwohousemothers, oneof
    whomwasc oloredandonewhite, andwhorej ec teac hother
    .
    Thec oloredgroup sc enteringaroundSusanLW andEliz ab eth
    PAwerealsoshownintheirwork unitstoc enteraroundthese
    twogirlsandduringthetimetheyheldsuc hp ositionsnoserious
    disturb anc esarose .
    4 02

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    FourMonthsLater
    Routinemonthlytestingofthep op ulationduringthenex tfour
    monthsdidnotrevealanyalarmingc hangeinthec oloredgroup
    organiz ations . B utattheendofthisp eriodSusanLW and
    SarahW Thadb eenp aroledandanumb erofnewc omershad
    entered, amongthemStellaDR. Thetwogroup swereretested
    afterfourmonthsandthegroup organiz ationof
    C1 2 showed
    maj orc hanges . Noindividualnowc enterstheattrac tionsof
    thegroup . Thegroup ap p earsdec entraliz edintosix fac tions
    .
    Theonlyc onsistentfac toristherelationofthegroup toJane .
    Fourgirlsareattrac tedtoherb utallfourhaveinsignific antp osi-
    tionswithinthegroup . Sheisrej ec tedb y 1 2 , 1 1 ofwhomare
    formeradherentsofSusanorofSarah . Themotivationsofthe
    girlsinterp retthisasthep ositionofarej ec tedleader
    . Sp on-
    taneityandroletestsofJaneandthe1 2 whorej ec therdemon-
    stratedthatinninec asesthereasonb ehindtherej ec tionwasanger
    atherideathatsheisb etterthantheyare . Stella' sp ositionis
    inc onsp ic uous . Sherej ec tsandisrej ec tedb yPhilaminaLR,
    whoisalsoherc owork erinthesteamlaundry, andb yJane . Two
    otherc owork ers, HildaGRandRosalieCV, wanttolivewith
    her . C9alsoshowsamaj orc hangeinorganiz ation . Thehouse-
    motherherselfhastak enthep lac eofEliz ab eth, whohadb een
    p aroled, andisthec enterofnumerousattrac tions . Inneither
    homegroup c ouldanyalarmingstruc tureb etrac ed .
    However, whenwetestedthec oloredwork group satthistime,
    wemetinthesteamlaundrywithanorganiz ationofrelationship s
    whic h, ac c ordingtoourex p erienc e, indic atedp redisp osing
    groundsforseriousdisturb anc e . Agroup ofsevengirls, allfrom
    C1 2 , StellaDR, PhilaminaLIZ , EstherGM, HildaGR, Myrtle
    W L, RosalieCVandLillianFRwereoc c up iedinthiswork unit .
    Theorganiz ationofthisgroup asrevealedb ythesoc iometric test
    isc hartedinthesoc iogramonp
    .
    2 81 . StellaDRandPhilamina
    LIZ , thetwofeeders, rej ec teac hother. HildaGRandMyrtle
    W L, thetwoc atc hers, rej ec teac hother. MyrtleW Lrej ec tsthe
    feederop p ositeher, PhilaminaLR. LillianFRandRosalieCV,
    thetwofolders, attrac teac hotherandrej ec tMyrtleW L. Esther
    GM, theshak er, isattrac tedtoRosalieCVandrej ec tsHildaGR .
    HildaGRisattrac tedtothefeederop p ositeher, StellaDRand
    CONDUCT

    4 03
    thelatterisattrac tedtoLillianFRandrej ec tedb yMyrtleW L
    .
    EstherGM, StellaDR, HildaGRandLillianFRrej ec tthefore-
    woman, b utonlyStellaDRisrej ec tedb yher . PhilaminaLIZ ,
    MyrtleW LandRosalieCVareattrac tedtoherandshelik es
    them
    . Motivations, inb rief, were : Philaminastatessheisafraid
    ofStellab ec auseshehashither
    . Stellastates, "Philaminais
    againstus ; shesidesinwithMiss0 . " HildaisagainstMyrtle
    b ec ausesheisagainstStella . Myrtleop p osesHildab ec ause
    "Hildaalwaysthink sStellaisj ustrightevenwhensheup setsour
    j ob . "Lilliansays, "StellawantsRosalietoj oinherinmak ing
    tric k sagainstMiss0 . , b utshelistenstomeandwon' tdoit . "
    Rosaliesays, "Stellaisagoodfighter ; shewilltak etheb lame
    foryou, b utLillianalwayshelp smewiththework . " Estherlik es
    Lillianb ec ause"Sheisdec entanddoesn' ttalk against white
    p eop lelik eStelladoes, "anddislik esHildab ec ause"Sheisdumb ;
    shelistenstothec raz iestthingsStellawantshertodo
    . " Myrtle
    rej ec tsPhilaminab ec ause"SheisfriendswithJaneMSandtells
    everythingwedointhelaundrytoher, andthenJanetellsour
    housemother . "LillianandRosaliedislik eMyrtleas"Sheistoo
    friendlywithwhitegirls . "Stelladislik estheforewoman : "Ifshe
    hastostop themac hineshesaysit' smyfault . Shealwaysthink s
    thatI' llhurtmyselfifIj ustgofastaroundthemac hinetohelp
    Rosalie . " Hildasays, "Sheb lamesmeandStellathatwedon' t
    listentoherandwedosolisten . " EstherandRosaliedislik eher
    b utdonot"k nowwhy . " Theforewomansaid, "Ilik ethemall
    ex c ep tthatStella
    ; sheisdefiant, stub b orn, andalwaysstirringup
    otherstosomemisc hief . "
    FourW eek sLater
    Retestingofthesteamlaundrygroup revealedStellaDRas
    thec enterofallattrac tionsex c ep tfromPhilaminaLR
    .
    Sheand
    Stellarej ec teac hother . Allb utPhilaminarej ec ttheforewoman,
    ( seesoc iogramonp . 2 82 ) .
    Predisp osingCauses
    Thesoc iometric testofthesteamlaundryrevealedagroup
    formationinitsinitialstagec enteringaround Stella . The
    situationdep ic tedinthesoc iogramandthemotivations given
    4 0 4

    \tiHOSHALLSURVIVE?
    b ythesevengirlssuggestedac onflic tex istingb etweenEsther
    GMandHildaGRversusPhilaminaLRandMyrtleW L, and
    inc omp atib lerelationsb etweenb othp airsandtheforewoman,
    p redisp osingthesoilforStella . EstherGMandHildaGRhad
    oftenfeltagrudgeagainsttheforewomanwhohadc ensuredthem
    whentheywerec arelessandslow . AlthoughEstherrej ec tsHilda
    theyb othrej ec ttheforewoman . MyrtleW ILandPhilaminaLIZ
    op p osedEstherGMandHildaGR ; theyhadb eeninthesteam
    laundryb eforethelattertwoandlik edtheforewoman ; although
    Philaminaalsolik esEstherGM, b othsheandMyrtlesidemostly
    withtheforewomaninanargument . Theforewoman, however,
    wasab letooffsettheirc onflic t .
    Itisintothissituationthat
    Stellaentered . Asshehadtheimp udenc etoridic ulethe"white"
    forewomanb ehindherb ac k andtoc hallengetheotherstoac t
    similarly, shesuc c eededsofarthatEsther, HildaandLillian
    j oinedwithherimmediatelyandemulatedherac tion . They
    agreedc ollec tivelyup onanattitudeofinsurgenc e . W henthe
    testwasrep eatedfourweek slater, allsidedwithStellaex c ep t
    Philamina, whowasherp artnerinfeedingthesteamroller . Stella
    p ersistedinwork ingashermooddic tated- oftentoorap idlyor
    tooslowlyforPhilaminatoc oop eratewithher . Then, onthe
    othersideofthemac hine, HildaandMyrtle, thec atc hers, were
    rushedandc onfusedorsimp lyidle . Sometimesafterq uarrels
    withPhilamina, Stellastop p edwork ingaltogether
    . Atother
    timesshefedthemac hinetoomanyartic lesatonc e, ranaround
    it, andgrab b edthemb eforetheyc ouldb ec omec aughtandtieup
    themac hine. B utindoingthisshemadesuc hagameofthe
    p roc essb ytossingherhandsintotherollinghotmac hinethatshe
    endangeredherself .
    Thetestingofthec ottagegroup C1 2 failedtodisc loseany
    disturb anc eatthattimeasc omingfromStellaandhergroup ;
    theenmityb etweenherandPhilaminahadnotyetp enetrated
    thec ottagesituation . B utup ontheb asisofthefindingsinthe
    testofthesteamlaundrywefearedalargerdisturb anc ewithin
    thec oloredp op ulationofC1 2 ifnothingweredonetoc hec k its
    sp read . W ithap op ulationof3 3 , C1 2 disc losedatthistime2 8
    disagreeingorinc omp atib lep airs, morethananyotherhome
    group inthec ommunity . Duetoitsintrovertedorganiz ation
    CONDUCT

    4 05
    fric tionsinvolvingitsmemb erswerec onc entrated inside thec ot-
    tage . Ithadb eenwithoutaleadersinc ethep aroleofSusan . B oth
    c oloredc ottagesinHudsonfavoredanorganiz ationwithone
    leader, followingherb lindlywhateverc ourseshetook . W hen
    SusanandSarahwerep aroled, itwasex p ec tedthatJane, themost
    intelligentgirlinC1 2 , wouldc omeintotheirp ositionofleader-
    ship . W hileshedevelop edthetrustofthehousemother, thegroup
    p ersistentlyrej ec tedherandsheinturnrej ec tedthem . Theor-
    ganiz ationwaslooseandrap idlydisintegrating
    .
    Itwasinthisp eriodthatStellac ametoHudsonandwasas-
    signedtoC1 2 . Stellamix edwithgirlswhodisagreedwithJane
    andsheandJaneb egantoq uarrelfromthestart . Thegroup in
    thesteamlaundryhadc rystalliz edaroundStellaasleaderand
    wasvaguelydirec tedattheforewoman .
    Itc ouldb eex p ec ted
    thatthesameindividualswouldb indthemselvestogetherintoa
    similarattitudetowardsthewhitehousemother
    . Itwasaz oneof
    c hronic emotionalex c itation .
    Theorganiz ationofthetwoc ottagegroup s, b esidestheeffec t
    oftheemotionaldifferenc esdesc rib ed, wasinfluenc edb yatti-
    tudestowardsrac ialdifferenc esamongitsownmemb ers . The
    girlsdisc riminatedamongthemselvesinfavorofthedark est
    c oloredgirlsandindisfavorofthelightc oloredgirls, whonum-
    b eredab out 1 0% ofthegroup inC1 2 , wheneveranyoc c asion
    aroseforanop p ortunitytodoso . Itisinthisresp ec tc harac ter-
    istic thattheleadersinb othc ottageswereamongthedark est
    c oloredgirls, andthatJane, whowasamongthelightc olored,
    wasthemorerej ec tedthemoresheofferedherc ounsel .
    Also,
    theassoc iationwiththewhitehousemother, whic hhadmade
    SusanandEliz ab eththemoreimp ortantintheireyes, madeJane
    anoutc ast . Thesetwop olesintherac ialc urrentweseefurther
    reflec tedintheorganiz ationofthegroup , thelightc oloredgirls
    havingp ositionsinthesidec urrentsonly .
    Inac ertainsuc c ession, thep remonitorysymp tomsap p eared,
    asinthec ourseofadisease, and"c alledfor"p reventivemeasures .
    W esuggestedtheassignmentofStellafromthesteamlaundryto
    anotherwork group
    . Thisassignmenttook p lac eoneweek after
    thesec ondtestofherp osition .
    Theloc algroup inthelaundry
    wasthusb rok enup andthec onduc tb ec amesatisfac tory .
    Asoc iometric testgiventhreeweek sb eforetheoutb reak
    4 06

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    disc losed that the
    home organiz ation of C1 2 hadundergone
    maj orc hanges : Stellaisnowthec enterof1 2 attrac tions ; Jane
    isthec enterof1 5 rej ec tions
    ; Stellarej ec tsthehousemotherand
    Jane ; Janeandthehousemotheraremutuallyattrac tedtoeac h
    other. Thenuc leusofthegangaroundStellaisp artlymadeup
    ofherformerc owork ersinthelaundry, andeightofthemare
    amongthosewhorej ec tJane . ThemotivationsrevealthatJane
    isridic uledforherfriendship withawhitegirlinC2 , aswellas
    forherp artic ularattentiontothehousemother . Numerouslittle
    offensesagainstthec oloredgirl' ssensitivenessofherrac e, as
    indic atedinthemotivations, c enteraroundthisp oint( rac ial
    c urrent) . Thec urrenttravelledrap idlythroughtheex isting
    network inwhic hC9, C1 2 andp artofC1 5 p artic ip ated
    .
    Prec ip itatingCauses
    1
    . ThehousemotherofC1 2 goesonvac ation . Asub stitute
    tak esherp lac e .
    2 . Duringthenex tfewdaysnumerousminordisturb anc es
    oc c urinthehouse .
    3 . Stella' smothervisitsher . AftersheleavesJanesaysin
    thep resenc eofothergirls
    : "Stella' smotherisallright, b ut
    sheisb igandb lac k andslop p y . " Stellahearsoftheinc ident
    throughherfollowersandc onfrontsJane . Janedenieshaving
    saidit .
    FinalPhase
    Thenex tdaywasc ritic al . Twenty- six girlsofthep op ulation
    of3 5 girlssidedwithStellaagainstJane, whomight, infac talso
    havesaidab outtheirownmotherthatsheis"b lac k andslop p y . "
    TheyfeltStellaj ustifiedindefendinghermotherandherrac e .
    Six ofthemheldrep eatedc ounc ilswithStella( fourofthese
    girlswork edinthesteamlaundrygroup ) . Stellawenttob eat
    Janeup . Janeranintoherroomandhadanothergirlloc k herin .
    Stellaandhergangrushedtothehousemotheranddemandedthe
    k eytogetintoJane' sroom . Thehousemothersawthatthey
    hadsc issorsandotherob j ec ts . Sheandtheotheroffic ersat-
    temp tedtoq uietthem . Fromthismomentonthefightaimedat
    Janeturnedtowardsthehousemotherandallwhoc ametoheraid .
    CONDUCT

    4 07
    Theystartedtoyellandtob reak c hairs, desk s, tab les, glasses,
    lamp s, everythingthatwasathand
    .
    Itb ec omesevident,
    first, thattheex c itementwasinitsdetailed
    formationdep endentup onthesoc iometric organiz ationofthe
    group sandup onthesoc iometric organiz ationofthec ommunityin
    whic htheindividualswhohaveap p earedasc hiefac torsinthe
    inc identhadp artic ip ated . Sec ond, thatitisp ossib letorevealthe
    develop mentoftheseorganiz ationsfromstep tostep inresp ec t
    toeac hindividualc onc ernedandthattheseorganiz ationsthem-
    selveshaveac tedasp redisp osingc auses . Third, thattheoutb urst
    wasnotamassreac tioninthemassp yc hologic alsense, b utthe
    endp haseintheinterac tionofmanyindividualswithinthegiven
    c ommunityinwhic heac hindividualhadadefinab lep ositionand
    ac tedunderadefinab lep syc hologic alp ressure ; thattheshort- c ut
    emotionsandattitudes, asj ealousy, hatred, rac ialinferiority
    feelings, andsoon, develop edvisib lyfromsimp ler, lessdif-
    ferentiatedtomorehighlydifferentiatedformsuntiltheyc on-
    solidatedintothesoc ialrolesintheendresult . Fourth, that
    numerousminute, sp ontaneousattitudesinmanyindividualsand
    theirinterac tionswerec ontinuouslyp enetratingthec ollec tivesof
    whic htheywereap art .
    RACIALQUOTIENT
    Inthec ourseofthesoc iometric c lassific ationofthegiven
    c ommunitywefoundthattheinc reaseinitsp op ulationwas
    c hieflyoftwok inds .
    First, thearrivalofindividualswhoare
    ofthesameethnic k indasthemaj ority, eventhoughasindividuals
    theymayb ewidelydistinguishedfromoneanother ; sec ond, indi-
    vidualswhoarenotofthesameethnic k indasthemaj orityand
    whoap p arentlyforthisreasonareinc linedtoj oinwithothersof
    thesamenationalityandsoc ialc harac terintheformingofa
    c ollec tive
    . W ehaveseenthathomogeneousp op ulationmayb e
    homogeneousinac ertainresp ec twithoutitsmemb ersb eing
    awareofitandwithouthomogeneityb ec omingasoc ialfac tor .
    Forinstanc e, ap op ulationc onsistingofmanynationalitiesofthe
    whiterac e, heterogeneousinmanyresp ec ts, suddenlyb eginsto
    distinguishitselfasb elongingtogetherassoonasagroup of
    c oloredmemb ersarriveandresideinthatc ommunity
    . Itis, there-
    fore, imp ortanttorec ogniz ethatthesamegroup mayb ehomo-
    4 0 8
    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    geneousinsomeresp ec tsandheterogeneousinothers, andthatno
    advanc eismadeinthek nowledgeofagroup aslongasitsorgan-
    iz ationisnotunc overedinresp ec ttothesedifferenc es .
    Inc hemistrywec allasolution"saturated"whenitc anremain
    undergivenc onditionsinthep resenc eofanex c essofthedis-
    solvedsub stanc e .
    Similarly, thereisasoc iometric "p ointof
    saturation"ofasp ec ific homogeneousgroup forasp ec ific other
    c ontrastingelementundergivenc onditions . Inthec aseofa
    c hemic alsolutionitsp ointofsaturationforac ertainsub stanc e
    mayc hange, forinstanc e, withthefallorriseoftemp erature . In
    thec aseofsoc ialgroup sthep ointofsaturationmayc hangewith
    theorganiz ationoftheinterrelatedgroup s .
    Ask etc hofac ommunitysituationmayc larifythisc ontention .
    Agroup ofNegroesmigratesintoawhitec ommunity . Thesitua-
    tionarisingc anb elook edatfromthreeangles
    : theorganiz ation
    ofthewhitep op ulation, theorganiz ationoftheinc omingNegro
    group , andthep syc hologic alc urrentsdevelop ingfromtheirinter-
    ac tion
    . Up toac ertainlimittheinflux ofNegroesmaynotp ro-
    duc eanyap p arentdisc ord . B utassoonassuc h alimit isp assed
    variousdisturb anc esb egin . B eforetheimmigrationoftheNegro
    group thewhitec ommunityenj oyedac ertaindegreeofec onomic
    p rosp erity . Agreatp artofitsmemb ersdesiredmoreleisureat
    thesametime . TheNegrogroup , b einginec onomic misery, were
    ab letosatisfyadoub lewantofthewhitep op ulation, c heap lab or
    andmoreleisure, withtheac c omp anyingdistinc tionofthewhite
    menandwomentob eregardedandregardingthemselvesas
    sup erior . Thedesirefordistinc tionwassatisfieduntilthenb y
    somep artofthewhitep op ulationwhowerememb ersofthe
    domestic c lassandc ommonlab orers . ThenewlyarrivedNegro
    group c ontrib utedtowardsthec omp ensationofthesedifferenc es
    withinthewhitep op ulationitself . Allwhitemenandwomen
    b ec amethenunitedinresp ec ttothisonething, tofeelsup eriorto
    anddistinc tfromtheNegrogroup . Aslongasonlythisc omp lex
    enteredintothesituation, awarmsoc ialc urrentdevelop edb e-
    tweenthetworac es . B utthep rob lemwasfarfromb eingso
    simp le . Thesex ualfac torwasanotheravenueaffec tingthe
    organiz ationinthewhitec ommunity . Thenumb erofmenwas
    fewerthanthenumb erofwomen . Italianimmigrantshadmi-
    gratedintothisc ommunityhalfac enturyb eforeandhaddomin-
    CONDUCT

    4 09
    atedtherac ialmix ture . Ontheotherhand, theNegrogroup was
    inasc endanc e, relativelyunex haustedandsuffic ientlyintermix ed
    withthewhitetob ec omeattrac tiveatleasttosomep artsofthe
    whitep op ulationandtob eattrac tedb ythem . Thisp ic tureofa
    c ommunityisc ertainlyb ec omingfullrealityinmanyothertowns
    oftheUnitedStatestoday, whethertheimmigrantsareNegroes,
    Italians, Sp aniards, orwhatever
    .
    Throughthesoc iometric testaninstrumentisp rovidedtogo
    b eyondthesesymb olsandtoasc ertaintheac tualrelations . Itin-
    formsusab outthesoc ioec onomic c urrentsattrac tingandsep arat-
    ingthetwoethnic group s . Itinformsusab outtheintersex ual
    c hoic eb etweenmemb ersofthetwodifferentgroup s, b etweenthe
    whitemenandthec oloredwomen, thewhitewomenandthe
    c oloredmen
    . Itinformsus, sec ond, ab outthec urrentsofrep ulsion
    whic hinc onseq uenc edevelop automatic allyassoonasagroup of
    whitewomenisarousedattheintrusionofthec oloredoragroup
    ofwhitemenisinc ensedb ytherelationsofc oloredmentowhite
    women . Thesesex ualaffinitiesanddisaffinitiesp roduc eaneffec t
    up ontheorganiz ationofb othgroup s, thesex ualc urrentsdraw-
    ingthemtogetherandtheinterrac ialc urrentsdrawingthem
    ap art . Inthec ourseoftimethesep roc essesb ringab outfurther
    c omp lic ations . Ifthetwogroup saremix edinsc hoolandwork -
    shop s, eveniftheirresp ec tivehomesareloc atedindifferent
    b oroughs, soc ialandc ulturalc urrentsdevelop amongthemwhic h
    maytendp artiallytooffsettheinterrac ialc urrentsdesc rib ed
    .
    Throughsoc iometric c lassific ationtheroleofleadership within
    group sc analsob easc ertained
    . Soc ialgroup sdevelop leader-
    individualsusuallyinp rop ortiontotheirneeds . Ateverylevel
    ofgroup develop menttheyhavetheirownleaders
    . B utonc ea
    homogeneousgroup hasreac hedac ertainstab ilityitmaytend
    towardsanintrovertedgroup organiz ation, andwiththisitsp oint
    ofsaturationforleader- individualsisc omp arativelylow
    . Suc ha
    homogeneous, c onservinggroup c anb erunwithaminimumof
    leadership .
    Ifanoverp roduc tionofleader- individualsdevelop s
    withinthegroup seriousdisturb anc esinthep syc hologic alb alanc e
    ofthegroup maydevelop . Ifasurp lusofleader- individualde-
    velop s, anumb erofthemremainisolated, dep rivedofhavinga
    p artinthep syc hologic alc urrentswhic hc irc ulatethroughoutthe
    c ommunity
    . Theyb rooddisc ontent, p roduc efac tionsandstirto
    4 1 0

    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    aggression. Theintrusionofac ontrastingrac ialgroup intoa
    c ommunityoftenstimulatessuc hadevelop ment ; forinstanc e, if
    theintrudergroup p roduc esmoreleader- individualsthanthey
    needforthemselvesandthesurp lusswamp sthenativep op ula-
    tion . Asoc iogramofsuc hasituationvisualiz esthefollowing
    p ic ture : W eseeanativeandaforeignleadergroup , b othat-
    temp tingtosub ordinateandex p loitthedep endentgroup softhe
    nativep op ulation . Inalaterstageinterrac ialc urrentsofaggres-
    siondevelop , firstb etweenthenativeleadergroup sandtheforeign
    leadergroup s, thenb etweentheentirenativep op ulationandthe
    foreignleadergroup . Inafinalstagethec onflic tengulfsb oth
    thenativeandtheforeignp op ulation . Itisthroughsuc hanalysis
    thatweareab letounderstandc onflic tsituationsastheoneb e-
    tweenGermansandJews .
    Itisfinallyp ossib letob ringthep ointofsaturationofgroup s
    andtheex p ansivenessofitsindividualmemb ersunderac ommon
    denominator
    .
    W ehaveob servedthatemotionalex p ansiveness
    ofanindividualislargestinresp ec ttohomogeneouslyorganiz ed
    c ollec tives . Evidently, whenadj ustmenttoafewsuc helements
    haveb eensuc c essful, minimalfurthereffortonlyisnec essaryin
    theadj ustmenttoother, similarindividuals .
    B utwehaveseen
    thattheemotionalex p ansivenessofanindividual, thatis, the
    numb erofindividualswhomheisab letounderstandandtoadj ust
    himselfto, b ec omesthesmallerthemorec ontrastingelementsenter
    intothegroup andthemoresharp lytheyvaryfromeac hother .
    Thelowrangeofemotionalex p ansivenessmayrep eatitselfwith
    everymemb erofthehomogeneousgroup inregardtothec ontrast-
    ingelementswhic hhaveenteredintoit . Theywouldp referto
    distrib utetheiremotionsamongindividualswithwhomtheyc an
    mosteasilyassoc iateandtheymayb eunab leorrefusetoex p and
    towardsindividualswithwhomitismorediffic ultforthemto
    assoc iate . Fromthesoc ialinterac tionofthememb ersandtheir
    emotionalex p ansivenessagroup ex p ressionresults, itsp ointof
    saturationforac ertainc ontrastingrac ialelement, itsrac ial
    q uotient .
    SEX
    Thep erc entageofinter- sex ualattrac tionsinthec lassesofb oys
    andgirlsinthe8thgradeofthePub lic Sc hoolunderstudywas
    p erc entageofattrac tionsofgirlstogirlsinHudsoningroup sof
    thesameagelevelasthese8thgradep up ilswasfoundtob e80% .
    Thep erc entageofattrac tionsofb oystob oysinap rep aratory
    sc hoolingroup satthisagelevelshowedaneq uallyhighfigure,
    82 % . Inmix edgroup sthep ossib ilityofinter- sex ualattrac tions
    dec reasesthenumb erofhomosex ualattrac tions, whereasinuni-
    sex edgroup stheab senc eofinter- sex ualattrac tionsinc reasesthe
    numb erofhomosex ualattrac tions . W ithinthefirstfourtosix
    week safterarrivalinHudsontheattrac tionsofthenewgirlswere
    7 0- 7 5 %,
    thep erc entageofindifferenc eb eing2 5 - 3 0%
    .
    After
    thisp eriodthep erc entageofindifferenc erap idlydec reased .
    Thesec urrentsriseandfall, dep endingup ontheagelevelof
    thememb ers, thelengthoftimethememb ersb elongtothegroup ,
    thevolumeofac q uaintanc eseac hmemb erac q uires, andother
    fac tors . Itb ec ameevident( seeAc q uaintanc eIndex , p . 2 88) that
    thelargerthevolumeofac q uaintanc esofeac handallmemb ersof
    ac ommunitythegreaterthenumb erofattrac tionsandthegreater
    isthep ossib ilityoffindingfoc iofreleasefortheiremotionalex -
    p ansiveness . Inc onseq uenc e, ac ommunityb ec omestheb etter
    c onsolidatedandthememb ersb ec ometheb etterintegratedwithin
    it . Inturn, themorelimitedthenumb erofac q uaintanc esofeac h
    andallthememb ersofthec ommunity, themorerestrainedisthe
    ex erc iseoftheiremotionalinterestandthesmalleristhevolume
    ofattrac tionsandrej ec tions
    . Inc onseq uenc eofthismanymem-
    b ersarenotheldtothec ommunityb ythesoc ialc urrents .
    Thegreaterthesup p ressionofindividualstop reventtheir
    meetingotherindividualswhomtheylik ethegreaterb ec omesthe
    urgetoc ommunic atewiththeminsomeway . Oneofthemost
    interestingformsofc ommunic ationinac losedc ommunityisthe
    sec retletter, thelovenote
    . Althoughtherestric tionsimp osedup on
    thegirlsinHudsonaremuc hgreaterthaninanyp rivateb oarding
    sc hoolforgirls, thelargevolumeoflovenotesc annotb eex p lained
    onlyb ytheamountofrestraintimp osedup onthem . Thetex tof
    thesenotesvariesfrominsignific ant, simp leandhumanex p res-
    sionsofaffec tionorp oetic andidealistic c ontentstostark sex ual
    c ommunic ations .
    Thestudyofthep eriodoftimewhic hp asses
    b eforethenewc omerrec eivesherfirstnoteorwritesherinitial
    one, thenumb erandk indofindividualswithwhomsheisin-
    CONDUCT 4 1 1
    1 87 o ; thep erc entageofhomosex ualattrac tionswas82 % .
    The
    4 1 2
    W HO SHALL SURVIVE?
    volvedinthismanner, thevolumeofnotesshep roduc es, have
    givenusaninsightintothismostinfec tiousp syc hologic alp he-
    nomenon . Itap p earstob e
    a normal reac tiontoasex uallyhighly
    sensitiz edenvironment
    . W efoundtruehomosex ualityveryrare
    andwehavenotfoundonec aseinwhic hitdevelop edb ec auseof
    thec onduc tdesc rib ed .
    Throughtherolep layingtestandthe
    analysisoflettersaformofattrac tionc ametoourattentionwhic h,
    asfaraswek now, hasneverb eenanalyz edintheliterature
    . This
    istheoddsex ualattrac tionofwhitegirlstoc oloredgirlsinc om-
    munitieslik eHudson
    . Inthesoc iometric testgiventotheentire
    p op ulationofHudsoninresp ec ttothec riterionoflivinginp rox -
    imity, only8%ofthewhitep op ulationc hosec oloredand3 6 %
    ofthec oloredgirlsc hosewhite
    . B utwhenweanalyz edthe
    volumeoflovelettersguidedb ythec riterion"W hoiswriting
    lovenotestowhom? "( asortofc oldac tuarysoc iometric test)
    asex ualsoc iogramresultedwhic hshowedtheratioofattrac tion
    ofthewhiteforthec oloredgirlstob eseveraltimeslargerthan
    ap p earedonthehomesoc iograms
    . Thisdisc rep anc ymayb e
    c ausedb yvariousfac tors
    . B einga"Niggerlover"wasc onsidered
    inthisc ommunitythelowestformofb ehavior
    . Thehomec ri-
    terionwasnotsuitab leforthisp urp oseb ec ausethelivingq uarters
    forwhiteandc oloredgirlswerestric tlysep aratedhere
    .
    The"Crush"
    Amongthenormalandtoleratedformsattrac tiontak esb etween
    adolesc entgirlsthereisonep hasewhic hhasoftenalluredthe
    fantasyofp oets . Soonafterafirstmeetingtheyfallintofeverish
    c ourtship ofeac hother, vowthattheywillb efriendsforever,
    dreamandp lantogether, c onfidetheirdeep estsec rets
    . Thisis
    the"c rush. "
    Ininstitutionsforgirlswherenootheroutletsforthep layof
    sex ualenergiesaregiven, these"c rushes"oftentak eonamore
    ac tiveandex aggeratedform .
    Theyaremoreac tiveandex ag-
    gerated, notnec essarilyb ec ausetheindividualgirlsaresex ually
    moresensitive, b utb ec auseoftwoc irc umstantialfac tors .
    Oneisthehomosex ualp atternwhic hdominatesthec ommunity ;
    theother, thegreaterrivalrydisp layedwhenthesamegirlisthe
    ob j ec tofseveralgirls' attention .
    CONDUCT

    4 1 3
    Aslongasthesec rushesoc c urwithinthewhitep op ulation
    theireffec tup onc onduc tissimilartothatoutsideintheop en
    c ommunity .
    Theformswhic hsex ualinterac tiontak esarein
    p rinc ip lethesame . B utitisdifferentandwithoutp arallelina
    normalenvironmentwhenwhitegirlshavec rushesonc olored
    girls, notonlyasindividuals, b utc ollec tively
    enmasse . Thisform
    ofc rushgreatlyoutdoesinintensity, variab ilityofattitudes, and
    effec tup onc onduc tthefanc yofawhitegirlforanotherwhite
    girl. Itisap aradox ic alp henomenon .
    W ehaverarelyfoundthisb iz arreformofb ehaviortob e
    mutual . Itisaone- sidedattrac tionofthewhitegirltothe
    c olored . Thewhitegirlgoesthroughallthegesturesofc ourt-
    ship , sendsnotes, mak esdates, andtriestok eep hermysterious
    c onduc tsec ret . Hermindisdeep lyp reoc c up ied ; sheneglec ts
    sc hoolstudies, work , andeventhethoughtofrunningaway .
    As
    longasitlasts, sheisasifinatranc e . Later, afterithasfaded
    out, shelaughswhenshethink sofitandc annotunderstandwhy
    sheac tedso"foolish . "Sometimestwowhitegirlswork inp airs,
    oneb eingtheletterc arrierfortheotherand"in"onthesec ret .
    Nothingseemstodeterthem- neitherthehousemother' sc ritic ism
    norreb uffsofothergirlswhodesp iseandp ub lic iz etheirc onduc t .
    Thec oloredgirlp laysadifferentroleinthisgame . Sheis
    thesub j ec tadoredandrarelythewooer . Shefreq uentlytak es
    p rideintheonstormofattentionandinthisp rideismingled
    thesatisfac tionofamoresub duedrac ewhic hmak esa"c on-
    q uest . " W hileovertlysheresp ondswithaffec tionshealmost
    invariab lyridic ulesthec ourtship . Shegetsfunoutofitthrough
    showingthenotesandgiftstoherc oloredfriendsb ec auseitsatis-
    fiesnotonlyherselfastheindividualrec eivingsomuc hattention,
    b uttherac ialinstinc toftheentiregroup . Thec oloredgroup
    asarac eex ultsinb eingforonc einasup eriorp ositiontowards
    thewhiterac e . Itisab igshowforthemandinflatestheirego .
    Oftenthec oloredgirlreac tslik eap roud, roughfellowwhoac c ep ts
    signsofaffec tionb utac tsasifhedoesn' tc areforthem .
    W hen
    thereisoc c asionthesec rushesleadtop hysic alc ontac t . Itap p ears
    thattheb lac k ertheNegrothemoresheisp ursuedandthatthe
    b lac k ersheisthemoreshedesp isesthec ourtship
    . Alsothe
    b londerthewhitegirl, themoresheisap ttob esuc c essfulinthe
    c ourtship . Oc c asionallythedark Indiangirlrec eivessimilar
    4 1 4

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    "trib utes, "andshereac tsinmuc hthesamemannerastheNegro
    towardsthewhiteadmirers
    . Tothewhitegirlsthec oloredgirls
    ap p eartob emoremusc ularandp hysic allystrongerthanthey
    themselves . However, thereareinstanc esinwhic hap urely
    idealistic andfantastic "romanc e"develop sb etweenc oloredand
    whitegirls
    .
    Interp retation
    Thefirstimp ressionthisp roc essgivesisthatitisp erhap s
    theworstformtak enb yadolesc entsex uality . However, ac loser
    analysisofthefac tssuggestsanotherinterp retation . W emay
    studyfirsttheattitudetak enb ythewhitegirlinthisep isode .
    Shehasb eentak enoutoftheenvironmentinwhic hb oysandmen
    areanaturalp art . Shehasb eenp utintoanenvironmentinwhic h
    menareforb iddenandevenwhenp resent, arenotanaturalp art
    ofit . Atthesametimesheisatanageinwhic hfantasyandrole-
    p layingwiththeothersex isanaturalp roc essinherdevelop ment .
    Fromthep ointofviewofeffic ienc yandp ragmatic value, adoles-
    c entsofb othsex es"waste"muc htimeinthisdirec tion
    .
    B ut
    fromthep ointofviewoftheadolesc ent, whathedoesisatthe
    timeanex c eedinglyimp ortantb usiness
    .
    W hattheymissina
    c ommunityofwomenandgirlsisb oysandmenastheimmediate
    ob j ec tiveoftheiremotionalinterest
    .
    Insuc hanenvironment,
    theNegrogirloffersthereliefofb eingsomethingutterlydifferent .
    Therelationb etweenthetwosex esintheiradolesc entyearsis
    sointeresting, duetothe"distanc e"b etweenthetwosex es, the
    unap p roac hab ilityoftheothersex . Thep hysic aldifferenc esof
    thewhiteandc oloredrac e, the"strange"ap p earanc eofthec olored
    girlc omp aredwiththewhite, seemtop rovidetheattrib uteof
    "distanc e"andunap p roac hab ility . Further, theNegrogirlhas,
    intheimaginationofthewhite, b oldnessandb raveness, asp on-
    taneityofc onduc twhic hsheenvies, aswellasap p earingmore
    musc ularandstrongerthanherself . TheNegrogirlistak enb y
    thewhiteas asub stituteforab oy . Thisinterp retationisc or-
    rob oratedb ywhatthegirlsthemselveswriteandsayab outit .
    Thereis, however, onefeaturewhic hdoesnotseemtofitintothis
    interp retation . Itisthewhitegirlwhoalmostinvariab lytak es
    theinitiativeandc ourtsthec olored, seldomthec oloredgirlwho
    CONDUCT

    4 1 5
    initiatesthec rush . Thisc anb eex p lainedifwelook atitfromthe
    p ointofviewofthec oloredgirl .
    Sheisafemale, b utthewhitegirlsex p ec tshertolook andac t
    lik eab oy
    . Sheisneededb ythewhitegirlasasub stitutefora
    b oy, b utsheisayoungwomanherself . Shedoesn' trec eiveany
    adeq uateinc entivetotak etheinitiative . Intuitively, shefeels
    thatsheistak enforsomethingsheisnot, thatsheisp utintoa
    falsep osition, andshelaughsab outit . Shetak esitverygood
    naturedlyandmak esagreatshowofit . Tofitintothe"game"
    sheac tslik eab oyaswellassheisab le, b ehaveswildly, andwrites
    b ac k noteswhic hareanoddmix tureofsex ualvulgarityand
    ex hib itionism .
    Thisp henomenonisc harac teristic forc losedadolesc entc om-
    munitiesinwhic hthelivingq uartersofthec oloredp op ulation
    aresep aratedfromtheq uartersforthewhite . Inc ommunities
    whereb othrac esliveinthesameq uartersthep henomenontak es
    alessintenseformandismorereadilyex tinguished
    . Livingto-
    getherb ringstorealiz ationthesimilaritiesofthesamesex , and
    further, ifthenumb erofc oloredinawhitec ottagereac hesa
    c ertainlimit, antagonismsdevelop duetothe
    p syc hologic alp res-
    sure withinthegroup . B othfac torsseemtooverrideanddestroy
    theromantic attrac tivenesswhic hthec oloredgirlholdsforthe
    white"atadistanc e . "Thisp roc essofc ourtship is a p syc hogeo-
    grap hic alp roj ec tion ofthewhitegirlsinthep op ulationgrowing
    outoftheirneedandlongingfortheformerenvironment . As
    soonasthec oloredgirlsaremovedintothesameq uarterswith
    thewhite, thep syc hogeograp hic alfic tionfades .
    Inthefamiliarc rushsituationtheadolesc entwarmsup toa
    stateinwhic hsheiswillingtoc onfidefullytothep artnerwhat-
    everfillsherthoughts . B utthec rux ofthesituationisthep artner .
    Itisaninterestingtele- p henomenonthattheadolesc entisdrawnto
    otheradolesc ents, b ec auseinordertogainthehighesttherap eutic
    effec ttheindividualmustc allup onp ersonswhob elongtoalevel
    ofsoc ialdifferentiationc losetoitsown . Anadultmayb ec ome
    theob j ec tofac rushb utisneverthesought- forp artnerandc om-
    p anionwhoisc ontinuouslyinanac tiveandrec ip roc atingrole .
    Insteadofsep aratingonep artnerfromtheother, itisoftenad-
    visab letouseonegirlasthetherap eutic agentoftheother, and
    thusutiliz etheinterrelationex isting .
    4 1 6
    PSYCHOLOGICALCURRENTS
    PSYCHQLQGICALANDSOCIOMETRICGEOGRAPHY, MAPS
    I, II, IIIANDIV
    Themap p ingoftheentirec ommunity, thedep ic tingofthe
    interrelationship sofitsinhab itantsandofitsc ollec tivesinresp ec t
    to( a) loc alityandto( b ) thep syc hologic alc urrentsb etweenthem
    isp syc hologic algeograp hy .
    Fourdifferentmap sareshownhere,
    allrep resentingthep syc hologic algeograp hyoftheHudson
    c ommunity . Map sI- IIaresodesignedthattheyshowtheloc al
    geograp hy, thep ositionofroads, b uildings, loc alities, inrelation
    toeac hother . Map IIIissodesignedthatitindic ateseveryc ot-
    tageandeac hindividualgirlwholiveswithineac h, andthrough
    thesymb olsforattrac tion, rej ec tionandindifferenc e, theinter-
    relationsb etweentheindividuals
    . Individualsandc ottageshous-
    ingtheseindividualsareherep resentedinrelationtothep syc ho-
    logic alp ositiontheyhaveinthec ommunityb utwithoutindic ating
    geograp hic alloc ality . Map IVisasimp lifiedp resentationof
    Map IIIinordertofac ilitatereadingandanalysis
    .
    MAPI
    Thismap indic atestherelationofeac hc ottagetothec ottages
    ofitsneighb orhood . Itc anb enotedthatthec ommunityhastwo
    q uadrangles, eac hformingak indofneighb orhoodb yitself
    Neighb orhoodI, formedb yC1 , C2 , C1 3 , C1 4 , C3 , C4 , C5 and
    C6
    ; thesec ond, Neighb orhoodII, formedb yC7 , C8, C9, C1 0,
    C1 1 andC1 2
    ; andthatathird, Neighb orhoodIII, isformedb y
    c ottagesmoredistant, CAandCB
    . W eb ringtotheattentionof
    thereaderthatinMap sIandIIthec ottagenumb ersrunfrom
    CA, CB , toClup toC1 4 , insteadofstartingwithClandc on-
    tinuingup toC1 6
    . Nothinghasc hangedex c ep tthesymb olsfor
    thec ottages . Therefore, forCAsub stituteCl, forCB , C2 , etc
    . ,
    whenc omp aringthesetwomap swithMap IIIandMap IV
    .
    Thetwoc oloredc ottagesb orderonthetwoendsofNeighb or-
    hoodIIandaredistinguishedb yheavierb lac k c ontours
    . The
    dottedlinesindic atetheinter- rac ialrelationsb etweenthewhite
    andc oloredgirlsofthep op ulationinregardtotheloc alitiesin
    PSYCHOLOGICALCURRENTS
    4 1 7
    whic htheylive . C7 isrelatedtothewhitec ottagesC4 , C9and
    C5
    . C1 0isrelatedtothewhitec ottages, C1 , C1 2 , C8, C2 , C1 3 ,
    C9andC5 .
    Onthismap isalsoindic atedtherunawaystatusofeac hc ottage
    fromJune1 , 1 93 1 toSep temb er1 , 1 93 3
    . Cottageswhic hhadno
    runawaysduringthisp eriodareleftb lank . TheyareCA, CB ,
    C4 , C7 andC8 . Cottageswhic hyieldedmostoftherunaways
    ( six ormore) arec oloredb lac k . TheyareC3 , C5 andC1 0 . Cot-
    tageswhic hhadup tofiverunawaysareindic atedb yhoriz ontal
    lines . TheyareC1 , C2 , C6 , C9, C1 1 , C1 2 , C1 3 andC1 4 . Finally,
    ap lainlineindic atesatwhatp ointtherunawayc hain, whic h
    startedOc tob er3 1 , 1 93 2 , andlasteduntilNovemb er1 3 , 1 93 2 ,
    wasinitiated . Itreadsthedirec tionthec haintook , fromC1 2
    toC5 , toC3 , C1 0, whereitended .
    MAPII
    InNeighb orhoodI, ClshowstowardsC2 , C3 , C5 , C6 , C1 3
    and C1 4 eitherantagonismorindifferenc e, b uttowards C4 a
    symp athetic attitude . Itisattrac tedtowardsthemostdistant
    c ottages, CAandCB . Similarlyc ottagesC2 , C1 3 , C1 4
    andC5
    arelessc omp atib lewiththeirimmediateneighb orsthanwith
    c ottagesloc atedmoredistantfromthem . Theonlyex c ep tionin
    thisneighb orhoodisC4 , whic hhasb etterrelationstothec ottages
    oftheneighb orhoodex c ep ttoC1 4 andtoC3 . InNeighb orhood
    II, C1 1 , C1 2 , C9, C8andC7 showantagonismtowardstheir
    immediateneighb orsex c ep tC1 0, whic hisfriendlywithallthe
    c ottagesoftheq uadrangleex c ep twithC7 . C7 hasanex c ep tional
    p ositionasitiseitherdisp aragedb ythec ottagesofb othneigh-
    b orhoodsorsimp lyisolated
    . InNeighb orhoodIII, CAandCB
    arefriendlyneighb orsb uttheirattitudeismoreantagonistic to-
    wardsthec ottagesofNeighb orhoodII( sp litc urrents) than
    towardsthoseofNeighb orhoodI . Theserelationsdemonstrate
    atrendofgreaterfriendlinesstowardsc ottagesandneighb orhoods
    whic haremoredistantlyloc atedandagreatertrendtowards
    inc omp atib ilityinresp ec ttoadj ac entgroup s . B eingneighb ors,
    itap p ears, givesmoreoc c asionforfric tiontoariseasc ontac ts
    aremorefreq uentandintimate . Itwouldseemthatwhatis
    p resentandhelp fulisoftenforgottenb yneighb orsandthatwhat
    4 1 8

    W HO SHALLSURVIVE?
    isunp leasantturnsthemawaytolook intodistanc e . Anex c ep -
    tiontotherulearec ottagesCAandCB , whic haresofarremoved
    fromtherestthattheyaremoredep endentup oneac hother . They
    develop morelik easinglefamilylivingintwohousesasthe
    attitudeofthetwohousemothersisc onc iliatory .
    Theinter- rac ialrelationsb etweenwhiteandc oloredgroup s
    mak esanotherex c ep tion
    . Thetrendap p earstob ej ustthe
    op p osite, atleastinthec aseofC1 0 : thec loserthewhitec ottages
    aretothec oloredthefriendlieristheattitudeb etweenthem ; the
    furtherthewhitec ottagesarefromthec oloredthelessinterested
    areb othsides . Thisc anb eex p lainedinp artasfollows : The
    inter- rac ialc hoic eandattrac tionsareherelargelymotivatedb y
    sex ualinterest . Insex ualmattersp rox imityismoredesirab le
    thandistanc e . Forthisreasonthesex ualc urrentb etweenwhite
    andc oloredb ec omesstrongenoughinNeighb orhodIItooverride
    antagonistic rac ialc urrents . Thep referenc eofwhitep ersonsto
    liveinp rox imitywithwhitep ersonsinresp ec ttosuc hac riterion
    asthehomec anb ec ounterac tedb ythesex ualc urrentup toa
    c ertainlimit . W eseethisintheattitudeoftheneighb oringwhite
    c ottagestowardsc oloredc ottageC7 ( C9inMap sIIIandIV) .
    Theyareinc omp atib lewithit . B utthisantagonismisp artly
    due, asthemotivationsreveal, toformersymp athieswhic hhad
    turnedtodislik etosomeex tent, duetotheattitudeofthehouse-
    mother, whoseattitudeofisolationandp rotestreflec tsup onher
    group . Thegreaterinterestofnearb ywhitec ottagesforthe
    c olored, asdistinguishedfromthatofthemoredistantwhite
    c ottages, isrelatedalsotoanotherex p erienc ewehad . Many
    timesawhitegirlwhohadafriendinoneortheotherc olored
    c ottage, andwhowantedtob enearertoher, b eggedforanassign-
    menttoac ottageinthatneighb orhood .
    Ac omp arisonoftherunawaystatuswithinthec ommunity
    fromJuly1 , 1 93 1 , toSep temb er1 , 1 93 3 , withtherunawayc hain
    of1 93 2 showsthatC3 , C5 andCl0( C5 , C7 andC1 2 elsewhere
    inthetex t, onMap sIIIandIVandontheRunawayCharts) ,
    whic hhadthehighestp erc entageofrunawayswithinthe2 7 -
    monthp eriod, p roduc edalsotheb ulk ofesc ap esintherunaway
    c hainofthefollowingyear, i . e . , C3 , C5 , C1 0andC1 2
    . C3 ( C5
    elsewhereinthetex t) , whic hrank edamongthelowersforinterest
    PSYCHOLOGICALCURRENTS

    419
    i n l i v i n g w i t h t h e m e m b e r s o f t h i s c o t t a g e ( s e e Ta b l e 10 ) a n d
    t h e r e f o r e h a d t h e m o s t e x t r o v e r t e d g r o u p o r g a n i z a t i o n a m o n g t h e
    c o t t a g e s d e s c r i b e d , h a s a l s o t h e h i g h e s t n u m b e r o f e s c a p e s i n t h e
    27-m o n t h p e r i o d . Th e c o t t a g e w h i c h f i g u r e d n e x t h i g h e s t i n
    t e r m s o f n u m b e r o f i n c o m p a t i b l e p a i r s f o r t h i s p e r i o d , C5 , p r o -
    d u c e d t h e n e x t h i g h e s t n u m b e r o f e s c a p e s i n t h e r u n a w a y c h a i n
    .
    At t h e t i m e o f t h e r u n a w a y c h a i n , C5 ( C7e l s e w h e r e i n t h e t e x t
    a n d i n M a p s IIIa n d IV ) c o n s i s t e d o f a w e l l o r g a n i z e d g r o u p ,
    d e e p l y a t t r a c t e d t o t h e h o u s e m o t h e r , b u t w i t h n i n e m e m b e r s
    i s o l a t e d a n d c u t o f f f r o m t h e g r o u p . Th e c o t t a g e w h i c h f i g u r e d
    t h i r d h i g h e s t , C10 ( C12e l s e w h e r e i n t h e t e x t a n d o t h e r m a p s )
    s h o w s i n i t s s o c i o g r a m o f t h a t d a t e ( s e e p . 274) t h e h i g h e s t n u m -
    b e r o f i n c o m p a t i b l e p a i r s , i . e . , a t t r a c t i o n r e s p o n d e d t o b y r e j e c t i o n
    o r i n d i f f e r e n c e . It i s a l w a y s t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f a g r o u p w h i c h
    k e e p s a n i n d i v i d u a l w i t h i n t h e f o l d o r f o r c e s h i m o u t .
    M APIII*
    On M a p IIIa r e r e p r e s e n t e d 43 5 i n d i v i d u a l s , t h e e n t i r e g i r l
    p o p u l a t i o n o f Hu d s o n o n Au g u s t 20 , 193 2, l i v i n g i n c o t t a g e s ,
    e x c e p t f o r t h o s e w i t h i n C8 a n d C5 o f w h i c h s p e c i a l s t u d i e s w e r e
    m a d e . Ea c h i n d i v i d u a l i s r e p r e s e n t e d b y a c i r c l e , a l i g h t c i r c l e
    f o r a w h i t e g i r l , a b l a c k c i r c l e f o r a c o l o r e d g i r l
    . Th e y a r e p l o t t e d
    i n t o 14l a r g e c i r c l e s , e a c h r e p r e s e n t i n g a c o t t a g e . Se v e r a l t h o u -
    s a n d l i n e s e x p r e s s t h e a t t r a c t i o n s , r e j e c t i o n s , a n d i n d i f f e r e n c e
    e x i s t i n g a m o n g t h e i n d i v i d u a l s . Th r o u g h t h i s m a p i t i s p o s s i b l e
    t o s e e a t o n c e a n y i n d i v i d u a l w i t h i n h e r c o t t a g e a n d t o w a r d s w h i c h
    i n d i v i d u a l s i n o t h e r c o t t a g e s a s w e l l a s i n h e r o w n s h e i s a t t r a c t e d
    o r o t h e r w i s e r e l a t e d
    . Th e r e l a t i o n s h e r e d e p i c t e d c o n s i d e r o n l y
    t h e c r i t e r i o n o f l i v i n g i n p r o x i m i t y
    . Th e s a m e i n d i v i d u a l s p r o d u c e
    d i f f e r e n t m a p s i f t h e c r i t e r i o n i s d i f f e r e n t , a s , f o r i n s t a n c e , i f i t i s
    w o r k i n g i n p r o x i m i t y
    .
    Th e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a c o m m u n i t y i n t h i s f a s h i o n c a n b e o f
    v a l u e f o r t h e a n a l y s i s o f i t s i n n e r o r g a n i z a t i o n . It m a k e s s t r u c -
    t u r a l r e l a t i o n s v i s i b l e w h i c h c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d o n l y w i t h d i f f i c u l t y .
    Th e i n n e r w o r k i n g o f s o c i e t y i s h e r e e x p a n d e d a n d p u t u n d e r t h e
    m i c r o s c o p e a n d i t s i n v i s i b l e s t r u c t u r e m a d e f r e e f o r e x p l o r a t i o n .
    *Se e r e a r o f b o o k .
    420

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    Up o n f i r s t v i e w t h e m a p s h o w s t h a t t h e c u r r e n t s o f a t t r a c t i o n ,
    r e p u l s i o n , a n d i n d i f f e r e n c e a r e n o t e q u a l l y d i s t r i b u t e d b u t t h a t
    s o m e s e c t i o n s o f t h e c o m m u n i t y h a v e m o r e o f t h e m , s o m e l e s s .
    Cl o s e r i n s p e c t i o n s h o w s t h a t t w o o f t h e c o t t a g e s w h i c h a r e t h e m -
    s e l v e s c l o s e l y i n t e r l o c k e d a r e c u t o f f f r o m t h e g e n e r a l n e t w o r k
    e x c e p t f o r a f e w l i n e s c o m i n g i n f r o m h e r e a n d t h e r e . Th e y a r e
    t h e t w o c o l o r e d c o t t a g e s . Th e y h a v e t h e p o s i t i o n o f i s o l a t e d
    g r o u p s i n t h e c o m m u n i t y . Th e n w e a r e s t r u c k b y t h e b i g s t r e a m s
    o f l i g h t l i n e s w h i c h c o m e t o o n e c o t t a g e f r o m a l l c e n t e r s i n t h e
    c o m m u n i t y e x c e p t C9a n d C12, t h e c o l o r e d g r o u p s . It i s C2
    w h i c h h a s t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e m o s t a t t r a c t i v e g r o u p i n t h e c o m -
    m u n i t y . We s e e s o m e c o t t a g e s i n m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n , f o r m i n g
    p a i r s , a s Cl a n d
    C2, C7 a n d C16 . We f u r t h e r s e e o t h e r c o t t a g e s
    i n m u t u a l r e j e c t i o n , a s C3 a n d C16, C7 a n d C4 . We n o t i c e c o t -
    t a g e s w h i c h a r e i n c o m p a t i b l e , o n e a t t r a c t e d t o a n o t h e r , t h e o t h e r
    r e j e c t i n g o r i n d i f f e r e n t t o i t , a s C13 a n d C11, Cl a n d C3 , Cl a n d
    C13 . We f i n d c o t t a g e s w h o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p t o w a r d s a n o t h e r
    c o t t a g e i s s p l i t , p a r t o f i t s m e m b e r s b e i n g a t t r a c t e d a n d p a r t r e -
    j e c t i n g o r i n d i f f e r e n t , a s b e t w e e n C11a n d C2, C9a n d C12. We
    c a l l t h i s a t t i t u d e d u a l
    .
    Th e n w e s e e c o t t a g e s w h i c h a r e m o s t r e -
    j e c t e d , a s C14, w h i c h i s r e j e c t e d b y C1, C2, C15 , C10 , C16a n d
    C12, a n d r e c e i v e s o n l y i n d i f f e r e n c e f r o m C4 . Th e r e a r e c o t -
    t a g e s , a s C13 , C6a n d C15 w h i c h f o r m a t r i a n g l e , a n d t h e r e a r e
    o t h e r s w h i c h f o r m a c h a i n , C16, C7, C11, C10 , C15 , C15 , C6, C4,
    C2, Cl , C9, C12 . Th e r e a r e c o t t a g e s w h i c h r e j e c t e a c h o t h e r
    m u t u a l l y , a s C13 a n d C3 , C11a n d C15 . F i n a l l y , t h e r e a r e c o t -
    t a g e s w h i c h i g n o r e e a c h o t h e r , a s C16a n d C12, C16a n d C9, Cl
    a n d C16, C13 a n d C9a n d C13 a n d C12, t o m e n t i o n b u t a f e w .
    M APIV
    M a p IV i s s o d e s i g n e d t h a t M a p IIIb e c o m e s m o r e e a s i l y
    r e a d a b l e . B y m e a n s o f a " d e c i m a l " s y s t e m t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f
    l i n e s w i t h i n a c o t t a g e i s d i v i d e d b y t e n a n d o n l y t h i s r e d u c e d
    n u m b e r i s g r a p h i c a l l y p r e s e n t e d ; f o r i n s t a n c e , i n s t e a d o f a t o t a l
    o f f i f t y l i n e s f i v e l i n e s a r e d r a w n . Th e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e n u m b e r
    o f l i n e s b e t w e e n t h e c o t t a g e s i n t h i s c h a r t i s n o t t e n , b u t f i v e t o o n e .
    Su c h a s y s t e m o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e r e d u c t i o n -t h e d e c i m a l s y s t e m -
    c a n b e l o g i c a l l y e x t e n d e d t o a c e n t e n n i a l s y s t e m ( o n e l i n e t o a
    PSYCHOLOGICALCURRENTS

    421
    h u n d r e d ) , t o a m i l e n n i a l s y s t e m ( o n e l i n e f o r a t h o u s a n d ) ; t h e
    a c t u a l f i g u r e s c a n b e a t t a i n e d b y m u l t i p l i c a t i o n . Th e y e n a b l e
    t h e s o c i o m e t r i c c a r t o g r a p h e r t o c h a r t c o m m u n i t i e s o f l a r g e p o p u -
    l a t i o n s ; s u c h a n " o m n i " s o c i o g r a m c a n p o r t r a y t h e i n t e r a c t i o n s
    o f s o c i e t i e s o f a n y s i z e , f . i . , u p t o t h e e a r t h ' s e n t i r e p o p u l a t i o n o f
    t w o a n d a h a l f b i l l i o n i n d i v i d u a l s ; t h e y a r e s o c i o m e t r i c a l l y c o r r e c t
    a n d r e a d a b l e a t t h e s a m e t i m e .
    An a l y s i s
    As t h e s o c i o g r a m e n a b l e s u s t o p r e s e n t
    a s t r u c t u r a l a n a l y s i s o f
    a g r o u p , s o c i o m e t r i c g e o g r a p h y e n a b l e s u s t o m a k e a s t r u c t u r a l
    a n a l y s i s o f t h e w h o l e c o m m u n i t y
    .
    Th e s e s t r u c t u r e s w i t h i n t h e
    o r g a n i z a t i o n o f Hu d s o n h a v e a r e l a t i o n t o t h e c o n d u c t o f t h e
    i n h a b i t a n t s w h o a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e i r f o r m a t i o n
    . Th e i s o l a t e d
    p o s i t i o n o f t h e c o l o r e d g r o u p s i n d i c a t e s t h a t f o r t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g
    m a j o r i t y o f w h i t e i n h a b i t a n t s t h e d e s i r e t o l i v e a p a r t f r o m t h e
    c o l o r e d i s s t i l l g r e a t e r t h a n t h e s e x u a l i n t e r e s t i n t h e m . In o t h e r
    w o r d s , t h e r a c i a l c u r r e n t t e n d i n g t o w a r d s a s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e r a c e s
    i s s t r o n g e r t h a n t h e s e x u a l c u r r e n t w h i c h t e n d s t o w a r d s e l i m i n a -
    t i o n o f s u c h b a r r i e r s . Cl r e j e c t s o r i s i n d i f f e r e n t t o m a n y o f t h e
    c o t t a g e s w h i c h a r e a t t r a c t e d t o i t .
    It l o o k s a s i f Cl w e r e p o p u -
    l a t e d b y a h i g h e r c l a s s o f p e o p l e , o r s o c o n s i d e r s i t s e l f . It h a s ,
    i n d e e d , a n e x c l u s i v e p o s i t i o n a s i t i s t h e m o s t n e w l y c o n s t r u c t e d
    c o t t a g e i n t h e s c h o o l ;
    a l s o , i t i s g e o g r a p h i c a l l y i n a n e x c l u s i v e
    p o s i t i o n . M o r e o v e r , t h e h o u s e m o t h e r h e r s e l f i s a v e r y f i n e l a d y
    w h o e x p e c t s l a d y -l i k e c o n d u c t f r o m h e r g i r l s . C4 a n d C7r e j e c t
    e a c h o t h e r w i t h s u c h v e h e m e n c e a s i f t h e y w e r e i n a s t a t e o f w a r .
    F r o m t h e a t t i t u d e o f e a c h i n d i v i d u a l o f o n e c o t t a g e t o w a r d s
    e a c h i n d i v i d u a l o f a n y o t h e r c o t t a g e , a c e r t a i n p a t t e r n o f a n e n t i r e
    c o t t a g e r e s u l t s a n d i t i s b y t h e s e c r i s s -c r o s s c u r r e n t s b e t w e e n t h e
    c o t t a g e s t h a t t h e r e p u t a t i o n o f a c o t t a g e i s s h a p e d . In v i e w o f
    t h i s , t h e m e m b e r o f a r e j e c t e d o r l e s s a t t r a c t i v e g r o u p h a s t o p u t
    u p a g r e a t e r f i g h t t o h o l d h e r o w n .
    It i s e v i d e n t t h a t a l s o i n
    Hu d s o n , i t i s n o t a m a t t e r o f i n d i f f e r e n c e i n t o w h i c h g r o u p a
    p e r s o n i s p l a c e d w h e n s h e a r r i v e s .
    422
    PSYCHOLOGICALGEOGRAPHY
    ARUNAWAYCHAIN
    14i n d i v i d u a l s c o m p r i s e f o u r s e t s o f r u n a w a y s . Th e p o s i t i o n s o f t h e s e t s a r e
    s e e n t o b e a s f o l l o w s : Se t i n C12, SRa n d LSa r e a n i s o l a t e d p a i r ; s e t i n C5
    a r e i n t e r r e l a t e d a n d a l l e x c e p t RTs h o w u n a d j u s t e d p o s i t i o n s ; s e t i n C3 , Z R,
    c e n t e r o f a t t r a c t i o n s o f 7i n d i v i d u a l s , a m u t u a l p a i r w i t h HIL, a n d a t t r a c t i v e
    t o HCa n d HL ; s e t i n C10 , LW, HL, a n d J N, e a c h i s o l a t e d b u t i n t e r r e l a t e d b y
    i n d i r e c t i o n . Th e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e s e t s a r e s e e n t o b e a s f o l l o w s :
    LSi n 0 12f o r m s a m u t u a l p a i r w i t h LCf r o m C5 ; D D i n C5 i s i n t e r r e l a t e d t o
    Z Ri n 0 3 ; HCi n C3 i s i n t e r r e l a t e d t o LWi n C10 ; f u r t h e r , LSi n C12i s i n t e r -
    r e l a t e d w i t h SNi n C10 , w h o , w h i l e n o t a p a r t i c i p a n t i n t h e s e t , i s i n a c h a i n
    r e l a t i o n t o J Ni n C10 ; f u r t h e r , D D f r o m 0 5 f o r m s a p a i r l w i t h HLo f C10 .
    ( Pl e a s e n o t e t h a t t h e c o t t a g e n u m b e r i n g i s C7, 0 5 , C12a n d C14, o n s o m e o f
    t h e o t h e r c h a r t s o f t h e c o m m u n i t y . )
    PSYCHOLOGICALGEOGRAPHY
    423
    M AINLINEOF THERUNAWAYCHAIN
    Th e m a i n l i n e o f t h e n e t w o r k s e e m s t o
    g o f r o m SRt o LSi n 0 12t o LCa n d D D
    i n 0 5 , h e n c e t o Z Ra n d HCi n C3 , a n d f r o m
    t h e r e t o LWi n C10 ( C14, 0 7, C5
    a n d C12o n s o m e o f t h e o t h e r c h a r t s o f t h e c o m m u n i t y ) .
    424
    PSYCHOLOGICALGEOGRAPHY
    PSYCHOLOGICALGEOGRAPHY-M API
    Th e m a p i l l u s t r a t e s t h e t o p o g r a p h i c a l o u t l a y o f Hu d s o n a n d t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l
    s t a t u s o f e a c h r e g i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o
    r u n a w a y s p r o d u c e d a n d t o i n t e r -r a c i a l
    t r e n d s .
    Th e c o m m u n i t y h a s t h r e e d i f f e r e n t s e c t i o n s , e a c h o f w h i c h f o r m a k i n d o f
    n e i g h b o r h o o d
    : Ne i g h b o r h o o d I, f o r m e d b y Cl ( n o w C3 ) , *C2( n o w C4) , C13
    ( n o w 0 15 ) , 0 14( n o w C16) , C3 ( n o w C5 ) , C4( n o w 0 6) , C5 ( n o w C7) a n d
    0 6( n o w C8 )
    ; Ne i g h b o r h o o d II, f o r m e d b y 0 7( n o w 0 9) , 0 8 ( n o w C10 ) , 0 9
    ( n o w Cl l ) , C10 ( n o w C12) , C11( n o w 0 13 ) a n d C12( n o w C14) ; Ne i g h b o r h o o d
    III, f o r m e d b y CA( n o w Cl ) a n d CB ( n o w 0 2) . Th e t w o c o l o r e d c o t t a g e s
    b o r d e r o n t h e e n d s o f Ne i g h b o r h o o d IIa n d a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y h e a v i e r b l a c k
    c o n t o u r s .
    425
    Th e b r o k e n l i n e s i n d i c a t e t h e i n t e r -r a c i a l c h o i c e b e t w e e n c o l o r e d m e m b e r s o f
    C7a n d w h i t e m e m b e r s o f C4, C9a n d C5 , a n d b e t w e e n c o l o r e d m e m b e r s o f C10
    a n d w h i t e m e m b e r s o f Cl , C12, C8 , C2, C13 , C9a n d C5 .
    Th e r u n a w a y -s t a t u s o f e a c h c o t t a g e f r o m J u n e 1, 193 1, t o Se p t e m b e r 1, 193 3
    i s i n d i c a t e d a s f o l l o w s
    : Co t t a g e s w h i c h h a d n o r u n a w a y s d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d
    a r e l e f t b l a n k , CA, CB , C4, C7a n d C8
    . Co t t a g e s w h i c h y i e l d e d m o s t o f t h e
    r u n a w a y s ( 6o r m o r e ) a r e i n d i c a t e d b y s m a l l b l a c k s q u a r e s , C3 , C5 a n d C10
    .
    Co t t a g e s w h i c h h a d u p t o 5 r u n a w a y s a r e i n d i c a t e d b y l a r g e b l a c k s q u a r e s , C1,
    0 2, C6, C13 , C14, C9, Cl l a n d C12 .
    Ac o n t i n u o u s l i n e i n d i c a t e s a t w h a t p o i n t a r u n a w a y c h a i n w h i c h s t a r t e d Oc t o -
    b e r 3 1, 193 2, a n d l a s t e d u n t i l No v e m b e r 13 , 193 2, w a s i n i t i a t e d
    . An a r r o w i n -
    d i c a t e s t h e d i r e c t i o n w h i c h t h e c h a i n t o o k
    : f r o m C12t o C5 55 , f r o m C5 t o C3 ,
    f r o m C3 t o C10 , w h e r e i t e n d e d
    .
    F u r t h e r Ex p l a n a t o r y t o Ch a r t
    : G-Ga t e h o u s e ; S-St o r e h o u s e
    ; C-Ch u r c h ;
    M -M a i n B u i l d i n g
    ; P-Pa i n t Sh o p
    ; E-Ed u c a t i o n a l B u i l d i n g ; I-In d u s t r i a l
    B u i l d i n g ; T-Te a c h e r s ' Co t t a g e
    ; M b -M e r c a n t i l e B u i l d i n g
    ; L-La u n d r y ; H-
    Ho s p i t a l
    ; R-Re c e i v i n g Co t t a g e .
    Th e n u m b e r i n g o f t h e c o t t a g e s w a s o r i g i n a l l y A, B , 1, 2, 3 , e t c
    . In a l a t e r
    r e n u m b e r i n g Co t t a g e s Aa n d B w e r e c h a n g e d t o 1a n d 2, Co t t a g e s 1, 2, 3 , e t c
    . ,
    b e c a m e 3 , 4, 5 , a n d s o f o r t h
    . Th e r e a d e r s h o u l d t a k e t h i s i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n
    w h e n c o m p a r i n g M a p s Ia n d IIw i t h M a p IIIa n d l a t e r m a p s w h i c h w e r e b a s e d
    o n t h e n e w n u m b e r i n g
    .
    426
    0 Q
    M
    1 ---
    RAV INE
    PSYCHOLOGICALGEOGRAPHY
    I I
    PSYCHOLOGICALGEOGRAPHY-M AP II
    PSYCHOLOGICALGEOGRAPHY-M APII
    Th e m a p p r e s e n t s t h e t o p o g r a p h i c o u t l a y o f Hu d s o n a n d t h e
    p s y c h o l o g i c a l
    c u r r e n t s r e l a t i n g e a c h r e g i o n w i t h i n i t t o e a c h o t h e r r e g i o n . F o r d e s c r i p t i o n o f
    t h e t o p o g r a p h i c o u t l a y s e e M a p I
    . Re d , b l a c k a n d d o u b l e ( r e d a n d b l a c k ) l i n e s
    f r o m o n e c o t t a g e t o t h e o t h e r i n d i c a t e c r o s s c u r r e n t s o f a t t r a c t i o n , o f r e p u l -
    s i o n a n d o f s p l i t c u r r e n t s , h a l f a t t r a c t i o n a n d h a l f r e p u l s i o n .
    Th e s t r e a m s o f r e d a n d b l a c k l i n e s g o i n g o u t a n d c o m i n g f r o m o n e c o t t a g e t o
    t h e o t h e r h a v e b e e n c l a s s i f i e d a s f o l l o w s
    : a ) w h e n a l l l i n e s g o i n g f r o m o n e
    c o t t a g e t o a n o t h e r w e r e o f o n e c o l o r t h e s t r e a m w a s c l a s s i f i e d a s a r e d c u r r e n t ,
    a b l a c k c u r r e n t o r a b l u e c u r r e n t
    ; b ) w h e n t h e l i n e s o f o n e c o l o r g o i n g o u t
    f r o m a c e r t a i n c o t t a g e t o a n o t h e r n u m b e r e d m o r e t h a n t h e l i n e s o f t h e o t h e r
    c o l o r s t o g e t h e r , t h e s t r e a m w a s c l a s s i f i e d a s a
    d o m i n a n t l y r e d c u r r e n t , a d o m -
    i n a n t l y b l a c k , a d o m i n a n t l y b l u e c u r r e n t
    ; c ) w h e n t h e l i n e s g o i n g o u t f r o m o n e
    c o t t a g e t o a n o t h e r w e r e o f t w o c o l o r s a n d a l m o s t e q u a l i n n u m b e r s , t h e s t r e a m
    w a s c l a s s i f i e d a s a s p l i t c u r r e n t ( r e d -b l a c k , b l u e -b l a c k , r e d -b l u e )
    . Re d i s f o r
    a t t r a c t i o n , b l a c k f o r r e j e c t i o n a n d b l u e f o r i n d i f f e r e n c e o r n e u t r a l i t y
    .
    B e c a u s e o f d i f f i c u l t i e s o f r e p r o d u c t i o n t h e b l u e l i n e s a r e n o t p l o t t e d o n t h i s
    m a p a l t h o u g h t h e f i n d i n g s i n d i c a t e t h e g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e o f n e u t r a l i t y p a t t e r n s
    f o r g r o u p d y n a m i c s
    . Wh e r e a s a t t r a c t i o n a n d r e p u l s i o n p a t t e r n s h a v e b e e n
    s c r u t i n i z e d i n n u m e r a b l e t i m e s , n e u t r a l i t y s t r u c t u r e s , e x c e p t f o r t h e i r a n a l y s i s
    i n t h i s b o o k , h a v e r e m a i n e d u n e x p l o r e d
    . Th i s m i g h t g i v e t h e r e a d e r t h e i m p r e s -
    s i o n a s i f t h e y w o u l d b e n e g l i g i b l e a s p e c t s o f g r o u p s t r u c t u r e
    . Th e c o n t r a r y i s
    t r u e
    . Th r e e c a t e g o r i e s o f n e u t r a l i t y h a v e b e e n d i s c e r n e d i n o u r s t u d i e s
    : 1) e x -
    p r e s s e d n e u t r a l i t y
    ; a n i n d i v i d u a l At o w a r d s w h o m a n i n d i v i d u a l B i s a t t r a c t e d
    e x p r e s s e d n e u t r a l i t y t o w a r d s B
    ; 2) n e u t r a l i t y b e c a u s e o f n o n -a w a r e n e s s o f t h e
    o t h e r
    ; Am a y b e a c q u a i n t e d w i t h B b u t B h a s m a d e n o i m p r e s s i o n u p o n A, h e
    i s j u s t l e f t o u t a n d n o t c o n s i d e r e d w h e n i t c o m e s t o c h o o s i n g o r r e j e c t i n g
    ;
    3 ) n e u t r a l i t y m a y c o m e f r o m n o n -a c q u a i n t a n c e
    ; B i s j u s t e n t i r e l y o u t s i d e o f
    t h e s o c i a l c o n t a c t r a n g e
    . Ex p r e s s e d n e u t r a l i t y i s p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t i n g , f o r
    i n s t a n c e , i n d i f f e r e n c e w h i c h h a s d e v e l o p e d b e t w e e n Aa n d i n d i v i d u a l s r e l a t e d t o
    h i m b y k i n s h i p , a s s i b l i n g s , p a r e n t s , i n -l a w s , f o r m e r b u s i n e s s a s s o c i a t e s a n d
    w i v e s .
    Th e p l o t t i n g o f t h e s e f i n d i n g s o n t h e b a s i s o f s u c h a n a l y s i s w o u l d h a v e m a d e
    v i s u a l o n l y t h e c u r r e n t s a s t h e y h a v e d e v e l o p e d i n Hu d s o n o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e
    c r i t e r i o n o f l i v i n g i n p r o x i m i t y
    . As i n d i c a t e d i n o t h e r p a r t s o f t h i s b o o k , t h e
    c r i t e r i o n o f w o r k i n g i n p r o x i m i t y p r e s e n t s a t l e a s t i n p a r t a d i f f e r e n t d i s t r i -
    b u t i o n
    ; t h e c r i t e r i o n o f s e x u a l , r e c r e a t i o n a l o r c u l t u r a l p r o x i m i t y e a c h i n i t s e l f
    w o u l d a l s o h a v e a c c o u n t e d f o r a d i f f e r e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n .
    D e s c r i p t i o n .
    In Ne i g h b o r h o o d I, Cl s h o w s t o w a r d s C2, 0 3 , C5 , C6, C13 a n d
    C14e i t h e r a n t a g o n i s m o r i n d i f f e r e n c e , b u t t o w a r d s 0 4a s y m p a t h e t i c a t t i t u d e
    .
    It i s a t t r a c t e d t o t h e m o s t d i s t a n t c o t t a g e s , CAa n d CB
    . Si m i l a r l y , c o t t a g e s
    0 2, C13 , C14a n d C5 a r e l e s s c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e i r i m m e d i a t e n e i g h b o r s t h a n
    w i t h c o t t a g e s l o c a t e d a t a g r e a t e r d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e m
    . Th e o n l y e x c e p t i o n i n
    t h i s n e i g h b o r h o o d i s 0 4w h i c h h a s c o m p a t i b l e r e l a t i o n s t o a l l t h e c o t t a g e s o f
    t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d e x c e p t t o 0 14a n d C3
    . In Ne i g h b o r h o o d II, C11, C12, 0 9, C8
    a n d 0 7s h o w a n t a g o n i s m t o w a r d s t h e i r i m m e d i a t e n e i g h b o r s e x c e p t C10 w h i c h ,
    a p a r t f r o m C7, i s f r i e n d l y w i t h a l l t h e c o t t a g e s o f t h e q u a d r a n g l e
    . 0 7h a s a n
    e x c e p t i o n a l p o s i t i o n a s i t i s e i t h e r d i s p a r a g e d b y t h e c o t t a g e s o f b o t h n e i g h b o r -
    h o o d s o r s i m p l y i s o l a t e d
    . In Ne i g h b o r h o o d III, CAa n d CB a r e f r i e n d l y
    n e i g h b o r s b u t t h e i r a t t i t u d e i s m o r e a n t a g o n i s t i c t o w a r d s t h e c o t t a g e s o f Ne i g h -
    b o r h o o d II( n o t e t h e i r s p l i t c u r r e n t s ) t h a n t o w a r d s t h o s e o f Ne i g h b o r h o o d 1
    .
    427
    PSYCHOLOGICALGEOGRAPHY
    PSYCHOLOGICALGEOGRAPHY-M APIV
    ARED UCTION SOCIOGRAM
    ( Th e r e a d e r i s r e f e r r e d t o M a p III, t h e c o m p l e t e s o c i o m e t r i c g e o g r a p h y o f a
    c o m m u n i t y , w i t h e x p l a n a t o r y t e x t , a t t h e r e a r o f t h e b o o k
    . Th e a b o v e c h a r t i s
    a r e d u c t i o n o f M a p III . )
    Ke y t o So c i o g r a m :
    Ea c h p l u s s i g n i n d i c a t e s t e n a t t r a c t i o n s w h i c h o c c u r w i t h i n t h e c o t t a g e
    .
    Ea c h m i n u s s i g n i n d i c a t e s t e n r e j e c t i o n s w h i c h o c c u r w i t h i n t h e c o t t a g e
    . A
    d a s h w i t h t w o d o t s r e p r e s e n t s h a l f a s y m b o l , f i v e r e j e c t i o n s o r f i v e c h o i c e s
    .
    Ea c h r e d l i n e r e p r e s e n t s f i v e a t t r a c t i o n s b e t w e e n h o u s e s ; e a c h b l a c k l i n e
    r e p r e s e n t s f i v e r e j e c t i o n s ; t h e f l o w i s i n b o t h d i r e c t i o n s
    . At t r a c t i o n m a y f l o w i n
    o n e d i r e c t i o n w h i l e r e j e c t i o n f l o w s i n t h e o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n .
    Th i s s o c i o g r a m i s a r e d u c t i o n o f t h e Ps y c h o l o g i c a l Ge o g r a p h y o f a Co m -
    m u n i t y
    . B y u s i n g a s o r t o f " d e c i m a l " s y s t e m f o r s o c i o g r a m r e d u c t i o n , t h e
    n u m b e r o f l i n e s , f o u r t h o u s a n d o n e h u n d r e d a n d t w e n t y -s e v e n , c a n b e r e d u c e d
    t o o n e -t e n t h . In t h i s p a r t i c u l a r c h a r t t h e r e d u c t i o n t o o n e -t e n t h i s a p p l i e d o n l y
    t o w i t h i n t h e c o t t a g e s
    . Th e r e d u c t i o n o f l i n e s b e t w e e n t h e c o t t a g e s i s t o o n e -
    f i f t h o f t h e o r i g i n a l n u m b e r
    . B y m u l t i p l y i n g t h e r e d l i n e s a n d t h e b l a c k l i n e s
    b y f i v e , t h e a c t u a l n u m b e r o f a t t r a c t i o n s a n d r e p u l s i o n s b e t w e e n a n y t w o c o t -
    t a g e s c a n b e f i g u r e d o u t
    . B y m u l t i p l y i n g e v e r y p l u s a n d e v e r y m i n u s s i g n
    w i t h i n t h e c o t t a g e b y t e n ( a n d e v e r y d o t -d a s h s i g n b y f i v e ) t h e t o t a l n u m b e r
    o f a t t r a c t i o n s a n d r e j e c t i o n s d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s m e m b e r s w i t h i n t h e c o t t a g e c a n
    b e f i g u r e d o u t .
    Th i s t e c h n i q u e d e m o n s t r a t e s a m e t h o d o f c h a r t i n g s o c i o g r a m s w h i c h p e r -
    m i t s t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n t o l a r g e m a s s e s o f p e o p l e
    . So c i o g r a m s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e
    r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n m o r e t h a n t w e n t y t o t w e n t y -f i v e p e o p l e h a v e o f t e n b e e n c o n -
    s i d e r e d u n r e a d a b l e
    . B u t a s d e m o n s t r a t e d a b o v e , b y m e a n s o f a d e c i m a l s y s t e m
    a t h o u s a n d l i n e s , f o r i n s t a n c e , c a n b e r e d u c e d t o o n e h u n d r e d . If t h e c a r t o g -
    r a p h e r d e s i r e s t o c h a r t l a r g e p o p u l a t i o n s a n d s t i l l p o r t r a y i n a v i s u a l f o r m
    t h e i r i n t e r g r o u p s t r u c t u r e , h e m a y u s e a c e n t e n n i a l o r a m i l e n n i a l s y s t e m , o n e
    l i n e r e p r e s e n t i n g o n e h u n d r e d o r o n e l i n e r e p r e s e n t i n g o n e t h o u s a n d i n d i v i d u a l s
    r e s p e c t i v e l y .
    PSYCHOLOGICALGEOGRAPHY
    429
    PSYCHOLOGICALGEOGRAPHY
    NETWORKSINACOM M UNITY-M APV
    Th e c h a r t i l l u s t r a t e s t h e s u b d i v i s i o n s o f t h e w h o l e c o m m u n i t y i n t o f i v e m o r e o r
    l e s s d i s t i n c t b u n d l e s , e a c h c o m p r i s i n g a s p e c i f i c n u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s . Th e
    i n d i v i d u a l s w h o b e l o n g t o e a c h o f t h e s e n e t w o r k s w e r e f o u n d t o b e s o i n t e r -
    l o c k e d , d i r e c t l y o r b y i n d i r e c t i o n , t h a t e m o t i o n a l s t a t e s c o u l d t r a v e l t o t h e
    m e m b e r s o f t h e r e s p e c t i v e n e t w o r k w i t h t h e l e a s t p o s s i b l e d e l a y .
    Th e s e n e t w o r k s a r e i n v i s i b l e . Th e y w e r e t r a c e d t h r o u g h i n s p e c t i o n o f So c i o -
    43 0
    m e t r i c a l Ge o g r a p h y M a p IIIb y m e a n s o f a m i c r o s c o p i c t e c h n i q u e a s f o l l o w s :
    Ea c h l i n e ( t e l e ) w h i c h w e n t o u t f r o m a m e m b e r o f a n y g r o u p t o a m e m b e r o f
    a n y o t h e r g r o u p a n d f r o m t h i s p e r s o n o n t o a m e m b e r o f a t h i r d g r o u p a n d
    f r o m t h i s p e r s o n o n t o a m e m b e r o f a f o u r t h g r o u p , e t c . , a s l o n g a s t h e c h a i n
    c o n t i n u e d . On l y s u c h p e r s o n s a r e c o u n t e d w h o a r e i n t e r l o c k e d a s b e l o n g i n g t o
    t h e s a m e n e t w o r k , i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e c o t t a g e i n w h i c h t h e y l i v e d
    . We b e g a n
    t h e c o u n t i n g w i t h a c e r t a i n i n d i v i d u a l i n Co t t a g e 4, f o l l o w i n g t h e l i n e w h i c h
    w e n t t o a n i n d i v i d u a l i n Co t t a g e 1, a n d f r o m t h i s i n d i v i d u a l t o a n o t h e r i n d i -
    v i d u a l i n Co t t a g e 6, t o f i n d t h a t t h i s l a s t i n d i v i d u a l h a d a l i n e g o i n g t o a n o t h e r
    i n d i v i d u a l i n Co t t a g e 7, t o f i n d t h a t t h i s i n d i v i d u a l i n Co t t a g e 7h a d n o l i n e
    g o i n g o u t t o a n y i n d i v i d u a l i n a n o t h e r c o t t a g e . At t h i s p o i n t t h e n e t w o r k b r o k e
    u p
    . We r e t u r n e d t o Co t t a g e 4a n d p r o c e e d e d i n a s i m i l a r m a n n e r w i t h e v e r y
    i n d i v i d u a l i n t h e c o t t a g e w h o s h o w e d c o n n e c t i o n s t o i n d i v i d u a l s i n o t h e r c o t -
    t a g e s , u n t i l a g a i n w e a r r i v e d w i t h e a c h o f t h e m t o t h e p o i n t w h e r e t h e n e t
    b r o k e u p . In t h i s m a n n e r w e w e r e e n a b l e d t o c o n s t r u c t w h a t w e c a l l e d t h e
    m a i n c o m m u n i c a t i o n l i n e o f t h e n e t w o r k .
    On c e t h e m e m b e r s o f t h e m a i n c o m m u n i c a t i o n l i n e o f t h e n e t w o r k w e r e a s c e r -
    t a i n e d , w e b e g a n t o t r a c e f r o m e a c h o f i t s m e m b e r s t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h i n
    h e r o w n g r o u p w h o w e r e d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o h e r . Th e s e b r a n c h e s f o r m e d t h e
    s i d e l i n e s o f t h e n e t w o r k
    . It i s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t a g a i n e a c h i n d i v i d u a l o f a s i d e
    l i n e w a s f o l l o w e d u p t o d e t e r m i n e h e r c o n t a c t s t o m e m b e r s o f o t h e r c o t t a g e s
    a n d i f s u c h n e w m e m b e r s w e r e f o u n d i n o t h e r c o t t a g e s , f o r t h e m a l s o .
    On t h i s b a s i s w e a s c e r t a i n e d i n Hu d s o n c o m p l i c a t e d n e t w o r k s : i n t h e s a m e
    c o t t a g e , f o r i n s t a n c e , Co t t a g e 4, a n u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s b e l o n g t o o n e n e t w o r k ,
    Ne t w o r k 1
    ; a n o t h e r n u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s u n r e l a t e d d i r e c t l y t o t h e f o r m e r
    b e l o n g t o a n o t h e r n e t w o r k , Ne t w o r k 2 . Th e i n d i v i d u a l s b e l o n g i n g t o i t a r e i n
    g e n e r a l d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e o n e s i n v o l v e d i n Ne t w o r k 1 . B u t t h e y a r e b y n o
    m e a n s f u l l y c u t o f f f r o m t h e m . As a n e x a m p l e , i n Co t t a g e 1s o m e o f t h e s a m e
    i n d i v i d u a l s s h a r e i n f o u r d i f f e r e n t n e t w o r k s . B u t n o t e v e r y g r o u p i s s o p r o -
    m i s c u o u s .
    Ex c e p t f o r s m a l l b r i d g e s c r o s s i n g b e t w e e n t h e s e n e t w o r k s , w h i c h w e h a v e i n d i -
    c a t e d b y l i n e s i n t h e s e c t i o n s w h i c h a r e o v e r l a p p i n g , w e c o u l d d i s t i n g u i s h
    w i t h i n t h e c o m m u n i t y f i v e m o r e o r l e s s d i s t i n c t b u n d l e s : Ne t w o r k 1c o n s i s t i n g
    o f 94i n d i v i d u a l s , Ne t w o r k 2c o n s i s t i n g o f 8 5 i n d i v i d u a l s , Ne t w o r k 3 c o n s i s t i n g
    o f 8 1i n d i v i d u a l s , Ne t w o r k 4c o n s i s t i n g o f 67i n d i v i d u a l s a n d Ne t w o r k 5 c o n -
    s i s t i n g o f 5 0 i n d i v i d u a l s . Th e t o t a l n u m b e r o f p e o p l e p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n t h e
    Ne t w o r k s i s t h u s 3 8 7
    . Th e r e f o r e , 48 i n d i v i d u a l s o u t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f 43 5
    d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e m ; t h i s n u m b e r i s s t i l l s m a l l e r t h a n t h e n u m b e r o f
    u n c h o s e n o n e s . So m e o f t h e u n c h o s e n i n d i v i d u a l s c h o s e t h e m s e l v e s i n t o c h a i n -
    p r o d u c i n g c o n t a c t s . Th e q u e s t i o n w h i c h a r i s e s i s : w h a t e f f e c t h a s t h e b e i n g
    l e f t o u t o f t h e m a i n c o m m u n i c a t i o n o f n e t w o r k s o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s o c i a l
    r o l e s , s o c i a l p e r c e p t i o n s , s o c i a l s y m b o l s , i n t h e s e n e g l e c t e d i n d i v i d u a l s , a n d h o w
    d o e s a l l t h i s a f f e c t t h e i r b e h a v i o r i n t h e s o c i a l g r o u p s i n w h i c h t h e y l i v e s
    Th e n e t w o r k s r e p r e s e n t t h e o l d e s t f o r m o f s o c i a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n
    . Tr a c e s o f
    t h e m a r e a l r e a d y i n s u b h u m a n s o c i e t i e s . Th e y a r e c o l l e c t i v e f o r m a t i o n s , t h e
    i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i c i p a n t s a r e u n c o n s c i o u s o f a l l t h e n e t w o r k s i n w h i c h t h e y p a r -
    t a k e , a l t h o u g h t h e y m a y b e a w a r e o f o n e o r a n o t h e r l i n k b e t w e e n s o m e o f t h e
    i n d i v i d u a l s , o r r e a l i z e t h a t s u c h n e t w o r k s e x i s t . An i n d i v i d u a l c a n n o t m o v e o u t
    o f n e t w o r k s , j u s t a s h e c a n n o t m o v e o u t s i d e o f h i s s k i n . Ne t w o r k s p r e -e x i s t
    h i m a n d p r e -e x i s t t h e o f f i c i a l g r o u p s o f w h i c h h e i s a p a r t .
    PSYCHOLOGICALCURRENTS

    43 1
    SOCIOM ETRICSPECULATIONS
    Th e a c c u r a t e u s e o f f i g u r e s f o r c o m p a r a t i v e s o c i o m e t r i c
    s t a t i s t i c s i s o f m e t h o d o l o g i c a l i m p o r t a n c e . Th e f i g u r e s h a v e t o
    b e r e l a t e d , f i r s t , t o c o l l e c t i v e s w h i c h h a v e t h e s a m e c r i t e r i o n
    ;
    s e c o n d , t o c o l l e c t i v e s w h o s e m e m b e r s a r e o f a s i m i l a r c h r o n o -
    l o g i c a l a g e l e v e l , e s p e c i a l l y i f t h e s e m e m b e r s a r e i n t h e i r f o r m a t i v e
    y e a r s o f c h i l d h o o d o r a d o l e s c e n c e ; t h i r d , t o c o l l e c t i v e s w h i c h h a v e
    a s i m i l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s e x o r s e x e s o f t h e i r m e m b e r s h i p
    .
    M i x e d s e x u a l g r o u p s a n d u n i -s e x e d g r o u p s t e n d t o w a r d s d i f f e r e n t
    s t r u c t u r e s . Si m i l a r l y , g r o u p s i n w h i c h t h e s e x e s a r e e q u a l l y
    d i s t r i b u t e d t e n d t o w a r d s d i f f e r e n t s t r u c t u r e s f r o m g r o u p s i n w h i c h
    o n e s e x p r e d o m i n a t e s . F o u r t h , t o c o l l e c t i v e s w h i c h h a v e a s i m i l a r
    d i s t r i b u t i o n o f r a c e o r n a t i o n a l i t y .
    On t h e b a s i s o f t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f e a c h c l a s s g r o u p
    i n P
    . S
    . 18 1( c o m p r i s i n g 42c l a s s e s ) , w e m a d e a q u a n t i t a t i v e
    a n a l y s i s o f t h e w h o l e s c h o o l a s a s o c i o m e t r i c c o m m u n i t y . Wi t h -
    i n i t s p o p u l a t i o n o f 1, 8 5 3 c h i l d r e n b e t w e e n t h e a g e s o f 4y e a r s
    t o 16y e a r s , 260 p u p i l s o r 14%r e m a i n e d u n c h o s e n ; t h e n u m -
    b e r o f m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n s b e t w e e n g i r l s w a s 23 8 ; t h e n u m b e r
    o f m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n s b e t w e e n b o y s w a s 20 8 ; t h e n u m b e r o f
    m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n s b e t w e e n b o y s a n d g i r l s w a s 3 5
    . As t h i s s c h o o l
    h a s a c o s m o p o l i t a n c o m p o s i t i o n r e p r e s e n t i n g m a n y d i f f e r e n t
    n a t i o n a l i t i e s , t h e s e f i g u r e s m a y , t h r o u g h f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n ,
    b e f o u n d t o h o l d a p p r o x i m a t e l y f o r t h e e n t i r e s c h o o l s y s t e m o f
    Ne w Yo r k . Am o n g o n e m i l l i o n g r a m m a r s c h o o l c h i l d r e n t h e r e
    m a y b e 140 , 0 0 0 c h i l d r e n w h o a r e u n c h o s e n i n t h e i r c l a s s g r o u p s .
    On t h e b a s i s o f t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f e a c h c o t t a g e w e
    m a d e a q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f t h e e n t i r e c o m m u n i t y o f Hu d s o n .
    Wi t h i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f 5 0 5 i n d i v i d u a l s , c o n s i s t i n g o f g i r l s b e -
    t w e e n 12a n d 21y e a r s o f a g e , t h e n u m b e r o f i s o l a t e d o r o f u n -
    c h o s e n a n d r e j e c t e d i s 8 1, o r 16% ; t h e n u m b e r o f m u t u a l a t t r a c -
    t i o n s i s 3 3 1 ; t h e n u m b e r o f m u t u a l d i s l i k e p a i r s i s 3 7 ; t h e n u m b e r
    o f i n c o m p a t i b l e p a i r s i s 112 . Th e d i s c r e p a n c y b e t w e e n t h e s i z e
    o f p o p u l a t i o n , s o m e t i m e s b e i n g r e c o r d e d a s 5 0 5 , a t o t h e r t i m e s
    a s 43 5 c a n b e e x p l a i n e d a s f o l l o w s : t h e f i r s t s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t w a s
    a p p l i e d t o t h e e n t i r e c o m m u n i t y o f 5 0 5 i n d i v i d u a l s . Th e r e f o r e ,
    t h e o r i g i n a l s o c i o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s w a s b a s e d o n t h i s f i g u r e . In t h e
    c o u r s e o f t h e s t u d y a l l i n d i v i d u a l s r e s i d i n g i n t h e h o s p i t a l o r o n
    43 2

    WHO SHALLSURV IV E?
    t h e f a r m a t t a c h e d t o t h e s c h o o l w e r e l e f t o u t . Th e y c o m p r i s e d
    70 i n d i v i d u a l s . Th i s r e d u c e d t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n t h e l a t e r a n a l y s i s
    t o 43 5 i n d i v i d u a l s l i v i n g i n 16c o t t a g e s . Th e r e a s o n w h y t h o s e
    i n t h e h o s p i t a l a n d f a r m w e r e l e f t o u t o f t h e c o m m u n i t y c h a r t s
    i s t h a t t h e c r i t e r i o n u s e d w a s o f a d i f f e r e n t n a t u r e
    . Wh e r e a s i n
    t h e c a s e o f t h e c o t t a g e g r o u p s t h e c r i t e r i o n w a s " l i v i n g i n p r o x -
    i m i t y , " i n t h e h o s p i t a l i t w a s " t o b e t r e a t e d f o r i l l n e s s , " o n t h e
    f a r m i t w a s " t r a i n i n g f o r c a r e o f t h e p o u l t r y a n d t h e d a i r y . "
    B o t h a s s i g n m e n t s w e r e t e m p o r a r y , e v e n t u a l l y t h e i n d i v i d u a l s r e -
    t u r n e d t o t h e i r c o t t a g e . Ho w e v e r , a s l o n g a s t h e y w e r e i n t h e
    h o s p i t a l o r o n t h e f a r m i t w a s n o t p o s s i b l e t o a c t i v a t e t h e i r c h o i c e ,
    s i n c e t h e y w e r e n o t a t l i b e r t y t o c h a n g e ; a l l o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l s o f
    t h e c o m m u n i t y w e r e a d e q u a t e l y m o t i v a t e d , t h e y h a d g o o d r e a s o n
    t o e x p e c t t h a t t h e i r c h o i c e w o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d a n d a c t e d u p o n .
    Su c h a n e x p e c t a t i o n o f c h a n g e f r o m t h e h o s p i t a l o r f a r m t o a
    r e s i d e n c e w a s i m p o s s i b l e .
    As t h e f i g u r e s g i v e n f o r Hu d s o n c o n c e r n e d h o m e g r o u p s a n d
    t h e p o s i t i o n i n t h e h o m e g r o u p i s t h e m o s t c o n s e q u e n t i a l o n e f o r
    a n i n d i v i d u a l , t h e y m a y s u g g e s t a s i m i l a r p o s i t i o n i n t h e o t h e r
    c o l l e c t i v e s f o r t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n . It i s t e m p t i n g t o
    a p p l y f i n d i n g s i n s m a l l c o m m u n i t i e s t o l a r g e s o c i a l s y s t e m s ; f o r
    i n s t a n c e , h o w m a n y i s o l a t e d , u n c h o s e n a n d r e j e c t e d i n d i v i d u a l s
    m a y e x i s t i n t h e Un i t e d St a t e s ? Th e t e n t a t i v e f i g u r e f o r t h e
    p o p u l a t i o n o f 13 3 , 8 3 6, 0 0 0 ( USCe n s u s Re p o r t f o r 1928 ) i s t h e n
    a b o u t 21, 413 , 760 ( o r 16%o f 13 3 , 8 3 6, 0 0 0 ) i s o l a t e d , u n c h o s e n
    o r r e j e c t e d i n d i v i d u a l s .
    On e m a y a r g u e t h a t t h e Hu d s o n c o m -
    m u n i t y , b e c a u s e o f i t s d e v i a t e c h a r a c t e r , i s n o t a f a i r s a m p l e o f
    t h e a v e r a g e t y p e o f c o m m u n i t y t h r o u g h o u t t h e USA .
    In d e e d ,
    w e s h o u l d e x p e c t t h a t w i t h q u a n t i t a t i v e c h a n g e s i n s i z e a n d c o m -
    p o s i t i o n o f p o p u l a t i o n s s t r u c t u r a l c h a n g e s w i l l t a k e p l a c e w h i c h
    w i l l d i s c l o s e n e w s o c i o d y n a m i c p h e n o m e n a ; t h e r e f o r e , w e s h o u l d
    b e g u a r d e d a g a i n s t h a s t y g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s . B u t s i m i l a r s t u d i e s
    o f n o r m a l c o m m u n i t i e s h a v e s h o w n t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s a r e o n l y
    q u a n t i t a t i v e , t h e t r e n d s a r e t h e s a m e . Wh e n t h e s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t
    w a s g i v e n t o 5 2i n d i v i d u a l s b e t w e e n t h e a g e s o f 18 a n d 25 y e a r s ,
    26s i n g l e m e n a n d 26s i n g l e w o m e n , l i v i n g i n Ne w Yo r k Ci t y , t o
    a s c e r t a i n t h e i r p o s i t i o n w i t h i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e n e i g h b o r h o o d , t h e
    n u m b e r o f u n c h o s e n a m o n g t h e m e n w a s f o u n d t o b e 12 . 2%a n d
    PSYCHOLOGICALCURRENTS

    4 3 3
    a m o n g t h e w o m e n 13 %
    . Th e r e a r e , o f c o u r s e , f u n d a m e n t a l d i f -
    f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e Hu d s o n c o m m u n i t y a n d
    t h a t o f t h e n a t i o n a t l a r g e . Th e s i z e o f a f a m i l y ( c o t t a g e ) g r o u p
    i n Hu d s o n ( 20 t o 3 0 i n d i v i d u a l s ) i s f i v e t o s i x t i m e s l a r g e r t h a n
    t h a t o f a n a v e r a g e s i z e d f a m i l y o u t s i d e . It m a y b e a r g u e d o n t h e
    b a s i s o f s o c i o m e t r i c f i g u r e s t h a t i n f a m i l i e s o f l a r g e r s i z e m o r e
    i n d i v i d u a l s r e m a i n u n a b s o r b e d t h a n i n s m a l l s i z e d f a m i l i e s . B u t
    o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , f a m i l i e s o f 20 o r m o r e a l s o p r o v i d e t h e m e m -
    b e r s w i t h i n i t s f o l d w i t h n u m e r o u s s o c i a l c o n t a c t s a n d o f f e r t h e m
    m o r e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r c l i c k i n g w i t h s o m e o n e t h a n d o s m a l l s i z e d
    f a m i l i e s , a s i n t h e l a r g e c i t i e s . Th e c i t y d w e l l e r h a s t o s e a r c h
    i n c e s s a n t l y f o r n e w f r i e n d s ; h i s s o c i a l c o n t a c t s w i l l l a r g e l y b e
    d r a w n f r o m t h e o u t g r o u p .
    Su c h i n d i v i d u a l s w i l l t h u s t e n d t o -
    w a r d s s o c i a l i s o l a t i o n .
    Th e Hu d s o n f i g u r e s c a n b e s e e n i n a n o t h e r l i g h t
    . Af t e r t h e f i r s t
    p h a s e o f t h e s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t w a s g i v e n , t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e c h o i c e s
    r e v e a l e d t h a t 20 4, o r 40 . 5 %r e m a i n e d u n c h o s e n a f t e r t h e f i r s t
    c h o i c e s
    ; 13 9, o r 27/ %a f t e r t h e 2n d c h o i c e ; 110 , o r 22%a f t e r
    t h e 3 r d c h o i c e
    ; 95 , o r 19%a f t e r t h e 4t h c h o i c e , a n d 8 1, o r 16%
    a f t e r t h e 5 t h c h o i c e . Al s o , t h r o u g h f u r t h e r i n q u i r y , i t w a s f o u n d
    t h a t n u m e r o u s i n d i v i d u a l s w h o h a d n o t b e e n c h o s e n s p o n t a n e o u s l y
    w e r e s t i l l f o u n d a t t r a c t i v e b y o n e o r t h e o t h e r c o r r e s p o n d e n t t o a
    c h o i c e . Th i s
    s o c i o m e t r i c h i e r a r c h y i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e f o r m o f a
    t r i a n g l e , s e e p
    . 43 5 . Th o s e w h o a r e c h o s e n f i r s t a r e o n t h e p i n -
    n a c l e o f t h e t r i a n g l e . Ne x t a r e t h o s e w h o a r e c h o s e n s e c o n d
    ;
    n e x t t h o s e c h o s e n t h i r d
    ; n e x t t h o s e c h o s e n f o u r t h , a n d t h e n t h o s e
    c h o s e n f i f t h . At t h e b a s e o f t h e t r i a n g l e i s t h e v o l u m e o f t h o s e
    i n d i v i d u a l s w h o , a f t e r a l l f i v e c h o i c e s h a v e r e m a i n e d u n c h o s e n .
    We h a v e f o u n d t h a t e v e n w h e n t h e n u m b e r o f c h o i c e s p e r m i t t e d
    a r e u n l i m i t e d , s o m e p e r s o n s a r e s t i l l l e f t o u t a f t e r a t e n t h ,
    e l e v e n t h o r t w e l f t h c h o i c e . In e v e r y s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n a n u m b e r o f
    v a r i a b l e s o p e r a t e
    . Wi t h e v e r y n e w c r i t e r i o n a n e w v a r i a b l e e n t e r s
    t h e s o c i a l f i e l d
    . Th e r e f o r e , a n i n d i v i d u a l w h o r e m a i n e d u n c h o s e n
    i n r e f e r e n c e t o o n e c r i t e r i o n m a y b e c h o s e n i n a n o t h e r
    . Th e t o t a l
    s o c i a l a t o m o f a n i n d i v i d u a l i s m u l t i -c r i t e r i a l .
    Ho w e v e r , i t m a y
    w e l l b e t h a t t h e r e a r e i n d i v i d u a l s w h o a r e f o u n d , a t c e r t a i n p o i n t s
    o f t i m e i n t h e i r l i f e l i n e , t o b e u n c h o s e n i n r e g a r d t o a l l t h e c r i t e r i a
    i n w h i c h t h e y a r e i n v o l v e d
    . Th i s m e a n s , f i g u r a t i v e l y s p e a k i n g ,
    43 4

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    t h a t t h e r e a r e m i l l i o n s o f i n d i v i d u a l s a m o n g u s w h o , w h e n t h e y
    l o v e a w o m a n , f o r i n s t a n c e , c o m p e t e w i t h a t l e a s t f i v e o t h e r s a h e a d
    o f h i m w h o a r e m o r e a t t r a c t i v e t o h e r . Su c h a n i n d i v i d u a l i s
    p e r h a p s t h e t e n t h o r t w e l f t h i n l i n e
    . If h e a p p l i e s f o r e m p l o y m e n t ,
    t h e r e a r e f i v e a h e a d o f h i m w h o a r e m o r e a t t r a c t i v e t o t h e e m -
    p l o y e r .
    He i s p e r h a p s a g a i n t h e t e n t h o r t w e l f t h i n l i n e .
    Ev e n
    i n t h e h o m e o f h i s p a r e n t s h e m a y h a v e b e e n l e s s a t t r a c t i v e t o t h e m
    t h a n h i s b r o t h e r s a n d s i s t e r s w e r e . An d t h e s e m i l l i o n s a r e n o t
    t h e p h y s i c a l o r m e n t a l l y d e f e c t i v e , b u t t h e y a p p a r e n t l y f o r m a
    c r o s s s e c t i o n o f o u r p o p u l a t i o n
    . Ag a i n , i t s h o u l d n o t b e f o r g o t t e n
    t h a t i t i s o f t e n i n t h e m i d s t o f t h e s o c i a l g r o u p s t o w h i c h t h e y
    b e l o n g
    t h a t t h e y f i n d t h e m s e l v e s i s o l a t e d , u n c h o s e n o r r e j e c t e d
    .
    Th i s t r a g e d y c a n b e f a l l e n t i r e g r o u p s a n d e v e n t u a l l y e n t i r e n a t i o n s .
    We h a v e s h o w n t h a t t h e s e p r o c e s s e s a r e i n t i m a t e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e
    s t r u c t u r e o f g r o u p s a n d o f c o m m u n i t i e s . B u t w h a t b e c o m e s o f
    t h e s e p e o p l e i f t h e y f i n d t h e m s e l v e s a g a i n a n d a g a i n a t a d i s a d -
    v a n t a g e ?
    Th e r e i s n o q u e s t i o n b u t t h a t t h i s p h e n o m e n o n r e p e a t s i t s e l f
    t h r o u g h o u t t h e n a t i o n , h o w e v e r w i d e l y t h e n u m b e r o f u n c h o s e n
    m a y v a r y f r o m l s t t o 5 t h o r m o r e c h o i c e s , d u e t o t h e i n c a l c u l a b l e
    i n f l u e n c e o f s e x u a l , e c o n o m i c , r a c i a l a n d o t h e r p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r -
    r e n t s .
    F o r Ne w Yo r k Ci t y , w i t h a p o p u l a t i o n o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y
    7, 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 -i n r e g a r d t o t h e c r i t e r i o n :
    " Wi t h w h o m d o y o u w a n t
    t o l i v e i n t h e s a m e h o m e " -t h e a b o v e p e r c e n t a g e s w o u l d b e a s
    f o l l o w s : a f t e r t h e l s t c h o i c e , 2, 8 3 5 , 0 0 0 u n c h o s e n i n d i v i d u a l s
    ;
    a f t e r t h e 2n d c h o i c e , 1, 90 0 , 0 0 0 u n c h o s e n ; a f t e r t h e 3 r d c h o i c e ,
    1, 5 40 , 0 0 0 u n c h o s e n
    ; a f t e r t h e 4t h c h o i c e , 1, 3 3 0 , 0 0 0 u n c h o s e n
    ; a n d
    a f t e r t h e 5 t h c h o i c e , 1, 120 , 0 0 0 u n c h o s e n . Th e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s s u g -
    g e s t t h a t m a n k i n d i s d i v i d e d n o t o n l y i n t o r a c e s a n d n a t i o n s , r e l i g -
    i o n s a n d s t a t e s , b u t i n t o s o c i o n o m i c d i v i s i o n s .
    9s o c i o n o m i c
    h i e r a r c h y r e s u l t s f r o m t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n a t t r a c t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l s
    a n d g r o u p s f o r o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l s a n d g r o u p s
    . Wh e t h e r t h e s e d i f -
    f e r e n c e s i n a t t r a c t i v e n e s s a r e i n t r i n s i c o r n o t , t h e y h a v e b e e n t h e
    g r e a t e s t d e t e r r e n t s o r s t i m u l a n t s o f t h e w i l l t o p o w e r
    . It i s n a t u r a l
    t h a t l e s s a t t r a c t i v e i n d i v i d u a l s a n d l e s s a t t r a c t i v e g r o u p s w i l l t r y t o
    a t t a i n , t h r o u g h t h e a r b i t e r o f f o r c e o r d e c e i t w h a t s p o n t a n e o u s
    a t t r a c t i o n a n d a b i l i t y f a i l t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e m
    .
    ++++-!+ +++
    ++
    +++t ++ -
    ++ +++++i -~
    t +t ++t

    +t t +

    ++t t

    +++

    +t

    +
    1d
    c h o i c e
    i o u ' r e j e c t i o n
    9" ' r s e c t l o l +
    8 " ' r e j e c t i o n
    7" ' r a j c c t t o n
    b d ` r a ~1e e t o n
    S r e j e Ci l e n
    4" ' r e j e e t i o -
    I
    3 Wr e j e c t l o n
    - 2" J r e j e c t i o n
    V OWh 4t r s j e e t l o n
    TRIANGLECHART
    Th e t w o t r i a n g l e s a r e c o n s t r u c t e d o p p o s i t e e a c h o t h e r
    .
    Th e t o p t r i a n g l e r e p r e s e n t s t h e f i e l d o f t h e p o s i t i v e f o r c e s d r a w i n g p e o p l e ,
    i n d i v i d u a l s o r g r o u p s , t o w a r d s o n e a n o t h e r -c h o i c e s o r a t t r a c t i o n s ( +)
    . Th e
    t r i a n g l e i s t h e h i e r a r c h i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f c h o i c e m a k i n g , t h e v o l u m e o f c h o i c e s
    m o v e s f r o m t h e b a s e o f t h e t r i a n g l e w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s z e r o c h o i c e -t h e l e a s t
    c h o s e n p e o p l e -t o w a r d s t h e a p e x w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s t h e h i g h e s t c h o i c e , t h e l e v e l
    o f t h e m o s t c h o s e n p e o p l e .
    Th e b o t t o m t r i a n g l e g i v e s e x a c t l y t h e o p p o s i t e r e a d i n g , t h e f i e l d o f r e j e c t i o n
    ( -)
    . Th e t r i a n g l e i s t h e h i e r a r c h i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f r e j e c t i o n m a k i n g
    . Th e b a s e
    o f t h e t r i a n g l e s i g n i f i e s z e r o r e j e c t i o n , t h e l e a s t r e j e c t e d p e o p l e , w h e n c e t h e
    v o l u m e o f r e j e c t i o n m o v e s t o w a r d s t h e a p e x , t h e l e v e l o f t h e m o s t r e j e c t e d
    p e o p l e .
    HIERARCHICSOCIOGRAM
    1" J e 6o i c e
    3 r d c h o i c e
    4" ' c h o i c e
    5 " ' c h o i c e
    6 c h o i c e
    7' ' c h o i c e
    8 " '
    c h o i c e
    9" ' c h o i c e
    10 y 1 c h o i c e
    43 5
    43 6

    WHO
    SHALL SURV IV E?
    SURV EYOF PSYCHOLOGICALCURRENTS
    Th e m a p p i n g o f t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l g e o g r a p h y o f a c o m m u n i t y
    e n a b l e s u s t o s u r v e y i t s p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s . Tw o e l e c t r i c
    c u r r e n t s p r o d u c e m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n o f t h e i r c o n d u c t o r s w h e n b o t h
    h a v e t h e s a m e d i r e c t i o n
    . Th e y p r o d u c e m u t u a l r e p u l s i o n w h e n
    t h e d i r e c t i o n o f o n e c u r r e n t i s o p p o s e d t o t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e o t h e r
    c u r r e n t
    . Si m i l a r l y , a p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t b e t w e e n t w o g r o u p s
    c a n b e a c u r r e n t o f m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n o r o f m u t u a l r e p u l s i o n .
    Al t h o u g h f a r m o r e c o m p l e x t h a n i n e l e c t r o -p h y s i c s , t h e r e i s a l s o
    i n p s y c h o g e o g r a p h y i n r e s p e c t t o a c e r t a i n c r i t e r i o n e i t h e r a y e s
    o r a n o , w h a t e v e r t h e m o t i v a t i o n s o f t h i s y e s o r n o m a y b e
    . We
    c a l l t h e y e s a t t i t u d e a t t r a c t i o n a n d t h e n o a t t i t u d e r e p u l s i o n w i t h o u t
    i m p l y i n g a n y s p e c i f i c e m o t i o n a l s t a t e . An d , a s i n a n e l e c t r i c
    c i r c u i t w h e n t h e d i f f e r e n c e s o f p o t e n t i a l a n d t h e d e n s i t y o f c u r r e n t
    f l o w i n s u c h f a s h i o n a l o n g t h e c o n d u c t o r s t h a t a b a l a n c e d s t a t e
    i s p r o d u c e d , w e c a l l t h e a t t i t u d e t h a t i s n e i t h e r a y e s n o r a n o i n -
    d i f f e r e n c e .
    Ps y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s c o n s i s t o f f e e l i n g s o f o n e g r o u p t o w a r d s
    a n o t h e r
    . Th e c u r r e n t i s n o t p r o d u c e d i n e a c h i n d i v i d u a l a p a r t
    f r o m t h e o t h e r s o f t h e g r o u p
    ; i t i s n o t r e a d y i n e v e r y o n e o n l y t o
    b e a d d e d t o g e t h e r t o r e s u l t i n a s u m , a s , f o r i n s t a n c e , a n g e r w h i c h
    d o m i n a t e s e a c h i n d i v i d u a l o f t h e g r o u p t o t h e e n d t h a t t h e w h o l e
    g r o u p b e c o m e s a n g r y a s a t o t a l i t y a n d e a c h o f i t s m e m b e r s e q u a l l y
    a n g r y . Th e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f e a c h i n d i v i d u a l i s u n e q u a l a n d t h e
    p r o d u c t i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e s i n g l e c o n t r i b u t i o n s .
    On e o r t w o i n d i v i d u a l s m a y c o n t r i b u t e m o r e t o w a r d s d e t e r m i n i n g
    w h a t f e e l i n g d i r e c t s t h e c u r r e n t t h a n t h e r e s t . B u t f r o m t h e s p o n -
    t a n e o u s i n t e r a c t i o n o f s u c h c o n t r a s t i n g c o n t r i b u t o r s p o w e r f u l
    p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s r e s u l t . Th r o u g h t h e m a p p i n g o f a p s y -
    c h o l o g i c a l g e o g r a p h y o f t h e e m o t i o n s o f t h e Hu d s o n p o p u l a t i o n
    w e w e r e a b l e t o s t u d y v a r i e t i e s o f p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s .
    Se x u a l Cu r r e n t s
    Ag r o u p o f g i r l s w e r e s t u d i e d f r o m t h e d a y o f t h e i r a r r i v a l
    i n r e s p e c t t o t h e i r s e x u a l c o n d u c t . Th e y h a d b e e n a s s i g n e d t o
    C10 , *C11a n d C12w h i c h a r e f o u n d o n Ps y c h o l o g i c a l Ge o g r a p h y
    C12, C13 a n d C14o n M a p s IIIa n d IV a n d o n t h e c h a r t s o f i n d i v i d u a l
    c o t t a g e s .
    PSYCHOLOGICALCURRENTS

    43 7
    M a p IIi n Ne i g h b o r h o o d II . We f o u n d t h a t a f t e r a p e r i o d o f
    f r o m 5 0 t o 110 d a y s 9o f t h e s e 15 g i r l s b e g a n t o s h o w a n i n t e r e s t i n
    t h e c o l o r e d g i r l s o f t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d , a s a p p a r e n t f r o m c o m m u n i -
    c a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e m . F r o m t h e m o t i v a t i o n s g i v e n a n d t h e e v i d e n t
    c o n d u c t t h e c u r r e n t a p p e a r e d t o b e s e x u a l . B u t a s w e h a v e d e -
    s c r i b e d e l s e w h e r e i n t h i s b o o k , t h e c u r r e n t w a s a p e r v e r s i o n o f
    p r i m a r y s e x u a l i t y : i t w a s a s u b s t i t u t e c u r r e n t f o r b o t h g r o u p s .
    Th e w h i t e g i r l s w e r e t h e a c t i v e , i n i t i a t i n g a g e n t s a n d t h e c o l o r e d
    g i r l s r e s p o n d e d a f t e r a t i m e : i t w a s a c o u n t e r c u r r e n t t o t h e s p o n -
    t a n e o u s c u r r e n t o f t h e w h i t e g r o u p .
    Th i s g r o u p o f n i n e g i r l s g r a d u a l l y b e c a m e i n t e r l o c k e d w i t h e i g h t
    c o l o r e d g i r l s . At t h e s t a r t o n l y t w o o f t h e w h i t e g i r l s , Aa n d B ,
    w e r e i n d i v i d u a l l y a t t r a c t e d t o t w o o f t h e c o l o r e d
    . B o t h h a d h a d
    c o l o r e d b o y f r i e n d s o u t s i d e . At h i r d , C, w a s t h e l e t t e r c a r r i e r o f
    Aa n d a f e w d a y s l a t e r s t a r t e d t o i m i t a t e Ab y c o u r t i n g a c o l o r e d
    g i r l h e r s e l f . Th e n e x t " c a u g h t u p " b y t h e c u r r e n t w a s E, a n
    i s o l a t e d g i r l w h o r e c e i v e d n o a t t e n t i o n f r o m t h e o t h e r g i r l s o f h e r
    g r o u p . As i x t h , F , a p p e a r e d t o b r e a k i n t o t h e c u r r e n t b e c a u s e
    t h e h o u s e m o t h e r w a s a g a i n s t t h e p r a c t i c e a n d F w a s a n t a g o n i s t i c
    t o h e r . Wi t h i n t h r e e w e e k s s h e e m p l o y e d t h r e e d i f f e r e n t g i r l s ,
    G, H, a n d I, a s c a r r i e r s o f h e r n o t e s , a n d t h e y f i n a l l y f o u n d p l e a s u r e
    i n i t t h e m s e l v e s . F r o m t h e s i d e o f t h e c o l o r e d g r o u p , t h e a c t i v i t y
    b e g a n i n C10 w i t h t h r e e g i r l s w h o h a d r e c e i v e d a t t e n t i o n b e f o r e
    a n d t w o w h o w e r e n e w c o m e r s . Th e o t h e r t h r e e g i r l s w e r e f r o m
    C7 . Th e s e 17g i r l s , w h i t e a n d c o l o r e d , f o r m e d t h e i r o w n n e t w o r k
    a n d b r o k e u p g r o u p l i n e s . Th e y f o r m e d a c u r r e n t t h a t l e d o t h e r s
    i n t o i t s a l r e a d y f o r m e d p a t h w a y .
    Ra c i a l Cu r r e n t s
    Th e d e v e l o p m e n t o f
    a r a c i a l c u r r e n t h a s b e e n f o l l o w e d f r o m i t s
    t r a c e a b l e b e g i n n i n g s t o a n o p e n a n d m a n i f e s t s t a g e , s e e p
    . 424 .
    Th e w h i t e p o p u l a t i o n , b e i n g i n t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y , p r o -
    d u c e d i n t h e c o l o r e d g r o u p , w h i c h c o m p o s e d o n l y 14%o f t h e
    p o p u l a t i o n , a p o t e n t i a l s e n s i t i v e n e s s i n r e s p e c t t o b e i n g r e g a r d e d
    a s i n f e r i o r . In t h e f i r s t p h a s e , a l t e r n a t i n g r e a c t i o n s w i t h i n a g r o u p
    o f g i r l s o f C12f o r m e d a n i n t e r -r a c i a l c u r r e n t o f a g g r e s s i o n b e -
    t w e e n t w o g a n g s , o n e o f d a r k c o l o r e d g i r l s l e d b y St e l l a a n d
    a n o t h e r o f l i g h t c o l o r e d g i r l s l e d b y J a n e
    ; i n t h e s e c o n d p h a s e , w e
    s a w t h e St e l l a g a n g t u r n i n g a g g r e s s i v e t o w a r d s t h e w h i t e f o r e -
    43 8

    WHO SHALLSURV IV E?
    w o m a n i n t h e w o r k u n i t a n d g r a d u a l l y d e v e l o p i n g i n a t e r m i n a l
    p h a s e t o a r a c i a l c u r r e n t a g g r e s s i v e l y p o i n t e d a t a s e c t i o n o f t h e
    w h i t e a d u l t p o p u l a t i o n
    . Th e m a j o r i t y o f t h e c o l o r e d g i r l s u n t i l
    a l m o s t t h e l a s t s t a g e w e r e i n d i f f e r e n t o r u n d i r e c t e d
    . B u t t h e
    o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e g r o u p w a s r e a d y : p r e d i s p o s e d t o t h e c o m i n g
    d e v e l o p m e n t . It a p p e a r s t h a t , w h e n a g g r e s s i v e c u r r e n t s a r i s e i n
    r e s p e c t t o s e l f -p r e s e r v a t i o n o r r a c i a l d i f f e r e n c e , a v e r y s m a l l
    m i n o r i t y m a y c o m e t o t h e f r o n t a n d d i r e c t t h e c u r r e n t s w h i c h a r e
    s e t f o r r e l e a s e .
    So c i a l Cu r r e n t s
    M a p IIIi n d i c a t e s a l l t h e r e a c t i o n s o f t h e g i r l s i n e a c h c o t t a g e
    o f t h e Hu d s o n c o m m u n i t y i n t h e s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t o n t h e c r i t e r i o n
    o f l i v i n g i n p r o x i m i t y . It s h o w s i n t o w h i c h d i r e c t i o n t h e p o p u -
    l a t i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n t c o t t a g e s g r a v i t a t e i n t h e i r d e s i r e s f o r
    a h o m e f o r t h e m s e l v e s
    . F r o m M a p IIo n p . 426w e c a n s e e
    t h a t t h e c u r r e n t r u n s i n f o u r m a i n d i r e c t i o n s . Th e o n e s w h i c h
    a r e t h e s t r o n g e s t a m o n g t h e m r u n f r o m Ne i g h b o r h o o d Ia n d II
    t o Ne i g h b o r h o o d III . Th e t h i r d l a r g e s t s t r e a m r u n s b e t w e e n Cl
    a n d C4. St r e a m s o f r e j e c t i o n s c a n b e t r a c e d , t h e l a r g e s t g o i n g t o
    C12 . Th e m i x e d c u r r e n t s t o w a r d s t h e c o l o r e d c o t t a g e s l e a v e s
    t h e m i n c o m p a r a t i v e i s o l a t i o n
    . Th e s e c u r r e n t s d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t
    e v e n i n a c o m m u n i t y a s s i m p l y s t r u c t u r e d a s Hu d s o n t h e r e a r e
    d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l s t r a t a , a s o c i a l h i e r a r c h y .
    We c a n d i f f e r e n t i a t e p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s ( 1) a c c o r d i n g t o
    t h e i r c a u s a t i o n i n t o ( a ) s e x u a l , ( b ) r a c i a l , ( c ) s o c i a l , ( d ) i n -
    d u s t r i a l , a n d ( e ) c u l t u r a l c u r r e n t s ; a n d ( 2) a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
    p r i n c i p l e o f t h e i r f o r m a t i o n i n t o ( a ) p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e c u r -
    r e n t s , ( b ) s p o n t a n e o u s a n d c o u n t e r c u r r e n t s , ( c ) p r i m a r y a n d
    s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t s , ( d ) i n i t i a l a n d t e r m i n a l c u r r e n t s , a n d ( e )
    m a i n a n d s i d e c u r r e n t s .
    Th e s e c u r r e n t s c a n b e m e a s u r e d a c c o r d i n g t o e x p a n s i o n . B y
    e x a m i n i n g M a p IIIw e s e e n o s o c i a l c u r r e n t c a n b e t r a c e d i n t h e
    Hu d s o n c o m m u n i t y b e t w e e n m e m b e r s o f c o t t a g e s C12a n d C16,
    C12a n d C13 , C12a n d C6, C16a n d C9, C9a n d C3 , C9a n d C13 ,
    C9a n d C14, C1a n d C16 . Am o n g t h e s e e i g h t p a i r s o f c o t t a g e s
    b e t w e e n w h i c h n o c u r r e n t s c o u l d b e f o u n d , t h e t w o c o l o r e d c o t -
    t a g e s , C9a n d C12, f i g u r e s e v e n t i m e s . On l y t h e r e m a i n i n g p a i r
    c o n s i s t s o f w h i t e g r o u p s
    . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , C2w a s f o u n d t o b e
    PSYCHOLOGICALCURRENTS

    43 9
    t h e c e n t e r o f s o c i a l c u r r e n t s f l o w i n g f r o m e v e r y g r o u p i n t h e c o m -
    m u n i t y . Th i s i s a s a m p l e o f t h e d e g r e e o f e x p a n s i o n o f c u r r e n t s
    r e l a t e d t o a s i n g l e c r i t e r i o n . An d a s t h e s a m e g r o u p c a n b e r e l a t e d
    a l s o t o m a n y o t h e r c r i t e r i a , i t c a n b e t h e c r o s s i n g p o i n t o f n u m e r o u s
    o t h e r c u r r e n t s
    .
    We c a n m e a s u r e e x p a n s i o n o f c u r r e n t s i n r e l a t i o n t o a p a r -
    t i c u l a r g r o u p ( w h a t e v e r p o r t i o n o f t h e g r o u p i s i n v o l v e d ) b y d e -
    t e r m i n i n g t h e n u m b e r o f o t h e r g r o u p s a f f e c t e d b y t h e i r c u r r e n t s
    a n d f i g u r e t h e a v e r a g e e m o t i o n a l e x p a n s i o n f o r a g r o u p i n a g i v e n
    c o m m u n i t y . F o r i n s t a n c e , t h e q u a n t i t y o f t h e c u r r e n t b e t w e e n
    C9a n d C13 i s z e r o t e l e
    ; t h e c u r r e n t f r o m C9t o C6m e a s u r e s 1
    t e l e
    ; f r o m C4t o C10 , 8 t e l e ; f r o m C16t o C14, 19t e l e ; f r o m
    C12t o C9, 27t e l e . Su c h f i g u r e s i n d i c a t e t h e c r u d e i n d e x o f t h e
    p o t e n t i a l p o w e r o f a c u r r e n t i n t h e c o m m u n i t y
    . B e s i d e s t h i s
    n u m b e r , t h e e f f e c t o f e a c h t e l e h a s t o b e c l a s s i f i e d a n d c o n s i d e r e d
    t o g a i n a m o r e a c c u r a t e i n d e x o f t h e r e a l p o w e r o f a c e r t a i n c u r -
    r e n t
    . If i t i s a n i s o l a t e d , s i d e t r a c k e d c u r r e n t , t h e n t h e a b l e s t i n d i -
    v i d u a l s w i t h t h e m o s t i n f l u e n t i a l p o s i t i o n s w i t h i n i t w i l l e n d w i t h
    t h e c u r r e n t i t s e l f i n t o a b l i n d a l l e y . B u t i f i t j o i n s t h e m a i n c u r -
    r e n t o f t h e c o m m u n i t y , t h e s a m e t e l e a s b e f o r e m a y p r o d u c e a n
    e f f e c t w h i c h i s m a n y t i m e s m o r e p o w e r f u l .
    D u e t o p r e s s u r e w i t h i n p o p u l a t i o n s t h e m a s s o f p s y c h o l o g i c a l
    c u r r e n t s g o i n g o u t f r o m i n d i v i d u a l s i s f a r l a r g e r t h a n t h e a m o u n t
    o f c o u n t e r -c u r r e n t s c o m i n g i n f r o m t h e o b j e c t s o f t h e i r a f f e c t i o n ,
    i n r e s p o n s e . In t h i s c r i s s c r o s s i n g a g r e a t a m o u n t o f e m o t i o n a l
    e n e r g y a p p e a r s w a s t e d a n d a g r e a t a m o u n t o f d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n a n d
    f r u s t r a t i o n s e e m s u n a v o i d a b l e
    . B u t p e r h a p s j u s t a s w e h a v e b e e n
    a b l e t o c o r r e c t t h e d i r e c t i o n o f r i v e r s a n d t o r r e n t s , w e m a y b e
    a b l e t o c o r r e c t t h e d i r e c t i o n i n w h i c h p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s f l o w .
    J u s t a s t h e r e a r e m i l l i o n s o f f o r g o t t e n , i s o l a t e d i n d i v i d u a l s i n t h e
    w o r l d , t h e r e m a y b e m i l l i o n s o f i s o l a t e d c u r r e n t s w i t h i n t h e w o r l d
    p o p u l a t i o n
    .
    We s u c c e e d e d i n e s t i m a t i n g t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l m a k e u p o f t h e s e
    c u r r e n t s -w h e t h e r t h e d o m i n a n t e m o t i o n w a s f e a r , h a t e , j e a l o u s y ,
    l o v e a n d s o f o r t h , o r t h e i r m i c r o s o c i o l o g i c a l m a k e u p , w h e t h e r t h e
    g r o u p s u b j e c t i v e n o t i o n s w e r e c l i c k i n g , c r o s s i n g , b r e a k i n g o r b y -
    p a s s i n g f o r m s o f i n t e r a c t i o n ; o r t h e i r a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l m a k e u p ,
    w h e t h e r t h e d o m i n a t i n g r o l e s t r u c t u r e w a s c o n f o r m i n g o r d e v i a n t .
    Th i s w a s g a i n e d t h r o u g h a c o m b i n a t i o n o f s o c i o m e t r i c t e c h n i q u e s .
    4 4
    0

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    Th e s e p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s d o n o t r e s t i n i n d i v i d u a l s b u t
    r u n i n t o s p a c e a n d t h e r e t h e y d o n o t r u n e n t i r e l y w i l d l y b u t
    t h r o u g h c h a n n e l s a n d s t r u c t u r e s w h i c h a r e e r e c t e d b y m e n
    f a m i l i e s , s c h o o l s , f a c t o r i e s , c o m m u n i t i e s e t c
    . Th e y a r e n o t p r o -
    d u c e d b y b o u n d a r i e s w h i c h a r e e r e c t e d b y n a t u r e :
    c l i m a t e o r r a c e .
    Th i s i s t h e r e a s o n w h y i t w a s d e e m e d i n s u f f i c i e n t t o p r e s e n t t h e
    f a c t s t h r o u g h s o c i o m e t r i c e q u a t i o n s o n l y . We h a d a l s o t o c o n -
    s i d e r t h e i r e x p a n s i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e v a r i o u s a n c h o r a g e s o f o u r
    s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l s t r u c t u r e . If t h e s o c i o g r a m s o f e a c h i n d i v i d u a l
    g r o u p o f a c o m m u n i t y w e r e c o m b i n e d i n t o a g r a p h , t h e s o c i o g r a m
    o f e a c h f a m i l y , f a c t o r y , c h u r c h , e t c . , d e p i c t i n g a l s o t h e p s y c h o l o g i -
    c a l c u r r e n t s w h i c h f l o w f r o m i n d i v i d u a l s i n o n e g r o u p t o t h e i n -
    d i v i d u a l s i n t h e o t h e r g r o u p s , t h e n a p i c t u r e o f a c o m m u n i t y r e -
    s u l t s w h i c h i s g e o g r a p h i c a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l a t t h e s a m e t i m e , i t s
    p s y c h o l o g i c a l g e o g r a p h y . We n e e d t o s t u d y h u m a n n a t u r e n o t
    o n l y i n t h e a s p e c t o f i t s p a s t , n o t o n l y f r o m t h e a s p e c t o f i t s
    c o n s c i o u s n e s s o r u n c o n s c i o u s n e s s , b u t f r o m t h e a s p e c t o f t h e
    a c t u a l Pr e s e n c e o f t h e p o w e r f u l , p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s i n w h o s e
    p r o d u c t i o n e a c h m a n p a r t i c i p a t e s , a s h o w e v e r i n f i n i t e l y s m a l l
    a n a g e n t
    .
    NETWORKS
    Th e p s y c h o g e o g r a p h i c m a p p i n g o f t h e c o m m u n i t y s h o w s , f i r s t ,
    t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f l o c a l g e o g r a p h y t o p s y c h o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s ;
    s e c o n d , t h e c o m m u n i t y a s a p s y c h o l o g i c a l w h o l e a n d t h e i n t e r -
    r e l a t i o n s o f i t s p a r t s , f a m i l i e s , i n d u s t r i a l u n i t s , e t c . ; t h i r d , t h e
    e x i s t e n c e o f p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s w h i c h b r e a k g r o u p l i n e s , a s
    r a c i a l , e c o n o m i c , s o c i a l , s e x u a l a n d c u l t u r a l c u r r e n t s . B u t t h e s e
    b o n d s a r e n o t t h e d e e p e s t l e v e l o f t h e s t r u c t u r e w h i c h w e h a v e
    t r i e d t o r a i s e . Th e r e a r e s t i l l d e e p e r l a y e r s . We h a d s u s p e c t e d
    t h a t b e n e a t h t h e e v e r f l o w i n g a n d e v e r c h a n g i n g c u r r e n t s t h e r e
    m u s t b e a p e r m a n e n t s t r u c t u r e , a c o n t a i n e r , a b e d w h i c h c a r r i e s
    a n d m i n g l e s i t s c u r r e n t s , h o w e v e r d i f f e r e n t t h e i r g o a l s m a y b e .
    Th e c l u e t o t h i s h y p o t h e s i s w a s f u r n i s h e d b y t h e s t r u c t u r a l a n a l y s i s
    o f g r o u p s ; c e r t a i n f o r m s ( a s p a i r s , c h a i n s , t r i a n g l e s , e t c . , s e e
    p . 25 4) r e c u r r e g u l a r l y a n d a r e d e f i n i t e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e d e g r e e o f
    d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n a g r o u p h a s a t t a i n e d . Th e o t h e r i s t h e t r e n d o f
    i n d i v i d u a l s t o b r e a k g r o u p l i n e s a s i f m y s t e r i o u s l y d r a w n b y
    PSYCHOLOGICALCURRENTS

    441
    c e r t a i n p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s . ( Se e p p . 43 6) . We h a v e f o u n d
    t h a t t h e s e c u r r e n t s w h i c h b r e a k g r o u p l i n e s , a n d e v e n c o m m u n i t y
    l i n e s , a r e n o t l a w l e s s . Th e y a r e r e l a t e d t o m o r e o r l e s s p e r m a n e n t
    s t r u c t u r e s w h i c h b i n d i n d i v i d u a l s t o g e t h e r i n t o c o m p l e x l i n e s o f
    t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n , l a r g e " n e t w o r k s . "
    Pr o o f s t h a t Ne t w o r k s Ex i s t
    In t h e f a l l o f 193 2 a n e p i d e m i c o f r u n a w a y s o c c u r r e d i n Hu d s o n .
    Wi t h i n 14 d a y s 14 g i r l s r a n a w a y . Th i s h i g h i n c i d e n c e w a s
    u n u s u a l f o r t h e c o m m u n i t y . In t h e p r e c e d i n g s e v e n m o n t h s o n l y
    10 g i r l s h a d r u n a w a y . Th e r u s h a p p e a r e d t o b e w i t h o u t a d e q u a t e
    m o t i v a t i o n : t h e m o t i v a t i o n s , h o w e v e r c o n v i n c i n g f o r t h e i n d i -
    v i d u a l c a s e s , f a i l e d t o e x p l a i n t h e c h a i n ,
    t h e f a c t t h a t s o m a n y
    f e l t t h e m s e l v e s m o t i v a t e d t o r u n a w a y j u s t a t t h i s p a r t i c u l a r t i m e
    a n d w i t h i n s o s h o r t a p e r i o d . To s a y t h a t i t w a s c a u s e d b y m a s s
    s u g g e s t i o n i s n o t a s a t i s f a c t o r y e x p l a n a t i o n e i t h e r . An o t h e r c l u e
    c o m e s f r o m t h e s o c i o m e t r i c c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s a n d s o c i o g r a m s ; t h e y
    i n d i c a t e t h a t a f a r l a r g e r n u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s t h a n t h o s e w h o
    p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h i s c h a i n h a v e s h o w n a s o c i o m e t r i c p o s i t i o n w i t h i n
    t h e c o m m u n i t y p r e d i s p o s i n g t h e m t o r u n a w a y a s m u c h a s t h e s e
    14 g i r l s w h o d i d . Ab e t t e r h y p o t h e s i s w a s t h a t t h e s e 14
    g i r l s w e r e
    a p a r t o f s o m e h i d d e n e x i s t i n g n e t w o r k s a n d t h a t t h e r e s t , w h o
    w e r e e q u a l l y p r e d i s p o s e d , w e r e n o t .
    Tw o g i r l s , LSa n d SR, r a n a w a y o n Oc t o b e r 3 1s t , f r o m C14 .
    Th e n e x t d a y , No v e m b e r 1s t , 5 g i r l s f r o m C7r a n a w a y ; RT,
    LC, D D , HNa n d F L
    .
    F o u r d a y s l a t e r , No v e m b e r 5 t h , 4 g i r l s
    f r o m C5 f o l l o w e d : HC, HL, Z Ra n d HIL . Aw e e k l a t e r , No v e m -
    b e r 13 t h , 3 g i r l s f r o m t h e c o l o r e d C12 f o l l o w e d
    : LW, HLa n d J N
    .
    Th e r e a f t e r n o r u n a w a y i n c i d e n t o c c u r r e d u n t i l J a n u a r y 8 t h , 193 3
    .
    In t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p e r i o d f o r 193 1t h e r e w e r e o n l y 3 r u n a w a y s .
    Th e 14g i r l s c a m e f r o m f o u r s p e c i f i c c o t t a g e s , C14, C7, C5 a n d
    C12 . Th a t t h e y b e l o n g e d t o g e t h e r i n a c h a i n w i t h i n a n e t w o r k
    i s s u p p o r t e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g : On l y 2o f t h e 14g i r l s , F I, a n d
    HN, b o t h f r o m C7, h a d m a d e a n a t t e m p t t o r u n a w a y b e f o r e .
    Ch r o n i c c e n t e r s f o r r u n n i n g a w a y w e r e t h u s o n l y i n t h i s o n e s e t .
    Th e o t h e r t h r e e s e t s w e r e f r e e o f t h e m . HN h a d m a d e h e r a t -
    t e m p t a b o u t 15 m o n t h s p r e v i o u s l y w h e n s h e w a s i n a n o t h e r g r o u p .
    F Lh a d r u n a w a y f r o m C7o n Au g u s t 27t h , a b o u t n i n e w e e k s
    442

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    b e f o r e h e r s e c o n d a t t e m p t . Th e q u e s t i o n a r i s e s : w h y d i d t h e
    c h a i n o f 14j u s t d e s c r i b e d n o t s t a r t a t t h a t t i m e ? An a n a l y s i s o f
    t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e f o u r s e t s a t t h a t p e r i o d o f f e r s a n e x p l a n a t i o n .
    F Lw a s t h e n i n a n i s o l a t e d , i n s i g n i f i c a n t p o s i t i o n w i t h i n C7 . It
    w a s a n o t h e r g i r l , CE, w h o h a d f o r w e e k s c o n t e m p l a t e d a r u n a w a y .
    Sh e l o o k e d f o r a c o m p a n i o n f o r t h e v e n t u r e
    .
    On t h e 27t h s h e
    c o n f i d e d i n F L, w h o i n a n i m p r o m p t u f a s h i o n d e c i d e d t o g o w i t h
    h e r . CE, t h e s o u r c e o f t h e i n s p i r a t i o n i n Au g u s t , d i d n o t b e l o n g
    t o t h e n e t w o r k w h i c h w e h a v e d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , b u t t o a d i f f e r e n t
    o n e ; a p p a r e n t l y s h e d i d n o t s u c c e e d i n i n s p i r i n g t h o s e w i t h i n i t
    t o s i m i l a r a c t i o n s . F Lh e r s e l f w a s n o t a n i n s p i r i n g c e n t e r a n d n o
    c u r r e n t w a s i n i t i a t e d b y h e r s u f f i c i e n t t o s w a y o t h e r s t o e m u l a t e
    h e r a c t i o n . To s a y i t f i g u r a t i v e l y , t h e b e s t r o a d , h e r e a n e t w o r k ,
    c a n n o t m a k e a c a r r u n t h r o u g h i t . Th e d r i v e r m u s t c o n t r i b u t e .
    Th e p o s i t i o n o f F Li n t h e n e t w o r k w a s n o t y e t c r y s t a l l i z e d o r
    e s t a b l i s h e d .
    We t r a c e d t h e p o s i t i o n s o f t h e s e 14o n t h e Ps y c h o l o g i c a l
    Ge o g r a p h y M a p IIIa n d f o u n d t h a t i n t e r r e l a t i o n s e x i s t e d a m o n g
    t h e g i r l s w h o b e l o n g e d t o t h e s a m e c o t t a g e a n d a l s o b e t w e e n
    i n d i v i d u a l s o f e a c h o f t h e f o u r r u n a w a y s e t s . We h a v e l i f t e d
    t h i s n e t w o r k f r o m t h e m a p a n d p r e s e n t e d i t i n Ch a r t I, p . 422 .
    Th e p o s i t i o n s o f t h e s e t s a r e s e e n t o b e a s f o l l o w s : Se t i n C14,
    SRa n d LSa r e a n i s o l a t e d p a i r ; s e t i n C7, RTc h o o s e s HN ; D D
    c h o o s e s HNa n d D D a l s o c h o o s e s LC ; F Li s i s o l a t e d a n d r e j e c t s
    HN, b u t f o r m s a m u t u a l p a i r w i t h CEw i t h w h o m s h e m a d e a n
    e a r l i e r r u n a w a y a t t e m p t ; RTf o r m s m u t u a l p a i r s w i t h f o u r m e m -
    b e r s o f h e r g r o u p ; s e t i n C5 , Z Ri s t h e c e n t e r o f a t t r a c t i o n o f 6
    i n d i v i d u a l s i n h e r g r o u p ; Z Rf o r m s a m u t u a l p a i r w i t h HILa n d
    i s a t t r a c t i v e t o HCa n d HL ; s e t i n C12, LW, HLa n d J Na r e a l l
    i s o l a t e d b u t i n t e r r e l a t e d b y i n d i r e c t i o n . Th e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s
    b e t w e e n t h e s e t s a r e s e e n t o b e a s f o l l o w s
    : LSi n C14f o r m s a
    m u t u a l p a i r w i t h LCf r o m C7 ; D D i n C7i s i n t e r r e l a t e d t o Z R
    i n C5 ; HCi n C5 i s i n t e r r e l a t e d t o LWi n C12 ; f u r t h e r , LSi n
    C14i s i n t e r r e l a t e d w i t h SNi n C12, w h o , w h i l e n o t a p a r t i c i p a n t
    i n t h e r u n a w a y , i s i n a c h a i n r e l a t i o n t o J No f C12 ; a l s o , D D f r o m
    C7f o r m s a p a i r w i t h HLo f C12 . Th e m a i n l i n e o f t h e n e t w o r k
    s e e m s t o g o f r o m SRt o LSi n C14t o LCa n d D D i n C7, h e n c e
    t o Z Ra n d HCi n C5 , a n d f r o m t h e r e t o LWi n C12 .
    PSYCHOLOGICALCURRENTS

    443
    Th e s e r e l a t i o n s h a d b e e n u n c o v e r e d t h r o u g h t h e s o c i o m e t r i c
    t e s t i n r e s p e c t t o t h e c r i t e r i o n o f l i v i n g i n p r o x i m i t y . On l y a p a r t
    o f t h e s e r e l a t i o n s a r e c o n s c i o u s a n d i n t e n t i o n a l f o r e v e r y i n d i v i d u a l
    i n t h i s c h a i n . F o r i n s t a n c e , SRi s f u l l y a w a r e o f h e r r e l a t i o n t o
    LSa n d o f a l l t h e d e t a i l e d p l a n n i n g d e v e l o p e d s t e p b y s t e p , u p t o
    t h e g o a l o f r u n n i n g a w a y . B u t s h e w a s , a s w e a s c e r t a i n e d , u n -
    a w a r e o f t h e p r o c e s s e s g o i n g o n w i t h i n t h e o t h e r t h r e e
    s e t s . LS
    i n t u r n w a s c o n s c i o u s o f t h e p a r t s h e p l a y e d w i t h SRa n d a s s h e
    w a s r e l a t e d t o LCi n C7, s h e w a s a w a r e t h a t LCw a s d i s c o n t e n t e d
    a n d h a d i d e a s a b o u t e s c a p i n g . Ho w e v e r , s h e h a d n e v e r b e c o m e
    i n t i m a t e w i t h LCi n r e f e r e n c e t o r u n n i n g a
    w a y . L C h a d a l s o k e p t
    i t s e c r e t f r o m LSt h a t s h e w a s e n t a n g l e d w i t h D D a n d t h r o u g h
    t h e l a t t e r w i t h HNa n d RT . Th e r e f o r e , LSw a s e n t i r e l y u n a w a r e
    o f t h e p r o c e s s e s b e t w e e n D D a n d t h e o t h e r s
    ; i n f a c t , s h e w a s u n -
    a c q u a i n t e d w i t h a n y o f t h e m a n d u n c o n s c i o u s o f t h e f u r t h e r e n -
    t a n g l e m e n t s o f t h e s e t i n C7w i t h t h a t i n C5 , w h o s e i n t e r m e d i a r y
    a g e n t w a s Z Rw i t h w h o m s h e w a s a l s o u n a c q u a i n t e d
    . Si m i l a r l y ,
    a s t h e s e t i n C14 w a s u n a w a r e o f t h e s e t i n C7a n d C5 , t h e s e t i n
    C7w a s u n a w a r e o f t h e s e t i n
    C14 a n d C12 ; i n t u r n , t h e s e t i n C12
    w a s u n a w a r e o f t h e s e t i n C7a n d C14, a n d t h e s e t i n C5 w a s u n -
    a w a r e o f t h e s e t i n C14 a n d p a r t i a l l y o f t h e s e t i n C7 .
    Th e i n d i v i d u a l s o f e a c h o f t h e f o u r s e t s , a l t h o u g h l i v i n g i n
    d i f f e r e n t s e c t i o n s o f t h e s a m e c o m m u n i t y a t t h e t i m e b e f o r e t h e
    e p i s o d e s t o o k p l a c e , w e r e a b s o r b e d b y a s i m i l a r i d e a a n d y e t u n -
    a w a r e o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s o c i a l c u r r e n t f l o w i n g b a c k a n d f o r t h
    a m o n g t h e m h a d g r a d u a l l y e n v e l o p e d t h e m , a n d t h a t i t h a d d e -
    v e l o p e d a n u m b e r o f f i x e d c o n t a c t s a n d p r o d u c e d c h a n n e l s t h r o u g h
    w h i c h e m o t i o n s a n d s u g g e s t i v e i d e a s c o u l d p a s s u n c e n s o r e d f r o m
    o n e t o t h e o t h e r w i t h o u t t h e m a j o r i t y i n t h e c o m m u n i t y h a v i n g
    k n o w l e d g e o f t h e m .
    B u t w h e n F Lw a s f o u n d a n d r e t u r n e d t o t h e c o t t a g e t h e s i t u a -
    t i o n h a d c h a n g e d
    . Th e p u b l i c i t y w h i c h s h e h a d r e c e i v e d f r o m h e r
    f i r s t e s c a p e b r o u g h t h e r i n t o p a r t i c u l a r c o n t a c t w i t h f o u r g i r l s o f
    h e r c o t t a g e w h o r u m i n a t e d i n a s i m i l a r d i r e c t i o n . Th u s t h e s e t
    i n C7c o n s o l i d a t e d i t s e l f m o r e a n d m o r e b e t w e e n Au g u s t 27t h a n d
    No v e m b e r 1s t
    . Wh e n , o n Oc t o b e r 3 1s t SRa n d LSi n C14r a n
    a w a y , t h e i m p e t u s w a s p r o v i d e d a n d t h e s u g g e s t i v e c u r r e n t
    t r a v e l l e d t h r o u g h t h e m i n d s o f t h o s e w h o b e l o n g e d t o t h e s a m e
    4 44

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    n e t w o r k a n d w h o w e r e r e a d y t o b e " t o u c h e d o f f " b y t h e a c t i o n .
    If t h e n e t w o r k w o u l d n o t h a v e e x i s t e d , t h e c h a n c e s a r e t h a t t h e
    r u n a w a y p a i r i n C14
    w o u l d h a v e r e m a i n e d i s o l a t e d a c t o r s : t h e
    i d e a w o u l d n o t h a v e s p r e a d
    .
    An o t h e r f a c t o r i s i n n e e d o f d i s c u s s i o n . It i s r a r e t h a t a g i r l
    r u n s a w a y a l o n e
    . Wh e n t h i s i s t h e c a s e , a s w i t h B Nf r o m C12
    o n Au g u s t 29, 193 2, o r w i t h CIf r o m C5 o n No v e m b e r
    14, 193 1,
    t h e y a r e f u l l y i s o l a t e d i n d i v i d u a l s
    . Th e y b e l o n g t o t h e f e w w h o
    f a l l b e t w e e n
    n e t w o r k s , e i t h e r b e c a u s e t h e y a r e n e w c o m e r s i n t h e
    c o m m u n i t y o r b e c a u s e t h e y d i d n o t a t t a c h t h e m s e l v e s i n t h e c o m -
    m u n i t y t o a n y o n e , p e r h a p s n e v e r h a v i n g t h e i n t e n t i o n t o s t a y .
    In t h e 27m o n t h s ' p e r i o d s t u d i e d o n l y f o u r r a n a w a y a l o n e . Th e
    o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y w e n t e i t h e r i n p a i r s o r i n g r o u p s o f t h r e e
    o r m o r e
    . Th e c o m p a n i o n o r a u x i l i a r y e g o i s f o r t h e p o t e n t i a l r u n -
    a w a y o f s i m i l a r i m p o r t a n c e a s t h e l e t t e r c a r r i e r f o r t h e " n i g g e r
    l o v e r "
    .
    F u r t h e r p r o o f t h a t n e t w o r k s e x i s t i s s h o w n b y t h e f o l l o w i n g
    :
    a s e r i e s o f r u n a w a y s w h i c h s t a r t e d i n C4 w i t h D V , TB a n d D N
    o n Au g u s t 18 , 193 2, d i d n o t
    d e v e l o p i n t o a c h a i n o f r u n a w a y s .
    On Au g u s t 27t h CEr a n a w a y w i t h F Lf r o m C7a n d o n Au g u s t
    29t h B Ne s c a p e d a l o n e f r o m C12
    . Th e n t h e e p i s o d e d i e d o u t .
    Th e l a t t e r , B N, w a s u n r e l a t e d t o a n y n e t w o r k a n d t h e o t h e r s d i d
    n o t d e v e l o p a c h a i n e v i d e n t l y b e c a u s e
    n o r o a d s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d
    t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e i r s u g g e s t i o n c o u l d t r a v e l u n h i n d e r e d .
    Th e d e s c r i b e d r u n a w a y c h a i n b r o k e o f f o n No v e m b e r 14t h
    a f t e r 14g i r l s h a d r u n a w a y
    . As t h e n e t w o r k s t o w h i c h t h e y
    b e l o n g e d c o n s i s t e d o f 94m e m b e r s , 8 0 m o r e g i r l s w e r e t o u c h e d
    b y t h e c u r r e n t a n d 13 o f t h e m w e c o n s i d e r e d p o t e n t i a l r u n a w a y
    c a s e s i f t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e c u r r e n t h a d c o n t i n u e d w i t h e q u a l
    s t r e n g t h a n d i f n o r e s i s t a n c e h a d d e v e l o p e d
    . B u t t h r e e i n s t a n c e s
    c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d t o h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o s t o p i t
    . On e i s t h e a d d e d
    w a t c h f u l n e s s o f t h e o f f i c e r s t h e l a r g e r t h e n u m b e r o f e s c a p e s
    b e c a m e . An o t h e r i s t h a t t h e l a s t s e t o f r u n a w a y s i n t h e c h a i n
    c a m e f r o m C12w h i c h i s a c o l o r e d g r o u p , a n d i t i s j u s t t h e r e
    w h e r e t h e n e t w o r k i s t h i n n e s t .
    Th e c h a n c e s t h a t a n e w i m p e t u s
    w o u l d c o m e f r o m t h e r e w e r e p o o r , a s f e w c o n t a c t s w e n t f r o m
    C12t o o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e c o m m u n i t y
    . J u s t a s a n e l e c t r i c c u r r e n t
    h a s d i f f e r e n t d e n s i t i e s w i t h i n a c i r c u i t , s o a p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t
    PSYCHOLOGICALCURRENTS

    44 5
    h a s v a r i o u s s o c i a l d e n s i t i e s w i t h i n a n e t w o r k
    . F i n a l l y , t h e t w o
    g i r l s w h o h a d s t a r t e d t h e c h a i n h a d b e e n r e t u r n e d t o t h e s c h o o l
    a n d t o t h e i r c o t t a g e , C14, o n No v e m b e r 4t h , t h r e e d a y s a f t e r t h e i r
    e s c a p e . Th e i r f a i l u r e a n d d i s a p p o i n t m e n t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i t n o w
    r a n r a p i d l y t h r o u g h t h e s a m e n e t w o r k a n d c a u g h t t h e s a m e i n -
    d i v i d u a l s w h o h a d r e c e i v e d a n i m p e t u s b e f o r e . Th u s i t p r o d u c e d
    a n a n t i -c l i m a x . It c o u l d n o t s t o p t h e r u n n i n g a w a y o f t h e s e t
    i n C5 w h o e s c a p e d t h e n e x t d a y , b u t i t m a y h a v e c a u t i o n e d a n d
    d e l a y e d t h e s e t i n C12a n d s t o p p e d m a n y p o t e n t i a l d e v e l o p m e n t s .
    An o t h e r p r o o f t h a t n e t w o r k s e x i s t i s , t h e s p r e a d i n g o f n e w s o r
    g o s s i p i n t o a c e r t a i n d i r e c t i o n o f t h e c o m m u n i t y a n d n o t i n t o
    o t h e r s . We c i t e h e r e t h e c a s e o f TLi n C8 . Sh e h a d s t o l e n a f e w
    t h i n g s o f l i t t l e v a l u e f r o m t h e s c h o o l ' s s t o r e w i t h t h e i n t e n t i o n o f
    g i v i n g t h e m a w a y a s g i f t s . B u t b e f o r e t h i s c o u l d h a p p e n i t w a s
    d i s c o v e r e d . We f o l l o w e d u p h o w t h e n e w s o f h e r c o n d u c t s p r e a d .
    We f o l l o w e d t h e e x p a n s i o n o f t h e s p r e a d i n g i n t h r e e p h a s e s , a f t e r
    24h o u r s , a f t e r o n e w e e k , a n d a f t e r s i x w e e k s . We f o u n d t h a t
    a f t e r 24h o u r s o n l y s u c h i n d i v i d u a l s k n e w a b o u t i t a s b e l o n g e d
    t o t h e Ne t w o r k II, b u t n o t a l l i n d i v i d u a l s o f t h i s n e t w o r k . Wi t h
    t h e e x c e p t i o n o f a f e w p e r s o n s , C16, Cl i , C7, Cl a n d C2( C14,
    C9, C5 , CAa n d CB o n M a p II) w e r e e n t i r e l y l e f t o u t , a s t h e y
    d i d n o t b e l o n g t o t h i s n e t w o r k . Af t e r a w e e k t h e s t o r y o f h e r
    a c t i o n h a d r e a c h e d t h e e n t i r e n e t w o r k , c o n s i s t i n g o f 8 6i n d i -
    v i d u a l s , a n d i t h a d f i l t e r e d i n t o l a r g e p a r t s o f t h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d
    n e t w o r k s . Si x w e e k s l a t e r n o f u r t h e r s p r e a d c o u l d b e a s c e r t a i n e d .
    Th e i n c i d e n t h a d a p p a r e n t l y g i v e n w a y t o n e w s o f m o r e m o m e n -
    t a r y i n t e r e s t .
    An o t h e r i n s t a n c e m a y b e m e n t i o n e d h e r e o f p r o o f s t h a t n e t -
    w o r k s e x i s t . It i s t h e s p r e a d o f t h e n e w s i n d e t a i l o f t h e i n c i d e n t
    i n t h e c o l o r e d g r o u p o f C12d e s c r i b e d i n a p r e v i o u s p a r t o f t h i s
    b o o k . It w a s t r a c e d t o h a v e s p r e a d t h r o u g h l a r g e p o r t i o n s o f
    Ne t w o r k s I, IIIa n d IV , b u t Ne t w o r k IIw a s l e f t c o m p l e t e l y o u t .
    Th i s w a s s o f a r b e l o w e x p e c t a t i o n t h a t i t d e m a n d s a s p e c i a l e x -
    p l a n a t i o n
    . B e s i d e s t h e c u r r e n t o f r e s i s t a n c e f r o m t h e s i d e o f t h e
    o f f i c e r s t o k e e p a n e v e n t o f s u c h u n p l e a s a n t n e s s a s s e c r e t a s p o s -
    s i b l e , i t m a y b e t h a t t h e f a c t t h a t i t h a p p e n e d d u r i n g v a c a t i o n t i m e ,
    w h e n t h e s c h o o l w a s c l o s e d , b l o c k e d i t . Ce r t a i n n e t w o r k s w e r e ,
    f i g u r a t i v e l y , t e m p o r a r i l y d i s c o n n e c t e d .
    446

    WHO
    SHALLSURV IV E?
    B e f o r e w e c l o s e t h e d i s c u s s i o n o n s p o n t a n e o u s s p r e a d o f r u m o r s ,
    a n o t h e r e x p e r i m e n t i s w o r t h r e p o r t i n g i n w h i c h t h e r u m o r w a s
    " p l a n t e d " . We w e r e a w a r e t h a t r u m o r s p a s s e d c o n t i n u a l l y b a c k
    a n d f o r t h f r o m m o u t h t o m o u t h . Th e o b j e c t o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t
    w a s t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e s e r u m o r s f o l l o w e d t h e p a t h s o f t h e
    n e t w o r k s w h i c h w e h a d m a p p e d . Th e e x p e r i m e n t e r e n t e r e d
    Gr o u p Ia n d a p p r o a c h e d a n i n d i v i d u a l , M , w h o , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
    m a p , b e l o n g e d t o Ne t w o r k A . M w a s a k e y i n d i v i d u a l , t h a t i s , h e
    w a s l i n k e d u p w i t h 22o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l s , s o m e o f w h o m b e l o n g e d t o
    h i s Gr o u p I, a n d o t h e r s t o Gr o u p II, III, IV a n d V . M w a s c h o s e n
    t o b e t h e p e r s o n w i t h w h o m t o s t a r t t h e s p r e a d o f a r u m o r , w h i c h
    c o n c e r n e d a l e a d i n g p e r s o n a l i t y i n t h e c o m m u n i t y ' s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n
    .
    We h a d f o u n d t h a t , i n n e t w o r k s c o m p r i s i n g m o r e t h a n 10 0 i n -
    d i v i d u a l s , o n l y v e r y f e w p a r t i c i p a t e d i n a n y o n e o t h e r n e t w o r k .
    It s e e m e d , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e c h a n c e s w e r e t h a t t h e r u m o r w o u l d
    s p r e a d w i t h e a s e a n d s p e e d t h r o u g h M ' s o w n n e t w o r k , Ne t w o r k
    A, a n d t h e n w o u l d n e e d a l o n g e r t i m e t o f i l t e r t h r o u g h t o t h e
    o t h e r n e t w o r k s . We a s s u m e d t h a t i t w o u l d t a k e i t s l o n g e s t t i m e
    t o r e a c h Ne t w o r k E, i n t o w h i c h t h e r e w a s n o o v e r l a p p i n g f r o m
    Ne t w o r k A. It w a s g r a t i f y i n g t o s e e o u r a s s u m p t i o n s v e r i f i e d
    w i t h g r e a t a c c u r a c y . Ch e c k u p s f r o m t i m e t o t i m e s h o w e d t h a t
    t h e r u m o r w a s , i n d e e d , f o l l o w i n g t h e p a t h s w e h a d e x p e c t e d i t
    t o f o l l o w .
    Ca u s e s a n d Or g a n i z a t i o n o f Ne t w o r k s
    Th e n e t w o r k i s r e l a t e d t o t h e c u r r e n t s w h i c h r u n t h r o u g h i t
    a s a g l a s s i s r e l a t e d t o t h e w a t e r w h i c h f i l l s i t e x c e p t t h a t t h e n e t -
    w o r k i s m o l d e d b y t h e c u r r e n t s a n d t h e g l a s s i s n o t s h a p e d b y t h e
    l i q u i d i t h o l d s . Th e p s y c h o g e o g r a p h i c a l n e t w o r k i s a n a l o g o u s
    t o t h e n e r v o u s s y s t e m , w h o s e n e t w o r k i s a l s o m o l d e d b y t h e c u r -
    r e n t s t h a t r u n t h r o u g h i t . It c a n n o t b e c o m p a r e d , h o w e v e r , w i t h
    a t e l e p h o n e s y s t e m , a s t h e l a t t e r i s u n r e l a t e d t o t h e c u r r e n t s w h i c h
    r u n t h r o u g h i t , i t i s n o t m o l d e d b y t h e s e c u r r e n t s . Ac c o r d i n g t o
    t h e p r i n c i p l e o f t h e f o r m i n g o f s o c i a l a t o m s , e a c h i n d i v i d u a l i s
    r e l a t e d t o a c e r t a i n n u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s ; t h e m a j o r i t y o f i n d i -
    v i d u a l s i n h i s c o m m u n i t y a r e " l e f t o u t , " t h a t i s , n o t e l e r e l a t e d
    h i m t o t h e m . Th i s i s t h e s o c i o d y n a m i c c a u s e f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t
    o f n e t w o r k s . Th e e x i s t e n c e o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n t r a c k s s u c h a s
    PSYCHOLOGICALCURRENTS

    44 7
    n e t w o r k s , i s a n i n d i r e c t p r o o f o f t h e p o w e r f u l i n f l u e n c e w h i c h
    s o c i a l a t o m f o r m a t i o n e x e r c i s e s u p o n c o m m u n i t y o r g a n i z a t i o n
    .
    An o t h e r c a u s e o f t h e i r e x i s t e n c e i s t h e e c o n o m i c p r i n c i p l e o f
    p r o d u c i n g t h e g r e a t e s t e f f e c t w i t h t h e l e a s t e f f o r t .
    Th e r e a r e s t i l l o t h e r c a u s e s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n
    o f a p a r t i c u l a r n e t w o r k . We h a v e f o u n d , f o r i n s t a n c e , t h a t c e r t a i n
    p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s p r o d u c e d b y c e r t a i n e m o t i o n a l s t a t e s a n d
    a t t i t u d e s a r e , e v e n t o w a r d s t h e r e g u l a r n e t w o r k s , o c c a s i o n a l l y
    s e l e c t i v e . In g e n e r a l , n e w s , g o s s i p , i d e a s , a l l e x t e r n a l a n d f a c t u a l
    m a t t e r a n d a l l i n t i m a t e m a t t e r w h i c h d o e s n o t h u r t i t s r e p o r t e r
    p a s s w i t h o u t r e s i s t a n c e t h r o u g h t h e n e t w o r k s a s w e h a v e d e -
    s c r i b e d t h e m . B u t i f i t c o m e s t o a c e r t a i n s e c r e t a c t i v i t y c o n c e r n -
    i n g s e x u a l , r a c i a l , o r p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t y , t h i s d o e s n o t f i l t e r t h r o u g h
    e v e n t h e r e g u l a r a n d e s t a b l i s h e d p a r t s o f t h e n e t w o r k s . We f o l -
    l o w e d u p t h i s p h e n o m e n o n i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e l o v e m a k i n g b e t w e e n
    c o l o r e d a n d w h i t e g i r l s a n d i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e s e c r e t i n t e n t i o n o f
    r u n n i n g a w a y , a c t i v i t i e s w h i c h w e r e s e v e r e l y c r i t i c i z e d b y t h e
    h o u s e m o t h e r s a n d o t h e r s t a f f m e m b e r s . Pa r t i c i p a n t s i n t h e s e
    a c t i v i t i e s a l w a y s h a v e t o b e o n g u a r d a g a i n s t a s q u e a l e r . Th e
    h o u s e m o t h e r t r i e s a t a l l t i m e s t o f i n d o u t t h r o u g h a t r u s t e d g i r l
    w h i c h g i r l s o f t h e f a m i l y h a v e t h e i n t e n t i o n t o r u n a w a y , a n d h e r
    t r u s t e d g i r l s t r y i n s t i n c t i v e l y t o g e t i n t o u c h w i t h t h e g i r l s w h o
    b e l o n g t o t h e n e t w o r k i n w h i c h s u c h i d e a s a r e s i m m e r i n g . A
    c a r e f u l h o u s e m o t h e r i s a l s o a l w a y s o n t h e w a t c h t o f i n d e v i d e n c e
    o f s e x u a l i n t e r e s t s , a s l o v e n o t e s , e t c . F o r t h e s e r e a s o n s t h e g i r l s
    a r e o n g u a r d a g a i n s t g e t t i n g a b a d r e p u t a t i o n . In h e r a n x i e t y t o
    h i d e h e r a c t i v i t i e s s h e p r o d u c e s a n i n s t i n c t i v e r e a c t i o n a g a i n s t
    t h e n e t w o r k s a s i f s h e w o u l d s e n s e t h a t n e t w o r k s e x i s t a n d t h a t
    t h e y a r e h e r g r e a t e s t e n e m y
    ; i t i s a s i f s h e w o u l d d r e a d t h e n e t s
    w h i c h w o u l d a u t o m a t i c a l l y s p r e a d h e r i d e a s t o i n d i v i d u a l s w h o
    m a y r e p o r t t h e f a c t s t o t h e i r c o n f i d a n t s o r t o t h e s t a f f . Sh e c a n -
    n o t e l i m i n a t e t h e s e n e t w o r k s , a s t h e y a r e c o -p r o d u c e d b y h e r o w n
    e m o t i o n s . B u t s h e m a y t r y , i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h h e r c o m p a n i o n s ,
    t o k e e p i n f o r m a t i o n a w a y f r o m c e r t a i n u n t r u s t w o r t h y i n d i v i d u a l s
    i n h e r n e t w o r k . Th i s a t t e m p t o f h e r s i s , o f c o u r s e , t h e l e s s e a s i l y
    m e t w i t h s u c c e s s t h e l a r g e r t h e n e t w o r k s . Th u s t h e e f f o r t t o k e e p
    a s e c r e t a n d t o l i m i t i n f o r m a t i o n t o a s e l e c t e d g r o u p u s u a l l y e n d s
    i n f a i l u r e
    . On e d a y i t f i l t e r s i n t o t h e g e n e r a l n e t w o r k s . Ho w -
    448

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    e v e r , t h e s e f i n e r n e t s w i t h i n t h e n e t w o r k s e x i s t a n d a r e a n i m -
    p o r t a n t p s y c h o g e o g r a p h i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n . Th e y a r e l i k e p r i v a t e
    r o a d s w i t h d i f f e r e n t l a b e l s s a y i n g i n w h i c h d i r e c t i o n t h e y l e a d .
    On e h a s a l a b e l , s e x ; a n o t h e r h a s a l a b e l , r u n a w a y ; a n o t h e r h a s
    t h e l a b e l , s t a f f v e r s u s g i r l s ; a n o t h e r h a s t h e l a b e l d r u g a d d i c t i o n ,
    c o m m u n i s m , f a s c i s m , o r a n y a c t i v i t y c o n s i d e r e d s u b v e r s i v e i n t h e
    p a r t i c u l a r c o m m u n i t y . Id e a s i n r e g a r d t o t h e s e c a n n o t b e c o n -
    v e y e d t o e v e r y b o d y , n o t e v e n t o f r i e n d s , o r f r i e n d s o f f r i e n d s .
    It
    i s l i k e h a v i n g " p r i v a t e " t e l e p h o n e n u m b e r s w h i c h a r e n o t l i s t e d
    i n t h e t e l e p h o n e d i r e c t o r y .
    Te c h n i q u e o f D e t e r m i n i n g Ne t w o r k s
    We f o l l o w e d o n t h e Ps y c h o g e o g r a p h i c M a p IIIe a c h t e l e
    w h i c h w e n t o u t f r o m a m e m b e r o f a n y g r o u p t o a m e m b e r o f a n y
    o t h e r a n d f r o m t h i s p e r s o n o n t o a m e m b e r o f a t h i r d g r o u p , a n d
    f r o m t h i s p e r s o n o n t o a m e m b e r o f a f o u r t h g r o u p , e t c . , a s l o n g
    a s t h e m u t u a l c h a i n c o n t i n u e d . We c o u n t e d o n l y s u c h p e r s o n s
    a s b e l o n g i n g t o t h e s a m e n e t w o r k w h o w e r e i n t e r l o c k e d , i r r e -
    s p e c t i v e o f t h e c o t t a g e i n w h i c h t h e y l i v e d ( s e e M a p V , p
    . 429) .
    Th i s c a n b e c a l l e d t h e m a i n l i n e o f t h e n e t w o r k . Th e n w e f o l -
    l o w e d u p e a c h m e m b e r o f t h i s m a i n l i n e o f t h e n e t w o r k a n d
    c o u n t e d t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h i n h e r o w n c o t t a g e w h o w e r e d i -
    r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e m e m b e r o f t h e r e l a t e d n e t w o r k . Th e s e
    b r a n c h e s f o r m e d t h e s i d e l i n e s o f t h e d e t e r m i n e d n e t w o r k . It
    i s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t a g a i n e a c h i n d i v i d u a l o f a s i d e l i n e w a s f o l -
    l o w e d u p t o d e t e r m i n e h e r c o n t a c t s t o m e m b e r s o f o t h e r c o t t a g e s ,
    a n d i f s u c h n e w m e m b e r s o f t h e n e t w o r k w e r e f o u n d i n o t h e r
    c o t t a g e s , t h e s a m e a p p l i e d t o t h e m .
    We b e g a n t h e c o u n t w i t h c e r t a i n i n d i v i d u a l s i n C4 w h o s h a r e
    t e l e w i t h a n u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s i n C1, w h o i n t u r n s h a r e o n e
    p a r t o f t h e i r t e l e w i t h i n d i v i d u a l s i n C6, C7a n d C16 . Th e s e , i n
    t u r n , s e n d a f r a c t i o n o f t h e i r t e l e i n t o C9a n d C11, f o r m i n g a
    n e t w o r k w h i c h , l i k e a s u b w a y , c o n n e c t s m a n y s e c t i o n s o f t h e
    c o m m u n i t y . We f o u n d s e v e r a l o f s u c h n e t w o r k s i n Hu d s o n . : In
    C4,
    t h e s a m e c o t t a g e i n w h i c h t h i s p a r t i c u l a r n e t w o r k h a s m e m b e r s ,
    a n u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s n o t d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e n e t w o r k p a r -
    t i c i p a t e i n a s e c o n d n e t w o r k w i t h g r o u p s o f i n d i v i d u a l s i n C3 , C6,
    C9a n d
    C14, f o r m i n g Ne t w o r k II
    . Th e i n d i v i d u a l s b e l o n g i n g t o i t
    PSYCHOLOGICALCURRENTS

    449
    a r e , i n g e n e r a l , d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e o n e s i n v o l v e d i n Ne t w o r k I
    .
    We s a y " i n g e n e r a l " b e c a u s e t h e y a r e b y n o m e a n s c o m p l e t e l y c u t
    o f f f r o m t h e m
    ; f o r i n s t a n c e , i n Cl s o m e o f t h e s a m e i n d i v i d u a l s
    s h a r e i n f o u r d i f f e r e n t n e t w o r k s
    . B u t n o t e v e r y g r o u p i s s o p r o -
    m i s c u o u s .
    Ex c e p t f o r s m a l l b r i d g e s c r o s s i n g b e t w e e n t h e s e n e t -
    w o r k s , w e a r e a b l e t o s u b d i v i d e t h e w h o l e c o m m u n i t y i n t o f i v e
    m o r e o r l e s s d i s t i n c t b u n d l e s
    : Ne t w o r k I, c o n s i s t i n g o f
    94 i n d i -
    v i d u a l s ; Ne t w o r k II, 8 5 i n d i v i d u a l s
    ; Ne t w o r k III, 8 1 ; Ne t w o r k
    IV , 67
    ; a n d Ne t w o r k V , 60 i n d i v i d u a l s .
    Un a v o i d a b l y , t h e l a r g e r a n e t w o r k i s t h e l a r g e r b e c o m e s t h e
    n u m b e r o f d e a d l i n k s , t h a t i s , t h e n u m b e r o f r e l a t i o n s w h i c h
    a r e n o t r e c i p r o c a l l y e f f e c t i v e , s o t o s p e a k :
    e m o t i o n s w h i c h r u n
    w i t h o u t r e g i s t e r i n g i n t h e i n t e n d e d o t h e r p e r s o n
    . Th e y c a n b e
    c a l l e d " r e s i s t a n c e l i n k s " a n d t h e i r s u m o f r e s i s t a n c e i s c a u s e d b y
    t h e i n t r i n s i c c h a r a c t e r o f t h e n e t w o r k
    . Th i s f a c t o r i s p r a c t i c a l l y
    n e g l i g i b l e i n s m a l l n e t w o r k s , b u t i n l a r g e r o n e s i t p l a y s a d e f i n i t e
    r o l e .
    Th e l a r g e r t h e n e t w o r k i s , a s i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f c i t i e s
    o r p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s , t h e l a r g e r m a y b e c o m e t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h i s
    r e s i s t a n c e w i t h i n i t
    .
    F u n c t i o n o f Ne t w o r k s
    Ac e r t a i n c o n s t a n c y i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f a c o m m u n i t y i s t h e
    c o n d i t i o n o f f r e e a n d i n d e p e n d e n t l i f e o f i t s m e m b e r s
    . Th e
    m e c h a n i s m w h i c h m a k e s t h i s c o n s t a n c y p o s s i b l e i n a c o m m u n i t y
    i s i t s n e t w o r k s a n d t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s w h i c h f l o w t h r o u g h
    t h e m
    . Th i s f o r m o f f r e e a n d i n d e p e n d e n t l i f e f o r t h e s i n g l e i n d i -
    v i d u a l s i s t h e p r i v i l e g e o f s u c h c o m m u n i t i e s a s h a v e r e a c h e d t h e
    h e i g h t s o f c o m p l e x i t y a n d d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n
    . Th e r e f o r e , s o c i e t i e s
    w h i c h a r e l a c k i n g i n c o n s t a n c y a n d d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n a r e u n a b l e t o
    o f f e r i t s m e m b e r s t h e p r i v i l e g e s o f f r e e l i f e , a s w e h a v e d e m o n -
    s t r a t e d i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f c h i l d s o c i e t i e s
    . Th e s e a r e l e s s c o n -
    s t a n t a n d l e s s d i f f e r e n t i a t e d , e s p e c i a l l y b e l o w t h e e i g h t -y e a r a g e
    l e v e l , a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e m e m b e r s a r e u n f r e e a n d d e p e n d e n t , j u s t
    a s t h e g r o u p s w h i c h t h e y f o r m a r e d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e m o r e
    h i g h l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d o n e s .
    Th e n e t w o r k s a l s o h a v e a n a r c h i -
    t e c t o n i c f u n c t i o n i n t h e c o m m u n i t y .
    B y v i r t u e o f t h i s t h e y a r e
    t h e c o n t r o l l i n g f a c t o r s o f i t s d e v e l o p m e n t
    . Th e o l d e r a n d t h e
    m o r e m a t u r e t h e s o c i e t y i s , t h e m o r e t h e e n t i r e n e t w o r k s y s t e m
    b e c o m e s a c o n t r o l l i n g s u p e r -o r g a n i z a t i o n .
    45 0

    WHO SHALLSURV IV E?
    Th e l o c a l d i s t r i c t o r n e i g h b o r h o o d i s o n l y p h y s i c a l l y o n e u n i t .
    Th i s a n a l y s i s s h o w s t h a t i t i s b r o k e n u p , n o t , h o w e v e r , i n t o s m a l l
    u n i t s , b u t i n t o p a r t s w h i c h h a v e t h e i r c o r r e s p o n d i n g p a r t s i n o t h e r
    d i s t r i c t s a n d n e i g h b o r h o o d s . Th e l o c a l d i s t r i c t s a r e , s o t o s p e a k ,
    t r a n s v e r s e d b y p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s w h i c h b i n d l a r g e g r o u p s o f
    i n d i v i d u a l s t o g e t h e r i n t o u n i t s , i r r e s p e c t i v e o f n e i g h b o r h o o d , d i s -
    t r i c t , o r b o r o u g h d i s t i n c t i o n s
    . Th e s e n e t w o r k s a r e t h e k i t c h e n s o f
    p u b l i c o p i n i o n . It i s t h r o u g h t h e s e c h a n n e l s t h a t p e o p l e a f f e c t ,
    e d u c a t e , o r d i s i n t e g r a t e o n e a n o t h e r . It i s t h r o u g h t h e s e n e t w o r k s
    t h a t s u g g e s t i o n i s t r a n s m i t t e d . In o n e p a r t o f a c o m m u n i t y a
    p e r s o n h a s t h e r e p u t a t i o n o f h o n e s t y ; i n a n o t h e r p a r t , o f d i s -
    h o n e s t y
    . Wh a t e v e r t h e a c t u a l f a c t s m a y b e , t h i s r e p u t a t i o n i s d u e
    t o t w o d i f f e r e n t n e t w o r k s i n w h i c h t r a v e l t w o d i f f e r e n t o p i n i o n s
    a b o u t h i m .
    In Hu d s o n t h e s u g g e s t i o n m a y g o t h r o u g h t h e m t o
    r u n a w a y
    ; i n t h e w o r l d a t l a r g e t h e i d e a o f w a r m a y s p r e a d . Th e s e
    n e t w o r k s a r e t r a c e a b l e a n d w e m a y l e a r n t o c o n t r o l t h e m .
    LAWOF SOQALGRAV ITATION
    We h a v e a c c u m u l a t e d i n t h i s v o l u m e t w o s e r i e s o f d a t a
    .
    On e s e r i e s h a s a t e m p o r a l a s p e c t
    . It i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h d i s t i n c t i o n s
    f o u n d i n g r o u p o r g a n i z a t i o n s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a l l e v e l .
    It s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e m o s t d i f f e r e n t i a t e d f o r m s o f g r o u p o r g a n i z a -
    t i o n h a v e e v o l v e d f r o m t h e s i m p l e s t ( s o c i o g e n e t i c l a w ) .
    Th e o t h e r s e r i e s o f d a t a h a s a s p a t i a l a s p e c t .
    It i s c o n c e r n e d
    w i t h d i s t i n c t i o n s f o u n d i n g r o u p o r g a n i z a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
    p o p u l a t i o n m a k e -u p i n d i f f e r e n t g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a s . Th e d i s t i n c -
    t i o n s p r e c i p i t a t e d b y s p a t i a l p r o x i m i t y a p p e a r v e r y e a r l y i n t h e
    d e v e l o p m e n t o f g r o u p s -h o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r t i c a l d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n
    ( s e e So c i o g r a m s , p . 15 1t o p
    . 15 2) . Th e f u r t h e r d i f f e r e n t i a t e d a
    s o c i e t y b e c o m e s t h e m o r e n u m e r o u s a n d v a r i e d w i l l b e c o m e t h e
    s o c i a l a t o m s i t p r o d u c e s , a n d w i t h t h e m , t h e m o r e d i f f e r e n t i a t e d
    w i l l b e c o m e t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e g r o u p s f o r m e d b y t h e m ;
    f u r t h e r , t h e m o r e v a r i e d a n d d i f f e r e n t i a t e d w i l l b e c o m e t h e c o l -
    l e c t i v e s c o n t a i n e d w i t h i n t h e m . Th e d i f f e r e n c e s i n g r o u p o r g a n -
    i z a t i o n t a k e p l a c e o n d i f f e r e n t d e v e l o p m e n t a l l e v e l s , a s t h e i n d i -
    v i d u a l s a n d t h e i n t e r a c t i o n s a m o n g t h e m m a t u r e ( s e e p . 15 3 ) . In
    s o c i o m e t r i c g e o g r a p h y t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n o r g a n i z a t i o n d e v e l o p f r o m
    c o n t a c t s b e t w e e n n e a r a n d d i s t a n t c o l l e c t i v e s
    . B u t t h e f a r t h e r
    a p a r t o n e g r o u p d e v e l o p s f r o m t h e o t h e r s t h r o u g h c e r t a i n d i s -
    PSYCHOLOGICALCURRENTS

    4 5 1
    t i n c t i o n s , t h e m o r e i t t e n d s t o b e c o m e i s o l a t e d f r o m i t . In f a c t ,
    w e c a n w e l l p i c t u r e a s o c i e t y i n w h i c h n u m e r o u s g r o u p s h a v e
    r e a c h e d t h i s s t a t u s o f i s o l a t i o n a n d s e l f -s u f f i c i e n c y . It r e c a l l s t o
    u s t h e a n a l o g o u s s i t u a t i o n o f i s o l a t e d i n d i v i d u a l s , i n d i v i d u a l s w h o
    h a v e b e c o m e i s o l a t e d t h r o u g h a s o r t o f s e l f -s u f f i c i e n t s u p e r i o r i t y o r
    t h r o u g h i n s u f f i c i e n t t e l e r e l a t i o n s w i t h o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l s . Th e s e
    i s o l a t e d g r o u p s t h e n d e v e l o p m o r e a n d m o r e a n i n t r o v e r t e d , c e n t r i -
    p e t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n ; b u t w h e n t h i s t y p e o f o r g a n i z a t i o n i s n o t a t -
    t a i n a b l e o r w h e n , a f t e r i t i s a t t a i n e d , f r i c t i o n s g r o w w i t h i n i t a t
    t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e n a p a r t o f t h e g r o u p -d u e t o r a p i d i n c r e a s e i n
    p o p u l a t i o n a c c o m p a n i e d b y m a s s s t a r v a t i o n , a s u r p l u s o f l e a d e r s
    o r t o w h a t e v e r o t h e r c a u s e s -m a y t u r n t o t h e o u t s i d e , b e c o m e
    a g g r e s s i v e a n d e v e n t u a l l y c a r r y t h e e n t i r e g r o u p w i t h t h e m , t h e
    g r o u p a s a u n i t e x h i b i t i n g a l l t h e s i g n s o f a n e x t r o v e r t e d o r g a n -
    i z a t i o n .
    B u t t h e s e p r o c e s s e s o f h o r i z o n t a l d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n d o n o t g o o n
    u n b o u n d e d . Af t e r a c e r t a i n p o i n t o f e x p a n s i o n i s r e a c h e d w e c a n
    o b s e r v e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t c h e c k e d b y a c o u n t e r p r o c e s s . As d e -
    s c r i b e d , p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s h a v e a s p a t i a l p a t t e r n o f d i s t r i b u -
    t i o n b e t w e e n i n d i v i d u a l s a n d g r o u p s w h i c h a r e d i f f e r e n t l y l o c a t e d .
    As w e h a v e s e e n , t h e g r e a t e r t h e v a r i e t y o f p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s
    u n i t i n g a n d d i v i d i n g p a r t s o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n , t h e g r e a t e r a p p e a r s
    t h e t e n d e n c y t o d e v e l o p r o a d s f o r t h e m t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e y c a n
    t r a v e l -n e t w o r k s . Th e d y n a m i c c h a r a c t e r o f p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r -
    r e n t s w h i c h d r i v e s i n d i v i d u a l s a n d g r o u p s t o w a r d s f u r t h e r a n d
    f u r t h e r d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n p r o d u c e s a l s o i t s o w n b a r r i e r s a n d c o n t r o l s .
    On e p r o c e s s , t h e p r o c e s s o f d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n , d r a w s t h e g r o u p s a p a r t
    ;
    t h e o t h e r , t h e p r o c e s s o f t r a n s m i s s i o n a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n , d r a w s
    t h e g r o u p s t o g e t h e r . Th e s e a l t e r n a t i n g r h y t h m s o f f o r c e s , s h r i n k -
    a g e a n d e x p a n s i o n , s u g g e s t t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a l a w o f s o c i a l g r a v i t a -
    t i o n . As o c i o m e t r i c h y p o t h e s i s o f s o c i a l g r a v i t a t i o n c a n b e f o r m u -
    l a t e d a s f o l l o w s : Pe o p l e 1( P1) a n d Pe o p l e 2( P2) m o v e t o w a r d s
    e a c h o t h e r -b e t w e e n a l o c a l i t y X a n d a l o c a l i t y Y-i n d i r e c t p r o -
    p o r t i o n t o t h e a m o u n t o f a t t r a c t i o n g i v e n ( a l ) o r r e c e i v e d
    ( a 2) ,
    i n i n v e r s e p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e a m o u n t o f r e p u l s i o n g i v e n ( r l ) o r
    r e c e i v e d ( r 2) ,
    t h e p h y s i c a l d i s t a n c e ( d ) b e t w e e n t h e t w o l o c a l i t i e s
    b e i n g c o n s t a n t , t h e f a c i l i t i e s o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n b e t w e e n X a n d
    Yb e i n g e q u a l .
    In c l u d i n g n u m b e r a n d d i s t a n c e i t r e a d s a s f o l l o w s : Pe o p l e 1
    45 2

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    ( P1) a n d Pe o p l e 2( P2) m o v e t o w a r d s e a c h o t h e r i n d i r e c t p r o -
    p o r t i o n t o t h e a m o u n t o f a t t r a c t i o n g i v e n ( a l ) o r r e c e i v e d ( a 2) ,
    i n i n v e r s e p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e p h y s i c a l d i s t a n c e ( d ) b e t w e e n l o c a l i t y
    X a n d l o c a l i t y Y, t h e r e s i d e n c e s o f P1a n d P2r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e
    f a c i l i t i e s o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n b e t w e e n X a n d Yb e i n g c o n s t a n t .
    RESEARCHPROJ ECTSF ORREAD ERSOF
    SOCIOGRAM S
    I
    QUANTITATIV EANALYSISOF SOCIOGRAM S
    An i n d i v i d u a l p o r t r a y s i n a s o c i o g r a m f o u r w a y s i n w h i c h h e
    m a y r e a c t t o a n y o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l -c h o i c e , r e j e c t i o n , i n d i f f e r e n c e
    a n d o v e r l o o k i n g ( i n d i f f e r e n c e i s a n " e x p r e s s e d " r e l a t i o n s h i p , o v e r -
    l o o k i n g i s " n o t n o t i c i n g " ) . F o r a n y d y a d t h e r e a r e t h e r e f o r e 16
    t y p e s o f r e l a t i o n s h i p p o s s i b l e :
    Ac h o o s e s B a n d B c h o o s e s A

    Ao v e r l o o k s B a n d B o v e r l o o k s
    Ac h o o s e s B a n d B r e j e c t s A

    A
    Ac h o o s e s B a n d B i s i n d i f f e r e n t Ao v e r l o o k s B a n d B c h o o s e s A
    t o A

    Ao v e r l o o k s B a n d B r e j e c t s A
    Ac h o o s e s B a n d B o v e r l o o k s

    Ao v e r l o o k s B a n d B i s i n d i f -
    f e r e n t t o A
    Ar e j e c t s B a n d B r e j e c t s A

    Ai s i n d i f f e r e n t t o B a n d B i s
    Ar e j e c t s B a n d B c h o o s e s A

    i n d i f f e r e n t t o A
    Ar e j e c t s B a n d B i s i n d i f f e r e n t Ai s i n d i f f e r e n t t o B a n d B
    t o A

    c h o o s e s A
    Ar e j e c t s B a n d B o v e r l o o k s A
    Ai s i n d i f f e r e n t t o B a n d B
    r e j e c t s A
    Ai s i n d i f f e r e n t t o B a n d B
    o v e r l o o k s A
    PSYCHOLOGICALCURRENTS

    4 5 3
    II
    STRUCTURALANALYSISOF SOCIOGRAM S
    1 . Se l e c t f r o m t h e s o c i o g r a m s i s o l a t e d o r
    u n c h o s e n i n d i v i d u a l s
    a n d d i s c u s s t h e a d v a n t a g e s a n d d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f t h e i r s o c i o -
    m e t r i c s t a t u s
    . Co m p a r e t h e " v o l u n t a r y " w i t h t h e " i n v o l u n t a r y "
    i s o l a t e , i n o u r o w n a n d i n o t h e r c u l t u r e s , f o r i n s t a n c e , t h e
    s t a t u s o f t h e s o l i t a i r e i n o u r Am e r i c a n c u l t u r e , w i t h t h e o n e
    i n Hi n d u c u l t u r e .
    2 . Se l e c t r e j e c t e d a n d r e j e c t i n g i n d i v i d u a l s ; d i s c u s s t h e i r s o c i o -
    m e t r i c s t a t u s b y c o m p a r i n g i t w i t h t h e i r a c t u a l b e h a v i o r i n t h e
    c o t t a g e s ( a n i l l u s t r a t i o n i s SL, C10 ) .
    3 . Se l e c t d y a d s , t r i a n g l e s , c h a i n s o r s t a r s a n d c o m p a r e t h e i r s o c i o -
    m e t r i c s t a t u s w i t h t h e i r a c t u a l b e h a v i o r i n t h e c o m m u n i t y ( a n
    i l l u s t r a t i o n i s t h e Ru n a w a y D y a d , C14, p . 3 96 ; s e e a l s o t h e
    Ru n a w a y So c i o g r a m , p . 422a n d t e x t o n p
    . 444) .
    4 . Re d r a w e v e r y s o c i o g r a m s o t h a t t h e r e a r e a m i n i m u m o f c r o s s -
    i n g l i n e s a n d w i t h t h e s u b g r o u p s c l e a r l y a r r a n g e d .
    5 . Tr a n s f o r m e v e r y s o c i o g r a m i n t o a s o c i o m a t r i x .
    III
    CLUESF ORGROUPPSYCHOTHERAPY, PSYCHOD RAM A,
    ROLEPLAYINGAND SOCIOD RAM A
    St u d y c a r e f u l l y t h e s o c i o m e t r i c s t r u c t u r e o f e v e r y h o m e a n d
    w o r k g r o u p g i v e n b e n e a t h e a c h s o c i o g r a m ( f r o m p . 265 t o p . 28 2)
    a n d p o i n t o u t t h e c l u e s w h i c h i t g i v e s f o r u s i n g
    1 . Gr o u p p s y c h o t h e r a p e u t i c m e t h o d s a s d i s c u s s i o n , i n t e r v i e w o r
    a c t i v i t y m e t h o d s t o r e s o l v e e x i s t i n g c o n f l i c t s .
    2.
    Ro l e p l a y i n g , p s y c h o d r a m a o r s o c i o d r a m a p r o c e d u r e s .
    3 . Re c o n s t r u c t i o n m e t h o d s o f e n t i r e g r o u p s .
    IV
    SOCIOM ETRICIND ICES
    Ra t i o o f i n t e r e s t f o r o w n g r o u p =
    So c i o m e t r i c c h o i c e s t a t u s o f a n
    i n -g r o u p s t r u c t u r e ( c o n c e n -
    t r a t i o n o f i n s i d e c h o i c e s )
    45 4

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    Il l u s t r a t i o n :
    Ni = s i z e o f s m a l l g r o u p , f . i . , 26 m e m b e r s
    n = n u m b e r o f c h o i c e s a l l o w e d , f . i . , 5 c h o i c e s
    p = a c t u a l n u m b e r o f c h o i c e s r e c e i v e d f r o m o w n g r o u p , f . i . , 43
    c h o i c e s
    I( i n t e r e s t ) = Ni
    . n = 26x 5
    =
    13 0
    - = 3 3 %
    o f c h o i c e s g o i n t o
    p

    43

    43
    o w n g r o u p
    Ra t i o o f a t t r a c t i o n f o r o u t g r o u p s =
    So c i o m e t r i c c h o i c e s t a t u s
    w i t h i n e n t i r e c o m m u n i -
    t y ( c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f
    c h o i c e s u p o n a g i v e n
    g r o u p )
    Il l u s t r a t i o n :
    N= s i z e o f e n t i r e p o p u l a t i o n , f . i . , 43 5
    m e m b e r s
    Ni = s i z e o f a s i n g l e g r o u p , f . i . , 17 m e m b e r s
    n = n u m b e r o f c h o i c e s a l l o w e d p e r i n d i v i d u a l , f . i . , c h o i c e s
    p i = a c t u a l n u m b e r o f c h o i c e s r e c e i v e d f r o m a l l o t h e r c o t t a g e s ,
    f . i . , 25
    ( N - N i ) n

    ( 43 5 -17) x 5

    20 90
    A( At t r a c t i o n ) =
    _

    _= 1 . 2
    p
    i

    25

    25
    F i g u r e o u t o n t h i s b a s i s
    1
    . Th e s o c i o m e t r i c c h o i c e s t a t u s o f a t o t a l g r o u p , i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e
    .
    2 . Th e s o c i o m e t r i c r e j e c t i o n s t a t u s o f a g r o u p .
    3 . Th e s o c i o m e t r i c r e j e c t i o n -i n d i f f e r e n c e s t a t u s o f a g r o u p
    .
    V
    SOCIOM ETRICGROUPCOHESION
    Th e h y p o t h e s i s h a s b e e n f o r m u l a t e d t h a t t h e l a r g e r t h e n u m b e r
    o f m u t u a l p a i r s t h e w i d e r w i l l b e t h e r a t e o f i n t e r a c t i o n a n d t h e
    p r o b a b i l i t y o f a h i g h g r o u p c o h e s i o n . Th e l a r g e r t h e n u m b e r o f
    i n d i v i d u a l s i n v o l v e d i n p o s i t i v e t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s t h e g r e a t e r
    t h e g r o u p c o h e s i o n . Th e r e a r e , h o w e v e r , i m p o r t a n t l i m i t a t i o n s t o
    t h i s h y p o t h e s i s . Th e r e i s , f o r i n s t a n c e , t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t 12
    i n d i v i d u a l s f o r m 6 d y a d s , e a c h i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e o t h e r ; s u c h a
    g r o u p w o u l d b e o f l o w c o h e s i o n n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g i t s c o m p a r a t i v e l y
    PSYCHOLOGICALCURRENTS
    h i g h d y a d f o r m a t i o n . Th e n u m b e r o f d y a d s m u s t b e l a r g e r
    t h a n
    o n e h a l f
    o f t h e m e m b e r s h i p i n o r d e r t o e v e n t u a t e t r i a n g l e s , c h a i n s ,
    s t a r s a n d m o r e c o m p l e x s t r u c t u r e s .
    F i g u r e o u t t h e p o s s i b l e s o c i o m e t r i c c o m b i n a t i o n s b e t w e e n 12
    i n d i v i d u a l s , e a c h b e i n g a l l o w e d f r o m 1t o 3 c h o i c e s a n d t h e e f f e c t
    o f t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s u p o n g r o u p c o h e s i o n .
    V I
    STATISTICALF OUND ATIONSOF SOCIOM ETRY
    In o r d e r t o c a l c u l a t e t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f a n i n d i v i d u a l b e i n g c h o s e n
    b y a n o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l d e v i a t i o n f r o m c h a n c e c a n b e u s e d a s t h e
    c o m m o n r e f e r e n c e b a s e
    . Ih a v e b e e n p o s i n g t h r e e q u e s t i o n s : 1)
    t h e p r o b a b l e n u m b e r o f c h i l d r e n w h o b y m e r e c h a n c e s e l e c t i o n
    w o u l d b e p i c k e d o u t b y t h e i r f e l l o w s , n o t a t a l l , o n c e , t w i c e , a n d
    s o o n ; 2) h o w m a n y m u t u a l s a r e l i k e l y t o o c c u r ; 3 ) h o w m a n y
    u n r e c i p r o c a t e d c h o i c e s c a n b e e x p e c t e d o n a c h a n c e b a s i s . Us i n g
    t h e b i n o m i a l f o r m u l a ( p +q ) . Th e s e q u e s t i o n s h a v e b e e n a n s -
    w e r e d , s e e p
    . 628 t o 63 0 .
    Th e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f m u t u a l s i n c h a n c e e x p e r i m e n t s a l l o w i n g
    t h r e e c h o i c e s t o a p o p u l a t i o n o f 26w a s f o u n d t o b e 4. 3 . Th e
    t h e o r e t i c a l f i n d i n g s s h o w e d 4 . 68 u n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h r e e
    c h o i c e s w i t h i n a p o p u l a t i o n o f 26p e r s o n s . Th e n u m b e r o f u n -
    r e c i p r o c a t e d s t r u c t u r e s i n t h e c h a n c e e x p e r i m e n t s i s 69
    . 4.
    Th e
    t h e o r e t i c a l r e s u l t s s h o w 68
    . 64u n d e r t h e s a m e c o n d i t i o n s . In t h e
    s a m p l e s t u d i e d t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f m u t u a l s t r u c t u r e s i s 213 %
    g r e a t e r i n t h e a c t u a l s o c i o m e t r i c c o n f i g u r a t i o n s t h a n i n t h e c h a n c e
    c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a n d t h e n u m b e r o f u n r e c i p r o c a t e d s t r u c t u r e s i s
    3 5 . 8 % g r e a t e r b y c h a n c e t h a n a c t u a l l y . F o r f u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n ,
    s e e p . 626-628 a n d B i b l i o g r a p h y .
    45 5
    B OOK IV
    CONSTRUCTIONAND RECONSTRUCTION
    OF ACOM M UNITY
    THEASSIGNM ENTM YTH
    Re l i g i o n h a s g i v e n u s a w o n d e r f u l m y t h . Lo n g b e f o r e w e a r e
    b o r n w e l i v e o n a n o t h e r p l a n e i n Ed e n a n d t h e w i s e f a t h e r o f t h e
    u n i v e r s e , w h o s e e s a l l t h e b e i n g s w h o a r e b o r n a n d w h o a r e n o t
    b o r n a n d w h o k n o w s a l l t h e n e e d s o n e a r t h a n d e l s e w h e r e , d e c i d e s
    w h e r e w e s h o u l d b e p l a c e d , o n w h i c h p l a n e t , i n w h i c h c o u n t r y ,
    a n d i n w h i c h f a m i l y . Th i s s t o r y c a n b e c a l l e d t h e " a s s i g n m e n t
    m y t h . " It w a n t s t o m a k e u s b e l i e v e , a t l e a s t f o r a m o m e n t , t h a t
    o u r a r r i v a l i n t o a s p e c i a l e n v i r o n m e n t i s n o t a g e n e t i c o -s o c i a l
    p r o d u c t b u t i t i s t h e b e s t a n d w i s e s t c h o i c e f o r u s , t h a t i t i s o u r
    a s s i g n e d p l a c e . Sh o u l d w e t a k e t h i s m y t h a s a p r o p h e c y t h a t m e n
    w i l l o n e d a y t u r n t h i s s c h e m e o f t h e c r e a t o r i n t o t r u t h ?
    Th e m o s t f a t e f u l m o m e n t f o r a m a n i s h i s e n t r a n c e i n t o t h e
    w o r l d . Th e b i o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s o f r e p r o d u c t i o n i s o v e r a n d t h e
    p r o c e s s o f l i v i n g i n t h i s w o r l d , o f u n f o l d m e n t , b e g i n s
    . B u t , a s a
    f a t a l i s t i c c o n s e q u e n c e o f r e p r o d u c t i o n , h i s p a r e n t s a n d g u a r d i a n s
    a r e i d e n t i c a l w i t h h i s p r o c r e a t o r s a n d w i t h t h e m t h e f i r s t s o c i a l
    o r g a n i z a t i o n i n w h i c h h e g r o w s u p t o b e a p e r s o n . Pa r e n t s a r e
    g i v e n i n s t e a d o f c h o s e n .
    It i s c u r i o u s t h a t t h i s f i r s t c o m m a n d -
    m e n t i n t h e s o c i a l d o m a i n s o u n d s s o m u c h m o r e p r o v o k i n g t h a n
    t h a t o t h e r c o m m a n d m e n t i n t h e b i o l o g i c a l d o m a i n -p r o c r e a t o r s
    t o o a r e g i v e n b u t n o t t e s t e d . B u t w i t h w h o m w e s h o u l d l i v e a n d
    w h o m w e s h o u l d e m u l a t e i s n o t l e s s p e r t i n e n t t h a n w h o s h o u l d
    l i v e o r w h o s h o u l d s u r v i v e
    . It i s p e r h a p s m o r e o b n o x i o u s b e c a u s e
    i n t h e f i r s t i n s t a n c e a h u m a n p a i r i s e n d o w e d w i t h o r d e p r i v e d o f
    a n o p p o r t u n i t y o n l y , b u t i n t h e s e c o n d i n s t a n c e a r e a l i t y i s g i v e n
    o r t a k e n a w a y f r o m t h e m
    . Th e b o r n c h i l d i s r e g a r d e d a s a p o s -
    s e s s i o n , a s a p r o p e r t y , p e r h a p s a s a r e w a r d f o r t h e s u f f e r i n g a n d
    s a c r i f i c e e n t a i l e d i n g i v i n g i t b i r t h
    . Th i s f e e l i n g h a s a c o u n t e r p a r t
    i n t h e r e l a t i o n o f t h e c r e a t o r t o h i s w o r k
    . He , t o o , i s i n c l i n e d t o
    r e g a r d h i s w o r k , h i s c h i l d , a s h i s p r o p e r t y
    . B u t b o t h t h e p a r e n t s
    a n d t h e c r e a t o r s a r e m o s t h u m a n l y t h e v i c t i m s o f t h e s a m e l u s t
    w h i c h c a n b e c a l l e d t h e
    p a r e n t a l i l l u s i o n o r s y n d r o m e . It i s a n
    45 9
    4 60

    WHO
    SHALL SURV IV E?
    e m o t i o n a l i l l u s i o n i n t h e f i r s t c a s e , p r e d o m i n a n t l y a n i n t e l l e c t u a l ,
    i n t h e s e c o n d . Th i s m a y d e s e r v e a b r o a d e r e x p l a n a t i o n
    .
    Ac r e a t o r , a s s o o n a s h i s w o r k h a s e m a n a t e d f r o m h i m , h a s
    n o r i g h t t o i t a n y l o n g e r e x c e p t a p s y c h o l o g i c a l r i g h t
    . He h a d a l l
    r i g h t s u p o n i t a s l o n g a s i t w a s g r o w i n g i n h i m b u t h e h a s f o r -
    f e i t e d t h e s e a s s o o n a s i t i s g o n e o u t o f h i m a n d b e c o m e s a p a r t
    o f t h e w o r l d . It b e l o n g s t o u n i v e r s a l i t y
    . An i n d i v i d u a l i s r a r e l y
    a w a r e o f t h e p o s i t i o n h e h o l d s i n t h e c u l t u r a l c u r r e n t s o f h i s c o m -
    m u n i t y , o f t h e v a s t m a t e r i a l h e c o n t i n u o u s l y a b s o r b s , m a t e r i a l p r o -
    d u c e d a n d o f t e n t i m e s s h a p e d b y t h o u s a n d s o f o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l
    m i n d s t o w h o m h e i s a n o n y m o u s l y i n d e b t e d . Ho w e v e r c e n t r a l
    h i s p o s i t i o n i s w i t h i n m y r i a d s o f c u r r e n t s , t h e m a t e r i a l o f h i s w o r k
    i s c o n t a i n e d a n d p r e d i s p o s e d w i t h i n u n i v e r s a l i t y . Th i s i s f a r m o r e
    l i t e r a l l y a n d m o r e d e e p l y t r u e w i t h t h e p a r e n t
    . B i o g e n e t i c s i s
    s t i l l i n i t s i n f a n c y , b u t w e k n o w t h a t t h e u n i t s w h i c h g o i n t o t h e
    m a k i n g o f a c h i l d a r e n o t t h e p r o d u c t o f t h e t w o i n d i v i d u a l p a r e n t s .
    Co n t i n u e d g e n e t i c r e s e a r c h m a y t e a c h t h a t t h e i r b i o l o g i c a l c o n -
    t r i b u t i o n i s m o r e p e r t i n e n t t h a n w e t h i n k t o d a y , b u t s t i l l c a n n o t
    b e b u t s m a l l c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f t h e w h o l e k i n d ,
    o f m a n k i n d . J u s t a s t h e c r e a t o r s o f w o r k s , p a r e n t s h a v e n o r i g h t
    u p o n t h e i r o f f s p r i n g e x c e p t a p s y c h o l o g i c a l r i g h t . Li t e r a l l y , t h e
    c h i l d r e n b e l o n g t o u n i v e r s a l i t y .
    We a r r a y t h e s e f a c t s n o t f o r t h e a d v o c a c y o f a Pl a t o n i c o r
    Co m m u n i s t i c u t o p i a
    .
    " Al l " i s a s g o o d a s n o b o d y . An d u n i v e r -
    s a l i t y i s f l a t . Or m o r e p r e c i s e l y , c h i l d r e n c a n n o t l i v e w i t h a n d
    e m u l a t e u n i v e r s a l i t y . F u r t h e r m o r e , d u r i n g t h e p r e -s o c i a l i z e d
    p e r i o d t h e c h i l d ' s n e e d o f a g u a r d i a n i s o b v i o u s . It i s n o t t h e
    a b d i c a t i o n o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l p a r e n t b u t h i s c l e a r e r d e f i n i t i o n w h i c h
    w e p r o p o s e . Pa r e n t h o o d c a n n o t b u t c o n t i n u e t o b e a n i n d i v i d u a l
    p a r e n t a n d a n i n d i v i d u a l m a t t e r
    . Ob s e r v a t i o n o f t h e r e l a t i o n s
    b e t w e e n c h i l d r e n a n d a d u l t s t h r o w s f u r t h e r l i g h t u p o n t h i s s u b j e c t .
    We k n o w a b o u t p a r e n t s w h o a r e c a r e l e s s o f a n d c r u e l t o t h e i r o w n
    c h i l d r e n , a n d w e k n o w a b o u t c h i l d l e s s p e o p l e w h o b e c o m e t h e i r
    m o s t u s e f u l p a r e n t s . Th e i n s t i n c t f o r r e p r o d u c t i o n a n d t h e i n -
    s t i n c t f o r p a r e n t h o o d a r e n o t i d e n t i c a l . We p r o p o s e , t h e r e f o r e ,
    t h e s p e c i a l i z a t i o n o f t h e n o t i o n o f p a r e n t h o o d i n t o t w o d i s t i n c t
    a n d d i f f e r e n t f u n c t i o n s -t h e b i o l o g i c a l p a r e n t a n d t h e
    s o c i a l
    p a r e n t . Th e y m a y c o m e t o g e t h e r i n o n e i n d i v i d u a l o r t h e y m a y
    THEASSIGNM ENTM YTH

    4
    6 1
    n o t .
    B u t t h e p r o b l e m i s h o w t o p r o d u c e a p r o c e d u r e w h i c h i s a b l e
    t o s u b s t i t u t e a n d i m p r o v e t h i s s a n c i e n t o r d e r .
    Th e f i r s t s i t u a t i o n w h i c h a w a i t s u s w h e n w e e n t e r t h e w o r l d
    i s d u p l i c a t e d a g a i n a n d a g a i n t h r o u g h o u t l i f e . B r o t h e r s a n d
    s i s t e r s a r e g i v e n i n s t e a d o f c h o s e n , o u r c o l l e a g u e s i n s c h o o l , o u r
    c o m r a d e s i n f a c t o r i e s o r i n b u s i n e s s , a n d s o o n . We s e e o u r
    u n i v e r s e c o n s i s t i n g o f o r g a n i z a t i o n s w h i c h a r e e i t h e r m o l d e d b y
    m e c h a n i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c p r e s s u r e , a s t h e f a c t o r y , o r b y b i o l o g i c a l
    p r e s s u r e , a s t h e f a m i l y , b u t w e d o n o t s e e m a n ' s o w n w o r l d
    r e a l i z e d . Ye t i f w e w a n t t o m a k e a w o r l d a f t e r m a n ' s o w n f e e l i n g
    w e h a v e t o h a v e f i r s t a s o c i o m e t r i c s o c i e t y .
    Ac o m m u n i t y l i k e Hu d s o n o f f e r s s o c i o m e t r y a n u n u s u a l p r o b -
    l e m , a s i t h a s t w o d e f i c i e n c i e s : 1) t h e b i o l o g i c a l s e t -u p w h i c h c o n -
    t r o l s t h e c o m m u n i t y a t l a r g e i s a b s e n t ; 2) t h e e c o n o m i c s e t -u p
    w h i c h d o m i n a t e s t h e c o m m u n i t y a t l a r g e i s a l s o a b s e n t . B u t
    e x a c t l y t h e s e t w o d i s a d v a n t a g e s m a k e i t p o s s i b l e t o c o n c e n t r a t e
    o n o n e f r o n t , t h e s o c i o m e t r i c , w h i c h i n t h e c o m m u n i t y o u t s i d e i s
    c o n t i n u o u s l y c r u s h e d i n i t s e x p r e s s i o n b y t h e p r e s s u r e o f t h e s e
    t w o m a j o r i s s u e s . Ac o m m u n i t y i s h e r e g i v e n f r e e f r o m b l o o d
    r e l a t i o n s a n d f r e e f r o m e c o n o m i c r e l a t i o n s a t t h e s a m e t i m e . In
    t h i s c o m m u n i t y , t o f i n d t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f a n d t h e p r o p e r t r e a t m e n t
    f o r t h e n e e d s o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n a n d t o f i n d t h e g o v e r n m e n t f o r i t ,
    i s o n e a n d t h e s a m e t h i n g . In c o n t r a s t t o t h e p r i n c i p l e o f b u i l d i n g
    t h e s t a t e o n t h e b i o l o g i c a l b a s i s p r i m a r i l y o r o f b u i l d i n g i t o n t h e
    e c o n o m i c b a s i s p r i m a r i l y , t h e p r i n c i p l e i s h e r e a t t e m p t e d t o b u i l d
    t h e Hu d s o n c o m m u n i t y o n t h e s o c i o m e t r i c b a s i s p r i m a r i l y .
    It i s o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h i s c o m m u n i t y t h a t a
    t h e r a p y o f t h e c o m m u n i t y a s a w h o l e h a s b e e n a t t e m p t e d
    . To t h e
    t e s t s w h i c h a n a l y z e t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f g r o u p s c o r r e s p o n d t e c h -
    n i q u e s w h i c h a i d t o p r o d u c e a n d t o o r g a n i z e t h e v a r i o u s g r o u p s
    n e c e s s a r y t o t h e c o m m u n i t y . To t h e t e s t s ( Sp o n t a n e i t y a n d Ro l e
    Te s t s ) w h i c h a n a l y z e e m o t i o n a l , s o c i a l , a n d v o c a t i o n a l a b i l i t i e s
    c o r r e s p o n d t e c h n i q u e s w h i c h a i d t o s h a p e a n d t o d e v e l o p t h e s e
    a b i l i t i e s
    . To t h e t e s t s w h i c h a n a l y z e d t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s
    o f a c o m m u n i t y c o r r e s p o n d t e c h n i q u e s w h i c h a i d t o d i r e c t , t o
    s h a p e , t o c o n t r o l , a n d t o p r o d u c e s u c h c u r r e n t s .
    In o t h e r w o r d s ,
    t h e a n a l y t i c a l u n f o l d m e n t o f t h e c o m m u n i t y w h i c h h a s b e e n p r e -
    s e n t e d u p t o t h i s p o i n t , p h a s e b y p h a s e , b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h e h o m e
    462

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    a n d e n d i n g w i t h i t s s o c i o m e t r i c g e o g r a p h y , i s c o m p l e m e n t e d n o w
    b y t h e p o s i t i v e u n f o l d m e n t , t h e s t e p s w h i c h h a v e b e e n t a k e n t o
    c r e a t e a c o m m u n i t y a c c o r d i n g t o s o c i o m e t r i c p r i n c i p l e s .
    SOCIOM ETRYOF INITIALCONSTRUCTION
    THESOCIOM ETRICF AM ILY
    Tw o p e r s o n s , a m a n a n d a w o m a n , g o o n e d a y t o a c i t y h a l l
    t o b e u n i t e d a s m a n a n d w i f e b y a j u s t i c e o f p e a c e . Lo v e a n d
    r e p r o d u c t i o n t a k e s c a r e o f t h e r e s t . Th u s p e o p l e b e c o m e p a r e n t s
    a n d b a b i e s b e c o m e t h e i r c h i l d r e n . Lo v e f o r t h e c h i l d g o e s a l o n g
    w a y i n s h a p i n g t h a t u n i q u e r e l a t i o n s h i p w h i c h i s s t i l l t h e c o r n e r -
    s t o n e o f o u r c o m m u n i t y l i f e , t h e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p o f c h i l d a n d
    p a r e n t . Th i s l o v e i s a l r e a d y p r e s e n t l o n g b e f o r e t h e c h i l d i s b o r n
    a n d r u n s t o t r u e p e r f o r m a n c e f r o m t h e m o m e n t t h a t t h e c h i l d i s
    b o r n .
    F r o m a l l o v e r t h e s t a t e c h i l d r e n a r e s e n t t o Hu d s o n b e c a u s e
    f o r o n e r e a s o n o r a n o t h e r t h e y h a v e l o s t o r f o r f e i t e d t h e i r p a r e n t s
    a n d t h e i r b e l o n g i n g t o a n a t u r a l g r o u p . Wi t h i n t h e s c o p e o f a f e w
    m i l e s t h e s e c h i l d r e n , n u m b e r i n g i n h u n d r e d s , a r e g a t h e r e d t o g e t h e r .
    On t h e o t h e r h a n d , a n u m b e r o f w o m e n a r e a p p o i n t e d b y t h e s t a t e
    t o b e m o t h e r s t o t h e s e c h i l d r e n . B u t h o w s h o u l d w e b r i n g t h e s e
    p e o p l e a n d t h e s e c h i l d r e n t o g e t h e r i f n o t b y f o r c e o r m e c h a n i c a l
    r e g u l a t i o n s ?Wh e r e i s t h e m o t h e r c r y h e r e , t h e i n s t i n c t i v e m o t h e r
    a t t a c h m e n t a c h i l d s h o w s t o i t s n a t u r a l m o t h e r ?Wh e r e i s t h e c a l l
    t o b e c o m e a m o t h e r t o a p a r t i c u l a r c h i l d a m o n g t h e c r o w d o f
    c h i l d r e n ?
    It w a s m e a n t t o p r o v i d e t h e s e c h i l d r e n w i t h a s i t u a t i o n w h i c h
    w a s e q u a l t o o r b e t t e r t h a n t h e o n e w h i c h t h e c h i l d r e n h a d o u t s i d e .
    Th e p r o c e s s o f n a t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f a f a m i l y h a s t o b e d u p l i -
    c a t e d , b u t a s t h e n a t u r a l m e a n s o f a t t a c h m e n t a r e h e r e c u t o f f ,
    w e h a v e t o r e p l a c e t h e m s y n t h e t i c a l l y w i t h s o m e t h i n g w h i c h i s
    e q u a l l y e f f i c i e n t . Th u s w e h a v e t o s t r i v e a f t e r t h e i d e a l t o f i t a
    c h i l d t o a m o t h e r a s w e l l a s a c h i l d i s f i t t e d t o i t s n a t u r a l m o t h e r a n d
    t o f i t a c h i l d t o t h e o t h e r c h i l d r e n h e r e a s w e l l a s a c h i l d i s f i t t e d
    t o i t s b r o t h e r s a n d s i s t e r s i n a n a t u r a l f a m i l y . Th e q u e s t i o n i s h o w
    d o w e k n o w w h i c h p a r e n t i s d e s i r a b l e f o r w h i c h c h i l d a n d w h i c h
    c h i l d i s d e s i r a b l e f o r w h i c h o t h e r c h i l d ?
    INITIALCONSTRUCTION

    463
    PARENTTEST
    Te c h n i q u e
    Th e Pa r e n t Te s t i s s o d e s i g n e d t h a t a l l g i r l s n e w l y a r r i v e d a t
    t h e c o m m u n i t y a r e b r o u g h t f a c e t o f a c e w i t h a l l t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s
    w h o h a v e a v a c a n c y i n t h e i r c o t t a g e
    . As t h e t e s t i s s o d e l i c a t e
    i n n a t u r e t h e t e c h n i q u e o f a r r a n g e m e n t i s m o s t i m p o r t a n t
    . A
    m e e t i n g i s c a l l e d a t t h e Re c e i v i n g Co t t a g e t o w h i c h o n l y t h e
    p a r t i c i p a n t s a r e i n v i t e d
    . F i r s t t h e t e s t e r a d d r e s s e s t h e n e w g i r l s
    w i t h t h e s e o r s i m i l a r w o r d s :
    " Yo u w i l l m e e t a n u m b e r o f l a d i e s ,
    e a c h o f w h o m i s w i l l i n g t o a c t a s y o u r p a r e n t d u r i n g y o u r s t a y
    i n Hu d s o n
    . Yo u h a v e a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o c h o o s e y o u r h o u s e m o t h e r
    a n d t o d e c i d e t o w h o m a m o n g t h e m y o u f e e l m o s t a t t r a c t e d
    . Th e y ,
    o f c o u r s e , h a v e t h e s a m e o p p o r t u n i t y t o e x p r e s s t h e i r o p i n i o n
    b e f o r e t h e y t a k e y o u i n t o t h e i r h o u s e
    . It i s a s e r i o u s m a t t e r
    . Yo u
    h a v e t o v i s u a l i z e t h a t y o u a r e g o i n g t o d e c i d e u p o n t h e p e r s o n
    t o w a r d s w h o m y o u a r e s o d r a w n t h a t y o u f e e l t h a t y o u c a n c o n -
    f i d e i n h e r a s i n a m o t h e r a n d f r o m w h o m y o u w o u l d b e g l a d t o
    t a k e a d v i c e , a n d a l s o t h a t y o u d e c i d e u p o n t h e p e r s o n w i t h w h o m
    y o u s h a l l l i v e t o g e t h e r u n t i l y o u h a v e f i n i s h e d y o u r t r a i n i n g i n
    Hu d s o n . "
    Th e t e s t e r t h e n a d d r e s s e s t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s w i t h t h e s e o r s i m i l a r
    w o r d s
    : " An u m b e r o f n e w g i r l s h a v e c o m e t o Hu d s o n f o r t r a i n i n g .
    Yo u h a v e c h o s e n t o a c t a s t h e i r p a r e n t d u r i n g t h e i r s t a y
    . Yo u
    k n o w w e l l t h a t a d i s c o r d a n t h o m e i s o f t h e g r e a t e s t d i s a d v a n t a g e
    f o r a c h i l d a n d t h a t a h a r m o n i o u s h o m e i s t h e g r e a t e s t b l e s s i n g
    f o r i t
    . We w a n t t o k n o w y o u r r e a c t i o n t o t h e c h i l d b e f o r e s h e
    i s s e n t t o y o u r h o u s e
    . Th i s , f o r t w o r e a s o n s
    : Yo u m a y f e e l a t -
    t r a c t e d t o o n e c h i l d m o r e t h a n t o a n o t h e r a n d y o u m a y f e e l b e t t e r
    a b l e t o h e l p o n e c h i l d t h a n a n o t h e r
    . Th e n , t o o , y o u k n o w y o u r
    f a m i l y
    . Yo u m a y f e e l t h a t o n e c h i l d i s b e t t e r f i t t e d t o a d j u s t t o
    y o u r g r o u p o f g i r l s t h a n a n o t h e r c h i l d
    . Ta l k w i t h e a c h o f t h e g i r l s
    f r e e l y a n d m a k e y o u r j u d g m e n t a s s p o n t a n e o u s l y a s i t a r i s e s
    . "
    Th e n e w g i r l s a c t a s h o s t e s s e s a n d r e c e i v e t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s
    a s t h e i r g u e s t s
    . Ea c h g i r l e n t e r t a i n s o n e h o u s e m o t h e r a t a t i m e
    i n h e r r o o m
    . It i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e s e t w o a r e l e f t a l o n e s o t h a t
    t h e y c a n c o m e i n t o r a p p o r t
    . In s u c c e s s i o n o n e h o u s e m o t h e r a f t e r
    a n o t h e r c o n v e r s e s w i t h e a c h g i r l u n t i l e a c h h a s m e t e v e r y n e w g i r l
    .
    Th e t e s t e r t h e n a p p r o a c h e s t h e h o u s e m o t h e r a n d t h e g i r l i m -
    464

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    m n e d i a t e l y a f t e r t h e y h a v e f i n i s h e d , t o g e t t h e f r e s h , s p o n t a n e o u s
    i m p r e s s i o n o f e a c h s e p a r a t e l y a b o u t t h e o t h e r
    . Af t e r a l l t h e
    m e e t i n g s a r e o v e r a n d t h e t e s t e r h a s r e c e i v e d t h e i m p r e s s i o n s
    f r o m e a c h o f t h e p a i r s , t h e t e s t e r c o m e s b a c k t o e a c h g i r l t o a s k
    " Wh o m o f t h e s e l a d i e s w o u l d y o u l i k e t o h a v e a s y o u r h o u s e -
    m o t h e r ?" Af t e r s h e n a m e s o n e , t h e t e s t e r c o n t i n u e s : " If , f o r
    s o m e r e a s o n , y o u c o u l d n ' t h a v e t h i s h o u s e m o t h e r , t o w h o m e l s e
    w o u l d y o u l i k e t o g o ?" Af t e r t h e c h i l d n a m e s a s e c o n d h o u s e -
    m o t h e r , t h e t e s t e r c o n t i n u e s : " Sh o u l d i t n o t b e p o s s i b l e t o p l a c e
    y o u w i t h t h i s h o u s e m o t h e r , i s t h e r e a n y o t h e r w o m a n a m o n g t h e m
    w h o m y o u w o u l d c h o o s e ?" Af t e r t h e c h i l d h a s n a m e d a t h i r d ,
    s h e i s a s k e d t o g i v e f r e e e x p r e s s i o n t o h e r f e e l i n g s c o n c e r n i n g e a c h
    o f t h e w o m e n s h e h a s m e t a n d h e r m o t i v a t i o n s f o r f e e l i n g m o r e
    d r a w n t o o n e t h a n t o a n o t h e r . Ea c h s t a t e m e n t o f t h e c h i l d i s
    r e c o r d e d i n h e r w o r d s a n d i n h e r p r e s e n c e . Th e c h i l d r e n h a v e n o
    s u s p i c i o n a s t h e y k n o w t h a t i t i s a p r o c e d u r e c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h t h e
    a i m t o a d v a n c e t h e i r o w n l o n g i n g s .
    Th e t e s t e r t h e n c o m e s b a c k a l s o t o e a c h o f t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s
    a n d a s k s : " Wh i c h g i r l w o u l d y o u l i k e t o h a v e i n y o u r f a m i l y ?"
    Af t e r s h e n a m e s o n e , t h e t e s t e r c o n t i n u e s : " If , f o r s o m e r e a s o n ,
    t h i s c h i l d c a n n o t c o m e t o y o u , w h o m e l s e w o u l d y o u l i k e t o h a v e ?"
    Af t e r s h e n a m e s a s e c o n d c h i l d , t h e t e s t e r c o n t i n u e s : " If n e i t h e r
    o f t h e s e g i r l s i s a v a i l a b l e f o r y o u , i s t h e r e a n y o t h e r n e w c o m e r
    w h o m y o u w o u l d c h o o s e ?"
    Af t e r t h e h o u s e m o t h e r h a s n a m e d
    a t h i r d , s h e i s a s k e d t o g i v e h e r i m p r e s s i o n s o f e a c h o f t h e g i r l s
    a n d t h e m o t i v a t i o n s f o r h e r p r e f e r e n c e s . Sh e h a s n o s u s p i c i o n
    t o w a r d s t h e t e s t e r , a s s h e k n o w s t h a t t h e g r e a t e r h e r s i n c e r i t y , t h e
    m o r e s h e i s a p t t o r e c e i v e t h e c h i l d o f h e r c h o i c e .
    M e t h o d
    Th e c r u d e s t f o r m o f a s s i g n m e n t a n d t h e o n e o v e r w h e l m i n g l y
    i n u s e i n o u r i n s t i t u t i o n s i s t h a t b a s e d u p o n t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e
    i s a v a c a n c y i n a p a r t i c u l a r c o t t a g e o r d o r m i t o r y . Th e i n d i v i d u a l
    h a s " t o s t a y p u t " i n t h i s p l a c e m e n t u n t i l h e i s r e l e a s e d . Th i s i s
    t h e l o g i c a l o u t c o m e o f t h e p r o c e d u r e w h i c h t r e a t s t h e i n d i v i d u a l
    s i n g l y , w h e t h e r t h r o u g h p s y c h o a n a l y s i s , h y p n o s i s , s u g g e s t i o n , o r
    w h a t e v e r , a n d n o t a s a p a r t o f a g r o u p . On l y w h e n d i s a g r e e a b l e
    i n c i d e n t s t a k e p l a c e b e t w e e n t w o o r m o r e i n m a t e s w h o h a v e b e e n
    INITIALCONSTRUCTION

    465
    p l a c e d t o g e t h e r d o e s t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n b e c o m e a w a r e o f t h e f a c t
    t h a t t h e y d o n o t " g e t a l o n g , " a n d i f o t h e r m e a n s , a s p e r s o n a l
    i n f l u e n c e o r p u n i s h m e n t f a i l , t h e y a r e s e p a r a t e d . Th e t e n d e n c y i s
    a l w a y s t o m a k e a s f e w c h a n g e s a s p o s s i b l e
    . It i s e x p e c t e d o f a n
    i n m a t e t h a t h e " s t a y p u t . " Th i s a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s t h e p o p u l a t i o n
    c a n b e o b s e r v e d i n p e n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , r e f o r m a t o r i e s , t r a i n i n g
    s c h o o l s , h o s p i t a l s f o r t h e i n s a n e , o r p h a n a g e s , e t c . , b u t a l s o i n o u r
    p u b l i c s c h o o l s , f a c t o r i e s , a n d b u s i n e s s o f f i c e s . Th e r e h a v e b e e n
    e x c e p t i o n s f r o m t h i s r u l e , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e t r a i n i n g s c h o o l f i e l d .
    B a s e d u p o n a s o r t o f " t r a i n e d i n t u i t i o n " g a i n e d t h r o u g h e x -
    p e r i e n c e , a c h i l d i s p l a c e d i n a c o t t a g e i n t o w h i c h s h e a p p e a r s t o
    b e w e l l f i t t e d . Th e s e p l a c e m e n t s s o m e t i m e s m e e t w i t h s u c c e s s a n d
    s o m e t i m e s w i t h f a i l u r e . Ye t , a s t h e p r o c e d u r e i s n o t b a s e d u p o n
    s o c i o -a n a l y t i c p r i n c i p l e s , w e a r e n o t a b l e t o l e a r n a n y t h i n g i n e i t h e r
    c a s e
    .
    An d e v e n w h e n t h e s e i n t u i t i v e a s s i g n m e n t s a r e r e c o r d e d
    a n d a n a t t e m p t i s m a d e t o d e t e r m i n e t h e r e a s o n s f o r s u c c e s s o r
    f a i l u r e i n e a c h c a s e , t h e r e s u l t s a r e m e a g e r , d u e t o t h e c o m p l e x i t y
    o f t h e f a c t o r s w h i c h e n t e r i n t o t h e s i t u a t i o n s . As w e h a v e f o u n d
    t h r o u g h o u r o w n e x p e r i e n c e w i t h t h i s m e t h o d , w e r u n t h e r i s k
    o f m a k i n g e a r l y g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s i n t h e o r y a n d s n a p j u d g m e n t s
    i n p r a c t i c e
    .
    In t h e w i l d e r n e s s o f f a c t o r s w h i c h m i g h t h a v e a n
    e f f e c t u p o n t h e s i t u a t i o n w e m i s s a n a r c h i m e d i c p o i n t i n w h i c h
    a m e t h o d o l o g y o f a s s i g n m e n t c o u l d b e a n c h o r e d .
    We s e a r c h e d f o r a p r o c e d u r e w h i c h m i g h t s u b s t i t u t e t h e t r i a l -
    a n d -e r r o r m e t h o d b y a n o r g a n i c m e t h o d o f a s s i g n m e n t . It w a s
    t h e n t h a t w e p a i d c l o s e r a t t e n t i o n t o t h e c h o i c e f a c t o r i n t h e i n t e r -
    r e l a t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l s . It a p p e a r e d t o u s t h a t a n a s s i g n m e n t
    w i t h o u t t h e r e a c t i o n s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s w h o a r e t o l i v e t o g e t h e r
    w i t h o n e a n o t h e r b e i n g k n o w n , d e p r i v e s t h e s e i n d i v i d u a l s o f e x -
    p r e s s i n g t h e i r f e e l i n g s i n a , f o r t h e m , f u n d a m e n t a l s i t u a t i o n a n d
    d e p r i v e s u s o f a n e q u a l l y f u n d a m e n t a l m e t h o d o f i n q u i r y . Th e
    a s s i g n m e n t o f a c h i l d w h o c o m e s i n t o a t r a i n i n g s c h o o l t o a n
    a p p r o p r i a t e c o t t a g e i s a m o s t i m p o r t a n t m a t t e r -t h e m o r e s o a s
    s h e m u s t h a v e b e e n p o o r l y " a s s i g n e d " t o a f a m i l y o u t s i d e o r s h e
    w o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n s e n t t o a n i n s t i t u t i o n . To l e a v e , t h e n , t h i s
    " t h e r a p e u t i c a s s i g n m e n t " t o a n i n d i v i d u a l , b e i t n o w a p s y c h o l o -
    g i s t , a s o c i a l w o r k e r , o r w h o m e v e r , i s t o b a s e i t u p o n t h e e m o t i o n a l
    r e a c t i o n s o f t h i s i n d i v i d u a l t o w a r d s t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s o f t h e
    466

    WHO SHALLSURV IV E?
    d i f f e r e n t c o t t a g e s a n d t o w a r d s t h e n e w l y a r r i v e d c h i l d r e n
    . It i s
    e q u a l t o g i v i n g s o m e i n d i v i d u a l d i c t a t o r s h i p p o w e r s o v e r s i t u a -
    t i o n s i n w h i c h t h e w i s e s t p e r s o n m a y e r r . B u t t h e e m o t i o n a l -s o c i a l
    r e a c t i o n o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s w h o h a v e t o l i v e t o g e t h e r t o w a r d s
    o n e a n o t h e r m a y b e i m p o r t a n t a n d s i g n i f i c a n t . In s t e a d o f p u t t i n g
    a n i n d i v i d u a l l i k e s o m e m e r c h a n d i s e i n t o a s i t u a t i o n w i t h o t h e r
    i n d i v i d u a l s w h o h a d b e e n p u t t h e r e b e f o r e i n t h e s a m e m a n n e r ,
    t h e y c a n b e b r o u g h t t o g e t h e r t o a t e s t .
    Th e n o t i o n o f " s t a y i n g p u t , " t h a t i s , t o s t a y a n d t o b e s t a b l e
    w h e r e v e r y o u a r e a n d u n d e r a l l c i r c u m s t a n c e s , h a s h a d a s i m i l a r
    h i s t o r y i n t h e f i e l d o f m a r i t a l r e l a t i o n s . Un t i l n o t s o l o n g a g o f o r
    m o s t o f h u m a n i t y , a n d s t i l l p r a c t i c e d h e r e a n d t h e r e , m a r r i a g e s
    w e r e m a d e b y p a r e n t s . Th e e m o t i o n a l r e a c t i o n s o f b r i d e a n d
    b r i d e g r o o m t o w a r d s e a c h o t h e r w e r e d i s c o u n t e d
    . Al t h o u g h m a r -
    r i a g e s a r e m a d e i n c i v i l i z e d c o u n t r i e s t o d a y l a r g e l y t h r o u g h t h e
    c h o i c e o f t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s , n o s c i e n t i f i c s t u d y h a s b e e n m a d e s o f a r
    o f t h e e m o t i o n a l -s o c i a l r e a c t i o n s a n d m o t i v a t i o n s o f c o u p l e s a b o u t
    t o b e m a r r i e d . It i s p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s o c i o -
    m e t r i c t e s t t o t h i s p r o b l e m w o u l d i n c r e a s e o u r i n s i g h t i n t o t h e
    c a u s e s o f m a r i t a l f a i l u r e s .
    We h a v e m a d e t h e m e e t i n g o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s w h o a r e t o l i v e
    t o g e t h e r o r t o w o r k t o g e t h e r , o r i n r e s p e c t t o a n y o t h e r c r i t e r i o n ,
    t h e f i r s t s t e p i n t h e s o c i o m e t r i c p r o c e d u r e . If t h e i n d i v i d u a l s h a d
    n o t m e t e a c h o t h e r b e f o r e , w e c a l l e d t h e i r r e a c t i o n t o w a r d s e a c h
    o t h e r s p o n t a n e o u s
    ( s p o n t a n e o u s i n t e r a c t i o n ) , a n d t h e i r p l a c e m e n t
    i n i t i a l a s s i g n m e n t . If t h e p e r s o n t o b e f o u n d f o r t h e n e w c o m e r
    w a s t o a c t a s p a r e n t , w e c a l l e d t h e p r o c e d u r e
    a p a r e n t t e s t . If
    t h e p e r s o n s t o b e f o u n d f o r t h e n e w c o m e r w e r e t o a c t a s s i b l i n g s ,
    w e c a l l e d t h e p r o c e d u r e a f a m i l y t e s t . In t h i s m a n n e r t h e t e s t s
    h a v e b e e n c o n s t r u c t e d t o m e e t t h e n e e d s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l
    .
    In i t i a l a s s i g n m e n t o f a n i n d i v i d u a l t o a c o t t a g e u p o n h e r a r r i v a l
    a t Hu d s o n i s b a s e d u p o n ( a ) t h e Pa r e n t Te s t ; ( b ) t h e F a m i l y
    ( o r Co t t a g e ) Te s t ; ( c ) t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f e v e r y h o m e g r o u p a s
    d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t ; ( d ) t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e
    i n d i v i d u a l ' s h o m e g r o u p o u t s i d e a n d ( e ) p s y c h o d r a m a t i c t e s t s
    .
    Ap p l i c a t i o n o f t h e Te s t
    Th e f o l l o w i n g i s a s a m p l e o f t h e t e s t a n d i t s p r o c e d u r e
    . Ei g h t
    c h i l d r e n , Lo u i s e ( a g e 15 y e a r s ) , D o r a
    ( 15 ) , Ha z e l ( 16) , Le n a
    INITIALCONSTRUCTION

    467
    ( 14) , Ad e l i n e ( 13 ) , Ev e l y n ( 16) , Sh i r l e y ( 14) , a n d M u r i e l ( 13 ) ,
    w e r e n e w l y a r r i v e d i n Hu d s o n . Th e r e w e r e v a c a n c i e s i n C2, C8 ,
    C9, C11, C14a n d CB ( C4, C10 , C11, C13 , C16a n d C2e l s e w h e r e
    i n t h e t e x t a n d o n t h e c h a r t s o f i n d i v i d u a l c o t t a g e s ) . Th e h o u s e -
    m o t h e r s o f t h e s e s i x c o t t a g e s c a m e t o t h e m e e t i n g . Th e t e s t r e -
    s u l t s f o r e a c h c h i l d a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e s o c i o g r a m s o n p . 48 9-496 .
    Ac r u d e a n a l y s i s o f t h e s e s o c i o g r a m s i n d i c a t e s a d i f f e r e n t m o t h e r
    r e a c t i o n f o r e a c h o f t h e c h i l d r e n . F r o m t h e e i g h t c h i l d r e n , o n l y
    o n e , M u r i e l , w a s n o t w a n t e d b y a n y o f t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s p r e s e n t .
    Th e o t h e r s e v e n w e r e w a n t e d b y a t l e a s t o n e o f t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s .
    B u t a s e c o n d c h i l d , Sh i r l e y , r e m a i n e d i s o l a t e d b e c a u s e s h e , d i d n o t
    w a n t t h e o n l y h o u s e m o t h e r w h o w a n t e d h e r , t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f
    C8 . Th u s , o u t o f e i g h t g i r l s , s i x f o r m e d s i x m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n s w i t h
    f i v e d i f f e r e n t h o u s e m o t h e r s
    .
    Tw o o f t h e c h i l d r e n d i d n o t c l i c k
    .
    Am o n g t h e s i x h o u s e m o t h e r s , o n l y o n e , t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C9,
    f a i l e d t o c l i c k , a l t h o u g h s h e w a s w a n t e d b y o n e c h i l d , Le n a . We
    s e e , s o t o s p e a k , o n e h o u s e m o t h e r a n d t w o c h i l d r e n e l i m i n a t e d f r o m
    t h e t e s t . Ac l o s e r a n a l y s i s o f t h e s e r e a c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e h o u s e -
    m o t h e r s a n d c h i l d r e n i n d i c a t e s n u m e r o u s f i n e d i s t i n c t i o n s m a d e b y
    t h e m . Th e r e a r e o n l y t w o c h i l d r e n , D o r a a n d Ad e l i n e , a n d o n l y
    t w o h o u s e m o t h e r s , o n e o f C8 a n d t h e o t h e r o f CB , w h o w a n t e a c h
    o t h e r r e s p e c t i v e l y b y f i r s t c h o i c e . Ha z e l i s d r a w n t o t h e h o u s e -
    m o t h e r o f C14a n d t h e l a t t e r t o h e r , b o t h b y s e c o n d c h o i c e . Le n a
    i s d r a w n t o t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C11b y f i r s t c h o i c e , b u t t h e l a t t e r
    i s d r a w n t o h e r o n l y b y t h i r d c h o i c e . Le n a a l s o e x c h a n g e s s e c o n d
    c h o i c e s w i t h t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C2 . Lo u i s e e x c h a n g e s s e c o n d
    c h o i c e w i t h t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C8 , w h o w a n t s h e r s e c o n d . Th e
    o n e w h o m s h e w a n t s f i r s t , t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f CB r e j e c t s h e r .
    Ev e l y n e x c h a n g e s t h i r d c h o i c e s w i t h t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C8
    .
    We s e e f u r t h e r h o w v a r i e d t h e d e g r e e o f a t t r a c t i v e n e s s c a n b e .
    D o r a i s c h o s e n f i r s t b y t w o o f t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s a n d s e c o n d b y t w o
    o t h e r s , r e j e c t e d b y o n e a n d o n e i s i n d i f f e r e n t t o h e r . Lo u i s e i s
    c h o s e n f i r s t b y t w o h o u s e m o t h e r s , s e c o n d b y t w o , r e j e c t e d b y o n e
    a n d o n e i s i n d i f f e r e n t t o h e r . Le n a i s w a n t e d s e c o n d b y o n e h o u s e -
    m o t h e r , t h i r d b y t w o , r e j e c t e d b y o n e , a n d t w o a r e i n d i f f e r e n t t o
    h e r . Ha z e l i s w a n t e d s e c o n d b y o n e h o u s e m o t h e r , t h i r d b y o n e , r e -
    j e c t e d b y o n e , a n d t h r e e a r e i n d i f f e r e n t t o h e r . Ev e l y n i s w a n t e d
    t h i r d b y t w o h o u s e m o t h e r s , r e j e c t e d b y o n e , a n d t h r e e a r e i n d i f f e r -
    e n t t o h e r . Ad e l i n e i s w a n t e d f i r s t b y o n e h o u s e m o t h e r a n d f i v e a r e
    468

    WHOSHALLSURV IV E?
    i n d i f f e r e n t t o h e r . Sh i r l e y i s w a n t e d f o u r t h b y o n e h o u s e m o t h e r ,
    r e j e c t e d b y o n e , a n d f o u r a r e i n d i f f e r e n t t o h e r . M u r i e l i s w a n t e d
    b y n o n e , r e j e c t e d b y f o u r , a n d t w o a r e i n d i f f e r e n t t o h e r .
    An o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c r e a c t i o n i s t h e f o r c e o f c l i c k i n g a n
    i n d i v i d u a l h a s . D o r a c l i c k s w i t h t w o o u t o f t h e f i v e h o u s e m o t h e r s
    w h o w a n t h e r ; Lo u i s e , w i t h t w o o u t o f f o u r ; Le n a , w i t h t w o o u t
    o f t h r e e ; Ev e l y n , w i t h o n e o u t o f t w o ; Ha z e l , w i t h o n e o u t o f t w o ;
    Ad e l i n e , w i t h o n e o u t o f o n e ; Sh i r l e y , w i t h n o n e o u t o f o n e ; a n d
    M u r i e l , w i t h n o n e o u t o f n o n e
    . Th e f o r c e o f c l i c k i n g i s l i k e w i s e
    c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t h o u s e m o t h e r s . Th e h o u s e m o t h e r
    o f C9i s w a n t e d b y o n e a n d c l i c k s w i t h n o n e ; t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f
    C8 i s w a n t e d b y s i x a n d c l i c k s w i t h t h r e e ; CB ' s h o u s e m o t h e r i s
    w a n t e d b y f i v e a n d c l i c k s w i t h t w o ; C2' s h o u s e m o t h e r i s w a n t e d b y
    o n e a n d c l i c k s w i t h h e r ; t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C14i s w a n t e d b y f o u r
    a n d c l i c k s w i t h o n e ; a n d t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C11i s w a n t e d b y
    s i x a n d c l i c k s w i t h b u t t w o . Th i s d i s c l o s e s t h a t f a r m o r e e m o -
    t i o n a l e f f o r t s a r e m a d e b e s i d e s t h o s e w h i c h a r e s u c c e s s f u l a n d
    c l i c k
    . It i n d i c a t e s t h e t e n d e n c y o f e m o t i o n t o e x p a n d f u r t h e r t h a n
    t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f i t s s a t i s f a c t i o n . It a p p e a r s t h a t a c e r t a i n a m o u n t
    o f e m o t i o n a l s t r i v i n g i s a l w a y s w a s t e d
    . Th i s i s t h e s o c i o m e t r i c
    c o u n t e r p a r t t o t h e o b s e r v a t i o n o f M a l t h u s t h a t p o p u l a t i o n s t e n d
    t o i n c r e a s e f a s t e r t h a n t h e m e a n s o f t h e i r s u b s i s t e n c e .
    Th e e m o t i o n a l -s o c i a l r e a c t i o n o f e a c h h o u s e m o t h e r t o w a r d s
    t h e g i v e n g r o u p o f c h i l d r e n c a n b e c l a s s i f i e d w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g
    " s o c i o m a t r i c e s " w h i c h i n c l u d e a l s o t h e r e a c t i o n s o f t h e c h i l d r e n
    t o w a r d s h e r
    .
    Ho u s e m o t h e r o f C8 :
    PARENTTEST
    Se n d s c h o i c e s t o 4 Re j e c t s 2( In d i f f e r e n t 2)
    Re c e i v e s c h o i c e s 6 1 Re j e c t e d b y 0 ( In d i f f e r e n t 2)
    C11 : 3
    P
    3 ( 2)
    6 0 ( 2)
    CB : 3
    P
    1 ( 4)
    5
    1 ( 2)
    C14 : 2
    P
    1 ( 5 )
    4 1 ( 3 )
    INITIALCONSTRUCTION

    469
    In t e r p r e t a t i o n
    Ou r e x p e r i e n c e t o d a t e w i t h t h e Pa r e n t Te s t i n d i c a t e s t h a t
    m u t u a l r e j e c t i o n b e t w e e n h o u s e m o t h e r a n d c h i l d i s t h e p o o r e s t
    r i s k f o r a s s i g n m e n t .
    If t h e h o u s e m o t h e r r e j e c t s t h e c h i l d , a l -
    t h o u g h t h e c h i l d m a y w a n t h e r , s u c h a n a s s i g n m e n t i s s t i l l a p o o r
    r i s k
    . If t h e h o u s e m o t h e r w a n t s t h e c h i l d b u t t h e c h i l d r e j e c t s
    h e r , s u c h a n a s s i g n m e n t i s a b e t t e r r i s k t h a n i n t h e t w o p r e v i o u s
    i n s t a n c e s .
    If t h e h o u s e m o t h e r a n d t h e c h i l d a t t r a c t e a c h o t h e r
    m u t u a l l y , t h i s i s t h e b e s t r i s k o f a l l f o r a s u c c e s s f u l a s s i g n m e n t ,
    p a r t i c u l a r l y i f t h e y h a v e c h o s e n e a c h o t h e r b y f i r s t c h o i c e
    . Th e s e
    r u l e s a r e v a l i d i f a l l o t h e r c i r c u m s t a n c e s a r e e q u a l
    : t h a t i s , i f t h e
    m o t i v a t i o n s b e h i n d t h e a t t r a c t i o n s d o n o t p o i n t t o d i s a d v a n t a g e s
    f o r t h e c h i l d , a s , f o r i n s t a n c e , a h o u s e m o t h e r w a n t i n g a m e n t a l l y
    r e t a r d e d c h i l d b e c a u s e s h e t h i n k s s h e w o u l d m a k e a w i l l i n g s l a v e
    f o r h e r , o r i f o t h e r t e s t s d o n o t s u g g e s t o t h e r a s s i g n m e n t s w h i c h
    a r e b e t t e r .
    If o n e o r a n o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l a p p e a r s a s a p o o r r i s k
    f o r a s s i g n m e n t a f t e r t h e Pa r e n t Te s t , s h e m a y s t i l l c h a n g e h e r
    s t a t u s t h r o u g h e v i d e n c e i n o t h e r p h a s e s c o n s i d e r e d i n i n i t i a l a s -
    s i g n m e n t .
    M u r i e l a p p e a r s u n a s s i g n a b l e t o t h i s s e t o f h o u s e m o t h e r s a s s h e
    i s r e j e c t e d b y a l l t h o s e w h o m s h e w a n t s
    . Sh i r l e y , t o o , a p p e a r s
    u n a s s i g n a b l e t o t h e s e h o u s e m o t h e r s
    . On e h o u s e m o t h e r w a n t s h e r
    a s a f o u r t h c h o i c e , b u t Sh i r l e y i s i n d i f f e r e n t t o w a r d s h e r , a s s h e
    i s t o w a r d s t w o o t h e r s
    ; t h o s e s h e c h o o s e s a r e i n d i f f e r e n t t o o r r e j e c t
    h e r
    . D o r a a p p e a r s b e s t a s s i g n e d t o t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C8 , w i t h
    w h o m s h e h a s a m u t u a l f i r s t c h o i c e
    . Sh e a p p e a r s a l s o t o b e a s -
    s i g n a b l e t o t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f CB , a l t h o u g h l e s s w e l l
    .
    Sh e a l s o
    a p p e a r s a s s i g n a b l e t o t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C11, w h o w a n t s h e r
    b y f i r s t c h o i c e , b u t D o r a i s i n d i f f e r e n t t o w a r d s h e r
    .
    Sh e d o e s
    n o t a p p e a r a s s i g n a b l e t o C2, C9a n d
    C14 .
    Th e d e c i s i o n f o r h e r
    a s s i g n m e n t h a s t o b e m a d e b e t w e e n C8 , CB a n d C11
    . Th e b e s t
    a s s i g n m e n t f o r Ad e l i n e a p p e a r s t o b e CB , w i t h w h o s e h o u s e m o t h e r
    0 2 : 3
    P
    3 ( 2)
    1 2 ( 5 )
    C9 : 2
    P
    0 ( 6)
    1 2 ( 5 )
    470

    WHO SHALLSURV IV E?
    s h e h a s a m u t u a l f i r s t c h o i c e
    . No o t h e r c o t t a g e a m o n g t h o s e i n t h e
    t e s t c a n b e t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n
    . Lo u i s e c a n b e a s s i g n e d t o C8
    o r C11, w i t h w h o s e h o u s e m o t h e r s s h e f o r m s a m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n , o r
    p e r h a p s t o C2, w h o s e h o u s e m o t h e r w a n t s h e r , a l t h o u g h s h e i s
    i n d i f f e r e n t t o h e r
    . To t h e o t h e r s s h e c a n n o t b e a s s i g n e d .
    Le n a
    c a n b e a s s i g n e d t o C2o r C11o n t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e h o u s e m o t h e r
    t e s t , a s s h e f o r m s m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n s w i t h b o t h h o u s e m o t h e r s , b u t
    Ha z e l c a n b e a s s i g n e d o n l y t o C14a n d Ev e l y n t o C8 .
    F AM ILYTEST
    Th e c h i l d h a s t o b e p l a c e d i n a c o t t a g e n o t o n l y w i t h t h e h o u s e -
    m o t h e r b u t w i t h a l l o t h e r g i r l s w h o f o r m t h e f a m i l y
    . We h a v e
    d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t c h i l d r e n f r o m a c e r t a i n a g e l e v e l o n t e n d t o
    d e v e l o p s o c i a l g r o u p s o f t h e i r o w n i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e a d u l t s w h o
    a r e i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e m , a n d t h a t t h e s e g r o u p s b e c o m e m o r e a n d
    m o r e d i f f e r e n t i a t e d t h e o l d e r t h e c h i l d r e n b e c o m e a n d d e e p l y a f f e c t
    t h e i r c o n d u c t
    . Th e a t t i t u d e t h e g r o u p a s s u m e s t o w a r d s t h e n e w -
    c o m e r l a r g e l y d e t e r m i n e s w h a t a d j u s t m e n t t h e n e w c o m e r m a k e s
    .
    Th e F a m i l y o r Co t t a g e Te s t i s d e s i g n e d t o d e t e r m i n e w h a t g r o u p
    a p p e a r s t o b e b e s t f i t t e d t o h e r .
    M e t h o d
    F r o m e a c h c o t t a g e w h o s e h o u s e m o t h e r w a s a p a r t i c i p a n t i n
    t h e Pa r e n t Te s t t h e t e s t e r s e l e c t s o n e g i r l w h o r e p r e s e n t s t h e
    g e n e r a l t o n e o f t h e c o t t a g e
    . Th e b e t t e r a d j u s t e d t h e g i r l i s w i t h i n
    h e r c o t t a g e , t h e m o r e w i l l s h e b e a b l e t o r e a c t t o w a r d s t h e n e w
    g i r l n o t o n l y f o r h e r s e l f b u t a l s o f o r t h e o t h e r m e m b e r s , a n d t h e
    m o r e a r t i c u l a t e s h e i s t h e b e t t e r w i l l s h e b e a b l e t o e x p r e s s h e r
    r e a c t i o n s .
    B e s i d e s t h e a n a l y t i c f u n c t i o n t o g i v e t h e e m o t i o n a l -
    s o c i a l r e a c t i o n o f t h e c o t t a g e f a m i l y a s a w h o l e , t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
    g i r l h a s a l s o t h e p r o d u c t i v e f u n c t i o n t o b r e a k i n t o h e r g r o u p t h e
    n e w c o m e r t o w h o m s h e f e e l s e s p e c i a l l y d r a w n . As t h e h o u s e -
    m o t h e r i s a p e r m a n e n t m e m b e r o f t h e g r o u p , h e r r e a c t i o n p a t t e r n
    i n t h e t e s t s i t u a t i o n i s w i t h i n a c e r t a i n r a n g e m o r e o r l e s s i n f l e x i b l e
    .
    To b a l a n c e t h i s i t i s d e s i r a b l e t o m a k e t h e F a m i l y Te s t a s f l e x i b l e
    a s p o s s i b l e .
    Ad i f f e r e n t g i r l f r o m e a c h c o t t a g e r e p r e s e n t s t h e
    INITIALCONSTRUCTION

    471
    g r o u p a t e a c h F a m i l y Te s t , a n d e a c h m e m b e r h a s a t s o m e t i m e
    t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o b r e a k i n a n e w g i r l i n t o h e r c o t t a g e . Th i s h a s
    t h e a d d e d a d v a n t a g e t h a t n o o n e g i r l c a n g a i n a n e x c e p t i o n a l p r e s -
    t i g e t h r o u g h b e i n g c a l l e d t o b e a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e . If , d u e t o t h e
    i n a b i l i t y o f c e r t a i n m e m b e r s t o e x p r e s s t h e i r r e a c t i o n s , t h i s d e -
    s i r a b l e t e c h n i q u e c a n n o t b e f u l l y c a r r i e d o u t , t h e n a t l e a s t e v e r y
    i n d i v i d u a l w h o h o l d s a k e y -p o s i t i o n i n t h e g r o u p s h o u l d a t s o m e
    t i m e b e c o m e a p a r t i c i p a n t i n t h e t e s t . Th r o u g h t h i s p r o c e d u r e
    t h e p o p u l a t i o n i t s e l f b e c o m e s a c t i v e a g e n t s i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f
    i t s g r o u p s .
    Ap p l i c a t i o n o f t h e F a m i l y Te s t
    Th e F a m i l y Te s t i s g i v e n i n a s i m i l a r m a n n e r a s t h e Pa r e n t
    Te s t , e x c e p t t h a t i n s t e a d o f t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
    g i r l s f r o m e a c h c o t t a g e t a k e p a r t
    . Th e t e s t e r a d d r e s s e s t h e r e p r e -
    s e n t a t i v e g i r l s i n t h e s e o r s i m i l a r w o r d s : " An u m b e r o f n e w g i r l s
    h a v e c o m e t o Hu d s o n . Yo u w e r e o n c e n e w c o m e r s y o u r s e l v e s a n d
    y o u r e m e m b e r h o w i t f e l t . Yo u r e m e m b e r h o w i m p o r t a n t i t w a s
    t h e n t o s t a r t o f f r i g h t , t o f e e l w e l c o m e , a n d t o g e t i n t o t h e r i g h t
    c o t t a g e . Co n v e r s e f r e e l y w i t h e a c h o f t h e m . Yo u m a y b e a t -
    t r a c t e d t o o n e a n d a b l e t o h e l p h e r . Yo u k n o w t h e o t h e r g i r l s o f
    y o u r g r o u p . Tr y t o v i s u a l i z e h o w e a c h n e w g i r l w o u l d f i t i n n o t
    o n l y w i t h y o u b u t a l s o w i t h t h e m . Ta l k t o e a c h g i r l a n d m a k e u p
    y o u r m i n d t o w h o m y o u f e e l m o s t a t t r a c t e d . "
    Th e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f C2, C8 , C9, Cl l , C14a n d CB w e r e
    r e s p e c t i v e l y Ru t h , Le o n a , Ha r i e t , M a r i o n , Al b e r t a , a n d Ka t h -
    e r i n e . Th e r e a c t i o n s o f a t t r a c t i o n , r e j e c t i o n o r i n d i f f e r e n c e g i v e n
    b y t h e m a n d b y t h e n e w g i r l s i n r e l a t i o n t o e a c h o t h e r a r e c h a r t e d
    i n t h e s o c i o g r a m s o n p . 48 9-496 .
    As i n d i c a t e d i n t h e s o c i o g r a m , D o r a h a s a m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n
    w i t h Le o n a o f C8 a n d w i t h Ha r r i e t o f C9 . Sh e i s c h o s e n b y t h r e e
    o t h e r g i r l s , b u t s h e i s i n d i f f e r e n t t o o r r e j e c t s t h e m . Ac c o r d i n g
    t o t h e r u l e b e f o r e m e n t i o n e d , t h e a s s i g n m e n t o f D o r a t o Le o n a
    i s t h e b e s t r i s k , a s t h e i r m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n i s a f i r s t c h o i c e . Th e
    a s s i g n m e n t t o Ha r i e t i s l e s s d e s i r a b l e , t h e i r c h o i c e s b e i n g r e s p e c -
    t i v e l y t h i r d a n d s e c o n d . M a r i o n o f Cl l , Al b e r t a o f C14, a n d
    Ru t h o f C2d o n o t c l i c k w i t h D o r a a n d s o c a n n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d
    i n h e r a s s i g n m e n t
    . Ka t h e r i n e o f CB i s i n d i f f e r e n t t o D o r a , w h o
    472

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    c h o o s e s h e r s e c o n d . Th e r e f o r e t h e d e c i s i o n h a s t o b e m a d e b e -
    t w e e n C8 a n d C9 .
    Ad e l i n e i n d i c a t e s m u t u a l
    ,
    a t t r a c t i o n , f i r s t c h o i c e a n d s e c o n d
    i n r e t u r n t o Ka t h e r i n e o f CB . He r r e l a t i o n s t o t h e g i r l s f r o m a l l
    t h e o t h e r c o t t a g e s a r e d i s c o r d a n t
    . Th e o n l y a s s i g n m e n t w h i c h
    a p p e a r s d e s i r a b l e o n t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h i s t e s t i s CB .
    Lo u i s e s h o w s a m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n , f i r s t c h o i c e , w i t h Ha r i e t o f
    C9 ; m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n w i t h Ru t h o f C2, t h i r d c h o i c e f r o m Lo u i s e
    a n d f i r s t c h o i c e i n r e t u r n ; m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n w i t h M a r i o n o f C11,
    s e c o n d a n d f i r s t c h o i c e r e s p e c t i v e l y ; t h e r e l a t i o n t o w a r d s t h e t h r e e
    o t h e r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s i s d i s c o r d a n t f r o m Lo u i s e ' s s i d e . On t h e
    b a s i s o f t h i s t e s t , t h e d e c i s i o n h a s t o f a l l b e t w e e n C9, C11a n d C2
    .
    Le n a s h o w s m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n w i t h Ru t h o f C2, t h i r d f r o m
    Le n a a n d f o u r t h f r o m Ru t h . Al l o t h e r r e l a t i o n s a r e d i s c o r d a n t
    i n r e f e r e n c e t o C9, C8 a n d CB f r o m b o t h s i d e s ; i n r e s p e c t t o C11
    a n d C14 f r o m t h e s i d e o f t h e c o t t a g e . On t h e b a s i s o f t h i s t e s t
    t h e b e s t a s s i g n m e n t a p p e a r s t o b e C2
    .
    Ha z e l i n d i c a t e s d i s c o r d a n t r e s p o n s e t o r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f e a c h
    c o t t a g e p r e s e n t . On t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h i s t e s t t h e b e s t a s s i g n -
    m e n t a p p e a r s t o b e C14 a s t h e o n l y m u t u a l r e l a t i o n s h i p i s t o t h e
    h o u s e m o t h e r o f t h i s c o t t a g e
    .
    Ev e l y n i n d i c a t e s a m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n w i t h Le o n a o f C8 , s e c o n d
    a n d t h i r d c h o i c e s r e s p e c t i v e l y . Al l o t h e r r e l a t i o n s a r e d i s c o r d a n t
    .
    On t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h i s t e s t t h e b e s t a s s i g n m e n t o f Ev e l y n a p p e a r s
    t o b e t o C8 .
    Sh i r l e y s h o w s d i s c o r d a n t r e l a t i o n s w i t h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f a l l
    t h e c o t t a g e s p r e s e n t . On t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h i s t e s t n o a s s i g n m e n t t o
    t h e s e c o t t a g e s i s i n d i c a t e d a s d e s i r a b l e .
    M u r i e l i n d i c a t e s m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n w i t h Ru t h o f C2, f i r s t c h o i c e
    f r o m h e r a n d f o u r t h f r o m Ru t h ; m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n w i t h M a r i o n
    o f C11, t h i r d a n d s e c o n d c h o i c e r e s p e c t i v e l y
    ; m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n
    w i t h Ka t h e r i n e o f CB , f o u r t h a n d t h i r d c h o i c e r e s p e c t i v e l y . Th e
    r e m a i n i n g r e l a t i o n s a r e d i s c o r d a n t . On t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h i s t e s t
    a n d a s s i g n m e n t t o CB , C2, o r C11a p p e a r s e q u a l l y d e s i r a b l e
    .
    Cl a s s i f i c a t i o n
    On t h e b a s i s o f t h e Pa r e n t Te s t a n d t h e F a m i l y Te s t , t h e
    c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e e i g h t n e w g i r l s i s a s f o l l o w s
    INITIALCONSTRUCTION

    473
    ORGANIZ ATIONOF COTTAGEGROUPS
    Th e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f C2, C8 , C9, C11, C14a n d CB ( C4, C10 ,
    C11, C13 , C16a n d C2o n i n d i v i d u a l c o t t a g e c h a r t s a n d i n t h e
    Ta b l e s ) d e t e r m i n e d t h r o u g h t h e s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t w a s a s f o l l o w s
    C2( 0 4) Qu a n t i t a t i v e An a l y s i s :
    Ra t i o o f i n t e r e s t f o r o w n c o t t a g e , 46 . 67% .
    D i s t r i b u t i o n o f a t t r a c t i o n s , 48 . 41% ; o f r e p u l s i o n s , 5 1 . 5 9% .
    St r u c t u r a l An a l y s i s :
    Un c h o s e n , 1 ; Un c h o s e n a n d r e j e c t e d , 4 ; Un c h o s e n , r e j e c t e d a n d
    r e j e c t i n g , 2 ; Pa i r s , 9 ; M u t u a l r e j e c t i o n s , 3 ; In c o m p a t i b l e
    p a i r s , 2 ; Ch a i n s , 1 ; Tr i a n g l e s , 1 ; St a r s ( a t t r a c t i o n ) , 3 ; St a r s
    ( r e j e c t i o n ) , 2 .
    Po s i t i o n o f Ho u s e m o t h e r : 13 a t t r a c t i o n s , 10 r e j e c t i o n s , 3 i n d i f f e r -
    e n t .
    C8 ( C10 ) Qu a n t i t a t i v e An a l y s i s :
    Ra t i o o f i n t e r e s t f o r o w n c o t t a g e , 3 2 . 12% .
    D i s t r i b u t i o n o f a t t r a c t i o n s , 49 . 20 % ; o f r e p u l s i o n s , 5 0 . 8 0 %
    .
    St r u c t u r a l An a l y s i s :
    Is o l a t e d , 1 ; Un c h o s e n , 6 ; Un c h o s e n a n d r e j e c t e d , 7 ; Pa i r s , 10 ;
    D o r a
    r
    Se n d s c h o i c e s t o 2Re j e c t s 3 ( In d i f f
    . 1) I Se n d s c h o i c e s t o 3 Re j e c t s I

    ( In d i f f . 2 ; . ^
    PRe c e i v e s c h o i c e s 4Re j e c t e d b y 1( In d i f f . 1) I Re c e i v e s c h o i c e s 5 Re j e c t e d b y 0 ( In d i f f . 1)
    w
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    3 0 ( 3 )
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    1 ( 2)
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    1 ( 1)

    ~ 6 0 ( 0 ) F
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    ( 3 )
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    Ev e l y n
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    0 ( 5 )

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    P
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    3 ( 0 ) 4 0 ( 2)
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    474

    WHO
    SHALLSURV IV E?
    M u t u a l r e j e c t i o n s , 6
    ; In c o m p a t i b l e p a i r s , 9 ; Ch a i n s , 2 ; Tr i -
    a n g l e s , 0 ; Sq u a r e s , 0 ; Ci r c l e s , 0 ; St a r s ( a t t r a c t i o n ) , 3 ;
    St a r s
    ( r e j e c t i o n ) , 2 .
    Po s i t i o n o f Ho u s e m o t h e r
    : 4r e j e c t i o n s , t h e r e s t a t t r a c t i o n s .
    C9( 0 11) Qu a n t i t a t i v e An a l y s i s :
    Ra t i o o f i n t e r e s t f o r o w n c o t t a g e , 5 3 . 5 7%
    .
    D i s t r i b u t i o n o f a t t r a c t i o n s , 68 . 47%
    ; o f r e p u l s i o n s , 3 1 . 5 3 %
    .
    St r u c t u r a l An a l y s i s
    Un c h o s e n , 2 ; Pa i r s , 24 ; M u t u a l r e j e c t i o n s , 1
    ; In c o m p a t i b l e
    p a i r s , 4 ; Ch a i n s , 12 ; Tr i a n g l e s , 1 ; Sq u a r e s , 2
    ; Ci r c l e s , 2 ;
    St a r s ( a t t r a c t i o n ) , 2 ; St a r s ( r e j e c t i o n ) , 2 .
    Po s i t i o n o f Ho u s e m o t h e r : 3 r e j e c t i o n s , t h e r e s t a t t r a c t i o n s .
    0 11( C13 ) Qu a n t i t a t i v e An a l y s i s
    Ra t i o o f i n t e r e s t f o r o w n c o t t a g e , 71. 0 3 %
    .
    D i s t r i b u t i o n o f a t t r a c t i o n s , 8 4 . 43 % ; o f r e p u l s i o n s , 15 . 5 7%
    .
    St r u c t u r a l An a l y s i s
    Un c h o s e n , 2 ; Un c h o s e n a n d r e j e c t e d , 2 ; Pa i r s , 40 ; M u t u a l r e -
    j e c t i o n s , 1 ; In c o m p a t i b l e p a i r s , 5 ; Ch a i n s , 6 ;
    Tr i a n g l e s , 8
    ;
    Sq u a r e s , 6 ; Ci r c l e s , 3 ; St a r s , 8 .
    Po s i t i o n o f Ho u s e m o t h e r : Al l a t t r a c t i o n s .
    0 14( C16) Qu a n t i t a t i v e An a l y s i s :
    Ra t i o o f i n t e r e s t f o r o w n c o t t a g e , 46%
    .
    D i s t r i b u t i o n o f a t t r a c t i o n s , 67 . 3 0 % ; o f r e p u l s i o n s , 3 2 . 70 % .
    St r u c t u r a l An a l y s i s :
    Un c h o s e n , 7 ; Un c h o s e n a n d r e j e c t e d , 5 ; Pa i r s , 17 ; M u t u a l r e -
    j e c t i o n s , 2 ; In c o m p a t i b l e , 7 ; Ch a i n s , 6 ; Tr i a n g l e s , 2
    ; Sq u a r e s ,
    0 ; Ci r c l e s , 0 ; St a r s , 5 .
    Po s i t i o n o f Ho u s e m o t h e r : 3 r e j e c t i o n s , t h e r e s t a t t r a c t i o n s .
    CB ( 0 2) Qu a n t i t a t i v e An a l y s i s :
    Ra t i o o f i n t e r e s t f o r o w n c o t t a g e , 5 5 . 45 % .
    D i s t r i b u t i o n o f a t t r a c t i o n s , 8 5 . 3 6% ; o f r e p u l s i o n s , 14. 64% .
    St r u c t u r a l An a l y s i s :
    Is o l a t e d , 2 ; Pa i r s , 23 ; M u t u a l r e j e c t i o n s , 1 ; In c o m p a t i b l e p a i r s ,
    9 ; Ch a i n s , 2 ; Tr i a n g l e s , 2 ; Sq u a r e s , 2 ; St a r s , 2 .
    Po s i t i o n o f Ho u s e m o t h e r : Al l a t t r a c t i o n s .
    On t h e b a s i s o f t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e a n d s t r u c t u r a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e s e
    c o t t a g e s , C2a n d C8 a p p e a r e d t o b e p o o r r i s k s f o r i n d i v i d u a l s w h o
    a r e u n a t t r a c t i v e t o t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s a n d t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e g i r l s
    o f t h e s e t w o c o t t a g e s
    . Th e i r m e m b e r s s h o w a l o w e r i n t e r e s t t o
    s t a y i n t h e i r g r o u p a n d h i g h n u m b e r o f i s o l a t e s . C2, i n a d d i t i o n ,
    h a d a h i g h n u m b e r o f r u n a w a y s i n t h e l a s t s e a s o n . In d i v i d u a l s a s
    Sh i r l e y , M u r i e l , Ad e l i n e , a n d Ha z e l , r u n a g r e a t e r r i s k t o s t a y
    i s o l a t e d o r t o b e a m o n g t h e n u m b e r o f t h e d i s c o n t e n t e d t h a n t h e y
    INITIALCONSTRUCTION 475
    w o u l d i n t h e o t h e r c o t t a g e s . If a l l o t h e r c i r c u m s t a n c e s a r e e q u a l ,
    t h e s e t w o c o t t a g e s s h o u l d b e g i v e n t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o r e c e i v e i n d i -
    v i d u a l s w h o h a v e a p p e a r e d e s p e c i a l l y a n d s p o n t a n e o u s l y a t t r a c t e d
    t o t h e h o u s e m o t h e r a n d t h e g i r l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a n d w h o m a y a i d
    i n b a l a n c i n g t h e g r o u p . Ne w g i r l s , a s D o r a , Lo u i s e , Le n a , a n d
    Ev e l y n , i f t h e y a r e d r a w n t o t h e s e t w o c o t t a g e s a s s t r o n g l y a s
    t o t h e o t h e r c o t t a g e s r e p r e s e n t e d , s h o u l d p r e f e r a b l y b e a s s i g n e d
    t o t h e m . On t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e a n d s t r u c t u r a l a n -
    a l y s i s o f t h e i r o r g a n i z a t i o n , t h e c o t t a g e s
    B
    a n d 11s h o u l d b e
    p r e f e r r e d a s a s s i g n m e n t s f o r p o o r r i s k s i n a d j u s t m e n t , a s Ad e l i n e ,
    M u r i e l a n d Sh i r l e y .
    Th e p o s i t i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n t h o u s e m o t h e r s i n t h e i r c o t t a g e
    i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s o f C2, C8 a n d C9h a v e t o m e e t
    a g r e a t a m o u n t o f d i s l i k e f r o m t h e m e m b e r s o f t h e i r o w n g r o u p
    a t p r e s e n t . On t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h i s f a c t , n o n e o f t h e n e w g i r l s w h o
    r e j e c t t h e m s h o u l d b e a s s i g n e d t o a n y o f t h e m , a s f o r i n s t a n c e
    M u r i e l o r D o r a .
    Th e p o s i t i o n o f t h e c o t t a g e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s w i t h i n t h e i r c o t t a g e
    i n d i c a t e s t h a t a l l h a v e a f a v o r a b l e s i t u a t i o n a m o n g t h e o t h e r g i r l s
    a n d a l s o i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e h o u s e m o t h e r . Ea c h a p p e a r s , t h e r e f o r e ,
    w e l l s e l e c t e d b y t h e t e s t e r t o a i d i n m a k i n g a n e w g i r l f e e l a t h o m e
    i n h e r c o t t a g e . Ho w e v e r , M a r i o n o f C11, Ka t h e r i n e o f CB a n d
    Le o n a o f C8 a p p e a r e s p e c i a l l y w e l l f i t t e d , f o r v a r i o u s r e a s o n s
    .
    M a r i o n i s t h e c e n t e r o f s e v e n a t t r a c t i o n s , f i v e o f w h i c h a r e m u t u a l ,
    a n d t h r o u g h t h e s e s h e d o m i n a t e s t h e n e t w o r k . Th e r e f o r e , t h e n e w
    g i r l s , Lo u i s e a n d M u r i e l , w i t h w h o m s h e f o r m s m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n s ,
    w o u l d h a v e a m a r k e d a d v a n t a g e i n b e i n g a s s i g n e d t o C11
    .
    Ka t h e r i n e o f CB f o r m s t h r e e m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n s w i t h i n h e r g r o u p
    a n d a l l t h r e e o f t h e s e a r e i n t e r l o c k e d i n t o c h a i n s w h i c h i n c l u d e
    a l m o s t e v e r y m e m b e r o f t h e c o t t a g e .
    He r p o s i t i o n w o u l d t h u s
    b e o f s i g n i f i c a n c e i n b r e a k i n g i n Ad e l i n e a n d M u r i e l w i t h w h o m
    s h e f o r m s m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n s . Le o n a h a s a m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n
    w i t h a s t a r o f h e r g r o u p a n d i s a t t r a c t e d t o a s e c o n d s t a r . D o r a
    a n d Ev e l y n f o r m m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n s w i t h h e r . Sh e i s t h u s i n a
    p o s i t i o n t o b r e a k i n D o r a o r Ev e l y n .
    V ERB ATIM RECORD OF PARENTAND F AM ILYTESTS
    Th e i n i t i a l a n d m o s t i m p o r t a n t e v e n t f o r a n e w c o m e r i n a
    c o m m u n i t y i s w h a t s t a r t i s h i s , h i s a s s i g n m e n t t o t h e g r o u p o f
    476

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    p e r s o n s w i t h w h o m h e i s g o i n g t o l i v e . Wh e n a p e r s o n c o m e s
    i n t o a c i t y , h e p i c k s t h e h o u s e i n w h i c h h e m a y l i v e a n d t h e p e r s o n s
    w i t h w h o m h e i s g o i n g t o l i v e b y c i r c u m s t a n c e , b y r e c o m m e n d a -
    t i o n , o r h i t o r m i s s . Th e g r o u p s a n d s i t u a t i o n s i n t o w h i c h h e
    b r e a k s a r e h i s s o c i a l f a t e . Th e s t a r t i n t h e n e w g r o u p m a y t u r n
    t o h i s a d v a n t a g e o r d i s a d v a n t a g e i n i t s s u b s e q u e n t d e v e l o p m e n t ,
    b u t t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f h i s c a r e e r i n t h e s t r a n g e c o m m u n i t y a r e
    a l m o s t e n t i r e l y b e y o n d h i s c o n t r o l . Th i s i s d u e t o a s m a l l a n d
    o f t e n o n e -s i d e d a c q u a i n t a n c e v o l u m e w h i c h p e r m i t s h i m t o s e l e c t
    h i s a s s o c i a t e s o n l y w i t h i n t h e b o u n d a r i e s d i c t a t e d b y c i r c u m -
    s t a n c e s . Th i s f a c t h a s f a t e f u l c o n s e q u e n c e s f o r t h e r e s i d e n t s a s
    w e l l a s f o r t h e n e w c o m e r
    .
    Th e t e c h n i q u e o f t h e Pa r e n t Te s t a n d t h e F a m i l y Te s t d e s c r i b e d
    a b o v e i s a n a t t e m p t t o c o o r d i n a t e t h e s p o n t a n e o u s t e n d e n c i e s a n d
    a i m s o f n e w c o m e r s w i t h t h e s p o n t a n e o u s t e n d e n c i e s a n d a i m s o f
    t h e r e s i d e n t s o f t h e g i v e n c o m m u n i t y . It m a k e s t h e s t a r t f o r t h e
    n e w c o m e r m o r e a r t i c u l a t e . It o p e n s t h e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r h i m t o
    b r e a k i n t o s o c i a l a v e n u e s w h i c h p r o m i s e h i m a b e t t e r d e v e l o p -
    m e n t a n d t h e g r o u p a g r e a t e r c o n t r i b u t i o n f r o m h i m . Ot h e r w i s e
    h e m a y e v e n t u a l l y w a n d e r l o n g i n t h i s c o m m u n i t y o r r e m a i n
    b l o c k e d i n a s i d e l i n e . Th e p r o c e s s i s a t e c h n i q u e o f f r e e d o m
    ( s e e p . 8 ) : i t e x p a n d s i n d i v i d u a l p o w e r , i t b r i n g s t h e i n d i v i d u a l
    t o w i d e r s o c i a l r e l e a s e
    .
    Th e f o l l o w i n g r e p o r t i s a v e r b a t i m r e c o r d o f a Pa r e n t Te s t
    a n d a F a m i l y Te s t g i v e n i n r e s p e c t t o t h e e i g h t n e w c o m e r s , s i x
    h o u s e m o t h e r s , a n d s i x r e s i d e n t s w h o c h o o s e a n d r e j e c t e a c h o t h e r .
    Se e p p . 463 -473 a n d s o c i o g r a m s p p . 48 9-496 .
    D o a AB .
    Ch o o s e s Am o n g t h e Ho u s e m o t h e r s

    Re a c t i o n s o f t h e Ho u s e m o t h e r s
    1s t Ch o i c e
    : M r s
    . Re i d ( 0 8 ) : " Sh e
    M r s . Re i d : 1s t Ch o i c e : " He r p e r -
    l o o k s l i k e m y g r a n d m o t h e r a n d s h e

    s o n a l i t y a p p e a l s t o m e : s o f r a n k
    w a s n i c e t o m e . " a n d s t r a i g h t -f o r w a r d . Ta l k s l i k e a
    g r o w n -u p p e r s o n , v e r y d e f i n i t e a n d
    p o i s e d . Ev e r y t h i n g w o u l d b e i n t h e
    o p e n i n y o u r c o n t a c t w i t h h e r . I
    t e n d t o b e f r a n k m y s e l f a n d w e
    w o u l d g e t a l o n g j u s t e x c e l l e n t l y .
    Sh e w o u l d m a k e a r e a l c o n t r i b u t i o n
    t o m y g r o u p a t p r e s e n t w h e n i t
    n e e d s s u c h a g i r l , s o m a n y d e -
    2n d Ch o i c e : M r s . D i c k e y ( CB ) : " Sh e
    a c t e d a s t h o u g h s h e c o u l d g e t a l o n g
    w i t h a n y o f t h e g i r l s a n d n o t h a v e
    a s p e c i a l p e t a m o n g t h e m . Il i k e a
    l a d y w h o w i l l s i t d o w n a n d t a l k t o
    y o u l i k e s h e d o e s a n d m a k e t h i n g s
    p l a i n t o y o u . "
    No a d d i t i o n a l c h o i c e s .
    Re j e c t s : M r s . B r e t t
    ( 0 9) : " Id i d n ' t
    l i k e h e r a t a l l
    . Sh e i s n ' t c h e e r f u l . "
    Re j e c t s : M r s . D o r s e y ( C14) :
    " Sh e
    w o u l d n ' t u n d e r s t a n d m e
    . Ic o u l d n ' t
    g e t a l o n g w i t h h e r , n o t e v e n a l i t t l e
    .
    Sh e s e e m s c r o s s . "
    Re j e c t s : M r s . B r a d l e y ( C2) :
    " I
    t h i n k s h e ' d t a k e a n i n t e r e s t i n j u s t
    c e r t a i n g i r l s a n d n o t i n a l l
    . On c e
    s h e s m i l e d b u t m o s t l y s h e w a s s t e r n
    w h e n s h e t a l k e d t o m e . Id o n ' t
    w a n t t o b e i n h e r h o u s e . "
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : M i s s Ne l l i s ( Cl l )
    .
    Ch o o s e s Am o n g t h e Re p r e s e n t a t i v e s
    1s t Ch o i c e : Le o n a ( C8 ) :
    " M o s t
    e v e r y t h i n g a b o u t h e r Il i k e
    . Ij u s t
    c a n ' t s a y
    i t i s a n y p a r t i c u l a r
    t h i n g . "
    INITIALCONSTRUCTION
    477
    p e n d a b l e o n e s h a v i n g b e e n p a -
    r o l e d . "
    M r s . D i c k e y
    : 2n d Ch o i c e : " V e r y a t -
    t r a c t i v e t o m e . Ac t s n a t u r a l a n d
    u n p r e t e n t i o u s , y e t c o n f i d e n t o f h e r -
    s e l f
    . Re s p o n d s i n t e l l i g e n t l y a n d i s
    r e a l l y d e l i g h t f u l
    . "
    M r s . B r e t t : 2n d Ch o i c e : " In e e d a
    b i g g i r l w i t h a f o r c e f u l p e r s o n a l i t y
    l i k e D o r a t o a i d w i t h s o m a n y l i t t l e
    g i r l s i n t h e c o t t a g e a t p r e s e n t . A
    g o o d t a l k e r a b o u t h e r p l a n s a n d
    s e e m s t o m i n d h e r o w n b u s i n e s s
    . "
    M r s
    . D o r s e y : In d i f f e r e n t .
    M r s . B r a d l e y : Re j e c t s . " D o n ' t k n o w
    w h y , b u t Id o n ' t t h i n k Ic o u l d g e t
    a l o n g w i t h h e r
    . Sh e w o u l d n o t f i t
    i n w i t h m y g r o u p
    . "
    M i s s Ne l l i s
    : 1s t Ch o i c e : " It w a s t h e
    w a y s h e m e t m e t h a t w o n m e
    . Sh e
    w a s n ' t t o o f o r w a r d a n d n o t t o o
    b a s h f u l
    . Ap p e a l s t o m e m o s t a m o n g
    t h i s g r o u p . Sh e i s n ' t s p o i l e d a n d
    s h e d o e s n ' t a t t e m p t t o b l u f f . I' d
    b e g l a d t o w o r k w i t h h e r . "
    Re a c t i o n s o f t h e Re p r e s e n t a t i v e s
    Le o n a : 1s t Ch o i c e :
    " It ' s h a r d t o
    d e c i d e .
    In e v e r j u d g e a p e r s o n
    u n t i l Iw a t c h h e r a l o n g t i m e . An d
    a l t h o u g h Ia m m o s t f o n d o f D o r a
    a n d w o u l d
    c h o o s e h e r f i r s t , I
    w o u l d n ' t b e s u r e Iw a s r i g h t i n
    c h o o s i n g h e r b e c a u s e y o u n e v e r c a n
    t e l l t i l l y o u l i v e w i t h a p e r s o n . "
    2n d Ch o i c e : Ka t h e r i n e
    ( CB )
    :
    " I Ka t h e r i n e : In d i f f e r e n t
    . " Id o n ' t d i s -
    478

    WHO SHALLSURV IV E?
    c h o o s e h e r s e c o n d b e c a u s e s h e i s s o

    l i k e h e r b u t If e e l t h a t s h e c a n g e t
    m u c h l i k e Le o n a . "
    a l o n g w i t h m o s t a n y g r o u p .
    Sh e
    w o u l d c o o p e r a t e w i t h u s i n o u r c o t -
    t a g e b u t Id o n ' t e s p e c i a l l y s e e h e r
    a s b e l o n g i n g r e a l l y t o o u r c o t t a g e
    m o r e t h a n t o o t h e r o n e s . Yo u k n o w
    w h a t Im e a n
    . So m e t i m e s y o u s e e a
    g i r l a n d j u s t f e e l r i g h t o f f t h a t
    s h e ' d b e r i g h t a t h o m e w i t h y o u r
    c o t t a g e a n d o t h e r t i m e s y o u s e e a
    g i r l a n d y o u t h i n k , ` Sh e ' s v e r y
    n i c e , ' b u t i t d o e s n ' t e n t e r y o u r h e a d
    t o t h i n k o f h e r i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h
    y o u r g r o u p
    . Id o n ' t f e e l a n x i o u s
    a b o u t h e r b e c a u s e s h e w i l l g e t a l o n g
    w h e r e v e r s h e i s . Th e g i r l s Ic h o o s e
    It h i n k w o u l d n ' t g e t a l o n g s o v e r y
    g o o d e x c e p t i n m y c o t t a g e . "
    3 r d Ch o i c e : Ha r i e t ( C9) : " Sh e h a s
    Ha r i e t : 2n d Ch o i c e :
    " Le v e l -h e a d e d
    a b e a u t i f u l
    e x p r e s s i o n a n d s h e

    w i t h a g o o d a t t i t u d e a n d w o u l d n ' t
    m a k e s y o u f e e l y o u c a n m a k e g o o d

    b e m i s l e d b y o t h e r g i r l s . "
    h e r e . "
    In d i f f e r e n t t o
    : Ru t h ( C2) . Ru t h
    : 2n d Ch o i c e : " As t r o n g c h a r -
    a c t e r
    . Iw i s h w e c o u l d h a v e h e r .
    We r e a l l y n e e d h e r a n d s h e w o u l d
    g e t a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o b e a l e a d e r i n
    o u r c o t t a g e b e c a u s e w e h a v e n ' t a n y
    r e a l s t r o n g l e a d e r r i g h t n o w . "
    In d i f f e r e n t t o
    : M a r i o n ( Cl l ) . M a r i o n
    : 1s t Ch o i c e : " Ar e a l g o o d
    g i r l . An y b o d y w o u l d b e g l a d t o
    h a v e h e r i n t h e i r c o t t a g e . "
    Re j e c t s : Al b e r t a
    ( C14) : " To o Al b e r t a
    : 2n d Ch o i c e : " Sh e i s f u l l o f
    g i g g l y
    . "

    t h e d i c k e n s a n d i t w o u l d b e g r e a t
    f u n t o h a v e h e r . "
    Lo u i s ED .
    Ch o o s e s Am o n g t h e Ho u s e m o t h e r s

    Re a c t i o n s o f t h e Ho u s e m o t h e r s
    1s t Ch o i c e : M r s . D i c k e y ( CB ) : " Sh e
    M r s . D i c k e y : Re j e c t s . " To t e l l t h e
    h a s a s e n s e o f h u m o r a n d Il i k e t h e
    t r u t h , Ij u s t d o n ' t c a r e t o h a v e
    w a y s h e t a l k s . "

    h e r ; c a n ' t p u t m y f i n g e r o n w h a t
    i t i s a b o u t h e r b u t If e e l Is h o u l d n ' t
    t a k e h e r . "
    2n d Ch o i c e : M r s . Re i d ( C8 ) :
    " He r M r s . Re i d : 2n d Ch o i c e :
    " Sh e s a y s
    t a l k i s n i c e t o o . "

    s h e ' s i n f o u r t h y e a r h i g h s c h o o l a n d
    t h a t m e a n s s h e w o u l d b e s o m e h e l p
    INITIALCONSTRUCTION 479
    a m o n g t h e o t h e r s . Il i k e h e r v e r y
    m u c h
    . "
    3 r d Ch o i c e : M i s s Ne l l i s ( 0 11) : M i s s Ne l l i s : 2n d Ch o i c e : " Sh e d i d n ' t
    " F r i e n d l y a n d h o m e l i k e . "
    a p p e a l t o m e i n t h e b e g i n n i n g b u t
    w h e n t a l k i n g t o h e r , h e r f i n e m e n -
    t a l i t y s t r u c k m e . Sh e d o e s n ' t f e e l
    s o r r y f o r h e r s e l f . "
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : M r s . B r e t t ( C9) .

    M r s . B r e t t : 1s t Ch o i c e
    : " Ag o o d
    g i r l a n d w o u l d f i t i n w e l l . "
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : M r s . B r a d l e y ( C2) . M r s . B r a d l e y :
    1s t Ch o i c e : { ' Se n -
    s i b l e i d e a s , w o u l d a d j u s t ; a l t h o u g h
    o n l y f i f t e e n y e a r s o l d s h e h a s s u f -
    f e r e d a l o t f r o m h e r m a r r i a g e
    . "
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : M r s . D o r s e y ( C14) .

    M r s . D o r s e y : In d i f f e r e n t
    .
    Ch o o s e s Am o n g t h e Re p r e s e n t a t i v e s

    Re a c t i o n s o f t h e Re p r e s e n t a t i v e s
    1s t Ch o i c e : Ha r i e t ( C9) : " V e r y d i g - Ha r i e t : 1s t Ch o i c e : " Yo u c a n t e l l
    n i f i e d a n d a t t r a c t i v e . " b y t h e w a y s h e a c t s t h a t s h e ' s s i n -
    c e r e a b o u t e v e r y t h i n g
    . Yo u c a n
    c o u n t o n h e r . "
    2n d Ch o i c e : M a r i o n ( C11) : " V e r y M a r i o n
    : 1s t Ch o i c e : " It h i n k s h e
    r e f i n e d a n d l o v e l y . "

    i s a g o o d i n f l u e n c e b e c a u s e o f h e r
    h i g h h o p e s a n d a m b i t i o n s . "
    3 r d Ch o i c e : Ru t h ( C2) :
    " Go o d - Ru t h : 1s t Ch o i c e : " Sh e h a s t h e a i m
    l o o k i n g a n d n o t v a i n . "
    t o g o a h e a d , s a m e a s Id o , a n d i s
    v e r y f r i e n d l y . Sh e ' s w h a t w e n e e d
    i n o u r c o t t a g e
    : m o r e g i r l s l i k e h e r
    w h o c a n ' t b e s w a y e d b y e v e r y l i t t l e
    t h i n g t h a t m a k e s t h e m m a d . "
    In d i f f e r e n t t o
    : Al b e r t a ( C14) . Al b e r t a
    : 1s t Ch o i c e : " Sh e ' s i n h i g h
    s c h o o l a n d s h e ' s s m a r t . Sh e a t -
    t r a c t s m e b y h e r s p e e c h , s o i n t e r e s t -
    i n g . M o r e m y t y p e t h a n a n y o f t h e
    o t h e r s . "
    Re j e c t s : Le o n a
    ( C8 ) . " D o n ' t c a r e Le o n a : 2n d Ch o i c e : " Sh e w a n t s t o
    f o r h e r a t a l l . Se e m s c o l d . "

    l e a r n a n d s h e a p p r e c i a t e s a d v i c e
    . "
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : Ka t h e r i n e ( CB ) . Ka t h e r i n e : 1s t Ch o i c e : " In t e l l i g e n t
    a n d k n o w s h o w t o t a l k a n d It h i n k
    o u r h o u s e w o u l d b e a g o o d p l a c e
    f o r h e r
    ; w e h a v e s u c h a f i n e a t m o s -
    p h e r e
    . Yo u k n o w a g i r l l i k e h e r
    n e e d s t h e p r o p e r e n v i r o n m e n t t o
    b r i n g o u t h e r b e s t q u a l i t i e s
    . "
    48 0
    Ch o o s e s Am o n g t h e Ho u s e m o t h e r s
    1s t Ch o i c e : M i s s
    Ne l l i s ( Cl l ) : " Ha s
    h o p e s f o r y o u a n d l o t s o f f u n i n
    h e r . "
    2n d Ch o i c e : M r s . B r a d l e y ( C2) : " I
    t a l k e d t o h e r a l o t
    . Sh e m a d e m e
    f e e l Ic a n s u c c e e d h e r e . "
    3 r d Ch o i c e
    : M r s . B r e t t ( C9) : " V e r y
    n i c e
    . Il i k e h e r n e x t b e s t t o t h e
    o t h e r o n e s Is a i d Iw o u l d l i k e t o
    l i v e w i t h . "
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : M r s . Re i d
    ( C8 ) .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : M r s . D i c k e y ( CB ) .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : M r s . D o r s e y ( C14)
    .
    Ch o o s e s Am o n g t h e Re p r e s e n t a t i v e s
    1s t Ch o i c e :
    Al b e r t a ( C14) : " A
    w o n d e r f u l , i n t e r e s t i n g g i r l . "
    2n d Ch o i c e : M a r i o n ( C11) :
    ' ' Lo v e l y . "
    3 r d Ch o i c e
    : Ru t h ( C2) : " Wo u l d b e
    a g o o d f r i e n d , y o u c a n t e l l . "
    In d i f f e r e n t t o
    : Le o n a ( 0 8 ) .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : Ka t h e r i n e ( CB ) .
    WHO
    SHALLSURV IV E?
    LENA R.
    Re a c t i o n s o f t h e Ho u s e m o t h e r s
    M i s s Ne l l i s : 3 r d Ch o i c e : " Sh e i s a
    l i t t l e r o u g h b u t s h e c o u l d b e t a m e d
    d o w n . It h i n k Ic a n g e t u n d e r h e r
    s k i n . If o u n d h e r v e r y r e s p o n s i v e . "
    M r s . B r a d l e y : 2n d Ch o i c e : " Wo u l d n ' t
    f l y o f f t h e h a n d l e o r g e t u p s e t
    e a s i l y
    ; a h e a l t h f u l , o u t d o o r k i n d o f
    a g i r l . Is j u s t t h e o n e f o r m y
    g r o u p . St a b l e a n d s t e a d y
    . "
    M r s
    . B r e t t : In d i f f e r e n t .
    M r s . Re i d :
    Re j e c t s . " Sh e j u s t
    d o e s n ' t a p p e a l t o m e , d o e s n ' t l e a v e
    a g o o d i m p r e s s i o n . Th i n k s h e i s
    d u l l m e n t a l l y
    . "
    M r s . D i c k e y : In d i f f e r e n t
    .
    M r s . D o r s e y
    : 3 r d Ch o i c e : " Sh e g o e s
    i n f o r s p o r t s , l i k e m a n y o f m y g i r l s
    d o , a n d If e e l m y g r o u p w o u l d t a k e
    t o h e r q u i c k l y -s h e i s s o u n a s s u m -
    i n g a n d d i r e c t . "
    Re a c t i o n s o f t h e Re p r e s e n t a t i v e s
    Al b e r t a : In d i f f e r e n t .
    M a r i o n : In d i f f e r e n t .
    Ru t h : 4t h Ch o i c e
    : " If e l t a l o t o f
    s y m p a t h y f o r h e r . Sh e i s s u c h a
    s i m p l e t h i n g a n d s h e d o e s n ' t h a v e
    a n y h i g h i d e a s l i k e t h e o t h e r s ; o n l y
    w a n t s t o b e a c o o k . If Ic a n h a v e
    a f o u r t h c h o i c e , Iw a n t h e r . "
    Le o n a
    : In d i f f e r e n t .
    Ka t h e r i n e : In d i f f e r e n t .
    INITIALCONSTRUCTION
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : Ha r i e t ( C9) . Ha r i e t
    :
    Re j e c t s
    .
    " Un i n t e r e s t i n g .
    V e r y e a s i l y i m p r e s s e d b y w h a t y o u
    s a y t o h e r . If a n y b o d y s m i l e d a t
    h e r s h e w o u l d d o j u s t w h a t t h e y
    w a n t e d h e r t o -g o o d o r n o t -j u s t
    t o p l e a s e . An e a s y -m a r k . "
    EV ELYN M .
    Ch o o s e s Am o n g t h e Ho u s e m o t h e r s

    Re a c t i o n s o f t h e Ho u s e m o t h e r s
    1s t Ch o i c e : M i s s Ne l l i s ( C11) : " I M i s s Ne l l i s : In d i f f e r e n t .
    t h i n k y o u c a n t r e a t h e r l i k e a
    f r i e n d
    . "
    2n d Ch o i c e : M r s . D o r s e y ( C14) : M r s . D o r s e y : In d i f f e r e n t .
    " Go o d t o l i v e w i t h . "
    3 r d Ch o i c e : M r s . Re i d ( C8 ) : " V e r y M r s . Re i d : 3 r d Ch o i c e : " St r i k e s m e
    d a r l i n g . Il i k e o l d p e o p l e a n d s h e a s a g o o d g i r l
    . Ic a n j u s t s e e t h e
    r e m i n d s m e o f a n o l d n e i g h b o r w e g r o u p i n m y h o u s e t h a t w o u l d t a k e
    h a d o n c e . "

    t o h e r . Sh e h a s a f i n e n e s s o f m a n -
    n e r t h a t a t t r a c t s y o u a l t h o u g h s h e
    i s v e r y u n e x p r e s s i v e w h e n i t c o m e s
    t o t a l k i n g . "
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : M r s . B r e t t ( 0 9) .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : M r s
    . D i c k e y
    ( CB ) .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : M r s . B r a d l e y ( C2) .
    Ch o o s e s Am o n g t h e Re p r e s e n t a t i v e s
    1s t Ch o i c e : Ka t h e r i n e
    ( CB ) : " Sh e
    u n d e r s t a n d s m e
    . "
    2n d Ch o i c e : Le o n a ( 0 8 ) : " Sh e i s
    v e r y m u c h l i k e Ka t h e r i n e . "
    M r s . B r e t t : In d i f f e r e n t .
    M r s . D i c k e y
    : 3 r d Ch o i c e : " Aw h o l e -
    s o m e , s i n c e r e s o r t o f g i r l . Sh e i s
    v e r y a p p e a l i n g t o m e . Ik n o w I' d
    g e t c o o p e r a t i o n f r o m h e r
    . Ic o u l d
    g e t r i g h t a t h e r . I' d r e a l l y t a k e
    p l e a s u r e i n h e l p i n g h e r t o d e v e l o p
    . "
    M r s . B r a d l e y : Re j e c t s . " Sh e i s t o o
    m e l a n c h o l y , e s p e c i a l l y f o r a c h i l d
    o f h e r a g e , a n d Ik n o w m y g r o u p
    w o u l d n ' t u n d e r s t a n d h e r . Sh e i s n o
    d o u b t a p r o m i s i n g g i r l b u t Ic a n ' t
    i m a g i n e h e r f i t t i n g i n t o m y g r o u p . "
    Re a c t i o n s o f t h e Re p r e s e n t a t i v e s
    Ka t h e r i n e
    : In d i f f e r e n t .
    Le o n a : 3 r d Ch o i c e : " V e r y p r e j u -
    d i c e d a n d d o e s n ' t w a n t t o b e i n o u r
    s c h o o l . Sa y s s h e h a s t o h a v e a c o t -
    t a g e t h a t i s h o m e -l i k e
    . B u t t h e r e i s
    s o m e t h i n g a b o u t h e r t h a t a t t r a c t s
    m e a l o t . Sh e ' d f i t i n w i t h m o s t o f
    48 1
    48 2

    WHO SHALL
    No a d d i t i o n a l c h o i c e :
    f ' I
    c a n ' t c h o o s e
    a n y b o d y b u t Ka t h e r i n e a n d Le o n a
    t o l i v e w i t h ; t h e o t h e r s a r e a l l
    r i g h t b u t t h e s e a r e t h e o n l y o n e s
    Iw a n t t o b e w i t h i n a c o t t a g e
    . "
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : Al b e r t a ( C14) .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : Ru t h ( C2) .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : M a r i o n ( 0 11) .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : Ha r i e t ( C9) .
    SURV IV E?
    o u r g i r l s ; y o u k n o w y o u c a n ' t f i t i n
    w i t h a l l o f t h e m . Th e r e ' s t i m e s y o u
    f i t i n w i t h o n e s e t a n d t h e n f o r
    s o m e r e a s o n t h e y c h a n g e t h e i r t a c -
    t i c s a n d y o u c a n ' t g e t a l o n g w i t h
    t h e m a n d y o u g o w i t h t h e g r o u p
    y o u n e g l e c t e d f o r a w h i l e . Th e c o t -
    t a g e i s a l w a y s d i v i d e d u p . Th e g i r l s
    f o r m s e t s ; Id o n ' t k n o w i f y o u ' v e
    o b s e r v e d t h a t
    . We h a v e a b o u t f i v e
    s e t s r i g h t n o w . Th e b u n c h i s t o o
    l a r g e f o r y o u t o f i t t o t h e w h o l e o f
    t h e m a t o n e t i m e . Ic a n s e e Ev e l y n
    f i t t i n g i n w i t h t h e g r o u p I' m w i t h
    n o w
    . I' d d o m y b e s t f o r h e r i f
    s h e c o u l d c o m e t o o u r h o u s e . I' d
    s h o w h e r w h a t i s w h a t a n d h o w t o
    g e t o v e r b e i n g p r e j u d i c e d . I' d m a k e
    h e r l i k e u s . "
    Al b e r t a : In d i f f e r e n t
    .
    Ru t h : 3 r d Ch o i c e
    :
    ,
    Yo u h a v e t o l i k e
    h e r
    . Sh e t a k e s s u c h a b r a v e a t t i -
    t u d e a n d d o e s n ' t s y m p a t h i z e w i t h
    h e r s e l f e v e n i f s h e h a d a l o t o f
    t r o u b l e , l i k e s o m e g i r l s d o . "
    M a r i o n : 3 r d Ch o i c e
    : ' ' Iw o u l d c a l l
    h e r a w f u l l y s e n s i t i v e a n d v e r y
    s y m p a t h e t i c t o w a r d s p e o p l e
    . Yo u
    c a n t o u c h h e r f e e l i n g s v e r y e a s y
    .
    It h i n k s h e n e e d s t o b e i n o u r h o u s e
    b e c a u s e o u r g i r l s w o u l d k n o w j u s t
    h o w t o t r e a t h e r
    . In o u r c o t t a g e
    t h e g i r l s r e s p e c t e a c h o t h e r ' s f e e l -
    i n g s
    . "
    Ha r i e t : 3 r d Ch o i c e
    : " An o t h e r h i g h
    s c h o o l g i r l
    ; w o u l d h e l p o u r c o t t a g e
    a l o t , j u s t l i k e t h e f i r s t t w o w o u l d
    t h a t Ic h o s e
    . Ta l k e d q u i t e a l o t t o
    m e a b o u t w h a t i s o p p o r t u n i t y
    . I
    t h i n k s h e i s i n t e l l e c t u a l
    . An d w e
    Ch o o s e s Am o n g t h e Ho u s e m o t h e r s
    1s t Ch o i c e : M r s . Re i d ( C8 ) : " Se e m e d
    s o h a p p y t o b e t a l k i n g w i t h y o u .
    Sh e t a l k e d a s i f s h e w o u l d l i k e t o
    h a v e m e i n h e r c o t t a g e . Sh e s a y s
    s h e i s v e r y f o n d o f g i r l s
    . "
    2n d Ch o i c e : M r s . D o r s e y ( C14)
    " Sh e c a u g h t m y a t t e n t i o n a s s o o n
    a s Is a w h e r . B e f o r e It a l k e d w i t h
    h e r e v e n Ik n e w Iw a s g o i n g t o l i k e
    h e r . It ' s t h e w a y s h e h a s a b o u t h e r
    t h a t Il i k e s o m u c h . "
    3 r d Ch o i c e : M r s . D i c k e y
    ( CB )
    " M o r e l i k e a m o t h e r
    . Sh e i s n ' t o n e
    w h o ' d b e m e a n t o y o u o r q u a r r e l .
    If y o u g o t i n t o t r o u b l e y o u c o u l d
    g o t o h e r a n d e x p l a i n
    . Af t e r y o u
    g e t t a l k i n g t o h e r y o u f e e l a s i f
    y o u h a d k n o w n h e r a l o n g t i m e
    .
    On l y t h e s e t h r e e i n t e r e s t m e . "
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : M r s
    . B r e t t ( 0 9) .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o
    : M r s . B r a d l e y ( C2) .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o
    : M i s s Ne l l i s ( C11) .
    Ch o o s e s Am o n g t h e Re p r e s e n t a t i v e s
    1s t Ch o i c e : Le o n a ( C8 ) : " Il i k e d
    h e r f r o m f i r s t s e e i n g h e r w h e n s h e
    w a s t a l k i n g t o a n o t h e r g i r l i n t h e
    c o r r i d o r . Sh e h a s t h e n i c e s t s m i l e
    .
    It h i n k s h e m u s t b e v e r y g o o d -
    h e a r t e d . "
    INITIALCONSTRUCTION
    HAZ ELW.
    h a v e s o m e v e r y i n t e l l i g e n t g i r l s i n
    o u r h o u s e w h o w o u l d a p p r e c i a t e
    Ev e l y n . Sh e ' s v e r y l i k e a b l e a n d I
    h o p e s h e c a n c o m e t o o u r h o u s e .
    Yo u c o u l d s a y s h e i s s e r i o u s -m i n d e d
    a n d y o u c a n t e l l b y h e r f a c e t h a t
    s h e w a s n ' t v e r y h a p p y e v e r . "
    Re a c t i o n s o f t h e Ho u s e m o t h e r s
    M r s . Re i d : In d i f f e r e n t
    .
    M r s
    . D o r s e y : 2n d Ch o i c e : " Sh e ' s a
    s i x t h g r a d e g i r l b u t s e e m s t o f e e l
    t h a t s h e w i l l s u c c e e d , n o t a f r a i d o f
    t h e f u t u r e a n d Il i k e t h a t a b o u t h e r .
    Ic o u l d h e l p s u c h a g i r l . "
    M r s
    . D i c k e y : In d i f f e r e n t .
    M r s . B r e t t : In d i f f e r e n t .
    M r s
    . B r a d l e y : 3 r d Ch o i c e : " Sl o w -
    m i n d e d b u t h a s a g o o d c h a r a c t e r
    a n d t h a t ' s w h a t c o u n t s
    . I' d l i k e t o
    h a v e h e r . "
    M i s s Ne l l i s : Re j e c t s . " Co u l d n ' t
    e v e n t a l k t o h e r . We j u s t d i d n ' t
    c l i c k . "
    Re a c t i o n s o f t h e Re p r e s e n t a t i v e s
    Le o n a : In d i f f e r e n t .
    48 3
    48 4
    2n d Ch o i c e : Ru t h ( C2) : " I' d l i k e
    t o k n o w h e r b e t t e r . Sh e m a d e g o o d
    s u g g e s t i o n s t o m e a n d y e t s h e
    w a s n ' t b o s s y . "
    3 r d Ch o i c e :
    M a r i o n ( C11) : " I' d
    l i k e t o b e l i k e h e r , s o c o n f i d e n t a n d
    s u r e s h e i s g o i n g t o s u c c e e d . "
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : Ha r i e t ( C9) .
    Ch o o s e s Am o n g t h e Ho u s e m o t h e r s
    1s t Ch o i c e :
    M r s
    .
    D i c k e y ( CB )
    " Ta l k e d s o k i n d , Il o v e h e r a n d I
    c a n ' t s a y w h y i t i s . Sh e ' s g o o d a n d
    s h e ' s n i c e a n d s h e ' s e v e r y t h i n g l i k e
    t h a t
    . Sh e l i k e s l i t t l e g i r l s a n d s h e
    h a s a l i t t l e g i r l i n h e r h o u s e . "
    WHOSHALL SURV IV E?
    Ka t h e r i n e : In d i f f e r e n t .
    c o u l d n ' t f e e l f r e e w i t h h e r
    . "
    AD ELINE K .
    Ru t h : In d i f f e r e n t .
    M a r i o n : Re j e c t s . " Sh e i s a l t o g e t h e r
    d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e g i r l s i n o u r h o u s e
    a n d s h e c o u l d n ' t p u t h e r i d e a s o v e r
    w i t h u s . We a r e f o n d o f s p o r t s a n d
    s h e i s n ' t ; s h e j u s t t h i n k s o f b e i n g
    a m i s s i o n a r y a n d s a y s s h e r e a d s t h e
    B i b l e a l l t h e t i m e .
    At t h e s a m e
    t i m e s h e w a n t s t o b e a w a i t r e s s a n d
    a m i s s i o n a r y a t o n e t i m e . Sh e a s k e d
    m e i f t h e r e w a s m u c h c a l l f o r m i s -
    s i o n a r y j o b s a n d Is a i d Ih a d n ' t
    h e a r d t h a t t h e r e w a s . "
    Ha r i e t : In d i f f e r e n t .
    Al b e r t a : In d i f f e r e n t .
    Re a c t i o n s o f t h e Ho u s e m o t h e r s
    M r s . D i c k e y : 1s t Ch o i c e
    : " Iw o u l d
    s i m p l y l o v e t o h a v e h e r . As Is p o k e
    t o h e r Ib e g a n t o l o v e h e r r i g h t o f f
    .
    If e l t m y g r o u p m i g h t b e t o o o l d
    f o r h e r b u t s h e w o u l d b e a n i n f l u -
    e n c e t o u p l i f t t h e o t h e r g i r l s , If e e l .
    Yo u k n o w a y o u n g c h i l d c a n h a v e
    t h a t e f f e c t a n d m y g i r l s d o l o v e
    l i t t l e o n e s
    . Of c o u r s e , s h e w o u l d n ' t
    b e a b i t o f h e l p w i t h t h e w o r k b u t
    j u s t t h e p r e s e n c e o f a c h i l d l i k e h e r
    w o u l d r a i s e t h e o t h e r s t o g r e a t e r
    e f f o r t .
    Sh e ' d b e j u s t t h e p r o p e r
    p l a y m a t e f o r m y Ir e n e a n d i f I
    t a k e s u c h s m a l l c h i l d r e n i t ' s b e t t e r
    i f Ih a v e t w o
    . Ot h e r w i s e Ir e n e w i l l
    g e t s p o i l e d
    . Sh e i s o n t h e w a y t o
    b e c o m i n g s o n o w , b e i n g s o p e t t e d
    b y t h e g r o u p
    . B o t h c h i l d r e n w o u l d
    d e v e l o p b e t t e r i f t h e y h a d
    e a c h
    o t h e r . "
    Re j e c t s :
    s i l l y . "
    Al b e r t a ( C14) : " To o
    Re j e c t s :
    Ka t h e r i n e ( CB ) : " I
    3 r d Ch o i c e : M i s s Ne l l i s ( C11) : " No t
    s o m u c h a s M r s . D i c k e y t h o u g h .
    Th e y h a v e s m i l e s a n d t h i n g s b u t
    t h e y a r e n ' t s o g o o d t o y o u w h e n
    t h e y t a l k a s M r s . D i c k e y
    . Ir e a l l y
    o n l y w a n t t o g o t o M r s . D i c k e y ' s
    t o l i v e . "
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : M r s . B r e t t
    ( 0 9) .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : M r s . B r a d l e y ( C2) .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : M r s . D o r s e y ( C14) .
    Ch o o s e s Am o n g t h e Re p r e s e n t a t i v e s
    1s t Ch o i c e : Ka t h e r i n e ( CB ) : " Sh e
    k n o w s a b o u t l i t t l e g i r l s a n d t a l k s
    n i c e . To l d m e Iw o u l d l i k e t h e i r
    l i t t l e g i r l Ir e n e , t h a t w e w o u l d b e
    g i r l f r i e n d s a n d d o o u r l e s s o n s a n d
    p l a y t o g e t h e r a n d s h e w o u l d h e l p
    u s . Yo u c a n j u s t t a l k a n d t a l k t o
    h e r a n d s h e ' l l l i s t e n t o y o u a n d y e t
    s h e i s a b i g g i r l , n o t s m a l l l i k e m e . "
    No a d d i t i o n a l c h o i c e s : " Id o n ' t
    w a n t t o l i v e w i t h a n y o f t h e g i r l s
    b e s i d e s Ka t h e r i n e v e r y m u c h . Th e
    r e s t a r e a l l t h e s a m e t o m e . "
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : Le o n a ( C8 ) .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : Ru t h ( C2) .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : M a r i o n ( C11) .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : Ha r i e t ( C8 ) .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : Al b e r t a ( C14) .
    INITIALCONSTRUCTION
    2n d Ch o i c e : M r s . Re i d ( C8 ) : " Sh e M r s . Re i d : In d i f f e r e n t .
    l o o k s s o n i c e b u t n o t s o n i c e a s
    M r s . D i c k e y t o m e . "
    M i s s Ne l l i s : In d i f f e r e n t .
    M r s . B r e t t : In d i f f e r e n t .
    M r s . B r a d l e y
    : In d i f f e r e n t .
    M r s
    . D o r s e y
    : In d i f f e r e n t .
    Re a c t i o n s o f t h e Re p r e s e n t a t i v e s
    Ka t h e r i n e : 2n d Ch o i c e : " We h a v e
    a t i n y g i r l Ir e n e a n d s h e w o u l d b e
    a n i d e a l p l a y m a t e f o r Ad e l i n e a n d
    a t t h e s a m e t i m e t h e t w o t o g e t h e r
    w o u l d b e l e s s t r o u b l e f o r u s o l d e r
    g i r l s t h a n Ir e n e i s a l o n e . B e s i d e s
    Ad e l i n e i s s o s m a r t a n d w i n n i n g
    s h e w o u l d h e l p Ir e n e a l o t . "
    Le o n a : In d i f f e r e n t .
    Ru t h : In d i f f e r e n t .
    M a r i o n : In d i f f e r e n t .
    Ha r i e t
    :
    In d i f f e r e n t .
    Al b e r t a -3 r d Ch o i c e : " Ac h a r m i n g
    d o l l o f a k i d a n d s h e w o u l d b e a
    n o v e l t y i n o u r h o u s e a s w e h a v e n ' t
    a n y s m a l l g i r l s . "
    48 5
    SHIRLEY A
    .
    Ch o o s e s Am o n g t h e Ho u s e m o t h e r s

    Re a c t i o n s o f t h e Ho u s e m o t h e r s
    1s t Ch o i c e : M r s . D i c k e y ( CB ) : " I M r s . D i c k e y : In d i f f e r e n t .
    f e l t s h e t o o k c o n f i d e n c e i n m e a n d
    48 6
    t h a t w o u l d m a k e m e n o t d i s a p p o i n t
    h e r . "
    2n d Ch o i c e : M i s s Ne l l i s ( C11)
    "
    Ni c e t o m e a n d It h i n k s h e l i k e s
    m e .
    )
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : M r s . B r e t t ( 0 9) .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : M r s . B r a d l e y ( C2) .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : M r s . Re i d ( C8 ) .
    Ch o o s e s Am o n g t h e Re p r e s e n t a t i v e s
    1s t Ch o i c e : Ka t h e r i n e ( CB ) : " I
    w a n t t o l i v e w i t h h e r m o s t o f a l l .
    Ha s a w a y a b o u t h e r a s i f s h e
    w o u l d b e y o u r b e s t f r i e n d w h e n s h e
    h a s o n l y j u s t m e t y o u . "
    2n d Ch o i c e : Ru t h ( C2) : " Ia d m i r e
    h e r m a n n e r a n d h e r l o v e l y w a y t o
    t a l k t o y o u ; m a k e s y o u f e e l w e l -
    c o m e t o t h e s c h o o l a n d t h a t y o u
    s h o u l d b e g l a d t o b e h e r e . Iw a n t
    t o s e e h e r o f t e n e v e n i f Id o n ' t g o
    t o h e r c o t t a g e . "
    3 r d Ch o i c e : M a r i o n ( C11)
    :
    " Sh e ' s
    q u i c k a t u n d e r s t a n d i n g m e . It h i n k
    w e ' d g e t a l o n g g o o d t o g e t h e r . "
    WI-10 SHALL SURV IV E?
    M i s s Ne l l i s : Re j e c t s . " Sh e s e e m s
    ' f l a t ' t o m e , n o t h i n g t o a p p e a l
    a b o u t h e r . Id i d n ' t t a k e t o h e r a t
    a l l a n d i t w o u l d b e a m i s t a k e f o r
    m e t o a s k f o r h e r . "
    3 r d Ch o i c e : M r s . D o r s e y ( C14) :
    M r s . D o r s e y : In d i f f e r e n t .
    ' ' Ta l k e d n i c e t o m e , i s a n i c e
    w o m a n . "
    M r s . B r e t t : In d i f f e r e n t .
    ' M r s . B r a d l e y : In d i f f e r e n t .
    M r s . Re i d : 4t h Ch o i c e : " Ic h o o s e
    Sh i r l e y a s m y f o u r t h c h o i c e . If e e l
    s h e i s t e a c h a b l e a n d Ir e s p o n d t o
    h e r a w k w a r d s t r i v i n g s . "
    Re a c t i o n s o f t h e Re p r e s e n t a t i v e s
    Ka t h e r i n e : Re j e c t s . " Pr e t t y f r e s h .
    In t e r r u p t s y o u w h i l e y o u ' r e t a l k i n g
    t o h e r . F i r s t s h e w a n t s y o u t o
    k n o w s h e ' s d i s c o n t e n t e d a n d t h e n
    s h e s t a r t s j o k i n g
    . Sh i r l e y w o u l d b e
    f u n t o h a v e a r o u n d a l l r i g h t b u t
    n o t w o r t h t h e t r o u b l e s h e ' d c a u s e
    u s . "
    Ru t h : Re j e c t s . " Sh i r l e y ' s Sh i r l e y ' s c e r t a i n l y
    n o t v e r y k e e n o n t h e s c h o o l . Sh e
    h a s a w a y o f s h r u g g i n g h e r s h o u l -
    d e r s a t w h a t y o u
    s a y
    t o h e r
    . Sh e ' s
    n o t s o s m a r t a s s h e t h i n k s s h e i s
    e i t h e r . Id o n ' t w a n t t o h a v e h e r
    i n m y c o t t a g e . It h i n k s h e ' d b e
    s t u b b o r n a n d b o s s y a n d t a k e h e r
    w a l k i n g p a p e r s a t h e r f i r s t o p p o r -
    t u n i t y . "
    M a r i o n : Re j e c t s . " To o m u c h a
    ' k n o w -i t -a l l . ' Wo u l d n ' t w a n t t o
    a g r e e w i t h t h e o t h e r g i r l s . Id o n ' t
    l i k e h e r
    . Sh e ' s g o t a s n e a k y a t m o s -
    p h e r e a b o u t h e r . It h i n k s h e i s
    w a t c h i n g f o r a c h a n c e t o r u n a w a y .
    Sh i r l e y i s t h e b o l d e s t n e w g i r l I
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : Al b e r t a ( C14) .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : Ha r i e t ( 0 9) .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : Le o n a ( C8 ) .
    INITIALCONSTRUCTION
    M u s i Et F .
    Ch o o s e s Am o n g t h e Ho u s e m o t h e r s

    Re a c t i o n s o f t h e Ho u s e m o t h e r s
    1s t Ch o i c e : M r s . Re i d ( C8 ) : " Sh e ' s
    a l o t o f f u n a n d l i k e s t o h e a r y o u
    t a l k . "
    2n d Ch o i c e : M i s s Ne l l i s ( C11) : " Sh e
    m a k e s y o u f e e l h a p p y b e c a u s e s h e ' s
    s o h a p p y . "
    3 r d Ch o i c e : M r s . D o r s e y ( C14)
    " M r s . D o r s e y t e l l s y o u i n t e r e s t i n g
    t h i n g s
    . Sh e k n o w s a l o t . "
    Re j e c t s : M r s . D i c k e y ( CB ) : " Ij u s t
    c o u l d n ' t l i v e w i t h h e r . "
    4 8 7
    e v e r s a w . J u s t h e r a t t i t u d e s h o w s
    s h e ' s a p t t o g e t i n w i t h t h e w r o n g
    s e t . Sa y s s h e w a n t s t o g e t a h e a d
    b u t h e r m a n n e r d o e s n ' t g o t o g e t h e r
    w i t h w h a t s h e s a y s . Sh e r e a l l y
    w a n t s t o r a i s e Ca i n . "
    Al b e r t a : 4t h Ch o i c e : " Sh e ' s n e r v -
    o u s a n d k i n d o f u n e a s y a b o u t b e i n g
    h e r e b u t s o m e t i m e s s h e ' s j o l l y t o o
    a n d I' d l i k e t o h a v e h e r i n o u r
    c o t t a g e . "
    Ha r i e t : 4t h Ch o i c e : " Sh e h a s i d e a s
    a b o u t n o t l e t t i n g o t h e r p e o p l e r u n
    h e r b u t Ic o u l d g e t a r o u n d h e r a l l
    r i g h t . M o s t l y i t ' s j u s t t h a t s h e
    l i k e s t o s h o w o f f . It h i n k Sh i r l e y i s
    l i k e a b l e a n y w a y a n d o u r h o u s e i s
    a b o u t t h e b e s t f o r h e r i n m y o p i n -
    i o n . "
    Le o n a : Re j e c t s . " To o l o u d a n d k i n d
    o f c o n c e i t e d
    . Ou r c o t t a g e w o u l d n ' t
    l i k e h e r a t a l l . Sh e ' s a l t o g e t h e r t o o
    b o l d . M a k e s s a r c a s t i c r e m a r k s a b o u t
    e v e r y t h i n g . "
    M r s . Re i d : Re j e c t s . " To o n e r v o u s
    f o r m y g r o u p ; t a l k s t o o m u c h ;
    c a n ' t s t a n d o r s i t s t i l l a m i n u t e . "
    M i s s Ne l l i s : Re j e c t s . " Sh e i s e v e r
    s o c u t e . Sh e s a i d , ` Il i k e y o u , ' i n
    t h e f a s h i o n o f a v e r y y o u n g c h i l d .
    B u t It h i n k s h e i s s i c k ; w h e n s h e
    i s i n b e t t e r h e a l t h Is h o u l d l i k e t o
    h a v e h e r , b u t n o t a t p r e s e n t . Sh e
    w o u l d b e t o o m u c h f o r m y p a t i e n c e
    r i g h t n o w
    . "
    M r s . D o r s e y : Re j e c t s . " Hi g h l y i r -
    r i t a b l e , n e r v o u s a n d j e r k y . Sa i d
    s h e h a d b e e n i l l ; r e a l l y d o e s n ' t l o o k
    w e l l . Id o n ' t f e e l s h e i s r e a d y f o r
    c o t t a g e l i f e y e t . "
    M r s . D i c k e y : In d i f f e r e n t
    .
    48 8
    Re j e c t s : M r s
    . B r a d l e y ( C2) : " Ij u s t
    c o u l d n ' t l i v e w i t h h e r e i t h e r . "
    Re j e c t s : M r s . B r e t t ( C9) : " Ij u s t
    c a n ' t s t a n d t o l i v e w i t h h e r . "
    Ch o o s e s Am o n g t h e Re p r e s e n t a t i v e s
    1s t Ch o i c e : Ru t h ( C2) : " Th e b e s t
    s o r t o f g i r l t o t a l k t o . Yo u f e e l
    h a p p y w i t h h e r . "
    2n d

    Ch o i c e :

    Al b e r t a

    ( C14) :
    F r i e n d l y . "
    3 r d Ch o i c e : M a r i o n ( 0 11) : ' I V e r y
    n i c e t o y o u i n w h a t s h e s a y s . "
    WHO SHALLSURV IV E?
    M r s
    . B r a d l e y : Re j e c t s . " Sh e c o m -
    p l a i n s o f h e a d a c h e s ; v e r y n e r v o u s ;
    d i f f i c u l t f o r a n y g r o u p . Sh o u l d b e
    i n t h e h o s p i t a l f o r a w h i l e b e f o r e
    g o i n g i n t o a n y c o t t a g e . "
    M r s . B r e t t : In d i f f e r e n t .
    Re a c t i o n s o f t h e Re p r e s e n t a t i v e s
    Ru t h : 4t h Ch o i c e : " If e e l I' d l i k e
    t o h e l p t o m a k e h e r h a p p y . Sh e ' s
    g o t t h e b e s t h e a r t a n d s h e i s s o
    p i t i f u l . "
    Al b e r t a : In d i f f e r e n t .
    M a r i o n : 2n d Ch o i c e : " I' m a w f u l l y
    s o r r y f o r M u r i e l . Sh e f i d g e t s a l l t h e
    t i m e y o u t a l k . Sh e t r i e s t o t a l k b u t
    s h e c a n ' t b e i n t e r e s t i n g ; a n s w e r s i n
    m o n o s y l l a b l e s . Ne e d s a l o t o f h e l p ,
    It h i n k . Ac a s e f o r s y m p a t h y . Pe r -
    h a p s i f s o m e o n e w o u l d b e m o t h e r l y
    t o h e r s h e ' d b e a l l r i g h t . Sh e ' s
    j u s t s o r t o f l o s t . As i f s h e ' d a l w a y s
    s t o o d a l o n e w i t h n o n e t o h e l p h e r .
    Ki c k e d a r o u n d Is u p p o s e . I' d l i k e
    t o h e l p h e r . "
    4t h

    Ch o i c e :

    Ka t h e r i n e

    ( CB ) : Ka t h e r i n e : 3 r d Ch o i c e : " If e e l s o r r y
    " Ch e e r f u l a n d c h e e r s m e u p . "
    f o r h e r . Sh e s e e m s t o t r y h a r d t o
    b e n i c e t o y o u . It h i n k s h e n e e d s
    p l e n t y o f g o o d t r e a t m e n t f r o m t h e
    g i r l s t o o , b e s i d e s a h o u s e m o t h e r . I
    c o u l d g e t t h e g i r l s i n o u r h o u s e t o
    b e k i n d t o h e r . Ou r h o u s e m o t h e r i s
    r e a l g e n t l e t o o . "
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : Le o n a ( CS) .

    Le o n a : In d i f f e r e n t .
    In d i f f e r e n t t o : Ha r i e t ( C9) .

    Ha r i e t : In d i f f e r e n t .
    Th e c o n d u c t o f a s s i g n e d i n d i v i d u a l s w a s f o l l o w e d u p a n d i t
    a p p e a r e d t h a t w h e n a l a r g e n u m b e r o f n e w c o m e r s w h o h a d b e e n
    a s s i g n e d t h r o u g h t h e t e s t w e r e c o m p a r e d w i t h a n e q u a l n u m b e r
    o f i n d i v i d u a l s w h o w e r e p l a c e d i n t o a h o m e w i t h o u t a t e s t , t h e
    s u c c e s s i n a d j u s t m e n t a n d c o n d u c t w a s m o r e f a v o r a b l e f o r t h e
    t e s t e d t h a n f o r t h e u n t e s t e d g r o u p . ( Se e Co n t r o l St u d y II, p . 667 . )
    INITIALASSIGNM ENT-PARENTAND F AM ILYTESTS
    D ORA
    48 9
    Th e c h a r t i l l u s t r a t e s t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e Pa r e n t Te s t a n d t h e
    F a m i l y Te s t o f
    D o r a
    : t h e r e a c t i o n s o f t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s o f C9, C8 , CB , C2,
    C14, a n d C11t o
    D o r a a n d D o r a ' s r e a c t i o n s t o t h e m
    ; t h e r e a c t i o n s o f a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e g i r l o f
    0 9, C8 , CB , C2, C14, a n d C11t o D o r a a n d D o r a ' s r e a c t i o n s t o t h e m
    .
    Th e n u m -
    b e r a t t h e s i d e o f t h e l i n e s i n d i c a t i n g a t t r a c t i o n o f D o r a t o w a r d s
    a p a r t i c u l a r
    i n d i v i d u a l r e l a t e s t o t h e d e g r e e o f c h o i c e -f i r s t ,
    s e c o n d , o r t h i r d .
    Th e l i n e
    d r a w n b e t w e e n t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C8 a n d t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e g i r l o f t h i s c o t -
    t a g e i n d i c a t e s t h a t 0 8 h a s b e e n s e l e c t e d a s t h e i n i t i a l a s s i g n m e n t
    f o r D o r a .
    D o r a i s a m u t u a l f i r s t c h o i c e w i t h t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f t h e
    c o t t a g e a s w e l l a s
    w i t h t h e k e y i n d i v i d u a l o f t h a t c o t t a g e
    .
    Th a t s h o u l d g i v e h e r a g o o d s t a r t f o r
    r a p i d a n d c e n t r a l i n t e g r a t i o n i n t o t h e c o t t a g e f a m i l y ( a c c o r d i n g t o
    Hy p o t h e s e s
    Ia n d II) .
    490
    INITIALASSIGNM ENT-PARENTAND F AM ILY
    TF STS
    LOUISE
    / IWSF I1o r M s I
    ( i i )
    / ' 1AR10 n
    ( n )
    Th e c h a r t i l l u s t r a t e s t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e Pa r e n t Te s t a n d t h e F a m i l y Te s t o f
    Lo u i s e
    : t h e r e a c t i o n s o f t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s o f
    C9, CB , C2, C14, a n d Cl l t o
    Lo u i s e a n d Lo u i s e ' s r e a c t i o n s t o t h e m
    ; t h e r e a c t i o n s o f a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e g i r l o f
    C9, CS, CB , 0 2, C14a n d C11t o Lo u i s e a n d Lo u i s e ' s r e a c t i o n s t o t h e m . Th e
    n u m b e r a t t h e s i d e o f t h e l i n e s i n d i c a t i n g a t t r a c t i o n o f Lo u i s e t o w a r d s a p a r -
    t i c u l a r i n d i v i d u a l r e l a t e s t o t h e d e g r e e o f c h o i c e -f i r s t , s e c o n d , o r t h i r d
    . Th e
    l i n e d r a w n b e t w e e n t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C11a n d t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e g i r l o f t h i s
    c o t t a g e i n d i c a t e s t h a t C11h a s b e e n s e l e c t e d a s t h e i n i t i a l a s s i g n m e n t f o r
    Lo u i s e
    . Lo u i s e i s i n m u t u a l c h o i c e r e l a t i o n w i t h t h e h o u s e m o t h e r a n d t h e k e y
    i n d i v i d u a l ( M a r i o n ) o f o n e c o t t a g e o n l y , Cl l . Th e c h o o s i n g i s n o t o n t h e
    h i g h e s t l e v e l o f p r e f e r e n c e , t h e h o u s e m o t h e r c h o o s i n g h e r s e c o n d , Lo u i s e c h o o s -
    i n g h e r t h i r d , M a r i o n c h o o s i n g Lo u i s e f i r s t a n d Lo u i s e c h o o s i n g M a r i o n s e c o n d
    .
    Ho w e v e r , t h e y a r e m u t u a l c h o i c e s
    . Th e r e i s a c l o s e r a c e b e t w e e n Cl l a n d C9 .
    Th e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C9
    c h o o s e s h e r f i r s t b u t Lo u i s e i s i n d i f f e r e n t t o w a r d s h e r
    .
    Sh e i s c h o s e n f i r s t b y t h e k e y i n d i v i d u a l o f t h e c o t t a g e a n d s h e c h o o s e s h e r f i r s t
    i n r e t u r n , b u t Lo u i s e ' s i n d i f f e r e n c e t o w a r d s t h e p a r e n t a l f i g u r e a n d t h e r e a s o n s
    s h e g a v e f o r i t d e c i d e d t h e a s s i g n m e n t a g a i n s t
    C9. B e c a u s e o f t h e i m p o r t a n c e
    o f t h e p a r e n t a l f i g u r e i n s u c h a c o t t a g e t h e s p o n t a n e o u s c h o i c e c o m i n g f r o m
    Lo u i s e i s c o n s i d e r e d m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h a n t h e f o n d n e s s f o r Lo u i s e . An o t h e r
    c l o s e r a c e e x i s t s b e t w e e n C11a n d CB .
    He r e w e s e e t h a t Lo u i s e c h o o s e s t h e
    h o u s e m o t h e r o f
    CB f i r s t b u t t h e h o u s e m o t h e r r e j e c t s h e r
    . Th e k e y g i r l o f t h e
    c o t t a g e c h o o s e s h e r f i r s t b u t Lo u i s e i s i n d i f f e r e n t t o w a r d s h e r
    . No t w i t h s t a n d i n g
    Lo u i s e ' s o w n f i r s t c h o i c e f o r t h e h o u s e m o t h e r t h e h o u s e m o t h e r ' s n e g a t i v e f e e l -
    i n g t o w a r d s h e r m a y b l o c k h e r a n d w e t h e r e f o r e d e c i d e d a g a i n s t t h e a s s i g n m e n t .
    INITIALASSIGNM ENT-PARENTAND F AM ILY
    TESTS
    LENA
    NOWt i 70 THIR~i i )
    491
    M . ' R' ON( i / )
    Th e c h a r t i l l u s t r a t e s t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e Pa r e n t Te s t a n d t h e F a m i l y Te s t o f
    Le n a
    : t h e r e a c t i o n s o f t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s o f C9, C8 , CB , C2,
    C14, a n d C11t o
    Le n a a n d Le n a ' s r e a c t i o n s t o t h e m
    ; t h e r e a c t i o n s o f a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e g i r l o f
    0 9, CS, CB , 0 2, C14, a n d C11t o Le n a a n d Le n a ' s r e a c t i o n s t o t h e m . Th e n u m -
    b e r a t t h e s i d e o f t h e l i n e s i n d i c a t i n g a t t r a c t i o n o f Le n a t o w a r d s a p a r t i c u l a r
    i n d i v i d u a l r e l a t e s t o t h e d e g r e e o f c h o i c e -f i r s t , s e c o n d , o r t h i r d
    . Th e l i n e
    d r a w n b e t w e e n t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C2a n d t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e g i r l o f t h i s c o t -
    t a g e i n d i c a t e s t h a t C2h a s b e e n s e l e c t e d a s t h e i n i t i a l a s s i g n m e n t f o r Le n a
    .
    Le n a ' s f i r s t c h o i c e f o r t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C11i s r e c i p r o c a t e d b y a t h i r d c h o i c e
    f r o m t h e h o u s e m o t h e r , b u t h e r s e c o n d c h o i c e t o t h e k e y i n d i v i d u a l o f t h a t s a m e
    c o t t a g e , M a r i o n , i s m e t w i t h i n d i f f e r e n c e
    . Th i s m a y b l o c k h e r a d j u s t m e n t t o
    t h e c o t t a g e , t h e r e f o r e a n a s s i g n m e n t t o i t d o e s n o t s e e m i n d i c a t e d
    . Am u t u a l
    r e l a t i o n t o b o t h t h e h o u s e m o t h e r a n d t h e k e y i n d i v i d u a l i s f o u n d i n C2
    . Le n a ' s
    s e c o n d c h o i c e g o e s t o t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C2w h o a l s o c h o o s e s Le n a s e c o n d
    .
    Le n a ' s t h i r d c h o i c e f o r c o t t a g e c o m p a n i o n g o e s t o Ru t h o f C2w h o r e s p o n d s
    w i t h a f o u r t h c h o i c e
    .
    492
    INITIALASSIGNM ENT-PARENTAND F AM ILYTESTS
    Th e c h a r t i l l u s t r a t e s t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e Pa r e n t Te s t a n d t h e F a m i l y Te s t o f
    Ev e l y n : t h e r e a c t i o n s o f t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s o f C9, C8 , CB , 0 2, C14, a n d Cl l t o
    Ev e l y n a n d Ev e l y n ' s r e a c t i o n s t o t h e m ; t h e r e a c t i o n s o f a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e g i r l
    o f C9, C8 , CB , C2, C14, a n d G11t o Ev e l y n a n d Ev e l y n ' . s r e a c t i o n s t o t h e m . Th e
    n u m b e r a t t h e s i d e o f t h e l i n e s i n d i c a t i n g a t t r a c t i o n o f Ev e l y n t o w a r d s a p a r -
    t i c u l a r i n d i v i d u a l r e l a t e s t o t h e d e g r e e o f c h o i c e -f i r s t , s e c o n d , o r t h i r d . Th e
    l i n e d r a w n b e t w e e n t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C14a n d t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e g i r l o f t h i s
    c o t t a g e i n d i c a t e s t h a t C8 h a s b e e n s e l e c t e d a s t h e i n i t i a l a s s i g n m e n t f o r
    Ev e l y n . Ev e l y n ' s f i r s t a n d s e c o n d c h o i c e f o r h o u s e m o t h e r s o f C11a n d C14a r e
    m e t w i t h i n d i f f e r e n c e ; Ev e l y n i s f u r t h e r i n d i f f e r e n t t o w a r d s t h e k e y i n d i v i d u a l s
    o f b o t h c o t t a g e s ; t h e k e y i n d i v i d u a l o f C11c h o o s e s h e r , t h e k e y i n d i v i d u a l f r o m
    C14i s i n d i f f e r e n t t o w a r d s h e r . He r f i r s t c h o i c e f o r c o t t a g e c o m p a n i o n g o e s t o
    Ka t h e r i n e o f CB w h o r e s p o n d s w i t h i n d i f f e r e n c e . Th e h o u s e m o t h e r o f GB
    c h o o s e s Ev e l y n b u t s h e i s i n d i f f e r e n t t o w a r d s h e r . Th e r e f o r e CB i s u n d e s i r a b l e .
    Un d e r t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s t h e b e s t a s s i g n m e n t i s C8 . Ev e l y n c h o o s e s t h e h o u s e -
    m o t h e r o f C8 t h i r d a n d t h i s h o u s e m o t h e r r e s p o n d s w i t h a m u t u a l c h o i c e ;
    Ev e l y n a l s o g i v e s h e r s e c o n d c h o i c e f o r c o t t a g e s i b l i n g t o Le o n a w h o r e s p o n d s
    w i t h a m u t u a l c h o i c e .
    INITIALASSIGNM ENT-PARENTAND F AM ILYTESTS
    493
    Th e c h a r t i l l u s t r a t e s t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e Pa r e n t Te s t a n d t h e F a m i l y Te s t o f
    Ha z e l : t h e r e a c t i o n s o f t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s o f C9, C8 , CB , C2, 0 14, a n d C11t o
    Ha z e l a n d Ha z e l ' s r e a c t i o n s t o t h e m ; t h e r e a c t i o n s o f a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e g i r l o f
    C9, CS, CB , C2,
    C14, a n d C11t o Ha z e l a n d Ha z e l ' s r e a c t i o n s t o t h e m . Th e
    n u m b e r a t t h e s i d e o f t h e l i n e s i n d i c a t i n g a t t r a c t i o n o f Ev e l y n t o w a r d s a p a r -
    t i c u l a r i n d i v i d u a l r e l a t e s t o t h e d e g r e e o f c h o i c e -f i r s t , s e c o n d , o r t h i r d . Th e
    l i n e d r a w n b e t w e e n t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C14a n d t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e g i r l o f t h i s
    c o t t a g e i n d i c a t e s t h a t C14h a s b e e n s e l e c t e d a s t h e i n i t i a l a s s i g n m e n t f o r Ha z e l .
    Ha z e l i s a d i f f i c u l t n e w c o m e r t o p l a c e . He r f i r s t a n d t h i r d c h o i c e s a r e f o r t h e
    h o u s e m o t h e r s o f C8 a n d CB b u t t h e y b o t h r e s p o n d w i t h i n d i f f e r e n c e . Th e r e -
    l a t i o n s t o t h e k e y i n d i v i d u a l s o f b o t h c o t t a g e s a r e a l s o u n s a t i s f a c t o r y ; Ha z e l
    c h o o s e s Le o n a f i r s t , Le o n a i s i n d i f f e r e n t t o w a r d s h e r . Ha z e l r e j e c t s Ka t h e r i n e
    f r o m CB a n d Ka t h e r i n e r e s p o n d s w i t h i n d i f f e r e n c e
    . Th e c h o i c e f e l l f o r C14
    b e c a u s e t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f t h a t c o t t a g e i s t h e o n l y o n e w i t h w h o m Ha z e l h a s
    a m u t u a l r e l a t i o n s h i p , e a c h b e i n g t h e o t h e r ' s s e c o n d c h o i c e . Th i s o u t w e i g h s
    t h e f a c t t h a t Al b e r t a , t h e k e y i n d i v i d u a l , i s i n d i f f e r e n t t o w a r d s Ha z e l w h o i n
    t u r n r e j e c t s h e r .
    494
    INITIALASSIGNM ENT-PARENTAND F AM ILYTESTS
    AD ELINC
    Th e c h a r t i l l u s t r a t e s t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e Pa r e n t Te s t a n d t h e F a m i l y Te s t o f
    Ad e l i n e
    : t h e r e a c t i o n s o f t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s o f C9, C8 , CB , C2, C14, a n d Cl l t o
    Ad e l i n e a n d Ad e l i n e ' s r e a c t i o n s t o t h e m ; t h e r e a c t i o n s o f a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e g i r l
    o f C9, 0 8 , CB , 0 2, 0 14, a n d C11t o Ad e l i n e a n d Ad e l i n e ' s r e a c t i o n s t o t h e m .
    Th e n u m b e r a t t h e s i d e o f t h e l i n e s i n d i c a t i n g a t t r a c t i o n o f
    Ad e l i n e t o w a r d s a
    p a r t i c u l a r i n d i v i d u a l r e l a t e s t o t h e d e g r e e o f c h o i c e -f i r s t , s e c o n d , o r t h i r d . Th e
    l i n e d r a w n b e t w e e n t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f CB a n d t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e g i r l o f t h i s
    c o t t a g e i n d i c a t e s t h a t CB h a s b e e n s e l e c t e d a s t h e i n i t i a l a s s i g n m e n t f o r Ad e -
    l i n e . Ad e l i n e ' s f i r s t c h o i c e f o r h o u s e m o t h e r g o e s t o t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f CB w h o
    r e s p o n d s w i t h a m u t u a l f i r s t c h o i c e . Th e k e y i n d i v i d u a l o f CB , Ka t h e r i n e ,
    w h o m Ad e l i n e a l s o c h o o s e s f i r s t r e s p o n d s w i t h a s e c o n d c h o i c e . Th e a s s i g n m e n t
    o f Ad e l i n e t o CB i s t h e r e f o r e i n a c c o r d w i t h s o c i o m e t r i c l o g i c .
    INITIALASSIGNM ENT-PARENTAND F AM ILYTESTS
    S1i t RLEY
    495
    Th e c h a r t i l l u s t r a t e s t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e Pa r e n t Te s t a n d t h e F a m i l y Te s t o f
    Sh i r l e y : t h e r e a c t i o n s o f t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s o f 0 9, C8 , CB , C2, C14, a n d C11t o
    Sh i r l e y a n d Sh i r l e y ' s r e a c t i o n s t o t h e m ; t h e r e a c t i o n s o f a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e g i r l
    o f 0 9, C8 , CB , C2, C14, a n d C11t o Sh i r l e y a n d ' Sh i r l e y ' s r e a c t i o n s t o t h e m
    .
    Th e n u m b e r a t t h e s i d e o f t h e l i n e s i n d i c a t i n g a t t r a c t i o n o f Sh i r l e y t o w a r d s
    a p a r t i c u l a r i n d i v i d u a l r e l a t e s t o t h e d e g r e e o f c h o i c e -f i r s t , s e c o n d , o r t h i r d .
    No a s s i g n m e n t i s p l o t t e d . Sh i r l e y r e m a i n s u n a s s i g n e d . Th e s o c i o g r a m d i s -
    c l o s e s n o m u t u a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s . Th e h o u s e m o t h e r o f CB w h o m Sh i r l e y c h o o s e s
    f i r s t i s i n d i f f e r e n t t o h e r ; t h e k e y i n d i v i d u a l o f t h a t c o t t a g e , a l t h o u g h c h o s e n
    f i r s t b y Sh i r l e y , r e j e c t s h e r . Sh i r l e y ' s s e c o n d c h o i c e g o e s t o t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f
    C11a n d i s r e s p o n d e d t o w i t h r e j e c t i o n
    . Sh e c h o o s e s M a r i o n o f C11t h i r d ;
    M a r i o n t o o r e j e c t s h e r
    . Sh i r l e y ' s t h i r d c h o i c e f o r h o u s e m o t h e r g o e s t o h o u s e -
    m o t h e r o f C14w h o i s i n d i f f e r e n t ; t h e k e y i n d i v i d u a l o f 0 14c h o o s e s Sh i r l e y
    b u t Sh i r l e y r e s p o n d s w i t h i n d i f f e r e n c e . Th e r e i s o n l y o n e h o u s e m o t h e r w h o
    c h o o s e s Sh i r l e y , t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C8 , b u t Sh i r l e y i s i n d i f f e r e n t t o w a r d s h e r
    a n d m o r e o v e r , t h e k e y i n d i v i d u a l o f 0 8 r e j e c t s Sh i r l e y . Sh i r l e y i s i n d i f f e r e n t
    t o w a r d s h e r . If o n l y s o m e m u t u a l r e l a t i o n s h i p c o u l d h a v e b e e n f o u n d f o r
    Sh i r l e y w i t h a h o u s e m o t h e r o r w i t h a k e y i n d i v i d u a l t h e m i n i m a l c o n d i t i o n s f o r
    p l a c e m e n t w o u l d b e f u l f i l l e d . Sh e c o n t i n u e s t o l i v e i n t h e Re c e p t i o n c o t t a g e f o r
    a n o t h e r w e e k u n t i l t h e n e x t t e s t c a n b e m a d e a n d a n o t h e r o p p o r t u n i t y a r i s e s
    f o r f i n d i n g a p e r m a n e n t c o t t a g e .
    496
    INITIALASSIGNM ENT-PARENTAND F AM ILYTESTS
    Th e c h a r t i l l u s t r a t e s t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e Pa r e n t Te s t a n d t h e F a m i l y Te s t o f
    M u r i e l : t h e r e a c t i o n s o f t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s o f
    C9, C8 , CB , C2, C14, a n d C11t o
    M u r i e l a n d M u r i e l ' s r e a c t i o n s t o t h e m ; t h e r e a c t i o n s o f a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e g i r l o f
    C9, C8 , CB , 0 2, C14, a n d C11t o M u r i e l a n d M u r i e l ' s r e a c t i o n s t o t h e m
    . Th e
    n u m b e r a t t h e s i d e o f t h e l i n e s i n d i c a t i n g a t t r a c t i o n o f M u r i e l t o w a r d s a p a r -
    t i c u l a r i n d i v i d u a l r e l a t e s t o t h e d e g r e e o f c h o i c e -f i r s t , s e c o n d , o r t h i r d . No
    a s s i g n m e n t i s p l o t t e d . M u r i e l i s a n o t h e r a s s i g n m e n t p r o b l e m w h i c h c a n n o t b e
    s o l v e d a t t h i s t i m e . He r c o t t a g e h o u s e m o t h e r c h o i c e f o r h o u s e m o t h e r o f C8 i s
    m e t w i t h r e j e c t i o n a n d M u r i e l i s i n d i f f e r e n t t o t h e k e y i n d i v i d u a l f r o m t h i s
    s a m e c o t t a g e w h o i s a l s o i n d i f f e r e n t t o w a r d s h e r
    . He r s e c o n d c h o i c e f o r t h e
    h o u s e m o t h e r o f 0 11m e e t s w i t h a r e j e c t i o n
    ; h e r t h i r d c h o i c e f o r k e y g i r l o f Cl l
    f i n d s a m u t u a l c h o i c e i n M a r i o n . Sh e a l s o h a s m u t u a l r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e k e y
    i n d i v i d u a l s f r o m C2a n d CB b u t b o t h h o u s e m o t h e r s o f t h e s e c o t t a g e s r e j e c t
    h e r a n d M u r i e l r e j e c t s a l s o t h e h o u s e m o t h e r f r o m 0 2 . Th e r e f o r e , b e c a u s e n o n e
    o f t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s c h o o s e h e r M u r i e l c o n t i n u e s t o l i v e f o r a w h i l e l o n g e r i n
    t h e Re c e p t i o n c o t t a g e .
    INITIALCONSTRUCTION
    PSYCHOLOGICALCURRENTS
    Co t t a g e s 8 a n d 9w h i c h a p p e a r e d o n t h e Ps y c h o g e o g r a p h y M a p
    IV a s C10 a n d C11a p p e a r e d t o b e c a u g h t i n s e x u a l c u r r e n t s w i t h
    t h e Ne g r o p o p u l a t i o n . Ho w e v e r , n o n e o f t h e n e w g i r l s a p p e a r
    p a r t i c u l a r l y s u g g e s t i v e t o a n i n t e r e s t i n t h e a c t i v i t y . C4a p p e a r e d
    d i s t u r b e d b y a r a c i a l c u r r e n t . Ni n e o f t h e 10 g i r l s w h o r e j e c t t h e
    h o u s e m o t h e r i n C4( Se e M a p IV ) h a v e f o r e i g n -b o r n p a r e n t s .
    No n e o f t h e n e w g i r l s i s o f f o r e i g n o r m i n o r i t y g r o u p p a r e n t a g e .
    Th i s f a c t o r h a s p l a y e d a r o l e i n o t h e r t e s t s . F o r i n s t a n c e , i n t h e
    i n i t i a l a s s i g n m e n t s o f t h e w e e k b e f o r e t h e r e w a s a n In d i a n g i r l
    w h o s e a s s i g n m e n t w a s s o d i f f i c u l t t h a t C13 a n d C10 w e r e e x c l u d e d
    b e c a u s e o f t h i s f a c t o r . C4a n d C11a p p e a r e d w i t h a h i g h n u m b e r
    o f e s c a p e s i n r u n a w a y s t a t u s . Th e r e f o r e D o r a , w h o h a d r u n a w a y
    m a n y t i m e s o u t s i d e , s h o u l d p r e f e r a b l y n o t h e a s s i g n e d t o e i t h e r
    o f t h e s e g r o u p s i n i t i a l l y .
    ENTRANCETEST-ROLEPLAYING
    Ev e r y n e w c o m e r i s s u b j e c t e d t o a n e n t r a n c e t e s t w h i c h c o n s i s t s
    o f t h r e e s i t u a t i o n s : a f a m i l y s i t u a t i o n , a w o r k s i t u a t i o n a n d a c o m -
    m u n i t y s i t u a t i o n . In t h e s e s i t u a t i o n s t h e y a c t i n t h e c r u c i a l r o l e s
    o f t h e i r d a i l y c o n d u c t a s , f o r i n s t a n c e , d a u g h t e r , s i s t e r , c o -w o r k e r ,
    w i f e o r g i r l f r i e n d , c h u r c h g o e r a n d s t u d e n t . Ho u s e m o t h e r s a n d
    k e y m e m b e r s o f t h e c o t t a g e s a r e p l a y i n g w i t h t h e m i n t h e s e s i t u a -
    t i o n s . Aj u r y i s p r e s e n t a n d r a t e s t h e i r p e r f o r m a n c e ; t h e r o l e -
    p l a y i n g g i v e s u s d e c i s i v e c l u e s f o r t h e m o s t a d v a n t a g e o u s a s s i g n -
    m e n t o f t h e n e w c o m e r . Wh e n a n i n d i v i d u a l l e a v e s , h e u n d e r g o e s
    a n Ex i t Te s t w h i c h c o n s i s t s o f t h e t h r e e s i t u a t i o n s h e e x p e c t s t o
    f a c e i n t h e c o m m u n i t y a t l a r g e .
    ASSIGNM ENT
    Su g g e s t s a s s i g n m e n t t o :
    Ad e l i n e : Pa r e n t Te s t

    CB ( 0 2 o n M a p IV )
    F a m i l y Te s t

    CB ( C2)
    Or g a n i z a t i o n

    CB o r 0 11 ( C2o r 0 13 )
    Po s i t i o n o f Ho u s e m o t h e r

    CB o r 0 11( C2o r 0 13 )
    Po s i t i o n o f Re p r e s e n t a t i v e

    OB ( C2)
    Ps y c h o l o g i c a l Cu r r e n t s

    OB ( C2)
    En t r a n c e Te s t ( p s y c h o d r a m a ) CB ( 0 2)
    So c i a l Hi s t o r y

    CB o r 0 11o r C14( 0 2o r 0 13 o r C16)


    F i n a l As s i g n m e n t

    CB ( C2)
    497
    498
    D o r a Pa r e n t Te s t
    F a m i l y Te s t
    Or g a n i z a t i o n
    Po s i t i o n o f Ho u s e m o t h e r
    Po s i t i o n o f Re p r e s e n t a t i v e
    Ps y c h o l o g i c a l Cu r r e n t s
    En t r a n c e Te s t ( p s y c h o d r a m a ) C8 ( C10 )
    An y e x c e p t C4a n d C11
    C8 ( CIO)
    So c i a l Hi s t o r y
    F i n a l As s i g n m e n t
    Lo u i s e : Pa r e n t Te s t

    C8 o r C11o r C2( CIOo r C13 o r C4)


    F a m i l y Te s t

    Cl l o r C9o r C2( C13 o r C11o r C4)


    Or g a n i z a t i o n

    Al l t h r e e e q u a l l y i n d i c a t e d
    Po s i t i o n o f Ho u s e m o t h e r

    Al l t h r e e e q u a l l y i n d i c a t e d
    Po s i t i o n o f Re p r e s e n t a t i v e

    Cl l ( C13 )
    Ps y c h o l o g i c a l Cu r r e n t s

    No n e
    En t r a n c e Te s t ( p s y c h o d r a m a ) C11( C13 )
    So c i a l Hi s t o r y

    Ex c l u d e s Cr ( C4)
    F i n a l As s i g n m e n t

    Cl l ( C13 )
    Le n a
    :

    Pa r e n t Te s t

    C2o r C11( C4o r C13 )


    F a m i l y Te s t

    C2( C4)
    Or g a n i z a t i o n

    C2o r C8 ( C4o r C10 )


    Po s i t i o n o f Ho u s e m o t h e r

    C2( C4)
    Po s i t i o n o f Re p r e s e n t a t i v e

    Al l e q u a l l y i n d i c a t e d
    Ps y c h o l o g i c a l Cu r r e n t s

    C2( C4)
    En t r a n c e Te s t ( p s y c h o d r a m a ) C2( C4)
    So c i a l Hi s t o r y

    Al l e q u a l l y i n d i c a t e d
    F i n a l As s i g n m e n t

    C2( C4)
    Ev e l y n :
    Pa r e n t Te s t

    C8 ( CIO)
    F a m i l y Te s t

    C8 ( C10 )
    Or g a n i z a t i o n

    C8 ( CIO)
    Po s i t i o n o f Ho u s e m o t h e r

    CS( CIO)
    Po s i t i o n o f Re p r e s e n t a t i v e

    Al l e q u a l l y i n d i c a t e d
    Ps y c h o l o g i c a l Cu r r e n t s

    Al l e q u a l l y i n d i c a t e d
    En t r a n c e Te s t ( p s y c h o d r a m a ) C8 ( CIO)
    So c i a l Hi s t o r y

    Al l e q u a l l y i n d i c a t e d
    F i n a l As s i g n m e n t

    C8 ( CIO)
    Ha z e l
    : Pa r e n t Te s t
    F a m i l y Te s t
    Or g a n i z a t i o n
    Po s i t i o n o f Ho u s e m o t h e r
    Po s i t i o n o f Re p r e s e n t a t i v e
    Ps y c h o l o g i c a l Cu r r e n t s
    En t r a n c e Te s t ( p s y c h o d r a m a ) CB ( 0 2)
    So c i a l Hi s t o r y

    Al l e q u a l l y i n d i c a t e d
    F i n a l As s i g n m e n t

    C14( C16)
    WHO
    SHALLSURV IV E?
    C8 , C11o r CB ( C10 , C13 o r C2)
    C8 o r C9( C10 o r C11)
    C8 o r C2( CIOo r C4)
    C8 ( C10 )
    C8 o r C11( C10 o r C13 )
    No n e
    C14( C16)
    Al l e q u a l l y i n d i c a t e d
    C14, Cl l o r CB ; n o t C2o r C8 ( 0 16,
    C13 o r C2
    ; n o t C4o r C10 )
    No t C2, C8 o r C9( n o t C4, C10 o r
    C11) ;
    o t h e r s e q u a l l y i n d i c a t e d
    Al l e q u a l l y i n d i c a t e d
    No t C2o r C9( n o t C4o r C11)
    Sh i r l e y : Pa r e n t Te s t
    F a m i l y Te s t
    Or g a n i z a t i o n
    Po s i t i o n o f Ho u s e m o t h e r
    Po s i t i o n o f Re p r e s e n t a t i v e
    Ps y c h o l o g i c a l Cu r r e n t s
    INITIALCONSTRUCTION
    En t r a n c e Te s t ( p s y c h o d r a m a ) No t C2o r C9( n o t C4o r C11) ; a l l
    o t h e r s e q u a l l y i n d i c a t e d
    So c i a l Hi s t o r y

    Al l e q u a l l y i n d i c a t e d
    F i n a l As s i g n m e n t

    No a s s i g n m e n t m a d e ; s t a y e d i n r e c e p -
    t i o n Co t t a g e f o r l a t e r a s s i g n m e n t
    M u r i e l :
    Pa r e n t Te s t

    No n e
    F a m i l y Te s t

    CB , C2o r Cl l ( C2, C4o r C13 )


    Or g a n i z a t i o n

    CB o r C11( C2o r 0 13 )
    Po s i t i o n o f Ho u s e m o t h e r

    No t 0 2, C8 o r C9, n o t C4, CIOo r C11)


    Po s i t i o n o f Re p r e s e n t a t i v e

    CB ( 0 2)
    Ps y c h o l o g i c a l Cu r r e n t s

    C11( 0 13 )
    En t r a n c e Te s t ( p s y c h o d r a m a ) Al l e q u a l l y i n d i c a t e d
    So c i a l Hi s t o r y

    Su g g e s t s h o s p i t a l
    F i n a l As s i g n m e n t

    Ho s p i t a l
    Sh i r l e y a n d M u r i e l a r e l e f t o v e r t o b e t r i e d o u t w i t h h o u s e -
    m o t h e r s a n d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f a n o t h e r g r o u p o f c o t t a g e s a s
    s o o n a s a f e w m o r e g i r l s h a v e a r r i v e d . An i l l u s t r a t i o n t h a t t h i s
    p r o c e d u r e i s p r a c t i c a l a n d s u c c e s s f u l i s t h e c a s e o f Le n a , w h o
    i s a m o n g t h e g i r l s w h o s e a s s i g n m e n t h a s j u s t b e e n d e s c r i b e d .
    Sh e h a d b e e n " l e f t o v e r " f r o m t h e p r e v i o u s s e t o f g i r l s w h o m w e
    h a d t e s t e d f o r a s s i g n m e n t a w e e k b e f o r e . Th e f i n d i n g s t h e n d i d
    n o t s u g g e s t a n y c o n s t r u c t i v e a s s i g n m e n t f o r h e r . Sh e a p p e a r e d
    u n w a n t e d b y t h e c o t t a g e s r e p r e s e n t e d a t t h a t t e s t i n g . B u t i n t h i s ,
    h e r s e c o n d t e s t , s h e f o u n d a h o u s e m o t h e r f o r h e r s e l f .
    ANALYSIS
    Ac o m p a r a t i v e s t u d y o f 10 2i n i t i a l a s s i g n m e n t s m a d e t h r o u g h
    t h e f o r e g o i n g p r o c e d u r e i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e b e s t r i s k s i n a s s i g n m e n t
    h a v e b e e n c a s e s i n w h i c h t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e f a c t o r s d i s c l o s e d i n
    t h e t e s t c o i n c i d e d . Th e a n a l y t i c b a s i s f o r e a c h a s s i g n m e n t i s f i l e d
    a n d t h e s u c c e s s o r f a i l u r e o f e v e r y a s s i g n m e n t m e t h o d i c a l l y f o l -
    l o w e d u p . An e w l i n e o f r e s e a r c h d e v e l o p s f r o m t h i s p o i n t t o
    d e t e r m i n e w h a t r e l a t i v e v a l u e t h e d i f f e r e n t f a c t o r s h a v e u p o n
    w h i c h t h e a s s i g n m e n t s h a v e b e e n m a d e .
    No n e
    No n e
    C11o r CB ( C13 o r C2)
    Cl l o r CB ( C13 o r C2)
    Al l e q u a l l y i n d i c a t e d
    C11o r CB ( C13 o r C2)
    499
    5 0 0

    WHO
    SHALL SURV IV E?
    PARENTAND F AM ILYTESTINOPENCOM M UNITIES
    Th e n a t u r a l n e x t s t e p i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e Pa r e n t a n d
    Co t t a g e Te s t s i s t h e f o s t e r h o m e . Th e f o s t e r f a m i l y i s t h e n e a r e s t
    a p p r o a c h t o a s y n t h e t i c f a m i l y o r g a n i z e d f o r c h i l d r e n w h o a r e
    d e p r i v e d , f o r w h a t e v e r r e a s o n s , o f t h e i r n a t u r a l , b i o l o g i c a l f a m i l y
    .
    Th e f o s t e r h o m e i n t o w h i c h o n e o r m o r e c h i l d r e n a r e p l a c e d b y
    s o m e s o c i a l a g e n c y o f t e n d e v e l o p s f r i c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e g e n u i n e
    m e m b e r s o f t h e f a m i l y a n d t h e f o s t e r m e m b e r s . Th e n a t u r a l
    g r o u p i n g v e r s u s a s o c i a l g r o u p i n g d r a f t e d u p o n i t p r e d i s p o s e s a
    s i t u a t i o n p o t e n t i a l l y d i s a d v a n t a g e o u s t o t h e f o s t e r c h i l d . F r o m
    t h i s p o i n t o f v i e w t r a i n i n g s c h o o l s h a v e a n a d v a n t a g e , a s a l l t h e i r
    m e m b e r s a r e o n a n e q u a l f o o t i n g t o w a r d s e a c h o t h e r a n d t o w a r d s
    t h e i r h o u s e p a r e n t s . Th i s d i f f i c u l t y i n t h e f o s t e r h o m e i s p a r t l y
    a l l e v i a t e d w h e n t h e f o s t e r p a r e n t s a r e c h i l d l e s s o r w h e n t h e i r o w n
    c h i l d r e n h a v e a l r e a d y g r o w n u p . Pl a c e m e n t s m a y b e c o m e m o r e
    a d e q u a t e a n d s u c c e s s f u l i f , i n s t e a d o f l e a v i n g t h e m t o t h e j u d g -
    m e n t o f t h e s o c i a l w o r k e r , s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t i n g i s e m p l o y e d . Th e
    Pa r e n t Te s t c a n b e u s e d i n a s i m i l a r m a n n e r a s d e s c r i b e d . Al l
    a p p l i c a n t s f o r a f o s t e r c h i l d c o u l d b e i n v i t e d b y t h e s o c i a l a g e n c y
    t o m e e t a l l t h e c h i l d r e n w h o a r e u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r p l a c e m e n t
    .
    Ea c h p a r e n t , t h e n , w o u l d m e e t e a c h c h i l d
    . Th e f a t h e r s a n d
    m o t h e r s s h o u l d b e t e s t e d i n s e p a r a t e m e e t i n g s . Af t e r a n e x a c t
    a n a l y s i s o f t h e f i n d i n g s , t h e F a m i l y Te s t s h o u l d a l s o b e g i v e n .
    Th e f o r m o f t h i s t e s t a s u s e d i n Hu d s o n m a y h a v e t o b e s o m e w h a t
    m o d i f i e d . In f a m i l i e s o f a v e r a g e s i z e o r s m a l l e r , a l l m e m b e r s
    s h o u l d b e t e s t e d , e s p e c i a l l y i f t h e r e a r e c h i l d r e n c l o s e i n a g e t o t h e
    p r o s p e c t i v e f o s t e r c h i l d . On t h e b a s i s o f t h e f i n d i n g s a n d t h e i r
    e v a l u a t i o n , t h e p a r t i c u l a r f a m i l y s u i t a b l e f o r a p a r t i c u l a r c h i l d
    c a n b e d e c i d e d u p o n
    .
    As e r i e s o f Ro l e p l a y i n g Te s t s a r e i n d i s -
    p e n s a b l e f o r p r e p a r i n g t h e n e w c o m e r f o r t h e c l i m a t e o f t h e n e w
    h o m e .
    SOCIOM ETRYOF RECONSTRUCTION
    SOCIOM ETRICANALYSIS
    Th e e n t i r e c o m m u n i t y , i t s h o m e , s c h o o l a n d w o r k g r o u p s w e r e
    s u b j e c t e d t o a s o c i o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s a t r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s o f a b o u t
    f o u r w e e k s .
    F r o m t h i s i t b e c a m e c l e a r w h i c h w e r e t h e m o s t
    SOCIOM ETRYOF RECONSTRUCTION

    5 0 1
    e f f e c t i v e a p p r o a c h e s : a ) i n d i v i d u a l t r e a t m e n t ; b ) g r o u p p s y c h o -
    t h e r a p y ; c ) r o l e p l a y i n g a n d r o l e t r a i n i n g ; d ) s o c i o m e t r i c r e c o n -
    s t r u c t i o n . Kn o w l e d g e o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e c o m m u n i t y a n d t h e
    p o s i t i o n o f e v e r y i n d i v i d u a l w i t h i n i t d e t e r m i n e d t h e c h o i c e o f
    m e t h o d
    .
    In d i v i d u a l Tr e a t m e n t
    Th e i n d i v i d u a l a p p r o a c h m a y c o n s i s t i n a c q u a i n t i n g t h e i n d i -
    v i d u a l w i t h t h e s o c i o m e t r i c f i n d i n g s w h i c h b e a r u p o n h i s s i t u a t i o n ,
    t o b r i n g t h e i n d i v i d u a l t o f u l l a w a r e n e s s o f e v e r y r e l a t i o n i n w h i c h
    h e p a r t i c i p a t e s , t o d i s c l o s e f o r h i m e v e r y p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t b y
    w h i c h h e i s t o u c h e d . F o r i n d i v i d u a l s w h o h a v e a w e l l d e v e l o p e d
    a n a l y t i c s e n s e , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r c e r t a i n a d u l t s , s u c h a m e t h o d m a y
    b e u s e f u l . B u t b y i t s v e r y n a t u r e t h i s m e t h o d i s n o t a l w a y s a p -
    p l i c a b l e t o c h i l d r e n , a d o l e s c e n t s o r i m m a t u r e a d u l t s .
    Gr o u p Ps y c h o t h e r a p y
    Th e t e r m a n d c o n c e p t o f g r o u p p s y c h o t h e r a p y w h i c h Ih a v e
    i n t r o d u c e d r e f e r t o t h e t r e a t m e n t o f t h e t o t a l g r o u p . It t r e a t s
    n o t o n l y t h e i n d i v i d u a l w h o i s t h e f o c u s o f a t t e n t i o n b e c a u s e o f
    m a l a d j u s t m e n t , b u t t h e e n t i r e g r o u p o f i n d i v i d u a l s w h o a r e i n t e r -
    r e l a t e d w i t h h i m i n t h e c o m m u n i t y ; j u s t a s i n m e d i c a l t h e r a p y ,
    w h i l e w e c o n c e n t r a t e o u r a t t e n t i o n c h i e f l y u p o n t h e o r g a n a f f e c t e d ,
    w e a l s o p a y s i m u l t a n e o u s a t t e n t i o n t o a l l o t h e r o r g a n s w h i c h a r e
    o r m a y b e c o -a f f e c t e d . Th e m e t h o d s o f g r o u p p s y c h o t h e r a p y c a n
    e i t h e r b e a ) a n a l y t i c a l , t h a t i s , i t c a n b r i n g t o t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f
    e v e r y i n d i v i d u a l o f t h e g r o u p t h e h a r m f u l e f f e c t s t h e i r i n t e r r e l a -
    t i o n s p r o d u c e u p o n t h i s o r t h a t p a r t i c u l a r i n d i v i d u a l o r u p o n t h e m
    a l l
    ;
    t h e a n a l y s i s c a n b e s u p p l e m e n t e d b y d i s c u s s i o n a n d s u g g e s t i o n ,
    o r b ) a c t i v i s t i c , i t c a n t a k e a n i m m e d i a t e f o r m , i n s i t u , t h a t i s ,
    i n t h e c o u r s e o f a l l a c t i v i t i e s i n w h i c h t h e i n d i v i d u a l s a r e e n -
    g a g e d , i n t h e h o m e , i n s c h o o l , a t w o r k , f o r i n s t a n c e t h e h a n d i -
    c r a f t s h o p , s t e a m l a u n d r y , c a r p e n t r y s h o p , d e p a r t m e n t s t o r e , e t c .
    Th e s i t u a t i o n s o f l i v i n g a n d w o r k i n g a r e a t t h e s a m e t i m e u s e d a s
    t h e r a p e u t i c s e t t i n g s . We h a v e f o u n d , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e a n a l y t i c a n d
    a c t i v i s t i c f o r m s o f g r o u p p s y c h o t h e r a p y a r e n o t a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e
    d e e p e s t d i s t u r b a n c e s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l a n d t h e g r o u p ; t h e y r e q u i r e
    t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f d e e p a c t i o n m e t h o d s i n t h e f o r m o f p s y c h o -
    d r a m a . B u t t h e y a r e a p p l i c a b l e t o s o c i a l p r o b l e m s o f t h e g r o u p
    5 0 2

    WHO
    SHALL SURV IV E?
    i n a s e t t i n g i n w h i c h , d u r i n g t h e t r e a t m e n t , t h e g r o u p i s a r t i f i c i a l l y
    c u t o f f f r o m t h e c o m m u n i t y a s i f t h e r e s t o f t h e c o m m u n i t y w e r e
    n o n -e x i s t e n t a n d a s i f t h e i n f l u e n c e c o m i n g f r o m i t c o u l d b e d i s -
    r e g a r d e d . B u t t h e s a l i e n t p o i n t i s t h a t c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s m a y
    d e v e l o p i n a g r o u p w h i c h g r o u p p s y c h o t h e r a p y i n t h i s l i m i t e d
    s e n s e c a n n o t a f f e c t , a s f o r i n s t a n c e , t h e c o n d i t i o n s a r i s i n g f r o m
    a s u r p l u s o f l e a d e r -i n d i v i d u a l s , a s u r p l u s o f c e r t a i n r a c i a l e l e m e n t s
    o r e c o n o m i c d i s t r e s s
    . Ev e n i f t h e p r o b l e m s o f a p a r t i c u l a r i n d i -
    v i d u a l w e r e s o l v e d b y i t a n d a s s u m i n g h e c o u l d b e b r o u g h t t o s u c h
    a d e g r e e o f s u b l i m a t i o n t h a t h e w o u l d t a k e t h e e x i g e n c i e s o f t h e
    s i t u a t i o n c h e e r f u l l y , t h e s o u r c e o f t h e s e a d v e r s e a t t a c k s a g a i n s t
    h i m w o u l d s t i l l c o n t i n u e t o e x i s t . Wh i l e t h e p r o b l e m m i g h t b e
    s o l v e d f o r h i m , f o r t h e c o m m u n i t y i t w o u l d r e m a i n u n s o l v e d . Th e
    t a s k w o u l d r e a l l y b e t o s u b l i m a t e t h e i n d i v i d u a l a n d t h e g r o u p a s
    a w h o l e : i n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e s u b l i m a t i o n o f t h e e n t i r e g r o u p o r
    o f t h e e n t i r e c o m m u n i t y , a n i d e a l w h i c h t h e Ch r i s t i a n m o n a s t e r i e s
    s o r a r e l y a t t a i n e d a n d w h i c h i s a p p a r e n t l y i m p o s s i b l e o f a t t a i n -
    m e n t i n c o m m u n i t i e s o f c h i l d r e n a n d a d o l e s c e n t s . Un d e r s u c h
    c i r c u m s t a n c e s a t h e r a p y w h i c h i s n o t s e c t i o n a l b u t a p p l i e d t o t h e
    " e n t i r e " c o m m u n i t y i s n e c e s s a r y , a n i n t e r g r o u p o r a r e c o n s t r u c t i o n
    t h e r a p y .
    Al l g r o u p p s y c h o t h e r a p i s t s h a v e c e r t a i n b a s i c c o n d i t i o n s i n
    c o m m o n : a ) t h e y m e e t w i t h g r o u p s a l r e a d y f o r m e d o r t o b e
    f o r m e d , o n t h e r e a l i t y l e v e l o r i n t h e c l i n i c ; b ) a f t e r i n d i v i d u a l
    e v a l u a t i o n s h a v e b e e n m a d e a s In t e l l i g e n c e Te s t s , i n t e r v i e w s ,
    Ro r s c h a c h t e s t s , b r i e f p s y c h o a n a l y s i s , a n d s o f o r t h . t h e s t a g e i s
    s e t f o r f a c i n g t h e g r o u p i t s e l f ; c ) t h e l i v i n g t h r o u g h t h e g r o u p ,
    t h r o u g h t h e i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i c i p a n t s ( i n c l u d i n g t h e t h e r a p i s t ) , t h e i r
    r e l a t i o n s h i p s a n d t h e g r o u p a s a w h o l e i s n e c e s s a r y t o t h e p r o c e s s ;
    d ) l e c t u r i n g , i n t e r v i e w i n g , d i s c u s s i n g , c o m m e n t i n g a n d e x p l a i n i n g
    a r e e x t r e m e l y f a c i l i t a t e d a n d i n t e n s i f i e d i f a s o c i o m e t r i c t e c h n i q u e
    i s a p p l i e d t o b e g i n w i t h . An i l l u s t r a t i o n o f a n a p p r o p r i a t e t e c h -
    n i q u e f o r g r o u p s e s s i o n s i s t o a s k w h o a m o n g t h e m e m b e r s o f
    t h e g r o u p p r e s e n t t h e y w o u l d l i k e o r d i s l i k e t o c o n s u l t i n a m a t t e r
    v i t a l t o t h e m
    . Th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s t h u s e x p r e s s e d a r e p l o t t e d i n a
    s o c i o g r a m
    ; e ) t h e s o c i o g r a m i s t h e s i m p l e s t g u i d e i n w o r k i n g
    t h r o u g h t h e g r o u p
    ; i t i s a h e l p f u l e n t e r i n g w e d g e
    . It g i v e s a n
    i m m e d i a t e p i c t u r e o f t h e g r o u p a s a w h o l e a n d c u t s s h o r t t h e p r o -
    SOCIOM ETRYOF RECONSTRUCTION

    5 0 3
    c e d u r e , a v o i d i n g m a n y w a s t e f u l s i d e t r a c k s . It i s a " s o c i a l c o m -
    p a s s , " g u i d i n g t h e t h e r a p i s t t h r o u g h t h e i n t r i c a t e m a z e o f t h e
    g r o u p s t r u c t u r e . Ph e n o m e n a t h r e a t e n i n g t h e c o h e s i o n o f t h e
    g r o u p c a n b e r a p i d l y d i s c o v e r e d ; e m o t i o n a l c o n t a g i o n a n d t h e
    d i r e c t i o n i t t a k e s c a n b e d i a g n o s e d a n d i t s f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t
    p r e v e n t e d . Th e t h e r a p i s t m a y t r y h i s l u c k w i t h o u t a s o c i o g r a m ,
    h e m a y m o v e i n t o t h e g r o u p , s t a r t w i t h h i m s e l f a s a f o c u s o r a
    p a r t i c u l a r i n d i v i d u a l . He m a y m o v e f r o m o n e i n d i v i d u a l t o
    a n o t h e r b u t w i t h o u t g u i d e s l i k e t h e s o c i o g r a m o r p s y c h o d r a m a t h e
    c o n d u c t o f a s e s s i o n e a s i l y g o e s o u t o f h a n d a n d m a y b e c o m e
    d i f f u s e d
    .
    Ro l e p l a y i n g a n d Ro l e t r a i n i n g
    In a n e a r l i e r c h a p t e r w e h a v e d e s c r i b e d r o l e p l a y i n g a s a d i a g -
    n o s t i c m e t h o d b u t i t c a n a l s o b e u s e d a s " r o l e t h e r a p y " t o i m p r o v e
    t h e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e m e m b e r s o f a g r o u p . Th e n u m b e r o f
    r o l e s i n w h i c h m e m b e r s o f t h e g r o u p a r e a b l e t o i n t e r a c t i n l i f e
    i t s e l f i s l i m i t e d . In r o l e p l a y i n g e v e r y m e m b e r c a n a s s u m e a n e w
    r o l e . Ro l e p l a y i n g f r e q u e n t l y i n f l u e n c e s t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e n e x t
    s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t a n d c h a n g e s t h e p o s i t i o n o f a n o t h e r w i s e m a l -
    a d j u s t e d o r i s o l a t e d i n d i v i d u a l . In t h i s m a n n e r r o l e p l a y i n g b e -
    c o m e s r o l e t r a i n i n g a n d r o l e t h e r a p y .
    M ETHOD SOF CONSTRUCTIONAND RECONSTRUCTIONOF GROUPS
    In n u m e r o u s c a s e s i n d i v i d u a l t r e a t m e n t , a n a l y t i c a n d a c t i v i s t i c
    g r o u p p s y c h o t h e r a p y a s w e l l a s r o l e p l a y i n g a r e o n l y p a r t i a l l y s u c -
    c e s s f u l . Th e n t h e i n d i v i d u a l m u s t b e t r a n s p l a n t e d f r o m h i s o l d
    s o i l t o a n o t h e r s o c i a l s o i l b e t t e r s u i t e d t o h i s n e e d s . B u t h o w a r e
    w e g o i n g t o r e c o g n i z e o r t o p r o d u c e a b e t t e r s o i l f o r t h e d e v e l o p -
    m e n t o f a n i n d i v i d u a l ? It c a n b e a c c o m p l i s h e d t h r o u g h a c o m -
    p a r a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f e v e r y h o m e g r o u p w i t h e v e r y o t h e r h o m e
    g r o u p
    .
    J u s t a s a g a r d e n e r , k n o w i n g t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e s o i l
    w h i c h t h w a r t e d t h e g r o w t h o f a p l a n t , t r a n s f e r s i t t o a s o i l f r o m
    w h i c h s u c h f a c t o r s a r e e l i m i n a t e d , s o w e , w h e n p l a n t i n g i n d i -
    v i d u a l s , c a r e f u l l y s e e t o i t t h a t t h e s a m e c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h b r o u g h t
    f a i l u r e i n t h e f i r s t p l a c e a r e n o t r e p e a t e d . Th i s p r i n c i p l e o f s o c i o -
    m e t r i c t r a n s p l a n t a t i o n c a n a l s o b e a p p l i e d t o e n t i r e c o m m u n i t i e s .
    Th e i n d i v i d u a l w h o b e c o m e s d e l i n q u e n t o u t s i d e , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
    5 0 4

    WHO
    SHALLSURV IV E?
    l a w s o f t h e c o m m u n i t y a t l a r g e i s o n e p r o b l e m , t h e i n d i v i d u a l w h o
    b e c o m e s d e l i n q u e n t t o w a r d s t h e r u l e s i n a c l o s e d o r i n s t i t u t i o n a l
    c o m m u n i t y i s a n o t h e r . Th e r e f o r e , t h e i n f o r m a t i o n r e c e i v e d c o n -
    c e r n i n g h i s c o n d u c t o u t s i d e i s o f l i t t l e v a l u e t o t h e s o c i o m e t r i s t o f
    t h e c l o s e d c o m m u n i t y
    . He i s n o t d e a l i n g w i t h a s o c i o m e t r i c s t u d y
    o f t h e g r o u p s i n w h i c h t h e i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e p a s t .
    Th r o u g h t h e s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t t h e p o s i t i o n w h i c h a n i n d i v i d u a l h a s
    a c q u i r e d i n t h e p r e s e n t , n e w c o m m u n i t y i s a c c u r a t e l y d e f i n e d .
    Wh a t e v e r t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s t e s t m a y i n d i c a t e , a c t u a l o r p o t e n t i a l
    m a l a d j u s t m e n t , a d j u s t m e n t i n s o m e r e s p e c t s a n d p o o r a d j u s t m e n t
    i n o t h e r s , a s t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e e n t i r e c o m m u n i t y i s s i m i l a r l y
    s t u d i e d , w e a r e a b l e t o a i d t h e i n d i v i d u a l i n h i s a d j u s t m e n t w i t h i n
    t h e a r e a u n d e r s c r u t i n y . Wh e r e a s a n e w c o m e r s t a r t s w i t h a c l e a n
    s l a t e f o r t h e p o p u l a t i o n a n d s t a f f , a n d t h e y w i t h a c l e a n s l a t e f o r
    h i m , t h e r e s i d e n t s w h o h a v e b e e n m e m b e r s f o r a n y l e n g t h o f t i m e
    d e v e l o p a r e p u t a t i o n w i t h i n t h e c l o s e d c o m m u n i t y . Th e r e p u t a t i o n
    i s s h a p e d b y t h e b e h a v i o r o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l , b y t h e v a r i o u s p s y c h o -
    l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s b y w h i c h h e i s c a u g h t a n d b y n o t i o n s w h i c h a r e
    s p r e a d a b o u t h i m t h r o u g h t h e n e t w o r k s o f t h a t c o m m u n i t y .
    Th e i n d i v i d u a l s w h o f a i l t o a d j u s t t o t h e i n s t i t u t i o n , a s n o n -
    s o c i a l a n d a n t i s o c i a l i n d i v i d u a l s , r u n a w a y s , p i l f e r e r s , e t c . , p r o d u c e
    i n s u c h c o m m u n i t i e s w h i c h a r e s e t u p t o c u r e t h e m t h e s a m e p r o b -
    l e m w h i c h h a s c o m p e l l e d s o c i e t y a t l a r g e t o e s t a b l i s h i n s t i t u t i o n s .
    It i s o n l y n a t u r a l t h a t t h e s a m e p s y c h o l o g i c a l f o r c e s w h i c h h a v e
    c o m p e l l e d t h e s t a t e t o e s t a b l i s h j a i l s a n d c o r r e c t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s
    m a y f o r c e t h e i r a d m i n i s t r a t o r s t o r e s o r t t o s i m i l a r m e a s u r e s i n
    f a c t , i f n o t i n n a m e . In d e e d , w e f i n d i n m a n y i n s t i t u t i o n s s p e c i a l
    h o u s e s f o r t h e d e l i n q u e n t w h o f a i l s t o a d j u s t t o t h e i n s t i t u t i o n . As
    a n i n s t i t u t i o n i s a t l e a s t i n i n t e n t a " t h e r a p e u t i c s o c i e t y " a n d a l l
    f a c t o r s w h i c h r e f e r a n i n d i v i d u a l t o i t e x p e c t h i s t r a i n i n g t o c o n -
    s t i t u t e a c u r e , a d m i n i s t r a t o r s o f i n s t i t u t i o n s a r e f a c e d w i t h a m o s t
    p e r p l e x i n g p r o b l e m . Th e c o n d u c t o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s u n d e r t h e i r
    s u p e r v i s i o n m a y b e s u c h t h a t t h e y a r e i n w a n t o f a t h e r a p e u t i c
    m e a s u r e t o c o n t r o l t h e m .
    Th e h i g h i d e a l t o w a r d s w h i c h t h e m o n a s t e r y i n t h e e a r l y Ch r i s -
    t i a n c e n t u r i e s w a s s t r i v i n g m a y a i d t o c l a r i f y t h e p o s i t i o n a n d t h e
    p o s s i b l e f u t u r e o f t h e c o r r e c t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s i n t h e m o d e r n
    s c h e m e o f t h i n g s . Th e m o n a s t e r y a i m e d a t b e i n g n o t o n l y a
    n u m b e r o f s i n g l e s a i n t s , b u t a c o m m u n i t y o f s a i n t s , a t h e r a p e u t i c
    SOCIOM ETRY OF RECONSTRUCTION

    5 0 5
    s o c i e t y . It w a n t e d t o p u t b e f o r e a n d a g a i n s t t h e w o r l d a n e x -
    a m p l e o f a c o m m u n i t y i n w h i c h n o t o n l y e v e r y m e m b e r w a s i n
    c o n t r o l o f h i s o w n c o n d u c t , b u t a l s o i n w h i c h n o w a r f a r e e x i s t e d
    a m o n g t h e m e m b e r s . Si m i l a r l y , t h e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s o f c o r r e c t i o n a l
    i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d t h e i r p o p u l a t i o n s , w h i c h a l s o c o n s i s t o f " s i n n e r s " ,
    o f i n c o r r i g i b l e s i n t h e w o r l d , h a v e a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o g i v e t h e i r
    c o m m u n i t i e s , w h i c h a r e t h e m o s t e x t r e m e e x p r e s s i o n o f h u m a n
    w e a k n e s s , a d e e p e r m e a n i n g . Th e y c a n d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t a n i n d i -
    v i d u a l w h o a p p e a r e d i n c o r r i g i b l e o u t s i d e i n t h e w o r l d , m a y a p p e a r
    c o r r e c t e d a n d a d j u s t e d w i t h i n i t s f o l d
    ; a n d s e c o n d , t h a t w h e r e a s
    t h e c o m m u n i t y a s a w h o l e c a n n o t f u n c t i o n w i t h o u t d e v e l o p i n g
    p l a c e s f o r t h e d e g r a d e d , j a i l s a n d c o r r e c t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , t h e s e
    t h e r a p e u t i c s o c i e t i e s c a n f u n c t i o n w i t h o u t t h e m . Th e y m a y b e -
    c o m e a n o b j e c t l e s s o n t o h u m a n s o c i e t y a s a w h o l e
    .
    In Hu d s o n w e m a d e n u m e r o u s s t u d i e s i n a s s i g n m e n t t h e r a p y .
    B e f o r e t h e m a l a d j u s t m e n t o f a n i n d i v i d u a l w i t h i n a g r o u p b e c o m e s
    f l a g r a n t , h i s a s s i g n m e n t t o a n o t h e r g r o u p c a n b e a r r a n g e d . Su c h
    a n a s s i g n m e n t , t o b e t h e r a p e u t i c , h a s t o b e m a d e a t t h e p s y c h o -
    l o g i c a l m o m e n t . If i t i s m a d e t o o e a r l y , b e f o r e t h e i n d i v i d u a l a n d
    t h e g r o u p t o w h i c h s h e b e l o n g s h a v e m a d e e v e r y e f f o r t f o r s u c -
    c e s s f u l a d j u s t m e n t , t h e e f f e c t o f t h e p r o c e d u r e m a y b e l e s s e n e d
    .
    If i t i s d e l a y e d , a n a t t i t u d e o f i n d i f f e r e n c e a n d r e s e n t m e n t t o w a r d s
    t h e e n t i r e e n v i r o n m e n t m a y d e v e l o p w h i c h m a y d e s t r o y i n t h e
    c h i l d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a n e n t h u s i a s t i c b e g i n n i n g i n a n e w f a m i l y
    g r o u p
    . Th e a s s i g n m e n t h a s t o b e m a d e a t t h e p r o p e r t i m e a n d
    t h e n r a p i d l y , p r e f e r a b l y a f t e r s h e h e r s e l f s p o n t a n e o u s l y a s k s f o r a
    t r a n s f e r . Th e t e c h n i q u e f o r t h e a s s i g n m e n t o f n e w i n d i v i d u a l s
    t o c o t t a g e s ( s e e p . 462) h a s t o u n d e r g o a c h a n g e w h e n i t i s a d a p t e d
    t o t h e a s s i g n m e n t o f i n d i v i d u a l s f r o m o n e i n -g r o u p t o a n o t h e r .
    TRANSF EROF M EM B ERSOF HOM EGROUPSAND WORKGROUPS
    Ca s e o f An n a GU, An Ex a m p l e
    A. So c i o m e t r i c s t a t u s i n C6b e f o r e a s s i g n m e n t :
    ACQUAINTANCE
    TEST
    Th e a c q u a i n t a n c e v o l u m e o f An n a a t t h e o u t s e t w a s 3 7( d i s -
    t r i b u t e d i n C10 , Cl , C11a n d C4) ;
    s i x m o n t h s l a t e r i t w a s 5 5
    ( i n C10 , Cl , C11, C3 , C2, C16) ;
    12m o n t h s l a t e r i t w a s 10 1( t h e
    5 0 6

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    m a j o r i t y d i s t r i b u t e d i n C10 , Cl a n d C7, w i t h e v e r y c o t t a g e i n
    t h e c o m m u n i t y i n c l u d e d )
    .
    SOCIOM ETRICTEST
    Th e s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t i n r e s p e c t t o t h e c r i t e r i o n o f l i v i n g i n p r o x -
    i m i t y d i s c l o s e d t h e p o s i t i o n o f An n a i n t h e c o m m u n i t y
    . ( In t h e
    r e a s s i g n m e n t t o w o r k g r o u p s t h e w o r k c r i t e r i o n w o u l d b e c o n -
    s i d e r e d
    ; i n t h e r e a s s i g n m e n t t o e d u c a t i o n a l g r o u p s t h e e d u c a -
    t i o n a l c r i t e r i o n i s c o n s i d e r e d , e t c . )
    Sh e c h o s e n o o n e i n h e r o w n
    c o t t a g e
    ( C6) . Al l h e r c h o i c e s ( 5 ) w e n t t o m e m b e r s o f o t h e r
    c o t t a g e s
    . Sh e w a s c h o s e n b y o n e m e m b e r o f h e r c o t t a g e a n d
    r e c e i v e d c h o i c e s f r o m m e m b e r s o f o t h e r c o t t a g e s
    ( 3 )
    .
    Tw o o f
    t h e s e c h o i c e s w e r e m u t u a l .
    Cl a s s i f i c a t i o n F o r m u l a 1
    :

    i n Lo u t
    s e n t

    5
    r e c e i v e d

    3
    In t h e f o l l o w -u p o f t h e s e c h o i c e s s h e a p p e a r e d r e j e c t e d b y t h r e e
    m e m b e r s o f h e r c o t t a g e . Sh e h e r s e l f r e j e c t e d n o o n e
    . F r o m t h e
    f i v e s h e c h o s e o u t s i d e , t h r e e r e s p o n d e d p o s i t i v e l y ( i n C10 a n d C4)
    a n d t w o w i t h i n d i f f e r e n c e ( i n Cl a n d C11)
    . Sh e w a s n o t r e j e c t e d
    b y a n y o n e o u t s i d e a n d r e j e c t e d n o o n e
    .
    Cl a s s i f i c a t i o n F o r m u l a 2 :

    i n

    o u t
    s e n t

    0 -0
    1
    5 -0
    r e c e i v e d

    1-3
    1 3 -0
    Of t h e s t a f f s h e r e j e c t e d h e r h o u s e m o t h e r , w h o w a s a t t r a c t e d
    t o h e r
    ; s h e w a s d r a w n t o t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C10 , w h o w a n t e d
    h e r , a n d t o t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C1, w h o w a s i n d i f f e r e n t t o h e r
    .
    He n c e t h e F o r m u l a 2b e c o m e s
    :
    Cl a s s i f i c a t i o n F o r m u l a 2A :

    i n

    o u t
    s e n t

    0 -1 1 7-0
    r e c e i v e d

    2-3 1 4-0
    Th e s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t g i v e n a t t h a t d a t e i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e c r i -
    t e r i o n o f w o r k i n g i n p r o x i m i t y d i s c l o s e d f u r t h e r h e r p o s i t i o n i n
    t h e c o m m u n i t y
    . Sh e c h o s e t w o f r o m h e r Ar t c l a s s a n d t h r e e f r o m
    c l a s s e s ( Sa l e s m a n s h i p a n d Ha n d i c r a f t ) o f w h i c h s h e w a s n o t a
    m e m b e r
    . Th e s e f i v e a l s o c h o s e h e r . Of t h e s t a f f s h e w a s d r a w n
    t o t w o t e a c h e r s a n d r e j e c t e d t h r e e . Th e y w e r e a t t r a c t e d t o h e r
    ( Ar t a n d Ha n d i c r a f t t e a c h e r s ) o r r e j e c t e d h e r ( t e a c h e r s o f o t h e r
    g r o u p s ) i n t u r n .
    j e c t e d 12m e m b e r s o f t h e c o t t a g e a n d w a s i n d i f f e r e n t t o w a r d s t h e
    r e m a i n i n g m e m b e r s . Si x o f t h e m r e j e c t e d h e r . Sh e w a s a t t r a c t e d
    t o t w o g i r l s i n o t h e r c o t t a g e s ( i n C10 a n d Cl ) .
    Cl a s s i f i c a t i o n F o r m u l a 2B :

    i n

    L o u t
    s e n t

    0 -13

    1 2-0
    r e c e i v e d

    0 -7
    1
    4-0
    He r w o r k s i t u a t i o n r e m a i n e d u n c h a n g e d :
    Cl a s s i f i c a t i o n F o r m u l a 3 :

    i n

    W o u t
    s e n t

    3 -0
    1
    4-3
    r e c e i v e d

    3 -0 I 4-3
    So c i o m e t r i c s t a t u s o f An n a i n C6t w e l v e m o n t h s l a t e r :
    Sh e r e j e c t e d t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C6a n d w a s r e j e c t e d b y h e r .
    An n a w a s a t t r a c t e d t o o n e g i r l o f t h e c o t t a g e w h o w a s a l s o a t -
    t r a c t e d t o h e r . Sh e w a s i n d i f f e r e n t t o w a r d s a l l o t h e r m e m b e r s o f
    t h e g r o u p , e i g h t e e n a m o n g t h e m r e j e c t i n g h e r
    . Sh e w a s a t -
    t r a c t e d t o t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s o f C7, C10 a n d Cl , t h e f i r s t t w o b e i n g
    d r a w n t o h e r , t h e t h i r d i n d i f f e r e n t t o h e r
    . Sh e w a s a t t r a c t e d t o
    t w o g i r l s i n C10 w h o w e r e d r a w n t o h e r , a n d t o t w o o t h e r s i n Cl
    w h o w e r e i n d i f f e r e n t t o h e r .
    Cl a s s i f i c a t i o n F o r m u l a 2C :

    i n

    o u t
    s e n t 1-1 1 7-0
    r e c e i v e d

    1-19 1 4-0
    On t h e c r i t e r i o n o f w o r k i n g t o g e t h e r s h e w a s a t t r a c t e d t o t h e
    s a m e g i r l s a s s i x m o n t h s b e f o r e , b u t t w o o f t h e m a t t h i s d a t e r e -
    j e c t e d h e r . He r r e l a t i o n t o t h e s t a f f r e m a i n e d t h e s a m e
    .
    Cl a s s i f i c a t i o n F o r m u l a 3 13 :

    i n

    W o u t
    s e n t

    3 -0 1 4-3
    r e c e i v e d

    2-1
    1 3 -4
    Th e s u m o f An n a ' s r e l a t i o n s i n r e s p e c t t o l i v i n g a n d w o r k
    g r o u p s p r e s e n t s t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m u l a
    i n L a n d Wo u t
    s e n t 4-1 1 11-3
    r e c e i v e d

    3 -20 7-4
    SOCIOM ETRYOF RECONSTRUCTION 5 0 7
    Cl a s s i f i c a t i o n F o r m u l a 3 :
    s e n t
    i n
    3 -0
    W
    1
    o u t
    4-3
    r e c e i v e d 3 -0
    1
    4-3
    Po s i t i o n o f An n a i n C6s i x m o n t h s l a t e r :
    Sh e a n d t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C6r e j e c t e d e a c h o t h e r
    . Sh e r e -
    PARENTTEST
    As a l l o t h e r c o t t a g e g r o u p s i n t h e c o m m u n i t y h a d b e e n t e s t e d
    a n d t h e i r s t r u c t u r e d i s c l o s e d , t h e t e s t e r w a s a b l e t o e l i m i n a t e s u c h
    g r o u p s f r o m a m o n g t h e m a s a p p e a r e d t o p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n s f o r
    An n a s i m i l a r t o t h o s e w h i c h c o n f r o n t e d h e r i n C6a n d t o p i c k
    f r o m a m o n g t h e c o t t a g e g r o u p s t h o s e w h i c h a p p e a r e d m o r e d e -
    s i r a b l e f o r h e r . Th e e v i d e n c e g a t h e r e d i n d i c a t e d C6t o b e u n -
    d e s i r a b l e f o r h e r d e v e l o p m e n t a n d s u g g e s t e d C1, C10 o r C7t o b e
    b e t t e r p l a c e m e n t s . Th e r e f o r e , a m e e t i n g w a s a r r a n g e d b e t w e e n
    An n a a n d t h e h o u s e m o t h e r s o f t h e s e c o t t a g e s . An n a c h o s e t h e
    h o u s e m o t h e r o f C10 f i r s t a n d w a s c h o s e n f i r s t b y h e r . Th e h o u s e -
    m o t h e r o f C7w a s h e r s e c o n d c h o i c e a n d t h e h o u s e m o t h e r o f C1
    h e r t h i r d , b u t b o t h o f t h e s e h o u s e m o t h e r s r e j e c t e d h e r .
    SPONTANEITYTESTAND ROLEPLAYING
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    p a r t n e r , d a u g h t e r , s i s t e r , c o -w o r k e r , a n d g i r l f r i e n d . In t h e
    5 0 8

    WHOSHALLSURV IV E?
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    . 5 6%
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    s i t u a t i o n s w i t h m e m b e r s o f C10 s h e s h o w e d t h e h i g h e s t d e g r e e o f
    a d e q u a c y a n d s p o n t a n e i t y .
    ASSIGNM ENT
    It c a n b e s e e n t h a t t h r o u g h s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t i n g a t i n t e r v a l s w e
    g a i n e d a k n o w l e d g e o f 1) An n a ' s s i t u a t i o n a t t h e o u t s e t , 2) h e r
    d e v e l o p m e n t w i t h i n t h e g r o u p i n t h e c o u r s e o f e i g h t e e n m o n t h s ,
    3 ) t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e g r o u p d u r i n g t h a t s a m e p e r i o d , a n d
    4) h e r s i t u a t i o n a t t h e e n d o f t h i s p e r i o d
    . As t u d y o f h e r p o s i t i o n
    i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e c h i e f p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s p e r v a d i n g t h e c o m -
    m u n i t y r e v e a l e d t h a t s h e r e m a i n e d u n t o u c h e d b y t h e s e x u a l a n d
    r a c i a l c u r r e n t s , b u t t h a t d u e t o h e r r e l a t i o n t o t w o g i r l s i n C1, t o
    t h e Ar t t e a c h e r , a n d t o t h r e e o t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e s t a f f , s h e w a s
    c a u g h t b y a c u l t u r a l c u r r e n t
    . Wh e r e a s t h e p o s i t i o n s h e h a d i n C6
    t e n d e d t o d r i v e h e r a w a y f r o m t h e c o m m u n i t y , t h e p o s i t i o n s h e h a d
    a t t a i n e d i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e c u l t u r a l c u r r e n t s t e n d e d t o p r o v i d e a
    c o u n t e r b a l a n c e .
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    w e i g h s h e a v i l y i n f a v o r o f a s s i g n m e n t t o t h i s c o t t a g e
    . Th e c o t t a g e
    o r g a n i z a t i o n o f C10 w a s i n f e r i o r t o t h a t o f Cl o r C7, b u t i t m i g h t
    o f f e r An n a , i n h e r d e s i r e f o r r e c o g n i t i o n a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e , l e s s
    r e s i s t a n c e t h a n t h e m o r e h i g h l y o r g a n i z e d a n d m o r e r i g i d l y d i s -
    c i p l i n e d C6, C7o r C1, i n w h i c h t h e k e y s o c i o m e t r i c p o s i t i o n s a r e
    c r y s t a l l i z e d .
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    C10
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    1
    . Th e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f C10 a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f o u r s o c i o m e t r i c
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    w a s a s s i g n e d t o i t w a s a s f o l l o w s :
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    s u g g e s t e d 0 10 o r Cl
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    2 . Po s i t i o n o f An n a i n C10 a f t e r t h r e e m o n t h s :
    Po s i t i o n o f An n a i n C10 a f t e r t w e l v e m o n t h s : Sh e c h o o s e s f i v e
    g i r l s i n C10 a n d t w o o f t h e s t a f f ( h e r o w n h o u s e m o t h e r a n d a s -
    s i s t a n t h o u s e m o t h e r ) , a n d i s c h o s e n b y b o t h a s w e l l a s b y t w e l v e
    g i r l s w i t h i n h e r o w n c o t t a g e ; s h e i s a t t r a c t e d t o t w o g i r l s a n d t w o
    h o u s e m o t h e r s o f o t h e r g r o u p s a n d t o t w o t e a c h e r s ; s h e r e j e c t s o n e
    g i r l i n a n o t h e r c o t t a g e , i s t h e c h o i c e o f t h r e e g i r l s a n d s i x s t a f f
    m e m b e r s o f o t h e r g r o u p s . He r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s t h e r e f o r e a s
    f o l l o w s
    3
    . So c i o m e t r i c s u m m a r y : We r e c o g n i z e t h a t a f t e r a n u n -
    f a v o r a b l e s t a r t i n h e r o r i g i n a l c o t t a g e g r o u p , C6, An n a ' s s o c i o -
    m e t r i c s t a t u s i n t h a t
    . g r o u p b e c a m e m o r e a n d m o r e t h a t o f a r a d i -
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    WHO SHALLSURV IV E?
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    M o n t h s La t e r
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    Ra t i o o f In t e r e s t ( f o r o w n g r o u p ) 3 2 . 12% 3 9%
    Su m o f At t r a c t i o n s ( i n p e r c e n t ) 49 . 20 % 5 7 . 17%
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    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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    St r u c t u r e :
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    SOCIOM ETRYOF RECONSTRUCTION

    5 11
    c a l l y u n a d j u s t e d i n d i v i d u a l d u r i n g a p e r i o d o f o n e y e a r . Th e n e w
    i n d i v i d u a l s w h o h a d b e e n a s s i g n e d t o t h a t c o t t a g e i n t h e c o u r s e
    o f t h i s p e r i o d d i d n o t c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f h e r p o s i -
    t i o n , e i t h e r d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y . He r c h o i c e s f o r h o u s e m o t h e r
    a n d f r i e n d s r a n p e r s i s t e n t l y t o t h r e e o t h e r c o t t a g e s ( C10 , C7a n d
    Cl ) a n d t h e m a j o r i t y o f h e r a c q u a i n t a n c e s a l s o c o n s i s t e d o f g i r l s
    b e l o n g i n g t o t h e s e g r o u p s . He r r o l e p l a y i n g p o i n t e d p e r s i s t e n t l y
    t o w a r d s Cl 0 a s t h e m o s t s a t i s f a c t o r y c o t t a g e g r o u p f o r h e r .
    Af t e r An n a ' s a s s i g n m e n t t o C10 a r e m a r k a b l e c h a n g e i n s o c i o -
    m e t r i c s t a t u s b e c a m e v i s i b l e f r o m t h e s t a r t
    . He r Cl a s s i f i c a t i o n
    F o r m u l a 2Eg i v e n a b o v e e x p r e s s e s t h e d e g r e e o f a d j u s t m e n t a t -
    t a i n e d i n t h e n e w g r o u p , C10 , a f t e r o n e y e a r . Th e p r o c e s s w h i c h
    t o o k p l a c e i n a n d a r o u n d An n a c a n b e d e s c r i b e d a s a m e n t a l
    c a t h a r s i s t h r o u g h r e a s s i g n m e n t t o a n o t h e r g r o u p .
    Ea c h c a s e o f f e r s a d i f f e r e n t p i c t u r e a n d m a y b e i n n e e d o f a d i f -
    f e r e n t a s s i g n m e n t . F o r i n s t a n c e , i n c o n t r a s t t o An n a , w h o w a s
    n e a r -i s o l a t e d a n d r e j e c t e d i n C6, F l o r a CM i n C4f o r m e d a m u -
    t u a l l y a t t r a c t e d p a i r w i t h a n o t h e r g i r l o f t h e s a m e c o t t a g e , b u t t h e y
    w e r e r e j e c t e d a n d i s o l a t e d a s a p a i r . ( Se e s o c i o g r a m s p r e s e n t i n g t h e
    a t o m i c s t r u c t u r e o f F l o r a ' s p o s i t i o n b e f o r e a n d a f t e r r e a s s i g n m e n t ,
    p . 5 16) . M a r y D Ai s a n o t h e r e x a m p l e . Sh e i s t h e c e n t e r o f f o u r
    a t t r a c t i o n s c o m i n g f r o m t h e o u t g r o u p s a n d t w o c o m i n g f r o m t h e
    i n g r o u p . Sh e d a r e s t o o p p o s e t h e h o u s e m o t h e r a n d t h e o t h e r
    m e m b e r s o f t h e g r o u p a r o u n d t h e h o u s e m o t h e r ( s e e s o c i o g r a m s ,
    p
    . 5 17) . Ag a i n , B e t t y PW, a n In d i a n g i r l , p r e s e n t e d s i m p l e
    i s o l a t i o n i n t h e f i r s t g r o u p a f t e r a p e r i o d o f t h r e e m o n t h s ; s h e
    r e p e a t e d t h e s a m e p i c t u r e o f i s o l a t i o n a f t e r a p e r i o d o f e i g h t
    m o n t h s i n t h e s e c o n d g r o u p .
    B y c o m p a r i n g t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s i n t h e s o c i o g r a m
    w i t h t h e i r b e h a v i o r i n t h e a c t u a l l i f e s i t u a t i o n , o b s e r v i n g t h e m ,
    i n t e r v i e w i n g t h e m a n d t h e i r a s s o c i a t e s , r o l e p l a _y i n g w i t h t h e m ,
    e t c . , w e g a i n a n i d e a o f t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e i r b e h a v i o r i n t h e s o c i o -
    m e t r i c t e s t s .
    AWORKGROUP, B EF OREAND AF TERSOCIOM ETRICREGROUPING
    B e f o r e Re g r o u p i n g
    Th e s t e a m l a u n d r y w a s f o u n d t o b e t h e s o u r c e o f a r a c e r i o t
    w h i c h s p r e a d t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o m m u n i t y . Th e t a s k w a s t o r e -
    5 12

    WHO SHALL
    SURV IV E?
    s h u f f l e t h e p e r s o n n e l o f t h e l a u n d r y a n d t o r e o r g a n i z e i t w i t h t h e
    a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h i s w o u l d l e a d t o b e t t e r r a c e r e l a t i o n s a n d t o
    g r e a t e r w o r k p r o d u c t i v i t y . Th e s o c i o m e t r i c s t a t u s o f t h e w o r k e r s
    i n t h e s t e a m l a u n d r y b e f o r e a s s i g n m e n t w a s a s f o l l o w s : 7Ne g r o
    w o r k e r s a n d 1w h i t e f o r e w o m a n w e r e o c c u p i e d
    t h e r e . St e l l a D R
    a n d Ph i l a m i n a LIZ , t h e f e e d e r s , r e j e c t e a c h o t h e r . Hi l d a GRa n d
    M y r t l e WL, t h e c a t c h e r s , r e j e c t e a c h o t h e r . M y r t l e WLr e j e c t s
    a l s o t h e f e e d e r o p p o s i t e h e r , Ph i l a m i n a LIZ . Li l l i a n F Ra n d
    Ro s a l i e CV , t h e f o l d e r s , a t t r a c t e a c h o t h e r .
    Li l l i a n F Ra n d
    Ro s a l i e CV r e j e c t M y r t l e WL. Es t h e r GM , t h e s h a k e r , i s
    a t t r a c t e d t o Ro s a l i e CV a n d r e j e c t s Hi l d a GR. Es t h e r GM ,
    St e l l a D R, Hi l d a GR, a n d Li l l i a n F Ra l l r e j e c t t h e w h i t e
    f o r e w o m a n ( F M ) b u t o n l y St e l l a D Ri s r e j e c t e d b y h e r . Ph i l a -
    m i n a LIZ , M y r t l e WLa n d Ro s a l i e CV a r e a t t r a c t e d t o t h e f o r e -
    w o m a n .
    Th e s e v e n w o r k e r s l i v e i n C12
    ( b u t o n l y M y r t l e WL
    i s p l o t t e d o n t h e s o c i o g r a m o f C12b e c a u s e m o s t o f t h e m c a m e
    t o t h e c o m m u n i t y a t a l a t e r d a t e ) . M y r t l e WLi s a s t a r o f c o n -
    s i d e r a b l e a t t r a c t i o n i n h e r h o m e g r o u p . Ho w e v e r , h e r s o c i o m e t r i c
    p o s i t i o n i n t h e s t e a m l a u n d r y i s o f a d i f f e r e n t o r d e r . He r e s h e i s
    r e j e c t e d b y 3 o f t h e w o r k e r s ; t h e m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n t o t h e w h i t e
    f o r e w o m a n i s a c a r r y o v e r f r o m t h e h o m e g r o u p i n w h i c h s h e r e p r e -
    s e n t s o n e o f t h e f e w s t a b i l i z i n g
    f o r c e s a n d w h e r e s h e h a s a n
    a f f e c t i o n a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e a u t h o r i t a t i v e f i g u r e , t h e w h i t e
    h o u s e m o t h e r . St e l l a D Ri s t h e l e a d e r o f a r e b e l l i o u s g a n g w h i c h
    p r o d u c e s a c o u n t e r c u r r e n t . Sh e i s r e j e c t e d b y M y r t l e WLa n d
    b y m o s t o f t h o s e w o r k e r s w h o a r e a t t r a c t e d t o
    t h e f o r e w o m a n .
    In o r d e r t o r e m o v e f r o m t h i s g r o u p t h e s o c i o e m o t i o n a l s t r a i n
    w h i c h w a s p r e s s i n g u p o n t h e f o r e w o m a n a n d t h e w o r k e r s , d i s -
    t u r b i n g t h e m o r a l e o f t h e g r o u p a n d i n t e r f e r i n g w i t h i t s p r o -
    d u c t i v i t y , t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f St e l l a D Ra n d M y r t l e WLw a s i n d i -
    c a t e d .
    Af t e r Re g r o u p i n g
    Th e j o b s v a c a t e d , a f t e r St e l l a D Ra n d M y r t l e WLw e r e e l i m -
    i n a t e d a n d a s s i g n e d t o a n o t h e r w o r k g r o u p , w e r e f i l l e d b y D o r o t h y
    RSa n d M i l d r e d CE
    .
    An e w s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t w a s t h e n a p p l i e d
    t o t h e n e w s o c i o m e t r i c s t r u c t u r e t h u s a t t a i n e d . Th e t w o f e e d e r s ,
    D o r o t h y RS( n e w m e m b e r ) a n d Ph i l a m i n a LIZ a r e i n d i f f e r e n t
    t o w a r d s e a c h o t h e r . Th e l a c k
    o f
    p e r s o n a l f e e l i n g h e r e m a y b e a n
    SOCIOM ETRYOF RECONSTRUCTION

    5 13
    a d v a n t a g e .
    In d i f f e r e n c e t o e a c h o t h e r i s p r e f e r a b l e t o m u t u a l
    r e j e c t i o n
    . B u t a t t i m e s , w h e n m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n i s l i n k e d t o
    m u t u a l l i k i n g o n l y a n d n o t t o c o m p e t e n c e i n t h e w o r k i t m a y b e
    o f d i s a d v a n t a g e
    . In s t e a d o f g o s s i p i n g t h e y c o n c e n t r a t e o n t h e
    j o b a n d j o i n t h e i r s k i l l s
    . Th e t w o c a t c h e r s , M i l d r e d CE( n e w
    m e m b e r ) a n d Hi l d a GRa t t r a c t e a c h o t h e r
    . Th i s a t t r a c t i o n i s n o t
    m o t i v a t e d o n l y b y a f e e l i n g o f c o m r a d e s h i p b u t b e c a u s e t h e y k n o w
    t h a t t h e y c a n w o r k m o r e e f f i c i e n t l y t o g e t h e r t h a n w i t h s o m e o n e
    e l s e
    . Th e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e f e e d e r s h a s i m p r o v e d . B e f o r e
    r e c o n s t r u c t i o n e a c h c a t c h e r r e j e c t e d o n e o f t h e f e e d e r s
    . No w
    o n l y o n e o f t h e f e e d e r s i s r e j e c t e d b y o n e c a t c h e r
    . Ac o n s i d e r a b l e
    i m p r o v e m e n t i n t h e w o r k r e l a t i o n s h i p s o n b o t h s i d e s w a s n o t i c e d .
    Th e t w o f o l d e r s a t t r a c t e a c h o t h e r a s b e f o r e . Th e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p
    t o t h e t o t a l s i t u a t i o n h a s o n l y c h a n g e d f o r t h e b e t t e r
    . Th e t w o
    f o l d e r s w h o r e j e c t e d o n e o f t h e c a t c h e r s a r e n o w i n d i f f e r e n t
    . Th e
    r e j e c t i o n o f t h e f o r e w o m a n b y Li l l i a n F Ra n d Hi l d a GRh a s
    c h a n g e d i n t o a n a t t r a c t i o n t o w a r d s h e r f r o m b o t h
    . Ex c e p t f o r
    t h e s h a k e r Es t h e r GM a l l t h e w o r k e r s a r e n o w a t t r a c t e d t o t h e
    f o r e w o m a n
    . Th e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e w o r k s h o p h a s i n c r e a s e d i n
    o u t p u t , t h e t i m e s c h e d u l e h a s b e e n a d v a n c e d a n d t h e i n t e r p e r s o n a l
    f r i c t i o n s h a v e b e e n m u c h r e d u c e d
    .
    Th e s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t , b e f o r e a n d a f t e r , i s f o l l o w e d u p b y i n t e r -
    v i e w s w i t h e v e r y w o r k e r i n o r d e r t o f i n d o u t t h e r e a s o n s t h e y h a v e
    f o r a c h o i c e o r r e j e c t i o n o f t h e i r w o r k p a r t i c i p a n t s
    . Th e r e s u l t s
    a r e c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e a c t u a l b e h a v i o r o f t h e w o r k e r s i n t h e r e a l
    s i t u a t i o n
    . In c a s e o f c o n t i n u e d d i f f i c u l t i e s r o l e p l a y i n g s i t u a t i o n s
    w e r e d e v i s e d i n t o w h i c h t h e t o t a l w o r k s i t u a t i o n w a s p r o j e c t e d
    f o r d i a g n o s t i c a n d r e t r a i n i n g p u r p o s e s ; t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h e
    r o l e p l a y i n g s e s s i o n s a r e t h e w o r k e r s t h e m s e l v e s
    .
    TOTALEF F ECTOF SOCIOM ETRICRECONSTRUCTIONUPON
    THEENTIRECOM M UNITY
    Wi t h i n a p e r i o d o f e i g h t e e n m o n t h s , 10 2i n d i v i d u a l s , a b o u t o n e -
    f i f t h o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n , h a d b e e n i n i t i a l l y a s s i g n e d t o a c o t t a g e
    o r r e a s s i g n e d f r o m o n e c o t t a g e t o a n o t h e r
    . At t h e e n d o f t h i s
    p e r i o d , t h e s t a t u s o f e a c h c o t t a g e g r o u p h a d c h a n g e d c o n s i d e r a b l y
    c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e s t a t u s i t h a d s h o w n b e f o r e o u r t e c h n i q u e s o f
    a s s i g n m e n t t o c o t t a g e s a n d r e a s s i g n m e n t f r o m c o t t a g e t o c o t t a g e
    w e r e e m p l o y e d .
    5
    1 4

    WHOSHALLSURV IV E?
    Th e v a l u e o f a s s i g n m e n t c a n b e e s t i m a t e d i n i t s a c c u m u l a t i v e
    e f f e c t u p o n t h e c o m m u n i t y a s a w h o l e a n d u p o n t h e g r o u p s w i t h i n
    i t .
    Th e c o n t i n u o u s a s s i g n m e n t o f n e w i n d i v i d u a l s t o t h e d i f -
    f e r e n t c o t t a g e g r o u p s p r o d u c e s c h a n g e s i n t h e s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e
    w h i c h c a n b e t r a c e d l a t e r t h r o u g h t h e s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t
    . As i n g l e
    c a s e o f i n i t i a l a s s i g n m e n t a l r e a d y c o n c e r n e d n u m e r o u s i n d i v i d u a l s
    .
    Th e r e p o r t g i v e n a b o v e ( p
    . 5 10 )
    d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d t w e n t y i n d i -
    v i d u a l s
    . In d i r e c t l y , h o w e v e r , m o r e t h a n t w o h u n d r e d i n d i v i d u a l s
    w e r e i n s o m e w a y i n v o l v e d w h e n w e t a k e i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e
    s o c i a l a t o m s , t h e v o l u m e o f a c q u a i n t a n c e , a n d t h e p o s i t i o n i n t h e
    n e t w o r k s o f e a c h o f t h e s e t w e n t y i n d i v i d u a l s
    .
    Ta b l e 16i n d i c a t e s t h a t f i f t e e n c o t t a g e s h a v e i n c r e a s e d a n d o n e
    h a s d e c r e a s e d i t s r a t i o o f i n t e r e s t , a n d t h a t t h e a v e r a g e r a t i o o f
    i n t e r e s t h a s i n c r e a s e d b y 9 . 67% .
    Ta b l e 17i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e s u m o f
    a t t r a c t i o n s e x p r e s s e d i n p e r c e n t a g e s h a s i n c r e a s e d i n t w e l v e c o t t a g e s
    a n d d e c r e a s e d i n t h r e e
    . Ta b l e 18 i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e i n d e x o f g r o u p
    a t t r a c t i o n h a s i n c r e a s e d f o r f o u r , d e c r e a s e d f o r t e n a n d r e m a i n e d
    t h e s a m e f o r t w o c o t t a g e s .
    Av e r a g e Ra t i o
    o f In t e r e s t 5 1 . 0 5 %
    Av e r a g e Ra t i o
    o f In t e r e s t 60 . 72%
    TAB LE16
    RANKINGOF COTTAGESACCORD INGTORATIOOF INTEREST
    Or i g i n a l St a t u s
    St a t u s a t t h e En d o f
    t h e 18 M o n t h s Pe r i o d
    C6
    . - . . - . . . . . . . . -- . 71 . 20 %
    71%
    C13 71
    . 0 3 74 . 46%
    C15 ---
    . . . . .
    . . . . . . .
    . . . . . .
    . 63 % 71 . 24%
    C95 9%
    62 . 16%
    C12 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    . ----
    5 6 . 3 6% 66 . 73 9' o
    C8
    . . . . . . . .
    . . . .
    . . . . . .
    . . .
    . . .
    . 10 % 5 7 . 0 5 %
    C25 5
    . 45 % 62 . 3 8 %
    C11
    . 5 3 . 5 7%
    620 1o
    C1
    47%
    70 . 91%
    C4
    46 . 67%
    65 . 3 4%
    0 16
    46%
    70 . 25 %
    C7
    44. 5 7%
    5 3 . 78 %
    C3
    3 9. 17% 43 . 62%
    C143 7
    . 93 % 45 . 8 4%
    C10
    3 2
    . 12% 3 9 01o
    C5

    3 1% 5 5 . 71%
    SOCIOM ETRYOF RECONSTRUCTION
    TAB LE
    17
    RANKINGOF COTTAGESACCORD INGTOTHE
    SUM
    o f Al IRACM ONS
    AND REPULSIONSINPERCENTAGES
    St a t u s a t t h e En d o f t h e
    5 1
    5
    Or i g i n a l St a t u s
    18 M o n t h s Pe r i o d
    At t r a c t i o n s
    Re p u l s i o n
    14. 64%
    At t r a c t i o n s
    8 8 . 77%
    Re p u l s i o n
    11 . 23 %
    C2

    8 5 . 3 6%
    .
    . --
    C13 --------------
    8 4. 43 %
    15
    . 5 7%
    8 2 . 93 %
    17 . 0 7%
    Cl
    8 3 . 93 %
    16
    . 0 7%
    8 9
    . 29%
    10 . 71%
    -
    0 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    78
    . 79%
    21. 21%
    91 . 0 8 %
    8
    . 92%
    0 15
    76 . 23 %
    23
    . 77%
    67
    . 23 %
    3 2 . 77%
    C6

    75
    . 4S%
    24 . 5 8 %
    67 . 5 6%
    3 2 . 44%
    C11
    68 . 17%
    3 1 . 5 3
    8 4
    . 0 9%
    15 . 91%
    0 16
    . . . . . . .
    . . . -- 67
    . 3 0 %
    3 2 . 70 %
    72 . 95 %
    27 . 0 5 %
    0 12

    66 . 67%
    3 3 . 3 3 %
    8 5 . 16%
    14. 8 4%
    C9
    .
    . . . . . . . . . . .
    65 . 49
    3 4
    . 5 1%
    67 . 0 3 %
    3 2 . 97%
    C14
    5 9
    . 14%
    40 , 8 6%
    65 . 48 %
    3 4. 5 2%
    0 8

    --
    5 8 . 48 %
    41 . 5 2%
    62 . 94%
    3 7 . 0 6%
    - .
    .

    0 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    5 5 . 8 1%
    44. 19
    5 7 . 5 8 %
    42
    . 42%
    0 10 --

    49 . 20 %
    5 0 . 8 0 0/ c
    5 7
    . 17%
    42 . 8 3 %
    C4
    . . . .

    . - . - . - 48
    . 41%
    5 1 . 5 9%
    5 2
    . 0 2%
    47 . 98 %
    TAB LE 18
    RANKINGOF COTTAGESACCORD INGTO
    GROUP
    ATTRACTION
    ( An In d e x
    o f
    Re l a t i v e
    Po p u l a r i t y )
    St a t u s a t t h e En d o f t h e
    Or i g i n a l St a t u s
    Ra t i o o f At t r a c t i o n
    18 M o n t h s Pe r i o d
    Ra t i o o f At t r a c t i o n
    C2
    . .
    4 . 0 %
    1 . 5 %
    Cl --
    . . . . . . .
    . --
    3 . 8 %
    . 8 %
    C7
    3 . 3 %
    2 . 0 %
    C6

    3 . 0 %
    3 . 0 %
    0 4

    3 . 0 %
    1. 0 %
    C13
    3 . 0 %
    . 4%
    C14
    . ----
    3 . 0 %
    2 . 4%
    C10
    2 . 9%
    1. 7%
    0 11
    . . - . . . .
    . . . .
    2 . 6%
    1 . 0 %
    C16
    2 . 5 %
    . 7%
    C15
    2 . 5 %
    3 . 0 %
    C8
    2 . 0 %
    2 . 3 %
    0 3
    -- . . . - . .
    -
    ---
    1 . 7%
    1
    . 9%
    C12---
    . .
    1 . 6%
    2 . 0 %
    C5

    . . - . .
    . ---
    1 . 2%
    1
    . 0 %
    0 9
    -- . . .

    . 9%
    . 9%
    5 16
    CONSTRUCTIONAND RECONSTRUCTIONOF GROUPS
    F i g . 1
    F i g . 2
    ASSIGNM ENTTHERAPY
    F i g . 1
    . In d i c a t e s t h e p o s i t i o n o f CM i n h e r f i r s t a s s i g n m e n t , C3 . Af t e r a
    t w o
    y e a r s s t a y
    w i t h i n i t s h e h a d d e v e l o p e d t h e p o s i t i o n a s c h a r t e d . F r o m
    h e r f o u r c h o i c e s t h r e e g o o u t s i d e t h e g r o u p a n d o n e i n s i d e t o B Cw i t h
    w h o m s h e f o r m s a p a i r
    . B u t B Ci s h e r s e l f i s o l a t e d . C M i s r e j e c t e d b y
    t e n i n d i v i d u a l s o f h e r g r o u p ( D C, CM , GL, RA, LT, CT, J M , YE, PP,
    SY) a n d s h e r e j e c t s f o u r ( D G, YE, PP, SY) . Sh e r e j e c t s t h e h o u s e -
    m o t h e r a n d i s r e j e c t e d b y h e r ( n o t p l o t t e d o n t h i s c h a r t )
    . M u t u a l r e j e c -
    t i o n s w i t h t h r e e i n d i v i d u a l s o r m o r e h a v e i n t h i s c a s e a n d i n m a n y o t h e r
    i n s t a n c e s p r o v e d a f r u i t f u l s o u r c e f o r f r i c t i o n s
    . Is o l a t e d i n t h e c o t t a g e
    w i t h B Ct h e y h a d b o t h p l a n n e d t o r u n a w a y . CM f o r m s m u t u a l a t t r a c -
    t i o n s w i t h i n d i v i d u a l s i n d i f f e r e n t h o u s e s , NAi n C4, PLi n t h e h o s p i t a l
    a n d CHi n C10 . Th i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t a l t h o u g h i s o l a t e d a n d r e j e c t e d i n
    h e r p r e s e n t c o t t a g e s h e i s a b l e t o p r o d u c e a t t a c h m e n t t o o t h e r i n d i v i d -
    u a l s i n t h e c o m m u n i t y . As s h e i s a t y p i c a l Re a s s i g n m e n t c a s e h e r
    m u t u a l r e l a t i o n s w i t h o u t s i d e r s m a y i n d i c a t e w h e r e t o f i n d a b e t t e r
    p l a c e m e n t f o r h e r i n t h e g i v e n c o m m u n i t y .
    F i g
    . 2
    . CM h a s b e e n a s s i g n e d f r o m C3 t o C6 . Th e c h a r t i n d i c a t e s t h e p o s i t i o n
    w h i c h s h e h a s d e v e l o p e d a f t e r a p e r i o d o f s i x m o n t h s i n C6 . Of h e r f i v e
    c h o i c e s , f o u r n o w g o i n t o t h e g r o u p , t o LU, D C, WTa n d RAw i t h a l l
    o f w h o m s h e f o r m s m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n s . On e c h o i c e g o e s o u t s i d e t h e
    g r o u p t o LTi n C3 w h o r e j e c t e d CM w h e n s h e w a s l i v i n g i n C3 a n d
    t o w a r d s w h o m CM w a s t h e n i n d i f f e r e n t . Sh e i s a t t r a c t e d t o t h e h o u s e -
    m o t h e r w h o i s a t t r a c t e d t o h e r i n r e t u r n ( n o t p l o t t e d ) . As t u d y o f t h e
    e n t i r e m e m b e r s h i p o f t h e g r o u p r e v e a l e d t h a t 15 o f t h e 23 m e m b e r s
    w e r e a t t r a c t e d t o CM , 6r e j e c t e d h e r a n d o n e w a s i n d i f f e r e n t t o h e r .
    M r
    CONSTRUCTIONAND RECONSTRUCTIONOF GROUPS
    F i g . 1
    5 17
    F i g . 2
    ASSIGNM ENTTHERAPY
    F i g
    . 1 . In d i c a t e s t h e p o s i t i o n o f D Ai n h e r f i r s t a s s i g n m e n t , 0 4, a f t e r a p e r i o d
    o f 14m o n t h s
    . F r o m h e r f o u r c h o i c e s s h e s e n d s t h r e e i n t o h e r c o t t a g e ;
    t w o r e m a i n u n r e s p o n d e d t o a n d o n e i s r e s p o n d e d t o f a v o r a b l y b y GO .
    Sh e i s r e j e c t e d b y t h r e e i n d i v i d u a l s , LR, D N, a n d SA, w i t h i n h e r o w n
    g r o u p a n d s h e h e r s e l f r e j e c t s o n e , LS, w h o i s a t t r a c t e d t o h e r . Sh e
    f o r m s a m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n w i t h B Ci n C3 a n d i s c h o s e n b y HLi n C7,
    ATi n Cl , a n d M Yi n C16 . Sh e r e j e c t s t h e h o u s e m o t h e r a n d i s r e j e c t e d
    b y h e r i n r e t u r n ( n o t p l o t t e d )
    .
    F i g
    . 2. D Ah a s b e e n a s s i g n e d f r o m 0 4t o 0 7 . Th e c h a r t i n d i c a t e s t h e p o s i t i o n
    w h i c h s h e h a s d e v e l o p e d a f t e r a p e r i o d o f f o u r m o n t h s i n C7
    . F o u r o f
    h e r c h o i c e s g o i n s i d e h e r g r o u p a n d s h e f o r m s m u t u a l p a i r s w i t h AA,
    PI, B Aa n d WL, t h e l e a d e r -i n d i v i d u a l s o f t h e c o t t a g e . Sh e i s r e j e c t e d
    b y n o n e . Sh e i s c h o s e n b y t h e h o u s e m o t h e r t o w h o m s h e i s a t t r a c t e d
    ( n o t p l o t t e d ) .
    5 18
    CONSTRUCTIONAND RECONSTRUCTION OF GROUPS
    STRUCTURE
    OF ACOTTAGEF Am y -C3 , B EF ORERECONSTRUCTION
    24g i r l s . Is o l a t e d 1 ; Un c h o s e n
    2 ; Un c h o s e n a n d Re j e c t i n g 1 ; Un c h o s e n a n d
    Re j e c t e d 4 ; No t Ch o o s i n g 3
    ; Pa i r s 15 ; M u t u a l Re j e c t i o n s 5 ; In c o m p a t i b l e
    Pa i r s 4 ; Ch a i n s 2 ; Tr i a n g l e s 2 ; Sq u a r e s 1
    ; Ci r c l e s 1 ; St a r s ( o f a t t r a c t i o n s ) 1 ;
    St a r s ( o f r e j e c t i o n s ) 1 .
    Cl a s s i f i c a t i o n : Ex t r o v e r t e d Gr o u p Or g a n i z a t i o n
    ; In w a r d Ag g r e s s i v e .
    Si n c e t h e f i r s t t e s t w a s g i v e n t h e p o p u l a t i o n c h a n g e d f r o m 23 t o 24. No t e t h a t
    4g i r l s d o n o t u s e t h e i r c h o i c e s a t a l l , t h e y o n l y e x p r e s s r e j e c t i o n s . Th e s t r u c -
    t u r e h a s c h a n g e d c o n s i d e r a b l y s i n c e t h e e n t r a n c e o f t h e 24t h g i r l , CT
    . LT, f o r
    i n s t a n c e , w h o w a s a n Is o l a t e d St a r b e f o r e , n o w h a s m u t u a l r e l a t i o n s
    w i t h a l l
    t h o s e w h o c h o o s e h e r a n d a m u t u a l r e j e c t i o n w i t h GLw h o f o r m e r l y c h o s e
    h e r .
    0
    CONSTRUCTIONAND RECONSTRUCTIONOF GROUPS
    RA
    SY
    GM
    UT
    YA
    LK
    5 19
    1 HF
    CT'
    CF
    STRUCTUREOF ACOTTAGEF AM ILY-C3 , AF TER
    RECONSTRUCTION
    20 g i r l s . C3 h a s b e e n r e c o n s t r u c t e d t h r o u g h a s s i g n i n g t o o t h e r g r o u p s t h e
    i s o l a t e d a n d r e j e c t e d p a i r CM a n d B C, b o t h i n a p o o r p o s i t i o n
    . B Ci s l i t t l e
    c h o s e n , CM i s t h e c e n t e r o f t h e l a r g e s t n u m b e r o f r e j e c t i o n s ( 10 ) .
    B C, b e s i d e s
    b e i n g i n m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n w i t h CM r e c e i v e d a c h o i c e f r o m CT, t o w h o m s h e
    p a y s n o a t t e n t i o n
    . ( Se e C3 b e f o r e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . ) CTh e r s e l f i s a n u n c h o s e n
    i n d i v i d u a l
    . Th e s e s u r r o u n d i n g s m a d e t h e p a i r , B C-CM , p r a c t i c a l l y i s o l a t e d
    f r o m t h e g r o u p . Ot h e r i n d i v i d u a l s w h o r e q u i r e d a t t e n t i o n w e r e LYa n d GL,
    b o t h i s o l a t e d a n d r e j e c t e d ; f u r t h e r , t h e i s o l a t e d TSa n d PP . Th e l a t t e r , t h o u g h
    n o t i s o l a t e d p r o d u c e d c o n t i n u o u s f r i c t i o n s w i t h l e a d e r s o f r e j e c t i o n a n d t h u s
    r e d u c e d t h e c o h e s i o n o f t h e g r o u p .
    Ab o u t 5 2%o f t h e c h o i c e s g o i n t o t h e c o t t a g e n o w w h e r e a s b e f o r e o n l y 46%o f
    5 20
    t h e c h o i c e s w e n t i n t o i t
    . Th e r e a r e s e v e r a l i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t a m a r k e d c h a n g e
    i n t h e c o h e s i o n o f t h e g r o u p h a s t a k e n p l a c e : a ) t h e i n c r e a s e d n u m b e r o f
    c h o i c e s g o i n g i n t o t h e c o t t a g e f a m i l y , c e n t e r i n g i n t e r e s t m o r e u p o n m e m b e r s
    o f t h e g r o u p t h a n u p o n m e m b e r s o f o t h e r g r o u p s
    ; b ) t h e n u m b e r o f m u t u a l
    r e j e c t i o n s h a s f a l l e n f r o m 5 t o 1 ; c ) t h e r e i s n o i s o l a t e ; d ) t h e h i g h e r s t r u c -
    t u r e s h a v e i n c r e a s e d , t h e r e a r e n o w 2t r i a n g l e s i n s t e a d o f 1, 1s q u a r e i n -
    s t e a d o f 0 a n d t h e r e i s n o s t a r o f r e j e c t i o n s a s a g a i n s t 1i n t h e
    p r e v i o u s s o c i o g r a m . An o t h e r f e a t u r e i s t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a t t r a c t i o n s a n d r e -
    j e c t i o n s w i t h i n t h e g r o u p . Th e r e w e r e 5 8 %o f a t t r a c t i o n s a n d 42%o f r e j e e -
    t i o n s b e f o r e
    ; t h e r e a r e n o w 74%o f a t t r a c t i o n s a n d o n l y 26%o f r e j e c t i o n s .
    Th e c o t t a g e g r o u p w a s c l a s s i f i e d b e f o r e a s In w a r d Ag g r e s s i v e , m o r e t h a n 5 0 %
    o f i t s p o p u l a t i o n r e j e c t i n g s o m e m e m b e r o f t h e g r o u p
    . Af t e r r e c o n s t r u c t i o n
    t h e i n w a r d a g g r e s s i v e n e s s h a s r e c e d e d , o n l y 9m e m b e r s o f i t s p o p u l a t i o n r e -
    j e c t s o m e m e m b e r o f t h e g r o u p
    .
    Cl a s s i f i c a t i o n : Th e o r i g i n a l Ex t r a v e r t e d a n d Ce n t r i f u g a l Or g a n i z a t i o n h a s
    t u r n e d i n t o In t r o v e r t e d a n d Ce n t r i p e t a l Or g a n i z a t i o n .
    CONSTRUCTIONAND RECONSTRUCTIONOF GROUPS
    5 21
    STRUCTUREOF A
    COTTAGEF AM ILY-C16
    Cr i t e r i o n
    : Li v i n g i n p r o x i m i t y , s h a r i n g t h e s a m e h o u s e ; 5 c h o i c e s ; n o l i m i t
    p l a c e d o n r e j e c t i o n s .
    3 0 g i r l s . Is o l a t e d 1 ; Un c h o s e n 6 ; Un c h o s e n a n d Re j e c t e d
    5 ; No t Ch o o s i n g 1 ;
    Pa i r s 18 ; M u t u a l . e j e c t i o n 2 ; In c o m p a t i b l e Pa i r s 7
    ; Ch a i n s 6 ; Tr i a n g l e s 2 ;
    Sq u a r e s 0 ; Ci r c l e s 0 ; St a r s ( o f a t t r a c t i o n ) 5 ; St a r s
    ( o f r e j e c t i o n ) 1 .
    Cl a s s i f i c a t i o n : Ex t r o v e r t e d . Sp e c i a l F e a t u r e -La r g e Nu m b e r o f Un c h o s e n a n d
    Re j e c t e d .
    5 22
    CONSTRUCTIONAND RECONSTRUCTIONOF GROUPS
    STRUCTUREOF ACOTTAGE
    F AM ILY-C16,
    AF TERRECONSTRUCTION
    Cr i t e r i o n : Li v i n g i n p r o x i m i t y , s h a r i n g t h e s a m e h o u s e
    ; 5 c h o i c e s ; n o l i m i t
    p l a c e d o n r e j e c t i o n s
    .
    28 g i r l s . Un c h o s e n 4 ; Un c h o s e n a n d Re j e c t e d 5 ; Pa i r s 17 ; M u t u a l Re j e c t i o n s
    2 ; In c o m p a t i b l e Pa i r s 6 ; Ch a i n s 6 ; Tr i a n g l e s 1 ; Sq u a r e s 0 ; Ci r c l e s 0 ; St a r s
    ( o f a t t r a c t i o n ) 5 ; St a r s ( o f r e j e c t i o n ) 0 .
    Th r e e m e m b e r s o f t h i s g r o u p , i n a n i s o l a t e d , u n c h o s e n o r r e j e c t e d p o s i t i o n , w e r e
    a s s i g n e d t o o t h e r c o t t a g e s , CN, LS, a n d V E . An e w m e m b e r w a s a d m i t t e d , EP .
    Th e n u m e r i c a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e a t t r a c t i o n -r e p u l s i o n p a t t e r n s s h o w s p r a c t i c a l l y n o
    c h a n g e . Th e h o u s e m o t h e r , h o w e v e r , r e p o r t e d a c o n s i d e r a b l e c h a n g e i n t h e b e -
    5 23
    h a v i o r o f t h e g i r l s ; t h e n u m b e r o f t e m p e r t a n t r u m s , s t o l e n a r t i c l e s , s e c r e t d a t e s ,
    p a s s i n g o f i n c r i m i n a t i n g l e t t e r s , h a d d e c r e a s e d t o a b o u t o n e h a l f o f t h e f o r m e r
    f r e q u e n c y . In o r d e r t h a t a s o c i o m e t r i c e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h i s t u r n o f t h e t i d e c a n
    b e g i v e n , a c a r e f u l r e a d i n g o f t h e s o c i o g r a m i s r e q u i r e d . Al t h o u g h t h e a c t u a l
    n u m b e r o f t h e s t r u c t u r e s h a s n o t c h a n g e d , t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e l i n e s o f c o m -
    m u n i c a t i o n h a s c h a n g e d , a n d n e w , s i g n i f i c a n t c o n s t e l l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n f o r m e d
    .
    In d i v i d u a l M Y, f o r i n s t a n c e , r e j e c t s f i v e i n d i v i d u a l s a n d i s r e j e c t e d b y t w o i n
    t h e f i r s t s o c i o g r a m . Ap a r t f r o m t h e r e l a t i o n t o D As h e i s u n c h o s e n , d o e s n o t
    c h o o s e a n d i s t h e r e f o r e p r a c t i c a l l y o u t o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n . In t h e s o c i o g r a m
    a f t e r r e c o n s t r u c t i o n w e s e e M Yi n t h r e e m u t u a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h i n d i v i d u a l s
    w h o f o r m e r l y i g n o r e d h e r
    . M o r e o v e r , s h e d o e s n o t r e j e c t a n y o n e n o r i s s h e
    h e r s e l f r e j e c t e d b y a n y m e m b e r o f t h e g r o u p . Sh e j o i n s a n e w c o n s t e l l a t i o n o f
    M R, CL, TH, SPa n d GT . Th i s c o n s t e l l a t i o n p r o d u c e d , b y d i r e c t a n d i n d i r e c t
    l i n k s o f s i x i n d i v i d u a l s , a r a m i f i c a t i o n i n v o l v i n g a t o t a l o f t w e n t y -o n e m e m b e r s
    o f t h e g r o u p . B e f o r e r e -a s s i g n m e n t t h e g r o u p w a s f r a g m e n t e d i n t o a n u m b e r
    o f s m a l l c l i q u e s a r o u n d t h e l e a d e r s , a l a r g e r n u m b e r o f t h e m e m b e r s o f t h e
    g r o u p b e i n g l e f t o u t .
    5 24
    C
    G
    CONSTRUCTIONAND RECONSTRUCTIONOF GROUPS
    STEAM LAUND RY
    STRUCTUREB EF ORERECONSTRUCTION
    F i g . 1 . 7w o r k e r s a n d 1w h i t e f o r e w o m a n
    . D Ra n d LR, t h e f e e d e r s , r e j e c t
    e a c h o
    t h e r . GR a n d WL, t h e c a t c h e r s , r e j e c t e a c h o t h e r . WLr e j e c t s a l s o t h e
    f e e d e r o p p o s i t e h e r , LR
    . F Ra n d CV , t h e t w o f o l d e r s , a t t r a c t e a c h o t h e r . F R
    a n d CV r e j e c t WL
    . GM , t h e s h a k e r , i s a t t r a c t e d t o CV a n d r e j e c t s GR. GM ,
    D R, GRa n d F Rr e j e c t t h e f o r e w o m a n ( F M ) b u t o n l y D Ri s r e j e c t e d b y h e r
    .
    LR, WLa n d CV a r e a t t r a c t e d t o t h e f o r e w o m a n
    . Th e s e v e n w o r k e r s l i v e i n
    C12, b u t o n l y WLi s p l o t t e d o n ' t h e s o c i o g r a m o f C12b e c a u s e m o s t o f t h e m
    c a m e t o t h e c o m m u n i t y a t a l a t e r d a t e
    . WLc a n b e l o c a t e d o n t h e s o c i o g r a m o f
    C12o n p . 274a t t h e t o p l e f t h a n d c o r n e r
    . It m a y b e n o t e d h e r e t h a t s h e i s a
    s t a r o f c o n s i d e r a b l e a t t r a c t i o n ( 5 ) i n h e r h o m e g r o u p
    . Ho w e v e r , h e r s o c i o -
    m e t r i c p o s i t i o n i n t h e s t e a m l a u n d r y i s o f a d i f f e r e n t o r d e r
    . He r e s h e i s r e -
    j e c t e d b y 3 o f t h e w o r k e r s
    ; t h e m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n t o t h e w h i t e f o r e w o m a n i s a
    c a r r y o v e r f r o m t h e h o m e g r o u p i n w h i c h s h e r e p r e s e n t s o n e o f t h e f e w s t a b i l i z -
    i n g f o r c e s a n d w h e r e s h e h a s a n a f f e c t i o n a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e w h i t e
    h o u s e m o t h e r
    .
    a
    m
    r
    A
    CONSTRUCTIONAND RECONSTRUCTIONOF GROUPS
    5 25
    STRUCTURE OF A
    WORKGROUP-STEAM LAUND RY, AF TERRECONSTRUCTION
    Af t e r a s s i g n m e n t o f D Ra n d WLt o a n o t h e r w o r k g r o u p a n d t h e i r r e p l a c e m e n t
    b y RSa n d CEt h e n e w s o c i o m e t r i c s t r u c t u r e a t t a i n e d b y a n e w s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t
    i s h e r e p l o t t e d . ( Co m p a r e w i t h St e a m La u n d r y , B e f o r e Re c o n s t r u c t i o n . ) Th e
    t w o f e e d e r s , RS( n e w m e m b e r ) a n d LRa r e i n d i f f e r e n t t o w a r d s e a c h o t h e r .
    Th e l a c k o f p e r s o n a l f e e l i n g m a y h e r e b e a n a d v a n t a g e . In d i f f e r e n c e t o e a c h
    o t h e r i s p r e f e r a b l e t o m u t u a l r e j e c t i o n . B u t a t t i m e s , w h e n m u t u a l a t t r a c t i o n
    i s l i n k e d t o m u t u a l e m o t i o n a l l i k i n g o n l y a n d n o t t o c o m p e t e n c e i n t h e w o r k i t
    m a y b e o f d i s a d v a n t a g e . In s t e a d o f g o s s i p i n g t h e y c o n c e n t r a t e o n t h e j o b a n d
    j o i n t h e i r s k i l l s . Th e t w o c a t c h e r s , CE( n e w m e m b e r ) a n d GRa t t r a c t e a c h
    o t h e r . Th i s a t t r a c t i o n t o e a c h o t h e r i s n o t m o t i v a t e d o n l y b y a f e e l i n g o f c o m -
    r a d e s h i p b u t b e c a u s e t h e y k n o w t h a t t h e y c a n w o r k m o r e e f f i c i e n t l y t o g e t h e r
    t h a n w i t h s o m e o n e e l s e . Th e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e f e e d e r s h a s i m p r o v e d . B e f o r e
    r e c o n s t r u c t i o n e a c h c a t c h e r r e j e c t e d o n e o f t h e f e e d e r s . Af t e r r e c o n s t r u c t i o n
    o n l y o n e o f t h e f e e d e r s i s r e j e c t e d b y o n e c a t c h e r . Ac o n s i d e r a b l e i m p r o v e -
    m e n t i n t h e w o r k r e l a t i o n s h i p s o n b o t h s i d e s w a s n o t i c e d . Th e t w o f o l d e r s
    a t t r a c t e a c h o t h e r h e r e a s b e f o r e . Th e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e t o t a l s i t u a t i o n h a s
    o n l y c h a n g e d f o r t h e b e t t e r . Th e t w o f o l d e r s w h o r e j e c t e d o n e o f t h e c a t c h e r s
    a r e n o w i n d i f f e r e n t . Th e r e j e c t i o n o f t h e f o r e w o m a n b y F Ra n d GRh a s
    c h a n g e d i n t o a n a t t r a c t i o n t o w a r d s h e r f r o m b o t h . Ex c e p t f o r t h e s h a k e r GM
    a l l t h e w o r k e r s a r e n o w a t t r a c t e d t o t h e f o r e w o m a n . Th e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e
    w o r k s h o p h a s i n c r e a s e d i n o u t p u t , t h e t i m e s c h e d u l e h a s b e e n a d v a n c e d a n d
    t h e i n t e r p e r s o n a l f r i c t i o n s h a v e b e e n m u c h r e d u c e d . Th e s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t , b e -
    f o r e a n d a f t e r , i s f o l l o w e d u p b y i n t e r v i e w s w i t h e v e r y w o r k e r , i n o r d e r t o f i n d
    o u t t h e r e a s o n s t h e y h a v e f o r a c h o i c e o r a r e j e c t i o n o f t h e i r w o r k p a r t i c i p a n t s .
    Th e r e s u l t s i n t h e s o c i o g r a m a r e c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e a c t u a l b e h a v i o r o f t h e
    w o r k e r s i n t h e r e a l s i t u a t i o n i t s e l f
    . In c a s e o f c o n t i n u e d d i f f i c u l t i e s r o l e -
    p l a y i n g s i t u a t i o n s w e r e d e v i s e d i n t o w h i c h t h e t o t a l w o r k s i t u a t i o n w a s p r o -
    j e c t e d f o r d i a g n o s t i c a n d r e t r a i n i n g p u r p o s e s .
    5 2 6

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    D ISCUSSION
    OF SOCIOM ETRIC
    RECONSTRUCTION M ETHOD S
    It h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d r e g r o u p i n g
    o f i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h i n a g i v e n c o m m u n i t y b y m e a n s o f s o c i o m e t r i c
    p r o c e d u r e s i s a v a l u a b l e a i d i n r a i s i n g i t s s o c i o m e t r i c s t a t u s a n d
    m o r a l e . Th e a p p l i c a t i o n o f s u c h a s o c i o l o g y o f r e c o n s t r u c t i o n
    t o n u m e r o u s c o m m u n i t i e s h a s e n l a r g e d o u r m e t h o d i c a l e x p e r i e n c e
    a n d g i v e n s u p p o r t t o o u r h y p o t h e s i s t h a t n o i n d i v i d u a l a n d n o
    g r o u p s h o u l d b e r e m o v e d f r o m a c o m m u n i t y u n t i l i t s s o c i o m e t r i c
    i n t e g r a t i o n h a s b e e n a t t e m p t e d
    . It s t a n d s t o r e a s o n t h a t b y s u p -
    p l e m e n t i n g l e g a l a n d e c o n o m i c s o c i a l p l a n n i n g b y s o c i o m e t r i c
    p l a n n i n g m a n y o f o u r r e f o r m a t o r i e s , p r i s o n s a n d m e n t a l h o s p i t a l s
    w i l l b e c o m e s u p e r f l u o u s .
    Th e p r o b l e m o f t h e r u n a w a y i s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e p r o b l e m
    o f m i g r a t i o n , t h e d e e p e r c a u s e s i n t h e l a t t e r c a s e , h o w e v e r ,
    b e i n g m o r e o b s c u r e d . As o c i o m e t r i c s t u d y o f t h e m i g r a t i n g
    g r o u p s w o u l d p r o b a b l y s h o w t h e g r a d u a l i s o l a t i o n a n d r e j e c t i o n
    o f s u c h g r o u p s w i t h i n t h e a r e a a n d w o u l d i n d i c a t e i n w h a t m a n n e r
    p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s d e v e l o p a n d c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e r e a d i n e s s o f
    s u c h g r o u p s t o r e s o r t t o m i g r a t i o n a n d t o b e s w a y e d b y e c o n o m i c
    m o t i v e s .
    Th e s e r e s u l t s s u g g e s t t h a t d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e
    p o p u l a t i o n w i t h i n a g i v e n c o m m u n i t y o n t h e b a s i s o f s o c i o m e t r i c
    c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a r e v a l u a b l e a i d s i n t h e b e t t e r m e n t o f i t s g e n e r a l
    s t a t u s . Af t e r p r a c t i c i n g a s s i g n m e n t t h e r a p y i n m a n y c o m m u n i -
    t i e s , o u r k n o w l e d g e o f t e c h n i q u e w i l l i n c r e a s e a n d p e r h a p s w e w i l l
    b e g i n t o r e a l i z e t h a t n o i n d i v i d u a l s h o u l d b e s e g r e g a t e d f r o m t h e
    c o m m u n i t y a t l a r g e b e f o r e a n a t t e m p t i s m a d e t o f i n d a p l a c e f o r
    h i m w i t h i n i t s f o l d , a n d t h a t c o r r e c t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s i n t h e m o d e r n
    s e n s e m a y d i s a p p e a r w h e n l e g a l a n d e c o n o m i c p l a n n i n g o f s o c i e t y
    i s s u p p l e m e n t e d b y s o c i o m e t r i c p l a n n i n g .
    We m a y t a k e o c c a s i o n h e r e t o d i s c u s s a n a r g u m e n t w h i c h h a s
    o f t e n b e e n r a i s e d s i n c e m y t e s t s w e r e i n a u g u r a t e d : " Ar e n o t
    c o m m u n i t i e s t r e a t e d i n t h i s m a n n e r i n d a n g e r o f b e c o m i n g t o o
    h a r m o n i o u s a n d t o o p e a c e f u l , a n d w h e n t h e s e i n d i v i d u a l s r e t u r n
    t o t h e w o r l d a t l a r g e a r e t h e y n o t i n d a n g e r o f a g a i n f a i l i n g t h e r e ?"
    Th e s e c o m m u n i t i e s d o n o t b e c o m e m o r e h a r m o n i o u s a n d p e a c e f u l
    b e c a u s e t h e i r h e t e r o g e n e o u s e l e m e n t s a r e e l i m i n a t e d f r o m t h e m ,
    SOCIOM ETRYOF RECONSTRUCTION

    5 27
    o r b e c a u s e t h e i r c o n t r a s t i n g e l e m e n t s a r e d i s c o u r a g e d o r r e p l a c e d .
    J u s t t h e o p p o s i t e a p p r o a c h i s t r u e o f o u r p r o c e d u r e . We b r i n g t o
    u n f o l d m e n t a n d a w a r e n e s s a l l t h e s p o n t a n e o u s m o v e m e n t s w h i c h
    a r e p o t e n t i a l w i t h i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n a n d b e g i n t h e n , i n c o o p e r a t i o n
    w i t h t h e w h o l e p o p u l a c e , t o r e o r g a n i z e a n d c o o r d i n a t e t h e i r c u r -
    r e n t s . It i s n o t a f l a t h a r m o n y b u t a h a r m o n y i n w h i c h t h e
    h a r m o n i e s a n d d i s h a r m o n i e s a r e b a l a n c e d w i t h i n a l a r g e r s c o p e .
    It m a y b e s a i d a l s o t h a t t h e d a n g e r o f t o o h a p p y h o m e s a n d t o o
    h a p p y c o m m u n i t i e s i s v e r y s m a l l . Un m i x e d h a r m o n y a n d l o v e
    a r e r a r e l y e v i d e n c e d . Th i s v e r y s t u d y h a s c e r t i f i e d t h e f r i g h t e n i n g
    t r u t h t h a t o u r s o c i a l u n i v e r s e i s o v e r w h e l m i n g l y f i l l e d w i t h a g g r e s -
    s i v e n e s s , c r u e l t i e s a n d j e a l o u s i e s o f a l l s o r t s , a n d t h a t t h e s e a r e
    d e e p l y i m b e d d e d , n o t o n l y w i t h i n t h e i n d i v i d u a l b u t p a r t i c u l a r l y
    w i t h i n t h e c o m p l e x s t r u c t u r e o f s o c i a l i n t e r a c t i o n .
    SUM M ARYAND CONCLUSIONS
    Th e r u n a w a y s t a t u s o f a c o m m u n i t y l i k e Hu d s o n i s a n i n d i -
    c a t o r o f t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h t h e c o m m u n i t y h a s b e c o m e t h e p s y -
    c h o l o g i c a l h o m e f o r t h e m e m b e r s o f i t s p o p u l a t i o n . Th e r e a r e
    f e w s t a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s k n o w n t o u s w h e r e t h e n u m b e r o f r u n a w a y s
    i s a s l o w a s i t i s i n Hu d s o n . Ho w e v e r , a r e m a r k a b l e d r o p i n r u n -
    a w a y i n c i d e n t s h a s b e e n n o t e d d u r i n g t h e l a s t y e a r .
    Th e d e c r e a s e i n t h e n u m b e r o f r u n a w a y s c a n b e a p p r e c i a t e d
    f u l l y w h e n w e c o n s i d e r t h a t i n i t i a l a s s i g n m e n t s t h r o u g h s o c i o -
    m e t r i c t e c h n i q u e s b e g a n o n F e b r u a r y 22, 193 3 . Af t e r a f o u r
    m o n t h s ' p e r i o d t h e e f f e c t o f a s s i g n m e n t b e c a m e e v i d e n t w i t h i n t h e
    c o m m u n i t y
    . Th e n u m b e r o f r u n a w a y s g r a d u a l l y d r o p p e d a n d
    d u r i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g e i g h t m o n t h s -f r o m J u l y 1, 193 3 , u n t i l
    M a r c h 1, 193 4-t h e n u m b e r o f r u n a w a y s w a s u n p r e c e d e n t e d l y
    l o w , a t o t a l o f s i x , w h i c h w o u l d b e e q u a l l y u n u s u a l f o r a n o p e n
    p o p u l a t i o n o u t s i d e t h e i n s t i t u t i o n , c o n s i s t i n g o f a n e q u a l n u m b e r
    o f a d o l e s c e n t s . As n o e s s e n t i a l c h a n g e i n t h e s e t -u p o f t h e c o m -
    m u n i t y h a d b e e n m a d e d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d , e i t h e r i n p e r s o n n e l o r
    i n t h e g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n r e c e i v e d , t h e g r e a t e r
    i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e g i r l s t o r e m a i n i n Hu d s o n c a n b e a s c r i b e d t o
    t h e p r o c e d u r e o f a s s i g n m e n t . Ag r e a t e r n u m b e r h a d r e a c h e d t h i s
    m i n i m u m o f a d j u s t m e n t , t h e y d i d n o t r u n a w a y .
    5 2 8
    SOCIOM ETRYINACHANGINGSOCIALORD ER
    D IM ENSIONSOF SOCIETY
    Th e r i s e o f n e w p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s i n a c o m m u n i t y a n d
    t h e d e c l i n e o f o l d o n e s e f f e c t a s l o w b u t c o n t i n u o u s c h a n g e i n t h e
    c o m m u n i t y s t r u c t u r e . Th e r e f o r e , t o k e e p a c o m m u n i t y i n a
    s t a t u s o f e q u i l i b r i u m c o r r e c t i v e m e a n s a r e n e c e s s a r y .
    If w e l o o k a t t h e u n i v e r s e w e s e e t h e l i f e o f i t s o r g a n i s m s i n t e r -
    l o c k e d i n a s t a t e o f i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e , a n d i f w e l o o k p a r t i c u l a r l y
    u p o n t h e o r g a n i s m s w h i c h r e s i d e u p o n e a r t h , w e s e e t h i s s t a t e o f
    i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e i n t w o a s p e c t s , a g e o g r a p h i c a l , h o r i z o n t a l s t r u c -
    t u r e o f i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e a m o n g t h e o r g a n i s m s a n d a v e r t i c a l s t r u c -
    t u r e o f i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e a m o n g t h e m
    . We s e e t h a t m o r e h i g h l y
    d i f f e r e n t i a t e d o r g a n i s m s r e s t i n a n d d e p e n d u p o n t h e l e s s h i g h l y
    d i f f e r e n t i a t e d . It i s t h i s h e t e r o g e n e i t y o f o r d e r w h i c h m a k e s
    b a c t e r i a a n d a l g a e i n d i s p e n s a b l e f o r t h e m o r e c o m p l e x s t r u c t u r e s
    r e s t i n g u p o n t h e m a n d w h i c h g i v e s c r e a t u r e s s o v u l n e r a b l e a n d
    d e p e n d e n t a s m a n t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f e x i s t e n c e
    .
    Th e v e r t i c a l l i n e o f s t r u c t u r e , t h e t e n d e n c y o f b i n d i n g t o g e t h e r
    h i g h e r w i t h l o w e r f o r m s , t o e x p r e s s o n e p a r t t h r o u g h t h e o t h e r
    a n d t o e x p l o i t o n e p a r t t h r o u g h a n o t h e r f o r a c o m m o n a i m c a n
    b e o b s e r v e d i n e v e r y p a r t o f n a t u r e . In t h e h u m a n b o d y t h e h e a d
    r e s t s u p o n t h e t r u n k a n d t h e t r u n k u p o n t h e l e g s . In t h e t o p o g -
    r a p h y o f t h e m i n d t h e l i g h t e r a n d f i n e r e l e m e n t s , t h e i d e a s , r e s t
    u p o n t h e h e a v i e r a n d r o u g h e r e l e m e n t s , t h e e m o t i o n s , w h i c h i n
    t u r n r e s t u p o n i n s t i n c t u a l d r i v e s . An d i t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e m e n t a l
    h e a l t h o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l d e p e n d s u p o n a h a p p y m i x t u r e o f t h e s e
    e l e m e n t s r a t h e r t h a n u p o n t h e a b s o l u t e p r e d o m i n a n c e o f o n e f a c t o r
    a t t h e c o s t o f t h e o t h e r . Th e r e s e e m s t o b e a p o i n t o f s a t u r a t i o n
    i n r e s p e c t t o h o w m u c h i n t e l l e c t a m a n w i t h a g i v e n e m o t i o n a l
    e q u i p m e n t c a n s t a n d , h o w m u c h o f t h i s e m o t i o n a l e n e r g y s h o u l d
    u n d e r g o s u b l i m a t i o n , o r , i n t u r n , h o w m u c h e m o t i o n a l e n e r g y
    s h o u l d b e s p e n t b y a p a r t i c u l a r i n d i v i d u a l w i t h a g i v e n e m o t i o n a l
    c a p a c i t y .
    Th e t w o d i r e c t i o n s o f s t r u c t u r e c a n a l s o b e o b s e r v e d i n s o c i a l
    g r o u p s .
    No i n d i v i d u a l w i l l s t a n d l o n g a p a r t f r o m t h e o t h e r a n d
    n o g r o u p i s o l a t e d f r o m o t h e r s i f t h e y l i v e i n g e o g r a p h i c p r o x i m i t y .
    Th e y w i l l , s o o n e r o r l a t e r , c o m e t o a n e x c h a n g e o f e m o t i o n s a n d
    o t h e r s o c i a l v a l u e s a n d t h u s p r o d u c e h o r i z o n t a l s t r u c t u r e s t h r o u g h
    CHANGINGSOCIALORD ER

    5 2 9
    i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e a n d c o l l e c t i v i s t i c d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n . Th e v e r t i c a l
    l i n e o f s t r u c t u r e c a n b e o b s e r v e d i n g r o u p s w h i c h t e n d t o e n d u r e
    o v e r a p e r i o d o f t i m e . We s e e a n u m b e r o f d e p e n d e n t e l e m e n t s a t
    t h e " b o t t o m " o f t h e g r o u p a n d a n u m b e r o f l e a d i n g e l e m e n t s a t
    t h e " t o p " o f t h e g r o u p , a n d o f t e n a l s o a n u m b e r o f i n t e r m e d i a r y
    a g e n t s b e t w e e n t h e m . Th e m e m b e r s a t t h e t o p n e e d t h e d e p e n d e n t
    g r o u p s a s a m e d i u m t o e x p r e s s t h e m s e l v e s a n d t h e d e p e n d e n t
    g r o u p s n e e d t h e m e m b e r s a t t h e t o p a s a m e d i u m t o e x p r e s s t h e m -
    s e l v e s
    . Th e a n a l y s i s o f g r o u p s i n e a r l i e r p a g e s o f t h i s b o o k h a s
    d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e a c t u a l o r g a n i z a t i o n o f a g r o u p i s f a r m o r e
    c o m p l e x t h a n t h i s s i m p l e d i v i s i o n i n d i c a t e s , b u t o n e p r i n c i p l e
    a l w a y s a p p e a r e d t o p r e v a i l , t h e t e n d e n c y t o p r o d u c e g r o u p s w h i c h
    a r e t h e r a p e u t i c a l l y f i t f o r s u r v i v a l .
    An d i t a p p e a r s f u r t h e r t h a t
    t h i s d e m a n d w a s r e s p o n d e d t o b e s t b y s u c h g r o u p s a s w e r e p r o -
    v i d e d w i t h a w e l l -b a l a n c e d v e r t i c a l m i x t u r e o f i n d i v i d u a l s d i f f e r i n g
    i n r e g a r d t o n u m e r o u s f a c t o r s , . a s f o r i n s t a n c e , m e n t a l c a p a c i t y ,
    a b i l i t y a n d c h r o n o l o g i c a l a g e .
    It i n d i c a t e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h i s
    h e t e r o g e n e i t y c o u l d n o t g o o n w i t h o u t l i m i t , t h a t t h e r e e x i s t e d
    a p o i n t o f s a t u r a t i o n f o r l e a d e r -i n d i v i d u a l s , f o r c o n t r a s t i n g r a c i a l
    e l e m e n t s , f o r i n d i v i d u a l s o f r e t a r d e d m e n t a l d e v e l o p m e n t , a n d
    o t h e r f a c t o r s
    ; n e i t h e r c o u l d h e t e r o g e n e i t y b e r e d u c e d t o a m i n i -
    m u m w i t h o u t r e a c h i n g s t a g n a t i o n a n d g r a d u a l d i s i n t e g r a t i o n .
    Th e c o n d i t i o n o f a g r o u p i n w h i c h a c e r t a i n i n d i v i d u a l m e m b e r
    h a s f a i l e d t o p r o d u c e a s u c c e s s f u l a d j u s t m e n t a f t e r a p e r i o d o f s i x
    m o n t h s o r m o r e w a s o u r f i r s t c o n c e r n a s i d e f r o m t h e c o n d i t i o n
    o f t h i s i n d i v i d u a l h i m s e l f
    . Th e g r o u p c a n b e i n a s c e n d a n c e , t h a t
    i s , d e v e l o p i n g f r o m a l o w e r t o a h i g h e r l e v e l o f o r g a n i z a t i o n , o r
    i t c a n h e i n d e c l i n e ,
    r e g r e s s i n g f r o m a h i g h e r t o a l o w e r l e v e l o f
    o r g a n i z a t i o n . Th e s i t u a t i o n o f a n e w c o m e r i s i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e
    c o n d i t i o n o f t h e g r o u p h e e n t e r s . In t h e p r o c e s s o f a d j u s t i n g
    h i m s e l f t o t h e g r o u p h e p a s s e s t h r o u g h a p h a s e o f a s c e n d a n c e ,
    t h e g r a d u a l a c q u a i n t a n c e w i t h t h e m e m b e r s o f t h e g r o u p , t h e
    g r a d u a l d e v e l o p i n g o f a p o s i t i o n w i t h i n i t w h i c h g i v e s t h e b e s t
    p o s s i b l e e x p r e s s i o n t o h i s s t r i v i n g s a n d a b i l i t i e s a g a i n s t t h e p r e s -
    s u r e b r o u g h t f o r t h b y t h e o t h e r m e m b e r s a r o u n d h i m . Se c o n d l y ,
    h e e n t e r s i n t o a p h a s e o f m a i n t e n a n c e o f t h e p o s i t i o n a t t a i n e d .
    Th e l a t t e r t a k e s p l a c e w h e n t h e p r o c e s s o f a s c e n d a n c e e n d s i n a
    r e l a t i v e l y s u c c e s s f u l a d j u s t m e n t o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l t o t h e g r o u p .
    B u t s o m e t i m e s i t i s o b s e r v e d t h a t t h i s p r o c e s s o f a s c e n d a n c e i s
    5 3 0

    WHO SHALLSURV IV E?
    b l o c k e d , e i t h e r a t t h e v e r y e n t r a n c e o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l i n t o t h e g r o u p
    o r i n s o m e o f t h e l a t e r p h a s e s . Re s i s t a n c e s a g a i n s t h i s a d j u s t m e n t
    c o m e e i t h e r f r o m t h e g r o u p o r f r o m h i m s e l f , o r f r o m b o t h s i d e s ;
    i t m a y n o t m e l t t h r o u g h a t t e m p t s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l o r t h r o u g h
    a t t e m p t s f r o m t h e o u t s i d e , a n d i f t h i s a r r e s t i s m a i n t a i n e d f o r a
    p e r i o d o f s i x m o n t h s o r m o r e , t h e n s o m e t h e r a p e u t i c a p p r o a c h
    t o t h e p r o b l e m b e c o m e s u r g e n t . Th e m a l a d j u s t m e n t m a y b e d u e
    t o p a r t i c u l a r i n d i v i d u a l d i f f i c u l t i e s w h i c h h e d e v e l o p e d p r i o r t o
    e n t e r i n g i n t o t h e g r o u p . If t h e g r o u p t o w h i c h h e i s a s s i g n e d h a s
    a n u m b e r o f o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l s b e s i d e s h i m w h o s u f f e r f r o m s i m i l a r
    o r o t h e r d i f f i c u l t i e s , s u c h m e m b e r s o f t h e g r o u p a s a r e a i d i n g i n
    t h e i r a d j u s t m e n t m a y b e o v e r b u r d e n e d . He a n d h i s d i f f i c u l t i e s
    a r e t h e n t o o m u c h f o r t h e g r o u p a n d h e m a y b e c o m e r e j e c t e d
    .
    Or h i s m a l a d j u s t m e n t m a y n o t b e d u e t o p a r t i c u l a r i n d i v i d u a l
    d i f f i c u l t i e s , b u t t o d i f f i c u l t i e s w i t h i n t h e c o l l e c t i v e i t s e l f . Sp e c i f i c
    s o c i a l , r a c i a l a n d n a t i o n a l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s m a y p r o d u c e d i s -
    t u r b a n c e s a m o n g t h e m e m b e r s , i f t h e g r o u p i s a l r e a d y s a t u r a t e d
    w i t h i n d i v i d u a l s o f t h i s p a r t i c u l a r n a t i o n a l i t y a n d i f t h a t g r o u p
    i s s a t u r a t e d w i t h l e a d e r -i n d i v i d u a l s o f h i s a b i l i t i e s a n d t e n d e n c i e s
    a n d h e i s , i n c o n s e q u e n c e , h a n d i c a p p e d i n d e v e l o p i n g a n d e x -
    p r e s s i n g t h e m
    . Th e s e a n d s i m i l a r c o n d i t i o n s m a y s u g g e s t t h e
    c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h i s i n d i v i d u a l i s o f d i s a d v a n t a g e t o t h e g r o u p
    a n d t h a t t h e g r o u p i s o f d i s a d v a n t a g e t o h i m . He m a y t h r o w t h e
    g r o u p o u t o f b a l a n c e a n d t h e g r o u p m a y t e n d t o k e e p h i m o u t o f
    b a l a n c e .
    Al l t h i s m a y b e d u e n o t o n l y t o c a u s e s o r i g i n a t i n g i n
    t h e s u b j e c t o r i n t h i s o r t h a t m e m b e r o f t h e g r o u p , n o r t o t h e
    i n t e r a c t i o n o f t h e s u b j e c t w i t h t h e m e m b e r s , b u t i t m a y a l s o b e
    d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a l l e v e l o f t h e g r o u p ; i t c o u l d b e
    d u e t o t h e t y p e o f o r g a n i z a t i o n i t r e p r e s e n t s a n d t o t h e p o i n t o f
    s a t u r a t i o n f o r c e r t a i n e l e m e n t s w h i c h a r e i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e m a i n -
    t e n a n c e a n d s u r v i v a l o f t h e g r o u p a s a w h o l e .
    Wh e n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f a g r o u p i s u n c o v e r e d t h r o u g h t h e
    s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t i t a l s o r e v e a l s t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n w h i c h e a c h o f i t s
    m e m b e r s m a k e s t o w a r d s t h e m e n t a l o r s o c i a l d i s o r d e r b y w h i c h a
    p a r t i c u l a r i n d i v i d u a l i s e s p e c i a l l y c a u g h t . Th i s r e c o g n i t i o n o f
    t h e c o m m u n i t y s t r u c t u r e a n d o f t h e p o s i t i o n o f e a c h i n d i v i d u a l
    w i t h i n i t c a n b e u s e d f o r t h e r a p e u t i c e n d s t h r o u g h a f o r m o f i n -
    d i v i d u a l t r e a t m e n t , t h r o u g h g r o u p p s y c h o t h e r a p y o r t h r o u g h
    r e g r o u p i n g .
    5 3
    1
    PSYCHOD RAM A, SOCIOD RAM AAND SPONTANEITY
    TRAINING
    If w e s h o u l d m e r e l y h a v e s u c c e e d e d i n a d j u s t i n g e a c h i n d i v i d u a l
    t o e v e r y p o s s i b l e g r o u p w i t h i n t h e f o l d o f t h e g i v e n i n s t i t u t i o n ,
    t h i s w o u l d s t i l l n o t b e a g u a r a n t e e f o r a n a d j u s t m e n t l a t e r i n
    t h e c o m m u n i t y a t l a r g e
    . Th e p e r p l e x i n g p r o b l e m o f a c o m m u n i t y
    l i k e Hu d s o n i s t h e n e c e s s i t y o f r e t u r n i n g i t s p o p u l a t i o n , a f t e r a
    p e r i o d o f t r a i n i n g , f r o m a g i v e n e n v i r o n m e n t t o a m o r e c o m p l e x
    e n v i r o n m e n t .
    Th e o r e t i c a l l y w e c o u l d i m a g i n e a s o l u t i o n i n t h e
    i d e a o f c o n d i t i o n i n g t h e i n d i v i d u a l t h r o u g h p l a c i n g h i m s u c c e s -
    s i v e l y i n t o m a n y e n v i r o n m e n t s t o l e a r n t h r o u g h t r i a l a n d e r r o r .
    Th e s e e n v i r o n m e n t s , h o w e v e r , m a y n o t a l w a y s b e a v a i l a b l e ; o r ,
    a g a i n , i n c o r r i g i b l e h a b i t s m a y d e v e l o p . Ye t , i n w a n t o f a m a n i f o l d
    o f n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t s w e c a n r e s o r t t o t h e c r e a t i n g o f e x p e r i -
    m e n t a l e n v i r o n m e n t s , a n d i n w a n t o f a m a n i f o l d o f l i v i n g r o l e s w e
    c a n r e s o r t t o f i c t i t i o u s r o l e s w h i c h a r e b r o u g h t a s c l o s e a s p o s s i b l e
    t o t h e l i v i n g o n e s . To a c c o m p l i s h t h i s a i m w e h a v e d e v e l o p e d
    t e c h n i q u e s f o r " t r a i n i n g s o c i a l s p o n t a n e i t y . "
    Th e p r o b l e m c a n b e l o o k e d a t a l s o f r o m a n o t h e r a n g l e :
    t h e
    m o r e s i m i l a r t h e s e t -u p o f a c l o s e d c o m m u n i t y t o t h a t o f t h e
    c o m m u n i t y o u t s i d e t h e m o r e i t w i l l b e a r e a l i t y t e s t
    . Th e r e f o r e ,
    t h e b e t t e r d e f i n e d t h e s o c i a l r e a l i t y , t h e b e t t e r w e w i l l b e a b l e t o
    d e f i n e t h e t e c h n i q u e s n e c e s s a r y t o a t t a i n p o t e n t i a l p r e p a r a t i o n f o r
    i t i n Hu d s o n . B u t t h e d i f f i c u l t y s t a r t s r i g h t h e r e . We h a v e n o
    m e a n s w h e r e b y t o d e f i n e w i t h a n y a m o u n t o f p r e c i s i o n t h i s r e a l i t y
    t o w h i c h t h e i n d i v i d u a l s r e t u r n . We h a v e b e e n a b l e , t h r o u g h t h e
    s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t , t o o b t a i n a g o o d i d e a o f t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l r e a l i t y ,
    Hu d s o n . F o r u s w h o h a v e m a d e t h i s s o c i o m e t r i c s t u d y , Hu d s o n i s
    t h e k n o w n , t h e w o r l d t h e u n k n o w n . We h a v e g a i n e d a c r i t e r i o n
    f o r m e a s u r i n g t h e s u c c e s s i n a d j u s t m e n t o f a n i n d i v i d u a l h e r e , b u t
    w e h a v e n o c r i t e r i o n a s y e t t o p r e d i c t w h e t h e r a n a d j u s t m e n t t o
    t h e c o m m u n i t y a t l a r g e w i l l o r w i l l n o t b e s u c c e s s f u l -m o r e
    e s p e c i a l l y s i n c e t h e s e t -u p o f Hu d s o n , i n w h i c h t h e s o c i a l a n d
    w o r k s i t u a t i o n s i n t o w h i c h t h e i n d i v i d u a l s m a y e n t e r a r e l i m i t e d
    i n n u m b e r a n d r e a d i l y d e f i n a b l e , i s s o r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e c o m p a r e d
    t o t h a t o f t h e c o m m u n i t y a t l a r g e
    . If t h e w o r l d w e r e o f a s c o m -
    p a r a t i v e l y r i g i d a s t r u c t u r e a s w e i m a g i n e s o c i e t y w a s i n t h e
    M i d d l e Ag e s , t h e n w e c o u l d p r e v i e w t h e s o c i a l a n d v o c a t i o n a l
    5 3 2

    WHO
    SHALL SURV IV E?
    s i t u a t i o n s , t h e i r n u m b e r a n d c h a r a c t e r , f o r w h i c h t h e i n d i v i d u a l s
    h a v e t o b e t r a i n e d . B u t t o d a y t h e s e s i t u a t i o n s d i f f e r f r o m c o u n t r y
    t o c o u n t r y , o f t e n f r o m s t a t e t o s t a t e , a n d u n d e r g o t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
    w i t h i n a f e w y e a r s , e v e n w i t h i n t h e s a m e t o w n . It i s a r e a l i t y
    w h i c h d o e s n o t r e m a i n s t a t i o n a r y , a c h a n g i n g r e a l i t y .
    Th e
    t e c h n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s d e s t r o y s w e l l a c c r e d i t e d v o c a t i o n s w i t h n e w
    i n v e n t i o n s a n d d e v e l o p s n e w o n e s . Wh i l e i n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h t h e
    l a w i s t e c h n i c a l l y s u f f i c i e n t t o d e f i n e a n a c t a s a n t i s o c i a l , t h i s i s n o
    c r i t e r i o n f o r d e c i d i n g w h e t h e r o r n o t a n i n d i v i d u a l h a s a t t a i n e d
    s u c c e s s f u l a d j u s t m e n t t o t h e p e r s o n s i n h i s c o m m u n i t y .
    Th e t r e n d t o w a r d s g r e a t e r c o m p l e x i t y a n d d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n r e -
    f l e c t s n o t o n l y u p o n t h e s o c i a l a n d v o c a t i o n a l s i t u a t i o n s b u t a l s o
    u p o n t h e i n s t i n c t u a l d r i v e s o f m a n , p a r t i c u l a r l y u p o n t h e s e x u a l
    a n d p a r e n t a l i m p u l s e s . An d i t i s f o r f a i l u r e t o c o m m a n d t h e s e
    i m p u l s e s t o t h e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l a n d t h e k i n d t h a t t h e
    m a j o r i t y o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f w o m e n ' s i n s t i t u t i o n s a r e c o m m i t t e d .
    Th e f a c t t h a t t h e y a r e s e n t t o i n s t i t u t i o n s i s i r r e l e v a n t . Th e p r o b -
    l e m w o u l d b e t h e s a m e i n a n y c a s e
    . Re g a r d l e s s o f w h e t h e r t h e y
    h a v e t r a n s g r e s s e d t h e l a w o r n o t , t h e s e g i r l s h a v e i n c o m m o n w i t h
    m a n y o t h e r s w h o r e m a i n u n a p p r e h e n d e d , t h a t t h e y d e v e l o p a
    c o m p a r a t i v e l y l a r g e r e m o t i o n a l e x p a n s i v e n e s s i n r e f e r e n c e t o
    s e x t h a n t o o t h e r c r i t e r i a , w i t h o u t , a t t h e s a m e t i m e , b e i n g a b l e t o
    d i r e c t t h e i r e m o t i o n s .
    As t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s a r i s e i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e
    o t h e r s e x , t h e p r o b l e m i s o n e o f e m o t i o n a l l e a r n i n g : h o w t o b e h a v e
    t o w a r d s t h e o t h e r s e x
    . B u t f o r t h i s p a r t i c u l a r p r o b l e m i n a d j u s t -
    m e n t n o t h e r a p e u t i c a p p r o a c h e x i s t s e i t h e r i n o u r i n s t i t u t i o n s o r
    o t h e r s c h o o l s .
    Tw o c o n c l u s i o n s c a n b e d r a w n , h o w e v e r , f r o m t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l
    r e a l i t y o f t h e c o m m u n i t y o u t s i d e a n d t h e e q u i p m e n t r e q u i r e d f o r
    a n i n d i v i d u a l w h o m e e t s t h e s e d e m a n d s a d e q u a t e l y . Th e f i r s t c o n -
    c l u s i o n i s a n e g a t i v e o n e . Th e l a c k o f f i x e d v o c a t i o n s a n d t h e i r
    t r a n s i t o r y c h a r a c t e r , t h e i m p e r m a n e n c e o f t h e s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n s a n d
    t h e c o n s t a n t u p r i s i n g o f n e w v a r i e t i e s m a k e i t u n w i s e t o t a k e
    t h e s e a s a c r i t e r i o n a r o u n d w h i c h t o c o n s t r u c t a p r o g r a m o f t r a i n -
    i n g
    . Th e s e c o n d c o n c l u s i o n i s b a s e d u p o n s o c i o m e t r i c s t u d i e s a s
    f a r a s t h e y h a v e b e e n m a d e t o d a t e i n t h e c o m m u n i t y a t l a r g e .
    So c i a l g r o u p s h a v e a d e f i n i t e o r g a n i z a t i o n i n r e s p e c t t o t h e a g e
    l e v e l s o f t h e i r m e m b e r s a n d t o t h e c r i t e r i o n o f t h e p a r t i c u l a r c o l -
    l e c t i v e i n w h i c h t h e y p a r t i c i p a t e
    ; t h e p o s i t i o n o f a n i n d i v i d u a l i n
    SPONTANEITYTRAINING

    5 3 3
    a g r o u p w h i c h h a s o n e k i n d o f o r g a n i z a t i o n i s a m e a n s b y w h i c h
    t o p r o g n o s t i c a t e t h e p o s i t i o n h e w i l l a t t a i n i n g r o u p s o f a l i k e o r
    c l o s e l y s i m i l a r o r g a n i z a t i o n
    .
    B u t s u c c e s s f u l a d j u s t m e n t t o a p l u r a l i t y o f e n v i r o n m e n t s r e -
    q u i r e s a f l e x i b l e , s p o n t a n e o u s p e r s o n a l i t y m a k e -u p . Th e q u e s t i o n
    t h e n a r i s e s h o w s u c h a p e r s o n a l i t y m a k e -u p c a n b e a c h i e v e d a n d
    w h a t a t t r i b u t e s t h i s p e r s o n a l i t y r e q u i r e s . Th e o b j e c t i v e s o f o u r
    s y s t e m s o f e d u c a t i o n i n t h e p a s t h a v e b e e n t o t r a i n m a n f o r a s e r i e s
    o f r i g i d s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n s a n d f o r a s e r i e s o f r i g i d v o c a t i o n s . Th e
    r o a d s t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e i n d i v i d u a l h a d t o t r a v e l w e r e g i v e n . D e -
    v e l o p m e n t o r p e r f e c t i o n c o u l d b e o b t a i n e d o n l y w i t h i n t h e s e d o g -
    m a t i c a n d c l e a r -c u t b o u n d a r i e s .
    Ou t s i d e o f t h e s e w e r e c h a o s a n d
    d i s i n t e g r a t i o n . B u t w i t h i n t h e l a s t c e n t u r y a c h a n g e h a s t a k e n
    p l a c e
    . Th i s c h a n g e d i d n o t m o v e f r o m t h e o l d d o g m a t i c s i t u a t i o n
    t o a n e w d o g m a t i c s i t u a t i o n , b u t t o o n e o f f l u x a n d u n c e r t a i n t y .
    Th e a r g u m e n t h a s b e e n r a i s e d t h a t t h e c a u s e o f t h i s d e v e l o p m e n t
    i s t h e i n d u s t r i a l r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h a t t h e r e m e d y l i e s i n h a l t i n g
    t h e p r o g r e s s o f t h e m a c h i n e , o r , a g a i n , t h a t t h e c a u s e l i e s i n a
    p e r v e r s i o n o f m a n ' s i n s t i n c t s a n d t h e r e m e d y i n a r e t u r n t o a
    m o r e p r i m i t i v e c i v i l i z a t i o n . B u t a n o t h e r p o i n t o f v i e w c a n b e
    t a k e n
    :
    t h a t m a n i s r e s o u r c e f u l e n o u g h t o b e c o m e m o r e h i g h l y
    d i f f e r e n t i a t e d a n d m o r e f l e x i b l e i n a c c o r d w i t h a m o r e h i g h l y
    d i f f e r e n t i a t e d a n d m o r e f l e x i b l e f o r m o f s o c i e t y w h i c h , a s i t a p -
    p e a r s , i s i n t h e m a k i n g .
    We h a d o b s e r v e d i n t h e c a s e o f El s a TLt h a t t h e s p o n t a n e i t y
    t e s t i n g w a s a c c o m p a n i e d b y a b y -p r o d u c t : t h e a t t i t u d e o f m a n y
    m e m b e r s o f h e r g r o u p t o w a r d s h e r u n d e r w e n t a m o d i f i c a t i o n
    a l t h o u g h n o o t h e r e f f o r t h a d b e e n m a d e e x c e p t t h e p l a c i n g o f t h e
    m e m b e r s i n t o e x p e r i m e n t a l s i t u a t i o n s t o a c t w i t h h e r . As i t
    a p p e a r e d , d u r i n g t h e s e a c t s El s a w a s s t i m u l a t e d t o u n c o v e r a s p e c t s
    o f h e r p e r s o n a l i t y w h i c h s h e h a d n o t h a d a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o r e v e a l
    i n t h e d i s c i p l i n e d c o u r s e o f c o t t a g e l i f e , a n d l i k e w i s e t h e o t h e r
    m e m b e r s o f t h e a c t i n g g r o u p h a d a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o u n c o v e r
    t o w a r d s El s a a s p e c t s o f t h e i r p e r s o n a l i t i e s w h i c h h a d r e m a i n e d
    h i d d e n o r l i t t l e d i s p l a y e d
    . Th e s u g g e s t i o n a r o s e o u t o f t h e s e o b s e r -
    v a t i o n s t o s u p p l e m e n t t h e r o u t i n e g r o u p l i f e t h r o u g h a c t i v i t i e s i n
    e x p e r i m e n t a l p l a y s i t u a t i o n s , g i v i n g t h e m e m b e r s o f t h e g r o u p a
    c h a n c e t o a c t i n a v a r i e t y o f f u n c t i o n s a n d r o l e s a n d e n a b l i n g t h e m
    t o r e l e a s e a n d s h a p e t h e i r i n t e r e s t s
    . Th r o u g h t h i s m e d i u m i t w a s
    5 3 4

    WHO SHALLSURV IV E?
    p o s s i b l e t o m a k e e a c h m e m b e r o f t h e g r o u p , t h e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s
    a m o n g t h e m e m b e r s , a n d t h e g r o u p a s a w h o l e m o r e f l e x i b l e . Th e
    c o n f l i c t s o f t h e a c t u a l f a m i l y c o n s t e l l a t i o n a n d o f l o v e a n d b u s i -
    n e s s r e l a t i o n s , e t c . , w e r e l a c k i n g i n t h i s c o m m u n i t y . We i n t r o -
    d u c e d p r e c i s e l y s u c h s i t u a t i o n s a s m i g h t a r i s e i n r e l a t i o n s o f t h i s
    s o r t i n o r d e r t h a t c o n d u c t i n t h e s e s i t u a t i o n s m i g h t b e i m p r o v e d
    t h r o u g h i n c o r p o r a t i n g f u n c t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h e m i n t o p l a y s . In
    t h i s m a n n e r w e p r o v i d e d a m e a n s t o o f f s e t a n d f u l f i l l t h e l a c k s
    i n t r i n s i c t o a c l o s e d c o m m u n i t y .
    Th e i n d i v i d u a l s c h o s e t h e s i t u a t i o n s a n d t h e r o l e s i n w h i c h t h e y
    w a n t e d t o a c t , a n d t h e p a r t n e r s w h o m t h e y w a n t e d t o a c t o p -
    p o s i t e t h e m i n a c e r t a i n r o l e , o r t h e y r e v e r s e d t h e r o l e s t h e y h a d
    i n l i f e , o r t h e y w e r e p l a c e d i n s e l e c t e d s i t u a t i o n s . As t h e a c t i n g
    w a s p u r e i m p r o v i s a t i o n , t h e p e r f o r m a n c e w a s a y a r d s t i c k o f h o w
    t h e y m i g h t p e r f o r m i n l i f e s i t u a t i o n s . B u t w h e r e a s c o n d u c t i n
    a l i f e s i t u a t i o n i s i r r e v o c a b l e , h e r e e v e r y p h a s e o f t h e p e r f o r m a n c e
    i s o p e n t o c o r r e c t i o n t h r o u g h c r i t i c i s m m a d e b y t h e o t h e r p a r -
    t i c i p a n t s , t h e i n s t r u c t o r a n d t h e s u b j e c t h i m s e l f . Th u s a t e c h n i q u e
    f o r l e a r n i n g t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e i n a c t i o n b e h a v i o r p a t t e r n s w h i c h
    m a y h a v e b e e n i n a d e q u a t e a t t h e s t a r t i s m a d e a v a i l a b l e t o t h e
    i n d i v i d u a l a n d t o t h e g r o u p . We f o u n d i t a d v i s a b l e t o c o n s t r u c t
    t h e s i t u a t i o n s i n s u c h a m a n n e r a s t o r e s e m b l e a s c l o s e l y a s p o s s i b l e
    t h e p o s i t i o n t h e i n d i v i d u a l e x p e c t s t o a s s u m e i n t h e c o m m u n i t y
    o u t s i d e . F o r i n s t a n c e , i f t h e i n d i v i d u a l r e c e i v e s t r a i n i n g i n a
    s p e c i f i c v o c a t i o n , s h e i s p l a c e d i n a v a r i e t y o f s i t u a t i o n s w h i c h
    m i g h t a r i s e i n t h i s v o c a t i o n .
    So c i a l l i f e h a s t h e t e n d e n c y t o a t t a c h a d e f i n i t e r o l e t o a s p e c i f i c
    p e r s o n s o t h a t t h i s r o l e b e c o m e s t h e p r e v a i l i n g o n e i n t o w h i c h t h e
    i n d i v i d u a l i s f o l d e d .
    An x i e t y , f e a r , r e s e n t m e n t , o r f e e l i n g s o f
    d i f f e r e n c e a n d d i s t i n c t i o n a r e o f t e n i n c r e a s e d b y t h i s c o n d i t i o n
    a n d t h e a c c r u i n g s t r a i n s a n d t e n s i o n s r e f l e c t i n t o t h e g r o u p l i f e .
    Th e y c a n , h o w e v e r , b e r e d u c e d t h r o u g h t h e r e l e a s e a n d t r a i n i n g
    p r o v i d e d b y s k i l l f u l g u i d a n c e o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s i n t h e p e r f o r m a n c e
    o f p l a y s i t u a t i o n s .
    M a n y t h i n g s w h i c h o n e g i r l w o u l d n o t t e l l a n o t h e r o r t h e
    h o u s e m o t h e r i n l i f e s h e m a y a c t o u t i n a p l a y , a n d t h e h u m o r o f
    i t m a y p r e v e n t a n d h e a l m a n y p o t e n t i a l g r i e v a n c e s w h i c h m i g h t
    o t h e r w i s e h a v e l e d t o a c t u a l c o n f l i c t . An d t h e r e i s a n o t h e r a s p e c t
    SPONTANEITYTRAINING

    5 3 5
    w h i c h i s t h e m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h e m o r e r i g i d l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d s o c i a l
    l i f e i s . Ev e r y b o d y i s e x p e c t e d t o l i v e u p t o h i s o f f i c i a l r o l e i n
    l i f e -a t e a c h e r i s t o a c t a s a t e a c h e r , a p u p i l a s a p u p i l , a n d s o f o r t h .
    B u t t h e i n d i v i d u a l c r a v e s t o e m b o d y f a r m o r e r o l e s t h a n t h o s e
    h e i s a l l o w e d t o a c t o u t i n l i f e a n d e v e n o n e o r m o r e v a r i e t i e s
    w i t h i n n t h e s a m e r o l e . Ev e r y i n d i v i d u a l i s f i l l e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t
    r o l e s w h i c h h e w a n t s t o b e c o m e a c t i v e i n a n d t h a t a r e p r e s e n t i n
    h i m i n d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s o f d e v e l o p m e n t . It i s f r o m t h e a c t i v e
    p r e s s u r e w h i c h t h e s e m u l t i p l e i n d i v i d u a l u n i t s e x e r t u p o n t h e
    m a n i f e s t o f f i c i a l r o l e t h a t a f e e l i n g o f a n x i e t y i s o f t e n p r o d u c e d .
    Th e m e t h o d h a s n u m e r o u s a d v a n t a g e s c o m p a r e d w i t h t r a i n i n g
    i n a d j u s t m e n t t h r o u g h a c t u a l l i f e e x p e r i e n c e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r t h e
    i n d i v i d u a l i n t h e f o r m a t i v e s t a g e s
    . F i r s t , i n a c t u a l l i f e s i t u a t i o n s
    a n i n d i v i d u a l o f t e n h a s d i f f i c u l t y i n l e a r n i n g f r o m a m i s t a k e d u e t o
    t h e e a r n e s t n e s s o f t h e s i t u a t i o n . In h i s a n x i e t y h e m a y r e p e a t
    s u c h e r r o r w h e n a s i m i l a r o c c a s i o n o c c u r s , t h u s r e t a r d i n g h i s
    l e a r n i n g t o o v e r c o m e i t . Se c o n d , f o r m a n y i n d i v i d u a l s a c t u a l
    l i f e s i t u a t i o n s e n c o u r a g e a n e m o t i o n a l i n e r t i a i f t h e p e r f o r m a n c e
    i s s u c c e s s f u l i n a g i v e n r o l e , a n d m o r e i s n o t d e m a n d e d . Th i r d ,
    a c t u a l l i f e s i t u a t i o n s , e v e n i f t h e s e d e v e l o p a n i n d i v i d u a l t o t h e
    p o i n t o f f i t t i n g p e r f e c t l y i n t o a c e r t a i n r o l e , t h e y m a k e h i m s i n g l e -
    t r a c k e d a n d e x c l u d e f r o m h i s h o r i z o n o t h e r v a r i e t i e s o f s i t u a t i o n s
    a n d v o c a t i o n s . As a d e v e l o p m e n t a l t e c h n i q u e Sp o n t a n e i t y Tr a i n -
    i n g i s t h u s s u p e r i o r t o l i f e t r a i n i n g . Th r o u g h t r a i n i n g o f i n d i -
    v i d u a l s f o r c o n d u c t i n p o s s i b l y a r i s i n g s i t u a t i o n s , i n a v a r i e t y o f
    r o l e s a n d f u n c t i o n s t h e y m a y h a v e t o a s s u m e t o w a r d s a v a r i e t y o f
    p e r s o n s i n t h e p o s s i b l e r o l e s t h e y m a y a s s u m e , t h e s u b j e c t l e a r n s
    t o m e e t l i f e s i t u a t i o n s m o r e a d e q u a t e l y . Th e t r a i n i n g m a k e s h i m
    m o r e r e s o u r c e f u l a n d v e r s a t i l e . Th e p o s s i b i l i t y c a n b e e n v i s i o n e d
    o f d i r e c t i n g m a n ' s e v o l u t i o n w i t h t h e a i d o f " St e g r e i f " ( s p o n -
    t a n e i t y ) t e c h n i q u e s i n t o a v e n u e s w h i c h d i f f e r e n t i a t e a n d e n l a r g e
    t h e s p o n t a n e o u s b a s e o f h i s h e r i t a g e , h i s a b i l i t y t o b e s p o n t a n e o u s ,
    h i s " s p o n t a n e a b i l i t y
    . "
    Sp o n t a n e i t y r e s e a r c h h a s d i s c l o s e d t h a t
    s p o n t a n e i t y i s n o t a m y s t i c a n d i r r a t i o n a l f a c t o r , b u t a c a p a c i t y
    w i t h w h i c h a l l m e n a r e e n d o w e d a n d w h i c h c a n b e t e s t e d a n d
    t r a i n e d . Th e p r o b l e m o f l e a r n i n g b e c o m e s o n e o f n o t i n d u c i n g
    a n d c o n s e r v i n g h a b i t s b u t t o t r a i n s p o n t a n e i t y , t o t r a i n a n d d e v e l o p
    m a n t o t h e h a b i t o f s p o n t a n e i t y . Th e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h a v e l e d m e
    t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a " s p o n t a n e i t y t h e o r y o f l e a r n i n g . "
    5 3 6

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    As e r i e s o f l i f e s i t u a t i o n s c a l l i n g f o r t h e e m b o d i m e n t o f s p e c i f i c
    s t a t e s a n d r o l e s i s c o n s t r u c t e d . Th i s s e r i e s i s n o t a r b i t r a r y b u t
    o r g a n i z e d u p o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e s o c i o m e t r i c a n d
    Sp o n t a n e i t y Te s t s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e s p e c i f i c i n d i v i d u a l u n d e r
    t r a i n i n g . Ea c h o f t h e s i t u a t i o n -p a t t e r n s i s c o n s t r u c t e d t h r o u g h
    s e v e r a l p h a s e s r a n g i n g f r o m t h e s i m p l e s t p o s s i b l e f o r m o f a g i v e n
    s i t u a t i o n -p a t t e r n t h r o u g h t h e m o r e c o m p l e x f o r m s t o t h e m o s t
    h i g h l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d , a l l c a r e f u l l y g r a d u a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e -
    q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e s u b j e c t . He n c e t h e s u b j e c t i s t r a i n e d t h r o u g h
    a c t i n g i n t h e s i m p l e s t o f r o l e s i n a n y s p e c i f i c s i t u a t i o n -p a t t e r n
    t h r o u g h s e v e r a l d e g r e e s o f d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f t h e s a m e s i t u a t i o n -
    p a t t e r n u n t i l h e c a n c o m m a n d t h e p a t t e r n a d e q u a t e l y . As i n l i f e
    t h e i n d i v i d u a l m u s t p e r f o r m i n m a n y s i t u a t i o n -p a t t e r n s , Sp o n -
    t a n e i t y Tr a i n i n g m u s t a l s o i n c l u d e n o t o n l y m a n y v a r i e t i e s o f
    a n y s i n g l e s i t u a t i o n -p a t t e r n b u t m a n y d i f f e r e n t s i t u a t i o n -p a t t e r n s .
    An e x a m p l e o f h o w s u c h t r a i n i n g i s g r a d u a t e d t o d e v e l o p a n d
    s u s t a i n a s p e c i f i c a t t i t u d e i n a g i v e n r o l e i n s e v e r a l v a r i e t i e s o f t h e
    s a m e s i t u a t i o n -p a t t e r n i s a s f o l l o w s : F o r i n s t a n c e , i n t h e f i r s t
    s t a g e t h e s u b j e c t p r o d u c e s t h e a t t i t u d e o f s y m p a t h y t o w a r d s a n -
    o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l
    . In t h e s e c o n d s t a g e h e h a s t o p r o d u c e t h e s a m e
    a t t i t u d e i n a r o l e i n w h i c h h e h a s t o c o m m a n d a c e r t a i n f u n c t i o n ,
    f o r i n s t a n c e , t h e r o l e o f a s a l e s p e r s o n i n a d r e s s s h o p a n d i n r e -
    l a t i o n t o c e r t a i n t h i n g s , d r e s s e s . In t h e n e x t s t a g e , t h e s u b j e c t
    h a s t o p r o d u c e t h e s a m e a t t i t u d e i n t h e s a m e r o l e a s a b o v e b u t i n
    a s i t u a t i o n s e l e c t e d b y t h e i n s t r u c t o r , a s s e l l i n g d r e s s e s t o a
    b u s i n e s s -l i k e a n d r e a d y c u s t o m e r . In a l a t e r s t a g e , t h e t a s k i s
    f u r t h e r d i f f e r e n t i a t e d
    . Th e s u b j e c t p r o d u c e s t h e s a m e a t t i t u d e
    a n d i n t h e s a m e r o l e b u t t h e i n s t r u c t o r s e l e c t s a c u s t o m e r w h o i s
    t o a c t r e s e n t f u l a n d a r g u m e n t a t i v e . Th e t a s k o f t h e s u b j e c t i s
    t o s u s t a i n t h e c h e e r f u l , s y m p a t h e t i c a t t i t u d e i n t h e f a c e o f s u c h
    r e s i s t a n c e . Th e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f t h i s p a t t e r n c a n b e f u r t h e r
    e l a b o r a t e d i n a c c o r d w i t h t h e a b i l i t y a n d p r o g r e s s o f t h e s u b j e c t .
    In s o m e p h a s e s o f t h e t r a i n i n g i n w h i c h t h e s i t u a t i o n , h i s o w n
    r o l e a n d t h e p a r t n e r s a r e s e l e c t e d b y t h e s u b j e c t , t h e p o s i t i o n o f
    t h e i n s t r u c t o r i s t h a t o f a c r i t i c a l o b s e r v e r . B u t i n t h e p r o c e s s o f
    g r a d u a t e d t r a i n i n g t h e p a r t o f t h e i n s t r u c t o r b e c o m e s m o r e a c t i v e
    .
    On e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t p r o b l e m s i s t h e n h o w t o g e t t h e s u b j e c t
    s t a r t e d . Th e i n s t r u c t o r m a y h a v e a r r i v e d a t c e r t a i n c o n c l u s i o n s
    SPONTANEITYTRAINING

    5 3 7
    i n r e s p e c t t o w h a t k i n d o f r o l e s t h e s u b j e c t i s d e f i c i e n t i n a n d
    w h a t k i n d o f p e r s o n s h e n e e d s t o a d j u s t t o . He c o n s t r u c t s s i t u a -
    t i o n s i n w h i c h t h e s u b j e c t i s t o a c t i n a c e r t a i n r o l e o p p o s i t e o n e
    o r m o r e p e r s o n s . In t h e i n s t r u c t o r ' s m i n d t h e p a t t e r n o f t h i s
    s i t u a t i o n , t h e d e t a i l s o f a r r a n g e m e n t , a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e r o l e t h e
    s u b j e c t s h o u l d a c t , g a i n a d e f i n i t e , c l e a r f o r m . Th e i n s t r u c t o r
    i s t h u s h i m s e l f w a r m e d u p t o t h e s t a t e a n d r o l e h e r e a l i z e s n e e d s
    t o b e e m b o d i e d b y t h e s u b j e c t . In t h i s c o n d i t i o n t h e i n s t r u c t o r
    d i s c l o s e s t o t h e s u b j e c t t h e r o l e t o b e a c t e d b y h i m . Th i s p r o -
    c e d u r e w h e r e i n t h e i n s t r u c t o r t r a n s f e r s t o t h e s u b j e c t t h e r o l e
    a n d t h e p o s s i b l e f o r m i t m a y t a k e i s c a l l e d t h e Ac t o f Wa r m i n g
    Up . Th e v a l u e o f t h e t r a i n i n g d e p e n d s p a r t l y u p o n t h e i m p r e s s i o n
    w h i c h t h e a c t m a k e s o n t h e s u b j e c t a n d u p o n t h e c l a r i t y o f t h e
    t h o u g h t w h i c h f o r m u l a t e d t h e r o l e . Th e Ac t o f Wa r m i n g Up
    i t s e l f h a s o n l y t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f p r o v i d i n g a " s t a r t e r . " Th e r e s t
    o f t h e p r o c e d u r e r e m a i n s t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e s u b j e c t a n d c o -
    a c t o r s .
    An o t h e r i m p o r t a n t p h a s e o f t h e t r a i n i n g i s a n a n a l y s i s
    i m m e -
    d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g t h e a c t i o n . Th i s m a y r e v e a l t n a t a n a c t w a s
    s u c c e s s f u l l y b u t t o o h a s t i l y e m b o d i e d , p e r h a p s b e c a u s e t h e s u b -
    j e c t w a s t o o a n x i o u s t o s u c c e e d , w a r m i n g u p t o o e a r l y , j e r k i n g
    w h i l e i n t h e s t a t e a n d j u m p i n g i n t o h i g h e r l e v e l s
    . Su c h a s p o n -
    t a n e i t y s t a t e c a n b e c a l l e d " o v e r h e a t e d " . It m a y r e v e a l t h e i n -
    a b i l i t y o f t h e s u b j e c t t o p r o d u c e a s t a t e d e m a n d e d o f h i m a n d c a n
    t h e r e f o r e b e c a l l e d " r u d i m e n t a r y " . Or i t m a y r e v e a l t h e i n a b i l i t y
    o f t h e s u b j e c t t o s t o p , t o f i n i s h
    t h e a c t , t h a t i s , t o f i n i s h i t i n a c c o r d
    w i t h t h e d e m a n d s o f t h e s i t u a t i o n
    . It m a y r e v e a l t h e a n x i e t y o f
    t h e s u b j e c t t o b e i n t h e l e a d a l l t h e t i m e , u n w i l l i n g o r u n a b l e t o
    c o l l a b o r a t e w i t h a p a r t n e r i n a g i v e n s i t u a t i o n -p a t t e r n . Ag a i n ,
    i t m a y r e v e a l t h e i n a b i l i t y o f t h e s u b j e c t t o c o o r d i n a t e h i s b o d i l y
    m o v e m e n t s o f a r m s , l e g s , e t c . , t o h i s v e r b a l e x p r e s s i o n s a n d t o
    t h e b o d i l y a n d v e r b a l e x p r e s s i o n s o f h i s p a r t n e r s .
    Or i t m a y
    r e v e a l t h e l a c k o f f a c t u a l i n f o r m a t i o n i n r e s p e c t t o t h e m a t t e r s
    w h i c h a r e b r o u g h t t o e x p r e s s i o n i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e s i t u a t i o n s
    a c t e d . Th e s e a n d o t h e r a n a l y t i c f i n d i n g s m a y h a v e a b e a r i n g u p o n
    t h e n e x t s i t u a t i o n a n d r o l e t o b e s e l e c t e d f o r t h e s u b j e c t , a n d a r e
    a l s o a n i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e p r o g r e s s h e h a s m a d e i n t h e t r a i n i n g
    .
    5 3 8
    SPONTANEITYTHEORYOF LEARNING
    As t h e t r a i n i n g o f s p o n t a n e i t y s t a t e s a n d n o t t h e l e a r n i n g o f
    c o n t e n t s i s t h e o b j e c t i v e , t h e a t t e m p t i s m a d e t o l o o s e n t h e f i x e d
    a s s o c i a t i o n s b e t w e e n s t a t e s a n d c o n t e n t s a s t h e y h a v e b e c o m e
    e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e c o u r s e o f e d u c a t i o n b y t r a d i t i o n a l m e t h o d
    .
    Em p h a s i s u p o n c o n t e n t s r e s u l t s i n t h e s p l i t o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l i n t o
    a n a c t p e r s o n a l i t y a n d a c o n t e n t p e r s o n a l i t y . We f o u n d i t a v a l u -
    a b l e h y p o t h e s i s t o a s s u m e t h a t t w o d i f f e r e n t m e m o r y c e n t e r s
    d e v e l o p , a n a c t c e n t e r a n d a c o n t e n t c e n t e r w h i c h e x i s t i n g e n e r a l
    a s s e p a r a t e s t r u c t u r e s w i t h o u t c o n n e c t i o n . Ac o n t e n t i s r e c e i v e d
    i n a d u l l , u n t o n e d s t a t e , a n a c t i n a h i g h l y h e a t e d s t a t e
    ; o u r
    h y p o t h e s i s i s t h a t t h e y t r a c e d i f f e r e n t p a t h s i n t h e n e r v o u s s y s t e m .
    Th e y a r e n o t r e c e i v e d a t t h e s a m e m o m e n t . In c o n s e q u e n c e t h e y
    d o n o t r e c u r s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , f i l l i n g o n e m o m e n t , u n i t i n g t h e e n t i r e
    p e r s o n a l i t y w i t h o n e a c t i o n , b u t a t d i f f e r e n t t i m e s , s e p a r a t e d f r o m
    e a c h o t h e r . Th e m a t e r i a l l e a r n e d d o e s n o t r e a c h t h e a c t -c e n t e r o f
    p e r s o n a l i t y . As h u t -i n m e m o r y d e v e l o p s a n d p r e v e n t s t h e i n -
    t e g r a t i o n o f t h e f a c t u a l k n o w l e d g e i n t o t h e a c t i v e p e r s o n a l i t y o f
    t h e i n d i v i d u a l
    . Th e k n o w l e d g e r e m a i n s u n d i g e s t e d , u n a b s o r b e d
    b y t h e p e r s o n a l i t y a n d h i n d e r s i t s f u l l i n f l u e n c e u p o n h i s a c t i v i t y
    a n d j u d g m e n t . B u t i n a c t u a l l i f e s i t u a t i o n s t h e s u p r e m e d e s i d e r a -
    t u m i s e x a c t l y t h i s f a c i l i t y o f i n t e g r a t i o n .
    Th e r e i s a n o t h e r p r o b l e m a r i s i n g i n t h e c o u r s e o f m e n t a l g r o w t h
    w h i c h h a s t o b e c o n s i d e r e d . An i n d i v i d u a l m a y b e g i n a n y s p e c i f i c
    a c t i v i t y w i t h i m p r o v i s a t i o n . B u t t h e m o r e o f t e n i m p r o v i s a t i o n s
    a r o u n d t h a t c o m p l e x a r e p r o d u c e d , t h e m o r e t h e t e n d e n c y d e -
    v e l o p s i n t h e i n d i v i d u a l t o p i c k o u t f r o m p a s t e f f o r t s t h e b e s t
    a c t i o n s , g e s t u r e s , t h o u g h t s a n d p h r a s e s , i n o t h e r w o r d s , t o i m -
    p r o v i s e l e s s a n d l e s s a n d t o d e v e l o p m o r e a n d m o r e a s a f e a n d
    o r g a n i z e d a n c h o r a g e . He i s t h e n a b l e t o f o r s a k e i m p r o v i s a t i o n
    e n t i r e l y i n r e l a t i o n t o t h i s s p e c i f i c c o m p l e x a n d t o r e l y u p o n t h e
    c e n s u r e d a n d r e c e n s u r e d p r o d u c t o f h i s i m p r o v i s a t i o n s , t h a t i s ,
    u p o n a " c o n t e n t " . Sp o n t a n e o u s p r o d u c t i o n w a s m e r e l y a s t a r t i n g
    f o r m o f t h e p r o c e s s w h i c h i n t h e e n d t u r n e d i n t o a f i n i s h e d p r o d u c t ,
    a c o n t e n t w h i c h l a t e r b e c a m e
    s a c r e d t h r o u g h r e p e t i t i o n . Th e e f f o r t
    a t s p o n t a n e i t y i s n o l o n g e r n e c e s s a r y ; i t b e c o m e s r u d i m e n t a r y a n d
    d i e s o u t . Th e r e f o r e , t h e o b j e c t i v e o f a s p o n t a n e i t y t h e o r y o f
    l e a r n i n g i s t o d e v e l o p a n d s u s t a i n a s p o n t a n e o u s a n d f l e x i b l e p e r -
    SPONTANEITYTHEORYOF LEARNING

    5 3 9
    s o n a l i t y m a k e -u p . At e c h n i q u e o f Sp o n t a n e i t y Tr a i n i n g a s d e -
    s c r i b e d h a s t o c o m e t o t h e r e s c u e t o o f f s e t t h e r e s i g n a t i o n a n d
    i n e r t i a o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l
    .
    It h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d t h a t w h e n s o l d i e r s r e t u r n f r o m w a r i n a
    f o r e i g n l a n d t h e y c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o g r o u p s : i n o n e g r o u p
    a r e t h o s e m e n w h o h a v e g o n e f a r t o w a r d s m a s t e r i n g t h e f o r e i g n
    l a n g u a g e a n d i n t h e o t h e r a r e t h o s e w h o h a v e r e m a i n e d a l m o s t
    e n t i r e l y i n i g n o r a n c e o f i t . Ih a v e m a d e t h e o b s e r v a t i o n o n a
    s m a l l s a m p l e t h a t t h i s f a c t h a s l i t t l e t o d o w i t h t h e i n t e l l i g e n c e
    o f t h e m e n . Wh i l e a m a n o f s u p e r i o r i n t e l l i g e n c e r e t u r n s i g n o r a n t
    o f t h e l a n g u a g e a l e s s i n t e l l i g e n t m a n m a y h a v e a t t a i n e d a r e -
    m a r k a b l e c o m m a n d o f i t . Th e f r e s h n e s s a n d o r i g i n a l i t y o f h i s
    s p e e c h i s f r e q u e n t l y s u r p r i s i n g . In q u i r y h a s r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e s e
    m e n h a v e g o n e t h r o u g h s o m e i n t e n s i v e e m o t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e , f o r
    i n s t a n c e , f a l l i n g i n l o v e . It a p p e a r e d t h a t i t i s n o t t h e e m o t i o n a l
    e x p e r i e n c e i t s e l f b u t c e r t a i n p r o c e s s e s a c c o m p a n y i n g i t w h i c h a c -
    c o u n t f o r t h e g r e a t e r f a c i l i t y o f t h i s g r o u p o v e r t h e f o r m e r i n
    a c q u i r i n g t h e l a n g u a g e .
    Ev e r y o n e o f u s r e a l i z e s t h e r e l a t i v e a v a i l a b i l i t y a n d p r e s e n t n e s s
    o f v a r i o u s f a c e t s o f h i s k n o w l e d g e . Th e q u e s t i o n r e m a i n s w h y
    c e r t a i n k n o w l e d g e i s i m m e d i a t e l y a t h a n d a n d o t h e r k n o w l e d g e
    w h i c h w e h a v e s t r u g g l e d e q u a l l y h a r d o r h a r d e r t o a t t a i n i s a l w a y s
    s l i p p i n g a w a y w h e n m o s t n e e d e d ? Th e r e a r e s e v e r a l t h e o r i e s
    w h i c h h a v e t r i e d t o e x p l a i n t h i s p r o c e s s , t h e o n e i s t h e t h e o r y o f
    c o n d i t i o n i n g , t h e o t h e r t h e t h e o r y o f r e p r e s s i o n . B u t t h e r e i s o n e
    h y p o t h e s i s w h i c h h a s b e e n n e g l e c t e d , t h a t i s t h a t a m o n g o t h e r
    f a c t o r s , l e a r n i n g i s a f f e c t e d b y t h e r i s i n g a n d f a l l i n g o f t h e s p o n -
    t a n e o u s s t a t e s i n t h e l e a r n e r .
    In o r d e r t o i l l u s t r a t e o u r h y p o t h e s i s w e m a y r e f e r a g a i n t o t h e
    l e a r n i n g o f a f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e i n t h e c a s e o f o u r g r o u p o f s o l d i e r s
    .
    So m e m e n , i g n o r a n t o f t h e n e w l a n g u a g e , t r i e d t o l e a r n i f i n a
    p o p u l a r l y a c c e p t e d w a y , t h a t i s , b y u s i n g a t e x t b o o k , m e m o r i z i n g
    w o r d s a n d p h r a s e s a n d t r y i n g t o r e t a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i d i o m s o f
    s p e e c h . In o t h e r w o r d s , t h e i r l e a r n i n g t o o k p l a c e w h e n t h e y w e r e
    p o o r l y w a r m e d u p , i n s t a t e s o f l o w s p o n t a n e i t y
    . Ho w e v e r , w h e n
    t h e y w e r e d e e p l y i n v o l v e d i n a l i f e s i t u a t i o n , i n a h i g h l y h e a t e d
    s t a t e a n d h a d t o d e l i v e r s o m e o f t h e p h r a s e s t h e y h a d l e a r n e d , t h e i r
    m e m o r i e s d i d n o t f u n c t i o n a d e q u a t e l y i n t h e s u d d e n n e e d o f t h e
    5 40

    WHOSHALLSURV IV E?
    m o m e n t .
    Ac c o r d i n g t o s p o n t a n e i t y h y p o t h e s i s i t i s a s s u m e d t h a t
    l e a r n i n g c o n n e c t e d w i t h h i g h l y w a r m e d u p s t a t e s e s t a b l i s h e s s p e c i a l
    a s s o c i a t i o n s .
    Co n t e n t s o f l e a r n i n g w h i c h e n t e r t h e m i n d c o n -
    n e c t e d w i t h h i g h l y w a r m e d u p s t a t e s r e c u r m o r e e a s i l y w i t h t h e
    r e c u r r e n c e o f s i m i l a r l y w a r m e d u p s t a t e s
    . On t h e o t h e r h a n d ,
    c o n t e n t s o f l e a r n i n g w h i c h e n t e r t h e m i n d a s s o c i a t e d w i t h u n t o n e d ,
    u n e m o t i o n a l c o l d s t a t e s t e n d t o r e c u r w i t h t h e s e a n d n o t w i t h h i g h l y
    w a r m e d u p s t a t e s
    . We a s s u m e t h a t a l s o b e t w e e n t h e s e s t a t e s
    s p e c i a l o r c l o s e a s s o c i a t i o n s e x i s t
    . Th e m a n w h o f a i l e d t o u s e t h e
    f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e w e l l h a d t o d e l i v e r i t w h i l e f u n c t i o n i n g a s a n
    a c t o r
    ; a t t h e t i m e w h e n h e a c q u i r e d i t , h o w e v e r , h e w a s i n t h e
    b e h a v i o r o f a m o r e o r l e s s p a s s i v e r e c i p i e n t , i n t e r p e r s o n a l l y u n -
    i n v o l v e d .
    He d i d n o t h a v e t h e e m o t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e m a n
    w h o l e a r n e d i t i n a n i n t e r p e r s o n a l s i t u a t i o n a n d w h o w a s t h e r e -
    f o r e a b l e t o a p p l y i t m o r e e f f e c t i v e l y t o o t h e r i n t e r p e r s o n a l s i t u a -
    t i o n s . Th e l a t t e r h a d l e a r n e d t o s p e a k i t i n a n e x c i t i n g w a y ,
    t h e r e f o r e h i s c o n v e r s a t i o n , w h e n r e q u i r e d , h o w e v e r f a u l t y , w a s
    k e y e d t o a n e m o t i o n a l p i t c h
    . In t e r p e r s o n a l s i t u a t i o n s a s l o v e r e -
    l a t i o n s a r e , a s a m a t t e r o f c o u r s e , a c c o m p a n i e d b y i n t e n s i v e l y
    h e a t e d s t a t e s
    . Ev e r y w o r d a n d p h r a s e e x c h a n g e d i n t h e s e s t a t e s
    r e m a i n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e m
    . Th e c o n t e n t s e n t e r t h e m i n d w h e n
    t h e s u b j e c t i s i n t h e b e h a v i o r o f a c t i n g
    . La t e r , w h e n h e i s a n x i o u s
    t o u s e t h e m i n e m o t i o n a l s i t u a t i o n s a g a i n , t h e y r e c u r s p o n t a n e -
    o u s l y , c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e p r e s e n t a c t s
    . Si n c e h e b e g a n b y r e -
    c e i v i n g c o n t e n t s i n a s p o n t a n e o u s a c t i v i t y , h e c o u l d f i n i s h b y d e -
    l i v e r i n g t h e m a s a s p o n t a n e o u s e x p r e s s i o n
    . Th i s w a y o f l e a r n i n g
    n o t o n l y i n c r e a s e s h i s k n o w l e d g e b u t s h a p e s a n d g i v e s m o r e u n i t y
    t o h i s p e r s o n a l i t y
    ; h i s l e a r n i n g b e c o m e s e s s e n t i a l l y c o n n e c t e d a n d
    i n t e g r a t e d w i t h h i s a c t s , n o t a p a r t f r o m t h e m
    .
    THEOPERATION
    Sp o n t a n e o u s o p e r a t i o n r e f e r s t o t h e a c t i o n s t a k e n b y t h e l e a r n e r
    i n t h e m o m e n t o f l e a r n i n g
    . If t h e m o m e n t i s n o t c o m p l e t e l y e n -
    c o u n t e r e d a n d l i v e d s o m e r e s i d u a o f t h e s p o n t a n e i t y i n a c t i o n m a y
    r e s u l t a n d b l o c k t h e l e a r n e r ' s p r o g r e s s
    . Th e s e r e s i d u a m a y b e
    c a u s e d b y n u m e r o u s s t i m u l i , f o r i n s t a n c e s o m e s t r e s s e s i n t h e
    c o u r s e o f d o i n g , a n d r e m a i n u n d i g e s t e d i n t h e l e a r n e r
    . It i s f r o m
    t h e r e s i d u a o f s p o n t a n e o u s a c t i o n t h a t w h a t i s o f t e n c a l l e d
    SPONTANEITYTHEORYOF LEARNING

    5 41
    f r u s t r a t i o n o f t h e l e a r n e r r e s u l t s .
    Th e l e a r n e r c a n d e a l w i t h
    h i s r e s i d u a i n t h r e e w a y s
    : f i r s t , h e c a n l e t t h e r e s i d u a p a s s i v e l y
    m o u n t u p u n t i l t h e y m a k e h i s i m m e d i a t e l i v i n g u n s t e a d y a n d
    u n b e a r a b l e , i . e . , h e b e c o m e s m e n t a l l y i l l
    ; s e c o n d , h e c a n u s e t h e m
    a s c l i c h e m a t e r i a l s f o r t h e b u i l d i n g o f m e n t a l s t e r e o t y p e s a n d
    c u l t u r a l c o n s e r v e s
    . Th e s e t w o w a y s h a v e b e e n p r a c t i c e d a l m o s t
    t o t h e e x c l u s i o n o f a n y o t h e r w a y
    ; l a s t l y h e c a n s t i c k t o s p o n -
    t a n e i t y , t r y t o r e s o l v e t h e r e s i d u a b y d e -c o n s e r v i n g a n d g o o n
    a c t i v e l y a n d s y s t e m a t i c a l l y b y t r a i n i n g i t . Th i s i s t h e t y p e o f
    o p e r a t i o n t o w h i c h t h e s p o n t a n e i t y t h e o r y o f l e a r n i n g h a s b e e n
    d e d i c a t e d .
    Ex p e r i m e n t s o f s p o n t a n e i t y t e s t i n g a n d t r a i n i n g a d e q u a t e l y
    s e t u p a r e f e w
    . Ou r h y p o t h e s e s i n t h i s a r e a a r e l a r g e l y b a s e d o n
    c l i n i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s . B u t e n o u g h h a s b e e n d o n e t o s e t o t h e r
    i n v e s t i g a t o r s t o s t u d y i n g t h e p r o b l e m .
    To t h e s p o n t a n e i t y t h e o r i s t t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a s s o c i a t i o n
    a n d f i e l d t h e o r y o f l e a r n i n g a p p e a r s s e c o n d a r y
    . Th e a s s o c i a t i o n
    t h e o r y a n a l y z e s b e h a v i o r i n t o e l e m e n t s a n d t r i e s t o d i s c o v e r l a w s
    g o v e r n i n g t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e s e e l e m e n t s .
    Th e f i e l d t h e o r y
    c o n t e n d s , i n c o n t r a s t , t h a t t h e p a r t s h a v e n o s i g n i f i c a n c e e x c e p t i n
    t e r m s o f t h e t o t a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n
    . Th e t w o t h e o r i e s h a v e i n c o m -
    m o n t h a t a ) t h e y f e e l s a f e s t i n e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h a n i m a l s , b ) t h e y
    t r y t o e x p l a i n t h e d y n a m i c s o f t h e h i g h e s t f o r m s o f h u m a n p r o -
    d u c t i v i t y w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e s i m p l e h y p o t h e s e s f o r m u l a t e d o n
    t h e b a s i s o f a n i m a l e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n , w i t h o u t r e f e r e n c e t o s p o n -
    t a n e i t y a n d c r e a t i v i t y .
    Th e f i e l d t h e o r i s t s h a v e d i s c o v e r e d o n e d i m e n s i o n o f l e a r n i n g ,
    t h e v i s u a l o r p e r c e p t u a l r e s t r u c t u r i n g o f t h e p r o b l e m , b u t t h e y
    h a v e n e g l e c t e d t o s t u d y t h e d y n a m i c f a c t o r s w h i c h c a u s e t h e s e
    r e s t r u c t u r i n g t e n d e n c i e s t o e m e r g e
    . Th e a s s o c i a t i o n t h e o r i s t s
    h a v e d i s c o v e r e d a n o t h e r d i m e n s i o n o f l e a r n i n g , t h e l a w s o f a s s o -
    c i a t i v e s t r e n g t h , a s t h e f r e q u e n c i e s o f r e s p o n s e a n d t h e l a t e n c y
    o f r e a c t i o n t i m e o f r e s p o n s e . B o t h c o n t r i b u t i o n s c a n b e i n t e -
    g r a t e d i n t o t h e s p o n t a n e i t y t h e o r y o f l e a r n i n g , t h e o n e h a v i n g
    f o c u s s e d o n t h e s t r u c t u r e , t h e o t h e r o n t h e f u n c t i o n s o f t h e m i n d .
    Th e s p o n t a n e i t y t h e o r i s t p l a c e s b o t h p h e n o m e n a i n t o a l a r g e r
    m a t r i x , t h e a c t i o n m a t r i x d e a l i n g w i t h a h i g h e r g r a d e o r g a n i s m ,
    t h e a c t o r i n s i t u .
    5 42

    WHO SHALLSURV IV E?
    M ETHOD SOF LEARNING
    Th e a c t s t a k e n b y t h e l e a r n e r a r e i n f l u e n c e d n o t o n l y b y t h e
    m o m e n t i n s i t u
    b u t b y e v e n t s w h i c h h a v e t a k e n p l a c e i n t h e p a s t
    o r b y g o a l s w h i c h a r e s e t f o r t h e f u t u r e
    . Ac c o r d i n g t o e m p h a s i s
    s e v e r a l t h e o r i e s o f l e a r n i n g h a v e d e v e l o p e d
    : a s s o c i a t i o n a l l e a r n i n g
    ( o f t h e b e h a v i o r i s t i c o r t h e g e s t a l t t y p e ) , g o a l l e a r n i n g , a n d i n
    o u r o w n t i m e s p o n t a n e i t y l e a r n i n g .
    An i l l u s t r a t i o n a s t o w h a t
    g o a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n d o e s t o t h e l e a r n e r i s " g o o s e s t e p " l e a r n i n g , t h e
    m o d e l t a k e n f r o m m i l i t a r y s c h o o l s
    . Th e l e a r n e r r e h e a r s e s , h e i s
    m e t i c u l o u s l y d r i l l e d a s t o h o w t o b e h a v e i n s p e c i a l s i t u a t i o n s b e -
    c a u s e i t i s a s s u m e d t h a t h e w i l l b e m o r e a c c u r a t e i n h a n d l i n g a
    s p e c i f i c s i t u a t i o n t h e b e t t e r h e h a s r e h e a r s e d i t
    ; h e i s m a d e t o
    l e a r n l i k e a n a c t o r m e m o r i z i n g h i s r o l e
    . Th e r e s u l t m a y b e a
    g r e a t p r e c i s i o n i n s o l v i n g t h a t t a s k b u t a m i n i m u m o f s p o n t a n e i t y
    f o r a n y t h i n g e l s e w h i c h m i g h t o c c u r u n e x p e c t e d l y
    . If a n e w
    s i t u a t i o n t a k e s p l a c e f o r w h i c h t h e s t u d e n t -s o l d i e r h a s n o s p o n -
    t a n e i t y e x p e r i e n c e t o f a l l u p o n , h e ' l l b e b l i n d e d a n d b l o c k e d b y
    t h e v e r y c l i c h e s h e h a s l e a r n e d t o m a s t e r .
    He m i g h t h a v e b e e n
    p r e p a r e d f o r a l l p o t e n t i a l s i t u a t i o n s i n s t e a d o f f o r a f e w s p e c i f i c
    o n e s b u t t h i s w o u l d a m o u n t t o c h a n g i n g t h e p h i l o s o p h y a n d t e c h -
    n i q u e o f l e a r n i n g
    . We w o u l d h a v e t o t r a i n t h e s p o n t a n e i t y o f t h e
    s o l d i e r i n s t e a d o f h i s p r e c i s e e x e c u t i o n o f t h i s o r t h a t s i t u a t i o n
    .
    It h a s b e e n s a i d e s p e c i a l l y o f t h e Au s t r a l i a n , b u t a l s o o f Am e r i c a n
    s o l d i e r s , t h a t t h e y h a v e s h o w n t o b e , d u r i n g t h e l a s t w a r , l e s s
    e x a c t a n d p r o m p t t h a n t h e Ge r m a n s o l d i e r , b u t m o r e i n d i v i d u a l -
    i s t i c a n d m o r e s p o n t a n e o u s
    . Th i s c a n e a s i l y b e c o m e a d r a w b a c k
    a n d m a y l e a d t o d i s o r g a n i z e d b e h a v i o r i f n o t c o n s i d e r e d i n a
    l a r g e r f r a m e o f r e f e r e n c e .
    Th e o b j e c t i v e o f l e a r n i n g m a y , f o r
    i n s t a n c e , n o t b e t h e p r e c i s i o n i n a s p e c i f i c n u m b e r o f t a s k s , b u t t h e
    s p o n t a n e i t y o f t h e t o t a l o r g a n i s m o f t h e s o l d i e r a n d t h e s p o n -
    t a n e o u s c o o r d i n a t i o n o f i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n a l l t h e m e m b e r s o f a
    p l a t o o n .
    Th e o b j e c t i v e s h o u l d t h e n b e t o m a k e t h e o r g a n i s m o f
    t h e s o l d i e r a b l e t o a c t a d e q u a t e l y a n d q u i c k l y o n t h e s p u r o f t h e
    m o m e n t
    ; t o p r e s e r v e a n d i n c r e a s e h i s p l a s t i c i t y b e c o m e s m o r e i m -
    p o r t a n t t h a n t o t r a i n h i s p r e c i s i o n w i t h i n a n a r r o w r a n g e
    . It m a y
    v e r y w e l l b e t h a t t h e g r e a t e r s p o n t a n e i t y a n d r e s o u r c e f u l n e s s o f
    t h e Am e r i c a n a n d Au s t r a l i a n s o l d i e r w a s a c o n t r i b u t o r y f a c t o r
    t o w a r d s w i n n i n g t h e w a r , w r e s t i n g v i c t o r y f r o m t h e Ge r m a n s
    a g a i n s t b a d o d d s , a s t h e Ge r m a n s h a d i n t h e b e g i n n i n g t h e
    SPONTANEITYTHEORYOF LEARNING

    5 43
    s u p e r i o r i t y o f w e a p o n s a n d v a s t l y b e t t e r d i s c i p l i n e d a r m i e s
    .
    Th e t r a n s f e r e f f e c t f r o m t h e l e a r n i n g o f o n e t h i n g t o t h e
    l e a r n i n g o f a n o t h e r s h o u l d b e t h e m o r e d i f f i c u l t t h e l e s s d e v e l o p e d
    t h e p l a s t i c i t y b e t w e e n t h e d i f f e r e n t l o c i o f l e a r n i n g i s
    . Th e t a s k
    o f t h e s p o n t a n e i t y l e a r n e r i s t h e r e f o r e t o p r e p a r e h i m s e l f f o r
    e a s y t r a n s f e r a n d , a t t h e s a m e t i m e , l e a r n h o w t o i n t e g r a t e i t w i t h
    d i s c i p l i n e d a c t i o n ; h o w t o m e e t t h e p r o p e r b a l a n c e b e t w e e n t h e
    t w o e x t r e m e s , h o w m u c h t o s a c r i f i c e o f t h e o n e o r t h e o t h e r d e -
    p e n d s u p o n t h e i n d i v i d u a l c a s e
    . Th e r e a r e s e v e r a l m e t h o d s b y
    w h i c h o n e c a n l e a r n t o m o b i l i z e e a s y t r a n s f e r , f o r i n s t a n c e , t h e
    i m p r o v i s a t i o n o f s e n s e l e s s , m a n u f a c t u r e d w o r d s a n d p h r a s e s i n
    t h e t r e a t m e n t o f s t u t t e r e r s
    . Su c h a n e x e r c i s e i s a n e x e r c i s e i n
    s p o n t a n e o u s p r o d u c t i o n
    . It h a s a d i f f e r e n t p u r p o s e t h a n t h e
    m e m o r y t e s t o f n o n s e n s e s y l l a b l e s a n d s h o u l d n o t b e c o n f u s e d
    w i t h i t .
    It i s a m e t h o d i n " d e c o n s e r v i n g " t h e l e a r n e r ' s m i n d ,
    g r a d u a l r e m o v a l o f c l i c h e s a n d t r a i n i n g h i s s p o n t a n e i t y
    . On e
    a r e a o f a p p l i c a t i o n i s s t u t t e r i n g . It m o v e s t h e s t u t t e r e r f r o m t h e
    s e m a n t i c t o t h e p r e s e m a n t i c l e v e l o f s p e e c h
    ; n o w t h a t f e e l i n g s a n d
    g e s t u r e s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s e n s e l e s s w o r d s t h e s t u t t e r i n g v a n -
    i s h e s . At a l a t e r s t a g e t h e m o m e n t m a y c o m e w h e n i t i s p o s s i b l e
    f o r t h e s t u t t e r e r t o r e t r a n s f e r t h e s p o n t a n e o u s b a l a n c e a t t a i n e d
    b y n o n s e n s e s p e e c h t o t h e s e m a n t i c l e v e l
    . Th i s c h a o t i c , s p o n -
    t a n e o u s , f r e e l y e m e r g i n g l a n g u a g e Ih a v e c a l l e d " b a s i c l a n g u a g e "
    a s i t h a s s o m e s i m i l a r i t y t o t h e b a b y l a n g u a g e s o f t h e i n f a n t .
    Th e g o o s e s t e p l e a r n e r i s o f t e n i n s t r u c t e d t o o v e r l e a r n , t o k n o w
    h i s p i e c e b e t t e r t h a n n e c e s s a r y , a s a s a f e t y d e v i c e a g a i n s t s l i p p i n g
    o r s t a g e f r i g h t . " Un d e r l e a r n i n g " m a y b e a n e q u a l l y i m p o r t a n t
    d e v i c e f o r t h e s p o n t a n e o u s l e a r n e r . Th e o v e r l e a r n e r w a n t s a
    c u l t u r a l c o n s e r v e t o s t i c k , t h e u n d e r l e a r n e r w a n t s h i s s p o n t a n e i t y
    t o t h r i v e
    .
    THEV EHICLE-THESTAGEOF SPONTANEITYV ERSUSTHE
    PSYCHOANALYTICCOUCH
    Th e v e h i c l e i n w h i c h l e a r n i n g t a k e s p l a c e s y m b o l i z e s t h e k i n d
    o f l e a r n i n g w h i c h i s c o n t e m p l a t e d . An i l l u s t r a t i o n i s t h e p s y c h o -
    a n a l y t i c c o u c h . Th e p a t i e n t h a s t o l i e d o w n p a s s i v e l y i n a h o r i z o n -
    t a l p o s i t i o n . If h e w a n t s t o b e i n a m o r e e l e v a t e d p o s i t i o n h e h a s
    t o s t r e t c h t h e l e g s o f t h e c o u c h a n d r a i s e t h e m a t t r e s s
    . If h e w a n t s
    t o b e i n a l o w e r p o s i t i o n h e h a s t o t a k e t h e l e g s o f f a n d i f h e w a n t s
    5 44

    WHO SHALLSURV IV E?
    t o m o v e f r o m o n e p o s i t i o n t o t h e o t h e r h e h a s t o t r a n s f o r m t h e
    c o u c h i n t o o n e w i t h s e v e r a l l a y e r s
    . If h e w a n t s t o s t a n d o n h i s
    f e e t s a f e l y h e n e e d s a c o u c h w i t h a h a r d , p e r h a p s w o o d e n s u r f a c e
    a n d i f h e w a n t s t o m o v e a r o u n d f r e e l y , e x p a n s i v e l y a n d i n t o a l l
    d i r e c t i o n s , h e n e e d s w i d e s p a c e s , a n e x t e n s i v e f i e l d o f a c t i o n .
    Wh e n h e i s t h r o u g h w i t h t h e s e m a n i p u l a t i o n s a n e w v e h i c l e h a s
    b e e n b o r n , t h e o l d c o u c h h a s c h a n g e d i n t o a t h e a t r e o f s p o n t a n e i t y
    .
    An d s o m e t h i n g e l s e i s a d d e d
    ; w h e n h e w a s o n t h e c o u c h , i f h i s
    m o t h e r o r w i f e w a s o n h i s m i n d , h e t a l k e d a b o u t t h e m ; t h a t i s a l l
    t h e c o u c h p e r m i t t e d .
    B u t o n t h i s n e w v e h i c l e t h e y c a n a p p e a r
    a n d a c t o n t h e s t a g e , p r e s e n t i n g t h e i r o w n p a r t a n d t h e w h o l e w o r l d
    c a n s i t b e f o r e t h e m i n t h e a u d i e n c e .
    Th e v e h i c l e f o r a r m y e x e r c i s e s i s t h e " o p e n " f i e l d
    . It i s a
    v e h i c l e s i m i l a r t o t h e s t a g e , f a r t h e s t r e m o v e d f r o m t h e c o u c h , a s
    a n y t h i n g m i g h t h a p p e n i n i t a n d a n y t h i n g m i g h t h a v e t o b e a c t e d
    o u t o n i t . Th e e v e n t s a r e n o t d e t e r m i n e d b y a s i n g l e i n d i v i d u a l ,
    a t a l k i n g s o l d i e r o n a c o u c h
    ; s p o n t a n e i t y i n a t r i p l e s e n s e , i n d i -
    v i d u a l , s o c i a l a n d a c t i o n a l a r e t h e d i s i d e r a t a f o r a n a r m y i n m o v e -
    m e n t
    . B u t t h i s o p e n f i e l d c a n b e d e t e r i o r a t e d b y f o r m s o f e x e r c i s e
    w h i c h m i s u s e t h e o p p o r t u n i t i e s o f t h a t f i e l d
    . Th e i r s y m b o l i s t h e
    g o o s e s t e p
    . Th e g o o s e s t e p w o u l d n o t r e q u i r e t h e w i d e o p e n s p a c e s
    i n w h i c h t o o p e r a t e . Av e h i c l e l i k e a r a i l w a y t r a c k w o u l d b e
    s u f f i c i e n t f o r i t s f u l f i l l m e n t
    .
    Th e r a i l w a y t r a c k d o e s t o t h e o p e n
    f i e l d w h a t t h e c o u c h d o e s t o t h e s t a g e
    . F r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i e w
    o f m o b i l i t y t h e r a i l r o a d t r a c k i s l i k e a p h y s i c a l f r u s t r a t i o n o f t h e
    o p e n f i e l d o f a c t i o n , t h e c o u c h t h e f r u s t r a t i o n o f t h e t h e r a p e u t i c
    s t a g e a n d p s y c h o a n a l y s i s a f r u s t r a t e d p s y c h o d r a m a .
    AUTONOM YOF THELEARNER
    Le a r n i n g i s a n a l l i n c l u s i v e p r o c e s s o f w h i c h e d u c a t i o n a l l e a r n -
    i n g i s o n l y o n e p h a s e
    . It m u s t i n c l u d e l e a r n i n g i n l i f e i t s e l f f r o m
    i n f a n c y u p t o o l d a g e , f o r s u b -h u m a n a s w e l l a s h u m a n o r g a n i s m s
    .
    It m u s t i n c l u d e s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l l e a r n i n g a s i t o c c u r s w i t h i n t h e
    f r a m e w o r k o f s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l i n s t i t u t i o n s .
    It m u s t i n c l u d e
    t h e r a p e u t i c l e a r n i n g a s o n t h e c o u c h o r o n t h e p s y c h o d r a m a s t a g e
    .
    On c e w e h a v e f o r m u l a t e d s u c h a b r o a d v i e w o f t h e l e a r n i n g p r o c e s s
    w e c a n g o a s t e p f u r t h e r a n d e v a l u a t e a l l t h e s e v a r i o u s l e a r n i n g
    i n s t r u m e n t s a s t o w h a t t h e y a c c o m p l i s h f o r t h e a u t o n o m y , t h e
    s p o n t a n e i t y a n d t h e c r e a t i v i t y o f t h e l e a r n e r s t h e m s e l v e s
    .
    SPONTANEITYTHEORYOF LEARNING
    On e c a n m e a s u r e t h e e d u c a t i o n a l o r t h e r a p e u t i c v a l u e o f a n
    i n s t r u m e n t b y t h e d e g r e e t o w h i c h i t s t i m u l a t e s t h e a u t o n o m y o f
    i n d i v i d u a l s o r g r o u p s
    . Th e d e g r e e o f a u t o n o m y , f o r i n s t a n c e ,
    w h i c h p s y c h o a n a l y s i s p e r m i t s a s u b j e c t t o a t t a i n i s l i m i t e d t o
    t h e v e r b a l d i m e n s i o n . No n -d i r e c t i v e c o u n s e l i n g m a y b e g i v e n a
    s t i l l l o w e r r a t i n g t h a n p s y c h o a n a l y s i s b e c a u s e b y i t s e l f i t d o e s n o t
    i n c r e a s e t h e s p o n t a n e i t y o f t h e t h e r a p e u t i c l e a r n e r
    ; o n t h e o t h e r
    h a n d i t i s s o d e s i g n e d t h a t i t d e c r e a s e s t h e s p o n t a n e i t y o f t h e
    c o u n s e l o r .
    Th e d e g r e e s t o w h i c h t h e s u b j e c t w a r m s u p t o a n
    e x p e r i e n c e a n d e x p r e s s i o n o f h i m s e l f a n d o t h e r s i s a m e a s u r e o f
    t h e a u t o n o m y o f t h e s e l f . It i s u s e f u l t o s t u d y t h e d e g r e e , t h e
    r a n g e a n d i n t e n s i t y o f w a r m i n g u p w h i c h i n d i v i d u a l s a t t a i n i n t h e
    c o u r s e o f v a r i o u s o p e r a t i o n s o f l e a r n i n g . We c a n t a l k a b o u t
    i n s t r u m e n t s w h i c h e n c o u r a g e o n l y a m i n i m u m o f i n v o l v e m e n t a n d
    a u t o n o m y , a n d o f i n s t r u m e n t s w h i c h e n c o u r a g e a m a x i m u m o f
    i n v o l v e m e n t a n d a u t o n o m y .
    So m e i n s t r u m e n t s e n c o u r a g e t h e
    i n d i v i d u a l o n l y t o w a r m u p t o p e r c e p t i o n s , o t h e r s o n l y t o f a n t a s i e s ,
    o t h e r s t o a f r e e a s s o c i a t i o n o f w o r d s , i l l u s t r a t i o n s a r e t h e Ro r -
    s h a c h , t h e TATa n d t h e Wo r d As s o c i a t i o n t e s t s . Al a r g e n u m b e r
    o f n o t y e t e x i s t e n t i n s t r u m e n t s c a n b e e n v i s i o n e d w h i c h w o u l d
    m o b i l i z e a n d s u s t a i n i n a c o n t r o l l e d f a s h i o n l a r g e r a n d l a r g e r
    a r e a s o f p e r s o n a l i t y u n t i l a l e v e l o f w a r m i n g u p i s r e a c h e d b y
    w h i c h t h e a c t o r i n s i t u i s c o m p l e t e l y t a k e n i n a n d r e l e a s e d . Su c h
    i n s t r u m e n t s e n a b l i n g h i g h d e g r e e s o f a u t o n o m y a r e p s y c h o d r a m a
    a n d s o c i o d r a m a .
    CATHARSISOF INTEGRATIONAND THEAIM OF LEARNING
    On e o f t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f s p o n t a n e i t y r e s e a r c h w a s t o r e c o g -
    n i z e t h e v a r i o u s p h a s e s a n d d e g r e e s o f s p o n t a n e i t y a s o n e c o n -
    t i n u o u s p r o c e s s , t h e r e d u c t i o n a n d l o s s o f s p o n t a n e i t y , i m p u l s i v e
    a b r e a c t i o n s a n d t h e p a t h o l o g i c a l e x c e s s e s a s w e l l a s a d e q u a t e a n d
    d i s c i p l i n e d s p o n t a n e i t y , p r o d u c t i v e a n d c r e a t i v e s p o n t a n e i t y
    . An -
    o t h e r c o n t r i b u t i o n w a s t o r e c o g n i z e t h a t s p o n t a n e i t y d o e s n o t
    o p e r a t e i n a v a c u u m b u t i n r e l a t i o n t o a l r e a d y s t r u c t u r e d p h e -
    n o m e n a , c u l t u r a l a n d s o c i a l c o n s e r v e s
    . " Sp o n t a n e i t y i s a f u n c t i o n
    o f o r g a n i z a t i o n . " *
    *Th i s a p t p h r a s e h a s b e e n c o i n e d b y Pr o f e s s o r We l l m a n J
    . Wa r n e r d u r i n g a n
    a d d r e s s a t a m e e t i n g o f t h e Am e r i c a n So c i e t y o f Gr o u p Ps y c h o t h e r a p y a n d
    Ps y c h o d r a m a , M a y , 195 1 .
    5 4
    5
    5 46

    WHO SHALLSURV IV E?
    Th e u n i f i c a t i o n o f a l l t y p e s o f l e a r n i n g b y t h e p r i n c i p l e o f
    s p o n t a n e i t y i s t h e d r e a m o f m a n y e d u c a t o r s . It w i l l g r a d u a l l y t a k e
    p l a c e i n p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e i n v e n t i o n a n d p r a c t i c e o f m e t h o d s w h i c h
    d e m o n s t r a t e i t s u s e f u l n e s s . We a r e m o r e a n d m o r e b e c o m i n g
    a w a r e t h a t i n o p e r a t i o n t h e e d u c a t o r c a n n o t b e n e a t l y s e p a r a t e d
    f r o m t h e p a r e n t , t h e c o u n s e l o r , t h e t h e r a p i s t , t h e f r i e n d a n d
    p a r t n e r
    . In t u r n , t h e p u p i l c a n n o t b e n e a t l y s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e
    s o n , t h e l e a r n e r , t h e c o u n s e l e e o r t h e p a t i e n t . Th e d y n a m i c i n t e r -
    r e l a t e d n e s s o f a l l t y p e s o f l e a r n i n g b r i n g s t o t h e f o r e a c o n c e p t
    w h i c h w a s r e l e g a t e d u p t o n o w t o a s p e c i a l t y , t o p s y c h o t h e r a p y
    o n l y , t h a t o f m e n t a l c a t h a r s i s . M e n t a l c a t h a r s i s i s h e r e d e f i n e d a s
    a p r o c e s s w h i c h a c c o m p a n i e s e v e r y t y p e o f l e a r n i n g , n o t o n l y a
    f i n d i n g o f r e s o l u t i o n f r o m c o n f l i c t , b u t a l s o o f r e a l i s a t i o n o f s e l f ,
    n o t o n l y r e l e a s e a n d r e l i e f b u t a l s o e q u i l i b r i u m a n d p e a c e
    . It i s
    n o t a c a t h a r s i s o f a b r e a c t i o n b u t a c a t h a r s i s o f i n t e g r a t i o n . To u s e
    Sh a k e s p e a r e ' s Ha m l e t a s a n i l l u s t r a t i o n -i f w e i m a g i n e t h a t t h e
    Ha m l e t o n t h e s t a g e i s t h e r e a l Pr i n c e Ha m l e t a n d n o t a n a c t o r -
    t h e r e a r e f r o m t h e c r i t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e o f h i s f a t h e r ' s a p p e a r a n c e
    t o t h e e n t r a n c e o f F o r t i n b r a s , b e s i d e s n u m e r o u s a b r e a c t i o n s , a l o n g
    c h a i n o f r o l e t a k i n g s a n d i n t e r a c t i o n s , d i a l o g i c a l s e q u e n c e s a n d
    p a u s e s , m o m e n t s o f m e d i t a t i o n a n d d e c i s i o n , t h e t o t a l s u m o f
    w h i c h a i m s a t a n i n t e g r a t i o n o f Ha m l e t w i t h h i s c o -a c t o r s a n d
    t h e s p e c t a t o r s o f t h e d r a m a i n t o a c o m m u n i t y e x p e r i e n c e .
    Wi t h i n a u n i v e r s e w h i c h i s d o m i n a t e d b y c u l t u r a l c o n s e r v e s
    a n d s o c i a l s t e r e o t y p e s t h e c o m p a r a t i v e l y f r e e r a n d m o r e s p o n -
    t a n e o u s u n i t i s t h e s i n g l e i n d i v i d u a l . B u t t h e i s o l a t e d p e r s o n a l
    s p o n t a n e i t i e s o f t w o b i l l i o n i n d i v i d u a l s , h o w e v e r w o r t h y , d o n o t
    p r o d u c e a s p o n t a n e i t y o f t h e m a s s e s . Th e r e f o r e , i t i s i m p e r a t i v e
    t h a t t h e s p o n t a n e i t y o f t h e m a s s e s o f p e o p l e i s s y s t e m a t i c a l l y d e -
    v e l o p e d b y m e a n s o f s p e c i a l p r o c e d u r e s . As w e h a v e l e a r n e d f r o m
    s o c i o m e t r i c a n d s p o n t a n e i t y r e s e a r c h , w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e o f t h e
    n u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s a n d t h e i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e m , a
    d e c r e a s e o f t h e i r o w n s p o n t a n e i t y a n d t h e s p o n t a n e i t y o f t h e g r o u p
    t a k e s p l a c e .
    Th e y m a k e e a c h o t h e r u n f r e e a n d u n s p o n t a n e o u s .
    Th e l a r g e r t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f m a n k i n d b e c o m e s , t h e r e f o r e , i n a
    c o n s e r v e -d o m i n a t e d w o r l d o r d e r , t h e m o r e u n f r e e t h e i n d i v i d u a l
    b e c o m e s a n d t h e m o r e u n f r e e b e c o m e t h e s m a l l g r o u p s w i t h i n t h e
    t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n .
    Th e c r o w d a n d m o b p s y c h o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s o f
    Le B o n , Ta r d e a n d o t h e r s w e r e i n t h e m s e l v e s c o r r e c t
    . Th e y f o u n d
    SPONTANEITYTHEORYOF LEARNING

    5 47
    t h a t t h e c r o w d s a n d m o b s a r e i m p u l s i v e , a u t o m a t i c a n d u n c o n -
    t r o l l e d , g i v e n t o p r i m i t i v e e m o t i o n s , r e d u c i n g t h e i n d i v i d u a l p a r -
    t i c i p a n t s t o a l o w e r l e v e l o f i n i t i a t i v e , f r e e d o m a n d s p o n t a n e i t y .
    Wh a t t h e y d i d n o t r e a l i z e i s t h a t w h a t a r e c a l l e d c r o w d s , m o b s
    a n d s o f o r t h a r e a l l a l r e a d y p a t h o l o g i c a l , d i s t o r t e d g r o u p s t r u c -
    t u r e s f o r w h i c h o u r w o r l d o r d e r i t s e l f i s r e s p o n s i b l e . Le B o n a n d
    Ta r d e d e s c r i b e d w h a t t h e s t r u c t u r e o f c r o w d s a n d m o b s a r e i n
    o u r t y p e o f s o c i e t y , b u t n o t w h a t t h e y c o u l d b e i f t h e o p t i m a l s o c i a l
    s t r u c t u r e o f s p o n t a n e o u s -c r e a t i v e h u m a n r e l a t i o n s w e r e m o b i l i z e d .
    If w e s h o u l d d e c i d e t o d e v e l o p a s p o n t a n e o u s -c r e a t i v e u n i v e r s e t o
    r e p l a c e t h e o n e i n w h i c h w e l i v e -a n d i n w h i c h s p o n t a n e i t y i s
    a r b i t r a r y a n d i n c i d e n t a l -t h e s p o n t a n e i t y o f o n e i n d i v i d u a l w i l l
    s t i m u l a t e t h e s p o n t a n e i t y o f t h e o t h e r a n d t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e r e s u l t
    w i l l b e t h e o p p o s i t e o f w h a t w e h a v e a t p r e s e n t . Th e s p o n t a n e i t y
    o f t h e g r o u p w i l l i n c r e a s e w i t h i t s s i z e a n d w i t h t h e n u m b e r o f
    i n t e r a c t i o n s o f i t s m e m b e r s . In o u r p r e s e n t w o r l d o r d e r t h e
    s p o n t a n e i t y q u o t i e n t o f t h e t o t a l o f m a n k i n d i s p r a c t i c a l l y i n e r t
    a s f o r i n s t a n c e t h e Le a g u e o f Na t i o n s a n d t h e Un i t e d Na t i o n s
    Or g a n i z a t i o n h a v e i l l u s t r a t e d .
    Th e s p o n t a n e i t y o f m a n k i n d i n s u c h a f u t u r e w o r l d o r d e r w i l l
    m u l t i p l y i n d i r e c t p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e n u m b e r o f i t s g r o u p s a n d
    t h e n u m b e r s o f i n t e r a c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e m . It w i l l b e s o e n o r m o u s
    t h a t t h e p o w e r o f m a n , t h e e x e r c i s e o f h i s c o l l e c t i v e e n e r g y w i l l
    s u r p a s s e v e r y t h i n g w e h a v e e v e r d r e a m e d .
    B o o k V
    SOCIOM ETRICPLANNING
    OF SOCIETY
    SPONTANEOUSEV OLUTIONOF SOCIETY
    B e f o r e w e c o n s i d e r a n y t e c h n i q u e o f p l a n n i n g w e m u s t e x a m i n e
    t h e c o u r s e w h i c h n a t u r a l e v o l u t i o n t a k e s
    . We h a v e t o s e t t l e t h e
    q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r t h e p r o c e s s o f " n a t u r a l " e v o l u t i o n i s s t i l l n o t
    t h e b e s t c o u r s e i n i t s e l f , f o r i f t h i s r e m a i n s t h e c a s e e v e n s o c i o -
    m e t r i c p l a n n i n g i s n o t o n l y v a i n a n d u n n e c e s s a r y b u t p o s s i b l y
    h a r m f u l
    . F u r t h e r m o r e , a n y m o t i v e f o r p l a n n i n g h a s t o b e c l e a r l y
    e s t a b l i s h e d , a t h e o l o g i c a l , c o o p e r a t i v e o r a n a r c h i s t i c s y s t e m o f
    s o c i e t y , b e f o r e a n a t u r a l o u t g r o w t h o f p l a n n i n g c a n f o l l o w j u s t i -
    f i a b l y .
    In t h e h i s t o r y o f c o m m u n i t y e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n Ch a r l e s
    F o u r i e r a n d Ro b e r t Ow e n h a v e e a r n e d a p l a c e o f h o n o r . Ov e r
    a c e n t u r y a g o t h e s e t w o i n d e f a t i g a b l e p i o n e e r s e v o l v e d i n g e n i o u s
    s c h e m e s f o r s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n . It w a s t h e i r Ut o p i a n c o n c e p t
    o f h u m a n n a t u r e a n d o f h u m a n s o c i e t y w h i c h a c c o u n t s f o r t h e
    f a i l u r e o f t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e e f f o r t s . Ai d e d b y t h e t h e o r y o f s o c i o -
    m e t r i c r e a l i s m a n d s o c i o m e t r i c m e t h o d s t h e i r e x p e r i m e n t s m i g h t
    h a v e s u c c e e d e d . We m a y l o o k s u c c e s s i v e l y i n t o d e v e l o p m e n t a l
    a s p e c t s o f o u r s o c i e t y -s o c i a l , i n d u s t r i a l , c u l t u r a l a n d g o v e r n -
    m e n t a l .
    It i s a l s o o f s i g n i f i c a n c e t o c o m p a r e t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s a n d d i f f e r -
    e n c e s o f t h e n e w c o m m u n i t y p r o j e c t s w i t h t h e e a r l y Am e r i c a n
    f r o n t i e r s e t t l e m e n t s
    . Th e e a r l y Am e r i c a n f r o n t i e r w a s a s p o n -
    t a n e o u s m o v e m e n t o f p e o p l e . Th e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f v a s t u n s e t t l e d
    t e r r i t o r y w a s t h e c o n d i t i o n w h i c h m a d e t h i s s p r e a d o f s e t t l i n g
    p o s s i b l e . Th e m o v e m e n t o f p o p u l a t i o n w a s c o m p a r a t i v e l y u n -
    r e s t r a i n e d e x c e p t f o r t h e b a r r i e r s o f n a t u r e . B u t s i n c e t h e
    f r o n t i e r d a y s a s o c i e t y h a s g r o w n u p w i t h t h e m o s t e x a c t i n g s o c i a l ,
    i n d u s t r i a l a n d c u l t u r a l p a t t e r n s . Th e b a c k -t o -t h e -l a n d m o v e m e n t
    t o d a y i s r e s t r a i n e d b y t h i s s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e a n d t h e e s t a b l i s h e d
    r i g h t s o f t h e p e o p l e . In t h i s i n s t a n c e , a t l e a s t , t h e p r o c e s s o f
    m i g r a t i o n i s i n n e e d o f p l a n n i n g .
    In t h e p i o n e e r d a y s o f c o m m u n i t y f o r m a t i o n , a s i n t h e d a y s o f
    t h e Am e r i c a n f r o n t i e r , t h e r e w a s e i t h e r r o u g h e q u a l i t y o r t h e
    5 5 1
    5 5 2

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    i n e q u a l i t i e s w h i c h d e v e l o p a s n a t u r a l e x p r e s s i o n s o f i n d i v i d u a l
    a n d g r o u p d i f f e r e n c e s .
    In t h e c o u r s e o f s o c i a l e v o l u t i o n , i n s t i -
    t u t i o n s a r e c r e a t e d w h i c h t r a n s f o r m t h e p i o n e e r s o c i e t y
    i n t o a
    c o n s e r v i n g , s t a t i o n a r y s o c i e t y , c o n s e r v i n g w e a l t h ,
    p r o p e r t y a n d
    c u l t u r a l v a l u e s . In t h e s u c c e e d i n g g e n e r a t i o n s n e w i n e q u a l i t i e s
    d e v e l o p w i t h i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n w h i c h c e a s e t o b e a n a t u r a l e x p r e s -
    s i o n o f t h e o r g a n i c i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s , p h y s i c a l o r m e n t a l , a n d
    t h e s u p e r i o r i n d i v i d u a l m a y f i n d h i m s e l f , d u e t o c i r c u m s t a n c e s
    w h i c h a r e b e y o n d h i s c o n t r o l , i n a s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n w h i c h
    i s i n
    t o t a l d i s c o r d w i t h h i s c a p a b i l i t i e s
    . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , i n d i v i d u a l s
    w h o m a y b e a v e r a g e o r i n f e r i o r m a y f i n d t h e m s e l v e s i n s o c i a l s i t u a -
    t i o n s w h i c h p r o v i d e t h e m w i t h a u t h o r i t y a n d p o w e r
    . Cl a s s d i s -
    t i n c t i o n s d e v e l o p w h i c h a r e e v e n t u a l l y t h e r e v e r s e
    o f t h e m o r e
    n a t u r a l d i s t i n c t i o n s o f t h e p i o n e e r p h a s e . In t h e s o c i o m e t r i c s e n s e
    t h e d e s c r i b e d s i t u a t i o n r e f l e c t s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a l
    l e v e l w h i c h a
    s o c i e t y i n e v o l u t i o n h a s r e a c h e d i f i t i s a l l o w e d t o f o l l o w i t s c o u r s e
    b l i n d l y .
    Ac r i t i c a l p o i n t i s f o u n d a g a i n i n i n d u s t r i a l e v o l u t i o n . M e -
    c h a n i c a l i n v e n t i o n a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e m a c h i n e w h i c h
    a p p e a r e d a t f i r s t t o b e f o r t h e g o o d o f s o c i e t y g r a d u a l l y d e v e l o p e d
    n e w d i f f i c u l t i e s .
    Th e e x e c u t i o n o f m a c h i n e w o r k b e c a m e n e c e s s a r y
    w i t h o u t r e g a r d t o t h e a d j u s t m e n t o f m a n t o i t
    . As p l i t b e t w e e n
    t h e i n d u s t r i a l a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f m a n g r e w o u t o f
    t h e s i t u a t i o n m a n -m a c h i n e -i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e r e l a t i v e
    u n i t y o f
    m a n ' s r e l a t i o n t o h i s o c c u p a t i o n s i n t h e h a n d i c r a f t e r a
    . Th i s u n i t y
    w a s d u e t o t h e i n t e r l o c k i n g o f h i s i n s t i n c t i v e w o r k a b i l i t i e s a n d
    h i s o c c u p a t i o n s , a c o n d i t i o n w h i c h w a s f a v o r a b l e t o h i s d e v e l o p -
    m e n t a s a c r e a t i v e a c t o r . B u t i f w e s h o u l d b e a b l e t o b r i n g
    t h e s e i n s t i n c t i v e w o r k a b i l i t i e s i n t o a c c o r d w i t h m a c h i n e w o r k , t h e
    i n t e r r e l a t i o n m a n -m a c h i n e , w h i c h a t p r e s e n t i s a s o u r c e o f p o t e n t i a l
    c o n f l i c t a n d d i s i n t e g r a t i o n , m a y b e r e a d j u s t e d . Th e Sp o n t a n e i t y
    Te s t i s a w o r k i n g m e t h o d a c c o m p l i s h i n g t h i s e n d . As i d e f r o m
    d e t e c t i n g t h e v a r i o u s w o r k a b i l i t i e s , i t p r o v i d e s a c o u r s e o f t r a i n i n g
    t o f o s t e r t h e i n d i v i d u a l ' s a d j u s t m e n t t o n e w i n d u s t r i a l s i t u a t i o n s
    a n d o p e n s u p t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t m a n m a y b e s t i m u l a t e d t o d e v e l o p
    a s a c r e a t i v e w o r k e r w i t h a w i d e r r a n g e o f f l e x i b i l i t y . Th e
    d r a w b a c k w h i c h t h e m a c h i n e b r o u g h t a b o u t m a y b e , a s i n f o r m e r
    c r i s e s s u r m o u n t e d b y m a n , b u t a n o t h e r o b s t a c l e t o b e o v e r c o m e
    a n d a n a i d t o h i s p r o g r e s s .
    SPONTANEOUSEV OLUTIONOF SOCIETY

    5 5 3
    Th e c r i t i c a l p o i n t o f n a t u r a l g r o w t h a p p e a r s a l s o i n c u l t u r a l
    e v o l u t i o n . At t h e b e g i n n i n g o f n a t i o n a l c u l t u r e s , t h e c u l t u r a l
    f o r m s , d a n c e , m u s i c , d r a m a , r e l i g i o n , c u s t o m , a r e i m p r o v i s e d ,
    c r e a t e d i n t h e m o m e n t , b u t a s t h e m o m e n t s o f i n s p i r a t i o n p a s s
    m a n b e c o m e s m o r e f a s c i n a t e d b y t h e c o n t e n t s w h i c h h a v e r e m a i n e d
    f r o m t h e b y -g o n e c r e a t e d a c t s , b y t h e i r c a r e f u l c o n s e r v a t i o n a n d
    e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e i r v a l u e , t h a n t o c o n t i n u e c r e a t i n g . It s e e m e d
    t o m a n a h i g h e r s t a g e o f c u l t u r e t o f o r s a k e t h e m o m e n t , i t s u n -
    c e r t a i n t y a n d h e l p l e s s n e s s , a n d t o s t r u g g l e f o r c o n t e n t s , t o s e l e c t
    a n d i d o l i z e t h e m , t h u s l a y i n g g r o u n d f o r o u r t y p e o f c i v i l i z a t i o n ,
    t h e c i v i l i z a t i o n o f t h e c o n s e r v e . An e x a m p l e i s t h e e x t e m p o r e
    D i o n y s i a n p l a y s o f t h e o l d Gr e e k s . It e n d e d i n t h e w r i t t e n d r a m a
    t h i s w a s i t s n a t u r a l f a t e . Th e p r o c e s s b e g i n n i n g w i t h i n s p i r e d
    D i o n y s i a n a c t s , e n d e d i n a
    s a c r e d
    c o n t e n t . Th i s w a s n o t a c c i d e n t a l .
    It w a s a n i n t e n t i o n a l e v o l u t i o n . As s o o n a s i t s g o a l , a n o r g a n i z e d
    e x p r e s s i o n , t h e d r a m a o f Ae s c h y l u s , So p h o c l e s , Eu r i p i d e s , w a s
    g a i n e d , t h e c r e a t i v e p r o c e s s w a s c o n s e r v e d f o r e v e r , a n d s o t h e n
    t h e u n n e c e s s a r y a t t e m p t a t s p o n t a n e i t y c o u l d d i e o u t
    .
    We e x -
    p e r i e n c e d a s i m i l a r c a s e i n Ru s s i a . Af t e r t h e r e v o l u t i o n Ru s s i a n
    w o r k e r s e n j o y e d a c t i n g t h e r e v o l u t i o n e x t e m p o r e . Th e i r g o a l ,
    h o w e v e r , w a s n o t t h e m o m e n t a n d w i t h i t t h e f l e x i b l e , s p o n t a n e o u s
    p e r s o n a l i t y , b u t t h e m a s s m a n , t h e f u n c t i o n a l m a n , t h e m a n w h o
    c a n b e e x c h a n g e d , a n d w i t h i t t h e r e p e t i t i o n o f a s a c r e d p o l i t i c a l
    r i t e , a c o n s e r v e , t h e r e v o l u t i o n .
    Th e v i c i o u s c y c l e b e t w e e n t h e c r e a t i v e a c t a n d t h e c o n s e r v e
    i n w h i c h t h e c r e a t i v e i n s t i n c t o f m a n i s c a u g h t w a s b r o u g h t t o
    t e s t i n o u r e x p e r i m e n t s o f p l a y i m p r o v i s a t i o n . We s t u d i e d g r o u p s
    f r o m d a y t o d a y a n d f o u n d t h a t i f t h e p l a y e r s w e r e l e f t t o t h e m -
    s e l v e s , a l t h o u g h t h e y m i g h t h a v e t h e i n t e n t i o n t o i m p r o v i s e e a c h
    t i m e a g a i n , r e p a r t e e s w h i c h h a d b e e n m o s t b r i l l i a n t a n d g e s t u r e s
    w h i c h h a d b e e n m o s t e f f e c t i v e w e r e r e p e a t e d , a n d a f t e r a f e w
    m o n t h s o f w o r k , i f e v e r y p h a s e o f t h e p r o c e s s h a d b e e n r e c o r d e d ,
    t h e y e n d e d i n s t e r e o t y p e s . It w a s t h i s p h e n o m e n o n w h i c h l e d u s t o
    i n v e n t t e c h n i q u e s l i k e Sp o n t a n e i t y Tr a i n i n g t o p r o t e c t t h e i n d i -
    v i d u a l a g a i n s t t h e e n f e e b l i n g o f h i s i n s t i n c t i v e s p o n t a n e i t y .
    Th e c r i t i c a l p o i n t i s f o u n d a g a i n i n t h e f o r m s t a k e n b y g o v e r n -
    m e n t . An i l l u s t r a t i o n w o u l d b e s e l f -g o v e r n m e n t , i f i t w e r e l i t e r a l l y
    e x e c u t e d . In i t s i d e a l f o r m i t i s m e a n t t o a l l o w e v e r y i n d i v i d u a l
    t o h a v e a n e q u a l s h a r e i n t h e g o v e r n m e n t . In i t s r e a l i z a t i o n i t
    5 5 4

    WHO
    SHALL SURV IV E?
    p r o d u c e s t h e o p p o s i t e e f f e c t .
    On l y a m i n o r i t y o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n
    h a s a c h a n c e t o e x p r e s s i t s e l f
    . Am i n o r i t y , n o t n e c e s s a r i l y s u p e r i o r
    t o t h e r e s t , s e c u r e s p o w e r a n d a s s u m e s a u t h o r i t y t o d e c i d e o f w h a t
    t h e h a p p i n e s s a n d w e l f a r e o f t h e m a j o r i t y c o n s i s t s
    .
    Se l f g o v e r n -
    m e n t , a i d e d b y s o c i o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s c o u l d b e a p o w e r f u l d e v i c e
    . In
    s o c i o m e t r i c s t u d i e s w e f o u n d t h a t t h e o f f i c i a l l e a d e r s i n t h e c o m -
    m u n i t y w e r e n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t h e o n e s w h o r e c e i v e d m o s t o f t h e
    c h o i c e s , t h a t t h e k e y p o s i t i o n s w e r e o f t e n h e l d b y i n d i v i d u a l s w h o s e
    q u a n t i t a t i v e i n f l u e n c e i s s m a l l
    . We c a m e t o r e a l i z e t h a t w h e n t h e
    f o r c e s w i t h i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n a r e l e t l o o s e , s o c i o d y n a m i c m e c h a n -
    i s m s h i n d e r t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s f r o m a c t u a l l y f u l -
    f i l l i n g t h e i r s t r i v i n g s .
    We f o u n d t h a t t h e s p o n t a n e o u s c h o i c e
    f a c t o r m a y c o m e i n t o c o l l i s i o n w i t h t h e s p o n t a n e o u s c h o i c e f a c t o r
    o f m a n y o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l s a n d t h a t t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y o f c o l l i s i o n i s
    t h e g r e a t e r t h e m o r e u n r e s t r a i n e d t h e i n d i v i d u a l s a n d g r o u p s a r e
    a l l o w e d t o b e c o m e i n t h e i r e x p r e s s i o n
    . Th e s t u d y o f p s y c h o s o c i a l
    n e t w o r k s d i s c l o s e d t h a t e v e r y i n d i v i d u a l i s u n a w a r e o f h i s a c t u a l
    p o s i t i o n w i t h i n t h e c o m m u n i t y
    . He i s a w a r e o n l y o f a s m a l l p a r t
    o f t h e s t r u c t u r e s i n w h i c h h e i s i n v o l v e d
    . It a p p e a r s t h a t n o i n d i -
    v i d u a l i s s u p r e m e e n o u g h t o b e a w a r e a l l t h e t i m e o f a l l t h e p s y -
    c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s b y w h i c h h e i s a f f e c t e d .
    As o c i o -e m o t i o n a l c o n t i n u u m o f r e l a t i o n s i n t e r m i t t e n t l y i n t e r -
    a c t i n g w i t h t h e e x t e r n a l s o c i e t y l i e s b e l o w a l l t h e p a t t e r n s o f c o m -
    m u n i t y l i f e , f a m i l i e s , c l u b s , l a b o r , p o l i t i c a l o r r e l i g i o u s u n i t s
    .
    Th i s i s t h e t r u e v e h i c l e o f p o w e r
    . Ye t a t n o t i m e i n h i s t o r y h a s
    a n a t t e m p t b e e n m a d e t o b a s e t h e g o v e r n m e n t u p o n t h i s c o n t i n u u m
    i t s e l f , i n s t e a d o f u p o n i t s u p p e r s t r u c t u r e s
    . Th e r e i s n o d o u b t t h a t
    i n c e r t a i n c r i t i c a l m o m e n t s i n t h e h i s t o r y o f m a n , h o w e v e r , t h e s e
    p a r t s o f o u r s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e r o s e u p a n d f l o o d e d t h e b a r r i e r s
    . In -
    d e e d , i f w e s t u d y t h e p r i n c i p l e s f r o m w h i c h o u r f o r m s o f g o v e r n -
    m e n t a n d p u b l i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n e m e r g e , w e s e e t h a t t h e y a r e o f t e n
    c o n s t r u c t e d i n u t t e r d i s r e g a r d o r i g n o r a n c e o f t h i s u n d e r l y i n g c o n -
    t i n u u m o f h u m a n r e l a t i o n s
    . We s t a v e i t o f f a n d a c c e p t a n d u s e
    t e c h n i q u e s u n r e l a t e d t o t h e b a s i c f o r c e s , a r t i f i c i a l s u b s t i t u t e s f o r
    t h e f a c t o r s w h i c h a r e a c t u a l l y c r e a t i n g t h e w o r l d
    . Th r o u g h a
    s o c i o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s o f h u m a n r e l a t i o n s t h e t r u e a n d f a c t u a l o r g a n -
    i z a t i o n o f a c o m m u n i t y w o u l d b e b r o u g h t t o a p o l i t i c a l e x p r e s s i o n
    i n t h e s y s t e m o f g o v e r n m e n t a n d t h i s e x p r e s s i o n w o u l d c h a n g e o n
    t h e s u r f a c e o n l y i f i t c h a n g e d b e n e a t h
    .
    If t h e r e w a s a t r u e h i e r -
    SPONTANEOUSEV OLUTIONOF SOCIETY

    5 5 5
    a r c h y i n h e r e n t w i t h i n i t s m a k e -u p , i t w o u l d c o m e t o l e a d t h e r e s t
    i n a c c o r d w i t h s o c i o m e t r i c f i n d i n g s
    .
    Sp o n t a n e o u s a n d Gu i d e d M i g r a t i o n
    It w a s a p r o p i t i o u s c o i n c i d e n c e t h a t t h e g o v e r n m e n t o f t h e
    Un i t e d St a t e s i n i t i a t e d a s a p a r t o f t h e p r o g r a m o f Na t i o n a l Re -
    c o v e r y t h e c r e a t i o n o f n e w s m a l l c o m m u n i t i e s t o b e e s t a b l i s h e d i n
    v a r i o u s p a r t s o f t h e c o u n t r y , t h e s o -c a l l e d " h o m e s t e a d " p r o j e c t s .
    Ea c h p r o j e c t p r o v i d e d a n a g r i c u l t u r a l s e t -u p a n d a s m a l l c o m -
    m u n i t y f a c t o r y
    . Th e p o p u l a t i o n w a s d r a w n f r o m u r b a n o r r u r a l
    p r o b l e m a r e a s -i n o t h e r w o r d s , i t w a s a f o r m o f v o l u n t a r y m a s s
    a s s i g n m e n t .
    Wh a t c o m p l i c a t e d t h e p r o b l e m w a s t h a t t h e t o t a l
    p o p u l a t i o n h a d t o m o v e i n p r a c t i c a l l y a t o n c e , n o t g r a d u a l l y a s a
    n a t u r a l s e t t l e m e n t w o u l d d e v e l o p , a n d t h a t t h e i n t e n t i o n w a s t o
    s e l e c t
    t h e p o p u l a t i o n , n o t t o p o p u l a t e t h e n e w c o m m u n i t i e s
    h i t -
    o r -m i s s .
    Th e r e s u l t s g a i n e d i n a c l o s e d c o m m u n i t y a s Hu d s o n c a n n o t b e
    a u t o m a t i c a l l y t r a n s f e r r e d t o o p e n c o m m u n i t i e s
    . Th e i n h a b i t a n t s
    o f a c l o s e d c o m m u n i t y c a n n o t l e a v e i t f r e e l y , o u t s i d e r s c a n n o t c o m e
    f r e e l y a n d t a k e u p r e s i d e n c e , t h e n a t u r a l f a m i l y u n i t i s m i s s i n g ,
    t h e c o n f l i c t s c o m i n g f r o m e c o n o m i c s i t u a t i o n s a n d c o n f l i c t s c o m -
    i n g f r o m s i t u a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t w o s e x e s a r e n o n -e x i s t e n t
    . Th e
    i n h a b i t a n t s o f a n o p e n c o m m u n i t y m u s t , i n p r i n c i p l e , p e r m i t t h e
    c o m i n g a n d g o i n g o f a n y o n e ; t h e f a c t o r s o f t h e t w o s e x e s a n d
    f a m i l y l i f e a s w e l l a s e c o n o m i c c o m p e t i t i o n c o m e i n t o d i s p l a y ,
    p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s b i n d t h e m t o t h e s u r r o u n d i n g c o m m u n i t i e s
    .
    In c o n s e q u e n c e , c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f i t s i n d i v i d u a l s a n d g r o u p s i s b e -
    y o n d t h e r a n g e w e h a v e s t u d i e d i n t h e c l o s e d c o m m u n i t y
    . It i s
    i m p o r t a n t t o k n o w , h o w e v e r , t h a t
    t h e s o c i o m e t r i c s t r u c t u r e s f o u n d
    i n c l o s e d c o m m u n i t i e s d o n o t d i f f e r i n t h e i r b a s i c f e a t u r e s f r o m
    t h e o n e s f o u n d i n o p e n c o m m u n i t i e s .
    On t h e b a s i s o f t h e a n a l y s i s o f a s a m p l e o f c o m m u n i t i e s i n
    v a r i o u s s e c t i o n s o f t h e c o u n t r y , t h e s o c i o m e t r i c a s p e c t o f i n t e r -
    c o m m u n i t y a n d i n t e r s t a t e m i g r a t i o n m i g h t c o m e t o t h e f o r e
    . Th e
    g r a d u a l i n c r e a s e o f r e s t r i c t i o n s o n i m m i g r a t i o n r e d u c e d o n e d i f f i -
    c u l t y i n t h e w a y o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , t h e c o n t i n u o u s f l u x i n t h e e t h n i c
    c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e Am e r i c a n n a t i o n .
    It g i v e s t h e e t h n i c g r o u p s
    w h o a r e a l r e a d y l i v i n g w i t h i n t h i s g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a a m o r e c o n -
    s t a n t c h a r a c t e r , e n d i n g p e r h a p s t h e f i r s t p e r i o d i n t h e e v o l u t i o n o f
    5
    5
    6

    WHO SHALL
    SURV IV E?
    t h e Am e r i c a n n a t i o n , t h e p h a s e o f e x p a n s i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t a n d
    b e g i n n i n g a n e w p e r i o d , t h e p h a s e o f o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d c o n c e n t r a -
    t i o n .
    B u t t h e r e i s a n o t h e r a s p e c t o f i m p e r m a n e n c y :
    t h e s p o n t a n e o u s
    m i g r a t i o n o f p e o p l e w i t h i n t h e t e r r i t o r y o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s f r o m
    t h e c o u n t r y t o t h e c i t y , f r o m o n e s t a t e t o t h e o t h e r , f r o m Ea s t t o
    We s t , f r o m t h e So u t h t o t h e No r t h . Af e w f i g u r e s , t a k e n f r o m
    t h e USCe n s u s Re p o r t s f r o m 1928 t o 195 1a r e s i g n i f i c a n t
    . In
    1920 , 19
    . 2%o f t h e n a t i v e -b o r n p o p u l a t i o n w e r e l i v i n g i n s t a t e s
    o t h e r t h a n t h o s e i n w h i c h t h e y w e r e b o r n
    . B e f o r e 1910 t h e
    m i g r a t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n w a s l a r g e l y w e s t w a r d ; b u t f r o m 1919
    t o 1920 t h i s m o v e m e n t s t o p p e d a n d i n s t e a d a n i n c r e a s e d m i g r a -
    t i o n o f w h i t e s f r o m t h e n o r t h e r n s t a t e s t o F l o r i d a , Te x a s a n d
    Ca l i f o r n i a d e v e l o p e d . Th i s m o v e m e n t w a s b a l a n c e d b y t h e n o r t h -
    w a r d Ne g r o m i g r a t i o n
    . Wh e r e a s s o m e l a r g e p a r t s o f t h e p o p u l a -
    t i o n a r e a t o n e t i m e i n m o v e m e n t , o t h e r p a r t s a r e s t a t i o n a r y . Th e
    m o s t s t a t i o n a r y p a r t l i v e s i n t h e s o u t h At l a n t i c a n d s o u t h e a s t
    c e n t r a l s t a t e s , s h o w i n g o v e r 90 %o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n b o r n i n t h e
    s t a t e o f r e s i d e n c e
    . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , i n Ok l a h o m a , Co l o r a d o a n d
    M o n t a n a m o r e t h a n 5 0 %0 o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n w a s b o r n o u t s i d e o f
    t h e s t a t e . Th e p s y c h o -s o c i a l c u r r e n t s b e h i n d t h e s e f a c t s , i n s t i g a t -
    i n g s u c h m o v e m e n t s o f p o p u l a t i o n a r e r e l e v a n t t o t h i s s t u d y . Th e
    s o c i o m e t r i c e v i d e n c e g a t h e r e d m a y d i s c l o s e t h e a t t r a c t i o n s a n d
    r e p u l s i o n s b e t w e e n i n d i v i d u a l s a n d b e t w e e n g r o u p s a n d t h e m o t i v e s
    u n d e r l y i n g t h e s e a t t r a c t i o n s a n d r e p u l s i o n s .
    Th e m o t i v e s m a y b e
    e c o n o m i c , m o v i n g f r o m a r e g i o n o f l o w , t o a n o t h e r o f h i g h e r
    p r o s p e r i t y , b e t t e r o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r e m p l o y m e n t ; o r t h e y m a y
    b e r a c i a l p e r s e c u t i o n , m o v i n g f r o m a r e g i o n o f i n t e n s e p e r s e c u t i o n
    o f a p a r t i c u l a r e t h n i c g r o u p t o a r e a s i n w h i c h n o p e r s e c u t i o n o f
    t h i s m i n o r i t y h a s y e t d e v e l o p e d
    ; t h e m o t i v e s m a y b e r e l i g i o u s , c u l -
    t u r a l , e t c .
    B u t w h a t e v e r t h e s o c i a l f o r c e s c o m p e l l i n g t h e s e i n d i -
    v i d u a l s a n d g r o u p s t o m i g r a t e , w h e n t h e i r b e h a v i o r m a t u r e s t o
    t h e m a k i n g o f c h o i c e s a n d d e c i s i o n s t h e y t a k e t h e f o r m o f a t t r a c -
    t i o n s a n d r e p u l s i o n s ;
    t h o s e p a t t e r n s a r e r e v e a l e d b y s o c i o m e t r i c
    m e t h o d s
    . We a r e n o t c o n c e r n e d w i t h e c o n o m i c o r e t h n i c p r o c e s s e s
    a s e x p r e s s i o n s o f t h e i r o w n , b u t o n l y a s t h e y e n t e r i n t o t h e c h o i c e s
    a n d d e c i s i o n s o f i n d i v i d u a l s a n d g r o u p s , a n d a s t h e y i n f l u e n c e
    t h e i r i n t e r a c t i o n , a t t r a c t i o n a n d r e p u l s i o n p a t t e r n s
    . In t h e l a s t
    a n a l y s i s t h e s o c i a l f o r c e s h a v e s u b s t a n c e a n d m e a n i n g o n l y a s f a r
    SPONTANEOUSEV OLUTIONOF SOCIETY

    5 5 7
    a s t h e y
    i n i t i a t e a n d d e v e l o p t h e a t t r a c t i o n s a n d r e p u l s i o n s b e t w e e n
    i n d i v i d u a l s a n d g r o u p s .
    So c i o m e t r i c e v i d e n c e h a s a f u r t h e r
    c o n t r i b u t i o n t o m a k e . St a t i s t i c a l a c c o u n t s o f m i g r a t o r y m o v e -
    m e n t s i n d i c a t e o n l y t h e a c t u a l f a c t s o f m i g r a t i o n , t o a n d f r o ,
    b u t t h e y d o n o t g i v e a n a c c o u n t o f t h e i m p e d e d e f f o r t s a t m i g r a -
    t i o n , f r u s t r a t e d b y v a r i o u s c a u s e s
    .
    So c i o m e t r i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f
    p o p u l a t i o n m o v e m e n t s r e v e a l t h a t t h e d e s i r e f o r m i g r a t i o n i s
    m a n y t i m e s l a r g e r t h a n t h a t w h i c h b e c o m e s a c t u a l l y m a n i f e s t a n d
    t o w a r d s w h i c h p a r t s o f t h e c o u n t r y t h e s e p o t e n t i a l m i g r a t i o n s t e n d ,
    t h a t o n l y t h e r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e r e s t l e s s n e s s p r e v a i l i n g i n t h e d e p t h s
    o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n o p e n s t h e w a y t o a f u l l u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f m i g r a -
    t o r y m o v e m e n t s , a n d t h a t t h e e c o n o m i c s i t u a t i o n i s o f t e n o n l y
    t h e p r e c i p i t a t i n g f a c t o r . Th e a c t u a l n u m b e r o f i n t e r -c o t t a g e
    a s s i g n m e n t s m a d e i n Hu d s o n , c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e n u m b e r w h o
    d e s i r e d t o m o v e f r o m o n e g r o u p t o a n o t h e r , i s e x c e e d i n g l y s m a l l .
    Th e u n s a t i s f i e d f e e l i n g s a n d t e n d e n c i e s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s d e s i r i n g
    s u c h a s s i g n m e n t p r o d u c e p o w e r f u l c u r r e n t s w h i c h e x p r e s s t h i s f a r
    b e t t e r t h a n t h e a c t u a l f i g u r e s o f r e a s s i g n m e n t . Wh e t h e r t h e s e
    m i g r a t i o n s a r e a l w a y s d e s i r a b l e f o r t h e p e r s o n s t h e m s e l v e s , f o r t h e
    p l a c e s w h i c h t h e y f o r s a k e , f o r t h e p l a c e s t o w h i c h t h e y m o v e , a n d
    f i n a l l y f o r t h e n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n a s a w h o l e , i s a l a r g e q u e s t i o n .
    Wh e n t h e s e m i g r a t i o n s o c c u r r e d i n t h e p i o n e e r s t a g e o f t h e
    c o u n t r y t h e r e w a s p l e n t y o f f r e e l a n d a n d n o c r y s t a l l i z e d s o c i a l
    o r e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e t o r e s t r a i n , d i v e r t , o r p r o h i b i t t h e s e m o v e -
    m e n t s a n d t h e s p o n t a n e o u s i n s t i n c t o f t h e m i g r a t i n g p o p u l a t i o n
    w a s a r o u g h b u t i n g e n e r a l r e l i a b l e g u i d e f o r t h e a d v a n c e m e n t o f
    t h e p r o j e c t s t h e y h a d i n m i n d . Ho w e v e r , t o d a y t h e d e p e n d e n c e
    o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l u p o n t h e s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e i s f a r
    g r e a t e r t h a n h i s d e p e n d e n c e u p o n n a t u r e , a n d t h e p r o b l e m o f
    m i g r a t i o n i s f a r m o r e c o m p l e x . Th e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e s o c i o -
    m e t r i c t e s t t o p o p u l a t i o n s i n p r o b l e m a r e a s , t h u s r e v e a l i n g t h e s p o n -
    t a n e o u s t r e n d s a n d p o t e n t i a l m o v e m e n t s , m a y l a y t h e g r o u n d f o r
    a p r o c e d u r e o f g u i d e d
    m i g r a t i o n . Su c h a p r o c e d u r e c o u l d n o t o n l y
    u n b u r d e n u r b a n c e n t e r s o f a s u r p l u s o f i n d u s t r i a l p o p u l a t i o n b u t
    a l s o r e l i e v e a r e a s f r o m t h e c u m u l a t i v e e f f e c t o f s o c i o e m o t i o n a l
    t e n s i o n s
    .
    An o t h e r f a c t o r w h i c h h a s a b e a r i n g u p o n t h e d e p o p u l a t i o n o f
    o n e p a r t o f t h e c o m m u n i t y a n d t h e r e p o p u l a t i o n o f a n o t h e r p a r t
    i s t h e s o c i a l s h o c k w h i c h t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a n e w c o m m u n i t y
    5 5 8

    WHO
    SHALL SURV IV E?
    p r o d u c e s u p o n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g p o p u l a t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y i f t h e p o p u -
    l a t i o n c o m i n g i n t o t h e n e w c o m m u n i t y i s f r o m a d i f f e r e n t p a r t o f
    t h e c o u n t r y a n d i s o f a r e l a t i v e l y c o n t r a s t i n g e t h n i c c o m p o s i t i o n
    .
    Th e p s y c h o l o g i c a l m o t i v a t i o n o f t h i s s h o c k c a n b e g i v e n t h r o u g h
    a d e s c r i p t i o n h o w , o u t o f a s o c i a l p a t t e r n a s s i m p l e a s t h e f a m i l y ,
    l a r g e a n d u n i f i e d g r o u p s d e v e l o p .
    Th r o u g h t h e s t u d y o f h i s t o r i c l i n e a g e t h e c o m m o n a n c e s t o r s
    o f t w o o r m o r e i n d i v i d u a l s c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d . D o w n t o a c e r t a i n
    h i s t o r i c p o i n t i t i s d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e y b e l o n g t o t h e s a m e f a m i l y
    t r e e . Th i s d o e s n o t i m p l y t h a t t h e y a r e o f t h e s a m e b l o o d i n a
    r a c i a l s e n s e b u t r e l a t i v e s i n a f a m i l y s e n s e . It i s t h e f a m i l y i d e a
    s e e n n o t o n l y i n i t s p r e s e n t b u t i n i t s r e t r o s p e c t i v e c o m p o s i t i o n
    . In
    a c e r t a i n g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a a g r e a t n u m b e r o f t h e s e f a m i l y t r e e s
    w i l l b e m o r e o r l e s s i n t e r l o c k e d . B u t t h e s e f a m i l y t r e e s m a y c o n -
    t i n u o u s l y b r e a k u p a n d n e w o n e s m a y s t a r t , g r e a t l y a f f e c t e d b y
    p o p u l a t i o n m o v e m e n t s s u c h a s i m m i g r a t i o n a n d e m i g r a t i o n
    .
    As
    i n d i v i d u a l s w h o a r e m e m b e r s o f t h e s a m e f a m i l y l i v e i n t h e s a m e
    h o u s e , i n d i v i d u a l s w h o a r e o f t h e s a m e f a m i l y t r e e o f t e n h a v e
    t h e t e n d e n c y t o s t a y i n e a c h o t h e r ' s n e i g h b o r h o o d o r t o l i v e i n
    p r o x i m i t y . Th i s l i v i n g i n p r o x i m i t y i n g r o u p s h a s , a s w e h a v e
    d e s c r i b e d , n u m e r o u s e f f e c t s . It t i e s t h e s e g r o u p s t o t h e s a m e
    g e o g r a p h i c a r e a a n d t h e m o r e t h i s p r o x i m i t y e x p a n d s , i n c l u d i n g ,
    b e s i d e s t h e f a m i l y t h e s o c i a l , a g r i c u l t u r a l , i n d u s t r i a l a n d c u l t u r a l
    c o l l e c t i v e s , t h e g r e a t e r b e c o m e s t h e p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t p r o t e c t i v e
    c u r r e n t s w i l l d e v e l o p a m o n g a l l t h e g r o u p s l i v i n g t o g e t h e r i n t h e
    s a m e a r e a , j u s t a s t h e y a r e e x p r e s s e d w i t h i n o n e f a m i l y o r w i t h i n
    o n e f a m i l y t r e e . Th e p r o t e c t i v e c u r r e n t s m a y b i n d t h e s e i n d i -
    v i d u a l s t o g e t h e r e v e n a f t e r t h e y h a v e m o v e d a w a y f r o m t h e a r e a .
    Th e y d e v e l o p a s o c i a l u n i t y . He n c e , w h e n e v e r n e w g r o u p s i m -
    m i g r a t e i n t o t h i s a r e a t h e d e g r e e o f " p s y c h o g e o g r a p h i c a l " p r o x -
    i m i t y n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e m t o b e c o m e i n t e g r a l p a r t s o f t h e a l r e a d y
    e x i s t i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n c a n n o t b e d e t e r m i n e d b y d e d u c t i o n . It
    n e e d s a n i n t e n s i v e s o c i o m e t r i c e x p l o r a t i o n o f a l l t h e s o c i a l c o n t a c t s
    e m e r g i n g
    .
    We c o u l d d i v i d e t h e m e m b e r s o f a c o t t a g e i n Hu d s o n i n t o t w o
    g r o u p s : t h o s e w h o w a n t t o s t a y ( t h e s t a y e r s ) a n d t h o s e w h o w a n t
    t o m o v e a w a y ( t h e m o v e r s ) . Th e p r o p o r t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o
    g r o u p s d e c i d e d w h e t h e r o r n o t a c o t t a g e g r o u p h a d a n i n t r o v e r t e d
    o r a n e x t r o v e r t e d o r g a n i z a t i o n . We s a w t h e n t h a t g r o u p s w i t h a n
    SPONTANEOUSEV OLUTIONOF SOCIETY

    5 5 9
    i n t r o v e r t e d o r g a n i z a t i o n d i s c l o s e d a s t r o n g e r c r a v i n g f o r d i f f e r -
    e n c e a n d d i s t i n c t i o n . Th i s f e e l i n g o f d i f f e r e n c e a n d d i s t i n c t i o n
    c o u l d e a s i l y t u r n i n t o a c u r r e n t o f a g g r e s s i o n a g a i n s t i n t r u d e r s
    f r o m o t h e r c o t t a g e s . Th i s p h e n o m e n o n a p p e a r s t o h a v e u n i v e r s a l
    a p p l i c a t i o n
    . Al s o i n s o c i e t y a t l a r g e c o m m u n i t i e s c a n b e d i v i d e d
    i n t o t w o c l a s s e s , t h o s e w h o t e n d t o w a r d s a n i n t r o v e r t e d o r a n
    e x t r o v e r t e d o r g a n i z a t i o n . In e v e r y c o m m u n i t y t h e r e a r e s t a y e r s
    a n d m o v e r s . Co m m u n i t i e s w i t h a n i n t r o v e r t e d o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s o
    t e n d t o p r o d u c e r e s t r i c t i v e a n d p r o t e c t i v e c u r r e n t s a g a i n s t i n -
    t r u d e r s . Al t h o u g h t h e m o t i v a t i o n s f o r t h e s e p h e n o m e n a a r e c o m -
    p l e x , t h e s e r e s t r i c t i v e a n d p r o t e c t i v e c u r r e n t s a p p e a r e d t o f u r t h e r
    s o c i a l d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n a n d i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h i n c o m m u n i t i e s . An
    i n t i m a t e s t u d y o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n s t r u c t u r e i n a l o c a l g e o g r a p h i c a l
    a r e a w i l l p r o b a b l y d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e c o n s a n g u i n e g r o u p s , t h e
    f a m i l y t r e e s , a r e t h e s t r o n g e s t c e n t e r s o f i n t r o v e r t e d o r g a n i z a t i o n
    a n d t h a t t h e c r a v i n g f o r d i f f e r e n c e a n d d i s t i n c t i o n i s m o s t s t r o n g l y
    f o c u s s e d i n t h e m
    . In j u s t t h i s s e n s e n a t i o n a l g r o u p s a n d p s y c h o -
    g e o g r a p h i c a l u n i t s , a n d w h a t w e c a l l a " n a t i o n " a p p r o x i m a t e s a
    c l o s e d p s y c h o g e o g r a p h i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n .
    At t r a c t i o n s a n d Re p u l s i o n s B e t w e e n Ge r m a n s a n d J e w s ,
    ACa s e St u d y o f t h e Ra c i a l Sa t u r a t i o n Po i n t
    We h a v e l e a r n e d t h a t p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s a r e , i n g e n e r a l ,
    n o t p r o d u c e d a t w i l l , b u t t h a t c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s w i t h i n a p o p u l a -
    t i o n p r e d i s p o s e t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t
    . Sp e c i f i c g r o u p s c a n b e c o m e
    r a c i a l l y s a t u r a t e d i n t h e a t t e m p t t o a d j u s t i n c o m i n g e l e m e n t s w h i c h
    a r e r a c i a l l y o r i n o t h e r w a y s c o n t r a s t i n g . Up t o t h e s a t u r a t i o n
    p o i n t a w a v e o f s y m p a t h y m a y p r e v a i l . As s o o n a s t h i s p o i n t i s
    s u r p a s s e d , s t a t e s o f a n x i e t y , f e a r , j e a l o u s y , a n g e r , e t c . , r i s e u p
    i n i n d i v i d u a l s a n d i n g r o u p s , g r a d u a l l y b u i l d i n g u p t h e p r e d i s p o s -
    i n g c o n s t e l l a t i o n f o r a g g r e s s i v e c u r r e n t s .
    So c i o m e t r y t r i e s t o l o o k a t h u m a n s o c i e t y w i t h t h e s a m e o b -
    j e c t i v i t y w i t h w h i c h o n e l o o k s a t a n a n t -h i l l a n d w i t h t h a t s u b j e c -
    t i v i t y w h i c h o n l y i n d i v i d u a l s c a n h a v e w h o a r e t h e m s e l v e s p a r -
    t i c i p a n t s i n a n t -h i l l s . Th e r e i s n o s c i e n t i f i c p r o g r e s s p o s s i b l e a s
    l o n g a s w e l o o k a t h u m a n i t y t h r o u g h s e n t i m e n t a l a n d m o r a l i s t i c
    g l a s s e s , a n a l y z i n g i n t o l e r a n c e , p e r s e c u t i o n a n d w a r s f r o m t h e p o i n t
    o f v i e w o f a p a r t i c u l a r s y s t e m o f v a l u e s w i t h o u t a s t r i c t c o n c e n t r a -
    t i o n u p o n t h e f a c t s .
    Th i s d o e s n o t m e a n t h a t t h e v a l u e s y s t e m s
    5
    6
    0

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    t h e m s e l v e s a r e e x c l u d e d f r o m s o c i o m e t r i c r e s e a r c h ; t h e y a r e a
    p a r t o f t h e p r o c e s s a n d c a l c u l a t e d i n t o i t u p t o t h e p o i n t t o w h i c h
    t h e y a r e a b l e t o i n f l u e n c e s o c i a l f o r c e s .
    In d e a l i n g w i t h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f , f o r i n s t a n c e , r a c i a l c u r r e n t s ,
    i t i s n o t q u i t e a s s i m p l e a m a t t e r a s s a y i n g : h e r e w e h a v e a m a j o r i t y
    g r o u p , a p o p u l a t i o n o f , f o r i n s t a n c e , 60 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 Ge r m a n s w i t h
    c e r t a i n c u l t u r a l a n d s o c i a l c o n s t e l l a t i o n s , a n d t h e r e w e h a v e a
    m i n o r i t y g r o u p , a c o n t r a s t i n g p o p u l a t i o n c o n s i s t i n g o f , f o r i n -
    s t a n c e , 60 0 , 0 0 0 J e w s w i t h c e r t a i n c u l t u r a l a n d s o c i a l c o n s t e l l a -
    t i o n s o f t h e i r o w n . We m u s t d e t e r m i n e t h e s a t u r a t i o n p o i n t o f
    t h e m a j o r i t y g r o u p f o r t h e m i n o r i t y g r o u p a n d o r g a n i z e t h e
    p o p u l a t i o n w i t h i n t h e c r i t i c a l g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a a c c o r d i n g l y . B y
    t h e s a t u r a t i o n p o i n t w e m e a n h e r e t h e s i z e o f t h e m i n o r i t y g r o u p
    w h i c h t h e m a j o r i t y g r o u p c a n a b s o r b w i t h o u t p r o d u c i n g s o c i a l
    t e n s i o n s a n d w a r s b e t w e e n t h e t w o . We c a n e a s i l y s e e t h a t t h i s
    i s n o t a u t o m a t i c , m e r e l y a m a t t e r o f n u m b e r s a n d n o t a n s w e r a b l e
    b y m e r e d e m o g r a p h i c a n a l y s i s . We h a v e t o c o n s i d e r a l l t h e
    d y n a m i c f a c t o r s w h i c h a f f e c t g r o u p o r g a n i z a t i o n a s t h e y h a v e
    b e e n b r o u g h t f o r t h t o a n e x t e n t i n t h i s v o l u m e , i f w e w a n t t o g e t
    e v e n a d i m u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f h o w r a c i a l c o n f l i c t s a r i s e
    .
    In t h e f i r s t p l a c e , t h e r e i s t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e e m o t i o n a l e x -
    p a n s i v e n e s s o f i n d i v i d u a l J e w s a n d o f i n d i v i d u a l Ge r m a n s a n d
    w h e t h e r t h e e m o t i o n a l e x p a n s i v e n e s s o f i n d i v i d u a l J e w s o n t h e
    a v e r a g e e x c e e d s t h a t o f t h e Ge r m a n s . J e w s m a y h a v e d e v e l o p e d ,
    f o r s o c i o d y n a m i c r e a s o n s , a l a r g e r e m o t i o n a l e x p a n s i v e n e s s t h a n
    Ge r m a n s . \ V e s h o u l d n o t c o n c l u d e t h a t t h i s c o n d i t i o n i s c h a r a c -
    t e r i s t i c f o r J e w s p e r s e
    b e c a u s e c e r t a i n l e v e l s o f a s p i r a t i o n a r e f o r -
    b i d d e n t o t h e m , , e c o n o m i c a l l y , p r o f e s s i o n a l l y , s o c i a l l y , c u l t u r a l l y
    .
    An o t h e r s o c i o m e t r i c f i n d i n g h a s b e e n t h a t t h e e m o t i o n a l e x p a n s i v e -
    n e s s o f i n d i v i d u a l s g r o w s w i t h t h e i r a c q u a i n t a n c e v o l u m e a n d t h a t
    t h e e f f e c t o f d i f f e r e n c e s i n i n d i v i d u a l e m o t i o n a l e x p a n s i v e n e s s w i l l
    b e m u l t i p l i e d p r o p o r t i o n a t e t o t h e g r o w t h o f i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n
    m e m b e r s o f t h e t w o g r o u p s . Th e g r e a t e r t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s o n m a k -
    i n g a c q u a i n t a n c e w i t h m e m b e r s o f t h e m a j o r i t y g r o u p , t h e g r e a t e r
    w i l l b e c o m e t h e l o a d o f f r u s t r a t i o n u p o n t h e e m o t i o n a l e x p a n s i v e -
    n e s s o f t h e m i n o r i t y m e m b e r s a n d t h e t e n s i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t w o
    g r o u p s w i l l i n c r e a s e i n i n t e n s i t y .
    In t h e s e c o n d p l a c e t h e r e i s t h e f a c t o r o f s e x u a l a t t r a c t i o n b e -
    t w e e n J e w s a n d Ge r m a n s w h i c h m a y a l s o g a i n i n s i g n i f i c a n c e f a r
    SPONTANEOUS EV OLUTIONOF
    SOCIETY

    5 61
    b e y o n d t h e n u m e r i c a l p r o p o r t i o n s o f t h e Ge r m a n a n d J e w i s h
    p o p u l a t i o n s i n v o l v e d . It i s p r i m a r i l y f r o m c a r e f u l l y d e s i g n e d a n d
    c o m p r e h e n s i v e s o c i o m e t r i c s t u d i e s t h a t q u e s t i o n s o f t h i s t y p e c a n
    b e o b j e c t i v e l y a n s w e r e d a n d t h e e x i s t i n g , i r r a t i o n a l i m p a s s e i n
    t h i s a r e a , o f w h i c h t h e r e a r e n u m e r o u s p a r a l l e l s o n e v e r y c o n t i n e n t ,
    c a n b e o v e r c o m e . It i s s a i d t h a t t h e J e w s c o m p r i s e a p p r o x i m a t e l y
    1/ o o f t h e Ge r m a n p o p u l a t i o n b u t w e h a v e r e a s o n t o s u s p e c t t h a t
    t h e i r d y n a m i c i n f l u e n c e f a r e x c e e d s t h e i r n u m e r i c a l p r o p o r t i o n s .
    On l y f r o m t h e s o c i o g r a m c o u l d w e l e a r n h o w m a n y m o r e Ge r m a n
    w o m e n h a v e b e e n a t t r a c t e d t o J e w i s h m e n a n d h o w m a n y m o r e
    J e w i s h w o m e n h a v e b e e n a t t r a c t e d t o Ge r m a n m e n , h o w m a n y
    m o r e Ge r m a n m e n h a v e b e e n a t t r a c t e d t o J e w i s h w o m e n a n d h o w
    m a n y m o r e J e w i s h m e n h a v e b e e n a t t r a c t e d t o Ge r m a n w o m e n ,
    t h a n w o u l d b e p r o p o r t i o n a t e t o t h e i r n u m b e r s w i t h i n t h e p o p u l a -
    t i o n a s a w h o l e
    . Si m i l a r l y , o n l y t h e s o c i o g r a m w i l l d i s c l o s e h o w
    m a n y Ge r m a n w o m e n r e j e c t J e w i s h m e n , e t c . Ev i d e n t l y , t h e
    a m o u n t o f s e x u a l a t t r a c t i o n a n d r e j e c t i o n w h i c h t h e m e m b e r s o f
    a m i n o r i t y g r o u p , h e r e t h e J e w s , e x e r t u p o n m e m b e r s o f t h e
    o p p o s i t e s e x i n t h e m a j o r i t y g r o u p , t h e Ge r m a n s , a n d v i c e v e r s a ,
    h a s a d e f i n i t e b e a r i n g u p o n t h e p o i n t o f s a t u r a t i o n o f t h e m a j o r i t y
    f o r t h e m i n o r i t y g r o u p
    . Su c h d i s p r o p o r t i o n s a r e a b l e t o g i v e
    r i s e t o a g g r e s s i v e p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s d u e t o p r o f o u n d r i v a l r i e s ,
    i n d i v i d u a l a n d c o l l e c t i v e .
    In t h e t h i r d p l a c e , t h e c u l t u r a l , p o l i t i c a l , s o c i a l , p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d
    e c o n o m i c p o s i t i o n s o r s i t u a t i o n s a s p i r e d t o o r c o n t r o l l e d b y t h e
    m e m b e r s o f t h e m i n o r i t y g r o u p , s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d . If , a s i t
    i s c l a i m e d , t h a t t h e J e w s i n Ge r m a n y h e l d m o r e p o s i t i o n s i n t h e
    p r o f e s s i o n s , a r t s a n d i n d u s t r i e s t h a n w o u l d h a v e b e e n p r o p o r t i o n a t e
    t o t h e i r n u m b e r s , t h i s m a y h a v e b e e n d u e t o a n e x c e s s o f e f f o r t
    b e y o n d t h a t o f p e r h a p s e q u a l l y t a l e n t e d Ge r m a n s . In s u c h a c a s e
    c u r r e n t s o f a g g r e s s i o n a n d o f p r o t e c t i o n a r i s e , t r y i n g t o o f f s e t c o n -
    d i t i o n s w h i c h a p p e a r t o t h r e a t e n t h e p o w e r o f c e r t a i n e l e m e n t s
    w i t h i n t h e m a j o r i t y g r o u p . As w e h a v e l e a r n e d f r o m t h e w o r k i n g s
    o f t h e s o c i o d y n a m i c e f f e c t , s u c h s t r u c t u r a l r e l a t i o n s a s d e s c r i b e d
    m a y a t t a i n a s y m b o l i c i n f l u e n c e f a r b e y o n d t h e c o n c r e t e r e l a t i o n s
    f o r m e d b e t w e e n i n d i v i d u a l s
    . Su c h s y m b o l i c i n f l u e n c e s m a y a f f e c t
    t h e i m a g i n i n g s o f J e w i s h m e n i n r e g a r d t o e c o n o m i c , c u l t u r a l o r
    s e x u a l a t t a i n m e n t s b e y o n d t h e p o t e n t i a l i t i e s o f a c t u a l r e a l i z a t i o n .
    Th e r e i s a n o t h e r p h e n o m e n o n w h i c h o u r s o c i o g r a m s r e p e a t e d l y
    5 62

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    d i s c l o s e , t h a t i s t h e e x t e n t o f r e j e c t i o n s w h i c h m e m b e r s o f t h e
    i n g r o u p h a v e f o r o n e a n o t h e r
    . It w a s q u i t e a s t o n i s h i n g t o s e e
    t h a t , i n a d i f f e r e n t s e t t i n g , p a r a l l e l w i t h a h i g h n u m b e r o f a t t r a c -
    t i o n s w h i c h c o l o r e d i n d i v i d u a l s h a v e f o r e a c h o t h e r i n p r e f e r e n c e
    t o t h e w h i t e s , t h e h i g h n u m b e r o f r e j e c t i o n s a n d h o s t i l i t i e s t h e y
    h a d f o r e a c h o t h e r , f a r e x c e e d i n g t h o s e f o r t h e w h i t e s
    . Si m i l a r l y ,
    t h e a m o u n t o f r e j e c t i o n w h i c h t h e J e w h a s f o r h i m s e l f a n d f o r
    h i s f e l l o w J e w s i n v a r i o u s d e g r e e s o f i n t e n s i t y a n d c l o t h e d i n a l l
    k i n d s o f m o t i v a t i o n i s w e l l k n o w n a s J e w i s h a n t i s e m i t i s m
    . Th e r e
    m a y b e a c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e a m o u n t o f r e j e c t i o n s r e c e i v e d a n d
    t h e s e l f r e j e c t i o n s o f t h e m e m b e r s o f t h e i n g r o u p
    ; t h e r e m a y b e
    a n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e a m o u n t o f s e l f r e j e c t i o n o f t h e
    Ge r m a n s a n d t h e a m o u n t o f s e l f r e j e c t i o n o f t h e J e w s
    . Wh a t i s
    t r u e o f s e l f r e j e c t i o n m u s t a l s o b e t r u e o f t h e d y n a m i c s o f s e l f -
    p r e f e r e n c e , As t h e s e l f p r e f e r e n c e o f t h e Ge r m a n s g r o w s t h e s e l f
    r e j e c t i o n o f t h e J e w s m a y i n c r e a s e
    . B u t m u t u a l w i t h d r a w a l o f t e n
    m a k e s f o r p e a c e , t h e r e a r e b e n i g n c l e a v a g e s w h i c h p r e v e n t a n d
    d e l a y s a t u r a t i o n .
    In t h e e v o l u t i o n o f g r o u p s w e h a v e l e a r n e d o f t h e r o l e o f h o m o -
    s e x u a l a t t r a c t i o n i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f s e x u a l a n d e t h n i c c l e a v a g e s
    w i t h i n g r o u p s
    . Th e v o l u m e o f h o m o s e x u a l a t t r a c t i o n a m o n g t h e
    m e m b e r s o f t h e Ge r m a n g r o u p m a y d i f f e r w i d e l y f r o m t h e v o l u m e
    o f h o m o s e x u a l a t t r a c t i o n a m o n g m e m b e r s o f t h e J e w i s h g r o u p ,
    p e r h a p s e n t i r e l y o u t o f p r o p o r t i o n
    . Th i s , a g a i n , m i g h t a f f e c t t h e
    h e t e r o s e x u a l s i t u a t i o n w i t h i n a n d b e t w e e n t h e t w o p o p u l a t i o n s
    .
    Ha d t h e 60 0 , 0 0 0 J e w s b e e n f a r m e r s , m a n u a l w o r k e r s o r i n
    o t h e r o c c u p a t i o n s o f r e s t r i c t e d s o c i a l i m p a c t , t h e r a n g e o f t h e i r
    a c q u a i n t a n c e v o l u m e , s o c i a l e x p a n s i v e n e s s a n d c o n s e q u e n t i n f l u e n c e
    w o u l d h a v e b e e n l i m i t e d i n s c o p e , t h a t o f t h e b u s i n e s s m a n o r m e m -
    b e r o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n s i s m o r e e x p a n s i v e
    . B u t i t i s o n l y f r o m
    r e a d i n g t h e s o c i o g r a m t h a t a c o n c r e t e d i s c l o s u r e o f t h e s e f u n d a -
    m e n t a l r e a l i t i e s c a n b e o b t a i n e d
    .
    In o u r m i c r o s c o p i c a n a l y s e s o f s o c i o g r a m s w e h a v e s e e n t h a t
    a b o y r e c e i v i n g a t t r a c t i o n f r o m a g i r l w h o i s w a n t e d b y a g r e a t
    n u m b e r o f o t h e r b o y s b e c o m e s t h e c e n t e r o f j e a l o u s i e s a n d d i s -
    t r u s t , w h e r e a s t h e b o y w h o r e c e i v e s a t t e n t i o n f r o m a g i r l w h o i s
    i s o l a t e d p a s s e s u n n o t i c e d
    . On t h e i n t e r -r a c i a l l e v e l , t h e a t t e n t i o n
    w h i c h a m a n o f t h e J e w i s h m i n o r i t y r e c e i v e s f r o m a Ge r m a n
    w o m a n w h o h a p p e n s t o b e t h e c e n t e r o f a d m i r a t i o n o f n u m e r o u s
    SPONTANEOUSEV OLUTIONOF SOCIETY

    5 63
    Ge r m a n m e n m a y p r o d u c e w i t h i n t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l n e t w o r k s a
    " t e l e " e f f e c t , t h a t i s , a s o c i o d y n a m i c e f f e c t w i t h c o n s e q u e n c e s f a r
    b e y o n d t h e t w o p e r s o n s a n d t h e i m m e d i a t e g r o u p o f p e r s o n s i n -
    v o l v e d i n t h e m a t t e r . It i s o b v i o u s t h a t t h e f r i c t i o n s i n c r e a s e i f
    t h e i n d i v i d u a l s r e j e c t e d , o v e r l o o k e d o r p u s h e d a s i d e b e l o n g t o t h e
    " t o p " o f t h e m a j o r i t y g r o u p . If t h e Ge r m a n w o m e n s o u g h t a f t e r
    b y J e w i s h m e n b e l o n g t o a h i g h e r s o c i a l o r i n t e l l e c t u a l c l a s s , j e a l -
    o u s i e s a n d d i s t r u s t a r o u s e d m a y c o m e l a r g e l y f r o m Ge r m a n s w h o
    b e l o n g a l s o t o t h e c r u c i a l t o p g r o u p s w i t h i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n .
    If
    t h e s e x u a l a t t r a c t i o n w h i c h m e m b e r s o f t h e m i n o r i t y g r o u p e x e r t
    u p o n t h e m a j o r i t y g r o u p i s g r e a t , e v e n a c o m p a r a t i v e l y s m a l l p e r -
    c e n t a g e o f t h e m a j o r i t y g r o u p w h o a r e n o n p a r t i c i p a n t s , m a l e s a n d
    f e m a l e s , m a y d e v e l o p p o w e r f u l p s y c h o l o g i c a l c o u n t e r -c u r r e n t s
    w h i c h c o n s e q u e n t l y w i l l r e d u c e t h e s a t u r a t i o n p o i n t f o r t h e m i n o r i -
    t y g r o u p c o n s i d e r a b l y b e l o w w h a t i t w o u l d b e o t h e r w i s e . It i s
    t h e r e f o r e n o t s u f f i c i e n t t o s a y t h a t t h e r e i s a s e x u a l c o n f l i c t n a t u r a l -
    l y a r i s i n g b e t w e e n t w o d i s t i n c t n a t i o n a l i t y g r o u p s . B u t i t i s
    n e c e s s a r y t o w e i g h t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e a n d f o r c e o f t h e c o n f l i c t ; a l l
    t h e r a m i f i c a t i o n s w h i c h a r e e n t a i l e d i n t h e i n t e r s e x u a l c h o i c e h a v e
    t o b e s t u d i e d i n d e t a i l t h r o u g h p s y c h o g e o g r a p h i c a l c h a r t i n g .
    An o t h e r e l e m e n t p r o m i n e n t i n i n t e r r a c i a l s o c i o g r a m s i s t h e i n -
    f l u e n c e o f l e a d e r s h i p
    . Ap p l i e d t o t h e Ge r m a n -J e w i s h c o n f l i c t , t h e
    J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n i n Ge r m a n y m a y h a v e p r o d u c e d m o r e l e a d e r
    i n d i v i d u a l s t h a n t h e i r n u m e r i c p r o p o r t i o n , e i t h e r b e c a u s e t h e J e w s
    s u f f e r f r o m a s u r p l u s o f l e a d e r i n d i v i d u a l s o r b e c a u s e t h e Ge r m a n s
    s u f f e r f r o m a n i n s u f f i c i e n c y i n l e a d e r p r o d u c t i o n . Th e s u r p l u s o f
    l e a d e r i n d i v i d u a l s a m o n g t h e J e w s m a y o n l y b e a f a l s e e f f e c t , d u e
    t o t h e c r o w d i n g o f t h e J e w i s h i n t e l l i g e n t s i a i n t o c e r t a i n p r o f e s -
    s i o n s a n d i n d u s t r i e s w h i c h g i v e t h e i r m e m b e r s c o n s i d e r a b l e p r e s -
    t i g e . B u t w h a t e v e r t h e c a u s e s o f t h e s u r p l u s o f l e a d e r i n d i v i d u a l s
    o f J e w i s h o r i g i n a m o n g t h e Ge r m a n p o p u l a t i o n m a y b e , w e s e e
    h e r e a c o n f l i c t a r i s i n g b e t w e e n t h e t w o l e a d e r g r o u p s , b o t h d r i v e n
    b y t h e d e s i r e t o c l a i m a n d c o m m a n d f o r t h e m s e l v e s t h e f o l l o w i n g
    o f t h e d e p e n d e n t g r o u p s . As t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e d e p e n d e n t
    g r o u p s a r e Ge r m a n , w e c a n i m a g i n e f e e l i n g s o f r e s e n t m e n t a r i s -
    i n g a m o n g t h e Ge r m a n l e a d e r g r o u p s , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e c o n v i c t i o n
    t h a t t h e y h a v e a m o r e " n a t u r a l r i g h t " t h a n t h e J e w i s h l e a d e r s t o
    d i r e c t t h e Ge r m a n m a s s e s o f w o r k e r s a n d f a r m e r s . F r o m a
    s o c i o m e t r i c a s p e c t m i c r o s c o p i c e v e n t s l i k e t h e s e o f t e n g i v e c l u e s
    5 64

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    t o n o v e l a n d i n t e r e s t i n g h y p o t h e s e s . Th e Ge r m a n p o p u l a t i o n m a y
    b e l a b e l l e d " h o m o g e n e o u s " , b u t i t d i s c l o s e s b e n e a t h t h e s u r f a c e
    a m u l t i t u d e o f c o n t r a s t i n g e l e m e n t s , a s m a y a J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n
    l a b e l l e d i n l i k e m a n n e r . If t h i s p i c t u r e a p p r o x i m a t e s t h e c o n d i -
    t i o n s w h i c h e x i s t i n Ge r m a n y , t h e n t h e p o i n t o f s a t u r a t i o n o f
    Ge r m a n s f o r J e w s e v i d e n t y c a n n o t b e b a s e d u p o n t h e s i m p l e
    n u m e r i c p r o p o r t i o n s o f t h e t w o n a t i o n a l i t i e s , t h a t i s , h o w m a n y
    Ge r m a n s c a n l i v e w i t h h o w m a n y J e w s w i t h i n a c e r t a i n t e r r i t o r y
    i n p e a c e w i t h o u t e i t h e r s i d e r e s o r t i n g t o o p p r e s s i v e m e a s u r e s .
    Th e r a c i a l s a t u r a t i o n p o i n t i s t h e r e f o r e a h i g h l y c o m p l e x p h e -
    n o m e n o n ; i t e m e r g e s f i r s t i n t h e s m a l l s o c i a l s y s t e m s a n d c a n b e
    n o t i c e d i n t h e a t t r a c t i o n -r e p u l s i o n p a t t e r n s e m e r g i n g b e t w e e n t h e
    n a t i v e a n d t h e f o r e i g n p o p u l a t i o n . It i s t h e r e w h e r e i t m u s t b e
    c h e c k e d . It i s n o t a f u n c t i o n o f t h e n u m e r i c a l s i z e o f t h e t w o
    g r o u p s b u t d e p e n d s u p o n t h e s t r u c t u r e o f e a c h g r o u p a n d t h e
    s t r u c t u r e o f t h e i r i n t e r a c t i o n .
    Th e Se l f -Re g u l a t i n g M e c h a n i s m s o f Gr o u p s
    Th e s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t , i f g i v e n t o t h e e n t i r e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e
    Un i t e d St a t e s , w o u l d d i s c l o s e a p i c t u r e s i m i l a r t o t h a t f o u n d b y
    u s i n t h e s m a l l c o m m u n i t y . We w o u l d f i n d a s t r u c t u r e o f n a t i o n a l
    o r g a n i z a t i o n e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e o u t w a r d c o m p o s i t i o n
    w h i c h a p p e a r s t o p r e v a i l i n t h e v i l l a g e s , c i t i e s a n d s t a t e s . Th e
    p o p u l a t i o n m a y b e f o u n d t o b e b r o k e n u p i n t o s h a r p l y d i v i d e d n a -
    t i o n a l i t y a n d s o c i a l g r o u p s , m o r e o r l e s s h o m o g e n e o u s , o r w e m a y
    f i n d c e r t a i n g r o u p s w i t h i n o n e n a t i o n a l i t y c r o s s i n g o v e r i n t o
    a n o t h e r n a t i o n a l i t y g r o u p , t h e r e m a i n d e r b e i n g r e l a t i v e l y c u t o f f
    f r o m t h i s p r o c e s s . We m a y f i n d , f o r i n s t a n c e , l a r g e p a r t s o f t h e
    Ne g r o p o p u l a t i o n s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e r e s t e n b l o c , a n i s o l a t e d
    p s y c h o l o g i c a l s t a t e . We m a y g a i n a n i n s i g h t i n t o t h e p s y c h o -
    l o g i c a l n e a r n e s s o r d i s t a n c e a m o n g t h e n u m e r o u s n a t i o n a l i t y a n d
    r e l i g i o u s g r o u p s c o m p r i s i n g t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s .
    It c a n b e e x p e c t e d t h a t s u c h d a t a r e g a r d i n g p s y c h o l o g i c a l n e a r -
    n e s s a n d d i s t a n c e w o u l d g i v e a t r u e r p i c t u r e o f t h e e m o t i o n a l
    t r e n d s i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n , a s t h e y w o u l d b e b a s e d o n t h e r e a c t i o n s
    o f o n e c o n c r e t e i n d i v i d u a l t o a n o t h e r c o n c r e t e i n d i v i d u a l a n d n o t
    u p o n t h e r e a c t i o n o f o n e i n d i v i d u a l t o w a r d s a c l a s s o f p e o p l e , a s
    i n t h e s o -c a l l e d s o c i a l d i s t a n c e t e s t s
    . Th e f i n d i n g s w o u l d b e c o m e
    a t a n g i b l e b a s i s f o r a r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n w i t h i n a n y
    p a r t o f t h e g i v e n a r e a .
    SPONTANEOUSEV OLUTIONOF SOCIETY

    5 65
    Ps y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s a p p e a r t o h a v e a s e l f -r e g u l a t i n g m e c h -
    a n i s m . Wh e n a r a c i a l c u r r e n t , f o r i n s t a n c e , o f a w h i t e g r o u p
    a g a i n s t a c o l o r e d a n d a c o u n t e r -c u r r e n t o f Ne g r o e s a g a i n s t w h i t e s
    d e v e l o p i n a n y p r e d i s p o s e d r e g i o n , w e c o m m o n l y o b s e r v e t h e c u r -
    r e n t r u s h i n g a n d c l i m b i n g u p t o a n i n t e n s i t y a n d e x p a n s i o n o n a
    c e r t a i n l e v e l . Af t e r t h e i n i t i a l e x c i t a t i o n i s o v e r t h e c u r r e n t
    g r a d u a l l y r e t u r n s t o i t s n a t u r a l l e v e l . Th e v o l u m e o f Ne g r o
    p o p u l a t i o n a s c o m p a r e d t o t h e w h i t e p o p u l a t i o n i n a g i v e n a r e a
    m a y b e f a i r l y c o n s t a n t . Ho w e v e r , a t t i m e s r i o t s a n d o t h e r f o r m s
    o f a c u t e p e r s e c u t i o n b r e a k o u t , b u t t h e y v a n i s h a n d a r e r e p l a c e d
    b y m o r e m o d e r a t e f o r m s o f p e r s e c u t i o n . It i s a s i f n e i t h e r o f t h e
    t w o p o p u l a t i o n s c a n s t a n d a p e r m a n e n t e x c e s s o f v i o l e n c e , a s i f i t
    w o u l d b e d e s t r u c t i v e f o r b o t h . Th i s p r o c e s s c a n w e l l b e c o m p a r e d
    w i t h t h e w a r m i n g u p o f a n i n d i v i d u a l t o a s p o n t a n e i t y s t a t e , t h i s
    s t a t e a l s o t e n d s t o f a l l f r o m i t s e x c e s s i v e e x p r e s s i o n t o a n a t u r a l
    l e v e l . Th e t r e n d o f p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s t o w a r d s m a i n t a i n i n g
    t h e i r n a t u r a l l e v e l i s a n i m p o r t a n t s e l f -r e g u l a t i n g m e c h a n i s m
    .
    We h a v e d i f f e r e n t i a t e d b e t w e e n s p o n t a n e o u s , o r g a n i c d e t e r -
    m i n a n t s o f a p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t ( s e e p . 43 6) , s u c h a s t h e
    f e e l i n g s w h i c h a r i s e f r o m t h e i n d i v i d u a l s a n d g r o u p s t h e m s e l v e s ,
    a n d t h e a r t i f i c i a l o r m e c h a n i c a l d e t e r m i n a n t s , s u c h a s a l l m e d i a
    o f m a s s c o m m u n i c a t i o n . Th e y s u c c e e d i n i n i t i a t i n g o r i n f l u e n c i n g
    s u c h f e e l i n g s f r o m w i t h o u t . Th e s p o n t a n e o u s d e t e r m i n a n t s o f
    c u r r e n t s m a y p r o d u c e a m o v e m e n t o f a c e r t a i n i n t e n s i t y , d u r a t i o n
    a n d d i r e c t i o n
    . Th e a r t i f i c i a l o r m e c h a n i c a l d e t e r m i n a n t s m a y
    e i t h e r a c c e l e r a t e o r r e t a r d t h e i n t e n s i t y , d u r a t i o n a n d d i r e c t i o n , t h a t
    i s , a c c e l e r a t e o r r e t a r d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a c u r r e n t . Th e y m a y
    a l s o e x c i t e a c u r r e n t t o r i s e b e y o n d i t s n a t u r a l l e v e l t o a n u n n a t u r a l
    i n t e n s i t y a n d p r o l o n g i t b e y o n d i t s n a t u r a l d u r a t i o n .
    Th e g r o u p s
    i n p o w e r i n a c o m m u n i t y m a y b e i n t e r e s t e d t o , a n d o f t e n d o ,
    e x e r t s u c h i n f l u e n c e .
    Th e t e n d e n c y t o i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e s e l f -r e g u l a t i n g m e c h a n i s m s
    o f a c u r r e n t i s a p h e n o m e n o n w h i c h m a y b e d a i l y o b s e r v e d i n a
    c o m m u n i t y . Af t e r a c o n f l i c t b e t w e e n t w o p o l i t i c a l o r c r i m i n a l
    g a n g s h a s s u b s i d e d , a n o t h e r , a t h i r d g r o u p m a y b e i n t e r e s t e d i n
    t h i s w a r f a r e t o c o n t i n u e a n d m a y d e v i s e m e t h o d s t o p l a n t a n d
    s p r e a d s t o r i e s w h i c h m a t e r i a l l y c o n t r i b u t e t o e x t e n d i t b e y o n d
    i t s n a t u r a l l i m i t . Ou r k n o w l e d g e o f t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l n e t w o r k s
    b y w h i c h a l a r g e p o p u l a t i o n i n a g i v e n g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a i s i n t e r -
    5 66

    WHO
    SHALL SURV IV E?
    c o n n e c t e d s u g g e s t s t o h o w g r e a t a n e x t e n t g r o u p s i n p o w e r m a y b e
    a b l e t o d e g e n e r a t e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s
    t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f t h e m o d e r n t e c h n o l o g i c a l m e t h o d s f o r t h e d i s -
    s e m i n a t i o n o f p r o p a g a n d a .
    Th e y m a y n o t b e a b l e t o c r e a t e
    p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s b u t t h e y m a y b e a b l e t o e x t e n d , t o a c c e l e r a t e
    o r t o r e t a r d t h e m -i n o t h e r w o r d s , t o d e n a t u r a l i z e t h e i r s p o n t a n e -
    o u s u n f o l d m e n t . Gr o u p s i n p o w e r , h o w e v e r , m a y e v e n a t t e m p t
    t o " p r o d u c e " p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s a t w i l l , s y n t h e t i c a l l y . As
    t h e y h a v e t o b e a r t i f i c i a l l y s u s t a i n e d t h e y a r e o f s h o r t d u r a t i o n .
    Su c h m a n i p u l a t i o n o f t h e n e t w o r k s a n d c u r r e n t s i n a p o p u l a t i o n
    i s a m o s t d a n g e r o u s g a m e w h i c h m a y p r o d u c e g r e a t e r d i s t u r b a n c e s
    i n t h e d e p t h s t h a n t h e m o m e n t a r y e f f e c t s u p o n t h e s u r f a c e m a y
    i n d i c a t e a t f i r s t .
    EX PERIM ENTALPLANNINGOF ANEW
    COM M UNITY
    It i s a g o o d p r a c t i c a l r u l e t o l o o k a t t h e p r o j e c t o f a n e w c o m -
    m u n i t y s t r i c t l y f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n w h i c h
    i s g o i n g t o f i l l i t . Th i s p o i n t o f v i e w i s p e r h a p s m o s t d r a s t i c a l l y
    e x p r e s s e d i n t h e c o n d u c t o f p e o p l e w h o m i g r a t e t o a n e w l a n d u p o n
    t h e i r o w n i n i t i a t i v e , g r o u p s o f p i o n e e r s
    . It i s i n s t r u c t i v e t o s t u d y
    t h e i r a c t i o n s . Th e c o n d u c t o f s u c h a g r o u p o f p i o n e e r s c a n b e
    d i v i d e d i n t o t w o p h a s e s : ( 1) w h e n t h e y g e t t h e i d e a t o m o v e f r o m
    t h e i r p r e s e n t p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e t o a n e w p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e , t o t h e
    l a n d o f " m i l k a n d h o n e y " -t h i s c a n b e c a l l e d t h e p r e p a r a t o r y
    p h a s e ; ( 2) w h e n t h e g r o u p a r r i v e s a t t h e n e w p l a c e a n d b e g i n s
    t o a c t u p o n i t , t o s t r u g g l e w i t h t h e u n e x p e c t e d i n a m o o d o f " o n
    t o v i c t o r y " -t h i s c a n b e c a l l e d t h e p i o n e e r p h a s e . Th e i n i t i a t i v e ,
    t h e v i s i o n , t h e e m o t i o n a l a n d i n t e l l e c t u a l q u a l i t i e s o f t h e p i o n e e r s
    a r e i n o p e r a t i o n . On e o r a n o t h e r l e a d e r o f a g r o u p o f s e t t l e r s
    c h o s e a l o c a l i t y u p o n w h i c h e v e n t u a l l y a c o m m u n i t y d e v e l o p e d . It
    w a s o n e o r a n o t h e r ' s i n g e n u i t y w h i c h d e v e l o p e d t h e t y p e o f h o u s e ,
    t h e g r o u p i n g s w i t h i n i t a n d t h e g o v e r n m e n t i t s e l f . Th e s e t w o
    p h a s e s c a n a l w a y s b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n t h e e v o l u t i o n o f p i o n e e r i n g .
    Th e p r o d u c t i v e e x p e r i e n c e s a s t h e y a r i s e i n t h e i n i t i a l s t a g e s i n
    c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e p r o j e c t a r e t h e m o s t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e .
    Ac o m m u n i t y p r o j e c t c a n o n l y a r o u s e e n t h u s i a s m a n d p a r t i c i p a -
    EX PERIM ENTALPLANNING

    5 67
    t i o n i f i t i s a n e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e v i s i o n s a n d e x p e c t a t i o n s o f t h e
    p o p u l a t i o n
    ; i t s h o u l d c a l l f o r t h t h r o u g h s o m e t e c h n i q u e s t h e c o -
    o p e r a t i o n o f t h e p e o p l e t h e m s e l v e s a n d w a r m t h e m u p t o a l l t h e
    d e m a n d s w h i c h t h e p r o j e c t e d c o m m u n i t y w i l l i m p o s e u p o n t h e m .
    Th e p i o n e e r s u n c o n s c i o u s l y i n c l i n e t o w a r d s n a t u r a l a f f i n i t i e s i n
    t h e f o r m a t i o n o f g r o u p s , i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e r i g i d s e t t i n g s w h i c h
    t h e y h a v e f o r s a k e n
    .
    Th e y o f t e n o p e r a t e l i k e b l i n d f o l d e d s o c i o -
    m e t r i s t s
    . As t h e p i o n e e r i n g s t a g e p a s s e s , a l s o t h e s o c i a l s p o n -
    t a n e i t y p a s s e s w i t h i t a n d g i v e s w a y t o a m o r e r e s t r i c t e d s o c i a l
    o r d e r .
    Pr e p a r a t o r y Ph a s e
    Th e t e c h n i q u e t o b e u s e d n a t u r a l l y d e p e n d s u p o n t h e t y p e o f
    p o p u l a t i o n a n d u p o n t h e c o n d i t i o n s i n w h i c h t h e y l i v e d p r i o r t o
    t h e i r r e s e t t l e m e n t .
    Ap o p u l a t i o n o f p r e d o m i n a n t l y An g l o -Sa x o n
    s t o c k f r o m V i r g i n i a w h o s e h o m e s t e a d i s , l e t u s s a y , p r o j e c t e d
    f a r f r o m t h e i r o r i g i n a l r e s i d e n c e , f o r i n s t a n c e , i n Ar i z o n a , n e e d s
    a d i f f e r e n t a p p r o a c h f r o m a p o p u l a t i o n c o m p r i s e d p r e d o m i n a n t l y
    o f Am e r i c a n In d i a n s w h o s e h o m e s t e a d i s p r o j e c t e d c l o s e b y t h e i r
    o r i g i n a l s e a t o f r e s i d e n c e
    . B u t i n w h a t e v e r s e t t i n g a c e r t a i n p o p u -
    l a t i o n i s f o u n d , o n e n e c e s s i t y i s c o m m o n t o a l l . Th e p o p u l a t i o n
    h a s t o b e p r e p a r e d t o t a k e a n a c t i v e p a r t i n i t
    . Th e y h a v e t o b e -
    c o m e a t t a c h e d t o t h e p r o j e c t a n d t h i s p r o j e c t h a s t o b e e x e m p l i f i e d
    b y t h e l e a d e r o r l e a d e r s
    . Th e g o a l i s , b y n e c e s s i t y , t o p r o d u c e i n
    t h e m a n d w i t h t h e m t h a t p i o n e e r s p i r i t a n d p i o n e e r p h a s e w h i c h
    a l o n e m a y p r o v i d e t h e s u b s t a n c e t h r o u g h w h i c h a v a l u a b l e c o m -
    m u n i t y c a n b e c r e a t e d
    . B u t t o b r i n g t h e m i n t o t h i s c o n d i t i o n t h e y
    h a v e t o b e w a r m e d u p t o i t , w o r k e d u p t o a s t a t e o f m i n d t h r o u g h
    a s o c i o -e m o t i o n a l p r o c e s s i n t o w h i c h t h e i r c o m m o n g o a l , t h e n e w
    c o m m u n i t y , i s w e l l i n t e g r a t e d . Th e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h i s p r o c e s s ,
    t h e a t t a c h m e n t b e t w e e n l e a d e r s a n d p o p u l a t i o n , o n e t o a n o t h e r ,
    a n d t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n t o t h e c o m m o n o b j e c t i v e b r i n g s u s t o
    t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e p r o b l e m o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t e l e .
    Th e f o r m o f t r a n s f e r e n c e a r i s i n g i n t h e p s y c h o a n a l y t i c p h y s i -
    c i a n -p a t i e n t s i t u a t i o n i s a b y -p r o d u c t o f t e l e d y n a m i c s , i t s p s y c h o -
    p a t h o l o g i c a l o u t g r o w t h . Wh e r e a s t e l e s t r u c t u r e g u a r a n t e e s t h e
    s t a b i l i t y a n d c o h e s i o n o f t h e g r o u p , t r a n s f e r e n c e t h r e a t e n s i t w i t h
    d i s s o c i a t i o n
    .
    Th e s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h a g r o u p o f p i o n e e r s f i n d
    t h e m s e l v e s d i f f e r s f r o m t h e p h y s i c i a n -p a t i e n t r e l a t i o n , i t i s t e l e -
    d y n a m i c
    ; t r a n s f e r e n c e a p p e a r s h e r e a n d t h e r e b u t i t i s l i k e t h e
    5 68

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    d i r t w h i c h a l l s o c i a l w h e e l s l e a v e b e h i n d . Th e p i o n e e r s a r e d r i v e n
    f o r w a r d s . Th e y a r e i n t h e m i d s t o f p r o d u c i n g a s e r i e s o f c o n -
    s t r u c t i v e , f u t u r e b u i l d i n g a c t s ; t h e y a r e i n n e e d o f t h r o w i n g t h e m -
    s e l v e s i n t o p u r p o s i v e a c t i o n .
    If a n y f o r m o f g u i d a n c e s h o u l d
    r e a c h t h e m c o n s t r u c t i v e l y , a t r a n s f e r e n c e t e c h n i q u e i s n o t s u f f i -
    c i e n t . A n e w f o r m , a m o r e a c t i v e a n d d i r e c t f o r m o f c o m m u n i c a -
    t i o n h a s t o b e c r e a t e d . Th e i r m i n d s h a v e t o b e d i r e c t e d n o t t o w a r d s
    a n e m o t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e a n d c o n f l i c t i n t h e p a s t b u t t o w a r d s a t a s k
    i n t h e " p r e s e n t " ; t h e a c t i o n p a t t e r n s a n d i n v o l v e m e n t h a v e t o b e
    d e v e l o p e d i n r e f e r e n c e t o i t
    . It i s t h i s p r e s e n t w h i c h r e q u i r e s
    a n a l y t i c a l r e f l e c t i o n o n t h e p a r t o f t h e l e a d e r
    . He , t h e h e l p e r , h a s
    t o c o -a c t w i t h t h e m , i t i s a s o c i a l d r a m a , i t i s t h e t e c h n i q u e o f t h e
    " s o c i o d r a n i a " w h i c h c a n b r i n g t h e s o c i o m e t r i c p r o c e s s t o r e a l i z a -
    t i o n .
    At f i r s t i t m a y l o o k a s i f w e w o u l d r e g r e s s t o t h e m o r e p r i m i t i v e
    c o n c e p t o f s u g g e s t i o n a s d e v e l o p e d a b o u t f i f t y y e a r s a g o b y t h e
    Na n c y s c h o o l . Th e y a l s o e x p e c t e d t h e h y p n o t i s t a n d t h e s u g g e s t e r
    t o a s s u m e a n a c t i v e a n d d i r e c t r o l e d u r i n g t h e p r o c e d u r e o f h y p -
    n o s i s o r s u g g e s t i o n
    . We r e t u r n e d t o t h i s o l d e r a p p r o a c h b u t f r o m
    a d i f f e r e n t p o i n t o f v i e w a n d o n a m o r e c o m p r e h e n s i v e p l a n e . As
    i n s u g g e s t i o n , t h i s c o -a c t i o n e n h a n c e s d i r e c t c o m m u n i c a t i o n o f o n e
    p e r s o n t o a n o t h e r . B u t , i n c o n t r a s t , i t i s n o t b a s e d u p o n t h e
    a b s e n c e o f l o g i c a l r e a s o n i n g f o r a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e c o n t e n t s t r a n s -
    f e r r e d
    ; i t i s n o t b l i n d , i t i s p r o d u c t i v e -a n a l y t i c . Th e i m m e d i a t e
    a i m o f t h e h y p n o t i s t -s u g g e s t e r i s t o m a k e t h e s u b j e c t d o w h a t h e
    w a n t s h i m t o d o . He r e i t i s t o m a k e t h e s u b j e c t c r e a t e , t o s t i m u -
    l a t e h i s s p o n t a n e i t y a n d c r e a t i v i t y . Th e o l d m e t h o d o f s u g g e s t i o n
    b e c o m e s a m o r e h i g h l y o r g a n i z e d a c t i o n p r o c e d u r e .
    An i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h i s t e c h n i q u e i s i t s u s e i n Sp o n t a n e i t y Tr a i n -
    i n g o f d r a m a t i c g r o u p s , w h i c h w a s t h e o c c a s i o n f o r i t s f i r s t d e -
    v e l o p m e n t . In t h i s e x p e r i m e n t t h e h y p n o t i s t -s u g g e s t e r i s s u b s t i -
    t u t e d b y t h e p o e t . In s p o n t a n e o u s p l a y -a c t i n g n o w r i t t e n p l a y i s
    g i v e n . Th e p o e t -c r e a t o r b e c o m e s b o d i l y t h e i n i t i a l s o u r c e o f i n -
    f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e p l a y -t o -b e
    .
    In s t e a d o f w r i t i n g t h e p l o t ,
    t h e c h a r a c t e r s , a n d d i a l o g u e u p o n p a p e r , h e t r a n s f e r s s o m e e x p r e s -
    s i o n o f t h e s e t o t h e p l a y e r s
    . He b e c o m e s , t o a n e x t e n t , a h y p n o t i s t
    a n d s u g g e s t e r t o w a r d s t h e m
    . B u t i n t h e i n n e r m o t i v e o f t h e p r o -
    c e d u r e h e i s m o r e t h a n a h y p n o t i s t o r a s u g g e s t e r .
    In t h e p o e t ' s
    m i n d , m o o d s a n d v i s i o n s o f t h e r o l e s h a v e b e e n c o n t i n u o u s l y i n
    EX PERIM ENTALPLANNING

    5 69
    t h e p r o c e s s o f b e c o m i n g . Af t e r h a v i n g p a s s e d t h r o u g h v a r i o u s
    s t a g e s o f d e v e l o p m e n t t h e y h a v e r e a c h e d a c e r t a i n m a t u r i t y o f e x -
    p r e s s i o n w i t h i n h i m .
    Th e c l e a r e r t h e y a r e w i t h i n h i m , t h e m o r e
    h e i s w a r m e d u p b y t h e m i n t h e m o m e n t o f p r o d u c t i o n , t h e m o r e
    e f f e c t i v e w i l l b e h i s a t t e m p t t o m o v e t h e p l a y e r s t h e m s e l v e s i n t o
    c r e a t i v e a c t i o n .
    Th e s o c i o d r a m a t i c l e a d e r a s s u m e s c o n s c i o u s l y
    a d i r e c t a n d a c t i v e r o l e , b u t h e i s n o t t h e l e a d e r o f t r a d i t i o n a l t y p e .
    He h a s u n d e r g o n e a c h a n g e . It i s n o t m o r e o r l e s s b l i n d e n t h u -
    s i a s m w i t h w h i c h h e i n f e c t s h i s f o l l o w e r s a n d i n w h i c h h e d e v e l o p s
    t h e p r o j e c t , b u t i t i s a n e n t h u s i a s m a r t i c u l a t e d i n t o t h e g r o u p .
    It i s b a s e d u p o n t h e s p o n t a n e o u s m o t i v e s e a c h i n d i v i d u a l h a s i n
    r e s p e c t t o e a c h o t h e r m e m b e r o f t h e g r o u p a n d i n r e s p e c t t o t h e i r
    c o m m o n a i m ; s e c o n d , u p o n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e g r o u p , a s t h e
    g u i d a n c e o f g r o u p s o u g h t t o b e b a s e d u p o n t h e k n o w l e d g e o f t h e i r
    o r g a n i z a t i o n . Th e l e a d e r t h u s g a i n s i n o b j e c t i v e s t r e n g t h t h r o u g h
    c o n s i d e r i n g t h e s p o n t a n e o u s f o r c e s w i t h i n t h e g r o u p a n d d o e s n o t
    i m p a i r t h e s u b j e c t i v e s t r e n g t h o f h i s o w n s p o n t a n e i t y
    . In h i s
    a t t e m p t t o i n i t i a t e a n d r e c o n s t r u c t t h e s t a t e o f m i n d o f t h e p i o n e e r ,
    t h a t n a t u r a l l y f l o w i n g e n t h u s i a s m a n d u n i t y o f a t t e n t i o n t h e l a t t e r
    d e v o t e s t o h i s o b j e c t i v e , h e i s d u r i n g t h e p r e p a r a t o r y p h a s e d i -
    r e c t e d b y t h e e m o t i o n a l s t a t u s o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n t o b e l e d
    . To
    p r e p a r e h i s g r o u p f o r t h e p i o n e e r p h a s e i s h i s i m m e d i a t e a i m
    .
    Th i s p r e p a r e d n e s s o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n f o r t h e p i o n e e r p h a s e m a y b e
    i n v a r i o u s d e g r e e s o f d e v e l o p m e n t .
    On e s a m p l e o f a p o p u l a t i o n
    m a y b e l e t h a r g i c , a n o t h e r m a y b e s t i r r e d u p b y e c o n o m i c c o n -
    s i d e r a t i o n s c h i e f l y , a n d o t h e r g r o u p s w i t h i n i t , w h i c h , a l t h o u g h
    n o t h a v i n g r e a c h e d t h r o u g h t h e i r o w n i n i t i a t i v e t h e p i o n e e r s t a t e
    o f m i n d , m a y b e p o t e n t i a l m a t e r i a l f o r t h i s s t a t e t h r o u g h i n t e r -
    a c t i o n w i t h t h e k e y i n d i v i d u a l s i n t h e g r o u p
    .
    Th e p i o n e e r i n g p h a s e o f s u c h a n u n d e r t a k i n g b e g i n s w h e n t h e
    c o n c r e t e p o p u l a t i o n b e c o m e s a c t i v e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e p r o j e c t a ) i n
    c h o o s i n g t h e l o c a l i t y o f t h e n e w c o m m u n i t y a n d b ) i n o r g a n i z i n g
    i t s s e t -u p
    . An e s s e n t i a l f i r s t p h a s e i s t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n
    f o r t h e n e w c o m m u n i t y
    .
    Po p u l a t i o n Te s t
    Th e s e c o n d p h a s e i n t h e s o c i o m e t r i c p l a n n i n g o f c o m m u n i t i e s
    i s t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e i r p o p u l a t i o n s
    . F o r t h i s p u r p o s e a " s o c i o -
    m e t r i c p o p u l a t i o n t e s t " h a s b e e n d e v i s e d
    .
    It i s a n e x t e n s i o n o f
    5 70 WHO
    SHALL SURV IV E?
    t h e s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t
    ; i t a t t a c k s , b y a s i n g l e s t r o k e t h e c l u s t e r o f
    a l l c r i t e r i a a r o u n d w h i c h g r o u p s w i t h i n a c o m m u n i t y a r e f o r m e d
    .
    It s f u n c t i o n i s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d i n t e r a c t i o n o f
    l a r g e p o p u l a t i o n s c o n s i s t i n g o f n u m e r o u s s o c i a l g r o u p s a n d o f
    c o m m u n i t i e s l o c a t e d i n d i f f e r e n t p o i n t s i n s p a c e . It a i d s i n s e l e c t -
    i n g i n d i v i d u a l s a n d g r o u p s m o s t e a s i l y a d j u s t a b l e t o e a c h o t h e r ,
    b e s t f i t t e d f o r t h e o c c u p a t i o n s m a d e a v a i l a b l e w i t h i n t h e e n v i r o n -
    m e n t o f t h e n e w c o m m u n i t i e s a n d m o s t e a s i l y a d j u s t a b l e t o t h e
    p o p u l a t i o n s i n t h e a d j a c e n t t o w n s o r a r e a s
    .
    In t h e p u r s u i t o f t h i s p r o b l e m w e b e g i n t o i n q u i r e i n t o w h a t
    e v i d e n c e h a d b e e n a s c e r t a i n e d f r o m s t u d y o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n a t
    l a r g e a n d h o w s u c h i n f o r m a t i o n c o u l d r e l a t e t o i t
    . Th e c u r r e n t
    s o c i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s w e r e u n a b l e t o g i v e u s a n i n s i g h t i n t o t h e
    p s y c h o l o g i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f l a r g e p o p u l a t i o n s -e i t h e r t h r o u g h d a t a
    o r t h r o u g h a m e t h o d o l o g i c a l a p p r o a c h . In t h e s t u d i e s o f i n t e r -
    r a c i a l a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d s Ne g r o e s , Ch i n e s e , Ge r m a n s , J e w s , It a l i a n s ,
    e t c . , t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l a t t i t u d e o f t h e s u b j e c t s t o w a r d s e a c h i n d i -
    v i d u a l Ne g r o , Ch i n e s e , J e w , Ge r m a n , It a l i a n , e t c . , i s n o t c o n -
    s i d e r e d
    . In t h e s t u d y o f g r o u p b e h a v i o r t h e c o l l e c t i v e a s a w h o l e
    i s c o n s i d e r e d , t h e i n d i v i d u a l b e i n g n e g l e c t e d
    ; i n c o n s e q u e n c e t h e
    s t r u c t u r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d e s c r i b e d d o n o t r e a c h b e y o n d o u t e r
    a p p e a r a n c e s .
    Th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s a r i s i n g w e r e a n i n t e r m i n g l i n g
    o f f a c t s w i t h s y m b o l s
    ; e i t h e r t h e i n d i v i d u a l w a s m a d e a s y m b o l ,
    t h a t i s t o s a y , l e f t o u t ,
    t h e r a t i o s b e i n g c a l c u l a t e d f o r c l a s s e s o f
    p e o p l e , o r t h e g r o u p w a s m a d e a s y m b o l , l e f t o u t , t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
    b e i n g m a d e o f i n d i v i d u a l s .
    St u d i e s i n r e s p e c t t o t h e m a r r i a g e
    r a t e , t h e d e l i n q u e n c y r a t e f o r d i f f e r e n t a r e a s o f t h e c o u n t r y , t h e
    s u i c i d e r a t e , q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f p u b l i c o p i n i o n , r e a d i n g h a b i t s
    o f d i f f e r e n t c o m m u n i t i e s , b u s i n e s s c y c l e s a n d o t h e r c y c l i c p h e -
    n o m e n a , e t c
    . , h o w e v e r s i g n i f i c a n t t h e y m a y b e a s s u c h , d o n o t
    c a r r y a n y w e i g h t i f i t c o m e s t o t h e c o n c r e t e q u e s t i o n s w h a t p o s i -
    t i o n t h e i n d i v i d u a l X h a s i n Ka n s a s Ci t y , w h a t p o s i t i o n t h e f a m i l y
    u n i t B h a s i n F o r e s t Hi l l s , o r a c e r t a i n g r o u p o f Ne g r o e s i n M i a m i ,
    F l o r i d a .
    B u t t h e s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t -a s w e h a v e l e a r n e d i n o t h e r p a r t s
    o f t h i s b o o k -i s a b l e t o p r o v i d e a b a s i c e l e m e n t i n c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
    w h i c h n o o t h e r m e t h o d o l o g y h a s w o r k e d o u t . It a p p e a r e d a b l e
    t o u n c o v e r t h e p o s i t i o n o f e a c h c o n c r e t e i n d i v i d u a l a n d e a c h c o n -
    c r e t e g r o u p i n t h e g i v e n s a m p l e o f p o p u l a t i o n o n o n e h a n d a n d ,
    EX PERIM ENTALPLANNING

    5 71
    t h r o u g h t h e c u m u l a t i v e e f f e c t , t h r o u g h i n t e r -i n d i v i d u a l a n d i n t e r -
    g r o u p r e a c t i o n s , t h e t r e n d s i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n o n t h e o t h e r h a n d ,
    w i t h t h e a d d e d a d v a n t a g e t h a t t h e t r e n d s w e r e n o t p r e s e n t e d l i k e
    t h e f r e q u e n c y c u r v e o f a h i s t o g r a m b u t w e r e f u r t h e r b r o k e n u p
    i n t o a c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f r i c h i n d i v i d u a l d e t a i l . Si m i l a r l y , t h e
    s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t c a n b e o f a i d i n t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a -
    t i o n f o r a p r o s p e c t i v e c o m m u n i t y
    . Th e n u m b e r o f c r i t e r i a o u g h t
    t o b e e n l a r g e d t o i n c l u d e m o r e t h a n t h e t h r e e c r i t e r i a , l i v i n g , w o r k -
    i n g , a n d s t u d y i n g i n p r o x i m i t y ; i t o u g h t t o i n c l u d e a s m a n y c r i t e r i a
    a s a p p e a r t o o p e r a t e i n t h e g r o u p s o f a g i v e n c o m m u n i t y . Th e
    m o r e c r i t e r i a t h e t e s t c o v e r s , t h e m o r e a c c u r a t e w i l l b e c o m e t h e
    c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p i c t u r e
    .
    Ho w e v e r , e x p e r i e n c e m a y s u g g e s t t h a t t h e
    t e s t i n g i n r e s p e c t t o l i v i n g a n d w o r k i n g i n p r o x i m i t y i s s u f f i c i e n t
    f o r p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s . It i s o u r e x p e r i e n c e t h a t i t i s e a s y t o g a i n
    t h e c o o p e r a t i o n o f t h e p e o p l e t e s t e d a s s o o n a s t h e y c o m e t o t h i n k
    o f t h e t e s t a s a n i n s t r u m e n t t o b r i n g t h e i r w i l l t o a w i d e r r e a l i z a -
    t i o n , t h a t i t i s n o t o n l y a n i n s t r u m e n t f o r e x p l o r i n g t h e s t a t u s o f a
    p o p u l a t i o n b u t p r i m a r i l y a n i n s t r u m e n t t o b r i n g t h e p o p u l a t i o n t o
    a
    c o l l e c t i v e s e l f -e x p r e s s i o n
    i n r e s p e c t t o t h e f u n d a m e n t a l a c t i v i t i e s
    i n w h i c h i t i s o r i s a b o u t t o b e i n v o l v e d .
    It i s o b v i o u s t h a t w h e t h e r a n e c o n o m i c o r o t h e r k i n d o f d i s t r e s s
    s u g g e s t s t h e s h i f t i n g o f a p a r t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n , m e c h a n i c a l
    a s -
    s i g n m e n t m a y c a r r y w i t h i t t h e g e r m o f d i s r u p t i n g t e n d e n c i e s i n t o
    t h e n e w a r e a a f f e c t i n g i t s p o p u l a t i o n a n d t h e n e w c o m e r s . Th e
    s e l e c t i o n o f t h e n e w a r e a a n d t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n c a n -
    n o t b e m a d e o n t h e b a s i s o f e i t h e r p h y s i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c e v i d e n c e
    o r o r d i n a r y s o c i a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n o n l y . A Po p u l a t i o n Te s t n e e d s t o
    b e g i v e n w h i c h w i l l a t t h e s a m e t i m e a i d i n r e c o m m e n d i n g t h r o u g h
    i t s e v i d e n c e t h e m o s t d e s i r a b l e c o m p o s i t i o n o f a r e a , g e o g r a p h i c
    a n d e t h n i c , a n d t h e k i n d o f p e r s o n s b e s t f i t t e d t o l i v e w i t h i n i t .
    B u t a n o t h e r f a c t o r i s i n v o l v e d i n t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . Ea c h n e w
    c o m m u n i t y , i n w h a t e v e r p a r t o f t h e c o u n t r y i t m a y b e e s t a b -
    l i s h e d , w i l l , i n t h e c o u r s e o f i t s d e v e l o p m e n t , b e e x p o s e d n o t o n l y
    t o t h e f o r c e s w i t h i n i t b u t t o t h e p o p u l a t i o n p r e s s u r e c o m i n g f r o m
    o u t s i d e a n d e x p r e s s e d i n t h e r i s i n g a n d f a l l i n g o f p s y c h o l o g i c a l
    c u r r e n t s . Th u s , b e f o r e w e o c c u p y o u r m i n d s w i t h a t e c h n i q u e o f
    p r o c e d u r e a d a p t e d t o a p a r t i c u l a r c o m m u n i t y i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o g a i n
    a n i n s i g h t i n t o t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d c h a r a c t e r o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n
    t h e i m m e d i a t e n e i g h b o r h o o d a n d t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e m a i n p s y c h o -
    5 72

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s w h i c h c r o s s t h e p o p u l a t i o n a t l a r g e .
    Th i s m a y
    b e a c c o m p l i s h e d t h r o u g h g i v i n g t h e s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t t o a s c o r e o r
    m o r e t y p i c a l c o m m u n i t i e s i n s e c t i o n s o f t h e c o u n t r y i n w h i c h ,
    a m o n g o t h e r s , i n t e r r a c i a l t e n s i o n s a n d p o p u l a t i o n m o v e m e n t s f r o m
    r u r a l t o u r b a n c e n t e r s a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y a c t i v e .
    Pr o c e s s o f Se l e c t i o n o f Po p u l a t i o n
    Th e t h i r d p h a s e i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l p l a n n i n g o f a c o m m u n i t y i s
    t o s e l e c t a p o p u l a t i o n f o r a n y g i v e n c o m m u n i t y i n a m a n n e r t h a t
    i s n o t a r b i t r a r y , b u t a n o u t g r o w t h o f t h e s p o n t a n e o u s f o r c e s o p e r -
    a t i n g w i t h i n i t
    . In o r d e r t h a t e a c h s e t t l e m e n t c a n b e e x p e c t e d t o
    d e v e l o p i n t o a c o m m u n i t y i t i s n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e s e l e c t e d p o p u l a -
    t i o n s h a l l b e a h a r m o n i o u s l y i n t e r r e l a t e d w h o l e
    . An y s e l e c t i o n
    w h i c h n e g l e c t s t o t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e s p o n t a n e o u s a t t r a c t i o n s
    a n d r e p u l s i o n s e x i s t i n g w i t h i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n m a y l e a d t o t h e
    i n c l u s i o n o f f a m i l i e s w h i c h , h o w e v e r w o r t h y t h e y m a y b e a s i n d i -
    v i d u a l u n i t s , t o g e t h e r m a k e u p g r o u p f o r m a t i o n s w h i c h m a y l a t e r
    h a v e a d i s r u p t i n g e f f e c t u p o n t h e p r o g r e s s i v e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e
    w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n
    .
    Th e s o c i o m e t r i c t e c h n i q u e a s c e r t a i n s t h e d y n a m i c r e l a t i o n o f
    e a c h f a m i l y u n i t t o a l l o t h e r f a m i l y u n i t s
    . Ou t o f t h i s e v i d e n c e
    w e m a y b e a b l e t o d e t e r m i n e t h e k e r n e l g r o u p a r o u n d w h i c h t h e
    r e s t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n c a n g r a d u a l l y r e v o l v e . Th u s t h e p r o j e c t
    c a n c o n t a i n a s o c i a l l y i n t e r r e l a t e d o r g a n i z a t i o n f r o m t h e s t a r t , t h e
    n u c l e u s o f a " c o m m u n i t y
    . " Th e p r i n c i p l e s g a i n e d f r o m t h e s t u d y
    o f t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n o f c o m m u n i t i e s c a n b e f o l l o w e d
    i n o r d e r t o s e c u r e a c o m p o s i t i o n o f p o p u l a t i o n w h i c h c a n b e e x -
    p e c t e d t o p r o g r e s s a n d s u r v i v e
    . F a c t o r s w h i c h h a v e b e e n f o u n d
    t o c a u s e d i s i n t e g r a t i o n a n d d e c l i n e c a n b e e l i m i n a t e d
    . Wh e t h e r
    t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l l o c a t i o n o f a c o m m u n i t y i s i n a n u r b a n o r a
    r u r a l s e c t i o n , w h e t h e r t h e s i z e o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n f r o m w h i c h t h e
    s e l e c t i o n h a s t o b e m a d e i s l a r g e o r s m a l l , w h e t h e r t h e p o p u l a t i o n
    i s o f o n e n a t i o n a l i t y o r a n o t h e r , e a c h o f t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s h a s
    a p r a c t i c a l b e a r i n g u p o n t h e s e l e c t i o n
    . Ce r t a i n r e l a t i o n s w h i c h
    h a v e b e e n f o u n d t o a f f e c t t h e h a r m o n i o u s f u n c t i o n i n g b e t w e e n t h e
    a b i l i t i e s a n d s t r i v i n g s o f t h e w o r k e r s w i t h t h e a v a i l a b l e w o r k
    s i t u a t i o n s h a v e a l s o t o b e c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a -
    t i o n
    . It c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d , w i t h i n c e r t a i n l i m i t s , w h a t p r o p o r t i o n s
    a m o n g t h e d i f f e r e n t n a t i o n a l i t y , r a c i a l a n d r e l i g i o u s e l e m e n t s
    EX PERIM ENTALPLANNING

    5 73
    t h e c o m m u n i t y i s a b l e t o a b s o r b ; t h e m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e d i s t r i b u t i o n
    o f t h e s e x e s , o f l e a d e r s a n d f o l l o w e r s , o f i n d i v i d u a l s w h o a r e
    a b l e t o d e v e l o p t h e i n d u s t r i a l , s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s t o t h e
    g r e a t e s t s a t i s f a c t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n .
    It m a y b e f o u n d t h a t
    c e r t a i n u n i t s g r a v i t a t e t o w a r d s e a c h o t h e r a n d p r o d u c e c o h e s i v e
    g r o u p s d r a w n t o e a c h o t h e r b y a " n a t u r a l s e l e c t i o n " , w h e r e a s g r e a t
    n u m b e r s r e m a i n i s o l a t e d a n d d i s c o n n e c t e d
    . Th e a s c e r t a i n e d m o t i -
    v a t i o n s f o r a c e r t a i n f a m i l y u n i t t o w a n t o n e f a m i l y i n c l u d e d a n d
    a n o t h e r e x c l u d e d w i l l a i d t o i n t e r p r e t t h e c a u s e s b e h i n d t h e p o s i t i o n
    o f e a c h f a m i l y i n t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e s e l e c t e d p o p u l a t i o n . It m a y
    b e t h a t a c e r t a i n h o m o g e n e o u s e l e m e n t i s s m a l l i n n u m b e r s b u t
    t h a t i t f o r m s a c l o s e d g r o u p . Su c h s u b g r o u p s w i t h i n a g i v e n
    n a t i o n a l i t y , f o r i n s t a n c e , m a y b e m o r e d i s a d v a n t a g e o u s f o r t h e
    t o t a l c o m m u n i t y i n p r o d u c i n g f r i c t i o n s t h a n a l a r g e r n u m b e r o f t h e
    s a m e n a t i o n a l i t y w h o a r e l e s s u n i t e d a m o n g t h e m s e l v e s a n d b e t t e r
    i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e f a b r i c o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n a s a w h o l e .
    Th i s t y p e o f s e l e c t i o n h a s t o s u p p l e m e n t t h e n a t u r a l c o u r s e o f
    d e v e l o p m e n t f o r s t i l l o t h e r r e a s o n s . Co m m u n i t i e s t o d a y d o n o t
    c r o p u p i n a c o m p a r a t i v e w i l d e r n e s s a s i n t h e p i o n e e r s e t t l e m e n t
    p e r i o d , b u t a r e p l a n t e d i n t h e m i d s t o f a h i g h l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d a n d
    w e l l o r g a n i z e d g r o u p o f v i l l a g e s a n d t o w n s w i t h d e f i n i t e t r a d i t i o n s
    a n d c u l t u r a l t r e n d s . Th e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e s e l e c t e d p o p u l a t i o n m u s t
    b e o f s u c h t e x t u r e t h a t a d j u s t m e n t t o t h e n e i g h b o r i n g t o w n s w i l l
    f o l l o w a s a n o u t g r o w t h o f t h e i r f u n c t i o n i n g i n p r o x i m i t y
    .
    Th e p o p u l a t i o n f r o m w h i c h t h e s e l e c t i o n s h a v e t o b e m a d e m a y
    f a l l i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g t h r e e c l a s s e s : Cl a s s 1 : t h e f a m i l y u n i t s a r e
    a c q u a i n t e d w i t h a n u m b e r o f o t h e r f a m i l y u n i t s w i t h i n t h e p o p u l a -
    t i o n ; Cl a s s 2 : t h e f a m i l y u n i t s a r e t o t a l l y u n a c q u a i n t e d w i t h e a c h
    o t h e r ; Cl a s s 3
    : t h e f a m i l y u n i t s a r e i n p a r t a c q u a i n t e d w i t h o t h e r
    f a m i l y u n i t s a n d i n p a r t u n a c q u a i n t e d . In t h e c a s e o f Cl a s s 1t h e
    s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t u n c o v e r s t h e s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s a l r e a d y e x i s t i n g
    a m o n g t h e m . In t h e c a s e o f Cl a s s 2i t d i s c l o s e s t h e s p o n t a n e o u s
    a t t r a c t i o n s a n d r e p u l s i o n s a r i s i n g t h r o u g h i n i t i a l m e e t i n g . In t h e
    c a s e o f Cl a s s 3 , t h e t w o f o r m s o f t h e s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t j u s t m e n -
    t i o n e d a r e c o m b i n e d t o s e c u r e t h e e s s e n t i a l i n f o r m a t i o n .
    In a t y p i c a l c a s e o n e h u n d r e d a n d t w e n t y -f i v e f a m i l i e s h a v e t o
    b e s e l e c t e d o u t o f a p o p u l a t i o n o f a b o u t t w o h u n d r e d a n d f i f t y
    f a m i l i e s a p p l y i n g ; t h i s i s t h e m a x i m u m n u m b e r t h a t c a n b e a c -
    c o m m o d a t e d i n t h e p a r t i c u l a r c o m m u n i t y p r o j e c t . Th e t o t a l
    5 74

    WHO SHALL
    SURV IV E?
    p o p u l a t i o n a p p l y i n g i s i n v i t e d t o a m e e t i n g a n d a d d r e s s e d i n r e -
    g a r d t o t h e q u e s t i o n o f h o w t h e p o p u l a t i o n c a n b e s e l e c t e d f o r t h e
    n e w c o m m u n i t y
    . Th e n e e d , i t i s e x p l a i n e d , i s t o m a k e t h e s e l e c -
    t i o n a p p r o x i m a t e a s c l o s e l y a s p o s s i b l e t h a t o f a c o m m u n i t y s p o n -
    t a n e o u s l y f o r m e d ; t h a t i s , i t s h o u l d c o n s i s t o f a n u c l e u s o f f a m i l y
    u n i t s n a t u r a l l y i n t e r l o c k e d t h r o u g h i n t e r e s t a n d a c t i v i t i e s i n c o m -
    m o n u n d e r t a k i n g s . Th e a u t h o r i t y t o s e l e c t t h e p o p u l a t i o n c a n
    c o m e f r o m o u t s i d e o r i n s i d e t h e p o p u l a t i o n . If i t c o m e s f r o m o u t -
    s i d e i t c a n b e p u r e l y d i c t a t o r i a l , b a s e d o n f i c t i t i o u s a s s u m p t i o n s ,
    a s , f o r i n s t a n c e , t h a t o n l y " Gr e e k s a n d It a l i a n s s h o u l d b e s e l e c t e d
    f o r a n a g r i c u l t u r a l c o m m u n i t y " , o r i t c a n b e b a s e d o n t h e e m p i r i c a l
    k n o w l e d g e o f h o w p o p u l a t i o n s i n o t h e r c o m m u n i t i e s a r e c o m p r i s e d
    .
    B u t w e h a v e f o u n d t h a t f i n d i n g s i n r e s p e c t t o o n e p o p u l a t i o n d o n o t
    h o l d t r u e f o r a n o t h e r a n d h e n c e c a n n o t b e m e c h a n i c a l l y t r a n s p o s e d
    u p o n a n o t h e r p o p u l a t i o n w i t h o u t r e g a r d t o m a n y f a c t o r s . Th e
    a u t h o r i t y t o s e l e c t t h e p o p u l a t i o n c a n a l s o c o m e f r o m i n s i d e , f r o m
    a n i n d i v i d u a l w h o i s a p p o i n t e d t o m a k e t h e s e l e c t i o n , o r f r o m a
    p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p w h i c h f e e l s e s p e c i a l l y i n f o r m e d t o k n o w w h a t
    i s b e s t f o r e v e r y o n e
    . B u t d u e c h i e f l y t o s o c i a l p r e s s u r e a n d t h e
    l i m i t s o f e m o t i o n a l e x p a n s i v e n e s s , a n y
    p a r t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i s
    p r o h i b i t e d f r o m a r r i v i n g a t a n a w a r e n e s s o f t h e t o t a l a t t r a c t i o n -
    r e p u l s i o n p r o c e s s . Th e o n l y e x a c t a n d c o m p r e h e n s i v e m e t h o d o f
    a p p r o a c h r e m a i n i n g i s t o u s e a p o p u l a t i o n t e s t w h i c h b r i n g s t h e
    t o t a l p r o c e s s o f i n t e r a c t i o n o u t i n t h e o p e n . Th i s p o p u l a t i o n t e s t
    h a s t o b e s o c o n s t r u c t e d t h a t i t s f i n d i n g s d i s c l o s e t h e p y c h o s o c i a l
    s t r u c t u r e o f t h e e n t i r e c o l l e c t i v e a n d e v e r y d e t a i l e d i n d i v i d u a l -t o -
    i n d i v i d u a l r e l a t i o n a t t h e s a m e t i m e .
    Th e t e s t i s g i v e n a s o u t l i n e d a n d t h e f i n d i n g s a n a n l y z e d . Th i s
    p r o c e d u r e i s t a k e n a s t h e f i r s t s t e p i n s e l e c t i n g t h e p o p u l a t i o n
    f r o m Cl a s s 1 . Th e s i t u a t i o n i s d i f f e r e n t i n t h e c a s e o f Cl a s s
    2b e c a u s e h e r e t h e g r o u p o f f a m i l i e s a r e s t r a n g e r s t o e a c h o t h e r .
    In t h i s c a s e a p e r s o n a l m e e t i n g o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o n e a d u l t ( a n d ,
    i f p o s s i b l e o n e c h i l d ) f r o m e a c h f a m i l y , i s n e c e s s a r y , s o t h a t
    t h e y m a y d e t e r m i n e i n f a c e t o f a c e f e e l i n g e a c h o t h e r o u t , t o w h o m
    t h e y a r e d r a w n . If t h e n u m b e r w h o a r e t o t a l l y u n a c q u a i n t e d i s
    l a r g e , s e v e r a l m e e t i n g s h a v e t o b e h e l d . ( Se e In i t i a l As s i g n m e n t ,
    p . 462 . ) In t h e i n s t a n c e o f Cl a s s 1, s u c h m e e t i n g s o f r e p r e s e n t a -
    t i v e s a r e u n n e c e s s a r y
    ; i t i s n o t e v e n n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e p e o p l e a r e
    c a l l e d t o a t o w n m e e t i n g t o m a k e t h e i r c h o i c e s
    . Th e f i e l d w o r k e r
    EX PERIM ENTALPLANNING
    m a y v i s i t o n e f a m i l y a f t e r t h e o t h e r a n d c o l l e c t t h e c h o i c e s a n d
    t h e m o t i v a t i o n s . Th e p r o c e d u r e i n t h e c a s e o f Cl a s s 2a p p e a r s
    m o r e t i m e c o n s u m i n g , v e r y c o m p l i c a t e d a n d i m p r a c t i c a l , b u t i t
    m u s t b e r e a l i z e d t h a t i n p r a c t i c e o n l y a s m a l l p o r t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a -
    t i o n w i l l b e t o t a l l y s t r a n g e t o t h e r e s t . As t o Cl a s s 3 , f o r t h a t
    p a r t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n w h i c h t h e f a m i l i e s a r e a c q u a i n t e d w i t h
    e a c h o t h e r t o s o m e e x t e n t , t h e p r o c e d u r e i s a s d e s c r i b e d f o r Cl a s s
    1
    ; f o r t h e r e m a i n d e r , t h e p r o c e d u r e i s a s d e s c r i b e d f o r Cl a s s 2 .
    POPULATION-TEST
    F ORM A
    1
    . Wh o m d o y o u s e l e c t t o l i v e i n t h e n e w t o w n w i t h y o u ?
    5 75
    2 . Wh i c h f a m i l i e s d o y o u s e l e c t
    t o l i v e i n t h e n e w t o w n w i t h y o u ?
    F r o m e a c h f a m i l y t w o r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s ( o n e o f t h e p a r e n t s a n d
    o n e o f t h e c h i l d r e n ) e x p r e s s t h e i r c h o i c e s s e p a r a t e l y .
    Pa r e n t

    Ch i l d
    A
    Re a s o n s o r

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    Ch o i c e s

    M o t i v a t i o n s

    Ch o i c e s

    M o t i v a t i o n s
    Na m e o f F a m i l y
    1s t Ch o i c e 1s t Ch o i c e
    2n d Ch o i c e
    2n d Ch o i c e
    3 r d Ch o i c e

    3 r d Ch o i c e
    3 . Wh o m d o y o u s e l e c t
    a s a c o -w o r k e r i n a n y o c c u p a t i o n i n t h e
    n e w t o w n f
    4 . Na m e t h r e e o c c u p a t i o n s y o u w o u l d l i k e t o b e e m p l o y e d i n i n t h e
    F a m i l y X o r Ho m e Gr o u p
    Na m e o f Re a s o n s o r
    Ch o i c e s
    t h e Pe r s o n M o t i v a t i o n s
    1s t Ch o i c e
    2n d Ch o i c e
    3 r d Ch o i c e
    Na m e o f Na m e o f t h e Re a s o n s o r
    Ch o i c e
    t h e Pe r s o n Oc c u p a t i o n M o t i v a t i o n s
    1s t Ch o i c e
    2n d Ch o i c e
    3 r d Ch o i c e
    5 76

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    1 .
    2 .
    3 .
    n e w t o w n , g i v i n g t h e m i n o r d e r o f p r e f e r e n c e . Al s o s t a t e
    y o u r f o r m e r o c c u p a t i o n s a n d i n w h i c h o c c u p a t i o n s y o u h a v e
    b e e n m o s t s u c c e s s f u l
    .
    Ch o i c e o f

    F o r m e r

    M o s t Su c c e s s f u l i n
    Oc c u p a t i o n s

    Oc c u p a t i o n s

    Wh i c h Oc c u p a t i o n s
    5 . Wh i c h f a m i l i e s d o y o u s e l e c t a s y o u r n e x t -d o o r -n e i g h b o r s i n
    t h e n e w t o w n ?
    Tw o r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f e a c h f a m i l y ( o n e o f t h e p a r e n t s a n d o n e
    o f t h e c h i l d r e n ) e x p r e s s t h e i r c h o i c e s s e p a r a t e l y .
    Pa r e n t

    Ch i l d
    Re a s o n s o r

    Re a s o n s o r
    Ch o i c e s

    M o t i v a t i o n s

    Ch o i c e s

    M o t i v a t i o n s
    Na m e o f F a m i l y
    1s t Ch o i c e 1s t Ch o i c e
    2n d Ch o i c e 2n d Ch o i c e
    3 r d Ch o i c e

    3 r d Ch o i c e
    Po p u l a t i o n Te s t F o r m Ac a n b e a n a i d i n t h e p r o c e s s o f s e l e c t i n g
    t h e p o p u l a t i o n f o r a n e w c o m m u n i t y i n t h e e v e n t t h a t t h e i n d i -
    v i d u a l s o r f a m i l i e s a r e a c q u a i n t e d
    w i t h e a c h o t h e r . If p h a s e 1o f
    t h e t e s t i s n o t p r a c t i c a b l e , p h a s e 2c a n b e u s e d a s a n a l t e r n a t e
    .
    Po p u l a t i o n Te s t F o r m Ac a n a l s o b e g i v e n t o a c o m m u n i t y w h i c h
    i s a l r e a d y e s t a b l i s h e d ; i t s a i m i s t h e n t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e x i s t i n g
    p s y c h o l o g i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d e v e n t u a l l y t o d i s c l o s e t h e a r e a s i n
    w h i c h d i s r u p t i n g t e n d e n c i e s p r e v a i l .
    POPULATION-TEST
    F ORM B
    F a m i l y X In i t i a l M e e t i n g
    Na m e o f t h e Pe r s o n Re a s o n s o r
    Ch o i c e s ( o r F a m i l y ) M o t i v a t i o n s
    1s t Ch o i c e
    2n d Ch o i c e
    3 r d Ch o i c e
    EX PERIM ENTALPLANNING

    5 77
    Po p u l a t i o n Te s t f o r m B c a n b e o f a i d i n t h e p r o c e s s o f s e l e c t i n g
    t h e p o p u l a t i o n f o r a n e w c o m m u n i t y w h e n t h e i n d i v i d u a l s a r e
    u n -
    a c q u a i n t e d w i t h e a c h o t h e r
    . In t h e i d e a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e t e s t e v e r y
    i n d i v i d u a l s h o u l d m e e t e v e r y o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l o f t h e g r o u p f r o m
    w h i c h t h e s e l e c t i o n h a s t o b e m a d e
    . In p r a c t i c e , i t w i l l o f t e n s u f f i c e
    i f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e d i f f e r e n t f a m i l i e s m e e t w i t h o n e a n o t h e r
    .
    Ho w e v e r , e v e n t h i s m a y b e i m p r a c t i c a b l e w h e n t h e s e f a m i l i e s a r e
    n o t o n l y u n a c q u a i n t e d w i t h e a c h o t h e r b u t f o r o n e r e a s o n o r a n -
    o t h e r c a n n o t b e b r o u g h t t o a n i n i t i a l m e e t i n g
    . Th e n Po p u l a t i o n
    Te s t F o r m Ac a n b e u s e d ( a ) t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e
    f a m i l y u n i t i n t h e o l d
    c o m m u n i t y a n d ( b ) w h e n t h e f a m i l y k n o w s
    a t l e a s t o n e o r t w o o f t h e o t h e r f a m i l i e s w h o w i s h t o m o v e i n t o
    t h e n e w c o m m u n i t y , t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e f a m i l y w i t h i n t h i s s m a l l
    g r o u p m a y d i s c l o s e i m p o r t a n t e v i d e n c e
    .
    An a l y s i s o f t h e m a t e r i a l i s m a d e a c c o r d i n g t o o r g a n i z a t i o n ,
    a c c o r d i n g t o i n t e r r a c i a l a n d i n t e r s e x u a l a t t r a c t i o n , a n d i n r e s p e c t
    t o i n d u s t r i a l , s o c i a l , o r c u l t u r a l c r i t e r i a a r o u n d w h i c h g r o u p s m a y
    d e v e l o p i n t h e n e w t o w n .
    Th e e v i d e n c e m a y i n d i c a t e t h a t o n e h u n d r e d a n d t w e n t y -f i v e
    f a m i l i e s , t h e n u m b e r f o r w h i c h t h e p r o j e c t i s p l a n n e d , g r o u p t h e m -
    s e l v e s a s a c o o r d i n a t e d u n i t , l e a v i n g o u t a b o u t h a l f o f t h e p o p u l a -
    t i o n . Or i t m a y b e t h a t t h e e n t i r e p o p u l a t i o n b r e a k s u p i n t o a
    n u m b e r o f s m a l l g r o u p s
    . Th e n t h e q u e s t i o n a r i s e s w h i c h o f t h e s e
    g r o u p s s h o u l d b e c o m b i n e d t o m a k e u p t h e c o m m u n i t y
    . Th e e v i -
    d e n c e c l a r i f i e s t h e p o s i t i o n w h i c h e a c h g r o u p h a s i n r e l a t i o n t o
    o t h e r g r o u p s
    . It m a y r e v e a l t h a t t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a -
    t i o n c o n t r a s t s s o c o n s i d e r a b l y f r o m t h e s u r r o u n d i n g t o w n s i n
    r e f e r e n c e t o s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l t r a d i t i o n s , t h a t t h e n e w c o m m u n i t y
    a p p e a r s a s a " s o c i o l o g i c a l i s l a n d "
    . Th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f i t s g r a d u a l
    a d j u s t m e n t t o t h e m m a y b e h i n d e r e d f r o m t h e s t a r t .
    Th e d a t a g a t h e r e d i s a b a s i s f o r t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d s e l e c t i o n
    o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n
    . As t h e e x i s t i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n w i t h i n t h e s a m p l e
    p o p u l a t i o n h a s b e e n a s c e r t a i n e d i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o t a k e t h e s e c o n d
    s t e p : t o a n a l y z e a n d c a r e f u l l y w e i g h a l l t h e f a c t o r s
    . Th e s e l e c t i o n
    m a d e s h o u l d i n c l u d e t h o s e f a m i l y u n i t s w h i c h t o g e t h e r p r o d u c e a s
    b a l a n c e d a p s y c h o l o g i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n a s p o s s i b l e . Th i s d o e s n o t
    m e a n t h a t o n l y t h o s e f a m i l i e s w h i c h h a v e b e e n m o s t c h o s e n s h o u l d
    b e i n c l u d e d , i n f a c t , t o d o s o m a y p u t t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o u t o f
    b a l a n c e , f o r c i n g t h e i n c l u s i o n o f t o o m a n y l e a d e r -f a m i l i e s f o r
    5 78

    WHO
    SHALL
    SURV IV E?
    t h e s i z e o f p o p u l a t i o n a n d m a k i n g t h e c o m m u n i t y a p o t e n t i a l c e n t e r
    o f c o n f l i c t s t h r o u g h t o o k e e n c o m p e t i t i o n a m o n g t h e l e a d e r s .
    F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e f a c t t h a t c e r t a i n f a m i l i e s h a v e n o t b e e n c h o s e n
    a t a l l s h o u l d n o t , o n t h a t g r o u n d a l o n e , e x c l u d e t h e m . Th e y m a y
    b e o f s u c h c o m p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e y a d d a n e l e m e n t o f s t a b i l i t y , b o t h
    t o t h e e c o n o m i c a n d t o t h e s o c i a l s e t -u p , a n d t h e y m a y b e a c h e c k
    o n t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l c u r r e n t s d o m i n a n t i n t h e c o m m u n i t y . On
    t h e o t h e r h a n d , a s u f f i c i e n t n u m b e r o f m u t u a l l y a t t r a c t e d f a m i l i e s
    s h o u l d b e s e l e c t e d o r t h e y w i l l n o t p r o d u c e t h e f e e l i n g o f b e i n g a
    c o m m u n i t y , m u t u a l l y i n t e r d e p e n d e n t , w i t h a u n i t y j u s t a s t h a t
    o f a n y o t h e r t o w n . As p r a c t i c a l l y a l l o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n h a s t o
    m o v e i n t o t h e n e w c o m m u n i t y a t o n c e , m u t u a l l y r e j e c t i n g f a m i l i e s
    s h o u l d , a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e , b e s e p a r a t e d a n d c o n s i d e r e d f o r d i f -
    f e r e n t l o c a l i t i e s .
    Th e i n c l u s i o n o f , f o r i n s t a n c e , t w o l e a d e r -
    f a m i l i e s w h i c h m u t u a l l y r e j e c t e a c h o t h e r m a y p r o v e t o b e a
    d a n g e r o u s e x p e r i m e n t , s i n c e t h e r e a r e a l r e a d y s u f f i c i e n t s o u r c e s o f
    c o n f l i c t i n t h e b u i l d i n g o f a n e w c o m m u n i t y .
    ACa s e Ex a m p l e o f a Ne w Co m m u n i t y
    An e x a m p l e o f a r e -s e t t l e m e n t s i t u a t i o n w h i c h i s t y p i c a l f o r
    m a n y c o n c r e t e p r o j e c t s i s t h e f o l l o w i n g o n e
    . Th e g o v e r n m e n t
    h a s p u r c h a s e d l a n d a n d p r o v i d e d h o u s i n g f a c i l i t i e s f o r f i v e h u n d r e d
    f a m i l i e s i n a r e a X . Ho w e v e r , t h e r e a r e s e v e n h u n d r e d a n d f i f t y
    f a m i l i e s w h o h a v e a p p l i e d f o r a n e w h o m e a n d b e e n f o u n d e l i g i b l e
    .
    Tw o h u n d r e d a n d f i f t y f a m i l i e s l i v e i n v i l l a g e A, t w o h u n d r e d a n d
    f i f t y f a m i l i e s i n v i l l a g e B , t w o h u n d r e d a n d f i f t y f a m i l i e s i n v i l l a g e
    C. A, B a n d Ca r e s o m e d i s t a n c e a p a r t . Th e p e o p l e o f e a c h v i l -
    l a g e d o n o t k n o w t h o s e i n t h e o t h e r v i l l a g e s . So m e s e l e c t i o n h a s
    t o b e m a d e b e c a u s e t h e r e a r e t w o h u n d r e d a n d f i f t y a p p l i c a n t
    f a m i l i e s t o o m a n y . B u t e v e n i f t h e r e w e r e n o t m o r e a p p l i c a n t s
    t h a n h o u s e s a v a i l a b l e , t h e q u e s t i o n w o u l d s t i l l a r i s e w h e t h e r t h e y
    w o u l d m a k e a w e l l b a l a n c e d k e r n e l l i k e l y t o p r o d u c e a l i v e c o m -
    m u n i t y .
    Th e s o c i o m e t r i c i n v e s t i g a t o r a s s e m b l i n g t h e a p p l i c a n t s o f o n e
    c o m m u n i t y , v i l l a g e A, s a y s : " Yo u m a y h a v e s o m e t h i n g t o s a y
    a b o u t t h e p e o p l e w i t h w h o m y o u w o u l d l i k e t o l i v e
    . No o u t -
    s i d e r c a n e v e r g u e s s t h e s e w a n t s o f y o u r s a c c u r a t e l y . "
    Ev e r y o n e w r i t e s d o w n t h e f a m i l y w h i c h h e w o u l d l i k e t o h a v e
    a s a n e i g h b o r i n t h e n e w c o m m u n i t y . He i s a s k e d t h e r e a s o n f o r
    EX PERIM ENTALPLANNING

    5 79
    h i s c h o i c e . M r . M c Co r m i c k c h o o s e s M r . M i t c h e l l a n d g i v e s h i s
    r e a s o n : " M y d a u g h t e r i s e n g a g e d t o h i s s o n . " Th e s o c i o m e t r i c
    i n v e s t i g a t o r a s k s t h e m t o m a k e a f u r t h e r c h o i c e , a s e c o n d , t h i r d ,
    f o u r t h a n d f i f t h o r m o r e a n d t o a r r a n g e t h e m i n t h e o r d e r o f
    p r e f e r e n c e . Th e y a l w a y s a d d t h e r e a s o n f o r e a c h c h o i c e . Th e
    r e s u l t s a r e a s s e m b l e d i n a s o c i o m e t r i c c h a r t . It i s a s o c i a l m a p
    o f t h a t c o m m u n i t y . It s h o w s s o m e f a m i l i e s i s o l a t e d ; n o o n e w a n t s
    t h e m . He r e a n d t h e r e a f a m i l y o r i t s h e a d a p p e a r s a s a p o t e n t i a l
    l e a d e r o f a l a r g e g r o u p . Th i s i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y b e c a u s e t h e f a m i l y
    o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l h a s r e c e i v e d m a n y f i r s t c h o i c e s , b u t o n t h e s o c i o -
    m e t r i c c h a r t a s e r i e s o f s i g n i f i c a n t c h a i n s a p p e a r , l e a d i n g f i n a l l y
    t o t h i s h e a d
    .
    F o r i n s t a n c e , M r . M c Co r m i c k a p p e a r s d i r e c t l y o r
    i n d i r e c t l y a s t h e c e n t e r o f s e v e n t y -f i v e f a m i l i e s
    .
    So c i o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s i n d i c a t e s s t r u c t u r e s i m p o r t a n t f o r s o c i a l
    b a l a n c e . M r . M c Co r m i c k a n d M r . M i t c h e l l g i v e t h e i r f i r s t c h o i c e s
    t o e a c h o t h e r
    .
    As M r . M c Co r m i c k i s t h e p o t e n t i a l l e a d e r o f
    s e v e n t y -f i v e f a m i l i e s , a n d M r . M i t c h e l l i s t h e h e a d o f s i x t y -t w o
    f a m i l i e s , t h e y m a k e a c o m b i n a t i o n o f m u c h s t r e n g t h a n d i n f l u e n c e .
    Th e s e a r e g r o u p i n g s w h i c h h a v e t a k e n y e a r s t o b u i l d a n d c a n n o t
    b e r e p l a c e d . Th e i r b r e a k u p m i g h t p r e c i p i t a t e f a i l u r e i n t h e n e w
    c o m m u n i t y . Su c h g r o u p s m a y b e t r a n s f e r r e d b o d i l y i n t h e m i g r a -
    t i o n .
    Th e a n a l y s i s f u r t h e r s h o w s o n e o r t w o s m a l l g r o u p s o f f a m i l i e s
    w h i c h c h o o s e o n e a n o t h e r b u t a r e i s o l a t e d o r r e j e c t e d a s a w h o l e .
    It s h o w s a f e w s c a t t e r e d f a m i l i e s w h i c h c o m m a n d l i t t l e p o p u l a r i t y
    b u t p r o v i d e t h e s t i m u l u s o f p r o g r e s s i n t h e c o m m u n i t y . It a l s o
    s h o w s f a m i l i e s w h o h a v e l i t t l e e d u c a t i o n b u t c a n p e r f o r m t h e
    n e c e s s a r y h a r d p h y s i c a l l a b o r .
    Ac a r e f u l s t u d y o f v i l l a g e As u g g e s t s t h e m o s t d e s i r a b l e c o m -
    b i n a t i o n o f f a m i l i e s f o r c o m m u n i t y X . Th e s a m e p r o c e d u r e i s
    r e p e a t e d f o r v i l l a g e B a n d v i l l a g e C
    .
    Th e r e s u l t s a r e a s s e m b l e d
    i n s o c i o m e t r i c c h a r t s .
    No w , h o w e v e r e x c e l l e n t t h e g r o u p s s e l e c t e d f r o m t h e t h r e e v i l -
    l a g e s m a y b e , p l a c i n g t h e m t o g e t h e r m a y l e a d t o c l a s h e s . Th e y
    c a n n o t l i v e s u c c e s s f u l l y i f t h e i r l e a d e r s a r e a n t a g o n i s t i c
    . Th e r e -
    f o r e , b e f o r e t h e f i n a l s e l e c t i o n i s m a d e , t h e p o t e n t i a l l e a d e r s f r o m
    v i l l a g e s A, B , a n d Ca r e p i c k e d f r o m t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e s o c i o m e t r i c
    c h a r t s , t h r e e f r o m A, f o u r f r o m B a n d s i x f r o m C, m o r e o r l e s s
    a s m a y s e e m n e c e s s a r y . Th e s e l e a d e r s c o m e t o g e t h e r i n
    a f a c e -
    5 8 0

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    t o -f a c e m e e t i n g .
    Ea c h m a n m e e t s e a c h o t h e r m a n i n d i v i d u a l l y
    .
    Th e y e x p r e s s t h e i r p r e f e r e n c e s f o r o n e o r a n o t h e r i n t h e m a n n e r
    d e v e l o p e d a t Hu d s o n i n t h e F a m i l y Te s t . M r . M c Co r m i c k f r o m
    Af e e l s a t t r a c t e d t o M r . B r o w n f r o m B , w h o i s t h e r e t h e l e a d e r
    o f a m i n o r g r o u p . B u t h e r e j e c t s M r . Sm i t h f r o m B , w h o i s t h e
    p o t e n t i a l l e a d e r o f m o r e t h a n h a l f o f t h i s c o m m u n i t y . Th e e v i -
    d e n c e w e i g h s h e a v i l y a g a i n s t p l a c i n g t h e M c Co r m i c k c o t e r i e w i t h
    t h e Sm i t h g r o u p w i t h o u t c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n
    .
    Th e r e a s o n M r
    .
    M c Co r m i c k g i v e s f o r n o t l i k i n g M r . Sm i t h i s : " Hi s i d e a s a r e t o o
    r a d i c a l f o r o u r c r o w d . Ia m a f r a i d q u a r r e l s m a y r e s u l t . "
    Th e e v i d e n c e i s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e t h r e e c o m m u n i t y c h a r t s a n d
    t h e l e a d e r s o c i o g r a m c a r e f u l l y a n a l y z e d w i t h t h e u l t i m a t e a i m i n
    m i n d o f s e l e c t i n g f r o m t h e s e v e n h u n d r e d a n d f i f t y a p p l i c a n t s
    f i v e h u n d r e d f o r t h e n e w s e t t l e m e n t
    .
    As i m p l e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o w s t h e t h r e e c h a r t s i n a n e w l i g h t .
    Th e n a t i o n a l i t y a n d r a c e o f e a c h a p p l i c a n t i s k n o w n t o t h e i n v e s t i -
    g a t o r . Th e e v i d e n c e u s u a l l y s h o w s t h a t t h e r e i s n o r e a l p r e j u d i c e
    u n t i l t h e s a t u r a t i o n p o i n t f o r t h a t p a r t i c u l a r m i n o r i t y g r o u p i s
    r e a c h e d . Th i s s a t u r a t i o n p o i n t -t h e r e j e c t i o n o f a n e x c e s s o f
    p e r s o n s o f a p a r t i c u l a r r a c e , c r e e d , o r n a t i o n a l i t y -a r r i v e s w h e n
    t h e d o m i n a n t g r o u p n o l o n g e r h a s n e e d f o r m o r e o f t h e m i n o r i t y
    g r o u p . Th u s t h e t e s t s h o w s t h a t Ne g r o e s a r e o f t e n w e l c o m e
    a d d i t i o n s t o m i g r a t i n g c o m m u n i t i e s . Th e m a p o f v i l l a g e As h o w s
    n i n e Ne g r o f a m i l i e s . Se v e n o f t h e m c h o o s e o n e a n o t h e r , b u t
    t h e y a r e i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e r e s t o f t h e c o m m u n i t y . Ye t t w o o f
    t h e Ne g r o f a m i l i e s a r e c h o s e n s e c o n d a n d t h i r d b y t h r e e f a m i l i e s
    w h i c h i n t u r n a r e c h o s e n b y o n e o f t h e p o t e n t i a l l e a d e r s . It i s
    a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e s e t w o Ne g r o f a m i l i e s a r e f a i r l y w e l l a d j u s t e d
    a n d h a v e b e c o m e a n e s s e n t i a l p a r t o f t h e c o m m u n i t y . Th e s o c i o -
    m e t r i c s a t u r a t i o n p o i n t i s f l u i d ; i t c h a n g e s f r o m t i m e t o t i m e ; w i t h
    i t , p r e j u d i c e s e b b o r r i s e .
    B e f o r e s e l e c t i o n , t h e s o c i o m e t r i c i n v e s t i g a t o r m a k e s c r i t i c a l u s e
    o f a l l s u p p l e m e n t a r y t e c h n i q u e s a v a i l a b l e , c a s e s t u d i e s o f e a c h o f
    t h e f a m i l i e s , i n t e r v i e w s a n d o b s e r v a t i o n , i n f o r m a t i o n a n d a d v i c e
    a s g i v e n b y i n t e l l i g e n t o b s e r v e r s w h o h a v e l i v e d i n t h e s e c o m -
    m u n i t i e s f o r s o m e t i m e a n d k n o w t h e i r o w n p e o p l e .
    An o t h e r t y p i c a l r e -s e t t l e m e n t s i t u a t i o n a r i s e s w h e n t h e a p p l i -
    c a n t s a r e s o w i d e l y s c a t t e r e d o v e r s o l a r g e a n a r e a t h a t p r a c t i c a l l y
    n o f a m i l y k n o w s t h e o t h e r s . Th e n , o f c o u r s e , t h e t e c h n i q u e d e -
    EX PERIM ENTALPLANNING

    5 8 1
    s c r i b e d a b o v e c a n n o t b e u s e d , a s i t i s p r a c t i c a b l e o n l y f o r c o m p a c t
    g r o u p s w h o a r e w e l l a c q u a i n t e d
    . Tw o h u n d r e d f a m i l i e s a r e a p p l i -
    c a n t s , b u t o n l y o n e h u n d r e d a n d t w e n t y -f i v e c a n b e s e l e c t e d
    . Th e
    p r o b l e m a r e a w i t h i n w h i c h t h e t w o h u n d r e d f a m i l i e s a r e s c a t t e r e d
    i s d i v i d e d i n t o t e n r e g i o n s , t w e n t y f a m i l i e s c o m i n g f r o m e a c h
    r e g i o n .
    Th e h e a d s o f t h e t w e n t y f a m i l i e s a r e b r o u g h t f a c e -t o -
    f a c e m e e t i n g . Th e r e s u l t s o f t h e m e e t i n g s o f e v e r y r e g i o n a r e
    c h a r t e d . F r o m t h e t e n s o c i o g r a m s t h e p o t e n t i a l l e a d e r s a r e p i c k e d
    a n d b r o u g h t t o a f a c e -t o -f a c e m e e t i n g . Th e r e s u l t s a r e a g a i n
    c h a r t e d . Th e t o t a l e v i d e n c e i s a n a l y z e d a n d t h e s e l e c t i o n i s m a d e .
    Th e r e i s n o r e -s e t t l e m e n t s i t u a t i o n f o r w h i c h s o m e s o c i o m e t r i c
    p r o c e d u r e c a n n o t b e d e v i s e d a n d u s e d t o a d v a n t a g e
    . It i s a n
    i n d i v i d u a l i s t i c , d e m o c r a t i c p r o c e s s o f s e l e c t i o n . Th e s e t t l e r s a r e
    g i v e n t h e f e e l i n g t h a t t h e y a r e n o t m o v e d l i k e c a t t l e , b u t t a k e a n
    i m m e d i a t e p a r t i n a m a t t e r w h i c h i s i m m e n s e l y i m p o r t a n t t o t h e m .
    Th e m o s t i n t e l l i g e n t a n d p e n e t r a t i n g o b s e r v a t i o n o r c a s e -s t u d y
    c a n n o t s e r v e a s s u b s t i t u t e f o r s o c i o m e t r i c p r o c e d u r e s
    . Th e l a r g e r
    t h e s i z e o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n t o b e c o n s i d e r e d , t h e l e s s a d e q u a t e l y c a n
    o b s e r v a t i o n o r c a s e w o r k e n a b l e u s t o f o r m a n i d e a o f t h e w h o l e .
    An o t h e r c o n c r e t e i l l u s t r a t i o n i s Ce n t e r v i l l e , a n e x p e r i m e n t i n
    " c o o p e r a t i v e l i v i n g " . F o r t h e f i r s t t i m e i n t w e n t y y e a r s s i n c e I
    b e g a n t o d e v e l o p t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f s o c i o m e t r i c t e c h n i q u e s i n
    Eu r o p e a n r e s e t t l e m e n t p r o g r a m s d u r i n g t h e F i r s t Wo r l d Wa r ,
    s o c i o m e t r i c p r i n c i p l e s h a v e b e e n a p p l i e d t o o p e n c o m m u n i t i e s .
    As a p s y c h o l o g i c a l p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t h e c o m m u n i t y l i f e i n Ce n t e r -
    v i l l e , a s w e l l a s f o r e d u c a t i o n a l a n d i n f o r m a t i o n a l p u r p o s e s , f r e -
    q u e n t g r o u p m e e t i n g s f o r a b o u t f i f t e e n f a m i l i e s a t a t i m e w e r e h e l d
    i n a l a r g e c i t y a c c e s s i b l e t o t h e a p p l i c a n t s , d u r i n g a p e r i o d o f a l m o s t
    o n e y e a r b e f o r e t h e p r o j e c t w a s r e a d y f o r o c c u p a n c y .
    On e h u n -
    d r e d n i n e t y -e i g h t f a m i l i e s ( t h e p r o j e c t w a s i n t e n d e d t o a c c o m m o -
    d a t e t w o h u n d r e d a n d f i f t y f a m i l i e s ) p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e s e m e e t i n g s ,
    w h i c h , o f c o u r s e , i n c l u d e d t h e t h i r t y -f i v e f a m i l i e s c o n s i d e r e d h e r e .
    Th e g r o u p m e e t i n g s , o f t e n a t t e n d e d b y t h e w h o l e f a m i l y , s e r v e d
    t o f o s t e r p e r s o n a l a n d s o c i a l c o n t a c t s , w i t h t h e i r f a b r i c o f c r i s s -
    c r o s s a t t r a c t i o n s a n d r e p u l s i o n s . Li n e s o f c l e a v a g e w e r e n o t e d
    .
    F r i e n d s h i p s w e r e f o r m e d o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e s p i r i t e d d i s c u s s i o n s
    u s u a l l y g e n e r a t e d b y t h e F a m i l y Se l e c t i o n Sp e c i a l i s t o r o t h e r p r o j -
    e c t o f f i c i a l s .
    Wi t h t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e f i r s t t h i r t y -f i v e h o u s e s , t h i r t y -f i v e
    5 8 2

    WHO SHALL
    SURV IV E?
    f a m i l i e s t o t a l i n g a h u n d r e d a n d f i f t y -f o u r p e r s o n s w e r e c h o s e n f o r
    o c c u p a n c y .
    Th e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e s e f i r s t t h i r t y -f i v e f a m i l i e s
    w a s b a s e d p r i m a r i l y o n t h e n e e d f o r s a t i s f a c t o r y p e r s o n n e l f o r
    f a c t o r y o p e r a t i o n s .
    In t h e p r e -s e t t l e m e n t s i t u a t i o n i n Ce n t e r v i l l e , a l l o f t h e t h i r t y -
    f i v e f a m i l i e s a c c e p t e d a s p r o s p e c t i v e s e t t l e r s w e r e u n k n o w n t o e a c h
    o t h e r b e f o r e a p p l y i n g f o r m e m b e r s h i p t o t h e c o l o n y , e x c e p t i n a
    f e w c a s e s w h e r e t h e f a m i l y h e a d s h a d h a d c o m m o n e m p l o y m e n t
    c o n t a c t s i n t h e i n d u s t r y . Al l t h e f a m i l i e s w e r e r e s i d e n t s o f a l a r g e
    n e i g h b o r i n g c i t y .
    In a p p r o a c h i n g t h e p r o b l e m o f a s s i g n m e n t o f h o u s e s t o t h e
    i n d i v i d u a l f a m i l i e s , t h e F a m i l y Se l e c t i o n Sp e c i a l i s t d e e m e d i t a d -
    v i s a b l e t o a p p l y s o c i o m e t r i c p r i n c i p l e s a n d p r o c e d u r e s a s f a r a s
    c o n d i t i o n s w o u l d p e r m i t . In c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e p e r s o n a l a n d
    f a m i l y w e l f a r e o f t h e c o l o n i s t s , t h e p o p u l a t i o n t e s t , a f o r m o f
    s o c i o m e t r i c t e s t i n g , w a s u t i l i z e d i n t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e h o u s e
    a s s i g n m e n t s t o t h e f i r s t t h i r t y -f i v e h o m e s t e a d e r s . Th e t e s t w a s
    b a s e d o n t h e c r i t e r i o n o f t h e n e i g h b o r p r e f e r e n c e o f e a c h f a m i l y .
    Le a d e r i n d i v i d u a l s a n d t h e i r f o l l o w i n g w e r e n o t e d . Th e f o r m e r
    i n c l u d e d s e v e r a l a p p l i c a n t s w h o h a d l o n g b e e n i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e
    p r o j e c t i n i t s e a r l y s t r u g g l e s f o r r e a l i z a t i o n . So m e o t h e r s w e r e
    h i g h l y r e g a r d e d f o r t h e i r a b i l i t y t o u p h o l d t h e i r c o n v i c t i o n s i n
    d i s c u s s i o n s , a n d o t h e r s w e r e f a v o r e d f o r t h e i r p e r s o n a l i t y c h a r -
    a c t e r i s t i c s . On t h e w h o l e i t m a y b e s a i d t h a t , i n s p i t e o f t h e l o w
    a c q u a i n t a n c e v o l u m e a n d t h e l i m i t a t i o n s o n v i t a l c r i t e r i a i n t h e
    r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f t h e f u t u r e c o l o n i s t s d u r i n g t h e p r e -s e t t l e m e n t
    p e r i o d , t h e r e w a s a d e q u a t e b a s i s f o r a s s i g n m e n t o f h o u s e s b a s e d
    o n a s o c i o m e t r i c p o p u l a t i o n t e s t . Th e t h i r t y -f i v e s e t t l e m e n t f a m i l i e s
    w e r e a g r e e d t h a t a t e s t b a s e d o n t h e i r n e i g h b o r p r e f e r e n c e s w a s
    b o t h a n i n d i v i d u a l i s t i c a n d d e m o c r a t i c p r o c e s s o f s e l e c t i o n . Th e y
    f e l t t h a t t h e y w e r e n o t t o b e m o v e d l i k e c a t t l e , b u t w e r e t a k i n g a n
    a c t i v e p a r t i n a m a t t e r o f g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e t o t h e m .
    Th e f a m i l i e s w e r e a s k e d t o s u b m i t a s e c r e t b a l l o t i n d i c a t i n g
    t h r e e n e i g h b o r s i n t h e o r d e r o f c h o i c e , a t t h e f i r s t , s e c o n d a n d
    t h i r d l e v e l . Th e F a m i l y Se l e c t i o n Sp e c i a l i s t s t r e s s e d t h e f a c t t h a t
    t h e p r e f e r e n c e s w e r e t o c o n s t i t u t e a c o m p o s i t e r e a c t i o n o f t h e
    w h o l e f a m i l y . Th e s t r u c t u r e o f a f f i n i t i e s o f o n e f a m i l y f o r a n -
    o t h e r a r e g r a p h i c a l l y c h a r t e d i n s o c i o g r a m s . In d i v i d u a l c e n t e r s
    o f a t t r a c t i o n , m u t u a l a n d u n r e c i p r o c a t e d a t t r a c t i o n s , a n d u n c h o s e n
    EX PERIM ENTALPLANNING

    5 8 3
    f a m i l i e s a r e a l l i n d i c a t e d i n t h e c h a r t
    . Av e r i t a b l e n e t w o r k o f
    f o r c e s , a t t r a c t i o n s a n d r e p u l s i o n s a r e d e l i n e a t e d
    .
    Th e s o c i o g r a m
    e x p r e s s e s t h e s p o n t a n e o u s a c t i v a t i o n s t h a t c a m e o u t o f t h e g r o u p
    m e e t i n g s .
    M o t i v a t i o n s t h a t w e r e e v i d e n t w i t h i n t h e w h o l e g r o u p
    b e f o r e
    t h e f a m i l i e s a c t u a l l y m o v e d i n t o t h e n e w c o m m u n i t y w e r e , o f
    c o u r s e , p e r s o n a l a n d s o c i a l l i k e s a n d d i s l i k e s
    . Af e w a m b i t i o u s
    s o u l s m a d e m o r e o r l e s s s u c c e s s f u l a t t e m p t s t o i n f l u e n c e c e r t a i n
    f a m i l y h e a d s i n t h e n e i g h b o r p r e f e r e n c e v o t e .
    As o c i o m e t r i c g e o g r a p h y o f t h e e n t i r e c o m m u n i t y i s c h a r t e d
    w h i c h s h o w s t h e
    a c t u a l
    g e o g r a p h i c a l a s s i g n m e n t o f h o u s e s , w i t h
    a l l d e g r e e s o f m u t u a l c h o i c e s a n d u n r e c i p r o c a t e d c h o i c e s o f t h e
    n e i g h b o r h o o d s e l e c t i o n t e s t s u p e r i m p o s e d
    . It s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t
    t h e h o u s e s a r e s e t a b o u t a h u n d r e d f e e t a p a r t ( e x c e p t i n s e v e n c a s e s
    w h e r e t w o a r e c o n n e c t e d b y a d j o i n i n g g a r a g e s ) a n d a l l a r e i n
    o n e l i n e , a b o u t t h e s a m e d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e r o a d w a y
    . In t h e m a p
    t h e h o u s e s a r e o f f s e t m e r e l y f o r p u r p o s e s o f c l a r i t y i n d r a w i n g
    t h e l i n e s o f e x p r e s s e d c h o i c e s .
    Th e t h i r t y -f i v e a v a i l a b l e h o u s e s w e r e d i v i d e d i n t o s i x g e o -
    g r a p h i c a l u n i t s , f i v e u n i t s c o n t a i n i n g s i x h o u s e s a n d o n e u n i t c o n -
    t a i n i n g f i v e h o u s e s
    . Ev e r y f a m i l y w a s a s s u r e d a l o c a t i o n , i f n o t
    n e x t d o o r t o i t s c h o i c e , a t l e a s t w i t h i n a r e s t r i c t e d a r e a a l o n g w i t h
    t h e o t h e r d e f i n i t e l y r e l a t e d f a m i l i e s o f h i s g r o u p .
    Af t e r s i x m o n t h s o f l i v i n g i n Ce n t e r v i l l e a s e c o n d s u r v e y o f t h e
    s a m e f i r s t t h i r t y -f o u r f a m i l i e s w a s m a d e t o a s c e r t a i n t h e p s y c h o -
    g e o g r a p h i c a l p o s i t i o n o f t h e f a m i l i e s a n d t o n o t e p r o g r e s s , r e g r e s -
    s i o n o r s t a n d s t i l l o f c o m m u n i t y i n t e r r e l a t i o n s .
    Th e p r e f e r e n c e s o f t h e c o l o n i s t s w e r e n o t d i s c o v e r e d b y c a l l i n g
    t h e m t o a m e e t i n g o f t h e e n t i r e g r o u p
    f o r t h a t p u r p o s e . Th e d a t a
    f o r t h e s e c o n d s o c i o g r a m w a s g a t h e r e d f o r t h e m o s t p a r t i n t h e
    c o u r s e o f i n f o r m a t i o n c o n v e r s a t i o n w i t h i n d i v i d u a l h o m e s t e a d e r s
    .
    In s e v e r a l i n s t a n c e s o l d e r c h i l d r e n i n t h e f a m i l i e s c o o p e r a t e d b y
    g e t t i n g t h e e x a c t i n f o r m a t i o n r e q u i r e d
    . Ea c h f a m i l y a g a i n w a s
    a s k e d t o m a k e t h r e e c h o i c e s a t t h e f i r s t , s e c o n d a n d t h i r d l e v e l o f
    c h o i c e .
    In c o m p a r i n g t h e s o c i o g r a m o f t h e f i r s t t e s t w i t h t h a t o f t h e
    r e t e s t , i t i s d i s c o v e r e d t h a t f r o m t h e f i r s t t o t h e s e c o n d t e s t s t h e r e
    i s o b s e r v a b l e a c o n s i d e r a b l e d i v e r s i o n o f t e l e f r o m t h e m o s t p o p u l a r
    l e a d e r g r o u p .
    Th e t e l e g o e s t o m o r e o b s c u r e i n d i v i d u a l s , p o -
    5 8 4

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    t e n t i a l l e a d e r s w h o m a y b e c o m e t h e k e r n e l o f a s u b g r o u p . Th e
    o b s e r v a t i o n o f r e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s h a s c l e a r l y s h o w n t h a t i n t h e
    c o u r s e o f t h e e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e c o m m u n i t y s u c h a
    m i n o r g r o u p i s g r o w i n g u p
    . At t h i s s t a g e o f d e v e l o p m e n t i t i s
    m e r e l y i n n e g a t i o n o f t h e i d e o l o g y o f t h e " c o o p e r a t i v e " , b u t u n d e r
    f a v o r a b l e c i r c u m s t a n c e s i t m a y d e v e l o p i n t o o p p o s i t i o n a r o u n d a n
    i d e o l o g y w h i c h i s m o r e i n d i v i d u a l i s t i c a n d m o r e c o n s e r v a t i v e
    .
    Th e f a c t t h a t a d e c r e a s e f r o m s i x t o f o u r u n c h o s e n f a m i l i e s
    o c c u r r e d f r o m t h e f i r s t t o t h e s e c o n d t e s t m a y w e l l b e s i g n i f i c a n t
    .
    Si n c e w e r e g a r d t h e p r o j e c t a s a l i f e t i m e a f f a i r , t h e b r i n g i n g a b o u t
    o f g r e a t e r m e n t a l h a p p i n e s s t o t w o f a m i l i e s h a s g r e a t i m p o r t . If
    i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e n e x t f e w y e a r s , t h r o u g h s o c i o m e t r i c t e c h n i q u e s
    a n d w h a t e v e r m e a n s n a t u r a l t o t h e s i t u a t i o n , o n e m o r e o f t h e f o u r
    " u n i n c l u d e d " f a m i l i e s w i n s a n a c c e p t a b l e p o s i t i o n , t h e r e w i l l
    g r a d u a l l y b e b u i l t u p a s t r o n g h u m a n c o l l e c t i v e a s w e l l a s a s t r o n g
    e c o n o m i c c o l l e c t i v e , i f i n d e e d t h e l a t t e r e v e r c a n b e c o m e t r u l y
    s t r o n g u n l e s s t h e f o r m e r l a y s a b a s i s f o r i t
    . We k n o w f r o m c o n -
    t r o l s t u d i e s t h a t t h e b u i l d i n g u p o f r e c i p r o c a l r e l a t i o n s a n d t h e
    g r a d u a l i n t e g r a t i o n o f o n e n e w c o m e r a f t e r a n o t h e r i n t o a c o m -
    m u n i t y i n p r o c e s s o f f o r m a t i o n h a s a c u m u l a t i v e e f f e c t
    .
    Co m m e n t s a n d In t e r p r e t a t i o n s
    In t h e c o u r s e o f i t s o p e r a t i o n w e c a n l e a r n f r o m t h e s p o n t a n e o u s
    r e s p o n s e s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s c o n c e r n e d s o m e t h i n g a b o u t t h e c a u s e s
    u n d e r l y i n g t h e i r f e a r s a n d r e s i s t a n c e
    . In o n e o f t h e c o m m u n i t i e s
    t e s t e d s o m e i n d i v i d u a l s m a d e t h e i r c h o i c e a n d g a v e t h e i r r e a s o n s
    w i t h o u t h e s i t a n c y
    ; o t h e r s h e s i t a t e d l o n g b e f o r e c h o o s i n g
    ; o n e o r
    t w o r e f u s e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e a t a l l .
    Af t e r t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e t e s t
    w e r e a p p l i e d t o t h e g r o u p a f r e q u e n t l y c h o s e n i n d i v i d u a l w a s m u c h
    d i s p l e a s e d
    . He h a d n o t r e c e i v e d t h a t m a n a s n e i g h b o r w i t h w h o m
    h e h a d e x c h a n g e d a m u t u a l f i r s t c h o i c e
    . It t o o k h i m w e e k s t o
    o v e r c o m e h i s a n g e r
    . On e d a y h e s a i d s m i l i n g l y t h a t h e l i k e d t h e
    n e i g h b o r h e h a d n o w a n d h e w o u l d n o t c h a n g e h i m f o r h i s o r i g i n a l
    f i r s t c h o i c e e v e n i f h e c o u l d
    . Th e r e w a s a n o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l w h o
    d i d n o t c a r e t o m a k e a n y c h o i c e . Wh e n t h e c h a r t o f t h e c o m m u n i t y
    w a s l a i d o u t i t w a s f o u n d t h a t i n t u r n n o n e o f t h e o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l s
    w a n t e d h i m . He w a s i s o l a t e d
    . It w a s a s i f h e g u e s s e d t h a t h i s
    p o s i t i o n i n t h e g r o u p w a s t h a t o f a n i s o l a t e
    ; t h e r e f o r e h e d i d n o t
    l i k e t o k n o w t o o m u c h a b o u t i t . He d i d n o t h a v e t h e p o s i t i o n i n
    EX PERIM ENTALPLANNING

    5 8 5
    t h e g r o u p h e w o u l d l i k e t o h a v e a n d s o p e r h a p s h e t h o u g h t i t b e t t e r
    t o k e e p i t v e i l e d
    .
    An o t h e r p r o b l e m i s t h e p h e n o m e n o n o f
    " a m b i v a l e n t " c h o i c e ;
    Ac h o s e B a n d r e j e c t e d h i m a t t h e s a m e t i m e
    . Wh e n Af o u n d o u t
    i n t h e i n t e r v i e w t h a t B c h o s e h i m , h e d r o p p e d t h e r e j e c t i o n a n d
    w a s h a p p y , a d m i t t i n g t h a t h e w a s a f r a i d o f b e i n g u n w a n t e d b y B
    .
    At o t h e r t i m e s t h e i n t e r v i e w r e v e a l s t h a t t h e a m b i v a l e n c e i s t h e
    r e s u l t o f t w o c o n f l i c t i n g c r i t e r i a
    . Ar e j e c t s B a s a c o -w o r k e r b u t
    c h o o s e s h i m a s a n e i g h b o r .
    Ot h e r i n d i v i d u a l s a l s o s h o w e d f e a r o f t h e r e v e l a t i o n s t h e s o c i o -
    m e t r i c p r o c e d u r e m i g h t b r i n g .
    Th e f e a r i s s t r o n g e r w i t h s o m e
    p e o p l e , a n d w e a k e r w i t h o t h e r s .
    On e m a y b e m o s t a n x i o u s t o
    a r r a n g e o n e ' s r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n a c c o r d w i t h a c t u a l d e s i r e s
    ; a n o t h e r
    m a y b e a f r a i d o f t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s
    . F o r i n s t a n c e , o n e o f t h e p e r -
    s o n s r e m a r k e d t h a t i t m a d e h i m f e e l u n c o m f o r t a b l e t o s a y w h o m h e
    l i k e d f o r a c o -w o r k e r
    . " Yo u c a n n o t c h o o s e a l l a n d Id o n o t w a n t
    t o o f f e n d a n y b o d y
    . " An o t h e r p e r s o n s a i d , " If Id o n ' t h a v e a s a
    n e i g h b o r t h e p e r s o n Il i k e ,
    i . e . i f h e l i v e s f a r t h e r a w a y , w e m a y
    s t a y f r i e n d s l o n g e r .
    It i s b e t t e r n o t t o s e e a f r i e n d t o o o f t e n . "
    Th e s e a n d o t h e r r e m a r k s r e v e a l a f u n d a m e n t a l p h e n o m e n o n , a
    f o r m o f i n t e r -p e r s o n a l r e s i s t a n c e , a r e s i s t a n c e a g a i n s t e x p r e s s i n g
    t h e p r e f e r e n t i a l f e e l i n g s w h i c h o n e h a s f o r o t h e r s
    . Th i s r e s i s t -
    a n c e s e e m s a t f i r s t s i g h t p a r a d o x i c a l a s i t c r o p s u p i n f a c e o f a n
    a c t u a l o p p o r t u n i t y t o h a v e a f u n d a m e n t a l n e e d s a t i s f i e d
    . An e x -
    p l a n a t i o n o f t h i s r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l v e r s u s t h e g r o u p i s
    p o s s i b l e
    . It i s , o n t h e o n e h a n d , t h e i n d i v i d u a l ' s f e a r o f k n o w i n g
    w h a t p o s i t i o n h e h a s i n t h e g r o u p .
    To b e c o m e a n d t o b e m a d e
    f u l l y c o n s c i o u s o f o n e ' s p o s i t i o n m a y b e p a i n f u l a n d u n p l e a s a n t
    .
    An o t h e r s o u r c e o f t h i s r e s i s t a n c e i s t h e f e a r t h a t i t m a y b e c o m e
    m a n i f e s t t o o t h e r s w h o m o n e l i k e s a n d w h o m o n e d i s l i k e s , a n d
    w h a t p o s i t i o n i n t h e g r o u p o n e a c t u a l l y w a n t s a n d n e e d s
    .
    Th e
    r e s i s t a n c e i s p r o d u c e d b y t h e e x t r a -p e r s o n a l s i t u a t i o n o f a n i n d i -
    v i d u a l , b y t h e p o s i t i o n h e h a s i n t h e g r o u p
    .
    He f e e l s t h a t t h e
    p o s i t i o n h e h a s i n t h e g r o u p i s n o t t h e r e s u l t o f h i s i n d i v i d u a l
    m a k e -u p o n l y b u t c h i e f l y t h e r e s u l t o f h o w t h e i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h
    w h o m h e i s a s s o c i a t e d f e e l t o w a r d s h i m
    . He m a y e v e n f e e l d i m l y
    t h a t t h e r e a r e b e y o n d h i s s o c i a l a t o m i n v i s i b l e t e l e -s t r u c t u r e s w h i c h
    i n f l u e n c e h i s p o s i t i o n , u n c o n s c i o u s l y a p p l y i n g t o h i m s e l f h i s " s o c i o -
    m e t r i c p e r c e p t i o n s
    . " Th e f e a r o f e x p r e s s i n g t h e p r e f e r e n t i a l f e e l -
    5 8 6

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    i n g s w h i c h o n e p e r s o n h a s f o r o t h e r s i s a c t u a l l y a f e a r o f t h e
    f e e l i n g s w h i c h t h e o t h e r s h a v e f o r h i m
    . Th e o b j e c t i v e p r o c e s s
    u n d e r l y i n g t h i s f e a r h a s b e e n d i s c o v e r e d b y u s i n t h e c o u r s e o f
    q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f g r o u p o r g a n i z a t i o n
    . Th e i n d i v i d u a l d r e a d s
    t h e p o w e r f u l c u r r e n t s o f e m o t i o n s w h i c h " s o c i e t y " m a y t u r n
    a g a i n s t h i m -i f i s f e a r o f t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l n e t w o r k s
    . It i s d r e a d
    o f t h e s e p o w e r f u l s t r u c t u r e s o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n w h o s e i n f l u e n c e i s
    u n l i m i t e d a n d u n c o n t r o l l a b l e .
    It i s f e a r t h a t t h e y m a y d e s t r o y
    h i m i f h e d o e s n o t k e e p s t i l l
    .
    Th e s o c i o m e t r i s t h a s t h e t a s k o f g r a d u a l l y b r e a k i n g d o w n t h e
    m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g s a n d f e a r s e x i s t i n g o r d e v e l o p i n g i n t h e g r o u p
    h e i s f a c i n g
    . Th e m e m b e r s o f t h e g r o u p w i l l b e e a g e r t o w e i g h
    t h e a d v a n t a g e s w h i c h s o c i o m e t r i c p r o c e d u r e i s a b l e t o b r i n g t o
    t h e m -a b e t t e r b a l a n c e d o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e i r c o m m u n i t y a n d a
    b e t t e r b a l a n c e d s i t u a t i o n o f e a c h i n d i v i d u a l w i t h i n i t
    . Th e s o c i o -
    m e t r i s t h a s t o e x e r t h i s s k i l l t o g a i n t h e i r f u l l c o l l a b o r a t i o n , f o r
    a t l e a s t t w o r e a s o n s
    : t h e m o r e s p o n t a n e o u s t h e i r c o l l a b o r a t i o n , t h e
    m o r e v a l u a b l e w i l l b e t h e f r u i t s o f h i s r e s e a r c h , a n d t h e m o r e h e l p -
    f u l w i l l t h e r e s u l t s b e c o m e t o t h e m
    .
    THEARCHITECTURALPLANNINGOF A
    SOCIOM ETRIZ ED COM M UNITY
    Th e p h y s i c a l s e t t i n g s h o u l d b e a f u n c t i o n o f t h e s o c i o m e t r i c
    a n d s o c i o p s y c h o l o g i c a l s e t u p o f a c o m m u n i t y
    . Th e m o r e c r i t e r i a
    t h e p o p u l a t i o n t e s t c o v e r s , t h e m o r e c a n t h e p h y s i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f
    t h e c o m m u n i t y b e o r g a n i z e d t o r e f l e c t i t :
    t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e p u b l i c
    c e n t e r s , t h e h o u s e s a n d s o o n .
    Th e g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h i n t h e c o m m u n i t y a r e a p r o -
    v i d e s a n a v e n u e w h i c h c a n b e d i r e c t l y u t i l i z e d t o p r o v i d e t h e m o s t
    a u s p i c i o u s d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n w h i c h h a s b e e n s e l e c t e d
    .
    Th e p r o b l e m o f n e i g h b o r s e l e c t i o n c a n n o t b e s o l v e d b y a p u r e l y
    a r b i t r a r y d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n , a s t h e f a m i l y u n i t s m u s t
    r e s i d e p e r m a n e n t l y i n r e l a t i v e l y c l o s e p r o x i m i t y a n d e a c h f a m i l y
    w i l l h a v e c e r t a i n o t h e r f a m i l i e s a s n e i g h b o r s w i t h t h e i r l a n d a d -
    j o i n i n g
    . Th r o u g h t h e e v i d e n c e g a t h e r e d t h r o u g h t h e s o c i o m e t r i c
    t e c h n i q u e t h e f a m i l i e s c a n b e a s s i g n e d a s i m m e d i a t e n e i g h b o r s w h o
    a r e m u t u a l l y a t t r a c t e d a n d
    m u t u a l l y b e n e f i c i a l . Th e f a m i l y u n i t s
    EX PERIM ENTALPLANNING

    5 8 7
    c a n b e s o l o c a t e d g e o g r a p h i c a l l y t h a t h a r m o n i o u s s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s
    a l r e a d y e x i s t i n g a r e s t i m u l a t e d a n d o t h e r l e s s a d v a n t a g e o u s r e l a -
    t i o n s d i s c o u r a g e d .
    Th e q u e s t i o n a r i s e s w h e t h e r t h e h o u s e s s h o u l d b e a r r a n g e d i n
    t h e f o r m o f l o n g c h a i n s o r i f t h e y s h o u l d b e g r o u p e d i n s e v e r a l
    n e i g h b o r h o o d s
    . Co m m o n l y t h i s p r o b l e m i s d e c i d e d b y a c c i d e n t
    o r a c c o r d i n g t o a r c h i t e c t u r a l o r i n d u s t r i a l p l a n n i n g . Th e r e i s
    a n o t h e r p o s s i b i l i t y o p e n e d u p t h r o u g h t h e p o p u l a t i o n t e s t
    : t o r e f l e c t
    i n t o t h e p h y s i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e t o w n t h e p s y c h o s o c i a l a n d
    s o c i o m e t r i c s t r u c t u r e o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n
    . In t h i s m a n n e r , p e r h a p s ,
    t h e f o r c e s o f s o c i a l g r a v i t a t i o n w h i c h d r a w t h e g r o u p s t o g e t h e r
    o r a p a r t m a y s u g g e s t t h e g r o u p i n g o f t h e h o u s e s a n d t h e d i s t r i b u -
    t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n w i t h i n t h e t o w n
    .
    As t u d y o f t h e p s y c h o g e o g r a p h i c a l c h a r t s o f t h e Hu d s o n c o m -
    m u n i t y s u g g e s t e d a n u m b e r o f p e r t i n e n t q u e s t i o n s : Is t h e r e a n y
    r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e a t t r a c t i o n -r e p u l s i o n p a t t e r n s l i n k i n g t w o
    h o u s e s a n d t h e p h y s i c a l d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e m ?Is i t p o s s i b l e t h a t
    a n e x c e s s o f n e a r n e s s r e t a r d s h e a l t h y g r o u p f o r m a t i o n j u s t a s
    m u c h a s a n e x c e s s o f d i s t a n c e ? Wh i c h t y p e o f a r c h i t e c t u r a l
    o r g a n i z a t i o n s o f a c o m m u n i t y s t i m u l a t e g r o u p f o r m a t i o n a n d
    w h i c h d i s c o u r a g e i t ?Wh a t i s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f e s t h e t i c f a c t o r s
    a s t h e u n a t t r a c t i v e n e s s o f t h e h o u s e s a n d s t r e e t p a t t e r n s , a s , f o r
    i n s t a n c e i n c i t y s l u m s a n d g h e t t o s , t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s o c i a l
    c o n t a c t s a n d s o c i o m e t r i c g r o u p f o r m a t i o n ? Th e a r c h i t e c t o f t h e
    f u t u r e w i l l b e a s t u d e n t o f s o c i o i n e t r y ; t h e s i t e s o f c i t i e s , i n d u s t r i a l
    p l a n t s a n d r e s o r t p l a c e s w i l l b e c h o s e n s o a s t o m e e t t h e n e e d s o f
    t h e p o p u l a t i o n s l i v i n g a n d w o r k i n g i n t h e m
    .
    5
    8 8
    ARCHITECTURALSTRUCTUREOF ACOM M UNITY
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    . ARCHITECTURALSTRUCTUREOF THECOM M UNITY" B EF ORE" ITWAS
    SOCIOM ETRi Z ED
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    5 8 9
    Th e m a p i l l u s t r a t e s t h e t o p o g r a p h i c a l o u t l a y o f Hu d s o n
    . Th e c o m m u n i t y h a s
    t h r e e d i f f e r e n t s e c t i o n s , e a c h o f w h i c h f o r m a k i n d o f n e i g h b o r h o o d : Ne i g h -
    b o r h o o d I, f o r m e d b y C3 , C4, C15 , 0 16, 0 5 , C6, C7a n d CS ; Ne i g h b o r h o o d II,
    f o r m e d b y 0 9, C10 , C11, C12, C13 a n d 0 14 ; Ne i g h b o r h o o d III, f o r m e d b y Cl
    a n d 0 2 . Th e t w o c o l o r e d c o t t a g e s , C9a n d 0 12, b o r d e r o n t h e e n d s o f Ne i g h b o r -
    h o o d IIa n d a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y s m a l l b l a c k s q u a r e s .
    F u r t h e r Ex p l a n a t o r y t o Ch a r t : G-Ga t e h o u s e ; S-St o r e h o u s e ; C-Ch u r c h ;
    M -M a i n B u i l d i n g ; P-Pa i n t Sh o p ; E-Ed u c a t i o n a l B u i l d i n g ; I-In d u s t r i a l
    B u i l d i n g ; T--Te a c h e r s ' Co t t a g e
    ; M b -M e r c a n t i l e B u i l d i n g ; L-La u n d r y ; H-
    Ho s p i t a l ; R-Re c e i v i n g Co t t a g e .
    5
    9
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    CIf
    Ra v i n e
    ARCHITECTURAL
    STRUCTUREOF ACOM M UNITY
    . .. u . . .
    u c . n : u
    w o m m o m m o d o m
    u . u n !. u u
    s o n
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    : : :
    5 91
    II. ARCHITECTURALSTRUCTUREOF THECOM M UNITY " A IR" ITWAS
    SOCIOM ETRIZ ED
    Th i s m a p s u g g e s t s t h e " n e w " t o p o g r a p h i c a l o u t l a y o f Hu d s o n a f t e r i t w a s
    s o c i o m e t r i z e d .
    Th e f i n d i n g s o n t h e s o c i o m e t r i c g e o g r a p h y o f a c o m m u n i t y
    ( M a p III, r e a r o f
    b o o k ) s u g g e s t t h a t a ) t h e " b e t t e r " h o u s e s s e c t i o n c o n s i s t i n g
    o f c o t t a g e C1
    a n d c o t t a g e C2b e b r o k e n u p . Ac c o r d i n g l y c o t t a g e C1a n d c o t t a g e C2 a r e r e -
    m o v e d f r o m t h e r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a o n t h e t o p o f M a p Ia n d p l a c e d i n a n e w a r e a ;
    b ) t h e " c o l o r e d g h e t t o " b e b r o k e n u p ; a c c o r d i n g l y c o l o r e d c o t t a g e C9a n d
    c o l o r e d c o t t a g e C12a r e s e p a r a t e d a n d p l a c e d i n t w o d i f f e r e n t n e i g h b o r h o o d s ;
    c ) a n e q u a l d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d p l a c e m e n t o f t h e o f f i c i a l a n d s o c i a l
    b u i l d i n g s o f
    t h e c o m m u n i t y . Ac c o r d i n g l y t h e m a i n b u i l d i n g ( M ) a n d t h e c h u r c h ( C) a r e a t
    t h e o n e e n d o f M a i n St r e e t , a l l o t h e r b u i l d i n g s a r e p l a c e d i n t h e No r t h e r n
    s e c t i o n , S-St o r e h o u s e , Nb -M e r c a n t i l e b u i l d i n g , H-h o s p i t a l , R-r e c e i v i n g
    c o t t a g e , b -l a u n d r y , J -i n d u s t r i a l b u i l d i n g , P-p a i n t s h o p , E-e d u c a t i o n a l
    b u i l d i n g , T-t e a c h e r s c o t t a g e .
    In a c c o r d w i t h t h e s o c i o g r a v i t a t i o n a l t r e n d s t h e
    f o l l o w i n g c o t t a g e s a r e p u t
    t o g e t h e r i n t h e s a m e r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a : Co t t a g e C7a n d a n d c o t t a g e C16, c o t -
    t a g e C14a n d c o t t a g e C4, c o t t a g e C1a n d c o t t a g e C2 . Th e f o l l o w i n g c o t t a g e s
    a r e s e p a r a t e d : Co t t a g e C9a n d c o t t a g e C12, c o t t a g e C3 a n d c o t t a g e
    C4 .
    B OOKV I
    WHOSHALLSURV IV E?
    THECREATIV EREV OLUTION
    Th e w e a k e s t p o i n t i n o u r p r e s e n t d a y u n i v e r s e i s t h e i n c a p a c i t y
    o f m a n t o m e e t t h e m a c h i n e , t h e c u l t u r a l c o n s e r v e , o r t h e r o b o t ,
    o t h e r t h a n t h r o u g h s u b m i s s i o n , a c t u a l d e s t r u c t i o n , a n d s o c i a l
    r e v o l u t i o n .
    Th e p r o b l e m o f m a k i n g o v e r m a n h i m s e l f a n d n o t
    h i s e n v i r o n m e n t a l o n e h a s b e c o m e o u t s t a n d i n g t h e m o r e s u c c e s s -
    f u l l y t e c h n i c a l f o r c e s p r o s p e r i n t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h e m a c h i n e , t h e
    c u l t u r a l c o n s e r v e a n d t h e r o b o t . Al t h o u g h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s e
    i s f a r f r o m h a v i n g r e a c h e d i t s p e a k , t h e f i n a l s i t u a t i o n o f m a n
    a n d h i s s u r v i v a l c a n , a t l e a s t t h e o r e t i c a l l y , b e c l e a r l y v i s u a l i z e d
    .
    F i r s t , o n e m a y a s k h o w i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t a m a c h i n e -l i k e d e v i c e
    c a n b e c o m e d a n g e r o u s t o m a n a s a c r e a t o r
    . F o l l o w i n g t h e c o u r s e
    o f m a n t h r o u g h o u t t h e v a r i o u s s t a g e s o f o u r c i v i l i z a t i o n , w e f i n d
    h i m u s i n g t h e s a m e m e t h o d s i n t h e m a k i n g o f c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s
    w h i c h a r e u s e d l a t e r a n d w i t h l e s s f r i c t i o n b y t h e p r o d u c t s o f h i s
    m i n d , h i s t e c h n i c a l d e v i c e s . Th e s e m e t h o d s h a v e a l w a y s a m o u n t e d
    s i m p l y t o t h i s -t o n e g l e c t a n d a b a n d o n t h e g e n u i n e a n d o u t s t a n d -
    i n g c r e a t i v e p r o c e s s i n h i m , t o e x t i n g u i s h a l l t h e a c t i v e , l i v i n g
    m o m e n t s , a n d t o s t r i v e t o w a r d s o n e u n c h a n g e a b l e g o a l
    : t h e i l l u s i o n
    o f t h e f i n i s h e d , p e r f e c t e d p r o d u c t w h o s e a s s u m e d p e r f e c t i b i l i t y w a s
    a n e x c u s e p a r e x c e l l e n c e f o r f o r s a k i n g i t s p a s t , f o r p r e f e r r i n g o n e
    p a r t i a l p h e n o m e n o n t o t h e w h o l e r e a l i t y . Th e r e i s a s h r e w d m o t i v e
    i n t h i s p r o c e d u r e o f m a n b e c a u s e i f o n l y o n e s t a g e o f a c r e a t i v e
    p r o c e s s i s a r e a l l y g o o d o n e , a n d a l l t h e o t h e r s a r e b a d , t h e n t h i s
    c h o s e n s t a g e s u b s t i t u t i n g f o r t h e e n t i r e p r o c e s s c a n b e m e m o r i z e d ,
    c o n s e r v e d , e t e r n a l i z e d , a n d c a n g i v e c o m f o r t t o t h e s o u l o f t h e
    c r e a t o r a n d o r d e r t o t h e c i v i l i z a t i o n o f w h i c h h e i s a p a r t .
    We c a n o b s e r v e t h i s s t r a t e g y i n a l l t h e c u l t u r a l a t t e m p t s o f m a n
    a n d i t c o u l d d e c e i v e m a n a n d b e r e g a r d e d a s w o r t h y a n d b e n e f i c i a l
    a s l o n g a s t h e p r o c e s s o f i n d u s t r i a l r e v o l u t i o n d i d n o t p r o d u c e a n
    u n p r e c e d e n t e d w o r l d s i t u a t i o n .
    Up t o t h e t i m e w h e n t h e m e -
    c h a n i c a l d e v i c e d i d n o t e n t e r e n m a s s e i n t o t h e e c o n o m i c s i t u a t i o n
    i n t h e f o r m o f t h e b o o k , t h e g r a m o p h o n e , a n d t h e t a l k i n g f i l m , m a n
    h a d n o c o m p e t i t i o n i n t h e e x e c u t i o n o f h i s c o n s e r v e s . On c e a n
    5 95
    5 96

    WHO
    SHALL SURV IV E?
    e n s e m b l e o f
    a c t o r s h a d r e h e a r s e d a n d a c q u i r e d a p l a y t o p e r f e c t i o n ,
    t h i s e n s e m b l e w a s t h e o n l y o w n e r o f t h e i r p a r t i c u l a r b i t o f m e r -
    c h a n d i s e w h i c h t h e y o f f e r e d f o r s a l e . Th e i r o n l y c o m p e t i t i o n
    c o u l d c o m e f r o m a n o t h e r g r o u p o f p e r s o n s
    . On c e a g r o u p o f
    m u s i c i a n s h a d r e h e a r s e d a n d p e r f e c t e d a c e r t a i n n u m b e r o f m u s i -
    c a l c o m p o s i t i o n s , t h e y w e r e t h e o n l y o w n e r s a n d e x e c u t o r s o f t h i s
    p r o d u c t
    . Th r o u g h t h e p r o c e s s o f r e p e t i t i o n t h e y e a r n e d m o n e y
    .
    Th e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f c u l t u r a l d e v i c e s c h a n g e d t h e s i t u a t i o n c o m -
    p l e t e l y .
    M a n w a s n o t n e e d e d a n y m o r e f o r t h e r e p e t i t i o n o f h i s
    f i n i s h e d p r o d u c t s . M a c h i n e s d i d t h e w o r k j u s t a s w e l l a n d p e r h a p s
    e v e n b e t t e r , a n d a t a m u c h s m a l l e r e x p e n s e .
    In t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h i s i n d u s t r i a l p r o c e s s m a n t r i e d t o m e e t i t
    w i t h a g g r e s s i v e a c t i o n
    . B u t t h e n e a r e r t h e a v a l a n c h e o f g h o s t s
    r o l l e d t o w a r d s h i m t h e m o r e h e t r i e d o t h e r m e a n s o f d e f e n s e
    . He
    i n v e n t e d s o c i a l i s m a n d h o p e d t h a t t h r o u g h c h a n g i n g t h e p r e s e n t
    s t a t e o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n t h e m e c h a n i c a l d e v i c e w o u l d
    b e c o m e o f e v e n g r e a t e r h e l p a n d c o m f o r t t o h i m t h a n i t h a d b e e n
    .
    On e s i d e o f t h e p r o b l e m , h o w e v e r , h a s b e e n o v e r l o o k e d
    . Th e r e
    i s a w a y i n w h i c h m a n , n o t t h r o u g h d e s t r u c t i v e n e s s n o r t h r o u g h
    e c o n o m i c p l a n n i n g , b u t a s a b i o l o g i c a l b e i n g a n d a c r e a t o r , o r a s
    a n a s s o c i a t i o n o f c r e a t o r s , c a n f i g h t b a c k . It i s t h r o u g h a s t r a t e g y
    o f c r e a t i o n w h i c h e s c a p e s t h e t r e a c h e r y o f c o n s e r v a t i o n a n d t h e
    c o m p e t i t i o n o f t h e r o b o t
    . Th i s s t r a t e g y i s t h e p r a c t i c e o f t h e
    c r e a t i v e a c t , m a n , a s a m e d i u m o f c r e a t i o n , c h a n g i n g h i s p r o d u c t s
    c o n t i n u o u s l y
    . Sp o n t a n e i t y a s a m e t h o d o f t r a n s i t i o n i s a s o l d
    a s m a n k i n d , b u t a s a f o c u s i n i t s e l f i t i s a p r o b l e m o f t o d a y a n d o f
    t o m o r r o w
    . If a f r a c t i o n o f o n e -t h o u s a n d t h o f t h e e n e r g y w h i c h
    m a n k i n d h a s e x e r t e d i n t h e c o n c e p t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f m e -
    c h a n i c a l d e v i c e s w e r e t o b e u s e d f o r t h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f o u r c u l -
    t u r a l c a p a c i t y d u r i n g t h e m o m e n t o f c r e a t i o n i t s e l f , m a n k i n d
    w o u l d e n t e r i n t o a n e w a g e o f c u l t u r e , a t y p e o f c u l t u r e w h i c h
    w o u l d n o t h a v e t o d r e a d a n y p o s s i b l e i n c r e a s e o f m a c h i n e r y n o r
    r o b o t r a c e s o f t h e f u t u r e
    . Th e e s c a p e w o u l d b e m a d e w i t h o u t
    g i v i n g u p a n y t h i n g t h a t m a c h i n e c i v i l i z a t i o n h a s p r o d u c e d .
    In t h e p r o c e s s o f b i o l o g i c a l e v o l u t i o n , n a t u r a l s e l e c t i o n h a s t o
    d a t e b e e n c o n s i d e r e d t h e f i n a l a r b i t e r o f s u r v i v a l . B u t m a n h a s
    a r r i v e d a t c r o s s r o a d s
    . He m a y l e a r n t o l i v e a n d s u r v i v e i n t w o
    d i f f e r e n t e n v i r o n m e n t s
    ; t h e o n e i s t h e n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t i n
    w h i c h h i s f r e e d o m a s a b i o l o g i c a l b e i n g , t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e
    THECREATIV EREV OLUTION

    5 97
    c r e a t o r , i s t h e s u p r e m e c r i t e r i o n ; t h e o t h e r i s a n i n d u s t r i a l o r ,
    b e t t e r s a i d , a c o n s e r v e d a n d c o n s e r v i n g e n v i r o n m e n t i n w h i c h h i s
    f r e e d o m a n d h i s c r e a t i v e f u n c t i o n s a r e r e s t r a i n e d a n d h a v e t o f l o w
    b e t w e e n t h e b e d r o c k o f m e c h a n i c a l e v o l u t i o n .
    Ob v i o u s l y , r a c e s
    o f m e n f i t f o r t h e o n e m a y b e u n f i t f o r t h e o t h e r . Th e c r i t e r i a
    o f u n f i t n e s s a r e d i f f e r e n t i n b o t h e n v i r o n m e n t s . On e l i n e o f
    e v o l u t i o n m a y l e a d i n e s c a p a b l y t o s o c i e t i e s o f m e n s i m i l a r t o
    s o c i e t i e s o f i n s e c t s , h a r m o n i o u s a n d o n e h u n d r e d p e r c e n t c o n s t a n t
    a n d e f f i c i e n t , b u t u n i n d i v i d u a l i s t i c a n d u n c r e a t i v e . Th e o t h e r l i n e
    o f e v o l u t i o n m a y l e a d i n e s c a p a b l y t o a n e w r a c e o f m e n w h i c h
    t a c i t l y w i l l f o l l o w t h e o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n a n d w h i c h w i l l b e p a r t l y
    m o d i f i e d b y t h e t r i u m p h o v e r t h e r o b o t . Th e r e w i l l t h e n b e t w o
    p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f s u r v i v a l f o r m a n : o n e , a s a z o o t e c h n i c a l a n i m a l ,
    t h e o t h e r , a s a c r e a t o r . Th e n o t i o n o f D a r w i n o f t h e s u r v i v a l o f
    t h e f i t t e s t g a i n s h e r e w i t h a r e o r i e n t a t i o n
    . B o t h e n v i r o n m e n t s m a y
    g u a r a n t e e s u r v i v a l t o m a n b u t e a c h t o w a r d s d i f f e r e n t g o a l s . In
    a n e n v i r o n m e n t i n w h i c h t h e m a c h i n e a n d t h e t e c h n i c a l c o n s e r v e
    a r e f u n c t i o n s o f c r e a t i v i t y o n l y , i n a s t a t e o f s t r i c t d e p e n d e n c e , t h e
    f i t t e s t w i l l b e t h e c r e a t o r -m a n , i t s m a s t e r , n o t t h e m a c h i n e -a d d i c t ,
    t h e s e r v a n t o f t h e m a c h i n e . An d t h e t y p e o f m a n w h o i s s u p r e m e
    i n a c o n s e r v i n g e n v i r o n m e n t w i l l b e d o o m e d t o p e r i s h i n t h e o t h e r .
    Th e f u t u r e m a y w e l l s e e t w o d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l o r d e r s f l o u r i s h i n g s i d e
    b y s i d e a n d b r e e d i n g t w o d i f f e r e n t r a c e s o f m e n , l e a d i n g c o n s e -
    q u e n t l y t o t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t d i v i s i o n s i n c e m a n a r o s e f r o m c e r -
    t a i n g e n e r a o f t h e Pl i o c e n e a p e m a n t o o u r o w n g e n u s Ho m o . It
    m a y b e t h a t w h a t c a n s u r v i v e i s n o t w o r t h y o f s u r v i v a l a n d t h a t
    w h a t i s w o r t h y o f s u r v i v a l c a n n o t s u r v i v e . If t h e f u t u r e o f m a n -
    k i n d c a n b e " p l a n n e d " , t h e n c o n s c i o u s e v o l u t i o n t h r o u g h t r a i n i n g
    o f s p o n t a n e i t y -c r e a t i v i t y o p e n s a n e w v i s t a f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t
    o f t h e h u m a n r a c e .
    Th e e u g e n i c d o c t r i n e , s i m i l a r l y t o t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s , i s
    a n o t h e r p r o m i s e o f e x t r e m e h a p p i n e s s t o m a n . Th e e u g e n i c
    d r e a m e r s e e s t h e h u m a n r a c e s o c h a n g e d t h r o u g h b r e e d i n g i n t h e
    d i s t a n t f u t u r e t h a t a l l m e n w i l l b e b o r n w e l l , t h e w o r l d p o p u l a t e d
    w i t h h e r o e s , s a i n t s , a n d Gr e e k g o d s
    ; a l l t h a t i s t o b e a c c o m p l i s h e d
    b y c e r t a i n t e c h n i q u e s t h r o u g h t h e e l i m i n a t i o n a n d c o m b i n a t i o n o f
    g e n e s
    . If t h i s s h o u l d r e a l l y c o m e t o p a s s t h e w o r l d w o u l d b e a t
    o n c e g l o r i o u s , b e a u t i f u l , a n d Go d l i k e . B u t i t m a y b e r e a c h e d a t
    t h e c o s t o f m a n a s a c r e a t o r f r o m w i t h i n h i m s e l f ; i t w o u l d h a v e ,
    5 98

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    l i k e Si e g f r i e d i n t h e m y t h , a v u l n e r a b l e s p o t i n t o w h i c h t h e t h o r n
    o f d e a t h c o u l d e n t e r -a t r a g i c w o r l d , a w o r l d i n w h i c h b e a u t y ,
    h e r o i s m , a n d w i s d o m a r e g a i n e d w i t h o u t e f f o r t , i n w h i c h t h e h e r o
    i s i n w a n t o f t h e h i g h e s t r e w a r d , t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o r i s e f r o m t h e
    h u m b l e s t o r i g i n t o a s u p r e m e l e v e l . It a d d s u p t o t h e q u e s t i o n
    w h e t h e r c r e a t i o n i n i t s e s s e n c e i s f i n i s h e d w i t h c o n c e p t i o n o r
    w h e t h e r c r e a t i o n d o e s n o t c o n t i n u e o r c a n n o t b e c o n t i n u e d b y t h e
    i n d i v i d u a l a f t e r h e i s b o r n .
    Th e e u g e n i c d r e a m e r a n d t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l d r e a m e r h a v e o n e
    i d e a i n c o m m o n
    :
    t o s u b s t i t u t e a n d h a s t e n t h e s l o w p r o c e s s o f
    n a t u r e
    . On c e t h e c r e a t i v e p r o c e s s i s e n c a p s u l a t e d i n a b o o k i t i s
    g i v e n
    ; i t c a n b e r e c a p i t u l a t e d e t e r n a l l y b y e v e r y b o d y w i t h o u t t h e
    e f f o r t o f c r e a t i n g a n e w . On c e a m a c h i n e f o r a c e r t a i n p a t t e r n o f
    p e r f o r m a n c e i s i n v e n t e d a c e r t a i n p r o d u c t c a n b e t u r n e d o u t i n
    i n f i n i t e n u m b e r s p r a c t i c a l l y w i t h o u t t h e e f f o r t o f m a n .
    On c e
    t h a t m i r a c u l o u s e u g e n i c f o r m u l a w i l l b e f o u n d a h u m a n s o c i e t y w i l l
    b e g i v e n p e r f e c t a n d s m o o t h a t b i r t h , l i k e a b o o k o f f t h e p r e s s .
    In t h e f a c e o f t h e t w o v e h i c l e s o f t h o u g h t a n d p o w e r , e u g e n i c
    r u l e a n d m a c h i n e r u l e , m a n o u g h t t o c a l l t o m i n d t h e i r m e a n i n g :
    t h a t t h e y b o t h a i m t o r e m o v e t h e c e n t e r a n d t h e r u l e f r o m w i t h i n
    h i m , t h e o n e i n t o a p r o c e s s b e f o r e h e i s c o n c e i v e d , t h e o t h e r i n t o
    a p r o c e s s w h i c h i s c o n s e r v e d , b o t h a i m i n g t o m a k e h i m u n c r e a t i v e .
    Te c h n o l o g y m a y b e a b l e t o i m p r o v e t h e c o m f o r t o f m a n k i n d a n d
    e u g e n i c s t h e h e a l t h o f m a n k i n d , b u t n e i t h e r i s a b l e t o d e c i d e w h a t
    t y p e o f m a n c a n a n d s h o u l d s u r v i v e
    .
    It i s f r o m t h e a c t u a l e m b o d i m e n t a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f m a n w i t h -
    i n t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l c r o s s -c u r r e n t s w h i c h t u r n u p o n h i m f r o m
    b i r t h t o d e a t h -t h a t i s , h o w h e s t a n d s u p i n t h e p s y c h o g e o g r a p h i c a l
    t e s t -t h a t a d e c i s i o n , i f a n y , c a n b e m a d e . Th e c o n c l u s i o n w e c a n
    d r a w f r o m a s u r v e y o f t h e p o s i t i o n o f m a n a s a b i o l o g i c a l b e i n g
    i n t h e w o r l d o f t o d a y i s t h a t t h r o w n i n t o a n i n d u s t r i a l e n v i r o n -
    m e n t h e d o e s n o t s t a n d u p w e l l i n t h e c o n f l i c t w i t h t h e m a c h i n e .
    Th e s o l u t i o n o f t h i s c o n f l i c t l i e s i n a n h e r o i c m e a s u r e , n o t t o s u r -
    r e n d e r t o t h e m a c h i n e , n o t t o h a l t i t s d e v e l o p m e n t , b u t t o m e e t i t
    o n e v e n t e r m s a n d t o r e s o r t i n t h i s b a t t l e t o r e s o u r c e s w h i c h a r e
    i n h e r e n t w i t h i n h i s o r g a n i s m . B e y o n d t h e c o n t r o v e r s y , d e s t r u c -
    t i o n o f t h e u n f i t o r s u r v i v a l o f t h e f i t , i s a n e w g o a l , t h e s u r v i v a l
    o f a f l e x i b l e , s p o n t a n e o u s p e r s o n a l i t y m a k e -u p , t h e s u r v i v a l o f t h e
    c r e a t o r
    .
    THECREATIV EREV OLUTION

    5 99
    An o t h e r t r a g i c i n s u f f i c i e n c y o f m a n i s h i s f a i l u r e t o p r o d u c e a
    w e l l i n t e g r a t e d s o c i e t y . Th e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e
    i n w h i c h h e f u n c t i o n s a n d t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l s t r u c t u r e w h i c h i s a n
    e x p r e s s i o n o f h i s o r g a n i c c h o i c e a n d t h e t e n s i o n a r i s i n g b e t w e e n t h e
    t w o c o n s t a n t l y t h r e a t e n t o d i s r u p t t h e s o c i a l m a c h i n e r y s o p a i n -
    f u l l y b u i l t u p b y h i m . It w a s f r o m a s t u d y o f t h e i n t e g r a t i n g a n d
    d i s r u p t i n g f o r c e s i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s o c i e t y , b y w h i c h m e a n s
    t h e y o p e r a t e a n d b y w h a t t e c h n i q u e s t h e y c a n b e c o n t r o l l e d , t h a t
    t h e s e i n n e r d i s t u r b a n c e s w e r e d i s c l o s e d a s a p e r m a n e n t f e a t u r e o f
    s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n
    . We f o u n d i t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f o r t h e m o s t d i f -
    f e r e n t i a t e d a s w e l l a s f o r t h e l e a s t d i f f e r e n t i a t e d g r o u p s . It m u s t
    h a v e b e e n a n a t t r i b u t e o f h u m a n s o c i e t y s i n c e i t s e a r l y d a y s . Th e
    w e a k n e s s o f h u m a n s o c i e t y a p p e a r s t o h a v e t h e s a m e c a u s e a s t h e
    w e a k n e s s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l o r g a n i s m
    . Th e q u e s t i o n i s t h e r e f o r e
    n o t o n l y t h e s u r v i v a l o r p a s s i n g o f t h e p r e s e n t f o r m o f h u m a n
    s o c i e t y b u t t h e d e s t i n y o f m a n . As a l l r a c e s s u f f e r f r o m a c o m m o n
    i n s u f f i c i e n c y i n t h i s r e s p e c t t h e y a r e g o i n g t o l i v e o r p e r i s h t o g e t h e r
    .
    An a l t e r n a t i v e a n d a s o l u t i o n m a y c o m e f r o m t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t
    m a n h a s r e s o u r c e s w h i c h a r e i n h e r e n t i n h i s o w n o r g a n i s m a n d
    i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f h u m a n s o c i e t y a n d w h i c h h e h a s n e v e r u s e d
    b e y o n d t h e e m b r y o n i c s t a g e -h i s s p o n t a n e i t y -c r e a t i v i t y . To
    b r i n g t h e s e t o f u l l d e v e l o p m e n t r e q u i r e s t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f a l l
    a g e n c i e s -t e c h n o l o g i c a l , s o c i a l a n d e u g e n i c
    .
    " Z o o m a t i c s " a n d t h e F u t u r e o f M a n ' s Wo r l d
    B r o a d l y v i e w e d , t h i s b o o k d e a l s w i t h t w o s o c i a l i s s u e s , t h e r e l a -
    t i o n o f m a n t o m a n a n d t h e r e l a t i o n o f m a n t o c e r t a i n p e c u l i a r
    p r o d u c t s o f h i s m i n d , w h i c h w h e n s e p a r a t e d f r o m h i m , c a n f u n c -
    t i o n i n d e p e n d e n t l y . It b o i l s d o w n t o a n a p p r a i s a l o f t h e p o s i t i v e
    f o r c e s w h i c h m a n h a s a t h i s c o m m a n d t o m e e t t w o t h r e a t s , t h e
    a g g r e s s i o n c o m i n g f r o m m a n a n d t h e a g g r e s s i o n c o m i n g f r o m
    " r o b o t s . " *Th e a n s w e r t o t h e f i r s t w a s s o c i o m e t r y .
    Th e a n s w e r
    *Ro b o t d e r i v e s f r o m a Po l i s h w o r d r o b o t a , t o w o r k . M y i d e a o f t h e f ' z o o -
    t e c h n i c a l a n i m a l " ( 1918 ) w a s p o p u l a r i z e d a f e w y e a r s l a t e r , b y Ka r l Cz a p e k i n
    a p l a y " Ro s s o m ' s Un i v e r s a l Ro b o t s , " 1921
    ; h e c o i n e d t h e t e r m r o b o t . Th e
    t e r m i s n o t a d e q u a t e a s i n t h e z o o t e c h n i c a l a n i m a l n o t o n l y w o r k b u t a l s o
    d e -
    s t r u c t i o n i s i m p l i e d . Th u s i n m y d e f i n i t i o n t h e w o r k i n g r o b o t c a n b e c o m e
    f e r o c i o u s a n d v i c e v e r s a . Ab e t t e r t e r m t h a n r o b o t m i g h t h a v e b e e n g e n i e .
    Ac c o r d i n g t o t h e Ar a b i c u s e t h e r e w e r e g o o d a n d b a d s p i r i t s a m o n g t h e m w h o
    a s s u m e d t h e f o r m o f a n i m a l s , g i a n t s a n d s o f o r t h
    . Th e r o b o t i s r e a l l y a
    " z o o m a t o n , " z o o , f r o m Gr e e k z o o n , a n i m a l ( z o o , l i v e ) , a u t o m a t o n , a Gr e e k
    w o r d , n e u t . o f a u t o m a t o n , a u t o s , s e l f , m a o , s t r i v e a f t e r .
    60 0

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    t o t h e s e c o n d w a s c r e a t i v e r e v o l u t i o n ,
    b a s e d o n a t h e o r y o f s p o n -
    t a n e i t y
    . Ho w e v e r , b o t h h a v e t o w o r k h a n d i n h a n d i n o r d e r t h a t
    e i t h e r s h o u l d b e e f f e c t i v e
    .
    Th e m e a n i n g o f t h e t i t l e o f t h i s b o o k WHOSHALLSURV IV E?
    i s t h e s u r v i v a l o f c r e a t i v i t y , o f m a n ' s u n i v e r s e . Th e s u r v i v a l o f
    h u m a n e x i s t e n c e i t s e l f i s a t s t a k e , n o t o n l y o f t h e f i t
    ; **f i t a n d u n f i t
    a r e i n t h e s a m e b o a t
    . Th e s e n e w e n e m i e s a r e c o m m o n t o a l l m e n ,
    n o t o n l y t o o n e o r a n o t h e r g r o u p
    ; t h e y a r e t h r e a t s t o t h e s u r v i v a l
    o f t h e t o t a l u n i v e r s e o f m e n . Th e s e o d d e n e m i e s a r e t e c h n i c a l
    a n i m a l s w h i c h c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o c l a s s e s , c u l t u r a l c o n s e r v e s
    a n d m a c h i n e s
    . Th e m o r e p o p u l a r w o r d f o r t h e m i s r o b o t s .
    Ad e s c r i p t i v e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e v a r i o u s t y p e s o f r o b o t s m a n
    h a s i n v e n t e d s h o u l d p r e c e d e t h e i r d y n a m i c a n a l y s i s .
    On e t y p e
    c a n b e d e f i n e d a s t h e d o m e s t i c a t e d r o b o t , t h e p l o w , t h e p e n , t h e
    b o o k , t h e t y p e w r i t e r
    ; a n o t h e r t y p e c a n b e d e f i n e d a s t h e e n e m y
    r o b o t , t h e g u n , t h e r o c k e t , t h e a t o m i c b o m b
    . Th e n t h e r e i s t h e
    m i x e d f o r m o f r o b o t , a s a k n i f e , a f i r e , s t e a m e n g i n e , t h e a u t o -
    m o b i l e a n d t h e a i r p l a n e , w h i c h c a n b e u s e d f o r a n d a g a i n s t h i m s e l f .
    B u t b e c a u s e o f t h e n o n -h u m a n c h a r a c t e r o f t h e r o b o t i t c a n e a s i l y
    b e t u r n e d f r o m o n e f u n c t i o n i n t o a n o t h e r , t h e a u t o m o b i l e c a n b e
    t u r n e d i n t o a w a r t a n k , a w o r k i n g k n i f e c a n b e t u r n e d i n t o a
    w e a p o n , t h e w a r m i n g f i r e t u r n e d i n t o a m e a n s f o r d e s t r u c t i o n .
    M a n y o f t h e d o m e s t i c a t e d r o b o t s a r e b l e s s e d w i t h t h e a t t r i b u t e
    o f b e c o m i n g l a b o r -s a v i n g d e v i c e s , w h i c h h a s , h o w e v e r , t h e u n -
    p l e a s a n t c o n s e q u e n c e t h a t t h e y a t t i m e s r e d u c e t h e n e e d f o r c r e a t -
    i n g , p r o m o t i n g w i t h l e i s u r e a l s o i n e r t i a
    . Ro b o t s a r e m o r e p r e c i s e
    a n d r e l i a b l e t h a n a n i m a l s a n d h u m a n b e i n g s
    . M a n y o f t h e r o b o t s
    h a v e a l s o t h e a t t r i b u t e i n c o m m o n o f b e i n g a b l e t o a f f e c t h u m a n
    b e i n g s o r o t h e r t a r g e t s " a t a d i s t a n c e , " a b o o k , a r a d i o o r a t e l e -
    v i s i o n s e n d e r c a n e n t e r t a i n o r t e a c h a t a d i s t a n c e , l i k e a g u n , a
    r o c k e t a n d a n a t o m i c b o m b c a n k i l l p e o p l e a n d d e s t r o y a t a d i s t a n c e
    .
    Th e b o o k i s a r o b o t p a r e x c e l l e n c e
    . On c e o f f t h e p r e s s , t h e p a r e n t ,
    t h e p r o d u c e r , t h e a u t h o r i s i m m a t e r i a l
    ; t h e b o o k g o e s t o a l l p l a c e s
    a n d t o a l l p e o p l e , i t d o e s n o t c a r e w h e r e i t i s r e a d a n d b y w h o m
    .
    M a n y r o b o t s h a v e f u r t h e r i n c o m m o n t h e a t t r i b u t e o f c o m p a r a t i v e
    i m m o r t a l i t y
    . Ab o o k , a f i l m , a n a t o m i c b o m b , t h e y d o n o t p e r i s h
    i n t h e h u m a n s e n s e , t h e s a m e c a p a c i t y i s a l w a y s t h e r e , t h e y c a n b e
    **F i t a n d u n f i t , D a r w i n ' s s u r v i v a l o f t h e f i t t e s t , h a v e b e c o m e
    i n c r e a s i n g l y
    " p s y e h a g o g i e II t e r m s .
    THECREATIV EREV OLUTION

    60 1
    r e p r o d u c e d a d i n f i n i t u m . Ab o o k m a y h a v e t o b e r e p r i n t e d , a f i l m
    c o p i e d o n a n d o f f , b u t i f a n y t h i n g p e r i s h e s i t i s n o t t h e i r e s s e n c e
    b u t s o m e m a t e r i a l e n t o u r a g e . Ou r h u m a n w o r l d i s i n c r e a s i n g l y
    f i l l e d w i t h r o b o t s a n d t h e r e s e e m s t o b e n o e n d t o n e w f o r m s a n d
    n e w d e v e l o p m e n t s
    . Si n c e m a n c a m e o u t o f t h e j u n g l e , i t s m a s t e r ,
    h e d i d n o t h a v e a s i m i l a r m a z e o f t h r e a t s t o f a c e -t h e j u n g l e o f
    r o b o t s .
    Th e r a c i a l r e v o l u t i o n a n d Wo r l d Wa r Nu m b e r 2h a v e d i v i d e d
    m a n k i n d i n t o s e v e r a l c a m p s , o n e f i g h t i n g t h e o t h e r .
    B u t t h e
    i n v e n t i o n o f t h e a t o m i c b o m b h a s g i v e n u s a n e x c e l l e n t d i d a c t i c
    l e s s o n o f h o w f o o l i s h i n t e r h u m a n w a r s a r e a n d h o w u n s t a b l e a n d
    u n s a f e i s t h e b a s i s o f a l l h u m a n e x i s t e n c e . We n e e d o n e a n o t h e r
    b u t c o n t i n u e t o f i g h t e a c h o t h e r . An e n e m y h a s a p p e a r e d o n t h e
    h o r i z o n w h i c h i s a n e n e m y t o a l l m e n , w h i c h m a y m a k e a n e n d t o
    a l l r a c e s , s u p e r i o r a n d i n f e r i o r , f i t o r u n f i t , o l d a n d n e w . It i s a s
    i f m a n k i n d h a s b e e n a w a k e n e d f r o m a d r e a m i n w h i c h i t i n d u l g e d
    i n t h e c h r o n i c a n d c o m p a r a t i v e l y i n n o c e n t w a r p l a y s o f i t s p r e -
    b o m b e r a . Sh a k e n , i t f i n d s i t s e l f f a c e t o f a c e w i t h
    a
    r e a l i t y o f t h e
    p r e s e n t a n d o f t h e f u t u r e , t h e a t o m i c b o m b a n d i t s k i n s t o c o m e ,
    u n h u m a n b u t n o t u n r e a l , u n l i v i n g b u t n o t u n c o s m i c . Th e a n s w e r t o
    t h i s g r e a t e m e r g e n c y ( w h i c h h a s b e e n a n t i c i p a t e d i n s m a l l e r d o s e s
    i n t h e c o u r s e o f h u m a n e v o l u t i o n a n d o f w h i c h t h e i n v e n t i o n o f t h e
    f i r e , o f t h e t o o l a n d o f t h e b o o k a r e o u t s t a n d i n g e x a m p l e s ) d o e s
    n o t l i e i n p a l l i a t i v e m e a s u r e s l i k e c o u n t e r -r o b o t s , a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l
    p o l i c e o r a w o r l d s o c i e t y ( w h i c h a r e , o f c o u r s e , f i n e t h i n g s t o a i m
    a t ) . Th e c o u n t e r m e a s u r e l i e s i n a c o l d a p p r a i s a l o f t h e s i t u a t i o n ,
    a s y s t e m a t i c s t u d y o f t h e c a u s a t i o n s u n d e r l y i n g t h e i n v e n t i o n o f
    m e c h a n i c a l d e v i c e s , t h e o r i g i n o f t h e r o b o t i n h u m a n n a t u r e a n d
    b e y o n d i t , a c a r e f u l c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e " s o c i o -a t o m i c o r g a n i z a t i o n
    o f m a n k i n d
    . " In o t h e r w o r d s , w e s h o u l d b r i n g t h e p r o b l e m i n t o
    f u l l s c i e n t i f i c c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d d e v e l o p p a r a l l e l w i t h s o c i o m e t r y
    a z o o t e c h n i q u e , a s c i e n c e o f t h e t e c h n i c a l a n i m a l s .
    Th e i n v e n t i o n o f r o b o t s i s a s k i l l o f h o m o s a p i e n s . Th e r e a s o n
    f o r t h e i r o r i g i n a t i o n i s m y s t e r i o u s ; p e r h a p s " w h e n m a n f o u n d
    h i m s e l f f a i l i n g i n h i s s t r u g g l e f o r m a x i m u m c r e a t i v i t y h e d i v i d e d
    f r o m h i s w i l l t o c r e a t e h i s w i l l t o p o w e r " *-a n d n o w h i s w i l l t o
    h a v e p o w e r t u r n s a g a i n s t h i s w i l l t o c r e a t e . Wh y s h o u l d m a n w a n t
    *Se e J . L . M o r e n o ' s Co m m e n t a r y t o ' ' Th e Wo r d s o f t h e F a t h e r , " B e a c o n
    Ho u s e , Ne w Yo r k , 1949, p . 18 1 .
    60 2

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    r o b o t s ? It i s p e r h a p s t h e s a m e r e a s o n , i n r e v e r s e , a s t h e o n e w h i c h
    a t a n e a r l i e r p e r i o d m a d e u s w a n t a Go d t o w h o m w e w e r e r o b o t s .
    Th e r e f o r e , i f w e c o u l d u n d e r s t a n d w h a t w e m e a n t o Go d , w e c o u l d
    u n d e r s t a n d w h a t r o b o t s m e a n t o u s . Ou r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o Go d m a y
    b e s i m p l y t h i s -h e n e e d s a l o t o f h e l p e r s i n o r d e r t o p u t h i s c r e a t i o n
    o v e r . M a n t o o , h a s a p r o g r a m o f l i v i n g , o f c r e a t i o n o n a m i n o r
    s c a l e , h e n e e d s h e l p e r s a n d w e a p o n s t o d e f e n d h i m s e l f a g a i n s t
    e n e m i e s . B u t a l l a n i m a l s d o t h a t w i t h o u t r o b o t s , t h e y j u s t m u l t i p l y
    t h e m s e l v e s . Th e p r i m i t i v e a n c e s t o r s o f o u r s p e c i e s , t o o , w e r e c o n -
    t e n t e d w i t h b i o l o g i c a l o f f s p r i n g s . B u t t h e b i o l o g i c a l r o b o t s o f
    a n i m a l r e p r o d u c t i o n d o n o t s a t i s f y u s m e n " e n t i r e l y . "
    Th e r e m u s t b e a d e e p e r a n d a d d i t i o n a l r e a s o n w h y w e w a n t e d
    a n d c r e a t e d t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l k i n d . An a n a l y s i s o f s p o n t a n e o u s -
    c r e a t i v e p r o c e s s e s b r o a d e n e d m y u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e p r o b l e m .
    In f a n t s , i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r b i r t h d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e l e s s s p o n -
    t a n e i t y a b e i n g h a s t h e m o r e i t r e q u i r e s s o m e o n e w h o h a s i t , i n
    o r d e r t o s u r v i v e . Th e i n f a n t l i v e s o n b o r r o w e d s p o n t a n e i t y . Th e
    h u m a n s w h o a r e a t t h e b e c k a n d c a l l o f a h e l p l e s s , c r y i n g i n f a n t ,
    w h o c o m e a n d c a r r y , f e e d a n d c o m f o r t i t , Ic a l l a u x i l i a r y e g o s . B y
    a u x i l i a r y e g o Id o n o t m e a n t h e t o t a l p e r s o n o f t h e m o t h e r o r
    f a t h e r , f o r i n s t a n c e , b u t t h e " r o l e " i t h a s f o r t h e i n f a n t . Ev e r y -
    t h i n g , h o w e v e r , w h i c h i s o u t s i d e o f t h a t r o l e , f r i g h t e n s t h e c h i l d
    .
    An e x c e s s o f s p o n t a n e i t y w h i c h t h a t p e r s o n t u r n s u p o n t h e i n f a n t
    b e y o n d o r o u t s i d e o f t h e r o l e a p p e a r s t o b e a n i r r i t a t i n g f a c t o r .
    Th e i n f a n t w a n t s i t s a u x i l i a r y e g o s p e r f e c t , t h a t i s , t o h a v e a l l t h e i r
    r e a d y s p o n t a n e i t y a v a i l a b l e f o r h i m , t h e i n f a n t , a n d n o n e f o r t h e
    e g o s , t h e m s e l v e s . Th i s o f f e r s a c l u e f o r u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e r e l a -
    t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e i d e a o f t h e a u x i l i a r y e g o a n d t h e i d e a o f t h e
    r o b o t . If t h e a u x i l i a r y e g o c o u l d c o n c e n t r a t e a n d c o n s e r v e a l l i t s
    s p o n t a n e i t y f o r o n e f u n c t i o n , t h e r o l e w h i c h s a t i s f i e s t h e n e e d s o f
    t h e i n f a n t w o u l d n o t p e r m i t a n y d i v e r s i o n o f s p o n t a n e i t y f o r h i m -
    s e l f , h e w o u l d b e l e s s r e a l a n d h u m a n , b u t a m o r e p e r f e c t a u x i l i a r y
    e g o . Th e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e c o n f i r m e d b y t h e a t t i t u d e w h i c h
    c h i l d r e n s h o w t o w a r d s d o l l s
    .
    Th e d o l l d o e s n o t h a v e t h e o f t e n
    u n p l e a s a n t
    c o u n t e r -s p o n t a n e i t y
    w h i c h r e a l h u m a n b e i n g s h a v e , b u t
    i t h a s s t i l l s o m e p h y s i c a l a n d t a n g i b l e r e a l i t y w h i c h p u r e f a n t a s y
    c o m p a n i o n s d o n o t h a v e . In t h e h a l f r e a l , h a l f m e c h a n i c a l d o l l
    w o r l d t h e c h i l d c a n a c t a s a n u n i n h i b i t e d r u l e r . He r e h e g e t s t h e
    f i r s t t a s t e o f t h e r o b o t w h i c h h e c a n d e s t r o y a t w i l l a n d w h i c h m a y
    THECREATIV EREV OLUTION

    60 3
    o n e d a y g o o u t a n d a c t a s d e c r e e d b y h i m
    . D o l l s s e e m t o m a k e t h e
    c h i l d f r e e -i n d e p e n d e n t f r o m o t h e r c h i l d r e n a n d f r o m a d u l t s . On e
    c a n d i v i d e t h e d o l l r o b o t s a s f u l f i l l i n g t w o f u n c t i o n s
    : t h e d o l l w h i c h
    r e p r e s e n t s a c o m p a n i o n a n d f r i e n d , a " m e c h a n i c a l r o l e -p l a y e r , " a
    d o m e s t i c a t e d a u t o m a t o n ; a n d t h e n t h e d o l l a s t h e o b j e c t o f u n -
    l i m i t e d a g g r e s s i o n , t h e m e c h a n i c a l r o l e -p l a y e r w h o i s f o u g h t a n d
    k i l l e d w i t h o u t h a v i n g a d e f e n s e , a n e n e m y a u t o m a t o n . Ih a v e d e -
    s c r i b e d e l s e w h e r e *h o w p l a y i n g a n d l o n g p r e o c c u p a t i o n w i t h d o l l s
    e n c o u r a g e s t h e c h i l d t o t r e a t a n i m a l s a n d h u m a n b e i n g s l i k e
    r o b o t s .
    In p s y c h o d r a m a t i c p r o c e d u r e w e a r e u s i n g t h e a u x i l i a r y
    e g o t o d o t h i s c o n s c i o u s l y a n d s y s t e m a t i c a l l y . Th e a u x i l i a r y e g o
    s a c r i f i c e s h i s o w n e g o a n d p r o d u c e s i n a c c o r d w i t h t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s
    o f t h e p a t i e n t
    . He e x t e n d s t h e u n i v e r s e o f t h e p a t i e n t s o t h a t t h e
    p a t i e n t c a n f i n d n e w s i t u a t i o n s a n d n e w a s s o c i a t e s
    . Th e r o b o t , l i k e
    t h e a u x i l i a r y e g o , m a k e s m a n f r e e f r o m m a n a n d g i v e s h i m a n
    a r t i f i c i a l s e n s e o f w e l l b e i n g a n d p o w e r . It t o o , e x t e n d s t h e r a n g e
    , o f m e g a l o m a n i c e x p e r i e n c e t o a n e w c l i m a x
    . B u t t h a t i s t h e l i m i t
    -o f t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s b e t w e e n t h e t w o
    . B e h i n d t h e r o l e -g i v i n g a u x -
    i l i a r y e g o i s a w a r m , s p o n t a n e o u s b e i n g
    . Th e r o b o t i s l i f e l e s s . It
    i s t h e s a m e a t e v e r y i n s t a n t , i t d o e s n o t g r o w , i t d o e s n o t c h a n g e .
    On c e u p o n a t i m e w e e n v i s i o n e d o u r Go d a s t h e o n e w h o c o u l d
    d e s t r o y u s a n y t i m e h e w a n t e d t o
    . Ro b o t s , t o o , c a n g i v e a s i n g l e
    m a n t h e p o w e r t o r u l e a n d p e r h a p s t o d e s t r o y t h e u n i v e r s e i n s t a n t l y .
    B u t r o b o t s c a n n o t p r o d u c e a n o u n c e o f s p o n t a n e i t y
    .
    Ah u m a n i n f a n t r e s u l t s f r o m t h e c o n j u g a t i o n o f a m a n a n d a
    w o m a n
    . Ar o b o t r e s u l t s f r o m t h e c o n j u g a t i o n o f m a n
    w i t h n a t u r e
    i t s e l f .
    In b o t h c a s e s t h e o f f s p r i n g t a k e s o v e r s o m e f e a t u r e f r o m
    b o t h p a r e n t s
    . In t h e r o b o t , f o r i n s t a n c e , t h e r e i s s o m e f e a t u r e o f
    t h e m a n -p r o d u c e r a n d s o m e f e a t u r e o f n a t u r a l e n e r g y m o d i f i e d
    b y h i m .
    Th e s i m i l a r i t i e s
    i n " o r g a n i z a t i o n " b e t w e e n o r g a n i s m s a n d
    m a c h i n e s i n t h e b r o a d e s t s e n s e o f t h e w o r d -f r o m t h e z o o m a t o n ,
    t h e r o b o t a n d t h e c a l c u l a t i n g m a c h i n e t o t h e c o n s e r v e d c u l t u r a l
    p r o d u c t s -i s t h e r e f o r e n o t s u r p r i s i n g , i t h a s a s i m p l e e x p l a n a t i o n
    ;
    *Se e " To w a r d s t h e Cu r r i c u l u m o f a n Im p r o m p t u Pl a y Sc h o o l , "
    Im p r o m p t u
    M a g a z i n e , No . 2, 193 1B e a c o n Ho u s e , Ne w Yo r k
    . Al s o " So c i o m e t r y a n d t h e
    Cu l t u r a l Or d e r , " So c i o m e t r y M o n o g r a p h , No .
    2, B e a c o n Ho u s e , Ne w Yo r k ,
    1943 , a n d " Th e Th e a t r e o f Sp o n t a n e i t y , " Ge r m a n o r i g i n a l 1923
    ; B e a c o n
    Ho u s e , 1946 .
    60 4

    WHO
    SHALL SURV IV E?
    t h e y a r e o f t h e s a m e p a r e n t
    . Th e y a r e " s i b l i n g s " o f a k i n d , t h e r e
    i s a n o d d a n d d e e p -s e a t e d s i b l i n g r i v a l r y b e t w e e n t h e m
    . Th e
    d i f f e r e n c e s
    i n o r g a n i z a t i o n b e t w e e n o r g a n i s m s a n d m a c h i n e s c o m e s
    f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t t h e i r " o t h e r " p a r e n t i s o f a d i f f e r e n t o r d e r . Th e
    m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g s o f a l l t y p e s o f m a c h i n e t h e o r y i s d u e t o a
    n e g l e c t o f t h e i r c o m m o n o n t o l o g y , t h e d o c t r i n e o f s p o n t a n e i t y -
    c r e a t i v i t y .
    Th e c o n t r o l o f t h e r o b o t i s c o m p l i c a t e d f o r t w o r e a s o n s , t h e o n e
    r e a s o n i s t h a t t h e r o b o t i s m a n ' s o w n c r e a t i o n
    . He d o e s n o t m e e t
    i t f a c e t o f a c e , l i k e h e d i d t h e b e a s t s o f t h e j u n g l e , m e a s u r i n g h i s
    s t r e n g t h , i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d s p o n t a n e i t y w i t h t h e i r s
    . Th e r o b o t c o m e s
    f r o m w i t h i n h i s m i n d , h e g i v e s b i r t h t o i t
    . He i s c o n f o u n d e d l i k e
    e v e r y p a r e n t i s t o w a r d s h i s o w n c h i l d
    . Ra t i o n a l a n d i r r a t i o n a l
    f a c t o r s a r e m i x e d t h e r e f o r e i n h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p t o r o b o t s
    . In t h e
    e x c i t e m e n t o f c r e a t i n g t h e m h e i s u n a w a r e o f t h e p o i s o n w h i c h t h e y
    c a r r y , t h r e a t e n i n g t o k i l l h i s o w n p a r e n t .
    Th e s e c o n d r e a s o n i s t h a t
    i n u s i n g r o b o t s a n d z o o m a t o n s m a n u n l e a s h e s f o r m s o f e n e r g y a n d
    p e r h a p s t o u c h e s o n p r o p e r t i e s w h i c h f a r s u r p a s s h i s o w n l i t t l e w o r l d
    a n d w h i c h b e l o n g t o t h e l a r g e r , u n e x p l o r e d a n d p e r h a p s u n c o n -
    t r o l l a b l e u n i v e r s e
    . Hi s t a s k o f b e c o m i n g a m a s t e r o n s u c h a s c a l e
    b e c o m e s a d u b i o u s o n e a s h e m a y w e l l f i n d h i m s e l f m o r e a n d m o r e
    i n t h e p o s i t i o n o f Go e t h e ' s So r c e r e r ' s Ap p r e n t i c e w h o c o u l d u n -
    l e a s h t h e r o b o t s b u t w h o c o u l d n o t s t o p t h e m
    . Th e a p p r e n t i c e h a d
    f o r g o t t e n t h e m a s t e r ' s f o r m u l a , w e n e v e r h a d i t
    . We h a v e t o l e a r n
    t h i s f o r m u l a a n d Ib e l i e v e i t c a n b e l e a r n e d .
    Th e f a t e o f m a n t h r e a t e n s t o b e c o m e t h a t o f t h e d i n o s a u r i n
    r e v e r s e
    . Th e d i n o s a u r m a y h a v e p e r i s h e d b e c a u s e h e e x t e n d e d t h e
    p o w e r o f h i s o r g a n i s m i n e x c e s s o f i t s u s e f u l n e s s . M a n m a y p e r i s h
    b e c a u s e o f r e d u c i n g t h e p o w e r o f h i s o r g a n i s m b y f a b r i c a t i n g
    r o b o t s i n e x c e s s o f h i s c o n t r o l .
    Th e c o n c l u s i o n i s t h a t a s p a r e n t s a n d c r e a t i v e a g e n t s w e p r o d u c e
    m o r e p e r f e c t r o b o t s t h a n w e p r o d u c e b a b i e s
    . As o u r p e r f e c t i o n i s m
    h a s f a i l e d u s a g a i n a n d a g a i n i n i t s a p p l i c a t i o n t o u s a s b i o l o g i c a l
    a n d s o c i a l b e i n g s , a s i n d i v i d u a l s a n d a s a s o c i e t y o f i n d i v i d u a l s , w e
    g i v e u p h o p e a n d i n v e s t i t i n z o o m a t o n s . Th e p a t h o l o g i c a l c o n s e -
    q u e n c e s a r e e n o r m o u s
    . M a n t u r n s m o r e a n d m o r e i n t o a f u n c t i o n
    o f c u l t u r a l a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l c o n s e r v e s , p u t s a p r e m i u m o n p o w e r
    a n d e f f i c i e n c y a n d l o s e s c r e d e n c e i n s p o n t a n e i t y a n d c r e a t i v i t y
    . Th e
    THECREATIV EREV OLUTION

    60 5
    t w o c o u n t e r m e a s u r e s s u g g e s t e d a r e t h e s o c i o m e t r i c a n d s o c i a t r i c
    a p p r o a c h t o g r o u p r e l a t i o n s a n d s p o n t a n e i t y t r a i n i n g
    .
    M a n h a s n e v e r r e c o g n i z e d a n d u s e d i n f u l l t h e p o w e r p e n t u p i n
    t h e m i l l i o n s o f s o c i a l a t o m s c o n t i n u o u s l y f o r m e d b y h i m a n d h i s
    f e l l o w m e n
    . If h e w o u l d r e c o g n i z e h i s p o w e r , r o b o t s l i k e t h e
    a t o m i c b o m b w o u l d b e t o a " s o c i o m e t r i c a l l y i n t e g r a t e d m a n k i n d "
    w h a t a d o l l i s i n t h e h a n d s o f a c h i l d
    . Th e u s e o f p h y s i c a l a t o m
    e n e r g y c a n b e d i r e c t e d a n d c o n t r o l l e d b y " s o c i a l a t o m e n e r g y . "
    As y s t e m o f s o c i e t y m u s t b e r e a l i z e d t o w h i c h a l l i n d i v i d u a l s
    b e l o n g s p o n t a n e o u s l y , n o t o n l y " b y c o n s e n t " b u t a s " i n i t i a t o r s "
    ;
    w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n , n o t 99
    . 9p e r c e n t , b u t l i t e r a l l y a n d n u m e r i c a l l y
    , a l l i n d i v i d u a l s a l i v e . Th e " o n e " i n d i v i d u a l l e f t o u t m a y t u r n o u t
    t o b e c o m e t h e s i n g u l a r s c i e n t i s t -c r i m i n a l u s i n g m e a n s o f l e t h a l d e -
    s t r u c t i o n , n o t t o w a r d s o n e o r a n o t h e r f e l l o w m a n ( Ca i n v s . Ab e l )
    n o t o n e e t h n i c g r o u p a g a i n s t a n o t h e r ( r a c i s m ) b u t t o w a r d s t h e
    t o t a l s p e c i e s o f m a n , h i s t o t a l w o r l d .
    M a n m u s t t a k e h i s o w n f a t e a n d t h e f a t e o f t h e u n i v e r s e i n h a n d ,
    o n t h e l e v e l o f c r e a t i v i t y , a s a c r e a t o r
    . It i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t i f h e
    t r i e s t o m e e t t h e s i t u a t i o n b y t e c h n i c a l c o n t r o l -d e f e n s e w e a p o n s -
    n o r b y p o l i t i c a l c o n t r o l s -w o r l d g o v e r n m e n t -h e s h o u l d f a c e h i m -
    s e l f a n d h i s s o c i e t y i n s t a t u n a s c e n d i a n d l e a r n h o w t o c o n t r o l t h e
    r o b o t n o t a f t e r i t i s d e l i v e r e d , b u t b e f o r e i t i s c o n c e i v e d ( c r e a -
    t o c r a c y ) .
    Ih a v e o f t e n d e s c r i b e d t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y p e r i o d d u r i n g t h e l a s t
    h u n d r e d a n d f i f t y y e a r s i n t e r m s o f t h r e e p h a s e s : t h e e c o n o m i c ,
    t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l a n d t h e c r e a t i v e r e v o l u t i o n . In e c o n o m i c i d e o l -
    o g y t h e r o b o t w a s g r e e t e d a s a b e n e v o l e n t , l a b o r s a v i n g a n d c o m -
    f o r t b r i n g i n g a g e n t . It m a d e t h e p o o r a n d t h e r i c h t h e o w n e r s o f
    t e c h n i c a l s l a v e s . To s o m e i t s e e m e d t o h o l d p r o m i s e o f s o l v i n g t h e
    c l a s s c o n f l i c t . In t h e i d e o l o g y o f t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l r e v o l u t i o n -a t
    l e a s t i n i t s m o s t r e c e n t d e m o n i a c f o r m , u s i n g r a c i a l a n d p o l i t i c a l
    p h r a s e o l o g y t o c o v e r u p p s y c h o l o g i c a l c a u s a t i o n s -t h e r o b o t b e -
    c a m e a n a g e n t o f d e s t r u c t i o n . Th e n u m b e r o f m e n c o u l d b e r e -
    d u c e d w i t h o u t l o s s , n o w t h a t t h e k i n d a n d n u m b e r o f r o b o t s c o u l d
    b e m u l t i p l i e d w i t h o u t l i m i t . In t h e i d e o l o g y o f c r e a t i v e r e v o l u t i o n
    t h e r o b o t i s f i n a l l y s e e n i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e c r e a t i v e a c t i s e l f a n d p u t
    i n h i s p l a c e .
    Co u l d w e i m a g i n e a c o n g r e s s a p p r o p r i a t i n g t w o b i l l i o n d o l l a r s
    60 6

    WHO SHALL SURV IV E?


    f o r " s o c i a l a t o m " r e s e a r c h ?M a y b e i t i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e d a n d w i l l
    n o t b e b e c a u s e w h a t m a t t e r s i s n o t m o n e y .
    M a n k i n d m a y n e e d
    s t i l l m o r e s e r i o u s s e t b a c k s b e f o r e i t c o m e s t o i t s " c r e a t i v e " r e v o l u -
    t i o n . Pe r h a p s i t i s u n a v o i d a b l e t h a t t h e p r e s e n t h u m a n c i v i l i z a t i o n
    b e d e s t r o y e d , t h a t m a n k i n d b e r e d u c e d t o a h a n d f u l o f i n d i v i d u a l s
    a n d h u m a n s o c i e t y t o a f e w s c a t t e r e d s o c i a l a t o m s b e f o r e a n e w
    r o o t i n g c a n b e g i n . Ch r i s t i a n i t y t o o , h a s n o t b e e n h e l p e d b y m a s s
    b a p t i s m o f b a b i e s
    ; f e w e r b u t s e l f -r e a l i z e d Ch r i s t i a n s m i g h t h a v e
    m e a n t m o r e t r u e Ch r i s t i a n i t y .
    Th e b a t t l e b e t w e e n z o o n ( l i v i n g a n i m a l ) a n d z o o m a t o n
    ( m e c h a n i c a l a n i m a l ) a p p r o a c h e s a n e w p e r i p e t y
    . Th e f u t u r e o f
    m a n d e p e n d s u p o n c o u n t e r w e a p o n s t o b e d e v e l o p e d b y s o m i o m e t r y ,
    s o c i a t r y , b i o a t r y a n d s i m i l a r d i s c i p l i n e s .
    Th e l a w o f s u r v i v a l h a s t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s , a ) t h e c a t e g o r y o f t h e
    s t r o n g e s t , b ) t h e c a t e g o r y o f t h e f i t t e s t , a n d c ) t h e c a t e g o r y o f t h e
    c r e a t o r . Th e f i t t e s t h a s a n e n o r m o u s " m a i n t e n a n c e " v a l u e f o r o u r
    b i o s o c i a l s y s t e m
    . Th e s t r o n g e s t i s a c a t a l y z e r o f i t s d e f e n s e s a n d
    h i d d e n s p o n t a n e i t i e s , b u t t h e c r e a t o r i s t h e
    s i n e q u a n o n o f a l l s u r -
    v i v a l . Wi t h o u t h i m t h e f i t t e s t w o u l d h a v e n o t h i n g t o m a i n t a i n a n d
    t h e s t r o n g e s t n o t h i n g t o e x p l o i t .
    Z o o m a t i c s a n d Cy b e r n e t i c s
    It i s n o t a t a l l s u r p r i s i n g t h a t a s c i e n c e o f a u t o m a t i c d e v i c e s
    s h o u l d h a v e b e e n s t a r t e d f r o m t h e t w o o p p o s i t e e n d s o f c o n -
    c e p t u a l i z e d t h i n k i n g , t h e o n e f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f t h e
    m a c h i n e , d r a m a t i z e d i n o u r c i v i l i z a t i o n b y t h e e m e r g e n c e o f t h e
    p r i n t i n g p r e s s a n d t h e b o o k ( " t h e c u l t u r a l c o n s e r v e s " ) , t h e a u t o -
    m a t a o f D e s c a r t e s a n d t h e c a l c u l a t i n g m a c h i n e o f Le i b n i t z -t h e
    o t h e r f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f t h e c r e a t o r , t h e t h e o r y o f s p o n -
    t a n e i t y a n d c r e a t i v i t y ; i t i s a l s o n o t a t a l l a c c i d e n t a l t h a t t h e
    e n g i n e e r i n g v a r i e t y o f z o o m a t i c s c a l l e d c y b e r n e t i c s s h o u l d a r r i v e
    i n o u r c e n t u r y t h i r t y y e a r s l a t e r ( 1947) t h a n t h e c r e a t i v i s t i c
    v a r i e t y ( 1917) , w h i c h h a s b e e n a n t i c i p a t e d b y t h e w r i t e r s o f t h e
    Ne w Te s t a m e n t i n t h e i r d a m n a t i o n o f t h e s c r i b e s . As u s u a l ,
    M e p h i s t o p h e l e s f o l l o w s t h e f o o t s t e p s o f t h e Go d h e a d
    .
    It i s b e c a u s e o f t h e s i m i l a r i t y
    i n o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d f u n c t i o n
    b e t w e e n r o b o t s a n d h u m a n o r g a n i s m s t h a t Ic a l l e d t h e f o r m e r
    z o o t e c h n i c a l a n i m a l s a n d t h e s c i e n c e d e a l i n g w i t h t h e m z o o m a t i c s .
    THECREATIV EREV OLUTION

    60 7
    It s e e m s t o m e t h a t z o o m a t i c s , w h i c h e m p h a s i z e s t h e s e m b l a n c e
    b e t w e e n m e c h a n i s m a n d o r g a n i s m , i s a h a p p i e r t e r m f o r t h i s
    s c i e n c e t h a n c y b e r n e t i c s , w h i c h m e a n s s t e e r s m a n . Th e c o n c e p t
    " s t e e r s m a n " i s m i s l e a d i n g a s i n t h e l a s t a n a l y s i s t h e r o b o t d o e s
    n o t s t e e r , b u t i t i s " s t e e r e d " . It l i v e s f r o m " b o r r o w e d c r e a t i v i t y " .
    It c o n v e y s t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t p e r p e t u u m m o b i l e i s p o s s i b l e w h e r e -
    a s a c t u a l l y n o a u t o m a t o n c a n e v e r b e c o m e a g e n u i n e s t e e r s m a n ,
    t h a t i s , a c r e a t o r . Th e r e a r e o r g a n i s m s w h i c h a c t a t t i m e s l i k e
    a u t o m a t o n s b u t t h e r e a r e n o a u t o m a t a w h i c h c a n f o r e v e r o p e r a t e
    w i t h o u t t h e o c c a s i o n a l p u s h o f a c r e a t i v e a g e n t .
    If t h e h u m a n b r a i n h a s m u c h i n c o m m o n w i t h c a l c u l a t i n g
    m a c h i n e s -i t i s b e c a u s e t h e y a r e o f s i m i l a r p a r e n t a g e , t h e y a r e
    " s t e p " s i b l i n g s
    . Th e m e a n s o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n i n r o b o t s a n d
    o r g a n i s m s c o n n e c t i n g t h e v a r i o u s p a r t s o f s u c h a s y s t e m w i t h o n e
    a n o t h e r h a v e c o m p a r a b l e f e a t u r e s
    . We s o c i o m e t r i s t s h a v e c a l l e d
    t h e c o m m u n i c a t i o n p r o c e s s e s t a k i n g p l a c e b e t w e e n a c t o r s i n t h e
    p s y c h o s o c i a l n e t w o r k s c r e a t e d b y t h e m " c h a i n s o f w a r m i n g u p " ;
    m e c h a n i c a l e n g i n e e r s h a v e c a l l e d t h e c o m m u n i c a t i o n p r o c e s s e s
    w i t h i n a u t o m a t i c m e c h a n i s m s " c h a i n s o f f e e d b a c k " . An i l l u s t r a -
    t i o n o f a t w o -w a y f e e d b a c k i s a t e l e p h o n e s y s t e m s e n d i n g a n d
    r e c e i v i n g m e s s a g e s .
    It i s t h e m e c h a n i c a l e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e t w o
    w a y w a r m u p ; b u t t h e y a r e n o t i d e n t i c a l . It i s t h o u g h t l e s s t o
    t r a n s f e r t e r m s d e s c r i b i n g s h e e r m e c h a n i c a l p h e n o m e n a t o s p o n -
    t a n e o u s h u m a n r e l a t i o n s
    . To s u b s t i t u t e w a r m i n g u p b y f e e d -
    b a c k i s a n o v e r s i m p l i f i c a t i o n ; i t m a y a p p e a l t o t h e a c a d e m i c i a n s
    a s a n o t h e r " s e m a n t i c w i t h d r a w a l f r o m r e a l i t y " .
    Th e Un d e r p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e Un i v e r s e
    M a l t h u s ' p o s i t i o n h a s b e e n t h a t t h e h u m a n u n i v e r s e i s o v e r -
    p o p u l a t e d -t h e e a r t h h a s n o t e n o u g h r e s o u r c e s t o f e e d e v e r -
    i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r s o f p e o p l e
    ; r e c k l e s s e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e e a r t h ' s
    r e s o u r c e s w i l l r e s u l t i n p o v e r t y , s i c k n e s s a n d d e a t h .
    M y t h e s i s i s t o t h e c o n t r a r y , t h a t t h e u n i v e r s e i s " u n d e r " p o p u -
    l a t e d . Th e a n s w e r t o Wh o Sh a l l Su r v i v e ?i s t h a t e v e r y o n e s h o u l d
    s u r v i v e .
    Th e s u p r e m e i m p e r a t i v e o f s u r v i v a l i s o f f i r s t i m p o r t -
    a n c e , t h e m e a n s o f s u r v i v a l i s o f s e c o n d i m p o r t a n c e .
    M a l t h u s d e a l s w i t h t h e " m e a n s " o f s u r v i v a l a n d a r r i v e s a t a d e s -
    p e r a t e c o n c l u s i o n
    . Il o o k a t t h e " o r i g i n s " o f l i f e a n d s u r v i v a l ; t h e
    60 8

    WHO
    SHALL SURV IV E?
    c o n c l u s i o n i s e q u a l l y d e s p e r a t e b u t t h e o u t l o o k i s d i f f e r e n t
    . Le t u s
    l o o k a t t h e f i r s t u n i v e r s e f i r s t , a t t h e s o u r c e o f l i f e , b e f o r e w e l o o k
    a t t h e s e c o n d u n i v e r s e , a t t h e m e a n s f o r l i v i n g . Th e i n f i n i t e s p a c e s
    a n d t h e s t a r r y s k y a b o v e u s h a v e b e e n s y m b o l s t o o u r a n c e s t o r s t h a t
    t h e r e i s a p l a c e f o r e v e r y o n e t o l i v e
    . Th e y h a v e b e e n a p e r e n n i a l
    c h a l l e n g e t o t h e i n v e n t i v e n e s s o f m a n t o c r e a t e t h e m e a n s n e c e s s a r y
    t o t h e s u r v i v a l o f a l l
    . Th e m o d e r n a d v o c a c y o f p r e v e n t i n g c o n -
    c e p t i o n o f l i f e a s a p a l l i a t i v e m e a s u r e a n d a s a h u m a n w e a k n e s s i s
    u n d e r s t a n d a b l e . B u t i t s a d v o c a c y a s a f i r s t , g o o d a n d e t h i c a l p r i n -
    c i p l e i n i t s e l f m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d a s y m p t o m o f a p r o f o u n d d e g e n -
    e r a c y o f o u r e t h i c a l v a l u e s y s t e m s
    . We s h o u l d b e e q u a l l y g e n e r o u s
    t o w a r d s t h e l i f e w h i c h i s c o m i n g u p a s w e a r e , o r s h o u l d b e , t o -
    w a r d s t h e l i f e w h i c h i s g o i n g o u t . Ou r i d e a l s t a n d a r d s h o u l d b e
    t o l e t a s m a n y p e o p l e a s p o s s i b l e b e b o r n a n d l e t t h e m l i v e a s l o n g
    a s p o s s i b l e . B u t i f t h e r e s o u r c e s o f t h e e a r t h a n d t h e i n v e n t i v e n e s s
    o f t h e s c i e n t i f i c m i n d s h o u l d n o t b e a b l e t o f e e d a n e v e r g r o w i n g
    p o p u l a t i o n w e s h o u l d h o n e s t l y m e e t t h e q u e s t i o n w h a t a l t e r n a t i v e s
    t h e r e a r e f o r h u m a n i t y .
    In p r i n c i p l e a t l e a s t , t h e r e i s a n a l t e r n a t i v e t o b i r t h c o n t r o l w h i c h
    w e s h o u l d b r i n g t o o u r c o n s c i o u s n e s s a s a c a t e g o r i c a l i m p e r a t i v e
    e v e n i f i t w o u l d n e v e r b e r e a l i z e d :
    l e t e v e r y o n e b e b o r n a n d l e t u s
    " s h a r e " w i t h t h e m w h a t t h e r e i s t o b e h a d . Le t u s r a t h e r r e d u c e
    t h e l e n g t h o f l i f e o f t h e e x i s t i n g p o p u l a t i o n s i n o r d e r t o p e r m i t
    e v e r y o n e w h o i s c o n c e i v e d t o b e b o r n . In t h e s e n s e o f t h e
    i m p e r a -
    t i v e o f u n l i m i t e d b i r t h e v e n t h e Ca t h o l i c p o s i t i o n o f r h y t h m i c b i r t h
    c o n t r o l i s u n e t h i c a l a n d i n e s s e n c e n o d i f f e r e n t f r o m a l l o t h e r f o r m s
    o f i n t e r f e r e n c e .
    In s t e a d o f c o u n t e r i n g o v e r p o p u l a t i o n b y p r e -
    v e n t i o n o f c o n c e p t i o n a n d b i r t h c o n t r o l w e c o u l d j u s t a s w e l l c o n -
    t r a v e n e b y " p r e v e n t i n g l o n g e v i t y . "
    Ic a n n o t i m a g i n e a n y l e s s
    p o p u l a r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n t h a n p r e v e n t i n g l o n g e v i t y a t t h e t i m e
    w h e n t h e s e l i n e s a r e w r i t t e n , i n a We s t e r n d e m o c r a c y , i n t h e m i d d l e
    o f t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y
    . Pr o l o n g i n g l i f e t o a m a x i m u m h a s
    b e c o m e a c o n s c i o u s o b j e c t i v e o f a s c i e n c e o f g e r i a t r i c s a n d i s s u p -
    p o r t e d b y t h e e n t h u s i a s t i c c o n s e n s u s o f a l l g o o d m e n w h o l o o k u p
    t o s c i e n c e t o g i v e t h e m a m o d e s t s u b s t i t u t e f o r t r u e i m m o r t a l i t y i n
    t h e h e r e a f t e r a s p r o m i s e d t h e m b y r e l i g i o n . B u t i f Iw o u l d h a v e
    a m i n d a l a Sw i f t Ic o u l d w e l l i m a g i n e a w o r l d o f a r e v e r s e d o r d e r ,
    o p p o s i t e t o o u r s , i n w h i c h e t h i c a l s u i c i d e o f p e o p l e a f t e r 3 0 o r 3 5
    a s a r e l i g i o u s t e c h n i c o f c o u n t e r i n g o v e r p o p u l a t i o n i s j u s t a s
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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    Vous aimerez peut-être aussi