Cours

Anglais
Toutes sries

Le present perfect et le present perfect continuous

Present perfect = have + participe pass (il correspond au pass compos ou pass proche en franais).

Le present perfect semploie

Lorsquune action vient de se produire. Theyve just left (ils viennent de partir). Pour faire le point sur lexprience acquise dans un domaine. Il est gnralement accompagn de already, ever, never. Ive never been to Spain. Have you ever played tennis? (as-tu dj jou au tennis ?). Pour indiquer quel rsultat laction entreprise a abouti. I havent finished yet (je nai pas encore fini). Youve made a mess of everything (tu as tot gch). Avec les verbes dtat to be, to stay, to have, les verbes dopinion to think, to believe, les verbes de perception to see, to hear, lorsquils sont accompagns de always, ever, never, already, not ... yet. Shes always thought she would eventually make it (elle a toujours pens quelle finirait par y arriver). Attention ! Certains de ces verbes se construisent parfois avec le present perfect continuous mais ils ont alors un sens diffrent. Shes been thinking of leaving for good (elle a envisag de partir pour de bon).

Present perfect continuous = have been + ing. Attention ! Il peut correspondre un prsent franais.

Le present perfect continuous semploie

Pour dcrire une action ou une situation commence dans le pass qui se poursuit aujourdhui ou vient de se terminer. Hes been living here for ten years (il habite ici depuis 10 ans) he lived here for 10 years (il a habit ici pendant 10 ans ; on fait rfrence une poque rvolue). Attention ! On dira hes been here since January 9th. For semploie uniquement si la phrase peut tre transforme : il habite ici depuis dix ans = cela fait dix ans quil habite ici). Pour expliquer une situation donne. Im tired. Ive been shopping all day. situation v explication

Le groupe verbal

1/13

B@c en Ligne

Faites bien la distinction entre for = dure et since = point de dpart.

NATHAN, 1999 - Atout Bac, Anglais, Term. Toutes Sries (J.-F. Dreyfus).

Le pass
Le pass rvolu : used to + base verbale
I used to do some gardening (autrefois, je faisais du jardinage ; sous-entendu : je nen fais plus).
Would + base verbale se traduit par un imparfait en franais.

Attention ! Nemployez pas used to rptition dans le mme paragraphe. Utilisez would + base verbale par la suite pour traduire des actions rptes. I used to go climbing. I would get up at five, have breakfast. I would then ...

Le simple past (ou prtrit)

Le verbe de la principale est au present perfect. Attention ! Si le verbe dans la subordonne franaise est au prsent, on utilisera le present perfect ou le present perfect continuous aprs since. Il correspond un imparfait en franais.

Il semploie pour parler dune action ou dune situation passe et notamment : Avec ago pour prciser quand cela sest produit : That was three years ago (il y a 3 ans).

Avec for pour marquer la dure : She lived there for 3 years (elle a vcu l-bas pendant 3 ans).

Le past continuous
Chaque fois que lon peut dire en train de : She was reading a comic while I was trying to translate those stupid sentences.

Le groupe verbal

Il correspond au plus-que-parfait franais.

Le past perfect
Il a souvent valeur dexplication et saccompagne souvent dun adverbe de frquence ou de temps (recently, always, often ...). He was in a panic. He had never seen such a horrible creature (il fut saisi de terreur. Il navait jamais vu pareille crature).

2/13

B@c en Ligne

NATHAN, 1999 - Atout Bac, Anglais, Term. Toutes Sries (J.-F. Dreyfus).

Avec since pour prciser partir de quand cela sest produit : Hes been depressed since she walked out on him (il est dprim depuis quelle la quitt). Ever since hes been here, everything has been going wrong (depuis quil est ici, rien ne va).

Le futur
Le futur proche
Il se traduit par : Le present continuous I am leaving tomorrow (je pars demain).
Dcision prise avant de parler

Going to + base verbale We are going to spend a whole week at their parents (nous allons passer...). To be about to Hes about to leave (il est sur le point de partir).

Attention ! Dans les subordonnes de temps introduites par when, as soon as, by the time, le futur franais se traduit par un prsent simple, le futur antrieur par un present perfect.

Le futur progressif
Il semploie : Lorsque le futur simple utilis en franais peut tre transform en je serai en train de . This time tomorrow I shall be flying over the Atlantic (... je volerai au-dessus de lAtlantique). Lorsquune action a t prvue ou planifie. You will be meeting the boss (vous rencontrerez le patron).

Le groupe verbal

Le futur antrieur : shall ou will + have + participe pass

Ill have finished by tomorrow evening (jaurai termin avant demain soir).

3/13

B@c en Ligne

NATHAN, 1999 - Atout Bac, Anglais, Term. Toutes Sries (J.-F. Dreyfus).

Cas particulier : to be to (rencontre, runion) : President Clinton is to meet John Major next week.

Le futur simple : shall ou will + base verbale

Will semploie de plus en plus souvent toutes les personnes. Shall semploie nanmoins : la 1re personne du singulier ou du pluriel lorsque lon demande quelquun ce quil convient de faire ou lorsque lon propose une action commune. Shall I call them? (dois-je les appeler ?). pour exprimer : - une menace : they shall regret it, - une promesse : you shall have it soon.

La forme en ing
Formation
Voix active prsent : helping pass : having helped Autres formes Obligation, contrainte : having to not having to Capacit, possibilit : being able to not being able to. Voix passive prsent : being helped pass : having been helped

Emploi
Traduction dun substantif ou dun infinitif dsignant une activit physique, intellectuelle, artistique ou spirituelle. Skiing is fun (le ski, cest amusant). I like swimming (jaime bien nager). His driving is terrible (sa faon de conduire est abominable). Aprs les expressions suivantes : Its no use (cela ne sert rien de...). Whats the use of...? ( quoi bon... ?). Theres no point in... (cela ne rime rien de...). Whats the point of...? ( quoi bon... ?). There is n... (il ny a pas moyen de...). Its worth... (cela vaut la peine...). I cant stand... (je ne supporte pas que...). I cant help... (je ne peux pas mempcher de...). I dont mind... (cela ne me drange pas de...). I feel like... (jai envie de...). What about... (et si on... !). I am used to... (jai lhabitude...), I am getting used to (je mhabitue ). Aprs before, without, by. Aprs certains verbes dont : to stop, to keep on, to avoid, to be fond of, to enjoy, to hate.

Le groupe verbal

4/13

B@c en Ligne

NATHAN, 1999 - Atout Bac, Anglais, Term. Toutes Sries (J.-F. Dreyfus).

Cas particulier to want, to need : my car needs overhauling (voix active avec sens passif)

Linfinitif (la proposition infinitive)

Structure
Nom ou pronom personnel complment + infinitif complet. I want them to be back by 7 (je veux quils soient de retour avant 7 heures).
Faites attention lordre des mots en anglais : not to et non to not : he advised me not to say anything.

Emploi
Aprs les verbes suivants : to want, to expect (sattendre ce que, attendre de qqn que), to tell (dire qqn de), to order to urge (inciter , pousser ), to advise (conseiller de), to allow (donner la permission qqn de), to enable (permettre, donner les moyens de). The money she won on the pools enabled her to buy a new car (largent quelle a gagn au loto sportif lui a permis de changer de voiture). Aprs to look for (chercher) et to wait for (attendre). I am looking for someone to babysit them once in a while (je cherche quelquun qui puisse soccuper deux une fois de temps en temps). Aprs Id like (jaimerais que). To make (faire, contraindre ... etc.) et to let (laisser, permettre de) + base verbale (et non linfinitif complet). They made me tell them where he was (ils mont forc leur dire o il tait). They eventually let us go (ils nous ont finalement laiss y aller).

Remarquez lemploi du passif : they were made to clean up (on leur a fait tout nettoyer).

Cas particuliers
Faire + ing/se faire + participe pass. To keep sb waiting (faire attendre qqn). To have it examined, fixed, overhauled (faire examiner, prparer, rviser une machine). Verbes ayant un sens dif frent selon quils sont suivis de linfinitif ou de ing. I must remember to lock the door (il ne faut pas que joublie de fermer la porte cl). I remember seeing them (je me rappelle les avoir vus).

Le groupe verbal

5/13

B@c en Ligne

NATHAN, 1999 - Atout Bac, Anglais, Term. Toutes Sries (J.-F. Dreyfus).

Modaux et quivalents : permission, capacit, obligation

Permission Can May Capacit, possibilit de faire quelque chose Incapacit Can (pouvoir, savoir) Cant (ne pas pouvoir ou savoir) Must Have to Can I smoke? Yes, you can. May I smoke? Yes, you may. (Puis-je fumer ? Oui). He can speak three languages (il parle trois langues). You can swim, go for a walk, or play tennis. She cant even read the paper (elle ne sait mme pas lire le journal). You must be more cooperative (tu dois tre plus coopratif).

Obligation morale Ncessit impose par la situation Absence dobligation

Neednt + base verbale Dont/ doesnt have to

She neednt bother (ce nest pas la peine quelle se drange). At least, you dont have to get up so early (tu nas pas ...). You might ask him (peut-tre pourrais-tu lui demander ?) She should be/ought to be kinder to them (elle devrait tre plus gentille). You shouldnt be so aggressive. You mustnt play with the matches (tu ne dois pas jouer avec les allumettes).

Suggestion, conseils

Might Should/ ought to Shouldnt

Le groupe verbal

Interdiction

Mustnt

6/13

B@c en Ligne

NATHAN, 1999 - Atout Bac, Anglais, Term. Toutes Sries (J.-F. Dreyfus).

He has to get up at 6 every morning.

Modaux et quivalents : pronostic, probabilit

Formuler un pronostic
To be likely to To be bound to To be unlikely to Shes likely to win (il est probable quelle gagne). Italy is bound to win (lItalie est sre de gagner ou ne peut pas perdre). Theyre unlikely to beat England (ils ont peu de chances de battre lAngleterre).

Dduction/Hypothse par rapport au prsent

Must May Might Cant He must be awfully sad (il doit tre horriblement triste). She may be at her parents/She might be at her parents (peut-tre est-elle chez ses parents).

Should Ought to

They should/ought to/be back home by now (ils devraient tre rentrs chez eux maintenant).

Dduction/Hypothse par rapport au pass

Must have + participe pass May have + participe pass Cant have + participe pass You must have been furious (tu as d tre furieux). You may have left your keys at home (tu as peut-tre oubli tes cls chez toi). She cant have been so rude (il est impossible quelle ait t aussi grossire).

Le groupe verbal

7/13

B@c en Ligne

NATHAN, 1999 - Atout Bac, Anglais, Term. Toutes Sries (J.-F. Dreyfus).

He cant be guilty (il ne peut pas tre coupable, il est impossible quil soit coupable).

Modaux et quivalents : regret, reproche

Regret, reproche, par rapport une situation prsente
Should, shouldnt Neednt I wish + sujet + were + would + base verbale + preterit modal You should be less aggressive. You shouldnt be so aggressive. (tu devrais, tu ne devrais pas). You neednt be so rude. (Ce nest pas la peine dtre aussi grossier). I wish you were more lenient. (Jaimerais que tu sois plus indulgent). (Were toutes les personnes). I wish you would stop complaining. (Jaimerais que tu cesses de te plaindre). (Irritation face une situation qui persiste). I wish I had more money/I didnt have so much homework.

Should have, shouldnt have + participe pass Neednt have + participe pass Might have + participe pass I wish + sujet + had/hadnt + participe pass

They should have told us. (Ils auraient d nous le dire). She shouldnt have said anything. (Elle naurait d rien dire). You neednt have been so rude. (Ce ntait pas la peine dtre aussi grossier). You might have been more polite. (Tu aurais pu tre plus poli). I wish I had listened to you. (Je regrette de ne pas tavoir cout). I wish I hadnt been so selfish. (Je regrette davoir t aussi goste). Attention ! I wish I had + participe pass = je regrette de ne pas avoir + participe pass. I wish I hadnt + par ticipe pass = je regrette davoir + participe pass.

Le groupe verbal

8/13

B@c en Ligne

NATHAN, 1999 - Atout Bac, Anglais, Term. Toutes Sries (J.-F. Dreyfus).

Regret, reproche par rapport une situation passe

Youd better/Id rather/ Its high time...

Notez la forme interrogative : Hadnt you better leave now? La forme interrogative se construit avec would: would you rather leave? wouldnt you rather: wouldnt you rather wait? wouldnt you rather they came here? wouldnt you rather they had told you the truth?

Youd better + base verbale (tu ferais mieux de). Youd better leave now. (Tu ferais mieux de partir maintenant). Youd better not tell him. (Tu ferais mieux de ne pas le lui dire). Id rather + base verbale (je prfrerais + infinitif). Id rather not go if you dont mind. (Je prfrerais ne pas y aller si a ne te fait rien). Id rather stay. (Je prfre, je prfrerais rester). Id rather + sujet + prtrit modal (je prfrerais que).

Id rather she didnt say anything. (Je prfrerais quelle ne dise rien). Id rather + sujet + had/hadnt + participe pass (jaurais prfr que...). Id rather they hadnt told me about it. (Jaurais prfr quils ne men parlent pas). Id rather they had told me the truth. (Jaurais prfr quils me disent la vrit). Its high time + prtrit modal Its high time you started working. (Il est grand temps que tu te mettes au travail).

Le groupe verbal

9/13

B@c en Ligne

NATHAN, 1999 - Atout Bac, Anglais, Term. Toutes Sries (J.-F. Dreyfus).

Id rather they came earlier. (Je prfrerais quils viennent plus tt).

Principaux verbes suivis de particules adverbiales ou de prpositions

Pensez complter cette liste au fil de vos lectures ou en consultant le dictionnaire.

To break War broke out (la guerre a clat). His car has broken down again! (sa voiture est encore tombe en panne). To bring Computers have brought about many changes in the workplace (... ont entran de nombreux changements). She brought up five children (elle a lev...). To carr y A survey was carried out (une tude a t ralise). To come She came across an old letter (elle a trouv par hasard...). Good jobs are hard to come by (... sont dif ficiles trouver).

To do Ill have to do without your help then (se passer de...). To fall Im falling behind with my work (prendre du retard dans son travail). To find Ill find out whos behind it all (je trouverai qui est dans le coup).

Le groupe verbal

To get I really get along well with them (bien sentendre...). I really need to get away from it all (se changer les ides). Lets get down to work (se mettre au travail). To give I give up (jabandonne).

10/13

B@c en Ligne

NATHAN, 1999 - Atout Bac, Anglais, Term. Toutes Sries (J.-F. Dreyfus).

To cut You ought to cut down on smoking (tu devrais moins fumer). She felt cut off from the other students ( lcart de, coupe de...). Cut it out, will you? (Arrte !).

 To go She went back on her promise (elle est revenue sur sa promesse). Im too old to go through that again (subir nouveau ce genre de choses). To look Im looking for my keys (je cherche...). Who will be looking after the children? (qui soccupera... ?) Look up the meaning of the word agnostic in the dictionary (cherche). To make The Los Angeles population is made up of dif ferent ethnic groups (se compose de ...). How can I make up for all the trouble Ive caused you? (mot mot : comment puis-je compenser ; ici : comment puis-je me faire pardonner ?). To put That really put me off (cela ma vraiment dgot). I guess well have to put up with them one more year (il va falloir les supporter).

To run She started running down her own family (critiquer...). The firm is running into serious problems (rencontrer...). We had run out of food (nous tions cour t de provisions). To see They came to see me off (ils sont venus me dire au revoir). See it that everything is ready (veillez ce que tout soit prt). To set I didnt know how to set about it (... comment my prendre). Everything is set up for the show (tout est prt...). To turn She turned down our offer (dcliner, refuser...). It turned out to be a hoax (ctait en fin de compte une fausse alerte) (se rvler).

Le groupe verbal

11/13

B@c en Ligne

NATHAN, 1999 - Atout Bac, Anglais, Term. Toutes Sries (J.-F. Dreyfus).

To rule He did not rule out a referendum on European integration (ne pas exclure lide de).

QUELQUES VERBES IRRGULIERS

INFINITIF to awake to become to begin to bring to build to buy to catch to choose to come to cost to do to dream to drink to drive to eat to fall to feed to feel to find to fly to forbid to forget to get to grow to hear to hide to hold to hurt to keep to know to lay to lead to learn to lend to lie to light to lose to make to mean to meet to pay to put to read [rid] PRTRIT awoke became began brought built bought caught chose came cost did dreamed ou dreamt drank drove ate fell fed felt found flew forbade forgot got grew heard hid held hurt kept knew laid led learnt lent lay lit lost made meant met paid put read [red] PARTICIPE PASS awoken become begun brought built bought caught chosen come cost done dreamed ou dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt found flown forbidden forgotten got, (AM) gotten grown heard hidden held hurt kept known laid led learnt lent lain lit lost made meant met paid put read [red] sveiller devenir commencer apporter construire acheter attraper choisir venir coter faire rver boire conduire manger tomber nourrir ressentir trouver voler interdire oublier obtenir grandir entendre cacher tenir faire mal garder connatre, savoir tendre, poser mener apprendre prter sallonger allumer perdre faire, fabriquer vouloir dire rencontrer payer poser lire

Le groupe verbal

12/13

B@c en Ligne

NATHAN, 1999 - Atout Bac, Anglais, Term. Toutes Sries (J.-F. Dreyfus).

INFINITIF to ride to ring to rise to run to seek to send to set to shake to show to shut to sing to smell to spend to spoil to stand to steal to strike to swear to swim to take to teach to tear to think to throw to understand to undertake to wear to win to write

PRTRIT rode rang rose ran sought sent set shook showed shut sang smelled ou smelt spent spoilt stood stole struck swore swam took taught tore thought threw understood undertook wore won wrote

PARTICIPE PASS ridden rung risen run sought sent set shaken shown ou showed shut sung smelled ou smelt spent spoilt stood stolen struck sworn swum taken taught torn thought thrown understood undertaken worn won written aller cheval, bicyclette sonner se lever courir chercher envoyer poser, fixer secouer montrer fermer chanter sentir passer, dpenser gcher tre debout drober frapper jurer nager prendre enseigner dchirer penser lancer comprendre entreprendre porter (vtement) gagner crire

Le groupe verbal

13/13

B@c en Ligne

NATHAN, 1999 - Atout Bac, Anglais, Term. Toutes Sries (J.-F. Dreyfus).