Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Corrigé Des Exercices Du Polycopié - 2
Corrigé Des Exercices Du Polycopié - 2
"!#%$'&)(*#,+.-0/213+4#5768/9+4:<;=1>&?6
(%/7@=AB+3/21>&C+357DFE/26:<$57#G6B(%/ +>&CHB5JIK/26%6
/
LNMPO @QHR&#+S&?D%:>&6:S-T&1S(V2U/ WX&?D%:ZYKD
/8-Q&?1S/2[F\=/9] +^@QE5=#_$`&B
] -a57DF13YD57# LNMcbdLNMPO3O +e/f1>&
YKDQ&?6
(gHi/2h HB/Z6D%$Xjkl6/2ma/f:^@F-T&1n(VfU/ oF6%#_:4#5=6(%/p$q&rE7&?$,/2D%1CHB5JI/26%6
/<s
LNMtbuLNMPO3Ovxw3ygz A b{LNMPO4|4}8z A | vxw4y A }8z A |b~w3ygLNMPO4}8z A |>
2U/ E/2$57-F-05=6
+^@F5=6i5=%:4#,/26:s
w y A }8z A |b¡ w ygLNMPO A }¢z A |£ w ygLNMPO }¢z A |>
ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ
ÒÑÑÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÑÒÒ ÒÑÑÒ
s-x
ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ
ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ sÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ
ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ 0ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ ÒÑÒÑ
ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ ÒÑ
x x
ÓÁÔNÕnÖ Æ×ÙØr¬=Ú©=' Û ' Q%> Ü ¯4KNN¬= RÀ 7¬ *¯rÝ "Þ Ý Þ %Ýa Ç zÃ^|Jß
¿ #G6à:*9U/ ;=1>&$/ +4DF1 ¼ +3/Á\?&?$\fDF$,/V-T&1$,/V:4Å ^U/ 5=19/2] HB/n(%/V$'&CHB5JI/26%6/K@7/f:E7&DF: ¾TzÃQb A |»*Ã j
á /9+4:3/Z(%5=6
\SYKD
/
Ç zÃJ|Vv É ½ z A |¾TzÃb A |» Aº
YKDÈ576&?-%-0/2$G$,/21>&r-%$GD
+ :>&?13(gD%6i-F135*(*D%#G:(%/S\95=6E5=$_D%:4#5=6j
âäãn6&
¾Qz A £ Ç <| bå¾Qz A | ¾Tz A | ¾Qz Ç |b¾TzXK|
v
Ç ¾TzXK| Ç
!*5=#G:^@/f6g-%13/26Q&?6à:C$'&©æçè±é2ê ë)(%/9+n(%/2DF[RH¤/2Hr%13/9+s
¾ zXK|
¾KìNz A |Vv¨¾Tz A | ì º
¾TzX|
y
(%5=6:S#G$Á/9+4:#_H8Hí9U/ (*#q&?:"YKD
/8$'&+357$GD%:4#576;2U/ 6 2U/ 1>&?$,/8/9+4:"îZï Ì*ð 5DP] îñ/2:¢ò+35=6:"(%/9+
\95=6
+4:>&?6à:3/9+C&14%#G:41>&?#_13/9+^j
y
ôóxõ zXöf| »ö +3/21>&57F:3/f6D
//26«#G6à:*9U/ ;=1>&6: }8zXö2|V»ö »öe÷^»ö3ø (
&6+¢$/
(%5=HR&#G6
/ ö¸~zXö º ö£«»ö2| @*$'&8+4IHí2U/ :414#,/S+.-%Å 2U/ 14#,YKD
/(%576F6
/"&?$,5=13+
Ð
õ zXöf|»àöv¦ÐKù}8zXö2|4ö »öCv ú ù ö ï Ì*ð'û'ü »öJ
ö ë+e/f1>&r1>&=\2#_6
/Z(F/"õ ì zXö2|Ávxgz HR&?[à#GH"D%Hý(%/"õ zXö2|4| @T+35=#_: öb« Kö>þ ò vd 5=D
öë v úÆ
ò
ÿ
ãC6å&?D%1>& ö vCö õ zXöf|»àö /f: ö vCö õ zXö2|»ö @-FD%#,+eYD/©õ zXö2| /^+.:6
5=14HR&$G#+F9U/ /Kj
57D%1C\J&$\2D%$,/21 ö 576-0/2D%:-Q&?14:4#_1C(*D\J&?$,\2D%$(%/
1
0.8
c0
c1
1/2
c2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Ó ÔNÕÖ ×cØ'°fq¯>
2%NN¬=
° JN >° ° °)Ú8
'Ý Ý
ß
å Þ ¬='°>l Þ ò v Æ ß
0 1 2 3 4
%$
È5D ]
ö v
ò
&V5=H©HB/g576-0/2D%:$/±\9576+4:>&:3/21+4D%1$q&o;7D%13/ @E7&?$/fDF1¢HB5JIK/f6F6
/7@E7&$/2D%18$q&
-%$GD
+Á-%1357T&%$/Z/2:n1>&=\2#_6
/Z(F/)$q&rE7&?$,/2D%1CYDT&7(*1>&?:4#YD/ZHB5JI/26%6
/)6/S\95(' )G6
\2#(%/26à:V-T&7+^j
k<613/2H8-%$q&+\J* &6:)òC-Q&1+>&rE7&$/2D%15=6i:4135=D%EK/"&$5=13+nYKD
/
L Æ è ö Ov
, /ð . º
-
HrD%$_:4#G-%$G#,5=6
+Á-Q&1 9 /2: WX&?#+3576+S&S] 657D%EK/J&D 9"£4;v Æ7@à57657%:4#/26:n(
&?6
+ $/)HB/fHr%13/
(%/(*1357#G:3/)$'&8(Á2U/ o%6%#G:4#,5=6(F/)$q&E7&?$,/2D%1HB5JI/26%6
/(%/ML¶s
K 9±vL L O>
¿ l/ \J&$\2D%$(%/ L L O /9+4:+3/2Hr%$q&?%$/<sJ5=6"(V2U/ 14#GE/V(%/2DF[pWN5=#,+0-Q&11>&?-%-a5714: & ] 9 $'&Á13/f$'&?:4#,5=6
z DK| @576gH"D%$G:4#G-%$_#/S-T&1 9 @F-%DF#,+C576gWX&#G: 98£<;Sv ÆK@à13/9+4:3/<s
k
L L Ov º
Æ zv
YKD%#\95(' )_6\f#(%/Z&9EK/^\p$q&r1*2U/ -05=6
+3/fU/ $22U/ HB/f6:>&?#_13/Z(F/Z$q&01^/9] ;7$/Z(%/Z:4135=#,+2j
/^] +)YKDÈ576å&Æ zv [ kP5=6-a/2D%:)\^5=6
+4#(V2U/ 13/21$'&8$57#F#_6
5=H8#q&?$/"\957H8HB/SDF6
/S$57#
(%/ 5=#,+3+e576±(a`9U/ \J&14:4:I-a/<s
ú
¥ v L L Ov k
Æv
57D%1q v Æ @K5=6R& L L Ov Æ Q Æ /2:Á(F576
\ ¥ [ô* @K/2:-05=D% 1 q v Æ ÿ @ L L Ov Æ Ì
@
\9/ZYKD%#aE/2D%:C(*#_13/ZYKD#G$0I±&?D%1>&?#_:/f6gHB5JI/26%6
/)DF6
%/)HB57$f9U/ \fDF$,/):35=D%: $/9+ (*# [gH8#_$G$_#5=6
+
(ZYR>wC+% >z>/R8\w w(p ¡ p
z¢w£8>Y¢p
/>¢wp+>¡ R>(
ww(¡
>¤wp¢
>
%¥
hQ&=\9576+ (%/BÆ)$G#_:413/ S j
§¦
¿ &?-%-%1359[*#GHR&:4#5=6(%/S!:4#_14$G#_6;R(%5=6%6
/<s
k©¨ Æ k { Ì ? k ?
zk b |
[ º
,
¨
,
¨ ï ? zk b ,
|{ Ì ?
,
¨
+35=#G:s
}8z |Áv Æ z k b k 9Q| { Ì ? z k 9Q| ?
, ï ? zk b , |{ Ì ? , ¨
ãC6gE7&HR&#G6:3/f6T&6:i^U/ \214#G13/<s
ª k b k 9
Ì? v b k 9
Ì ?
b
{ ª Æ £ ,
b
{
k k
,|« ,¬«
/2:nDF:4#_$G#,+e/f1$,/pWX&#G:nYKD
/<s y
A
$Gê #_H z Æ b | { v ï Ì
{ k
Ë
E $E#,/26:&?$5713+ YKDQ&?6
( z k b ,
|\ ® s
}8z |Vv Æ è ?
ï ? RÌ ¯
, ï ?
,
¨
&YWN(aj
576:4135=6
+)YD/"\7/9+4:%#/f6D%6/S$57#(F/S-%135=Q&?%#_$G#G:FKU/ j &6%#GWN/9+4:3/2HB/f6: }8z , J
| °ô
/2: ? , 8
} z
| v ï ÌR¯ ï ¯ v 8
} z |
ÆKj 5=6
\ , 13/2-%1*9U/ +3/26:3/S%#/26iDF6
/S$57#(F/Z-%135=Q&F#_$G#_:*7U/ j
&Á&$\2D%$,5=6
+ + &"E7&?$/fDF1HB5JIK/f6F6
/S/2:+>&rE7&?14#q&?6
\9/7j
L L OVv ï Ì%¯ w Ë è ?
v ï ÌR¯ w Ë è ? v è ?
ï %¯ è w Ë
Ì v è
?A@ ë
, ¨
?A@
z b Æ|¨ ?A@ ë ,
¨
, ,
/)H/2h HB/S/26d9U/ \214#_E7&?6:s
v Æ £ Æ
b | ¨ z b Æ | ¨ º
,
z b Æ| ¨ z ~
, , ,
5=6¦2U/ :>&?%$_#G:nWX&=\2#_$/2HB/f6:CYD/ L L Ov è £ è @F(%5=6
\SYKD
/ ¥ v èäj
±(Z²Y ³´µ¡ /³wp¢w/
\¶w¢
¢w£>©wp¢w
pw¢¤·¸
zp¹8¢\>>º»>Y¼
½!¾+¿\ÀwÁ
>J·¸©wp¢w
Âw¶Ã8ÄJ¾+¿c/¢wZÅ(pR>zÆ>¡ £>/¢>p
Âw!~ Ç /³>/³>
>¢wp¹8¢¶w+tw(¡
>¤w©´Æz¡ >¢YÈ¢w
££Éw!
¢w/Æ´Ê>Ç z
%D
` a+bcbäGd+e(f
?6gË&V5=H8HB/Pa/J&D
\95=D%-ô(%/PE7&?14#'&%$/9+&$fJU/ &:35=#_13/9+g13/26
\9576:41*9U/ /9+
M
+35=6:§0-05=#+3+35=6%6%#/f6F6
/9+A2@Q$/B1F8U/ h
/>[%/g/9+4:¢E#G:3/R-%14#+(0`9U/ \214#G13/R:35=D%:¢1*9U/ +4DF$_:>&?:¢+35=D
+r$q&
WN5=14HB/rÌÎÍ ú " Ì jÉV & /ZYKD%#6/9+4:-Q&7+Á:357D 57D%13+ÁÅ
/2D%13/2DF[aj
!DF1"$'&o
;7DF13/ 576¡&:41>&7\T8 U/ $X Å%#+4:35K;71>&?H8HB/B-05=D%1Mk v Æ /f:\957H8-Q&?1FR U/ &D*[¡&-F
-%1359[*#GHR&:4#5=6
+;&D+3+4#/f6F6
/V/2:<(%/ 57#+3+35=6j?µCD
\2D%6
/V6È/9+4::419/9] +05=6%6
/ z 6F#*:41^/^] +HR&DF
E7&?#,+e/ ¨ | j
0.4
ïPoisson
ðExact
0.3 ñGauss
P(k)
0.2
0.1
0.0 è0 é2 ê4 ë6 ì8
ík
Ó ÔNÕÖ × òl¬7Ú =¯e='°f¬=
å °SÝ ¬='°S ¯4¬R 3R 2NÝ N% ß
y
ó E $ +4DF8:n(%/Z(VfU/ EK/2$,5=-%-a/f1C+35=D
+V$/Z+4#,;=6
/Z+35=H8HB/Sï8ô ? /26±-%DF#,+3+ &6
\9/
%( / , j E $E#/26à:
þ
L ï ô ? Ó Ov Æ £ ç LNMPO b , LqM Ob ç , LNM þ OÎ £ õõõ
, ¨
íUö
Æ | &V5=H©HB/
½ z A | v49+÷z A b Æ |£ø;w÷z A | º
5=6i5=%:4#/f6: y
L ï ô ? O v h ½ z |Vv49 ï ô ? £<;K
,
| ¿ &(%/26
+4#G:F)U/ (%/C-%1357T&%#G$G#_:*)U/ (%/C$'&SE7&?14#q&?%$/C· v{M¬T£M £4õõõ9£iM = /^+.:$/
-%135*(àD%#_:(%/\^5=6E5=$_DF:4#,5=6"(%/ ½ z A | K WN5=#+a-Q&1/2$G$,/2Hi/2h HB/7@?+357#G:½ z A |ù ½ z A |Yõõõ/ù ½ z A | @
(%5=6
\$q&8WN5=6
\2:4#576\J&1>&=\2:F2U/ 14#,+4:4#YKD
/(%/S·R@T:41>&?6
+4WN5=14Hí9U/ /r(%M / ú57D%14#/21Z(%/¢\9/-%135*(*D%#G:
(%/\^5=6E5=$_DF:4#,5=6i+3/21>&(%5=6%6 9U/ /Z-Q&?1
h z |Vv§z ½ z |4| = v:z 9 ï ô ? ø £ ;>| =
, ,
| jn:4#G$G#,+35=6
+ 9¢<£ ;Sv ÆZ/f:û v K 9
h z |Vv Æ £xz ï b Æ| û =
ô?
, ]
y K ^
&57H8HB/Z576+>&?#_:YD/Z$_#GH
=
ê z Æ £ A Q K | = v ï @576&"-a5=D%1 K ;=1>&6(
Ë
h z ~| [ 2/ [à-û z ï ô ? b Æ |>
,
Æ
ãC6gEfU/ 14#Go
/rYD/Z$q&rWN5=6
\2:4#,5=6i(F/Z-Q&?14:4#_:4#576(%/)$'&8(*#+4:414#_FD%:4#,5=6(%/ 5=#+3+35=6
û {
w Ë ï ÌUü ï ô? { v ï Ì#ü ï üý
þÿ
{ @
ë k©¨
-%DF#,+C/26i(V2U/ E/2$57-F-Q&6:$,/Z$5K;à&?14#_:4ÅFH¤/
$_6 h z , |Áv b ç ,
K 9
;
£ K ç, K
9
;
b
,
K
;
£
,
K
9
;
£Îõõõ
á /9+4:3/Z+3/2D%$/fHB/26: z /26D%:4#_$G#+>&6:&"
] 657D%EK/J&D ¢
9 £ø;Zv Æ | YKD
/
Æ
$G6 h z , |Vv b , £z ú |>
K
ã 6¡/26«(Á9U/ (*D%#G:©/26¡-%13/26Q&?6à:$'&:41>&6
+.WN5714H¡9U/ /R#G6E/213+3/±(F/ h z , | YKD
/¤$q&(%/26
+4#G:FR
C U/ (%/
-%135=Q&?%#G$_#G:FSU/ (%/ô/9+4:
z |Vv ú Æ 7ù ï Ì ü ü
kl:(F576
\ZYKD
/p$q&8(%/26
+.#_:*ZU/ (%/p-%1357T&%#G$G#_:*SU/ (F/Z· ^/ +.:
zN¼Bv ú =Æ ù ï Ì ÝZßüNàå ü âäã ü
¥
CDT&6
( K ® @ ¥ Q ú K v ¥ Ó /2:¢(%5=6
\B$'&WN5=6
\2:4#,5=6
}8z'M = | \9/26:41F^U/ /B/26 M Ð v LNMPO (F/fE#/26à:r(%/-%$_D+S/26P-%$GD
+2U/ :4135=#_:3/7@0+3576äHg&J[à#_HrD%H
:3/26
(E/213+r$#_6Fo%6%#X@HR&#+"+35=6#_6:*9U/ ;71>&?$/813/^+.:3/¨9U/ ;à&?$,/&
] Æ7jkl$_$/B6 &-Q&=+"(%/B$G#GH©#G:3/
\95=H©HB/rWN576\f:4#5=6@aHR&?#,+):3/26
(äE/213+Z$'&R(*#+4:414#G%D%:4#576(%/ #_1>&=\ ÷ -%$'&7\T9U/ /8/f6 M Ð j ¿ /
\J&?$,\2D%$/9+4:n#GH8Hí^U/ (à#q&?: +35=#_
: z A |¸ ÀR@F#_$WX&?D%: HB5=6à:413/21)YKD
/
$G#Gê H É z A |4}¢z A |4» A v z MPÐ |>
=
Ë
ãC6gWX&#G:n$/Z\3ÅT&6
;K/2HB/f6:C(%/ZE7&?14#q&?%$/
ú
A v ú ¥ £ MÐ
K
/2:n#G$E#,/26:
ú
$G#_ê H É z A |4}8z A |4» A v Æ É ú ¥ £ M Ð ï Ì2ü »
= ú ù K
Ë
¿ /:4Å 9U/ 5=1^/f] HB/)(%/C$'&S\9576EK/f13;K/26
\9/)(%57H8#G6 CU/ -0/214HB/2: (%/C-Q&=+3+3/21Z&Z
] $'&Z$G#_H8#G:3/ K ® @
#G$13/9+4:3/
Æ
æçXè = ê É z A |4}8z A |4» A v ú ù z MPÐ | É ï Ì 2ü » v z A Ð |>
Ë
íF´ãC6&8\2$'&#G13/2HB/f6:Ps
M {
v"! ë £!£ õõõK£! { º
5D ] $,/9+ ! ô +35=6:rkPE7&?14#'&%$/9+"&?$fJU/ &?:357#G13/9+#G6
(V2U/ -a/26
(
&?6à:3/9+Z-F13/f6T&6:Z$/^+pE7&$/2D%13+ z Í8Æ |
&9EK/9\$'&r-%135=Q&F#_$G#_:* U/ ÆwP jGjn6/p+e57H8HB/)(%/)E7&14#'&?%$,/9+n&?$f?U/ &?:35=#_13/9+V(%/)HB5JIK/f6F6
/)6D%$_$/
/9+4:n/26
\95=13/ZD%6
/pE7&14#'&F$,/S&?$fJU/ &?:357#G13/Z(%/ZHB5JIK/26%6
/Z6D%$G$,/7@(%5=6
\ L A { Ovx j
¿ &(*#,+.:>&6
\9/R&r] $X5=14#;7#G6
/)6È/9+4:n-Q&=+ M { @FHR&?#,$ + # M { # @+35=#G: M jaãC1s
{
M v w ! ô £ w ! ô ! &
ô@'
%&
{
ô
%
&57H8HB/ !4ô v Æ /2: (L ! ô ! & OVvL(! ô O2L(! & Ovx8z :4#G1>&7;K/9+#G6
(V2U/ -a/26
(
&?6à:3+ | @K#G$%E#,/26: LNM{ Ov
kjFkl:p(%5=6
\)$'&(*#,+.:>&6
\9/ » \2135h)G:n\957H8HB/ ú kj
¿ &8;2U/ 6 2U/ 1>&?$_#+>&?:4#,5=6¡& ] -%$_D+4#,/2D%13+)(*#GHB/26
+4#576
+C/9+4:±2U/ E#(%/26à:3/<sQ576x9U/ \214#_:CE/9\2:35714#/2$_
$/2H¤/26:
)+bNb* bN { - v !, ë Î £ õõõ.
£ !, { º
5=6¨2U/ $X/2] E/Z&?DR\J&141*CU/ +3\J&$'&?#_13//f: \95=H8H¤/ / # ! , # v Æ/2: YKD
/C:35=D%:3/9+$,/9+V5=14#,/26:>&:4#5=6
+V(%/ ! ,
ë
+35=6:R9U/ YKD%#_-F1357Q&?%$/9+ @F5=6&/26
\95713/CD%bXb
6
b¸/p E7&$/2D%1 HB5JI/26%6/S(%/9+ -%135*(àD%#_:3++3\J&$'&?#_13/9+
6D%$G$,/ z4L0! , ô 1! , & Ov Æ L \95+32 O4| /f:(%576\ L # )4 * { # Ov kj
&V5=6à:41>&?#G13/fHB/26:p&?DRHB57DFE/2HB/f6: T&$G#,+.:4#,YKD
/ z HB57DFE/2HB/f6:C(0 DF6±-%135 /^\2:4#G$,/ | 5D ]
$X5=6{EK57#G:R$'&P(*#+4:>&?6
\9/\f135?h)G:413/-%1357-a5=14:4#,5=6%6
/2$G$,/2HB/26à:±&?D{:3/2H8-
+^@$/iHB5=D%E/2HB/26:
%135 7n6%#/26~/9+4:"\J&?1>&7\2:*2U/ 14#,+*¢U/ -T&1SDF6
/B(*#+4:>&6\^/BYKD%#V\2135h)_:r\^5=H8HB/¢$'&g1>&7\2#G6
/B\J&141*9U/ /
(*DB:3/2H8-
+^jàµ)+4IH8-%:357:4#YKD
/2HB/f6:^@$#GEà135K;=6
/+9`2U/ $57#;76/f1>&#_6
(VfU/ oF6%#_HB/26:n(%/$È5=14#,;=#_6/K@
&9EK/9\BD%6
/BE#G:3/9+3+3/BYKD%# :3/26
(E/213+ j E $V$,/©WN/f1>&&9EK/9\BD%6
/B-F1357Q&?%#G$_#G:*« U/ 9U/ ;&$/B(
&?6
+
:35=D%:3/9+ $/9+(*#G13/9\2:4#,5=6
+^j
`Ma+b6587# 9 bäG d+e8N b65\a
ef_d+eµCD8$_#/2D¤(F/ +^#_6:*2U/ 13/9+3+3/21p&p ] (%/9+E7&?$,/2D%13+lHB5JIK/f6F6
/9+
5=6"-a/2D%:<\eÅ
/213\3Å
/21$'&-%135=Q&F#_$G#_:*U/ }¢z AZº Ñ | YKD
/V$X #GE135;=6
/V+35=#G:<&Dr-05=#G6à:lAi&] $X #G6
+4:>&?6:
Ñ>j &6+ $/)-%1357F$X/2] HB/R&r ] D%6
/S(à#_HB/26
+4#576 @F5=6ä&r6 9U/ \9/9+3+>&?#_13/2HB/26à:s
}8z Aº Ñ £ Æ |v Æ }8z A b ÆKZº Ñ |£«}8z A £ ÆKZº Ñ | Úº z Æ K|
Ø
©
\9/ZYKD%#/>[à-%14#GH¤/<s
# | YKD#G$06/-a/2D%:n;&7;=6
/21$,/)+4#G:3/)A±YKD
/Z+4#X@F&DR:3/2H8-
+V-F1F^U/ \T9U/ (%/26:^@à6
57:413/)#GE135;=6
/
2U/ :>&?#_:C(
&6+ D%6+4#G:3/)#_H8Hí9U/ (*#q&?:3/2HB/f6:CE5=#,+.#_6@
#_# | YKD #G$KE7&n+35=#G:Á&Á] ;à&?D
\eÅ
/7@9+35=#_:V&Á] (*1357#G:3/&9E/9\l$q&Hi/fh HB/l-%135=Q&?%#_$G#G:FU/ j ¿ `9U/ YDT&:4#576
zT=| -a/2D%:/26
\95=13/Z+^`9U/ \214#G13/S/26±13/2:41>&6\3ÅQ&?6: }8z AºZÑ | & ] +3/9+n(%/2DF[gHB/2H"F13/^+s
}¢z AºZÑ £ Æ |b«}¢z AºZÑ |Vv Æ 8 } z b |£¡}8z A £ Æ7ºZÑ |bí }¢z AºZÑ | Ú
Ø A ÆKºZÑ
Ð
5=6±WX&?#_:$,/Z(VfU/ EK/2$,5=-%-a/fHB/26:p(F/VU<&9I$571&?D+3/9\^5=6
(g5713(*13/(0 DF6
/ZWN5=6
\2:4#,5=6ä½ z A | s
½ z A £ Ç |£ ½ z A b Ç |<b¡ ½ z A |Vv Ç ½ ì ìNz A |£Wz Ç | º
] $9U/ YKDQ&:4#5=6i(%/Z$'&(*#GmQD
+.#,5=6 .þ j µ ] D%
6 /S(*#GHB/26
+4#576/f$G$/S+^`^U/ \214#G:s
-%DF#,+)Ç v ÆKj È5DR
} > }
v Æ º z ÆÆ |
Ñ A
(%5=6:n$'&+357$GD%:4#576 z 6
5=14Hg&?$G#,+*9U/ / | /9+4:
}8z AºÑ | v ú Æ ï Ì Þ üYüX
=ù Ñ
&C/9+4:$q&-%135=Q&?%#G$_#G:FS U/ YKD
/S$X#_E135K;76
/+357#G:p&?D-05=#_6:C(0 &?
+3\2#+3+3/ZA&?Di:3/2H8-
+xÑn(
&?6
+
$'&rE/213+4#576i04\95=6:4#_6D
/28(%/Z$'&rHg&?13\3Å/"&DgÅQ&=+>&13(aj
ãC6-0/2D%:)EK57#G1ZYD/¢YKDQ&?6
| ( Ñn:3/26
(E/213+ @%$q&8-F1357Q&?%#G$_#G:*U/ }8z AZº Ñ | (%576F69U/ /S-Q&?1
$X`9U/ YKDQ&?:4#,5=6 ÆKÆ:3/f6({E/213+¤$q&(*#+4:414#G%D%:4#576ô(%/ #G1>&7\ ÷ @ÁYKD%#S(V9U/ \214#_:¤$q&+4#G:4DQ&?:4#,5=6
#G6%#G:4#q&?$,/5D¤ ] $#_E135K;76/S/9+4: z +KDFh 13/fHB/26: | /26 6 ) &?D±:3/2H8-
+ j E $/9+4:R2U/ E#,(%/26:)YD/<s
M vdÉ Ë A Æ ï Ì ÞZ üX » A vx
Ì Ë ú ù Ñ
z -Q&?1n-T&14#G:FU/ | /2:YKD
/<s
M v É Ë A ú Æ ï Ì ÞZ üX » A v Ñ
Ì Ë ù Ñ
57D%1\^/2:4:3/S(F/f146F#X/2] 13/9U/ YKDQ&?:4#,5=6i5=6±WX&?#_:Á$,/Z\eÅQ&6;/2HB/26à:(%/)E7&14#'&?%$,/ZA v¦¼ ú Ñ2@\9/
YKD%#l(%576F6
/S#GH8Hí9U/ (*#'&?:3/fHB/26:Z$,/1F9U/ +4D%$G:>&:)#GH©-a5=14:>&6:ZYKD
/ M V [ Ñ>@Q-%D%#+p5=6D%:4#G$_#+3/
$'&8E7&?$,/2D%1Z(%Ë / z | ¤j &È/^+.:D%6/©&?D%:413/"(VfU/ HB5=6
+4:41>&?:4#,5=6YKD
/"$'&B(*#+4:>&?6
\9/±&8 ] $XÈ5714#;7#G6
/
\2135h)_:/f6 ú Ñ /2:n-Q&=+n/26 Ñ2j
ã 6iEK/2141>&8-%$GD
+n:>&?13(YD/Z$q&WN5=14H"DF$,/ z ÆKÆ | \95(' )G6
\2#(%/S&9E/9\Z$'&0`$5=#(%/rú#\S\#2BYKD%#
C
/9+4: DF6
/Z$57#:419/9] +n;2U/ 6 2U/ 1>&$/Z(%/9+-%135*\9/^+e+4D
+ (%/(*#_mTD
+4#5=6j
ñ ¿ &HB5JI/26%6/(F/^+8:41>& /2:3+R(0 &D%:35=HB57F#_$/i/9+4:R(F/i:35=D%:3/gWX&Y\9* 5=6
(%/©$È5713(à13/±(%/ \HB+^jlµCE7&6:8(0È57
+e/f14EK/21¢D%6¡/2m0/2:B&D+3+4#o%6«YKD
/±\9/2$_DF#nYKD%#n/9+4:
#G6
\214#_H8#G6 7U/ @F#_$WX&?D%:C(0 &?a5713(57h :3/21\9/2:4:3/S\J&?D
+>&?$_#G:FCU/ :414#_E#'&$/7j
:Ã( -¡ ¹8¢
n¹8¢w#]/¢w wz_¡ ^\¶(¡ /¢Æw+>¡ /
ÿ
©&V/9\2#*6
/V-F1357D%EK/ 14#/26¤(F/V-%$GD
+<YKD
/<s:357D%:3/-0/213+35=6%6
/ /268/>[%\9/2$G$,/26:3/n\95=6
(*#G:4#,5=6
-%ÅI*+4#YKD
/¢& ] $ &?6
+V&Z(
&fE7&6:>&=;/(%/n\eÅQ&6\^/(%/Eà#GE13/n-F$_D
+E#/2DF[BYKD
/$'&)HB5JI/26%6
/7j
¿ & F814HR&:4#576u(%/ H¤` / U/f#+3+4#/21B/^+.:BD%6
/-%$'&#+>&?6à:3/214#/<s\9/6È/^+.:B-Q&7+©-Q&13\9/
YKDD%6 2U/ ET/2] 6
/2HB/f6:Z-a/2D%:S+3/-%135*(*D%#G13/857D-T&7+ZYKD
/$/^+p-%1357T&%#G$G#_:*9U/ +S+35=6:Z(%/Æ P ¨
k[F/2H©-F$,/(%/å-F1FfU/ E#+4#576Ss#_$rI &?D%1>&«(
&?6
+g$ &?6%6 9U/ /¦&¡ ] EK/26%#_1(%/;7135K+-%135=%$X/2] HB/9+
9U/ \957657H8#YD/^+9j
`Ma+bcbäG d+e(f
?6
g ¿ /9+¢/>[F/2H8-%$,/9+(%/±\9/R;K/26%13/B-%DF$_$GD%$/f6:^j &?1¢/>[F/fH8-%$/7@lYKD
/
Ðb a (%/9+&1419/2h :3+"(F/8:41>&9E7&#G$n&?#,/26:"$G#,/2D¡&D%:35=D%1"(F/^+ 7 /9L/ \/f6(%+"(V2U/ HB5=6à:413/7@+4DF1S$q&
\95=6
+3\2#,/26
\9/8-%135=WN/9+3+4#576F6
/2$_$/R(%/9+/fH8-%$5JI9U/ +^@Ý Þ ¬=
Qq¯47'¯ (F/R\9/±YKDD%6
/R1*JU/ &=\2:4#,5=6
+4-a5=6à:>&?6 9U/ /Z(%5=6%6
/21>&?#_:s Æ 5=D%13++.D%1 + 7 /9c/ \/26
(%+C/2: R Q7ÿSvxÐb a j
ÿ 5=DF[à:3/f6:$,/9t
Æ
íóÆf &?6%#_WN/9+4:3/2HB/26: }8z , |Vv £ Æ @F#_6(Á2U/ -0/26
(
&?6:(%/ ,
jFk<:s
k
L L Ov Æ w{ v Æ k zk £ Æ | v k
k £ Æ ?A@ ë , k £ Æ º
1*9U/ +4D%$G:>&?:YKD%#6È/9+4:n-Q&=+n+.D%14-%13/26Q&?6à:^Éj &Á&$\2D%$576
+Á$,/Z+e/^\95=6
(RHB5=HB/f6:s
L L Ov Æ w{
k £ Æ
?A@ ë
,
!*5=H8HB576
+Á$9U/ YKDQ&:4#5=6
z ¥K| (%/Z$X`fU/ 6576
\TZU/ /26:413/ /2J : k¢s
z £ |`þ
w { £ w { £ Æ z k £ Æ |vdÉ ë { Î A » A v k Æ
?A@ ë ?A@ ë
, ,
!*5=#G:s
zX £ |
L L OVv k k Æ º
$
/2:
k
¥ vL L Ob¦L L O v Æ z Æ £ k |>
dfehgKiGjkhlmeon £8>
w¢pr¹8¢¶U¢wp>¢>pp´J´J>> ¢wz¢
È% >Êw¢
/pw©\·¸>
n(È
/ w¢w
n
q p <¼ r ÀED sut ww v xz~ D st z z| } v0
~ ~
xzby {|S} |}
>Æ> ·¸¢w Y>¡ £>wR>´J>¢X
µz(>r
fMÂ R £nzt8t R
w
· /´¢wÂwzR8¡ pwÉ »>¡ ¡
$
¿ &r$,5=#(%/Z-%135=Q&?%#G$_#G:FSU/ /9+4: $'&$,5=#a%#G6
57H8#'&$/<s
}8z |Vv ? 9 ? z Æ b Q9 | { Ì ? v Æ ?
, B { { B {
ãC6+>&?#_:nYKD &?$,5=13+s
k
L L Ov k 9±v
º
-%DF#,+3YKD
/ 9±v /2:s
¥ v k 9z Æ | b 9Q|Vv k
Ð
&6
+$/C\?&=+V(0D%6R:4#G1>&7;K/D%6%#GWN5714HB/7@K$'&SE7&?14#'&6
\9/C\21357#+3+>&?#_:/26¬k :>&?6
(*#+VYD #\2#@
/2$G$,/B\2135h)_:Z/26 kj!#V5=6å13/9;à&?13(%/$,/81>&?-%-a5714:r(%/$`9U/ \?&?14:4X:I-0/ä&R ] D%6/B;71>&?6
(%/2D%1S\J&?
1>&=\2:FfU/ 14#+4:4#YKD
/±(*D-%135=%$X/f] HB/ 8YKDÈ576-%13/26
(*1>&#\2#¤9U/ ;à&?$,/X & ] k Q= @5=6~:4135=D%E/g(
&?6
+
$/"\J&=+DF6%#_WN5=14HB/"DF6^U/ \J&?14:4X:I-0/r13/2$q&?:4#_W\9576+4:>&6: [ ú Q YKDQ&?6
|
( k ® @&?$,5=13+
YKD#_$:3/26
(gE/213+ /f6Æ Q ú kå(
&?6
+V$/S\J&7+Á(*D /2D(%/Z-%#G$,/Z5=DWX&7\9/7j 57DFJ 1 k v Æ K @
$/9+R9U/ \J&14:3+4:I-a/S+35=6: 13/9+4-0/9\2:4#GE/2HB/f6:)(%/Z$X5=13(*13/S(F/ % ¥VD /f:Æ ÿ j ¥ j
E $
+^ &7;=#_:l/26
\95713/ (F/ $'&C$,5=#*%#G6
57H8#'&$/7@?HR&#+<\9/2:4:3/ WN5=#+&9EK/9\ 9±v Æ Ì þ j 576
\<s
}8z |Vv ? Æ Ì þ ? z Æ b Æ Ì þ | { Ì ?
, B {
k
ãC6&DF1>& L L OVv /2:s
Æ K
k Æ
¥ v Æ KK z Æ b Æ K | [ L L O>
] k v Æ K @^/f68#(%/26:4#_oQ&?6: z Æ b `ë ë.ë | ë`ë`ë &C
&?6
+$/ \J&=+<5Dy ] $G#_H { ê z Æ b | { v ï Ì s
Ë {
/2:s
b
} qì v , Æ
k £ Æ
!*5=#G:s
} { 2z |Vv Æ z b £ |4} z |£uz b |4} z b | z Æ K|
k Æ { , Æ { , Æ Ú
Î , k £ Æ Ø , ,
ãC6¨-05=D%141>&?#_:81*9U/ +35=D
(*13//26¦;2U/ 6 2U/ 1>&?$\9/2:4:3/ 9U/ YDT&:4#576u(%/±1*9U/ \2D%1413/26
\9/7@Hg&?#+B#_$)/9+4:
-%$GD
+)1>&?-%#(%/8(%/E2U/ 14#Go
/21S(*#G13/^\2:3/2HB/26à:r+4D%1Z$X`9U/ YKDQ&?:4#,5=6 z Æ K| YKD
/ } { z , |v Æ Q k/9+4:
$'&+357$GD%:4#576YKD%#\9571413/9+4-a576(P& ] } fz Æ |v ÆKj
:
½ZY\M8 q
D q
ID SRG;
¼
À ¼ ÃÀ i > q
1: D TRL:
¼ 8À i #¹8¢w+(¡ È¢w>z©V ¢w!ww
_ ]
£¶(¢ ÈwU
É(¢´ w¤w8C·¸£8z p¢´ ww©8ÉR/ w ^
¥
\ | ãC6±&p(%576\5=%:3/26DBD%6
/-%1357T&%#G$G#_:*U/ D%6%#GWN5714HB/7@\95=H8H¤/r&Z ] $X/>[F/213\2#,\9/rÆ Ð jRj6
\J&?$,\2D%$&?6Q&$5K;7D
/)(%5=6%6
/21>&(%5=6
\Z#GH8Hí9U/ (*#'&?:3/fHB/26:s
£
LNM { Ov k Æ zÆ |
/2:s
Æ
¥ Ó vLNM { Ob{LNM { O v Æ z k b Æ |>
¿ &ÁWN5=14H"D%$/ z Æ | 2U/ :>&?#_:-%1*2U/ E#+4#_F$,/7j=kl6¢/2ma/f:^@?+35=#G:· { $q&E7&?14#q&?%$/ &$fJU/ &:35=#_13M
/ 06
5=H"%13/
(%/a57DF$,/9+86
5=#_13/9+±&?i D kTX#/2] HB/±:4#G1>&7;K/ 2~ j &V/2:4:3/E7&?14#q&?%$/5= 2U/ #G:¨fU/ E#(%/2H8H¤/26:P&ä ] $q&
H/2h HB/Z$,5=#(%/S(*#+4:414#G%D%:4#576YKD
/ M { /f:C(%/Z-%$GD
+576&r:357D 5=D%13+s
M {
£ · {
v k £ Æ
¿ &rWN5=14H"D%$/ z Æ | V ( 9U/ \957DF$,/S&?$,5=13+C(%/9+±9U/ ;&$G#_:*9U/ + LNM { £ · { OVv³LNM { O£xL · { OVv k £ Æ
/2: LqM { OvL · { O j
( | &57H8HB/ M { b · { vx M { b ÆZ5=6i(V9U/ (*DF#_:)YKD
/<s
Æ
¥ Óo?Ì B v¦Ð ¥ Óo v z k b Æ |>
&?#G6à:3/26Q&?6:n&D k#X/2] H¤/:4#G1>&7;K/C#_$Ig&p:357D 57D%13+DF6
/C05=D%$/n6
5=#G13/K@D%6
/Ca57DF$,/
%$'&?6
\3Å
/p-%$_D! + k b Æ)05=D%$/9+ %$'&6\3Å
/9+C57Dg6
57#G13/9+R9U/ YKD%#G-%1357T&%$/9+^j 5=6
\<s
} { z |Áv Æ
{ Ì B { ÌÌ º
?
,
Ðà
-%1*9U/ +3/26:>&?:3/fDF1n/26
+4D%#G:3/ | j &?6
+$'&"+4:41>&?:*9U/ ;7#/ 045=6±\3ÅT&6
;K/C/f: 5=6R-%13/26
(¤$q&-a5714:3/C6
5=6
5=D%E/214:3/V-T&1$/-%1*9U/ +3/26:>&:3/2D%1A2%@?5768&±fU/ E#(%/2H8H¤/26:<\eÅ
5=#,+4#î"@¤d5=D &9E/9\V$'&ÁHi/2h HB/
-%135=Q&?%#G$_#G:F7U/ @VÆ Q j!#V576&i\eÅ
5=#,+4#î"@0$,/8-%1*9U/ +3/26:>&?:3/fDF1"(V2U/ HR&7+3YKD
/B ¤ý5=D @(%5=6
\
5=6i-F13/f6(*1>& 57µ D ¤ 13/9+4-a/^\2:4#GE/2HB/26à:Z/2:)576-0/213V ( HR&#++.#576&9E7&?#_:)\3Å
5=B#+4# ¤©@$/
-%1*9U/ +3/26:>&?:3/fDF1B &9Ià&?6:(V2U/ HR&=+3YKDU/ 5=6&?D%1>&#G:V6 9U/ \9/9+3+>&?#_13/2HB/26à:Á-%14#,+ î #G$/26±E7&(%/
H/2h HB/Z+4#576&9E7&#G: #G6%#G:4#q&?$,/2HB/26:B \3Å57#+4# j 5=6
\C$q&r-%135=Q&?%#_$G#G:FZU/ (%/Z;à&=;=6
/21 /^+.:n(%/
Æ Q £ Æ Q v³U Q jkl6%13/2W.@Q(
&6+$'&B+4:4B 1>&?:*9U/ ;7#ç / 0.5=66/¢\eÅQ&6;/-Q&7+)(%/-05=14:3/ 2@%#_$
WX&?D%:C-05=D%1);à&=;76/f1)YKD
/S$/r-%13/2H©#/21Z\3Å
5=#G[+35=#_:$,/ra576 z -%135=Q&?%#_$G#G:F± U/ Æ Q | @(
&?6
+C$q&
+4:41>&?:*9U/ ;7#Û / 0.576\eÅQ&6;/S/2:)576-%13/26
($'&8-a5714:3/6
5=65=D%E/214:3/r-Q&?1$/S-%1*9U/ +3/26:>&?:3/fDFA1 2@
5=6i;&7;=6
/)+4#$/)-%13/2H8#,/21)\3Å
5=#G[±/^+.: HR&D%E7&?#+ z -%135=Q&?%#G$_#G:FU/ R Q | j
E $*/9+4:p9U/ \f$'&?#_1>&?6:(%/<\95=6
+4#(V2U/ 13/21$,/-%135=%$X/2] HB/V&9E/9\/26
\95713/D%6
/lEK57#G:4D%13/lHR&#+Æ KK
-a5714:3/9+^@?$/ -F1F^U/ +e/f6:>&?:3/2D%1/26B5=D%E1>&6: D%DV¥rz :357D%:3/9++>&?D%WQ\9/2$G$,/YD/ E5=D
+&9EB/ £\3Å
5=#,+.#,/
/2:CD%6
/¢&?D%:413/ | j!F&6
+C\3ÅT&6
;K/2HB/f6:^@
E5=:413/S-%135=Q&?%#_$G#G:F"U/ (%/r;à&=;76/f1C/9+4:p(F/RwÆ P*Æ K
&9EK/9\K@/2$_$/)(%/2Eà#/26: (%/ DVDVD PàÆ KK jKãC6R(*#G1>Û & 0.YKD,&Z] $'&Z$G#_H8#G:3/:4Å/f14HB5*(*I6Q&?H8#,YKD
/ 2r$q&
-%135=Q&?%#G$_#G:FSU/ (%/Z;&7;=6
/21n/9+4: +.#5=6±6/S\3ÅQ&?6
;K/)-Q&=+n/2:"ÆZ+4#5=6\eÅQ&6;/7j
`Ma+bcbäG d+e(f
?b ¶tg& | ¿ /9+<#G6:3/26à:4#5=6
+V(*D8-%1*9U/ +3/26:>&:3/2D%16
/ 57D
/26: &D\fDF6©15=h $/Kj
¿ &pYD/^+.:4#,5=6B-05K+*9U/ /B2U/ :>&?6à:%#/26R/26à:3/26
(àDrsàYD/nWX&?#_:3/9+4E5=D
+l(
&6+$ÅIà-a5=:4Å/9] +3/n5D8 ] $q&
z 5=D$,/9+ | -a5714:3/ z + | 5=D%EK/f14:3/ z + | 6/"1*2U/ EQ/2] $,/ z 6: | -Q&=+)$q&©E5=#_:4DF13/ o !Q#_$l/2$_$/I 2U/ :>&?#_:^@
$q&
+4:41>&?:*9U/ ;7#/ YKD
/E5=D
+l\3Å
5=#,+.#,+3+e·/ £Á/^+.:+>&?6
+#_6:*2U/ 1^/2h :sKEK57D
+V&9EKB/ £ -a/f13(àD¤(F/ :35=D%:3/ WX+& \9* 576j
| &/f:l/>[%/213\2#\^/#G$G$_D
+.:413/V%#/f6r$q&WX&?D
+3+3/2:*U/ (*D1>&#+35=6%6
/2HB/26à:\^5=D%1>&?6:És 04\95=H©HB/
/6
/"+>&?#+n-Q&=+C(%/21414#X/2] 13/r$q&=YKD
/2$_$/"(%/9+)(%/2DF[±-05=14:3/9+p+e/S:4135=D%E/$q&8EK57#G:4D%13/7@ &?#D%6
/
\eÅQ&6\^/Z+.D%1(%/2DF[±(%/ZWX&?#_13/)$/Za576\3Å
5=#GG[ 2%j
íUæ
2a
2a α
x
4
10
4
10
Ë
4
10
N(x)
4
10
3
10
0
É
0 20
Ê 40 60
y
ëß
x
Ð
y y
E \2# Ä©v Æ " Q Æ @(%5=6
\ }8z A |Vv Æ Q Æ ï Ì
ë f/ : K z A |Vv Æ " Q Æ ï Ì ë j
&V5=H©HB/26:>&#G13/<s ¿ &¤-%135=Q&F#_$G#_:*¤ U/ (%/8:4#_13/21rD%6P-a57#G6:¢(0 &?
+3\2#,+e+3/8A ¸z ç4º3ç £ Æ |
5D] çV/^+.:D%6å/26:4#/f1Z\95=H©-F14#,+)/26:413/ /2:Æ /9+4:p(F/RÆ bÌ j ¿ &8-%135=Q&?%#G$_#G:F"U/ (0 &9EK57#G1
,
-a57#G6:3+Z(
&6+p\9/2:C#_6:3/214E7&$G$/©/9+4:):I-%#,YKD
/2HB/26:S(%576F69U/ /S-Q&?1)D%6
/r$,5=#(%/ 5=#,+3+e576j
kl: 5=6i& L , Ov Æ Q Æ Zv ¥ jãC6RE5=#G: YD #\2#0$/9\+ h%D
\2:4DQ&?:4#,5=6
+ (F/$'&r(%/26
+4#G:FpU/ +e576:V(%/
$X5=13(*13/)(%/ WN57#+V+>&ZE7&?$/fDF1 HB5JI/26%6
/7_j &È/9+4:V$È5=14#,;=#_6/p(F/^l + 04;=14D%HB/J&DFG[ 2r(0 DF6RE1>&#
:4#G1>&7;K/S&?$fJU/ &?:357#G13/7j
´öR& | ãC6R&2U/ Eà#(%/2H8HB/f6: LNM qûVk ¾ æ'ï v Æ/f: LNM^Ovx £ = vx j
5=6
\ ¥ )b Æ v Æ7j
| Ó /9] +±YKDD%6ô(%/9+iA ô v @I vZ j 5=6
\$'&E7&14#'&F$,/P&?$f?U/ &?:35=#_13/· -%13/26
(*1>&
:35=D 5=D%13+)$q&©E7&$/2D%1 @+>&?D%WV+4#:357D
+)$/9+SA ô E7&?$,/26: @&?D
YKD
/2$<\J&7+Z/2$G$,/E7&?D%: { @\9/
YKD%#&?1414#_EK/"&9EK/^\p$q&r-%135=Q&?%#_$G#G:FU/ jaãC6&8(F576
\<s
L · MPOVvx%z Æ b Æ |£¡ { Æ v Æ
{ {
/)H/2h HB/<s
L · M OVvxFz Æ b Æ |£« { Æ vx {
{ {
5=6
\<s
¥ M vx { b Æ
¿ &pE7&14#'&?6
\9/\2135h)_:V/>[à-05=6
/26:4#,/2$G$,/2HB /26:&9E/9Æ
\ k@%&?$,5=13+VYKDÈ/f$G$/&?D%1>&?#_:82U/ :*)U/ /26 k+.# M
&9E7&?#G:±2U/ :FZU/ $'&¢+e57H8HB/Z/2:n6
5=6±$/Z-%135*(*DF#_:C(%/9+nA ô j
´a E $T/^+.:<-%$GD
+V+4#GH8-%$/(%/C\J&$\2D%$/f1l$'&)-%135=Q&F#_$G#_:*CU/ \957H8-%$22U/ HB/f6:>&?#_13/7j
¿ &i-%1357T&%#G$G#_:*g U/ -05=D%18YKD
/ -0/213+35=6%6
/9+6 &#/26:©-T&7+$/±H/2h HB/&?6%6%#GE/213+>&?#_13//9+4:
HR&?6%#_WN/9+4:3/2HB/26:(F/ $7Ð#Q $Kÿ j 5=D%1 -a/f13+e576%6/^+C\9/2:4:3/"H/2h HB/"-%135=Q&?%#G$_#G:F"U/ /9+4:)(%/
Ð Q $K
$7# ÿ $ Q $ÿ s=\7È/^+.:V$,/C-%135*(*DF#_:n(F/^+-%1357T&%#G$G#_:*9U/ + z #G6
(V2U/ -a/f6(
&6:3/9+ | YKD
/)$/9+
(%/2DF[¢-%13/2H8#X/2] 13/9+l-0/213+35=6%6
/9+6 &#/26à:-Q&=+l$,/ÁHi/fh HB/C&6%6F#_EK/f13+ &#G13/ -Q&?1$q&C-F1357Q&?%#G$_#G:*U/
YKD
/8$'&R:4135=#+4#X/2] HB/B&#G:ZD%6¡&6%6F#_EK/f13+ &#G13/B(*#Gm2U/ 13/26:"(%/8\3ÅQ&=\2D%6~(F/^+(%/2DF[ä-%13/2H8#,/213+^j
57D%Ê 1 kä-0/213+35=6%6
/9+^@T\9/2:4:3/r-%1357T&%#G$G#_:*rU/ +3/21>&B(%/ $=GÐ Q $ ÿ $ Q $/ ÿ cõõõ=z $KÿZb
k £ Æ A| Q $ÿ @/2:$q&-%135=Q&?%#G$_#G:FZ U/ \957H8-%$f2U/ H¤/26:>&?#_13/S+e/f1>&(%/
9±v Æ b
$=ÐÐ $ cõõõ?z K$ ÿpb k £ Æ|
v Æ b K ¨
$Kÿ { K { zK b k |¨º
5D ] K v $Kÿ j
ÐÐ
¿ /±1*9U/ +4DF$_:>&?:B/^+.:BD%6«-0/2D{+4DF14-%13/26Q&6:s(a/9] +BYKD
/Xk ² @$q&i-%1357T&%#G$G#_:* U/ /9+4:
+4DF-2U/ 14#,/2D%13/& ] ÿKba j 57DF1 k v Ð @l/2$_$/±E7&?D%:B-%13/9+3YKD
/ DKba j\j6
/gWX&Y\9* 5=6~1>&?-%#(%/
(02U/ E7&$GD
/21<\9/2:4:3/nYKDQ&?6:4#_:*ÁU/ /^+.:<(0 &-F-%$_#YKD
/21<$'&WN5714HrD%$/ (%/n!:4#G14$G#_6
;B& ] K ¨?/2: z K b k | ¨
z 5=6R+4D%-%-a5K+3! / kµ¿4¿ K | @-%D%#+V(%/C(Á2U/ E/2$,5=-%-a/21Á+e5768$5;&14#G:4Å%HB/)&DB+3/9\9576(©5=13(*13/C/26
k@à#_$13/9+4:3/<s
K ü
b ï ÌüÑ
9¬[ Æ b
K k Cß
8´
´ ¿ /9+ Ð 2U/ EQ/f] 6/fHB/26:3+s=½%º ¾%Ä @ ÂK½%ºf½ Ä @  ¾ ºf½ Ä /f: ¾ º ¾%Ä +3576:Z9U/ YKD%#G-%1357
Q&?$/^+9j ¿ /9+C-%135=Q&F#_$G#_:*9U/ +Z-a/2D%E/26:S(%5=6
\+3/¢\J&?$,\2D%$/21S\957H8HB/"1>&?-%-a5714:Z(*Dä6
57Hr%13/
(%/\?&=+VWX&9EK571>&?%$/9+&?D±6
5=H"%13/r(%/Z\J&7+Á-05K+3+4#G%$/9+^j
ãn6ä&\2$q&?#G13/fHB/26:
& | 9±vxU Q
| 9gv Æ Q= j
Ðàÿ
Ò(Ó
í
Æ | !#F5=6"+4DF-%-05K+3/lYKD
/$q&ÁWN5=13\^/+^9U/ \214#_: v b , ; f@ $,/-a57:3/26:4#/f$*+3/21>&xu v Æ =Q , J;
/2:+.#5=6±-a5K+3/Z+4D%#GE7&6:$D
+>&=;Õ
/ Ô v , Q è @576&
Ö v 9 è £ Æ èÐÔ ; º zT=|
/2:n$/9+R9U/ YKDQ&?:4#,5=6
+n(F/×)&H8#G$_:35=6i+35=6:
ØÙ v èÐÔ 8;Svb9 ß
Ú ÙÛÜLÝ
ÜLÞ v vá;àß
¯
&/ZYDF#(%5=6%6
/)#GH©H¡9U/ (*#'&:3/2HB/26: L
Ü Ü§à à
Ý
' £ Ô ;ZvxF
;n
Ö v 9
è £ è ¾#; º
&9EK/9\
ØÙ v è ¾Bv bâ9 ß
Ú ÙÛ cÜ Ý
ÜcÞ v á v ;ß
¯
kl:(F576
\ z Å/fDF13/fD+3/2H¤/26:¤¨ | ;S' v bnÜc¾ Ý j à
Ühà
«´
& &?$\fDF$,5=6
+
.
v Æ =Q è s ] ã v ß j0ãC69U/ \f14#G1>&B/26\95*5713(%5=6%6 9U/ /9+
5D`
+4-FÅ2U/ 14#,YKD
/9+
ØÙ æ+4#G6 2l\95ä+
v Ú ÙÛ ææ+4\9#G5K6
+ 2l2 +4#G6å
ãC6(V2U/ 14#_EK/S-Q&?1 1>&?-%-a5714:&M
] Ñ>@F#G$13/^+.:3/
ß v æ z +4#G6 2 ß £ 2 ß |>
5=6
\
v Æ z ß £ 2ß |
. è æ +4#G6 2
ÿ7Ð
/2:
v èiæ ¾Tz Æ b \^5K+E2 |>
u
Eæ v à v èiæ 2*ß º
2ß
9
ÿÿ
p p p
q q q
m z@î"|VvxÉ » ;É
Þ R »9±vx É Þ è z@îdb u
z ;|4|»R;
ÞûEþ ü ü Ì´ÿ ÞûEþ ü
ü
&1C(Á2U/ 14#_E7&?:4#,5=6+357Þ Dû + $/Z+4#,;=6
/Z û¡ý3+35=þ H8HBÞ / Þû
m »R;
î vx è É ÞòûE ü Þ è z@î b u
z ;|4|
þ
&1)&#G$_$/2D%13+n\95=H8H¤/ Þû
Æ £ "î º
u
z ;|Vv
è¬s
§© m
à C¢r>
(È>Ç ´J>É¢wM£
X ww(¡ ´JMÊ
w
R>¢w
mH
> >(z>l
Ç ww>´J> w
>Ë/Ç (Ô¤>¡ >>ƾɴx´JXø|R>¢wȺ
0> m
´Æ\w
x£x¢wxw(¡ > y wJ(/
ZG!´Æ¢£>´J>\w>£>
´xw(¡ (>/ w >n¹8¢U r>nw
/Â~ V¾Â pw³É>¡ ´Ê>Ç p(¢
³ i °f±e ehj(g ®m <e
ÿ%$
Æ »R;
s v Í è z@îdb u
z ;|4| v
è »Ñ
Z
/ 9
\ 2
/ 4
: 3
: S
/ %
( 2
/ 4
1 %
6 X
# 2
/ ] 3
1 Z
/ 3
1 2
/ q
$ ?
& 4
: ,
# =
5
6 7
5 g
6 :4#_13/Z-T&1#_6:*9U/ ;71>&?:4#576
»R;
vx É v m
.
Þ
ÞûEþ ü s î
Þû
ÿUT
(Ó
¤ ¿ &Á(V2U/ 14#_E9U/ /(%/$`9U/ YDT&:4#576 zX | -Q&?11>&-F-05=14:V&!] u{(F576%6/#GH8Hí9U/ (*#'&?:3/fHB/26:
m 9 K
¯ v ¯ v º
u , ð u
.
+35=#G: v v þ @576/26(V9U/ (*DF#_:CYD/ î§v þ ?
ð K . 2/ :\95=H8H¤/ , ð
. j
9 u
,
´ 5 +e576
+ ÜÜ û
þ þ
K v K
Î £ K Ì
* v K Πb K ̺
5D ] K Î /2: K Ì +35=6:13/9+4-a/9\2:4#_EK/fHB/26:Z$,/r6
5=H"%13/(%/+4-%#G6
+ £ªz 0`DF-C2 | /2:Z(%/+4-%#G6
+
b z 0.(%(5 7C6 2 | j &$'&#G13/2H¤/26: î v b ¤* j ú# [%/21 î \7È/^+.:¤(F576
\¤oF[F/21 * @<57D K Î
z 5=D K Ì @K-%D%#+3YKD
/ K /9+4:VoF[VU/ | j ¿ /6
5=H"%13/)(%/CH8#\f135=72U/ :>&?:3+V/9+4:-Q&1 \95=6
+*9U/ YKD
/26:$/
6
5=H"F13/S(%/S\eÅ
57# [g(%/ K Î 5= /2:3+ -Q&?14H8# K j
!à57#G:s
¨ = = ß
v = v K
[
K K
¯ B = K Ì ¨ ] K Î
Î ¨K ^ ] K Ì ^
¥ÿ
8
N Ln 2
6
T>0 T<0
4
S
2
0
−10 −5
E
0
5 10
× Á
Qq¯4¬ Û *
°!=°f
ù Ú
ÓÁÔNÕnÖ D K v Æ ° '
°n°f=
°'
Q e¯ Þ NN¬=
R°2¬7*Ú'°=
Þ 8
7
Ú Ú Ü
" N W9 ¤ ß
\2135h)_:l&9E/9\ î4 D
+eYD'&C ] D%68HR&J[*#GH"DFH " K $_6 -05=D%1 î³vd @?-%D%#+$q&CWN5=6
\2:4#,5=6~fU/ :>&?6:
+4IH¡2U/ :414#,YKD
/7@_m z@î"| (Á9U/ \f135?h)G: D
+3YKD,&S ] $X`fU/ :>&?: (%/)-%$GD
+ ;=1>&?6
(%/i2U/ 6
/213;7#/V¤ K 5DB ] :35=D
+
b ¯
$/9++4-%#G6
++3576: j?k<68/>[&H8#G6Q&6:$q&-a/f6:3/ (F/tm @
z î
" | @=5=6"E5=#G:<YKD
/V$'&:3/fH8- 2U/ 1>&?:4D%13/
\2135h)G:Á(F/ &Z ] $X #G6%o%6F#@ *'°) J
Q
"> Ü qN -a¯ 5=D%1 î vx @7-Q&7+e+3/"& ] r b ® /2:V\2135h)G:
.
D
+eYD'& ] j ¿ /9+a:3/2H©- fU/ 1>&?:4D%13/9+6 9U/ ;&:4#GE/9++35=6:&7+e+35*\2#f9U/ /9+0&?DF[2U/ :>&:3+a$/9+-%$GD
+/>[F\f#G:*9U/ ¤ + ¨
&V/2:4:3/±+4#G:4DQ&?:4#,5=61>&13/R/9+4:(*D
/&DWX&#G:¢YKD
X / m ¯ 6È/9+4:¢-T&7+^@0#\2#@DF6
/BWN5=6
\2:4#,5=6
\2135=#,+3+ &6:3/8(%/ î jk[à- 2U/ 14#GH¤/26:>&?$,/2HB/26à:85=6P+>&?#_:S1*JU/ &?$_#+3/21¢&?-%-%135^[à#GHR&:4#GE/2HB/26à:(%/
:3/2$G$,/9+n+.#_:4DQ&?:4#576
+Á-0/26
(&6:(F/^+:3/2H8-
+nF13/fWN+9j
y
â ¿ &¡$,5=#"(%/-%135=Q&?%#_$G#G:F~ U/ (%/ 9-#" v 9É /^+.:-F1357-a5714:4#5=6%6
/2$_$/¦& ]
$X #G6:F9U/ ;71>&?$,/ %» $8» 9 » 9 þ õõõ9» 9 þ = 2U/ :3/26
(*D
/"&?Di(F57HR&?#_6
/
þ = 9
9 9
w ô ¸¡z@îôb º î
ôb £ ÷î"|>
<
è è è
¿ #G6à:*9U/ ;=1>&:4#5=6i+4D%1 $ (%5=6%6
M
/ u = @F-%D%#+ -a57DF1\J&$\2D%$/f1Á$#_6:*9U/ ;=1>&$/Z13/9+4:>&?6à:3/576\?&?$G
\2D%$/$,/EK57$GD%HB/ (%/$XÅàI-a/213+4-%Å/2] 13/ (%/1>&fI5=6 ú è îdbÛ9 YD/$È576(*#Gm2U/ 13/26
\2#,/21>&-Q&?1
1>&?-05=14:±& ] î j á /9+4:3/8o%6Q&?$,/2HB/26:"-a57D%1$#_6:*9U/ ;=1>&$/R(%5=6%6Q&?6:S$q&g$57#V(%/8-F1357Q&?%#G$_#G:*U/
0; ´:
½ (¾ÉC¹8¢w8£¢(#(_¹8¢_´ w#wG´!>zºA>¡ / Rw '& ¼ £8¶¡ ¹8¢
: ¼ ½8À¹8¢wUÈp È¢wÉw¢w
¹8¢ É´ wzpw¤´!>zºA>¡ GU8
È w©\
Ç z¢_
H m §Æ §Æ
>¡ > V¾Â É wwz ´J
nw( ¹¢GÈÉ R
wpw©8w (¾Â È¢
V>
¹8¢wR>* )§
¢
¥%$
YKD
/2$YD/S\3Å
5K+3/Z(%/p-%1357-a5=14:4#,5=6%6
/2$V& ] s
K b Æ
u = ¾
þ= Ì zX è îdb 9 ,| + C ß + ÷ zX è îr|>
ü
µ)+4IH8-%:35=:4#,YKD
/2HB/26à: /26 K @K$'&S(VfU/ -a/26
(
&?6
\9//26 9É /9+4:V(%576\n/26 z Æ b üÑ | + Cü ß + jkl:
\95=H©HB/ î[ Q7 , K z E5=#_1)$X/>[F/213\f#\9/RÆ | @T&7+.IàH8-%:35=:4#YD/fHB/26:p/26
\9¯à 5=13/7@ }8z:9T| [
ð .
zÆ b ü |
þ ¯ ?
Ñ =.- ü
+ %
( =
5 6
\ [ ï Ì0/ ü ü j þ
à y
ó ãC6ô57F:4#,/26
(*û 1>& z & ] D%6 \^5*/8FB\2#,/26:±-F1^/^] + |i}8z:9É | /26ô#_6:*9U/ ;71>&?6:
ï %Ì /21ü 3 ü Î ÿ54 76 +4DF1S:357DF:3/^+p$,/9+ y K E7&14#'&F$,/9+S(%/ $ /2:S$/9+ K b ÆE7&14#'&?%$,/9+r(%/ 5
z :35=D%:3/9û +^@+>&?D%WV$'&±-F13/fH8#X/2] 13/ 9É | j E $V13/^+.:3/±&$5=13+ZD%6
/RYKDQ&?6:4#_:*¤ U/ -%135=-05=14:4#,5=6%6
/2$G$,/& ]
ï %Ì / ü üÑ Þ @YKDÈ576g6
5714HR&?$_#+3/21>&/26iHrD%$_:4#G-%$G#q&?6:-T&1 / j
¯ ¼
û ¬3ãC6r-0/2D%:6
/ \9576+4#,(VfU/ 13/21YKDD%6
/-Q&14:4#\2D%$/V/f:^@=\95=H8H¤/Z&] $X/>[F/213\2#,\9/
ø
-%1*9U/ \T9U/ (%ø /26:S576P5=%:4#/26
(*1>& }8zà| /26å#G6:F9U/ ;71>&?6:"ï Ì0/ 1 ü 3 ü Î ¯ ñ 6 +4D%145V@aAP/2: ¼ j á /9+4:3/
ï Ì%/¯ ñ YKD#_$+4GD F©:C(%/Z6
5=14HR&$G#+3/21 ">" j û
§¦ ¿ /^++4-%#G6
+R2U/ :>&?6:n#G6
(V2U/ -0/26
(&6:3+C/f:C(*#+4:4#_6;7DQ&?%$/9+
û Á
v = º
û
5D ] 9/ +4:$q&rWN5=6
\2:4#,5=6i(%/p-Q&14:4#G:4#576\J&6
5=6%#YKD
/Z(0D%6+e/fDF$+4-%#G6rs
û
û v w ï 0Ì / v ï /98 £ ï %Ì /98 vx \95+4:Å ¤
ýÈÙ ü>Ù Í
þ
ãC6g:4#_13/(%/S+4D%#G:3/
û vx = \95K+4Å = ¤
¿ 2U/ 6
/213;7#/)HB5JI/26%6/S/9+4:(%5=6%6 9U/ /)-Q&?1
L(î¢Ov b $G4 6 v b
û ¤ K :>&6FÅ ¤
] \95=H©-T&13/21p&fE/9\Z$/Z\?&?$\fDF$0H8#\2135*\?&?6
5=6%#YD/S(%/)$X/>[F/213\f#\9/ j
á 9U/ +4D%$G:>&:"&
½½;É
>/U>
zp#È¢wwR/=<>ÂÈ¢w
z¢w?>|+>¡ R>wC©
/¢w´
¥UT
] $,/9+C+4#_:3/9+C+35=6à:C#G6
(V2U/ -0/26
(&6:3+ z /f:)(*#+3\9/214
4Ï &È/^+.:nD%6-%135=%$X/f] HB/S5Dg
6Q&?%$/9+ | j 5=6
\#G$+4DGF©:r(%/B\J&$\2D%$,/21 $'&RWN5=6
\2:4#,5=6P(%/-Q&?14:4#G:4#,5=6~(0D%6+4#_:3/8/2:"5=6
& Á
&?D%1>½ v = j
& | ãC6&
¢v w ¾T@z î"| ï %Ì / º
5D ] ¾Qz@îr| /^+.:p$'&B(V9U/ ;2U/ 62U/ 13/^+e\^/26
\9/r(*D6%#GE/J&D(02U/ 6
þ /213;7#/ î z 57D/26
\95=13/"$'&8WN5=6
\2:4#,5=6
(%/p-Q&14:4#G:4#576H8#,\2135*\J&6576%#YKD
/ | j î -aþ /2D%:n-F13/f6(*13/ E7&$/2D%13+
î Ab @_9 @C9
¾Qz@îr| Æ Ð Æ
5=6
\
©v w ¾Tz@î"| ï Ì%/ x v %z \95K+4ÅB @_9¢£« K| º
/2: þ
L( þ b
î Ov _
$ 6 vb*@C9 +4#G6%Å
@_9
º
\95+.ÅC @C9¢£¡
z #G$+.DF8:S(%/H"D%$G:4#_-F$_#/21S-Q&?1 K -a5=D%1"&9E5=#G1p$X`fU/ 6/f13;=#/©(àDP+4I*+4:9/2] HB/ | jãC6åEK57#G:SYKD
/
vñ @ (L î¢OZv A b @C9íz fU/ 6/f13;=#/8H©#G6%#GH"D%H | /2:"YKD
/&© ] :3/2H©- fU/ 1>&?:4D%13/B#G6%o%6F#,/ L(îOSv
.
z $X5=14#,/26:>&?:4#,5=6í/9+4:8&$2JU/ &:35=#G13/ | j $GD
+"- ^U/ \2#+*2U/ H8H¤/26:$,/R(VfU/ EK/2$,5=-%-a/fHB/26:i&g ] ÅQ&?D%:3/
:3/2H8- 2U/ 1>&:4DF13/S(%5=6%6
/
L î¢O [ b Æ z@_9Q| £ Æ z@C9T| " £iõõõ
ÿ7Ð
&?#_6:3/26Q&?6:n576& ë b 9 ïë
y
L 9 OVvL 9F÷?Ov ï
9
vx*
z 2U/ E#,(F/f6:C-Q&?1 1>&#+35=6i(%/+4IHí2U/ :414#/ | /2:
¥%¥
| ãn6&rHR&#G6:3/f6T&6:
[ É¨É ï /ED æ +4#G62 » 2 » º
ê
+35=#G: àJIK
[ +4#G6% ÅL@C 9 @C9
/2:
£ Æ º
@C9
L(î¢Ov b
:>&6FÅ @ 9
(%5=6:n$/Z(V2U/ E/2$57-%-a/2HB/f6:8&r ] ÅQ&DF:3/Z:3/2H©- fU/ 1>&?:4D%13/S/9+4:
L(î¢O [ b Æ z@C9Q| £ Æ z@_9Q| " £iõõõ
Ðÿ
ãC6B\^5=6
+4:>&?:3/ YKD
/$,/Á-%13/2H8#,/21l:3/f14HB/C(*DB(V2U/ E/2$57-%-a/2HB/f6:Z&) ] ÅQ&?D%:3/Á:3/fH8- 2U/ 1>&?:4D%13/
9# @
b \9(5 ' )G6
\2#(%/Z&9E/9\Z$/S\J&7+Á(*#,+e\f13/2:^j
\ | ãC6&D%1>&
D
z $'&B(V9U/ ;fU/ 6 fU/ 13/9+3\9/26
\9/S:4#/26:S\^5=H8-%:3/"(F/^+)\eÅ
57# [(%/ K &?:357HB/9+)+4D%1)$,/9+ K +4#G:3/9+p(àD
+4DF
+4:41>&?:^j | ¿ /\?&?$\fDF$
/>[*-F$_#\2#_:3/C(%/$q&Z+e57H8HB/n(%/$X`9U/ YKü DQ&?:4#,5=6 %$ /9+4:#GH8Hí9U/ Í (*#'&?:3/ -Q&?1
$'&rWN5714HrD%$,/(*DiF#_65=h HB/S(%r / 5C8/ 7n:35=6
v ª Æ £ ï /0eY Î =?`
ñ
á 2/ Hg&?13YKD
/<s
7*¯4=N 2Î 0fÞ ¬=
W9*NÝ bd
Qc « SÞ ¬=
° Nn ¯ ¯SÝ uÎ2¬=
Þ qN¬7
n =¯0ø
qNNN¬=
Ü ¯4=
Q Þ 7T
¬7
W9 ° Þ ¬=
2° NNN%=
Qq°=i° C 2°fq¯eK
ñ v w ï /'Y { ï / { º
{ @
ë"
bgc
*'°~J Þ ¯ '¯ W9 Á v =?` ù Þ 7*° ÝeÛ '
Q` %
QK7
Þ>Z l ÝeÛ N
QNN% °C°>N ° ß
ñ ñih
ãC6\J&?$,\2D%$/)HR&#G6:3/26Q&6:$,/S;=1>&?6
(R-a57:3/26:4#/f$
_
ñ v b , ðÈ. K Í $_6 Æ £ ï /0eY Î «
ª
2 v L K î ü O v 9z . | ^ï /
bgc
&C/9+4:42&] (*#_13/7@F\9/2:4:3/ZWN57#+^@àD%6
/Z(VfU/ -a/26
(
&?6
\9/RÝ '
" 7'¯ /26 9 z . | j
íUö
`6f
¶8b7¸f
¶B¶J $2n MoBp E¶9à1717¸fUe? n
d a
Æ
Æ | &Á&$\2D%$aH©#\2135*\J&6
5=6%#YKD
/7j !*5=#_: &Á] \J&$\2D%$,/21 v É »9T»U; j&È/9+4:
Ç ü Ñ ¯q ü ü
r
ü Î ü 'î
$'&R+4DF14WX&7\9/ zNù ûò | (%/$È/2$_$G#G-
+3/8(%/8(%/2H8#;=1>&6(%+Z&?[F/9+Mû v û ú è î Þ /f:"þ ò v j
èÔ
5=6
\
v =Ç´ùoÔ î v ÇbÐ î Ô zX %¥K|
Æ
¿ &(%/26
+.#_:*ZU/ (02U/ :>&:3+C(%5=6%6 9U/ /)-Q&?1 s E7&?D%:p(F576
\ ÇÔ j
Ð
& &?$,\2D%$\J&?6
576F#,YKD
/7j Ü Üþ
û v Ç Æ É »9Q»R; ï 0Ì / ü ü Î üÑ ¯qKü ü « v Ç Æ ù è è =Ô ù v ÇÔÆ
ª
Ð
û Þ
ãC6&DF1>&#G:p&?D
+3+4#T%#/26i-%DD%:4#G$_#+3/21n$/Z1*9U/ +4D%$G:>&?:nH8#,\2135*\J&?6
576F#,YKD
/Z/26d^U/ \214#GE7&6:CYD/
û vxÉ ï Ì%/ » î©
î
þ
`6f
¶Bb7¸f3¶·¶J $2n Mo K aE9¶ à171¸7 fUe? n m
¶
D
Æ|
& &?$,\2D%$aH8#,\2135*\J&?6
576F#,YKD
/7j E
$ WX&D%:ÁHg&?#G6à:3/26Q&?6:±2U/ E7&?$_D
/21
v Ç Æ= É » 5 »%$
ü 3 Î üÑ ¯q ü 4 ü r
ü
57D%1C\J&$\2D%$,/21n\9/2:4:3/Z#G6:F^U/ ;=1>&?$,/S/2ma/9\f:4Dû 576
+Á$q&r:41>&?þ 6
+4WN5=14HR&:4#576
5=6
\
v ] Ç´Ô ^
=
É
y » v
] Ç´Ô ^
=
¾ = î =
üþ
ù =
&57H8HB/ 4¾ = v @F13/9+4:3/S&$5=13+n+4#GH8-%ý
$,þ /2HB/26:
K ¨
v î = Æ
] ´ÇÐ Ô ^ K ¨
!*5=#G:
v
î = Ì mî Æ ÷
¯ ] bÇÐ Ô ^ z K b Æ | ¨ ÇbÐ Ô
j:4#G$_#+>&?6à:B$'&(Á2U/ o%6%#G:4#,5=6d(%/$'&ä:3/fH8- 2U/ 1>&?:4D%13/H8#,\2135*\J&?6
576F#,YKD
//2:R$'&åWN5=14H"D%$/(%/
!:4#G14$G#_6
;B5=6i5=%:4#/26à:
zK b Æ | v"î8
, ð/.
] \J&D+3/)(%/Z$X #G6
(V2U/ -a/f6(
&6\^/(%/9+n+4-%#G6
+s
& &?$,\2D%$\J&?6
576F#,YKD
/7j µ§
D
Æ | &Á&$\2D%$aH©#\2135*\J&6
5=6%#YKD
/7j ¿ /9+82U/ 6
/213;7#/9++3576:VYKDQ&?6à:4#Go 9U/ /9+V-Q&?1 î { v Ç´Ð Ô z k £
| ²ô jTãC6i/26(V9U/ (*D%#G:
@ 5D ] kå9/ +4: D%6/26à:4#/21
k v
î b Æ
bÇÐ Ô
&C/9+4:V$/C6
57Hr%13/ z (*#+3\213/2: | -05K+3+4#G%$/)(0`2U/ :>&?:3+ (0`2U/ 6
/213;7#/C#_6%WJ2U/ 14#/2D%13/B& ] î j
ãn6±57+3/214
EK/f1>&YKD
/B+>&¤:41>&=(*D
\2:4#,5=6P\95=6à:4#G6D
/R\95=1413/^+.-05=6
(å&?D~\J&7+Z\2$'&7+e+4#,YKD
/ z 9U/ YKDQ&?:4#,5=6 V¥| j
kl6å/2m0/2:^@Q$q&©WN576\f:4#5=6ä\95=6:4#_6D
/8YKD%#V&-%-F135*\3Å
/&DH8#/fD*[$'&BWN5=6
\2:4#576 Ø A Ú z -Q&14:4#/
/26:4#X/2] 13/S(F/SA | /^+.: ¼¤v A b Æ Q= /f:6
5=6 ¼8v Aj 576Ê \ k v Ø Új
& &?$,\2D%$\J&?6
576F#,YKD
/7j ¿ /<\J&?$,\2D%$K(%/ /9+4:a#_H8H¡9U/ (*#'&:^@^\7/9+4:D%6/<+*2U/ 14#/;9U/ 5=Hí2U/ :414#YKD
/
\95=6àEK/213;/26:3/ û
û v w Ë ï 0Ì /,é{ qJ { Î üÑ v +4#G6%ÅBÆ é
{ @
ë { q
ãC6/26(V9U/ (*DF#_:-Q&1C/>[%/2H8-%$/SYKD
/
L(îOVvb $_6 û v
, Èð .
Æ|
& &?$,\2D%$aH8#,\2135*\J&?6
576F#,YKD
/7j ãC6&
î§v w = ÇÐ Ô z k ô £ Æ | º
ô@
5D
] $,/9+k ô +35=6à:)(%/9+)/26à:4#/213+ §
² j 5+35=6
+Õ* v k ô j ãC6å& îñv Ç´Ð Ô z K Q7 Z£ * | j
ú#G[F/21 î /9+4:(F576
\)o*[%/21Õ* @F$`2U/ 6
576\Q) U/ WN5=D%146%#G:p&?$5713+Á#_H8Hí9U/ (*#q&?:3/2HB/f6:C$q&r1*2U/ -a576
+e/
¯ v z K z K £ b * Æ | b¨ * Æ ¨| ¨
75 D%1\957H8-Q&?13/21¢&D¡\J&7+r\2$q&=+3+4#YKD
/B576E7&+4D%-%-a5K+3/21 K oF[R U/ /2: * ® z ÅQ&?D%:3/
2U/ 6
/213;=#,/ | jaãC6&-%-F135^[à#_HB/21>&8(%5=6
\4* ¨/2: z K £ * b Æ | ¨+3/2D%$,/2HB/26:
¯ [ z K b Æ Æ | ¨ z K £ * * b Æ | = ÎM| Ì ï Ì = Î
|
b Æ |
ãC6g13/2H©-F$q&=\9/ ] Æ £ K -Q&1)ï = Ì @F#_$13/9+4:3/Z\95=H8H¤/p:3/f14HB/S(F57H8#G6Q&6:
* ^
Æ Æ î = Ì
zK b Æ |¨* Ì
[ = [
¯ zK b Æ | ¨ ] ´ÇÐ Ô ^
D7Ð
&/SYKD%#(%5=6%6
/21>&-a57D%1$q&:3/2H8- 2U/ 1>&?:4D%13/"H8#\2135*\?&?6
5=6%#YD/ z &8 ] $q&$G#GH©#G:3/"(F/^+ÅQ&?D%:3/9+
"î
2U/ 6
/213;=#,/9+ |)z K b Æ | , ð . v j á 9U/ +4DF$_:>&?:"& ] \957H8-Q&?13/21p&?Di\J&7+\2$q&=+3+4#YKD
/7j
| Á & &$\2D%$\J&6
5=6%#YKD
/7j ¿ /9+R\J&?$,\2D%$+R+35=6:^@V\95=H8H¤/:35=D 5=D%13+^@<0/J&?D
\957DF-«-%$_D+
+4#GH8-%$/^+9j
Æ =
û Áv V= v
û +4#G6%ÅF é{ q
ãC6ô\9576+4:>&:3/äYD/å$'&$_#GH8#_:3/u& ] ÅQ&DF:3/:3/2H©- fU/ 1>&?:4D%13/ "§ 13/9(%5=6%6
/ä$,/å\J&=+
\2$'&7+3+.#,YKD
/7jTãC6i5=%:4#/26à:C/26
\95713/SYKD
/ L(¢ î Ov K , ð/. j
} >¡
¹8¢U >y>Â
zN·¸
´µ¡ w ²w8\£>z
tMz>
¢w£8F~ x
M¤MR>¢w
¡ >/
&
~MzD
¼
O | 9O
À &
>p>¢wp
\
zÈ·¸
´µ¡ É£>/©²w8 | 9E
~XfD : É9 ¼
z
&
À J
| 9O | E &
RL +¢wÂÉ >Ç \Ç SÆw¤´JGHzp% | 9
E>
/p¹8¢>¹¢ÉU8 /£µ¼ _E>
Ç¢ 4
/ ¢wÆ GÆ ´JGHAÀzÉÅ)(P% E Rc:6¶· ¢wt·¸>/´J>!6z¢wx% (h¡ H8
¢w w>´!º¸>>6y E> hH
Ç ¹8¢wÂU >¢wzJwÊ¢>¢wl Ê>JwÆ (¡ 8Ê t¢w-Å
´ >)H(x
Æ P ERL: c>
w¢w p¹8¢¶% ¢w
/>p´µ>¡ /³(wpwÉ(¡ (¢Z ¡ >
z¹8¢
¼
z
À & D w & ¡ ¡
¡a¢
| 9E ¡ y{
| 99
hH
Å(GwÇ £>ȵw~M/´x´J
r>~! (¡ 8 ¼5N¢È
É¡ \x
³É¡ >Ç ´Æ\w!²>º
H
R 8¢AÀ
~ D : & ¡
w ¡ ÉE
&J£@Q
¡ ¢J
¡ y { |
% ¯
©C8
O DH t ¤R>¢wÉ(¡ ¡ >
z
~MzD : w & ¡ ¡ ¦ &O£Q ¡ ´ É § ¦ &O£Q ¡ J ¤ ¢
©
§ ¨ §
¡ y{
| ¥
% | }ǻT
%
½0=(GM¢˴!zt¹8¢¬® P Ä%t¹8¢wYÈV w>lB¢w> ¢w´JGH
³É¡
>> n PË £\
¹8¢U R£¢wb
½L¥¦¯NGÈY·¸8>w¶>¢w>É +>¡ £>wU>´Æ>Ywz°#_
>
¸
Ä
À
¢
¹
¢ >
%
8
~ D & ¡ ¡
M¤ w>Æ>
z¢£C¡ ~ x
D%$
¹ ¹
9 Ì
Æf µ ] . \9576+4:>&6:^@à576& 9 v j 5=6
\n$'&r\^5=H8-%13/9+3+4#G%#G
u
u
$G#_:*U/ (*#_EK/213;/"&?D±-a5=#_6:\214#G:4#,YKD
/7j
¿ /9+n\95=6
(*#G:4#,5=6
+ vx /2: ü vd (F576%6/f6:13/^+.-0/9\2:4#_EK/2H¤/26:s
ÿ ÿü
ÜÜ hà Ü, Ü à b¡ vd
z Æ b /ð . ò k | ûVk º
û
,
ð . b vxF
z Æ b òk | þ ò
Æ ¥ û û
] 5=6«:4#G13/K@/26«-%13/26Q&?6à:B$/1>&-F-05=14:^@\k û v
È5D¨ @ , ð/.aû v RT /2: 9 û v RT @
ò 9
ò ò
-%DF#,+¤$q&äWN5714HrD%$/ z K| jãC6¦13/2HR&13YKD
/äYD/$,/YKD
5=:4#,/26: û YKD%#ZE7&?D%: }þ 6
/
k
(V2U/ -a/26
(8-Q&=+V(*µ D h%D%#(%/7@1*9U/ +4DF$_:>&?:VYDF#Q6È/9+4:-Q&=+<HR&?$
E2U/ 14#_o pU/ , />ð [à.a- û 2U/ 14û #GH¤/26:>&?$,/2HB/26à: >" j
¿ &Co;7D%13/C+4D%#GE7&?6à:3/HB576:413/$,/9+l:4135=#,+l#+357:4Å/f14HB/9+(%/2HR&6
(V^U/ /9+^j ¿ Õ & £9576
/5D ] °¦
ÿ
3
ÜÜ hà
ÁÁ T/Tc=1.25
Á T/Tc=1
T/Tc=0.875
2
À
P/Pc
 l à g
0 º » ½ ¼
¾
¿
0 1 2 3 4
V/Vc
ÆKÆ
HB5JIK/f6j%ãC68-a/fDF:HB5=6:413/f1 YKD#G$
WX&?D%:<13/2H8-%$'&7\9/21D%6
/-05=14:4#576B(%/$q&p\^5=D%14a/ -Q&?1$q&
-Q&?1>&?$_$X/2] $,/8& + u z \9576+4:414D
\2:4#,5=6±(%/ &JU[ 7 /2$_$ | @*(F/):3/f$G$/Z+35714:3/)YKD
/)$/9+n&#G13/9+
] $ &?[F/)(%/9J
(V9U/ \95=D%- 9U/ /C-Q&1 \9/2:4:3/Z(*135=#_:3/)(%/)-T&14: /2:n(0 &?D%:413/)(%/)$#+357:4Å/f14HB/ z & ] . ¿ .0û | +35=#,/26:
9U/ ;&$/9+^j
²B ª¦ SÆ ´M
Ȣ /
rw
/¢>
Êw M EÇ->_ ©ÊÈ¢w£ ¤MR>¢w´Æ
z>©¹8¢
@H +:
R¢*>ÈÉ> r´xw´¢w´ %N>¡ > 8Ê wzyÈn wz>¢Ê
(¢w
µ> (¡ Jwx
ò H
È>Ç ´Æ¢w¤· (>©¢ 'Æ\¼7<ÀY>+¢wÉ·¸
>©(¢Æ¹8¢wwt¼dÊNÀ(Å¢-¢p
³>
´J+
z>/wÌ YÇ :
Ë w º ¢w³>´ ¼ À+Z»¡ >
Ô ñ v Æ m; ! k b , Èð . $G6 ª Æ £ ï /0 { Î Y
ãC6gE7&:4#_13/21C$q&r13/2$'&:4#576(0 &D%:35*\95=Å 2U/ 13/26
\9/Z(*DiWX&?#G:nYKD
bYÞ /
«
k v³L k ô Ov b Ô ñ v ï /% { Î Y
Xj Æ £ ï bY/%Þ { Î Y
&/ZYDF#(%5=6%6
/ bYÞ
Æ
Æ £ ï /0 { Î Y v b zXÿ Æ |
Æ k
ãC6rE5=#_:l\957H8HB/26à:$,/-a5=:3/f6:4#/2$%\3Å%#GH8bY#,Þ YKD
/ (VfU/ :3/214H8#G6
/ $'&C(%/26
+4#G:FU/ H¤5^I/26%6
/ § j 5D ]
$X`9U/ YKDQ&?:4#,5=6(0`2U/ :>&?:
b Ô v b Æ ;m! k b $G6 z Æ b k |Vv49 së zXÿ K|
_ ñ ,
ð .
kl:p&?D
+3+.#@à%#/26+KD%h 1^@ v K Ô j
µ ] WX&#G%$/Z(%/26
+4#G:FSU/ /2ñ :n-a57DF1 !
ñ vx 5=6±13/2:4135=D%E/$9U/ YKDQ&:4#5=6(%/9+;à& £)-Q&?14WX&#G:3+
¥ Õ] _^ ] h^
Ä(wR>z¡ (¡
¢nwzàÉ>
³ ~¢ // ww¾É (²>¢w# p>U· >¹8¢U RU
pw¤ U¢>>
¥ _
¾É¹8¢w#(ÔG>Ç ¶w©(¢Ê>¢wU>/³´xJ´Æ >Rw/¢·¤ Ç t´!zá:iâ
ÆKÆ $
Ó\
¢ãn6¢-a/2D%:^@?%#/f6B+KD%h 1^@?+3/V\9576:3/26:3/f1(%/VE2U/ 14#Go
/21<$/ 1*9U/ +4D%$G:>&?:^j &#+5=6
/ ú
5=D%14#,/21 (%/ 8
-a/2D%:n&D+3+4#%$/)(Á2U/ H¤5=6:413/21n/26B#_6:4135*(*D%#+>&?6:V$q&:41>&6+4WN5714H¡9U/ /C(% } z A ºÑ | @
ã } v } ä -Q&?1n1>&?-%-a5714:& ] Ai+3/2D%$/2HB/f6: z Ñn/9+4:&?$,5=13+ D%6-Q&?1>&H/2] :413/ | jT!*5=#_:
y
}8ä z Zº Ñ | v Æ É ô ? }8z AZº Ñ |» A
, ú =ù ï Ì
&1:41>&6
+.WN5714HR&?:4#,5=6i(%/Êú57DF14#,/21^@F$X`9U/ YKDQ&?:4#,5=6(F/rú#\S\±(F/fE#/26à:
}ä
v b ! å } ä º
Ñ ,
Æ