APRI

CEDBILLOFQUANTI
TIES(BOQ)
FORAPROPOSEDTHREEBEDROOM BUNGALOW

BY

DEPARTMENTOFQUANTITYSURVEYING
COLLEGEOFENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES
SCHOOLOFENVIRONMENTALDESIGN
KADUNASTATE

DECEMBER,
2021

APRI
CEDBILLOFQUANTI
TIES(BOQ)
FORAPROPOSEDTHREEBEDROOM BUNGALOW

i
i
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 BY

APROJECTSUBMI
TTEDTOTHE
DEPARTMENTOFQUANTITYSURVEYING
SCHOOLOFENVIRONMENTALDESIGN
COLLEGEOFENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES
KADUNAPOLYTECHNI
C,KADUNA

I
NPARTI
ALFULFI
LLMENTOFTHEREQUIREMENTFOR
THEAWARDOFNATI ONALDI
PLOMA(ND)
I
NQUANTITYSURVEYI
NG,KADUNA

DECEMBER,
2021

i
i
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 APPROVALPAGE

Thi
sist
ocer
ti
fyt
hatt
hispr
ojectunder
takenby
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--
--
--
--
--
--
hasbeenpr
epar
edi
n

accor
dancewi
tht
her
ulesandgui
del
i
nesf
ort
hepr
epar
ati
onandpr
esent
ati
onof

pr
oject
sfort
heawar
dofNat
ional
Dipl
omai
nQuant
it
ySur
vey
ingi
nKadunaPol
ytechni
c.

__
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Mr.I
NOCENTOGBE Date
(
PROJECTSUPERVISOR)

____
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___
Dr.Mrs.YETUNDEOLALEYE Dat
e
(PROJECTCO- ORDINATOR)

_
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(
Dr.
)ABDULHAKEEM GARBA Date
(
HEADOFDEPARTMENT)

i
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 DECLARATI
ON

Iher
ebydecl
aret
hatt
hispr
ojectt
it
led “
A PRI
CED BI
LL OF QUANTI
TIES FOR A

PROPOSEDTHREEBEDROOM BUNGALOW”hasbeencar
ri
edoutsol
elybymeunder

t
hegui
danceofmysuper
visorMr
.INNOCENTOGBE,al
ect
ureri
ntheDepar
tmentof

Quant
it
ySur
vey
ing,
KadunaPol
ytechni
c,Kaduna.

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Date

i
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 DEDI
CATI
ON

Idedi
cat
ethi
spr
ojectt
oAl
might
yGodf
orgi
vi
ngmet
hegr
acet
ocar
ryoutt
hisgr
eat

assi
gnment
.Ial
sodedi
cat
ethi
spr
ojectt
omy-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
and,myl
ovel
ysi
sterand

myCour
semat
esf
ort
hei
rsuppor
tandencour
agementdur
ingt
hispr
ogr
am.MayGod

bl
essy
oual
l
.

i
i
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Mypr
ofoundgr
ati
tudegoest
otheAl
might
yGodf
orbei
ngmyul
ti
mat
esour
ceofl
i
fe,

i
nspi
rat
ionandsuppl
yforal
lmyneedsdur
ingt
hecour
seoft
hispr
ogr
am.Myspeci
al

t
hanksgoest
omywonder
fulsuper
visor
,Mr
.InnocentOgbef
oral
way
sgoi
ngt
hrough

mywor
ktomakenecessar
yandusef
ulcor
rect
ions.

Ial
sowi
sht
oexpr
essmypr
ofoundgr
ati
tudet
omyH.
O.DDr
.Mr
.Abdul
hakeemGar
ba

andt
heent
ir
est
affofQuant
it
ySur
vey
ingDepar
tmentofKadunaPol
ytechni
candal
lthe

l
ect
urer
sthatIhav
ecomeacr
ossdur
ingt
hecour
seofmyst
udi
esandal
somycour
se

mat
eforhel
pingmet
hrough.

Iwi
l
lnev
erf
orgett
hegr
eatcont
ri
but
ionsofmyf
ri
endswhosuppor
tedmef
inanci
all
y

andf
orgi
vi
ngmet
hei
rsuppor
ttounder
got
hispr
ogr
am.Iam ext
ernal
l
ygr
atef
ult
oyou

al
landr
emai
nbl
essedi
nJesusnameAmen.

i
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 ABSTRACT
Theai m ofthi sprojecti stoprepareapr icedbi llofquant i
tiesf orapr oposedThr ee
Bedr oom Bungal ow usi ngthet r
adi ti
onalmet hod.I ndoi ngsot woobj ectiv
eswer e
out l
inedandf oll
owedst ri
ctl
y.Marketsur veyswer ecar r
iedoutt oascer taint hecur r
ent
pricesofsomemaj oritemsofwor kwhi l
euni tratesofsomemaj oritemsofwor kwer e
builtup,t heser at
eswer eusedi npr i
cing.Inaccor dancewi t
ht hebui l
dingengi neering
standar dmet hodofmeasur ement( BESMM4) .
Thepr oposedt wobedr oom bungal ow
buildi ng features;bedr ooms,l i
ving room,di ning room,ki tchen,st ore,guestt oi
let
,
gar age, gatehouseandhav i
ngaconcr etefasciar unningal lov ertheext ernalwal l(
with
at ot alareanotexceedi ng135m2).Amongt hewor kscar r
iedouti nthi spr oject,wast o
hav eapr el
imi nar
yappr oxi
mateest imate,usi nganyoft heappr oximat ingest imating
met hods, tohav eani deaofwhatt hebuildi
ngwi l
lcostbef orei tcommencement .Atthe
endofbi l
li
ng, thetotalcostforthepr oposedbui ldingwasascer tained.

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 TABLEOFCONTENT
Ti
tl
ePage i
Approv alPage i
i
Decl
ar ation i
i
i
Dedication i
v
Acknowl edgement v
Abst
ract v
i
CHAPTERONE

1.
0 I ntroduct i
on
1.
1 Ai m
1.
2 Obj ect ive
1.
3 Met hodol ogy
1.
4 Scope
1.
5 Li mitat i
on
CHAPTERTWO
2.
0 Li t
er atureRev i
ew
2.
1 Cur rentUpdat eOnQuant i
tySur
veyi
ngPr
acti
ce
2.
1.1 S.
M. M
2.
1.2 Buil
dingI nformati
onModel ing[
BIM]
2.
1.3 TheOr i
ginofBuildingInf
ormati
onModel
ing[BI
M]
2.
1.4 BIMi nConst ructi
onManagement
2.
1.5 BIMi nQuant it
ySur vey
ingPract
ice
2.
1.6 BIMI nsti
tute
2.
2 Bi ll
OfQuant i
ti
es

2.
2.1 Defi
nit
ionandPur poseofBi l
lofQuant
it
ies
2.2.
2 PreparingBi
llofQuantit
iesUsingtheTradi
ti
onal
Met
hod
2.
2.3 FormatofBOQ
2.
3 CostEst imat
ing
2.
3.1 Defi
nit
ionandPr i
ncipl
e:
2.
3.2 Typesofesti
mat e
2.
3.3 MethodofAppr oximateEstimati
ng
CHAPTERTHREE
3.
0 Costest imat
ingmet hodology
3.
1 Pr eli
minaryEsti
mat e

3.
1.1 Pr
eparat
ionofpr
eli
minar
yest
imat
eforaPr
oposedThr
eeBedr
oom Bungal
ow
CHAPTERFOUR
4.
1 Bi ll
ing
CHAPTERFIVE
5.
1 Summar y,Fi
ndi
ngsandConcl
usi
on

i
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5.
2 Recommendat
ion
Refer
ence
CHAPTERONE

1.
0 I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Accor
dingt
oMer
cel
&Josper(
2009)
,Bi
l
lofquant
it
ies[
somet
imesr
efer
redt
oas

BOQ]i
sadocumentpr
epar
edbyt
hecostconsul
tant[
oft
enaquant
it
ysur
vey
or]

t
hatpr
ovi
despr
ojectspeci
fi
cmeasur
edquant
it
iesofi
temsofwor
kshownon

t
hedr
awi
ngandspeci
fi
cat
ioni
nthet
enderdocumentThequant
it
iesmaybe

measur
edi
nnumber
,lengt
h,ar
ea,v
olume,wei
ghtort
ime.Pr
epar
ingabi
l
lof

quant
it
iesr
equi
rest
hatt
hedesi
gni
scompl
eteandspeci
fi
cat
ionpr
epar
ed.The

bi
l
lofquant
it
iesi
s'i
ssuedt
otender
erst
opr
epar
epr
icesf
orcar
ryi
ngoutt
he

wor
ks.Thebi
l
lofquant
it
iesassi
stst
ender
ersi
nthecal
cul
ati
ngofconst
ruct
ion

costf
ort
hei
rtenderpur
poseandi
tmeanst
hatal
ltender
ingcont
ract
orswi
l
lbe

pr
ici
ngt
hesamequant
it
ies'
[
rat
hert
han..
taki
ng-
offquant
it
iesf
rom t
hedr
awi
ng

and speci
fi
cat
ions]
.Itt
her
efor
e pr
ovi
des af
fai
r and accur
ate basi
sfor

t
ender
ing.
(Mer
cel
&Josper
,2009)

Thecont
ract
ort
ender
sagai
nstt
hebi
l
lofquant
it
ies,st
ati
ngt
hepr
icef
oreach

i
tem.bi
l
lofquant
it
iesconst
it
utest
het
enderof
fer
,Ast
heof
feri
sbui
l
tupof

pr
escr
ibedi
tems,i
tispossi
blet
ocompar
ebot
htheov
eral
lpr
iceandi
ndi
vi
dual

i
tem di
rect
lywi
thot
herr
ender
ers'of
fer
s,al
l
owi
ngadet
ail
edassessmentof

whi
chaspectofat
endermayof
fergoodorpoorv
alue.Thi
sinf
ormat
ioncan

assi
sti
ntendernegot
iat
ion.(
Mer
cel
andJosper
,2009)
.

i
i
i
 Thepr
icedbi
llofquant
it
ieswi
llal
so:

 Assi
stsi
ntheagr
eementoft
hecont
ractsum wi
tht
hesuccessf
ul

t
ender
asacont
ractdocument

 Pr
ovi
deaschedul
eofr
ateswhi
chassi
sti
nthev
aluat
ionofv
ari
ati
on

 Pr
ovi
desabasi
sfort
hev
aluat
ionofi
nter
im pay
ment
stot
he

cont
ract
or

 Pr
ovi
desabasi
sfort
hepr
epar
ati
onoft
hef
inal
account
.

1.
1 AI
M

Theaim oft
hispr
ojecti
stopr
epar
eapr
icedbi
l
lofquant
it
iesf
orapr
oposed
thr
ee

bedr
oom bungal
owusi
ngt
radi
ti
onal
met
hod.

1.
2 OBJECTI
VE
i
. Todesi
gnadet
ail
edwor
kingdr
awi
ngf
ort
hepr
oposed
bui
l
ding,
i
i
. Tomeasur
equant
it
iesf
rom t
hedr
awi
ng,

i
i
i. Tobui
l
dupuni
trat
esf
orsomei
temsofwor
k,

v
i. Tocar
ryoutmar
ketsur
veyi
nor
dert
oobt
ainpr
icesof

somei
tems

v
. Topr
icet
hebi
l
lofquant
it
ies.

1.
3 METHODOLOGY

Themet
hodol
ogyappl
i
edi
ncar
ryi
ngoutt
hispr
ojecti
ncl
udesuseofr
elat
ed

i
i
i
 l
i
ter
atur
e,mar
ketsur
veyandhi
stor
ical
costdat
a.

1.
4 SCOPE
Thi
spr
ojecti
sjustaboutpr
ovi
dingt
hecostofaThr
eeBedr
oom Bungal
ow

l
ocat
edatNo.57,
UngwanMai
ger
o,Nar
ayi
Kaduna.

1.
5 LI
MITATI
ON

Whi
l
ecar
ryi
ngoutt
hispr
oject
,somel
i
mit
ati
onsbei
ngencount
ered
i
ncl
udes:

 Unwi
l
li
ngnessofsomemar
ket
erst
orel
easedet
ail
soft
hei
rpr
icel
i
st

dur
ingmar
ketsur
vey
.

 Di
ff
icul
ti
esi
nget
ti
ngt
heat
tent
ionofsomepr
ofessi
onal
sdur
ingt
he

consul
tat
ionv
isi
ttot
hei
rof
fi
cest
oobt
aincur
rentcostofi
temsofwor
k.

i
i
i
 CHAPTERTWO

2.
0 LI
TERATUREREVI
EW
TheRev
iew ofRel
ated Li
ter
atur
esHasBeen DoneUndert
heFol
lowi
ng Sub

headi
ng

2.
1 CURRENTUPDATEONQUANTI
TYSURVEYI
NGPRACTI
CE

2.
1.1 S.
M.M

S.
M.M:St
andar
dMet
hodofMeasur
ementi
sadocumentt
hatsetoutt
her
ules

f
ormeasur
ementanddescr
ipt
ionofconst
ruct
ionwor
ks.I
tsmai
npur
posei
sto

pr
ovi
deauni
for
m basi
sformeasur
ingconst
ruct
ionwor
ks.(
Mer
cel
&Josper
,

2009)

Theupdat
eddocumentwaspr
oposedandadopt
edasBESMM4byt
heNI
QS

[
Niger
ian

I
nst
it
uteofQuant
it
ySur
vey
ing]Nat
ionalExecut
iveCounci
ltor
epl
aceBESMM3

wi
thef
fectf
rom Januar
y2016.(
Mer
cel
&Josper
,2009)
i
i
i
 Accor
dingt
othe[
NIQS]pr
esi
dent
,Mr
s.Mer
cyI
yor
tyer
,someer
ror
sint
extand

cont
estwer
enot
ed.
int
hedocumentwhi
chnecessi
tat
ed,cor
rect
ionbyr
emov
al

ofunnecessar
yfeat
ures,i
nser
ti
ng omi
ssi
onsr
ear
rangementofcont
entand

i
ncor
por
ati
ngaddi
ti
onalr
ulesdeemednecessar
ytoenabl
ethedocumentser
ve

i
tspur
posemor
eef
fect
ivel
y.Al
soappl
i
cat
ionhav
ebeendul
yaccommodat
edi
n

sect
iont
wooft
heBESMM4,cl
assi
fi
cat
iont
abl
einBESMM3bei
ngsubdi
vi
ded

i
ntoabr
iefdescr
ipt
ionofwor
ktobemeasur
edi
nuni
tofmeasur
ementand

di
vi
sions1-
3thedocumentwi
l
lfaci
l
itat
ethemanagementofbui
l
ding,ci
vi
land

i
ndust
ri
alpr
oject
s.(
Mer
cel
&Josper
,2009)

Accor
dingt
otheNI
QSpr
esi
dent
,al
ltheseshor
tfal
l
shav
ebeenaddr
essedi
nthe

BESMM4 andur
gedt
heNI
QSNat
ionalExecut
ionCounci
ltosensi
ti
zemember
s

oni
ts usageandr
elev
ancet
othet
otalcostmanagementofconst
ruct
ionand

engi
neer
ingwor
ksandt
heneedt
odev
elopt
hecapaci
tyt
oappl
ythepr
ovi
si
ons

oft
heBESMM4ef
fi
cient
ly.(
Mer
cel
&Josper
,2009)
.

TheBESMM4r
epl
aceBESMM3ast
heof
fi
cialst
andar
dmet
hodofmeasur
ement

ofwor
kst
obeusedwi
thcondi
ti
onsofengagement
sandconsul
tancyser
vices

agr
eementt
obeappr
ovedanddi
rect
edbyt
heQuant
it
ySur
vey
orsRegi
str
ati
on

Boar
dofNi
ger
ia.(
Mer
cel
&Josper
,2009)

2.
1.2 Bui
ldi
ngI
nfor
mat
ionModel
ing[
BIM]
Bui
l
dingi
nfor
mat
ionmodel
i
ng[
BIM]i
sadi
git
alr
epr
esent
ati
onofphy
sicaland

f
unct
ionalchar
act
eri
sti
cofaf
aci
l
ity
.ABI
Misashar
edknowl
edger
esour
cef
or

i
nfor
mat
ionaboutaf
aci
l
ityf
ormi
ngar
eli
abl
ebasi
sfordeci
sionsdur
ingi
tsl
i
fe

cy
clef
rom concept
iont
odemol
i
tion.Thet
radi
ti
onalbui
l
dingdesi
gnwasl
argel
y

r
eli
antupont
wodi
mensi
onaldr
awi
ngs(
plans,el
evat
ions,sect
ions,et
c).(
Lil
i
as,

2010)
.

2.
1.3 TheOr
igi
nofBui
ldi
ngI
nfor
mat
ionModel
ing[
BIM]
i
i
i
 TheconceptofBI
M hasexi
stedsi
ncet
he1970s.Thet
erm bui
l
dingi
nfor
mat
ion

model
i
ngf
ir
stappear
edi
na1992paperbyG.
AVanNeder
veenandF.
P.Tol
man.

Howev
er,t
he t
erms bui
l
ding i
nfor
mat
ion modeland bui
l
ding i
nfor
mat
ion

model
i
ng[
incl
udi
ngt
heacr
ony
ms)
hadnotbeenpopul
arl
yusedunt
ilAut
odesk

r
eleasedt
hewhi
tepaperent
it
led"
Bui
l
dingi
nfor
mat
ionmodel
i
ng"Jer
ryl
aiser
in

popul
ari
zeandst
andar
dizebui
l
dingpr
ocessast
henof
fer
edunderdi
ff
eri
ng

t
ermi
nol
ogy by Gr
aphi
sof
tas "v
irt
ualBui
l
ding"Bent
ley sy
stems"and by

Aut
odesk orVect
orwor
ks as "
Bui
l
ding i
nfor
mat
ion model
i
ng"t
ofaci
l
itat
e

exchangeandi
nter
oper
abi
l
ityofi
nfor
mat
ioni
ndi
git
alf
ormat
.Accor
dingt
o

l
aiser
inand ot
her
s,t
hef
ir
sti
mpl
ement
ati
on ofBI
M wasundert
hev
irt
ual
,

Bui
l
ding concept by Gr
aphi
sof
t Ar
chi
CAD, i
n i
ts debut i
n

1987.
(Neder
veen&Tol
man1992)
.

2.
1.4 BI
MinConst
ruct
ionManagement

Thepar
ti
cipant
sint
hebui
l
dingpr
ocessar
econst
ant
lychal
l
engedt
odel
i
ver

successf
ulpr
oject
s despi
tet
ightbudget
s,l
i
mit
ed man power
,accel
erat
ed

schedul
es,andl
i
mit
edorar
chi
tect
ural
,st
ruct
uralandMEPdesi
gnsshoul
dbe

wel
lcoor
dinat
ed,ast
wot
hingscan'
ttakepl
aceatt
hesamepl
aceandt
ime.

(
Jll
i
as,2010)Bui
l
dingi
nfor
mat
ionmodel
i
ngai
dsi
ncol
l
isi
ondet
ect
ionatt
he

i
nit
ial
stage,
ident
if
yingt
heexactl
ocat
ionofdi
scr
epanci
es.(
Il
li
as,
2010)
.

TheBI
M conceptenv
isagesv
irt
ualconst
ruct
ion,i
nor
dert
oreduceuncer
tai
nty
,

i
mpr
ovesaf
ety
,wor
koutpr
obl
em,andsi
mul
ateandanal
yzepot
ent
iali
mpact
.

Sub-
cont
ract
orsf
rom ev
eryt
radecani
nputcr
it
icali
nfor
mat
ioni
ntot
hemodel

bef
ore begi
nni
ng const
ruct
ion,wi
th oppor
tuni
ti
es t
o pr
e-f
abr
icat
e orpr
e-

assembl
esomesy
stemsof
f-
sit
e.Wast
ecanbemi
nimi
zedonsi
teandpr
oduct

del
i
veronaj
usti
nti
mebasi
srat
hert
hanbei
ngst
ockpi
l
edonsi
te.(
Il
li
as,
2010)

i
i
i
 Quant
it
iesandshar
edpr
oper
ti
esofmat
eri
alscanbeext
ract
edeasi
l
y,scopesof

wor
kcan

bei
sol
atedanddef
ined.Sy
stems,
assembl
i
esandsequencescanbeshowni
na

r
elat
ive

scal
ewi
tht
heent
ir
efaci
l
ityorgr
oupoff
aci
l
iti
es.BI
M al
sopr
event
ser
ror
sby

enabl
i
ng

conf
li
ctorcl
ashdet
ect
ionwher
ebyt
hecomput
ermodelv
isual
l
yhi
ghl
i
ght
stot
he

t
erm

wher
epar
tsoft
hebui
l
ding(
e.g:st
ruct
uralf
rameandbui
l
dingser
vicespi
pesor

duct
s

maywr
ongl
yint
ersect
.(l
l
li
as,
2010)

2.
1.5 BI
MinQuant
it
ySur
vey
ingPr
act
ice

Quant
it
ysur
vey
orsi
mpor
tthemodelandi
ntegr
atedi
twi
tht
hei
nit
ialt
ake-of
f
modeli
ntot
he sof
twar
eto aut
omat
ical
l
y gener
atet
he quant
it
ies f
ort
he
r
equi
redel
ement
sandf
orpr
ocur
ement
,pr
ojectbudget
inge.
t.
c.(
Seel
ey1994)
TheBI
M pr
ovi
dedquant
it
ysur
vey
orsv
aluabl
eandaccur
atei
nfor
mat
ionwhen

r
epor
ti
ng t
othemanagementf
orcostanal
ysi
s,pr
ogr
essofwor
k,cl
aims,

subcont
ract
or'
s pr
ogr
ess,pay
ment
s,and f
inalset
tl
ement and dur
ing t
he

const
ruct
ionphase.(
Seel
ey1994)

Usi
ngBI
Minquant
it
ysur
vey
inghast
hef
oll
owi
ngbenef
it
s;

i
. Pr
ovi
def
ast
,ef
fect
iveandef
fi
cientquant
it
ytake-
off

i
i
. Aut
ocomput
ati
onofqual
i
ties/
costr
educeshumaner
ror
s

i
i
i
 i
i
i. I
mpr
ovesv
isual
i
zat
ionoft
hei
tems-el
ement
sofmeasur
ementand

mi
nimi
zeomi
ssi
ons.

i
v. I
mpr
ovesdat
amanagementcostwhi
chr
educesl
ossofi
nfor
mat
ion.

2.
1.6 BI
MInst
it
ute

TheBI
Minst
it
utei
sanat
ionalnonpr
ofi
tor
gani
zat
ionwhoseobj
ect
ivei
sto

i
mpr
ovet
he const
ruct
ion qual
i
tyand pr
oduct
ivi
tyoft
he bui
l
tenv
ironment

t
hroughl
eader
shi
pofi
nfor
mat
ionandeducat
ion.I
tisi
mpar
ti
alandr
emai
ns

sof
twar
eagnost
icwhi
l
esuppor
ti
ngandhel
pingt
odel
i
vert
hest
andar
dsand

r
equi
rement
sforbui
l
dingi
nfor
mat
ion.Model
i
ng/
management(
BIM)i
nAf
ri
ca

(
Mar
cel
&Josper
,2009)
.

2.
2 BI
LLOFQUANTI
TIES

2.
2.1 Def
ini
ti
onandPur
poseofBi
llofQuant
it
ies

TheBi
l
lofQuant
it
ies(
somet
imesr
efer
redt
oas'
BOQ'
)isadocumentpr
epar
ed

byt
hecostconsul
tantof
tenaquant
it
ysur
vey
ort
hatpr
ovi
despr
ojectspeci
fi
c

measur
ed quant
it
ies oft
he i
tems ofwor
k obt
ained i
nthe dr
awi
ng and

speci
fi
cat
ion.Thequant
it
iesmaybemeasur
edi
nnumber
,lengt
h,ar
ea,v
olume,

wei
ghtort
ime.Pr
epar
ingabi
l
lofquant
it
iesr
equi
rest
hatt
hedesi
gnI
Scompl
ete

andaspeci
fi
cat
ionpr
epar
ed.
(I
kupol
ati
A.O,
2013)
.

Thebi
l
lofquant
it
iesi
sissuedt
otender
sfort
hem t
opr
epar
eapr
icef
orcar
ryi
ng

outt
he

wor
ks.Thebi
l
lofquant
it
iesassi
stt
ender
sint
hecal
cul
ati
onofconst
ruct
ion

costf
ort
hei
rtender
,and;
asi
tmeansal
ltender
ingcont
ract
orswi
l
lbepr
ici
ngt
he

same quant
it
ies r
athert
han t
aki
ng of
fquant
it
ies f
rom t
he dr
awi
ngs and

i
i
i
 speci
fi
cat
iont
hemsel
ves.I
tal
sopr
ovi
desaf
airandaccur
atebasi
sfort
ender
ing.

(
lkupol
ati
A.O,
2013)
.

Thecont
ract
ort
ender
sagai
nstt
hebi
l
lofquant
it
y,st
ati
ngt
hepr
icef
oreach

i
tem.Thi
spr
icedbi
l
lofquant
it
iesconst
it
utest
het
ender
ers'
off
er.Ast
heof
feri
s

bui
l
tupofpr
escr
ibedi
tems,
iti
spossi
blet
ocompar
ebot
htheov
eral
lpr
iceand

i
ndi
vi
duali
tems di
rect
ly wi
th ot
her t
ender
s'of
fer
s,al
l
owi
ng a det
ail
ed

assessmentofwhi
chaspect
sofat
endermayof
fergoodorpoorv
alue.The

pr
icedbi
l
lofquant
it
ieswi
l
lal
so:

i
. Assi
stwi
tht
heagr
eementoft
hecont
ractsum wi
tht
he

successf
ult
ender
ed.

i
i
. Pr
ovi
deaschedul
eofr
atesassi
sti
ngi
nval
uat
ionofv
ari
ati
on.

i
i
i. Pr
ovi
deabasi
sfori
nter
imv
aluat
ionf
orpay
ment
stot
hecont
ract
or.

i
v. Pr
ovi
deabasi
sfort
hepr
epar
ati
onoft
hef
inal
account

2.
2.2 Pr
epar
ingBi
llofQuant
it
iesUsi
ngt
heTr
adi
ti
onalMet
hod

Thet
radi
ti
onalmet
hod ofpr
epar
ing abi
l
lofquant
it
iesi
saccompl
i
shed
t
hrought
hreest
eps:
i
. Taki
ng-
off
.
i
i
. Abst
ract
ingand squar
ing

i
i
i. Bi
l
li
ng

 Taki
ng-
off
:ist
her
ecor
dingofdi
mensi
onsf
rom dr
awi
ngsorschedul
esofwor
k.

 Abst
ract
ingandsquar
ing:i
sthepr
ocessofcol
l
ect
ingt
hesi
mil
ari
temst
oget
her

wi
th

t
hequant
it
iesi
nor
derast
heywi
l
lappeari
nthebi
l
lofquant
it
ieswhi
l
esquar
ing

i
i
i
 i
sthe

pr
ocessofar
ri
vi
ngatt
heact
ualquant
it
yofeachi
tem.Measur
edi
nthet
aki
ng

of
fsheet
.

 Bi
ll
ing:i
sver
yessent
ialst
epsi
nceal
lconst
ruct
orsender
pri
cei
sonexact
lyt
he

same

i
nfor
mat
ion.I
tpr
ovi
desabasi
sforv
aluat
ionofwor
kast
hepr
ojectpr
oceeds

andani
deal
basi
sfort
hef
eedbackofi
nfor
mat
ionf
orf
utur
eusei
ncostpl
anni
ng.

2.
2.3 For
matofBOQ

Themostcommonf
ormatf
orBOQi
sael
ement
albi
l
l.El
ement
sof

wor
ksar
ear
rangedi
ntosequencet
hati
scl
earandeasyt
ounder
standand

pr
icedf
oraf
ixedpr
icecont
ract(
lumpsum)
.TheBOQ canbeext
ract
edout

qui
ckl
ywi
thmeasur
ementanddescr
ipt
ionsal
readygr
oupedi
ntheel
ement
al

f
ormat
.(I
kupol
atA.
i O, .
2013)

Theel
ement
almet
hodofest
imat
ingi
samor
edet
ail
edmet
hodofcal
cul
ati
ng

t
hecostofaconst
ruct
ionpr
oject
.Thi
sest
imat
eiseasi
l
yunder
stoodbyt
he

cl
i
entoranypar
tyi
nvol
ved i
nthe desi
gn const
ruct
ion because i
tshows

separ
ateel
ementoft
hebui
l
dingt
hathav
etobepr
iced.(
Ikupol
ati
A.O,
2013)

Theel
ement
alcostpl
anwi
l
lbe"
measur
ed"basedont
heact
ualquant
it
iesof

wor
kandmat
eri
alst
hatwi
l
lber
equi
redt
oconst
ructt
hepr
oject
.(I
kupol
atiA.
O,

2013)
.

Theel
ement
alcostpl
anshoul
dbepr
epar
edi
naspr
eadsheetf
ormatt
hati
s

easyt
oint
egr
ateandi
mpor
tint
ocost
ingsof
twar
eandshoul
dadoptast
andar
d

appr
oach such ast
hatdef
ined byt
henew r
ulesofmeasur
ement(
NRM)
.

(
Ikupol
ati
A.O,
2013)
.

Theel
ement
alcostpl
anwi
l
lbemoni
tor
edbyt
hecostconsul
tant
,thecl
i
ent
’s

i
i
i
 f
inanceof
fi
cerandi
scal
cul
atedbyaddi
ngi
temssuchas:

i
. I
nfl
ati
on
i
i
. Pr
ofessi
onal
fees
i
i
i. VAT
i
v. Cl
i
entcont
ingency
v
. St
atut
oryf
ees.

2.
3 COSTESTI
MATI
NG

2.
3.1 Def
ini
ti
onandPr
inci
ple:

Costest
imat
ingi
sthei
nter
act
ivepr
ocessofdev
elopi
nganappr
oxi
mat
ionoft
he

monet
aryr
esour
cesneededt
ocompl
etepr
ojectact
ivi
ti
es.Pr
ojectt
eam shoul
d

est
imat
ecostf
oral
lresour
cest
hatwi
l
lbechar
gedt
othepr
oject
.Thesei
ncl
ude;

i
. Labour

i
i
. Mat
eri
als

i
i
i. Equi
pment

i
v. Ser
vices

v
. Sof
twar
e

v
i. Har
dwar
e

v
ii
. Faci
l
iti
es

v
ii
i. Cont
ingencyCost
s

Costest
imat
ingi
sthepr
ocessofobt
aini
ngt
heappr
oxi
mat
ecostofapr
ogr
am,

pr
ojectoranoper
ati
on.I
tist
hepr
imar
yel
ementofpr
ojectcostmanagement
,a

knowl
edge ar
ea t
hati
nvol
ves pl
anni
ng,moni
tor
ing,and cont
rol
l
ing pr
oject

i
i
i
monet
arycost
s.Theappr
oxi
mat
etot
alpr
ojectcost
,cal
l
edt
hecostest
imat
e,i
s

usedt
oval
ori
zedapr
oject
'sbudgetandmanagei
tcost
.(
Onwusony
e,2000)
.

The costest
imat
ing i
ncl
udes i
dent
if
ying and consi
der
ing v
ari
ous cost
ing

al
ter
nat
ives.The.
costest
imat
ingpr
ocessmustconsi
derwhet
hert
hecostoft
he

addi
ti
onal
desi
gnwor
kwi
l
lof
fsett
heexpect
edsav
ings.(
Onwusony
e,2000)
.

Themet
hodofest
imat
ingi
sregar
dedas"
bestpr
act
ice"andcanbeusedt
o

pr
iceal
lty
pes

ofpr
oject
snomat
terwhatt
hesi
zeoft
hej
ob,whati
ndust
ryy
ouar
einort
he

st
ageoft
he

pr
oject(
str
ategi
c,concept
,har
ddol
l
arbi
det
c).(
Onwusony
e,2000)
.

Ther
ear
emanybenef
it
stoest
imat
ingf
rom f
ir
stpr
inci
ples,
someofwhi
chhav
e

been

out
li
nedbel
ow.

i
. Cl
earUnder
standi
ngoft
heJob

a. Whenest
imat
ingi
nacompl
eti
veenv
ironmenty
ouwantt
owi
nthej
ob,y
ou

needacl
earunder
standi
ngofy
ourdi
rectcost
s.Youneedt
oassesst
he

pr
ojectandwor
koutt
heexactamountofmat
eri
alf
orev
eryi
tem andy
ou

t
heal
l
ocat
epl
antandl
abourof
tent
hrought
heuseofpr
oduct
ionr
atedat
a,

andt
henofcour
sesub-
cont
ract
ors.

i
i
. Accur
ateCostofMat
eri
als

a.Anyst
andar
dit
emscosti
nfor
mat
ion wi
l
lnotbebased on t
hecostof

mat
eri
alsi
nthe r
egi
ony
ouar
ewor
kingi
n,i
tissi
mpl
ybasedoncost
sin

cer
tai
nar
easandt
hena f
act
orappl
i
edt
othem conv
ersel
y,whenwear
e

est
imat
ingf
rom f
ir
stpr
inci
ples,
wecanwor
koutt
heexactcostofmat
eri
als

i
i
i
 i
nthear
ea.

i
i
i. Ov
erheadandPr
ofi
t

a.I
tiswheny
ouhav
elai
ddowny
ourdi
rectcost
sthaty
ouwi
l
lhav
ethe

conf
idencet
oadj
usty
ourov
erheadandpr
ofi
tamount
ssoast
omakey
our

bi
dascompet
it
iveaspossi
ble.

2.
3.2 Ty
pesofest
imat
e

i
. Appr
oxi
mat
eEst
imat
e

 Theappr
oxi
mat
eest
imat
eisdonei
nor
dert
ofi
ndoutanappr
oxi
mat
e

costi
nver
yshor
tti
mebef
orest
art
ingt
hepr
oject
.Theest
imat
ioni
s

madebef
oresel
ect
ingt
hef
inal
speci
fi
cat
ionanddesi
gnoft
hepr
oject
.

 The met
hod i
s al
so known as pr
eli
minar
y or

r
oughest
imat
e.

 Pur
poseofappr
oxi
mat
eest
imat
e:

 Toev
aluat
ethecostofapr
ojecti
nshor
tti
me.

 To ev
aluat
ethe di
ff
erence bet
ween sev
eral

opt
ionsm.

i
i. Det
ail
edEst
imat
e

a. Adet
ail
edest
imat
eoft
hecostofapr
ojecti
spr
epar
edbydet
ermi
net
he

i
i
i
 quant
it
iesandcost
sofev
ery
thi
ngt
hatacont
ract
ori
srequi
redt
opr
ovi
de

anddof
ort
hesat
isf
act
orycompl
eti
onoft
hewor
k.

i
ii
. Quant
it
yEst
imat
e

a. Thi
sisacompl
eteest
imat
eorl
i
stofquant
it
iesf
oral
lit
emsofwor
k

r
equi
redt
o

compl
etet
heconcer
nedpr
oject
.Thequant
it
yofeachi
ndi
vi
duali
tem of

wor
kiswor
kedoutf
rom t
her
espect
ivedi
mensi
onsont
hedr
awi
ngoft
he

st
ruct
ures.

2.
3.3 Met
hodofAppr
oxi
mat
eEst
imat
ing

Appr
oxi
mat
eest
imat
eisanest
imat
etof
indoutanappr
oxi
mat
ecosti
nashor
t

per
iodoft
imeandt
husenabl
est
heaut
hor
it
yconcer
nedt
oconsi
dert
hef
inanci
al

aspect
soft
hescheme,Thepr
imar
yfunct
ionofappr
oxi
mat
eorpr
eli
minar
y

est
imat
ingi
stopr
oducea

f
orecastoft
hepr
obabl
ecostofaf
utur
epr
ojectbef
oret
hebui
l
dingwi
l
lbe

desi
gnedi
ndet
ail
edandcont
ractpar
ti
cul
arspr
epar
ed.(
Ikupol
ati
&Ol
aley
e,2013)
.

Themet
hodofappr
oxi
mat
eest
imat
ingi
ncl
udest
hef
oll
owi
ng;

i
. Uni
tmet
hod

i
i
. Cubi
cmet
hod

i
i
i. Super
fi
cial
met
hod

i
v. St
oreyencl
osur
emet
hod

v
. Appr
oxi
mat
equant
it
iesmet
hod.

i
i
i
Uni
tMet
hod

Thi
sist
hemet
hodt
hatpr
oducest
otalsi
ngl
epr
icef
ort
hepr
ojectandi
sbased

oncostperuni
torper
sont
obeaccommodat
ed.Thi
stechni
quei
sbet
weent
he

costoft
heconst
ruct
ionandt
henumberoff
unct
ionaluni
titaccommodat
e.

(
lkupol
ati
&Ol
aley
e,2013)
.

Adv
ant
ageofUni
tMet
hodofEst
imat
ing

i
. I
tissi
mpl
eandqui
ckt
ouse

i
i
. Not
ake-
offormeasur
ement
sneeded

i
i
i. Theest
imat
ecanbedoneev
eni
fther
ear
enodr
awi
ngsor

speci
fi
cat
ion

Di
sadv
ant
ageofUni
tMet
hodofEst
imat
ing

i
. I
t'
snotar
eli
abl
emet
hod

i
i
. Lar
gedev
iat
ionf
rom t
heaccur
atev
alue

i
i
i. I
tisnotbasedondr
awi
ngsorspeci
fi
cat
ions.

Cubi
cMet
hod
Thi
sist
hemet
hodofest
imat
ingbasedont
hecubi
ccont
entofabui
l
ding.Cost

percubi
c

met
ermet
hodi
sspeci
fi
cforbui
l
dingpr
oject
sandai
mst
oov
ercomet
hecur
rent

cr
it
ici
sm

off
loorar
eamet
hodt
hatdoesnott
akei
ntoaccountpossi
blev
ari
ati
onoft
he

st
orey

hei
ght
.(I
kupol
ati
&Ol
aley
e,2013)
.

Adv
ant
ageofCubi
cMet
hodofEst
imat
ing

i
. Qui
ckmet
hod

i
i
i
 i
i
. I
tiseasyt
ounder
stand

i
i
i. Si
mpl
emat
hemat
ical
process

i
v. I
tisusef
uli
nest
imat
ingt
hecostofheat
ingandai
r

condi
ti
oni
ng.

Di
sadv
ant
ageofCubi
cMet
hodofEst
imat
ing

i
. I
tdoesn'
tpr
ovi
de anyi
ndi
cat
ion aboutamountofusabl
e

space.

i
i
. I
tdoesnotexpr
esst
heact
ual
costofdi
ff
erentpar
tofbui
l
ding.

i
i
i. I
tis di
ff
icul
tto adj
ustuni
tcostdue t
olar
ge numberof

v
ari
abl
es.

i
v. I
ttakesnoaccountofnumberofst
orey
sorpl
anshapes.

Super
fi
cialMet
hod

Thi
sispr
obabl
ythemostpopul
armet
hodofcostpr
edi
cti
ondur
ingt
heear
ly

st
ageofa

pr
ojectonce t
hegener
alout
li
ne dr
awi
ngsar
ebeen pr
epar
ed.The met
hod

r
elat
esauni
t

costt
ofl
oorar
eaandi
smor
ereadi
l
yappr
eci
ated.Thear
eaofeachoft
hef
loor

i
s

measur
edandt
henmul
ti
pli
edbycost
s/r
rr'
.Byconv
ent
iont
hesuper
fi
cialar
eai
s

measur
edbet
weent
hei
nsi
def
acesoft
heext
ernalwal
l
sandnodeduct
ionsar
e

madef
orpar
ti
ti
ons,

st
air
s,l
i
ftset
c.(
Ikupol
~ti
&Ol
aley
e,2013)

Adv
ant
age of Super
fi
cial Met
hod of

i
i
i
Est
imat
ing

i
.Easeofcal
cul
ati
on

i
i
.Cost
sar
eexpr
essed i
nawaywhi
chi
sreadi
l
yunder
stood byt
heav
erage

bui
l
ding

cl
i
entorowner
.

i
i
i.Maj
ori
tyofi
temsi
nthebui
l
dinghav
ecostr
elat
edmor
etof
loorar
eat
hant
othe

v
olume

Di
sadv
ant
ageofSuper
fi
cialMet
hodofEst
imat
ing

i
.Itdoesnotdi
rect
lyt
akeaccountofchangesi
npl
anshapesort
otal
hei
ght
sof

t
he

bui
l
dingwhi
chal
sohasacosti
mpact
.

i
i
.Adj
ust
ingf
rom t
hev
ari
abl
esment
ionedi
snotv
eryeasy
.

St
oreyEncl
osur
eMet
hod

Thi
smet
hodmeasur
est
hear
eaofext
ernal
wor
ks,
floor
sandcar
rywhi
chencl
oses

each

st
oreyoft
hebui
l
ding.(
Ikupol
ati
&Ol
aley
e,2013)
.

Adv
ant
ageofSt
oreyEncl
osur
eMet
hod

i
. Onl
ymaj
ori
temst
hatar
eimpor
tantar
emeasur
ed.

i
i
.Iti
srel
i
abl
e.

Di
sadv
ant
ageofSt
oreyEncl
osur
eMet
hod

i
.Itr
equi
resmor
eti
meandef
for
tthananyot
her

met
hod

i
i
.Det
ail
edi
nfor
mat
ioni
srequi
redf
rom t
hedesi
gn.

Appr
oxi
mat
eQuant
it
iesMet
hod

i
i
i
Thi
smet
hodr
efer
redt
oast
hemostr
eli
abl
emet
hodofpr
epar
ingest
imat
e,

pr
ovi
dedt
he

r
equi
reddet
ail
edi
nfor
mat
ioni
sav
ail
abl
e,i
tpopul
ari
tyandcomposi
ter
ateobt
ained

f
rom

bi
l
lofquant
it
ies.(
Ikupol
ati
&Ol
aley
e,2013)
.

Adv
ant
ageofAppr
oxi
mat
eQuant
it
iesMet
hod

i
.Iti
srel
i
abl
e.

i
i
.Itgi
vesmor
edet
ail
edest
imat
ethananymet
hod.

Di
sadv
ant
ageofAppr
oxi
mat
eQuant
it
iesMet
hod

i
. Det
ail
edi
nfor
mat
ioni
srequi
redf
rom t
he

desi
gner
.

i
i
.Itr
equi
resmor
eti
meandef
for
t.

i
i
i
 CHAPTERTHREE

3.
0 COSTESTI
MATI
NGMETHODOLOGY
3.
1 Pr
eli
minar
yEst
imat
e
Thepr
imar
yfunct
ionofappr
oxi
mat
eorpr
eli
minar
yest
imat
ingi
stopr
oducea

f
orecastoft
he pr
obabl
e costoff
utur
e pr
ojectbef
oret
he bui
l
ding wi
l
lbe

desi
gnedi
ndet
ail
edandcont
ractpar
ti
cul
arspr
epar
ed.I
nthi
sway
,thebui
l
ding

cl
i
enti
smadeawar
eofhi
sfi
nanci
alcommi
tmentbef
oreext
ensi
vedesi
gnwor
k

i
sunder
taken.

3.
1.1 Pr
epar
ati
onofpr
eli
minar
yest
imat
eforaPr
oposedThr
eeBedr
oom Bungal
ow

atNo.57 UngwanMai
ger
oNar
ayiKaduna,Kaduna St
ate.Usi
ng super
fi
cial

met
hodofappr
oxi
mat
eest
imat
e.Usi
ngsuper
fi
cial
met
hod

GFA=140m2

Costofconst
ruct
ion =N11,
728,
241.
76

Tot
alcost=11,
728,
241.
76andhasat
otal
areaof140m2

i
i
i
 tot
alcost 11,
728,241.
76
Ther
efor
ecost
/m2= = =N83,
773.
2/m2
G.
F.A 140

Forpr
oposedbui
l
dingA
Lengt
h=12700 =12.
7
Wi
dth=9200 =92.
0
4m2
1168.
Costofpr
eli
minar
yest
imat
ing=N83,
773.
2x1168.
4
=N97,
880. m2
61.

i
i
i
.
5 Bui
ldupRat
efort
hef
oll
owi
ngi
tems.

1 Excav
ati
on

2. Concr
etewor
k

3. Bl
ockwor
k

4. Roofcov
eri
ng

Excav
ati
on

Topsoi
l

Const
it
uent

Labour

Ov
erhead&pr
ofi
t

Out
putof1l
abour
er/
day = 20m2

Costof1l
abour
er/
day = 1200

Cost
/m2oft
opsoi
lexcav
ati
on = 1200 =60,
00
20

Summar
y
Labourcost = 60,
000
Add20%pr of
it
/ov
erhead = 12.
00
N72.
00

Cost
/m2oft
opsoi
lexcav
ati
on = N72.
00
Tr
enchExcav
ati
on
Out
putof1l
abour
er/
day = 3m3nor
mal
soi
l
Costofl
abour
er/
day = 1,
200
Cost
/m3oft
renchexcav
ati
on = 1200 =400
3

i
i
i
 Summar
y
Costofl
abour = 400
Add20%profi
t/
over
head = 80
= N480
Cost
/m3oft
renchexcav
ati
on = N480

2. Concr
eteWor
k

Pl
ainconcr
ete(
1:3:
6)har
dmi
x

Const
it
uent

Mat
eri
al

Labour

Ov
erhead/
prof
it

Mat
eri
al

i
. Cement = 29bagsx2700 = N78,
300

i
i
. Sand = 15000=3937x3 = N11,
811
3.
81
i
i
i. Aggr
egat
e = 18,
000 =4724x6 = N28,
350
3.81 N118,
461
Add30%f
orshr
inkageandwast
e = N35,538.30
N153,999.30
Cost
/10m3 10
Cost
/m3ofmat
eri
als = N15,399.
93

Labour
Mixi
ng=1500/dayoutput
/m3=1500 =1500
1
Carr
yingandpour
ing=1500/ put2m3=1500 =
dayout 750
2
Tamper
ing3000/ put10m3/
dayout day= 3000 = 300
10

N2,
55

i
i
i
 Summar
y
Mat
eri
al = 15,
399.
93
Labour = 2550.
00
17,
949.
93
Add20%pr
ofi
t/
over
head 3,
589.99
21,
539.92

Cost
/m3ofpl
ainconcr
ete= N21,
540

Rei
nfor
cedConcr
ete(
1:2:
4)
Mat
eri
al
1 Cement =29x2700 = 78,
300
2 Sand =500 =3,
937x2 = 7874
3.
81
4 Aggr
egat
e=1800 =4724.
40x4= 18.
897.63
7 3.
81 105,
071.63
31,
521,
49
136,
593.12
Cost
/7m3 7

Cost
/m3ofmat
eri
al = N19,
513.
30

Labour
Mi
xi
nga.
b =1500
Car
ryi
ngandpour
ingoutput
/1m31500 = 1500
1
Tamperi
ngout
put8m3/day3000 = 375
8 3,
375

Summar
y
Mat
eri
al 19,
513.
30
Labour 3,
375
22,
888.
30
Add20%Pr
ofi
t/
over
head 4,
577.
66
27,
465.
96

i
i
i
 Cost
/m3ofr
einf
orcedconcr
ete(
1:2:
4)= N27,
470
3. Bl
ockWor
k
Mat
eri
al
Bl
ock/
m2=10@ N200 = N2000
Mot
or
1Cement 29x2700 = 78,
300
6Sand 15000/
3.81= = 23,
622
Add20%shr
inkageandwast
e = 101,
922
20384.
4
122,
306.
40
3
Cost
/m 7
= N17,
472.
34
Cost
/m2 =17,
472.
34x0.
04 = 698.
89
Mot
ar =698.
89
Bl
ock =2000
2,
698.
89
Labour
1meson = 3,
000
1l
abour
er = 1,
200
= 4,
200
6
Out
put
/day6m2 = N700,
/

Summar y
Materi
al = 2,
698.89
Labour = 700.
00
Add20%pr of
it
/ov
erhead = 3,
398.89
679.78
N4,
078.67

Cost
/m2 = m2
N4100/

i
i
i
RoofCov
eri
ngAl
umi
num LongspanRoof
ingSheet

Mat
eri
al

Lengt
h = 9500

Wi
dth = 750-
150l
ap = 600

Ar
eaofl
engt
h = 9.
50
0.
60
5.
70
Add20%wast
e 1.
14
6.
84/
length
Costof0.
55m l
ongspanr
oof
ingsheet
/m = N1500
Cost
/l
engt
h =1500x9.
50 = N142,
50
Cost
/m2 =1420/
6.84 = N2,
083.
33

Scr
ewnai
l
sandwasher4600/
lengt
h
Scr
ewnai
landwasher1m246/
6.84 = 7
Add10%wast
e = 0.
7
= 7.
7 =8
Cost
/onenai
l= N40
Cost
/m2 = 8x40 = 320

Costofmat
eri
al = 2,
088.
33
320.
00
2,
403.
33
Labour
Output/day 30m2
Cost/day N3000
Cost/m2 3000 100
30
Summar y
Materi
al = 2,
403.33
Labour 100.
00
Add20%Pr of
it
/ov
erhead 2,
503.33
500.66
Cost
/m2 3,003.99

i
i
i
CHAPTERFOUR

i
i
i
4.
1BI
LLI
NG

CHAPTERFI
VE

i
i
i
5.
0 CONCLUSI
ONANDRECOMMENDATI
ONS

5.
1 CONCLUSI
ON

Theai
m oft
hispr
ojecti
stopr
epar
eapr
icedbi
l
lofquant
it
iesf
orat
wobedr
oom

bungal
ow usi
ngt
radi
ti
onalmet
hodofbi
l
lpr
epar
ati
on.Thef
ourobj
ect
ivesset

outt
oachi
evet
heai
m wer
efol
l
owedst
ri
ctl
yandatt
heendofbi
l
li
ng,i
twas

di
scov
eredt
hatt
het
otalcostofer
ect
ingt
hepr
oposedt
wobedr
oom bungal
ow

ofgr
oss f
loorar 25m2 i
ea of110. s N9,
828,
689.
64,Costperm squar
eis

N89,
149.
11

5.
2 RECOMMENDATI
ON

Thi
s pr
iced bi
l
lofquant
it
ies was pr
oduced wi
th cur
rentcosti
nfor
mat
ion

obt
ainedt
hroughmar
ketsur
veyandconsul
tat
ionwi
thpr
ofessi
onal
sinpr
act
ice.

I
tist
her
efor
erecommendedt hecostperm2oft
hatt hisbui
l
dingcanbeusedas

ar
eli
abl
ebasi
sforpr
eli
minar
ycostest
imat
ion.

i
i
i
 Ref
erence

BESMM (
2008)Thi
rdEdi
ti
on,
Publ
i
cat
ion,
Niger
ia.

Googl
e(Wi
ki
pedi
a,Ency
clopedi
a,Mobi
l
e.dev
eloper
.com,
codet
utspl
us.
com.

I
kupol
atiA.
O(2013)
;Fi
rstEdi
ti
on,Tender
ingandEst
imat
ing,Cont
ract
ualAr
rangement

f
orbui
l
dingpr
oject(
theor
iesandpr
act
ice)
.

I
ll
i 2010)2ndEdi
as( ti
on,
bui
l
dingEconomi
c,Publ
i
cat
ionAmer
ica,
SMP.

Mar
cel
andJosper(
2009)
:Quant
it
ySur
vey
ingpr
oject
;publ
i
cat
ion,
Sout
hAf
ri
ca.

Owusony
e(2000)
,thi
rdedi
ti
on,
quant
it
ysur
vey
ingpr
act
ice,
Niger
ia.

Seel
eyI
.H.( ,2ndRev
1994) isedquant
it
ysur
veypr
act
ice,publ
i
sh,Macmi
l
lanCompany

I
SBN978-
0-0-
333-
71972-
5.

Wi
l
li
sT.(
1999)
;Bui
l
dingpr
ojecteconomi
cs,
LondonPr
essPubl
i
cat
ion.

i
i
i