ROMAN
PROVINCIAL
COINAGE
VOLUME
This book embodies a new conception of Roman coinage. It
presents for the first time an authoritative account of the
coins minted in the provinces of the empire and shows how
they can be regarded as an integral part of the coinage
minted under the Roman emperors. The book aims to give
a complete picture of this material and will thus not only
meet the needs of numismatists but will also be an essential
reference book for historians, epigraphists, archaeologists
and other students of the Roman empire.
Volume I covers the hundred years from the death of
Julius Caesar in 44 b c to that of the emperor Vitellius in
a d 69, and examines the coinage of more than 400 cities
throughout the Roman empire. The material is presented
on a geographical basis, from Spain and Africa in the west
to Syria and Egypt in the east. The catalogue takes the form
of a brief discussion for each city of attribution, dating,
denomination, typology and interpretation, followed by a
listing of the issues. The catalogue is based on the world’s
principal collections and presents over 100 000 coins, classi­
fied into over 5000 major types.
Introductory chapters look at the production of provin­
cial coinage as well as the denominations and designs used.
To facilitate its use as the first systematic reference book for
the provincial coinage, the catalogue is very fully indexed,
while the 195 plates illustrate every major issue listed.
The material presented is an invaluable source of infor­
mation for imperial portraiture and titulature, the response
of the cities to the establishment of a new political order
under the emperor Augustus and the subsequent develop­
ment of this relationship, the way the Roman government
controlled the provinces, the internal history of the cities of
the Roman empire, and the role of the provincial coinage in
the economy of the Roman empire as a whole.
The book represents the fruits of many years’ research
and international collaboration by its authors. Andrew
Burnett is Deputy Keeper of the Department of Coins and
Medals, British Museum; Michel Amandry is Directeur of
the Cabinet des Médailles, Bibliothèque Nationale; Pere
Pau Ripollès is Profesor Titular of the Departament de
Prehistoria i Arqueologia, Universität de València.
I
Ce livre témoigne d’une nouvelle conception du monnayage
romain. Il brosse pour la première fois un tableau qui fera
autorité des monnaies frappées dans les provinces de
l’Empire et montre comment ce numéraire doit être con­
sidéré comme partie intégrante du système monétaire mis
en place par les empereurs romains. Le but de ce livre est
d’offrir une vision complète de ce matériel: il répondra ainsi
aux besoins des numismates, mais sera également un livre
de référence pour les historiens, épigraphistes, archéologues
et autres chercheurs s’intéressant à l’Empire romain.
Le premier volume couvre la centaine d’années séparant
la mort de César en 44 avant J.-C. de celle de Vitellius en 69
après J.-C. et examine le monnayage de plus de 400 cités
disséminées à travers l’Empire romain. Le matériel est
présenté géographiquement, de l’Espagne et l’Afrique en
Occident à la Syrie et l’Egypte en Orient. Pour chaque cité,
les problèmes d’attribution, de datation, de dénomination,
de typologie sont discutés brièvement avant le catalogue
proprement dit, comprenant la liste des émissions. Celui-ci
inclut le matériel des plus grandes collections au monde et
environ 100 000 monnaies sont publiées, regroupées sous
plus de 5000 types.
Des chapitres d’introduction examinent la production du
monnayage provincial ainsi que les dénominations et les
types choisis. Pour rendre plus aisée la consultation de cet
ouvrage de référence tant attendu, le catalogue est suivi de
nombreux indices et 195 planches illustrent chaque émission.
Le matériel présenté est une source inestimable d’inform­
ations concernant le portrait et la titulature de l’empereur,
la réponse des cités à l’établissement d’un nouvel ordre
politique sous Auguste et le développement ultérieur de la
relation cité/Etat, la manière dont le gouvernement romain
contrôlait les provinces, l’histoire des cités et le rôle du
monnayage provincial dans l’économie générale de
l’Empire.
Cet ouvrage représente le fruit de nombreuses années de
recherche et de coopération internationale entre les dif­
férents auteurs. Andrew Burnett est Deputy Keeper du
Département des Monnaies et Médailles du British
Museum, Londres; Michel Amandry est Directeur du
Cabinet des Médailles de la Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris;
Pere Pau Ripollès est Professeur titulaire du Département
de Préhistoire et d’Archéologie de l’Université de Valence,
Espagne.
 R O M A N
PROVINCIAL
C O I N A G E
V O L U M E I
From the death o f Caesar to the death o f Vitellius
(44 BG-AD 69)

Part I: Introduction and Catalogue

A ndrew B urnett

M ichel A m andry

Pere Pau Ripollès

British Museum Press Bibliothèque Nationale

London Paris
© 1992 The Trustees of the British M useum /Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris

Published in two volumes by British M useum Press

a division of British M useum Publications Ltd
46 Bloomsbury Street, London w c i b 3Qg
and the Bibliothèque Nationale
58, rue Richelieu, 75002 Paris

British Library Cataloguing in Publication D ata

Burnett, A. M.
Roman provincial coinage.
Vol. 1: From the death of Caesar to the death of Vitellius (44 bc - ad 69).
I. Title II. Amandry, Michel
III. Ripollès, Pere Pau
332.40420937

ISBN 0-7141-0871-5 the set ( b m p )

isbn 2-7177-1845-1 the set ( b n )

Designed by Andrew Shoolbred

Typeset in Baskerville by Wyvern Typesetting Ltd, Bristol, and

printed in Great Britain at Cambridge University Press
 CONTENTS

Part I: Introduction and Catalogue

Acknowledgements vii
Abbreviations ix
Preface xiii

GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Chapter / Authority and magistrates I

Chapter 2 The production and circulation of coinage 6

in the provinces
Chapter 3 Denominations 26
Chapter 4 Designs and legends 38
Chapter 5 The emperors and the imperial family 49
Chapter 6 The emperors and the provincial coinage 52

CATALOGUE
How to use the catalogue 55
List of cities 58
C a ta lo g u e n u m b e r

Spain 1-487 63
Gaul 147
CO
CO
to
O
lO

Italy 601-621 r 57
Sardinia 622-625 162
Sicily 626-676 î 65
Africa 701-886 182
Cyrenaica and Crete 9 0 Ï- I0 3 9 216
Achaea i 101-1470 244
Macedonia 1501-1660 287
Thrace 1701-1788 311
Moesia 1801-1841 324
Northern Black Sea 1842-1947 329
Bithynia and Pontus 2001-2161 336
Asia 2201-3248 363
Lycia-Pamphylia 3301-3405 523
Galatia 350i - 357i 535
Cappadocia 3601-3661 550
Cilicia Tracheia 3701-3742 560
Kingdoms of Asia Minor 3801-3872 567
Cyprus 3901-3925 576
Syria 4001-4896 581
Judaean kingdom 4901-4992 676
Eastern kingdoms 4993-4998 686
Alexandria 5001-5378 688
Uncertain 5401-5467 714
Addenda 722

Concordances with FIT A and APT 725

Maps 728

Part II: Indexes and Plates

Indexes 729
Plates 813
To our parents
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The genesis of this work was our dissatisfaction with the
narrow definition of coinage of the Roman Empire in the
standard works such as Roman Imperial Coinage and the
British Museum Catalogues of Roman Imperial coins. Both
ignore the vast amount of city coinage produced under the
Empire, notably in its eastern part. Some partial remedies
can be found in the catalogues of the Milan collection by L.
Laffranchi (1938) and of the Oxford collection by C. H. V.
Sutherland and C.M . Kraay (1975), both of which
included the coinages made in the provinces. These works
are, however, catalogues of only one collection; though they
are both good collections, neither approaches anything like
completeness. Here our aim has been to make as complete a
reconstruction of the provincial coinage as is possible.
This is a bold aim. Its realisation would not have been
possible without the work of previous generations, and we
have found the many works of three previous scholars to be
most helpful and influential in this project: Friedrich
Imhoof-Blumer, Henri Seyrig and Michael Grant. In addi­
tion, the influence of Louis Robert will also be obvious, if
more indirect. But the realisation of this project has
depended on the helpful co-operation and support of our
many colleagues and friends throughout the world.
Our first debt is to the curators of the main museums
whose collections we have used, all of whom tolerated our
demands on their time and patience with cheerful under­
standing: Gunther Dembski (Vienna), Dietrich Klose and
Bernhard Overbeck (Munich), Terence Volk and Kevin
Butcher (Cambridge), Hans-Markus von Kaenel (Winter­
thur), Cathy King and Chris Howgego (Oxford), Anne
Kromann (Copenhagen), Donal Bateson (Glasgow), Bill
Metcalf and Carmen Arnold (New York), Mando
Oikonomidou and Iannis Touratsoglou (Athens), Carmen
Alfaro (Madrid), Marta Campo (Barcelona), Yordanka
Youroukova (Sofia), and especially Hans-Dietrich Schultz
(Berlin).
Much unpublished material and information has also
been freely made available to us by a number of private
collectors and scholars, especially Richard Ashton, Kevin
Butcher, Ian Carradice, B.C.D., M. P. Garcia Bellido,
Michel Prieur, Richard Schaeffer, L. Villaronga, P.V.,
Steve Wagner, David Walker and Rick Witschonke. Other
information has been given to us by Ted Buttrey (Sicily),
Suzanne Frey-Kupper (Panormus), John Kroll (Athens),
Sophia Kremidi (Dium, Cassandrea), Olivier Picard
(Philippi, Thasos), Ya’akov Meshorer, Dan Barag and
Shraga Qedar (Judaea).
We have also benefited greatly from the help of those who
have kindly read and made constructive comments on the
manuscript: Maria del Mar Llorens (Spain), Giacomo
Manganaro and Roger Wilson (Sicily), Suzanne Grunauer
(Sparta), Jennifer Warren (Achaea), Brooks Levy
(Nicopolis, Sicyon and Germanicus/Drusus), Iannis
Touratsoglou (Thessalonica), B.C.D. (northern Greece),
Richard Ashton (Mylasa), Stephen Mitchell (Galatia),
David Walker (Introductions, Caesarea, Antioch), Bill
Metcalf (Caesarea), Alla Stein (Syria), Kevin Butcher
(Antioch and northern Syria), Arthur Houghton (Antioch,
Cleopatra), Michel Prieur (Antioch silver), Erik Christian­
sen (Alexandria), Chris Howgego (Introductions) and
especially P.V. (everything); the section on Rhodes was
written by Richard Ashton. We apologise for the mistakes
which remain.
The quantitative analyses were carried out by Paul Crad­
dock (British Museum Research Laboratory, London) and
Jean-Noël Barrandon (C.N.R.S., Centre de Recherches
Numismatiques E. Babelon, Orléans); in addition Mike
Cowell (British Museum Research Laboratory, London)
gave much help and advice with the qualitative analyses.
The writing of a book by three authors with different
native tongues posed certain problems, and we would thank
Santiago Martinez and Ann Johnston for the great help
they have freely given with translation. We also thank our
editors: Nina Shandloff, Catherine Carpenter, Ann Wilson
and Ruth Baldwin. Much practical assistance has also been
given by Joan Noble and Janet Larkin.
We have attached great importance to the plates, in view
of the small size and normally poor preservation of the
coins. Wherever possible, the coins have been illustrated
from casts. Some of these were made by the museums we
viii R O M A N P R O V I N C I A L C O I N A G E , V olum e I
have visited, but the great majority were made by David
Owen (British Museum). The photographs were made by
Christiane Roulot (Bibliothèque Nationale). Without their
skills and hard work, this book would have been incompar­
ably the poorer. Additional casts and photographs were
made by Dominique Bias! (Paris) and Chaz Howson
(London), and most of the plates were mounted by Lisa
Watkins. Rick Witschonke and B. L. Damsky have
generously made substantial contributions towards the
costs of the plates.
Special thanks go to Ian Carradice, Michael Crawford,
Chris Howgego, Martin Price, and particularly Roger
Bland for constant advice, discussion and encouragement.
Without the finance and support of many institutions and
individuals this catalogue could not have been undertaken.
Valuable support was provided by the American Numis­
matic Society for inviting Andrew Burnett and Michel
Amandry to the summer schools of 1982 and 1984. The
British Academy supported Andrew Burnett’s visit to
Berlin. The generosity of the Heberden Coin Room, Ash-
molean Museum and Wolfson College, Oxford, enabled
Michel Amandry and Pere Pau Ripollès to visit England in
the summers of 1986 and 1988; Pere Pau Ripollès was also
able to visit England with a grant from the Generalität
Valenciana in October-December 1988.
While we are happy to take equal responsibility for the
whole book, the way in which it has been constructed may
perhaps be of some interest. The Spanish section is entirely
the work of Pere Pau Ripollès. Gaul, Africa, Cyrenaica-
and-Crete and Cyprus are by Michel Amandry, who has
also written the entries for most of the Roman colonies,
especially in Greece, and for the bronze coinage of Antioch.
Most of the rest, predominantly the Greek issues, has been
prepared by Andrew Burnett, who also undertook the draft­
ing of the chapters of general introduction (they are,
however, very much of secondary importance in our view;
they may serve to introduce the material and some of the
general issues it raises, but are only prolegomena to future
discussion). The indexing has been shared by us all.
 ABBREVIATIONS
i C o lle c tio n s, c ite d in w h o le o r in p a r t
A A thens, N um ism atic M useum (including D em)
(p art published in A. Postolacca, Katalogos ton
Archaion Nomismaton, A thens 1872)
B Berlin, Staatliche M useen. T h e following
abbreviations are used: L öbb = the collection o f A.
Löbbecke; R au ch = the two collections of von
R auch, acquired in 1853 an d 1878; I-B = the first
Im hoof-B lum er collection, acquired in 1900; and
B-I = the second Im hoof-B lum er collection,
acquired in 1928.
Ba Barcelona, G ab in et N um ism àtic de C atalu n y a
BCD Private Collection BCD
Br Brussels, B ibliothèque Royale
Be Berne, H istorisches M useum (including
R = R ighetti Collection)
Bo Bologna, M useo Civico (p art published by P. P.
Ripollès in Monete Ispaniche nelle Collezione Italiam
Monografia o f the Bollettino di Numismatica, 1986)
Bu B udapest
C C am bridge, Fitzw illiam M useum ; including
M cC lean = S .W . G rose, Fitzwilliam Museum. The
McClean Bequest, 1923-9; Leake an d G eneral
C ollections (partly published in SN G an d W . M .
Leake, Numismata Hellenica, 1856 w ith Supplement,
t 859 )
C alciati R. C alciati, Corpus Nummorum Siculorum. La
Monetazione di Bronzo I - I I I (1983-7)
Cop C openhagen, D anish N atio n al M useum
(com pletely p ublished in SNG, 1942-79)
D em F. F euard en t, Collections Giovanni di Demetrio.
Numismatique. Egypte Ancienne. 11. Domination
Romaine (1872) (now in A)
Evelpidis SN G Grèce, Collection Réna H. Evelpidis I (1970)
F Florence, M useo A rcheologico (part p ublished by
P. P. Ripollès in Monete Ispaniche nelle Collezione
Italiane Monografia o f the Bollettino di Numismatica,
1986)
FNM T F âbrica N acional d e 'M o n e d a y T im bre, M ad rid
G Glasgow, H u n te ria n M useum (G. M acD onald,
Catalogue of Greek Coins in the Hunterian Collection,
University of Glasgow, 1899-1905)
Go G otha (previously know n also as D epositum
M ünchen)
H H ague (now Leiden)
I Ista n b u l
IV D J In stitu to V alencia de D on Ju a n , M ad rid
JPR Private Collection J P R , Sw itzerland
JS W P rivate C ollection JS W , Texas
L L ondon, B ritish M useum (p a rt published in
BM C = British Museum Catalogue o f Greek Coins)
L evante E. L evante, SNG Switzerland. I. Levante-Cilicia
(r986)
L indgren H . C. L indgren a n d F. L. K ovacs, Ancient Bronze
Coins o f Asia Minor and the Levant (1985)
Lischine Collection C. N. Lischine. Monnaies Grecques. Thrace
(M acon, 1902)
M M ad rid , M useo A rqueolôgico N acional
M ab b o tt The T. 0 . Mabbott Collection by H . H olzer (H.
Schulm an, New Y ork, 6-11 J u n e 1969)
Mi M ilan , Civiche R accolte (p art p ublished by L.
Laffranchi, Le Raccolte Numismatiche del Castello
Sforzesco. Le Monete dell’Impero Romano. I Da Augusto
a Traiano ( 1938), an d P. P. Ripollès in Monete
Ispaniche mile Collezione Italiam Monografia o f the
Bollettino di Numismatica, 1986, a n d in SNG)
M ini A. M ini, Monete di bronzo della Sicilia antica
( 19 7 9 )
Mu M unich, Staatliche M ün zsam m lu n g (part
published in SNG)
N N aples, M useo A rchaeologico N azionale (F = A.
Fiorelli, Catalogo del Museo Nazionale di Napoli.
Medagliere. I. Monete Greche (1870); S = A. Fiorelli,
Catalogo del Museo Nazionale di Napoli. Collezione
Santangelo (1866); p a rt published by P. P. Ripollès
in Monete Ispaniche nelle Collezione Italiane Monografia
o f the Bollettino di Numismatica, 1986)
Niggeler Sammlung W. Niggeler I I (L eu-M M A G , 1966)
NY N ew York, A m erican N um ism atic Society (part
published in SNG)
O O xford, A shm olean M useum (p a rt p ublished in
AMC, SN G an d M )
P Paris, B ibliothèque N ationale (p a rt p ublished in
Bab)
Prowe Prowe Collection (Egger, 1904)
PV Private Collection PV , Paris
R Rome, M useo N azionale R om ano (p a rt published
by P. P. Ripollès in Monete Ispaniche nelle Collezione
 Italiam Monografia of the Bollettino di Numismatica, FITA M . G ran t, From Imperium to Auctoritas (1946; repr.
1986) 1969)
R H JA P rivate collection R H JA , London G abrici E. G abrici, La Monetazione nel Bronzo della Sicilia
R osenberger M . R osenberger, The Rosenberger Israel Collection Antica (1927)
Vols. I - I I I (Jerusalem , 197a, '9 7 5 , 1977) Geissen A. G eissen, Katalog Alexandrinischer Kaisermünzen der
RW Private Collection RW , C alifornia Sammlung des Instituts fü r Altertumskunde der
RW S Private Collection RW S, N ew York Universität zu Köln I (1974)
S deC M. P. G arcia Bellido and M . G arcia, Album de la GIC C .J . Howgego, Greek Imperial Countermarks (1985)
Antigua Colecciôn Sânchez de la Cotera (1986) GM F. Im hoof-B lum er, Griechische Münzen (1890)
SBF S tudium B iblicum Franciscanum , Je ru salem (part GMI A. M . G u ad ân , La Moneda Ibérica (1980)
published by Spijkerm an) GRMK F. Im hoof-B lum er, Zur Griechischen und Römischen
St Stockholm , N atio n al M useum of M onetary Münzkunde (1908) = Ä S N 1905, pp. 161-272 and
H istory 1908, pp. 1 -2 11
T T u rin , M useo Civico (published in F abretti) G u ad ân A. M . G u ad ân , ‘T ipologia de la C o n tram arcas en
Tun T unis la N u m ism âtica Ib ero -ro m an a’, N H 17 (i960)
V V ienna, K unsthistorisches M useum HN B . V. H ead, Historia Numorum (2nd ed., 1911)
V at V atican, B iblioteca Apostolica Jo n es, A. H . M . Jo n es, Cities o f the Eastern Roman Provinces
vA V on Aulock (m ostly published in SNG; some now Cities (2nd ed., 1971)
in L) H ill G. F. H ill, Notes on the Ancient Coinage of Hispania
V irzi V irzi Collection (unpublished except for sets of Citerior (1931) (w ith references to p late num bers)
photographs, e.g., in M u) H olm A. H olm , Geschichte des Siciliens in Alterthum. B and
VQR M . V idal Q u a d ra s, Catâlogo de la Colecciôn de I I I (1898), pp. 543-71
Monedasy Medallas (1892) IC Inscriptiones Creticae
W eber L. F orrer, Descriptive Catalogue of the Collection o f IGCH M . T hom pson, O . M orkholm , C .M . K raay, An
Greek Coins formed by Sir Hermann Weber (1922-9) Inventory o f Greek Coin Hoards (1973)
Wa E. B abelon, Inventaire Sommaire de la Collection 1GR R. C agnat, Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas
Waddington (1898) (in P) Pertinentes (1906-12)
W in terth u r W in terth u r, M ü n zk ab in ett ILS H . D essau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae (1954)
KM F. Im hoof-B lum er, Kleinasiatische Münzen (1901-2)
2 Books K raay, C. M . K raay , Archaic and Classical Greek Coins
T h e books listed here are only those w hich are referred to ACGC (i976)
throughout all or a large p a rt o f the book. O th e r abbreviations LGPN P. M . F raser an d E. M atthew s, Lexicon o f Greek
m ay also be found in the individual m in t catalogues. Personal Names I (1987)
AM C C. H . V. S u th erlan d an d C. M . K raay, Catalogue of LIM C Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Graecae
the Coins of the Roman Empire in the Ashmolean LS F. Im hoof-B lum er, Lydische Stadtmünzen (1897)
Museum. I. Augustus (1975) M J . G. M ilne, A Catalogue of the Alexandrian Coins in the
AM NG Die antiken Münzen Nord-griechenlands (ed. F. Ashmolean Museum (1933, rep rin t w ith supplem ent,
Im hoof-B lum er, 1898- ) W 1)
APT M . G ran t, Aspects of the Principate o f Tiberius (1950) M agie D. M agie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor (1950)
ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt (ed. H . M az J . M azard , Corpus Nummorum Numidiae
T em porini an d W . H aase, 1972- ) Mauretaniaeque (1955)
B ab E. B abelon, Catalogue des Monnaies Grecques de la M esh Y. M eshorer, Ancient Jewish Coinage. Vol. II (1982)
Bibliothèque Nationale. Les Perses Achéménides, les Mi T . E. M ionnet, Description des Médailles Antiques,
Satrapes et les Dynastes Tributaires de leur Empire, Cypre Grecques et Romaines (1806-37)
et Phénicie (1893) MG F. Im hoof-B lum er, Monnaies Grecques (1883)
B aram ki D .C . B aram ki, The Coin Collection o f the American M ouchm ov N. A. M ouchm ov, Ancient Coins o f the Balkan
University o f Beirut Museum: Palestine and Phoenicia Peninsula and the Coins o f the Russian Czars (1912) (in
( 19 7 4 ) Bulgarian)
B lanchet, A. B lanchet, Traité des Monnaies Gauloises (1905) Mu L. M üller, Numismatique de T Ancienne Afrique (1860-
Traité 74)
BM C British Museum Catalogue M ünsterberg, R. M ünsterberg, Die Beamtennamen auf Griechischen
BN E. M u ret an d A. C habouillet, Catalogue des Beamten­ Münzen (1914)
Monnaies Gauloises de la Bibliothèque Nationale (1889) namen
BNC J.-B . G iard, Bibliothèque Nationale. Catalogue des NAH L. V illaronga, Numismâtica Antigua de Hispania
Monnaies de l ’Empire Romain I (1976), II (1988) (I979)
CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum Newell E. T. Newell, ‘T h e pre-im perial coinage of R om an
CMRR M . H . C raw ford, Coinage and Money under the Roman A ntioch’, N C 1919, pp. 69-113
Republic (1985) OGIS W . D ittenberger, Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae
C M TM P. P. Ripollès, La Circulaciôn Monetaria en la (J903-5)
Tarraconense Mediterrânea (1982) PIR Prosopographia Imperii Romani
CRWLR The Coinage o f the Roman World in the Late Republic, PW A. Pauly, Real-encyclopaedie der classischen
ed. A. M . B u rn ett an d M .H . C raw ford (1987) Altertumswissenschaft (ed. G. W issow a et al.)
D A. D attari, Nummi Augg. Alexandrini I—II ( ig o i—2) RAI M . G ran t, Roman Anniversary Issues (1950)
de Saulcy F. de Saulcy, Numismatique de la Terre Sainte (1874) Rec W . W addington, E. Babelon an d T . Reinach,
F ab retti A. F abretti, F. Fossi, R. Lanzone, Regio Museo di Recueil Général des Monnaies Grecques d’Asie Mineure
Torino. Monete Greche (1883) (1904-12, w ith a second edition of one p art, 1925;
 A bbreviations xi

some additio n al inform ation has been gleaned A JA American Journal o f Archaeology
from R ein ach ’s w orking copy of the o th er parts) AN Acta Numismatica
R1C C. H . V. S uth erlan d , Roman Imperial Coinage. Vol. I A NSM N A m erican N um ism atic Society Museum Notes
(1984) BACTHS Bulletin Archéologique du Comité des Travaux
R IM M . G ran t, Roman Imperial Money (1954) Historiques et Scientifiques
R ouvier J . R ouvier, ‘N um ism atique des Villes de la BCH Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique
Phénicie’, J IA N 1900, pp. 125-68 an d 237-312 BEFAR Bibliothèque des Ecoles Françaises d'Athènes et de Rome
(A radus-B erytus); ig o i, pp. 35-66 (Botrys, BSAA Boletin dei Seminario de Estudios de Arte y Arqueologia
G ebal-Byblos, C aesarea-ad -L ib an u m ); 1901, pp. BSFN Bulletin de la Société Française de Numismatique
125-52 (D ora, E boda, M ara th u s, O rth o sia); 1902, CENB Cercle d’Études Numismatiques. Bulletin
pp. 99-134 a n d 228-84 (Sidon); 1903, pp. 17-46 CH Coin Hoards
(T ripolis); 1903, pp. 269-332 (T yre); 1904, pp. CRAI Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions
65-108 T yre, as a colony) GN Gaceta Numismatica
RRC M . H . C raw ford, Roman Republican Coinage (1974) IN J Israel Numismatic Journal
RRCH M . C ra w fo rd , Roman Republican Coin Hoards (1969) JEA Journal o f Egyptian Archaeology
S E. A. Sydenham , The Coinage o f Caesarea in JH S Journal o f Hellenic Studies
Cappadocia (1933, rep rin t w ith a supplem ent by J IA N Journal International d’Archéologie Numismatique
A. G. M alloy (1978) ) JN G Jahrbuch fü r Numismatik und Geldgeschichte
Scheers, S. Scheers, Traité de Numismatique Celtique. II. La JR S Journal o f Roman Studies
Traité Gaule Belgique (1977) M CV Mélanges de la Casa de Velâzquez
SNG Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum M EFR Mélanges de l’Ecole Française de Rome
SMACA M . G ran t, Six Main Aes Coinages of Augustus (1953) MF Madrider Forschungen
Spijkerm an A. Spijkerm an, The Coins of the Decapolis and MM Madrider Mitteilungen
Provincia Arabia (1978) NC Numismatic Chronicle
Sv T. Svoronos, La Numismatique de la Crète Ancienne NH Numario Hispânico
(1890) NNM Numismatic Notes and Monographs (A m erican
Sv Ptol J . Svoronos, Ta Nomismata tou Kratous ton Ptolemaion N um ism atic Society)
(1904) NZ Numismatische Zeitschrift
Syd E. A. Sydenham , The Coinage of Nero (1920) PEG Palestine Exploration Quarterly
Sydenham , E. A. Sydenham , The Coinage o f the Roman Republic GT Numismatica e Antichità Classiche. Quademi Ticinesi
CRR (1 9 5 2) RAN Revue Archéologique de Narbonnaise
T rillm ich W. T rillm ich, Familienpropaganda der Kaiser Caligula RBN Revue Belge de Numismatique
und Claudius (1978) R IN Rivista Italiana di Numismatica
Vives A. Vives y Escudero, La Moneda Hispdnica (1924-6) RN Revue Numismatique
(w ith references to plates) RSAC Revue de la Société Archéologique de Constantine
υΑ Index P. R. Franke, W . L eschhorn an d A. U . Stylow, RSL Rivista di Studi Liguri
Sammlung v. Aulock Index (1981) RSN Revue Suisse de Numismatique (Schweizerisches
vA Lyk. H . von Aulock, Münzen und Städte Lykaoniens (1976) Numismatisches Rundschau)
vA Phrygiens H . von Aulock, Münzen und Städte Phrygiens I SM Schweizer Münzblätter ( Gazette Numismatique Suisse)
(1980), II (1987) ZJN Zeitschrift fü r Numismatik
vA Pisidiens H . von Aulock, Münzen und Städte Pisidiens I (1977), ZPE Zeitschrift fü r Papyrologie und Epigrafik
H (1 9 7 9 )
W W. W ruck, Die Syrische Provinzialsprägung von
Augustus bis Traian (1931) 4 Metals (see also p. xvii)
W alker, D. R. W alker, The Metrology o f the Roman Silver AR silver
Metrology Coinage I (1976) AE u n certain copper-based alloy
Y ouroukova Y. Y ouroukova, Coins o f the Ancient Thracians (trans. C opper m ore or less p u re copper
V. A thanassov, 1976) C opper + copper alloyed w ith a t least 10% lead
Z ograph A. Z ograph, Ancient Coinage (1977) lead
Bronze copper alloyed w ith ab o u t 5-3 0 % tin, som etimes
including u p to a b o u t 10% lead
3 Periodicals L eaded copper alloyed w ith tin a n d w ith m ore th an about
AA Archäologischer Anzeiger bronze 10% lead
ABSA Annual o f the British School at Athens Brass copper alloyed w ith a b o u t 10-30% zinc,
A IIN Annali dellTstituto Italiano di Numismatica som etim es including u p to a b o u t 5% lead
 PREFACE
Function and scope
Roman Provincial Coinage is intended to provide a reconstruc­
tion of the coinage minted in the provinces of the Roman
Empire; roughly speaking it aims to include everything
which is not included in R1C, and its main function is, in
conjunction with RIC, to provide a source book for all the
coinage produced under the Roman emperors; volume I
covers the Julio-Claudians. As such, it is a source book
which is aimed primarily at the ancient historian, though
the needs of others such as numismatists, museum curators
and collectors have also been kept in mind.
Because it has been aimed at this audience, there are two
guiding principles which we have tried to follow as far as
possible. The first is to give a clear indication of what is
certain and what is less so. The main application of this
principle is to the dates we have assigned for various issues
(though it also has some application to mint attribution).
We are very aware of the disservice which coin catalogues
have done to themselves in the past by asserting confidently
the date of such and such an issue; no wonder the non­
specialist is perplexed on finding radically different dates in
other publications. Thus in RPC we have tried to give
absolute dates only when they do seem objectively sure; less
sure dates can be found in the relevant discussion. One
obviously does not want to carry this principle too far, as a
desire for ‘proof’ would tend to defeat the whole object of
the exercise, to provide a historical reconstruction of the
coinage in question; hence our use of ‘sure’ rather than
‘certain’.
The second guiding principle is to try and be as complete
as possible. In this way, RPC can be seen as a partial
product of the late nineteenth-century movement towards
producing a global catalogue of all coins. The history of this
can be found in E. Babelon’s review of ΑΜΝΟ (RN 1899,
pp. 544-54 = Journal des Savants 1899). Not surprisingly, we
learn that the notion of producing corpora such as the AMNG
was the brainchild of Mommsen. It had been announced by
the German Academy in 1888, and in 1893 the Corpus Num­
morum Graecorum was announced; Mommsen promised a
considerable sum of money for the project.
These proposals were considered by Babelon in his
article; the discussion is, of course, tinged with Franco-
German rivalry, specifically the comparison between the
German AMNG and the French Recueil·, in his view what
was required was a ‘fusion’ rather than an ‘accumulation’,
which ‘se livrerait à une besogne sans fin, puérile et scienti­
fiquement inutile’ (!). RPC is, indeed, a ‘fusion’ rather than
an ‘accumulation’. The basis of the work consists of a union
catalogue of the following ‘core collections’:
B Berlin, Staatliche Museen
C * Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum
Cop Copenhagen, Nationalmuseet
G Glasgow, Hunterian Museum
L London, British Museum
M Madrid, Museo Arqueologico Nacional (only
Spain)
Mu Munich, Staatliche Münzsammlung
NY New York, American Numismatic Society
(excluding Spain)
O Oxford, Ashmolean Museum
P Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale
V Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum
All these collections have been personally consulted by the
authors in reasonably close detail (except for the Copen­
hagen collection which has been fully published). In addi­
tion, material has been added which has come to hand,
from publications like catalogues of collections, mint-
studies and sales catalogues, from coins in various private
or public collections which we have learned about on a
fairly ad hoc basis. In addition, we hope that we have not
missed anything too important in the extensive periodical
literature, though once again we are only too aware that
there will be omissions and mistakes.
Clearly, many other collections have not been consulted.
Some coins will have been omitted. We believe, however,
that any coins not in RPC 1 will be not just very rare, but
very rare indeed. This - perhaps bold - conclusion is based
on the relatively small numbers of new coins which have
been encountered in the collections consulted towards the
latter stages of the preparation of this work. On the other
hand, it would be unrealistic to suppose that there are not
coins that have been missed, either in the collections that
we have consulted or in those that we have not. It has,
however, seemed to us a better use of our energies to con­
centrate on publication; it is hoped that the appearance of
this work will stimulate the publication of those that are
missing. We would be very grateful for any addenda and
indeed corrigenda, and we imagine that in due course it may
be desirable to produce a supplement.
That said, however, there is one area in particular where
we are conscious that a certain amount of material may
have been missed: the so-called ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins,
minted without imperial portraits. It is in the nature of the
way coin cabinets are arranged that these are often not very
easy to hnd in a large collection, even in a visit of several
weeks and even when one is helped by a curator whose time
may have already been abused beyond the point of
tolerance. A more serious problem may arise in the case of
cities which produced no portrait coins at all; it is almost
impossible without preparing a full study of the mint in
question to differentiate between late Hellenistic and early
imperial issues. Thus it seems inevitable that a number of
such issues may have been omitted, but we hope that there
will not be many such.
Chronological limits and arrangement
This last problem leads to the question of the chronological
limits of this volume. The end presents no problem: we have
included everything down to the accession of Vespasian
(i.e., including Galba, Otho and Vitellius). But the start of
the volume is not so clear cut. It has been left deliberately
vague, somewhere between the death of Caesar and the
battle of Actium. This loose starting date was chosen on
pragmatic grounds so that, on the one hand, the interesting
issues of the period of the Second Triumvirate would be
included, but, on the other, the mass of late Hellenistic civic
coinage, which may or may not belong to the period of the
civil wars, was excluded. Even so, sometimes a slightly
earlier starting date has been preferred, when there is a
more natural historical or numismatic break in the history
of the relevant city (e.g., Corinth, Antioch, Laodicea).
Some consideration was given to the possibility of arrang­
ing RPC emperor by emperor, rather than by city within the
chosen period. This option was, however, rejected. First, it
is often not possible during this period to make certain
identifications between the different emperors. Secondly,
while it is perhaps possible to assign with reasonable
plausibility most of the ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins to the
general period covered here, any more precise dating is
normally out of the question. It may also be thought that
breaking the provincial coinage up into broad chronological
blocks (represented by each volume in the series) may be a
more helpful way of illuminating the historical development
of the coinage than dividing it up into the much more
numerous segments an emperor arrangement would
require.
Geographical scope
The geographical scope of the work is more easily defined.
Obviously all the cities in the provinces of the Roman
Empire have been included, but in addition many of the
coinages of the so-called client kings have been included.
Most of these have been fully listed (e.g., Numidia, Thrace,
Bosporus, Paphlagonia, Pontus, Olba, Armenia Minor,
Commagene, Judaea), but some have been treated only
partially (Armenia, Himyarites) or omitted virtually alto­
gether (Mauretania, Nabataeans). These omissions are the
result of practical considerations, since the coinages in
question require considerable individual study in their own
right, and the same goes for a number of issues of Celtic
coins, the Gallic silver and bronze issues which are
regarded as being produced after the Roman conquest and
down to the time of the early Empire. A number of the more
Romanised of these issues have been included. There is no
good and full modern treatment of the rest, though discus­
sions can be found in D. Nash in her book Coinage in the
Celtic World (1987) and in her article ‘Plus ça change; cur­
rency in Central Gaul from Julius Caesar to Nero’, in ed.
R. A. G. Carson and C. M. Kraay, Scripta Nummaria Romana.
Essays presented to Humphrey Sutherland, pp. 12-31 ; there is also
a discussion in M. Crawford, CMRR, pp. 214-18 with
appendices 56-7. Ideally, of course, such coinages would
have been included here, but, as with the coinage of
Mauretania, their proper publication would require far
greater study than was practicable for this project. No
British Iron Age coinage has been included here; although a
very great number indeed of its designs are Roman in con­
tent, it has been excluded on the grounds that the British
tribes were not part of the Empire, and were not, as far as
we know, ‘client states’. Almost no coinage, if any, was
made in Britain after the conquest of 43. For coverage of
British coins, see R. P. Mack, The Coinage of Ancient Britain
and R. D. Van Arsdell, Celtic Coinage of Britain, though the
chronology and attributions of both books should be
approached with caution.
No account is taken of imitation coinages, most notably
the imitation bronzes which were produced throughout the
west, and which are sometimes regarded as ‘official’ or
‘legionary’ products, though these are discussed to a limited
extent in the introductory chapters.
Geographical arrangement
One of the main problems of presentation of the material in
this catalogue is the geographical arrangement of the cities
which issued coinage during this period. The conventional
arrangement of the coinage of Greek cities today is that
established in 1763—7 by Pellerin (Recueil des Médailles de
Peuples et de Villes) and systematised by Eckhel in his Doctrina
Numorum Veterum of 1792-4; it was followed in the main
nineteenth-century handbook, of Mionnet (Description de
Médailles Antiques, Grecques et Romaines (1806-37). Under this
system the ancient world was divided into a number of
regions, and the cities listed alphabetically in each region.
This arrangement has prevailed, almost without exception,

and its use has been canonised for the arrangement of the
coinage of the Roman provinces by its use in the main
sources for this coinage: the BMC, Head’s influential
Historia Numorum, the SNG of the Copenhagen collection
and the SNG of the von Aulock collection (and also von
Aulock’s subsequent monographs). The only exception was
made by Leake in his Numismata Hellenica (1856); his
arrangement is preserved today in the cabinet of his collec­
tion in the Fitzwilliam Museum (though not in the
published volumes of the SNG). Leake divided the Mediter­
ranean world into three parts - Europe, Asia and Islands -
and then listed each city purely alphabetically within each
of the three divisions. This alphabetic arrangement was, in
fact, normal before Pellerin and Eckhel, and was used, for
example, by J. Vaillant (Numismata aerea Imperatorum,
Augustorum et Caesarum in colonis, 1688; Numismata Imperatorum
et Caesarum a populis romanae ditionis graece loquentibus, 1698); it
survived into the nineteenth century, not just in Leake, but
also in some major auction catalogues, for example, Ham­
burger in Germany. It may perhaps seem comic today,
mostly because we are so accustomed to the other; and,
while of course it is less helpful than the normal arrange­
ment (note, e.g., the bizarre way that cities in islands are
listed alphabetically, irrespective of which island they are
in), it does serve to remind one that other arrangements are
possible.
Around the turn of the twentieth century there arose an
international debate about the way coin catalogues should
be arranged, a debate which was presumably prompted by
the contemporary moves towards producing global cata­
logues of coins. At the 1900 International Numismatic Con­
gress the following question was on the programme:
‘i . Ordre géographique à suivre dans la description
générale des monnaies du monde antique. Imperfection de
l’ordre adopté par Mionnet. Peut-on y remédier sans
bouleverser toute l’économie du système?’
Apparently this question received not a single response!
But one or two contributions were published later, for
example, by R. Mowat, ‘Réflexions sur l’ordre à suivre dans
la confection d’un Recueil Général des monnaies antiques’,
RN 1904, pp. i—11. Mowat thought that the ideal arrange­
ment would be to follow the development of coinage from
Pheidon of Argos, but accepted that this was impractical.
He thought that, although the Pellerin system was like that
of ancient geographers like Ptolemy and Strabo, it was
peculiar because it started with the ‘pays semi-barbares’
like Spain, Gaul and Britain. He pointed out that epigra-
phers like Boeckh and Franz (with CIG) avoided this by
starting with (after a group of the oldest inscriptions)
Attica. Mowat made the following specific proposals:
1. The order around the Mediterranean should be
changed, to conform, with some modifications, with
that used by epigraphers; and
2. The alphabetical listing within region should be
abandoned (as it was by A. Sambon in Monnaies antiques
de l’Italie).
Mowat’s article prompted a response by A. Dieudonné, ‘Du
Classement des Monnaies Grecques’, RN 1904, pp. 197-
207. Dieudonné favoured the retention, with some modifi­
Preface χν
cations, of Mionnet’s system of regions and indeed the use
of alphabetical lists within them; though a fully geographi­
cal arrangement would be illuminating, the practical
problems (‘nombreux et arbitraires zig-zags’) were
insurmountable.
This debate took place almost a hundred years ago.
Though it had almost no effect, except on a book like Sam-
bon’s, the points which were raised are relevant today,
particularly to the formulation of a catalogue such as RPC.
The history of numismatics has seen two major types of
arrangement of the cities of the Mediterranean world, the
purely alphabetical and the regional-alphabetic. But it may
well be thought that other arrangements are as valid or
even, in fact, preferable, since they remove subconscious
barriers; one has only to recall the contempt L. Robert had
for numismatists who regarded areas like Phrygia, Aeolis,
Lydia, etc., as different ‘Landschaften’ {Hautes Etudes Numis-
matiques. 2: Monnaies Grecques, pp. 92-4): ‘A l’époque
romaine, dans la province d’Asie la “Landschaft” c’est la
province d’Asie elle-même.’
In this catalogue, some thought has therefore been given
to the geographical arrangement of cities, and the following
considerations have been followed. Just as Robert poured
scorn on the view that the tribal regions of Asia Minor, like
Phrygia or Lydia, were ‘Landschaften’, so the contempor­
ary change of emphasis from ‘Greek Imperial’ to ‘Roman
Provincial’ prompts the choice of the Roman province as
the basic unit. This innovation may be regretted by those
familiar with the old system, but a new arrangement may
perhaps underline the shift over the last few years in the
way these coinages are regarded. Instead of seeing the prov­
incial coinage as the dying gasps of the coinage of the Greek
world there is now a tendency to appreciate its vitality as
the city coinage of the Roman provinces.
There are, of course, problems with an arrangement
based on province, particularly as between Thrace and
Asia. The coins of Sestos (Thracian Chersonese) and
Abydus (Asia) were closely linked. Both Calchedon and
Heraclea were in the province of Bithynia-et-Pontus. Yet
Calchedon was certainly and Heraclea probably part of the
kingdom of Thrace (conversely, we know later that Byzan­
tium had territory in Asia: Jones, Cities, p. 163); and Cal-
chedon’s coinage was closely linked to that of Byzantium,
also in Thrace. Again, the coinage of Perinthus (province of
Thrace), in particular its metal and denominations, shows
strong signs of affinity with the Bithynian part of the prov­
ince of Bithynia-et-Pontus. But such problems are not very
numerous, and do not pose a serious difficulty for the prov­
incial arrangement.
A more difficult problem is the definition of the prov­
inces; provincial boundaries changed with surprising
frequency, in response to changing circumstances. There is
no simple way to avoid this problem, and the provincial
structure has been chosen which suits the numismatic
material best. In practice, this has led to inconsistency; thus
the Balkans are divided into Moesia, Macedonia and
Achaea, as under Augustus, whereas Lycia-and-Pamphylia
is treated as a unit, though it was not formed into a province
until the reign of Claudius.
The geographical arrangement of the provinces also
requires explanation. Rather than following the traditional reality of the Roman government and accords more with
journey clockwise round the Mediterranean, starting with the geography of an area than any alphabetical arrange­
Spain and ending up in North Africa, it was thought more ment could ever do. The conventus arrangement was
helpful to follow an arrangement roughly from west to east. indeed the one favoured for most of his life by Robert; he
In this way the fundamental distinction between west and was particularly influenced by his view that the conventus
east (no coins in the west after Claudius) is preserved, and was the key to the organisation of the coinage of the prov­
it is possible to have similar coins placed fairly close ince of Asia, both die links between cities and, at least to a
together (e.g., the issues of Sicily and Africa, or those of certain degree, the patterns of coin circulation (e.g., Villes
Cyrenaica, Crete and mainland Greece). d’Asie Mineure, ρ. 410 note 2). The conventus does not,
The arrangement which has been established on this however, really seem to be a very helpful explanation for
basis is as follows: either (see p. 366). Moreover, for many areas we simply do
Lusitania not know the groupings of cities by conventus.
3 . By stylistic similarity. Such an arrangement would be a
Baetica
logical development from the picture of civic coinage
Tarraconensis
presented by K. Kraft in his Das System der kaiserzeitlichen
Gaul
Italy Münzprägung in Kleinasien, whereby civic coin production
was concentrated in only a few centres. This system does
Sardinia
not seem very relevant to the Julio-Claudian period, and
Sicily
Africa the view taken here (see p. 15) is that coins for different
cities were indeed sometimes produced from dies engraved
Cyrenaica and Crete
by a single engraver, but probably struck in the individual
Achaea
cities which signed them. Neither these stylistic links, nor
Macedonia
Kraft’s die links, indicate any clear correlation between
Kingdom of Thrace
Thrace groups and conventus or regions. There would be some­
thing to be said for such a stylistic arrangement, since it
Moesia
would illuminate the system (such as it was) by which the
Kingdom of Bosporus
coins were produced, but there are two main objections.
Bithynia and Pontus
Asia Firstly, this catalogue is intended for use by a far wider
audience than just those interested in the production of
Lycia-Pamphylia
civic coinage, and to win this audience the catalogue must
Galatia
Cappadocia be straightforward to use; a stylistic arrangement would
involve breaking up the coinage of a particular city among
Kingdom of Pontus
its constituent ‘ateliers’. Secondly, it is simply impractical,
Kingdom of Paphlagonia
Kingdom of Armenia since the majority of issues cannot in fact be grouped in this
manner: one can point out the groupings of certain cities,
Kingdom of Commagene
but this is of no help with the rest of the material.
Cyprus
4. By patterns of circulation. The practical difficulty with
Syria
such an approach at the moment is a general lack of
Judaea
evidence about circulation. One can supplement the
Nabataeans
relatively meagre information of site finds with, for
Himyarites
instance, countermarks (see GIC, especially the maps) or
Egypt
overstrikes, but there would still be far too little information
Within the basic unit of the Roman province, one has to to enable such an arrangement to be constructed for all the
determine an arrangement for the individual cities. There cities included in this catalogue.
are several possibilities (see also the discussion in the 5 . By a more general cultural approach, such as grouping
introduction to Asia, pp. 365-6): cities which adopt the Artemis of Ephesus as a reverse type.
This would cut across other groupings such as those of
1. The traditional arrangement: by tribal region, and
conventus or region. But, once again, it is not clear how a
some further internal arrangement. This traditional
generally valid arrangement could be constructed on this
arrangement reflects the way in which ancient geographers
basis.
regarded the ancient world, and its familiarity allows for
6. Alphabetically. This is familiar from current usage, at
easy reference. But it fails to allow for the Roman system of
least within tribal regions. There is some ancient authority
government, which cut across traditional and tribal
to support an alphabetical arrangement, since we know, for
boundaries, and hence the way the Romans and inevitably
the inhabitants of the province saw themselves. In addition, instance, that there was an alphabetical list of the Sicilian
cities in Augustus’s time (p. 167). On the other hand, L.
the practical consideration of ease of reference is not very
important, since only a very few can remember in which Robert often, and rightly in our view, castigated an
region each city was situated. alphabetical arrangement because of the violence it did to
political and historical geography; the disadvantages of
2. By Roman conventus, and then some further internal
arrangement. A conventus arrangement would reflect the such systems can be seen from the advantages of a book like
Sambon’s. We might compare the change, for Roman coins,

from the alphabetical arrangements of Cohen in the
nineteenth century to the chronological arrangements of
Voetter or Mattingly.
y. According to an official contemporary record, whether
or not alphabetical. The problems of fully recovering such a
list are, however, insurmountable (see C. Habicht, JRS
1975 » PP· 64 - 9 0 -_
8. From the ‘point de vue de la géographie et politique’
(L. Robert, op. cit., p. 105). It seems obvious that, from all
points of view (cultural, historical, economic), this is the
ideal way of presenting the material, as was recognised a
hundred years ago by Mowat. Moreover, its choice would
be consistent with the geographical arrangement of prov­
inces adopted in this catalogue. Thus, for most of the cata­
logue, we have followed a geographical arrangement. The
only exception is the province of Asia, where the sheer bulk
of material requires some preliminary subdivision. The
choice of the Roman province as the main unit really
requires the adoption of the Roman conventus as the minor
unit for Asia. The conventus themselves have been
arranged geographically, as have the cities which con­
stituted them. Thus, for instance, the towns of Sicily are
listed in a geographical arrangement anti-clockwise around
the island; while the cities of Achaea have been listed from
south to north, and Macedonia from west to east. The
reason for these particular geographical directions stems
from the overall arrangement of the provinces. Such a
geographical arrangement has, indeed, involved some
‘arbitraires zig-zags’, but these are not very ‘nombreux’.
Metals
Some of the provincial coinages are silver, and their precise
composition has been, for the most part, revealed by D. R.
Walker’s Metrology I. The bulk of the coinage is, however, of
base metal, and generally described as bronze or ‘AE’.
These terms are, however, usually used indiscriminately to
refer to three metals: bronze, an alloy of copper with tin;
pure copper itself; and brass, an alloy of copper with zinc.
All these metals are widely found in the coinage of the
ancient world; on many occasions they were watered down
with greater and lesser amounts of cheap lead. In this cata­
logue, we have tried to distinguish between these different
metals (see the abbreviations on p. xi). This is not just for
the sake of accuracy, but because the differentiation of these
metals seemed an essential prerequisite for there to be any
hope of having a proper understanding of the metrological
and denominational system adopted for the base metal
coinage in the provinces. In Republican Rome and the
Hellenistic east, most base metal coins were made of
bronze, often leaded, though brass was also used for some of
the coinage of Asia Minor in the first century b c (P. T.
Preface xvii
Craddock, A. M. Burnett and K. Preston, ‘Hellenistic cop­
per-base coinage and the origins of brass’, in ed. W. A.
Oddy, Scientific Studies in Numismatics, pp. 53-64; A. M.
Burnett, P. T. Craddock and K. Preston, ‘New light on the
origins of orichalcum’, in ed. T. Hackens and R. Weiller,
Acts of the gth International Numismatic Congress, pp. 263-8),
and copper for some of the Republican bronze of the
eighties b c (M. Amandry and J.-N. Barrandon,
unpublished paper delivered at the 10th International
Numismatic Congress, 1986). Augustus, moreover, devel­
oped the use of brass and copper, systematically using them
for different denominations on his coinage at Rome. This
practice raises the question of the extent to which his
reforms were followed in the provinces, and the problem of
ever knowing what denomination any given provincial civic
coin may have been intended to be. For that reason, we
have incorporated into this catalogue a certain amount of
metallurgical information.
This information is by no means complete, as the great
quantity of material would require a much greater pro­
gramme of analysis than has been practicable. The metal­
lurgical information given here concerns mainly Spain,
Gaul, Achaea, Macedonia, Thrace, Bithynia-et-Pontus,
Asia and Egypt; none has been provided for Africa, Sicily or
Syria. It is hoped that these gaps may one day be filled,
though we are reasonably sure that analytical work in these
areas is unlikely to reveal the use of any metal other than
leaded bronze.
A second limitation of the metallurgical evidence is its
accuracy. A number of coins have been properly sampled
and analysed, whether by atomic absorption spectroscopy
(L coins in the British Museum Research Laboratory) or
neutron activation (P coins in the G.N.R.S. Laboratory,
Orléans). In these cases, the details of the individual
analyses have been given in the apparatus to the catalogue.
Such analyses are, however, very time-consuming, and, as
it was only necessary for RPC to distinguish between the
main alloys (copper, bronze and brass), a programme of
qualitative analyses was carried out in the British Museum
Laboratory. It has been possible to analyse several hundred
coins in this way, using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy;
the major limitation of this survey is that the analyses were
made on unprepared samples. There was no attempt to
remove patina or corrosion. As a result, the analyses cannot
be accurate reflections of the composition of the coins,
though they are sufficient to allow the general category of
alloy to be established. Where no analysis has been per­
formed, the description ‘AE’ has been retained. Otherwise
the nature of the metal has been indicated for each cata­
logue entry, and, although it has been indicated in the
catalogue which coins have been analysed, no percentages
of the different constituents have been given, since these
would be misleading and very open to misinterpretation.
 C H A P T E R
AUTHORITY
In the Hellenistic world, coinage seems to have been
regarded as a royal prerogative. The evidence for this comes
from the pseudo-Aristotelian Oeconomica, which includes
decisions about the coinage among the responsibilities pro­
per to a king, as compared with those of a provincial gov­
ernor, a city or an individual (1345020). The implication of
this passage is sometimes played down,1 but the notion that
power over coinage, as over any matter, should be vested in
the highest authority in a state seems unexceptional.
Moreover, the letter sent by the Syrian king Antiochus V II
(138-129 b c ) to his subject the Jewish prince Simon Mac­
cabees records an instance of a grant of coinage was made
by one such king (I Maccabees 15.6: και έπέτρεψά σοι
ποιήσαι κόμμα ί'διον νόμισμα τμ χώρα σου). After the
breakdown of some of the Hellenistic kingdoms in the second
and first centuries bc, authority over coinage seems to have
reverted to the individual cities to which autonomy was
granted; such cities sometimes produced their own coinage
soon afterwards, as, for instance, at Seleucia in Syria.
In the Roman Republic, the highest authority was the
people, and one might infer that the right to produce
coinage was conferred by the people on the tresviri monetales
by virtue of their popular election (or, if they were appoin­
ted, by virtue of the authority of those who appointed them,
itself derived from the people); similarly, changes to or
reforms of the coinage were introduced by laws passed in
the popular assembly. The actual control of the finances of
the state, and hence the production of coinage, however, lay
with the Senate.
We have no information at all about the control of
coinage in the provinces in the Republic, though it is a
reasonable supposition that any decisions could be made by
the Roman proconsul. This is not to say that he would be
directly responsible for the production of the many hun­
dreds of small civic issues made throughout the Empire in
this period, though one might perhaps point to the
appearance of a proconsul’s name on the tiny bronze
coinage of Atarneus (?),2 or its regular occurrence on the
late Republican bronze coinage of the cities of Bithynia.3
The appearance of the proconsul’s name on the early
reformed silver coinage of Syria (4124) is a sign that it was
under his control, and the same might be concluded from
the similar appearance of the proconsuls’ names on the
cistophori of Asia.4 Similarly there would seem to be no
i· T . R. M a rtin , Sovereignty and Coinage in Classical Greece, pp. 266-70 (stressin g the
P ersian asp ect o f th e passage).
2. H . von F ritze, D ie A ntiken M ü n ze n M ysiens, p. 113 no. 350.
3 - P. K in n s in C R W L R , p. i n .
4- · K in n s, op. cit., p p . 109, h i .
I
AND M A G I S T R A T E S
doubt that a proconsul could interfere in the production of
any local issue, if he so wished; but, with coinage, as in so
many other aspects of local administration, the Romans
preferred to allow pre-existing systems to continue unless
there was some specific reason for change. There are a few
examples of such intervention,5 though these are, indeed,
few and far between.
During the long period of civil wars at the end of the
Republic, the leader of virtually every faction produced
coinage, and these may perhaps have been ‘simply illegal’,6
though, for all we know, the establishment of the Second
Triumvirate may have conferred some legitimacy on the
coin issues of the Triumvirs. With the establishment of the
Empire by Augustus, however, authority came rapidly to
reside in the person of the emperor,7 though not necessarily
immediately. For instance, the view has been expressed that
in 27 b c Augustus ‘handed b ack __the right of coinage, the
mark of a sovereign, usurped in 43 ... The resumption of
right of coinage in 19 formed part of constitutional settle­
ment of that year.’8 If this view is correct (and it is, of
course, only inference) then the much debated letters SC,
which appear on the reformed coinage of Rome c. 23/2 b c ,
would presumably have to refer to a theoretical right of the
Senate over the coinage at this time. This is not the place to
enter into the controversy of the meaning of these letters,
whatever their exact sense,9 but in any case there is little
doubt that power over the coinage was ultimately the
emperor’s: whether by imperium or auctoritas is a sterile
distinction.
What was the situation in the provinces? Of course it is
true that the emperor ‘could do what he liked in the prov­
inces he controlled’;10 this was as true in Maecenas’s time
as it was in Dio’s (Dio 52.30.9), and the way the larger
silver and bronze coinage were controlled (see pp. 6ff., 13fr.)
illustrates the use of this power. There were different
mechanisms of exercising such control. Augustus might
give a directive or diorthoma to the Thessalians in the
‘senatorial’ province of Achaea to change to Roman units of
reckoning (see p. 28); on the other hand, the reform of the
bronze coinage of Antioch, in an ‘imperial’ province, can be
interpreted as being carried out through the administrative
means of a senatorial decree;11 the SC itself may have been
5. C R W L R , p . iv.
6. Μ . H . C raw fo rd , R R C , p. 604.
7. E.g.j A. B u rn ett, Coinage in the Rom an W orld , p p . 17-18.
8. Μ . H . C raw fo rd , C M R R , p. 257.
9. See m o st recen tly A. W a llac e-H ad rill, J R S 1986, p p . 81-2.
10. Μ . H . C raw fo rd , C M R R ., p. 261.
11. Cf. W allace-H ad rill, op. cit., p. 81. O n e can en v isag e, p e rh a p s , th a t th e a c tu al
reform w as ca rried th ro u g h by one o r m ore S C ’s; B u rn ett, op. cit., p . 19.
2 GENERAL IN T R O D U C TIO N

initiated by the provincial legate who actually seems to
have carried out the reform. These varying methods, used
indiscriminately in both ‘senatorial’ and ‘imperial’ prov­
inces should not, nowadays, occasion any surprise.
Different forms of immediate authority occur also on the
civic coinages, which from time to time refer to various
persons or bodies, permissions or requests. Three different
levels of authority are implied by these.
i . At the highest level we sometimes encounter the auth­
ority of the provincial governor or emperor himself. It is
well known that a number of coins from Spain, Africa and
Syria (and, under Domitian, Achaea: see p. 18) record that
they were made permissu, the same word whose Greek
equivalent (έπέτρεψα) is used by Antiochus V II in the
Book of Maccabees. The permission might be that of
Augustus, or perhaps of Tiberius (if it is correct to interpret
the change from PERM DIVI AVG to PERM AVG at
Romula and Italica in this way), the emperor’s provincial
legate in an imperial province or the proconsul in a
senatorial province (brackets denote alternative readings).
See table below.
It has been pointed out by B. Levy that the examples of
permission being given by governors are not earlier than the
late Augustan/early Tiberian period, and that there may
therefore be a shift from the emperor to the governor as the
authority for coinage.1213 Alternatively we might conclude
that different possibilities existed. Permission might be
sought from either emperor or (as his representative) the
governor; such permission might apparently be long-lasting
(as implied by the phrase PERM DIVI AVG) or only short
term, as is implied not only by the naming of different
proconsuls at Paterna, but also by their iteration.
Such permissions, of course, had to be asked for. The
only literary account of an embassy from a city to the
emperor asking for coinage permission uses the verb
αιτέω,14 and L. Robert has argued that the occasional
appearance of the word αιτησάμενος on the civic coinage
denoted that such an embassy had taken place.15 The
formula occurs once during the Julio-Claudian period
(Ancyra, 3111—13), where it is coupled with the name of the
proconsul of Asia in the dative: ΑΙΤΗΣΑΜΕΝΟΥ TI
ΒΑΣΣΙΛΑΟΥ ΕΦ OYΟΛΑΣΣΕΝΑ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟ. Though
Robert thought the proconsul’s name appeared only as a
dating formula, it seems more likely that its appearance
implies that permission was sought from and granted by
him (so Levy). We should not, however, assume that all
occurrences of a proconsul’s name refer to such an embassy,
though Grant suggested that any Roman name with the
formula ΕΠΙ implied such permission.16 An eponymous
usage, however, is sometimes as likely. At Smyrna in the
first century the names of either a proconsul or a
stephanephoros appear in the genitive with ΕΠΙ, in addition
to that of the strategos in the nominative. It seems that this
indicates that the stephanephoroi appear as eponyms and
that the instances where a proconsul’s name appears
instead of that of a stephanephoros imply that they too are
merely used as dating formulae.
It is sometimes thought that the recording of imperial or
governors’ permission is merely a form of imperial or
gubernatorial flattery and irrelevant to the realities of the
production of coinage.17 ‘It would have been theoretically
possible for Rome to insist on authorising the production of
coinage in areas under her direct control, though there is no
evidence that she did so systematically.’18 But there is no
evidence to suppose that the examples listed above were
untypical, and one can defend the view that permission was
regularly required by reference to the relatively minor mat­
ters with which the emperor or provincial governors might

Lusitania
PER(M ISSV ) CAES(ARIS) AV G(VSTI) Ebora 50-1 (city of L atin right)
PER(M ISSV ) (IM P) CAES(ARIS) AV G(VSTI) Em erita 5-8, 10-19 (colony)
PER(M ISSV) AVG(VSTI) Emerita 28, 34-6, 38-9, 45-6
Baetica
PER(M ) (CAE)(S) AVG Italica 60-3 (municipium)
PER(M ) CAE(S) A V G T raducta 98-100, 107—10 (colony)
PER(M ISSV ) CAE(SARIS) AVG(VSTI) Patricia 127—31 (colony)
PERM D IV I AVG Italica 64—5
Romula 73—4 (colony)
PER(M ) AVG Italica 66-72
Romula 75-6
Africa
PERM ISSV L A PRO N I PRO COS III Paterna 762-4 (colony)
PERM ISSV Q IV N BLAESI PRO CO S IT Paterna 765—7
PER(M IS) P (CO RN ELI) DOLABELLAE PROCOS Paterna 768-70
PERM L VO LV SI PRO COS Cercina 802 (free city)
P A V IBI H A B ITI PROCOS T haena 810 (free city)
Syria12
PERM ISSV SILANI Berytus 4541 (colony)
PERM SIL Berytus 4544

12. P A V G a t B erytus 4542 does n ot, how ever, s ta n d for P erm issu A ugusti; see 15. Hellenica 11-12, p p . 53-6 2 , M onnaies Grecques, p p . 5 3 -4 , B. E. Levy, loc. cit.
co m m entary. 16. F I T A , p p . 396-400.
13. B. E. Levy in M élanges Bastien, ed. H . H u v elin , M . C h risto l a n d G . G a u tie r, p. 17. M . C raw fo rd in L a M onetazione di bronzo di Poseidonia-Paestum. Supplemento al vol.
54, follow ing T . M o m m sen , Histoire de la M onnaie Rom aine , tra n s. D u c de 18-IQ desii A I I N (1 9 7 3 ), p . 33 n o te 34.
B lacas, V ol. I I I , p. 339. 18. M .H . C raw fo rd , C M R R , p. 268.
14. L u c ian , Alexander 58: τ ο α ϋ τή σ α ι π α ρ ά το υ α ΐιτ ο κ ρ ά τ ο ρ ο ς . . . ν ό μ ισ μ α
κ α ιν ό ν κ ό ψ α ι.

concern themselves.19 Moreover, too sharp a distinction
between flattery and the need for permission would seem
implausible in the nexus of vague relationships which
existed between emperor and city. The fact that some cities
at least sought - and advertised - it indicates the desir­
ability of doing so, and this in itself would have tended to
make it a requirement equally for all cities.
In our view, therefore, permission was a requirement,
and we argue below (Chapter 2, pp. 18-19) that it may
perhaps have played a role in the cessation of western civic
coinage.
2. At the second level, coinage had to be authorised by the
ruling body of the city; for instance, the coinage of Paestum
declares itself to be SC, authorised by the senate of
Paestum, while a number of colonial issues are authorised
EX D D or ex decreto decurionum (e.g. ‘Paterna’, Tingi, Cnos-
sus, Dyme, Apamea). The putting of a motion for coinage
to the council of Mylasa is presumably the point of the word
ψηφισάμενος.20 Similarly, with federal coinages, the coinage
would presumably need the approval of the koinon,
whether that of Macedonia, Lycia or Crete.
3. At the third level, we sometimes find the mention of an
individual on the coins, especially in the province of Asia
(see index 5). Most commonly one finds a simple name or a
name + patronymic. Sometimes one finds a double or even
triple name in the Roman style.21 Sometimes, in the case of
Romanised names we find the name + filiation, or with
some honorific title such as ‘son of the city’ (Aphrodisias),
philopatris (e.g. Dionysopolis, Prymnessus; though
Philopatris might sometimes be a name) or euergetes
(Laodicea).
The names are generally either in the nominative case, or
in the form ΕΠΙ + the name in the genitive. This latter is
often regarded as an indication that the individual in ques­
tion was sometimes the senior eponymous magistrate of a
city. Sometimes this is indeed so; for instance Ti Damas at
Miletus (2712) is known from an inscription to have been
the eponymous archiprytanis; similarly at Smyrna the coins
generally bear two names, that of the eponymous
stephanephoros in the form ΕΠΙ + genitive (just used for
dating purposes), but the name of the strategos (the man
actually responsible for the coin) appears in the nomina­
tive.22 But this cannot always be the case, as the coinage of
Cotiaeum demonstrates; there we find no fewer than three
magistrates with ΕΠΙ on coins of Galba (3222-7)!
Moreover, one of them is specifically described as
agonothete for life (3722).
The interpretation of the appearance of these names is
not usually clear in any given specific case. There are three
main possibilities: they may simply be dating formulae
(eponymous magistrates at Smyrna or the grammateus at
Mylasa 2793), they may be the names of some magistrate
(whether ordinary or special for the coinage) responsible for
the coinage or they may be the name of a magistrate or
private citizen who paid for the coin issue to be made.
19. E .g ., F. M illar, The Em peror in the Rom an W orld , ch a p te rs V I .5 a n d V I I .7,
especially p p . 325-6 a n d 4 2 7-8, on financial affairs.
20. L. R o b ert, M onnaies Grecques, p. 54; C .J . H ow gego, G IC , p. 87.
21. See R . M erk elb ach , Z P E 22, 1976, pp. 200-2; for exam ples, see A ezani o r
A egeae.
22. D . A. O . K lose, D ie M ünzprägung von Smyrna in der römischen K aiserzeit, p p . 64fr.
A uthority an d m agistrates 3
These categories, of course, overlap. For example, the hold­
ing of the city’s eponymous magistracy might well be com­
patible with responsibility for the coinage, as may well have
been the case with Damas at Miletus; or a magistrate
responsible for the coinage might also pay for it (see below).
When we look at the titles which appear during the Julio-
Claudian period a rather confusing variety of titles appear
with the names (see index 5.2). The most common are the
grammateus and the strategos; one also finds agonothete,
archon, epimelete, episkopos, ephor, gymnasiarch,
nomothete, prytanis, stephanephoros, synarchia and
tamias. Sometimes more than one title appears at a single
city; at Pergamum, for instance, we find a grammateus
(2358), a gymnasiarch (2360), another grammateus (2362)
and a high-priest (2366). At Laodicea, we find a priest
(2912), a nomothete (2919) and a man simply described as
a benefactor (2920). Such a variety of titles and the occur­
rence of religious offices (high-priest, priest, in one case
specifically of Germanicus, or priestess) raise the possibility
that, in some cases, the name is that of someone who was
specifically appointed to produce coinage, on an ad hoc
basis: such a person may or may not also have been the
holder of a civil or religious office. This is, for example, the
implication of the inscription from Magnesia listing the
various duties undertaken by one Moschion, including the
position he had held κατασταθεις δε καί επί τής χαράξεως
του λεπτού χαλκού.23 The same procedure seems to have
been adopted for the late Hellenistic bronze coinage of
Sestos.24
On other occasions, a simple name might conceal the fact
that its holder was a magistrate. The later Apollodotus of
Hyrgaleis, who is known from an inscription κάψας καί
[νομ]ίσματ[α], signs his coins with his magistracy, στρατη­
γό ς).25 In the period covered by this catalogue, we would
not have known, for instance, that Damas was the archi­
prytanis of Miletus.
On some occasions we find several names associated.
Sometimes one finds two names on the same coin linked by
καί (e.g. Amorium 3235, 3237, Aezani 3085; all with ΕΠΙ),
and sometimes several names on different coins but linked
together in some other way. The best example comes from
Hierapolis (2929-42), where we find seven names on coins
minted both for Augustus and the proconsul Fabius Max­
imus. The presence of the proconsul shows that all these
coins were struck in a short time; in addition, they share
very few obverse dies. Here we clearly have a board of some
kind, and we find the same at Hierapolis for Tiberius and
Nero. But what sort of board? There is some reason to think
that Hierapolis had more than one grammateus·, this might
explain why one man under Augustus signs his name with
the title grammateus tou demou (2940), perhaps the president
of a board of grammateis, all responsible for coinage at
Hierapolis (though one calls himself an archon: 2955).
Other such boards can be found at Hypaepa and Philadel­
phia. In the case of Philadelphia, the variety of description
applied to the individuals (priest of Germanicus, Olympic
23. O . K e rn , I. M agnesia no. 164, L. R o b ert, M onnaies Grecques, p p . 103—4,
su g g estin g a possible d a te i n th e first o r second ce n tu ry a d .
24. O G IS 339, lines 44-9 .
25. H ow gego, G IC , p. 87.
4 GENERAL IN T R O D U C TIO N
victor, grammateus, or simply philopatris and philokaisar)
make one think that such a board might be an ad hoc coinage
board of a number of prominent individuals. Even at
Hierapolis, however, there were other possibilities; at the
end of Claudius’s reign, an extensive issue was struck just
by the grammateus M Suillius Antiochus, without any
colleagues.
Sometimes an issue was made by a husband and wife,
with the man signing the coins for the emperor and his wife
those for the empress. An example occurs at Acmonea,
where the senator L. Servenius Capito signs, sometimes as
archon, for Nero and his wife Julia Severa for Agrippina
and then Poppaea.
In addition to magistracies and priesthoods, honorific
titles are also found, especially of benefactors (euergetes,
sotira, huios poleos philopatris). The person named may just be
a benefactor of the city, but the presence of the title on the
coins raises the possibility that part, at least, of the benefac­
tion may have consisted of paying for the issue of coinage.
The best example of this comes from Republican Paestum
(see p. 16), but one would also expect examples from the
cities of the east, which depended heavily on the liturgical
system, and it is usually thought that such benefaction lies
behind the formula άνέθηκε.26 This occurs frequently in the
later imperial period, but there is also an example from the
Julio-Claudian period (Mylasa 2792). One also suspects
that this is so in cases when a coinage was signed by only
one person, but over a considerable period of time. Such
benefaction might be undertaken in a donor’s capacity as a
civic magistrate (e.g., Servenius at Acmonea, who signs as
archon) or as a private individual (e.g., a woman at
Paestum, p. 16 or, at a guess, Iulius Demetrius at
Metropolis 2524-6).
Thus the names which appear on the coins of Greek
communities are those of a variety of magistrates, and non­
magistrates, and their presence on the coins can result from
different reasons. The name might simply be used as a
dating formula, or it might be that of the magistrate respon­
sible for the coinage, or of the person paying for its
production.
The picture at chartered communities is, however, dif­
ferent. Very occasionally at Roman colonies, ‘foundation
issues’ bear the names of those responsible for the colony’s
foundation, such as the proconsul Q Hortensius at Dium/
Cassandrea (1509-11) or M Turius, the legate (of Asia?) at
the short-lived colony at Lampsacus (2268-73). Otherwise,
the officials are normally those of the principal annual
magistrates of the community, the duoviri and particularly
the duoviri quinquennales (Carthago Nova, Ilici, Corinth,
Dyme, Buthrotum, Dium, Pella). Others do also appear,
such as quaestors (?) at Emporiae (236-7, etc.) or aediles.
In Spain, the larger denomination is sometimes signed by
the duoviri and the smaller one by the more junior aediles
(e.g., Clunia 453, 455, 458), but the situation is sometimes
more complicated, as at Saguntum, where it seems that the
aediles made most of the semisses to complete an issue of
asses and a few semisses of Ilviri (201-4). Similarly, at
Parium the coins are signed either by Illlv iri or aediles
26. E .g ., H ow gego, GIC, p. 87.
(2253-9). Even at Paestum there is no sign, in imperial
times, of the wide variety of people who signed the Republi­
can coinage of Paestum; under Tiberius the coinage is con­
fined to Ilviri.
Not infrequently, local magistracies, particularly the col­
onial duovirate, were honorifically held by members of the
imperial family or kings:
Augustus: Carthago Nova 162-3
Agrippa: Carthago Nova 164
Tiberius: Carthago Nova 166, Paestum 610—1 r, Cnossus
Drusus Minor: Carteia 123
Germanicus: Carteia 123, Caesaraugusta 325—9
Nero Caesar: Carthago Nova 179-81, Caesaraugusta 343,
Utica 731-2
Drusus (a d 7-33): Carthago Nova 179-81, Caesaraugusta 343,
Utica 733-4
Caligula: Carthago Nova 182—4, Caesaraugusta 362-4
J u b a II: Carthago Nova 169
Ptolemy: Carthago Nova 172
Usually, in such cases, the name of the praefectus who acted
on their behalf also appears on the coins.
The discussion of authority has concentrated on the civic
issues, but there were, of course, other ‘categories’ of
coinage. Coins were also issued by koina and by so-called
‘client-kings’; the coinage of the latter, though nominally
independent of Rome, might nevertheless be manipulated
by the Romans (the silver coinage of Polemo II of Pontus,
the bronze coinage of Antiochus IV of Commagene). Other,
superficially civic coinages (e.g., Nemausus or the Cretan
cities under Tiberius and Caligula), were manipulated in a
similar way. In this way coinages of all ‘categories’ might be
used by the Romans, in addition to the ones they specifi­
cally established to play a more important role in the
Empire. The most important such coinages, as well as those
from Rome and Lugdunum, were from Gaul (Nemausus:
523—6), Asia (the cistophori and the CA coinage: 2201—35),
Cappadocia (3620-19, and also the Pontic silver of Polemo:
3813-38), Commagene (under Tiberius, 3868-70), Syria
(the tetradrachms of Antioch and the SC coinage: 4124-
323) and Alexandria (5001-378). There were also other
examples, on a lesser scale: the coinages of northwestern
Spain (1-4) and of Carisius from Emerita (RIC 11-25), the
coinage of Cyrenaica (939-49), Cyprus (3901-23) and most
of that from Crete (1022-39). These seem to have been
controlled by the Romans, and, though some of them are
superficially civic or regal issues, most of them lack any
form of overt authority or ethnic. This raises the question of
the status of coins with no ethnic, which, since Grant,
FIT A, have generally been regarded as ‘official’ issues. This
seems, however, simplistic. Many of the regional coinages
are, no doubt, ‘official’ in the sense that they were actually
controlled by the Roman authorities. But there are several
cases where coins without an ethnic are simply civic issues
without an ethnic. Sometimes these may have the name of
one of the city’s magistrates, but not necessarily. Civic
coinage might cover the whole spectrum from coins with
both ethnic and magistrate, through coins with either eth­
nic and no magistrate (common) or magistrate and no eth­
nic (rare) to coins with neither (also rare). Examples of

coins with magistrate but no ethnic can be found at Car­
thago Nova, Pergamum, Eumenea or Apamea in Asia;
examples of civic coins with neither ethnic nor magistrate
can be found at Hadrumetum, Cnossus or Pergamum.
But while coins without an ethnic may be ‘Roman’ or
civic, there are undoubtedly a number of cases where the
status of the coins is hard to decide. Examples are the Latin
coinages of Perinthus (1758-62), the ‘colonists’ type of
Philippi (?) (1656-60), or the issue, probably made at
Sardis celebrating the ΚΟΙΝΟΝ ΑΣΙΑΣ (2994-5). Other
cases have been suggested, e.g., in Achaea under Nero and
Bithynia under Claudius and Nero, but in these cases we
feel that the balance of probability is that they are civic
A uth o rity an d m agistrates 5
coins rather than federal or Roman issues (1371-7; 2031
and 2065-9; 2060-1 and 2084).
Even when there is an ethnic, the status of coinages is not
immediately obvious. The Cretan coinages of the cities
(950-9, 1022-8) are presumably the constituent parts of an
issue by the Cretan koinon, but are 3136-7 coins of Apamea
or the Phrygian koinon?
Difficulties of interpretation such as these serve to
highlight the variety of authorities who produced coinage.
While it is clear that coin issues were essentially either
Roman, federal or civic, these categories embrace different
sorts of coinage and not infrequently overlap. The attempt
to make too rigid a distinction between them is futile.
 C H
THE P R O D U C T I O N AND C I R C U L A T I O N
C O I N A G E IN THE P R O V I N C E S
Gold
During the late Republican period very little gold had been
minted in the Roman world, though there were some,
rather insubstantial, issues of gold from Ephesus (see p. 431).
At Rome gold coinage had been introduced by Caesar on a
regular basis in 46 b c . With the usurpation of minting by
the various warring factions which took place after Caesar’s
death, the minting of gold, together with that of denarii,
spread throughout the Mediterranean. Issues were made in
northern Italy, Greece, Asia Minor and perhaps even in
Syria (RRC 549). With the victory of Augustus, the produc­
tion of gold was confined to his issues, minted first at his
two uncertain (traditionally called ‘Spanish’) mints and
later from about 15 b c at Lyon; Lyon remained the only
mint for imperial gold until its activities were transferred to
Rome, probably in either 64 or 6g.1
No other gold coinage was made within the Empire.
There are some very rare gold pieces for Nero, apparently
from Caesarea, but these are forgeries (see p. 557).
Otherwise, gold coins were made in Thrace or Scythia
(Olbia?) for the dynast Koson (1701), perhaps in c. 29 b c ;
gold was also minted by all the Bosporan kings (1842—63),
and in the Bosporan cities of Chersonesus (1937-8) and
Olbia (though not in the Julio-Claudian period). Surviving
specimens suggest that Bosporan gold coinage was never on
a very large scale. There appears to have been no integrated
circulation of Roman and Bosporan gold, nor indeed would
one have expected it, as, although Bosporan coinage was
clearly heavily influenced by Roman, it did, nevertheless,
form a separate monetary system. This can be seen from its
curious bimetallic currency of gold and bronze, from the
value marks which appear on the bronzes (see p. 32) and
from the fact that, although the early Bosporan gold coins
were produced at much the same standard as Roman aurei,
they soon drifted apart. Some small amounts of gold were
also struck in the kingdom of Mauretania under Juba and
Ptolemaeus on different occasions during their reigns at an
uncertain standard.2
Silver
The general pattern in the Julio-Claudian period is the
gradual replacement of both local civic and local Roman
1. F o r th e m o st rece n t discussion o f the d a te a t w hich th e m in t o f Lyon m oved to
R o m e, see J .-B . G ia rd , B N C I I, p p . 4 -6 .
2. Five coins know n: M az. 297—8, 398-9 a n d L 1919—7 -1 4 -1 3 : 3.16, 6.60, 4.10,
3.18 a n d 3 - iig .
A P T E R 2
OF
silver by the denarius, whose growth in circulation was the
legacy of the civil wars of the late Republic. Denarii con­
stituted the only silver currency in several areas; in Italy,
Sicily, Africa, Achaea and perhaps Cyrenaica. In other
areas, the denarius was far and away the dominant cur­
rency; in Spain, there was a residue of Iberian denarii until
the reign of Augustus (see p. 9); in the western part of the
province of Macedonia (Illyria), the denarius was sup­
plemented by the silver of Dyrrhachium and Apollonia; in
Britain, the denarius was accompanied, in Norfolk and
south of the Thames, by surviving local British issues;3 and
in Gaul, Gallic silver continued to play an important role in
circulation, if not production, until the reign of Augustus.4
But while the denarius therefore dominated the silver cur­
rency of the Roman world as far west as Greece and
Cyrenaica, its role further east was much more restricted or,
in some places, non-existent. In these parts of the east, local
silver coinages predominated. These local coinages com­
prised not so much the civic issues which had typified the
Hellenistic period (though some of these did survive until
the imperial period, especially in southwestern Asia
Minor), but rather a few regal coinages which had
previously been taken over by the Romans in the wake of
their conquests and annexations. The main such local
coinages during this period were the cistophori of Asia
Minor, the drachms and didrachms of Caesarea in Cap­
padocia, and the tetradrachms of Antioch and of Alexan­
dria; in addition extensive silver coinages were made in the
‘client-kingdoms’ of Mauretania (Juba II and Ptolemaeus)
and Pontus (Polemo II).
The individual patterns of provincial silver circulation
are discussed below in the survey of provincial silver. Here
we wish to draw attention to the more general features of
provincial silver coinage. Two of these seem important.
First, the amount of coinage produced, even at most of
the more important provincial mints, was not very great.
This conclusion is based mainly on the rather subjective
impression of the relative scarcity of most of these provin­
cial coins today. In addition, however, the die counts pro­
vided in this catalogue indicate that, generally speaking, the
number of dies was not extensive, although obvious excep­
tions are the cistophori of Antony and Augustus, the
Caesarean didrachms of Nero and Divus Claudius, the
Antioch tetradrachms of Nero and much of the Alexandrian
coinage. It is difficult to compare the figures with those that
have been observed for denarii, partly because not many die
3. J . P. C . K e n t, C E N B 1973, p p . 2ff.
4. D . N ash , in ed. R. A . G . C arso n a n d C .M . K ra a y , Scripta N um m aria Romana.
E ssays presented to H . Sutherland , p p . 21—2.

counts have been made of imperial denarii, but mainly
because the use of the same dies for denarii and aurei
renders the comparison of die numbers for silver almost
impossible. For instance, H.-M. von Kaenel counted 830
obverse dies in a sample of 1182 coins for Claudius, but a
glance at his catalogue shows the impossibility of deciding
what proportion should be allocated to silver rather than
gold.5 C .H .V . Sutherland provided die counts of some
Augustan issues, which avoid this interchangeability. For
the early IM P CAESAR and CAESAR DIVI F silver issues
he found a total of 340 obverse dies in a sample of 488
coins;6 this is a large, though by no means the largest,
Augustan issue, but only the few provincial issues men­
tioned above have anything approaching the same general
magnitude of dies.
A comparison of output cannot be made on the basis of
hoards, either, since there are very few hoards which
include either provincial silver or both denarii and provin­
cial silver. This is so, partly because the provincial coinage
had a highly localised circulation (in Syria and Egypt it
comprised virtually the entire silver currency), but also
because of the accidents of survival: in Asia, where denarii
and local silver coinages do seem to have met, there is no
significant body of hoard evidence. In this particular case, it
has been suggested that the cistophorus was much more
important than the denarius, because in 19-18 b c Augustan
denarii minted in Asia were made from only 18+ dies and
cistophori from 71 + .7 One cannot, however, press this
inference, as it takes no account of denarii minted elsewhere
which may have circulated in Asia.
The definition of these large areas of circulation should,
however, warn us against being too dismissive of the
volume of provincial coinage. If provincial silver accounted
for all the silver currency of provinces such as Syria and
Egypt, and for at least a large percentage of that of Asia,
then clearly its bulk cannot have been negligible. Moreover,
the die counts for the issues mentioned above are substan­
tial, by any standard and particularly so in the case of
Egypt.
A second general feature of even these principal provin­
cial silver coinages is that their production was very
irregular. Cistophori were produced in 39 b c , in the twen­
ties b c and on two brief occasions under Claudius. The
coins of Caesarea were often produced in reasonably large
quantities, but, again, only on irregular occasions: in c. a d
25, 33—4, once under Caligula, c. 46, c. 58—60 and c. 64.
From Antioch, silver coinage was produced steadily
throughout Augustus’s reign (though with a gap between
17 and 5 b c ) , but hardly at all under Tiberius. Issues were
made during the first three years of Caligula’s reign, but
nothing was produced afterwards till about 50. Under Nero
coinage was produced in 54/5 and on a large scale between
60 and 64, and then again between 65 and 69, with issues
continuing into the Flavian period. At Alexandria, no silver
at all was minted for the fifty years between Octavian’s
conquest (30 b c ) and the seventh year of Tiberius’s reign
( a d 20/1). Thereafter, production was resumed in 27/8, and
5. M ünzprägung und M ü n zb ild n is des Claudius, p p . 255-7.
6. R I C I, p. 30.
7. P. K in n s, in C R W L R , p p . 112-13.
P roduction an d circulation o f coinage 7
between 31 and 36. There was then again a gap in produc­
tion under Caligula, and under Claudius silver was produ­
ced only between 41 and 45/6; production again stopped
until the third year of Nero’s reign (56/7), when it resumed
for three years until 59/60; after another gap in 60/1-61/2,
silver resumed and was then produced in extremely large
quantities until the end of the period covered by this
catalogue.
It can, of course, be pointed out that this irregular pro­
duction of provincial silver is typical of the production of all
imperial silver during this period. The minting of denarii
was by no means regular throughout the Julio-Claudian
period. It is well known that only small quantities of denarii
were made in the reigns of Caligula, Claudius and the
beginning of Nero’s reign, down to about a d 64. There were
also periods with no coinage: for instance, under Augustus
no denarii seem to have been produced between 27 and 19
b c , or between a d 2 and 13.8 Under Tiberius, too, there was
not a steady production of PONTIF MAXIM denarii (RIC
26, 28, 39), but a very variable output with a peak in the
early thirties.9
Even so, the question still arises of whether there was at
any time an Empire-wide policy, which might explain the
pattern of issues. Is the absence of any silver from Alexan­
dria under Augustus and Caligula, or the virtual absence of
any Antioch tetradrachms under Tiberius and Claudius,
the result of some local condition (in any sense) or of some
imperial policy, as, for instance, Savio has suggested for
Alexandria under Caligula?10 Do the large coinages under
Nero from Pontus, Caesarea and Antioch indicate a diver­
sion of resources from north to south, together with the
changing area of operations of Corbulo’s campaigns against
the Parthians,11 much as the production of Republican
cistophori had abruptly ceased at all mints in 67 b c ,
apparently the result of the enormous powers granted to
Pompey in that year?12 Is it right to think that the silver
recouped from the recoinage of the Egyptian silver in Nero’s
reign was remitted to the treasury in Rome?13
The two considerations which would influence our
attitude to these and similar questions are the question of
for what purposes silver coinage was made and the sources
of the bullion coined in provincial mints. There is no clear
evidence on either point. It might be thought that state
expenditure can explain to a substantial degree the pattern
of denarii, whether on military pay and other expenses, or
items like public works.14 Yet there is no obvious causal
connection between the need for such expenditure and the
pattern of the denarius issues at this time. If there were, one
would have expected that a standing army would require
regular large issues of coinage; nor is there any obvious
correlation with wars or (e.g.) known building program­
mes. Given this, it is clearly unrealistic to expect any more
8 . A ccepting th e d a tin g o f th e G L G A E S A R E S d en a rii, R I C 2 07—12, to betw een
2 bc a n d a d 2.
9. T h is p a tte rn w as d e m o n stra te d for th e gold b y C. H . V . S u th e rla n d , Q T 1987,
p. 222; th e sam e stylistic g ro u p s are th e m o st heav ily re p re se n te d in silver
h o ard s, as w e h o p e to show elsew here.
10. A. Savio, L a Coerenza di Caligola nella gestione della moneta.
11. W alk er, M etrology I I I , p p . 112-14.
12. C raw fo rd , C M R R , p. 20 0 , P. K in n s, in C R W L R , p. h i .
13. E. C h ristian sen , The Rom an Coins o f A lexandria, p. 109.
14. F o r a critiq u e o f this view , see C .J . H ow gego, N C 1990, p p . 1-26.
8 GENERAL IN T R O D U C TIO N
complete explanation to be forthcoming for provincial silver
coinages.
We can be confident that some coinages are connected
with military expenditure. Good examples seem to be pro­
vided by the Syrian tetradrachms of Cleopatra and Antony
(Antony’s Armenian campaign), or the Pontic and
Caesarean issues of c. 56—8 and 58—60 (Corbulo’s first
campaigns). We might similarly suppose a connection
between the late Neronian silver coinages (from Antioch,
and the Latin series, 4122-3) and the Jewish revolt or the
civil war of 68—9. Other instances are less clear: for
instance, were Augustan cistophori really minted as
preparations for Tiberius’s Armenian campaign which took
place only some five years later?15 Despite such doubts it
does, nevertheless, seem plausible to think that some, at
least, of the output of provincial silver was used for military
purposes. This would, moreover, certainly seem to be likely
for any of the silver issues made during the period of the
civil wars of the late Republic (e.g., in Africa, Lycia,
Galatia or Syria).
Military expenditure, however, cannot have been the
only rationale of provincial silver. There are, on the one
hand, campaigns which ‘lack’ a coinage (e.g., Corbulo’s
campaign in Cappadocia in 62). Conversely, there are
instances where a silver coinage cannot be explained by
military events, the entire Cretan silver coinage or the
cistophori of Claudius being examples. Moreover, the
exclusive use of Egyptian silver in Egypt and Syrian silver
in Syria implies that some of these coinages at least must
have been made to enable the local needs of the relevant
province to be satisfied. We know that merchants and
others in Ptolemaic Egypt could exchange their foreign pre­
cious metal currency for the local Egyptian by taking it to
the mint for re-coining;16 even if this system did not survive
in all its details into imperial times, there would still have
been a need for a ready stock of local silver to supply the
needs of money-changers exchanging ‘foreign’ for ‘local’
currency. Again, it is hard to quantify the proportion of
local silver which can be explained by this consideration.
One might think that the fifty-year gap in Egyptian silver
production implies that its role as an explanation for the
minting of new silver was fairly insubstantial, since for this
long period exclusively old coin must have been used.
Another explanation for some of the provincial issues is
that they were produced as part of a coinage reform. This is
clear in the case of Alexandria under Nero (see p. 689), and
a similar explanation seems likely to apply to the Antioch
tetradrachms of Nero (p. 610). In both cases it seems that
earlier coins (Ptolemaic and Tiberian tetradrachms from
Egypt, earlier Antioch tetradrachms and perhaps Tyrian
shekels) were removed from circulation and the bullion
recovered in this way was then at least partially re-minted,
presumably to give in exchange for the coins which were
removed. There may well be other cases. A number of Zeus
tetradrachms of Claudius (4112-21) were struck over post­
humous Philip tetradrachms. Again, the abundant
Republican and proconsular cistophori did not survive past
the reign of Augustus: is the explanation for the very large
15. C .J . H ow gego, N C 1982, p p . 11-12.
16. A. H u n t a n d C . E d g a r, Select Papyri I I , 409.
Augustan (or the Antonian) cistophori that they represent
earlier issues that had been re-coined? It is difficult to know
how far to extend this line of thinking, but it seems likely
that such re-coinages may well be a very important
explanation of provincial coinages: it is noticeable that the
cases just discussed are mostly the very instances men­
tioned earlier of exceptionally large provincial coinages.
Thus a variety of reasons can help explain the larger
provincial silver issues, though it is difficult to know how
much weight to attach to each (or indeed others). All of
them, however, reside in the field of state finances: the
means for making state payments or for financing localised
coinage systems or reforms, the function of both of which
was to raise money for the state. And it seems likely that
there was at least some degree of co-ordination between
them. This seems clear from the probable re-coinages at
Alexandria and Antioch under Nero. It cannot, obviously,
be coincidence that these take place contemporaneously
and in the general context of the Neronian coinage reforms
(see also p. 52): similarly, it is hard to avoid the conclusion
that the sudden cessation of Egyptian coinage in 30 b c and
its suspension for fifty years should be explained by the
diversion of Egyptian wealth to Rome, just as it has been
argued, plausibly, by Christiansen that the ‘surplus’ silver
from the Neronian re-coinage at Alexandria was sent to
Rome. On the other hand, this relationship between dif­
ferent coinages or between them and Rome should not be
over-emphasised. The pattern of provincial minting is very
variable. Sometimes, all mints produce coin (e.g., late in the
reign of Tiberius, when large issues were made at Caesarea
and Alexandria, as well as of denarii). Sometimes, some
mints only are active (e.g., under Claudius: very few
denarii, Alexandrian silver at the beginning of the reign,
cistophori at the beginning and the end, a small amount of
Syrian silver at the end of the reign). Sometimes, nearly all
the mints were inactive, as during most of Caligula’s reign.
As well as this variable pattern of mint activity, one can
observe that there is no sign in the Julio-Claudian period of
the co-operation between silver mints which becomes a
feature of the Flavian and particularly the Trajanic period.
Furthermore, the cases where co-ordination seems likely are
untypical: an explanation for Pontic and Caesarean silver
as financing Corbulo’s campaigns is a unique instance,
while the similar pattern of re-coinage at Alexandria and
Antioch are by definition exceptional, both the conse­
quences of a single policy decision. The picture that seems
most likely to us, then, is that there was no grand overall or
continuing strategy for even the larger provincial coinages,
though some such co-ordination could arise on an ad hoc
basis. More generally it seems likely that it was the local
requirements of the Roman administration which dictated
the normal pattern of issue.
But, while the larger provincial silver coinages can be
interpreted in terms of state finances in these ways, some of
the other smaller provincial silver coinages are to be
explained in terms of civic or even personal finances. The
best case from this period concerns the small issue of silver
made at Chios with the inscription ΔΩΡΟΝ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ
ANTIOXOY (2415-16). This small issue has been plausibly
associated with the gift of fifteen talents made to Chios by

Antiochus IV of Commagene on his honorific election to a
magistracy there.17 These coins were presumably minted
from the money or bullion received from Antiochus, though
the tiny number of surviving specimens makes it unlikely
that more than a fraction was minted or re-minted in this
way. As for the purpose to which these coins were put, it is
impossible to say, but it is tempting to believe that perhaps
they were distributed to the Chiots, as we know could hap­
pen with bronze coinage (see below). This case perhaps lies
at one end of the spectrum of possible explanations for the
minting of provincial silver, at the opposite end from the big
issues previously discussed. Other issues may naturally fall
between these two extremes; though we have no specific
evidence, one is tempted to look for explanations of the
other issues in terms of local conditions, be they provincial
(Crete?) or civic (the few city coinages in Asia or in Syria).
Thus the silver coinage of the Empire gives a very varied
picture of production and indeed circulation, with patterns
varying from the exclusive use of denarii (Italy, Sicily),
through a greater or lesser mixture of denarii and local
coinages (Spain, Asia) to the use of only locally produced
silver (Egypt, perhaps also Syria?).
Summary of silver issues
Spain
This catalogue does not include any silver coinage made in
Spain during this period. Iberian denarii continued to
circulate until the reign of Augustus,18 and an issue of
Iberian denarii had been made by Domitius Calvisius in
Osca in 39 bc19; other issues of denarii were made in the
civil wars by the Pompeians20 and the Caesarians.21 Under
Augustus, denarii were minted by Carisius at Emerita in
the twenties bc,22 and it has been suggested that the
principal Augustan mints of 19—16 bc were also in Spain,
though this is far from certain. In the civil wars of a d 68-9
extensive series of denarii were made in Spain.23
Gaul
The natively produced and relatively un-Romanised
‘Celtic’ coinages of Gaul are omitted from this catalogue;
according to D. Nash, the more Romanised ‘quinarii’ struck
after Caesar’s Gallic war were not struck in very significant
quantities.24 Significant quantities of Roman silver first
entered Gaul only after about 50 bc,25 and came to domi­
nate the silver currency. Gaul may also have been the mint
17. L. R o b ert, Etudes Epigraphiques et Philologiques , 193^, pp. i 39 “ 4 r > C .J .
H ow gego, G IC , ρ. 86.
ι8 . L. V illaro n g a, A m purias 33 ~ 4 > I 9 7 I~ 2> ΡΡ· 3 ° 5 _2°·
ΐ 9· R R C 532-
20. R R C 4 4 6 -7 , 469-705 4 7 7 ·
2 ΐ. R R C 468.
22. R I C 1-25-
23. R I C C ivil W a rs 1-36, G a lb a 1-84, V itellius 1—46; cf. C .H .V . S u th e rla n d , Q T
1984, ρ. 170.
24- Op. cit. (note 4), p. 21; ead., Coinage in the Celtic World , p. 34.
25. M .H . C raw ford, C M R R , p . 331.
Production an d circulation o f coinage 9
of Augustus’s ‘Spanish’ coinages of 19-16 b c , 2 6 and Lug-
dunum was the principal gold and silver mint for the whole
Empire from 15 b c for most of the Julio-Claudian period.
Several issues of silver were made in Gaul in the civil wars,
both after the death of Caesar27 and perhaps also during
those of a d 68-9.28
Native British coinage has also been omitted, as its pro­
duction seems to have ceased after the Roman invasion of
Italy and Sicily
Only denarii had been used in Italy and Sicily from the
time of the Hannibalic War. Though confined to the
principal mint at Rome for most of the Republican period,
other centres made denarii during the civil wars at its end.
In Sicily denarii were made by Allienus and by Sextus
Pompey.30
Africa
Denarii were made in Africa during the civil war between
Pompey and Caesar;31 later on, an issue of gold and silver
was minted by Cornuficius.32 There were also extensive
coinages of the Mauretanian kings Juba II (25 b c - a d 23)
and Ptolemaeus ( a d 20- 40), not covered here (see p. 214).
Denarii were also minted in Africa in the civil wars of a d
68-9.33
Cyrenaica
No silver was minted in Cyrenaica except for the denarii of
Scarpus, produced just before and after Actium.34 Although
there is no very good evidence, it seems that denarii con­
stituted the principal silver currency.35
Crete
The silver currency of Republican Crete consisted of a mix­
ture of issues from Crete, Asia and Athens. Perhaps in c. 40
b c , there was a change to local ‘cistophoric’ standard, and
small amounts of silver were minted from the reigns of
Tiberius to Nero. At first this, like the bronze coinage, was
26. R I C 26-4 9 , δ ο - ' δ ί -
27- S e e R R C .
28. See R I C C ivil W a rs 37-8 0 , 130-4, G a lb a 85-1 4 1 , V itelliu s 43—65; cf. C .H .V .
S u th erlan d , Q T 1984, p. 170.
29. D . N ash , Coinage in the Celtic World, p. 142.
30. F o r I ta lia n m in ts, see R R C , p a ssim ; A llienus: (R R C 4 5 7 : 47BC); S extus P om pey:
R R C 55 1 .
31. R R C 450-62.
32. R R C 509: 42 b c .
33. R I C M a c e r, C ivil W a rs 135—6, G a lb a 31 5 -2 1 ; c f C . H . V . S u th e rla n d , Q T
1984, p. 170.
34. R R C 546, R I C 531- 5 .
35. N C 1944, p. 105, th o u g h see T . V . B u ttrey , in C R W L R , p. 170. A d e n a riu s o f
A u g u stu s w as am o n g th e finds a t S a b ra th a : P. M . K en d rick , Excavations at
Sabratha 1948-51, ρ . 258.
 Gaul
M in t C at. no. D ate D enom ination W eight Fineness Sam ple O bv. dies

Lugdunum 5 ! 2- i 3 44/3 quinarius 1.70 74+ ?

Nemausus 5:9 c. 40 obol 0-39 14+ ?
Cabellio 527 r 44/2 hemidrachm °-97 2 I
528 t obol 0.45 12 + ?
Forum Iulii 536 c. 3 ° drachm 2.22 3 p

Africa
M in t C a t. no. D a te D enom ination W eight Fineness Sam ple Obv. dies

Ju b a 717 r 4 5 BG denarius 3-69 39+

p
7 ï 8- i 9 quinarius 1-73 13+ p
720 1 sestertius 0.77 3 p
Lepcis 847 C. 10 BG ? 2.77 I I
Bogud 853-5 C. 45 BC denarius 3-52 7 ?

Crete
M in t C at. no. D a te D enom ination W eight Fineness Sa m p le O bv. dies

Gortyn 901-3 67 BC 4-dr 13-98 5 3

926 43 BC cist I 1.64 2 p
Tiberius 950-61 4-dr 9.22 2 2
3-dr 7-57 3 2
2-dr 2-45 4 4
Caligula 962-5 37/41 4-dr 9-59 8 4+?
3-dr 7-55 95 12 7+?
dr 2.40 37
p
Claudius 966-71 4-dr 9-93 14 10+?
3-dr 7-43 7 4+?
dr 2.27 3 2
Nero (early) 972-3 c- 55 dr 2.30 4 2
(late) 974-5 c. 65 4-dr 8.46 . 10 7+?

organised on a federal basis among the cities of Axos,
Cydonia, Eleuthernae, Gortyn, Hierapytna, Polyrhenium
and Lappa, but later on it was produced from a single
centre, presumably Gortyn. There is no good evidence for
the circulation of denarii in Crete.
Achaea
part of the province of Macedonia, the earlier coinages of
Dyrrachium and Apollonia seem to have continued to
circulate with denarii into the imperial period.37 One issue
of denarii may have been made at Apollonia during the civil
wars,38 and at least one other issue was made in western
Macedonia:39 perhaps also some of the issues of Brutus and
Cassius. In the rest of Macedonia, silver currency was
exclusively of denarii.

The principal coinages of Achaea, the silver tetradrachms

of Athens and the coinage of the Thessalian League, seem
to have ended soon after 50 b c (see p. 280). Sometime
thereafter they disappeared from circulation, and were
replaced by denarii, some issues of which, at least, were
made in Achaea by Antony (see p. 245). Some Augustan
denarii have been attributed to a Peloponnesian (?) mint,36
though this does not seem very likely (see p. 245).
Macedonia
A silver coinage of denarii, quinarii and sestertii was struck
at Apollonia, probably early in the period of this catalogue
(pp. 288-9). A large number of names are known on the
coins, suggesting a fairly extensive issue. In this western
Thrace
The silver coinage of Thrace was dominated by denarii (see
p. 311), though some small issues, possibly also on the
denarius standard, were also made at Byzantium.
Asia
The silver currency of Asia had consisted mainly of
cistophori, but from the period of the late Republican civil
wars their monopoly was ended and denarii were also
struck there, on various occasions until 18 b c (p. 368).
37. S. P. N oe, A Bibliography o f Greek Coin H oards , 419, 1112.
38. R R C 4 4 5 /1 -2 : see p. 288.
 P roduction an d circulation o f coinage n

Denarii were also struck in Asia, at Ephesus, by

Vespasian.40
In the Republican period there were also issues of civic
silver (see p. 369); most of these were small, except for
Rhodes and perhaps Aphrodisias (see p. 466), some of
which may have continued into the early imperial period,
though they are not included in this catalogue (see especi­
ally Rhodes, p. 454). The silver civic issues that can
definitely be attributed to the imperial period, and which
are included, are all tiny in size.

T hrace
M in t C at. no. D a te D enom ination W eight Fineness Sam ple Obv. dies

Byzantium 1774 f C. IO BC 7
5-83 I I
1775 1 7 3.46 96 7 3+
1778 j C. 20 7
■ 343 2 I
■779 \ 7 6.29 I I

Asia
M in t C at. no. D a te D enom ination W eight Fineness Sam ple Obv. dies

Cistophori 2201-2 c. 39 BC cist 11.94 92 237 171

2203 28 cist 11.92 89 80 5°
2204 c. 27 cist ” •99
? 8 4
2205-12 27/6 cist 11.90 89 94 28
2213-15 25/20 cist ” •93 89 321 201
2216-20 19-18 BC cist 11.94 89 168 77
2221-2 C. AD 41 cist 11.27 91 61 28
2223-5 51 cist 11.27 92 49 31
Chios 2412-16 ist cent dr II ?
2-94 85
Stratonicea 2779 r didr 6.40 94 I I
2 7 7 5 , 2777 •l ist cent dr 3.48 4 4?
2776, 2778 I hem idr 1.38 4 4
M ylasa 2782-5 ist cent dr 1-49 3 3
Tabae 2868 f Augustan dr 7
3-53 4
2869 1 hemidr 1.78 2 7
Rhodes 2744 Augustan dr 2.80 7
5
2745 Augustan hemidr ΙΛ3 2 2

Lycia

In addition to the silver of the Lycian League, some denarii

of Brutus, which are very similar in style, may also have
been made in Lycia (see p. 523).

C a t no. D a te D enom ination W eight Fineness Sam ple Obv. dies

3301 48-42 BC hemidr 1.80 138 I 10

3302 42 ' hemidr 1.80 52 42
3303 3 °s hemidr 1.80 88 63
3 3 °4 3 °s hemidr 1.80 59 34
3305 30/27 hemidr 1.80 85 64
3306 48/27 i /4-dr 0-75 48 26
3307-9 r 27/20 denarius 3-58 94 161 88
3310 hemidr 1.80 86 62
33” I 1/4-dr 0-75 45 23
3 3 !2 Augustan hemidr : -45 92 62
3 3 3 4 -9 43
c. a d 7 2.74 96 24 II

40. W . E. M etcalf, in ed. T . H ackens a n d R . W eiller, Proceedings o f the g th

International N um ism atic Congress, p p . 321-40.
is GENERAL IN T R O D U C TIO N

Galatia

M in t C at. no. D a te D enom ination W eight Fineness Sam ple Ohv. dies

Amyntas 35 01 30 BC
C. 4-dr ! 5-70 98 6
Deiotarus 35 ° 8 37/6 BC dr 3-65 3 I

Armenia

M in t C at. no. D a te D enom ination W eight Fineness Sam ple O bv. dies

Artavasdes 3843 c. 5 BC? dr 3-57 4

?

Caesarea

T here is one early hoard of m ixed C aesarean silver (of

Archelaus) an d denarii (p. 550). O therw ise, denarii do not
seem to have playec an im p o rtan t role.
M in t C at. no. D a te D enom ination W eight Fineness Sam p le O bv. dies

A rc h e la u s 3 6 0 I-2 1 7 -1 5 BC dr r 3 -6 5 r 88 20 7
3 6 0 3 -6 AD 3 - 6 dr 1 i 23
7
3 6 0 7 -8 h e m id r 1 .8 4 7
5
T ib e riu s 3620 C. AD 25 dr 3.61 86 52 30
3 6 2 1 -3 3 3 -4 dr 3 -5 4 89 44 31
C a lig u la 3624 3 7 /4 1 dr 3 -5 8 92 23 19
C la u d iu s 3 6 2 5 -8 C. AD 46 d id r 7 -3 2 86 50 24
G e rm a n ic u s 3629 r ? d id r 7 -5 ° 86 5 I
363° 1 dr 3 -t 4 2 I
N ero 3 6 3 1 -4 5 8 -6 0 d id r 7 -3 6 88 62 39
3 6 3 5 -6 24-a s 5 -2 5 91 4 2
3 6 3 7 -4 2 dr 3 .4 8 90 U 12
3643 12 - a s 2 .5 0 78 2 I
3 6 4 4 -6 h e m id r 1 .67 84 62 5r
3647 64 d id r 7 .2 8 82 48 46
3 6 4 8 -5 0 dr 3 -4 7 79 32 25
3651 h e m id r 1.61 85 I I
P o n tu s ? 3 6 5 2 -3 64 d id r 6 .7 2 r5 12

Pontus

M int. C at. no. D a te D enom ination W eight Fineness Sam ple Obv. dies

Polemo I 3801-2 7 dr 3-36 ?

95 5+
Pythodoris 3803-7 C. AD 15 dr 3-43 16+ 7
Polemo II41 3810, 3821, Φ didr 7-13 8 7
3828
3811-38 49-62 dr 3-35 94 189 95

Syria

R om an denarii do not seem to have circulated in Syria or

been m ade there (p. 587). T h e principal silver currencies
were the tetrad rach m s of A ntioch an d the shekels of Tyre;
from a d 60 these were com bined in the new A ntioch ‘eagle’
coinage, a reform w hich m ay have involved some re-m int­
ing of earlier coins (see above and p. 607).41

41. T h e d a ta for th e dies o f Polem o I I a re taken from W alker, M etrology I I I ,

p. 1 12.
 P roduction an d circulation o f coinage 13

M in t C a t . no. D a te D e n o m in a t io n W e ig h t F in e n e s s S a m p le O b v . d ie s

T a rs u s 4004 C. AD 5 4-d r 14.56 86 7 2

4005 e. AD 35 4-d r 14.80 85 2 I
C le o p a tr a 4009 C. 36 BC 4-d r 14.80 81 43 21
Z eu s 4108 C- AD 5 4-d r 14.28 I I
4109-10 T ib e riu s 4- d r 13.62 66 6 2
411I C a lig u la 4-d r 12.71 I I
4112— 21 C la u d iu s 4-d r : 4-°3 84 28 8
N e ro 4122-3 c. 65 4-d r 14.08 63 29 27
A n tio c h 4124-6 56-2 BC 4-d r I5 - 3 1 75 60 22
4127-34 47-38 BC 4-d r 14.66 75 27 H
4136-49 3I - I 7 BC 4-d r 14.41 75 57 25
4150-60 5 BC-AD 14 4-d r 14-54 78 127 48
4161 C. AD 15 4-d r H -6 5
?
3 ?3
4162 <235 4-d r 14.65 ?
3 I

4163— 8 3 7 -9 4-d r 14.36 68 24 ?I I

4169 r 50/4 4-d r 14.66 r 76 5 I
4170-1
4172-3
(
L 5 4 /5
2- d r
dr
6.56
3.12
{ 21
2
4
2
4174-5 r 56 4-d r 14.23 Γ 63 5 2
4176-8 2-d r 6.74 12
4179
4180— 6
L60-4 dr
4- d r
3-48 L 16
3
3
14-59 79 251 84
4188-200 65-9 4-d r 14-57 ?
! 44 46
S e le u c ia 4328-9 AD 6 -8 4-d r - 14-97 74 10 8
A pam ea 4377 C.AD 41 4-d r i3 -69 I I
L a o d ic e a 4381 C.5 BC 4-d r !3-52 93 3 3
4382 T ib e riu s 4- d r ■3-5 1 94 4 I
4383-5 63 4-d r i3 -0 5 90 9 3
S id o n 4548-56 45-29 BC sh ek el 13.22 ? ?

4557 - 61 45 b c / a d 44 h a lf-sh e k e l 6-49 ? ?

T y re 4619-80 46 BC-AD 59 sh ek el r 3-95 95 ? ?

4681-706 41 BC-AD 65 h a lf-sh e k e l 6.67 ? 7

a part of the Ptolemaic monetary system and there are some

Alexandria gold hoards from Egypt.44

The Romans continued the closed currency system of

Ptolemaic Egypt. Ptolemaic tetradrachms continued to Bronze
circulate in early imperial times, and were supplemented by
large issues under Tiberius, Claudius and Nero. The rela­ ‘The six main aes coinages o f Augustus’
tive output of the different years can be gauged from the
table of hoards at the back of Milne. The absolute quantity In his well-known book of this title, M. Grant made a
of coinage produced seems to have been very large indeed distinction between the scale of the various Augustan
as emerges from the die counts carried out by Milne (for bronze coinages, and demonstrated how, despite their over­
Tiberius year 7: a sample of 136 coins with 122 dies) and tly different ‘status’, certain major bronze coinages were
Christiansen (for Nero), which imply thousands if not tens adapted, manipulated or inaugurated by the Romans
of thousands of dies (p. 704). One should perhaps exercise throughout the Empire. The six which Grant thought most
some caution, however, with Christiansen’s figures for important were those of Rome, Lugdunum, Nemausus,
Nero.42 Antioch (SC bronzes), ‘Parium’ and the Asian CA coinage.
As the Neronian coins were a re-coinage of Ptolemaic and This functional approach was picked up by C.H . V.
Tiberian issues, it would be misleading to add the amount Sutherland and C. M. Kraay,45 who characterised these
of silver coined by Tiberius to that of his successors. Even so coinages (with some additions) as regional, as opposed to
the output of Alexandria makes the Egyptian tetradrachm state or civic, coinages. These coinages are, indeed, very
far and away the largest provincial silver coinage. The different, though it is difficult to give a precise definition of
explanation for this is not clear, though there is a view that them. The coinage of Nemausus was a civic coinage
gold did not circulate in Egypt.43 Gold, however, had been manipulated by the Romans, as perhaps was that of Lug-
dunum (see p. 4); the GA and SC coinages were initiated by
42. M ilne: J . G . M iln e, A Catalogue o f the A lexandrian Coins in the Ashmolean M useum the Romans under Augustus, and are different from the
(1933, re p rin t w ith su p p lem en t, 1971)· C h ristian sen : E . C h ristia n se n , The
Roman Coins o f Alexandria. F o r a discussion o f th e statistic s, see th e review by
other coinages in the regions in which they were made.
C .J . H ow gego, J R S (forthcom ing); in ad d itio n , C h ris tia n s e n ’s figures are for
reverse dies; w e know th a t in som e area s, such as n e ig h b o u rin g S yria, the 44. E. C h ristian sen , C H V I I , 1985, p p . 8 7 -8 (th o u g h h e follows W est an d
ra tio o f rev erse:o b serv e dies w as en o rm o u s, th u s m ak in g th e in te rp re ta tio n J o h n s o n ’s view ). N o t very m a n y in d eed (only seven), b u t gold h o ard s a re n ot
a n d co m parison o f C h ris tia n s e n ’s E g y p tian d a ta w ith o th e r area s difficult. com m on an y w h ere in th e E m p ire.
4 3 · L· C. W est a n d A. C . Jo h n so n , Currency in Rom an and B yza n tin e E g yp t, p. 78. 45. I n A M C .
These four coinages, together with the bronze coinage of
Rome itself, constituted the largest bronze coin issues under
Augustus (and, in the case of Rome and Antioch, under his
successors), and in that sense are ‘main’ or ‘regional’. The
case of the Augustan ‘Parium’ type, given in this catalogue
to Philippi (?) (1656-60) is less sure, since it does not seem
to have circulated on such a wide scale, and its size of issue
can be reasonably compared with the issue of semisses (?)
made at about the same time, definitely at Philippi (1651).
There are, however, other coinages with a smaller
volume, which it is reasonable to regard as ‘Roman’ or
‘non-civic’. One such case is the Tiberian coins from Com­
magene (3868-70, and their continuation by Antiochus IV,
3852-63). Two more are from Spain: the products of the so-
called ‘moneta castrensis’ in northwestern Spain (1-4) and
the dupondii and asses of Carisius made at Emerita (RIC
11-25). Similarly, the imperial coins of Cyrenaica make no
mention of any city but refer only to the Roman governor,
who was presumably responsible for their production. In
the case of the coinage of Crete, it is not clear whether we
should talk of civic, federal (i.e., of the koinon) or Roman
provincial issues, and this is true both of the coins of the
reign of Caligula that mention cities and their centralised
successors under Claudius and Nero. And what of the
unusual issue of the KOINON ΑΣΙΑΣ (2994-5), attributed
here (as traditionally) to Sardis, but standing rather apart
from the rest of Sardis’s coinage? A final example is the
bronze coinage of Egypt, minted in Alexandria and presum­
ably under the supervision of the Roman governor.
These ‘main’ coinages are not civic, but it is difficult to
define what links them together. Some are very large, some
very small; some had a large area of circulation, some were
more restricted. Some have ethnics and give the appearance
of being civic issues (Nemausus, Crete under Caligula),
though most do not. But perhaps it should not really be
surprising that one cannot classify the bronze coinage of the
Empire46 into neat compartments; furthermore, the fact
that a distinction between ‘Roman’ and ‘civic’ issues is
sometimes hard to draw does not invalidate that distinction
in the great majority of cases.
Some of these coinages seem to have had military func­
tions: the issues of northwestern Spain and of Carisius may
be connected with the warfare involved in the Augustan
pacification of Spain. The virtual restriction of legionary
countermarks to the SC coinage in Syria and the Tiberian
coins of Commagene indicates their military role, though
they cannot really be closely connected with military
campaigns. Whatever we make of a possible connection
between their inauguration and Gaius Caesar’s activities in
the east,47 a direct connection with warfare is unlikely later.
The output under Claudius was very large,48 but it was
much smaller under Nero, and yet the war against the
Parthians was fought under Nero. Others of these coinages
did not have a military function, in any sense. This seems to
be the case with the Cretan, Cyrenaican and Alexandrian
bronze issues. It is hard to believe that their production was
46. A n d , indeed, o u tsid e th e E m pire: th e coinage o f A ntiochus IV o f C om m ag en e
(co m p are th e silver coinage o f Polem o I I o f P ontus: above, p. 12).
47. N C 1982, p. 12.
48. In fo rm atio n from K evin B utcher.
dictated by anything other than some local requirement,
perhaps even just the provision of small change in those
areas (see also below).
Koinon coinages
Leaving on one side here the CA coinage, whose inscription
might possibly refer to Commune Asiae (see p. 380), only a
few coinages were made during the Julio-Claudian period
by provincial koina. The only coins to refer explicitly to a
koinon are the coins of the Macedonian, Galatian and
Cypriot Koina (1610-25, 3563-7, 3927-35), and issues
made at Sardis (?) (2994—5, Koinon of Asia) and Apamea
(3136-7, Koinon of Phrygia). Of these, only the first two
can definitely be regarded as issues of a koinon (see relevant
commentaries). The Cretan bronze and silver coinage
under Tiberius-Nero was probably also organised by the
koinon (at any rate the letters K K = KOINON ΚΡΗΤΩΝ
appear on similar second-century issues), though, as we
have seen, they were perhaps manipulated by the Romans
as a provincial coinage. There are other instances where
coins have sometimes been thought to be federal coinages of
a group of cities, such as the Neronian coins from Achaea
(i 371-7) or the Claudian coins from Bithynia (2031, 2065-
9), but in both cases we have preferred to interpret them as
civic issues.
Civic coinages
Italy and the Danubian provinces of Raetia, Noricum, Pan­
nonia, Illyricum and much of Moesia were the only parts of
the Empire which did not produce a flourishing local
coinage in bronze in the early years of the Empire. Even in
Italy, however, a number of coins were minted at Paestum
in the reign of Tiberius (and perhaps also of Augustus), but
these, like the slightly more numerous late Republican
issues from other Italian cities such as Velia, can have
represented only a minimal part of the currency, even the
bronze currency.
In the other western provinces a substantial quantity of
coinage was produced at this time, though this did not last
throughout the period covered by this volume. In Spain a
total of thirty-seven mints, in two main concentrations, in
the north along the Ebro valley and further south in
Baetica, produced coinage under Augustus-Claudius. Only
eight cities, however, produced coinage under Caligula,
though his was, of course, a short reign, while under
Claudius a single city issue was made at Ebusus. Elsewhere
in the west local coinage ended rather earlier - in the reign
of Tiberius. In Italy the issues of Paestum were confined to
the reign of Tiberius. In Sicily a number of communities
produced for Augustus, but only Panormus and perhaps
one other (uncertain) city for Tiberius: the same pattern
also holds good true in the province of Africa, where we find
bronze coinage at fourteen cities under Augustus, but only
at eight under Tiberius, and no coinage seems to have been
produced later than a d 30 (though see p. 20). In this respect

Cyrenaica, too, can be seen as part of the western Empire;
its latest issues were made in c. a d 23, though coinage was
briefly resumed there later, under Trajan.
East of the Adriatic, however, coinage flourished
throughout the period, especially in the provinces of
Achaea, Macedonia, Bithynia and Pontus, Asia, Syria and
Egypt (Alexandria). Coins were also struck in much smaller
quantities in Thrace and Moesia and in the inland areas of
Anatolia, such as Galatia and Cappadocia; in Cilicia, too,
coinage was sparse. In these areas coinage did become plen­
tiful, but not for some time. In Cilicia and Galatia, for
instance, the volume of coinage became much greater from
the Flavian period; in the Balkans from the second and
especially the third century. The great bulk of provincial
coinage in the Julio-Claudian period was produced in the
province of Asia, particularly in the cities up the Maeander
valley; other parts of Asia never produced such an
abundant coinage (e.g., the northwest) or only from late in
the period (e.g., further inland in Phrygia, where issues
became abundant only with the reign of Claudius).
The organisation o f the production o f civic coinage
The case of the federal coinage of Crete under Caligula is an
example of co-operation between different cities in produc­
ing a single uniform issue. This issue was not, however,
centrally produced for all the cities; although the
appearance of the dies is very similar, the fabric of the coins
of Polyrhenium at any rate is very different, indicating at
least more than one centre of production. It seems likely,
however, that the dies might have been cut by the same
engraver.
The cutting of dies for different cities by the same
engraver is a feature of many other parts of the Empire at
this time. It can, for instance, be observed in Spain at Ilici,
Carthago Nova and Lepida-Celsa (192, 167-8, 273); at
Graccurris and Cascantum (429, 427-8); at Cascantum and
Clunia (425, 452); or at Ercavica and Bilbilis (463, 399). In
Africa, too, one finds a very similar style at ‘Paterna’ and
Lepti Minus (759, 785) and at Carthage and Lepti Minus
(745, 788). In Macedonia the Neronian coinages of Thes­
salonica, the Macedonian Koinon and Dium are extremely
close, and one finds a close similarity in other areas such as
northern Syria (e.g., Aradus and Marathus; Antioch and
Commagene). Some of the most extensive stylistic links
between cities can be found in the province of Asia (see p.
375); of these the most impressive is the group labelled for
convenience ‘Laodicea’, which covered a large number of
cities in the upper Maeander valley, and is observable con­
tinuously throughout the Julio-Claudian period.
We have found no evidence, however, for the centralised
production of coins at ‘ateliers’ such as those proposed by
K. Kraft for a later period.49 This seems to us unlikely at
this date for two reasons. First, no die links have been found
between cities producing very similar coins. It is true,
however, that, in the case of Asia at any rate, the practical
requirements of producing this catalogue have precluded a
49. K . K ra ft, D a s System der Kaiserzeitlichen M ü n zprägung in Kleinasien.
Production an d circulation o f coinage /5
sufficiently full collection of material to allow us to be com­
pletely confident that there are no die links. In the case of
some of the Spanish coins, however, a full collection has
revealed no links between Carthago Nova (168) and Ilici
(192: see introduction to Carthago Nova, pp. 91-2), and we
think that the same is probably true of the rest of the
Empire. Secondly, the alloy of the coins produced at some
of the stylistically related mints is different. At Hierapolis
and Laodicea, for example, coinage was of bronze, whereas
at Julia and Synnada it was of brass. This difference refers,
of course, only to the major elements which were only
qualitatively analysed for this project. It is possible that
further, quantitative, studies might confirm this picture.
One might, perhaps, explain this difference of alloy by
arguing that the bullion was also supplied by the city whose
coinage was produced, but this seems intrinsically unlikely.
The current picture of an absence of die links and different
alloys leads us to conclude that, at this period, some city
coinages were produced from similar dies cut by itinerant
craftsmen.
Coinage and the status o f cities
The coinage of Roman colonies and municipia uses Latin
legends and tends to dwell on themes appropriate to their
status and origins (e.g., the ‘foundation’ or military types of
colonies). The coinage of non-chartered cities uses Greek
(or, in Africa, neo-Punic) legends and types which, like
those used in the Hellenistic period, reflect the religious
cults of the cities. Both Roman and non-Roman communi­
ties adopt the portrait, though the so-called ‘pseudo-auto­
nomous’ coins, coins with no portrait, were made at both
types of community, sometimes almost exclusively (e.g.,
Carthago Nova, Carteia, Rhodes: see also p. 41, on types).
The varying status of Greek cities has no definite effect on
their coinage. Both free and stipendiary cities produced
coinage. There is a tendency for the predominantly
‘pseudo-autonomous’ coinages to come from free cities
(e.g., Athens, Rhodes, Chios, Tyre), but not always. The
coinage of the free city of Aphrodisias, for instance, is no
different from that of its many less privileged neighbours in
the province of Asia.
The pattern of issue is, characteristically for all provincial
coinage, hard to explain. Sometimes, there is a correlation
between importance of a city and the size of its output, as
can be seen with the provincial capitals of Thessalonica in
Macedonia, Corinth in Achaea and Antioch in Syria. The
same can be observed for the individual conventus of Asia;
in some conventus, the coinage of the conventus centre is
the most common (Pergamum, Smyrna, Ephesus,
Cibyra/Laodicea). Elsewhere, however, important cities
are either poorly represented or completely absent. Why do
some important cities, e.g., Syracuse or Catina in Sicily,
produce no coinage? Why is Caesaraugusta the principal
Spanish mint in Tarraconensis, rather than the provincial
capital Tarraco, which produced only three (?) issues under
Tiberius? Why is the coinage of Smyrna so much more
common than that of Ephesus? Why is the coinage of Car­
thage so small, but those of Utica and Oea so abundant?
i6 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Some Asian conventus centres also produced relatively
unimportant coinages: Adramyteum, Halicarnassus or
Alabanda.
Why were civic coins made?
As well as being geographically perplexing, however, the
pattern of issue is also chronologically enigmatic, since the
production of coinage was irregular and usually difficult to
connect with any known historical events.
For instance, there is little evidence to support the view
that many Spanish issues were made during Augustus’s
visit to Spain; no evidence at all to connect the production
of civic coinage with the Cantabrian War of 26-25 bc, or the
subsequent campaigns until the final subjugation of Spain
in 19 b c . Similarly, in Africa, there is no obvious relation­
ship between the civic coinages and the campaigns against
Tacfarinas in a d 20—3: indeed one of the largest (Oea) is
later in date. There is certainly no relationship between
Augustus’s visit to the east in 20 b c and the coinage of
Syria, or, as far as we can tell, of the other areas he visited,
Asia and Bithynia.
The irrelevance of connecting civic issues with military
campaigns or imperial visits can also be seen if one con­
siders the volume of output of city coinages. They can never
have amounted to very much, as die studies and calcula­
tions based on them tend to show. The amounts thus coined
may have been sufficient to meet the need for small change
throughout the eastern Empire, but tiny in terms of the
little evidence we have for civic expenditure. For example,
we can calculate from inscriptions that at Tauromenium in
Sicily, in the late first century b c , the city’s annual
expenditure was of the general magnitude of one million
denarii;50 yet even the total coinage of Corinth from 44 b c to
a d 69 would have amounted to little more than some half a
million denarii for over a century; some 4500 denarii per
annum as it were.51 These figures are, of course, only
approximate and should not be pressed quantitatively. But,
applying the same argument a fortiori for larger cities than
Tauromenium and smaller coinages than Corinth, it is clear
that the provincial city coinage of the Julio-Claudian period
can never have represented very substantial sums.
In view of these considerations, it seems inevitable that
one should look for more local explanations for the coina­
ges. What these may have been is not easy to say. We can
suppose that such reasons might lie along a whole spectrum
from small-scale civic expenditures of any kind to coinages
that were produced at the instigation of some individual
citizen. It seems clear that the cost of undertaking a coinage
might be undertaken by an individual and that the coins
produced in this way might be distributed to the citizen­
ship. The best evidence for this comes from the Republican
coinage of Paestum, whose inscriptions are very revealing.
One issue declares that it was made (the type is a coining
scene) S P D D S S M IL (sua pecunia dono dedit sententia senatus
50. G. M a n g a n a ro , in D . K noepfler, Comptes et Inventaires dans la C ité Grecque, pp.
J 55 ~ 9 °> especially 184-7, H . W illers, Rhein. M useum f ü r Philologie 1905, pp.
321-60, especially th e ta b le on p. 328.
51. See th e calcu latio n m a d e by C .J . H ow gego, N C 1989, p. 199.
milia); one of the other issues, perhaps of the Augustan
period, portrays a woman called Mineia M f who is well
known from Paestan inscriptions to have been a benefactor
of the city.52 The same may have happened with a small
silver issue from Chios (see p. 8) and it is generally thought
that the formula άνέθηκε on provincial coins often denotes
the donation of an issue by the named citizen.53
Other reasons may be deduced, and most of them can be
subsumed under the two motives which led Sestos to prod­
uce its own bronze coinage in the late second century b c :
prestige and profit.54 It is no accident that the same two
motives also appear in the famous Ptolemaic papyrus of 258
b c . 5 5 Prestige as a motive for coinage can naturally be over­
stated, and it would seem wrong to regard provincial
coinage as purely commemorative.56 Yet the desire for self-
advertisement would not be unexpected from the cities of
the Empire; as a possible motive for the production of some
coinages it might well extend to individuals.57 A case in
point might be the foundation issues of colonies. Though
the identification of colonial issues as ‘foundation issues’
was taken too far by Grant in FITA, there are some plaus­
ible cases.
Examples can be found at Philippi, Sinope and Lampsa­
cus. One hesitates to say, however, that the desire for com­
memoration was the sole motive behind such cases, and
such a view would make an unreasonable dichotomy
between the political and economic role of coins. The
invalidity of such a dichotomy has been rightly criticised in
another context by A. Wallace-Hadrill,58 but the same criti­
cism is applicable here. Pride and profit can be seen as
complementary, rather than exclusive, reasons for civic
coinage. The profit would have arisen not from the
insistence on using a particular city’s coinage in that city,
since, though this was possible,59 finds show that this did
not, in fact, happen in the Roman provinces; profit would,
rather, have come from the universal need to exchange
silver and bronze coins to carry out transactions of all kinds;
the commission payable on such exchange was, in effect, a
tax which would benefit the city.60 For all we know the
money-changers who carried out this work may have been
able to buy coinage from the city, just as late Roman
money-changers bought bronze from the government.61 In
both periods the smooth functioning of the economy, the
emendi et vendendi utilitas62 and the desire to raise money for
the state were both different and complementary aspects of
the same phenomenon.
Our conclusion, therefore, is that the motivation for the
52. M . C raw fo rd , in L a M onetazione di bronzo di Poseidonia-Paestum. Supplemento al vol.
1 8 - ig degli A H N (1973), p. 54, id. C M R R , p. 72.
53. G IC , p. 86; see also p. 3.
54. O G IS 339.
55. A . H u n t a n d C. E d g ar, Select P apyri I I , 409.
56. A s, e.g., C . R o d ew ald , M oney in the Age o f Tiberius , p. 80 n o te 27, L. R o b ert,
M onnaies Antiques en Troade, p p . 86-8 .
57. M in eia a t P aestu m , Z euxis a t L ao d icea 3895; c f K . H a rl, Civic Coins and Civic
Politics in the Greek E a st, p. 32.
58. J R S 1986, p p . 66-73.
59. A s a t fo u rth -ce n tu ry O lb ia: S IG 3 218.
60. C .J . H ow gego, G IC , p p . 9 2 -4 , A. B u rn e tt, Coinage in the Rom an W orld , pp.
102-3.
61. J . P. C . K e n t, in Essays in Rom an Coinage presented to M a ttin g ly, ed. R . A. G .
C a rso n a n d C .H .V . S u th erlan d , p. 197; c f C icero ad A tt. 8 .7 .3 ?
62. A n o n ., D e rebus bellicis 1.1.2.
 P roduction an d circulation o f coinage 17

striking civic coinages should be sought in the cities them­
selves, and would have included the prestige and profit
arising from the provision of small change.63 The conse­
quence was the successful functioning of the monetary
system of the Empire.
The pattern o f issue throughout the Empire
It is notoriously difficult to provide any reliable quantifica­
tion of the relative, let alone the absolute, amount of
coinage produced in the Empire. The following table aims
to provide some such guide, though its obvious deficiencies
do not, perhaps, need to be unduly stressed. In this table we
list, for each province (or in the case of Asia, conventus) the
number of cities producing coinage under each emperor.
We also list the total number of coins appearing in the
‘frequency’ index (i.e., the number of coins in each of the
core collections listed on p. xiii). ‘Pseudo-autonomous’
coinages have also been included: where difficult to date,
they have been spread over the whole period. There are
various other omissions, such as small areas of the east,
which have been left out to avoid confusing the picture.
Gaul has been omitted, in view of the difficulty of collating
information about the Celtic issues, produced perhaps
down to the reign of Tiberius (or Augustus: see below, p.
19). Syria also has been omitted, as no frequency statistics
were kept for the numerous ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins
made in that area. See table below.
It is notorious that counting the number of coins in
museums in this way can be very misleading.65 Coinages
with a lot of variation (e.g., the mention of different magis­
trates) will inevitably be over-represented in museum col­
lections, while more common coinages will be under­
represented (e.g., the SC coinage of Antioch under
Claudius). However, because provincial coinages are
generally rare, this will be less of a problem, while it
emerged from the discussion of ‘frequency’ (pp. 55—7) that
these figures are not totally worthless, since it was shown
that there does seem to be a very general correlation
between the occurrence of such provincial coinages in
museums and their original output (as defined by obverse
dies used or by their representation in excavations).
Moreover, it would be hard to devise any other method of
making Empire-wide comparisons, short of producing die
counts for every coinage. But even if such die counts would
give a sound statistical base (which is unlikely, given the
small numbers generally involved), the task is clearly com­
pletely impracticable. The figures in the table can give some
indication of the relative output of the different cities and
areas, though we should never be tempted to use them for
any detailed calculation or argumentation. A final problem
with the table is, of course, that it takes no account of
different denominations; in addition, as these tended to
increase in size during the period, another consequence will
be to under-estimate the money represented by the later
issues.
With these qualifications, the table invites a number of
questions. First, is there any overall pattern of issue? There
does, indeed, seem to be a general tendency throughout the
Empire for coinage to be produced more abundantly and at
63. T h o u g h , if th e face valu e o f th e coinage w as sm all, th e p ro fit w o u ld be
co rresp o n d in g ly sm all.
64. N o t in c lu d in g N Y.
65. See p p . 5 5 -7 an d , e.g., A. J o h n sto n , R N 1984, pp. 240 -5 4 , for discussions o f
th e m eth o d o lo g ical problem s.

Province/area No. of cities/Trequency’ total

Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Gai- Vit

Spain64 29-30/1847 25/1436 8/187 l/l - -

Italy ? 1/82 - - - -
Sicily 7/100 2/43 - - - -
Africa (prov.) 15/290 8/354 - - - -
M auretania 5/22 1/2 - - - -
Cyrenaica 1/76 1/26 - - - -
Crete 3/169 3/46 6/114 3/153 3 /1°3 -
Achaea
Corinth 1/161 I/22I 1/116 1/83 1/352 l/l I I
rest 12/337 6/135 - 4/75 10/239 3/52
M acedonia 9/34° 5/233 2/54 6/224 1/10 -
Bithynia 7/92 4/22 3/39 7/1II 7/69 -
Asia (by conventus)
Cyzicus 1/43 i/o - 1/10 I/I2 -
Adramyteum 10/195 5/23 4/29 3/32 6/26 2/14
Pergamum 3/155 2/80 2/19 3/69 7/64 -
Smyrna 8/339 4/118 2/116 6/124 5/269 l / l 12
Ephesus 9/240 8/43 - 3/76 7T95 -
Miletus 4/48 2/23 3/24 3/19 3/49 -
Halicarnassus 2/124 - r /5 - 2/11 -
Alabanda 15/229 9/181 4/66 4/69 11/88 -
Cibyra 4/197 3^44 l/l 3/89 4/147 -
Sardis 3/48 5/181 3/2OI 4/257 8/220 -
Apamea 7/106 6/80 - - 4/229 -
Synnada 4/53 3 /4 6 1/15 4/74 6/80 1/16
Philomelium l/l 1/14 - i / 17 - -
Total (Asia) 71/1826 4 9 /9 3 3 21/476 35/836 64/1390 4/142
more cities under Augustus than under his successors.
Should we, with Crawford,66 conclude from this that ‘local
coinage nearly died in the east under Tiberius or Gaius and
did die in the west’? Or should we, rather, ask why coinage
seems so plentiful in the reign of Augustus, especially in
areas like Africa and Macedonia where very little or no
coinage had been produced for the previous century. An
obvious point to make, of course, is that the reign of
Augustus was twice as long as that of Tiberius, and that this
would inevitably lead to a picture of less coinage for
Tiberius, just as it does dramatically in the case of a short
reign like that of Caligula. Moreover, the specific evidence
given by Crawford for the decline of eastern coinage is
partial (only some cities, only Greece) and inaccurate
(Sparta, Patras, Thessalonica). Furthermore, the relative
uniformity of the scale of issue under Tiberius, Caligula,
Claudius and Nero seems to support the view that
Augustus’s reign was exceptional, and that it can be at least
partly explained by its enormous length.
The ending o f city coinage in the west
The other principal conclusion shown by the table is, of
course, the contrast between the cessation of city coinage in
the west and its continuation in the east (for over two cen­
turies until the mid-third century). This question is usually
examined in the context of Spanish coinage alone, but it can
be seen that the picture in Spain is really only part of a
much more general trend. It may be true that we shall
probably never know exactly why local coinage ceased in
the west, but it is important to try to identify whether the
reasons are likely to have been economic or political.
First of all, we would stress that the cessation of local
coinage is a phenomenon of the western Empire alone; to
seek its ending in a context of a general decline of civic
coinage throughout the Empire seems, as already discussed,
misleading.
Secondly, it is clear that city coinages did not stop
abruptly, but rather that they gradually dried up over a
period of some twenty-five years. This can be seen from the
decline in the number of cities producing coinage:
Augustus Tiberius Caligula
Spain 29 or 30 25 8 I
Italy I? I -
Sicily 7 i or 2
Africa 8 -
r5
M auretania 5 2 - -
When we examine the detailed chronology of the ending of
western bronze we find a similar picture. Spanish coinage
continued until the issue of Ebusus for Claudius (482). In
Gaul, the coinage of Nemausus ceased at the end of
Augustus’s reign and that of Lugdunum only just continued
for a short period under Tiberius; only one civic issue was
made in Gaul under Tiberius (537—8) and this, too, seems
to have been the period of the final demise of the production
of local Celtic issues. The cessation of Paestan coinage
under Tiberius is not easy to date. There are five or six
colleges of duoviri: we might guess that the coinage ends
c. 25. In Africa, we can date the coinages rather better (see
66. M .H . C raw ford, C M R R , p. 271.
below, p. 20), and can establish that nothing was produced
after 30. In Sicily, only Panormus (and perhaps one
uncertain mint) minted after Augustus. There are two
issues from Panormus; though not datable, we might again
assume that the coinage ceased in about 25.
Though the pictures from Spain and Africa might be
compatible, in view of the short period in question (ten
years from a d 30) and the relative numbers of cities minting
(under Augustus, twenty-nine or thirty in Spain, but only
fourteen in Africa), it is nevertheless clear that coinage
stopped substantially earlier in Sicily and Gaul.
This gradual nature of its cessation is sufficient to show
that the ending of coinage was not the result of a direct
instruction from the Roman authorities. If so, the end of the
coinage would surely have been sudden, as was the case
with Achaea under Vespasian. The abrupt way in which
the coinages of Corinth, in particular, or Patras stop after
Galba suggests that Vespasian’s removal of Nero’s grant of
freedom to Greece resulted in the loss of ‘coining rights’,
inasmuch as coinage ceased, only to resume under
Domitian by the PERM IM P (Corinth) or as MONETA
INPETRATA INDVLGENTIA AVG (Patras). Another
clear example is the abrupt cessation of Asian cistophori in
67 B C , when Pompey was granted his enormous commands
throughout the Mediterranean. In a similar way, the native
coinage of Britain, Mauretania and Thrace (and perhaps
Lycia) was brought to a stop by the conquest and annex­
ations of Caligula and Claudius.
If direct political intervention seems unlikely, an econ­
omic explanation might seem more plausible. Such an econ­
omic explanation might take different forms. It has, for
instance, been thought in the case of Spain that ‘the
removal of revenues from a number of cities by Tiberius
almost killed off local coinage’.67 Yet it has already been
argued that the phenomenon was confined to the western
Empire whereas the changes Suetonius says Tiberius made
(Tib. 49) affected Spain, Gaul, Syria and Greece: hardly a
good correlation with the areas in which coinage ceased.
Moreover, the apparently small total face value of all prov­
incial coinage (see above) suggests that it could hardly have
been a major drain on civic resources and expenditure; a
fortiori, if it is correct to think that civic coinage was a source
of profit.
Claudius
Indeed, in the one area where we might have expected a
diminution in local coinage, the cities of Asia around Sardis
- which were devastated by the earthquake of a d i 7, we find
-
-
little change. In this area, although there are clear traces of
the earthquake both in the typology and the lighter
metrology of the cities affected (see p. 375), the number of
cities producing coins and quantity of coins minted does not
seem to have been significantly reduced.68
A final argument against an economic explanation for the
end of western city coinage is the abundance of imitations of
Claudian bronzes, found throughout the western Empire,
especially in Britain, Gaul and Spain, and perhaps also
Africa. These coins present us with a dilemma. On the one
hand, it is sometimes suggested that these imitations were
67. M .H . C raw fo rd , C M R R , p. 272; G ra n t, F I T A , p. 203 n o te 13.
68. O n e sh o u ld n o t, p e rh a p s, press this arg u m e n t, since, o f course, th e relief
w hich w as given for th e effects o f the e a rth q u a k e m ig h t, in fact, ac tu ally
stim u late coinage: A. Jo h n sto n , in T . V . B u ttre y et al., Greek, Rom an and Islam ic
Coins fr o m Sardis, p. 84 on no. 270.

made in the same places as had made the earlier Celtic or
Spanish bronze coinage:69 if this is correct, then the change
from local to ‘Roman’ types must have had a political
rather than an economic origin. But if, on the other hand,
the imitations were privately made, then it must have been
economic to produce them; and if they were an economic
proposition, so was civic coinage. Thus, either way, the
Claudian imitations suggest that the civic coinage of the
west did not end for economic reasons.
We seem, then, to be forced back to thinking in terms of a
political motive, but one which did not bring a sudden end
to the coinage. A possible model explanation could be
reconstructed, partially on the basis of the discussion of
authority (Chapter i ). If we take seriously the mentions of
the asking for and granting of permission for coinage, we
should also take seriously the possibility that such permis­
sion might be refused (as it might be for a provincial tem­
ple), or perhaps rather that the very requesting of
permission was discouraged. Such refusals or discourage­
ments, whatever their rationale, would not necessarily have
been universal or have had an immediate effect. One might
perhaps recall the way in which, under Augustus, the
prominent self-representation of senators gradually dried
up.70 In the case of prominent Romans it became inap­
propriate to put forward one’s own position rather than that
of the emperor. A similar sort of motive could have operated
on a civic level and caused the ending of the western
coinage. Why it should have happened when it did or why it
should have taken so long to take effect, however, remain
elusive, though it took place in an atmosphere of political
interference with the coinage (the demonetisation of Cali­
gula’s bronze: Dio 60.22.3) ar|d of the removal of other local
coinages. The ending of British coinage after the Roman
conquest may perhaps occasion no surprise, but the ending
of coinage in Mauretania or Lycia would not seem to be a
necessary or natural consequence of the suppression of the
Mauretanian kingdom and Lycian League. We might con­
sider the possibility that the changes took place only in the
west because bronze from the mint of Rome circulated only
in the west; perhaps it was thought to diminish the
emperor’s prestige if all the coinage did not follow the pat­
tern of his coinage from Rome, just as, in an extreme
instance, the circulation of coins of Caligula could be found
offensive. Thus when the mint at Lugdunum re-opened
again under Nero, its products were copies of Rome.
On this line of thinking the cessation of local coinage in
the west can be seen as a ‘political’ phenomenon. Civic
prestige, in the context of coinage, would have become
transformed by the citizens themselves into imperial
prestige, and that prestige would have outweighed profit.
Regional survey of bronze issues
Spain
The bronze currency of Republican Spain had consisted of
a mixture of Spanish and Roman Republican bronzes.71 In
69. D . N ash , op. cit. (n. 4), p. 26; R. K enyon, in N . C ru m m y , Colchester
Archaeological Report 4 (1987), p p . 24-6.
70. W . E ck, in F. M illa r a n d E. S egal, Caesar A ugustus. Seven Aspects , p p . 129-60.
71. P. P. R ipollès, C M T M , pp. 331-512.
P roduction and circulation o f coinage ig
the war between Caesar and Pompey bronzes with essen­
tially traditional Roman designs (Janus/prow) were produ­
ced in Spain, and similar pieces were also made under
Sextus Pompey, though most of his coinage was produced
in Sicily (485-6, 671).
Under the Empire, coinage was made in two principal
areas: in the north along the Ebro valley, and in the south in
Baetica (under Augustus), with a few issues in southern
Lusitania. The principle coinages in the north were from
Caesaraugusta, Calagurris, Emporiae, Lepida/Celsa, Tar­
raco, Bilbilis and Turiaso. The coins were produced in all
denominations, from the semis up to the sestertius, accord­
ing to various differing denominational patterns (see p. 64).
The most popular denomination was the as, though smaller
and larger denominations were also produced, for instance
at Gades, which issued only dupondii, tresses (?) and
sestertii.
In addition to the regular city coinage, there were two
other coinages which seem clearly to have been produced
by the Roman authorities. One is the coinage of orichalcum
dupondii and copper asses made at Emerita by the legate
Carisius in c. 23 b c (RIC 11-25; not included in this cata­
logue). The other was made at about the same time, or
perhaps slightly earlier at one (or two) mint(s) in north­
western Spain (1-4), possibly in connection with the Can­
tabrian Wars.
Substantial issues of coinage were produced under
Augustus and Tiberius. Only eight cities, however, produ­
ced coinage for Caligula;72 under Claudius a single mint
made coins, the island of Ebusus (482). Thereafter the
coinage of Spain consisted of Roman coins. The Pobla de
Mafumet hoard demonstrates that Claudian coins were
directly supplied to Spain from Rome, since it contained
die-linked sestertii and dupondii still in the rolls in which
they had been sent out by the mint.73 This supply of coinage
from Rome was supplemented by locally produced
imitations of Claudian coins, as elsewhere in the western
Empire. Such imitations probably came to an end with the
opening of Nero’s mint at Lugdunum, which became the
principal supplier of base metal coinage to Spain.74 In the
civil wars of 68-9, it seems that base metal coinage was also
produced in Spain under Vitellius.75
Gaul
Most of the Celtic bronze coinages from Gaul have not been
included in this catalogue, though they continued to be
produced at least down to the reign of Augustus, if not
Tiberius.76 They continued in circulation until the Flavian
period. They were accompanied by more Romanised issues;
in the thirties b c a number of such issues were produced by
Octavian at Lugdunum, Vienna and Narbonne. Similar
issues were made at Nemausus and Arausio (?); of these
72. M o stly in the n o rth : A cci, C a rth a g o N ova, E rcav ica, B ilbilis, C ae sa ra u g u sta,
O sca, S egobriga a n d E b u su s.
73. M . C am p o , J .-C . R ic h a rd a n d H .-M . von K aen el, E l Tesoro de L a Pobla de
M a fu m et (1981).
74. C f. G . B oon, in ed. J . C asey a n d R. R eece, Coins and the Archaeologist , pp.
102-6.
75- r u e 3 9-46.
76. N ash , op. cit. (n. 69), p. 23. C raw fo rd , C M R R , p. 216.
only the coinage of the colony of Nemausus continued, until
the end of the reign of Augustus.
Though overtly the civic coinage of a colony, the enor­
mous output of Nemausus leaves little doubt that it was
manipulated by the Romans for their own ends, and so was
rightly categorised by Grant as one of the Six Main Aes
Coinages of Augustus. The coinage of Lugdunum from c. 10-7
BC to early in the reign of Tiberius77 is another instance,
though this is usually regarded as a ‘state’ rather than a
civic coinage, mainly because of the gold and silver mint
which was also operating at Lugdunum. Yet in form it is
just like the coinage of Nemausus. The altar and legend
ROM ET AVG indicate its civic origins in the same way as
the crocodile and palm tree with COL NEM did at
Nemausus. The absence of an ethnic is not particularly
signihcant, any more than it was for the similar earlier
coinages of Narbonne and Arausio. The two coinages of
Nemausus and Lugdunum provided the principal source of
new bronze coinage for Gaul under Augustus, but they
ceased either at the end of the reign (Nemausus) or shortly
after (Lugdunum). Bronze for Gaul was subsequently sup­
plied from Rome under Tiberius, Caligula and Claudius,
until the opening of Nero’s new ‘Roman style’ mint at
Lugdunum.
The same sources accounted for the bronzes arriving in
Britain under Claudius and Nero; in both areas, as is well
known, the currency was greatly augmented by the large
number of contemporary imitations produced, especially of
coins of Claudius. 8 The legal basis (or otherwise) of these
imitations has been mentioned above (pp. 18-19).
Italy and Sicily
In Italy, since the Hannibalic War, the bronze currency
had been almost exclusively provided by the mint of Rome.
Even in the late Republican civil wars, only a few additional
issues were made, most notably the large DIVOS IVLIVS
issue from an uncertain mint in c. 38 b c . There had been
little civic coinage in Italy during the second century b c ,
and less still in the first century b c : perhaps only at Velia
and Paestum.79 Only the coinage of Paestum continued into
the imperial period; there are some issues probably from the
reign of Augustus, and a substantial coinage of semisses
under Tiberius. This cannot be dated more closely, but
seems to have continued well into the reign. Even so,
Paestan coinage formed only a tiny percentage of the coins
circulating in Italy, the rest of which came from Rome. As
elsewhere in the western Empire, imitations were also pro­
duced, at least under Claudius, though on a smaller scale
than outside Italy.
In Sicily, a certain amount of coinage had been made by
the cities during the civil wars, though these were on a tiny
scale compared with the huge issue of bronze made by
Sextus Pompey (671). Under Augustus, the largest coinages
77. J . B. G ia rd , L e M onnayage de l ’Atelier de Lyon , pp. 47, V ; n o t in cluded in this
catalogue.
78. B oon, op. c i t K enyon, op. cit. (n. 69), D . R. W alker, in B. C unliffe, The Temple
o f Suits M inerva at B a th , p. 285.
79. Μ . H . C raw ford, C M R R , p. 71.
were made at Agrigentum and, especially, Panormus.
Panormus continued to produce coinage into the reign of
Tiberius, striking two ‘issues’ in his reign. A further,
unsigned, issue may also be Tiberian (670), though it has
been suggested that it, too, was made at Panormus. At any
rate, no more than two cities produced coinage after the
reign of Augustus. The coins of laiton, sometimes assigned
to the reign of Tiberius (646—7) were surely earlier. It is
clear, therefore, that in Sicily coinage ended well before its
cessation in Spain.
The local coinage of Sicily consisted mostly of asses and
semisses, if their denominations have been correctly identi­
fied (see pp. 34, 165). These were supplemented by Roman
sestertii and dupondii from Rome, some of which were
countermarked, presumably to validate their issue by the
cities. This may not, however, be the full story, as it seems
that some of these dupondii, at any rate, may have been
imitations (see p. 165) produced, presumably, in Sicily.
Africa
In Africa there had been little civic coinage before the reign
of Augustus, but in his reign some fourteen cities produced
coinage, and eight of these continued under Tiberius. The
two biggest African coinages were both struck under
Tiberius, at Utica and Oea. Otherwise, large coinages were
made, under Augustus, at Carthage, Hadrumetum,
Sabratha, Oea and Lepcis Magna; and, under Tiberius, at
Carthage, ‘Paterna’ and Lepcis Magna.
T h e m o s t a b u n d a n tly p r o d u c e d d e n o m in a tio n w a s th e
as, th o u g h s m a lle r a n d la r g e r d e n o m in a tio n s w e re a lso p r o ­
d u c e d , in c lu d in g th e r e m a r k a b le d o u b le -s e s te rtiu s fro m
H a d r u m e tu m (7 7 7 ). T h e o n ly s im ila r p r o v in c ia l c o in s w e re
p r o d u c e d a t G a d e s (7 7 -9 7 ) , w h ic h p e r h a p s sy m b o lise th e
s im ila ritie s b e tw e e n th e c o in a g e s o f A fric a a n d S p a in , w h ic h
a r e v e ry a lik e a s r e g a rd s th e ir d e n o m in a tio n s , m e ta ls , size
a n d w e ig h t.
The ending of coinage in Africa has been discussed above
in the context of cessation of local coinage in the western
Empire. Here it can be observed that the African coinage
continued throughout most of Tiberius’s reign, though
there is no coinage datable after 30. The large issues of
Utica, Oea and Lepcis, however, show that there was a very
substantial amount of coinage produced down to that date,
if from a reduced number of cities.
T iberian coinage in Africa
City Latest issue
H ippo 20/1
U tica 30
Carthage c. 20
‘P aterna’ 23
T hapsus c. 20
Sabratha ? (two pairs of magistrates)
O ea a large coinage, all later than 22/3
Lepcis 21/30
Tingi 23/9
It is not necessarily clear from this table that African
coinage ceased before that of Spain. Though there are no

issues of Caligula (or Claudius: the alleged issue from
Hippo has been re-attributed to Sinope: 2135), this may
just be because there were fewer mints operating in Africa
than in Spain.
After the cessation of local coinage, bronze was supplied
from Rome. As elsewhere in the western Empire, it seems
that imitations circulated under Claudius.80
Cyrenaica
The local coinage of Cyrenaica seems to have been produ­
ced by the Roman authorities rather than the cities. The
coinage does not make much reference to the cities (and
none at all under Augustus and Tiberius), but rather
prominently displays the name of the Roman governor.
Most imperial Cyrenaican coinage was minted under
Augustus. There was in addition a single issue under
Tiberius, in c. a d 23. Thus coinage ended in Cyrenaica at
much the same time as in the western Empire (though it
was briefly revived by Trajan).
Crete
In Crete, city coinage was effectively confined to that of the
colony of Cnossus, which minted regularly throughout the
period. Otherwise, there is only an ephemeral issue from
Lappa and a reasonably plentiful coinage from Cydonia
under Augustus and Tiberius. In addition, there were
bronze (as well as silver) issues made federally. At first,
under Caligula, this was organised, like the silver, so that
the same types were struck at a number of different mints
(Gortyn, Hierapytna, Lato, Lyttos and Polyrhenium). The
style of these issues is very similar, and it may be that the
dies were engraved centrally; striking, however, seems to
have been localised, since, e.g., the flans of the coins of
Polyrhenium are very different from the others. Like the
silver, the production of bronze was subsequently
centralised under Claudius into a single issue, presumably
minted at Gortyn, and all reference to the cities was
dropped.
Achaea
A number of different Achaean cities minted bronze coins in
the first century b c . According to J. Warren,81 the following
Peloponnesian mints struck coins between 146 and c. 27 b c :
Aegira, Aegium, Dyme, Patras, Sicyon, Corinth, Elis,
Cephallenia?, Zacynthus, Ithaca, Cythera, Messene?,
Sparta, Argos ?, Epidaurus ?, Megalopolis ?, Pheneus and
Tegea. Of these, only the coinage of Corinth (after its re­
foundation as a Roman colony in 44 b c ) was large. Further
north a similar picture obtains, with coins probably struck
at a number of cities (e.g., 1338, of Opus), but only that of
80. T h is rem ark is b ased on tw o specim ens seen in tra d e from Africa.
81. N C 1984, p. 21.
Production and circulation of coinage 21
Athens was on a large scale. Even its circulation, however,
was restricted to. Attica and Athens itself.82
Achaea seems to have included two mints of Antony’s
‘fleet’ coinage (the other was in Syria, or perhaps Cyprus).
These coins perhaps represent an early or partial example
of an attempt to impose a uniform coinage throughout the
Empire.
In the early imperial period, three coinages that were
presumably produced in large quantities stand out: Cor­
inth, Patras and the Thessalian League. The coinages of
Patras and the Thessalian League, however, were produced
intermittently and on a much smaller scale than the large
coinage of Corinth, for which more than 2500 clear speci­
mens survive from the period covered in this catalogue,
struck from an observed total of 406 obverse dies (and a
calculated total of 451, with a 90% confidence range).83 Yet
even the coinage of Corinth was not continuously produced
(only three pairs of duoviri minted in Tiberius’s reign), and
its total output is not of very great economic significance
(see above, p. 16). Most of the other civic coinages produ­
ced in Achaea are very rare, and were produced in only
small numbers at irregular intervals.
Nero’s visit to Greece prompted several Achaean cities
(Patras, Corinth, Sicyon, Nicopolis, Phoenice and, perhaps,
the Thessalian League) to produce coinage referring to his
visit and his proclamation of the freedom of Greece. His
death, a year later, had an equally clear effect. Some
attempt was made to erase his name from the coins of
Patras. Galba, and perhaps Otho, appear on the suddenly
revived coinages of Thebes and Opus (Locri). The
uncertainties of 68-9 can be seen most clearly at Corinth,
where the coinage of Galba is at first accompanied by one
for the Senate and one for Roma (ROMAE ET
IMPERIO); subsequently all types were dropped in favour
of the safe NEPTVNO. The same explanation can perhaps
be given for the heavy representation of ‘pseudo-auto­
nomous’ types at Thebes or of Eirene on the coinage of the
Thessalian League. The most dramatic effect on the
coinage of Achaea, however, took place at the very end of
the period covered by this catalogue. It is noticeable that
there is not a single city coinage from Achaea struck for
Vespasian. Some reasonably regular coinages stop with
Nero or Galba, notably those of Patras, the Thessalian
League and Corinth. In the case of Corinth the way the
coinage stopped dead after the Neptune issue strongly sug­
gests political rather than economic interference, and it
seems likely that the removal of the freedom which Nero
had granted to the Greeks had, as one of its consequences,
the cessation of coinage there. Some confirmation of this
can be seen at Corinth, when coinage resumed under
Domitian with the formulae PERM IMP, or at Patras, with
Moneta inpetrata indulgentiae Aug.&i
During the period the most commonly produced denomi­
nation seems to have been the as,85 though larger pieces
were produced from time to time (e.g., Nicopolis 1363), and
82. A. W alk er, A Chronological Study o f the Greek Im perial Coinage o f A thens
(U n iv ersity o f P en n sy lv an ia d isserta tio n , 1980), p p . 135fr., 145.
83. See n ote 51.
84. B. E. Levy, in M élanges Bastien, ed. H . H u v elin , M . C h risto l a n d G . G au tier,
p p . 39-4 9 , especially 4 2 -3 .
85. I f th e re co n stru c tio n o f d en o m in atio n s in C h a p te r 3 is correct.
the production of larger coins by the Thessalian League
under Nero illustrates the shift to larger denominations
detectable elsewhere at the end of the Julio-Claudian period
(see p. 37). For connections with the coinage of Macedonia,
see below.
Macedonia
Very little bronze coinage was produced in Macedonia
between the formation of the Roman province and the reign
of Augustus. A certain amount of coinage was produced in
the period of the civil wars: issues can definitely be identi­
fied at Philippi, Thessalonica, Cassandrea, Cassan-
drea/Pella and Pella. Some of these were produced on a
large scale, to judge from their survival today. Several com­
munities produced coinage under Augustus (Apollonia,
Philippi, Thessalonica, Edessa, Amphipolis, Pella and
Dium): a few for Tiberius (Thessalonica, Edessa,
Amphipolis and Dium) and Caligula (Thessalonica and
Amphipolis), and most of those communities (except
Edessa) which produced any coinage during this period
also coined for Claudius and Nero.
The largest coinages were those from Thessalonica and
Amphipolis, and, if the ‘colonists’ type has been correctly
attributed to Philippi (1656-61), then it, too, was one of the
largest coinages in the region. The semisses that were
definitely minted at Philippi (1651) seem also to be one of
the most abundant provincial coinages to survive from the
period.
There is no obvious specific occasion or reason for most of
these issues, although we may suspect that some of the
Neronian ones were connected with his visit to Greece: at
any rate this seems to be the likely interpretation of the
radiate crown used at Cassandrea or the figure of Apollo
playing the lyre at Thessalonica. Finally, there is a single
issue for Vitellius, by the Macedonian Koinon, minted
probably at Thessalonica.
As elsewhere in the Empire, larger denominations began
to appear towards the end of the period (e.g., Thessalonica,
Macedonian Koinon). The as and the semis seem, however,
the most commonly produced denominations.86
There are a number of links between the coinages of
Achaea and Macedonia. These links can be seen most
clearly in the denominations (see Chapter 3), and particu­
larly in the fabric of some of the coins. These are the only
areas where copper coins the size of Roman asses are found,
at Patras, Sparta and Nicopolis in Achaea and at Thes­
salonica and Philippi in Macedonia. Macedonia and
Achaea, too, seem to be linked by the way in which their
coinages reflect the visit of Nero to Greece in 66/7. This was
the first time that a historical event had such a systematic
effect on the civic bronze coinage of the Empire; while this is
remarkable enough in Achaea, it is even more surprising in
Macedonia, though the echoes of the visit are, of course,
fainter there.
86. See n o te 85.
Thrace and Moesia
The coinage produced in the northern Balkans is very dif­
ferent from those of Achaea or Macedonia. Though the
coinage produced by the cities in these provinces was not
extensive, it is something of a mixture of shapes, sizes and
metals, making generalisation difficult. In general,
however, the coinage looks eastwards to Asia Minor; this is
not surprising in view of the location of some Thracian
cities on the coast directly opposite Asia (e.g., Byzantium-
Calchedon, and Sestos-Abydos) but can also be seen, e.g.,
in the use of orichalcum at Tomi and Perinthus, or the
Bithynian denominational system used at Perinthus.
A large regal coinage was also produced by some of the
Thracian kings until the annexation of their kingdom in 46.
Roman coins also played an important role in both Moesia
and Thrace. In the case of Moesia, Roman coins accounted
for virtually all the coinage in circulation, as the few civic
issues are either hardly attested or very rare. In Thrace, it
seems that ‘Roman’ coins circulated and were even also
produced there, though only in small quantities, as at
Perinthus under Nero (1758-62), and possibly elsewhere in
Thrace at the end of Claudius’s reign (see p. 311). These
coinages may well be the Thracian predecessors of the
Flavian Roman-style coinage of Bithynia (or Thrace?).87
Bithynia and Pontus
Only a relatively small quantity of coinage was produced in
the province of Bithynia and Pontus, and it effectively falls
into two halves, corresponding to the two parts of the prov­
ince. The principal mints in Bithynia were Nicaea and
Nicomedia, though even their output was not large. Their
coins are very like those of Perinthus in Thrace, as already
noted, and are marked by a clear uniformity of style, both in
the style of engraving and in the content of the coins, which
have very full obverse legends, a wide representation of
members of the imperial family, and reverse legends refer­
ring to proconsuls. In addition, the metallic composition of
the coins is very similar, most of them being made of
orichalcum, at least for Claudius and Nero. The influence of
Roman denominations is very strong, as the sestertius
seems to have been the principal denomination under
Claudius and Nero, though the denominational system
seems to have been different from the one in use at Rome
(see p. 338). There are, of course, exceptions to the uniform
appearance of the coinage in the province, such as the
coinage of Calchedon, whose links lay with Thrace and
especially Byzantium. Nevertheless, the cohesion of
Bithynian coinage is neatly demonstrated by the need to
rely on the form of the legends or countermarks for the
attribution of coins lacking an ethnic to particular cities.
The proconsul’s name appears in the nominative at Nicaea
and in the genitive with ΕΠΙ at Nicomedia; this can
sometimes help with attributions (e.g., 2075). Indeed, ifit is
correct to attribute 2060-1 to Nicaea and 2084 to
87. See H .A . C a h n , I N J 1984-5, pp. 14-26.

Nicomedia (the two principal mints of the area), it is salu­
tary to remember that they were previously regarded as the
products of a single mint.
The coinage of the Pontic part of the province is for the
most part small: only Amisus and, particularly, Sinope pro­
duced coinage on any scale. Even at Sinope, however, the
actual quantity of coinage produced is quite small: although
a large number of different varieties were made, most are
known from only two-three specimens. The influence of
Roman denominations is apparent, however, as in
Bithynia, with the production of large sestertius-sized coins
at Amisus and Sinope. As such coins appear as early as
Tiberius’s reign, and are made from bronze rather than
brass, it looks as if they are the result of direct Roman
influence (e.g., the CA coinage of Asia) rather than the
result of the influence of Bithynian practice.
Asia
In Asia, there were two coinages made by the Roman
authorities. One was the silver cistophori (see above), and
the other was the enigmatic bronze CA coinage, produced
in the twenties b c . Its puzzle is twofold: what do the letters
CA mean and why was it produced? The significance of the
letters is discussed elsewhere (see p. 380). The reason for its
issue is not easy to understand. It was produced on a large
scale and is well represented in finds throughout the prov­
ince, and indeed in Syria; it was produced on a new
denominational system, which foreshadowed that intro­
duced in the west by several years. Was it a coinage produ­
ced, like the Augustan cistophori, in connection with
preparations for the later Roman campaign against
Armenia?88 Was it an attempt to impose a uniform coinage
over the east, or at least Asia? In our view, the second
alternative seems more likely, though this is far from
certain.
It is very hard to make generalisations about the city
coinage produced in the province of Asia; it was minted on
a large scale for such a relatively small area (over 1000
varieties from over 100 cities). The largest coinage, to judge
from the coins that survive today, was that of Smyrna; the
other cities with the largest outputs were Pergamum,
Ephesus, Hierapolis, Laodicea, Aezani and Rhodes. Other
large coinages were produced at Ilium, Magnesia-ad-
Sipylum, Tralles and Aphrodisias. In some areas coinage
was on a very small scale, such as in the northwest of the
province: in the conventus of Adramyteum and Cyzicus,
very little coinage was produced, and only the cities of
Cyzicus and Ilium produced substantial issues. The
greatest bulk of the coinage naturally came from the same
areas where the principal mints and the other most
numerous mints were located: the middle coastal areas,
from Pergamum to Ephesus, and the upper Maeander
valley.
The coinage was very varied, though some geographical
patterns can be seen, especially in two areas. The first is the
northwest (the conventus of Adramyteum and Cyzicus, or
88. N C 1982, pp- i ff., M . H . C raw ford, C M R R , p. 266.
P roduction an d circulation o f coinage 23
T r o a s a n d p a r t o f M y s ia ). H e r e , a s n o te d , c o in a g e w as o n a
fa irly sm a ll sc a le , a n d c o m p ris e d , g e n e ra lly sp e a k in g , co in s
o f a v e ry sm a ll size a n d o fte n r a t h e r c r u d e ly e n g ra v e d
( th o u g h th e re a r e e x c e p tio n s: I liu m p r o d u c e d la rg e co in s
fro m th e re ig n o f C a lig u la , w h ile th e co in s o f L a m p s a c u s
a n d C y z ic u s h a v e a b e t te r sty le ). T h e s e c o n d a r e a is th e
s o u th w e s t, th e s o u th w e s t p a r t o f C a r i a o r th e w e s te rn p a r t
o f th e c o n v e n tu s o f A la b a n d a , w h e r e a n u m b e r o f v e ry
r o u g h ly p r o d u c e d a n d c ru d e ly e n g ra v e d co in s w e re p r o d u ­
ced . I t is a lso h a r d to see h o w th e s e la t t e r iss u e s fit in to th e
d e n o m in a tio n a l p a t t e r n d e te c te d e lse w h e re (see p. 3 74),
a n d th e o v e rw h e lm in g im p r e s s io n is t h a t th is a r e a w a s a
b a c k w a te r c u t o ff fro m d e v e lo p m e n ts in th e r e s t o f A sia . I n
a d d itio n to th e s e tw o a r e a s , th e r e a r e a lso so m e in d iv id u a l
citie s w h o se c o in a g e s ta n d s o u t s u i gen eris', th e b iz a r re
c o in a g e o f C ib y ra , th o u g h th is is p e r h a p s n o t so s u r p ris in g
a s (e v e n i f it w a s in th e p ro v in c e o f A sia ) it w a s g e o g r a p h i­
c a lly v e ry is o la te d a n d its c r u d e c o in a g e h a s m o re affin ities
w ith t h a t o f th e n e ig h b o u rin g c itie s o f n o r th e r n L y c ia ; th e
c o in a g e o f M y tile n e w h ic h h a s lin k s w ith th e c o in a g e o f
B ith y n ia , e s p e c ia lly in its m e tro lo g y a n d c h o ic e o f R o m a n
ty p e s; o r th e c o in a g e s o f C h io s a n d R h o d e s , e a c h v e ry m u c h
u n lik e th e ty p ic a l c o n te m p o r a r y c o in a g e s o f A sia .
Elsewhere there seems to be a consistent pattern to the
coinage, both in terms of metrology and denominations (see
p. 35) and also in the general appearance of the coins. Brief
(sometimes too brief) inscriptions identify the plain portrait
on the obverse which is bare-headed or laureate, and only
occasionally has any accoutrements. On the reverse a leng­
thy inscription refers to the city and usually a magistrate;
sometimes this or the ethnic is omitted from smaller
denominations, presumably for lack of space: e.g., Aegae,
Apamea. The reverse design was generally drawn from the
traditional repertory of the city or had some other local
reference. Asia, too, shows a clear preference to use the
different members of the imperial family on the obverse to
denote denominations; this is perhaps most obvious with
Agrippina I I and Claudius or Nero. Hence a large number
of members of the imperial family appear on the coinage in
Asia.
T h e g r e a te s t c o n c e n tra tio n o f c o in a g e e m a n a te d fro m
s o u th - c e n tr a l A sia , r o u g h ly th e a r e a o f th e u p p e r M a e a n d e r
a n d th e H e r m u s a n d C a y s te r v a lle y s , a n d it w a s p re c ise ly
th is a r e a t h a t w a s d e v a s ta te d b y th e e a r th q u a k e o f a d 1 7 ;
th is is o n e o f th e few e v e n ts to h a v e h a d a n o tic e a b le effect
o n th e c o in a g e o f th e a r e a . M a n y o f th e c itie s re fe r d ire c tly
o r in d ir e c tly (b y th e c h a n g e o f n a m e ) to th is e a r th q u a k e ,
a n d th e r e is a c le a r te n d e n c y fo r th e w e ig h t o f th e ir c o in a g e s
to b e r e d u c e d in its im m e d ia te a f te r m a th , p e r h a p s a sig n o f
e c o n o m ic d ifficu lties.
Lycia and Pamphylia
City coinage from the province of Lycia and Pamphylia was
very restricted, confined to a few cities in northern Lycia
and a handful along the Pamphylian coast. The number of
different issues struck is very small, and all are known today
from very few specimens.
 These city coinages are surprisingly different from that
produced by the Lycian League, both during its period of
independence and after the loss of its freedom under
Claudius. In addition to the League’s traditional type of
coinage, it produced a remarkable series of silver drachms
and large bronzes with the emperor’s portrait in the twen­
ties B C . The bronzes are fairly close copies of the CA coinage
of Asia, especially the sestertii, just as the silver drachms
look as if they were meant to be a local version of denarii. It
is tempting to think that this change and its rapid abandon­
ment may be connected with the reasons which brought
about the adoption and cessation of the CA coinage.
There was, however, a rather feeble recrudescence of the
system under Claudius when silver and large bronzes were
once again produced, feeble in the sense of greatly reduced
weight standard (the sestertii down from a Roman standard
of 25 g to only 15 g, the drachms down from 3.5 g to 2.75 g),
perhaps suggesting that Lycia may have been, at this time,
a closed currency area like Mauretania. The bronzes recall
the coins of Bithynia, both from their general appearance
and from their use of long obverse legends for the emperor.
From Claudius, no coinage was produced again in Lycia
until the reign of Gordian III.
Galatia
The huge province of Galatia defies generalisation, largely
because it was an enormous area with relatively little
coinage. In the south a certain amount of coinage was pro­
duced in Pisidia. Some of it, e.g., from Apollonia, has affi­
nities with the adjoining province of Asia, and some, e.g.,
Amasea has affinities with near-by Pontus. The coinages of
Cremna, Isinda, Ariassus and Termessus were quite similar
to each other and look just like typical Hellenistic issues.
The coins produced at Antioch in Pisidia look like Syrian
coins (weights, flan shape, thickness), as does the western
coinage of Lycaonia, struck for Antiochus IV perhaps at
Laranda, and some of the more northerly coinages from
Galatia proper, though most of these (particularly under
Nero) look north to Bithynia, in terms of size and
denomination.
Syria
The vast Roman province of Syria included many different
city coin issues. These coins are physically dissimilar from
the products of Asia, usually being larger and struck on
rather rougher flans and from dies whose standard of
engraving was much lower: but for the Syrian habit of
placing dates on their coinages, it would often have been
impossible to decide which emperor was depicted.
The principal coinage of Syria was that of Antioch. The
bronze coinage of Antioch was diverse in nature. It ranged
from small bronzes referring explicitly to the city to the
large coins with a prominent SC in a wreath as the reverse
type, and with Latin legends on the obverse. Similar coins
were also made with longer legends (in Greek) in the
wreath on the reverse. These coins seem therefore to range
from purely civic local issues to ones produced under the
Roman administration of the province, for which a military
function has been deduced from the legionary countermarks
that they bear, unlike most other Syrian coinages.
The rest of the coinage from the province falls into three
main groups. The coinage of eastern Cilicia has a character­
istic appearance. The flans were generally thinner and
wider than those of Syria, and the obverses were often
engraved in a similar localised style. These Cilician coina­
ges were produced at only a few cities along the coast or up
the river valleys which formed the principal features of the
region. All these coinages are very rare: none is known
today from more than a handful of specimens, though new
varieties are turning up more frequently for this than for
any other part of the Empire.
The bulk of the coinage from the province comes from the
second main area, of Seleucis and Phoenicia. The coins
were made principally at coastal cities, though there were
also coinages from inland (e.g., Apamea). There seems to
have been a much greater proportion of ‘pseudo-auto­
nomous’ coinage in Syria than other regions. This is clear
not just from the late date at which the imperial portrait
was adopted in Syria (p. 40), but also (e.g.) from the con­
siderations that most of the coinage of Apamea and all the
coinage of Tyre lacked the imperial portrait. ‘Pseudo-auto­
nomous’ types account, too, for a very large proportion of
the coinages of most of the other cities in the region, e.g.,
Laodicea or Sidon.
The coinage reflects the changing political circumstances
of the area. Many of the eras by which the coinages were
dated changed at the beginning of the period; Caesarian
eras are known from Antioch and Laodicea. The civil wars
find a reflection sometimes in the changing titles of the cities
(e.g., Apamea, Laodicea, Balanea) and dramatically in the
portraits of Antony which are found at Antioch, Balanea,
Aradus, Marathus, Ptolemais and Tripolis; after the
Ptolemaic kingdom of Syria was restored to Cleopatra in 37
her portrait, too, appeared at a number of cities in her new
kingdom, though these issues are all rare.
The third area of Syrian coinage concerns the Jewish
kingdom(s) in the south, for much of the period in question
formally independent of the Empire. But in addition to the
royal and tetrarchic issues, a number of other coinages were
made. One was struck by the Roman procurators, presum­
ably at Jerusalem, and there were also a number of civic
issues. Such civic issues (e.g., Gaba?) seem mostly to have
been made at times when the area was not under the auth­
ority of the Jewish rulers, and most of them fall at the end of
Nero’s reign (see p. 585). In addition, there are several
slightly unusual issues, such as those from Caesarea
Maritima and particularly Caesarea Paneas. These tend to
dwell on the imperial family and often have Latin legends.
Egypt
Bronze coinage had been revived in Egypt, after a long gap,
by Cleopatra, and her coinage of bronze 80- and 40-

drachma pieces was continued by Octavian (though he dis­
continued the silver). Bronze coinage, which was confined
to the single mint at Alexandria for the whole province,
seems to have been produced on a large scale under
Augustus. There were a number of issues, but it is difficult
to establish their chronology until, by the last decade of the
reign, the habit of adding a regnal date was adopted. This
was to become normal for all later issues. The large scale of
bronze production was not continued after Augustus’s
death; hardly any was produced in the reigns of Tiberius
and Caligula. Bronze was, however, minted on a large scale
under Claudius, and on a substantial if reduced scale under
Nero and in 68—9. For the reign of Nero, when bronze was
P roduction an d circulation o f coinage 25
only produced on a reasonably large scale in years 8 and 14,
we have the die counts made by Christiansen,89 who found
a relatively small number of reverse dies.
The reign of Nero also saw the introduction of larger
bronze denominations (see p. 37).
Throughout the period, the bronze coinage of Alexandria
was characterised by an extraordinary (for the period)
diversity of designs, quite unlike that found on the
Ptolemaic coinage. This, too, is a feature of the silver
coinage, at any rate from the reign of Claudius. The
explanation of this diversity is not clear.
89. C h ristian sen , op. cit. (n. 42), p p . 108—9.
 C H
DENOMINATIONS
The metrology of the coins included in this catalogue is
generally discussed in the relevant mint introductions, and
general surveys are provided in the introduction to each
province or region, with suggestions about the denomi­
nations used. The purpose of this chapter is to examine
what general conclusions can be drawn for the whole
Empire from this evidence; it should be read in conjunction
with the introductions to each province.
Gold
During the period covered by this catalogue only one sort of
gold coin was used in the Empire, the gold aureus of 25
denarii (an equivalence which presumably existed from the
inauguration of a regular gold coinage under Caesar),
which was current throughout all the provinces, perhaps
even including Egypt (see p. 13)· A few gold coins were also
made in client kingdoms, in Bosporus and Mauretania, but
their circulation seems to have been restricted to their own
kingdoms, and it is not clear that they necessarily had any
formal relationship with the Roman aureus (at any rate,
their weight standards seem to have differed). Pre-Roman
gold coins continued to circulate in parts of Britain after the
conquest of a d 43, but perhaps only in ‘client-kingdoms’.
For their monetary system(s) we have no information,
though assimilation to the Roman one seems a likely guess.
Silver
The position with silver was more complicated, reflecting
the greater variety of silver coins produced and circulating
throughout the Empire. With the possible exception of
Egypt, however, it seems that all imperial provincial silver
coins were or could be related to or tariffed in terms of the
Roman denarius.12This emerges from epigraphic evidence,
such as the Messene tax inscriptions or the Salutaris
inscriptions from Ephesus, and from literary and Talmudic
references, such as the use of coins in the Bible or in novels
like the Golden Ass? This is confirmed by the coins them­
selves, which sometimes have value marks such as AC IT
IB or AC IT ΚΔ (12 or 24 ‘Italian asses’: 3635-6, 3643),
sometimes circulate together with denarii3 and most of all
1. See th e discussion by C .J . H ow gego, G IC , p p . 52—3.
2. F o r th e inscriptions a n d th e B ible, see below , notes 10, 33 a n d 37. F o r the
Golden A ss, see F. M illar, J R S 1981, p p . 63-75.
3. E.g., th e Le M a n s or S heikler h o ard s, p p . 288, 550.
A P T E R 3
by their metrology. The systematic study of the relationship
between Roman and provincial silver from this point of
view was inaugurated by D. R. Walker, Metrology I, a work
which remains the starting point for all modern investiga­
tions. Walker systematically analysed the silver hneness of
many provincial silver coinages, and compared the results,
together with data about weight standards, with the coina­
ges produced at Rome (or, during much of this period,
Lugdunum). Discussions of the nature of local silver coins
and their denominations can be found in the introductions
to each province; here a summary is provided on the basis
of those discussions.
Spain
There was a single Iberian denarius issue from Osca in 39
BC (RRC 532). Iberian denarii continued to circulate, to a
small extent, until the reign of Augustus, when they disap­
peared from circulation (see p. 9). There seems no real
doubt that Iberian denarii were intended to pass in Spain as
equivalent to the Roman denarius. Roman denarii had been
made in Spain in the civil wars of the forties b c ( RRC 446-7,
468-70, 477).
Silver denarii were also produced by the legate Carisius
at Emerita in the twenties b c ( RIC 1—25); the principal
mints for Augustus’s gold and silver coinage of c. 19-16 b c
are often placed in Spain at ‘Colonia Patricia’ and
‘Caesaraugusta’ (RIC 26-49, 50—153), but this is uncertain.
Spain once more became a mint for denarii during the civil
wars of 68-9 (see RIC).
Gaul and Britain
Roman silver arrived in Gaul (even Narbonensis) only after
about 50 b c . 4 There was a preference for silver quinarii,
which is reflected in the production of such coins at a num­
ber of places in Gaul. There is no metrological information
about their hneness, but they presumably passed as
quinarii, like the more Romanised products of Lugdunum
for Antony.5 There were, in addition, smaller silver denomi­
nations (derived from the tradition of Massalia) minted at
Nemausus and Cabellio; metrologically, these would seem
to be equivalent to a quarter and an eighth of a denarius.
The ‘Spanish’ mints of Augustus, operating between 19
4. M .H . C raw fo rd , C M R R , p. 331.
5. 5 12-13: D .R . W alk er, in ed. D . M . M e tc a lf a n d W .A . O d d y , M etallurgy in
N um ism atics I, 1980, ta b le on p. 69; for th e G allic issues in g en e ra l, see, e.g.,
D . N ash , in ed. R. A. G . C arso n a n d C. M . K raay , Scripta N um m aria Romana.
E ssays presented to H . Sutherland , p. 24.

and 16 b c (see above), may, for all we know, have been in
Gaul. In addition, Lugdunum became the principal gold
and silver mint for the Empire from 15 b c until late in the
Julio-Claudian period. Its products, and the altar bronze
produced under Augustus and Tiberius, lie outside the
scope of the catalogue.
In Britain, Roman denarii entered the province after the
conquest of 43; in some areas (Norfolk and south of the
Thames) the earlier native silver continued to circulate with
them, but perhaps only in areas of ‘client-kingdoms’ (see
above on gold) and was presumably assimilated to the
Roman system.
Italy, Sardinia and Sicily
Only Roman denarii circulated, and some were made out­
side Rome during the civil wars (e.g., in Sicily, RRC 457
and 511). The Tauromenium inscriptions6 show that, from
the time of Sextus Pompey, the denarius (νόμος) was used
as a unit of account, together with the traditional units of
the (Sicilian) talent and the litra (see also, below, on
bronze).
Africa
Since the conquest of 146 b c , Punic silver had been replaced
by Roman denarii. During the Pompeian civil war, some
Roman silver was produced in Africa (RRC 458—62, 509),
and, in addition, some was minted for the same reason in
the kingdoms of Numidia and Mauretania: denarii, quinarii
and sestertii of Roman weight were struck by Juba I of
Numidia (60—46 b c ) and denarii of Roman weight by
Bogud of Mauretania (49-38 b c ) .
The re-establishment of the kingdom of Mauretania
under Juba II (25 b c - a d 23) and Ptolemaeus ( a d 20-40)
saw the production on a large scale of silver coins. Although
these coins look like denarii and were presumably intended
to pass as such, they were lighter in weight and lower in
fineness; their circulation was confined to Mauretania, and
they represented the currency of a closed currency system,
though one presumably linked to the Roman system.7
In addition, there is a surprising issue of silver from the
city of Lepcis (847), made perhaps during the middle of
Augustus’s reign. This has not been analysed, but its low
weight seems to suggest a similarity with Juba I I ’s silver,
though why this should be so is unclear.
Crete and Cyrenaica
(a) Cyrenaica. There is no good evidence for the silver cur­
rency and denominations use in Cyrenaica (though see NC
1944, p. 105 for some Republican denarii). Denarii were
made there at the end of the civil wars by Pinarius Scarpus
(RRC 546); he continued to produce coins there immedi-
6. See m o st recently G . M a n g a n a ro , in D . K noepfler, Comptes et Inventaires dans la
C ité Grecque, p p . 159-90, especially 184-7.
7. H o a rd s o f this p eriod are exclusively o f M a u re ta n ia n d en a rii; th e re a re no
m ixed h o ard s w ith R o m a n d en a rii (see I G C H 2307-9). C onversely, silver o f
J u b a I I a n d P tolem aeus is n o t found outside M a u re ta n ia , in c o n tra st w ith the
silver o f J u b a I ( C R W L R , p. 177 a n d note 48).
D enom inations 2J
ately after Actium, when, as well as denarii, aurei (one
unique specimen known) and silver quinarii were also made
(.RIC 531-5). Opinions vary as to the implication of these
issues for the prevalence or otherwise of the denarius in
Cyrenaica.8
(b) Crete. In the late Republic, the silver currency was com­
posed of a mixture of issues from Crete, Asia and Athens; in
addition ‘cistophori’ were made at Cnossus in c. 43 b c (926:
11.64 g), though it is not clear how to reconcile this piece
with the tradition of Attic weight coins in use. No denarii,
Republican or imperial, seem to be known from the island,
which seems to have become a closed currency area. In the
early Empire silver was struck under Tiberius, Caligula,
Claudius and Nero at a consistent fineness of 95% silver.
There were three denominations, called the tetradrachm,
tridrachm and drachm. They were made at the following
weights:
4-dr 3-dr dr
Tiberius 9.22 7-57 2-45
Caligula 9 -5 9 7-55 2.40
Claudius 9 -9 3 7-43 2.27
Nero (early) - - 2.30
(late) 8.46 - -
average (excluding 9.70 (18) 7 -5 1 (21) 2 -3 9 (5 3 )
late Nero
It seems that these coins were supposed to be on the Asian
cistophoric standard,9 a view which is made plausible by
the earlier production of a ‘cistophorus’ in Crete. The
weight is, however, decidedly low, since (e.g.) under
Claudius the cistophori had an average weight of 11.27g;
this is partly compensated for by the slightly higher fineness
in Crete (95% as opposed to 91-2%), but even so the
Cretan coin would have contained only about 9.2 g of silver
compared with the Asian 10.35 g. This problem has been
left unresolved; it is also unclear when a link to Roman
denominations may have occurred. The obvious occasion
would be the switch to the cistophoric standard in the
forties b c , but there is no evidence to support this, though
this was perhaps also the time when similar changes were
taking place in Asia and Greece (see below).
Achaea and Macedonia
Roman denarii had started to circulate in the region from
the first century b c , and circulated alongside or with local
silver till it ended in about 50-40 b c . Thereafter only the
denarius was used in Greece, though there was a coinage of
silver denarii, quinarii and sestertii from Apollonia; there is
no analytical evidence, but it seems clear from the size and
weight of these coins that they were indeed intended to be
equivalent to Roman denarii, quinarii and sestertii. At least
some Roman denarii were made during the civil wars (RRC
484, 496/1; see also p. 245 for issues of Antony).
Inscriptions, however, do not use the term denarius
before the first century a d ; one of the earliest is the famous
Messene inscriptions:10 the other early inscriptions to men-
8. See C h a p te r 2, p. 9 a n d n o te 35.
9. W alker, M etrology I, p p . 50-1 .
10. R e-d a ted to the p erio d o f C a lig u la -C la u d iu s b y A. G io v an n in i, Rome et la
circulation monétaire en Grèce au I le siècle avant J .- C ., p p . 115—22.
tion the denarius, from Athens, Delphi and Boeotia, are all
from the first century a d . 11 Perhaps the earliest such
inscription is the famous one from Thessaly, which not only
documents the change from local units of reckoning to
denarii but even ascribes the change to an edict (διόρθωμα)
of Augustus. This measure is generally dated to 27 b c , and
thought to be probably of more general application.12
Some (at least) reckoning in denarii must, however, go
back a little earlier, since the use of Roman units smaller
than the denarius on the bronze coinage of Corinth in the
late forties b c obviously implies the use of denarii; the same
is true of the two issues of ‘fleet’ coinage made in Greece in
the thirties.13 The evidence of the bronze coins, together
with the arrival of denarii in Greece themselves, suggests
that reckoning by the denarius gradually was adopted at
least from the Trium viral period, and that from the reign of
Augustus its use became widespread, if not universal. There
seems to be no evidence for the use of reckoning in silver
units other than the denarius under the Empire.
Thrace
The situation in Thrace is less clear, since there was a
production of silver from Byzantium, whose metrology is
rather uncertain due to the lack of specimens. The following
issues are known (diameter/average weight):
Rhoemetalces 24/5.83 (1) 18/3.46 (6)
Tiberius 31/13.43(2) 23/6.29(1)
If these coins were all struck to the same standard, then
they would seem to be tetradrachms, didrachms and
drachms on the cistophoric standard. It would not be sur­
prising to find the standard in use at Byzantium, in view of
the city’s close connections with Asia Minor. On the other
hand, the weights are rather too heavy, and hence Walker14
regarded the smallest denomination as equivalent to the
denarius rather than a cistophoric drachm (i.e., 12 asses).
One must also take into account the countermarking at
Byzantium of posthumous Lysimachi under Claudius
(1782), though it is not clear whether this implies the
survival, or the opposite, of the Attic standard at
Byzantium.
Within the Thracian kingdom, however, there are several
hoards of denarii, implying that they constituted the
principal silver denomination there.15 This might, in turn,
suggest that we should regard the Byzantine coins as
denarii, if-denarii and 2-denarii pieces, but this is just a
guess.
Bithynia and Pontus
There is no evidence for the nature of silver coinage in the
province at this date. One might perhaps assume that the
cistophori of the province of Asia also circulated in Bithynia
and Pontus. This view can be supported by the way that an
11. D . K noepfler, in ed. D . K noepfler, op. cit. (n. 6), p p . 283-4.
12. F o r b ib lio g rap h y , see K n o ep fler, op. cit., p. 284, n o te 72.
13. See below , p. 32.
14. See in tro d u c tio n to T h ra c e , p . 311.
15. See, e.g., I. Y ouroukova, Proceedings o f the 10th International N um ism atic Congress
(1986) (1990), pp. 189-99, Μ . H . C raw ford, C M R R , p p . 328-9.
Augustan bronze of Nicomedia (2062) closely copies a
cistophorus, and by the later production of ‘cistophori’ in
Bithynia under Hadrian, parallel to the Hadrianic
cistophori of Asia (compare also the Hadrianic silver from
Amisus). Later still, in the Severan period, some rare silver
was again produced in Bithynia, apparently also on the
cistophoric standard.
Asia
The Republican coinage of silver cistophori, itself a con­
tinuation of the previous Attalid coinage, was continued
under imperial times. Denarii were also produced in Asia,
under the Second Triumvirate and in 19/18 b c (p. 368).
Both types of coin seem to have circulated together during
the imperial period, and the relationship between them
seems clear on the basis of Walker’s analyses:
Fineness Av. wt. Wt. o f silver
Antony ( 3 9 b c ) 9 2 % I 1 .9 4 I 1 .0
Augustus G roup I 8 8 .5 % 1 1 .9 2 10 .5
III-V I 8 8 .5 % 1 1 .9 0 10 .5
V II 8 9 % 1 1 .9 4 1 0 .6
Claudius Issue I 9 i% I 1 .2 7 10 .3
II % 1 0 .4
9 2 1 1 .2 7
There seems no doubt, from the weights of silver and other
evidence,16 that these coins were intended to pass at 3
denarii, though it remained possible to refer to them in
terms of the local system of drachms. It is less clear when
this equivalence was introduced, as it is arguable that no
such equivalence existed in Republican times, when
cistophori alone circulated in the closed currency area orig­
inally established by the Attalids and maintained by the
Romans.17 If so, then it presumably dates from the period of
the civil wars (compare bronze, below); from this time
denarii began to circulate and, indeed, to be made in Asia.
Some small issues of local silver were also made by some
of the cities of Asia; some of these, from Chios and Rhodes,
seem to fit well with the cistophoric standard, though others
from Tabae, Stratonicea and Mylasa seem too heavy and
more like the standard of a denarius or Attic drachm. This
was also the standard of the late Hellenistic silver from
Aphrodisias. Some of these Aphrodisian coins have a sym­
bol which has been interpreted as the sign for a denarius;
this interpretation is perhaps implausible in view of the
epigraphic evidence that the sign is unknown in the east
before the second century.18
A problem is posed by the early Flavian inscription from
Cibyra (IGR 4.915) which refers to a gift of 400,000
‘Rhodian drachmae’ each worth To asses’. One would
expect the Rhodian drachma to be the same as the
cistophoric (cf. Festus 359), though then one would expect
each one to have been worth 12 asses, unless there was some
special local condition (note the specification ‘in Cibyra’)
which caused them to be valued lower. It may, alter­
natively, refer to some specifically Rhodian coin, such as the
rather light-weight silver (2744) or the large bronzes (if they
16. See in tro d u c tio n to A sia, p. 369.
17. P. K in n s, in C R W L R , p. 112.
18. See p. 466. F o r th e e p ig rap h ic evidence, see K n o ep fler, op. cit. (note 6), pp.
284- 5 .

are indeed bronze drachms: see p. 454), which might
perhaps be at a discount compared with silver drachms.
Lycia and Pamphylia
The drachms, hemidrachms and quarter drachms produ­
ced by the Lycian League under the Second Triumviral
period and Augustus’s reign were intended to pass as
denarii, quinarii and sestertii, rather like the silver of Apol­
lonia in Illyria (province of Macedonia). The position of the
rather lighter and baser Glaudian silver of the League is,
however, puzzling (see p. 523). Elsewhere in the province, it
seems that denarii circulated; at least their designs are
imitated on the bronze coinage of Balbura and Attalea.
Galatia
There seems to be no good evidence for the nature of silver
circulation or denominations in Galatia. One find of
denarii, and indeed cistophori, has been reported from
Pisidia;19 one might expect the use of Caesarean silver as
well, given the proximity of Cappadocia. The Tiberian
transport edict from Pisidia20 uses asses in both its Latin
and its Greek versions, thereby implying reckoning in
denarii.
Cappadocia
The long series of silver coinages, from King Archelaus to
Nero, have been fully investigated by Walker, whose
analyses indicate that the drachms were tariffed at one
denarius and the didrachms and fractions at their
equivalents, 2-denarii or a quinarius. In addition some very
rare coins of Nero, struck at unusual weights, confirm these
equivalences. Presumably, to avoid confusion, their value
was inscribed on the coins: on the smaller denomination AC
IT IB (3643) and on the larger AC IT ΚΔ (3635-6), i.e., 12
and 24 ‘Italian asses’ (άσσάρια Ιταλικά).
Kingdom o f Pontus
The silver drachms and didrachms of Polemo II were
equivalent to denarii and 2 denarii, as their links with Cap­
padocian coins suggest: they have the same weight and
fineness and occur together in hoards (see p. 551). The link
is even clearer if it is correct to attribute 3652-3 to Pontus.
Consequently, it seems likely that the rare earlier Pontic
drachms of Polemo I and Pythodoris were also supposed to
pass as denarii.
Kingdoms in Asia
Apart from the kingdom of Pontus (see above), a number of
other kingdoms in Asia produced small amounts of silver.
Amyntas, king of Galatia, produced tetradrachms at Side
(3501), coins which were effectively a continuation of Side’s
19. T h e F lav ian h o a rd from A ntioch in Pisidia: F . Im hoof-B lum er, G R M K , p p . 8,
I 12 .
20. S. M itc h e ll,JÄ S 1 1976, p. 106.
D enom inations 29
own silver coinage of the Hellenistic period. Other small
issues of royal silver were produced by Deiotarus of Paphla­
gonia (37-36 b c ) , who made ‘drachms’ weighing 3.65g
(3508); and in Armenia silver drachms were produced by
Artavasdes I I I (?) (3843) at an average weight of 3.57 g.
Perhaps both issues were intended to pass as denarii,
though this is by no means certain.
Syria
The position in Syria is less clear, despite Walker’s
fundamental work. There were two principal silver coina­
ges, the tetradrachms of Antioch (more or less debased) and
the shekels of Tyre (very fine), the latter produced down to
a d 59. Although certainty is not by any means claimed, the
view taken here is that all tetradrachms of Antioch down to
60 were probably intended to pass at 3 denarii, but that
from that date they were tariffed at 4 denarii, the value of
the Tyrian shekels they replaced (in every sense: see p.
607). That Roman denominations were used in Syria seems
clear (see p. 587), though they did not by replacing tradi­
tional ones, whether of bronze (see below) or silver. Some of
the smaller silver denominations produced at the end of
Claudius’s reign and the beginning of Nero’s (c. 50-7) attest
the survival of local units of reckoning, since they bear the
inscriptions Δ ΙΔ Ρ Α Χ Μ Ο Ν or Δ Ρ Α Χ Μ Η . But for these
inscriptions, we would otherwise have regarded them as 11-
denarius and f-denarius pieces; they show that, as in Asia,
the previous local system and the Roman systems became
compatible, perhaps in very similar ways (see p. 33).
We do not know when the system of Roman denomi­
nations may have been adopted in Syria; the Palmyra
inscription (see below) shows that it could be enforced by
Germanicus in a d 19, and one wonders if its origins are to
be found in the first census, in a d 6 . Certainly it is not clear
that the pseudo-Philip tetradrachms, struck from 59 to at
least 1 7 b c , were necessarily tariffed in terms of denarii, any
more than an equivalence between cistophorus and
denarius must have existed in Republican Asia.
There is no hoard or find evidence for any significant
circulation of denarii in Syria before the late first century
AD.
In addition to the silver of Antioch and Tyre, a number of
other silver issues were made in the province of Syria, at
Tarsus, Seleucia, Apamea, Laodicea, Sidon, Tyre and some
uncertain mints (see p. 13). These coins were produced at
rather differing standards, though we might perhaps divide
them into two groups, of 3- and 4-denarii coins (see p. 587).
The Nabataean kingdom produced a long series of
debased silver ‘drachms’ from the late first century b c ,
though these coins have not been included in this catalogue
(see p. 686). Further east, in Arabia, the Himyarites produ­
ced silver coins with the portrait of Augustus (4993—8):
these seem to be related to Persian rather than Roman
standards.
Egypt
Egypt had for two centuries enjoyed its own exclusive cur­
rency system, imposed by the Ptolemies at least partly as a
source of revenue.21 As in Asia, the Romans continued the
system after they took over the kingdom; in Asia the
monopoly of the cistophorus was ended by the time of the
Empire, but in Egypt the local system remained dominant.
It seems sure that at least from the reign of Claudius or
Nero22 there was an equivalence between an Alexandrian
tetradrachm and a denarius, but this was not necessarily
the case earlier. In addition to the tetradrachms, very rare
issues of didrachms and drachms were made at the begin­
ning of the reigns of Claudius and Nero.
Bronze
The great mass of provincial issues consisted of small
change, known collectively in the east as κέρμα,23 το λεπτόν
χαλκόν24 or just το λεπτόν.25 The establishment and identi­
fication of the denominations used for such coins, however,
present virtually insuperable problems. These are not so
acute in the western half of the Empire, where it seems
reasonably sure that Roman denominations were in virtu­
ally exclusive use and where it is usually possible to make
plausible identifications of the denominations of the various
coin issues, but in the east the picture is much less easy to
understand. This arises from several causes. The coins
hardly ever have value marks, and were produced in a
bewildering number of sizes, shapes and alloys. How far
was the Roman system of denominations adopted? How far
is it legitimate to press the metrological evidence which this
catalogue provides into coherent geographical patterns, or
to press such patterns to fit the Roman system?
There is no simple solution to these problems or answers
to these questions. There are two main methodological
problems. The first is, as discussed below, that it seems
impossible to assess the extent to which either Roman or a
variety of local bronze denominations were used, in general
use or as units of account. The second is that, even if we did
have this information, it would still be very difficult to
attach the- correct denominational names to individual coin
issues. In ..the preparation of this catalogue we have been
impressed; indeed surprised, by the apparent existence of
several regional patterns in the metrology of the coins, but
there is always a great danger of making such patterns seem
too neat by over-generalisation and over-simplification.
Thus when, in the discussion below, we refer to a range of
diameters or average weights (e.g., ‘19-20 mm, 5-7 g’), this
should not be taken to mean that all coins fall neatly into
such a range. Rather, it is an approximation, and the aver­
age weights of individual issues (and, afortiori, the weights
of individual coins) may fall well outside. Such figures
represent, at best, ‘means of means’ and should be
approached with caution.
A further qualification which should be made concerns
the alloy of which the coins were made. At Rome there was
a basic distinction between coins of brass and copper; coins
21. See A . H u n t a n d C. E d g a r, Select P apyri I I , 409.
22. T h e eq u ivalence w as esta b lish ed in a d 42 ac co rd in g to W alker, M etrology I,
p. 155. I t is n o t ac tu ally a tte ste d u n til th e F lav ian p eriod (see p. 688).
23. P alm y ra: I G R 3, 1056 = O G IS 629.
24. I. M agnesia no. 164, line 13.
25. I. Pergamon I I, 374D a n d p. 269.
of about the same weight had twice the face value if made of
the former. In the preparation of this catalogue a pro­
gramme of metal analysis was carried out to distinguish
between brass, copper and bronze coinage, but for practical
reasons it was possible to give coverage only to Spain,
Greece and Asia. The discussion of the metrology of other
areas, like Africa and Syria, is therefore limited, though, on
the basis of visual inspection and a few analyses, we would
be surprised if metals other than leaded bronze were much
used in those areas.
It might be thought that, given these problems, it is
simply a waste of time to try and give either a general
description of the bronze denominations used or to suggest
denominations for particular issues or groups of issues. Yet,
firstly, these coins were actually used on a day-to-day basis
by people in the Roman Empire, legionaries in military
camps and civilians in city life. It would be curious, indeed,
if they had no idea of the value of the coins they were using.
There must therefore have been a fairly apparent system,
even though it might have been, of course, a series of highly
localised systems. Secondly, the fact that there do seem to
be definite metrological patterns in different regions of the
Empire encourages one to try and decode them. In the
following discussion, therefore, we present a possible way of
looking at bronze denominations, but we cannot emphasise
too strongly the very tentative nature of the views presented
here. We can only hope that our discussion will be regarded
as experimental and that it may provide a basis for further
discussion in the future.
This discussion falls naturally into two parts. In the first
(A), we review the evidence for the use of Roman and other
denominational terms throughout the Empire at this
period. In the second (B), we examine the coins themselves
to illustrate regional metrological patterns and to offer
suggestions about the denominations which are perhaps
revealed.
A. Roman and local denominations
The only direct information we have about the denomi­
nations in use comes from inscriptions and from the coins
which bear some sort of value mark. Both of these are,
unfortunately, rare, and the interpretation of the evidence
they give is different in quality. Inscriptions may reflect the
standpoint of the person responsible for their content, and a
pronouncement by a Roman official may tend to conceal
the existence of local systems. It is also very hard to dis­
tinguish between units of reckoning and the actual denomi­
nations of the coins themselves, as clearly terms like
denarius or as could be used in daily parlance even though
accounting was still performed in other, perhaps obsolete,
units.
The coins with value marks are even more difficult to
interpret, since they are so unusual; does this mean that
their occurrence is, by definition, only in exceptional cases
or is it legitimate to generalise from them? This question is
not easy to answer. When value marks appear regularly on
the coinage, as at Paestum, Lepti Minus or Chios, we may
safely assume normality; similarly, when they appear on
unusual denominations (such as the 12- and 24-as coins of
 Denominations 31

C a e s a r e a ) , w e m a y u se th e m to e x tr a p o la te to th e m o re Cicero.28 In addition, a very large proportion of the coins in

u s u a l d e n o m in a tio n s . B u t, o th e rw is e , th e y m u s t b e circulation were Roman, so it seems beyond reasonable
a p p r o a c h e d w ith c a u tio n : fo r in s ta n c e , th e lig h t-w e ig h t doubt that the Roman system of denominations was in
d r a c h m a e o f B y z a n tiu m (1 7 7 3 ) lo o k lik e so m e s p e c ia l issu e . general (if not absolutely exclusive) use there.29
The value marks which had appeared on the Republican
coinage of Spain30 demonstrate the widespread use of
(i) The western Empire: Spain, Gaul, Italy, Sicily Roman denominations, though not necessarily at Roman
and Africa weight standards,31 and in Africa it seems that Roman
denominations were at least recognised before the imperial
There are a few coins which have denominational marks in period, since some very few Republican bronzes have been
this part of the Empire: found in Africa and since, from the period of the civil war,
coins began to be made in Africa which look as if they were
Cat. Date M a rk Comment.
following Roman denominational models.32 Under
Spain Augustus, the coins of Lepti prove the use of Roman
Sex Pompey 486 46/5 BC I As
denominations in Africa, and it seems reasonable, therefore,
Gaul to interpret all the coins issued there in terms of such
Ruteni 5 0 4 ? 3 0 S BC s semis denominations.
Nemausus 5 2 0 f c. 40 BC s semis

Cabellio
521
53°
1 23 BC
Q quadrans
quadrans
(ii) The eastern Empire: Greece, Asia Minor and Syria
Inscriptions demonstrate that Roman denominations were
Italy in widespread, though by no means exclusive, use for
Paestum 604-18 Tiberius s semis bronze coins. We can see this, for instance, from the second-
Uncertain 619 ? II dupondius
century Salutaris inscriptions from Ephesus,33 or from the
Africa Flavian inscription from Cibyra which, for all its confusing
Cirta 7 O4 Augustus s semis talk of Rhodian drachmae knows only one smaller denomi­
Utica 7 2 O Juba I s sestertius? (silver) nation, the assarion.34 The best example here is perhaps the
Lepti M inus 784-7 2 0 BC (? ) Δ, B, A 4-, 2- and i-asses well-known second-century Palmyra inscription referring to
788-91 AD I O - I 3 Λ, B, A 4-, 2- and i -asses
the letter of Germanicus, in a d 18-19, to ‘Statilius’ (a
There are also a few cases where the typology makes it Roman procurator in Syria?) which stipulated that taxes
likely that we can be sure of the denomination: should be reckoned ‘in Italian asses’.35 The inscription also
Spain
shows that in the Flavian period, at the latest, the local
Sex Pompey 487 C. 44 BC as small change (κέρμα) was translatable into Roman denomi­
Sicily nations. Again, the early Tiberian inscription referring to
Sex Pompey 671 C. 40 BC as the conditions under which transport could be requisitioned
Africa
856
from Sagalassus, then in the province of Galatia, gives the
Bogud C- 45 bc as
Rex Bocchus 873 49-38 BC as rates of remuneration in terms of so many asses per schoenus:
so many aeris in the Latin text and so many άσσάρια in the
There is no trace of non--Roman denominations Greek translation.36 The same sort of picture emerges from
and the coinage of Paestum, both in Republican and the Bible, which has the terms άσσάριον, κοδράντης and
imperial times, demonstrates the use of the Roman λεπτόν,37 though we should, of course, be circumspect
system.26 In Sicily, where denarii and Roman bronze coins about using its evidence, in view of the audience for which it
had been used for some two centuries, non-Roman denomi­ may have been intended.
nations continued in use (perhaps only as units of account?) 28. C icero, I I in Verr. 3, 181.
until the late Republic. The series of inscriptions from 29. M .H . C raw fo rd , in C R W L R , p p . 48-9 .
Tauromenium27 reckons in (Sicilian) talents and litrai (120 30. See V ives, passim .
31. R .C . K n a p p , in C R W L R , p . 19. C f. n o te 26.
to the talent) until the latest inscriptions, which probably 32. See, e.g., A. B u rn ett, in C R W L R , pp. 178-9.
belong to the period of Sextus Pompey. These make an 33. The Collection o f Inscriptions in the B ritish M useum I I I , 481.
alteration to the system, introducing the νόμος (denarius), 34. I G R 4, 915. In this catalo g u e w e ad h e re to th e view th a t the w o rd assarion in
G reek h as the sam e m e an in g as th e L a tin as, a n d th a t, w h en it occurs in
so that the accounts are reckoned in talents, nomoi (3 to the in scrip tio n s o r w herever, it refers to a u n it w hose fo rm al valu e w as -is o f the
talent) and litrai (40 to the nomos) : one inscription men­ d en a riu s, th o u g h its a c tu a l m a rk e t v alu e m ig h t flu c tu ate. See th e discussions
b y J . M elville Jo n e s, B I C S 18, 1971, p p . 99-1 0 5 , E. L o C ascio, JA S 1981,
tions a ήμινόμος and a τετράλιτρον, apparently as actual p . 78, C . J . H ow gego, G IC , p p . 5 4 -5 a n d I N J 8, 1984-5, p p . 5 9 -6 4 (despite
coins, presumably a quinarius and an as (?). These inscrip­ th e d o u b ts o f A. W alker, I N J 6 -7 , 1982-3, p p . 142-7 a n d D .J . M acD o n ald ,
tions show the survival of non-Roman units for accounting H istoria 1989, pp. 120-2). O n e curio u s p o in t, th o u g h , is th a t, w h ile the as o r
assario n w as in w id esp read use in th e east, th e sestertiu s w as alm o st
purposes, but they also indicate the compatibility which com pletely ab se n t (J.-P. C allu , L a Politique M onétaire des Empereurs Rom ains, pp.
was established between Roman and local systems well 5 7 -8 ): n eatly d em o n strated b y the L a tin a n d G reek versions o f th e Res Gestae,
before the imperial period, and which is attested in w h ich express sum s o f m oney in ‘sestertii’ a n d δηνάρια respectively.
35. I G R 3, 1 0 5 6 = O G IS 629; see J . F. M a tth e w s , J R S 1984, p p . 157-80. T h e
26. F o r th e Ita lia n city coinages o f th e la te R ep u b lic, see C raw ford, C M R R , pp. re sto ra tio n προς άσσάριον Ίτα[λικόν] is secu red b y th e P alm y ren e versio n o f
71—2. B ut, a lth o u g h R o m a n d e n o m in atio n s w ere used, R o m a n w eight th e text.
sta n d a rd s w ere not: see, e.g., A. B u rn ett, A H N 29, 1982, p. 126. 36. S. M itch ell, JA S 1976, p. 105.
27. See m o st recently G . M a n g a n a ro , in D . K noepfler, op. a t . (n. 6), p p . 159-90, 37. V . Picozzi, Q T 1972, p p . 8 5 -7 . F o r sim ilar R a b b in ic evidence, a n d its
especially 184-7. p ro b lem s, see the in tro d u ctio n to Syria, p. 587.
32 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

It is equally clear from the epigraphic evidence that
Roman denominations were not the only ones used.
Inscriptions from Greece give a clear indication of the
survival of non-Roman small denominations. The Messene
tax inscriptions, if indeed early imperial,38 know denarii but
smaller denominations are obols (6 to the denarius) and
chalkoi (12 to the obol). Similarly, the Thessalian inscrip­
tions which attest the change from drachmae to denarii
under Augustus continue to use obols for the smaller
denominations (at 8 to the denarius), and there is even one
Flavian instance.39 Some second-century inscriptions from
Athens seem to use the abbreviation ΔΡ and λεπτού
δρ(αχμά) to denote a sixth of a denarius;40 in addition signs
are used to denote half a drachma, an obol and a hemiobol.
These last three are equivalent to one-twelfth, one thirty-
sixth and one seventy-second of a denarius, sums which are
not easily convertible to asses at 16 to the denarius.
These inscriptions demonstrate not only that Roman
denominations were not universal, but also that the local
systems which survived could be very different from each
other and not even compatible with the Roman system. The
Thessalian obol might perhaps be equivalent to two asses,
but it is hard to see any such obvious equivalences at Mes­
sene or Athens.
This sort of picture is not, of course, confined to Greece.
The Flavian inscription from Ephesus mentions denarii and
tetrachalkia;41 though one might expect tetrachalkia to be
equivalent to asses (see p. 370), it is still perplexing to find
them in multiples of 5 (or 20 and 25). The Bible, though
generally using Roman terminology, nevertheless provides
an additional denomination, the lepton or ‘widow’s mite’
(defined as half of a quadrans: Mark 12.42). The tax law of
Palmyra (see above) implies that before a d 18-19 non-
Roman units of reckoning were also in use.
The mixture of Roman and local denominations emerges
from the very rare value marks which occur on the coins
themselves (see table below).
38. See n o te 27 (M essene).
39. C .J . H ow gego, G IC , p . 55.
40. See n o te 39.
41. J R S 1975, p p . 64-91.

Cat. Date M ark Comment

Crete
Cnossus 9 3 2 ff- Augustus? AS? a monogram applied as a countermark to bronzes of
the 30s BC, possibly referring to the as

Achaea
Corinth I I 18 ' A as (countermark)
Ι !·9 C. 42 BG S semis (countermark)
1120 J 3 dots quadrans (countermark)
1164, 1167 Tiberius SE semis
1236-7 SE semis
Dyme 1289 Tiberius AS as? (countermark: G IC 703)
Melos 1294 ? ΔΡΑΧΜΗ drachm a
1295 Nero III 3 obols?
? III 3 obols?
1297-9
Cephallenia : 359 ] C. 29 BC IS i§ asses (countermark: G IC 743)
1360 S, 3 dots 1 as (countermark: G IC 744)
‘Fleet' 1453-70 C. 38 BC HS, Δ, Γ, sestertius, 4-asses, 3-asses,
B, A, S, 2-asses, as, semis,
3 dots quadrans

Thrace
Imbros 1735 Augustus I obol? ( c f . 1734?)
Byzantium 1773
? ΔΡΑΧΜΑ drachm a

Black Sea
Kings AD I4-37 S, IB
1
to
to
0

4
■9 ° 7 j 1910-1 I 3 7 -4 5 IB
1924-9 C. 50 Δ, S, H , IB
i 93 ° - i 7 ΚΔ local Bosporan system (4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 units)
1932-4 C- 65 Μ Η , ΚΔ
Agrippia r 935 C. I BC? H
Caesarea !9 3 6 H

Asia
Chios 24 '7 ‘ ΑΣΣΑ ΡΤΟ Ν as
2419 ist ΤΡΙΑ ACCAPIA 3-asses
242O ■ cent. ΑΣΣΑΡΙΝ ΗΜΙΣΥ i§-asses
242 1 AD? ΟΒΟΛΟΣ obol
2422 . ΤΡΙΧΑΛΚΟΝ 3-chalkoi

Lycia and Pamphylia

Perga 3373 Nero? Av as? (countermark: G IC 750)

Cat.
Syria
‘Fleet’ 4088-93
Antioch 4302
Sidon 4 5 7 7 > 4809A-10
Caesarea 4862
Uncertain:
Antioch?? 5406
In addition, we might add the instances where the typology
(head of Janus/prow, or similar) implies that the denomi­
nation was an as (compare also the possible asses and
semisses from Thessalonica in the first century b c : p. 287):
Asia Atratinus 2226 40/39 b c
Lampsacus 2272-3 c. 45 b c
Uncertain Q (prow) 5411 Augustus
Similarly the close physical similarity to Roman denomi­
nations of the ‘sestertii’ made in Asia (the CA coinage:
2227-35), Lycia (3317) and Syria (4100-7), and perhaps
also Bithynia (see below) suggests that they, too, may
adhere to the Roman system. We also discuss below a group
of coins from Achaea and Macedonia, whose weight,
diameter and composition resemble those of asses from
Rome; it seems likely to us that these should also be
regarded as asses. It is, of course, an assumption that such
physical similarity implies an identity of denomination, but
it seems to us a reasonable one, given the diversity of prov­
incial coinage and the way in which its denominations must
have been understood at the time.
One can draw two conclusions from this list of denomi­
nations. First, it shows that Roman denominations were
used, often as early as the period of Caesar or of the Second
Triumvirate, in Achaea, Asia and Syria. In particular, it
looks as if one might conclude that Roman denominations
were used in Roman colonies: this is a generalisation from
the coinage of Corinth, where the value marks attested in
the table above can be fitted convincingly into the metro­
logical pattern of Corinthian coinage,42 and it may be
thought a priori likely that new foundations of Roman set­
tlers would use Roman denominations. Secondly, the con­
tinued use of local denominations is also certain, even,
somewhat surprisingly, at somewhere like Antioch. But
what is not clear is the relative importance of Roman and
local denominations. Were Roman denominations in
general use, and local denominations exceptional, or vice
versa (or somewhere in between)?
The significance of the attestations of Roman denomi­
nations could be played down by regarding many of them
as ‘special cases’ (the ‘fleet coinage’ of Antony, the coinage
of Roman colonies). On the other hand, one could argue, in
the case of the fleet coinages and the CA coinages, that they
represent attempts to impose a uniform currency
throughout the Empire, and so their evidence for Roman
denominations is of more general applicability in the east.
42. See M . A m an d ry , L e M onnayage des D uoviri Corinthiens , pp. 82-9·
D enom inations 33
Date M ark Comment
C. 38 BC HS, Δ, Γ, sestertius, 4-asses, 3-asses,
B, A 2-asses, as
AD 64 ΧΑΛΚΟΥΣ chalkous
AD I 2 /1 3 ΗΧ,ίΧ,ΔΧ 8, 6, 4 chalkoi
Nero? KO B 2 quadrantes (countermark: G IC 548)
Augustan? ΧΑΛΚΟΥΣ chalkous
Moreover, the coinage of Roman colonies can hardly be
quickly dismissed: the coinage of Corinth, for instance, was
the largest in Achaea, implying a general understanding, if
not acceptance, of the Roman denominations it used. One
could also argue that the evidence from places like Athens
for the continuation of local denominations was untypical,
the result of conservatism or perhaps its status as a free city,
probably from Cilicia since, for all we know, free cities may have been able to
Pedias
preserve their own local coin denominations, just as some of
them seem to have avoided the imperial portrait.43 One can
also disregard the local denominational marks in the King­
dom of Bosporus, since they belong to an independent mon­
etary system.44
It is disappointing that the coins of Chios are so hard to
date, since they, together with later inscriptions from Asia,
attest the neat integration of the previous Asian and the
Roman systems (see the introduction to Asia, p. 370).
While we can be sure that this integration existed in the
second century, it may not have been fully recognised in the
first century, as the Flavian inscription from Ephesus
perhaps suggests. On the other hand, it seems that a similar
integration of Roman and local denominations may have
existed in Syria during this period (p. 588). Our feeling, and
it is not very securely based, is that it would have been
possible to use the Roman system in Asia and Syria, even
though, in practice, local systems survived. That the
population of these areas could readily understand Roman
denominations is indicated by the Pisidian and Palmyrene
inscriptions; the latter, in particular, is very suggestive of a
wider use of assaria.
In Achaea, the dominance of the coinage of Corinth, and
the other value marks used there, suggest a widespread
adoption of Roman denominations. However, the Thes­
salian and Messene inscriptions (if the latter has been cor­
rectly dated) imply the opposite, even leaving the Athenian
evidence on one side.
The concrete evidence for bronze denominations in the
eastern part of the Empire is not, therefore, sufficiently good
for us to be able to know whether we should expect to find
coins tariffed in Roman or local denominations. In Asia and
Syria, at any rate, it seems that local and Roman systems
may have been integrated, and general consistency of the
regional patterns of diameters and weights, which are dis­
cussed below, may perhaps suggest (but no more) a general
adoption of the Roman system. The same conclusion can be
drawn from the physical similarity between Roman sestertii
43. C o n serv atism : H ow gego, G IC , p p . 55 -6 ; free cities a n d ‘p seu d o -au to n o m o u s’
coins: p. 41, cf. H ow gego, G IC , p. 58.
44. See above, p. 6. C o m p a re th e case o f E g y p t below.
and coins of Bithynia, Asia and Lycia or between Roman
asses and some coins of Achaea and Macedonia. We
believe, therefore, that Roman denominations were in
reasonably widespread use, but it will clear from the pre­
ceding discussion that the matter is far from certain.
(iii) Egypt
There is no evidence for Roman bronze denominations in
Egypt during the Julio-Claudian period. Papyri make it
abundantly clear that the Romano-Egyptian monetary
system was based on the tetradrachm, with an actual
exchange rate of 28-29 obols. There is reason to think that
even the silver tetradrachm was not directly linked to the
denarius until the late Julio-Claudian period (see above);
the value marks on the bronze coins themselves seem to
indicate the survival of the Ptolemaic system of bronze
drachmas until the reign of Nero, although their demise is
usually dated to the Augustan period (see p. 689):
Augustus 5001-2 C. 29 BC Π, M 80, 40 bronze
drachmae
c. 15 K 20 bronze drachmae
5009—10
5 o i5 -i6 C- 3/2 I 10 bronze drachmae; I
sometimes described
as ‘club’
Nero 5250 58/9 K 20 bronze drachmae?
5251 58/9 ε 5 bronze drachmae?
5252 59/60 I 10 bronze drachmae?
sometimes described
as ‘club’
For an attempt to explain the coins in these terms, see the
introduction to Egypt, p. 690. There seems no need to try
and translate these denominations into Roman ones (p.
690).
As Egypt had a closed currency system, the absence of
Roman denominations there has no necessary relevance to
the question of the extent to which other parts of the eastern
Empire may have used them.
B. The metrology of provincial coins
Allusion has already been made to the fact that there seem
to be a number of metrological patterns in different regions
in the Empire. What seems most important about these is
not so much that one region may differ from another, but
that within a given region there is generally a substantial
degree of consistency or adherence to a general regional
standard. In this section, we try, firstly, to characterise the
regional patterns, and then, secondly, to try and attach
denominational names to these patterns.
Once again, one must stress the fragility of this pro­
cedure, given the methodological problems. There is an
obvious danger of forcing unrelated data into a simple pat­
tern, a danger which is made the greater by the relatively
large differences of weight and diameter which the coins
themselves exhibit. The coinage of the Triumviral period,
for instance, can illustrate this difficulty: in Asia Atratinus
(2226) might make an as at 23 m m /13.90 g, whereas at
Lampsacus, a little earlier, an as was only iöm m /q.iog;
similarly, the ‘fleet’ coinages show a reduction in the
standard of the as from 2301111/9.3 g to 17-200101/4.5 g
(Atratious) or 20-30101/8.1 g to 16-17m m/3.9g (Oppius),
in the space of one short-lived issue. Moreover, we would
stress that, while we emphasise here what seem to us to be
the significant patterns, there are many exceptions and
cases which either do not fit these patterns or can only be
made to fit with difficulty.
The second part of the procedure, the possible identifica­
tion of different denominations, has been carried out on the
assumption that most of the coins were tariffed in terms of
Roman denominations, though, as we have seen above, this
is far from sure for the eastern part of the Empire.
This discussion falls into two parts, as above, one for the
western Empire and one for the eastern Empire. This is
partly because the picture for the west seems more secure
than that for the east, and partly because there seems no
real doubt that western provincial coinage generally used
Roman denominations.
(i) The western Empire
Within this area we find three different approaches to
denominations.
I. Firstly, the weight and metal standards in use at Rome
might be followed more or less directly. Thus, in the
Triumviral period, we find heavy asses of the same general
weight for Sextus Pompey in Spain and Sicily, for some
Sicilian cities, and for the coinages of Octavian in Gaul and
Italy.45 With the reform of Augustus at the mint of Rome in
c. 23 B C , the new lighter weights and metals (copper and
brass) were copied at some places in Gaul46 and in Spain,
though not on civic coinage until the reigns of Tiberius and
Caligula.47 But, while the adoption of the new standards at
the prolific mints of Rome and Lugdunum ensured that a
very large proportion of the coinage in circulation adhered
to these standards, it remains true that their adoption for
city coinages was exceptional.48
II. A second, and much more prevalent, approach was
what we might call the ‘modified Augustan’ system. The
essential points of this approach were the absence of brass,
and its replacement by much heavier coins of bronze (a
cheaper metal). Typically, dupondii and sestertii on this
system would weigh c. 20 g and 37 g respectively; that these
are the denominations in question is shown by the coins of
Lepti Minus. Such coins are found particularly in Spain (p.
64) and Africa (p. 182). In Gaul, too, the earlier bronze
coinages of Octavian were reduced in weight so that they
conformed more or less to this sytem (e.g., the dupondii of
Nemausus: see pp. 147, 153), though sestertii of this sort
were not produced in Gaul. In Africa, there even seems to
have been an issue of double-sestertii at Hadrumetum,
weighing well over a staggering 50g (7 7 7 ). The accompany­
ing asses and smaller denominations coincided more or less
45. Sicily: see p. 165; G au l: see p. 150; Ita ly : th e D ivos Iu liu s issue (620-1).
46. A t L u g d u n u m , n o t ca talo g u e d here: see B M C , A u g u stu s 5 48-88; p e rh a p s also
th e T ib e ria n coins fro m n o rth e rn G a u l (537-8).
47. B rass a n d co p p e r w ere used in S p ain u n d e r A u g u stu s on th e coinage o f P.
C arisiu s (R I C 11-25), b u t on ly la te r by city coinages (see p. 64).
48. S im ilarly in th e east, th e use o f R o m a n s ta n d a rd s d id n o t a p p e a r a t all, except
for th e C A coinages in A sia (2227-35) a n d S y ria (4 1 0 0 -7 ), as w ell as in Lycia
(3317) a n d p e rh a p s B ith y n ia (see IV below ; cf. also V , th e im ita tio n o f th e as
in A ch aeä ).

with Roman standards of weight (asses typically of 11-1 3 g
in Spain, see p. 65, or of 7-10g in Africa, see pp. 182-3).4
III. Both the first and second approaches include wide
variations in individual cities and issues, but nevertheless
indicate a rough correlation with the ‘Roman’ system. But a
third pattern is also observable, at cities where only small
denominations were produced: such coins were much
lighter than one would have expected under the Augustan
reform. One can find examples in Gaul,4950 Italy51 and Sicily,
where it seems that the cities generally adopted a standard
of about 9g for asses and 5g for semisses (seep. 165). The
use of lighter weights for coins of the Roman denomina­
tional system was not, of course, a new idea, but had
occurred also in Republican Spain and Italy.52
(i) The eastern Empire (Greece, Asia and Syria)
The problem of deciding whether eastern coins should be
tariffed in Roman or local denominations has already been
discussed. The assumption tentatively made here (see
above) is that it is likely that the consistent metrological
patterns should generally be interpreted in terms of Roman
denominations, though not always, and sometimes in con­
junction with local denominations.
As in the west, however, there is more than one pattern,
but each one is spread over a large geographical area.
IV. The most common pattern consists of coins of approx­
imately 19-20 mm/5—7 g and its half of approximately 16—
17 mm/3-4 g. These coins are found in Greece (where they
are a little heavier, especially in Macedonia, where the
standard unit is nearer to c. 21 mm/8-9 g) and particularly
in the province of Asia. In Greece, apart from the rare coins
discussed in V, coins were made exclusively of bronze; there
is a single issue of brass from Corinth (1133), at a slightly
lower weight. Bronze and brass were used, apparently
interchangeably, in the western and central parts of the
province of Asia, though there was a tendency in the
interior (e.g., in Phrygia: see p. 372) for a lower weight
standard to be employed when brass was used instead of
bronze, as at Corinth. This pattern seems to account for the
vast majority of the coins included in this catalogue, and is
very similar to III above. It is suggested in the introduction
to Asia that the two denominations are the as and the semis
(or the i and \ obol, if the picture of the integration of the
two systems presented there is correct).
V. There are also three relatively minor cases, where the
metrology of the coinage is copied from, or modified from,
Roman denominations. These are exceptional, apart from
the Bithynian coins.
a. First, there is a very minor pattern in Greece (Achaea
and Macedonia). The main coin of this system is a copper
coin of 24-6 mm, weighing 9-10 g. These coins are found at
Sparta (1155), Patras (1253, 1256-82), Nicopolis (1371),
Philippi (1653), Thessalonica (under Claudius and Nero: p.
49. S o m eth in g sim ilar seem s to h av e taken place in M aced o n ia, w ith an as o f
a b o u t 8—to g , a n d a d u p o n d iu s of 16-17 g (see also V a , below ).
50. 504, 5 20-1, 530: sem isses o f 2 -3 g a n d q u a d ra n te s o f 1.2 g.
51. P aestu m : 603-27, all sem isses w ith a n av erag e w eight o f a b o u t 4 g .
52. See n otes 26 a n d 31.
D enom inations 35
299) and the Macedonian Koinon (1612, 1614, 1616).
These coins are the only eastern coins made of copper, and
closely copy the appearance and metrology of Roman asses,
and we assume that this was their face value. They are,
however, exceptional, and it is perhaps surprising they do
not occur at somewhere like Corinth, where one might have
expected the appearance of Roman coins to be imitated. In
Achaea coins of this sort stand out from the normally lighter
coins, presumably of the same denomination (see IV),
whereas in Macedonia, where the denomination regarded
here as the as was generally heavier (about 10g), they seem
merely to have been cosmetic variants (compare the use of
bronze and brass in Asia, just discussed). Occasionally
these copper coins are accompanied by rather odd larger
copper denominations, at Patras (1255: 12.14g), Thes­
salonica (p. 299: 17.83 g) and the Macedonian Koinon
(1613: 29m m /i6.5i g). A smaller one is also known at
Philippi (1651: i8mm/4.35g). These may have been
dupondii and a semis.
b. Secondly, there are a very few coins which have the size
and weight of Roman sestertii, in Asia (CA coins: 2227-35),
Lycia (3317) and Syria (CA coins: 4100-7). Although there
are no analyses of the Lycian coins, the Syrian and Asian
‘sestertii’ were made of brass. As at Rome, the composition
of the as was different (bronze, rather than the copper used
at Rome). The CA coins also have the size and weight of the
smaller Roman denominations (though, of course, the CA
coinage was earlier in date). The coinage of Cyprus, too,
should probably be included here. Although there is no
information about the alloy of the coinage, the size and
weights of the largest denomination under Claudius is very
reminiscent of the Roman sestertius, with which it may well
have been equivalent.
c. Thirdly is the pattern in Bithynia, which consists of coins
made only in brass, for all denominations. This pattern also
extends beyond Bithynia, westwards to Perinthus and
perhaps Tomi, eastwards to Pontus and southwards to
Mytilene. The largest denominations (typified, e.g., by the
Claudian coinage of Nicaea and Nicomedia) have the
diameter and metal of ‘Roman’ sestertii, and the weight
standard, too, is virtually the same. As with the coins dis­
cussed under a, it seems to us a likely assumption that these
coins had the same denomination as the Roman coins they
copy. On this assumption, Bithynian sestertii are typically
32-5 mm/20-2 g,53 dupondii 2 5 -8 m m /u g , asses 22-
3 mm/5—7 g and semisses 19-20 mm/3-4 g. Thus the
weights are more or less the same as those elsewhere in the
east, though the coins are normally broader and have a
different composition.
VI. The fourth pattern is that of Syria. The characteristic
coins of this region are all bronze, and they are quite thick,
with a slightly oval shape to the flans. The principal
denomination was made at about 25 m m /15 g: typically, the
principal denomination of the SC coinage of Antioch was
made to this standard. In the introduction to Syria, it is
suggested that Roman and local denominations were
integrated into a system whereby this coin could be
53. A t R o m e 25 g w as th e no rm : R 1C, p. 33.
regarded as a dupondius or 8-chalkoi coin. Similar coins
can be found elsewhere in Syria, as at near-by Seleucia, or a
colony like Berytus, as well as in Judaea.
It is less easy to generalise about the smaller denomi­
nations, since it is not clear if there were three or four of
these. At any rate the smallest, weighing 25 g, is once label­
led ΧΑΛΚΟΥΣ (4302: cf. 5406?), and could perhaps also be
regarded as a quadrans.
This system extended north to Commagene (Antiochus
IV: 3857fr.) and northeast into Galatia (e.g., Antioch in
Pisidia 3529, Lycaonia 3533), though most Galatian coins
were rather lighter. It is not easy to apply it to the metro­
logical data from the cities of Phoenicia; these are very
confusing, and we can only admit that we have been unable
to make any good sense of the metrology of this area.
VII. The cities situated in eastern Cilicia or Cilicia Pedias
also produced a distinctive coinage, which is confined to
this relatively small area. These coins tend to have a very
wide diameter and be very thin. The most commonly pro­
duced coins were made at a standard of about 24 m m /11 g;
the other most frequent denominations were made at about
28m m /i5g, 2om m/yg and i7m m /4g. In addition one
larger denomination was made at Anazarbus (34mm/2gg).
It is tempting (see p. 589) to think that this largest denomi­
nation is a sestertius, and that the others are the dupondius,
the as (the most common), the semis and the quadrans. On
the other hand, the use of the prow as the reverse type on
the smallest denomination (42 g) of the probably Cilician
‘Q ’ coinage (5411) may indicate that it is an as, and so
raises the possibility that the suggested values should be
quadrupled, though one would be reluctant to do this and
accept the corollary that the large denomination at Anazar­
bus was a denarius. It may be, however, that a programme
of analyses would reveal a more complicated pattern: the
two larger ‘Q ’ denominations (5409-10) were made of
bronze and brass respectively, rather like the CA coinage
(though there the larger denominations were of brass and
the smaller of bronze).
Some Commagenian coins, both those of Tiberius (3868—
70) and some of those of Antiochus IV (3852-6), have
similar weights and diameters, and some similar thin coins
were also made occasionally at Antioch. This group should
probably, therefore, be regarded as a localised sub-group of
the Syrian pattern.
C. Summary
We believe that it is correct to identify these regional pat­
terns and plausible to interpret them in the way we have,
but we would repeat that it is a very experimental
reconstruction and that there are many coins which it is
difficult or impossible to fit in (e.g., southwest Asia, Phoeni­
cia) . If we are right in our approach, then it can be seen that
the denominational structure of the provincial coinage was
not as chaotic as it might superficially appear to have been.
It still remains, however, extremely difficult to assign the
name of a denomination to a particular group of issues (let
alone individual coins) with any great confidence. If it is
correct to believe that Roman denominations were in
general use, then the preceding discussion offers one poss­
ible way of identifying them. If Roman denominations were
not in general use, then the regional patterns must
represent something else, though the existence of these pat­
terns themselves would not necessarily be nullified.
The principal patterns suggested here are linked by a
coherent if diverse sort of logic. Some coins just copy
Roman standards, of diameter, weight and alloy (I, V). In
the west the heavier bronze system (II: this is perhaps also
the system used in Macedonia) works up from the as of
about iog: the weights result from making the dupondius
about twice as heavy and the sestertius four times as heavy
as the as. Conversely, the light standards, both in the west
and the east (III, IV, Vc) result from taking the sestertius
as the base: the dupondius weights half, the as a quarter
and the quadrans an eighth of a sestertius of about 24 g, in
the same way that earlier Spanish or Italian coins had been
produced at a lower standard than their Roman
equivalents. Each of the two alternative approaches may
seem to have a logic of its own, though together they do, of
course, provide hopelessly incompatible results.
Our main conclusion, however, is that the more compli­
cated system used at Rome, which used different metals to
distinguish different denominations, was less preferred than
simpler systems based on a straightforward weight relation­
ship of the other denominations to the base unit(s).
Conclusions
Roman denominations were widely used throughout the
Empire. As far as silver was concerned, Roman denomi­
nations were predominant in both the west and the east;
though local denominations did also survive in Asia and
Syria, they were accommodated to the denarius system.
Only in Egypt does it seem likely that, at any rate at first,
the silver coinage was not closely linked to the denarius.
Roman bronze denominations were almost or exclusively
the only ones used in the western Empire, though there
were different metrological systems within this overall
structure. In the east, it is clear that Roman and local
denominations both existed. In Asia and Syria they were
perhaps closely integrated, and we believe that Roman
denominations were in widespread use, though the evidence
does not permit this belief to be given any more secure base.
As in the west, however, there were several different
regional metrological systems. Only in Egypt does it seem
likely that Roman bronze denominations played no role at
all.
Roman denominations had not been suddenly imposed
on newly annexed territories, but the change to using them
took place only gradually, and often only in the period
covered by this catalogue, even in an area like Sicily. It has
been suggested that ‘at any rate in some areas a decisive
step was taken in the course of the reign of Tiberius’,54 but
we prefer a picture of more gradual change. The most
important period seems, if anything, to be the period of the
civil wars of the late Republic, as this seems to us to be the
54. M .H . C raw fo rd , C M R R , p. 271.

time at which there was the greatest tendency to introduce
Roman denominations. This has been argued for the silver
currency of Greece, Asia and Lycia; in Syria, the change
may have taken place rather later. This, too, seems to be the
time when Roman bronze denominations began to appear:
it is noticeable how many of the denomination marks
appear on coins of this period, suggesting the imposition or
adoption of unfamiliar denominations. But if the upheavals
of the civil war were important, they were not final, as there
is clear evidence for the change to Roman denominations
under Augustus (silver in Thessaly; also Syria?), Tiberius
(the Palmyra inscription), and perhaps on other occasions
(under Claudius in Egypt?).
Against this background, two main chronological
changes are reasonably clear. The first was a general reduc­
tion in the standards of bronze coinage from the period of
the second Triumvirate to that of Augustus. In the west,
Triumviral period bronzes from Spain, Gaul, Italy, Sicily
and Africa are all heavier than later coinages (see pp. 64,
15°, 157-61, 165, 210), which mostly adhere to one or other
of the systems outlined above: there is also evidence for a
reduced standard in Greece (e.g., Corinth), and to some
extent in Asia (p. 375). The obvious interpretation of this
change is that it is a reflection of the new Augustan monet­
ary system, though it must be stressed that it was a reflec­
tion which found many different forms, as discussed above.
The second change was in the pattern of denominations:
smaller denominations tended to drop out and larger ones
were added at the top. We can see this, for example, in the
disappearance of smaller denominations from Sicily (pp.
165-6) or Greece (p. 246), and the introduction of larger
ones characteristically in the reigns of Claudius and Nero
(e.g., Bithynia, Asia, Egypt: pp. 338, 375, 689). This shift
can be paralleled at Rome by the gradual decline in the
importance of the smaller denominations, though no larger
denominations were, of course, introduced at Rome.
Such a picture of gradual change prompts speculation as
to the mechanism(s) that brought these changes about.
There is, of course, no doubt that the Romans could have
insisted on a uniform coinage throughout the Empire, had
they so wished, and the fleet coinages of Antony and the CA
coinages can perhaps be interpreted as (at least partial)
attempts to do this. The famous remark of Maecenas (Dio
52.30.9), whether or not it was meant to recommend the
banning of local coinages, or to insist on their compatibility
with Roman coinage,55 is, of course, only evidence for
Roman attitudes in the early third century, but it is not
unreasonable to think that similar direct intervention might
55. C raw fo rd , ibid.
D enom inations 37
also have been contemplated under Augustus. Indeed, we
have two cases of direct Roman intervention (Augustus’s
diorthoma to the Thessalians, Germanicus’s letter to Statilius
in Syria or Palmyra). These two cases were presumably
responses to specific problems, but one would have thought
that they were implicitly indicative of the general desire of
the Roman administration. Changes were in some cases
brought about by direct Roman intervention, but this was
not necessarily always the case.
More indirect pressures for changes would have arisen
perhaps from three other causes. The first is the dramatic
growth in the extent, both in terms of volume and geo­
graphy, of the circulation of the denarius from the inception
of the civil wars, a change which coincides well with the
shift in denominations discussed above. The greater use of
the denarius would naturally tend to promote the use of
Roman denominations, not just of silver. A second probable
cause is the changes in the Roman system of taxation,
especially under Augustus. The holding of censuses as the
basis for the calculation of tax and the keeping of ‘rationes
imperii’ (Suetonius Aug. 101) would inevitably promote, if
not require, the transition to Roman denominations, at
least in silver. It is presumably no accident that the two
instances of direct Roman intervention which we know from
inscriptions (Thessaly and Palmyra) are both concerned
with the payment of taxes.56 A third possible cause might be
the foundation of colonies of Roman veterans throughout
the provinces of the Empire. Much of the direct evidence for
Roman denominations comes from such colonies, which
may have used only Roman denominations. Thus, in a case
like Achaea, where the coinage of Corinth was easily the
most important, there would be a natural tendency for
Roman bronze denominations to be assimilated generally;
the same would be true of the coinage of Cnossus in Crete.
These three causes need not, of course, have been the
only ones, but they allow us to construct a plausible
explanation for a gradual change towards Roman denomi­
nations at just this period. The three causes would tend to
have made Roman denominations more and more
dominant, and when any problems arose, as in Thessaly or
Palmyra, it consequently became inevitable that the deci­
sion should favour Roman denominations. In this way, we
can see that the change to Roman denominations is com­
patible with the normal Roman habit of allowing local
systems of organisation to continue under their rule; only as
circumstances changed did the unification of the monetary
system of the Empire gradually take place.
56. L o cal tax atio n in th e case o f P alm y ra, b u t one im ag in es th a t this w o u ld ten d
to follow ch anges in R o m a n tax atio n .
 DE S I GNS AND L E GE NDS
The Republican and Hellenistic
background
The designs and legends used on provincial coins developed
from their Hellenistic and Republican predecessors.
Previously, civic coinage had tended to have the head of a
deity on the obverse, whether a patron deity or one whose
cult was important to the city, and, on the reverse, either a
full-length figure of another cult figure, or sometimes a
symbol of the deity who had appeared on the obverse, such
as an object like a thunderbolt or an animal like a stag or an
owl. The inscriptions were normally in Greek, though Latin
naturally was used in some areas such as Spain, and other
scripts are also found: Iberian in Spain, neo-Punic in Africa
or Aramaic in Phoenicia. Generally speaking, inscriptions
were confined to the reverse, and gave the name of the city,
the ethnic in the form of the genitive plural, sometimes
abbreviated. Other, additional, inscriptions might also
appear. These might give a personal name or names,
generally known nowadays under the somewhat misleading
but convenient term ‘magistrates’ names’, sometimes
highly abbreviated, sometimes complete, and sometimes
with more than one name for each individual: a patronymic
might be added in the Greek-speaking world, or a
praenomen or cognomen in Latin-speaking communities,
such as some of the Spanish cities. The only other category
of written information to appear regularly on the coinage
was a date, usually just a Greek numeral according to some
local civic or royal era, though the appearance of such dates
was largely confined to Syria, Phoenicia and Egypt.
Portraits
Precursors o f the imperial portrait
The advent of the Empire brought about one major change
to this pattern of coinage. The portrait of the emperor
pervades, though does not exclusively occupy, the obverses
of provincial coinage. Under Augustus, some two hundred
cities made coins with his portrait. The fundamental nature
of this change cannot be over-estimated, as can be seen by
the contrast with the immediately preceding period. In the
civil wars of the late Republic one might well have expected
the portraits of the factional leaders to appear on the city
coinages of the areas they dominated, in the same way that
their portraits took over the denarii and aurei after Caesar’s
inauguration of the portrait of a living Roman shortly
before his death. But this did not happen. In his lifetime,
the portrait of Caesar appears only at Nicaea (2026),
Lampsacus (2268-9) and perhaps Corinth (1116). The
portrait of Pompey appears only posthumously at the city of
Pompeiopolis in Cilicia (4001-2), the old city of Soli which
he had re-founded. This will occasion no surprise. Before
Actium Octavian’s portrait appears at only a handful of
cities in Gaul, together with that of his adoptive father
Caesar. This was a development from the changes which
had taken place to the traditional Republican bronze
coinage. The Republican as, which had not been produced
from the time of Sulla, had a head of Janus on the obverse
and a prow on the reverse. It was revived by the Pompeians
in Spain (486-7 = RRC 471, 478) with the traditional
designs, but the similar pieces made in Sicily (671 —RRC
479/1) adapted the obverse by giving the janiform head the
features of Pompey the Great. The direct response by
Octavian was to place his head on one side and that of
Caesar on the other on the bronzes he made in Italy (620);
in Gaul, he separated the two halves of the janiform head to
represent himself and Caesar (Lugdunum 514-15, Vienne
517). In addition his own portrait alone appeared on smal­
ler denominations from Lugdunum (516) and from Nar­
bonne (518).
The appearance of Octavian’s portrait before Actium
was limited to these few issues in Gaul and Italy; there are
no examples of his portrait on the pre-Actian coinage of
Spain, Sicily or Africa (except perhaps for the janiform
head on the coins of Bocchus Sosi fi: 873). A similar picture
can be drawn for Antony’s domains in the east. In the
Balkans, his portrait appears only at Corinth ( 1124),
Zacynthus (1290-1) and Byzantium (1770), and, in addi­
tion, on the ‘dynastic’ types of the two issues of ‘fleet’
coinage made in Achaea, together with Octavian and
Octavia (1453-61, 1462-70). In Asia it is completely
absent, except for the cistophori (2201-2) and the remark­
able issues from Ephesus with the triple portraits of all three
Triumvirs (2669-73). Octavia, too, had appeared on the
cistophori and on a small Ephesian denomination produced
together with the Triumviral portraits (2574). Antony’s
portrait occurs rather more frequently in Syria, where it is
found at Antioch 4135, Balanea 4456, Aradus 4466-7,
Marathus 4494-5, Ptolemais 4470 and Tripolis, where it
appeared together with that of his wife Fulvia (4509), whose
portrait had also appeared in Asia at Eumenea, re-founded
as the new city of Fulvia (3139-40). In addition the ‘fleet
coinage’ of Bibulus (4088-93), with the same typology as
the Achaean ones, seems to have been minted in either
Syria or Cyprus. These issues are all rare, and do not

amount to more than a tiny proportion of the coinage min­
ted; even a city like Tripolis in Asia, which was re-founded
as Antoniopolis, failed to put the new founder’s portrait on
its coinage.
Antony’s portrait does also occur further south in Syria,
in the new Syrian kingdom granted to Cleopatra, though
there he appears as Cleopatra’s consort rather than in his
own right: she is normally on the obverse, and Antony on
the reverse, as is the case at Chalcis (4771) and the
tetradrachms of uncertain origin (4094-6). Elsewhere,
Cleopatra’s portrait appears at Orthosia (4501-2), Tripolis
(4510), Berytus (4529-30), Ptolemais (4742) and Dora
(4752). Cleopatra’s portrait also appears at Damascus
(4781, 4783), arguably because Damascus, too, was in her
new kingdom (see p. 583), and at Ascalon (4866-8), where
its appearance is a continuation of the tradition of royal
portraits on the coinage of the city. Outside Egypt (p. 688),
the only other occurrence of her portrait is at Patras (1245).
In this case the appearance of her portrait is generally
regarded as purely honorary,1 but it has, not unreasonably,
sometimes been interpreted as indicating that Patras was in
her power.2
In addition to these portraits of Octavian, Antony and
Cleopatra, there are also a few very rare portraits of other
figures in the civil wars. A portrait of Antony’s lieutenant
Atratinus occurs at Sparta (1101), and one of Hortensius at
the colony he founded at Cassandrea or Dium (1509).
The adoption o f the portrait under Augustus
The total number of cities at which these earlier portraits
appear is not very large, especially in comparison with the
number which produced portraits for Augustus. Moreover,
all the pre-Actian portraits occur on coinages which are
very rare, whereas the portrait issues of Augustus and his
successors are plentiful. The consequence was a complete
revolution in the appearance of the huge numbers of small
bronze coins used in daily life throughout the Empire.
How can we explain this change? Did it happen as a
result of a decision by the emperor? Something like this
seems to have happened in Syria in the second century b c .
In 169/168 b c Antiochus IV launched a series of nineteen
municipal coinages, all with his portrait. As the coinages in
question are, for the most part, dated by the Seleucid era,
we can see that this change probably occurred at the same
time for all the cities involved, and this clearly implies a
royal directive of some kind.3
The major problem, in approaching the question of
whether the imperial portrait might have been imposed in
the same way, is that of establishing the date of its adoption
at the different cities. When did Augustus’s portrait appear?
Did it appear at the same time throughout the Empire?
Unfortunately, we cannot date the adoption of Augustus’s
portrait very precisely at the majority of provincial cities,
except in Syria, where it can be seen that the portrait was
1. K . R egling, Z f l S 1906, p. 395.
2. W . K o ch , Z f N 1924, p. 92 n o te i, G ra n t, F I T A 374.
3. O . M o rk h o lm , Congresso Internazionale di N um ism atica (Rome, 1961), V ol. I I
(A tti), p. 63; id., Antiochus I V o f S yria , p p . 125-30.
D esigns a n d legends gg
not generally adopted until late in the reign (see p. 584).
The characteristic period in this region for the adoption of
the imperial portraits was during the last two decades of
Augustus’s reign, though some cities did not adopt it until
even later (Laodicea and Tripolis only under Caligula),
while others did not adopt it at all (for example, Tyre). This
is all the more surprising since Syria is the one area where
earlier portraits (Antony, Cleopatra) had been slightly
more numerous than elsewhere, but is Syria typical of the
rest of the Empire?
Only a very few coinages outside Syria bear dates: the
only way that we can begin to assign dates within
Augustus’s reign is on the basis of the type of portrait he
uses. The best attempt to break down the Augustan portrait
into chronological groups was that made by Bosch, who
divided the portraits into three main groups, on the basis of
the appearance of their profiles.4 In the first Augustus is
shown with a youthful portrait, often with a pronounced
angle between the back of his head and the neck as on the
early CAESAR DIVI F and IMP CAESAR gold and silver
coinage;5 the second group consisted of more mature
portraits, often with a fuller neck and less pronounced angle
at the back of the head (the sort of portrait one finds on the
‘Spanish’ or Lugdunese gold and silver of the tens b c ) ; 6 the
final group consisted of fully mature portraits, usually with
a straight back to the neck and generally showing the
emperor wearing a laurel wreath (e.g., the types of portrait
found on the C L CAESARES gold and silver).7 Bosch sug­
gested that these groups should be dated (roughly) down to
20 b c , from 20 to 10 b c and from 10 b c to the end of the
reign. This division seems reasonably clear on aurei and
denarii, and most of the provincial portraits can be allo­
cated to one of these groups. It is less clear, however, that
the chronological deductions made by Bosch necessarily
follow. The rare dated coins show that the transition from
the earlier to the later portrait types might take place con­
siderably later than one would otherwise have expected.
This can be seen from the dated coinage of Antioch in Syria
(were they not otherwise datable the earliest reformed
portrait silver of 5 b c would probably have been placed in
the twenties b c ) or from a city like Sinope, whose dated
coinage gives much the same picture of a retention of the
earliest-looking portrait until a d 5/6 (2214).
But we can use this criterion of portrait type in a more
restricted way. For instance, if we have a reasonably plenti­
ful coinage with a good sequence of portraits, we can believe
that an early type of portrait, such as one might find at
Amphipolis (1626) or Thessalonica (1554), is indeed a good
indication of an early date of production. Sometimes one
can find some confirmation of this: the early portraits of
Augustus from Aezani (3066), for example, were minted in
parallel with those of Potitus Messala, proconsul in c. 24 b c .
Secondly, one can clearly conclude that if a city uses only
the latest type of portrait (e.g., Samos), then it will not have
made any coinage before the period in which that late type
4. C. B osch, D ie kleinasiatischen M ü n zen der römischen K aiserzeit. T eil I I.
Einzeluntersuchungen. B a n d i : Bithynien, p p . 19-21.
5. E.g., B M C A u g u stu s pl. 14, 10-19.
6. E.g., B M C A u g u stu s pl. 6 -7 .
7. E.g., B M C A u g u stu s pl. 13.
40 GENERAL IN TRODUCTION
came into use. These two approaches have been used
throughout the catalogue to try, where possible, to give
more precise dates for particular issues. Given the nature of
the material, such an attempt can only be partly successful,
but one main conclusion does seem to emerge: that
relatively little portrait coinage can be assigned with any
great confidence before 2 0 b c . Examples can be found at
Corinth, Amphipolis, Thessalonica, Nicaea, Nicomedia,
Sinope, Aezani and Alexandria. But the coinage of several
large cities such as Smyrna, Ephesus or Pergamum, for
instance, does not seem to start before c. 15 b c .
How should we interpret this? It raises a difficult
methodological problem. At a city with a very large output
like Smyrna, we can decide that the first portrait coins were
made in c. 15 b c , but the difficulties of dating the late Hel­
lenistic bronze coinage make it impossible to say at the
moment whether any non-portrait coinage was made
between c, 31 b c and the first issues. Despite this problem
one can form some conclusions in some cases. These are
where one has a fairly good idea of what coinage was produ­
ced in the late first century b c , either from mint studies or
because it is fairly obvious from the coins themselves. At a
large mint like Ephesus, for instance, the issue of bronze for
the three Triumvirs in the thirties b c seems to be followed
by a gap and then the resumption of coinage in about 10 b c
with portrait issues. That is to say, though the adoption of
the portrait did not take place until reasonably late in
Augustus’s reign, it was adopted on the first post-Actian
issue. The same would seem to be true elsewhere. It seems
clear at Calagurris, Osca, Segovia, Cnossus, Corinth,
Patras, Dyme, Pella/Dium, Thessalonica, Nicaea,
Nicomedia, Ephesus and Alexandria; probably also at
Panormus, Agrigentum, Thessalian League, Amphipolis
and Amisus.
The impression given by examples such as these, together
with the cities whose small irregular coinage nevertheless
included an issue for Augustus, is that, for the most part,
the portrait of Augustus was adopted on coinage as soon
after the early twenties b c as coinage was produced. That
there are in fact relatively few issues which can be dated to
the twenties is, on this view, the result of the irregular
nature of the coinage. Thus, for instance, the fact that, for
example, neither Ebora in Spain nor Pitane in Asia produ­
ced coins with Augustus’s portrait until about 10 b c is the
result of the fact that neither city ever produced much
coinage and none in the Augustan period before that date.
One should, however, not overstate the view that the
portrait was rapidly adopted. There are exceptions. For
instance, it has been thought that at Ilium non-portrait
issues were made between 2 9 and 1 9 b c , and portraits there­
after. This is, of course, supposition, but at Sinope we can
see that the issues of 2 8 / 2 7 and 2 7 / 2 6 have no portrait; this
was adopted only in 2 5 / 2 4 ( 2 1 1 4 ) . There are, moreover,
three more substantial groups of coinage which do not, or
are slow to, adopt the portrait: the coinage of Syria, the
coins with non-imperial portraits and the so-called ‘pseudo-
autonomous’ coins.
The Augustan portrait in Syria
If it is correct to think that the portrait was fairly rapidly
adopted after Actium, then, as we have seen, the position in
Syria was exceptional. One can support the view that Syria
was unusual by examining the silver coinage of Antioch.
The posthumous coins of Philip had been interrupted in 37
b c by the tetradrachms with the portraits of Cleopatra and
Antony, but when coinage resumed in 31/30 the previous
Philip types were revived (until at least 17/16 b c ) , and the
imperial portrait appeared only from 5 b c . Much the same
is true of the bronze (SC) coinage. Elsewhere, however,
Augustus’s portrait appeared very quickly on silver
coinage: in Asia it was adopted in 28 b c and at about the
same time in Lycia. This can also be observed with the
main bronze coinages. On the bronze coinage of Egypt
Augustus’s portrait replaced that of Cleopatra very quickly,
between 30 and 27 b c (5001—2); on the Asian CA coinage in
c. 27 b c (2227), at Nemausus in c. 27 (522), in northwestern
Spain (1-4) and Emerita (RIC 11-25) in the twenties: no
doubt significantly the only exception seems to be the SC
coinage of Antioch which did not begin until c. 5 b c (though
see also 4100).
Non-imperial portraits
A number of non-imperial portraits are also found on prov­
incial coinages. These are mostly of proconsuls or other
Roman officials.8 Though there are isolated examples
throughout the Julio-Claudian period (see, for example,
Cibyra 2887, 2889-90, Apronius at Hippo under Tiberius,
713, or Annius Afrinus in Galatia under Claudius, 3543,
3557), the characteristic time for such portraits is early in
the reign of Augustus. This seems clear from all the reason­
ably well-dated examples from Africa (Quinctilius Varus,
776 and 798, Volusius Saturninus, 778, 800-1, and Fabius
Africanus, 710, 781), Bithynia (Thorius Flaccus: see p. 337)
or from Asia (e.g., Cicero 2448 or Potitus Messala 3067: see
p. 367). These portraits are found mostly in the first half of
the reign, and tend to have petered out by the end of the
first century, c. 5 b c , though there was a short efflorescence
of them in Africa in the last decade b c . Usually the portraits
accompany the imperial portrait (Nicaea, Nicomedia,
Tralles, Hierapolis, Aezani), but occasionally they appear
on their own, as with Cicero at Magnesia or [Pompei?] us
Macer at Priene (2687).
In this context, the interest of these portraits is twofold.
In the first place, they show that there was not, at first, any
absolute domination of the provincial coinage by the
imperial portrait, and this clearly modifies our picture of
the universal post-Actian adoption of the portrait.
8. F o r a d iscussion o f these, see R. Sym e, The Augustan Aristocracy, p p . 4 06-7.
Sym e criticises G r a n t’s view th a t su ch p o rtra its w ere reserved, for ‘am ici
p rin c ip is ’. H e po in ts o u t th a t th e ab sen ce o f p o rtra its o f th e p ro co n su ls Piso
a n d Iu llu s A n to n iu s, o n th e o n e h a n d , a n d th e p o rtra y a l o f a novus homo like
P assien u s R ufus, o n th e o th e r, suggest th a t th e re w as no system o r policy, b u t
th a t th ey w ere th e re s u lt o f ‘ac cid en t a n d p erso n ality ’. W e m ay ag ree w ith
Sym e’s conclusion, th o u g h P assien u s R ufus w as, o f course, a re m a rk a b le novus
homo a n d a signally h o n o u red friend o f th e em peror.

Secondly, the marked decrease of the non-imperial portrait
may be paralleled by the other ways in which the self-
advertisement of other individuals gave way to the pre­
eminence of the emperor. This change is observable, for
instance, on the coinage of Rome (the disappearance of the
moneyers’ names and designs from the coinage) and in
other aspects of Roman public life.9 And, just as the
existence of non-imperial portraits modifies the picture of a
universal adoption of the imperial portrait, so their disap­
pearance tends to underline the way in which the imperial
portrait did come to dominate the provincial coinage.
‘Pseudo-autonomous’ coins
Some cities did not adopt the portrait under Augustus or at
all. Athens, for instance, seems to have produced coinage
down to about 1 0 b c , but neither these coins (1306—12) nor
the Athenian imperial coinage of the second and third cen­
turies a d used the imperial portrait. Portraits were not used
either on the silver or the bronze coinage of Chios or Tyre
(before the Severan period), while at Rhodes, the portrait
was not used on the island’s substantial coinage until the
reign of Nero (2772). Imperial coins without portraits are
generically known today as ‘pseudo-autonomous’, a con­
venient (though misleading) term used to distinguish them
from ‘autonomous’ coins, coins of the cities produced before
the imperial period. They have been discussed by A. John­
ston.10 She emphasised the great variety of these coinages
and their distribution throughout most of the coin-making
areas of the Empire. Some cities, such as Ephesus, never
produced them. Elsewhere, they might represent a large
proportion of the coinage produced, though, as Johnston
noted, it seems to be a proportion that increases during the
imperial period.
These coinages present many puzzles. Why, for instance,
do representations of the Senate appear only in Crete
(Axos, Cydonia) and Asia (Lampsacus, Pergamum, Ilium,
Magnesia-ad-Sipylum, Miletus, Aezani), but not in other
provinces, even other ‘senatorial’ provinces, such as
Bithynia? There is no obvious answer, as Johnston has
pointed out.
Johnston concluded that there was really no perceptible
difference between ‘imperial’ and ‘pseudo-autonomous’
issues; as well as asking why the Senate fails to.appear
outside Asia and Crete, one might be similarly puzzled as to
why members of the imperial family appear so regularly in
Asia and Crete, but not so frequently elsewhere (they are
almost completely absent from Syria). Johnston suggested,
however, that the ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins might have
been of practical use in distinguishing denominations or in
saving the money required to be spent in re-cutting dies
after every change of emperor. The second advantage is not
particularly important in the Julio-Claudian period, since
changes of emperor were infrequent. The marking of
denominations was achieved partly by the use of ‘pseudo-
autonomous’ designs, and more usually by the use of
9. See A. W a llac e-H ad rill, J R S 1986, p p . 66—73.
10. A N S M N 1985, p p . 89-112.
Designs an d legends 41
p o r tr a its o f th e d iffe re n t m e m b e rs o f th e im p e r ia l h o u se . A t
so m e p la c e s, s u c h a s P e r g a m u m , th e tw o ( ‘p s e u d o - a u to ­
n o m o u s ’, fa m ily m e m b e rs ) c o m p le m e n te d e a c h o th e r in th e
s a m e d e n o m in a tio n . P e r g a m u m d is tin g u is h e d its s m a lle r
co in s ( ‘s e m isse s’) b y th e u s e o f a h e a d o n b o th o b v e rs e a n d
re v e rse . T h is m ig h t b e o f G a iu s a n d L u c iu s , G e r m a n ic u s
a n d D ru s u s , o r B r ita n n ic u s a n d N e ro . I n th e s a m e w a y
co in s o f th e s a m e d e n o m in a tio n w e re p r o d u c e d w ith
‘p o r t r a i t s ’ o f R o m a a n d th e S e n a te : w e re th e s e p e r h a p s
p r o d u c e d o n th e o c c a s io n s w h e n th e r e w e re n o s u ita b le
im p e r ia l p r in c e (s ) a v a ila b le ? I n j u s t th is w a y a h e a d o f
R o m a w a s u s e d fo r a s m a lle r d e n o m in a tio n o f A c m o n e a
u n d e r N e ro (3 1 7 7 ); p re v io u s ly th e d e n o m in a tio n h a d sh o w n
e m p re sse s (A g r ip p in a I I a n d th e n P o p p a e a ) .
A great deal of the ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coinage can,
however, be explained away as small denominations. In the
same way that Roman coins did not use portraits on coins
smaller than an as, so the civic coinages did not use the
portrait on their smaller denominations. This can be seen
clearly both on the coinages of large cities, for instance,
Antioch or Corinth, where the portrait does not appear on
denominations smaller than the as, and on the coinages of
much smaller cities such as Dioshieron in Asia, Oea in
Africa or Laodicea in Syria. At a city like Carthago Nova,
most of the coinage is ‘pseudo-autonomous’, perhaps
because it was comprised largely of smaller denominations.
Moreover, the use of ‘pseudo-autonomous’ types for small
denominations seems to have led, on very rare occasions
during this period, to a similar use of larger denominations.
At Aegeae, for instance, the largest denomination of all does
not have the imperial portrait. In this case, one feels that a
‘pseudo-autonomous’ type occurs on the largest denomi­
nation as an extension of its use on the smaller denomi­
nations, the portrait already being used for the (now)
intermediate and previously largest denomination. But a
case such as Aegeae is very rare.
Of course, not all small denominations avoid the portrait,
but many do, and it seems that this may be the single most
useful explanation of the ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins at this
period. But it is not, obviously, a complete explanation of
the phenomenon, and ‘political’ reasons are also likely, at
least to a limited extent. An obvious case is the dropping of
the imperial head during a d 68—9, as happens at Corinth
and perhaps also at Smyrna, the Thessalian League and
Locri. These cases are very unusual and presumably reflect
uncertainty about the identity of the reigning emperor
rather than anything else. A different sort of political
explanation seems reasonable in the other very limited
group of cities which never, or only after a considerable
delay, adopted the portrait. Examples are Athens, Chios,
Rhodes or Tyre.11 It is noticeable that they are all free
cities, as indeed was Sparta, which under one of its tyrants,
Eurycles (31-2 b c ) , issued some portraits of Augustus (and
Livia and Agrippa). Most of his coins were, however,
‘pseudo-autonomous’, as were all of the coins of his suc­
cessor Laco ( a d 2-31); portraits only became regular from
the time of Claudius. It may even be that the continued use
of the city’s own types implies some special grant or permis-
ii. C o m p a re a co n n ectio n b etw een free cities a n d th e reten tio n o f local
d en o m in atio n s? See C h a p te r 3, p. 33.
sion: we know from the story of Alexander of Abonoteichus
that the emperor’s permission might be sought for the
designs to be used on the coins (in this example, also
‘pseudo-autonomous’!), as well as for the coinage itself
(Lucian, Alexander 58). One might perhaps suppose that
specially favoured cities were able, if they so wished, to
continue to use their own designs, rather like the way in
which the Syrian cities were slow to adopt the portrait at
the beginning of the imperial period (see p. 40). But any
such connection between free cities and ‘pseudo-auto­
nomous’ coins must remain only partial. Other cities pro­
duced ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins, such as Emporiae (a
municipium) ; conversely, some free cities produced portrait
coins. That free cities such as Aphrodisias did use the
portrait may simply reflect the fact that a city like
Aphrodisias with such very close links with Rome and the
emperors might prefer to use the imperial portrait as a type.
Portraiture after Augustus
The portraits of Tiberius, Caligula and Claudius are very
hard to differentiate from each other or from the portrait of
Augustus. This arises partly from the fact that his suc­
cessors modelled their portrait on that of the first emperor,
and because many of the provincial portraits do not con­
form very closely to the models which were established on
the coinage from Rome. There are cases where the portraits
are unmistakable, usually at the more productive mints
which employed more skilled engravers, such as Smyrna,
though good portraits may also be found at smaller mints
like Miletus or Ebusus. Elsewhere the problems can be
highlighted by the difficulty of deciding between an identifi­
cation as Augustus or Tiberius for many of the ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ
portraits of the ‘Laodicea’ stylistic group (see p. 376), or
indeed the insoluble problems of identification which many
of the Syrian civic portraits would provide, were it not for
the fact that these coins tend to bear dates according to a
local era.
Given these difficulties, it is perhaps not surprising that it
seems to be impossible to break down the coinage of
Tiberius into smaller chronological groups; as Bosch
commented, ‘die Porträts geben keine äusseren
Datierungsmerkmale’ (p. 23).
The new realism which was ushered in with the
portraiture of Nero does, however, allow us to sub-divide
his coinage. In his earliest portrait he is shown as a young
boy; the portrait is bare-headed and usually has a draped
bust. This is the normal portrait used for him at the end of
the reign of Claudius, but it was not confined to 50-4, as
can be seen, for example, from the coinge of Hierapolis,
where it is definitely found at the beginning of his own
reign, together with that of Agrippina II. The second type
of portrait is the slightly more mature type, usually laureate
and normally shown as a head rather than a bust. The final
type belongs to the last five years of the reign, and is charac­
terised by the ‘steps’ (in gradusformata)12 hairstyle, which we
can see from the Roman coinage was introduced in 63.
12. S uetonius, Nero 51.
This, the latest type of Neronian portrait, was widely adop­
ted by the provincial coinages, many of which have there­
fore been dated to 63 or later in the catalogue. The change
in the type of portrait can be observed most clearly at a
mint where there was a regular output, such as on the silver
coinage of Antioch, which shows very clearly the adoption
of the new hairstyle in late 63 (4188-9). But the new hair­
style was not universally adopted, so its absence cannot be
used as a definite indication of a date earlier than 62. The
case of the prolific Neronian coinage of Alexandria amply
demonstrates the point. On the bronze coinage, the new
portrait was not adopted at all, and, in general, the
portraits on late Neronian bronzes from Alexandria are
very different from those on the silver. Even on the silver,
however, we can observe, first, that the ‘steps’ hairstyle was
in use until year 11 (i.e., after autumn 64), and, secondly,
that it was only used for part of that year. With the adop­
tion of the radiate portrait in, say, early 65, the new hairst­
yle was dropped.
The portraits of the emperors of 68-9 are, not surpris­
ingly, very varied. The portrait of Galba seems to have been
well disseminated, since his (few) provincial portraits are
generally recognisable. The rare portraits of Otho and
Vitellius, however, bear little relation to the portraits at
Rome. For instance, the portraits of Otho from Antioch are
little more than a mixture of Augustus’s and Nero’s
portrait, not at all like the portrait found on his western
aurei and denarii.
Attributes
The portraits are nearly always shown as simple heads,
either bare or laureate. Only very occasionally are any sym­
bols associated with the portrait. Sometimes these are of
purely local significance, such as the star which appears on
the obverse of some Glaudian bronzes from Alexandria to
distinguish one denomination from another which used the
same types. The same is true of the star, lituus and crescent
used with Neronian portraits at Ptolemais.
O t h e r sy m b o ls m a y h a v e a g r e a te r sig n ific a n c e ,
A u g u s tu s ’s p o r t r a i t is a c c o m p a n ie d b y a n a p h la s to n a t
A p a m e a (3 1 3 7 ), p r e s u m a b ly a re fe re n c e to th e n a v a l v ic to ry
a t A c tiu m . A m o re c o m m o n a t tr ib u te is th e litu u s , th e
s y m b o l o f th e a u g u r a te (see in d e x o f o b v e rs e ty p e s, u n d e r
A u g u s tu s ) . T h o u g h its im p o r ta n c e in R o m a n re lig io n
m a k e s it a s y m b o l le g itim is in g h is p o s itio n , its re la tiv e ly
f r e q u e n t o c c u rre n c e d o e s se e m to r e q u ir e f u r th e r e x p la n a ­
tio n . O th e r w is e w h y is th e s im p u lu m , th e s y m b o l o f th e
p rie s th o o d , so r a r e ly s h o w n ? 13 T h e o b v io u s a n s w e r is t h a t it
r e p r e s e n ts th e w o rd - p la y a u g u r - A u g u s tu s .14 I f th is is c o r­
re c t, th e n it is in te r e s tin g to r e c a ll t h a t it is, o f c o u rse , a
L a tin w o rd - p la y , y e t th e litu u s c ro p s u p a t b o th L a tin a n d
G re e k c o m m u n itie s . I n tu r n , th is m a k e s o n e w o n d e r i f its
re la tiv e f re q u e n c y im p lie s t h a t it p la y e d a n im p o r ta n t p a r t
in th e p r e s e n ta tio n o f A u g u s tu s ’s p u b lic im a g e ; a c o ro lla ry
m ig h t b e t h a t m a n y o f th e s ta tu e s o f th e e m p e r o r s h o w in g
13. I t occu rs on ly rarely , as a t H a d ru m e tu m 771, w h ere it seem s to refer to
A u g u stu s’s new p o sitio n as p ontifex m ax im u s after 1 2 bc.
14. S u eto n iu s, Augustus 7.2.

him capite velato were intended to be statues of him as augur
rather than pontifex.
The lituus also appears on some of the coins of
Augustus’s successors;15 like the capricorn (see below) its
use by Augustus rendered it a general imperial symbol,
appropriate to every emperor.
A more frequent class of attributes consists of divine sym­
bols. The first is the radiate crown, used to denote the
deification of Augustus, and a regular feature of nearly all
portraits of Divus Augustus. Not all deified emperors are,
however, shown in this way; Divus Iulius, for instance, is
always shown wearing a crown or wreath. More surprising
is the failure to use the radiate crown for representation of
Divus Claudius; it is consistently avoided, for instance at
Rome, Caesarea and Antioch. In this respect its use by
Nero during his lifetime indicates that a direct link between
Nero and Augustus was intended. Radiate representations
of Nero first appear on the reverses of his first coins from
Alexandria in 56/7 (5203). His radiate portrait appears
regularly on the obverse of silver of Alexandria from 63/4
(5274-5). It also occurs occasionally on the civic coinage
(see index 6.1), but its earliest appearance there cannot be
closely dated.
As on his Roman coinage, the other important divine
attribute used by Nero was the aegis of Jupiter. At Alexan­
dria this is regularly found from 65 (5288-9), and it became
a standard feature on the silver of Antioch from 59/60. It
also occurs on the civic coinage of Acmonea (3176).
One minor, but significant, symbol, is the sceptre which
appears over the emperor’s shoulder on Cretan coins. The
similar representation which is found for Zeus at Crete
suggests an association between the emperor and Zeus
Kretagenes. It occurs for both Caligula (963-5) and Nero
(1005-6), the two emperors for whom one expects divine
aspirations (see also p. 47). A similar symbol appears at
Carystus (1356), though it is not clear if there is any link,
nor what its significance there might be.
Legends
Otherwise, apart from the portrait, the provincial coinages
of the imperial period only gradually developed from their
predecessors. The advent of the imperial portrait brought
with it the need to place an identifying inscription on the
obverse. In the Greek-speaking world this was usually kept
very simple, and confined to one or two words such as
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ or the like. In some areas
fuller legends were given; full names and titles are a feature
of the coinage of Bithynia, Lycia, Cyprus and Egypt,
though why this should be so is not clear. The identifying
inscriptions tended to be fuller at cities where Latin legends
were used, though not often much fuller than AVGVSTVS
DIVI F or C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS. Very
occasionally much fuller legends and titles are given (see
index 4.1 of imperial titles), or legends which amplify the
significance of the design; for instance, a depiction of Livia
as Hera might be accompanied, as at Pergamum, by the
15. See in d ex of obverse types, especially u n d e r N ero.
D esigns an d legends 43
legend ΛΙΒΙΑΝ ΗΡΑΝ (2359: compare Messalina as NEA
HPA at Nicaea and Nicomedia, 2033-4, 2038, 2074).
The legends used on the reverse continued as previously.
The differing ways in which the ‘magistrates’ names’
appear has already been discussed in Chapter 1: dates
(numerals, sometimes preceded by ET or L), too, continued
to be used in the provinces of Syria and Egypt.16
Reverse types
The general content o f provincial reverses
The vast majority of the designs used on the reverses of
provincial coins have only local significance, and this is not
perhaps very surprising, as the early imperial provincial
coinage is essentially a continuation of the ‘autonomous’
civic coinages with the adoption of the imperial portrait on
the obverse. The reverse types do start to show a greater
variety than in the Hellenistic period, presumably reflecting
the greater circulation of aurei and denarii with their very
varied designs,17 but the variation tends to remain within
the traditional bounds of important cult or religious images,
and there is no sign of the pronounced antiquarianism
which was to pervade the provincial coinage in the second
century; nor do types reflect in any systematic way histori­
cal events, and in this respect they are quite different from
those used at this time at the mint of Rome. Generally
speaking, the types continue to refer to the principal cults of
the relevant city, and it is only rarely that other types are
used.
The most normal representation is that of a local deity,
for example Apollo Patröos in Lycia, Apollo Delphinios and
Didymeus at Miletus, Apollo Kissios at Alabanda, or
Dikaiosyne at Prymnessus. Sometimes a local deity might
appear at several cities in the same region, such as Apollo-
Mên with a double axe at Hierapolis and Eumenea in Phry­
gia, or Artemis of Ephesus in western Asia; similarly, a bull
figures widely on the coinage of Spain, sometimes with a
‘pediment’, reflecting its cult importance in Spain.
Sometimes the representation of a deity may be directly
derived from a statue. Good examples occur on the coinage
of the Thessalian League, which occasionally shows a
statue of Apollo with the sculptor’s signature (1443, 1450),
or on the coinage of Ephesus, where the famous cult image
of Artemis is frequently shown. One also finds local cult
statues at Aspendus (the Aphroditai Kastnietides) and
imperial statues (identifiable as such from their bases) at
Philippi (1650) and Carthago Nova (151). Statues of a
horseman appear in Lycia under Claudius (3344, 3349): the
depiction of Caligula on horseback at Amphipolis (1637-8)
and the standing figures of Claudius and Nero at the same
city (1639-40, 1641-2) may also be derived from imperial
statues.
16. I n th e case o f the d ates used in S yria, th e p o rtra its a re so u n alik e the
a p p e a ra n c e o f re g u la r im p eria l effigies th a t, b u t for th e d a te , w e w ould often
n o t be ab le to tell w h ich em p ero r w as in ten d ed .
17. Is th e ab sen ce o f d en a rii from S yria a reaso n for th e less v aried ty p e c o n ten t o f
S y rian coinage? O r is it ju s t th e resu lt o f co n serv atism ; co m p are th e absence
o f p o rtra its o f m em b ers o f th e im p erial fam ily a n d th e la te a d o p tio n o f the
A u g u stan p o rtra it (p. 39)?
 One of the deities frequently represented is Athena, the
principal deity of many cities, but it is usually impossible to
tell whether a depiction is supposed to be of her or of Roma,
whose iconography was often similar. Sometimes the figure
is explicitly labelled as Roma (e.g., Ilium 2312, Smyrna
2481), and not infrequently in Asia Roma is shown as a
turreted city-goddess, as at Pergamum or Ephesus (2632).
Other local subjects are the bridge which was used as a
frequent type at Buthrotum, or the tower at Panormus
(637—8). Buildings are found at Nicaea, gateways at
Caesarea Germanica and Emerita, and temples at many
cities, such as Tarraco, Emerita, Caesaraugusta, Aphrodis­
ias, Tenos, Lycia, Perga, Buthrotum and Chalcis:
sometimes these are imperial temples such as at Teos,
where the imperial portrait (Augustus or Nero) is shown in
a temple, presumably indicating that an imperial statue
had been placed in the temple of Dionysus there, or at
Pergamum, Smyrna and Ephesus, where neocorate temples
of Augustus, Tiberius and Nero are depicted (cf. Miletus for
Caligula). An imperial triumphal arch is shown on the
cistophori of Asia (2216), and this is copied at Alexandria
under Augustus (5003).
Although it was normal for a city to use a design of some
particular relevance to that city, other categories of types
are also found. One is the occurrence of a personal type,
where the reverse design is related directly to the person
who was responsible for the coin rather than the city. These
are very rare. One of the coins of Laodicea signed by Zeuxis
shows a serpent-staff (2895), and this is surely related to the
fact that Zeuxis was the head of a famous medical school
there. Slightly more frequent are cases where the design is
related to a proconsul: for instance a curule chair at Nicaea
(2028) or a sella quaestoria in Cyrenaica (938, etc.) and Crete
(919—20). The Nicaean coins were made under the procon­
sul Thorius Flaccus, and his Lanuvine origins explain the
occurrence of the head of ΗΡΑ ΛΑΝΟΙΑ on another coin
(2063). Similarly, the portraits of the proconsuls Cicero at
Magnesia (2446) and Messala Potitus at Aezani (3067) are
accompanied by representations of a hand, holding scales
as a symbol of the proconsul’s judicial function at Aezani,
and with a wreath, corn ears and a vine branch at
Magnesia, perhaps a symbol of prosperity arising from
some benefaction or decision of the proconsul. Such
representations are reminiscent of the personal types of
Republican denarii, but they are very rare and disappear,
like the portraits of the proconsuls, during the reign of
Augustus. The prominence of the emperor was preferred to
that of other individuals.
Another variation from city types is the regional type,
shared by a number of cities. This is not common in the
Julio-Claudian period, and the only good example is from
Macedonia where a trotting horse is used as a mark of the
smallest denomination at a number of mints: Thessalonica
(1605-7), the Macedonian Koinon (1625) and Cassandrea
(1512, 1514).
A much more frequent way of using typology to denote
the denomination of coins was, at least in the province of
Asia, the use of the portraits of different members of the
imperial family on different denominations. Typically the
emperor occurs on the principal denomination and an
empress or his heir on a smaller one. One can see examples
of this at Pergamum or Laodicea (for imperial heirs), or in
the eastern part of the province of Asia (for the use of
empresses, especially Livia and Agrippina II). As a result
members of the imperial family are frequently depicted on
the coinage of Asia. This technique was also used to a more
limited extent in Africa and Greece, but not at all in Syria
or Egypt.
Status and types
There is a partial correlation between the scope of a coinage
and the types used. The ‘main’ or ‘Roman’ coinages
naturally tend to have types with an imperial rather than
local significance, as one might expect, though there are
exceptions, where local types are used (e.g., at Nemausus, if
the crocodile and palm tree refer to the settlement of
veterans after 30 b c , or at Antioch, where the Tyche of
Antioch appears on some of the silver tetradrachms).
In this respect, the imperial coinage of Alexandria stands
out from the rest of the coinage of the period for its use of
types which are both very varied and non-local. This is not
so much a feature of the Augustan and Tiberian coinage,
where local references predominate (e.g., animals and
birds, like the crocodile, hippopotamus and ibis, or personi­
fications like Nilus or Euthenia). But from Claudius
onwards the types tend to be more imperial; either dynastic
representations of the imperial family or imperial symbols
(e.g., the butting bull or corn ears under Claudius, both
picked up from Augustan cistophori). Under Nero, the
designs refer explicitly beyond Egypt, such as the statue of
Capitoline Zeus (5285) or the series of coins from years 13
to 14 commemorating Nero’s visit to Greece. The building,
too, on coins of Galba seems to be a Roman temple; the
personifications' which appear on his and Otho’s silver
coinage there are certainly Roman personifications, even if
their actual representations are not.
There is also a partial correlation between the status of
an issuing city and the types used. In the previous discus­
sion o f‘pseudo-autonomous’ coinages it was suggested that,
in some cases, ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coinage can be
explained by the fact that the issuing city was free. Again,
as we have seen, there are exceptions, such as the portrait
issues from the free city of Aphrodisias or the ‘pseudo-
autonomous’ coins produced at less privileged cities, most
of which otherwise produced coinage with an imperial head
on the obverse and a local religious type on the reverse.
The other exception to this pattern is provided by the
cities with chartered status, whether municipia or colonies,
whose coin types naturally tended to be much more
‘Roman’ in content. This is not, of course, very surprising,
and does, in fact, result from much the same considerations
as were important for the choice of types at non-chartered
cities. In both cases, the cities chose designs appropriate to
their origins or cults; naturally, in the case of municipia and
colonies, these are quite different in content to those which
were appropriate to other cities. From the point of view of
the colonists, for instance, their types would have much the

same significance as those of non-Roman cities would have
had to their communities. In both cases, the principal reli­
gious cults and the origins of the communities were
emphasised. Obviously in the case of the colonies, which
were for the most part only recent foundations or re-founda-
tions, the relevant objects were very different from those
important to Greek communities: for instance, the military
standards which occur so commonly at colonies throughout
the Mediterranean; in Spain (e.g., Caesaraugusta, Acci,
Ilici or Emerita), in Achaea (Patras), Macedonia (Cassan­
drea or Philippi), Bithynia (Apamea), Galatia (Antioch in
Pisidia) or Syria (Berytus) : see index of reverse types under
aquila, signum, standard and vexillum. In the same way,
the symbols of Roman religion often appear at colonies
(e.g., the apex, praefericulum, simpulum, patera, knife and
lituus: see index).
Other colonial types refer to the foundation of the colony,
though their appearance is not necessarily restricted to
‘foundation issues’. The understanding of these types can
be greatly illuminated by our knowledge from other sources
of the process of the foundation of a colony, and this infor­
mation has been gathered together by L. Keppie.18 The
most common type shows a figure, capite velato, ploughing
with two oxen. This is a representation of the religious
definition of the extent of the colony by the commissioner
who ploughed a sacred furrow or sulcus primigenius,19 though
this procedure was presumably usually only symbolic. The
scene is probably the most common design found at col­
onies (see index of reverse types, under Ploughing Scene).20
There were, of course, minor variations, such as in the type
of bull (e.g., the humped bull in Pisidia and Lycaonia
(3538- 9j 3517), and in one case there are two figures behind
the plough (Philippi? 1656-60). At Patras (1253-4), the
ploughing figure is also shown with a rod and a vexillum (cf.
Cassandrea or Dium 1509), the rod being a reference to the
surveying of land prior to the foundation and the vexillum
referring to the actual leading out (deductio) of the colonists
under a special banner.
The plough on its own also appears at a number of col­
onies (Gnossus, Dyme, Pella, Philippi, Sinope), and some
other rare representations illustrate other parts of the
foundation process. At Philippi, the new Antonian colony of
42 Be issued a series of coins (1646-9). The urn on 1649
refers to the process whereby the parcels of land were dis­
tributed by drawing lots (sortitio), and a fuller version of this
scene seems to appear on 1647. On this coin an urn is
placed beside a seated togate figure, presumably the com­
missioner. He holds up something which seems to be a
writing board, presumably for recording the results of the
lot. A different, but analogous scene, occurs on the coinage
of the Caesarian colony at Lampsacus (2268-73). One
denomination (2270-1.) depicts a female figure holding a
cornucopia and extending her hand over an urn, a symbolic
representation of the process of lot (the figure presumably
being Fortuna).
18. Colonisation and Veteran Settlement in Ita ly 41 -1 4 B C , pp. 87-97.
19. K ep p ie, op. cit., p. 91, E. T . S alm on, Rom an Colonisation under the Republic, p . 27.
20. T h e re are also th re e exam ples o f th e plo u g h in g scene w h ich do n o t refer to the
fo u n d atio n o f a colony: A ssorus 665, T h e ssalo n ica, p. 297, T ra lle s 2649. T h e ir
in te rp re ta tio n is p u zzling (see th e relev an t co m m entaries).
D esigns an d legends 45
Historical events
The provincial city coinage makes only very few direct allu­
sions to contemporary events. One early instance is the
trophy on a prow between a rudder and an anchor at
Byzantium (1770), a reference to one of Antony’s victories
as his portrait on the obverse suggests. But even after the
establishment of Augustus’s rule and the adoption of the
portrait on the obverses of provincial coinages, there are
very few allusions to actual events. Even Actium is little
noticed on the coinage. The Eirene who appears at
Nicomedia (2062, copying the cistophorus 2203), is no
doubt a reference to the post-Actian peace, and the same
may perhaps be true of the Eirene which figures on the
coinage of Cos under Augustus (2738), since no local cult of
Eirene seems to be attested there.21 At Pella the represen­
tation of Augustus with his foot on a prow is explicitly
labelled ACTIO (1548), and the accompanying types of
Spes and Victory (1545, 1549) presumably also celebrate
the same event. It is hard to see many other references to
the battle and its aftermath, though some of the represen­
tations of Nike which occur throughout the Empire (see
index) may in fact do so. An obvious example is the Nike on
the coinage of Nicopolis, and perhaps also those at Thes­
salonica (1556), Panormus (639) and Dyme (1247). The
same may also be true at Athens (1306) in view of the
contemporary adoption of Augustus’s signet, the sphinx.
Other cases, such as Rhodes, Phocaea (2436) and Smyrna
(2465) are less certain, and at these cities Nike may be used
as a generic imperial symbol, as it is at Abdera, where the
accompanying legends make this clear (1729, 1739).
The city coinages make no allusion to Augustus’s visits to
the east, or to the various campaigns there, though there are
two minor allusions to Gaius’s expedition to the east. At
Pergamum, an obverse of Gaius is paired with an Armenian
captive copied from a denarius, while at Apamea (3129) the
prince is depicted in a facing quadriga with the accompany­
ing label ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ.
The help given to various Asian cities after the devastat­
ing earthquake of a d 1 7 is reflected in the change of the
names of several of the cities (e.g., Sardis to Sardis
Caesarea, Mostene to Mostene Caesarea; compare the re­
naming of Tralles as Caesarea after an earlier earthquake in
the reign of Augustus). In one case Tiberius is depicted
restoring the city, by raising its Tyche from a kneeling
position (Magnesia-ad-Sipylum 2451); a similar restoration
scene appears at Perinthus under Claudius (1745), though
the occasion is not known.
Claudius’s British victory is celebrated on the didrachms
of Caesarea, but other convincing allusions are hard to find
(Tomi 1830 and Mopsus 4054 are the only possible, and not
very convincing, possibilities). Nero’s British and
Armenian wars do not seem to be recorded, though his
second consulship was mentioned on the coinage of Philippi
(1655), and his third consulship of 57 is celebrated at
Sinope with a remarkable (for the provinces) depiction of
the processus consularis (2136). The first systematic allusion to
21. P W 1478.
an event, however, takes place in Nero’s reign, with the
appearance of types referring to his visit to Greece in 66/7
and his proclamation of the freedom of Greece. Such types
occur at several Achaean cities (Nicopolis, Corinth, Patras,
Sicyon, and perhaps also the Thessalian League and
Phoenice; see p. 247); there also seem to be some allusions
in Macedonia (e.g., Thessalonica 1559: see p. 287), and a
whole series of types at Alexandria in Egypt refers to the
visit to Greece and all the main festivals there.
Imitations o f other coins
A number of types were simply (appropriate) imitations of
other coin types, usually those on denarii. Such imitations
occur most commonly in the west, and particularly in Spain
(p. 64). They also occur in Gaul (e.g., 501), Italy
(Paestum), Sicily (Segesta) and Africa (e.g., Sabratha, Oea
or Lepcis Magna). A popular design was Caesar’s elephant,
copied in Gaul (501-2), at Hadrumetum (781) and Iol
(879). Type imitations were also made further east. In the
east imitations tended naturally to be of aurei or denarii, as
they circulated there, rather than of bronze coins which did
not. A coin of Thessalonica (1556) copied the types and,
indeed, module of Augustan silver quinarii. The Nemesis
on Neronian coins of Smyrna was copied from Claudian
aurei or denarii (2478-9); the coins of Caligula with Divus
Augustus were copied at Balbura in Lycia (3355)· Other
silver coins were also copied in the east. Cistophori of
Augustus were copied at Nicomedia (2062), and, somewhat
surprisingly, at Alexandria under Augustus and Claudius
(5003-4, 5123), and the reverse of the Caesarean didrachm
of Messalina (3627) was copied at Caesarea Paneas (4842).
Some bronze coins were also copied in the east. Bronze
from the mint of Rome was occasionally copied in north­
western Asia Minor, nearer to its area of circulation. Coins
of Mytilene imitate sestertii of Tiberius (2343); Nero’s
Decursio sestertius is copied in Bithynia (2103-4), and his
Securitas dupondii are adapted into a representation of Pop­
paea, also in Bithynia (2060). Some eastern bronze coinages
were themselves copied in the east: presumably the OB C S
type at Caesarea Maritima (4858-9) and the SC reverse at
Caesarea Paneas (4844) are, respectively, an adaptation of
the Syrian CA coinage and a copy of the Antioch SC bronze
coinage. Similarly, the Neronian coinage of Sepphoris
(4849-50) copied bronze from Antioch (SC) and from Com­
magene (cornucopias). An exceptional case is the coinage of
Agrippa I of Judaea for years 2 and 5, whose designs are
almost exclusively drawn from the contemporary bronze
coinage of Caligula from Rome, presumably a reflection of
Agrippa’s close links with and recent presence in Rome (p.
683).
Imperial and dynastic types
With the advent of the Empire, it would have become
appropriate for the cities to copy imperial or dynastic types
on their coinage. Thus one of the most popularly copied
types was the capricorn (sometimes with globe and cornu­
copia), which was adopted at a number of cities in response
to the importance attached to it by Augustus. It occurs
regularly, though not very commonly, throughout the
Empire, in Spain, Gaul, Africa, Sicily, Asia and Egypt (see
index of reverse types; cf. Alabanda 2814), though it should
be noted that its use was not confined to Augustus, and it
crops up from time to time as a general imperial symbol
under other emperors or members of the imperial family,
such as Caligula (Philadelphia 3027-31, perhaps signih-
cantly with magistrates who sign their names as philokaisar),
Nero (Nicomedia 2086, Nicaea 2050, etc., Sinope 2138,
Parium? 2265), or Galba (Parium? 2266-7). Occasionally it
may be found for other members of the imperial family,
such as Gaius and Lucius (Tralles 2650-1) or Britannicus
(Nicomedia 2075). Another Augustan type occasionally
picked up by the coinage of other emperors is the butting
bull, which occurs for Claudius at Alexandria (5122) and
for Nero at Buthrotum (1401, etc.): the same source may
account for its appearance at Eumenea under Tiberius
( 3 1 4 4 - 5 )·
Another coin type which was very widely adopted is the
seated representation of Livia on asses of Tiberius minted in
15/16 at Rome (RIC 33-6). This representation was, for
some reason, very popular and was frequently copied,
especially in Africa and Achaea. Sometimes the image was
adapted, and the patera held by Livia was replaced by a
bunch of corn ears, thereby likening her to Ceres, an
assimilation which was made explicit at Thapsus by the
accompanying legend CERERI AVGVSTAE (795): the
more normal representation (with patera) also occurs at
Thapsus where it is labelled IVN(oni) AVG(ustae) (797).
It is not necessarily true that all representations of this type
were intended to depict Livia like Juno, though the associa­
tion was obvious enough (e.g., ΛΙΒΙΑΝ ΗΡΑΝ at Pergamum
2359, and HPA at the Thessalian League 1427, or the pea­
cock at Oea, 833).
The capricorn and the copying of the Livia type are good
instances of how dynastic themes began to creep onto the
provincial coinage, and parallel the general proliferation of
members of the imperial family. Indeed, a number of the
reverse types of this period consist of simple depictions of
members of the imperial house. Sometimes these would
take the form of standing figures, as of Agrippina I and
Germanicus on coins of Caligula from Magnesia-ad-
Sipylum (2454—5) or Agrippina II as Demeter on coins of
the same city (2457), but frequently the portrait head or
bust of a member of the imperial family might well replace
the reverse type: portraits of Agrippina II are frequently
found as the reverse type on coins of either Claudius or
Nero. The use of these portraits as denomination markers
partially accounts for their commonness, but by no means
provides a complete explanation for them, especially where
they appear as the reverse types. We can perhaps suppose
that the dynastic use of reverse types on aurei and denarii
from Augustus’s reign prompted their appearance on the
civic coinage, though there they appear in a fuller form. The
standing figures of aurei and denarii depicted only standing
hgures, but provincial coins showed portraits as well, and
women appear far more frequently on provincial bronzes
than on precious metal coins.
 Designs a n d legends ^7

Divine representations The avoidance of superhuman representations of the

emperor on coinage and other artefacts29 contrasts oddly
With the exceptions of Caligula and, especially, Nero, living with other evidence for the imperial cult. There is no
emperors were not likened to gods on the provincial shortage of inscriptions attesting divine honours for
coinage. In the discussion of the attributes used to emperors;30 indeed, more priests of Augustus are known
accompany the portraits, it was observed that the divine than for any other emperor,31 and the establishment of
radiate crown is confined, except for Caligula and Nero, to Augustus’s regime seems to have prompted an explosion of
representations of Divus Augustus. It was not used for cults in the cities of the Empire.32 Given this mass of
either Divus Iulius or Divus Claudius, let alone any living evidence for the attitudes of the cities to the emperors’ cult,
emperor or member of his family. Much the same is true of one might also have expected the civic coinage to honour
the legends which accompany the portraits (though there them in a similar way, but they do not, except in the limited
are exceptions, as at Mytilene where everyone was given the way that the portrait of the emperor replaces images of
title θεός on coins). In the case of Augustus only a very few deities on the obverses of their coins. The emperor is depic­
legends call him θεός during his lifetime. These are confined ted in human, rather than divine, form. It might be objec­
to small issues from the Thessalian League and Thes­ ted that we cannot be sure of this, since a plain portrait
salonica; it might perhaps also occur on two, possibly head could as well be from a divine as a human statue.33
related, issues from an uncertain mint.22 The same is true of But, first, the use of the lituus indicates that many of the
designs. The depiction of Augustus’s head in a temple at portraits are intended to show the emperor in a human,
Teos (2511) is exceptional.23 There are no instances of priestly, capacity. Secondly, and more significantly, the
divine representation for Tiberius and Claudius or, indeed, treatment of emperors, and indeed other male members of
for any of their male relatives. Caligula and Nero, however, the imperial house, presents a strong contrast with the
may appear with divine attributes, such as the sceptre (in treatment of imperial women.
Crete) or a star, and Caligula was called θεός at Amphipolis A constant theme of the provincial coinage is the likening
(1637). With Nero, divine attributes were often used on the of empresses to various goddesses. The comparison of Livia
Roman coinage and on the provincial silver coinages, and, with Geres and Juno has already been mentioned. She is
though they do occur on provincial bronze coinages (see also shown, as a goddess, on a throne at Emerita (39),
index 6.1), they are still rare, as were inscriptions such as Gaesaraugusta (341) and Sinope (2126). Her association
Laodicea 2923, where he is called θεός. They were with Ceres or Persephone is also made clear by her depic­
somewhat more common in Achaea, during his visit there, tion seated with corn ears at Pergamum (2368), with corn
and the association of Nero with Jupiter Liberator/Zeus ears and a sceptre (Corinth, Sardis, Lepcis Magna, Hippo,
Eleutherios seems to have been a commonplace (Sicyon Utica, Carthage, Thapsus, Corinth, Dium), or standing
1238-44, Patras 1297-8). Nero was also associated with with corn ears and poppies (Tralles 2647). The represen­
Apollo,24 presumably as a result of his musical feats at the tations of her with a patera and a sceptre (Thessalonica
Achaean games. 1569, Italica 66-7) are also presumably allusions to Hera or
Caligula and Nero are known, of course, to have encoura­ Juno. The reference of her representation seated with a
ged their own worship.25 Other emperors discouraged their double cornucopia (Bithynia 2097), on the other hand, is
less clear, though the same representation is found
worship. This is well known in the case of Augustus, and
elsewhere for Agrippina I (Philadelphia 3032). She might,
Tiberius, Caligula (at first) and Claudius all prohibited
of course, also be likened to a local cult goddess, such as
sacrifices to themselves.26 A similar pattern can be observed
Aphrodite Stratonikis at Smyrna (2467).
in sculptural representations. In the case of Augustus, the
A similar propensity for divine symbolism can be seen in
divine symbolism associated with the so-called ‘Actium-
the case of Caligula’s mother, Agrippina I. She is shown
type’ of image was replaced by the new image of the ‘First
citizen’ type;27 in full-length versions, he was usually shown seated with a sceptre and a cornucopia at Philadelphia
in human form, either as a civilian or as a priest, just as he (3032), or with a sceptre and a patera at Apamea (2012).
His sister Drusilla, who was deified after her death, is
was often depicted on the provincial coinage with a lituus.
Similarly, on Augustus’s aurei and denarii, he was regularly shown as Persephone at Smyrna, seated with poppies, corn
shown as god, hero and man down to 27 b c , but thereafter ears and a sceptre. The ascription of divine honours to
only in the human form, and this sort of representation empresses might also be more indirect, by associating the
empress on the obverse with a deity on the reverse. For
prevailed on the coinage of his successors until late in
Nero’s reign.28 example, at Sardis Octavia is paired with a Demeter reverse
(2998), and a similar reverse is used for Antonia at Tomi
22. T h e ssalian League: 1427; T h e ssalo n ica: 1563 (referring to L ivia as AIBIA
(1832): again, a portrait of Agrippina II is paired with a
ΘΕΟΥ; the v a ria n t legend Θ ΕΑ AIBIA suggests th a t an e n g rav e r’s m istak e is a head of Persephone on the reverse at Aezani (3103). Pop-
possible ex p lan atio n ; U n certa in : 5420-1 (ΘΕ m ig h t be p a rt o f an eth n ic r a th e r
th a n p a r t o f θεός: see co m m en tary ).
23. Is M y la sa 2792 lifetim e o r posthum ous? 29. T h e re w as no such av o id an ce on objects o f restricted circu latio n , su ch as
24. N icopolis 1376, c f 1372, T h e ssalo n ica 1599; cf. S uetonius, Nero 25. cam eos o r th e ‘sw ord o f T ib e riu s ’, o r in d e ed in th e A u g u stan po ets: see R.
25. C alig u la: S u eto n iu s, Gaius 22, D io 59.26.5-28.8, P hilo, Legatio 75-114, B. E . Levy, A lb ert, D a s B ild des Augustus a u f den frü h e n reichsprägungen (1981) w ith the
S M 1988, p p . 101—7; N ero: d esp ite Μ . T . G riffin. Nero , p p . 215—20, th e obvious review b y A. B u rn ett, Gnomon 1983, p p . 5 62-5.
in te rp re ta tio n o f th e use o f th e aegis a n d ra d ia te crow n, to g e th er w ith th e litera ry 30. A g lan ce a t a p p e n d ix I I I o f L. R . T a y lo r, The D iv in ity o f the Rom an Emperor ,
evidence (such as it is), is th a t N ero en couraged his divine rep resen tatio n . sh o u ld suffice.
26. See S. R . F. P rice, J R S 1980, p. 30. 31. S. Price, R itu a ls and Power, p. 58.
27. P. Z ä n k er, Augustus und die M a ch t der B ilder, p p . 4 2 -6 0 , 103-6. 32. F. M illar, in F . M illa r a n d E. Segal, Caesar A ugustus, p p . 53-4 .
28. See, e.g., A. B u rn ett, Coinage in the Rom an W orld , p p . 71-6. 33. C f P rice, op. cit., p. 184.
paea is explicitly associated with Nike on the reverse of a
coin of Smyrna (2486), and the same association may be
implicit at Sardis (3001), while at Laodicea she may be
associated with Aphrodite (2924), just as Julia had been
much earlier at Pergamum (2359).
The contrast between the treatment of males and females
does not seem to have attracted comment in the past. It
does, however, provide a powerful indication of the
avoidance of divinity for emperors and their male relatives
on the civic coinage. The contrast between their treatment
on the coinage and by the civic cults in their honour sug­
gests that one should conclude that there was an element of
centralised control in the way they were depicted on
coinage in the provinces, a control which, one would guess,
operated indirectly in the same way as has been suggested
in the case of portraits in general.
Alliance coinages
Some provincial coinages were signed with the ethnics of or
refer to two (or more) cities. These are misleadingly known
today as ‘alliance coinages’ from the fact that they usually
include the inscription ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ. Good discussions have
recently been provided by P. R. Franke and D.A. O.
Klose.34 Their main conclusion is that there is no overall
explanation for all the ‘alliance’ coinages, but that they are
a single manifestation of many different sets of circum-
34. P. R. F ran k e, ‘Z u d en H o m o n o ia -M ü n z en K lein asien s’, Stuttgarter
Kolloquium z u r Historische Geographie des Altertum s I, 1980, p. 81, an d
D .A . O . K lose, D ie M ünzpräg u n g von Smyrna in der römischen K aiserzeit , pp.
44—63. T h e re is also R . P era, Homonoia suile M onete da Augusto agli A ntonini.
stances (rivalry between cities, political or religious links,
boundary disputes).
In the Julio-Claudian period there are a few examples:
Thessalian League (and Rome) 15 5 3
Amisus (and Rome) 2143
Pergamum and Sardis 2988 (Augustus)
PHypaepa and PSardis 5445-6 (Tiberius)
Laodicea and Smyrna 2912 (Claudius) and 2928
(Nero)
These instances show that ‘alliance coinages’ had not yet
been standardised in their normal imperial form. The word
ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ does not occur: instead of the ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ of two
cities, we usually find the two ethnics joined simply by καί,
though the coins of Amisus have only the ethnic of Amisus
and the coins of the Thessalian League have the inscrip­
tions ΘΕΣΣΑΛ and ΡΩΜ, without any link. The only phrase
similar to ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ that occurs at this period is the word
ΟΜΗΡΟΣ on Neronian coins of Laodicea (2928); its occur­
rence there is somewhat puzzling and may even refer
directly to the person responsible for the issue rather than to
the relationship between the two cities in question (Laodi­
cea and Smyrna).
The standard type is of two standing figures, each of
which stands for each city (e.g., its demos), though the
coins of the Thessalian League show a galloping horse.
Only from the reign of Augustus do we find the standard
representation of two standing figures.
The typology and inscriptions, then, show a clear
development which can be observed from the two earliest
cases (Thessaly, Amisus) to the later ones with a more
standardised form of depiction, which was only sub­
sequently labelled with the inscription ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ.
 C H A P T E R
TH E E M P E R O R S AND THE
The full details of the appearance of the various members of
the imperial family can be found in index 2.1. The reasons
for their appearance have already been discussed in general
terms (see p. 23), where it was noted that their presence is
particularly common in Asia Minor in the two provinces of
Pontus-and-Bithynia and Asia. Elsewhere the imperial
family appears less frequently, for instance, almost not at all
in Syria. Here we look at the appearance of the different
individuals in greater detail.
Octavian and Divus Iulius
Caesar’s portrait had appeared on the provincial coinage at
only two or three cities during his lifetime (see p. 38). The
denarii and aurei struck by Octavian in his early years from
43 had stressed the legitimacy of his position as Caesar’s
son and heir by portraying his adoptive father, and this
theme was reflected on the provincial coinage. During the
thirties, their joint representation was confined, as was
Octavian’s portrait, to Gaul (p. 151), but later they were
not infrequently shown together, especially in the years
immediately after Actium, for instance at Corinth (1132: 27
b c ) , Dyme (1286: 31/27 b c ) , Thessalonica (1555: 27 b c ) ,
Apamea (2007: 27 b c ) and Sinope (2115: 25/24 b c ) . Similar
representations were made in about 20 b c at ‘Paterna’ and
Lepti Minus (759, 785, 787). They also continued relatively
late in the reign, though less frequently, being made in 10/5
b c (Corinth 1134), 12/8 b c (Hadrumetum 771), 7/6 b c
(Achulla 799) and in a family group with Agrippa Post­
umus (Apamea 2110). Caesar’s image, however, became
much rarer thereafter, occurring perhaps as late as a d 1 0 at
‘Paterna’, and probably also much later at Apamea,
because of his role in the colony’s foundation (see p. 341; cf.
Sinope 2142?).1 It can be noted that his image starts to
become less frequent at just the same time as, for example,
the portraits of proconsuls were disappearing; in both cases,
people other than Augustus became less prominent and
were replaced by his image alone.
Augustus and Agrippa
Agrippa appears at Cades because of his position of patron
of the town, but his appearance elsewhere indicates his role
in relation to Augustus. Though representations of him are
restricted in number, when he does appear it is very much
i. I t h as been suggested th a t, a t T h e ssalo n ica, his p o rtra it a p p e a rs, to g e th er w ith
A u g u stu s, as la te as D o m itia n ’s reign, b u t see co m m en tary on 1555, p. 298.
5
IMPERIAL FAMILY
as Augustus’s equal. Their portraits appear together at
Carthago Nova (164) in Spain, at Nemausus and Arausio
(?) (522, 533) in Gaul, at Tingi (864) in Africa, at Sparta
(1106, also together with Livia) in Achaea, at Cyrenaica
(942) and at Cnossus in Crete (976); and at Apamea (2008)
and Parium (2260) in Asia. Elsewhere, at Sparta and
Nicopolis (1366-7), his portrait is confined to a smaller
denomination than is used for Augustus. Some of these
issues can be well dated; the coins of Arausio (?) were
produced in c. 30/29 b c , Nemausus from c. 27 b c until the
end of the reign, Apamea in 27 b c , Parium perhaps in c. 27
b c , Tingi in c. 19 b c and the Cyrenaican issue of Scato in
c. 20-12 b c .2 Thus, apart from Nemausus, where the design
was immobilised until the end of Augustus’s reign, these
representations of Agrippa all fall within his lifetime; a large
number of them can be dated soon after Actium, reflecting
the position of Agrippa as Octavian’s colleague, a position
which was symbolised at Rome, for example, by their
tenure of joint consulships in 28 and 27 b c .
There are also two posthumous portraits. At Apamea
(2011) Agrippa appears as the father of Agrippa Postumus,
complementing the contemporary family issues for
Augustus and his father Divus Iulius, and for Gaius and
Lucius and their ‘father’ Augustus. Agrippa’s portrait also
occurs once much later, at Caesaraugusta in the reign of
Caligula (386), in imitation of the similar coins made in
Rome.
The Augustan succession
One of the most common designs used throughout the
Empire (except Syria) shows the two adoptive heirs of
Augustus, Gaius and Lucius, whom he adopted in 17 b c .
Sometimes their two heads are portrayed on the same side
of the coin (either jugate or confronted), sometimes their
heads appear on different sides of the coin and occasionally
they appear on different though related coins (as at
Tralles). For a list of these, see index 2.1. A discussion of
these portraits was given by S. Walker and A. Burnett,3 but
the discussion of the dates at which they appear is in need of
some revision. In particular, the earliest representation at
Sinope is probably of 12/11 b c . They are definitely depicted
there from n /ίο b c until 5/4 b c , when Sinope stopped
prodùcing coinage for a decade. The evidence of dated
coins, such as those from Sinope, shows that the portraits
2. T h e issue o f A m isus, d ated to a d 9/1 0 a n d u su ally iden tified as A g rip p a,
seem s m ore likely to be o f T ib eriu s: see 2149.
3. Augustus. H a n d list o f the exhibition and supplementary studies, p p . 5 7 -6 1 , w h ere a list
o f th e cities d ep ictin g th e m w as p ro v id e d (now in n eed o f so m e revision: see
in d ex 2.1).
a p p e a r th ro u g h o u t a p e rio d fro m 10 bc to ad 2 /4 , a n d th a t,
p e r h a p s s u rp ris in g ly , th e re s e e m s n o te n d e n c y fo r th e m
a p p e a r m o re fre q u e n tly b e tw e e n 2 bc and ad 2.
Less frequently, one finds Gaius on his own.4 In some
cases, this is because the issue in question precedes one
made for both children (Tralles, Pergamum), and presum­
ably reflects Gaius’s coming of age in 5 b c , an event marked
by Augustus’s tenure of the consulship. This is not always
the case; some of the coins of Cyprus and Alexandria seem
to have been made after 2 b c , when Lucius came of age.
On occasion, Gaius and Lucius may also appear in more
general family groups. They are found, somewhat surpris­
ingly, in a family group with Augustus, Divus Iulius and
Agrippa Postumus at Apamea (2010A). They are also
found with Tiberius at Hippo Regius in 6/5 b c (710).5
Tiberius himself appears early at Gades in 16 b c (88),
and we have also mentioned his appearance in the family
group with Gaius and Lucius at Hippo in 6/5 b c .
Otherwise, his appearances are, not surprisingly, limited to
the period after his formal adoption in a d 4, and there is a
strong concentration at the end of the reign, between 1o and
14. The occurrences are listed in index 2.1; here we can
point to the datable issues from Carthage (747-8: c. a d 10),
Lepti Minus (789, 791: a d 10), Thaena (809: a d 10-14) and
Corinth (1140, 1144: a d 4/5). Some of these come after
issues celebrating Gaius and Lucius, and this is also the
case at Thessalonica (1565); presumably the other less dat­
able issues also fall into the last decade of Augustus’s reign.
The occurrence of his portrait most frequently in the last
five years of Augustus’s reign can also be observed on the
coinage from Rome and Lugdunum.6
Tiberius was adopted together with Agrippa Postumus,
who appears only very rarely on the provincial coinage. He
is found together with Tiberius at Corinth (1141), but
without him at Apamea (2011). The absence of Tiberius
from Apamea may only be fortuitous, as the recent dis­
covery of a coin for Gaius and Lucius (2010A) suggests.
Livia
Representations of Livia occur under Augustus, but they
occur more frequently in the reign of her son Tiberius. At
any rate this is the conclusion we have drawn both from the
western coinage from Spain and Africa (or indeed Sicily),
where Tiberius and Livia are usually clearly named, and
also from the numerous cases in Asia where Livia as
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ is paired with an emperor whose portrait is label­
led simply ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ. Livia only adopted the title Augusta
in a d 1 4 , and, although it is sometimes thought that this
title might have been used before a d 1 4 , 7 there is in fact not
a single instance when this is definitely the case. If we are,
4. T h e ssalo n ica 1564, P erg am u m 2361, T ra lles 2646, N ysa 2661, A ntioch 2832,
L a o d icea 2899, H ierap o lis 2944ft., T rip o lis 3048, A p am e a 3129, S iblia 3162,
C y p ru s 3908-12 a n d A lex a n d ria 5019 {2-1 b c ) .
5. T h is w as, o f course, th e y ea r in w h ich T ib e riu s w ith d re w to R hodes. T h e
a p p e a ra n c e o f th e p o rtra it p resu m a b ly precedes this, a n d reflects his ad o p tio n
o f trib u n ic ia n pow er in th a t year.
6. R om e: R I C 469-71 ( a d 10-12); L u g d u n u m : R I C 221-6 ( a d 13—14) a n d 236ft.
( a d 9 -14).
7. H . G esche, ‘D ie D a tie ru n g d e r 8. im p erato risch en A k k lam atio n des T ib e riu s ’,
Chiron 2 (1972), 339-48.
then, to date the ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ/ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ coins to after 14, it
to seems simplest to think that ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ is in fact Tiberius.
Grant drew a different conclusion:8 he thought that
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ was in fact Augustus, and that this provided
evidence to support his view that some 100 ‘Augustan’
issues should be regarded as posthumous. This seems to us
implausible. The portraits are not sufficiently diagnostic to
allow one to be definite about the identity of the emperor
portrayed, and the Spanish and African examples suggest
the obvious solution, that the individuals portrayed are
Livia and her son the emperor Tiberius. Her portrait, in
these cases, is often on a smaller denomination, and one of
the reasons for her popularity on the coinage may be that it
is from this period that the civic coinages began to be fairly
systematic, in Asia at any rate, about distinguishing dif­
ferent denominations by the use of the portraits of members
of the imperial family. In the same way, Agrippina II fulfil­
led a similar function on the coinage of her son Nero; her
appearances under Claudius were slightly less numerous.
The Tiberian succession
Tiberius’s own heirs were his adoptive son Germanicus and
his natural son Drusus. They first appear, together with
Tiberius and Agrippa Postumus, at Corinth under
Augustus (1142-3), but otherwise their appearances fall
naturally in the reign of Tiberius (see index 2.1). Occasion­
ally one might appear on his own (e.g., Nicomedia,
Caesarea Germanicia), but normally they were shown
together as a pair. Germanicus, however, died in 19, and
Drusus in 23. Drusus’s twin sons Tiberius (‘gemellus’) and
Germanicus were born in 19, and were briefly celebrated on
the coinage of Cyrenaica; Germanicus the younger,
however, died in 23, the same year as his father. The elder
of Germanicus’s sons, Nero ( a d 6-30), had already been
favoured by Tiberius, and after Drusus’s death, he and his
brother Drusus ( a d 7-33) were recommended to the Senate
by Tiberius, who thus marked them out as his new heirs. It
was presumably from this time until Nero’s suicide in 30
and his brother’s imprisonment in the same year that they
were both portrayed together on the coins of a few cities in
Spain, Africa, Crete and Achaea (at Corinth, with their
mother Agrippina I), just as they were jointly honoured as
q(uinquennalesP) at Utica in 27/8 (731-4). Thereafter the
new ‘pair’ of heirs consisted of the surviving Tiberius
(gemellus) and Germanicus’s third son, the future emperor
Caligula. It has been suggested that they appear together
on the coinage of Corinth (1171). Caligula himself was
honoured at Caesaraugusta and Carthago Nova before the
end of Tiberius’s reign.
The family of Caligula
Caligula’s denarii and aurei, and his bronze coinage from
Rome, had been dominated by family types, to underline
the legitimacy of his position by tracing it back to Augustus.
Divus Augustus was one of the regular types of his aurei
8. F I X A 463fr.

and denarii; he occurs in the same way in the provinces in
Caligula’s reign, on the silver of Crete, as well as on civic
bronzes, for example those of Ilium (2312), Balbura (3355)
and probably Aphrodisias (2844).
The main family types of Caligula were, however, his
parents Germanicus and Agrippina I, and they were
similarly portrayed on the provincial coinage, sometimes
together (Magnesia-ad-Sipylum, Aezani) or sometimes on
their own (Cos, Crete, Antioch silver). The tendency to
liken Agrippina I to a goddess has already been mentioned,
and is perhaps unsurprising. Less expected, however, is the
unique instance whereby Germanicus is accorded a divine
attribute (a star or radiate head at Aezani 3082-3); in this
case, however, the explanation can be found in the occa­
sional radiate depiction of Caligula (p. 43), examples of
which occurred at Aezani.
Other members of Caligula’s family also appear on the
provincial coinage; his three sisters (Apamea) or the
favourite Drusilla (Miletus, Smyrna). His grandmother
Antonia appears at Thessalonica and Corinth (1573-5,
1176), and his brothers Nero and Drusus, who also
appeared on the coinage at Rome, occur at Cnossus (997),
Corinth (1174) and Apamea (2014). The coinage of Cali­
gula’s friend, Agrippa I ofJudaea, exhibits an intense inter­
est in the emperor’s family, and depicts Germanicus,
Caligula’s wife Caesonia and their daughter Drusilla.9
The family of Claudius
Like Caligula, Claudius depicted on his coinage from Rome
portraits of Germanicus and Agrippina I (his elder brother
and sister-in-law). There are one or two representations of
Germanicus under Claudius, at Anazarbus (4060), Antioch
(4281) and, perhaps, Caesarea (3629-30), but there do not
seem to be any representations of Agrippina I which can
definitely be attributed to the reign of Claudius. Other
members of his family appear in an unsystematic way, such
as his third wife Messalina, sometimes accompanied by
their children, especially Britannicus (e.g., Nicaea,
Nicomedia, Aegeae, Caesarea in Cappadocia, Caesarea
Paneas), and (less frequently) his mother Antonia.
The last years of the reign, however, saw a resurgence of
dynastic portraits of the imperial family, and reflect the
importance of Claudius’s fourth wife Agrippina II and her
son Nero, who was adopted by Claudius in 50. Sometimes
the provincial coinage presents a family group of Claudius,
Agrippina, Nero and Britannicus (e.g., Sinope), though
Agrippina is curiously absent from some issues of his reign
in Asia (e.g., Laodicea, Hierapolis). Occasionally the two
sons are shown together (e.g., Pergamum). When they are
9. I n o u r view th e re is no reaso n to identify th e h e a d labelled S A L (us) A V G on
coins o f C a rth a g o N ova (185) as C aesonia.
E m perors an d the im perial fam ily 51
shown together, however, it seems that precedence is given
to Nero (Sinope and Corinth). Frequently, Claudius and
Agrippina are shown with only one son, and in such cases it
seems that it is always Nero (e.g. cistophori, Antioch,
Ephesus, probably Smyrna). Thus, although the provincial
coinages do portray Britannicus towards the end of the
reign, it seems that Nero was regarded as the more import­
ant, as was the case on the late Claudian aurei or denarii
which portray Agrippina and Nero, but not Britannicus.
As with Caligula, there were also some provincial
representations of Divus Augustus (Crete, Thessalonica),
just as on the bronze coinage from Rome.
The family of Nero
Most of the members of Nero’s family appear somewhere on
the provincial coinage; all his wives, Claudia Octavia, Pop­
paea and Statilia Messalina occur, and there is also a rare
representation of his daughter Claudia from Caesarea
Paneas. The dominant member of his family on the provin­
cial coinage was, naturally enough, his mother Agrippina
II, representations of whom are found very frequently
indeed. At Rome/Lugdunum she appeared on the aurei and
denarii of the beginning of the reign, only in c. 54-5, and
this seems to be the normal period of her appearance on the
provincial issues, though she might also appear rather later,
as at Antioch or Alexandria, for instance.
Nero’s coinage also continued to honour the deified
Claudius throughout the reign. Claudius formed the
principal reverse type of Nero’s didrachms at Caesarea, and
also figured on the reverse of the tetradrachms attributed to
an uncertain mint in Syria. In addition, he appears on the
similar bronze coin of uncertain mint (5463). In all three
cases, the issues were made late in the reign, after 63.
The year of the four emperors
There are a few occurrences of Galba, but Otho is almost
unknown, appearing only at Antioch, Alexandria and
perhaps Locri. The Alexandrian and Antiochene coinages
of Galba and Otho seem, at first sight, surprisingly common
today. This results from the fact that they are a continu­
ation of the very heavy coining at those mints in the last
years of Nero’s reign. Vitellius is only rarely represented
(Macedonian Koinon, Alexandria), as one might expect,
given Vespasian’s position in the east.10 The portraits and
inscriptions reflect the uncertainty in the provinces of the
appearance and titles of such short-lived emperors.
10. A s a curiosity, one m ig h t also m en tio n th e coins fro m b o th S ep p h o ris an d
C a e sa re a M a ritim a w hich p o rtra y N ero, b u t refer to V esp asian o n the reverse.
 C H
TH E E M P E R O R S AND THE P R O V I N C I A L
COINAGE
In this chapter we consider the extent to which the Roman
government had a coherent policy towards the coinage of
the provinces.
The very existence of the catalogue presented in this
volume shows perhaps the most important aspect of the
Roman attitude to provincial coinage: that it existed at all.
It would have been possible for the Romans to abolish it, as
they had abolished other coinages during the Republic and
as Vespasian was to abolish city coinage in Achaea.1 This
was also an option at the beginning of the principate. The
proposal Dio attributes to Maecenas in 29 b c , that μήτε δε
νομίσματα ή καί σταθμά ή μέτρα ιδία τις αυτών έχέτω,
άλλα τοίς ήμετέροις καί εκείνοι πάντες χρήσθωσαν is, of
course, only evidence for third-century attitudes.2 It might
well, however, also have been an option in the time of
Augustus, in the context of his reform of the taxation system
of the Empire, his (limited) imposition of Roman coin
denominations,3 and the possible examples of attempts to
create a uniform non-civic coinage through the Empire: the
‘fleet’ coinage of Antony and the CA coinage of Augustus.
Given the continued existence, however, of provincial
coinage, there are three main areas where an overall Roman
policy might be expected or detectable: in its economic, its
political and its fiscal aspects.
In view of the relatively small economic importance of
most of the provincial bronze (p. 16), one would only expect
to detect any general or Empire-wide economic policy in the
silver or ‘main’ bronze issues. We have seen that, under
Augustus, a number of regional bronze coinages were
manipulated or inaugurated. The largest were those of
Nemausus, Lugdunum, Rome, Asia (the CA coinage),
Antioch and Alexandria. They are manifestations of a
policy, inasmuch as a decision seems to have been made to
supply bronze coinage on a regional basis in the provinces
in this way. This policy was modified at the beginning of
Tiberius’s reign, when the coinages of Lugdunum and
Nemausus were discontinued, and the supply was con­
centrated on two centres, one in the west (Rome) and one in
the east (Antioch, supplemented by an issue from
Commagene).
A second area where one might potentially find an
1. R ep ublic: C R W L R , p. iv; V esp asian : above, p. 18.
2. D io 52.30.9. I t is n o t, o f course, clear w h e th e r this passage m eans a ch an g e in
th e a c tu a l coins used in th e E m p ire or in th e d en o m in atio n al system s used
(p. 37), th o u g h th e form er in te rp re ta tio n seem s m ore likely, given th a t the
p assag e w as w ritte n in th e th ird ce n tu ry , w hen n o n -R o m a n system s o f
d e n o m in atio n s w ere less significant.
3. See p. 30fr. (especially th e diorthoma to th e T h e ssalian s).
A P T E R 6
Empire-wide policy is in the relationship between different
silver mints and the sources of the silver bullion they used,
as discussed on pp. 6-9. On this point it seems likely that,
while there may, at times, have been co-ordination between
mints (e.g., Pontus and Caesarea under Nero), the pattern
of minting was usually dictated by local considerations.
Similarly, there may have sometimes been a relationship
between the sources of bullion and the central treasury in
Rome. It is possible, for example, that the long absence of
Egyptian tetradrachms from 30 b c to a d 20 can be
explained by the transfer of Egyptian wealth to Rome;
similarly, the silver gained from the reforms made in Syria
and Egypt under Nero might possibly have been
despatched to Rome. But it seems likely that such cases
were unusual.
Reform of the coinage provides another instance where
we might expect to find some Empire-wide policy. Some
reforms were, of course, minor and of only local significance
(e.g., Syria under Augustus), and there was only one major
reform of the coinage during the Julio-Claudian period,
under Nero. This has normally been examined from the
point of view of the mint of Rome/Lugdunum alone,
whereby the fineness of the denarius was reduced in 64 from
about 98% to about 93%.4 Walker has pointed out,
however, that Nero’s reform affected the provincial silver as
well,5 and the picture he gave can now be filled in in greater
detail. In Crete the fineness of the silver coinage remained
at about 95%, but the weight was reduced from that of a
tetradrachm of 9.5-10.0 g to one of only about 7.5 g. This
took place after the early issues, but before the later ones,
though the exact date is unsure: the earlier Neronian
Cretan silver was probably made in about 55, and the later
between 63 and 68, as it uses the later form of portrait and
hairstyle. At Caesarea, the weight standard of the coinage
was unaltered, but the fineness was reduced from about
90% for the issue of c. 58-60 to about 80% for the issue of
c. 64. In Syria the reform was slightly more complex. The
coinage of fine silver Tyrian shekels was discontinued in
59/60, and replaced by the tetradrachms of Antioch, which
thereafter adopted the Tyrian reverse design of an eagle.
The Tyrian shekel contained about 13.3 g of silver, and the
eagle tetradrachms, though slightly heavier, were more
debased and contained only 11.5 g. Moreover, it seems
4. W a lk er, M etrology I, p. 25. A t th e sam e tim e th e re w as a slight red u ctio n o f
w eight. W a lk er d ates this to the b eg in n in g o f N ero ’s reign (p. 25), b u t this is
n o t s u p p o rte d b y th e figures he gives (p. 18), w h ich suggest th a t th e d ro p cam e
w ith th e reform .
5. Op. cit., p p . 45, 5 0 -1 ; cf. pp. 71-2.

possible that earlier Syrian silver, whether Tyrian shekels
or Antiochene tetradrachms, may have been removed from
circulation at about the same time. In Egypt, the reform
under Nero seems to have consisted entirely of the removal
of older, Ptolemaic and Tiberian, tetradrachms and their
replacement by the tetradrachms minted on the standard
introduced by Claudius, and reduced slightly under Nero.6
These changes were different in detail, but present com­
mon elements (the reduction of fineness, the reduction of
weight, the re-coinage of earlier currency). All had the
result of saving money for the government, either by reduc­
ing the amount of bullion which was required for the same
amount of coinage (Crete, Caesarea, Syria) or by recover­
ing silver from the coinage in circulation (Syria, Egypt). It
can be no accident that all these reforms took place at about
the same time, and we can hardly fail to conclude that they
were all at least instigated centrally. One of the interesting
points about these reforms is the date at which they took
place. In Syria and Egypt, they took place in c. 60, and in
Cappadocia in c. 64. Thus in most, if not all, these cases the
reform of provincial silver preceded that of the denarius.
Should they therefore be regarded as experiments for the
reform of the denarius in 64? Or should they be regarded as
signs of a gradually worsening shortage of silver? These
alternatives are by no means exclusive, and indicate that
the financial crisis which took place in Nero’s reign began
well before the great fire; this may have exacerbated a situa­
tion which was already causing problems, but, to judge
from the dates of the reforms, the crisis began in 59, pre­
cisely when there seems to have been a dramatic rise in
expenditure.7 Nor was the crisis solved by the coinage
reforms.8
The fiscal changes made to the provincial coinage con­
cerned the denominations in which it was tariffed. The
discussion of denominations indicated that there was no
decision to replace all the varying local denominational
systems with the Roman, but suggested that there was a
tendency either for them to be replaced in this way or at
least to be made compatible. This tendency was underlined
by the few cases for which we have definite knowledge of
Roman intervention (the diorthoma of Augustus in Thessaly,
the letter of Germanicus in Syria), and it has been argued
that the changes in the currency and taxation systems of the
Roman world had made it inevitable that any such deci­
sions would favour Roman denominations. These causes of
change were aided by the inauguration of coinages with
Roman denominational systems in areas where local
systems had predominated, whether these resulted from the
planting of a Roman colony (Corinth, Cnossus) or the
establishment of a ‘Roman’ coinage (the SC coinage of
Antioch). Thus, Roman ‘policy’ in this regard was to allow
the continuation of local systems unless some problem
arose; and the conflict between the two systems implicit in
any problem requiring an imperial decision was bound to
be resolved in favour of the Roman system. Similarly, there
seems to have been no attempt to impose the appearance
6. O n o u r in te rp re ta tio n o f th e A lex a n d rian coinage. I t is n o rm a lly tho u g h t,
how ever, th a t th e new sta n d a rd w as esta b lish ed by N ero. See p. 689.
7. W alker, op. cit. I l l , p. i n , M . K . T h o rn to n , A N R W W .2 , p. 149.
8. W alker, op. cit. I l l , p. h i .
E m perors a n d the provincial coinage 53
and metrology of Roman coins (whether silver or bronze)
on the provinces. The few cases where provincial coins do
resemble Roman ones seem to result from local choice.
The Roman attitude to the political aspect of the coinage
is revealed more indirectly. To some extent, the types used
on the coinage developed on their own. Reverse types
gradually became more varied, no doubt as a reflection of
the variability of gold and silver coin types, and, by the end
of the period, began to make reference to contemporary
events (Nero in Greece). There were, however, two major
changes in the provincial coinage during the Julio-Claudian
period, both of which seem to have resulted from the new
political climate of the Roman world. These were the adop­
tion of the imperial portrait and the cessation of provincial
coinage in the west. In neither case does the change seem to
be the result of any direct Roman intervention, though such
intervention was possible, as the examples of Antiochus IV
of Syria and the removal of Caligulan bronze show. There is
no clear sign, however, of any attempt to damn the memory
of Caligula on the provincial coinage. Even in the case of
Nero only a few localised measures were taken to obliterate
his appearance on the provincial coinage. His portrait was
overstruck at Teos (p. 425), Sardis (3045) and Smyrna
(2490); his name was deliberately erased from some of the
coins of Patras (1263, etc.); his portrait was countermarked
with the name of Galba at Perinthus, Nicaea and
Nicomedia (1752-4, 1758-61, 2050, 2052, 2057, 2060-1,
2084—6), and with the names of Galba, Otho and Vespasian
at Tripolis in Phoenicia (4520). In other cases, a few cities
may have countermarked Neronian coins with the city’s
name for the same purpose.9 The fact that there are such
few examples indicates that the decision to dispose of his
portrait or name can have been taken at no higher a level
than that of the civic authorities.
But in the case of both of the major changes to the early
provincial coinage the process seems more gradual. This
can be seen, in the case of the portrait, for example, in the
way the proconsular portraits only gradually dropped out
or in the way that the Syrian cities were slow to adopt the
portrait. In the case of the ending of the western local
coinage, it can be seen that it came to an end in Sicily and
Gaul well before it stopped in Africa or Spain. In both cases
a similar mechanism has been suggested to account for
these changes. Discouragement of the western civic coinage
may have led to its cessation, while encouragement of the
portrait (and, indeed, the lituus) may have led to its general
adoption, but without any divine overtones, at least as far
as the emperors and their male relatives were concerned. If
these suggestions are correct, then it may have been the
case that Augustus’s encouragement of the adoption of the
portrait (and the less emphatic promotion of the symbolism
of the lituus) worked more quickly than Tiberius’s initial
discouragement of western civic coinage; but in both cases
it seems clear that the changes were not brought about by
direct intervention.
Our general conclusion is that there was no general or
coherent policy towards the coinage, other than to allow it,
as far as possible, to take its natural course. For the most
9. H ow gego, G IC , p. 6.
54 G E N E R A L IN T R O D U C T IO N
part, city coinage did take its natural course, and local
currency systems, such as the ‘closed’ areas of Egypt and
perhaps Syria, continued unaltered. There were a number
of cases of change or intervention, but these were generally
restricted to specific instances and problems, even though
cumulatively they contributed to the transformation of the
coinage. It would have been possible for the production of
all the provincial coinages to be co-ordinated; it would have
been possible for all or just the western coinages to be
abolished; it would have been possible for Roman denomi­
nations to be imposed or for the use of the emperor’s
portrait or particular reverse designs to be required. That
this was not the way in which the Romans approached the
provincial coinage in the Julio-Glaudian period is partly the
result of their preference for maintaining the status quo
wherever possible, and partly the result of the more indirect
way that public opinion was moulded in the early
principate. The result was the extraordinary diversity of the
coinage, and the complex patterns it incorporates.
 HOW T O USE THE C A T A L O G U E
Geographical arrangement
The arrangement of the cities is not traditional. They are
listed on a geographical and political basis from west to
east. The main sub-divisions are Roman provinces (and, in
the case of Asia, conventus). For a discussion of this
arrangement, see pp. xiv-xvii. The cities are listed in cata­
logue order on pp. 58-62, and an alphabetical index can be
found on pp. 729-31.
Catalogue entries
The catalogue takes a standard format. For each city there
is a discussion of any relevant points or problems of
chronology, attribution or readings (especially those of the
personal or ‘magistrates’ names’ which occur so
frequently). This is followed by a listing of the coins in, as
far as possible, chronological order. Nearly every catalogue
entry follows a standard pattern.
The first line or part gives basic factual information. The
catalogue numbers (in bold type) run in a single sequence from
I to 5467. (There are some gaps in the sequence, since, for
practical reasons, each province or region was numbered
separately.) The number is followed by metrological informa­
tion·. the metal (see the abbreviations on p. xi), the diameter
(in millimetres), the mean weight in grammes (with the
number of specimens whose weights are known in brackets)
and the die axis, given by hours of the clock. (In some cases
the axis is followed by ( 1), denoting that the axis of only one
specimen is known to us.) The number at the right-hand
end of the line gives the number of specimens in the main
collections (see the list of these ‘core’ collections on p. xiii).
For further discussion of this not very accurate statistic, see
below, pp. 55-57.
The second line or part gives standard reference(s), to BMC,
Cop, AMC or the works of F. Imhoof-Blumer (GM, KM,
MG and GRMK) and M. Grant {FITA and APT); in some
areas more specialised works are used (such as Holm for
Sicily, Rouvier for Phoenicia or Meshorer for Judaea). For
the abbreviations used, see pp. x-xi, or the individual mint
introductions. This line is not intended to be exhaustive,
and more specialised references can sometimes be found in
the apparatus.
The third part (the third and fourth lines) gives the des­
cription of the coins, their inscriptions and designs. The
inscriptions have been listed using the following
conventions:
( ) round brackets indicate minor variants; e.g., GER-
MA(NIGVS) indicates that some coins have GERMA
and others GERMANICVS. Only where these dif­
ferences seem significant have they been separated out
into separate entries. This convention reflects the fact
that the legends on provincial coins were not as closely
standardised as those from the mint of Rome. Vari­
ations of spelling are quite frequent, and in some cases
virtually every die may have a slightly variant version,
as can be seen from relevant mint studies. Round
brackets ( ) are also used in the description of designs
to denote a minor aspect of the design which may not
be present on all coins.
[] square brackets indicate restorations of parts of the
legends which cannot yet be read due to the poor
preservation of surviving specimens.
— an overhead horizontal line is used to denote ligatures
in the legends.
The fourth part of each entry is the apparatus. This is
mainly a list of specimens, usually in highly abbreviated
form (see pp. ix-x for these), giving the collection, reference
number of that collection (where relevant), publication
details and weight, if known. One specimen will be in bold
type; this indicates the specimen or (rarely) specimens
which are illustrated in the plates. Occasionally this infor­
mation has not been given, e.g., for Caesarea in Cappadocia
or Antioch, since in these cases the lists would have been
unduly long, and served only to partially document a die
study; it seems more appropriate to publish this informa­
tion elsewhere. Other information may also be given, for
instance about die links or metal analysis. Finally, a last
line will give summary details of any countermarks, if
relevant; as with the legends, the convention has been used
that ligatures are shown by an overhead horizontal line.
This format has been abandoned in certain cases. When
a long series of coins was produced which differed only in
the date on the coins, then a general description is followed
by a list of dates and specimens (e.g., Bosporus, and several
Phoenician cities, such as Tyre). In addition a different
format has been adopted for Alexandria; there seems no
purpose to be served by giving this coinage a full documen­
tation, as this can be found in any of the available cata­
logues. There does, however, seem a use for a concise
presentation of the Alexandrian coinage, and this has been
the guiding principle in this section.
Frequency
The right-hand end of the first line of each catalogue entry
gives the number of specimens represented in the main
museum collections listed on p. xiii. This figure is intended
to give a very approximate indication of the relative output museums) or, conversely, when very few types were minted
of each issue. It is a figure that must be used with caution. in large quantities. When more varied types were minted
We are very aware of the methodological problems (years 3-5 and especially years 13-14, when the types were
involved. First, there is the assumption that the modern interesting), museum collections are better represented
survival of each issue will reflect the quantity which was than in other plentiful years.
originally minted. There are cases where this is not true,1 as Another way of estimating the relative original output of
when a silver issue was withdrawn from circulation in anti­ bronze issues is to look at site-finds. These, too, present
quity (e.g., the Alexandrian tetradrachms of Tiberius: p. methodological problems,5 but a greater difficulty is posed
13), or when the chance survival of a hoard has made an by the lack of sites, especially in the east, with a large and
issue seem unduly common today (e.g., Sparta 1113). But well-published body of site-finds.6 Even a site such as
for most of the coins included in this catalogue it seems a Aphrodisias presents problems of interpretation:7
reasonable assumption, since there is no reason to suppose Site-finds M u seu m s
that the rate at which they were lost or hoarded in antiquity
2837 2 I I
was anything other than fortuitous, and since their recovery 2838 I I 26
in modern times would, generally speaking, be on a random 2 8 3 9 -4 1 ( la r g e ) 0 9
basis. 2 8 4 .2 —3 9 (+ 4 ?) 34
A second problem is caused by the further assumption 2844 2 ( + 4 ?) 18
2845 12
that museum collections will reflect modern survival. 7

Museum curators tend to collect rarities, and to concern Even in this case, the figures are too small to allow any very
themselves less with issues which are already represented in firm conclusion to be drawn; the commonest site-finds are
the collections they curate. As a consequence, very common the commonest in museums, but the rest is uncertain.8
issues will be under-represented and periods when a lot of Much the same can be observed in the case of the much
different varieties were minted will be over-represented.2 fuller information from Corinth (see below).
This is indeed a problem for some of the issues in this In view of the uncertainties and problems raised by
catalogue. For instance, Kevin Butcher has discovered that hoards and site-finds, one might wonder whether counting
the SC coins of Claudius from Antioch are the most the number of specimens in museums is of any value at all.
frequently represented in finds, and that we can therefore We accept, at the outset, that its value is limited, but we
deduce that they were minted in very large quantities would justify its retention, mainly on practical grounds. In
indeed. But this would simply not be apparent from the first place, apart from silver, there are effectively no
museum collections, where, if anything, Claudius’s SC hoards of the material included in RPC and, as observed,
bronzes are less common than those of Augustus or Nero. A very few significant bodies of site-finds; even if there were,
similar lack of correlation can be demonstrated in the case there would be no apparent means of comparing an issue in
of silver hoards, since we can expect the representation of Spain with one in Syria, since there would be no point of
issues in hoards to mirror broadly their production in anti­ contact between the hoards or sites. The only possible way
quity.3 The representation of Neronian tetradrachms in of making comparisons would be through die counts.9 Such
hoards has been studied by Christiansen4 and can be com­ die information has been supplied for some issues, where it
pared with the numbers in the ‘core collections’ (no coins exists, and an effort has been made to collect it for the silver
were made in years 7 and 8): issues. It is, however, impracticable to suppose that such
die counts should be made for all, or even more than a tiny
Year (a) H oards (2) Frequency R a tio ( 1 -^- 2)
proportion, of the issues in RPC. It would be impossible to
3 322 123 2 .6 assemble all the casts or photographs needed.
I 10 1 .2
4 89 One might also wonder if it would be fully worth the
5 418 r 33 3-1
6 36 2 .1 3
effort. Most of the issues in RPC are known in only a few
77
9 r4 38 0 .3 6 specimens, and, where the information is available, it can
10 1198 98 1 2 .2 be seen that these were made from very few dies. Yet it is
I I 2085 109 1 9 .1 precisely when the number of dies is very small that it
12 2478
1821
"5
261
21-5
7 .0
becomes most difficult to use them for quantitative studies,
r3
r4 824 187 4 .4 given the much greater range of possible values for die
output10 and the way that the figures will be affected by
This table shows that there is not a good correlation
between size of issue and its representation in museums. 5. Site-finds can on ly be ta k en as re p resen tativ e o f orig in al o u tp u t if we assu m e a
Museum collections are least representative when very few c o n s ta n t velocity o f circu latio n ; in ad d itio n , site-finds w ill te n d to b e b ia se d in
fav o u r o f sm aller d en o m in atio n s. F o r a d iscussion o f these, a n d o th er
coins were minted (i.e., rarities are over-represented in difficulties, see J . C asey, Understanding A ncient Coins, pp. 69-7 4 .
6. E v en a w ell-p u b lish ed site like S ard is h a d only a h an d fu l o f relev an t issues.
1. See A . J o h n sto n , R N 1984, p p . 253-6, th o u g h m o st o f the factors she describes 7. D .J . M acD o n ald , Coins fr o m Aphrodisias.
w ould h av e affected th e la ter, th ird -c e n tu ry , coinage ra th e r th a n th a t o f an 8. O n e can , how ever, p o in t o u t th a t th e relativ e ab sen ce o f 2839-41 from site-
ea rlier period. finds m ay be th e resu lt o f th e ir larg e size.
2. C f , for exam ple, C. R odew ald, M oney in the A g e o f Tiberius, p p . 9 -1 1 , E. 9. So J o h n sto n , op. cit.
C h ristian sen , The Rom an Coins o f A le xa n d n a , p. 15, A. B u rn ett, J R S 1978, 10. C o m p a re, for in sta n ce, th e h u g e v a ria tio n in th e o u tp u t o f even very large
p. 178. n u m b e rs o f dies (in th e m ed iev al p eriod: M . M a te , N C 1969, p p . 2 1 7 -1 8 ).
3. B. T h o rd e m a n , N C 1948, p p . 188-205. O n ly rarely , how ever, does even th e co m m o n est b ro n ze issue in clu d ed in R P C
4. Op. cit. h av e m ore th a n even ten dies (see, e.g., S m y rn a: n ote 21, below ).
 H ow to use the catalogue 57

mint organisation, speed of production or other factors.11 number of dies and specimens over the period; the obvious
One would not be justified in stating that issue y from ten difficulties in doing so do not require to be emphasised.
dies was five times larger than issue x with two dies (even A B c
assuming a similar sample); it might possibly even be Observed dies M u seu m B / A 15
smaller. representation
A comparison can be made, in the case of Corinth, Ilici16 44 156 3-5
between the number of dies made, the number of coins and Sparta17 26 26 1.0
museums and the numbers of coins represented in site- Thessalonica18 205 303 !-5
finds.1213For Corinth, however, the position is complicated Perinthus19 3° 34 1.1
Corinth 262 1228 4-7
by the discrepancy between the site-finds from Corinth and Sardis20 about 37 160 about 4.3
from other sites. However, the figures are sufficiently large, Smyrna21 136 509 3-7
in absolute terms, to allow them to be converted to percent­
ages, for the sake of an easy comparison between the dif­ Once again, it is hard to draw any first conclusion from this
ferent sources of information. table. The figures for Ilici, Corinth, Sardis and Smyrna are
consistent, but there is no way of knowing why those from
Obv. dies13 C orinth fin d s O ther fin d s M u seu m s
Thessalonica, Perinthus and Sparta are so different: should
(% ) (% ) (% ) (% )
we conclude that their museum representation is abnormal,
4 4 - 2 7 BC 25 28 :3 or that their die output was different?
Augustus 18 12
Tiberius
Π
18
23
18 18
The problems of counting museum specimens need no
r9
Caligula 10 7 9 9
further emphasis. Thus, while it may be that there may be
Claudius 7 5 3 7 some limited value in using museum representation for the
Nero 16 10 24 29 most general and semi-quantitative comparisons (see p.
Galba 7 8 10 9 17), it is quite clear that it cannot be used for any more
T o ta l n u m b e r: 362 896 372 1228
precise calculations22 and that, in any given individual case,
The percentages are reasonably consistent, though Nero is the potential inaccuracy will be very large indeed. In
over-represented in museums, as one might expect from the general, one might conclude that an issue represented in
relative interest of his coins (which refer to Nero’s visit to only some of the main museums is likely to have been
Greece). However, the figures for the period 44-27 b c are produced in very small numbers indeed, whereas it will not
also awry. It is not clear if one should explain this in terms normally be possible to do much more than guess whether
of a different velocity of circulation in Corinth at different an issue well represented in all museums was produced in
periods.14 But it is curious how the finds other than Corinth greater, lesser or the same quantity as another issue with a
match the museum representation. similar representation. Caveat lector.
Where we do not have find evidence, we can also com­
15. R o u n d ed to th e n ea re st 0.1.
pare die output and museum frequency at different mints. 16. M . del M a r L lo ren s, L a Ceca de Ilici.
This offers the opportunity of checking the picture at dif­ 17. S. G ru n au er-v o n H o ersch elm an n , D ie M ü n zprägung der Lakedaim onier (C lau d iu s
ferent mints for the relationship between museum represen­ o n ly ).
18. I. T o u ra tso g lo u , D ie M ü n zstä tte von Thessaloniki (p o rtra it issues only).
tation and dies. In this table, we have aggregated the total 19. E. S chönert-G eiss, D ie M ünzprägung von Perinthos (C la u d iu s -N e ro only).
20. A. J o h n sto n , I N J 6 -7 , 1982-3, p. 73.
11. T h e n u m b e r o f dies w ould be inflated; for exam ple, if a m in t w as w orking 21. D .A . O . K lo se, D ie M ünzprägung von Smyrna in der römischen Kaiserzeit.
w ith tw o anvils, it w ould need tw o dies, even for a sm all issue. S im ilarly, if it 22. H ow ever, P. P. R ipollès, J . M u n o z a n d M . M . L lo ren s, Gaceta N um ism àtica 9 7 -
w as decided to m ake an issue for, e.g., T ib eriu s, L ivia a n d R o m a (as 8, 1990, p p . 3 5-43, h av e su g g ested th a t th e ‘freq u en c y ’ figures w ith in one
A p h ro d isias 2839-41), th e n one w ould s ta rt w ith a m in im u m o f th re e obverse region (S pain) d o h av e a reaso n ab ly close relatio n sh ip w ith th e n u m b e r o f
dies, q u ite a lo t by th e s ta n d a rd s o f p rovincial coins. dies (w here these h ave b een co u n ted ), a n d th a t th erefore th e ‘freq u en c y ’
12. See M . A m an d ry , Le M onnayage des D uovirs Corinthiens , especially pp. 98-9 . figures can b e used, a t le a st to som e ex ten t, for q u a n tita tiv e p u rp o ses. B u t
13. O b se rv ed dies; th e sam p le size is, how ever, reaso n ab ly c o n siste n t in all cases. m u ch careful an alysis w o u ld be re q u ired before a p p ly in g th e sam e reaso n in g
14. So A m an d ry , op. cit. to o th e r areas.
 LIST O F CITIES

This list includes all the cities which S P A IN GAUL

have an entry in the catalogue, Cat. number Page Cat. number Page

arranged by Roman province. Cities U n c e rta in m in t (N W ) 1-4 67 T re v eri (H irtiu s) 5 01 I48

for which a discussion is required, L U S IT A N IA
(C arin as) 502 I48
U n c e rta in (H irtiu s) 503 I48
but which have no catalogue entries E m erita 5 -4 9 69 R u te n i (L M u n a ti) 504-5 148
E b o ra 5° - ι
are placed in brackets. In some P ax Iu lia
73 G erm an u s In d u tilli 1. 5°6 149
5 2 -3 74
cases, where the issuing city is T P o m Sex f i 5°7 149
B A E T IC A A u x iliary m in ts o f L yon 5 0 8 -9 *49
uncertain, an issue has been given L aelia 54 75 U n c e rta in (A u g u stu s Im p X ) 510 150
some other name, usually a personal Irip p o 55-7 75 (A p ta Iu lia) - 150
O sset 76 Lugdunum 5 11-16 150
one, by which it may be generally Ita lic a
5 8 -9
60-72 V ien n e
77 517 X5 X
known. For an alphabetical list of R om ula 73 - 6 79 N a rb o n n e 518 x52
cities, see index I (p. 729). For a G ades 7 7 -9 7 80 N em au su s 5 19-26 152
Iu lia T ra d u c ta 9 8 -1 1 0 83 C abellio 5 27-30 x54
discussion of the order of the C a rte ia i i 1-23 84 A n tip o lis 5 3 !-2 154
provinces and cities, see Preface (pp. A b d era 124-6 86 A rausio? 53 3 x55
P atricia 127-31 86 F o ru m Iu lii
xiv-xvii) and the provincial 5 3 4 -6 T55
156
U n c e rta in (T ib eriu s) 5 3 7 -8
introductions, especially that of Asia T A R R A C O N E N S IS
C a stu lo n ia n M ines 132 88
(p p . 3 6 5 -6 ). Acci 88
13 3 - 4 5
C a rth a g o N ova 146-86 90
Ilici 187-99 97 IT A L Y
S ag u n tu m 200-4 99
Ile rcav o n ia -D e rto sa 205-9 101 C lovius 601 *57
T a rra c o 210-33 102 O p p iu s 6 02-3 158
E m p o riae 2 34-58 105 P aestu m 6 0 4 -1 8 158
Ile rd a 2 59-60 109 Piso F ru g i 619 160
L ep id a-C elsa 2 61-80 I 10 D ivos Iu liu s 620-1 161
O sc a 281-303 114
C a e sa ra u g u sta 3 04-86 117
Bilbilis 387-400 127
T u riaso 4 0 1 -2 4 130
C asca n tu m 4 2 5 -8 S A R D IN IA
133
G raccu rris 4 2 9 -3 0 134 T u rris L ibisonis? 622-3 162
C alag u rris 43'“ δ1 x35 C aralis 624 163
C lu n ia 4 5 2 -8 *39 U selis? 625 163
E rcavica 4 5 9 -6 7 140
O sicerd a 4 6 8 -9 142
Segobriga 4 7 0 -7 142
Segovia 478 144
E busus 4 7 9 -8 2 r 44
U n c e rta in 4 8 3 -5 145
C n ae u s a n d S extus P om pey 4 86-7 146
 L ist o f cities 59

S IC IL Y Cat. number Page M O E S IA

Cat. number Page C rete I I I Cat. number Page

Silver 950-75 23I 1801
L ip a ra 626 167 O d essu s 324
T ib e riu s (L upus) 950-9 23I 1802
(M essan a) - 168 C allatis 324
(Laches) 960-1 232 1803-41
T y n d a ris 627 168 Tom i 325
C a lig u la (Laches) 962 232 328
H ala esa 628-33 168 (Istru s) -
C alig u la—N ero 963-75 232
C ep h a lo ed iu m 634-5 169
I7O Bronze
(T h e rm ae) -
I 70
C nossus 976-1009 2 34
P an o rm u s 636-45
C y d o n ia 1010-19 24O
la ito n 646-7 173
Lappa 1020-1 24I
Segesta 648-52 173 N O R T H E R N B L A C K SEA
K o in o n (C aligula) 1022-8 24I
(Eryx) - : 74
K o in o n (C la u d iu s-N e ro ) 1029-39 242 K in g s o f B osporus 1842-934 330
E n tella 653-4 174
A g rip p ia (P h an ag o ria) : 93 5 334
L ily b aeu m 655-7 175 C a e sa re a (P an ticap ae u m ) ^36 335
A g rig en tu m 658-60 176
C h erso n esu s 1 9 3 7 -4 4 335
H enna 6 6 1 -4 177
O lb ia 1945-7 335
(M o rg an tin a /H is p a n o ru m ) - 178 ACHAEA
A ssorus 665-6 178
667 .78 S p a rta i 101-15 247
C e n tu rip a e
(M essene) - 248
(T a u ro m en iu m ) - ■79
668-70 (A rcadia) - 249
U n c e rta in m ints 179
671 180 C o rin th 1116-237 249 B IT H Y N IA E T P O N T U S
S extus P om pey
Sicyon 1238-44 258
672-4 180 (B ith y n ian K o in o n ) - 340
M elita P atra s 1245-82 258
180 A p am ea 2001—16 340
C o ssu ra 675-6 D ym e 1283-9 262
C a e sa re a G erm an ica 2017 344
Z acy n th u s (Sosius) 1290-3 263
P ru sa 2 018-19 344
M elos 1294-1300 263
A F R IC A C ius 2 020-5 344
Clos) - 264
N ica ea 2026-61 345
A F R IC A P R O C O N S U L A R IS M yconos 1301 264
N ico m ed ia .2 0 6 2 -8 6 349
C irta /C o n s ta n tin e 701-5 186 T enos 1302-4 264
H eraclea 2087-96 352
S ic c a /C irta N ova 706-8 IS? A egina 1305 265
188 (B ithynium ) - 353
H ip p o R egius 709-46 A thens 1306-12 265
U n c e rta in o f B ith y n ia 2097-104 353
U tic a (inc. J u b a I) 717-44 I9O T a n a g ra 1313 -2 9 206
A m astris 2 10 5 -6 355
C a rth a g e 745-57 I92 T hebes 1 3 3 0 -3 7 268
Sinope 2107-42 355
‘P a te rn a ’ 758-70 T94 O p u s (Locri) 1338-42 269
196 A m isus 2 143-54 359
H a d ru m e tu m 7 7 1—83 C halcis 1343-54 269
U n c e rta in o f P o n tu s 2 155-6 361
L ep ti M in us 784-91 *99 C ary stu s ■3 5 5 - 8 27I
C om ana 2157-61 361
T h a p su s 7 9 2- 7 200 (Skyros) - 27I
(N eocaesarea) - 362
A ch u lla 798-80I 201 C e p h a lle n ia (P roculeius) 1359-62 27I
C ercin a 8O2 202 N icopolis 1363-77 272 F o r C alch ed o n , see T h ra c e 1783-88, a n d for A m asea
CO

Thaena 203 2 74 a n d G a n g ra , see G a la tia 3571 a n d p. 548.

Ο
TO
C
Ο

(C orcyra) -
S a b ra th a 811-25 204 B u th ro tu m · 3 78 - · 4 · 7 2 74
O ea 826-39 206 Phoenice 1418-19 279
L epcis M a g n a 840-52 208 P ep areth u s I42O 279
(A lipota) - 209 D em e trias (M ag n etes) 142ι~ 4 28Ο
(Z itha?) - 209 L a rissa (T h e ssalian L eague) 1425-52 28Ο
‘F leet co in ag e5 (A tratin u s) 1 4 5 3 -6 1 284
M A U R E T A N IA
210 (O p p iu s) 1462-70 286
B ogud 853-6
T in g i 857-65 210
Zilil 866 21 I
(Lixus) - 212
B abba 867-9 212
M A C E D O N IA
(B an asa) - 212
U n c e rta in 87O-I 212 A pollonia 1501-2 288
R oyal: B occhus 873-6 213 (D y rrh ach iu m ) - 289
(J u b a II) - 214 D ium 1503-8 290
(P tolem aeus) - 214 C a s s a n d re a /D iu m i 5 ° 9- 10 291
P ro v in ce (loi) 8 7 7 -9 214 C assan d rea 1511-17 291
C a e sa re a (loi) 880-3 214 E dessa 15 18—2 7 292
C a rte n n a 884-5 215 P ella/D iu m 1528-44 293
U n c e rta in (A rsennaria?) 886 215 Pella 1545 ~ 5 0 296
T h e ssalo n ica 1551-1609 297
K o in o n (T hessalo n ica) 1610-25 303
C Y R E N A IC A A N D C R E T E A m phipolis 1626-45 305
P hilippi 1646-55 307
C y ren a ica I - 216
U n c e rta in (Philippi?) 1656-60 309
C rete I 9 OI- 3 216
C y ren a ica a n d C rete:
N o m a g istrate 9° 4 -6 219
L epidius 907 219
Lollius 908-13 219
THRACE
C rassu s 914-18 220
C y ren a ica I I T h ra c ia n K ing s 1701-26 312
P u p iu s R ufus 9 1 9 -2 3 221 A b d era 1727-31 3*5
C le o p a tra a n d A ntony 9 2 4 -5 222 M a ro n e a U 3 2 -3 316
C rete I I (L em nos) - 3 i6
K y d as 926 224 Im b ro s 1734-8 3 ï6
C n o ssian bronzes 9 2 7 -3 7 224 Sestos ■739-44 317
C y ren a ica I I I P erin th u s ■745-69 3ï8
C a p ito a n d P alikanus 938-41 227 B yzantium 1770-82 320
S cato procos 9 4 2 -5 228 C alch ed o n ! 7 83-8 323
T ib eriu s 9 4 6 -9 228 (A pollonia?) - 323
 A S IA
Cat. number Page

‘P ro v in cial’ issues:
C isto p h o ri 2201-25 37 6
A tratin u s 2226 380
C A coinage 2227-35 380

Conventus and city Region

C yzicus
M iletopolis M ysia 2237-8 381
C y z ic u s M ysia 2 2 3 9 -5 1 382
P o em an en u m M ysia 2252 384
A d ram y teu m
P ariu m M ysia 2253-67 38 4
L am p sacu s M ysia 2268-80 386
A bydus T ro a s 2281—94 388
D a rd a n u s T ro a s 2 295-9 39°
Iliu m T roas 2300-18 390
T en ed o s T roas 23 I 9 392
Assos T roas 2 320-4 392
Scepsis T ro a s 2325-9 393
A d r a m y te u m M ysia 2330-2 39 4
(C isthene) M ysia -
39 4
L esbos
E resu s Aeolis 2334-6
M e th y m n a Aeolis 2337-41 395
395
P erg am u m
Lesbos
M y tilene Aeolis 2342-9 39 6
P erp eren e M ysia 2350-3 397
P erg am u m M ysia 2354-78 398
(A ttaea) M ysia - 404
(G erm e) M ysia - 404
(A crasus) L ydia - 404
T h y a tira L ydia 2 3 7 9 -8 3 404
H iero ca esarea L ydia 2384-91 405
P ita n e M ysia 2392-7 406
E laea Aeolis 2 3 9 8 -4 1 1 407
Chios Io n ia 2 412-24 409

S m y rn a
M y rin a Aeolis 2425-6 411
A egae Aeolis 2427-31 412
C ym e Aeolis 2432-5 412
P h o caea Io n ia 2 4 3 6 -4 5 413
Tem nus A eolis 2446-7 414
M ag n esia (ad Sipylum ) L ydia 2448-60 4* 5
M o sten e (C aesarea) L ydia 2461-2 417
S m y rn a Io n ia 2463-91 417
C lazo m enae Io n ia 2492-503 421
E ry th rae Io n ia 2504-10 422
T eos Io n ia 2511-20 424
E p h esu s
L ebedus Io n ia 2521-2 425
C o lo p h o n Io n ia 2523 426
M etro p o lis Io n ia 2524-6 426
H ypaepa L ydia 2527-55 42 7
D ioshieron L ydia 2556-62 429
N icaea (C ilbianorum ) L ydia 2 563-4 430
C ilb ian i Superiores L ydia 2 565-6 431
M y som akedones L ydia 2567-8 431
E p h e su s Io n ia 2569-632 431
T ra lles (C aesarea) L ydia 2633-58 43 8
N ysa L ydia 2659-71 442
M a s ta u ra L ydia 2 672-8 4 43
(A nineta) L ydia - 4 45
B riula? L ydia 2679 4 45
M iletu s
Sam os Io n ia 2680-6 4 45
P rien e Io n ia 2687-9 446
M ag n esia (ad M a e a n d ru m ) Io n ia 2690-701 447
M ile tu s Io n ia 2702-17 449
A m yzon C a ria 2718 45 ï
H alicarn assu s
B argylia C a ria 2719 451
H a li c a r n a s s u s C a ria 2720-2 451
M yndus C a ria 2723 452
Cos C a ria 2724-42 452
Conventus and city Region Cat. number Page

A la b a n d a
Islan d s
A sty p ala ea C aria 2743 454
R hodes C aria 2744-72 454
C era m u s C a ria 2 7 7 3 -4 45 7
S trato n icea C aria 2775-81 457
M y lasa C aria 2782-95 458
Iasu s C a ria 2796-7 460
E u ro m us C a ria 2798-800 461
A lin d a C a ria 2801-5 461
A la b a n d a C a ria 2806-23 462
O rth o sia C a ria 2824-6 464
B arg asa C a ria 2827-8 465
A n tioch (ad M a e a n d ru m ) C a ria 2829-36 465
A p h ro d isias-P larasa C a ria 2837-45 466
A ttu d a C a ria 2846 468
T rap ezo p o lis C a ria 2847-51 468
H eraclea C a ria 2852-62 469
A p o llo nia S albace C a ria 2863-7 470
(S ebastopolis) C a ria - 471
T abae C a ria 2868-73 471
C id ra m a C a ria 2874-81 472

C ib y ra
C ib y ra P h ry g ia 2 2882-90 473
C olossae P hrygia 2891 47 5
L a o d ic e a P h ry g ia 2892-928 47 5
H ierap olis P h ry g ia 2929-83 480
H y d rela P hrygia? 2984-5 486

S ardis
S a r d is (C aesarea) L ydia 2986-3010 486
M aeo n ia L ydia 3011-15 490
P h ila d elp h ia (N eocaesarea) L ydia 3016-42 491
A pollonoshieron L ydia 3 043-6 494
T rip o lis L ydia 3047-58 49 5
B la u n d u s L y â ia 3 059-60 496
Bagis? L y d ia 3061 49 7
C ad i P h ry g ia 3062-5 497
(E p ictetus) P h ry g ia - 498
A ezani P hrygia 3066-3106 498
S ynaus P h ry g ia 3107 503
A n cy ra P h ry g ia 3108-15 5°3
(T iberiopolis) P hrygia - 504
A p am e a
D ionysopolis P h ry g ia 3116-23 504
A pam ea P h ry g ia 3124-38 5 °5
F u lv ia /E u m e n e a P h ry g ia 3139-52 508
Sebaste P h ry g ia 3 153-8 510
E u c a rp ia P h ry g ia 3 1 5 9 -6 ° 5 11
S iblia P h ry g ia 3161-3 5 11
(M etro polis) P h ry g ia - 5 !2
A cm onea P h ry g ia 3164-77 5 !2

S y n n ad a
S ynnada P hrygia 3178-90 5H
Iu lia P h ry g ia 5 J5
P ry m n essus P h ry g ia 3194-210 5 l6
D ocim eum P h ry g ia 3211-15 518
A p p ia P hrygia 3216-17 518
C o tiaeu m P h ry g ia 3218-27 518
M id ae u m P h ry g ia 3 228-9 520
A m o rium P h ry g ia 3230-42 520

P h ilo m eliu m
P h ilo m e li u m P h ry g ia 3243-8 521
& CATALOGUE

L Y C IA -P A M P H Y L IA C Y PR U S E A S T E R N K IN G D O M S
Cat. number Page Cat. number Page Cat. number Page
L y c ian L eague 3 3 0 Ï- 3 3 524 C y p ru s 3901-25 57 6 (N a b a ta e a n s) * 686
C la u d iu s 3 3 3 4 -5 2 526 H im y a rite s 4 9 9 3 -8 686
B ubon 3353 528
B alb u ra 3 3 5 4 -7 528
T e rm essu s by O e n o a n d a 3 3 5 8“ 61 529
Phaselis 3362 52 9 EG Y PT
A tta lea 3 3 6 3 -7 53°
M ag y d u s 3368 530 A u g u stu s 5 001-74 691
P erg a 3369 -7 3 531 T ib e riu s 5075-105 696
Sillyum 3374-80 531 C alig u la 5106-12 698
S Y R IA
A sp en d u s 3381-90 532 C la u d iu s 5 113“ 99 700
Side 3 3 9 :- 4 ° 4 533 P om peiopolis 4 001-3 590 N ero 5200-325 704
S yedra 3405 533 T a rsu s 4 004-5 590 G a lb a 5326-52 710
A u g u sta 4 0 0 6 -1 4 591 O th o 5353-71 712
M allus 4 0 1 5 -2 4 592 V itelliu s 5 372-8 712
A egeae 4 025-46 593
M opsus 4 047-58 594
G A L A T IA
C ae sa re a-A n azarb u s 4 0 59-63 595
K in g s o f G a la tia 3 5 O I_ 7 536 H ierap o lis-C astab a la 4 0 6 4 -5 59 6 U N C E R T A IN
K in g s o f P a p h la g o n ia 3 5 0 8 -9 537
E p ip h a n e a 4 0 66-73 596 U n c e rta in 5401-67 714
Pisidia: A lex a n d ria-ad -Issu m 4 0 7 4 -6 597
Is in d a 538 R hosus 4077-81 59 8
T e rm essu s 35H 538 U n c e rta in cities 4 0 8 2 -7 598
A riassus 35 I 5- 1 6 538 ‘Fleet’ coinage (B ibulus) 4 0 88-93 600
U n c e rta in P isid ia n colony 3517 538 C le o p a tra a n d A n to n y 4 0 9 4 -6 601
C re m n a 3518-22 53 9 R egulus 4 0 9 7 -9 602
Sagalassus 3523-6 53 9 C A coinage 4 100-7 602
A p o llo n ia (M o rd iaeu m ) 3527- 8 540 Z eus te tra d ra c h m s 4 1 0 8 -2 I 603
A n tioch 3 5 2 9 -3 2 540 N e ro /C la u d iu s te tra d ra c h m s 4 1 2 2 -3 605
Lycaonia: A ntioch: silver 4 1 24-200 606
A n tio chus IV o f C o m m ag en e 3533-7 541 : bron ze 4 2 01-323 617
L y stra 3 5 3 8 -4 O 542 S eleucia 4 324-32 630
C la u d ico n iu m ( = Iconium ) 3 5 4 I _ 5 542 A p am e a 4 3 3 3 -7 8 631
G ala tia: L aodicea 4379-448 634
K o in o n , etc. 3546-67 543
G ab ala 4 4 4 9 -5 5 638
(Pessinus) - 548 B alan ea 4 456-65 639
(A ncyra) - 548 A rad u s 4 466-93 641
T a v iu m 3568-70 548 M a ra th u s 4 494-9 643
P a p h la g o n ia a n d G a la tia n D em etrias 4500 644
P ontus: O rth o sia 4 5 0 1 -8 644
(G an g ra) - 548 T ripolis 4509-22 645
A m asea 3571 548 B otrys 4 5 2 3 -4 647
B yblus 4 5 2 5 -8 647
B erytus 4 5 2 9 -4 7 648
Sidon 4 5 4 8 -6 i 8 651
T y re 4 6 1 9-739 655
C A P P A D O C IA
P tolem ais 4740-51 658
C ae sa re a D o ra 4 7 52-67 660
A rch elau s (silver) 3601-8 551 C halcis 4 7 6 8 -8 0 662
(bronze) 3609-19 552 D am ascu s 4 7 8 1-806 663
T ib e riu s -N e ro (silver) 3620-53 553 A ntioch a d H ip p u m 4 807-8 666
B ronze (im perial) 3654-8 558 G a d a ra 4 8 0 9 -2 4 666
Tyana 3659-60 55 9 N ysa 4 825-35 667
H ierap o lis (C o m an a) 3661 55 9 C a n a th a 4 836-8 668
G erasa 4839-41 '6 6 9
C ae sa re a P aneas 4842—6 669
C ae sa re a P an ea s o r M a ritim a 4 847-8 67O
C I L I C I A T R A C H E IA S epphoris 4 849-50 67,
T ib erias 4 8 5 1 -4 67I
Selinus 3701-2 561 G ab a 672
4 855-7
(N inica) - 561 C a e sa re a M a ritim a 4 858-65 672
Cietis 3703 561 A scalon 4 866-93 673
(Eirenopolis) - 561 G aza 4 8 9 4 -6 676
A n em u riu m 3704-8 562
C elen d eris 3709-10 562
(S eleu cia-ad-C alycadnum ) - 562
C orycus 3711-13 563
E laeu sa/S eb a ste 3714-22 563
O lb a 3 7 2 3 -4 2 564

J U D A E A N K IN G D O M
K IN G D O M S O F A S IA M I N O R
H ero d 4901-11 678
P o n tu s 3801-38 567 A rchelaus 4 9 ! 2- i 7 679
A rm en ia M in o r 3839-40 570 A ntipas 4 9 i8 - 3 7 679
A rm en ia 3841-4 570 P hilip 4 9 3 8 -5 3 680
C o m m ag ene 3 8 4 5 -6 7 571 P ro cu rato rs 4 9 5 4 -7 2 682
T ib eriu s (C om m agene?) 3868-70 574 A g rip p a I 4 9 7 3 -8 7 683
C ilicia 3871-2 575 A g rip p a I I 4988-92 684
 S P A I N

C at. no. Page Cat. number Page

Introduction 63 Carthago Nova 1 4 6 -8 6 90
Uncertain m int (NW?) 1 -4 67 Ilici 18 7 - 9 9 97
Saguntum 2 0 0 —4 99
LU SITA N IA Ilercavonia-Dertosa 2 0 5 -9 IO I
Emerita 5-49 69 Tarraco 2 1 0 -3 3 102
Ebora 5 0 -1 73 Emporiae 2 3 4 -5 8 IO 5
Pax Iuiia 52-3 74 Ilerda 2 5 9 -6 0 IO 9
Lepida-Celsa 2 6 1 -8 0 I 10
BAETICA Osca 2 8 1 -3 0 3 "4
Laelia 54 75 Caesaraugusta 3 0 4 -8 6 ” 7
Irippo 55-7 75 Bilbilis 3 8 7 -4 0 0 127
Osset 58-9 76 Turiaso 4 0 1 -2 4 130
Italica 6 0 -7 2 77 Cascantum 4 2 5 -8 : 33
Romula 73 - 6 79 Graccurris 4 2 9 -3 0 ■34
Gades 7 7 -9 7 80 Calagurris 4 3 I_ 5 1 13 5
Iuiia T raducta 9 8 —1 1 0 83 Clunia 4 5 2 -8 '3 9
Carteia 1 1 1 -2 3 84 Ercavica 459“ 6 7 140
Abdera 1 2 4 -6 86 Osicerda 4 6 8 -9 142
Patricia 1 2 7 -3 1 86 Segobriga 4 7 0 -7 142
Segovia 478 : 44
TARRACONENSIS Ebusus 4 7 9 -8 2 '4 4
Castulonian Mines 132 88 Uncertain 4 8 3 -5 145
Acci 13 3 - 4 5 88 Cnaeus and Sextus Pompey 4 8 6 -7 146

After the Second Punic War the Iberian peninsula had
become a territory conquered by Rome, and in 197 b c it was
divided into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania
Ulterior. The Iberian peninsula retained this same ter­
ritorial distribution until Augustus’s time (Dio, liii. 12. 4),
when he reorganised it, establishing three provinces:
Lusitania, Tarraconensis and Baetica. The former two were
kept under his own control and the last was conferred on
the Senate. A few years later, Augustus again modified the
borders of the provinces (at an uncertain date between 7
and 2 b c : N. Mackie, Local Administration of Roman Spain, pp.
16-17, n. 23). A consequence of that reorganisation was the
incorporation of the important mining area of Castulo into
Tarraconensis and, therefore, imperial control.
The coinage of Spain was not very substantial before the
Second Punic War and it was confined to some issues struck
in Emporion, Rhode and, perhaps, Gades. In fact, the
Iberian peninsula generally adopted coinage only during
and after the war. During the second and first century b c a
large amount of local issues were struck in silver and
bronze, and the currency consisted of mixed local and
Roman Republican issues. Finds of coins, both from hoards
and casual losses, allow us to affirm that Spain’s local
coinage accounted for a large proportion of the coinage in
circulation (M .H. Crawford, CMRR, pp. 300—4; P. P.
Ripollès, CMTM, pp. 276-321).
The starting point of this catalogue has been A. Vives’s
book (La moneda hispdnica, Madrid, 1926), since his album of
illustrations still remains the most complete for the ancient
coinage minted in the Iberian peninsula, in spite of the fact
that the text is now obsolete. Obviously, Vives’s catalogue
has been corrected and enlarged by several monographs
and studies that have been published since 1926. These
studies will be cited in each mint introduction, as relevant.
Other important catalogues and studies concerning the
ancient coinage of Spain have also been published. Among
them G. F. Hill’s book (Notes on the Ancient Coinage of Hispania
Citerior, New York, 1931) is very important, especially for
the Roman provincial coinage. Other studies are the works
of A. Beltran ( Curso de Numismdtica, Cartagena, 1950), of Ο.
Gil Farrés (La moneda hispdnica de la Edad Antigua, Madrid,
1966), of A. M. Guadân (Numismdtica ibérica e ibero-romana,
Madrid, 1969; La Moneda Ibérica, Madrid, 1980) and of L.
Villaronga (Numismdtica Antigua de Hispania, Barcelona,
1979). For the Roman provincial coinage in particular,
several studies have been made by F. Chaves, concerning
Baetican mints, and by M. and F. Beltran, concerning
mints and magistrates from Tarraconensis.
In this catalogue we present an arrangement of the civic
coinage of Spain from 44 b c till the end of the coinage under
Claudius (if it is accepted that 482 from Ebusus belongs to
that emperor). Because of this, imperial issues struck in
Spain have been excluded from this catalogue. These exclu­
sions are the denarii minted by Cn Domitius Calvisius in
Osca (RRC 532/1, 39 b c = Vives 136-1), P. Carisius’s
issues struck in Emerita (RIC 1-25; Vives 140-1 to 16 and
 141-1, 2), during the years c. 25-23 b c , and the imperial
aurei and denarii attributed to Gaesaraugusta (RIC 26a—49,
19-18 b c ) and to Colonia Patricia (RIC 5oa-i53, 20/19-
17/16 b c ) . On the other hand, we have considered it con­
venient to include the NW coinage (also known as moneta
castrensis), in spite of the fact that it probably represents an
imperial issue; nevertheless, because of its omission from
RIC, it seems useful to catalogue it here.
As well as these obvious exclusions, we must point out
the very considerable difficulties and problems of assessing
whether certain issues can be considered Roman or only as
issues with Latin legends from indigenous cities, more or
less Romanised. In addition, our ignorance of the
chronology of the vast majority of Spanish issues minted
during the first century b c has often required us to take
decisions without any great certainty. Thus, we have not
included the coinage of Toleto (Vives 134—1 to 5), because
we consider it indigenous, or the coinage of Castulo with
Latin legends, since we think it is earlier than 44 b c . In
general, however, we have indicated in each mint introduc­
tion what is not included and the criteria used in each
decision.
Goins normally bear a city’s name, and therefore prob­
lems of attribution, as a whole, are minimal. The problem is
serious only for the issues of Carthago Nova, struck before
Tiberius’s reign (146-73). The arrangement and attribu­
tion of these are in many cases the most uncertain of all
Spanish coins.
Although Roman provincial coins from Spain themselves
offer few precise elements of dating, the regular appearance
of the reigning emperor’s name does make the relative
arrangement of the issues reasonably straightforward.
Serious difficulties have only arisen in separating the issues
which belong to Octavian, struck during the Triumvirate,
from those which were minted during the first years of
Augustus’s reign, when neither the name nor the titles of
the person portrayed are indicated. In relation to
chronology, it is also worth commenting on Grant’s
tendency {FITA), followed by some scholars, to date a num­
ber of issues to about 15-14 b c , on the view that they are
foundation or commemorative issues and that they
celebrate Augustus’s visit to Spain; however, there is not
any evidence for these assumptions.
Types
The types used on the coinage of Roman Spain differ sub­
stantially from those on the earlier Iberian coinage. They
show the very strong influence of late Republican and early
imperial designs. Before Actium, the obverses usually bear
portraits of deities, and their prototypes belong to Republi­
can issues. After Actium, Augustus’s portrait was quickly
and extensively adopted on Spanish coins, and, from then
on, the obverse was destined to show the emperor’s portrait.
Only a very few mints do not follow this model: Emporiae
and Carteia do not have either the emperor’s portraits or
allusions to him, and Carteia mentions only Drusus and
Germanicus (123) in a single issue. At Carthago Nova the
emperor’s portrait appears only late, and at Gades it is by
no means universal.
The reverses offer a larger variety of designs. These are
also inspired by Republican and imperial issues, although
some previous Iberian designs also appear, such as the
horseman (Osca, Segobriga, Bilbilis). The variety of
designs corresponds with the diversity of the messages and
information that they were intended to transmit. The
imperial cult and dynastic propaganda are themes widely
used on the reverses, by means of wreaths, statues, portraits
of members of the imperial family, religious symbols, tem­
ples (on which see R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial dans la Pénin­
sule Ibérique (BEFAR 191, 1958); and on architectural and
sculptural types, see A. Beltrân, Numisma 162-4, 1980, pp.
123-52, and F. Escudero, Numisma 168-73, χ98ι, ΡΡ· χ53 ~
204). Military types, such as vexilla, aquilae and signa, also
appear on coins of some cities and they are usually related
to the military character of the population which was set­
tled in them (Acci, Caesaraugusta, Ilici, Emerita, Patricia).
Among the religious types should be included the bull,
shown on coins with several variant designs (butting, run­
ning, standing with or without ‘pediment’ above head, fron­
tal head); the ‘pediment’ shows the bull’s cult significance,
and in addition we know about its religious importance
from literary sources and about its apotropaic character
from Iberian funeral sculpture (G. Lopez, Numisma 120-31,
1973-4, pp. 233-47; T. Chapa, La escultura zoomorfa ibérica en
piedra, 1985, pp. 151-66).
Metrology
The civic coinage of Spain did not follow a uniform metro­
logical standard and it is very difficult to isolate regional
groups of mints using the same pattern of weights, since
there are many exceptions. During the Trium viral period
the unit weight (as) can reach and surpass 14 g, as happens
in Colonia Lepida; on the other hand, issues from Carteia
and Carthago Nova, except for a few cases, use a standard
weight of 5.50-6.50 g for the semisses. Issues from the
imperial period also have large Variations of weight, not
only between the different mints, but even between issues
belonging to the same mint and struck under the same
emperor, as happens in the case of issues from Caesarau­
gusta (Tiberius), Osca, Bilbilis (Augustus), Turiaso
(Tiberius) or Calagurris (Augustus). Nevertheless, Spanish
issues show a general preference to use an average weight
for asses of about 11-13 g, although the average weights of
issues fall in a wide band fluctuating between 9 and 13 g,
with few exceptions below it, as Dertosa, Tarraco and
Ilerda in Tarraconensis, and Osset and Laelia in Baetica.
The average weight of 9-13 g corresponds to asses. Dur­
ing Augustus’s reign, this denomination was struck in some
mints together with bronze sestertii and dupondii.
Orichalcum was introduced for Spanish provincial issues
during Tiberius’s reign, but only in very few mints;
however, it can be pointed out that P. Carisius, in c. 23 b c ,
minted orichalcum dupondii in Emerita (RIC 11a—b). In
Tiberius’s reign, orichalcum was definitely used at
Caesaraugusta (sestertii and dupondii), at Tarraco
(sestertii) and at Turiaso (sestertii), whereas during Cali­
gula’s reign it was used at Caesaraugusta (sestertii and
dupondii), and probably at Osca and Ercavica, although
we do not have any metal analyses for the last two. It is not
 S P A IN 65

O Bronze sestertius □ Orichalcum sestertius

Weight (g.)

Observations: 28 catalogue entries Observations: 132 catalogue entries

Average weight of sestertii Average weight of semisses

O Bronze dupondius □ Orichalcum dupondius

Weight (g.)

Observations: 39 catalogue entries

Average weight of quadrantes

Observations: 51 catalogue entries

Average weight of dupondii

plausible to explain the fact that asses are heavier than the
weight established in Augustus’s monetary reform by argu­
ing that they were struck in bronze instead of copper; we
have metal analyses of some issues (Ilici: 196 and 198)
which reach an average weight of 12.05 and 11.84 g, in spite
of the fact that they were minted in copper. Therefore, it
must be concluded that the metrology of imperial Spanish
coins coincides only very approximately with the standards
established by Augustus’s reform.

The Pattern of Issues

We know very little about the organisation of the coinage.
Weight (g.)

But its sporadic character and its small scale made

unnecessary, as in other provincial coinages, the existence
of a magistracy specifically devoted to its production. That
is why, when a magistracy appears on coins, it always is an
office in the local administration of municipia and coloniae,
since coinage is the responsibility of that administration.
Observations: 191 catalogue entries
The times in which magistrates other than duoviri appear
on coins are quite exceptional. Sometimes it is aediles who
Average weight of asses control the issue of semisses, but we cannot say that this
 was a general rule, although in some mints, as Clunia, such
a division of labour seems very clear.
The intermittent nature of coinage and the small
quantity of metal struck did not encourage the existence of
permanent workshops. In spite of stylistic similarities
between dies of several different mints, it has not been
possible to identify any obverse die that was shared by
another city; however, it seems likely that at least a part of
the civic coinage was made by travelling workshops (com­
pare the obverses of 192, 167-8 and 273; 429 and 427-8;
413, 425 and 452; 463 and 399)· It is possible to speculate,
in some cases, that the presence of such hypothetical travel­
ling workshops may have determined the pattern of issue.
As far as the ‘necessity’ for permission to coin for muni­
cipia, coloniae and cities of Latin right is concerned,
nothing new can be added to the different arguments that
have been made in favour or against it. The formula PERM
AVG appears in Spain on coins minted in Baetica (a
senatorial province) and in Lusitania (an imperial prov­
ince) and, on the other hand, this formula is absent from
Tarraconensis (an imperial province). This capricious use
of PERM AVG only adds to rather than clarifies the prob­
lems of understanding its sense (see also p. 2).
The provincial coinage is a very local phenomenon
restricted to a number of municipia and coloniae and its
purpose cannot be related to army expenditure or to any
other function that does not directly concern local
administration. Therefore, to understand the opening and
closing of civic mints, as well as their geographical location,
we must look for reasons other than imperial control. But,
although the amount of wealth that the Spanish bronze
issues put into circulation was in fact minimal, the number
of coins minted was substantial and their use as payment
for products of small value was important. In this respect,
the studies of monetary circulation (P. P. Ripollès, CMTM;
J .P . Bost et alii, Belo IV, Madrid, 1987, pp. 37-57) show
that the vast amount of bronze coins in circulation during
the early imperial period came from provincial workshops
and that only a few coins came from imperial mints, gradu­
ally increasing from Augustus’s reign. The importance of
local supply can also be gauged from countermarks and
from the large number of Glaudian imitations. These
imitations were put into circulation as a result of a shortage
of bronze coin, probably caused by the absence of provin­
cial coinage and by the reduced provision of coins from
imperial mints. This matter has been recently discussed by
J. P. Bost et alii (pp. 52-7).
Provincial issues ended in the Iberian peninsula during
Caligula’s reign and in Ebusus during Claudius’s reign.
The reasons that are used to explain this cessation of
coinage are usually economic or political, or a combination
of both. Grant (NC 1949, p. 103) considered that the end of
Spanish coinage was due to the disappearance of the main
motive that he thought the provincial issues have: the
dynastic themes. This opinion seems to us an exaggerated
and unwarranted simplification of the purpose of the prov­
incial coinage, especially when we consider that, among the
eight cities that struck during Caligula’s reign, only
Caesaraugusta chose dynastic themes and that the other
cities did not mention any member of the imperial family
(apart from the ambiguous case of Carthago Nova 185-6).
Another relevant factor might have been the disap­
pearance of city revenues during Tiberius’s reign
(Suetonius, Tib. 49). This was suggested by Grant (FITA
203, n. 13) and accepted by Crawford (CMRR 272), but it is
hard to see how this could by itself have caused the end of
Spanish provincial coinage. Besides, bearing in mind the
small size of many issues, it seems possible that at least
some of them may have been made at the personal expense
of the relevant magistrates.
Economic reasons do not seem to have had a very great
importance in the ending of the coinage, because, as we
have observed, the monetary value of these issues is tiny in
absolute terms. This is clear if we compare the amount of
coinage with known prices (see R. P. Duncan-Jones, The
Economy of the Roman Empire, 1982; Historia 1983, pp. 227-
44), although that does not imply that it did not fill an
important role for small purchases or as small change. The
most probable hypothesis to explain the cessation of
coinage is a political one. For some reason or other, the
cities found themselves without the right of issue coins. A
decree? A change in the imperial policy? The desire to
satisfy the Senate, if it controlled the bronze issues? (See
also pp. 18-19.)

Arrangement of Catalogue
The order in which the mints are catalogued follows a
geographical system. They start in the NW, and continue
through Lusitania, Baetica and Tarraconensis; for Tar­
raconensis the order is, consecutively, the coastal mints,
those from the Ebro valley, those from La Meseta and,
finally, the island of Ebusus. The provincial administrative
divisions of Augustus are followed here, with the boundary
Coinage known as ‘moneta castrensis’ has been recently
discussed by L. Villaronga (XI Congreso Nacional de
Arqueologia, 1969, pp. 591-600) and A. Beltran (Numisma
I 5 0—5 , r 978 , PP· *157-&7)> and since then there have not
been any essential changes.
This coinage can hardly be considered either municipal
or colonial, since it lacks local ethnic. As it also does not
include the name of any Roman magistrate, it is not poss­
ible to classify it as an imperial coinage (like that of
Carisius), although this is its probable status. However, the
exclusion of this coinage from RIC makes its inclusion in
this catalogue useful (compare the CA coinage of Asia,
2227-35).
The location of the mint is, then, not certain; neverthe­
less, the large concentration of finds in northwestern Spain
suggests that we should regard it as an issue struck in that
area and perhaps related to the army which took part in the
Cantabrian war.
The legend IM P AVG DIVI F means that this issue
must be dated after 27 b c ; the terminus post quern, however,
still remains quite uncertain. The close stylistic similarity
with issues from Emerita, minted by P. Carisius, and the
absence of the tribunicia potestas on the legend make it plaus­
ible to place it before 23 b c . A more precise date has been
Augustus
1 AE. 37m m , 37.95g (1).
L. V illaronga, X I c n a , 598, A i
[IM P A V G D IV I F ]; b are head 1.; [in front palm ];
behind, w inged caduceus.
R ound shield; around, some large pellets.
I . C a lic o , 6 /1 9 7 9 , 1 2 7 4 , 37.95 ( = L . V illaro n g a, X I
6 /ig 6 8 , 48).
S P A IN : Uncertain mint (NW?) (1-2) 67
reform that he made between the years 7 and 2 b c , in spite
of the fact that a small number of issues were minted before
this reform and even before Spain was divided into three
provinces. Coinage from the NW (moneta castrensis) has not
been attributed to any particular province (Lusitania or
Tarraconensis), because of our ignorance of its precise
mint(s).
Uncertain mint (NW?)
proposed by J. B. Giard, 26-25 b c (BNC I, p. 45) and L.
Villaronga (p. 497), who ascribed it to P. Carisius. But even
if it is certain that the coins have a military character, it is
very difficult to determine the exact chronology.
The coinage falls into two series, each probably coined in
a different mint. 1-3 belong to the first series, which is
distinguished by its fine engraving and by a similar portrait
style. The second series, to which 4 belongs, has cruder
engraving and, according to J. B. Giard (BNC I, p. 45), was
struck by an auxiliary mint.
This issue consists of three denominations: sestertius (1),
dupondius (2) and asses (3—4).
1 37mm 37-95 g (0
2 29m m 18.13g (13)
3 24/26m m 10.21 g (34)
4 29 mm 11.63 g (48)
A. Beltran (p. 165) has added to these denominations
another one: the semis. He has argued that there is no
typological difference between the as and the semis and he
identified the semis only by its reduced weight. It seems
likely, however, that a semis would use a different typology,
and so we think that the coins, classified by Beltran as
semisses, are asses struck on light flans.
2 C opper + lead. 29 m m , 18.13g (13). [ 4 ]
Vives p. c x v iii-i, n a h 988, gm i 1004
[ o ] IM P A V G D IV I F; bare head, 1.; in front, palm ; behind,
w inged caduceus.
T w o spears on ro u n d shield, dagger an d Ib e ria n sw ord to
1. an d r.
i ” 2. B a 4600, 9.734, 18.70, 18.49; 3 · L 2176, 19.10; 4 . M S V 17/12/1981,
950, 20.30; 5 . P 1628 ( = B N C 1023), 21.87; 6. V 4 0 7 , 15.61; 7. B Fox,
cna, 598, A i = A N E 17.28; 8—12. M 12166-8, S astre 690 5 -6 , 20.02, 21.21, 12.26, 15.00, 17.41;
13. A N E 6 -7 /1 2 /1 9 8 3 , 85; 14. C alico 6/1979, 1275, 18.50. M e ta l an alysis
o n coin 3: C u 66.00; P b 28.82; Sn 2.93; A g 0.009; F e °-°2 4 ; Sb 0.063; Ni
0.272; A s 0.040; Bi 0.010; Z n 0.015.
3 C opper + lead. 2 4 -6 m m , 10.21 g (34). [ 9 ] 4 Bronze. 29 m m , 11.63 g (48)· [ 21 ]
Vives p. cxviii—2, fita pi. V —6, amc 1078, gmi 1007, nah Vives p. cxviii-3. fita pi. IV -1 8 . amc 1079. gmi 1005-6
989 As 3, b u t m ore b arb aro u s style an d shield enclosed by
IM P A V G D IV I F; b are head, 1.; in front, palm ; behind, two concentric circles w hich are connected by a series of
w inged caduceus. short straight lines.
R ound shield. 1 - 5 . B a 4 6 0 1 ,9 7 3 5 , 15012-3, 23937, 10.55, I 4 - I 3 . : Ι ·ΐο , 1 1.91, 11.00;
I. A N E 2 0 -2 1 /5 /1 9 8 6 , 59; 2 - 7 . B a 4602, 15010-1, 23941, 30718, 33965, 6. Bo 429, 10.61; 7. C o p 414, 13.00; 8. F 80, 13.25; 9 . M i 273, 7.99; 10—
i i . M S V 17/12/1981, 9 5 7 -8 , 11.90, 13.20; 12—13. M u 340 -1 , 10.03, 9-^2;
10.26, 9.65, 11.40, 10.31, 9.94, 9.90; 8 - 9 . Bo 4 3 0 -1 , 9.93, 8.52; i o -
14. N 259, 14.60; 15—16. O = a m c 1079-80, 11.06, 7.46 (b ro k en ); 17—
iS · C alico 11/1978, 82 3 -6 , 9.74, 10.25, 9-56, 13-35; 14· C °P 4 · 3 > : I -3o;
15. L 2 1 7 7 (— f i t a pi. V -6 ), 11.57; J 6· L 2178, 10.54; i 7— M SV 18. P 1624, 1627 ( = B N C 1026-7), 10.52, 9.62; 19. R 250, 9.89;
17/12/1981, 952—3, 12.60, 10.28; 19—20. O = AMC 1077-8, 9.75, I I . 10; 20. T u b in g e n 127, 9.76; 21. V 406, 10.76; 22—24. V a t 5 7 0 -2 , 13-^5,
2 1 - 2 2 . P 1625-6 ( = B N C 1024-5), 8.58, 7.87; 2 3 - 2 4 . B B ohl; 2 5 - 3 3 . M 13.20, 11.25; 2 5 · B 983/1920, 12.35; 2 6 —3 0 . B 984/1920, D ressei, R au ch ,
12182, 12184, 1218g, 12195-9, S astre 6908, 9.33, 9.12, 12.47, Γ Ι·7 5 > 8.38, 17118, 27776 (obv. bro ck ag e); 3 1 —4 5 . M 12169-75, 12177-80, 12187-8,
I I . 03, 8.89, 9 -8 4 , io .o o ; 3 4 . G (U n c e rta in o f S pain) 10, 9.86; 3 5 . C, 12194, S astre 6907, 12.13, 10.96, 13.02 (p ierced ), 12.06, 11.21, 10.24,
10.50; 3 6 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /8 9 , 543, 9.98; 3 7 . C alico 11.03, 11-4 7 j i i . 21 (p ierced ), 12.35, 11 -37» η . 16, 13.02, 12.48, ι ι . ι ο ;
6/1979, 1277, 9.50. M e ta l analysis on coin 16: C u 77.00; P b 18.51; Sn 4 6 . G . (U n c e rta in o f S p ain ) 9, 12.53; 4 7 —4 8 . C , 10.28, 12.95; 49 “ 53 * L
2.20; A g 0.029; Fe 0.043; S b 0.099; N i 0.047; A s 0.008; Bi 0.007. 2179-83, 12.44, !0.28, 11.95 (p ierced ), 11.98, 9.84; 5 4 . N u m ism a tic a A rs
C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in o b je ct ( = cm k 11) on th e obv., on 19. C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /8 9 , 542, 15.40; 5 5 . C alico 6/1979, 1276, 12.52. M eta l
an aly sis o n coin 53: C u 83.50; P b 10.91; Sn 4.850; A g 0.008; F e 0.027; Sb
0.138; A s 0.034; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.011.
C o u n te rm ark s: D (== cm k 24) on th e obv., o n 24. E a g le’s h e a d r. ( = cm k
4), o n th e obv., on 41.
 S P A I N : Emerita 6g

LUSITANIA

Emerita
The Colonia Augusta Emerita was founded in about 25 b c ,
with veterans (Dio III, 25) from the 10th and 5th legions.
Coinage of P. Carisius in silver and bronze (dupondii and
asses), as LEG(atus) PROPR(aetore) and LEG(atus)
AVGVSTI (RIC 1—25), is not included in this catalogue.
Emerita minted a large series of coins during Augustus’s
and Tiberius’s reign and they have been studied by
Gil = O. Gil Farrés (Archivo Espanol de Arqueologia 64, 1946,
pp. 209—48) and recently by A. Beltran (Augusta Emerita,
Actas del Bimilenario de Mérida, Madrid, 1976, pp. 93-105).
There are no problems of attribution with this mint,
because the coins usually have the ethnic in a more or less
abbreviated form; in the absence of the ethnic, the types are
so indicative that there is no doubt about their attribution.
The main difficulty in the study of these coins is the very
low relief of some dies. This has been the reason for mis­
readings and misdescriptions, because, for example, it is
often difficult to establish if a coin has a bare, a radiate or a
laureate head. This, together with the generally poor
preservation of the coins, was the cause of the confusions
and duplications of types one can find in Vives’s work.
Emerita started its coinage at an uncertain date during
Augustus’s reign, probably between 2 5 and 2 b c ; there is no
clear chronological evidence. The obverses of these
Augustan issues ( 5 —11 ) have been identified as river deities
by Grant (FIT A 2 2 1 ) and related to hydraulic works by A.
Beltran (pp. 9 5 - 6 ) . However, the obverse of 1 0 - 1 1 , at least,
must be identified as Silenus. Another group of coins from
Augustus’s reign ( 1 2 - 1 9 ) constitutes an issue as a whole,
and they were minted after 2 b c , because the legend
includes the title P(ater) P(atriae).
The arrangement of these issues and their average
weights are shown in the table below.
The authenticity of the ‘hybrid’ coin published by O. Gil
Farrés (pp. 240-1, no. 48), with an obverse of Italica and a
reverse of Emerita, was accepted by A. Beltran (p. 96) and
was disputed by F. Chaves (Las monedas de Italica, Seville,
1978, 2nd ed., pp. in -1 2 ) . But we consider that it is a
modern cast coin. The reverse of coin 11/28 has been used
to make the mould that cast this ‘hybrid’ coin; therefore, the
remarks and deductions that it has prompted should be
disregarded.
The biggest output was made during Tiberius’s reign.
Some legends recall the permission to strike granted by
Augustus. Emerita’s types and legends have a strong reli­
gious character with specific allusions to the imperial cult.
This religious character is evident on the obverses, with
Divus Augustus, Livia and Tiberius, and on the reverses
where, besides previous types (the city gate, taken from
denarii and dupondii of P. Carisius, and the eagle between
two signa), the altar of Providentia and the temple of
Aeternitas Augusta are now added.
The relative sequence of issues minted in the names of
Divus Augustus, Livia and Tiberius (20—49) and even their
internal arrangement, are not certain, and they rest on
fairly arbitrary considerations of a stylistic and formal
nature.
The coins for Divus Augustus were made at a very poor
standard, with dies of very low relief indeed. Some dies copy
Roman issues of Divus Augustus (obv. 21-2 from RIC 72,
ad 15-16, and rev. 28, 34-6 from RIC 81, a d 22/3-/30).
Within this group, it is possible to distinguish three series
that may have been successively struck in a short period of
time. These three series are the following:
Dupondius As Semis
20-2 34 mm, 22.59g ( r 9 ) 27/28 mm, 12.11 g (23)
34/35 mm, 21.29 g (38) 25/28mm, 11.70g (77)
2 3 -9
30-7 3 5 m ra> 24.83g (18) 27/28 mm, 11.52 g (46) 21 mm.
6.51g 1
These denominations correspond to bronze dupondii (city
gate), bronze asses (city gate, altar and temple) and bronze
semisses (eagle between two signa). It is difficult, within the
Divus Augustus issue, to distinguish whether some coins
(20 (dies as Vives 144-2), 21 and 35) come from regular
dies made by unskilled engravers or are contemporary
imitations.
The second group of coins was struck in the name of
Livia (38-9), represented as Salus Augusta. 39 is a
Dupondius
38 3 3 -4 mm, 22.09g (4)
39 34m m, 22.58g (17)
dupondius that copies the reverse design of Livia’s issue
minted during Tiberius’s reign (RIC 33, 72, c. a d 15-16).

Dupondius Ai Semis Quadrans

5 28/30 mm, ! 2 -5 9 g (” )
6 -9 28/29 mm, ■3 -4 7 g (12) 2 i/22m m , 5.77g (1) 15mm, 2.24g (2)
IO -I I 32 mm, 18.71g (3) 26 mm, IO-3 5 g (4 7 )
12-19 31/32 mm, 20.30g (7) 25/26 mm, I0.42g (28) 20/22mm, 5.44g (44) 15mm, 2.74g (3)
yo S P A I N : Emerita (5-14)

40, showing the portraits of Tiberius and Livia, con­ 9 AE. 15m m , 2.24g (2)· Axis: var. [ o]
stitutes the junction between the two groups of coins. Vives 142-5
Coinages with the name of Tiberius are quite abundant and A V G V E M E ; head o f river-goddess spitting w ater
they use on the reverse the same designs as the Divus IM P CAE; w ithin w reath
Augustus issue. These coins fall into three denominations: I . IV D J ( = V ives 142-5 = S d e C 271), 2.08; 2. M 10893, 2.40; 3 · L.
V illa ro n g a photofile; 4 . P V / (ex A N E 19-2 1 /1 2 /1 9 8 9 , lot 149).
Dupondius As Semis

41 34m m, 22.21 g (19) 10 AE. 3 2 m m , 18.71g (3). Axis: 1-2 (1). [ o]

42—4 26/28mm , 11.82g (91) Vives 141-5
45-6 24/29 mm, 11.03 g (5)
47-8 27/28 mm, 11.09 g (32) P E R M IS S V C A E SA R IS A V G V S T I; facing head of
49 21 mm, 6.68 g (4) Silenus; in front, am p h o ra pouring; all w ithin w reath
E M E R IT P E R M IS S V C A E SA R IS A V G V S T I; cam p
Vives 146-5 (= Μ 11488), attributed to Tiberius, is not gatew ay
included in this catalogue, because it is a Divus Augustus I . I V D J ( = V ives 141-5 = S d e C 263), 17-56; 2. M 10820, 21.83; 3. A N E
dupondius (21) with tooled legends, and with thunderbolt 4- 5 / ! 9 5 9 . 5
678*i o 7 , 16.75·
and star erased. The ligature PONT on Tiberius’s obverse 11 Bronze. 26m m , 10.35g (4 7 )· Axis: var. [ 19]
legends has been only indicated when completely certain Vives 141-6, Gil 50-5, n a h 1027, gm i 988-g
(41/15).
P E R M IS (S )V C A E SA R IS A V G V S T (I); facing head of
Silenus; in front, am p h o ra pouring
A V G V S (S )T A E M E R IT A ; p riest ploughing, 1.
A V G V S T A : i —6. B a 4 8 3 6 -7 , 9632, 14698, 23716, 105849, 10.95, 7 -r 7 >
8.59, 11.06, 7.79, 10.84; 7 * Bo 4 r 4 s u .7 0 ; 8. C alico 6/1979, 574, 11.70; 9—
10. C o p 3 9 8 -9 , 7.32, 9.98; i i . L 2 1 1 7 , 8.75; 12—14. L 2118-20, 11.60,
Reign o f Augustus 14.68, 10.70; 15. M S V 17/12/1981, 611, 11.60; 16—17. M u 245—16, 8.80,
7.68; 18. N 252, 10.34; 19. O = AMC 1050, 12.59; 2 0 —2 2 . P 1526-7 a n d S
5 Bronze. 28—30m m , 12.59g ( T I )· Axis: var. [ 4 ]
de R, 12.62, 11.36 a n d 10.65; 23. V 315, 9.99; 24—2 7 . B L ö b b , 27778,
Vives 142-1, G il 43, gm i 994 B ohl (2); 2 8 . Μ ι ο 8 2 ι ( = V ives 141-6), 11.80; 29—5 0 . Μ 10822--35 10825,
10827, 10831, 10833s 10836-8, 10840 (obv.: A V G V S T ), 10842-3, 10846-7,
A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; fem ale head, r. 10850, 10854-6, 10858-9, S astre 4 8 4 6 -7 , 11.13, 9-^4, 13.18, 8.99, 11.76,
P E R (M I) G A(ES) A V G ; priest ploughing (r. or 1.) 10.79, 9·59> 9 -r 6, 12.02, 7.33, 13.72, io .6 i , 8.66, 11.00, 6.90, 11.32, 10.74
P riest p lo ughing, r.: 1. B a 9482 Q A V G ), 10.78; 2. L 2116 (P E R M I C A [), (b ro k en ), 8.10, 9.38, 9.47, 10.44, 11-74; 5 I —52· C , 12.20, 9.31; 5 3 . A N E
10.22; 3—4. P 1548, 1550 (P E R M C A A V G ; ] A V G ), 13.97, 1546; 7 -9 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 269; 5 4 . G il 55 (rev.: A V G V S S T A ); 5 5 . s n g M i 368
5. V illa r o n g a c o ll. 1 6 1 7 (P E R C A E A V G ), 11.80; 6 . M 10 8 8 3 (P E R M I (P E R M IS V ). M eta l an aly sis o n coin 12: C u 95.50; P b 0.033; Sn 5.20; A g
C A A V G ? ), 11.86; 7 - 9 . M 10882, 10884-5 (]C A E A V [; ] A V G ; 0.024; Ee 0.047; S b 0.092; N i 0.071; Bi 0.003; 2 m 0.007. O n coin 13: C u
P E R M [ ] A V G ), 8.67, 14.07, 14.02; 10. IV D J ( = V ives 142-1), form erly 91.50; S n 8.53; A g 0.050; F e 0.100; S b 0.070; N i 0.105; A u 0.040; A s 0.013;
S de C 266 (P E R M C A A V G ); 11. G (B u rk itt loan) (P E R M C A E A V G ), Bi 0.004; 2 n 0.004. T h e legends a re P E R M IS S V C A E S A R IS
15.85. P riest p lo ughing, 1.: 12. A N E 4 -5 /1 9 5 9 , 117 (] C A E S [), 11.75. A V G V S T I/A V G V S T A E M E R IT A , ex cep t as in d icated .
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on coin 2.

Augustus, after 2 B C
6 Bronze. 29m m , 13.47g ( I2: 6 — 17 ). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
12 Bronze. 31-2 m m , 20.30 g (7). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
Vives 142-3, Gil 56-7, n a h 1031
Vives 141-3, nah 1028, gmi 986
A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; head o f river-goddess spitting
w ater, r. P E R M IM P C A E SA R IS A V G P P; lau reate head, r.
P E R M C AES(A ) A VG ; priest ploughing, 1. A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay
i . B a 14699 (P E R M G A E S A [), 13.22; 2. C alico 6/1979, 57 7 (P E R M i . N 250, 17.85; 2. P 1 5 2 8 , 21.32; 3—5 . M 10803-5, 24.15, 18.31, 20.78;
C A E S A V G ), 13.10; 3 . L 2 1 1 4 (P E R M C A E S A A V G ), 15.41; 4 . L 2115 6. IV D J ( = V ives 141-3 = S de C 251 = g m i 986), 23.61; 7. L 2130, 16.10.
Q ES A V G ), 12.38; 5. 0 = a m c 1051 (P E R M C A E S A V G ), 11.72; 6. P M e ta l analysis on coin 7: C u 92.50; P b 0.280; Sn 5.81; A g 0.050; Fe 0.040;
S b 0.100; N i 0.020; A u 0.030; C o 0.014; As 0.020; Bi 0.003.
1547 G C A E [ ] A V G ), 13.37; 7—10. M 10888-9, 1"892 ( = V ives 142-3),
S astre 4849 ([A V G ; ]A V G ; P E R [ ] A V G ; ] C A E S A V G ), 12.38, 10.27,
13 Bronze. 25—6 m m , 10.42g (28). Axis: var. [ 11 ]
14.12, 14.31. M e ta l analysis on coin 3: C u 92.00; P b 0.925; Sn 8.80; Ag
0. 007; F e 0.206; S b 0.080; N i 0.113; As o .o ro ; Bi 0.002. O n coin 4: C u Vives 141-4, G il 46, n ah 1029, gmi 987
88.50; P b 0.176; Sn 8.96; A g 0.012; F e 0.107; S b 0.117; N i 0.155; As 0.055;
Bi 0.003; Z n 0.015. P E R M IM P C A E SA R IS A V G P P; lau reate head, r.
A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; p riest ploughing, r.
1—5. B a 4835, 9630, 14693, 310 9 0 -1 , 10.08, 10.33, IO-68, 10.05, 8.59; 6—
7 AE. 28 m m . See 6. Axis: var. [ o] 7. Bo 4 1 5 -6 , 7.90, 8.22; 8. C o p 403, 13.11; 9 . L 2126, 10.26; 10. N 251,
11.09; i i · O = AMC 1053, 10.19; 12. P 1524, 12.82; 13. P 1 525, 11.61;
Vives 142-2, Gil 59
14. R 242, 12.90; 15. C alico 6/1979, 573, 11.00; 16—2 0 . B B ohl (2),
As 6 , b u t head 1. R au c h (2), L ö b b ; 21—3 1 . M 10806-8, 10810-2, 10815 ( = V ives 141-4),
10817-9, S astre 4848, 10.07, 12.06, 8.32, 8.18, 9.92, 11.26, 9.44, 10.92,
1. M 1 0 8 8 6 ( = V ives 142-2) (P E R M C A E S [), 17.99; 2· M 10887 (P E [ ]
1 2 .4 3 , 1o . i o, 8 .4 3 ; 3 2 . C , 1 1.49; 3 3 · G iro n a 2 9 4 0 0 ( = c m tm , p i. 8 - 1 2 7 ) ,
A V G ), 13.41.
10.44. M eta l an aly sis o n coin 9: C u 89.50; Sn 8.06; A g 0.030; F e 0.060; Sb
0 . 100; N i 0.010; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.033.
C o u n te rm ark : E a g le’s h ea d , see G u a d â n , p. 63 (n o t verified).
8 AE. 2 1 -2 m m , 5.77g (1). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1]
14 Bronze. 20 m m , 5.28 g (4). Axis: var. [ 1 ]
Vives 142-4, Gil 62, gm i 995
P E R (M ) C AES(A ) A VG ; head o f river-goddess spitting Vives 141-9
w ater P E R M CAES AVG; lau reate head, r.
E M A VG ; aquila betw een two signa A V E M L E G V X ; aquila betw een two signa
i . C o p 4 0 0 (P E R M C A E S A A V G ), 5.77; 2. G il 62 (P E R C A E S A V G ); 1. L 3 1 2 7 , 6.67; 2—3 . M 10871-2, 3.73, 4.82; 4 . IV D J ( = V ives 141-9 = S
3. F o rm erly S de C 270 ( = V ives 142-4) (P E R M C A E S A A V G ); de C 259), 5.89. M eta l an alysis o n coin i: C u 90.50; P b 0.450; S n 7.36; A g
4 . IV D J , form erly S de C 268 (P E R C A E S A V G ). 0.060; Fe 0.030; Sb 0.075; N i 0.050; A s 0.210; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.012.
 S P A IN : Emerita (15-27) 7/

15 AE. 21 m m , 5.84 g (2). Axis: var. [ o ] 15. M S a s tr e 4 8 2 6 , 25.36. M eta l an alysis o n coin 3: C u 93.00; P b 0.450;
Sn 6.60; A g 0.010; F e 0.020; Sb 0.060; N i 0.020; Bi 0.002. O n coin 4: C u
Vives 141-11, 12 88.50; S n 9.11; A g 0.020; Fe 0.080; Sb 0.060; N i 0.020; A u 0.030; Bi 0.002;
P E R M CAES AVG; lau reate head, r. Z n 0.007.

E M E (R ) A VG ; aquila betw een two signa

E M E : i . IV D J ( = V ives 141-12 = S de C 260), 5.79; E M E R : 2. Μ 1 0 8 7 6
22 Bronze. 27-8 m m , 12.11g (23). Axis: var. [ 11 ]
( = V ives 141-11), 5.89. Vives 145-2, Gil 99-100, gmi 999
16 AE. 20-1 m m , 5.57g (27). Axis: var. [ 16] D IV V S A V G V S T V S PA TE R ; ra d ia te head, r.; star
above, th u n d erb o lt in front
Vives 141-7, 10, Gil 63-4, 66-7, nah 1030, gmi 990
C O L A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay
P E R M CAES A VG ; lau reate head, r. i . A N E 1 5 -1 6/12/1981, 230, 12.10; 2—3, B a 9634, 14703, 13.99, to .73;
C (O ) A E L E (G ) V X ; aq u ila betw een two signa 4 . Bo 421, 11.55; 5. C alico 6/1979, 585, 13.56; 6. C o p 405, 17.70; 7—9 . L
C A E L E V X : 1—2. B a 9487, 34007, 5.16, 3.95; 3 . C alico 6/1979, 575, 2131-3, 12.84, t°-33> 1 1.72; 10. N 254, 12.75; π - i s . O , 11.68, 13.53;
5.00; 4 . C op 401, 6.10; 5. L 2123, 5.60; 6 . 0 = a m c 10 5 2 , 6.53; 7 . P 3 4
ι - ϊ · P 1535-6, i i . 51, 9.65; 15. V 323, 10.59; 16. V a t 567, 13.60; 1 7 -
1529, 6.14; 8—9 . B L ö b b , B ohl; 10—18. M 10860-2, 10864-9, 6.04, 5.49, 18. B L ö b b , a.B .; 19. Μ 1 1 0 3 4 ( = V ives 1 45-2), 12.47; 2 0 —2 5 . Μ 11029,
3.69, 5.24, 6.98, 6.12, 5.87, 4.79, 4.08; 19. IV D J ( = V ives 141-7), 11031, 11035-8, 11.44, 7 -5 9 ) IO-7 4 i 11-39, I 2 -9o, 12.44. M e ta l an aly sis on
form erly S de C 253; 20. C 467, 6.29; C A E L E G V X : 2 1 . Bo 417, coin 8: C u 82.00; P b 10.42; S n 5.40; A g 0.020; F e 0.060; S b 0.130; N i
6.18; 2 2 . C o p 402, 5.81; 23. C , 5.88; 24. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 - 0 . 020; A u 0.030; Bi 0.003; Z n ο.010.
30 /3 /89, 388, 6.57; C O A E L E V X : 2 5 - 2 6 . L 2121-2, 4.41, 5.32; 2 7 -
2 8 . B 27781, Bohl; 29—3 0 . M 10873-4, 6.10, 5.32; 3 1 . F o rm erly S de C 23 Bronze. 34-5 m m , 20.90g (30). Axis: var. [ 7 ]
255 ( = V ives 141-10); U n c e rta in var.: 3 2 . B L öbb; 33—34· C , 5.53, 6.24.
Vives 142-6, 144-1 to 3, G il 88, 94-6
17 AE. 20-1 m m , 4.85 g (4). Axis: var. [ i ] D IV V S A V G V S T V S P A TE R ; ra d ia te head, 1.
Vives 141-14, Gil 71 A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay
P E R C A E A VG ; bare head, r. 1. A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 137, 22.57; 2 - 4 . B a 9633, 14701, 14755, i 5 -8 3 ,
21-95, 25.16; 5—6. C alico 6/1979, 5 7 ^ -9 , 24.68, 23.30; 7. C o p 407, 20.02;
A V G V ST A E M E R IT L E G V X ; aq u ila betw een two
8—10. L 214 4 -6 , 24.46, 23.69, 22.68; i i — ï 2 . M S V 17/12/1981, 616, 619,
signa 21.48, 17.20; 13. M u 247, 20.48; 14. P 1530, 21.19; 15. V 322, 20.98;
i . V 316, 5.20; 2—3. M 10880—i, 4.35, 6.04; 4 . IV D J ( = V ives 141-14 = 8 16. M 1 0 9 9 3 ( —V ives 144-1), 24.67; 17. M 1 0 9 9 6 ( = V ives 144-2),
d e C 256), 3.81. 13.34; 18—2 9 . M 10894, 10896-8, 10994-5, 10997-8, 10999 ( = V ives 144-
3), 11000, 11003, 11004 ( = V iv e s 142-6), 18.79, 20.71, 21.19, 27.14, Ι ^·5 0 >
18 AE. 21-2 m m , 5.25g (7). Axis: 6. [ 1] 19.01, 16.38, 15.85, 24.25, 20.49, 2 2 .i8 , 25.05; 3 0 . L e n in g ra d (B M cast);
3 1 . B oulogne su r M er, 15.73. M eta l an aly sis on coin 8: C u 94.50; P b
Vives 141-13, Gil 73-4, gmi 991, 993 0 . 330; S n 4.86; A g 0.040; F e 0.020; S b 0.120; A u 0.020; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.010.
F o rgery: 1. B Bohl.
P E R M CAES A VG ; lau reate head, 1.
C A E LE V X ; aqu ila betw een two signa
24 AE. 34 m m , 22.93g (6). Axis: var. [ i ]
1—2. B a 14696, 23724, 5.16, 5.07; 3. C alico 6/1979, 576, 6*78; 4 . L 2125,
5.13; 5 . M 1 0 8 7 7 ( —V ives 141—13), 6.36; 6—8. M 10863, 10878-9, 4.81, Vives 142-10, Gil 98, nah 1055, gmi 996
3.44, 3.76 (broken).
As 23, b u t D IV S A V G V S T V S PA T P A T R IA
19 AE. i 5 m m , 2.74g (3)· Axis: var. [ i] 1. B a 4831, 19.84; 2. M S V 17/12/1981, 618, 21.62; 3 . R 243, 21.90; 4 . M
1 0 9 3 9 ( = V ives 142-10), 29.17; 5—6 . Μ 10940-1, 23.06, 21.99; 7. O ,
Vives 141-8, G il 75, gmi 992 16.68 (b ro k en ). ForgeTy(?): 1. M 10943.

P E R C A E A VG ; lau reate head, r.

25 AE. 3 4m m , 22.30g (2). Axis: var. [ i ]
C A E ; p atera, lituus an d ju g
i . L 2 1 2 4 , 3.34; 2. M 10870, 2.32; 3. IV D J ( = V ives 141-8 = S de C Vives 144-4, Gil 82
262), 2.57. D IV V S A V [G V ]S T V S P A T E [R ?]; ra d ia te head, r.
A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay
I· P 1 5 3 3 Q ST V S P A T E [), 25.61; a . IV D J (illegible) (= V ives 144-
4 = G il 82), form erly S de C 274; 3. Μ 11007 (D IV V S A V [), 19,00.
Reign o f Tiberius
26 AE. 25-7 m m , 11.46 g (35). Axis: var. [ 13 ]
Divus Augustus Vives 142-8, 144-6, 7, Gil 112, nah 1056, gmi 1000
20 AE. 35m m , 23.61g (4). Axis: var. [ 1 ] D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A T E R ; ra d ia te head, 1.
C O L A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay
Vives 144-5, Oil 85
1 - 7 . B a 9635, 14697, 14704-5, 23720, 31089, 105847, 9.74, 12.46, 8.00,
D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A T E R ; rad iate head, 1.; 15 -7 7 . 9 -5 2 . 11 -7 9 . 10.92; 8. Bo 418, 9.26; 9 . C alico 6/1979, 5 8 2 ,9 .5 6 ;
th underbolt in front 10. E lsen 9 /7 /1 9 8 6 , 53, 7.36; i l . K la g 44, 9.57; 12. L 2150, 14.09;
A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay 13. M S V 17/12/1981, 625, 15.75; i 4 —ï 6 . M u 248—50, 11.53, 9-92, 16.60;
17. O , 11.62; 18—21. P 1537, 1539-40 a n d S de R , 13.42, 11.58, 10.49 a n d
i . B a 4830, 18.61; 2. C o p 4 0 6 , 22.36; 3—4 . M 11008 ( = V ives 144-5), 12.23; V 324, 8.44; 23—25. B 596/1895, L ö b b , 9411; 2 6 . M S astre
11009, 24.13, 29.33. F orgery (?): 1. M 11010. 4836, 13.04; 2 7 —3 8 . M 10902—3, 10906, 10910-4, 10917, l i o n ( = Vives
144-6), 11012, 11017, 9.18, 12.I l , 8.83, 15.19, 10.01, 9.38, 9.95, 9.99,
21 Bronze. 34m m , 22.32g (15). Axis: var. [ 8 ] ” •55, 13.05, 14.96, 14.35; 3 9 - IVDJ ( = V ives 144-7), fo rm erly S d e C
287. T h e obverse leg en d goes in differen t d irectio n s.
Vives 145-1, Gil 78-80
D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A T E R ; rad iate head, r.; star 27 AE. 27 m m , 12.44g (3)· Axis: var. [ 1 ]
above, th u n d erb o lt in front
Vives 142-7
A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay
i . C alico 6/1979, 584, 30.87; 2. C o p 404, 19.10; 3—4 . L 2128-9, 24.47,
As 26, b u t head r.
20.52; 5. O , 20.07; 6. N 253, 21.31; 7—8. P 1531-2, 26.08, 21.55; 9—10. B i . F o r m e r ly S d e C 2 8 6 ( = V ives 142-7); 2. B R au c h , 10.97; 3 · M
B ohl, K assel, 24.64, 21.98; 1 1 - 1 4 . M 11025-8, 20.76, 19.53, 15-21, 23.38; 10948, 9.88; 4 . M S astre 4829, 16.48.
J2 S P A IN : Emerita (28-41)

28 Bronze. 2 5 -8 m m , 11.96g (27). Axis: var. [ 13] ΙΟ .Ι3, 12.10, 11.55, 13.59, ι ο . ι ι , 13.31, 11.07, 10.29, Ι 3·85, 9·77; 2 3 * ^ 6
(pi. 9 9 -1 6 ), 13.63; A V G [V S T V S ]: 2 4 . G il 118 (P R O V ID N T ); U n c e rta in
Vives 142-9, 144-8, Gil 123-4, nah 1058, gmi 997 v ar.: 2 5 . B. R au c h ; 2 6 . B a 9636, 9.26; 27—28. M 10987, S astre 4854,
D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A TE R ; rad iate head, 1. 8.87, 12.16. Forgeries: 1. O , 12.45; 2 * M 10982.

P E R A V G P R O V ID E N T ; a ltar 35 A E. 25-7 m m . See 34. Axis: var. [ o ]

i . B a 14973, 10.84; 2· C alico 6/1979, 581, 19.30; 3 . L 2151, 13.36;
Vives 143-6, 10, Gil 113
4 . M S V 17/12/1981, 629, 12.90; 5—6. O , 11.37, 13.35; 7~ IO · P 1541-2,
D elepierre a n d S de R , 13.87, 12.60, 11.33 a n d 12.07; 11. V 327, 11.73; D IV V S A V G P A T E R C A E ; rad iate head, r.
12—25. M 10918, 10920-1, 10923—6, 10929-34, 11020, 15.26, 12.08, 8.49,
P E R M I A V G P R O V ID E N T ; a ltar
12.32, 7.56, 9.24, 12.54, 10.62, 11.56, 9.37, 10.47, i r -°3> 12.27, 11.66;
2 6 . B L ö b b , 17.38; 27—28. B B ohl (2); 2 9 . IV D J ( = V ives 142-9), i . M 1 0 9 8 9 ( = V ives 143-10), 13.76; 2—5 . M 10960 ( = V ives 143-6),
form erly S de C 295; 3 0 - 3 1 . C , 8.36, 11.48. M e ta l analysis on coin 3: G u 10961, 10991-2, 6.94, 5.32, 8.64, 8.20. F o rg ery (?): 1. B 1/1899.
90.50; P b 2.69; Sn 6.53; A g 0.040; Fe 0.060; Sb 0.140; N i 0.006; C o 0.003;
As 0.010; Bi 0.003. 36 A E. 2 6 -7 m m , 12.53g (5)· Axis: var. [ 3 ]
Vives 145-3, Gil 117, gmi io o i
29 Bronze. 25-7 m m , 11.64 g ( I2 )· Axis: var. [ 5 ]
D IV V S A V G P A T E R C A E ; rad iate head, L; star above
Vives 144-9, IO> Gil 125-6, nah 1057
P E R M I A V G P R O V ID E N T ; a ltar
D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A T E R ; rad iate head, 1. 1—2. L 2152-3, 18.52, 9.43; 3. M 1 1 0 4 0 ( = V ives 145-3), Ι 0 ·Ι2 ί 4 · Μ
A E T E R N IT A T I A V G V S T A E ( C A E ) ; tetrastyle tem ple 11041, 12.83; 5 * Ρ Ι 5 4 3 > ΙΤ·7 5 · M e ta l an alysis on coin 1: C u 88.00; P b
A V G V S T A E : i . L 2155, 17.14; 2. M u 251, 12.19; 3. IV D J ( = V ives 144- 3.68; S n 6.35; A g 0.040; F e 0.030; S b 0.130; N i 0.001; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.007.
10), form erly S de G 294; 4. V Q R 777; A V G V S T A E C A E: 5. V 328,
7.10; 6 . M 1 1 149 ( = V ives 144-9), 9 -7 D 7~ 9 · Μ 11021-2, 11024, 8.79, 37 AE. 21 m m , 6.51 g (1). Axis: 7( 1) . [ o ]
16.86, 8.29; U n c e rta in v ar.: 10. B Bohl, 12.70; 11—12. B a 14972, 105848, Vives 143-2, Gil 129
8.71, 10.56; 13. L 2156, 12.09; Ι 4 · M 11023, 15.54. M eta l analysis on
coin 13: C u 93.50; P b 0.110; Sn 5.32; A g 0.020; F e 0.030; Sb 0.100; Ni D IV V S A V [ ]T E R C A E ; rad iate head, 1.
0.010; A s 0.009; Z n 0.006. [G A E] LE V [X ]; aquila betw een two signa
30 Bronze. 35m m , 24.83g (18). Axis: var. [ 7 ] i . M 1 0 9 4 7 ( = V ives 143-2), 6.51.

Vives 143-1, 5, Gil 90-2, gmi 998

D IV V S A V G (V ST V S ) P A T E R C A E ; rad iate head, 1. Livia
A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay
38 A E. 3 3 -4 m m , 22.09 g (4). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
A V G : 1—3. M 10944-6, 23.94, 22.40, 20.06; 4 . V 325, 25.20; 5. gm i 998,
22.00; A V G V S T V S : 6. B B ohl; 7. B a 14700, 27.39; 8· L 2148, 27.31; Vives 145-4, Gil 131
9 . P 1552, 22.25; IO · P 1544, 23.50; I I —ϊ 7 · M 10955-8, 11005, S astre
4827-8, 21.48, 31.46, 22.42, 23.25, 26.59, 24.14, 25.29; 18. IV D J ( = V ives
P E R M A V G V S T I SALVS A V G V ST A ; b ust o f Livia, r.
ϊ4 3 -5 ), form erly S de C 273; 19. V illa r o n g a c o ll. 6 5 0 3 , 30.51; 20. A N E A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay
1 1 -1 2 /7 /1 9 8 9 ,1 1 8 ; U n c e rta in v ar.: 2 1 . B a.B .; 2 2 . L 2147, 27.69. T h e i . B a 14977, 18.95; 2 · Ρ : 5 3 4 ! 21.83; 3· B B ohl, 24.09; 4 . IV D J ( = V ives
legend n o rm a lly s ta rts b e h in d th e h ea d (A V G V S T V S ) o r in fro n t o f the 1 4 5 - 4 = S d e C 303), 23.48. F orgery: 1. L 2160 (from coin 4), 22.88.
h ea d (A V G ). M e ta l analysis on coin 8: C u 93.00; P b 0.080; Sn 6.40; A g
0.040; Fe 0.030; S b 0.070; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.010. O n coin 22: C u 89.50; P b 39 Bronze. 34 m m , 22.58g (17). Axis: var. [ 6 ]
0.610; S n 9.89; A g 0.070; Fe 0.060; Sb 0.090; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.020.
Vives 145-5, Gil 132-4, n ah 1068, gmi 1012
31 Bronze. 27m m , 12.01g (7: 3 1 —3 2 ) . Axis: var. [ 2 ] P E R M A V G V S T I SALVS A V G V ST A ; b u st of Livia, r.
Vives 143-4, Gil 106-7 C A E IV L IA A V G V ST A ; Livia seated, r., on throne
D IV V S A V G V S(T V S ) P A T E R C A E ; rad iate head, 1. i . B a 9637 (p ierced ), 22.46; 2. L 2161, 24.09; 3 . M S V 17/12/1981, 615,
C O L A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay 18.42; 4 . M u 258, 23.59; 5 - 6 . P 1545-6, 22.89, 23-05; 7 - R 2 4 5 , 22.90;
8. B Fox; g. Μ 1 1 0 4 3 ( = V ives 145-5 = gm i 1012), 27.82; 1 0 - 1 8 . M
[A V ]G V S: i . L 3 1 4 9 , 12.01; A V G V S T V S : 2. M S V 17/12/1981, 627, 1 1044-51, S astre 4825, 21.68, 20.62, 22.87, 22.32, 18.25, 18.54, 25.42,
i i . 16; 3 . P 1538 (D IV V S A V G V S T V S [), 11.14; 4 . M 1 0 9 4 9 ( = Vives 24.30, 22.47; T9 * G 7, 24.77. M e ta l an aly sis o n coin 2: C u 91.50; P b 0.890;
I 5 -3 2i 5 “ ®· Μ 10951, 10954, τ 3 ·6 4 > 10.95. M e ta l analysis on coin S n 5.91; A g 0.060; Fe 0.054; S b 0.106; C o 0.002; As 0.009; Bi 0.002; Z n
1: C u 92.50; P b 0.200; S n 4.98; A g 0.007; F e 0.090; Sb 0.030; Bi 0.003; Z n 0 . 022. F orgery: 1. L 2162, 18.78.
0 . 005.

32 AE. 2 7 -8 m m . See 31. Axis: 9 (1). [ o ]

Tiberius and Livia
Vives 143-3, Gil 101
D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A T E R C A E ; rad iate head, r. 40 A E. 26 m m , 11.94g (13). Axis: var. [ 5 ]
C O L A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay Vives 145-6, Gil 135-6
1. F o r m e r l y S d e C 2 8 4 ( = V ives 143-3) (B M cast); 2. Μ 10901, 9.88. T I C A ESA R A V G V ST V S P O N M A X IM P ; laureate
33 AE. 27m m , 13.95g (4)· Axis: v ar. [ o ] head, 1.
C A E IV L IA A V G V ST A ; head o f Livia, r.
Vives 143-8
1. B a 14978, 10.53; 2 * C alico 6/1979, 587, 11.70; 3—4 . P 1549 a n d S d e R,
D IV V S A V G P A T E R C A E ; rad iate head, 1.; sta r above 10.35 a n d 12.09; 5. T ü b in g e n 99, 14.25; 6 . B 2 8 8 7 7 , 12.87; 7 “ ®* B L öbb,
C O L A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay Fox; 9—15. M 11052-3, 1 1054 ( = V ives 145-6), 11055-7, S astre 4845,
11.35, 12.08, 13.15, 11.60, 12.56, i i . 00, 11.73.
1 - 3 . M 10973-5, 12-83, Ί 4 -5 3 . 11 -89; 4 - IV D J ( = V ives 143-8 = S d e C
291), 16.57.

34 AE. 27 m m , 10.92 g (30: 3 4 —3 5 ) . Axis: var. [ 4 ] Tiberius

Vives 143-7, 9. Gil 118-20, gmi 1002-3 41 Bronze. 34 m m , 22.21g (19). Axis: var. [ 9 ]
D IV V S A V G (V ST V S ) P A T E R C A E ; rad iate head, 1.
Vives 145-7, 146-1, Gil 138-9, n ah 1121, gmi 1008
P E R M I A V G P R O V ID (E )N T ; alta r
T I C A E SA R A V G V ST V S P O N T M A X IM P ; laureate
A V G : ï . A N E 20-2 1 /5 /1 9 8 6 , 30; 2—3 . B a 14973, 14976, 11.34, 11.10;
4 . C alico 6/1979, 583, 13.72; 5 · C o p 408, 10.07; 6 . L 2154, 11.18; 7. N head, 1.
255, 12.31; 8. O , 8.23; 9. R 244, 14.50; 10. M 10962 ( = V ives 143-7), A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay
11.64; ι γ“ 22. Μ 10963, 10965, 10968, 10970, 10972, 10977, 10980
( = V ives 143-9), ioq83, 10Q83, ioq88„ S astre 4.8^2 a n d 4 8 ^ . 11.21. α.72.

i . A N E 15-16/12/1981, 231, 16.62; 2. C o p 409, 23.51; 3—4 . L 2134-5,
2 0 .2 1 , 21.36; 5—7. M S V 17/12/1981, 620-2, 24.30, 24.52, 23.58; 8. M u
252, 18.66; g . O , 22.05; IO · P Ï5 5 1, 20.84; I X ‘ R 246, 22.50; 12. V 317,
22.73; I 3—1 4 · B Bohl, L öbb; 15. Μ 1 1 0 5 8 ( = V ives 145-7 = G il 139)
(P O N T ), 26.74; 16—20. Μ 11059-61, iio 6 6 ~ 7 , 25.96, 23.46, 20.62, 21.53,
2ς.ο8; 2 ï . G 8 (pi. 9 9 -1 7 ), 21.70; 22. IV D J ( = V ives 146-1), form erly S
de C 306. M e ta l analysis on coin 3: C u 89.50; P b 0.590; Sn 7.69; A g 0.0 2 0 ;
F e 0.040; Sb 0.060; N i 0.040; A u 0.020; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.030. O n coin 4: C u
91.50; P b 0.470; S n 6.77; A g 0.020; F e 0.080; S b 0.060; N i 0.010; A u
0.020; Bi 0.004; Z n 0.006.
42 Bronze. 26-8 m m , 11.98 g (84). Axis: var.
Vives 145-9, 146-2, 4, Gil 143-7, GMI 1009-10
T I C A ESA R A V G (V S T V S ) P O N M A X IM P ; lau reate
head, 1.
C O L A V G V ST (A ) E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay
A V G : i . B a 14982, 12.55; 2· C alico 6/1979, 590, 10.24; 3 · C o p 411,
16.36; 4 . L 2143, 9.74; 5. M u 253, 10.86; 6. O , 10.53; 7 * B B ohl; 8—
i i . M m o i , 11134 ( = V ives 146-2), 11137, S astre 4834, 14.44, 16.81,
9.73, 11.92; 12. V 319, 12.55; T3 · IV D J ( = V ives 146-4), form erly S d e C
316; 14. C , 15.93; 15. V Q R 7 8 6 (C O L A V G V S T E M E R IT A )
A V G V S T V S : 16. A N E 2 6 -2 7 /4 /1 9 8 3 , 46; 17—3 2 . B a 4840, 4907, 963 8 -9 ,
14 9 7 9 -8 ', 23 7 '7 “ 9, 25262, 3 1°95, 3 4 ° ° L 100899-900, 105850, 10.65,
10.49, I2 -43> 13*64,, 13.05, 10.29, 13.21, 14.51, 13.25, 12.00, 12.91, 11.48,
9 -9 3 , 10.27, 11 -84, 9 -7 4 ; 33- 3 8 · Bo 42 3 -8 , 13-12, 12.75, " · 6 ο , " - 9 2 , 9 -6 3 ,
10.88; 39—4 0 . C alico 6/1979, 58 8 -9 , 12.90, 12.95; 4 1· C op 410, 14.40;
4 2 —4 7 . L 2136-40, 2142, 15.61, 10.88, 9.01, 14.23, 11.70, 10.93; 4 8 ”
5 0 . M i 270-2, 13.41, 11.65, ” -3 i; 5 I _ 53 - M u 2 5 4-6, ' 4 -4 5 , 9-98, 10.25;
5 4 . N 256, 11.83; 55—56- P 1553-4. 12.19. ' 3 -9 4 ; 57 - R 248. 10.10;
5 8 . T ü b in g e n ioo, 11.27; 59 * O , 9 -3 °j 6 0 . V a t 569, 11.20; 6 1 . B L öbb,
11.26; 62—6 5 . B a.B . (2), I-B , Bohl; 6 6 . Μ 1 1 1 2 4 , 13.05; 67—8 1 . M
11071, 11087-9, 11092-4, 11097, m o o , 11104, i n i o - ι , 11114, 11116,
S astre 4859, 12.32, 11.88, 12.42, 12.79, 11-44, 10.13, 14.64, 11.56, 11.65,
11.03, 10.89, 9.73, 12.16, 10.89, I 3 -5 7 j 82—8 4 . G 9 - 1 1, 10.82, 10. i i , 9.28;
8 5 - 8 6 . C , 11.66, 12.86; 8 7 - 8 8 . G iro n a 29354, 29402 ( = cmtm, pi. 8-1 2 9 ,
130), 13.15, 8.90; 8 9 . A lac an t (= c m tm , pi. 44 -3 2 0 ), 13.80; U n c e rta in
var.: 9 0 . Ba 26653, 9.57; 91—9 2 . V 318, 320, 17.33, ΐ 2 ·3 4 · T h e obv.
leg end goes in different d irectio n s, to 1. (A V G ) o r to 1. a n d r.
(A V G V S T V S ). M e ta l analysis on coin 42: C u 93.00; P b 2.96; Sn 5.46; Ag
0.030; F e 0.030; Sb 0.090; N i 0.060; A u 0.020; Bi 0.003. O n coin 47: C u
90.00; P b 0.520; Sn 8.16; A g 0.040; F e 0.060; S b 0.130; A u 0.020; As
0. 020; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.014.
43 AE. 27m m , 9.12g (3). Axis: var.
Vives 145-10, GMi 1013
[T I C A E SA ]R A V G (V S T V S ) P O N T M A X IM [P ];
laureate head, r.
C O L A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay
1. Μ 1 1 1 3 2 ( = V ives 145-10) Q A V G P O N T M A X IM [P ]), 10.82; 2. M
11133 Q A V G P O N T M [), 9.18; 3. M i s n g 376 Q T V S P O N [), 7.36.
44 AE. 27m m , 10.51g (4). Axis: var.
Vives 145-8, Gil 148
T I C A ESA R A V G V S (T V ) P O N (T ) M A X IM P ; b are
head, 1.
C O L A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay
1—3. M 11069-70, 11124 (]I C A E S A R [ ]V S T V P O N T [; ] P O N M A X
IM P ; T I C A E S A R A V G V [), 12.51, 8.73, 13.05; 4 . F o r m e r ly S d e C 3 0 8
The coinage of the city of Latin right, Liberalitas Iulia
Ebora (Pliny, NH IV, 11), has been studied by Chaves = F.
Chaves (Numisma 156-61, 1979, pp. 9-91; Numisma 168-73,
ig8i, pp. 33-7)· It consists of a very short series of bronze
coins whose obverse legend recalls the permission granted
by Augustus (PERMISSV CAESARIS AVGVSTI).
Grant (FITA 337) considered that this series was the
consequence of a special favour on the part of the emperor
to the city and that its purpose was probably the celebration
S P A IN : Emerita, Ebora {42-49) y3
(= V ives 145-8) (T I C A E S [ ] P O N M A X IM P ); 5. L 2141 Q A V G V S
P O N T M A X [), 7.74. F o rg ery (?): 1. O , 18.62.
45 AE. 2 6 -g m m , 11.23g (4)· Axis: var. , [ 1 ]
Vives 146-3, 8, Gil 150-1
T I C A ESA R A V G (V S) P O N M A X IM P ; lau reate head,
1.
P E R (M IS S V ) A V G (V S T I) P R O V (I)D (E )N T ; altar
1 - 2 . G il 150-1 (T I C A E S A R A V G P O [; P E R A V G P R O V ID IN T ) (T I
[ 29 ] C A E S A R [; P E R M IS S V A V G V S T I P R O V D IN T ); 3 . Μ 1 1 1 4 3 ( = V ives
146-3) (T I C A E S A R A V G P O N M A X IM P ; P E [R ] A V G
P R O V ID E N T ), 11.08; 4 - 5 . Μ 11145, 11151 ( = V ives 146-8) (T I
C A E S A R A V G P O N [; jE R M IS S V A V G V S T I P R O V [) ( T I C A E S A R
A V G V S P O N M A X IM P ; P E R M I A V G P R O V ID N T ), 11.08, 16.22;
6. V 321 (T I C A E S [; ]G V S T I P R O V [), 6.55.
46 AE. 2 4m m , 10.24g ( 0 - Axis: 12 (1). [ o ]
Vives 146-7
[T I C A ESA R A VG ] P O N M A X IM P ; lau reate head, r.
P E R M I [AVG P R O V ID E N T ]; a lta r
i . V iv e s 1 4 6 —7 (B M cast); 2. IV D J ( — S de C 320), 10.24. T h e se coins
need co n firm atio n , b ec au se it seem s th a t coin 1 h as resu lted from jo in in g
the obverse o f S de C 320 a n d th e rev erse o f S d e C 322. Such
tra n sp o sitio n s h a p p e n elsew here on V iv es’s plates.
47 AE. 27 mm , 11.62 g (8). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
Vives 146-6, 10, G il 161-3
[T I] C A ESA R A V G P O N M A X IM P ; lau reate head, 1.
A E T E R N IT A T I A V G V S T A E C A E ; tetrastyle tem ple
i . B B ohl, 12.84; 2 · L 2159, 11.12; 3. M S astre 4851, 12.47; 4" 7 · M
1 1147 ( = V ives 146-6), 11148, 1 1172 ( = V ives 146-10 = S de C 318),
1 1 1 7 3 ,1 1 .5 8 ,1 3 .2 0 ,8 .8 5 ,1 0 .0 8 ; 8 . 0 , 1 2 . 7 9 ; 9. V Q R 7 8 7 (B M ca st). 8
seem s to h ave a lo n g er o r m ore dev elo p ed legend.
48 Bronze. 28m m , 10.91g (24). Axis: var. [ 14 ]
Vives 146-9, Gil 156-60, gmi i o i i
T I C A ESA R A V G P O N M A X IM P ; lau reate head, r.
A E T E R N IT A T I A V G V S T A E ( C A E ) ; tetrastyle tem ple
[ o] A V G V S T A E : i . P 1557, 12.53; 2 · G il 160; A V G V S T A E C A E : 3—5. B
L ö b b (2), a.B .; 6 - 7 . B a 4838, 9641, 11.73, I 2 -28; 8. C o p 412, 12.40; 9 . F
79, i i . 15; 10. L 2 1 5 7 , 10.92; i i . L 2158, 7.82; 12—18. M i r i 55, H 1 5 7 -
8, 11161, 11165-6, 11169, H-59J 8.37, 16.12, 10.48, 12.60, 9.91, 10.86;
19. M u 257, 9.92; 20. N 258, 10.91; 2 1 - 2 2 . O , 6.24, 9.87; 2 3 - 2 5 . P
15 55 - 6 , S de R , 12.91, 10.91, 11.77; 26. R 249, i i . 10; 27. C , 10.07;
2 8 . A N E 7 -9 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 274; U n c e rta in v ar.: 2 9 . B a 4839, 9.41. M eta l
an alysis o n coin 11 : C u 88.50; P b 0.200; S n 7.360; A g 0.030; F e 0.100; Sb
0 . 270; N i 0.009; A s 0.040; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.024.
[ 1] 49 AE. 2 1 m m , 6.68 g (4). Axis: var. [ o ]
Vives 146-11, 12, Gil 166-7, GMI IO I5
T I C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, 1.
C A E LE V X ; aq u ila betw een two signa
1. M 1 1175 ( = V ives 146-12), 5.99; 2 - 3 . Μ 11174, 11176, 7.98, 6.84;
4 . A N E 4 -5 /1 9 5 9 , 138 ( = S de C 323 — V ives 146-11 = gm i 1015), 5.90;
5 . V Q R 7 g o (B M cast).
Ebora
of a particular event: the accession of Augustus to the office
of pontifex maximus. The issue consists of two denomi­
nations, dupondius and as.
50 33/34m m , 19.75g (20)
51 2 7 m m , I 0 .4 9 g ( I0 2 )
The portrait style presents many similarities with some
dies of Colonia Patricia (Chaves 34, 119, 416, 525), so much
so that we believe that at least one engraver worked for both
mints.
 Establishing the chronology hardly presents any diffi­
culties, since the legend on the obverse includes the title
P(ontifex) M(aximus), taken in 1 2 b c . Moreover, the
reverse types of the dupondii are priestly emblems, presum­
ably referring to Augustus’s election to this religious office.
It follows, perhaps, from both of these facts that the Ebora
issue was minted to commemorate his election and it can
therefore probably be dated to 1 2 - 1 1 b c .
Augustus, after 12 BC____________________________
50 Bronze. 3 3 -4 m m , 19.75g (20)· Axis: var.
Vives 165-1, C haves 1-18A, n ah 1032, gmi
P E R M IS S V C A E SA R IS A V G V S T I P M ; bare head, 1.
L IB E R A L IT A T IS IV L EBO R ; p atera, aspergillum , ju g ,
sim pulum and knife
i . F 77, 20.80; 2. P 1508, 21.11; 3 . B (= C h a v e s 4), 24.55; 4—21. See
C haves 1-3, 5-18A ; 2 2 . IV D J, form erly S de C 224. F o r m e tal analyses,
see C haves, N um ism a 150-5, 1978, 337-43.
The Colonia Pax Iulia (Beja, Portugal) was a Caesarean
foundation (H. Galsterer, MF 8, 1971, 52), which minted
only a small issue of asses. Grant {FITA 221), on the basis
of the model used for the portrait, deduced that the issue
must be dated after 19 b c . He considered that it might have
commemorated Augustus’s visit to Spain. Grant’s argu­
ments, however, are rather weak.
As far as the designs used by the colony are concerned,
Grant {FITA 221) proposed that the figure on the reverse of
coin 52 is Mercury, but it seems more plausible to identify
this figure as proposed by Vives, as a female one, perhaps
Felicitas or Pax.
Because of the rarity of the coins and their bad conserva­
tion it is difficult to determine whether there is any legend
on the obverse. In this respect, Vives (pp. 124-5) said that
52/3 had the legend CAESAR. He also added that it had
been erased, but we have not seen any coin with such a
legend; only 52/4 seems to have the remains of letters
behind the head, but the bad conservation, and the fact that
we have not been able to examine it directly, make it
impossible to decide if that is so.
We also have to reject Vives’s view that 53 was a semis,
51 Bronze. 2 7m m , 10.49g ( I0 2 )· Axis: var. [ 16]
Vives 165-2, 3, C haves ig -1 1 5 , nah 1033, gmi 1037
P E R M CAES A V G P M ; b are head, 1.
L IB E R A (L IT A T IS ) IV L IA E E B O R ; w ithin w reath
L IB E R A : i . T ü b in g e n ι ο ί , 8.59; 2. M 10644, 9 -3 7 ; L IB E R A L : 3 . P 1511,
16.14; 4 . 0 = A M C 1 0 4 8 ( = C h a v e s i n ) , 15.37; 5"“9 · See C h av es n o ,
112-15; L IB E R A L IT A T IS : 10. B a 105846, 10.98; 11. Be 5868, 7.76;
i a . P 1 5 1 0 , 14.40; 1 3 - 1 4 . P 1509, 1965/818, 10.48. 9.55; 15. V a t 563,
11.60; 16—3 6 . M 10621-4, 10626-41, 10643, 11-74, I 3 -3 L 8.52, 10.62,
i5 -°8 , 9 - r t , 12.25, ” -20, η . 57, 9.80. 9.13, 9 .1 1, 11.51, 14 -4 3 . 9·8ο, 10.45,
8.46, η . 44, 12.63, 9.38, 9.80; 37—1 0 4 . See C h av es 19-45, 70-109;
1 05. IV D J , form erly S de C 226. M e ta l an aly sis o n coin L 2164
( = C h av es 32): C u 91.50; P b 0.080; S n 6.36; A g 0.010; F e 0.030; S b 0.060;
N i 0.060; As 2.190; Bi 0.023. F o r m o re m e tal analyses, see C haves,
[ 2 ] N um ism a 150-5, 1978, 337-43.
1036 C o u n te rm ark s: D D ( = cm k 46) on th e obv., on 13, 21, 33, 36 (also C h av es
85, 88, 96, 99). C R ( = c m k 44) on th e rev ., o n 24, 30, 35 (C [R ]) (also
C h av e s 70, 81). I t is difficult in som e cases to d istin g u ish b etw een cm k 44
a n d 79. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 81) o n C [R ] o n th e obv., o n 35. B ( = cm k 15)
o n th e rev ., on 105.
Pax Iulia
because the size and weight of the Berlin specimen lead us
to consider it to be an as.
Augustus ________________________________________________
52 C o p p er + lead. 28 m m , 12.60g (3). Axis: var. [ 2]
Vives 167-1, 2, n ah 1034, gmi 1035
Bare head, r.
PA X IV L ; fem ale figure seated 1., holding caduceus and
cornucopia
i . L 2 1 6 3 , 15 .90; 2. P 1560, 10.26; 3 . M u seo del P ra d o ( = V ives 167-
I = gm i 1035); 4» IV D J ( = V ives 167-2 = S d e C 765), 11.65. M eta l
an aly sis on coin 1: C u 60.00; P b 37.02; S n 1.68; A g 0.020; F e 0.010; Sb
0. 1 10; N i o. 170; A s 0 .190; Bi 0.004.
53 A E. 24 m m , 10.34g (1)· Axis: 12 (1). [ 1]
Vives 167-3
B are head, r.
PA X IV L ; betw een lines in field
1. B B o h l, 10.34; 2. F o rm erly C erv e ra coll. ( = V ives 167-3). 2 w as
k n ow n to V ives only from a pen cil ru b b in g a n d its a u th e n tic ity needs
co n firm atio n .

B A E T
Laelia
The peregrine city of Laelia struck its first coinage during
the second century b c (Vives 103-8), following a metrologi­
cal standard of 30.37 g (7) (NAH, pp. 150, 152). During the
first century b c it also minted several issues, some of which
follow previous designs and a lower metrological standard.
Although there is no supporting inscription, we attribute
to Augustus’s reign an issue whose inclusion is based only
on the obverse portrait. We identify this, without any great
certainty, as Augustus. Even though it is rather difficult to
find the prototype used as a model for this portrait - Grant
(.FIT A 335, n. 6 ) thought that it is a copy of the 20-18 b c
coinages (specifically BMC 679, 681) - it is possible to see
Augustus’s features on better preserved specimens. Even so
the attribution is not absolutely certain.
Since the inclusion of this issue in Augustus’s reign is
uncertain, there are obviously also difficulties for dating it,
though Grant (FITA 335, n. 6) intuitively related it to the
emperor’s visit to Spain in 15-14 b c .
The denomination of this coin is also uncertain, because
its average weight (3.59 g) is difficult to classify within the
weight patterns of the time. This odd metrology could
Irippo
The coinage of the peregrine city of Irippo (located near
Seville: Numisma 162-4, 1980, p. 103) is little known and
rather controversial. The city minted only one issue and we
attribute it to Augustus’s reign on the grounds of its
iconography. This is not, however, absolutely certain, and
other authors have chosen to assign it to an earlier date, still
within the first century b c (NAH, p. 234).
The issue’s main characteristics are the rapid degenera­
tion in the style of the engraving, both on the obverse and
the reverse - illustrating, at the very least, the work of local
engravers - and the progressive reduction of the weight
(coefficient of variation: 55: 33.57%).
It is difficult to establish the value of these coins because
of their metrological irregularity, although their average
weight has led us to think that they may be semisses:
55 (head r.) 18-28 mm, 5.93 g (144)
56 (head 1.) 21m m, 4«^9g (19)
The metrological difference between 55 and 56 must result
from the production of 56 after 55; there is no sign in 56 of
S P A IN : Laelia, Irippo (54) 75
I C A
perhaps be related to issues from Osset (58-9) and Irippo
(55-6), which also differ from the standard weight followed
by other Baetican mints.
This irregularity could also be used as an argument to
reject the Augustan date, but we do not accept this, and
another reason should be found for its irregularity. This
may be the survival of a metrological standard (7/8 g) used
by some Ulterior mints during the first century b c (NAH,
pp. 158 and 234-5).
Reign o f Augustus (?)*i.
54 Bronze. 19 m m , 3.59 g (14). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
Vives 103-2, GMi 864
M ale head (of A ugustus?), r.
L A ELIA ; betw een two p alm branches, w reath border
i . A rrio ls 12/1979/150, 3.01; 2. B a 9685, 3.63; 3. C alico 6 /1979, 947,
4.20; 4 . C o p 1 62, 3.31; 5. P 1462, 4.52; 6. V Q R 876; 7—13. M 6679-80,
6682—5, S astre 5003, 4.00, 3.12, 3.69, 3.67, 2.96, 4.13, 3.85; 14. IV D J
(= V ives 103-2), form erly S d e C 562; 15—16. L 2090, 11068, 3.05, 3.06.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis o n coin 15. F orgery: 1. M 6681, 3.90.
high weights or of the best quality dies, with which the mint
presumably started its activity.
We have no evidence for dating this issue. However,
Grant (FITA 355, n. 6) suggested that it could possibly have
been, like the Osset issue (58-9), a commemoration of
Augustus’s visit in the years 15-14 b c . This, although prob­
able, is impossible to demonstrate.
An interesting feature in the production of this city is the
existence of at least three hybrid coins (57), which share an
obverse of Irippo with a reverse of Osset. The fact that each
of these three coins has been coined with different obverse
and reverse dies makes it unlikely that it was a casual
mistake and also makes any interpretation harder. We can
reject the possibility of overstrikes of Irippo on Osset’s coins
because of the good conservation of the reverse figure. The
most logical deduction that can be reached is a close con­
nection between the two cities’ production.
Stylistic degeneration in the engraving of the issue makes
it difficult to establish the difference between bad quality
dies and possible imitations.
Reign o f Augustus (?)_________________________________ 2 ·4 8 , 3 ·5 2. 4 -7 °. 4 -6 5 . 3 ·3 °, 4 ·9 7 , 3 -9 6 , 4 ·° 7 . 3 -3 5 , 5 ·12; ΐ δ 8“ ^ · G h 2
(pi. 9 9 - 1 1), 4*88, 4 -8 3 i ι 6 ο . F o rm erly S de C 489 ( = V ives 1 10-4);
55 C opper + lead. 1 8 -2 8 m m , 5.93g (144)· Axis: var. [ 46 ] 1 61. IV D J ( = V ives 110-3), form erly S d e C 490; 162—1 63. IV D J,
form erly S d e C 494—5; 1 6 4 . C , 6.73; 165. P rin ceto n 726, 7.88; 1 66. P
Vives n o - ι to 4, nah 859, gmi 922-4 1132 (obv. b ro ck ag e), 6.97. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis o n coin 66.
C o u n te rm ark s: U n c e rta in in o b long, o n th e obv., o n 36. M o n o g ram
IR IP P O ; beardless m ale head (of A ugustus?), r.; all in
( = cm k 75) o n th e obv., o n 144. O V i ( = cm k 58) on th e o b v ., on 162-3.
w reath
Fem ale figure seated 1., holding cornucopia an d pine-cone; 56 AE. 21 m m , 4 .6 9 g (19). Axis: var. [ 7]

all in w reath Vives 110-5, 6, gmi 925

I. A rriols 12/1979, 1118, 3.40; 2—3 6 . B a 4872-4, 9662-6, 9668, 14882-4, As 55, b u t head 1.
: 4 9 4 r > 23811-6, 30877, 31069-72, 34014, 37116-8, 105771, 105774,
1—2. B a 9667, 14886, 4.64, 6.02; 3 . C alico 11/1978, 615, 4.86; 4 —5. L
105856-60, 8.33, 8.30, 3.62, 7.55, 7.45, 4.55, 3.81, 3.74, 5.00, 5.87, 3.58,
2081 -2 , 4.16, 4.37; 6 . M u se u A rqu eo lô g ic d e T a rra g o n a 2897, 3.63;
6 -4 9 . 9 -7 ° . 9 - 7 9 » 5 -9 5 . 7 -5 9 . 6.71, 3.63, 3.49, 5.13, 6.98, 4.56, 6.00, 5.62,
7. O = AMC 1059, 4.72; 8 - 9 . P 1133-4, 3.61, 5.39; 10. B 380/1877, 4.24;
3 -9 9 , 7·1I.2 , 6.18, 4.56, 3.66, 4.27, 7.48, 5.36, 6.33, 5.88, 7.70; 3 7 . Bo 29,
i i . M 6 6 5 8 ( — V ives 110-6 = gmi 925), 4.75; 12—19. M 6654 ( = V ives
4- 5 7 » 38—'44. C alico 11/1978, 6 0 8-14, 10.28, 8.88, 6.41, 4.94, 4.82, 3.56,
110-5), 6655 -7 , 6659 -6 0 , S astre 4 9 9 1 -2 , 4.73, 4.68, 4.15, 4.16, 5.98, 4.92,
3.80; 4 5 - 5 0 . C alico 6/1979, 9 3 2 - 7 . 7 -5 °. n - 2 0 , io.oo, 7.75, 5.90, 4.10;
5.08, 5.07; 20. M u 281 (I R I P P O , in v e rted ), 4.68 (p ierced ).
5 1 - 5 3 . C o p 152-4, 9.18 (pierced), 4.90, 4.41; 5 4 - 5 7 . M i 59 -6 2 , 6.89,
6.22, 4.49, 3.22; 58—5 9 . M S V 17/12/1981, 872, 877, 8.20, 5.00; 6 0 . M u
280, 3.99; 6 1 . N 22, 8.18; 6 2 —6 4 . 0 = a m c 1056-8, 5.69, 5.09, 2.12; 6 5 —
7 4 . L 2071-80, 9.72, 7.43, 7.13, 8.39, 4.33, 4.42, 4.52, 4.72, 4.39, 3.59 H ybrid (O bv.: Irippo. Rev.: O sset)
(b roken); 75 —7 7 . M u se u A rqueolôgic de T a rra g o n a 2021, 2572, 2694,
4.61, 6.32, 4.52; 78—8 6 . P 1126-31, L uynes 1131 a n d D elepierre, 9.95,
10.98, 5.42, 4.70, 3.^4, 6.78, 6.Q7, 2.97 a n d 3.43; 87—8 8 . V 359-60, 7.10, 57 AE. 2 0m m , 5 .7 5 g (3). Axis: var. [ i]
4.77; 8 9 - 1 0 4 . B L ö b b (2), R au c h (2), B ohl (4), a.B . (2), Fox (2), I-B ,
D elgado X L I I-g , C haves, Numisma 120-31, p. 252
27840, 28255, P rokesch-O sten; 105. M 6 5 7 8 ( = V ives 110-2), 5.75; 106—
1 57. M 6551 ( = V ives 110 i ), 6552-3, 6555-64, 6571, 6574-5, 6577, IR IP P O ; beardless m ale h ead (of A ugustus?), r.; all in
6579-89, 6593, 6599-600, 6612-3, 6616—7, 6619 (obv. brockage), 6622, w reath
6624, 6628, 6635-42, S astre 4970, 4986-8 a n d 4990, 10.19, 11-03, 9.04,
7- 20, 9.15, 9.51, 9.29, 6.98, 8.38, 8.76, 6.94, 7.53, 6.68, 5.50, 6.07, 8.38,
N ude m ale figure standing, holding grapes
6.27, 4.70, 7.19, 3.93, 6.13, 7.80, 5.67, 5.04, 5.03, 5.29, 7.22, 5.34, 5.23, I . V 3 6 1 , 5.62; 2—3. C h av es, N um ism a 120-31, p. 252, 7.81 (Col.

4- 4 2 5
89. 5-76, 5-36, 5 ·8 ι, 5 ·10. 5 -0 7 . 4 -8 9 , S·1«. 3 -8 9 , 5 U 5 , 4 ·2 5 , 3 -6 5 . 3-86, M u n icip al de Sevilla 283), 3.81.

Osset
The city of Osset, whose exact location remains uncertain nations would be indicated by the different direction of the
(H. Galsterer, MF 8, 1971, p. 20; F. Chaves, Numisma 162- head, to the right (unit), or to the left (half). We should also
4, 1980, p. 103; J. L. Escacena, Habis 17, 1986, pp. 539-47), point out that 59 has a similar weight to coins of Laelia (54)
probably started its coinage during the second century b c , and that the unit (58) is twice its weight.
with an issue of asses of 22.40 g (1). This, and all the other
issues of this city, are rare, and they have hardly been
studied; however, some of them can presumably be dated to Reign o f Augustus (?)
the first century b c . 58 Bronze. 25 mm, 7 .3 0 g (97). Axis: var. [ 32 ]
We attribute to Augustus’s reign a relatively large and Vives 1 1 1-8, n a h 850, gm i 930
artistically crude issue on the grounds of the identification
O S S E T ; m ale head (of A ugustus?), r.
of Augustus’s portrait on the obverse. This identification is
N ude m ale figure stan d in g 1., holding b unch o f grapes
not certain; hence some scholars do not consider that this
X. A N E 12/1981, 286, 7.06; 2. A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 222, 7.86; 3—4. A N E
issue belongs to Augustus’s reign (NAH, p. 233), whereas 3 -4 /1 2 /1 9 8 5 , 9 1 -2 , 6.20, 5.93; 5 - 2 4 . B a 4749 -5 1 , 4925, 9720, 15065-7,
others, more cautiously, settle for the imprecision implied i5 o69. 23865—7. 3 i o 74, 34022, 100941, 105779, 105816-7, 7.31,
5.82, 6.87, 5.47, 5.98, 8.61, 7.31, 5.27, 8.90, 6.45, 5.58, 5.00, 6.38, 7.92,
by dating it within the first century b c , without committing 7.48, 6.99, 8.35, 6.53, 5.73, 7.08; 25. Bo 38, 7.63; 2 6 - 3 0 . C alico 6/1979,
themselves on the identification of the portrait. I0 2 I“ 5 . 7 -5 5 . 7 -9 5 . 6 ·22, 6.10, 6.35; 3 1 . C o p 174, 8.58; 3 2 . K la g 53, 5.55;
Delgado (pi. X L II-io) published a drawing of a hybrid 3 3 . M i 65, 5.66; 3 4 . M S V 17/12/1981, 1102, 10.40; 3 5 —3 6 . M u 317-8,
7.02, 6.94; 3 7 . L 2 0 4 8 , 10.49; 38—4 2 . L 2047, 2049-50, 2052, 2053
coin from Osset (obverse) and Irippo (reverse), from the (fa lse ? ), 8.27, 7.23, 6.23 ( b ro k e n ) , 8.34, 5.58; 4 3 —4 6 . 0 = a m c 1063-6,
Felipe Ramos de la Torre collection. We have not seen any 7.98, 6.80, 4.60, 7.04; 4 7 —5 0 . P 1483—6, 10.49, 7 -9 4 j 4-66 (b ro k en ), 8.21;
such coin, and therefore we have not included it in the 5 1 . R 14, 7.40; 5 2 —5 4 . M u se u A rqu eo lô g ic d e T a rra g o n a 898, 2688, 3116,
6.99 (p ierced ), 7.78, 7.90; 5 5 - 5 6 . V 379-80, 7.53, 5.80; 5 7 - 6 5 . B Fox,
catalogue. We would not, however, exclude the possibility B ohl (2), 17925, R au c h , 365/1877, L ö b b (2), 731/1902; 6 6 —101. M 7 2 7 4 -
of its existence, because we know hybrid coins from Irippo 91, 7 2 93 - 7 , 7306-8, 7310-1, 7316-7, 7327, 7335, 7337, S astre 5 1 2 7 -8 an d
5130, 8.14, 9.85, 9.06, 8.02, 8.07, 8.04, 8.28, 9.65, 7.87, 7.63, 8.02, 9.76,
(obverse) and Osset (reverse) (57) and the opposite could
7-87, 7-75, 8.32, 9.32, 6.14, 4 -9 1, 7-69, 8.56, 8.04, 5.64, 5.83, 7.76, 8.74,
also exist. 7 -3 ° , 5 -7 3 , 6.74, 5.73, 4.73, 6.00, 7.52, 6.66, 7.80, 9.45, 8.59; 1 0 2 - 1 0 4 . G
As for the denomination of 58 and 59, we find similar 3- 4 , 5 (pi- 9 9 -1 2 ), 9.95, 8.74, 5.34; 1 0 5 - 1 0 6 . IV D J , form erly S d e C 7 5 2 -
3; 1 0 7 . IV D J ( = V ives i n —8); 108. C 7.64; 109—i n . L 2051, 2054-5,
problems to those found with the coins of Laelia (54) and 7.81, 5.61, 4.81. Im itatio n s: a—b . M 7340-1, 7.20, 5.66 (b o th s h are the
Irippo (55-6). sam e obv. a n d rev. dies). Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis o n coin 37.
C o u n te rm ark : M o n o g ram (= cm k 74) on th e obv., o n 64. C O N , see
58 25 mm, 7.30g (97) G u a d â n , p. 88, no. 126 (n o t verified).
59 22 mm, 3.93 g (3)
59 AE. 2 2m m , 3 .9 3 g (3). Axis: var. [ i ]

One can conclude that 58 represents a unit and that 59 Vives 1 1 1 —1 0

corresponds to its half. Although the number of specimens As 58, b u t head 1.

of 59 is very small, they do maintain the right relationship. i . M S V 17/12/1981, 1107, 3.70; 2. B 2 8 2 5 4 (O S S IIT ), 5.07; 3. M 7342,
If this is the case, then the differentiation of the denomi­ 3.03; 4 . F o rm erly C erv e ra coll. ( = V ives i n - 1 0 ) .

Italica
The city of Italica (Santiponce, Seville) was founded in the
years 206/205 b c , with veterans from Scipio’s army
(Appian, Iber. 38), though we do not know what its legal
status was (M .J. Pena, Estudios de la Antiguedad 1, 1984, pp.
50 and 83). In spite of its ancient foundation, this city did
not strike any coin issues during the second and first cen­
turies b c and only a few issues are known from Augustus’s
and Tiberius’s reign, when the city was already a municipium
civium romanorum. A study and catalogue of these issues has
been published by Chaves = F. Chaves, Las monedas de
Italica, Seville, 1978 (2nd ed.).
As the title Augustus appears on the legend, the coinages
of Augustus are dated after 27 b c . There is no other
evidence to establish the exact moment of issue. Grant
(FITA 173) suggests that the constitutio of the city as a muni­
cipium could have taken place during Augustus’s visit, in
15-14 b c , and that some of the coinage could have had a
foundation character (contra H. Galsterer, MF 8, 1971, p.
12, who, following B. Alex 52, 4, proposes 47 b c as the date
for municipal status; P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower, Oxford,
1971, p. 602, proposes a similar chronology). Chaves (p. 99)
follows Grant’s hypothesis, and also considers 15-14 b c as
the date in which Italica started its coinage.
72 was until now dated to Augustus’s reign (except by
G. K. Jenkins, SNG Cop. 420), without any positive
evidence (Vives IV, pp. 126-7; GMI, pp, 266-7; NAH, p.
267; Chaves, p. 131), but is here attributed to Tiberius’s
reign, because the obverse portrait does not fit well within
the series devoted to Augustus. On the other hand, the
portrait on this coin has all the features of the portraits from
Tiberius’s reign; the similarity to those of Germanicus and
Drusus is very close, and they were probably cut by the
same engraver. The legend PERM AVG seems, therefore,
to allude to Tiberius as it does on coins of Germanicus (70)
and Drusus (71). See now P. P. Ripollès, VII Congreso Nacio-
nal de Numismàtica ig8g (forthcoming).
All the coins struck during Augustus’s reign could prob­
ably be considered as a single issue, consisting of asses
(Genius and Roma: 60-1), semisses (she-wolf: 62) and
quadrantes (capricorn: 63). The designs chosen for the
reverses distinguish Italica from the rest of the Spanish
mints, because it used types that allude to the Roman origin
of the city and echo Roman propaganda (R. Etienne, Le
Culte Impérial, p. 402).
The Augustan issue (60-63) consists of the following
denominations (shown in the table at the top of the next
column).
Dupondius As
64 33mm, 19.35g (i) (broken)
65 29 mm.
66-67 34-5 mm, 25.51 g (32)
68 29 mm.
69
70
71
72
SPAIN: Italica 77
As Semis Quadrans
60 28mm, 12.74g (50)
61 25-8 mm, 12.69 g (39)
62 21 mm, 6.11 g (13)
63 19mm, 3.29g (6)
The designs of the Tiberian coins refer to the imperial
cult, like other cities of Spain, and abandon the singularity
of the earlier designs.
The whole coinage of Tiberius can be divided into two
possible groups. The first (64-5) has Tiberius’s name and is
composed of a small number of dupondii (64) and a large
number of asses (65). The second (66-72) probably had the
purpose of honouring the imperial family (Divus Augustus,
Livia, Germanicus and Drusus), and perhaps also that of
completing the variety of denominations of the previous
group, since a large number of dupondii (66-7) and semis­
ses (69-71) were struck, whereas very few asses were min­
ted (68).
The arrangement here proposed and the denominations
minted can be seen from the table below.
We have included 68 in this catalogue, although we can­
not be sure of its authenticity because we have not had the
opportunity of examining it directly. Moreover, it is not
even certain that it is a coin of Italica, since it has no ethnic
or the normal mention of imperial permission. However, if
it is genuine, it may possibly belong to Italica.
69 is only known from one specimen and, even though it
does not mention the name of the city, we accept it as part
of the second group of Tiberius. This is so because of formal
and stylistic similarities, and because it fits neatly within
the sense of the group. We have excluded, though, the
dupondius of the altar series, in V, because it is a modern
cast (Dembski, KAM A-I, 526, previously accepted as
genuine by Chaves, pp. 25 and 101).
We consider the hybrid coin from the Italica/Emerita (O.
Gil, Archivo Espanol de Arqueologia 64, 1946, pp. 240-1, no.
48) to be a modern forgery (see the comments about this
coin in the introduction to Emerita).
Nevertheless, the arrangement of the two groups of
Tiberius is not certain, because there are some contradic­
tory aspects. We have, following Chaves, placed first
Tiberius’s group with altar and PROVIDENTIAE AVGV-
STI reverse (64-5), on the grounds that Tiberius’s portrait
on the P dupondius seems to be inspired by portraits from
Lugdunum issues of 10 b c (Giard, Lugdunum, 99), and also
because the legend PERM DIVI AVG indicates that the
city was still coining with Augustus’s permission. However,
the altar with the legend PROVIDENT does not appear on
Semis Quadrans
87g (174)
8ig(i)
2 3 -4 mm, 7.32 g (1)
23-4 mm, 6.39 g (32)
22-3 mm, 6.23 g (63)
20 mm, 3.79g (17)
j8 S P A I N : Italica (60-68)

official issues (RIC 80-1) until c. a d 22/3 and, in order to Reign o f Tiberius
place this issue at the beginning of Tiberius’s reign, we
would have to argue that Italica anticipated the imperial Tiberius
message, which is difficult to accept. Grant (APT 89-90)
64 AE. 33 m m , 19.35g (1). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 1
and R. Etienne (Le Culte Impérial, p. 431) point out that
Italica rendered in a fuller form the Roman legend PROVI­ Vives 168-8, C haves 114, gmi 1048
DENT, thus implying that they believe that this issue may IM P T I C A E SA R A V G V S T V S P O N M A X ; bare head,
have been dated after the years mentioned above. r.
Secondly, the Divus Augustus and Livia group (66-7). [M JV N IC IT A L IC P E R M D I[V I] A VG ; a lta r inscribed
P R O V ID E N T IA E A V G V S T I
These coins copy the asses dated in 15—16 (RIC 72) and on
i . P 1 4 3 5 ( = V ives 1 6 8 -8 = C h av es 1 1 4 = gm i 1 0 4 8 ), 19.35 (bro k en ).
the legend the imperial permission is mentioned (PERM
AVG), probably referring to the new emperor, who may
have renewed this permission. Therefore, if it is true that 65 Bronze. 2 9m m , 12.87g Ö74)· Axis: var. [ 34 ]
the PERM AVG legend refers to Tiberius, we must accept Vives 168-9, C haves 115-263, gmi 1049-51
that these coins were minted after the altar series and before T I C A ESA R A V G V S T V S P O N T M A X IM P ; bare head,
a d 19/23, on the hypothesis that they are part of the Ger­ r.
manicus and Drusus coinage. The placing of the Divus M V N IC IT A L IC P E R M D IV I A VG ; a lta r inscribed
Augustus and Livia coins at the end of the coinage can be P R O V ID E N T IA E A V G V S T I
supported by the fact that at Romula the legend PERM i . A arh u s 16, 13.04; 2—10. Bo 3 8 0 -8 , 14.66, 14.10, 13.64, 12.90, 12.70,
DIVI AVG was changed to PERM AVG during the mint­ 1 2 .0 0 , 11 .8 0 , 1 1 .6 0 ,8 .7 5 ; i i · C o p 4 1 7 , 1 1.65; I 2 · K la g 4 8 , 10.96; 13. M i
25 6 , 1 2 .55; 14—16. P 1439, D elep ierre a n d S de R , 13 .0 2 , 1 7.76 a n d 10.53;
ing of the only group of Tiberius. 17. S chw eizerische K re d ita n s ta lt, 4 9 (A u g u st 19 8 6 ), 83 ; 18—19. T ü b in g en
On a point of detail we can point out the anomalous 1 0 8 -9 , r 4~28, 11.64; 20—22. V a t 54 1 —3, 14-80, 1 2.00, i i .00 ; 23—2 4 . V
position of IM P as praenomen at the beginning of the 3 6 3 - 4 , 14.91, 11.82; 2 5 . A N E 2 6 - 2 7 /1 1 /1 9 8 6 , 18; 2 6 —27. N 2 3 3 - 4 (the
la tte r P O N T I F E X M A X , alte re d in m o d e rn tim es), 11.40, 13.78; 28—
legend on the obverse of the altar dupondius (64) (Grant, 1 7 6 . See C h av es 115-263; 177—1 8 0 . B a.B . (2), B ohl, I-B ; 1 81. B L ö b b ;
FIT A 415, n. 9, and 440-1, APT 47-8; R. Etienne, Le Culte 182—1 8 3 . G 1 -2 , 18.82, 10.52; 184—1 8 5 . IV D J , form erly S d e C 502, 508;
1 8 6 - 1 8 9 . C , 12.83, 11.89, io -87, 9.73; 190. an X , 1980, 62, 14.69. F o r
Impérial, p. 422; Chaves, p. 105). m etal analysis, see C haves, p. 80.
C o u n te rm ark s: P R ( = c m k 61) o n th e obv., o n 185; see also C h av es 144,
197, 2 1 1. N C A P R ( = cm k 57), see C h av es 202. C ( = cm k 19), see C h av es
127 ( = P 1437). F C ( = cm k 50), o n th e rev. o n 185. P ( = cm k 30) on the
Reign o f Augustus 60123 obv., on 190.
60 AE. 28m m , 12.74g (50). Axis: var. [ 7 ]
Vives 168-2, ή τ α 173, pi. V-26, C haves 1-45, n a h 1006,
GMI IO4 4 Divus Augustus and Livia
P E R M A V G M V N IC IT A L IC ; head, r. 66 Bronze. 34 m m , 25.51 g (32: 66—67). Axis: var. [ 5 ]
G E N P O P R O M ; G enius of the R om an people standing, Vives 168-6, C haves 353-81, gmi 1047
1., globe a t feet
P E R M A V G D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A T E R ; rad iate head,
i . C op 416, 12.65; 2. N 232, 13.57; 3 * P I 4 24 ( = C haves 3), 12.62; 4 —
4 7 . See C h av es 1-2 a n d 4-4 5 ; 48—4 9 . B L ö b b , 597/1895, 12.14, 10.75; 1., sta r above, th u n d erb o lt in front
5 0 . IV D J , form erly S de C 496; 5 1 . P rin ce to n 727, 12.29. IV L IA A V G V ST A M V N IT A L IC ; Livia seated, 1.,
holding sceptre a n d p a te ra (?)
61 Bronze. 26-8m m , 12.69g (39). Axis: var. [ 8 ]
i . P 1 4 3 3 ( = C h av es 354), 27.08; 2. F N M T ( = C h av es 367), 28.40; 3—
Vives 168-1, C haves 46-81, nah 1007, gmi 1043 2 9 . See C h av es 353, 3 5 5 -6 6 , 368-81; 3 0 . B L ö b b , 20.57; 3 1· IV D J,
form erly S d e C 500. F o r m etal analyses, see C h av es, p. 80.
P E R M A V G M V N IC IT A L IC ; head, r.
R O M A ; R om a standing, 1., shield a t side
i . C o p 415, 11.04; 2· V 362, 17.42; 3. L 2 0 5 6 (= C h a v e s 46), 14.23; 4 —
67 A E. 35 m m . See 6 6 . Axis: var. [ o ]
3 8 . See C haves 47—81; 3 9 . B 1015/1893, 14.23; 4 0 . IV D J ( = V ives 168— Vives 168-7, C haves 382-3
1), form erly S de C 497. F o r m e tal analysis, see C haves, p. 80.
As 66 , b u t rad iate head, r.
62 Bronze. 21mm, 6 . n g (13). Axis: var. [ 3 ] i . F N M T ( = C h av es 382), 25.00; 2. See C h av es 383; 3. IV D J ( = V ives
Vives 168-5, C haves 82-94, n a h 1008, gmi 1046 168-7 — S d e C 501), 26.13.

P E R M CAES A VG ; b are head, 1.

M V N IC IT A L IC ; she-wolf, r., feeding two sm all figures
(R om ulus an d R em us) Tiberius, Germanicus and Drusus
i . L 2 0 5 8 ( = C haves 82), 4.87; 2—13. See C haves 83—94; 14. IV D J 68 A E. 29m m , i i . 81 g (1). Axis: 9 (1). [ o ]
( = V ives 168-5), form erly S de C 498. F o r m etal analysis, see C haves,
p. 80. Vives 168-10, C haves 293, gmi 1054

63 AE. 19m m , 3.29g (6). Axis: var. [ 3 ] [ ]SA R A V G V S T V S [ ]; b are head o f T iberius, 1.
[G E R M A N IC V S CAESA R] D R V SV S CAESAR;
Vives 168-4, C haves 108-12 G erm anicus an d D rusus standing, 1., both w ith spears
P E R C A E A VG ; head, 1. I I V D J ( = V ives 1 6 8 -1 0 = S d e C 1983 = gmi 1 0 5 4 ), 11.81; confirm atio n
M V N IC IT A L IC ; capricorn, r., w ith globe, cornucopia needed: it m ay b e a false coin.
and ru d d er
i . P 1432 ( —V ives 168-4 = C h av es roV 4.52; 2 - 5 . See C haves 109-12;
6 . B B ohl, 3 .11 ; 7. IV D J , form erly S de C 499.

Germanicus and Drusus
69 A E. 2 3 -4 m m , 7.32g (1). Axis: 1-2 (1).
D elgado X L III-1 5 , C haves 292
G E R M A N IC VS C A ESA R [T I A V G F]; b are head, 1.
P E R M A V G D R V SV S CAESAR; b are head, r.
i . S e v illa , M u n ic ip a l c o li. 291 ( = C haves 292), 7.32.
Germanicus
70 AE. 23-4 m m , 6.39 g (32). Axis: var.
Vives 168-11, C haves 264-91, nah 1116
G E R M A N IC VS C A ESA R T I A V G F; b are head, 1.
M V N IC IT A L IC ; aq u ila an d vexillum betw een two
signa, below P E R A V G
i . C o p 418, 6.33; 2. M u 289 ( = C haves 311), 6.37; 3 . L 2 0 2 9 ( = C hav es
265), 5*78; 4—3 0 . See C haves 264, 266-91; 31—3 3 . B L öbb, B ohl, 940g,
8.41, 4.72, 6.19; 3 4 . C , 3.78.
The coinage of Colonia Romula (Seville), known previously
as Hispalis, has been studied by Chaves = F. Chaves
{Numisma 1 5 6 - 6 1 , 1 9 7 9 , pp. 9 - 9 1 ; Numisma 1 6 8 - 7 3 , : 9 δ ι ,
pp. 5 8 - 7 1 ). As a whole, a large number of similarities can
be observed with the issues of Italica.
One issue of copper quadrantes, with an average weight
of 3 . 5 2 g ( 1 2 ) , and cornucopia, rudder and globe on the
reverse ( 7 6 ) , as a clear allegory to Fortuna, has been dated
to Augustus’s reign. It is a relatively short issue, and was
interpreted by both Grant {FITA 2 2 0 ) and Chaves (p. 2 9 )
as an issue authorised by Augustus on the occasion of his
visit in 1 5 - 1 4 b c . This dating is based on the presumption
that Augustus’s visit had an enormous impact on the cities
of Baetica. In addition, Chaves (p. 2 9 ) suggests the possi­
bility that the quadrans issue may have been made at the
time when Colonia Romula was established. However,
there are no strong arguments for this hypothesis, and we
consider it more appropriate and convenient to attribute it
to Tiberius’s reign on the grounds of its metal analysis
(copper like the other denominations struck during
Tiberius’s reign) and because the portrait style is similar to
the other denominations, especially the asses and semisses.
The legend PERM AVG on 7 6 may allude to Tiberius as on
7 5 . See now P. P. Ripollès, VII Congreso Nacional de Numis-
mâtica ig8g (forthcoming).
Coinages from Tiberius’s period echo the imperial cult
and propaganda. The four denominations minted con­
stitute, without doubt, a single issue that can be dated to
the beginning of Tiberius’s reign. We have not thought it
right to date Germanicus’s semis to a d 1 8 , separating it
Dupondius As
73 33-4 mm, 23.50g (208)
74 2 8 -9 mm, 12.02 g (226)
75
76
S P A I N : Italica, Romula {69-72) yg
Drusus
[ o ] 71 Bronze. 22-3 m m , 6.23 g (63)· Axis: var. [ 23 ]
Vives 168-12, C haves 294-310, 312-52, nah i i 15, gmi
1052-3
D RV SV S C A ESA R T I A V G F; b are head, r.
M V N IC IT A L IC ; aquila an d vexillum betw een two
signa, below P E R A V G
i . C o p 419, 5.99; 2. P 1446, 4.48; 3. V 365, 4.92; 4 . V a t 544, 6.70; 5 -
6 2 . See C h av es 294-352 (except 311 th a t is o f G erm an icu s, V ives 168-11);
6 3 . B 2 7 8 4 1 , 6.73; 6 4 —6 5 . B B ohl, L ö b b , 7.03, 6.74; 6 6 —6 7 . B a.B .,
L ö b b ; 68—7 0 . C , 6.84, 5.86, 6.55. F o r m etal analysis, see C h av es, p. 80.
[ 9 ] Tiberius
72 AE. 2 0m m , 3.79g (17). Axis: var. [ 5 ]
Vives 168-3, C haves 95-107, nah 1009, gmi 1045
P E R M A VG ; head, 1.
M V N IC IT A L IC ; cornucopia a n d globe
i . C o p 420, 4.40; 2. V a t 540, 5.70; 3. Μ π 6 0 0 ( = V ives 168-3 = GMI
1045), 4.90; 4 —16. See C h av es 95 -1 0 7 ; 17. B B ohl, 5.71.
Romula
from the other two denominations, as proposed by Chaves
(p. 6 4 , where she dates 7 3 - 4 to a d 1 4 - 1 5 and 7 5 to a d 1 8 ) ,
since, as she herself has pointed out, the engravers of the
semis are the same as those who made the dies for the asses.
Therefore the change of the legend, from PERM DIVI
AVG to PERM AVG, indicating the renewal of imperial
permission by Tiberius, could have taken place during the
minting of the issue. The denominations coined are shown
in the table below.
The dupondius 7 3 is very interesting. Whereas on the
obverse Divus Augustus is honoured (copied from RIC 7 2 ,
a d 1 5 - 1 6 ) with traditional iconography, the reverse is dedi­
cated to Livia with the exceptional legend GENETRIX
ORBIS and with crescent and globe symbols. This presen­
tation of Livia has been widely considered (Chaves AN 8,
pp. 8 9 - 9 6 ) as the result of the spontaneity of the provincial
cult (R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, p. 43 °) and as a strange
formula that is alien to the repertory of legends of Roman
official coinages {APT 9 0 ) . R. Etienne {Le Culte Impérial, p.
4 2 8 ) considers it as an attempt to create a ‘royaume
cosmique’.
The asses 7 4 follow an iconographical model common to
several Spanish mints. They have on the obverse Tiberius’s
head and on the reverse the confronted heads of German­
icus and Drusus. The issue is completed with a coinage of
semisses dedicated to Germanicus ( 7 5 ) and quadrantes
( 7 6 ) . The lack of one in Drusus’s honour creates an
imbalance in the attention the colony gives to both Caesares
and, perhaps, gives a sign of a certain preference for Ger­
manicus {APT 9 9 ; R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, p. 4 2 6 ) .
Semis Quadrans
22 mm, 6.34g (53)
20m m, 3.52g (12

Reign of Tiberius______________________________________
Divus Augustus and Livia
73 C opper. 33-401111, 23.50 g (208). Axis: var.
Vives 167-2, C haves 12-210, gmi 1038-9, nah ro6o
P E R M D IV I A V G C O L R O M ; rad iate head, r., star
above, th u n d erb o lt in front
IV L IA A V G V ST A G E N E T R IX O R B IS ; head o f Livia
upon globe, 1., crescent above
i . B a 105819, 23.22; 2. Be 3270, 23.74; 3—7. Bo 4 0 3-7, 24.75, 2 7 -I 2 >
22.34, 20.78, 18.73; 8· F 7 5 s 20.60; 9 . N 243, 26.35; 10. P D elep ierre,
22.64; I Ï —12. R 2 3 8-9, 27.30, 22.50; 13—14. T ü b in g e n 117-8, 22.21,
20.14; 15. V a t 555, 22.70; 16. P 1492 ( = C haves 64), 23.70; 17—2 1 5 . See
C haves 12-63 a n d h 5 _ I 5 3 ? 155—210. F o r m etal analysis, see C haves,
N um ism a 150-5, 1978, 337-43-
C o u n te rm ark s: PS ( = cm k 62) a n d m o n o g ram ( = cm k 84) on th e rev., on
1; also cm k 84 a n d 62 on th e obv. a n d cm k 62 on th e rev., on C h av es 51
( = L 2191 = A N E 12/1960, 181 = C haves 154). D ( = cm k 25), see C haves
97-
Tiberius, Germanicus and Drusus
74 C opper. 2 8 -g m m , 12.02g (226). Axis: var.
Vives 167-3, C haves 211-420, gmi 1040-1, n ah 1066
P E R M D IV I A V G C O L R O M ; lau reate h ead of
T iberius, 1.
G E R M A N IC V S C A ESA R D R V SV S CAESAR; facing
heads o f G erm anicus an d D rusus
The city of Gadir/Gades began its coinage during the third
century b c and it carried on minting throughout the second
and first centuries b g , when Gades was a civitas foederata.
These issues are characterised by using exclusively Punic
legends and have very few types, relating to deities from the
city cult (Hercules and Helios) and to the city’s economy
and maritime tradition (tunny fishes). Different arrange­
ments and chronologies have been proposed for the
Republican period issues (Guadân = A. M. Guadân Las
monedas de Gades, Barcelona, 1963; L. Villaronga, NAH, pp.
101 and 159; and more recently Alfaro = C. Alfaro, Las
monedas de Gadir/ Gades, Madrid, 1988).
In this catalogue we do not include the asses and frac­
tions with Punic legends like Vives 74-1 to 13 and 76-6 to 8.
Grant [FITA 173), because of stylistic and metrological
analogies with the Latin issues, suggested that the more
recent Punic asses of Gades were contemporary with them
or perhaps even later. Guadân (1963, p. 57) and Vives (p.
9) considered that these Punic issues were minted before
and after the Latin ones, their production being carried on
until the end of Caligula’s reign. In this respect, C. Alfaro
(p. 128, group VI.G) is in favour of a late date for part of
these issues, and she believes the last Punic coinages were
made between 49 and 19 b g . However, we do not believe
that such a low chronology is possible, because these issues
correspond to the second and first century b g cultural
horizon and also because we know an overstrike of Sexi
(Vives 83-3, dated in NAH to the second century b g ) on an
as of Gades (Vives 74-1) {AN 13, 1983, pp. 71-2). We also
reject the bilingual coin published by A. Gômez-Moreno
i . B a 9489, 9.90; 2. Be 4971, 9.99; 3—8. Bo 4 0 8 -1 3 , 13.42, 12.92, 12.72,
11.98, 1 1.75, 10.56; 9 . F 76, 12.75; ι ° · K la g 54, 13.37; i i —1 3 . N 244-6,
14.22, 13.70, 12.74; 14: —1 5 - T ü b in g e n 119-20, 10.51, 10.26; 1 6 —2 0 . V a t
556-6 0 , 12.80, 12.00, 11.90, 11.70, i i . 00; 2 1 . P 1 4 9 9 (= C h a v e s 255),
14.32; 2 2 —2 3 1 . See C h av es 211—54 a n d 256-420; 2 3 2 . Ο , 14.44;
[ 32 ] 2 3 3 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /8 9 , 481, 12.18. F o r m etal
analysis, see C h av es, N um ism a 150—5, 1978, 337-43.
C o u n te rm ark s: PS ( = cm k 62) a n d m o n o g ram ( = cm k 84), see C h av es
340.
Germanicus
75 AE. 2 2 m m , 6.34g (53). Axis: var. [ 13 ]
Vives 167-4, C haves 421—71, gmi 1042, nah 1017
G E R M A N IC V S C A ESA R T I A V G F; b are head, 1.
P E R M A V G C O L R O M ; ro u n d shield w ithin w reath
1—2. V a t 5 6 1 -2 , 6.20, 5.70; 3. C o p 4 2 4 ( = C h av es 443), 6.78; 4 —5 3 . See
C h av es 4 2 1 -4 2 , 44 4 -7 1 ; 5 4 . IV D J , form erly S d e C 774; 5 5 . N u m ism a tic a
A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /8 9 , 482, 8.32.
Tiberius
76 C opper. 20-1 m m , 3.52g (12). Axis: var. [ 1 ]
[ 41 ]
Vives 167-1, C haves 1—11, n ah 1010
P E R M A VG ; bare head, 1.
C O L R O M ; cornucopia, ru d d e r and globe
i . P 1 4 9 1 ( = C h av es i) , 3.31; 2 —1 2 . See C h av es 2-1 1 . F o r m etal analysis,
see C h av es, N um ism a 150-5, 1978, 337-43.
Gades
(.Misceldneas, 1949, 165, pi. 36-1), because it seems very
doubtful, and possibly tooled from a coin of Lascuta
(Guadân, Archivo Espanol de Arqueologia 34, 1961, p. 59; contra
M. P. Garcia, Archivo Espanol de Arqueologia 61, 1988, pp.
324-35, who considers it genuine).
There are no problems of attribution, in spite of the fact
that Gades’s Latin issues never have an ethnic, since the
types, in some cases, derive from those previously used
(Melqart/Hercules). Moreover, the style of all the coins is
very homogeneous and on one of them the Gaditan Balbus
is mentioned.
These issues have several general features. They are
exclusively minted in high value denominations, dupondius
and sestertius; they are made from dies with low relief and
they have on the obverse many chisel cuts, which have been
interpreted by Guadân (1963, p. 18) as a sign of
demonetisation. One can also point out that there are a
number of coins that seem to have been cast. These have
been included here, following A. M. Guadân and G. Alfaro,
although we have certain reservations about them, which
can only be resolved by a detailed die study.
All the Latin issues belong to Augustus’s reign, but their
starting point and arrangement is still uncertain and open
to a variety of opinions. Guadân {Archivo Espanol de
Arqueologia 34, 1961, p. 74) considered that the uniformity of
the issues gives cause for thinking that they were minted in
a very short period of time ( 8 b c - a d 4) and that they are not
contemporary with some of the persons that are represented
on them. On this view the issues of Balbus and Agrippa are
posthumous and contemporary with the issues of Gaius and
 S P A IN : Gades (77-80) 81

Lucius, Augustus and Tiberius. In 1963 Guadân (pp. 50-1) and give to the issue a date of c. 16 or a bit earlier. Two
repeated this idea, asserting as proof the existence of die denominations were struck.
links between several issues, following information from Sestertius Dupondius
G. K. Jenkins. These links, however, have not been
88-89 35-7 mm, 38.16 g (10)
documented and, in fact, Jenkins has denied to us giving 90 32 mm, 19.34g (23)
any such information. Guadân’s opinion has not been fol­ 91 30—4 mm, 18.49g (23)
lowed in this catalogue because we consider that there is no
basis for the view that the Balbus and Agrippa coins are We have placed last the coinages of Augustus, although
posthumous, and because we believe it is more likely that this is not totally certain. They must be dated, as a whole,
the different issues were made over a period of time, after Tiberius’s issue because the coins of Augustus can be
although they have a reasonably homogeneous appearance. divided into two groups: one which does not include Gaius
We have placed first the coinages dedicated to Agrippa. and Lucius’s heads and one which does. The second one
They can be dated between 27 b c (COS III) and 12 b c , the (96-7) can be dated after 6 b c , if we take into account that
year when he died. Grant (FITA 171-2) and R. Etienne (Le this is the date of the hrst epigraphical inscriptions honour­
Culte Impérial, ρ. 395 ) proposed the attractive idea that ing both in Spain (R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, p. 397). On
Agrippa was the founder or the man who organised the the other hand, the first group, in which the adoptive
municipium (contra Galsterer MF 8, p. 17, n. 5; P.A. Brunt, grandsons of Augustus do not appear, could be earlier on
Italian Manpower, p. 602; J. F. Rodriguez, El municipio romano the ground of the stylistic differences of Augustus’s portrait.
de Gades, Cadiz, 1980, pp. 44-6, who considers that Gades We consider the coin published by Heiss (pi. LII—39) and
was municipium in 49 b c ) . They argued that this event took included by Grant (FITA 173) to be false or misread.
place at the time of Agrippa’s proconsulate and so they date Among the denominations minted, 95 stands out because
these coinages to 19 b c , suggesting (Grant) that they are it differs from the usual sestertii and dupondii. Perhaps it
possibly a foundation issue. could be considered as a tressis (?) since its average weight
Agrippa’s coinages can be divided into three issues, each and designs are different from Augustus’s other issues.
of them consisting of two denominations, sestertius and Sestertius Tressis (?) Dupondius
dupondius. The coin published by Vives (pi. 78-3) has
92 37 mm, 32.54g (10)
been excluded from this catalogue because it is a modern 31 mm, 17.82 g (4)
93
cast forgery.. The weights and denominations are the 94 39mm» 37-46g (3)
following: 95 33 mm, 28.52 g (11)
96 36-8 mm, 38.31g (7)
Sestertius Dupondius 97 31 mm, 20.78g (3)
77 36 mm, 39.69 g (3)
78 3 6 -8 mm, 31.37 g (2)
79 31-4 mm, 19.08 g (6) Reign o f Augustus
80 3 7 mm, 3 5 -3 ° g (9)
81 31—4 mm, 19.99g ( r°) M Agrippa cos III
82 32 mm, 20.31 g (3)
83 38-9 mm, 37.87 g (7) 77 AE. 36 m m , 39.69 g (3). Axis: 6 (3). [ o ]
84 31-3 mm, 20.63 g (4)
Vives 79-1, Alfaro 3207-9
Next, we have placed the issue dedicated to Balbus, M V N IC IP I PA REN S; seated figure, 1. (Agrippa?)
whose terminus post quern is given by the date at which he M A G R IP P A C O S I I I ; aplustre
obtained the pontificate ( 2 0 b c ) , to which his coinages i . M 2 7 9 3 ( = V ives 79-1 = A lfaro 3209), 36.73; 3 - 3 . See A lfaro 3207-8.

allude with their legend and with the priestly emblems
which appear on the reverse. On the obverse, unlike the
other issues, the portrait of the person to whom the issue is
dedicated does not appear. This fact must be considered as
an indication of the importance of portraits on coins (Grant,
FITA 173), and seems to indicate that they are reserved for
the princeps and for the members of the imperial family.
The issue consists of two denominations:
Sestertius Dupondius
85 37mm, 36·*78980g (56)
86 32m m, 18.79g ( 16)
87 32mm, 18.29g ( 0
The third issue is dedicated to Tiberius. The simpulum,
which is shown on the reverse, seems to allude to his pontifi­
cate, which must be dated a little before he held his praetor-
ship in 1 6 b c (CIL II 6 0 8 0 ; G. Alfoldy, MF 1 0 , p. 6 6 ) . Grant
(FITA 172), R. Etienne (Le Culte Impérial, p. 3 9 6 ) and
Beltrân (Numisma 147-9, : 977 j Ρ· 5 1) ah share this opinion
78 AE. 36-8 m m , 31.37 g (2). Axis: 6 ( 1 ) . [ o ]
A lfaro 3179-80
H ead of H ercules in lionskin, 1.; club across neck
M A G R IP P A C O S I I I M V N IC IP I PA R EN ; aplustre
i . M 2 7 7 8 ( = A lfaro 3179), 32.86; 2. M 2779 ( = A lfaro 3180), 29.88.
79 AE. 31-4 m m , 19.08 g (6). Axis: var. [ 1]
Vives 76-5, Alfaro 3181-6
As 78
i . R e a l A c a d e m ia d e la H is to r ia ( = V ives 7 6 -5 = A lfaro 3184), 22.72;
3—6. See A lfaro 3181 -3 , 3185-6.
80 Bronze. 37 m m , 35.30g (9). Axis: 6 o r 12. [ 1 ]
Vives 78-2, 4, G u ad ân 121, Alfaro 3190-7
A G R IP P A ; head of A grippa, L, w earing ro stral crown
M V N IC IP I PA REN S; ap lu stre (to 1. or r.)
i . M 3 7 8 7 ( = V ives 7 8 -4 = 3194), 32.43; 2 - 8 . A lfaro 3190-3, 3195-7;
9 . L 1944 ( = F i T A , pi. V -2 9 ) (to o led ), 44.52. M eta l analysis on coin 9: C u
93.00; P b 2.27; Sn 1.02; A g 0.090; F e 0.410; Sb 0.090; N i 0.130; A u ο .010;
As 0.160; Bi 0.006; Z n 4 . i i . F orgery: i . M 2784 ( = V ives 78-3 ).
81 AE. 3 i- 4 m m , 19.99g ( I0 )· Axis: var. [ 3 ] 89 AE. 35-6 m m . See 8 8 . Axis: aro u n d 6. [ o]
Vives 78-6, 7, G u ad ân 122, C op 450, Alfaro 3198-206 Vives 79-2, A lfaro 3268-71
A G R IPPA ; head of A grippa, 1., w earing rostral crown As 88, b u t head r.
M V N IC IP I (PA T R O N V S ) PA REN S; aplustre i . M 2 8 1 6 ( = A lfaro 3268), 43.38; 2—4 . See A lfa ro .3269-71; 5. A u ctio n
M V N IC IP I P A R E N S : 1 -4 . See A lfaro 3198-201; 5. B Bohl, 15.23; K re d it Suisse 4 /1987, 797 ( = N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 ,
6. V Q R 8 2 1 ; M V N IC IP I P A T R O N V S P A R E N S : 7. M 2 7 9 0 ( = V ives 4 0 5 ), 3 9 ·4 °·
78-6 = A lfaro 3202) (sam e obv. die as coin 5), 21.76; 8—11. See A lfaro
3203-6.
90 Bronze. 32 m m , 19.34g (2 3 )· Axis: 6. [ 5]
Vives 79-4, 5, G u ad ân 125-8, nah 943, A lfaro 3247-67
82 AE. 32m m , 20.31g (3). Axis: var. [ i]
As 88
Vives 76-7, 7, C op 451, Alfaro 3187-9
i . L 1948, 20.68; 2. M S V 17/12/1981, 736 ( = n a h 943), 18.55; 3 * M 2 8 1 5
H ead of H ercules in lionskin, 1.; club across neck ( = V ives 7 9 -4 = A lfaro 3254), 15.76; 4 —2 3 . See A lfaro 3247-53 a n d 3 2 5 5 -
M V N IC IP I (PA T R O N V S ) PA REN S; aplustre 67. M eta l an aly sis on coin 1: C u 93.50; P b 0.060; Sn 5.06; A g 0.010; Fe
0 . 010; Sb 0.020; N i 0.020; A s 0.630; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.020.
M V N IC IP I P A R E N S : 1. C o p 451 ( = A lfaro 3189), 19.02; 2. M 2782
( = A lfaro 3188), 19.30; M V [N IC IP I P A T R O ]N V S P A R E N S : 3. See
91 A E. 30-4 m m , 18.49 g (23)· 1 3]
A lfaro 3187 ( = V ives 7 6 -6 ).
Vives 77-1 to 3, G u a d â n ii 8 , A lfaro 3221-42
83 AE. 38-9 m m , 37.87 g (7). Axis: aro u n d 12-1. [ 1]
H ead of H ercules in lionskin, L; club across neck
Vives 78-1, G u ad ân 120, Alfaro 3210-6 T I C L A V D IV S (N E R O ); sim pulum (to 1. o r r.)
A G R IPPA ; b are head of A grippa, r. T I C L A V D IV S : 1. R e a l A c a d e m ia d e la H is to r ia ( = V ives 7 7 -
M V N IC IP I P A T R O N V S PA REN S; aplustre 1 = A lfaro 3240), 26.14; 2—12. See A lfaro 323 1 -9 , 3241—2; T I
C L A V D IV S N E R O : 13. R e a l A c a d e m ia d e la H is to r ia ( = V ives 7 7 -
i . M 2 7 9 5 ( = V ives 78-1 = A lfaro 3211), 33.57; 2—7. See A lfaro 3210,
2 = A lfaro 3227), 14.42; 14—2 2 . See A lfaro 3221 -6 , 3228-30; 2 3 . G 30,
3212—6. 19.71; 24. V Q R 822 (B M cast).

84 AE. 31-3 m m , 20.63 g ( 4 )· Axis: var. [ o ]

Vives 78-5, G u ad â n 123, n ah 942, Alfaro 3217-20 Augustus
As 83
92 A E. 37 m m , 32.54g (10). Axis: var. [ 2]
i . M 2 7 9 8 ( = V ives 78-5 = A lfaro 3218), 20.90; 2 - 4 . See A lfaro 3217,
3219-20. Vives 76-4, G u ad ân 115-6, n ah 941, Alfaro 3134-42
H ead o f H ercules in lionskin, L; club across neck
Balbus A V G V S T V S D IV I F; w inged th u n d erb o lt
1. M 2 7 6 2 ( = V ives 7 6 -4 = A lfaro 3135), 30.96; 2 - 9 . See A lfaro 3134,
85 Bronze. 37m m , 36.80g (56). Axis: aro u n d 6. [ 9 ] 3 1 36-42; 10. A N E 12/1981, 225, 38.33.
Vives 75-1 to 3, G u ad ân 103-11, nah 940, Alfaro
3066-115 93 A E. 31 m m , 17.82 g (14). Axis: var. [ 2]
H ead of H ercules in lionskin, 1.; club across neck Vives 76-1 to 3, G u ad ân 1 r 7, Alfaro 3143-56
P O N T BALBVS; knife, sim pulum , axe (and star) As ga
W ith o u t star: i . P 1 0 5 2 b is ( = A lfaro 3103), 35.12; 2 - 4 9 . See A lfaro i —14. See A lfaro 3143-56; 15. V Q R 8 19.
3066-102, 3104 a n d 3106-15; 5 0 - 5 2 . L 1945-7. 3 4-i6, 3 1 .9 4 , 4 3 -7 4 ;
5 3 . M S V 17/12/1981, 720, 42.20; 5 4 . V ico 27/11/1981, 128, 28.48; 94 A E. 39 m m , 37.46 g (3). Axis: var. [ o ]
5 5 . T a rk is 10/1982, 37, 36.10; S tar: 5 6 . V a t 539 ( = A lfaro 3105), 38.20.
M eta l analysis on coin 50: C u 88.50; P b 4.83; S n 1.34; A g 0.100; F e 0.430; Vives 77-4, A lfaro 3157-9
Sb 0.120; N i 0.060; A s 0.190; Bi 0.008; Z n 3.760. O n coin 51: C u 81.50; T etrastyle tem ple w ithin w reath
P b 12.37; S n 6.38; A g 0.040; F e 0.030; Sb 0.110; N i 0.080; A s 0.050; Bi
0.005. O n coin 52: C u 90.10; P b 2.00; Sn 6.78; A g 0.080; Fe 0.060; Sb
A V G V S T V S D IV I F; w inged th u n d erb o lt
0 . 130; N i 0.050; As 0.110; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.005. 1—3 . See A lfaro 3157-9·

86 AE. 32m m , 18.79g 6 6 )· Axis: 6. [ 6 ] 95 A E. 3 3 m m , 28.52g (11). Axis: var. [ 3]

Vives 75-4, 6, G u ad ân 112-4, Alfaro 3116-31 Vives 77-5, nah 945, Alfaro 3160-8
As 85, w ithout star A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, 1.
1. IV D J ( = V ives 7 5 -6 = A lfaro 3118), 19.14; 2—16. See A lfaro 3116-7, T etrasty le tem ple w ithin w reath
3119- 31· I. C o p 4 4 9 ( = A lfaro 3167), 26.93; 2—9 . See A lfaro 3 1 6 0 -6 a n d 3168;
10. B a 9765, 24.48; i i . B 17134, 32.45.
87 AE. 32m m , 18.29g 0 ) Axis: aro u n d 6 (2). [ o]
96 AE. 36-8 m m , 38.31 g (7). Axis: var. [ o]
Vives 75-5, Alfaro 3132-3
H ead of H ercules in lionskin, 1.; club across neck Vives 77-6, G u ad ân 119, nah 944, Alfaro 3169-75
P O N T BALBVS; axe A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, 1.
1. R e a l A c a d e m ia d e la H is to r ia (= V ives 75-5 = A lfaro 3133), 18.20; [D] F; heads o f G aius and Lucius back to back, w ithin
2. See A lfaro 3132. w reath
I . M 2 7 7 5 {= V ives 7 7 -6 = A lfaro 3173), 32.04; 2—7. See A lfaro 3169-72
a n d 3174-5.
Tiberius
97 A E. 31 m m , 20.78g (3). Axis: aro u n d 6 (3). [ o]
88 AE. 37 m m , 38.16 g (10: 88—8 9 ). Axis: var. [ o]
Vives 77-7, A lfaro 3176-8
Vives 79-3, G u ad â n 124, Alfaro 3243-6
As 96 (the letters D F are clearly legible on the rev.)
N E R O ; bare head, 1.
I. M 2 7 7 7 ( = V ives 7 7 -7 = A lfaro 3177), 21.91; 2—3. See A lfaro 3176 an d
T I C L A V D IV S; sim pulum
3178·
i . R e a l A c a d e m ia d e la H i s t o r i a (= V ives 79-3 = A lfaro 3245), 40.00;
2—4 . See A lfaro 3243-4, 3246; 5. G 29, 38.46.
 S P A IN : Iulia Traducta (g8-gg) 83

Iulia Traducta
The coinage of Iulia Traducta has been studied by
Chaves = F. Chaves (Numisma 156-61, 1979, pp. 9-91;
Numisma 168-73, 1981, pp. 37—58) and we have followed her
arrangement. The foundation date of the city is not known
with precision, though it was founded with settlers from
Tingi and Iulia Constantia Zilil (Strabo III, 1,8), probably
between 33 and 27 b c , on a site on the coast of Ulterior, yet
to be identified with certainty (F. Chaves, Numisma 156-61,
1979, p. 26; H. Galsterer, MF 8, 1971, pp. 32-5). We do not
follow N. K. Mackie’s view (Historia 1983, pp. 343-8) that
Iulia Traducta was situated in Mauretania, since coin
circulation and finds do not support her argument (see, for
the distribution of the coins, J. P. Bost et alii, Belo IV,
Madrid, 1987, pp. 42-3; J. Marion, Ant. Afr. 1, 1967, pp.
102-4; P- P· Ripollès, CMTM, pp. 101, 106, 109, 121, 135,
160, 199, 231, 238).
Iulia Traducta struck only during Augustus’s reign. Fol­
lowing Chaves, we have separated coins corresponding to
the issue known as ‘crude’ (98-106) from the rest (107-10).
The possibility that all of them form part of the same issue
has, of course, been considered, since some of the denomi­
nations use identical designs. However, metrological and
stylistic criteria as well as the existence of semisses with
different designs (bunch of grapes and ear) - whose dies
have been cut by the engravers who made the dupondii and
asses dies of the ‘crude’ issue - have led us to agree that
there was a gap between the minting of both series.
The ‘crude’ issue, because it has a higher average weight
and a style that could be considered ‘indigenous’, is
regarded as the first issue. Judging by the number of coins
preserved, it can be deduced that it was shorter than the
second issue. The ‘crude’ issue consists of the denomi­
nations shown in the table below (98-106).
The correct reading of the obverse legend of 101-2 is G
CAES F instead of C CAESAR, which appears in every
catalogue and study (Vives, pp. 115-16, no. 5-7; Suther­
land, yftS107189*1934, p. 36; R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, p. 398,
η. i; Villaronga, NAH, p. 267; Chaves, Numisma 168-73,
1981, p. 39). Μ 12165 (= Chaves 7) struck with the as types
( 100) can hardly be considered as a semis; it is more likely
an as struck on a small flan.
The second issue bears an important change in the
quality of the designs, a change derived undoubtedly from
the use of different engravers. While the higher denomi­
nations, dupondius and as, maintain the same types as the
first issue, the semis and quadrans introduce new ones. The
metrological standard becomes lighter, as can be seen from
the table (107-10).
There is no evidence to allow a precise date for either
issue. Grant (FIT A 220, 295), R. Etienne (op. at., p. 393,
n. 5) and Chaves (p. 64) maintain that these issues com­
memorate, in the same way as those of other cities in
Ulterior, Augustus’s visit in 15-14 b c . However, we do not
understand why Grant uses the argument that dedications
to Gaius and Lucius appear in Spain from 6 b c to date the
Gades issue dedicated to them (96-7), but forgets it for
Iulia Traducta (Etienne does not give an exact chronology).
Chaves dates the first issue to 12-11 and the second to 11—
10 b c . She explains such an early appearance of Gaius and
Lucius as Iulia Traducta’s advancement in the celebration
of both principes (contra L. Villaronga, NAH, p. 268, who
suggests a date c. 2 b c ) .
The coin classified in SNG Mu 242 and published by F.
Chaves (La Corduba hispano-romana y sus monedas, Seville,
1978, no. 540) as belonging to Colonia Patricia, is in fact a
coin from Iulia Traducta (= 109/3, rev.: ]A TRA[).
Augustus
98 AE. 33m m , 22.66g (3). Axis: var. [ o ]
Vives 164-1, C haves 1-3
P E R M CAES A VG ; bare head, 1.
C L CAES IV L TR A D ; heads o f G aius an d Lucius, back
to back
i . F N M T (M ad rid ) ( = C h av es 3), 20.32; 2—3. See C h av es 1-2; 4. IV D J,
form erly S de C 831.
99 A E. 26m m , 13.99g (6: 9 9 - 1 0 0 ). Axis: 1-2 (1). [ 1 ]
Vives 164-2, 3, C haves 4, gmi 1055
P E R (M ) CAES A VG ; bare head, 1.
IV L IA TR A D ; in oak w reath
1. P 1 2 3 4 A ( = V ives 164-3 ( = C h av es 4 = g m i 1055) (P E R ), 16.31;
2. IV D J ( = V ives 164-2) (P E R M ), form erly S d e C 840, 11.05.

D upondius As Sem is Q uadrans

98 33 m m , 22.66 g (3)
9 9 - iq o 2 6 - 7 m m , 1 3 . 9 9 g (6)
ΙΟ Ι 20-1 mm, 5.72 g (44)
102 20—i mm, 7.78g (6)
103-104 19-20 mm, 5.98 g (35)
105 21 mm, 6.44 g (2)
ιο6 15mm, 2.Il g (3)

107 33 mm, 19.76 g (56)

108 25 mm, 9.55 g (408)
109 20-1 mm, 4.54g (92)
110 15mm, 2.62g (7)
100 AE. 27 m m . See 99. Axis: var. [ 1 ] 107 Bronze. 33m m , 19.76g (56). Axis: var. [ 7 ]
Vives 164-6, C haves 5-6 Vives 164-12, C haves 92-143, nah 1013, gmi 1057
As gg, b u t head r. a n d P E R M P E R M CAES A VG ; b are head, 1.
i . Sevilla, M u n ic ip a l coll. ( = C h av es 6), 14.57; 2· C o p 4 57 C h av es 5), C L CAES IV L TR A D ; heads o f G aius an d Lucius, back
15.22; 3 . M a r tin e z c o ll. ( = g n 44, 1977, 73 = C h av es 612), 12.60; to back
4. IV D J ( ~ V ives 164-4 = S de C 839), 14.21.
i . P 1233, 18.93; 2 · R 2 3 t j 24.10; 3 . L 1 7 8 1 ( = C h av es 104), 16.86; 4 —
101 Bronze. 20-1 m m , 5 .7 2 g (44). Axis: var. [ 10 ] 5 5 . See C h av es 9 2 -1 0 3 a n d 105-43; 56· N 235, 18.47; 5 7 * IV D J ( = V ives
1 64-12), form erly S d e C 832. M e ta l an alysis o n coin 3: C u 82.00; Pb
Vives 164-5, 6, C haves 8-49, nah 1012, gmi 1058 14.42; S n 1.73; A g 0.020; F e 0.010; S b 0.080; N i 0.500; C o 0.004; As 0.310;
Bi 0.003; Z n 0.006. O n coin L 1782 ( = C h av es 103): C u 82.00; P b 13.27;
C CAES F; b are head of G aius, r. S n 3.48; A g 0.070; F e 0.010; Sb 1.75; N i 0.840; As 0.153; Bi 0.050; Z n
IV L T R A ; bunch of grapes to 1. or r. 0. 006. F o r m o re m etal an aly ses, see C h av es, N um ism a 150—5, 1978, 337-43.
i . V a t 545, 6.80; 2. L 1792 ( = C haves 13), 7.80; 3—43· See C hav es 8-1 2 , C o u n te rm ark : D D ( = c m k 46), see C h av es 130, 143.
14, 16-49; 44 · IV D J ( = V ives 164-5), form erly S de C 845; 4 5 . F o rm erly
S de C 849 ( = V ives 164-6). F o r m e tal analysis, see C haves, N um ism a 150- 108 Bronze. 25 m m , 9.55 g (408). Axis: var. [ 39 ]
5 > 19 7 8 j· 337 - 4 3 - Vives 164-13, C haves 144-523, gmi 1056, nah 1014
102 AE. 20-1 m m , 7.78g (6). Axis: var. [ i ] P E R M CAES A VG ; b are head, 1.
Vives 164-7, C haves 50-4 ÏV L IA T R A D ; in oak w reath
1. Be 3500, 11.89; 2—13. Bo 389 -4 0 0 , 13.20, 11.25, 10.23, 9.62, 9.25, 9.14,
C C A ES F; b are head of G aius, r. 8.86, 8.14, 7.62, 7.51, 6.88, 6.14; 14. F 73, 10.00; 15. K la g 55, 10.76; x6—
IV L T R A D ; ear o f barley 18. M i 257 -9 , 8.18, 7.93, 5.95; 19—20. P D elep ierre, 9.64, 10.38; 21—
1—5. See C haves 50-4; 6. L 1 7 9 4 ( = C haves 15), 5.30. 2 5 . V a t 546-5 0 , 9.40, 7.20, 7.00, 6.10, 6.10; 2 6 . L 1 7 8 3 ( = C h av es 183),
8.07; 2 7 —4 0 6 . See C h av es 144-82 a n d 184—523; 4 0 7 —4 0 9 . N 236 -8 , 9.22,
i i . 10, 9.00; 4 1 0 —4 1 1. W a rsaw 165723-4, 8.08, 10.52; 4 1 2 — 4 1 3 . P rin ceto n
103 L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 5.98 g (35: 1 0 3 —4 ) . Axis: var.
7 28-9, 9.82, 11.21; 4 1 4 . F o rm erly S de C 834; 4 1 5 . Saguntum 19, 1985, 32,
[ 7 ] 7.20. M eta l an aly sis on coin L 1786 ( = C h av es 184): C u 87.00; P b 3.74;
Vives 164-8, C haves 55-85, nah io ii , gmi 1059 Sn 9.50; A g 0.050; F e 0.010; Sb 0.070; N i 0.090; A s 0.260; B i 0.010. O n
coin L 1787 ( = C h av es 182): C u 87.00; P b 10.40; Sn 2.00; A g 0.100; Fe
L CAES; b are head of Lucius, r. 0 . 010; S b 0.710; N i 0.010; C o 0.003; As 0.330; Bi 0.080; Z n 0.010. F o r
IV L T R A D ; ear o f barley m o re m etal analyses, see C h av es, N um ism a 150-5, 1978, 337-43.
C o u n te rm ark s: D ( = cm k 25) on th e obv., o n 24. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 70)
i . M 1 1 7 6 6 , 7.04; 2—10. M 11757, 11759, 11760 ( = V ives 1 6 4 -8 = g m i
o n th e rev., on C h av es 202 (= B D ressel). A lso C R ( = cm k 44), see
1059). 11761-5. S astre 5189, 5.83, 5.77, 4.08, 5.84, 6.34, 6.96, 4.73, 4.90,
C h av es 158; M o n o g ram ( = c m k 81), see C h av es 202, 238, 319, 365; D D
3.61; 11—3 3 . $ ee C h av es 55-67 a n d 76—85. M eta l analysis on coin L 1795
( = cm k 46), see C h av es 220, 316, 434; M o n o g ram ( = cm k 87), see C h av es
(= C haves 61): C u 65.70; P b 21.10; Sn 10.58; A g 0.040; Fe 0.030; Sb
235; S tar, see C h av es 272; F F , see C h av es 430 (n o t verified); P R ( = cm k
0.080; N i 0.070; C o 0.003; A s 0.030; Bi 0.010; Z n 0.020. O n coin L 1796
60), see C h av es 464. D S ( = cm k 48) o n th e obv., o n 414. M o n o g ram
( = C haves 60): C u 76.50; P b 13.40; Sn 10.17; A g 0*050; Fe 0.110; Sb
( = cm k 89) on th e rev., on C h av es 279.
0. 080; N i 0.060; As 0.200; Bi 0.004; Z n 0.090.

104 AE. ig -2 o m m . See 103. Axis: var. [ 1 ] 109 Bronze. 20-1 m m , 4 .5 4 g (92). Axis: var. [ 10 ]

Vives 164-9, C haves 86-7 Vives 164-14, 15, C haves 524-608, gmi 1060, nah 1015

As 103, b u t head 1.
P E R M CAES A VG ; b are head, 1.
IV L IA T R A D ; apex an d sim pulum
1. M 11767 ( = V ives 164-9 = C haves 87)5 6.05; 2· P 1241 ( = C h av es 86),
6 -3 9 - 1—2. Bo 4 0 1 -2 , 5.23, 3.72; 3 . M u 242 ( = C h av es 540), 5.34; 4 —7. V a t
5 5 1“ 4 . 4 -9 5 . 4 *9 °) 4-6o, 4 4 5 ; 8. P 1 2 3 7 ( = C h av es 539), 5.34; 9 - 9 3 . See
105 AE. 21 m m , 6.44g (2)· Axis: 6 (2). [ o ] C h av es 524-3 8 , 5 40-607 a n d 608 (retro g ra d e rev. leg en d ); 9 4 . IV D J
( = V ives 164—14), form erly S de C 841. F o r m e tal.an aly ses, see C haves,
Vives 164-10, C haves 89-9 N um ism a 150-5, 1978, 337-43."
L CAES; b are head of Lucius, r. C o u n te rm ark : D X ( = cm k 49), see C h av es 591.

IV L T R A ; bunch o f grapes 110 AE. 15m m , 2.62g (7). Axis: var. [ i ]

i . F N M T (M a d rid ) ( = C haves 88), 5.98; 2. See C haves 89.
Vives 164-16, C haves 609-11, gmi 1061, nah 1016
106 AE. i 5 m m , 2 .h g (3). Axis: 6 (2). [ o ] P E R CAE A VG ; b are head, 1.
Vives 164-11, C haves 90-1, nah 1017 IV L IA TR A D ; p atera, aspergillum , ju g an d lituus
CAES A VG ; sim pulum 1. L 1791 ( = C h av es 609), 2.88; 2—3 . See C h av es 61 0 -1 ; 4. M S V
17/12/1981, 913, 2.92; 5—6. M 12164, S astre 4824, 3.15, 2.20; 7. V ico
IV L T R A ; tu n n y fish, r.
27/11/1981, 141, 2.19.
i . M S a s tre 5 1 9 9 , 2.35; 2—3. See C haves 90—1.

Carteia
The Latin colony of Carteia was founded in 171 b c (Livy
43, 3). Its coinage has been carefully studied by
Chaves = F. Chaves, Las monedas hispano-romanas de Carteia,
Barcelona, 1979. Here we follow Chaves’s study, even
though there are still many problems of arrangement and
chronology, and therefore the order given here is uncertain.
Carteia began its coinage during the second half of the
second century and maintained it quite regularly until
Tiberius’s reign. Types used for both obverses and reverses
are almost entirely copies of those used in Rome, though
mainly of those with a general applicability. The exclusive
minting of fractions (semisses and quadrantes) throughout
the whole period is an important feature of this mint.
In this catalogue only those issues dated by Chaves after
44 b c are included, but we bear in mind that this arrange­
ment, possible as it may be, is not absolutely certain. The
coin [ JAVFIDIVS RVFVS IIII [VIR] kept in Berlin,
attributed by Vives (pi. 129-14) and Grant {FITA 336, pi.
IX-27) to Carteia, has been here excluded following
Chaves, because this coin does not fit within the city issues
(see Uncertain, 5418).
The metrology of the issues included in this catalogue
 S P A IN : Carteia (111-122) 85

seems to indicate that only two denominations were struck, 45 BC?

semisses and quadrantes. However, the existence of inter­ 116 AE. 1 8 -9 m m , 3.98g (98: 116—7). Axis: aro u n d 6 or 12.
mediate weights and the high weight of the coins thought to [ 25 ]
be quadrantes (116-19, 123), makes certainty difficult. The
Vives 128-11, C haves 1046-132, gmi 965, 967, nah 947
denominations minted are as follows:
C A R T E IA ; head o f Fo rtu n a, r., trid e n t behind
I II 2 0 m m , 6 . 3 9 g (4 )
I I I I V IR E X D D; C upid riding dolphin, r.
I 12 21 m m , 6 . 4 8 g ( 11 )
1 - 2 . Bo 339 -4 0 , 4.91, 3.48; 3 . F 70, 4.25; 4 . K la g 36, 4.80; 5. M i 251,
JI3 21 m m , 6 . 4 1 g ( 4 0 )
3.94; 6 - 7 . V a t 513 -4 , 3.00, 3.00; 8 . V 269, 3.36; 9. L 1 7 3 3 ( —C haves
114 20 m m , 5 . 4 8 g (23)
1066), 7.12; 10—9 5 . See C h av es 1046-65, 1067-132.
1 *5 2 0 m m , 5 . 4 7 g (23)
1 1 6 - 1 17 1 8 - 1 9 m m , 3-98 g (98) 117 AE. i8 - ig m m . See 116. Axis: var. [ o ]
1 18 i 8 - i 9 m m , 4 . 3 5 g (39)
Vives 128-12, C haves 1 133-5
n 9 18 m m , 4 -0 7 g . ( ” 3)
120 22 m m , 6 .7 8 g (70) As 1 16, b u t dolphin 1.
121 22 m m , 6 . 0 7 g (8) 1—3 . See C h av es 1133—5·
1 22 2 3 m m , 7 .3 6 g (289)
1 23 1 8 - 1 9 mm, 3 - 9 5 g ( i 6 7) 118 AE. 1 8 -1 9 m m , 4 .3 5 g (39). Axis: var. [ 7 ]
Vives 128-13. C haves 1136-74
C A R T E IA ; head of F o rtu n a, r., trid e n t behind
D D; C upid riding dolphin, r.
L a te f i r s t cen tu ry BC
i. M 5053 (= V ives 128-13 = C h av es 1154), 4.20; 2 —3 9 . See C h av es
P Falcidius IIHvir, 40 BC? 1136-53, 1155-74·

111 AE. 20m m , 6.39g (4)· Axis: aro u n d 12. [ 1 ]

20 BC?
Vives 129-1, C haves 944-6
119 Bronze. 18 m m , 4 .0 7 g (113). Axis: aro u n d 6. [ 22 ]
C A R T E IA ; head of F o rtu n a, r., trid en t behind
P F A L C ID I I I I I V IR ; w inged th u n d erb o lt betw een two Vives 129-5, C haves 1175-282, gmi 964, nah 948
lines C A R T E IA ; dolphin, 1., w ith trid en t
i . B ( = C haves 944), 5.96; 2—3. See C haves 945-6; 4 . IV D J ( = V ives I I I I V IR D D; ru d d e r
129-1 = S de C 190), 7.03. I. A arh u s, 13, 3.45; 2 . Bo 341, 2.66; 3 . F 71, 4.60; 4 - 5 . M i 252 -3 , 3.50,
3.36; 6. P D elep ierre, 3.31; 7. P S d e R ( —C h av es 1199), 4-53; 8—
112 AE. 2 1 m m , 6.48g (11). Axis: var. [ 1 ] 1 14. See C h av es 1175-98 a n d 1200-82; 1 1 5 . N 230, 4.18; 1 1 6 . L o ck ett
Vives 128-1, C haves 947-57 coll., 5.74. F o r m e tal an aly sis, see C h av es, p . 86.

C A R T E IA ; head o f F o rtu n a, r., trid e n t behind

P F A L C ID IV S I I I I V IR (E X S C) F C; club, bow and
quiver End, o f f i r s t century B C a n d b e g in n in g o f f ir s t
E X S C: i . N Y ( = C haves Q48), 5.48; 2—11. See C h av es 047, 049—57; century AD (?) 120
W ith o u t E X S C: 12. N Y ( = C haves 958), 7.06.
120 Bronze. 2 2m m , 6.78g (70). Axis: var. [ 19 ]
Vives 129-4, C haves 1283-351, gmi 96g, nah 950
C Maius C f Pollio Illh ir , 3 5 BC? C A R T E IA ; head o f Fo rtu n a, r.
113 Bronze. 21m m , 6.41g (40). Axis: var. [ 15 ] D D; fisherm an seated on rock, 1.
1—2. V a t 5 15-6, 6.90, 6.90; 3. 0 = A M C 1 0 1 6 (= C h a v e s 1301), 5.80; 4 —
Vives 128-2, C haves 959-98 7 1 . See C h av es 1283-300 a n d 1302-51; 7 2 . IV D J ( = V ives 129-4);
C A R T E IA E X D D; head o f F o rtu n a, r. 7 3 . H ow gego coll., 8.18. F o r m etal an aly sis, see C h av e s, p. 86.

C M A IV S C F P O L L IO I I I I V IR ; w inged caduceus 121 Bronze. 22 m m , 6 .0 7 g (8)· Axis: var. [ 1 ]

i . C o p 4 3 8 ( = C haves 981), 6.43; 2 - 4 0 . See C haves 95 9 -8 0 a n d 982-98.
F o r m e tal analyses, see C haves, p. 86.
Vives 129-3, C haves 1352-9
As i s o , b u t fisherm an seated on rock, r.
I. O — A M C 1 0 1 9 ( = C h a v e s 1353), 6.78; 2—8. See C h av es 1352, 1354-9.

L Atinius C Nucia(nus ?) Illlviri, 30 BC? F o r m etal analysis, see C h av es, p. 86.

114 C opper + lead. 20m m , 5.48g (23). Axis: var. [ 6 ]

122 Bronze. 23 m m , 7.36 g (289). Axis: var. [ 54 ]
Vives 128-3, C haves 999-1021 Vives 129-2, C haves 1360-628, gmi 957-8, nah 949
E X D D; head o f V ictory, r. C A R T E IA ; head o f F o rtu n a, r.
L A T IN I C N V C IA I I I I V IR ; cornucopia D D; N eptune standing, 1., holding dolphin an d trident
i . L 1 7 5 4 ( = C haves 1003), 5.47; 2—23. See C h av es 999-1002 a n d 1004- i . A arh u s 12, 6.85; 2 —3 . Be 3284 a n d 4139, 8.68, 6.77; 4 - 9 . Bo 342 -7 ,

21. F o r m etal analysis, see C haves, p. 86. M o re analyses are needed. 5.81, 10.82, 5.06, 5.56, 7.19, 7.90; 1 0 . K la g 35, 8.42; i i —1 2 . M i 254-5,
7.52, 6.59; 13—14. R 229-3 0 , 8.51, 7.83; 15—17. T ü b in g e n 7 6 -8 , 8.03,
115 AE. 20m m , 5.47g (23). Axis: aro u n d 6 or 12. [ 3 ] 6.99, 6.06; 18—23. V a t 517-2 2 , 7.40, 7.30, 6.00, 6.00, 5.60, 5.40; 24. L
1 7 7 4 ( = C h av es 1388), 8.90; 25—2 9 3 . See C h av es 1360-87, 1389-628;
Vives 128-4, C haves 1022-45 2 9 4 . C (B u rk itt lo a n ), 9.70; 2 9 5 . H ow gego coll., 8.74. F o r m e tal analysis,

E X D D; head o f Apollo, r. see C haves, p. 86.

C o u n te rm ark s: P ( = cm k 31) on th e rev ., on C h av es 1411 ( = P i 2 0 3 ) .
L A T IN I C N V C IA I I I I V IR ; lyre M o n o g ram ( = cm k 85) o n th e obv., o n C h av es 1415 ( = P 1202). B ( = cm k
i . C o p 4 4 0 ( = C haves 1029), 6.08; 2—24. See C haves 1022-8 an d 15) o n th e rev., on C h av es 1416 ( = P 1201). R ( = G u a d â n 40) o n C h av es
1030-45. 1527 (n o t verified). P R on C h av es 1543 (n o t verified).
86 S P A IN : Carteia, Abdera, Patricia { 123-126)
R e ig n o f T ib e r iu s
Germanicus and Drusus Illlv ir i
123 Bronze. i8 - ig m m , 3 .9 5 g (167). Axis: var.
Vives 128-14, C haves 1629-788, nah 1119, gmi 966
The ancient Phoenician colony of Abdera (Adra, Almeria)
minted, during the second and first centuries b c , different
issues with Punic legends (Vives, pi. 81; NAH, pp. 162-3).
There are very few coinages from the imperial period and
they belong to Tiberius’s reign. These could be just one
issue of asses, of 10.03 g average weight (44: 124-6).
Apart from Tiberius’s portrait on the obverse, they do
not introduce any typological novelty, since the tetrastyle
temple which appears on the reverse reproduces with only
small modifications (the central columns take the shape of a
fish, probably a tunny fish) the reverse of the same issue
dated to the beginning of first century b c (Vives pi. 81-2 to
4; NAH, p. 443).
We reject the possibility that coins such as Vives 81-2 to
4 date from Augustus’s reign, as Vives (vol. I ll, 17) pro­
posed. The low average weight of this issue, 7/8 g {NAH, p.
163), and its technical features do not give support to its
inclusion here and suggest an earlier date.
T ib e r iu s ___________________________________
124 AE. 26 m m , 9.57 g ( 11 ). Axis: var.
Vives 124-1, gmi 123
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
r.
T etrastyle tem ple, of w hich two colum ns are in the form
of fishes; pedim ent containing P unic legend ’B D R T
Colonia Patricia’s coinages are well known thanks to the
work of Chaves = F. Chaves {La Corduba hispano-romanay sus
monedas, Seville, 1977) and also R. Knapp’s discussion
{AHN 1980, pp. 189—202). During the Republican period
this city, which was known by the name of Corduba, struck
an issue of quadrantes (Vives, pi. 118-1 to 4), for which
different chronologies have been proposed: the end of the
second century b c (Knapp, p. 187), the Sertorian period
(Chaves, p. 87, Crawford, CMRR 347) and the years 46-45
b c (Grant, FIT A 4).
Patricia’s coinages form a single issue, consisting of five
denominations; this makes it one of the most complete
issues of its time.
The issue, which indicates imperial permission in the
Sestertius Dupondius
127 40-1 mm, 37.25 g (9)
128 32-3 mm, 19.44g ( G 2)
129
130
r3!
G E R M A N IC O E T D R V SO ; head o f F o rtu n a, r.
C A E SA R IB V S I I I I V IR C A R T ; ru d d er
i . Be 6434, 3.89; 2. P D elep ierre, 3.34; 3. T ü b in g en 80, 4.70; 4 —6 . V a t
52 3 ~ 5 , 3-8o, 3.40, 3.10; 7. L 1 7 7 6 ( = C h av es 1655), 4.33; 8 - 1 6 6 . See
[ 32 ] C h av es 1629-54, 1656-788; 1 67. N 231, 4.15; 1 6 8 . C raco w V I I - A 5885,
3.05; 1 69. C (B u rk itt lo a n ), 4.12. F o r m etal analysis, see C h av es, p. 86.
Abdera
1—2. P 1066 a n d 1068, 10.27, 6,48; 3 . V a t 503, 9.10; 4 . C alico 11/1978, 3,
9.48; 5. L 1596, 8.81; 6—9 . M 2963, 2965 -6 , S astre 4719, 9.58, 9.21, 8.53,
1 1.86; 10. M u se u A rq u eo lô g ic de T a rra g o n a 3284, 12.00; 11. O , 9.95;
12. I V D J ( = V ives 124-1), form erly S de C 12; 13. F o rm erly S d e C 13.
M o d ern forgeries: 1—2. M 2962, 2964.
C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in o b je ct ( = cm k 10) o n th e o b v ., o n 13.
125 A E. 2 6m m , 10.29g (17)· Axis: var. [ io ]
Vives 124-2, nah 1118, gmi 124
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; laureate head,
r.
A BD ERA ; tetrastyle tem ple, o f w hich two colum ns are in
the form o f fishes, pedim ent containing P unic legend
’B D R T
i . C alico 6 /1979, 8, 13.50; 2. C o p 470, 9.71; 3—7. P 1063, 1065 a n d 1071-
3, 9-33, 10.37, 9 . ! 9 , 12.69, 11-04; 8. V 252, 9.86; 9 . L 1 5 9 4 ( = V ives 124-
2), 9.86; 1 0 - 1 4 . M 2968, 2970-2, S astre 4721, 11.30, 10.29, 9 ·5 9 > 9-38,
9.92; 15. N 228, 10.65 (tooled o b v erse legend); 16. O , 8.97; 17. B B ohl,
9.36; 18. F o rm erly S d e C 14. M o d e rn forgeries: 1. B a 23543; 2. M 2969.
126 A E. 26 m m , 10.07g (16). Axis: var. [ 5 ]
Vives 124-3
[ 4 ] As 125, b u t on rev. pedim ent containing star
1—2. B a 9436, 23541, 8.39, 12.36; 3. C alico 11/1978, 4, 9.50; 4 . C alico
6/1979, 9 > 8,28; 5 . L 1595, 8.14; 6 - 1 1 . M 2974 ( = V ives 124-3), 2 9 7 5 - 6 >
2980, 2982, S astre 4720, 13.87, 12.81, 10.88, 9.10, 8.85, 10.15; I 2 · M u seu
A rqu eo lô g ic de T a rra g o n a 3144, 9.45; 13. P 1 0 6 2 , 12.46; 14—16. B B ohl,
a.B ., R a u c h , 8.30, 8.94, 9.57; 17. IV D J , form erly S d e C 15. F orgeries (?):
1—2. B a 9436, 23541; 3 . M 2980.
Patricia
legend, reproduces on the obverse of every denomination a
head of Augustus copied from the imperial ‘Patricia’ type
{RIC, pp. 45-51). For the sestertius and as, the oak wreath,
copied from the Roman coinages minted from c. 20 b c {RIC,
pp. 6iff.) was chosen; for the dupondius, a military theme,
the eagle between two signa was chosen; and for the semis
and quadrans, priestly symbols. All these types have been
explained as an allusion to the most important of the
Augustus’s priesthoods (semis and quadrans), to the pro­
tection that his regime offered (sestertius and dupondius)
and to the veterans’ settlement and to Augustus as Imper­
ator (dupondii) (R. Knapp, Roman Corduba, 1983, p. 29).
There is not any problem in identifying the denomi­
nations, since metal analyses indicate that they are made of
As Semis Quadrans
24-5 mm, 10.03 g (374)
20-1 mm, 5.12 g (269)
16 mm, 2.64g (59)

bronze alloy. Therefore they can be identified as sestertius,
dupondius, as, semis and quadrans.
As for chronology, Knapp’s argument is convincing. He
places the terminus post quern in 19-18 b c , on the grounds of
the ‘Patricia’ style of the portraits, the reverse types and the
minting of sestertii. On the other hand, he places the
terminus ante quern in 2 b c , because the coins lack the title
P(ater) P(atriae) on the legend. A more precise chronology
is debatable, though there is a general tendency to follow
Grant’s assumption (FITA 220 and 295), that Augustus’s
visit of 15—14 b c was an influential factor in the decision to
strike them. Scholars see in this issue the commemoration of
a new deductio (Knapp, Roman Corduba, 29, proposes a date
c. 15 b c ) or of the city’s foundation (Chaves, 102, 119-20,
proposes 13—12 b c ) . But this is by no means certain.
The reading of the reverse legend on the well-preserved
quadrans that we have been able to examine, is COLO
PATR instead of COL PATR. However, a large proportion
of the material studied by Chaves is not illustrated; we
cannot reject the possibility that some dies have the legend
COL PATR, though we have not seen any. The coin classi­
fied in SNG Mu 242 as a coin from Patricia, which Chaves
also published (no. 540), is in fact a coin from Iulia
Traducta (109/3). The coin Berlin 9407 (= 129/382)
included by Chaves within the group of semisses (no. 658) is
in fact an as. Coins classified in AMC 1037-8 (= Chaves 37-
8) as sestertii are really dupondii. The denarius published
by L. Mapelli (GW 29, 1973, p. 29) is a modern forgery.
A u g u s tu s __________________________________
127 Bronze. 40-1 m m , 37.25g (9). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
Vives 165-1, C haves 1-9, gmi 952, n a h io o i
P E R M IS S V C A E SA R IS A V G V S T I; b are head, 1.
C O L O N IA P A T R IC IA ; w ithin oak w reath
i . B (C haves 6), 36.80; a—8. See C haves 1—4 a n d 7-9; 9 . G 2, 43.65;
10. I V D J, form erly S de C 209. M eta l analysis on coin L 1530 ( = C h av es
4): C u 91.50; P b 0.030; Sn 5.22; A g 0.010; F e 0.010; S b 0.060; Ni 0.040;
C o 0.020; A s 0.770; Bi 0.009; Z n 0.010. W e have n o t in c lu d ed the
su p p o sed sestertius w hich C haves (no. 5) says is in O xford, because it
does n o t a p p e a r in A M C a n d w e h ave n o t seen it in th e A shm olean .
128 Bronze. 3 2 -3 m m , 19.44g (132). Axis: var. [ 20 ]
Vives 165-2, C haves 10-138, gmi 953, n ah 1002
P E R M IS S V C A E SA R IS A V G V S T I; b are head, 1.
C O L O N IA P A T R IC IA ; aq u ila betw een two signa
1—2. B a 105842-3, 17.20, 19.23; 3—4 . M i 261-2, 17.99, 15-Ï4; 5—6· P
D elepierre, 18.74, 18.86; 7. R 234, 21.20; 8. V 297, 17.62; 9 . V a t 528,
22.10; 10. N 239, 16.13; i i . A N E 23-2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 132, 19.77; M
S P A IN : Patricia (127-131) 8y
10221 (= C h av es 67), 19.75; I 3—14 °· See C h av es 10-66, 68-138;
141. IV D J, form erly S de C 211. M eta l an aly sis on coin L 1531
(= C h av es 35): C u 94.00; P b 0.280; S n 6.00; A g 0.020; F e 0.010; Sb 0.600;
N i 0.160; C o 0.020; As 0.550; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.003· O n coin L 1532
( = C h a v e s 36): C u 90.50; P b 0.100; Sn 6.73; A g 0.010; F e 0.090; Sb 0.140;
Ni 0.020; C o 0.040; As 0.880; Bi 0.009. F o r m ore m etal analyses, see
C h av es, N um ism a 150-5, 1978, 337-43·
129 L eaded bronze. 2 4 -5 m m , 10.03g (3 7 4 )· Axis: var. [ 39 ]
Vives 165-3, C haves 139-478, 658, gmi 954, nah 1003
P E R M CAES A VG ; b are head, 1.
C O L O N IA P A T R IC IA ; w ithin oak w reath
i . A arh u s 17, 12.29; 2. A N E 3 -4 /1 2 /1 9 8 5 , 52, 10.67; 3—1 7* 351—65,
12.25, 11-04} 10.66, 10.55, to .30, ίο .ί ο , 9.86, 9.57, 9.21, 9.00, 8.95, 8.50,
7.85, 7-8o, 7.40; 18. F 74, 11.00; 19. K la g 42, 9.86; 20—2 3 . M i 263-6,
9.19, 8.90, 8.35, 8.15; 24—25. P 985 a n d S d e R , 8.53, 11.12; 26—2 7 . R
2 35-6, 9.80, 8.90; 28—29. T ü b in g e n 9 3 -4 , 11.74, 10.50; 3 0 —3 4 . V 298—
302, 11.65, n - 5 9 , Ι : ·05, 10.40, 9.38; 3 5 - 3 9 · V a t 529-533, 12.40, 10.70,
9.60, 6.70, 5.80; 4 0 —4 1 . N 2 4 0 -1 , 9.18, 9.69; 4 2 . M S a s tr e 4 8 1 0
(= C h av es 309), 12.34; 4 3 —3 8 2 . See C h av es 139-308, 3 10-478 a n d 658;
3 8 3 . W a rsaw 216767, 7.85; 3 8 4 . B oulogne su r M er, 10.78. M eta l analysis
on coin L 1537 ( = C h av es 166): C u 85.50; P b 10.25; Sn 2 -26; Ag 0.110; Fe
0.020; Sb 0.700; Ni 0.020; As 0.520; Bi 0.021. O n coin L 1538 (= C h av es
167): C u 82.50; P b 9.20; Sn 2.30; A g 0.160; Fe 0.010; S b 0.750; N i 0.430;
A s 1.56; Bi 0.010. F o r m ore m etal analyses, see C h av es, N um ism a 150-5,
! 9 7 8 = 337 - 4 3 -
C o u n te rm ark s: M o n o g ram ( = cm k 79), see C h av es 168, 171 (tw ice), 187,
199-201, 256, 276, 303, 305-7* 3 5 9 . 3 6 3 . 367. 3 7 2. 3 7 5 . 3 7 8 > 3B6, 402. 4 1 9 -
21, 437, 469, 4 7 2 -3 , it is difficult in som e cases to d istin g u ish betw een cm k
79 a n d 44. N C A P R ( = c m k 57), see C h av es 412, 417.
130 Bronze. 20-1 m m , 5.12g (269). Axis: var. [ 43 ]
Vives 165-4 to 6. C haves 479-539, 541-657, 659-723, gmi
9 5 5 . NAH I 0 ° 4
P E R M CAES A V G ; bare head, 1.
C O L O N IA P A T R IC IA ; apex an d sim pulum
I - I I . Bo 368-75, 377 -9 , 5.72, 5.70, 5.43, 5.22, 5.18, 5.08, 4.87, 4.45, 3.98,
7.47, 4.27; 12. K la g 43, 5.73; 13. M i 267, 5.61; 14. N 242, 4.11; 1 5 -
16. P 992, D elep ierre, 4.47, 6.48; 17. R 237, 5.60; 18—2 0 . T ü b in g e n 9 6 -8 ,
5 ·7 8 , 5 -19 , 4-291 21- 25 · V 3 0 3 -7 , 6.24, 6.oo, 4.89, 4.65, 3.35; 2 6 - 3 0 . V a t
5 34-8, 5.20, 5.00, 4.70, 4.40, 4.00; 3 1 . P 9 9 0 ( = C h av es 536), 5.91; 3 2 -
2 7 3 . See C h av es 479-535, 5 3 7 -9 , 5 4 I- 6 5 7 > 6 5 9 -7 2 3 (coins C h av es 720-3
h ave tw o pellets below chin); 2 7 4 . IV D J , form erly S de C 217. M eta l
an alysis o n coin L 1543 (= C h a v e s 522): C u 91.00; P b 2.84; Sn 1.640; A g
0.100; Fe 0.100; Sb 3.14; N i 1.46; As 0.330; Bi 0.010; Z n 0.010. O n coin L
1544 (= C h a v e s 524): C u 89.50; Sn 6.87; A g 0.010; Fe 0.090; Sb 0.120; N i
. 0.050; C o 0.040; As 0.240; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.020. F o r m o re m e tal analyses,
see C h av es, N um ism a 150—5, 1978, 337 -4 3 .
131 Bronze. 16 m m , 2.64g (5 9 )· Axis: var. [ 14 ]
Vives 165-7, 8, C haves 724-76, gmi 956, n ah 1005
PE R CAE AVG; b are head, 1.
C O L O PA TR ; p atera, aspergillum , ju g an d lituus
1—2. B a 105844—5, 2.88, 3.22; 3 —4 . P (no n u m b e rs), 2.16, 1.89; 5. L 1546
( = C h av es 729), 2.44; 6—5 7 . See C h av es 724-8 a n d 7 30-76; 5 8 . C
(B u rk itt lo a n ), 2.78; 5 9 . M 1 0 5 9 9 ( = V ives 165-7), 3.32;
6 0 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 368, 2.40. F o r m etal analysis,
see C h av es, N um ism a 150-5, 1978, 337-43.
 TARRACONENSIS

‘Castulonian Mines’
Same rare and problematic coins that have the abbrevia­ As for the abbreviation S C, it can be pointed out that
tions S G and a male head to 1. (Augustus?) on the obverse there are several artefacts from the same locality with the
and a grazing horse on the reverse, have been attributed to same letters. These were published by Hill and Sandars,
the ‘Castulonian Mines’. The attribution to the mining dis­ especially the copious series of coins of Kese, countermarked
trict of Castulo arises from the fact that one of them (132/1) with these letters punched in a series of dots on the obverse
was found near the mine at El Centenillo; for this reason it (see L. Villaronga, Les monedes ibériques de Tarraco, Tar­
has been considered that these coins were minted to be used ragona, 1983, pp. 32-3, and more recently M. P. Garcia-
as currency at the mines. The expansion of the abbreviation Bellido, Archivo Espanol de Arqueologia 153-4, : 986, pp.
S C presents some difficulties. G. F. Hill and H. W. Sandars 13~A2)·
(JRS 1911, pp. 100-6) proposed to interpret the abbrevia­
tions as S{enatus) C(onsulto). Grant {FITA 134), however, in
view of the repetition of the abbreviation on both sides, R e ig n o f A u g u s tu s (?) *12
suggested that they allude to a mining company (S(ocietas) 132 A E. 2 7m m , 9 .9 0 g (2). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
C(astulonensis)) and to a senatorial decree (S(enatus) BMC 304, FITA I34, pi. V ” 7, NAH 946
C{onsulto)).
S C; head o f A ugustus (?), 1., p alm b ran ch (?) over
At the same time, the identification of the object that shoulder
appears behind the obverse head is also uncertain; Grant S C; horse grazing
thought that it was a lituus, but Sutherland and Kraay 1. L = JR S 19 11, pi. X IV -i = fita 134, p i . V -7 = b m c 304, 10.28;
(AMC 1036) considered that it was a palm. 2 . O — AM C 1 0 3 6 , 9.52; 3. nah 946. All seem to sh are th e sam e obv. an d
The attribution to the reign of Augustus is based on the rev. dies.

identification of the portrait as this emperor. A more precise

date is impossible.

Acci
The Colonia Gemella Acci (Guadix, Granada), of Latin
right (Pliny, NH 3, 25), was founded in the time of Caesar
(J. M. Santero, Habis III, 1972, pp. 203-22) or a little later.
The five issues minted by the city during the reigns of
Augustus, Tiberius and Caligula have been studied by
Chaves = F. Chaves, Numisma 138—43, 1976, pp. 141-58.
The first two were minted during Augustus’s reign,
presumably when the city was still part of the province of
Baetica, before Augustus’s reform of 7-2 b c . The obverse of
the first issue of asses (133) copies Augustus’s portrait from
the imperial coinage of Emerita (made by Carisius),
whereas on the reverse the two eagles between signa refer,
with the legend, to the two legions whose veterans founded
the city. The semis of this issue underlines the origin of the
founders because on the obverse and on the reverse the
aquilae of the legions I and II appear.
The second issue partially modifies the designs, and the
portrait is closer to the ‘Patricia’ type. The priestly symbols
of the semis (136) are explained by Chaves (p. 144) as an
allusion to Augustus’s position as pontifex maximus and so
she dates it to 12 b c (R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, p. 393,
however, thinks that they recall the foundation of the city).
The metrology of these two issues is different, because in the
second one the weight was increased, at the same time as
the techniques of striking and engraving were improved.
The denominations minted in both issues are the following:
As Semis
Ï 33 23-6 mm, 8 -7 ° g (3 1)
19—20 mm, 4.82 g (5)
! 34
135 29 mm, 13-82 g (3 9 )
136 2 3 -4 mm, 6.41 g (27)
The mint’s activity during the reign of Tiberius starts
with a strange issue (137) dedicated to Tiberius, Drusus
and Germanicus, with legends that refer to them but with
portraits that do not resemble them; in fact, they are really
portraits of Augustus and his adoptive sons, Gaius and
Lucius. One can point to a typological similarity with the
dupondii of Iulia Traducta (107). The issue can be dated to
the first years of Tiberius’s reign, before Germanicus’s
death in a d 1 9 .

The fourth issue also belongs to Tiberius’s reign and
consists of three denominations, dupondii (138), asses (139)
and semisses (140). The chronology remains uncertain
within the reign of Tiberius. The iconography of this issue
differs from the preceding ones; the wreath is introduced as
the reverse type for the dupondii and the lituus is added to
the priestly symbols. These changes have been interpreted
by F. Chaves (p. 145) as recalling the foundation of the city,
because she considers that the lituus is connected with
foundation ritual. The metrological standard and the
denominations struck are:
Dupondius As
:37 33—6 mm, 24-37g ( 3d
138 31—6 mm, 22.0g g (25)
139 29 mm, 14.73 g (47)
I4O
The fifth issue (141-5) was struck during Caligula’s
reign. On the obverse the emperor’s head always appears,
copying Roman models (Grant, NC 1948, p. 118; RIC 33,
a d 37-8), and on the reverse the types of the last issue of
Tiberius are repeated. The denominations, which are prob­
ably dupondii, asses and semisses, do not maintain the right
relationship, especially the dupondii, which have a lower
weight than expected, as in the fourth issue.
Dupondius As
141 3 i-2 m m , 19.68g (20)
142 31mm, 17.38g (3)
143 28 mm, 14.63 g (20)
144 2 7 -8 mm, 10.55g (H )
r45
Some features deserve special mention. Previous readings
have given P(ater) P(atriae) only on 143 (= Vives 166-12)
where it is clearly legible. However, it is also possible to
read P P at the end of the legend on one specimen of 141 in
good condition, although there is a variant of the legend of
143 that lacks this title (143/20). We consider that these
coins of Caligula constitute only one issue and that he prob­
ably acquired the title P(ater) P(atriae) either after the
issue of asses (144) and semisses (145) had begun, because
they lack this title, or more or less at the same time, in a d
37-8 (for the date of title P P, see J. Scheid and H. Broise,
MEFRA 92, 1980, pp. 215-48).
It is not certain whether 142 had the same legend as 141
on the obverse, because we have not seen any coin on which
the legend can be read completely, especially at the end,
and so have been unable to verify whether the title P P is
included or not. The bad condition of these coins also
makes it impossible to be certain if coins with the head to
left belong to an earlier series than coins with the head to
right.
A u g u s tu s ________________________________
133 AE. 2 3 -6 m m , 8.70g (31). Axis: aro u n d 12 or 6.
Vives 166-1, 2, nah 999, C haves 1-12, gmi 1023
C A ESA R A V G (V ST V S ); bare head, r.
C I G AC II I; two aquilae betw een two signa
A V G : i . P 697, 7.61; 2—7. See C haves 1-6; 8. B Bohl, 6.28; 9—12. M
S P A IN : Acci (133-139) 8g
7649, 7 6 5 ', 7 6 5 3 . 7655. 7 -5 9 > 9·28, 7 -7 7 . 7 -6 4 ; A V G V S T V S : 13. P 698,
7.78; 14—19. See C h av es 7-1 2 ; 20—23. M 7650, 7654, 7657, S astre 6567,
10.60, 10.09, 6.65, 9.36; 2 4 . V Q R 53 9 ; U n certa in : 2 5 . B B ohl, 8.45;
2 6 . L 1329, 8.80; 27. O , 8.94; 2 8 —3 2 . M 7652, 7656, 7658-9, S astre 6568,
6.68, 7.52, 8.56, 8.09, 9.63.
C o u n te rm ark : C A ( = cm k 38) on th e obv., o n 1.
134 AE. 1 9 -2 0 m m , 4 .8 2 g (5). Axis: 6 or 12. [ 1 ]
Vives 166-3, GMI 1024
C I G AC I; aquila betw een two signa
C I G AC II; aq u ila betw een two signa
i . P 701, 4.61; 2. M 7 6 6 1 ( = V ives 166-3 — g m i io 2 4 )> 5.24; 3 “ 4 · M
7660, 7662, 4.59, 4.97; 5. IV D J ( = S d e C 944), 4.69.
Semis
135 Bronze. 2 9m m , 13.82g (39)· Axis: var. [ 11 ]
Vives 166-5, C haves 13-39, nah 1000, gmi 1025
A V G V ST V S D IV I F; la u reate head, r.
C I G A C C I L I II; two aquilae betw een two signa
23 mm, 7.02 g (25) i . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 2, 17.51; 2. A N E 20—2 1 /5/1986, 2; 3. A N E 2 6 -
27/11/1986, 1; 4 . N 1 18, 14.84; 5 . O = AMC 916, 16.16; 6—9 . P 6 93-6,
11.89, 1:4.87, 13.54, I 3 -7 5 ; 10. T ü b in g e n 1, 14.26; 11. V a t 252, 14.20;
12—3 8 . See C h av es 13-39; 39—4 0 . B Bohl a n d L öbb; 4 1 . L 1 3 3 0 , 15.59;
4 2 . L 1331, 12.81; 4 3 . C 512, 12.15. F o r m etal an aly sis, see C haves,
p- 147·
136 Bronze. 23-411101, 6.41g (27). Axis: var. [ 9 ]
Vives 166-6, C haves 40-54, gmi 1026
A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r.
C I G A C C I; apex an d sim pulum
i . C o p 473, 5.78; 2. M i 182, 6.26; 3 . N 119, 4.43; 4 . 0 = AMC 917, 8.55;
Semis 5 - 6 . P 699-700, 7.02, 7.87; 7. R 147, 7.10; 8 - 9 . V a t 2 5 3 -4 , 8.20, 6.90;
10—25. See C h av es 40 -5 4 ; 26—2 7 . B B ohl a n d 17497; 28· L 1332, 6.52;
29. L 1 3 3 3 , 5.98; 3 0 . C , 5.19 (p ierced ). F o r m e tal an aly sis, see C haves,
p. 147.
21 mm, 7.48 g (5) T ib e r iu s
137 AE. 3 3 -6 m m , 24.37g (31)· Axis: var. [ 8 ]
Vives 166-4, C haves 55-76, nah 1065, gmi 1027
T I C A ESA R A V G V S T I F; b are head, r.
C I G A G E R M A N IC O E T D R V S O CAES I I V IR ;
facing heads o f G erm anicus and D rusus
i . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 3, 2.42; 2. C o p 4 7 4 , 26.80; 3—6. P 710-2 an d
D elep ierre, 24.35, 22.06, 28.16, 21.59; 7—28. See C h av es 55 -7 6 ; 2 9 —3 0 . B
B ohl, 24.07, 23.08; 3 1 . L 1334, 21.16; 3 2 . IV D J , form erly S de C 956.
C o u n te rm ark : C A ( = 38) o n the obv., on 4 a n d 29.
138 AE. 3 i- 6 m m , 22.09g (25)· Axis: var. [ 7 ]
Vives 166-7, C haves 77-95, nah m 3, gmi 1028
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
1.
C O L IV L G E M A C C I; w ithin w reath
C o p 475, 17.72; 2 - 4 . P 708-9 a n d 713, 19.12, 24.99, 1 7 - 0 5 ; 5 - v >.
I.
17-331 f r - 2 4 · See C h av es 77-95; 2 5 - 2 6 . B Bohl; 2 7 . L 1 3 3 6 , 27.68;
28. IV D J, form erly S d e C 950. F o rg ery : r . L 1335, 26.00.
139 Bronze. 2 9m m , 14.73g (4 7 )· Axis: var. [ 17]
Vives 166-8, C haves 96-127, nah 1114, gmi 1029
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
1.
C I G A C C I L I II; two aqu ilae betw een two signa
i . B a 105821, 15.52; 2. C o p 4 7 6 , 11.54; 3 “ 4 · C o p 4 7 7 -8 , 18.40, 11.97;
5—9. P 702-6, 15.41, 17.48, 14.44, 15.07, 7.86; 10. V 2, 7.70; i i —12. V at
[ 6 ] 2 55-6, 15.80, 11.30; 13—4 4 . See C h av es 96 -1 2 7 ; 4 5 —4 7 . B B ohl (2) an d
Fox; 4 8 - 4 9 . L 1337-8, 17.95, i 4 -3 o; δ«»· O , 18.45; 5 1* c > 24.80.
F o rg ery (?): 1. O , 14.35. F o r m etal an aly sis, see C h av es, p. 147.
C o u n te rm ark s: C A ( = c m k 38) on th e o b v ., on 1, 3, 8, 45, 49. C O L
( = cm k 43) o n the rev., o n 4. B ( = c m k i6 ) on th e obv., on 45. U n c e rta in
tria n g u la r o n obv., on 45. P u n ic c o u n te rm a rk (?) ( = cm k 100) on th e obv.,
on 50 a n d also on C h av es 126 ( = M u 2).
go S P A IN : Acci, Cathago Nova ( 140-145)
140 Bronze. 23m m , 7.02g (25). Axis: var. [ 7 ]
Vives 166-9, C haves 128-42, gmi 1030
T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
1.
C I G A C C I; apex, lituus an d sim pulum
I. C op 479, 6.93; 2. P 7 0 7 , 8.59; 3 - 4 . R 148-9, 7.50, 6.90; 5 - 1 9 . See
C h aves 128-42; 20—23. B Bohl (2), Fox, 9408, 7.50, 6.16, 6.22, 5.87;
2 4 . L 1340, 6.51; 25. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 29-3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 255, 6.94.
F o rgery (?): 1. L 1339, 6.41. F o r m e tal analysis, see C haves, p. 147.
Caligula
141 Bronze. 31-2 m m , ig .6 8 g (20). Axis: var. [ 5 ]
Vives 166-11, C haves 143-55, GMI 103 I
C C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC VS P P; bare head, r.
C O L IV L G E M A C C I; w ithin w reath
I. C alico 6/1979, * 20, 2 3 -5 5 ; 2. N 120, 15.05; 3. P 714, 19.72; 4—16. See
C h aves 143-55; 17—18. B L öbb, Fox, 17.50, 18.58; 19. L 13 4 1 , 22.61;
20. L 1342, 14.10. C oins I , 2 a n d ig s h are th e sam e obv. die a n d 2 a n d 19
th e sam e rev. F o r m e tal analysis, see C haves, p. 147.
142 AE. 3 i m m , 17.38g (3). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
Vives 166-10, C haves 156
As 141, b u t head 1.
i . V 3 (C C A E S A R A V G G E R M A N [), 18.92; 2. See C haves 156; 3. M
7733 ( = V ives 166-10) (]A R A V G G E R M A N f), 14.02; 4. C (]A V G
G E R [), 21.09.
Carthago Nova
Carthago Nova was founded by Hasdrubal with the name
of Qart Hadasht (Polybius 2, 13, 1) and was the capital of
the area occupied by the Carthaginians during their stay in
Spain. During the later third century b c , the city played an
important role in the minting of coins that were used for
financing the Carthaginian presence in Spain and their
military expenditure during the Second Punic War. This
coinage has been studied by L. Villaronga (Las monedas
hispano-cartaginesas, Barcelona, 1973) who has also recently
published a paper with some more recent finds (RSF XI,
1983, pp. 57-73). Between the end of the Second Punic War
and about the middle of the first century, however, the city
did not mint any coins.
The Latin issues from Colonia Urbs lulia Nova Carthago
are among the most problematic in Spain and they have
generated a large number of different views. Coins
presumptively minted in this colony before Tiberius’s reign
did not bear the name of the city (except 151, 174-8), and
therefore a large number of the issues have been attributed
to other mints. After the arrangement made by A. Vives in
the present century, Grant (FIT A 217) made a careful study
of the mint and attempted to define its production; later A.
Beltran published his monograph Las monedas latinas de Car­
tagena (Murcia, 1949) = Beltran, and in 1952 (Numisma 2,
1952, pp. 9—40) he criticised Grant’s arrangement.
The problems are not just limited to the attribution or
exclusion of some coins, but they also affect the dating of the
first issue and the date at which colonial status was granted;
both questions remain uncertain! Grant (FIT A 217)
believed the foundation of this city took place in 29 b c under
T. Statilius Tauro. To explain the existence of quinquennales
143 Bronze. 28 m m , 14.63 g (20). Axis: var. [ 7 ]
Vives 166-12, C haves 157-66, nah 1135, gmi 1032
C C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S (P P); b are head, r.
C I G A C C I L I II; two aquilae betw een two signa
i . C o p 480, 14.40; 2. P 715, 14.45; 3 · V 4, 18.52; 4—5. V a t 257-8, 12.60,
14.00; 6 - 1 5 . See C h av es 157-66; 16—18. L 1343, 1344 ( = S de C 963),
1345, 10.19, !9·48, 15.09; 19· O , 12.67; 2 °· IV D J (form erly S de C 964),
w ith o u t P P; 21. V Q R 5451 22- A lcoi 1285 ( = c m t m , pi. 2 2 -5 3 ), 18.66.
F o r m e tal analysis, see C h av es, p. 147.
C o u n te rm ark s: C O L ( = cm k 43) on th e rev., o n 17.
144 Bronze. 2 7 -8 m m , 10.55g ( T4 )· Axis: var. [ 4 ]
Vives 167-1, C haves 167-76, gmi 1033
C C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S ; bare head, 1.
C I G A C C I L I II; two aquilae betw een two signa
i . C o p 481, 12.79; 2. P 716, 9.26; 3—12. See C h av es 167-76; 13. L 134 6 ,
12.82; 14. O , 12.29. F o r m etal analysis, see C h av es, p. 147.
145 A E. 21 m m , 7.48g (5). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
Vives 167-2, Chaves- 177-9, GMI I0 34
C C A E SA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S ; bare head, 1.
C I G A C C I; apex, lituus an d sim pulum
i . P 7 1 7 , 9.70; 2—4 . See C h av es 177-9; 5 · B B ohl, 6.10; 6. IV D J,
form erly S de C 966; 7. F o rm erly S de C 967. I n th e obv. legend th e S o f
G E R M A N IC V S occupies on ly a little space, is sm all a n d h as a sp read
sh ap e. F ro m this it seem s th a t th e en g rav e r h as rep ea ted it below th e
neck. C oins 1, 5—7 s h are th e sam e obv. die.
on the coinages, which he placed before 29 b c , he pointed to
the possibility that Carthago Nova obtained Latinitas in
Caesar’s time, in 48 or 45-44 b c . On the other hand, A.
Beltran attributed the city’s foundation to Cn Statilius
Libo, on M. Aemilius Lepidus’s behalf, and he dated it in
42 b c (for the views of other scholars, see H. Galsterer, MF
8, I 9 7 G Ρ· 29)·
Here we follow Vives’s attribution of 1926, which has
also been followed by A. Beltran. Grant (FITA 215),
however, concerned with the vast number of issues
attributed to this mint and with the fact that many hetero­
geneous pieces had been attributed to it, ascribed many of
the coinages dated before Tiberius to other mints; for
instance, he gave 167-8 to Celsa, 154-6 to Ilici, 149—50,
162-6 and 483 to Saguntum, 151 to Nabrissa, 157 to Pella
(corrected in APT 135-6 and attributed to Hispania) and
152-3 to Thermae Himeraeae (rectified in APT 139-40,
even though he did not admit that it belongs to Carthago
Nova). Nevertheless, subsequent research has not sup­
ported any of these attributions.
In the current state of research we consider that there is
not enough evidence to establish a hrm arrangement.
Because of this, the arrangement here, which has been con­
structed on the basis of subjective criteria - iconography,
style, metrology and prototypes copied - does not claim
certainty. There is, therefore, the possibility that some of
the coinages we have included in this mint may not belong
to it, and also that the number of quinquennales colleges may
be too high.
However, in the absence of any evidence which might
suggest a reduction in the number of issues from Carthago
 S P A I N : C athago N o v a gi

Nova and their inclusion in other mints, we have chosen to
retain the traditional and widely accepted attributions, with
the only exception of 483, for which we follow Jenkins
(.ANSMN 8, 1958, pp. 71-2) and have included it in the
Uncertain of Spain group.
An important characteristic of the coinage of Carthago
Nova is that all the issues which undoubtedly do belong to
it were struck by duoviri quinquennales·, this is not at all the
general practice of the other cities in Spain, since at this
time, these magistrates are known only in Ilici and Lepida.
This peculiarity gives certain support to the attribution of
some pieces without ethnic to Carthago Nova, although it is
not necessarily a special feature of this colony, as Grant
{APT 29) maintained. Epigraphic evidence has also been
considered for assigning several issues to this colony; apart
from CIL, A. Beltran’s {Mem. Mus. Arq. Prov. V III, 1947,
pp. 202-9 and La colecciôn epigrâfica del Museo de Cartagena,
Valencia, 1944), C. Domergue’s (MCV I, 1965, pp. 9-25;
Archivo Espanol de Arquelogia 113-14, 1966, pp. 41-72) and
M. Koch’s {MM 17, 1976, pp. 285-94) studies are relevant.
It is not possible to distinguish with any certainty coin­
ages belonging to Augustus’s reign from those which belong
to an earlier date, because the emperor’s portrait only
appears on issues from the second half of his reign. Only in
certain cases does a prototype give a chronological indica­
tion. Some issues reproduce types taken from late Republi­
can coinages ( 151 copies the obverse of RRC 494/38, 42 b c ;
158 copies the obverse of RRC 546/6, 31 b c ; 157 copies the
reverse of RRC 546/2a, 31 b c ; 152 copies the reverse of RRC
409/1, 67 b c or RRC 428/3, 55 b c ; 155 copies RRC 544, 32-
31 b c , and 149 probably copies the obverse of RRC 415/1,
62 b c ) . Until a d 14, most of the denominations minted are
semisses, together, in few cases, with quadrantes, and only
at the very end were higher denominations struck (167-8
and 170-1).
151, according to A. Beltran, has a snake on the left side,
below the legend, but in our view this is caused by a crack
on the die. On the reverse of 149 Beltran read a small N
inside the C and interpreted it as the praenomen Cn, but we
have not seen it clearly on any specimen; in every case the
mark within the G is a dot, and therefore the expansion of
the legend as C(n) M(agnus) Imp(erator) does not seem to
be correct. Beltran, following Heiss, alleged that the P
specimen of 160 has a simpulum on the reverse, but we have
not been able to verify this, not even on the coins in P.
Following Beltran, we consider 162-5 as an issue minted by
praefecti of duorivi quinquennales, in which Q. Varius and
Hiberus are identified as the same person who was
previously Ilvir quinquennalis (160-1) and was to he praefectus
again (166). We classify 158—9 as coins of Carthago Nova;
nevertheless, we consider that these coins are odd because
of the use of an iconography somewhat alien to the mint,
and despite the existence of a magistrate (Conduc) of indi­
genous origin. It has not been possible to verify the variant
on 173 that Beltran takes from Müller (p. 131, no. 206,
which has the legend AVGVS DIVI F and a dolphin
behind the head); because of this the coin has been
excluded.
The issue of C. Var. Ruf. and Sex. Iul. Pol. is retained
here at Carthago Nova. Grant {FITA 212), on the grounds
of similarities between the obverse dies with the issue of L.
Baggius and Mn. Flavius (273), considered it to be from
Celsa. Beltran {Numisma 2, 1952, p. 14) rightly rejected this
attribution, since it is not supported by the pattern of finds.
Later, Jenkins {ANSMN 8, 1958, pp. 72-4), on iconographi-
cal grounds, proposed a possible attribution to Ilici,
because of similarities of the obverse designs on this issue
with the semis from Ilici coined by the duoviri quinq. Q.
Papir. Car. and Q. Tere. Mont. (192). However, a detailed

As Semis Quadrans

146 23 mm, 7-32 g (25)

147 19—20 mm, 4.86 g (49)
148 17mm, 3.81 g (2)
149 22 mm, 5 -5 1 g ( I2)
150 18mm, 2.81 g (1)
■5 1 21 mm, 6.48 g (60)
r 52 2 1 mm, 5 -5 9 g (5 6)
153 15mm, 2.81 g (2)
154 20 mm, 6.12g (7)
155 22 mm, 5 ·01 g (27)
156 16mm, 2.77g ( 0
: 57 22 mm, 6.25g (87)
158 22 mm, 5 -2 0 g (52)
■59 16-17mm, 2.94g (6)
160 20 mm, 4 -9 1 g (4 9 )
161 i 4 - i 5 mm, 3.52g (1)
162 20-1 mm, 5 .7 ig (18)
163 20 mm, 5 -4 3 g ( I0)
164 20-1 mm, 5-66 g (30)
165 15mm, 2.76g (7)
166 20 mm, 5 4 ° g (29)
167 29m m, 12.66g (94)
168 22 mm, 6.42 g ( 77 )
169 20 mm, 5 -8 i g (5 4 )
170 27m m, I 2.12 g (48)
171 22 mm, 6.72 g (36)
172- V 3 20 mm, 4.98 g (96)
174- 177 20 mm, 5.26g (77)
178 15 mm. 2.59g (6)
study of the obverse dies from the semisses in both issues As Semis
has not, in spite of the stylistic similarity, been able to 185 29 mm, 12.30 g (69)
identify any die link (M. M. Llorens, La ceca de Ilici, 186 22-3 mm, 5.37 g (23)
València, 1987, pp. 38, 43, 54, sample used: 102 semisses as
168 and ιοί semisses as 192). Therefore, we have preferred
to consider the iconographie similarities among the issues About the middle and second h a lf o f the first
from Carthago Nova (167-8), Ilici (192) and Celsa (273) as
the result of the use of the same engraver.
century B C
Carthago Nova and Ilici’s geographical proximity and P Atellius L Fabric
their close relations negate the validity of any argument,
based on provenances, to attribute issue 167-8 to either of 146 A E. 2 3m m , 7.32g (25). Axis: var. [ 12 ]
these colonies. It would also be odd that, whereas on the Vives 173-8, B eltran 1, gmi 161
semis from Ilici the name of the colony is mentioned, on this P A T E L L I(V S ); coiled snake
issue it is not. In spite of all this, however, the question is L F A B R IC ; in one o f two crossed rectangles
still open to discussion. A T E L L I: i . A N E 2 5 /5/1957, 142, 7.65; 2. C alico 6/1979, 362, 7.02;
Following the most general view we have placed issue 3. C o p 482, 8.34; 4 . L 1161 ( = fixa , pi. V I I - 1 7 ) , 5.14; 5—6. L 1162, 1165,
7.71, 7.06; 7. B a 14799, 6.65; 8—12. M 9552, 9560 -1 , S astre 10400-1,
174-8 in Augustus’s reign (C.H. V. Sutherland, JRS 1934, 9.14, 7.95, 6.22, 8.23, 5.13; 13. B L ö b b ; A T E L L lV S : 14. C , 9.14; 15. L
p. 32, n. 7; Grant, FIT A 215; R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, 1163, 8.66; 16. M u se u M u n icip al d ’A lcoi 1264, 7.79; U n k n o w n var.:
17. C , 7.10; 18. C alico 11/1978, 235; 19. L 1164, 6.70; 20. B 17507, .
pp. 192, 212, 221-2; G. Κ. Jenkins, SNG Cop 497-9). But 6.76; 2 1 - 2 3 . B 17508-9, 12634; 24. V a t 313, 9.20; 2 5 - 2 6 . M 9553, 9556,
this view is not supported by any clear evidence, and we 9.16, 8.10; 27—3 0 . N Y 69222, H S A 23698, N ew ell (2), 7.64, 5.51, 5.40,
should bear in mind Beltran’s hypothesis that these coins 5.70; 3 1 . V ives 173-8, o v erstru ck on an Ib e ria n as. F orgeries: 1—2. M
9 5 5 5 > 9558 (b o th ca st from M 9556).
date to Tiberius’s reign.
Most of the problems with the previous issues disappear
in the coinages minted during the reign of Tiberius, because C Caedi T Popilius Ilviri quin
on all of them the name of the colony appears and the issues
147 AE. 19-20 mm , 4.86 g (49). Axis: var. [ 25 ]
can be easily differentiated. Only two issues are minted,
and both by quinquennales. Designs are related to the Vives 130-2, B eltran 2, nah g io
dynastic succession, since on the first one (179-81) Ger- C C A E D I T P O P IL I; dolphin, r.
manicus’s sons Nero and Drusus appear on the reverse as II V IR Q V IN ; p alm b ranch, 1.
duoviri quinquennales', and on the second one (182—4) the I. B 17475, 27917, 5.17, 7.41; 3 - 1 3 . B L ö b b (2), I-B , 502/1828, 17474,
i 7 T37, B ohl (2), 9436, 27916, 27918; 14. C alico 6/1979, 324, 5.62; 15—
young Caligula appears on the reverse as quinquennalis. The 16. C o p 4 8 3 -4 , 8.52, 6.35; 17—18. M i 201 -2 , 4.90, 3.88; 19—20. M u 60-1,
issues and denominations minted are the following: 3 -5 4 , 3 -9 7 ; 2 1 - 2 2 . O , 4.62, 4.35; 23. P 8 0 9 , 4.56; 2 4 - 2 5 . V 72-3 , 4.08,
3.56; 2 6 . V a t 314, 4.70; 27. A N E 2 5 /5/1957, 145, 6.05; 28. M useu
As Semis Quadrans
A rqu eo lo g ic de T a rra g o n a 3321, 5.44; 2 9 —3 0 . L 1166-7, 5 -2°> 3 -2 9 i 3 1 · 6,,
179-80 29-3om m , 12.51 g (87) 7 -5 5 i 3 2 - 4 9 · M 8 7 9 2, 8794 -5 , 8796 ( = V ives 130-2), 8 797-802, 8804-5,
8807 -1 1 , 8813, 2.99, 6.48, 8.20, 5.51, 4.46, 5.09, 4.10, 5.51, 4.01, 4.94,
181 22 mm, 6.66 g (40)
5.09, 3.68, 3.69, 4.31, 5.70, 3.20, 3 .1 1, 5.95; 5 0 - 5 1 . B a 23588, 30879, 5.77,
182 27-30m m , 11.74g (45) 3.95; 5 2 —6 0 . N Y 69222 (A n d erso n ), H S A 12146, 21118-9, 23681, two
183 20-4m m , 6.51 g (15) specim ens w ith o u t n u m b e r, N ew ell (2), 6.08, 4.74, 3.95, 4.05, 4.78, 3.02,
184 i3 -i6 m m , 4.36, 4.04, 4.78. F orgery: 1. M 8806.
2.66g (16)
148 A E. 17m m , 3.81g (2). Axis: 6 (1). [ o ]
180, with a laureate head of Tiberius, has been included Numisma 180-5, : 983, 51-4
in the catalogue because there is nothing definite to con­
C A E D ; prow , r.
demn it, although its general appearance seems unusual P O P I; anchor
and its portrait style is different from the other dies. i . N um ism a 180-5, T983, 5 1 -4 , 3-80; 2. A . S a n c h is c o ll. (V alèn cia), 3.82.
During Caligula’s reign, immediately after his accession
to power, Carthago Nova struck its last issue (Grant, NC
1948, p. 117; R. Etienne, op. cit., pp. 436-7; contra A. Plet Pollio and Albinus Ilviri q Sabinus C M Imp
Beltran, pp. 67-8, who proposes that it was struck in a d 39,
149 AE. 2 2m m , 5 .5 1 g (12). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
when he was COS II). There is a dispute about the identifi­
cation of the female head that appears on the reverse with Vives 130-12, 13, B eltran 3 -4, f it a , pl. V I-6 , nah gn
the legend SAL-AVG. It has traditionally been identified as H E L P O L L IO A L B IN V S I I Q (V ) (or A L B IN V S H E L
Caesonia (A. Vives, IV, p. 33); however, A. Beltran (p. 68) P O L L IO II Q V ); fem ale h ead (of C oncordia?), r.,
regarded it as Salus, tutelary goddess of Carthago Nova. w earing veil a n d diadem
SA BIN V S C M IM P ; trophy
On the other hand, Grant (NC 1949, p. 100) suggested that
I I Q : I . C alico 6/1979, 3 3 2, 6.55; 2 . P 792, 5.96; 3 . V illaro n g a Coll.
it represents Antonia, while Etienne suggested Livia (op. (B arcelo n a) 2943, 5.00; 4 . F N M T ( — S d e C 1177); I I Q V : 5 . C o p 486,
cit., p. 429 and BSFN 6, 1957; in both papers, however, 7.27; 6. M 8 9 3 1 ( = V ives 130-12), 3.82; 7. L 1175 ( —f i t a , pl. V I - 6 — S
Etienne mistakenly confused the obverse of Ilici under de C 1178), 4.39; 8 . M u se u d ’Elx, 7.63; 9 . IV D J ( = V ives 130-13); r o ­
l l . M 893 2 -3 , 5.64, 4.85; U n c e rta in v ar.: 1 2 . P 793, 5.06; 1 3 —1 4 . N Y
Tiberius (196) with the reverse of Carthago Nova under H S A 7735. 23719, 4.99, 4.96.
Caligula (185) ). The issue consists of two denominations,
as and semis.
 S P A IN : Carthago Nova ( 150-158)

150 AE. 18m m , 2.81 g (1). Axis: 2 (1). [ 1 ] L A p p u le iu s R u f u s C M a e c iu s q u in q

Vives 130-14, B eltrân 5, nah 912 155 C opper + lead. 22 mm , 5 .0 1 g (27). Axis: var. [ 10 ]
H E L P O L L I I I Q V I; in field, above snake Vives 130-10, B eltran 13, nah 919
A L B IN [V ]S II Q V I; in field
L A P P V L E I R V F Q V IN Q ; aq u ila betw een two signa
i . L 1 176 ( = V ives 130-14 = nah 912), 2.81.
C M A E C I Q V IN (I)Q (V ); galley, r., w ith sceptre tied
w ith fillet on prow
Anonymous Q V IN IQ : i . B 17502, 4.12; 2 . IV D J ( = V ives 130-10); 3. M S astre
10373, 5 -2 71 4 · L e n in g r a d (B M cast); Q V IN Q : 5. B 17501, 5.13; 6. B I-
151 AE. 2 i m m , 6.48g (60). Axis: var. [ 19] B, 4.82; 7. C alico 6/1979, 331, 5.04; 8. C , 5.47; 9. L 1180, 4.06;
10. 0 = a m c 9 5 7 , 6.31; i i —12. B a 4707, 14.731, 4.20, 5.11; 13—
Vives 130-1, ή τα V I I —26, B eltran 6, gmi 162, nah 913 14. A la c a n t ( = c m t m , pi. 4 0 -2 4 9 , 250), 5.30, 5.15; Q V IN Q V : 15. M
8927, 5.01; U n c e rta in v ar.: 16. L 1181, 5.16; 17—2 0 . M 8923, 8925-6,
H ead of A thena, r.
8930, 4.84, 5.88, 4.19, 4.31; 21. P 781, 5.91; 2 2 - 2 3 . v 7 6 -7 , 4-05, 3.81;
C V I N; statue 1., upon pedestal 2 4 —29. N Y H S A 11897, 21100, 23721, 24363, o n e specim en w ith o u t
i . B I-B , 5.67; 2—5. B Fox, 17 114, B ohl, L ö b b ; 6. Bo 214, 6.30; 7— n u m b e r, N ew ell, 5.70, 6.31, 4.24, 5.76, 4.14, 5.90. F o r m e tal analysis, see
8. C alico 6/1979, 322 - 3 , 5 -7 3 , 5 -7 3 ; 9 · C °P 485, 7 ·7 3 ; ι ο - τ τ . M u 6 2 -3 , Saguntum 21, 1987-8, 424. M o re an aly ses are needed.
7 -3 0 , 7 -4 3 J 1 2 -1 3 . O , 6.65, 5.51; 14. P 15 5 8 , 7.36; 1 5 -1 6 . P 1559,
D elep ierre, 5.40, 6.79; 17—18. V a t 315-6, 6.75, 4.30; 19—20. C , 6.83, 156 AE. 16m m , 2.77g ( ') · Axis: 3 (1). [ o ]
4.73; 21—2 4 . C alico 11/1978, 226-9, 6.02, 6.42, 5.95, 5-52; 2 5 - 2 8 . L
Vives 130-11, B eltran 14
1168-70, 1171 ( — FiTA, pi. V II - 2 6 ) , 7.54, 5.23, 3.89, 6.09; 29. M useu
d ’Elx, 6.86; 3 0 - 5 1 . M 8739-46, 8748-53, 8755-7, 8770, 8776-7, 8783, I I L A P P V L E [I] Q V IN Q ; in field
8786, 6.02, 6.55, 5.81, 7.05, 7.10, 8.74, 6.60, 9.22, 7.65, 7.47, 5.60, 7 .1 1, I I C M A E C I Q V IN [Q ]; in field
4.80, 6.19, 7.39, 4.87, 6.76, 6.81, 6.43, 7.07, 7.37, 6.81; 5 2 - 5 3 . B a 4700,
33974, 7.14, 6.36; 5 4 . G (U n c e rta in o f S pain) 4, 7.97; 5 5 -6 4 · N Y 69222 r . IV D J ( = V ives 13 0 -1 1 ), 2.77.
(A n derson), H S A 7799-800, 23693-4, th re e specim ens w ith o u t n u m b e r,
N ew ell (2), 7.02, 6.24, 5.04, 6.43, 6.82, 5.83, 6.25, 6.93, 6.18, 7.25;
6 5 . IV D J ( = V ives 130—i ). B roken rev. die: 8, 20, 29, 52.
Reign o f Augustus (?)
L lunius L Acilius Ilviri quinq P B a e b iu s P o llio C A q u in u s M e l a I l v i r i q u in

152 AE. 21 m m , 5.59g (56). Axis: var. [ 17] 157 C opper. 22 mm , 6.25 g (67)· Axis: var. [ 17 ]
Vives 130-7, B eltran 10, gmi 164, nah 916 Vives 130-5, 6, FiTA, pi. V III- 2 8 , B eltran 9, gmi 163, nah

L IV N IV S I I V ÏR Q V ÏN (Q ) A V G (V R ); eagle standing
on thunderbolt, r.; in front, lituus
L A C IL IV S I I V IR Q V ÏN (Q ) A V G (V R ); p atera, ju g
and lituus
I I V ÏR Q V ÏN A V G /Q V ÏN A V G : i . C o p 487, 6.42; 2 - 3 . L 1178-9, 6.85,
6.32; 4. P 776, 5.92; 5. V a t 325, 6.50; 6. Μ 8 9 0 8 , 5·99; 7 —8 . Μ 88945
8902, 4-86, 5 -4 °; I I V IR Q V IN A V G /Q V IN Q A V G : 9 . Bo 217, 6.60;
10. L 1177, 4.68; ϊ ϊ - 1 3 . V a t 324, 3 2 6-7, 6.95, 5.80, 5.70; 1 4 - 1 7 . M 8919
( = V ives 130-7), 8921, S astre 10371-2, 5.25, 6.28, 6.77, 6.41; 18. P 777,
6.01; I I V I R Q V IN A V G /u n c e rta in : 1 9 .6 0 2 1 6 ,5 .0 5 ; 20. C alico 6/1979,
3 2 9 ,6 .8 6 ; 2 i . M S V 1 7 /1 2 /1 9 8 1 ,3 4 7 , 3.95; I I V IR Q V IN Q A V G V R /I I
V I R Q V IN Q A V G V R : 22. M i 204, 7.76; 2 3 . M u s e o d e A lb a c e te 3,
7.16; 24. Μ 8903, 7· ° 3> U n c e rta in /Q V IN A V G : 25· M i 205, 4.73; 26. Μ
8 g n , 5.69; U n c e rta in /Q V IN Q A V G : 27. P 778, 4.95; 28—3 0 . M 8905,
8910, 8914, 4.97, 6.37, 6.15; 3 1 . B a 4704, 4.91; 3 2 . V 75;
U n c e rta in /U n c e rta in : 3 3 . M i 206, 4.57; 3 4 —3 5 . O , 5.85, 4.79; 36—3 8 . P L
776, S de R, D elep ierre, 3.49, 2.69, 4.80; 39—4 3 . M 8904, 8 9 0 6-7, 8909,
892°. 5 -9 3 , 6-5 7 . 5 -8 2 . 5 ·21, 6.35; 44- 47 · B L öbb, I- B , : 7458, 27919; 4 8 -
6 0 . N Y 69222, H S A 12106, 21095-8, 23713, four specim ens w ith o u t
n u m b e r, N ew ell (2), 4.06, 5.13, 5.50, 4.97, 3.84, 4.71, 4.99, 3-88, 4.94,
5.92, 6.06, 5.12, 6.96; Im itatio n s: [ ]V N IV S I I V [ ]L V A C [ ] Q V [I] N
A V G . a—b . M 8897, 8899, 4.57, 4-77; c. M 8 9 0 1 , 3.02.
9 !5
P B A EB IV S P O L L IO II V IR Q V IN ; V ictory standing,
r., holding w reath an d p alm branch
C A Q V IN V S M E L A I I V IR Q V IN ; two signa
i . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 85, 7.03; 2. Bo 215, 6.53; 3—4 . C alico 6/1979,
3 27-8, 6.50, 5.75; 5—6. C o p 4 8 8 -9 , 6.72, 7.64; 7. M S V 17/12/1981, 346,
7.10; 8. M i 203, 5.63; 9 . B 17454, 6.14; 10—14. B L ö b b , I-B ,
D an n en b erg , 17136, G an sau g e; 15. Ο , 6.17; ι 6 —18. P 773-5, 6.11, 5.00,
5.99; 19—25. V a t 317-23, 7.40, 6.60, 6.50, 6.20, 6.20, 5.70, 3.90; 26—
29. C alico 11/1978, 231 -4 , 6.65, 7.25, 7.74, 5.52; 3 0 . A N E 1 1 -1 3/3/1975,
35, 5.69; 3 1 . L 1 1 8 4 , 6.13; 3 2 - 3 5 . L 1182-3, 118 5 -6 , 5.87, 5.65, 6.07,
6.08; 3 6 —5 6 . M 883 7 -4 8 , 8866 -7 , 8870, 8877 -9 , 8884, 8887, 8893, 7.24,
6.14, 7.40, 6.95, 6.32, 7.25, 6.97, 6.82, 6.38, 6.04, 6.47, 7.66, 6.31, 6.72,
4 - 15 . 6 -9 5 . 6-67. 5 -° 3 , 8.23, 5.87, 5.43; 5 7 - 5 9 . B a 4702, 14800, 30784,
5.76, 5.24, 5.68; 6 0 —9 1 . N Y 69222 (3 sp ecim en s), H S A 21086-94, 2 3 6 9 9 -
700, 24184, 5 7245-59, N ew ell (2), 6.94, 6.86, 6.99, 6.06, 5.63, 4.69, 6.03,
6.01, 6.55, 6.00, 6.31, 5.65, 6.54, 7.43, 5.00, 4.40, 6.86, 4.44, 5.62, 7.16,
7.18, 6.33, 6.22, 5.50, 4.30, 5.79, 6.87, 6.30, 7.65, 7.79, 5.56, 5.63;
9 2 . IV D J ( = V ives 130-5); 9 3 . IV D J ( = V ives 130-6); 9 4 . IV D J,
form erly S d e C 1 175; 9 5 . P rin ce to n 716, 5.94. F o r m etal analysis, see
Saguntum 21, 1987—8, 424.

153 AE. 15m m , 2.81 g (2). Axis: 9 -1 0 (2). [ o ] Conduc Malleol Ilvir quinq
Vives 130-8, B eltran 11, nah 917
158 AE. 22m m , 5 .2 0 g (52). Axis: var. [ 17]
L IV N IV S ; ju g
L A C IL IV S ; p atera an d lituus Vives 130-3, B eltran 15, nah 920
i . V illaro n g a coll. (B arcelona) 3839 (= nah 917), 2.85; 2. IV D J ( = V ives C O N D V C (or C O N T V C ) M A L L E O L ; open h and, 1.
ϊβ ο -β ), 2.78. II V IR Q V IN Q ; bull, r.
i . B 1 7 4 5 5 (C O N T V C ), 6.28; 2—5. B L ö b b , 27920, 17456, 17135; 6 . Be
3450, 4.46; 7 - 8 . C alico 6/1979, 325 -6 . 6.62, 5.66; 9. C o p 490, 4.37;
L Acilius C. Maecius Ilviri quinq IO. M u 64, 5.60; I I . 0 = AMC 9 5 8 , 5.03; 12. O —AMC 959, 4.45; 13—
15. P 8 1 0 -2 , 5.20, 4.07, 5.47; 16. V 74 (C O N T V Q , 6.00; 17—18. V a t
154 AE. 20 m m , 6.12 g (7). Axis: var. [ i ] 329-3 0 , 5-8 o > 5-751 1 9 -2 2 · L 1187-9, I : 9 0 (false?), 4.73, 4.66, 4.65, 4.50;
2 3 . C alico 11/1978, 230, 6.00; 24—2 6 . B a 14798, 23584-5, 4.86, 5.82, 4.15;
Vives 130-9, B eltran 12, nah 918 27—4 4 . M 8815-22, 8823 ( = V ives 1 30-3), 8 8 2 4 -6 , 8 8 3 1 -5 , S astre 10367
(C O N T f), 5.51, 4.88, 5.03, 5.49, 7.21, 3.69, 3.98, 3.95, 4.45, 5.26, 3.85,
C M A E C IV S Q V IN Q ; vexillum
6-07, 4.25, 4.56, 6.01, 7.21, 5.30, 5.84; 4 5 - 4 6 . B a 30761-2, 5.05, 5.13; 4 7 -
L A C IL IV S II V IR Q V IN Q ; aquila 5 5 . N Y 69222, H S A 11891, 21120-2, 23697, 57272, N ew ell (2), 3.09, 4.96,
i . C alico 6/1979, 330 ( = n a h 918), 6.12; 2. P 780, 5.68; 3. V a t 328, 7.00; 6.65, 5.91, 5.33, 5.18, 5.02, 5.26, 6.70; 5 6 . J o h n s o n coll. (M ilan )
4 . B a 4701, 5.04; 5. M S a s tre 1 0 3 6 9 , 6.47; 6 . IV D J ( = V ives 130-9); 7— (C O N T V C ) (B M ca st), 5.50; 5 7 . n a h 920 (C O N T V C ). F o rgery: 1. M
8. N Y 69222, H S A 21099, 5.72, 6.80; 9. F o rm erly S de C 1173. 8830, 4.63.
Q4 S P A I N : Carthago Nova { 159-168)

159 AE. i6 - i7 m m , 2 .9 4 g (6)· Axis: var. [ 2 ] P R A E : i . B F o x ( = f i t a , pi. V I - 8 ) , 5.89; 2. B I-B , 5.00; 3 . B R au ch ;

Vives 130-4, B eltran 16, nah 921
C O N D [ ] M A L L; h am m er
II [V IR ] Q V IN [Q ]; ro u n d shield
I . P 8 1 3 ( = V ives 130-4), 2.73; a. P 814, 3.10; 3. T izo n coll. (B arcelo n a),
L V illa ro n g a photofile ( = n a h 921), 2.80; 4. M 8836, 3.19; 5. N Y H SA
11886, 2.43; 6 . IV D J ( — S de C 1237); 7. F N M T , 3.39.
Hiberus C Luci P f Ilviri quinq
160 AE. 20 m m , 4.91 g (49). Axis: var.
Vives 130-16, FiTA V I-7 , B eltran 23, g m i 166, n a h 993
H IB E R V S I I V (I) Q V IN (Q ); river-god squirting w ater
from m outh, r.
C L V C I P F I I V (I) Q V IN (Q )
I I V Q V I N Q /I I V Q V IN Q : i . A N E 25/5/1957, 167, 5.95; 2. L 1197
( = S de C 119.7), 4.69; 3—10. M 8960, 8 9 63-5, 8968-9, 8974, S astre 10376,
4-IO, 5.55, 5.87, 4.97, 5.81, 7.15, 5.13, 3.94; i i . P 796, 5.64; 1 2 . P 795,
6.84; 13. V a t 347, 4.30; 14. V 78, 7.20; 15. V ico 5/1983, 52, 4.03;
16. 0 = a m c 961, 3.80; 17. IV D J ( = V ives 130-16); 18. B 17432, 4.71;
19. B 2 7 8 7 3 ( = F i T A , pi. V I - 7 ) , 6.30; I I V Q V IN Q /u n c e rta in : 20. C alico
6/1979. 3 3 4 . 4-42; 2 1 - 2 3 . M 8956-7, 8967, 6.54, 3.71, 5.07; 2 4 . P 794,
7.19; 25. V a t 346, 5.00; I I V I Q V I N /I I V I Q V IN : 2 6 . C alico 11/1978,
253, 4.41; 27. C o p 492, 4.23; 28. M 8 9 7 5 , 4.46; I I V I Q V I N /I I V
Q V IN Q : 29. M 8970, 3.83; U n c e rta in /II V Q V IN Q : 30—32. M 8958,
8971-2, 4 -5 3 , 4-09, 4 -9 4 i 3 3 · V a t 3 4 8 , 4 -3 °l 3 4 - 3 5 - B a 9 5 5 5 , 23961, 5.55,
4.25; U n c e rta in /u n c e rta in : 3 6 . L 1198, 3.50; 3 7 . M 8961, 4.67; 3 8 . P 797,
5.76; 3 9 . V 79, 4.49; 4 0 —4 9 . N Y 69222 (2 specim ens), H S A 21106-10,
23706, 57269, N ew ell, 4.76, 5.96, 4.78, 4.15, 5.00, 5.50, 3.69, 3.94, 3.64,
5.56; 5 0 . C, 2.76.
161 AE. 14 -1 5 m m , 3.52g (1).
4 . C alico 6/1979, 337, 6.32; 5. C o p 491, 7.30; 6 - 8 . P 7 86-7, 789, 4.35,
6.21, 6.07; 9—10. V a t 331 -2 , 6.20, 5.70; i i . L 1193, 5.69; 13—23. M
8988-94, 8996, 8998 -9 , S astre 10354, 10356, 5.13, 5.67, 6.15, 5.87, 4.26,
4-66, 5.38, 5.40, 5.70, 5.13, 5.76, 6.01; 2 4 . B a 4716, 5.46; 2 5 - 3 1 . N Y
69222, H S A 12107, 21103, 572 6 6 -7 , N ew ell (2), 5.71, 4.52, 5.43, 6.19,
4.76, 6.34, 7.18; 3 2 . IV D J ( = V ives 131—1); P R A E F: 3 3 . V alen cia,
A ju n ta m e n t coll.
165 A E. 15m m , 2.76g (7). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
Vives 131-3, B eltran 20
L B E N N IO PR A E F; p alm b ran ch
H IB E R O PR A E F; sim pulum
[ 13 ]
I . C alico 6/1979, 3 3 9 . 2.65; 2 · p 7 9 8 . 3 -2 5 i 3 · p 7 9 9 . 2.25; 4 · L ! I 9 4 =
2.23; 5 * M u seo d e A lb acete 1946, 2.75; 6 - 7 . N Y H S A 12128, 23724, 2.69,
3.50; 8. IV D J (= V ives 131 -3 ), form erly S d e C 1200.
C Helvius Pollio pr Ti Nerone Hiberus praef qui
166 Bronze. 20 m m , 5.40 g (29). Axis: var. [ 8 ]
Vives 130-17, B eltrân 25
C H E L V I P O L L P R T I N E R O N Ë Q V I; bare head (of
T iberius?), r.
H IB E R O PR A E F; sim pulum , securis, aspergillum and
apex
1—2. B 27126, L ö b b , 6.03, —; 3. Bo 224, 5.55; 4 —5. C alico 6/1979, 335~6,
6.90, 5.69; 6—7. O = A MC 962 a n d no n u m b e r, 7.13, 4.66; 8. P 7 9 1 , 5-98;
9 . P 790, 6.75; 1 0 - 1 1 . L 1195-6, 5.38, 6.39; 1 2 - 2 1 . M 897 6 -9 , 8981-6,
4.44, 5.74, 6.22, 3.85, 3.36, 5.24, 6.50, 4.51, 6.43, 4.62; 2 2 - 2 4 . B a 4715,
9563, 14812, 5.20, 6.04, 4.69; 25—3 0 . N Y H S A 21104-5, 2 3 7 TI> 57268,
61223, N ew ell, 3.25, 5.44, 5 4 8 , 4.13, 4.57, 6.31; 3 1 . F N M T ( = V iv es 130-
[ o ] 17). F o r m e tal analysis, see Saguntum 21, 1987-8, 424.

C. G onzalez, gn 66, 1982, 27-30

H IB E R V S II V Q C Var R u f Sex lu i Pol Ilviri q
C L V C [I P F] I I V Q V
167 Bronze. 2 9m m , 12.66g (94). Axis: var. [ 36 ]
r . C. G onzalez, on 66, 1982, 27-30, 3.52, found in V illaricos (A lm eria).
Vives 131-10, i i , B eltran 21-2, gmi 171, nah 992
A V G V S T V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r.
L Bennius praef Imp Caes 0 Varius Hiberus praef Μ C V A R R V F SEX IV L P O L I I V IR Q ; sim pulum ,
Agrip quin aspergillum , securis an d apex
A pex to r.: i . A N E 15-16/1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 173, 11.57; 2—4 . B L ö b b , 27867, I-B ,
162 AE. 20-1 m m , 5.71 g (18). Axis: var. [ 4 ] 13.08, 14 72, 15.21; 5—10. B L ö b b , a.B ,, P fau, 27869, P ro k esch -O sten ,
27868; i i — 13. Bo 218-2 0 , 16.82, 14.70, 16.03; I 4 —1 5 * C alico 6/1979, 3 4 5 -
Vives 131-2, B eltran 18 6, 13.82, 13.30; 16. C o p 509, 10.66; 17. M S V 17/12/1981, 344, 13.52;
18—19. M u 128-9, I 3 -0 2 J 12.43; 2 0 . M i 208, 12.86; 21—22. N 164-5,
L B EN PR A E IM P CAES Q V IN ; b are head (of
12.41, 11.75; 2 3 - 2 5 · 0 = a m c 9 9 1 -3 , 11.60, 12.69, 9.27; 2 6 - 3 4 . P 757-9,
A ugustus?), r. 821, D ’A illy 17471-3, D elep ierre, S de R , 13.44, 13.14, 11-58, 12.37, I0 4 3 >
H IB E R O PR A EF; trophy ΐ 3 ·3 °= Ι 2 ·3 5 , i 3 -5 3 > 9 -6 5 i 3 5 —3 6 . R i6 8 - 9 , 12.60, 11-141 3 7 - 3 8 · T ü b in g en
i . A N E 2 0 -2 1 /5 /1 9 8 6 , 23; 2. B 501/1898, 7.53; 3 . C alico 6/1979, 338 43 - 4 , 12-58, h . 16; 3 9 - 4 0 . V 8 3 -4 , 11.52, 9.41; 4 1 - 4 7 . V a t 333 -9 , 15.20,
( = V ives 131-2), 5.94; 4 . M i 207, 6.49; 5. N 163, 4.76; 6. P 785, 5.22; 15.20, 14.25, 12.75, 12.80, 12.00, 11.20; 4 8 . M ü lle r 17, 2 3 -2 4 /4 /1 9 7 6 , 187,
7. C, 3.85; 8. L 1192, 4.40; 9 . M 9 0 0 6 , 5.30; 1 0 -1 4 . M 9 0 0 9 -1 1, S astre 14.88; 4 9 . P eus 284, 9 -1 0 /1 2 /1 9 7 4 , 7, 10.12; 5 0 - 6 0 . B a 39117, 39109,
I0 3 5 5 , 10383, 4.78, 7.87, 5.38, 5.59, 6.97; 15. B a 14810, 4.35; 1 6 - 1 9 . N Y 30766, 14845, 90789 , 9559 , 4912 , 4711 - 2, 9560 , 33975 , 10.72 , 11.34 , 8 .60 ,
69222, H S A 23708, 57265, N ew ell, 5.36, 5.90, 6.40, 6.77; 20. IV D J, 13 -9 5 = ” - i 4 , 9 -4 4 , 14-41, ! 5 -3 2, 14 -5 7 = IO-9 7 = J 3 -7 5 ; 6 1 - 6 5 . L 1255-9,
form erly S de C 1195. 14.63, 13.04, 10.48, 12.60, 14.33; 6 6 . M 9 2 2 5 ( = V ives 131-10), 13.14;
6 7 - 9 1 . M 9154, 9158, 9160, 9167, 9170, 9175, 9178, 9180, 9185 -6 , 9188-9,
163 AE. 20m m , 5.43g (10). Axis: var. [ 5 ] 9 i9 ! - 3 , 9 i9 8- 200= 920 2 -3 , 9207, 9212, 9215 -6 , 9221, 14.55, 13.17, 11.90,
i i . 19, 13.28, 11.14, n · 1^ 14.03, 11.58, 12.94, 10.62, 11.91, 15.50, 13.64,
Vives 131-4, B eltran 17 11.88, i i . 00, 11.46, 13.79, 12.41, 11.86, 14.84, 12.52, 11.52, 12.32, 10.16;
9 2 —95· C , 14.23, 14.26, 13.60, 13.50; 9 6 . C raco w V II-A 5887, 14.69;
L B EN PR A E IM P CAES Q V IN ; b are head (of
A pex to I.: 9 7 . M 9227 (rev. = V ives 131-11), 11.42; 9 8 . L 126 0 , 14.94;
A ugustus?), r. 9 9 . F o rm erly S d e C 1190; U n k n o w n v ar.: 100—1 01. G 2 -3 , 15.42, 9.06.
Q V A R IO PR A E F; trophy F o r m e tal an aly sis, see Saguntum 21, 1987-8, 424.
i . O = AMc 960, 5.96; 2—4. P 782—4, 6.56, 5.10, 5.44; 5 L 1191, 6.55; 6 — C o u n te rm ark s: U n c e rta in on rev., on 69. E a g le’s h ead r. ( = cm k 4), on the
9 . M 9013, q o i6 , 9017 (= V iv e s 131-4), S astre 10357, 4.69, 5.74, 3.59, obv., on 72.
4.79; 10. N Y N ew ell, 5.88; 11. IV D J, form erly S de C 1196.
168 Bronze. 22m m , 6 .4 2 g (77). Axis: var. [ 22 ]
164 AE. 20-1 m m , 5.66g (30). Axis: var. [ 8 ] Vives 131-12, B eltran 23, gmi 172
Vives 131-1, B eltran 19 As 167
H IB E R O PR A E (F) M A G R IP Q V IN ; b are head (of i . A arh u s 15, 6.21; 2. A N E 15-1 6 /1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 174, 6.17; 3—5. Bo 221-3,
A grippa?), r. 7.83, 6.92, 7.10; 6—i i . B a.B . (2), L ö b b (2), D an n en b erg , Bohl;
12. C alico 6/1979, 347, 8.20; 13. C o p 510, 5.80; 14. M S V 17/12/1981,
L B E N N IO PR A EF; trophy

352, 7.36; 15—19. M i 209-13, 8.23, 7.04, 6.33, 6.24, 5.56; 2 0 . M u 130,
5.30; 2 1 - 2 2 . 0 = a m c 94 4 -5 , 5-70, 6.91; 2 3 - 2 8 . P 760, 760A, 761,
D elep ierre (2), S de R , 6.35, 5.99, 6.10, 6.92, 4.76, 5.58; 29. N 166, 6.61;
3 0 . R 170, 5.33; 31—3 2 . T ü b in g e n 4 5 -6 , 6.49, 6.46; 3 3 . V 85, 6.80; 3 4 —
3 9 . V a t 340-5, 7.30, 7.25, 6.90, 6.15, 5.70, 5.50; 4 0 - 4 1 . G, 6.66, 7.26;
4 2 - 5 1 . B a 4911, 43788, 33976, 14808, 33977, 90770, 4713, 5259, 14807,
4714, 6.65, 6.77, 7.35, 5.92, 4.80, 6.08, 6.27, 6.72, 8.04, 5.73; 5 2 - 5 4 . L
1261-3, 5.50, 8.08, 6.86; 5 5 . M 9 2 6 6 , 5.14; 56—8 3 . M 9232-4, 9236,
923 8 -9 , 9241, 9243, 9245, 9247, 9249-50^ 925&~B> 9262-4, 9268, 9272
( = V ives 131-12), 9279-80, 9282-3, 9286-7, 9290, 6.95, 6.93, 7.23, 5.64,
7.03, 5.88, 7.24, 5.86, 5.39, 6.78, 5.31, 5.57, 4.84, 7.69, 5.90, 5.06, 5.75,
5.15, 6.01, 5.73, 6.88, 8.78, 6.72, 7.01, 6.52, 7.30, 6.46; 8 4 . G 4, 5.12;
8 5 . P rin ceto n 714, 6.02. F orgery: M 9228. F o r m e tal analysis, see Saguntum
2 i, 1987-8, 424.
Cn Atellius Iuba Rex Iubae f Ilviri qu
169 AE. 20m m , 5.81g (54). Axis: var. [ 17]
Vives 130-15, B eltran 28, gmi 165, nah 995
C N A T E L L IV S P O N T I II V Q (V ); apex, securis,
aspergillum an d sim pulum
IV B A R E X IV B A E F I I V Q (V ); crow n o f Isis
I I V Q / I I V Q V : i . L 11 9 9 , 7.46; 2. M u se u A rqueologic d ’Elx, 5.84;
3 . B a 109192, 5.67; 4 . H e rre ro 24/3/1988, 35, 6.95; I I V Q V / I I V Q : 5—
6 . O = AMC 965-6, 6.66, 6.59; 7 - 8 . P 765, 767, 4.05, 6.12; 9 - 1 5 . M 8935,
893 7 -8, 8945, 8947, 8951, 8953, 6.85, 4.49, 5.82, 5.36, 4.72, 4.59, 6.38; I I
V Q V / I I V Q V : 16. C alico 6/1979, 333, 5.62; 1 7 -2 3 . M 8936, 8939-41,
8 9 4 3 > 8954, 8955 ( = V ives 130-15), 4.76, 5.86, 6.02, 6.72, 5.94, 4.74, 5.96;
24—25. B L öbb, 17424; 2 6 - 2 7 . B 79/1904, I-B , 6.03, 6.65; 28. P 766,
6.85; 29. V a t 355, 5.90; 3 0 . C , 4.72; 3 1 - 3 2 . G 5 -6 , 6.82, 5.70; I I V
Q V /u n c e rta in : 3 3 . C op 493, 6.00; 3 4 . L 1201, 4.88; 3 5 . V a t 356, 5.60;
3 6 —4 0 . M 8934, 8942, 8948, 8950, 8952, 6.82, 5.80, 5.57, 6.96, 6.51; 4 1 . B
5661/54, 5.60; U n c e rta in /II V Q : 4 2 . L 1200, 5.76; U n c e rta in /II V Q V :
43 · B 17423; U n k n o w n var.: 4 4 —5 6 . N Y H S A 12050, 21072-8, 23712,
24613, N ew ell (3 specim ens), 7.16, 4.90, 4.87, 5.63, 6.25, 6.08, 4.98, 5.47,
6.29. 5-87> 4 -4 1 , 4-96, 6.48; 5 7 . O , 4.85.
M Postum Albin L Porc Capit Ilviri q
170 Bronze. 27m m , 12.12g (48). Axis: var. [ 12 ]
Vives 131-8, B eltrân 26, gmi 169-70, nah 994
A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r.
M P O S T V M A L B IN L P O R C C A P IT I I V IR Q ; priest
standing, holding sim pulum an d b ran ch
1—3. B 17429, R au c h , 578/1966; 4—6. Bo 225-7, 11.37, 8.76, 10.30;
7. C alico 6/1979, 343, 13.40; 8. C o p 496, 12.22; 9 - 1 1 . N 167-9, Ï 4 -3 7 »
12.72, 11.85; 12. O = AMC 963, 14.18; 13—14. P 762—3, 10.08, 15.54;
15. T ü b in g e n 20, 10.63; *6· V 81, 12.96; 1 7 -1 8 . V a t 349-50, 13.70, 7.90;
19. A N E 25/5/1957, 170 ( = S d e C 1201), 15.85; 2 0 . C , 9.69; 21—23. L
1215-7, 11.67, ΙΟ·2 9 > 10.54; 24. M 9 1 2 4 , 14.95; 25—3 6 . M 9101, 9104,
9109, 9111-3, 9 1 15-6. 9 1 2 1. 9129, 9 : 3 4 . S astre 10385, 13.32, 12.53, 12.71,
' 3 -3 2 . i 3 · ^ . 9 -8 o, 13.63. I 3 -5 1. 8.68, 12.97, 10.47, IQ.i6 ; 37- 39 - B a
14857. 38729, 3 9 τ 4 2, ι° · 2 7 , H - 4 9 . IO-9 6 ; 4 °- IVDJ (= V ives 131-8);
4 1 . G i, 12.35; 4 2 —5 2 . N Y 69222, H S A 21067-8, 23685, 24612, 57237-9,
N ew ell (3 specim ens), 15.45, 12.17, 14.64, 12.18, 8.67, 16.35, 10.21, 11.43,
9.47, 11.98, 14.16; 5 3 . F orm erly S de C 1202. F o r m etal analysis, see
Saguntum 21, 1987-8, 424.
C o u n te rm ark : E ag le’s h ea d r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 53.
171 AE. 22m m , 6.72g (36). Axis: var. [ 9 ]
Vives 131-9, B eltran 27
As 170
1—2. B Fox, Bohl, 6.97, —; 3 . C alico 6/1979, 344, 7.81; 4. N 170, 6.87;
5. 0 = a m c 964, 7.80; 6 . P 7 6 4 , 8.09; 7. V 82, 6.12; 8—i i . V a t 351-4,
7.90, 7.20, 6.80, 6.10; 12—13. C , 7.85, 9.06; 14—15. L 1218-9, 6.71, 6.62;
1 6 - 2 5 . M 9135-9, Θ Η 1, 9 143 - 4 , θ ^ 1, S astre 10377, 6.71, 6.56, 5.82, 4.70,
6.96, 6.02, 6.01, 4.47, 7-02, 6.71; 26. B a 14814, 6.70; 27—35· N Y 69222,
H S A 21069-71, 23684, 57240-1, N ew ell (2 specim ens), 6.77, 5.83, 6.42,
6.72, 6.31, 8.02, 7.00, 5.09, 5.64; 3 6 . IV D J ( = V ives 131-9);
3 7 . P rin ceto n 715, 6.64; 3 8 . Bo 228, 8.02.
S P A IN : Carthago Nova ( 1 6 g -175) 95
C Laetilius Apalus Rex Ptol Ilviri q
172 Bronze. 20m m , 4 .9 8 g (96: 1 *7 2 —3 ) . Axis: var. [ 29 ]
Vives 131-5, B eltran 30, gm i 167, nah 996
A V G V ST V S D IV I F; bare head, r.
C L A E T IL IV S A PA LV S II V Q; diadem (w ith crescent
an d lotus above) enclosing R E X P T O L
W ith o u t crescen t a n d lotus: i —2. B I-B , 8147, 4.50, 6.60; 3—6. B L ö b b
(2), 17419, 27872; 7. Bo 229, 5.72; 8. C alico 6/1979, 3 4 °> 4 -7 9 ; 9 * C o p
494, 5.20; 10. M S V 17/12/1981, 351, 4.25; i i —1 2 . M u 6 5 -6 , 4.80, 4.21;
1 3 - 1 4 . 0 = a m c 9 6 7 -8 , 4.10, 5.71; 1 5 - 1 7 . P 768-70, 4.39, 5.38, 4.41; 1 8 -
20. V a t 3 57-9, 5 4 0 , 5-00, 4.60; 21. L 1 2 0 9 , 6.16; 2 2 —3 1 . L 1202-8,
1210-2, 5.06, 5.88, 5.93, 5.26, 5.41, 4.24, 4.81, 4.93, 5.01, 5.39; 3 2 - 4 8 . M
9OI9, 9021, 9023, 9026, 9031 -2 , 9035, 9041, 904 4 -5 , 9051, 9067, 9070,
9076 -7 , S astre 10358-9, 4.56, 5.37 (p ierced ), 5.22, 5.50, 5.45, 5.02, 6.02,
5.18, 4.70, 5.27, 5.04, 6.28, 4.81, 4.87, 4.88, 5.70, 5.25; 4 9 - 5 1 . C , 5.01,
5.26, 4.96; 5 2 - 5 7 . B a 470 9 -1 0 , 14803-4, 30765, 42825, 4.73, 4.72, 5.14,
6.10, 3.99, 4.51; 5 8 . IV D J ( = V ives 131—5); 5 9 —6 0 . G 7 -8 , 5.28, 4.16;
6 1 . IV D J, form erly S de C 1184; 6 2 —7 8 . N Y H S A 21084, 21079, 23705,
21085, 21080-1, 12140, 57244, 11484, 57243, 24209, 21083, 57242, 21082,
N ew ell (3), 3.92, 4.26, 4.61, 4.74, 4.75, 4.89, 5.02, 5.23, 5.30, 5.31, 5.54,
5 -6 3 j 5 -7 L 5*78, 3.83, 4.36, 6.09; 7 9 . N u m . Circ. 12/1982, 8551; W ith
crescen t a n d lotus: 8 0 . C o p 4 9 5 , 5.85. F orgery: M 9027. F o r m etal
analysis, see Saguntum 21, 1987—8, 424.
173 Bronze. 20m m . See 172. Axis: var. [ 8 ]
Vives 131-6, B eltran 29
As 172, b u t head, 1.
W ith o u t crescen t a n d lotus: 1—3. B D ressel, a.B ., Fox, 4.61, 4.31, 5.18;
4 . C alico 6/1979, 341, 4.56; 5—7. P 7 71-2, S de R , 4.26, 3.17, 4.38; 8 . V a t
360, 4.80; 9. C alico 11/1978, 249, 4.15; 10. L 1 2 1 3 , 4.73; i i · L 1214,
5.48; 12—14. M 9024, 9081 ( = V ives 131-6), 9082, 5.47, 6.85, 5.32; 15—
18. N Y H S A 11504, 24198-9, N ew ell, 4.02, 4.41, 4.25, 4.37; 19. F N M T ,
4.19; 20. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 323, 4.96; W ith
crescen t a n d lotus: 21—2. M 9080, S astre 10379, 4 -° 3 > 3 -9 3 i 2 3 · G 9 (pi.
9 8 -2 ), 6.43. F o r m etal analysis, see Saguntum 21, 1987—8, 424.
P Turullio Ilvir quinq M Postum Albinus Ilvir quinq iter
174 AE. 20m m , 5.29g (14). Axis: var. [ 9 ]
Vives 131-13, B eltran 31, nah 1108
P T V R V L L (IO ) V I N K I I V IR Q V IN (Q V E N );
q u ad rig a walking, r.; in front, vexillum
V I N K M P O S T V A L B IN V S II V IR Q V IN Q IT E R ;
tetrastyle tem ple inscribed A V G V S T O
T V R V L L - u n ce rtain : i . M 9300, 5.88; T V R V L L I - Q V IN : 2. A N E
2 5 /5 Λ 9 5 7 , 179, 4.65; 3. L 1 2 2 5 , 4.62; T V R V L L I - u n ce rtain : 4 . M 9301,
4.35; T V R V L L IO - Q V IN Q V E N : 5 . P 805, 5.84; 6 . V 86, 3.75;
7. IV D J (= V ives 131-13); 8. M S astre 10378, 6.15; T V R V L L IO -
u n ce rtain : 9 . A N E 2 5 -2 6 /1 1 /1 9 7 5 , 22, 6.02; 10. C alico 6/1979, 348, 6.03;
i i . C o p 499, 5.21; 1 2 . 0 , 4 . 0 0 ; 13. B D a n n en b erg ; U n c e rta in -U n c e rta in :
14. L 1224, 6.19; 15—16. B L ö b b , R au c h , 5.75, — ; 17. M 9306, 5.57;
18. IV D J, form erly S de C 1204. C oins 7 a n d 8 s h are th e sam e obv. a n d
rev. dies.
175 AE. 2 0m m , 5.35g (35). Axis: var. [ 19 ]
Vives 131-14, B eltran 32
P T V R V L L (IO ) V (R ) I N K I I V IR Q V IN Q V ;
quadriga, 1.; in front, vexillum
V I N K M P O S T V (M ) A L B IN V (S ) I I V IR
Q V IN Q (V ) IT E R ; tetrastyle tem ple, inscribed
AVG VSTO
T V R V L L V I N K /P O S T V : 1. C , 6.42; T V R V L L V I N K /u n c e rta in :
2. IV D J, form erly S d e C 1211; T V R V L L V R I N K /P O S T V : 3. B
L ö b b ; 4 . L 1222, 5.21; 5. C alico 6 /1979, 349, 5.24; 6 . N 171, 6.42;
T V R V L L V R I N K /u n c e rta in : 7. M 9326, 4.54; 8. P 802, 5.53; 9 . B a
14817, 4.81; T V R V L L I V I N K /P O S T V : 10. B 17465, 5.78; 11. L 1220,
4.66; 12. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 325, 5 .2 1; T V R V L L I
V I N K /u n c e rta in : 13—14. M 9330, 9340, 5.00, 4.94; T V R V L L IO V I N
K /P O S T V M : 15. M u 67, 5.92; 16. P 800, 5.12; U n c e rta in /P O S T V :
g6 S P A IN : Carthago Nova { 176-184)
17. C alico 6/1979, 350, 6.48; 18. O , 4.93; 19—20· P 801, 803, 5.91, 4.93;
31—2 2 . V 87—8, 5.81, 5.05; 2 3 . V a t 363, 5.20; 24—25. B Bohl, L öbb;
26. L 1221, 4.79; 2 7 . C , 5.06; 2 8 - 3 2 . M 9319, 9327, 9331, 9335, 9339,
5.72, 5.25, 5.40, 6.19, 5.70; U n c e rta in /u n c e rta in : 3 3 - 3 4 . Bo 232-3, 5.50,
4.46; 3 5 . C op 497 (Q V IN Q V ), 5.59; 3 6 - 3 7 . V a t 361-2, 6.00, 5.90;
3 8 . C , 4.39; 3 g . G 10 (V R I N K ), 4.38; 4 0 . IV D J ( = V ives 131-14).
T h e sh o rt form A L B IN V occurs on 12-14, 17, 22 a n d 25.
176 AE. 20m m , 5.22g (23). Axis: var. [ g ]
Vives 131-15, B eltran 33, gmi 173
P T V R V L L I(O ) V I N K II V IR Q V IN Q ; quadriga, r.;
in front, vexillum
V I N K M P O S T V (M ) A LB IN V (S) I I V IR Q V IN Q
IT E R ; tetrastyle tem ple inscribed A V G V S T O
T V R V L L I/P O S T V M : 1. M 9345, 5.64; T V R V L L I/u n c e rta in : 2. V a t
364, 4.30; 3. M 9344, 5.40; T V R V L L IO /P O S T V : 4 . B i 7453 > 5 -4 2l
5. C , 5.67; 6 . M 9343, 6.00; T V R V L L IO /P O S T V M : 7. V a t 365, 4.80;
8. L 1223, 5.76; T V R V L L IO /u n c e rta in : 9. F 44, 6.20; 10. O , 4.25
(broken); n . M 9354, 3.67; 12. G 11 (pi. 9 8 -3 ), 5.37;
U n c e rta in /P O S T V : 13. B B ohl, 5.98; 14—17. M 9341, 9346, 9348, 9350,
5.57, 5.12, 4.08, 5.40; U n c e rta in /P O S T V M : 18. P 806, 4.88; 19. M 9355,
4.47; U n c e rta in /u n c e rta in : 2 0 . Bo 231, 5.30; 2 1 . C alico 6/1979, 351, 5.20;
2 2 - 2 3 . P 8 0 7-8, 4.95, 5.70; 24. C , 5.15; 2 5 . IV D J (= V ives 131-15). T h e
sh o rt form A L B IN V occurs on 3, 15 a n d 25.
177 AE. 20 mm , 4.65 g (5). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
Vives 131—16, B eltran 34
P T V R V L L V I N K I I V IR [Q V I]N Q [V E N ];
quadriga, 1.; in front, vexillum
V I N K M P O S T V A L B IN V (S ) II V IR Q V IN [Q
IT E R ]; tetrastyle tem ple inscribed A V G V S T O
I- μ 9352, 4.61; 2. C o p 498, 4.55; 3. B 2 7 8 6 6 , 4.59; 4. M 9357 ( = V ives
Ï 3 1—r6 ), 5 ·9 ο; 5 - ? 804, 3.61.
178 AE. i 5 m m , 2.59g (6)· Axis: var. [ 2 ]
Vives 131-17, B eltran 35
V I N K P T V R V I I V IR Q V IN Q ; vexillum betw een
two fasces
V I N K A L B IN Q V IN IT E R ; lituus, sim pulum and
aspergillum
i . C alico 6/1979, 352, 2.49; 2. L 1226, 2 .1 1; 3. Ba 23589, 2.41; 4 . C,
4.07; 5. M 9 3 6 3 (= V ives 131-17), 2.47; 6. M 9362, 2.01.
Tiberius ____________________________________________
Tiberius, Nero and Drusus
179 AE. 29 mm , 12.4g g (86). Axis: var. [ 35
Vives 132-1, B eltran 36, gmi 174-5, NAH II0 9
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S P M; bare
head, 1.
C V I N G N E R O E T D RV SV S CA ESA RES Q V IN Q ;
confronted heads o f N ero an d D rusus
1—2. A N E 23-2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 8 6 -7 , 11.80, 11.07; 3—4 . A N E 2 6 -27/4/1 9 8 3 ,
28-9; 5—7. B L ö b b , R a u c h , K assel, 14.44, τ3·45, r 3 -5 2l 8—11. B L ö b b ,
2006, a.B ., 17494; 12—16. Bo 235-9, 11-24, 10.00, 10.48, 12.62, 12.95; I 7”
18. C alico 6/1979, 353-4, Γ3 ·6 °> 13.60; I 9 * C o p 500, 12.40; 20. F 45,
13.30; 2 1 - 2 2 . M S V 17/12/1981, 354 ( = n a h 1109 = M M A G 483, 1 1 -
12/1985, 81), 355, 13.40, 12.50; 23. M u 68, 12.54; 24—28. P 815-8, 820,
12.58, 14.78, 13.68, 12.30, 8 .11 ; 29—3 2 . O , 15.42, 11.62, 11.46, i i . 10;
33 - R τ 7 τ , u .0 2 ; 34- 35 · T ü b in g e n 2 1 -2, 13.45, 13-14; 36- 37 - v 8 9-90,
11.68, 11.60; 3 8 —4 6 . V a t 367-75, 14.35, r 3 -7 °> 13-30, 12,90, 12.35, 12.20,
11.50, 11.40, 10.55; 4 7 “ 5 1· V : 3-44. n V 1» ι 6 ·74> : ι ·96> ” ·33; 5 2 - 6 1 . L
1227-36, 13.17, 13.38, 10.64, 12-95, I2 -3°, 8.54, 12.92, 11.45, 'S ·06, 9 ·16;
62. M 9 4 2 2 ( = V ives 132-1), 11.63; 6 3 - 8 4 . M 9364-5, 9368, 9370-1,
9375, 9377-8, 9383, 9387, 9 3 93-5, 9400, 9406-7, 9147-8, 9432, 9434, 9440,
S astre 10388, 13.20, 12.32, 14.09, 13.83, 12.54, 10.65, t3 -3 2, Ι3 ·ΐ6 , 13-Tg,
15 -3 3 » Τ3 · Ι 2 » I2 -8 3 , 14-16, 13.31, 13.79, 17-25» 9-66, 13.10, 10.89, 14-27,
12.60, 12.38; 85—89. B a 14841, 14871, 38120, 39168, 100931, 10.56, 12.39,
11.96, 10.75, I I -4 L 9 ° · G 13, 14.18; 9 1 . IV D J , form erly S de C 1216;
9 2 . A lcoi 1267 ( = cmtm , pl. 2 2 -5 2 ), 10.59; 93 · M ao (= cmtm , pl. 5 2 -4 9 ),
II-57-
C o u n te rm ark s: I-S ( = cm k 52) on th e rev., o n 67, 72, 76, 84, 91. D D
( = cm k 46) on th e rev., on 68 (p ro b ab ly a p p lied in m o d e rn tim es).
M o n o g ram ( = cm k 92) on th e o b v ., on 82. [S ]E ( = cm k 66) (?) on the
rev ., on 83. U n c e rta in letters ( = cm k 98) o n th e obv., on 32.
180 AE. 3 0m m , 14.30g (1). Axis: n (i). [ o ]
Italica 16, 366
As 179, b u t lau reate head
i . V a t 3 6 6 , 14.30. T h e g en eral a p p e a ra n c e o f this coin is u n u su al, b u t
th e re is n o th in g d efin ite to co n d em n it.
181 AE. 22 m m , 6.66 g (40). Axis: var. [ 18]
Vives 132-2, B eltran 37, gmi 176
As 179
i . A N E 2 6 -2 7 /4 /1 9 8 3 , 30; 2—3. B 28257, 8264, 6.90, 6.74; 4 —5. B B ohl,
L ö b b ; 6. Bo 240, 6.05; 7—8. C , 6.50, 6.66; 9 . C alico 6/1979, 355, 10.90;
10. C o p 5 0 1 , 6.95; 1 1 - 1 4 . L 1237-40, 5.36, 6.39, 9.02, 7.09; 1 5 - 2 9 . M
9 4 4 2 - 3 . 9 4 4 5 - 7 . 9 4 4 9 - 5 2 . 9 4 5 8 - 9 . 9460 ( = V ives 132-2), 9463, 9465,
S astre 10390, 7.07, 6.79, 6.39, 6.06, 7.57, 6.64, 6.49, 6.65, 6.81, 7.44, 8.35,
6.24, 6.06, 7.46, 5.95; 3 0 - 3 1 . M u 6 9 -7 0 , 7 .1 1, 4.72; 3 2 - 3 4 . O , 6.59, 6.47,
4-84; 35 - P 819, 7 ·6 9 ; 3 6 · T ü b in g e n 23, 5.23; 3 7 . V 91, 6.75; 3 8 . V a t
3 7 6. 5 -9 °; 39 - 42 · B a 9569, 14822-3, 14830, 5.64, 7.62, 6.19, 6.35;
4 3 . W in te rth u r 37, 4.70.
Tiberius and Caligula
182 AE. 2 7 -3 o m m , 11.74g (4 5 )· Axis: var. [ 17 ]
Vives 132—3, B eltran 38-9, gmi 177-8
T I C A ESA R D IV (I) A V G (V ) F A V G (V S T V ) P M;
lau reate head, 1.
C C A ESA R T I N Q V IN (Q ) IN (or C) V I N K; bare
head, 1.
D IV A V G V F A V G : i . g m i 178, 11.00; D I V I A V G F A V G : 2. C alico
6/1979. 3 5 6 . 12-90; 3 - C alico 11/1978, 263, 9.50; 4 . R 172, 9.95; 5 - 7 . M
9467, 9472, 9481, 12.88, 11.34, 13.02; 8. C o p 5 0 2 , 12.30; D I V I A V G F
A V G V : 9. Bo 241, 10.70; 10. L 1241, 10.08; 11—15. M 9474, 9478-80,
S astre 10395, 14-93» Ι 2 ·92, 11.50, 10.04, ΐ3·4ο; i 6 . B a 9570, 10.80; 17. G
14, 12.10; D I V I A V G F A V G V S : 18. Ο , 7.00; i q . Be 2947, 12.31; 20—
2 2 . B 17430, L ö b b , D an n en b erg , 11.72, 9.54, 9.78; 23—24. Μ 9470
(w ith o u t T I N ), 9471, 13.98, 12.18; 2 5 . IV D J , form erly S de C 1224;
26. P 821 (C ); D I V I A V G V F A V G V S T V : 2 7 . P 822, 10.40; 2 8 . V a t
378, 12.00; 29. M 9475, 9.98; 3 0 . B I-B , 16.27; 3 1 · B 17498; 3 2 · IV D J
( = V ives 132-3); U n c e rta in var.: 3 3 . C alico 6/1979, 357, 12.40; 3 4 —37· L
1242-5, 12.77, 13-417 n .9 5 , 12.88; 3 8 . M u 71, 8.52; 3 9 . P 823, r i . 02;
4 0 . R 173, 10.70; 4 1 . V 92, 13.40; 4 2 - 4 5 . M 9473, 947 6 -7 , 9482
(Q V IN ), 14.04, 10.81, 13.22, 10.go; 4 6 - 4 8 . V a t 377, 379 -8 0 , 12.20, 11.90,
9.70; 4 9 . B a 14847, 14.38.
C o u n te rm ark : SE ( = cm k 66) on th e rev., o n 48.
]
183 AE. 2 0 -4 m m , 6 .5 1 g (15). Axis: var. [ 8 ]
Vives 132-4, B eltrân 40
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V (G V ) (P M ); laureate
head, L; in front, lituus
C C A ESA R T I N Q V IN (Q ) IN V I N K ; b are head, 1.
A V P M /Q V I N : i . L 1246, 7.96; A V P M /Q V I N Q : 2. IV D J , form erly S
de C 1226; A V P M /U n c e rta in : 3. B L ö b b , 5.72; 4 . O , 6.10; 5 . Bo 242,
6.20; 6. M S astre 10392, 7.26; A V G /Q V IN Q : 7. M 9 4 9 0 ( = V ives 132-
4), 8.04; A V G V P M /U n c e rta in : 8. M 9488, 5.88; A V G V P M /Q V IN Q :
9 . B Fox; 10. V a t 381, 6.90; 11—12. M 9491 -2 , 7.11, 5.46; 13. IV D J,
fo rm erly S d e C 1225; A V G V P M /U n c e rta in : 14. M 9485, 6.23; 15. P
824, 6.09; U n c e rta in /Q V IN : 16. B 17500, 4.61; U n c e rta in /u n c e rta in var.:
17. C , 8.36; 18. B a.B .; i g . M 9486, 5.69.
184 A E. i3 - i6 m m , 2.66g (16). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
Vives 132-5, 6, B eltrân 41
T I C A ESA R D IV (I) A V G (V S) F; lau reate head, 1.
C C A ESA R (T I N) Q V IN (Q IN V I N K ); bare head, 1.
D I V A V G F /Q V I N Q N K : 1. C alico 6/1979, 358, 2.63; 2* V 9 3 , 2.95;
D IV A V G F /[ T I N ] Q V I N V I: 3 . M 9495, 1.79; D I V I A V G F /T I N
Q V I N K : 4 . L 1 2 4 7 , i-8 °; 5 . M S astre 10397, 3.15; D I V I A V G V S F /T I

N Q V I N Q K ; 6. A rriols 12/1978, 18, 4.47; 7. P 825, 2.87; 8 - 9 . M 9493,
9496 (] Q V IN Q [), 2.30, 2.61; 10. IV D J ( = V ives 132-5); 11. IV D J,
form erly S de C 1227; D IV I A V G [/T I N Q V IN IN V I N [K ?]:
12. IV D J ( = V ives 332-6), 2.89; U n c e rta in /T I N Q V IN V ; 13. M 9498,
1.72; U n c e rta in /T I N Q V IN Q IN [: 14. M 9499, 2.05;
U n c e rta in /u n c e rta in : 15. V 94, 2.32; 16. M 9494, 1.82; 17—18. B a 4721,
14826, 3.95, 3.24. T h e re a d in g N K on th e rev. o f coins 1 a n d 2 is n o t
ce rtain . 5 a n d 13 h ave on th e obv.: C A D S A R ^zc). F orgery: 19. M S astre
10394, x-5 8·
Caligula________________________________________________
C n A te l F la c C n P o m F la c I lv ir i q
185 C opper. 29 m m , 12.30g (69). Axis: var. [ 22 ]
Vives 132-7 to 10, B eltran 42, gmi 17g, nah 1127
C C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC IM P P M T R P C O S;
laureate head, r.
C N A T E L FLA C C N P O M FLAC II V IR Q V I N C;
head of Salus, r.; SAL-AVG, to 1. an d r.
i . B G a n s a u g e , 12.18; 2—5 . B a.B ., L öbb, 2007, D an n en b erg ; 6 . Be 3892,
13.26; 7—8. Bo 243-4, 11.67, 13.93; 9 · C op 503, 12.81; 10. F 46, 11.75;
ii— 12. M S V 17/12/1981, 361-2, 11.25, J I -3 2> * 3 * M u 72, 16.15; 14. N
172, 11.69; 15—16· O , 12.97, 12.47; 17—2 1 . P 8 2 6-8, D ’A illy 17469,
D elep ierre, 12.59, 14*03, 11.47, 11.71, 10.57; 22—2 3 . ^ ! 74 “ 5 > 13 -7 2s
Ilici
The Colonia Iulia Ilici Augusta (Elx, Alacant) was founded
at an uncertain date during the second Triumvirate or dur­
ing the reign of Augustus, and is located among the import­
ant Iberian settlements in the region of Contestania. Its
coinage has recently been discussed by M. M. Llorens, La
ceca de Ilici, València, 1987; see also M. M. Llorens, Lucentum
VI (1987), pp. 165-81.
There are several problems of attribution. The coin of C.
Salvius and Q. Terentius Montanus (187-8) represents the
first issue and has been attributed to Ilici by the appearance
of the same tria nomina for one of them as for the duovir of
the issue with the temple reverse (192-3). We agree with
the reading MO, on the simpulum, that Delgado (pi. 160—
2) and Hill (p. 100) gave, and this reading can also be
made, without any difficulty, on the L specimen (187/1).
Therefore we consider the reading COS given by P. Beltran
(Obra completa, 1973, pp. 142-5) and by Llorens (pp. 19-20,
96) to be wrong. The coin Μ 11572 (= Vives, p. cxviii-4)
on which their reading is based, seems to us to be a forgery.
Thus, their argument about the relationship between this
coin and M. Aemilius Lepidus, that he founded the colony
in 42 B e , is not valid. Delgado and Hill made use of the
letters MO to attribute the coin to M(unicipium) 0 (si-
cerda); however, it is more plausible to identify them as the
first two letters of the cognomen of the duovir Q. Terentius,
since we know from 188 that he was a Mont(anus). This
issue can be dated after 42 b c , since the reverse copies the
clasped hands from Republican coins of that year (RRC
494/10-12, 41).
Two issues of semisses were struck during Augustus’s
reign. The first (189-91) bears on the obverse the portrait of
S P A IN : Carthago Nova, Ilici {185-186) gy
12.02; 24. V 95, 11.98; 25—3 1 . V a t 3 8 2 -8 , 12.80, 12.70, 11.70, i i . 15,
10.50, 10.60, 10.40; 3 2 - 5 1 . M 9500, 9503, 9507, 9509 -1 2 , 9515 -6 , 9518,
θ δ ? 0“ 1. 9 5 =4 . 9 2 5 6 -8 , 9531, 9535, S astre 10396 a n d 10391, 13.82, 13.00,
12.87, Ι 3 ·5 3 , I I . 00, 12.60, 12.92, 9.42, 13.71, 10.91, I I . 13, 13.42, 12.03,
11.22, 11.43, 14-86, 13.40, 12.37, 1:4-56, 15.18; 5 2 . C alico 6/1979, 36°,
12.70; 53- 57 · L 1248-52, 11.87, : 4-oo, 12.33, 11-26, 13.33; 5 8 . C, 11.46;
cq —64. B a 9571, 14850, 27561, 37088, 38782, 39248, 9.62, 11.69, 12.21,
12.03, 8.54, 16.25; 6 5 . G 15, 10.56; 6 6 - 6 8 IV D J ( = V ives 132-7, 8, 10);
6 9 . C 586, 12.90; 7 0 . Seaby Bulletin 4 /1988, C 164; 7 1 . Seaby B ulletin
7/1981, C 342; 72—7 3 . G iro n a 2 9447-8 ( = c m t m , pi. 7-1 1 1 , 112), 13.57,
9.53; 7 4 —7 8 . A la c a n t ( = c m t m , pi. 4 3 -2 9 8 to 303), 16.20, 12.70, 12.30,
11.80, 10.50, 10.00; 7 9 . N um . Circ. 2/1981, 817; 8 0 —8 1 . F o rm erly S d e C
1231-2. F orgery: P D ’A illy 17470. F o r m etal an aly sis, see Saguntum 21,
1987-8, 424.
C o u n te rm ark s: SE ( = cm k 66) o n 42 (rev .), 81 (obv.). L A ( = cm k 54) on
80 (rev.) a n d 81 (obv.). S (in v erted ) ( = c m k 36) on th e rev., o n 81.
186 AE. 22-3 m m , 5.37 g (23). Axis: var. [ 7 ]
Vives 13 2 -1 1, B eltran 43.
As 185, b u t C N A T E L FLAC C N P O M F L (A )C II V IR
QVINC.
FL C : i . A N E 2 0 -2 1 /5 /1 9 8 6 , 24; 2. P. 829, 5.98; 3. V a t 391, 5.00; 4 —6. M
9546-9, 9551, 4 -5 °. 5·8 1 . 5 ·8 3 ; 7 · <4 6 ·°6; 8 · B a 105841. 5 ·3 6 ; F L A C : 9 . P
830, 5 -7 1; 10. M 9545, 7.50; 1 1 - 1 4 . M 9 5 4 6 - 7 , 9550, S astre 10393, 5 -3 °,
4-90, 5 -9 4 , 4.73; 15· c , 4.89; 16. C alico 6/1979, 361, 6.40; 17. IV D J
( = V ives 132-11); 18. L 1253, 6.90; U n c e rta in v ar.: 19. B L ö b b ; 20. C op
504, 5.02; 2 i . M S V 17/12/1981, 368, 5.20; 2 2 . T ü b in g e n 25, 4.78; 23—
2 4 . V a t 389-90, 4.20, 3.30; 2 5 —26. B a 14824, 105648, 4.93, 5.36.
Augustus, following the ‘Patricia’ model; the reverse has an
eagle and a vexillum between two signa, a clear allusion to
the military origin of the colonists settled in Ilici.
The second issue (192-3) has a similar obverse to the
preceding, but with a different style. The stylistic similari­
ties between the 192 and 167-8, included here under Car­
thago Nova, led Jenkins (ANSMN 8, 1958, pp. 72-4) to
propose his attribution to Ilici (his argument is not
accepted here: see the introduction to Carthago Nova). On
the reverse there is a temple of Juno, whose worship is
recorded in a local inscription (CIL II, 3557). This issue
can be dated after 12 b c from its stylistic similarity with
167-8, on whose reverse the priestly emblems appear, a
probable allusion to Augustus as Pontifex Maximus.
193, with the legend IMP CAESARI DIVI L AVGV-
STO, constitutes with 192 a single issue, with which it
shares the reverse die. The odd use of the dative for the
legend is due to a licence or mistake of the engraver that is
not repeated.
The two issues of Augustus consist of semisses of bronze,
following the metrological standard of an as of 11 g.
189 L M anlius - T Petronius 19 mm, 5 -6 7 g (12)
190 L Manlius - T Petronius 21 mm, 5-56g (53)
■9 1 L M anlius - T Petronius 21 mm, 5 -5 4 g (3 5 )
192-193 Q Papirius - Q Terentius 20—1 mm, 542 g (115)
154-6, which are here included under Carthago Nova,
were attributed by Grant (FIT A 213-14) to Ilici on the
basis of the similarity of the praenomen and nomen of C.
Maecius with the person mentioned on one inscription of
Ilici (CIL II, 3555), and he considered one of them (155) as
a foundation issue of the years 29-28 b c ; however, we
g8 S P A IN : Ilici (187-193)

accept A. Beltran’s view (Numisma 2, 1952, pp. 25-7) here 188 A E. 20 mm . See 187. Axis: 10 (1). [ o ]
as more plausible. Y riarte nh 1953, 4-46, L lorens 1
During Tiberius’s reign. Ilici struck three issues which C SA L V IV S I I V IR ; sim pulum
include higher denominations than the previous issues, thus Q T E R E N T M O N T II V IR ; clasped hands
involving a considerable increase in output. The chrono­ i . F N M T ( = Y ria rte nh 1953, 4 -4 6 ), 7.85; 2. M 11574 ( = L lorens ta ),
logical arrangement of these three issues is based on the 5 -7 1·
iconographical model followed by Tiberius’s portrait
(Llorens, pp. 14-15, 85-6) and on the re-use of one die of Augustus
the altar issue (196) for the two togate figures issue (198).
The interpretation of the reverse designs on the fourth L Manlius T Petronius Ilviri, after 19 BC (?)
and fifth issues does not present many problems, since the
eagle and the signa (194) allude to the veterans settled in 189 AE. i 9 m m , 5.67 g (12). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
the colony and the altar, with SAL-AVG, presumably to Vives 133-1, Llorens 3-7
Livia (196-7). The togate figures on the sixth issue have A V G V S T V S D IV I F; b are head, r.
been identified by Grant (APT 90 and 99) and R. Etienne C C IL A L M A N L IO T P E T R O N II V IR ; aquila and
(Le Culte Impérial, p. 426) as Germanicus and Drusus and by vexillum betw een two signa
P. Beltran (Obra completa, 1973, pp. 138-9) and Llorens as i . Μ 1 1 3 5 7 ( = V ives 133-1 = L lo ren s 5a), 9.84; 2—13. See L lorens 3-7
(except 5a).
Tiberius and Sejanus. An identification of the figures as
Germanicus and Drusus would mean a date earlier than a d 190 A E. 21 m m , 5 .5 6 g (53). Axis: var. [ 15 ]
19, but as we believe it to be the last issue of the mint, we Vives 133-2, Llorens 16-36, gmi 1016
cannot accept this identification. We therefore consider A V G V S T V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r.
other identifications more likely: Nero and Drusus, Tiberius C C IL A L M A N L IO T P E T R O (N IO ) II V IR ; aquila
and Sejanus or Tiberius and Caligula. Another possibility, a n d vexillum betw een two signa
suggested to us by S. Price, is that the two togate figures P E T R O : 1—4 . See L lorens 34-5; 5. B G an sau g e; P E T R O N : 6. M S a s tre
stand for the cities of Ilici and Icosium. 6 8 1 1 ( = L lo ren s 21a), 7.01; 7—4 2 . See L lorens 17-29 (except 21a), 31-3,
36; 4 3 —4 4 . V a t 440, 442, 6.05, 4.10; 4 5 —4 7 . B B ohl (2), 8272; 4 8 . L
Tiberius’s coinages have a slightly heavier metrological 1268, 5.62; 4 9 . C 647, 5.18; P E T R O N I: 5 0 - 5 3 . See L lorens 30;
standard; in every case the metal struck is copper, reflecting P E T R O N IO : 5 4 —5 6 . See L lo ren s 16; P E T R O (N IO ): 5 7 . C o p 506, 4.51;
the monetary reform of Augustus. 5 8 . M i 238, 6.11; 5 9 . N 198, 6.42.

As Semis 191 A E. 21 m m , 5 .5 4 g (36). Axis: var. [ 14 ]

29-30mm, 11.6 0 g (39) Vives 133-3, Llorens 8-15, nah 997
194
195 23 mm, 6.49 g (9) A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, 1.
196 28m m , I2.05g (14.8) C C IL A L M A N L IO T P E T R O N (IO ) I I V IR ; aquila
07 21 mm, 5.62 g (38) a n d vexillum betw een two signa
198 28-9m m , 11.84g (81)
P E T R O N : 1—2 7 . See L lorens 8 -1 3 ; 28. B 28256; 29. C 646, 6.06;
09 21 mm, 5.96g (45)
P E T R O N IO : 3 0 . P 8 4 0 ( = L lorens 14b), 7.06; 3 1 —3 6 . See L lorens 14-15
(except L lorens 14b); 3 7 . B a.B .; 3 8 . C , 5.05; P E T R O N (IO ): 3 9 . L 1266,
The supposed dupondius (P 850, 21.15 g = Vives 133-9) 5.89; 4 0 . C 645, 5.72; 4 1 . G, 5.19 (pierced).
with altar on the reverse is a cast. The obverse has possibly
been taken from an authentic coin (the countermark on the
obverse was, of course, on the original), whereas the reverse 0 Papirius Car Q Terentius Montanus Ilviri, after 12
seems a design engraved in modern times. This is the only BC (?)
coin known of this denomination and we doubt whether a
192 Bronze. 2 1m m , 5.42g (115: 1 9 2 —3 ) . Axis: var. [ 25 ]
genuine prototype ever existed.
The coin of Ilici for Caligula, which Etienne (op. cit., p. Vives 133-4, Llorens 37-41 an d 43-67, nah 998, gmi 1017
436) published as new, does not exist and is the result of a A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r. __
confusion in which the photograph of an obverse of Car­ C I IL A Q P A P IR C A R Q T E R (E ) M O N T II V IR Q;
thago Nova (185) was joined with a reverse of Ilici (196). tetrastyle tem ple, inscribed IV N O N I on architrave
T E R : i —5 4 . See L lorens 46-67; 5 5 . C o p 507, 5.14; 5 6 . V a t 447, 4.10;
5 7 . B L ö b b , B ohl, 27880; 5 8 . C alico 11/1978, 555, 5.14; 5 9 —6 1 . G 1-3,
6.82, 4.93, 4.10; T E R E : 6 2 . L 1271 ( = L lorens 4 0 -0 ), 5.87; 6 3 —1 0 9 . See
L lorens 37-41 (except 4 0 -0 ), 4 3 -5 ; π ο - i n . B R au c h , D an n en b erg ;
1 1 2 . C 643, 5.09; T E R (E ): 113. C o p 508, 4.71; 1 1 4 . N 200, 5.47;
Triumvir al period (?) 1 1 5 . T ü b in g e n 42, 4.83; 116—1 17. V a t 446, 448, 5.10, 4.10; 118—1 20. B
Gansaug-e, B ohl, 9410; i 2 i . C , 5.92; 122. P rin ceto n 722, 4.92. F o r m etal
analysis, see L lorens, p. 62.
<2 , Terentius Montanus C Salvius Ilviri
193 A E. 20 mm . See 192. Axis: 5 (2). [ 1 ]
187 AE. 20 m m , 6.26 g (14: 1 8 7 - 8 ). Axis: var. [ 2 ] Vives 133-5, Llorens 42
Vives, p. cxviii-4, H ill 18-6, Llorens 2, nah 922 IM P C A E SA R I D IV I F A V G V S T O ; lau reate head, r.
Q T E R E N T IV S II V IR ; sim pulum , inscribed M O C I IL A Q P A P IR C A R Q T E R E M O N T I I V IR Q;
C SA LV IV S I I V IR ; clasped hands tetrastyle tem ple, inscribed IV N O N I on architrave
i. L
1 2 5 4 ( — H ill 18-6 = L lorens 2c), 5.90; 2 —1 0 . See L lorens 2b, d —
j; i . P 8 3 8 ( = L lorens 42b), 6.40; 2. M 11462 ( = V ives 133-5 = L lorens
i iB 27122, 7.20; 1 2 . M useo de A lbacete 1950, 5.28. F orgery: i . M
. 42a), 5.28; 3 . IV D J, form erly S de C 1628. C oins 1-3 s h are th e sam e obv.
11572 (—V ives, p. cxviii-4). a n d rev. dies. T h e rev. die is sh ared w ith L lorens 43 ( = 192).

Tiberius
T Coelius Proculus M Aemilius Severus Ilviri quin
194 AE. 29-30 mm , 11.60 g (39). Axis: var.
Vives 133-6, 8, Llorens 68-79, NAH u i o , gmi 1018
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S P M ; b are
head, 1.
C (or Q ) I I A T C O E L IV S P R O C V L V S M
A E M IL IV S SE V E R V S (Q ); aquila betw een two signa
C I I A T C O E L IV S P R O C V L V S M A E M IL IV S S E V E R V S Q : i -
25. See L lorens 6 8 -70, 72-6, 78-9; 26. IV D J, form erly S de C 1635; 2 7 -
28. C 6 5 4-5, 8.97, 13.02; Q I I A T C O E L IV S P R O C V L V S M
A E M IL IV S S E V E R V S : 2 9 . M 1 1 4 6 8 ( = V ives 1 3 3 -6 = L lorens 77a),
14.26; 30—4 1 . See L lorens 71, 77 (except 77a); 4 2 . V a t 452, 10.50; 4 3 . B
Bohl.
195 AE. 23m m , 6.4gg (9). Axis: var.
Vives 133-7, Llorens 80-2
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S P M ; bare
head, 1.
Q I I A T C O E L IV S P R O C V L V S M A E M IL IV S
SEV ER V S; aquila betw een two signa
1—7. See L lorens 80 -2 ; 8. B G a n s a u g e ; 9 . O , 4.66; 10. N u m ism a tic a A rs
C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 420, 5.46.
M Iulius Settal L Sestius Celer Ilviri
196 C opper. 28m m , 12.05g (148). Axis: var.
Vives 133-10, Llorens 83-134, nah h i i , gmi 1019
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V S T V S P M ; bare
head, 1.
C I I A M IV L IV S S E T T A L L S E S T I C E L (E R ) I I
V IR ; a lta r inscribed SAL A V G
C E L : i . M 1 1 4 8 8 ( = L lorens 88a), 14.05; 2—18. See L lorens 83-92
(except 88a); C E L E R : 19—145. See L lorens 93—134; 146—147. Bo 293-4,
11.40, 11.70; 1 4 8 . C op 512, 11.60; 149. N 203, 10.39; J 5 °· P D ’A illy
17480, 13.09; 151—152. B G an sau g e, 17131, 13.40, 11.87; 153—15 6 . B
L ö b b , R au c h , Fox, G an sau g e; 15 7 . G 4 (pi. 98—7), 14.75; 158. C 2726,
The coinage of Arse-Saguntum has been discussed by Vil-
laronga = L. Villaronga, Las monedas de Arse-Saguntum,
Barcelona, 1967; his arrangement for the Republican period
has been criticised by P. Marchetti, Histoire monétaire de la
deuxième guerre punique, Brussels, 1978, pp. 386-99. The Latin
coins of Tiberius have been the subject of a full die study by
M. M. Llorens and P. P. Ripollès, Homenatge a Chabret,
València, 1989, pp. 155-206 = Llorens-Ripollès.
Saguntum began its coinage at the end of the third cen­
tury B G , when the city was still named with the Iberian
ethnic Arse. Until c. 140-130 b c , when an important typo­
logical and metrological change took place, several issues of
silver and bronze with Iberian legend follow one another.
The city, after c. 120 b c , chose new types and adopted a new
metrology taken from Republican bronze coinage. From
then, the only connection with the Iberian world is the
Iberian script used on the first issues. However, the Latin
ethnic Saguntum quickly appeared, for the first time, and it
soon supplanted the Iberian Arse. These issues and those
which were struck during the first century b c , invariably
bear a Roma head on the obverse and a prow on the reverse.
S P A IN : Ilici, Saguntum (194-199) gg
11.66; 159. C , ro.89; C E L (E R ): 1 60. N 202, 11.54. F o r m etal analysis,
see L lorens, p. 62.
C o u n te rm ark s: SE ( = cm k 66) o n th e obv. a n d S (in v erted ) ( = cm k 36) on
the rev., on L lorens 95b a n d 96c.
[ 10 ] 197 AE. 2 1 m m , 5.62 g (38). Axis: var. [ 12 ]
Vives 133—11, Llorens 135-9, GMI 1020
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G P M ; bare head, 1.
C I I A M IV L S E T T A L L S E S T I C E L E R II V IR ;
a lta r inscribed SAL A V G
i . Μ 1 1 5 2 5 ( = V ives 13 3 - 1 1 = L lorens 136c), 6.42; 2—4 0 . See L lorens
135-9 (except 136c); 4 1 . T ü b in g en 50, 4.35; 4 2 —4 4 . B B ohl, L ö b b ,
D an n en b erg ; 4 5 . IV D J, form erly S d e C 1631; 4 6 —4 7 . C 6 5 0 -1 , 5.63,
5-78.
L Terentius Longus L Papirius Avitus Ilviri
[ 4 ] 198 C opper. 2 8 -g m m , 11.84g (8 1)· Axis: var. [ 25 ]
Vives 133-13, Llorens 140-68, nah i i 12, gmi 1021
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G (V S T V S ) P M ; bare
head, 1.
C I I A L T E R L O N L PA P A V IT II V IR Q; two
togate figures standing w ith h an d s clasped over altar,
below IV N C T IO
A V G : i . B a 100938, 10.34; 2. V 1 7 0 ( = L lorens 152a), 10.59; 3 —74. See
L lo ren s 142-68 (except 152a); 7 5 . K la g 15, 13.48; 7 6 . P D ’A illy 17481,
10.57; 77” 79 · V a t 4 6 5 -7 , 11.60, 11.20, 10.30; 8 0 —8 5 . B R au ch ,
D an n en b erg , L ö b b (2), G an sau g e, 17463; 8 6 . G 5, 9.86; 87—8 8 . C 648—9,
10.07, 13 4 2 ; A V G V S T V S : 8 9 - 9 2 . See L lo ren s 140-1. T h e fo u r specim ens
[ 30 ] s h are th e sam e obv. die, w h ich is also u sed in issue 1 9 6 ( = L lo ren s 8 3 -4 ).
F o r m etal an aly sis, see L lorens, p. 62.
199 AE. 21 m m , 5.96g (45). Axis: var. [ 16 ]
Vives 133-12, Llorens 169-78, gmi 1022
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G P M ; b are head, 1.
C I I A L T E R L O N L PA P A V IT I I V IR Q ; vexillum
betw een two aquilae
i . L 1 2 8 7 ( = L lorens 172b), 5.44; 2—4 4 . See L lo ren s 169-78 (except
172b); 4 5 . C o p 516, 6.68; 4 6 - 5 0 . B B ohl, R au c h , a.B ., 2355/1952, L ö b b ;
5 1 - 5 3 . C 6 5 2 -3 , 2727, 5.76, 5.82, 5.94.
Saguntum
The arrangement and chronology of the Roma/prow
issues are partly uncertain and some of them could be quite
late, as Vives proposed (vol. IV, p. 11). There is, however,
a lack of evidence to support this view, except for 2 0 0 . This
issue, which maintains the typology of the coinage struck
after c. 1 2 0 b c , alludes to Saguntum’s new legal status on its
legend (M SAG). This must have been granted after 56 b c -
we know from Cicero (pro Balbo IX, 2 3 ) that in that year the
city was still a civitas foederata - and before 4 / 3 b c , since in
that year must be dated an inscription dedicated to
Augustus by the municipes Saguntini (CIL II, 3 8 2 7 ; F.
Beltrân, Epigrafia latina de Saguntumy su territorium, València,
1 9 8 0 , no. 1 0 ) . F. Beltrân proposed the years 4 0 - 3 0 b c as the
most probable date for the obtaining of municipal status, on
the grounds that the issue’s average weight is higher than
the one established by Augustus in his monetary reform.
This argument, however, is not very strong, since this
reform was not, in fact, very rapidly followed by Roman
provincial coinage of Spain. Nevertheless, a date such as
that proposed by F. Beltran is possible.
On the other hand, J. N. Bonneville (La epigrafia
romana, Guia de los monumentos romanos de Castillo y Sagunto,
València, 1988, pp. 133-44) has recently proposed a date of
8-7 B C for the municipal grant, and this too is also possible.
The fact that the city retains its late Republican types on
the municipal issue is not unparalleled, since it also hap­
pens on Emporiae’s issues, for which a recent study
attributes the grant of municipal status to Augustus’s reign
(J. M. Pena, Fonaments 7, 1988, pp. 11-45).
It seems improbable that 149-50, 160-4 and 483 belong
to this city, as proposed by Grant (FITA 158-64), and the
arguments of A. Beltran (I Congreso Nacional de Arqueologia,
1949, pp. 291-4; Numisma 2, 1952, pp. 20-4) have been
accepted as more convincing. Besides, we can add that the
coins are absent from local finds and local private
collections.
The last issue of this city was minted during Tiberius’s
reign. This issue still poses some problems. There is one
typological innovation, since the portrait of Tiberius with
its usual legend is chosen for the obverse of all the denomi­
nations. The galley is introduced, also a novelty, copying
Antony’s denarii (RRC 544).
The denomination of 201 is still uncertain, since we do
not know its metal. Nevertheless, its average weight - a
little higher than 202 - its different reverse type and the
head looking left suggest that it could be a dupondius.
201 30m m, 13.03g (6)
202 27m m, I2.03g (104)
203 21-2 mm, 5.50 g (6)
204 19-21 mm, 6.05 g (24)
All these coins together form a single issue, even though
they were minted by two different sets of magistrates and
magistracies (Ilviri and aediles). We could consider the
semis minted by the aediles (204) as the continuation of the
issue started by the Ilviri. This is suggested by the fact that
the semis 203 is very scarce and was struck with a single
pair of dies, whose obverse was re-used for the semisses
coined by the aediles L. Aemilius and M. Baebius (204/17).
One can take the view that the coinage of the aediles was
minted to complete the issue.
More than 80% of the asses of this issue (202) were
countermarked, though countermarks do not appear on the
other denominations. The countermarks known are M u n i­
cipium) S(aguntum), CR, of uncertain meaning (Guadân
LXII, proposes to read GPR and expands it as Genius
Populi Romani) and D(ecreto) D(ecurionum). The
countermark DD is the latest and appears over MS and GR.
The order in which MS and CR were applied remains
uncertain.
Late first century (Augustus?)
L S e m p r o n i u s V e tt u s L F a b iu s P o s t
200 Bronze. 29m m , 14.31g (13). Axis: var.
Vives 18 - 6 , H ill 2 3 -3 , V illaronga 99, gmi
M SAG L S E M P R V E T T O ; head of R om a in w inged
helm et, r.
L FA B I P O S T ; prow r.; N ike above; in front, caduceus
i . L 5 5 5 ( = H ill 2 3 -3 ), 16.50; 2—10. See V illaro n g a 99 (except L ); 11. P
616, 9.25; 12—13. R . P etit, Las cecas Valencianas, V alè n cia, 1981, 44 an d
44a, 17.59, 14.70. F orgery: 1. B a 30710. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis o n coin
Tiberius
L S e m p r o n iu s G e m in u s L V a le r iu s S u r a I l v i r i
201 A E. 30m m , 13.03g (6). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
Vives 124-1, V illaronga 112, gmi 210, nah 1105, L lorens-
Ripollès I - i , pp. 176-8
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V S (T ); bare head, 1.
L S E M P G E M IN (O ) L V A L E R SVRA; prow r., SAG
a n d V ictory above an d I I V IR on r.
A V G F A V G V S : 1. C , 9.85; 2. F 59, 13.60; 3 . M 12485 (G E M IN ),
14.72; A V G F A V G V S T : 4 . C alico 6/1979, 9 7 > 14-00; 5 · M 1 2 4 8 3
( = V ives Γ24-1), 13.25; U n c e rta in var.: 6. P 622, 12.78.
202 Bronze. 27m m , 12.03g (104). Axis: var. [ 30 ]
Vives 124-3, H ill, 24-1, V illaronga 113, g m i 21 i , 213-14,
n a h 1106, L lorens-R ipollès I-2 , pp. 178-90
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G (F) A V G (V S); bare head, r.
L S E M P G E M IN (O ) L V A L SV RA II V IR ; galley r.,
SAG above
A V G A V G : 1. V id a l V alle coll. (V alèn cia) ( = V ives 124-3 = S de C
1731 = R. P etit, Las cecas Valencianas, V alèn cia, 1981, 57), 11.95; 2 · -Μ­
ι 2499, 11.07. B o th sh are th e sam e obv. a n d rev. dies. A V G F A V G :
3 . A N E 2 6 -2 7 /4 /1 9 8 3 , 11 ; 4 . A N E 6 -7 /6 /1 9 8 4 , 93, 12.35; 5 —'8« C , 10.45
(F A V G ), 14.05, 12.67, Ι 2 ·5 2; 9 · C alico 6/1979, 98, 11.50; 10—1 2. L 5 5 7 -
q, 13.8q, 13.40, 12.07; 13. M i 242, 0.2^; 14—15. M u 155 (F A V G ), 156,
12.55, 13.46; 16. M S V 17/12/1981, 83 (F A V G ), 10.05; * 7 * O , 11-63;
18—2 i . P 618 (F A V G ), 6 19-20, D elep ierre, 11.04, 11-63, 13-95, 12.95;
22—23. R 206, 208 (F A V G ), 12.10, 10.80; 24. T iib in g e n , 60, 12.42;
25. V 200 ( = H ill 24—1), 14.63; 26—3 0 . B F ox, R au c h , L ö b b (2), 106/1972
(G E M IN ), 14.75, ! 3 -3 7 > n * io , 15.53,-; 3 1 —48- M 12494, 12496___
(G E M IN ), 12497-8, 12500, 12502-3, 12504 (F A V G ), 12506 (F A V G ),
12507-8, 12510, 12 5 12 -3 , 12540 (F A V G ), 12541, 12543, S astre 6897,
i i . 14, 12.23, 11.78, 11.76, 11.17, 12.70, 11-64, ΐ3 · ο ι, τ3·03, ΐ3·56, 10.32,
10.27, 15.77, 13 *3 5 ? ΙΟ·98, 10.39, 10.97, ι ΐ · ΐ 6 ; 4 9 * C alico 6/19793 100 (F
A V G ), 9.76; 5 ° - 5 9 · B a 4 5 _9 4 > 4598, 9731, 15085-6, 15088 (F A V G ),
23875. 3 3 9 6 4 , 73845 (F A V G ), 109213 (F A V G ), 11.51, 9 ^ 2 , 10.49, 12.95,
11.20, 12.48, 16.20, i i . 16, 11.60, 13.74; 6 0 . C o p 517 (F A V G ), 12.95;
6 1 . V id al V alle coll. (V alèn cia) ( = R. P etit, Las cecas Valencianas, V alèn cia,
1981, 61), 11.90; A V G F A V G V : 6 2 . C alico 6/1979, 99, 12.30; 6 3 —6 5 . L
5 6 0 -1 , 563, 13.08, 12.85, i2 -69; 6 6 . M S V 17/12/1981, 82, 11.00; 6 7 . O ,
10.70; 6 8 . R 205, 12.30; 6 9 . V 199, 16.70; 7 0 —8 4 . M 12512-8, 12520
(C A E S A R ), 12521-6, 12533, Γ5 ·7 7 > n - 3 5 , n '2 7 ; 11*87, ” -6o, 11.59,
Ii-o o , 10.75, IO-4 4 > 10.37, IO-3 2= 9-997 9 *9 9 , 9 ·20, 10.56; 8 5 - 8 8 . B a 4595,
15 ° 15 , 3 0 7 15 , 100908, 14.98, 12.97, 11.15, 11-63; 8 9 . A. M . G u a d â n , La
moneda îbérica, M a d rid , 1980, 211 (C A E S A R ), 12.10; g o . s a g u n tu m 12,
1977, 248, i (C A E S A R ), 12.80; A V G F A V G V S: 9 1 . C alico 6/1979, I0 1 ,
12.30; 9 2 . L 562, 8.76; 9 3 . P 6 1 7 , 13.65; 9 4 . P 621, 13.19; 9 5 —9 6 . M
12527, 12542, 11.63, 9*88; 9 7 . B a 30714, 8.08; A V G F A V G (V S ):
9 8 . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 28, 12.95; 9 9 · B ° 3O I5 13.30; IO °· R 207, 14.30;
101. V a t 473, 10.80; 102. B D ressel, 11.80; 103—1 04. M 12493, S astre
6880, 10.98, 12.36; 1 05. N 208, 10.97; 106—107. B a 4596, 9733, 13.18,
12.93. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis o n coin 12.
C o u n te rm ark s: D D ( = cm k 47) o n th e rev., o n 1—3, 5 -1 5 , 17-21, 22 (on
IM IS ), 23, 25 (on [M IS ), 26-9 , 31-4 , 36, 38-9 , 4 1 -2 , 4 4 -4 9 , 51-5 3 , 55-8,
60, 61 (on C R ), 6 2 -4 , 65 (on [M ]S ), 66 (on M [S ]), 67, 69, 7 1 -3 , 74 (on
M S ), 7 5 -6 , 78-8 1 , 83, 8 5 -8 , 90, 94, 97-1 0 4 , 106-7. M -S ( = c m k 56) on
th e rev., o n 10, 22 ([M ]S ), 25 ([M ]S ), 65 ([M ]S ), 66 (M [S ]); 74, 82. C R
( = cm k 45) o n th e rev ., on 34, 44, 56, 61 (below D D ), 71, 81, 107.
U n c e rta in o n th e rev., o n 37, 40, 54, 77.
203 AE. 21-2 m m , 5.50 g (6). Axis: var. [ 1 ]
[ 2 ] H eiss 28-23, Vives, vol. IV , 12, no. 3, V illaronga 114,
L lorens-R ipollès I-3 , pp. 190-1
201
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A VG ; bare head, r.
L SE G E M IN O L V A L SV RA II V IR ; galley, SAG
above

I . C alico 6/1979, I0 2 . 5-92; 2 -4 · M I 2 5 4 9 - 5 C 4 -7 9 , 5 ·3 8, 6.09; 5 · p 6 2 3 >
4.87; 6. B a 4597, 5-93; 7 · F o rm erly S de C 1735. C oins 1-7 s h are the
sam e obv. a n d rev. dies.
L A e m iliu s M a x u m u s M B a e b iu s S o b r in u s a e d
204 AE. 19-21 m m , 6.05 g (24)· Axis: var. [ 8 ]
Vives 124-2, 4, H ill 24-3, V illaronga 115, gmi 212, nah
1107, L lorens-R ipollès II , pp. 192-4
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F AVG; b are head, r. ___
L A E (M ) M A X (V M O ) M B A EB (I) S O B R I(N O ) AED;
galley, SAG above
Ilercavonia-Dertosa
The municipium Hibera Iulia Dertosa Ilercavonia
(Tortosa) minted two issues. The first consists of two
denominations, a unit and half, both of them with the
legend MVN HIBERA IVLIA ILERCAVONIA. The unit
(205) bears a galley on the obverse and a river boat on the
reverse. The half, known only through one specimen (206),
has a galley on the obverse and a dolphin and a rudder on
the reverse. The choice of these marine designs is explained
by its important geographical situation at the mouth of the
river Ebro.
The date of this issue is disputed, since there is no clear
evidence for it. Vives (IV, p. 17) and Hill (p. 75) thought
that it was minted during the last years of Augustus’s reign
because of the typological similarity with the following issue
coined in Tiberius’s reign. On the other hand, Grant {FITA
158, APT 156) considered that it could be an issue celebrat­
ing the constitutio of the municipium, that he attributes to C.
Calvisius Sabinus or to T. Statilius Taurus, and he dated it
between 30 and 28 b c .
Nevertheless, the fact that the 77% of known coins bear
the ear countermark (a similar percentage to the following
issue), applied during Tiberius’s or Caligula’s reign, means
that not much time had passed between the production of
the issue and the application of the countermark: otherwise,
the countermark could hardly have been applied on such a
huge proportion of the coins. Vives’s and Hill’s chronology,
therefore, seems more probable, and the end of Augustus’s
reign seems a plausible date for the issue (205-6).
The metrological standard used in this issue departs from
the pattern of 1 0 -iig , followed by the vast majority of
Spain’s mints during Augustus’s period. However, the
maintenance of this standard during Tiberius’s reign - a bit
more reduced —and its use in Tarraco suggest that this
issue follows a local standard; therefore the coins could be
considered as asses and semisses.
As Semis
205 25m m, 8.90g (22)
206 20m m, 4.57 g (1)
The second and last issue of this municipium, which now
adds the name DERTOSA to the legend, was minted in
Tiberius’s reign. It also consists of two denominations, a
unit and a half, bearing the same previous marine designs.
For the first time, the portrait of Tiberius is introduced on
the unit, and its style was dated by Grant (APT 156) to the
S P A IN : Saguntum, Ilercavonia-Dertosa (204-206) 101
L A E M M A X V M O M B A EB S O B R IN O A E D : 1 - 3 . B Bohl,
D an n en b erg , L ö b b , 5.97, 6.24, 5.76; 4 . Bo 302, 6.35; 5 . C (T I C A E S A R
[A V G ] F A V G ), 3.74; 6. L 5 6 4 ( = H ill 24 - 3 ), 5 .71; 7. P 624 (A V G F
A V G ), 5.52; 8—14. M 12486, 12489 (A V G F A V G ), 12490 ( —V ives 124-
^ _ i 2 4 9 i - 2 , 7.24, 7.40, 6.96, 6.97, 6.72, 6.12, 6.04; 15. B a 23880, 5.79; L
A E M M A X V M B A EB S O B R I A E D : 16—18. M 12545, 12546 (A V G F
A V G ), S astre 6900, 4.74, 5.82, 6.04; L A E M A X M B A E B I S O B R IN O
A E D : 19. M 1 2 5 4 7 ( = V ives 124-4) (A V G F A V G ), 6.30; 2 0 . M 12548,
7.36; 2 1 . P 625 (A V [G F A V ]G ), 5.41; 2 2 . B a 4599, 5.72; 23. R . P etit,
L a s cecas Valemianas, V alen cia, 1981, 65, 5.80; U n c e rta in var.: 24. O , 5.38.
C o in 17 sh ares its obv. die w ith 2 0 3 /1 -7 .
middle of his reign. This issue has been considered by
Grant {APT 24) as the fiftieth anniversary issue of founda­
tion of the municipium; but this is not very convincing since
the foundation date proposed by him is not certain.
The fact that until now the existence of 206 was unknown
(it could be a coin as Delgado III, p. 259, no. 3, pi.
CXLVI-3) explains why in studies and catalogues the half
(209) was considered to belong to the same issue as the unit
(205) (Vives, IV, p. 17; Grant, FIT A 158; M. and F.
Beltran, Numisma 162-4, : 98o, Ρ· : 3 )i in fact the fraction
209 must be dated to Tiberius’s reign.
The metrological standard of this issue is lighter than the
previous one and confirms, in imperial times, the
peculiarity of the weight pattern, whose denominations
could be an as and a semis.
As Semis
207-208 23-5 mm, 7.91 g (58)
209 i8 -i9 m m , 3.92g (3)
The units of this issue were also widely countermarked,
since the ear countermark was applied on 73% of known
coins. The similarity of the percentages of coins counter-
marked in both issues supports, to a certain extent, the view
previously expressed that both issues were minted in close
succession.
Uncertain date (reign o f Augustus?)2056
205 Bronze. 2 5m m , 8.90g (22). Axis: var. [ 7 ]
Vives 125-1, 2, H ill ii - ι , nah 939, gmi 818-9
M V N H IB E R A IV L IA ; galley, 1. or r.
IL E R C A V O N IA ; river boat, r.
G alley L: 1 - 2 . C alico 6/1979, 8 2 7 -8, 8.45, 10.15; 3 ~ 5 · P 203 -5 , 10.15,
7.64, 8.90; 6. V a t 436 (IL E R C A V O N IQ , 9.40; 7. B F o x ( = H ill n - i ) ,
10.54; 8 - 1 3 . B a 4665 (IL E R C A V O N IQ , 9768, 14998, 23793, 3 3 9 2 3 ,
105853, 9·58 , 9-64. 5·55, 9·05, 8 ·ο6, 6.56; 1 4 - 1 6 . L 327 -9 , 8.87, 8.22,
7.575 ΐ 7 “ Ι 8 · Μ Ι Ι 3 3 Ι ( = V ives 125-1), 113 3 3 > Ι 2 ·4 4 > 8.22; Ι 9 · M u seu
A rq u eo lô g ic de T a rra g o n a , 2647, 10.19; 20. N 194, 8.66; G alley r.: 2 1 . Μ
S a s tr e 67505 9 ·2 5 ί 2 2 · N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 413, 8.68.
F o rg ery (?): i . B R au ch . Q u alitativ e m e tal an alysis on coin 14.
C o u n te rm ark : E a r ( = c m k 7) on th e rev., o n 1-2, 4—5, 7-14, 17-21.
206 AE. 2 0 m m , 4 .5 7 g (1). Axis: 7 ( 1 ) . [ o ]
M V N H IB E R A IV L IA ; galley, 1.
IL E R C A V O N IA ; dolphin, ru d d e r above
i . L V illa r o n g a c o ll. ( = C ru safo n t et a lii , H istoria de la moneda catalana,
B arcelo n a, 1986, p. 137), 4-57-
 53 · C o p 533, 7.31; 5 4 . P 209, 7.28; 5 5 . V 163, 7.56; 5 6 - 5 9 . B a 9770,
Tiberius 23796, 23798, 26652, 9.20, 8.46, 9.00, 8.59; 6 0 . L 332, 9.58; 6 1 . C 631,
7.88. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis o n coin 60.
207 Bronze. 23-502111, 7.91g (58: 207—8). Axis: var. [ 23 ] C o u n te rm ark s: E a r ( = c m k 7) o n th e rev., on 1-6, 9 -1 2 , 15—19, 2 1 -7 , 29,
32-4 1 , 4 3 -4 , 4 6 -5 1 , 5 3 -4 , 5 6 -7 , 60. P ( = cm k 32) on th e rev., o n 52.
Vives 125-4, N AH i 0 7 5 j g m i 820
T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
208 AE. 23 m m . See %οη. Axis: 7 (1). [ o ]
r. Vives 173-7, H ill 11-3
D E R T M H I IL E R C A V O N I(A ); galley, 1. As 207, b u t head 1.
IL E R C A V O N I: i . A N E 6 -7 /6 /1 9 8 4 , 51, 8.65; 2. C alico 6/1979, 829, i . V ives 173-7 (from an c ie n t coll. J . M ellad o ); 2. V Q R 8 2 9 (= H ill 11-3)
7.50; 3 . P 207, 8.31; 4 . B I-B , 6.84; 5 - 9 . B a 4668, 23799, 3 3 9 2 4 > 3 9 i 6 i > (IL E R C A V [); 3 . Μ 11355 (IL E R C A V [), 6.56.
109205, 6.77, 6.76, 7.21, 8.94, 7.66; 10. L 331, 9.69; i i . Μ 1 1 3 4 7 C o u n te rm ark : E a r ( = cm k 7) o n th e rev., o n 2.
( = V iv e s 125-4), 9.03; 12—14. Μ 11335, 11337-8, 8.82, 9.13, 7.51: 15. C,
8.89; 1 6 - 1 7 . C 6 2 9 -3 0 , 6.67, 8.18; IL E R C A V O N IA : 18. Bo 287, 6.96; 209 A E. i8 - i9 m m , 3.92g (3). Axis: var. [ 1 ]
19. C alico 6/1979, 830, 6.45; 2 0 . C op 532, 9.38; 21—22. P 206, 208, 7.93,
7.84; 2 3 . V 162, 8.18; 24. V a t 437, 7.70; 25—28. L öbb, 17443, R au ch , Vives 125-3, H ill 11-2, gmi 821
Fox; 29—4 0 . B a 4667, 4669, 15000-1, 15003, 23794, 23797, 27520, 30421, D E R T M H IV L IA ; river b oat, r.
30433, 30869, 33925, 7.86, 8.23, 9.82, 8.36, 8.02, 8.43, 6.82, 8.28, 7.24,
7.77, 7.00, 8.40; 4 1 . L 333, 7.59; 4 2 - 4 5 . M 11353, S astre 6746-8, 7.00,
IL E R C A V O N IA ; ru d d er, dolphin an d anchor
9.42, 8.46, 6.86; 4 6 . N iQ5, 7.65; 47—4 0 . O , 7.14, 5.87, 7.65; 50—κ ι . C, i . V Q R 8 2 6 ( = H ill 1 1-2); 2. L 330, 3.30; 3 . N Y 24362, 3.39; 4 . M
7.75, 7.12; 5 2 . S chulten 2 -4 /6 /1 9 8 2 , 555, 7.50; IL E R C A V O N I (A): 113 3 4 (= V ives 125-3 — GMI 821), 5.08. F orgery: 1. M S V 17/12/1981, 575.

T arraco
The Colonia Iulia Urbs Triumphalis Tarraco was founded As S e m is Q u a d ra n s

either during Caesar’s dominate or during the Triumvirate. 210 24m m , 7 . 6 6 g (62)
Issues with the Iberian legend Tarakonsalir (L. Villaronga, 21 I 1 6 -1 7 m m , 4 - 2 3 g (39)
Faventia, io ( 1 9 8 8 ) , pp. 1 4 3 - 5 2 and Kese (L. Villaronga, Les 212 1 6 -1 7 m m , 3-99 g (15)
213 18 m m , 4 - o 6 g (4 )
monedes ibériques de Tarraco, Tarragona, 1 9 8 3 ) have been 214 15 m m , 2 . 3 0 g (8)
attributed to this city. They cover a long period from the 215 23-4111111, 8 . i o g ( 7 1 )
end of the third century b c to the beginning of the first 216 15—1 6 m m , 3 . 3 6 g ( 8 )
century b g , and they include silver issues. 217 1 3 —1 4 m m , 2 . 2 4 g (3)

Coinages from the imperial period have no iconographie
or metrological connection with previous issues from the
Iberian period. They appear during the later part of
Augustus’s reign, even though the colony was founded
before and had become the capital of Citerior in c. 2 7 b g .
These imperial issues have been studied by L. Villaronga
(QT 1 9 7 7 , pp. 1 3 9 - 5 6 ) = Villaronga.
Tarraco struck only during Augustus’s and Tiberius’s
reign; its importance as a city that initiated and spread the
imperial cult is reflected on its coin types. The Augustan
coinage consists of two issues. The first ( 2 1 0 - 1 4 ) , with a
date post quern of 2 b g , is especially dedicated to the Caesars
Gaius and Lucius. On the asses, the confronted heads of
both Caesars appear associated with Augustus, whereas on
the semisses they appear with the unusual legend
CAESARES GEMINI and with a design copied from Lug-
dunum aurei and denarii (J. B. Giard, Le monnayage de
Isatelier de Lyon, Wetteren, 1 9 8 3 , pp. 4 2 - 3 ; RTC 2 0 7 , 2 0 9 ) .
We have attributed to this issue the fraction 2 1 4 because of
the similarity of its ethnic with that of 211.
The second issue ( 2 1 5 - 1 7 ) , whose asses have Augustus
on the obverse and Tiberius on the reverse, can be dated
after Tiberius’s adoption in a d 4 . R. Etienne (Le Culte
Impérial, p. 3 9 9 ) suggests that this coin type could be an
echo of the official issue dated to a d 1 0 - 1 2 (RIC 4 6 9 ) . On
the basis of the form of the ethnic we have included the rest
of the denominations, although this association is not
absolutely certain.
Both issues were minted in bronze and may correspond
to three denominations: as, semis and quadrans. This is so,
in spite of their metrological standard, which is lower than
normal at the time for most Spanish mints and for imperial
issues.
Vives 169-10 (= Villaronga 9) is not considered an offi­
cial issue from Tarraco, because the dies are barbarous
(local imitations) (pi. 16/217a). The description of this type
is as follows:
AE. 11 m m , 1.83 g ( I0 )· Axis: var.
Vives 169-10, V illaronga 9, n ah 951
T V; bull, r.
C A I D (or C A I B); in field
1 - 2 . B a 19793, 3 3 9 : 3 , r.47, 2.30; 3 - 5 . gT 1978, i8 o , 1.20, 1.24, 1.82; 6 -
9. See V illaro n g a 9; i o . M 12716 ( = V ives 169-10), 2.87. C oins 3, 7 and
10 s h are th e sam e obv. die.
Nevertheless, this type has typological similarities with
other coins of Tarraco, and Tarraco is the only mint to
which it could be attributed. Hill (p. 48) proposed that the
legend on this coin was simply a mistake. If that is the case,
the best option would be to consider the coins of this type as
imitations of 214, though other interpretations are also
possible (L. Villaronga, QT 1977, p. 143; QT 1978, p. 180).
Soon after Tiberius’s accession and probably coinciding
with the beginning of the building of the temple dedicated
to Augustus’s cult (Tacitus, Ann. I, 78, permission granted
in a d 15), three series of sestertii were minted. L. Vil­
laronga, on the basis of the reverse, argued that these coina­
ges were contemporary (QT 1977, p. 142), but without
sufficient evidence.
Two of the types are dedicated to Augustus. The first has
the legend DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER and radiate head,
and the second has the legend DEO AVGVSTO and
Augustus seated left. The third one is minted in Tiberius’s
name and with his laureate head. These three series use the
same reverse types, altar, temple and oak wreath; they were
probably inspired by the altar (R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial,
 S P A I N : Tarraco (a 10-214) /03

pp. 367fr.) and by the temple that the city dedicated to types on 224 as the realisation of the project; this fits per­
Augustus. 228-31 could form part of this series, although fectly with the late date at which we consider it was struck.
this is difficult to prove. Afterwards two more issues were coined depicting mem­
224, whose metallic composition is not known, differs bers of the imperial family associated with Tiberius, who is
typologically from 222, because it does not have the Victory always placed on the obverse. The first one, with Drusus
on globe held in Augustus’s right hand, because he is seated and Germanicus, must be dated before a d 19 and the
on a curule chair and because the podium of the temple has a second one, with Livia and Drusus, because of the mention
different design. These differences, as well as its lower of the ribunician power of Drusus, must be dated between
weight, have led us to separate it from 222, though we still a d 22 and 23.

do not know its composition. Villaronga considered it a The average weight, which is still lower than normal, and
bronze dupondius. In the catalogue, this coin has been the metal analysis reveal that the denominations minted in
placed next to the group bearing the legend DEO AVGV- Tarraco during Tiberius’s reign may be sestertii of brass
STO; however, we are not certain that it was struck with (218-23, 225-7), dupondii (?) (224), asses of bronze (228-
them. It must be dated after a d 22, the date of the model 30, 232-3) and semisses (231): see table below.
copied by the obverse (RIC48, a d 21-2). It is quite possible A number of modern forgeries have been detected,
that D. E. Woods ( Classica et Iberia, Festschrift Joseph M.-F. especially of 218 and 224, and it is probable that others not
Marique, SJ., ed. P.T. Brannan, S.J., 1975, pp. 345-54) is identified as forgeries have been included, since some speci­
right when he considers the temple and Augustus’s statue mens are in very bad condition.
on coins 219 and 221-3 as future projects and the same
Sestertius Dupondius As Semis
218 34mm, 23.96g (18)
219 34m m, 22.67g ( χ6)
220 32—4m m , 22.38g (4)
221 32-4 mm, 24.48 g (6)
222 34m m, 22.41 g (11)
223 34m m, 22.03g (2)
224 29-30mm, 17.90g (55)
225 30-5 mm, 22.02 g (19)
226 34m m, 25.41 g (7)
227 3 2 -4 mm, 23.91g (5)
228-230 24-6 mm. 8.93 g (93)
231 17 -1 8 mm, 4.74g (42)
232 21-4 mm. 8-i8g (55)
233 22-4 mm. 7.96g (112)

V illaro n g a 4; L 217, w h ich belongs to V illaro n g a 3, a n d L 218); 3 5 —3 6 . B

Reign o f Augustus B ohl (G E M IN I), L ö b b ; 3 7 —4 0 . M 12695, 12697—8, 12700, 3.50, 4.46,
3.85, 4.03; 4 1 . IV D J ( = V ives 169-2); 4 2 . O = amc 999, 3.81. Forgery:
ï . M S astre 6969. M eta l an alysis on coin 11: C u 84.50; P b 0.080; Sn
Augustus, Gaius and Lucius, after 2 BC 13.15; A g 0.050; Fe 0.070; Sb 0.130; N i 0.010; B i 0.002; Z n 0.020.
210 Bronze. 24m m , 7.66g (62). Axis: var. [ 13 ] 212 AE. i6 - i7 m m , 3-99g (75)· Axis: var. [ 4 ]
Vives 169-11, H ill 5 -5, V illaronga 1, n ah 952 Vives 169-1, V illaronga 3
IM P CAES A V G T R P O T P O N M A X P P; lau reate CA ESA RES G E M IN I; stan d in g figures o f G aius and
head, r. Lucius
C V T C L CAES A V G F; facing heads of G aius and C V T T A R R ; bull, r.
Lucius
i . B a 30376, 3.54; 2. P 171, 5.05; 3—9. See V illaro n g a 3 (except
1 - 1 5 . B a 4621-3, 4765, 15102, 15105, 23905, 23907, 27535, 27541. 3 ° 3 8 4 . C o p en h a g en , sng C o p 523 a n d L 218, th a t b elong to V illaro n g a 2); 10. O ,
30904. 33922, 100935, 105684, 7.71, 8.85, 7.63, 8.27, 6.74, 9.18, 7.66, 8.30, 4.16; i i —14. M 12691-4, 4.87, 5.68, 4.49, 3.31; 15. IV D J ( = V ives 169-
6.59, 7.85, 7.74, 7.88, 8.12, 8.70, 6.23; 16. C o p 524, 6.51; 17—19. L 220-1, 1); 16. L 217, 3.18.
222 ( = H ill 5 -5 ), 7.19, 6.79, 5 -3 7 ; 2 0 —2 1 . O = AMC i o o o - i , 8.50, 7.48;
2 2 . P 175, 8.80; 23. P 174, 7.40; 2 4 . V 222, 7.59; 25—5 4 . See V illaro n g a 213 AE. 18m m , 4 .0 6 g (4). Axis: var. [ o ]
1; 55—5 7 . B L öbb, R au c h , a.B .; 58—6 4 . Μ 12721-4, 12726, 12729, S astre
6963, 9.26, 7.37, 7.10, 7.26, 8 .1 1, 7.39, 8.84; 6 5 . IV D J ( = V iv e s 169-11);
Vives 169-4, V illaronga 4
66 . C 701, 7.91. Som etim es th e S o f C A E S on th e obv. is in v e rted as on CA ESA RES G E M IN I; stan d in g figures of G aius and
coin 18. M eta l analysis on coin 17: C u 91.50; P b 0.70; Sn 6.62; A g 0.019;
Lucius holding shields betw een them
Fe 0.050; Sb 0.080; N i 0.040; A u 0.040; Bi 0.005.
C V T T A R R ; bull, 1.
i . B a 9796, 4.98; 2. M u se u A rqu eo lo g ic d e T a rra g o n a 1988 ( = q t 1978,
211 Bronze, r i - q m m , 4 .2 3 g (39). Axis: var. [ 9 ] 179), 4 -2 2 ; 3· μ 1 2 7 0 2 ( = V ives 169-4), 3.99; 4 . M 12703, 3.05;
Vives 169-2, 3, H ill 5 -4 , gmi 407, V illaronga 2, nah 954 5. IV D J , form erly S de C 1858.

C A ESA R(ES) G E M (IN I); stan d in g figures of G aius and 214 AE. 15m m , 2.30g (8). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
Lucius, holding shields betw een them
Vives 169-7, GMI 408, V illaronga 7
C V T T A R (R ); bull, r.
ï . A N E 6 -7 /6 /1 9 8 4 , 101, 4.72; 2. A N E 29-3 0 /1 0 /1 9 8 5 , 173, 4.32; 3 —6 . B a
TA R ; bull, r.
9 7 9 5 , i 5 10 7_ 8 , 30378, 3 -3 7 , 4 -2 ' , 3 -9 9 , 5 -° 2 ; 7 · Bo 3 m , 4 -2 7 ; 8. C o p 523,
C V T; w ithin w reath
4.05; 9. P 172, 4.71; ί ο . V 226, 4.20; i i . L 2 1 8 ( = H ill 5 -4 = FiTA 7 -1 9 ), 1—8. See V illaro n g a 7; 9. Μ 12714, 1.87; 10. M u s e o d e l P r a d o (B M
4.81; 12—3 4 . See V illaro n g a 2 (except M A T 1388, w hich belongs to cast); i i . IV D J , form erly S de C 1855.
A u g u s tu s a n d T ib e r iu s , AD 4 -1 4 221 AE. 32-4 m m , 24.48 g (6). Axis: var. [ o ]
Vives 170-4, V illaronga 13
215 AE. 2 3 -4 m m , 8.10g (71). Axis: var. [ 20 ]
D E O A V G V S T O ; D ivus A ugustus seated, 1., on throne,
Vives 169-12, GMi 409, V illaronga 5, nah 953
holding V ictory on globe w ith r. h a n d an d long sceptre
IM P CAES A V G T R P O T P O N M A X P P; lau reate w ith 1.
head, r. C V T T; a lta r w ith palm
T I C A E SA R C V T ; b are head, r. i . F 61, 26.90; 2. P u ig M u se u m (P erp ig n a n ), 24.00; 3 . See V illaro n g a 13
1 - 1 3 . B a 9798, 15098, 15100-1, 23912, 26664, 27558-9, 28952, 30420, (except P u ig M .); 4. M 1 2 7 5 6 , 24.72; 5. M 1 2 7 5 5 , 23.86; 6. F o rm erly S
3 3 9 16, 33918, 100943, 6.60, 8.10. 7.88, 9.09, 6.81, 9.12, 7.05, 7.28, 8.56, de C 1863; 7. IV D J ( = V ives 170-4); 8. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -
6 - 4 5 . 9 -4 2 , 9-28, 7.90; 14. C op 525, 7.44; 1 5 -1 7 . L 223-5, 9 -8 4 . 9 -0 7 » 30/3 /1 9 8 9 , 528, 24.86.
8.03; 18. N 213, 7.05; 19—2 0 . O = AMC 1002-3, 9.02, 7.41; 21—25. P 176-
9 a n d D elep ierre, 9.58, 8.24, 9.08, 9.50 a n d 7.22; 26—28. V 223-5, 8 4 8 , 222 Brass. 34 m m , 22.41g (11). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
7.52, 7.15; 29—5 6 . See V illa ro n g a 5; 57—5 9 . B Bohl, a.B ., R au c h ; 6 0 . M
1 2 7 36, 10.61; 61—6 9 . M 12730—i, 12737—8, 12741, 12745, 12747-8, S astre
Vives 170-6, H ill 5-6, V illaronga 14, nah 1050
6965, 7.08, 6.54, 9.63, 7.44, 8.71, 7.60, 8.37, 8.62, 8.91; 7 0 - 7 1 . G 1-2, D E O A V G V S T O ; D ivus A ugustus seated, 1., on throne,
8.06, 8.48; 72. IV D J ( = V ives 169-12); 7 3 . C , 8.20; 74—7 5 . C 702-3,
holding V ictory on globe w ith r. h a n d an d long sceptre
7 - 7 5 , 7 -9 7 ; 7 6 · N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 29-3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 527, 10.23.
w ith 1.
216 AE. 15—16m m , 3.36 g (8). Axis: var. [ 4 ] C V T T A E T E R N IT A T IS A V G V ST A E ; octastyle
Vives 169-6, 9, H ill 5-3, V illaronga 6, nah 955 tem ple
Bull, r. i . B a 4620, 19.41; 2. M u 177, 17.55; 3 · N 215, 24.14; 4 . P 183, 20.06;
5 . R 216, 22.30; 6. L 2 4 1 ( = H ill 5 -6 ), 24.05; 7—8. See V illaro n g a 14
C V T; w ithin w reath (ex cep t L 241); 9—10. M 12757-8, 20.93, 26.16; 11. S chw eizerischer
1 - 2 . B a 23913, 31440, 1.70, 3.30; 3. P 169 ( — H ill 5 -3 ), 4.39; 4 - 6 . See B an k v erein 2 9 /1/1987, 21, 23.50; 12. IV D J ( = V ives 170-6). F orgery: M
V illaro n g a 6; 7—8. B 28767, Bohl, 4.89, 2.51; 9 . Μ 12713 ( = V ives 169- 12759. M e ta l an alysis o n coin 6: C u 77.20; P b 0.080; A g 0.030; Fe 0.060;
6), 3.38; 10. IV D J (= V ives 169-9). F orgery: 1. M S astre 6971. Sb 0.200; Bi 0.003; Z n 22.95.

217 AE. 13-1411101, 2.24g (3)· Axis: var. [ o ] 223 Brass. 34 m m , 22.03g (2). Axis: 5 (1). [ 1 ]
Vives 169-8, V illaronga 8 Vives 170-5, V illaronga 15
C V T; bull, r. D E O A V G V S T O ; D ivus A ugustus seated, 1., on throne,
C V T; w ithin w reath holding V ictory on globe w ith r. h an d an d long sceptre
Ï —3. B a 4638, 33912, 33914, i . 91, 2.27, 2.53; 4 . M u s e o d e l P r a d o (B M w ith 1.
cast = V ives 169-8); 5. B M ca st ‘A 5. C V T T; w ithin w reath
i . L 2 4 3 ( = V illaro n g a 15), 22.82; 2. IV D J ( —V ives 1 70-5), 21.25. M eta l
an alysis on coin i: C u 77.50; Pb 0.040; A g 0.031; Fe 0.040; Sb 0.140; Ni
0. 001; Bi 0.003; Z n 22.82.
Reign o f Tiberius

D i v u s A u g u s tu s , a f te r AD 15 A fte r AD 2 1 -2

218 Brass. 34m m , 23.96g (18). Axis: var. [ 6 ] 224 AE. 29-33 m m , r 7 -9 ° g ( 5 5 )· Axis: var. [ 11 ]
Vives 170-1, GMi 410, V illaronga 10, nah 1048 Vives 171-1, GMi 412, V illaronga 16, n ah 1051
D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A TE R ; rad iate head, 1. D E O A V G V S T O ; D ivus A ugustus seated, L, on curule
C V T T; a lta r w ith p alm chair, holding p a te ra w ith r. h a n d a n d long sceptre w ith 1.
i . Bo 3 1 1, 23.32; 2. N 214, 16.95; 3 · F 180, 24.67; 4 . P 181, 25.92; 5— C V T T A E T E R N IT A T IS A V G V ST A E ; octastyle
6. O , 23.89, 24.60; 7. R 215, 25.21; 8. V 235, 25.10; 9—15. See V illaro n g a tem ple
10; 16—18. M 12749-51, 25.34, 24.09, 23.02; 19. IV D J (= V iv e s 170-1);
1 - 4 . B a 4619, 9800, 15096, 33917, 15.94, 20.44, 16.99, 16.18; 5· Bo 312,
20. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 529, 19.77. Forgeries: 1. B
17.91; 6. P 184, 18.05; 7 · V 237, 13.16; 8—4 2 . See V illaro n g a 16; 4 3 . B
L ö b b, 24.16; 2—3 . B a 4617, 9799. M eta l analysis on coin L 239: C u 75.00;
8 3 9 2 , 22.03; 44 —46· B a.B ., L ö b b , B ohl; 4 7 —5 6 . Μ 12760-2, 12766,
P b 0.400; Sn 0.220; A g 0.040; F e 0.190; S b 0.130; N i 0.010; Bi 0.003; Z n
12767 (A V G V S T A E ), 12771-4, 12834, 16.33, 24.70, 15.78, 27.31, 20.79,
22.07
16.93, 15-68, 18.67, 16.02, 15.54; 5 7 . Ο , 17.70; 5 8. IV D J ( = V ives 171-
219 AE. 34m m , 22.67g (16). Axis: var. [ 6 ] 0 ; 59 · G, 15-38. F orgeries: 1—2. B a 15097, 26629; 3. Ο , 12.89; 4—5 · Μ
S astre 6959~6ο.
Vives 170-3, V illaronga 11, nah 1047
D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A T E R ; rad iate head, 1.
C V T T A E T E R N IT A T IS A V G V ST A E ; octastyle T ib e r iu s , a f te r AD i j

tem ple 225 Brass. 30-5 m m , 22.02 g (19). Axis: var. [ 5 ]

I . Ba 13816, 20.98; 2. P 182, 21.19; 3 · V 236, 24.10; 4—14. See
V illaro n g a 11; 15—16. O , 24.60, 23.89; 17. M 12753, 22.35; Vives 171-2, H ill 5-8, V illaronga 17, nah 1074
18. S chw eizerischer B ankverein 29/1/1987, 20, 23.60; 19. IV D J ( = V ives T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
'70-3)· 1.
220 Brass. 32-4111111, 22.38g (4). Axis: var. [ 1 ] C V T T; a lta r w ith palm
Vives 170-2, H ill 5-7, V illaronga 12, nah 1049 i . Bo 313, 19.32; 2. F 62, 19.25; 3. K la g 29, 25.23; 4 . M M A G ι 8 -
19/9/1985, 235, 21.18; 5. N 216, 16.99; 6. P 2 0 0 , 23.65; 7. P 199, 20.62;
D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A TE R ; rad iate head, 1. 8—16. See V illaro n g a 17; 17. B Fox, 24.98; 18—19. M 12775-6, 21.10,
C V T T ; w ithin w reath 23.36; 20. IV D J , form erly S de C 1869. M e ta l an alysis on coin L 245: C u
79.00; Pb 0.070; Sn 0.210; A g 0.040; Fe 0.180; Sb 0.005; Ni 0.001; Bi
1—3. See V illaro n g a 12; 4 . M 12752 ( = V ives 170-2), 24.46; 5. N a v ille
0.003; Z n 20.95.
X V ( — H ill 5 -7 ) (B M ca st). M eta l analysis on coin L 240: C u 76.00; P b
0.020; A g 0.040; Fe 0.130; Sb 0.050; N i 0.001; Bi 0.003; Z n 22.49.

226 AE. 34m m , 25.41g (7). Axis: var.
Vives 171-4, V illaronga 18, nah 35
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
1.
C V T T A E T E R N IT A T IS A V G V ST A E ; octastyle
tem ple
i . P 20 1 , 18.40; 2. P 202, 22.03; 3—6. See V illa ro n g a 18;
7. S chw eizerischer B ankverein 29/1/1987, 22, 24.25; 8. IV D J ( = V ives
171-4).
227 Brass. 32-4111111, 23.91g (5). Axis: var.
Vives 171-3, V illaronga ig
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; laureate head,
1.
C V T T ; w ithin w reath
i . K la g 30, 25.32; 2. L 2 4 6 ( = V ives 171-3), 24.62; 3 - 5 . See V illaro n g a
19 (except L 246); 6. B B ohl (broken); 7. F o rm erly S de C 1871. M eta l
analysis on coin 2: C u 78.50; P b 0.030; S n 0.180; A g 0.030; Fe 0.090; Sb
0.090; N i 0.010; Bi 0.003; Z n 22.90.
T ib e r iu s a n d D i v u s A u g u s tu s , a f te r AD iß
228 Bronze. 24-5 m m , 8.93 g (9 3 : 238—30). Axis: var.
Vives 171-5, GMi 413, V illaronga 2 o a-b , nah 1052
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
r.
D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A T E R C (V) T T (AR) ; rad iate
head, r.
C T T : 1—3. B a 4 6 26-7, 38386, 11.04, 9 -o i, 8.19; 4—5. M 12796, S astre
6962, 7.33, 9.38; 6. N 217, 7.92; 7. P 190, 13.69; 8—13. See V illaro n g a
20a; 14. C , 6.86; C V T T A R : 15—17. B a.B ., L öbb, D ressel; 18—27.
4624-5, 9804-5, 15092-4, 23910, 30387, 100940, 8.91, 12.16, 9.98, 7.04,
9.03, 8.93, 11.38, 6.89, 9.92, 10.31; 2 8 . Bo 314, 7.45; 2 9 - 3 3 . M 12 7 7 9 ,
12784, 12790, 12793, 12795, 8.36, 8.33, i i . 17, h . 81, 8.13; 3 4 . M S V
17/12/1981, 1243, 8.40; 3 5 . M u 179, 7.63; 3 6 . N 218, 7.56; 3 7 . O , 8.99;
3 8—3 9 . P 187-8, 8.84, 7.96; 40—4 1 . R 218-9, 7.30, 7.80; 4 2 —4 3 . V 227-8,
10.32, 9.12; 4 4 —59· See V illaro n g a 20b; 6 0 . G 3, 9.22; 6 1 . IV D J
(= V ives 171-5); C (V) T T (A R ): 62—6 3 . B L ö b b , B ohl; 6 4 . Bo 315,
6.03; 6 5 . C o p 526, 8.77; 6 6 - 6 8 . M 12781, 12783, 12791, 8.85, 9.52, 8.42;
6 9 . M u 178, 7.13; 7 0 . R 217, 8.10; 71—9 4 . See V illaro n g a 20 a o r b
(in d e term in ate ); 9 5 . C 705, 6.82; 9 6 - 9 7 . C , 8.56, 8.26. M eta l analy sis on
coin L 226: C u 83.50; P b 4.38; S n 8.06; A g 0.060; F e 0.020; S b 0.180; Ni
0.040; A s 0.170; Bi 0.008. O n coin L 228: C u 79.37; P b 10.91; Sn 9.43; A g
0. 090; F e 0.210; N i 0.760; A s 0.210; Bi 0.004.
C o u n te rm ark : D -D ( = cm k 46) on th e rev., on 17.
229 . AE. 24m m . See gs8 . Axis: var.
Vives 171-6, V illaronga 21
T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
1.
D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A T E R C T T ; rad iate head, r.
i . P 19 1, 10-45; 2· See V illaro n g a 21 (= gn 16, 1970, 23); 3 . M 13 7 9 7 ,
10.85.
230 AE. 26m m . See 228. Axis: 6 (2).
QT 1978, 180
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
r.
D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A [T E R C T ] T ; rad iate head, 1.
i . B a 1 5 0 9 1 , 9.17; 2. QT 1978, 180, 9.00.
The city of Emporiae had a long history of minting before it
obtained municipal status. In this city, when it was the
Greek colony of Emporion, small silver fractions (P. P.
Ripollès, AN 15, 1985, pp. 47-64; Archivo de Prehistoria Levan-
tina XIX, 1989, pp. 303-17) (after the second half of the
S P A IN : Tarraco, Emporiae (226-233) I05
[ 2 ] 231 AE. 1 7 -1 8 m m , 4 .7 4 g (42). Axis: var. [ 8 ]
Vives 169-5, H ill 5-11, gmi 41 i , V illaronga 22
Bull, r., w ith ‘p ed im en t’ above head
C V T T; a lta r w ith p alm
1 - 9 . B a 4636, 9794, 15109-11, 27540, 30374-5, 105820, 4.91, 5.04, 3.40,
3-64, 3 ·8 3 , 3-86, 6.12, 3.90, 4.50; 10. C o p 531, 5.70; i i . N 219, 4.95;
12. P 170, 4.33; 13. V 234, 2.90; 14. V a t 482, 3.80; 15. L 247 ( = H ill 5 -
11 ), 5.54; 16—3 4 . See V illaro n g a 22 (ex cep t L 247); 3 5 —3 6 . B B ohl, I-B,
6.47, 5.02; 3 7 —4 0 . M 12704-6, 12710, 4.96, 4.74, 3.54, 5.80; 4 1 . O , 4.21;
4 2 . IV D J ( = V ives 169-5); 43 · C 700, 6.02; 4 4 . V illa r o n g a c o ll. 6 2 1 9 .
F orgery: 1. M S astre 6970.
[ 2 ]
Tiberius, Drusus and Germanicus, AD iß -ig
232 AE. 21-4 m m , 8.18 g (55). Axis: var. [ 17 ]
Vives 171-7, H ill 5-10, V illaronga 23, nah 1064
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G P O N T M A X IM P;
bare head, r.
C V T D R V SV S G E R M A N IC V S CAESA RES; facing
heads of D rusus an d G erm anicus
[ 22 ] I - I I . B a 4629, 4634, 9806, 15089, 15090, 23903, 27533, 3 0 3 9 1. 30904,
33920, 100936, 8.95, 8.17, 7.29, 8.07, 7.67, 8.29, 7.63, 7.45, 7.88, 9.70,
7.25; 12. Bo 316, 6.81; 13. C o p 527, 8.04; 14. M u 180-1, 8.51, 6.85; 15—
17. P 192-3, 193A, 7.52, 7.64, 7.78; 18. R 220, 6.90; 19—2 0 . V 229-30,
8.40. 6.70; 2 1 —4 9 . See V illaro n g a 23; 5 0 . B F o x ; 5 1 —5 2 . B L ö b b , Bohl;
5 3 - 5 7 . Μ 12798, 12802-3, 12805-6, 8.35, 8.04, 9.24, 11.77, 7-491
5 8 . IV D J ( = V ives 171-7); 5 9 —6 0 . C, 8.27, 8.24.
Tiberius, Drusus and Livia, AD 22-3
233 Bronze. 22~4m m , 7.96g (112). Axis: var. [ 24 ]
Vives 171—8, H ill 5-9, gmi 414, V illaronga 24, nah 1067
T I CAES A V G P O N T M A X T R IB P O T ; lau reate head,
r.
C V T D R V SV S CAES T R IB P O T IV L A V G V ST A ;
facing heads o f D rusus and Livia
τ . A N E 15-1 6 /1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 216, 8.05; 2. A N E 6 -7 /6 /1 9 8 4 , 107, 9.22; 3. B a
4 6 3 0 , 8.84; 4 - 2 8 . B a 4 6 3 1 -3 , 9 8 0 7 -8 , 15057-8, 23900, 23902, 23904,
23906 , 23908 , 23962, 26665, 27534, 27536-7, 30393, 30395-8, 33921,
3 7 I2 6 -7 , 8.24, 8.O8, 6.55, 8.4O, 8.48, 7 .3 I, 9.7O, 8.56, 6 .7 I, 8.4O, 6.75, 8.7O,
[ i ] 7-04, 8.59, 7.99, 8.27, 9.25, 8.17, 6.79, 8.89, 8.64, 7.71, 9.13, 8.24, 7.07;
29—3 2 . Bo 318 -2 1 , 7.16, 8.02, 8.32, 8.80; 3 3 —3 4 . C o p 5 2 8 -9 , 7.66, 7.82;
3 5 - 3 6 . F 6 3 -4 , 9.10, 7.10; 3 7 . K la g 31, 5.20; 3 8 . M i 244, 7.70;
3 9 . M M A G 18-1 9 /9 /1 9 8 5 , 236, 7.85; 4 0 —4 1 . M u 182-3, 7·26, 7 -° 9 i 4 2“
44 · P 195 , ( = H ill 5 -9 ), 197» 8 -5 9 > 8 ·7 5 , 7 ·4 8; 45 · T ü b in g e n 68, 6.76;
4 6 —4 8 . V 231 -3 , δ .40, 8.02, 7·δο; 49 ~ 5 °· T a t 4 8 3 -4 , 8.οο, 7.40; 5 Ι —
99 · See V illaro n g a 24; 100—1 0 4 . B 5 5 8 7 , 27888, Fox, L ö b b , G an sau g e;
105—1 15. M 12808-9, 12813-5, 12817, 12822, 12828, 12830-1, 12833,
8.66, 8.03, 7.42, 8.10, 8.20, 9.63, 8.18, 7.10, 8.16, 8.38, 6.95; T16—1 1 7 . O ,
8.32, 7.53; 1 18. G 4, 7.46; 1 19. C 708, 3.35. M eta l analysis on L 235: C u
[ o ] 92.00; P b 0.100; S n 7.07; A g 0.050; Fe 0.060; Sb 0.220; As 0.060; Bi 0.003.
O n coin L 236: C u 90.00; P b 0.030; S n 8.010; A g 0.047; F e 0.340; Sb
0.130; N i 0.010; As 0.020; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.006.
C o u n te rm ark : E a r ( = cm k 7), see G u a d â n , p. 97, no. 105 (n o t verified).
Emporiae
fifth century b c and the fourth century b c ) and drachmae
with the legend ΕΜΠΟΡΙΤΟΝ (A. M. Guadân, Las monedas
de piata de Emporion y Rhode, Barcelona, 1968 and 1970)
(between the middle and the last years of the third century
b c ) were minted. The latest ones were mainly made to
io6 S P A IN : Emporiae

finance the expenditure of the Roman army during the
Second Punic War (L. Villaronga, Nummus IV-VI, 1981-3,
pp. 119-53)· Later on, during the second and first centuries
B C , an important change took place. The city stopped mint­
ing silver and switched to the exclusive production of
bronze with the Iberian legend Untikesken, the native eth­
nic of the city and its surroundings.
The coinages, both from the municipium of Emporiae
and the Iberian ones, have been fully discussed by L. Vil­
laronga (The Aes Coinage of Emporion, Oxford, 1977 = Vil­
laronga). The arrangement of the Latin issues which he
proposed is followed here, because we consider it the most
plausible so far suggested (Delgado, iii, pp. 131-2; Vives,
iv, pp. 6-10; Grant, FITA 154-7).
Emporiae’s issues are very consistent. Except for the first
issue (234), which bears a Diana head on the obverse and a
pegasus on the reverse, every other issue invariably has an
Athena head on the obverse and a pegasus on the reverse.
We can conclude, then, that excluding 234, Emporiae’s
issues follow previous Iberian typology, changing only their
legends to Latin.
The choice of Diana for the only issue which mentions the
city’s status (which could well be a foundation issue) has
been related by some scholars to the devotion the Iulii felt
towards Diana (Villaronga, p. 7; J. N. Bonneville, Hommage
à Robert Etienne, Paris, 1988, p. 194).
These issues generally include in their legends the abbre­
viations of two magistrates’ names, followed by the abbre­
viation Q. This we propose here to expand as Q(aestores),
not only as a consequence of the likely expansion of the
legend QVAIS on 236, but also because of epigraphic
evidence which allows us to identify, with some certainty, a
magistrate mentioned on a coin with the person mentioned
on . an inscription as a quaestor (M .J. Pena, Quarterns de
Treball 4, 1981, pp. 7-9).
The chronology of these issues is still uncertain. The view
widely accepted until now, that the abbreviation Q meant
quinquennalis made a rather long chronology necessary.
However, the idea that Q stands for quaestor allows the
period in which they can be dated to be reduced. The start
of the issues depends on the date when the city received
municipal status. Recent studies propose late dates; for
instance, Bonneville proposes 36 b c and Pena 27-25 b c
(Fonaments 7, 1988, pp. 11—45, with comments on previous
studies). The date of the end of the coinage is also
uncertain, because of a lack of datable elements: the legends
make no allusion to any emperor or other authority. Never­
theless, most scholars (Grant, APT 140-2; NC 1948, p. 117;
Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, p. 436) have assumed without
real evidence that the mint was active until Caligula’s reign.
The consideration that Spain’s provincial mints all close
with this emperor provides a probable ante quern for the end
of these issues.
On the whole, the standard weight is very uniform and
fits the 10.31 g (849 specimens) pattern for asses, which was
used during the Augustan period. Only two kinds of frac­
tions, the quadrans (258) and the sextans (239 and 244),
are struck. Because of this lack of small denominations, the
halving of coins took place; this is clear from the coins found
in the excavations of the city (E. Ripoll et alii, Numisma 120-
31, 1973-4, pp. 75-90). The arrangement of the issues and
their average weights are shown in the table below.
Coins such as Villaronga 122 have been excluded from
this mint because there is not sufficient evidence to attribute
them with certainty to Emporiae. We have thought it more
appropriate to include them under Uncertain of Spain
(484). These coins have previously been attributed to
Emporiae (J. M. Nuix and L. Villaronga, Misceldnea
arqueolôgica II, 1974, pp. 81-6), because every specimen
known has been found there or at Rhode; however, the lack
of legends and a completely different typology to the one
used on coins with the ethnic have led us to exclude it.
Among the countermarks known, only two, dolphin and
DD, seem to have been applied by the city. Generally the

234 Diana 25-6 mm, IO-55 g (63)

235 Anonymous 25 mm, 10.04 g ( 7 )
236 QVAIS 26 mm, 11.60 g (41)
237 C I L C Q 27 mm, 10.40 g (28)
238 P L L L 25 mm, 10.15g (32)
239 Anonymous 14 mm, 1.70 g (65)
240 L C C R Q 26-7 mm, to -^ g (16)
241 Anonymous 27 mm, 9 -5 1 g (64)
242 P I P C SM Q 27 mm, 9.85 g (21)
243 C I N IC O M P FL Q 27 mm, ΙΟ.01 g (23)
244 Anonymous 14mm, 1.81 g (26)
245 C P GM SR Q 27 mm, 9.76 g (25)
246 L M RVF P C Q 27 mm, 10.66 g (4 4 )
247 Μ O (H) L A (F) Q 27-8 mm, 10.45 g (18)
248 P C PV Q C C Q 28 mm, 10.65g (29)
249 GSB L C M Q 27 mm, 9.89 g (7)
250 CN C P G M A Q 27-8 mm, IO.82 g (16)
251 CN C GR L C F (A) Q 2 7—8 mm, IO.IOg (23)
252 C CA T C O CA(R) Q 28 mm, 9.89g (56)
253 C T G Q C CA Q 27 mm, 11.03 g (3 )
254 C O G C M A Q 27 mm, 9.92 g ( r9 )
255 G OC T M AE F Q 24—5 mm, 8.67 g (3 )
256 M A B M F (M) Q 27 mm, 10.86g (18)
257 Anonymous 27-8 mm, 10.36g (2 9 3 )
258 Anonymous mm, 2.53g (33)
 S P A IN : Emporiae (234-243) ιογ

first is placed on the helmet and the second in front of the
face. The application of these countermarks was selective,
since, with only a few exceptions, they appear only on the
anonymous issue 257; countermarked coins represent
i . B R au c h , 11.90; 2. B a 20781 Q M P O R I), 9.07; 3—4 . B a 20782, 20784
( ]M P Q R I[, J M P O R I T ) , 10.08, 11.17; 5. Bo 272, 7.69; 6. C o p 656, 12.23;
7—3 3 . See V illaro n g a 73 -4 ; 3 4 . M 4 3 6 7 (= V iv e s 121-7), 11.16; 3 5 —
3 7 . M 4368 ( = V ives 121—8), 4425 ( = V ives 121-3), S astre 6670, 9.57,
10.31, 8.98. O n som e rev. dies th e leg en d is in sid e a lin ear fram e.

approximately 70% of coins of the sample here presented.
These countermarks, especially DD, have been interpreted
as a way of confirming the value of coins which might not
have been completely legal because of the lack of magis­
trates’ names (L. Villaronga, RSL 1983, pp. 53-63).·
We have neither been able to find any bilingual coin like
the one drawn by Delgado (iii, pi. CXXXIX-242 and 243),
nor to check the existence of such coins mentioned by Hill
(p. 36) and supposedly belonging to this type. We do not
agree with the bilingual reading of the legend on the
Madrid coin from the Sastre collection (=234/72), which
has been used to confirm the existence of bilingual coins (A.
Beltran, Numisma 2, 1952, pp. 19-23). The reading MVNI-
CIP seems more likely; the small space in which the four
last letters have been engraved has led to the confusion.
Therefore we reject for the time being its existence and the
commentaries made on it (Grant, FIT A 155; J. Siles, Faven­
tia 3, 1981, p. 106; J. N. Bonneville, Hommage à Robert
Etienne, Paris, 1988, p. 194).
A considerable number of coins have a filed bevelled edge
and a more or less stripped surface. Initially we considered
these coins suspect, but the fact that some of them, belong­
ing to the Cabinet Numismàtic de Catalunya and coming
from the excavations at Emporiae, present the character­
istics mentioned above has led us to abandon this view; they
still seem, however, rather strange.
234 AE. 25-6 m m , 10.55 g (63)· Axis: var.
Vives 121-1, H ill 3-1, V illaronga 69, gmi
E M P O R IA ; b u st of D ian a, r.; bow an d quiver behind
M V N IC I(P ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath
1 - 2 . B L ö b b , B ohl, 10.75, 9 -5 7 ; 3_ Ι °· i‘,a 4553, 9644, 20762, 20765,
20767-8, 30172, 33667, 8.74, 7.95, 7.73, 9.27, 15.02, 10.02, 8.55, 10.07;
i i . C op 655, 12.37 (pierced); 12. O , 8.23; 13. P 85, 9.57; 14. V a t 420,
8.30; 15—6 9 . See V illaro n g a 69; 7 0 . M 4 3 5 8 ( = V iv es 121-1), 13.85; 7 1 —
7 2 . M 4357, S astre 6689 (M V N IC IP ), 11.88, 11.16.
238 AE. 25m m , 10.15g (32). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
V illaronga 75-6
P L L L; head o f A thena, r.
E M P O R IT ; pegasus, r.; above, w reath
1—2. B a 4566, 20813, 10.00, 11.61; 3 . P S de R , 9.05; 4 . R 189, 10.80;
5. L 8 9 ( = V illaro n g a 75A ), 7.67; 6 - 3 5 . See V illaro n g a 7 5 -6 (except L
89); 3 6 . M 4366, 8.49; 3 7 . L 90, 1 1.16.
C o u n te rm ark : H errin g -b o n e (?) ( = cm k 12) o n th e rev ., o n 37.
239 AE. 14m m , 1.70g (65). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
Vives 123-10, i i , V illaronga 77-9
H ead o f A thena, r.
E M (or IM ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath (and P)
I. B a 3 0 2 2 7 (P ), 1.58; 2 - 9 . B a 4503, 4530 (P ), 5062 (P ), 5177, 9752 (P),
20837 (P ), 20839 (IM ), 3 3 7 1 1, 1-53. ι· 6 ι, 2.25, 1.89, 2.34, 1.30, 1.76, 1.87;
10. P 121 (P ), 2.28; 11—6 9 . $ ee V illa ro n g a 7 7 -9 a n d 77/7 8 /7 9
(in d e term in ate ); 7 0 . M 4478 ( = V ives 123-11), 2.25.
240 AE. 2 6 -7 m m , 10.13g (16). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
Vives 122-9, V illaronga 80
L C G R Q ; head of A thena, r.
E M P O R I (T ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath
i . B I-B , 9.92; 2. O , 12.92; 3 . L 8 6 (p ierced ), 12.04; 4 —16. See
V illaro n g a 8o (except L 8 6 ); 17. B a Γ4477, ri.4 5 ; 18. M 4410 ( = V ives
122-9).
241 AE. 2 7 m m , 9.51 g (64). Axis: var. [ 10 ]
Vives 123-5, V illaronga 81-2, gmi 43
H ead of A thena, r.
[ 7 ] E M P O R (IT ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath
1—4 . B B ohl, L ö b b , R au c h , 503/1898 (E M P O R , E M P O R I T , E M P O R ,
39 E M P O R I), 8.03, 10.29, 9-68, 11.12; 5—6. B a 20819-20 (E M P O R I,
E M P O [), 10.19, 11.0 1; 7. Bo 274 ( E M P O R I), 13.15; C alico 11/1978,
488 ( E M P O R IT ), 10.33; 9 · C o p 658 (E M P O R ), 11.27; IO · O
( E M P O R IT ), 9.93; i i . V 144 ( E M P O R I), 6.65; 12. V a t 421
( E M P O R IT ), 11.40; 13. M u 112, 11.32; 14—6 2 . See V illaro n g a 81-2
(except M u 112); 6 3 —6 5 . M 4426, 4428, 4436 (E M P O R IT , E M P O R I,
E M P O R I), 8.22, 9.72, 9.85; 6 6 . G 3 (E M P O R I T ) , 9.79.
C o u n te rm ark s: U n c e rta in on rev ., o n 4, 11. A lso d o lp h in ( = cm k 3) an d
D D ( = cm k 47), see V illaro n g a 81.

235 AE. 25m m , 10.04g (7). Axis: var. [ 2 ] 242 AE. 27m m , 9.85g (21). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
V illaronga 70-1, gmi 40 Vives 122-8, H ill 3-6, V illaronga 83-4
H ead o f A thena, r. P I P C S M Q ; head of A thena, r.
E M P O R IT ; pegasus, r.; above, w reath E M P O R (I); pegasus, r.; above, w reath
i . B 27879, 14.62; 2. L 93 ( = V illa ro n g a 70A ), 10.47; 3” 7 · See i . B L ö b b (E M P O R ); 2 - 3 . B a 20810-1 (E M P O R , E M P O R ), 7.94, 9.87;
V illaro n g a 70-1 (except L 93); 8 . B a 13837, 10.37. 4 - 5 . P n i , S d e R (E M P O R I, E M P O R ), 7.85 (p ierced ), 9.55; 6. V a t 422
C o u n te rm ark s: Q V A C [ ( = c m k 63) on th e obv., on 1. Q V A IS ( = cm k 64) (E M P O R I), 10.20; 7—i i . E M P O R , see V illa ro n g a 83; 12—
o n th e obv., on 8; see also V illaro n g a 71. 24. E M P O R (I), see V illaro n g a 84; 2 5 . M 4 4 0 2 ( = V ives 122-8), 10.20;
2 6 . M 4401, 9.60.
C o u n te rm ark : H errin g -b o n e (?) ( = cm k 12) on th e obv., o n 6.
236 AE. 26m m , n .6 o g (41). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
Vives 12 1—2, H ill 3-3, V illaronga 72 243 AE. 27m m , 10.01 g (23). Axis: v ar. [ 5 ]
Q V A IS; head of A thena, r. Vives 121-9, 10, H ill 3-4, V illaronga 85-6
E M P O R IT ; pegasus, r.; above, w reath C I N IC O M P FL Q ; head of A thena, r.
I - 7. B a 4554-5, 20769-70, 20774, 3 ° · 7 7 > 3 3 668, H - i h 11-49, 10.32, 9.96, E M P O R I(T ) (P F L Q ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath
11.25, 14.66, 12.35; 8 - 9 . Bo 270-1, 10.24, 14.05; 10. P S de R , 11.99;
i . B Fox ( —H ill 3 -4 ) ( E M P O R IT ), 7.12; 2—4 . B a 9649, 20786
I I — 4 5 . See V illaro n g a 72; 4 6 . M 4 3 6 3 ( = V iv es 121-2), 11.80.
(E M P O R I, E M P O R I P F L Q , E M P O R I T ) , 20787, 9.75, 7.29, 9.10;
5 . C alico 11/1978, 484 ( E M P O R IT ), 12.80; 6 . P 116 (E M P O R I), 7.83;
237 AE. 27 mm , 10.40 g (28). Axis: var. [ 5 ] 7. L 8 7 (E M P O R I) ( = V illaro n g a 85A ), 13.05; 8—17. W ith o u t P F L Q on
rev ., see V illaro n g a 85 (except L 87); 18—22. W ith P F L Q on rev ., see
Vives 121-3, 7 an d 8, V illaronga 73-4
V illaro n g a 86; 23. M 4 3 7 1 ( = V ives 121-9) (E M P O R I P F L Q ), 11.07;
C I L C Q ; head of A thena, r. 24—26. M 4369, 4373, 4374 ( = V ives 121-10) ( E M P O R I, E M P O R I,
E M P O R (IT ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath E M P O R IT ), 10.07, ΐ 1-3 3 ? Ι 2 ·° 5 ·
io8 S P A IN : Emporiae (244-257)

244 AE. 14m m , i . 81 g (26). Axis: var. [ 3 ] 19. Be 2400, 8.97; FA Q /E M P O R I : 20. B L ö b b ; 21. M i 234, 9.43; 22—
23. B a 19683, 20791, 9.69, 9.32; F A Q /u n c e rta in : 2 4 . C o p 664, 11.53;
Vives 123-9, V illaronga 87 25—28. See V illaro n g a 98; U n c e rta in /E M P O R : 2 9 . B a 33680, 11.22;
H ead of A thena, r. U n c e rta in /E M P O R I: 3 0 . B a 5038, 8.63.

E M P; pegasus, r.; above, w reath 252 Bronze. 28 m m , 9.89 g (56). Axis: var. [ 18 ]
1—7. B a 5045, 5073, 20832-3, 30223, 33712—3, 1.68, 2.24, 1.65, i . 51, 1.60,
I . 94, i . 83; 8. P 122, 1.87; 9 - 2 4 . See V illaro n g a 87; 25. M 4475 ( = V ives
Vives 122-3, H ill 3-5, V illaronga 99-100, gmi 41
J2 3 -9 ), 1.72; 2 6 . C 622, 1.72. C CA T C O C A (R ) Q; head o f A thena, r.
245 AE. 27m m , 9.76g (25). Axis: var. [ 4 ] E M P O R (IT ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath
C C A T C O C A Q : 1 - 2 . B Fox, L ö b b (E M P O R I, E M P O R I); 3 - 5 . Ba
Vives 122-7, V illaronga 88, gmi 42 2 0779-80, 109204 ( E M P O R I, E M P O R , E M P O R I T ) , 9.44, 7.55, 10.50;
C P C M S R Q ; head o f A thena, r. 6. Bo 277 (E M P O R I), 10.52; 7. C alico 11/1978, 487, 11.90; 8. Ο
( E M P O R I), 9.03; 9 - 1 0 . P 96 a n d S de R (E M P O R , E M P O R ), 6.08,
E M P O R (I); pegasus, r.; above, w reath 9.89; i i . L 1 2 0 ( = H ill 3 -5 ), 8.50; 12—3 1 . See V illaro n g a 99 (except L
i . A N E 23-2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 149, 9.25; 2—3. B a 20796-7, 8.85, 11.85; 4 · 120); 3 2 . G 4 ( E M P O R I), 12.41; 3 3 . S chw eizerischer B ankverein
1 9 7 0 1 , 7.66; 5—6. P 101, 103, 10.50, 10.12; 7. R 190, 9.30; 8—28. See 29 /1 /1 9 8 7 , 104, 10.15; 3 4 . IV D J , form erly S de C 1476; 3 5 . C , 9.88;
V illaro n g a 88. C C A T C O C A R Q : 3 6 . B R au c h (C A R , E M P O R [I]); 3 7 - 3 8 . B a 5047,
20777 (C A R , E M P O R I, E M P O R I ), 9.96, 7.20; 3 9 . K la g 9 (C A R ,
246 AE. 27m m , 10.66g (44). Axis: var. [ 16 ] E M P O R [), 10.29; 4 °· p 9 4 (C A R , E M P O R I), 10.55; 4 I —5 3 · See
V illaro n g a 100 (except M i); 5 4 . M 4381 ( = V ives 122-3) (E M P O R I),
Vives 122-10, V illaronga 89 9.65; C C A T C O C A (R ) Q : 5 5 . F 51 ( E M P O R I), 12.20; 5 6 . M i 235
LM R V F P C Q ; h ead o f A thena, r. (E M P O R I), 8.45; 5 7 . N 185 ( E M P O R I), 9.37; 5 8 - 6 7 . See V illaro n g a
9 9 -1 0 0 (in d e term in ate ); 6 8 . S chw eizerischer B an k v erein 2 9 /1/1987, 103,
E M P O R (IT ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath
10.72. M eta l an alysis o n L 116: C u 85.00; P b 6.56; S n 8.45; A g 0.100; Fe
1—5. B R au c h , Pfaw , L ö b b (2), Bohl; 6—7. B a 20802-3, 12.21, 13.16; 0. 040; S b 0.150; N i 0.030; As 0.040; Bi 0.010. O n L 117: C u 60.30; P b
8. C op 659, 12.40; 9. K la g 10, 11.00; 10. O , 9.96; 11. V 138, 9.57; 12— 25.81; S n 13.28; A g 0.080; Fe 0.530; S b 0.170; N i 0.001; A u o .o io ; As
14. V a t 4 2 3-5, 11.60, 10.90, 10.70; 15. P 113, 9.83; 16. P S de R, 8.89; ο .001; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.010.
17—5 2 . See V illaro n g a 89; 53—5 4 . M 4406 ( = V ives 122-10), 4408, 11.02, C o u n te rm ark : E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., o n 34.
I I . 80; 5 5 . G 7, 11.32; 5 6 . C , 7.70 (broken).
C o u n te rm ark s: H errin g -b o n e (?) ( = cm k 12) on th e obv., on 13. D ( = cm k 253 AE. 27 m m , 11.03g (3)· Axis: i (2). [ i ]
24) on th e obv., on 14.
Vives 12 1—4, V illaronga 101
247 AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 10.45g (18). Axis: var. [ 6 ] C T C Q C C A Q ; head of A thena, r.
Vives 122-6 and 123—1, V illaronga 90-2 E M P O R (IT ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath
Μ O (H ) L A (F) Q ; head of A thena, r. 1—3 . See V illaro n g a ιο ί ; 4 . M 4365 ( = V ives 121-4), 11.20; 5. V Q R 7 9 8
(E M P O R IT ) (B M cast).
E M P O R ; pegasus, r.; above, w reath
Μ O L A Q : i . B L ö b b ; 2. P n o , 9.18; 3. V 137, 10.91; 4—9 . See 254 A E. 27 m m , 9 .9 2 g (19). Axis: var. [ 8 ]
V illa ro n g a 90; Μ O H L A F Q : 10. C o p 660, 10.99; IX · P i o 9 > 9-64;
12. T ü b in g e n 36, 11.33; 13—21. See V illaro n g a 91-2; 22—23. M 4390 Vives 122-5, V illaronga 102-3
( = V ives 123-1), 4412, 8.02, 10.00; 24. G 6, 8.26. C O G C M A Q ; h ead of A thena, r.
248 AE. 28m m , 10.65g (2 9 )· Axis: var. [ 12 ] E M P O R (I); pegasus, r.; above, w reath
1. B a 33682 (E M P O R ), 8.92; 2. C o p 662 (E M P O R ), 8.54; 3. O
Vives 123-2, V illaronga 93 (E M P O R ), 11.74; 4 - 5 · P 105-6 (E M [, E M P O R I), 10.96, 8.53; 6. V 136
P C P V Q C C Q ; head of A thena, r. (E M P O R ), 11.00; 7. P 104, 10.87; 8 · V ill a r o n g a c o ll. 3 7 8 0 , 9.40; 9—
21. See V illaro n g a 102-3 (except P 104 a n d V illaro n g a 3780); 22. M 4389
E M P O R ; pegasus, r.; above, w reath
(E M P O R ), 8.20; 23. D elg ad o 142—288.
i —2- B G an sau g e, L öbb; 3. Bo 276, 8.11; 4. C o p 661, 11.65; 5 “ 7 * B IT 4 _ C o u n te rm ark s: D D ( = cm k 47) a n d d o lp h in ( = cm k 3) on th e obv., o n 23.
5 a n d D elep ierre, 9.21, 7.66, 11.16; 8. M u i n , 12.08; 9—29. See
V illaro n g a 93 (except M u h i ) ; 3 0 - 3 1 . M 4415 ( = V ives 123-2), 4416, 255 AE. 24-5 m m , 8.67 g (3). Axis: 6 (1). [ o ]
11.79, 13.08; 3 2 - 3 4 . C , 11.43, I 5 -5 8. I0 -°8.
L abrousse, gn 1977, 46, 10-11
249 AE. 27m m , 9.89g (7). Axis: var. [ 4 ] C O C T M A E F Q ; head o f A thena, r.
Vives 122-1, V illaronga 94 E M P O R IT ; pegasus, r.; above, w reath
C S B L C M Q ; head o f A thena, r. i . B a 5 0 7 5 ( J O C T M A K F [; E M P O R [), 6 .26; 2. Bo 278
(C O C T M A [ ] Q ; rev. illegible), 9.57; 3. L a b ro u sse, g n 1977, 46, 10-
E M P O R IT ; pegasus, r.; above, w reath
n (JO C T M A E [ ] Q ; E M P O R [), 10.19.
i . B G ansauge; 2—3. P 120 (obv. legend tooled in m o d e rn tim es), S de R,
9.76, 7.99; 4 . L 105, 10.52; 5—10. See V illaro n g a 94 (except L 105).
256 AE. 27m m , io .8 6 g (18). Axis: var. [ u ]
250 AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 10.82g (16). Axis: var. [ 3 ] Vives 121-5, 6, V illaronga 104-6
Vives 123-3, 4 . V illaronga 95-6 M A B M F (M ) Q ; head o f A thena, r.
C N C P C M A Q ; head o f A thena, r. E M P O (R I); pegasus, r.; above, w reath
E M P O R IT ; pegasus, r.; above, w reath 1 - 2 . B Fox, a.B . (E M P O R , E M P O R ); 3. B a 33688 ( E M P O R I), 10.55
(p ierced ); 4. C alico 11/1978, 483 (E M P O R ), 10.24; 5 · C o p 657
i . B 27878; 2—4 . B a 20793-4, 30187, 11.41, 12.68, 7.77; 5. P 100, 10.82;
(E M P O R ), 11.75; 6. P . 108 (E M P O R ), 12.62; 7. P D elep ierre (E M P O ),
6—20. See V illaro n g a 95 -6 ; 2 1 . M 4421 ( = V ives 123-3), 8.44; 22. V Q R
9.45; 8 . V 135 (E M P O R ), 13.38; 9—23. See V illaro n g a 104-6.
7 9 6 (B M cast).
257 AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 10.36g (293). Axis: var. [ 54 ]
251 A E. 2 7 -8 m m , io .i o g (23). Axis: var. [ 8 ]
Vives 123-6, 7, H ili 3-2, V illaronga 107, 109-12, gmi
Vives 122-2, 4, V illaronga 97-8
4 4 -5
C N C G R L C F(A) Q ; head o f A thena, r.
H ead o f A thena, r.
E M P O R (IT ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath
E M P O R (IT ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath
F Q /E M P O R I: 1. B F ried laen d er; 2. M i 233, 7.67; 3 . P 98, 10.37; 4 * G
1—2. A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 150 -1 , 9.37, 10.25; 3 · A rriols, 1981, 58, 9.84;
5 ) 9 -4 U 5 * p 9 7 > 9 -5 5 ; F Q /E M P O R IT : 6. C op 663, 11.53; 7 - 8 · M 4 3 7 7
( = V ives 122-2), 4379, 10.79, ΐο .δ δ ; F Q /u n c e rta in : 9 . P 99, η . 15; ί ο — 4 —16. B B ohl (5), L ö b b (3), R au c h (2), G an sau g e, F ried laen d er, 27877,
ι 8. See V illaro n g a 97 (except specim ens in M i a n d P); FA Q /E M P O R :
10.36, 9.51, I I . 19, 10.12, 8.84, 10.96, 12.31, 13.21, IO.25, H-OÇb IO.19,

7.06, 10.34; ! 7 - 3 5 · B a 100884, 20823, 20829, 4570, 4575. 5°4o, 5043.
5I59, 5I75, 2O84I, 2O845, 20847-8, 20853, 20862, 3O2O5, 3O208, 337O4,
20857, 11.80, 7.95, 9.29, 10.51, 10.54, 7-31, 9-31. IO-25> *5-3g > ! I -88> Ϊ 3 -4 0 »
13.02, 11.45, I2 -i7 , i 3 -2 3 , 1*5o .20, 12.08, 10.19, 7.92; 36—4 0 . Bo 279-83,
7.78, 10.25, 12.17, 11.83, 9·28 *; 4 1 —4 2 . C alico 11/1978, 4 9 1-2, 8.30, 8.56;
4 3 . C o p 6 6 8 , 9.33; 44 - 47 · C o p 6 6 5 -7 , 669, 16.34, 7 -4 3 > 9 -4 U ” 4 8 ; 4 8“
49 · M i 23 6 -7 , ΐ 3 ·88> 8 ·4 8; δ ^ δ 1· Ν i88“ 7> 8 ·4 7 » 5 ·8 51 5 2“ 5 6 · Ο , 10.50,
ϊ 3 -8 7 ? 9 ·4 4 > 7 ·Ι Ι > ΙΟ·2 7 ; 57“ ®4 · Ρ 8 8 -9 3 a n d D elepierre (2), 10.26, 10.18,
13.65, 10.95, ι 0 ·6 5 > 7 ·8 5 , Ι2 ·9 7 , 9 ·8 9 ; 65 * R i 9 L ΙΟ·2° ; 6 6 - 6 9 . V 139-42,
11.70, 11.42, 10.48, 9-85; 7 ° “ 73 · V a t 4 28_3 Ι 3 ι ο ·8° , 8 .go, 12.70, 9 -4 °;
74· L ΐ 3 °> 8 - 5 15 7 5 "“3 8 5 · See V illa ro n g a 107, 109-12 (except L 130);
3 8 6 - 3 8 8 . Μ 4431 (E M P O R II), 4446 (E M P O R IT ), 4483, 8.58, 13.36,
6.04; 3 8 9 - 3 9 0 . G 1-2, 12.28, 13.24; 3 9 1 - 3 9 2 · C , : 4 -5 9 , 9 -4 Ö;
3 9 3 · W in te rth u r 15, 10.02; 3 9 4 . M u 114, 8.48.
C o u n te rm ark s: D o lp h in ( = cm k 3) a n d D D ( = cm k 47) on th e obv., on ι -
2, 6, 8, i i , 13, 17, 20, 22 -3 2 , 3 4 -5 , 39-40, 43, 47, 51, 55, 5 9 -6 °, 63,
72-3, 392—4 a n d V illaro n g a 110-11. D D ( = cm k 47) on th e obv., on 15,
ig , 56, 5 8, 61, 69, 390 a n d V illa ro n g a 112-B. D D ( = cm k 47) on th e rev.,
o n 21, 45, 48, 62, 390 a n d V illa ro n g a 112-C . D D ( = c m k 46) on th e obv.,
on 69. D ( = cm k 25) on th e rev., on 61. D ( = cm k 24) on th e obv., o n 68.
Ilerda
The municipium Ilerda (Lleida) struck coins only during
the reign of Augustus. Previously, while Ilerda was the
Iberian city Iltirta, it coined, from the late third century b c
to the beginning of the first century b c , an abundant series
of silver and bronze (L. Villaronga, Las monedas ibéricas de
Ilerda, Barcelona, 1978).
The typology of the imperial coins is partly a continu­
ation of the last issues with the Iberian legend Iltirta,
though they introduce Augustus’s head on the obverse and
the she-wolf on the reverse. In a number of Iberian issues
the male wolf had been used. Because of the frequency with
which it appears, it has been identified as the city’s totemic
animal (Villaronga, p. 16).
In spite of the municipium’s small output, there are still
problems and controversial views about its arrangement
and chronology. The fact that 259 and 260 each have a
different legend has led some scholars to consider them as
two different issues. They date 259, which has the legend
IMP CAESAR DIVI F, before 27 b c and 260, which has
the legend IMP AVGVS(TVS) DIVI F, between 27 and 23
b c or after 27 b c (NAH, pp. 259-60; M. and F. Beltran,
Numisma 162-4, : 98 °; Ρ· 3 °)·
However, the close stylistic similarity between some
obverse dies and also between the reverse dies with the
legend MVN IFERDA, as well as the fact that statistically
the weights of both kinds of coins belong to the same
population, would incline us to consider them a single issue.
Grant (FITA 171) considered the legend IM P AVGVSTVS
DIVI F to be derived from Roman denarii, dated to 16 b c
(BMC 88; RIC 353) and without any evidence he dated the
issue, which he believed to be a foundation one, to about
1 5 - 1 4 BC.
The denomination of these coins is also uncertain,
because of their average weight, 7.06 g (82: 259-60); as was
the case with Dertosa and Tarraco, this is too low for the as.
However, this weight corresponds to that used in the last
Iltirta coinages with the wolf on the reverse (Vives 28-11 to
13; Villaronga, issues 36-8: 8.03 g (64 specimens) and 39:
5.83g (94 specimens)) and these were probably units.
S P A IN : Emporiae, Ilerda (258-260) iog
S w ord ( = cm k 9) on th e obv., on 61. P M P ( = cm k 59) on th e obv., o n 31.
U n c e rta in (dD ?) (= cm k 95) on th e obv., o n 38, 68. R V M E L ( = cm k 65)
on th e obv., on 388 (G u a d â n 87, read s N V M E L ). A lso, d o lp h in ( = cm k 3)
on rev., see V illaro n g a 112—F; h errin g -b o n e (?) ( = cm k 12) o n the obv., see
V illaro n g a 116—A; IM I - B T ( = cm k 51) on th e obv., see V illaro n g a 119; N
(inverted) ( = cm k 27) on th e obv. o r rev., see V illaro n g a 117. U n certa in
on th e obv., on 37, 391.
258 AE. 16m m , 2.53g ( 3 3 )· Axis: var. [ 1 ]
Vives 123-12, V illaronga 108
H ead of A thena, r.
E M ; pegasus, r. (above, w reath)
i . B I-B (w reath ), 2.96; 2. B a 2 0 8 3 0 (w reath ), 3.19; 3—10. B a 4505,
4515, 5064—5, 5067 (w reath ), 30218, 30220, 33710, 1.98, 1.91, 2.39, 2.18,
2.53, 2.52, 2.87, 2.00; 11—3 2 . See V illaro n g a 108; 3 3 —3 5 . M 4480, 4481
( = V ives 123-12), 4482, 3.17, 2.38, 2.25; 3 6 . S chw eizerischer B ankverein
29 / 1/ 1987 , 107 , 2 .5 7 .
Augustus
259 AE. 24m m , 7.15g (18). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
Vives 134-1, nah 956
IM P C A ESA R D IV I F; bare head, r.
M V N IL E R D A ; she-wolf, r.
i . Bo 288, 8.18; 2. F 55, 9.20; 3. M u 124, 7.00; 4 . P 2 2 2 , 7.07;
5. A arh u s 14, 6.53; 6—i i . B a 9773, 15006, 23789, 30455, 105854-5, 8.00,
8.26, 6.39, 7.50, 7.28, 7.41; 12. M S V 17/12/1981, 861, 7.50; 1 3 - 1 6 . M
11298-300, S astre 6785, 6.62, 6.26, 6.07, 7.33; 17. N 196, 6.12; 18—19. B
L ö b b (2); 2 0 . C alico 6/1979, 888, 6.00
260 L eaded bronze. 2 4m m , 7.04g (64). Axis: var. [ 27 ]
Vives 134-2 to 6, H ill 10-4, nah 957, gmi 315-7
IM P A V G V S(T V S) D IV I F; bare head, r.
(M V N IC IP ) IL E R D A ; she wolf, r.
IL E R D A : i . M u 125, 6.70; 2. O = a m c 984, 6.52; 3. P 223, 8.82; 4 . V a t
438, 7.90; 5. C alico 6/1979, 890, 8.08; 6—17. B a 4673, 9774, 14918, 26055,
26654, 2 7 5 5 I > 30460, 30462—3, 33926—7, 100887, 6.16, 6.39, 6.09, 6.42,
5.70, 7.20, 5.75, 6.55, 7.26, 8.09, 6.37, 7.64; 1 8 - 1 9 . L 3 Jo, 3 1 1 ( = f i t a , pi.
V -2 1 ), 8.15, 7.41; 2 0 - 2 4 . M 11316, 11320, 11326, S astre 6784 a n d 6786,
6.40, 6.41, 6.13, 8.63, 7.20; 25. N 197, 8.27; 26—2 8 . B K assel, L ö b b , a.B .;
29. G i, 8.61; 30—3 1 . IV D J ( = V ives 134-3, 4); 3 2 . C , 4.89;
3 3 . W in te rth u r 25, 6.28; M V N IL E R D A : 3 4 . V Q R 8 3 3 ( = H ill 10-4)
(B M cast); 3 5 . C o p 534 (‘M V N IL E R D A ’), 6.93; 3 6 . M u 126, 6.96; 3 7 -
3 8 . P 2 24-5, 4 -9 3 > 6 -9 9 ; 39 - V 160, 7.38; 4 0 . C alico 6/1979, 889, 8.46;
4 1 - 4 8 . B a 4671, 14912, 15008, 23791, 27550 (A V G V S ), 27552 (A V G V S),
30449, 33928 (A V G V S ), 6.13, 8.99, 6.95, 6.02, 7.53, 6.80, 7.08, 5.63; 4 9 -
5 1 . L 3 0 7 -9 , 6.25, 8.15, 6.27; 5 2 —5 6 . M 11305-6, 113 13, 11328 (she-wolf,
r.; ab o v e M V N , below IL E R D A ), S astre 6787 (she-w olf, r.; ab o v e M V N ,
below IL E R D A ), 7.61, 6.22, 7.46, 7.48, 8.20; 5 7 —5 9 . B R a u c h , 17119,
Bohl; 6 0 . G 2 (pi. 9 8 -6 ), 7.20; 6 1 . IV D J ( = V ives 134-2) (A V G V S);
6 2 . M u seo del P rad o ( = V ives 1 34-5); 8 3 —6 4 . O = a m c 9 8 5 -6 , 6.79, 6.10;
6 5 . F o rm erly S de C 1589 ([A V G V S T V S ]?); M V N I IL E R D A : 6 6 . IV D J
( = S d e C 1590) (A V G V S T V S ); 6 7 . A N E 5 -6 /1 9 6 0 , 292
([A V G V S T V S ]?); M V N I C I P IL E R D A : 6 8 . O = a m c 987, 7.46; 6 9 . P
226, 6.11; 7 0 . V 161, 6.40; 7 1 . C alico 6 /1979, 891 (A V G V S T ), 8.60; 7 2 —
74 · B a 14916, 19378, 33929, 6.77, 9.46, 7.90; 7 5 . L 312, 8.70; 7 6 - 7 7 . M
11329-30, 7.85, 6.00; 7 8 . M u s e o d e l P r a d o (= V ives 134-6); 79. IV D J,
form erly S de C 1588; U n c e rta in v ar.: 8 0 . B a 4674, 6.97. Q u alitativ e
m etal analysis o n coin 75. T h e leg en d is I M P A V G V S T D I V I F ex cep t as
in d icated ; som etim es th e T o f A V G V S T is so little th a t it alm o st
d isap p e ars. C oins 65 a n d 66, as w ell as V ives 134-5 seem to us to
p ro b a b ly s h are th e sam e obv. die. T h e leg en d goes in differen t d irectio n s
from r. u p w ard s a n d from 1. dow n w ard s.
C o u n te rm ark : -T - ( = cm k 37) o n th e obv., o n 25.
 Lepida-Celsa
During the Republican period Lepida, then called Kelse,
coined many bronze issues which have been recently
studied by A. Dominguez {Las cecas ibéricas del valle del Ebro,
Zaragoza, 1979, pp. 118-30, with a discussion of previous
bibliography). During the forties the city attained the status
of colony with the name of Victrix Iulia Lepida. The
reference to M. Aemilius Lepidus suggests that the city
attained colonial status during the time when he was in
Spain as the governor of Citerior; there are, however, some
differences of opinion if this took place during his first or
second term (48-47 b c : Hill, p. 79; H. Galsterer, MF 8,
1971, p. 25. 44-42 b c : Grant, FIT A 211, P. Beltran, Obra
completa, 1972, p. 188; Villaronga, NAH, p. 243). Some years
later, about 36 b c and as consequence of Lepidus’s fall, the
city changed the name of Lepida for that of Celsa.
Lepida-Celsa’s coinages have been studied by M. Beltran
et alii, in a chapter of their book Colonia Victrix Iulia Lepida-
Celsa (Zaragoza, 1984, pp. 11-28). The coinages bear the
name of Colonia Lepida during the Triumvirate and that of
Colonia Celsa during Augustus’s and Tiberius’s reign.
The Triumviral issues were coined by three colleges of
praefecti pro II viris (asses) and two colleges of aediles (semis­
ses and quadrantes); we do not know in the case of the
praefecti the persons whom they replaced. The designs used
are inspired by late Republican coinages (Victory: RRC
464/6, 46 b c ; RRC 475/ia, 476/1a, 45 b c . Yoke of oxen:
RRC 378, 81 b c . Hercules: RRC 494/32, 42 b c . Facing Sol:
RRC 494/43a, 42 b c . Sol to r.: RRC 496/2, 3, 42 b c . Sheep:
RRC 389/1, 76 b c . Boar: RRC 385/2, 78 b c . Crescent: RRC
494/2oa, 42 b c . Roma or Mars(?): RRC 450/1 a, 48 b c or
469/1a, 46—45 b c . Butting or running bull: RRC 494/24, 42
b c ) . T w o details of the typology: first, the female bust on
262 can be identified as Victory, since on 262/3 it can be
clearly seen that the female bust has a wing as well as the
palm. Secondly, we very much doubt that the figure on the
obverse of the issue 264 can be identified as Roma rather
than Mars, since the prototype (RRC 450/1 a) suggests that
it should be male.
As for chronology, the obverse and reverse combinations
and the prototypes suggest that these issues started in about
44 b c , and the generally accepted terminus ante quem is 36
b c . This is derived from the date of Lepidus’s fall and exile.
The arrangement given in the catalogue is based only on
the chronology of the Republican models, and the order in
which these issues have been placed could be changed. The
semisses and quadrantes (265-8) cannot be definitely asso­
ciated with larger denominations, but they can be placed
towards the end of this period. Some of them, perhaps 265,
could, because of its weight, form part of the issue 264. It
would follow that the denominations minted are asses, with
an average weight higher than the half-uncia, semisses and
quadrans.
As Semis Quadrans
261 27—30m m, 14.30g (32)
262 28—31 mm, 14.57g (δ0)
263 29-30 mm, 14.95 g (36)
264 27-31 mm, 14.06 g (51)
265 21 mm, 7.09g (8)
266—267 19-20 mm, 5.65 g (4)
268 15 mm, 2.92 g (1)
The typological variety of the Triumviral issues disap­
pears on the coinage of Colonia Celsa. It is reduced to the
emperor’s portrait on the obverse and the bull on the
reverse, excepting fractions which do not have any design
on the reverse. The praefecti cease to appear; the asses were
the responsibility of the duorivi and the fractions were min­
ted either by duoviri or aediles. The legends evolved gradually
from the absence of the emperor’s name to the habitual
legend of Tarraconensian coinages, AVGVSTVS DIVI F.
During Augustus’s reign five issues were coined, and it
remains unclear whether the fractions 276-7 constitute an
independent issue. The first issue (26g), because of its
weight and appearance, is considered as a continuation of
the Triumviral coinages; these factors, as well as the
absence of Augustus’s title and his bare head, have given
support to a date before 27 b c (Villaronga, NAH, p. 244;
Beltran et alii, p. 22). Coin 269/15 from this issue was con­
sidered by Hill and Beltran as dupondius, but here we
classify it as an as struck on a large and heavy flan. The
hybrid coin with a Calagurris obverse (as 436) and a Celsa
reverse (as 269) (L. Villaronga, GN 12, 1969, pp. 21-2), is
not considered an official coinage and not the result of
cooperation between both mints as proposed by Villaronga
and Rodewald {Money in the Age of Tiberius, Manchester,
1976, p. 131, n. 509), but as an imitation in which acciden­
tally the types from both mints were copied and mistakenly
associated by a forger. Another local imitation has been
recorded in this catalogue (269/66).
The second issue (270), because it bears the title
AVGVSTVS, must be dated after 27 b c ; there is no other
evidence for a more precise chronology. Villaronga {NAH,
p. 260) proposed 27-23 b c and M. Beltran (p. 22) 27 b c .
This issue begins using a new and lighter metrological
standard.
The third issue (271), because of the legend AVGVSTVS
DIVI F, can be dated after 17-15/14 b c , when this legend
started being used on official coinages from both Rome and
Lugdunum {RIC 164a, 337-8).
The stylistic similarity of the obverse dies from the fourth
issue (273-5) with coinages here included under Carthago
Nova (167-8) led Grant {FITA 212) to include the latter
within this mint; however, this attribution can be ruled out,
since the possibility of including these coins in Ilici has also
been pointed out (Jenkins, ANSMN 8, 1958, pp. 72-3). The
similarity between the coinages of all three cities can be
explained by the fact that their dies were cut by the same
engraver. Therefore, it would be quite possible to date the
issue of L. Baggius and Mn. Flavius after 12 b c , if the
reverse of 167-8 is an allusion to Augustus as Pontifex Max­
imus. 272 is the result of the survival of an obverse die from
the previous issue, 271.
It is not clear whether the semis and quadrans of L.
Aufidius and Sex. Pompeius (276-7) are a separate issue or
part of another issue. Their obverse dies seem to indicate
that they were cut by the same engraver who worked on the
dies for 273-5. Furthermore, the similar layout of the
reverse legends points to the possibility of both coinages
being contemporary or immediately consecutive. They
would complete the as issue coined by Cn. Domitius and G.
Pompeius (278).
 S P A IN : Lepida-Celsa (261-266) in

The legend (COS XII) dates the last issue from 160-3), 9696, 9698, S astre 6618, 15.04, 15.08, 12.81, 15.64, 14.39, 16.00,
I 9 -3 C >7-58, 15-12, 14-61, 14-25; 2 9 · O , 15.36; 3 0 . G 2, 12.10; 3 1 . C ,
Augustus’s reign between the years 5 and 3 b c . The 19.14; 3 2 - 3 3 . C 6 06-7, 13 Ί [ , 12.88; 3 4 . G iro n a 29430 ( = cmtm, pl. 5 -
metrology of this issue, as well as that of the previous ones, 80), 12.37.
is regular and follows the n - i 2 g standard for the asses,
except for the issue 269 which follows the Triumviral weight
L N e p L S u ra p r I lv ir
pattern. Therefore, the denominations minted are as, semis
and quadrans. 263 AE. 2 9 -3 0 m m , 14.95g (36)- Axis: var. [ 18 ]
As Semis Quadrans Vives 160-4, H ill, 12-8, fita 211, gmi 432, n ah 894
269 28—30 mm, i 4 -52 g (61) C O L V IC IV L L E P; fem ale head (of V enus?), r.
270 27—9 mm, n -97g (7O L N E P L SV RA P R II V IR ; bull, r.
271 28 mm, 12.14g (48) i . C alicô 6/1979, 423, 15.04; 2. C o p 538, 12.34; 3 - 6· P 247, 248, 248 bis,
272 24 mm, 8 -9 9 g (0 258, 17-63, 15-20, 16.63, 16.56; 7. V 105, 13.55; 8 · VaX 3 9 7 , 12.30; 9 “
273 28 mm, 12.00g (123) I I . B L ö b b , Bohl, Fox; 12—19. B a 4917, 9 5 8 5 -7 , 14853, 27492, 30504,

274 20 mm, 5.15g (15) 109200, 14.88, 16.93, 18-26, 15-52, 12.69, 17.55, 13-53, 13-98; 20. L 3 7 0
16mm, 2.94g (6) ( = H ill 12-8), 18.49; 21—22. L 371, 372 ( = fita , pl. V I I - 2 1 ) , 15.85, 14.32;
275
20 mm, 5.49 g (13) 23. M S a s tr e 6 5 9 8 , 17.41; 24—3 3 . M 9699, 9701, 9705, 9712, 9713 (Vives
276
160-4), 971 4 -6 , 9721, S astre 6599, 14.24, 17.47, T6-42, 13.04, 18.53, 14-12,
277 16-17 mm, 4.08 g (3)
13.94, 16.25, 12 -7 7 , i° - i 2 ; 3 4 - 3 7 · ° , !3-58, 13*14, I 5 -7 8 , 16-15 (pierced);
278 29 mm, I l -5 3 g (93) 3 8 . C 609, 13.30; 3 g . C , 12.80; 4 0 . P ozzi coll. 4; 4 1 . N u m ism a tic a A rs
C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 356, 14.10.
During Tiberius’s reign only one issue was struck. The C o u n te rm ark s: R ( = cm k 33) o n th e rev ., on 21, 26. C R ( = cm k 45) on
asses were coined by the Ilviri and the semisses by the th e rev., on 34.
aediles. The stylistic similarity of Tiberius’s portraits on
both denominations gives weight to this view. Its
P S a lp a M F u lv iu s p r I l v i r
chronology within Tiberius’s reign remains uncertain.
As Semis
264 AE. 27-31 m m , 14.06g (51). Axis: var. [ 20 ]
Vives 160-1, 2, H ili 12-7, gmi 435-6, nah 895-6
279 28m m, 11.46g (51)
280 2 i-2 m m , 5.43g (14) C O L V IC IV L LEP; helm eted head o f M ars (?), r.
P SALPA M F V L V I P R I I V IR ; b u ttin g (or ru nning)
bull, r.
1—2. A N E 15-1 6 /1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 192-3, 14.08, 12.81; 3. C alico 6 /1979, 421,
4 4 -3 6 b c (?) 15.60; 4 . C o p 536, 16.07; 5. F 48, 13.50; 6. M i 220 (ru n n in g ), 14.69; 7 -
9 · P 2 43-5. >4 -7 7 , 12.76, 15.58; 10. V 103, 13.93; 1 1 - 1 3 . V a t 394-6,
14.20, 12.50, i i . 10; 14—17. B R au c h , Fox, 17108, L ö b b ; 18—2 9 . Ba 4898,
M F u lv iu s C O ta c iliu s p r q u in 9582, 14849, 14858, 14860, 23663-4, 26634, 30498, 30499 (ru n n in g ),
100924 (ru n n in g ), 100925, 13.51, 15.35, ι 8 ·95. 12.89, 13.21, 13.81, 13.84,
261 A E. 2 7 -3 0 m m , 14.30g (32). Axis: var. [ 10 ] ΐ 3 ·5 6 , ΐ 5 · ι 6 . ! 4·22, 13-27, 21.24; 3 ° - 34 · L 3 6 3' 6 . 3 δ 7 ( = H i l l 12-7),
ΐ 7 ·6 3 . 14 -9 4 . : 4 · ΐ 7 . >5·ο6, 13.18; 35 · Μ 9 6 5 2 . ΙΟ·9 7 ; 36- 45 - Μ 9 6 54 ~ 5 ,
Vives 160-5, H ill 12-6, gmi 433, n ah 892 9 6 5 8 -9 (b o th ru n n in g ), 9 661-2 (b o th ru n n in g ), 9664, 9673 -5 , 13.60, 13.97,
C (O L ) V (IC ) I(V L ) L (E P ); head o f V ictory, r., p alm 12.31, 16.10, 15.57, i 1-85, 11.24, 14.54? 15-89, 15.48; 4 6 - 4 8 . Ο , 11.86,
12.8ο, ΐ 3 ·7 2; 49 * G L ! 3 - i 2 ; 5° · F o rm erly C e rv e ra coll. ( = V ives 160-2)
over 1. shoulder (ru n n in g ); 5 1 . IV D J ( = V ives 160-1); 5 2 - 5 3 . C , 15.74, ” -3 9 ; 54 · G 605,
M FV L C O T A C PR Q V IN ; colonist ploughing w ith !2-52; 5 5 . G iro n a 29429 (= c m tm , pl. 5 -7 9 ), 12.12; 5 6 . A la c a n t (= c m tm ,
yoke of oxen, r. pl. 3 5 -1 7 2 ), 16.00; 5 7 —5 8 . F o rm erly S d e C 1358-9; 5 9 . N u m ism a tic a A rs
C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 358, 10.94.
C O L V IC IV L L E P : 1—2. A N E 15-16/12/1981, 194-5, 14-62, 14-96;
C o u n te rm ark s: R ( = cm k 33) on rev., on 9, 57. E a g le’s h ea d , r. (= cm k 4),
3. C op 535, 13.15; 4 . F 50, 17.84; 5. M S V 17/12/1981, 497, 15.25; 6. M u
on th e obv., o n 56. C R ( = c m k 45) on th e rev., on 58. In cu se circle o n the
82, 13.92; 7—8. P 246 a n d D ’A illy 17463, 13.58, 12.04; 9 . V a t 398, 10.40;
rev., o n 9.
10. B L ö b b , 18.11; 11—12. B R au c h , a.B .; 13—16. B a 9584, 30502, 33936,
100926, 13.42, 11.70, 15.92, 10.44 (pierced); 17. L 3 6 2 ( = H ill 12-6),
16.69; 1 8 - 3 0 . M 9724, 9726, 9730, 9732-5, 9738 ( = V ives 160-5), 9 7 3 9 -
40, 9742-3, 9747, 18.16, 13.44, 14-60, I 3 -9 L 14-85, 14 -3 4 , i° - 8 4 > 13-81, L Sem p M a x M C aec aed
14.74, x3 -7 6 , 12.81, 13.96, 11.02; 3 1 . O , 12.81; 3 2 . G 3 (pi. 9 8 -4 ), 17.92;
3 3 . E m p o riu m 18-19/12/1987, 5; 3 4 . C 608, 16.24; 35 · N u m ism a tic a A rs 265 AE. 2 i m m , 7.09g (8). Axis: var. [ 1 ]
C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 357, 17.31; C V I L: 3 6 . V ill a r o n g a c o ll. 6 3 2 2 ,
n .5 2 . Vives 160-6, nah 897
C o u n te rm ark s: See G u a d â n , p p . 51 a n d 55, no. 64 ( = cm k 33) a n d 67 (n o t C V I L; head o f H ercules, r.; club behind
verified).
L S E M P M A X M C A E C A ED ; bull, r.
i . C alico 6/1979, 425, 9.10; 2. L 373, 7.73; 3 . M 9751 ( = V ives 160-6),
C B a lb u s L P o r c iu s p r I l v i r 6.31; 4 —7. M 9752-5, 7.93, 6.23, 6.32, 5.29; 8. V illa r o n g a c o ll. 6 2 2 0 ,
7.80.
262 AE. 28-31 m m , 14.57g ( 3 °)· Axis: var. [ 13 ]
Vives 160-3, GMI 4 3 4 * NAH 893
L C a lp u r n iu s S e x N i g e r a e d
C V I L PR II V IR ; h ead o f V ictory, r., p alm over 1.
shoulder 266 AE. 20 m m , 5.65 g (4: 266—7). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
C B A LB O L P O R C IO ; bull, r. Vives 160-7, H ill 12-9, fita 211, nah 898
i . C alico 6/1979, 422, 14.48; 2. C op 537, 12.40; 3 . F 49, 13.55; 4 · P 2 50,
C V I L; rad iate bust o f Sol, facing
13.00; 5. P 251, 12.30; 6. V 104, I I . 11; 7 - g . B L öbb, R au c h , B ohl; 1 0 -
15. B a 4900, 9583, 14846, 14855, 23662, 33937, 13.48, 15.60, 12.64 L C A L SE X N IG A ED ; sheep, r.
(p ierced), 17.4g, Ι Ι ·54, Ι4·7°; 1 6 -1 7 . L 368, 369 ( = f i t a , pl. V II-2 0 ) , i . B R a u c h ( = H ill 12-9), 5.02; 2. O , 5.77; 3. IV D J ( = V ives 160-7),
19.56, 12.96; 1 8 -3 8 . M 9679-80, 9682-3, 9686, 9689, 9694, 9695 ( = V ives 5 -5 0 -
267 AE. 19mm. See a66. Axis: 11 (1). [ ° ] 10.69; 32- P 263, 12.07; A V G V S T C V I C E L S /L C O R N T E R R E N O M
I V N H IS P Ä N f? ] I I V IR : 3 3 . M 9797, 12.37; A V G V S T G V I C E L S /L
C O L V IC IV L L E P; rad iate head o f Sol, r. C O R N E T E R R E N O M I V N H IS P A N O I I V IR : 3 4 . M g S o t, 12.14;
L C A [ ]; sheep, r. A V G V S T C V I C E L S /U n c e rta in v ar.: 3 5 . J Î 179, m .24; A V G V S T
i . M S a s tre 6 6 2 7 , 6.32. C V I C E L S A /L C O R N E T E R R E N M IV N I H IS P A N [ I I V IR ]:
3 6 . Y riarte, NH 1953, pi. 4 -1 8 ; A V G V S T V S C V I C E L S A /L C O R
268 AE. 15mm, 2.92g (1). Axis: 3 (1). [ ° ] T E R R M IV N H I S P I I V IR : 3 7 —3 8 . C alico 6/1979, 4 2 9 -3 0 , 11.70, 14.80;
3 9 . M S V 17/12/1981, 499, 10.40; 4 0 . O = AMC 973, 14.04; 4 1 . R 180,
Vives 160-8, FiTA 211, H ill 12—10 Γ3 · ΐ 3 ; 4 2 · v I 0 7 , 14-10; 4 3 - 4 4 · B a.B ., 5654/54; 4 5 - 4 8 . B a 4914, 23659,
26640, 33938, 15.14, 11.60, 12.94, 13.22; 4 9 “ 5 °· L 387 -8 , 14.16, 13.20;
C V I L [?]; boar, r.
5 1—5 3 . M 9806, 9813, S astre 6606, 9.11, 13.77, 15.35; 5 4 · P 262, 11.76;
[?] S E X N IG AED; crescent 5 5 . Seaby B u lletin 4/1988, C 160; A V G V S T V S C V I C E L S A /L C O R
I. IV D J ( = V ives 160-8 — H ill 12-10), 2.92. T E R R M IV N I H IS P I I V IR : 5 6 . Bo 251, 8.84; 5 7 . M i 222, 11.33;
5 8 . 0 = a m c 972, 12.64; 5 9 · T 1 08, 10.30; 6 0 . B Bohl; 6 1 —6 8 . B a 9592,
14862, 14867, 23661, 26637, 30507, 37°9°> 109199, 10.69, 11.32, 11.90,
8.91, 13.08, 14.67, 13.69, 12.17; 6 9 —7 2 . L 379 -8 2 , 16.15, 12.44, 11-69,
9.66; 7 3 —7 6 . M 9810 -1 , 9836, 9838 (= V ives 160-11), 9-39, 10.60, 10.35,
Octavian (?) _ _ ________ Ï2.67; 7 7 . IV D J, form erly S de C 1375; 7 8 . C , 9.98; 79. P rin ce to n 718,
8.96; A V G V S T V S C V I C E L S A /u n k n o w n v ar.: 8 0 . P D ’Ailly 17475,
11.24; 8 1 —8 2 . G 4 -5 , 15.42, 12.10. C o in 7 orig in ally read C E L S A , as coin
L P o m p e iu s B u c c o L C o r n e liu s F r o n t I l v i r i , b e fo re 27 17; th e re a re tra ces o f th e A w h ich h as eith er b een d eleted on p u rp o se o r
accid en tally filled in o n th e die.
BC (?)
C o u n te rm ark s: E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e obv., o n 24, 51. R
( = cm k 33) on th e rev., o n 38, 41, 80. A ( = cm k 14) on th e rev., o n 40.
269 AE. 28-3om m , 14.52g (61). Axis: var. [ 24 ]
L A ( = cm k 54) on th e rev ., on 3, 42. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 71) on th e obv.,
Vives 160-9, H ü! 13-1, gmi 438, n a h 899 on 72. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 73) o n th e rev ., o n 64. D D ( = cm k 47) o n the
obv., on 69. A lso G u a d â n 27 (= cm k 93) (n o t verified).
C O L V d C EL SA I I V IR ; b are head, r.
L P O M P E B V C C O L C O R N E F R O N T (O ); bull, r.
i . A N E 23-2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , io6, 13.65; 2. A N E 15-16/12/1981, 199, 15.48; 3 — L S u ra L B ucco I lv ir i
5. Bo 247-9, 14-80, 12.57, 18-90; 6 “ 7 · C alico 6/1979, 4 2 6-7, j 6.04, 11.48;
8. M i 221, 14.50; 9. M M A G 487 (1986) 1, 17.02; 1 0 -1 1 . M u 8 3 -4 , 15.68, 271 AE. 2 8m m , 12.14g (48). Axis: var. [ 18 ]
14.73; *2—13. 0 = a m c 969-70, 10.11, 14.32; 14—21. P 249, 252-7 a n d S
de R , 11.64, 30.41, 15.57, 16.88, 9.88, 12.32, 11.43 a n d 16.55; 2 2 . R 178, Vives 160-12, H ill 13-3, gmi 439, nah 56
15 *7 3 i 23· T ü b in g e n 27, 11.15; 24. V 106, 9.79; 2 5 - 2 9 . B 17105, D ressel,
A V G V S T V S D IV I F; bare head, r.
B ohl, L öbb, 27874; 30—4 0 . B a 4903, 9588-90, 14844, 14851, 23657-8,
26643, 30500, 109198, 15.39, Ι 4 · Ι 4> u - 4 9 , 12.29, 17.18, 13.15, 13.81, C V I C E L L SV RA L B V C C O I I V IR ; bull, r.
12.50, 10.13, 17.14, 17.00; 41—4 5 . L 374-6, 377 (F R O N T O ), 378, 18.96, i . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 108, 13.91; 2—3 . Bo 253 -4 , 8.49, 11.48; 4 . C alico
13.60, i i . 51, 10.43, 15·12; 46· M 9 7 5 7 (= V iv e s 160-9), 19.55; 47 —64· M 6/1979, 4 3 L 11-38; 5. M i 223, i i . 41 (b ro k en ); 6. M u 85, 11.74;
9 7 5 6 , 9 7 5 8- 9 . 9 7 66. 9768-70, 9 7 7 4 , 9779-80, 9782-4, 9789, 9791, S astre 7. O = AMC 976, 11.18; 8—i i . P 259-61 a n d S d e R , 12.31, 9.45, 12.34 a n d
6603-5, 20.25, 15.28, 16.97, 11-4 1, 15 -4 5 , i 6 -6 2 , i 3 -9 1, i 8 -5 3 , 11 -89, 11.70, 12.84; 12. R 18 1, 12.44; I 3 · T ü b in g e n 28, 10.73; *4 · V 109, ΐ2 .ο ι; 15—
15 -9 4 , 12-63, I 7 -9 2 , 10.90, 14.38, 13.19, 13.34, 14.29; 6 5 . C 610, 12.24; 17. V a t 4 0 0 -2 , 12.50, 11.90, 10.90; 18. C o p 539 ( = H ill 13—3), 11.31; 19—
6 6 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 29-3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 359, 15.07. B arb a ro u s 2 2 . B G an sau g e, L ö b b (2), R au ch ; 23—3 1 . B a 4910, 9591, 14866, 14877,
im ita tio n : 1. O , 9.59. 2 75°6, 30512, 30515, 100918, 109201, 12.58, 12.84, 12.03, 11.46, 12.71,
C o u n te rm ark s: R ( = cm k 33) on the rev., on 11, 18, 61. E ag le’s h ea d , r. 12.36, 11.02, 13.39, 11-50; 3 2 - 3 4 · L 3 8 9 -9 1. 12 -5 4 , 11-89, 11-66; 3 5 . M
(= cm k 4), on th e obv., on 20, 26. T I ( = cm k 69) on th e rev., on 19. S p ear 9 8 5 2 ( = V ives 1 60-12), 13.18; 3 6 - 4 8 . M 9842 -5 , 9847 -9 , 9856 (re-
h ea d ( = cm k 8) on obv., on Γ4. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) on th e rev., on 64. en g rav ed A V G V S T V S ), 9861—5, 10.33, 12-2 3> 12.12, 11.75, 12.97, i i . o i ,
Also G u a d â n 25 (not verified). 1 1.67, 13 -3 7 , 14-18, 14-34, ! 2 .6 i , 13.57, 13.13; 4 9 . N 177, 12.26; 5 0 . G 6,
io .3 7 ; 5 1 —5 3 . C , 10.74, 13-08 (p ierced ), 16.32; 5 4 . P rin ce to n 717, 13.50;
5 5 . F o rm erly S de C 1371.
C o u n te rm ark s: R ( = cm k 33) on rev ., on 1. U n c e rta in c ircu lar o n th e rev.,
o n 9, 26. P R ( = cm k 61) on th e rev ., on 50. S p ear h ea d ( = cm k 8) on the
Augustus obv., on 54.

L C o r n e liu s T e r r e n u s M I u n iu s H is p a n u s I l v i r i
L B a g g iu s M n F la v iu s F e s tu s I l v i r i
270 AE. 2 7 - g m m , 1 1 .9 7 g (71). Axis: var. [ 28 ]
272 A E. 24m m , 6 .9 9 g (1). Axis: 6 (i). [ ° ]
Vives 160-10, ii an d 173-11, H ill 1 3 - 2 , gmi 4 3 7 , n ah 9 5 8
Vives 161-1
A V G V S(T V S) C V I C EL S(A ); b are head, r., all in
w reath A V G V S T V S D IV I F; bare_head, r.
L C O R (N E ) T E R (R E N O ) M IV N (I) H IS P (A N O ) II [C V I C E L L B A G G IO ] M N F E S [T O ] II V IR ; bull, r.
V IR ; bull, r. i . IV D J ( = V ives 161-1 = S d e C 1381), 6.99. T h e obv. die m u st belong
Ä V G V S C V I C E L S /L C O R T E R M IV N H IS P I I V IR : 1. M 9834, to the p rece d in g issue.
13.31; A V G V S C V I C E L S /L C O R T E R R M IV N H IS P I I V IR :
2. F o rm erly S de C 1374; 3- O = a m c 975, 12.24; 4 . B L ö b b ; 5—6. B a
273 AE. 2 8m m , 12 .0 0 g (123). Axis: var. [ 36 ]
14861, 23660, 9.16, 8.60; 7. L 3 8 5 ( = H i I l 13—2), 13.91; 8. L 386, 12.i t ; Vives 161-2, H ill 13-4, gmi 440-2, nah 959
9 -1 4 · M 9821, 9823, 9 8 32-3, 9835, 9837, 12.26, 12.22, 11.80, 10.98, 12.33,
8.27; A V G V S C V I C E L S /L C O R N T E R R E N M IV N I H IS P A N I I A V G V S T V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r.
V IR : 15. P S de R , 14.42; 16. L 384, 15.39; A V G V S C V I C E L S A /L G V I C E L L B A G G IO M N F E S T O II V IR ; bull, r.
C O R T E R R M IV N H IS P I I V IR : 17. A N E 7 -9 /3 /1 9 8 9 ; A V G V S T
I — 2. A N E 23—2 4 /1 0/1984, 109-10, 12.47, I 2 -28; 3. A N E 1 5-16/12/1981,
C V I C E L S /L C O R T E R M IV N H IS P I I V IR : 18. C , 12.00;
203, 10.25; 4. Be 4138, 11.29; 5 ” I 3 · 255~63, 11.77, I 2 -6o, 8.91, 9.87,
A V G V S T C V I C E L S /L C O R T E R R M IV N H IS P I I V IR : i g . Bo
11.00, 11.55, 11-62, 1 0 .3 5 ,9 .5 2 ; 1 4 - 1 5 . C alico 6/1979, 4 3 2 -3 , 14.30,
252, 12.32; 20. M u 86, 14.96; 2 1 . B R auch; 22. B a 9594, 8.81; 23—2 4 . M
14.50; 1 6 . C o p 540, 13.31; 1 7 . K la g 7, 11.82; 1 8 - 1 9 . M i 2 24-5, I 3-°6>
9818, S astre 6597, 9.71, 9.26; A V G V S T C V I C E L S /L C O R N T E R R E
12.27; 2 0 · M S V 17/12/1981, 501, 13.30; 2 1 —2 4 . M u 8 7 -9 0 , 11.52, 14.50,
M IV N H IS P A N I I V IR : 2 5 . M g_8oo ( = V ives i6 o - i o ) , m .33;
15.38, 14.13; 2 5 —2 6 . 0 = a m c 9 7 7 -8 , 12.77, 9 -2$; 2 7 —3 1 . P 264, 266-7,
A V G V S T C V I C E L S /L C O R N T E R R E N M IV N H IS P A N I I V IR :
274 a n d D ’A illy 17476, 14.16, 11.28, 11.78, 10.13 a n d 10.95; 3 2 · R 182,
26. L 383, 12.09; 3 7 - 2 8 . M 9796, 9798, 11.02, 12.28; A V G V S T G V I
I I - 39; 3 3 - 3 5 * T ü b in g e n 29-3 1 , 9.55, 9.35, 8.13; 3 6 . V n o , 13.15; 3 7 -
C E L S /L C O R N T Ë R R E N M I V N Ï H IS P Ä N I I V IR : 29. A N E 2 3 -
4 2 . V a t 4 0 3 -8 , 14.90, 12.20, 11.50, i i . 10, 10.80, 10.10; 4 3 —4 4 . B Bohl,
24/10/1984, 107, 11.09; 3 °· C alico 6/1979, 428, 13.38; 31. O — AMC 974,

Fox, 10.85, 12.75; 45 —5 °· B L ö b b (2), B ohl, a.B ., R au c h , 27876; 51 —
8 1 . B a 4913, 9595-6, 14863, 14868-9, 23644-51, 26631-3, 26635, 26638-9,
26641, 26644-6, 27500, 27504—5, 30505, 33939, 100919-20, 10.18, 11.12,
11.34, 12.94, 12.49, ϊ ο . ο δ , 13.00, 12.30, 14.88, 11.56, i i . 33, 10.83, τ5·92>
11-47, ι 5·523 8-5f5> 13.07, 10.60, 13.01, 10.09, 11 -35s 10.86, 11.50, 12.70,
9 .9 1 ,9 .8 1 , 11.48, 14.00, 14.15, 10.63, 13-80; 8 2 . L 3 9 8 ( = H ill 13-4),
12.01; 8 3 - 8 9 . L 3 9 2-7, 399, 14.12, 14.04, 13.38, 10.84, i 3 -8 9 . 12-42,
10.19; 9 °· M 9 9 2 3 , 16.11 ; 9 1 —i n . M 9876, 9881, 9887-8, 9891, 9901
( = V ives 161-2), 9903, 9907, 9913-6, 9921-2, 9924-5, 9927-8, 9930-1 ,
9 9 3 6, 8-5 9 , 14-21, 12-70, 12.51, 12.53, IO-2 4 , 12.89, n - o i , n - 3 3 , 13 -9 7 ,
13.20, 11.72 (broken), 16.42, 12.73, 15-78, 13.77, TI-59> n - 6 6 , 11.57,
11.76, 13.00; 112—114. N 178-80, i i . 91, 11.77, 10.95; I J 5 · G 7, 12.29;
116—117. C 2711, 6 11, 11.99 (pierced), 13.00; 118—122. C , 10.59, 8.38,
12.64, i i - i o , 8.64; 1 2 3 . P rin ce to n 719, 10.49; ** 4 · A lcoi 2530 ( = c m t m ,
pi. 21 -4 3 ), 9.68; 125—128. A la c a n t ( = c m t m , pi. 35-176 a n d 36-177 to
179), 12.50, 11.70, i i . 00, 10.25; 1*9—13*. GMi 4 4 0-2, 14.80, 11.90, 15.50;
132—ϊ3 4 · F o rm erly S de C 1383—4, 1386. O n som e rev. dies th e n om en o f
B aggius ap p e a rs as B A C C IO .
C o u n te rm ark s: R (= cm k 33) on th e rev., on 2, 41, 45, 75—6, 96, 130.
E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 30, 41, 94. E ag le’s h ea d , 1.
( = cm k 5), on th e obv., on 134. A ( = c m k 14) on th e rev., on 133. T I
( = cm k 69) on th e rev., on 132. C R (= cm k 45) on th e rev., on 10.
M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) on th e rev., on 49, 55. L A ( = cm k 54) on th e rev.,
o n 83. U n c e rta in c ircu lar on th e rev., on 38. D (?) ( = cm k 24?) on th e rev.,
o n 50. M o n o g ram ( = c m k 72) on th e rev., on 131. L -V I ( = c m k 55) on
th e obv., on 130. A lso G u a d â n 68 ( = c m k 26) (not verified).
274 AE. 20 mm , 5.15 g (15). Axis: var. [ 3]
Vives 161-3, H ill 13-5, gmi 448
A V G V S T V S D IV I F; laureate head, r.
L B A G G IO M N F L A V IO F E S T O ; in field, II V IR
C V I C ELS
i . C alico 6/1979, 4 3 4 , 4-6o; 2. M S V 17/12/1981, 505, 6.10; 3. P 276,
5.11; 4 . B B ohl, 3.98; 5 - 6 . B a 14752, 23665, 3.84, 4.43; 7. L 400, 5.57;
8. M 9 9 5 2 ( = V ives 161-3 = H ill 13-5), 6.24; 9 - 1 5 . M 9949-51, 9953-5,
S astre 6624, 6.11, 4.90, 4.18, 5.93, 5.28, 5.59, 5.45.
275 AE. 16m m , 2.94g (6)- Axis: var. [ 2]
Vives 161-4
A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r.
L B A G G IO M N F E S T O II V IR ; in field, C V I C E L
i . C alico 6/1979, 435, 2.38; 2—3. L 4 0 1-2, 3.51, 2.72; 4. M 9 9 5 6 , 2.71;
5. M 9957, 2.87; 6. F o rm erly B uckler coll. ( = V ives 161-4);
7. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 361, 3.44.
L A u f id iu s P a n s a S e x P o m p e iu s N i g e r a e d
276 AE. 20 m m , 5.49 g (13)· Axis: var. [ 6 ]
Vives 161-5, GMI 449
A V G V ST V S D IV I F; laureate head, r.
L A V F ID PA NSA S E X P O M P N IG R O ; in field, A ED
C V I C ELSA
i . C alico 6/1979, 436, 5.48; 2—3. P 265 a n d 275, 3.86 a n d 6.04; 4 . B
R au ch ; 5. B a 9599, 6.65; 6 - 7 . L 40 3 -4 , 7.94, 5.15; 8. M 9 9 6 0 , 4.22; 9 -
13. M 9958—9, 9961—2, S astre 6625, 4.66, 7.10, 5.25, 5.69, 5.35; 14. V ives
161-5 (form erly B uckler coll.) ( = g m i 449); 15. C 613, 3.95.
277 AE. 16-1 7 m m , 4.08 g (3). Axis: var. [ ο ]
Vives 161-6, H ill 13-6, n a h 960
A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r.
L PANSA SE X N IG R O ; in field, A ED C V I
i . M 9963, 4.63; 2. M S astre 6629, 3.89; 3. IV D J ( = V ives 161-6 = H ili
13-6), 3 -7 3 -
S P A IN : Lepida-Celsa (274-279) 113
C n D o m itiu s C P o m p e iu s I l v i r i , 3 - 3 BC
278 AE. 29 m m , 11.53 g (93). Axis: var. [ 37 ]
Vives 161-8, H ill 13-7, gmi 444-7, n ah 961
IM P C A ESA R D IV I F A V G V S T V S C O S X II; laureate
head, r.
C V I C E L C N D O M IT (IO ) C P O M P E I(O ) II V IR ;
bull, r.
D O M I T - P O M P E I : i . V m , 1 1 .19; 2. B a 9 5 9 7 , 1 0 .07; D O M I T -
P O M P E IO : 3. B a 1 4 878, 1 0.13; D O M I T I - P O M P E I : 4 —5. B a 3 3 9 4 0 ,
3 7 0 9 2 , 11.66, 14.84; 6. L 4 0 9 , 1 1.80; 7—10. M 9 9 7 2 , 9 9 9 7 , 1 0 024, 10032,
1 0.58, 15 .2 8 , 1 2 .7 1 , 13.07; D O M I T I - P O M P E I O : 11. V a t 4 1 2 , 9.90;
12. B 7 6 3 /1 8 7 7 ; 13—16. B a 2 6 6 3 6 , 3 0 5 0 8 , 3 0 5 1 1 , 3 7 0 9 3 , i i . 5 1 , 10.40,
10.51, 12.00; 17—19. M 9969, 10003, 10 0 2 1 ( = V ives 161—8), 13.16, 13.20,
13.00; 20. N 181, 11.49; D O M I T I O - P O M P E I O : 2 1 . K la g 8, 11.85;
22. M S V 17/12/1981, 502, 10.10; 23—24. B B ohl; 25—27. B a 14865,
23652, 100921, 12.54, ιΐ· 6 ο , 14.49; 2 8 ^ 4 1 1 , 8 . 5 2 ; 29—3 2 . M 9967,
10017-8, S astre 6614, 10.62, 12.16, 12.33, ΙΓ ·5 3 > D O M I T - u n c e r ta in :
3 3 . B a 14751, 13.16; 3 4 . R 184, 12.73; 35- 3 6 · G 8 - 9 . ΐ 3 ·4 4 , I0 -4 °;
D O M IT I - u n c e r ta in : 3 7 —3 8 . P 273, D ’A illy 17477, ΙΟ·7 2> Ι 2 ·°3 (broken);
3 9 . V a t 409, 13.40; 4 0 —4 1 . B L ö b b , R au ch ; 4 2 —4 3 . B a 23654-5, 13.51,
9.88; 4 4 . L 4 0 5 (P O M P E ? ), 9.98; 4 5 . L 407, 12.57; 4 6 —4 8 . M 10020,
10022, 10027, 12.98, 12.54, 15.18; 4 9 . O = AMC 980, 8.80; 5 0 . A lac an t
( = c m t m , pl. 3 6 -1 8 1 ), 11.20; D O M I T I O - u n c e r ta in : 5 1 . Bo 264, 10.30;
5 2 . P 269, 11.20; 5 3 . B L öbb; 5 4 . M 10023, T2.67; U n c e rta in -P O M P E I:
5 5 . C o p 541, 10.30; 5 6 . P S d e R ( = H ill 13-7 ), 13.10; 5 7 - 5 8 . B a 23656,
37094, 12.35, I 2 -I 5 > 59 · L 406, 13.83; 6 0 . A lcoi 1258 ( = c m t m , pl. 2 2 -
44), 10.99; U n c e r ta in - P O M P E I O : 6 1 —6 2 . Bo 2 6 5 -6 , 11.16, 10.53; 6 3 . M i
227, 11.68; 6 4 . M u 91, 11.07; 65· P 268, 11.56; 6 6 . B Bohl; 6 7 - 6 9 . Ba
23653, 3 ° 5 10, 100922, 11.96, 1 3 .0 1 ,9 .1 6 ; 7 0 . L 410, 10.13; 7 1 —7 2 . M
10012, 10033, 1 *- ί-θ* 10.75; 7 3 . O = AMC 981, 9.40; U n c e rta in -U n c e rta in :
7 4 . A N E 15 -1 6 /1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 205, 12.73; 75 · C alico 6 /1979, 4 3 7 . 1348;
7 6. M i 226, 9.81; 7 7 . M u 92, 11.64; 7 8 - 8 1 . P 270, 270 bis, 271 -2 , 12.08,
8.48, 8.49, 9.90; 8 2 —8 4 . V 112-4, 13.30, 11.00, 10.55; 85—8 6 . V a t 4 10-1,
12.00, 11.30; 8 7 - 8 9 . B 150/1966, 5652/54, 27875; 9 0 - g i . B a 9598, 30516,
9.78, 12.12; 9 2 . L 408, 11.38; 9 3 —9 6 . M 9993, 10001, 10004, S astre 6617,
10.81, 11.09, 10.78, 11.48; 9 7 . O = AMC 979, 12.14; 9 8 . R 183, 13.05;
9 9 . C , 11.59; I 0 ° · C 612, 10.97; 1 0 1 . P rin ceto n 720, 9.27; 1 0 2 . A la c a n t
( = c m t m , p l . 3 6 -1 8 2 ), 10.80; 103. A N E 18-1 9 /2 /1 9 7 1 , 46; 104—1 05. GMI
445, 447, 9.65, 11.85; *<>6. F o rm erly S de C 1391.
C o u n te rm ark s: L -V I ( = cm k 55) o n th e obv., on 79. T I ( = cm k 69) on the
rev., on 77 ( T [ I ] ) , 104, 106. C R ( = cm k 45) o n th e rev ., o n 56, 77, 78, 92.
R ( = cm k 33) on th e rev., o n 23, 26, 29, 50, 66, 79, 81, 84, 8g, 99.
M o n o g ram ( = cm k 72) o n th e rev., o n 52, 80, 95. D D ( = cm k 47) o n the
obv., o n 96. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) on th e rev., o n 96, 102. LA ( = cm k
54) o n th e rev ., o n 6, 103. S p ear h e a d ( = cm k 8) o n th e o b v ., on 52. S (?)
( = cm k 35) o n th e rev., on 63. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 76) o n th e rev., o n 105.
A lso G u a d ä n 28 ( = cm k 4), 29 ( = cm k 13) a n d 63 ( = cm k 61) (not
verified).
Tiberius
B a g g iu s F r o n t C n B u c c o I l v i r i ite r u m
279 AE. 28m m , 11.46g (51). Axis: var. [ 18]
Vives 161-9, H ill 13-8, gmi 450, nah 1077
T I C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r.
C V I C E L BAG G F R O N T (or F R O (N )) C N B V C C O
II V IR II; bull, r.
1—2. C alico 6/1979, 4 3 9 -4 0 , 12.80, 16.80; 3 . C o p 542, 10.27; 4 · M S V
17/12/1981, 506, 9.72; 5. P 2 7 8 ( = H ill 13-8 ), 11.99; 6 - 7 . P 277, 279,
8.60, 12.21; 8 . R 185, 12.50; 9—10. V 115-6, 13.52, 7.36; i i —12. V a t
4 1 3 -4 , 13.20, 11.60; 13—17. B 149/1966, B ohl, a.B ., 17468, K assel, 8.69,
14.73, — > 12.21, 13.30; 18—25. 9 6 0 0 -U 14754, 14864, 26642, 27494,
 3 0 5 0 6 , 3 0 8 7 8 , 9 .1 7 , 10.1 8 , 11.50, 1 3.41, 11 .3 2 , 8 .7 2 , 1 0.39, 9 -Sg; 2 6 - 3 0 . L V e titiu s B u c c o C F u fiu s I l v i r i
4 1 2 - 4 , 4 1 5 ( = V ives 1 6 1 - 9 ), 4 1 6 (F R O N ) (d ouble-struck), 13,24, 13.04,
11.96, 9 .8 2 , 8 .1 5 ; 31—4 7 . M 1 0 0 3 4 -9 , Ï 0 0 4 1—3, 1 0 0 4 5 -9 , I 0 ° 5 ° (F R O ? ), 280 AE. 21-2 m m , 5 .4 3 g (14). Axis: var. [ 5 ]
10052, 10057, 12.40, 12.31, 15.09, 1 2.44, Ι 2 ·34> Τ Ι·94> 11.84, i i - g o , 11.86,
10.09, 9 - 9 9 9 -9 3 . 9 -7 2 , 9 -5 4 , 9 -3 4 . i 3 -5 ° , 12-27: 4 »· N 182, 1 0 .90; 4 9 - Vives 161-7, H ill 13-9, gmi 451, nah 1078
50. O , 11.57, 11-13; 5 1 . A la c a n t ( = c m t m , pi. 3 6 - 1 8 7 ), 12.25;
52. C lassical N u m ism a tic s 9/12/1988, 350 (F R O N ), 12.19. N orm ally the
T I C A ESA R A V G V S T VS; laureate head, r.
cognom en o f B aggius ap p e a rs as F R O N T a n d a few cases h ave been V E T IL IO B V C C O N Ë C F V F IO ; in field, A ED C ELSA
reco rd e d as F R O N (coins 30 a n d 52). T h e dies are often w id er th a n th e i . A N E 15 -1 6 /1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 208, 6.48; 2. C alico 6/1979, 43^, 6.40; 3 . M S V
flan a n d it is n o t alw ays possible to read th e en d o f th e legend. F orgery: 17/12/1981, 508, 6.00; 4 . P 2 7 8 A , 5.43; 5. B R au ch , 4.44; 6—7. B a 14753,
i . B B ohl, 10.38. 3 ° 5 I 9 s 5 -5 4 » 4 - n ; 8 - 1 0 . L 4 1 7 -9 , 5.79, 5.61, 5.29; 1 1 - 1 4 . M 9964-6,
C o u n te rm ark s: P ( = cm k 29) on th e rev., on 5. U n c e rta in in circu lar S astre 6628, 3.28, 6.02, 6.13, 5.47; 15. I V D J ( = V ives 161-7).
p u n c h on the obv., on 7. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) on th e rev., on 39.

Osca
Throughout the Republican period, especially during the for the fractions whose reverses consist completely of the
second half of the second century and the first third of the legend. The reading PATRIAI on the obverse of 285, 287
first century, the Iberian city of Bolskan minted many series and 289 is certain, and can be considered as an archaism.
of silver (denarii) and bronze coins (asses, semisses and The arrangement of Augustus’s issues proposed here
quadrantes). seems reasonably probable. It is based on the evolution of
A part of these issues was probably used to finance the legends and also on the fact that there are no stylistic
Sertorius’s military expenditure. Bolskan was one of the differences between Augustus’s portrait on issue 289 and
Iberian mints in Republican Spain which struck a very Tiberius’s on issue 291. This is why we consider 289-90 as
great number of coins and which were widely dispersed in the last issue minted during Augustus’s reign. The denomi­
circulation (A. Dominguez, Las cecas ibéricas del valle del Ebro, nations are asses, semisses and quadrantes.
Zaragoza, 1979, pp. 86-99; L. Villaronga, NAH, pp. As Semis Quadrans
168-70).
281 29m m, 12.17g (15)
Later on, in 39 b c , in this city and with the Latin name 282 14mm, 2.34g (2)
Osca, Cn Domitius Calvinus struck an ‘official’ issue of 283 28-9 mm, 11.33 g (20)
denarii (RRC 532/1). This issue confirms the identity of 284 28m m, 12.58g (22)
Bolskan and Osca, not only because of the ethnic but also 285 2 8 -9 mm, 11.79g ( : 5)
286 21 mm, 5.90g (21)
because these denarii bear on the obverse the same male 287 2 8 -9 mm, 12.04g (21)
head as was used in the previous Iberian coinages of the 288 23 mm, 7.23 g (3)
city. 289 28m m, 12.05g (18)
The coinages of the Municipium Urbs Victrix Osca 290 15 mm, 2.60 g (2)
(Pliny iii. 24) began probably with Octavian or in about 27 During Tiberius’s reign the mint’s production decreased
b c , with an issue (281-2) that bears only the name of the
slightly, and only four issues were struck. The content of the
city. For the obverse a portrait was chosen that seems to first one (291-4) is, perhaps, the most uncertain and con­
imitate that of Octavian from official coinages of the years troversial because we include within it anonymous denomi­
c. 29-27 b c or slightly before (RIC 250a, 267); for the nations and the semis of M. and Q. Aelius (292); but here
reverse, in this issue as well as on the units of the other we consider that they constitute a single issue on the
issues, the horseman is taken from the Iberian coinages. grounds of the stylistic similarity of the obverses. 294 with
The issue includes a quadrans whose obverse legend the title P(ater) P(atriae) is, as said by Hill (p. 141), an
presents problems, because of its rarity (one specimen engraver’s mistake, since Tiberius never accepted that title.
known) and bad conservation; here we share Vives’s (iv, p. Villaronga’s reading of 294, as TI CAESAR AVG PP is
50), Hill’s (p. 141) and A. Beltran’s (Las antiguas monedas wrong, as is Vives’s (iv, p. 52, no. 18) T I CAESAR AVG
oscenses, Huesca, 1950, p. 20) reading and accept MV and P M; the correct reading is TI CAESAR P P. Vives’s read­
its expansion as municipium as the most probable (contra ing (iv, p. 52, no. 19) of 293 is also wrong; the correct one is
Grant, FIT A 167, who proposed VV). This issue, which has TI CAESAR PM .
some similarities with 431 from Calagurris, was considered
by Grant (FITA 167) as a foundation one and he dated it to As Semis Quadrans

28 b c . This, although probable, lacks firm evidence (contra 291 28-9 mm, ! 2 .5 9 g (17)
A. Beltran, p. 19; M. and F. Beltran, Numisma 162-4, ι 9&°> 292 21 mm, 5.15g (7)
293 16 mm, 3
p. 67, who propose that the city obtained municipal status 16 mm
294
with Gn Domitius, although they also admit (p. 62) that 295 28 mm, ” -5 7 g (23)
281 copies models from after Actium). 296 28-9 mm, 13-47 g (28)
Later on, well into Augustus’s reign, five issues were 297 28—9 mm, r 3 -5 ° g (15)
minted. They have the usual legend AVGVSTVS DIVI F, 298-299 20-1 mm, 6.52 g (7)
to which was later added a reference to Augustus as ponti­ Osca’s last issue was made during Caligula’s reign. All
fex maximus (PONT MAX) and the title PATER the coins allude to his first consulate, so it can be dated in
PATRIAI (sic). The types on the coins do not vary except 37 b c . As Hill (p. 14 1).pointed out, coins with Germanicus’s
 S P A I N : Osca (281-289) //5

name - known from a drawing which Vives took from (p ierced ), 13.65; 22. F o rm erly B uckler coll. ( = V ives 136-6); 2 3 . IV D J,
Delgado (pi. 158-17 and 159-20) - must be an invention or form erly S d e C 1674; 24. C 664, 12.22; 25. A N E 5 -7 /7 /1 9 6 3 , 27 ( = S de
C 1675 = NAH 1156), 12.55.
a misreading, since it has not been possible to verify their C o u n te rm ark : M o n o g ram (= cm k 93) o n th e rev ., on 25.
existence. Although we do not have metal analyses for every
different part of this issue, visual examination seems to
indicate that 300 and 301, because of their colour, could After 2 BC
perhaps be made of brass. 302/15 is, according to a quali­ Compostus et Marullus Ilviri
tative analysis, a bronze coin; from this we could probably
deduce that the issue would consist of sestertius (300), 285 AE. 2 8 -9 mm, 1 1 .7 9 g (1 5 )· Axis: var. [ 4 ]
dupondius (301), as (302) and semis (303). The average Vives 136-9, H ill 2 7-5, nah 9 7 2
weight of the as follows the metrological standard with A V G V ST V S D IV I F P O N T M A X P A T E R P A T R IA I;
which the asses of previous issues were struck. lau reate head, r.
V V O SC A C O M P O S T O E T M A R V L L O II V IR ;
300 35 mm, 24.57 g (5)
301 28m m, 11.87g (6) 21 mm, 5.09g (6) horsem an w ith spear, r.
302 29-30 mm, 13.61 g (23) I. C alico 6/1979, 193, 10.80; 2—3 . P 314 ( = V ives 136-9) a n d 315, 11.45,
9.19; 4 . V a t 471, 11.40; 5. A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 72, 12.16; 6—9 . B a 4587,
3°3
9710, 26661, 30558, 12.45, 12.39, 12.24, 11 -32; 10. L 6 6 6 (= H ill 2 7 -
5 = FiTA, pi. V -2 5 ), 11.77; i i . L 665, 12.40; 12—14. M 1225 0 -1 , Sastre
6839, 12.42, 11.30, 13.69; 15. N 206, 11.88.
U n c e rta in d a te (b efo re 2 7 BC?)___________________
286 AE. 2 1 mm, 5 .9 0 g (21). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
281 A E. 29m m , 12.17g (15). Axis: var. [ 4 ] Vives 136-10, H ill 2 7 -6 , n ah 9 7 3

Vives 136-3, H ill 27-4, gmi 604, nah 903 A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r.
V RB V IG T ; b are head, r. C O M P O S T O E T M A R V L L O II V IR ; in field, O SC A
O SCA ; horsem an w ith spear, r. i . C alico 6/1979, 194, 5.80; 2. P 316, 6.08; 3 . V a t 472, 5.50; 4 . B 17444,
5.32; 5 - 8 . B a 9711, 15140, 30554, 105815, 6.31, 5.57, 5.55, 7.69; 9. L 6 6 7
I. Bo 297, 11.95; 2. C alico 6 /1 9 7 9 , 188, 1 3.30; 3 . P 3 0 8 , 12.33; 4 . P 307
( = H ill 2 7 -6 ), 6.43; 10. L 668, 6.69; 11—20. M 12254-61, 12263, *2265,
( = H ill 2 7 - 4 ) , 12.50; 5 . V a t 4 6 9 , 1 0 .70; 6 - 7 . B a 3 0 5 5 7 , 3 0 5 5 9 , 1 2.26,
6.76, 4.66, 5.32, 6.62, 5.36, 5.38, 6.76, 6.22, 5.37, 5.98; 21. IV D J (= V ives
10.66; 8 - 9 . L 6 5 4 - 5 , 14.41, 1 2.68; 1 0 -1 6 . M 1 2 2 0 8 -9 , 1 2 2 1 1 -4 , S astre
136-10); 22. P rin ce to n 723, 4.44.
6 8 4 6 , i i . 71, 12.34, 10.90, 11.58, 12 .7 1 , 9 .3 4 (p ierced ), 1 2.49; 17· IV D J
( = V ives 1 3 6 -3 ).

282 AE. 14m m , 2.34g (2)· Axis: io (1). [ o ]

Sparsus et Caecilianus Ilviri
Vives 136-2, H ill 27-2, gmi 610
287 AE. 28~9m m , 12.04g (2 I )· Axis: var. [ 4 ]
M V ; b are head, r.
O SCA ; pegasus, r. Vives 136-7, gmi 607, H ill 26-10
i . C alico 6 /1 9 7 9 , 187, 2 .4 0 ; 2. M 1 2 2 0 7 ( = V ives 1 3 6 -2 = H ill 2 7 - 2 = gmi A V G V ST V S D IV I F P O N T M A X P A T E R P A T R IA I;
6 1 0 ), 2.2 8 . T h e rea d in g M V is n o t ce rtain , b u t is m u c h m ore p ro b ab le
lau reate head, r.
th a n V V , see in tro d u ctio n .
V RB V IC O SC A SPA RSO E T C A E C IL IA N O I I V IR ;
horsem an w ith spear, r.
i . Bo 299, i i . 21; 2. C alico 6/1979, 192, 11.55; 3 . P 3 1 3 , 12.91; 4 . V 185,
A u g u s tu s 11.60; 5—7. B a 9709, 15138, 23864 (tooled leg en d s), 13.14, 15.24, 11.50;
8. L 663, 12.56; 9 - 1 9 . M 12239-47, S astre 6841 a n d 6845, 8.98, 12.56,
11.77, ι 0 ·8 5 , 12.03, ι ι . ι 8 , 13.44, n - H ? 12.21, 11.12, 13.98; 2 0 . G i,
283 AE. 28-9 m m , 11.33 g (20)· Axis: var. [ 6 ] 11.65; 2 I · C 665, 12.27. F orgery: i . B B ohl, 13.57.
Vives 136-4, H ill 26-11, gmi 605, nah 970 C o u n te rm ark : S ( = cm k 34) o n th e o b v ., on 1.

A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r. 288 AE. 23 m m , 7.23 g (3). Axis: var. [ i ]

V V O SCA ; horsem an w ith spear, r.
Vives 136-8, gmi 609
i . C alico 6/1979, 189, 11.05; *· C o p 567, Ι2 ·9°1 3 · M S V 17/12/1981, 148,
13.5°; 4—5. P 309-10, 11.30, 10.93; 6· R 200, 11.60; 7· V a t 47°> i 2.80; A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r.
8 - 9 . Β L öbb, D a n n e n b e rg ( = H ill 2 6 -1 1 ), 9.49, 9.30; 1 0 -1 3 . B a 4583, SPA RSO E T C A E C IL IA N O I I V IR ; in field, O SCA
9707, 15135, 33961, 10.04, ” ·53> IO·76, 10.23; J 4· L 656, 12.59; Γ5· M
I. L 6 6 4 , 6 .54; 2. M 12248, 6.70 (obv. illegible); 3. IV D J (= V ives 1 3 6 -
1 2 2 1 7 , 13.95; 16—20. M 12 2 16, 12218-20, S astre 6843, 12.62, 10.34, 8.75,
8 = S de C 1679 = gmi 609), 8.44.
10.61, 12.39; 2 I * IV D J ( = V ives 136-4); 2 2 . V Q R c o ll. 90 6 .
C o u n te rm ark : E a g le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 6.

Anonymous
M Quinctius Q Aelius Ilviri
289 AE. 28 m m , 12.05g (18). Axis: var. [ 8 ]
284 AE. 28m m , 12.58g (22). Axis: var. [ 7 ]
Vives 136-5, gmi 608, nah 971
Vives 136-6, gmi 606, H ill 27-3, nah 1156
A V G V ST V S P A T E R P A T R IA I; lau reate head, r.
A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r.
V V O SCA ; horsem an w ith spear, r.
V V O SC A M Q V IN C T IO Q A E L IO I I V IR ;
i . C o p 568, 11.45; 2 * M u 148, 11.45; 3 · I* 3 1 1 , 12.82; 4 —5. B Bohl,
horsem an w ith spear, r. R au c h , 11.03, i t - H i 6—7. B a 15134, 23860, 10.99, 12.76; 8—10. L 659-61,
i . Bo 298, 12.86; 2 - 3 . C alico 6/1979, 190-1, 15.35, 11.60; 4 . M u 147, 13.15, 12.73, 11.31; i i —18. M 12225-7, 12229-32, S astre 6848, 13.96,
16.27; 5 · 0 = amc 996, 12.10; 6. P 3 1 2 , 13.69; 7. B B ohl, 11.35; 8“ 10.14, 12.85, 12.20, 13.33, 12.19, 9·8 ι , 13.58.
12. B a 9708, 15136-7, 23861, 30560, 13.94, 12.59, I 2-64, 13-56, ro- 0 3 ; * 3 "
14. L 657 ( = V ives 136-6 = H ill 2 7 -3 ), 658, 11.78, 9.61; 1 5 -2 1 . Μ 12221,
12233-5, 12237-8, S astre 6842, 10.86, 11.94, 13.14? 13.26, 11.72, 9.17
290 AE. 15m m , 2.60g (2). Axis: var. [ 1 ] Anonymous
Vives 136-11, H ill 27-1 296 A E. 2 8 -9 m m , 13.47g (28). Axis: var. [ 10 ]
A V G V S T VS P P; lau reate head, r. Vives 136-12, H ill 27-7, gmi 611-2, nah 1083
O SC A in field
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
i . L 6 6 2 ( = H ill 2 7 -1 ), 2.09; 2. IV D J ( = V ives 136-11), 3.12.
r.
V V O SCA ; horsem an w ith spear, r.
r . Bo 300, 12.18; 2. C alico 6/1979, 195, 14.38; 3. C o p 569, 10.77; 4 · K lag
20, 11.99; 5 * M l 241, 11.71 (p ierced ); 6—7. P 317 -8 , 16.93, x3 -3 2; 8. R
201, 12.40; 9. V 186, 10.23; IO · A N E 1 5 -1 6/12/1981, 94, 13.27; I I -
Tiberius 17. B a 4586, 4687, 9 7 1 2 -3 , 15141, 27530, 100890, 13.14, 14.67, 12.34,
12.29, I 2 -9 7 > r 3 -74-! 12-79; *8. L 6 7 0 ( = H ill 2 7 -7 ), 13.83; 19—20. L 669,
671, 14.39, I 3 ·20; 21—2 6 . M 12268-9, 122 73 —4r? 12276, S astre 6847, 13.18,
291 AE. 2 8 -9 m m , 12.59g (17). Axis: var. [ 5 ] 12.04, I 5 -3 ° (p ierced ), 13.00, 16.34, 11*78; 2 7 . G 2, 16.51; 2 8 . IV D J
( —V ives 136-12); 29. C 666, 14.46; 3 0 . C , 16.46; 3 1 . O , 14.65.
Vives 136-13, H ill 27—8, n ah 1084 Forgeries: 1. B B ohl, 13.25 (u n c e rta in ); 2. M 12272, 13.25.
T I C A E SA R A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r.
V RBS V IC O SC A D D; horsem an w ith spear, r. Hospes et Florus Ilviri
i . C alico 6/1979, 196, 13.30; 2. P 3x9, 12.60; 3 . A N E 15-16/12/1981, 95,
12.29; 4 · B L ö b b ( = H ill 2 7 -8 ), 12.26; 5. B a i o o 8 g i , 16.33; 6 - 1 0 . 4584, 297 A E. 28-9 m m , 13.50 g (15). Axis: var. [ 5 ]
97x4, 15142, 15144, 23863, 12.17, 13.01, 11.45, 12.75, I 2 -°35 i i —Σ2 * L Vives 137-3, H ill 27-11
672-3, 12.40, 8.39; 1 3 - 1 6 . M 12278, 12280-1, S astre 6860, 12.47, I 2 -5 3 >
12.37, 14-43; 17· O , 13.32; 18. IV D J ( = V ives 136-13). T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; laureate head,
r.
V V O SC A H O S P IT E E T F L O R O I I V IR ; horsem an
w ith spear, r.
M A e liu s M a x u m u s Q , A e liu s P r o c u lu s I l v i r i i . C alico 6/1979, 198, 13.40; 2—3. P 321 -2 , 12.15, 13.27; 4 . A N E 1 5 -
16/12/1981, 96, 13.89; 5. B L ö b b , 14.25; 6—8. B a 23859, 27529, 30561,
292 AE. 2 1 m m , 5.15 g (7). Axis: var. [ 2 ] 13.71, 13.23, 11.69; 9 - 10· L 67 4 - 5 . 13-72. 13·11; i r · M ! 2 2 9 4 . I 5 -3 5 ;
12—15· M 12295-6, 12299 ( —V ives 137-3 = H ill 2 7- 1 1 ), S astre 6850,
Vives 137-2, H ill 28-1 13.14, 15.56, 11.83, 14.20. F orgery: i . M 12300, 14.14.
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; laureate head, 298 A E. 20-I''m m , 6 .5 2 g (7: 2 9 8 —9 ) . Axis: var. [ 3 ]
r.
M A E L M A X V M O Q A EL P R O C V L O ; in field, I I V IR Vives 137-4, gmi 614
O SC A T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
I. C alico 6/1979, 197, 6.00; 2. P 324 ( —H ill 2 8 -1 ), 4.77; 3. P 323, 5.79; r.
4 . A N E 23-2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 1 , 73, 5.57; 5 . B a 4589, 4.81; 6 - 7 . M 12292, S astre H O S P IT E E T F L O R O II V IR ; in field, V O SC A V
6853, 4.07, 5.01; 8. IV D J (= V ives 137-2).
1 - 2 . P 325 a n d S d e R , 6.33 a n d 5.93; 3. B 27884, 7.35; 4 . B a 33962,
4.82; 5. M 1 2 3 0 1 ( = V iv e s i 37~4 = gmi 614), 6.28; 6 . H e rre ro 24/3/1988,
293 AE. 16m m , 3.31g (5). Axis: var. [ 3 ] 30, 6.39. F orgery: 1. M 12302, 4.45.

Vives 137-6, H ill 27-9 299 AE. 21 m m . See 298. Axis: 1-2 (1). [ 1 ]
T I C A E SA R P M ; lau reate head, r. H ill 27-12
OSCA; in w reath As ag 8 , b u t head 1.
i . P 3 3 3 , 2.48; 2 - 3 . B B ohl ( — H ill 2 7 -9 ), D an n en b erg , 3.76, 3.56; 4 - i . L 6 7 6 ( = H i l l 2 7 -1 2 ), 8.53.
5. M 12304, 12305 ( = V ives 137-6), 3.43, 3.34.

294 AE. 16 m m . [ o ] Caligula

Vives 137-5 corr., H ill 27-10, gmi 615 corr., nah 1085
corr.
G Tarracina P Priscus Ilviri
T I C A E SA R P P; laureate head, r. 300 AE. 3 5 m m , 24.57g (δ)· Axis: var. [ 3 ]
O SCA ; in field Vives 137-7, H ill 28-2, gmi 616, nah 1132
i . V iv e s 137—5 = H ill 27-10 = gmi 615 = nah 1085.
G C A ESA R A V G G E R M P M T R P O T C O S; laureate
head, r.
V V O SC A G T A R R A C IN A P P R IS C O I I V IR ;
horsem an w ith spear, r.
Q u ie tu s e t P e r e g r in u s I l v i r i
i . C o p 571, 22.64; 2 · P 328, 25 ·4 5 ; 3· P 3 2 9 > 2 7 ·ϊ8 ; 4 . R 202, 20.40;
295 AE. 28m m , 11.57g (23). Axis: var. [ 11 ] 5· I V D J ( = V ives i 37- 7 = GMI 616), 27.17; 6. L e n in g ra d (B M cast).

Vives 137-1, H ill 27-13, gmi 613 301 A E. 28 m m , 11.87 g (6)· Axis: var. [ 3 ]
T I C A E SA R A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. Vives 137-11, H ill 28-4
V V O SC A II V IR Q V IE T O E T P E R E G R IN O ; G C A ESA R A V G G E R M P M T R P O T C O S; laureate
horsem an w ith spear, r. head, r.
i . C o p 570, 13.24; 2 - 3 . M u 149-50, 8.78, 9.67; 4. P 320, 12.47; 5 · B G T A R R A C IN A P P R IS C O I I V IR V RB S V IC T ;
F o x , 11.89; 6 - 7 . B Bohl (2), 9.58, 12.87; 8 - 1 1. B a 4585, 9715, 15143,
23862, 13.36, 12.64, 8.46, 10.15; 1 3 -1 4 · L 6 7 7-8, 679 ( = H ill 27-1 3 ),
w reath containing O SC A
12.64, 11.87, 10.35; 15—22. M 12282—3, 12285, 12287-91, 13. i i , 13.21, ι · Ρ 3 3 2 ( = H ill 2 8 -4 ), 13.23; 2. P 331, 11.52; 3. B ohl, 11.57; 4· B a
14.83, 8.41, 12.81, 13.77, 9-78, 11-99; 2 3 · Ο» 10.19; 24. IV D J ( = V ives 4588, 12.26; 5” 6· Μ 123175 123195 1 1·9 7 » 10.70; 7 * IV D J (= V ives 137 —
137-1 = g m i 613). F orgery: i . B a 15059. ι ι ) . F orgery: 1. Μ 12318.
 S P A IN : Osca, Caesaraugusta (302—303) iiy

302 Bronze. 2 9 -3 0 m m , 13.61g (23). Axis: var. [ 11 ] 303 AE. 21 m m , 5.09g (6). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
Vives 137-8, H ill 28-3, gmi 617, nah 1133 Vives 137-9, H ill 28-5, gmi 618
As 300 G C A ESA R A V G G E R M P M T R P O T C O S; laureate
i . C alico 6/1979, 199, 14.08; 2. C op 572, 16.22; 3. M S V 17/12/1981, 151, head, r.
T3 *7 °; 4 · M u 151, 16.09; 5 “ ®· P 327, 330, 12.11, 11.96; 7. V 187, 11.92; G T A R R A C IN A P P R IS C O I I V IR ; in field, V V O SC A
8. A N E 15—16/12/1981, 97, 9.62; 9—10. B L öbb, B ohl, 18.67, Ι 3 ·9 9 > I I —
i . P 326, 3.59; 2. B a 15060, 6.05; 3. L 6 8 3 ( = H ili 2 8 -5 ), 5.67; 4 —6 . M
12. B a 4686, 9716, 12.79, 11-86; 13. L 6 8 0 ( = H ill 2 8 -3 ), 19.65; 14—
12314-6, 5.67, 4 .1 1, 5.44; 7 . IV D J ( = V ives 137-9 = g m i 618).
15. L 681-2, 13.91, 13.80; 16—22. M 12306-10, 12312, S astre 6840, 16.02,
12.90, 12.78, 10.78, 16.37, 10.66, 12.55; 23. Ο , 10.63; 24. IV D J ( = V ives
!3 7 -8 = g m i 617). F orgery: 1. M 12311. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on 15.

Caesaraugusta
The colony of Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza) was established Q Lutatius M Fabius Ilviri
by Augustus with veterans from the fourth, sixth and tenth 3 °4 As AE. 29m m, 12.74g (7)
legions, next to the Ebro river, where previously the Iberian 305 As Bronze. 28m m, 12.14g (16)
oppidum of Salduba (= Saltuie) (Pliny, NH III, 3, 24) was C Aisanus T Cervius Ilviri
located. This oppidum had minted a small issue of bronze 306-308 As AE. 2 8 -9 mm, 12.40g (11)
coins (as and semis) at an uncertain date between the last
third of the second century b c and the first third of the first L Cassius C Valerius Fene(stellaP) Ilviri
3 09 - 3 io As AE. 28m m, 12.38g (31)
century b c (A. Dominguez, Las cecas ibéricas del valle del Ebro, Semis Copper + lead. 20 mm, 5.95 g (13)
3 11
Zaragoza, 1979, pp. 146-50). 312 Q uadrans AE. 16mm, 3.74g (9)
The coinages of the colony have been discussed by O. Gil 3:3 Q uadrans AE. 15mm, 3.35g (2)
Farrés (Ampurias X III, 1951, pp. 65-111) and Beltran = A.
Beltran (Numisma 20, 1956, pp. 9-40), but their arrange­ M Porcius Cn Fadius Ilviri, 8-1 bc

3 r4 As Bronze. 28 mm, 11.51g (35)

ments are not followed here. The imperial aurei and Semis Bronze. 20-1 mm, 6.19g (57)
3 r5
denarii, attributed to Caesaraugusta (BNC, p. 48; RIC, pp. 3 ï6 Q uadrans Bronze. 16 mm, 3.39 g (22)
43-4, ‘Uncertain Mint 1’) and dated in 19-18 b c , are not
included here. C Alliarius T Verrius Ilviri, 6 bc
As Leaded bronze. 28-9 mm, 11.75 g (25 )
The coinage of Caesaraugusta is the largest in Spain. At
the same time, it is a mint with some of the greatest prob­ Cn Domitius Ampianus C Vet Lancia(nus)
lems of arrangement, definition of denominations and read­ Ilviri, 4-3 bc
ings. The issues minted during Augustus’s and Tiberius’s 3 '9 Dupondius AE. 32 mm, 21.07 g (6)
reign have a great variety of abbreviations and ligatures in 320 As Leaded bronze. 28 mm, 11.35 g (46)
321 Semis Leaded bronze. 20-1 mm, 6.07 g (δ)
their legends, which lead us to assume that a few dies with
other variants may have not been recorded in this M n Kaninius Iterum L Titius Ilviri
catalogue. 322 As Leaded bronze. 27-9 mm, 12.36 g (43)
Besides the numismatic problems, there is also the 323 Semis AE. 20—1 mm, 6.94g (δ)
Q uadrans AE. ij- iß m m , 3.59g (5)
uncertainty about the date when the colony was founded. 324
Tib Clodius Flavus praef. Germanici L Iuvent
Different views range between the years 25 and 15-14 b c (J. Lupercus Ilviri
Arce, Caesaraugusta, ciudad romana, Zaragoza, 1979, pp. 27— 325-326 Dupondius AE. 34 mm, 21.97 g (5)
34; M. and F. Beltran, Numisma 162-4, 1980, P· H; J-M . 327 As Bronze. 28 mm, 12.97 g (17)
Roddaz, Epigraphie Hispanique, Paris, 1984, p. 292); this 328 As Bronze. 28 mm, 11.55 g (20)
Semis AE. 20-1 mm, 5.85g (7)
question obviously has repercussions for the date proposed 329

for the first issues of the coinage. Anonymous

During Augustus’s reign, nine issues were minted, if we
consider 330-2 as a single one. The reverse types are quite
repetitive and normally indicate the denomination of the
coins. Thus the yoke and the bull are only used for asses,
except on 325-6 which are dupondii; the vexillum on basis
is used for the semis, except on 329 which has no design and
330-1 on which Tiberius appears; and the wreath for the
quadrans. On the obverse of all denominations the portrait
of Augustus appears, except on the dupondii.
Augustus’s issues have few sure chronological indicators;
nevertheless, a possible relative arrangement can be pro­
posed. The issue of Q. Lutatius and M. Fabius is generally
agreed to be the earliest. Its stylistic similarity with the
aurei and denarii attributed to Caesaraugusta (RIC, pp.
43—4, 19-18 b c ) suggest a similar date and if, as has been
proposed, this issue was a foundation one it would be poss­
ible to fix the colony’s foundation to about or after 19 b c .
330-331 Semis Bronze. 19-21 mm, 5.93 g (15)
332 Quadrans AE. 16mm, 3.39g (1)
We agree with J. Arce (pp. 31—2) when he considers that
there is no basis for A. Beltran’s opinion that the laurel
wreath on Augustus’s head is used from 23 b c , when he
obtained the TR. POT., since there is no correlation
between the wreath and the tribunician power.
Interestingly the correct readings of the semis (323) and
quadrans (324) of the issue of Mn. Kaninius and L. Titius
are C CAESAR XŸGV F and L CÄESÄR ÄVGV F,
although the portraits seem to represent Augustus. There­
fore, the date of about 1 2 b c proposed by A. Beltran (p. 1 6 )
and followed by L. Villaronga (NAH, p. 262) - inferred
from the fact that a simpulum and a lituus appear on the as
obverse - seems wrong. This issue should be placed before
7/3 S P A I N : Caesaraugusta

or after issue 319—21 and a date after 6 b c (R. Etienne, Le copper asses were still struck. We do not know the metal of
Culte Impérial, ρ. 397 ) seems to us more plausible. The fact 359-60 and 365-6, but visually they look like orichalcum
that the semis is minted in the name of Gaius and the and, therefore, they may be sestertii and dupondii. In addi­
quadrans in the name of Lucius is possibly related to the tion, the reverse types perhaps indicate the denomination,
smaller size with which Lucius is represented on 319. because the bull and the yoke are always used on asses. On
The asses of Mn. Kaninius and L. Titius (322) were the other hand, dupondii and sestertii do not follow any
minted with two groups of dies. The differences are in the sure rule, although in a number of issues the abbreviation
style of the portraits and the directions of the legends; CCA in the centre, with or without wreath, is used to indi­
however, the coins have not been divided in the catalogue. cate a higher denomination than the as.
330-2 are placed last and are considered as a single issue, Thus we suggest the following arrangement and denomi­
on the grounds that they could be an echo of official coina­ nations. Italics have been used when the proposed denomi­
ges of the years a d 10-14 (R· Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, ρ. nation is uncertain.
397 ); Anonymous
Vives 147-6, whose drawing was taken from Delgado (pi. 333 As Bronze. 28—9m m , 13.33 g ( r 4 )
XCV—4), has been excluded from this catalogue, since it
has not been seen. Similarly the coin published by Cohen Anonymous
3 3 4 -3 3 7 As Bronze. 28—9m m , 12.86g (22)
No. 643 and accepted by Banti-Simonetti (CorpusNummorum
Romanorum, vol. VII, no. 1277) is not included here. This Lupus and Fuivianus praef. Ilviri
coin, according to Cohen, had the legend PERM CAES on 3 3 8 -3 3 9 As Bronze. 2 8 -9 mm, 13.43g ( h )
the obverse and was in Paris, but it cannot be found there.
Anonymous
No coins of orichalcum were minted during Augustus’s As
340 Bronze. 28m m , 12.05g (23)
reign; all are of a bronze alloy or of copper, with a large
amount of lead. The denominations minted are dupondii, Tiberius and Livia
asses, semisses and quadrantes, and follow a metrological 341 As Bronze. 27—3 0 mm, 12.34g (3 1)
standard of 11.28-12.74g.
Drusus and Nero Caesares Ilviri
The arrangement of the issues minted during Tiberius’s 342 Dupondius Brass. 2 7 -9 mm, 11.04g (9)
reign presents more difficulties. That given here has been 343 As Bronze. 28-9 mm, 11.96 g (21)
constructed on the basis of titles, prototypes, the persons
that appear and the stylistic evolution of the portraits. ad 28-9
344 Sestertius Brass. 36m m, 24.70g (5)
The types are now preoccupied with imperial propa­
ganda. Tiberius appears on the obverses of all issues and M Catus L Vettiacus Ilviri, ad 31-2
denominations, except on 362-3, and all normally bear the 345 Dupondius AE. 33 mm, 22.07 g (5)
legend TI CAESAR DIVI AVG(VSTI) F AVGVSTVS. 346 Dupondius Copper. 33 mm, 24.68 g (15)
Livia appears as priestess, copying Roman types (RIC 33 or 3 4 7 -3 4 8 Dupondius AE. 29m m, 12.83 g (6)
349 - 3 5 1 As Copper. 27-gm m , 12.05g (48)
72, a d 15-16), and as PIETAS AVGVSTA (Grant, APT
90, 114; R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, ρ. 429), οη coins that Sex Aebutius L Lucretius Ilviri
were probably minted after her death (Hill, p. 92, copying 352 Semis AE. 20 mm
RIC 43, a d 21-2); the reverse of 344 could also be related to 353 Semis Bronze. 20 mm, 6.32 g (14)
her. Nero and Drusus appear as Ilviri with two different
Clemens et Lucretius Ilviri
reverses (342-3). Caligula also appears as Ilvir (362-4), 354 Semis AE. 20mm, 5.76g (11)
though in this case a praefectus stands in for him. 3 5 5 -3 5 6 Semis Bronze. 20m m, 5.86g (15)
The magistrates of 352-3 and 354—8 must be the same 3 5 7 -3 5 8 Q uadrans AE. 15 mm, 2.93 g (4 )
persons, Clemens being the cognomen of Sex. Aebutius.
M n Flavius Festus M Ofillius Silvanus iterum
These semisses were imitated by contemporary forgers and Ilviri
the coins published by D. Nony (BSFN 1971, pp. 120- 359 Sestertius AE. 37 mm, 26.22 g (4)
I = Villaronga, NAH 1090) and by Gil Farrés (no. 145, 146 360 Dupondius AE. 29 mm, 11.69 g (4)
( = Vives 150-8), 147, 151-2), with illegible legends belong
C C arri Aquil L Funi Vet f. Ilviri
to this class of forgeries. 361 Semis Bronze. 17-20 mm, 4.85 g (14)
The right reading of the reverse of coin 361 is, as said by
Gil Farrés (no. 165-9), C CARRÏ AQVIL L FVNI VÊT F Iunianus Lupus praef. C Caesaris C Pomponius
II VIR; therefore, the expansion proposed by A. Beltran (p. Parra Ilviri
24, no. 30) of the second magistrate’s nomen as Fundanius 362 As Bronze. 29m m , 14.16g (5)
363 As AE. 28 mm, 15.44g (4)
must be rejected. 364 As AE. 29m m, 13.56g (6)
The features of the portrait on 340 with the legend TI
CAESAR DIVI AVGVSTI F AVGVSTVS are very close T Caecilius Lepidus C Aufidius Gemellus Ilviri
to the obverses of 341 and 343; so 340 has been separated 365 Sestertius AE. 35-6 mm, 24.76 g (6)
366 Dupondius AE. 28 mm, 11.73 g (3 )
from 333-7, which have a higher relief, a younger portrait As
367 Bronze. 29 mm, 12.65 g (27)
and a different legend. We consider that 341 and 343 were
made shortly after 340. The coinage struck during Caligula’s reign has been
Metal analyses indicate that orichalcum was introduced recently studied by W. Trillmich (MM 14, 1973, pp. 151—
during Tiberius’s reign and sestertii and dupondii were 73) = Trillmich. It consists of three extensive issues that
minted from it, although copper dupondii and bronze or begin immediately after his accession to the throne. The
 S P A IN : Caesaraugusta (304-310) iig

first issue was struck by Licinianus and Germanus (368-72) C A E S A R A V G V S T A Q L V T A T M F A B I I I V IJL 1. P 5 3 2 , 11.45; 2· V
and must be dated between a d 37 and 38, because Caligula 32, 10.73; 3 · M 8 000 ( —V ives 147 -2 ), 11.68; C A E S A R A V G V S T A Q
L V T A T M F A B IO I I V IR : 4. C alico 6/1979, io 5 7 > 12.30; 5 · M 8001,
had not yet received the title Pater Patriae. The second 12.16; C A E S A R A V G V S T A Q L V T A T I M F Ä B I I I VIRM S. M 7998,
issue was minted by Scipio and Montanus (373-81) and 11.83; 7 · L 430 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 13.64; C A E S A R A V G V S T A Q
L V T A T IO M F A B IO I I V IR : 8. C alico 6/1979, 1058, 12.60; 9 - 1 0 , L
must be dated during the years a d 38—9, because some 431 (F A B IO ), 432 Q A R A V G V S T A ), 14.61, 10.91; 11. M 7999 (F A B IO ),
obverse dies of the asses (374) still lack this title (P P) (these 11.07; I 2 · S tern b e rg 17-1 8 /1 1 /1 9 8 3 , 562 (F A B IO ), 13.42; U n c e rta in var.:
dies are not just dies left over from the previous issue). The 13. T ü b in g en 12, 1 1.77; 14. V 31, 12.22; 15. B a 4774, 11.59; 16. C 536,
12.28. M e ta l an alysis o n coin 7: C u 87.50; P b 6.09; Sn 3.92; A g 0.054; Fe
third issue was coined by Titullus and Montanus (382—6) 0.105; Sb 0.121; N i 0.06g; A s 0.075; Bi 0.003; Z n 0-007. O n coin 9 : C u
and can be dated to a d * 39. 91.50; P b 7.69; Sn 2.29; A g 0.068; F e 0.031; Sb 0.119; N i 0.045; C o 0.002;
These issues illustrate the interest in members of the As 0.037; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.001. O n coin 10: C u 81.50; P b 11.59; Sn 6.55; A g
0.034; Fe 0.022; Sb 0.009; N i 0.060; A s 0.001; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.013.
imperial family evident at Caesaraugusta. Coins were
struck not only in the emperor’s name, but also for Divus
Augustus, Germanicus, Agrippina and Agrippa. C Aisanus T Cervius Ilviri
Vives 1 3 7 -7 (—Beltran 60) and Hill 18-2 (Beltran 61)
306 A E. 2 9m m , 12.40g (11: 3 0 6 —8 ) . Axis: var. [ 2 ]
are not included here, because they are forgeries (see Trill-
mich, p. 164). Vives 147-3, H ill 14-3, B eltran 3a
Coins of orichalcum were minted during Caligula’s reign. A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r.
The denominations struck are orichalcum sestertii and C A E SA R A V G V ST A C A LSA N O T C E R V IO II V IR ;
dupondii and copper asses. Normally, the reverse types priest ploughing w ith yoke o f oxen, r.
indicate the coins’ denominations; thus, the asses bear the i . Bo 173, 11.92; 2. M u 29 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 14.62; 3. P 530,
12.31; 4 . M 8 0 0 3 (= V ives 147-3 — Gil! 14-3 ), 13.19; 5—7. M 8004
yoke on the reverse, the dupondii the abbreviation CCA in (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 8006 -7 , I 2.28, 13.36, 12.07.
the centre and the sestertii have variable types. As in the
307 AE. 29 m m . See 306. [ o ]
previous period, the coin denomination appears in italic if it
is not certain. Vives 147-4, B eltran 3b
As 306, b u t p riest ploughing 1.
Licinianus et Germanus Ilviri
368-369 Sestertius Brass. 35-7 mm, 23.85 g (16) I. IV D J ( = V ives 147-4 —S de C 1050 = G il, pi. 1-9)
(C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 14.46; 2. V Q R coll. 571.
37 ° Dupondius Brass. 28 mm, 11.60 g (16)
3 7 I_ 3 7 2 As Copper. 28—30m m, 11.83g ( 7 1 308 AE. 28 m m . See 306. Axis: var. [ 1 ]
Scipio et M ontanus Ilviri Vives 147-5, B eltran 3c
373 Sestertius AE. 35 mm, 24.21 g (3) As 306, b u t head 1.
3 7 4 -3 7 5 As Copper. 29 mm, 12.05g (43)
i . P 5 3 1 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A [ ] I O I I V IR ), 10.86; 2. M 8010
376 Sestertius AE. 37m m , 24.25g (10) (]A E S A [ ] C A L S A N O T C E R V [ ] I I V IR ), 9.39; 3. IV D J ( = V ives
377 Dupondius Brass. 29 mm, 11.87 g (8) I 47“ 5 = G if P1· 1 -1 ° ), I I - 9 5 -
380 Dupondius Brass. 29 mm, 11.29 g i 11)
381 As Copper. 29 mm, 12.02 g (22)
L Cassius C Valerius Fene(stellaP) Ilviri
Titullus et M ontanus Ilviri
382 As AE. 29 mm, 11.90 g (9) 309 A E. 2 8m m , 12.38g (31: 3 0 9 —1 0 ) . Axis: var. [ 7 ]
383 Sestertius AE. 35 mm
Dupondius AE. 30m m , 13.50g (1) Vives 147-7, GMI 3 24 > B eltran 5b
384
385 Dupondius Brass. 29 mm, 12.13 g (5) A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, 1.
386 As Copper. 30m m, 12.13g (13) C A E SA R A V G (V )ST A L C A S S IO C V A L E (R ) F E N II
V IR ; p riest ploughing, 1.
V A L E : i . Bo 174, 1 1.30; 2. C alico 6/1979, ! 0 5 9 Q S A R A V G S T A ), 14.12;
Augustus 3 . M u 30 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 12.50; 4 . V 33, 15.80; 5 - 6 . B a 4468
(C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 30480, 13.70, 12.11; 7—10. M 8018
(C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 8027 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 8030
<2 Lutatius M Fabius Ilviri (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 8 0 3 1, 12.29, Ι 2 ·24 , 12.63, 12.73; τ τ ~ I 2 · B
D an n e n b e rg (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), L ö b b (C A E S A R A V G Q , 12.90, 10.36;
304 AE. 29m m , 12.74g (7)· Axis: var. [ 1 ] 13. O = AMc 929 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 9.31; V Ä T E R : 14. C o p 543
Vives 147-1, H ill 14-2, B eltran 1, n ah 878 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 11.23; 15. M S V 17/12/1981, 1155, 12.20; 16, P
527, I 3 -3 9 ; I 7" I 9 · B a 4466, 23674-5, 11.15, 9.69, 13.47; *0· M 8 0 1 6
A V G V ST V S D IV I F; bare head, r. ___ ( = V ives 147-7), 12-84; 2 1 —23. M 8 0 1 1 -2 , 8032, 17.16, 16.24, 14-64;
C A E SA R A V G V ST A Q L V T A T (I) M F A B I(O ) II V IR ; 2 4 . A la c a n t ( = cmtm, pi. 3 8 -2 1 0 ), 12.50; 2 5 . IV D J ( = G i l, pi. 2-97)
(C A E S A R A V G V S T A ); U n c e rta in v a r .: 2 6 . R 155 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ),
priest ploughing w ith yoke o f oxen, r.
12.89; 27—28. B a 23671, 105827, 10.69, 1.4.91; 2 9 . N 132, 9.48. Forgeries:
C Ä E S A R Ä V G V S T A Q L V T A T M F Ä B I I I V I R : 1. M jg g i, 13.73; 1—2. B a.B . (12.34) a n d B ohl (?) (12.93).
a . V iv e s 1 4 7 -1 ; C A E S A R A V G V S T A Q L V T A T M F A B IO I I V IR :
3 . A la c a n t ( = c m t m , pi. 38 -2 0 9 ), 15.70; C A E S A R A V G V S T A Q L V T A T I 310 AE. 2 7m m . See 309. Axis: 9 (1). [ o ]
M F A B I I I V IR : 4—5, M 7993-4, 12.21, 10.09; 6* B Bohl, 14.86;
C A E S A R [A V G V S T A ] Q L V T A T I M F A B IO I I V IR : 7. M 7996, 11.61;
Vives 147-8, B eltran 5a
U n c e rta in v ar.: 8. V a t 277, 11.00. C oin 2, ac cording to V ives, w as in A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r.
M a d rid , b u t it ca n n o t be fo u n d there.
C A E SA R A V G V ST A L C A S S IO C V A L E R F E N (E ) II
305 Bronze. 28m m , 12.14g (16). Axis: var. [ 7 ] V IR ; priest ploughing w ith yoke o f oxen, 1.
i . C alico 6/1979, 1060 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A [ ] S S IO C V A L E R F E N E
Vives 147-2, B eltran 2, gmi 323
I I V IR ), 8.52; a. M 8 0 3 5 (] L C A S S IO C V A L E R F E N I I V IR ), 10.51;
A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r. ___ 3 . IV D J ( = V ives 147-8), 10.36.
C A E SA R A V G V ST A Q L V T A T (IO ) M F A B I(O ) I I
V IR ; priest ploughing w ith yoke of oxen, r.
311 C o p p e r + lead . 2 0 m m , 5 .9 5 g (13)· A xis: v a r. [ 3 ]
Vives 147-9, I0>Beltran 6
A V G V S T V S D I V I F; la u re a te h e a d, 1.
C A E S A R A V G V S T A L C A S S IO C V A L F E N ; v e x illu m
on b asis, I I V I R to 1. a n d r. (o r to r.)
i . C alico 6/1979, 1061, 6.92; 2. P 5 2 8 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 6.19; 3—
4 . V a t 278 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 279, 5.10, 5.10; 5 . B a 9463, 5.86; 6. L
433, 7.21; 7—9 . M 8036, 8038-9, 4.72, 5.83, 5.56; 10. IV D J ( = V ives 147-
9 = G il, pi. 2 -2 2 ), 5.37; i i . IV D J ( = V ives 147- 1 0 = G il, pi. 2-20) (II
V I R to r.), 6.66; 1 2 -1 3 . C , 7.04 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 6.00; 14. N Y
H S A 11860 (I I V I R to r.). M e ta l analysis on coin 6: C u 88.50; P b 7.48;
S n 1.92; A g 0.061; F e 0.098; S b 0.079; N i 0.031; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.007.
312 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .7 4 g (9). A xis: v a r. [ 4 ]
V ives 14 7 -1 1 , H ill 14-4, B e iträ n 7
A V G V S T V S D I V I F; b a re h e a d , 1.
L C A S S IO C V A L E R I O I I V IR ; w ith in w re a th
J- p 5 ^ 9 ( = H ill 14-4), 3 ·68; 2 - 3 · M 8043-4, 3 -9 1, 4 ·ι 6 ; 4 ~ 5 - B 17095,
7869, 3.78, 2.97; 6. IV D J ( = V ives 147-11), 4.31; 7. C , 4.11; 8. H e rre ro
16/2/1989, 36, 2.92; 9 . M i SNG 196, 3.80.
313 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .3 5 g (2). A xis: 5 (1). [ i ]
Y ria rte , n h 1953, p l. 3, no. 49, B e ltrâ n 8
A V G V S T V S D I V I F; b a re h e a d , r.
L C A S S IO C V A L E R I I V IR ; w ith in w re a th
i . C alico 6/1979, 1062, 3.56; 2. Y riarte, n h 1953, pl. 3, no. 49; 3 . B
K a s se l, 3.15; 4 . IV D J ( = G il, pl. 2 -2 3 ). S am e rev. die: coins 1-3.
M Porcius Cn Fadius Ilviri, 8-1 BC
314 B ronze. 2 8 m m , 1 1 .5 1 g (35). A xis: v a r. [ 14 ]
V ives 148-7, GMi 326, B e ltra n 12, n a h 980
I M P A V G V S T V S X IV ; la u re a te h e a d , L, s im p u lu m a n d
litu u s to 1.
C A E S A R A V G V S (T A ) M P O R C I C N F A D I I V IR ;
p rie s t p lo u g h in g , r.
C A E S A R A V G V S : 1. P 515, 9.96; C A E S A R A V G V S T A : 2 - 3 . A N E 2 3 -
24/10/1984, 2 2 7-8, 11.20, 11.73; 4 · C alico 6/1979, 1066, 14.20; 5. C op
545, 13.18; 6. M u 31, 9.70; 7 - 8 . 0 = a m c 932-3, 9.42, 11.52; 9. P 514,
I2.73; IO · V a t 2^ 2> ΙΙ·4 θ ; I I . GMI 326, II.2 0 ; I 2 —I 9 . 443^5 94855
23673, 30472, 30479, 3393G 37059, 109184, 12.96, 11.12, 10.23, I2 -65,
8.29, 7.58, 13.50, 14.63; 20—21. L 4 3 5-6, 16.39, 11 *98; 22. M 8 0 9 2 ,
14.78; 23—26. M 8098, 8101, 8 1 0 6-7, 12-3 5 , 9 ·22, 10.93, 10.52; 2 7* N 134,
14.99; 2 8 - 3 1 . B Bohl, L ö b b (2), 5649/1954, 12.70, 7.88, 10.01, —; 3 2 . C
531, 10.22; 3 3 . P rin ce to n 711, 8.85; U n c e rta in v ar.: 3 4 . B a 105826, 10.31;
3 5 . L 437, 10.00; 3 6 . M 8108, 14.37· M eta l analysis on coin 20: C u 76.50;
P b 18.75; 3 .11; A g 0.009; F e 0.049; S b 0.090; N i 0.031; C o 0.030; As
0.030; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.010. O n coin 21: C u 85.00; P b 9.086; Sn 6.86; A g
0. 010; F e 0.033; S b 0.073; N i 0.087; C o 0.066; As 0.051; Bi 0.002.
315 B ronze. 20-1 m m , 6 .1 9 g ( 57 )· A xis: v a r. [ 17 ]
V ives 1 48-8, H ill 14-6, B e ltra n 13, gmi 327
A V G V S T V S D I V I F; la u re a te h e a d , r.
C A E S A R A V G V S T A M P O R C I C N F A D I I V IR ;
v ex illu m on b asis
1. Bo 177, 6.80; 2—3. C alico 6/1979, 1067-8, 8.10, 6.72; 4. C o p 546, 7.87;
5. M S V 17/12/1981, 1 1 5 7,7.13; 6. M u 32, 7.38; 7—8. O = AMC 934-5,
5.84, 6.07; 9 - 1 0 . P 516, D elepierre, 5.96, 6.76; 11—12. T ü b in g e n 13-4,
5 -77 , 4·56; 13· v 365 6.86; 14. V 37, 4.43; 15. V a t 283, 5.15; 16. g m i
327, 8.00; 1 7 -3 5 . B a 4 4 3 5 - 7 , 4 7 8 6 -9 , 4 9 ° 5 , 9464, 23681-3, 27510, 30474,
3397s , 37060-1, 39140, 43877, 105829, 109186, 5.72 (pierced), 6.57, 5.39,
6.46, 7.10, 6.48, 6.35, 5.93, 5.27, 5.02, 6.55, 6.26, 7.61, 7.61, 5.27, 6.37,
4.28, 5.53, 6.04; 3 6 - 3 9 . L 438, 439 ( = H ill 14-6), 4 4 0-1, 7.50, 5.73, 4.72,
4.64; 4 0 - 5 0 . M 8037 ( ]A R A V G V S T A ), 8110 ( = V ives 148-8), 8111-3,
8115, 8118 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 8123, 8125, 8127, 8129, 4.83, 6.29,
6.16, 5.94, 7.03, 5.93, 7.06, 6.02, 5.63, 7.08, 5.85 (pierced); 5 1 - 5 2 . N 135-
6. 6.29, 5.92; 53—5 5 . B Bohl, L öbb, 17439, 6.74, 5.76, 6.25; 56—57. G 2 -
3, 6.66, 4.70; 5 8 —5 9 . C 532, 533 (C A E S A A V G V S T A ), 5.68, 6.63. M eta l
an alysis o n coin 36: C u 77.00; P b 16.00; S n 6.14; A g 0.010; F e 0.024; Sb
0. 093; N i 0.039; A u o . o u ; C o 0.012; As 0.189; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.016. O n coin
37: C u 70.56; P b 15.42; Sn 13.86; A g 0.012; F e 0.035; 8 b 0.139; N i 0.040;
C o 0.062; As 0.168; Bi 0.003.
316 B ronze. 1 6 m m , 3 .3 9 g (22). A xis: v a r. [ 6 ]
V iv es 148-9, H ill 14-7, B e ltrâ n 14
I M P A V G V S T V S ; b a re h e a d , r.
M P O R C N F A D I I V IR w ith in w re a th
1. C alico 6/1979, 1069, 3.90; 2. C o p 5 4 7 ( = H ill 14-7 ), 3.10; 3. M S V
17/12/1981, 1158, 3.08; 4 - 7 . B a 4433 -4 , 4790, 105764, 3.98, 3.51, 3.91,
2.84; 8 - 9 . L 4 4 2 -3 , 3.82, 3.22; 10—18. M 8045, 813 2 -3 , 813 5 -9 , S astre
10287, 3- i 8, 2.55, 2.91, 3.64, 3.81, 3.47, 2.94, 2.94, 3.65; 19. B 12625,
2.98; 2 0 . IV D J ( = V ives 1 4 8 - 9 = G il, pl. 4 -4 7 ); 21—22. C 5 3 4 -5 , 4.76,
2.86; 2 3 . Sa g u n t u m 19, 1985, 323, 7, 3.60. M e ta l an alysis on c o i n 8: C u
80.50; P b 13.16; Sn 4.44; A g 0.023; F e 0.021; S b 0.161; N i 0.030; C o 0.105;
As 0.197; 0.005; Z n 0.008. O n coin 9: C u 80.50; P b 11.56; Sn 5.87; Ag
0.046; Fe 0.163; 8 b i . 231; N i 0.533; C o 0.022; A s 0.318; Bi 0.096; Z n
0 .0 1 2 .
C A llia r iu s T V e r r iu s I l v i r i , 6 BC
317 A E . 2 8 - 9 m m , 11 .7 5 g (2 5 : 3 τ 7~ Γ8 ). A xis: v a r. [ 4 ]
V iv es 148-5, B e ltra n 15a, gmi 325
A V G V S T V S D IV I F C O S X I D E S X II P O N T M A X ;
la u re a te h e a d , r.
C A E S A R A V G V S T A C A L L IA R (IO ) T V E R R IO I I
V IR ; p rie st p lo u g h in g w ith yoke o f oxen, 1.
A L L IA R : i . P 5 1 9 , 13.21; 2 . g m i 325, 9.20; A L L IA R IO : 3 . M i 188,
13.71; 4 . P S d e R, 12.15; 5 —7 . M 8073, 8075 ( = V ives 148-5), 8076,
10.84, 11-25, 12.52; U n c e rta in v ar.: 8 . M 8077, 10.51; 9 . M u 33, 14.26;
10. P 5 20, 12.69. O n m a n y coins it is difficult to see if th ey h ave P O N or
P O N T , b ecau se th e T is only slightly in d icated .
318 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 28 - g m m . See 3 1 7 . A xis: v a r. [ 6 ]
V iv es 148-6, B e ltra n 15b
A s 3 1 7 , b u t h e a d 1.
A L L IA R : i . M 8080, 11.46; A L L IA R IO : 2. P 517, 12.03; 3—6* B a 4231,
9 4 7 2 , 30476-7, 12 -3 7 , 1 1-59, r o -9 °, 8 -7 i; 7 · L 4 4 4 ( = H i l l 14-8 ), 14.40;
8. L 445, 12.18; 9—12. M 8081, 8082 ( = V ives 148-6), 8083, 8085, 9.40,
12.09, 11 *64, 10.93; 13. B B ohl, 10.43; * 4 * IV D J ( = S d e C 1069)
(P O N T ); U n c e rta in var.: 1 5 . P 518, 11.99; 1 6 . C (B u rk itt lo a n ), 13.27.
M eta l an alysis on coin 7: C u 70.50; P b 22.87; Sn 4.13; A g 0.075; Fe 0.026;
Sb 0.468; N i 0.121; As 0.136; Bi 0.006; Z n 0.025. O n coin 8: C u 70.00; P b
21.73; Sn 5.76; A g 0.067; F e 0.046; Sb 0.616; N i 0.134; C o 0.002; A s 0.177;
C d 0.028; Bi 0.10; Z n 0.045.
C n D o m itiu s A m p ia n u s C V et L a n c ia I l v i r i , 4.-3 BC
319 A E . 3 2 m m , 2 1 .0 7 g (6). A xis: v a r. [ 1 ]
V ives 148-11, H ill 14-9, B e ltra n 18, n a h 981
I M P A V G L C A E S A R C C A E S C O S D E S ; th re e
sta n d in g figures - A u g u stu s in m id d le h o ld in g sim p u lu m ,
L. C a e s a r a n d C . C a e s a r b esid e — all o n bases
C A E S A R A V G V S T A I I V I R C N D O M Ä M P IA N C
V E T L A N C IA ; v e x illu m b e tw e e n s ta n d a rd s (ra d ia te
p h a le ra e ), on th e m le g io n a ry n u m b e rs V I, I I I I , X , from
1. to r.; all o n bases
1. M 8 1 6 9 ( = V ives 148-11 = H ill 14-9) (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 21.01;
2. M 8167, 22.36; 3. B B ohl, 19.41; 4 —5. N Y H S A 23243, N ew ell, (b o th
C A E S A R A V G V S T A ) 19.54, 25.52; 6. H e rre ro 16/2/1989, 32, 18.60;
7. Iria rte coll. ( = B eltran , p. 34, no. 18). M o d ern forgeries: 1. P 524,
16.48; 2. R 157, 14.70; 3. M 8168 (all ca st from M 8169); 4 . A N E 11-
12/1961, 46; 5. C o p 548, 17.02 (?) h as n o t been checked, b u t it too seem s
to h av e been m a d e from th e M a d rid one.

320 L eaded bronze. 28m m , 11.35g (46)· Axis: var. [ 15 ]
Vives 148-10, GMi 328, B eltran 16, nah g82
IM P A V G V ST V S (D IV I F) T R IB P O T E S X X ; lau reate
h ead, r.__ ___ _ ___
C X ESA V G V S C N D O M A M P C V E (T ) LA N (C ) II
V IR ; priest ploughing w ith yoke of oxen, r.
W ith o u t D IV I F: i . A N E 23-2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 229, 8.76; 2—4 . Bo 178-80, 8.55,
9.71, 12.52; 5. C alico 6/1979, 1071, 10.10; 6. C op 549, 11.40; 7. K la g 3,
12.46; 8. N u m in te r (su m m e r 1979) 21, 10.05; 9 * M S V 17/12/1981, 1156,
13.00; 10. M u 34, 17.16; i i . 0 = a m c 936, 11.50; 12—15. P 5 2 1-3, 525
(C V E T L A N C ), 10.17, i i . 13, 10.78, 13.86; 16. V 38, 11.40; 17. V a t 285,
10.50; 18. GMi 328, 14.50; 19—2 9 . B a 4 4 63-5, 9474, 23666-7, 23670,
27509, 30886, 39614, 100923, 11.85, I2 -27j îo .8 6 , 8.23, 14.16, 11.30, 11.23,
11-25. 10.55, 9 -° 4 . ” -48; 3 0 - 3 1 . L 4 4 6-7, 10.74, IO-2 5 ; 32· M 8 i 4 4
( = V ives 148-10), 10.32; 33—3 9 . M 8147 (L A N ), 8148, 8151, 8154, 8162,
S astre 10263-4, 11.74, 10.40, 10.58, 10.96, 9.14, 12.50, 13.80; 4 0 - 4 4 . B I-
B, L ö b b , 17466, 27857, 144/1966, 10.50, 13.85, 12.73, 9.15, 9.61; 4(5. G 4,
8 .8 3 (pierced); 4 6 . N Y H S A 1 1 9 3 7 (C V E L A N ), 11.42; 4 7 * M M A G ,
liste 483 (V E T L A N ), 11-12/1985, 78, 14.54; W ith D IV I F: 4 8 . IV D J
( = G il 64). M eta l analysis on coin 30: C u 74.50; P b 17.09; S n 6.92; A g
0 . 038; F e 0.020; S b 0.216; N i 0.107; As 0.096; Bi 0.003; 0.022. O n coin
31: C u 66.00; P b 23.61; S n 6.70; A g 0.079; Be 0.024; S b 0.203; N i 0.159;
A u 0.041; As 0.181; Bi 0.004; Z n 0.012.
321 L eaded bronze. 20-1 m m , 6.07g (5)· Axis: var. [ 2 ]
Vives 148-12, H ill 14-10, B eltran 17
A V G V ST V S IM P ; lau reate head, r.
C X Ë SÂ V G V ST c s r i ) 0 A M P C V E T LÄ N C II V IR ;
vexillum on basis
1. C alico 6/1979, I ° 7 2 , 7 -4 5 ; 2 · P 526, 5.54; 3. L 4 4 8 ( —H ill 14-10),
7.12; 4 . M 8170, 5.21; 5. IV D J ( = V ives 148-12), 5.02. M eta l analysis on
coin 3: C u 76.50; P b 18.89; S n 3.78; A g 0.147; F e 0.019; 0.455; N i
0.148; As 0.706; Bi 0.004; Z n 0.012.
M n K a n in iu s I te r L T itiu s I l v ir i
322 L eaded bronze. 2 7 -g m m , 12.36g (43). Axis: var. [ 18 ]
Vives 148-1, 2, H ill 14-5, B eltran g, nah g7g
A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r., sim pulum an d
lituus to 1. a n d r. ____ ___ ___
C A ESA R A V G (V STA ) M N K A N IN IO IT E R L
T IT I(O ) I I V IR ; priest ploughing w ith yoke o f oxen, r.
C A E S Ä R Ä V G M N K Ä N IN IO IT E R L T I T I O I I V IR : 1. R 156, 11.99;
2—3 . C alico 6/1979, 1063, 1064 (C A E S A R A V G ), 16.70, 13.40; 4 . C o p 544
(C A E S A R A V G ), 10.10; g. K la g 2 (C A E S A R A V G ), 12.88; 6—7. V a t 280
(C A E S A R A V G ), 281, 11.80, 10.00; 8. L 434 (C A E S A R A V G ), 11.14;
9. M 8 0 6 5 ( = V ives 148-2) (C A E S A R A V G ), 11.05; IO—*3 · M 8052
(C A E S A R A V G ), 8054 (C A E S A R A V G ), 8056 (C A E S A R A V G ), S astre
10269 (C A E S A R A V G ), 13.88. 7.89, 16.04, 14-81; 14 . B 761/1877, 12.14;
15—17. B a 4439 (C A E S A R A V G ), 23669 (C A E S A R A V G ), 27512, 12.83,
11.85, 12.39; C A E S A R A V G M N K A N IN IO IT E R L T I T I I I V IR :
18. B Bohl, 13.03; C A E S A R A V G V M N K A N IN IO I T E R L T I T I O I I
V IR : 19. P 510, 14.03; 20. V 34 (IT E R ), 12.70; C A E S A R [A V ]G V S T A
M N K Ä N IN IO IT E R L T I T I I I V IR : 2 1 - 2 2 ^ 8060, 8064, 12.80,
13.35; C A E S A R A V G V S T A M N K A N IN IO I T E R L T I T I O I I V IR :
23. P 5 0 7 , 15.72; 2 4 . M 8070, 14.30; U n c e rta in v ar.: 25—2 6 . Bo 175-6,
12.75, 13*7°J 27* M i 187, π . 87; 28—29. O = AMC 930-1, 15.14, 8.51
(b roken); 3 0 . N 133 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 13.15; 31—33· P 508-9,
D ’A illy 17464 (C A E S A R A V G ), 7.88, 12.98, 12.62; 3 4 . V 35, 9.62; 3 5 —
3 9 . B 5650/1954, 17437 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), B ohl, 500/1898
(C A E S A R A V G ), L ö b b (C A E S A R A V G ), 10.39, 12.22, 9.32, 13.36, 12.39;
4 0 - 4 3 . B a 27577, 4440, 30470-1, 13.57, 8.47, 14.44, 9 -3 °; 4 4 - H ow gego
coll., 11.34; 45· L e n in g ra d ( = H ill 14-5). T h e se dies w ere c u t by tw o
en gravers w ho gave different directions to th e legends. O n e e n g rav e r m ad e
dies as V ives 148-1 a n d a n o th e r as V ives 148-2. M e ta l analysis on coin 8:
C u 72.00; P b 20.33; Sn 3.38; A g 0.102; F e 0.608; S b 1.145; N i 0.262; As
0.122; Bi 0.010; Z n 0.029.
C o u n te rm ark : M o n o g ram ( = cm k 72) on th e rev., on 44.
323 A E. 20-1 m m , 6.g4 g (5). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
Vives 148-3. B eltran 10 corr.
C C A ESA R Ä V G V F; lau reate head, r.
C A E SA R A V G V M N Κ Α Ν Ι IT E R L T I T I O II V IR ;
vexillum on basis
S P A IN : Caesaraugusta (320-328) 121
I. C alico 6/1979, 1065 (C C A E S A R A V G [ ; C A E S A R f ]G V M N _ K A N [ ]
I I V IR ), 8.58; 2. P 5 1 1 (C C A E S A R [ ]; [ ]G V M N Κ Α Ν Ι I T E R L
T I T I O I I V IR ), 5.34; 3 . P 512 (C C A E S A R A V G [ ; C A E [] L T I T I O II
V IR ), 6.45; 4 . V iv e s 148—3 (from C o n tre ra s coll., T o led o ) (C C A E S A R
Ä V G V F; C A E S A R A V G V [ ] I T I O I T V I R ) ; 5 - 6 . B a 9468, 30892 (C
C A E S A R A V G V J j C A E S A R A V G V M N K A [ ] I O I I V IR ) (C C A E S A R
A V G V F; C A E S A R A V G V M [), 7.97, 6.34.
324 A E. 15-16 m m , 3.5g g (5). Axis: var. [ 1 ]
Vives 148-4, B eltran 11 corr.
L G ÄESÄR Ä V G V F; b are head, r.
M N K A N IT L T I T I O I I V IR ; w ithin w reath
I. P 513 (] Ä V G V F),^ 8 3 ; 2. M S a s tr e 1 0 2 8 6 (L C A E S A R A V G [),
3.38; 3. M 8134 (L C A E S [ ]G V F ), 2.80; 4· IV D J ( —V ives 148-4)
Q Ä V G V F ), 4.46; 5. N Y N ew ell, 4.47.
Tib Clod Flavus praef. Germanici L Iuvent Lupercus Ilviri
325 AE. 34 m m , 21.97 g (5: 325—6). Axis: var. [ i ]
Vives 149-1, H ill 15—i, B eltran 21, nah 983
A V G V S T O D IV I F L E G IV L E G V I L E G X ; vexillum
betw een two stan d ard s (rad iate p h alerae), on them
legionary num bers X , IV , V I, from 1. to r.
T IB F L A V O PR A E F G E R M A N L IV V E N T L V P E R C O
II V IR C C A ; priest ploughing w ith yoke of oxen, r.
i . P 5 3 3 , 21.94; 2. M 8171, 27.20; 3. IV D J ( —V ives 149-1), 23.46;
4 . N Y H S A 23851, 17.38. F orgery: 1. L 449 ( = H ill 15-1), 21.62.
326 A E. 34m m . See 325. Axis: 10-11 (1). [ 1 ]
B eltran 21a
As 325, b u t p riest ploughing 1.
1. C o p 5 5 0 (] P R A E F G E R M A N L I W Ë [ ] C C A ), 19.85;
2. M o n tev e rd e coll. ( = B eltran 21a, p p . 19, 34).
327 Bronze. 2 8m m , 12.97g ( r 7 )· Axis: var. [ 5 ]
Vives 149-2, 3, B eltran 2 2 a-b
A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r.
C C A T ÏB (C L O D ) F L Ä V O P R A E F G E R M A N L
IV V E N T L V P (E R C O ) I I V IR ; bull, 1., w ith ‘p edim ent’
above head
T Ï B F L Ä V O P R Ä E F G E R M A N L fV V Ë N T L V P E R C O I I V IR : 1. M
8172^9.36; 2 · IV D J ( = V ives 149-2 = G il, pi. 6 -7 1 ); T I B C L O D F L A V O
P R A E F G E R M A N L I V V E N T L V P I I V IR : 3 . B o 181, 14.36; 4 - 5 . B a
9471, 23676, 16.13, 13 *3 3 » 6* M 8 1 8 0 ( = V ives 149-3), n - o o ; 7—9 . M
8174, 8181, S astre 10256 (G E R M A N , E V E N T ), 12.06, 1 3 .3 7 ^ 2 .0 7 ;
10. O — AMC 937, 13.22; i i —12· B L ö b b (G E R M A N , IV E N T ), L ö b b,
13-90, 12 -3 7 ; T I B C L O D F L Ä V O P R Ä E F G E R M A N L IV V Ë N T
L V P E R I I V IR : 13. L 450, 13.41; 14. M 8182, 12.09; U n c e rta in var.:
15. P 535 (L V P E R ), 13.31; 16. B a 4780 (L V P E R C O ), 13.04; 17—18. M
8176 (L V P ), 8177 (C L O D ), 13.88, 13.68. M eta l an alysis on coin 13: C u
90.00; S n 10.09; A g 0.034; Fe 0.033; Sb 0.105; N i 0.068; Bi 0.002.
C o u n te rm ark : E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e obv., o n 7.
328 Bronze. 28 m m , 11.55 g (20)· Axis: var. [ 10 ]
Vives 149-4, nah 984, B eltrân 22c
A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, 1.
C C A T IB (C L O D ) F L A V O PR A E F G E R M A N L
IV V E N T L V P E R (C O ) I I V IR ; bull, L, w ith ‘pedim ent’
above head
C C A T ÏB F L Ä V O P R Ä E F G E R M A N L I W E N T L V P E R C O I I V IR :
1—2. B 17435, G an sau g e, 11.92, 11.18; 3. C alico 6/1979, 1073, 12.10;
4· C o p 551, 1 1.61; 5—6· B a 9470, 100901, 13.31, q.13; 7. L 4 5 1 , 12.05;
8 . 0 = AMC 938, 12.63; 9 . P 5 3 4 , 11.69; 10. N 139 (L V P E R C O ), 11.53;
11. V 39, 11.80; 12. M 8188 ( = V ives 149-4), I J -9 9 ; * 3 ” * 5 · M 8185,___
8 1 9 1 -2 , 10.94, ϊ i .93, 12.00; 16. G i, 1 1.97; C C A T [IB ] C L O D F L A V O
P R Ä E F G E R M L I V V Ë N T L V P E R I I V IR : 17. B a 23680, 11.78;
U n c e rta in var.: 18. L 452 (L V P E R C O ), 8.65; 19. M u 35 (L V P E R C O ),
i i . 21; 20. C o p 551 (L V P E R C O ), 11.61. M e ta l an aly sis o n coin 7: C u
91.00; Sn 8.52, A g 0.028; Fe 0.305; Sb 0.166; N i 0.063; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.008.
329 AE. 20—1 m m , 5.85g (7). Axis: var. [ 1 ] n .3 5 ; 7—8. P 5 58-9, 12.54, 12.65; 9 ~ IO · V 4 1 -2 , 13.90, 10.26; i i —13. B a
9481, 21519, 100902, 13.16, 14.15, 12.94; 14—15· M 8218, S astre 10298,
Vives 149-5, B eltran 23 13.83, 15.85; 16. N 140, 11.91; 17. B B ohl, 13.03; 18. G 9, 10.85;
A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, 1. 19. IV D J ( = V ives 150-2); 20. C 543, 10.56.
T IB FL A V O PR A E F G E R (M A N ) L IV V E N T
335 A E. 28m m . See 334. Axis: 4 -5 (1). [ o ]
L V P E R C O ; in field, C C A II V IR
G E R : i . C alico 6/1979, I0 7 4 ) 6-5(3; 2. M 8193, 4.93; 3 . IV D J ( — V ives
Vives 150-1, B eltran 25b
149-5), 5-62; G E R M A N : 4 . P 5 3 6 , 6.87; U n c e rta in var.: 5. Bo 184, 6.65; As 334, b u t bull 1.
6. B a 9469, 6.85: 7. M 8194, 3.49.
i . M 8 2 1 7 ( = V ives 15 0 -1 ), 9.93.

336 A E. 2 8 -9 m m . See 334. Axis: 6 ( 1 ) . [ o ]

A u g u s tu s a n d T ib e r iu s , a f te r A D i o ~ i 2
Vives 149-10, B eltran 25d (corr.)
330 Bronze. 20-1 m m , 5 .9 3 g (15: 3 3 0 —1 ) . Axis: V ar. [ 6 ]
As 334 (?) (illegible obv.), b u t lau reate head 1.
Vives 149-7, BUH 14—11, B eltran ig a, nah 985 i . M 8 2 1 6 ( = V ives 1 49-10), 12.18.
A V G V ST (V S) C C A ; lau reate head, 1.
337 Bronze. 2 8m m . See 334. Axis: 1-2 (1). [ 1 ]
T I C A ESA R A V G V S T I F; lau reate head, r.
A V G V S T V S : i . C alico 6/1979, i o 7 5 > 5-8o; 2. P 538, 5.71; 3. V 4 0 , 6.21; T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
4. H ill 14-11 (G o th a); 5 . B a 4469. 6.24; 6. L 453, 6.03; 7—9 . M 8195-6, 1.
S astre 10283, 8.66, 4.86, 6.41; 10. G 5 (pi. 9 7 -2 2 ), 5.60; 11. IV D J C C A; bull, 1., w ith ‘p ed im en t’ above head
( = V ives 149-7); I 2 · O , 5.13; 13. n a h 985; A V G V S T : 14. N Y H S A
i . L 4 6 1 , 15.12. M eta l an alysis o n coin i: C u 96.00; P b 0.021; S n 5.70; Ag
23209, 5.45; 15. L 454, 5.68; U n certa in : 16. P 539, 5.57. G il 81 reco rd s a
0 . 037, Fe 0.067; 8 b 0.120; N i 0.001; As 0.006; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.011.
sp ecim en w ith th e rev. legend T I C A E S A R A V G F from G ôm ez M o ren o
coll. M eta l analysis on coin 6: C u 92.00; P b 0.052; S n 8.14;1A g 0.041; Fe
0.042; S b 0.137; C o 0.002; Bi 0.001; Z n 0.030. O n coin 15: C u 91.50; P b
0 . 015; S n 7.48; A g 0.030; Fe 0.030; Sb 0.065; N i 0.008; Bi 0.001; Z n 0.031. L u p u s I l v i r a n d F u lv ia n u s p r a e fe c tu s
331 AE. 19m m . See 330. Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ]
338 AE. 2 8 -9 m m , 14.43g ( i 4 : 3 3 8~ 9 ) Axis: var. [ 3 ]
Vives 173-12, B eltran 19b
Vives 151-5, H ill 15-9, B eltran 44
A V G V S[T V S] C C A ; lau reate head, 1.
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
T I C A E SA R A V G F; lau reate head, 1.
r.
1. IV D J ( ^ V iv e s 173—12 = G il, pi, 6 -8 2 ), 6.00; 2. L 4 5 5 , 5.68. C C A L V P O I I V IR F V L V IA N O PR A E F; priest
ploughing w ith yoke o f oxen, r.
1. C o p 5 5 4 ( = H ill 15-9 ), 17.43; 2 * P 552, ι 2 ·6ι ; 3. M 8280 ( = V ives
A nonym ous
151—5 ). 10.63 (p ierced ); 4 . V 46, 11.45.

332 AE. 16 m m , 3.39g (1). [ o ] 339 Bronze. 2 8 -g m m . See 338. Axis: var. [ 5 ]
Vives 149-6, B eltran 20 Vives 151-6, B eltran 45
A V G V ST V S; bare head, I. T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
C C A; w ithin w reath
r.
X. N Y H S A 2 3 2 1 4 ( = V ives 149-6), 3.39. C C A L V P O II V IR F V L V IA N O P R A E F E C (T O );
bull, r., w ith ‘p ed im en t’ above head
X. C alico 6/1979, I0 Ö5. 11.14; 2—3 . P 550 -1 , 13.84, 15.38; 4 . R 160,
Reign o f Tiberius 13.80; 5. B a.B . (P R A E F E C ), 15.44; *>· ®a 4 7 ®9 > 13 -t>7 ; 7 - 8 . 21521-2,
13.00, 13.15; 9—10. L 4 6 2 -3 , 13.26, 14.00; i x . M 8281, 9.92; 12. IV D J
( —V ives 151-6); 13. H (B M ca st). M eta l analysis on coin 9: C u 95.00; Sn
A nonym ous 5.01; A g 0.037; F e 0.021; Sb 0.128; Bi 0.002. O n coin 10: C u 93.50; Sn
5.76; A g 0.025; F e 0.021; Sb 0.098; Bi 0.001; Z n 0.014.
333 Bronze. 2 8 -g m m , 13.33g ( h ) · Axis: var. [ 3 ]
Vives 149-8, H ill 15-3, B eltran 24
A nonym ous
T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
r. 340 Bronze. 28 m m , 12.05g (23). Axis: var. [ 10 ]
C C A ; priest ploughing w ith yoke o f oxen, r.
Vives 149-9, B eltran 25a, gmi 329
i . C alico 6/1979, 1076, 11.70; 2. P 557, 14.50; 3 . R 158, 11.29; 4 · V Q R
5 9 0 (— H ill 15-3); 5 - 8 . B a 4475, 26630, 30479, 33935, 12.74, 12.14, T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; laureate
15.20, 11.30; 9 . L 456, 13.57; 1 0 . L 457, 10.41; i i —15. M 8198-9, 8201 head, r.
( = V ives 149-8), 8203, 8207, 17.93, Ι 3 ·7 Ι > Ι 5 ·3 4 > i5*o6, 11*76; 16. IV D J C C A ; bull, r., w ith ‘p ed im en t’ above head
( = G il, pi. 7 -8 6 ). M eta l analysis on coin 9: C u 94.50; S n 6.04; A g 0.028;
F e 0.089; 8 b 0.134; Ni 0.006; A s 0.035; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.001. O n coin 10: C u i . A N E 2 6 -2 7 /4 /1 9 8 3 , 76; 2. C alico 6/1979, 1077, 13.00; 3. C o p 552,
93.50; P b 0.428; S n 5.98; A g 0.038; Fe 0.035; 8b 0.013; N i 0.005; A s 0.009; 13.05; 4 . M S V 17/12/1981, 1161, 12.80; 5—7. P 560, 562, S d e R , 13.98,
Bi 0.001; Z n 0.003. 10.86, 9.40; 8 —i i . B a 4779, 21520, 23679, 30482, 10.74, i ] : -0 3j i i . o 8 ,
11.88; 12—14. L 458 -6 0 , 12.78, 12.42, 12.01; 15. M 8 2 1 0 ( = V ives 149-
334 AE. 28m m , 12.86g (22: 334—7)· Axis: var. [ 8 ] 9), 13.10; 1 6 - 2 0 . M 8211, 8213 -4 , S astre 10304-5, 11.59, i 2 -9 °j 13-52 >
12.52, 10.35; 21—2 2 . B 17434, B ohl, 13.75, 10.77; 2 3 . C 542, 12.30;
Vives 150-2, B eltran 25c (corr.), n ah 1088 24. G iro n a 29424 ( = c m t m , pi. 6 -9 2 ), 11.32. M eta l analysis on coin 13:
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, C u 92.50; P b 0.076; S n 7.47; A g 0.036; F e 0.056; S b 0.146; As 0.011; Bi
0.001. O n coin 14: C u 91.50; P b 0.053; S n 7.91; A g 0.040; Fe 0.082; Sb
r. 0.157; N i 0.001; As 0.006; Bi 0.002.
C C A ; bull, r., w ith ‘p ed im en t’ above head
i . A N E 23-2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 230, 10.49; 2—3 . C alico 6/1979, 1078-9, 14.00,
16.00; 4 . C op 553, 14.18; 5 . M S V 17/12/1981, 1160, 14.12; 6 . M u 36,
 S P A I N : Caesaraugusta (341-349) 123

T ib e r iu s a n d L iv ia AD 28-g
341 Bronze. 2 7 -3 0 m m , 12.34g (3 1)· Axis: var. [ 12 ] 344 Brass. 36 m m , 24.70 g (5). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
Vives 152-3, H ill 15-2, B eltran 26, gmi 332 Vives 150-3, H ill 16-8, B eltran 35, nah 1061
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; lau reate T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V F A V G V S T (V S ) P(O )
head, r. M (A X ) T R P O T S X X X ; T ib eriu s seated on curule
C C A IV L IA A V G V ST A ; Livia, d rap ed an d veiled, chair, 1.
seated on throne, r. P IE T A T I A V G V S T A E G C A ; hexastyle tem ple
i . Bo 185, 12.12; 2. CalicÖ 6/1979, 1091 (A V G V S T I F ), 13.15; 3. C o p i . P 545 (obv. illegible), 22.85; 2 * B L o b b , 23.58; 3 . L 4 6 9 ( = H ill 16-8)
555 (A V G V S T I F ), 15.40; 4 - 6 . P 541-3 (542: A V G V S T V S ; 543: (T I C A E S A R D I V I A V G V F A V G V S T V S P O M A X T R P O T [S
A V G V S T I F ), 12.13, 11.65, 11.73; 7· V 50, 10.95; 8. V a t 286, 12.60; X X X ] ) , 28.47; 4 . M 8222 (T I C A E S A R D I V I A V G V F A V G V S T V S [ ]
9 . F o rm erly S d e C 1079 ( = V ives 15 2 -3 ); 10. g m i 332, 15.00; 11—12. B M A X T R [ ]X ) , 23.60; 5. IV D J ( = V ives 150-3) (T I C A E S A R D I V I
L ö b b a n d B ohl (A V G V S T I F; T I C A E S A R D IV I A V G V S T I [ ]S T V S ), A V G V F A V G V S T P M T R P O T S X X X ) , 25.00. M eta l analysis o n coin
10. Q2, 12.4.Q; 12—iQ . B a 4 4 7 0 - 1 , 4 7 8 1 - 2 , 4 9 3 2 , 9 4 7 6 , 1058 3 0 (A V G V S T I 3: C u 72.00; A g 0.005; Fe 0.053; 8 b 0.206; N i 0.020; Bi 0.003; Z n 28.21.
F; T I C A E S A R D I V I J W G V S T I F [ ]T V S ; A V G [ ; A V G V S T I F; T I
C A [ ]I A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ; A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ;
A V G V S T I F ), 8.63, 12.64, 13.20, 10.80, 11.53, 12.60, 11.89; 2°* E 4 6 4 M Catus L Vettiacus Ilviri, AD j i -2
( — H ill 15-2) (A V G V S T I F ), 14.29; 21. L 465, 12.03; 2 2 - 2 3 . O
(A V G V S T V S ; A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ),jn .4 7 (pierced), i6.02£ 2 4 - 345 AE. 33 m m , 22.07 g (5). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
2 9 . M 8307-8, 8310, 8312-3, S a stre 10278 (A V G V S T I F; T I C A E S A R
D IV I Ä V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ; Ä V G V S T I F Ä V G [; A V G V S T I F; Τ Ι Vives 150-10, H ill 17-1, B eltran 36
C A E S A R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ; A V G V S T I F ), 12.60, 12.18,
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V S T V S P M T R P O T
12.67, 12.55, 12.57, i 3 -o8 ; 30· G 6 (A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ), 11.ro;
3 1 . C 537, 11.37; 3 2· B oulogne s u r M er, 10.98; 3 3 . G iro n a 29427 X X X III; equestrian figure of T iberius w earing
( = CMTM, pi. 6 -9 4 ), 1 0 .8 1 ;,3 4 . A N E 7 -9 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 427 (T I C A E S A R D I V I p alu d am en tu m an d cuirass, r.
A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ). M e ta l analysis on coin 20: C u 84.37; P 6 C C A M C A T O L V E T T IA C V S II V IR ; aquila
0.390; S n 14.80; A g 0.016; Fe 0.582; S b 0.092; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.006. O n coin
betw een two signa
21: C u 86.00; P b 1.95; S n 10.01; A g 0.019; F e 0.375; St) 0.143; N i 0.001;
As 0.025; Bi 0.002. i , P 5 4 7 ( = H ill 17-1 ), 20.12; 2. B B ohl, 18.67; 3 · 9 4 7 9 , 25-64; 4 · M
8246, iQ.73; 5. IV D J ( = V ives 150-10 = S d e C 1086), 26.18; 6. N Y
N ew ell; 7. N Y H S A 23570.

346 C opper. 33 m m , 24.68 g (15). Axis: var. [ 7 ]

Vives 15 0 -1 1, H ill 17-2, gmi 330, B eltran 37, n ah 1092
D r u s u s a n d N e ro C a esa res, I lv ir i
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V S T V S P O N T M A X
342 Brass. 2 7 -g m m , 11.04g (9)· Axis: var. [ 4 ] T R P O T X X X III; T iberius seated on curule chair, 1.
C C A M C A T O L V E T T IA C V S II V IR L E G IV L EG
Vives 152-1, H ill 16-2, B eltran 33, nah 1091
V I L E G X ; vexillum betw een two circular stan d ard s
T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; lau reate (radiate p h alerae), each on a basis
head, 1. i . C alico 6/1979, 1082, 19.95; 2 * F 4 L 23 -2 5 > 3 · P 548 (tooled:
C C A D R V SV S C A ESA R N E R O CAESA R; N ero and A V G V S T V S P O N T ), 21.43; 4 . V 43, 19.15; 5 . g m i 330, 23.50; 6—7. B
D rusus seated opposite each other B ohl (false?), L ö b b , 23.04, 28.83; 8 . L 470, 28.50; 9. M 8 2 5 0 , 26.26; 1 0 -
12. M 8247 -8 , 8251, 26.01, 24.54, 24.67; 13. O , 26.40; 14. G 7 (pi. 9 7 -
i . C alico 6/1979, 1089, i i . 15; 2. P 573, 10.00; 3 . B a 4776, 11.99; 4. L
23) ( = H ill 17-2), 30.39; 15. IV D J ( = V ives 1 5 0 -1 1 = G il, pi. 10-127);
468, io .04; 5. M 8 2 8 9 ( = V ives 152-1 = H ill 16-2), 12.82; 6—7 . M 8 2 9 0 -
16. C 539, 24.25; 17. N Y N ew ell; 18—2 1 . N Y H S A 738 6 -7 , 12006, 23242.
I , 11.22, 10.73; 8· G , 10.56; 9 . C 546, 10.87. M eta l analysis on coin 4: C u
M eta l an alysis o n coin 8: C u 98.50; P b 0.056; Sn 0.270; A g 0.047; Fe
76.50; P b 0.016; A g 0.004; Fe 0.049; 8b 0.106; N i 0.019; G o 0.010; Bi
0. 077; Sb 0.118; As 0.012; Bi 0.002.
0 . 002; Z n 24.61.34
347 AE. 2 9m m , 12.83g (6: 3 4 7 —8 ) . Axis: n (i). [ o ]
343 Bronze. 2 8 -g m m , 11.96g (21). Axis: var. [ to ] Vives 151-3, Gil 123-4, B eltran 39
Vives 152-2, H ill 16-1, B eltran 34 [T I] C A E SA [R D IV ]I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S;
lau reate head, 1.
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; laureate
M C A [T ] 0 L V E T T [IA C V S ] I I V IR ; C C A w ithin
head, r. __
w reath
C C A N E R O C A ESA R D R V SV S C A E SA R II V IR ;
1. M 8 2 7 6 ( = V ives 151-3 = G il 123), 13.18; 2. IV D J ( = G il, pi. 10-124).
facing heads of N ero an d D rusus
1. A N E 3 -4 /1 2 /1 9 8 5 , 96, 11.31; 2. C alico 6/1979, 1090 (A V G V S T I F 348 AE. 29 m m . See 347. Axis: var. [ o ]
A V G V S T V S ; N E R O C A E S A R ), 14.05; 3. Cop_556 (T I C A E S A R D I V I
A V G V ST I F A V G V STV S; C C A N E R O CA ESAR D RV SV S CA ESAR Vives 151-4, Gil 125-6, B eltran 40
I I V IR ), 12.76; 4 . M u 39^43.01; 5 - 6 . P 571 (A V G V S T I F As 347, b u t w ith o u t w reath
A [V G V S ]T V S ; N E R O C A E S A R ), 5 7 2 J T I C A E S A R D IV I A V [ ]S;
I . IV D J ( = V ives 151-4 = S d e C 1092), 18.46; 2. B a 4784, 9.40; 3 . M
C C A N E R O C A E S A R D R V S V S C A E S A R I I V IR ), 11.96, 12.18; 7. V
49 (A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ), 11.28; 8 - 9 . B L ö b b (A V G V S T I), B ohl S a s tr e 1 0 3 0 7 , 13.11; 4 —5. M 8277—8, 11.20, 11.61.
(A V G V S T I), 13.19, x i . 17; 10—13. 4785 (D R V S V S C A E S A R ), 4923
(Ä V G V S T I), 9488 (A V G V S T I), 21529 (A V G V S T I; N E R O C A E S A R ), 349 C opper. 2 8 -g m m , 12.05g (48: 3 4 9 —5 1 ) . Axis: var. [ 14 ]
12.96, 10.93, 10 -7 5 . ' 3 -5 6 ; 1 4 - 1 5 ^ 4 6 6 (T I C A E S A R D IV I A V G V S T I Vives 150-12, H ill 17-3, gmi 331, B eltran 38d, n ah 1093
F A V G V S T V S ; C C A N E R O C A E S A R D R V S V S C A E S A R I I V IR )
a n d 467 ( = H ill 16-1) (T I C A E S A R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ; T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; laureate
C G A N E R O C A E S A R D R V S V S C A E S A R I I V IR ), 13.37, 12.91; head, 1.
16. M 8 2 9 2 ( = V ives 152-2) (D R V SV S C A E S A R ), 13.54; 17—19· M C C A M C A T O L V E T T IA C V S II V IR ; priest
8301, 8304, 8306 (A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ; C C A N E R O C A E S A R
D R V S V S C A E S A R I I V IR ), 10.90, 11.89, I0 -^3; 20. G 10, 12.13; 2 t . C
ploughing w ith yoke of oxen, 1.
545, 6.45. M eta l analysis on coin 14: C u 88.50; P b 0.028; S n 10.75; A g i . Bo 188, 12.71; 2—3. C alico 6/1979, I0 b 3~ 4 > 13.65, 10*65; 4 · C o p 557,
0.019; Fe 0.108; Sb 0.139; N i 0.018; A s 0.003; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.047. 12.55; 5. M i 190, 9.69; 6 . M S V 17/12/1981, 1163, 12.80; 7. P 549, 11.35;
 8 - 9 . V 44 (= H ill 1 7 -3 ), 45, 13-86, 9.30; 10. V a t 289, 12.70; 11. gmi 331, i . A N E 3 -4 /1 2 /1 9 8 5 , 95, 4.61; 2. C o p 560, 4.89; 3. M u 38, 5.59; 4 - 5 . P
12.00; 12—13. B 27860 a n d B ohl, 12.17, 13.15; 14. B a 1 0 9 1 8 3 , 14.21; 564 a n d no n u m b e r, 5.47, 6.86; 6. V a t 287, 7.60; 7. M S a s tr e 103 1 0 ,
1 5 -2 1 . B a 4771, 9484-5, 21526-7, 30887, 33932, 12.03, 11.34, 12.24, 6.58; 8—i i . M 8229, 8235 -7 , 6.31, 6-27, 7.41, 6.13; 1 2 . L 478, 4.26. M eta l
12.28, 11.39, 16.36, 11.02; 22—2 5 . L 4 7 I - 4. 12.82, 12.25, I J -88, 9.97; 26— an alysis on coin 12: C u 96.00; P b 0.053; Sn 4.36; A g 0.045; Fe 0.030; Sb
3 2 . M 8253, 8258, 8265, 8267, 8271-2, S astre 10294, 12.42, 12.70, 13.31, 0 . 215; N i 0.002; A s 0.005; Bi 0.002.
14- 5 1. 11-89, 13 -2 !. 12 -7 3 ; 33 - N 142, 9-67; 3 4 . O , 12.16; 3 5 . G 8, 12.42;
36. IV D J ( = V ives 150-12); 3 7 - 3 8 . C , 10.33, 9 - n ; 39 - G 5 4 ° , 1113; 356 AE. 2 0m m . See 355. Axis: 11 (1). [ 2 ]
4 0 . G iro n a 29426 ( = cmtm, pi. 6—93), 11.96; 4 1 . N u m ism a tic a A rs
As 355, b u t C L E M E N T E E T L V C R E T IO
C lassica 29-3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 284 ( = S de C 1096), 13.42. M eta l analysis o n coin
23: C u 99.50; P b 0.154; Sn 1.22; A g 0.034; Fe 0.225; S b 0.100; N i 0.005; 1. N Y H S A 2 3 2 1 5 , 4.78; 2. B B ohl, 4.76; 3. P 565, 6.40.
Bi 0.001. O n coin 25: C u 98.50; A g 0.071; F e 0.135; S b 0.093; N i 0.002; Bi
0. 003; Z n 0.005. 357 A E. 15m m , 2.93g (4: 357- 8 ). Axis: n (2). [ 1 ]
Vives 150-9, H ill 15-7, B eltran 29
350 AE. 27 m m . See 349. Axis: var. [ 1]
T I C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, 1.
Vives 15 1—2, B eltran 38c
C L E M E N S E T L V C R E T IV S C C A I I V IR ; vexillum
As 349, b u t priest ploughing, r. on basis
1. Bo 189, 12.90; 2. C o p 558, 10.13; 3- V iv e s 151—2 (from J o rd a n a coll.,
i . P 567, 2.55; 2. IV D J ( = V ives 150-9 = H ill 15-7), 3.55; 3 . V illa r o n g a
Z a rag o za); 4 . M S astre 10297, n - 7 5 ; 5 - VI 8275, 10.77; 6- IV D J ( = G i l, c o ll. 6 5 3 4 , 3.42.
P1· n - 1 3 3 ) ·
358 A E. 15m m . See 357. Axis: 11 (1). [ o ]
351 AE. 28 m m . See 349. Axis: var. [ 1]
As 3 5 7 , b u t [C L E M E N T E E T ] L V C R E T IO
Vives 151-1, B eltran 38a
i . M 8 2 4 4 , 2.19.
As 349, b u t head an d priest ploughing, r.
i . M S V 17/12/1981, 1162, 11.90; 2. V ives 151-1 (from B arril coll.,
Z a rag o za); 3 . B L öbb, 11.39; 4 · M 8273, 12.40; 5. M 8 2 7 4 , 11.72; M n F la v iu s F e s tu s M O f illiu s S ilv a n ite r u m I l v i r i
6. A N E 7 -9 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 426; 7. IV D J ( = G i l, pi. 11-132). F orgery: 1. M
S astre 10293, ΙΓ ·7 5 · G a rc ia de L a to rre 733 (= B eltran 38b), w ith p riest 359 AE. 3 7m m , 26.22g (4). Axis: var. [ o ]
p lo u g h in g 1., needs confirm ation, b u t seem s p la u sib le, in view o f th e o th e r
co m b in atio n s o f dies ( 3 4 9 -5 1 ). Vives 152-7, H ill 16-7, B eltran 31
T I A V G V ST V S D IV I A V G V S T I F C A ESA R IM P
P O N T M A X ; lau reate head, 1.
S e x A e b u iiu s L L u c r e tiu s I l v i r i
M N F L A V IO F E S T O M O F IL L IO S IL V A N IT E R II
352 AE. 20 mm . [ o ] V IR ; in beld, C C A
I . IV D J (—V ives 152-7 = H ill 16-7 = G il, pi. 13—160), 26.53; 2—3. M
Vives 150-4, B eltran 27a
8 3 3 3 - 4 , 27.01, 25.49; 4 . G i i , 25.85.
T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
r. 360 A E. 29 m m , 11.69 g (4)· Axis: var. [ i ]
C C A SE X A E B [V T IV S L L V C jR E T IV S II V IR ; Vives 152-8, B eltran 32
aquila betw een tw o signa As 359
i . F o r m e r l y B a r r i i c o ll. ( = V ives 150-4).
i . B D ressel 1/1021, Q.92; 2. B a 1 0 0 1 8 5 , 14.03; 3—4 . M 8225 ( = V ives
r 5 2 -8 ), 8354, !3 -j6 , 9.67; 5. IV D J ( = G il, pi. 13-163).
353 Bronze. 2 0 m m , 6 .3 2 g (14). Axis: var. [ 5 ]
Vives 150-5, H ill 15-8, B eltran 27b
As 35a, b u t head 1. C C a rri A q u il L F u n i V et f I lv ir i
i . Bo 186, 6 .11 ; 2. C alico 6/1979, 1080, 7.50; 3. P 563, 4.45; 4—5; B
361 Bronze. i7 -2 o m m , 4 .8 5 g (14). Axis: var. [ 6 ]
L öbb, 8.20, 6.24; 6—8. B a 4 7 8 6 -7 , 21528, 7.45, 5-68, 6.92; 9—10. L 4 7 9 -
80, 6.22, 4.41; i i . M 8 2 2 8 ( = V ives 150-5), 7.09; 12—14. M 8226-7, Vives 151-7, H ill 16-6, B eltran 30
S astre 10309, 8.01, 4.75, 5-44- C oin from S anchez coll. (A lbacete)
(= B e ltra n 27c), n o t verified a n d confirm ation needed. Forgeries: 1. O , T I C A E SA R A V G V S T V S Ä V G V S T I F; lau reate head, 1.
6.45 (cast from M 8228); 2. L e n in g rad ( = H ill 15-8), a lth o u g h n o t C C A R R I A Q V IL L F V N I V E T F II V IR ; in field,
checked, this coin seem s, like th e previous, also ca st from M 8228. M eta l CCA
analysis on coin 10: C u 90.50; S n 9.28; A g 0.045; F e 0.016; S b 0.100; N i
I . A N E 2 9 -3 0 /4 /1 9 8 5 Q SA R A V G V S T V S A V [; C C A R R Ï A Q V IL L
0 . 001; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.003.
F V N [ ] I l V I R C G A ), 131, 4.29; 2. C alico 6/1979,_ io 8 6 Q SA R
A V G V S T V S A V G V S T [; C C A R R I A Q V [ ] T F I I V I R G C A ), 5.40;
3 . P 556 (]G V S T V [; C G A R R I A Q V I L Q C C A ), 5.32; 4 . V 4 7
C le m e n s a n d L u c r e tiu s I l v i r i
Q G V S T V S A V G V S T [; C C A [C] G A R R I A Q V IL L F V [), 4 .o9; 5 . H ill
16-6 ( = V Q R 600) ( T I C A E S A R [ ]G V S T I_ F ; C C A R R I A Q V IL [ ] T F
354 AE. 20m m , 5.76g ( i i ) . Axis: var. [ 4 ] I l V I R C C A ); 6 - 7 . B B o M Q G V S T V S A V G V S T [; ]V N I V E T F I I [ ]
Vives 150-6, H ill 15-6, B eltran 2 8 a-b , nah 1089 C C A ) (]C A E [ 1G V S T V S A V G [ ; C [ ] I I V I R C C A ), 6.13, 3.8g;
8. B a 9478 Q A V G V S T V S A V G V S jjJ C A R R I A Q V IL [ ] T F I I V I R _
T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, G C A ) , 4.40; g - i o ^ L 4 8 1 -2 Q A R R I A Q V IL L [ ] C C A) (C C A R R I
r. A Q V IL L F V N I V E T F I I V I R C C A ), 4.14, 3.32; 11. M S a s tr e 1 0 2 8 4
C C A C L E M E N S E T L V C R E T IV S II V IR ; aquila (]A R A V G V S T V S A V G V S [; ]L F V N I V E T F I I V I R C G A ), 3R 2; 1 2 -
15. M 8282 -4 , S astre 10285 (C C A R R I A Q J ] F V N I V E T F I I V IR
betw een two signa C C A ) (C C A R R I A [ ]_V E T F I I V IR T ! C A ) ( ] V I L L F V N I V E T F
1. A N E 2 3 -24/10/1984, 231, 5.78; 2. C alico 6/1979, 1081, 5.94; 3—4 . B I I V I R C C A ), Q V N I V E T F I I V I R C G A ), 6.35 ^4 .8 8 , 6.38, 5.45;
L ö b b a n d B ohl (false?), 5.68, 5.13; 5 . B a 105828, 6.90; 6. L 477 (= H ill r 6 . IV D J ( = V ives 151-7) (T I C A E S A R [; C C A R R I A Q V IL L F V N I
1 5 - 6), 5.18; 7. M 8231 (= V iv e s 150-6), 5.50; 8—9 . M 8230, 8242 V E T F I I V I R C C A) j _ i 7· A N E 1 1-12/1961, 57 (T I C A E S A R
( = V ives 150-8), 5.85, 7.59; 10. O , 4.70; i i . V ill a r o n g a c o ll. 2 1 7 6 , 5.10. A V G V S T V S A V G [ ; ]R I A Q V IL L F V N I V E T F I I [ ] C C A. M eta l
an alysis on coin 9: C u 84.50; P b 7.11; Sn 8.22; A g 0.022; F e 0.056; Sb
355 Bronze. 20 m m , 5.86 g (15: 3 5 5 —6 ) . Axis: var. [ 5 ] 0.131; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.012.

Vives 150-7, B eltran 28c

As 354, but head 1.
 S P A IN : Caesâraugusta (362-371) /25

I u n ia n u s L u p u s p r G C a e s a r is C P o m p o n P a r r a I l v i r i 15.43, 14.41, 10.24, 12.74; 2 3 · L 4765 Ι 3 ·Ι2 ί 2 4 - 2 7 · Μ 8315 ( = V ives

152-4), 8317, 8320, 8326, 16.49, ι ΐ · 4 °» Ι 5 ·4 Ι > ΙΟ·3 4 ; 28. Ν 143, ι ΐ · 9 °;
362 Bronze. 29m m , 14.16g (5). Axis: var. [ 1] 29· C 5 4 L Ι 0 ·Γ5 · F o rg ery (?): 1. Β B ohl, 18.07. M e ta l an alysis on coin 23:
C u 92.50; P b 0.187; Sn 6.92; A g 0.046; F e 0.047; S b 0.121; N i 0.006; Co
Vives 151-9, H ill 16-4, B eltran 42 0.007; As 0.004; Bi 0.002.
P IE T A T IS A V G V ST A E C C A ; b ust of Pietas, veiled
an d diadem ed, r. ___
IV N ÏÂ N O L V P O PR G C A ESA R G P O M P O N PA RR A C a lig u la
II V; tetrastyle tem ple
i . L 4 7 5 ( = H i l l 16-4), 14.05; 2. M 8286 (obv. illegible), 12.79; 3 · FV D J L ic in ia n u s a n d G e r m a n u s I l v i r i
( = V ives 151-9), 14.38; 4 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 283,
16.19; 5 * N Y H S A 23233, 14.58. M e ta l analysis on coin 1: C u 89.00; Sn 368 AE. 3 5m m , 23.85g (16: 3 6 8 —9 ) . Axis: var. [ 3 ]
7.60; A g 0.036; Fe 0.019; Sb 0.128; N i 0.001; Bi 0.003.
Vives 154-4, B eltran 50a, T rillm ich I - i a
363 AE. 28 m m , 15.44g (4)· Axis: var. [ 1] G C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S IM P ; lau reate head,
Vives 151-10, H ill 16-5, B eltran 43 r.
P IE T A T IS A V G V ST A E ; b u st of Pietas, veiled and G C A L IC IN IA N O E T G E R M A N O I I V IR ; aquila
diadem ed, r. ___ betw een two signa
IV N ÏÂ N O L V P O P R G C A ESA R G P O M P O N PA RR A i . M u .40, 2 3 .6 0 ; 2. P 5 7 9 , 2 4 .1 4 ; 3 . B B o h l, 2 0 .9 6 ; 4—6. M 8 3 7 5 - 7 ,
2 4 .6 9 , 2 5 .3 6 , 2 1 .7 2 ; 7 . I V D J ( = V iv e s 1 5 4 - 4 ), 2 5 .2 6 ; 8 . N Y N e w e ll
II V; in field, C C A
( = T r i l l m i c h , p l. 21—1), 24 .1 4 .
I. C alico 6/1979, 1088, 14.40; 2 . P 540, 15.14; 3 . M 8 2 8 7 (= V ives 1 5 1 -
10 = H ill 16-5) (P A R R A ), 17.73; 4 · M 8288, 14.48. 369 Brass. 36-7 m m . See 368. Axis: var. [ 2 ]
364 AE. 29 mm , 13.56 g (6). Axis: var. [ 3 ] Vives 154-5, H ill 17-4, B eltran 50b, gmi 336, nah 1129,
T rillm ich I - i b
Vives 151-8, H ill 16-3, B eltran 41
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, As 368, b u t head 1.
i . C a lic o 6 /1 9 7 9 , 1 1 0 1 , 2 3 .5 0 ; 2. g m i 33 6 ( = A N E 1 1 - 1 2 /1 9 6 1 , 6 9 ), 24.00;
r. ___ ___
3. L 4 8 3 ( to o le d ), 2 2 .2 5 ; 4 . O , 2 4 .0 3 ; 5 . M S a s tr e 1 0 288, 2 4 .4 4 ; 6 . N Y
C C A IV N ÏA N O L V P O P R G C A ESA R G P O M P O N H S A 7 4 2 1 ( = T r i l l m i c h , p l. 2 1 - 2 ) , 2 5 .1 4 ; 7. N Y H S A 2 3 8 4 4 , 2 4.22;
PA RRA II V; aquila betw een two signa 8. N Y N e w e ll, 2 4 .1 7 ; 9. I V D J ( = V iv e s 1 5 4 - 5 ); I O · V Q R 61 2 ( = H ill 1 7 -
i . Bo 190, 13.06; 2 . C alico 6/1979, 1087, 13.80; 3 . P 5 4 6 ( = H ill 16-3), 4 ). F o r g e ry (?) 1. M 8 3 7 8 , 15.31. M e ta l a n a ly s is o n c o in 3: C u 8 3 .0 0 ; P b
II. 30; 4 . M 8285 ( = V ives 151-8), 13.09; 5—6 . B 17436, Bohl, 15.52, 0 .8 1 5 ; S n 1 .130; A g 0 .0 1 9 ; F e 0 .1 3 7 ; S b 0.137;. N i 0 .0 5 7 ; A s 0 .0 5 0 ; Bi
[4 .5 7 ; 7. IV D J , form erly S de C 1087; 8. N Y N ew ell; 9—10. N Y H SA 0 . 0 0 3 ; Z n 14.46
11946, 23229.
370 Brass. 2 8m m , n.6og (16). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
Vives 154-8, B eltran 52, T rillm ich I-2
T C a e c iliu s L e p id u s C A u f id iu s G e m e llu s I l v i r i
G C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S IM P ; lau reate head, 1.
365 AE. 3 5 -6 m m , 24.76g (6). Axis: var. [ o ] L IC IN IA N O E T G E R M A N O I I V IR ; in field, C C A
1. C alico 6/1979, n ° 5 , IO-42; 2. C o p 561, 12.11; 3. P 580, 11.16; 4 —6. Ba
Vives 152-9, H ili 15-5, B eltran 46, nah 1094
9492, 21534, 3 3 9 3 4 , 8.89, 11.16, 11.03; 7· L 484, 12.75; 8. M 8 3 9 9
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; laureate head, ( = V iv e s 1 5 4 - 8 ), 1 1.34; 9—ϊ ° · Μ 8 4 0 0 , S a s tr e 1 0 3 0 8 , 12.55, 12.00; i i . C
547, 13.37; 12—ι ς . N Y H S A 7 4 1 9 -2 0 , 2 3 5 7 4 , 5 7 8 2 2 , 12.14, ι ο . ς ι , 10.60,
r.
1 2.40; 16. N Y N e w e ll, 12.83; *7 - I V D J ( = G i l , p l. 1 4 -1 7 7 ); 18. F N M T
T C A E C IL IO L E P ID O C A V F ID IO G E M E L L O II ( = T r i l l m i c h , p l. 2 1 - 3 ) ; 19. A N E 1 1 - 1 2 /1 9 6 1 , 72. M e ta l a n a ly s is o n co in
V IR ; in field, C C A 7: C u 7 2 .0 0 ; P b 0 .1 5 9 ; 8 n 0 .2 1 0 ; A g 0 .0 2 8 ; F e 0 .1 4 3 ; 8 b 0 .1 7 9 ; Bi 0 .0 0 3 ;
i . A N E 26-2 7 /4 /1 9 8 3 , 77; 2. C alico 6/1979, I0 9 2, 32.70; 3 · M S V Z n 2 7 .2 1 .
17/12/1981, 1159, 17.7 5; 4 . S tockholm ( = H ill 1 5-5) ; k. B a 3 3 0 3 0 , 19.00;
6. M 8336, 24.74; 7 · IV D J ( = V ives 152-9); 8. A N E 11-12/1961, 65 . 371 C opper. 30 m m , 11.83g ( 7 I: 3 7 I — a )· Axis: var. [ 22 ]
( = n a h 1094), 28.80; 9. M i s n G 207, 25.60. M o d e rn forgery: 1. R 161, Vives 154-6, H ill 17-5, B eltran 51b, gmi 337, T rillm ich
25-29·
I- 3
366 AE. 28m m , 11.73g (3)· Axis: var. [ i ] G C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S IM P ; lau reate head, 1.
Vives 152-6, B eltran 49 C C A L IC IN IA N O E T G E R M A N O I I V IR ; priest
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, ploughing w ith yoke of oxen, r.
i . A N E 2 9 - 3 0 /4 /1 9 8 5 , 132, 13.27; 2—3 . B o 192 a n d 194, 12 .2 7, 10.77; 4 “
r.
6. C a lic o 6 /1 9 7 9 , 1 1 0 2 -4 , 8 .1 8 , 14 .2 2 , 11.00 ; 7. C o p 5 62 ( = H ill 1 7 -5 ),
L E P ID O E T G E M E L L O II V IR ; in field, C C A 1 3.44; 8 . M S V 1 7 /1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 1 1 6 6 ,9 .5 0 ; 9—10. M u 4 1 - 2 , 1 2 .3 7, 12 . 13;
i . B L öbb, 12.31; 2 . M 8 3 3 2 ,(= V ives 152-6), 10.84; 3 · N Y H S A 23228, i i , P 5 8 3 , 1 3.67; 12—14. P 58 1 —2, D ’A illy 1 7 462, 12 .4 0 , 12 .1 4, 13.21;
12.03. F orgery: 1. M 8331. 15. R 162, 10.39; τ 6 . V 5 3 , 1 1.73; 17—21. B L ö b b (2 ), F o x , 2 8 6 5 1 , 2 7859,
11 .6 8 , 1 2.06, 12.19, 1 1 4 0 , 11.42; 22—3 1 . B a 4 7 7 5 , 9 4 9 1 , 2 1 5 3 2 - 3 , 2 3 6 7 8 ,
367 Bronze. 29m m , 12.65g (27). Axis: var. [ 11 ] 3 3 9 3 3 , 3 7 0 6 3 , 100 9 0 3 , 10 9 1 8 0 , 1 0 9 1 8 2 , 11 .4 9 , n - 8 o , i i . 51, 10.66, 11.02,
10 .5 4 , 10-85, 13-36» I 2 -7 ° ; 3 2 - 3 5 · L 4 8 5 - 8 , 13.77, 1 1 -9 4 , 11-83,
Vives 152-4, 5, GMi 333, B eltran 47-8, nah 1095
1 0.40; 3 6 - 4 2 . M 8 3 7 9 , 8 3 8 2 ( = V ives 1 5 4 - 6 ), 8 3 8 3 , 8 3 8 5 , 8 3 8 7 , 8 3 9 4 ,
T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, 8 3 9 6 , 13.59, 1 2.96, 11.6 5 , 1 2.36, 12 .1 3 , 10.99, ΐ 2 · ο ι ; 4 3 _ 44· Ο , 12.52,
r. 1 0.83; 4 5 · G 12, 12.29; 4 6 · W a r s a w 1 0 1 2 /1 5 , 1 2 .27; 4 7 “ 4 $· C 5 4 8 - 9 ,
10 .1 8 , 12.66; 4 9 · C , 12.65; 5 ° · H o w g e g o c o ll., 1 0.56; 5 1 . G i r o n a 2 9425
C C A _ ( T C A E C IL IO ) L E P ID O (E T ) (C A V F ID IO ) ( = CMT M, p l. 6 - 9 5 ) , 11.20; 5 2 . A l a c a n t ( = CMTM, p l. 3 8 - 2 1 1 ), 10.00;
G E M E L L O II V IR ; bull, r., w ith ‘p ed im en t’ above head 5 3 . N u m i s m a ti c a A rs C la s s ic a 2 9 - 3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 28 7 , 1 1.52; 5 4 . N Y N e w e ll,

L E P ID O E T G E M E L L O I I V IR : i . P 555, 10.55; 2* B a 4 7 7 7 , 15-84; I I - 9 9 ; 5 5 - 6 9 . N Y H S A 7 4 2 2 -7 , 7 4 2 9 -3 0 , 1 1 830, 2 3 5 8 7 - 8 , 5 7 8 1 3 , 5 7 8 1 8 -

3 . IV D J ( = V i v e s j 5 2 - 5); T C A E C IL IO L E P ID O C Ä V F ID IO
G E M E L L O I I V IR : 4 . Bo 191, 11.43; 5 * C alico 6/1979, 1093, 15.54;
6· C o p 5 5 9 , !2·6ο; 7. M i 191, 14-351 8· M u 37, 10.87; 9· P 5 5 3 , 11-89;
ί ο —i i . Ρ 5 5 4 > D ’A illy 17461, 13 *3 5 s τ 1.88; ΐ 2 . V 48, 8.66 (broken);
13· V a t 288, 15.3°; Ϊ 4 · GMI 3 3 3 ? Ι 3·2ο; 15—ι6 . Β L ö b b a n d B ohl, 11.82,
8.89; 1 7 -2 2 · Ba 4778, 4901, 9483, 21524-5, 23677, 10.32 (pierced), 13.65,
21, 11.42, 9 .9 4 , 1 2 .8 2 , 12 .9 7 , I J · 12, 12 .1 9 , 11 .9 2 , 1 0 .9 5 , T3 -3 2 , n - o 6 , 12.03,
1 1.38, 1 1 .15, 1 1.37, 12.23; 7 0 - 7 1 . I V D J ( = G il, p l. 1 5 -1 8 0 a n d 182).
M e ta l a n a ly s is o n c o in 33: C u 1 0 1.5; A g 0 .0 2 2 ; F e 0 .0 4 0 ; S b 0 .1 1 8 ; A s
0 .0 0 4 ; B i 0 .0 0 3 ; Z n 0 .0 0 5 . O n c o in 34: C u 9 9 .5 0 ; A g 0 .0 4 1 ; F e 0 .0 4 3 ; 8 b
0 .1 0 1 ; A s 0 .0 0 5 ; B i 0 .0 0 3 ; Z n 0 .0 2 2 . O n c o in 35: C u 1 0 0.0; P b 0 .0 1 5 ; A g
0 .0 3 6 ; F e 0 .0 4 5 ; 8 b 0 .0 0 8 ; N i 0 .0 0 1 ; A s 0 .0 0 1 ; B i 0 .0 0 2 ; Z n 0 .0 2 3 .
372 AE. 28 m m . See 371. Axis: var. [ o ] i . M u 43, 10.18; 2. P 5 6 8 , 11.43; 3 · B L ö b b , 13.58; 4 . L 489, 13.76; 5—
6. M 8353 ( = V ives 153 -8 ), 8355, 9.34, 11.40; 7. V Q R 605 ( = H ill 18-1);
Vives 154-7, B eltran 51a 8. N Y H S A 23219 (= T rillm ich , p i. 2 2 -6 ), 12.21; 9 . N Y N ew ell, 13.08;
As 371, b u t head r. 10—i i . IV D J ( = G il, pi. 15-188 a n d 16-189). M eta l an alysis on coin 4:
C u 78.00; P b 0.063; A g 0.029; Be 0.251; Sb 0.161; N i 0.001; Bi 0.002; Zn
I. M 8 3 9 1 ( = V ives 154-7), 11 4 8 ; 2. M S astre 10277, 13-09; 3 · 1V D J 23.06.
( = G il, pi. 15-178).
3 7 8 —9 N ot used.

S c ip io a n d M o n ta n u s I l v i r i 380 Brass. 29 m m , 11.29 g i 11)· Axis: v ar [ 4 ]

373 AE. 35m m , 24.21g (3). Axis: var.
Vives 154-1, B eltran 54, T rillm ich II -2
G C A ESA R A V G G E R M Ä N IC V S IM P P A T E R
PA T R IA E ; laureate head, 1.
S C IP IO N E E T M O N T A N O I I V IR ; in field, C C A
i . P 574, 22.47; 2* ÏV D J (= V ives 154-1 = S d e C 1106), 27.14; 3 . V Q R
c o ll. 6 0 9 (B M ca st); 4 . N Y H S A 23832 ( = T rillm ich , pi. 2 2 - r ) , 23.03;
5. Iria rte coll. ( = B eltran , p. 39, no. 54).
Vives 153-9, B eltran 62, T rillm ich I I - 7
[ i ]
A G R IP P IN A Μ Γ M A T G C A E SA R IS A V G V S T I; bust
of A grippina I, r.
S C IP IO N E E T M O N T A N O II V IR ; in field, C C A
i - a . P 569-70, 12.05, ” -7 2 ; 3 · B 536/1918, 10.59; 4 . L 490, 12.07; 5 · M
8 3 5 8 ( = V ives 153-9), ΙΓ ·73 ϊ 6—8 . Μ 835 6 -7 , 8359, 9.62, 11.67 (p ierced ),
11.07; 9 · N Y N ew ell, 13.22; 1 0 - 1 2 . N Y H SA 7411, 23230, 24644, 10.48,
11.50, 10.13; 13. H ( = T rillm ich , pi. 2 2 -7 ). M eta l an alysis on coin 4: C u
74.00; P b 0.232; A g 0.035; Fe 0.497; 8 b 0.146; Bi 0.003; Z n 24.75.

374 C opper. 29 m m , 12.05 g (4 3 : 3 7 4 —5 ) · Axis: var. [ 4 ] 381 C opper. 2 9 m m , 12.02g (22). Axis: var. [ 9 ]
Vives 154-2, H ill 17-6, B eltran 55, gmi 335, T rillm ich Vives 153-6, H ill 18-3, B eltran 58, gmi 334, T rillm ich
I I - 3a 11- 5, n a h 1124
G C A E SA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S IM P ; bare head, 1. M A G R IP P A L F C O S I I I ; head o f A grippa, 1., w earing
C C A S C IP IO N E E T M O N T A N O II V IR ; priest ro stral crown
ploughing w ith yoke of oxen, r. C C A S C IP IO N E E T M O N T A N O I I V IR ; priest
1—2. Bo 196-7, 12.20, 13.45; 3 · C alico 6/1979, 1099, 13.88; 4 . M i 192, ploughing w ith yoke of oxen, r.
.11.90; 5 . P 5 7 5 , 12.00; 6 . g m i 335, 12.00; 7—8 . B 27858, 2360/52, 10.59, 1—2. C alico 6/1979, I0 97—8, 12.84, 11.80; 3 . C o p 564, 12.15; 4 . P 544
10.86; 9 . B a 30483, 13.25; 10._L_4.92, 12.14; i i —16. M 8360, 8363-4 , ( C C A S C IP IO N E Ë T M O N T Ä N Ö I I V IR ), 13.03; 5 - 6 . V 5 5 -6 , 12.63,
8365 ( = V ives 154-2) (M O N T A N O ), 8366, S astre 10289, 9 -5 9 > n - 9 4 > 11.78; 7—8. V a t 290 (M O N T A N O ), 291, 12.30, 11.10; 9 . gmi 334, 10.25;
12.74, 12.60, 12.42, 12.80; 17. V Q R 611 (B M cast); 18. V ives 154-2 10. V Q R coll. 5 9 0 '( = H ill 18-3); 11. B B ohl, 10.62; 12—15. B a 4473,
(M O N T A N O ); 19. IV D J ( = G i l, pi. 16-191); 2 0 - 2 2 . N Y H S A 7417, 4772—3, 9477 ( C C A S C IP IO N E Ë T M O N T A N O I I V IR ), 12.34, 13.11,
7418 ( = T rillm ich , pi. 2 2 -2 ), 23589, 12.17, 11.52, 9.47; 23. A N E 13- 14.14, 12.41; 16—17. L 4 9 3 -4 , 11-55, 10.62; 18. M S a s tr e 1 0 2 7 5 , r 3-9°;
14/10/1988, 31. M e ta l an alysis on coin 10: C u 100.5; Sn 0.190; A g 0.023; 19—2 0 . M 8349 -5 0 , 11.39, 11-27; 2 I · Ο , 11.42; 2 2 . IV D J ( = V ives 153-
F e 0.064; 8 b 0.069; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.020. 6); 2 3 . C 538, i i . 19; 24. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 286,
C o u n te rm ark : L A (= cm k 54) on the rev., on 17. 12.66; 25. F N M T ( = T rillm ich , pi. 2 2 -5 ). M eta l an alysis o n coin 16: C u
100.5; P b 0.017; 8 n 0.140; A g 0.032; F e 0.111; S b 0.074; N i 0.005; As
375 C opper. 29 mm . See 374. Axis: var. [ 5 ] 0. 004; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.045.
Vives 154-3, B eltran 56, T rillm ich II -3 b , nah 1130 C o u n te rm ark : S P Q R ( = cm k 67) o n th e obv., o n 17.

G C A ESA R A V G G E R M Ä N IC V S IM P P A T E R
P A T R IA E ; b are head, 1.
T itu llu s a n d M o n ta n u s I l v i r i
C C A S C IP IO N E E T M O N T A N O II V IR ; priest
ploughing w ith yoke o f oxen, r. 382 A E. 29 mm , 11.90 g (9). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
i . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 232, 12.90; 2. B e 6513, 10.57; 3 * C °P 563, 12.52;
4 . P 5 7 6 , 12.3 i; 5 » V 52, 11.50; 6—8. B a 21530-1, 109181, 14.27, 11.78, Vives 153-3, B eltran 63, T rillm ich ΙΠ -3
13.07; 9 . L 491 (E T on th e rev .), 12.22; 10—15. M 8368-73, 12.82, 11.09, G C Ä E SÄ R A V G G E R M Ä N IC V S IM P P A T E R
12.61, 12.27, 9.83, 13.97; *6· N 145, 12.78; 17. O , 12.11; 18. IV D J
( — V ives 154-3) (Ê T M O N T A N O ); 19. F N M T (P A T R IA E ) ( - B e l t r a n ,
PA T R IA E ; b are head, 1.
p. 39, no. 56 = T rillm ich , pi. 2 2 -3 ); 20—2 1 . N Y N ew ell, 12.29, I2 -7 9 > 22— C C A T IT V L L O E T M O N T A N O I I V IR ; priest
26. N Y H S A 7416, 11829, 235865 57824-5, 8.54, 12.45, I2 -48, 12.66, 10.82. ploughing w ith yoke o f oxen, r.
M eta l analysis on coin 9: C u 101.5; Sn 0.140; A g 0.014; Fe 0.031; Sb
1 -2 · P 57 7 - 8 , 12 -3 7 , 12.45; 3· V 51, 14.21; 4 . B 4 9 6 /1 8 8 7 ( = T rillm ich ,
0 . 101; N i 0.018; A u ο .010; C o 0.007; As 0.059; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.008.
pi. 2 3 -1 ), 12.33; 5 - 6 · M 834 0 -1 , 10.65, 10.46; 7. N 147, 12.98; 8. IV D J
( = V ives 153-3), ‘ 3-28; 9. N Y N ew ell, 8.41.
376 AE. 37 m m , 24.25 g (10). Axis: var. [ i ]
Vives 153-5, H ill 17-7, B eltran 57, T rillm ich I I -4 , nah 383 AE. 35 mm . [ o ]
1123 V ives 153-4, B eltran 64, T rillm ich I I I - 4
D IV V S A V G V ST V S PA TE R ; rad iate head, 1. D IV V S A V G V S T V S P A TE R ; rad iate head, 1.
C C A S C IP IO N E E T M O N T A N O I I V IR ; winged C C A T IT V L L O E T M O N T A N O II V IR ; winged
thunderbolt thu n d erb o lt
1. C alico 6/1979, 1096, 23.40; 2 . P 537 ( = H ill 17-7 = T rillm ich , pi. 2 2 - 1. F o r m e r l y B a r r i l c o ll. ( = V iv e s 153-4 = T rillm ich , p b 2 3 -2 ); 2. IV D J
4), 28.08; 3 - 6 . M 8 3 4 2-4, 8346, 22.17, 23.26, 23.42, 22.36; 7. IV D J ( = G il, pi. 16-195); 3 . Iria rte coll. ( = B eltran , p. 40, no. 64).
( = V ives 153-5), 28.31; 8. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 29-3 0 /3 /1 0 8 9 , 285,
26.87; 9 - 1 0 . N Y H S A 7376, 57827, 18.88, 25.77.
384 A E. 3 0m m , 13.50g (1). Axis: it, (i). [ i ]
377 Brass. 29 m m , 11.87 g (8)· Axis: var. [ 4 ] T rillm ich I I I - 6
Vives 153-8, H ill 18-1, B eltran 59, T rillm ich I I -6 , nah G E R M A N IC V S C A ESA R G C A E SA R IS P A TE R ; bare
1125 head, 1.
G E R M A N IC V S C A ESA R G C A E SA R IS P A T E R ; bare T IT V L L O E T M O N T A N O I I V IR ; in field, C G A
head, 1. i . B F o x (= T rillm ich , pi. 2 3 -4 ), 13.50.

S C IP IO N E E T M O N T A N O II V IR ; in field, C C A

385 'B rass. 29m m , 12.13g (5). Axis: var.
Vives 153-2, H ill 18-4, B eltran 67, T rillm ich I I I - 7 ,
1126
A G R IP P IN A M F M A T G C A E SA R IS A V G V S T I; bust
o f A grippina I, r.
T IT V L L O E T M O N T A N O I I V IR ; in field, C C A
i . C alico 6/1979, 1095, 11.42; 2. L 2 1 9 5 , 12.15; 3 . M 8339, 12.13;
4 . IV D J ( = V ives 153-2 = H ill 18-4), 12.56; 5. F N M T ( = T rillm ich , pi.
2 3 -5 ); 6 . N Y H S A 23231, 12.37. M e ta l analysis on coin 2: G u 81.50; P b
0.131; Sn 0.130; A g 0.036; T e 0.506; Sb 0.096; N i 0.005; Bi 0.002; Z n
19.42.
During the Republican period, two issues of bronze coins
were struck with the Iberian legend Bilbilis, each of them
consisting of asses and semisses (NAH, pp. 184-5). As for
the location of this city, the traditional acceptance of the
identity between the Iberian oppidum and the Roman
municipium has recently been questioned. It has been pro­
posed that the locations of the two sites were separate (F.
Burillo and M. Ostalé, Kalathos 3-4, 1984, pp. 287—309).
Recently, some small coins have been published with a
helmeted male head on the obverse and a naked male figure
with the legend BIL on the reverse (14-15 mm, 3.09 g (6):
M. Garcia and LI. Lalana, Numisma 177-9, 1982, PP· 65-8).
The provenances of these coins and their legend allow us to
relate them in some way to Bilbilis (A. Beltran, Gaceta
Numismâtica 68, 1983, pp. 31-2); nevertheless, their strange
designs do not suggest a connection with the first coinages
of Bilbilis-Italica (387-8), as M. Garcia and LI. Lalana
proposed. Probably, it might be better to consider them as
‘mine coins’, following M .P. Garcia-Bellido (Kalathos 5-6,
1985-6, pp. 153-9)· Anyway, for the moment these coins
are not considered as official coinages from Bilbilis and
therefore they are excluded from this catalogue, until they
become better known and their chronology clarified.
The municipium Augusta Bilbilis (Pliny iii. 24) was an
Augustan foundation. The arrangement of its issues
presents problems only with the first issues, with the legend
BILBILIS on the obverse and its epithet ITALICA on the
reverse, and on which Augustus’s portrait appears without
his name. 387 and 388 are here treated as a single issue, in
which 388 used dies cut by local or less experienced
engravers. This is not absolutely certain, but seems prefer­
able to other arrangements which date them in the thirties
B C (M. and F. Beltran, Numisma 162-4, 1980, p. 28; L.
Villaronga, NAH, p. 244). As suggested by Grant (FITA
170), 387 copies the portrait from imperial issues attributed
to Caesaraugusta and dated in 19-18 b c (RIC 37a). This
leads us to think that Bilbilis began its coinage in about or
after the years 19—18 b c . In fact, its iconographie style is
similar to Q. Lutatius’s and M. Fabius’s issue of Caesar­
augusta (304-5). It is not, however, possible to be sure if
Bilbilis, either at this moment or during the time that issue
398-91 was being struck, had municipal status. This infor­
S P A I N : Caesaraugusta, Bilbilis (385-386) 127
[ 1 ] 386 C opper. 30m m , 12.13g (13). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
n ah Vives 153-1, B eltran 65, T rillm ich I I I —5
M A G R IP P A L F C O S I I I ; head o f A grippa, 1., w earing
rostral crow n
C C A T IT V L L O E T M O N T A N O I I V IR ; priest
ploughing w ith yoke of oxen, r.
i . C alico 6/1979, 1094, 12.20; 2. C o p 565, 12.35; 3 . F 42, 12.70; 4 . V 54,
11.86; 5. V a t 292, 13.10; 6. B 1 7 4 3 8 , 13.10; 7. B a 4472, 11.37; 8. L
2194, 10.20; 9—1 0 . M 8 3 3 7 -8 , 11.91, 10.23 (p ierced ); 11. N 146, 11.72;
12. N Y N ew ell ( = T rillm ich , pi. 2 3 -3 ), 12.76; 13. N Y H S A 23220, 11.17;
14. IV D J ( = V ives 153-1), form erly S de C 1082; 15. C rac o w V I I - A
5889, 13.31. M eta l analysis o n coin 8: C u 96.50; S n 0.230; A g 0.028; Fe
0.016; Sb 0.102; N i 0.002; As 0.011; Bi 0.002.
Bilbilis
mation is not given by the coins, although it seems likely.
Later, Augustus’s name appears on a series of coins, in
which the legend goes from AVGVSTVS to AVGVSTVS
DIVI F and the portrait from being bare to laureate. It is
difficult to group these coins in issues, although one can
clearly see the work of the same hand in the portraits of 389
and 390. A. Beltran’s suggestion (Gaceta Numismâtica 68,
1983, p. 30), that the laureate head of Augustus must be
related to the obtaining of the TR. POT. and that the bare
one is earlier, is not here accepted (see the introduction to
Caesaraugusta).
From 2 b c , an important change took place on the
coinage of Bilbilis. For the first time, the legal status of the
city was recorded; the reverse design - which had until now
been the Iberian horseman - was replaced by the wreath
(Victoria Augusti), and Ilviri signed the issues. The drawing
in Vives 138-10, which he took from Delgado (pi. X C III-
21), has not been included here, because it has not been
possible to verify the existence of such a coin.
As Semis
W ithout magistrates
387 28m m, 13.44g (24)
388 27-8 mm, 11.87 g O2^)
389 28 mm, 11.40 g (17)
390 28m m, 11.74g (25)
391 28 mm, 12.29 g (3°)
M Semp Tiberi L Lici V arus Ilviri, after 2 b c
392-3Ö 3 28-9m m , 12.40g (78)
394 21 mm, 6.42 g (7)
L Cor Calidus L Semp Rutilus Ilviri, after 2 b c
395" 29m m, 12.19g (63)
21-2 mm, 6.94 g (15)
396
Bilbilis struck three issues during Tiberius’s reign. 398-9
mention Tiberius and Seianus instead of or as Ilviri, and
allude to the consulship that they held together in a d 31.
Bilbilis is the only Roman imperial city that records this
event on coins with absolute clarity (Grant, APT 141). After
Seianus’s death, in a d 31, his name suffered a ‘damnatio
memoriae’ visible on a number of coins (M. P. Casado,
Numisma 138-43, 1976, pp. 137-40).
 As Sem is i . A N E 15—16/12/1981, 81, 12.06; 2. M S V 17/12/1981, 126, 11.20; 3. M u
Î9, 9.39; 4 . O = AMC 922, 9.22; 5. P 4 3 0 , 12.93; 6 . P S de R , 10.24; 7 · V
G Pom Cape II G Vale T ranq Ilviri 21, 12.58; 8. V a t 261, 12.40; 9 - 1 4 . B a 4 4 5 3 - 4 = 9 4 5 2> 30672, 30896, 33942,
397 29-30 mm, 13.22 g (34) 11.09, 12.60, 11.00, 14.17, 10.49, 12.04; 15. L 960, 11.67; 16—23. M
7795-6, 7801, 7803, 7806, 7809-10, S astre 10235, 12.30, 12.19, 12.38,
G M al Sera[ ] [ ]M al Bucco Ilviri 11.03, *2.98, 11.38, 9-68, 13.46; 2 4 —2 6 . B L ö b b , B ohl, a.B ., 12.24, — ? — ;
397 A 27 mm, 9.96g (1) 2 7 . IV D J , form erly S d e C 1024; 2 8 . C 527, 12.78.
C o u n te rm ark : L A (= cm k 54) o n th e obv., o n 4.

Tiberius and Seianus 391 AE. 2 8m m , 12.29g (30)* Axis: var. [ 14 ]

398 29 mm, 12.33 g (15)
399 22 mm, 6.79 g (6) Vives 138-8, 9, gmi 544, nah 963
A V G V S T V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r.
Bilbilis only minted a short issue of asses during Cali­ B IL B IL IS ; horsem an carrying spear (or thru sting w ith
gula’s reign. Grant (NC 1948, p. 118) and R. Etienne (Le spear), r.
Culte Impérial, p. 437) said that Caligula’s portrait at Bilbilis i . Bo 165, 13.77; 2. C alico 6/1979, 158, 12.40; 3 . C o p 6 1 2 (th ru stin g
was modelled on official ones, from his earlier Roman w ith s p ear), 14.02; 4 —5. C o p 613—4, 11.47, 8.57; 6. M u 20, 11.65;
coinages. Consequently, 400 could be dated to the begin­ 7. 0 = a m c 923, 12.49; i i . P 4 3 1 -2 , 433 (th ru stin g ), 434, 12.87, 9-26,

11.97, 10.27; **· V a t 263, 13.10; 1 3 - 1 5 . B a 4452, 9453, 23556, 11.95,

ning of his reign; however, the quality of the engraving does 13.53, 15 -7 J'i 16—17. L 9 6 1 -2 , 10.80, 10.92; 18. N 123, 9.70; 19. M 7 8 2 2 ,
not allow us to be certain, unlike at Acci where the 9.65; 20—26. M 7812, 7814, 7819, 7821, 7832 (th ru stin g ), S astre 10245
(th ru stin g ) a n d 10229, 13.12, 17.79, 13.00, 9.97, 14.17, 15-55, 13.03; 27—
similarity is more evident. 29. B L ö b b , K assel, 17425, 11.09, n * 75> 3 0 - 3 1 . G 1 (th ru stin g ), 2,
As 11.78, 9.73 (p ierced ); 3 2 . IV D J ( = V ives 138-8); 3 3 . IV D J ( = V ives 138-
9) (th ru stin g ); 3 4 . G iro n a 29418 ( = c m t m , pi. 5—83), 13.36.
C Corn Refec M Helv Frontus Ilviri C o u n te rm ark s: E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e obv., o n i t , 31.
400 26—7m m , I 2 . I 2 g ( 2ΐ )

M Semp Tiberi L L id Varus Ilviri, after 2 BC

Augustus *156
387 Bronze. 28m m , 13.44g (24 )· Axis: var. [ 10 ]
Vives 138-4, 5, GMi 542
B IL B IL IS ; b are head of A ugustus, r.
IT A L IC A ; horsem an w ith spear, r.
I . A N E 2 3 -24/10/1981, 51, 13.24; 2 . A N E 15-16/12/1981, 79, 13.31;
3 . Bo 164, 18.42; 4 . C alico 6/1979, 156, 14.42; 5 . M u 18, 16.94; 6 - 7 . P
425-6, 13.28, 15.07; 8. T ü b in g e n 7, 10.34 (pierced); 9—11. B a 9448-9,
30675, 14.74, 9 -0 5 = i 1-5 3 Î 12. N 121, 12.64; 13. 0 = am c 918, 11.56; 14—
15. L 9 5 7-8, i i . 98, 14.15; 16. M 7776 ( = V ives 138-4), 15.00; 1 7 - 3 3 . M
7772-5, 7781 ( = V ives 138-5), S astre 10231-2, 12.98, 14.15, 13.27, I 3 ·10»
9.70, 12.83, 12.66; 2 4 . B F o x , 13.53; 2 5 - 2 6 . B D an n en b erg , a.B .; 27. C
526, 14.18. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on coin 14.
388 Bronze. 2 7 -8 m m , 11.87g (28)· Axis: var. [ 16 ]
Vives 138-1 to 3, ή τα 170, pi. V -1 9 , gmi 543, nah 900-1
B IL B IL I; behind o r before A ugustus’s head, r.
IT A L IC A ; horsem an w ith spear, r.
i . A N E 15-16/12/1981, 80, 13.92; 2—3. C o p 6 1 0-1, 10.19, 13.00; 4—6 . P
427—8, 440, 12.64, 10.25, i t -38; 7· V 20, 12.68; 8—i i . B a 4451, 9450-1,
109179, 11.13, 9.52, 11.37, 10.94; 12. L 9 5 2 ( = FiTA, pi. V -1 9 ), T3 -9 ^ I 3—
16. L 9 5 3-6, 11.36, 10.37, *4-76, 12-83; 17—18. O = AMC 919-20, 12.50,
10.11; 1 9 -2 7 . M 7755, 7758-9, 7760 ( —V ives 138-1), 7761-2, 7763
( = V ives 138-2), 7767, S astre 10233, 13.00, 10.97, ΙΟ·02= Ι2 ·24 > 11-4 5 =
12.76, 12.19, 12.20, 11-55; 2 8 . B L ö b b , 12.96; 2 9 —3 0 . B Bohl, 17433-
T h e re a re tw o g ro u p s o f obv. dies, w ith B IL B IL I in fro n t o r b eh in d th e
h ea d . M eta l analysis on coin 12: C u 73.00; P b 15.87; Sn 9.26; A g 0.090;
Fe 0.050; Sb 0.100; N i 0.020; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.130.
389 Bronze. 28 m m , 11.40 g (17). Axis: var. [ 5 ]
Vives 138-6, nah 962
A V G V ST V S; b are head, r.
B IL B IL IS ; horsem an w ith spear, r.
i . C alico 6/1979, 157, 10.46; 2. F 37, 13.38; 3 . O = AMC 921, 12.04; 4 · F
429, 11.83; 5 · R 150, IO-4 9 i 6· T ü b in g e n 8, 9.59; 7—9 . B a 4456, 30673,
105822, 11.47, 1 0 -0 4 , 11-41; 10. N 122, 11-35; n · L 9 5 9 , 9.66; 12—16. M
7782, 7787-8, 7792, 7794 ( = V ives 138-6), 12.83, *3 ·2 5 = I2 -4 7 > 11.36,
10.86; 17—18. B L ö b b , R au c h , 11.40, — ; 19. IV D J , form erly S d e C
1023. M e ta l analysis on coin 11: C u 77.00; P b 15.05; Sn 6.18; A g 0.007; Fe
0.040; S b 0.160; N i 0.080; Bi 0.002.
390 AE. 28m m , 11.74g (25). Axis: var. [ io ]
Vives 138-7
A V G V ST V S D IV I F; b are head, r.
B IL B IL IS ; horsem an w ith spear, r.
392 AE. 2 8m m , 12.40g (78: 3 9 2 —3 ) . Axis: var. [ 19]
Vives 139-1, gmi 545, n ah 964
A V G V S T V S D IV I F P A T E R P A T R IA E (or P A T R I A I);
laureate head, r.
M V N X V G (V )S T A B IL B (IL IS ) M S E M P T IB E R I L
L IC I V A R O ; laurel w reath containing I I V IR
i . A arh u s 11, 11.36; 2. A N E 2 9 -3 0 /4 /1 9 8 5 , 23, 11.07; 3 ” 5 · B ° 166-8,
12.44, 9 -7 2= 11.10; 6. C o p 615, 12.90; 7. F 38, 1 1.58; 8. M i 183, 12.66;
9 . M u 21, 14.57; 10—i i . O = AMC 9 2 4 -5 , 13.95 (pierced), 13.23; 12—16. P
4 3 5 -6 , S de R (M V N A V [ ] M S E M P T I B E R I L L I C I V A [), S de R
(two coins), 13.07, 11.98, 12.45, *4 -2 5 = 14.20; 17—18. V 2 2 -3 , 14.05,
13.65; 19—25. V a t 264 -7 0 , 13.20, 12.90, 12.80, 12.50, 10.55, 8-5°= 8.20;
26. C alico 6/1979, *5 9 = *5-oo; 2 7 - 4 2 . B a 444 7 -5 0 , 9454, 9456, 30670,
33943= 37056= 3 9 IIO = 100893, 100895, *09176, 109178, 105823-4, 14.32,
*3-93= 11.87, *2.42, 9.44, 9.03, 12.73, *5.87= 11 ·i8 , 11.68, 14.08, 12.45,
11.30, 12.90, 12.76, 9.05; 4 3 —4 4 . L 9 6 5 -6 , 9.71, 12.22; 4 5 . M 7 8 3 9 ,
14.16; 4 6 —6 9 . M 7835, 7840-1, 7844, 7848, 7849 (M V N A V G V S T A
B IL B M S E M P T I B E R I L L I C I V A R O I I V IR ), 7852-4, 7855 ( ]I F
P A T E R P A T R IA I), 7856 -7 , 7863, 7869-70, 7873, 7878, 7884, 7886-7,
7930 (M V N A V G V S T A B IL B IL IS M S E M P T I B E R I L L I C I V A R O I I
V IR ), S astre 10237-9, 12.76, 12.09, 13.97, **.84, 11.59, *3-57, 12.05,
12.41, 13.80, i i . 91, 10.91, 14.94, 10.14, **-4 4 , 14*29, n - 4 1, *3 -4 9 = *3 -7 9 )
11.76, 11.59, *2.40, 15.83, 12.97, *2.17; 7 0 . B L ö b b , 15.10; 7 1 —7 3 . B
R a u c h , D an n en b erg , 17107; 74. IV D J ( = V ives 139-1); 7 5 . IV D J,
form erly S de C 1029 (] V A R O [); 7 6 . W a rsaw 1012/9, 10.75; 7 7 —78· C
5 2 8 -9 , 12.31, 12.84; 7 9 . N u m . Circ. 11/1984, 7301; 8 0 . M 7851 (M V N
A V G S T A B IL B IL IS M S E M P T I B E R I L L I C I V A R O I I V IR ).
C o u n te rm ark s: U n c e rta in le tte r (?) ( = cm k 99) o n th e obv., o n 72. E ag le’s
h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 6 8 -9 , 75.
393 Bronze. 28-9 m m . See 392. Axis: aro u n d 11. [ 3 ]
Vives 139-2.
As 3 9 2 , b u t lau reate head, 1. an d M V N A V G V ST A
B IL B I(L IS ) M S E M P T IB E R I L L IC I V A R O I I V IR
B IL B I: i . V ives 139-2 (from coll. B arril, Z a rag o za); 2. L 963, 13.81;
B IL B IL IS : 3. C o p 616, 11.73; 4 · M S astre 10240, 12.10; 5. L 9 6 4 , 12.22;
6. N 128, 12.43; U n c e rta in : 7. M 7892,^11.49. M e ta l an alysis on coin 2:
C u 70.50; P b 19.07; Sn 8.39; A g 0.050; F e 0.030; S b 0.160; N i 0.060; Bi
0.005. G n coin 4: C u 73.50; P b 17.21; Sn 8.47; A g 0.020; F e 0.010; Sb
0.120; N i 0.100; B i 0.005.
394 A E. 21 m m , 6 .4 2 g (7). Axis: var. [ 5 ]
Vives 139-3, gmi 5 4 7 ! NAH 9 6 5
A V G V ST V S D IV I F P A T E R P A T R IA E ; lau reate head,
r.
M V N A V G V ST A B IL (B ) M S E M P T IB E R I L L IC I
V A R O I I V IR ; th u n d erb o lt

i . n a h 965 (V A R O ); 2. L 967 (B IL B ), 6.23; 3. Μ 7894 (V A R O ), 7 ·5 2 ;
4· M useu A rqueolögic de T a rra g o n a 2873 (V A R O ), 6.82; 5—8. B B ohl
(2), a .B , L ö b b (V Ä R O , V A R O , V A R O , ?), 5.03, 7.02, 6.01, 9 . IV D J
( - V i v e s 139-3) (V A R O ), 6.28.
L C o r C a lid u s L S e m p R u tilu s I l v ir i , a fte r 2 BC
395 AE. 29m m , 12.19g (63). Axis: var.
Vives 139-4, gmi 546
A V G V ST V S D IV I F P A T E R PA T R IA E ; lau reate head,
r.
M V N Ä V G V ST A B IL B IL IS L C O R C A L ID O L S E M P
R V T IL O ; laurel w reath containing II V IR
1—2. Bo 169-70 ,14.05, 10.56; 3. C alico 6/1979, 160, 13.88; 4 . C op 617,
14.16; 5. E lsen, lo t 92, S ept. 1986, 118 ( = E lsen 21/4/1987, 262; obv. die
re-engraved on A V G V S T V S ), 13.34; 6. M S V 17/12/1981, 130, 11.22;
7. M i 184, 11.98 (pierced); 8—9 . M u 22-3, 13.54, 12.71; 1 0 - 1 2 . 0 = a m c
9 2 6 -8 , 12.29, I2 -623 11.69; 13—16. P 4 3 7-9, D ’A illy 17484, 12.91, 12.64,
11.94, 12.16; 17—19. R 151—3, 13.09, 9.69, 12.30; 20. T ü b in g e n 9, 11.09;
2 1 —22. V 2 4 -5 , 12.55, Ι2 ·χ 5 ; 23—2 7 . V a t 271-5, 13.10, 12.50, 12.00,
10.60, 10.30: 3 8 - 4 3 . Ba 4 4 4 5-6, 4906, 9457-8, 23550, 23552-5, 30613,
30674, 33944, 37057, 100894, 12-32 (pierced), 12.62, 10.98, 14.39, i3 -25
(p ierced), 11.30, 12.14, 10.30, 8.21, 12.86, 9.71, 11.11, 11.09, n - 9 9 , 10.99;
4 3 - 4 4 · L 9 6 9 -7 °. Ι2 ·° 7 . ι° · Η ; 4 5 · M 7 9 ° 2 ( = V ives 139-4), 13.94; 4 6 -
5 5 · M 7896, 79°6, 79 ° 9- i ° . 7 9 12. 7 9 i6- 7 . 7 9 2 4 . 7 9 3 7 . S astre 10248, 15.30,
12.45, χ3·χ8, 14.01, 12.47, Ι2 ·9°5 12.72, 12.67, 10.07, Ι 4·5°1 5^~ 5 7 · Ν
126-7, 11.48, ιΐ-β δ ί 5 ^· ® 7 ι2 2 /,ι 9 5 6 , i i . 171 5 9 ” ®4 · Β 27856, Bohl,
K assel, L ö b b , P ro k esch -O sten , Fox; 6 5 . G 3, 13.53; 66—6 8 . C , 12.41,
15.83, 9·5ο; 69—7 0 . C 2703, 530, 11.46, 13.29; 71—7 2 . A la c a n t ( = c m t m ,
pl. 37-190, 191), 12.30, 12.50. F orgeries: 1. C , 12.19; 2. L 968, 12.26.
C o u n te rm ark s: V A on th e rev., on i (seem s en g rav e d in m o d e rn tim es).
E a g le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4) on th e obv., on 21. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 94) a n d
S ( = cm k 34) on th e obv., o n 49. T C , see G u a d â n , p. 17, no. 11 (not
verified).
396 AE. 21-2 m m , 6.94 g (15)· Axis: var.
Vives 139-5
A V G V ST V S D IV I F P A T E R P A T R IA E ; lau reate head,
r.
M V N A V G V ST A B IL B IL IS L C O R C A L I L S E M P
R V T I I I V IR ; th un d erb o lt
i . A N E 15-16/12/1981, 84, 7.06; 2. Bo 17 1, 5.60; 3 . C alico 6/1979, 161,
7.05; 4. C o p 618, 8.73; 5. M u 25, 6.93; 6 . P 440, 8.33; 7 - 8 . B a 9459,
20660, 7.14, cj.88; 0—14. M 7944-8, S astre 10249, 6.47, 6.53, 5.60, 7.47,
1 . 2 8 , 6/53; 15. G 5 7.46; 16. IV D J ( = V ivas 1 3 9 -5 );
(B M cast).
V
V Q R c o ll. 5 6 5
Tiberius
G Pom C ape I I G V a le T r a n q I l v i r i
397 Bronze. 29-30 m m , 13.22 g (34). Axis: var.
Vives 139-6, GMi 548
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; laureate
M V N Ä V G V ST A B IL B IL IS G P O M C A PE I I G V A L E
T R A N Q ; laurel w reath containing II V IR
i . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 1 , 53, 12.68; 2. Bo 172, 12.07; 3 . C alico 6/1979, 162,
11.75; 4 · C op 619, 13.94; 5. F 39, 14.00; 6 . M u 26, 8.81; 7—9 . P 441 -3 ,
15.35, ï6.7o, 12.33; 10—i i . T ü b in g e n ι ο - ι ι , 12.24, 7-755 12—13. V 26-7,
10.45, 9·ο6; 14· V a t 276, 11.50; 15—20. B a 4 4 4 3-4, 30671, 100896-7,
109177, 6.81, 15.32, 14.52, 13.99, I 5 -3 2> 16.81; 2 1 - 2 5 . L 971, 972
(T R A N Q ), 973 (T R A N Q ), 9 7 4-5, i 4 -3 6> IO-8o> ΐ 5 ·° 9 > T7 ·*2, x4-07
(p ierced); 2 6 . N 129, 11.67; * 7 · O , 11.22; 2 8 . M 7 9 5 0 (= V ives 139-6)
(T R A N Q ), 13.46; 2 9 - 3 3 . M 7 9 5 2“ 3 , 7958, 7960, S astre 10241 (M 7950
a n d 7953: T R A N Q ), 12.78, 17.18, 17.08, 13.46, 13.71; 3 4 -3 5 · B Bohl,
L ö b b ; 3 6 . G Mi 548, 16.00. M eta l analysis on coin 22: C u 73.50; P b 17.71;
S n 8.99; A g 0.020; F e 0.030; Sb 0.070; N i 0.001; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.005. O n
coin 24: C u 75.50; P b 15.24; Sn 9.51; A g 0.030; Fe 0.030; Sb 0.130; N i
S P A I N : Bilbilis (395-400) 12g
0.060; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.004. G . P o m p . C ap e , ap p e a rs as I h i r iterum. T h e
rea d in g C A P E L L (V ives, IV , p. 56; G M I 545; N A H , p. 282; N um ism a 162-
4, p. 18) seem s w rong.
C o u n te rm ark : E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e o b v ., on 36.
G Mal Sera[ ] Mal Bucco Ilviri
[ 26 ] 397 A AE. 2 7m m , 9.96 (i). Axis: 12 (1). [ o ]
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; laureate
head, r.
M V N A V G V ST A B IL B IL IS G M A L SERA [ ] M A L
B V C C O ; laurel w reath containing II V IR
I. IV D J (= Kalathos 7 -8 , 1987—8, p. 115), 9.96.
Tiberius and Seianus, Cos V, AD 31
398 Bronze. 2 9 m m , 12.33g (t5)· Axis: var. [ 5 ]
Vives 139-7, 8, gmi 549-50, n a h 1079-80
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; laureate
head, r.
M V N Ä V G V ST A B IL B IL IS T I CA ESA RE V L Â Ë L IO
SE IA N O ; laurel w reath containing C O S
i . C alico 6/1979, *63, 11.36; 2. C o p 620, 11.90; 3 . M u 27 (A E L IO
S E IA N O erased ), 13.64; 4 . P 4 4 4 , 13.49; 5 · V 28 (L A E L IO S E IA N O
erased ), 10.27; 6* B arril coll. ( = V ives 139-8 = g m i 550) (L A E L IO
S E IA N O erased ); 7—8. L 9 76-7, 12.53, I 2 -2 31 9 “ χ 7 · M 7888, 7961, 7963,
7966, 7968-9, 7970 ( = V ives 139-7 = GMI 549)5 S astre 10246 a n d 10250
(M 7961: S E IA N O erased ; 7966, 7968 -9 , S astre 10246 a n d 10250:
L A E L IO S E IA N O erased ), 12.72, 15.60, 15.75, 11.72 (p ierced ), 7.92,
10.62 (bro k en ), 11.61, 9.22, 13.49; l 8 · N 130, 13.21; 19. N u m . Circ.
4/1988, 1875. M e ta l an aly sis on coin 7: C u 72.02; P b 17.27; S n 10.45; Ag
0. 030; Fe 0.020; S b 0.320; Bi 0.003. O n coin 8: C u 75.00; P b 14.44; S n
I I . 67; A g 0.030; F e 0.020; S b 0.140; N i 0.001; Bi 0.005; Z n 0.006.
[ 3 ]
399 AE. 22 m m , 6.79 g (6). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
Vives 139-9, GMI 5 5 1
T I C A ESA R A V G V S T I F Q a u re a te h e a d e r.
A V G (V ) B IL B IL IS T I CA ESA RE V L A E L IO
SE IA N O ; laurel w reath containing C O S
1. C alico 6/1979, i8 4 (A V G ), 7.15; 2. P 445 (A V G ), 6.93; 3 . M 7 9 7 2
( = V ives 139-9 = g m i 5 5 1 (A V G V ), 8.56; 4 . M S astre 10247 (AV G V ),
5(87; 5. N 131 (d a m n a tio m em o riae L A E L IO S E IA N O ) (A V G ), 5.94;
6. B I-B , 6.30; 7. F o rm erly S de C 1041 (A V G ).
Caligula
C C o rn R e fe c M H e lv F r o n to I l v i r i
400 L eaded bronze. 2 6 -7 m m , 12.12g (21). Axis: var. [ 8 ]
[ 15 ] Vives 139-10, gmi 552, nah 1131
G C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S IM P ; lau reate head,
r.
M V N A V G B IL B IL C C O R (N ) R E F (E C ) M H Ë L V
F R O (N T O ); oak w reath containing II V IR
C C O R R E F M H E L V F R O N T O : 1. B a 39260, 10.17; 7980
( = V ives 139-10), 19 5 4 ; C C O R N R E F M H E L V F R O N T : 3 . B L ö b b ;
C C O R N R E F E M H E L V F R O N T O : 4 . B a 105825, 11.73; C C O R N
R E F E C M H E L V F R O : 5. C o p 621, 9.16; 6 . B a 9460, 11.63; O C O R N
R E F E C M H Ë L V F R O N T : 7. C alico 6/1979, 165 (H E L V ), 13.45; 8 . P
4 4 6 , 15.78; 9. R 154, 10.59; i« V V 29, 15.35; n - L 978, 11-78; 13—16. M
7 9 7 7 j 7 9 7 9 ^ 7985 (H E L V , F R O N T ), 7988, S astre 10243, 12.43, χ3·36,
13.60, 10.70, 12.14; 17. B 17426 (F R O N T [? ]); 18. G iro n a 29419
( = CMT M, pl. 5 -8 5 ) (F R O N T ), 12.52; U n certa in : 19. F 40, 12.70; 2 0 . B a
105826, 11.31; 21—22. M 7975, 7978, 11.08, 12.22; 23. O , 11.27; 2 4 . B
R au c h . O n som e dies C a lig u la ’s p rae n o m e n also ap p e a rs as C . M eta l
an alysis on coin 11: C u 74.00; P b 18.92; S n 6.70; A g 0.030; F e 0.280; Sb
0.130; N i 0.016; B i 0.004; Z n 0.004.
ijo S P A I N : Turiaso
The municipium of Turiaso (Tarazona, Zaragoza) was
established at the Iberian city Tiiria.su, which had minted a
number of silver (denarii and quinarii) and bronze coinages
(asses and semisses) (A. Dominguez, Las cecas ibéricas del
valle del Ebro, Zaragoza, 1979, pp. 172-85, 283-4).
The first issue has chronological problems. On the
obverse it shows a laureate female head and the legend
SILBIS and on the reverse an equestrian statue and the
legend TVRIASO (401-2). Grant (FIT A 168) proposed
that its obverse design was copied from the denarius BMC
612 ( = RIC 253) (contra M. and F. Beltran, Numisma 162-4,
1980, p. 54, who proposed an older model: RRC 450/2 or
452/4). On the other hand, the reverse 401 has typological
similarities with denarii dated to 43 b c (RRC 490/1 and 3)
and the reverse of 402 with the aurei of c. 32-29 b c (RIC
262). Thus it would be possible to accept a date of about 29
b c as the terminus post quem for its minting, although there is
not complete certainty. Grant considered this issue a
foundation one, dating it between the years 38 and 31 b c ,
and he attributed the foundation of the municipium to T.
Statilius Taurus. It is not, however, certain that T. Statilius
Taurus was the adsignator, as he proposed, although the
dating is plausible.
The female head on this issue has been identified as a
nymph or a local deity (Hill, p. 166; A. Beltran, Numisma
147—9, 1977, Ρ· 45) and the legend SILBIS as an epithet
similar to that which other cities like Bilbilis, Calagurris or
Dertosa have.
After these coinages, the city did not strike again before 2
b c . From that date, the city minted five issues. One of them
(403-4) has on the obverse a female head, which was identi­
fied by Grant {FITA 169; APT 143) and R. Etienne {Le Culte
Impérial, p. 400) as Livia, thinking that Tusiaso anticipated
its frequent use on the official coinages of Tiberius. The
remaining issues modify the designs. The oak wreath {ob
cives servatos) was chosen for the reverses and the legend
MVN TVRIASO appears for the first time. From the
fourth issue on (408-9) magistrates’ names were added.
The denominations were intended to be bronze asses and
semisses.
Uncertain date (after 29 b c ?)
401-
402 As Bronze. 29 mm, 12.04g (28)
Anonymous, after 2 b c
403 As Bronze. 2 7-30 mm, 12.97 g Î4 2)
404 Semis AE. 20 mm, 6.45 g (6)
405 As Bronze. 2 8 -9 mm, 12.12g (31)
406 Semis AE. 21 mm, 6.50 g (8)
407 Q uadrans AE. 15 mm
M Caecilius Severus C Valerius Aquilus
Ilviri, after 2 b c
408 As AE. 2 7 -8 mm, 12.66g (18)
409 Semis AE. 20m m, 5.83g (2)
L Feneste L Seranus Ilviri, after 2
410 As AE. 28 mm, 11.55 g (6)
L M arius L Novius Ilviri, after 2
411 As Bronze. 29 mm, 11.80g (28)
412 Semis AE. 21 mm, 6.21 g (2)
Turiaso
The coinages of Tiberius’s reign represent the last ones
minted by the city. The identification of the different ele­
ments of each issue poses several problems, because the
denominations were struck by different magistracies: the
duoviri struck the asses and the aediles the semisses. It is,
therefore, quite uncertain whether one should join the
coinages minted by both colleges of magistrates into single
issues. Nevertheless, we consider here that 420 is a fraction
of 419, though it is difficult to make a judgement about their
style, since the engraving on all the bull issues is similar.
The issue Tiberius-Divus Augustus (422-4), which
reaches the highest quality of engraving, has been placed at
the end of the sequence for several reasons. Firstly, there is
a clear continuity in design and style between the last issues
of Augustus (408-12) and those of Tiberius with wreath
reverse (413-16). Secondly, the sestertius 422 bears on the
reverse a seated statue of Divus Augustus that is a copy of
Tiberius’s sestertius of a d 21-2 (RIC 48). This model does
not appear before that date on the imperial coinages.
Indeed, 344 and 346 from Caesaraugusta, which follow the
same model as Turiaso, are to be dated, respectively, to a d
28-9 and a d 31-2. 244 from Tarraco also follows this model.
Some irregularities can be detected in the legends. In the
first place, when Tiberius’s filiation is recorded, the word
DIVI never appears, which is explained by Grant {APT
107-8) as a consequence of ignorance or imperfect under­
standing of the nuances of ruler-worship. Secondly, the
word AVGVSTVS seems to appear as a nomen on coin
416, instead of CAESAR, though this is probably due to the
omission of CAESAR and not because AVGVSTVS was
considered as nomen, since on other dies of the same issue
and denomination (415) the legend is correct.
Metal analysis shows that the denominations are
sestertius, as and semis. The weight pattern for the units
(as) is similar to that used during Augustus’s reign.
M n Sulpicius Lucanus M Sempronius Front
Ilviri
413 As Bronze. 27—9m m , 11.70g (61)
T Sulpicius Q uar Q Pont Pia aediles
414 Semis AE. 20-1 mm, 5.78 g (11)
M arius Vegetus Licinius Cres aediles
415-416 Semis Bronze. 20—2 m m, 7.21g (10)
C Caecilius Sere M Valerius Q uad Ilviri
417 As AE. 27-8 mm, 11.52 g (54)
M Pontius M arsus C M arius Vegetus Ilviri
418 As AE. 28—9m m , 10.89g (56)
L Caecilius Aquinus M Cel Palud Ilviri
419 As Bronze. 28m m, 12.01g (46)
Rectus and M acrinus aediles
420 Semis AE. 20m m, 5.28g (7)
Anonymous
bc 421 AE. 19 mm
Tiberius and Divus Augustus
bc 422 Sestertius Brass. 34—6m m , 22.31 g (10)
423 As AE. 28m m, 12.94g (27)
424 Semis AE. 20-1 mm, 5.43 g (3)
 S P A IN : Turiaso (401—411) ig i

It is not completely certain that 421 should be placed 1—2. B L ö b b , R au c h ; 3—8. B a 2448, 4642, 15035-8, 11.42, 12.33, 13.08,
14.89, 13.50, 12.15; 9—10. C alico 6/1979, 1215-6, 10.70, 15.10; 11—
with 419-20, because of its bad condition and because only 12. C o p 6 0 0 -1 , 13.95, 10.60; 13. L 7 8 4 ( = H ill 3 2 -8 ), 14.51; 14—2 3 . M
one coin is known. However, it might be similar to one 12894, 12897-9, I2 9OI> 12903-7, 12.28, 9.96, 11.25, 12.28, 12.13,
which was drawn by Heiss (pi. XXIII-30), with the legend 11.94, 1 1 4 1 , 11.04, 10.50; 24. M o 187, 9.05; 25. N 222, i i . 17; 26—
28. O = AMC 1005-6, 1007 (re-en g ra v ed in m o d e rn tim es to M V N I an d
TI CAESAR AVG F IMP PONT on the obverse and MVN T V R I ) , 11.29, 1 T*3 5 > I 2 -4 7 ; 2 9 · P 4 7 7 = *3 -9 4 ; 3 °· p 4 7 8> 14*12; 3 1 . V a t
TVRIA inside wreath on the reverse. 486, 12.60; 3 2 . G i , 11.46; 3 3 . C 713, 12.09. M eta l analysis on coin 13:
C u 89.00; P b 0.290; Sn 5.84; A g 0.120; Fe 0.040; Sb 1.38; N i 0.050; Bi
0. 002; Z n 0.004.
C o u n te rm ark s: E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e o b v ., on 3, 6, 23.
Uncertain date (after 2g BC?)____________________ M o n o g ram ( = cm k 92) on th e obv., on 9. U n c e rta in in o b lo n g on th e obv.,
on 27.

401 Bronze. 29 m m , 12.04g (28: 4 0 1 —2). Axis: var. [ 6 ] 406 AE. 2 i m m , 6.50 g (8). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
Vives 155-2, H ill 32-6, gmi 361, n ah 902 Vives 155-8
SIL B IS; laureate fem ale head, r. As 405
T V R IA S O ; horsem an, 1., r. h a n d raised 1. B B ohl, 7.64; 2. C alico 6/1979, >217, 4-6o; 3. L 7 8 5 , 7.21; 4 - 8 . M
I. B Bohl; 2 - 5 . B a 4640, 9815, 15041, 10090g, 11.14, 12.35, I 3 -5 6. : Ι ·9 4 ; 12886-8, 12912, S astre 6998, 8.31, 4.50, 6.25, 7.72, 5.78; 9 . IV D J
6 . Bo 322, 12.81; 7. C alico 6/1979, I 2 I I > I 5 -I0 i 8. C o p 597, 14.03; 9 - ( = V ives 155-8).
10. L 779 ( — p i t a , pi. V -2 2 ), 780, 13.87, 13.19; 1 1 -2 1 . M 12853-62,
S astre 6990, 11.29, 13.26, 11.51, 11.34, 10.19, 11.18, 12.40, 11.37, 12.81, 407 AE. 15 m m . [ o ]
10.54, 12-77; 2 2 · N 220, 6.70; 23. P 4 7 2 , 13.70; 2 4 - 2 5 . R 22 1 -2 , 12.70, Y riarte, nh 1953, pi. 4-50
12.70; 2 6 . IV D J ( = V ives 155-2); 2 7 . C 7 1 1, 10.52; 28. A N E 11-
12/1961, 213, 11.40; 29 V illa r o n g a c o ll. 3 4 0 4 , 10.70. M eta l analysis on IM P A V G P P; lau reate head, r.
coin 10: C u 85.00; P b 7.36; S n 4.59; A g 0.150; Fe 0.190; Sb 0.180; N i T V R IA S O ; w ithin oak w reath
0. 080; As 0.030; Bi 0.008; Z n 0.040.
i . Y r ia r te , nh 1953, pi. 4—50.
402 A E. 29m m . See 401. Axis: 7-8 (1). [ 1 ]
Vives 155-1, H ill 32-5, gmi 360 M C a e c il S everu s C V a l A q u ilu s I lv ir i, a fte r 2 BC
As 401, b u t horsem an, r., r. h a n d behind 408 AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 12.66g (18). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
1. V 2 4 0 ( = H ill 3 2 -5 ), 12.00; 2. F o rm erly C e rv e ra coll. ( — V ives 155-
Vives 155-9, H ill 33-1
i = g m i 360).
IM P A V G V ST V S P P; laureate head, r.
T V R IA S O M C A E C IL S E V E R O C V A L A Q V IL O ; oak
w reath containing I I V IR
Augustus, after 2 BC_____________________________
1 - 4 . B a 4644, 23920, 26666, 30614, 10.80, 13.59, 13.50 (p ierced ), 10.98;
5. C alico 6/1979, 1218, 10.66; 6. C o p 602, 12.67; 7 · L 786 ( = H ill 3 3 -1 ),
403 Bronze. 2 7 -3 o m m , 12.97g (42)· Axis: var. [ 16 ] 13.54; 8 · M 1 2 9 1 4 ( = V ives 155 -9 ), 9.76; 9—15· Μ 12913, 12916-20,
S astre 6994, 13.81, 13.08, 13.46, 14.00, 14.17, 15.55, *3-65; 16. P 479,
Vives 155-3, 6, H ill 32-7, gmi 362, nah g66
13.06; 17. C , 9.30; 18—19. P rin ce to n 724-5, 13.53, 12.27.
T V R IA S O ; fem ale head, r. C o u n te rm ark s: E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = c m k 4), o n th e obv., o n 3. E ag le’s head ,
1. ( = cm k 5), on th e obv., o n 17.
IM P A V G V ST V S P P; lau reate head, r.
1 - 2 . B L ö b b , 1067/1912; 3 - 1 1 . B a 4579, 4653, 9816-7, 15039-40, 30610, 409 AE. 20 m m , 5.83 g (2). Axis: var. [ o ]
30891, 30895, 12.26, 13.69, 12.83 (pierced), 13.26, 10.90, 12.73, 12.31,
12.25, 13-04; 12. C alico 6/1979, 1212 (forgery?), 15.90; 1 3 -1 4 · C o p 5 9 8 - Vives 156-1
9, 14.18, 12.25; 1 5 - 1 7 . L 781-3, 13.31, 11.70, 11.70; 1 8 - 3 1 . M 12864-5,
IM P A V G V ST V S P P; lau reate head, r.
12867-9, 12872, 12874, 12876-7, 12880-1, 12884, 12893, S astre 6992,
13.81, 12.53, 9 -9 8 , i 5 ·28! i 2 -8 i > i 4 *5 5 > x3 -3 6> I 3 -9 1» i 6 -3 G 13 -4 9 , 13·6 0 »
S E V E R O E T A Q V IL O I I V IR ; in field, T V R IA S O
11.64, 10.51, 10.69; 3 2· M S a s tre 6 9 9 1 , 10.89; 33 * N 221, 14.17; i . M S a s tr e 6 9 9 7 , 5.49; 2. F o rm erly S de C 1907 ( = V ives 156-1);
3 4 . O = AMC 1004, 12.05; 3 5 - 3 9 . P 4 7 3 ( = H ill 32 - 7 )> 4 7 4 - 6 , S de R, 3. IV D J , 6.17.
11.86, 14.59, 13-96, 13.74, 15.34; 4 0 . V 241, 10.38; 4 1 . V a t 485, 8.60;
4 2 . C , 12.78; 4 3 . C 712, 13.02; 4 4 . A N E 11-12/1961, 216, 18.90; 4 5 . g m i
362, 12.50. M e ta l analysis on coin 16: C u 91.50; S n 9.31; A g 0.050; Fe
L F e rn ste L S e ra n u s I l v i r i
0.030; S b 0.220; N i 0.020; A s 0.010,· Bi 0.003; Z n 0.060.
C o u n te rm ark s: M o n o g ram ( = cm k 92) on th e obv., on 2, 6, 29, 32 a n d on
th e rev., on 37. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 94) on th e rev., on 31. E ag le’s h ea d , r. 410 A E. 28 m m , 11.55 g (6). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
( = cm k 4), on th e rev., on 40; on th e obv., on 7, 11, 44, 45. R ( = cm k 33) Vives 155-12
o n th e obv., on 22. LA ( = cm k 54) on th e obv., on 23. U n c e rta in on the
obv., on 37. IM P AV G V STV S PAT E R P A T R IA E ; la u reate head, r.
M V N T V R IA S O L F E N E S T Ë L SE R Ä N O ; oak w reath
404 A E. 20 mm , 6.45 g (8)· Axis: var. [ i ] containing II V IR
Vives 155-4, 5, H ill 32-9 i . B a 14944, i i . 21; 2. Bo 325, 12.66; 3 . C o p 603, 12.25; 4 . L 787, 9.33;
5. M 1 2 9 4 2 ( = V ives 155-12), 11.66; 6. P 480, 12.17.
T V R IA S O ; fem ale head, r. __ C o u n te rm ark : M o n o g ram ( = c m k 92), see G u a d â n , p. 100, no. 140 (n o t
IM P A V G V ST V S P(A T E R ) P (A T R I); lau reate head, r. verified).
P P: i . C alico 6/1979, 1213, 6.26; 2. M 1 2 8 8 9 , 6.45; 3. IV D J ( = V ives
I ^ _ 4 = H ill 3 2 -9 ), 7.80; P A T E R P A T R I: 4 . C alico 6/1979, I 2 I 4 , 6.80; L M a r iu s L N o v iu s I l v ir i , a fte r 2 BC
5 - 6 . M 12891 (P A T E Q , 12892 (P A T E R P A [ ] I), 6.55, 6 .6 i; 7. IV D J
( = S de C 1899 —V ives 155-5), 6.50; P (A T E R ) P (A T R I): 8 . B, 4.66. 411 Bronze. 2 9m m , u .8 o g (28). Axis: var. [ 10 ]
405 Bronze. 28-9111111, 12.12g (31). Axis: var. [ 12] Vives 155-10, H ill 32-2, nah 968
Vives 155-7, H ill 32-8, gmi 363, nah 967 IM P AV G V STV S P A T E R P A T R IA E ; lau reate head, r.
IM P A V G V ST V S P P; lau reate head, r. M V N T V R IA S O L M A R IO L N O V IO ; oak w reath
T V R IA S O ; oak w reath containing M V N containing I I V IR
 1—3 . B D ressei, P ro k esch -O sten , Bohl; 4—8. B a 4643, 9819, 14943, 30952,
33971, 10.47, 14.64, 12.69, ιΐ·8 ο , i i . 61; 9—10. Bo 3 2 3-4, 10.76, 9.36;
ii. C alico 6/1979, 1219, 11.80; 12. L 7 8 9 ( = H i l l 3 3 - 2 ) , 11.94; 13. L
788, 14.22; 1 4 -2 5 · M I 2 923_ 7> 12929-30, 12932, 12935-6, 12939-40, 9.42,
9.16, 12.82, 11.25, I2 -25 (pierced), 12.34 (pierced), 11.56, 12.12, 13.71,
13.04, 12.80, 13.03 (pierced); 2 6 . 0 = a m c 1008, 11.69; 27—3 0 . P 4 8 1 - 4 ,
11.73, *2.44, I2 -24 > 10.95; 31—3 2 . V a t 48 7 -8 , 12.00, 11.40; 3 3 . G 2
(according to M a c D o n a ld M V N ), 10.82; 3 4 . A lac an t ( = c m t m , pi. 3 7-194
(M V N ), 12.00. F orgery: 1. M S astre 6996. M e ta l analysis on coin 12: C u
79.00; P b 9.32; S n 9.47; A g 0.120; F e 0.160; S b 1.95; N i 0.020; A s 0.180;
Bi 0.004; Z n 0.020. O n coin 13: C u 85.00; P b 5.45; Sn 8.37; A g 0.044; Fe
0. 900; S b 0.480; N i 0.020; A s 0.020; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.009.
C o u n te rm ark s: M o n o g ram ( = cm k 92) on th e obv., on 1, 29.
412 AE. 21 m m , 6.21 g (2). Axis: var. [ i ]
Vives 155-11, H ill 33-3, nah 969
IM P A V G V ST V S P P; lau reate head, r.
L M A R IO L N O V IO I I V IR ; in field, T V R IA S O
1. B F o x (= H ill 3 3 -3 ), 5.14; 2. Μ 12941, 7.29; 3. IV D J ( = V ives
X55 _ I 0 -
Reign o f Tiberius
M n S u lp L u c a n M S em p F ro n t I lv ir i
413 Bronze. 2 7 -g m m , 11.70g (61). Axis: var. [ 22 ]
Vives 156-6, 7, H ill 33-7, 8, gmi 364
T I C A E SA R A V G (V S T I) F A V G V ST V S IM P (P O N T );
laureate h e a d, r. ____ __ ___ ___
M V N T V R IA S O M N SV LP L V C A N M S E M P
F R O N T ; oak w reath containing II V IR
T I C A E S A R A V G F A V G V S T V S IM P : 1. A N E 23-2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 268,
10.54; 2. A N E 30-3 1 /1 1 /1 9 8 5 , 136, 11.77; 3 · ® L öbb; 4—5 . B a 9821,
23919, 10.52, 13.36; 6 . Bo 326, 13.90; 7. C alico 6/1979, 1222, 16.50; 8—
9 . F 6 7 -8 , 12.40, 9.80; 10—14. L 792 (double stru ck ), 793-6, 12.64, 12.82,
12.29, 12.41, 11.48; 15—2 4 . M 12963-4, 12968-9, 12972-3, 12976, 12989,
13008, 13011, 12.23, 10.22, 13.40, 13.01, 12.06, 12.61, i i . 21, 13.5 0 ,9 .1 3 ,
I 3'735 2 5 · M u 188, 7.96; 26. P 491 (= H ill 3 3 -7 ), 12.12; 27—2 8 . V a t
4 9 1 -2 , 12.80, 11.00; 2 9 . IV D J ( = V ives 156-7); 3 0 . C 714, 10.63; T I
C A E S A R A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S IM P : 3 1 - 3 3 . B B ohl, L ö b b (2); 3 4 -
39. B a 9822, 9826, 23918, 23922, 26111, 33973, 10.11, 12.23, 10.91, 13.01,
11.84, 12.38; 4 0 . C o p 604, 12.25; 4 1· M 1 2 9 8 4 , 11.83; 4 2 —4 6 . M 12977,
12980, 12985, 12991, 12995, **-96, 13.41, 11.88, 12.20, 12.98; 47· M i 246,
12.75; 4 ®· N 225, 10.29; 49 · F 4 9 °t I2 -4 9 > 5 ° · R 22 4 > i*-8o; 5 1 . V a t 493,
10.30; 5 2 . IV D J , form erly S d e C 1914; 5 3 . O , 9.78; T I C A E S A R A V G
F A V G V S T V S IM P P O N T : 54—5 5 . B a 23917, 23921, 10.80. 13.97;
56. M 1 2 9 6 0 ( = V ives i5 6 -6 = H ill 3 3 -8 ), 11.48; 5 7 . M 12961, 11.39;
58. M i 245, 10.91; U n c e rta in v ar.: 59—6 0 . M u 189-90, 11.72, 9.97; 6 1 . N
224, 10.39; 62—6 3 . P S de R , 489, 9.53, 11.21; 6 4 . T ü b in g e n 70, 11.51;
6 5 - 6 7 . V 243—5, 11.40, 9.90, 9.35. M eta l analysis on coin 10: C u 86.00;
P b 3.42; Sn 7.79; A g 0.030; F e 0.090; S b 0.160; N i 0.010; As 0.005; Bi
0.003; Z n 0.060. O n coin 11: C u 80.00; P b 10.93; Sn 6.80; A g 0.030; Fe
0.030; S b 0.200; N i 0.020; C o 0.003; As 0.017; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.007.
C o u n te rm ark s: T I (== cm k 69) on th e obv., on 4, 9. E agle’s h ea d , r.
( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 6, 13, 22—3, 39, 67. E a g le’s head, 1. (= cm k 5),
on th e obv., on 34, 60. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 92) on th e obv., on 9, 44, 67.
M o n o g ram ( = cm k 77) on th e obv., on 16. LA ( = cm k 53) on th e obv., on
21.
T S u lp Q u a r Q P o n t P la a e d
414 AE. 20-1 m m , 5.78g ( n ) . Axis: var. [ 4 ]
Vives 156-8, H ill 34-4, nah 1082
T I C A E SA R A V G V S T F IM P ; lau reate head, r.
M V N T V R I T SV L P Q V A R Q P O N T PLA; oak w reath
containing A ED
1—2. B a 9825, 14961, 4.89, 6.60; 3. C alico 6/1979, 1223, 5.81; 4—7. M
13013-6, 7.63, 5.02, 4.00, 5.94; 8. P 5 0 1 , 4.20; 9—10. P 502, 503 ( = H ill
3 4 -4 ), 7.89, 6.61; i i . C (B u rk itt lo a n ), 5.05.
M a r iu s V ege L ic i C re s a e d
415 A E. 2 1 -2 m m , 7.21g (10: 4 1 5 —16). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
Vives 156-9
T I C A E SA R A V G F A V G V S T V S IM P ; lau reate head, r.
M V N T V R IA S O M A R IO V E G E L IC I C R ES; oak
w reath containing A ED
I — 2. B a 4646, 14959, 7 -20, 7-^6; 3 . M 13017 (M A R IO ), 7.16; 4 . P 504,
8 -53; 5· IVDJ ( = V ives 156-9), 7-38; 6 . G 716, 4.73.
416 Bronze. 20 m m . See 415. Axis: var. [ 1 ]
H ill 3 4 -3
As 4 1 5 , b u t T I A V G V S T V S A V G V S T I F IM P
i . C alico 6/1979, 1224, 5.74; 2. L 8 0 5 (= H ill 3 4 -3 ), 8.04; 3—4 . M
13018-9, 8.36, 7 .1 1. M eta l an alysis on coin 2: C u 84.50; P b 5.51; S n 7.37;
A g 0.040; F e 0.010; S b 0.180; N i 0.010; A s 0.013; B* 0.002.
C C a ec S ere M V al Q u a d I lv ir i
417 AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 11.52g (54). Axis: var. [ 24 ]
Vives 157-1, H ill 33-9, gmi 367, nah 1081
T I CA ESA R A V G V S T F IM P E R A T ; lau reate head, r.
M V N T V R C CA EC SE R (E) M V A L Q V A D I I V IR ;
bull, r.
SER : i . B B ohl; 2. C alico 6 /1979, 1228, 12.86; 3. M 13095, 11.40; 4—
6 . M 13114, 13124, 13126, 11.94, 9-88, 13.12; 7. C , 11.45; S E R E : 8 - 1 2 . B
17467, L ö b b , I-B , R au c h , B ohl; 13—2 1 . B a 14948, 23915, 27476, 30603,
30616, 30618, 30620, 33972, 100911, 12.15, 8.28, 12.73, 10.57, ιΐ· 8 ο , 10.84,
11.50, 10.73, I 2 -3 7 ; 2 2 - 2 3 . L 7 96-7, 11.23, *3-38 ; 2 4 - 3 0 . M 13098,
13100-1, 13105, 13107, 13 111, 13125, 11.38, 10.87, τ 3·°7> Ι2 ·°7> 12-7 1,
11.24, 12.63; 3 1 . M S V 17/12/1981, 1266, 12.75; 3 2 · N 227, 10.99; 33 “
3 4 . O , 10.10, 12.34; 35 · R 227, I 2 -9o; 3 6 - 3 7 . V a t 499 -5 0 0 , 11.70, 10.20;
3 8 . IV D J ( = V ives 157-1), form erly S de C 1921; 3 9 . A la c a n t ( = c m t m ,
pi. 3 7 -1 9 6 ), 14.00; S E R (E ): 4 0 . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 270, 11.81; 4 1 . B
a.B .; 4 2 - 4 4 . B a 4647, 14949, 100912, 13.48, 12.56, 13.71; 4 5 . Bo 331,
10.52; 4 6 . C alico 6/1979, *227, r 3-2o; 4 7 . C o p 605, 9.53; 4 8 . L 7 9 8
( - H i l l 33 ~ 9 )> **·* 3 ; 49 —5 1 · M 13096, i3 * ° 6 , *3 *2 3 , **·4 5 , **·90, 9.37;
5 2 . M u 194, 11.42; 5 3 - 5 4 . O , 10.34, 13-14; 55“ 5 6 · F 4 9 2_ 3 ) **-50,
n .4 8 ; 5 7 . T ü b in g e n 72, 11.82; 5 8 - 5 9 . V 248 -9 , 10.80, 7.35; 6 0 . V a t 501,
8.00; 6 1 . C 715, 12.43; 62—6 3 . C , 10.02, 11.50; 6 4 . H ( = H ill 3 3 -1 0 ).
C o u n te rm ark s: M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) on th e rev ., o n 2, 64. E ag le’s head ,
I . ( = cm k 5), o n th e obv., on 11, 18. E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on the
obv., o n 12, 59. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 83) o n th e rev., o n 36. L ( = cm k 26)
o n th e rev., o n 39. C ( = cm k 20) on th e rev., o n 39.
M P o n t M a r s u s C M a r i V e g e tu s I l v i r i
418 AE. 28-9 m m , 10.89 g (56)· Axis: var. [ 20 ]
Vives 156-10, ii , H ill 34-1
T I C A E SA R A V G F IM P P O N T M ; lau reate head, r.
M V N T V R M P O N T M A R S (O ) C M A R I V E G E T (O )
II V IR ; bull, r.
M A R S -V E G E T : i . Bo 329, 11.93; 2 · M 1 3 0 2 2 (= V iv e s 156-10), 14.42;
3. M i 247, 14.49; 4 - M u 191, H - 3 7 ; M A R S O -V E G E T O : 5 - 9 . B L öbb,
B ohl (2), 28651, D an n en b erg ; 10—17. B a 4650, 9824, 14951, 14960, 23916,
3 3 9 7 °! 3 7 *3 4 , 109218, 13.08, 14.89, 13.53, **-7 9 , **-7 5 > *0-88, 9 ·22, n -0 9 ;
18. B e 3303, 8.16; 19—20. Bo 327—8, 10.53, 9-85; 21. C alico 6/1979, I2 2 5 ,
13.15; 22—2 3 . L 799-800, 11.83, IT-2o; 24—3 9 . M 13024, 13027-31,
τ 3 ° 3 9 , *3 ° 4 2> *3046, *3051-2, 13055, 13057, 13059-60, 13063, 8.66, 11.66,
10.09, * *. *2, i i . 00, 10.73, *3-72, **-69, 12.28, 9.80, 10.18, 12.60, i i . 71,
I I . 47, **-4 2, **-3 9 ; 4 °· M i 248, 10.60; $ 1 . N 226, 13.08; 4 2 —4 3 . O , 9.23,
I I - 5 ° ; 4 4 - 4 8 · P 496, 497 ( = H ill 3 4 -1 ), 498-5 0 0 , 11.53, 13.31, 11.88,
12.71, 10.51; 4 9 . R22 5 > *3 -3 ° ; 5 °· V 246, 9.80; 5 1 —5 5 . V a t 4 9 4 -8 , 11.20,
10.00, 9.50, 9.60, 11.20; 5 6 . G 5 (acco rd in g to M acD o n ald , M A R I), 9.54;
5 7 . C , 12.25; 5 8 . P eus 1 - 4 /1 1/1988, 692, 9.84; M A R S ( 0 )-V E G E T ( 0 ):
5 9 . C o p 606, i i . 61; 6 0 . M u 192, 8.95; 6 1 . O , 9.94.
C o u n te rm ark s: M o n o g ram (= cm k 93) on th e rev ., o n 13. E ag le’s h ea d , r.
( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 7, 19, 25, 31, 53. E ag le’s h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5), on
th e obv., o n 42, 50. P ( = cm k 29) o n th e obv., o n 52. U n c e rta in circu lar
o n th e obv., on 26. T I ( = cm k 69) on th e rev., on 61. B ird ’s h ea d (?)
( = cm k 6), on th e rev., on 58.

L C a e c A q u in u s M C e l P a lu d I lv ir i
419 Bronze. 28m m , 12.01 g (46). Axis: var. [ 16]
Vives 156-12, H ill 34-2, gmi 366
T I C A ESA R A V G F IM P P O N T M ; lau reate head, r.
M V N T V R L CA EC A Q V IN M C E L PA LV D I I V IR ;
bull, r.
i . A N E 23—24/10/1984, 269, 12.80; 2—3. B Bohl, 11.83, 12.44; 4 ~ 7 · B a
464 8-9, 30615, 33969, 11Æ1, 13.48, 8.55, n .4 7 ; 8. Be 3741, 10.22; 9. Bo
330, 11-97; 10. C alico 6/1979, I2 2 6, 12.15; 11—12. C o p 6 0 7-8, 12.14,
i 3 -6 5 ; * 3 * F 6 9 > 9 -7 o; ! 4 * L 8 0 3 (= H ill 3 4 -2 ), 12.92; 1 5 -1 7 . L 8 0 1 -2 ,
804, i i . 12, 13.65, 11.07; I 8—3 4 . M 13069—70, 13075-6, 13082-3, 13084
(L C A E C A Q V IN M C E L S P A L V D ), 13085-6, 13088, 13090, 13092,
13°947 Sa stre 7 0 0 5 -7 a n d 7 0 1 6 , 14.54, I 2 .7 8 , 1 0 .3 5 , 11.78, 10 .1 8 , 11.06,
12.47, H - S l ΪΟ .99, 11.95, I2 -4 5 , 11-14, 10.96, 11 .9 5 , I2 -IO , 9 .8 7 , 11.45;
3 5 . M u 193, 11.80; 3 6 . O , 13.52; 3 7 - 3 9 . P 4 9 4 - 5 , S de R , 15.63, 11.60,
11.32; 4 0 . R 226, 10.40; 4 1 . T ü b in g e n 71, 14.26; 4 2 —4 3 . V 247—8, 15.70,
10.80; 4 4 . V a t 490, 12.00; 4 5 . G 4, 14.46; 4 6 - 4 7 . IV D J, form erly S de C
1924-5; 4 8 . W a rsaw 155574, 12.25; 4 9 · c 2 7 3 4 , n .1 3 ; 5 °· A N E l l ~
12/1961, 234, 11.60. M e ta l analysis on coin 15: C u 74.50; P b 17.16; Sn
6.23; A g 0.110; Fe 0.580; Sb 1.10; N i 0.010; A u ο.010; As 0.020; Bi 0.004;
Z n 0.020.
C o u n te rm ark s: M o n o g ram ( = cm k 82) on th e rev., on 42. E a g le’s h ea d , r.
( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 3, 26, 32, 44, 50. E ag le’s h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5), on
th e obv., on 17. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93), See G u a d â n , p. 101, no. 27 (not
v erified ).
R e c tu s a n d M a c r in u s a e d
420 A E. 20 m m , 5.28 g (7). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
Vives 157-2, H ill 34-5, gmi 368
T I C A ESA R A V G F IM P P O N T ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
R E C T O E T M A C R IN O AED ; in field, T V R IA
i . A N E 23-2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 271, 5.18; 2. B L ö b b , 4.47; 3. B a 4581, 5.20; 4 —
6. Μ 13127-9, 5.16, 4.17 (broken). 5.66; 7. P 50 5 , 6.03; 8. P 506 ( = H ill
3 4 -5 ). 5-26; 9· IVDJ ( = V ives 157-2).
A nonym ous
421 AE. 19m m , 3.36g (1). Axis: n . [ o ]
Vives 157-3
T I C A ESA R A V G [F IM P ] P O N T ; lau reate head, r.
M V N T V R IA ; w ithin w reath
i . N Y H S A 11970 ( = V ives 157-3), 3.36. S am e obv. die as 420/8 (oth er
possibilities n o t checked).
Cascantum
There is no doubt that Cascantum is the Latin name of a
previous Iberian settlement called Kaiskata, which minted
bronze coins at the end of the second century b c and begin­
ning of the first century b c (A. Dominguez, Las cecas ibéricas
del valle del Ebro, Zaragoza, 1979, pp. 106-11; L. Villaronga,
NAH, p. 178).
Cascantum (Cascante, Navarra) probably obtained the
status of a municipium of Latin right (Pliny, NH III, 24)
during Tiberius’s reign. Its coinages, which might be
related to the municipal grant, do not pose any problem.
They bear the normal legend of Tiberius and the same
designs for both asses and semisses. The existence of some
reverse dies bearing the bull with ‘pechnient’ above the
head, accepted by Hill (p. 170), is uncertain.
These coinages have been divided into two groups,
because it is considered here that they were struck in two
different stages, although the length of time between mint­
S P A I N : Turiaso, Cascantum (419-424.) jjjjj
T ib e r iu s a n d D i v u s A u g u s tu s
422 Brass. 3 4 -6 m m , 22.31g (10). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
Vives 156-2, H ill 33-4
T I C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r.
M V N T V R D IV V S A V G V ST V S; D ivus A ugustus seated
on curule chair, 1., holding sceptre an d th u n d erbolt
i . F 65 (T I C A E S A R A PG F A V G V S T V S , en g rav ed in m o d e rn tim es),
21.10; 2. L 790, 21.83; 3—5. M 12943-4, 13131, 21.71, 21.24, 24 -io ; 6. N
223, 19.97; 7—8. N Y 1 1949, 23848, 20.83, 25-63; 9 . P 4 8 8 , 21.44; 10. F
A. W alters ( = H ill 3 3 -4 ), 25.27; 11. IV D J ( = V ives 156-2). F orgery: M
12945. M eta l an alysis o n coin 2: C u 75.00; P b 0.720; Sn 0.280; A g 0.040;
F e 0.060; Sb 0.100; N i 0.002; Bi 0.004; Z n 25.42.
423 Bronze. 2 8m m , 12.94g (2 7 )· Axis: var. [ 7 ]
Vives 156-3, 5, H ill 33-5
T I C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r.
D IV V S A V G V S T V S M V N T V R (IA S O ); rad iate head,
r.
T V R : i . B L ö b b , 14.72; 2. B B ohl; 3—8. B a 4580, 4618, 9820, 14945—6,
23923, 11.98, 13.67, 13.24, 12.69, r 3-o8, 10.70; 9. C alico 6/1979, 1221,
11.40; 10. C o p 609, 11.40 (p ierced ); 11. L 791, 14.78; 12—2 0 . M 12946-
9, 12951, 12953-4, 12957-8, 14.66, 13.22, 10.42, 13.68, 14.81, 13.08, 13.07,
16.77, 13-60; 21. M S V 17/12/1981, 1260, 12.60; 2 2 . P 485, 12.45; 23. R
223, 14.80; 24. V 242, 11.95; 2 5 . V a t 489, 12.70; 2 6 . A N E 7 -9 /3 /1 9 8 9 ,
491; T V R IA S O : 27. B a 4933, 12.28; 28. C alico 6 /1979, 1220,
10.45; 29. F 66, 11.50; 3 0 . P 486, 10.76; 3 1 . IV D J ( = V ives 156-3).
Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on coin 11.
424 AE. 20-1 m m , 5.43g (3). Axis: var. [ 1 ]
Vives 156-4, H ill 33-6
T I CA ESA R A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r.
D IV A V G M V N T V R ; ra d ia te head, r.
i . B L öbb, 4.93; 2. N Y 1 1 9 7 2 ( = V ives 1 56-4), 6.56; 3. Jo h n so n , M ila n
( = H ill 3 3 -6 ), 4.80.
ing cannot be determined. The two groups differ in the style
of the obverse portrait and in the reverse legend. The
portraits on 425 are very similar to 413, from Turiaso, and,
again, the portraits on 427 are very close to those which
appear on 429, from Graccurris. Dies with the legend
CASCANTVM, without ligature, are never linked with
obverse dies of 427 and vice versa; dies with the legend
CASCANTVM never appear linked with obverses of 425.
The same difference of style is observable on the semisses.
Those with the reverse legend MVN CASCANT were min­
ted contemporarily with 425, and those with MVNICIP
CASCANTVM were struck with 427.
The asses were countermarked quite often and the nature
of the countermarking indicates the existence of two, at
least, areas of coin circulation: a local one, where the
countermarks C (=cm k 22) and CAS (=cm k 42) (both
always on the reverse) were applied, and a larger one
 S P A I N : Cascantum, Graccurris (425-429)
involving several cities, to which the eagle’s head belongs
(=cm k 4-5, always on the obverse). This eagle counter-
mark has been related to the army (J. M. Gurt, II Simposi
Numismatic de Barcelona, 1980, pp. 217—19).
Tiberius
425 AE. 27-9mm, n.iog (41). Axis: var.
Vives 161-1
T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
r.
M V N IC IP C A SC A N T V M ; bull, r.
i . Bo 245, 10.85; 2 - 3 . C alico 6/1979, 211-2, 10.50, 11.00; 4—5. C op 5 8 9 -
90, 11.98, 14.84; 6 - 7 . M i 218-9, 9.94, 9.70; 8. P 3 7 6 , 13.37; 9- 1 1 · p
377-8, S de R , 11.47, 12.51, 12.72; 12. V 96, 10.70; 13. A N E 15-
16/12/1981, 102, 11.99; *I 4_ B L öbb, Bohl, 147/1966; 17—2 9 . B a 9574,
14874-5, 14879-81, 23607-9, 26627, 33953; 33955; 109195, 11.80, 10.22,
10.28, 11.08, 10.73, 7-59; 13-13j 9.91, 8.58, 10.65, 11-7 2 *> 11*76, 12.46; 3 0 —
37 · M 9566, 9573, 9576, 9588, 9594 ( = V ives 161-1), 9599-600, S astre
10407, 9.93, 10.30, 11.80, 10.12, 9.68, 9.82, 11.64, 12.03; 3^· M S V
17/12/1981, 160, 11.30; 3 9 . N 173, 10.63; 4 0 —4 1 . O , 10.80, 11.97; 4 2 . G
i, 12.06; 4 3 . C , 10.54; 4 4 . P 379, 13.93; 45 · V a t 392, 9.60 (broken);
4 6 . G iro n a 29433 ( = c m t m , pi. 6 -9 7 ), 11.10; 4 7 . D elgado C X I I - 4 ;
4 8 . F o rm erly S de C 1239.
C o u n te rm ark s: E ag le’s h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5), on th e obv., on 5, 48. E a g le’s
h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 22, 38. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) o n the
rev., on 9 -10, 39. C ( = cm k 22) on th e rev., on 19, 27, 44. CA S ( = cm k
42) on th e rev., on 27, 37, 44, 47. M o n o g ram (V A L E ) on th e rev., on 47
(n ot verified).
426 AE. 21 mm, 6.35g (17)· Axis: var.
Vives 161-4, Uhl 34-11, NAH n o o
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F; lau reate head, r.
M V N C A SC A N T; bull, r.
Graccurris was founded by Ti. Sempronius Gracchus in 178
B C (Livy, Per. 41), at the Iberian city Ilurcis (Festus 86L).
However, in spite of its antiquity, it did not strike any coins
until Tiberius’s reign, when the city probably obtained the
status of a municipium of Latin right (Pliny, NH iii, 24).
Graccurris minted a single issue of asses (bull with ‘pedi­
ment’ above head) and semisses (bull’s head, facing). The
similarities with 427-8 from Cascantum are enough for us
to consider that the dies of both cities were engraved by the
same engraver. It is not possible to establish the chronology
of this issue, though Grant (APT 36) mentioned that the
portrait suggests a late date for its minting. This seems to us
a rather difficult view to defend.
The asses of the issue were countermarked quite often.
The countermarks of Graccurris belong to two areas of coin
circulation, a local one (GRA = cmk 80) and a larger one
(eagle’s head = cmk 4—5), involving the cities as Cascan­
tum, Calagurris, Clunia and Turiaso. Other countermarks,
apart from these ones, are very rare.
i . M u 76, 6.99; 2. P 384, 5.15; 3. V a t 393, 4.60; 4 . Bo 246, 10.67; 5 * ®
1 0 1 6 /1 8 9 3 (= H ill 3 4 -1 1 ), 6.16; 6—7. B a 9576, 14806, 5.48, 5.74; 8—
12. M 964 3 -4 , 9646 (= V ives 161-4), 9647-8, 6.33, 6.99, 5.88, 5.57, 6.54;
13. C alico 6/1979, 217, 6.00; 14. C 588, 6.88; 15—16. L 758 -9 , 7.08, 5.45
(b o th sh are th e rev. die w ith Bo 246, a t least); 17. N u m ism a tic a A rs
C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 336, 6.51.
427 AE. 2 7 -9 mm, 11.92 g (58). Axis: var. [ 20 ]
Vives 161-2, H ill 3 4 -9 , nah 1099
As 425, but M V N IC IP C A S C A N T V M
[ 14.] 1 - 4 . C alico 6 /1979, 2 1 3 -6 , 13 -5 °, 9 -9 8 , 11-40, 11-45; 5. F 47, 9.90; 6 -
8. M u 73-5 , 13.20, 9.86, 12.13; 9—14. P 372—5, 3 8 0 -1 , 11.86, 12.46, 11.83,
8.22, 11.38, 11.35; 15—16· R 176-7, 12.80, 9.79; 17. A N E 1 5 -1 6/12/1981,
103, 12.97; 18—2 1 . B a.B ., G an sau g e, R au ch , Fox; 2 2 —3 0 . B a 4902, 9573,
9 5 7 5 , >4856, 14873, 27477, 30602, 33954, 39636, 16.03, IO-2 7 , 10.43, 14 -77 ,
12.26, 12.08, 13.13, 10.81, 13.10; 3 1 —3 5 . L 752 ( M V N IC [IP ]), 753
( — H ill 3 4 -9 ), 754-6, 13.08, 9.58, 12.84, ” -5 3 , 13-757 3 6 · M 9 6i*6
( = V ives 161-2), 11.52; 3 7 —5 3 . M 9604, 9608—9, 9612—4, 9616, 9625,
9 6 2 8 -9 , 9632, 9636, S astre 10404-6 a n d 10408-9, 11.54, 11.44, io .g o ,
11.46, 14.36, 13.83, 13.45 (p ierced ), 12.5g, I 0 ·18, 15-24, 12-43. IO-49,
11.26, 12.90, 12.71, 12.90, 10.77; 5 4 . M S V 17/12/1981, 163, i i . 15; 5 5 —
5 6 . N 174-5, IO-5 4 , 10.58; 5 7 - 5 8 . O , 11.79, ! 2 -9 4 ; 59 · G 2, 10.88;
6 0 . G iro n a 29434 ( = c m t m , pi. 6 -9 8 ), 14.12; 6 1 . A lcoi 1276 ( = c m t m , pi.
22—48), 12.95; 6 2 . A lac an t ( = c m t m , pi. 3 8 -2 1 5 ), 11.50; 6 3 . N u m ism a tic a
A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 335, 10.87.
C o u n te rm ark s: E ag le’s h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5), o n th e obv., on 4, 14, 48, 50,
60. E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e obv., o n 6, 21, 29, 30, 33, 36, 45,
56. C ( = cm k 22) o n th e rev ., on 2 -3 , 13, 30, 34, 45. C A S ( = cm k 42) on
th e rev., on 2 -3 , 13, 25, 30, 34, 37, 45. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) o n th e rev.,
o n 49. U n c e rta in o n th e obv., o n 2. U n c e rta in on th e rev., on 2, 30. C ircle
o n th e rev., on 53.
428 AE. 21 mm, 6.52 g (7). Axis: var. [ 5 ]
Vives 161-3, H ill 3 4 -1 0
[ 6 ] As 426, but M V N IC IP C A S C A N T V M
1—2. P 382 -3 , 6.07, 7.99; 3. B L ö b b , 6.29; 4 . B I-B ( = H ill 3 4 -1 0 ), 6.75;
5 · L 7 5 7 . 5 -8 i; 6 - 7 . M 9641 ( = V ives 161-3), 9 6 *4 2 . 6.45, 6.29;
8. F o rm erly S d e C 1249.
Graccurris
Tiberius
429 AE. 28 m m , 12.02 g (63). Axis: var. [ 24 ]
Vives 163-1, H ill 37-4, n a h i i o i , gmi 1062
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
r.
M V N IC IP G R A C C V R R IS ; bull, r., w ith ‘p ed im ent’
above head
1—2. Bo 285 -6 , 12.10, 12.80; 3—4 . C o p 595—6, 13.02, 14.39; 5 · p 5 4 ;
10.15; 6. K la g 12, 10.64; 7 · M u 119, 11.23; 8—12. P 399-402, S de R,
14.72, 13.49, 1 3 .0 4 ,8 .7 5 ,1 1 .5 7 ; 13. R 193, 12.10; 14. V 149, 11.00;
15. V a t 435, 12.70; 16. C alico 6/1979, 790, 14.64; 17—22. B B ohl (2),
L ö b b , Fox, 5653/1954, 151/1966; 23—3 3 . P a 4 6 5 9 > 4660, 4 6 6 2 -3 , 9766-7,
I 4993_ 4) 14996, 33960, 105852, 12.41, 10.06, 14.65, 8.66, 12.12, 10.51,
13.56, 12.64, 11-39, 11.55, 10.81; 3 4 . L 8 6 3 ( = H ill 3 7 -4 ), 13.03; 3 5 . L
864, 6.18; 3 6 —5 3 . M 11262, 11264, 1 1268-, 11273-4, 1 1278, 11281-2,
11284-9, I I 2 92, 112 94-5, 11296 ( = V ives 163-1), 13.25, 13.14, 10.49, 9 -9 L
13.25, 10.82, 12.30, I I . 15, 11.96, 7.92, 14.26, 12.41, 13.19, 11.28, 12.92,
13.16, 13.00, 14.74; 54· M S V 17/12/1981, 775, 13.90; 5 5 - 5 9 . o , 12.57,
i i . 13, 11.40, 13.43, *0.95; 6 0 —6 2 . N 191-3, 12.13, 11.50, 10.85; 6 3 . G i,
12.26; 6 4 . IV D J , form erly S d e C 1531; 6 5 . F o rm erly S de C 1532; 6 6 . C
628, 13.29; 6 7 . C , 13.31; 6 8 . W in te rth u r 33, 9.84; 6 9 . G iro n a 29438
( = c m t m , pi. 6 -9 9 ), 10.12; 7 0 - 7 1 . A N E 2 5 -2 6 /1 1 /1 9 7 5 , 6 5 -6 , 15.54,
12.04.
 S P A I N : Graccurris, Calagurris (430) /55

C o u n te rm ark s: M o n o g ram ( = c m k 80) on .the rev., on 3, 11, 2 2 -3 , 31, 33, 430 AE. 20 m m , 6.80 g (6). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
42, 61, 64. E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 4, 18, 25, 29—30, 37,
45—6, 55 (tw ice), 62, 67. E a g le’s h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5), on the obv., on 38, 71.
Vives 163-2, H ill 37-5, nah 1102, gmi 1063
C ( = cm k 23) on th e rev., on 61. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 88) on th e rev ., on T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F; lau reate head, r.
26. U n c e rta in c ircu lar on th e rev., on 59. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) on the
M V N IC IP G R A C C V R R IS ; bu ll’s head, facing
rev., on 65. A lso T I ( = cm k 69), see G u a d â n 65 (n o t verified).
i . P 403, 8.33; 2. C alico 6/1979, 791, 5-24; 3 · A N E 3 0 -3 1 /1 /1 9 8 5 , 64,
6.23; 4 . B a 4664, 7.98; 5 . L 865, 6.80; 6. M 11297, 6.24; 7 . B a r r i l c o ll.
( = V ives 1 6 3 - 2 = H ill 3 7 -5 = g m i 1063).

Calagurris
The municipium Calagurris lulia (Calahorra, Logrono) of L Granius C Valerius Ilviri
cives romani (Pliny, NH iii, 24) was founded some years 433 As AE. 28-9 mm, 11.54 g (39)
before 27 b c . During the first third of the first century b c , C M ar Cap Q Ursus Ilviri
when it was an Iberian city, it coined a scarce issue of 434 As AE. 29m m, 12.53 g (24)
bronze coins (asses and semisses) with the Iberian legend
Kalakorikos (M. Ruiz, Las acunaciones hispano-romanas de Cala­ M Plaet T ran Q Ursus Ilviri
gurris, Barcelona, 1968 = Ruiz; A. Dominguez, Las cecas 435 As AE. 28—9m m , 12.11 g (21)
ibe'ricas del valle del Ebro, Zaragoza, 1979, pp. 111—15). Q Aem. C Post Mil Ilviri
Calagurris only minted during Augustus’s and Tiberius’s 436 As AE. 29m m , 11.43g (20)
reign and their issues have been extensively discussed by
M. Ruiz and by A. Beltran in a short paper (Calahorra, M n M emmius L Iunius Ilviri
437 As AE. 28-9 mm, 10.68 g (19)
bimilenario de su fundacion, Madrid, 1984, pp. 53-66, which
follows the opinions of P. Beltran, Obra completa, 1972, pp. Q Antonius L Fabius Ilviri
I 7°“ 3)· both studies, issues that do not bear the title 43 8 As AE. 29m m , 12.38g (25)
Augustus on the obverse legend are dated before 27 b c .
L Baebius P Antestius Ilviri
However, this assumption is questionable, and we follow
439 As Bronze. 29 mm, 11.65 g (25 )
the idea that the obverses of 431 and, at least, of 433-4 are
modelled on the portraits of Octavian dated to c. 32-27 b c . C M ar M Val Pr Ilviri
This possibility was suggested by Grant (FITA 165) and 440 As AE. 27—9m m , 12.00g (28)
recently by M. and F. Beltran (Numisma 162-4, 1980, p. 62).
L Baebius Priscus G G ran Brocchus Ilviri
Hence we prefer to date the beginning of coinage in Cala­ 441 As AE. 26—30 mm, 11.31g (66)
gurris (431) after 29-27 b c , and we would place the issues 442 Semis Bronze. 20-2 mm, 6.03 g (3 4 )
with the legend MVN CAL IVL then. Therefore neither A. 443 Q uadrans AE. 15—17mm, 3.12g (2)
Beltran’s (pp. 59-60) date for the first issue in 42 b c , nor M.
Ruiz’s date for the start of minting in 36 b c , have been M Lie Capel C Ful Rutil Ilviri, after 2 b c
444 As AE. 28 mm, 12.12 g (41)
accepted here. The other coinages of Augustus do not pose
so many problems, because they include hrst the title L Valentinus L Novus Ilviri, after 2 bc

AVGVSTVS and then PATER PATRIAE.
The denominations minted were intended to be bronze
asses, semisses and quadrantes. The designs are quite
regular, both in Augustus’s issues and in Tiberius’s ones.
The emperor’s portrait appears on the obverses of all
denominations, whereas on the reverses the bull is used for
the asses, the facing bull’s head for the semisses and the
wreath for the quadrantes. The choice of the bull for the
reverses has been related by Grant (FITA 165) to T.
Statilius Taurus, whom he considered as adsignator of this
municipium.
The drawings in Vives 157-8, 158-1 and 158-7, taken
from Delgado (pi. CV-14, 17 and CVI-23), are not
included in this catalogue, because the existence of such
coins cannot be verified. For the hybrid coin with obverse of
Calagurris and reverse of Celsa, see the introduction to
Lepida-Celsa.
Anonymous
431 As Bronze. 29m m , 11.24g ( I2)
C Valerius G Sextius aediles
432 Semis Bronze. 21 mm, 5.53 g (18)
445-446 As Bronze. 29—30m m, 12.18g (35)
C Semp Barba II I Q Baebius Flavus
Ilviri, after 2 b c
447 As AE. 28m m , 12.05g (4 2)
Calagurris continued its coinage during Tiberius’s reign,
although its amount was substantially reduced. The coins
can be divided into two issues, if we accept that the semis
449, minted by aediles, is the fraction of 448, since their
portrait styles are very similar. Obviously, this is not
certain, but, anyway, the minting of these asses and- semis­
ses should be close in time.
The hrst issue seems to consist of asses (448) and prob­
ably of semisses (449)· Both denominations present
anomalies in their legends. The asses have the odd legend
TI AVGVS DIVI AVGVSTI F IM P CAESAR (Hill, pp.
179-80; Grant, A PT47; R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, p. 422;
M. Ruiz, pp. 76-7) and the semisses omit the word DIVI in
Tiberius’s filiation, which has led some scholars to think
that it was an issue minted during Augustus’s reign (Hill, p.
179; Grant, FITA 166). We think, however, that because of
a lack of space the word DIVI has been omitted, in order to
leave space for the city’s abbreviation, M.C.I. The mistake 9.66, 10.37. Som etim es the n o m en o f G ra n iu s s ta rts w ith C a n d the
p raen o m en o f V ale riu s w ith G.
in Tiberius’s correct name has been interpreted as an indi­ C o u n te rm ark s: S em icircu lar E ( = cm k 96) o n th e rev ., o n 2. Also cm k 78,
cation that the coins were minted at the beginning of his see G u a d â n , p. 27, no. 26 (n o t verified).
reign, and this seems plausible.
The second issue (450-1) consists of asses and semisses,
C M a r C ap Q U rsu s I lv ir i
both minted by Ilviri, thus demonstrating that there was
not, either during Augustus’s or during Tiberius’s reign, a 434 AE. 2 9m m , 12.53g (24 )· Axis: var. [ u ]
general rule that semisses were minted only by aediles. Vives 157-4, Rui2 11
L Fui Sparsus L Saturninus Ilviri M V N CA L IV L; b are h ead, r.
448 As Bronze. 28m m, 11.41g (98) I I V IR C M A R C A P Q V R S O ; bull, r.
i . C alico 6/1979, 221, 11.40; 2. C o p 577, 15.17; 3 . M u 48, 11.37;
L Val Flavus T Val M erula aediles
4 · O = AMC 940, 11.05; 5 —6 . P 339> 340, 11-5 1, 10.21 (p ierced ); 7. V 60,
449 Semis Bronze. 21 mm, 6.02 g (24)
I 4- 25 ; 8· A N E 15-16/1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 118, 14.73; 9 —I r * B 27862, B ohl, Pfaw;
1 2 - 1 8 . B a 4992, 9495, 23564, 30634, 33946, 105835, 109187, 12.29, I 3 -5 2>
C Celer C Rectus Ilviri 12.16, 11.40, 13.27, 12.85, n . i o ; 1 :9-20. L 8 1 9 -2 0 , 12.48, 12.32; 2 1 -
450 As AE. 29 mm, 11.82 g (59) 2 7 . M 842 9 -3 0 , 8432, 8435, 8438-95 S astre 10339, ΙΤ·2θ, 11.85, 16.25,
451 Semis AE. Q i mm, 6.47g (13) : 5 -9 3 > 9 -77 , 9 - n , n - 9 °; 28. N 150, 13.88.
C o u n te rm ark s: M o n o g ram ( = cm k 78) o n th e rev., on 22. A lso G u a d â n 10
( = cm k 5) a n d 28 ( = c m k 4) (n o t verified).

A fter 2 ()l2 y B C
M P la e t T ra n Q U r s u s I l v i r i ite r
A nonym ous
435 AE. 2 8 -g m m , I 2 . n g (21). Axis: var. [ 10 ]
431 Bronze. 29m m , 11.24g ( I2)· Axis: var. [ 4 ]
Vives 157-5, H ill 36-4, R uiz 12, gmi 687, nah 907
Vives 157-1, H ill 35-10, Ruiz 5, gmi 682, nah 904
M V N CAL IV L ; b a re h ead, r.
N ASSICA ; bare h ead o f A ugustus (?), r. M P L A E T T R A N Q V R S O I I V IR IT E R ; bull, r.
C A L A G V R R I IV L IA ; bull, r. I. C alico 6/1979, 2 2 2 , 9-38; 2 · A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 75, 11.27; 3 · C op
i . M u 44, 9.86; 2. P 336, 12.26; 3. B arril coll. ( = V ives 157—1); 4 . A N E 578, 13.10; 4. 0 = a m c 941, 12.85; 5” 8 . P 3 4 1 -4 , 9.81, 12.98, 10.74, 9 -9 °j
15-16/12/1981, h i , 14.73; 5. B L öbb, 10.54; 6· ^ a 4 7 9 I J n .4 1 ; 7. L 8 1 1 9. V a t 297, 14.60; 10—i i . B a 4694, 9494, 13.30, 10.83; I 2 · L 821 ( = H ill
( = H ill 35-10 = FiTA, p i. V -2 0 ), 11.68; 8 - 1 3 . M 8401, 8404-6, 8408, S astre 3 6 -4 ), 15.14; 13—14. L 8 2 2 -3 , 12.09, 10.28; 15—18. M 8 4 4 6 -7 , 8450,
10337, 12.12, 9.41, 12.58, 9.69, 8.39, 12.26. F orgery (?): 1. O , 10.05. F ° r 8 4 5 2, H - 3 2 , Ϊ 3 ·6 ?, i 5 -2 3 ; * 9 - G 1, 11.33; 2 °· C 5 5 ° , 9 -6 6 ;
m etal analysis, see R uiz, p. 129. 21. A N E 1957, 13, 10.45; 22. V iv e s 1 7 5 - 5 (B M cast).
C o u n te rm ark s: D D ( = c m k 47) o n th e rev., on 7. L A ( = c m k 54) o n the
rev ., o n 6. A lso G u a d â n 10 ( = cm k 5) a n d 28 ( = cm k 4) (n o t verified).
C V al C S ex aed E a g le’s h ea d , o n th e obv., on 21.

432 Bronze. 2 1 mm , 5.53g (18). Axis: var. [ 4 ]

Vives 157-2, H ill 35-11, R uiz 6, gmi 683, nah 905 Q A em C P o st M il I lv ir i
N A SSICA ; bare h ead o f A ugustus (?), r.
436 AE. 2 9m m , 11.43g (20)· Axis: var. [ 7 ]
C V A L C SE X A E D IL E S ; bu ll’s head, facing
I. C alico 6 /i9 7 g , 219, 5.32; 2. C op 573, 4.59; 3. H (= H ill 3 5 -1 1 ), 4.30;
Vives 157-7, H ill 36-1, R uiz 9, gmi 685, nah 908
4 · p 3 3 8 . 5-941 5 · p 3 3 7 . 5-741 6 - R i6 3 > 4 ·7 °; 7 · A N E 15-16/12/1981, M V N CAL II V IR ; b are head, r.
H 3 . 5 -5 4 i » - ί ο · B a 4697, 9 4 9 3 . 23572, 4.88, 6.49, 5.53; u - 1 4 . M 8 4 0 9 - Q A E M C P O S T M (I)L ; bull, r.
I I , S astre 10345, 5.54, 5.66, 5.50, 7.33; 15. N 152, 6.34; 16. G 7 (pi. 9 7 -
24), 5.41; 17. IV D J ( = V ives 157-2 = g m i 683); 18. C , 6.36; i . C alico 6/1979, 223, 10.38; 2. C o p 575 ( = H ill 3 6 -1 ), 8.67; 3. M u 45,
19. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 29—30/3/1989, 290, 4.29. O n specim ens 4 10.88; 4 . P 3 4 8 (C P O S T M L ), 12.40; 5. P 349, 9.52; 6 . V 57, 14.67; 7 -
a n d 16 th e first S is n o t clear. F o r m e tal analysis, see R uiz, p. 129. 8. V a t 2 93-4, 13.20, 11.70; 9—10. A N E 15 -1 6 /1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 125-6, 12.40,
13.47; 1 1 -1 3 · B a 4794, 21536, 33945, 10.34, 11 -4 5 , 9 -9 G τ 4Γ ι 5' L 812 -3 ,
10.85, 10.78; 1 6 - 1 9 . M 846 6 -7 , 8469, 8471, 11.32, 11.75, 11.62, 11.89;
20. N 148, 11.49; 2 I · IV D J, form erly S d e C 1124.
Augustus C o u n te rm ark s: E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 2. A lso G u a d â n
27 ( = cm k 93) (n o t verified).

L G r a n iu s C V a le r iu s I l v i r i

433 AE. 28-9 m m , 11.54 g (39). Axis: var. [ 13 ] M n M e m m iu s L I u n iu s I l v i r i

Vives 157-3, H ill 36-3, R uiz 10 and 10 var., gmi 686 437 AE. 2 8 -g m m , io .6 8 g (19). Axis: var. [ 6 ]
M V N C A L IV L ; bare head, r. Vives 157-6, R uiz 8 an d 8 v ar., gmi 684
L G R A N IO C V A L E R (IO ) II V IR ; bull, r.
M V N C A L I I V IR ; b are h e a d e r.
V A L E R : 1—2. B o 200-1, 9.73, 9.98 (pierced); 3. M S V 17/12/1981, 168,
15.10; 4 . M u 4 7 , 12.72; 5 . 0 = a m c 942, 12.70; 6 . V 59, 12.65; 7 - 8 . V a t
M N M E M M I (VS) L IV N I (VS); bull, r.
295-6, 13.70, 8.20; 9 . B L öbb; 10—12. B a 4693, 4695, 23563, 9.26, 12.29, i . Bo 199 (M E M M [, IV N I), 6.75; 2. O = amc 939 (M E M M I, I V N I[),
10.91; 13—19. M 8413, 8421-2, 8425-7, S astre 10338, 12.80, 13.35, Γ4·66, 10.48; 3—4. B a 4793, 105836 (?, IV N [) (M E M M I , I V N [), 11.99, 9.64;
11.94, 11.02, 10.24, 13.46; 20. N 149, 13.48; 21. M M A G 1-2/10/1986, 5. L 8 1 6 (M E M M I, IV N ID , 10.81; 6 . L 817 (M E M M [, I V N I ^ 8 - 5 5 ; 1~
307, 14.54; 22. G 2, i i . 01; V A L E R IO : 23. C alico 6/1979, 220, 12.50; 15. M 8454-8, 8460, 8462, S astre 10332-3 (M E M M IV S , IV N IV S )
2 4 . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 1 , 74, 12.09; 2 5 . C o p 576, 11.24; 2 6 . Jo h n so n , (M E M [, IV N IV S ) (M Ë M M Ï, ?) ( M E M M I, IV N IV S ), 10.84, 8.63, 16.15,
M ilan ( = H ill 3 6 -3 ), 11.70; 2 7 . M i 193, 10.36; 28. M u 46, 10.04; 29. P 7.58, 10.66, 10.66, iQ-53, 13.40, 10.97; 16. A N E 15-16/12/1981, 122
345, 10.06; 3 0 . A N E 1 5 -1 6 /1 2 /1 9 8 1, 115, 11.75; 3 1 . B 762/1877, 11.56; (M E M M IV S , IV N IV S ), 12.12; 1 7 -1 8 M J (M E M M I[, IV N IV S ;
3 2 —3 4 . B L ö b b , B ohl, 148/1966; 3 5 . B a 21535, 10.96; 3 6 . L 818, 7.42; M E M M I, ?), 13.08, 8.15; 19. C 556 (M E M M I, IV N I ) , 11.90;
3 7 . M 8 4 1 5 ( = V ives 157-3), 11.99; 38—4 1. M 8414, 8417-8, 8420, 12.90, 20. F o rm erly S de C 1118 (M E M M I, ?).
11.30, 11.45, 9 -4 4 ; 42 . C 551, 9.49; V A L E R (IO ): 4 3 - 4 4 . M 8416, 8419, C o u n te rm ark : A ( = cm k 14) on th e rev., on 20.

Q A n to n i L F a b i I l v ir i
438 AE. 29m m , 12.38g (25). Axis: var. [ 6 ]
Vives 158-2, H ill 36-2, R uiz 7, n ah 906
M V N C A L I I V IR ; b are head, r.
Q A N T O N I L FA BI; bull, r.
i . Bo 198, 13.52; 2. C alico 6/1979, 224, 11.70; 3. C op 574, 11.71; 4 . P
35°; 14-37; 5 - v 58, 11-79; 6 - 1 5 . B a 4800, 9497, 21537, 21539, 23571,
2662I, 30888, I0583I-2,Ü.05834, I3.O7, I5.06, II.97, II.32, IO.27, IO.46,
11.48, 10.17, 14.85, 13.30; 16. L 8 1 4 ( — H ill 36-2), 15.77; I 7 * L 815,
9.96; 18—2 4 . M 8 4 75-8, 8480, 8483, S astre 10334, 9 -5 1 (pierced), 14.22,
12.87, 11 . 11 , 12.15, 10.60, 13.81; 2 5 . C 555, 11.87; 26. A la c a n t ( = CMTM,
pi. 3 8 -201), 12.00.
C o u n te rm ark : M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) on th e rev., on 9.
L B a e b iu s P A n te s tiu s I l v i r i
439 Bronze. 29 m m , 11.65 g (2 5 )- Axis: var. [ 12 ]
Vives 158-3, R uiz 13, nah 974
M V N C A L IM P A V G V S; bare head, r.
L B A E B IO P A N T E S T IO II V IR ; bull, r.
i . C alico 6/1979, 225, 12.30; 2. M i 194, 7.93; 3 . M u 4 9 , 12.60; 4—
6 . O — A M c 9 4 3-5, 14.49, 12.50, 12.07 (pierced); 7. P 346, 10.15; 8. R
164, 9.52; 9 . V a t 298, 11.40; 1 0 . A N E 15-16/12/1981, 129, 12.24; i i —
12. B R au c h , Bohl, 11.47, 9 -7 ^j I 3 —*4 · B Bohl, D ressel; 15—16. B a 4795,
30635, 9.70, 13.93; 1 7 - 18· L 6 2 4 -5 , 18.47, 8-87; 1 9 -2 5 · M 8 4 85-6 , 8489,
8492-3, S astre 10335 a n d 10346, 10.35, 13 -4 4 , 10.65, 9-52, n - 7 6» r2 -78 ,
17.90; 2 6 . G 3, 11.87; 2 7 · C 552, 8.68; 2 8 . B oulogne su r M er, 9.05. F o r
m e tal analysis, see R uiz, p. 129.
C o u n te rm ark s: D D ( = c m k 47) on th e obv., on 14. A lso G u a d â n 28
( = cm k 4) (n o t verified).
C M ar M V al P r I lv ir i
440 AE. 2 7 -g m m , 12.00g (28). Axis: var. [ 11 ]
Vives 158-4 to 6, R uiz 14, 14 var. an d 15
M V N CAL (AG) IM P A V G V S (T V )(S ); b are head, r.
C M A R M V A L P R II V IR ; bull, r.
M V N C A L IM P A V G V S: i . C alico 6/1979, 226, 16.65; 2 · C o p 579,
11.77; 3 . O = AMC 946, 13.20; 4 . P 347, 12.42; 5. V 61, 11.73; 6. A N E
15-16/12/1981, 131, 13.57; 7 - 1 0 . B a 4796, 21540-1, 105883, 11.59, 13.87,
10.02, 11.44; Σ Ι· M 8 5 0 0 , 10.71; 12—16. M 8494-6, 8501-2, 13.03, 12.95,
14.43, 10.62, 8.87; 17—19. L 8 2 6 -8 , 15.61, 11.40, 9.52; 2 0 . C 553, 10.22;
21. P rin ceto n 712, 12.69; M V N C A L A G IM P A V G V S : 22. M 8504,
11.50; M V N C A L A G IM P A V G V S T V : 2 3 . M 8505 ( = V ives 158-6),
12.19; M V N C A L A G IM P A V G V S T V S : 2 4 . B G a n s a u g e , 12.28; 2 5 . B
B ohl, 9.13; 26. B a 4797, 11.83; 2 7 . M S astre 10329, 11.18; 2 8 . V ives
158-5 (from an c ien t coll. C erv e ra ); U n c e rta in v ar.: 29. B L ö b b , 11.46.
F orgery: 1. C , 12.22 (B unn).
L B a e b P r is c u s C G r a n B ro c c h u s I l v ir i
441 AE. 26-30 mm , 11.31g (66). Axis: var. [ 30 ]
Vives 158-8, 9, H ill 36-5, Ruiz 16, 18, gmi 688, nah 975
M V C Ä L IV L IA A V G V ST V S; laureate head, r.
L BAEB P R IS C O C G R A N B R O C II V IR ; bull, r.
i . C alico 6/1979, 227, 11.50; 2. Be 3266, 12.47; 3 —4 · Bo 20 2 -3 , 13.54,
i i . 16; 5—6. C op 580-1, 10.46, 10.78; 7. M i 195, 10.72; 8. M u 50, i i . 12;
9 - 1 1 . o = A MC 9 4 7-9, 10.05, i 0 -9 6 > n .3 7 ; 12—17. P 351-4, D elep ierre, S
de R , 11.12, 11.04, i 2 -76, 14.49, 10.69, 10.15; 18. R 165, 10.09;
19. T ü b in g e n 17, 12.23; 20. V 62, 11.92; 21—2 2 . V a t 299-300, 11.40,
10.50; 23—24. A N E 15-16/12/1981, 133-4, H -I2 , 10.73; 25—3 0 . B
D ressel, L ö b b (2), 27861, R a u c h , Pfaw; 3 1 —4 0 . Ba 4798-9, 9499, 21543,
23566-7, 27493, 33947) 37065, 10 0 9 14, 8.96, 11.06, 10.01, 11.92, 12.13,
9.24, 10.06, 8.77, 12.10, 11.73; 4 1· L 831 ( = H ill 3 6 -5 ), 11.93; 4 2 —4 6 . L
829-30, 8 3 2-4, 13.09, 13.03, 11.27, 10.89, 10.88; 4 7 —6 2 . M 8509, 8511,
8512 ( — V ives 158-9), 8513, 8515-8, 8521, 8527, 8530, 8532, 8536, 8538,
S astre 10326 a n d 10328, 1 4 .3 6 ,8 .4 4 , 10.47, 13.09, u .6 8 , 11.49, I I -20,
11.87 (pierced), 11.12, 10.20, 8.81, 8.67, 13.58, 12.53, 12.33, 14-04; 6 3 —
6 5 . N 154-6, 11.96, i i . 19, 11.35; 6 6 . G 4, 9.66; 67—6 8 . C , 11.66, 10.11;
S P A I N : Calagurris (438-445) 137
6 9 - 7 1 . C 5 5 7 -8 , 2712, 10.15, 12.52, 10.71; 7 2 . H e rre ro 24/3 /1 9 8 8 , 33,
13.88; 7 3 . A uctiones 17/1988, 322, 11.95; 7 4 . F o rm erly S de C 1131.
C o u n te rm ark s: E a g le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e obv., on 10, 61. E ag le’s
h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5), o n th e obv., on 13. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) on th e rev.,
on 20. U n c e rta in in re c ta n g u la r on th e rev ., on 16. C A P (?) ( = cm k 41),
on the rev., o n 30. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 72) o n th e rev ., o n 48. C A P E
( = c m k 39) o n th e rev ., on 61. P R ( = c m k 61) o n th e rev., o n r6, 74.
442 Bronze. 2 0 -2 m m , 6 .0 3 g (3 4 )· Axis: var. [ 15 ]
Vives 158-10, 12, H ill 36-6, R uiz 17, ig , gmi 695, n a h
976 ___
M V CAL A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r.
L P R IS C O C B R O C (C H O ) II V IR ; b u ll’s head, facing
B R O C : i . Bo 204, 5.92; 2. P 361, 6.16; 3. M 8554, 6.16; B R O C C H O :
4 . C alico 6/1979, 228, 5.60; 5 . O = AMC 950, 5.90; 6 - 7 . P 359-60, 5.64,
5.90; 8. V 6 3 ( = H ill 3 6 -6 ), 5.42; 9 . V a t 301, 3.90 (b ro k en ); 10—
i i . A N E 15-1 6 /1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 137-8, 5.77, 5.98; 12—16. B 17427, G an sau g e,
L ö b b , R au c h , B ohl, 6.47, 7.32, — , —, —; 17—2 0 . B a 4698, 21549-50,
3 3 9 5 °. 5 -4-5 . 6 -12. 5 -4 4 . 5 -3 U * » - * * · L 8 3 5 - 6 , 6.28, 5.77; 2 3 - 3 2 . M 8544
( = V ives 158-10 = g m i 695), 8 5 4 5 -5 3 , 7.28, 6.80, 5.77, 6.48, 7.33, 5.17,
4.90, 6.68, 6.27, 5.70; 3 3 . G 8, 5.63; 3 4 - 3 6 . C 559 -6 0 , B u rk itt lo an , 5.87,
6.12, 6.63; 3 7 . A la c a n t ( = c m t m , p i . 3 8 -2 0 3 ), 5.45; 3 8 . N u m ism a tic a A rs
C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 291, 6.37. F o rgery: 1. M S astre 10347. Bor m etal
analysis, see R u iz, p . 129.
443 AE. 15-17 m m , 3.12 g (2). Axis: 3 (1). [ 1 ]
Vives 158-11, H ill 36-7, R uiz 20, gmi 696
M V CAL A V G V ST V S; b are head, r.
II V IR L P R IS C C B R O C ; w ithin w reath
i . P 358, 2.50; 2. V iv e s 158—11 ( = H ill 3 6 -7 = g m i 696); V ives a n d H ill
said th a t this coin w as in M a d rid , b u t it ca n n o t b e found th e re; 3 . R eal
A cad em ia d e la H is to ria ( = R uiz 20), 3.57·
M Lie Capel C Ful Rutil Ilviri, after 2 BC
444 AE. 28m m , 12.12g (41). Axis: var. [ 15]
Vives 159-1, H ill 3 6 -8 , R uiz 21, 21a, 21b, gmi 689
IM P A V G V S T P A T E R P A T R IA (E ); lau reate head, r.
M C I M L IC C A PE (L ) C FV L R V T I(L ) II V IR ; bull,
r.
P A T R IA /C A P E -R V T I: i . P D elep ierre, 11.74; 2 · L 838, 12.83; 3—6. M
6566, 8569, 8577, S astre 10331, 8.85, 10.54, 14.98, 10.73; 7 · N I 5 7 J 12.86;
8. O = AMC 9 54, 12.43; P A T R IA /u n c e rta in : 9 . M 8571 ( R V T I), 1.1.89;
P A T R IA E /C A P E -R V T I: 10. V a t 303, 10.10; 11. B 17469, 13.79; I 2 * L
839, 10.92; 1 3 - 1 4 . M 8574 -5 , J3-2Q, 12.68; 15. C o p 582, 10.24; 16. C,
13.59; P A T R IA E /C A P E L -R V T IL : 17. C alico 6 /1979, 229 (P A T R IA E ),
11.75; 18. B 17471, 13.01; 19—23. B a 4 8 o i (P A T R IA E ), 4802, 4899
(P A T R IA E ), 9500 (P A T R IA E ), 9501, 10.76, 13.23, 11.71, 12.60, 15.04;
2 4 . L 8 3 7 {— H ill 3 6 -8 ), 12.95; 25- 26 · M 6559 (P A T R IA E ), 8573
( = V ives 159-1), 12.55, Ι2 ·ΐ7 ; 27. G , 12.96 (P A T R IA E ); 2 8 . A lcoi 1274
( = c m t m , pi. 2 2 -4 5 ), 12.26; P A T R IA E /u n c e rta in : 2 9 . M u 51
(P A T R IA E ), 15.09; 30. V a t 302, 10.90; 3 1 . B a 21546, 12.06; 32—3 3 . M
8562, 8572, 12.74, 11.98; 3 4 . C 554 (C A P E ), 12.50; U n c e rta in /C A P E -
R V T I: 3 5 - 3 6 . M 8564, 8576, 11.73, 11.75; U n c e rta in /C Â P E L -R V T ÏL :
3 7 . V 64, 12.11; 3 8 . B a 21547, 11.54; U n c e rta in /u n c e rta in : 3 9 . V a t 304,
9.50; 4 0 . B K assel, 10.07; 4 1· P 356, 12.77.
C o u n te rm ark s: E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e o b v ., on 8, 10. B ( = cm k
15) o n th e rev., o n 14. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 90) on th e obv., o n 14.
L V a le n tin u s L N o v u s I l v i r i , a f t e r 2 BC
445 Bronze. 2 9m m , 12.18g (35: 4 4 5 —6). Axis: var. [ 18 ]
Vives 159-2, H ill 36-g, R uiz 22, 22 v ar., gmi 690, nah
977
IM P A V G V S T P A T E R P A T R IA E ; lau reate head, r.
M (V ) C (A L) I L V A L E N T IN O L N O V O I I V IR ; bull,
r.
M C A L I: i . C alico 6/1979, 230, 11.30; 2. Bo 205, 15.15; 3. C o p 583,
15-82; 4 - 5 . O = AMC 9 55-6, 11.41, 12.31; 6. P 3 5 5 , 11.27; 7 - 8 · P D ’Ailly
17467, S de R , 12.15, 12.81; 9 . V 65, 12.48; 10—13. B K assel, L ö b b ,
 R au c h , 861/1915; 14—16. B a 4803, 9502, 109188, 11.41, 11.42, 8.67; 17—
19. L 840, 841 ( = H ill 3 6 -9 ), 844, 13-67, 12.83, 11.92; 2 0 - 3 1 . M 8581,
8584, 8586-7, 8593-4, 8597, 8600-2, S astre 10313-4, 13.24, 11.09, 12.37,
12.28, 13.10, 12.14, 10-21, 11.48, 10.71, 13.88, 14.20, 12.18; M C I : 3 2 . B
B ohl; 3 3 —3 4 . L 84 2 -3 , 12.57, 9.91; 3 5 . F o rm erly S de C 1138;
3 6 . S u p erio r G alleries 7—10/6/1982, 423; M V C A L I: 3 7 . B anti-S im o n etti,
V I I , 1310 (p riv a te coll.); 3 8 . A N E 15-16/12/1981, 143, 13.52;
3 9 . F o rm erly S d e C 1141; M (C ) C (A L ) I: 40—4 1 . M 8599, S astre 10316,
12.74, 12.18; 4 2 . n a h 1154; 4 3 . G iro n a 29428 (= cmtm, pi. 5 -8 8 ), 11.40;
4 4 . M a o (= c m tm , pi. 5 1 -4 2 ), 14.44 (pierced); 4 5 . M u 52, 10.18;
4 6 . F o rm erly S de C 1140. F o r m etal analysis, see R uiz, p. 129.
C o u n te rm ark s: C ( = cm k 20) a n d L (= cm k 26) on th e rev., on 13. C A -P
( = cm k 40) on th e rev., on 18 (according to G u a d â n 21, on a specim en o f
his coll, is possible to re a d C A -P L , confirm ation n eeded). E ag le’s h ea d , r.
(= cm k 4), on th e obv., on 26, 41, 44. E a g le’s h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5), on the
obv., on 46. B ( = cm k 15) on th e rev., on 42.
446 AE. 2Ç)-3omm. See 445. Axis: 1 (1). [ o ]
Vives 159-3
[IM ]P A V G V ST V S P(A T E R ) P(A T R IA E ); laureate
head, r.
[ ] C A L IV L L V A L E N T IN O [L] N O V O II V IR ; bull,
r.
i . F o rm erly B uckler coll. ( = V ives 159-3) Q V S T V S P P; ] C A L IV L
[ J E N T IN O [ ] I I V IR )j_ a . M i sn g 218 ([IM ]P A V G V S T V S P A T E R
P A T R IA E ; ] IV L L V A L E [N T ]IN O [L] N O V O I I V IR ), 12.22.
C S e m p B a r b a te r tiu m Q B a e b F la v u s I l v ir i , a fte r 2 BC
447 AE. 28m m , 12.05g (4 2)· Axis: var. [ 17 ]
Vives 159-4, H ill 36-10, R uiz 23, gmi 691
IM P C A ESA R A V G V S T V S P P; laureate head, r.
M C A L I C S E M P BARBA I I I Q BAEB F L A V O II
V IR ; bull, r.
1—2. C alico 6/1979, 231-2, 9.76, 14.10; 3 . C o p 584, 11.24; 4 · M i 196,
10.83; 5“ 6 · M u 5 3 -4, 13-96, 12.39; 7 - 9 . O — AMC 9 5 1-3, 13.13, 12.12,
11.40; 10—12. P 357, D ’A illy 17465, S d e R , n .3 0 , 12.96, 12.87;
13. T ü b in g e n 18, 12.73; 14. V 66, 10.92; 15—17· V a t 30 5 -7 , 13.70, 11.90,
13.00; 18. A N E 15-16/12/1981, 150, 14.71; 19—21. B Bohl, L öbb, Fox;
22—2 7 . Ba 4804, 21548, 30604, 30625, 33948, 100915, 14.80, 11.44, n - 1 5 ,
12.26, 10.38, 14.28; 2 8 . L 8 4 6 ( = H ill 36 -1 0 ), 10.56; 2 9 . L 845, i i . 01;
3 0 —4 1 . M 8 6 04-5, 8607, 8610, 8612 ( —V ives 159-4), 8614-6, 8618-21,
13.10, 12.71, 12.08, 10.98, 12.98, 10.43, ΙΟ·39> 12.14, 12.83, 12.70, 13.74,
13 -3 9 Î 4 2 · G 6, 11.58; 4 3 . C , 9.26; 4 4 . C 2713, 9 . i i ; 4 5 . s a g u n tu m 19,
19^5 j 322, no. i, 9.60; 4 6 . D elgado C V II-2 9 .
C o u n te rm ark s: E a g le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 6. E ag le’s head ,
1. (= cm k 5), o n th e ob v ., on 31. B ( = cm k 15) o n th e rev., o n 7. S ( = cm k
34) on th e obv., on 37. M o n o g ram ( = G u a d â n 44) on th e rev., on 46 (not
verified).
Tiberius
L F u i S parsu s L S a tu r n in u s I l v i r i
448 Bronze. 28 m m , 11.41g (98). Axis: var. [38]
Vives 159-5, H ill 37-1, R uiz 24, gmi 692-3
T I A V G V S D IV I A V G V S T I F IM P CAESAR; laureate
head, r.
M C I L FV L SPA RSO L S Ä T V R N IN O I I V IR ; bull, r.
1 - 2 . C alico 6/1979, 233 (C A E S A R ; S PÄ R S O , S Ä T V R N IN O ), 234, 11.60,
10.82; 3—8 . Bo 206-11, 11.80, 9.91, 10.76, 11.47, 9·98, h .31; 9· C o p 585,
13.23; 10. K la g 4, 11.79; 13· M i 197-9, 12.68, 11.15, 10.91; 14. M u
56, 13.66; 15—2 2 · P 36 2 -6, D ’A illy 17468, S de R (tw o coins) (P 363:
C A E S A R ; S P A R S O , S Ä T V R N IN O ), 10.46, 14.22, 10.36, 11.91, 11.41,
1 1.99, 9.63, 10.40; 23—2 4 . R 166-7, T2.88, 11.24; 25. T u b in g e n 19, 12.19;
2 6 —28. V 6 7 -9 , 13.20, 12.70, 10.91; 29. V a t 308, 8.20; 30—3 1 . A N E 15-
16/12/1981, 155, 160, 7.40, 11.25; 32—5 1· B a 4688, 4690 (S Ä T V R N IN O ),
. -, , , - , ,
9505 21551 4 23559 23561 23569 70 30626 30628 30633 33951 , , , M C I C C E L E R E C R E C T O I I V IR I; b u ll’s head,
37067, 39604, 39607, 100916, 9.32, 9.96, 12.20, 13.64, 11.53, h - 87 , i i . 18,
11.86, 11.39, 12.01, 12.20, 10.89, t i - 83 , 12.43, 12.85, n .5 7 , i i . 10, 10.24,
11.22, 12.64; 5 2 · L 852, 11.49; 53—6 0 . L 847 (C A E S A R ), 848 ( = H ill 3 7 -
1), 8 4 9-51, 8 5 3-4, 855 (C A E S A R ), 13.86, 13.13^12.60, 12.55, 12.08, 10.91,
i p-45, 9-83; 61—8 2 . M 8626, 8630-1, 8632 (C A ESA R ; S PA R S O ,
S Ä T V R N IN O ), 8636, 8645, 8651, 8653, 8655, 8659, 8665, 8669 ( = V ives
τ 59 ~ 5 ) ; 8670, 8672, 8 6 7 4 “ 5 > 8678, 8 6 8 ι (C A ESA R ; S PA R S O ,
S Ä T V R N IN O ), S astre 10317-20, 11.73, τ3·02, !3 ·22, 12.18, 8.87, 9.81,
10.73, -12.64, 12.68, 11.84, 11.20, 12.47, 11.40, 11.02, 11.27, 11 -61, 10.89,
12.36, 9.96, i i . 21, 12.10, 1 1.44; 8 3 . N 159, 12.86; 8 4 —8 7 . O , 10.32
(S Ä T V R N IN O ), 9-Qo, 12.10 (C A E S A R ), 10.70; 8 8 . B L ö b b , 14.30; 8 9 -
9 5 . B L ö b b (S P A R S O , S Ä T V R N IN O ), B ohl, D an n en b erg , 145/1966,
146/1966, 27864-5; g 6 . G 9, 11.65; 9 7 * W a rsaw 1912/10, 12.85; 98—
99· C , g .72, 9-86; ι ο ο - ι ο ι . C (B u rk itt lo a n ), 561, 9 -o i j 9λ Ί\
1 0 2 . s a g u n tu m 19, 1985, 338, no. 141, 9·97; ϊθ 3 · W in te rth u r, 32, 10.24;
104. H ow gego coll., 11.26; 1 05. A la c a n t ( = c m t m , pi. 3 8 -2 0 5 ), 11.90.
F o rgery: 1. C , 11.37. F o r m etal an aly sis, see R uiz, p. 129. A. B eltran (p.
66, no. 17) p u b lish e d a v a ria n t w ith th e obv. legend T i Caesar D iv i A u g f
A ugustus, b u t d id n o t illu strate th e coin, w h ich ca n n o t therefo re be
checked.
C o u n te rm ark s: E a g le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e obv., o n 12, 18, 22
(tw ice), 31, 38, 43, 54, 61, 65, 77, 8 4 -5 , 92, 99. E ag le’s h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5),
o n th e obv., on 80, 95. B ( = cm k 15) o n th e rev ., o n 3. B ( = cm k 18) on
th e obv., o n 24. C ircle ( = cm k 28) o n th e rev., o n 4. M o n o g ram ( = cm k
71) on th e rev ., on 17, 82. U n c e rta in o n th e obv., on 9. S em icirc u lar E
( = cm k 96) on th e rev., o n 85 a n d 95. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) o n th e rev.,
on 94. C ( = cm k 21) on th e obv., on 55. U n c e rta in tria n g u la r o n th e obv.,
o n 83. U n c e rta in c ircu lar o n th e rev ., o n 71.
L V a l F la v u s T V a l M e r u la a e d
4 49 Bronze. 2 1 m m , 6 .0 2 g (24). Axis: var. [ 8 ]
Vives 159-7, H ill 37-3, R uiz 27, n ah 1087, gmi 697
T I C A E SA R A V G V S T I F M C I; lau reate head, r.
L V A L F L A V O T V A L M E R V L A AED; b u ll’s head,
facing
r . C alico 6/1979, 236. 6.10; 2. C o p 588, 5.72; 3. M u 55, 5.97; 4 —5. P
369 -7 0 , 5.75, 7.40 (p ierced ); 6. A N E 1 5 -1 6/12/1981, 166, 7.04; 7. B Bohl,
8.13; 8—i ï . B a 4696, 9508, 21557, 105837, 7.02, 6.38, 5.60, 6.54; 12. L
8 6 1 ( = H ill 3 7 -3 ), 5.76; 13. L 862, 3.26; 14—32. M 8725 -6 , 8727
( = V ives 159-7), 8728 -9 , 8731 -3 , S astre 10348, 4.01, 7.04, 7.13, 6.00, 6.71,
5.35, 5.29, 5.63, 7.34; 23—24. C , 3.24, 7.40; 2 5 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica
2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 293, 6.17. F o r m etal analysis, see R u iz, p. 129.
C C e le r C R e c tu s I l v i r i
450 A E. 2 9m m , 11.82g (59). Axis: var. [ 27 ]
Vives 159-6, H ill 37-2, R uiz 25, gmi 694, nah 1086
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
r.
M C I C C E L E R E C R E C T O II V IR ; bull, r.
i . C alico 6/1979, 235, 11.52; 2. Bo 212, 13.74; 3 . C o p 5 8 7 ( = H ill 3 7 -2 ),
12.34; 4 . C o p 586, 12.21; 5. F 43, 10.55; 6 - 7 . M S V 17/12/1981, 178-9,
13.40, 13.60; 8. M i 200, 8.54; 9—10. M u 5 7 -8 , 13.33, Ι2 ·4 5 Ι n —13. P
3 67-8, D ’A illy 17466, 13.42, 11.36, 9.02; 14—15. V 7 0 -1 , 11.97, 11*12;
16—18. V a t 3 0 9 -1 1, 13.40, 11.40, 11.40; 19—2 0 . A N E 1 5 -1 6/12/1981, 162,
165, 10.94, 9 -3 7 i 21—29. B B ohl, 27863, L ö b b (2), a.B ., D ressei (2),
725/1910, K assel; 30—3 8 . B a 4689, 4691, 9506, 21555, 27508, 30946,
33952, 100917, 109189, 11.94, i5 - l6 > i o -85, 10.68, 9.27, i i . 14, 15.58,
10.55, 11*22; 39—4 2 . L 8 5 6 -9 , 11.20, 10.96, 10.07, IO*92; 4 3 —5 9 . M 8688,
8691, 8696, 8699, 8702, 8709-10, 871 2 -3 , 871 5 -7 , 8718 ( = V ives 159-6),
8720, 8724, S astre 10322 a n d 10325, 14.08, 11.63, 14.47, ΙΓ ·9 7 > H -3G
10.23, 10.07, 6.43, 15.16, 12.28, 11.45, i i * 8 i , i i . io , 13.21, 13.51, 10.97,
ii. 21; 6 0 . N 160, 12.46; 6 1 —6 2 . O , 14.47, 16.07; 6 3 . G 10, 12.99; 6 4 . C ,
12.02; 65—6 6 . G 562, 562*, 9.45, 9.71; 6 7 —6 8 . A N E 1957, 4 9 -5 0 , 12.15,
12.70.
C o u n te rm ark s: E a g le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 4, 7, 2 6 -9 , 31,
34—5, 40, 49, 51, 68. E a g le’s h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5), o n th e o b v ., o n 15 a n d 41.
E a g le’s h e a d on th e obv., on 67. S T ( = cm k 68) on th e obv., on 50. A
( = cm k 13) o n th e rev ., on 67.
451 A E. 2 i m m , 6.47 g ( : 3 )· Axis: var. [ 2 ]
Vives 159-8, R uiz 26
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head,
r.
facing
i . Bo 213, 7.38; 2. V a t 312, 7.90; 3 . A N E 15—16/1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 168, 4.81; 4 . B
Fox, 5.70; 5. B a 21556, 5.34; 6 . L 86o, 7.90; 7—11. M 8734 ( = V ives 1 5 9 -
8), 8735 -7 , S astre 10349, 6.96, 6.72, 5.37, 6.64, 6.50; 12. N 161, 6.33;
13. B oulogne su r M er, 6.60; 14. H (B M cast).

Clunia (Penalba de Castro, Burgos) was probably founded
as a municipium during Tiberius’s reign (P. Palol, Clunia
Sulpicia, Burgos, 1959; H. Galsterer, MF 8, 1971, p. 35). In
the first century b c the Iberian city minted denarii with
Iberian legend Kolounioko and asses with Latin legend
CLOVNIOQ (J. L. Monteverde, Archivo Esfianol de
Arqueologia, 1942, pp. 15*9-61; L. Villaronga, NAH, pp. 200,
141).
The coinage of Clunia probably falls into three issues, all
minted during Tiberius’s reign. They have the peculiarity
that the asses were coined by Hllviri. The right reading of
the reverse legend on the asses 456-7 allows us to recognise
the same magistrates on both coins. At the same time, the
engraving of Tiberius’s portrait permits us, reasonably, to
associate the asses, minted by quattuorviri, with the semis­
ses coined by aediles. The arrangement proposed here has
been made placing the semisses next to the asses, with
which they probably belong.
The stylistic similarity between Tiberius’s portrait on 452
- placed here first - and the portraits on dies from the first
Tiberian issue of Turiaso (413), Calagurris (448) and
Cascantum (425) suggest that all these dies could possibly
have been cut by the same engraver or workshop.
A high proportion of asses were countermarked. Among
the countermarks, only the boar (= cmk 1) and the boar’s
head ( = cmk 2) - whose meanings are unknown - can be
considered as belonging to the city, because of their
frequent occurrence and because these countermarks are
the only ones found on coins from excavations at Clunia
(J. M. Gurt, Excavaciones Arqueolôgicas en Espana 145, 1985).
Cn Pomp M Avo T Anto M lu i Seran H llv iri
452 As 28m m, 12.06g (81)
L Domi Robu T O cta M etal aediles
453 Semis 20—2 min, 6.67 g O5)
0 Aem M eto T Cor M ate L Cael Pres C Cael
C and Illlv iri
454 As 28-9 mm, 11.83 g (96)
L Semp R uf Cn Ai[ Jracili aediles
Semis 21 mm, 6.27g (3)
455
L lu i Rufin T Calp Const T Pomp Long P lu i
Avitus H llv iri
4 5 5 -7 As 28 mm, 12.15g ( 34)
M Lucr Per[e C] Calp Varus aediles
458 Semis 20 mm, 6.06 g (3)
Tiberius
Cn Pom p M A v o (? ) T A n to M lu i S eran I H I v ir i
452 AE. 28m m , 12.06g (81). Axis: var.
Vives 163-2, nah 1103, Givtr 762
T I C A ESA R A V G F A Y G V ST V S IM P ; lau reate head, r.
C L V N IA ; C N P O M P M A V O T A N T O M IV L
SERA N I I I I V IR ; bull, 1.
S P A I N : Clunia (452-454) 13g
Clunia
i . Bo 267, 9.30; 2. C o p 622, 10,33; 3 —4 · M i 2 2 8 -9 , i i -65, 11.42; 5. M u
93j 13·! i ; 6. P 6 4 2 , 10.60; 7—8. P 641, S de R, 11.77, 11.42; 9. R 186,
13.50; 10. T ü b in g e n 32, 11.62; 11—13. V 117—9, 12.92, 12.67. 12.17; 14—
15. V a t 4 1 5 -6 , 12.40, 12.20; 16. C alico 6/1979, 519, 14.30; 1 7 - 1 8 . A N E
15-1 6 /1 2 /8 1 , 218 -9 , 12.56, 8.56; 19—24. B G an sau g e, L ö b b (2), Fox,
B ohl, a.B .; 2 5 - 3 6 . B a 4915, 9603, 9605, 14757-8, 236 8 4 -6 , 30654, 33957,
100907, 109202, 8.59, .11.98, i i . 18, 13.12, 11.88, 11.44, 11.36, 11.48, 15.27,
11.83, 14-78, 13-58; 3 7 ~ 4 1 · L 928 -3 2 , 9.98, 13.32, 8.35 (p ierced ), 10.32,
9.46; 4 2 —6 5 . M 10074-8, 10081-3, 10086-8, 10090, 10092, 10102, 10108,
10112 ( = V ives 163-2), 10117-8, 10121, 10125-7, 10132, S astre 6642, 8.90,
11.26, 12.47, 11.84, 8.78 (p ie rced ), 12.83, 11.05, 11 -16, 12.45, ϊ 3·48, 11-52,
12.90, 11.07, 13.05, ιι .ο δ , 11.98, 11.82, i i . 17, 12.93, 12.01, 15.03, 11.18,
10.45, 8.78; 6 6 . O , i i . 6ο (pierced); 6 7 . N 183, 11.83; 68—7 0 . G 1 (pl. 9 8 -
5), 2 -3 , 14.82, 14.78. 12.77; 7 1 —7 2 . IV D J, form erly S de C 1409, 1412;
7 3 . C 616, 12.49; 7 4 “ 7 5 * C , 12.90, 10.69; 7 6 —8 8 . C lu n ia ex cav atio n s,
J . M . G u rt, e a e 145, 1985, 108-20, 17.90, 14.67, 13.93, 13.63, 12.66, 12.65,
12.47, 12.40, 12.38, 11.74, 11.61, 8.75, 5.50; 8 9 . A la c a n t ( = c m t m , pl. 3 9 -
217), 14.00; 9 0 , G iro n a 29436 ( = c m t m , pl. 6 -1 0 0 ), 12.80; 9 1 —9 2 . A N E
4—5/1959, 6 -7 , 15.10, 12.25. T h e second m a g is tra te ’s lig atu re m ig h t also
be A N O .
C o u n te rm ark s: B o ar (== cm k 1) o n th e obv. a n d b o a r’s h e a d (= cm k 2) on
th e rev ., o n 1, 3 -4 , 10-11, 23, 25, 30, 33, 41, 4 4 -5 , 52, 64, 70, 72, 76, 80,
81, 84—7. E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e obv., o n 5, 13, 24, 51, 57, 67,
69. E ag le’s h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5), o n th e o b v ., on 2 6 -7 , 68. B o a r’s h ead
( = cm k 2) o n th e rev ., o n 18, 48, 58, 61. B o a r ( = cm k 1) o n th e o b v ., on
43, 83. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 91) o n th e obv., o n 21. C ( = cm k 20) a n d L
( = cm k 26) on the rev ., on 22. P ( = cm k 29) on th e obv. o n 42.
M o n o g ram (?) ( = cm k 97) on the rev ., o n 59. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) on
th e rev., on 91. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 78) on th e rev., on 92.
L D om i R obu T O c ta M e t a l a e d
453 AE. 20-2 m m , 6.67 g ( I 5 )· Axis: var. [ 6 ]
Vives 163-6, n ah 1104, GMi 767
T I C A ESA R A V G V S T I F; lau reate head, r.___
C L V N IA ; L D O M I R O B V T O C T A M E T A L AED;
b o ar standing, r.
i . C alico 6/1979, 523, 7.36; 2. C o p 623, 6.76; 3. P 648, 7.29; 4—5. B
L ö b b , B ohl, 6.14, 4.70; 6. B a 14766, 5.75; 7. L 940, 6.12; 8 - 1 2 . M 10200,
10202—4, S astre 6648, 4.80, 6.66, 5.80, 6.80, 9.07; 13. IV D J , form erly S de
C 1420; 14. C , 7.10; 15. V iv e s 1 6 3 —6, B arril coll.; 1 6 - 1 7 . C lu n ia
ex cavations, J . M . G u rt, e a e 145, 1985, 161—2, 8.10, 7.58. F o rgery: 1. M
10201.
C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in c ircu lar o n th e o b v ., on 12.
C A e m M e to T C o r M a te L C ael P res C C ael C and
H llv ir i
454 A E. 28-9 m m , 11.83 g (96)· Axis: var. [ 21 ]
Vives 163-3, GMI 763-4
T I C A ESA R A V G F A V G V S T V S IM P ; laureate head, r.
C L V N IA ; C A E M M E T O (or M E T ) T C O R M A T E (or
M A T ) L C A E L PR ES C C A E L C A N D (or CAN) I I I I
V IR ; bull, 1.
i . Bo 268, 13.27; 2—3. C alico 6/1979, 5 2 0 -1 , 12.48, 14.10; 4 —5. C o p 6 2 4 -
5, 12.80, 11.40; 6 - 7 . M i 230 -1 , 12.52, 9.22; 8. M u 94, 11.39; 9 · P 6 4 3
(M E T , M A T , C A E L C A N ), 11.69; 1 0 - 1 2 . P 6 4 4 -6 , 15.17, 11,78, 10.33;
13—14. R 187-8, 11.80, 11.60; 15. V 1 20, 14.02; 16. V a t 417, 12.40; 17—
21. B B ohl (3), 28651, R au ch ; 2 2 —3 2 . B a 934, 9 6 0 6 -7 , 14759-65, 23687
(14759: M E T , C Â Ë L C A N ; 14760: M A T ; 14761: M E T , C Â Ë L C A N ;
14762: M A T ; 14764: C A N D ), 12.19, 12.15, 13.82, 12.89, 9 -9 C 10.72,
11.40, 12.48, 11.85, 11-28, 13.08; 3 3 —3 6 . L 93 5 - 7 . 9 3 8 (M E T , M A T ,
C A E L C A N ), 12.52, i ι .οβ, 13.96, 11.04; 3 7 —6 0 . Μ 10105, i ° i 33 _ 4 >
[ 23 ] 10139, 10141, 10144 (C A N D ), 10145, 10146 (rev. = V ives 1 6 3 -3 ), 10147
(C A N D ), 10149, 10152, 10159 (C A N D ), 10160-1, 10163, 10164 (C A N D ),
10167 (C A N D ), 10168, 10169 (C A N D ), 10170 (C A N D ), 10173, 10175,
10177, 10179, 12.45, 13-89, 11.78, 15.26, 12.41, 11.28, 10.39, 10.94, 12.78,
9.64, 11.55, I 2 -i6 , 12.12, 9.24, 13.47, 11.79, ! 0 .i6 , 10.14, 12.29, 12.07,
10.34, 10.97, 12.15, 10.02; 6 1 . O , 8.41; 6 2 . N 184, 9.65; 6 3 . C, 11.64
(M E T , M A T , C A E L C A N ); 6 4 —6 5 . L 933, 934 (M A T ), 13.54, *2.19;
 66—101. C lu n ia excavations, J . M . G u rt, e a e 145, 1985, 121-56, 14.34,
14.06, 13.75, ΐ 3 ·5 3 >13 -4 0 , ι 3 ·ι8 >ι 3 -° 7 > 12.93, Ι2 ·7 4 , 12.74, ΐ2 .6 ο , 12.57,
ΐ2 .53, Ι2 .5 1, 12.14, 12.10, 12.ο8, 12.04, 11-85, i ι .75? Ι Ι ·7°, 11-56, 11.29,
11.28, i i . οο, 10.96, 10-73, r o.68, 10.59, ΙΟ·47, 10.40, 10.35, Ι 0.07, 9-9°,
9·22, 8.98.
C o u n te rm ark s: B oar ( = cm k ι) on th e obv. a n d b o a r’s h ead ( = cm k 2) on
the rev., on 3, 12-13, 16-17, 19 , 21, 2 3 -5, 2 7 -9, 32, 3 4 -5, 3 8 -9, 41, 4 4 -8 ,
50, 54, 58, 6 0 -1 , 66-85, 8 7—8, 91-101. B o ar’s h ea d ( = cm k 2) on the rev.,
on 2, 4 -5 , i i , 15, 18, 22, 30, 33, 3 6 -7, 49, 52, 59, 63, 65, 86, 90. E ag le’s
head, r. ( = cm k 4), on th e rev., on 29. E ag le’s head, r. (= cm k 4), o n the
obv., on 51. U n c e rta in on th e rev. (b o a r’s h ead?), on 6.
L Semp R u f Cn A i[ jracili aed
455 AE. 21 m m , 6.27g (3)· Axis: var. [ o ]
Vives 163-8, GMi 768
T I C A E SA R A V G V S T I F; lau reate head, r.
C L V N IA L S E M P R V F C N A I[ JR A C IL I A ED ; boar
standing, r.
ι . M 1 0 2 0 8 ( = V ives 163-8 = G M i 768), 6.33; 2. F o rm erly S d e C 1422;
3. C lu n ia excavations, J . M . G u rt, e a e 145, 1985, 163, 6.07; 4 . H a ll c o ll.
(B M ca st), 6.41. T h e reverse rea d in g is n o t ce rtain .
4 = GMi 765), 12.32; 11—25. M 10182, 10184-95, S astre 6635 a n d 6645,
I 1 .8 l, 14.58, 13.63, 12.45, Ι 2 ·8 3 > 11-82, 10.22, 12.00, IO.5O, 12-93, Ι 2 ·9 3 )
i 2 . ι6 , 12.88, 11.62, 13.55; 26—2 8 . C lu n ia ex cavations, J . M . G u rt, e a e 145,
1985, 157 —9 ? 12.48, 11.39, 11.31; 2 9 . G iro n a 29437 ( = c m t m , pi. 6 -1 0 1 ),
10.34.
C o u n te rm ark s: B o ar ( = cm k 1) o n th e obv. a n d b o a r’s h ea d ( = cm k 2) on
th e rev., on 7, 11, 12, 2 0 -2 , 2 6 -9 . B o ar ( = c m k 1) o n th e obv., o n 9.
B o a r’s h ea d ( = cm k 2) on th e rev ., on 13. E a g le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on
th e o b v ., on 23. U n c e rta in (b o a r’s head?) on th e rev ., o n 17.
457 AE. 28 m m , 11.61 g (5). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
Vives 163-5, GMI 766
T I C A E SA R A V G F A V G V S T V S IM P ; lau reate head, r.
C L V N IA ; L R V F IN T C O N S T T L O N G P A V I (T O )
I I I I V IR ; bull, 1.
I . L 9 3 9 (L J L V F IN T C O N S T T L O N G P Ä V [ ] I I I I V IR ), 11.99; a. M
1 0 1 9 7 (L R V F IN T C O N S T T L O N G P _ A V IT O I I I I V IR ), 12.09;
3. A id eco a coll. (] C O N S T T [ ] O N G P A V I [), 10.50; 4 . C , 12.18
(L R V F IN T C O N S T T L O N G P [A V ]I I I I I V IR ); 5. C lu n ia
ex cav atio n s, J . M . G u rt, e a e 145, 1985, 160, 11.30. F orgeries: M 10198
( = V ives 163—5 = GMI 766) a n d 10199, b o th cast in th e sam e m ould.
C o u n te rm ark s: B o ar ( = cm k 1), in sid e C L V , on th e obv. a n d b o a r’s h ead
( = cm k 2) on th e rev., o n 1, 3 -5 .

M Lucr Per[e C] Calp Varus aed

L lu i Rufin T Calp Const T Pomp Long P Iui Avitus
IIH viri
456 AE. 28m m , 12.24g (29 )· Axis: var.
Vives 163-4, GMi 765
T I C A E SA R A V G F A V G V ST V S IM P ; laureate head, r.
C LV N IA ; L IV L R V F T C A L P C O N T P O M P L O N
P IV L A V I I I I I V IR ; bull, 1.
ι . Bo 269, 11.35; 2· C alico 6/1979, 522, 14.10; 3. P D ’A illy 1 7 472 ,
11.86; 4—5. P 647, D elepierre, 10.22, 11.91; 6 . V a t 418, 12.40; 7—8. B
B ohl, L ö b b , 12.87, r 3-oo; 9 · Ba 30655, 13.60; 10. M 1 0 1 8 3 ( = V ives 163-
458 AE. 20 m m , 6.06 g (3). Axis: var. [ i ]
Vives 163-7
[ 5 ] T I C A ESA R A V G V S T I F; lau reate head, r.
C L V N I(A ); M L V C R P E R [E C] C A L P V A R O AED;
b o ar standing, r.
I. P 6 4 9 (C L V N I M L V C R [ ] C A L P V A R O A E D ), 4.82; 2 - 4 . M 10205
(rev. = V ives 163-7), 10206-7 (C L V N IA M L V C R P E R [ ] C A L P V A R O
A E D ; C L V N IA M L V C R P E R [ ] C A L [ ] A R O A E D ; C L V N IA [ ] P E R [ ]
C A L P V A R O A E D ), 6.47, 6.90, 3.87 (b ro k en ); 5. B arril coll. (L.
V illaro n g a photofile) (C L V N IA M L V C R P E R [ ] C A L P V A R O A E D );
6. IV D J , form erly S d e C 1421 (C L [ ] M L V C R P E R [ ] A E D ).

Ercavica probably obtained the status of a municipium
with Latin right (Pliny iii, 24) during Augustus’s reign. Its
location is uncertain, but it seems possible to locate it at
. Castro de Santaver (Cuenca) (M. Osuna, Ercavica I,
Cuenca, 1976). Before this, during the first century b c , the
city minted an issue of bronze coins with the Iberian legend
Erkauika and Iberian designs: male head and horseman
with spear (Vives 54-1, 2; NAH, p. 715).
The Latin coinage of Ercavica falls into three issues, with
the names of Augustus, Tiberius and Caligula respectively.
There is no evidence to date the first one; nevertheless, the
‘Patricia’ style of Augustus’s portrait on some dies led
Grant (FIT A 336) to consider that Ercavica obtained muni­
cipal status during Augustus’s visit in 15-14 b c , and that
this issue should have a foundation character (APT 153).
This issue consists of asses and semisses, both using the
same designs: Augustus’s portrait on the obverse and bull
on the reverse. Coin 459/7, from O and described in AMC
982 as dupondius, is in fact an as struck on a heavy flan.
As
459-460 27-8m m , 11.91g (63)
461 2om m, 5.82g (5)
The second issue was struck during Tiberius’s reign and
Ercavica
the magistrates’ names (Ilviri) appear on it. The designs
change a little; on the reverse of the as the bull now bears a
‘pediment’ above its head and on the reverse of the semis a
laurel wreath encloses the city’s name. On the grounds of its
stylistic similarity (obverse dies) with coins of Bilbilis, min­
ted with the names of Tiberius and Sejanus (compare 463
and 399), Ercavica’s issue should probably be dated quite
late in Tiberius’s reign. The issue consists of asses and
semisses with a metrological standard higher than the
previous issue.
As Semis
462 28-gm m , 13.40g (31)
463 21-2 mm, 8.24 g (3)
The third and last issue was struck during Caligula’s
reign. The existence of some dies which lack the title P(ater)
P(atriae) (465 and 466/1) and of others which have it sug­
gests that this issue should be dated to a d 37, when Caligula
obtained that title (J. Scheid-H. Broise, MEFRA 92, 1980,
pp. 215-48). On the basis of its stylistic resemblance to
Semis
Roman coinage, R. Etienne {Le Culte Impérial, p. 4 3 7 ) a^so
proposed an early date. Although we do not have any metal
analyses, the denominations minted could be dupondii
(464), asses (465-6) and semisses (467), since the different
 S P A I N : Ercamca (459—467) 141

designs on the reverses can indicate different 27. Μ 11239, 11241-4, S astre 6727, 10.65, I 2 -: 3 = 11 -79> 12.59, 20.90,
15.06; 28. M S V 17/12/1981, 666, 13.60; 29. N 190, 20.25; 3 0 . C 624,
denominations. 12.77; 3 1· L e n in g rad , 17.93; M V N I E R C A I I V I R C C O R N E F L O R O
C Ter Sura L L ie Cradle I lv in L C A E L I A L A C R E : 3 2 . F o rm erly C e rv e ra coll. ( = V ives 162-6).

464 29 mm, 13.86 g (3) 463 AE. 2 i - 2 m m , 8 .2 4 g (3)· Axis: var. [ 1 ]

4 6 5 -4 6 6 2 6 - 9 m m , 1 2 .9 1 g (1 2 )
Vives 1 6 2 - 7 , GMI 5 6 1, nah 1096
467 19-20 mm, 4.03 g (6)
T I C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r.
E R C A V IC A ; w ithin w reath
i . P 394, 8.77; 2. Μ 1 1 2 4 6 ( = V ives 162-7 = g m i 561), 8.54; 3. Μ ι 1245,
Augustus ______________________________________ ' 7.42; 4 · ΝΑΗ ιο 96· C o in s ι, 2 a n d 4 s h are th e sam e obv. die a n d 1 a n d 2
th e sam e rev. die.
459 AE. 27-8mm, 11.91g (63: 4 5 9 —60). Axis: var. [ 24 ]
Vives 162-1, 3, GMi 558-9, nah 986
A V G V S T V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r. Caligula
M V N E R C A V IC A ; bull, r.
i . Bo 284, 14.96; st. C o p 59 1 , 11.44; 3 · C o p 592 (E R C A V IC A ), 7.81; C T e r S u ra L L ie G r a c ilis I l v i r i
4 . F 52, 13.30; 5 - 6 . M u 117-8, 11.39, 10-87; 7 - 8 . O = AMC 98 2 -3 , 17.16,
9.46; 9—10. P 389-90, 18.52, 10.14; i i . R 192, 13.50; 12—13. V a t 4 3 2 -3 , 464 AE. 2 9 mm , 13.86g (3). Axis: var. [ o ]
10.60, 9.40; 14. V 146, 14.37; 15—16. C alico 6/1979, 729-30, 11.74,
12.20; 17. T ü b in g e n 37, 13.36; 1 8 -2 3 . ® 17442, L ö b b (2), R au c h , I-B , Vives 162-10 (corrected), gmi 564 (corrected)
B ohl; 2 4 - 3 9 · B a 4656, 4658, 9781, i 4 9 8 3 ; 14 9 8 5 _ 7 = 23725, 23727, 30678, C CA ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S P P; lau reate head, 1.
33958, 100904-5, 105851, 109380-1, 10.59, 11 -75, 11-73» Ι2 ·°4> H -8?,
C T E R SV RA L L IC C R A C IL E I I V IR ; w reath
10.39, 9-97= 9-39= 12 .7 1, 10.42, 11.97, I0 -19, 10.46, 12.54, 10.86, 9.02; 4 0 —
4 5 . L 1088-93, 10.90, 10.90, 14-18, 10.12, i i . 51, i i . 91; 46—6 2 . Μ 11195 containing M V N E R C A V IC A
( = V ives 162-1), 11198, i i 200, 11203-4, i i 209, 11213, 11215, 11219-20, 1—3. Μ 112 51-3, 13.06, 15.74, I 2 -7 7 = 4 * V iv e s 162—9 (obverse) a n d 162—
11229-31, 11233-4, S astre 6 7 22-3, 14.08, 12.44,'10.37, IO-38, -13.59, I I -2 5 = 10 (reverse); ac co rd in g to V ives, this coin belongs to th e M useo
13.06, 12.30, Q-5Q, q .88, 18.iq , 12.15, 13.oq, 15.38, 12.46, 12.q8, 13.41; A rqueologico N acio n al d e M a d rid , b u t it h as n o t b een fou n d . T h e re is a
6 3 . M S V 17/12/1981, 665, 11.49; 6 4 - 6 5 . N 188-9, 13.28, 9.99; 6 6 . G i, m istak e in V iv es’s p lates, b ecau se th e o bverses a n d reverses o f coins
13.70; 6 7 . IV D J ( = V ives 162-3); 6 8 . C , 10.89; 69—7 0 . C 623, 2718, illu strated on pl. 162, nos. 9 a n d 10, h av e b een m ixed up.
9.06, 12.84; 7 1· P rin ce to n 721, 10.63; 7 2 · s a g u n tu m 19, 1985, 326, no. 31,
10.20; 7 3 . G iro n a 29435 (= c m tm , pl. 6 -9 6 ), 8.47; 74—75. gmi 558-9, 465 AE. 26-9 m m , 11.47 g (5)· Axis: V ar. [ 3 ]
13.20, 11.20.
C o u n te rm ark s: E a g le’s h ea d , r. ( = em k 4), on th e obv., on 37, 75.
Vives 162-8, gmi 562
U n c e rta in ( = cm k 97) on th e rev., on 43. U n c e rta in re c ta n g u la r on th e C CA ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S IM P ; lau reate head,
rev., on 44. See also D elgado C X L I I I - 3 , 5 (n o t verified).
r .___ ____
M V N E R C A V IC A ; I I (or I I I I ) V IR C T E R SVRA
460 AE. 28 mm. See 459 . Axis: 11 (1). [ o ]
L L IC C R A C IL E ; bull, r., w ith ‘p ed im en t’ above head
Vives 162-2 i —2._P_395 (]E R C A V IC A I I I I V I R C T E R S V R A L L I [ ) , 396 (M V N
As 459, b u t head 1. E R C A V IC A I I V I R C T E R S V R A L L IC C R A C [), 7.56, 12.85; 3 · B a
14990 (M V N E R C A V IC A I I I I V I R C T E R S V R [), 11.28; 4 . L 1 0 9 9
i . F o r m e r ly C e r v e ra c o ll. ( = V ives 162-2); 2. B a 4654, 10.81.
Q R C A V IC A I I I I V I R C T E R S V R A L L IC [), 10.63; 5 “ 6 · M 11247-8,
15.04, 15.14 (p ierced ); 7. IV D J ( = V ives 1 6 2 - 8 = g m i 562). F orgery: 1. M
461 AE. 20 mm, 5.82 g (5). Axis: var. [ i ]
S astre 6729 (cast from V ives 162-8).
Vives 162-4
466 AE. 28-9 m m , 13.94 g (7)· Axis: var. [ 3 ]
A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r.
M V N E R C A V IC A ; bull, r. Vives 162-9 (corrected), gmi 563 (corrected)
i . C alico 6/1979, 731, 5.33; 2. L 1094, 5.06; 3. M 1 1 8 3 7 ( = V ives 162-4), C CA ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S P P (or IM P );
5.27; 4—5 . M 11238, S astre 6730, 4.80, 8.66. lau reate head, 1.
M V N E R C A V IC A II V IR (C T E R ) SV RA (E T )
(L L IC ) C R A C IL E ; bull, r., w ith ‘p ed im en t’ above head
Tiberius IM P /S V R A E T C R A C IL E : 1. C o p 594, 10.77; p P /S V R A E T
C R A C IL E : a. Μ 11250, 13.13; P P /C T E R S V R A L L IC C R A C IL E :
3. P 397, 14.93; 4 * M S astre 6728, 16.68; 5 . L 1098, 14.17; U n c e rta in /[C
C C o rn e F lo r u s a n d L C a e li A la c r is I l v i r i T E R S V ]R A L L IC C R A C IL E : 6. T ü b in g e n 38, 13.83; U n c e rta in /S V R A
E T C R A C IL E : 7. Μ 1 1 2 4 9 (= V ives 162-10 (obverse) a n d V ives 162-9
462 AE. 2 8 -g m m , 13.40g (31). Axis: var. [ 10 ] (reverse), 14.07. I n V ives’s p la tes th e obverses a n d reverses o f coins
illu strated o n pl. 162, nos. 9 a n d 10, h av e b een m ixed up.
Vives 162-5, GMI 56°. NAH I 0 9 7
467 AE. 1 9 -2 0 m m , 4 .0 3 g (6). Axis: var. [ i ]
T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; lau reate
head, r. ___ Vives 162-11, gmi 565
M V N (I) E R C A V IC A (or E R C A ); I I V IR C C O R (N E ) C C A ESA R A V G P P; laureate head, r.
F L O R O L C A E L (I) A LA C RE; bull, r., w ith ‘p ed im en t’ T E R SV RA L C R A C IL E II V IR ; in field, M V N
above head ERC A V
M V N E R C A V IC A I I V IR C C O R F L O R O L C A Ë L A L A C R E : 1 - 1 - 2 . B a 9763, 23730, 4.92, 3.71; 3. C alico 6/1979, 7 3 4 , 3 ·68! 4 · L 1 1 0 0
2. C alico 6/1979, 732-3, 11.75, 15-28; 3 · C o P 593. m.51; 4 · F 53. '3 ·60; ( = V ives 162-11 = g m i 565), 4.13; 5. L e n in g ra d (B M cast); 6 - 7 . M
5 - 6 - P 392-3, 16.06, 15.24; 7. V a t 434, 12.20; 8—10. B a.B ., B ohl, L öbb, 11254-5, 3 -2 I = 4-545 8. N u m . Circ. 11/1984, 7302.
13.40, I I . 16, 16.85; 1 1 -1 7 · B a 4655. 4657. 9762. 14989, 14991, 23726,
33959= τ3·53= 10.96, ι6 .2 ΐ, 10.66, 12.35, t6.24, 10.23; 18—20. L 1095-7,
14.82, 8.80, 7.72; 2 1 . M 112 4 0 ( = V ives 162-5 = gmi 56°)= 10.23; 22—
 Osicerda
Osicerda obtained the status of a municipium with Latin
right (Pliny iii, 24) at least by Tiberius’s reign, as can be
seen from its coinage. Its location is uncertain; although
several places have been proposed in the Bajo Aragon area,
none of them has yet been verified (M. and F. Beltran,
Numisma 162—4, 1980, p. 27; Hill, p. 99).
During the second half of the first century b c the city
minted a bilingual issue, with Latin and Iberian legends
(Vives 72-1 and 2; Hill 18-5; ΛΜ//831). This issue copies a
denarius of Caesar (RRC 443/1, 49-48 b c ) on the reverse
and bears a Victory walking with wreath and palm, very
similar to that which appears on Roman Republican issues
{RRC 454-3, 502-3, 546/2a).
Osicerda’s municipal coinage amounts to no more than a
single issue, struck during Tiberius’s reign. According to
Grant {APT 153), it could commemorate its foundation as a
municipium. The issue consists of asses and semisses. Some
asses have the countermark P (= cmk 29), which was prob­
ably applied by the city.
As Semis
468 28 m m , I 1.20 g (23)
469 21 m m , 5.02 g (7)
Vives 159-3 (= GMI 811), which he considered as a prob­
able quadrans (Vives iv, p. ιοί), is in fact a semis struck on
a small or irregular flan.
Hill (p. 100) attributed 187 to Osicerda. It has the letters
MO on the simpulum, and Hill thought that the letters
Segobriga
Segobriga (Pliny iii, 25) was located in Cabeza de Griego
(Cuenca). Its Latin coinage poses some problems which
cannot be solved satisfactorily for the moment. Silver and
bronze coinage, with the Iberian legend Sekobirikes (Vives,
pi. 37), has been traditionally attributed to this city;
however, this attribution has been recently called in ques­
tion by Μ. P. Garcia-Bellido {Zephyrus XXV, 1974, pp.
379 - 95 ) and by L. Villaronga {GN 51, 1978, pp. 13-17) on
the basis of finds.
The problems posed by the Latin coinage concern the
earliest issues, for which it is very difficult to establish a
precise chronology, or even to decide whether they should
be considered as Iberian or Roman coinages. An issue like
Vives 135—i, with Iberian male head and horseman with
legend SECOBRIS, is not included in this catalogue,
because we consider it an Iberian issue, comparable with
those of CLOVNIOQ (Vives 163-1) and Kontebakom-Kar-
bika (Vives 39-4). We do not deny that this may seem an
arbitrary decision, since the chronology of this issue is, at
the moment, uncertain. One can, however, regard it as a
transition towards the ones struck in Augustus’s reign,
because they bear the same designs. We therefore include
its description here:
AE. 25 m m , 8.32 g (20). Axis: var.
Vives 135-1, nah 589
were an abbreviation for M{unicipium) 0 {sicerda); this
opinion is not followed here and we consider that the letters
MO are the two first letters of Q. Terentius’s cognomen,
since we know, from 188, that it was Mont(anus) (see the
introduction to Ilici).
T ib e r iu s *46
468 A E. 2 8m m , 11.2 0 g (23). Axis: var. [ 8 ]
Vives 159-1, H ill 18-7, nah 1076, gmi 809
T I C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r.
M V N O S IC E R D A ; bull, r.
1—2. C alico 6/1979, 1252-3, 12.40, 11.40; 3. M u 152, 10.96; 4 —6. P 5 9 2 -
4, 12.40, 10.31, 10.36; 7—8. R 2 0 3 -4 , i i - i o , 10.50; 9 . T ü b in g e n 58, 9.39;
10. B R au ch ; 11. B Fox; 12—19. B a 4591, 9717 -8 , 15061-2, 33963,
100906, 109212, 10.35, i 0 -3 3 j 12.48, 9.57, 10.28, 10.93, n - 9 4 , 12.56; 2 0 . L
496 (= H ill 18-7), 10.70; 21—2 4 . M 12324 ( = V ives 159-1), 12325-7,
Ï3.93, 10.89, 12.19, ΙΟ·4 5 Ι 2 5 . C 667, 12.20. F orgeries: 1. B a 4590. 2—
3. M 12329-30.
C o u n te rm ark : P ( = c m k 29) o n th e rev ., on 4, 11, 14, 17, 21.
469 AE. 21 m m , 5 .0 2 g (7). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
Vives 159-2, 3, H ill 18-8, gmi 810-2
T I C A ESA R A V G V ST ; lau reate head, r.
M V N O S IC ; in field
i . C alico 6/1979, 1254, 5.00; 2. L 4 9 8 ( = H ill 18-8), 4.10; 3 . L 497, 5.90;
4 . Μ 12331 ( = V ives 159-3 = GMI 811), 3.31; 5. F o rm erly S d e C 1696;
6 . C , 4.95; 7. C 668, 5.62; 8 . IV D J ( = V ives 159-2 = g m i 810), 6.23.
Ib e ria n head, r.; behind, palm ; in front, dolphin
S E C O B R IS ; horsem an w ith spear, r.
1—2. B L ö b b , 2357/1952; 3—8. B a 4606, 9740, 15018, 15019, 26663, 30691,
8.71, 9.50, 6.48 (p ierced ), 7.15, 7.13, 8.06; 9 . Be 6515, 8.21; 10. C , 10.82;
ii— 12. G 5 -6 , 8.70, 7.83; 13—15. L 1041-3, 9.40, 8.75, 7.84; 16—20. M
I 2 5 54 _ 5 , 12558- 60, 8-15, 9 -4 4 , 9 -5 4 , 8.83, 8.63; 2 1 . M i 149, 9.50;
2 2 . M S V 17/12/1981, 1199, 9.18; 23. O , 9.31.
In our arrangement, we have attributed two issues to
Augustus (470-1 and 472), one to Tiberius (473-5) and
another to Caligula (476-7). The chronology of 470, bear­
ing Augustus’s portrait without legend, is uncertain. The
absence of the title Augustus has led some scholars to date it
before 27 b c . On the other hand, Grant {FITA 335) con­
sidered that this issue took Lugdunum denarii, minted
before 1 2 b c , as the model for the portrait (we suppose that
he referred to dies as J.B . Giard, Lugdunum 13). This view,
however, seems difficult to maintain, given the differences
between them. A date early in the Augustan period is here
considered more plausible. M. and F. Beltran {Numisma
162-4, 1980, p. 62) proposed that Augustus’s portrait was
modelled from imperial portraits on coins such as RIC 545
(28 b c ) and 487, 491 (27-26 b c ) , and this seems possible.
The attribution of the quadrans 471 to this period is also
uncertain, since there is no supporting evidence; neverthe­
less, its average weight fits well with 470.
 S P A I N : Segobriga (470-476) /45

As Quadrans T ib e r iu s
470 26m m , 9.70g (19)
471 13 mm, 2.34g (9)
473 AE. 28m m , 12.04g (61). Axis: var. [ 18 ]
472 27m m , 10.81 g (17)
Vives 135-5, NAH io 9 ^j GMI 727-8
The reverse design on Segobrigan coins was changed in T I CA ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V S T IM P V III; bare
Tiberius’s reign. From now on, the oak wreath appeared on head, 1.
all denominations, abandoning the last Iberian S E G O B R IG A w ithin oak w reath
reminiscence. This issue mentions the eighth imperatorial i . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 250, 12.30; 2. A N E 2 9 -3 0 /4 /1 9 8 5 , 150, 11.60; 3—
acclamation (IMP V III) on the obverse legend, but the i i . B a 4611, 4613, 9788, 15022, 15028, 23887-8, 30694, 109214, 12.68,
10.90, 13.15, 13.67, 12.96, 13.02, 12.64, 11.75, I 5 -I 2 i 1 2 —1 4 · Bo 305-7,
date when Tiberius obtained this title is not still exactly 10.55, 14-32» TI·20; I 5“ I 7· C , 13.28, 13.96, 14.57; 1 8 - 1 9 . C alico 6/1979,
determined (see H. Gesche, Chiron 2, 1972, pp. 339-48; 1157-8, 9.18, 14.55; 2 0 . C o p 629, 11.23; 2 1 . F 60, 8.90; 22. K la g 23,
P. A. Brunt, ZPE 13/2, 1974, pp. 177-80). 12.59; 23. L 1052, 13.90; 2 4 . M u 163, 12.24; 2 5 . N 209, 12.15; 26—
27. O , 12 -73 » ιο ·62; 28—3 1 . P 7 42-5, 11.45, i 6 -77 , i i .88, 12.28; 32—3 3 . R
As Semis 209-1 0 , 9.90, 9.90; 3 4 . T ü b in g e n 67, 9.22; 3 5 —3 6 . V a t 4 7 6 -7 , 11.20,
11.20; 3 7 . Μ 1 2 5 9 2 , 12.77; 3 8 - 5 7 · M I 2 57 4 ~ 5 > I 2 577 -8 g , 12594, 12597,
473 28m m , 12.04g (61) 12599, 12602—3, 12.12, 15.26, 12.19, 9-°9s 13.62, 12.i i , 11.29, 9·99> ΙΓ ·35>
474 28 mm, 12.45 g (26) i i . 71, 14.17, 10.12, 13.15 (p ierced ), 15.35, 10.90, 9-743 8.62, 9 - 99 j ϊ ο . 6 ι ,
475 21 mm, 6.12g (40) 13.88; 58—63· B a.Β., B ohl, G an sau g e (2), L ö b b (2); 6 4 . G 2, 10.88;
65. IV D J ( = V ives 135-5); 6 6 . W in te rth u r 36, 12.33; 6 7 . G iro n a 29414
The last issue was minted during Caligula’s reign. The ( = CMT M, pi. 6 -1 0 4 ), 12.07; 6 8 —6 9 . A la c a n t ( = c m t m , pl. 39-2 2 0 , 221),
14.50, 10.00.
absence of the title P(ater) P(atriae) on the legend could
C o u n te rm ark s: I-S ( = c m k 52) on 12 (rev.) a n d 56 (obv.).
perhaps suggest an early date for its minting. R. Etienne (Le
Culte Impérial, p. 437) proposed a similar chronology on the 474 AE. 28m m , 12.45g (26)· Axis: var. [ 13 ]
grounds of its portrait style. The issue consists of as and Vives 135-6, gmi 729
semis. As 4 7 3 , b u t head r.
As Semis 1 -4 · B a 9 7 4 3 . ï 5 021. 30698, 33967, 10.98, 17.12, 12.03, 11-87; 5 · Be 6516,
12.36; 6. C , 10.82; 7. C alico 6/1979, 1159, 12.42; 8. C o p 630, 11.24; 9 ~
476 28m m, 11.86g (65) 12. L 1048-51, 13.65, 14.89, 13.18, 12.13; 13—20. M 12605, 12607—8,
477 22 mm, 5.43 g (25) 12610-4, 15.20, 11.99, I I -97i 13-78, 12.18, 11.85, i i -967 9-89; 21. O ,
10.42; 22. P 7 4 6 , 13.66; 23—24. P 747 -8 , 11.60, 12.62; 25. R 211, 11.80;
26—2 8 . B 17448, L ö b b , Bohl; 29. G 1, 12.10.
C o u n te rm ark s: U n c e rta in on 24. I-S, see G u a d â n , p. 96, no. 139.

A u g u s tu s _________________ 475 AE. 2 1 m m , 6. 12g (40). Axis: var. [1 3 ]

Vives 135-7, GMI 73°
470 AE. 26m m , 9.70g (19). Axis: var. [ 7 ] As 4 7 4
Vives 135-3, NAH 886, gmi 724 1 - 7 . B a 4612, 15023-5, 23892-3, 33968, 6.07, 5.35, 7.37, 4.29, 6.39, 6.19,
B are head (of A ugustus), r.; behind, palm ; in front, 6.14; 8. Bo 308, 7.89; 9. C 106, 4.56; 10—12. C alico 6/1979, 1160-2, 8.70,
5.75, 6.62; 1 3 - 1 5 . L 1053-5, 7 -5 ', 5 4 6 , 6.54; i 6 - a 8 . M 12615-24,
dolphin 12626-8, 5.59, 4.92, 6.78, 6.14, 6.03, 5.05, 6.53, 5.36, 5.41, 4.46, 5.66, 6.09,
SE G O B R IG A ; horsem an w ith spear, r. 5 9 6 ; 3 9 - 3 ° · ° . 5 -7 0 , 4-56; 3 1· p 7 4 9 , 5-721 32· P 750, 6.87; 3 3 . R 212,
i . A N E 23-2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 249, 9.60; 2—4 . B a 4607, 15020, 109216, 10.60, 9.90; 3 4 . V 204, 4.90; 3 5 - 3 7 . V a t 4 7 8 -8 0 , 6.70, 6.10, 4.85; 3 8 - 4 1 . B
8.30, 7.67; 5. Bo 303, 10.05; 6· C alico 6/1979, 1155, 11.05; 7 * C o p 626, D a n n en b erg , I-B , K assel, 27886; 4 3 . IV D J ( = V ives 135-7 = g m i 73 °);
9.32; 8. L 1045, i i . 17; g. M S V 17/12/1981, 1200 ( = V ives 135-3), 9-65; 4 3 . G iro n a 29415 ( = c m t m , pl. 6 -1 0 3 ), 6.12; 4 4 . A la c a n t ( = c m t m , pl.
10. M u 162, 8.19; i i . P 740, 9.86; 12. V a t 474, 8.50; 13—18. M 12563-8 3 9 -2 2 3 ), 8.20; 4 5 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 506, 6.31.
(M 12568: S E G O B R IG A in lin e a r fram e), 8.85, 10.30, 10.82, 10.07, 9 -4 6 ?
10.07; * 9 * M S a s tre 6 5 8 1 , 10.79; 3 0 - 2 2 . B B ohl, 17475 (S E G O B R IG A
in lin ear fram e), D a n n en b erg ; 23. IV D J , form erly S de C 1786.
C a lig u la
471 A E. i3 mm, 2.34 g (9)· Axis: var. [ 5 ]
Vives 135-2, gmi 725 476 AE. 28 m m , 11.8 6 g (65). Axis: var. [ 25 ]
SE G O B R ; p alm b ranch Vives 135-9, NAH ΓΙ3 4 , gmi 731
Bull, r.; star above
C C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S IM P ; laureate head, 1.
I . B 17473, 2.45; 2. C o p 6 2 7 , 1.96; 3. L 1044, 2.08; 4 . O , 2.57; 5. P 739,
2.19; 6. M 12561, 2.83; 7. IV D J ( = V ives 135-2 = g m i 725), 2.46;
S E G O B R IG A w ithin oak w reath
8. H e rre ro 16/2/1989, 128, 2.28; 9 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 - I . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 252, 10.49; * - > 3 . B a 4610, 9789 -g o , 15026-7,
30/3 /1 989, 505, 2.14; 10. PV . 23890, 27532, 30695, 33966, 37122, 105818, 109215, 11.29, 13-96, 12.53,
13.58, 12.65, 10.24, 8.82, 12.24, 13-09, 11.95, >2.98, 12.18; 14. Bo 309,
472 A E. 27 mm , 10.81 g (17). Axis: var. [ 8 ] 11-96; 15—τ 7 · 6-, 12.09, IO-5 °i IO-451 18. C o p 631, 12.75 (pierced); 19—
21. L 1056-7, 1963 11/13/2, 10.12, 10.95, 9 -4 5 i 22- 43 - M 12601, 12644,
Vives 135-4, NAH 987, gmi 726 12646-50, 12652, 12654-5, 12657, 12659, 12663, 12665-8, 12670-4, 14.14,
A V G V S T VS D IV I F; lau reate head, r. u .5 6 , 11.49, : i -48, 10.08, 13.87, 10.97, 9-97 (p ierced ), 14.78, 12.39, 13-71,
SE G O B R IG A ; horsem an w ith spear, r. 14.20, 12.17, 14.78, 12.14, 9.50, 9.75, 14.26, 13.44, 11.69, 9-86, 11.72; 4 4 -
4 5 . M u 164-5, 11.29, 12.08; 4 6 . M S V 17/12/1981, 1204, 16.32; 4 7 - 4 8 . N
1—2. B a 4606, 23895, 10.02, i i . 12; 3 . Bo 304, 10.42; 4 . C alico 6/1979, 210—i , 13-54, 12.17; 4 9 - 5 1 · O , 13.99, 12.34, 11.95; 52- P 7 5 1 , 11.75; 5 3 -
1156, 9.38; 5. C op 628, 11.25; 6. L 1046, 11.10; 7. O = AMC 997, 9.68; 8 - 55· P 752-3, 754 (tooled obv. legend), 10.26, 10.72, 11.13; 5 6 . R 213,
g . P 741, S de R , 14.11, 11.80; 10. V a t 475, 10.80; 11. M 1 2 5 6 9 , 12.06; 6 00; 5 7 - 5 8 . V 205-6, 11.45, 9-22; 5 9 . V a t 481, 11.40; 6 0 - 6 1 . B L ö b b ,
12—15. Μ 12571—3, S astre 6582, 9.40, 10.50, 10.34, 10.33; 16—18. B B ohl, 11.91, 14.35; 6 a—6 6 . B a.B ., K assel, 27887, L ö b b , 579/1966; 6 7 . G
764/1877, 17449, L ö b b ; 19. G iro n a 29413 ( = c m t m , pi. 6 -1 0 2 ), 11.52; 3 (pl. 9 8 -8 ), 11.33; 6 8 . IV D J ( = V ives 135-9); 6 9 . A u ctio n es 17/1988,
20. A N E 11-12/1961, 144, 9.90. F orgery: 1. L 1047, 9 -5 °· 3 3 3 . h - 9 6 ; 7 0 . IV D J ( = b s a a 4 3 , 1977, 9 9 - 100), i i . 20; 7 1 —7 a . C alico
C o u n te rm ark s: E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 19. M o n o g ram 6/1979, i t 64 - 5 > ι τ ·9 6 » ιο·8ο; 73 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 ,
(= cm k 93) on th e rev., on 20. 5 ° 7 , 12.50.
 C o u n te rm ark s: L A ( = c m k 54) on th e rev., on 21. I-S ( = c m k 52) on the i . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 251, 4.83; 2 - 6 . B a 9791, 15030, 27531, 37123,
obv., on 55, 70 a n d 22 (a ltered to SE in m odern tim es). M o n o g ram 100888, 5.06, 6.72, 7.50, 5.59, 6.00; 7. C alico 6/1979, 1163, 5.75; 8. C o p
( = cm k 92) on th e obv., on 62. 632, 5.46; 9—10. L 1058-9, 5.08, 5.55; 11—20. M 12629-33, 12636, 12638
(silver p la ted in m o d ern tim es), 12639, 12641, S astre 6584, 5.06, 4.32,
477 AE. 22 m m , 5.43 g (25). Axis: var. [ 7 ] 6.06, 5.22, 4.01, 5.32, 5.23, 4.71, 5.00, 6.49; 2 1 . N 212, 4.35; 22. P 7 5 5 ,
5-571 2 3 · P 756» 6-58; 24. V 207, 6.20; 25. B 17447; 2 6 . IV D J ( = V ives
Vives 135-8, GMi 732
!35—8 = GM i 732); 27. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 508, 5.97.
As 476

Segovia
The coinage of Segovia (located under the present Segovia) 1976, p. 132). None of these hypotheses can be supported
consists of a single issue of asses, probably minted during by any convincing argument, and the question is left open.
Augustus’s reign. Because the portrait is not identified by
an obverse legend, it has been interpreted in several ways.
A u g u s tu s (?) *10
In fact, it is difficult to extract any chronological informa­
tion from the obverse portrait or even to identify its model;
478 AE. 25 m m , 8.36 g (30). Axis: var. [ 11 ]
Grant, however {FITA 336), proposed that the Segovia
portrait copied Augustus’s portraits on coins such as RIC Vives 135-1, nah 888, gmi 816-7
487, 491 and 545. Therefore, according to Grant, this issue C L; b are head (of A ugustus?), r.
could be dated early in Augustus’s reign. S E G O V IA ; arm ed horsem an w ith spear, r.
Another problem arising from this issue is the expansion 1 - 6 . B a 4614, 4616, 9792, 15029, 15031, 30799, 9.33, 6.57, 7.65, 7.97, 9.03,
8.40; 7. Bo 113, 7.57; 8. C alico 6 /1979, 1167, 8.00; 9 . C o p 390, 9.23;
of the obverse letters G L. They have been regarded as 10. L 1105, 10.40; i i . M i 147, 8.61; 12. M u 166, 7.76; 13. 0 = AMC 9 9 8 ,
abbreviations of magistrates’ names (Vives iv, 46), as an 8.38; 14—15. P 6 5 1 -2 , 8.05 (p ierced ), 8.27; 16. V 208, 10.00; 17. M
12677, 8-14; 18—28. M 12678-81, 12683-5, 12687-90, 8.65, 8.53, 7.36,
indigenous ethnic (Grant, FITA 336) or as the abbrevia­ 7.94, 8.90, 8.70, 8.36, 10.13, 8.53, 7.31, 8.24; 29—3 0 . B L ö b b , B ohl; 3 1 . G
tions ofC(aius) and L(ucius) (A. Beltran, Numisma 138-43, I. 5 -9 5 ; 3 a· IV D J ( = V ives 135-1); 3 3 - 3 4 . G 6 9 0 -1 , 9.97, 6.98.

Ebusus
The Punic city of Ebusus (Eivissa) minted small bronze we, however, consider the identification of the portrait as
coins from the third to the first centuries b c and drachmae Claudius to be the most probable hypothesis (compare
during the Second Punic War, as the composition of silver 482/1 with the portraits illustrated in H. M. Kaenel, Münz­
hoards buried at that period shows. This and the imperial prägung und Münzbildnis des Claudius, especially pi. 19, no.
coinage have been studied by Campo = M. Campo {Las 1302).
monedas de Ebusus, Barcelona, 1976) and more recently by A.
Planas et alii {Las monedas de la ceca de A ’BSM (Ibiza), Eivissa,
i 9 8 9 )· T ib e r iu s
The imperial coinage of Ebusus differs from its previous
issues because it incorporates the emperor’s portrait on the 479 AE. 2 2m m , 5.72g (17). Axis: var. [ 1 ]
obverse. On the reverse, the imperial issues maintain the
Vives 124-1, C am po 121, nah 1122
traditional design: the god Bes. The coinage falls into three
issues, minted during Tiberius’s, Caligula’s and probably T I C A ESA R A V G P P; bare head, r.
Claudius’s reign. The number of coins known from each IN S A V G ’Y B SH M ; Bes standing, holding h am m er and
snake
issue indicates that the amount of bronze bullion struck was
I. B L ö b b ( = nah 1122), 5.37; 2—12. See C am p o 121 (except B);
very small. 13. IV D J , form erly S de C 1979; 14—2 0 . See A. P lan a s et alii 38.
The arrangement of these issues follows that proposed by
M. Campo; however, as she has pointed out, 481 might be a
fraction of both 479 and 480. Secondly, the issue attributed
to Claudius is very surprising, because it is the only issue of C a lig u la
this emperor struck in Spain. There can be no doubt that
the coins (482 and 482A) are genuine, since some of them 4 80 A E. 2 1 m m , 5.74 g (28). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
have been found in excavations (M. Campo, p. 50) and on Vives 124-2, C am po 122, n ah 1136
several sites (A. Planas et alii, p. 113). The identification of C C A ESA R A V G G E R M Ä N IC V S ; b are head, r.
the portrait is, however, not certain because it is IN S A V G (V ) ’Y B SH M ; Bes standing, holding ham m er
anonymous. C. H. V. Sutherland {Romans in Spain, p. 245, n. a n d snake
28) and J. B. Giard {RN, 1970, p. 42, n. 2) were uncertain i . V a t 419, 4.95; 2. P 1 6 2 1 , 5.49; 3—21. See C am p o 122 (except P ); 22—
about the identification of the obverse portrait as Claudius; 2 3 . IV D J , form erly S de C 1980-1; 24—3 2 . See A. P lan a s et alii 39.
 S P A IN : Ebusus, Uncertain (479-485) /45

U n c e rta in d a te ( reig n o f T ib e r iu s - C a lig u la ? ) C la u d iu s (?)

481 AE. 16m m , 2.39g (16). Axis: var. [ o ] 482 AE. 2 2m m , 5.87g (6). Axis: var. [ 1 ]

Vives 124-4, C am po 123 Vives 124-3, C am po 124, nah 1137

IN S A V G ’Y B SH M ; Bes standing, holding h am m er an d Bare head (of C laudius?), r.

snake Bes standing, holding h am m er an d snake, to 1. aleph
IN S A V G ’Y B SH M ; Bes standing, holding h am m er an d i . P 162 2 , 7.43; 2—9. See C am p o 124 (ex cep t P).

snake 482 A A E . 23-4 mm , 7.08 g (3). Axis: var. [ o ]

I. M u se u A rqueologic d’Eivissa, 1323, 2.31; 2. F o r m e r l y V iv e s c o ll. B are head (of C laudius?), r.
—
χ·
( = V ives 124—4); 3 7 See A. P lan a s et a lii 40.
Bull, r.
1—3 . See A. P lan a s et a lii 41; 4 . L. V illa r o n g a p h o to f ile ; 5. F o rm erly S
de C 934.

Uncertain
Under Uncertain of Spain we include those coins that cannot
be attributed to an individual city. We must also point out
that some coins included in this catalogue under Carthago
Nova should perhaps be in this group.
483, following G. K. Jenkins (ANSMN 8, 1958, pp. 71-2)
has been moved from its traditional attribution to Carthago
Nova. A. M. Guadân (Numisma 96-101, 1969, pp. 20-2) did
not include it in Carthago Nova, but proposed that it was
struck at a mint located in North Africa. But provenances
suggest that the mint was probably sited in Hispania
Ulterior: Jenkins (p. 71) records two specimens, one in the
Cadiz Museum and another found in Carteia; F. Mateu
(Monedas de Mauritania, Madrid, 1949, pi. XXIX-11)
published one found in Tamuda and A. Beltran another
two coming from Albacete Museum and from the Valdés
collection (Cartagena). On the obverse it has not been poss­
ible to read the word QVIN as Beltran proposed (Numisma
2, 1952, p. 21). For a die study and discussion of the coins,
see now M. M. Llorens, Saguntum 22 (1989), pp. 319-42.
484 was attributed by Villaronga, Emporion = L. Vil­
laronga (Aes Coinage of Emporion, Oxford, 1977, no. 122) to
Emporiae, but the absence of legends and the use of a
design completely alien to those used in Emporiae has led
us to exclude it from this mint, in spite of the fact that all
specimens known come from Emporiae and Rhode (J. M.
Nuix and L. Villaronga, Miscelânea Arqueolôgica II, 1974, pp.
81-6).
485 also presents problems of attribution. This is a rare
coin that has been discussed by A. Beltran (Numisma 144—6,
: 977 >P· 4 5 ), L- Villaronga (G N 49, 1978, pp. 51-3) and T.
Llorente (Numisma 165-7, 198°, pp. 51-3)· The bad condi­
tion of extant specimens makes it impossible to check
whether the legend as currently known is complete or
whether it starts above the Victory, in which case the
wreath would divide it. The finds of these coins indicate
that they were probably struck in Spain. The largest con­
A. Beltran, misreading the reverse legend, attributed the
coin to Saguntum because of its reverse type (prow) and its
legend. T. Llorente raised the possibility that it came from a
Greek colony situated in the northeast of Spain, like
Emporion or Rhode, since both of them used the Greek
alphabet. The ligature M" has been normally expanded as
NEA, but why not expand it as ΣΑΓ (= SAG)?
Nevertheless, there is not sufficient evidence to allow a
certain attribution. Even though the hypothesis that these
coins belong to Saguntum or a near-by settlement is becom­
ing more and more plausible, it is, nevertheless, difficult to
explain why they have a Greek legend. The date could be
later than c. 2 9 b c , if the reverse design is copied from
Octavian’s denarius with prow and Victory (RIC 2 6 3 - 4 ) .
483 AE. 2 2m m , 7.84g (39). Axis: var. [ 15 ]
Vives 13 1-7, NAH 914, GMI 168
C N S T A T I L IB O PR A EF; b are head, r.
SA C ER D O S; p a te ra an d praefericulum
P a te ra to 1. a n d p raefericu lu m to r.: 1—3. B B ohl, I-B , 28644, 6.41, 9.11,
6.71; 4. Be 3904, 7.16; 5. C alico 6 /1979, 342, 6.52; 6—7. C o p 471-2,
10.67, 6-66; 8“ 9· M S V 17/12/1981, 3 48-9, 6.50, 10.50; 10. O , 7.19; i t -
13· P 1650-1, 1661, 6.86, 8.46, 8.41; 14. V 80, 6.52; 15—17. C alico
11/1978, 236-8, 6.08, 9.10, 7.42; 18. C , 8.27; 1 9 - 2 1 . L 117 2 -3 , 1174
( = f i t a , pi. V I - 9 ) , 7.28, 7.18, 7.87; 2 2 . M 9 0 8 3 , 7.97; 23—3 2 . M 908 4 -5 ,
908 7 -8 , 9091, 9093 -4 , 9098 -9 , S astre 4815, 10.24, 9.58, 8.00, 9.08, 8.69,
6 -7 4 , 7 -7 9 , 8.36, 8.74, 8.12; 3 3 - 3 4 . B a 9610, 14772, 8.62, 6.59; 35. IV D J
( = V ives 131—7); 3 6 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 322, 6.47;
P raefericu lu m to 1. a n d p a te ra to r.: 3 7 . M u seo d e A lb acete 1944 7.12;
3 8 —3 9 . Μ 9092, S astre 48145 6.84, 8.20; 4 ° · Β R a u c h , 7.58; 4 1 . P V .
484 AE. 12m m , 2.55g 6 9 )· Axis: var. [ o ]
V illaronga, Emporion 122, nah 938
R ectangular b o ard w ith IV L , fasces on th e side
A ltar (?) w ith three crossed parallel lines com ing from
opposite corners, p erh ap s a letter R r., an d w ith a vertical
line from the top of alta r
i . G u a d â n c o ll., 2.20; 2—20. See V illaro n g a, Em porion 122 (except
G u a d â n coll.).

centration of finds is in the Saguntum area: two coins come
from excavations at Saguntum; 485/5-6 also come from this
city; 485/4 was found at Casinos (40 km to the west of
Saguntum); 485/16-17 come from Sinarcas and 485/18 was
found in Sant Miquel de Lliria. In addition, P. Beltran
(according to L. Villaronga, p. 52) reported that there were
two coins of this type in a lot of coins that he bought coming
from the same area.
485 AE. 2 8 -9 mm , 12.72g (15). Axis: var. [ 1 ]
H ead of N eptune, r., trid e n t behind
?] Μ) π ο λ ; V ictory, I., holding w reath a n d palm ; standing
on prow
i . L 1 9 8 0 11—3 8 —1, 13.16; 2. Sim on coll. (S ag u n t), 19.00; 3. P r iv a te
c o ll. (V alèn cia); 4 —5. R ip o llès-A d ela n tad o coll. (S ag u n t), 13.54, 11.30;
6. V ela coll. (S ag u n t), 13.90; 7. F N M T , 15.50; 8—15. See L. V illaro n g a,
GN 49, 1978, 51-3; 16—17. A . G a rc ia coll. (U tiel, V alè n cia), 12.00, 13.00;
18. M u se u d e P reh istô ria de V alè n cia 8057, 6.99 (bro k en ).
 Cnaeus and Sextus Pompey
After the death of Pompey the Great, Sextus went to Africa 486, 487 and 671 are asses with the traditional head of
and, after Thapsus, joined his brother Cnaeus in Spain. Janus and the Republican prow.
There they raised thirteen legions and won most of the 486 30-1 mm, 21.01 g (20)
southern province. But Caesar defeated them both at the 487 28-31 mm, 17.18 g (41)
battle of Munda, on 17 March 45 b c . Cnaeus was later 671 28—32 mm, 2 1.11 g (185)
captured and executed. They conform to a light uncial standard. Bahrfeldt, NZ,
Sextus survived Munda, stayed in Spain and gathered a 1909, pp. 76-7, provided analyses of specimens of issues 486
second army. He then went to Massilia. In April 43 b c , the
and 671. New analyses provide the following results:
Senate made him its naval commander with the title ‘prae­
486 Cu Pb Sn Zn
fectus classis et orae maritimae’; but in August he was I. P Ailly 14178 73-94 24-75 0.80 0.05
outlawed under the lex Pedia and occupied Sicily, Sardinia 2. P Ailly I 4 I 3 ° 77.28 21.3 0.78 —
and Corsica until his final defeat at Naulochus , in Septem­ 487
ber 36 B C . i. P Ailly 9285 75-89 19.8 3-85 —
The aes coinage of Cnaeus and Sextus Pompeius was 671
I. P Ailly 14169 80.21 15-7 3 -! 5 °-5
studied by Bahrfeldt in ‘Die letzten Kupferprägungen unter 2. P Ailly 14190 4.48
77-72 r 7-3 —
der römischen Republik’, NZ, 1909, pp. 67-77; Grant, 3. P 842 83.21 n -5 4.65 —

FITA 22-4; and R. Martini, Monetazione bronzea romana tardo- 4. P Ailly 14161 82.15 J3-°5 4.17 _
repubblicana, I, Glaux 1, Milano, 1988, pp. 65-81, 116—29. 5. P Ailly 14174 80.I2 14.90 4-35 —

6. P Ailly 14168 86.34 8.21 -

It consists of three separate issues. 486 was struck in the 4-95
name of Cnaeus before Munda, maybe at Corduba. 487 and
671 were struck in the name of Sextus Pompeius Magnus
Pius. 487 was produced after Munda, by the legate M.
C n M a g I m p 4 6 -4 5 BC
Eppius M.f. It is traditionally attributed to Spain, but
Martini suggested that it was struck in Sicily. The recent
486 L eaded bronze. 30-1 m m , 21.01 g (20). Axis: var.
publication of the coins excavated at Morgantina shows
that 487 was found there in large quantities (T.V. Buttrey et NZ 1909, p. 67, i, RRc 471-1
al., Morgantina Studies II. The Coins, Princeton, 1989, no. L au reate h ead of J a nus; above, I
691: 25 specimens). 671 could bridge the period during Prow, r.; above, C N -M A G ; before, I; below, IM P
which Sextus Pompeius moved from Spain to Sicily: coins of i· P A i l l y 1 4 1 2 9 , 18.40; 2—1 7 . See B ah rfeld t 67, 1-12, 14-17;
18. P rin ceto n M u se u m o f A rt, 17.70; 19. S tern b e rg X /1 9 8 0 , lo t 244,
fine style are found in Spain (Bahrfeldt, Blätter für Münz- 24.21; 20. L a n z 28/1984, lo t 385, 22.54.
freunde, 1930-3, p. 755) and coins of degenerate style, produ­
ced on a massive scale, are found in Sicily (the excavations
of Morgantina produced notable quantities). But the whole
issue might have been produced in Sicily as it is struck on M a g n u s P iu s I m p j , E p p iu s L e g 4 5 - 4 4 BC
flans with round edges whereas the two other issues are
struck on flans with bevelled edges; moreover, the die axis is 487 L eaded bronze. 28-31 m m , 17.18g (41). Axis: 9
always at 12 o’clock. On stylistic grounds, Martini has
NZ 1909, p. 72, 3, RRC 478-1
divided 671 into three different series, and assigned them to
different Sicilian mints between 43 b c until Naulochus: the L au reate h ead o f Ja n u s; in centre, altar; above,
first issued at Lilybaeum (?), and the two others at M A G N V S; below, P IV S IM P F
Prow , r.; above, E P P IV S ; below, L E G
uncertain Sicilian mints. According to Martini’s study, the
i . P A i l l y 9 2 9 2 , 19.18; 2—3 8 . See B ah rfeld t 73, 1—10, 12-38;
first and third series are coins of poor style, the second of 3 9 . P rin ce to n M u se u m o f A rt, 17.80; 4 0 . S tern b e rg V III/1 9 7 8 , lo t 427,
fine style with a head ofJanus featuring Pompey the Great. 16.98; 4 1 . C re d it Suisse 4 /1985, lo t 396, 13.25.
 GAUL
Cat. no. Page Cat. no. Page
Introduction '4 7 Lugdunum 5 " —'6 150
Treviri 501-2 148 Vienna 5 17 '5'
Uncertain (Hirtius) 503 148 Narbo 5 '8 '5 2
Ruteni: L. M unatius Plancus? 504-5 148 Nemausus 519-26 '5 2
Germanus Indutilli L. 506 149 Cabellio 527-30 '5 4
T. Pom. Sex. f. 507 ■49 Antipolis 5 3 '- 2 '5 4
Auxiliary mints of Lugdunum 508-9 '4 9 Arausio (?) 533 '5 5
Uncertain tribe (Augustus Im p X) 510 150 Forum Iulii 5 3 4 -6 '5 5
A pta Iulia - 150 Uncertain (Tiberius) 5 3 7 -8 156

The monetary history of Gaul before Caesar has been dis­ 13). Its production ceased, probably after Naulochus, but
cussed by M. Crawford, CMRR, pp. 161-72, with earlier was resumed in 1 5 b c , when Augustus established there the
bibliography. principal mint of the Empire. In the Provincia, Colonia
Caesar’s conquest of Gaul had some consequences for its Iulia Viennensis, probably founded in c. 5 0 b c , issued series
monetary history. Roman coinage penetrated central Gaul 5 1 7 , which recalls series 5 1 5 struck at Colonia Copia and
in quantity. The production of Gallic coinage in gold and should be dated accordingly. In the south of the Provincia,
silver ceased, maybe not immediately after the conquest, an imperatorial coinage was issued by Octavian, probably
but within a generation. Bronze issues, however, went on at Narbonne in 4 0 b c ( 5 1 8 ) . Three colonies were founded in
being produced into the Julio-Claudian period, though it is the years 4 5 —4 3 b c : Colonia Nemausus, founded by
difficult to decide in which reign their issue stopped. The Tiberius Nero in 4 5 or 4 4 b c , Gabellio and Antipolis, prob­
coinage became increasingly Roman in character, as, for ably founded by Lepidus in 4 4 - 4 3 b c . The coinage of
instance, the production of Lexovio inscribed SEMISSOS Nemausus from 4 5 - 4 4 b c onwards marks a step towards the
PVBLICOS. Romanisation of the coinage of the Provincia. Silver obols
These coinages are not studied here, and only the pro­ ( 5 1 9 ) were struck with semisses ( 5 2 0 ) and quadrantes
duction of pieces with the names of Roman magistrates and ( 5 2 1 ) , clearly identified as such. A parallel group of issues
of the colonies founded in Gaul at the time of the civil wars exists at Gabellio, with a hemidrachm ( 5 2 7 ) and an obol
have been included. ( 5 2 8 ) in silver and a quadrans in bronze ( 5 2 9 ) . No silver is
known for Antipolis, but its issues of bronze ( 5 3 1 - 2 ) have
the same weight as the semisses of Nemausus.
GOINS W ITH ROMAN NAMES
AR Hemidrachm AR Obol
Issues with the names of Roman magistrates were struck
5 '9 10—11 mm, 0.39g ('3 )
among the Treviri with the name of A. Hirtius (501) in 51- 13 mm, 0.97 g (2) 528
527 10—h mm, 0.45g ( I2)
50 B C and Carinas (502) in 30-29 b c . Some issues bear
Roman and Gallic names: another issue of A. Hirtius (503) AE s AE ß
and an issue of L. Munatius Plancus (?) (504-5). The func­ 520 i5 -i6 m m , 2.22g (21) 521 13—'4 m m , 1.19g (5)
tion of these issues is not clear, whereas under Augustus 529 i4 -i6 m m , 1.96g (46) 530 13mm, 1.19g (24)
issues with Roman names probably functioned as auxiliary 53' 15mm, 2.25g (10)
regional coinages: an issue of Germanus Indutilli L. among 532 io -iß m m , 2.40g (ι ι )
534 10-12mm, 2.20-2.30g (53)
the Treviri (506), and another of T. Pomp. Sex. f. in the io -i4 m m , 2.20g (2)
535
Provincia (507). These two issues are made of brass, 506
being a quadrans, 507 probably a sextans. Two other issues The system which these bronzes fit is uncertain, but the
of brass quadrantes should probably be regarded as prod­ production of small silver fractions derives from the numis­
ucts of auxiliary mints of Lugdunum (508-9). A final local matic practice of Massalia. The bronze system was still in
series in the name of Augustus (510) was struck in c. 15 b c . use after Actium, as a quadrans struck at Gabellio in 23 b c
(530) and series of bronzes probably struck at Forum Julii
after 31 b c (534-5) seem to fit well. See also the discussion
THE ROMAN COLONIES on p. 34.
Outside the Provincia, Lugdunum was the only colony The Augustan coinage of Nemausus (522-6), probably
founded during the civil wars. This colony made a local preceded by the coinage attributed to Arausio (533), marks
coinage of bronze (511, 514-16) and silver quinarii (512- the final replacement of the coinage of Massalia by a
coinage on the Roman model. The coinage of Nemausus is
interesting in the way that its production was manipulated
by Rome far beyond the normal extent of a civic mint.
T reviri
Series 501 is imitated from (rather than the prototype of)
denarii struck in the name of Caesar. It was struck in the
territory of the Treviri, probably in the oppidum of
Tetelbierg, where 418 specimens were found (see L. Red­
ing, Les monnaies gauloises du Tetelbierg, pp. 60-9).
Caesar’s denarii have been variously dated: Sydenham,
CRR 1 0 0 6 , ascribed them to 5 4 —5 1 b c , whereas Crawford,
RRC 4 4 3 / 1 , proposed 4 9 - 4 8 b c . A s Hirtius held the title
imperator in 4 5 —4 4 b c , 5 0 1 was probably struck before then,
since the title is omitted (contrast 5 0 3 ) . Before 4 5 - 4 4 b c
Hirtius was in Gaul in 5 4 - 5 2 and 5 1 - 5 0 . Therefore the
Treviran issue was probably minted in 5 1 - 5 0 b c and Syden­
ham’s chronology should be adopted. It is, of course, poss­
ible that the series lasted for a few years, as it is very
abundant.
Series 502 was also probably struck in the oppidum of
Tetelbierg, as nine of the ten specimens known so far were
discovered there (L. Reding, op. cit., pp. 69-71, no. 12). It
was produced in a short time as all the specimens seem to
come from the same obverse die.
The name CARINA (retrograde) is clear and Grant’s
view, FITA, p. 3, n. 4, that the word is merely a blundered
Uncertain (Hirtius)
A further issue was struck in the name of A. Hirtius Imp.
Hirtius’s salutation occurred in 45—44 b c , and so these coins
must be dated after this date. The names and portraits (?) of
the different local chiefs show that the responsibility for
issuing these series was in tribal hands, but the reference to
Hirtius might indicate a Roman control of some sort.
These series were attributed by Blanchet to the Remi
{Traité, pp. 382-4), but this is certainly wrong, as most of
the known find spots (Scheers, Traité, map, p. 649) are
concentrated between the Seine and the Loire.
Ruteni, L Munatius Plancus
504-5 have been considered as parallel to the coins struck in
honour of Hirtius by the Remi (503), as the name L.
Munatius figures on the obverse. Munatius Plancus was
indeed the successor of Hirtius. On the reverse is the name
Attalus, supposed to be the name of a local chief of an
unidentifiable tribe. Hirschfeld, CIL X III, p. 251, proposed
locating the mint at Lugdunum, but this seems unlikely, as
stated by H. de la Tour, CRAI, 1901, p. 85, n. 2. A. Blan­
chet, Traité, pp. 426-7, proposed attributing it to the
Segusiavi, but without any cogent reason.
Under Tiberius a single issue is attributable to Gaul
(537—8), apparently from the region of Trier,
retrograde version of HIRTIVS should be disregarded.
Carinas was proconsul of Gaul in the years 30-29 b c and
this series was probably struck then. The reason for such a
small coinage is obscure.
A H i r ti u s , 5 1 - 5 0 B C
501 A E . i 6 - i 7 m m , 2 .6 9 g (418). A xis: v ar.
FiTA 3, S cheers, t r a it é , no. 162, class I
A H I R T I V S ; e le p h a n t, r.
P rie stly a ttrib u te s : ap ex , securis, sp rin k le r a n d sim p u lu m
i . P 9 2 3 9 ( = F iT A , p i. I X , 25: o b v .), 2.73; 2—n 6 . S ee S c h e e rs , t r a it é , 666.
C a rin a , 3 0 - 2 5 B C
502 A E . i 5 - i 6 m m , 2 .9 0 g (9). A xis: ?.
S ch eers, t r a it é , no. 162, class I I
C A R IN A (re tro g ra d e ); e le p h a n t, r.
As 5 0 a
i . L u x e m b o u r g 5 0 6 , 3.28; 2 - 1 0 . S ee S c h e e rs , t r a it é , 666.
A H i r I m p , 4 5 -4 4 B C
503 A E . 1 4 m m , 2 .6 0 g (16). A xis: v ar.
B N 8 0 8 6 -9 4 , f it a 3 9 1 -2 , S cheers, t r a it é , no. 153
H e a d , r., w ith differen t n a m e s o f local chiefs
A H I R IM P ; lion, r.
a - o b v . w ith A t h e d ia c (AGIIDIAC): i . P 8 0 8 6 A ( = f i t a , p i. I X , 24), 2.79;
2—1 0 . S ee S c h e e rs , t r a i t é , 648, c la s s I ; b - o b v . w ith I n e c r it u r ix
( I N I I C R I T V R I X ) : 1 . P, 2.70; 2 . L y o n s 1154, 3.25; c - o b v . w ith
C o r ia r c o s ( C O R I A R C O S ) : i . P 8093, 2.77; 2 . P 8094, 2.70; d - o b v . w ith
J c a r iu s ( J C A R IV S ): 1. P 8092, 2.90; 2—3 . E v r e u x , 2.05, 1.70.
The problem of the attribution has been solved recently
by M. Labrousse, ‘Bronzes rutènes d’Attalos’, Revue du
Rouergue 142, 1982, pp. 133-7, as specimens of both series
have turned up in excavations conducted in the valley of the
Tarn and on the Larzac (La Graufesenque and the cave of
Rajal del Guorp). An attribution to the Ruteni is therefore
most likely. But Labrousse doubts if the name L. Munatius
refers to Plancus. Attalus might have received the Roman
citizenship from Plancus and taken his praenomen and gen­
tilicium. Therefore the coin of L. Munatius Attalus might
 G A U L : Ruteni, L Munatius Plancus, Germanus Indutilli L., T Pom Sexf, Auxiliary mints o f Lugdunum (50 4 -5 0 7 ) 14g

ff
not be contemporary to the governorship of Plancus, but 9. R o d e z ( = G a llia , 1978, 3 9 4 ), 3 .2 2 ; 10. R a j a l d e l G u o r p 23 6 , 3.05;
A lb i, 2 .7 2 .
maybe struck later in the thirties b c . i i .

504 A E . 1 6 -1 7 m m , 3 .0 0 g (11). A xis: v ar. 505 A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .h g (4). A xis: v a r.

B N 4 7 9 2 -6 , ή τ α 392 B N 4797

L M V N A T I; h e a d , 1.; below , X L M V N A T ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
A T T A L V S ; b ird seizing a snake, r.; ab o v e, p a lm a n d S A T T A L V S ; lion, r.
i . L 1 9 2 5 —5—4—i ( = FiTA, pi. I X , 26: obv.), 2.4 5 ; 2—6. P 4 7 9 2 - 9 6 , 2 .5 0 , i . P 4 7 9 7 , 3 .0 7 ; 2—3. L a G r a u f e s e n q u e , 3 .4 6 , 2.81; 4 . R a ja l d e l G u o r p ,
3 .H .
4 .0 4 , 2 .7 7 , 3 .6 8 , 2 .5 9 ; 7 —8 . L a G r a u f e s e n q u e 7 7 - 2 5 , 8 1 - 2 6 , 2 .4 6 , 3.6 0 ;

Germanus Indutilli L.
Series 506 is very abundant. The distribution of these coins C. 1 0 BC
is centred in Gallia Belgica, possibly around Treviri (see
Scheers, Traité, p. 812), though they are spread widely in 506 B rass. i 7 - i 8 m m , 2 .7 9 g (166). A xis: v ar.
northern and central France.
S cheers, t r a it é , 216, r ic 249
The reverse type is based on a Lugdunese prototype cur­
rent from 15 b c onwards (BMC Augustus 450). A specimen M a le d ia d e m e d h e a d , r.
G E R M A N V S (above) I N D V T I L L I L (ex erg u e); b u ll
was found at Oberaden which was abandoned in 8 b c .
b u ttin g , 1.
Therefore this series dates to c. 10 b c .
i . P 9 2 4 8 , 3 .2 7 ; 2—14. L 1957—6 9, 2 .4 9 , 2 .9 6 , 2 .8 2 , 2 .6 2 , 2 .8 6 , 3 .0 1 , 2.9 9 ,
This series may be regarded as an auxiliary regional 3 .2 5 , 2 .8 6 , 2 .5 6 , 2 .9 0 , 2 .9 6 , 2.5 4 ; 15—2 2 4 . S ee S c h e e rs , t r a i t é , 8 1 0 - 1 , 1-3,
coinage struck in the name of a local authority, Germanus 5-2H .

Indutilli L(ibertus), whose features appear on the obverse.

It is made of brass and was probably intended to be a
quadrans.

T Pom Sex f
Series 507 was attributed by L. de la Saussaye, Numismatique Pompeia, not Pomponia, as members of this gens are
de la Gaule Narbonnaise, 1842, pp. 180-2, to the city of Sex- frequently named on inscriptions of the Provincia: see CIL
tantio Felix. A. de Longpérier, RN, i860, p. 179, η. 2, X II, 504, 638, 1055, 1136, 1638; X III, 939, 943.
proposed the Petrocorii and Ghangarnier-Moissonnet,
Numismatique gauloise, Beaune, 1874, p. 3, the Arverni. For a
full bibliography, see S. Scheers, Monnaies Gauloises (Rouen, L a te i s t century B C *i.
: 97 8)> PP· 21-2.
It was certainly struck in the Provincia, as these coins are 507 A E . 1 7 m m , 1 .6 5 g ( ΓΙ )· A xis: v ar.
quite frequently found in southern France. It is possible B N 4 3 5 3 -6 2
that they date from the last decades of the first century b c ,
S E X F; d ra p e d b u s t, b a re h e a d , r.; b e h in d , flo ral
being parallel to the series of Germanus Indutilli L. (506). o rn a m e n t
No analysis is known, but the metal might be brass, as T P O M ; bu ll, r.
the colour of the coins is yellow. They might have passed as i . L 1 9 5 6 , 1.88; 2. L ! 9 5 5 > T 7 7 ; 3 - 1 2 . P 4 3 5 3 - 6 2 , 1 .6 0 , 1.98, 1.42, 0 .9 2 ,
sextantes. 1.36, 1.88, 1.55, 1.59, 1.55, 1.61.
T. Pom. Sex. f. was more probably a member of the Gens

Auxiliary mints of Lugdunum

Series 508 and 509 are parallel to the Germanus Indutilli L. bc after the dedication by Augustus of the altar of the cult of
series (507). Roma and Augustus. In RIC I, Sutherland included them
The reverse type of 509 is based upon a Lugdunese proto­ under Lugdunum and M. Crawford, CMRR, p. 266, sup­
type current from 15 b c onwards (BMC Augustus 450). posed that they preceded the first issue of asses of the so-
Series 508 is related to 509 by its style: both series circulated called altar series. But they are excluded from Lyons by J.-
together and they figure in the same hoards (e.g., La Vil- B. Giard (Le monnayage de l’atelier de Lyon) and regarded as
leneuve-au-Châtelot (Aube) = Trésors Monétaires VI, 1984, the products of auxiliary mints.
where analyses are given on p. 66). Giard’s position is accepted here as the style of 508-9 is
These series are generally dated to 10 b c , and considered not very similar to the coins of Lugdunum. These coins are
as part of the issue of aes coinage struck at Lugdunum in 10 frequently found in Champagne or Burgundy (e.g., Alesia,
Mâlain/Mediolanum) and, if not struck at Lyons, they were
probably struck in the territory of the Sequani, the Aedui or
the Lingones.
Both series are made of brass and were probably
quadrantes or semisses.
508 B rass. i 8 - i 9 m m , 2 .7 5 g ( I 4 )· A xis: v ar.
Ric 227
IM P C A E S A R ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
A V G V S T V S ; eagle, sta n d in g facin g w ith w ings sp re a d ,
h e a d tu rn e d I.
Uncertain tribe (Augustus Imp X)
Coins of rough fabric, with AVGVSTVS, bare head/IM P
X, horse to 1., were struck by an uncertain tribe, in c. 15 b c ,
when Augustus visited Gaul.
It is possible, as in the case of Hirtius (503), that this
series was issued under Roman authority. The tribe might
be from northern Gaul as 510/1 was found in the depart­
ment of Somme.
Apta Iulia
A series of small bronzes with CAI-TIO, janiform
head/]AN[, lion, r. was attributed by de Saulcy, RN, 1866,
pp. 411-13, to Apt, Colonia Apta Iulia. This series had
been previously attributed to Cabellio by La Saussaye,
Numismatique de la Gaule Narbontiaise, 1842, p. 143, no. 5, pl.
X V II,5.
Lugdunum
Founded in 43 b c by Munatius Plancus, the colonia Copia
Felix Munatia Lugdunum minted issues of bronze for local
circulation; then, after 15 b c , Augustus established there
the principal mint of the Empire and Lugdunum minted
massive issues of gold and silver, intended to circulate
throughout the Empire, and of bronze, with the ROM ET
AVG altar, for all of Gaul.
J.-B. Giard, Le monnayage de l’atelier de Lyon. Des origines au
règne de Caligula (43 avant J.-C.-41 aprèsJ.-C.) has provided a
list of the material minted in the name of the colony (pp.
69-74, no· 1-7), though no die study was made to estimate
the volume of production.
The chronology proposed here differs to some extent from
Giard’s. 511 was ordered by L. Munatius Plancus after he
had founded at Lugdunum a colony with ius romanum (Ch.
Goudineau, ‘Note sur la fondation de Lyon’, Gallia, 1986/1,
pp. 171-3). 512 and 513 are imperatorial coinages struck for
Mark Antony, who became master of Gallia Comata and
Cisalpine Gaul in November 43 b c . The name of the mint
appears on 512 and, due to stylistic similarities, 513 was
probably also minted in Lugdunum. The numbers XL and
XLI on 512 and 513 seem certainly to refer to the age of
Antony, probably born in 83 b c , and therefore date the
series to 43 and 42 b c .
i . P 1 0 6 4 0 , 2 .8 5 ; 2. P 1 0 6 4 0 a , 2 .4 2 ; 3—8. P 4 7 3 0 - 5 , 2 .6 4 , 2 .4 6 , 2 .8 2 , 2.98,
2 .1 8 , 1.89; 9 —i ï . L BMC 5 6 1 - 3 , 2 .7 9 , 2 .3 3 , 3 .2 4 ; 1 2 —1 4 . L a V ille n e u v e -a u -
C h â t e lo t 2 2 4 - 6 , 3 .4 5 , 2 .9 6 , 2.69.
509 B rass, iß -ig m in , 2 .8 5 g ( r^)· A xis: v a r.
ric 228
I M P C A E S A R ; b a re h e a d , r.
A V G V S T V S D I V I F; b u ll b u ttin g , 1.
i . P 1 0 6 4 5 , 2 -2 55 2—5. P i o 6 4 5 a - d , 2 .3 2 , 2 .5 8 , 2 .8 6 , 2 .5 4 ; 6 . P D ’A illy
I 13 1 7, 3.4 4 ; 7—9. P 9 2 6 6 - 8 , 2 .9 7 , 2 .7 4 , 2 .8 3 ; IO. L BMC 5 6 4 , 3 .1 4 ; I I —
18. L a V i lle n e u v e - a u - C h a te lo t 2 1 6 - 2 3 , 3 .2 9 , 3 .2 7 , 3 .1 7 , 3 .0 6 , 3 .0 2 , 2.93,
2 .5 6 , 2 .3 2 ; i g . S te r n b e r g X V /1 9 8 5 , 31 7 , 2.92.
510 A E . 19-20 m m , 5.49 g (2). A xis: v ar.
f it a 123-4
A V G V S T V S ; h e a d , r.
I M P X ; h o rse, 1.
i . P 1 9 6 7 /7 1 , 5 .4 8 ; 2. P ( = M io n n e t , supp . I X , 2 4 7 /1 4 1 = fita , p i. I V , 19),
5 .5 0 . S o m e le tte r s -C V ? - a p p e a r b e tw e e n th e le g s o f t h e h o r s e , o n 1.
De Saulcy was aware of the fact that his attribution
needed the support of some local finds. Unfortunately the
few known provenances point towards northern France (see
Scheers, Traité, pp. 661-2, no. 158), and the attribution to
Apt should be disregarded.
514 and 515 were dated by Giard to 28-27 b c , as he
considered that they were struck at the same time as Mmes
I ,i (522). But this date seems unlikely since: (1) in 28-27
b c , Augustus no longer claimed the heritage of Divus Julius
in Gaul; (2) assuming that the coins of Copia and
Nemausus represent the same denomination, it is curious
that 514 and 515 weigh 3-4 g more than Nimes 522; and (3)
514 and 515 are not countermarked, with one exception
(514/15). If these series circulated together with Nimes 1, 1,
it is strange that the coins of Nimes were countermarked
and not the Copia ones; moreover, the only countermark
known on 514 is the same as the one applied on the coins of
Narbonne, probably struck in 40 b c (518).
Therefore, it seems better to return to the traditional
date. Amandry (CENB, April-June 1986, pp. 27-34) has
proposed to date 514 to 38 b c and 515 to 36 b c .
516 was dated by Giard precisely to the autumn of 40 b c ,
as he considered that it was ordered by Octavian to assert
his auctoritas over the colony of Lyon and over Transalpine
Gaul, which he had received after the Brindisi agreement of
September 40. But it seems, rather, that 516 is a small
denomination of 514 and 515, as is suggested by a com­
parison of Octavian’s portrait on 516 with those on 514-15.
516/4 was unknown to Giard and clearly shows a snake
 G A U L : Lugdunum, Vienna (511-516) /5 /

under the bull. Grant’s assertion. that 516 was a com­ O c ta v ia n

memorative issue minted for the half-centenary of the col­
ony in a d 7 is unlikely {FITA 208). 38 B C ?
Amandry, loc. at., supposed that 514-15 represented a
dupondius, which would be compatible with the view that 514 L eaded bronze. 30-2 m m , 20.99 g (2 5 )· Axis: var.
516 was a semis (though it was not made of brass, as stated FiTA 207, G iard 5 -6
by Giard). IM P C A ESA R D IV I F D IV I IV L I; lau reate head of
C aesar, 1., an d b are head o f O ctavian, r.
C O P IA ; prow , w ith a dolphin; above, meta
L M u n a ti u s P la n c u s , e n d o f 4 3 B C Ï .J S W , 26.50; 2—14. See G ia rd 73, no. 5; 15. N Y , 28.23; 16. V idy-
L a u sa n n e 4 1 /1 139, 23.29; 17—18. R o an n e, 22.80, 20.83; Ι 9 · R W , 17.98;
2 0 - 2 1 . C oll. W (M ila n ), 19.68, 18.36; 22. Lyon V e rb e In c a rn é 256,
511 Bronze. 15m m , 3.00g (1). Axis: 2.
19.60; 2 3 . L G 038, 16.78; 2 4 . B ( = f i t a , pl. V II,2 2 : o b v .), 21.72; 2 5 . V a,
ήτα 206-7, G iard 1 13.53. O n 24 a n d 25, th ere is a s ta r ab o v e th e h ea d o f C a e sa r {sidus
Iulium ?).
C O P IA F E L IX ; tu rrete d head of the city goddess w ith C o u n te rm ark : a cock w ith Q o n th e obv., o n 15.
cornucopia
M V N A T IA ; a galloping bull, 1., checked by H ercules; in
the field, r., a club 3 6 BC?
i. P F 9914 (= f it a , pi. V I I ,24), 3.00; 2. Coll. P. C . V ian ; 3 . P om m iers.
515 L eaded bronze. 30-2 m m , 18.49g (56)· Axis: var.
FiTA 207, G iard 7
As 5 1 4 , b u t a p alm -b ran ch betw een the heads
M a r k A n to n y C O P IA ; prow , w ith an eye an d a dolphin; above, meta
and a star superim posed on a globe
December 43 BC i . S a m t- G e r m a in - e n - L a y e M A N 2400, 16.49; 2—2 7 . See G ia rd 73—4, no.
7; 2 8 . B K assel, 22.96 (holed); 29. S tern b e rg X V /1 9 8 5 , 314, 22.18; 3 0 . B
512 AR. 12 m m , 1.70g (41)· Axis: var. 28642, 21.65; 3 1 - 3 2 . M arseille, 20.01, 19.32; 3 3 . K a m p m a n n , coll.
N icolas, 9 -1 0 /Π Ι/1 9 8 2 , 39, 19.90; 3 4 . R o an n e , 19.84; 3 5 . L G 037, 19.82;
G iard 2, rrc 489/5 3 6 . S ain t-G e rm an -en -L ay e M A N 2280, 19.62; 3 7 . B ourgey, 16-
B ust of V ictory/F ulvia, r. 17/V /1973, 249, 19.55; 38· B 6820, 19.43; 3 9 . N Y , 19.10; 4 0 . R W , 18.25;
4 1 . C o p 689, 18.97; 4 2 · B G an sau g e, 18.48; 4 3 . B L ö b b , 18.37; -
Lion w alking, r.; below, L V G V ; above, D V N I; in field, 4 4 . Spink, G en ev a, 1 5 -1 6 /II/1 9 7 7 , 227, 18.47; 45“ 47 · F o rm erly coll.
A XL Savès ( = A cta N um ism atica V I, 1976, 115—6, nos. 111—2, a n d 127, no. 48),
i . P 4 6 4 8 , 1.77; 2—4 2 . See G ia rd 70, 1-9 a n d 11-42. 18.26, 17.67, 17.81; 4 8 . V 421, 18.12; 4 9 . P V , 17.50; 5 0 . N Y , 17.34;
5 1 . B, 17.10; 5 2 . B F ried laen d er, 17.10; 5 3 . B u rg an 6 /X II/1 9 8 6 , 426,
16.81; 5 4 . C oll. Lifchuz, 16.54; 5 5 . C o p 690, 15.81; 5 6 . O , 15.77; 57 · G
(-F iT A , pl. V I I , 23: rev .); 5 8 . R W , 15.96.
42 B C
516 AE. 17m m , 5.31 g (1). Axis: ?.
513 A R. i 2 m m , 1.71g (32). Axis: var. FiTA 208, G iard 4
G iard 3, rrc 489/6 C A ESA R D IV I F; head of O ctav ian , r.
I I I.V I R R .P.C .; b u st o f V ictory/F ulvia, r. C O P IA ; a galloping bull, r.; below, snake w ith erect head
Lion w alking, r.; above, A N T O N I; below, IM P ; in field, i . E . B o u r g e y , c o ll. R é c a m ie r , 2—6 /1 1 1 /1 9 2 5 , 6 4 1 ; 2. F o rm erly coll.
R o th elin ; 3. L yon, 5.31; 4. L a G ran g e-F ran g y ( = M ém oires de la Société
A XLI
d ’Histoire et d'Archéologie de Chalon-sur-Saône V ,i, 1866, 288, p i. V I, fig. 7).
i . P 4 6 5 8 A , 1.76; 3—3 3 . See G ia rd 71, 1-7 a n d 9-32.

Vienna
The coinage signed G.I.V. is well known and very
abundant. It was struck at Colonia Iulia Viennensis, where
a colony with ins Latinum was founded in c. 50 b c . The ius
romanum was bestowed on the colony by Augustus in 16—15
b c , when it became Colonia Iulia Augusta Florentia Vien­
nensis (on the history of the colony, see A. Pelletier, Vienne
antique; Regula Frei-Stolba, ‘Zum Stadtrecht von Vienna’,
Museum Helveticum, 1984, pp. 81-95).
The date of its coinage is a matter of debate. But its date
is in the thirties b c as stated by Dawson Kiang, ‘Colonia
Iulia Viennensium’, SM, 1969, pp. 33—6, who believed that
the portrait of Caesar derived from the group of marble
portraits of Caesar known as the Campo Santo-
Chiaramonti type, and not in the twenties b c .
This series is struck on flans with double-bevelled edges;
its die axis is 12 o’clock; it recalls 515 of Copia, but it was
made in a more careful manner, having the same types (but
engraved by better artists) and the same weight. As the
Copia coinage is dated here to 36 b c (?), the coinage of
Vienna is dated accordingly.
Amandry {CENB, April-June 1986, pp. 27-34) has
argued that the denomination struck was a dupondius.
Halved coins are known which would fit perfectly the new
Augustan system as asses. Amandry and Barrandon
(RIN, 1988, pp. 146-7) have provided analyses of this
coinage.
/§2 G A U L : Vienna, Narbo, Nemausus (517-518)
3 6 BC?_____________________________________
517 Bronze. 29-31 m m , 19.19g (104). Axis: 12.
NZ 1902, 117-8, no. 26, pl. 6, 9 - 1 1
IM P C A E SA R D IV I F D IV I IV L I; b are heads of
C aesar, L, an d O ctavian, r.
C-I-V·; prow w ith su perstructure, r.
Narbo
This issue of asses has been diversely attributed. In the past
it was assigned to Vienne or Lyons. Grant, FITA, pp. 41-3,
rightly pointed out that the coins originated from southern
France and attributed the issue to Arelate as he had
thought that a specimen in his own collection, now in C
(518/128), included the letters AR; but this is wrong.
A Narbonese origin has been demonstrated by the dis­
covery of a small hoard of the coins at Narbonne in 1973.
Since then, J.-B. Giard, ‘La monnaie coloniale de Narbonne
en 40 avant J.-G .’, RN, 1983, pp. 63—72, pl. X II—XVI and
M. Amandry, J.-N. Barrandon and J.-Cl. Richard, ‘Notes
de numismatique narbonnaise. V. Les as d’Octave à la
proue émis à Narbonne en 40 avant J.-G.’, RAN, 1986, pp.
57-77, have gathered the material and tried to elucidate the
historical context.
The issue was probably minted in 40 b c , either in the
spring/summer, when Octavian was present in Gaul, or in
the autumn, when Agrippa took the command of Gallia
Comata and the Provincia which Octavian had received
after the Brindisi agreement of September 40 b c .
Nemausus
The coinage of Colonia Nemausus (Nimes) has been the
centre of much debate. Two periods must be considered
here: the Triumviral and the Augustan.
The Triumviral period
It seems that a colony with tus Latinum was founded by
Tiberius Nero in 45 or 44 b c . The new colony struck a local
coinage with a silver obol (519) and two bronze series (520-
1). This coinage was studied by Giard =J.-B. Giard, ‘Le
monnayage antique de Mmes’, Ecole Antique de Nimes, 1971—
2, pp. 47-60 (with full bibliography on p. 47, n. 1).
It is difficult to date this coinage precisely, but a date of
c. 40 b c seems likely. The silver obol is slightly lighter than
the obol struck at Gabellio under Lepidus in 44-43 b c
(528). The two denominations in bronze seem to cor­
respond to a semis (520) and a quadrans (521). But it is
uncertain to which system they fit. G. Rogers, RN, 1986, pp.
83-93, has recently argued that it was a special system in
use only in the Provincia, but this view needs to be con­
firmed by more metrological data (see also p. 147).
The coinage of the Volcae is not considered here as its
date is uncertain, but it was probably struck in the second
quarter of the first century b c (for a survey of this coinage,
see Giard, loc. cit., pp. 58-9, no. 3-5).
i . P 2 9 4 3 , 19.74; 2 - 6 . P 2938-42, 19.28, 19.89, 19.70, 19.90, 20.02; 7—
14. P 2 9 4 3 a-6 , 22.31, 20.09, 1 9 0 2 , 18.47, 19-73, 1 9 0 3 , 18.07, 19*59; x 5 · L
1847 8 - 2 0 -8 , 18.33; 16—17. L 1867-1—1-2253 a n d 2254, 18.75, χ9· ι8 —
2 0 . L 1 9 0 1 -5 -3 -1 6 3 to 165, 19.81, 17.44, 18.71; 2 1 - 2 3 . L G 0 2 7 -9 , 19.57,
20.93, 18.59; 2 4 -1 :0 4 . 81 specim ens fro m d ifferent p riv a te a n d p u b lic
collections o r au ctio n s.
Analyses have been provided by Amandry and Bar­
randon, RIN, 1988, pp. 142—3.
O c ta v ia n c. 40 BC
518 L eaded bronze. 2 8 -3 0 m m , 16.29g (160). Axis: var.
ή τα 41-3, A m an d ry an d alii, ran 1986, 57-77
CAESA R; head o f O ctavian, w ith a slight beard, r.
Prow w ith su p erstru ctu re a n d m ast, r.
I . O , 21.62; 2—1 2 5 . See M . A m an d ry a n d a lii , r a n 1986, 6 1 -3 , no. 1-124;
1 2 6 . O , 16.92; 1 2 7 . C 61-1 9 4 8 , 17.55; * * 8 . G ( = F iT A , pl. I I , n : rev .),
15.17; 1 29. C 62—1948 (tooled), 14.08; 1 3 0 —1 3 1 . P erp ig n a n , 17.84, 15.03;
1 3 2 - 1 3 5 . M o n tp ellie r, 17.20, 14.50, 14.45, 14 4 0 ; 1 3 6 - 1 3 7 . M arseille,
17.37, 14.83; 138. B a.B ., 17.17; 1 39. B 4415, 18.12; 1 4 0 . B, 13.61;
1 41. P o in sig n o n -P esce 4e V S O , 3 0 /V I/1 9 8 7 , 755, 21.62; 142. C oll. M .
R oux, 21.14; x 43 · C oll. T h io llier, 13.90; 144—157. L e M as d ’A genais,
20.99, 20.41, 17.83, 16.76, 16.64, 15*12, 4 - 8 3 , 14.56, 14.52, 14.12, 13.66,
12.94, 12.92, 12.64; 158—164. R W , 18.56, 17.90, 16.83, 16.68, 16.51,
15 -5 7 s 4 ·5 4 ; 165—1 68. Lyons, 16.66, 15.08, 14.40, 12.79.
C o u n te rm ark : a cock w ith Q , on the obv. (on 1 a n d on 30 o th e r
specim ens).
The Augustan period
Under Augustus the famous series with COL NEM and a
crocodile was initiated. This coinage had an ambitious
scope and, even if Nemausus was not an imperial mint, its
production was so abundant that it earned this distinction.
Much has been written on the subject by H. Willers, NZ,
1902, pp. 120-32; Grant, FITA, pp. 70-9, 114-15; C.M .
Kraay, ‘The Chronology of the Coinage of Colonia
Nemausus’, NC 1955, pp. 76-86; and J.-B. Giard, ‘Nimes
sous Auguste’, SM, 1971, pp. 68-73.
The coinage raises different problems which must be
briefly examined here: problems of typology, chronology
and denomination.
Typology
On the obverse is IM P DIVI F with two heads, facing
outwards: the left head has a rostral crown and represents
Agrippa; the right head represents Augustus. These coins
are usually divided into three main groups: on 522—3,
Augustus is bare; on 524, Augustus is laureate; on 525,
Augustus is laureate and the letters P P have been added.
On the reverse is a crocodile chained to a palm with the
legend COL NEM. The exact symbolism of this type has

been debated. It obviously recalls the conquest of Egypt,
and might indicate the settlement of veterans in Nimes after
30 B C . The presence of the palm is more ambiguous: does it
recall Actian Apollo, as stated by D. Roman, ‘Apollon,
Auguste et Nimes’, RAN, 1981, pp. 207-14? It should be
noticed that it already figured on the coinage of the Volcae
and on 521. For other interpretations, see M. Christol and
Ch. Goudineau, ‘Nimes et les Volques Arécomiques au Ier
siècle avant J.-C .’, Gallia, 1987-8, pp. 99-101.
The legend COL NEM recalls the juridical status of
Nimes. The full title of the colony was Colonia Augusta
Nemausus. Nimes was an oppidum Latinum and, under
Augustus, became a colony with full privileges and was
given 24 oppida latina formerly belonging to the Volcae. The
problem is to date this change of status. Did it occur in 27
B e when Augustus was in Gaul? Did it occur in 16-15 BC
when Augustus offered Nimes its walls and its doors? The
second solution is favoured by A. Chastagnol, Annales de
Bretagne, 1966, p. 195, and Ghristol-Goudineau, loc. cit., pp.
99-103, whereas the first has gained more support.
Chronology
It is accepted here that the striking of the first group ( 5 2 2 -
3 ) began in c. 2 7 b c and ended at the latest in 9 b c , as the
Port-Haliguen hoard (RN, 1 9 6 7 , pp. 1 1 9 - 3 9 , pi. X III—
XIX), probably deposited in 8 b c , included eight mint state
coins of the second group ( 5 2 4 ) . Therefore the striking of
5 2 4 probably began in 9 - 8 b c and ended at the latest in 3 b c
as the title Pater Patriae, which Augustus received in 2 b c ,
figures on the third group ( 5 2 5 ) . The striking of this group
might have begun in 2 b c , but more probably in a d 1 0 ,
when Lyons resumed its production of bronze coinage (RIC
23ia-48b). This chronology seems to be confirmed by the
hoard of La Villeneuve-au-Châtelot ( Trésors Monétaires VI,
1 9 8 2 , pp. 9 - 9 2 ) which was deposited in a d 9 - 1 0 and did not
include any Nimes group III ( 5 2 5 ) .
Denomination
The coins of Nemausus (522—5) have generally been
regarded as asses.
The first group (522-3) can be divided into two series.
Series 522 is heavy and struck on large flans, whereas the
weight of 523 is lower.
The weight of the different series is as follows:
522 28—9 m m , 16.74g ( 3 1* )
523 27 mm, 12.50g (84)
524 27m m, 13.27g (194)
525 28m m, 12.85g (24)
The weight of 522 is lighter than the coinage of Arausio (?)
(533), and was probably struck in c. 27 b c when Augustus
was in Gaul. The striking of the coinage of Nemausus was
resumed after the introduction of the new monetary
Augustan system and the weight of series 523, though
slightly light, corresponds to the theoretical weight of a
dupondius. The weight of 524 perfectly suits the Augustan
dupondius. As the mint of Lugdunum produced, between
10 and 7 b c (?), copper asses which circulated together with
Nemausan coins, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that
the ‘crocodiles’ were intended to pass as dupondii, even if
G A U L : Nemausus (519-523) 153
they were not made of brass, but of bronze. Their value
was, in fact, indicated by the presence of two heads on the
obverse of the coin, one head meaning the value of an as.
Conclusion
The Nemausus coinage was produced in very abundant
quantities and circulated widely (see FIT A, p. 71 and nn. 1-
13). It has a number of countermarks studied by R.
Majurel, ‘Les contremarques sur as nimois’, Ogam, 1965,
pp. 243-78. Halves and quarters are also very frequent.
Some coins look like pigs’ legs (526). On these, see
Goudard, Notice sur les médailles dites pieds de sanglier ( 1880).
They are exceptional and probably represent votive
offerings.
c . 40 B C _______________________________________
519 A R (obol). 10-11 m m , 0 .3 9 g (13)· Axis: var.
G iard 59, no. 6
H elm eted an d d rap ed bust, r.
N E M C O L ; in a w reath
i . P 2 7 2 2 ( = L u y n es 764), 0.49; 2—6. P 2717-21, 0.37, 0.32, 0.42. 0.42,
0 . 36; 7 - 8 . P 2723-4, 0.36, 0.29; 9 - 1 2 . L 597-600, 0.46, 0.43. 0.37, 0.33;
13. C o p 691, 0.45; 14. V 481, 0.20.
520 AE. i5 - i6 m m , 2.22g (21). Axis: var.
G iard 59-60, no. 7
H elm eted an d d rap ed bust, r.; behind, S
N E M C O L ; H y g eia/V aletu d o /S alu s standing, L, left arm
on a colum n, holding p a te ra over two snakes
1. P 2 7 3 5 , 2.50; 2—6 . P 2729-34, 2.23, 2.17, i . 81, 2.13, 1.62, 2.09; 7—
10. P 2736-9, 2.23, 2.65, 2.48, i . 81; i i . P Y 23627, 1.50; 12—21. L 1925-
34, 2.12, 2.47, 2.21, 1.92, 2.27, 2.08, 2.03, 1.68, 2.55, 2.07; 2 2 —23. C o p
692—3, 2.14, 2.37; 24—25. M u SNG 4 3 1 -2 , 2.85, 2.45; 26—2 7 . V 483 -4 ,
1.72, i . 61.
521 AE. i j - q m m , 1.19g (5)· Axis: var.
G iard 60, no. 8
H elm eted an d d rap ed bust, r.; behind, Q
N E M C O L ; inverted u rn betw een two palm s
i . L 1 9 3 5 , 1-25; 2—5. P 2725-8, 1.18, 1.18, 1 .12, 1.24.
c . 2 7 B C ___________________________________________________
522 Bronze. 2 8 -g m m , 16.74g ( 3 1)· Axis: var.
Ric 154
IM P D IV I F; above and below heads of A grippa to 1.
a n d A ugustus to r. back to back; A grippa w ears a rostral
crow n com bined w ith a laurel w reath; A ugustus is
bare-headed
C O L N E M ; to 1. a n d r. of a p alm to w hich a crocodile is
chained; above p alm , w reath w ith long ties
i . P 2 7 9 9 , 17.29; 2—3 1 . Specim ens from v ario u s collections a n d h o ard s.
c. / 6 7 75 ( ? ) - i o BC
523 B ronze/leaded bronze. 27m m , 12.50g (84). Axis: var.
r ic 155-7
As 53a
i . P 2 7 7 3 , 11.93; 2—8 5 . L a V illen eu v e-a u -C h âte lo t; 8 6 —9 3 . 94—
1 04. L; 1 0 5 —1 07. C o p 696-8; 108—1 17. T ü b in g e n 142-51; 118—1 3 1 . V
485-98.
c . 9 / 8 - 3 BC___________________________ _________ c. A D 1 0 -1 4

524 Bronze. 27m m , 13.27g (194)· Axis: var. 525 Bronze. 2 8m m , 12.85g (24). Axis: var.
Ric 158 r ic 159-61
As 522—3, b u t A ugustus has a laurel w reath As 524, b u t P P to 1. an d r. o f the heads
i . P 2 8 0 7 , 12.79; 2—1 9 5 . L a V illen eu v e-a u -C h âte lo t; 196—2 0 5 . P; 2 0 6 — i . P 2 7 5 9 E (= D ’Ailly 17459), 13-54; 2 -2 4 · P; 2 5 - 4 2 . L ; 4 3 - 4 4 . C o p
2 2 2 . L; 22 3 . C o p 699; 224—2 3 0 . T ü b in g e n 152-8; 2 3 1 -2 3 2 . V 499-500. 700-1; 4 5 - 5 1 . T ü b in g en 160-6; 5 2 —5 7 . V 501 -6 .

526

As 5 2 2 —5, b u t in the form o f a pig’s leg

i . P 2 8 3 9 ; 2. L 1 8 6 7 -1 -1 -2 2 4 6 ; 3 . C o p 702.

Cabellio
Cabellio (Cavaillon) struck a silver coinage under the 528 A R (obol). 10-11 m m , 0.45 g ( I2 )· Axis: var.
governorship of Lepidus in 44-42 b c . This coinage consists BN 2544-9
mainly of obols (528), but a hemidrachm is also known As 527
( 5 2 7 )· !· p 2547, 0.48; 2 -4 · p 2544-6. ° - 3 4 . 0 -4 5 . 0 -4 3 ; 5~ 6 · p 2 54 8 -9 ( = L
Bronze coins, with the legend COL CABE, are also 6 8 5 -6 ), 0.45, 0.47; 7—10. L 6 0 2 -5 , ° · 5 °> ° - 5 4 > °· 4 Ι > ° · 4 7 > Ι Τ · C o p 684,
known (529—30). Series 530 is dated precisely to 23 b c , as 0.37; 12. V 4 ! 6 j °·4 7·

Augustus is consul for the eleventh time. Blanchet, Traité, p.

439, following Hirschfeld, CIL X II, p. 136, considered that
Cabellio became a colony and received the ius Latinum
under Augustus. But Rogers, RN, 1986, p. 87, supposed c. 4 0 - 3 0 BC?
that the founder of the colony was Lepidus and that the
absence of COL on 527—8 is by no means an argument 529 AE. i4 - i6 m m , 1.96g (46). Axis: var.
against this proposition. The parallel with the foundation BN 2563-85
coinage of Lugdunum (511) supports his position. 529 C O L ; helm eted head, r.
could therefore be dated to the years 40—30 b c , as it is CABE; head of Apollo, r.; all in a w reath o f m yrtle
similar in size and weight (though slightly lighter) to 520 i . P 2 5 7 3 , 1.96; 2—13. P 2563-72, 1.74, 1.97, i . 51, 2.26, 2.01, 1.93, 1.89,
struck at Nemausus in c. 40 b c . 1.87, 2.16, 1.92, 2.25; 1 4 - 2 6 . P 2574-85, 1.82, 1.80, 1.83, r . 75, 2.09, 2.49,
I-9 T : -99> *1· 6 ι, 1.85, 1.64, 2.18, 2.08; 27—3 7 . L 19 3 6 -4 6 , 2.08, 2.14, 1.85,
529 might be a semis, as Nemausus 520, and 530 is a 1.74, 2.08, 1.80, 2.05, 1 .18, 3.14, i . 91, 1.99; 38—3 9 . C o p 685 -6 , 2.01, 1.36;
quadrans of exactly the same weight as Nemausus 521. But 4 0 —4 2 . M u SNG 3 4 4 -6 , 2.19, 1.85, 2.14; 4 3 —4 6 . V 4 1 7 -2 0 , 1.70, 1.55, 2.36,
a quadrans of 1.19 g struck in 23 b c does not ht in the 2.22

Augustan system. Rogers, loc. cit., therefore thought a spe­

cial metrological system was in use in the Provincia, but see
also p. 147.
A u g u s tu s 2 3 BC

L e p id u s , 4 4 - 4 2 B C 530 AE. 13m m , 1.19g (24 )· Axis: var.

BN 2550-62
527 A R (hem idrachm ). 13 m m , 0 .9 7 g (2)· Axis: 6. C O L CABE; tu rre te d head o f Tyche, r.; below, three dots
[ 2 coins, i obv. die ] IM P C A ESA R A V G V S T C O S X I; cornucopia
B lanchet, t r a it é , 439, I I I , 23 I. P 2 5 5 6 , 1.35; 2 - 7 . P 255 0 -5 , 1.50, 1.11, 1.34, 0.98, 1.22, 0.87; 8 - 1 3 . P
2557-62 ( = L 6 9 2 -7 ), 1.26, 1.39, 1.20, 1.16, 1 .18, i . 21; 14. P 2562/1,
GABE; head o f Apollo, r. 1.08; 15. P C ô te 99, 1.12; 16—2 2 . L 1947-53, ° - 9 3 > J -3 r > 1-52, 1.30,
LE P I; cornucopia; all in w reath 1.34, 0.80; 2 3 . C o p 687, 1.25; 2 4 . M u SNG 347, 1.02.
i . V 4 1 5 , 1.10; 2. L 601, 0.83.

Antipolis
The city of Antipolis (Antibes) struck a bronze coinage of Venus/Victory crowning a trophy), but the only obverse
when Lepidus was governor of Narbonensis in 44-43 b c . legend of 531 is ΙΣΔΕΜ, whereas different names occur on
Antipolis gained the Latin right at a date which is not yet the obverse of 532.
certain, but Grant, FIT A 390-1 and Rogers, RN, 1986, pp. Different restorations of the legend of 531 have been
83-7, have plausibly argued that the city obtained this right tried: Blanchet, Traité, p. 442, following La Saussaye, pro­
from Lepidus. posed [Ε]ΙΣ ΔΗΜ(ον) ΑΝΤΙΠ(ολιτων) ΛΕΠ(ιδος), a
Rogers has demonstrated that two different series were curious formula implying that this series was issued by
struck, each with different technical characteristics. One Lepidus in honour of the people of Antipolis. On the other
(531) is struck on cast flans, and the second (532) on round hand, Grant’s explanation - [ΚΤ]ΙΣ(την) ΔΗΜ(ος) ANTI
flans. The two series share common types (diademed head Π(ολίτων) ΛΕΠ(ιδον) - though more orthodox, lacks any

confirmation: no trace of the first two supposed letters KT
can be found even on the best-preserved specimens. The
best solution seems to dissociate the obverse and the reverse
legends. ΙΣΔΕΜ is probably a name, like the different
names on 532.
4 4 - 4 3 B C a n d la te r
531 AE. 15m m , 2.25g (10). Axis: var.
BN 2179-84, FiTA 390
ΙΣΔΕΜ; diadem ed head of V enus, r.
Α ΝΤ(Ι)(Π ) ΛΕΠΙ; V ictory crow ning a trophy
Arausio (?)
533 used to be attributed to Lyon or Vienne, but there is no
resemblance to the issues of either colony (514-15; 517)· On
the other hand, there are many similarities with the first
issue ofNimes, the so-called ‘heavy’ series (Nîmes 1, 1: 522):
the flans are of the same size (27-8 mm as against 32 mm for
the coins of Lyon and Vienne), while the legend and the
style are also the same.
These features were probably what led Grant, FITA, pp.
208-10, to look for a possible mint in the Provincia, and,
with some hesitation, he ultimately selected Orange (Col­
onia Firma Julia Secundanorum Arausio). Grant accepted
Blanchet’s suggestion that the disc above the prow con­
tained a ram’s head and that this was the emblem of the
veterans of the legio II Gallica which founded the colony,
probably in 35 b c .
The specimen in the Avignon museum (533/31)
published by G. de Loye (‘Note sur le médaillon de la
monnaie coloniale romaine attribuée à Orange’, Cahiers
Numismatiques, 1988, pp. 357-67), which is in excellent con­
dition, would appear to confirm this hypothesis. The link
between the ram’s head and the legio II Gallica still needs to
be explained, and Grant had to admit that he was unable to
do so.
The attribution to Orange is therefore not entirely certain
although the mint must have been somewhere in the Pro­
vincia: most of the finds have come from the area and the
coins are plentiful in the Nimes and Carpentras museums
and in private collections in Avignon. Arles, Béziers or even
Narbonne itself are equally likely.
The issue is slightly heavier than Nimes 1, 1 (=522). The
Forum Iulii
The city of Forum Iulii (Fréjus) was probably founded by
Caesar after Massilia was defeated in 49 b c . It became a
very important military harbour where, after Actium,
Augustus sent the 300 warships which he had captured. It
was probably on that occasion that the city became Forum
Iulii Octavanorum colonia and was called Pacensis and
Classica (Pliny, NH III, 35).
Excavations conducted since 1975 have unearthed
G A U L : Antipolis, Arausio (?), Forum Iulii {531-533) 755
i . P 2 1 8 2 , 2.42; 2—4 . P 2179-81, 3.40, 2.34, 2.39; 5—6. P 218 3 -4 , 2.84,
1.95; 7—8. P 2 1 9 9-200 (= L u y n e s 6 2 3 -4 ), 1.85, 1.21; 9. P 2188, 1.18;
10. L 1954, 2.28.
532 AE. io - i3 m m , 2.40g (11). Axis: var.
Different nam es, diadem ed head of V enus, r.
As 5 3 1
a - A I.M A i: i . P 2185, 2.11; 2. P 2187, 2.66; b - ΑΝΤΪ: 1. P 2206
( = L u y n es 630), 2.13; c - KAVI: 1. P 2195, 2.25; d —ΛΑΚΑ: i . C o p 857,
1.93; e - ΛΑ.ΤΕ: i . P 2 1 9 6 , 2.21; f - Ν Ι Δ Ι : C o p 856, 2.05; g - ΠΑΚΟΡ:
i . P 2193, 2.94; 2. P 2203 ( = L u y n es 627), 3.13; 3. C o p 858, 2.39; h -
TEP.AIM: i . F réju s; i - ΤΙ.Δ.ΚΟΡ: 1. P 2194, 2.50.
ram ’s head issue must have been struck before 28-27 b c , the
generally accepted date of Nimes 522, for two reasons: its
weight (higher although the face value is the same) and the
fact that Agrippa does not yet wear the corona navalis, unlike
Nimes 522. The issue may date from 30 to 29 b c when
Agrippa and Maecenas were in charge of the Empire in
Rome.
Amandry (CENB, April-June 1986, pp. 26 and 30) has
argued that the denomination struck was a dupondius.
Halved coins are known which might have passed for asses
under the new Augustan system.
533 Bronze. 2 7 -8 m m , 17.37g (73). Axis: var.
ή τα 208-10, RN 1984, 77-84
IM P D IV I F; bare heads of A ugustus, r., an d A grippa, 1.
Prow w ith su perstructure, r.; on the prow , ‘eye’; above,
m edallion enclosing a ra m ’s head?
i . C o ll. L a ffa ille ; 2—26. See G iard , r n 1984, 77—8; 27—29. F o rm erly coll.
H . M iiller, 22.90, 17.59 (h o led ), 14.18; 3 0 . C oll. E rsk in e, 19.06;
3 1 . A vignon 521, 18.93; 32- 34 · N im es, 18.69, ΐ 7 ·7 5 > T7 -7 3 ; 35 “
3 7 . C a rp e n tra s , 18.50, 17.90, 16.90; 3 8 . B F ox, 18.28; 3 9 . B L öbb, 17.74;
4 0 . M ailh ac (A u d e), 18.24 (holed); 4 1 . L 1901-5—3—239, 18.17; 4 2 · P V
(ex S pink G eneva, 1 5 -1 6 /II/1 9 7 7 , 228), 18.14; 4 3 . F o n tain e des C h a rtre u x
(Lot) ( = J .- L . D esn ier, M é ta l Pensant, 1988/1, 143), 18.13; 44 * P oinsignon,
coll. R. H eitz, 4 /X II/1 9 8 5 , 241, 18.11; 4 5 —4 8 . C oll. V .M . (A vignon),
18.00, 17.90, 17.85, 17.80; 4 9 —5 0 . C oll. M aju re l, 17.99, 17.01; 5 1* V 512,
17-96; 5 2 —5 6 . C oll. J .L . (A vignon), 17.90, 17.45, 17-40, 16.65; 57. K lag
82, 17.87; 5 8 . P o n sig n o n a n d Pesce 3e V S O , 9 /V I/1 9 8 6 , 476, 17.82;
5 9 . C oll. H .N . (A vignon), 17.79; 6 0 . M arseille, 17.74; 6 1 . N em o u rs,
17.70; 6 2 . G ap , 17.63; 6 3 . R W , 17.56; 6 4 . P 4664c, 17.41; 6 5 . P
D elep ierre, 17.08 (h oled); 6 6 . L 1 9 0 1 -5 -3 -1 6 1 , 16.76; 6 7 . C oll. P etit
(D ijon), 16.72; 6 8 . S ain t-O m er 55, 16.46; 69,. Peus 316/1986, 9, 16.36;
70. O rléan s, 15.80; 7 1 . B o u lo g n e-su r-M er, 15.66; 7 2 . C ilhes (H é ra u lt),
15.23; 7 3 . M i, 13.48; 7 4 . V en ice A rch eo lo g ical M u se u m 3847, 11.85; 75—
7 7 . L yons, 18.21, 18.03,
important numismatic material among which are 55 unins­
cribed bronzes, of types previously unknown. These coins
have been studied by Deroc = A. Deroc, ‘Les monnaies col­
oniales de Forum Julii (Fréjus)’, Mélanges Colbert de Beaulieu,
1987, pp. 285-93.
They consist of two different series (534-5). To these
series may be added a series of silver coins discovered in the
vicinity of Fréjus (536).
 G. Rogers and D. Brentchaloff, BSFN, 1979, pp. 560-2, 535 A E. io - i4 m m , 2.20g (2). Axis: ?.
and Deroc have argued that these coins were struck at Deroc, 288 an d fig. 4
Forum Iulii. This seems plausible and the date they pro­ L au reate head, r.
pose, c. 31-27 B C , is perfectly suitable. C apricorn w ith cornucopia, r.
534 AE. 10-12 m m , 2.20-2.30 g (53). Axis: var. 1—2. F réjus.

D eroc, 288 an d fig. 3 536 A R (drachm ). i2 - i6 m m , 2.22g (3). Axis: var.

Prow w ith rostra, 1 . Deroc, 289 an d fig. 5
C apricorn w ith globe, r.
Prow w ith rostra, 1.
I. F r é ju s 5 8 6 ; 2—5 3 . F réjus. C apricorn, r.; below, O
1—3. P riv ate coll.

Uncertain (Tiberius)
537 is described in the new edition of RIC, whereas 538 is G a llia C o m a ta ?
not. But these series must be considered together, as stated
by Grant, RAI, pp. 61-2. M. Amandry, BSFN, 1988, pp. 537
327-30, has pointed out that 537 and 538 have a common
obverse die.
This issue depicts Divus Augustus, Tiberius and Livia,
and was struck after a d 22—3, as the reverse of 538 imitates
the dupondii with the Pietas type struck at Rome in a d 22-3
(RIC 43). Livia is here assimilated to Ceres. This issue does
not have any of the characteristics of the Rome mint and is
probably provincial. As the specimen in B (538/1) was 538
found in the vicinity of Trier, Grant (RAI, p. 62) proposed
that the mint should be located in Gallia Comata. There is
also a resemblance between these coins and the mysterious
coin of Divus Augustus inscribed TA on the reverse (5431).
537 was intended to be a sestertius. Although 538 has the
Brass. 30-1 m m , 28.99g (2). Axis: 12.
Ric 70, BFSN 1988, 327-30
D IV V S A V G V S T V S P A TE R ; ra d ia te head o f D ivus
A ugustus, 1.; above, star
Bare head o f T iberius in an oak w reath, 1.
i . N Y ( = A N S A n n u a l Report, 1979, 15 a n d f i g . 9), 28.48; 2. C o p ( = n c
1941, 103-4, n · *13> pi· I*11 — R a i , pi. I ,io ) , 29.50. i a n d 2 from th e sam e
p a ir o f dies, a n d fro m th e sam e ob v erse die as 538/1.
B rass (?). 30-410111, 15.13g (1). Axis: 12.
G ran t, r a i, pi. I I , 1, b s f n 1988, 327-30
As 5 3 7
D iadem ed an d veiled head o f Livia in a w reath of corn, 1.
i. B R a u c h (= pi. I I , i ) , 15.13. 1 from th e sam e o b v erse die as
r a i,

5 3 i / t - 2·
same size as 537, it was perhaps a dupondius, as it is half
the weight.
 ITALY
(AND CI SALPI NE GAUL)
Cat. no. Page
Introduction 07
Clovius 601 07
Oppius 602-3 08
Paestum 604-18 08
Cn Piso Frugi 6 iq 160
Divos Iulius 620-1 161
During the period from the Hannibalic War, the currency
of Italy had comprised almost entirely of the silver and
bronze minted at Rome (and catalogued by M. H. Craw­
ford, Roman Republican Coinage). This had been supplemen­
ted by very small issues of bronze from some of the cities
and colonies in Italy, especially in the second century b c
(for these, see A. M. Burnett, AIIN 29 (1982), pp. 125fr. and
M. H. Crawford, CMRR, p. 71). By the first century hardly
any ‘civic’ coinage was still being produced, perhaps only at
Paestum, Heraclea and Velia. In the period covered by this
catalogue only Paestum continued to mint coins, and
bronze semisses are known down to the reign of Tiberius.
These issues, however, marked the end of local coinage in
Italy.
During the period of the civil wars a few other isolated
issues had been made in Italy (601-3, 619-21), all produced
Clovius
Grant (FITA 7) attributed the orichalcum coins of Clovius
to ‘Mediolanum (?)’, on the basis of various Italian and
Swiss or south German provenances. S. Cesano (Rend. Pont.
Acc. Arch, 1947-9) subsequently suggested that Clovius was
an urban prefect, while A. Alfoldi (Mélanges Carcopino, pp.
30-1) thought that he was a naval prefect in Cyrenaica. The
provenances given by Grant, and some further Italian ones
(AIIN 29, 1982, p. 131, n. 38), exclude Alfoldi’s view; the
finds seem to concentrate on northern Italy and Switzer­
land and so marginally support Grant’s attribution rather
than Cesano’s. Crawford (RRC 476) pointed out that one
would expect an urban prefect to be called PRAEF VRB,
and preferred to leave the question of mint open. Northern
Italy seems very likely, whether or not a precise attribution
to Milan is correct.
The probable date of Caesar’s third dictatorship, April
46-April 45, seems to reduce the likelihood of Grant’s
identification of Clovius with the Cluvius known to have
been supervising land allotments in 45 b c (Cicero, Fam.
X III.7) As Crawford says (RRC, p. 94, n. 1), the nature of
Clovius’s prefecture is best left open.
probably in the forties and thirties b c . Some of these issues
were important, since two of them saw the introduction of
orichalcum coinage to the west (Clovius and Oppius), while
some of them were on a very large scale (Clovius and par­
ticularly Divos Iulius), representing the only large issues of
base metal currency made in Italy between Sulla and the
Augustan reform of c. 23 b c .
The following issues included as Italian by Grant, FIT A,
have been attributed elsewhere: (1) asses of Atratinus for
Antony (FIT A 37: ‘Italy (Brundisium?)’): to uncertain of
Asia (2226); (2) Antony’s ‘fleet coinage’ (FITA 43: ‘Taren­
tum ?’). The three series are given here to the Peloponnese
(Atratinus, 1453-6), Greece (Oppius, 1672-70) and Cyprus
or Syria (Bibulus, 4088-93); (3) the unique coin in L with a
portrait of Agrippa and a triskeles (FITA 46—7: ‘Puteoli (?)’)
is regarded here as a forgery.
The similar coin in L = BMCRR 4124 with the reverse
inscription L PLANCVS PRAEF VRB is a forgery (see M.
Bahrfeldt, NZ igog, p. 83).
As for the designs, Victory was commonly used by
Caesar (RRC, p. 736 and n. 6); S. Weinstock, Divus Julius,
pp. 99, 376-7, saw in the star a reference to the victory at
Pharsalus.
C C lo v i p r a e f, 4 6 - 4 5 B C
601 Brass. 2 7 -8 m m , 14.91g (99). Axis: 12. [ 29 ]
FITA 7, RRC 476, B ahrfeldt, nz 1909, 78
C A ESA R D IC T E R ; d rap ed b u st o f V ictory, r.; (behind,
star)
C C L O V I PR A E F; M inerva standing, 1., w ith tro phy and
spear an d shield; before, snake
N o star: i . L = b m c r r 4 1 2 5 ; 2—7 2 . See B ah rfeld t; star: 7 3 . L = B M C R R
4 1 2 7 ; 7 4 —99· See B ah rfeld t. See also E. A. S y d en h am , Coinage o f the Rom an
Republic , nos. 1025—6. M eta l analysis: 71% C u , 2 8 -9 % Z n (2 specim ens:
see B ah rfeld t 84).
 Oppius
This issue was fully catalogued and listed by M. Bahrfeldt,
NZ, 1909, pp. 80-4, but since then there has been much
discussion of the origin and date of this issue, and indeed
the identity of the Q. Oppius who signs it (W. V. Voigt,
JIAN 13, 1911, pp. 24-8; H. Willers, Geschichte der römischen
Küpferprägung, pp. 105-7; M. Grant, FITA 61-2; Μ. H.
Crawford, RRC, no. 550). The alternative hypotheses are to
attribute it to (1) Asia Minor (perhaps Laodicea), identify­
ing Oppius as the governor of Cilicia in 8 8 b c (Crawford,
very tentatively, followed by E. Badian, ANSMN, 1984, p.
99), (2) to Italy in the time of Caesar, linking the issue with
that of Clovius (Bahrfeldt), or (3) to Antioch in 33—31 b c
(Grant).
Crawford in RRC marginally favoured the first alterna­
tive, and this attribution received some support from metal
analyses which showed that the use of brass was well
established in Asia Minor in the first century b c (P. Crad­
dock, A. Burnett and K. Preston, ‘Hellenistic copper-based
coinage and the origins of brass’, Scientific Studies in Numis­
matics (ed. W .D. Oddy, 1980), pp. 53-64, and A. M.
Burnett, P. Craddock and K. Preston, ‘New light on the
origins of orichalcum’, Proc, gth Int. Num. Congress (ed. T.
Hackens and R. Weiller, 1982), pp. 263-8.
Greater significance, however, should attach to the
evidence of provenances, and until recently there seemed to
be two (see RRC): the piece in P (Wa 7450) was said to
come from Cilicia, while the Gnecchi piece (in R) was sup­
posed to come from Rome. Neither provenance was very
strong and they were, of course, contradictory.
There is now, however, more evidence about provenance,
since another Italian provenance has been reported, from
the excavations at Ordona (S. Scheers and J. Van Heesch,
‘Les monnaies. . . ’, in Ordona VIII. Rapports et études (ed. J.
Mertens, 1988), p. 242, no. 95). There are therefore now
two Italian (against one Cilician) finds, and this seems to
favour an attribution to Italy, confirming the evidence of
Paestum
The colony or municipium of Paestum (for its status, see L.
Keppie, Roman Colonies in Italy, pp. 154-5) was one of the
few communities in Italy to produce a coinage during the
last two centuries of the Republic (A. Burnett, AIIN 29,
1982, pp. 125ÎL); this coinage has been fully catalogued by
M. H. Crawford, ‘The form and function of a subsidiary
coinage’, in ‘La Monetazione di bronzo di Poseidonia-Paestum
(1Suppi. AIIN XVIII-XIX, 1973). The exact chronology of the
Republican issues is not, however, certain, and some of the
later ones may even have been produced in the reign of
Augustus, for instance the coins of Mineia M. f. with her
Livian hairstyle (Crawford no. 38). This issue and that of
M. Nun and L. Suei (Crawford no. 37) are also linked to the
imperial coinage by the use of the formula P S S C; in the
case of the latter, these letters are spaced around the
obverse head, like group (ii) below, and it is possible that it
fabric (the issue is very similar in appearance and
metrology to the coins of Clovius; cf. Bahrfeldt, p. 81). Thus
an attribution to an uncertain mint in Italy is followed here.
As for the date, the analogy of the coin of Clovius sug­
gests that the coin of Oppius is also Caesarian in date,
though the identity of the praetor (the natural expansion of
PR, rather than praefectus or proconsul) Oppius is quite
uncertain. (As for the presence of a capricorn, as a symbol,
this presumably is an astral rather than a possibly
Augustan symbol, in view of the ram.)
0 Oppius pr, forties BC?
602 Brass. 27 m m , 13.46 g (45). Axis: 11. [ 22 ]
ή τα 43, RRC 550, B ahrfeldt, nz 1909, 80
D iadem ed head o f V enus, r.; (symbol)
Q O P P IV S PR; V ictory advancing, 1., holding palm
b ra n c h a n d bowl o f fruit; (symbol)
i . L = b m c r r 4 1 3 3 ; 2 . L = BMCRR 4 1 3 2 ; 3 —4 1 . See B ah rfeld t. T h e
follow ing o b v erse/rev erse sym bols h av e been rep o rted : s ta r in cresce n t/-
(R R C 2a); cresce n t/- (R R C 2b); c re s c e n t/th u n d e rb o lt (R R C 2c, B ah rfeld t
c); c a p ric o rn /th u n d e rb o lt (R R C 2d, B ah rfeld t d ); c a p ric o rn /v in e -le a f (R R C
2e); crescen t a n d c a p ric o rn /th u n d e rb o lt (R R C 2f, B ah rfeld t e);
- /th u n d e rb o lt (B ah rfeld t b ). M e ta l analyses: 1-. 79% C u , 20% Z n; 2. 84%
C u , 15% Z n (B ah rfeld t, N Z , 1909, p. 84).
6 0 2 A 2 4 m m , 11.25 g.
As 602, b u t V ictory facing, holding w reath and p alm (no
symbols)
i . S e e B a h r f e l d t T a f . I .1 7 ; 2—3 . See B ah rfeld t, nos. 4 6 -8 = r r c 550/1.
O n ly th re e ex am p les kn o w n , all o f w h ich are slightly sm aller a n d lig h ter
th a n 6 0 3 a n d 6 0 2 .
603 See 602. [ 5 ]
As 6 0 2 , b u t head, 1.
1—4 . See B ah rfeld t; 5 , See C raw fo rd . T h e follow ing o b v erse/rev erse
sym bols h av e b een rep o rted : s ta r/- (R R C 3a, B ah rfeld t); s ta r a n d r a m ’s
h e a d /- (R R C 3b); v in e /le af/- ( R R C 3c).
may represent an issue for Livia made under Tiberius.
These coins are not, however, included here; nor are the
anonymous quadrantes with oil jar (Crawford no. 8,
below), which there seems no obvious reason to assign to
the imperial period.
The imperial coinage has been described by Grant, APT,
pp. 1-4, and fully documented by Crawford = M. H. Craw­
ford, AIIN 23-4 (1977), pp. 151-9. A sequence of groups
can be established on formal grounds: (i) bare heads with
lituus (604-5); (ii) laureate heads with lituus (606-9); and
(iii) laureate heads surrounded by the letters PS SC (6ιο­
ί 8). As the first issue of (i) (604) copies Rome bronzes of
Tiberius, it must obviously be Tiberian in date. If the
sequence (i), then (ii), then (iii) is correct, then the single
issue (605) of group (ii) must also be Tiberian. It should be
observed, however, that the portrait looks more like
 I T A L Y : Paestum (604-610) ißg

Augustus, for whatever this is worth, and that there is no Tiberius

particularly strong reason why an issue with laureate heads
should not precede the two with bare heads. It was C Lolli and M Doi Ilvir
regarded as Augustan by Garrucci cxxiii. 18-9 and Mionnet
6.587, followed by Münsterberg, Beamtennamen. For the time 604 AE. 16 m m , 4.29 g (23). Axis: var. [ 16 ]
being, however, the issue is left under Tiberius, with C raw ford no. 1, apt no. 4, bm c 78—9
appropriate reservations. H ead, r.; before, lituus
Most of the remaining issues can be securely dated to C L O L L I M D O I II V IR ; in exergue, P S S C. V eiled
Tiberius’s reign from the fact that they are signed by a fem ale figure seated, r., w ith sceptre an d p a te ra
flamen Tiberii Caesaris Augusti. The two remaining issues I . L = b m c 7 8 ; 2. L = BMC 79; 3 . L 1 8 8 0 -6 -3 -3 6 ; 4 . C o p 1 3 8 3 ; 5—

(613-18) have very similar obverses, and so, too, are also 28. See C raw fo rd i; 2 9 . B ( a p t no. 4).

probably Tiberian. There is, however, no obvious way of

establishing the order of 610-18, unless it is thought that
issues by a single duovir are not likely to have interrupted C Lolli and M Doi Ilviri ite
those of pairs of duoviri. The order used here convention­
605 AE. 16 m m , 3.83 g (12). Axis: var. [ 9 ]
ally follows that of Crawford, and should not be regarded as
at all certain. C raw ford no. 2, apt no. 5, bmc 80-1
The following magistrates and names are found: H ead, r.; before, lituus
C L O L L I M D O I; I I VTRI; IT E ; in exergue, P S S C.
(i) C LOLLI M DOI IIV IR D ian a stan d in g facing, holding sp ear a n d bow
C LOLLI M DOI IIV IR I ITE i. L = b m c 8 0; 2. L = bmc 81; 3—14. See C raw fo rd 2.

(ii) M EGNATIVS Q OGTAVIVS IIV IR

(iii) L FADI L GAEL FLA AVG TI CAESAR IIV IR
L CAEL CLEM FLA T I CAESAR M Egnatius and 0 Octavius Ilviri
L LICINIVS IIV IR 606 A E. 17 m m , 3.81g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ]
A VERGILIVS OPT IIVIR. C raw ford no. 3a, apt no. 1

Of the other names in Münsterberg, Beamtennamen, the fol­
lowing are not included here:
a. . .NVN L SVL = in fact, L. Nun and L. Suei, dis­
cussed above. The coin cited by Münsterberg from Mionnet
from Eckhel is in Vienna (3.80g);
b. Mineia M. f. is a late Republican issue, discussed
above;
c. L IulFel flaTi Caesar Aug 11vir is a misreading of 610
(see Grant, APT, pp. 3-4).
L au reate head, r.; before, lituus
PÂ Ë S S C; M E G N A T IV S Q O C T A V IV S IIV IR ; all
w ithin w reath
i . C o p 13 8 1 ; 2—3. See C raw fo rd 3a; 4. B ( a p t , pi. i . i ) . A ttrib u tio n o f
6 0 6 -9 t0 T ib eriu s n o t ce rtain (see in tro d u ctio n ).
607 AE. 16 m m , 4.52 g (5). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ]
C raw ford no. 3b, apt no. 1
L au reate head, r.; before, lituus
Q O C T M E G N II V IR S P S C; in w reath
i . L 1 9 1 4 —5—1 2 -4 ; 2. L G 0075; 3 —5 . See C raw fo rd 3b.

The reverse designs are mostly derived from the imperial 608 AE. 16 m m , 3.90 g (4). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
coinage. 604 copies bronze asses of Tiberius, minted in a d C raw ford no. 3c, apt no. 2
15-16 (BMC 65), a type which was also copied elsewhere,
As 607, b u t head, 1.
e.g., at Panormus or in Africa, presumably because it was
I. C o p 13 8 2 ; 2—5. See C raw fo rd 3c.
thought (whether rightly or wrongly) to depict Livia. 605
copies the figure of Diana on aurei and denarii minted at 609 AE. i 7 m m , 4.64 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ]
Lugdunum between 15 and 10 b c (BMC 463), and 617-18
C raw ford no. 3d
copy the figure of Mars on aurei and denarii of 19-16 b c
{BMC 437). Other reverses, such as the Victory of 613-16 As 608, b u t rev. inscription M E G N Q O C T IIV IR
and the biga of 610-11, may also be derived from the S P S C
1—3 . See C raw fo rd 3d.
imperial coinage, but they are too generic for this to be sure.
The reverse of 612 refers to the imperial priesthood held by
the man who signs it.
The common legend P S S C or, in one case, S P S C, and L Fadi and L Cael Fla Ti Caesar Aug Ilvir
in another, PAE S S C, is probably to be expanded as 610 AE. 16 m m , 4.11 g (6). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 8 ]
Paestanorum Semis Senatus Consulto, the senate in question C raw ford no. 4 corr., apt nos. 8-9
being that of Paestum. P S S C; lau reate head, r.
All the coins are of the same denomination, which, if the L F A D I L C A E L FL A A V G T I C A E SA R IIV IR ; biga, 1.
expansion of P S S C is correct, is the semis. The average 1—7. See C raw fo rd 4a; 8. P ( a p t , pi. 1.12); 9 —10. B; 11. L G 2 0 1 4 (ex
weight is consistently about 4 g. u n c e rta in ), 3.57; 12. P D elepierre.
611 See 610. [ i ] 614 AE. See 613. [ 1 ]
As 610, b u t biga, r. (and different sequence of w ords in As 613, b u t V ictory, 1.
rev. legend?) 1—2. See C raw fo rd 6c; 3 . R o u x coll., 4.66.
1 -2 . See C raw fo rd 4b ( i n c . N Y s n g 814, w here th e read in g L FA D
L C A E L F L A C C A E S A R A V G is given). C .J . H ow gego, N C , 1989, p.
615 AE. See 613. [ o ]
203, η. i 2, suggests the rea d in g . . . T I C A E S A R A V G . .. As 6 1 3 , b u t lau reate head, 1.
1—2. See C raw fo rd 6d.

L Gael Clem Fla Ti Caesar 616 AE. See 613. [ o ]

As 613, b u t lau reate head, r., an d V ictory, 1.
612 AE. 17m m , 4.52g (7). Axis: var. [ 5 ] i . See C raw fo rd 6e.
C raw ford no. 5, a pt no. 7
P S S C; laureate head, r.
L C A E L C L E M FLA T I CAESA R; apex
A Vergilius Opt Ilvir
i . L 1852—6 - 2 8 —8; 2. L 1 9 0 8 -1 -3 -1 ; 3—8. See C raw ford 5; 9. E velpidis 617 AE. 17m m , 4 .1 4 g (29). Axis: var. [ 19 ]
282; 10. P D elep ierre, 4.46; 11. Lew is, s n g 1222, 4.30.
C raw ford no. 7a, a pt no. 6
P S S C; lau reate head, r.
L Licinius Ilvir A V E R G IL IV S O P T IIV IR ; M ars standing, 1., on
pedestal, holding sta n d a rd an d sword
613 AE. 16m m , 3.70g (28: 613—16). Axis: var. [ 9 ] i . L 1 9 4 4 —4 —6—2; 2—3. L 1 9 0 3 -6 -6 -6 a n d 1 9 0 3 -6 -6 -5 ; 4 . C o p 13 8 4 ; 5—
C raw ford no. 6, a pt no. 3 3 5 . See C raw fo rd 7a; 3 6 . P D elep ierre, 5.04; 3 7 . B oulogne, 3.92.

P S S C; laureate head, r. 618 AE. 17 m m , 3.54 g (6). Axis: var. [ 5 ]

L L IC IN IV S IIV IR ; V ictory, r., w ith palm b ran ch and C raw ford no. 7b
w reath
As 617, b u t lau reate head, 1.
i . C o p 1386; 2. L 186 7 -1 -1 -1 5 9 3 ; 3—3 0 . See C raw ford 6 a -6 b ; 3 1 . P
D elepierre, 4.69. i . L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -4 3 7 ; 2—7. See C raw fo rd 7b.

Cn Piso Frugi
The Pesaro bronze of Cn. Piso Frugi has been known since
1757. It has been published, e.g., by Bahrfeldt, NZ 42,
1909, p. 77 and pi. 1,9; H.A. Grueber, Coins of the Roman
Republic in the British Museum, II, p. 592 and note; Grant,
FITA, pp. 31-2; T. V. Buttrey, ‘The unique “as” of Cn.
Piso Frugi, an unrecognised semiuncial dupondius’, Studia
Oliveriana XI, 1963, pp. 3-10, and M. Crawford, RRC 547.
If the authenticity of the coin is accepted, the problem
concerning its date and its mint is far from being solved.
Grueber ascribed it to 91-89 b c , comparing coins of C.
Marcius Censorinus (RRC 364/4a-b dated to 88 b c ) ; Bahr­
feldt attributed the coin to Spain, comparing the Spanish
asses of Sextus Pompeius (486-7); Grant preferred a
‘Sicilian port’ and 37 b c on the basis of style and the sup­
posed connection with the ‘fleet praefect’ bronze (1453-70);
Buttrey was inclined to return to an early date of c. 90-85
b c , stating that the coin was a dupondius of the semiuncial
standard struck at Rome; Crawford adopted more or less
Grant’s opinion, dating the coin loosely to 43—31 b c , judg­
ing that ‘the trick of using two prows as a type to indicate a
double unit puts the issue in the same general period as the
fleet’ and Buttrey, Studies in Numismatic Methodpresented to Ph.
Grierson, p. 40, n. 31, now accepts the revised date suggested
by Crawford.
Judging from the flan, the coin could be dated to the
second century b c , as it looks like an uncial as, as stated by
Buttrey. That is the reason why Buttrey suggested an over­
strike even if no undertype is visible, as the obverse type
clearly indicates a dupondius. The weight of 23.11g is
reasonable for a semiuncial dupondius and it could be con­
sidered that this coin was struck in c. 91-90 b c when the
semiuncial reduction was introduced at Rome, as the
legend ROMA figures only on two semiuncial bronze emis­
sions: the L.P.D.A.P. as (RRC 338/1 dated to 91 b c ) and the
as of C. Vibius Pansa (RRC 342/yb-f dated to c. 90 b c ) . For
unknown reasons, this tentative reform of the bronze was
immediately abandoned. On technical grounds, the only
other parallel is the rare as struck by L. Cornelius Sulla
(RRC 368/1 ) in c. 82 b c , whose weight returned to the uncial
standard.
Anyway, if the coin is genuine, there seems no very strong
connection with the bronzes of Sextus Pompeius or
Antony’s ‘fleet coinage’.
619 AE. 30mm, 23.11g (1). Axis: 3.
RRC 547, FJTA 31
L au reate head of Ja n u s; above, II
T w o ships, r.; above, R O M A ; below, [C ]N P IS O F R V G I
i. P e s a r o M u s e o O liv e r ia n o 7 1 9 , 23.11.

Divos Iulius
A series of leaded bronzes struck for Octavian raises prob­
lems of mint and date. These bronzes are quite common
and their workmanship is careful and delicate.
These bronzes have been attributed by Goudard,
Monographie des monnaiesfrappées à Nimes..., Toulouse, 1893,
pp. 43-4, no. 2-5, to Nimes and by E. A. Sydenham, ‘The
Mint of Lugdunum’, NC, 1917, p. 59, no. 19-20, to Lug­
dunum. But their style differs greatly from contemporary
Gallic colonial coinages (511-26) and finds reported from
Gaul are very scanty. Therefore R. M artini’s attempt to
reattribute this series to Lugdunum seems groundless
(.Monetazione brongea romana tardo-repubblicana, I, Glaux,
Milan, 1988, pp. 33-64).
Provenances support an Italian origin, but a more precise
location for the mint is difficult to propose. Grant’s attribu­
tion to Puteoli (FITA, pp. 47-50), in parallel with the extra­
ordinary coin of M. Agrippa (FITA, pp. 46-7), which
unfortunately seems to be a modern forgery (see M. Aman-
dry, Essays Clain-Stefanelli (forthcoming), must be disre­
garded, as well as Alioldi—Giard’s attribution to Perusia
(‘Guerre civile et propagande politique: l’émission d’Oc-
tave au nom du Divos Julius (41-40 avant J.-C .)’, QT,
1984, pp. 147-61), which lacks any proof.
Of course, the various dates assigned to this issue depend
on the location of the mint. Alföldi-Giard proposed 41/40
B C as they imagined that this coinage was minted during the
Perusine war. Though possible, this hypothesis relies only
on the parallel of the glandes plumbae inscribed L.XI
DIVOM IVLIVM used by Octavian’s party against
Antony’s brother, L. Antonius. Grant dated the coins to
37/36 B C , as he thought they followed the pattern of the
‘Fleet’ coin of Agrippa. It seems best to date it to 38 b c , as
an Italian parallel to the Gallic gold and silver coinage
issued by Agrippa, with the same legend and on which the
sidus iulium, as on 621 (RRC 543/1—2), appears for the first
time. Differences of style between these two groups are, of
course, obvious as they were produced in two different
mints (see Alföldi-Giard, pp. 150-1).
This coinage was abundantly imitated and sometimes
I T A L Y : Divos Iulius (620-621) 161
overstruck on coins of Octavian from Narbo (518) or asses
of Sextus Pompeius (671). Amandry has argued that the
denomination struck was a dupondius (CENB, April-June
1986, pp. 21-34).
Recent analyses have been provided by Amandry and
Barrandon, RIN, 1988, pp. 145—6.
c . 3 8 B C _______________________________________
620 L eaded bronze. 29-30 mm , 19.55 g (56)· Axis: var.
[ 62 coins, a t least 21 obv. dies ]
RRC 535/1
C A ESA R D IV I F; head of O ctav ian , r., w ith a slight
beard
D IV O S IV L IV S ; lau reate h ead of C aesar, r.
i . C o ll. M . L a f fa ille , 18.64; 2—3 7 . See A lfö ld i-G iard , loc. cit., 147-8, I , 1 -
36; 3 8 —3 9 . V , 24.41, 21.02; 4 0 - 4 3 . O , 22.06, 20.01, 17.43, 16.99;
4 4 . V in ch o n , coll. T ra m p itsc h , i3 - i 5 / X I / i 9 8 6 , 596, 21.97; 4 5 . V in ch o n
3 - 4 /I I I /1 9 7 5 , 97, 19.97; 46· P o in sig n o n , coll. R . H eitz, 4 /X II/1 9 8 5 , 240,
18.90; 4 7 . K a m p m a n n , coll. N icolas, 9 - 1 0 /I I I /1 9 8 2 , 41, 21.50; 4 8 . N F A
X X /1 9 8 8 , 81, 18.98; 4 9 . M ü n z Z e n tru m 64/1988, 2, 22.69; 5 0 . B ourgey
1 1 -1 2 /III/1 9 8 5 , 63, 24.58; 5 1 . M M 61/1982, 397 (ex L o ck ett an d
S y d en h am ), 22.56; 5 2 . N F A /L eu , coll. G a r r e tt I I I , 2 9 /III/1 9 8 5 , 396,
21.36; 53 · L a n z 18/1980, 309, 20.72; 5 4 . N ew H av en , 19.81; 5 5 . Leu
25/1980, 225, 18.61; 5 6 . N Y , 18.37; 5 7 . L eu 18/1977, 265, 18.10;
5 8 . W a sh in g to n S m ith so n ian , 17.79; 5 9 · C o sa n 6 , i9-oo; 6 o . P V , 23.21;
6 1 . C oll. M . R oux, 19.77; 6 2 · R W , 19.84.
621 L eaded bronze. 2 9 -3 0 m m , 19.74g (38)· Axis: var.
[ 39 coins, a t least 19 obv. dies ]
RRC 535/2
D IV I F; head o f O ctavian, r., w ith a slight beard; in
front, star
D IV O S IV L IV S ; in a laurel w reath
i . P A -V 7 4 8 , 23.76; 2—2 2 . See A lfö ld i-G iard , loc. cit., 148-9, I I , 37-58;
23. N Y , 27.76; 24. N F A V I/1 9 7 9 , 567, 20.77; 25. L eu 20/1978, 192,
20.39; 26. Be 580, 19.96; 2 7 . Coll. H ey n en 132, 19.58; 28—2 9 . V , 19.24,
17.27; 3 0 . N F A X V I I I , 2/1987, 413 (ex N F A X II/1 9 8 3 , 137), 19.06;
3 1 . S tern b erg X V /1 9 8 5 , 313, 18.69; 3 2, N ew H av en , 17.44; 3 3 —
3 4 · B ologna 5 2 5 -6 , 18.77, 17-42; 3 5 · J - E lsen list 75 (J a n u a ry 1985), 37
(ex G a rre tt I/1 9 8 4 , 693), 18.91; 3 6 . G . K a s tn e r 8/1974, 141, 17.35; 3 7 · 6),
17.08; 3 8 . B irkler a n d W a d d ell II/1 9 8 0 , 281 (ex P eus 271/1969, 75),
i 6 -3 5 ; 3 9 · R w , 19-72.
 SARDINIA
Cat. no.
Introduction
Turris Libisonis? 622-3
Caralis 624
Uselis? 625
A survey of the history of Sardinia from the third century b c
until the end of the Republic can be found in P. Meloni, ‘La
provincia romana di Sardigna, I. I secoli Ι-ΙΙΓ , ANRW
I I .11.1 (1988), pp. 452-61.
During the civil war between Caesar and Pompey,
Sardinia was caught up between the two parties. The city of
Caralis took the side of Caesar, but Sulci the side of Pompey
in 47 b c . After Thapsus, Caesar, on his way back to Rome,
stopped at Caralis and the city was perhaps then elevated to
the rank of municipium civium Romanorum. The decision
to found a colony at Turris Libisonis (Porto Torres) might
date from the same time. Series 622-4 might reflect this
situation.
In 40 b c , Sardinia was conquered b y Menodoros, Sextus
30—2 mm
Turris (?) 622
Caralis 624 28.00 g (43)
Uselis (?)
Turris Libisonis?
622 and 623 have a northern Sardinian origin. Provenances
point towards Ploaghe, Padria, Sassari, Truvine, Antas and
Masala (see FIT A, p. 205, n. 1-4 and 8-11).
They are closely connected by their style, their area of
circulation and by the appearance of the same duovir,
Q.A.M., on both series. 622 was attributed by G. Spano
(Boll. Arch. Sardo IX, 1863, pp. 17-19) to Metalla as he
expanded the obverse legend, which he read as
C.P.M.L.PR., in Colonia Pia Metalla Lucius Praetor, and
the reverse legend in Quintus Antonius Metallae Piae Col­
oniae Duumvir. Spano also attributed 623 to Uselis (Boll.
Arch. Sardo V II, 1861, pp. 145-8), but this conjecture
derived from his incorrect reading of the obverse legend
(Q.A.M.F.C.V.IIV expanded to Quintus Antonius Marci
Filius Colonia Vsellus Duumvir). Bornemann (Blätter für
Münzfreunde, igoo, pp. 97-8) suggested Plubium (Ploaghe),
which seems unlikely, as the style of these coins indicates a
late Republican date and the legends a citizen community.
Therefore the attribution of 622-3 to Colonia Iulia Turris
Libisonis as suggested by Grant, FITA, pp. 205-6, is ten­
Page
162
162
163
163
Pompey’s legate, and it remained under his power until 38
b c when Menodoros changed to the side of Octavian. M.
Atius Balbus may have been then the new governor and
have issued the large series (625) with the effigy of the
eponymous deity of the island, Sardus Pater.
No Sardinian coinage is known under the Empire, with
the possible exception of 5417 (see under Uncertain).
The three known Sardinian issues struck between c. 46
and 36 b c have the metrology shown in the table below.
622 was probably intended to pass for a heavy semiuncial
as, 623 and 625 for heavy semiuncial semisses. The case of
624 is difficult: a very heavy uncial as or a semiuncial
dupondius? The second alternative might be more likely in
view of the presence of two heads on the obverse.
2 7—8 mm 2 2—5 mm
18.87g (15) 623 8.20g (1)
625 6.30 g (47)
tatively accepted here. Turris was enfranchised before 27 b c
(Kornemann, P IF IV, col. 526, no. 81), probably in c. 46-40
b c . The portrait on 622 might represent the founder of the
colony, M. Lurius, Octavian’s governor in Sardinia from
c. 42 until 40 b c (R. Syme, Roman Revolution, p. 213, p. 235,
n. 6), according to Grant who expanded the legend
M.L.D.C.P. as M. L(urius) D(eductor) C(oloniae)
P(atronus). But the restoration of P(atronus) is highly
implausible and the parallel with the coinage of Atius
Balbus (625) unlikely. Maybe the legend should be read in
the order P.M.L.D.C. and expanded as P.M.L.D(eductor)
C(oloniae), P.M.L. being a personage unknown to us. On
623, the name of the duovir L.C.VE may probably be
restored as L. Gerdonius Veratus by comparison with an
inscription from Turris Libisonis (CIL X, 7956).
622 and 623 represent two denominations, probably a
semiuncial as (622) and a semis (623).
622 L eaded bronze. 2 7 -8 mm , 18.87g (15)· Axis: 12 or 6.
FiTA 205-6

M L D C P · ; head, r.; below, plough
Q - A M P - C T I V · ; hexastyle tem ple
i . C a g lia r i ( = A lbizzati, A n n a li della Facoltà di Lettere della R . Università di
C agliari I - I I , 1928, tav. I, fig. 5); 2. R ( = f i t a , pi. V I , 19); 3 . L 1 9 2 4 -4 -
11-15, 15.26; 4 . L 1 9 2 5 -3 -2 -5 , 19.11; 5 . L 1 9 7 6 -1 1 -7 -2 , 18.18; 6 . P
D ’A illy 17490, 17.68; 7 - 9 . P, 22.25, 1 7 Ί 8 , 17.17; 10. V 27335, 15-46;
i i —12. M u SN G 1754-5, 18.44, 17-18; 13. N Y , 17.56; 14—15. P V , 18.29,
15.38; 16. G , 17.95; * 7 · Coll. C . M eloni, 16.00; 18. R W , 19-95- N u c le a r
a b so rp tio n analysis on: 8 (Cu: 76.40, Pb: 19.60, Sn: 3.31).
Caralis
A leaded bronze coin struck in the names of the suffetes
Aristo Mutumbal Ricoce has the ethnic KAR. It has been
attributed to either Carthage or Caralis. Müller (II, i860,
p. 149, no. 319—20) favoured the African origin and was
followed by E. Birocchi, ‘La monetazione romano-sarda’,
Archmio Storico Sardo XXIV, 1954, pp. 44-50, and most
recently by R. Martini, ‘Un probabile ritratto di M.
Aemilius Lepidus su monete del secondo Triumvirato
emesse a Carthago’, RIN, 1982, pp. 141-76. A Sardinian
origin was argued by Bornemann, ‘Karthago oder
Karales?’, Blätter für Münzfreunde, 1900, pp. 156-7,
Albizzati, ‘Due questioni di numismatica sardo-romana’,
Annali della Facoltà di Lettere della R. Università di Cagliari I—II,
1928, pp. 7-10, and M. Grant, FITA, pp. 149-50.
The Sardinian origin is accepted here on the following
grounds: (1) Provenances. These coins are quite frequently
found in Sardinia: two specimens in the collection of Spano,
probably found at Cagliari or in its vicinity; isolated finds at
Pauli Gerrei, Cornus, Bonaria (= Spano, Scoperte Archeolo-
gichefattesi in Sardegna in tutto Vanno, 1865, p. 36; 1866, p. 34;
1874, p. 8); seven specimens in private Sardinian collections
found around Cagliari and Sulcis (= Bornemann, loc. cit., p.
157). In contrast no specimen has turned up in the excava­
tions of Carthage or elsewhere in Africa (cf. Poinssot, Bull.
Soc. Nat. Antiquaires de France, 1928, p. 266), nor are there
any examples in the Bardo collection at Tunis; (2) the
presence of suffetes is inconsistent with the status of Car­
thage which was a colonia civium Romanorum·, (3) the style and
fabric are very close to the issue struck at Turris (?) in c. 40
BG (622-3).
Caralis is a perfectly suitable mint. The city probably
Uselis?
The coinage of M. Atius Balbus Pr./Sard. Pater is found in
large quantities in southwestern Sardinia and much has
been written on it by Albizzati, ‘Due questioni di numis­
matica sardo-romana’, Annali della Facoltà di Lettere della R.
Università di Cagliari I-II, 1928, pp. 5-7; Grant, FITA, pp.
150-2; E. Birocchi, ‘La monetazione romano-sarda’, Archi-
vio Storico Sardo XXIV, 1954, pp. 19-38, and others.
This series probably dates from the second Triumvirate.
M. Atius Balbus is unknown, but he may have been the
provincial governor after Octavian’s occupation of Sardinia
in 38 b c . On two specimens in R, the reading of the obverse
legend ends with P R and Grant concluded that Balbus was
S A R D I N I A : Turris Libisonis?, Caralis, JJselis? (623-624) 163
623 AE. 24-5 m m , 8.20 g (1). Axis: ?.
FiTA 205-6
Q-A-M L C -V E-II-V ·; helm eted head o f Sardus P ater, r.
D D; plough
i . C ag liari ( = G . S p an o , M em oria sulVaniica Truvine, C ag liari, 1852,
17 = B oll. Arch. Sardo IV , 1858, 199—201 = Catalogo del Can. Giovanni Spano
da lui donata al R . M useo di Cagliari, C ag liari, 1865, 22, no. 212 = A lbizzati,
loc. cit., tav . I, fig. 6), 8.20; 2. G o ( = f i x a , pi. V I ,20: o b v .); 3. T (Lavy
4 7 I 9 )-
became a municipium under Octavian. The occasion of this
series could be the constitutio of the new municipium; the
portraits are completely unlike those of Octavian and
Agrippa, or M. Aemilius Lepidus and Octavian, and are
probably those of municipal officials.
The weight of the series is consistent with the weight of
other series struck in c. 40 b c in the western part of the
Empire.
A coin imitated from the Nemausus series in the M col­
lection (FITA, pi. IV,27) is attributed by Grant, p. 146, n.
5, to Caralis, as an isolated provincial issue. Even if this
coin corresponds exactly to the description of a specimen
found at Sant’Antioca, an island off southern Sardinia, it
does not follow that it was struck in Sardinia.
624 L eaded bronze. 30-2 m m , 28.00 g (43). Axis: 12 or 6.
M u 319-20 (C arthage), f it a 149-50
A R IS T O M V T V M B A L R IC O C E SVF; ju g a te heads, r.
V E N E R IS ; tetrastyle tem ple; in exergue, K A R
i . P 5 0 1 , 30.33; 2 - 4 . P 498 -5 0 0 , 26.23, 27.08, 31.05; 5 - 6 . P 5 0 2 -2 a,
26.41, 29.04; 7. L 1 9 4 7 -5 -4 -1 4 , 28.41; 8 . L 1 8 9 7 -1 -4 -5 3 9 , 31.04; 9 . L
E H 703 N i ( = f i t a , p i. V ,i4 ) , 27.59; IO · L T C 240 N i, 26.14; 11. L
1 8 4 6 -4 -7 -2 , 25.67; 12. B 4994, 24.81; 13. B L ö b b , 31.43; 14. B R au c h ,
31.20; 15. B Fox, 26.20; 1 6 - 1 9 . V 264 4 0 -3 , 40.30, 29.73, 30.15, 25.41;
20. V S ch o tt 5229, 26.55; 2 1 - 2 2 . M u , 33.18, 23.84; 2 3 - 2 5 . D resd en
M K D 2697-9; 26· H , 24.21; 2 7 - 2 8 . M i B re ra 2 3 4 -5 , 3 2 ·5 °> 24.00; 2 9 -
3 0 . Ο , 26.82, 26.67; 3 1· C 74-1948, 23.39; 3 2 · C 1 ϊ5 6 , 28.10; 3 3 . C
(M cC lean 9999), 26.48; 3 4 - 3 5 . G , 35.32, 35.06; 3 6 - 3 7 . N Y , 31.77, 28.98;
3 8 . W a sh in g to n S m ith so n ian 75231, 22.60; 3 9 —4 0 . C ag liari; 4 1 . P V ,
28.43; 4 2 . W a d d ell 9 /X II/1 9 8 2 , 583, 26.63; 4 3 . L a n z 30/1984, 462, 29.07;
4 4 . C ré d it Suisse 7/1987, 576 (ex L a n z 3 8/1986,596), 25.90; 4 5 —4 7 . R W ,
30.20, 26.80, 24.95; 4 8 . P V ogüé 697, 29.39. N u c le a r ab so rp tio n analysis
on: 2 (C u: 72.82, Pb: 24.54, Sn: 2.09).
P(atronus) R(eipublicae) and founder of Uselis. A dot
occurs between P and R only on these two specimens (and
on a few others: 625/38, 44, 47) and the great majority of
these coins has no dot; consequently Grant’s interpretation
seems unlikely. But it is still possible that this series was
struck at Uselis. Uselis is described as a Colonia Iulia
Augusta (ILS 6107) but a municipium Iulium was possibly
founded under Octavian.
This coinage was very popular as many barbarous speci­
mens are known of very bad style and very low weight. It
was probably intended to pass as a semiuncial semis, as
623, with which it shares the same type of Sardus Pater.
ιβ4 S A R D I N I A : Uselis? (625)

M A tiu s B a lb u s P r G 0277, 6.15; 7—10. P 2243-6, 7.48, 4.58, 8.02, 6.53; i i —12. C o p 1112-3,
7.03, 7.00; 13. B, 6.27; 14. B I-B , 8.34; 15—16. B Fox, 6.34, 4.42; 17. B
10631, 5.72; 18. B F ried laen d er, 6.79; 19. B R au c h , 7.37; 20. B
625 C opper. 2 2 -4 m m , 6 .3 0 g (47). Axis: var. G an sau g e, 5.64; 21. B L ö b b , 6.34; 22—25. V 7405-7, 7409, 7.23, 7.03,
5.76, 6.31; 26. C (M cC lean 3066), 4.93; 2 7 . R (— f i t a , pi. V I ,4); 2 8 —
ή τ α 150-2 29. N Y , 6.49, 4.01; 3 0 . Be 4045, 3.29; 3 1 - 3 3 . C ag liari; 3 4 . G , 9.13;
M A T IV S B A L B V S P R ; head, 1. 3 5 · P V (ex K a m p m a n n , coll. N icolas, 9 - 1 0 /I I I /1 9 8 2 , 43), 6.17; 3 6 . Coll.
W e b er 1795, 7.25; 3 7 . S tern b e rg X V /1 9 8 5 , 309, 8.66; 3 8 . M M list 508,
SARD PA TE R ; helm eted head o f Sardus P ater, r.; spear
M a rc h 1988, 8, 5.55; 3 9 —4 7 . R W , 8.39, 7.38 ( = C ré d it Suisse 7/1987,
at shoulder 575), 7 ·3 7 . 7 ·3 6 . 7 -2 3 . 5 -7 0 , 3 -9 C 3 - i 5 i 4 8 - 5 1· M u sng 175(^3, 8.43, 7.56,
1—4. L BMC 1—4, 7.50, 7.38, 4.04, 3.85; 5. L 19 4 7 -6 -6 -8 4 5 , 8.22; 6. L 6.75, 5.75. N e u tro n ab so rp tio n an aly sis on: 7.
 SICILY
Cat. no. Page Cat. no. Page
Introduction 165 Agrigentum 658-60 176
Lipara 626 167 H enna 661-4 r 77
(Messana) — 168 (M organtina/H ispanorum ) — 178
Tyndaris 627 168 Assorus 665-6 178
Halaesa 628-33 168 Centuripae 667 178
Cephaloedium 634-5 169 (T auromenium) — r 79
(Thermae) — 170 Uncertain mints 668-71 : 79
Panormus 636-45 170 Sisenna 668 !79
laiton 646-7 173
Silva 669 179
Segesta 648-52 173 Seius 670 : 79
(Eryx) — 174 Sextus Pompey 671 180
Entella 653-4 t 74 Melita 672-4 180
Lilybaeum 655-7 175 Cossura 675-6 180

The currency of Sicily in the Republican period had con­
sisted of denarii and three different sorts of bronze coin:
Republican bronzes, civic bronzes and fairly rare ‘Romano-
Sicilian’ bronzes. The currency of the period has recently
been characterised by M .H . Crawford in CRWLR (p. 43),
concentrating on eastern Sicily, while a good review of all
the relevant issues was provided by G. F. Hill (Coins of
Ancient Sicily, pp. 186—266).
The chronology and, in some cases, the mint attribution
of these Sicilian coins and their early imperial successors
present problems. Discussions of the civic bronzes, which
continue until the reign of Tiberius, at least at Panormus,
are given in the introduction to each mint, while discussion
of some aspects of the ‘Romano-Sicilian’ coinage, originally
catalogued by M. Bahrfeldt (RSN, 1904) and often
attributed to new mints and dates by Grant (FIT A, pp. 26-
30 and 52-4), can be found in the introductions to Lipara,
Lilybaeum, Agrigentum and particularly Panormus. On
chronological grounds these issues have not, for the most
part, been included in this catalogue. Other misattributions
by Grant are discussed in the introductions to the relevant
mints; in addition, the dupondius of [C]n. Piso Frugi,
which he attributed to ‘A Sicilian Port’ in 37-36 bc (FITA,
p. 31) has been included under Italy (621), since there is
nothing to suggest a Sicilian mint. Also omitted here are the
HISPANORVM coins minted at Morgantina (see discus­
sion, p. 178); one variety of these has an inscription on the
obverse whose reading is uncertain; if, however, it is right to
think that it refers to duoviri (and this is far from sure), then
it, too, should have been included.
Other (silver) issues were made in Sicily during the
Triumviral period, but have not been included here as they
lie beyond the scope of this work. These include the denarii
of (perhaps) L LENTVLVS C MARC COS (RRC 445/1-2,
where an attribution to Apollonia is, however, given), of A.
Allienus procos for Caesar (RRC 457) and the various issues
of Sextus Pompey in gold and silver (RRC 483 and 511 ; see
also now J. DeRose Evans, ANSMN, 1987, pp. 97-157).
Sextus Pompey also produced asses in Sicily (RRC 479;
included here as 671), but thereafter there was no further
bronze or precious metal coinage except for that of the
cities. .
The other, more relevant, class of issue which has not
been included is the poorly known group of Augustan Rome
bronzes which were countermarked by various Sicilian
cities. These countermarks were briefly discussed by H.
Willers, Geschichte der römischen Küpferprägung, pp. 198-200,
and by G. Manganaro, ANRW \.i (1972), 459; see also now
Manganaro in ANRWW.i i.i, p. 56, and in L’Africa romand
(ed. A. Mastino), pp. 581-5. They were also the subject of a
paper given by G. Manganaro at the 10th International
Numismatic Congress in London in September 1986, and
an article by R. Macaluso in Studi per Laura Breglia (Supp. al
N.4 Bolletino di Numismatica, 1987), II, pp. 93-100, on the
specimens (4 sestertii and 22 dupondii: mostly contempor­
ary imitations?) in Palermo Museum. See also R. Martini,
‘Contramarca inedita della Zecca di Panormus’, Notife del
Chiostro del Monastero Maggiore 31-2 (1983), pp. 35-52. Pend­
ing the publication of Manganaro’s article the list on p. 166
can be offered.
It is noticeable that nearly all the countermarked coins
are dupondii or sestertii, denominations which do not seem
to have been made by the Sicilian cities themselves. The
denominations produced by the cities tended, under
Augustus, to weigh about 9 g or its half, 5 g, and should
probably be regarded as asses and semisses (compare the
semisses of Paestum at around 4 g). Earlier, in the
Triumviral period, there is some evidence for a heavier
standard, and denominations of about 19 g (Henna,
Lilybaeum), 8 g (Henna, Assorus, Segesta), 5g (Henna,
Assorus, Segesta, Lipara, Malta) and 2.5g (Henna) are
found. These are probably to be regarded as asses, semisses,
trientes (or quadrantes) and sextantes; the largest denomi­
nation is much the same weight as the asses of Sextus
i6 6 SICILY

Pompey made in Sicily (671), and, like them, the largest
denomination at Henna (661) is sometimes found halved
(see E. Cammarata, Ennarotary I.i, Dicembre 1987, pi. V a -
d). Thus we seem to have a clear picture of a heavier
standard in the Triumviral period, a standard which was
reduced under Augustus. Under Augustus the civic coinage
consisted of asses and semisses, which were supplemented
by larger denominations consisting of the countermarked
dupondii and sestertii.
It is implicit in the above discussion that one can dis­
tinguish coins of the Triumviral from those of the Augustan
period. This is generally, though not always, the case, but
(in the absence of the mention of historical persons, as at
Entella and Lilybaeum) any greater precision in dating
seems chimerical. There are no hoards to help with
chronology, nor do the coins themselves provide any good
internal evidence of style or other criteria for dating. As for
epigraphy, we can observe that, in the Triumviral period,
the omega occurs as W at Entella and as Ω at Lilybaeum,
Melita and Lipara, whereas on the Augustan coins of Agri­
gentum and Segesta it appears as a diamond with a line
beneath, as on the last issue of Republican Syracuse (Craw­
ford, in CRWLR, p. 43). But does this necessarily mean that
the use of Ω at laiton (646—7) precludes the Tiberian date
that has been suggested? Metrology, too, is of little use,
particularly if it is pressed in too rigid and formal a manner
(e.g., Malta by Coleiro); combined with fabric, however, it
can help to suggest a Triumviral date for the coinage of
Henna.
A final criterion that has been employed is the language
(Greek or Latin) used for the ethnic or inscription, on the
rule of thumb that it will be an indication of the status of a
community. There are, however, two problems here. First,
there is no simple relationship between Greek legend
= peregrine status and Latin legend = Latin or Roman
status. This is clearly shown by the coinage of Lipara (626)
and perhaps Cephaloedium (634-5), where Greek legends
occur with the names of duoviri. This should perhaps not
cause too much surprise, as it is familiar enough from
inscriptions (e.g., from Tauromenium, Agrigentum and
Haluntium). But if we cannot assume that Greek means
peregrine, can we safely assume the opposite, that Latin
legends imply Latin or Roman status, and indeed that
changes from one language to another are indications of
changing status? Thus, if the dates and attributions fol­
lowed in this catalogue are correct, Segesta and Panormus
adopt Latin and then revert to Greek under Augustus, with
Panormus subsequently adopting Latin again, suggesting a
change from chartered to peregrine status and then (for
Panormus) the foundation of the colony. Similarly, the
change at Agrigentum under Augustus from Greek to Latin
probably reflects an Augustan grant of Latin rights there.
But there are problems here, possibly at Assorus, Melita
and Cossura (665-6, 673-4 and 676); these coins seem to be

City Cmk D enom .t moneyer Ref.

Catania? brothers HS ? ? A N R W II. 11.1.56

Eryx ΕΡΥΞ Dp Salvius Otho see Eryx
Lipara tongs As Maecilius Tullus Willers 18.10
Lilybaeum LILVB Dp M Sanquinius L 1940-11-1-2
? ? A N R W 1 . 1.459
Lilybaeum? lyre Dp M Sanquinius L 1940-1i—1-2
or Halaesa? Dp ? Willers 18.5
Dp M Sanquinius Willers 18.8
Dp M acaluso
Lilybaeum? branch Dp M Sanquinius L 1940-1i—1-2
Dp ? Willers 18.5
Dp M acaluso
Panormus triskeles Dp P Stolo L 1978-6-7-1
Dp ? Willers 18.5
HS Cassius Celer L
Dp Macaluso
Panormus capricorn Dp P Stolo L 1978-6-7-1
with star Dp Cassius Celer P B N C 400
Dp Cassius Celer P B N C 401
Dp M Sanquinius Willers 18.6
Dp M acaluso
Panormus? plough and three HS Cassius Celer? M artini
dots
Syracuse? helmet HS ? Α Ν Β Ψ Ι Ι .ιι.ι.φ
gladiator HS ? A N R W II. 11.1.56
T auromenium? bucranium Dp Cassius Celer O A M C 520
or Tyndaris Dp P Stolo C
Dp Macaluso
Tyndaris? Dp Macaluso
Cossura DD branch HS Gallius Lupercus L B M C 172

later than the Triumviral period, but there is no evidence
that they had chartered status (though see below). This
particular problem cannot be resolved; either the dating
may be incorrect (it is very fragile in these cases), or else
Latin may not necessarily denote chartered status, or
perhaps these communities did have some privileged status,
unlikely though this may seem. See also Cephaloedium
(63 5)·
The second problem arises from uncertainty about the
exact nature of the status of Sicilian communities at this
time (see the discussions by M. I. Finley, Ancient Sicily
( 1 9 6 8 ) , pp. 15 1— 3 ; A. N. Sherwin White, The Roman Citizen­
ship ( 1 9 7 3 ) , pp. 2 3 0 , 3 4 1 and 3 6 5 ; G. Manganaro, ‘La pro­
vincia Romana’ in (ed.) E. Gabba and G. Vallet, La Sicilia
Antica ( 1 9 8 2 ) , pp. 4 1 1 - 6 2 , and u iA N R W H aia, pp. 1 8 - 2 2 ;
and in R.J. A. Wilson in ANRWII.i .1, pp. 9 3 - 1 0 1 , and his
forthcoming Sicily under the Roman Empire, esp. chap. 2 ) .
Caesar gave the Sicilians the ius Latii; Antony claimed, after
Caesar’s death, that he had intended to give them Roman
citizenship, and implemented such a measure. But what
does this mean in practice: were the communities Latin
colonies or municipia? And what was the effect of the
usurpation of Sextus Pompey, or of Octavian’s annulment
of Antony’s acta? What happened after the defeat of Sextus
in 3 6 B C ? Were all Sicilian cities deprived of their privileges?
Did the foundation of the colony at Tauromenium take
place now (in 3 6 b c ) or later? Octavian later established a
total of six colonies (the others being Tyndaris, Catina,
Syracuse, Thermae and Panormus), several oppida civium
Romanorum or communities Latinae condicionis. It is generally
accepted that this settlement was largely made during
Augustus’s visit to the island in 2 1 b c , but parts may have
taken place later such as the grant of privileged status to
Agrigentum, Halaesa and Lilybaeum; it is also sometimes
thought that the colony at Panormus was a later founda­
tion. For the purposes of this catalogue, the following
scheme is followed (basically that of R.J. A. Wilson: see
above), which seems to ht the coins best. Latin or Roman
status was held throughout the island until the defeat of
Sextus, when most, if not all, communities reverted to
peregrine status (cf. the Greek legends for Atratinus at
Lipara
The chronology of Liparan bronze coins of the periodo
romano’ (Gabrici 70-6) is uncertain, although the coins are
presumably of the second and/or first centuries b c . Grant
(FITA 52) attributed a whole mass of ‘Romano-Sicilian’
bronzes with the names of various Romans to Lipara and to
the Triumviral period. Some of these attributions may be
correct, in view of the use of Vulcan as a type, but others are
certainly wrong, e.g., his no. 12, which is found in Etruria,
or his no. 1, a specimen of which was found at Rome and
which is also overstruck by his 12 {AHN 29, 1982, p. 127).
See the introduction to Sicily.
This leaves one issue of coins, with legends in Greek
referring to duoviri. Friedländer (ZfN, 1879, p. 14)
regarded it as an issue of a colony, but L. Zagami {Le Monete
di Lipara, 1959, pp. 49-50) took it to be the issue of a
S I C I L Y : Lipara 167
Entella and Lilybaeum, and under Augustus at Agrigentum
and Segesta). Six colonies were later founded and some
other cities received chartered status, mostly in 21 b c ,
though some later. Coins with Latin legends have therefore
generally been dated in the period 44—36 or after 21 b c . The
uncertainty about status, of course, makes this a cor­
respondingly fragile chronological guide, and for potential
problems see the preceding paragraph.
The order of mints followed here is not the traditional
alphabetical one, generally used since the times of Eckhel
and Head (there was probably also an Augustan alphabeti­
cal list), but a geographical one, starting with Lipara and
then going around the island in an anti-clockwise direction.
The towns on the north coast precede the block of those in
the east; after Agrigentum come the inland cities around
Enna. This is much the same as the order suggested by G.
Manganaro for Calciati’s Corpus Nummorum Siculorum,
although one or two minor modifications have been made to
keep to a more strictly geographical order. As a result one
can see very clearly how nearly all the communities in
eastern Sicily (notably Syracuse, Catana and Leontini),
which had produced a relatively large coinage in about 100
b c , ceased to coin before the imperial period. There is also a
clear absence of any correlation between status (colony,
municipium, etc.) and coinage, since of the six colonies,
only two (Tyndaris and Panormus) produced any coinage
at all. This is not the place to comment on why some
communities produced coinage and others did not (see pp.
15-16). The evidence of the coins is, however, clear on the
other general question, the ending of coinage in Sicily.
Issues were produced under Augustus certainly at Agrigen­
tum, Halaesa, Lilybaeum, Panormus, Segesta and
Tyndaris; none of these is closely datable (except for Agri­
gentum, after 2 b c ) . In the reign of Tiberius, two issues
were made by Panormus, both copying imperial prototypes
of the first few years of the reign. Another issue from an
uncertain mint (L. Seius, 670) may also be early Tiberian,
and a Tiberian date has been suggested for an issue of
laiton, though this seems unlikely. There was no sub­
sequent coinage.
municipium in the hrst century b c . Grant {FITA 195) inter­
preted the issue as a commemorative foundation issue of a
municipium, whose foundation he dated to c. 36 b c . The
date of such a foundation, and indeed of the coins, which
there is no need to regard as a ‘foundation issue’, seems
uncertain. It should be presumably be dated to 44-36 b c , or
before 37, when Octavian moved the population to
Campania (G. Manganaro, ANRW II.11.1, p. 12).
There is some uncertainty about the exact reading of the
names on the reverse. First, what comes after Γ MAP-
KIOC? This part of the legend is usually off flan or illegible,
but Friedländer read A[ on the Berlin specimen. Specimens
in L {BMC 82 Έ ’) and Mu {SNG 1693) have either N[ or
AE[. The owner of a specialist nineteenth-century collection
thought that the reading was ΛΕΥ (C. Cavedoni, Bulletino
delTIstituto di Corrispondenza Archaeologica, 1862, p. i n , fol­
lowed by G. Tropea, Archivio Storico Messinese, 1901, p. 36).
It is also uncertain whether this letter or letters represent a
626
cognomen or filiation. The second problem concerns the
beginning of the name of the second duovir. The monogram
has usually been expanded to AV, giving the name
Ausoneus, but Friedländer thought this an unlikely
monogram and preferred to read A, giving Asoneus. AV,
however, seems more likely, since, as Cavedoni pointed out,
Friedländer’s view does not explain the definite part of the
monogram above the A. Thus the most likely names seem
to be G. Marcius Leu (?), G. Ausoneus duoand(res).
Lipara also seems to have applied a countermark to
Augustan moneyers’ bronze (see the introduction to Sicily).
4 4 - 3 6 B C (?) ___________________________________
AE. 19m m , 5.42g (32). Axis: 2. [ 7 ]
G abrici 79-82, bm c 81-4, H olm 715, f it a 195
ΛΙΠ ΑΡΑΙΩΝ; head of H ephaestus, 1., w earing cap
Γ M A P K IO C ΛΕΥ (?). Γ A V C W N E Y C , ΔΥΟ ΑΝΔΡ;
tongs
i· L = bmc 8 3 , 5.43; 2—4 . L = b m c 81—2 a n d 84, 6.01, 4.26, 4.98; 5. C o p
1100, 5.28; 6. B ( z f n 1879, !4); 7 - 8 . M u SNG 1693-4, 5 -8 4 > 5 -3 5 ; 9 “
1 2 . P alerm o = G ab rici 7 9 -8 2 , 4.14, 4.72, 7.56, 6.18; 1 3 . M in i 54, 6.20;
14—18. C alcia ti I, 22, no. 48, 6.72, 5.44, 5.29, 5.09, 5.00; 19—3 3 . C efalu
(T ro p ea , Archivio Storico Messinese, 1901, 32), 4.50, 4.60, 4.70, 4.80, 5.00,
5.10, 5.50, 5.50, 6.00, 6.10, 6.20, 7.00, 7.00, 8.10; 3 4 . W in te rth u r 1072,
4 -7 4 -
C o u n te rm ark s: a sp earh ea d on th e obv., on 3, 4 a n d ig ( G IC —).

Messana
The coins attributed to Messana by Grant (FITA 194) are
discussed under and attributed to Panormus (637) and
Uncertain Sicily (668).

Tyndaris
Tyndaris had produced a bronze coinage (Gabrici 19-52) enough terminus post for the issue, and indeed for Mussidius
during the third century, but may not have minted during Longus, since there is no need to regard it as a ‘foundation
the second and first centuries b c (Hill, Coins of Ancient Sicily, issue’. Holm merely dated him ‘vielleicht nach 21’, and
pp. 173 and 215). Two issues of anonymous coins with suggested that he might be identical with the late Republi­
duoviral names (C. Iulius Longus and G. lulius Dionysius, can moneyer L. Mussidius Longus {RRC 494). B. E.
648-9) are usually attributed to Tyndaris, since they use Thomasson, Laterculi Praesidum, col. 1, no. 1 = Manganaro,
designs referring to the Dioscuri, who figure prominently on ANRW II. 11. i , p. 86, no. 2, leaves him simply ‘sub
the coinage of Tyndaris. Grant, however, attributed them Augusto’; there seems no basis for any greater precision.
to Panormus (FITA 190). They are tentatively given here to
Segesta, however, on inscriptional evidence. The
anonymous bronze with 2 pilei/rudder DD, attributed to A u g u s tu s *i.
Tyndaris by Grant (FITA 194, pi. V II.7) is also given to
Segesta (651), in view of its typological similarity with the L Mussidius Procos
coins of lulius Longus; it might represent a smaller 627 AE. 20 mm, 7 .89 g (4). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
denomination.
G abrici 63-4, H olm 755 corr., C op 1100, fita 237
Only one issue is left for colony at Tyndaris, of Augustus
and signed by the proconsul L. Mussidius Longus. Grant A V G V ST V S T V N D A R ; head, r.
{FITA 237) regarded it as a foundation issue, and dated it, L M V S S ID (IV S ) P R C O S ; in w reath
i. L 1936-2—520—13, 7.46; 2. P 2189, 8.63; 3—4. P alerm o = G ab rici 63-4,
with Mussidius’s proconsulship, to probably 2 1 b c . In view 7.56 a n d 7.92; 5. C o p 1100; 6—7. T G ra n t (acco rd in g to fita 237 n. 1);
of Augustus’s Sicilian settlement of that year, 21 is a likely 8. Be (R 2916), 9.20; 9. F ro eh n er (R atio 1909) lot 1267.

Halaesa
Halaesa, or to give it its full name Halaesa Archonidaea
(named after its founder Archonides, a contemporary of
Dionysius I), had produced bronze coins with Greek
inscriptions (Gabrici i—15), perhaps during the first cen­
tury BC.
Later Halaesa made coins with Latin legends. The
earliest were dated by Grant {FITA 191) to 44 b c , and
interpreted as foundation issues; the others were dated to
the reign of Augustus {FITA 195-6). Neither the sequence
of the issues nor their dates seem at all certain, although the
reference to a FLAME(n) AVG(-usti or -ustalis) on one
issue puts it after 27 b c , and it will presumably have been
minted after the Augustan settlement of 21 b c (see the
introduction to Sicily). Stylistically the other issue does not
seem far removed, though this is, of course, guesswork, and
we cannot exclude Grant’s suggestion that it was produced
in the Triumviral period.
The following names are found:
GAEC RVF IIV IR
M PACCIVS MACXV FLAME AVG
M PAC MAX IIV I[R ?F]L AVG DES

The nature of the second title held by M. Paccius is not
clear, at least partly because the legend is so far incomplete,
and it is rather odd that he seems to style himself in dif­
ferent ways on what one would otherwise have thought
were different denominations of the same issue. No parallel
for flamen Aug designatus has been found; it might perhaps be
the case that the rather grand way in which he announces
the post indicates that he was its first holder; the coins, at
any rate, provide the earliest evidence for the imperial cult
in Sicily. (Thanks to R .J.A . Wilson for discussion of this
point.)
The issue allegedly in the names of M CASSIVS M ANT
is based on misreadings. The specimens (BMC 17, Mu SNG
234, V 6366) reported on various occasions to have this
inscription (BMC followed by Holm 753 and Münsterberg,
Beamtennamen, FIT A 191, Calciati I, p. 62, no. 23) are all in
fact issues of M. Paccius.
The coin in Munich with lyre/wreath, reported to read
CAEC R[ JIIV IR (SNG 235, followed by Calciati no. 24),
has been omitted since its reading and hence attribution is
not clear. Its types recall coins of Lilybaeum, and it may
perhaps be a worn example of 656, though it is rather large.
There seem to be three denominations, although this is
not certain in view of the few weights recorded; nor is it
clear what these denominations are supposed to be:
H ead, r. or I./w re a th H ead, I./tr ip o d
Caec. Ruf. — 21 mm, 7.79g
M. Paccius 26m m, 8.60g 21mm, 8.03g
The obverse heads and the reverse designs all refer to
Apollo, who had regularly featured on Halaesa’s coinage.
We have not been able to consult a copy of G. Romano,
Monete romane-sicule dal Municipio di Alesa (Palermo, 1855: a
book? an article?).
U n c e rta in d a te
Caec Ruf Ilvir
628 AE. 21 m m , 7.79 (3). Axis: 12 (1).
H olm 751, FiTA ig i , bm c 15
H A L A R C H ; laureate head of Apollo, 1.
CÂ ËC R V F II V IR ; tripod
i . L G 0 1 0 0 , 10.43; 2. L = b m c 15 = S alinas X X V I .20, 6.15; 3. C efalu
(T ro p ea , Archivio Storico M essinese, 1901, no. 26), 6.80.
Cephaloedium seems to have made small issues of bronze
coins with Greek legends during the Republic (G. F. Hill,
Coins of Ancient Sicily, p. 216). Then there are two issues of
bronzes with the abbreviated ethnic in Greek on the reverse
and a Latin name on the obverse. Both were attributed by
Grant (FITA 192) to the period of Sextus Pompey.
Certainly the general nature and fabric of 634 suggests the
Triumviral period, as does the mixture of Latin and Greek,
though greater precision does not seem possible. 635 may
S I C I L Y : Halaesa, Cephaloedium (628-633) 16g
629 AE. 20 m m , 7.44 (5). [ 3 ]
H olm 752, G abrici 16-8, bmc 16
H A L A R C H ; lau reate head o f A pollo, r.
CAEC R V F II V IR ; lyre
i . L = BMC 16, 6.11; 2. B 6045; 3 . B R au c h ; 4 —6. P alerm o = G ab rici 16-
8, 7.90, 8.82, 7.27; 7. C alcia ti I, 62, no. 19, 7.10; 8. C efalu (T ro p ea ,
Archivio Storno M essinese , 1901, no. 27).
A u g u s tu s
M Paccius Macxu Ilvir flame Aug (des?)
630 A E. 26 m m , 7.78 g (3). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 5 ]
H olm , 754, FiTA 195
H A LA ESA A R C H O N ID A ; lau reate head of A pollo, r.
M P (A C )C IV S M A (C )X FL A M E ; in w reath, A VG
i . P 1 9 7 a ( f it a , pi. V I I . 6: ] F L A M E [ ), 8.91; 2—3. P D ’A illy 17503,
1987/241 (M P C IV S [ ]M E , sic), 9.57, 6.29; 4 . B (I-B : ]M A C X
F L A M E [ ), 6.92; 5. V 6366 (M [P A C JC IV S M A X F L A M E ), 7.50;
6. V irzi (M P A C C IV S M A X F L A M E ). 1 a n d 4, sam e obv. die; 5—6, sam e
dies.
631 AE. 2 6 m m , 9 .1 1 g (5). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 5 ]
bmc 17
H ead, r.tlyre
As 630, b u t head 1., a n d M A C X V
20mm, 7.44g
i . B 1 0 6 2 7 (M P A C C IV S M A C X V F L A M E ), 10.70; 2. B (I-B : M
20m m, 6.20g
P A C C I[V ]S M A C X V F L A M E ); 3. B (I-B : ]P A C C IV S M A C X V [ );
4 . L — b m c 17 (M P A C C IV S [ ); 5. M u s n g 234 ( ]M A C X V F [ ), 10.53;
6. P en n isi ( ^ S a l in a s X X V I .15: M P A C C IV S M A C X V F L A M E ), 7.59;
7. M in i 32a (M P A C C IV S M A C X V F L [ ), 8.96; 8. P V ex H ess N ov.
1979 lo t 68.
632 A E. 2 0 m m , 8.03g ( 0 · Axis: 12 (1). [ o ]
G abrici 19
H A L A R C H ; lau reate head o f Apollo, 1.
M PAG M [ ]ES; tripod
i . P a le r m o = G ab rici 19 (pi. V I . 14), 8.03.
633 AE. 20m m , 6 .2 0 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
[ 2 ] H olm 754a, fita 195
H A L A R C H ; lau reate head o f Apollo, r.
M PAC M A X II V I [R ?F]L A V G DES; lyre
i . P 1 9 7 (—RN 1889, 512 a n d pi. V I I I . 7 ‘H a d ru m e tu m 1i.: M PA C M A X II
V I[R A] V G D E S ); 2. P V (M P A C M A X I I V I [ ), 5.87;
3. P a le rm o —S alinas X X V I .19 (M P A C M A [ ]L A V G D E S ). T h e
rea d in g o f 3 h as n o t b een checked, b u t seem s plau sib le.
Cephaloedium
perhaps also date from the same period, though the identity
of the portrait is uncertain; it seems unlikely that it is sup­
posed to be of Augustus.
The reading of the Latin inscription on both issues is not
certain. For 634, Grant followed Tropea’s description of a
coin in Cefalu (Tropea, Archivio Storico Messinese, 1901, no.
28) to read C L DOMINVS, whereas Salinas read C AE
POM (no. 533, pi. X X I.22). Salinas’s coin is in L (= BMC
1), but is not legible: only traces of uncertain letters can be
made out - and the same specimen was read by Calciati
(no. 13/1) as an example of 635! The only coin at all legible
is in Paris (P 394), which seems to read C AE DOM,
although the reading of the ligature is not clear.
It is not certain if all coins with the same designs (head of
Heracles/Heracles standing with club and lionskin) have
the legend. Certainly traces of the legend have been claimed
by Calciati (no. 12) on other specimens (NY SNG 1322 and
Schweizerische Bankverein 1977, lot 94), although nothing
is immediately apparent from the relevant illustrations.
Other specimens, too, like BMC 2, look as if they may once
have had the legend. It seems best to leave this point open.
The second issue (635) was read by Grant as C CANIN
RE[BIL]VS. This is doubtful. The four specimens per­
sonally examined, all struck from the same obverse die,
have:
C CANINIVS [ P 394 (read by Salinas as C
CANINIVS [II]VIR)
]CANINIVS[ PV
]CANINIVS[ B (I-B, 8.33)
C CANI[ B (I-B, 7.62).
Tropea reported that the two specimens in Cefalu read:
C CANINIVS II VIR
(this was probably the source of Head’s same reading in HN
118, which was in turn followed by Holm 750), while
Gabrici read the coin in Palermo as (his no. 27):
C CAN[INIVS ]VS.
For the time being, the end of the legend is best left
Thermae Himeraeae
Thermae had made interesting bronze coins with designs
copying famous statues (including that of the poet
Stesichorus). As the statues were stolen by Verres, the coins
were presumably minted before his governorship.
For the reign of Augustus, Grant (FITA 237) attributed,
with some misgivings, a coin of L. lunius Ilvir Quin. Aug.
and L. Acilius Ilvir Quinq. Aug. to Thermae, rather than
Panormus
During the Republic, Panormus had produced its own civic
bronzes with Greek legends or a monogram of its ethnic in
Greek. The same monogram identifies Panormus as the
mint of the Romano-Sicilian coins with Zeus/warrior and
the abbreviated names of Roman officials in Latin (M.
Bahrfeldt, RSN, 1904, nos. 42-57), which, as the Bisacquino
hoard now shows (IGCH 2151 = RRCH 131, see now A.
Cutroni Tusa, AIIN, 1976-7, pp. 304-15), were probably
minted in the late second century b c . The other main series
of Romano-Sicilian coins consisted of the asses, semisses
and quadrantes with symbols or the names of Romans in
Latin (Bahrfeldt nos. 1—14). Grant (FITA 26) attributed
these to Lilybaeum in the first century b c ; there is no very
good evidence for chronology, but the occurrence of some
uncertain, though II VIR seems slightly more likely than
anything else.
The types on 634 refer to Heracles, common on the
earlier coinage of Cephaloedium. The obverse of 635 is
usually described as a ‘young male head’. Grant thought
that it was a portrait of Caninius; it might, on the other
hand, possibly be supposed to be a portrait of Augustus,
though this is unlikely.
L a te f i r s t cen tu ry B C
C A e (? ) D o m
634 AE. 23 m m , 9.39 g (3). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
FiTA 192
C AE(?) D O M ; lau reate h ead of H eracles, r.
KE ΦΑ; H eracles standing, L, holding club and lionskin
i . P 3 9 4 , 9.87; 2. L = BMC i = S alin as 533, 10.30; 3. C efalu (T ro p ea ,
Archivio Storico M essinese , 1901, no. 28), 8.00.
C C a n in iu s [ H o ir ? ]
635 AE. 22 m m , 7.78g (6). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
H olm 750, FiTA 192, G abrici 27
C C A N IN IV S [II V IR ?]; head, r. (of Caninius?)
KE ΦΑ; H eracles standing, 1., holding club an d lionskin
!· p 3 9 5 > 7 -5 6 ; *· p V ; 3 · B (I-B ), 8.33; 4 . B (I-B ), 7.62;
5. P alerm o = G ab rici 27, 8.79; 6—7. C efalu (T ro p ea , Archivio Storico
M essinese , 1901, nos. 2 6 -7 ), 6.50, 7.85.
C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in ob ject in o b lo n g ( G IC — : 2).
the traditional Carthago Nova, on the rather weak ground
that two L. Acilii have been recorded in inscriptions of the
colony at Thermae. In APT 139-40 Grant abandoned his
attribution, but he did not follow Beltran’s reattribution to
Carthago Nova (A. Beltran, Las Monedas Latinas de Carta­
gena, p. 29). The attribution to Carthago Nova seems most
likely, and is followed here (152-3).
names (NASO, Q FAB) on both this and the warrior series
suggests an earlier date. As for mint, the presence of the
same names on different series does indeed suggest a dif­
ferent mint; the presence of the warrior series and the
absence of the as series from the Panormus 1980 hoard
supports this, though where the mint was situated is not
certain. Grant’s attribution to Lilybaeum, based on a poss­
ible monogram for Lilybaeum on one issue, may be correct.
The other two main problems concerning Panormus are
the correctness of the attribution to Panormus of various
issues without ethnic, and the question of the date of the
foundation of the Roman colony there, a foundation which
could be regarded as accounting for the change in the ethnic
from Greek to Latin. There are also problems in the

chronology of issues with a Greek ethnic/monogram and
Roman names in Latin.
First, the various issues which have been or should be
attributed to Panormus:
i. The bronze coins with the legend HISPANORVM,
attributed to Panormus in the period of Sextus Pompey by
Grant (FITA 29). See p. 178.
3. Grant (FITA 194) gave to Messana some small coins
with ‘Pharos’ and the inscription ‘DD’, sometimes with
‘L Q ’. It is not clear exactly which coins are meant, and
there has perhaps been a conflation of three different issues,
which are also mixed up in his discussion of Agrigentum
(FITA 28 and pi. 1.6 and 1 .5, whose reverses have been
interchanged).
(i) Greek monogram of Panormus; below L GN/rudder
and anchor. One specimen in L (BMC, p. 132, no.
41, wrongly given by FITA as p. 132.13), three in B
(Bahrfeldt, RSN 1904, no. 71) and two in Palermo
(Gabrici 128-9). A further coin, cited by Grant from
Gabrici 132 with L Q (?), is probably another exam­
ple of the same thing.
(ii) ( =637) Pharos or tower D D/altar. Bahrfeldt no. 73
(12 ex.); add Gabrici 114-120, Mu SNG 829 and
Cop 1061.
(iii) ( =638) Pharos D D/palmtree L M. Bahrfeldt no. 74
(2 ex.). Attributed to Agrigentum by Grant (FITA
28).
Of these, (i) has usually been regarded as a coin of Panor­
mus in view of the monogram, but Grant pointed out that
the monogram looks more like a monogram for Agrigentum
and other specimens support his view (e.g., BMC 41,
Gabrici pi. V III.32). On the other hand, Bahrfeldt pointed
out that the rudder and anchor appear on definitely Panor-
mitan bronzes of the warrior series, and in view of this the
coin is here regarded as probably of Panormus and of an
earlier date. As for (ii), despite the Pharos (if that is what it
is), which does indeed suggest Messana, the presence of a
specimen in the Palermo 1980 hoard (Calciati I, 366-8)
suggests an attribution to Panormus. The hoard contained
twenty-six miscellaneous bronze coins, representing the
small change of early imperial times, and all twenty-five
coins with an ethnic were of Panormus, (iii) should follow
(ii), in view of its similar obverse; its lower weight suggests
a smaller denomination from the same mint. Moreover, as
Bahrfeldt pointed out, the altar on (ii) is very similar to the
altar on earlier coins of Panormus with the ethnic (BMC
17-18).
3. The bronzes of the duoviri C. Iulius Longus and C.
Iulius Dionysius, traditionally given to Tyndaris, but
assigned to Panormus by Grant (FITA 190). These are
included here under Segesta (648-9).
4. Anonymous issues of Sisenna Prcos, L. Seius Procos
and P. F. Silva Pr. were respectively attributed to Messana,
Haluntium and Panormus by Grant (FITA 196 no. 3, 197
no. 4, APT 4 no. 10). These are discussed and catalogued
under ‘Uncertain Sicily’ (668-70).
Second, the question of the status of Panormus. There are
S I C I L Y : Panormus iy i
perhaps two separate points. First, if it is correct to
attribute the pieces with Pharos or tower (above, group
2(iii) to Panormus, and if they are of Triumviral date the
mention of decurions would suggest chartered status, as has
already been suggested by Grant. The reasons for the
attribution to Panormus have already been discussed; a
date in the Triumviral period is, of course, not definite, but
seems likely in view of the use of the single abbreviated
Latin name, which does not seem characteristic of the
Augustan period, certainly not at Panormus. Thus, there is
some likelihood that these coins reflect the Roman or Latin
status of Panormus, presumably between 44 and 36 b c (see
the introduction to Sicily). Second, there is the more vexed
problem of the date of the foundation of the colony at
Panormus: the choice between an Augustan as opposed to a
late Augustan/Tiberian date cannot be illuminated by the
coinage, even on the likely assumption that the change from
Greek to Latin ethnic corresponds to this change; this
change of legend cannot be at all closely dated (unless the
issue of Sisenna could be definitely attributed to Panormus;
as it seems definitely to be Augustan, it could exclude a
Tiberian date for the colony). There are three issues of
Augustus with Greek legends (639-41), none at all closely
datable; there are then two issues of coins with Latin
legends. One of these, the issue in two denominations
signed by the duoviri Cn. Domi Procul and A. Laetor (644-
45), copies Rome issues of Divus Augustus (BMC 151, of a d
15—16: for the date, see RIC, p. 88) and of Livia under
Tiberius (BMC 65, of a d 15-16). The other (642-3) has a
male head on one side, and a veiled female head on the
other, with the legend AVGVS. Grant (APT 5) thought
that these were copies of the Pietas dupondii of Tiberius,
minted in a d 22-3 (BMC 98); this does not seem definite,
but it does seem likely that the legend on the reverse should
be expanded to Augusta, in which case the coins must be
later than Livia’s adoption of that title in a d 14. This point
was also made by H. Bloesch, Griechische Münzen in Winter­
thur no. 828, where it is suggested that the coins were made
after Augustus’s death on 19 August, but before his deifica­
tion on 17 September, since he is not radiate. This seems
alarmingly precise, and identifications as Tiberius and
Livia would seem preferable. (The view that the veiled head
is of Geres, that AVGVS on the reverse refers to the
emperor on the obverse seems implausible.) ‘Deutung und
Datum bleiben problematisch’, as Bloesch concludes.
The relative sequence and absolute chronology of the
imperial issues is unclear; the order given here, within each
of the two groups with different languages for the ethnic,
may therefore be wrong. It is based entirely on fallible
preconceptions of likely stylistic development. The decision
of what to include in this catalogue and what to omit is also
rather arbitrary. The main series of Romano-Sicilian issues
have been excluded for the chronological reasons given
above. Clearly all definitely imperial issues are included, as
are such issues with mixed Latin and Greek legends as seem
likely to fall in the Triumviral period. (636 has been dated
to a d 23-6 by Manganaro, ANRW Ia, 1972, p. 459, because
a temple countermark occurs on 642 and 644; but the Greek
ethnic surely excludes this date, and indeed the theory that
it refers to a temple of Divus Augustus.) It is still, of course,
possible that issues of the relevant date have been omitted, 640 A E. 24m m , 9.12 g (8). Axis: 12 (1). [ 6 ]
for instance the coins with Greek ethnic and the head of G abrici 322-4
ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ (Holm 625a, Gabrici 5—7), which the analogy of ΠΑΝΟΡΜΙΤΑΝ; head, 1.
Thessalonica (1553) might incline one to think of as belong­ Eagle, facing, holding anim al (?) in claws
ing to the period of the second Triumvirate. i . C (M c C le a n 2 5 2 2 ), 8.55; 2. P 997, 9.30; 3 - 5 . B (I-B ); 6. M u s n g 820,
The designs used are for the most part traditional; the 10.31; 7“ 9 - P alerm o — G ab rici 3 2 2 -4 , 8.89, 10.73, IO-Oo; 10. C alciati
triskeles and ram, for example, can be found on the earlier 19/2, 7.24; i i . M in i 25, 8.46; 12. N 4758; 13—14. W in te rth u r 8 2 4 -5
(‘L a m m o d er Z ick lein ’), 8.91, 8.16.
coinage of Panormus. The types which appear to copy
Tiberian bronzes of Rome have already been discussed. 641 AE. 22 m m , g.71 g (26). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 20 ]
This leaves the capricorn, either loosely copied from H olm 742, G abrici 333-5, bmc 42, C op 543
Augustan coins or just adopted as a common symbol of ΠΑΝΟΡΜΙΤΑΝ; head, r.
Augustus, and the figure of Victory, either a reference to the Triskeles w ith gorgon face an d corn ears betw een legs
battle of Actium or simply a more generic allusion. i . L = b m c 42, 11.26; 2—4 . P 991, 9 98-9, 8 . i i , 10.64 a n d 9.56; 5—9· B
Panormus also seems to have countermarked Augustan (R au ch , L ö b b a n d 3 I-B ); 1 0 - 1 2 . M u s n g 821 -3 , 9.96, 8.64, 8.58; 13. O ,
10.82; 14—15. C (M cL ea n 2523, 1948-89 = G ra n t); 1 6 - 1 9 . V 6715-8,
moneyers’ bronze (see the introduction to Sicily). 9.25, 8.20, 9.85, 9.15; 2 0 - 2 1 . C o p 543 -4 , 10.86, 10.07; 2 2 -
Recent evidence suggests the attribution of some coins of 2 4 . P alerm o = G ab rici 333 -5 , 10.27, 9 -: 3 > 10.85; 2 5 . M i (Laff. 284), 9.80;
Drusus and Germanicus to Panormus (see 5452). 26. PV ; 27. V irzi 1336; 28—29. S t 4 8 8 -9 , 10.14, 8.64; 3 0 —3 1 . C alciati
20-1, 11.85, 10.95; 3 2 —3 8 . N 4 759-62 a n d S 8 040-2; 3 9 . M in i 31a, 9.30;
4 0 . M M A G 489 (1986), 31, 9.95; 4 1 . T ü b in g e n 630, 6.63; 4 2 . Be
(R 4280), 9.84; 4 3 . W in te rth u r 826, 9.02; 4 4 . P 1 9 8 7 /4 4 1 ex M M A G 505
(1987) lot 115, 7.71.
U n c e r ta in d a te ( T r iu m v i r a t p e r io d ?) C o u n te rm ark s: P lo u g h (see G IC 426 in text: 4, 35), te trasty le tem p le ( G IC
286: 27).

636 AE. 21 m m , 6.58 g (37). [19]

H olm 727 = 789, G abrici 98-108, B ahrfeldt no. 72
L aureate head o f Zeus, r.; behind, sceptre T ib e r iu s (?) a n d L i v ia (?)
ΠΑΝΟΡΜΙΤΑΝ; C D; tem ple w ith four colum ns
i . L = b m c 38; 2—3. L — BMC 39-40; 4—13· See B ahrfeldt; 14. C 642 A E. 19 m m , 8.95 g ( 3 4 )· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 9 ]
(M cC lean 2521), 7.27; 15—16. O , 7.80 a n d 4.13; 17. V 6692, 8.10; 18—
19. N Y 57 0 -1 , 7.01, 7.09; 20—3 0 . P alerm o = G ab rici 98-108; 3 1 . M in i
H olm 743, G abrici 325-31, bmc 44, G ra n t a pt no. 13,
176, 8.93; 32—3 4 . C alcia ti 160, 7.90, 7.02, 6.70; 3 5 . P alerm o 1980 h o ard , C op 562
8.53; 3 6 . E velpidis 560, 5.83; 3 7 . T ü b in g e n 629, 8.19; 38—4 0 . N 4719-21;
P A N O R M IT A N O R V M ; head, r.
4 1 . Be (R 4799), 7.31; 4 2 . W e b er 1498, 7.51. G . M a n g a n a ro suggests th a t
C D — consensu Decurionum. H e w ould d a te this issue to the reign of T ib eriu s A V G V S; veiled fem ale head, r.
because a tem ple co u n te rm a rk ap p e ars on 642 ( A N R W W . n . i , p. 48, no. L = b m c 4 4 , 9.99; 2. Ο —λM( 1088 (‘D e m e te r’), 9.30; 3 . N Y 572, 7.94;
2 3 7 )· 4 - 5 . V 6720 -1 , 7.60, 9.90; 6 - 7 . C o p 562 -3 , 6.66, 9.39; 8 -
14. P alerm o = G ab rici 325-3 1 , 8.60, 10.72, 8.17, 7.22, 7.65, 10.36, g.24;
637 AE. 17mm, 4.75g (32). [ ii ] I 5 - J S W , 9.43; 16. V irzi 1338; 17. M in i 27, 7.48; 1 8 - 1 9 . p 1002-3,
to .28, 9.28; 2 0 —22. C o p 560 a n d 562—3, 14.02, 6.66, 9.39; 2 3 —2 4 . N
H olm 746, G abrici 114, B ahrfeldt no. 73, bmc 22, Cop
4 7 5 4 - 5 ; 2 5 - 2 6 . C alcia ti 37, 9.01, 8.30; 2 7 . M in i 27, 7.48; 28. PV ; 29. Be
1061 (R 4984), 8.82; 3 0 —3 1 . W in te rth u r 8 2 7 -8 , 7.82, 10.01.
D D; Pharos or tow er C o u n te rm ark s: T e tra sty le tem p le ( G I C 286: 4, 7), co rn u co p ia (?) ( G I C — :
25 ‘d o lp h in ’, b u t cf. G ab rici 312).
A ltar
i . L = b m c 22; 2. L = b m c 23; 3—12. See B ahrfeldt; 13. M u 829; 643 A E. 22 m m , 9.33 g (6). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ]
14. C o p 1061; 15—17. V 7323—4 a n d 37461, 5.10, 5.30 an d 4.40; 18—
24. P alerm o = G ab rici 114-20; 2 5 . P alerm o 1980 h o a rd , 4.25; 26—
H olm 743, G abrici 332, bmc 43, G ra n t a pt no. 13 var.
28. C alcia ti 161, 5.03, 4.80, 3.85; 2 9 . M in i 179, 4.30; 3 0 . N Y 609, 2.81; P A N O R M IT A N O R V M ; head, r.
3 1 . T ü b in g e n 631, 2.57; 3 2 . K la g 563, 3.35; 3 3 - 3 4 . W in te rth u r 1056-7,
A V G V S; veiled fem ale head, 1.
5 -‘ 4 > 3 -*
8 5 ; 3 5 · W e b er 1500, 5.02.
I- L = BMC 43, 10.81; 2. M u 824, 9.07; 3. C o p 561, 10.37;
638 AE. 14m m , 2.06g (4). [ 2 ] 4 . P alerm o = G ab rici 332, g.40; 5 - 6 . N 47 5 6 -7 ; 7 - 8 . C alcia ti 38, 8.14,
7.85; 9. E velpidis 571, 9.90.
B ahrfeldt no. 74, fita 13
D D; Pharos or tow er
L M ; palm tree
R e ig n o f T ib e riu s
1 - 2 . B I-B ( = B ah rfeld t no. 74), 2.20, 1.70; 3—4 . M in i 180 a n d 180b, 1.85
a n d 2.49.
Cn Domi Procul A Laetor Ilviri
644 AE. 22 m m , 7.97 g (12). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 11 ]
A u g u s tu s
H olm 744, G abrici 339-41, bmc 45, G ra n t a pt no. 11,
C op 564
639 AE. 23 m m , 8.80 g (6). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ]
P A N (H )O R M IT A N O R V M ; rad iate head, 1.; before,
G abrici 336 th underbolt; above, star
H ead, 1. C N D O (M I) P R O C (V L ) A L A E T O (R) IIV IR ;
ΠΑΝΟΡΜ; Nike standing, 1., holding w reath an d palm capricorn, r.; below, triskeles
i . P 10 0 1 , 8.96; 2. B (I-B ); 3 . M i (A rslan 622), 9.04; 4 . P alerm o —
G ab rici 336, 9.41; 5—6. C alcia ti 23, 10.60 a n d 5.04; 7. M in i 32, 9.75;
8. P alerm o 1980 h o ard , 3.61.
 S I C I L Y : Panormus, laiton, Segesta (645-647) /73

I. L = bmc 4 5 (C N D O M P [ ] T O I IV IR ), 8.15; 2. L = b m c 46 (C N D O 645 AE. 16m m , 4 .2 6 g (17). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 11 ]

P R O C [ ]O R I I V I R ) , 8.31; 3 . N Y 573 (]A L A E T O II V I R ) , 8.17; 4 - 7 . B
(I-B : C N D O M P R O C V [, illeg., ]D O P R O C [, ]M P R O [); 8. V 6719, H olm 745, G abrici 109-13, bm c 47, G ra n t apt no. 12
7.35; 9 . P 1004 (C N D O M P R O C V [ ]A L A E T O I IV IR ), 7.18; 10. C o p
P A N O R M IT A N ; fem ale figure (Livia) seated, r., holding
564 (C N [ ]M P R O [), 7.81; I I . C 1948-82 (G ra n t), 7.54; 12—
14. P alerm o = G ab rici 339-41 (C N D O M P R O C [ ] I I V I R , C N D O P R O [
sceptre and p atera
] I I V I R , J D O M I P R O C V L [); 15. N 4763 (C N D O P R O C [ ]V IR ), 9.25; G N D (O M ) A LA; ram , 1.
16. M in i 36 (C N D O M P R O C V [ ]A E T O II V I R , 7.38; 17. M in i 36b (]N I. L = b m c 47 (C N D ), 4.47; 2 - 3 . N Y 5 7 4 -5 (C N D O M ), 3.72, 3.71; 4 -
D O P R O [), 9.25; 18. J P R 6409, 8.50; 19. W in te rth u r 829 (w here 6. B (I-B , I-B , 28755); 7 · G ; 8. M u 825 (C N D O M ), 4.30; 9. C
specim ens from th e la to excavations w ith o u t a n H in th e legend are (M cC lean 2524), 4.54; 10—11. V 6 7 1 3 -4 , 3.75, 4.20; 1 2 -
m en tio n e d ), 6.68; 20. P s .n ., 10.44. 16. P alerm o = G ab rici 109-13, 6.6g, 4.55, 4.33, 4.22, 4.22; 17. V irzi 1339;
C o u n te rm ark s: P lough ( G IC 426 in text: 14); tem p le (20). 1 8 - 2 0 . N 4 764-6; 2 1 - 2 2 . C alcia ti 34, 3.70, 3.38; 23. M in i 13, 3.68;
2 4 . P alerm o 1980 h o ard , 3.70; 25. E v elp id is 570, 5.15; 26. W in te rth u r
830. G ra n t a n d G ab rici say th a t the figure (‘L iv ia-C eres’) h o ld s co rn ears,
b u t this seem s inco rrect.

laiton
The coinage of laiton has been fully studied by H. Bloesch F i r s t century B C
(.Kokalos 18-19, *1I.972—3, pp. 201-7), who dated five ofhis six
different issues to the hrst century, but suggested a late
646 AE. 22 m m , 8.86 g (14: 6 4 6 -7 ). [ 9 ]
Tiberian or later date for the sixth, on the grounds that in
the excavations at lato two examples were found together Bloesch 6a, C op 330
with a Tiberian bronze of Panormus (Tiberius/Livia) in a ΙΑΙΤΙΝΩΝ; head of H eracles w earing lionskin, r.; behind,
stratum with pottery of the mid-first century a d . club
The issue has therefore been included here, though with Triskeles w ith gorgon face a n d corn ears betw een legs
very considerable misgivings. The fabric suggests that an I. P 6 0 3 , 9.08; 2. P D elep ierre 329-30; 3—7. B; 8. L 1955-11-7-47»
II. 58; 9 . C o p 330; 10. M in i 7, 8.55; 11. I a to excavations.
earlier date is possible, and the reverse design seems as
close to Republican coins of Panormus (BMC 11—12) as to 647 AE. See 646. [ 10 ]
the relevant coins of Augustus (641). As it seems that earlier Bloesch 6b-6c, G abrici 2-6, bm c 1-2, C op 329
bronze stayed in circulation for a considerable time into the As 646, b u t no club
imperial period, it is indeed very possible that the excavated 1—4 . L = b m c 1-2, 1 9 2 6 -1 -1 6 -7 2 1 a n d 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -2 2 , 8.82, 8.11, 8.81,
coins were just survivals of an earlier issue. In fact, Bloesch 8.48; 5—6. B 28809, 28850; 7 - 8 . O , 9.14, 11.63; 9 · G (M cC le an 2316);
10. C o p 329, 10.43; I I —1 5 * P alerm o = G a b ric i 2 -6 ; 16—1 7 . N 4388-9;
himself has also now abandoned such a late date ( Griechische
18—2 i . C alciati 7, 10.14, — > 9 ·3 5 » 8.29; 22. la to excavations;
Münzen in Winterthur, p. 65). The same countermark is found 2 3 . E velpidis 509, 8.30.
on 647 as on coins of near-by Panormus (641-2), but this C o u n te rm ark : T e tra sty le tem p le ( G I C 286: 19): cf. P an o rm u s.

cannot really be taken as evidence of a later date, any more

than at Panormus (pace Manganaro: see 636).

Segesta
Segesta had produced a small bronze coinage during the There is no problem with the reading of the coins of
Republic. For Augustus (probably), there is an issue with Longus or of the reverse legend of the coins of Dionysius.
Greek legends, presumably minted before the settlement of The obverse of Dionysius’s coins, however, causes some
2 1 B G , when Segesta was Latinae condicionis. problems. Grant read it as SANTO ATHENI [II]VIR
In addition there are two issues without ethnic but with MV I P ( = MVnicipium Iulium Panormus). This does not
Latin legends referring to the duoviri C. Iulius C. f. Longus seem a very likely abbreviation, and in fact there seems
and C. Iulius Dionysius. These are normally linked definitely to be a punctuation mark between the M and the
together in view of the similarity of their designs (Dioscuri V on the two dies identified, but not one between the I and
and a dolphin), and the use of the Dioscuri has led to their the P. This, moreover, seems to start the inscription:
traditional attribution to Tyndaris. Grant, on the other D ie i. Legend starts at seven o’clock
hand {FITA 190—i), gave them to Panormus since he inter­ (a) M VIPSAN O A [ ___ P 1980/229
preted and expanded part of the legend to refer to Panor­ (b) M [ JSANO A T H E N [ B = F I T A , pi. V I. i
(c) JIPSANO A THENA EO f Froehner 1265
mus. This seems mistaken (see below), and the coins are
here given to Segesta on the strength of the inscription D ie 2. Legend starts at one o’clock
found there which refers to C. Iulio C. f. Lon [go] duumviro (a) M [ B = F I T A , pi. VI.2
(b) M V IP[ B (I-B)
municipium h. [c. p.] {AE, 1945, 64: a reference owed to (c) illegible Cop 955
R. J. A. Wilson). The use of designs referring to the Dioscuri
is not otherwise attested at the inland city Segesta, but, The study of further specimens will no doubt throw addi­
together with the dolphin, they may perhaps refer to the tional light on the problem. In addition to an illegible speci­
port of Segesta. The Dioscuri on the obverse are a copy of men in the Calciati collection, there are five specimens in
the denarius of Mn. Gordius Rufus (RRC 463/1: 46 b c ) . Palermo, which have not been personally examined or
ij4 S I C I L Y : Segesta, Eryx, Entella (648-652)

illustrated (Gabrici, Tyndaris 58-62). Gabrici recorded the i . B = f i t a , pi. V I.3 = z f n 1876, 32, no. 22; 2. C 83/1948 (ex G ra n t), 8.97;
3—6. P a le r m o = G a b r ic i 5 3 —6, 9.83, 10.03, 8.29, 6.04; 7. PV ;
reading of the obverse for only one: M VIP[ (Gabrici 58). 8. W in te rth u r 1054, 7.85.
The smaller coin with pilei/DD rudder has also been
transferred to Segesta, in view of its similarity with the
duoviral issues, even though even Grant (FITA 194) left it M V ip s D o s s [ ??
in Tyndaris. Gabrici 57 records a further coin in Palermo
with the same types as G. Iulius Longus, but reading M 650 AE. 2 1 m m , 6 .6 7 g ( ’ )· [ o ]
VIPS DOSS[: confirmation of this is required. G abrici 57
The date of these two issues is also difficult. Grant put M V IP S D O S S [ ; two pilei w ith stars
them late, in which case they would presumably be later D olphin
than 21 b c ; on the other hand, there is nothing about them i . P alerm o = G ab rici 57, 6.67 (co n firm atio n o f re a d in g a n d existence o f
which seems to exclude an earlier date in the Triumviral m a g istra te req u ired ).
period (i.e., 44-36 b c ) . The same uncertainty, of course,
also applies to the inscription mentioning Iulius Longus.

A nonym ous
T r iu m v ir a l p e r io d (?)
651 AE. 16mm. [ i ]
M V ip s a n u s A th e n a e u s C I u liu s D io n y s iu s I l v i r i
fita 194
648 AE. 20m m , 7.39g (10). Axis: var. [ 6 ] Pilei
H olm 757, G abrici (T yndaris) 58, f it a 191, C op 955 D D; ru d d e r
i. B = f it a , pi. V I I . 7.
M V IP S A N O A T H E N A E O [; ju g a te heads o f Dioscuri, r.;
above, stars
C IV L IO D IO N Y S IO IIV IR IS E X D D; dolphin, r.,
and aplustre
I . P 1 9 8 0 /3 3 8 (rev. C I V L I O D I O [ ]X D D ), 6.23; 2 - 4 . B (all I-B: A u g u s tu s , before 2 1 B C ( ? ) I.
revv. C IV L IO D [ ] IR IS E X D D , C IV L IO D IO N Y [ a n d illeg.), 6.62,
7.00 a n d —; 5 . C op 955 (rev. ]O N Y S IO [ ), 7.88; 6 . C alciati (T y n d a ris)
30 (rev. illeg.), 6.68; 7—11. P alerm o = G ab rici (T y n d a ris) 58-62 (rev; o f 652 AE. 19m m , 9.52g (7). Axis: 6. [ 5 ]
58: ‘J O N Y S IO I I V I R I S E X D D ’), 7.09, 10.59, 8.95, 7 - i 7 , 5 -7 2 j_ i* . N Y
608, 6.87 (illeg.); 13. F ro eh n er (R atto 1909) lo t 1265 (rev. C IV L I O H olm 747, G abrici 93-4, bm c 65-6
D IO N Y S IO ). ΕΓΕΣΤΑΙΩΝ; head, r.
A eneas carrying p allad iu m an d A nchises, L; above,
C I u liu s C f L on gu s I lv ir crescent; behind, eagle
I . L = BMC 65, 10.48; 2. L = BMC 6 6 , 9 .5 5 ; 3. P 1 0 5 9 , 10.24; 4 · C
649 AE. 20 m m , 8.53 g (5)· Axis: 6. [ 2 ] (M cC lean 2 ^ 6 9 ), 8 .4 e;; r —6 . P alerm o = G ab rici 02—4 , 1 0 .0 8 ,8 .0 2 ;
7. C alcia ti 61, 8.05; 8. T (F a b re tti 1631), 9.38.
H olm 756, G abrici 53-5, fita ig o
C IV L IV S C F L O N G V S I I V IR ; two pilei w ith stars
E X D D; dolphin, r.

Eryx
For a dupondius of the Augustan moneyer Salvius Otho Augustan moneyer’s bronze countermarked ERVX (in
countermarked ΕΡΥΞ, in Greek, see F. de Saulcy, Mélanges Latin) is presumably a mistake based on de Saulcy’s coin.
de Numismatique ι (1875), 106—8 (line drawing), followed by For the countermarking of Augustan bronze, see the
H. Willers, Die römische Kupfermünzen, p. 15, no. 215. The introduction to Sicily.
reference by J. Friedländer, ZfN, 1877, p. 337, to an

Entella
Entella does not seem to have produced any coinage in the
second and first centuries b c , except for a small issue with
Dionysus (?)/grapes (Gabrici 12, Cop 240). Its next and last
issue was struck in two denominations, with the inscription
ATPATINOY, almost certainly referring to L. Sempronius
Atratinus, the Antonian general who helped Octavian
against Sextus Pompey in 36 b c and whose name also
appears on coins of Lilybaeum (655), Sparta (1101), an
issue of Antony’s ‘fleet coinage’ from Greece (1453-61), and
an issue of bronze for Antony from northwest Asia Minor
(2226).
The designs of the smaller denomination repeat those of
the previous small issue, but those on the larger piece are
new. The figure on the reverse has been variously identified
as Homonoia (BMC, FITA) or a ‘figura femminile’
(Gabrici), but was correctly interpreted by Holm and Hill
(Coins of Ancient Sicily, p. 221) as the city goddess or Tyche,
since on some specimens she is clearly wearing a turreted

crown. Hill thought that she was holding a patera in her
right hand, but it seems more likely that she is holding corn
ears (clearly on B 28630). The obverse is Helios, probably a
reference to Antony and perhaps a copy of one of his denarii
(RRC 533/2, with p. 743).
A tr a tin u s , 3 6 B C
653 AE. ig m m , 7.98g (14). Axis: var.
H olm 607, BMC 8, G abrici 10, C op 238, fita 392
ATPATINOY; rad iate h ead o f Helios, r.
ENTEAAINWN; T yche standing, 1., holding corn ears an d
cornucopia
Lilybaeum (Marsala) had produced two denominations
during the Republic, the larger with Apollo/lyre (Holm
683, BMC 2, Gabrici i - i i ) and the smaller with Apol-
lo/tripod (Holm 682, BMC 1, Gabrici 12).
There is also an issue of the larger denomination with
LAPV D E Q instead of the ethnic (Bahrfeldt, RSN, 1904,
no. 18; a second specimen in L, 1948—4-2-1, 5.90 g). This
has been linked to the Spanish issues of Urso, Myrtilis and
Baelo with the legend L AP DEC Q, and dated to the forties
B C (Grant, FITA 26-7). Crawford, however, has pointed
out ( CMRR 211 and 341 ) that there is some hoard evidence
for an earlier date for the Spanish issues, and has suggested
that both they and the coin of Lilybaeum should be dated to
the period of Sertorius, when the close connection between
Spain and Sicily was equally possible. The issue has conse­
quently been omitted here.
Grant (FITA 26-7) also attributed a series of ‘Romano-
Sicilian’ coins, signed by Roman officials, to Lilybaeum,
perhaps correctly. These have, however, been discussed
under Panormus, where the view was taken that they are
earlier than the period covered here.
During the Triumviral period, Lilybaeum made an issue
of heavy bronze coins (asses; see p. 165) with the names
ATPATINO and ΠΥΘΙΩΝ. The first name is almost
certainly a reference to L. Sempronius Atratinus, whose
name appears also at Entella (653) and elsewhere (Sparta
1101, Greece 1453-61 and Asia 2226) and who was the
Antonian general helping Octavian against Sextus Pompey
in 37-36 B e . Hill ( Coins of Ancient Sicily, p. 212) suggested
that Pythion was the name of a magistrate or wealthy
citizen who defrayed the cost of the issue (hence the use of
the dative case for the ethnic). Manganaro (ANRWII. 11.1,
p. 14) has also attributed a countermark found on coins of
Lilybaeum to Atratinus.
Subsequently there are two issues with Latin legends,
both minted after 27, and presumably well after the settle­
ment of 2 1 B C , since Lilybaeum does not appear in Pliny’s
list of communities Latinae condicionis. These are different
denominations, and, although they were linked together in
a single ‘issue’ by A. Gutroni Tusa, Sicilia Archeologica XI,
38, 1978, pp. 54-8 (where they are dated to 12-11 b c ) , they
probably are separate issues, since they use different forms
S I C I L Y : Entella, Lilybaeum (653-655) /75
i · L — b m c 8, 8.22; 2. P 4 1 1 (obv. a lte re d in m o d e rn tim es to
A C H A T IN O Y ), 8.25: 3 —5 * B (L ö b b , I-B , 28630); 6. C o p 238, 7.40; 7. O ,
8.38; 8. M u 1 0 2 0 7 5 ( s n g — ), 7.37; g . C (L eake), 6.23;
10. P alerm o = G ab rici io , 10.74; Ι Γ · N 4258; 12. M in i 18, 7.97; 1 3 -
16. C alciati 16, g.35, 8.71, 6.98, 6.56; 1 7 - 1 8 . E v elp id is 4 8 4 -5 , 8.45. 7.22.
T h e re is a m o d e rn forgery (e.g., C alcia ti 15).
C o u n te rm ark : B ull (12).
654 AE. 17m m , 5 .7 7 g (3). [ 3 ]
H olm 607a, G abrici 11, C op 239
ATPATINOY; head o f D ionysius, r.
[ 9 ] ENTEAAINWN; b unch o f grapes
I. C o p 239, 5.15; 2. B (I-B ); 3. P alerm o = G ab rici i t , 5.79; 4 . V irzi
952; 5· P V , 6 .1 1.
Lilybaeum
of the ethnic and different forms of the letter Y (or V). The
smaller coin is undatable. The larger refers to the proconsul
Q. Terentius Culleo (an example in P, 687, has been recut
in modern times to read PROCOS III). There seems no
way of dating his proconsulship more precisely than ‘sub
Augusto’ (B. Thomasson, Laterculi Praesidum, col. 1, no.
3 = Manganaro, ANRW II.11.1, p. 86, no. 4); nor does
there seem any reason for regarding the issue as a ‘founda­
tion issue’ (FITA 109-11).
The designs mostly refer to Lilybaeum’s traditional
association with Apollo, although the turreted head on
Atratinus’s coins is presumably either the city Tyche or a
personification of Trinakria (an identification by
Manganaro which would explain the triangular ornament
which encloses the head). The correct reading LILYBITA
(rather than LILYBIT) on the smaller coin supports Mom­
msen’s interpretation (CIL X, 2, p. 742) of the legends as
Lilybitanorum Augustanorum (though AVGV might stand
for AVGVST(-0 /-VS). This issue is placed before that of
Culleo on the (admittedly fragile) grounds that a coin with
the fuller form of the ethnic is more likely to precede one
with a shorter form.
Lilybaeum also countermarked Augustan bronze of
Rome with LILYB (see the introduction to Sicily).
A tr a tin u s , 3 6 B C
655 AE. 2 6m m , 19.89g (35). Axis: 12. [ 29 ]
H olm 684, G abrici 15, bmc 4, C op 376, f it a 393
AIAYBAIITAIC; veiled an d tu rre te d head, r., w ithin
trian g u lar o rnam ent
ATPATINO ΠΥΘΙΩΝ; tripod w ith snake coiled aro und
i . L = b m c 6, 23.92; 2—4 . L = b m c 4 -5 a n d G 0106, 24.14, 21.46, 18.48;
5—6. N Y 28 2 -3 ; 7—8. C o p 376-7; 9—10. O , 17.06, 17.36; i i —14. P 6 7 7 -9
a n d D elep ierre, 19.06, 23.08, 21.44 a n d — ; 15—19. B; 2 0 . C (M cC le an
2360); 21—26. V 6560 -5 , 22.70, 18.50, 17.60, 15.80, 21.10, 21.70; 27—
29. M u 602-4; S ° ~ $ S · P alerm o = G ab rici 15—18; 3 4 .; M i (A rslan 434),
Ϊ9.87; 3 5 —3 8 . N 4 5 17-20; 3 9 —4 0 . C alc ia ti 15, 21.95, 16.62; 4 1 . M in i 8,
21.45; 4 2 . PV ; 4 3 . E velpidis 524, 18.70; 4 4 . L eu M a y 1973, lo t 151,
21.38; 4 5 . S chw eizerische B an k v erein O c t. 1977, lot 108; 4 6 —4 7 . S t 4 5 4 -
5, 19.22, 17.69; 4 8 . B e (R 3940), 21.02; 4 9 . T (F a b re tti 1448), 20.35.
R e ig n o f A u g u s tu s
656 AE. 16 m m , 4.93 g (6).
H olm 748, BMC 7, G abrici 24, f it a 196
L IL Y B IT A ; cithara
A V G V w ithin w reath
i . P 6 8 6 , 4.71; 2—3. L = BMC 7 -8 , 4.33, 6.00; 4—5. B (I-B ), 5.00, 4.25;
6. P alerm o = G ab rici 24, 5.27. P erh ap s also M u S N G 235 (see H ala esa , p.
000).
Agrigentum had issued a certain quantity of bronze coins in
the late Republican period, although there is no good
evidence for their chronology. Grant dated to the thirties b g
the bronzes with the name ΣΩΣΙΟΣ {FITA, pp. 392-3),
associating them with the C. Sosius who made coins for
Antony on Zacynthos (1290-3). This does not seem con­
vincing, as the general appearance and fabric of the coins
(subjective though these considerations may be) suggests a
much earlier date, and it seems preferable to follow Hill’s
view that he was a local magistrate (Coins of Ancient Sicily, p.
210).
Agrigentum was also the mint of coins without ethnic,
but with the name in Latin of the Roman Mn. Acilius (the
praenomen excludes the identification with M. Acilius
Caninus, procos, in 46-45 b c : see Manganaro, ANRW I.i,
457). These coins were produced in three denominations -
Zeus/eagle, Asclepius/serpent staff and female head/tripod
(Bahrfeldt, RSN 1904, nos. 6-8), all types which had
occurred previously with the ethnic of Acragas. This Mn.
Acilius is presumably the same as the Mn. Acili Q. who
signed asses and semisses of the wreath series of Romano-
Sicilian coinage (Bahrfeldt, nos. 4—5). If the chronology
discussed for that series in the introduction to Panormus is
correct (p. 171 ), this quaestor should be dated well before
the Triumviral period, and probably before the fifties b c , as
suggested by Grant {FITA 28).
Grant {FITA 28) also attributed a collection of other
Romano-Sicilian issues to Agrigentum. Two of these, with
L GN and L M, were mixed up (also in his plates, since the
reverses of his pi. 1.5 and 1.6 have been swapped); these
have already been discussed under Panormus, where it was
suggested that the latter was definitely minted at Panormus
(638), and the former possibly so. The last lot of coins
consists of a group of quadrantes; there seems, however, no
reason to dissociate these from their larger denominations,
which are part of the two main groups of Romano-Sicilian
issues (the warrior series and the wreath series) discussed
under Panormus.
One further coin was attributed to Agrigentum (?) and to
the thirties b c by Grant {FITA 54). The coin (in G) has a
male head/palm branch and club VICTORIA, but both
the identification of the head as Octavian, and, especially,
the date and mint seem completely uncertain, and the coin
has been catalogued under ‘Uncertain Coins’ (5467).
This leaves three issues, to be attributed probably to the
reign of Augustus. The very rare one with Greek legends
A u g u s tu s , <2, T e r e n tiu s C u lleo P rocos
[ 5 ] 657 AE. 22 m m , 9.50 g (20). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 9 ]
H olm 749, G abrici 19, fita 196-7
C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; head, r.
Q T E R E N T IO C V L L E O N E P R O C O S L IL V B ; laureate
head of Apollo, r.
i . L, 7.92; 2 —4 . P 687, 688, 688a, 10.84, 9-43, 10.18; 5 . B (I-B ), 10.40; 6 -
7 . C 86/1948 a n d 87/1948, 9.69, 11.34; 8 . V 27335/48, 6.80; 9 . N Y 284,
9.10; 1 0 —1 4 . P alerm o = G ab rici 19-23; 1 5 . P V ; 1 6 —1 7 . C alciati 16,
10.88, 9.90; 1 8 . M in i 10a, 5.05; 1 9 . H irsch X I X , lo t 8, 8.74; 2 0 . M M A G
489 (1986) lo t 30, 9.72; 2 1 . S p in k (G eneva) 10/10/1977, lot 9, 9.41; 2 2 . G
6 , 8 -7 5 ; 2 3 . J S W .
Agrigentum
(the ethnic on both sides of the coin) is presumably the
earliest and has two heads, conventionally identified as
Augustus and Agrippa {BMC, Calciati). The Latin-legend
issues are probably to be attributed to the period, some time
late in Augustus’s reign, when Agrigentum received privi­
leged status. The Greek issue should presumably be earlier
than 21 and later than 36 bc (see the introduction to Sicily),
but its date and the identity of the second head are not
certain.
Two issues (659-60) have a Latin legend, which presum­
ably stands for Agrigentinensium, in view of the probable
original legend on 659, though the form Agrigentinorum is
normal on inscriptions. The smaller is undatable, though
assigned by Grant to 44-36 b c {FITA 191—2); this date is
possible, but no more likely than a later one in the reign of
Augustus - the general appearance of the coin is
reminiscent of the Augustan issue of Lilybaeum (656). The
absence of any reference to duoviri perhaps dissociates it
from the heavier denomination, which is datable after 2 b c ,
since it gives Augustus the title P(ater) P(atriae), though it
is possible that the names were simply left off the smaller
denomination because it was thought that there was no
space on the die. The mention of the proconsul L. Clodius
Rufus on 660 is no further help (see B. Thomasson, Laterculi
Praesidum, col. 2, no. 5).
For the coins of P F SILVA PR, which have been
attributed to Agrigentum by Manganaro, see ‘Uncertain
Sicily’ (669).
O c ta v ia n ! A u g u s tu s a n d ?_____________________
658 A E . 22 m m , 7.78 g (2). Axis: 6. [ 1 ]
H o lm 736, BMC 165
Α Κ ΡΑ ΓΑ Ν ΤΙΝ Ω Ν ; head (o f A u g u stu s? ), r.
Α Κ ΡΑ ΓΑ Ν ΤΙΝ Ω Ν ; head, r.
i . L = bmc 1 6 5 , 8 .2 1 ; 2 . M i ( A r s la n 147 = S a lin a s 3 4 1 ), 7 .3 4 . A s im ila r
c o in in M a n c h e s t e r (7 .2 8 ) s e e m s to h a v e b e e n a lt e r e d to h a v e le g e n d s
r e a d i n g Μ ΛΕΠΙΔΟΣ[ a n d [ ]ΚΑΙΣΑΡ, t h o u g h it is n o t d e fin ite ly a s p e c im e n
o f th is iss u e . F o r th e p o r tr a it s , s e e a b o v e .
R e ig n o f A u g u s tu s (?) ___________________
659 AE. 16 m m , 5.58 g (6). [ 5 ]
H olm 735a, fita 191

Triskeles w ith gorgon face
A G R IG E N T ; in w reath
i . N Y 1149, 7.17; 2. P 162 (= S a lin a s 350), 5.45; 3 . O ( s n g 1688), 6.18;
4—5. B (b o th I-B ), 4.68, 5.15; 6 . C alcia ti 155, 4.87. A ll specim ens seem to
be stru ck from th e sam e reverse die. I t seem s th a t th e legend originally
read G E N T IN E (?) (for A G R IG E N T IN E ? ); this w as su b se q u en tly re c u t to
A G R IG E N T .
A u g u s tu s , after 2 B C
L C lo d iu s R u fu s P ro c o s
S a la s s u s C o m itia lis S e x R u fu s l l v i r
660 AE. 23m m , 9.28g (22). Axis: 12 o r 6.
H olm 735, BMC 160, G abrici 158, fita
For a very full treatment of the coinage of Henna, see E.
Cammarata, ‘La zecca ennese’, Ennarotary I.i (December
i 9 87 )i PP· 27 - 3 3 -
Henna produced little coinage after the fourth century
B e , although it was the mint for a remarkable issue o f‘King
Antiochus’ during the slave war of 136-32 b c (G.
Manganaro, Chiron, 1982, p. 237 and 1983, p. 405; Cam­
marata, op. cit.). Only one issue was produced later, in four
denominations, for the municipium of Henna and by the
duoviri M. Cestius and L. Munatius. The size and fabric of
the largest denomination suggest a date in the Triumviral
period, as they recall, for instance, the issue of Atra tinus at
Lilybaeum (655). They probably belong therefore in the
period 44-36 b c , though there seems little reason to regard
them as a specifically ‘foundation issue’ of 43 b c ( FITA
191)·
The designs used refer to the principal cults of Henna.
The largest denomination (18.69 g) has Ceres/Pluto and
Proserpina; the second (8.44 g) a female head, perhaps Pro­
serpina (it is usually called Artemis, probably because the
final letter of HENNA-E behind the head has been misin­
terpreted as a quiver), and a figure to be identified as Trip­
tolemus (he is very similar to the figure on earlier coins,
such as BMC 6). Both these coins refer to the cult of Ceres
at Henna (PW IV. 2739). The third denomination (4.10g)
has a head of Dionysus, who also had an important temple
at Henna (Cic., Ven. IV .109); the significance of the butting
bull, normally reference to a river, is not clear. The smallest
denomination (2.41 g) has Apollo (rather than Demeter)
and his sacred bird, the swan.
The wide circulation of the issue is indicated by its inclu­
sion in the Megara Hyblaea hoard (1GCH 2252).
L M u n a ti u s L C e s tiu s I h i r i , 4 4 -3 6 B C
661 AE. 30m m , 18.47g (13)· Axis: 12.
H olm 760, BMC 9, G abrici 8, C op 235,
S I C I L Y : Agrigentum, Henna (660-664) /77
A V G V S T O P P A G R IG E (N )T I(N ); head, r.
SALASSO C O M IT IA L E SE X R V F O I I V IR ;
L C L O D IO R V F O P R O C O S
i . L = b m c 1 60, 10.46; 2—5. L = b m c 161-4, 8.99, 8.46, 8.42. 7.14; 6. N Y
1150, 8.09; 7—n . N Y (H o lzer), 11.30, 7.23, 8.22, 12.71, 7.52; 12—16. B {3
I-B , L ö b b a n d 7395), the la st w eighing 10.41; 17. P 163, 8.84; 18—
21. M u 206-9; 2 2 - 2 3 . C 9 4 /1948 a n d 93/1948, — a n d 11.30;
24. P alerm o = G ab rici 158; 2 5 —27. C alciati 150, 8.98, 10.20, 7.95; 28—
29. N 4066, S 7477; 3 0 . Be (R 4277), 9.09; 3 1 . J S W , 9.42; 3 2 . H ess Nov.
1979, no. 66, 9.02.
C o u n te rm ark s: P lough ( G I C 426: 4, 6, 10, 15, 22, 27), b o a rd ( G I C 290: 2,
3, 8, 9, i i , 19, 23, ?26). F rie d lä n d e r th o u g h t ( Z j 7V, 1877, 337) th a t th e
plough h a d a b ird sittin g on it, a n d therefore th a t it w as a co u n te rm a rk o f
C en tu rip ae, b u t th e b ird a n d th e a ttrib u tio n seem v ery unlikely.
[ 23 ]
196
Henna
L M V N A T IV S M C E S T IV S ; veiled h ead o f Ceres w ith
corn ears, 1.; behind, torch
M V N H E N N A E ; P luto and P roserpina in quadriga, r.
I . L = B M C 9 , 18.51; 2 . L = BMC 10, 20.06; 3 . C o p 235; 4 . P 403, 2 1.57;
5. O , 17.50; 6—8. B (I-B , 10646, L ö b b ); 9. C 85/1948; 10—
13. P alerm o = G ab rici 8-1 1 ; 14. M i (A rslan 285), 17.50; 15—16. V irzi
94 3 -4 ; 17. M in i i i , 19.72; 18. E velpidis 481, 19.12; 19. G efalu (T ro p ea ,
Archivio Storico M essinese, 1901, no. 2), 15.50; 2 0 . S chw eizerische
K re d ita n s ta lt 7 (1987) lot 492, 19.01; 2 1 - 2 2 . C alcia ti 12, 17.39,
23. C a m m a ra ta (see C a lc ia ti), 17.40; 2 4 . L eu 1973, lo t 106, 15.63;
2 5 . W in te rth u r 626, 18.00. F o r tw o h alv ed ex am p les, see C a m m a ra ta , op.
cit., pi. V , a -b .
662 AE. 2 0 m m , 8.44g ( c ) · Axis: 12. [ 16 ]
H olm 761, BMC ii , G abrici 12, C op 236
M V N H EN N A -E ; fem ale h ead (Proserpina?), r.
M C E S T IV S L M V N A T IV S I I V IR ; naked m ale figure
(T riptolem us), w earing cloak, stan d in g 1. w ith
outstretched h an d
r . L 1 8 8 9 -1 1 -6 -1 5 , IO-7 °; 2. L = b m c π , 9.75; 3 . L 1 8 8 9 -1 1 -6 -1 4 , 9.90;
4 . N Y 1338, 8.84; 5 . C o p 236, 7.22; 6 - 7 . P 4 0 4 -5 a n d D ele p ierre 236,
10.27, 7 - 8 o , —; 8 - 9 . O , 8.31, 9.40; 10—13. B (I-B , F ox, L ö b b , 6349);
14. V 6462, 5.60; 15—16. M u 247-8; 17—18. P ale rm o = G ab rici 12-13;
19. M i (A rslan 2867), 7.93; 20. M in i 12, 9.65; 21. V irzi 945; 22. J S W ,
7.19; 23—24. N S 7682-3; 25—27. C alcia ti 13, 8.51, 7.34, —; 2 8 -
2 9 . C a m m a ra ta (see C alcia ti), 10.30, 7.40; 3 0 . W in te rth u r 827, 9.23.
663 AE. 17m m , 4 .1 0 g (5). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ]
H olm 761a, G abrici 14
M V N H EN N A E ; head o f D ionysus w reath ed w ith ivy, r.
M C E S T IV S L M V N A T [ ; b u ttin g bull, 1.
i . B 6350; 2. B (I-B ), 3-72; 3 . L 1 8 5 2 —7—1—4 6 , 4.31; 4 . P alerm o
= G ab rici 14, 4.85; 5. M in i 13, 3.50; 6. V irzi 946; 7. C efalu (T ro p ea
Archivio Storico Messinese, 1901, no. 1), 4.10; 8. C a m p a n a (see C alcia ti),
4.23; 9 . C a m m a ra ta (see C alcia ti), 4.10.
664 AE. 12m m , 2.41 (3), Axis: 13. [ 1 ]
M V N H E N; wreathed head o f Apollo, r.
M C ES L M V N I I [V IR ]; sw an, r.
I . B (I-B ), 2.50; 2. A d a m o = M in i 14a, 1.92; 3 . S y racu se (A gostino no.
4), 2.80; 4 . C alciati 15, 2.16; 5. C a m m a ra ta (see C alcia ti = C a m m a ra ta ,
op. cit., pi. I I I . 19), 1.90.
[ 9 ]
fita 190
ij8 S I C I L Y : Morgantina, Assorus, Centuripae (665-666)
Morgantina
Coinage with the Latin inscription HISPANORVM has
been shown to be of Morgantina, since the vast majority of
known specimens have been recovered in the excavations
there (AHN, 1958-9, p. 338, and especially K. Erim, A]A.
1958, pp. 79-80). Before this find evidence was available,
the coins had been assigned by Grant (FITA 29) to
Panormus.
Grant also dated the coins to the period of Sextus
Pompey. A much earlier date, in the late third century b c ,
was suggested by the inclusion of a piece in the Aidone
hoard (IGCH 2239; AHN, 1962-4, p. 223), and a similar
date of 210-185 b c has recently been proposed by M. Cac-
camo Caltabiano (QT, 1985, pp. 159-69) on metrological
grounds. It seems, however, that the HISPANORVM coin
does not really belong to the Aidone hoard (M. H. Craw­
ford, CMRR, p. 87), and the coins have all been assigned to
a date in the late second and early first century b c by K.
Assorus
The Latin legends on the coins of Assorus suggest that they
were minted in a period when the town had chartered
status. Grant (FITA 191) suggested the Triumviral period
(specifically 44/3). The reign of Augustus is not necessarily
ruled out by the crude style, though it seems unlikely as
there is no reason to suppose that Assorus had privileged
status under Augustus.
The reverse of 665 shows the statue of the local river god
Crusas (Cic., Verr. IV.96); the ploughing oxen on 666 would
normally have been expected to denote colonial status,
though Grant suggested that it might only imply an allot­
ment of land to settlers (cf. Thessalonica, p. 297, and
Tralles 2469, similar scenes with a Greek legend). R .J.A .
Wilson has suggested to us that its use, like the use of a
plough as a countermark (660), might just symbolise the
agricultural prosperity of Sicily.
Centuripae
The coinage of Centuripae is discussed by F. Ansaldi in
(ed.) P. Cacia, Memorie Storiche di Centuripe (Catania, 1981),
pp- 233-75·
Centuripae had produced bronze coins of various
denominations, probably during the Second Punic War,
when bronzes of Roman design may also have been produ­
ced there (Crawford, CMRR, p. 46 and fig. 37). A few later
coins were also produced, of which the very latest have a
Latin legend. These should probably be dated to c. 44 b c ,
when perhaps Centuripae was a colony (cf. the apoikia
inscription = AE, 1966, 165, though this has been dated
earlier, in the second century b c : G. Manganaro, PP, 1976;
p. 396), or in the period 43-36 when Centuripae had muni­
Erim, on the basis of the stratigraphic evidence from
Morgantina (in T. V. Buttrey et al., Morgantina Studies II:
The Coins (1989), pp. 34-67).
One issue of the coinage, in two denominations, bears an
inscription on the obverse as well. This has traditionally
been read as L IVNI LEG(atus) SlC(iliae) (cf. Grant,
FITA 30). The legend is, however, difficult to read, and
occurs on only three dies, none of which is represented very
clearly on any extant specimen. The most likely reading,
however, seems to be L IVNI C SIG (e.g., L 1919—2-13—
1329, 1947-6-6-871, 1909-5-5-5). Such a legend has been
interpreted by G. Manganaro (ANRW 1\.\ 1.1, p. 12, n. 35;
Gnomon 60, 1988, p. 456) as referring to duoviri of Morgan­
tina under Sextus Pompey. This view is not accepted here,
in view of the reported Morgantina evidence for a much
earlier date.
L a te f i r s t cen tu ry BC *
i.4
665 AE. 2 2m m , 9 .6 1 g (11). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
H olm 7 5 8 , BMC I , G abrici 1, fita ig i
A SSO R V ; lau reate head o f Apollo, r.
CRVSAS; river god standing, 1., w ith am p h o ra and
cornucopia
i . L = bm c i ; 2—3. V 637 7 -8 , 10.40, 11.60; 4—5 . M u 243 -4 , 8.88, 6.02;
6. C (M cC Iean 2142), 10.14; 7—8. P alerm o = G a b ric i 1-2, 9.82, 9.60; 9—
14. N S 7849 a n d 40 9 4 -8 ; 15. M in i 1, 10.15; 16—^1:9. V irzi 54-7;
20. E velpidis 452, 9.60; 2 1 . L eu (M a y 1973) lot 82, 11.51; 22. N Y 1195,
9.43; 2 3 . K la g 415, 8.70; 24. T (F a b re tti 1371); 2 5 . C alcia ti 1, 10.07;
26. C a m p a n a (see C alcia ti), 8.09; 27. W in te rth u r 625, 9.23.
666 A E. 18m m , 4 .9 1 g (3). [ 2 ]
H olm 759, BMC 2, G abrici 3
Female head with Stephane, r.
A SSO R V ; oxen ploughing, r.
i . L 1 9 4 7 —6—6—5 9 , 5.05; 2. L = BMC 2; 3. P ale rm o = G ab rici 3, 4.85;
4 . M in i 2, 4.82; 5—6 . V irzi 58 -9 ; 7. C alcia ti 3, 5.23.
cipal status. This dating has been followed by Ansaldi,
though a later date is also possible, under Augustus, when
Centuripae had chartered status, since the coins bear some
resemblance to the pieces of Lilybaeum of that date (656).
These coins are very rare. The obverse type is usually
described as a monogram of the city’s name, though the
monogram would consist only of N and T: there is no
obvious sign of a C. It might be thought that it is actually a
plough with a bird sitting on it (a traditional type at Cen­
turipae), but this does not seem very plausible either. We
therefore take the view that the type is probably a
monogram, but not one of the city’s name.
 S I C I L Y : Centuripae, Tauromenium, Sicily, Uncertain mints (667-67o) lyg

L a te f i r s t cen tu ry B C i . S a lin a s 52 7 ; 2 - 3 . P alerm o = G ab rici 3 9-40, 1.26, 1.06; 4 . = ? P e n n is i

----------- ( = A n s a ld i T a v . X X X I V .1); 5. C a m m a ra la coll. ( = A n sald i T a v .
X X X I V .2). 5 m ay be th e sam e as sp ecim en 1, as th e pieces seem very
667 AE. 10m m , i . i 6 g (2). [ O ] sim ilar in sh ap e, b u t this is n o t ce rtain .

G abrici 39
M onogram ?
C E N T V R ; branch

Tauromenium
Tauromenium may have countermarked some Augustan Tauromenium is, in fact, ofDyme (1284), as Grant himself
moneyers’ bronze - see the introduction to Sicily. later recognised (FITA, corrigenda; see also M. Amandry,
The coin attributed by Grant (FIT A 236) to the colony at RN, 1981, p. 51 and n. 18).

Sicily, Uncertain mints

The issues, without ethnic, of Sisenna Pr. Cos, L. Seius R e ig n o f A u g u s tu s
Procos and P. F. Silva Pr. have been mentioned in the
introduction to Panormus. Bahrfeldt (RSN, 1904, no. 78) S is e n n a p r o c o s , S ta tiu s F la c c u s P C o tta B a [ ] I lv ir i
attributed Silva and Seius to Panormus, Grant tentatively
attributed them, respectively, to Messana, Haluntium and 668 AE. 2 3m m , 8 .1 6 g (10). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
Panormus (FITA 196 no. 3, 197 no. 4, APT 4 no. 10). H olm 761b, G abrici P anorm us 337, fixa ig 6
Manganaro attributed the issue of Seius to Panormus and Ä V G V ST V S; head, r . ___ ___
that of Silva to Agrigentum {ANRW 1.1, 1972, p. 460), SISE N N A PR C O S; S T A T IV S FL A C G V S P C O T T A
though more recently he seems to have allowed the possi­ BA IIV IR
bility that both the Seius and Silva issue are attributable to i . L 1 9 5 4-10-14—34, 5.82; 2—3. P 1005-6, 10.16, 7.98; 4 —5 . P alerm o
Panormus {ANRW II.11.1, p. 22). = G ab rici 3 37-8, 7.86, 6.32; 6—7. M in i P an o rm u s 41—2, 9.25, 11.70 (the
la tte r read in g S IS IIN A , a n d h av in g a s ta r in ste ad o f an in scrip tio n o n the
According to Grant, one specimen each of Sisenna and obverse: an im itatio n ?); 8—10. C alcia ti P an o rm u s 40, 7.90, 6.99, 6.16;
Seius were found in western Sicily, perhaps making his i i . N Y 6 1 1, 7.22; 1 2 . Schw eizerische K re d ita n s ta lt 7 (1987) lo t 783, 7.06;
13. Be (R 4278), 8.79; 14. Z u r i c h ( C o r in th ) Z B 6 4 0 , 9.04. See also N C ,
attributions implausible. According to Manganaro, the 1852, p. 123. S tatiu s F laccus is som etim es said to h av e th e praenomen L;
coins of Silva come from the area of Agrigentum, rather b u t no coin h as been seen w hich clearly h as th is le tte r, a n d th e re is
than Palermo. definitely n o praenomen o n 12.

As Bahrfeldt pointed out, the coins of Seius and Silva are

very similar, both in fabric and in types, since both have the
names of duoviri around a triskeles on one side, and the
name of a Roman magistrate on the other. It seems very L a te A u g u s t a n / T ib e r ia n (?)
likely {pace Grant) that they were made at the same place. It
P F S ilv a p r , S a la s i[ u s ] L u c i[ u s ] I I [ v i r i ]
is less clear where this was. The triskeles was used as a type
(641) and a countermark at Panormus, but also as a type at 669 AE. 18 mm , 4.58 (15). [ 6 ]
Agrigentum (659); perhaps Agrigentum is at the moment B ahrfeldt no. 78, G abrici 121, a pt no. 10
the most likely in view of Manganaro’s information about P F SIL V A PR; olive branch
provenance, but neither Panormus nor other mints can be SALASI L V C I II; triskeles w ith gorgon head
ruled out. i . L 1 9 2 2 -4 -1 5 -3 , 3.56; 2—i i . See B ah rfeld t; 13—14. P alerm o = G ab rici
The date of the coins is also difficult. Bahrfeldt dated 121-2, 5.47, 5.60; 15. M in i P an o rm u s 185, 5.26; 16. E v elp id is 569, 3.66;
Silva to shortly before 27 b c and Seius to 27-23 b c . If, on 17. PV ; 18. W in te rth u r 1058, 4.36; i g . JS W , 3.59. S ilva’s n a m e m ig h t be
Silva o r S ilv a(n u s).
the other hand, Seius is to be identified with Seius Tubero,
cos. suff. in a d 18, then both issues are likely to be late
Augustan or Tiberian (B. Thomasson, Laterculi Praesidum, L S e iu s p r o c o s . S e p t[ ] a n d B a lb [u s ] I lv ir i
col. 2, no. 607); Manganaro {ANRW I I .11.1, p. 22, n. 83)
670 A E. 19m m , 5.38g (15). [ 9 ]
would now place Seius under Augustus, and Silva under
late Augustus or Tiberius (pp. 22, 87). B ahrfeldt no. 79, G abrici 123, bm c 13, f it a 197
There is even less to go on with the Sisenna coin. There L S E IO PR CyC O S; D D
seems no doubt that it is of Augustus, and it resembles the S E P T E T BALB IIV IR ; triskeles w ith gorgon head
coins of Mussidius Longus from Tyndaris and of Clodius i . L = bm c p . 1 2 8 , 13, 6.47; 2 - 7 . See B ah rfeld t; 8. C o p 1062, 6.14; 9 —
13. P alerm o = G a b ric i 123—7; T4* P V ; 15. M in i P a n o rm u s 186, 5.32;
Rufus from Agrigentum (after 2 b c ) . Sisenna is, however, 16. N Y 610, 5.50; 17. E v elp id is 712, 4.93; 18. B e (R 4279), 6.19;
otherwise unknown (Thomasson, col. 1 , no. 2 ) . There 19. W in te rth u r 1059, 4.88; 2 0 . W e b er 1499, 6.22.
seems no evidence for its mint except Grant’s report of a
specimen found in western Sicily.
i So S I C I L Y : Sicily, Uncertain mints, Melita, Cossura (671-674)

S e x tu s P o m p e y 671 L eaded bronze. 28-32 m m , 21.11g (185). Axis: 12.

For the general com m entary on the bronze coinage o f C naeus
and Sextus Pom pey, see p. 1 4 6 .
O n Sextus Pom pey’s control of Sicily, see Shelley C. Stone
I I I , ‘Sextus Pom pey, O ctav ia n and Sicily’, A]A 8 7 , 1 9 8 3 , pp.
1 1 - 2 2 , and G. M an ganaro , A N R W II. 1 1 .1 ( 1 9 8 8 ), pp. 1 1 - 1 5 .
Nz 1909, pp. 68-70, 2, RRC 479/1
L au reate head o f Ja n u s , w ith features of Cn. Pom peius
M agnus; above, M A G N V S
Prow, r.; above, P IV S ; below, IM P
i . P 1 71, 19.78; 2 - 1 6 5 . See B ah rfeld t, p. 6 8 -7 0 , 1-104, 106-65; 166—
1 78. N Y , 29.53, 24.66, 22.89, 22.86, 21.28, 19.78, 19.30, 18.76, 15.07,
14.57, T4 -24 > x3-795 1 7 9 —180. P rin ce to n F iresto n e, 19.90, 18.46; 181. Y ale
U n iv ersity , 16.05; 182—185. W a sh in g to n S m ith so n ian , 24.18, 20.50, 18.57,
17.98.

Melita
The coins of Melita have been studied most recently by 1. Uncia. Apollo/2 corn ears Q; av. weight 3.19 g (14);
Coleiro (NC, 1971, pp. 67-91), who arranged the coinage in 2. Sextans. Apollo/3 corn ears O and . av. weight 3.40 g
a sequence and dated it by a false analogy with weight (6) (L, B, Gabrici 262-6);
standards in use elsewhere. There seems little certainty on 3. Quadrans. Apollo .. ./4 corn ears Q and ...; av. weight
chronology, except that 672 with its Greek ethnic is prob­ 7 -8 3 g (3 ) (U 8.48; Gabrici 261, 7.09; JPR 6411, 7.92).
ably earlier than 673-4 in Latin (pace Grant, FIT A 59 and
i g i ). There is no good evidence to date Arruntanus after 36 As a quadrans weighing about 8 g implies an as of 32 g,
(.FITA 59), or to call him a propraetor of Sicily in 38-37 b c the coin seems unlikely to belong to the late Republic and so
(Coleiro 78, following Klein). The mixture of Greek ethnic is omitted here.
and Latin name of a Roman magistrate seems quite likely to
belong to the Trium viral period, while the Latin ethnic of
T r iu m v ir a t p e r io d (?)
673—4 seems perhaps to imply privileged status. As in the
case of the Sicilian cities (see the introduction to Sicily), this
C A r r u n ta n u s B a lb u s P r o p r
would seem most likely between 44 and 36 b c , since it is
unlikely that Malta had chartered status under Augustus. 672 AE. 20 m m , 5.57 g (29). Axis: var. [ 20 ]
There is, of course, no reason to suppose {FITA 191 ) that C oleiro no. 10, H olm 727, G abrici 17, C op 473
the coin should be regarded as a foundation issue of a
ΜΕΛΙΤΑΙΩΝ; veiled head (Astarte?) with Stephane, 1.
municipium following Caesar’s grant of the Latin right. C A R R V N T A N V S BALB P R O P R ; curule chair
Grant {FITA 234) also attributed the curious coins with i . L 1 8 7 4 -7 -1 5 -1 4 8 , 5.78; 2—6. L, 6.45, 6.04, 4.38, 5.81, 6.62; 7—
TADI and MARI to Malta (?), taking them to be evidence 22. C a th e d ra l M u se u m , M a lta ; 23—2 5 . N atio n al M u se u m , M a lta ; 26—
for a colony there during the civil wars of 42 b c . The auth­ 27. C o p 47 3 -4 ; 28. P alerm o = G ab rici 17, 4.71; 29. M in i 20, 5.75; 3 0 -
3 1 . E velpidis 750-1, 4.73, 4.90; 3 2 —3 5 . N 6 6 2 1 -2 a n d S 9 875-6; 3 6 —38. P
enticity of these coins does not seem beyond question, and 2280-2; 3 9 . P V ; 4 0 —4 1 . N Y , 7.38; 4 2 . C Leake; 4 3 —4 6 . O ; 4 7 . P
anyway the attribution is very weak, resting on typological D elep ierre; 4 8 —4 9 . C alcia ti 14; 4 9 —50. T (F a b re tti 1891-2); 5 1 . M i
(A rslan 1418).
similarities with earlier Maltese coins. This is, however, not
very conclusive, as a veiled head with Stephane could occur
at many other places. The names of Tadi and Mari are of A nonym ous
little help: we find, for instance, a P. Tadius at Corinth
(1117) and an S. Tadius at Utica (738). The coin is there­ 673 AE. 2 2m m , 5.05g (13). Axis: var. [ to ]
fore classified under ‘Uncertain’ (5403). C oleiro no. 11, H olm 728, C op 471
Grant {FITA 68) also attributed the curious coins with V eiled fem ale head (A starte?) w ith S tephane, r.
Apollo head/ears of corn Q to Malta, though the reason for M E L IT A S ; tripod
this attribution is unclear (Bahrfeldt did not attribute them I. L 1928-5-14-2, 4.32; 2-4. L , 5.32, 6.74 a n d 5.39; 5-6. C o p 471-2;
there, as Grant says). They presumably belong to the 7. C a th e d ra l M u se u m , M a lta ; 8—9. N atio n al M u se u m , M alta; 10. M in i
13, 5.40; i i —13. P 2279, D elep ierre (2); 14. G p. 601, no. 32;
central Mediterranean, as several are in Palermo, but the 15. E velpidis 747, 4.83; 16. M i (A rslan 1416), 5.80; 17. D reer s n g 611,
attribution is not at all clear. Africa cannot be ruled out 4.74.
(compare the Isis/3 corn ears type of Iol, Cop 679), and
674 AE. 22 m m . [ i ]
Sardinia, too, seems a possible candidate, as corn ears had
been used earlier there. The date, too, is unclear, though it As 673, b u t head 1.
i . G p. 601, no. 33
seems likely to be rather earlier than the period of this
catalogue, on metrological grounds. There are three
denominations (two apparently unknown to Grant):

Cossura
The island of Cossura made coins with Latin legends, issue closely to c. 44 b c {FITA 191-2), and the coins were
implying a late date, though there is no reason to tie either generally dated to the ‘second-first century b c ’ by G. K.
 S I C I L Y : Cossura (675-676) 181

Jenkins (SNG Cop). The general appearance, however, of
the larger coin (675) is quite similar to that of Maltese coins
of the first century b c (Coleiro no. 4), so a date in the
Triumviral period seems not unlikely. The significance of
the countermarks REG, eagle and capricorn are not clear.
It is tempting to regard the smaller coin (676) as perhaps
Augustan, since the DD and branch countermark is also
found on Augustan moneyers’ bronze (see the introduction
to Sicily); but the use of Latin perhaps makes this unlikely, U n c e rta in d ate
if it implies chartered status, since there is no reason to
suppose that Cossura was privileged in this way. 676
L a te f i r s t cen tu ry BC
675 AE. 27m m , 10.69g (24 )· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 13 ]
H olm 734, G abrici 16, C op 451
Fem ale head (Isis?), crow ned by Nike, r.; before,
m odius (?)
C O SSV R A an d sign of T an it; in w reath
i . L T C 8 6 n o . i , 10.38; 2—1 2 . L , 9.98, 12.70. 9.18, 9.09, 11.84, 11.80,
11.07, I 2 -° 7 > 10.00, 8.04, 6.82; 13—2 2 . P alerm o = G ab rici 16-25; 2 3 —
2 4 . E velpidis 733-4, 11.20, 11.35; 2 5 —3 8 . N 6 113-25 a n d S 9824; 3 9 . C op
451, 12.39; 4 ° · T (F a b re tti 1872), 11.86.
C o u n te rm ark s: In cu se R E G ( G IC — : 2 -4 , 8—21, 2 3 -4 , 2 6 -3 9 ), facing eagle
w ith w re a th in b eak ( G I C — : 2, 4, 5, 9, 12, 18—20, 2 3 -4 , 3 4 -8 ), ca p rico rn
(G IC 2, 4, 5, 18-21, 2 3 -4 , 34-8 ).
AE. 2 2m m , 5 .6 6 g (7). Axis: 12 (1). [ 2 ]
Holm 733, G abrici 26, fita ig i, Cop 452
As 675, b u t to 1.
C O S S U R A in w reath
i . L 1 9 2 8 —5 —1 0 —1 4 8 , 4.37; 2—6 . P alerm o = G ab rici 2 6-30, 8.56, 5.27,
6.38, 5.72, 4.19; 7—9 . N 61 2 6 -8 ; 1 0 . M in i 6, 5.10 (illus.); 1 1 . C o p 452,
6.96.
C o u n te rm ark : D D w ith b ra n c h betw een ( G I C — : 4 -6 , 9, 10).
 AFRICA

Cat. no. Page Cat. no. Page

Introduction 182 (Alipota) — 209
Africa Proconsularis 186 (Zitha?) — 209

West:
M auretania 210
Cirta/C onstantine 7O I_5 186
Sicca/Cirta Nova 706-8 187 West:
H ippo Regius 709-16 188 Bogud 8 5 3 -6 210
Tingi 857-65 210
East:
Zilil 866 21 I
Utica (inc. Ju b a I) 7 17 -4 4 190
(Lixus) — 212
Carthage 7 4 5 -5 7 192
Babba 8 6 7 -9 212
Colonia Iulia Pia Paterna 758-70 194 (Banasa) — 212
Byzacium: Uncertain 8 7 0 -1 212
H adrum etum 7 7 I_83 I96
East:
Lepti Minus 784-91 I99 Royal: Bocchus 8 7 3 -6 213
Thapsus 7 9 2 -7 200
(Juba II) — 214
Achulla 798-80I 201
Cercina 802 202
(Ptolemaeus) — 214
Province (loi) 877-9 214
Syrtica:
Cities:
203
co

T haena
O
c0
T
O

Caesarea (Ιοί) 8 8 0 -3 214

Sabratha 811-25 204
Cartenna 8 8 4 -5 2!5
Oea 826-39 206
Uncertain (Arsennaria?) 886 215
Lepcis M agna 840-52 208

The currency of Africa has been treated by M. Crawford,
CMRR, pp. 133-42, and A. Burnett, CRWLR, pp. 175-85.
The fall of Carthage in 146 b c brought a complete change
in the precious-metal currency in Africa. Gold coinage dis­
appeared, and Punic silver was replaced by Roman denarii,
as a number of hoards show (CMRR, App. 42, CRWLR, pp.
.180—1). How did the denarius arrive in Africa? Roman and
Italian involvement in Africa must have generated a supply
of coins and coinage was officially shipped over to Africa at
least in 111—110 and 82 b c .
Outside the Roman province, we are ill informed about
Numidia and Mauretania. The only coinage is of the
Numidian king Massinissa and it bears the types ‘Bearded
head, 1./Horse galloping, r.’; it was only in bronze. Produ­
ced on an enormous scale, it found its way widely around
the western Mediterranean (e.g., in Dalmatia: CMRR, App.
49). The monetary history of Tripolitania is even more
mysterious.
If there is no numismatic sign of the Jugurthine War, the
civil war between Pompey and Caesar did affect Africa, as
each party struck coins in the area. Denarii were struck by
Metellus Pius and Cato in 47—46 b c (RRC 459-62; CMRR,
p. 248, fig. 105) and by Juba I, perhaps at Utica, to aid the
Pompeian cause. He also produced sestertii and quinarii
and his contribution was of a fairly substantial size (717—
20). The Caesarians perhaps also struck coins (RRC 458)
and Bogud, the king of Mauretania, supported their cause:
coins, although produced on a very small scale, are
denarii in every sense (853-5).
After Thapsus the province of Africa was reorganised de
facto, with the addition of a part of Numidia. After 42 b c ,
when Cornuficius struck aurei and denarii (RRC 509), no
more silver was struck in Africa, with the exception of a
small issue from Lepcis Magna later than 15 b c (847). It
was presumably supposed to be a denarius of the reduced-
weight standard used by Juba II and his successor
Ptolemaeus (25 b c - a d 40).
The bronze minted in Africa raises difficult questions:
which denominations did they use and when were they
made?
Denominations
For the reign of Augustus, we have coins from Lepti Minus
bearing as value marks the Greek letters delta, beta and
alpha: that is, 4, 2 and 1 as. There are two series: one is
dated to the very end of Augustus’s reign, between a d 10
and 12 (788-90); the other is earlier, with obverses of
CAESAR DIVI F (784) and DIVOS IVLIVS (785). The 4
as coin has a characteristic flan, with a diameter of about
35-8 mm and a weight of about 36 g, a flan which is
recognisable on coins of Augustus and Tiberius from other
cities, such as Hadrumetum, Thapsus and Achulla. These
coins were clearly intended to pass as sestertii, their weight
 A F R IC A 183

being heavier than sestertii of Rome (27.06 g) to compen­
sate for their lack of orichalcum. From this secure starting
point we can classify most of the imperial smaller bronzes as
dupondii and asses, with diameter and weights of about 27-
3 im m /i4-20g and 23-71010/7-10 g respectively. Smaller
change was also struck from time to time: semisses (17—
2imm/3~6g) and quadrantes (ii-i4 m m /2 -3 g ).
In Syrtica the system is much the same. The main
denominations are dupondii, asses and semisses, with
diameters and weights of about 27-31 mm/14-18 g, 22-
6 mm/8- ι i g and 18-22 mm/4-6 g respectively. Three series
have been described as sestertii: there is no doubt concern­
ing the Tiberian issue of Lepcis (848) with a diameter of
about 38-41 mm and a weight of 27.33 g; the other two
issues, struck under Augustus at Oea and Lepcis (826 and
842), have a diameter of about 31-4 mm and a weight of
about 19.5-21.5 g, which is low for sestertii, but still accept­
able. A few quadrantes may be noticed (831 and 841) with a
diameter of 12-13 mm and a weight of c. 2.00 g. The only
curious denomination is represented by two series struck at
Sabratha (824 and 825), with a diameter of 15-16 mm and a
weight of c. 3-4 g: these might represent an intermediary
denomination between the semis and the quadrans, and
have been tentatively catalogued here as trientes.
When does this structure appear?
As this structure is a reflection of the new Augustan system,
a date after c. 2 0 b c is the most likely. But the insertion of
Mauretania into the monetary structure of the Roman
world is earlier, as Roman bronze denominations were used
there before Augustus’s reign by Bogud (856) and Bocchus
(873 - 6 )·
In the provincia, at least fifteen cities issued coins: their
different emissions hgure on the following four tables:

Form er N um idian Kingdom

C irta C irta N o va (?) H ip p o R egius

c. 20 bo S 31-35 25.03
Dp 27-29 10.70
A 23-25 8.16
Se 19—21 6.17
Q 15-20 ?
P. Quinctilius Varus
8 -7
L. Volusius Saturninus
7-6
Fabius Africanus S 35-36 28.49
6 -5
A 26 11.52
Se 21 5-63
Q l5 3-35

A. Passienus Rufus
AD 3 (?)
Tiberius Im p V Dp 24 I 1.64
AD 10 A 18 7**3
Tiberius Im p V U
ad 13

A. Vibius Habitus
13-14 (?)

Tiberius Augustus Im p V II
16-21
L. Apronius s 3 4 -3 5 21.89
20-21 Dp 28-29 13.67
A 24-25 7-95
Se 20 3-78

Q. Iunius Blaesus
21-23
P. Cornelius Dolabella
23
Vibius M arsus
27- 28
28- 29
29- 30
i 84 A F R IC A

Zeugitania
Utica Carthage Col. Iulia Pia Patem a

C. 2 0 BC S 40 32.74
Dp 31-32 17.50

P. Quinctilius Varus
8 -7
L. Volusius Saturninus
7-6
Fabius Africanus
6-5
A. Passienus Rufus
AD 3 (? )

T ib eriu s Im p V A 23-25 7.06

AD 10 Se 23 3-79
Q r3 1.83

Tiberius Im p V II
a d 13

A. Vibius H abitus
Ï3-I4(?)

Tiberius Augustus Im p V II A 23-25 7-53 A 23-25 6.83

16 - 2 I Se !7 4.02 Se 17-18 3-30
12 ?
Q I I —14 2.17 Q
L. Apronius S 3 5 -3 8 30.28
20—21 Dp 28-29 22.63
A 24 7.67

Q. Iunius Blaesus S 3 6 -3 7 43.68

21-23 Dp 29 14.88
A 22 7.40

P. Cornelius Dolabella S 38 36.64

Dp 27-28 16.43
23
A 23-24 8.72

Vibius M arsus
27-28 Dp 2 9 -3 1 12.43
28-29 Dp 2 9 -3 1 13-54
29-30 Dp 29 - 3 1 14.14

Syrtica
Cercina Thaena

C. 2 0 BC

P. Quinctilius Varus
8 -7
L. Volusius Saturninus S 35_ 36 32.62
7-6
Fabius Africanus
6 -5
A. Passienus Rufus S 38 3°-49
AD 3 (?)

Tiberius Im p V S 37 29.02
AD IO

Tiberius Im p V II
a d 13

A. Vibius H abitus DP 29 r 7 ·66

■3-14 (?)
 A F R IC A i 85

Byzacium
Hadm m etum Lepti M inus Thapsus Achulla

C. 2 0 BC s 35 23.88 s 38 36.12
Dp 30 14.29 Dp 31 20.78
A 23-24 10.08 A 25-27 8-33
Se 16 5.62
P. Quinctilius Varus S 35 26.30
8-7 Dp 28-29 11.63 Dp 2 9 -3 1 I4.08
L, Volusius Saturninus M 3 8 -3 9 54.14 S 3 5 -3 7 26.O9
7 -6 Dp 3° 12.79 Dp 28-30 I3.O4
A 24-27 8.91
Fabius Africanus S 3 2 -3 3 26.74
6-5 Dp 27-29 14.07 Se 19—20 5.64
A? 22-23 6.58
A. Passienus Rufus
AD 3 (?)

Tiberius Im p V Se !7 3.88 S 3 7 -3 8 27-35 A 22-23 8.02

ad 10 Dp 31 14.31
A 24-25 7 -3 1
Tiberius Im p V II A 25 8.00
ad 13

A. Vibius Habitus
r 3_ I 4 (?)

Tiberius Augustus Im p V II S 3 3 -3 4 24-37

16-21 Dp 26-27 12.23
A 22-24 8.69
L. Apronius
2 0 -2 1

Q. Iunius Blaesus
21-23
P. Cornelius Dolabella
23
Vibius M arsus
27- 28
28- 29
2 9 -3 0

With the exception of the coinage of Oea, Sabratha and
Lepcis, which cannot be dated very precisely but was
certainly struck at the end of the reign of Augustus - i.e.,
from c. 10 B C onwards, and ends c. a d 25 (832-5) - the
chronological and geographical pattern of the other African
issues requires the following comments:
1. Under Augustus the city coinage was concentrated in
Byzacium and most of the issues commemorate the procon­
suls Varus, Saturninus and Africanus from 8 - 7 b c onwards;
they were amici principis and the efflorescence of this com­
memoration may arise from the deaths of Agrippa in 1 2 b c
and Drusus in 9 b c and in Tiberius’s progressive retire­
ment. The phenomenon ceased after a d 4-5, when Tiberius
was adopted by Augustus.
2. Under Tiberius the free cities of Byzacium stopped
striking coins and important emissions were struck in Zeu-
gitania from a d 2 1 onwards. This was the date chosen by
Tiberius for the numismatic celebration of his amici', he
followed the precedent of Augustus to choose the moment
when Drusus Junior was beginning to receive great honours
to allow cities to emphasise his reliance on his amici as
supporters of the dynasty.
3. It is curious that Carthage, the capital of Africa Pro­
consularis from 1 2 b c onwards, has a small coinage.
4. After a d 3 0 no more coinage was struck in Africa, with
the exception of the coinage of Clodius Macer, legatus
Augusti propraetore Africae, who rebelled against Nero in the
spring of 68. From April (?) to October (?) of that year he
struck large quantities of denarii, probably at Carthage.
This coinage is described in RIC, pp. 1 9 3 - 6 , nos. 1 - 4 2 .
i86 A F R I C A : Cirta!Constantine
AFRICA PROCONSULARIS
The convenient date of 27 b c has been generally accepted
for the foundation of the unified province of Africa under a
proconsular governor. But it is possible that Africa Nova
(the eastern part of the former kingdom ofJuba I which had
been organised as a province by Caesar after Thapsus in 46
b c , the western part being bestowed on Bocchus II) and the
old praetorian province of Africa, now known as Africa
Vetus, were governed as a single province as early as 40-36
when the Africas were controlled by Lepidus (see D. Fish-
wick and Brent D. Shaw, Hermes, 1977, pp. 369-80).
The different coinages will be discussed in the following
order:
Colonia Iulia Iuvenalis Honoris et Virtutis Cirta/Constantine
After Caesar’s victory over the Republican party at Thap­
sus in 46 b c , P. Sittius from Nuceria in Campania was
offered, as a reward for his invaluable help, the eastern part
of Massinissa’s kingdom (Appian, BC IV,54). The western
part, between the rivers Sava (Oued Soummam) and
Ampsaga (Oued el-Kebir) was given to Bocchus. The
eastern part of the former Numidian kingdom was the
richest one, with coastal cities like Russicade (Skikda) and
Chullu (Collo) and, inland, Milev (Mila). But Sittius and
his Sittiani also took possession of the western part ofJuba’s
kingdom with its capital, Cirta Regia.
Arabion, Massinissa’s son, had escaped to Spain where
he had joined the Pompeian troops. In 44 b c , after Caesar’s
death, he came back to Africa, easily reoccupied the part of
his kingdom given to Bocchus and tricked Sittius to his
death. In 42 b c , during the conflict between Q. Cornuficius,
governor of Africa Vetus, and T. Sextius, governor of Africa
Nova, Arabion played a leading role. He curiously took the
side of Sextius against Cornuficius and, thanks to him, Sex­
tius ruled over the two Africae. The Sittiani, who were
established in Cirta and still formed an important party,
also took Sextius’s side. Cirta, colonia Cirta Sittianorum
(Pliny, NH V,22), was then certainly integrated with Africa
Nova. At the end of 41 b c or at the beginning of 40, Arabion
was assassinated on the orders of Sextius (on Arabion, see
G. Gamps, ‘Les derniers rois numides: Massinissa II et
Arabion’, BACTHS, 1984, pp. 303—11). His death was con­
venient to Bocchus and to the Sittiani. Russicade, Chullu
and Milev were incorporated into the ager Cirtensis. The four
cities were to constitute the Respublica 1111 Coloniarum Cirten­
sium created under Claudius and whose extraordinary
existence came to an end after a d 251 (see J. Heurgon, ‘Les
origines campaniennes de la confédération cirtéenne’,
Cities of the western part of Proconsularis, the former
Numidian kingdom ofJuba: Cirta/Constantine, Sicca Cirta
Nova/Le Kef(?) and Hippo Regius;
Cities of the eastern part of Proconsularis: cities from Zeu-
gitania (Pliny, N H N ,23,1) - Utica, Carthage and Colonia
Iulia Pia Paterna; cities from Byzacium (Pliny, NH
V,24,10-11) - Hadrumetum, Lepti Minus, Thapsus and
Achulla; cities from Syrtica (Pliny, NH V,26) - Cercina,
Thaena, Sabratha, Oea and Lepcis Magna.
Libyca, 1957, pp. 7-24; J. Gascou, ‘Les magistratures de la
confédération cirtéenne’, BACTHS, 1984, pp. 323-35).
A Colonia Iulia was founded by Octavian in Cirta after
Arabion’s death or, more probably, after Lepidus’s dis­
grace, between 36 and 27 b c . In 26 b c a new deductio
occurred (A. Piganiol and H.-G. Pflaum, RSAC, 1953, pp.
217-28) and the colony was definitely entitled Colonia Iulia
Iuvenalis Honoris et Virtutis Cirta.
The coins discussed below (701-5) form a single group as
the name of the same magistrate appears on all of them; all
the few specimens known are in bad condition, but this
name, P. Sittius Mugonianus, may be reconstructed from
701 and 702. As the coins do not have an ethnic, the attribu­
tion of this group to Cirta/Constantine is based on the
following:
1. The occurrence of the name of P. Sittius - not the
famous condottiere whose cognomen was Nucerinus, but
one of the Sittiani who stayed at Cirta after 44 b c (the
problem of the cognomen Mugonianus is unsolved: no gens
Mugonia is known; it might be a Spanish or African or even
Greek toponym in a Latin form).
2. The presence, on 701, of the heads and names of Virtus
and Honor, which were the patrons of Sittius and his troops
and figure in the name of the colony in the genitive form,
because no corresponding adjective exists.
3. The evidence of site finds: 701/2 and 703/2 were found
by Berthier at Tiddis, near Constantine and 705/1 was also
found near Constantine.
Grant’s attribution of this coinage to Simitthu/Chemtou
(FITA, pp. 178-81) is based on the breaking up of
MVGONIANVS into MV(nicipi) CON(stitutor) I(ulii)
 A F R I C A : Cirta!Constantine, Sicca (?) (701-705) i8y

A(ntonii) NV(midici) S(imitthensium). This interpretation melqart and Hanno. Mazard 528 is intrusive in the system,
raises many problems: with the name ALBT on the reverse and not BDMLKRT
OU HNA. Berthier imagined that ALBT was the name of
1. There do not seem to be any dots to justify the division Constantine before it was turned into Cirta: the substitution
of the name Mugonianus (in the case of 702/1 there is a dot of the name occurred when the Sittiani came from Cirta/Le
between NV and S, but on 701/1 there is not). Kef and settled in Constantine in 26 b c . According to Ber­
2. Simitthu is far from Constantine, and P. Sittius could thier, the autonomous series of Cirta and the Roman series
hardly have founded a municipium within the jurisdiction were struck together on that occasion to commemorate the
of the proconsul of Africa Nova. colonia Sittianorum ruled by quattuoriviri and the indi­
3. The date proposed by Grant, 44 b c , is unlikely as this genous city ruled by suffetes. This hypothesis has gained no
coinage clearly reflects the monetary reform of Augustus. agreement at all, and it seems more reasonable to consider
Indeed this coinage is struck in five denominations: ALBT as the name of a magistrate. It seems better to date
701 31-5 mm, 25.03 g (3)
these autonomous coins before 46 b c , perhaps under the
702 27~9mm, 10.70g (1) reign of Juba I.
703 23—5 mm, 8 .i6 g ( i )
704 19-21 mm, 6 .17g (1)
7°5 15-20 mm, ?

These correspond to a sestertius (701), a dupondius (702), A u g u s tu s

an as (703), a semis (704) and a quadrans (705). In the case
of 704, an S over the head of Roma/Virtus leaves no doubt P Sittius Mugonianus IVVir
about the denomination. 701 AE. 3 1 -5 m m , 25.03g (3). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
The different obverses have representations of the
FiTA 178 (2), M az 532
guardian virtues of the Sittiani (Virtus and Honor on 701;
Roma/Virtus on 704) or Roman deities (Jupiter (?) on 702 V IR T V S H O N O R ; ju g a te heads of V irtu s an d H onor, r.
P S IT T IV S M V G [ ]N V S I I I I V I R D E C R D E C V R
and a female (?) figure on 703: this last was described as
D S P ; m ale bare head, r.
Jupiter by Mazard, but it does not seem to be bearded and
i . P 7 1 0 ( —RN 1883, pi. I I , i o = F iT A , pi. V I, 15), 28.66; a . P ( = A .
might be diademed). On 705 the bear could be a reference B erth ier, r s a c 1957-9, 116-18; Id ., L a N um idie, fig. τ ι ) , 25.83; 3. P V ,
to the Diana Tifatina, the most important divinity in 20.60.
Campania in the first century b c (see E. Smadja, ‘Note sur
702 AE. 2 7 -g m m , 10.70g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
une monnaie de Cirta’, Dialogues d’Histoire ancienne 5, 1979,
pp. 279-81). On the reverse, the male bare head has been ή τα 178 (4), M az 533
described as P. Sittius (Grant, Mazard) or Augustus (A. D E C R E T -D D C V R ; head o f J u p ite r (?), r.
Berthier, RSAC, 1957-9, pp. 116-18; Id., La Numidie, Paris, JG O N IA N V S ; m ale bare head, r.
1981, p. 189). It is difficult to decide which is the right i . P 7 1 1 ( = RN 1889, pi. V I I I , 2 = F iT A , pi. V I , 16), 10.70; 2. Alger.

solution as the portrait has no decisive characteristic. 703 AE. 23-50101, 8 .1 6 g (1). Axis: 6. [ 1 ]
The following coins have not been included here:
FiTA 178 (3), M az 534
1. Mazard 535 (and Mazard, Libyca IV, 1956, p. 62) des­ D E C R E T O D S P [D E C V R IO N V M ]; fem ale diadem ed
cribes coins of Gades which have a countermark SITT. bust, r.
These coins with head of Heracles, l./two tunnyfish date ]N V S II IIV IR ; m ale b are head, r.
from the second or first century (type SNG Cop. Spain 18-25) i . P 7 1 2 , 8.16; 2. C o n stan tin e? ( = A . B erth ier, Libyca i9 6 0 , 93).
and were found by Berthier at Tiddis. It is doubtful
704 AE. 19-21 m m , 6 .1 7 g ( T)· Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
whether they were countermarked in Spain before 46 b c or
once the Sittiani were established in Numidia. FiTA 178 (1), M az 530
2. A. Berthier (La Numidie, pp. 187-97) suggests that the D IC V R [ ]; helm eted head o f R o m a/V irtu s, r.; above, S
series Mazard 523—9, with neo-Punic legends, was struck in P S IT T IV S [ ]S I I I I V IR ; m ale b are head, r.
parallel with series 701-5. This series has a turreted head of i . P 1 9 7 9 /2 2 7 ( = M ü lle r I I I , 60, no. 74 = rn 1883, pi. I I , 11: obviously
th e specim en form erly in F lo ren ce), 6.17.
Tyche on the obverse and different designs on the reverse.
It represents three denominations: 705 AE. 15-20 m m , ?. [ o ]
M a 523-526 31-3 mm, 30.33 g (4) FTTA 179 (5), M az 531
M a 527 25—7 mm, 14.04g (3)
Boar, r.
M a 529 ig-2om m , 6.22g (4)
S IT I I I I V IR M V G D I
These denominations were struck by the suffetes Bod- i . A lg e r ( = C h a rrie r, rsac 1895-6, 1 = G sell, m efr 1898, 129).

Colonia lulia Veneria Cirta Nova Sicca (?)

Colonia Iulia Cirta Nova Sicca (the present Le Kef) was an Siccenses), but an earlier Julian settlement could have
Augustan colony (CIL V III, 27568: Divo Augusto Conditori existed.
 On the three series listed one finds representations of
Augustus and Tiberius (706 and 707) and Augustus and
Caesar (?) (708). The coins represent two denominations:
706 24m m, II.4 0 g (5)
707 24m m, 12.02 g (3)
708 18 mm, 7.13 g (5)
706 and 707 were intended to be dupondii, 708 asses. They
probably date from the end of the reign of Augustus, as
Tiberius does not figure on the African coinage before a d
10, when he was imperator for the fifth time (the only
exception is the coinage of Hippo Regius: 710).
These issues have traditionally been attributed to Car­
thage (Müller II, p. 149, nos. 321—2) or Cirta/Constantine
(Grant, FITA, p. 232). But M. Amandry, RN, 1988, pp.
114-19, has tried to demonstrate that both attributions
were wrong and has proposed Sicca as the minting place.
His reattribution is based on the following arguments:
1. The style of this series is completely different from the
series struck at Carthage by the duoviri P.I.Sp. and
D.V.Sp. in a d 10 (745-8) and therefore 706-8 can be
excluded from the Carthaginian mint, even though they
have the same ethnic C.I.C.
2. These coins are struck on flans with bevelled edges: this
type of fabric is found in the former kingdom of Numidia or
in Byzacene, but the style of the coins points towards Africa
Nova.
3. Cirta/Constantine might have been the minting place if
the provenances did not point towards Simitthu/Chemtou,
Hippo Regius
A full study of this coinage is provided by M. Amandry,
RN, 1986, pp. 74-82, pi. V-VI.
Hippo Regius/Annaba struck coins under Augustus and
Tiberius. This coinage can be well dated from the names of
the proconsuls which figure on it.
Under Augustus, Hippo struck a small emission known
in two denominations, a sestertius and an as:
7°9 35^6 mm, 28.49g (2)
710 26m m, 11.52g (2)
The name and the portrait of Fabius Africanus figure on the
reverse of 710. Africanus was proconsul in 6—5 b c and this
date is in accordance with the portrait and name of Tiberius
- Claudius Nero - on the obverse. 709 honours Gaius and
Lucius: though lacking the name of Africanus, it is
obviously contemporary with 710, as the portraits of
Augustus, Gaius, Lucius, Tiberius and Africanus are the
work of a single engraver.
Under Tiberius a system of three denominations - a
sestertius, a dupondius and an as - was struck:
711 34-5 mm, 21.89 g (2)
712 2 8 -9 mm,· 13.67g (4)
7 r3 2 4-5mm, 7.95g (14)
On the reverse of 713 are the head and name of Apronius,
where two specimens have been found. Under Augustus,
there is no contact and no road between western Numidia
and the western part of present Tunisia. The only possible
mint is Sicca, even if the inscriptions refer to the city as
Colonia Iulia Cirta Nova, C.I.C.N.
A u g u s tu s , c. AD 10
706 A E. 24 m m , 11.40 g (5). Axis: 6. [ 2 ]
M u 321, ήτα 232, A m andry 116, A, pi. X IX
A V G D P Q C C I C D D P P ; b a re head of A ugustus, 1.
T I CAES M T F Μ M A I I V IR ; b are head of Tiberius,
r.
i . P 5 0 3 ( = F iT A , pi. V I I I , 3), 9.26; 2. B R au c h , 14.67; 3. M , 13.22;
4 . P V , 12.03; 5 * K . B u tc h er coll., 7.85.
707 AE. 2 4m m , 12.02g (3). Axis: 6. [ i ]
A m an d ry 116, B, pi. X IX
As 706, b u t b are head o f A ugustus, r.
i . C o p 446, 14.86; 2—3. P V , 1 2 .3 2 , 8.88.
708 A E. 18m m , 7.13g (5). Axis: 6. [ 2 ]
M u 322, FiTA 232, A m andry 116, C, pi. X X
As 7 0 7
M T F M M A II V IR C O N ; veiled an d diadem ed m ale
head (C aesar?), 1.
i . P 504 ( = f i t a , pi. V I I I , 4), 6.45; 2. P 1980/228, 8.20; 3. C a rth a g e 1980
(G erm an excav atio n s), 7.85; 4 —5. C h em to u (G erm an ex cav atio n s); 6. P V ,
5.24; 7. P riv ate coll., 7.92.
who was the proconsul of Africa between 18 and 21. The
others, though lacking his name, were struck at the same
time, to judge from stylistic similarities between the treat­
ment of the heads of Tiberius (711-13), Drusus Minor
(712) and Apronius (713). The presence of Drusus Minor
on 712 allows us to date the issue more precisely to the last
year of the proconsulate of Apronius ( a d 20-1), as Drusus,
who was the heir of Tiberius after Germanicus’s death in a d
19, became very popular through the Empire after the
triumph over the Illyrians which he celebrated in Rome in
a d 20. The other African issue on which Apronius figures,
struck at Colonia Iulia Pia Paterna (762-4), also dates from
a d 20-1, as it mentions the third year of Apronius’s procon­
sulate (PROCOS III).
Three series of anonymous coins (714—16) cannot be
dated with precision. They represent divisions of an as:
714 21 mm, 5.63g (8)
715 20m m , 3.78g (2)
716 15mm, 3.35g (q)
714 and 715 are semisses, 716 quadrantes. As 715 is parallel
in weight to the semisses struck at Utica (727-8) and Car­
thage (756) under Tiberius, it may have been made with
the issue of Apronius. 714 and 716 might represent small
denominations of the issue of Africanus. The type of Geres
 A F R I C A : Hippo Regius ( 709-716) 18g

on 714, 715 and 716 is related to the corn trade which was T ib e r iu s
one of the main sources of revenue for the city. The
representation ofJuno/ As tarte on 714 and 716 can be paral­ L Apronius Procos, AD 20-1
leled at Utica (729), Carthage (752) and Thapsus (793-4).
The identity of the figure on the reverse of 715 is 711 AE. 3 4 -5 m m , 21.89g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
mysterious. [ 2 coins, i obv. die ]
All these coins were traditionally attributed to Hippo M u 376 (H ippo D iarrh y tu s), a pt 18, A m an d ry H a
Diarrhytus/Bizerte (Müller II, pp. 167-70; L. Teutsch, Das T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; bare head
Römische Städtwese in Nord Afrika. .., 1962, pp. 148-9). We o f T iberius, r.
know that a Colonia Iulia Hippo Diarrhytus was founded H IP P O N E LIB ER A ; Livia veiled, holding p a te ra an d
under Caesar or Augustus. But, as this colony does not sceptre, seated, r.; in field, IV L A V G
figure among the six colonies of Africa (Cirta, Sicca, Car­ i . L G 3 2 6 (= a pt , pi. 11,4), 23.02; 2. M u , 20.76.

thage, Maxula, Uthina and Thuburbi) listed by the 712 AE. 2 8 -9 mm, 13.67g (4). Axis: 6 or 12. [ 4 ]
Augustan Statistic, Teutsch supposed that Hippo was then [ 4 coins, i obv. die ]
included in the list of the free cities because of its coinage M u 377, a pt ig , A m andry l i b
(HIPPONE LIBERA). F. Vittinghoff (Gnomon, 1968, p. 590 As 7 1 1
and n. 3) and, recently, M. Amandry (RN, 1986, pp. 81-2) D RV SV S C A ESA R H IP P O N E L IB ER A ; bare head of
have argued that this coinage should be attributed to Hippo D rusus M inor, r. o r 1 .
Regius/Annaba. Hippo Regius was raised to the status of a H e a d , 1.: i . P 522, 16.31; H e a d , r.: 2. L G 3 2 7 ( = a p t , pi. 11 , 6 : rev .),
colony in the second century a d . We know that in a d 78 12.40; 3 . V 26452, 13.33; 4 * C o p 427 ( = a p t , pi. 11,5: o b v .), 12.65.

Hippo was a municipium Augustum: this does not mean that 713 AE. 24-5 mm , 7.95 g (14)· Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 9 ]
Hippo obtained the status of municipium under Augustus, [ 14 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
but more probably under Vespasian. Before his reign, M u 378, a pt 20, A m andry l i e
Hippo was a free city, a status which corresponds to the
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; bare head
legend HIPPONE LIBERA on its coinage. Moreover, the o f T iberius, r.; in field, sim pulum an d lituus
style of its coinage is different from that of coinages issued at L A P R O N IV S H IP P O N E L IB E R A ; b a re h ead of
Utica, Carthage, Hadrumetum or Lepti whose dies seem to A pronius, r.
have been cut by the same hands: as Hippo Diarrhytus is I. L 1 9 2 0 -2 -3 1 -5 , 7.54; 2 - 4 . P 5 2 3 -5 , 7.89, 9.96, 7.89; 5. B 3855, 6.31;
close to Utica, such differences would be hard to explain. 6. B Fox (= a p t , pi. 11 , 8 : rev .), 8.79; 7. O , 8.02; 8. C , 8.27; 9. A 7168b,
7.73; 10. H ( = a p t , pi. 11,7: o b v .), 6.70; i i . N Y , 10,47; I 2 · PV , 7.56;
Finally, some site finds point towards Hippo Regius and 13. L e u 28/1981, 372, 6.92; 1 4 S p in k 1 5 -1 6 /IÏ/1 9 7 7 , 264, 7.26;
Africa Nova (709/1, 710/1, 713/15 and 715/3). 15. C o n stan tin e.
The following coins should be deleted from Hippo’s
issues: a coin with Britannicus and Nero, attributed by
Lederer (NC, 1943, pp. 92-4) to Hippo Diarrhytus, is in U n d e r A u g u s tu s /T ib e r iu s
fact from Sinope (see M. Amandry, RN, 1986, pp. 72-4, and
2135); the coin of Clodius Albinus described by Mu 379, 714 AE. 2 i m m , 5.63 g (8). Axis: var. [ 7 ]
now located in O, is a modern forgery.
[ 8 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
M u 374, A m andry I l i a
L IB ER A ; diadem ed an d veiled h ead of Ju n o /A s tarte, 1.
A u g u s tu s H IP P O N E ; Ceres, facing, holding caduceus an d two ears
o f corn
I. L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -6 0 , 4.08; 2. L 1 9 3 8 -5 -1 0 -1 4 0 , 6.49; 3 - 4 . P 5 1 8 -9 , 5.96,
F a b iu s A fr ic a n u s P ro c o s , 6 -5 BC 6.32; 5. V 26453, 7.03; 6 - 7 . C o p 4 2 4 -5 , 6.62, 3.85; 8. P V , 4.71.

709 AE. 35-6 m m , 28.49 g (2). Axis: 9. [ 1 ] 715 AE. 20 m m , 3.78 g (2). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 2 ]
[ 3 coins, i obv. die ] [ 2 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
M u 39, A m andry Ia M u Supp. 375a, A m andry I l l b
C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; b are head o f A ugustus, r. L IB ER A ; fem ale figure (Ceres?), veiled, stan d in g front
H IP P O N E LIB ER A ; b are heads o f G aius an d Lucius H IP P O N E ; m ale figure, stan d in g facing, holding hasta; at
facing each other; in field, C L his feet, a dog (?)
i . P 521, 26.20; 2. N F A X I I /1 9 8 3 , 158 (ex L eu 25/1980, 238), 30.77; i . B I-B , 3.37; 2. B L ö b b , 4.19; 3. F o rm erly de L o d ib e rt coll. (= ra vi,
3. C o n stan tin e. 1850, 651 = M u Supp. 375a).

710 AE. 26m m , 11.52 g (2). Axis: var. [ 2 ] 716 AE. 15m m , 3.35g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
BACTHS 1897, 250-9, A m andry lb [ 2 coins, i obv. die ]
C L A V D IO N E R O N I H IP P O N E L IB ER A ; bare h ead of M u 375, A m andry IIIc
T iberius, 1. L IB ÉR A ; diadem ed head (Juno?), r.
F A B IO A F R IK A N O ; b are head o f A fricanus, 1. H IP P O N E ; head o f Ceres, r.
I. P 526 ( = R IT A , pi. V I ,24), 10.10; 2. L . 19 8 8 -9 -6 -6 , 12.93. I. P 5 2 0 , 3.10; 2. C o p 426, 3.59.
 Utica
An ancient Phoenician settlement (traditionally older even
than Carthage), Utica had the status of a free city within
Africa Vetus from 146 b c because it had broken off from
Carthage during the Third Punic War. It became a muni­
cipium in 36 (Dio XLIX, 16,1) and was probably the
residence of the governor of Africa, at least until 12 b c when
the provincial capital was moved to Carthage.
Prior to the coinage of Tiberius, the Utica mint seems to
have operated only in the mid-second century, striking
bronzes with types of Dioscuri heads, r./two horses, r.
(Müller 341-3) and legend ’TG. Their attribution to Utica
has been disputed. Müller gave them to Utica (II, p. 163),
then to Tucca, on the Mauretanian frontier (III, pp. 70-1).
L. Charrier {Description..., pp. 29-30, nos. 79-81) gave
them to Russicade, reading the Punic legend as ’SG;
Mazard (536-7) accepts this attribution with some reserva­
tions. But J.M . Solâ-Solé (Numisma, 1958, no. 35, p. ii)
rightly reverted to the reading ’TG and for the moment the
attribution to Utica remains the most plausible.
During the civil war between Pompey and Caesar, Utica
was perhaps operating for Juba. His silver coinage was
struck at Roman weight standards in three denominations:
denarii (717), quinarii (718-19) and sestertii (720) whose
interchangeability with Roman coins can be seen from their
widespread circulation in hoards of late Republican and
early imperial times (see RRCH 383, 384, 409, 421, 432,
433 ; 437 ; 44 °; 442, 4 43 ; 46 °; 465; 4 7 G 475 ; 47 *
58 9; 479 ; 488,
4 9 G 493 ; 5 °6; 5°8, 5: G 5χ6, 528, 5 3 G 543 and 546; B.
Fisher, Les monnaies antiques d’Afrique du Nord trouvées en Gaule,
Gallia Supp. XXXVI, 1978, pp. 117-23). This coinage
seems to have been minted at the very end of his reign on
the basis of the stylistic similarity of his denarii with those of
Cato and Metellus Pius (F. Bertrandy, BACTHS 12-14,
1976-8, pp. 9-20) and the fact that the revival of the silver
sestertius at Rome occurred in 48 b c (A. Burnett, CRWLR,
pp. 176-7).
His bronze coinage (Mazard 90-3) seems earlier and
does not fit in the Roman bronze system.
The attribution of the ‘Roman’ coinage of Utica is unam­
biguous: it is signed M.MVN.IVL.VTIC. (or M.M.I.V.) -
i.e., MVN(icipium) IVL(ium) VTIC(ense). The first M is
problematic, however. Eckhel proposed M(unicipes)
MVN(icipii) IVL(ii) VTIC(ensis or -ensium), which
would be pleonastic. Borghesi {Oeuvres Completes I, p. 475),
on the other hand, suggested that MVN was an epithet of
M(unicipium) and meant MVN(itum), referring to the
magnificent fortifications built at Cato’s behest, which is
not convincing either. In point of fact, not all the coins of
Utica include these letters; some series struck under the
proconsul Vibius Marsus read D.D.P.P. instead of
M. M.I.V. All the series of Marsus’s first term of office
(series 731-5) and the later series of his last term (series
742-4) have the letters M.M.I.V. The homogeneity of style
of all the coins struck under Marsus would suggest that the
whole coinage was struck by a single mint, though this does
not resolve the problem of the variety of legends.
The dating of this coinage is straightforward. It falls into
two groups. In the first, 724-8 refer to Tiberius’s IM P V II
(as imperator for the seventh time) - i.e., a d 13-21. Series
721-3, though they lack this clue, belong to the same group,
given their similarity of style and their denomination. In
fact, the first group consists of at least two denominations
corresponding to an as and a semis:
721-726 23-5 mm, 7.53 g (23)
727-728 17mm, 4.02g (3)
Since the reverse type (Livia seated) of this group (and,
indeed, of the following one) copies the asses struck at
Rome in a d 15-16 {RIC 33-6), group I must have been
struck between 16 and 21. The second group refers to
Tiberius as IM P V III (22 onwards) and, furthermore, to
Vibius Marsus as proconsul (27-30). The coinage is spread
across the three years of his term of office.
The only chronological problem is how to date 729—30.
These are quadrantes ( ii - q m m , 2.17g) and ought to
belong to the first group, with the as and the semis, since
the second group is made up entirely of dupondii. But the
obverse type raises a difficulty: if the veiled figure is Livia
(Müller 344), the type is based on the Pietas type struck at
Rome in 22-3 {RIG 43) and the coins should belong to the
second group. In view of the fact that these series appear to
fit more readily into the first group, it is probably preferable
to identify the head as that of Juno/Astarte (compare the
type at Carthage [752] or Thapsus [793-4]).
Müller 373 is a coin of Cnossus (see 989) and conse­
quently has been omitted from the coinage of Utica.
Juba
717 AR. 19-20 mm , 3.69 g (39). Axis: var. [ 35 ]
M a 84-6
R E X IV B A ; diadem ed an d cuirassed b u st o f J u b a I, r.;
sceptre on his r. shoulder
IO B A I H M M L K T ; octastyle tem ple on podium ; in the
m iddle, a globule or no globule
A: W ith glo b u le (M a 84): 1 - 9 . P , 4 .0 1 , 3.96, 3.88, 3.86, 3.79, 3.61, 3.34,
3.20, 3.09 (p la ted ): « e - n · C o p 5 2 3 -4 , 4.02, 3.51; 12. C , 3.40; 13—15. G ,
4.24, 4.04, 3.60; 16. M a n c h e ste r, 3.82; 17. A b erd een , 3.72; 18. St O m er,
3.70; r g . P D ’A illy 16972 (IO B A I 1., H M M L K T r.), 3.63: 2 0 —2 7 . B,
4 -° 5 , 3 -9 9 . 3-90, 3·80; 3 -7 3 . 3 -7 °. 3 -5 5 . 3 4 3 -
B: N o g lobule (M a 85): 1—2. P 6 8 4 -5 , 3 4 4 3-64; 3—4· C , 3.89, 3.67;
5. M a n c h e ste r ( s n g 1465), 3.56; 6 - 1 2 . B, 3.95, 3.79, 3.69, 3.64, 3.43, 3.32,
3.23-
718 AR. i 4 m m , 1.76g (9). Axis: var. [ 8 ]
M a 87
R E X IV B A ; b ust o f V ictory, r.
IO B A I H M M L K T ; free horse, r.
i . P 6 9 3 , 1.57; 2. C o p 525, 1.74; 3. C (M cC le an 10031), 1.71; 4 . St
O m er, 1.74; 5. B L ö b b , 1.66; 6. B I-B , 1.90; 7. B G an sau g e, 1.73; 8—
9 . L, 2.16, i . 61.
719 A R. t 3 m m , i.6 6 g (4). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
M a 88
B ust of J u b a , r.
Free horse, r.
i . P 6 9 2 , 1.72; 2. C o p 526, 1.57; 3—4. L, i . 81, 1.55.
 A F R I C A : Utica (720-734) ig i

720 A R. io m m , 0.77g (3)· Axis: 12. [ 3 ] 728 A E. 17m m , 4 .5 7 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]

M a 89 M u 354
B ust of A frica, r. T I CAE D IV I [ JIM P V II; b are head of T iberius, 1.
Lion, r.; above, S As 7 2 7
i . P 6 9 4 , 0.85; 2. C op 527, 0.77; 3 . G , 0.68. i . L 1940—12—2—i i , 4.57.

729 AE. i l —14m m , 2.36g (3). Axis: var. [ o ]

M u 344
T ib e r iu s I m p V I I ___________________________ V eiled head, r.; behind, sceptre
Μ M IV L V T I D D aro u n d P P
721 A E. 2 3 -4 m m , 12.1 g (1). Axis: ?. [ o ] i . N , 2.5; 2. V a t (obv.); 3. P V , 1.77 (rev.); 4. JS W , 2.82.

M u 345 730 A E. 12m m , 1.79g (t)· Axis: 12. [ 1 ]

T I C A ESA R A V G F A VG ; bare head o f T iberius, 1. M u 344 var.
Μ M IV L V JT IC P P D D; Livia veiled, holding p a te ra
Veiled head, 1.
an d sceptre, seated, r.
As 7 3 9
i . H , 12.1 (not to be found).
I. N Y , 1.79.
722 AE. 21-3 m m , 7.17 g (2). Axis: 9. [ 2 ]
M u 349 and 352 corr.
T ib e r iu s I m p V I I I
T I CAE D IV I A V G F A V G IM P ; b are h ead o f Tiberius,
1. V ib iu s M a r s u s P ro c o s , N e r o C a e s a r Q , A M G e m e llu s P r ,
M M V N IV L V T IC D D P P; Livia veiled, holding
AD 2 7 -8
p atera and sceptre, seated, r.
i . C o p 431, 7.39; 3. C o p 4 3 a , 6.94. 731 AE. 30-1 m m , 14.45g (3)· Axis: 6 or 3. [ 4 ]
723 A E. 2 3 -4 m m , 9.04g (1). Axis: 2. [ 1 ] M u 362
M u 350 T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G IM P V III; b are head
of T iberius, 1. ___
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A IM P ; b are head of
C V M A R SO P R ( 0 )C 0 S N E R CAES Q P R A M
T iberius, r.
G E M E L L V S ; Livia seated, r.; in field, D D /P P
M M V N IV L V T IC P P D D; Livia veiled, holding
i . P 5 4 1 , 14.43; 2. V 26460, 15.87; 3 . C o p 437, 13.04; 4 . B (P R C O S ),
p atera an d sceptre, seated, r. II. 62 (holed).
i· P 5 3 4 , 9-04-
732 AE. 2 9 -3 0 m m , 12.40g (11). Axis: 9 or 3. [ 9 ]
724 A E. 22—3 m m , 7.17g (13)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 13]
M u 363
M u 346
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V S T IM P V III; bare
T I CAE D IV I A V G F A V G IM P V II; b are h ead of head o f Tiberius, 1.
T iberius, 1. C V IB M A R SO P R C O S N E CAE Q P R A M
M M V N IV L V T IC E N D D P P; Livia veiled, holding G E M E L L V S F C; Livia seated, r.; in field, D D /P P
p atera and sceptre, seated, r. I. L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -6 1 , 11.55; 2 · L U · 1» ; 3 · L
I· L 1 9 3 8 -5 -1 2 -5 , 8.39; 2 - 4 . P 530, 531, 53 3 , 9.05, 5.36, 5.85; 5 - 6 . V 118, 13.47; 4 · P 542, 12.37; 5 - v 26459, 11.97; 6. V 33501, 12.42; 7 . O ,
26457-8, 6.87, 6.99; 7. C o p 433, 8.15; 8—9 . O , 6.78, 6.50; 10—i i . N Y, 12.46; 8. N Y , 11.60; 9 . M i ( = B rera 604), 13.5; 10. J S W , 13.30;
7.35, 7.09; 12. V a t; 13. B R au c h , 6.25; 14. B F ox, 8.61. i i . P riv ate coll., 11.76; 12. B, 13.14.

725 A E. 2 3 -5 m m , 7.71g (5)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 4 ]

V ib iu s M a r s u s P r o c o s , D r u s u s C a e s a r Q , T G R u fu s P r ,
M u 347, 348 and 349
AD 2 J - 8
T I C A E D IV I A V G F A V G IM P V II; b are head of
T iberius, r. 733 AE. 28 m m , 11.92 g (28). Axis: 9 or 3. [ 22 ]
Μ M IV L V T I D D P P; Livia veiled, holding p atera M u 364
and sceptre, seated, r.
As 7 3 2
I· P 5 3 2 , 7-°G 8· P D ’A illy 17459, 8.88; 3 - 4 . C op 4 3 4 -5 , 8.95, 7.69;
5 . P riv ate coll., 6.05. C V IB M A R SO P R C O S D R CAE Q P R T G R V FV S
F C; Livia seated, r.; in field, D D /P P
726 AE. 23m m , 6.93g (3)· Axis: 12. [ 1 ] I. L 1 8 7 4 -7 -1 5 -4 3 4 , 11.76; 3 . L 1 9 2 0 -3 -2 5 -3 , 12.82; 3. L G 0323, 10.75;

M u 352 corr. 4 - 6 . P 5 4 3 -5 , 12.63, 13-29. ϊ ί Φ , 7 - P D ’A illy 17454, 12.53; 8 - 1 2 . V

26461-5, 11.54, 12.76, 13-09, 10.62, 11.51; 13. V 26467, 12.59; I 4 “ I 5 · O ,
T I C A ESA R D IV I [F] A V G IM P V II; b are head of 12.54, 12.21; 16—17. C , 12.55, 10-40; 18—19· C o p 4 3 8 -g , 11.89, 12.70;
T iberius, r. 2 0 . A, 13.33; 2 1 . Y ale, 12.56; 22. G ap , 11.99; 23. P riv ate coll., 12.80;
24. L a n z 42/1987, 452, 11.58; 2 5 . M ü n z Z e n tru m 64/1988, 49, 13.19;
M M V N IV L V T IC D D P P; Livia as 725, seated, r. 26. B L ö b b , 13.49; 27. B, 12.16; 2 8 . B R au c h , 14.56.
I. N Y , 6.91; 3. P V , 6.90; 3. J S W , 6.98.
734 AE. 30m m , 14.09g (4). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
727 AE. 17m m , 3.74g (2). Axis: 12 o r 9. [ 2 ]
M u 365-6
M u 353
As 7 3 2 -3
T I CAE D IV I [ ]F A V G IM P V II; b are head of C V IB IO M A R SO PR C O S D R (V ) C A E Q PR(A ) T G
T iberius, r. R V FV S F C; Livia seated, r.; in field, D D /P P
M V /D D /P P; in w reath i . L 1 9 0 9 -1 -2 -3 4 (P R A ), 14.55; 2. L G 0324 (P R A ), 14.92; 3. V 2 6 4 6 6
i . L G 0 3 2 5 , 4.10; 2. C op 436, 3.38. (D R V ), 14.37; 4 · B G an sau g e, 12.52.
Vibius Marsus Procos, C Cassius Felix Hoir, AD 2J-8 i . L 1 9 3 8 -5 -1 2 -7 , 16.66; 2. P 538, 16.00; 3 . C o p 441, 11.78; 4 . V 2 6 4 7 1 ,
18.87; 5 * G , 12.41; 6 . M i ( = B rera 603), 13.5; 7. A b erd een ( = s n g 108),
735 AE. 30m m , 12.88g (5). Axis: 1 or 7. [ 4 ] 15.07.

M u 367
740 AE. 30 m m , 18.93g (3)· AMs: 12. [ 3 ]
As 7 3 2 -4 M u 360 corr.
C V IB IO M A R S O P R C O S C CA SSIV S F E L IX A
IIV IR ; Livia seated, r.; in field, D D /P P T I CAESAR D IV I AVG F AVGVSTVS IM P V III; bare
i . L 18 4 0 -2 -1 7 -2 7 4 , 14.53; 2 · L 1 9 0 2 -4 -4 -5 , 12.07; 3 · L 1 9 0 6 -1 1 -3 -
head of Tiberius, 1.
2768, 13.12; 4 . M i ( = B rera 608), 12.00; 5. N Y , 12.67. C V IB IO MARSO PR( 0 )C ( 0 )S I II C SALLVSTIVS
IVSTVS IIV (IR ); Livia seated, r.; in field, M M /I V
i . L G 0322 (II V I R ) , 16.65; 2 * P D ’A illy 17449 (P R C O S . . . I I V ) , 17.63;
Vibius Marsus Procos II, L Caecilius Pius Ilvir, AD 28-9 3. V 2 6 4 7 0 ( P R O G S . . . I I V ) , 22.50.

736 AE. 30m m , 13.63g (14). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 12]

M u 355-6
Vibius Marsus Procos III, M Tullius Iudex Ilvir, AD
As 732-5 2 9 -3 0
C V IB IO M A R S O P R ( 0 )C 0 S II L C A E C IL IV S P IV S
II V (F C ); Livia seated, r.; in field, Μ Μ /Ι V 741 AE. 2 9 -3 0 m m , 12.69g (4)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 4 ]
i . L G 0320 (U V ), 14-435 2· L Ι 9 20~ 3_ 2 5"'4 (U V F C ), 12.00; 3 . L 1928- M u 361
5 -1 0 -1 1 7 (U V F C ), 16.68; 4 . L G 0321 (I I V F C ), 11.48; 5. P 5 3 6 (IIV
F C ), 15.42; 6 . P 537 (I I V F C ), 12.99; 7 · V 26469 (IIV F C ), 12.93; 8. O As 7 3 2 -7 and 739
(IIV ), 11.30; 9. M i ( — B rera 602), 11.5; 10—11. N Y (I I V F C ), 16.35, C V IB IO MARSO PRCOS I II M TV LLIV S IV D EX
13.84; 12. Y ale (IIV F C ), 12.59; I 3 · G ( = M acD o n ald , pi. X C IV ,2 o ),
14.00; 14. B, 15.46 (P R O C O S . . . IIV ).
IIV IR ; Livia seated, r.; in field, M M /I V
i . L 1 9 3 8 -5 -1 0 -1 1 5 , 12.28; 2. P 539, 10.79; 3. P L u y n es 3911, 14.00;
4- V 2 6 4 7 3 , 13.70.

Vibius Marsus Procos II, Q Caecilius lovinus Ilvir, AD

28-9
Vibius Marsus Procos III, C Cassius Felix Ilvir, AD
737 AE. 30m m , 13.16g (5). Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
2 9 -3 0
M u 357 corr.
As 732—6 742 AE. 30m m , 12.45 g (2). Axis: i or 7. [ 2 ]
C V IB IO M A R S O P R C O S I I Q C A E C IL IV S M u 367
IO V IN (V S ) II V F C; L ivia seated, r.; in field, Μ M /I V As 7 3 2 -7 , 739 and 741
i . L 1 9 3 7 -4 -1 5 -6 , 10.98; 2. C , 12.43; 3 · G 14.19; 4 . B I-B (IO V IN ), C V IB IO MARSO PR ( 0 )C 0 S I II C CASSIVS FELIX
14.70; 5. B L ö b b , 13.51.
A IIV IR ; Livia seated, r.; in field, P P /D D
I. P D ’A illy 1 7 4 5 0 , 10.61 (P R O C O S ); 2. C o p 442, 14.28 (P R C O S ).

Vibius Marsus Procos II, Sex Tadius Faustus Ilvir, AD

28-9
Vibius Marsus Procos III, C Caelius Pax Ilvir, AD 29-30
738 AE. 30-1 m m , 13.71 g (5). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 5 ]
M u 358 743 AE. 30 m m , 13.49 g (4). Axis: 1. [ 2 ]

As 73g M u 369-70
C V IB IO M A R S O P R ( 0 )C 0 S I I SE X T A D IV S As 732—7, 739 an d 741—2
FA V ST V S IIV ; Livia seated, r.; in field, Μ M /I V C V IB IO M A R S O P R C O S I I I C C A E L IV S PA X
i . L 1 9 3 7 -4 -1 5 -6 (P R O C O S ), 10.98; 2. P D ’A illy 1 7 4 4 6 (P R O C O S , A (V )(G ) IIV IR ; Livia seated, r.; in field, P P /D D
n o th in g in field), 19.46; 3. O (P R C O S ), 14.36; 4 . C (P R C O S ), 10.72; i . H (A V G I I V I R ) , 12.9; 2. C o p 443 (A I I V I R ) , 13.72; 3. B L ö b b (AV
5. G (P R C O S ), 13.03. I I V I R ) , 12.69; 4· JS W , 14.68.

744 AE. 2 8 -g m m , 12.99g (6)· Axis: 9. [ 6 ]

Vibius Marsus Procos III, C Sallustius Iustus Ilvir, AD M u 371-2
29- 3 ° T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G F A V G V S T IM P V I I I ; b are
head of T iberius, r.
739 AE. 30 m m , 14.90g (7). Axis: var. [ 5 ]
C V IB IO M A R S O P R C O S I I I C C A E L IV S PA X A(V)
M u 359 IIV IR ; Livia seated, r.; in field, D D /P P
As 732-7 1. L t 9 3 5 - 6- 4“ 5 (A V I I V I R ) , 11.44; 2. P 549 (A V I I V I R ) , 13.87; 3 . P
C V IB IO M A R S O P R C O S I I I C SA LL V STIV S D ’A illy 17448 (A V I I V I R ) , 12.83; 4 . V 2 6 4 6 8 (A I I V I R ) , 12.21; 5. C op
444 (A V I I V I R ) , 15.20; 6. G (A V I I V I R ) , 12.38.
IV ST V S II; Livia seated, r.; in field, M M /I V

Carthage (Colonia Iulia Concordia Karthago)

The coinage of Carthage is well known. The Siculo-Punic appears to have virtually no coinage until the second half of
mints were active from the beginning of the fourth century the fourth century, when a large quantity of gold staters and
B e (C.M. Kraay, ACGC, pp. 233-5), but Carthage itself fractions was struck. At the^end of the century the gold
 A F R I C A : Carthage (745-752) igg

coinage was progressively debased into electrum (G. K. pp. 50-1 - see Achulla (pp. 201-2); APT 17 - see
Jenkins and R. B. Lewis, Carthaginian Gold and Electrum ‘Uncertain Coins’ (5451).
Coins, 1963).
The defeat of Hannibal at Zama brought to an end the
coinages minted outside Africa and its fall in 146 b c brought
A u g u s tu s
a complete change in the precious-metal currency of Africa,
as its gold coinage completely disappeared and its silver
P I S p D V S p Ilviri, AD 10
was immediately replaced by Roman denarii.
In 122 b c , a colony (Colonia Iunonia) was planned by 745
Caius Gracchus, but its life was very short. The Colonia
Iulia Concordia Karthago was founded in 44 b c (Appian,
Lib., 136) and a new settlement of colonists was made by
Octavian in 29 b c . In 12 b c Carthago replaced Utica as the
capital of the Africa Proconsularis.
The Roman coinage of Carthage falls into two groups:
one group (7 4 5 -5 3 ) , issued by the duoviri P.I.Sp. and
D.V.Sp., was struck under Augustus in a d 1 0 , as Tiberius, 746
whose portrait appears on series 747 and 748, is styled
imperator for the fifth time. This group has the ethnic
C.I.C., which is rather curious, as most of the known
inscriptions attest the ethnic CCIK.
This group is in three denominations:
745-748 23-5 mm, 7.06 g (45)
749-751 23m m, 3.79g (5) 747
7 5 2 -7 5 3 13 mm, 1.85 g (2)
The three denominations were clearly intended to be asses,
semisses and quadrantes. The semisses are very unusual.
The mint struck coins of the same size as series 745-8 and
cut them in half to produce semisses. It is evident that the
coins were intended to be cut, because once halved the coins 748
do have the same type: a sella curulis on the obverse, a
patera (?) on the reverse. The variation between twelve and
six o’clock die axis meant that each duovir may appear with
each half of the obverse design. Why Carthage adopted this
procedure and did not strike real semisses, as under
Tiberius (756), is not clear.
The second group (754-7) was struck under Tiberius by
the duoviri L. A. Faustus and D. C. Bassus. This group does
not have the ethnic C.I.C. but the attribution to Carthage is 749
certain because of their frequent occurrence in the excava­
tions there and their stylistic analogies with the first group.
As Livia figures on the reverse of series 754-5, this group
must be dated after the production of the official asses in
Rome in a d 15-16 and parallel with the coins struck at
AE. 23-5 m m , 7.37g (16). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 10 ]
M u 323
IM P C D F A P M P P ; b are head of A ugustus, 1.
P I SP D V SP II V IR C I C aro u n d P P /D D
1 - 2 . L 1 9 3 8 -5 -1 0 -1 1 9 /2 0 , 7.56, 8.05; 3 - 4 . B 382 5 -6 , 7.03, 8.47; 5 . B
R au ch , 5.44; 6. B G an sau g e, 6.67; 7 . O , 9.11; 8. C o p 418, 8.82; 9 . M i,
9 -7 5 ; ί ο - n · N Y , 6.92, 6.82; 1 2 - 1 3 . S t, 7.31, 5.70; 14. P V , 5.55;
15. A arh u s ( s n g 1099), 7.22; 16. Be, 7.45.
AE. 23~5m m , 7.04g (8). Axis: 3, 6, 9, or 12. [ 6 ]
M u 324
Sam e legend as 745, b u t head o f A ugustus, r.
As 7 4 5
i . L 1938—5—1 0 - 1 2 1 , 8.69; 2. P 505, 6.64; 3 . B 6686, 6.07; 4 . M u , 7.45;
5. C o p 419, 7.65; 6. C 6 00-1948, 7.39; 7. O slo , 5.77; 8. St, 6.68.
C o u n te rm ark : N in a re ctan g u la r p u n c h o n th e o b v ., o n 8 (as G IC 679).
AE. 2 2 m m , 5.99g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ]
M u 326
T I CA F IM P V; bare head of Tiberius, 1.
As 7 4 5 - 6
i . L 1 8 4 7 - 2 - 4 - 5 , 5.78; 2. B 3830, 6 . ig.
AE. 2 2 -3 m m , 6.95 g (2 I )· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 15]
M u 325
Same legend as 747, but head of Tiberius, r.
As 7 4 5 -7
i . L 1 9 0 6 -1 1 -3 -2 7 6 9 , 8.18; 2 - 3 . L G 317 -8 , 6.39, 7.20; 4 - 5 . P 5 0 7 -8 , .
5.08, 6.09; 6. B 3829, 7.78; 7. B L ö b b , 7.01; 8. B G an sau g e, 6.20; 9 -
10. V 26475-6, 6.57, 7.83; i i . C o p 420, 8.08; 12—13. O , 6.71, 6.32; 14—
15. N Y , 7.22, 6.91; 16—17. M i, 8.68, 5.72; 18—19. O slo, 7.02, 5.49;
2 0 . St, 8.59; 2 1 . P V , 6.87; 22. T ra d e , 8.36.
AE. 23m m , 3.33g (1). [ o ]
R. C agnat, Klio 9, 1909, 202 an d n. 3
C I [ ] D [ ]; sella curulis
P I SP IIV IR ; p atera
i . P r iv a t e c o ll., 3.33; 2—3 . C a rth a g e 1974/45, 2 a n d 1978/139 (G erm an
excavations).

Utica between a d 16 and a d 31 (721-6). The same type

750 AE. 2 3m m , 3.69g (3). [ o ]
occurs at many other places throughout the Empire (see p.
46). As 7 4 9
This group is in three denominations, like its predecessor: D V SP IIV IR ; p atera
1 - 3 . P r iv a t e c o ll., 4 .4 3 , 3.99, 2.67.
754-755 22-3 mm, 6.83 g (43)
756 i7 -i8 m m , 3.30g (3)
757 12 mm, ? 751 AE. 2 3m m , 4 .5 2 g (1). [ o ]
[ ] C [ ] D; sella curulis
The three denominations struck were asses, semisses and P I SP IIV IR ; p a te ra
quadrantes, a little lower in weight than the Augustan i . P V , 4.52; 2. C a rth a g e 1978/68 (G erm an excav atio n s).
group. The veiled head on the quadrantes (752-3, 757) has
been interpreted as Juno/Astarte and paralleled with the 752 AE. 13m m , 1.98g (1). Axis: 9. [ 1 ]
quadrantes struck at Utica (729-30). J . A lexandropoulos, rea L X X X IV , 1982, 101 an d 104, fig.
Various coins have been attributed to Carthage and are D D P P; veiled head, r.
here excluded: Müller 319-20 - see Karalis (624); Müller P I SP D V SP II V IR C I C; sim pulum
321-2 - see Colonia Iulia Cirta Nova (706 and 708); FIT A, I. P 1 9 7 7 /1 , 1.98.
ig 4 A F R IC A : Carthage, Colonia Iulia Pia Paterna (753-757)

753 AE. 13 m m , 2.09 g (2)· Axis: var. [ 2 ] T I C A ESA R IM P P P; b are head o f T iberius, r.
C I C D D P P; veiled head, 1. As 754
As 75a i . L 1 9 4 6 -1 2 -3 -1 0 , 5.95; 2 . L 1854-1—11-8, 6.17; 3 —5 . P 509-1 1 , 6.94,
7.14, 4.87; 6 —7 . P, 6.86, 5.91; 8 . P 1 9 8 7 / 3 0 , 6.26; 9 . B 3831, 6.80; 1 0 . B
I.O ( = C . K ing, N C 1975, 74 (unknow n q u a d ra n s ), 1.68; 2. L 1988 —11—
5354, 7.86; i i . B G an sau g e, 6.84; 1 2 . B F ried län d er, 6.42; 1 3 . B L öbb,
26—1, 2.50. i is from th e sam e rev. die as 7 5 2 /1 .
5.61; 1 4 . V 26474, 4 ·4°1 1 5 - 1 6 · o , 9.75, 7.91; 1 7 . G 6 01-1948, 5.99;
1 8 . G , 7.97; 1 9 —2 0 . S t, 9.65, 7.14; 2 1 . O slo, 6.70; 2 2 —2 3 . C o p 4 22-3,
6 - 19, 5-971 2 4 - 2 6 . M i, 7.49, 5.69, 5.55; 2 7 . A 7168, 6.27; 2 8 - 2 9 . N Y,
8.02, 6.13; 3 0 - 3 1 . P V , 6.76, 6.53; 3 2 . L an z 26/1983, 455, 6.11;
3 3 . C a rth a g e ( = Excavations at Carthage /975 conducted by the University o f
T ib e r iu s M ichigan I, 1976, 167, n. 8, pi. 28,8), 8.07; 3 4 . Be 4796, 5.86; 3 5 . T ra d e ,
7- 93-
L A F a u s tu s D C B a ssu s I lv ir i
756 AE. i7-i8mm, 3.30g (3). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
754 AE. 22-3 mm, 7 .28 g (8). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 8 ] M u 329 c o rr., a pt 16
Mu 3 2 7 , a pt 15 T I C A E SA R IM P P P; b are head o f T iberius, r.
T I C A ESA R IM P P P; b are head o f T iberius, 1. L A F A V ST V S D C BASSVS IIV IR ; three corn ears; in
L A FA V ST V S D C BASSVS IIV IR ; Livia veiled, field, P P /D D
holding p atera and sceptre, seated, r.; in field, P P /D D i . L 1 9 3 8 -5 -1 0 -1 2 2 ( = a p t , pi. 11,2), 3.88; 2 . P 512, 2.60; 3 . H ; 4. PV ,
3.43; 5. M allo y X I I I /1 9 7 8 , 116 (form erly H ).
i . L 1840—12—15—22 2 , 9.59; 2. P 1978/92, 6.45; 3. B R au c h , 7.56; 4 . B
L ö bb, 5.85; 5. V 26644, 7 -3 8 ; 7 · C op 42 0 -1 , 8.08, 5.64; 8. G ( = a p t , 757 AE. 12 m m , ?. Axis: ?. [ o ]
pi. I I , 1), 7.65.
?; veiled head, r.
755 AE. 22-3 mm, 6 .7 3 g (35)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 22 ] [L A ]F D C B II V IR aro u n d P P /D D
Mu 328, apt 15 i . C a r th a g e 1 9 7 4 /5 (G erm an excav atio n s).

Colonia Iulia Pia Paterna

The coinage with the ethnic C.I.P. or C.P.I. discussed here
has traditionally been given to Clypea (Eckhel, DN IV, p.
14; Müller II, pp. 155-9). Grant (FITA, pp. 225-6),
however, followed by G. K. Jenkins in SNG Cop. Africa,
assigned it to Thapsus. See now M. Amandry, RN, 1990,
pp. 56-71.
Before the arguments in favour of Clypea are considered,
the case argued by Grant for Thapsus should be examined.
His reasoning is based on coin 758, found near
Nabeul/Neapolis and published by A. Merlin in 1915. This
coin established for certain that the letters C.I. must stand
for Colonia Iulia; in addition, the full name of the colony
was completed by two monograms: PI for Pia and another
monogram that Merlin read as and proposed to expand
as PHAT[ ], while recognising that no such place name was
yet known. On the basis of a reading by E. S. G. Robinson,
who apparently saw the coin, Grant insisted that the
monogram should in fact be read as T/? for THAP(sus).
Hence his attribution of all the coins with legend C.I.P. to
Thapsus. However, there are two objections to this
attribution:
1. Thapsus was a free city, and not a Julian colony.
2. It struck its own coinage on which its name can be
clearly read (see 792—7).
Fortunately 759 provides the correct reading of the
monogram. A previously unknown coin of this series was
published by S. Weinstock (Divus Julius, 1971, p. 408),
though his attribution of the piece to the colony of Arles was
misleading. The coin is certainly African: the portrait of
Caesar was cut by an engraver who worked at Lepti Minus
(see 785). Now, the reverse legend is EX DD COL IV P
PAT, which is the same as the abbreviated legend of 758,
and the final monogram is quite clearly PAT, for
PAT(erna). Thus the C.I.P. coinage was struck at a place
called Colonia Iulia Pia Paterna.
To which colony does this refer? Clypea, as Eckhel and
Müller suggested? Their only argument was that the type of
Mercury seated on a heap of stones (series 758, 760, 762,
765, 768) was meant to represent Cap Bon, the Promun­
turium Mercurii, where the town was located (or at least
the huge peninsula of Cap Bon, since Kelibia/Clypea is
30 km from the promontory in its strictest sense, Ras
Addar). But Carpi, too, is located on the peninsula and
could equally claim the coinage, as could Curubis and
Neapolis, though slightly further from Ras Addar.
The coins must belong to one of these four colonies, none
of which is known to have had the title Colonia Iulia Pia
Paterna. Two inscriptions refer to the Colonia Iulia Clipea
(BACTHS, 1969, pp. 204-5); one inscription from Hippo
Diarrhytus mentions the Coloni Col(oniae) Iuliae Car-
pitanae (CIL V III, 1206 = 25417); the Colonia Iulia
Curubis is attested by several inscriptions (CIL V III, 980,
12452, 24100) and a late inscription mentions the Col(onia)
Iul(ia) Neap(olis) (CIL V III, 968).
The title of Colonia Iulia Pia Paterna suggests a colony
founded during Caesar’s lifetime, like the Colonia Iulia
Paterna Arelatensium Sextanorum at Arles (45 b c : Pliny,
NH 111,35) 0Γ ώ ε Colonia Iulia Paterna Claudia Decuman­
orum at Narbonne (also 45 b c : Pliny, NH 111,32). Fur­
thermore, the choice of reverse type for 759 and 761, which
is copied directly from a denarius struck by C. Vibius Pansa
at Rome in 48 b c (Crawford 449/2), also points to a
Caesarian foundation, inasmuch as Pansa was an ardent
supporter of Caesar and the engraver chose a Ceres type
that could be taken as an indirect reference to Caesar. An
inscription from Formies ( CIL X, 6104) reveals that a freed-
man was twice duumvir at Clypea about 40 b c ; hence it is

likely that the town became a colony in Caesar’s lifetime or
shortly after his death. But another inscription (CIL V III,
9, 77) tells us that in 45 b c a freedman, duumvir quinquen­
nalis, was responsible for building fortifications at Curubis;
while it is true that this does not prove that the city had
become a colony by this date, there is nevertheless a strong
likelihood. Given that coin 758 was found near Neapolis,
and thus closer to Curubis than to Clypea, it is tempting to
assign the C.I.P. issues to Curubis. Ultimately only fresh
epigraphic evidence can resolve the argument. In any
event, the coinage of the mysterious colony must belong
somewhere in Zeugitania and certainly from the Cap Bon
peninsula.
The colony struck under Augustus (758-61 ) and Tiberius
(762-70). The chronology of the abundant coinage for
Tiberius is straightforward, whereas the issues for Augustus
—known from very few specimens - are not easily dated.
There would appear to be two issues, each struck in two
denominations (sestertius and dupondius):
40 mm,
758 3 2-7 4 g (1)
759 31—2 mm, J7-50 g (2)
760 35-6 mm, 34.83 g (2)
761 28 mm, 18.51g (2)
The issue 758-9, consisting of a sestertius with type of
Augustus and a dupondius with Caesar, is exactly parallel
to the issue struck at Lepti Minus, dated c. 20 b c (784-5:
same modules for both denominations, same types and the
same engraver); 758-9 can therefore be dated to about 20
b c as well. The issue 760-1 also consists of a sestertius and a
dupondius, but smaller than those of 758-9. It is hard to
date. The bald legend IM P AVGVSTVS has no parallel in
Africa, or indeed anywhere in the ‘official’ coinage. Too
much should not be read into the reverse legend of the
sestertius, IIII VIR: the presence of IVViri in charge of the
city need not necessarily indicate that it was a Latin colony
since sometimes the duoviri i.d. and the aediles together
made up a college of quattuorviri (see, for example, Tingi or
Cirta). The dupondius repeats the reverse type of the
previous issue as well as the obverse legend DIVOS
IVLIVS. It is, however, difficult to recognise the inept
portrait as Caesar. A certain resemblance to Tiberius might
suggest a date for the issue towards the end of Augustus’s
reign, at the time when Carthage (745-53) and Lepti struck
their coinage (788-90). There may well turn out to be asses
belonging with one or other of these issues.
The coinage of Tiberius is more prolific and is well dated
by the names of the proconsuls. It consists of three issues,
each made up of three denominations: sestertius, dupondius
and as.
762 35-8 mm, 30.28 g (6)
7β 3 28—9 mm, 22.63g (2)
764 24 mm, 7-65 g (5)
765 36—7 mm, 4 3 -6 8 g (1)
766 29 mm, 14.88 g (1)
767 22 mm,
7 -4 ° g (1)
768 38 mm, 36.64 g (13)
769 27-8 mm, l6 -4 3 g (13)
770 23—4 mm, 9-37 g (4 )
Each denomination has a different reverse type: for the
A F R IC A : Colonia Iulia Pia Paterna (758-761) /95
sestertius, Mercury seated as on 758 and 760; for the
dupondius, Livia veiled, seated, r., holding patera and scep­
tre (a common type found at Carthage or, later, at Utica);
for the as, the bust of Mercury, 1., as on the coinage of Lepti
(784-91).
The first issue (762-4) was struck in the third year of
office of L. Apronius in 20-1, or more precisely in 21, since
Tiberius is IM P V III and COS IV. The second issue (765-
7) is dated to the second year of office of Q. Iunius Blaesus
in 22—3. The existence of the issue was questioned by Mül­
ler, who knew of one example but thought that the legend
had been recut. This coin (766) should not be dismissed,
and a recently discovered sestertius of the same issue
(765/1) supports the authenticity of the dupondius. The as
seen by Grant has not been traced, but there is no reason to
doubt its existence. The third issue (768-70) belongs to the
proconsulship of Dolabella, Blaesus’s successor, and should
probably be dated to 23 since the same name P. Gavius
Casca was the colleague of both Dolabella and Blaesus.
Could Celsus and Casca have been the IV Viri of the city?
A u g u s tu s
c. 20 BC(?)
758 AE. 4 0 m m , 32.74g (1). Axis: 5. [ o ]
BOTH 1915, cxciv, FITA 225
C A ESA R D IV I F; b are head o f A ugustus, L; in front,
lituus
E X D D C O L O N IA E IV L IÂ Ë P Ï PÄ T; M ercury
w earing petasus an d holding caduceus, seated on rock, 1.
i . T u n i s (form erly P rovotelle coll.), 32.74 (illu stra te d h ere o n p la te 50).
759 L eaded bronze. j M m m , 17.50g (2)· Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
D IV O S IV L IV S ; d iadem ed head of C aesar, r.
E X D D C O L IV P PA T; Ceres w alking, r., holding
torch in each h an d ; in front, a plough
i . O ( = S. W einstock, D ivu s Iulius, pi. 30,9 = G ia rd , q t 1984, 160, fig. c),
14.58; 2. P V ( = G i a r d , q t 1984, 160, fig. d ), 20.41. N eu tro n a b so rp tio n
an alysis on: 2.
c. AD 10 (?)
760 AE. 35-6 m m , 34.83 g (2). Axis: 12. [ *1 ]
M u 330, Supp. 56
IM P A V G V ST V S; b are h ead o f A ugustus, 1.; behind,
lituus; all in laurel w reath
C I P I I I I V IR ; M ercury w earing petasus and holding
caduceus, seated on rock, 1.
I. C o p 5 2 ( = F iT A , pi. V I I I , 1), 37.16; 2. L e n in g ra d ( = D . Sestini, Hedervar
I I I cont., 77, no. 9, p i .X X X I I I ,12), 32.5
761 L eaded bronze. 2 8m m , 18.51g (2). Axis: 3. [ o ]
D IV O S IV L IV S ; diadem ed head of C aesar (?), 1.
C I P A T D D; as 759
i . P V ( = G ia rd , ςιτ 1984, ι 6 ι , fig. e), 15.24; 2. L 1 9 9 1 -1 -3 0 -1 0 3 , 21.77.
N eu tro n ab so rp tio n an alysis on: 1.
T ib e r iu s 767 A E. 2 2m m , 7.40g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ o ]
a pt 28 corr.
L Apronius Procos III, Sex Pom Celsus, AD 21 As 764
PER[ ] B LA ESI P R O C O S ; b u st o f M ercury, 1.
762 L eaded bronze. 3 5 -8 m m , 30.28g (6). Axis: 6 or 12. [ 3 ]
i . H (n o t to be fo u n d ); 2. C o ll B ., P aris, 7.40 (illu strated on pi. 50).
M u 331, a pt 24 G r a n t’s read in g can now b e seen to be defective.

T I C A E D IV I A V G F A V G IM P V I I I C O S I I I I ; bare
head o f T iberius, 1.
P E R M IS S V L A P R O N I P R O C O S I I I C SEX P O M P C o r n e liu s D o la b e lla P r o c o s , P G a v iu s C a s c a , AD 23
C E L SO ; M ercury w earing petasus an d holding caduceus,
seated on rock, 1.; in field, C P 768 AE. 3 8 m m , 36.64g (13). Axis: 12. [ 8 ]
I M u 335-7, apt 29
I. P 513, 27.49; 3‘ P 1980/266, 30.27; 3. V 26451 (—APT, pi. 111 ,4 ), As 76a
35.63; 4 . H ( = a p t , pi. 111,3), 24.5; 5· JS W , 27.18; 6. L aw rence coll.,
P E R M IS P [C O R N E L I] D O L A B E L L A E P R O C O S C P
36.63. N eu tro n ab so rp tio n analysis on: 1.
G (A V IO ) CAS D D; M ercury seated on rock, 1.; in field,
763 AE. 2 8 -g m m , 22.63g (2). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] C P
M u 332, a pt 25 I
i . L 1 8 7 4 - 7 - 1 5 - 4 3 3 (G ), 3 6 .8 8 ; 2. L 1 9 3 8 - 5 - 1 0 - 1 1 2 ( = a p t , p i. I V , 1)
As 76 a (C O R N E L I), 3 3 .8 5 ; 3. P 51 5 (G ), 4 1 .5 9 ; 4. B B o n n et (C O R N E L I),
Sam e legend as 7 6 a , Livia veiled, holding two ears of 36.61; 5 . O (G) (ex G . H irsch X X X IV /1 9 6 3 , 1358), 31.17; C o p 54
corn a n d a sceptre, r.; in field, C P (C O R N E L I), 38.98; 7. C o p 55 (G A V IO ), 54.33; 8. P V (G A V ÏO ), 31.63;
I 9. F o rm erly P 516 (G ), 32.85; 10. S ch u lten 2 2 -2 4 /X /1 9 8 5 , 286 (G ),
33.68; h . W a d d ell 1 (9 /X II/1 9 8 2 ), 582 (ex Société de B an q u e Suisse
I. P 1 9 8 5 /5 5 9 , 23.57; 2 - M i, 21.7; 3. H (= a pt , pi. IV ,2). Z u rich 5, i 6 / X / i 979, 410; V ecchi list 23, D ec. 1979, 58; B o n h am s-V ecc h i
i, 2 1 -2 2 /V /1 9 8 0 , 332); 12. P aris tra d e, 35.92; 13. B I-B (G A V IO ), 36.32.
764 L eaded bronze. 24 m m , 7.67 g (5). Axis: 6. [ 2 ]
M u 333, a pt 26
769 L eaded bronze. 2 7 -8 m m , 16.43g 6 3 )· Axis: 12. [ 9 ]
D R V SO C A E SA R I; b are head of D rusus, 1. M u 338, a pt 30
P E R M IS S V L A P R O N I P R O C O S I I I ; b ust o f M ercury,
1. As 762
P E R M IS P D O L A B E L L A E P R O C O S C P G CAS; Livia
i . P 5 1 4 ( — a p t , pi. I l l , 6), 7.57; 2. H ; 3. N Y , 8.63; 4 . P V , 7.62;
5. S chulten 2 6 -2 7 /III/1 9 8 1 , 94, 7.11; 6. C ré d it Suisse 7/1987, 799, 7.44. veiled, holding two ears o f corn an d sceptre, seated, r.; in
N eu tro n a b so rp tio n analysis on: 1. field, C P
I
I. L 1 9 3 8 -5 -1 0 -1 1 3 ( = A P T , pi. 111,5), 20.62; 2. P 517, 18.23; 3 · L r 5 -3 4 i
<2 , Iunius Blaesus Procos it, P Gavius Casca, AD 23 4 . P D ’A illy 17455, 16.14; 5 · p 1982/1351, ! 4 ·3 2; 6 · p 1 9 8 5 /9 8 7 , 17.50;
7. C o p 56, 13.00; 8. C 599-1948 (G ra n t), 13.53; 9 · H ; IO - p v , 14- 2 7 :
765 AE. 3 6 -7 m m , 43.68g (1). Axis: 6. [ 2 ] i i . L aw ren ce coll., 17.79; I 2 · B ourgey 1985, 632, 18.70; 13. B L öbb,
15.09; 14. JS W , 19.21. N e u tro n ab so rp tio n an aly sis on: 5.
a pt 10, n. g
As 76a
770 AE. 2 3 -4 m m , 9 .3 7 g (4). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
P E R M IS S V Q IV N B LA ESI P R O C O S IT C P G A V IO
CAS D D; M ercury on rock, 1.; in field, C P M u 340, a pt 31
I As 764
I. N Y , 43.68; 2. B L öbb, 15.43 (very d am ag ed ). P E R P D O L A B E L L A E P R O C O S C P G CAS; bust of
M ercury, 1.
766 AE. 29m m , 14.88g (1). Axis: 12. [ o ]
i . P , 8 .0 4 ; 2. P 1 9 8 5 /5 6 0 , 8 .5 7 ; 3. V 2 6 4 5 4 ( = a pt, p i. I V , 3 ), 9.56;
M u 339, a pt 27 4 . J S W , 11.33.

As 76 a ___
P E R M IS Q IV N B LA ESI P R O C O S IT C P G A V IO
CASCA; L ivia seated, r.; in field, C P
I
I. H ( = APT, pi. 111 , 7 ), Η -δδ.

Hadrumetum
A Phoenician city, Hadrumetum suffered the same fate as duoviri (782-3); the attribution is not, however, entirely
Carthage but then took the Roman side in the Third Punic certain (see below). It is therefore possible that
War (Appian, Lib., 94) - so successfully that the agrarian Hadrumetum became a municipium towards the end of the
law of 111 Be refers to it as a free city. Hadrumetum was reign of Augustus; it became a colony under Trajan ( CIL
obliged to pay a heavy fine to Caesar (B. Afr. XCVII,2), VI, 1687).
though there is no indication that the city lost its freedom. The Augustan coinage can be classified under two head­
Coins were struck under Augustus, some of which mention ings: coinage with ethnic and coinage without ethnic.
 A F R I C A : Hadrumetum igy

Coinage with ethnic 1 2 -8 BC 771 35 m m > 23.88g (3) sestertius

772 30 mm, 14.29g (7) dupondius
This coinage is partly dated by the proconsulships of Varus, 773 23—4 mm, 10.08 g (3) as
Saturninus and Africanus which appear to fall between 8/7 774 16 mm, 5.65 g (8) semis
8-7 Varus 775 35 mm, 26.30g (7) sestertius
and 6/5 B C (B. E. Thomasson, Eranos, 1969, pp. 175-9). 28—9 mm, 11-63 g (2) dupondius
776
The dated series are all of the same denomination: 7-6 Saturninus 778 30 mm, 12.79g (4 ) dupondius
776 28-9 mm, 11.63 g (2) 6-5 Africanus 780 2 7—9 mm, I 4-°7 g (9 ) dupondius
778 30 mm, 12.79g (4)
780 27-9 mm, 14.07 g (9)

As at Achulla (798 and 800), the proconsuls’ names occur
on the dupondii. There are marked changes in style and
technique between the series for Varus and Saturninus and
that for Africanus: the flans have bevelled edges for Varus
and Saturninus but have straight or round edges for Afri­
canus. These features show that the rest of the coinage with
the legend HADR must be prior to or contemporary with
the issues for Varus and Saturninus since the coins are all
struck on bevelled flans and, moreover, the dies were cut by
the engraver responsible for the portraits of Varus and
Saturninus.
There are three series in all, two with portraits of
Augustus and Caesar, the other with Augustus and Gaius
and Lucius. The two series with Augustus and Caesar were
struck in two denominations, sestertius and dupondius:
771 35m m > 23.88g (3)
772 30m m, 14.29g (7)
The series with Augustus and Gaius and Lucius is of
sestertii:
775 35 mm, 26.30g (7)
The diameter is the same as before (771), but the weight is
distinctly higher, though the two known specimens of 771
are admittedly very worn.
Again as at Achulla, it is tempting to place these sestertii
with the dupondii with proconsuls’ names. Since the
Augustus/Caesar series is a group in itself (with sestertius
and dupondius), which must therefore antedate the procon­
sulship of Varus, the Augustus/Gaius and Lucius sestertius
could well have been struck under Varus because the
portraits of Augustus and of Varus are very similar.
What date should be assigned to the Augustus/Caesar
issue? The sestertius and dupondius both have an apex
behind the head of Augustus; this is the only occurrence of
this attribute in Africa and it is probably a reference to
Augustus’s election as pontifex maximus in 12 b c . The group
can therefore be dated between 12 and 8 b c .
The two unsigned series probably date to the same
period. The types are traditional for the city (Neptune,
Astarte, Sol) and there are two denominations, as and
semis:
773 23-4 mm, 10.08 g (3)
774 16 mm, 5-65 g (8)
The semis has the same weight as at Cirta (704) and at
Hippo under Africanus (714). The as and semis are
grouped here under the issue for Augustus/Caesar but they
might have been struck for Varus or Saturninus.
The coinage with ethnic of Hadrumetum can therefore be
summarised as follows:
Coinage without ethnic
Three series of coins without mint names can be assigned to
Hadrumetum, following Grant, FIT A, pp. 138-9. They
share the same style and fabric as the dupondius of Afri­
canus (780), besides which Africanus is shown on 781.
There are three denominations:
777 38-9 mm, 54.14 g (2)
779 32-3 mm, 26.74g (5)
781 22“ 3m m , 6.58g (12)
Series 777 is exceptional as regards its weight and a
reference to a tribunician power of Augustus (probably fol­
lowed by an acclamation as imperator). It consists of two
pieces which can be dated to 7-6 b c , Saturninus’s year of
office. They would appear to be medallions (their weight is
that of a double sestertius: unless they are indeed supposed
to be ‘bronze quinarii’) and they are dedicated to Augustus
because the reverse type - O(b) C(ivis) S(ervatos) in a
wreath with two laurel branches - refers to the dedication
which accompanied the clipeus virtutis given to Augustus in
27 b c . According to Grant (RAI, p. 20) the medallion
marked the second decennalia of Augustus’s rule.
Series 779 with Augustus on the obverse and Gaius and
Lucius on the reverse is undated and has no proconsular
signature, but the engraver is the same as for 777, 780 and
781. In 8-7 b c the mint acquired a new engraver and the
appearance of the coinage changed. Series 778 is still the
work of the first engraver, struck on bevelled flans. The
second engraver was responsible for 777 and 779-81. 779
may have been struck under Africanus and is a multiple of
780; at Hippo Regius, too (709), Gaius and Lucius appear
on the sestertii of Africanus.
Africanus appears on the obverse of 781. As for 780, his
titles are proconsul and septemvir epulonum (the
septemviri epulonum date back to 196 b c and were respon­
sible for organising the epulum Iovi in Capitolio; see
Marquardt VI, pp. 333-6). The reverse is unusual in that it
is signed by G. Livineius Gallus, quaestorpro praetore, and the
type copies a denarius of Caesar with an elephant trampling
a snake. Grant (FITA, pp. 140-3) takes this to be an allu­
sion to a temporary transfer of Cyrenaica to Africa, but
there is no evidence for this view. 781 would appear to be an
as, but the diameter and weight are low compared with
other asses of the same date (e.g., the as of Africanus at
Hippo: 710).
There remain two series with magistrates’ names but no
ethnic. They are generally assigned to Hadrumetum for the
following reasons: their types (head of Neptune and radiate
head of Sol) which recall those of 774 - Neptune also
appears on 773 and Sol on 776 and 778; and their proven-
ance, as some coins have come from Sousse, the site of 773 AE. 23-4 m m , 10.08 g (3). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
Hadrumetum. M u 21
The coins are rare and the condition of the specimens H A D R ; h ead o f N eptune, r.
known to Müller was too poor to yield a correct reading. H ead o f A starte, 1.
782 was correctly read by Ph. Boissevain (ZfN 19, 1912, pp. i . C o p 58, 10.04; 2. H ; 3. N Y , 9.38; 4 . B 5460, 10.82.
107—11): the duoviri are G. Fabius Catulus and D. Sextilius
Cornutus. Grant (FITA, p. 227) was responsible for identi­ 774 AE. 16 m m , 5.65 g (8). Axis: var. [ 5 ]
fying the duoviri of 783, L. Flamin. Capit, and L. Leiu. M u 22
Pert. H ead of N eptune, r.
If these coins are classified as originating from H ead of Sol, 1.
Hadrumetum, this clearly raises the question of the city’s ï . C o p 59, 5.36; 2. O , 5.73; 3 . G , 5.44; 4 . B o u lo g n e-su r-M er, 6.37;
status. If it was a municipium under Augustus, why was 5. P V , 4.64 (rev.); 6. T r a d e , 6.23 (obv.); 7 . B I-B , 5.36; 8. B L ö b b , 6.17.

this the only series to mention the names of duoviri? It may,

of course, be a case of using a Roman term for a local
magistracy, but that is simply to dodge the problem. P Q u in c tiliu s V a ru s P ro c o s , 8-y BC
The solution can perhaps be found in the dating of the 775 A E. 3 4 -5 m m , 26.30g (7). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
series. Grant {FITA, p. 227) believed that this coinage must M u 32-3
have been struck when the city was declared a colony by
H A D R A V G V ST V S; bare head o f A ugustus, r.; lituus
Lepidus, between 42 and 40 b c . Such a date seems unlikely, L CAE F C CAE F; b are heads o f G aius an d Lucius
given that local bronze issues were not struck in Africa prior C aesar face to face
to the twenties b c and perhaps as late a s c. 1 0 b c . i . L 1 8 4 9 - 7 —1 7 - 7 9 , 30.35; 2. P 109, 26.11; 3. S t, 31.4; 4 . W a sh in g to n
In fact the two series with flans of 17 mm, which weigh S m ith so n ian 95904, 22.14; 5. P V , 25.30; 6 . M ü lle r 40/1982, 150, 26.00;
7. G iessen er 29/1984, 2829; 8. B a.B ., 22.87 (tooled).
3.57 g (7) for 782 and 3.88 g (9) for 783 respectively, were C o u n te rm ark s: Q Y R (C aesar) on th e obv., on 3, 4 a n d 5 ( G I C 697).
struck on the same standard as the semisses struck at Car­
thage (749-51) in a d IO-I2 and have the same diameter 776 A E. 28-9 m m , 11.63 g (2)· Axis: var. [ 1 ]
and weight as the semisses struck at Utica (727—8) and M u 26
Carthage (756) under Tiberius. The rare semisses struck H A D R V M E; h ead o f Sol, 1 .; trid e n t
before about a d 10 are distinctly heavier: at Hippo Regius P Q V IN T L I V A R I; b are h ead of V aru s, r.
(714), Thapsus (792) and Hadrumetum itself (774), the ï . B R a u c h ( = K . R egling, ‘V a ru s au s M ü n z e n 5, A m tl. Ber. aus den König.
coins datable to the last decade b c weigh between 5.50 and Kunstsam m lungen 35, 1913/14, 325 -6 , fig. 2), 9.49; 2. P V , 13.77.

6.00 g.
One might therefore tentatively suggest that Hadrume­
L V o lu s iu s S a tu r n in u s P r o c o s , y - 6 BC
tum became a municipium at the end of Augustus’s reign
and these two issues are the evidence of its new status. 777 A E. 38~9m m , 54.14g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
FiTA 139 (1)
[ ]T V S T R P O T X V II IM [P ; bare head of
A ugustus, r.
A u g u s tu s *i. O C S in w reath; two laurel branches around
I . P 1 0 6 7 (=RAI, pi. I , I = r i m , pi. V I I , 3), 50.17; 2. L 1 9 8 8 -9 -6 -5 , 58.11.
12-8 BC C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in o n th e rev ., o n 2.

771 AE. 35 m m , 23.88 g (3). Axis: var. [ 2 ] 778 A E. 28-31 m m , 12.79g (4)· Axis: var. [ 3 ]
M u 30 M u 27-8
H A D R A V G V (ST V S ); b are head, r.; apex H A D R [ ]; head of Sol, r.; trid en t
CAESAR; bare head o f Ju liu s C aesar, L; lituus an d star L V O L V S IV S SA TV R ; b are h ead o f S aturninus, 1.
i . P 107, 21.46; 2. P V , 22.71; 3 . B L öbb, 27.47. i . L 1 8 4 9 - 7 - 1 7 - 3 9 , 14.33 (°b v .); 2. V 2 6 2 9 4 , 11.39 (rev·); 3· C o P 63,
C o u n te rm ark : Q Y R (C ae sar), on 2 ( G IC 697). ii. io ; 4 . P V , 14.35.

772 AE. 30 m m , 14.29 g (7). Axis: var. [ 2 ]

a. M u 31 F a b iu s A fr ic a n u s P ro c o s, 6 - 5 BC
CAESAR; bare head o f Ju liu s C aesar, r.; star an d lituus 779 A E. 3 2 -3 m m , 26.74g (5). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
A V G V ST V S H A D R ; bare head, L; apex
M u 38, F iT A 139 (2), RN 1986, 75-6
i . P 108, 12. i i (obv.); 2. P V (ex K ric h e ld o rf X X X V I I I / 1984, 585),
11.93 (rev.); 3. P riv ate coll., 14.29; 4 . L 1 9 8 8 -9 -6 -4 , 13.89. C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; b are head o f A ugustus, r.
b. M u 31 var. [ 2 ] L C A ESA R A V G V S T F C C A ESA R A V G V ST F; bare
heads o f G aius a n d Lucius C aesar
CAESA R; b are head o f Ju liu s C aesar, r.; lituus
i . P K 3 2 5 0 ( = RN 1986, p i.V ,d ), 27.13; 2. P 1985/897, 29.19; 3. H
A V G V ST V S H A D R ; b are head, 1.; sim pulum an d star ( = G ra n t, r i m , pi. 7,4), 30.41; 4 . N Y ( = A N S A n n u a l Report 1978, 14, no. 6;
i . L 1 8 4 7 -3 -7 -2 4 , 16.16; 2. O AMC 1500 (ex M ü n z h a n d lu n g B asel 3/1935, ex K u n s t u n d M ü n zen 15/1975, 522), 29.35; 5 · P V (ex S tack ’s, K n o b lo ch
108; G len d in in g , R y an coll., 2 /III/1 9 5 2 , 2244), 17.17; 3. P V , 14.50. coll., 1 0 -1 1 /V I/1 9 7 0 , 606), 23.62.
 A F R I C A : Hadrumetum, Lepti Minus (780-787) igg

780 AE. 2 7 -g m m , 14.07g (9). Axis: 3 or 2. [ 9 ] c. AD 10 (?)

M u 29 782 AE. 17m m , 3.57g (7). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
A FR IC FA B IV S M A X C O S P R O C O S V II E PV L; bare M u 25, z fN 29, 1912, 107-11, FITA 226 (i)
head of A fricanus, r.
H A D R V M ; b u st of B aal w ith tiara; he raises r. h a n d and C FA BIV S C A T V L V S IIV IR ; head o f N ep tu n e, r.;
has two ears of corn in 1. h an d trid en t
D S E X T IL IV S C O R N V T V S IIV IR ; b u st o f Sol facing
i . P 106 ( = f i t a , pi. V I I , 28: obv.), 16.10; 2. P 106 bis, 14.47; 3 · C o p 65
(ex S a n ta m a ria , Signorelli coll., I I , 1623; N iggeler I I , 784), 15.08; 4 . O i . P 1 05, 3.90 (rev.); 2—3. C o p 6 1 -2 , 4.06, 3.28; 4 . A m sterd a m
AMC 1499, 15.45; 5 * C o p 64, 13.25; 6. H ; 7. N Y , 10.66; 8. B ’Löbb, ( = Beschreibung der Griechischen Autonomen M ü n ze n im B esitze der Kön. Akadem ie
13.60; 9. B R a u c h , 17.81; 10. L 1 9 8 8 -1 -6 -2 , 10.26. der Wissenschaften z u Am sterdam , 1912, 189, no. 5), 2.87; 5. N Y , 4.00;
6. S tern b e rg X /1 9 8 0 , 253, 3.96; 7. P V , 2.93; 8. P V (silvered
781 AE. 22-3 m m , 6.58 g (12). Axis: 12 an d var. [ 9 ] specim en = B ah rfeld t, n z 1896, 118-19; ex A. C a h n , H a e b e rlin coli.,
1 7 /V I/1 9 3 3 , 2595), 4.95 (obv.); 9. B o u lo g n e-su r-M er, 3.66.
M u 37, FITA 139 (3)
A FR FA M A X C O S P R O C O S V II E P V L O ; b are head 783 AE. 17 m m , 3.88 g (9). Axis: var. [ 8 ]
o f A fricanus, r. M u 23-4 (m isread), f it a 227 (2)
C L IV IN G A LLV S Q P R O PR; elephant crushing snake,
L F L A M IN C A P IT ; head o f N eptune, r.; trid en t
1.
L L E IV P E R T ; h ead of Sol, r.
I . L 1 9 3 9 -3 -1 8 -2 , 7.11; 2 - 3 . P 115-6, 7.25, 7.38; 4 . P, 5.96; 5 - 6 . V
26295—6, 7.24, 4.81; 7—8. C op 6 6 -7 , 6.71, 5.94; 9 . N Y , 6.94; 10. T r a d e , i . P 122, 4.49; 2. P 1980/265, 3.67; 3 . C o p 60, 4.30; 4 . St, 3.5; 5. B L öbb
5.40; h . C ré d it Suisse 3/1985, 479, 7.06; 12. S chulten 2 0 -2 1 /X /1 9 8 8 , ( = z f N X /1 8 8 3 , 84, no. 51 = f i t a , pi. V I ,23), 3.64; 6 . B Fox, 3.57; 7 . L
1 8 4 4 -1 -1 5 -1 9 9 , 3.03; 8. L 1 9 1 6 -4 -5 -1 , 4.32; 9. L 1 9 2 1 - 3 - 1 1 - 1 , 4.41;
5 9 L 7 ·*
1©·
10. R W , 3.66. T h e n a m e on th e Sol sid e seem s to b e L eius ra th e r th a n
C eius.

Lepti Minus
Leptis Minus (the present Lemta) had the status of a free Caesar is known in Africa with the titulature IMP VII.
city in Africa Vetus as it was on the side of Rome during the Usually the coins with IMP V II were struck under his own
Third Punic War (Appian, Lib., 94). Libera and immunis in reign (see Utica, 724-8).
47-46 B e , the city took the part of Caesar during his African The coin described by Müller 20, ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ, head,
campaign (B. Afr., νιι,ι). It certainly became a colony r./AEIITIC, turreted female head, r., from Du Molinet, Cab.
under Trajan (J. Gascou, Antiquités Africaines VI, 1972, pp. de Ste Geneviève, p. 82, tab. 21,3, is obviously a forgery,
140-2). and so has been omitted.
Its coinage has recently been studied by M. Amandry,
SM, 1983, pp. 11-14. The coins struck there during the
reign of Augustus present certain characteristics unique in A u g u s tu s
Africa: they are bilingual as the name of the city is in Greek,
and they bear as value marks the Greek letters delta, beta c. 2 0 BC (?)
and alpha - that is, 4, 2 and 1 as. 784 AE. 3 8m m , 36.12g (1). Axis: 12. [ o ]
There are at least two series. One ( 7 8 8 - 9 0 ) is dated by A m andry fig. 1
Tiberius’s title (IMP V) to the end of Augustus’s reign, in
C A ESA R D IV I F; bare h ead o f A ugustus, 1.; in front,
a d 1 0 . The other ( 7 8 4 - 7 ) is much earlier, struck with obver­
lituus
ses of CAESAR DIVI F ( 7 8 4 ) and DIVOS IVLIVS ( 7 8 5 AEIITIC; b ust of M ercury w ith petasus a n d caduceus, 1.;
and 7 8 7 ) . Amandry has suggested a date of about 3 0 b c , but u n d er the bust, Δ
a date about 2 0 b c seems more plausible as the i . P V , 36.12.
tridenominational system is certainly derived from the new
785 AE. 3 1m m , 21.78g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
Augustan monetary reform. The weight of the sestertius
( 7 8 4 ) and the dupondius ( 7 8 5 ) is greater than that of M u 15, A m andry fig. 2
similar coins struck in Asia or Rome to compensate for the D IV O S IV L IV S ; diadem ed head o f C aesar, r.
lack of orichalcum. As 784, u n d er the bust, B
With the obverse CAESAR DIVI F, we know a sestertius i . P D ’A illy 1 7 4 4 5 , 21.78.
(784) and an as (786); with the obverse DIVOS IVLIVS, 786 AE. 2 5m m , 7.53g (2). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
we know a dupondius (785) and an as (787). It is therefore
M u 16
possible that two groups were in fact struck: one complete
tridenominational group with CAESAR DIVI F and As 784
As 7 8 4 and 785; u n d er the bust, A
another with DIVOS IVLIVS.
i . C o p 5 7 , 8.26; 2. H , 6.8.
The second group struck in a d 1 0 is parallel to the series
struck in Carthage (745-53) and on series 788 and 790 787 AE. 2 6 -7 m m , 10.65g (2)· Axis: 7. [ 1 ]
Augustus bears the same titulature as that in Carthage. The A m andry fig. 3
treatment of Augustus’s portrait is very similar on both As 785
series and this similarity of style might indicate a common As 786
hand. i . L 1 9 0 9 -1 -2 -3 5 , 9.93; 2. P r iv a t e c o ll. ( — Seaby’s B u lletin 847 (1990), no.
Series 791 is peculiar as no other coinage of Tiberius C 7 ), 11.36.
AD 10 790 AE. 24-501111, 7.31g (2). Axis: 5. [ 2 ]
M u 17
788 AE. 37-8 m m , 27.35 g (1)· Axis: 6. [ 1 ]
A m andry fig. 4 As 788
As 7 8 6 -7
[IM P ] C D F A P M P P ; bare head of A ugustus, 1.
i. P 102, 8.09; 2. B L ö b b , 6.52.
As 7 8 4
I. L G 0 3 1 6 , 27.35.
A D 13
789 AE. 31m m , 14.31g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
M u 18 791 AE. 2 5m m , 8 .0 0 g (3). Axis: 6. [ 1 ]
T I CAE A V G F IM P V; bare head o f T iberius, r. M u 19
As 7 8 5 T I C A E A V G F IM P V II; b are head o f T iberius, r.
1—2. P 1 0 3 -4 , 12.76, 15-86. As 7 8 6 - 7 , 7 9 0
I . H 10212, 8.4; 2 . P V , 6.23; 3. L 1 9 8 8 —5 —1 6 —1 6 , 9.38 (e x Seaby’s B ulletin
827, J a n ./F e b . 1 9 8 8 ,0 5 ).

Thapsus
The site of Thapsus has been located at present-day Ras
Dimas. During the Third Punic War, Thapsus took the side
of Rome and was rewarded with the status of free city in the
province of Africa. In the conflict between Pompey and
Caesar the city supported Pompey (B. Afr. l x x i x , 2 ) and was
punished with a fine by Caesar (B. Afr. xcvn,2), though it
kept its freedom. Prior to the creation of the province of
Byzacene, but at an unknown date, the city became a col­
ony (CIL IX, 5087).
Thapsus struck coin under Augustus and Tiberius. The
attribution of coinage for Tiberius is straightforward
because the city’s name is given in Latin. On the other
hand, the Augustan issues listed here are usually given to
Thysdrus (Müller II, pp. 58-60; Grant, FIT A, pp. 347-8).
Issues 792-3 are bilingual, with the ethnic in neo-Punic.
The legend should definitely be read STPSR and not
STDSR or STSDR (the first S standing for ‘belonging to’).
In addition to the legend, other points favour Thapsus over
Thysdrus:
1. If it is assumed that issues 792-4 were struck at Thys­
drus, it would not be surprising that the coinage did not
continue for Tiberius, since the same is true for
Hadrumetum, Lepti Minus and Achulla. It would be
odd, however, if Thapsus began to strike only under
Tiberius, when the other towns of Byzacene stopped. In
fact, the two issues together make up a more reasonable
sequence of coinage at Thapsus.
2. The choice of Neptune as a type in issue 792 is more
reasonable for a port (Thapsus) than for an inland city.
3. There is a typological continuity in the reappearance of
Astarte (793 and 794) in a Roman form (Livia/Juno:
796 )·
Issue 793 has the head of Augustus and the legend IMP
AVG P P and must therefore be dated after 2 bc . In fact, it
should probably be dated to c. a d i o, because in module,
weight and style it is exactly like the asses struck then at
Carthage (745—8) and Lepti Minus (790). The choice of
Astarte as reverse type is not wholly surprising, though it is
more widely found in Zeugitania (Utica, Carthage) and
Thapsus is the only city in Byzacene to use it.
Issue 792 is more difficult to place. The obverse type
(capricorn with cornucopia and globe) and legend
AVGVSTV clearly refer to the reign of Augustus. The
weight and diameter (5.64 g, 19-20 mm) are those of a
semis, though too heavy to be a fraction of the asses struck
in c. a d 10 (793); the Carthaginian semis weighed only
3.79 g at that date. Rather, the weight of issue 792 is
equivalent to that of the semisses struck at Hippo Regius
(714) and dated to the proconsulship of Fabius Africanus in
6-5 b c . Issue 792 is therefore tentatively dated to the last
decade of the first century b c .
Issue 794 is unsigned and is identified only by the name
of the city in neo-Punic letters. It is not easy to date, but the
obverse of this issue (head of Astarte) and the reverse of 793
are of clearly similar style; furthermore, the weight and
diameter are the same as those of 793. This issue is therefore
assigned to the reign of Augustus.
There are three denominations for the coinage for
Tiberius at Thapsus: sestertius, dupondius and as:
795 33-4 mm, 24.37 g (3)
796 26—7m m , 12.23g (8)
797 2 2 -4 mm, 8.69g (4)
The date of this coinage is straightforward. The issue refers
to Tiberius as IM P V II - i.e., a d 13-21. Since the reverse
type (Livia seated on 795 and 797) copies asses struck at
Rome in a d 15—16 (RIC 33-6), this issue must have been
struck between a d i 6 and 21. Note the types of Livia as
Ceres (CERERI AVGVSTAE: 795) and Juno (IVN AVG:
796 - 7 )·
The coins attributed to Thapsus by Grant (APT 24-31)
are here classified under Colonia lulia Pia Paterna
(762-70).
A u g u s tu s , la s t decade o f the f i r s t cen tu ry BC
792 AE. ig -2 o m m , 5.64g (7). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
M u 36 (T hysdrus)
A V G V ST V ; capricorn w ith globe an d cornucopia, r.
STPSR; head of N eptune, 1.; behind, trid en t
1—2. P 1 1 3 -4 , 6.00, 5.88; 3 . H ; 4 . St; 5—6. P V , 4.97, 4.87; 7. B
G an sau g e, 5.37; 8. M arseille, 6.73; 9 . L 1 988-9-6—3, 5.69.
 AFRICA: Thapsus, Achulla (793-797) 201

A u g u s tu s , C. A D IO T I CAE D IV I A V G F A V G IM P V II; b are head of

T iberius, 1.
C E R E R I A V G V ST A E T H A M P S IT A N I; Livia veiled,
793 AE. 2 2 -3 m m , 8.02g (9). Axis: 6. [ 8 ] seated, holding sceptre a n d two ears of corn over m odius,
M u 35 (T hysdrus) r.
IM P A V G P P; bare head o f A ugustus, 1. i . L 1 9 2 0 - 3 —2—18 ( = a p t , pi. 11,9), 20.52 (obv.); 2. V a t(? ) (su lp h u r cast
in L o f a coin s ta te d to b e in V at) (rev.); 3. T u n is; 4 . JS W ; 5. JS W ,
ST PSR ; head o f J u n o A starte, r.; behind, sceptre
23.50; 6. L o n d o n T ra d e 1988, 29.10.
i . L 1 0 3 8 -5 -1 0 -1 4 2 , 7.88: 2. L 1 0 8 7 -4 -1 2 -1 , Q.27; 2 - 4 . P 111-2, 7.02,
7.57; 5. V 26619, 7.99; 6 - 7 . G , 8.10, 8.13; 8. H ; 9. P V , 7.94; 10. B 796 AE. 26~7m m , 12.23g (8)· Axis: 6 or 12. [ 4 ]
L ö b b , 8.19.
M u 12 (T hapsus), a pt 22
Sam e legend as 795, b u t b are head o f T iberius, r.
T H A P S V M IV N AVG; head of Livia veiled, 1.
U n d e r A u g u s tu s
i . L 1874-7—15—432 ( = a p t , pi. I l l , i ), 14.42; 2. O , 11.90; 3 . G , 12.83;
4 . H ; 5. M i ( —B rera 610), 10.10; 6. N Y , 11.66; 7. P V , 14.39; 8. M M
794 AE. 2 1 -3 m m , 6.69g (5)· Axis: 12. [ 2 ] list 439, D ec. 1981, 25, 9.06; 9. L o n d o n T ra d e 1988, 13.69.

M u 34 (T hysdrus) 797 A E. 22-4 m m , 8.69 g (4)· Axis: 6 or 12. [ 2 ]

H ead of Ju n o A starte, r.; behind, sceptre M u 13, a pt 23
S JP S R ; cithara As 796
1 - 2 . H 10216-7, 5.29, 7.55; 3. B I-B , 5.44; 4 . L 1 9 3 8 - 5 - 1 0 - 1 4 1 , 7.98; Sam e legend as 796, b u t L ivia seated, holding p atera and
5. P V , 7.20.
sceptre, r.
i . P 1 9 8 2 /1 5 9 5 , 6.40; 2. C o p 53 ( = a p t , pi. 111,2), 8.24; 3 . A 86/7147,
7.40; 4 . P V (ex H ess list, J a n . 1981, 23), 12.70.
T ib e r iu s , c . A D 1 6 - 2 1

795 A E. 33-40101, 24.37g (3)· Axis: 6 or 12. [ 1 ]

apt 21

Achulla
The ancient city of Achulla (Acholla, Acylla) is identified 2. The portraits of Caesar and Saturninus attest the same
with Hr Botria. During the Third Punic War, the city had hand.
broken off from Carthage (Appian, Lib., 9 4 ) and was 3. 799 has a countermark which occurs on 798 and 800 as
rewarded with the status of a free city as recorded by Pliny well as at Hadrumetum at the same time (775).
(NH V,3o: oppida libera ex quibus dicenda Achollitanum) and
Strabo (XVII,3,i2). We do not know what happened to the 798 has been studied by Zedelius (Bonner Jahrbücher 183,
city after Augustus. 1983, pp. 469-74) who identified four reverse dies (p. 472:
Under Augustus, Achulla struck a coinage well dated by Typ A—D). In fact, at least six reverse dies were cut to strike
the proconsulates of Varus and Saturninus. Three denomi­ this series and the identification of dies is different from that
nations were struck: suggested by Zedelius:
798 2 9-31 m m . r4-o8g (15) Ri P 98, G
799 35-7 mm, 26.09 g (4) R.2 St, P 99, PV, Cop 51
800 28—30 mm, 13.04 g (6) R3 P 100, P D ’Ailly 17444, St (?)
801 26—7m m , 8.91 g (2) R4 L 1874-7-15-431
R5 Mainz, Bonn (?)
These are sestertii ( 7 9 9 ) , dupondii ( 7 9 8 and 8 0 0 ) and asses R6 Private coll. Köln
( 8 0 2 ) . On 7 9 9 is the name of Varus, and on 8 0 0 and 8 0 1 the
798 and 800 were clearly struck with the same obverse die,
name of Saturninus. 7 9 9 lacks the name of a proconsul: it
which proves that the proconsulates of Varus and
could be considered as the inaugural coinage of the city,
Saturninus follow each other.
c. 2 0 B C , and parallel to the series struck at Colonia Iulia Pia
The following coins are not included here: a coin
Paterna ( 7 5 8 ) and Lepti Minus ( 7 8 4 ) which have the same
attributed by Grant (FITA, p. 230, and APT 14) to Achulla,
obverse legend (CAESAR DIVI F). But it is classified here
under Tiberius, but which belongs to Cyprus (3918/2); and
with the dupondii and asses of Saturninus for the following
a coin attributed by Grant (FITA, pp. 50-1) to Carthage
reasons: and Lepidus, in 37 b c , described thus - DIVOS IVLIVS,
I. The size and weight of the sestertii struck at Paterna diademed head of Caesar, 1.; lituus/DICTATOR PER [,
and Lepti Minus in c. 2 0 b c are larger and heavier than galley with sail; sidus iulium. Sestini, however (Hedervar. Ill,
those of 7 9 9 - this series corresponds, in size and cont., p. 79, no. 1, pi. X X X III,14), discovered the ethnic
weight, to the sestertii struck at Hippo under Africanus ACJHVLLA on a specimen known to him (unless it is the
( 7 0 9 ) or at Hadrumetum under Varus (7 7 5 ). same specimen as the one now in Cop). Grant recalls
Sestini’s customary flair for litterae evanidae and it is difficult
to decide whether or not he can be trusted. Whatever the
conclusion, this coin does not fit in with the rest of the issues
struck at Achulla, nor with those struck at Carthage. The
legend and the type of the reverse are curious and might in
fact be a modern forgery, as is the coin of Agrippa with
which Grant compares it (FITA, pi, 1,13: see M. Amandry,
Festschrift E. Clain-Stefanelli, forthcoming).
A u g u s tu s
P iluinctilius Varus Procos, 8 -7 BC
798 AE. 29-31 m m , 14.08g (15). Axis: 3, 7 or 1.
[ 15 coins, i obv. die ]
M u 7-8, fixa 230 (4)
A V G P O N T M A X ; b are head o f A ugustus, L; in front,
bare head of G aius, r.; behind, b are head of Lucius, L;
C L in the field u n d e r A u gustus’s head
P Q V IN C T IL I V A R I A C H V L L A ; b are head of V arus,
r.
i . P 98 ( = f i t a , pi. V I I ,31; ob v .), 17.90; 2. P 99 ( = f i t a , pi. V I I ,30; rev .),
11.50; 3. P 100, 12.48; 4 . P D ’A illy 17444, 12.44; 5· L G 315, 13.28; 6. B
I-B , 12.48; 7. B 485/1891, 15.42; 8. C op 51, 12.07; 9 · G (= H u n te r I I I ,
pi. X C III,7 ), 8.16; ί ο - n . S t, 1 8 .1 7 , T3 -4 6; I 2 · r 3 -7 5 >' Γ3 · M ain z
R G Z M ( = F .J . H assel, ‘Z u r M ü n z e des V a ru s im R G Z M ’, Jahrbuch des
Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums M a in z 20, 1973, 191-2, taf. 55; ex M M
41/1970, 619), 13.30; 14. B onn 78.3106 (= V . Z edelius, ‘P. Q u in ctiliu s
V a ru s in A c h u lla ’, Bonner Jahrbücher 183, 1983, 4 6 9-74, taf. 1,2), 19.53;
15. P riv ate coli. K ö ln ( = H assel, loc. eil., taf. 55,2), 10.9; 16. B 294/1889,
14.85.
C o u n te rm ark : Q Y R (C aesar) on th e obv. o f 3 a n d th e rev. o f 4 ( G I C 697).
The islands of Kerkena, Chergui and Gharbi, formed one of
the natural boundaries of Syria. The town of Cercina was
probably at Bordj el-Marsa, on Kerkena Major or Chergui.
Its harbour was safe and could accommodate warships.
Caesar seized the town in 47 b c because Pompey’s fol­
lowers had built up stocks of grain there (B. Afr. χχχιν,ι-3).
In fact, the praetor Sallust was helped in his task by the
inhabitants of Cercina and it was probably this willingness
that earned the town its free status (Pliny, NH V,41,3). (On
this episode, see J. Kolendo, ‘Le rôle économique des îles
Kerkena au premier siècle avant notre ère’, BACTHS 17B,
1984, pp. 241-9.)
During the proconsulship of Saturninus, in 7-6 b c , the
city appears to have struck an issue of sestertii, though the
attribution to Cercina has been much debated. Mionnet
assigned the issue to Achulla (Description... VI, 1813, p.
578, no. 4), but he knew only the poorly preserved piece in
Paris (802/2), and his attribution was based on the fact that
other issues of Saturninus were well attested at Achulla.
The specimen acquired by the British Museum in 1840
(802/1) made it possible to fill out the obverse legend
(PERM L VOLVSI PROCOS CERC, with crab). Müller
II, pp. 35-6, no. 65, hesitated between CERC and GERG
and finally decided in favour of Gergis in Syrtica, for the
following three reasons: he read the countermark QYR,
which is found at Hadrumetum (771 and 775) and Achulla
L Volusius Saturninus Procos, y-6 BC
799 A E. 35—7 m m , 26.09 g (4). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
[ 4 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
M u 6, ήτα 230 (1)
C A ESA R D IV I F A C H V L L A ; bare head of A ugustus, r.
D IV O S IV L IV S ; bare head of C aesar, L; all in a laurel
w reath
i . L 1 8 7 4 —7—15—4 3 1 , 23.40; 2. M i ( = B rera 238), 23.5; 3 . N Y (ex
N aville, Levis coll., 166; A. C a h n 66/1929, 555), 31.04; 4. N Y , 26.44.
C o u n te rm ark : Q Y R on the rev. o f 2 a n d th e obv. o f 4 ( G I C 697).
800 A E. 28-30 m m , 13.04g (6). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
[ 6 coins, i (?) obv. die ]
M u 9, Supp. 41, FiTA 230 (3)
[ 10 ]
As 7 9 8
L V O L V S IV S SA TV R A C H V L ; b are h ead of
S aturninus, r.
i . L 1 9 8 8 -1 -6 -1 , 12.41; 2. P 101, 12.34; 3. C o p ( = M u Supp., pi. I I ,
fig. — SNG 50), 16.20; 4 . P V (ex M M 15/1985, 400), 10.38; 5. J S W , 13.60;
6. J . M a k e r X X X I V , 1 3 /X II/1 9 8 6 , 397, 13.37.
C o u n te rm ark : Q Y R o n th e rev ., o n 6 ( G I C 6g7).
801 A E. 2 4 -7 m m , 8.91 g (2). Axis: var. [ 1 ]
[ 2 coins, i obv. die ]
M u 10, FiTA 230 (2)
A C H V L L A ; diadem ed head of A starte, r.
L V O L V S IV S SA TV R N ; b are head o f Saturninus, r.
i . P 1984/1215, 7.81; 2. M i ( = B rera 239 — f i t a , pi. V I I , 29: rev .), 10.1.
Cercina
(798-800), as indicating Cercina (Müller II, pp. 60-1), and
from this he concluded that the official script at Cercina was
neo-Punic and not Latin; he reckoned that if Cercina was a
free city, it did not need the proconsul’s permission to strike
coins (PERM ISSV ...), unlike Colonia lulia Pia Paterna for
example (762-70); and finally he thought that the type of
helmeted Roma/Minerva was curious in Byzacene, but
common in Syrtica (see Oea: 826).
Quite apart from the fact that little is known of Gergis
(Zarzis) - no mention is made of it during the Republic or
early Empire - Müller’s reasoning was faulty for the follow­
ing reasons: the countermark QYR actually stands for
Caesar and not Cercina; although the majority of the
known coinages with the legend PERMISSV are indeed
from colonies (e.g., Emerita, Romula, Corinth, Berytus,
Paterna), the coinage of A. Vibius Habitus at Thaena
(810), a free city in Syrtica, provides an exact parallel with
that of Cercina; and the Kerkena islands were on the edge
of Syria and were part of Syrtica, not Byzacene, even
though the Cercina issue is similar in many ways (e.g.,
denomination) to the coins struck in Byzacene.
In his commentary on Müller’s handbook, C. Cavedoni
(Bullettino Archeologico Italiam I, April 1862, pp. 171-2) dis­
cussed this coin. He referred to Borghesi, who knew the L
specimen from a drawing by Falbe and thought that it
should be attributed to an obscure town in Byzacene called

CENE, but Cavedoni proposed instead the reading CEN-
(soria) P(otestate) and an attribution to Hadrumetum
because other coins of Saturninus are known to have been
struck there (777-8), and in addition the city struck large
quantities of sestertii (771, 775, 779).
Grant (FITA, pp. 232-3), for reasons of his own, gave the
issue to Simitthu/Chemtou. He read CENC and expanded
this to make CEN(sente) C(uria). Since he gave the coinage
of Sittius (701-5) to Simitthu and he interpreted the
standard formula D.CVR DECRET (702) as D(e)
CVR(iae) DECRET(o), the reference to a Curia on the issue
of Saturninus and on the coins of Sittius was proof for him
that the two were produced at the same mint. Furthermore,
according to Grant, there are stylistic similarities in the
treatment of the helmeted heads of Virtus (701) and of
Minerva. Although they are certainly ingenious, these argu­
ments are not convincing and CERC seems the more likely
reading of the legend. We must therefore fall back on
Cercina, following Mommsen (Römisches Staatsrecht I I I ,i 3,
1887, p. 713, n. 1) and the shrewd discussion b y j. Desanges
Thaena (or Thena) is identified with Thyna on the coast,
10 km south of Sfax. Its name figures as Thabena in the B.
Afr. ( l x v i i , 2 ) . The city took the side of Caesar during his
African campaign and was certainly rewarded with the
status of a free city even if its name does not appear in the
Augustan formula provinciae (Pliny, NH V,25). There is no
reason to believe with Grant {FITA, pp. 346-7) that
Thaena was a civitas stipendiaria. It became a colony,
certainly under Hadrian {CIL VI, 1685). Under Augustus
and perhaps Tiberius, Thaena struck a coinage which is
known by only a very few specimens. This coinage can be
classified under two headings: coinage with ethnic and
coinage without ethnic.
Coinage with ethnic
Under Augustus, Thaena struck at least four issues which
bear a clear portrait of him. It is very difficult to put them in
a firm chronological sequence. All the issues are bilingual
(with the ethnic T ’YNT) except one on which the Latin
legend is omitted. This series might be the inaugural one
(803), followed by two series (804-5) which have the same
reverse type as 803 (a tetrastyle temple) and the legend
CAESAR. On series 806 the reverse type is a head of
Astarte and Augustus’s portrait is inscribed CAESAR
DIVI F. Augustus’s portraits are all incompetent and crude
and the dating of all the series is problematic: a date
towards the end of the first century b c and the end of
Augustus’s reign seems the most plausible.
The denominations struck are uncertain, too:
803 27-8 mm, 10.25 g (2)
804 25-7 mm, 8.68 g (3)
805 23—4m m , 11.67g (1)
806 28-gm m , 12.15g (2)
803, 805 and 806 might be dupondii, 804 asses.
A F R I C A : Cercina, Thaena (802) 203
in the edition of Pliny V , i - 46 (Paris, Belles-Lettres, 1980,
pp. 436-7). If indeed the crab clearly indicates a port, in
this instance it would confirm the reading CERC as the
Greek for crab is καρκίνος and the crab is then a punning
type, a common phenomenon throughout the Greek world.
A u g u s tu s
L Volusius Saturninus Procos, 7-6 BC
802 AE. 3 5 -6 m m , 32.62g (3). Axis: 12 or 3. [ 2 ]
[ 3 coins, i obv. die ]
M u 65 (Gergis)
P E R M L V O L V S I P R O C O S C ER C ; crab, helm eted
head of R o m a/M in erv a, r.
IM P C A ESA R D IV I F A V G V ST V S; b are head of
A ugustus, r.; lituus
i . L 1 8 4 0 —2—17—2 7 3 ( = f it a , pi. V I I I , 2), 30.30; 2. P 95, 36.51;
3. A vignon, 31.07.
Series 807 is anonymous. It might be parallel to 806, as it
is of the same size (even if heavier: 28-31 mm, 14.14 g [7])
and has the same reverse type (Astarte). On the obverse is
Sarapis, as on the last series struck at Thaena with
P(ermissu) A VIBI HABITI PROCOS (810). This series is
difficult to date as the date of Vibius’s term of office is not
precisely known. He was cos. suff. in a d 8 and might have
held his proconsulship as early as 13/14. Thomasson offers
the year a d 16/17, as the years 14/15 and 15/16 were prob­
ably held by L. Nonius Asprenas and L. Aelius Lamia. In
fact, this recently published series of coins is the best
evidence for dating Vibius’s proconsulate: a term of office
under Augustus seems more likely for the following reasons:
the pattern of minting at Thaena would be parallel to that
of Lepti and of Achulla, which have no coinage under
Tiberius; the portrait on the reverse of 810 has been identi­
fied with Habitus (Price, Stumpf), but it could reasonably
be interpreted as Tiberius under Augustus or even
Augustus himself, as the engravers who worked at Thaena
were incompetent; and the typical period for the represen­
tation of proconsuls on coins is confined to the years of
Tiberius’s eclipse which ends after a d 4—5.
Series 810 is heavy (29mm, 17.66g [3]) and was
intended to be a dupondius. The metrology is puzzling, as
806, 807 and 810 have the same size and differ considerably
in weight, being 12.15g (2), 14.14g (7) and i7-66g (3)
respectively.
Coinage without ethnic
The mint of Thaena might also be responsible for two so far
unique coins which can be attributed here on grounds of
style.
808 is struck in honour of L. Passienus Rufus who held
his proconsulship at the beginning of the first century,
perhaps in a d 3; he was a close friend of Augustus, signally
honoured by the last cognomen imperatoris awarded outside 807 AE. 28-31 m m , 14.14g (7). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
the imperial family. Augustus’s portrait and the bust of Mu i
Astarte on the reverse of 806 are from the same hand, as T ’Y N T ; head o f Sarapis, r.
well as Passienus’s portrait and Augustus’s portrait on 804 T ’Y N T ; head of A starte, r.
(which confirms that the Augustan series are to be dated at i . L 1 9 8 2 -2 -1 6 -2 , i i . 00; 2. P L u y n es 3729, 15.14; 3· M i ( = B r e r a 4279),
the end of the first century b c or at the beginning of the first 14-47; 4* JS W , 18 .07; 5 . L 1 9 8 8 -9 -6 -2 , 14.08; 6. P V , 14.87; 7. L o n d o n
a d ). T ra d e 1988, 11.36.

Series 809 lacks a proconsul’s name; it represents

Augustus and Tiberius and was certainly struck between a d
10 and 14. It is attributed to Thaena because of its crude L Passienus Rufus, AD j (?)
style, its large dots and its die axis (six o’clock) - typical of
808 A E. 3 8 m m , 30.49g (1). Axis: 3. [ *1I. ]
the coinage of Thaena. Furthermore, Augustus’s portrait
and ‘Tiberius’s’ portrait on 810 might be by the same M u Supp. 39a, FiTA 139 (4)
engraver. IM P C [ ]D IV I F P P; b are head of A ugustus, r.;
808 and 809 represent a large denomination, a sestertius: in front, lituus
L PA SS[ ]V S R V FV S IM P ; b are h ead o f Passienus
808 38 mm, 30.49 g (1) R ufus, r.
809 37 mm, 29.02 g (1)
i . P n o (= F iT A , pi. I V ,26: rev .), 30.49.

In fact, 809 and 810 might represent two denominations of

the same issue as 808 and 806. The relation between
coinage with and without ethnic is difficult to understand, c .AD 10-14
as in the case of Hadrumetum.
809 A E. 37 m m , 29.02g (1). Axis: 6. [ 1 ]
FiTA 139 (7), rai 25
A u g u s tu s IM P C A ESA R D IV I F [ ]T V S P P; b are head of
A ugustus, r.; in front, lituus
803 AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 10.95g (2)· Axis: 6. [ o ] T I C A ESA R A V G F IM P [ ]; b are head of T iberius, r.;
in front, lituus
Mu 3
i. L G 329 (= rai , pi. 1,2), 29.02; 2. P V . i and 2 have the same obverse
B are head of A ugustus, r.; in front, lituus die.
T ’Y N T ; tetrastyle tem ple
i.H ( = rn 1856, n o ) , 13.95; 2 - J P R , 7-95-

804 AE. 24-7 m m , 8.68 g (3). Axis: 6. [ 1 ]

C A ESA R (r., upw ards o r dow nw ards); b are head of
A u g u s tu s or T ib e r iu s
A ugustus, r.
T ’Y N T ; tetrastyle tem ple
i . L ig 8 6 —10—2—i (obv. legend dow n w a rd s), 8.17; 2. P V , 9.41; 3. J S W
A Vibius Habitus Procos, AD 13-17
(obv. legend u p w a rd s), i an d 2 from th e sam e p a ir o f dies.
810 AE. 2 9m m , 17.66g (3). Axis: 6 or 12. [ 2 ]
805 AE. 23-4 m m , 11.67 g (1). Axis: 5. [ o ] SM 1983, 80-1
M u 2 corr. T ’Y N T ; head o f Sarapis, r.
C A ESA R T ’Y N T ; b are h ead o f A ugustus, r. P A V IB I H A B IT I P R O C O S ; b are head, r.
T etrastyle tem ple i . L 1 9 7 2 —7—3—i ( = Archaeological Reports f o r 70, no. 15, fig. 15:
I. St, I 1.67 rev. o n ly ), 19.62; 2. P 1983/413 ( = sm 1983, 34, fig.),- 18.47; 3 · P V ( = sm
1983, 81, fig. 2), 14.89. F o r th e id e n tity o f th e p o rtra it on th e reverse, see
806 AE. 2 8 -g m m , 12.15g (2). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] th e in tro d u ctio n to T h a e n a .

Mu 4
CA ESA R (r., upw ards or dow nw ards) D IV I F ( 1.,
upw ards); b are head of A ugustus, r.
T ’Y N T ; b u st of A starte, r.
r . C o p 4 8 (C A E S A R d o w n w a rd s), 12.51; 2. H (C A E S A R u p w ards),
II. 79. i a n d 2 h av e th e sam e reverse die.

Sabratha
Sabratha is an ancient Tyrian or Carthaginian settlement Ï959, p. 42) have suggested that the city had lost its liberty
whose origin goes back to the fifth century b c . Its Punic after Thapsus and recovered it under Augustus. Sabratha
name was Sabratan (Sbrtn or Sbrt’n). Sabratha was a pros­ became a colony in the second century, perhaps under
perous harbour. Its name does not appear in the Augustan Trajan.
formula provinciae (Pliny, NH V,25) and Grant {FITA, p. Sabratha struck coinage under Augustus and Tiberius.
341) and D. E. L. Haynes {The Antiquities of Tripolitania, All its coinage is bilingual: the ethnic of the city is in neo-
 A F R I C A : Sabratha (8 i 1-815) 205

Punic, the name of the princeps in Latin. This name is could be dated under Tiberius, despite the form of the
always CAESAR, but on the Tiberian series, Augustus is ethnic.
radiate instead of laureate.
On the obverse of the different series, names of magis­
trates (suffetes) or letters are added to the ethnic of the city. A u g u s tu s
Under Augustus, the following legends occur:
812 G 2 7 -8 mm, 19.12g (5) 811 AE. 2 5m m , 10.25g i 1)· Axis: 6. [ o ]
813 MN-SY 2 7 -8 mm, 15.56g (14) M u 60
814 R 22—4m m , 9.78g (11)
815 ZY-MS 22-3 mm, 8.82 g (22) SBRTN ; b are head o f A ugustus, r.; in front, C
H ead of Sarapis, r.
812 and 813 represent heavy dupondii, 814 and 815 asses. i . S t, 10.25.
Melqart figures on 812 and 813, Sarapis on 814 and 815.
Under Tiberius the typology does not change: Melqart
figures on the dupondii and Sarapis on the asses. G
811, which omits Latin legend, probably represents the 812 AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 19.12g (5). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
inaugural coinage of the city under Augustus as the depic­ M u Supp. 53a
tion of Sarapis is different from that of 814 and 815 but very
S B R T ’N; lau reate head of B a a l-M e lq a rt, r.; G under the
close to Müller 49 which, like Müller 48, is not catalogued
neck
here. Müller 48 and 49, similar in style and fabric to Juba’s CAESAR; b are head of A ugustus, r.; in front, lituus; all
bronze coinage, might be dated accordingly. A coin with in a laurel w reath
Sarapis and SBRT/’N in a laurel wreath (RN, 1856, p. 100, i . L 1929—8—2—1, 23.21; 2. B I-B , 18.58; 3. O AMc 1504, 14.68;
fig.) seems to belong to the same group but the coin, sup­ 4 . N iggeler coll., I I , 782, 17.18; 5 . B L ö b b , 21.96.
posed to be in P, has not been located.
Under Tiberius, the following names appear on the
coinage: HMS’ ‘KBR and GD-RS. HMS’ ‘KBR (or HM ‘K MN-SY
on 818) are responsible for the following series: 813 AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 15.56g (14). Axis: 6 or 3. [ 11 ]
816 27-8 mm, 15.37 g (2) M u 53 corr.
817 23 mm, 8.68 g (4) S B R T ’N; lau reate head o f B aal-M e lq a rt, r.; M N-SY
818 21 mm, 6.33g ( : )
u n d er the neck
These are dupondii, asses and semisses. GD-RS are respon­ As 8 i a
sible for the following series: I. L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -8 3 , 16.74; 2 . L G 314, 16.53; 3 - p 8 l *> 18.25; 4 - p 84,
15.21; 5 . P L u y n es 3725, 15.30; 6. V 26609, 18.93; 7 · C o p 37, 12.65;
819 27-8m m , 14.54g (4) 8. O AMC 1505, 13.18; 9 . G (H u n te r I I I , pi. X G I I I ,6 ) , 12.70; 10. M i,
820 23 mm, 8.23 g (1) 14.9; n . N Y , 14.37; I 2 , W a sh in g to n 65441, 18.39; J 3 · Spink, G eneva,
1 5 -1 6 /II/1 9 7 7 , 235, 14.23; 14. B F ox, 16.70.
These are dupondii and asses.
On 818 the head of Dionysus appears. This type also
figures on 821, a semis (20 mm, 5.12 g) which lacks any R
reference to the princeps, but is signed by GD-SY. As GD 814 AE. 2 2 -4 m m , 9.78g ( n ) . Axis: var. [ 10 ]
occurs on 819 and 820, 821 is dated under Tiberius. M u 58
The anonymous coins are difficult to date. They
SB R T ’N; head o f Sarapis, r.; in front, R
represent two denominations: semisses (822, 823) and trien­ CAESAR; b are head of A ugustus, r.; in front, lituus
tes (?) (824, 825). i . L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -8 2 , 7.72; 2 . L 1 8 9 7 -1 -4 -5 3 7 , 10.51; 3 . L G 310, 8.98;

822 19 mm, 4 . L G 3 1 1, r 1.55; 5—6. P 8 8 -9 , 9.26, 12.73; 7 * P L u y n es 3726, 10.73;

4 -9 1 g ( 7 )
8 . V 26612, 8.55; g . O AMC 1507, 8.24; 1 0 . G , 9.46; i i . P V , 9.84; 1 2 . K .
823 20 mm, 5-°7g (10;
K ress 158/1973, 845; 1 3 . K ric h e ld o rf 34/1980, 300 (ex K . K ress 170/1977,
824 15 mm, 2 -8 3 g ( 0 7° i ) .
825 16mm, 3.92g (1)

822 and 823 have the same reverse type - a capricorn with
cornucopia, rudder and globe - as 818 and 821. The type
derives from the Augustan type introduced at ‘Colonia
Patricia’ in 17-16 b c (RIC 125-30). 824 and 825 are related
to 823 by their obverse type, Hermes.
It is tempting to date all these issues under Tiberius, as
there are no small denominations linked to the Augustan
series with magistrates’ names or letters. But it must be
noticed that the ethnic of the city is SBRTN and not
SBRT’N on 822—5. Moreover, the beth and resch are
simply represented by a vertical stroke on 822, as on 811,
and 822 might be related to 811. The style of the reverse of
823 is quite close to that of 818 and 821 and therefore 823-5
ZY-MS
815 AE. 22~3m m , 8.82g (22). Axis: v ar. [ 17]
M u 56-7
S B R T ’N; head of Sarapis, r.; ZY-M S u n d e r the neck
CAESAR; bare head of A ugustus, r.; in front, lituus
i . L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -1 5 6 , 8.72; 2 - 3 . L G 3 0 8 -9 , 10.73, 8.35; 4. P 85, i i . 01;
5. P 8 7 , 7.78; 6 . P L u y n es 3726, 10.73; 7 · V 26611, 9.31; 8. V 35282,
9.03; 9—10. C o p 4 0 -1 , 7.64, 7.14; i i . O AM C 1506, 8.77; 12. G (H u n te r
I I I , p l.X C III,5 : o b v .), 10.46; 13—16. M i, 9 .3 , 9.1, 9.5, 9.2; 17—18. N Y ,
8.73, 7.11; 19. N iggeler coll., I I , 783, 9.35; 2 0 . B Fox, 6.84; 2 1 . B L öbb,
8.30; 2 2 . L (R P K ), 8.66.
T ib e r iu s g d -Sy

821 AE. 20m m , 5.12g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]

H M S’ ‘KBR M u 61
816 AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 15.37g (2). Axis: var. [ o ] SB R T ’N; head o f D ionysus, 1.; behind, GD-SY
M u 54-5 corr. As 818
S B R T ’N; laureate head of B aal-M e lq a rt, r.; in front, i . P L u y n e s 3 7 2 8 , 4.91; 2. C o p 43, 4.85; 3 . B I-B , 5.60.
H M S ’ ‘K B R
CAESAR; rad iate head of A ugustus, r.; in front, lituus; all
in laurel w reath
i . L e u 2 (1 9 7 2 ), 3 5 7 , 16.31; 2. Spink, G eneva, 1 5 -1 6 /II/1 9 7 7 , 236, 14.43. U n d e r A u g u s tu s /T ib e r iu s
817 AE. 23 m m , 8.68 g (4). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
M u 59 822 AE. 19m m , 4 .9 1 g (7). Axis: 9. [ 5 ]

S B R T ’N; head of Sarapis, r.; behind, H M S ’ ‘K B R M u 63-4

CAESA R; rad iate head of A ugustus, r.; in front, lituus SB R TN ; Sarapis standing, facing, sp ear in 1. h and; in r.
i . P 9 0 , 7.90; 2. C o p 42, 8.78; 3. N Y , 8.56; 4 . P V , 9.51. field, crescent
C o u n te rm ark : C C A E (or C A P) on th e h e a d o f S arap is on 4 ( G I C —). As 818 an d 8a 1
i . L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -7 1 , 4.43; 2. P L u y n es 3727, 4.87; 3 . C o p 46, 4.98; 4 . O ,
818 AE. 21 m m , 6.33g (1)· Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
5.31; 5. S t, 4.39; 6. M i, 5.00; 7 . B Fox, 5.43.
S B R T ’N; head of Dionysus, 1.; behind, H M ‘K
C apricorn w ith cornucopia, ru d d er an d globe, r. 823 AE. 20 m m , 5.07 g (10). Axis: var. [ 9 ]
i . L 1 9 3 8 - 2 - 6 - 4 , 6.33. M u 62
SB RTN ; b u st o f H erm es, 1.; behind, w inged caduceus
As 818, 8 a i —g
GD-RS i . L 1 8 6 7 -1 1 -9 - 1 22, 4.46; 2. L 1 8 9 2 -9 -5 -1 , 5.26; 3 . L G 312, 6.16; 4 . L,
4.21; 5 . P 92, 5.07; 6. P L u y n es 3732, 5.05; 7 - 8 . C o p 4 4 -5 , 5.44, 5.18;
819 AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 14.54g (4). Axis: var. [ 3 ] 9 . St, 4.37; 10. B P -O , 5.56.
M u 54-5 corr.
824 AE. 15m m , 2.83g ( : )· Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
S B R T ’N; laureate head o f B a al-M elq art, r.; in front,
GD-RS M u 51
As 8 1 6 H ead o f H erm es, r.
I. L 1 8 7 4 - 7 - 1 5 - 4 9 2 , 16.09; 2 · C op 38, 14.28; 3. St, 13.52; 4 . B 77/1941, S B /R T N
t 4 .2 7 . i . L, 2.83.
C o u n te rm ark : 3/f on th e obv., on i, 3 a n d 4 ( G I C 698).
825 A E. 1 5 -1 6 m m , 3.92g (1). Axis: 11. [ 1 ]
820 AE. 23m m , 8.23g ( 0 - Axis: 7. [ i ]
M u 52
M u Supp. 58a
As 824
SB R T ’N; head of Sarapis, 1.; in front, GD-RS S/B R
CAESA R; rad iate head o f A ugustus, 1.; in front, lituus
I. V 3 8 0 6 4 , 3.92.
i . C o p 3 9 , 8.23.

Oea
The civitas Oeensis is identified with the present Tripoli. Oea 826 31-3 mm, 21.45 g (4)
was a Phoenician or Carthaginian settlement. Its Punic 827 25-6 mm, 11.25 g (4)
name is Wy’t. The city is not mentioned as free in Pliny’s
The denominations were probably intended to be sestertii
list (NH V,25). Grant (FIT A, pp. 339-40) and D. E. L.
(826) and heavy asses (827) — the diameter of 827 cor­
Haynes ( The Antiquities..., p. 4 2 ) have argued with some
responds to asses and not dupondii: see 828-9. This group
good reason that Oea had recovered its liberty - which had
is struck on flans with bevelled edges.
not been confirmed by Caesar after Thapsus - under
The group with PYLN and M ’QR is known in four
Augustus after 1 2 b c . denominations:
Oea struck coins under Augustus and Tiberius. The eth­
nic of the city is always inscribed in neo-Punic, WY’T. 828 28-gm m , 14.58g (15)
Besides the ethnic, the two Augustan groups are inscribed 829 23—5m m , 8.81 g (18)
830 20 mm, 5.08 g (5)
with further neo-Punic words, S’VQ ThThE and M ’QR 831 12 mm, 1.64g (3)
PYLN. Müller, searching for cities whose names these
words could represent, implausibly ascribed the groups to These denominations are probably dupondii (828), asses
‘alliances’ of Oea with Zuchis and Zitha, and Macaera and (829), semisses (830) and quadrantes (?) (831). The group
Bilan respectively. These names, however, represent pairs is struck on flans with straight edges.
of suffetes, such as appear on issues of Sabratha. Under Tiberius two groups were struck. They both
The group with SV’Q and ThThE is known in two associate Tiberius and Livia. The type of Livia derives from
denominations: the dupondii struck at Rome in a d 22-3 (RIC 47) with the
 A F R I C A : Oea (826-833) 207

type Salus. On 832-3 different symbols have been added to P Y L N M ’Q R

the portraits of Tiberius and Livia: an eagle and a laurel
828 AE. 2 8 -9 mm , 14.58g (15). Axis: 9. [ 12]
branch for Tiberius, a peacock and an ear of corn for Livia
which symbolise Livia/Ceres and Livia/Juno (see Thapsus: M u 43-5
796-7). 832-3 and 834-5 represent two denominations, a Bare head o f A ugustus, r.; in front, lituus
dupondius and an as: H ead o f Tyche, r.; on the L, M ’Q R ; on th e r., PY LN
W Y ’T (a) or W Y ’T M ’Q R PY L N on the r. (b)
832 28-31 mm, 14.42 g (40) I.L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -7 8 (a), 16.61; 2. L G 299 (b), 15.80; 3 - 4 . P 72-3 (a),
■ 833 25-30 mm, 9 ·5 2 g (21) 12.29, 15.02; 5—7. P 6 9 -7 1 (b ), 15.82, 14.69, 12.36; 8. P L u y n es 3722 (b),
834 27-8 mm, !3-23g (24) 13.60; 9. V 26293 (6), 13.87; 10. C o p 27 (a), 18.23; I I _ χ 2. St (a), 13.13,
835 24-7 mm, 8 -3 9 g (G ) 13.37; I 3 * C ré d it Suisse 4/1985, 437 (b ), 14.09; 14. B 204/1873 (b),
13.86; 15. B I-B (a), 16.05.
T h e s e tw o g ro u p s a r e s tr u c k o n fla n s w ith r o u n d ed g e s.
829 AE. 23-5 m m , 8 .8 1 g (18). Axis: g. [ 13]
T h e y a r e v e ry c o m m o n a n d th e T ib e r ia n c o in a g e o f O e a is
c e r ta in ly o n e o f th e m o s t e x te n s iv e in A fric a a fte r 2 2 -3 . I t M u 46-7
c a n b e c o m p a r e d o n ly w ith th e c o in a g e o f U tic a (731—4 4 ). Bare head o f A ugustus, r.; in front, C
Almost all the types struck under Augustus and Tiberius L au reate head o f Apollo, r.; on the 1., PY LN ; on the r.,
refer to Minerva (826, 830, 833, 835) and Apollo (826, 827, M ’Q R (a) or PY LN M ’Q R on the r. (b)
i . L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -7 2 (a), 8.34; 2. L 1 8 7 2 -7 -9 -3 6 4 (a), 6.80; 3 . L 1 8 6 7 -1 1 -
829, 832, 834).
9 -1 2 0 (a), 10.93; 4” 7 · P 74- 7 (a )> 8.98, 9·28, 9.33, 8-90; 8 . V 26618 (b),
There are four series of autonomous coins: 8.01; 9. C o p 28 (a), 10.51; 10. C o p 29 (b), 8.89; i i . O A M C 1 5 0 3 (a),
7.78; 12. G (H u n te r I I I , pi. X C I I I , i : a ), 9.13; 13—14. St (a), 9.19, 7.52;
836 20—i mm, 6.22g (10)
15—16. M i (a), 7.3, 9.7; 17. P V (ex K rich eld o rf, J a n . 1980, 295: a ), 9.70;
837 18—20 mm, 6.07 g ( I0) 18. B L ö b b (a), 8.50.
838 16-17 mm, 3.44g (4)
839 15mm, 3.1g (1) 830 AE. 20 m m , 5.08 g (5). Axis: var. [ 5 ]
M u 41
They represent two denominations: semisses (836, 837) and
quadrantes (?) (838, 839). On the basis of their fabric, 836 H elm et
Shield w ith vertical spear; W Y ’T M ’Q R PY LN (legend
and 837 can be dated under Tiberius; 839 has not been
starts on 1.)
seen, and therefore its fabric cannot be judged, but a
i . L 1 8 4 9 - 7 - 1 7 - 1 0 0 , 4.48; 2. P 65, 5.03; 3. P L u y n es 3720, 5.35; 4 . C op
Tiberian date seems likely, as well as for 838. 26, 5.39; 5. B F ox, 5.14.
On each series Minerva and Apollo are evoked: Minerva
with her bust (836), her shield and spears (837), her 831 AE. 12 m m , 1.64 g (3)· Axis: var. [ 3 ]
gorgoneion (838) and her helmet (839); Apollo with his M u 42
tripod, bow and quiver (836, 837, 839) and his cithara R ight hand, W Y ’T
(8 3 8 ). C aduceus, PY LN (1.) and M ’Q R (r.)
Müller 28 (= Cop 20) and 29 ( = R N 1856, pi. IV, 1) are i . L, 1.64; 2. P 67a, 1.58; 3. P L u y n e s 3 7 2 1 , 1.66.

not listed here. These issues seem earlier and might date
from the time of Juba I.
T ib e r iu s , a fte r A D 2 2 -3

832 A E. 28-31 m m , 14.42g (40). Axis: var. [ 31 ]

A u g u s tu s
M u 37
S V ’Q ThThE T I C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; b are head o f T iberius, 1.; in
front, eagle w ith p alm b ran ch in beak; behind, laurel
826 AE. 31-3 mm , 21.45 g (4). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ] branch
M u 38 an d var. W Y ’T ; b ust of A pollo, r.; in front, lyre; w reath border
B are head of A ugustus, 1.; in front, lituus; behind, 1—8. L, 16.42, 16.19, 14.02, 13.52, 12.78, 12.02, r i.0 2 , 8.79; 9 —12. P ,
1 4 .7 0 , 14.55, 13-86, 10.16; 13. V 16.70; 14—15. C o p 31-2, 17.49, 18.90;
praefericulum ; w ith o r w ithout C above lituus; all in 1 6 - 1 9 . O , 16 .79, 16.12, 12.77, 10.05; 2 0 - 2 2 . G , 17.17, 15.06, 14.41; 23—
laurel w reath 2 4 . A, 14.69, 12.98; 25—26. M i, 14.0, 13.4; 2 7 - 2 9 . N Y , 14.58, 13.74,
H elm eted b u st of M inerva, r., an d lau reate b ust o f 13.07; 3 0 . W a sh in g to n , 18.39; 3 1· P V , 16.86; 3 2 . P eus 318/1987, 1408,
Apollo, w ith cith ara a n d q uiver on shoulder, 1., facing 13.96; 3 3 . L e u -N F A , G a rre tt I I I , 1985, 251, 19.16; 3 4 . B 11430, 18.00;
3 5 . B L ö b b , 17.08; 3 6 . B G an sau g e, 12.71; 3 7 . B F ox 13.14; 38. B 4788,
each other; above, W Y ’T ; b eneath, S’V Q T h T h E ϊ6 .5 4 ; 39· B I-B , 10.46; 4 0 . M arseille, 11.08.
i . L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -7 5 , 24.48; 2. P 6 0 , 21.03; 3. V 26620, 21.41; 4 . P V (w ith
G ), 18.88. 833 AE. 2 5 -3 0 m m , 9 .5 2 g (21). Axis: 9 or 3. [ 16]
827 AE. 2 5 -6 m m , 11.25g (4)· Axis: var. [ 5 ] M u 35
M u 39-40 B ust of Livia, r.; in front, peacock; behind, ear o f corn
W Y ’T ; b ust of M inerva, 1.
B are head of A ugustus, L; som etim es, C in front; all in
1 - 5 . L, 12.79, 7 -5 6 . 7 -5 4 . 7 -3 7 . 7 -: 9 ; 6 - 7 . P , 1 5 .2 7 , 10.80; 8. V , 8.43;
laurel w reath 9 . C o p 34, 9.41; 1 0 - 1 1 . O , 8.78, 7.33; 12. G , 10.53; >3 · A 8.43; 1 4 -
C ithara; above, W Y ’T ; 1. an d r., S’V Q T h T h E 15. M i, i i . 00, 9.3; 16. P V , 11.36; 17. P eus 311/1984, 489, 7.38; 18. B
i . L 184 9 -7 -1 7 -1 0 2 ; 2—3. P 6 1 -2 , 11.04, 11 -62; 4 . P 6 3 (w ith C ), 11.86; G an sau g e, 10.82; 19. B L ö b b , 10.93; 2 0 . B Fox, 9.31; 21. P V ogüé 643,
5. P L u y n es 3719 (w ith C ), 10.48. 8.43.
834 AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 13.23g (24). Axis: 8 or 9. [ 18] i . P 4 6 , 7.19; 2 . P L u y n es 3718, 7.73; 3 —4 . C o p 2 1 -2 , 4.60, 6.35; 5 —7 . L,
7.20, 6.97, 6.29; 8. B G an sau g e, 6.19; 9. B Fox, 4.73; 10. LafTaille 195,
M u 36 5.02.
As 832, b u t no eagle an d no laurel branch
837 AE. i8 -2 o m m , 6 .0 7 g ( I0 )· Axis: var. [ 10 ]
As 832
i —5. L, 15.52, 12.53, Î3 ·*1 i , 11-39, 11.04; 6—7. P , 1 5 .5 8 , 10.84; 8—10. V ,
M u 31
T5 -5 ° , 14 -7 7 . 11-19: n - C °P 3 ° , *4 -9 4 ; 12- O , 13.49; * 3 - C , 13.18; 1 4 - W Y ’T; bow a n d quiver
i6 . M i, 13.8, 12.0, 11.9; 17—18. St, 17.25,-; 19. N Y , 13.03; 20. Peus
311/1984, 488, 10.79; 2 I · M ü lle r 40/1982, 148, 15.2; 22. T ra d e , 15.23;
T w o shields overlapping, w ith two transverse spears
23. B I-B , 13.83; 24. B L öbb, 11.10; 25. B, 10.46. I . P 48, 4.82; 2 - 3 . C o p 23-4 , 7.87, 3.58; 4 - 7 . L , g .2 4 , 5.53, 5.31, 4.57;
8 - 9 . B Fox, 8.53, 4.78; 1 0 . B L ö b b , 6.54.
835 AE. 2 4 -7 m m , 8.39 g ( T7 )· Axis: var. [ 16 ]
M u 34
As 833, but no peacock an d no ear o f corn U n d e r A u g u s t u s / T ib e r iu s
As 833
1 -4 . L, 8.61, 8.52, 8.31, 7.97; 5 - 7 . P , 9 .1 7 , 8.86, 8.51; 8 - 1 0 . V , 9.39, 838 Ae. 1 6 -1 7 m m , 3 -4 4 S (4)· Axis: 7. [ 4 ]
8.42, 8.03; i i . C op 33, 8.40; 12. M i, 8.5; 13—15. St; 16—17. G , 7.84,
7.28; 18. N Y , 8.25; 19. B F ried laen d er, 8.14; 20. P V ogüé 642, 9.04. M u 32
Aegis w ith M ed u sa head, w inged snakes join in g a t top.
W T ’T ; lyre
U n d e r T ib e r iu s I. C o p 25, 3.53; 2 - 3 . L , 3 .6 0 , 2.80; 4 . B P -O , 3.83.

839 AE. 15 m m , 3 .1 g (1). Axis: ?. [ o ]

836 AE. 20-1 m m , 6.22 g (10). Axis: 7 o r 9. [ 9 ] M u 33
M u 30 H elm et
W Y ’T; b u st of T yche, r., w ith helm et an d tu rrete d crown W Y ’T ; tripod
T ripod w ith bow an d quiver attach ed I. F , 3.1.

Lepcis Magna
Lepcis Magna (the present Lebda) was an ancient Phoeni­ The other Augustan issues represent two groups:
cian settlement. Its neo-Punic name, such as figures on its
coins, is LPQY. Lepcis does not figure in the Augustan 840 21 m m , 4-95g ( 3)
841 13 mm, 2.36g (4)
formula provinciae (Pliny, NH V, 25), and it might have lost its
liberty after Thapsus and recovered it under Augustus, like and
Sabratha and Oea. Lepcis became a colony under Trajan, 842 32-4m m , 19.96g (14)
at the latest in a d 109-10. 843 25-6 mm, 10.67 g (6)
Lepcis struck coinage under Augustus and Tiberius; the 844 21 mm, 5-32 g ( 3)
Augustan coins have only the ethnic of the city in neo-
Punic, LPQY; under Tiberius, the coins are bilingual. On these two groups figure Dionysus (840, 841, 842) and
Lepcis is the only African city to strike a small issue of Heracles (842) or the attributes of these two deities (843
silver with the designs of the attributes of Heracles and and 844). The denominations struck were probably
Dionysus, the patron deities of the city (847). When was it intended to be sestertii (842), asses (843), semisses (840 and
minted? G. K. Jenkins (‘Some ancient coins of Libya’, The 844) and quadrantes (841).
Societyfor Libyan Studies. Fifth Annual Report, 1973—4, pp. 33- The Tiberian coinage is represented by a single group,
4) has suggested that it was struck during the Pompeian which consists of two series: Divus Augustus figures on 848
civil war. Müller thought that it was made just before or and Tiberius on 849 and 850. Though 849 and 850 have
during the reign of Augustus, while Grant (FITA, p. 340) various legends (IMP CAESAR AVG, IM P CAESAR
believed it marked a gift of freedom to the city in about 8 b c . AVG COS, IMP TIB CAES AVG COS IIII), their style is
An examination of the epigraphy of the coins of Lepcis uniform and therefore must have been struck at the same
reveals that two forms of the neo-Punic letter Y were used in time - i.e., between a d 21 and 30. On the only specimen of
the ethnic LPQY. The first form is used on all the 850 where the legend is complete, Müller had read COS
apparently pre-Augustan issues (Müller 1-3, 6-7, 10-12, IIII; Grant (FITA, p. 341) stated that the legend must be
which are not catalogued here) and on several of the issues read COS III, but a close examination of the coin proves
on which Augustus appears, one of which (845) can be that Müller was right.
dated no earlier than about 15 b c since it copies the capri­ 848—50 represent two denominations:
corn from Augustan denarii struck at ‘Colonia Patricia’ in 848 38-41 mm, 27.33g (10)
17-16 b c (RIG 125-30). The second form is used only on 849-850 28 mm, 15-90g ( 14)
one Augustan issue (846) and all the Tiberian issues. The
silver coin has the second form of the letter, and so must be These denominations were intended to be sestertii and
later than 1 5 b c , although how much later is impossible to dupondii. But autonomous asses and semisses were also
say. (Its weight standard is the same as that of Juba II.) struck under Tiberius, probably as part of the group 848-
845 and 846 represent the same denomination, an as: 50. Their types recall Dionysus and Heracles.
845 20-2 mm, 5.75 g (4) 851 2 4 -5 mm, i i.o 6 g (13)
846 20-2 mm, 5.31g (10) 852 18-19111121, 4.42 g (3)
 A F R I C A : Lepcis Magna, Alipota, Zitha (?) and unattributed coins (840-852) 20g

A u g u s tu s 847 AR. 16m m , 2.77g ( r )· [ 1 ]

M u 13
840 A E . 16 m m , 4 .9 5 g (3). A xis: v a r. [ 3 ] L ion’s skin on club
M u Supp. 5a LPQ Y ; p an th er, 1.; above, thyrsus
i . L 1 8 6 7 —11—9—113 (ex J u d a s coll.), 2.77.
L P Q Y ; h e a d o f D io n y su s, r.
L a u re a te h e a d o f A u g u stu s , r. o r 1., in a la u re l w re a th
i . L 1 9 5 1 —6 —6—1 ( h e a d , 1.), 4 .6 7 ; 2 . C o p 1 0 ( h e a d , r .) , 5 .4 8 ; 3 . M ü lle r
4 0 /1 9 8 2 , 145 (ex K r i c h e l d o r f 3 4 /1 9 8 0 , 2 9 3 ), 4 .6 9 ; 4 . L ö b b , 4 .1 6 ( b ro k e n ) , T ib e r iu s
i , 2, 3 a n d 4 h a v e th e s a m e o b v e rs e d ie.

841 A E . 1 3 m m , 2 .3 6 g (4). A xis: v ar. [ 3 ] 848 AE. 38-41 m m , 27.33g ( *4I0 i.)· Axis: var. [ 9 ]
M u Supp. 5b M u 21-2
L P Q Y ; h e a d o f D io n y su s, 1. D IV O S A V G V S T V S (or A V G V SV TS: sic); laureate
B are h e a d o f A u g u stu s , r., in a la u re l w re a th head o f A ugustus, r.
i . P L u y n e s 3 7 1 2 , 2.76; 2 . C o p 11, 2 .2 2 ; 3 . P V , 2 .0 6 ; 4 . B L i ib b , 2 .4 0 L PQ Y ; D ionysus holding cup an d thyrsus w ith panther, 1.
(n o w r e a th ) . 1—2. L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -8 9 a n d 90, 23.97, 25.18; 3· L 1 8 6 8 -3 -2 0 -1 6 , 28.08;
4 . P 38, 32.27; 5. P L u y n e s 3 7 1 6 , 18.82; 6 . C o p 17, 33.21; 7. N Y, 26.01;
842 A E . 3 2 - 4 m m , ig .g 6 g (14). A xis: v a r. [ 12] 8. P V , 29.30; 9 . B Fox, 32.84; 10. B L o b b , 23.46.
M u 14
849 AE. 28m m , 15.71g (12). Axis: var. [ 13 ]
L P Q Y ; h e a d s face to face o f D io n y su s (on 1.) a n d
M u 23-4
H e ra c le s (on r.)
B are h e a d o f A u g u stu s , 1., in a la u re l w re a th IM P C A ESA R A V (G ) (C O S); laureate head o f T iberius,
1—4 . L , 2 1 .5 1 , 18.68, 17.02 , 16.72; 5 —6 . P 2 7 - 8 , 14 .6 7 , 18.39; 7 * p L u y n e s r.
3713, 2 1 .1 5 ; 8 . V 3 5 2 8 0 , 2 3 .2 1 ; 9 . C o p 12, 2 0 .2 0 ; 1 0 . O AMC 1501, 15.82; A V G V ST A M A T E R P A T R IA ; Livia veiled, seated, r.,
ii— 1 2 . S t, 2 4 * 6 1 , 2 3 .7 4 ; * 3 · N Y , 1 8.69; Ι 4 · b 3 2 6 /1 8 7 4 , 24 .9 8 . holding p a te ra an d sceptre
843 A E . 2 5 -6 m m , 10.67 g (6)· A xis: v a r. [ 6 ] i . L 1 8 7 4 —7—1 5 - 4 2 9 (A V G C O S ), 15.35; 2—4 . P 4 0 -2 , 15.38, 19.08,
14.98; 5—6. P L u y n es 3717-17A (A V G C O S ), 14.41, 12.81; 7. V 26615
M u 15 (A V G ), 14.48; 8 . C o p 18 (A V ), 15.47; 9 · C o p 19 (A V G ), 15.80; 1 0 . O
(A V ), 16.8; i i . St (A V G C O S ), 18.11; 12. C ( —a p t , pi. viii,6); 13. B
B are h e a d o f A u g u stu s, 1. Fox (A V G ), 15.88; 14. B L ö b b , 8.88.
L P Q Y ; th y rs u s a n d c lu b in a la u re l w re a th C o u n te rm ark : C A E S A R on th e obv., o n 14 ( G I C 647).
p 3 ! “ 3 , 9 - 7 4 , 10.37, ” -30; 4 . P L u y n e s 3 7 1 4 , 9 .4 7 ; 5 . C o p 13,
1 -3 ·
12.80; 6 . B R a u c h , 10.32. 850 AE. 28-30 mm , 17.03 g (2). Axis: 5. [ 2 ]
M u 26 an d Supp. 27a
844 A E . 21 m m , 5.32 g (3). A xis: 3. [ 3 ]
IM P T I(B ) CAES A V G C O S I I I I ; lau reate h ead of
M u 16 T iberius, r.
As 843 As 849
As 843 i . P 45 (T IB ), 20.20; 2. V 2 6 4 5 6 (T I ) , 13.87.
i . L 1 9 2 4 —4 —1 1 —6 , 5 .8 8 ; 2 . C o p 14, 3 .7 7 ; 3 . B C a s s e l, 6.3 2 C o u n te rm ark : C A E S A R o n the obv., on 2 ( G I C 647).

845 A E . 2 0 -2 m m , 5.75 g (4). A xis: v a r. [ 4 ] 851 AE. 2 4 -5 m m , n .o 6 g (13). Axis: var. [ 12 ]

M u 17 Mu 4
B a re h e a d o f A u g u stu s , r. LPQ Y ; head o f D ionysus, r.
L P Q Y ; c a p ric o rn w ith globe a n d c o rn u c o p ia , 1. Bull’s h ide w ith transverse club
i . L , 6 .5 3 ; 2 . P 3 5 , 5 .4 0 ; 3 . C o p 14, 6 .7 0 ; 4 . N Y , 4 .3 7 ; 5 . K r i c h e l d o r f i . P 14, 14.01; 2. P 16, 8.91; 3 —4 . P L u y n es 370 7 -8 , 10.56, 9.96; 5 —6. B
3 4 /1 9 8 0 , 3 9 4 (ex K r e s s 1 7 0 /1 9 7 7 , 7 02). Fox, 12.10, 11.74; 7 * C ° P 5 . 9 -7 7 : 8. St, 10.59; 9· J S W ; 10. B Fox, 10.16;
i i . L 1 8 6 7 -1 1 -9 -1 1 4 , 11.22; 12. L 1 8 6 7 -1 1 -9 -1 1 5 , 8.98; 13. L (R P K ),

846 A E . 2 0 -2 m m , 5.31 g (10). A xis: v a r. [ 10 ] 12-35; T4 * L G 292, 13.46.

C o u n te rm ark : C A E S A R o n th e obv. o f 5, 8 a n d 9, a n d on th e rev. o f 10
M u 18-20
( G IC 647)·
B a re h e a d o f A u g u stu s , r.
852 AE. 18-19 m m , 4.42 g (3). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
L P Q Y ; eagle, r., a b o v e (in v e rte d ), p eaco ck , r., below (or
th e c o n tra ry ) Mu 8
I. L 1 8 4 9 - 7 - 1 7 - 9 4 , 5 .6 8 ; 2 . L 1 8 7 4 - 7 - 1 5 - 4 3 0 , 4 .5 6 ; 3 . L G 2 9 6 , 6 .9 0 ; C ista m ystica w ith ivy-leaf border
4 . L 1 8 4 9 - 7 - 1 7 - 1 0 1 , 5 .4 9 ; 5 . P 3 6 b i s , 5 .1 1 ; 6 . P 37, 5 .5 2 ; 7 . P L u y n e s L P Q Y ; skyphos w ith crossed thyrsi
3 7 1 5 , 5-371 C o p 16, 6 .4 6 ; g . O a m c 1502, 3 .0 8 ; 1 0 . S t; 1 1 . N Y , 4 .9 2 .
i . L 1 8 4 9 - 7 - 1 7 - 1 0 5 , 4.18; 2. C o p 9, 4.20; 3 . L G 0295, 4.88.

Alipota, Zitha (?) and unattributed coins

The following series are not catalogued here: (c) Syrtica-Byzacium
Mu III, 83-5, Cop 68-9
(a) Byzacium, Alipota
Mu 5, Cop 49 They are traditionally dated to the second century b g , but
(b) Syrtica, Zitha (?) could be later. As evidence is lacking for dating them, they
Mu 68—9 (Suthul) and Supp., pp. 66-7, Cop 47 have been excluded.
 MAURETANIA
According to Pomponius Mela (1,25), Mauretania was the
prima pars Africae, whose eastern limit was the River
Mulucha/Malua (Moulouya). But Mela’s description of
Mauretania refers to the political situation before the
Jugurthine War. After 108 b c , the western part of the
Numidian kingdom(s) (the kingdom of the Numidian
Masaesyles) was attached to the kingdom of Bocchus I who
had ruled over Mauretania since 118 b c . The new border of
Mauretania was the River Ampsaga (Oued el-Kebir).
It is a matter of debate who ruled over Mauretania after
the death of Bocchus I around 80 b c (certainly
Sosus = Mastanesosus, the father of Bocchus II: see G.
Camps, ‘Sosus ou Mastanesosus, roi de Maurétanie 8o?~
49? av. J.-C .’, Encyclopédie berbère, cahier no. 5, 1972). What
is certain is that Mauretania was divided into two kingdoms
in 49 b c , when Caesar and the Senate bestowed on Bocchus
WES TERN MAUR E T ANI A
R E G A L
Bogud, 49-38
The silver coinage of Bogud consists of denarii, probably
struck in 47-46 to help the Caesarian cause. It illustrates
the integration of the coinage of Africa, since Bogud’s
denarii were struck on the Roman standard, and in one case
on a Roman denarius (the L specimen is overstruck on
RRC, 409, 419 or 431). Bogud’s bronze coinage is also
Roman in every sense as the prow on the reverse is highly
reminiscent of the prow on Republican bronzes. But which
denomination were these coins intended to be? Either they
were uncial semisses or semiuncial asses: the first seems
more likely (see 859-60).
853 AR. i8 -ic )m m , 2.8 5 g (1). Axis: 6. [ 1 ]
M az 103
H ead of Africa w ith elep h an t skin, 1.
R E X B O C V T ; griffin, r.; above, mihir
i . P 7 3 4 , 2.85.
CITIES
Tingi
Tingi was one of the capitals of Bocchus I. Its coinage
before 38 b c is very abundant (see Mazard 589-611). In 38
b c , Tingi became a municipium and, certainly in 33 b c , was
and Bogud the title of allies and friends of the Roman
people. Bogud ruled over western Mauretania, Bocchus II
over eastern Mauretania. Around 40 b c , Bogud took the
side of Mark Antony against Octavian. However, in 38 b c ,
the city of Tingi rebelled against Bogud, and, with the help
of Bocchus, a friend of Octavian, the kingdom of Bogud
passed into the hands of Bocchus.
In 33 b c , when Bocchus died, Mauretania became a
Roman province but, in 25 b c , it was again given to a client
king, Juba II, the son of Juba I. The existence of the
Mauretanian kingdom came to an end in a d 40 when
Ptolemaeus, the son of Juba II, was murdered on the order
of Caligula. Claudius, c. 43-4, divided the kingdom into two
Roman provinces, Mauretania Tingitana with Tingi as
capital, and Mauretania Caesariana with Caesarea as
capital.
C O I N A G E
bc
854 AR. 18-19 m m , 3.63 g (3). Axis: 6. [ 3 ]
M az 104
Griffin a ttacking stag, 1.
R E X B O C V T ; griffin on thun d erb o lt, r.; above, mihir
I· p 735 . 3 -6 ° ; 2· C o p 536, 3.50; 3 . G ( = H u n te r I I I , 613,1, pi.
X C V ,2 i) , 3.79. 1-3 fro m th e sam e p a ir o f dies.
855 AR. 1 8 -1 9 m m , 3-63g (3). Axis: 6. [ 2 ]
M az 105
As 8 5 4
R E X B O C V ; griffin, 1.; above, mihir
i . L 1 8 3 7 -1 0 -3 0 -1 9 ( = pcg V I I , C 1 4 ), 3.64; 2. P 7 3 6 , 4.17; 3. M a , 3.09.
856 A E. 25 m m , 10.84 g (4)· Axis: 6. [ 1 ]
M az 106
B earded h ead (king’s p o rtrait?), r.
R E X B O C V T ; prow , 1.
i . C o p 5 3 7 , 12.41; 2—3 . R a, 11.05, 9 ·1 (found in B an a sa ); 4 . T h a m u s id a
( = Tham usida 1, 1965, 76, M 4 a n d pi. L IV ), 10.8.
granted the title of Colonia Iulia Tingi. Tingi struck
‘Roman’ coinage from 38 b c to the reign of Tiberius. Series
857-62 were struck on the semiuncial standard and
 A F R IC A : Tingi, Zilil (857-865) 211

intended to be asses (857, 861 and 862) and semisses (859 i . C o p 7 3 9 , 11.02; 2. R a , 11.85; 3—4 . T e to u a n ( = M a te u y Llopis, pi.
and 860); series 863-5 were struck on the quartuncial I I I ,2 i - 2 ) . T h e read in g o f th e legends is certain .

standard and intended to be sestertii (863), dupondii (864)

and probably heavy asses (865). Maior and Simint Ilviri, Aemil and Pol aed
A full study of this coinage is provided by M. Amandry,
‘Tingi’, Mélanges P. Bastien, 1987, pp. i—14, pi. 1. Mazard 861 AE. 2 5 -6 m m , 12.18g (6). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
620, quoted from Lorichs, Recherches Numismatiques, 1852, pi. M az 613, A m andry IV
XLI,6, has been excluded, as its description could not be T IN G M A IO R S IM IN T IIV IR ; two ears o f corn
checked; but the reverse type, a temple with the legend A E M IL P O L AED ; head o f B aal-M elq art, r.
[ JGITAN, seems intrusive at Tingi. i . L G 0336 (= F iT A , pi. V I I , 1), 12.23; 2. G (= H u n te r I I I , pi.
X C IX ,2 3 ), 14.38; 3. M , 12.81; 4—5. R a, 12.44, 9-4°; K . B u tc h er coll.,

3 8 - 3 3 B C ______________________________________

d Fabius Fabullus L Aurelius Seneca IVviri Augustus

857 A E. 28m m , 17.40g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
[ ] A Allienus[ ] IIv[iri]
M az 612, A m andry la
IV L T IN G I; betw een two ears o f com ; aro u n d , IV V IR 862 A E. 2 7m m , 14.71g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
IV R D E X D D ___ M az 622, A m andry V
Q FA BIV S FA B V L LV S L A V R E L IV S SEN EC A ; head
A V G V S; bare head of A ugustus, r.
o f Baal facing; behind, transverse sceptre
[ ]A A L L IE N V S [ ] II V[ ]; h ead of B aal facing
i . N Y , 17.40; 2. T e to u a n ( = M a te u y L lopis, pi. I V ,23). betw een two ears of corn
858 A E. i8 - ig m m . [ o ] i . C o p 740 ( = F iT A , pi. V I, 1 1), 14.71. T h e reverse legend o f th e u n iq u e
specim en k now n so far is u n fo rtu n a tely b lu n d e red .
M az 621, A m andry lb
E a r of corn
IV L T IN G I 19 BC (?)
i . F o rm erly V ila coll.; 2. L . V ill a r o n g a p h o to 61e.
863 AE. 32-4 m m , 30.90 g (4). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
M az 623, A m an d ry V ia
<2 , Fab Fabul and C lu i Attic IVviri, L Aemi and L Val M B A L T T ; h ead of B aal facing; sceptre, r.
aed A V G V S T V S IV L T IN ; b are head o f A ugustus, r.
i . P 1020, 30.71 (obv.); 2. O AMC 915, 27.26 (rev.); 3. C o p 741, 37.65;
859 A E. 2 4 -6 m m , 10.22g (7). Axis: var. [ 3 ] 4 . R a, 27.60; 5. S de C 903.
M az 614, 615, 616, 617 a n d 619, A m andry II
864 AE. 2 6 -8 m m , 18.21 g (6). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
E X D D; diadem ed fem ale head (V enus-A starte?), r.; all
M az 624, A m andry V Ib
in a laurel w reath
L A E M I L V A L A ED ; betw een two ears of corn; around, As 8 6 3
Q FAB FA BV L C IV L A T T IC IV M A G R IP P A IV L T IN ; b a re h ead o f A grippa, 1 .
! - 3 . N Y , 11 .5 3 , 9.99, 9.57; 4 . V a ( ~ FiTA, pi. V I, 10), 10.51; 5—6 . M , i . L 1880-6-4—27, 18.64; 2. P 1021, 18.49; 3· P I 9 8 3 A I 4 > 2 i . 3 1; 4. C o p
10.96, 9.71; 7. R a, 9.30; 8. S de C 904. 742, 15.30; 5. R a, 18.92; 6. O ra n , 16.65.

3 3 -2 7 B C ______________________ _____________

Fabullus and Antistius (?) IVviri, L Baebius Cosa (?) and

Tiberius, AD 23-g
M Curius L M aed
865 AE. 25 m m , 13.96 g (5). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
860 AE. 23m m , 11.30g (4). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] M az 625-6, A m an d ry V II
M az 618, A m andry I I I D RV SV S; b are head o f D rusus C aesar, 1.
C O L IV L T IN G I FA B V L LV S Ä N T IS T IV S IV V IR ; N E R O IV L T IN ; b a re head of N ero C aesar, r.
fem ale head crow ned w ith corn (Ceres?), 1. 1 - 2 . N Y , 15.61 (rev .), 10.04 (obv.); 3—5. R a, 16.18, 15.60, 12.39; 6- S de
L B A EB IV S C O SA M C V R IV S L M A ID ; two ears of C 902.
corn

Colonia lulia Constantia Zilil

Zilil issued coins with neo-Punic legend (Mazard 627-9). excavations conducted at Dchar Jdid, on the site of Zilil,
The city was raised to the status of colony under Augustus, produced two bronze coins, more or less damaged, whose
between 33 and 25 b c , together with Babba and Banasa. No description is: head of Augustus/Female head, r. On the
‘Roman’ coinage was known until recently when the obverse, the legend CAESAR DIVI F points to a date
before 27 b c and the letters CONST stand for Constantia. 866 AE. 23 m m , 8.53g (2). Axis: 6. [ o ]
The reverse legend is unfortunately uncertain, but probably C A ESA R D IV I F C O N S T ; b are head o f A ugustus, r.
includes the names of magistrates. This coinage is presum­ N (or A N ? )I.A R .P O M [ ] D D ; fem ale diadem ed
ably the inaugural one of the colony. [See also addenda, head, r.
866A.] i . D c h a r J d i d 7 9 .1 7 7 6 , 11.30; 2. D c h a r J d id 1985.5.376 ( = bsfn 1989, p.
5 r 3, no. 1), 5.76.

Lixus
The city of Lixus was raised to the status of colony under Tingi after 38 b c . Grant (FIT A, p. 172) might be right in
Claudius (Pliny, NH V,2). However, some rare coins supposing that Lixus obtained promotion to the rank of
(Mazard 638-42) bear inscriptions that are partly Latin municipium in 38 b c , with Tingi, or between 33 and 25 b c ,
(with the ethnic LIXS or LIX), and partly in Punic (LKS even if this promotion is unrecorded, and that the few
MBAL): in appearance they are similar to those struck at bilingual coins celebrate its constitutio.

Colonia Iulia Campestris Babba

Babba, one of the three colonies founded by Augustus in 1. D c h a r J d i d 1 9 8 3 .6 .1 2 0 ( = b sfn 1989, pp. 512-4, no. 2), 3.99;
2. T e to u a n (from T a m u d a ).
Western Mauretania between 33 and 25 b c , was responsible
for issuing a series of small bronze coins (867) with the
ethnic IVLIA CAMP. Though lacking any reference to an
emperor, its date is Augustan. C M a r A m b a tu s P r a e f, c. i g BC ( ? )
Another coinage, which lacks an ethnic, has been 868 AE. 32-3 m m , 32.03 g (2). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
assigned to Babba. Previously attributed to Zama Regia FiTA 182-4, A m an d ry rn 1984, 88-94, p f V III
(Grant) or Tingi (de Guadân), the coinage of the Praefectus
Caius Mar(-cius?; -ius?) Ambatus has been reattributed by C A ESA R A V G V ST ; b are h ead o f A ugustus, r.
C M Ä R A M B A T V S PR Â Ë F IT E R IV L IA ; head of Baal-
Amandry (RN, 1984, pp. 88-94) t0 Babba. 868 and 869
M elq art, r.
represent two denominations, a sestertius and an as. The i. L G 0328 (= F iT A , pi. V I , 13: rev .), 27.54; 2. P ( = f it a , pi. V I , 13: o bv.),
sestertius (868) is very close in fabric and style to the 36-52·
sestertius struck at Tingi (863) and 868-9 should be dated
in accordance with 863-4, c· !9 BG·
The coins of Claudius, Nero and Galba, with the ethnic C M A m b a tu s P r a e f, A x V ac a n d A T e T ir o a e d , c. i g
C.C.I.B., attributed to Babba (Müller III, nos. 255-83) B C (?)
were minted at Buthrotum (1395—417). 869 AE. 21-3 m m , 10.27 g (4)· Axis: 12 or 6 . [ 2 ]
f it a 182-4, RN '9 8 4 , 88-94, p f V I I I
Augustus C M A M B A T V S P R A E F IT E R IV L IA ; head of
B acchus, r.
V A C Α Χ Α Ι Έ T IR O Â ËD ; fem ale head (Ceres?), r.
867 AE. 15m m , 3.99g (1). Axis: 12. [ o ]
I . P 1 8 8 6 /9 9 9 , 1 1 .00; 2. C o p 752 ( = f i t a , pi. V I , 14), 9.70; 3. F o rm erly
M ateu y Llopis, p. 49, pi. X X IX ,3 coll, d e G u a d â n (= n u m i s m a 19, 1969, 9), ι ι.οο; 4 . H irsch 15/1906, 39,
9-38-
IV L IA C A M P; tunn y fish
Fem ale head (Ceres?), r.

Colonia Valentia Banasa

The countermark BAV applied on coins of Nero with the been struck at Babba. As this attribution has been proved
ethnic C C I B has been interpreted as BAN(asa) by Müller to be wrong (see p. 276), the countermark might more likely
(III, p. 176) as the C C I B coins were supposed to have be expanded to B(uthrotum) AV(gusta) (see GIC 579).

Uncertain cities
A number of coinages found in Western Mauretania, but Western Mauretania (at Volubilis and Banasa: see J.
whose firm attribution is difficult, are described below. Marion, Antiquités Africaines 6, 1972, p. 119, nos. 340-4). But
the reading of the legends is problematic and an attribution
Grant’s attribution of series 870 to a municipium Augustum in to a precise colonia Augusta or a municipium Augustum remains
Numidia, either Thuburnica or Thunusuda, not far from unsolved.
Simitthu, can be disregarded, as these coins are found in
 A F R I C A : Uncertain cities, Bocchus I I (870-874) 213

R e ig n o f A u g u s tu s (?) ________________________ A. Jodin’s recent publication on V o lu b ilis R e g ia I u b a e

(Paris, 1987), p. 290, adds three coins to Marion’s list,
870 AE. 2 5 -6 m m , 9.59g (11). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 6 ]
found between 1963 and 1976 in the course of the excava­
tions of Volubilis. Jodin is inclined to consider the letter V
FiTA 185-7, M az 205, A ppendix X X X I
as the initial of Volubilis, which is possible, but the whole
V IR R EC ; bearded head o f H ercu les-M elq u art, w ith club legend remains obscure.
behind neck, 1.
I I I I V IR AV; helm eted head (M inerva?) w ith sceptre, 1. 871 AE. 1 5 -ig m m , 4.31 g (12). Axis: ?. [ 1 ]
I. L 1850-3-26-8, 8.53; 2 . L 1938-5-10-154, 9.93; 3 . P 1 0 5 7 ( — p i t a , pi.
FiTA 185-7
V I I , 2), 6.41; 4 . P 1058, 10.71; 5 —6 . C op 755-6, 9.33, 11-17; 7—h · R a,
12.08, 11.65, 10.19, 8·6ο, 6.88. V A T U R I I I I ; aro u n d a star
M ale head, 1.
Series 871 might represent a smaller piece of 870. The read­ i. C op 757, 6.04; 2 -1 2 . R a, 6.80, 4.71, 4.55, 4.44, 4.43, 4.29, 3.80, 3.62,
ing of the obverse legend is difficult: Grant read VIR III V 3 4 2 , 3 -0 3 . 2.58.

on the Cop specimen; but IIII, and not VI, is obvious on

the Ra coins and an A, visible on the Cop specimen, stands
between V and III. These coins are found in Western
Mauretania (at Volubilis, Banasa and Thamusida: see J.
Marion, loc. cit., pp. 117-18, nos. 329-39). It is tempting to
attribute this series to Banasa and to consider the letters
VA as the beginning of the name VA(lentia), but a dot is
clear between V and A.
872 N ot used.
The coin catalogued as African by S N G Cop 754 is, in fact,
probably a Spanish coin from Corduba: Vives 118-3 and F.
Chaves, L a C o r d o b a h is p a n o - r o m a n a y s u s m o n e d a s (1 9 7 7 ), no.
289. The obverse legend is L FVRIVS (upwardly or down­
wardly), according to L. Villaronga’s photofile, where two
specimens 9.90 and 8.10 g are recorded.

EASTERN MAURETANI A
R E G A L C O I N A G E

Bocchus II, 49-33 sc

The ‘Roman’ coinage of Bocchus II has been studied by to judge from the janiform head, and their weight fits in the
Grant { F I T A , pp. 175-6) and Mazard (R N , 1953, pp. 13- semiuncial system; 874 are semisses, 875 trientes or
21) - for his indigenous coinage struck in Siga and Semes, quadrantes, 876 sextantes.
see Mazard 107-17). Grant believed that these coins were They were certainly minted in lol/Caesarea, as the two
struck at Tingi in c. 38 b c when the city became a muni­ known provenances point in that direction: specimen 3 of
cipium. In his opinion, only the foundation coinage of the series 875 was found in loi (Mazard, L ib y c a , 1956, p. 59)
city could explain the exceptional presence of the king’s and a specimen of series 873 was found near Iol, at Sidi
portrait. As Bocchus was the c o n d ito r , Sosius L. f. was the Brahim/Gunugu (M E F R , 1933, pp. 116-18). On these
a d s ig n a to r who assisted Bocchus in his task. This attribution coins, see now M. Amandry, R N , 1989, pp. 80-5.
to a Roman municipium, based on the presence of the for­
mula DD, is groundless as the coins of series 873 do not in
fact have D D: what Grant and Mazard took for D D is only 873 AE. 26-31 m m , 14.49g (3)· Axis: var. [ 3 ]
part of the floral ornament above the janiform head. And FiTA 175-6, M az 1 18
Grant’s reading SOS L F should be disregarded. R E X B O G C H V S S O S I F; jan ifo rm h ead (representing
On the other hand, Mazard thought that series 875-6 O ctavian an d Bocchus?); floral o rn am en t above the head
had been struck after the death of Bocchus II, between 33 BQS H M M L K T (Bocchus Rex); head o f A frica w ith
and 25 b c , the so-called interregnum, when Mauretania elephant skin, r.
was ruled, in the name of Octavian/Augustus, by Sosius. I. L 1 8 7 2 -7 -9 -3 6 5 ( = F IT A , p i . V ,2 7 ), 13.42; 2. L 1 9 3 8 -5 -1 (^ 1 3 8 , 13.55;
3. P 7 4 1 , 16.50; 4 —6. A lger.
But there is no Roman magistrate named Sosius known to
have ruled over Mauretania between 33 and 25 b c and it
has recently been proved that Sosius was the name of the 874 AE. 2 4 -8 m m , 10.31g (2). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
father of Bocchus II (J. G. Février, S e m itic a XI, 1961, pp. 9-
15; M. Euzennat, M é la n g e s J . C a r c o p in o , 1966, pp. 333-9). M az 119
So series 873-6 were struck in the reign of Bocchus II, R E X B O C C H V S S O S I F; beard ed head o f Bocchus, r.
between 38 and 33 b c , and they represent Roman denomi­ BQ S H M M L K T ; elephant, r.
nations: coins of series 873 are clearly intended to be asses, i . L 1 8 7 4 -7 -1 5 -4 9 3 , 8.24; 2. L 1 9 3 8 —5—10—1 3 7 ( = F iT A , pi. V ,28), 12.39.
875 AE. 18-22 m m , 6.5 1 g (3). Axis: var.
M az 120 an d 120bis
R E X B O C C H V S S O S I F; beard ed head of Bocchus, r.
BQS H M T ; lion, r.
I . P ( = M a z 120), 5.23; 2 . P R 1 8 5 6 ( = M az 120 b is), 6.23;
G .L . coli. ( = Libyca, 1956, 59), 8.05.
Juba II, 25 BC-A D 23; Ptolemaeus,
The coinage of Juba II and Ptolemaeus is not re-examined
here. A full study by A. Schwartz of the coinage ofJuba II is
expected. Meanwhile, the most convenient study remains
Mazard 125-514. The following articles can be added:
T H E
In the years 33-25 b c an imperatorial coinage was struck in
Mauretania. It is difficult to decide whether this coinage is
pre-Actian (as stated by Grant, FITA, pp. 59-61, to whom
the close correspondence in style and type with the issues of
Bocchus [series 873-6] suggested a date early in the inter­
regnum) or post-Actian.
The three series represent three denominations:
series 877 33-4111111, 24.18 g (1)
series 878 24-5111111, 8.84 g (7)
series 879 2 i-2 m m , 7.81g (3)
These series were struck at Iol/Cherchel: most of the speci­
mens known were originally part of the de l’Hôtellerie col­
lection formed in Gherchel.
877 AE. 3 3 -4 m m , 24.18g (1). Axis: 12.
M az 124
IM P CAESA R; bull attacking, r.
D IV I F; lion, r.
i. C o p 545 ( = f it a , pi. I I , 16), 24.18.
When Juba II ruled over Mauretania, he renamed Iol
Caesarea in honour of Augustus and chose the city for his
capital together with Volubilis. Juba’s regal coinage was
struck at Caesarea, but the city also produced a local
coinage which is difficult to date precisely under Augustus
or Tiberius.
Series 881-3 seem to bear the ethnic KAESAREA rather
than CAESAREA. The attribution of series 880 to Caesarea
is a matter of debate. The obverse legend was read as
SITVM CAESARIS by Müller who proposed to attribute
the coins to Caesarea because of stylistic parallels with
bronze coins of Juba II (the turreted Tyche is found on
Mazard 293-5 an<J the capricorn on Mazard 290-2). As the
interpretation of the legend is difficult (the ‘settlement of
Caesar’ or the ‘settlement dedicated to Caesar’ according to
Müller III, p. 141), Grant {FITA, pp. 187-9) offered the
alternative reading SITVM CAESARI C(onditori) or
[ 2 ] 876 AE. 14-15111111, 2.50g (1). [ o ]
M az 121
R E X B O C C H V S S O S I F; b earded head of Bocchus, r.
[BQS] H M T ; horse (?), r.
3. F orm erly
i . A lg er (= M az 121), 2.50.
ad 20-40
Mazard, Libyca IV, 1956, pp. 59-60; Libyca V, 1957, pp. 55-
7; Libyca V III, i960, pp. 136-43; J. Schwartz, Antiquités
Africaines 14, 1979, pp. 115-19; Mazard, SM 31, 121 (1981),
pp. 1-2.
R O M A N P R O V I N C E
3 3 - 2 5 BG
878 AE. 24-5 m m , 8.84 g ( 7 )· Axis: var. [ 5 ]
M az 122
IM P CAESA R; b are head o f O ctav ian /A u g u stus, r.
D IV I F; head of A frica w ith elephant skin, r.
!· L Γ 9 3 5 -6 -Ι4 -Ι4 , 6.58; 2. L 1 9 3 8 -5 -1 0 -1 3 9 , 9.94; 3 - 4 . P 742-3, 6.67,
10.19; 5. C o p 5 4 3 , 6.78; 6. P V , 13.73; 7. P riv ate coll. ( = M a z a rd , Libyca
IV , 1956, 63, no. 122 b is), 8.00; 8. A lger.
C o u n te rm ark : C IM A o n th e obv., o n 7 ( G I C - ) .
879 AE. 21-2 m m , 7.81 g (3). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
M az 123
IM P CAESA R; head o f Zeus A m m on, 1.
D IV I F; elep h an t tram p lin g upon a d ragon (?)
1 - 2 . P 7 4 4 -5 , 6.52, 8.33; 3 . C o p 544, 8.60.
[ 1 ]
CIT IE S
Caesarea
C(onstitutori). This reading would suggest a parallel to
THAPSVM IVN(oni) AVG(ustae) (see 797) and therefore
SITVM would be an ethnic like THAPSVM, in fact the
regular transliteration of the Punic ethnic of Zitha in
Tripolitana. But, as Grant admits, ‘its exact site is no less
obscure than its history’ and his attribution, based on his
own reading of the legend and his own transliteration,
SITVM/Zitha, seems to be a matter of pure speculation. In
addition, the reading S IIV M(unicipium) CAESARIS
does not have much sense and it seems best to keep the
coins under Caesarea until new discoveries throw fresh light
on the series.
The following coins have not been included:
Maz 561, quoted from the Borghesi collection, and
published by Riccio, is certainly a modern invention.
 A F R I C A : Caesarea. Cartenna, Uncertain city (880-886) 2/5

Maz 562 is obviously a coin struck by the procurators of S IT V M C A ESA RIS; tu rrete d fem ale head, 1.
Judaea under Augustus: see 4954-7. A good specimen of C apricorn w ith cornucopia, globe an d ru d d er, r.
Maz 562 appeared in L ib y c a V III, i960, p. 142: the end of i . P 1 9 7 8 /4 9 , 11.55; 2 · C o p 686 ( = fita, p i. X I I , 29), 11.11; 3—4 . C o p
6 8 7 -8 , 10.96, 17.62; 5. B 480/1871, 19.10; 6. M a , 12.60.
the legend [KAICAJPOC is very clear. But Mazard added
a new type to the coinage of Caesarea (L ib y c a V III, i960, p. 881 AE. 1 6 -1 7 m m , 3 -4 4 S (3)· Axis: var. [ 3 ]
142, no. 562b is ) whose description follows: three ears of
M az 565
barley/KAICA.. ., palm in field. The legend, however,
does not read KA ICA, but BAG, and the type is not a H e a d of A frica w ith elep h an t skin, r.
K A ESA R EA ; dolphin, 1.
palm, but the regular type of the coinage of Herod Agrippa
i . C o p 689, 3.96; 2. C o p 6 9 0 , 2.37; 3. B 479/1871, 3.98.
I, an umbrella with fringe (= 4981). This coin can be dis­
missed, too: what is surprising is that the two coins, from
the Bails collection, were supposed to have been found in 882 AE. 16m m , 3.79g (5). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
the vicinity of Cherchel. M az 566
Maz 562 ter (L ib y c a V III, i960, p. 140) is obviously not a
As 881
coin from Caesarea. The obverse does not show three ears, K A ESA R EA ; dolphin, r.
but a male head, r., when the illustration is turned upside I. L 1 9 0 9 -1 -2 -3 3 , 4.63; 2. L 1 9 3 8 - 5 - 1 0 - 1 4 5 , 3.53; 3. P 975, 3.72;
down. The reverse is completely illegible. 4. C o p 691, 2.21; 5. M a , 4.87.
Maz 564 has not been found.
883 AE. 16m m , 2.25g ( 0 · Axis: 1. [ 1 ]
M az 567
U n d e r A u g u s tu s a n d T ib e r iu s
As 8 8 1 -2
K A ESA R EA ; dolphin, r.; above, star
880 AE. 25 m m , 13.82 g (6). Axis: var. [ 5 ] i . V 2 6 6 0 3 , 2.25.

M az 563, ή τα 187-9

Cartenna
Series 884 and 885 were attributed by Grant to the A P O M P M I (retrograde); beard ed head, r.; p alm b ranch
Pompeian party, struck in Utica (?) in 48-46 b c . But Aman- rou n d p a rt o f the edge
dry and Nony (RN, 1983, pp. 57-62) have corrected the C A L P O M P M F V IC Q A F C K A R; fem ale diadem ed
reading of the legends and argued that they were struck at head (V enus?), r.
i . P, 26.37; 2 . P 1983/409, 16.65; 3 · B 804/1920 ( = FITA, p i. 11,5: o b v .),
Cartenna, to which city all the known provenances point.
23.11; 4 . C o p 753, 29.75; 5 - C a s t i n C o p (ex H o ffm an n coll.), 23.00;
The colony of Cartenna, c o lo n ia A u g u s ta le g io n e s e c u n d a , was 6. F o rm erly G . Louis coll. ( = Libyca IV , 1956, 6 6 -7 ).
founded between 30 and 25 b c and the coins could celebrate
885 A E. 29-31 m m , 19.22g (5). Axis: var. [ 5 ]
its constitution.
It is difficult to decide which denomination they were . M u Supp. 320b
intended to be: possibly very heavy semiuncial asses. As 884, b u t head 1.
As 884
1 - 2 . P L u y n es 407 2 -3 , 17.68, 16.53; 3 · P 1061, 21.55; 4 · P *I 9 8 3 /4 i o ,
15 -9 5 ; 5 · B I-B ( = FITA, pi. 11,4: rev.), 24.42. 884 and 885 share a reverse
U n d e r A u g u s tu s die.

C At Pomp and M F Vic

884 A E. 29-31 m m , 23.77g (5)· Axis: v ar. [ 4 ]
M u Supp. 320a, A m an d ry a n d N ony, pi. X I

Uncertain city
The enigmatic series 886 has the same characteristics as the U n d e r A u g u s tu s (?)
series attributed to Cartenna: same types, same degenerate
style. As the Oran specimen was discovered in Ténès/
886 AE. 2 1 -2 m m , 6 .7 2 g (6). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
Cartenna, it is reasonable to assume that this series was
struck, if not at Cartenna, at Arsennaria, an o p p id u m M az A ppendix X X X , A m andry, rn 1984, 85-8, pi. V II
L a tin o r u m , not far from Cartenna. B earded head o f H ercules, r.; behind, club
The meaning of the reverse legend is obscure. AR could N P A D (A D ) D (or P, or R) A R (AR); diadem ed
stand for Arsennaria, N P A for the tr ia n o m in a of a magis­ head (?), r.
i . P L u y n es 4080, 4.51; 2 . P iq 88/i 8, 10.15; 3. P V , 6.50; 4 . O ra n , 8 .20;
trate and D D for D(ecreto) D(ecurionum); the tr ia n o m in a of 5 - 6 . S d e C 9 36-7, 4.10. 6.88.
two magistrates could be involved: N PA , D D (or P) AR.
 CYRENAICA AND CRETE

Cat. no. Page Cat. no. Page

Introduction 216 Eleutherna 953 231
Cyrenaica (I) — 216 Gortyn 954 231
Crete (I) 9O I_ 3 216 Hierapytna 9 5 5 -6 231
Cyrenaica and Crete: 217 Polyrhenium 957 231
No m agistrate 9°4 -6 219 Uncertain 958 231
P Lepidius 907 219 Lappa 959 232
L Lollius 9 ° 8 -!3 219 Tiberius (Laches)
Crassus 9 : 4- i 8 220 Cydonia 960 232
Cyrenaica (II) 221 Hierapytna 961 232
Pupius Rufus 9 19 —2 3 221 Caligula (Laches)
Cleopatra and Antony 924-5 222 Axos 962 232
Crete (II) 222 Gortyn (Caligula-Nero) 9 6 3 -7 5 232
Kydas 926 224 Bronze 233
Cnossian bronzes 9 2 7 -3 7 224 Cnossus 976-1009 234
Cyrenaica (III) 225 Cydonia ΙΟΙΟ-Ι9 24O
Capito and Palikanus 938-41 227 Lappa I020—1 24I
Scato Procos 9 4 2 -5 228 Koinon (Caligula) 1022-8 24I
Tiberius 9 4 6 -9 228 Gortyn IO22-3 24I
Crete (III) 228 Hierapytna 1024-5 24I
Silver 950-75 231 Lato IO26 242
Tiberius (Lupus) Lyttos IO27 242
Axos 950 231 Polyrhenium IO28 242
Cydonia 9 5 ‘-2 231 Koinon (Claudius-Nero) 1 0 29-39 242

The development of coinage in Cyrenaica and Crete during
the early Roman period to the first century a d has been
discussed by E. S. G. Robinson, Catalogue of the Greek Coins of
Cyrenaica, 1927, pp. ccii-ccxxviii; M. Price, ‘Crete, Cyrene,
and Dio 1,11.30.9’, INJ 6-7, 1982-3, pp. 118-27; T. V. But-
trey, ‘The Roman coinage of Cyrenaica, first century b c to
the first century a d ’ , Studies in Numismatic Method presented to
Philip Grierson, 1983, pp. 23-42; Id., ‘Crete and Cyrenaica’,
CRWLR, pp. 165-74. On the history of Crete and Cyrenaica
in the first century b c , see G. Perl, Klio 52, 1970, pp. 319-
54, and 53, 1971, pp. 369-79.

CYRENAICA
Cyrenaica came under Roman rule in 96 b c on the death of
Apion, but the province was really organised only in 75.
When Cyrenaica was bequeathed to Rome, the coinage in
use was the third- and second-century-BC products of the
mint of Cyrene. From 96 to 75 there is no evidence that the
(I)
cities of Cyrenaica struck coinage, and even after 75 no
coinage was struck immediately. The Romans began to
piece out the existing currency with their own local bronze
only after 67, as the earliest coinage bears witness to the
Roman possession of Crete.

CRETE
Crete was conquered by Metellus in 67 b c . At that time the
state of currency is suggested by some hoards listed by
Buttrey (CRWLR, p. 166). Silver circulated on the island
from Athens, Asia Minor and the Cretan mints, but Roman
denarii did not. The Athenian tetradrachms must have
circulated there vigorously, as they were imitated by seven
different Cretan cities: Cnossus, Cydonia, Gortyn,
(I )
Hierapytna, Lappa, Polyrhenium and Priansus (see G. Le
Rider, ‘Un groupe de monnaies crétoises à types athéniens’,
Humanisme actif. Mélanges J. Cain, Paris, 1968, pp. 313-35)·
After 67 b c , Roman domination did not put an end to
local silver coinage in the traditional denominations, but
new types reflected the new political situation. In fact the
conquest is recorded on an important issue of tetradrachms
 C Y R E N A IC A A N D C R E T E :
struck at Gortyn, the administrative centre of the Koinon of
Greek cities (901-3).
For this issue the weights of the tetradrachms remained
unchanged but the designs mark a complete break with
Cretan traditions: the head of Athena became that of Roma
and Artemis Ephesia replaced Artemis Diktynna. The
elephant head is a clear reference to the Metellus family
(who chose it to commemorate the victory won over the
Carthaginian elephants at Panormus by their ancestor L.
Caecilius Metellus in 251 b c ) .
It is possible that Cnossian bronze coins with
Zeus/labyrinth were struck at the same time, as one series
has the elephant-head symbol (see A. Jackson, ABSA, 1971,
pp. 292-3, issue XXXIV, pi. 49,41; Sv 179).
C Y R E N A I C A AND CRE T E
After 67 b c , in the new double province, the Romans began
to issue sporadic coinage in bronze.
Two issues were intended to serve both Cyrenaica and
Crete; two others initiated a sporadic group in which two
parallel series, the one with Greek legend, the other with
Latin, were struck, one for Cyrenaica, the other for Crete.
Thereafter series of provincial bronze were continued in
Cyrenaica but not in Crete.
The first two issues are the following: issue without
magistrate’s name (904-6); issue of Lepidius (907). The
two others are signed by Lollius (908-13) and Crassus
(9 14-15)·
Issue without magistrate’s name (904-6)
This issue bears the types Roma head/bee {BMC, pp. ccii-
cciii, ia-f, pp. ccxi-ccxii) and the legends ΙΜΩΤ {sic) or
KPHT/KYPA.
The inscription on the obverse of 905, ΡΩΜΙ, identifies
without ambiguity the obverse head. The reverse type, a
bee, is a Cretan type and the parallel between this series
and 901-3 is obvious.
The style is peculiar, with dumpy flans and a rounded
edge in place of the bevelled one found on all the Cyrenai-
can issues of the third and second centuries b c . Therefore
Robinson might be right in supposing that these coins were
actually minted in Crete in c. 67 b c just after the reorganisa­
tion of the province. However, we lack provenances.
P Lepidius (907)
This is the issue described by Robinson (pp. ccxii-ccxiii)
under the heading ‘P. Licinius’. The issue reads clearly
ΛΙΒΥΗ and KPHTA, referring explicitly to the two areas
together. If the bust of Libya derives from a normal type,
Crete is shown as an Artemis with bow and quiver.
From the four specimens he knew, Robinson had read the
name of P. Licinius which he thought was repeated on both
Issue without magistrate’s name, P Lepidius (901-3) 21J
9 0 1 —3 AR. 2 8m m , 13.98g (4 ). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
901. Sv 190
ΡΩΜΑΣ; helm eted head of R om a, r.; elep h an t head on the
helm et; in front, m onogram K A
ΓΟΡΤΥΝ; A rtem is Ephesia; in the field, bee a n d elephant
head; all in w reath
i . B F rie d lä n d e r (= Sv, pi. X V I ,29), 11.99; 2 · N Y ( = nc 1938, pi.
V I ,27 = L o ckett 2566 = Le R id er, pi. I,B ), 14.44.. 1 a n d 2 from th e sam e
p a ir o f dies.
902. Sv 191
As 901, but, on reverse, E above prow in the field, 1.
i . L ( pcg V II.B . 10 = P rice, pi. 2 1,1), 15.12; 2. P L u y n es 2354 ( = Sv, pi.
X V I ,30: rev .), 14.36. i a n d 2 from th e sam e obv. die.
903. Sv 19 0 - 1 var.
As 901, bu t, on reverse, N in the field, 1.
i . H e r a c l io n 1 1 5 0 (casts in P ).
sides. He had restored the inscriptions as follows: ΛΙΒΥΗ, P
LICINIVS PRO Q - ΚΡΗΤΗ B, P LICINIVS P F PRO Q
P R [. A further example, published by Grant {FITA, pp.
35-6), enabled him to correct the obverse legend as P
LEPID[. He concluded that P. Licinius was not pro­
quaestor of a joint province but only of Cyrenaica as Crete
was in the hands of P. Lepidus, and deduced that this series
had been struck in 44-43 b c when Brutus gained possession
of Crete and Cassius Cyrenaica. As Appian {BCV,2) states
that a Lepidus gained Crete for Brutus, Grant, of course,
identified this Lepidus with the signatory of the coins. But
Grant’s arguments were wrong, as the name P LEPID[ he
had read figures on the obverse of the series —that is, on the
ΛΙΒΥΗ side, not on the Cretan one (as already noted by A.
Chapman, NC, 1968, pp. 15—16, n. 3). A sixth specimen,
published by Price (p. 119, n. 5), proved that the correct
reading of the reverse was P. LEPIDIVS, and the conclu­
sion we cannot escape, and which is clearly proved by two
more specimens, is that the same name is indeed repeated
on both sides: P. Lepidius, and not P. Licinius (for the rare
nomen Lepidius, see CIL XI, 1326).
The eight specimens now collected were struck from one
obverse die and four reverse dies. On the obverse, which
has the bust of Libya, the legend is P LEPIDIVS PRO Q;
the reading of the reverse raises problems as the different
dies seem to have different legends: one legend is without
doubt P LEPIDIVS P F PRO Q, but L 1947-6-6-1075
{= BMC 2bisa, p. cciii) must be read as P LEPIDIVS]
PRO Q PR and the PV specimen has at least seven letters
after LEPIDIVS which have been read by Price as PRO Q
DES, but this reading is not certain.
There is no record of a P. Lepidius P. f. in charge of the
joint province of Crete/Cyrenaica. It seems likely that this
series was struck in Crete, as at least two specimens in L,
from the Cameron collection, were probably found there. It
is difficult to date but it is struck on a Roman module {pace
Buttrey, p. 23), parallel in diameter and weight to the small
denomination struck by Lollius (910), and therefore should
be assigned to the Triumviral period. However, it is imposs-
ible to be more precise for the moment; it should be kept in These denominations are the same in each series: a unit, a
mind that this series could have been struck between or half-unit and a quarter-unit. The problem of identifying
after the Lollius and Crassus groups. these denominations is treated with the Augustan and
The third and fourth issues (if they are the third and Tiberian issues of Cyrenaica (p. 226).
fourth) are double, including separate Latin and Greek These series were certainly produced separately, as is
series. These series must have been produced simultan­ confirmed by their difference of fabric: the Latin coins are
eously for Crete and Cyrenaica respectively: they indeed struck on rounded flans with a die position usually at twelve
circulated in two different areas as the Greek series tend to o’clock, the Greek coins on bevelled flans with a die position
be found in Cyrenaica and the Latin in Crete. These issues usually at six o’clock. The Greek series was certainly min­
are struck by L. Lollius and Crassus. As these officials are ted in Cyrenaica, at Cyrene, and the Latin one in Crete, at
unknown, an absolute chronology is impossible to establish. Gortyn (Price, p. 120) or Cnossus.
The relative chronology proposed by Robinson is generally The types used show a single conception animating the
adopted, but without any evidence. The traditional order - whole issue. The unit has Zeus Diktaios on the obverse of
L. Lollius, then Crassus - is here followed but will be ques­ the Latin series, Zeus Ammon on the obverse of the Greek
tioned on another occasion. one: that is, the two major manifestations of Zeus for the
two parts of the province (Buttrey, p. 25). The reverse of
both series is the sella curulis. On the half-unit figure
L Lollius (908-13) Artemis Diktynna with stag on the Latin series and Apollo
with dromedary on the Greek series. On the quarter-unit
L. Lollius struck six varieties of bronze, representing three
figure the club, symbol of Heracles Idaios, with wreath on
denominations in each series:
the Latin series and the head of Libya with caduceus,
Latin senes poppy and ear of corn on the Greek series. The balance
9°8 3 0 -1 m m , 2 1 .4 6 g (1 7 )
between types appropriate to Crete and Cyrenaica is
909 2 6 -8 m m , t ° . 6 5 g (9 2 )
910 16 - 1 8 m m , 4 -4 2 g ( l )
perfect.
Furthermore, both series use the same die control letters
Greek series
3 1 -2 m m , ï 8 .8 3 g (4 0 )
which have been fully studied by Robinson (pp. ccxvi-
9 11
912 2 6 —8 m m , 1 0 .3 1 g (1 8 ) ccxx). His table of obverse sequence letters is reproduced
9 r3 1 5 -1 6 m m , 4 - : 4 g (6 ) here, with a few added letters. The numbers are no doubt

Obverse sequence letters

Reverse Latin Greek

sequence
letters Unit H alf-unit Quarter-unit Unit H alf-unit Quarter-unit

A B A
AB B
B B B B B
Γ B B B [B ] B
Δ B B B, Γ
E B B B
ή B B B B
Z B
H B B B
Θ B B
I Γ B
IA B
IB Γ B
ΙΓ Γ B
ΙΔ Γ B
IE B?
IC Γ
IZ Γ
IH B B
I
K
KA
KB
ΚΓ B bis
ΚΔ B bis
KE
K<
KZ
KH B bis?
 C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : L Lollius, Crassus (904-908) eig

die numbers, even if there are two exceptions to the rule - W ith o u t m a g is tr a te ’s n a m e
one letter, one die.
This issue is difficult to date. The sella curulis marks the Gortyn (?), c. 67 BC
coinage as prominently Roman, but the omission of any
Roman titulature is peculiar: Grant might be right when he 904- 6 AE. 22-3 m m , 13.20 g (10). Axis: var. [ 1 ]
says that this feature would have been incorrect in a regular 904. BMC i an d ia
province, but understandable in royal territory. He has H elm eted head o f Rom a, r.
therefore suggested that this issue could fall between the Bee
acquisition of the joint province by Cleopatra in 37 b c and i. L BM C i (= p i. X X X IX ,4 ), 1 2 .6 7 ; 2. L e n in g ra d ( = bm c ia , p. ccii),
the gift of Cyrenaica alone to Cleopatra Selene in 34 b c . 14.50.

905. BMC ib -c , p. ccii [ 2 ]

ΙΜ ΩΤ helm eted head o f R om a, 1.
Crassus (914-15) Bee
i . L 1 9 3 6 -1 0 -1 3 -9 , 12.44; 2· P 3 1 8 1 a ( = BMC, pi. X X X I X , 1), 13.97;
Crassus struck five varieties of bronze, representing two 3. K a rlsru h e , 14.11; 4 . P a d u a 6418, 12.67.

denominations in each series. 9 ° 6 . BMC id -f, p p . ccii-cciii [ 4 ]

Latin KPHT; helm eted head o f R om a, r.
914 25-6 mm, 11.88 g (46) Bee; on 1. an d r., K Y
9 r5 21 mm, 7.23g (13) P A
Greek 1—2. P 3 1 8 1 , 3181b, 12.37, 13.26; 3 . B I-B ( = BMC, pi. X X X I X ,3),
916 29-30mm, 13.50g (4) 12.61; 4 . C o p 1304 ( = BMC, p i. X X X I X , 2 ), 13.40.

917 28~9mm, 12.82g (7)

9ï8 14—15mm, 3.03g (11

His coins are not in paired denominations. The Latin series

was probably struck in Crete and indeed at Cnossus, as the P L e p id iu s P f
Kydas issue of Cnossus is overstruck on the Crassus one
(934). The Greek series was struck at two mints, Ptolemais Crete, c. 40 BC
(g 16) and Cyrene (917 and 918). 907 AE. 14-19 m m , 3.94g (8). Axis: 6. [ 6 ]
Most of the types on the Greek series are clearly related [ 8 coins, i obv. die ]
to Cyrenaica (head of Libya on 917 and 918, silphium on BMC 2-2 bis, ή τα 35-6
918), but the connection of the types of the prow (914) and P L E P ID IV S P R O Q ; b u st o f L ibya, r.; in the field,
fasces (915) with Crete is not obvious. However, the per­ ΛΙ-ΒΥΗ
sistent type of the crocodile on the unit of both groups (914, P L E P ID IV S P F P R O Q (w ith v arian ts); b u st of
916-17) points to an overall command of both areas. This A rtem is w ith bow a n d quiver, r.; KPHTA u n d e r the bust
type seems to refer to Egypt and therefore it might be or in the field (KP-HTA)
thought that the coinage was struck under Egyptian auth­ i . L BMo 2 (pi. X X X I X ,5), 3.05; 2. L BMC 2bis (pi. X X X I X ,6), 3.64;
3. L BMC 2 iu a (C am ero n ), 2.66; 4 . L 1 9 4 8 -6 -7 -2 5 (C am ero n ), 2.90; 5. V,
ority, after Antony’s donations to Cleopatra, certainly in 37
4.61; 6. B 8113 ( = p i t a , pi. 11,15), 4 -9 6 ; 7 · P V ( — P rice, pi. 21,3), 4.49;
b c . But, as Buttrey pointed out, the crocodile does not 8. F a lg h e r a c o ll., 5.17. See p. 217, for th e co rrect read in g .
derive from Egyptian coins and Crassus omits to claim any
higher authority. Grant dated this issue to 37-34 b c , but
Buttrey is inclined to date it earlier.
The identification of Crassus is quite uncertain. Svoronos L L o lliu s
identified him as P. Canidius Crassus, but there is no
evidence linking him either with Crete or Cyrenaica. His Cnossus (?)
career is well known and there is not much time left for a
command in Crete and Cyrenaica. E. Winsemann Falghera 908 AE. 30-1 m m , 21.46g (17). Axis: 12. [ 14 ]
(.Rassegna di Studi del Civico Museo Archeologico e del Civico M u 397-403, BMC gbisb-A , p. cciii, 3, p. 114 a n d 3 a -b , p.
Gabinetto Numismatico di Milano, 1988, fasc. 41-2, pp. 35-8) cciv
argues for a date between the end of 37 b c and the begin­ D iadem ed head o f Zeus D iktaios, r.; in front, B and
ning of 36 b c , before the departure of Crassus for Parthia. sceptre
On the other hand, Grant (FITA, p. 56) proposed the name L L O L L IV S ; sella curulis; betw een legs, letter (from B to
of M. Licinius Crassus, whose career under Antony is Θ)
known and who went over to Octavian in c. 31 and was B: i . V 26267 ( ~ BMC 2fo'sb, pi. X X X I X ,7: rev .), 20.48.
Γ: i . P 330 ( = bmc zb isc , pi. X X X I X ,8), 21.02; 2. V 26268, 20.00; 3. G ,
consul in 30 b c . 21.84.
Δ: i . V 2 6 2 6 9 , 24.66; 2. B (“ bmc 2b isà , pi. X X X I X ,9: rev .), 19.75.
C\ : i . L BMC 3 (pi. X X X I X ,10), 23.10; 2. P 331, 16.63; 3 · N Y , 22.73;
4 . B oston 1344, 23.24.
H: i . L, 22.43; 2 · M i ( = BMC 3a, pi. X X X I X ,11: rev .), 20.40.
Θ: i . V 26270, 24.53; 2 · B ( = BMC 3b, pi. X X X I X ,12: rev .), 23.00;
3. J P R , 21.85.
U n certa in : 1. B I-B , 20.02; 2. B R au c h (E ? ), 19.13.
909 AE. 2 6 -8 m m , 10.65g (92). Axis: 12. [ 75 ] IE: i . V 26265 ( = b m c 20e, pi. X L I , i i ) , 22.02.
IH: i . V S ch o tten . ( = b m c 2of, pi. X L I ,i2 ) , 20.15; 2. Laffaille coll., 12.38.
M u 404-19, BMC 4-16, 114-15 an d p. cciv, 7a, i i a - c ΚΓ: i . P 326 ( — b m c 20g, pi. X L I ,i3 ) , 16.68.
H ead of A rtem is D iktynna, r., w ith bow and quiver at Κ.Δ: i . B ( = b m c 20h, pi. X L I ,i4 ) , 18.85.
KH: i . C ( = b m c 2oj), 12.50; 2. B, 12.17.
shoulder; beneath chin, no letter or letter Β,Γ U n certa in : 1. P 325, 27.34; 2—3. P D ’A illy 17430-1, 10.54, 16.08; 4 . A,
L L O L /L I-V S , stag, r.; beneath belly, letter (from B to ϊ9·56; 5· G , 20.67; 6—8. N Y , 21.26, 19.45, 15.13; 9· M u , 13.22; 10. PV ,
IZ) 17.26; i i — 13. R W S , 21.36, 19.10, 18.68; 14. B L ö b b , 16.59; *5 · B 5 3 4 7 >
N o le tte r/n o letter: 1—3. L b m c 4 -6 , 8.86, 9.12, 7.69; 4 . L C am ero n 1947, I 3 -3 6 ·
11 -36; 5 - 7 . P D ’A illy 17432, 17435, 17436, 11.45, 9 -79 . 8.50; 8 - 1 1 . V
26271, 26272, 26274, 26279, 9.74, 12.81, 9.49, 8.29; 12. C op 1309, 11.26;
912 AE. 2 6 -8 m m , 10.31g (18). Axis: 6. [14]
13. G , 8.42; 14. A , i i . 81; 15. T u n is, 10.94; 16. N ew H av en , 9.12; M u 391-4, bmc 20k, p. ccvi, 21-2, 2 2 a-b , p. ccvi, 23
17. P riv ate coll., 10.50; 18. B I-B , 12.26.
N o letter/B : 1. L b m c 7 (pi. X L ,2), 10.12; 2. P 3 3 2 , 11.46; 3. Be, 11.57; H ead o f Apollo, r.; bow an d quiver a t shoulder; beneath
4 . B a.B ., 11.34. chin, letter B
B/Γ: i . L C am ero n 1947, 9.69; 2. C op 1310, 10.59; 3 * St? ( = b m c , p. cciv, Λ Ο Λ /Λ -Ι/Ο -Υ ; drom edary; ben eath belly, letter (B-IH)
7a), 12.10.
B/Δ ?: i . L b m c 8, 10.89; 2 · V 26273, 9.64; 3. T u n is, 8.98; 4. B G an sau g e, B: i . P 3 2 8 ( = b m c 20k, pi. X L I I , i ) , 13.75; 2 * V 26282, 9.66; 3. C op
1308, 10.59; 4 * G , 7.97.
9 -9 2 -
B /E: i . L b m c 9 (pi. X L ,3), 7.56; 2. G , 12.64; 3—4 . N Y , 10.29, Ι2 ·24· Γ: i . R W S , 8.24.
B/Ç : i . L b m c 10 (pi. X L ,4), 10.21; 2—3. P D ’A illy 17437, 17433, 11.20, E: i . L b m c 22 (pi. X L I I ,3 ) , 10.30; 2. B I-B , 16.32; 3. P 328a, 13.03.
10.14; 4 · O , 12.02; 5—6. V 26275-6, 12.16, 11.86; 7. B L öbb, 11.76. ζ : i . H ( = b m c 22a, p. ccvi), 9.90; 2. O , 10.76.
B /Z : i . P 333 ( = b m c , p. cciv, 11a, pi. X L ,5: rev .), 11.85. IB: i . V 26283 (= b m c 22b, pi. X L I I ,4 ) , 7.77.
B/H : i . L C am ero n 1947, 11.31; 2. P 334 ( = b m c , p. cciv, 11b, pi. X L ,6: IH: i , L b m c 23 (pi. X L IT 5 ), 11.76.
rev.), 10.73; 3 * P D ’A illy 17434, ΙΟ·^5; 4· G , 8.88. U n certa in : 1. L b m c 21, 12.46; 2. V 26281, 12.17; 3. M u , 7.45; 4 . G ,
Γ/I: i . M i ( = b m c , p. cciv, n e , pi. X L ,7: rev .), 8.00. 11.21; 5. B oston 1345, 10.45; 6* T u n is, 12.88; 7. R eggio E m ilia, 10.09.
Γ/ΙΒ: 1—2. L b m c 12 a n d 12bis, 10.24, 11 -13; 3 · P 335, 10.96; 4 . V 26277,
11.44; 5. A, 12.79; 6. R W S , 10.53; 7. B 10613, 9 -5 5 -
913 A E. i5 - i6 m m , 4 .1 4 g (6). Axis: 12 (6). [ 5 ]
Γ/ΙΓ: i . L b m c 13 (pi. X L ,9), 10.41; 2. L b m c 13a, 10.43; 3. P 336, M u 395-6, bmc 23a an d 2^bisa,, p. ccvi
11.07; 4. V 26278, 12.09; 5 · C , 11.70; 6 . N Y , 11.66; 7. B R au c h , 11.14.
Γ/ΙΔ: i . L b m c 14 (pi. X L ,10), 9.56; 2—3 . L b m c i4 a - b , 11.71, 10.72; H ead o f Libya, r.; behind, letter (A-B)
4 . V 26280, 9.42; 5 . O , 13.13; 6. A, 11.39. ΛΟΛΛΙΟΥ; caduceus w ith poppy an d ear o f corn; in field,
Γ / Ι ζ : i . L b m c 15 (pi. X L , i i ) , g.64; 2· P 337, 12.41; 3. P D ’A illy 17438, 1. or r., letter (A,B)
9.01; 4 . O , 10.37; 5 · G , 10.27; 6. T u n is, g.78; 7. P V , 10.14; 8. B 10612,
10.62. A /A : i . B ( = b m c 23a, p. ccvi, pi. X L I I ,6 ) , 3.41; 2. N Y , 4.13; 3. P V , 3.71.
Γ/ΙΖ: i . L b m c 16 (pi. X L ,12), 11.36; 2. P 338, 10.98; 3. C o p 1311, B/B: i . P 329 ( = b m c 23^'ra, pi. X L I I ,7 ) , 4.91; 2. V 26285, 4 · 1 2 ; 3· O ,
11.62; 4. G , 11.86; 5 . J R W , 11.40; 6. B L öbb, 9.78. 4 -5 5 -
U n certa in : 1—2. C 9972-3, 10.94, 10.56; 3—6. M u , 10.51, 11.15, 9.80,
9.53; 7. O , 10.63; 8. N Y , 11.65; 9 “ n · R W S , 13.44, 9 -9 L 9·4°; I 2 · B Fox
(Γ/ ), 10.44.

910 AE. i6 - i8 m m , 4 .4 2 g (17). Axis: 12. [ 16 ] C ra ssu s

M u 420-1, bmc 16-18
Cnossus (?)
L L -O L /L I-V S ; club; ben eath on 1., letter (Β,Γ)
L aurel w reath containing letter (Γ,Δ) 914 AE. 2 5 -6 m m , n . 8 8 g (46). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 23 ]
B/Γ: i . L b m c 16bis (pi. X L I ,i: rev.), 4.67.
B/Δ : i . L b m c 17 (pi. X L I,2 ), 5.33; 2. P 340, 4.17; 3. V 26284, 4.59; Sv 1903, B ahrfeldt, jiAN 1908, 227,1, bmc 24
4. N Y , 3.80; 5. B I-B , 6.00. Crocodile, r.
Γ?/Γ: i . L b m c i6 te r (pi. X L V I ,i3 ) , 3.65.
Γ/Δ: i . L b m c 18 (pi. X L I.3 ), 4.01; 2—3. L b m c 18bis a n d ter, 4.50, 4.24;
CRAS; prow , r.
4 · o , 3.03; 5. N Y , 3.69; 6. B L öbb, 5.45. i . P 3 7 , 14.46; 2—25. See B ah rfeld t, 227,1; 26. L bm c 24 bis, 10.45; 2 7 · L
U n certa in : 1. P 3 3 9 (B /?), 4.10; 2. A 7143, 4.89; 3. N Y (Γ/Δ?), 3.69; bm c 24ter, 11.87; 28—29. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -1 0 8 5 a n d 1086 (C am ero n ), 11.73,
4. B I-B , 4.52. I I . 21; 3 0 . P, 8.61; 3 1 - 3 4 . O , 12.17, 11.55, 11.47, 8.95; 3 5 . C 1978-64,
10.72; 3 6 - 3 7 . N Y , 14.07, 15.08; 3 8 . P rin ce to n 775, 12.18; 39. P rin ceto n
A rt M u se u m (ex R a tto , M a rtin i coll. 423), 11.20; 4 0 . P V , 11.07;
4 1 . J S W , 11.28; 4 2 . J P R , 10.28; 4 3 . E rsk in e coll., 14.64; 4 4 . L eu
Cyrene 25/1980, 222, 13.72; 4 5 . R ie ch m a n n 1922, 383, 11.22; 4 6 . Laffaille coll.,
12.16.
911 AE. 31-2 m m , 18.83 g (40)· Axis: 6. [ 29 ]
M u 383-90, bmc i8 è w a -c , p p . cciv-ccv, 19, 19a, p. ccv, 915 AE. 21 mm, 7 .2 3 g (13). Axis: 12. [ 8 ]
20 and 2oa-j, p. ccv Sv 1904, B ahrfeldt, j i a n 1908, 228,2, bmc 2 5 -2 5 bis
H ead of Zeus A m m on, r.; in front, sceptre; behind, letter L au reate head o f A pollo, r.
B CRA ; fasces
ΛΟΛΛΙΟΥ; sella curulis; betw een legs (or, in the field, 1.), i . L bm c 25 (pi. X L I I ,g ) , 5.60; 2. L bm c 2 5 ^ , 7.87; 3—4 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -
letter (A-KH) 1083 a n d 1084, 7.50, 6.18; 5 . P 3 8 , 7.33; 6. P, 7.95; 7. V 19313 (C y p ru s),
5.66; 8. N Y , 8.26; 9 . G o, 6.20; 10—i i . R, 7.10, 6.50; 12. A, 8.05;
A: i . P Y 27802 (in t h e fie ld ), 12.58; 2 . C op 1305 ( = bmc i8 £ w a , pi.
13. P rin ceto n A rt M u se u m , 9.80.
X L I,4 ), 17.73; 3 · O , 21.46; 4 . P a d u a 6419, 20.88.
AB: i . B ( = bm c i8è«t>, pi. X L I,5 ), 19.97; 2. V 26266, 18.84.
B: i , R W S (B in th e field), 19.12.
Γ]: I. S t ( = b m c i 8bisc), 23.1? (according to M u 384). Ptolemais
E: i . L bmc 19 (pi. X L I,6 ), 21.14.
C, : i . C 9974 (in th e field), 21.97; 2. B F rie d lä n d e r, 22.20. 916 AE. 2 9 -3 0 m m , 13.50g (4). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
H: i . L bmc 20 (pi. X L I,7 ), 21.75; 2—3. C op 1306-7, 20.29, 22.11.
I: i . R W S , 22.23. Sv 1901, bmc 25Äwa, p. ccvi
Θ: i . B (= bm c 20a, pi. X L I,8 ), 22.64. ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙ (across field, upw ardly); tu rrete d head of
IA: i . V 26264 ( — bm c 20b, p i. X L L q ), 22.03.
ΙΓ: i.JSW , 24.93·
Tyche, r.
ΙΔ: i . P 327 ( = bmc 2od, pi. X L I ,io ) , 16.99. ΚΡΑΣ; crocodile, r.
 C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Crassus, Pupius Rufus, Cleopatra and Antony (917-920)
i . V (= BMC 25^wa, pl. X L I I jio ; Sv, pl. L X III,2 7 ), 13.21; 2. A ( = Sv, pl.
L X III,2 8 ), 14.30; 3 . F a lg h e r a c o li., 13.73; 4 · P riv a te coli. ( = A ngelo
M elin, ‘C ire n a ic a N u m is m a tic a ’, Rassegna M onetaria X X X V , 1938, 1-2, pp.
3- 8 ), 12.75·
Cyrene
917 AE. 2 8 -9 m m , 12.82g (7). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
Sv 1902, BMC 25 bis, p. ccvii
KYPA; head of L ibya, r.
ΚΡΑΣ; crocodile, r.
CYRENA I C A (II)
The joint coinage ceased in c. 34 b c , probably when
Cyrenaica was given to Cleopatra Selene. Two more issues
were struck for Cyrenaica alone before Actium: these are
the Greek issues of Pupius Rufus and Cleopatra and
Antony.
Pupius Rufus
Pupius Rufus signed three denominations:
919-920 26—8 mm, 11.90g (45)
921-922 21 mm, 5-°5 g (23)
923 14-15 mm, 3.04 g (9)
These denominations bear obverse types which are tradi­
tional on Cyrenaican coinage: Zeus Ammon on 919-20,
ram on 921—2 and head of Libya on 923. But the reverse
types figure Pupius’s own types: the sella castrensis and fasces
on 919-20 are the attributes of the propraetor and the sella
quaestoria, hasta and sacculus the attributes of the quaestor.
The issue of Pupius Rufus has generally been dated after
Actium, between 30 and 27 b c (Robinson, p. ccxxiii; Grant,
FIT A, p. 69; Perl, pp. 349-51, no. 19; and Price, p. 121).
But Buttrey, pp. 31-2, is inclined to date it before
Cleopatra’s and Antony’s issue (924-5) for the following
reasons:
1. Metrology: if we admit that the weight and module of
the unit steadily declined from Crassus to Augustus,
Pupius’s unit (919-20) must be dated between Crassus
(9 : 4 j 9 i 6 > 9 G) and Antony (924).
2. The post-Antonian issues bear at least the name of
Augustus, and Pupius’s usage would be strangely
independent.
The presence of Scarpus in Cyrenaica is also a good
reason to insert Pupius Rufus’s issue before 31 b c . Scarpus
issued first denarii for Antony and then quinarii for
Octavian (Grueber, BMCRR II, 583-6; Crawford, RRC
546/1-8). Scarpus’s coinage for Antony is limited to 31 b c ,
then Scarpus passed to Octavian. Did his coinage for
Octavian follow immediately? This is Buttrey’s opinion.
The problem depends in fact on the date which is assigned
to Octavian’s denarii with CAESAR DIVI F/Victory on
globe, r. (RIC 255), as Scarpus’s denarii imitate that type.
If the CAESAR DIVI F coins are pre-Actian, Scarpus
221
i . L 1 9 6 0 -1 -1 2 -1 , 11.38; 2. L G 1110, 10.15; 3. O , 12.79; 4 * M o d en a
(= b m c 2§bis — Sv, pl. L X I I I ,2 9 ) , 15.25; 5. C y ren e, 15.32; 6. P V , . 13.62;
7. R W S (ex M a lte r X X X IV /1 9 8 6 , 352), 11.25.
918 AE. 14-15 m m , 3.03 g (11). Axis: 12 o r 6. [8 ]
BMC 26 an d 2Ôa-b, p. ccvii
KP A; head o f Libya, r.
KYPA; silphium
i . L BMC 2 6 (pl. X L I I ,i2 ) , 2.72; 2. G ( = BMC 26a, pl. X L I I ,i 1), 3.01;
3. L e n in g rad ( = b m c 26b ), 2.82; 4 . T u n is, 2.70; 5—7. N Y (N o rto n , from
C y ren e), 3.52, 3.09, 3.02; 8. R W S (ex W a d d ell 15/1985, 225), 2.92; 9. B
I-B , 3.23; 10. B R au c h , 3.58; 11. B, 2.69.
might have stayed in Cyrenaica only in 31 b c ; if the
CAESAR DIVI F group is datable to 29 b c , Scarpus was in
charge for a few years.
Cleopatra and Antony
This issue consists of two denominations:
924 2 6 —7 m m , 1 0 . 4 6 g ( 2 3 )
925 18 mm, 4-74 g (4)
The coins bear no types, but the legends ΑΝΤΩ/ΥΠΑ/Γ
-BACIA/ΘΕΑ/ΝΕ. The indication of the third consulate of
Antony dates the issue to 31 b c .
This issue has variously been attributed. Müller omitted
it first, but later included it in his Supplement (p. 30, no.
438a) as Cyrenaican, because of the similar typology of this
issue and the Augustan issues of Capito and Palikanus
(938-41). This attribution was accepted by Svoronos, Ptol.
no. 1899; Regling, reviewing Svoronos (ZfN, 1906, p. 397),
argued that no find evidence supported it; therefore Robin­
son did not mention it and Grant (FITA, pp. 64-5) gave it
to ‘Patras (?)’. Buttrey (ANSMN, 1954, pp. 95-109) also
denied this attribution to Cyrenaica but accepts it now
(Studies. . ., p. 27), in view of the discovery of a halved coin
of 924 in the Demeter sanctuary at Gyrene. It might be
added that F. Caronni (Ragguaglio del Viaggio Compendioso di
un Dilettante Antiquario, Milano, 1805) had already
published, among other African coins, a specimen of 924
(tav. IV, 18).
A P u p iu s R u f u s , 3 4 -3 1 B C (?)
9 1 9 -2 0 [ 16 ]
AE. 26-8 m m , 11.90 g (45). Axis: 12 or 6.
919. M u 424, BMC 32
AYAOC H O Y inO C L; head o f Zeus A m m on, r.
ΤΑΜΙΑΣ ANTICTPA; sella castrensis an d fasces; in
the field, L-A
i . L BMC 32 (pl. X L I I I ,3 ) , 12.58; 2. P 341, 13.80; 3. P 3 4 2 , 10.70; 4 . P
343, 11.53; 5 - 6 · P D ’A illy 17439-40, 7.87, 8.93; 7. V 26263, 12.00; 8—
9 . A, 12.71, 11.44; IO· C 6 1 8-1948 (G ran t) (1 /4 ), 2.86; 11. G , 11.21; 12—
15. M u , 12.47, 12.25, 10-84, 33 ·*01 ; 16· N Y , 12.33; 37—38· R W S , 14.09,
11.30; 19. B Fox, 14.40; 20. B Fox, 12.21.
 g ao . M u 425-7, BMC 27-31 [ 24 ]
KAI TAMIAC L; head of Zeus A m m on, r.
nO Y IIIO C ANTICTPAT; sella castrensis a n d fasces;
in the field, L-A
1—5. L BMC 27-31 (pi. X L I I I ,i - 2 ) , 12.49, 13*08, 11.92, 7.95, 11.53; 6 . P
344, 12.58; 7. P 3 4 5 , 13.83; 8. P 346, 14.19; 9. P D ’A illy 17441, 14.96;
10. V 31449, 10.65; i i —12. V 26261-2, 9.49, 11.18; 13—14. M u , 16.48,
8.88; 15. C op 1314, 8.95; 16—17. N Y , 10.33, io -o i; 18. P oinsignon, H eitz
coll., 4 /X II/1 9 8 5 , 212, 14.08; 19. B a.B ., 12.15; 2 0 . B, 16.13; 21. B I-B ,
13.55; 2 2 · B I-B , 11.86; 23. B, 10.34; 24. B L ö b b , 11.81; 25. B R au ch ,
11.09; 2 6 . Laffaille coll., 10.32.
9 2 1 -2 AE. 2 i m m , 5.05g (23). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 10 ]
931. M u 422, BMC 33
Π ΟΥΠΙΟΰ; ram , r.; ben eath belly, L
ΡΟΥΦΟΟ TAMIAC; sella quaestoria, h asta an d sacculus;
in the field, r., L
I . L BMC 33 (pi. X L I I I ,4 ) , 6.77; a . P 3 4 9 , 4.76; 3 - 4 . P 347-8, 4.68, 5.22;
5 . M u , 4.01; 6. C op 1315, 6.07; 7—9 . N Y (ex N o rto n ), 5.11, 4.13, 2.52
(1 /2); 10. N Y (N ew ell), 4.89; 11. T u n is, 6.06; 12. R W S , 5.12; 13. J P R ,
6.15; 14. T ra d e , 4.25; 15. S ch u lm an 265/1976, 302, 4.20; 16. Lewis s n g
127 s . 5 -4 9 -
9 2 a. M u 423, BMC 34 [ 8
ANTICTPA; ram , 1.; ben eath belly, L
Π ΟΥ ΠΙΟ ΰ TAMIAC; as 921
I. L BMC 3 4 (pi. X L I I I ,5 ) , 6.15; 2. P 350, 4.68; 3 . P 350WJ, 5.40; 4 . P
L u ynes 3695, 4.87; 5. C op 1316, 6.03; 6 . G , 3.92; 7. T u n is, 4.84; 8. B
631/02, 4.27; 9 . B, 4.48.
CRETE
At the same time as the coinages of Lollius and Crassus
were struck, Cnossian bronzes were issued as well as rare
cistophoric tetradrachms of Kydas the Cretarch. As one of
the series of Cnossian bronzes also bears the name of
Kydas, some have thought that the silver and bronze were
struck by the same official; moreover, that Kydas was the
friend of Antony reviled by Cicero (Phil. V,5,i3).
Kydas the Cretarch
Kydas is known from Gortynian inscriptions (IC IV, 250—
1) as Κρήταρχας and άρχός. His silver issue (926) is
mysterious. This issue abandons the tradition of the island
in favour of a coinage used for a century as the Roman
coinage of the province of Asia. Its types are Roman as well,
as the Zeus on the reverse derives from denarii struck by
Lentulus and Marcellus in 49 b c (RRC 445/1—2). It is in
fact a Roman provincial issue.
According to A.-M. Rouanet-Liesenfelt (‘Le crétarque
Kydas’, Mélanges H. van Effenterre, Paris, 1984, pp. 343—52)
this issue was struck in 43 b c at the time when Antony had
changed the status of Crete (cf. Cicero, Phil. 11,97 ) and
constituted the island in a federation of Κρηταιεις whose
command had been offered to his friend the Gortynian
Kydas. Therefore the Cretarch Kydas and the Cnossian
one are two different officials.
923 AE. 1 4 -1 5 m m , 3 .0 4 g (9). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 8 ]
M u 428, BMC 35
H ead o f L ibya, r.; behind, L
nO Y IIIO C ; coiled serpent w ith h ead erect
i . L BMC 35 (pi. X L I I I ,6 ) , 2.61; 2—3 . P 3 52-3, 3.14, 3.26; 4 —5. C o p
1317-8, 2.71, 2.26; 6. M u , 3.17; 7. A m sterd a m , 3.46; 8. N Y , 3.70; 9. B
I-B , 3.03.
Cleopatra and Antony, p i BC *17
924 AE. 2 6 -7 m m , 10.46g (23). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 12]
Sv 1899
BACIA Θ ΕΑ NE
ΑΝΤΩ ΥΠΑ Γ
i . L ι 859 —Ι Ι ~ Ι 5—2 ΐ Ι 2 ·9 2> 2. L D ev o n sh ire, 12.91; 3 “ 1 2 · See $ ν 1899ft-
ι; 13. Ρ 4^6, 8.71; ΐ 4 ” Χ5 · P? 9 ·° 3 > 7 -94-ί *6. B o sto n 36146? 11.13;
17. N ew H av en , 7.85; *8· C 6 39-1960, 7.67; 19. M ü n z h a n d lu n g B asel
4/1:935, 1140 (ex W e b er 8297), 11.94; 2 ° · B o n h am s/V e cch i 1/1980, 315,
12.85; 2 I · M a lte r X I V / 1980, 128 (ex M a lte r I I , 304), 11.94; 2 2 . E rsk in e
coll., 7.88; 2 3 . A u fh aü ser 5, 5 -7 /X /1 9 8 8 , 194, 8.89.
]
925 A E. 18m m , 4 .7 4 g (4). Axis: 6. [ 2 ]
Sv 1900
As 924
i . L 1 9 5 2 —6 - 2 —1 (o v erstru ck ), 4.47; 2. P 485, 5.43; 3. T , 4.00; 4 . C réd it
Suisse B ern 1/1983, 166, 5.07.
( II)
Series of Cnossian bronzes
In the late forties to probably the late thirties b c , some
Cnossian officials signed series of bronzes. Kydas was one of
them, with Aristion, Mnesitheos, Sauromatas, Tauriadas
and Tharsydikas. A seventh one, whose name ends in
[]menis, also signed coins. These civic issues were
obviously parallel to the provincial ones. The overstrikes of
Kydas on Crassus might prove that his coinage also fitted in
a Roman system (see below). These issues have been
studied by Anne E. Chapman, ‘Some First Century b c
Bronze Coins of Knossos’, NC 1968, pp. 13-26.
Chapman has shown that close stylistic connections
linked the series of some Cnossian officials with the issues of
Lollius and Crassus. The head of Artemis on gog is very
similar to the head of Artemis on the smaller denomination
of Tauriadas (933), and the head of Apollo on 912 is very
close to the head of Artemis on the smaller denomination of
Tharsydikas (931 ). Again, the head of Zeus on 9 n is not far
from the head of Zeus on the large denomination of Thar­
sydikas (930). These similarities suggest a contemporary
date for the coins of Lollius and those of Tharsydikas and
Tauriadas.
The overstrikes of Kydas on Crassus suggest, of course, a
contemporary date for those coinages. As the apparently
only surviving specimen signed by Sauromatas was struck
 CYRENAICA AND CRETE: Cnossus 223

with one of the dies used by Kydas, Sauromatas is also There is not much against this chronology; it may just be
datable to the period when Crassus was in charge. noted that the type of the eagle seems to refer to an Egyp­
There remain Mnesitheos, Aristion and [] menis. Chap­ tian influence: therefore the different issues were more likely
man was inclined to place Mnesitheos before the group struck after the granting of Crete to Cleopatra in 37/36 b c ; if
Tharsydikas/Tauriadas for the following reasons: 1. Coins these officials had an annual term of office, they would
of Mnesitheos are known with head of Zeus and ethnic on cover the period 37/36-31/30 b c .
the obverse/eagle and magistrate’s name on the reverse; The average weight of these bronzes can be seen from the
2. Some coins similar to 1 have on the reverse the ethnic table. At first glance the weights seem erratic and there are
ΚΝΩΣΙΩΝ accompanied by the letters MNH or NMH, important discrepancies between them: the Tharsydikas
which are apparently an abbreviation form of the name unit (930) weighs nearly 4 g more than the Mnesitheos one
ΜΝΗΣΙΘΕΟΣ. Chapman thought that 2 was the earliest (929) for instance. The Tharsydikas and Tauriadas half­
issue of Mnesitheos which was followed by 1. First the units (931 and 933) weigh quite precisely half of the unit.
ethnic appears on the reverse, then it is transferred to the Therefore it is difficult to consider 928 as the half-unit of
obverse while the magistrate’s name expands to its full form Mnesitheos, as it weighs 8 g and the unit (929) only 13 g.
on the reverse. This view is not true as a die study clearly Does this coinage fit in a Roman system? Diameters of
shows that the Mnesitheos issue was struck with only one 25-9 mm and 21 mm respectively correspond to an as and a
obverse die which was progressively damaged: the obverse semis (see below). But the weights of the Cnossian issues
always has ΚΝΩΣΙΩΝ even if it not visible on some speci­ are heavier than those of the provincial ones, with the
mens; the reverses with ΚΝΩΣΙΩΝ and MNH or MNH were exception of the Mnesitheos and Kydas issues whose
introduced when the obverse die was already damaged, at weights may be compared to the Crassus series (914, 916-
the end of the issue. 17). Therefore it may be admitted that these Cnossian
However, Chapman’s chronology might be true as she issues were theoretically adjusted to a Roman weight
points out that the ethnic disappears entirely on the other standard.
issues. According to her, another denomination with Sequence letters appear on these bronzes. The table on p.
Artemis head/crossed bow and quiver and ethnic 224 (more complete than that given by Chapman, p. 24)
ΚΝΩΣΙΩΝ was struck as the half-unit of Mnesitheos’s unit. provides an idea of the obverse and reverse letters and in
This is indeed possible: Mnesitheos, Tharsydikas and what combination they are found.
Tauriadas struck units and half-units, Kydas, Sauromatas The sequence letters begin to die out with Kydas. His coins
and Aristion units only (but see the metrology below). have A, B, Γ and Δ on the obverse but no reverse letters.
927 13-14 m m , 3 -°6 g (10)
928 20-2 m m , 8 .2 4 g (13)
929 25 -9 m m , I2 -95g (25) M nesitheos
930 25 -9 m m , 16.43g (18) T harsy d ik as 931 19-21 mm, 7.75g (10)
932 25-6 m m , ■4-°5g (13) T a u ria d a s 933 20—2m m , 6.82g (16)
934 2.5-7 m m 5 I 3-I 3 g (7°) K ydas
935 25 -6 m m , i5 -5 8 g (1) S aurom atas
936 26—9 m m , r4-58g (15) A ristion
937 23 m m , 9-33g (2) ] m enis

Chapman supposed that Aristion was the last official as the Aristion has no letter at all, except a B on one reverse.
style of his issue is very poor and copies the head of Zeus on Chapman’s statement that ‘the same letters appear on
some of the coins of Kydas. This might be true but it could more than one die in the case of both obverse and reverse
be as well a poor copy of the head of Zeus on the coins of dies’ does not seem true and the letters are here considered
Mnesitheos. as die numbers.
A last official, [] menis, is not mentioned by Chapman, A countermark consisting of a circle with a monogram 7^
but two specimens from the same obverse die occur in P and is found on a fairly large number of those Cnossian bronzes
NY. Unfortunately they are both very worn and the name (o n th e u n it so fa r):
of the official is not complete.
Cmk
A last issue must be mentioned: it has no name of an
official but a bust of Artemis/winged caduceus and M nesitheos 25
T harsydikas 18 —
ΚΝΩΣΙΩΝ. Chapman considers it as contemporary with the T au ria d a s 14 I
Lepidius one (907), in view of the style of the bust of K ydas 71 14
Artemis and the weight and module of the specimens. S aurom atas I —

To sum up, the chronology proposed by Chapman is as A ristion :5 2

follows: This countermark was applied without consideration of
927 Artem is/caduceus late 40s bc weight, perhaps after 27 b c , to allow these coins to circulate
928-929 Mnesitheos Before 37-36 bc throughout the province. It might be resolved as the word
9 3 0 -9 3 1 Tharsydikas CRETA (NC, 1949, p. 43) or hide the name of a Roman
9 3 2 -9 3 3 T auriadas > After 37-36 bc
official (Price). The first solution seems unlikely, as the
934 Kydas
Sauromatas 1 Late 30s bc, possibly ju st after
countermark appears to include the Latin letter S, and
935
936 Aristion J Actium possibly also an A. Could it be a mark of value, an as?
224 C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Kydas the Cretarch, Cnossus (926-934)

Obverse sequence letters

Reverse Mnesitheos Tharsydikas Tauriadas

sequence
letters Unit U nit H alf-unit U nit H alf-unit
A A B — A A
B A B A A, B
Γ B A
Δ
E
c, B
Z B
H
Θ B

K y d a s th e C reta rch Tharsydikas

930 AE. 2 5 -9 m m , 16.43g ( T8). Axis: 12. [ 15 ]
Gortyn, 43 BC
Sv 153-8
926 AR. 26m m , 11.64g (2)· Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
H ead o f Zeus, r.
Sv i (Province) ΘΑΡΣΙΔΙΚΑΣ; eagle w ith wings open, r.
C ista m ystica w ith half-open lid, from w hich a serpent r 3 * L, 17.93, 17-02, 16.49; 4 - 7 · p . 18.17, 16.07, 15 -4 7 . : 5 · ^ ; 8. P ,
issues to 1.; all w ithin ivy w reath 13-09; 9 “ IO - V , 16.53, 15·16; Ι Ι “ Ι 3 · O , 23.1 r, 18.88, 15.43; 1 4 - 1 5 . A,
15.98, 14.53; *6· B R au c h , 16.47; τ 7 · B a.B ., 14.28; 18. Laffaille coll.,
ΚΥΔΑΣ ΚΡΗΤΑΡΧΑΣ; Zeus standing facing, head r., 14.17.
holding th u n d erb o lt in r. h a n d an d eagle in 1. h an d
betw een two coiled serpents w ith heads erect; in the field, 931 AE. 19-21 m m , 7.75g (10). Axis: 12. [ 9 ]
Κ ΡΗ-ΤΑ Ι/Ε-Ω /Ν Sv 170
i . P 2 5 9 8 , 11.37; 2. N 7581 ( = Sv, pi. X X X I I ,1), 11.90.
H ead of A rtem is, r.
ΘΑΡΣΙΔΙΚΑΣ; q uiver
1—2. L, 8.81, 8.35; 3—5. P , 7 .6 1 (rev .), 7.30, 7.04; 6—7. V , 9 .8 3 (obv.),
C n o ssu s, c. 4 0 -3 0 B C 8.27; 8. H (A m sterd am ), 6.28; 9. B L ö b b , 7.08; 10. B I-B , 6.89.

Without magistrate’s name Tauriadas

927 AE. I3 - I4 m m , 3.06g (10). Axis: 12. [ 10] 932 AE. 2 5 -6 m m , 14.05g (13). Axis: 12. [ 13 ]
Sv 173 Sv 160-4
B ust of A rtem is, r. H ead of Zeus, r.; in front, th u n d erb o lt
Κ -Ν /Ω -Σ /Ι/Ω —N; w inged caduceus ΤΑΥΡΙΑΔΑΣ; eagle w ith w ings open, r.
1 - 4 . L, 4.24, 3.51, 3.27, 3.01; 5. P 157, 3.05; 6. P 1 9 8 5 /4 5 7 , 2.21; 7. B 1 - 4 . L, 17.04, 16.18, 14.73, '3 -6 4 ; 5. P, 15.22; 6. P ,
13.62; 7—8. V , 12.63,
R au ch , 2.40; 8 . B I-B , 2.24; 9 . B 7484, 3.19; 10. B L öbb, 3.44. 10.26; 9 . O , 14.14; 10. K nossos exc. 1982; 11. B a.B ., 12.64; I 2 · B 5189,
13.08; 13. B 5301, 17.32; 14. B L ö b b , 12.13.
928 AE. 20-2 m m , 8.24g (13)· Axis: 12. [ 12] C o u n te rm ark : f on th e obv., o n 10.
Sv 171-2 933 AE. 2 0 -2 m m , 6 .8 2 g (16). Axis: 12. [ 13]
B ust of Artem is, r. Sv 167-9
Κ -Ν Ω /ΣΙ-Ω Ν ; crossed bow an d quiver
H ead o f A rtem is, r.
1 -3 · L , 8 .3 8 , 10.02, 7.17; 4 - 7 . P , 9.97, 9.59, 7.49, 7.00; 8 - 9 . B, 9.12,
7.36; 10. G , 5.73; i i . W in te rth u r 2283, 7.09; 12. B P -O , 7.70; 13. B I-B , ΤΑΥΡΙΑΔΑΣ; quiver
7.70. 1—6. L, 7.93, 7.38, 6.61, 6.12, 6.00, 5.21; 7. P, 9.06; 8. P , 6.04; 9 —10. V ,
8.85, 6.44; i i —13. A, 7.21, 6.55, 5.52; 14. C o p , 7.35; 15. M u , 8.12; 16. B
L ö b b , 4.85.
Mnesitheos
929 AE. 2 5 -9 m m , 12.95g (2 5 )· Axis: 12. [ 22 ] Kydas
Sv 133-41 934 AE. 2 5 -7 m m , 13.13g (70). Axis: 12. [ 61 ]
ΚΝΩΣΙΩΝ; head o f Zeus, r.; in front, thu n d erb o lt Sv 142-51
Μ ΝΕ(Α)ΣΙΘΕΟΣ or ΚΝΩΣΙΩΝ NHM (or NMH); eagle
w ith w ings open, r. H ead of Zeus, r.; in front, th u n d erb o lt
ΚΥΔΑΣ; eagle w ith wings open, r.
1—4 . L, 15.93, 14.00, 12.94, 12.28; 5. P , 14.84; 6—10. P, 13.28, 12.27,
11.96, 11.51,7.64; 1 1 - 1 2 . V , 11.72, 9.50; 1 3 -1 7 . O , 13.83, 13.80, 13.57, 1 -1 9 . L, 17 .1 1, 15.49, 13 -9 3 . ' 3 -8 7 . 13 -4 6 , 13.04, 12.67, 12.19, ι ΐ · 5 °,
12.50, 11.77; 18—19. G , 12.31, 10.07; 20. T ü b in g e n , 10.48; 21—22. H i i . 16, 10.95, ïo .g ij 10.78, 10.43, 10.37, 10.21, 10.03, 9-83, 9-^7; 2 0 - 2 7 . P,
(A m sterd am ), Γ3.77, Γ3.65; 2 3 . B 831, 10.52; 24. B L öbb, 11.87; 25. S I- j 5-96, 15 -77 ; 15-32, 14 -9 9 ; *4-86, 13.77, 13*48, J2 - 7° i 2 8 - 3 1 . V , 17.28,
B, 17.42. 14.85, 12.87, 9 -9 2 ; 32 - 33 · M u , 10.64, 9-8o; 3 4 - 4 5 . O , 17.47, 14.46, 13.35,
 C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Cnossus, Cyrenaica I I I (935-937) 225

12.80, 12.62, 12.32, 12.13, 11.60, 11.53, r i .38, 11.24, 10.95; 4 6 —4 7 · C op, Aristion
16.71, 11.82; 4 8 —5 2 . A, 16.81, 16.75, t 5-66, 13.24, 11.52; 53—5 6 . H
(A m sterd am ), 14.66, 11.53, 11.27, n .2 5 ; 5 7 - 5 9 . G , 12.57, 11 .1 7 ,8 .9 1 ; 936 AE. 2 6 -9 m m , 14.58g (15). Axis: 12. [ 12 ]
6 0 . C , 12.86; 6 1 . M cG ill 298, 17.29; 6 2 . B 5188, 15.34; 63· B R au ch ,
11.46; 6 4 —6 5 . B Fox, 13.08, 11.26; 66—6 7 . B I-B , 11.77, ί 0 ·5 9 ί 6 8 . P a d u a Sv 159
7269, 10.49; 6 9 -7 0 · P > 436-1456. iJ - 9 3 . >4-27; 7 1· L > 947-6-6-133 2 , H ead of Zeus, r.
ïo.58; 7 2 . V 1 4 5 8 1 , 16.66.
C o u n te rm ark s: X on th e obv., on 3, 5, 6, 10, η , 17, 25, 35> 39; 45> 47ΐ 64>
ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝ; eagle w ith w ings open, r.
68 a n d η\. A T I on th e obv., on 71. L IC IS in rectan g le on th e rev., o n 71 I. L, 13.29; 2 - 3 . P, 16.43, >3-52; 4 · V. >6.25; 5 - 6 . V , 14.75, >3-35; 7 ~
(see also A B S A 84 (1989), p. 50). 9. O , 15.68, 14.90, 12.90; 10. A, 15.14; i i . C op, 15.39; I 2 · G , 14.16;
13. W in te rth u r 2282, 12.74; I 4 · B Box, 14.76; 15. B, 15.55.
C o u n te rm ark s: X on th e obv., on 4 a n d 9.

Sauromatas [ ] menis
935 AE. 2 5 -6 m m , 15.58g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] 937 AE. 2 3m m , 9.33g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
no 1968, 17, pi. V I I ,9 H ead o f Zeus, r.
H ead of Zeus, r.; in front, th u n d erb o lt [ ]ΜΕΝΙΣ; eagle w ith wings open, r.
ΣΑΥΡΟΜΑΤΑΣ; eagle w ith w ings open, r. I . P Γ5 7 ι 9 ·6 ι; 2· N Y , 9 ·° 5 ·
i . B L ö b b , 15.58. C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in o n th e rev., o n i a n d 2.

CYRENAICA (III)
After Actium three issues were struck under Augustus and Capito q. and Palikanus pr. Each official struck two
one under Tiberius. The three Augustan issues were struck varieties:
in the name of Scato, Capito and Palikanus (this is the Capito
order followed by Buttrey; Robinson has placed Capito 938 2 5 -7 mm, 12.40g (1)
after Palikanus and Grant (FIT A, pp. 135-9) suggested the 939 21-5 mm, 9.30 g (8)
order Palikanus, Capito and Scato). Palikanus
940 25—9 mm, 10.58g (16)
941 21 -2 mm, 5.88g (5)
U n d e r A ugustus
These varieties bear identical types. 938 and 940 have IM P
Scato procos. Scato signed four denominations: AVG TR POT in wreath/sella (name), 939 and 941 have
942 27—8 m m , I 4·17 § IM P AVG TR POT/(name).
(>5)
943 24—5 m m , >o-52g (>7) The relative order of the two coinages is unknown; it is
944 21 m m , 6-09 g (18) assumed here that Capito precedes Palikanus as his coins
945 14-15 m m , 2.08 g (8) have higher weights than those of Palikanus (pace Grant,
942 and 943 bear the head and name of Augustus FIT A, p. 135). But it is also assumed that Capito and
(CAESAR TR POT). The obverse of 943 is an imitation of Palikanus held office before Scato (pace Robinson and But­
Augustus’s reformed as with the head of the emperor (RIC trey) between 23 b c and Scato’s issue (see below, the discus­
373, e.g.). The obverse of 942 bears two heads (Augustus sion on metrology). Grant (FIT A, pp. 135-9) is more
and Agrippa) which no doubt indicate the coin’s value: one precise in dating Palikanus to the years between 23 and c. 15
head indicates the as, two heads the dupondius (see But­ and Capito to c. 15 b c .
trey, AJA, 1972, pp. 31-48, and Amandry, CENB, 1986, pp.
21—34) · On the reverse the legend in a wreath imitates the
obverse of the imperial dupondius (see RIC, 324, e.g.). U n d e r T iberius
The two other denominations have no reference to
Augustus and the types (ram and Libya/serpent) are The issue struck in honour of Drusus Minor and his twin
reminiscent of the small denominations struck by Pupius sons, Germanicus Gemellus and Tiberius Gemellus, dates
Rufus (921-2 and 923). Robinson had assumed (p. ccxxiii) to c. a d 23 as Germanicus and Tiberius figure on official
that 944 also represented an as ‘somewhat lighter’ than 943 sestertii struck in 22-3 (RIC 42) and Germanicus died in a d
and that Scato had issued coins on two occasions. But But­ 24.
trey (p. 28) is, of course, right when he says that 944 is a Three denominations were issued:
semis and 945 a quadrans, even if the weight of 944 is 946 27—8 mm, >3->5g ( IO)
higher than just the half of 943 as stated by him (three 947 24—6 mm, 8.85g ( 13)
examples known to him, eighteen here). 948 22—3 mm, 5-44 g (3)
Given Augustus’s TR POT, this issue was struck after 23 949 19—20 mm, 4-34g (2)
B e . As it is a reflection of the new Augustan system intro­
946 is no doubt a dupondius, 947 an as and 948—9 a semis.
duced at Rome between 23 and 19, Scato’s issue may be
dated between c. 20 and 12 b c , the year of Agrippa’s death.
D enom inations
The bronze coins issued in Cyrenaica and Crete were struck
in terms of Roman denominations. The problem lies in
determining which ones. Müller (Numismatique de l’ancienne
Afrique, I, pp. 169-70 and p. 180, table V), Robinson (p.
ccxxvii), Grant (FITA, p. 138) and Buttrey (Studies..., pp.
33—7) have provided values, but these authors disagree with
each other.
Their different positions depend on the state of the mon­
etary system each of them imagines at the time of the civil
wars. Writing about Lollius’s coins, Müller noted: ‘Les
pesées ... correspondent assez bien au poids du dupondius
romain de ce temps. A l’époque où la Cyrénaïque fut prov­
ince romaine, l’as était du poids d’une demi-once c. à d. de
1 3 , 5 grammes’ and therefore concluded that Lollius’s unit
( 9 0 9 and 9 1 2 ) was a semiuncial dupondius as the heaviest
specimen known to him weighed 27.4 g. Buttrey {Studies...,
p. 3 3 ) thought that Müller’s position could not be accepted.
It is true that the semiuncial as ceased to be struck at Rome
in 8 2 BG. The later military issues of Sextus Pompey were
struck on a light uncial standard, not semiuncial; but it is
assumed here that Octavian’s military issues (the
‘Perusian’ one, 6 2 0 - 1 , as well as his Gallic aes) are
dupondii struck on a light semiuncial standard (see M.
Amandry, CENB, 1 9 8 6 , pp. 2 1 - 3 4 ) - pace Buttrey who
thinks that the dupondius did not exist at all as a denomi­
nation in the first century b c until the unique dupondius of
Cn. Calpurnius Piso Frugi: RRC 5 4 7 . On the other hand,
Robinson took Lollius’s unit to be a sestertius on the argu­
ment that its weight corresponds to that denomination in
Antony’s fleet prefect coinage (and this is indeed the posi­
tion ofM. Price, p. 1 2 1 and n. 1 1 ) . Buttrey, Studies..., p. 3 3 ,
points out that: 1. their place of production is quite
unknown; 2 . no Cyrenaican find is attested; and 3 . therefore
Robinson’s association of this material with Lollius’s
coinage is entirely arbitrary. This is not completely true:
I. If the place of production of Antony’s fleet coinage was
previously unknown, a clearer picture has now emerged,
pointing towards a ‘Cypro-Syro-Phoenician’ mint for
Bibulus, a Peloponnesian one (Corinth?) for Atratinus and
perhaps an Athenian mint for Capito (see p. 284); 2. A cut
quarter of a Fleet sestertius of Capito was found in Cyrene,
and is now in NY (Buttrey, CRWLR, p. 173, n. 8, has
corrected his opinion); 3. Sestertii, dupondii and asses of
Atratinus and Capito probably circulated in Crete as they
were part of the Seager and Cameron collections now in L;
therefore Robinson’s association of the Fleet material with
Lollius’s coinage is not arbitrary. But it must be recalled
that the weights of the Fleet coinage are erratic, as each
officer used his own system. Atratinus’s and Capito’s heavy
sestertii, dupondii and asses have respectively the following
characteristics (1453-70):
Atratinus
HS 31—7 mm, I 9 -9 5 S (12)
Dp 24—6 mm, I2 .II g (13)
As 22—4 mm, 9-29 g (16)
Capito
HS 34—8 mm, 3 c 6 7 g (4 )
Dp 25—8 mm, T5 -2 9 g (28)
As 20—4 mm, 7 -7 9 g (22)
Robinson’s association might be true if the coinage of
Atratinus is the only one to be considered. What must also
be stated is that the East under Antony’s rule seems to have
adopted the quartuncial standard very early, because the
Corinthian as struck from 44 b c weighs about 8-10 g with a
diameter of 20-4 mm and the semis 4-4.5 g with a diameter
of 15-17 mm (see Amandry, Le monnayage des duovirs corin­
thiens, pp. 82-9 and below, p. 246).
After these considerations, we may turn back to the coins.
The table on p. 227 includes average weights of the speci­
mens known to us (compared to Buttrey’s table [Studies...,
p. 35], this table is based on a much more significant collec­
tion of material: 499 coins were examined instead of 184),
and the various denominations proposed by Müller, Robin­
son, Buttrey and RPC.
It is indeed a good idea to follow Buttrey’s reverse order
and to begin with the latest issues as they are the clearest:
Tiberius. The denominations are no doubt dupondii (946),
asses (947), and semisses (948-9). There is here general
agreement.
Scato. The largest piece (942) with its two heads on the
obverse is a dupondius analogous to the dupondius struck
at Nemausus; the coins with Augustus’s head (943) imitate
the obverse of the Augustan reformed as. It follows that 944
and 945 are semisses and quadrantes.
Capito and Palikanus. Müller, Robinson and Buttrey consider
that both varieties of each issue represent a dupondius and
an as. But it is argued here that they represent an as and a
semis, slightly heavier than the respective denominations of
Scato’s issue, and therefore Capito and Palikanus have been
dated before Scato, but after 23 b c , given Augustus’s TR
POT.
The weight of Capito’s and Palikanus’s heaviest denomi­
nation does not correspond to a dupondius, but to an as (a
second specimen of Capito’s unit in P weighs 8.83 g, but it is
holed: the average weight of both specimens would be
10.62 g). A weight e. 11 g is right for an Augustan as. And a
diameter of c. 21-2 mm for the lightest denomination cor­
responds to the diameter of Scato’s semis. In fact, Capito’s
and Palikanus’s denominations have about the same weight
and diameter as Pupius Rufus’s two heaviest denomi­
nations (919-20, 921-2) which are considered by Buttrey as
an as and a semis.
Antony, Pupius Rufus and Crassus. The denominations stated
by Buttrey seem correct and there is no need to discuss the
problem further. From Crassus to Tiberius all the asses,
semisses and quadrantes have about the same weight and
diameter, respectively c. 10—12 g and 25-8 mm, 5-8 g and
21—2mm, 2-3.5g and iq-iym m .
Lollius. As is obvious from the table above, the identification
of Lollius’s denominations is the most hypothetical. Müller,
Robinson and Buttrey have proposed three different
systems. In fact, the identifications depend on the concep­
tion we have of the metrological system in use in Antony’s
territories. It seems clear that the quartuncial standard was
already in use in the late forties (at, e.g., Corinth) and early
thirties b c (the Fleet coinage). So there is no reason to think
that a reduction from the uncial to the semiuncial standard
occurred between Lollius’s and Crassus’s issues; fur-
 C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Cyrenaica I I I (938) 227

Denomination
Catalogue D iameter Weight
number (mm) (g) M üller Robinson Buttrey RPC

Lepidius 907 14-19 3-94 (8) - Local st. Local st. s

L. Loilius 908 30-1 21.46 (17) Dp HS As HS
909 26-8 10.65 (92) As Dp s As
910 16-18 4.42 (17) S As Q s
9 11 31-2 18.83 (40) Dp HS As HS
9 12 26-8 10.31 (18) As Dp s As
913 15-16 4.14 (6) S As Q s
Crassus 9H 25-6 11.88 (46) ___ Dp As As
9 r5 21 7-23 (13) — As s s
916 29-30 i3-5° (4) — Dp As As
90 28-9 12.82 (7) — Dp As As
918 14-15 3-03 ( " ) — S Q Q
Pupius Rufus 919-20 26-8 11-9° (45) Dp Dp As As
921-2 21 5-°5 (23) As As s s
923 : 4_ I 5 3-°4 (9) S S Q Q
Antony 924 26-7 10.46 (23) _ As As
925 18 4.74 (4) - - s s
Capito 938 25-6 10.62 (2) Dp Dp Dp As
939 2 1 -4 9-3° (8) — As As s
Palikanus 940 25-9 id-58 (16) Dp Dp Dp As
941 21—2 5-88 (5) As As As S

Scato 942 27-8 D -D (15) HS Dp Dp Dp

943 24-5 10.52 (17) Dp As As As
944 21 6.09 (18) Dp, As As s s
945 G -1 5 2.08 (8) S s Q Q
Tiberius 946 27-8 I 3-I 5 ( I0 )
___ Dp Dp Dp
947 24-6 8.85 (13) — As As As
948 22-3 5-44 (3) — S s S
949 19-20 4-34 (2) — — — S

thermore, we are not even sure if Crassus’s issue did follow Exclusions
Lollius’s.
So 909 and 912, with a diameter of 26-8 mm and a weight The following coins have been omitted from Cyrenaica:
ofc. 10.5 g, are asses. 910 and 913, with a weight oft. 4g and L. Fabricius Petellius: Müller 429: see under Carthago
a diameter of 15-18 mm, are semisses, even if their diameter
Nova (146).
is smaller than that of the semisses issued later. There Female head to r./P COSCON, silphium plant?: Grant,
remains the problem of 908 and 911: are they dupondii FIT A, pp. 260-1, pi. IX ,6: see under ‘Uncertain Coins’
(Müller) or sestertii (Robinson)? They would be dupondii,
(5402).
like the Gallic aes of Octavian, if struck in the western part
Clovius (RRC 476) and Oppius (RRC 550): A. Alfoldi,
of the Roman world; but they were struck in Antony’s ter­
‘Commandants de la flotte romaine stationnée à Cyrène
ritories and the closest parallel is Atratinus’s sestertius. It is
sous Pompée, César et Octavien’, Mélanges Carcopino (Paris,
therefore suggested here that Lollius’s denominations are
1966), pp. 25-42: see under ‘Italy’ (601-3).
sestertii, asses and semisses.
Lepidius. 907 would also be a semis, if it is admitted that 910
and 913 are semisses.
Whatever the solution is, a Roman monetary system had A u g u s tu s
been in use in Cyrenaica and Crete in the late Republic.
The weight standard was, from the beginning, as in the rest Capito, c. 20 BC
of Antony’s dominion, intermediary between the semiuncial 938 AE. 2 5 -6 m m , 10.62g (2). Axis: 9. [ 2 ]
and quartuncial standard. The denominations of as and Mu Supp. 438A, BMC p. ccvii, 48b
semis were regular, with very rare sestertii (908 and 911 )
and a few quadrantes (918 and 923). The dupondius was IM P A V G T R P O T w ithin laurel w reath
introduced with the reform of Augustus (942, 946), but this C A P IT O Q ; sella castrensis w ith cushion on seat
reform had in fact been anticipated by Antony. i . L 1 9 4 6 —12—5 —12, 12.40; 2. P 371, 8.83 (holed).
939 AE. 2 i- 4 m m , 9.30 g (8). Axis: 9 or 3. [ 6 ] 944 AE. 2 1 m m , 6.09 g (18). Axis: 6. [ 13 ]
M u 438, BMC p. ccviii, 48c M u 430, bmc 42
IM P A V G T R P O T R am standing, r.; above, eight-pointed star
C A P IT O Q SC A T O ; in laurel w reath
i . P 3 7 a ( — BMC, pi. X L IV ,6 ), 7.32; a. P D ’Ailly 17217, 7.44; 3. M u , i . L bm c 42 (pi. X L I I I ,9 ) , 6.00; 2—4 . P 3 5 5 -7 , 8.68, 7.27, 4.85; 5 . V
11.77; 4 · C op 1322, 9.32; 5. N Y , 11.32; 6. P V , 13.35; 7. P riv a te coll., 26259, 6.62; 6. C 615-1948, 4.86; 7. G, 4.57; 8. C o p 1319, 6.19; 9 . Be,
5.57; 8. B L ö b b , 8.37. 6.30; 10. T u n is, 9.87; i i —12. M u , 6.85, 5.90; 13. P V , 4.85; 14. R W S ,
3.80; 15. T ra d e , 5.07; 1 6 - 1 7 . B Fox, 5.71, 5.25; 18. B I-B , 4.39.

945 A E. i |- i 5 m m , 2 .0 8 g (8). Axis: 12. [ 8 ]

Palikanus BMC 43
940 AE. 2 5 -g m m , 10.58g (16). Axis: 12. [ 15 ] H e ad of L ibya, r.
M u 434-5, BMC 44-8 SC A T; coiled serpent w ith head erect
i . L bmc 43 (pi. X L I I L i o ) , 1.78; 2 —3 . P 3 5 8 - 9 , 1.76, 2.00; 4 —5. M u ,
IM P A V G T R P O T in laurel w reath
1.99, 1.85; 6. G , 2.82; 7. N Y , 2.38; 8. P 358a, 2.11.
P A L IK PR; sella castrensis w ith cushion on seat
i . L BMC 4 4 (pi. X L I V ,i) , 15.23; 2. L BMC 45, 18.14; 3 . L bmc 46 (pi.
X L IV ,2 ), 9.16; 4 . L bmc 47, 8.27; 5. L bmc 48 (pi. X L IV ,3 ), 7.94; 6 -
8. P 366-8, 12.46, 7.92, 6.91; 9 - 1 0 . P D ’A illy 17442-3, 10.97, J 3 -9 *2i U n d e r T ib e r iu s
r i . M u , 16.26; 12. J S W , 9.01; 13. B Fox, 9.67; 14. B R au ch , 7.55; 15. B
I-B , 7.72; 16. B L ö b b , 8.13. 946 A E. 2 7m m , 13.15g (10). Axis: 12. [ 10 ]
bmc 49-50
941 AE. 2 1 -2 m m , 5.88g (5). Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
ΔΡΟ(Υ)ΣΟΣ ΚΑΙΣ AP ΑΥΓΟ(Υ)ΣΤΟΥ ΥΙΟΣ; laureate head
BMC 48a, p. ccvii
of D rusus, r.; in front, sim pulum ; behind, lituus
IM P A V G T R P O T TIB ΓΕΡ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΣ; b are heads of the tw ins T iberius (on
P A L IK P R - 1.) an d G erm anicus (on r.) face to face
I. L 1 9 5 4 -1 -6 -1 , 7.88; a - 3 - P 3 6 9 -7 0 , 6.54, 5.38; 4 . M u , 3.49; 5 . G i . L bm c 49 (ΔΡΟΣΟΣ: p i. X L IV ,7 ), 15.63; 2 . L bm c 50 (p i. X L IV ,8 :
(= bmc, pi. X L IV ,4 ), 6.12.
rev .), 12.92; 3. P (ΑΥΓΟΣΤΟΥ), 14.10; 4 . P, 13.52; 5. P , 10.86; 6—7. V
2 7325~6, 13-57, 12.47; 8. N Y , 13.66; 9 . P V , 12.01; 1 0 . M i ( = B rera 709),
14.40; i i . B R au c h , 12.77; 1 2 . G , 14.32.
C o u n te rm ark : a litu u s (?) o r a P on the obv., on 10 { G W 419)·
Scato
947 A E. 24~6m m , 8.85g (13)· Axis: 12. [ 14 ]
942 AE. 27—8 m m , 14.17g (15). Axis: 12. [ 13 ]
bmc 51
M u 433, bmc 36-9
ΔΡΟΥΣΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΑΥΓΟΥΣΤΟΥ ΥΙΟΣ; lau reate head of
C A ESA R T R P O T A G R IP P A ; bare heads of A ugustus D rusus, r.
(on 1.) an d A grippa (on r.) face to face As 946
SC A T O P R O C O S ; in laurel w reath
i . L bmc 51 (pi. X L IV ,9 ), 10.90; 2—7. P, 10.56, 9.60, 8.79, 7.55, 7.48,
i . L bm c 36 (pi. X L I I I j ) , 11.50; 2 - 4 . L bm c 3 7 -9, 15.17, 16.41, 12.56; 6.95; 8 —9 . V , 10.18, 9.21; 1 0 . N Y , 9.13; i i . S ch u lten 1 2 -1 3 /IV /1 9 8 4 ,
5 - 7 . P 363-5, 11.60, 13.43, 14.82; 8. P L uynes 3693, 14.93; 9 · V 26256, 202, 8.16; 12. B L ö b b , 8.86; 13. B 12594, 9.17; 14—15. G , 11.08, 7.32.
18.66; 10. V 19008, 13.22; i i . C 617-1948 (ex G ra n t), 8.72; 12. Be 3842,
16.79; * 3 · P V , 13.36; 14. B 486/1891, 14.71; 15. B 801/1920, 16.65. 948 AE. 22-3 m m , 5.44g (3). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
bmc 52
943 AE. 2 4 -5 m m , 10.52g (17). Axis: 12. [ 15 ]
D rom edary, r., in laurel w reath
bmc 40
As 9 4 6 -7
C A ESA R T R P O T ; b are head o f A ugustus, r. I. L BMC 52 (pi. X L I V .io ) , 4.53; 2 - 3 . M i, 6.55, 5.25.
SC A T O PR; sella castrensis w ith cushion on seat
i . L bm c 40 (pi. X L I I I ,8 ) , 10.80; 2—3. P 360, 360a 11.07, t o .4 8 ; 4 . P 949 AE. 19m m , 4 .3 4 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
3 6 1 , 12 .37; 5—6. V 26257-8, 8.22, 13.41; 7. C op 1320, 12.01; 8. O , 10.86; D rom edary, L, in laurel w reath
9. C 616-1948, 9.54; 10. A, 9.26; i i . Be, 10.72; 12—13. N Y , 12.08,
10.69; 14. M u , 10.09; * 5 · P V , 8.55; 16. B R au ch , 8.90; 17. B L öbb,
As 946—8
9.76; 18. L = bm c 41, 7.91. I. N Y , 3.31; 2. P , 5.36.

C RE T
On Roman Crete, see I.F . Sanders, Roman Crete, 1982.
In 27 BC, Crete and Cyrenaica became a senatorial prov­
ince governed by a proconsul with praetorian rank. The
proconsul was aided by quaestors and legati. The Roman
officials could also be helped by the Provincial Council, the
Koinon. Its main role was connected with the imperial cult.
At the head of the Koinon was the Archiereus; the
Xystarches organised five-yearly games.
About twenty city states are known during the Roman
period on epigraphic and numismatic grounds. Nine issued
(Ill)
coins: Axos, Cydonia, Eleutherna, Gortyn, Hierapytna,
Lappa, Lato, Lyttus and Polyrhenium. The case of Dik-
tynna is discussed below.
Apart from Cydonia and Lappa, which were freed by
Augustus and which issued coins over a longer period than
any other city state in Crete, the others ceased striking coins
after Caligula, when the provincial series began. But the
main bronze coinage of Crete from Augustus to Nero was
produced by Cnossus, Colonia lulia Nobilis. Traditionally
the date of its foundation is given as 36 b c when Dio

(XLIX,i4) records that Ocfàvian granted the Capuans an
aqueduct and the territory of Cnossus. But Dio does not
mention a colonia in Crete at this point and it seems unlikely
that Octavian could have settled a colony in 36 b c in an
area under Antony’s control. Its foundation is probably to
be placed after Octavian became Augustus in 27 b g . The
organisation of the colony was standard, with duoviri
known epigraphically and from coins.
Cretan silver coinage
Precious metal was not struck under Augustus, but from
Tiberius to Nero. Under Tiberius silver coins were issued
by individual cities, but signed with the names of the gov­
ernors Cornelius Lupus and Laches. The presence of these
names may indicate a strict control maintained over the
coinage. The Koinon was probably used as the intermedi­
ary body (Price, p. 124). The division of this coinage into
‘municipal’ and ‘provincial’ is thus quite meaningless.
Svoronos remains the standard work, but more details
can be found in G. MacDonald, ‘The Silver Coinage of
Crete’, Proceedings of the British Academy IX, 1919, pp. 24-9,
and D.R. Walker, Metrology, pp. 47-51, 78-9. J.-P. Callu,
La politique monétaire des empereurs romains de 238 à j i i , pp.
151-2, 154, carries little weight as he did not know much of
the material; furthermore, his tables are incorrect as he
attributes to Augustus coins struck under Tiberius.
It remains true, however, that our information concern­
ing this coinage is poor, as the surviving specimens are rare.
Tiberius
Under Cornelius Lupus (on his career, see PIR2, C 1400),
the cities of Axos, Cydonia, Eleutherna, Gortyn,
Hierapytna and Polyrhenium struck silver coinages. The
structure of this group can be seen from the table below.
It consists of three denominations, tetradrachms, tri­
drachms and drachms (see metrology below). The
tetradrachms have on the obverse the head of Divus
Augustus and on the reverse the head of the Cretan Zeus
(TAN KPHTΑΓΕΝΗΣ). Tridrachms are recorded at Axos
and Cydonia, with the laureate head of Tiberius and the
bearded and veiled head of the Senate. Drachms were
struck at Cydonia, Eleutherna, Gortyn and Hierapytna
with the heads of Tiberius on the obverse and the deified
Augustus on the reverse.
There are two drachms whose attribution is difficult. A
drachm struck under Lupus, attributed to Hierapytna by
U nder Lupus:
Axos
Cydonia
Eleutherna
(jortyn 955 2 6 -7 mm, 8.93g Ο)
H ierapytna 957 24-6 mm, 9.45 g (1)
Polyrhenium
U nder Laches:
Cydonia
H ierapytna
Axos
C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Cretan silver coinage 22g
Svoronos (Sv 48), but lacking an ethnic (958), is here
removed from Hierapytna, as the style and the form of the
inscription in the dative do not suggest that mint. Second,
the unique drachm of Lappa (959) has the magistrate’s
name off the flan, but was more probably struck under
Lupus.
The other magistrate whose name occurs under Tiberius
is Laches. As the term of his office extended into the reign of
Caligula, he was a successor of Lupus. The evidence for this
is not certain; it is supplied by the appearance of his name
on a unique drachm of Axos (962), which bears the heads of
Caligula and Germanicus, but whose authenticity is
suspect. The structure of the coinage struck under Laches
therefore can be seen from the table below.
No tetradrachm is known for Laches. A tridrachm,
unique so far, was struck at Cydonia, and drachms at
Cydonia and Axos. The typology remained unchanged.
Polyrhenium could be added to the short list of cities that
issued a coinage under Laches, as the discovery of ‘a fine
AR coin of Polyrhenium’ with the head of Augustus and the
inscription ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΕΠΙ ΛΑΧΗΤΟΣ is recorded
at Potamou in the excavation of a first-century a d cemetery
(.Archaeological Reports, 1985-6, p. 93), but more information
is needed.
Caligula
After Laches the nature of the coinage does not really
change. Under Caligula the three denominations inau­
gurated by Lupus were revived near the beginning of the
reign, in a d 37-8, when Caligula was consul for the first
time. This coinage was possibly minted at Gortyn, even if
there is nothing in the legend to indicate the city of origin.
963 24 mm, 9.59 g (8)
964 22-3 mm, 7.55 g (11)
965 i6 -i7 m m , 2.40g (37)
On all three denominations the head of Caligula figures on
the obverse. The reverse types are: (a) a statue of Divus
Augustus, in a toga, holding patera and sceptre, placed on a
waggon drawn by four elephants, each with its mahout-
rider, on the tetradrachms; (b) the same figure seated on a
curule chair on the tridrachms; and (c) a radiate head of
Divus Augustus on the drachms. In all three cases there are
seven stars in the field of the reverse.
The meaning of these reverses has been discussed by M.
Price, ‘Elephants in Crete? New light on a cistophorus of
Caligula’, Pepragmena tou Γ° diethnous kretologicou Synedriou,
950 25-6 mm, 7.65 g (1)
951 22m m , 7.13g (2) 952 i5 -i6 m m , 2.50g (1)
953 i5 -i6 m m , 2.22g (1)
954 17 mm, 2.68g (2)
956 15-16mm, 2.37g ( 3)
960 22 mm, 7.36 g (1)
17 mm, 2.46g (3)
962 i8m m , 2.15g (1)
Athens, 1973, pp. 279-85. They commemorate the acces­
sion of the new emperor and the emphasis on Augustus, the
founder of the Empire, was inherent in the policy of Cali­
gula. The elephant car is a consecratio type signifying the
triumphal epiphany of the deified Augustus. The seven
stars represent the Septentriones, the Great Bear; this con­
stellation had a particular connection with Crete as the
nurses of Zeus, Helice and Kynosoura, were placed in the
heavens as the Great and Little Bear. Therefore the seven
stars linked with the cult image of Augustus brought him
into a close relationship with Zeus Cretagenes. The type on
the tridrachm might depict the chief statue of the imperial
cult in Gortyn placed in the great shrine of Zeus
Cretagenes.
The coinage of Caligula was abundant, as is also true of
the bronze coinage issued in his name by Augureinus at
Gortyn (1022-3), Hierapytna (1024-5), Lato (1026), Lyttos
(1027) and Polyrhenium (1028) and by two colleges of
duoviri at Cnossus (991-8).
C laudius
Claudius continued the system.
966-967 24-6 mm, 9.95 g (6)
968 24-5 mm, 7.43 g (7)
969 15 mm, 2.18 g (2)
He substituted only his own image, name and titles for
those of Caligula but the reverse types remained
unchanged. This first emission was also struck in the first
year of his reign and has the same significance as under
Caligula. Like his predecessor, Claudius saw himself as the
true successor of Augustus. His coinage is less abundant
than Caligula’s and the rarity of his drachms is difficult to
explain.
Later in his reign he introduced a new reverse type for the
tetradrachms —a standing figure of Zeus - but the seven
stars remained (970). No more tridrachms were struck. A
unique drachm, with two Korybantes dancing (971), may
have been issued together with the new tetradrachm. The
Cretan origin of this coin is not certain, but the occurrence
of the same type on Cretan bronze coins of Vespasian
makes it likely.
N ero
Under Nero tetradrachms and drachms are known. There
seem to have been two issues of tetradrachms, which are
distinguished by the presence or absence of an eagle beside
the god. The group with an eagle (974) has a weight of
8.55 g (4); the one without (975) a weight of 8.40 g (6). But
three of the six known specimens of the second group are
holed. It is therefore difficult to establish the sequence of
these two groups and the treatment of Nero’s portrait is of
little help.
Walker is certainly right when he dates these issues after
the reform of a d 64 at Rome (see the table below,
‘Metrology and fineness’).
But the issues of drachms (972-3) were struck earlier in
the reign of Nero as they represent Agrippina II (and not
Agrippina I, pace Walker). The reverse type of 971a recalls
the Claudian series 971. It is difficult to decide if it was
struck in parallel with 972 and 973 or later in the reign of
Nero, as a division of the tetradrachms. The first alternative
has been adopted here.
Three silver denominations were struck in Crete under
Tiberius, Caligula and Claudius. These are probably
tetradrachms, tridrachms and drachms (and not
tridrachms, didrachms and 12 as pieces as stated by Callu)
whose standard was rather lighter than the cistophoric
system. Their fineness is remarkably consistent from
Tiberius to Nero (c. 95% fine according to Walker) and the
system was based on a drachm whose silver content was
about 2.35 g. Under Nero only two denominations are

M etrology and fineness

This table is based on W alker’s study (p. 50) but presents m inor corrections which anyway tend to confirm W alker’s discussion (pp. 50—1).

M ean % o f M ean weight Weight o f silver

Weight (g) silver o f silver (g) in drachms (g)

Tiberius Tetra. 9.22 (2) (95-75) (8.82) (2.20)

Tri. 7-57 (3 ) (95-75) (7-25) (2.41)
Dr. 2.45 (10) 95-75 2-34 2-34
Caligula Tetra. 9-59 (8) (94.66) (9 -0 7 ) (2.26)
Tri. 7-55 I ” ) 94.66 7.14 2.38
Dr. 2.40 (3 7 ) 94-42 2.26 2.26
Claudius
First group T etra. 9-95 (6) 94-25 9-37 2-34
Tri. 7·43 ( 7 ) 94-75 7.04 2-34
Dr. 2 . i 8 (2) (9 5 -12 ) (2.07) (2.07)
Second group Tetra. 9-87 (2) 95-37 9.41 2-35
Dr. 2-45 (Ο (9 5 -3 7 ) (2.33) (2 -3 3 )
Nero
First group Dr. (Ag. Il) 2-30 (3) 95-12 2.18 2.18
Second group T etra, with eagle 8-55 (4 ) 94.16 8.05 2.01
T etra, without eagle 8.40 (6) 94.16 7-91 T*97
 C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Cretan silver coinage (950-958) 231

known: the weight of the larger implies a drachm of reduced i . L BMC 18 ( = Sv, pi. X I I , 8), 2.22. W alk er ( M etrology , p. 78, n. 25)
sup p o sed th a t this piece is an an c ie n t forgery, m a d e o f iro n w ith a coating
weight, around 2 g, on the likely assumption that the o f silver. Sv 4 9 -5 0 , q u o te d from V a illa n t a n d M u s. Theup ., a re no d o u b t
denomination is a tetradrachm. m isread coins.
If it is accepted that the Cretan standard was the same as
the cistophoric and that the exchange ratio was also the G O R T Y N
same - that is, if a Cretan drachm was worth three-quarters 954 A R (drachm ). 17m m , 2.68g (2). Axis: 6. [ 2 ]
of a denarius - the denarius on which it was based con­ [ 2 coins, 2 pairs of dies ]
tained c. 3.13 g of silver. But the official denarius of that Sv 192
period contained 3.65 g of silver. This means that the ΤΙΒΕΡΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΓΟΡΤΥΝΙΩ; lau reate head
Cretan coin was overvalued by at least 17% in relation to of T iberius, r.
the denarius and designed for local circulation. Under Nero ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΚΡΗΤΕΣ Ε(ΠΙ) KOP ΛΥ(ΠΩ); radiate
the drachm contains c. 2 g of silver, which gives a denarius head o f Divus A ugustus, 1.
of 2.65 g of silver when the real denarius contained 3 g of i . P 3 5 7 ( — Sv. pi. X V I I , 1), 2.70; 2 . C o p 566 (ΕΠ 1 KOP ΛΥΠΏ), 2.65.
T h e C o p sp ecim en w as a ttrib u te d to th e K o in o n w ith th e obv. legend:
silver after the reform of a d 64. The degree of overvaluation -ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ K K (stan d in g for KOINON ΚΡΗΤΩΝ). T h is a ttrib u tio n is
is about 14%. More coins of Nero are needed for study but unlikely as the p ro d u ctio n o f th e K o in o n w as n ev er signed u n d e r th e Ju lio -
the view that the Cretan coinage responded exactly to the C la u d ian s; m o reo v er, th e dies w ere c u t b y th e sam e e n g rav e r as th e P coin
a n d the letters TO could easily b e re a d in ste ad o f KK.
reform at Rome may be accepted.
A number of coins attributed by Svoronos to the province
H I E R A P Y T N A
of Crete are catalogued elsewhere: 955 A R (tetra d .). 2 6 -7 m m , 8 .9 3 g ( Λ Axis: 6. [ o ]
Sv 10—12 were struck by the Lycian League: see 3336-7, Sv 45
3339 · ©ΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΡΗΤΩΝ ΕΠΙ ΚΟΡΝΗΛ ΛΥ; radiate
Sv 14-18 were also struck by the Lycian League: see
head of D ivus A ugustus, r.
3345 - 9 - TAN ΚΡΗΤΑΓΕΝΗΣ ΙΕΡΑ; head o f Zeus bound w ith
Sv 31-3 were struck at Caesarea Cappadocia: see 3635-6, taenia, r.
3643 · I. G o ( = S v , pi. X V I I I ,2), 8.93.

956 A R (drachm ). i5 - i6 m m , 2.37g (3)· Axis: 12. [ 3 ]

T ib e riu s
[ 3 coins, 3 pairs of dies ]
Cornelius Lupus Sv 47
TIBEPIOE K A IIA P EEBAETOE E KOP AY; lau reate
A X o s
head of T iberius, r.
950 A R (tridrachm ). 2 5 -6 m m , 7.65g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] Θ Ε Ο Ι I EBAETOE KPHTEE ΙΕΡΑ; rad iate head of
RN 1885, pi. V I I I ,3, Sv 40 D ivus A ugustus, 1.
i . B 28686 {— Sv, pi. X V I I I ,4), 2.67; 2. L 1 9 2 7 - 1 —1 6 - 4 2 5 S eager, 2.25;
ΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ E KO Λ Y; lau reate head of Tiberius, r. 3 . V 14435, 2.20. T h e V specim en w as a ttrib u te d b y Svoronos to C y d o n ia
ΚΡΗΤΕΣ ΑΞΙ ΣΥΝΚΛΗΤΩ; bearded an d veiled head o f the (Sv 1 16) w ith th e q u alificatio n th a t it could h av e b een stru ck a t G o rty n or
Senate, r. E leu th e rn a . A n a ttrib u tio n to H ie ra p y tn a seem s m o re likely as th e legends
are in the n o m in ativ e (n o t the d ativ e) case a n d th e d ie axis is a t tw elve
i . P 62 ( — Sv, pi. 111,40), 7.65.
(n o t six) o ’clock.
C Y D O N I A
951 A R (tridrachm ). 22m m , 7.13g (2). Axis: 6. [ 2 ] P O L Y R H E N I U M
[ 2 coins, i p a ir of dies ] 957 A R (tetra d .). 2 4 -6 m m , 9 .4 5 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1]
Sv 110
Sv 52
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΕΠΙ KOP ΛΥΠΩ; laureate
Θ ΕΟ[Σ ΣΕΒΑΣ]ΤΟΣ ΕΠΙ ΚΟΡΝΗΛΙΟΥ ΛΥΠΟΥ fà; radiate
head o f T iberius, r.
head o f D ivus A ugustus, 1.
ΣΥΝΚΛΗΤΩ ΚΡΗΤΕΣ KY; beard ed an d veiled h ead o f the
TAN Κ[ΡΗΤΑΓΕ]ΝΗΣ ΠΟΛΥΡ; lau reate head of Zeus
Senate, r.
K retagenes, r.
I. P 225 (= Sv, pi. X ,I5 ), 6.55; 2. L BMC 37, 7.70.
i . P 5 3 3 ( — Sv, p i. X X V I ,30), 9.45. T h e m o n o g ra m stan d s for
952 A R (drachm ). i5 - i6 m m , 2.50g (1). Axis: 6. [ 1 ] ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΣ.

mg 215, no. 17, Sv 115

U N C E R T A I N C I T Y
TI KAI TEB ΑΕΤ[Ω] KPH KY; lau reate h ead o f T ib eriu s, 1. 958 A R (drachm ). 16m m , 2 .1 4 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1]
ΕΕΒΑΓ [KPHTJEE E KOP AY; rad iate head o f D ivus
A ugustus, 1.; in the field, KY Sv 47 (H ierapytna)
i . B I-B (= Sv, pi. X ,2 o ), 2.50. ΤΙΒΕΡΙΩ KAIEAPI ΕΕΒΑΕΤΩ[ ; lau reate head of
T iberius, r.
E L E U T H E R N A
KAIEAPI ΕΕΒΑΕΤΩ ΚΡΗΤΩΝ E KOP ΛΥ; rad iate head
953 A R (drachm ). i5 - i6 m m , 2.22g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
of D ivus A ugustus, r.
Sv 48 i . P 3 8 0 ( = Sv, pi. X V I I I ,5), 2.14. A n a ttrib u tio n to C y d o n ia (cf. 9 5 2 )
seem s likely: sam e p o o r style, obv. leg en d in th e d ativ e case, sam e fo rm o f
TI KAI EEBAETOE KOP AY; lau reate head of T iberius, r. th e sigm a.
ΘΕΩ ΕΕΒΑΕΤΩ ΚΡΗΤΩΝ ΕΛΕΥΘ; rad iate h ead o f D ivus
A ugustus, r.
Cornelius Lupus or Laches 964 A R (trid rach m ). 22~3m m , 7.55g ( π ) · Axis: 12. [ 10 ]
[ 12 coins, a t least 7 obv. dies ]
LAP P A
959 A R (drachm ). 16m m , 1.87g i 1)· Axis: 12. [ 1 ] Sv 2
Γ(ΑΙΟΣ) ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒ ΓΕΡ(Μ) ΑΡΧ ΜΕΓ ΔΗΜ ΕΞΟΥ
Sv 26 ΥΠΑ; as 963
]ICAP CEBA; laureate h ead o f Tiberius, r. S tatue o f D ivus A ugustus, in a toga, seated on a curule
]OC CEBA[ ]ΛΑΠ; rad iate head o f Divus A ugustus, 1. chair, holding p a te ra an d sceptre, 1.; feet rest on stool; in
i . P 4 1 8 (= RN 1885, 160, pi. V I I I , 6 = Sv, pi. X X ,13), 1.87. the field, seven stars
i . L BMC I , 7.33; 2. L BMC 2, 7.66; 3. L 1 9 2 6 -1 -1 6 -3 1 (ex W e b er 4600),
7.06; 4 . P 593, 7.19; 5. V 14438, 8.69; 6 . B 27893 ( = Sv, pi. X X X I I , 2:
Laches rev .), 7.12; 7. C o p 567, 7.63; 8. C L eak e 8893 ( = s n g IV , 3998), 7.24;
9. C M c C Ie a n 7 2 1 5 (ex H irsch X X I/1 9 0 8 , W e b er 2069), 7.89; 10. N Y,
C Y D O N I A 7.17; i i . M i ( = B rera 775), 4.96 (very w o rn ); 12. H irsch X X I/1 9 0 8 ,
W eb er 1908 (ex H o ffm an n = Sv, pi. X X X I I ,2: o b v .), 8.12. Γ ...Γ Ε Ρ Μ : 9
960 A R (tridrachm ). 22m m , 7.36g (1). Axis: 6. [ 1 ] a n d 10; Γ Α ΙΟ Σ ... ΓΕΡ: 1 a n d 7; Γ Α ΙΟ Σ . . . ΓΕΡΜ: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 a n d 12. 1
a n d 7 are from th e sam e obv. die; 3 a n d 4 from th e sam e obv. die; 9 an d
Sv 109 10 from th e sam e obv. die.
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΕΠΙ ΛΑΧΗΤΙ; lau reate head
o f T iberius, r. 965 AR (drachm). i6-i7mm, 2.40g (37). Axis: 6. [ 35 ]
ΣΥΝΚΛΗΤΩ ΚΡΗΤΕΣ ΚΥΔΩΝΕΑΤΩΝ; b earded an d veiled
Sv 4
head o f the Senate, r.
i . P 2 2 6 ( —Sv, p i. X ,i6 ) , 7.36.
Γ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒ ΓΕΡ(Μ) APX ΜΕΓ ΔΗΜ ΕΞΟΥ ΥΠΑ; as
9 63 - 4
H I E R A P Y T N A R ad iate head o f D ivus A ugustus, L; in the field, seven
961 A R (drachm ). 17m m , 2.46g (3). Axis: 6. [ 3 ] stars
[ 3 coins, 2 obv. dies ] i . L BMC 3, 2.72; 2—4. L 1 9 2 6 -1 -1 6 -3 8 , 39 a n d 40, 1.88, 2.87, 1.97; 5. L
Sv 46 1 9 2 6 -9 -7 -2 8 , 2.07; 6. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -6 8 4 , 2.89; 7—8. P 5 9 6 -7 , 2.42, 2.50;
9. P 5 9 8 , 2.19; 1 0 - 1 5 . V 1 4439 - 4 4 ) 2 -3 7 » 2 .4 2 ,2 .5 0 ,2 .2 9 , 1 .8 5 ,2 .7 0 ;
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΕΠΙ ΛΑΧΗ; lau reate head 16. B a.B ., 2.42; 17. B F ox, 2.47; 18. B I-B , 2.45; 19. B L ö b b , 2.31;
o f T iberius, r. 20. A, 2.05; 21—22. C o p 569 -7 0 , 2.13, 2.29; 23—2 5 . M u , 2.76, 2.59, 2.36;
2 6 - 2 8 . O , 2.70, 2.25, 2.07; 2 9 —3 0 . C L eake 8 8 9 5 -6 ( = s n g 4 0 0 0 -1 ), 2.13,
ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΡΗΤΕΣ ΙΕΡΑΠ(ΥΤΝΙΟΙ); rad iate head
2.47; 3 1 - 3 2 . C M cC Iean 7216-7, 2.21, 2.07; 3 3 —3 4 . C s n g 400 2 -3 , 2.86,
o f D ivus A ugustus, 1. 2.55; 3 5 —3 6 . G , 2.44, 2.50; 3 7 . M ü n z Z e n tru m 65/1988, 757 (ex M ü n z
i . P 3 7 9 ( = RN 1885, 159, 2, pi. V I I I , 5 — Sv, pi. X V I I I ,3), 2.61; 2. L. Z e n tru m 64/1988, 69), 2.57.
1 8 9 6 -7 -3 -3 2 0 B u n b u ry 1190, 2.53; 3. L 19 4 7 -6 -6 -5 0 5 , 2.25. 1-2 from the
sam e obv. die.

C la u d iu s
C a lig u la
First group
Laches 966 A R (tetra d .). 2 4 -6 m m , 9 .9 5 g (6). Axis: 12. [ 8 ]

A X O S
[ 11 coins, a t least 7 obv. dies ]
962 A R (drachm ). 18m m , 2.15g (1). Axis: ?. [ o ] Sv 7
TI ΚΑΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕ ΓΕΡΜ APX ΜΕΓ ΔΗΜ ΕΞΟΥ
ΓΑΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΚΡΗΤΗΣ ΑΞΙΩΝ; lau reate head
ΥΠ(Α); b are head o f C laudius, 1.
of Caligula, 1.
As 963
ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΕΠΙ ΛΑΧ; lau reate head
i . L BMC 4, 10.29; 2 · P 6 0 1 , 10.53; 3. M arseille, 10.40; 4 . V 33775 (ex
of G erm anicus, r. H irsc h X X I/1 9 0 8 , W e b er 2072), 10.25; 5 · B L ö b b , 9.74; 6. M u , 7.65;
i . H ir s c h X I I I /1 9 0 5 , 3 9 1 2 , 2.15. T h e a u th e n tic ity o f this coin m u st be 7. O (ex L o ck ett 2081), 9.65; 8. R a tto 2 6 /III/1 8 8 9 , 741; 9. C o p 572, 7.54
q u estioned. I t stan d s o u t from th e rest of L a ch es’s coinage a n d th e rev. (holed); 10. S a n ta m a ria , Signorelli I I , 1952, 1112; 11. N Y , 7.93 (very
legend, giving th e title sebastos to G erm an icu s, is very h a rd to accept. w o rn ). ΥΠ: 3, 4 a n d 9; ΥΠΑ; 2, 5, 6, 7 a n d 10; ΥΠ o r ΥΠΑ: 1, 8 a n d 11. 3, 9
a n d 4? from th e sam e obv. die; 2 a n d 20 from the sam e obv. die.

No name of proconsul 967 A R (tetra d .). 2 4m m , 8 .8 7 g ( 0 · Axis: 12. [ 1 ]

G o R T Y N ( ? ) ΤΙ ΚΑΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ Σ Ε [ ]Γ ΔΗ ΕΞΟΥ
963 A R (tetrad .). 24m m , 9 .5 9 g (8). Axis: 12. [ 7 ] ΥΠΑ; lau reate head of C laudius, r.
[ 8 coins, at least 4 obv. dies ] As 966
Sv 3 i . B L ö b b , 8.87.

ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒ ΓΕΡΜ APX MET ΔΗΜ ΕΞΟΥ ΥΠΑ;

bare head of C aligula, r., w ith drap ery at back of neck; 968 A R (tridrachm ). 24-5 m m , 7.43g (7). Axis: 12. [ 6 ]
transverse sceptre
[ 7 coins, a t least 4 obv. dies ]
Statue o f D ivus A ugustus, in a toga, holding p atera and
Sv 6
sceptre, placed on a w aggon draw n by four elephants,
each w ith its m ahou t-rid er, 1.; in the field, seven stars As 966
i . P 59 4 , 10.24; 3· V 14436 ( = Sv, pi. X X X I I ,3), 9.85; 3. V 14437, 8.68;
As 964
4 . B F ox, 9.84 (holed); 5 . B I-B , 9.93; 6. C o p 568, 8.81; 7. C Leake I. L BMC 5, 7.59; 2. P 600, 6.93; 3 . V 14447, 7 -8 o ; 4 . C o p 571, 7.44; 5. C

8894 = SNG IV , 3999, 9.25; 8. F o rm er coll. M itsotakis, 10.10. 3, 4, 7 and M c C Ie a n 7 2 1 8 (ex H irsch X X I/1 9 0 8 , W eb er 2071), 7.17; 6. M u , 7.38;
5? from th e sam e obv. die; 1 a n d 3 from th e sam e rev. die. 7. H , 7.73. i, 4 an d 7 from the sam e obv. die.
 C Y R E N A IC A A N D C R E T E : Cretan silver coinage, Cretan bronze coinage (969-975) sjß

969 A R (drachm ). 15m m , 2.18g (2). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] 975 A R (tetra d .). 2 i- 3 m m , 8 .4 0 g (6). Axis: 6 o r 12. [ 5 ]
[ 2 coins, i obv. die ] [ 6 coins, a t least 4 obv. dies ]
Sv 8 Sv 34
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΣΕ ΓΕΡ APX ΔΗ ΕΞΟΥ Υ[ΠΑ; bare ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΑΥΔΙ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟ(Σ) ΓΕΡΜ(ΑΝ); bare
head of C laudius, r. head of Nero, r.
As 965 Zeus, naked, holding th u n d erb o lt an d sceptre, 1.; in field,
i . V 1 4 4 4 8 , 2.o i 2. F o rm er coll. M itsotakis ( = Sv, pi. X X X I I ,5: ob v .), seven stars
2·3 5 · i . L 1 9 2 6 -1 -1 6 -3 6 S eager, 6.64; 2 . V 14450, 8.25 (h oled); 3. G , 9.47;
4. H 4727, 7.55; 5. N Y , 8.52 (h oled); 6. F o rm e r coll. M itso tak is ( = S v ,
pi. X X X I I ,21: o b v .), 9.98. 2 a n d 3 from th e sam e obv. die.
Second, group
970 A R (tetrad.). 24m m , 9 .8 7 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ]
[ 2 coins, 2 obv. dies ] C retan bronze coinage
TIBEPIOY ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟ[Υ Σ]ΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΥ; The main bronze coinage of Crete from Augustus to Nero
laureate head of C laudius, r. was that of the colony of Cnossus (976-1009). The only
Zeus, naked, standin g 1., holding th u n d erb o lt a n d sceptre;
other mint to coin regularly during that period was
in the field, seven stars
Cydonia, in the west of the island, which had been granted
i . L 1 9 5 4 -1 0 -6 -7 , 10.09; 2· O (W alk er coll.), 9.65. T h e O specim en read s
TIBE PIO C. . .
free status by Augustus (1010-19). Lappa, which had also
been granted free status by Augustus, signed a small emis­
971 A R (drachm ). 16m m , 2.45g ( : )· Axis: 12. [ 1 ] sion under Augustus or Tiberius (1020-1).
Sv 9 Under Caligula a sequence of issues in honour of Ger­
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΕ KAI CAP CEBAC ΓΕΡΜ; lau reate head o f manicus was signed by the cities of Gortyn (1022-3),
C laudius, r. Hierapytna (1024-5), Lato (1026), Lyttos (1027) and
T w o K orybantes Polyrhenium (1028). These issues represent the same
i , B I-B (= Sv, pi. X X X I I ,11), 2.45. denomination and they were struck on cast flans with bevel­
led edges, with the exception of Polyrhenium whose coins
were struck on thicker flans with straight edges and a smal­
N e ro *i. ler diameter;
Gortyn 20-1 mm, 6.29g (36)
First group Hierapytna 20-1 mm, 5.95 g (16)
Lato 20-1 mm, 5.52 g (4)
971AAR (drachm ). 15m m , 2.56g (1). Axis: 6. [ 1 ]
Lyttos 21 mm, 6.44 g (5)
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛ[ ; laureate head, r. Polyrhenium 18mm, 5.86g (io)
Tw o K orybantes
The style of at least three of the cities (Gortyn,
i . G D o m itia n 20 5 , 2.56.
Hierapytna and Lato) is so close that the dies were prob­
972 A R (drachm ). 16m m , 2.20g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ] ably cut by the same artists and possibly struck at a central
[ 3 coins, i p air of dies ] mint, most likely Gortyn. These issues look like those of
Sv 30 corr. individual cities but can in fact be viewed as a provincial
CEBAC Α ΓΡΙΠ Π είΝ Η Ν CEBAC ΓΥΝΑΙΚΑ; d rap ed b u st of coinage because the name of the proconsul Augurinus
A grippina I I , r. figures on them; their production would have been
Q uiver, arrow , bow an d torch supervised by the Koinon.
i . L B a n k 1 1 52, 2.15; 2. O (W alker coll.), 2.26; 3 . A ( —Sv, pi. From Claudius onwards the Koinon struck its own issues
X X X I I ,25), 1.23 (?) (n o t seen). which were to take over as the main currency of the island,
especially after Cnossus had stopped its coinage under
973 A R (drachm ). 17m m , 2.49g ( 0 - Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
Nero.
CEBACT[]; d rap ed b ust o f A grippina II , r. The following coinages are excluded from this catalogue;
T orch, quiver, bow an d two arrows
i . B 6 2 7 /1 9 0 3 , 2.49.
The series attributed to Dictynna by Svoronos (Sv 2-3)
which is difficult to date, but was probably minted under
the Flavians or even later.
Second group (after AD 64) A series usually attributed to Ephesus for Livia (?), with
974 A R (tetrad.). 2 2 -3 m m , 8 .5 5 g (4). Axis: 6. [ 4 ]
ΣΕΒΑ—A[N]T and a male or female (?) head, r./a stag, r. or
L, but which should be reattributed to Crete on the basis of
[ 4 coins, 3 obv. dies ]
provenances (specimens from the Cameron collection). A
Sv 35 date in the second century seems more likely. The attribu­
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒ(Α) ΓΕΡΜ(ΑΝΙ); bare tion to Tabae (Caria) for Nero in C SNG 4735 with the
head of N ero, r.
description ΣΕΒΑΣ TOT, Nero, r./ΤΑΒΗΝΩΝ, stag, is
Zeus, w earing him ation, holding th u n d erb o lt an d sceptre,
1.; in field, seven stars an d eagle to 1. fanciful.
i . L 1 9 4 7 -6-6-691 (ΣΕΒΑ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙ), 8.40; 2. P 1 9 8 4 /1 1 2 7 (ex M M
A Cretan series with a radiate head, r./a star is attributed to
66/1984, 224), 8.75; 3. V 14449 ( —Sv, pi. X X X I I ,21: rev.), 8.72; 4 . C Divus Augustus (?) and Heraclion (?) in the Ashmolean
L eake 8897 (—sng IV , 4002), 8.34. 3 a n d 4 from th e sam e obv. die. Museum, but an Antonine attribution seems more likely.
C nossus
The fundamental study remains J. Svoronos, Numismatique
de la Crète ancienne, 1890, pp. 89-95, nos. 180-217. Some
recent articles deal with individual duoviral colleges. Μ.
Amandry is currently preparing a die study of this coinage.
From Augustus to Nero, Cnossus issued a regular stream
of bronze coinages which probably fitted the system adop­
ted at Rome by Augustus (see ‘Denominations’, p. 236).
Augustus
Under Augustus, a duoviral series in which eight colleges
are represented was struck before the death of the princeps·.
1. M. Aimilius, T. Fufius Ilviri C.I.N.C. EX DD.
2. C. Petronius, M. Antonius Ilviri C.I.N.CN. EX DD.
3. Aeschinus Caes(aris) L(ibertus) it(erum), Plotius
Pleb(eius) Ilviri C.N.I.CNOS. EX DD.
4. M. At.[ ] Ilviri C C I N C (sic).
5. C.I(u)ve(?), Ti. Tarius Ilviri DD.
6. Ti Caesar Ilvir, M. Aemilius Prae(fectus), Labeo Ilvir.
7. Ti Caesar Ilvir Iter(um) DD, M. Aemilius Praefec­
tus), Labeo Ilvir.
8. Pollio Iter(um), Labeo F Ilviri.
Grant (FITA, pp. 262-3) had listed eleven colleges, but
his colleges 4 and 5 represent the same college; 7 and 8
represent two denominations of the same college, 1o and 11
represent the same college. There remain eight colleges but
Grants’ no. 6, quoted from Borrell (RN, 1845, P· 3 4 L nos.
5-6 [= S v 192]), does not exist. The list here includes the
seven remaining colleges and the college of C.I(u)ve (?) and
Ti. Tarius, attributed by Grant to Dyrrachium (FITA, pp.
276-7), but securely reattributed to Cnossus by Ashton
(ABSA, 1975, pp. 7-9, pi. 3).
The problem is to establish the chronological sequence of
these colleges. 4 is dated to or after 2 b c , as Augustus is
entitled Pater Patriae; on 7-9 figures the head of Tiberius;
therefore these colleges probably date after a d 4-5. 5, with
Augustus’s head, has no ethnic; at Cnossus, the ethnic
C I N C(N)(OS) appears on 1-4 and then disappears until
the colony ceased to strike coins under Nero, so 5 has been
placed after 4 and before 7-9. 1 seems earlier than 2 - 3 when
Augustus’s portrait is considered.
i has two heads (976) which have been variously identi­
fied. Svoronos thought that they represented Antony and
Octavian, and this was indeed Grant’s belief (FITA, p.
262). But this opinion was based on dating the foundation
of Colonia Iulia Nobilis to c. 36 bc. As this foundation
occurred more likely in or after 27 b c , the two heads more
probably represent Agrippa and Augustus, as already
stated by Robinson (BMC Cyrenaica, p. ccix, n. 2) and
Chapman (NC, 1969, p. 14, n. 1). Sanders’s assertion that 1
was not the foundation issue but that the real foundation
issue had in one case a plough C C/DD, labyrinth (1009: Sv
186) and in the other a plough, AVG D D /C C , labyrinth
(985: Sv 185) must be questioned as 1009 is given here to
the reign of Nero (see below); the other one was struck
under Augustus, but it is impossible to assign to it a precise
date.
On 2 the reverse type of the labyrinth (977) recalls the
traditional type which figured on the fourth- and third-
century coinage and on 1 in the obverse field. But the type
of 3 is Roman, with Roma holding Victoriola and hasta (978),
an obvious symbol of the Roman dominion on the island.
Names of duoviri indicate the Romanisation of the area: M.
Antonius on 2 was presumably the recipient of citizenship
in the thirties.
The legends of 4 are blundered and the names of the
duoviri are difficult to establish. The six identified reverse
dies unfortunately do not offer a clear answer. Certain
groups of letters figure on each die: on R i, M AT(?) CVD
]IIVIR; R2 is illegible; on R3, M 0 []A 0 V[]ACVTAM
IIVIR; on R4, M AT CVD AT C[ ]IIV; on R5, M
3 VI ACV [ ]T ACV TAM IIVIR; on R6
(retrograde), M AT CVDAT C[ JIIVIR. On R i, R4
and R6, the first duovir might be read as M. At(-ius, -ilius)
Cudat( ) and a member of a gens (Acu(-tia, -tilia) whose
surname was Tam(udianus?) might be restored on R3 and
R5. But more specimens are needed to establish the names
of the magistrates with certainty. 4 is datable to 2 bc
onwards, as Augustus is entitled Pater Patriae (979).
5 has been proved by Ashton to be a product of Cnossus.
The interpretation of the first line of the reverse legend,
GIVE, is problematic; as the second line, TITARIO,
certainly offers the name of a magistrate Ti(tus) Tarius,
GIVE should stand for the first duovir: it is difficult to
choose between C(aius) Ive(-) (as a contraction for luve)
and C(aius) I(ulius) Ve(-).
6-8 are dated here under Augustus. Grant’s commentary
on these issues (FITA, p. 263; APT Appendix 1, pp. 137-8)
carries no weight as it was based on defective descriptions.
A die study enables us to shed some light on this obscure
group. On 6 Tiberius Caesar is styled Ilvir and M.
Aemilius holds his office as a praefectus; Labeo is duovir for
the first time. M. Aemilius and Labeo are distinct; they are
not the same magistrate, as stated by Grant. Two heads
appear on 6: when compared to 4 and 5, the obverse head
can be identified as (probably) Augustus; Tiberius figures
on the reverse. On 7 Tiberius Caesar is Ilvir for the second
time and again M. Aemilius represents him as a praefectus:
Labeo is duovir for the second time but neither Labeo nor
Aemilius mentions his second term of office. Two heads
appear on 7 as on 6: again, these heads represent probably
Augustus and Tiberius but the style is really very different
from that of 6. 8 has the legend TI CAESAR on the obverse;
this series is here considered as Augustan and Ti. Caesar is
identified as Tiberius (the possibility that Ti. Caesar is
instead Ti. Gemellus in the reign of Tiberius is unlikely).
The magistrates are Pollio and Labeo; Pollio is duovir for
the second time, but did not sign a coin issue when duovir
for the first time; Labeo is duovir for the third time if 8 was
struck after 6—7, but he does not mention his first two terms
of office. Svoronos thought that the legend was POL­
LIONE LABEONE IIV IR Q ITER; Grant accepted this
reading and concluded that Labeo had been twice duovir
quinquennalis. But the correct reading is F and not Q, and
F seems to be applied only to Labeo and Iter only to Pollio:
this is quite clear from 984. But the meaning of F is obscure.

Tiberius
Until recently no coinage from Cnossus was known for
Tiberius Augustus. But Grant (APT, pp. 16-18, nos. 48-51)
proved that two pairs of magistrates issued coins under
Tiberius.
The first pair, Fuscus and Maximus, are responsible for a
group which comprises two denominations. The larger one
(986) has Divus Augustus on the obverse and Iulia Augusta
on the reverse; the smaller (987) Tiberius on the obverse
and the names of the magistrates in four lines in field on the
reverse. As the reverse type of 986 imitates the official
reverse type struck on asses at Rome in a d 15-16 (RIC 33—
6), this group can probably be dated to c. a d 20. Grant
rightly disregarded the old attribution to Buthrotum (on
the inadequate grounds of a common Fuscus, L. Ateius
Fuscus, who appears at Buthrotum: see 1383), as specimens
of this group are frequently found in Crete (986/1,6; 987/1)
and even at Cnossus (987/6).
The second set of duoviri, C. Apronius and Doius, struck
a series which links the head of Livia (988) and the head of
Tiberius (989) to a common reverse type, the names of the
magistrates in three lines in the field. This series was
attributed by Müller to Utica, presumably because of the
proconsul L. Apronius who struck coins at Hippo (713) and
at Colonia Iulia Pia Paterna (762). But Grant pointed out
that the issue has no close similarities with any issue of
Utica and that the style was not African; he associated the
issue with that of Fuscus and Maximus.
The attribution to Cnossus has been supported by
R .H .J. Ashton (‘Some Cnossian Coins of Tiberius’, NC
1973, PP· 40-3) wh° has expanded and corrected Grant’s
conclusions with the aid of new material. Provenances of
three of the six specimens so far known point towards Crete.
The Cnossian provenance of 989/4 is beyond dispute and
the coins in Oxford (988/2 and 989/2) were part of the
Cameron collection, which was formed largely in Crete (see
also ABSA 84, 1989, p. 54, n. 2: two further coins reported
in Heraklion Museum from a tomb at Cnossus). This series
probably dates to a period before the death of Livia, i.e., to
c. a d 20-9.
A last series which has a bare head, right, and CIC in
wreath (990), lacking names of magistrates, was certainly
struck at Cnossus, as all the L specimens come from Crete.
The head is more likely to be Tiberius than Augustus, if one
compares this portrait with, e.g., that of Tiberius on a silver
coin of Cydonia (Sv, pl.X,2o: 952).
Caligula
Under Caligula two pairs of duoviri issued coins, Dossen-
nus/Pulcher (991-3) and Varius/Pulcher (994-8). The
former pair, Dossennus/Pulcher, must precede the latter as
on the latter series Pulcher is duovir for the third time. Both
series have portraits of Caligula and Germanicus, and they
form a very extensive group of coinages, more extensive
than the output of Cnossus under the whole reign of
Tiberius, for example. This was also true at Corinth where
the issue of Agrippa and Proculus (1172-9) was extremely
abundant.
C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Cnossus s35
The denomination struck by both colleges has a diameter
of 20-2 mm and a weight of c. 6—7 g (see below). But the
college Varius/Pulcher also struck two small denomi­
nations. One was identified by Grant, NC, 1949, pp. 114—
15. This series (997) represents Nero and Drusus, the
brothers of Caligula; on the obverse the name PVLCHER is
clear; on the reverse the reading C I P V SE has been
expanded, probably correctly, to C(olonia) I(ulia)
P(ublius) V(arius) SE(cundus). Grant’s correct attribution
has been proved by the discovery of such a specimen in the
Cnossus excavations in 1982. Nero and Drusus also figured
at Corinth on the issue of Agrippa and Proculus (1 174).
The second series (998) has a plough on the obverse and
a labyrinth on the reverse with a legend which can be read
as C I P V SE 11VI. T he obverse legend is obscure, perhaps
C I Ç N P P , but PVLCHER might also occur. 997 and 998
have respectively a diameter of 15 mm and 12-13 mm and a
weight of 3.81 g (1) and 2.30g (1) and represent two divi­
sions of the larger denomination (see below).
A last series was ascribed to Cnossus by Svoronos (Sv
211) under Caligula. It represents Caligula on the obverse
and his mother Agrippina on the reverse (1000). As this
series lacks an ethnic and names of duoviri, Trillmich
(Familienpropaganda. . . , pp. 112-13) was inclined not to con­
sider it as a product of the mint of Cnossus and to leave it to
an ‘unbestimmte (lateinische) Münzstätte’. But the attribu­
tion to Cnossus seems secure on stylistic grounds. The same
engraver cut the obverse of this series and some of the dies
which were cut for Dossennus and Pulcher. And Agrip­
pina’s portrait is very similar to that of Messalina under
Claudius, as noted by Trillmich. The lack of ethnic is no
difficulty, as it does not figure on the Cnossian coins from
the end of the reign of Augustus. The absence of names of
magistrates is more curious.
A series absent in Svoronos was also probably struck at
Cnossus. It represents Caligula on the obverse and Ger­
manicus on the reverse (999). As in the case of 1000, this
series has no ethnic or names of magistrates. However, on
stylistic grounds it is also given here to Cnossus.
Claudius
Under Claudius the duoviri Capito and Cytherus issued
two series of coins. The first (1001-2) has Claudius and
Messalina and must be dated before a d 48, the year of
Messalina’s murder. The second series (1003-4), signed by
Capito and Cytherus duoviri iterum, has Divus Augustus
and Victoria Augusti. This series has been studied by M.
Amandry, BCH, 1977, pp. 241-7. The occurrence of Divus
Augustus under Claudius is rare, but he figures on the
official bronze coinage (RIC 101) and the type of Victoria
Augusti may refer to Claudius’s personal policy. These two
series represent two denominations (see below).
Nero
Under Nero the duoviri Volumnius and Lupinus were
responsible for an issue with at least two varieties which
represent two denominations. The largest one (1005-6) has
Nero on the obverse and Nero and Octavia on the reverse;
the smallest one (1007) has Nero and Divus Claudius. A u g u s tu s
Nero’s young portrait and the appearance of Octavia, who
is also honoured at Corinth in 54/5 or 55/6 (1191), and at M A i m i l i T F u fiu s I l v i r i

Sinope in 57/8 (2137) and 58/9 (2139), suggest a date of
c. a d 55-60.
Volumnius and Lupinus might be responsible for a third
denomination with Nero/plough (1008). This series was
attributed by Svoronos to Augustus (Sv 184), but well-
preserved specimens have shown that the correct reading is
NERO CLAVD [ JO 11VI. The names of the duoviri
are lost so far, but it is reasonable, on grounds of style, to
attribute this series to Volumnius and Lupinus.
A last denomination (1009), without names of magis­
trates, which was also attributed to Augustus by Svoronos
(Sv 186) is here given to Nero because of the stylistic paral­
lel between 1008 and 1009.
D enom inations
From Augustus to Nero, five denominations were struck, as
can be seen from the table below.
These are probably dupondii, asses, semisses, quadrantes
and sextantes. They have the same diameter as the cor­
responding Corinthian denominations, but are a little
lighter.
976 L eaded bronze. 16-21 m m , 6 .1 4 g ( 3 9 )· Axis: 12. [ 33 ]
[ 41 coins, 5 obv. dies ]
Sv 180-3, FITA 262 (1)
C I N C E X D D; b are head o f A grippa (?), r.; labyrinth,
1.
M A IM I(L I) T F V F IV S (or F V F IO ) IIV I(R )(I); bare
head of A ugustus, r.
1 - 2 . L BMC 72-3 , 8.35, 7.79; 3 . L 1 9 2 7 -3 -1 0 -5 2 , 7.55; 4. L 1947—5—4—
12, 7.95; 5 —6 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 6 0 a n d 361 C am ero n , 5.37, 3.83; 7 —1 0 . P
i64~ 6a, 5.32, 6.26. 6.45, 4.33; i i —1 2 . P 168-9, 6·42> 6.05; 1 3 · V 14598,
8 .io ; 1 4 —1 5 . V 14600-1, 5.81, 7.78; 1 6 —1 7 . V 27312-3, 6.44, 5.30; 1 8 . B
W o lan sk i, 4.68; 1 9 . B L ö b b , 6.16; 2 0 —2 1 . B I-B , 6.63, 6.15; 2 2 . C o p 394,
6 - 7 9 ! 2 3—2 5 · M u , 7.22, 5.57, 4.45; 2 6 . N Fiorelli 89, 5.56; 2 7 . A 4623b,
6.02; 28—29. A Π 1901/2 K S' 19-20, 4.54, 5.20; 3 0 —3 4 . O , 6.99, 6.98, 5.97,
5.96, 3.80; 3 5 . C M cC le an 7072, 5.22; 3 6 - 3 7 . G , 8.61, 7.16; 38. C oll.
F ran k e, 7.48; 3 9 . J S W , 6.14; 4 0 . P V , 7.53; 4 1 . R W , 5.37. N eu tro n
a b so rp tio n analysis on: 7.
C P e tr o n iu s M . A n to n iu s I l v i r i
977 AE. 1 9 -2 2 m m , 6.54g (5 °)· Axis: 6. [ 34 ]
[ 50 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
Sv 188-9, FITA 262 (2)
C I N CN; bare head o f A ugustus, r.
C P E T R O N IO M A N T O N IO (S ) II V IR E X D D;
labyrinth
1 - 3 . L BMC 7 4 -6 , 5.67, 8.91, 5.32; 4 . L 1 9 2 0 -3 -5 -1 4 6 3 Fox, 9.68; 5. L
I 9 2 7- 3- I ° - 4 7 S eager, 4.98; 6. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 6 5 C am ero n , 4.62; 7—11. P
171-20, 6.66, 5.02, 6.83, 5.3a, 5.74; 12—14. V 14602-4, 7.2Q, 7.84., 8.63;
15. B a.B ., 4.95; 16. B 3 2 0 /1 8 7 7 , 7.28; 17. B L ö b b , 5.72; 18. B I-B ,
4 -3 3 ; 1 9 - 2 0 . M u , 5.63, 5.24: 2 1 - 2 2 . G o, 5.73, 5.07; 2 3 - 2 4 . C o p 396-7,
8.44, 5.47; 25. O slo, 7.08; 2 6 —28. M i ( = B rera 3 6 8 -7 0 ), 8.16, 5.92, 6.40;
29. N Fiorelli 91, 6.99; 3 0 - 3 4 . A , 7.88, 6.67, 6.62, 6.12, 5.24; 3 5 —3 9 . O
AMC 1158-62, 7.33, 6.48, 5.69, 6.15, 6.56; 4 0 . O , 6.52; 4 1 . C L eak e 6087,
5.57; 4 2 . C Leake 8867, 7.25; 4 3 . C , 6.38; 4 4 - 4 6 . N Y , 7.98, 7.54, 6.91;
4 7 - 4 8 . E velpidis, 7.55, 7.18; 4 9 . C oll. H ow gego, 6.33; 5 0 . Coll. A rtem is,
7- 25-

24-30 mm 18-22 mm r4 -r7 m m 12—13 mm 11 mm

Augustus 976 6.14g (39)

977 6 .5 4 g (5 °)
978 6.85g (O )
979 5 -0 ! g ( !9 )
980 4-53 g (4 )
981 6.48 g (6)
982 4-83 g (15)
983 3 -7 6 g (22; 984 2 .4 3 g (5 )
985 2 .7 9 g (7)

Tiberius 986 n - 9 6 g (5 ) 987 5-37 g (5 )

988-989 3 ·11 g (6)
990 I -68 g (5)
Caligula 991 6.06g (20)
992 6 -3 9 g (O )
993 7-33 g (3 )
994 5 -° 5 g (O )
995 5-44 g (3 °) 997 3 -8 i g (1) 998 2.30g (i)
996 6.38 g (48)
999 5-65 g (4 ) 1000 3-57 g ( 3 )
Claudius 1001 5-44 g (9 )
1002 5.21 g (28)
1003 8.69g (27)
1004 9 ·11 S (I2)
Nero 1005 10.21 g (12) IOO7 4.88g (23) 1008 2 .9 5 g (5 )
1006 9-82 g (52)
1009 2.28g (6)
 C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Cnossus (978-987) 237

A e s c h in u s C a e s L ite r P lo tiu s P le b I l v i r i 6. C o p 219 (C o rin th ) ( = a p t , pi. V I I I , 4: h e a d r.), 4.75; 7. M u ; 8. A Π

1 9 1 8 E ’29 (h ead 1.), 6.75; 9. O a m c 1171 (h ead r.), 4.49; 10—11. B C D
978 AE. 21-2 m m , 6.85g ( I 9 )· Axis: 12. [ 14 ] (h ead r.), 5.41, 4.64; 12—13. B C D (h ead L), 4.22, 3.73; 14. T ra d e (h ead
1.), 4.89; 15. B L ö b b (h ead 1.), 4.43; 16. B I-B (h ead r. = f i t a , pi.
[ 18 coins, 2 obv. dies ] V I I I , 18), 5.12.
Sv 190-1, FiTA 262 (3)
A V G V ST V S (or A V G V S T O ) C N I C N O S E X D D;
P o llio ite r L a b e o F I l v i r i
bare head of A ugustus, r.
A E S C H IN O C A ES L IT E R P L O T IV S PLEB IIV IR ; 983 L eaded bronze. 15-1711™, 3 .7 6 g (22). Axis: 12. [ 20 ]
R om a w earing tunic, stan d in g L, holding Victoriola and
[ 22 coins, i obv. die ]
transverse sceptre; in field, R O M A
Sv 199-200, f it a 262 (7, 8)
i . L 1 9 2 7 -3-10-51 S eager, 6.45; 2 - 3 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 6 6 a n d 367, 5.95,
6.84; 4 . P 170, 9.05; 5. V 271, 5.60; 6—7. B I-B , 7 .0 4 , 6-5 4 ; 8 - 9 - G °, T I CAESA R; b are head, r.
7.35, 6.70; 10. C o p 398, 7.25; i i . M i ( = B rera 371), 5-85; 12. M u , 7.26; P O L L IO N E IT E R L A B E O N E F IIV I(R ); stag,
13—14. O AMC 1163-4, 8.15, 6.14; 15. G , 7.20; 16—17. N Y , 7.09, 6.04;
standing, r.
18. P V , 6.44.
i . L BMC 513 (C o rin th ) ( = a p t , pi. V I I I , i ) , 3.94; 2—3. L 1 9 2 0 -3 -5 -1 4 6 5
a n d 1466, 4.87, 4.86; 4 . L 1 9 2 6 -1 -1 6 -1 3 3 S eager, 4.49; 5 —6. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -
369 a n d 371, 4.48, 3.02; 7. P 180, 4.04; 8. B R ü h le von L ilien stern , 4.08;
M A t[ ] I lv ir i, from 2 BC 9. B I-B , 2.77; 10. A 46037, 3.59; i i . A Π 1 9 0 1 /2 K S ' 6 6 , 3.95; 12—
18. O , 3.97, 3.76, 3.69, 3.03, 2.79, 2.52, 2.24; 19. C M cC le an 7073, 3.89;
979 L eaded bronze. 1 8 -2 0 m m , 5.00g (18). Axis: 12. [ 17 ] 2 0 - 2 2 . N Y , 5.16, 4.63, 2.98. N e u tro n ab so rp tio n an alysis on: 7.
[ 19 coins, 4 obv. dies ]
984 AE. 13m m , 2.43g (5)· Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
Sv 193-5, FITA 262 (4 ,5 )
[ 5 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
A V G V ST V S P P C C I N C (sic); b are head o f A ugustus,
Sv 201
r.
Legend blundered, b are heads of G aius (looking to the r.) D D; prow
an d Lucius (looking to the 1.) face to face; C L in field P O L L IO N E IT E R L A B E O N E F IIV IR ; in four lines
i . L 1 9 2 0 -3 -5 -1 4 6 4 F ox, 4.56; 2. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 6 8 C am ero n , 5.73; 3. L i . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 7 0 C am ero n , 2.30; 2. A 1891-2 K H ' 36, 2.26; 3 - 4 . O ,
1 9 47-6 -6 -1 1 5 6 C am ero n , 4.28; 4—5. P 174-5, 4.95, 5.48; 6. P 178, 5.08; 3.02, 2 .2 8 ; 5. N Y , 2.32.
7. P L uynes, 5.02; 8. V 14605, 4.73; 9. B B onnet, 3.43; 10. B 7 0 8 /1 8 7 7 ,
5.15; 11. B L öbb, 5.17; 12. A Π1918 E '3 8 , 4.50; 13. K a rlsru h e , 5.25; 14—
19. O AMC 1165-70, 5.38, 5.24, 4.83, 6.19, 5.49, 4.73. F or th e re a d in g o f W ith o u t n a m e s o f m a g is tr a te s
th e rev. a n d th e nam es o f th e duoviri, see th e in tro d u ctio n to C nossu s, p.
234. N eu tro n ab so rp tio n analysis on: 5. 985 AE. i3 - i5 m m , 2.79g ( 7 )· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 5 ]
[ 7 coins, i obv. die ]
C I ( u ) v e T i T a r iu s I l v ir i Sv 185
D D AVG; plough
980 AE. i8 - ig m m , 4.53 g (4). Axis: 12. [ 3 ] L ab y rin th
[ 6 coins, i obv. die ] i . L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 4 6 2 Fox, 2.66; 2. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 6 3 C a m e ro n , 2.88; 3 . A
ABSA 1975, 7-9 4623a, 2.83; 4—5. O a m c 1154-5, 2.71, 2.51; 6. N Y , 2.83; 7. H ow gego,
3.T2.
A VG VS; bare head of A ugustus, r.
C IV E T I T A R IO II V IR D D; in three lines in w reath
i . L 1920 -1 -1 6 -9 7 5 S eager, 4.20; 2. L 1 9 4 8 -6 -7 -2 7 C am ero n , 4.94;
3. N Y , 4.27; 4 . C nossus (absa Supp. 8, 106, no. 148); 5 . C nossus 1972/16
(ABSA 84, 1989, 53); 6. JS W , 4.70.

T ib e r iu s
T i C a esa r I lv ir M A e m iliu s P ra e L a b e o I l v ir
F u scu s M a x im u s I lv ir i
981 L eaded bronze. i8 - ig m m , 6 .4 8 g (6). Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
[ 6 coins, i obv. die ] 986 AE. 26-30 m m , 11.96g (5). Axis: 6 o r 12. [ 4 ]
FITA 262 (9) [ 6 coins, i obv. die ]
T I CA ESA RE IIV ; b are head, r. apt 49
M A E M IL PR A E L A B E O N E II; bare head, r.; in field, M A X IM O II V ÎR D IV O S A VG ; b are head, 1.
Δ Δ F V SC O II V IR IV L IA A V G V S; Livia seated, r.; D D in
1 -3 · p 7 3 ° - 3 o b . 5 ·9 8 · 5-66, 6.72; 4 . V 13519 (C o rin th ) (= a p t , pi. field
V I I I , 2), 8.01; 5 . Br, 5.80; 6. N Y , 6.73. N eu tro n ab so rp tio n analysis on: 1.
i . L 1 9 3 6 -1 1 -7 -2 C am ero n ( = a p t , p i. V ,i2 : o b v .), t o . 31; 2. L 1 9 8 4 —7—
24—1, 11.60; 3. V 27319, 12.80; 4 . V 27320, 13.64; 5. Ex G ra n t coll.
( = a p t , pi. V , i i ) ; 6 . D o u k as, 11.42.
T i C a e sa r I l v i r ite r M A e m ili P ra e L a b eo I l v ir
987 AE. 17-20 m m , 5.37 g (5). Axis: 12 o r 9. [ 4 ]
982 AE. i7 -2 o m m , 4.83 g (15). Axis: 12. [ 10 ] [ 6 coins, i obv. die ]
[ 13 coins, 2 obv. dies ] apt 48 corr.
FITA 262 (1 0 -1 1)
T I CAS (sic) A V G V S; bare head, 1.
T I CA ESA RE II V IR IT E R D D; b are head, 1. F V S C O E T M A X IM O II V ÏR ; in four lines in field
M A E M IL I PR A E L A B E O IIV IR ; bare head, r. or 1. i . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -9 8 1 C am ero n ( = n c 1949, 44, no. 38b ), 4.86; 2. V 431»
1—2. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -7 5 2 a n d 753 (h ead r.), 4.32, 4.60; 3—4 . L C am eron 5.40; 3. B G an sau g e, 6.73; 4 . N Y , 5.07; 5. T ra d e , 4.80; 6. C nossus
1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -7 5 3 a n d 754 (h ead 1.), 4.74, 4.68; 5. P 167 (h ead L), 5.71; ex cav atio n s 1982.
C A p r o n iu s D o iu s I l v i r i P u lc h e r I I I V a r iu s I l v i r i

9 8 8 - 9 / AE. 14-1 5 m m , 3.1 1 g (6). Axis: 12 or 6. 994 AE. 20-2 m m , 6.05 g ( o ) · Axis: 6. [ 17]
988 APT 51, NC 1973, 40, 1-2 [ 2 ] [ 17 coins, 6 obv. dies ]
[ 2 coins, i (?) obv. die ] Sv 202 corr.
IV L IA A VG ; b are head of Livia, r. C C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S ; b are head, r.
C A P R O N D O IO IIV IR ; in three lines in field G E R C A ESA R P V L C H R O I I I V A R IO IIV IR ; bare
i . B I-B (= apt, pi. V ,i4 ), 3.67; 2. O C am ero n , 2.64. head o f G erm anicus, r.
989 APT 50, NC 1973, 41, nos. 3 -4 [ 3 ] i . L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 4 6 7 F ox, 6.04; 2. L 1 9 2 6 - 1 —16—1 3 7 S eager, 5.72; 3—6. P
744~6a, 6.89, 5.88, 7.36, 6.31; 7. B 28036, 6.53; 8. B F ried län d er, 3.18;
[ 4 coins, i obv. die ]
9. B I-B , 5.25; 10. B L ö b b , 6.80; 11. V 14599, 7.79; 12—15. O , 6.67,
T I C A E SA R A VG ; b are head, 1. 6.43, 6.28. 5.21; 16—17. C M cC le an 7075 a n d 7077, 6.20, 4.27.

As 9 8 8 995 A E. 19-21 m m , 5.44g (30). Axis: 6. [ 15 ]

i . L? (said to b e in L by G ra n t, b u t n o t found = apt, pi. V ,i3 ) , 3.34; 2. O
C am ero n , 2.10; 3. C op 445 (U tic a), 3.41; 4 . C nossus excavations 1972/17 [ 30 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
(absa 84, 1989, 54), c. 3.5; 5. B K a s s e l, 3.34. Sv 205
C C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S ; lau reate head, r.
G E R C A ESA R P V L C H R O I I I V A R IO IIV IR ; laureate
W ith o u t n a m e s o f m a g is tr a te s
head of G erm anicus, r.
990 AE. 11 m m , 1.68 g (5). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 5 ] I. L 1 9 2 7 -3 -1 0 -5 6 S eager, 3.09; 2. L 1 9 4 4 -4 -2 5 -5 1 2 6 , 5.62; 3. L G 682,
4-751 4- 6 · P 7 5 0 -5 0 R 6.85, 5.43, 5.86; 7. V 27314, 4.37; 8 - 9 . V 27335,
NC 1949, pi. V I ,17 4.89, 4.67; 10. V U n iv ersity , 3.95; 11—12. B a .B ., 6 .1 1 , 5.30; 13—14· G o,
5.70, 5.61; 1 5 - 1 7 . A, 5.67, 5.54, 5.01; 18. B ern 2712, 6.49; 19. O 7.83;
B are head, r. 20. C 759-1948, 5.22; 2 1 . G , 5.50; 2 2 . N Y , 6.41; 2 3 . E velpidis, 6.00;
C I C; in w reath 2 4 . B a rtle tt W ells, 6.49; 25. C oll. A rtem is, 4.90; 26. H ey n en , 5.43;
1—2. L 1 9 2 7 -8 -3 -1 4 a n d 15, ι .β ι , 1.56,· 3. L 1 9 4 7 —6 - 6 —738, 1.84; 4 —5 . L 2 7 . E x coll. M azzin i, 4.70; 28. W a d d ell 1/1982, 56, 5.15; 29. B irk ler and
W a d d ell II/1 9 8 2 , 294, 5.38; 3 0 . T ra d e , 5.42.
1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -7 3 7 arid 739, 1.86, 1.52; 6. JS W .

996 AE. 20-3 m m , 6.38 g (48). /Yds: 6. [ 34 ]

[ 48 coins, 3 obv. dies ]
Sv 204
C a lig u la A s 995
G E R M C A E SA R P V L C H R O I I I V A R IO IIV IR ;
D o sse n n u s P u lc h e r I l v i r i lau reate head of G erm anicus, r.
i . L d e Salis, 7.66; 2. L 1 8 5 3 -1 -5 -1 3 6 , 6.67; 3. L G 681, 6.47; 4 . L G
991 AE. 21-2 m m , 6.o 6 g (20). Axis: 6. [ 16 ] 683, 4.97; 5—i i . P 747-9B , 5.68, 5.60, 6.65, 8.86, 6.19, 4.62, 5.88; 12—
[ 20 coins, 3 obv. dies ] 13. P 7 5 1—2, 5.86, 7.40; 14. P 1985/511, 8.19; 15. V 14606, 6.29; 16. V
27332, 7.12; 17. V 27335, 7 -4 3 ; 18. B P ey trig n et, 5.69; 19. B 5414, 4.58;
Sv 208 2 0 . B K a s s e l, 7.67; 2 1 . B I-B , 8.26; 22. B L ö b b , 5.64; 23. C o p 399,
C C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S ; b are head, r. 5.48; 24. A 1896/7 IB ' I 598, 5.93; 2 5 . A Π 1918 E ' 41, 6.00; 26. M u ,
8.73; 2 7 - 2 9 . G o, 7.42, 4.78, 4.95; 3 0 . B asel 1905.1510 G 39, 5.30; 3 1 -
G E R C A E SA R D O S S E N N O P V L C H R O IIV I(R ); b are
3 5 . O , 7.41, 7.40, 7.31, 6.20, 5.12; 3 6 . C M cC le an 7074, 6.37; 3 7 . C 156-
head o f G erm anicus, r. 1948 G ra n t, 6.20; 3 8 . C 1192-1950, 6.27; 3 9 . G , 6.55; 4 0 . N Y , 4.18;
i . L 1 9 3 7 —12—10—2, 6.51; 2. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -4 7 0 C am ero n , 5.84; 3—4. G 4 1 . N F 7426, 6.92; 4 2 . M cG ill U n iv ersity (vol. I l l , n i , no. 1), 6.57;
684-5, 5 - 7 1, 5-64; 5~ 6 · P 75 3 - 4 , 6.60, 7.49; 7 - 8 . V 27330-1, 7.03, 6.46; 4 3 . E velpidis, 5.00; 4 4 . C an cio , 7.40; 4 5 . A rtem is, 5.00; 4 6 . P V , 6.68;
9. B F ox, 4.57; 10. B I-B , 7.28; i i . M u , 5.50; 12. Z u rich ZB 1925/303 4 7 . K ric h e ld o rf 4/1957, 275, 8.10; 4 8 . S ch u lten 2 7 -2 8 /X /1 9 8 4 , 160 (ex
(C o rin th ), 5.94; 13. A 1904-5 M '2, 5.97; 14. O , 5.79; 1 5 -1 6 . G , 6.64, G len d in in g , P la tt H all I I , 1002), 6.00.
5.59; 17—18. N Y , 6.13, 4.50; 19—20. T ra d e , 7 .1 1, 4.82.
C o u n te rm ark : Po on th e obv., on 2 ( = N C 1949, 44, no. 39 = G IC 612) 997 AE. 15m m , 3.81g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]

G ran t, NC 1948, 114

992 AE. 20-1 m m , 6.39 g (17)· Axis: 6 or 12. [ 15]
[N E R C A E ]SA R P V L C H Ë R IIV IR ; b are head of N ero
[ 18 coins, 2 obv. dies ] C aesar, r.
Sv 210 D R V C A ESA R C I P V SE IIV IR ; b are head of D rusus
C C A E SA R I A V G G E R M A N IC O ; laureate head, 1. C aesar, r.
G E R M C A E SA R D O S S E N N (O ) P V L C H R II V IR (or i . P ( —NC 1948, pi. V I , 11), 3.81; 2. C n o ssu s ex cav atio n s 1982, 140;
IIV IR ); laureate head o f G erm anicus, r. 3. G o ( = Liebe 414).
i . L 1 9 2 7 -3 -1 0 -4 8 S eager, 5.16; 2-3. P 755-6, 5.75, 5.60; 4-5. V 27335, 998 AE. i2 - i3 m m , 2.30g (1). Axis: ?. [ t ]
7.56, 5.56; 6. B I-B , 6.30; 7. B D an n en b erg , 5.32; 8. B a.B ., 6.52; 9—
i i . M u , 7.12, 6.74, 6.51; 12. G o, 6.19; 13. A, 6.84; 14. Br, 5.86; 15—
C I C N D D; plough
16. O , 8.42, 5.91; 17-18. N Y , 6.50, 5.95.
C I P V SE I I V I; laby rin th
I. O , 2.30.
993 AE. 2 i- 3 m m , 7-33g (3)· Axis: 6 or 12. [ 2 ]
[ 4 coins, 2 obv. dies ] W ith o u t n a m e s o f m a g is tr a te s
Sv 209 corr.
999 AE. 20-1 m m , 5.65g (4). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
As 9 9 3 , laureate head, r. o r 1. ___ [ 4 coins, 3 obv. dies ]
G E R M C A ESA R D O S S E N N P V L C H E R IIV IR ;
laureate head of G erm anicus, r. G C A ESA R G E R M A N IC V S A VG ; b are head, r.
G E R M A N IC V S C A ESA R; bare h ead of G erm anicus, r.
i . P 757 (h ead 1.), 6.46; 2. V 27225 (h ead 1.), 7.Q0; 2· A I I iq o i - 2 KÇ' 65
(h ead 1.), 7.63; 4 . Ball V I/1 9 3 2 , 696 (h ead r.). 1—2. P 7 4 3 ~ 3 a, 5.30, 6.46; 3. M u (u n c e rta in ), 5.13; 4 . J S W , 5.50.
 C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Cnossus (looo-ioog) 23g

1000 AE. 16-17 m m , 3.57g (3). Axis: 12. [ 2 ] N e ro

[ 3 coins, i obv. die ]
Sv 211 Volumnius Lupinus Ilviri, c. AD 55-60
C C A ESA R G E R M A N IC V S ; lau reate head, r.
1005 AE. 2 6 -8 m m , 10.21 g (12). Axis: 6. [ 8 ]
A G R IP P IN A ; head of A grippina I, r.
I. O , 3.43; 2. B I-B (—T rillm ich ., pl. 13,14), 3.96; 3. A Π 4 0 2 , 3.33. [ 12 coins, 4 obv. dies ]
Sv 217
N E R O C L A V CAES A V G IM P V O L V M N IO L V P IN O
C la u d iu s II; b are head o f N ero, r., w ith d rap ery o n 1. shoulder and
sceptre
Capito Cytherus Ilviri, before AD 48 N E R O C LA V D CAES A V G IM P E T O C T A V IA
A V G V S T I; b a re heads face to face o f O ctav ia, to the r.,
1001 AE. 1 9 -2 0 m m , 5.44 g (9). Axis: 6 or 12. [ 9 ]
an d N ero, to the 1.; a crescent over O ctav ia’s head an d a
[ 9 coins, i obv. die ] sta r over N ero’s
Sv 214 corr. i . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -1 3 2 4 C am ero n , 9.93; 2. P 801, 10.81; 3. P 805, 9.66; 4 . P
T I C L A V D IV S C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S ; bare 806, 10.58; 5. B K assel, 9.73; 6. B 7 4 6 /1 8 7 7 , 11.09; 7 · B L ö b b , 9.94; 8—
9 . A Π 1901-2 KS' 6 8 -9 , 10.86, 7.70; 10. M i 1096, 10.67; 1T· M i
head, 1. ( = L a ffra n c h i 16366), 10.09; I 2 · O , 11.40.
V A L E R IA M E SSA L IN A C A P IT O N E [ ] C Y T H E R O
IIV IR ; b are head of M essalina, r. 1006 A E. 26-8 m m , 9.82 g (52). Axis: 6. [ 4.5 ]
i . L 1 9 2 6 -1 -1 6 -1 3 9 S eager, 3.93; 2. P 765, 5.94; 3 . P A r m a n d - V a lto n [ 52 coins, 14 obv. dies ]
3 8 4 , 4.24; 4 . V 1353g (C o rin th ), 5.30; 5. V 33502, 5.54; 6. B I-B , 5.37;
7. B 1034/1893, 6.05; 8. O C a m e ro n , 6.16; 9 . M u , 6.42. N E R O C LA V CAES A V G IM P L V P IN O V O L V M N IO
II; as 1005
1002 AE. ig~ 2om m , 5.21 g (28). Axis: 6. [ 20 ] As 1005
[ 33 coins, 4 obv. dies ] i . L 1 8 6 8 -1 2 -7 -5 , 8.14; 2. L 1872—5—10-2, 9.63; 3. L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 4 6 8 Fox,
Sv 212 corr. 9.26; 4. L 1926-1—16-134 S eager, 10.17; 5—6· L 1927—3 -1 0 -5 3 a n d 54
S eager, 7.95, 7.28; 7. L 1947—6 - 6 —3 7 5 C am ero n , 11.15; 8—10. G 688-90,
As 1001 8.80, 11.65, 9 ·5°5 11—13* P 802 -4 , 7.56, 13.24, 9.34; 14—16. P 807-7!),
V A L E R IA M E SSA L IN A C Y T H E R O C A P IT O N Ë ; bare 8.38, 12.13, l 0 -345 17* P 182, 9 .11 ; 18. B R au c h , 11.81; 19. B
head of M essalina, r. D a n n en b erg , 9.26; 20. B I-B , 10.24; 2 I · B L ö b b , 9.50; 2 2 . B 674/1890,
8.40; 23. B a.B ., 10.45; 2 4~ 2 7 - v 2 7 3 3 5 ) 11-96, 10.47, 9 -4 2 > 8.57; 2 8 -
i . L 1 9 2 6 -1 —1 6 -1 3 8 S eager, 4.36; 2. L 1 9 2 7 -3 -1 0 -4 9 S eager, 4.25; 3. L 2 9 . M i 1097-8, 12.19, 8.09; 3 0 . M i (= L a fF ra n c h i 16369), 10.91; 3 1 —
G 686, 5.77; 4 - 5 . P 763-4, 4.88, 5.19; 6 - 8 . P 7 6 6 -7 ^ 4.63, 5.30, 4.29; 9 - 3 5 . M u , 11.55, j i -323 8.25, 6.77; 3 6 —4 3 . O , 12.02, 10.61, 10.24,
10. V 13537-8 (C o rin th ), 5.04, 5.45; 11* V 13540 (C o rin th ), 4.31; 1 2 . B 10.24, 9-82, 9.71, 7.52, 6.40; 4 4 —4 5 . G 10.25, i a i 95 4 6 . H a m b u rg 150,
5422, 4.25; 13. B 875/1899, 5.62; 14. M u , 5.01; 15—18. O , 8.82, 4.99, i i . 11 ; 4 7 . A 46037, 11.02; 4 8 . A C re d it B an k coll. 817, 9.54;
4.68, 4.35; 19. N Y , 5.19; 2 0 . L e n in g ra d 9005, 5.30; 21. Z u rich ZB 461, 4 9 . K a rlsru h e , 7.60; 5 0 —5 2 . N Y, 10.73, IO-46, 10.10.
6.91; 22—2 3 . K a rlsru h e , 5.26, 4.48; 24. G , 5.75; 2 5 . G len d in in g , L o ck ett
12, 2 1 -2 3 /IX /1 9 6 1 , 3041; 26. C . C rip p a II/1 9 6 5 , 456; 27. M M list AE. 20-2 m m , 4.88 g (23). Axis: 6.
3 2 5 /1 9 7 1, 5; 2 8 . L eu 10/1974, 67 (ex M M V III/1 9 4 9 , 894), 5.25;
1007 [ 21 ]
2 9 . H irsch 118/1979, 765; 3 0 . B irkler a n d W a d d ell II/1 9 8 0 , 308, 4.71; 24 coins, 3 obv. dies ]
3 1 . N iggeler 2/1966, 577 (ex N aviile X I/1 9 2 5 , Levis coll. 356), 6.06; Sv 216
3 2 . M azzin i coll., pl. X L I I ,i ; 3 3 . C oll. A (ex L eu 13/1975, 399), 5.63.
N E R O C LA V CAES A V G IM P [ ] L V P IN (O )
V O L V M N IO IIV (IR ); b a re h ead o f N ero, r., w ith
Capito Cytherus Ilviri iter drap ery on 1. shoulder
1003 AE. 24-6 m m , 8.69 g (27). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 19 ] D IV V S C L A V D IV S V O L V M N IO L V P IN O
IIV (IR )(I); b are head o f D ivus C laudius, r.
[ 26 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
1—2. L 1926-1—16-135 a n d 136 S eager, 2.99, 5.08; 3 . L 1927-3—10-50
Sv 215 corr. S eager, 3.26; 4 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 7 4 C am ero n , 4.49; 5. P 181, 5.68; 6—8. P
D IV V S A V G V ST V S C A P IT O N E IT E R IIV IR ; rad iate 798-800, 6.05, 6.24, 5.17; 9. P 800a, 4.06; 10. B I-B , 5.25; i i . V 13522
(C o rin th ), 5.19; 1 2 - 1 3 . V 27335, 5.35, 4.50; 14. V , 5.12; 15. N F 7431,
head of Divus A ugustus, 1. 5.54; 16. M i 1099, 6.62; 17—19. O , 4.78, 4.12, 3.89; 20. C , 4.42; 21. M u ,
V IC T O R IA A V G C Y T H E R O IT E R IIV IR ; V ictory 5.32; 2 2 . N Y , 5.00; 23. J S W , 5.39; 2 4 . F ran k e, 5.08; 25. B L ö b b , 4.68;
holding w reath and p alm , 1. 2 6 . C nossus ex cav atio n s 1972/20 (absa 84, 1989, 54).

L BMC 540 (C o rin th ), 7.27; 2. L 1 9 2 7 -3 -1 0 -5 5 S eager, 9.19; 3 . L

i.
1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 7 3 C am ero n , 9.11; 4 . P 690, 9.93; 5 - 6 . P 693—3a, 10.00, 7.85;
1008 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 2.95g (5)· Axis: 6. [ 5 ]
7 —9 . V 13480-2, 9.04, 12.68, 8.56; 1 0 . V 37091, 8.66; i i . B I-B , 8.33;
Sv 184 (A ugustus)
12. B 19584, 7.85; 13. B, 8.81; 14. M i {= B re ra 487), 7.66; 15. M i
(= L afF ran ch i 16277), IO-325 16—17. M i R 2543-4, 6.52, 7.66; 18. A N ER O CLAVD[ JO IIV I; b are head of Nero, r.
46037, 6.69; 19—20. O , 9-59, 7.31; a i . C M cC le an 6187, 8.57; 2 2 . C 153- C C; plough
1948 G ra n t, 9.12; 23—24. G , 10.99, 9 -9 2i 2 5 · B a rtle tt W ells, 8.26;
I. L BMC 77, 2.87; 2. L 1 9 3 9 —I I —I —I, 3.83; 3 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 6 4 (=NC
2 6 . C o rin th 4 /II/1 9 3 2 , 15, 7.95; 2 7 . C nossus excavations 1972-19 (absa
r 949, 44, no. 40), 2.14; 4 . P 173, 3.10; 5. G , 2.81. N e u tro n a b so rp tio n
84, 1989, 54); 2 8 . W in te rth u r 2110 (C o rin th ), 7.97.
an alysis on: 4.
1004 A E. 24-6 m m , 9.11 g (12). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 7 ]
[ 12 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
Under Nero
A m andry, bch 1977, 242
D IV V S A V G V ST V S C Y T H E R O IT E R IIV IR ; rad iate 1009 AE. i 3 m m , 2.28g (6). Axis: 12 o r 9. [ 5 ]
head of D ivus A ugustus, 1 .
Sv 186 (Augustus)
V IC T O R IA A V G C A P IT O N E IT E R IIV IR ; V ictory
holding w reath and palm , 1. C C; plough
i . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 7 2 C am ero n , 9.40; 2—3. P 6 9 1-2, 10.03, 7-595 4 · P
D D; laby rin th
D ’A illy 17500, 10.49; 5 “ ®· N F 7 4 1 0 -1 , 9.22, 12.52; 7. M i ( = B rera 488), i . L BM C 7 1 , 1.65; 2 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 6 2 C am ero n , 2.58; 3 —4 . O amc 1156-
8.69; 8 . O , 7.69; 9—1 0 . N Y , 8.10, 7.00; i i . S tu ttg a rt ZV 15906, 8.61; 7, 1.66, 2.59; 5. C o p 395, 2.52·, 6. A 4623, 2.66.
12. B C D , 10.09.
 KAICAP which seem to represent Tiberius; but these issues
C ydonia
have individual styles which might lead to their attribution
In the west of the island, Cydonia was one of the principal to different periods during the reigns of Augustus and
mints active during the Hellenistic period (see Svoronos 1- Tiberius. Therefore 1011 is considered as Augustan because
86). Under the Romans the city was granted free status by of the close similarity in the treatment of the heads of
Augustus (Dio L I,2) and provided a regular coinage from Augustus (1010) and Tiberius; 1012 has a different style
Augustus to Nero, with a brief interruption under Caligula. and seems to be from the same hand as the head of Divus
The pattern of its coinage is quite clear. Three denomi­ Augustus (1013—14). 1015 and 1016 were probably also
nations were struck, each of them with a fixed type (see struck under Tiberius, but might be later in his reign.
table below). The issue 1017 illustrates the potential importance of a
A statue of a seated Zeus figures on the largest denomi­ die study: the V specimen was attributed to Cydonia by
nation, the façade of a hexastyle temple on the middle Svoronos (Sv 130), who read KYAOtd on the reverse, and
denomination and the foundation story of Cydonia —the the B specimen to the Koinon (Sv 19) on the basis of the
infant Miletus suckled by a bitch - is used for the smallest legend KOINON. But the two coins are from the same pair
one. The smallest corresponds in diameter and weight to of dies and the attribution to Cydonia secure on the follow­
the principal denomination struck at Cnossus and supposed ing grounds: i.T he poor style of Claudius’s portrait on
to be an as; therefore the middle one should correspond to a 1017 is similar to the one on issues 1018 and 1019; 2. The
dupondius and the largest one to a ‘sestertius’, but with a occurrence on 1017 of the countermarks 3 Ί and a star
very low weight. which are also found on issues 1016, 1018 and 1019; 3. The
Some problems arise with the different issues signed fact that the production of the Koinon is never signed as
such under the Julio-Claudians.
2 7 -8 mm 22-3 mm 17-21 mm
Augustus IO IO 5-63 g (8)
Tiberius (under Augustus?) ΙΟ Ι I 4-77 g (12)
Tiberius IO I2 4 -7 8 g (7)
Divus Augustus 1013 9 -°3 g (4) 1014 5 -5 7 g (i)
Tiberius (late) 1015 5-42 g (2)
1016 5-22 g (9)
Claudius 1017 i3-°9g (4) 1018 6.53g (9)
Nero 1019 4.81g (14)

obv. die (KAI f CAP f ); on 4 th e leg en d is KAI f (retro g ra d e) CAP j

A u g u s tu s (retro g ra d e).

1013 AE. 2 2m m , 9.03g (4). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]

1010 A E . 20-1 mm, 5 .6 3 g (8). A xis: 12. [ 9 ]
Sv 117
Sv 94
KAICAP; rad iate h ead of Divus A ugustus, 1.
Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Α Υ Γ Υ ΣΤ Ο Σ; b a re h e a d o f A u g u stu s, r. TIBEPIOY [ΚΥΔΩΝ]ΙΑΤΑΝ; hexastyle tem ple
Κ Υ Δ Ω Ν ΙΑ Τ Α Ν ; in fa n t M ile tu s to 1. suckled by a b itc h to
1—2. P 2 27-8, 10.82, 8.30; 3. B I-B ( — Sv, pi. X ,i7 ) , 9.89; 4 . O , 7.12. 1-4
r. from th e sam e obv. die.
I. L BMC 3 4 , 6 .6 4 ; 2 . L 1 9 4 7 - 7 - 7 - 1 3 2 6 , 3 .5 4 ; 3 . P 21 8 (= S v , p i. X , 12),
6.49; 4 . P 2 1 9 , 5 .5 3 ; 5 . V 1 4 631, 7 .2 9 ; 6 . B K a s s e l, 4 .1 5 ; 7 . C o p 4 2 4 , 1014 AE. 1 9 -2 0 m m , 5 .5 7 g (1). Axis: 4. [ 1 ]
5.00; 8. G; 9. N Y , 6.45. ΑΥΓΥΣΤΟΣ is retro g ra d e. Sv 96 corr.
1011 A E . 20-1 mm, 4.77 g (12). A xis: 6 o r 12. [ 12 ] KAI f CAP I ; rad iate h ead of D ivus A ugustus, r.
Sv 100-4, 119 ΚΥΔΩΝΙΑΤΑΝ; in fan t M iletus to 1. suckled by a bitch to
r.
K A I CAP; b a re h e a d o f T ib e riu s (?), 1.
i . V 1 4 6 2 6 , 5.57; 2. N ( = f it a , pi. X I I . 7).
Κ Υ Δ Ω Ν ΙΑ Τ Α Ν ; in fa n t M ile tu s to 1. suckled b y a b itc h to
r. 1015 AE. 17 m m , 5.42 g (2). Axis: 6. [ 2 ]
i . L 1 9 2 0 - 8 - 5 - 1 4 7 7 F o x , 3 .5 4 ; 2 . L 1 9 2 6 - 1 - 1 6 - 3 5 5 S e a g e r, 3 .8 2 ; 3 . P Sv 97
217, 5 .2 6 ; 4 —5 . P 222—2 2 a , 4 .7 2 , 5 .0 5 ; 6 . P 22 4 , 5 .5 4 ; 7· P 22 9 , 4 .6 4 ; 8 . B
R a u c h , 5 .9 1 ; 9 . B 7 0 6 /1 9 2 0 , 5 .7 8 ; 1 0 - 1 1 . O a m c 1 1 7 6 - 7 , 4 .4 7 , 4 .0 8 ; ΚΑΙ I CAP I ; b are head o f T iberius, r.
12. N Y , 4 .4 2 ; 1 3 . F o r m e r ly T s ib o u r a k is co ll. ( = S v , p i. X , i 4 ) . 1—5, 7 - 9 , ΚΥΔΩΝ[ ; infant M iletus to r. suckled by a bitch to 1.
i i a n d 13 f ro m th e s a m e o b v . d ie (KAI r e t r o g r a d e | CAP r e t r o g r a d e 4 );
i . V 1 4 6 2 5 , 5.13; 2. B 12610, 5.71. i a n d 2 from th e sam e p a ir o f dies.
6 a n d 10 f ro m t h e s a m e o b v . d ie (KAI | CAP t )·
1016 AE. J 7 - i 8 m m , 5 .2 2 g (9). Axis: 6 or 12. [ 11 ]
T ib e riu s Sv 106-7
KAICAP; b are head o f T iberius, 1.
1012 AE. 2 0 m m , 4.78g (7). Axis: 12. [ 7 ] ΚΥΔΩΝΙΑΤΑΝ; infan t M iletus to 1. suckled by a bitch to
Sv 105 r. or 1.
1 - 2 . L 1 9 4 7 - 6 - 6 - 3 9 2 a n d 391, 4.14, 4.61; 3. L 1 9 4 8 -6 -7 -2 9 ( = n c 1949,
KAI CAP; b are head of T iberius (?), r.
45, no. 42), 4.97; 4—5. P 220, 223, 4.24, 7.26; 6. B Fox, 5.98; 7. V 14630,
ΚΥΔΩΝ; infant M iletus to r. suckled by a bitch to r. 5 -7 8 ; 8—9 . O , 5.38, 4.67; 10—i ï . G . i - i 1: sam e obv. die; 4, 7 a n d 9: bitch
1 - 2 . L BMC 3 5 -6, 5.59, 5.07; 3 . V 14629, 5.22; 4 . V 14627, 3.79; 5 . B to r.
L öbb, 4.64; 6 —7 . O a m c 1 1 7 4 - 5 , 4.30, 4.85. 1-3 a n d 5—7 from th e sam e C o u n te rm ark : 34 on 3 ( G IC 624).
 C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Cydonia, Gortyn, Koinon (1017-1025) 241

C la u d iu s 1021 AE. 14m m , 2.14g (1). Axis: 6. [ *1 ]

no 1949, pi. V I I ,63
1017 AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 13.09g (4). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 4 ] ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; in two lines
Sv 129 an d 19 (Province) ΛΑΠ; in w reath
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥ KAI(CAP) (CEBA .. .); b are head o f C laudius, r. i . L 1947—6—6—5 4 6 C am ero n , 2.14.

ΘΕΑ Α ΓΡΙΠ Π[ ] ΚΥΔΟΝ[ ]; Zeus

draped, seated r., w ith p a te ra an d sceptre
Gortyn
i . P 231, 13.34; 2. B L ö b b ( = Sv, pi. Χ ,ιρ ) , 13.02; 3. B F ox, 12.09; 4 . V
1 4 6 3 3 , 13.90. i a n d 2: sam e obv. die: ΤΙ ΚΛΑΎ KAI C E B A . . . ; 3 a n d 4: A coin attributed to Gortyn under Augustus by Jenkins
sam e obv. die: ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥ KAICAP retro g ra d e.
C o u n te rm ark s: 3 Ί on th e obv., on 2 ( G I C 624); a s ta r on 3 ( G I C 435).
(NC, 1949, p. 46, no. 52, and pi. V I,52) is here considered
as uncertain (5466).
1018 AE. 23m m , 6.53g (9)· Axis: 6. [ io ]
Sv 122-8 Coinage of the Koinon
TIB ΚΛΑ ΚΑΙ ΣΕΒ ΓΕΡ; b are head, r. Coinage struck under Caligula with the name of
ΚΥΔΩΝΙΑΤΑΝ ΕΠΙ ETEAPXOY; hexastyle tem ple on
podium
Augurinus
i . L 1 8 8 8 -6 -8 -7 , 7.22; 2. L 1 9 2 6 -1 -1 6 -3 5 4 , 6.28; 3 . L 19 4 7 -6 -6 -3 9 3 , For a discussion of this coinage, see p. 233.
5.73; 4 . P 230, 6.85; K. P 91 (A pollonia), 7.86; 6 . B Fox, 5.28; 7. B 5520,
6.18; 8. B 21450, 6.07; 9. G o ( - S v , pi. X , 18); 10. O , 8.53; 11. G;
1 2 .J S W , 6.69.
C o u n te rm ark s: 3 d on 1 a n d 8 ( G I C 624); a 6 ray ed s ta r on 3, 7 a n d 11 G o rtyn
( G I C 435).

1022 AE. 20-1 m m , 6.29g (38)· Axis: 6 or 12. [ 38 ]

N e ro
1019 A E. i7 - i8 m m , 4.81 g (14). Axis: 6 or 12.
Sv 131-4
NEP ΚΛΑ ΚΑΙ ΣΕΒ; bare head, r.
ΚΥΔΩΝ; infant M iletus to 1. suckled by a bitch to r.
I. L BMC 38, 4.84; 2 . P 221, 6.42; 3 . P 1 9 8 5 / 5 1 2 , 4.53; 4 . V I4634,
5. B L ö b b , 4.66; 6. B 653/1877, 5.45; 7. B 11/1882, 4.13; 8. B 306/1965,
4.80; 9 —1 0 . O AMC 1172-3 (A u g u stu s), 5.50, 4.53; i i —1 2 . O , 5.16, 3.80;
13. C M cC le an 7093, 5.20; 1 4 . C o p 425, 3.28.
C o u n te rm ark s: 3 d o n 7, to a n d 12 ( G IC 624); a s ta r on 4 { G IC 435).
Sv 193-4
ΓΑΙΟΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; laureate
head, 1.
ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ ΕΠΙ ΑΥΓΟΥΡΕΙΝΩ ΓΟΡΤ(Υ);
[ 14]
lau reate head of G erm anicus, r.
1—4. L BMC 8 0 -3 , 7.27, 5.53, 7.00, 6 .to ; 5. L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 4 9 2 Fox, 6.75;
6—7. L 1926—1-16—423 a n d 424 S eager, 5.72, 6.04; 8—10. P 358-60, 6.37,
6.67, 7.51; π . P 1 9 8 5 /5 1 4 , 7.14; 12. V 14690, 5.67; 1 3 - 1 5 . V 14692-4,
6.54, 6.21, 4.77; 16. B, 6.59; 17. B P ey trig n et, 7.03; 18. B Fox, 7.20;
5.06; 19. B 168/1886, 5.03; 20. B I-B , 5.87; 21. B L ö b b , 6.11; 2 2 . B 8423,
5.74; 2 3 - 2 4 . G op 4 6 2 -3 , 6.23, 6.03; 25—3 1 . O , 7.75, 6.gg, 6.81, 6.02, 6.02,
5 -9 2> 5 -4 5 ; 3 ®—3 3 · G M cC lean 7123-4, 5.16, 8.07; 3 4 . G; 3 5 - 3 8 . N Y ,
6.67, 5.98, 5.32, 4.65; 3 9 . P a d u a 17221, 6.90; 4 0 . C n o ssu s excavations
1972/22 ( absa 84, 1989, 54).

1023 AE. 2 0 mm , 5.09g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]

L appa Sv 195
As 1033
The city of Lappa produced a coinage in the Hellenistic ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ ΓΟΡΤΥΝΙΩΝ; lau reate head of
period (Svoronos 1-24). Under the Romans the city was G erm anicus, r.
granted free status by Augustus and issued a coinage - i . P 3 6 1 , 5.09.
possibly minted under him as θεός or under Tiberius in
honour of Divus Augustus.
H ie r a p y tn a
This emission was struck in two denominations:
1020 1 8 m m , 4 . 2 2 g (7) 1024 AE. 20-1 m m , 5.95 g (16). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 16]
1021 1 4 m m , 2 . 1 4 g (1 )
Sv 49
The presence of Apollo on the reverse of Ï020 attests the ΓΑΙΟΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; laureate
existence of a cult of this god in the city or its vicinity. head, r.
ΙΕΡΑΠΥΤΝΙΩΝ ΕΠΙ ΑΥΓΟΥ; eagle on th u n d erbolt, L;
p alm tree b ehind
i . L 1927—3 -1 0 -6 5 S eager, 5.38; 2. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -5 0 6 C am ero n , 6.06; 3 . L
A u g u s tu s or T ib e r iu s 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -1 2 8 4 C am ero n , 6.19; 4 . L 1947-6—6 -1 3 4 6 C a m e ro n , 6.11; 5 . L
! 9 7 ° —5—8—5, 6.02; 6. P 381, 5.64; 7—8. V 14702-3, 4.76, 6.12; 9 . B I-B ,
6.90; ί ο . B K assel, 5.98; 11. B R au c h , 7.35; 12. C o p 468, 7.25; 13—
1020 A E. 18m m , 4.22 g (7). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 7 ] 15· ° > 5-42. 5-25, 5 -2 3 ; 16· N Y , 5.61.
Sv 25 1025 A E. 20-1 m m , 4 .1 9 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
ΘΕΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ; b are head of A ugustus, r. Sv 49 var.
ΛΑΠΠΑΙΩΝ; A pollo, facing, holding plectrum an d lyre
As 1084
i . L 1 9 2 7 -3 -1 0 -7 6 S eager, 3.21; 2 - 3 . L 1 9 4 7 - 6 - 6 - 5 4 5 a n d 544
C am ero n , 4.36, 3.73; 4 . P 417, 4.80; 5 . V 14719, 4.29; 6 . O amc 1178, As 1034, b u t eagle standing, r.; to r. p alm tree
5.13; 7 . N Y , 4.02. i . L 1 9 4 7 —6—6 - 1 3 4 7 , 4.19. S am e obv. die as 1 0 2 4 /5 .
242 C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Koinon (1026-1030)

L a to
Claudius. Series 1029-33 was probably struck at the begin­
ning of Claudius’s reign. The reverse of 1029 recalls the
1026 AE. 20-1 m m , 5.52g (4). Axis: 6. [ 4 ]
type of the silver tridrachm and was certainly intended to
represent Divus Augustus as the emphasis on the founder of
ΓΑΙΟΝ ΚΑΙΣ AP A ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ KA;
the Empire was inherent in the policy of Claudius. There­
laureate head, 1.
ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΚΑΙΣ APA ΕΠΙ ΑΥΓΟΥΡΕΙΝΩ ΛΑΤΙ; fore the reverse of 1030 with ΘΕΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΑ might represent
laureate head, r. Livia, and not Antonia. The other series represents mem­
i . L 1 8 9 0 - 7 - 2 - 3 8 , 5.91; 2 . L 19 4 7 -6 -6 -4 6 9 , 6.12; 3 . L 194 7 -6 -6 -1 2 2 3 , bers of the imperial domus: Antonia and Drusus, the parents
4.89; 4 . C M cC le an 7123 (G o rty n ), 5.16. O n th e obv. legend, KA certain ly of Claudius, figure on 1031; Messalina, the wife of
m eans K a m a ra , to d istin g u ish L a to K a m a ra from L a to E tera.
Claudius, on 1032; Octavia, Claudius’s daughter born in a d
40, Antonia and probably Britannicus, Claudius’s son born
in a d 41, figure on 1033.
Series 1034-6 is later, as it represents Agrippina II and
L y tto s ________________________ _____ can be dated to c. a d 50.
Nero. The bronze coinage of Nero is less abundant than that
1027 AE. 2 i m m , 6.44 g (5)· Axis: 6. [ 5 ] of Claudius. 1037 and 1038 were probably struck at the
Sv 88-9 corr. (AR) beginning of his reign, with Divus Claudius on 1037 and
ΓΑΙΟΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; laureate Divus Claudius and Agrippina on 1038. 1039, with the
head, r. obverse legend ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ, is probably later, c. a d 64-
ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ ΕΠΙ ΑΥΓΟΥ ; laureate head, 5, as it imitates the legend Nero Caesar which figures on the
r.; behind, ΛΥΤ coinage of Rome in these years.
i . L 1 8 4 4 —4 —5 —1 1 7 1 3 , 7.13; 2 . L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 5 5 4 Fox, 6.02; 3 . L 1 9 2 6 -1 - Four out of the five denominations struck correspond to
t6 -5 5 7 S eager, 4.99; 4 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -6 0 8 C am ero n ( = nc 1949, pl. V I I , 72), denominations struck at Cnossus: dupondii (1031, 1037),
7.30; 5 . B 12624, 6.75. T h e m e an in g o f the c h i-rh o m o n o g ram is obscure:
p e rh a p s C hersonesos? asses (1032, 1038-9), semisses (1034-6) and quadrantes
(1033). I029 represents a sestertius, which was never struck
at Cnossus.

P o ly r h e n iu m ____________________ ____ C la u d iu s , c. AD 4 1 -3

1028 AE. 18m m , 5.86g (10). Axis: 12. [ 10 ] 1029 A E. 28-31 m m , 20.89g ( 7 )· Axis: 12. [ 6 ]
Sv 53 corr. Sv 13
ΓΑΙΟΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; laureate ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ Κ Α Ι Σ Α Ρ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare
head, 1. head, 1.
ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ ΕΠΙ ΑΥΓΟΥΡΕΙΝΩ ΠΟΑ; ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; D ivus A ugustus, seated 1., feet on
laureate head, r. cushion, holding acrostolium an d sceptre
I. L BMC 23, 6.40; 2 . L 1 9 2 6 - 1 - 1 6 - 6 0 2 , 6.07; 3 . L 19 4 7 -6 -6 -1 3 7 3 . 5 ·9 : ; i . L 1 9 2 2 -1 0 -2 6 -1 5 6 (W eb er), 19.01; 2 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -6 8 5 C am ero n , 19.53;
4· P 5 3 4 . 5 ·11. 5“ 6· Y Ι 4 7 7 0“ 1, 4 ·9 2. 6 . ι ι ; 7 . B L ö b b , 6.28; 8 . B K assel, 3 —4 . P 603 -4 , 19-61, 25.77; 5 * B Ï - B (=zfN 1885, 133, p i. IV ,7 = Sv, pi.
6.15; 9 —ί ο . C M cC îe an 7196-7, 5.25, 6.01; 1 1 . C ré d it Suisse 2/1984, 460, X X X I I , 12), 24.05; 6 . C o p 573, 20.11; 7 . W a d d ell 7 /X II/1 9 8 2 , 53, 18.19.
5.62.
1030 AE. 20-1 m m , 4 .4 8 g (21). Axis: 6. [ 19]
Sv 26 (‘M essalina’)
C o i n a g e w i t h o u t g o v e r n o r ’s n a m e s t r u c k a t
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΓΕΡΜΑ ΣΕΒΑ; bare head, 1.
G o r t y n (?) ΘΕΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΑ; diadem ed head o f Livia (?), r.
Bronze coins were first struck by the Koinon itself under i . L BMC 6, 4.19; 2 . L 1 8 4 4 -4 -2 5 -1 6 1 7 , 4.12; 3 . L 1 8 6 0 -3 -2 6 -1 7 5 , 5.56;
4 . L 1 9 4 7 —6 —6 —6 9 0 C am ero n , 4.71; 5 . L G 0673, 3.87; 6 —1 0 . P 609-13,
Claudius. Under Claudius and Nero the pattern of the 4.69, 4.43, 4.04, 4.14, 4.29; 1 1 - 1 2 . V 27335, 4-78, 4 4 5 ; ! 3 · B 633/1876,
coinage can be seen from the table below. 4.42; 14· B 533/1895. 5 ·ο ι; I 5 “ 1 6 · A, 4-57, 4·°4ί Ο · C o P 5 7 4 . 4 ·2 5 ; ι 8 ~
Ι 9 · ° . 5 · Ι 9 . 4 -8 ι; 20. C 155-1948, 3 -8 °; * ι· Ν Υ , 4 -7 3 -

Claudius
28-31 mm 2 2-5 mm 20-2 mm i j - 1 8 mm 16 mm

1029 20.89g (7) 1031 9-58 g ( !6) 1030 4 .48g (21) 1033 2.41 g (3)
1032 5 .46g (14)
1034-1036 4-” g ( 3 I )

Nero
1037 1 ! - 5 4 g (3)
1038 7-74g (7)
1039 5-31 g ( n )
 C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Koinon (1031-1039) 243

1031 AE. 22 -^m m , 9.58g (16). Axis: 6. [ 16 ] 1035. Sv 24 corr, [ 8 ]

Sv 21-3 corr. ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΣΕ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙ (retrograde); bare head,
TI ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣ AP ΓΕΡΜ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, 1.
r. As 1034

ΔΡΟΥ ΚΛΑΥ ΓΕΡ(Μ) (above), ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ (below); veiled i . L 1 8 4 4 -4 -2 5 -2 2 5 4 , 3.65; 2. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -6 8 7 C a m e ro n , 3.94; 3. P 621,
4.20; 4 . P 623, 3.94; 5. B Fox, 4.13; 6. B L ö b b , 4.15; 7. B C assel, 3.58;
head o f A ntonia, 1., facing bare head o f N ero D rusus, r.
8. A , 4.26; 9 . W a d d ell 7 /X II/1 9 8 2 , 54, 4.31; 10. N Y , 4.25.
1 - 2 . L BMC 7 -8 , 10.77, 9 -5 3 ; 3- 5 · P 6 1 4 -6 , 11.33, 8.81, 9.29; 6 . V 14446,
10.49; 7 · V 19462, 8.74; 8. B Sallet, 8.62; 9 . B L öbb, 10.23; IO · B 1036. Sv 24 corr. [ 5 ]
R a u c h , 9.42; i i . B F ox, 9.54; 12—15. O , 10.01, 9.94, 9.01, 7.92; 16. N Y , ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΓΕΡ ΣΕΒΑΣ; bare head, 1.
9-65·
As 1 0 3 4 - 5
1032 AE. 20-1 m m , 5.46g (14). Axis: 6. [ 13 ] 1—2. P 626 -7 , 4 -3 2> 4-27; 3 . B a.B ,, 2.95; 4 . B, 3.86; 5. B K assel, 3.69;
6. A, 4.60; 7. A , 3.32.
Sv 25
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣ AP ΓΕΡΜΑ ΣΕΒΑ; bare head, 1.
ΟΥΑΛΕΡΙΑ ΜΕΣΣΑΛΕΙΝΑ; b u st o f M essalina, r.
1—3 . L BMC 9-1 r, 6.25, 6.79, 6.49; 4 . L 1947—6—6—6 8 9 C am ero n , 5.22;
5. P 608, 6.12; 6. V 39175, 4-87; 7. A, 5.87; 8. B L öbb, 5.54; 9. B Fox, N e ro *i.
4.02; io . B I-B , 6.27; i i . C M cC le an 7219, 10.02; 12. N Y , 4.99; 13—
14. O , 6.19, 3.96.
1037 AE. 24-5 mm, 11.54 g ( 3 ) · Axis: 6. [ 3 ]
1033 A E. 16m m , 2.41 g (3). Axis; 6. [ 3 ] ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥ[ ; bare head, r.
Sv 27 corr. T I[ ]ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣ; bare head of
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑ[ΝΙΚ]ΟΣ; b are head, 1. Divus Claudius, r.
ΚΛΑΥ OKTAIA ΚΛΑΥ ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ; ju g a te busts o f O ctav ia i . L 1 9 2 6 —1—16—4 2 S eager, 11.37; 2 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -1 3 9 5 C a m e ro n ( = n c
1949, p i. V ,2 ), 12.80; 3 . V 10012, 10.44.
an d A ntonia, r.
i . L BMC 12, 2.28; 2. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -1 3 9 4 C am ero n , 2.98; 3. N Y , 1.99. T h e
L specim en w as ac q u ire d from R a u c h w ho h a d p u b lish e d it in th e Berliner
1038 AE. 2 1 -2 mm, 7.74g (7). Axis: 6. [ 7 ]
B lätter I, 1862, 259, pi. V I I I ,6. T h e co rrect in te rp re ta tio n of th e types is ]ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ; bare head, r.
d u e to Im hoof-B lum er, nz 1915, 89; th e C am ero n specim en proves th a t he ] ΔΙΟ[ ]KAI ΑΓΡΙΠΙΝΗ ΣΕΒ(ΑΣ) ΓΕΡ;
w as rig h t to identify O cta v ia.
veiled head of Agrippina, 1., facing bare head of Divus
Claudius, r.
i . L 1 9 4 7 —6 —6 - 6 8 8 C am ero n ( = n c 1949, p i. V ,i) , 7.44; 2 . L 1947-6—6 -
C. AD 5 0
1393 C am ero n , 7.96; 3 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -1 4 0 7 C am ero n , 6.74; 4 —6 . P 617—8a,
7.42, 7.46, 8.09; 7 . O , 9.07.
1 0 3 4 -6
A E. 1 7 -1 8 m m , 4 .1 1 g (31). Axis: 12 o r 6.
1039 AE. 2 0 -2 mm, 5.31g ( n ) . Axis: 6. [ 13 ]
1034. Sv 24 [ 7 ] Sv 36
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚ; b are head, 1.
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, r.
ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΗ ΓΥ(Ν) ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ΚΑΙ(ΣΑ) (retrograde);
ZEYI; head of Zeus, r.
d rap ed bust of A grippina, r.
i . L 1 9 2 7 -3 -1 0 -1 S eager, 5.46; 2 —3 . L 1 9 4 7 —6 —6 —6 9 2 a n d 693, 6.69,
i . L 1 0 2 7 -3 -1 6 -2 S eager, 3.92; 2—3. P 6 iq -2 0 , 4.38, 4.23; 4—5. P 624 -^, 4.47; 4 . P 1314 (C os), 4.39; 5 . B a .B ., 5.41; 6 . B R a u c h , 5.05; 7 . B I -B ,
3-54, 3 -f e ; 6 · v 2 7335 ( = S v , pi. X X X I I ,23), 3.76; 7. A, 4.81; 8. O , 3.20. 5.24; 8 . C o p 702, 5.76; 9 —1 0 . O , 6.07, 4.78; i i . N Y , 5.19; 1 2 —1 3 . G .
 ACHAEA
Cat. no. Page Cat. no. Page

In tro d u ctio n 244 T hebes 1330-7 268

O p u s (Locri) 1338-42 269
Peloponnese:
S p arta i 101-15 247 C halcis 1343-54 269
(M essene) — 248 C arystus 1355 - 8 27I
(A rcadia) — (Skyros) — 27I
249
C o rin th 1116-237 249 W est coast (E pirus, etc.):
Sicyon 1238-44 258 C ep h allen ia (Proculeius) i 3 5 9 -6 2 271
P atras 1245—82 258 Nicopolis ■3 6 3 -7 7 272
D ym e 1283-9 262 (C orcyra) — 274
Z acy n th u s (Sosius) 1290-3 263 B u th ro tu m 1378-1417 274
A egean Islands: Phoenice I418-I9 279
M elos 1294-1300 263 E ast coast (Thessaly):
(I°s) — 264 P eparethus I42O 279
M yconos 1301 264 D em etrias (M agnetes) I421-4 280
T enos 1302-4 264 L arissa (T hessalian League) 1425-52 280
A egina 1305 265
U n c e rta in A chaea:
C e n tral G reece an d E uboea: ‘F leet coinage’ of:
A thens 1306-12 265 A tratin u s 1453—61 284
T a n a g ra I 3 I 3” 29 266 O ppius 1462-70 286

The area of the Balkans, comprising the geographical areas
of Illyria, Macedonia, Thrace, Epirus, Thessaly, central
Greece, Euboea and the Peloponnese, was organised in dif­
ferent ways during the Julio-Claudian period. Under
Augustus, it was divided into four major and one minor
units: the provinces of Moesia, Macedonia (comprising
Illyria and Macedonia), Achaea (comprising Epirus and
Thessaly and all areas to the south), the client-kingdom of
Thrace and the Thracian Chersonese, under an imperial
procurator. In a d 15, however, Moesia, Macedonia and
Achaea were united and placed under the command of the
legates of Moesia - first, G. Poppaeus Secundus ( a d 15-35:
B. E. Thomasson, Laterculi Praesidum no. 10); then P. Mem­
mius Regulus (Thomasson no. 21), who ruled from 35 to
41/4. In 41 or 44 Claudius restored Macedonia and Achaea
as separate (senatorial) provinces. In 46 the last king of
Thrace was killed and the area was incorporated as a prov­
ince of the Empire.
In this catalogue the Augustan arrangement is followed.
There is, of course, some uncertainty about the exact extent
of and divisions between the different areas, and, unless
specified otherwise, we have followed the views of A. H. M.
Jones, The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, chap. I
(Thrace); B. Gerov, ‘Die Grenzen der römischen Provinz
Thracia bis zur Gründung des Aurelianischen Dakien’,
ANRW II.7.1, 212-40; and F. Papazoglou, ‘Quelques
aspects de l’histoire de la province de Macédoine’, ANRW
II.7.1, 302—69. Perhaps the only surprising innovation is to
include the Bithynian city of Calchedon under Thrace; this
has been done because the coins of Byzantium and Cal­
chedon were so closely linked and those of Calchedon quite
unlike the contemporary products of Bithynia; and because,
as the coins show, Calchedon was part of the Thracian
kingdom.
In 27 BG the Roman province of Achaea was created by
separating southern Greece from Macedonia. It comprised
the Peloponnese, central Greece, Thessaly and Epirus,
although the evidence for its full extent (Epirus and Thes­
saly) is not entirely certain (see F. Papazoglou, ANRW
I I .7.1, p. 325 and n. 105; her map, facing p. 304, is followed
here). In a d 1 5 Tiberius took Achaea and Macedonia away
from the Senate and united them with Moesia, under the
control of an imperial legate (see above). In either 41 or 44
the province of Achaea was returned to the Senate
(Suetonius, Claudius 25.9).
Only one, or perhaps two, Roman officials figure on the
coinage:
1. The proconsul L. Livius Rufinus is named on Augustan
coins of Chalcis (1344) as A AIOYIIOC (sic) ΡΟΥΦΙΝΟΟ
ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΙ!. He is otherwise unknown (Thomasson no.
8). Grant (FITA 385) thought that the bare head which
accompanies his name was his portrait, but this seems
unlikely, as the similar coins from Chalcis naming
Mescinius (who, contra Grant, was probably a local strate­
gos of Chalcis, rather than a Roman official) definitely
portray Augustus ( 1345-6, with commentary).
2. C. Poppaeus Sabinus. Very rare coins, not implausibly
attributed to Aegina (1305), have a bare head with an
inscription which can be restored (not necessarily correctly)

as CAB[EINOC ΑΙΓΕΙΝ]ΗΤΩΝ. These coins may, there­
fore, portray Poppaeus Sabinus, though this is, of course,
far from certain.
The late Republican coinage has been discussed by
Crawford, CMRR, pp. 197-8 and M. Price in CRWLR, pp.
95 ~ io 3 · Silver coinage had been produced in the mid-first
century b c only by the Thessalian League and at Athens
(some silver of the Achaean League may also have been
produced in the first century b c : CRWLR, p. 101, n. 23).
The precise date of the cessation of Athenian silver, which
circulated on a wide scale throughout the Balkans, is
uncertain but seems to lie in the decade 50-40 b c (see the
commentary on Athens, p. 265). Thessalian League silver
has been dated by B. Helly to the second and first centuries
b c , down to about 44 b c (RN, 1966, pp. 7-32; cf. M. Price in
CRWLR, p. 98; see also the commentary on the Thessalian
League, p. 280), but it was on a much smaller scale and
circulated almost entirely in Thessaly. During the first cen­
tury b c Roman denarii had come to play an increasing role,
though there are different opinions about the importance of
the denarius before Caesar (see CRWLR, pp. 54, 99 and
167). During the Triumviral period, however, it seems that
many issues of denarii and indeed aurei were actually min­
ted in Greece. It is a priori likely that Brutus and Cassius
and then Antony would have struck coins there (e.g., the
enormous issue of legionary denarii, and RRC 545 with the
fourth imperatorial salutation which Antony took only just
before the battle of Actium), and this likelihood is backed
up by some specific considerations:
1. RRC 496/1 has an unusual reverse type which is
otherwise known on the coinage of Buthrotum, perhaps
suggesting that at least part of it was minted there
(RRC, p. 100).
2. There are stylistic similarities between some issues of
denarii (RRC 542/1-2) and the ‘fleet’ bronzes of
Atratinus, produced also in Greece (1453fr.).
Whether or not denarii were also made in Achaea in the
Augustan period is unclear. A group of denarii have been
attributed by C .H .V . Sutherland (RIC 472-4; RN, 1974,
pp. 4gff.) to a ‘(?) north Peloponnesian mint, c. 21 b c ’ ,
largely on the strength of his identification of the temple on
the reverse of IOVI OLVM as the temple of Zeus at
Olympia. This seems very uncertain, though there is in
principle no reason why these or other unattributed
Augustan issues should not have been produced in Achaea.
Even if they were, however, such issues were on a very small
scale.
The pattern of Achaean bronze coinage is more complex.
A number of different cities minted bronze coins in the first
century b c . According to J. Warren (NC, 1984, p. 21), the
following Peloponnesian mints struck coins between 146
and c. 27 b c : Aegira, Aegium, Dyme, Patrae, Sicyon, Cor­
inth, Elis, Cephallenia)?), Zacynthus, Ithaca, Cythera,
Messene (?), Sparta, Argos (?), Epidaurus)?),
Megalopolis)?), Pheneus and Tegea; of these, only the
coinage of Corinth (after its refoundation as a Roman col­
ony in 44 b c ) was large. Further north a similar picture
obtains, with coins probably struck at a number of cities
ACHAEA 245
(e.g., 1338, of Opus), but only that of Athens was on a large
scale. Even its circulation was, however, restricted to Attica
and Athens itself (A. Walker, A Chronological Study of the
Greek Imperial Coinage of Athens (Univ. of Pennsylvania dis­
sertation, 1980), pp. 135fr., 145).
In the early imperial period three coinages stand out and
were presumably produced in large quantities: those of Cor­
inth, Patras and the Thessalian League. The coinages of
Patras and the Thessalian league, however, were produced
only intermittently and on a much smaller scale than the
large coinage of Corinth, for which more than 2500 clear
specimens survive for the period covered in this catalogue,
struck from a known 406 obverse dies (and a calculated
total of 451). Yet even the coinage of Corinth was not con­
tinuously produced, and its total output is not of very great
economic significance (C. Howgego, NC, 1989, pp. 199-
200). Most of the other civic coinages produced are very
rare, and were produced in only small batches at irregular
intervals.
D enom inations
Countermarks and coin legends give some evidence for the
denominations used:
1. Corinth. Some coins are inscribed SE for semis (1164,
1167 and 1236-7). The earliest of these dates to late in the
reign of Tiberius.
2. Corinth. The countermarks A, S and three dots (= as,
semis and quadrans) were applied on coins of three dif­
ferent denominations of the duoviri M. Insteius and L. Cas.
in the late forties b c ( i i 18-20, GIC, p. 59). It is significant
that all coins have these countermarks.
3. Dyme. The countermark AC (?) (= GIC 703) occurs on
Tiberian coins (1289), and perhaps stands for AS. See also,
perhaps, coins of Nero from Carystus (1357, GIC 70g)?
4. The coins of Proculeius from Cephallenia have, on dif­
ferent denominations, the countermarks IS and three dots
with S ( = i i asses and f as) (1359-60; GIC 743-4, with p.
59). The coins were minted in c. 30—28 b c .
5. Uncertain mints in Achaea. The ‘fleet’ bronzes of
Atratinus and Oppius, attributable to mints in southern
Greece in c. 38 b c , attest the full range of Roman denomi­
nations (1453fr.).
6 . Melos. The coins which appear to belong to this period
have two relevant inscriptions. One issue is inscribed
ΔΡΑΧΜΗ and is 25m m /:2.93g (4); the other, perhaps
Neronian in date, is inscribed III and is 23-5 m m /10.88 g
(6). These inscriptions referring to a drachma and three
?obols (cf. M. Tod, NC, 1947, p. 25), might be Rhodian
drachmas (and half-drachmas), though this is perhaps
unlikely if the large Rhodian bronze coins, weighing about
twice as much, were drachms rather than didrachms (see
commentary on Rhodes, p. 454).
It is interesting to note that this evidence for Roman
denominations goes back to at least c.40 b c , and coincides
with the beginning of the production of denarii in Greece.
This thereby provides a likely context for the introduction
of Roman bronze denominations to southern Greece. Such
2φ ACHAEA

an introduction was not, however, necessarily universal; the that, generally speaking, the Achaean bronzes were made to
diorthoma which seems to have changed denominations in Roman denominations. But one should be fairly circum­
Thessaly from accounting in local Thessalian League spect about accepting this view, since Kroll has argued that
staters to Roman denarii does not seem to have been made the principal denomination in the late second-century
until after Actium, perhaps after 27 (Crawford, CMRR, p. Athens was an obol (J. H. Kroll, AJA, 1982, p. 273), and
270; Price, in CRWLR, p. 99). Moreover, the introduction of Price has suggested that this may have been followed by a
Roman denominations would not have abolished local ones, reform of denominations involving the production of bronze
but merely made them compatible. The Messene tax drachmae {CRWLR, p. 97). Yet the latest Athenian issues
inscriptions, though they refer to denarii, continue to refer fit well enough into the table above. See also the discussion
to obols and chalkoi for the smaller denominations (Craw­ on pp. 30-7.
ford, CMRR p. 270), while drachms are known from All these coinages were made of bronze, or leaded bronze.
second-century Athens (M. Tod, NC, i960, p. 22), and at There is only a single occurrence of brass in Greece, an
Aegium coins of 2omm/7.37g (5) - of uncertain date, issue of semisses from Corinth by the duoviri P. Aebutius
however - are inscribed ΗΜΙΟΒΕΛΙΝ (e.g., BMC 1—3). and G. Heius (1133), struck at a slightly lower weight than
The Messene inscriptions (IG V, 1433) make it plain that normal for bronze semisses. The only other metallic dif­
there were 6 obols in a denarius and 12 chalkoi in an obol; ference in Greece, which characterises the second detect­
elsewhere (e.g., Athens) there would have been 8 chalkoi to able pattern, was the production of copper coins. So far
an obol. But both these differences in the number of chalkoi three instances have been found in Achaea: the Glaudian
to the obol and the mathematical inexactness of a sensible coinage of Sparta, the post-Augustan coinage of Patras and
equivalent between obols and asses (1 denarius or the Neronian coinage of Nicopolis (?). The diameters and
drachma = 6 obols = 16 asses) make it impossible to draw weights of these coins are as follows:
up any convincing scheme between Roman and local No. o f
denominations (though this is possible elsewhere: e.g., in coins
analysed
Asia, see p. 374), and it seems likely that different cities
used different systems. S p arta "55 I 26/ 9.58 g (36) C lau d iu s
P atras I D ivus A ugustus
This problem renders it virtually impossible in many 1253 26/ 9.74g (72)
!255 I 25/12.14g ( : 5) C lau d iu s
cases to assign denominational names to individual issues, 1256 I C laudius
25/ 9-52 g (4 4 )
although it seems true that there is a pattern, or rather two 1257-81 4 24/ 8.96 g (44) N ero
main patterns. 1282 I 24/ 8.97 g (9 ) G alb a
The first stems from the coinage of Corinth, where the N icopolis 1368
denominational system and indeed the denominations in I37I ;I J1 25/ 9 -7 6 g (3O N ero
1373
question are not open to serious doubt. At Corinth the
principal denomination was the as, made at about With the exception of 1255 (Claudius, Patras), all these
20 m m /7 g; there were also some semisses at about issues were produced at the same standard, and as from
17 mm/4 g, and, at the beginning of the period, one issue of every point of view - weight, diameter and metal - they
quadrantes (about i5-i7m m /3g) and some of sextantes closely resemble asses from the mint of Rome, the conclu­
(about 15 mm/2 g). A number of other Achaean issues con­ sion that they were intended to be asses seems irresistible.
form, more or less, to this pattern as can be seen from the This ‘reform’ (in the sense of the partial introduction of a
table below. new metrological standard) was not confined to Achaea,
This table seems reasonably convincing for the identifica­ but is found also further north in Macedonia (Philippi,
tion of many of the denominations and for the conclusion Thessalonica and the Macedonian Koinon). The evidence

(?) 4-as as(?) semis (?) qd. (?) sextans (?)

C o rin th 2 o /7 g !7 /4 g l6 /3 g i5 /2 g
Sicyon 20/7 g
D ym e 20/6 g i8 /4 g
P atras (A ugustus) 20/6.5 g
S p a rta (Laco) 20/7.5 g 20/5 g
C ep h allen ia 2 i/6 .5 g i6 /3 g I3 /2 g
Z acy n th u s 20/5 -5 g 17/3-5 g 16/2 g
A thens 18/6.5 g
T a n a g ra 23/8-5g 19/6 g : 5 /4 g
Locri 2 l/8 g
T hebes 2 l/7 g
C ary stu s ! 9 /5 g
C halcis 25^5g 20/7 g 13/3-5 g
N icopolis 3 3A 4-5g 23/5 -5 g !7 /3 g
B u th ro tu m 20/9 g i8 /5 g 16/4 g
T hess. L eague 33/20 g 26/13.5 g 25/10.5 g 20/8.5 g 19/7 g 18/4.5 g
M agnetes 24/ 9-5 g 15 /3 -5 g
P epareth u s '9 / 7 g

for its date is not entirely conclusive; the Augustan issues of
Sparta, Nicopolis and Patras were all made of bronze and
conform to the other pattern just discussed, suggesting that
the reform was post-Augustan. The same is true of Philippi.
At Thessalonica, however, the change was not introduced
until the reign of Claudius, since the coins of Tiberius and
Caligula are all of bronze. The issue of Divus Augustus
from Patras therefore seems to be the earliest example, if it
is correctly dated to the reign of Tiberius. This dating is not
absolutely certain, but is strongly indicated by the obverse
legend DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER, since pater does not
recur (at Rome) after Tiberius, for whom alone it was, of
course, appropriate.
The higher copper denomination at Patras (1255) can in
general terms be paralleled by the higher copper denomi­
nations at Thessalonica.
Sparta
The coinage of Sparta has been fully studied by S.
Grunauer-von Hoerschelmann, Die Münzprägung der
Lakedaimonier (1978). According to her study, no coinage
was produced between the early second century b c
(although she would now date her group V III some years
later, as a result of her study of the Olympia hoard, IGCH
270) and the period of the civil wars of the late Republic
(although there is one very interesting issue for the Koinon,
with a head labelled as ΡΩΜΑ on the larger denomination,
which she has placed between 72 and 21 b c ) . She dates the
resumption of the coinage, which is entirely of bronze and of
several denominations, to about 48 b c , and places a very
large quantity of coinage between then and the reign of
Augustus (her groups X III to XXII; note the large number
of dies, summarised on the table on her pp. 48—9). There
seems little point in reproducing her work in extenso here,
and an indication of the general nature of the coinage of the
period can be seen from her table 6 (p. 37).
One variety of this extensive coinage is, however,
separately catalogued here, in view of its intrinsic interest,
with the signature and portrait of Antony’s general L. Sem­
pronius Atratinus (1101). Coinage in his name was also
struck in Sicily, at Entella (653) and Lilybaeum (655), as
well as on a Greek issue of Antony’s ‘fleet’ coinage (1453)
and an issue of Antonian bronze, probably to be attributed
to northwest Asia Minor (2226).
The early, pre-Claudian, imperial coinage falls into two
groups, respectively signed by G. Iulius Eurycles (31-2 b c ;
see A.J. Spawforth, ABSA, 1985, p. 193) and his son G.
Iulius Laco (2 b c - a d 31), the successive ‘rulers’ of Sparta
(Strabo calls Eurycles the hegemon)·, in between (7-2 b c )
Grunauer has placed a group of unsigned coins (her group
XXXI). The Laco who signs coins under Claudius is
presumably a relative.
The types used refer mostly to cults at Sparta - Apollo
Carneius and, in particular, the Dioscuri. Eurycles made
coins for Augustus, Livia and Agrippa (who also appears in
Greece on the coinage of Nicopolis). For Lysixenidas, see
the discussion by Grunauer, pp. 71—2. The unique coin of
Laco with two female heads (Grunauer XXXIV = 1112)
A C H A E A : Sparta (i io i- i 104) 277
D esigns
The early imperial coins of Achaea do not, for the most
part, have any great typological interest, though there is a
surprisingly large number of representations of minor mem­
bers of the imperial family (Tanagra and, especially, Cor­
inth), of Galba (Opus, Thebes, Patras and Corinth) and
perhaps even of one Otho (Opus). The reverse types, as one
might expect, refer for the most part to local cults, but one
contemporary event did have a profound affect on the
coinage, namely Nero’s visit to Greece in a d 66-7. This is
most noticeable on the coinage of Patras, Sicyon, Corinth
and Nicopolis, but may also be reflected in the radiate
portraits of the emperor which are also found at Phoenice
(1418—19) and for the Thessalian League (1440; compare
Apollo playing the lyre on 1439).
was tentatively identified by Grunauer as depicting the
busts of Livia (before her death in a d 29) and Demeter.
The metrology of the coins was discussed by Grunauer,
especially pp. 75-6. The coins were struck in a number of
different denominations, whose Roman equivalents are not
clear. The coins of Claudius are unusual inasmuch as those
with a smaller diameter are heavier; this change reflects a
change of composition from bronze to copper (see the
introduction to Achaea, p. 246).
A tr a tin u s
1101 AE. 19 m m , 4.88 g (12). [ 8 ]
G ru n au er group X V I.9, bm c 69, C op 607
ATPATINOC; bare head of Atratinus, r.
A A, ΦΙ ΔΙ; eagle standing, r.
r. L = bm c 6 9 , 5.80; 2—12· See G ru n a u e r.
U n d e r C I u liu s E u r y c le s ( 3 1 - 2 b c )
1102 AE. 27 m m , 10.69g (38)· Axis: v ar. [ 22 ]
G ru n au er group X X V , C op 602
ΣΠΑΡΤΗ; diademed head of Sparta, 1.
Λ A, ΕΠΙ ΕΥΡΥΚΛΕΟΣ; Dioscuri riding, r., in wreath
i . L 1 9 0 9 —5—4 —3 0 , 12.83; 2—3 8 . See G ru n a u e r. 8 obv. dies.
C o u n te rm ark : H e a d , r. ( G IC 57).
1103 AE. 2 0m m , 5 .6 4 g (153). Axis: var. [ 61 ]
G ru n au er group X X V I, bm c 63, C op 603
H ead of Zeus, r.
Λ A, ΕΠΙ ΕΥΡΥΚΛΕΟΣ; club in wreath
i. L = 63; 2—153. See G ru n a u e r. 64 o bv. dies.
bm c
1104 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3 .0 5 g (30). Axis: var. [ 14 ]
G ru n au er group X X V II, bm c 70, C op 608
KAIC; head of Augustus, r.
Λ A, ΕΠΙ ΕΥΡΥΚΛΕΟΣ; eagle standing, r.
i . L = b m c 70, 2.49; 2—3 0 . See G ru n a u e r. u obv. dies. Q u alitativ e
analysis on: i.
1105 AE. 15m m , 2.68g (3). [ 2 ] 1111 A E. 20 m m , 7.44g (21). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
G ru n au er group X X V III, C op 605 G ru n au er group X X X I I I .3-19, bmc 66
H ead o f Livia, r. ___ Λ A; beard ed head, r.
A A, ΕΠΙ ΕΥΡΥΚΛΕΟΣ; in w reath ΕΠΙ AAKWNOC; heads of the D ioscuri, r., w ith stars above
i . C o p 6 0 5 ; 2—3. See G ru n a u e r. 2 obv. dies. i . L = b m c 6 6 , 6.84; 2—21. See G ru n a u e r. n obv. dies.
C o u n te rm ark : M ale h ea d , r. ( G I C 58).
1106 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 2.46g (18). Axis: var. [ 13 ]
G ru n au er group X X IX , bmc 118 1112 AE. 15m m , 4 .2 0 g (1). [ i ]
ΑΓΡ; head of A grippa, r. G ru n a u e r group X X X IV
A A, ΕΥ ΡΫ Κ Λ Ε; caduceus
Λ A; fem ale bust, 1.
i . L 1 9 2 0 -8 —5—1 3 3 4 , 2.64; 2—18. See G ru n a u e r. 5 obv. dies. Q u alitativ e
ΕΠΙ AAKWNOC; fem ale bust, r.
an alysis on: 1.
i . P 1 926, 4.20.
1107 A E. i 5 m m , 2.51 g (6). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
G ru n au er group X X X
Λ Υ Π Ξ Ε Ν ΙΔ Α ; head of Lysixenidas, r.
A A, ΕΥ ΡΥ Κ Λ Ε; caduceus
I. B (I-B ), 2.79; 2—6. See G ru n a u e r, 2 obv. dies.
C la u d iu s

J - 2 B C __________________________________________________ 1113 AE. 2 3m m , 11.99g (11). Axis: var. [ 1 ]

G ru n au er group X X X V
1108 A E. I 9 m m , 5.46 g (13). Axis: var. [ 10] ΤΙ ΚΛ(ΑΥ)(ΔΙΟΣ) ΣΕΒ(ΑΣΤΟΣ); b are head, r. or 1.
G ru n au er group X X X I, bmc 67 Λ A , ΕΠ Ι ΛAKWNOΣ; statu e of Apollo C arneius
H ead o f H eracles, r. 1—2. B C D ; 3—i i . See G ru n a u e r. 8 obv. dies. T h e le tte r form s C a n d Ω
also occur. T h e low re p resen tatio n o f th ese coins in p u b lic collections is
ΛΑΚΕΔΑΙΜΟΝΙΩΝ; club an d caduceus ex p lain ed by th e fact th a t m o st specim ens com e from a single recen t h o a rd
i . L = b m c 6 7 , 5.92; 2—14. See G ru n a u e r. i obv. die. T h e le tte r form s £ (see G ru n a u e r, p. 80).
a n d W also occur.

1114 AE. 2 6m m , 10.77g (2)· [ 2 ]

C I u liu s L a c o , 2 b c - a d 3 1 _______________ G ru n au er group X X X V I. 1 corr.
TI KAAYAIOC KAICAP ΑΥΓΟΥ; b are head, 1.
1109 A E. 20m m , 5.74g (15)· Axis: var. [ 8 ] Λ A , ΕΠΙ ΛΑΚΩΝΟΣ; caps of the D ioscuri w ith stars above
G ru n au er group X X X II I. L 1975-4-11-43. 11 -9 7 ; 2· V, 9.57.

B earded head, r.
A A, ΕΠΙ ΛΑΚΩΝΟϋ; club 1115 C opper. 26 m m , 9.58 g (36). Axis: var. [23]
i. L 1 9 1 2 —7 —1 4 —1 8 , 5.48; 2 —1 5 . See G ru n a u e r. 5 obv. dies. G ru n au er group X X X V I.2-16, bmc 72, C op 6og

1110 A E. 20 m m , 7.63 g (3). Axis: var. [ o ] ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ (ΑΥΓ)(ΟΥΣ); lau reate head, r.
Λ A, ΕΠΙ ΛΑΚΩΝΟΣ; caps o f the D ioscuri w ith stars above
G ru n au er group X X X III. 1-2
i . L 1926— i —16— 871, 8.59; 2. L = bmc 72; 3— 37. See G ru n a u e r; 38. NY

B earded head, 1. (see G ic 58), 11.8 1. 16 obv. dies. T h e le tte r form C also occurs. Q u a lita tiv e
A A, Ε Π Ι AAKWNOC; heads of the D ioscuri, r. or 1., w ith analysis on: 2.
C o u n te rm ark : M ale h ea d , r. ( G I C 58: 38).
stars above
1—3 . See G ru n a u e r. i obv. die.

Messene
Hellenistic bronzes of Messene were countermarked with a (b) O bverse as (a)
very ‘Augustan-looking’ head (GIC 57: e.g., Cop 517); Zeus facing, holding long sceptre, an d 1. arm outstretched;
though the interpretation of the letter Ξ beneath the head is in r. field, w reath
not obvious. I· P 1763, 7 ·° 7 ·
Messene did not produce coins with imperial portraits
until the Severan period, but there are some ‘pseudo-auto­ (c) O bverse as (a)
nomous’ coins which seem to be earlier: Asclepius facing, w ith serp en t staff; to r., w reath
1—2. L — bmc 44, 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 3 2 0 , 6.22, 4.12; 3. P 1764, 5.63; 4. V;
(a) 18 mm . 5. C o p 528, 6.19.
MCCCHNIWN; d rap ed b u st of Tyche, w earing m ural
crown an d veil (d) O bverse as (a)
Zeus standing, r., w ith th underbolt; in field, w reath an d Fem ale (?) figure standing, facing w ith arm s outstretched
tripod i . L 19 2 2 -1 -4 -7 , 5.23: very w o rn - d escrip tio n o f rev. n o t certain .
1- 2 . L — BMC 43, 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 3 1 9 , 6.16, 5.55; 3 - 4 . P I 7 6 l - 2 , 5 .3 I, 5.62;
5 - 6 . V ; 7. C op 527, 7.65.
 A C H A E A : Messene, Arcadia, Corinth (1116) 24g

(e) O bverse as (a)
Fem ale figure facing, head r., holding a long sp ear or
sceptre, w ith 1. arm on an uncertain object
I. P 1765, 7.81.
The style of all varieties is very close, and they represent a
single short-lived issue. The problem is to assign a plausible
date. Neither the thick fabric nor the letter forms (£, C, W)
seems decisive between the first or second century; nor can
we definitively rule out a date in the first century b c (com­
pare the bronze of Cleopatra from Patras, 1245). In particu­
lar, there does not seem very much to choose between the
fabric of second-century Peloponnesian coins (e.g.,
Antoninus Pius from Aegium (BMC 12) or second-century
Spartan coins {cf. Aurelius at Zacynthus, BMC 91) and of
first-century coins like those of Nero at Sicyon (1238-44).
The style of the Messenian coins seems quite fine, perhaps
suggesting an earlier date, but this is not at all certain.

Arcadia
Mabbott 987 is described as a coin of Augustus from the fourth century bc with Pan on the obverse {cf., e.g.,
‘Arcadia under Rome’. The illustration, however, makes it BMC 70).
clear that the coin in question is actually a bronze coin of

Corinth
The coinage of Corinth is well known. From the middle of H. Troxell, ANSMN 17, 1971, pp. 41-94). And, c. 200 b c ,
the sixth century to the end of the fourth century, Corinth the city ceased to issue any bronze autonomous coins (M.
struck large quantities of silver pegasi (Kraay, ACGC, pp. Price, Hesperia, 1967, pp. 348-88). In spite of its supposed
78-88). The entire series of staters was published by O. freedom, there seems to be a gap from c. 196 b c to the
Ravel, Les ‘poulains’ de Corinthe I, Basel, 1936, and II, destruction of the city in 146 b c .
London, 1948. The Corinthian mint seems to have struck For a century Corinth remained abandoned until Caesar
Ptolemaic drachms at the time when the city was occupied founded the Colonia Laus Iulia Corinthiensis in 44 b c .
by Ptolemaic forces from 308 to 306 b c (K. Jenkins, From 44 b c to a d 69 the colony issued a very abundant
ANSMN 9, i960, pp. 32—4). During the time of Demetrius coinage signed by twenty-four pairs of duoviri. This bronze
Poliorcetes, Corinth struck Alexanders; later in the century coinage has been studied by Amandry = M. Amandry, Le
the Corinthian mint probably issued other Alexanders con­ Connayage des duomrs corinthiens, BCH Supp. XV (1988). The
nected with the Macedonian participation in the Cleomenic new chronology he proposed is shown in the table.
and Social Wars, in 224-222 and 220-217 respectively (see For a review of Amandry’s chronology, see C.J. How-
From 44 to 31 bc :
1. L. Aeficius Certus, C. Iulius 4 4 ° r 43
2. P. Tadius Chilo, C. Iulius Nicephorus 43 or 42
3. M. Insteius C. f. Tectus, L. Cas. 42 or 4 1
4. Cn. Publilius, M. Antonius Orestes 40
5. P. Aebutius, C. Pinnius between 39 and 36
6. C. Heius Pamphilus, Q. Caecilius Niger between 34 and 31
U nder Augustus:
7. M. Antonius Theophilus, P. Aebutius 3D
8. C. Heius Pollio, C. Heius Pamphilus 27-26 or 26-25
9. P. Aebutius Sp. f., C. Heius Pamphilus 17-16
10. M . Novius Bassus, M . Antonius H ipparchus between 10-9 and 5-4
11. C. Servilius C. f. Primus, M. Antonius Hipparchus 2-1
12. P. Aebutius Sp. f., C. Iulius Herae. 1-2
13. C. Mussius Priscus, C. Heius Pollio 4 -5

U nder Tiberius:
14. A. Vatronius Labeo, L. Rutilius Plancus between 12—13 and 15—16
15. P. Caninius Agrippa, L. Castricius Regulus 21-2
16. L. Arrius Peregrinus, L. Furius Labeo 32-3 or 33-4
U nder Caligula:
17. P. Vipsanius Agrippa, M. Bellius Proculus 37-8
U nder Claudius:
18. Octavius, Licinus between 42—3 and 45-6
19. L. Paconius Fiam., Cn. Publicius Regulus 50- 5 1
U nder Nero:
20. M. Acilius Candidus, Q. Fulvius Flaccus 5 4 - 5 or 5 5 - 6
21. Ti. Claudius O ptatus, C. Iulius Polyaenus 57-8 or 58-9
22. L. Rutilius Piso, P. Memmius Cleander 66- 7
23. P. Ventidius Fronto, T. Claudius Anaxilaus 67- 8
U nder Galba:
24. L. Caninius Agrippa 68-g
gego, NC, 1989, pp. 200-8 (see also commentary here on
1171).
The denominations struck were all light asses, with some
semisses (1119, 1122, 1126, 1129, 1130, .1133, 1135, 1162-
71, 1185-8) and a few quadrantes (1120) and sextantes
(1121, 1123 and 1131). See Amandry, pp. 82—6.
-Some types recall the deities honoured at Corinth or at
BMC 483-4, A m andry II, pp. 123-4
C O R IN T H V M ; Bellerophon, w earing petasus and
chlam ys, striding r. an d seizing Pegasus, r., by the bridle,
before a porch
P T A D I C H IL O C IV L I N IC E P IIV IR ; Poseidon
naked, seated r., on rock, an d resting on long trident
i . B I-B (obv.); 2. B 7 3 7 3 (rev.); 3 - 3 6 · See A m an d ry , 124.

the Isthmian sanctuary: Zeus (1118, 1125-6, 1137), Athena

( 1118), Neptune/Poseidon (1117, 1185, 1192-4), Saturn Inst L Cas Ilviri, 42 or 41 BC
(1122), Dionysus (1122), Isthmos (1164, 1168, 1169), Meli-
certes-Palemon (1162, 1170, 1186-8), Helios (1185, 1195- 1118 Bronze. 18-22 m m , 6.86 g (30). Axis: var.
6), Aphrodite (1127—8, 1197—1200); others recall the [ 30 coins, 8 obv. dies ]
Isthmian games (1123, 1129-30, 1135) or the Corinthian BMC 525, A m an d ry I l i a , pp. 124-5
myth of Pegasus and Bellerophon ( 1116, 1117, 1121, 1127- C O R IN T ; lau reate head o f Zeus, r.; co unterm ark A on
8, 1181, 1201). Some types derive from Roman official the neck
coinage (1124, 1149-50, 1153-6, 1159-61, 1178-9) or II V IR IN S T L CAS; A thena-P allas advancing, r.,
illustrate a local event (Nero’s visit to Greece: 1203-9). holding th u n d erb o lt an d shield
This coinage was made of bronze or leaded bronze. There I. B I-B (obv ); 2. B P - O (rev.); 3—3 0 . See A m an d ry , 125.

is also one occurrence of brass, unique so far in Achaea, a 1119 AE. 17-20 m m , 4.44 g (46). Axis: var.
series of semisses (1133) struck under Augustus. See Aman­ [ 47 coins, 7 obv. dies ]
dry, pp. 87-9. A certain number of countermarks occurs on BMC 526-8, A m andry I l l b , pp. 126-7
this coinage: a list is given below (see Amandry, p. 258).
C O R IN T ; Nike advancing, r., holding p alm in 1. h and; in
Open hand I I 16 field, r., Q ; in field, L, counterm ark S
V I I 16
IN S T L CAS IIV IR ; chim aera, 1.
A III8
i. N S X Z090 (obv.); 2. C o r in t h 7 6 —2 0 7 (rev.); 3 —4 7 . See A m an d ry ,
S 1119 125.
© 1120
G IC 476 1182, 1189, 1205 1120 A E. i 5 -i7 m m , 3.37g (7). Axis: var.
478 1207, 1209 [ 7 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
589 1213 A m andry II Ic , p. 127
619 1192, 1205, 1208-9
648 1128, 1140, 1217 IN T S CAS I I V IR ; in w reath
677 1190, 1205 C O R IN T ; dolphin, L, behind, trident; in field,
687 1139-43, " 4 6 ,1 1 4 5 -8 , 1151-61 countermark Θ
688 1207 i. A ( A m e r ic a n S c h o o l o f C la s s ic a l S tu d ie s ); 2—7. See A m an d ry , 127.
710 1203
7 11 1192, 1207, 1208, 1214 1121 A E. 15 m m , 1.85 g (2). Axis: var. [ 2 coins, 1 obv. die ]
744 1214, 1216 BMC 529, A m andry H id , p. 128
coin with CAESAR, bare head of Julius to ÎN T S CAS II V IR ; trid en t
r/[C]OR·, statue in hexastyle temple; amphora, published by C O R IN T ; Pegasus flying, 1.; ben eath Q
Grant, FITA, p. 266(2) and pi. V III, 19, and supposed to i . C o r in t h i 8 / V / i g 3 4 8 (obv.), 2.23; 2. L = bmc 5 2 9 (rev.), 1.46.

prove that the colony of Corinth was founded before

Caesar’s death, is here considered as a forgery. Cn Publili M Ant Orest Ilviri quin, 40 BC
1122 A E. 15-20 m m , 4.45 g (12). Axis: var.
[ 13 coins, 4 obv. dies ]
44- 3 1 BC
A m andry IV a, pp. 128-9
L Aeficius Certus C Iulius Ilviri, 44 or 43 BC C N P V B L IL I M A N T O R E S T II V IR Q V IN ; head of
S a tu rn, r.
1116 Bronze. 22-4 mm , 9.22 g (84). Axis: var.
C O R IN T ; D ionysus, holding can th aro s an d thyrsus,
[ 87 coins, 11 obv. dies ]
standing, 1.
BMC 4 8 5 -9 , A m andry I, p p . 120-2 1—2. B C D ; 3—13. See A m an d ry , 129.
LAVS IV L I C O R ÎN T ; lau reate head o f C aesar, r.
1123 A E. 1 0 - iim m , 1.97g (21). Axis: var.
L C E R T O A E F IC IO C IV L I(O ) IIV IR ; B ellerophon
[ 22 coins, 4 obv. dies ]
w earing petasus, m ounted on Pegasus flying, r., an d
striking dow nw ards w ith spear A m andry IV b , pp. 129-30
i . B F o x (obv.); 2. B L ö b b (rev.); 3 - 8 7 . See A m an d ry , 121—2. C PV B L A N T O R; praefericulum
C O R IN ; in w reath
I. A A g o r a (obv.); 2. P V (rev.); 3—2 2 . See A m an d ry , 129-30.
P Tadi Chilo C lull Nicep Ilviri, 4p or 42 BC
1117 L eaded bronze. 24 m m , 8.05 g (36)· Axis: var.
[ 36 coins, 10 obv. dies ]
 A C H A E A : Corinth (i 124-1136) 25/

P A e b u tiu s C P in n iu s I l v ir i , 3 9 - 3 6 BC 1131 AE. 11 m m , 1.76g (8). Axis: var. [ 8 coins, 1 obv. die ]

1124 L eaded bronze. 22 m m , 7.85g (30). Axis: var. A m andry V I Ic, p. 140
[ 34 coins, 7 obv. dies ] M A N T T H Ë O P H ÏL I I Q ; dolphin, r.
A m andry V a, p p . 130-1, bmc 490 P A E B V T IV S II Q ; trid en t
i . L F o x ; 2—8. See A m an d ry , 140.
C O R IN T ; b are head of A ntony, 1.
P A E B V T IO C P IN N IO IIV IR ; prow, 1 .
i . C o r in t h 2 1 /I V /3 6 12—14 (obv.); 2. P V (rev.); 3—34· See A m an d ry ,
130-1. C Heius Pol C Heius Pam iter Ilviri, 27-26 BC
1125 L eaded bronze. 19-21 m m , 7.58g (17). Axis: var. 1132 Bronze. 2 2 -4 m m , 7.54g (11). Axis: var.
[ 17 coins, 2 obv. dies ] [ 12 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
bmc 493, A m andry V b, pp. 131-2 A m andry V I I I a - b , pp. 140—1
C O R IN T ; head of Poseidon, r. C H E IO P O L C H E IO P A M (IT E R ); b are head of
P A E B V T IO C P IN N IO IIV IR ; chim aera, 1. A ugustus, r.
i . B P -O ; 2—27. See A m an d ry , 131-2. II V IR C O R IN T ; lau reate head of C aesar, r.
i . P ; 2—12. See A m an d ry , 141.
1126 L eaded bronze, iö - iy m m , 3.99g (31). Axis: var.
[ 34 coins, 13 obv. dies ]
A m andry V c, pp. 132-3 P Aebutius S p f C Heius Pamphilus p rf iter, 17-16 BC
C O R IN T ; head of Poseidon, r.
P A E B V T IO C P IN N IO IIV IR ; in a w reath o f pine 1133 Brass. 15-1611101, 2.77g (29 )· Axis: var.
i . B C D ; 2—3 4 . See A m an d ry , 133
[ 31 coins, 3 obv. dies ]
bm c 495, A m andry IX , pp. 141-2
P R F IT E R ; Pegasus flying, r.; in field, C O R
C H e iu s P a m Q C a e c il N i g e r I l v i r i , 3 4 -3 1 B C
P A E B V T IO SP F C H E IO P A M P H IL O ; in five lines in
1127 Bronze. 21 m m , 8.01 g (59)· Axis: var. w reath
[ 64 coins, 4 obv. dies ] i . L 1920—8—5 - 7 8 (C ockerell); 2—3 1 . See A m an d ry , 142.

bmc 498-9, A m andry V la - b , pp. 133-6

No legend or C O R IN T ; h ead of A phrodite, r.
Q C A E C IL N IG R C H E IO PA M IIV IR ; Pegasus flying,
M Novius Bassus M Antonius Hipparc Ilviri, 10/9-3/4 BC
r. 1134 L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 6.91 g (19). Axis: var.
I. BCD; 2 - 6 4 . See A m an d ry , 135—6. [ 20 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
1128 Bronze. 22m m , 7.19g (52). Axis: var. bm c 503, A m andry X a -b , pp. 142-3
[ 56 coins, 5 obv. dies ] M N O V IO BASSO M A N T H IP P A R C (or M A N T
bmc 496-7, A m andry V ic , pp. 136-8 H IP P A R C M N O V IO BA SSO ); b a re head of A ugustus,
C O R IN T ; head o f A phrodite, r.__ r.
Q C A E C IL N IG R C H E IO PA M IIV IR ; Bellerophon II V IR C O R IN T ; lau reate head o f C aesar, r.
m ounted on Pegasus prancing, r., striking w ith sp ear at i . N Y (o b v .); 2. A S o u ts o s (rev.); 3—20. See A m an d ry , 143.
chim aera, L, beneath him
1135 A E. i5 - i6 m m , 3 .2 3 g (22). Axis: var.
i . W i n te r th u r; 2. C; 3—5 6 . See A m an d ry , 137-8.
[ 23 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
A m andry X c -e , pp. 143-4

A u g u s tu s II V IR C O R IN T ; athlete ru n n in g 1., or w alking r., a palm

on the r. shoulder
M A N T O N IO H IP P A R C M N O V IO BASSO (or M
M A n to n iu s T h e o p h il P A e b u tiu s I l v i r i q u in q , 30 BC N O V IO BASSO M A N T H IP P A R C ); lighted race torch
1129 AE. 1 4 -1 6 m m , 3.65g (7). Axis: var. i . L 1 9 3 2 —7—2—2 (W o o d w ard ); 2—2 3 . See A m an d ry , 144.
[ 7 coins, 3 obv. dies ]
A m andry V ila , pp. 138-9
C Servilius C f Primus M Antonius Hipparchus Ilviri, 2-1
M A N T O N I VS II V IR Q V IN Q ; table w ith four straig h t
legs; upon it, w reath BC
P A E B V T IV S II V IR Q V IN Q ; praefericulum
1136 L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 6.57 g (66). Axis: var.
i . G o th a ; 2—7. See A m an d ry , 139.
[ 73 coins, 21 obv. dies ]
1130 AE. i 4-16 m m , 3.22 g (21). Axis: var. bm c 505, Amandry XIa-b, pp. 144-7
[ 21 coins, 7 obv. dies ]
C A ESA R C O R IN T (or C O R IN T H I); b are h ead of
A m andry V H b , pp. 138-9 A ugustus, r.
M A N T T H Ë O P H ÏL II V IR Q V IN Q ; b u cran iu m C S E R V IL IO C F P R IM O M A N T O N IO
As n a g H IP P A R C H O IIV IR ; bare heads, face to face, o f G aius
i. C o r in t h 76—179 (obv.); 2. C o r in t h 1928—13 (rev.); 3—2 1 . See and Lucius; C L in field
A m an d ry , 139. i . B o s to n 5 9 .6 8 9 ; 2—73. See A m an d ry , 145-7.
1137 AE. 15 mm , 3.39g (20). Axis: var. T ib e r iu s
[ 20 coins, 3 obv. dies ]
BMC 506, A m andry X c -d , pp. 147-8 L R u tiliu s P la n c u s A V a tr o n iu s L a b e o I l v i r i , AD
C O R IN T ; head of Poseidon, r. 12113-15116
C S E R V IL IO C F P R IM O M A N T O N IO
1 1 4 5 -6
H IP P A R C H O ; in five lines in w reath
Bronze. 20 m m , 6.90 g (74). Axis: var.
i . B 7 8 2 8 (obv.); 2. B F o x (rev.); 3—20. See A m an d ry , 148.
[ 84 coins, 10 obv. dies ]

1145 BMC 502, A m andry X IV I, pp. 156-60

P A ebut S p fC I u liu s H e r a c I l v i r i q u in ite r , AD 1-2 L R V T IL IO P L A N C O IIV IR ; lau reate head of Tiberius,
1138 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 6.97 g (48)· Axis: var. r. or 1.
[ 49 coins, 9 obv. dies ] A V A T R O N IO L A B E O N E IIV IR ; Pegasus walking, r.;
in field, C O R
BMC 491, A m andry X IIa -g , pp. 148-50
I. B C D ; 2 - 3 5 . See A m an d ry , 157-60.
A V G V ST V S C O R IN T ; bare head of A ugustus, r.
P X ËB V T SP F C IV L IO H E R A (C ) II V IR Q V I(N ) 1146 BMC 501, A m andry X IV II , pp. 160-2
IT E R ; in w reath
As 1145
i . B C D ; 2—4 9 . See A m an d ry , 149—50. As 1 145, b u t V ictory on globe, holding w reath and palm ,
1.
i . B I-B (obv.); 2. C o r in t h 1 9 2 5 —3 2 (rev.); 3—4 1 . See A m an d ry , 160-2.
C M u s s iu s P r is c u s C H e iu s P o llio ite r I l v ir i , AD 4-5
1 1 4 7 -8
1 1 3 9 -4 3
Bronze. 20 m m , 6.86 g (65). Axis: var.
L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 6 .5 0 g (131). Axis: var. [ 58 coins, 10 obv. dies ]
[ 139 coins, i g obv. dies ]
1139 BMC 509, A m andry X H I b i , d i, fi an d g i, pp. 153-6 1147 BMC 500, A m andry X IV I I I , pp. 162-4

C O R IN T H I A V G V ST V S; b are head o f A ugustus, r. A V A T R O N IO L A B E O N E IIV IR ; lau reate head of

C M V S S IO P R IS C O II V IR C H E IO P O L L IO N E T iberius, r. or 1.
IT E R (or C H E IO P O L L IO N E IT E R C M V S S IO L R V T IL IO P L A N C O IIV IR ; Pegasus w alking, r.; in
P R IS C O IIV IR ); in a w reath o f parsley field, C O R
I. B C D ; * - 3 5 . See A m an d ry , 153—6. i . P h liu s 73—26; 2 - 3 7 . See A m an d ry , 162-4.

1140 A m andry X IIIb 2 , b3, d2, e i, f2, f3, g2 an d g3, pp. 153-6
1148 A m andry X IV IV , pp. 164-5
C O R IN T H I (or C O R IN T H I) T I CAESAR; bare head of
As 1147
T iberius, r.
As 1147, b u t V ictory on globe, holding w reath and palm ,
As 1139 1.
i . B G a n s a u g e ; 2—3 3 . See A m an d ry , 153-6.
i . P 6 9 5 (obv.); 2. B 2 8 0 /1 8 7 1 (rev.); 3—29. See A m an d ry , 164-5.
1141 BMC 510, A m andry X l I I a i , c i, d3, e2, f4 an d g4, pp.
:53- 6
C O R IN T H I A G R IP P A CAESA R; b are head o f A grippa P C a n in iu s A g r ip p a L C a s tr ic iu s R e g u lu s I l v i r i q u in q , AD
Postum us, r.
As 1 1 3 9 -4 0 2 1 -2
i . B 2 1 /1 8 7 1 ; 2—25. See A m an d ry , 153-6. 1149 AE. 20-1 m m , 6.43 g (15)· Axis: var.
1142 BMC 512, A m andry X IIIa 2 , a3, a4, C2, C3, d4, e3, e4, f5 [ 20 coins, 4 obv. dies ]
and g 5 > PP· 153-6 BMC 523-4, A m andry X V I, pp. 165-7
G E R M A N IC VS C A E SA R (C O R ); b are head of P C A N IN IO A G R IP P A II V IR Q V IN Q ; b are head of
G erm anicus, r. D rusus M in o r (?), r.
As i 1 3 9 -4 1 L C A S T R IC IO R E G V L O II V IR Q V IN Q C O R ; Livia
i . B I-B ; 2—21. See A m an d ry , 153-6. veiled, seated, r., holding p a te ra an d sceptre
r . N Y (obv.); 2. L = bm c 5 2 3 (rev.); 3—16. See A m an d ry , 166-7.
1143 BMC 511, A m andry X IIIb 4 , d5 an d g6, pp. 153-6 A cco rd in g to C .J . H ow gego (JVC, 1989, p. 202) th e obv. o n 1149-50
C O R IN T H I D R V SV S CAESA R; b are head o f D rusus p o rtra y s T ib e riu s r a th e r th a n D ru su s.

M inor, r.
1150 AE. 20—1 m m , 6.46 g (19)· Axis: var.
As 1 1 3 9 -4 2
[ 15 coins, 5 obv. dies ]
i. L = b m c 5 1 1 ; 2—24. See A m an d ry , 153-6
A m andry X V II, pp. 167-8
1144 AE. 21 m m , 6.38 g (1). Axis: 8.
L C A S T R IC IO R E G V L O II V IR Q V IN Q ; b are head of
A m andry X H Ih , p. 156 D rusus M inor(?), r. or 1.
C H E IO P O L L IO N E IT E R C O R IN [T H I]; bare h ead of P C A N IN IO A G R IP P A II V IR Q V IN Q C O R ; Livia
A ugustus, r. veiled, seated, r., holding p atera, or seated, 1., holding
C M V S S IO P R IS C O IIV IR ; b are head o f T iberius, r. ears o f corn an d sceptre
i . C o r in t h T 5 3 —C 5 8 , 6.38. i . B I-B ; 2—19. See A m an d ry , 167-8. See o n 1149·
 A C H A E A : Corinth (i 151—1171) 233

L A r r iu s P e r e g r in u s L F u r iu s L a b e o I l v ir i , AD 32-3 (?) 1161 A m andry X V I 32, p. 175

L F V R IO L A B E O N E IIV I; b u st of P ietas/L ivia, 1.
1 1 5 1 -6
Bronze. 20 mm , 6.98 g (87). Axis: var. As 1157—60
[ 97 coins, 14 obv. dies ] i . N Y ; 2—6. See A m an d ry , 175.

1 1 6 2 -7 1
1151 BMC 520, A m andry X V I 1, 7, 13-14, 17, 19, pp. 169-73
AE. 15-16 m m , 3.41 g (8g). Axis: var.
L A R R IO P E R E G R IN O 11 V IR ; rad iate head o f
[ 94 coins, 8 obv. dies ]
A ugustus, 1. ___
L F V R IO L A B E O N E (or L A B E O N E or LA B EO ) 1162 BMC 681, A m andry X V I 47, p. 178
IIV IR ; hexastyle tem ple inscribed G E N T IV L I; C O R in C O R ; M elikertes w ith thyrsus over his shoulder riding on
exergue dolphin, r.
I. B C D ; 2 - 3 5 . See A m an d ry , 169—73. C O R ; Pegasus flying, r.
i . B C D ; 2—24. See A m an d ry , 178.
1152 BMC 519, A m andry X V I 2, 3, 4, 8 -9 , pp. 169-73
As 1151, b u t laureate head o f T iberius, 1. 1163 BMC 679, A m andry X V I 48, p. 178
As 1151 C O R ; Pegasus flying, r.
i . P 724; 2—2 3 . See A m an d ry , 169-73. As 1162
I. N Y (obv.); 2. A 3 9 9 9 b (rev.); 3 - 7 . See A m an d ry , 178
1153 BMC 514, A m andry X V I 5, 10, 15, pp. 171-3
As 1151—2, b u t bust of L ivia/S alus, r. 1164 BMC 682, A m andry X V I 49-50, p. 178
As 1151—2 S E; Isthm os naked, holding a ru d d e r in each hand,
i . B o s to n 6 3 .2 9 6 8 ; 2—19. See A m an d ry , 169-73. standing facing, head r.
C O R ; Pegasus flying, r. o r 1.
1154 A m andry X V I 6, u , pp. 172-3
i. L = bm c 6 8 2 (obv.); 2. B I-B (rev.); 3—12. See A m an d ry , 178.
L A R R IO P E R E G R IN IIV IR ; b ust of L ivia/S alus, 1.
As 1 1 5 1 -3 1165 A m andry X V I 51, p. 179
i . A 1 9 0 7 /0 8 M '2 ; 2—12. See A m an d ry , 172-3. As 1162
LABE P E R E G IIV IR ; in three lines in w reath
1155 A m andry X V I 16, r 8, 20-1, p. 173
i. B I-B.
As 1154, b u t bust of L ivia/P ietas, r.
As 1151—4 1166 A m andry X V I 52, p. 179
I. C o r in t h 2 4 /I V /1 9 3 6 10—15; 2 —5. See A m an d ry , 173. As 1163
As 1165
1156 A m andry X V I 12, p. 173 t. NY.
As 1154—5, b u st of L ivia/P ietas, 1.
1167 A m andry X V I 53, p. 179
As 1 1 5 1 -5
I. B C D ; 2. Go. As 1164
As 1165—6
1 1 5 7 -6 1 i . A r g o s 6 8 A 29; 2. C o rin th 9 /X I/1 9 3 6 1.
Bronze. 20 mm , 7.07 g (103). Axis: var.
[ 103 coins, 18 obv. dies ] 1168 BMC 683, A m andry X V I 54, 58, 60, p. 179
As 1162 an d 1165
1157 BMC 522, A m andry X V I 22-4, 35-7, pp. 174-5
S E; Isthm os standing, r. o r 1., holding a ru d d e r in each
L F V R IO L A B E O N E IIV (IR ); rad iate b ust of A ugustus, h an d
1. I. B C D ; 2—13. See A m an d ry , 179.
L A R R IO P E R E G R IN (O ) IIV (I)(R ); hexastyle tem ple
inscribed G E N T IV L I; in exergue, C O R 1169 A m andry X V I 55-6, 59, 61, p. 179
i . P h liu s 1924; 2—18. See A m an d ry , 174-5. As 1163 an d 1166
As 1168
1158 A m andry X V I 25-8, 40, 45, pp. 174-6 i . B C D ; 2—7. See A m an d ry , 179.
L F V R IO L A B E O (NE) (or N E or N I) IIV (IR ); lau reate
head of T iberius, 1. 1170 A m andry X V I 62-3, pp. 179-80
As 1157 As 1163, 1166 an d 11 6 9
i . L 1867—1—1—2 2 5 7 (B lacas); 2—3 7 . See A m an d ry , 174-6. M elikertes lying on a dolphin, guiding it w ith his hands,
r. or 1.
1159 BMC 515-16, A m andry X V I 29, p. 175 I. C o r in t h 1 0 /I I I / 1 9 3 3 1 4 4 (obv.); 2. B P -O (rev .); 3—17. See

L F V R IO L A B E O N Ë IIV IR ; b u st o f Salus/L ivia, 1. A m an d ry , 179—80.

As 1157—8 1171 BMC 508, A m andry X V I 64-6, p. 180

I. C o p 215; 2—2 1 . See A m an d ry , 175.
C O R ; Pegasus flying, r. or 1.
1160 BMC 517, A m andry X V I 30-1, 38, 41, 43, 46, pp. 175-6 No legend o r CAE G E M ; busts, face to face, o f C aligula
L F V R IO L A B E O (NË) (or N I) IIV (I)(R ); b ust of and T iberius Gem ellus (?)
I. L = BMC 5 0 8 (obv.); 2. B 8 5 7 /1 8 9 9 (rev.); 3—9 . See A m an d ry , 180.
P ietas/L ivia, r.
T h e h ead s o n th e rev. are iden tified as G erm an icu s a n d T ib eriu s
As i 1 5 7 -9 ‘G em ellu s’ b y C .J . H ow gego, N C , 1989, p p . 202 -3 . T h is w o u ld im p ly an
i . B 4 1 4 /1 9 0 0 ; 2—17. See A m an d ry , 175-6. earlier d a te for th e issue, sh o rtly before th e d e a th o f G erm an icu s in ad 23.
C a lig u la 1181 A m an d ry X V I I I 5-7, pp. 194-5
As 1180
P Vipsanius Agrippa M Bellius Proculus llviri, AD 37-8 As 1180, b u t Pegasus on rocks, r.
X. B a r t le t t W e lls c o ll, (obv.); 2. C o r in t h 7 7 —1 2 0 6 (rev.); 3—2 1 . See
1 1 7 2 -9 A m an d ry , 194—5.
Bronze. 20 m m , 7.02 g (267). Axis: var.
[ 276 coins, 35 obv. dies ]
1172 BMC 531-4, A m andry X V II 1-27, pp. 181-6
L Paconius Flam Cn Publicius Regulus llviri, AD 50/pi.
C (A IV S) C A E SA R A V G (V )(S )(T )(V ); b are head o f
C aligula, r. or 1. 1 1 8 2 -4
P V IP S A N IO A G R IP P A IIV (I)(R ) C O R ; Pegasus A E. 20-1 m m , 7.01 g (45). Axis: var.
flying, r. or 1. [ 46 coins, 8 obv. dies ]
i . B C D (obv.); 2. L = BMC 5 3 3 (rev.); 3—1 1 3 . See A m an d ry , 184-6
1182 BMC 542, A m andry X IX 2, 3, 5, 7-8, 11-12, pp. 196-7
1173 BMC 535-9, A m and ry X V II 28-67, pp. 186-9
T I C L A V D IV S CAESA R; lau reate h ead of C laudius, 1.
As 117a L P A C ( 0 )(N I 0 ) F L A M (or FL A M ) C N P V B L (I)(C IO )
M B E L L IO P R O C V L O II V IR C O R ; Pegasus flying, r. R E G (V L ) (O) II V IR C O R ; N ero an d B ritannicus,
or 1. stan d in g face to face; N E B R in exergue
i. L = bmc 5 3 9 ; 2—120. See A m an d ry , 186-9. i . B C D ; 2—19. See A m an d ry , 196-7.

1174 BMC 530, A m andry X V II 68-9, p. 190 1 (1 1 8 3 A m andry X IX i, 4, 6, 13, 14, 16-17, 20> PP· J96-8
A G R IP P IN (A ) G E R M ; diadem ed b u st of A grippina, r. IV L A G R IP (P IN A ) A V G C A ESA R IS; b u st of A grippina
P V IP S A N IO A G R IP P A II V IR C O R ; busts, face to M inor, 1.
face, o f N ero C aesar an d D rusus C aesar; in field, N E D As 1 1 8 2
i. L = bmc 5 3 0 (obv.); 2. B 2 8 6 8 6 (rev.); 3—8. See A m an d ry , 190. i . C o r in t h 1 1 /V /1 9 3 6 15—17 (obv.); 2. M u 2 0 8 9 4 (rev.); 3—18. See
A m an d ry , 196—8.
1175 A m andry X V II 70-1, p. 190
\ 1184 A m andry X IX 9-10 an d 15, 18, pp. 197-8
As 1174
M B E L L IO P R O C V L O IIV IR ; as 1174 A G R IP P IN A C A ESA R IS; b u st of A grippina M inor, r.
i . B F o x (obv.); 2. C o r in t h 62—802 (rev.); 3—6 . See A m an d ry , 190. As 1 1 8 2 —3
i . L 1 9 3 2 —7—2—4 (W o o d w ard ); 2—8. See A m an d ry , 197-8.
1176 A m andry X V II 72, p. 191
1 1 8 5 -8
A N T O N IA A V G V S; b u st of A ntonia M inor, r.
P V IP S A N IO A G R IP P A II V IR C O R ; two cornucopias AE. 15m m , 3.59g (53). Axis: var.
[ 54 coins, 13 obv. dies ]
i . L F o x (obv.); 2. A 4 0 0 9 (rev.); 3—13· See A m an d ry , 191.

1177 A m andry X V II 73, p. 191 1185 BMC 544, A m andry X IX 21-8, pp. 198-200

As 1176 F L A M (or FL A M ) R E (G )(V L ) II V IR (or IIV IR );

M B E L L IO P R O C V L O II V IR C O R ; two cornucopias rad iate b ust o f H elios, r. or 1.
C O R SE; Poseidon naked, stan d in g 1., holding dolphin
i . B I-B (obv.); 2. B 8 7 5 5 (rev.); 3—6. See A m an d ry , 191.
an d trid en t
1178 A m andry X V II 76, p. 192 i . B C D (obv.); 2. C o r in t h 6 2 —9 3 3 (rev.); 3“ 39 · See A m an d ry , 199-200.
G E R M A N IC CAESA R; lau reate head of G erm anicus, r.
1186 BMC 545-6, A m andry X IX 31-2, p. 200
P V IP S A N IO A G R IP P A II V IR C O R ; ru d d e r an d globe
As 1 1 8 5
I. B I-B
SE C O R ; M elikertes lying on a dolphin, 1.
1179 A m andry X V II 74-5, p. 192 I. B C D ; 2—8. See A m an d ry , 200.
G E R M A N I (C) CA ESA R; laureate head of G erm anicus,
1187 A m andry X IX 29, p. 200
r. or 1.
M B E L L IO P R O C V L O II V IR C O R ; ru d d e r and globe R E G V L FL A M IIV IR ; M elikertes lying on a dolphin, r.
i . C o r in t h 2 9 /I I I / 1 9 3 4 1; 2—8. See A m an d ry , 192.
As 1185
i. B 5 1 1 0 ; 2. B C D ; 3. P.

1188 A m andry X IX 30, p. 200

C la u d iu s _____________________ C O R SE; M elikertes lying on two dolphins
As 1 1 8 5 a n d 1 1 8 7
Licinus iter Octavius llviri, AD 4213-4516 I. B C D ; 2. B C D ; 3. B P -O ; 4 . N Y.

1 1 8 0 -1
AE. ig -2 o m m , 6.55 g (69)· Axis: var.
[ 71 coins, 4 obv. dies ]
N ero
1180 BMC 541, A m andry X V I I I 1-4, pp. 192-4
T I C L A V D C A E SA R A V G P P; laureate head of M Aci Candidus () Fulvius Flaccus llviri, AD 54-5
C laudius, r. or 1.
L IC IN O IT E R O C T A V IO II V IR (or O C T A V IO 1 1 8 9 -1 2 0 0
II V IR L IC IN O IT E R ); hexastyle tem ple on A crocorinth AE. 20 m m , 7.22 g (178). Axis: var.
I. C o p 232 (obv.); 2. C o p 231 (rev.); 3 - 5 0 . See A m an d ry , 193-4. [ 181 coins, 22 obv. dies ]
 A C H A E A : Corinth (i 189-1205) 255

1189 A m andry X X 2, 6-9 , 14, 16-19, 24 > ΡΡ· 20 3 “ 4 1199 A m andry X X 76, p. 209
N E R O C L Ä V or C L A V (D ) CAES A V G (or A V G ); As 1191 an d 1194
laureate head of Nero, r. o r 1. As 1197 an d 1198
M A (C )(I) C A N D ID O II V IR C O R or Q (F V L )(V IO ) i . L 1 9 7 9 —12—12—i .
F L A C C O II V IR C O R ; th e G enius of the Colony,
standing 1., holding p a te ra a n d cornucopia; in field, G EN 1200 BMC 556, A m andry X X 77-80, p. 209
COL As 1189, 1192, 1195 an d 1197
i . L 1920—8—5—8 4 5 (Fox) (obv.); 2. B F o x (rev.); 3—21. See A m an d ry , M AC C A N D ID O II V IR C O R or Q F V L F L A C C O
203- 4. II V IR C O R ; b u st o f A phrodite, 1.; beneath, galley
inscribed C E N C R H E A E (sic) or d olphin inscribed
1190 BMC 553, A m andry X X i, 3, 5, 10-11, 13, 15, 20-2, 25,
LECHAVM
pp. 203-4
i . B C D ; 2—9 . See A m an d ry , 209.
A G R IP P IN (A ) A V G V (S T A ); b u st o f A grippina M inor, r.
or 1.
As 1189 T i C la u d iu s O p ta tu s C I u liu s P o ly a e n u s l l v i r i , AD y y - 8 or
i . I s th m i a C 3 6 9 ; 2—28. See A m an d ry , 203-4.
58-9
1191 BMC 558, A m andry X X 4, 12, 23, 26, pp. 203-4
1201-2
O C T A V IA E N E R O N IS A VG ; bust o f O ctavia, r. Bronze. 20 m m , 7.16 g (153). Axis: var.
As 1189—90 [ 159 coins, 11 obv. dies ]
X. B F o x ; 2—9 . See A m an d ry , 203-4.
1201 BMC 562-4, A m andry X X I 1-18, pp. 209-13
1192 BMC 555, A m andry X X 27, 30-1, 34-7, 40-1, 43-6, 50-2, N E R O J p r N E R O ) C LÄ V (D ) (or C LÄ V D ) CAES(A R)
55-6, pp. 204-6 (or CAES) A V G (or A V G ); b are head of N ero, r. or 1.
As 1189 __ T I C L A V D (IO ) O P T A T O II V IR C O R or C IV L IO
M AC C A N (D )(I)(D )JO ) II V IR (or IIV IR ) C O R or Q PO L Y A E N O II V IR C O R ; Bellerophon, naked, w ith
FV L FL A C C (O ) II V IR (or IIV IR ) C O R ; Poseidon in shield on 1. arm , seizing by brid le Pegasus 1.
biga draw n by hippocam ps, 1. i. L = BMC 5 6 4 ; 2—9 1 . See A m an d ry , 209—13.
i. L = b m c 555; 2—32· See A m an d ry , 204-6.
1202 BMC 565-6, A m andry X X I 19-33, PP· 213-15
1193 BMC 551, A m andry X X 28-9, 32, 38, 47-8, 53-4, pp. As 1301
204- 6 As 1301, b u t IS T H M IA in a w reath o f parsley
As 1190 i . B C D ; 2 . A 4 0 1 3 1 IS; 3—6 8 . See A m an d ry 213-15.
As 119a
i —12. See A m an d ry , 204-6.

1194 A m andry X X 33, 39, 42, 49, pp. 205-6 L R u ti P is o P M e m m iu s C le a n d e r l l v i r i q u in , AD 66-y

As 1191 1 2 0 3 -6
As 1192 an d 1193 L eaded bronze. 1 9 -2 0 m m , 6 .7 3 g (* t3)· Axis: var.
1—4 . See A m an d ry , 205-6. [ 117 coins, 9 obv. dies ]

1195 A m andry X X 57, 59-61, 63-4, 66, pp. 206-7 1203 BMC 571, A m andry X X II, 1-2, 4, 6 -8, 10-11, 16-17, 19-
20, 22-3, 26-7, pp. 215-19
As 1189 a n d 1192 __
M AC C A N D ID O II V IR (or IIV IR ) C O R or Q FV L N E R O C A E (S )(A )(R ) A V G (G E R M ) IM P ; lau reate
F L A C C O II V IR (or IIV IR ) C O R ; Helios in a q u ad rig a, head o f N ero, r.
r. L R (V )(T ) P IS O N E IIV (I)(R ) Q V (I) C O R or P M
C L E A N (D R O ) (II)£V ) Q V (I) C O R ; galley, 1.; in field,
i . L F o x ; 2—17. See A m an d ry , 206-7.
A D V E (or A D V E) A V G (or AVG)
1196 BMC 522, A m andry X X 58, 62, 65, 67, pp. 206-7 i . L F o x (obv.); 2. L = b m c 5 7 1 (rev.); 3—3 0 . See A m an d ry , 217—19.

As 1190 an d 1193 1204 BMC 567, A m andry X X II 3, 5, g, 12-15, 18, 21, 24-5, 28,
As 1195 PP· 2 i 7 - ! 9 ___
i —i i . See A m an d ry , 206-7.
N E R O CAE(SA R ) A V G (or Ä VG ) IM P ; rad iate head of
N ero, r. or 1.
1197 BMC 554, A m andry X X 68-72, 74, p. 208
As 1303
As 1189, 1192 an d 1195__ I. A 4 0 1 3 3 a; 2—3 2 . See A m an d ry , 217—19.
M AC C A N D ID (O ) II V IR (or IIV IR ) C O R or Q FV L
FL A C C (O ) II V IR C O R ; A phrodite holding a m irro r in a 1205 BMC 569-70, A m andry X X II , 29, 32, 34-7, 40-2, 45-6,
biga of T ritons, 1. 4 8- 9 > 5 L PP· 2 I 9 - 21
i . B F o x ; 2—2 6 . See A m an d ry , 208. As 1303
L R V T (I) P IS O N E IIV I(R ) Q (V IN ) (C O R ) o r P
1198 A m andry X X 73, 75, pp. 208-9 M E M (IO ) C L E A N D R O ( I I ) (V IR ) Q (V )(IN )(Q )
As 1190, 1193 an d 1 196 C O (R ); E m peror, his r. h a n d raised, holding scroll,
As 1197 standing 1. on suggestum ; in field, A D L O A VG
1—6. See A m an d ry , 208-9. i. L = BMC 5 6 9 ; 2—3 2 . See A m an d ry , 219-21.
2$6 A C H A E A : Corinth (1206-1222)

1206 BMC 568, A m andry X X I I 30-1, 33, 38-9, 43-4, 47, 50, 1213 A m andry X X IV 7-8, 14-17, pp. 2 30-r
pp. 219-21 R O M A E E T IM P E R IO ; tu rrete d h ead of T yche/R om a,
As 1204 r.
As 1205 As 1210—12
1—23. See A m an d ry , 219-21. i . I s th m i a C 7 5 9 ; 2—21. See A m an d ry , 230-1.

1214 A m andry X X IV , 20, 27, 32, 39, 43, 46, 53, pp. 232-4
T i C la u A n a x ila u s P V e n tid iu s F r o n to I l v i r i , AD 6 y -8 As 1210
L C A N (I) A G R IP P A E IIV I(R ) C O R ; V ictory holding
1 2 0 7 -9 w reath an d palm , 1.
L eaded bronze. 19 m m , 6.90 g (97). Axis: var. i . B I-B (obv.); 2. L F o x (rev.); 3—24. See A m an d ry , 232-4.
[ 98 coins, 17 obv. dies ]
1215 BMC 579, A m andry X X IV 18, 21-4, 28, 33-4, 37, 40-1,
1207 A m andry X X I I I 1-12, pp. 221-3 47- 9, 54- 6 , PP· 232-4
N E R O C A E SA R (or C A ESA R); lau reate head of Nero, r. As 1211
or 1. As 1214
T I C L(A V ) A N A X IL A O IIV I(R ) C O R or ___ 1—4 2 . See A m an d ry , 232—4.
P V E (N )(T ID IO ) F R O N T O N E (or F R O N T O N E )
II V IR C O R ; N ero stan d in g 1., holding p atera; behind 1216 A m andry X X IV 29, p. 233
him , T yche tu rrete d crow ning him w ith r. h an d , holding As 1212
cornucopias in 1. As 1214—15
i . B 4 1 5 /1 9 0 0 ; 2—3 1 . See A m an d ry , 221-3. 1. C SN G 3470.

1208 BMC 549-50, A m an d ry X X I I I 13-24, pp. 224-5 1217 A m andry X X IV , 19, 25-6, 30-1, 35-6, 38, 42, 44-5, 50-
As 1 2 0 7 2, 5 7 , PP· 232-4
T I C LA V A N A X IL A O IIV {I)_C O R o r P V E(N ) As 1213
F R O N T O N E (or F R O N T O N E ) IIV I(R ) C O R ; tetrastyle As 1214—16
tem ple w ithin w hich N ero standing facing 1—2 7 . See A m an d ry , 232-4.
i . C o r in t h 2 /V I /1 9 3 3 4; 2—3 8 . See A m an d ry , 224-5.
1218 BMC 572, A m andry X X IV 59, p. 234
1209 BMC 547, A m andry X X I I I 25-41, pp. 225-7 As 1210 a n d 1214
L C A N A G R IP P A E IIV (I)(R ) C O R ; tetrastyle tem ple
As 1207—8 ___ __
T I C LA V (or C LA V ) A N A X IL A O IIV (I) (or IIV IR ) seen from corner
C O R or P V E N T (I)(D IO ) F R O N T ( 0 )N E (or i . B C D ; 2—15. See A m an d ry , 234.

F R O N T O N E ) IIV (I)(R ) C O R ; in a w reath 1219 BMC 575-6, A m andry X X IV 60-3, 68-9, pp. 234-5
i . I s th m i a C 71—131; 2—3 9 . See A m an d ry , 225-7.
As 1211 a n d 1215
As 1218
1—3 0 . See A m an d ry , 234-5.

G a lb a __________________ ___ 1220 A m andry X X IV 70, p. 236

As 1212 a n d 1216
L Cani Agrippa Ilvir, AD 68-9 As 1218—19
i . A r g o s 6 8 A 28; 2. B C D .
1210-22
B ronze 1 9 -2 0 m m , 7.32 g (257). Axis: var. 1221 BMC 573, A m andry X X IV 58, 64-7, pp. 234-5
[ 268 coins, 24 obv. dies ]
As 1213 a n d 1217
1210 A m andry X X IV 2, 9, pp. 230-1 As 1218—20
i —3 4 . See A m an d ry , 234-5.
SE N A T V P Q R; veiled an d diadem ed bust, r.
L C A N A G R IP P A (E ) (or A G R IP P A E ) IIV I C O R ; two 1222 A m andry X X IV 71-3, p. 236
hands joined, holding poppy head betw een two ears of
As 1 2 1 2 ,1 2 1 6 an d 1220
corn
L C A N A G R IP P A E IIV I(R ) C O R ; Isthm os standing
I —2 1 . See A m an d ry , 230-1.
facing, holding ru d d er in each h and
1211 BMC 577-8, A m andry X X IV , 3-5, 10-12, pp. 230-1 i . N S 1 2 3 5 9 ; 2—10. See A m an d ry , 236.

SVL G A L (V Ä E ) CAE (or CAE) A V G (or ÄVG) IM P ;

bare head o f G alba, r.
As 1210 A nonym ous coins
i . B C D ; 2—3 4 . See A m an d ry , 230-1
Names of duoviri do not figure on series 1223-37. They
1212 A m andry X X IV 1, 6, 13, pp. 230-1 have been classified by comparing their diameter and
N E P T V N O A VG ; head o f Poseidon, r., bound w ith
weight to the diameter and weight of the small signed
taenia; trid en t behind neck denominations. They were intended to pass for semisses
As 1210—i i (1225-8, 1234, 1235, 1236 and 1237), quadrantes (1223,
i —i i . See A m an d ry , 230-1. 1229, 1230, 1231 and 1232) and sextantes (1224 and 1233)·
 A C H A E A : Corinth (1223-1237) 257

See Amandry, pp. 82-4. Very common types figure on 1230 AE. 12m m , 2 .io g (10). Axis: var.
them: deities such as Poseidon (1223, 1225, 1226, 1234 and [ 11 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
1235) or Helios (1227 and 1228), Pegasus (1226, 1227, A m andry An. E, p. 239
1228, 1233, 1235, I2 3*3 and 1237), a trident - the attribute C O R IN T ; dolphin, r.
of Poseidon - (1224, 1229 and 1232), a dolphin - recalling W reath
the myth of Melikertes - (1223, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1236 and i . L W o o d w a r d 19 3 2 ; 2—11. See A m an d ry , 239.
I2 37 )· 1 2 3 1 -2
AE. 13 m m , 2.57g (24 )· Axis: var.
[ 27 coins, 12 obv. dies ]
1231 A m andry An. F i, p. 240
44 ~3 > B C _________________________________
C O R ; ru d d er, 1.
1223 AE. 1 3 -1 6 m m , 3 .0 2 g (11). Axis: var. D olphin, 1.
[ 12 coins, 2 obv. dies ] I. B P -O .

A m andry An. A, pp. 236-7 1232 BMC 684, A m andry An. F 2 -F 4 , p. 240
H ead o f Poseidon, r.; trid en t behind neck C O R ; ru d d er, r.
C O R IN T ; dolphin, r. T rid e n t
i. C o r in t h 1 3 /I /1 9 8 4 (obv.); 2. C o r in t h 1929—181 (rev.); 3—12. See i . L F o x ; 2—26. See A m an d ry , 240.
A m an d ry , 237.
1233 AE. 12m m , 1.85g ( I2 )· Axis: var.
1224 A E. i l m m , 1.87g (3)· Axis: var. [ 3 coins, 1 obv. die ] [ 12 coins, 5 obv. dies ]

BMC 686, A m andry An. B, p. 237 A m andry An. G, pp. 241-2

C O R IN T ; Pegasus flying, 1. C him aera, r.

T rid en t C O R IN T ; Pegasus flying, r.
i . B R a u c h (obv.); 2. N F 7 4 0 1 (rev .); 3—1 2 . See A m an d ry , 242.
i . L —b m c 6 8 6 ; 2—3 . See A m an d ry , 237.
1234 AE. 15 m m , 3.19 g (5). Axis: var. [ 5 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
1 2 2 5 -8 BMC 678, A m andry An. H , p. 242
AE. 15-17 m m , 3.88 g (36). Axis: var.
H ead o f Poseidon, r.; trid en t on 1. shoulder
[ 36 coins, 5 obv. dies ]
C O R ; in w reath
i . N Y ; 2—5. See A m an d ry , 242.
1225 A m andry A n. C i, pp. 237-8
1235 AE. 15m m , 3.16g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 coins, 1 obv. die ]
H ead of P oseidon, r.; trid en t on 1. shoulder
C O R IN T ; hippocam p, r. A m andry A n. I, p. 242
i . B C D ; 2—4 . See A m an d ry , 238. H ead o f Poseidon, r.; trid en t on 1. shoulder
C O R ; Pegasus flying, r.
1226 A m andry A n. C2, p. 238 i . C o p 26 2 ; 2. A th en s A gora.

As 1285
C O R IN T ; Pegasus flying, r.
i . L W e b e r 1922; 2—21. See A m an d ry , 238. U n d e r T ib e r iu s

1227 A m andry An. C3, p. 238 1236 AE. 14m m , 3.40g (29). Axis: var.
[ 29 coins, 5 obv. dies ]
B ust of H elios, r.
As 1226 A m andry An. J 1 -J 2 , pp. 242-3
i . B G a n s a u g e ; 2—9. See A m an d ry , 238. Pegasus flying, r. o r 1.
SE C O R ; dolphin, r.
1228 A m andry An. C4, p. 238 i . N Y (obv.); 2. G o ttin g e n (rev.); 3 —2 9 . See A m an d ry , 242-3.

As 1227
C O R IN T ; Pegasus w alking, r.
i. P r in c e to n 76—281 (obv.); 2. P r in c e to n 76—3 5 8 (rev.). U n d e r C la u d iu s (?)

1229 A E. 14-16 m m , 2.42 g (16). Axis: var. 1237 AE. 14m m , 3.63g (19). Axis: var.
[ 16 coins, 2 obv. dies ] [ 19 coins, 3 obv. dies ]
BMC 687-8, A m andry An. D , pp. 238-9 BMC 680, A m andry K 1 -K 2 , pp. 243-4
C O R IN T ; dolphin, r. As 1236, b u t bo rd er o f dots
T rid en t As 1236, b u t b o rd er of dots
i . B C D ; 2—16. See A m an d ry , 239. i . C o r in t h 8 /Y /1 9 3 5 49 (°h v .); 2. B C D (rev.); 3—19. See A m an d ry , 244.
sß8 A C H A E A : Sicyon, Patras ( 1238-1244)
Sicyon
In the late Hellenistic period Sicyon had produced issues of
silver and bronze for the Achaean League (for the date of
these see the discussion by M .J. Price in CRWLR, pp. 101-
2, n. 23). The autonomous bronze coinage of Sicyon has
been fully published by J.A . W. Warren in NC, 1983, pp.
23-56; NC, 1984, pp. 1-24; and NC, 1985, pp. 45-66. Sicyon
had produced many issues between the fourth and second
century b c ; the last Hellenistic issue (Warren’s group 12)
may have been minted in the first century.
The only imperial issue relevant to this catalogue was
minted during the reign of Nero. Formerly misattributed to
Magnesia in Lydia, it was correctly given to Sicyon by
Imhoof-Blumer in RSN, 1896, pp. 239-40 (followed by K.
Regling, ZflN, 1901-2, pp. 107-8), and modern finds have
confirmed the attribution (J. Fisher, Hesperia, 1980, p. 6).
The issue was struck on the occasion of Nero’s visit to
Greece and his proclamation of the Freedom of Greece, as is
shown by the obverse legends, which assimilate Nero with
Zeus Eleutherios. The issue is signed by a man who had
previously been one of the duoviri of the near-by colony of
Corinth, Γ ΙΟΥ ΠΟΛΥΑΙΝΟΥ Δ(ΥΟ)Α(ΝΔΡΟΣ), C. Iulius
Polyaenus (see 1201-2).
There are two types, a man on horseback and a nude
figure. A figure similar to the latter appears on earlier and
later coins of Sicyon, and was interpreted by Imhoof-
Blumer as the victor in a prize contest (JAI, 1888, p. 287;
see J.A . W. Warren, NC, 1984, p. 2); the figure on horse­
back may perhaps be intended to be an equestrian victor,
presumably also at the nearby Isthmian Games.
In all cases the letter Z is reversed. The coins were all
struck in a single denomination: 20 mm, 7.08 g (17).
N e ro
1238 AE. 20 m m , 7.65 g (5). Axis: var. [ 7 ]
N(E) K(AI) ZEYC ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΟ C; lau reate head, r.
ΕΠΙ Γ ΙΟΥ ΠΟΑ Y ΑΙΝΟΥ ΔΑ, Cl; m an on horse, 1.
Patras
During the civil wars of the late Republic, the port of Patras
must have been an important base, and Antony wintered
there before Actium (Dio 50.9.3). This may have been the
occasion for the issue of coins in the name and with the
portrait of Cleopatra and with an Egyptian reverse, the
headdress of Isis (so Sv Ptol, col. 478; see also p. 39). The
name of the magistrate, who also signed the coins, is not
otherwise known. The bronze coins with ANTW ΥΠΑ Γ and
ΒΑΣΙΛ ΘΕΑ NE, which were given by Grant (FIT A 64) to
‘Patras (?)’, are, in fact, coins of Cyrenaica, as was orig­
inally thought (e.g., K. Regling, ZfN, 1906, p. 395: see
9 2 4 - 5 )·
The colony was founded in 14 b c , according to Jerome
(see PW, 2209-10; P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower, p. 599); as
the types make clear, it was founded with veterans from the
tenth and twelfth legions. Pliny gives its name as Colonia
Augusta Aroe Patrensis, but some very rare coins, which
NE KAI: 1—2, N Y; 3—4 . V 19394 a n d 19396, 7.85, —; 5. P 663, 7.11; 6. B
d - B ) . 7 -3 5 ; 7 · L 1 8 7 2 - 7 - 9 - 2 8 1 , 7.43; N K: 8. B (505/1909), 8.52. 1-6:
sam e obv. die as 1 2 3 9 /1 ; 7: sam e obv. die as 1 2 4 1 /1 -3 ; 8: sam e obv. die
as 1 2 4 2 /2 -3 .
1239 L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 6.78 g (3). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
N(E) K(AI) ZEYC ΕΛΕ Y ΘΕΡΙΟ C; lau reate head, r.
ΕΠΙ F ΙΟΥ ΠΟΛΥΑΙΝΟΥ ΔΑ, Cl; m an on horse, r.
NE KAI: i . V 19465, 6.69; N K: 2. L 1912—12-2—1, 7.03; 3 . V 19466, 6.58.
1: sam e obv. die as 1 2 3 8 /1 -5 ; 2-3 : sam e obv. die as 1 2 3 8 /7 . Q u alitativ e
an aly sis on: 2.
1240 AE. 20 m m , 6.88 g (4). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
As 1239, b u t lau reate head, 1.
1—2. P 662 a n d 1979/225, 6.51, 6.47; 3, B (Fox, m isd ra w n in F ox’s
Engravings o f Unpublished or Rare Greek Coins, as a coin o fD a ld is ), 6.97;
4 . M u 112a, 7.57. 1-4: sam e obv. die a n d sam e as 1242.
1241 A E. 20 m m , 6.99 g (2)· Axis: var. [ 4 ]
N(E) K(AI) ZEYC ΕΛ ΕΥ Θ ΕΡΙΟ C; lau reate head, r.
ΕΠΙ Γ ΙΟΥ ΠΟΛΥΑΙΝΟΥ, Δ Α , CI(KY); naked figure,
w earing cloak, an d holding o u t arm s, r.
N K: I. N Y ; NE KAI: 2. V 28489; 3 . P 664, 7.31; 4 . N Y (CIKY); 5. Lewis
SNG 1270, 6.66. 2-4 : sam e obv. die, a n d as 1 2 4 3 /6 . F o r th e rev. type, on
ea rlier S icy o n ian coins, see J . A . W . W a rre n , N C , 1984, p. 2.
1242 L eaded bronze. 2 0m m , 6 .2 8 g (2). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
As 1241, b u t head, 1.
NE KAI: i . P 665, 6.43 (holed); 2. L 1 8 9 5 —7—3—9, 6.47; 3. M u 34c
(CIKY = jAi 1888 T af. 9.7), 6.08. 1-2: sam e obv. die a n d as 1240.
Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: 2.
1243 A E. 2 0m m , 7.14g (1). Axis: var. [ a ]
As 1241, b u t figure on rev. to 1.
I . V 19467 ( —JAI 1888 T af., 9.8; rev. inscr. ends ΠΟΛΥΑΙΝΟ); 2. M u 34b,
7.14. r-2 : sam e obv. die, a n d as 1 2 4 4 /1 -2 .
1244 A E. 2 0m m , 7.21 g (1). Axis: var. [ a ]
As 1241, b u t figure on rev. faces 1., raising r. arm and
holding o u t 1. behind
I. N Y; 2. B (860/1899: CIKY), 7.21. 1-2: sam e obv. die, a n d as 1 2 4 3 /1 -2 .
may be among the earliest minted there, give it the title
COL AVG ACH PAT, the AGH presumably referring to
Achaea {Achaica). This occurs only on a group of ‘auto­
nomous’ coins, whose style, however, looks early.
There are two other groups of autonomous coins. One
has the ethnic GA A P; as this form occurs only on
Augustan coins, it seems likely that this group should be
dated to the period of Augustus. The other group has the
form COL A A PATR, which is the normal form on
imperial coins of Claudius and Galba, as well as of Marcus
Aurelius and Commodus. There seems no obvious way of
deciding to which period the autonomous coins should be
assigned, and they have been included here for the sake of
completeness.
Otherv/ise the coinage seems straightforward, at least for
the issues of Augustus, Claudius and Galba. The coins of
Divus Augustus Pater are most reasonably assigned to the

reign of Tiberius, in view of the use of Pater, although B. E.
Levy has allowed the possibility that their production may
have continued under Caligula and Claudius (Mélanges
Bastien, ed. H. Huvelin et al., 1987, 42, n. ig); some support
for such a view might be seen in their composition (copper:
see p. 246), but it is hard to believe that pater would con­
tinue to have been used of Augustus after the reign of his
adoptive son Tiberius. The coins with INDVLGENTIAE
AVG MONETA INPETRATA veiled bust/CAESARI
AVG COL A A P triumphal quadriga have been dated to
the reign of Domitian by B.E. Levy {op. cit., 39-49) and so
have been omitted here.
All the coins of Nero have the mature type of portrait and
so cannot be earlier than 63. The types show that most of
the coins were certainly minted in connection with Nero’s
visit to Greece in 66-7, and, in view of the die links with less
specific types it seems that the whole coinage should be
assigned to this event. Even so, the coinage has a number of
problems.
The first is posed by the name of the colony. On one coin
(1257) the name COL A A PATR is found, as occurred
earlier and later, but the type labelled GEN(ius) COL NER
PAT (1258) shows that the name was changed with a
foundation of the colony by Nero during his visit. Yet there
can be no real doubt that the coin with COL A A PATR
was struck with the rest of the coinage on this same occa­
sion, since it shares its obverse die with coins with IVP-
PITER LIBERATOR, which refer to his grant of the
Freedom of Greece during that visit. One can only surmise
that it was using up an old Claudian die, perhaps in error.
Second, some coins lack any ethnic, and their attribution
to Patras has been doubted by Levy {op. cit.'. there is, of
course, no doubt that Syd 9 is a coin of Corinth). The first
issue in question is the one with DIANA LAPHR (1277),
but one can hardly doubt the attribution in view of the use
of this type, celebrating the principal diety of Patras. The
second coin is the odd piece in P (1281), with an unusually
large diameter and a very long obverse legend. However,
the attribution of this coin seems very reasonable in the
light of the discovery of the ‘autonomous' pieces with an
identical tripod on the reverse; the reverse legend may too
perhaps contain a reference to Diana Laphria, and the long
obverse legend is not necessarily an insurmountable diffi­
culty in view of the variety of obverses found in the coinage.
The third problem is indeed the extraordinary variety in
style, obverse legends and fabric of the coins. Although the
coins mostly all weigh the same (an average of 8.97 g), the
diameter of their flans is rather variable. Most of the coins
are about 24 mm in diameter, but the one with the tripod
reverse (1281) is much larger (27 mm) and some are much
smaller (e.g., one of the ADVENTVS coins and the
DIANA LAPHR coins are only about 21 mm, and indeed
are struck from even smaller dies only about 18 mm in
diameter). In addition, the legends vary widely, according
to no very obvious pattern {cf. Levy, op. cit., 171-2), and
there seems no obvious reason why most of the portraits
show Nero with a radiate crown, but some of them show
him only laureate.
The types of the coins all refer, one way or another, to
Nero’s visit to Patras, no doubt on his way to the Olympic
Games. His arrival is celebrated by the commonest reverse,
A C H A E A : Patras (1245-1248) 259
ADVENTVS AVGVSTI, while the refoundation of the col­
ony is celebrated by the depiction of the GEN(ius) COL
NER PAT, and the good fortune of the colony in receiving
the emperor’s arrival in the PORTVS FRVGIFERA type.
The proclamation of the Freedom of Greece is reflected in
the IVPPITER LIBERATOR (on which type, see B. E.
Levy, Praktika tou XII Diethnous Synedriou Klasikes Archaiolo-
gias [Athena, 4-10 Sept. 1983] (Athens, 1988), pp. 131-5), and
there are a series of types depicting other gods, APOLLO
AVGVST, DEANAI AVGVSTAI, DIANA LAPHR and
HERCVLI AVGVSTO. The piece in P with a tripod on
the reverse (1281) is somewhat mysterious in view of the
difficulty in reading its legend: DIAN AVG is clear enough,
and the restoration [LAPHJRIA seems plausible. The let­
ters in between seem to be G A and G. Their significance is
obscure, unless AC has something to do with Achaea, in
view of the newly discovered autonomous pieces.
The coin given by Sydenham {The Coinage of Nero, no. 7)
from Hobler must be mistaken in some way, as the obverse
(legend and globe) belong to bronze coins from the Lyon
mint.
For the denominations, see the introduction to Achaea,
p. 245.
The small coin in Mabbott 3279 = CNR XV.272 is, in
fact, an Alexandrian didrachm, as 5135.
A study of the coins is promised by Ch. Papageorgiadou.
C leo p a tra
1245 AE. 21 m m , 7.36g (10). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 7 ]
BMC 15, Sv Ptol 1905
BACIAICCA ΚΛΕΟΠΑΤΡΑ; diadem ed bust, r.
ATIAC AYCQNOC ΠΑΤΡΕΩΝ; headdress of Isis
i . L = bm c 15, 7.14; 2. L — BMC 14, 6.33; 3—4 . P 1221-2, —, 7.49; 5 —
7. B (I-B , P rok, B -I), 10.15, 6.08, 7.60; 8. M M A G 38 (1968), 85, 9.26; 9—
10. B C D , 5.10, 6.56; i i , P V , 7.65.
W ith o u t e m p e ro r’s h e a d
C ol A u g A ch P a t
1246 AE. 13 m m , 2.90 g (1). [ 1 ]
C O L AVG; b ust of A rtem is (L aphria?), r.
A C H PA T; arrow a n d quiver
i . L G 0 6 6 3 , 2.90. S am e obv. die as 124 7 .
1247 AE. 13 m m , 2.82 g (2). [ o ]
C O L AVG; b ust of A rtem is (L aphria?), r.
A C H PA T; tripod
i . P a tr a s e x c a v a tio n s ( = P. A gallo p o u lo u , Hesperia 1989, p p . 4 4 5 -6 , no.
1), 2.94; 2. JS W , 2.70. S am e dies, a n d sam e obv. die as 124 6 . 1246—7 are
d a te d to th e A n to n in e p erio d by A gallopoulou.
C A A P (r e ig n o f A u g u s tu s ? )
1248 AE. 14m m , 3.57g (3). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ]
C op 156
C A A P; b o a r’s head, r.
C ista w ith phrygian cap betw een p ed u m an d syrinx
i . C o p 165, 3.84: 3 - 3 . P, 3.25, 3.62.
1249 AE. i 4 m m , 2.76g (i). [ *1* ] C la u d iu s
C A A P; b o a r’s head, r.
G alley, r. 1255 C opper. 2 5m m , 12.14g (15). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
i . N Y , 2.76. T I C L A V D IV S C A ESA R A V G G E R M (A N IC V ); head,
1.

L IB E R IS A V G C O L A A P; crossed cornucopias w ith

C O L A A P A T R ( F i r s t c e n tu r y AD? S e c o n d c e n tu r y AD?) sm all busts o f the three children of C laudius
G E R M A N IG V : 1. N Y , 14.02; 3 - 3 . N 7489, S 11108, - , 13.38; 4 . V at;
1250 AE. 15m m , 2.13g (2). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
5. M azzin i tav . X L I , 13.42; 6. S a n ta m a ria , Sept. 1967, lo t 704; 7. rin
BMC 16 1958, tav. I I I . 5; G E R M : 8. L 1 8 9 8 -6 -4 -3 1 , 11.02; 9. P 1 2 3 7 , 12.32;
10. B (Fox); i i . K a s tn e r 8 (1975), 154, 9-95- S am e obv. dies: 1-7 a n d 8—
C ista, grapes an d thyrsus 11 ; sam e rev. die: 1, 8-11 (dies o f 2—4 n o t seen). Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on:
C O L A A PA TR ; club 8.
i. L = bm c i6 , 2.47; 2. P 1223, 1.79.
1256 C opper. 25 m m , 9.52 g (44). [ 28 ]
1251 AE. 15m m , 2.30g (3). Axis: var. [ 3 ] BMC 21, C op 170
BMC 17, C op 166 T I C L A V D IV S C A ESA R A V G G E R M (A N IC V S ); head,
1.
A rrow , quiver and bow
C O L A A PA TR , X , X II; aq u ila betw een two standards
C O L A A PA TR ; lyre
G E R M A N IC V S : i . L = b m c 21, 10.25; 2. L = bmc 22, 11.35; 3 —4 *
i. L = bm c 17, 2.92; 2. C o p 166, 1.87; 3. P 1224, 2 . II.
8.56, 9.44; 5—8. B (L öbb, R au c h , 28676/18, L ö b b ); 9—11. P 1 2 3 6 an d
D elep ierre (2), 11.56, 9.33, 9.22; 12. N Y , 9.99; 1 3 - 1 4 . V 13835, 13838;
15—16. M u 7, 7a, 7.42, 9.87; 17. G 10; 18—21. R , 10.64, — > 12.02, 8.99;
2 2 - 2 3 . N 7 4 8 4 » 7 4 8 8 , 7 - 15 , 11-05; 2 4 -3 2 - B C D , 11.55, 9 ·1 L r 0 -I2 > 9 -5 2 ,
9.98, 8.93, 7.63, 7.17, 10.51. G E R M : 3 3 . N Y; 3 4 . P 1 2 3 5 , 9.14; 3 5 * p
A u g u s tu s , a fte r 2 b c _______________________________________ 1 2 3 4 , 8.10; 3 6 —3 7 . C L eak e 4568, M cC le an 6337 (pi. 220.20), 10.89,
10.84; 38—39· V 13836-7; 4 0 —4 3 . B (3 O ly m p ia finds, L ö bb ); 4 4 —4 7 . N
7485-7, S 11109, 9.37, 10.34, 7-88, 8.60; 4 8 . B C D , 10.29; 4 9 —5 1 . R , 9-oo,
1252 AE. 20m m , 6.46g (27). Axis: var. [ 20 ] 7.99, 9.80; 5 2 —5 4 . T F a b re tti 3 297-9; U n c e rta in : 5 5 —6 2 . B C D , 10.50,
BMC 18, C op 167, AMC 1152 10.33, 9 -13? 13-67, 6.63, 7.89, 8.04, 8.57. Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: 1.
C o u n te rm ark : ΔΙΟ (G /C 6 1 4 : 2 6 -7 ).
PA TE R ; b are head, r.
C A A P, PA T R IA E ; m an plouging w ith two oxen, r.
i . L = b m c i 8 ( ‘la u re a te h e a d ’, in erro r); 2. N Y; 3 . C M cC le an 6335 (pi.
220.24), 6.44; 4—5 . O — AMc 1152-3, 7.25, 7.63; 6 . G 8; 7—8. P 1228-9, N e ro
7.27, 7.29; 9 - 1 4 . B; 1 5 - 1 7 . V 13829-31, 6.24, 7.31, 7.43; 1 8 -1 9 . M u 7 -
8, 6.40, 6.45; 20—25. B C D , 6.49, 5.07, 6.43, 6.27, 5.51, 5.86; 26. PV ,
7.01; 27—28. E velpidis, 6.05, 4.05; 29—3 0 . N 7476-7, 5.74, 5.70; 3 1 — 1257 AE. 2 4m m , 7.98g (1). [ i ]
3 5 . M i; 36—3 9 . R , 8.96, 6.99, 5.70, 5.56; 4 0 . V at; 4 1 —4 2 . V enice, M us.
A rch.; 4 3 . P r iv a t e c o ll. M A .
Syd 10 -1 i
N E R O C A ESA R A V G G E R M (IM P ); rad iate head, 1.
C O L A A P A T R , X , X II; aq u ila betw een two standards
IM P : i . B 2 8 7 9 1 , 7.98. S am e d ie as 1 2 8 0 /1 -2 ( I V P P IT E R
L IB E R A T O R ); no IM P : 2. V enice, M u s. A rch.; 3. T.
R e ig n o f T ib e r iu s _____________________
1258 C opper. 24 m m , 9.45 g (1). [ 1 ]
1253 C opper. 26m m , 9 .7 4 g (72). Axis: var. [ 27 ] BMC 23, Syd 14-15
BMC 19, C op 168 N E R O C A ESA R A V G G E R M ; rad iate head, r.
D IV V S A V G V S T VS PA TE R ; rad iate head, 1. G E N C O L N E R PA T; G enius w ith p a te ra over a lta r and
C O L A A PA TR E N S; togate m an, holding m easuring cornucopia
rod (?) and vexillum w ith two oxen, 1. i . L = b m c 23, 9.45. P e rh a p s from sam e die as 12 6 7 /1 (A D V E N T V S
i . L = b m c 19, 9.12; 2—3. L G 0664, BMC 20, 10.20, 10.77; 4 . C op 168, A V G V S T I); 2. B oston 62.431, 8.84. Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: 1.
9.79; 5—7. P 1225-6 a n d D elep ierre, 11.25, 9-85, 10.60; 8—11. N Y , 9.28,
11.02, 9.70, —; 12—13. C L eake 4527, M cC lean 6336 (pi. 220.25), 11.35, 1259 AE. 24 m m , 10.47 g. [ 1 I
10.13; 14—15· 10.07, 9.01; 16—18. M u 4 -6 , 8.04, 8.39, 8.93; 19. G 9;
20—2 4 . V 13822-6, 14.13, 9-03, 9.77, 10.66, 10.86; 25—27. B (Fox,
As 1258, b u t rad iate head, 1., an d lituus in field on rev.
G an sau g e, L ö b b ); 2 8 - 3 6 . M i, inc. 10.17, 10.30, 8.73; 3 7 . R ouen, 12.10; r . P 1 2 4 7 , IO *-471 2. B C D . S am e obv. die a n d as 1 2 7 3 /1 (A D V E N T V S
3 8—5 6 . B C D , 10.23, 7 ·7 7 > ιο .ο ο , 10.17, 8.85, 11.07, 8 .8 ι, 8.86, 11.36, 8.12, A V G V S T I).
10.66, 9.17, 8.55, 7.46, 9.19, 10.06, 8.77, 9.49, 11.87; 5 7 “ 6 5* · N 7478-83, S
h 105-7, 9.25, i i . 51, 8.07, h . 14, 9.80, 9.20, 8.35, 7.82, 9.03; 6 6 . Basel,
1260 AE. 24m m , 9 .7 3 g (1). [ o ]
6.67; 6 7 . B erne, 8.24; 6 8 . B u d ap e st, 7.72; 6 9 - 7 0 . G ö ttin g en , 9.96, 10.01;
71. H ; 7 2 . K a rlsru h e , 8.37; 73—76. R , 12.01, 9.58, 10.53, 9 -9 °; 7 7 “ 78· T As 1258, b u t N E R O C A E SA R A V G G E R M IM P P;
F a b re tti 3295-6, 11.00, 10.34; 7 9 · V a t; 8 0 . W u rtte m b u rg , 11.85; rad iate, 1.
8 i . Lewis sng 1271, 10.89. Q u alitativ e analysis on: 2.
I. B C D , 9.73.
C o u n te rm ark : N ( G IC 678: 28).

1254 AE. 27m m , 10.31g (5). [ 5 ] 1261 C opper. 24 m m , 8.62 g (2). [ 2 ]

C op 169 C op 171
As 1853, b u t head, r. As 1259, b u t N E R O C A E SA R A V G G E R M IM P;
i . P 1227, 10.20; 2. C o p 169, 10.61; 3. B (I-B ); 4—5. V 13827-8, 9.87,
rad iate head, r.
10.14; 6. B C D , 10.74. O n ly tw o obv. dies? i . L 1 8 6 7 —i —i —2 1 6 8 , 9.17; 2. C o p 17 1, 8.07. S am e dies.
 A C H A E A : Patras (1262-1282) 261

1262 AE. 23m m , 9 .5 2 g (i). [ i ] 1273 AE. 2 5m m , 8 .6 0 g (1). [ o ]

As 1259, b u t N E R O C A E SA R A V G G E R M [ As 1271, b u t N E R O C A ESA R A V G G E R M
radiate, 1. (sm all die) i . B (I-B ), 8.60. S am e die as 12 5 9 /1 (G E N C O L N E R P A T ) an d 1 2 6 5 /4
i . B (F o x ), 9.52. (A D V E N T V S ).
C o u n te rm ark : N ( G I C 678).
1263 A E. 24m m , 9.76g ( i). [ i ]
1274 AE. 2 4m m , 7.99g (1). [ o ]
Syd 19
As 1271, b u t N E R O C A ESA R A V G G E R M IM P P;
[ N E R O ] C A E SA R A V G G E R M [; rad iate head, 1. radiate, 1.
P O R T V S F R V G IF E R A , C P; m ale figure standing, L, I. B C D , 7.99.
w ith ru d d er an d cornucopias
i . O , 9.76 ( = S y d en h am , Nero , pi. 38.19). T h e n am e N E R O h as been 1275 AE. 23m m , 9.51g (1). [ i ]
d elib erately erased, as on 1 2 7 8 /1 . Syd 8
1264 AE. 24m m , 9.18g (3). [ 3 ] IM P N E R O CAESAR; lau reate head, 1.
Syd 2 [A P O L JL O A V G V S T , C P; Apollo standing, r., playing
lyre
N E R O C A ESA R A V G G E R M IM P ; lau reate head, 1.
i . N Y , 9.51; 2. BC D .
A D V E N T V S A V G V S T I, C P; galley, 1.
i . P 12 4 1 , 9.12; 2. C o p 173, 9.05 (sm all die); 3. R de S anctis 109269, 1276 AE. 21 m m , 9 .1 7 g (2). [ 2 ]
9 -3 7 - N E R O C A ESA R A V G G E R M ; rad iate head, 1.
1265 C opper. 24m m , 9.13g (4). [ 2 ] D E A N A I A V G V S T A I, C P; dog, bow an d quiver
i . B {I-B = GRMK 275, i a n d Taf. V I . 15), 9.32; 2. M u 8a, 9.02.
As 1264, b u t rad iate head, 1.
i . L 1913—6—4—9 4 , 8.27; 2. B 8966, 8.97; 3 . V 13840, 9.68; 4 - 5 . BC D , 1277 AE. 21 m m , 8.49g (2)· [ 2 ]
— , 9.58. 4 from sam e obv. die as 1 2 7 3 /1 .
Syd 12
1266 A E. 24m m , 9.50g (1). [ i ] IM P N E R O CAESAR; rad iate head, 1.
Syd i D IA N A L A PH R ; D ian a standing, r., w ith bow
i . P 124 4 , 7.52; 2. P 1 2 4 5 , 9 -4 5 - S am e dies. S m all obv. die (1 8 m m in
As 1264, b u t N E R O C A ESA R A V G G E R [M ?]; laureate d ia m eter). N o ethnic: for a ttrib u tio n , see in tro d u ctio n .
head, r.
i . P 1239, 9.50. T h e n am e N E R O seem s to h av e been p a rtia lly erased (cf. 1278 AE. 2 3m m , i o . n g (2). [ 2 ]
1 2 6 3 ). Syd 16
1267 AE. 24m m , 8.53g (1)· [ 1 ] N E R O CA ESA R A V G G E R M ; rad iate head, 1.
Syd 4 H E R C V L I A V G V S T O , C P; H ercules leaning, r., w ith
club an d lion skin
As 1264, b u t N E R O C A ESA R A V G G E R M IM P ;
i . P 1 2 4 8 , 10.26; 2. B (I-B ), 8.96. S am e obv. die. T h e n a m e N E R O has
rad iate head, r. been erased o n 1., as on 1 2 6 3 /1 .
i . P 1 2 4 0 (A V G S T I), 8.53. C oin m u c h tooled, orig in al re a d in g u n ce rtain .
P e rh a p s from th e sam e die as 125 8 /1 (G E N C O L N E R P A T ). 1279 C opper. 23 m m , 9 .2 2 g (8). [ 5 ]
Syd 17
1268 AE. 21 m m , 7.92g (2). [ 2 ]
N E R O CA ESA R A V G G E R M ; radiate, 1.
Syd 5
IV P P IT E R L IB E R A T O R , C P; J u p ite r standing, 1., w ith
As 1264, b u t IM P N E R O CA ESA R; rad iate head, 1. eagle an d sceptre
i . P 1 2 43, 6.98; 2. V C o rin th 13551, 8.85; 3 . B C D . S am e obv. die, w hich i . V 13841, 7.81; 2. L 1 9 1 3 - 6 - 4 - 9 5 , 9.38; 3. P 1 2 4 9 , i i . 00; 4 . B
h as a very sm all d ia m e te r (1 8 m m ). 28676/77, 9.42; 5. V 13842, 8.85; 6. P rin ce to n 1399, 9.50; 7. B u d ap e st,
8.72; 8. D elp h i, 9.05. S am e obv. dies: 1-2 a n d 3 -5 . Q u a lita tiv e analysis
1269 A E. 24m m , 8.21 g (1). [ i ] on: 2.
As 1264, b u t N E R O C A E SA R A V G G E R M IM P P;
1280 AE. 23 m m , 9.09 g (2). [ 2 ]
laureate head, 1.
Syd 18
i . M u 8 a, 8.21. S am e as 1264?
C o u n te rm ark : N ( G I C 678). As 1379 , b u t N E R O C A ESA R A V G G E R M IM P
i . P 1 2 5 0 , 8.68; 2. P , 9-49- S am e obv. die (an d as 1 2 5 7 , C O L A A
1270 A E. 21 m m , 9.98g (1). [ I ] P A T R ).
?Syd 6
1281 AE. 2 7m m , 7.30g (1). [ i ]
As 1264, b u t N E R O C A ESA R (?); lau reate (?), 1.
Syd 13
i . B (L öbb), 9.98.
[N E R O C L A V D IV ]S C A E SA R A V G G E R M T R P IM P
1271 A E. 2 5 -6 m m , 8.61 g (4). [ 4 ] P P; rad iate head, 1.
Syd 3 [L A P H JR IA GAC (?) D IA N A VG ; tripod
I . P 1 2 4 6 , 7.30. N o eth n ic (?); for a ttrib u tio n , see in tro d u ctio n .
N E R O C A ESA R A V G G E R M IM P ; rad iate head, 1.
A D V E N T V S A V G V S T I; galley, 1.; above, C; below, P
i . V 13839, 8.70; 2. P , 8.99; 3 . P 1242, 7.64; 4 . B (P fau), 9.09; 5. r in
1897, tav. V .3. 1-3 a n d 5: sam e obv. die.
G a lb a
1272 A E. 23m m , 7.24g (1). [ o ]
As 1271, b u t laureate head, r. 1282 C opper. 24 m m , 8 .9 7 g (9)· Axis: var.
I . H a ll, 7.24 (cast in L ). BMC 24, C op 174
 IM P E R A T O R GALBA; b are head, 1. 8.64, 9.17; 6 - 7 . B (28850, O ly m p ia find); 8. C o p 174, 9.64; 9. V 138844;
C O L A A P A T R (A I), X , X II; aq u ila betw een two 10. C L eake 8636, 9.92; i i —12. B C D , 10.41, 7.29; 13—14. N 7490-1;
15. N Y; P A T R A I: 16. N Y , 11.33. Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: 2.
standards C o u n te rm ark s: ΔΙΟ ( G IC 614: 7); N ( G I C 678: 5).
PATR: i . L = bmc 24, 6.81; 2. L = bmc 25, 9.22; 3—5. P 1251-3, 9.60,

Dyme
Dyme is located on the north coast of the Peloponnese. The M A N T A R IS T [ ]C N O C T A ; helm eted head of
city was a member of the Achaean League and its history is P allas/A th en a, r.
tied to that of the League until the latter’s dissolution in 146 C I A D V M ; in a w reath
BC and the reorganisation of Greece under Roman i . P 118 9 , 3.58. N eu tro n ab so rp tio n an alysis on: i (C u: 93.91, Pb: 0.88,
Sn: 4.89).
authority.
Its Hellenistic coinage is discussed by I-B, MG, pp.
162-4. O c ta v ia n , 3 1 - 2 J b c
In 44 Be Caesar founded the Colonia Iulia Dumaeorum;
it was refounded by Antony, as the series 1285 has the C l u l l C a la m u s L A e m il L a [ ] I lv ir i
ethnic Colonia Iulia Antonia Dumaeorum. A new deductio
1286 Bronze. 21 m m , 5.68 g (2). Axis: var. [ 1 ]
occurred at the beginning of the reign of Augustus, as the
ethnic C.I.A.D. must be interpreted as Colonia Iulia [ 2 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
A m andry, rn 1983, 55-6
Augusta Dumaeorum. The ethnic of series 1286, struck
between 31 and 27 b c , is not clear. C IV L I C A L A M O L A E M IL L A []; bare h ead of
After Tiberius, no coinage is known. O ctavian, r.
II V IR [ ]D IM E N [ ]; diadem ed head o f C aesar, r.
The denominations struck are probably light asses (1283,
i . P 1 9 8 3 /4 0 8 , 6.06; 2. B C D , 5.29. N e u tro n ab so rp tio n an alysis on: i
1286, 1289) and semisses (1284, 1285, 1287 and 1288). (C u: 89.14, Pb: 6.67, Sn: 3.88).
A detailed study of this coinage is provided by M. Aman-
dry, RN, 1981, pp. 45-67, and RN, 1983, pp. 53-6.
U n d e r A u g u s tu s

1287 A E. i g m m , 4 .5 1 g (1). Axis: 8. [ o ]

44 S 1 B C ___________________________ [ i coin, i obv. die ]
A m andry, rn 1981, 51, IV
C Arri A f C I u l Tang Ilviri quinq, 40 BC A VG ; b are head of A ugustus, r.
1283 Bronze. 20 m m , 6.13 g (16). Axis: var. [ 12] C I A D V M ; V ictory holding w reath a n d palm , on prow,
r.
[ 17 coins, 4 obv. dies ]
i . A 4 0 5 4 , 4.51.
FiTA 264 (1), A m andry, RN 1981, 50, 1
G A R R I A F C I D C T V L T A N G ; diadem ed head of 1288 AE. 20-1 m m , 3.98 g (5). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
C aesar, r. [ 5 coins, 3 obv. dies ]
II V IR Q V IN Q E X D D; plough A m andry, rn 1981, 52, V
I. L 1 9 2 1 -1 2 -1 7 -1 1 , 6.56; 2 - 5 . P 9 2 7 -3 0 (P ariu m ), 5.30, 5.40, 6.72, 7.18;
A V G V ST V S; b are head o f A ugustus, r.
6. B a.B ., 6.65; 7. B I-B , 6.83; 8. V 13452 (C o rin th ), 4.52; 9. V 281,
4.85; 10. C o p 149, 4.71; i i . A 4053, 7.32; 12. N Y , 4.63; 13. C o r in t h C I A D V M ; prow , 1.
6 9 —7 8 6 , 7.03; 14. C o rin th 73—293, 7.28; 15. B C D , 6.61; 16. P rin ceto n i . L Fox 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 2 3 2 ( = fixa, pi. IX , 11), 3.49; 2. B 3 9 0 /1 9 2 5 (ex
76-274, 6.59. N e u tro n ab so rp tio n analysis on: 2 (Cu: 88.27, Pb: 5■! — bn: Pozzi), 3.93; 3. C o p 150, 4.79; 4 . A 4055b, 3.95; 5. K en ch rea i 157, 3.73.
6.24).
C o u n te rm ark s: S ta r on obv. b eh in d C a e sa r’s neck, on 1-3, 5 -9 , 11-16; owl
in front o f C a e sa r’s h ea d , on 2, 7 -9 , 12 a n d 16.
U n d e r T ib e r iu s
1284 Bronze. 17-20 mm , 4.46 g (4). Axis: g or 12. [ 2 ]
1289 Bronze. 1 8 -2 0 m m , 5 .9 5 g (22). Axis: var. [ 14 ]
[ 4 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
[ 26 coins, 8 obv. dies ]
F iT A 264 (2), A m andry, rn 1981, 51, 11
a pt 41 (D yrrachium ), A m andry, r n 1981, 60-1, V I
C A R R I A F C IV L T A N G C I D; helm eted head of
A V G (V ) C I A D; rad iate head o f A ugustus, r.
Pallas/A thena, r.
T I C A E C I A D; lau reate head o f T iberius, r.
II V IR Q V IN Q E X D Ό; fasces an d sella curulis
i . L 1 9 0 6 -1 0 -7 -2 2 , 4.93; 2. L Fox, 6.04; 3 . L 1 9 3 9 —5—12—ï ( = apt, pi.
i . P 1045 ( = v i t a , pi. V I I ,27), 4.45; 2. B I-B , 3.98; 3. B C D , 5.22;
V ,i) , 7.12; 4 . P ( = apt, pi. V ,3: obv.=FiTA, pi. V I I I , 26: rev.=SMACA, pi.
4 . B C D , 4.19. N eu tro n a b so rp tio n analysis on: 1 (C u: 90.56, Pb: 2.72, Sn:
X X ,9), 7.39; 5. P, 6.26; 6. V 282, 5.86; 7. V 15422 (A p am ea ), 5.80; 8. B
6 -3 9 )· a.B ., 5.31; 9. B I-B , 7 .11 ; 10. B R au c h , 6.30; 11. B 28955, 6.35; 12—
13. A 4055 a n d 4055V, 4.76, 6.72; 14. C o p 151, 7.91; ι ς —16. N Y , 5.42,
5.32; 17. C o rin th 76-360, 6,65; 18. P V , 5.34; 1 9 - 2 0 . J S W , 5.12, 4.86;
M Ant Arist Cn Octa, 39-36 BC 21. K ric h e ld o rf 4, 7 /X /1 9 5 7 , 243, 5.63; 22—26. P a tra s excavations; 2 7 -
28. W in te rth u r 2145-6, 6.65, 3.75. N eu tro n ab so rp tio n an alysis on: 4 (Cu:
1285 Bronze. 18 m m , 3.58 g (1). Axis: 6. [ *1 ] 83.87; Pb: 6 .59 Æ 9 ).
C o u n te rm ark s: A S (?) o n th e obv. o f 3 a n d 22; on th e rev. o f 12, 13 a n d 22
[ i coin, i obv. die ] ( G IC 703); C I A D o n th e obv. o f 12, on th e rev. o f 25 ( G IC 487 corr.:
F iT A 264 (3), A m andry, r n 1981, 51, in ‘p ro w ’, ‘c a p ric o rn ’).
 A C H A E A : Zacynthus, Melos (1290-1293) 263

Zacynthus
The island of Zacynthus had a long tradition of coinage Gardner (NC, 1885, p. 105, no. 5, pi. V,i2) published an
which came to an end (at least as far as the silver coinage autonomous coin with lituus and oenochoe on the obver-
was concerned) in 191 b c when the island became Roman. se/ZA in wreath on the reverse. He dated it to the time of
Its coinage was resumed during the time Antony was in Sosius, supposing that the lituus was an allusion to the
possession of the eastern part of the Roman world. After 31 augurate of Antony.
b c no coinage was issued until the time of Antoninus Pius.

On the history of the coinage of Zacynthus, see P. Gardner,

NC, 1885, pp. 81-107, pi. III-V , and Head, HN, pp. C S o s iu s <2, 3 9 bc _________________________________
429-31.
The coinage of Sosius has been attributed to Zacynthus 1290 AE. 19-21 m m , 5.75 g (19)· Axis: var. [ 12 ]
on grounds of the letters ZA (on the reverse of 1290, on the B ahrfeldt, jiAN 1908, 216-17, no. 1, fita 39-41, Sydenham ,
obverse of 1291-3). This attribution is confirmed by prov­ Or r 1271
enances (NC, 1885, pp. 8iff.). IM P ; A ntony’s head, r.
A fleet-station was established by Antony in Zacynthus C S O S IV S Q ; eagle on thun d erb o lt, r., w ith caduceus;
after the Treaty of Misenum in 39 b c . According to the ZA
treaty, Sextus was to be given the Peloponnese, but Antony 1—3 . L = b m c 8 4 -6 , 6.69, 6.17, 6.39; 4 —5. P 1701-2, 4.84, 6.11; 6. P 765,
4.62; 7. P Y 6 2 2 2 , 5.59; 8. B I-B , 6.67; 9. V 751/140, 4.39; 10. V , 4.27;
did not intend to turn over this territory to him. 1290 was ii. O ( = M M list 270/1966, 60), 7.44; 12. C o p 489, 4.95; 13. M i
struck in 39/8 b c , before Sosius took up his Syrian governor­ (= B e llo n i 2261), 6.50; 14. R, 5.60; 15. G o, 4.93; 16. M u ; 17. B C D
(= H ess 249/1979, 314), 5.39; 18. G len d in in g , P la t H all coll. I, 677, 5.31;
ship in 38 b c , replacing P. Ventidius. The reverse type is 19. R ie ch m a n n X X /1 9 2 2 , 382, 5.73; 2 0 . V enice, M u s A rch . 3848, 7.75.
highly reminiscent of the Egyptian bronze coinage. Sosius C o u n te rm ark s: S ta r on the obv. o f all th e specim ens ( = G I C 434).
captured Jerusalem in July 37 and the reverse of 1291
recalls that event. 1291 was probably struck when Sosius
was back from the east before he assisted Octavian against C S o s iu s I m p 3 6 b c _____________________________________
Sextus in the last months of 36 b c .
Series 1292 and 1293 omit Antony’s head. 1293 is dated 1291 AE. 19 mm, 4.69 g (3). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
from the year of the consulate of Sosius in 32 b c . On 1292 B ahrfeldt, jia n 1908, 217, no. 2, S ydenham , crr 1272
Sosius is entitled cos desig: he had been appointed consul
ZA; A n tony’s head, r.
designatus as early as 39 b c . As Sosius celebrated his C S O S IV S IM P ; trophy
triumph in Rome in 34 and is likely to have stayed in Rome i . L = b m c 87, 4.53; 2. P 1703, 4.10; 3. A 4 2 1 4 a , 5.43; 4 . R W , 4.06.
until his consulate, 1292 was probably struck between 36 C o u n te rm ark s: S ta r o n the obv., o n 2 an d 3 ( = G IC 434).
and 34 b c : if the tripod on the reverse is a plausible
reference to the quindecimvirate, the issue is to be dated
from 34 b c (but the tripod is the usual type of Zacynthus). C S o s iu s C os D e s ig , c . 3 4 BC
At Actium, Sosius commanded the left wing of Antony’s
fleet. He survived and was spared by Octavian. His name 1292 AE. 17m m , 3.60g (2). Axis: var. [ i ]
appears again among those of the members of the college of B ahrfeldt, jia n 1908, 217, no. 3, S ydenham , crr 1273
XVviri sacris faciundis in charge of the organisation of the ZA; head o f Apollo, r.
Ludi Saeculares of 17 b c . C SO SIV S C O S D E S IG ; tripod
1290, 1291 and 1292 are frequently countermarked: all i . L 1 9 0 g —i i — 9—1, 2.81; 2. R S P Q R M ed ag liere C o m u n a le, 4.40.
the known specimens of 1290, two of the three specimens of C o u n te rm ark : S ta r o n th e obv., o n 1 ( = G IC 434).
1291 and one of the three known specimens of 1292 (pace
GIC) have a star. The countermarking must have taken
place before most of the coins were put into circulation. The C S o s iu s C os, g 2 b c _____________________________
same type of countermark appears at Dyme (1283) and at
Cephallenia/Ithaca (1359-60). 1293 AE. 1 5 -1 6 m m , 2 .2 2 g (5). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
The four series represent four denominations: B ahrfeldt, jia n 1908, 218, no. 4, S ydenham , crr 1274

19-21 mm, 5.75g (19) ZA; head of N eptune, r.

19 mm, 4.69 g (3) C S O S IV S C O S; dolphin an d trid en t, r.
17mm, 3.60g (2) i . L 1 9 0 9 —8—4 —2, 2.05; 2. L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 3 1 0 , 2.18; 3 . O , 2.0.6; 4 . R
i5 -i6 m m , 2.22g (5) S P Q R M ed ag liere C o m u n ale, 2.34; 5. C o rin th 88-1 9 6 , 2.47.

Melos
Coins are recorded for Melos in the imperial period under date, as some of them are quite interesting in terms of
Nerva (L ex Weber 4675 = Mi 2.319.60) and more denominations. One issue (BMC 35) has the inscription
frequently under Commodus (BMC 47-8). It is a pity that ΔΡΑΧΜΗ on a coin of about 25 mm and 12.5 g. In terms of
most of the imperial coins bear no definite indication of fabric and style this looks rather earlier than the series of
denominations issued ΕΠΙ ΤΙ ΠΑΝΚΛΕΟΣ ΤΟ Γ, which also R e ig n o f N e ro (?)
appear to bear denominational marks, since one denomi­
nation (probably the same as that earlier inscribed Ti Pankles
ΔΡΑΧΜΗ) has the mark III (= 3 assaria?), either on the
reverse or under the bust on the obverse. The dating of 1296 AE. 30 mm .
these coins is not entirely certain. It would appear that they ΜΗΛ[ΙΩΝ ]ΑΡΣΑ; helm eted b ust o f A thena, r.; to
should be Neronian, since there is a coin in V (14954 ex r., star
ΕΠ Ι ΤΙ ΠΑΝΚΛΕΟΣ TO Γ; in four lines in w reath
Tiepolo 95), which has a reverse exactly like that on the
i . V 1 4 9 5 1 . T h e rea d in g a n d sense o f the obv. legend are n o t clear.
coins of Pankles but with an obverse of Nero. Examination
of this unique coin does not reveal any clear signs that it has
1297 A E. 23 m m , 11.20g (1).
been reworked from a coin of Pankles with the same reverse,
BMC 42
but this cannot definitely be ruled out, as the coin still
seems suspicious. On the other hand, the general ΕΠΙ ΤΙ ΠΑΝΚΛΕΟΣ TO Γ; pom egranate
appearance of the coins is quite like that of the coin of ΜΗΛΙΩΝ, III; cult-statue o f A thena
Nerva, which has a similar reverse and also probably has I . L = BM C42, 11.20.

the mark III. Despite these reservations, the coins have 1298 A E. 2 5 m m , 12.72g (2)..
been listed here, although the collection of material is not
BMC 43
complete.
ΒΟΥΛΗ ΜΗΛΙΩΝ, III; veiled bust of Boule, r.
ΕΠ Ι ΤΙ ΠΑΝΚΛΕΟΣ TO Γ in four lines in w reath
F i r s t cen tu ry AD (?)______________________________ I. L = BMC 4 3 , 1 3 .3 1 ; 2. P 276, 12.13.

1294 A E. 25m m , 12.93g (4 )· 1299 AE. 2 4m m , 9 .2 7 g (2).

BMC 35 Mi a-3 I 9-57
ΔΡΑΧΜΗ; helm eted b ust o f A thena, r. ΔΗΜΟΣ ΜΗΛΙΩΝ, III; beard ed b u st of D emos, r.
ΜΗΛΙΩΝ; in w reath ΕΠΙ ΤΙ ΠΑΝΚΛΕΟΣ TO Γ in four lines in w reath
i . L = bm c 3 5 , 11.88; 2. L 1840 -1 2 -1 5 -1 3 , 12.73; 3 ” 4 · P 27 °~ *i 5 t 5 -3 7 > i . C L e a k e (S u p p l. 164.2 = sn g 4015), 8.44; 2. P 277, 10.10.
11.74.
1300 AE. 18m m , 3.91 g (10).
BMC 44, C op 696
N e ro
ΜΗΛΙΩΝ; helm eted b ust o f A thena, r.; behind,
pom egranate (?)
1295 A E. 24m m , 10.12g (1). [ 1 ]
ΕΠΙ ΤΙ ΠΑΝΚΛΕΟΣ TO Γ in four lines in w reath
ΝΕΡΩΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; lau reate head, r. I. L — BMC 4 4 , 4.95; 2—3 . L — BMC 4 5 -6 , 4.14, 4.12; 4 . V 14950; 5—6. M u
ΜΗΛΙΩΝ III; cult statu e o f A thena 7 -8 , 3.21, 3.94; 7. C o p 696, 4.80; 8. C Leake; 9 . G 10; 10. W eb er 4674,
i . V 1 4 9 5 4 , 10.16 (M us. T h e u p ., p. 846 — M i S 4.394.219). A u th en ticity 3.43; 1 1 - 1 3 . P s.n ., 274 -5 , 2-89. 3-28, 4.44.
req u ires co n firm atio n (see in tro d u ctio n ).

los
Ios produced coins in imperial times with portraits of (BMC 8) are perhaps earlier in view of their convex fabric,
Trajan (BMC io) and Faustina II (BMC n —12); in addi­ and they m ay date to the first century ad .
tion there were some autonomous coins, whose dating is The coin in V (14944) attributed to Antonia at Ios is, in
very unclear. The coins with Homer/ΙΗΤΩΝ Athena r. fact, a coin of Nero from Side.

Mykonos
A single imperial issue is known for Mykonos: CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r.
MYKONIWN; D ionysus standing, holding thyrsus an d
1301 AE. 19m m , 5.47g (1). [ i ]
can th aru s
J . Svoronos, bch 1893, 467, no. 30 i . P ( = M i 2.320.66), 5.47; 2. A 1 8 9 2 /9 3 (see Svoronos).

I enos
In his thesis on the coinage of Tenos, R. Etienne (Ténos II (Tiberius?). The dating of these issues seems by no means
(Athènes-Paris, 1990), pp. 248-50) has suggested dating certain, but the coins included in period IV have been
his period III to the end of the first century bc and his included here exempli gratia.
period IV to the beginning of the first century ad

F i r s t cen tu ry a d (? )
1302 AE. 2 im m , 8.43g (2)· Axis: 2.
bmc 33
ΤΗΝΙΩΝ; Poseidon standing, 1., holding trid e n t over
dolphin
A m phitrite standing, 1., raising arm an d holding sceptre
i. L = bm c 3 3 , 10.00; 2. L = bmc 34, 6.85.
Aegina (?)
Aegina produced no coinage between the second century b c
and the Severan period, unless it is correct, as seems poss­
ible, to attribute a rare coin there in the reign of Tiberius.
This issue seems to be known in three examples, two in B
and one in Cop, although they are slightly elusive.
Unfortunately, the reading of the inscription on the obverse
and hence the ethnic and perhaps the identity of the
portrait are uncertain. The two Berlin coins were originally
published (with a line drawing of one of them) by J. Fried­
länder (Archäologische Zeitung, 1871, 79-81), who hesitated to
attribute the coin to Aegina for the rather weak reason that
no coins were known before the time of Severus. Grant
(F1TA, pi. X II.4; APT 162; and NC, 1949, p. 152 and pi.
X.5) published a photograph of the specimens in Berlin
(though he seems to have confused them and refers to the
coin as ‘unique’) - He had no doubts that the coin came from
Aegina and he restored the obverse legend to read
ΣΑΒ[εΐΝΟΣ ΑΙΓ8ΙΝ]ΗΤΩΝ, identifying the portrait as that
of C. Poppaeus Sabinus, the imperial legate governing the
joint province of Moesia, Macedonia and Achaea in a d 1 2 -
35. The piece in Copenhagen is mentioned by C.J. How-
gego (GIC 432), who bases his knowledge on a cast of the
reverse in Winterthur. Howgego compares the countermark
with his no. 440, attributed to Lampsacus, but 440 is
incuse.
Given the remains of the legend, the certain presence of
AIAKOC, Aeacus the son of Aegina, on the reverse and the
source of the B coins in Athens, the attribution to Aegina
seems quite likely. The coin was, however, tentatively reat­
tributed to Pergamum (see, e.g., J. Boardman (LIMC, s.v.
Athens
The late Hellenistic coinage of Athens has been fully treated
by J. H. Kroll in his publication of the Ghaidari and Ag.
Varvara hoards, Archaiologikon Deltion 27 (1972) Mel., pp.
86-120; in addition we are very grateful to him for giving us
his latest thoughts on the relevant coinage.
Kroll has divided this coinage into five periods: IVA (86-
42 b c ) , IVB (41-32 b c ) , IVC (31-early 20S b c ) , IVD (mid-
late 20s b c ) and IVE (10s b c ) . His periods IVA-B are not
included here; period IVA coincided with the last period of
Athenian silver, whose ending can be dated to the middle of
the century, perhaps the mid- or late forties b c (H. M att­
ingly, NC, 1971, p. 328; Kroll, loc. cit.). From that point the
A C H A E A : Tenos, Aegina (?), Athens (1302-1305) 265
1303 AE. 18m m , 5 .4 6 g (2). Axis: 12 (1).
L au reate m ale head, r.
ΤΗΝΙΩΝ; Poseidon an d A m phitrite stan d in g in tem ple
i . P 4 9 2 , 6.67; 2. C o p 787, 4.26.
C o u n te rm ark : S ta r ( G IC — : 2).
1304 AE. 14m m , 1.96g (2). Axis: 6.
ΤΗΝΙΩΝ; can th aru s
T rid e n t betw een tw o dolphins
i . L 1906—11—3—2 6 0 7 , 2.28.
Aiakos) ); this seems very unlikely, as the coin has nothing
in common with the known coins of Pergamum (2354fr.).
Grant’s identification of the portrait as Poppaeus Sabinus is
by no means impossible, though the evidence is not good.
Friedländer, followed by Grant and Boardman, inter­
preted the scene as a dead man standing before Aeacus, and
he identified the small figure on the cippus as
‘Todesgenius’. Η. M. von Kaenel has kindly examined the
casts in Winterthur, and is of the opinion that there are, in
fact, two standing figures on the right of the scene, one of
which must be female as it is wearing a peplos. The man
standing before Aeacus seems to be holding some object,
which is unfortunately not clearly preserved; it might be a
purse. There also seems to be an object between Aeacus and
the standing figure (a staff or torch?). The precise identifi­
cation of this scene is not clear.
C P o p p a e u s S a b in u s ( ? ) , a d 1 5 -3 5 *I.
1305 AE. 17 mm . [ 3? ]
APT 162
CAB[?£INOC ΑΙΓεΐΝ]ΗΤΩΝ; bare head (of Poppaeus
Sabinus?), r.
AIAKOC; dead m an (holding som ething in hand)
standing before A eacus, who is seated r.; betw een them
an object; to r., two figures (one female, one male)
I . B ( = FiTA , p i. X I I . 4; ca st in W in te rth u r); 2 . B i — n c 1949, p i. X .5 );
3. C op? (cast in W in te rth u r - see gic w ith pi. 17.432 - th o u g h the coin
ca n n o t be lo cated in C o p ).
C o u n te rm ark : S ta r ( G I C 432: 1-3).
style of the bronze coinage develops away from that of the
silver and the coins have changing reverse types, which
have been interpreted as magistrates’ personal devices,
though this view is only partially accepted by Kroll. In
addition, Kroll follows the association of Dionysus types
with Antony and his residence in Athens from 39 to 37 b c ,
and that of the coins with the sphinx reverse with Augustus
in the early twenties bc.
The issues of the mid-twenties were on a very large scale,
among the largest of all Athenian bronze issues.
In addition to the regular Athenian bronzes, Kroll has
attributed cleruchy issues for Lemnos, Imbros and Skyros
to the period immediately after Actium, and has argued
that they were minted in Athens.
c .ji- e a r ly 20s bc
1306 L eaded bronze. 19 m m , 8.09 g (3)·
C h aid ari 290-2
H elm eted head of A thena, r.
ΑΘΕ; D em eter standing, r., holding torch; to r., kernos
i . L = b m c 5 6 5 . N o. in C h a id a ri a n d Ag. V a rv a ra ho ard s: 3. T h e rev.
ty p e is co n n e cted by K ro ll w ith O c ta v ia n ’s in itia tio n a t Elensis.
1307 AE. 19m m , 8.51g (14).
C h aid ari 275-88
H elm eted head of A th en a P arthenos, r.
ΑΘΕ; N ike advancing r., w ith fillets: all in w reath
i . L 1920—8—5—4 9 4 . N o. in C h a id a ri a n d Ag. V a rv a ra ho ard s: 14, T h e
rev erse ty p e is in te rp re te d by K ro ll as a reference to th e victory a t A ctiu m .
1308 A E. 20m m , 9 .5 2 g ( 1).
C h aid ari 289
H elm eted head of A th en a P arthenos, r.
ΑΘΕ; Zeus standing, r., w ith th underbolt; all in w reath
i . See C h a id a ri h o ard , pi. 38.1. N o. in C h a id a ri a n d A g. V a rv a ra hoards:
I.
c . m id -la te 2 0 s bc
1309 L eaded bronze. 19m m , 7.73g (161).
C haidari 407-524, 525-67
1anagra
The classification of coins in the Julio-Claudian period is
not clear.
The first problem concerns the ‘autonomous’ coins. The
last discussion of these seems to be that of Head in NC,
1881, pp. 372—3. Head, basing himself mostly on the
material discussed by Imhoof-Blumer, NZ, 1877, pp. 372-3,
assigned various issues to the imperial period, without any
greater precision. The difficulty arises because of the spar­
sity of datable coinage at Tanagra; between the coinage of
the fourth century b c and the second century a d there is
only a small group of Augustan and Tiberian coins (see
below). We can be reasonably sure that very few of the
‘autonomous’ coins are later than the period of Trajan, on
grounds of both fabric and epigraphy, since the W form of
the omega is normal from his reign (this seems to occur only
on ‘autonomous’ coins of the type BMC 51, which is
presumably therefore to be dated to the second century).
However, as the ‘autonomous’ coins are not closely connec­
ted to the Augustan/Tiberian issues, it is not really clear
whether they should be regarded as Hellenistic, Julio-
Claudian or Flavian. The relevant coins have therefore
simply been listed, without prejudice: those with
ΤΑΝΑΓΡΑΙΩΝ have been placed first, since the shorter
TANA may perhaps have replaced it, in view of the
H elm eted head o f A th en a Parthenos, r.
ΑΘΕ; A th en a advancing, r.; to r., owl or snake; all in
w reath
A. O w l: i . L — B M C 5 6 2 . N o. in C h a id a ri a n d A g. V a rv a ra h o ard s: 118;
B. S nake: i . L 1 9 2 9 - 5 —15—84. N o. in C h a id a ri a n d Ag. V a rv a ra h o ard s:
47.
1310 A E. 19m m , 7.48g (88).
C h aid ari 569—656
H elm eted head o f A th en a P arthenos, r.
ΑΘΕ; owl stan d in g on prow ; to r., ear o f corn; all in olive
branch
i . L 1920—8—5—4 8 1 . N o. in C h a id a ri a n d Ag. V a rv a ra h o ard s: 88.
1311 L eaded bronze. 2 0 m m , 7.57g (42).
C h aid ari 657-98
H elm eted head o f A th en a P arthenos, r.
ΑΘΕ; sphinx w earing m odius, r.; all in w reath
i . L 1920—8—5—4 9 5 . N o. in C h a id a ri a n d Ag. V a rv a ra h o ard s: 42.
C. IOS B C
1312 L eaded bronze. i8 m m , 6 .3 0 g (117).
C h aid ari 293-341, 342-99
H elm eted h ead o f A th en a P arthenos, r.
ΑΘΕ; owl stan d in g on am phora; to r., coiled snake or
cicada; all in w reath
A. S nake: i . L = b m c 1 9 2 9 —5—15—3 8 . N o. in C h a id a ri a n d A g. V a rv a ra
h o ard s: 49; B. C icad a: 1. L 1 9 2 0 —8—5—4 7 3 . N o. in C h a id a ri a n d Ag.
V a rv a ra h o ard s: 58.
apparent change from the coins of Augustus to those of the
reign of Tiberius.
The coins with imperial heads are not easy to arrange.
They were struck with different types in different denomi­
nations, but it is not clear which should be grouped
together. The view taken here is that there is a group of
coins struck under Augustus without obverse inscriptions,
followed by a late Augustan issue for, on the larger denomi­
nation, KAICAP (= Augustus) and, on the smaller denomi­
nation, his heir TIB8PIOC KAICAP, and finally an issue in
the reign of Tiberius for TCPMANIKOC and APOYCOC.
There are admittedly difficulties with this arrangement: for
instance, it may seem odd to divorce the coins of Tiberius
from those of Germanicus and Drusus. The coins of
KAICAP and TIBCPIOC KAICAP are, however, associated
by the application of the caduceus and tripod countermarks
(which do not appear on any other coins); they both have
the ethnic ΤΑΝΑΓΡΑΙΩΝ, whereas the coins of Drusus and
Germanicus have TANA. In addition, the treatment of the
truncation of the portraits of KAICAP and of TIBCPIOC
KAICAP is very similar, but different from that on the
portrait of Germanicus (the truncation on the unique coin
of Drusus is unclear).
There are a number of coins with obverses which appear
 A C H A E A : Tanagra (1313-1325) 26'γ

to represent an emperor’s head, but it is not at all clear R e ig n o f T ib e r iu s : G e rm a n ic u s a n d D r u s u s

which one is intended. The style of two of these suggests
that they are two denominations of the same issue, and they 1318 L eaded bronze. 15 m m , 3.49 g (8). [ 12 ]
have been tentatively identified by Imhoof-Blumer as
BMC 57, C op 239
Augustus (NZ, 1877, p. 31). As they are so uncertain, they
ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟC; b are head, r.
have been grouped together under ‘Uncertain emperor’.
TANA; Apollo standing, facing, w ith laurel b ranch and
The coins with imperial heads seem to have been made in bow
three denominations'. i . L = b m c 5 7 , 3.35; 2. L = BMC 58, 3.33; 3 . C o p 239, 3.32; 4 - 6 . P 5 76-8,
(a) 23 mm three nymphs on rev. 8.52 g (9) 3.64, 3.20, 2.73; 7. O , 3.90; 8—10. B (L öbb, 7485, I-B ); 11. N Y , 4.59;
(b) 19 mm tripod on rev. 6.04 g (8) 12. G 3, 3.45; 13. V 12674, 3 ·7°; Ι 4~ Ι 5 · B C D ; 16. W in te rth u r 1897,
3.62. Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: 1.
(c) 15mm various rev. 3 -8 9 g ( n )
1319 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3 .0 6 g (1). [ 1 ]
The denominations of the ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins are
BMC 56
unclear as there are not sufficient recorded weights to con­
struct a pattern. One can, however, say that they all APOYCOC; b are head, r.
TANA; p alm b ranch
represent small change, smaller than the coins with
i. L = bm c 5 6 , 3.06. Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: i.
imperial heads.

A u g u s tu s (?) U n c e rta in em p ero r A

1313 L eaded bronze. 28 mm , 9.62 g (3). [ 3 ]

1320 AE. 15 m m , 3.46 g (2). [ 3 ]
Bare head, r.
BMC 54
TANA; Apollo standing, facing, w ith laurel b ranch and
B are head, r. bow
ΤΑΝΑΓΡΑΙΩΝ; three nym phs i . B ( 5 3 3 /1 9 1 3 ), 4 -4 9 ; 2. C M cC lean 5566 co rr., 3.44; 3. N Y . S am e obv.
i . L = b m c 5 4 , 7.84; a . O = AMC 1126, 9.98; 3. P 579, 11.05. Q u a lita tiv e die.
analysis on: 1.

1314 L eaded bronze. 17 m m , 5.50 g (2). [ 2 ]

B are head, r. U n c e rta in em p ero r B
ΤΑΝΑΓΡΑΙΩΝ; tripod
i . L 1920—8—5—244, 5 4 4 ; 2. C SNG 2899A, 5.56; 3. B C D . A ll from the 1321 A E. 14m m , 1.67g ( A [ *1 ]
sam e obv. die. Q u alitativ e analysis on: i.
C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in (3). B are head, r.
TANA; H erm es K riophoros carrying ram
1315 AE. 15m m , 4.96g (3). [ 4 ]
i . B ( P r o k e s c h ) , 1.67 ( = P ro k esch -O sten , Inedita (1854), T af. I I . 62).
C op 236
1322 AE. io m m , 1.15g (1)· [ 1 1
Bare head, r.
ΤΑΝΑΓΡΑΙΩΝ; in three lines in w reath B are head, r.
TANA; m ale figure standing, holding sp ear a n d sw ord on
i . N Y , 6.65; 2. N Y; 3. C op 236, 4.80; 4 . P 573, 3.42; 5—7. B C D . All
p ro b a b ly from th e sam e obv. die. shield
i . B (I-B ), 1 .15 ( = NZ 1877, 31, no. 109).

A u g u s tu s a n d T ib e r iu s C a e sa r (?)
N o e m p e ro r’s h ea d , u n c e rta in da te
1316 L eaded bronze. 22 m m , 7.97 g. (6). [ 9 ]
1323 AE. 17m m , 4 .9 3 g (2). [ 2 ]
KAICAP; b are head, r.
ΤΑΝΑΓΡΑΙΩΝ; three nym phs nOIM ANAPOC; bearded b u st of Poem andros
i . L = b m c 5 2 , 8.97; 2. L = BMC 53, 7.15; 3 - 4 . P 580 (obv. tooled to read
ΤΑΝΑΓΡΑΙΩΝ; H erm es K riophoros carrying ram
ΑΦΡΙΚΑΝ) a n d 581, 7.26 a n d 8.24; 5—6. B (532/1912, L ö b b ); 7. N Y, i . P 5 7 1 ; 2. B (I-B ), 4.15 (= NZ 1877, 29, no. 106); 3. B C D .
7.57; 8. G 143/1948, 8.32; 9 . V 12675, 7.90; 10—i i . B C D ; 12. C o rin th
ex cavations (Hesperia 1986, 192, no. 84). Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: 1--2. 1324 A E. 12m m , 2.61 g (5). [ 6 ]
C o u n te rm ark s: W inged cad u ceu s ( G IC 388: 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, i i , 12) a n d BMC 50, C op 238
trip o d ( G I C 477: 2, 3, 4, 7, 9).
ΤΑΝΑΓΡΑΙΩΝ; in three lines in w reath
1317 L eaded bronze. 19m m , 6.22g (6). [ 11 ] TANA; w inged caduceus
BMC 55 I.L = b m c 5 0 , 2.53; 2. C o p 238, 3.75; 3. P 572, 1.95; 4 . B (L ö b b ); 5. V
12673, 2.5°; 6. M u 8a, 2.33; 7. B C D .
TIBEPIOC KAICAP; b are head, r.
ΤΑΝΑΓΡΑΙΩΝ; tripod 1325 A E. 14m m , 1.93g ( U [ 2 ]
i . N Y ; 2. L = b m c 5 5 , 6.06; 3 - 4 . P 574-5, 6.71, 6.55; 5 - 8 . B (28656/44, ΤΑΝΑΓΡΑΙ; head o f Tyche, r.
Fox, I-B , L ö b b ); 9. G 2, 5.36; 10. V 33750, 6.73; i i . M u 9, 5.90;
12. B C D . All from sam e obv. die. Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: 2.
TANA; A rtem is running, r., w ith torch
C o u n te rm ark s: W inged cad u ceu s ( G IC 388: 6) a n d trip o d ( G I C 477: 2, 4, i . M u 8, 1.93; 2 . B (L ö b b ); 3—4 . B C D . n z 1877, 29, n o . 105 ( c itin g
6, 9, 10). M io n n et).
268 A C H A E A : Tanagra, Thebes ( i 326-1337)

1326 AE. 15m m , 2 .11 g (i). [ i ] 1328 A E. 10m m , 1.41g (1). [ 1 ]

TANA; head (of an em peror?), r. A rtem is standing, r.
ACQIIOC; bearded head, r. TANA; m ale figure standing, holding spear an d sw ord on
i . B (I-B ), 2 .1 1. N z 1877, 30, no. 108. shield
i . B (2 8 6 8 6 ), i .41.
1327 AE. 15m m , 3.20g (3). [ 5 ]
C op 237 1329 AE. 11 m m . [ 1 ]

Fem ale head, r. Lyre

TANA; A rtem is running, r., w ith torch TANA; w inged caduceus
I. B (I-B ); 2 - 3 . B C D .
I . C o p 237, 3.48; 2—4 . B {I-B = nz 1877, 29, no. 105, L öbb,
P rokesch — Inedita (1859), T a t. I I . 31), 3-55, —, — ; 5. M u 7, 2.56.

Thebes
The only coinage minted at Thebes during the imperial 1—2. B C D ; 3. A p o sto lo Z en o 3687 (u n illu strated ; cf. K en n er, S tift St.
Florian 57, n c 1881, 272). S am e obv. die: 1-2, a n d sam e as 1 3 3 6 /1 -1 5
period can be dated to the reign of Galba. There are coins (ΠΕΜΠΤΙΔΟΥ).
with the head of Heracles or of Tyche, signed ΕΠΙ ΠΟΛΕΜ Γ
K MAKPOY and ΕΠΙ APXI ΠΕΜΠΤΙΔΟΥ (if he was a 1333 L eaded bronze. 2 1m m , 7.06 g (3). [ 3 ]
priest, as was suggested by J. Friedländer, Berliner Blätter BMC 214
III [1866], p. 167) or ΑΡΧΙΠΕΜΠΤΙΔΟΥ if it is just a name.
ΘΗΒΑΙΩΝ; head o f H eracles, r.
The coins of the latter have always been attributed to
ε π ί ΠΟΛε Γ K MAKPOY; club an d thyrsus
Galba’s reign because the same magistrate was attested on
i . L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -2 5 5 , 8.27; 2. L = BMC 214, 6.01; 3. L 1 9 0 1 —6—3 —1, 6.91.
coin with the portrait and titles of Galba. The coins of the S am e obv. die. Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: i .
former, however, have traditionally been attributed to the
reign of Trajan, because Mionnet (S3.532 ex Sestini) des­
cribed a coin of Trajan with this magistrate. This was Pemptides
accepted by Prokesch-Osten (see below) and Head (NC,
1881, p. 271) but is a mistake. There is a coin of the magis­ 1334 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 7.78g (2). [ 4 ]
trate in P whose obverse can just be read ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ TAABAC CEBACTOC; b are head, r.
ΓΑΛ[ ; moreover, the coins with Heracles and Tyche ΕΠΙ APXI ΠΕΜ ΠΤΙΔΟΥ, ΘΗΒΑΙΩΝ; Nike on globe (or on
show that the same dies were used for both magistrates. prow ), 1., holding w reath an d p alm
Some of the coins have had the name of the magistrate O n prow : i . B (4 9 5 7 ), 7.55; 2. B (I-B ); on globe: 3. L 1 8 8 2 —5—6—36,
12.02; 4 . B. S am e obv. die: 1 a n d 3 -4 . T h e re a d in g o n 2 seem s to be
scraped off, and the countermark ΔΗΜΟ applied in its ] YTOKPATOPA ΓΑΛΒΑΝ C£B[ . Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: 3.
place, presumably before issue, as Howgego suggested (GIC E ra sed rev. leg en d a n d c o u n term ark ΔΗΜΟ ( G I C 531: 2 -4 ).

5 3 1)·
The coins are all of a single denomination, 21 mm and 1335 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 8.81 g (4). [ 6 ]
7 -9 4 g (18). C op 396
ΘΗΒΑΙΩΝ; head o f T yche, r.
R e ig n o f G a lb a _______________________ ΕΠΙ APXI[ Π]εΜΠΤΙΔΟΥ; D ionysus standing, r., holding
can th aru s
Polem Makros 1—2. L 1 9 2 2 —3 —17—6 8 , 1 8 9 4 —5—5—9 1 , 9.61, 7.89; 3 . C o p 396, 9.93;
4 . M u 19, 7.81; 5—8. B C D ; 9—10. B (28656/47, L ö b b ). S am e obv. die: 1-
1330 AE. 21 mm, 10.09g ( 0 · [ 1 1 3, 7, 9-1 0 ; 4 -6 , 8 ( a ls o = 1 3 3 1 /1 -3 o f MAKPOY). Q u a lita tiv e analysis on:
2.
ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ ΓΑΛ[ ; bare head, r. C o u n te rm ark : D o t in circle ( G IC — : 1). E ra sed rev. legend an d
ΕΠΙ MAKP[ ] ΠΟΛΕΜ Γ, ΘΗΒΑΙΩΝ; Nike on co u n term ark ΔΗΜ Ο ( G IC 531: 2, 7-10).
globe, 1.
i . P 6 6 9 , 10.09. 1336 A E. 21 m m , 7.31g (5). [ 8 ]
BMC 212, C op 395
1331 AE. 21 mm, 7.04 g (2). [ 2 ]
ΘΗΒΑΙΩΝ; h ead o f H eracles, 1.
ΘΗΒΑΙΩΝ; head of Tyche, r.
ΕΠΙ APXI ΠΕΜΠΤΙΔΟΥ; club and thyrsus
ΕΠΙ ΠΟΛΕΜ Γ Κ MAKPOY; D ionysus stan d in g , r., w ith
i . L = b m c 2 1 2 , 7.28; 2. L = b m c 213, 7.22; 3 - 5 . B, inc. b rockage (I-B );
can th aru s
6. C o p 395, 7.89; 7. O , 7.22; 8. M u 18, 6.95; 9—13. B C D . P ro b ab ly all
1. B ( P r o k e s c h -O s te n ) , 6.49 ( = P rokesch-O sten, Inedita 1859, T af. I I . 32); fro m th e sam e obv. die, w h ich is th e sam e as 1 3 3 2 /1 -2 (MAKPOY).
2. C, 7.59; 3. B C D . A ll sam e obv. die a n d th e sam e as 1 3 3 5 /4 -6 , 8
(ΠΕΜ ΠΤΙΔΟΥ).
C o u n te rm ark : D o t in circle ( G I C — : 2). E ra sed rev. legend an d 1337 AE. 21 m m , 6 .3 2 g (1). [ 1 ]
c o u n term ark ΔΗΜ Ο ( G IC 531: 3).
As 1336, b u t head o f H eracles, r.
1332 AE. 20 mm. [ o ] i . P 6 6 8 , 6.32; 2. B (28656/45).

ΘΗΒΑΙΩΝ; head o f H eracles, 1.

ε π ΠΟΛΕΜ Γ K MAKPOY; club an d thyrsus

Locri (Opus)
Locri issued very little coinage during the Julio-Claudian
period. The large bronzes with Hades/Dioscuri in wreath
are here tentatively assigned to the period of the second
Triumvirate, on grounds of their large size and relatively
heavy weights, which seem characteristic of the period (and
in the absence of an imperial portrait, they are unlikely to
be much later).
There follows an issue made by the magistrate M. (unless
the M should be attached to the CIII and interpreted as
εΠΙΜΕΛΗΘεΝΤΟΣ) Claudius Serapion; this consisted of
coins in the name of Galba (and Otho?), as well as two
types without an imperial portrait. These coins are all very
rare, and made from very few dies. Their metrology is
rather puzzling, particularly as one of the ‘autonomous’
issues has a smaller diameter but a heavier weight standard
than the other. We find:
G alb a 21mm, 6.87 g (3)
Hades 22 mm, 6.44g (2)
Persephone 18 mm,7.28g (8)
L a te f i r s t cen tu ry BC (?)
1338 L eaded bronze. 24m m , 11.24g (3)·
BMC 8 8
W reathed head of H ades, r.; behind, poppy head; below,
ear of corn (?)
ΟΠΟΥΝΤ 1 ΩΝ; D ioscuri galloping, r., on horses; all w ithin
w reath
i . L 1920—8—5—210, 11.15; 2. L = BMC 88, 11.55; 3 . B (I-B ), 11.03; 4 . V
12536. Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: 1.
G a lb a
1339 Bronze. 21 m m , 6.87 g (3)· Axis: var.
C op 80
The coinage of Chalcis has been fully studied by O. Picard,
Chalcis et la Confédération Eubéenne (Athens and Paris, 1979),
and his arrangement and discussion have been followed
here (except for that of 1343). A little additional material
has been included, since Picard’s work omitted the coins in
G and most of the imperial coins of Chalcis in B. Picard 97
and 98 have not been included, as their date or attribution
to Chalcis does not seem certain.
The first issue is signed by the pronconsul L. Livius
Rufinus, who is otherwise unknown (B. E. Thomasson,
Laterculi Praesidum, col. 190, no. 8, places him simply ‘sub
Augusto’). Both this issue and the next, signed by
MCCKINIOC CTPA(THrOC) were regarded by Grant
(.FIT A 385, n. 16) as a sort ofjoint foundation issue of 18 b c ,
but Picard has pointed out that it is hard to see what is
meant by a foundation issue, when neither the status nor
the name of Chalcis changed; nor is it possible to date either
issue so closely.
A C H A E A : Locri (Opus), Chalcis (1338—1342) 26g
ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ PAABAC; lau reate head, r.
ΟΠΟΥ, ΕΠΙ Μ ΚΛΑΥ εεΡΑ Π Ι(Ω Ν Ο Ε); m ale figure,
stan d in g L, holding o u t p atera, an d drap ery
i . L 1910—8—i —i , 7.42; 2. C o p 8 0 , 6.70; 3. B 28723 ( = F ried län d er,
Berliner B lä tter I I I (1866), 166); 4 . B (L ö b b ), 6.51. F rie d lä n d e r in te rp re te d
th e rev. as a figure o f H erm es. Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: 1.
O th o (?)
1340 A E. 21 m m . 6 .3 5 g (t)· [ 1 ]
ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑ ΟΘΩΝΑ; bare head, r.
ΟΠΟΥ, εΠ Ι[]Κ Λ Α Υ CePAfilQNOC: as 1339
i . M u ex G ousin éry (F ried län d er, Berliner B lä tter I I I (1866), 166). T h e
a u th e n tic ity o f th e coin is n o t certain.
N o e m p e ro r’s h ea d , a d 6 8 - g *i.
1341 L eaded bronze. 22 m m , 6.44 g (2). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
BMC 85
[επί] ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ε ε Ρ Α Π [; head of H ades, r.
ΟΠΟΥΝΤΙΩΝ; w arrior resting arm on hip, a n d holding
[ 4 ]
spear an d shield
i . L = bm c 8 5 , 6.29; 2. B (I-B ), 6.59. Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: i.
1342 L eaded bronze. 18 m m , 7.28 g (8). Axis: var. [ 8 ]
BMC 8 6
ΟεΡΑΠΙΩΝΟΟ; head o f Persephone, r.; before, poppy
head.
ΟΠΟΥΝΤΙΩΝ, ΕΠΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ; w arrio r as 1341
i . L = B M C 86, 7.21; 2. L = BMC 87, 6.30; 3. G 14, 7.10; 4 —5. O , 8.08,
6.41; 6—8. B (I-B , 646/1877, P ro k esch ), 7.45, 8.03, 7.64. 8 w as p u b lish e d
by A. von S allet, ‘D ie ang eb lich en L ocri O p u n tii E p icn em id ii’, 2J N 3
(1876), p p . 244-5. Q u alitativ e an aly sis on: 2.
[ 4 ] C o u n te rm ark : ΛΟ ( G IC 620: 1—8).
Chalcis
Grant also thought that the portraits were those of
Rufinus and Mescinius; this is impossible in the case of
Mescinius, since some coins have a female portrait, which is
surely of Livia. The identification of the male head as
Augustus therefore seems more likely in both cases. Picard
(p. 121) has also argued convincingly, contra Grant, that
Mescinius was a local rather than a Roman strategos, since
the same magistracy appears on later coins (1352).
The issue of Theokles Pausaniou was dated to the early
imperial period by Picard. This seems implausible (e.g., the
reappearance ofZ for C is rather surprising), and D. Knoep-
fler has re-dated the issue to the early first century b c , as an
athlete of the same name appears on an inscription of that
date, which is decorated with crowns such as appear on the
coins (BCH, 1979, pp. 165-88). While it seems correct that
the coin was dated too late by Picard, Knoepfler’s date
seems too early, and a date in the Triumviral period, under
Antony, appears more likely.
 The coins were produced in the following denominations:
Theokles 23 mm, 7.37 g (25)
Rufinus 2 0 mm, 6.39g (2)
Mescinius 21 mm, 7.01 g (17)
Anon 17 mm, 4.95 g (3)
Kleonikos 21 mm, 6.50 g (24) 13mm, 3.51g ( n )
Euthyklides 25m m, 15.14g (5) 20m m, 5.84g (19) ■3 m m . 3-92 g ( 3 )

The three denominations were identified by Picard as asses, A u g u s tu s a n d L i v ia

semisses and quadrantes, but they seem more probably to
be dupondii, asses and semisses (see the introduction to 1347 A E. 17m m , 5.15g (2). [ 2 ]
Achaea, p. 246). P icard 93/1
For the use of the traditional type of Hera wearing a
ΧΑΛΚΙΔΕΩΝ; b a re h ead o f A ugustus, r.
polos, see Picard.
H ead o f H e ra w earing polos, r.
I· N Y , 5.33; 2. P 1 03, 4.97.

1348 A E. 17 m m , 4 .5 4 g (1). [ i ]
T h e o k le s P a u s a n io u , f i r s t cen tu ry b c (?) P icard 93/2
ΧΑΛΚΙΔΕΩΝ; h ead of Livia, r.
1343 AE. 23m m , 7.37g (25). Axis: 12. [ 17 ] H ead of H e ra w earing polos, r.
Picard 94, bm c 89 i . N Y , 4.54. U n c e rta in co u n term ark .

ΧΑΛΚΙΔΕΩΝ; H e ra w ith sceptre in q u ad rig a, r.

ΘΕΟΚΛΗΣ ΠΑΥΣΑΝΙΟΥ; in w reath N e r o a n d A g r ip p in a
i . L = b m c 9 0 , 6.40; 2—4 . L 19 2 0 -8 -5 -2 8 8 , bmc 89, 91, 11.07, 6-8o> 8.77;
5—26. See P ica rd . F o r d iscussion o f date, see in tro d u ctio n .
C o u n te rm ark s: E a r o f corn ( G I C —■: P 68, N Y , B (I-B )); trip o d ( G IC — ; E p im e l K le o n ik o u
N Y , five exam ples).
1349 A E. 21 m m , 6 .8 3 g ( 7 )· Axis: var. [ 10 ]
P icard 95 semis
(ΤΙ) ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP; lau reate head o f N ero, r.
A u g u s tu s ΕΠΙΜ(ΕΛ) KAEONI(KOY); d rap ed b ust o f H era w earing
polos, (on Ionic capital, r.)
L L iv iu s R u fin u s P r o c o s i . L 1 9 1 2 —i —6—i , 7.31; 2—6. See P icard ; 7. V 2 7 3 3 5 /1 0 1 , 7.10 (dies ia );
8. B (285/1871) (dies ia ) ; 9. B (L ö b b ) (dies 2b); 10. B ( I - B = m g 223,
66) (dies 2b).
1344 A E. 20 mm , 6.39 g (2)· [ 2 ]
P icard 91, f it a 385 1350 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 6 .3 7 g (17)· Axis: var. [ 12 ]
XAAKIC; head of H e ra w earing polos, r. P icard 95 semis, bm c 107
A (AIOYIIOC) (POYOINOC) ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΙ:; b are head, r. ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ; b u st o f A grippina, r.
ΡΟΥΦΙΝΟΟ: i . Ρ 1 06a, 6.72; 2. B (I-B = m g 222, 56), 6.06; AIOYIIOC: ΕΠΙΜΕ(Λ) KAEO(N)(I)(KOY); d rap ed b ust of H era
3. W e b er (H irsch X X I) 1611; 4 . B C D ; 5. M i. w earing polos, (on Ionic capital) r.
i . N Y , 4.30; 2. L = b m c 107, 7.31; 3 —14. See P icard ; 15. G 21; 16. B (I-
B = m g 223, 67), 5.39 (dies 4d); 17—18. B (K nobelsdorf, 28764), 8.11,
5.97 (b o th new co m b in atio n o f dies, 4a, u sin g rev. die o f N ero);
19. G rab o w 14 (1939), 736 (dies 4c.). Q u alitativ e an alysis on: 2.
A u g u s tu s a n d L i v ia
1351 A E. 13m m , 3 .5 1 g (11). [ 7 ]
M e s c in iu s S tr a P icard 95 q u ad ra n s, C op 461
ΕΠΙΜ KAEO(N); head of H e ra w earing polos, r.
1345 L eaded bronze. 21m m , 6 .9 9 g (15). [ 10 ]
(KAEONI); baetyl in Ionic tem ple w ith two colum ns
P icard 92/1-2 i . N Y , 4.04; 2. L 1 8 7 6 -1 2 -2 -1 , 3.70; 3—13. See P icard .
MECKINIOC CT(PA); b are head o f A ugustus, r.
ΧΑΛΚΙΔΕΩΝ; head of H e ra w earing polos, r.
1—2. L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -2 9 1 , 19 2 1 -1 1-2 0 -3 3 , 6 -4 4 . 7 -2 7 . 3 · N Y , 6.68; 4—10. See N e ro
P ica rd ; n —13. B (L öbb, 28686, I-B ), 7.52, 7.94, 5.69 (dies ra , 2d, 2d);
14. C M cC le an 5691 (pi. 204,17), 6.80; 15. B (I-B ), 8.20 (= m g 222, 57;
T i K la u E u th y k li S tr a
n ew co m b in atio n o f dies, 2b). Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: 2.

1346 L eaded bronze. 21m m , 7.07 g (2). [ 3 ] 1352 L eaded bronze. 2 5m m , 15.14g (5). [ 3 ]
P icard 92/3, bm c i i i
P icard 96 as, bm c 108

MECKINIOC CTPA; head of Livia, r. ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP; bare head, r.

ΧΑΛΚΙΔΕΩΝ; head o f H e ra w earing polos, r. CTPA ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥ ΕΥΘΥΚΛΙ, ΧΑΛ; head o f H e ra w earing
i . L = bmc i n (‘C ris p in a ’), 7.28; 2—3. See P icard; 4 . G 20 (dies 3d);
polos, on Ionic capital, r.
5. B (L ö b b ), 6.86 (dies 3d); 6 . B (I-B™ mg 222, 56; dies 3d). Q u alitativ e I . L = b m c 1 08, 16.68; 2—5. See P icard ; 6. B (I-B = mg 222, 61) (dies
an alysis on: 1. ib ) . Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: i.
 A C H A E A : Chalcis, Carystus, Skyros, Cephallenia (1353-1358) 27/

1353 L eaded bronze. 20m m , 5 .8 4 g (19). [ 16] 1354 A E. 13 m m , 3.92 g (3). [ i ]

Picard 96 semis, C op 462 P icard 96 q u ad ran s
ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP; b are head, r. CTPA ΕΥΘΥΚΛΙ; dolphin an d trident.
CTPA ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥ ΕΥΘΥΚΛΙ, ΧΑΛ; head o f H e ra w earing ΧΑΛ; baetyl
polos, r. i . B (D a n n e n b e r g ) , 4.97; 2—3. See P icard .
i . L G 0 6 4 8 , 6.19; 2—10. See P icard; n —16. B (28723, L ö b b , I-B = m g
223, 62, Fox, L ö b b ); 17. S tern b e rg 14 (1984), lo t 284, 7.86. Q u a lita tiv e
an alysis on: 1.

Carystus
The imperial coins of Carystus are all very rare, but for the U n c e rta in em peror
most part present no particular problems. The exception is
the issue placed second here (1356), where the identity of 1356 AE. 16 m m . [ 2]
the obverse is uncertain. It seems to be an imperial portrait, B are-headed bust, w ith d rapery a n d sceptre, r.
but of which emperor is not clear; in B it is classified under KAP; filleted head o f bull
Augustus, but other possibilities, such as the young Nero, i . N Y ; 2. B (328/1876).
cannot be ruled out. The portrait is shown as a bust, with a
sceptre behind; if the head is correctly identified as that of
an emperor, parallels for the sceptre can also be found for
Nero at Cnossus (1005-6) and for Caligula on Cretan silver N e ro
( 9 6 3 )·
The order of the two issues of Nero is based on the 1357 L eaded bronze. 19 mm . 4.70 g (4). Axis: 11 or 5. [ 8 ]
apparent maturity of the portrait. In neither case is the BMC 29, C op 43Ο
portrait the mature ‘steps’ portrait introduced in 63, and,
ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP; lau reate head, r.
while that does not necessarily exclude a date after that
KAPY; h ead o f Poseidon, r., betw een dolphin a n d trident
year, the portraits do seem to be of a fairly youthful Nero,
i . L — b m c 29, 4-51; 2. L 1 9 2 9 -8 -5 -2 8 3 , 4.52; 3. N Y ; 4 . C o p 430, 4.46;
and should probably be dated in the early or middle part of 5—7. B (I-B , 28981, K n o b elsd o rf); 8 . V 14823, 5.30. Q u a lita tiv e an alysis
his reign. on: i.
C o u n te rm ark : OC o r AC ( G IC 709: 2, 7).

1358 A E. 18m m , 5 .2 5 g (1). [ 1 ]

A u g u s tu s
ΝΕΡΩΝ[ ; laureate head, 1.
1355 AE. 20m m , 6.36g (2). Axis: 6. [ 2 ] ΚΑΡΥΟΤΙΩΝ; head o f Poseidon, r.
i . B (F o x ), 5.25.
KAPVCTI; b are head, r.
H ead o f Poseidon, r., betw een dolphin an d trid en t
I. B (I-B ), 6.93; a. B 5556; 3 . S een a t L, 1986, 5.78.

Skyros
A small issue was minted, probably at Athens, for the immediately after Actium by J. H. Kroll, Archaiologikon Del-
Athenian cleruchy at Skyros. These coins have been dated tion 27 (1972), Mel., pp. 101-4.

Cephallenia
Some uncertainty exists as to the place where the coins of
Proculeius were struck, on account of different expansions
of the monogram on the obverse of his coins.
Morelli (Fam. rom. mm. II, p. 361) and Eckhel (Doctr.
num. vet. V, p. 289) suggested that it is composed of the
letters KOPKYPAI, or KO, and therefore attributed the
coins to Corcyra. Gardner (BMC Peloponnesus, pp. xlii and
83) has proposed KPA which he identified as the initials of
the town of Cranium, in the island of Cephallenia. Bahr-
feldt (JIAN11, 1908, pp. 225-6) saw the letters ΚΦΑΛΟ and
connected the monogram with the town of Cephallenia.
The position of Grueber (BMCRR II, p. 553, n. 1) was to
attribute series 1359 to Cephallenia and series 1360-1 to
Cranium, as he states that the monogram of 1359 is dif­
ferent from that on 1360 and 1361, which is indeed the case.
This distinction was not accepted by Grant (FITA, p. 66),
who judged it untenable. He proposed the interpretation
ΙΘΑΚ(η) which he thought ‘peculiarly suitable to the finds
of these coins across the narrow strait near Cranium’ (but
his position in RIM, pp. 19-20, is more flexible as he
hesitates between Ithaca and Cephallenia).
Indeed, the known provenances point towards the island
of Cephallenia: three specimens now in L were collected by
Woodhouse and Col. de Bosset in Cephallenia and the four
specimens in the collection of A. Postolaka, Κατάλογος άρχ.
νομισμ. των νήσων, p. 94, nos. 925—8, come also from
Cephallenia (three from Cephallenia, one from Cranium).
As the monogram on 1360-1 is very similar to that on some
coins struck at Cranium in the fourth century b c ( BMC
Pelop., p. 80, nos. 42-3, pi. XVII, 1), the position of Grueber
is adopted here. Bahrfeldt’s recantation (NZ, 1918, p. 160)
in favour of Corcyra is based on countermarks and carries
no real weight.
A fourth series (1362) whose style is different from 1359-
61, being more crude and lacking any monogram, is diffi­
cult to attribute and is perhaps from a third mint in Cephal­
lenia (the style of the Apollo’s head[ ?] is similar to the Zeus
head found at Pronni: BMC Pelop., p. 89, nos. 5-6, pi.
X V III,7).
C. Proculeius L. f. was a Roman knight and an intimate
friend of Octavian. After Actium, Octavian sent Proculeius
to Antony and Cleopatra. The period 30 to 28 b c is there­
fore probable for his coinage. A post-Actian concentration
of troops and ships with a view to demobilisation might
have taken place near Actium under the authority of
Proculeius.
It is difficult to explain the types of the skate fish, the
double axe and the column on base. The skate fish is
suggestive of a marine city (Grueber) or could allude to a
subordinate of Proculeius of the Volscian family Raia who
was possibly responsible for the coinage (Grant, FITA, p.
67).
This coinage represents at least three denominations:
1359 21-2 mm, 6.46 g (35)
1360 15—16mm, 2.71 g (13)
1361 i2 -i3 m m , 1.87g (3)
It is difficult to judge if 1362 represents the same denomi­
nation as 1360, but this seems likely. Compared with
denominations at Corinth, these three denominations might
be asses, quadrantes and sextantes (see also p. 246).
Nicopolis
Nicopolis was founded by Augustus to commemorate his
victory at the near-by battle of Actium. Its coinage has been
catalogued by M. Karamesine Oikonomidou, E Nomis-
matokopoia tes Nikopoleos ( = Oikonomidou). The treatment of
the coinage here differs in several ways.
First, as C.M . Kraay pointed out (NC, 1975, pp. 235-
47), many of the ‘autonomous’ and Augustan coins, dated
to the reign of Augustus by Oikonomidou (e.g., AMC 1118—
19), are in fact later, ranging from a few of the reign of
C P ro c u le iu s L f
Cephallenia (?)
1359 AE. 2 1-2 m m , 6.46 g (35). Axis: var. [ 19 ]
JIAN 1908, 222-3, Ia ~C, BMCRR II, 232-3
T erm in al b u st of J u p ite r, r.; behind, (Jit
C P R O C V L E I L F; skate fish
1. L = BMC 65 ( = BMCRR 233 = FITA, pi. 1 , 2 2 = RIM, pi. I l l , l), 4.78;
2. L = BMC 66 ( = b m c r r 232), 7.12; 3—4 . P 1 6 4 1 -2 , 4.98, 7.08; 5. B P -O ,
6.18; 6. I-B , 8.11; 7. B L o b b , 5.78; 8. B F ried län d er, 5.92; 9 . B, 4.38;
10. V 27336a, 7.95; i i . V 27336b, 7.22; 12—13. V 273360-d, 6.43, 8.39;
14. O , 7.72; 15. C , 6.60; 1 6 - 1 7 . G , 5.86, 5.64; 18. C o p , 6.32; 19—2 0 . M i
(= B e llo n i 2 3 5 6 -7 ), 7.42, 5.15; 2 1 . N Y , 6.52; 22. Be, 7.22; 23. M u , 6.60;
24. G o, 6.87; 2 5 —2 7 . R , 6.50, 5.40, 5.00; 2 8 . A , 7.15; 29. B C D , 7.43;
3 0 . P V , 5.94; 3 1 .J S W , 7.60; 3 2 . L e u -N F A , G a r r e tt I I , 394, 5.20; 3 3 . A.
R ie ch m a n n X X /1 9 2 2 , 401, 6.42; 3 4 —3 5 . W in te rth u r 2185-6, 8.10, 4.97.
C o u n te rm ark s: W h e el-sh ap ed o rn a m e n t (star?) on th e obv. o f 2 -3 , 12-13,
17, 20, 26, 28, 31, 35; ( G IC 433) IS (15 asses) on th e rev. o f 1, 4, 11, 15,
l 9> 2 3 > 2 5 -2 6 ( G I C 745).
C r a n iu m (? )
1360 A E . i 5 - i 6 m m , 2 .7 1 g (13). A xis: v a r. [ 6 ]
jiAN 1908, 223, nos. 2 a -c , bmcrr I I , 23 4 -5
H e a d o f J u p i te r , r.; b e h in d <K
C P R O C V L E I L F; d o u b le axe
I. L = BM C 6 7 ( = BMCRR 23 5 = RIM, I9 , f i g . 3), 1 44 ; 2 . L = BMC 65
( = BMCRR 2 3 4 ), 2 .4 0 ; 3 . P 1643, 2 .9 2 ; 4 . B , 3.O I; 5 . V 2 7 3 3 6 e , 3.32;
6. C o p , 2 .5 7 ; 7 . R , 2 .5 0 ; 8 - 9 . A , 3 .0 9 , 2 .8 2 ; 1 0 . G o , 2 .5 5 ; i i . O ly m p ia ,
2 .7 6 ; 1 2 . P V , 2 .3 1 ; 1 3 . H a r v a r d U n i v e r s ity (ex M M lis t 138, S e p t. 1954,
24; M a b b o t t I I , 3 9 0 7 ), 3 .5 5 .
C o u n te r m a r k s : W h e e l- s h a p e d o r n a m e n t (s ta r? ) o n th e re v . o f 2 - 4 , 8 a n d
10 ( G IC 4 3 3 ); ■:$ ( = 3 q u a d r a n t e s ) o n th e re v . o f 2 a n d 9 ( G I C 7 43).
1361 A E . 12 -1 3 m m , 1 .8 7 g (3)· A xis: v a r. [ 1 ]
jiAN 1908, 224, n o. 4
H e a d o f T y c h e , r.; b e h in d ,
C P R O C V L E I L F; co lu m n on b a se
i . L 1 9 2 7 —1 0 —1 6 - 1 5 ( = FiTA , p i. 1,21: r e v .) , 2.3 0 ; 2 . A , 1.77; 3 . R , 1.55.
Pronni (?)
1362 A E. 18m m , 2.87g ( 1) . Axis: ?. [ 1 ]
jiA N 1908, 224, no. 3
L au reate h ead of Apollo (?), 1.
[C P JR O C V L L F; double axe
i . M u, 2.87.
Augustus down to the third century (posthumous coins
were struck for Augustus in the reigns of Trajan, Hadrian,
Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, perhaps Commodus,
perhaps Caracalla, and Valerian). Thus, following Kraay,
only the coins catalogued by Oikonomidou as Autonomous
11-14 and as Augustus 1-42 have been included here.
Second, some coins have been omitted as misattributions.
The coin of Tiberius, classified in V as Nicopolis and
catalogued as such by Oikonomidou (p. 76), is, in fact, a
 A C H A E A : Nicopolis (1363-1371) 273

coin of Magnesia in Ionia (= 2698/5). Additionally, the Without emperor’s head

coins in B and V of Nero and Poppaea (Oikonomidou, p.
77, nos. 6-7) are, as Kraay pointed out, coins of Smyrna 1365 AE. 23 mm, 6.69 g (4)· Axis: var. [ 4 ]
(= 2486). Oikonomidou, Autonoma 11-14, bmc 6
Thirdly, Neronian coins without ethnic and formerly ΙΕΡΑ ΝΙΚΟΠΟΛΙΣ; winged bust of Tyche, r.
regarded as products of Apollonia in Illyria, have been ΚΤΙΣΜΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; tripod
included here as issues of Nicopolis (or, rather, Nerononi- i. L = bm c 6, 6.06; 2—4 . See O ik o n o m id o u .
copolis as it was called after Nero’s refoundation). These
coins have been much discussed in recent years and have
been regarded both as coins of Nicopolis without ethnic and Agrippa
as a federal Achaean issue, made from dies contributed by a 1366 AE. 23mm, 7.94g (2). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
number of cities. The discussion can be found in the articles Oikonomidou 1
by A. Burnett, SM, 1984, 81-5, and by B.E. Levy, SM, ΚΤΙΣΜΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; head of Agrippa, 1.
1965, 37—41, and NC, 1989, 59-68. The view taken here is ΝΙΚΟΠΟΛΙΣ ΙΕΡΑ; acrostolium in wreath
that the die link with a coin having an ethnic and the i . P , 9.48; 2 . B , 6.40.
consistent fabric of the coins (unlike anything else in con­
temporary Greece) justify the attribution to Nicopolis, and 1367 AE. i 7m m , 2.92 g (4). Axis: var. [ 12 ]
that the omission of ethnic is not important (and, in part, Oikonomidou 2-5, bmc 13, Cop 60
remedied by the association of the figure of Nike with the ΚΤΙΣΜΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; head of Agrippa, 1.
legend ΝΕΡΩΝΟΣ). The variety of style and lettering can be ΝΙΚΟΠΟΛΙΣ ΙΕΡΑ; tripod and dolphin
paralleled elsewhere: e.g., the Neronian coinage of Patras i. L = bm c 1 4 , 3.93; 2—1 4 . See O ik o n o m id o u ; 1 5 . P V , 2.70.
(1257-8O.
The designs used for the pre-Neronian coins generally
refer to Augustus’s Actian victory and this is presumably
also the reason for the commemoration of Agrippa. The R e ig n o f N e ro
Neronian coins refer to Nero’s visit to Greece in 66-7 and, if
the attribution of the coins without ethnic is correct, a proc­ 1368 Copper. 25mm, 8.84g (g). Axis: var. [ 6 ]
lamation of the Freedom of Greece at the Actian Games. Oikonomidou 1-3
For further discussion of the designs, see the articles men­ ΝΕΡΩΝΟΝΙΚΟΠΟΛΙΣ Η ΠΡΟΣ AKT; winged bust of
tioned above. Tyche, r.
Under Augustus, coins were struck in three ΝΕΡΩΝΟΣ AYTOKPA ΣΕΒΑ, ΕΠΙΦΑΝΙΑ; galley, r.
denominations: i . P, 10.87; 2 · P 180; 3 —9. See O ik o n o m id o u . N e u tro n a b so rp tio n
an alysis on: i (99% C u ) a n d 2 (99% C u ).
33 m m , 14.44g (2) struck for A ugustus
23 m m , 5.66 g (57) struck for A ugustus, T yche and 1369 AE. 25mm, 10.72g (1). [ i ]
A grippa Oikonomidou 4
17 m m , 2.92 g (4) struck for A grippa
As 1368, but only ΝΕΡΩΝΟΕ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΙΑ on reverse
i . N Y , 10.72. S am e obv. die as 1370.
Under Nero, only a single denomination was struck,
slightly larger and heavier than the middle Augustan 1370 AE. 25 mm. [ o ]
denomination. It was made of copper (see also the introduc­ Oikonomidou 5
tion to Achaea, p. 246): ΝΕΡΩΝΟΝΙΚΟΠΟΛΙΣ Η ΠΡΟΣ AKT; winged bust of
2 5 m m , 9 .7 6 g (31) Tyche, r.
ΝΕΡΩ[ΝΟΣ]; Nike standing, 1., with wreath
i . U n c e r t a i n = Seaby’s Coin and M edal B u lletin , D ec. 1957 = O ik o n o m id o u ,
pi. 12.5. S am e obv. die as 13 6 9 ; sam e rev. die as 1 3 7 1 /6 .

R e ig n o f A u g u s tu s __________________________

Augustus R e ig n o f N e r o , p r o b a b le a ttr ib u tio n to N ic o p o lis

1363 AE. 33mm, 14.44g (a)· Axis: var. [ 2 ] (see in tro d u c tio n )
Oikonomidou 41-2
1371 Copper. 25 mm, 9.70 g (9). Axis: var. [ 6 ]
ΚΤΙΣΜΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; head, r.; all in wreath
ΝΙΚΟΠΟΛΙΣ ΙΕΡΑ; thunderbolt with caduceus bmc Apollonia 84, Levy nc 1989, 62, nos. 14-22.
i . P , 14.87; 2 . V 11890, 14.00; 3 . P V , 9.06 (2 8 m m ). ΝΕΡΩ(ογ W)NI ΑΠΟΛΛΩ(ογ W)NI KTICTH; Nero,
standing r., as Apollo playing lyre
ΝΕΡΩ(ογ \Υ)ΝΟΣ(ογ C); Nike standing, 1., with wreath
1364 Leaded bronze. 23mm, 5.49g (5 1 )· Axis: var. [ 30 ]
1—3. P 9 3 -4 a n d D elep ierre, 9.59, 8.88, 9.42; 4 —5. B (28676, I-B ), 10.16,
Oikonomidou 1-40, bmc 10 8.55; 6. L ^ b m c A p o l l o n i a 84, 9.17; 7. R , 9.60; 8. T ü b in g e n 1328,
10.16; 9 . M i, r 1.80. S am e p airs o f dies: 1, 2 a n d 8; 4 a n d 7; 3, 5 a n d 9
ΚΤΙΣΜΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; head, r.
(sam e obv. die: 6). R ev. die o f 6 = rev. die o f 1 3 7 0 ; rev. d ie o f 3, 5 an d
ΙΕΡΑ ΝΙΚΟΠΟΛΙΣ; Nike standing, 1., holding wreath 9 = rev. die o f 1 3 7 2 . Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: 6; n eu tro n ab so rp tio n
i . L G 0 6 2 7 , 7.14; 2 —6 2 . See O ikonom idou. Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: i. an alysis on: 1-2 (99% C u a n d 99% C u ).
1372 AE. 25mm, 9.22g (i). [ ° ]
N£PW[ ]AAWNI[ ; draped bust (of Nero? of Apollo?),
r., with lyre before
NEPWN0 2 ; Nike standing, 1., with wreath
i . L 1987—5—16—6, 9.22. S am e rev. die as 1371/3,
1373 Copper)?). 25mm, 11.23g (6)· Axis: var. [ 4 ]
Levy Nc 1989, 62, nos. 7-12
ΝΕΡΩΝΙ ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙ KTICTH; laureate head of Nero, r.
ΝΕΡΩΝΟΟ(ογ Σ) (NIKH); Nike standing, 1., with wreath
and palm
i . N Y , 13.17; 2 . O , 12.07; 3 * P 92, 9 4 6 ; 4 _ 5 · M i, 11.80, 10.58; 6 . B
(Fox), 10.29; 7 · N S i 1400 (A pollonishieron) = r i n 1897, tav. V .2. S am e
p airs o f dies: 1-4, 7; 5 -6 . 5 -6 sh are th e sam e obv. die as 1 3 7 4 a n d 1 3 7 5 -
N eu tro n a b so rp tio n analysis on: 3 (95% C u, 4 % Sn).
1374 AE. 25mm, 9.32g (1).
Levy n c 1989, 62, no. 5
As 1373, but ΝΕΡΩΝΟΣ NIKH and Nike running, 1.
I. N Y , 9.32. S am e obv. die as 1373/5-6 and 1375.
The first imperial coinage was minted by Antoninus Pius
(see, e.g., BMC). There are otherwise only two candidates
for earlier, Julio-Claudian, coins; both of these are,
however, false:
(a) Μ ΑΝΤΩΝΙΟΣ OKTABIA; ju g ate heads
ΚΟΡΚΥΡΑΙΩΝ ΦΙΛΩΤΑΣ; prow of a ship
Eckhel I I .182, followed by Mionnet, S3, 443, 142. This was
correctly rejected by Bompois (RN, 1868, 92-6): it is clearly
an altered coin (as BMC 557).
(b) Μ ΕΣΣΑΛΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; laureate bust, r.
ZCVC KACIOC; Zeus in shrine
P 208 (= Mionnet S3, 443, 144)· The obverse has been
altered from a normal coin, with a laureate head of Apollo
{BMC 570), by the addition of the legend referring to
Messalina.
The dating of the ‘autonomous’ imperial coinage from
Corcyra is very difficult in the absence of any early imperial
issues for comparison. Much of it does, however, seem to be
later than the period covered by this catalogue. For
instance, the reverse of BMC 568-9 is very like that on coins
of Lucilla {BMC 651); the portrait of Apollo on BMC 570-7
looks very Hadrianic (and the reverse can be compared
In 44 Be a colony was founded by L. Plotius Plancus, praefec­
tus coloniae deducendae. The deductio occurred after Caesar’s
murder, but had been planned by him. The confiscation of
lands belonging to the city of Buthrotum had been dictated
by economic considerations, as well as by Caesar’s wish to
punish its inhabitants for their refusal to pay a tax (whose
nature is unknown). This decision also ruined Atticus, who
had important interests and estates in Epirus and who was,
1375 AE. 25mm, 10.07g (1)· [ r ]
Levy n c 1989, 62, no. 6
As 1373, but ΝΕΡΩΝΟΣ (retrograde) and Nike
advancing, r.
5 a n d 9. i . V 1 1 3 1 1 , 10.07. S am e obv. die as 1 3 7 3 / 5 - 6 a n d 1 3 7 4 .
1376 Leaded bronze. 25mm, 11.48g (1). [ 1 ]
BMC Apollonia 85, Levy n c 1989, 63, no. 1
ΝΕΡΩΝΙ ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙ ΚΤΙΣΤΗ; Nero standing, r., as
Apollo playing lyre
NEPWNI ΔΗΜΟ CI W nATPWNI EAAAAOC; Eleutheria
standing, holding pileus and patera (?)
i. L = bm c A p o l l o n i a 8 5 , 11.48. Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: 1.
1377 AE. 25mm, 9.64g (3). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
Levy n c 1989, 62, n o s . 2-4
[ 1 ]
ΝΕΡΩΝΙ ΠΑΤΡΩ: Nero in aedicula
ΝΕΡΩΝΙ ΠΑΤΡΩΝΙ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ; Eleutheria standing,
holding pileus and patera (?)
i . B ( L ö b b ) , 11.14; 2 . V 13483, 9.88; 3 . M u 3 , 7.90.
ra
with BMC 633, of Antoninus Pius); and the coins with
Agreus {BMC 587IT., 591fr.) are like coins of Marcus
Aurelius {BMC 640, 641). It is difficult to fix many of the
other types, and their fabric and size is not very like that of
the imperial coins from the time of Pius onwards. But
whether or not they belong to the Julio-Claudian period
does not seem clear, at least at the moment. It is perhaps
unlikely, in view of their consistent use of the letter forms W,
C, £ and V; although these letters can occur during this
period (see, e.g., the Neronian coinage of Phoenice or that
attributed in this catalogue to Nicopolis), they are not
usual. Thus, there may well not have been any coinage from
Corcyra during this period, although the possibility that
there was can by no means be definitely excluded.
Two countermarks (ΔΙΟ and KACIO; GIC 544 and 613)
were applied on various worn coins. One of the counter-
marked coins (L = BMC 632) was identified (by BMC) as a
coin of Nero and Poppaea (mint unspecified), an attribu­
tion followed by Howgego in GIC. The coin is not obviously
as described, but unfortunately it has not yet proved poss­
ible to identify it properly; hence the date for the appli­
cation of the countermark should remain uncertain for the
time being.
Buthrotum
in fact, the protector and the banker of the city. Therefore
Atticus asked Cicero to intercede in favour of the
inhabitants of Buthrotum. Cicero’s correspondence con­
cerning this affair has been studied by E. Deniaux, ‘Un
exemple d’intervention politique: Cicéron et le dossier de
Buthrote en 44 avant J.-C .’, Bull, de VAssociation G. Budé,
1975, 2, pp. 283-96, and ‘Atticus et l’Epire’, L’Illyrie méridio­
nale et l’Epire dans l’Antiquité (Clermont-Ferrand, 1987), pp-

245-54. But Cicero’s intercessio was vain and the colony was
founded by Plancus, C. Ateius Capito and C. Cupiennius,
Plancus’s subordinates or perhaps merely people with
financial interests.
The colony was standard, with duoviri who signed a
regular stream of coinage from c. 44 b c to the end of the
reign of Augustus; after a pause under Tiberius and Cali­
gula, the mint was reopened under Claudius and Nero, but
the signature of the duoviri disappeared.
A brief history of the city can be found in Albanien, Antike
Welt, 1983, Sondernummer, pp. 45-9. The guide Buthroti
(Tirana, 1987) provides an interesting survey of the site.
The results of the Italian excavations in the years
1928/1931 were published by L. Breglia, ‘Monete di Babba
a Butrinto’, Numismatica V II,1, Jan.—Feb. 1941, pp. 75-80,
and L. M. Ugolini, Albania Antica. III. L ’Acropole di Butrinto,
1942.
C. 44 BC-AugUStUS
The coinage from c. 44 b c to the end of the reign of Augustus
has been studied by Imhoof-Blumer, MG, pp. 138-40, and
M. Grant, FIT A, pp. 269-72.
Sequence
The colleges of magistrates fall approximately into the fol­
lowing order:
1. P. Dastidius, L. Cornelius D D Ilvir q.a.
2. [ ], Sura Ilvir iter C.I.BVT.
3. Q. Naevi. Sura, A. Hirtul. Niger ex D D C.A.BVT.
4. T. Pompon., C. Iulius Ilvir quinq. BVTHR
5. T. Pomponius, A. Cocceius Ilvir iter ex BVTHR
DD
6. M. Pullienus, L. Ateius Fuscus quinq BVTHR
7. Graecinus, Milesius BVTHR
8. P. Pomponius Gr., M. Pullienus quin BVTHR
9. Graecinus, Silvius quinq iter BVTHR
10. Graecinus quinq tert BVTHR
This order differs from that of Grant, FITA, p. 269; in
addition, a new pair of magistrates has appeared since
1946. But it also differs from Amandry, Le Monnayage des
Duovirs Corinthiens, p. 103. All this coinage is difficult to
interpret, as most of the issues are known from only a few
specimens, whose preservation is often poor.
The Sura of 2 is earlier than the duovir of 3, since their
coins have different ethnics, C.I.BVT. and C.A.BVT.
respectively. As Augustus’s portrait figures on 3, he prob­
ably refounded Buthrotum, whose ethnic, instead of Col­
onia Iulia Buthrotum, became Colonia Augusta
Buthrotum. As the Sura of 2 was duovir for the second time
and Q. Naevius Sura on 3 duovir for the first time, they are
different magistrates. The other colleges are probably later
than 3 as they have all the plain and simple ethnic BVTHR,
with the exception of 1 which has no ethnic, but is
attributed to Buthrotum, due to typological similarities
with 6. On 1, the magistrates Dastidius and Cornelius are
called duoviri Q.A. An expansion of this abbreviation to
Q(uaestor) A(erarii) seems the most plausible. This raises
the difficult problem of the importance of the quaestura aerarii
A C H A E A : Buthrotum 275
in a cursus honorum, which cannot be discussed here (cf.
Grant, p. 270 and n. 13). It is assumed here that the magis­
trates of i had charge of organising the new colony, hence
their unusual title. In any case, this issue does not have
C(olonia) A(ugusta) as stated by Grant, which he probably
read on some worn specimen instead of Q.A.
T. Pomponius was in charge on 4 and 5. As he is duovir
quinq. on 4 and duovir iter on 5, 4 must precede 5. 4 was
attributed to Babba by Grant, FITA, pp. 222-3 (but reat­
tributed to Buthrotum in the edition of 1969). On 5 the
praenomen of Cocceius is A(ulus), as stated by Grant
{FITA, p. 270) and not C(aius); but his emendation of
Grueber’s interpretation of 5 from IIV IR IEP to IIV IRI
TER, if more adequate, is not entirely convincing, and
the reading IIV IR ITER more likely. The order of the
colleges 7-10 is quite firm as the same magistrate Graecinus
figures on each of them, if we may equate Graecinus on 7, 9
and 10 with the P. Pomponius Gr(aecinus) on 8. On 7
Graecinus holds his first office of duovir; Milesius is
obviously his colleague, not a second praenomen of P.
Pomponius, as stated by Grant {FITA, p. 271). 7 must
precede 8 where Graecinus is duovir quinq., then quinq.
iter on 9 and quinq. ter on 10. The colleague of Graecinus
on 8, M. Pullienus, signed another emission with L. Ateius
Fuscus. This college has been placed in 6 in order not to
break the sequence of offices of Graecinus. Under Augustus
the coinage is generally reserved for duoviri quinquennales,
as no less than five colleges are quinq.: 4, 6, 8, 9 and 10.
Assuming that 3 commemorated the Augustan restitutio of
the city, at the beginning of the principate, the coinage of
the city was regular, but not very abundant, until the end of
his reign.
Types
A number of types refer to the most popular deities of
Epirus: Zeus and Aesculapius. Types of 1378, 1384-5, 1386,
1392 and 1393 refer to Zeus, types of 1379, 1384 and 1389 to
Aesculapius. On 1380 the figure which appears on the
reverse of the series is difficult to interpret: Imhoof-Blumer
described it as a ‘guerrier, tenant de la main droite une épée
et de la gauche un aigle (?)’; because of the presence of the
letter B in the field, Grant {FITA, p. 271) suggested that it
was the Genius of the colony, raising a cup for a toast (!).
The acqueduct (or bridge) on 1381 and 1388 might depict
an actual structure at Buthrotum. On 1383 the unusual
type of a distyle temple façade recalls a series of denarii
{RRC 496/1) which might have been minted there. There
remain the personifications of Salus (1387) and Concordia
( 1389) which are noteworthy. Grant links these types with a
passage of Dio (LIV.35.2), who reports that in 11 b c
Augustus used a sum of money, subscribed for an effigy of
himself, to erect instead statues of Salus Publica, Concordia
and Pax.
Metrology
Three denominations seem to have been struck, if we refer
to the colleges 6 and 10. Starting from these two issues, the
rest of the production may be arranged as follows:
 21-5 mm i g - 2 i mm
I 7 -: 5 g ( 15 )
2 2.96g (1)
3 5 ·11 g (2)
4 8.10g (5)
5 3 . 7 4 g (4 )
6
6 -2 9 g (1) 542 g (3)
5 -5 ° g (3 )
7 3 -9 5 g (0
8 9-53 g (3 ) 543g (0
9 4 .0 7 g (O
10 6.65 g (2) 4.09g (2)
These denominations might have passed for an as, a semis
and a quadrans (?). It must be noted that, as usual, the
largest denomination refers to the princeps, the only excep­
tions being 3 and 9. On 3 the head of Augustus is used:
because of its size it is classified as the smallest denomi­
nation, but its weight relates it to the middle denomination.
The obverse type of 9 is related to 10; its weight would fit
the middle denomination better.
C la u d iu s-N ero
No coinage is known for Tiberius and Caligula. Wiczay,
Musei Hedervarii, tab. X IIII, 303, published a curious coin
which might be Tiberian, but needs confirmation.
The coinage of Claudius and Nero used to be attributed
to Babba in Mauretania. As these coins have the ethnic
CCIB, Muller (III, pp. 170-6, nos. 255-83) assigned them
to the colony there, stating that CCIB stood for C(olonia)
C(ampestris) I(ulia) B(abba). And his opinion was rein­
forced by the fact that many coins of Nero have a counter-
mark BAV which he read BAN(asa), another colony
founded by Augustus in western Mauretania.
However, no such coin has ever been found in
Mauretania, whereas examples are found at Buthrotum. L.
Breglia, who published the coins found during the Italian
excavations, maintained the attribution to Babba and was
obliged to look for a hypothetical transfer of the Legio X
Gemina in a d 63 from the Iberian peninsula to Pannonia to
explain the presence of these ‘Mauretanian’ coins in Epirus.
1400-1401 21-3 m m , g .o g g (8)
1402-1410
1411-1412
1413-1414
1415-1417
T r iu m v ir a l p e r io d
P Dastidius L Cornelius Ilviri q a
1378 AE. 2 1 -2 mm, 7.15g (15)· Axis: 12.
mg 139, no. 30
P D A STIDIV S L CORNELIVS; laureate head of Zeus,
r.
Bull to r.; in field, D D; in exergue, IT V IR Q A ·
i . M u 6 0 5 7 4 , 8.20; 2 . M u 13 11 7, 7.59; 3 . L 1 8 6 7 -1 -1 -4 9 0 , 8.30; 4 . V
56, 7.04; 5 . B I -B , 8.14; 6 . B 9320, 7.22; 7 . A, 7.56; 8—9 . C o p 4 1 -2 , 7.80,
7.20; 1 0 . N; i i . C o rin th , 7.24; 1 2 . C , =1.34;
coll., 4.60; 1 5 . J S W , 5 .5 1 ; 1 6 . T ra d e , 8.1 r.
15-18 mm The attribution was rightly questioned by Mazard, ‘Les
monnaies coloniales supposées de Babba et de Banasa’,
Revue Africaine XCIX, 1955, pp. 53-70, and H.-G. Pflaum
demonstrated that the ethnic CCIB meant C(olonia)
C(ampestris) I(ulia) B(uthrotum) according to CIL III,
15006. In his Corpus, Mazard gave a catalogue of the alleged
3-97 g (2)
coins of Babba (pp. 197-202).
There is no doubt that this coinage belongs to Buth­
rotum. Babba has its own Augustan coinage (867-9). And
all the civic coinages ceased to be struck in Africa after
3-53 g (2)
Tiberius.
The Claudian coinage falls into two groups:
23 m m , g.27 g (5)
Ι7-22Π1Π1, 5 .2 5 g (13)
They represent two denominations, probably an as and a
semis. The types introduced then are difficult to explain:
1396 and 1397 might represent the Genius of the city, but
the types of the palm tree on 1398 and of the swimming ox
on 1399 have no parallel in Epirus.
The Neronian coinage falls into three groups as shown in
the table below.
These groups represent three denominations, probably an
as, a semis and a quadrans. For each denomination, except
the lowest, two series were struck, one with a laureate head,
one with a radiate head. There is no clear difference of
behaviour between these series in each group.
Most of the types recall the Augustan series with the
bridge (1400, 1402, 1404, 1405, 1407, 1409), the bull but­
ting (1401, 1403, 1406, 1408, 1410) and Asclepius (1411,
1413). The palm tree (1412, 1414) is imitated from the
Claudian coinage. New types were also introduced: two
fishes (1416, 1417) and a Roman type on 1415, a Victory.
Most of the coins are countermarked with B.AV. The
countermark occurs on the three denominations, but its
signification is obscure: B(uthrotum) AV(gusta) as sug­
gested in GIC?
The coin of Galba described by Mu, no. 283, and Mazard
XXVI has not been found. But as they do not describe the
type of Nero with the Victory, but associate it with Galba,
their description is probably wrong.
1.
18 m m , 4 - 7 5 g ( 9 ) l-
18 -2 0 m m , 4.88 g (5) r.
15-17 m m , 3.37 g (5) 1.
[ ] and Sura Ilviri iter
1379 AE. 17mm, 2.96g (1). Axis: i. [ i ]
[ 9 ]
mg 138-9, no. 38
C I BVT; veiled h ea cfr.
[ JSVRA IIV IR ITER; club and staff of
Aesculapius
i . B L ö b b , 2 .9 6 .
13. P V , 7.30; 14. F ran k e
 A C H A E A : Buthrotum (1380-1394) 2 jj

G r a e c in u s a n d M ile s iu s
A u g u s tu s ___________________________
1387 AE. 20m m , 3.95g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
Q N a e v i S u ra A H ir tu l N ig e r I lv ir i mg 140, no. 36
1380 A E. i8 m m , 5.11g (2). Axis: var. [ 1 ] C O N C O R D IA B V T H R ; veiled h ead of C oncordia, r.
G R A E C IN V [S] M IL E S IV S ; staff of A sclepius
mg 138, no. 27
i . B 2 8 6 3 3 /4 3 , 3.95.
C A B V T E X D D; bare h ead o f A ugustus, r.
Q N A E V IS V R A A H IR T V L N IG E R ·; G enius o f the
colony (?), r.; in field, II V IR an d B P P o m p G r a e c in M P u llie n I l v ir i q
I. P , 4.67; a. A, 5.55; 3. T ( = L avy 4745).
1388 AE. 2 2 -4 m m , 9 .5 3 g (3). Axis: 6 o r 12. [ 3 ]
mg 139, no. 34
T P o m p o n C I u li I lv ir i q A V G V ST V S B V T H R ; bare head of A ugustus, r.
P P O M P GR· M PV L L IE N · II V IR Q·; bridge
1381 A E. 2 i- 3 m m , 8.10g (5). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
i . V U n i v e r s i t y (ex Scholz coll. = n z 1902, 26, no. 23), 10.45; 2. M i,
mg 139, no. 34 c o rr. 9-541 3 · V 11858, 4.60; 4 . B L o b b , 8.61.

B V T H R A V G V ST V S; b are head of A ugustus, r. 1389 AE. 20 m m , 5.43g (1). Axis: 4. [ 1 ]

T P O M P O N C IV L I I I V IR Q·; bridge
mg 139, no. 35
i . B D o d o n a F u n d e 1 1 7 3 /1 9 1 2 , 9.78; 2. P 960 (A frica), 8.10; 3. C 5 9 2 -
1948, 8.22; 4 . F ran k e coll. 6.24; 5 . B u th ro tu m ( = L . B reglia, n u m is m a t ic a SA LV T IS; head of Salus, r.
V I I , i , J a n .- F e b . 1941, 75, fig. 1), 8.15. G R A E C IN · [P ] V L L IE N II V I R Q ·; snake
I. V 1 1 8 5 6 , 5.43.

T P o m p o n iu s A C o c c e iu s I l v i r i i t e r

1382 AE. 17m m , 3.74g (4). Axis: 9 or 3. [ 4 ] S ilv iu s a n d G r a e c in u s I l v i r i q ite r

mg 139, no. 29 1390 AE. 18m m , 4 .0 7 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]

B V T H R ; crossed cornucopias A V G V S T in a laurel w reath; ben eath, BV T H R
T P O M P O N IV S A C O C C E IV S around; II V IR IT E R S IL V IV S G R A E C 1IN V S H IV IR Q T T E R ; curule chair;
EX -D D in two lines in the field in field, D D
I. L = BMCI, 3.95; 2. L = BMC 2, 3 .6 1; 3. V 11857, 4.38; 4 . B I-B , 3.02. I . p 1 9 7 9 /8 8 4 , 4.07.

M P u llie n u s L A t e i u s F u s c u s q u in G r a e c in u s q u in q te r t

1383 AE. 24m m , 6.29g ( 4 · Axis: 12. [ 1 ] 1391 AE. 23-5 m m , 6.65 g (2)· Axis: 12 or 5. [ 2 ]
AMC 1117 mg 140, no. 37 corr.
A V G V ST in a laurel w reath; b eneath, B V T ÏÏR C A ESA R A V G V S T V S in w reath
M P V L L IE N V S L A T E IV S FV SC V S [ ]; disc w ithin a G R A E C IN V S Q V IN T E R T B V T H R ; lituus
distyle tem ple i . L = bmc 3, 6.30; 2. B L ö b b , 6.99.
I. 0= AMC I I I 7 ( = NC 1 9 1 7 , 3 1 3 - 1 4 , fig . l ) , 6 .2 9 . C o u n te rm ark s: C P ? o n th e obv. o f 2 ( G IC 587); JA (possibly AL· in
m irro r im age) o n th e rev. o f 2 ( G IC 708).
1384 AE. 19-21 m m , 5.42g (3). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
1392 AE. 4 .0 9 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
mg 139, no. 31 c o rr.
mg 140, no. 38
M P V L L IE N V S L A T E IV S FV SC V S (Q V IN ); veiled
G R A E C IN V S Q V IN T E R T ; dolphin to r.
head, r.
B V T H R ; trid en t
B V T H R ; bull to r.; in exergue, Q V IN
i . P 1 2 5 , 4.29; 2 . P 124, 3.88.
i . P , 5.52; 2. B I-B , 5.21; 3. A P ostolaka (Q V IN on th e obv.; B V T H on
C o u n te rm ark : C P ? o n th e rev. o f i ( G I C 587).
th e rev .), 5.52.
1393 AE. 15m m , 3.53g (2 ). Axis: i. [ i ]
1385 AE. ig - 2 im m , 5.50g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
mg 140, no. 39
mg 139, no. 32
G R A E C IN V S Q V IN Q T E R T ; b u ll’s head, facing
M P V L L IE N [V S L A T E IV S ] FV SCV S; lau reate h ead of
B V T H R ; tripod
Zeus, r.
i . V 1 1 8 5 5 , 4 · *15; 2· F ran k e coll., 2.91.
B V T H R ; bull to r.; in exergue, Q V IN
I . o , 5.75; a . L 1 9 7 2 -1 -8 -1 , 5.32; 3 . B Fox, 5.44.

1386 A E. 15-16 mm , 3.97 g (2). Axis: var. [ 1 ] A u g u s ta n p e r io d (?)

mg 139, no. 33
1394 AE. 17 -1 8 m m , 3.64g (2). Axis: var. [ i ]
P V L L IE N V S E T FV SCV S; dolphin an d trid en t
Q V IN B V T H R ; head o f bull, r.; all in w reath MG 140, no. 40
i . N S 1 0 3 2 2 , 3.85; 2. B D ressel, 4.09. Bull to r.
BVTHR
i . B I-B , 3.38; 2 . P V , 3.90.
C la u d iu s _______________ ___ ________ 1403 AE. 2 3 m m , 6.54g (t)· Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
As 140a
1395 A E. 23 m m , 10.88 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 1 D E X C O N S E N [C C I B]; bull b utting, r.
i. V 26590, 6.54. i from th e sam e obv. die as 1 4 0 2 /1 -2 .
M az II corr.
T I C L A V D C A ESA R A V G G ER ; lau reate head, r. 1404 A E. 2 2m m , 7.29g (3). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ]
C C I B D D PV B L in oak w reath N E R O C L A V D IV S C A E SA R A V G G ER ; rad iate head,
I. P 9 6 1 , 9.44; 2 - 3 . V 26584-5, 11.51, 11.68. r.
D E X C O N C C I B; bridge
1396 A E. 23m m , 7.06g (1). Axis: 12. [ *1 ]
i . V 2 6 5 8 7 , 8.74; 2 . B a.B ., 4.19; 3 . B L ö b b , 8.67. 1-3 from th e sam e
M az I I I corr. obv. die. ___
C o u n te rm ark : B .A V on th e obv. o f i ( G IC 579).
As 1 3 9 5
C C I B [ ]; m ale figure seated on rock, 1., holding
1405 A E. 2 0 -4 m m , 9 .0 3 g (7). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 3 ]
cornucopia an d anchor (?); on r., cippus (?)
i . B 2 8 6 3 6 , 7.06. M az X I corr.
N E R O C L A V D IV S C A E SA R A V G G E R M ; radiate
1397 AE. 23m m , 6 .6 8 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 0 ] head, r.
M az IV C C I B E X C O N S E N S V D; bridge
As 1 3 9 5 - 6 i . P r i v a t e c o ll , (ex K ric h e ld o rf 4 /1957, 464), 11.36; 2 . L G 624, 6.91;
3. V 26589, 8.37; 4 . M u , 7.81; 5 —7 . Ita lia n ex cavations, 13.00, 8.75, 7.00.
PV B L C C I B; stan d in g figure holding cornucopia and
1—4 from th e sam e obv. die, a n d as 1 4 0 6 / 1 - 2 .
p atera, L; in field, D D C o u n te rm ark : B .A V on th e obv. o f 2, 5 -7 ( G IC 579).
i . M i 9 1 7 , 6 . 68 .
1406 AE. 19-240101, 7.33g (2). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
1398 A E. 18-21 m m , 5.5 3 g (7). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
As 1405
M az V I E X C O N S E N S V D; b u ttin g bull, r.; in exergue, C C I B
T I C L A G E R CAES; lau reate head, r. i . A Π 6 7 7 , 9·2θ; 2 . Ο , 5.46. i a n d 2 from th e sam e obv. die as 1 4 0 5 / 1 —4.
C C I B D D; p alm tree C o u n te rm ark : B .A V on th e obv. o f 1 a n d 2 ( G I C 579).
i . V 2 6 5 8 6 , 5.71; 2 . L 1866-1 2 -1 -4 3 0 4 , 5.80; 3 . L G 1193, 4.64; 4 . P
962, 6.45; 5 . B L ö b b , 4.87; 6 . C o p , 6.21; 7 . N Y , 5.06. 1407 A E. 22~4m m , 7.36g (3). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
M az X I I corr.
1399 AE. 17-22 m m , 4.92 g (6). Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
N E R O C L A V D IV S C A ESA R A V G G E R M A ; rad iate
M az V II
head, r.
As 1 3 9 8 D E X C O N S E N C C I B; bridge
C C I B; sw im m ing ox, r.; in field, D D I. B 2 8 6 9 5 , 8 .34; 2 . P 966, 6.44; 3 . B o n h am s/V e cch i 8/1982, 236, 7.29.
i . L 1 8 6 6 - 1 2 —1 - 4 0 6 8 , 5.23; 2 . L G 623, 4.65; 3 . P 963, 6.04; 4 . B I-B , 1-3 fro m th e sam e obv. die.
4.72; 5 . B L ö b b , 3.14; 6 . M i 918, 5.73. C o u n te rm ark : B .A V o n th e obv. o f 2 ( G IC 579).

1408 AE. 2 3 -4 m m , 7.51g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1* ]

M az X V I
N ero As 1407
E X C O N S E N S V D; b u ttin g bull, r.; in exergue, C C I B
1400 AE. 21-3 m m , 9.20 g (5). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 4 ] i· P 9 6 7 > 7 -5 1·
M az V I I I - I X
1409 A E. 22-4 m m , 10.13 g (2)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 1 ]
N E R O C L A V D IV S C A ESA R A VG ; lau reate head, r.
N E R O C L A V D IV S C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC ;
D E X C O N S E C C I B; bridge
rad iate head, r., w ith aegis
i · P 9 6 5 . 9.34; 2. P 964, 9.94; 3. V 26588, 9.18; 4 . B L ö b b , 7.45;
5 . P riv ate coll., 10.07. I - 5 from th e sam e obv. die, a n d as 1 4 0 1 /1 -3 .
C C I B E X C O N S E N S V D; bridge
C o u n te rm ark s: B .A V on the obv. o f 2-5 ( G I C 579). I . M i ( = B r e r a 1 1 6 8 ) , 10.72; 2 . L 1 9 2 0 -3 -2 -1 9 , 9.53. 1 a n d 2 fro m th e
sam e obv. die; o n i , th e rev. leg en d C C IB h as b een reto u ch ed to C O L B.
1401 AE. 2 i m m , 8.91 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ]
1410 AE. 23 m m , 7.69 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ]
M az X V I - X V I I corr.
As 1409
As 1 4 0 0
E X C O N S E N S V D; b u ttin g bull, r.; in exergue, C C I B
•D· E X C O N S E (N) C C I B; b u ttin g bull, r.
i. B 10626, 8.16; 2. P 968, 7.22.
i . P 9 6 9 , 10.86; 2. L G 625, 5.58; 3. Be 4358, 10.30. 1-3 from th e sam e
obv. d ie as 1 4 0 0 / 1 - 5 .
C o u n te rm ark s: B .A V on th e obv. o f 1 a n d 2 ( G I C 579). 1411 AE. 18m m , 5 .1 2 g (5). Axis: 6. [ 3 ]
M az X X I corr.
1402 AE. 23m m , 8.69g (2). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
N E R O C L A V D IV S CAESA R; lau reate head, r.
M az X E X C O N -D -C C I B; b u st o f A esculapius, r.; in front,
As 1 4 0 0 — I , b u t ra d ia te h e a d , r. staff
[D] [E ]X C O N S [] C C I B; bridge i . V 2 6 5 9 1 , 5.38; 2 . V 26592, 5.95; 3 . P 971, 3.42; 4 . M i ( = B re ra 1167),
i . E v e l p i d i s 1 7 8 8 (ex M a b b o tt 767), 10.45; 2.
6 *9 2· 1 a n d 2 from 5.48; 5 , S tern b e rg X I/1 9 8 1 , 236, 5.35; 6—7 . Ita lia n excav atio n s, 3.95,
th e sam e p a ir o f dies, a n d from th e sam e obv. die as 1 4 0 3 / 1. 3.10. 1-5 from th e sam e obv. die.
C o u n te rm a rk : B .A V on th e obv. o f 2 ( G I C 579). C o u n te rm ark : B .A V on th e obv. o f 1, 2 a n d 4 ( G I C 579).
 A C H A E A : Buthrotum, Phoenice, Peparethus ( 1412-1420) syg

1412 A E. i8 m m , 5.08 g (2). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 2 ] i . O , 5.43; 2. V 26593, 3*86; 3. I ta lia n ex cav atio n s, 4.70. 1 a n d 2 from,
the sam e obv. die as 1 4 1 3 /1 -2 .
M az X X I I I corr. C o u n te rm ark : B .A V o n th e obv. o f 3 ( G IC 579).
As 1411
1415 AE. 1 5 -1 7 m m , 2.78g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
E X C O N C C I B; palm tree
i . B 8 7 7 6 , 4.44; 2. N Y , 5.72. N E R O C A ESA R A V G [ ]; ra d ia te head, r.
C o u n te rm ark : B .A V on the obv. o f 2 ( G IC 579). EX CON[ ]C C I B; V ictory w alking, r.
i . P 9 7 3 , 2.78. S am e obv. die as 141 6 .
1413 A E. i8 -2 o m m , 5.19g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ] C o u n te rm ark : B .A V o n th e obv. o f 1 ( G IC 579).

M az X I X - X X 1416 AE. 15 -1 7 m m , 3.73g (1). Axis: 6. [ 1 ]

N E R O C LA V D C A ESA R A V G G E; ra d ia te head, 1. As 1415
E X C O N S (E N S V D) C C I B; bust of Aesculapius, r.; in C C I B; tw o fishes
front, staff i . P 9 7 3 , 3.73. i fro m th e sam e obv. d ie as 1 4 1 5 /1 .
i . P 9 7 0 , 4.96; 2. C op, 5.42. i a n d 2 from th e sam e obv. die, a n d as
1 4 1 4 /1 -2 . 1417 AE. 16m m , 3 .4 8 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 1 ]
M az X X V corr.
1414 A E. 18-20 mm , 4.67 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ]
N E R O C L A V D IV S [ ; rad iate head, r.
M az X X IV corr. E X C O N D C C I B; two fishes
As 1413 ι· V 2 6 5 9 4 , 3.25; 2. T ra d e , 3.70. 1 a n d 2 fro m the sam e obv. die.
E X C O N S E N S V D C C I B; p alm tree C o u n te rm ark : B .A V on th e obv. o f 1 a n d 2 ( G I C 579).

Phoenice
The Hellenistic history and small coinage (of the second
century b c ) of Phoenice (modern Finik in Albania) has been
fully discussed by P. R. Franke, Die Antiken Münzen in Epirus,
pp. in -1 5 , and a summary of the coinage circulating in
Epirus in general and Phoenice in particular (in the latter
case based on the finds made in the Italian excavations of
the 1920s) can be found in N. G. .L. Hammond, Epirus, pp.
723- 4 ·
Apart from Nicopolis and the colony at Buthrotum, it
was the only community in the area to produce any coins
during the Julio-Claudian period. This consists of a single
issue of two denominations, made in the reign of Nero; the
use of the radiate portrait suggests that it was minted in
connection with Nero’s visit to Greece in 66—7. The issue
was very small, to judge from the tiny number of surviving
specimens. The identities of the figure and head on the
reverses of the coins are not clear. If the object held by the
The coin classified in V as a coin of Claudius from
Phoenice is, in fact, a coin of Augustus from Cos (head of
Heracles, ΠΥΘΟΝΙΚΟΣ = 2737).
N e ro
1418 AE. 2 4m m , 8.66g (3). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 4 ]
BMC 5
NEPWN ΚΛ KAI C8(BA) ΓΕΡΜΑ; rad iate head, r.
ΦΟΙΝΕΙΚΑ Α ΠΟ ΗΠ; naked figure, stan d in g facing,
holding fulm en (?) an d sceptre
I. L = BMC 5 , 8.46; 2—3. B (R au ch , O ly m p ia fin d ); 4 . V 12006 ( ]WN ΚΛ
KAI C£BA Γ£ΡΜ Α[ ), 9.28; 5· R om e, from th e 1926-7 Ita lia n
ex cav atio n s a t F in ik (S. L. C esano, ‘M o n eta zio n e e circo lazio n e sul suolo
del a n tic a A lb a n ia ’, A I I N 7, 1932, 62, no. 78, w ith tav . 5.5 = L. M .
U g o lin i, L ’Acropoli di Fenice [1932], 159, no. 95).

figure on the larger piece is indeed a fulmen, it will identify

the figure as the Zeus who had appeared on the Hellenistic 1419 AE. 18m m . Axis: 6 (i). [ 2 ]
coinage; the head on the smaller piece might be supposed to NEPWN K A K A C E ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙ; rad iate head, r.
be Artemis (who figures on the smaller Hellenistic coins), ΦΟΙΝΕΙΚΑ ΑΠΟ ΗΠεί; fem ale (?) head, r.
but it does not look particularly like her (nor even is its sex i . V 12 0 0 5 ; 2. V 12004.

particularly clear).

Peparethus
The island of Peparethus had produced coinage in the A u g u s tu s i.
fourth and second centuries b c ; there was then a single issue
in the early Empire for Augustus, listed by E. Rogers, The 1420 L eaded bronze. 19m m , 6 .7 0 g (5). Axis: 12. [ 13 ]
Copper Coinage of Thessaly, nos. 568—9. Rogers 568/9
The use of Dionysus refers, as had the types of the pre­ ΣΕΒΑΣ; bare head, r.
imperial coinage, to the reputation of the wine of ΠΕΠΑ; bearded head o f Dionysus, r.
Peparethus. i . P 4 1 1 , 8.03; 2. L 1 9 4 8 -6 -7 -6 , 4.82; 3—4 . G 4 -5 (pi. X X X .20); 5—9 . B
R au c h , I-B , Fox, L ö b b , I-B ; i o —n . C L eak e 6439, g en e ra l, 7.72, 5.79;
12. M u 8, 7.16; 13. N Y ; 14. T ü b in g e n 1274, 6.85. Q u a lita tiv e an alysis
on: 2.
C o u n te rm ark : T h y rs u s (?) ( G IC 488: 4, 6 -7 , 13-14).
s8o A C H A E A : Magnetes, Thessalian League (1421-1424)

Magnetes
The coinage struck in the name of the Magnetes was C la u d iu s (?) or A u g u s tu s (?) ______________
presumably minted at the capital, Demetrias. Coinage had
begun in the Hellenistic period, and continued on a sparse 1421 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3.34g (3). [ 5 ]
scale throughout the imperial period.
Rogers 359 a n d 362
Its coinage has been listed by E. Rogers, The Copper
CEBACTOC; b are head, r.
Coinage of Thessaly, and, although Rogers accepted the cata­
ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; c en ta u r carrying p alm b ranch, r.; below,
logue of A.J. B. Wace (JHS, 1906, 165-8), he added some
dolphin
extra coins which have subsequently been reattributed to
i . L 1 9 3 3 - 2 - 1 4 - 5 6 9 (ex R o g ers), 3.24; 2 - 3 . L 1 9 3 4 -7 -6 -5 , 1 9 2 4 -1 0 -1 6 -
Magnesia in Ionia by S. Schultz (Die Münzprägung von 45 (ex W ace), 3.48, 3.30; 4 . B Fox; 5 . N Y ( = R ogers 362); 6. A = j h s
Magnesia am Mäander)·, in particular Rogers 361 and 361a 1906, fig. 12.3; 7. E velpidis 1583, 3.05. Q u alitativ e an alysis on: 2.
are now given to Magnesia (Schultz 1 and 21), the latter
having been found in the excavations at Magnesia. The
uncertainty of attribution, however, persists in many
museum collections today. C la u d iu s
The coin regarded by Rogers as an issue of Claudius (no.
362) is now in NY (= 1421/5), and is treated here as the 1422 A E. 2 4m m , i o .i 6 g (i). [ i ]
same emperor as the coins regarded by Rogers as of R ogers 360
Augustus (no. 359). Who is the emperor? The portrait KAAYAIOC KAICAP; b are head, r.
perhaps looks more like Augustus, but the coin may really CEBACTOC ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; rad iate head, r.
be of Claudius. Under Nero there is a large denomination I. N Y , 10.16.
with NEPWN KAICAP and a small denomination with
CEBACTOC; there is a large denomination for Claudius
with KAAYAIOC KAICAP, so the small issue with
CEBACTOC might perhaps be the corresponding small N e ro ____________________________ _
denomination. Against this is the fact that the portrait does
E a r l y in th e r e ig n (? )
not look particularly like that of KAAYAIOC KAICAP; but
that is not itself decisive. For the moment, then, the coins 1422 A
are left assigned to ‘Claudius (?) or Augustus (?)’. A E. 23 m m . [ o ]
The coin classified by SNG Cop 168 as an issue of N EP[ ]N KAICAP; head (bare?), r.
Claudius from the Magnetes does not seem to be correctly CEBACTOC MArNHTW N; rad iate head, r.
attributed. It is perhaps a coin of Miletus. i . M a b b o tt 7 38.
Two varieties of Neronian coins (1423-4) have the later
type of portrait, and so cannot have been made before 63;
L a t e i n t h e r e ig n
the other (142 2A) has a youthful portrait, and was presum­
ably minted at the beginning of the reign (or the end of 1423 L eaded bronze. 15 m m , 3.67 g (1). [ 2 ]
Claudius’s reign). Rogers 363
The type on the smaller denomination (3.42 g) is a cen­
CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r.
taur, and on the larger (9.40 g - perhaps a triple unit of the ΜΑΓΝΗ[ TWN]; c en ta u r carrying p alm b ranch, r.
smaller) is a radiate head. The identification of this radiate i . L 1 8 9 9 —4 —2—9, 3.67; 2. N Y . S am e dies. Q u alitativ e an alysis on: i.
head is problematical. On one of the coins of Nero (1424) it
has clear Neronian features (e.g., his hairstyle): on both the 1424 AE. 2 4m m , 8.61 g (1). [ i ]
coins of Claudius and Nero the choice is between a radiate Rogers 363a
portrait of the current emperor or a portrait of Divus NEPWN KAICAP; lau reate head, 1.
Augustus, with features contaminated by the portrait of the CEBACTOC MATNHTWN; rad iate head, r.
current emperor. The second alternative perhaps seems i . O , 8.61.
more likely (compare Abdera, 17270".).

Thessalian League
The Thessalian League had produced coinage in silver and
bronze in the Hellenistic period. The silver has most
recently been discussed by M .J. Price (CRWLR, p. 98,
following B. Helly, RN, 1966, pp. 7-32), who dates it to
168—44 BGi the last date depends first on the traditional
identification of the Petraios on the coins with the known
strategos of the league in the forties, and second on the small
Aidona hoard. The bronze coinage has been catalogued by
E. Rogers, The Copper Coinage of Thessaly (1932), although
the chronology of the late Hellenistic coins is not clear. Of
the issues dated by Rogers (p. 20) to the period ‘J ulius
Caesar, b c 48-27’, those mentioning Petraios are presum­
ably correctly dated, but the others are less certain. In
particular his no. 55 is a coin of Thessalonica (1553), while
56a is the same as his 72, a coin of Livia.
A few of Rogers’s imperial issues have been omitted alto­
gether here (his nos. 73, 75, 76 and 77), as they probably do
not exist. Other doubtful or misread entries are discussed
below in the catalogue.
The main problem for the early imperial issues is that of
 A C H A E A : Thessalian League (1425-1426) 281

deciding, in the absence of any indicative legends, which
emperor each issue portrays. The sequence and attributions
shown below have been adopted here, based on the
development of the obverse legend and other clues.
Coinage resumed under Nero, when there were two
issues, by ΛΑΟΥΧΟΣ and ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝ. Both have the mature
‘steps’ portrait, introduced in 63; that of ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝ is
perhaps to be connected with Nero’s visit to Greece in 66-7
in view of the use of a radiate portrait and the reverse type
of the radiate Apollo playing the lyre. It is possible that the
use by ΛΑΟΥΧΟΣ of obverses portraying ΕΙΡΗΝΗ
(regarded mistakenly by Rogers as a portrait of Agrippina)
indicates minting after Nero’s death, in which case the coins
with Nero will belong at the very end of the reign.
The coinage was presumably minted at Larissa, the capi­
tal of the Koinon of Thessaly.
On some dies, the letters of the legend were engraved
retrograde or upside down; this is particularly frequent for
the letters N and Ω on coins of Antigonos and Loukoutos,
but has not been noted in the catalogue.
The designs, which in nearly all cases have only local
Thessalian significance, have been fully discussed by A.
Moustaka, Kulte und Mythen auf Thessalischen Münzen (1983).
The pattern of denominations used is not clear. The
coinage of Antigonos uses four denominations; that of
Laouchos adds a further, larger, one (looking very much
like a Roman sestertius), while that of Aristion suggests that
a distinction should be made between coins of about 7 g and
8.5 g. The evidence can be seen from the table below.
It can be clearly seen that the distinction between the
smallest denominations is very uncertain and hard to make.
The smaller denomination of Sosandros Sosandrou
(Rogers 69a) is probably based on a misreading of the coins
with the same type for Megalokles Sosandrou, not included
by Rogers (the two coins he mentions are presumably the
two acquired by L in 1933, which are coins of Megalokles:
see below).
A u g u s tu s
S o sa n d ro s S o sa n d ro u
1425 L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 7.46 g (6). Axis: var. [ 12 ]
Rogers 69
ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r.
ΣΩΣΑΝΔΡΟΣ ΣΩΣΑΝΔΡΟΥ; A th en a standing, 1., holding
Nike an d sp ear w ith shield; in field, > an d Δ
I. L 1 9 0 9 - 5 - 4 - 1 5 , 8.71; 2. L 1 9 3 3 -2 -1 4 -1 6 9 , 7.85; 3 - 4 . G M cC le an
4994, L eak e 4898, 8.19, 6.29; 5—7. B (27619, I-B , L ö b b ); 8—10. N Y;
i i . V 9994, 8.00; 12. M u 25b, 5.75; 13. E v elp id is 1670, 7.53. Q u a lita tiv e
an aly sis on: 1.
M e g a lo k le s S o sa n d ro u
1426 L eaded bronze. 18m m , 5.08g (5). Axis: var. [ 8 ]
ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r.
ΜΕΓΑΛΟΚΛΗΣ ΣΩΣΑΝΔΡΟΥ; A th en a standing, r.,
b ran d ish in g sp ear an d shield; in field, >
!· L 5 -8 7 ; a. L 1 9 3 3 -2 -1 4 -1 7 6 , 4.61; 3 . N Y ; 4 - 5 . C
M cC le an 4992, L eak e 4897, 5.25, 5.18; 6. V 11026, 4.48; 7—8. B (b o th
L ö b b ); 9. E v elp id is 1671, 6.75. Q u a lita tiv e an aly sis on: 2.

Sequence of issues
ethnic ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ, m agistrate in nom inative
Augustus
ΣΩΣΑΝΔΡΟΣ ΣΩΣΑΝΔΡΟΥ obv. inscr. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ
ΜΕΓΑΛΟΚΛΗΣ ΣΩΣΑΝΔΡΟΥ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ
The coins of Megalokles Sosandrou are stylistically very similar to those of Sosandros Sosandrou; in both cases the portrait looks very
m uch like a youthful Augustus.
Late Augustan
ITA ΘΕΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΘΕΣΣΑΛ
Despite the use of θεός, an Augustan date is suggested by the use of the name ΛΕΙΟΥΙΑ for Livia on the reverse. This issue used to be
attributed to Itanos in Crete, but the reattribution to Thessaly by Svoronos is confirmed by specimens subsequently found in Thessaly.

ethnic ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ, s tr a te g o s in genitive

Augustus and Tiberius Caesar (?)
ΜΕΓΑΛΟ ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩ[ (ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩ on rev.)
ΜΕΓΑΛΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ API ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ
The combination of the youthful portrait of Tiberius with the more m ature laureate portrait on the larger denomination of coins
apparently of the same m agistrate suggests the attribution to Augustus and Tiberius Caesar, although this is, of course, very tentative.
Tiberius
ΛΥΚΟΥΤΟΥ ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ
The radiate head suggests Divus Augustus, and hence the reign of Tiberius.
ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ
The inclusion of a veiled female portrait suggests the portrayal of Livia under Tiberius.

D enominations
Sosandros 20 mm, 7.5 g
Megalokles mm, 5 g
Ita 20 mm, 6 g
Meg Ari 20 mm, 8.5 g 22 mm, 11 g
Loukoutos 19mm, 7 g 25 mm, 10.5 g 26 mm, 13.5g
Antigonos mm, 4 g 20 mm, 9 g 24m m, 10.5g 24m m, 13.5g
Aristion 20 mm, 7 g 21 mm, 8.5 g
Laouchos 25 mm, 8 g 28 mm, 13 g 33 mm, 20 g
A u g u s tu s a n d L i v i a Antigonos Strategos
1433 AE. 2 4m m , 13.23g (6). [ h ]
I ta
Rogers 63, BMC 71
1427 A E. 20m m , 6.14g (5). Axis: var. [ 6 ] ©ΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ; lau reate head, 1.
C op 334, Sv 207 ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ; Apollo standing, r., playing
ΘΕΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ©ΕΣΣΑΛ, ITA; bare head, r. lyre; in field, Λ
ΗΡΑ ΛΕΙΟΥΙΑ, Π Ε ; head o f Livia, r. Ϊ . L = B M C 71, 11.85; 2—4 . L 1839-12—2 -249, BMC 72, 1933—2—14—174,
12.61, 13.01, 15.95; 5 - 8 . B (L ö b b , 1/1919, 499/1884, I-B ); 9 - 1 0 . C Leake
i . B (2 8 6 3 3 ), 8.14; 2—3 . B (X-B, U n c e rta in ); 4 . P 91, 4.4.9; 5 . C o p 3 3 4 , 4 9 0 2 -3 , 13.28, 12.89 (p ierced ); 11. V 11025, 12.70; 12—14. E velpidis
4.45; 6 . M u 24a, 7.06; 7. JS W , 6.56; 8—12. BCD . 1667-9; * 5 · W in te rth u r 1742. T h e h ea d o n 6 a n d 14 faces r.; 6 sh ares the
sam e obv. die as 1 4 3 5 /1 -2 (A th en a).

A u g u s tu s a n d T ib e r iu s C a e sa r (?) 1434 A E. 24 m m , 10.49 g (6)· Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 13 ]

Rogers 71 = M o u stak a 127, C op 335
M e g a lo k le s A r i s t S tr a te g o s
©ΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ; veiled b u st (of Livia?), 1.
1428 L eaded bronze. 22m m , 11.03g (9)· Axis: 6 o r 12. [ 17 ] ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ; n ym ph L arisa standing,
facing, holding u p ball; in field T\
Rogers 66-7
i . O , 12.61; 2—3. L 1 8 8 8 -6 -1 3 -1 , 1 9 3 3 -2 -1 4 -1 8 0 , 8.95, 8.94; 4 . C o p 335,
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; laureate head o f A ugustus (?), r. 11.19; 5. P 89, 10.30; 6 —10. B (I-B , 4 L ö b b ); i i . C L eak e 4899, 11.33;
ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ MET ΑΛΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ ΑΡΙ(ΣΤ); A th en a 12. M u 25a, 10.91; 13. V 11028, 9.70; 14. A (M o u stak a, pi. X I I I . 127);
15. E velpidis 1672. T h e h e a d o n 10 a n d 15 faces r.
standing, r., b randish in g sp ear an d shield; in field,
I. P 8 4 , 12.39; 2 - 5 . L 19 3 3 -2 -1 4 -1 7 5 , 19 3 3 -2 -1 4 -1 7 8 , 19 3 3 -2 -1 4 -1 7 9 ,
1 9 22-5-13—1, 13.51, 13.38, 9.31, 9.91; 6—8 . C M cC le an 4993, L eake 4896
1435 A E. 2 1 m m , 9.06 g (6). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 9 ]
co rr., g en e ra l, 14.13, 9.59, 8.79; 9 . 0 = amc 672, 8.23; 10—13. B Rogers 77a corr. = 64/64a/65, C op 333, M ou staka 59.
(K nobelsdorf, 5554, I-B , L ö b b ); 14—16. N Y; 17. M u 28. Q u alitativ e
analysis on: 2. ©ΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ; bare head, 1.
ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ; A th en a standing, r.,
1429 AE. 20 m m , 8.56g (2). [ 2 ]
b ran d ish in g sp ear a n d shield; in field, A
Rogers 68 (‘A ugustus’) I. L 1 9 2 4 - 1 0 - 1 6 - 3 4 , 8.20; 2 - 3 . L 1 9 3 3 -2 -1 4 -1 7 2 , i 9 3 3 - 2 - i 4 - : 73 ,
10.91, 8.24; 4 . P , 8.20; 5—7. B (I-B , 2 L ö b b ); 8. C o p 333, 9.78; 9. M u
TIBEPI[ ] ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩ; b are head o f T iberius (C aesar?),
25a, 8.74. 1-2: sam e obv. d ie as 1 4 3 3 /6 (A pollo).
r. C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in ( G I C 707: 4). T h e legend on 7 read s
©ΕΣΣΑΛΩ ΜΕΓΑΛΟ ΚΛΕΟΥΣ; b ust o f? , r. Θ Ε Σ Σ Α Λ Ε Ω Ν .. . R ogers 77a re a d th e obv. o f 3 as ΤΙ Κ[ΑΙΣ] ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ.
i . N Y , 7.56; 2. N Y (u n d e r T h e ssalo n ica); 3. T ü b in g e n s n g 1268, 9.57.
R ogers identified th e b u s t on th e rev. as A pollo; it m ay, how ever, be Livia. 1436 AE. 2 2m m , 8 .1 7 g (4). [ 4 ]
As 1435, b u t head, r.
R e ig n o f T ib e r iu s _____________________ *· L ' 0 ν ί - · * - ' 4~ ' Ί °
8.36.
9 -2 3 ; 2. L 1 9 3 3 -2 -1 4 -1 7 1 , 7.79; 3 - 4 . P 8 5 -6 , 7.31.

L y k o u to u s S tr a te g o s 1437 L eaded bronze. 19m m , 8.81 g (2). [ 3 ]

1430 L eaded bronze. 26m m , 13.34g (2)· Axis: 12. [ 3 ] Rogers 61-2 = M oustaka 187, bmc 70, C op 332
Rogers 70, BMC 73 ©ΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ; b are head, 1.
ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ; A sclepius standing, facing,
©ΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ; rad iate head o f D ivus holding serpent-staff
A ugustus, 1.
i. L = b m c 70, 7.83; 2. C o p 332, 9.78; 3. B R au ch . Q u a lita tiv e analysis
ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΥΚΟΥΤΟΥ; Apollo standing, L, holding on: i .
plectrum an d lyre; in field, ^
i. L = bm c 73, 15.17; 2. P 87, ii .51; 3. B (L öbb). Q u a lita tiv e analysis 1438 A E. 18m m , 4 .1 8 g (1). [ 2 ]
on: i.
Rogers 72 = 56a
1431 A E. 25 m m , 10.25 g (6)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 12 ] ©ΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; fem ale b u st (Livia? A rtem is?), r.
Rogers 74, C op 336 ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ; A rtem is advancing, r.,
©ΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ; seated figure (Eirene? Livia?), holding torch
facing r., holding sceptre an d branch i. P 9 0 , 4.18; 2. N Y.
ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΥΚΟΥΤΟΥ; D em eter standing, 1.,
holding ears of corn an d sceptre or long torch; in field,
f
i . C o p 3 3 6 , 10.10; 2. L 1933—2—14—181, 9.12; 3. L 193 3 -2 -1 4 -1 8 2 ,
8.40; 4 . G 8 (pi. X X X .18); 5—6 . P, 9.79, 14.49; 7~ I I · B (I-B , Eox, 28947
C a lig u la ___________________________
a n d 2 L ö b b ); 12. M u 26, 9.61; 13. T F a b re tti 2732. O n one specim en
(5 = P 88), the seated figure faces 1. The coin catalogued by Rogers (78) for Caligula is in V
1432 AE. 19m m , 7 .io g (1). [ i ]
(110299 ex Tiepolo). It is a much later, third-century coin,
as is shown by its fabric and style of portrait and bust; it has
©ΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ; laureate h ead of T ib eriu s (?), r.
been tooled to read ΓΑΙΟΥ, perhaps from a coin such as
ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΥΚΟΥΤΟΥ; A th en a stan d in g , r.,
b randishing spear an d shield; in field, ^
that of Maximus (Rogers 118).
i . P 9 2 , 7.10.
 A C H A E A : Thessalian League ( 14 3 9 “ 14 5 2 ) 283

N e ro 1445 A E. 25 m m , 8 .1 3 g (1). [ 5 ]
Rogers 85
A r is tio n S tr a te g o s ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP ΘΕΙΧΑΛΩΝ; lau reate head, r.
ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΑΟΥΧΟΥ; N ike standing, 1., on globe,
1439 L eaded bronze. 21m m , 8 .4 2 g (11). Axis: 12 (2). [ 18 ]
holding w reath an d palm
Rogers 79 = M oustaka 84, bm c 74, C op 337 i . N Y , 8.13; 2. N Y; 3—4 . B (L öbb, I-B ); 5. V 11030 (globe clear);
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; lau reate head, r. 6 -1 4 . BCD.
ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝΟΣ; A pollo, rad iate, stan d in g r.,
1446 A E. 2 4m m , 6 .9 8 g (1). [ i ]
playing lyre
I. L = b m c 7 4 , 7.10; 2. L 1924-10-16—30, 6.46; 3—6 . N Y , inc. 9.59; 7. P ΝΕΡΩΝ K AI[ ; lau reate head, r.
97, 10.59; 8 . C o p 337, 9.90; 9—12. C M cC le an 4997 (pi. 181.9), L eake ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ [ JOYXOY; N ike, r.
4 9 0 4-5, 8765, 8.85, 7.16, 8.75, 7.72; 1 3 - 1 4 . M u , 6.75, 9.69; 1 5 - 1 8 . B (2 i . B (7 7 1 0 ), 6.98.
L ö b b, I-B , 28781); r g . E velpidis 1673; 20. T . F a b re tti 2733; 2 1 . Be
(R 3325); 22—4 9 . B C D . Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: 1.

1440 AE. 20m m , 7.04g (2). [ 3 ]

Rogers 81 N o e m p e ro r’s h e a d
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; rad iate head, r.
ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝΟΣ; c en ta u r galloping, r. L a o u c h o s S tr a te g o s
I. B (I-B ), 7.23; 2. B (L öbb); 3 . C M cC le an 4996 (pi. 181.8), 6.85;
4 - 1 4 . BC D .
1447 L eaded bronze. 3 3 m m , 18.43g ( 0 · Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
Rogers 87a
ΕΙΡΗΝΗ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; w reathed b u st of Eirene,
r.; all in w reath
N e ro ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΑΟΥΧΟΥ; n y m p h standing, facing, before
horse trotting, 1.
L a o u c h o s S tr a te g o s i . L 1 9 0 5 - 5 - 7 - 4 , 1843; 2. B C D . S am e obv. d ie as 1 4 4 8 /1 . Q u a lita tiv e
an alysis on: i.
1441 A E. 33m m , 18.97 g 6 ) · [ 1 ]
1448 AE. 3 2 m m , 19.40g (1). Axis: 12. [ o ]
R ogers 83 = M oustaka 129
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; lau reate head, r.
As 1447, but n ym ph leading horse, r.
1—5 . B C D ; 6 . Scholz ( n z 1910, pi. 1.10). 1 from sam e obv. die as 1 447.
ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΑΟΥΧΟΥ; n ym ph standing, facing, in
front of horse trotting, 1. 1449 L eaded bronze. 2 8m m , 10.48g (3). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
i . N Y , 18.97; 2* B C D = M o u stak a, T a f, X I I . 129.
Rogers 86
1442 L eaded bronze. 33m m , 21.30g (10). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 14 ] ΕΙΡΗΝΗ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; w reath ed b u st of Eirene,
Rogers 82 = M oustaka 128, C op 338 r. (no su rrounding w reath)
ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΑΟΥΧΟΥ; Apollo seated, r., playing lyre
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; la u reate head, r.
i . L 1 9 2 6 - 2 - 5 - 5 , 10.98; 2. L 1 9 2 4 -1 0 -1 6 -2 9 , 8.75; 3. P 96, i t . 71;
ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΑΟΥΧΟΥ; n ym ph leading horse, r. 4 . N Y ; 5 - 9 . B C D . S am e obv. die as 1 4 5 0 . Q u a lita tiv e an aly sis on: 1.
i . C M cC le an 4995 (pi. 181.7 ex H irsch X I I I . 1226), 23.81; 2—3 . C Leake
4906-7, 13.10, 21.44; 4 - 6 . L 1904-7-1-31» G o6o 9 » 1 9 3 3 -2 -1 4 -1 8 5 , 21.47, 1450 AE. Axis: 12. [ o ]
23.41, 20.10; 7. C op 338, 20.11; 8. M u 29, 25.04; 9. P 94, 19.78; 10—
13. B (1021/1893, I-B , 2 L ö b b ); 14. V 3 7 3 9 6 (= N a v ille X I .397), 24.76; ΕΙΡΗΝΗ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; w reath ed b u st of Eirene,
15. B C D = M o u stak a, T a f. X I I . 128; 1 6 - 2 5 . B C D ; 2 6 . E velpidis 1674. r. (no su rro u n d in g w reath)
ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΑΟΥΧΟΥ; Apollo seated, 1., on basis
1443 AE. 27 mm . [ o ] inscribed ΤΕΙΜΗΤΟΣ ΕΠΟΙ; he holds his h a n d behind his
M oustaka 85 head; his bow an d arrow s lie against basis
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; lau reate head, r. i . B C D (ex M a b b o tt 750). S am e obv. die as 14 4 9 ; sam e rev. die as 144 3 .
ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΑΟΥΧΟΥ; Apollo seated, 1., on basis See 1443 a n d co m m en tary .

inscribed ΤΕΙΜΗΤΟΣ ΕΠΟ Ι; he holds his h a n d b ehind his

1451 AE. 2 4 m m , 8.76 g (r). Axis: 1 2 (1 ). [ 2 ]
head; his bow and arrow s lie ag ain st basis
i . BCD (ex M a b b o tt 748) ( = M o u stak a, T a f. X I I I . 85). S am e rev. die as
Rogers 87 corr.
1 450. ΕΙΡΗΝΗ ΣΕΒΑΤΗ (sic) ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; w reath ed bu st of
Eirene, r.
1444 L eaded bronze. 28 mm , 13.07 g (5). [ 9 ] ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΑΟΥΧΟΥ; Nike on globe, 1., holding
Rogers 84, M oustaka 86, bm c 75 w reath an d p alm b ranch
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; lau reate head, r. i . L 1920—3—2—5, 8.76; 2. B (I-B ); 3 —4 . B C D . S am e o bv. die as 1 452.
ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΑΟΥΧΟΥ; Apollo seated, r., w ith h an d
over side or by side, a n d lyre on lap 1452 AE. 23 m m . Axis: 12. [ o ]
i . B (5 6 4 /1 9 0 2 ), 12.16; 2 - 3 . B (L öbb, I-B ); 4 . L =
75, 15.69; 5. P
bm c As 1451, b u t Nike, r.
9 5 » 7.75; 6. M u 29a, 16.72; 7—9 . N Y , inc. 13.02; 10. B C D = M o u sta k a i . B C D . S am e obv. die as 1451.
86; i t —2 1 . B C D . Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: 4.
 Mark Antony’s ‘fleet coinage’
Mark Antony’s ‘fleet coinage’ has been studied by M. Bahr-
feldt, ‘Die Münzen der Flottenpräfekten des Marcus
Antonius’, NZ 37, 1905, pp. 9-56, and pl. I-II; by T.V .
Buttrey, Studies in the Coinage of Mark Antony (Princeton
University, 1953); and more recently by M. Amandry, ‘Le
monnayage en bronze de Bibulus, Atratinus et Capito’,
RSN 65, 1986, pp. 73-85 and pl. 9-17; RSN 66, 1987, pp.
101-12 and pl. 15-25; RSN 69, 1990, pp. 65-96 and pl. 14-
16; and by R. Martini, Monetazione Brongea romana tardo-
repubblicana I, Glaux 1, 1988, pp. 83-93.
This coinage was minted by Lucius Calpurnius Bibulus
M. f. as praetor designatus (4088-93), Lucius Sempronius
Atratinus as augur and consul designatus (1453-61) and M.
Oppius Capito as propraetor and praefectus classis (1462-70).
It has six varieties, each representing a different denomi­
nation. The types are identical for the three prefects for
each denomination and only the reverse legend with the
name of the prefect distinguishes each series.
The denominations are as follows:
1. Sestertius
Obv. Bare head of Antony, 1., facing r., and bust of Octavia,
r., facing 1.
Rev. A quadriga of hippocamps to r., surmounted by two
drivers (Antony and Octavia?); at 1., HS; below, Δ and a
square object.
2. Tressis
Obv. Busts of Antony and Octavian at 1., facing r.; bust of
Octavia, r., facing 1.
Rev. Three ships under sail, r.; below, Γ and triskeles
3. Dupondius
Obv. as i
Rev. Two ships under sail, r.; above, two caps of Dioscuri;
below, B.
4. As
Obv. Jugate heads of Antony and Octavia, r.
Rev. One ship under sail to r.; below, A and head of
Medusa?
5. Semis
Obv. Bare head of Antony, r.
Rev. Prow, r.; above, S
6 . Quadrans
Obv. Janiform head probably featuring Antony and
Octavian
Rev. Stem of prow; in the field, three dots
These coins are very original because they introduced the
following innovations to the Roman monetary system: for
the first time, a sestertius was struck in bronze; the tressis, a
3 as piece, had not been minted since the third century b c ;
and the whole system was characterised by a remarkable
effort to clarify the denominations in different ways:12
1. Marks of value: the Greek numerals A, B, Γ and Δ.
2. A system of symbols running parallel to the marks of
value: on the as, the head of Medusa (?); on the dupondius,
the two caps of the Dioscuri; on the tressis, the triskeles
which evokes the island of Sicily, Trinacria, the island with
three promontories; last, on the sestertius, a square object
(an astragalus, a tessera, an altar?) which evokes the
numeral 4.
3. The reverse types are carefully related to the value of
the coins: the sestertius has four hippocamps, the tressis
three ships, the dupondius two, the as one.
4. The reverses of the semis and the quadrans bear Latin
marks of value and their types are also related to the value
of the coins: a ship without sail for the semis and a prow on
the quadrans.
This coinage, however, gives rise to many questions:
date, mint and purpose. The answers are uncertain.
D ate
It seems quite easy, at first sight, to date this coinage as the
obverse legend shows that Antony had received his third
imperatorial acclamation and that he was consul designatus
for the second and third time. We know that his second
consulship fell in 34 b c . But, unfortunately, the year when
the acclamatio occurred is not known for certain.
The problem is to date Antony’s second and third
acclamations. His second has been dated over a period of
five years, between 42 and 38 b c (Philippi in 42, Perousia in
41, Brundisium in 40, Ventidius’s victories in 39 and again
Ventidius’s victory at Gindarus in 38). It is considered here
that Antony’s second and third acclamations belong to the
years 39-38 and that the ‘fleet coinage’ was probably struck
in 38-37 b c (see M. Amandry, RSN, 1990, pp. 80-3, where
it is also suggested that the light series of Atratinus and
Capito (1459-61, 1468-70) were made in late 36/5 b c ) .
M in t(s)
Different mints have been proposed: Tarentum (FITA 43-
5), Zacynthus (Grueber, BMC, pp. 512-14), on board
Antony’s ships (Bahrfeldt), in the east (Buttrey). In fact, it
is clear that this coinage was struck in three different mints,
for the following reasons:
1. Grant argued that there was a complete uniformity of
style between the three series, but this is not the case.
Antony’s and Octavia’s portraits are treated in a very dif­
ferent way in each series.
2. The fabric is different: had the three series been minted
together, we would expect the same technical character­
istics, but they are not the same. Bibulus’s and Capito’s
coins are struck on flans with straight or round edges,
whereas Atratinus’s coins are struck on flans with bevelled
edges; furthermore, all the coins of Atratinus have a central
cavity and recall Antony’s bronze coinage struck in the
Peloponnese at Corinth, Dyme or Zacynthus. Finally,
Bibulus’s series was struck with dies fixed at nine o’clock,
whereas the dies for Atratinus’s and Capito’s series were
not adjusted.
3. If the three series had been issued in the same mint, we
would expect a uniformity of weight. But there is a great
discrepancy between the three series, as shown opposite,
though they were struck to the same standards:
 A C H A E A : Mark Antony’s ‘fleet coinage’ ( 1454-1458) 285

Heavy series
HS r B
Bibulus 30-1 mm, 26.17 g (4) 30-1 mm, 20.14g (5) 28—30 mm, 17.64g (6)
Atratinus 33-8m m , 20.36g (13) 3 0 -5 mm, 17.02g (7) 24—3 1 mm, n - 9 9 g (15)
Capito 33-9 mm, 31.67 g (4) 28-32 mm, 22.15g (21) 22-8 mm, 14-75 g (29)

A S
Bibulus 22~3mm, 12.18g (3) 18-20 mm, 4.53 g (38) 16 mm, 4 -23 g ( 0
Atratinus 23-4m m , 9.29g (16) 15-161™ , 4 -7 5 g ( 0 13 mm, 2.90g (2)
Capito 20-3 mm, 8.06 g (27) 14—16mm, 2.96g (3) 11-14 mm, 2 -5 3 g (3 )

Light series
HS B A
Atratinus 27- 32 mm, 11.71g (16)21-3 mm, 7-55g ( 1 r) 17—20 mm, 4-95 g (6)
Capito 28- 8 mm, 12.74g ( IO)16-26 mm, 7.55 g (24) 14—17 mm, 3 -9 1 g (102!

For all these reasons, multiple mints are proposed here. In i . C . C . V e r m e u le c o ll, (ex G len d in in g , R y an , 2 /I V /i9 5 2 , lo t 2245),
fact, E. Babelon had already attributed the coins to three 20.9; 2 —1 2 . See RSN, 81, A 1-6, 8—12; 1 3 . V en ice, M u s. A rch . 3850, 25.33.

different mints: Bibulus’s series to one in the east,

1454 AE. 30-5 m m , 17.02 g (7). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
Atratinus’s to one at Panormus and Capito’s to one in
Sicily. Recently Martini has proposed locating Bibulus’s [ 7 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
RSN 1986, 81, B
mint at Athens (?), Atratinus’s at Zacynthus and Capito’s
at Ephesus. But these attributions are probably wrong, as Sam e legend as 1453, b u t busts o f A ntony an d O ctavian
they are contradicted by provenances which are now known a t 1., facing r.; b ust of O ctavia, r., facing 1.
Sam e legend as 1453, b u t three ships u n d e r sail, r.;
in fairly good numbers. Bibulus’s find spots are in the east
below, Γ a n d triskeles
(Cyprus, Syria, Phoenicia, Judaea), Atratinus’s and
i . N u m is m a tic a A r s C la s s ic a 1 / X 9 8 9 l o t 7 5 6 (ex B u rg a n V S O
Capito’s in Greece (see a detailed list in RSN, 1990, pp. 74- 3 0 /V I/1 9 8 7 , lo t 355), 16.45; 2· B 220/1907 (ex J . H irsch , I-B , 2 7 /V /ig o 7 ,
5). It is difficult to be more precise for Bibulus’s series; lo t 494), 16.73; 3- 4 · V 35873, 35875, 17.50, 17.22; 5 . R , 17.19;
6. C o rto n a , 14.85; 7. M a lte r X X V I I I , R uzicka, 8 /X II/1 9 8 4 , lot 18, 19.20.
Corinth might be a suitable mint for Atratinus’s in view of
its technical characteristics, and Athens is a possibility for
1455 L eaded bronze. 24-31 m m , 11.99 g (15)· Axis: var. [ 7 ]
the mint of Capito’s series.
[ 15 coins, 3 obv. dies ]
RSN 1986, 82, C
P urpose As 1453
The system of Greek letters used to indicate denominations Sam e legend as 1453—4, b u t two ships u n d e r sail, r.;
above, two caps o f Dioscuri; below, B
proves that the coins were intended to circulate in Greek­
i . V 3 5 8 7 4 , 13.94; 2 —1 3 . See RSN 1986, C i- 6 , 8 -1 3 ; 14. V enice, M u s.
speaking areas, as indeed they did. But the coins were A rch . 3851, 14.22; 15. V 5413, 8.15.
Roman in essence and the purpose of the ‘fleet coinage’ was
possibly to provide in the east a complete coinage of copper- 1456 AE. 2 2 -4 m m , 9 .2 9 g (16). Axis: var. [ 11 ]
based bronze to circulate with Roman gold and silver
[ 15 coins, 4 obv. dies ]
money: this was a step in the Romanisation of the east (see
RSN 1986, 82-3, D
also p. 33). At the same time as Octavian was striking
bronze coinages in the west (Narbonne: 518; Divus Iulius: Sam e legend as 1453—5, b u t ju g a te heads o f A ntony an d
O ctavia, r.
620-1), Antony could also have wished to present his imago
Sam e legend as 1453—5, h u t one ship u n d e r sail to r.;
to the east. below, A an d h ead of M edusa (?)
Of course, this policy was not successful: the amount of i . B 6 0 /1 9 1 4 , 9.24; 2—17. See rsn 1986, D 1-6, 8-1 7 .
coinage struck was quite small and the weight of the coins
dropped so quickly that it became unacceptable. 1457 Bronze, i5 - i6 m m , 4 .7 5 g (1). Axis: 3. [ o ]
rsn 1986, 83, E
L S e m p r o n iu s A tr a ti n u s L egend illegible, head o f A ntony, r.
[ ]G V R C O S D [ ]; prow , r.; above, S
H e a v y s e r ie s I. P V , 4.75.

1453 L eaded bronze. 33-8 m m , 20.36 g (13). Axis: var. [ 3 ] 1458 Bronze. i3 - i7 m m , 2.90g (2). Axis: var. [ 1 ]
[ 13 coins, 2 obv. dies ] [ 2 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
RSN 1986, 80-1, A rsn 1986, 83, F
M Ä N T IM P T E R C O S D E S IT E R E T T E R IIIV IR · Sam e legend as 1453—6, b u t jan ifo rm h ead p robably
R P C · ; bare head of A ntony, 1., facing r.; an d b u st of featuring A ntony an d O ctavian
O ctavia, r., facing 1. Sam e legend as 1453—6, b u t stem of prow ; in the field,
L A T R A T IN V S A V G V R C O S D E S IG ; a q u ad rig a of i . JS W , 3.71; 2. P 1982/1332, 2.09. O n I, the stem looks like a lituus.
hippocam ps to r., surm o u n ted by two drivers (A ntony
and O ctavia?); at 1., HS; below, Δ an d a square object
(astragalus?)
L i g h t s e r ie s As 146a
Sam e legend as 1462—3, b u t two ships u n d er sail, r.;
1459 L eaded bronze. 2 7 -3 2 m m , 11.71g (16). Axis: var. [ 8 ] above, two caps o f D ioscuri; below, B
[ 16 coins, 4 obv. dies ] i . P 8 5 2 , 15.40; 2—2 8 . See r s n 1987, C 2-2 8 ; 29—3 0 . M . R oux coll.,
RSN 1986, 83-4, A 15.17, I 3 -4 7 I 3 1 · P riv ate coll., 12.42.

As 1453 1465 Bronze. 2 0 -3 m m , 8 .0 6 g (27). Axis: var. [ 15 ]

As 1453
[ 30 coins, 5 obv. dies ]
i . N Y , 9.34; 2 - 1 4 . See r s n 1986, A 1-3, 5-14; 15. V enice, M u s. A rch.
3852, 11.32; 16. R W , 14.48.
rsn 1987, 104-5, D
Sam e legend as 1463—4, b u t ju g a te heads o f A ntony an d
1460 B ronze/leaded bronze. 2 1 -3 m m , 7.55g ( i r ) . Axis: var.
O ctav ia, r.
[ 4 I Sam e legend as 1463—4, b u t one ship u n d er sail to r.;
[ 11 coins, 2 obv. dies ] below, A a n d head of M ed u sa (?)
rsn 1986, 84, B i . B 1 0 3 3 /1 8 9 3 , 7.68; 2—27. See r s n 1987, D 1-7, 9 -2 7 ; 28. Bo, 8.20;
As 1455 2 9 . V enice, M u s. A rch . 3853, 8.50; 3 0 . W eigel coll., 9.45.

As 1455
1466 AE. i4 - i6 m m , 2 .9 6 g (3). Axis: var. [ 2 ]
i . P 1 0 6 3 8 , 4.12; 2—8 . See r s n , B 1-2, 4 -8 ; 9 . V enice, M us. A rch . 3856,
5.66; 10. V a 6392, 8.23; i i . W eigel coll., 13.00. [ 4 coins, 3 obv. dies ]
1461 L eaded bronze. 17-20 m m , 4.95 g (6). Axis: var. [ 1 ] rsn 1987, 105-6, E

[ 7 coins, 4 obv. dies ] Sam e legend as 1463—5, b u t head o f A ntony, r.

Sam e legend as 1463—5, b u t prow, r.; above, S
rsn 1986, 84, C
i . P 1 0 6 3 0 , 3.05; 2. V T 4615, 3.50; 3. R W , 2.33; 4 . D o ro th eu m , Zeno
As 1456 II/1 9 5 5 , lot 2922.
As 1456
i . N e w H a v e n (Y ale U n iv ersity ), 5.08; 2. B I-B , 4.59; 3. P V , 4.41; 1467 AE. n - q m m , 2.53g (3)· Axis: var. [ 3 ]
4 . S chaefer coll, (ex M allo y X X /1 9 8 4 , lo t 327), 6.23; 5. L eu 25/1980, Jot
220, 4.90; 6. T ra d e 1980, 4.51; 7. P arm a. [ 3 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
rsn 1987, 106, F
Sam e legend as 1463—6, b u t jan ifo rm head probably
featuring A ntony an d O ctavian
M O p p iu s C a p ito
M O P P I C A P P R A E F C L [ ; stem to 1.; in field, .·.
i . O , 2.55; 2. L 1 9 5 9 -1 2 -2 -1 , 2.27; 3. N Y , 2.76.
H e a v y s e r ie s

1462 AE. 33-9 m m , 31.67 g (4). Axis: var. [ 1 ]

[ 4 coins, i obv. die ] L ig h t s e r ie s

rsn 1987, 102, A 1468 L eaded bronze. 24-8 m m , 12.74g ( I0 )· Axis: var. [ 5 ]
M -A N T -IM P -T Ë S T -C O S -D E S IG -IT É R -E T -T Ë R -III· [ 12 coins, 3 obv. dies ]
V I R R P C · ; b are head o f A ntony, L, facing r.; an d b ust rsn 1987, 106, A
of O ctavia, r., facing 1.
M O P P IV S C A P IT O P R O P R P R A E F CLA SS F C·; a As 1463
q u ad rig a o f hippocam ps to r., surm o u n ted by two drivers As 1463
(A ntony an d O ctavia?); a t 1., H S; below, Δ and a square i . P V , 14.87; 2—12. See rsn 1987, A 1-8, 10-12.

object (astragalus?)
1469 L eaded bronze. 1 6 -2 6 m m , 7.55g (24). Axis: var. [ 9 ]
i . S p in k G e n e v a , 15—1 6 /I I /1 9 7 7 , lo t 2 1 a (ex H e s s-L e u 36/1968, lot
419), 38.97; 2. L B lacas 1867, 26.75; 3- JS IV , 30.39; 4 . M M list 164, J a n . [ 29 coins, 6 obv. dies ]
1957. lo t 30, 3 0 -5 8 · rsn 1987, 107, B
1463 AE. 2 8 -3 2 m m , 22.15g (21). Axis: var. [ 3 ] As 1464
[ 22 coins, 5 obv. dies ] As 1464
rsn 1987, 102-3, B i . C o r in th , 8.21; 2—2 8 . See rsn 1987, B 1-12, 14-28; 29. V en ice, M u s.
A rch. 3855, 8.22.
Sam e legend as 1462, b u t busts of A ntony and O ctav ian
a t 1., facing r.; b u st o f O ctavia, r., facing 1. 1470 Bronze. i4 - i7 m m , 3.91g (102). Axis: var. [ 43 ]
Sam e legend as 1462, b u t three ships u n d e r sail, r.;
[ 116 coins, at least 30 obv. dies ]
below, Γ an d triskeles
rsn 1987, 10 8 -1 1, C
i . W i n te r t h u r , 26.36; 2—2 0 . See r s n 1987, B 1-10, 12-20; 2 1 . V enice,
M us. A rch. 3860, 22.06; 22. Bo 192, 15.50. As 1465
As 1465
1464 L eaded bronze. 22-8 m m , 14.75g (29 )· Axis: var· [ 10 I i . K a r ls r u h e , 4.13; 2—n o . See r s n 1987, C 1-70, 72-110; i n —
[ 31 coins, 8 obv. dies ] 1 12. V enice, M u s. A rch . 385 7 -8 , 4.65, 3.12; 113—1 14. Bo, 3.60, 2.85;
rsn 1987, 103-4, C 1 1 5 . R W , 3.30; 1 1 6 . F ran k e coll., 4.22.
 MACEDONIA
Cat. no. Page
Introduction 287
W est coast (Illyria):
Apollonia 1 5 0 1 -2 288
(Dyrrhachium) 289
Dium 1503-8 290
Cassandrea or Dium 1 5 0 9 -1 0 291
Cassandrea I5 I 1 -1 7 291
Edessa 15 18 - 2 7 292
In 27 B C the Roman province of Macedonia was reduced in
size by separating off southern Greece to form the new
province of Achaea. The extent and boundaries of the new
province of Macedonia have been discussed by F.
Pagazoglou {ANRW II.7.1, p. 325 and n. 105: her map of
the boundaries of Macedonia, facing p. 304, is followed
here). In a d 15 Macedonia was joined with Achaea and
Moesia to form a huge Balkan province governed by the
imperial legate of Moesia. C. Poppaeus Sabinus ruled for
twenty years until a d 35, and was succeeded by P. Mem­
mius Regulus, who ruled until 41 or 44, when the separate
provinces of Achaea and Macedonia were re-established
under senatorial proconsuls. None of the coins made in
Macedonia refers to any of its governors.
The Republican background to the imperial coinage of
the area has been described by I. Touratsoglou in CRWLR,
pp. 53-78. The first century b c had been marked by a
growing presence of Republican denarii, and the silver cur­
rency of the area consisted of these together with locally
produced silver, principally the Athenian ‘New Style’
tetradrachms, the Macedonian tetradrachms of Aesillas
and the silver drachms of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium. The
production of these coinages does not seem to have survived
much, if at all, into the second half of the first century (see
the mint introductions to Apollonia and Athens), but a few
issues of aurei and denarii may have been made during the
civil wars: we know that silver was minted at Apollonia,
perhaps the issue of denarii of 49 b c (RRC 445/1-2: see
Apollonia). See also p. 245 (Achaea).
The date at which the local silver coinages went out of
circulation and were replaced by denarii is not clear, in the
absence of any good hoard evidence. In the case of Apol­
lonia and Dyrrhachium, however, it seems that their
drachms continued to circulate into the imperial period (at
any rate the hoard from Tissa in Romania included them
together with imperial denarii: S. P. Noe, Bibliography of
Greek Coin Hoardr, no. 1112).
In Touratsoglou’s view, very little bronze coinage was
produced in Macedonia between the formation of the
Roman province and the reign of Augustus. A certain
amount of coinage was produced in the period of the civil
wars: issues are definitely identifiable at Philippi, Thes­
Cat. no. Page
Pella/Dium 1 5 2 8 -4 4 293
Pella ' 545- 5° 296
Thessalonica ' 55' - ' 6o9 297
Koinon (Thessalonica) 1 6 1 O -2 5 303
Amphipolis l6 2 6 -4 5 3°5
Philippi 1 6 4 6 -5 5 307
Uncertain (Philippi?) 1 6 5 6 -6 0 309
salonica, Cassandrea, Cassandrea/Pella and Pella, some of
these being produced on a large scale, to judge from their
survival today. Several communities produced coinage
under Augustus (Apollonia, Philippi, Thessalonica, Edessa,
Amphipolis, Pella and Dium); a few for Tiberius (Thes­
salonica, Edessa, Amphipolis and Dium) and Caligula
(Thessalonica and Amphipolis), and most of those com­
munities (except Edessa) which produced any coinage dur­
ing this period also coined for Claudius and Nero. There is
no obvious specific occasion or reason for most of these
issues, although we may suspect that some of the Neronian
ones were connected with his visit to Greece: at any rate this
seems the likely interpretation of the radiate crown used at
Cassandrea or the figure of Apollo playing the lyre at Thes­
salonica. Finally, there is a single issue for Vitellius, by the
Macedonian Koinon (minted probably at Thessalonica).
D enom inations
The denominations of these coins are not clear, particularly
as a certain amount of doubt is attached to the two cases
where there appear to be value marks on the coins
themselves:
1. In the Republican period both Amphipolis and Thes­
salonica had produced coins with a head of Janus and a I
above; the corresponding coins with a Zeus (or Saturn) and
an S suggested that these coins were intended to be asses
and semisses, and so copied the normal obverse types from
Republican bronzes. Touratsoglou has, however, expressed
doubts about this interpretation, preferring to see, for
instance, the S as a dolphin.
2. The Thessalonican issue of Octavian and Julius Caesar
has a Δ, interpreted by Gaebler as standing for four asses;
here, however, the interpretation of ‘year 4’ seems more
likely.
In the absence of any direct evidence we may look at the
coins themselves.
First, the Triumviral period. A possible metrological pat­
tern is given below, though the rather wide variation in
weight and diameter makes it unwise to claim any certainty
for such a scheme; nor is it clear what the denominations in
question might be (as, semis, triens, quadrans and
sextans??):
Thessalonica 27 mm, 2 1 g 23m m, IOg 20 mm, 6 g
Hortensius 25m m, 15g 19 mm, 8 g 15mm. 3g
Pella 27 mm, 19 g 22 mm, 13 g
Philippi 25 mm, 8 g 19mm, 7 g 17 mm, 4g 14mm, 3 g

idly, the imperial period:

Dium 22mm, io g 17 mm, ?g 14 mm, 2 g
Cassandrea 20 mm, 8g
Edessa 2 1 mm, 8g 14 mm, 5g
Pella/Dium 22m m , io g 19 mm, 6 g 16 mm, 4g
Thessalonica 27 mm, 17g 2 1 mm, 9g 17mm, 4g 14mm, 3g
Koinon 29 mm, 16g 23 mm, 8g 14 mm, 3g
Amphipolis 2 1 mm, 8g 14 mm, 3g
Philippi 26m m, io g 18 mm, 4 g

These figures are reasonably consistent, except for
Apollonia 24 mm, 12 g
Pella 23 mm, 12 g 19 mm, 7 g 16 mm, 7 g
The case of Apollonia is perhaps to be explained by its
geographical remoteness from the other, Macedonian,
cities. The coins of Pella ‘fit’ better with the coins of the
Triumviral period; the coins have anyway been dated
shortly after Actium (see the commentary on Pella), and,
similarly, the first Augustan issue of Thessalonica ( 1554) is
much heavier than subsequent issues.
This pattern holds true despite changes in the metallic
composition of the coins. Orichalcum has not been found in
Macedonia, and the great majority of issues were made of
leaded bronze. But a few coins were made from pure cop­
per. Copper coins have been found at Philippi (for
Claudius; the Augustan issues were of leaded bronze, and
no coins of Nero were available for analysis), Thessalonica
(for Claudius and Nero) and for the Macedonian Koinon,
perhaps minted at Thessalonica (for Claudius, Nero and
Vitellius). The use of copper was, however, only universal
for the later Philippi issues; the small, ‘pseudo-auto­
nomous’, coins of the Koinon were made of bronze, and the
same is true of the smaller Claudian and Neronian coins of
Thessalonica. In a sense, moreover, the change from bronze
to copper seems largely to have been cosmetic, since the
introduction of the new metal did not make any significant
difference to the weight standard employed. An analogous
situation is found in the province of Asia, where cities
generally might switch from bronze to, in that case,
orichalcum without changing their denominational
structure.
The identity of the denominations in question is not
certain, even on the assumption that all were tarriffed in
Roman denominations (see the discussion of Achaea, p.
246). In his book on Thessalonica, Touratsoglou argued
that the four denominations used there were 4, 2, 1 and | as
coins; but while it is certainly true that 4 as coins weighing
about 18 g are found in Asia Minor, they are usually of
orichalcum. It seems more likely that the Thessalonican
issues are, rather, 2, 1, 1 and j as coins. There are two main
reasons for thinking this. First, the Achaean analogy sug­
gests that we should expect the as to be the most commonly
minted denomination at the time, followed by the semis.
This would be the case at Thessalonica and the other
Macedonian cities if the alternative, lower, values were
assigned to the coins. Secondly, as was the case with the
copper coins in Achaea (at Sparta, Nicopolis and Patras),
the Macedonian copper coins of c. 22 m m /10 g look so like
asses from the mint of Rome that it is hard to avoid the
conclusion that they were intended to be asses (cf. Achaea,
p. 246).
It therefore seems likely that the imperial denominations
used in Macedonia were 2 as, as, semis and quadrans; as
elsewhere in the Empire, the denominational pattern shows
a shift from smaller to larger denominations. There is an
interesting contrast between Macedonia and Achaea, as the
Macedonian as-standard seems to have been rather heavier
(9—10 g) than Achaea (c.yg). In this respect, Macedonia
looks to Italy, whereas Achaea looks east.

Apollonia
Apollonia had produced an extensive coinage of silver
drachms from the third to the first century b c (Crawford,
CMRR 224-6; A. Giovannini, Rome et la Circulation Monétaire,
p. 112). The date at which this coinage ceased is not
certain, though Crawford (CMRR 245) has suggested the
period of the civil war between Pompey and Caesar. At
about that time we know from Cicero that silver was being
minted at Apollonia (cum signaretur argentum Apolloniae,
adfam. X III.29.4). This has been taken by Crawford to be
the issue of denarii dated by the consuls of 49 b c (RRC
445/1-2 with p. 89: see also the introduction to Sicily),
although the passage of Cicero might as well refer to silver
of Apollonia. Apollonia did make an issue of silver at about
this time on the Roman weight standard, comprising
denarii (Apollo/three graces), and rare quinarii (helmeted
head of Athena/obelisk) and sestertii (lyre/obelisk). The
dating of these is rather problematic, in the absence of any
good hoard evidence. Crawford (CMRR 245) regarded the
denarii and fractions as a small issue produced in the wars
of the age of revolution, while H. Ceka (Questions de numis­
matique illyrienne, pp. 103-7) thought they were struck down
to the reign of Augustus, and perhaps also in the early first

century a d . Geka argued that the variety of styles and the
twenty-five magistrates’ names recorded on the coins imply
twenty-five years of issue, since the name of one magistrate
is preceded by the ligature of ΠΡ, presumably standing for
prytanis. Ceka therefore regarded each of the magistrates as
an annual eponymous prytanis. This conclusion is not,
however, certain, nor is the size of the issue; as for
chronology, one might perhaps point out that the forties b c
is the characteristic time for the production of silver
quinarii and sestertii, although this does not, of course,
preclude other, later, dates. Some exiguous support for this
view can now be found in a small, unpublished, hoard from
Le Mans in France; this contained aurei and denarii down
to Tiberius, and, in addition, one drachm of Apollonia
(ΖΩΙΛΟΣ). For what it is worth, the wear on this coin was
similar to that on Antonian denarii of the thirties b c .
The coinage of Apollonia during the imperial period has
traditionally consisted of two groups of coins, one for
Augustus and one for Nero. The Neronian coins have been
the subject of much discussion during the last few years.
They have no ethnic, and are definitely not coins of Apol­
lonia. Here they have been catalogued and discussed under
Nicopolis (1371, 1376), although that attribution is not
accepted by all.
This leaves the bronze coins of Augustus. They, too, have
been the subject of some reattribution. Grant (FIT A 353)
pointed out that there is a similarity between them and the
unique coin of Odessus attributed to Augustus (1801), and
proposed, in view of this, to reattribute them to Apollonia
Pontica in Thrace (mod. Sozopol), not far south of Odessus.
This reattribution is very attractive, as there is undoubtedly
a similarity between the types and fabric of the two issues,
but it is not accepted here on the grounds that the coins use
the ethnic ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΑΤΑΝ, the same as the ethnic used on
coins of Apollonia in Illyria (and the type of a cornucopia is
Dyrrhachium
Dyrrhachium produced a large coinage from the third to
the first century b c (Crawford, CMRR 224-6). The date at
which this coinage ceased is not certain, but it was probably
after Pompey’s defeat since the city had taken his part
against Caesar (Ceka, Questions de numismatique illyrienne, pp.
1°3—7; Crawford, CMRR 245).
A colony was founded there by Octavian in 30 b c (Dio
LI,4,6), but it is possible that Antony had already founded
a colony in the forties (Grant, FITA, pp. 275-9; Vittinghoff,
p. 126, n. 9). This colony had the ius italicum. No coinage of
this town is known as stated by Kubitschek (Gnomon X III,
1937, p. 24), though Grant, FITA, pp. 275-9, tentatively
attributed to it the following series:
A. COLONIA [ ]; bust, r.
Q PA[ ]DEDVX; tripod
c. 4 0 b c : FITA, pi. IX , 21
B. Bare head of Augustus, r.
C-I-VË T I TAR IIV IR Q D D; in a wreath
c. 17 b c : FITA, pi. V III,23
M A C E D O N I A : Apollonia, Dyrrhachium (1501—1502) 28g
also found there: Evelpidis 1721), whereas at Apollonia
Pontica the ethnic is ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΗΤΕΩΝ on coins (from the
earliest pieces, of Antoninus Pius till Severus). On inscrip­
tions from Apollonia Pontica, however, the forms ΑΠΟΛΛ-
WNIATAI (IGBulg I2, 388, 393), AnOAAWNIATWN (390,
396, 320) and AnOAAWNIATAS (308) are found: these are
not entirely consistent with the coins of Apollonia Pontica
(.IGBulg 396 is tentatively dated to the Severan period, and
320, dated to the first century b c or a d has the genitive
plural with the W rather than the A of the Apollonian
coins). For these reasons the traditional attribution has
been retained, although it is not, of course, beyond doubt.
Moreover, no specimens have been reported from
Bulgarian museums, and the attribution did not cause H.
Ceka any hesitation, although it must be admitted that he
was not aware of Grant’s reattribution (Geka, p. 107).
The odd fabric and style of the coin in Vienna with the
left-facing head (1502) makes one think that it is probably
of another emperor; the possibility that it is a modern
forgery cannot, however, be ruled out.
A u g u s tu s
1501 AE. 24m m , 12.10g (5). Axis: var. [ 5 ]
C op 417
CEBACTOC; head, r.
ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΑΤΑΝ; cornucopia, bound w ith fillet, in
w reath
I.P 9 0 , 11.90; 2. B 1372/1914, 13.54; 3 · v 3 7 7 00, 9-79; 4 · C o p 4 ' 7 ,
12.22; 5 . G 25, 13.07.
1502 See 1501. [ 1 ]
As 1501, b u t head, 1.
i . V 1 1 3 1 0 (T iep o lo ).
C. CAESAR AVGVSTVS; bare head of Augustus, r.
C-V-R·, MTVS-, M-HERENNIVS IIV IR QVINQ,
CT-A-D-; in field, Roma standing with spear and globe
12-11 b c : FITA, pi. V III,25
D. As C ___
C-V-R·, M -Ι-, M -H ER IIV IR QVINQ C L A D -;
plough
12-11 b c : FITA, pi. V III,24
E. T I CAE C I A D; laureate head of Tiberius, r.
AVG C I A D; radiate head of Augustus, r.
Under Tiberius: FITA, pi. V III,26
But the attribution of these coins to Dyrrhachium is
wrong (as are his readings, which have been kept here) : for
A see under Cassandrea or Dium (1510), for B under Cnos-
sus (980), for C and D under Dium (1504-5) and for E
under Dyme (1289).
 Dium
The foundation of Colonia Diensis may have occurred in 43 c. 4 3 bc (o r la te r ) ?
or 42 b c , but there is no definite evidence for this (see the
discussion of Cassandrea or Dium, p. 291). 1503 L eaded bronze. 1 3 -1 5 m m , 2.56g (3). Axis: 9. [ 2 ]
Grant, FIT A, pp. 272-3, dated to 43 b c . series 1503 with z f k rg2Ö, 172, no. 13, amng II, 60, no. r, f it a 272-3
Diana Baphyras trampling on a vexillum on the obverse
D IA N A B A PH Y R ; D ian a B aphyras tram p lin g on a
and a plough on the reverse. His comparison with a vexillum , r.
denarius of Brutus (RRC 507/2) on which a Victory is tram­ C O L D IE N S IS ; plough
pling on a broken sceptre and diadem is interesting, and his I. L = bmc 2 (rev.) (—fita, pi. I X ,i8 ) , 2.54; 2. V 3 7 8 6 9 (obv.), 2.74;
suggestion has been accepted by Papazoglou, ANR-WW,"],!, 3. C o rin th 1926C -379A , 2.42. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
pp. 357-8, n. 248. But this dating is by no means certain.
The colony was certainly (re)founded by Octavian in 30
A u g u s tu s
b c (Pliny, NH IV,35) and entitled Colonia Iulia Augusta

Diensis. From Augustus to Gallienus, a regular coinage is

C V r m iu s M H e r e n n iu s I l v i r i q u in q
known for the city.
1504 A E. 23 m m , 8.62 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
zfN 1926, 127-8, no. 14, f it a 277-9, A m andry, rn 1981,
A ugustus 65-7
Under Augustus, an issue was struck by the duoviri C A E SA R A V G V ST V S; b are head of A ugustus, r.
quinquennales G. Vrmius and M. Herennius. It has two C V R M IV S M H E R E N N IV S ; A th en a/R o m a holding
p a te ra an d spear, L; in field, C l A D
denominations :
i . B; 2 . G o ( = m g 74, 58 ; z fN 1926, p i. X ,9; f i t a , p i. V I I I , 25: r e v .) , 8.50;
1504 23 mm, 8.62 g (2) 3. P V ( — r n 1981, p i . X V I , 3 ), 8 .7 3 .
1505 17 mm, ? C o u n te rm ark : T o n th e neck o f A u g u stu s, o n 2 a n d 3 ( G IC 655: in itia ls o f
a R o m a n n am e ‘P u ..
These denominations were probably intended to pass as
1505 AE. 17 m m . [ o ]
asses (1504) and semisses (1505).
This issue was attributed by Grant (FITA, pp. 277-9) lo FITA 277
Dyrrhachium as he suggested that the name of the first As 1 5 0 4
magistrate should be read as G V R M IVS, that is, C y l­ C VR[ ] II V IR Q V IN Q C I A D; plough
oniae) V(eneriae) R(estitutori) M IVS(tuleius?). This read­ i . V a t ( — fita, pi. V I I I , 24).

ing is unlikely, as there are no dots between the letters and

as the reverse type - Athena/Roma holding patera and T ib e r iu s
spear - occurs on the coinage of Dium until Gallienus.
In the field, C I A D is perfectly clear on the PV specimen 1506 L eaded bronze, q - i g m m , 8 . n g (3). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
(1504/3); the reading D D (Gaebler) must be disregarded. BMC 3, AMNG II, 6 l, no. 6, APT 33
T I C A E SA R D IV I F A V G V ST V S; b are head of
T iberius, r.
T iberius C O L O N IA IV L D IE N S IS ; Livia, veiled w ith p atera and
Under Tiberius, only one issue was struck, probably of sceptre, seated r.; D D in exergue
i . L = b m c 3 ( = a p t , pi. I V ,5), 7.67; 2. P 671, 8.21; 3 . M u , 8.46; 4 . G .
asses (1506). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: i .
The reverse type - Livia seated holding patera and scep­
tre —derives from the coinage struck at Rome in a d 15-16,
and it is therefore difficult to date this issue very precisely in C la u d iu s
the reign of Tiberius.
1507 AE. 21 m m , 9.25 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 1 ]

C laudius SNG Evelpidis 1217

T I C L A V D IV S C A ESA R ) ; b are head, 1.
The coin published in NY SNG 248 is indeed a coin of C O L A V G D IE N S IS ; A th en a/R o m a w ith p a tera and
Claudius, as the beginning of the legend, T I CLAVDIVS spear, 1.; in field, D D
and not NERO CLAVDIVS, is offered by the Evelpidis i . E velpidis 1217, 9.90; 2. N Y sng 248, 8.61. 1-2 from sam e obv. die.
specimen (SNG 1217) from the same obverse die. After
CAESAR, the legend is not clear. N ero

1508 AE. 20-3 m m , 9.45 g (4). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ]

N e ro N E R O C L A V D IV S C A ESA R; b are head o f N ero, 1.
T h e c o in a gO e in h o n o u r o f N e ro C la u d iu s C a e s a r w a s Ap ro b - C O L IV L Dp IE1 N
1 < ·
S IS ; A th en a/R o m a w ith p a tera an d
11—. -j-v
ably struck at the very beginning of his reign; the style of spear, 1., in neiu, u u
Nero’s portrait fits such a date. The four specimens known *' P DeIepierre’ ” '24; ° ’ 9°4; 4' Trade (London>
so far are from the same obverse die. C o u n te rm ark : illeg ib le o n th e rev ., o n i a n d 5.

Cassandrea or Dium
Three different coin types were made in the name of the
proconsul Hortensius, but the evidence for their attribution
is inconsistent between Cassandrea and Dium. The proven­
ances of two favour Dium; the typology of the third indi­
cates Cassandrea, and has been catalogued there (1511).
The issues in question are:
1509 Q H O R TE N SI PROCOS; head of Hortensius, r.
PRAEF CO L O N DEDVC; ox-yoke, plough and
measuring-rod (?) with vexillum
15m C O L O N IA [ ]; female head, r.
[Q ]H O R T X V V IR [CO JLO N DEDVX; tripod
1511 H A M M O pN ]; head of Ammon, r.
H O R T CO L D; two ears of corn
Of these coins, the largest was tentatively attributed by
Grant, FIT A, p. 33, to Macedonia (Thessalonica?), the
second to Dyrrhachium {FITA, pp. 278-9; but see M.
Amandry, RN, 1981, p. 62) and the smallest to Cassandrea
(.FIT A, p. 272). While his attribution to Cassandrea seems
correct, there have been over the last few years several finds
of both the other two types from the excavations at Dium,
and we are grateful to S. Kremidi for the information that
as many as some six pieces of the plough type and three of
the tripod type have been found there.
A solution would be to split the coins between the two
colonies, but one is unwilling to do this, partly because
there is no other independent evidence for the foundation of
a colony at Dium in the forties b c , and partly because the
three look like three denominations of a single, foundation,
issue. This is suggested both by the similarity of legends
and by metrology:
1509 25 mm, 14.87 g (4)
1510 19mm, 8.15g (1)
1511 15mm, 3.56g (2)
Undoubtedly the preferable solution would be to attribute
all three issues to Cassandrea; one could argue that the
Cassandrea
A colony was founded at Cassandrea (the former Potidaea)
in 43-42 b c by Hortensius, and refounded by Augustus in
30 b c (F. Papazoglou, ANRW Il.g.i, pp. 357 and 358), after
which it was called COL IVL AVG CASSANDREN (sis)
(the fuller form occurring on coins of the reign of Nero).
The colony has recently been attested epigraphically for the
first time (BCH, 1979, p. 303: uncertain date).
The main problem of attribution concerns the coins of
Hortensius, whose attribution is uncertain between Cassan­
drea and Dium. Provenance for the larger denominations
favours Dium, but the type of the third (a head of Ammon)
seems to guarantee an attribution to Cassandrea, and hence
the association of Hortensius with the foundation of the
colony (cf. Grant, FITA 272). It has been catalogued here
under Cassandrea (1511) and the other two under ‘Cassan­
drea or Dium’ (1509-10), although one is reluctant to
separate them.
A coin in Dresden was attributed by Grant (APT 11, no.
32, illustrated on his pi. IV.4) to Tiberius, but this is very
doubtful. He describes it as follows:
M A C E D O N I A : Cassandrea or Dium, Cassandrea {1509-1510) 2gi
Dium provenances do not contradict this, since Dium is
very close to Cassandrea, and since there has been no arch­
aeological exploration of Cassandrea. In view of the import­
ance of the question to the history of Dium, however, we do
not feel that the evidence is strong enough to allow an
attribution of all three issues to Cassandrea, and the classi­
fication of the larger two denominations has therefore been
left uncertain, either Cassandrea or Dium.
For a discussion of the portrait of Hortensius and the
possible identification of sculptural representations of him,
se ej. Ch. Baity, Revue Archéologique (1987/1), pp. 206-13.
Q H o r te n s iu s P ro co s, 4 3 - 4 2 b c
1509 AE. 2 5 m m , 14.87g (4). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
AMNG I corr., FITA 33
Q H O R T E N S I P R O C O S ; h ead of H ortensius, r.
PR A E F C O L O N D ED V C ; ox-yoke, plough an d
m easuring-rod (?) w ith vexillum
i . O (P R A E F C O L O N D E D V C ) ex N iggeler I I (L eu—M M A G 1966, lot
5 7 3 ); 15*98; 2. B (L ö b b = z Fn 1926, T af. X .i8 = f i t a , pi. I I . 7)
( ]C O L O N [ ); 3. L 1 9 3 4 -3 -1 2 -6 4 ( = p i t a , pi. I I . 8) (P R A E F C O L O N
D E D V [), 14.84; 4. M M A G 52 (1975), lo t 441 ( ]C O L O N [ ), 18.81;
5 . A u fh ä u s e r 2 (1985), lo t 186 (P R A E F C O L O N D E D V [ ), 9.83; 6 - 7 . A,
from D iu m ex cav atio n s (in fo rm atio n fro m I. T o u ra tso g lo u ). F o r fu rth e r
specim ens from D iu m , see above.
C o u n te rm ark s: B .P Q (? ) ( G I C — : 1), illegible (6 -7 ).
1510 AE. 19m m , 8 .1 5 g ( 0 · Axis: 6 o r 12. [ i ]
ή τα 278-g
C O L O N IA [ ]; fem ale head, r.
[Q] H O R T X V V IR | C O [LO N D E D V X ; tripod
I. R W ( C O L O N IA [ /] H O R T X V V I R [ ]L O N D E [), 8.15; 2. P
(C O L O N IA [ /J D E D V X : s e e M . A m an d ry , r n 1981, 62 a n d pi. X V .A ),
7.64. F o r fu rth e r sp ecim ens, from th e ex cav atio n s a t D iu m , see above. T h e
rev. ty p e is to be ex p lain ed b y H o rte n s iu s ’s te n u re o f th e q u in d e cim v irate .
]DIVI(?)[ ; laureate head, r.
[CO]L IVL[ C]AS; head of Ammon, r.
Grant himself quoted Bellinger’s opinion that the portrait
on the coin was Antonine, and certainly the abbreviated
form of the ethnic (CAS) seems to be a feature of the second
century or later (to judge from the admittedly fairly limited
material in AMNG and L). It has therefore been omitted
here as probably a second-century coin. There is, of course,
no intrinsic reason why there should not be a Tiberian
issue, but the Dresden coin does not provide sufficient
reason for accepting one at the moment.
The main problem posed by the coins of Claudius and
Nero is the exact reading of the end of the obverse legends.
The coins of Claudius do not appear to give him the title
P P, and so cannot be dated more precisely within the reign,
unless the form of the titulature of the first variety, which is
reminiscent of the very earliest gold and silver coins of
Claudius, perhaps suggests a date at the beginning of the
reign. The coins of Nero have the late portrait, introduced
in 63. Some also include IM P in the legend as a title rather 1513 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3 .8 7 g (4 ). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 6 ]
than as a praenomen; at Rome this would suggest a date no AMNG 4 - 5 , BMC I
later than 66, but it is hard to be sure that this practice AVG; on vexillum betw een two stan d ard s
would necessarily be observed in the provinces (it was not, C A S(S)A N D R E ; in three lines in w reath
for instance, at Corinth). The coins of Nero cannot, there­ C A S A N D R E : 1. B 28780 —K a t 1; C A S S A N D R E : 2. L = bm c i , 3.13;
fore, be dated more closely than between 63 and 68, and the 3. P 590, 4.38; 4 . B (L ö b b ); 5. M u 1; 6. N Y s n g 233, 4.12; 7. E velpidis
1210, 3.85. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 2.
use of the radiate crown on the portrait suggests a connec­
tion with Nero’s visit to Greece in 66—7 (see p. 287). 1514 AE. 15m m , 2.81 g (2). [ 2 ]
The significance of the countermark AVG (GIC 576) on AMNG 3
Claudian coins is not clear; it may just be used as part of the H orse, 1.; above, crescent
colony’s ethnic, denoting a new official issue of coins. C A SSA N D R E; in three lines in w reath
It is not easy to date the small coins with no reference to i . B 1 5 /1 9 2 5 , 3.09; 2. A m sterd a m ( a m n g T af. X I I I . 1); 3. N Y sn g 232,
an emperor. Some of them spell the ethnic with a single S, 2.53; 4 . C a s t in L.
CASANDRE; from the time of Claudius onwards, two S’s
are the invariable rule, so this suggests a pre-Claudian date;
the same date may fit for the other similar pieces, as their
ethnic, CASSANDRE, disassociates them from the coins of C la u d iu s
Claudius (CASSANDR) or Nero (CASSANDREN). On
the other hand, small coins with very similar horses and 1515 L eaded bronze. 2 0 m m , 8 .5 2 g (8). Axis: 6. [ 15]
inscriptions in a wreath also occur at Thessalonica under AMNG 6 ( ? ) , BMC 4 , C op 14 7
Nero, and it was this consideration that led Gaebler
T I C LA CAES A V G G E R M P M T R P O T (?); laureate
(.AMNG, p. 53) to date them to the Neronian period. There head, 1.
is certainly no doubt that, for instance, the trotting horse is C O L IV L A V G CA SSA N D R; head o f A m m on, r.
very like that on Thessalonican coins of Antonia (attributed !· p 59 U 9 0 0 ; 2 - 3 . P 59 2 -3 ; 4 - 5 . L = b m c 4, 1 8 4 4 -4 -2 5 -1 5 7 3 , 8.52,
to the reign of Claudius) and of Nero. There are, however, 8.82; 6. C o p 147, 9.36; 7. G 3; 8. O , 9.20; 9 . B (L öbb); 10—11. V 35019,
no small Thessalonican pieces from the reigns of Tiberius or In c e rti 27335/77; 1 2 - 1 4 . M u 2, 3, 3a, 9.23, 7.45, 6.45; 15. PV ; 16. T
F a b re tti 2272, 7.81; 17. N Y s n g 229, 8.84. Q u alitativ e m e tal an aly sis on:
Caligula from Thessalonica for comparison, and, for the 4. T h e coin illu stra te d b y A M N G as a coin o f C la u d iu s is p ro b a b ly o ne o f
time being, therefore, a pre-Claudian date has been N ero , in view o f th e left-facing h ea d o f A m m on.
C o u n te rm ark : A V G on rev. ( G I C 576: 4, 10, 12, 17).
preferred.
1516 L eaded bronze. 20m m , 9 .2 1 g (3). Axis: 6. [ 13 ]
BMC 3
( I H o r te n s iu s P ro co s, 4 3 - 4 2 b c
T I C LA CAES A V G G E R M P M T R P ( ? ) ; laureate
head, r.
1511 AE. 15m m , 3.56g (2). Axis: 6 (i). [ 2 ] C O L IV L A V G CA SSA N D R; head of A m m on, r.
AMNG 2 , FIT A 272 I. L = bmc 3, 9.69; 2 - 3 . G 1-2; 4 - 6 . P 594, 595, 595a, 8.77, 9.16, 7 .11 ;

H A M M O [?N ]; head o f A m m on, r. 7 - 8 . B (R au c h = K a t 2, 2197/1951); 9 - 1 1 . V 9 705-7; 12. Be (R 4295),

9 - 14: 13. N Y s n g 230, 7.70. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
H O R T C O L D; two ears of corn C o u n te rm ark : A V G o n rev. ( G IC 576: 2, 5 -6 , 8 - r o , t4 ).
I. B (I-B ) (]M M O [) = GM 92, 173 = FITA, pi. V I I I . 21, 3.60; 2 . A (jIA N
1907, 256, no. 14 ‘P ariu m , M y sia’: ‘] A M M O [/]O R T C O L [P ]’); 3. P
1052, 3.38 (In c e rta A fricae = P ellerin, Rec. I l l , pi. C X V I.2 : Ή Α Μ Μ Ο Ν ’)
(know n in a s u lp h u r cast to G aebler, zfN 1926, 139): th e final N is
d u b io u s, b u t possible. See also 1509—10 (C a ssa n d re a o r D iu m ).
N e ro
C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in (3).

1517 L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 7.81 g (7). Axis: 6. [ 15 ]

P r e -C la u d ia n ? N E R O C L A V D (IV S ) C A ESA R A V G G E R P M T R P
(IM P ) P P; rad iate head, 1.
C O L IV L A V G G A SSA N D REN ; head of A m m on, 1.
1512 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3.75g (2). [ 2 ]
I. L 1 9 1 9 - 5 - 1 - 2 , 8.12; 2. L 1 9 5 8 -3 -4 -8 3 , 7.46; 3. N Y; 4 - 5 . G 4 -5 ; 6 -
BMC 2 7. C M cC le an 3194, 3195 (pi. 116.15), 5.83, 8.45; 8 - 9 . P 5 96-7, 9.08,
7.60; i o . O , 8 . 8 i ; i i —13. B (I-B , Fox = K a t 3, L ö b b ); 14. V 8708;
H orse trotting, r.; behind, branch ' 15. M u 4, 6.97; 16. E v elp id is 1 2 1 1 ,6 .9 9 ; 17. J P R 5841, 8.52. 1—2, 10-11
C A SA N D R E; in three lines in w reath an d 13 h av e n o IM P ; 4—5, 8 a n d 12 h av e IM P ; 3, 6 -7 , 9 a n d 14-16 are
i. L= BMC 2, 3.63; 2. N Y SNG 2 3 1, 3.87. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. u n ce rtain . 8 a n d 12 h av e C L A V D . Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 1.

Edessa
Edessa (formerly called Aegae) had not made any coinage moneyers’ bronze, of which a single example is known (B
since the fifth century until it produced four small issues of 17321 = Kat i, a dupondius: see J. Friedländer, ZfN u ,
coinage in the Julio-Claudian period, two under Augustus 1875, p. 373; H. Willers, Geschichte der römischen Küpferpm-
and two under Tiberius. In addition, the city applied the gung, p. 199 and Taf. X V III.9 and GIC 312). The type of
countermark of a reclining goat and ΕΔ on Augustan the countermark occurred on earlier coins of Aegae, and on
 M A C E D O N I A : Edessa, Pella or Dium (1518-1527) 2513

the earlier issue of Edessa for Augustus, and the counter­ T ib e r iu s a n d D iv u s A u g u s tu s

marking may perhaps be contemporary with it. For similar
countermarking of Augustan bronze in the Balkans and in 1521 AE. 22m m , 8 .0 8 g (11: 1521—4 ). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
Sicily, see the introductions to Tomi and Sicily. C op 163 var.
The first issue catalogued here for Augustus was
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; head, r.
regarded as ‘much later’ by Grant (FIT A 374, n. 6: it is not
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΘΕΟΣ ΕΔΕΣΣΑΙΩΝ; lau reate head o f A ugustus,
clear whether this also means that there is a second speci­ r.
men of the piece in Sofia), but Imhoof-Blumer’s identifica­ I. L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 5 5 5 , 7.79; 2. M u 2, 7.06.
tion as Augustus (MG 62) is followed here. The use of the
praenomen imperator, however, suggests that Grant may have
1522 See 1521. [ 4 ]
been right.
It is not clear if the second issue of Augustus was sup­ C op 163
posed to be in one or two denominations. The flans of the As 1521, b u t lau reate head o f A ugustus, 1.
coins are sharply divisible into ones of about 25 mm and i . B (K n o b e lsd o rf = K a t 5); 2. C o p 163, 7.17; 3—4 . P 6 9 5 -6 , 9.30, 7.50;
5 - J S W , 9.00.
ones of about 20 mm; the weights, however, seem indis­
tinguishable. The coins were regarded by Grant (FIT A 353
1523 L eaded bronze. See 1581. [ 1 ]
and 374) as a ‘foundation issue’, though there seems to be
no reason to accept this interpretation. C op 162 var.
The relationship between the coins of Tiberius struck As 1581, b u t head o f Tiberius, 1. (laureate head of
with Divus Augustus and with Livia is not clear. They are A ugustus, r.)
probably separate issues, since the Livian coins do not have i . L 1958—2—4 —8 5 , 10.28. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: i.

the same variety in the direction of the portraits; the legends

for Tiberius are also different, and there are (obviously, 1524 See 1521. [ 6 ]
therefore) no die links. If they are, indeed, separate issues, C op 162
there seems no way of telling which precedes the other. As 1521, b u t head o f Tiberius, 1., an d la u reate head of
Here the coins with Livia have been placed second, on the A ugustus, 1.
grounds that the portrait of Tiberius seems more mature i . L 1 9 2 4 -6 -2 -1 , 7.87; 2. C o p 162, 7.17; 3. P 697, 8.36; 4 . P 698, 9.25;
(except on the issue with a bare head, 1527). 5. O , 8.23; 6. M u 3, 6.72.

A u g u s tu s
T ib e r iu s a n d L i v ia as A u g u s ta
1518 A E. 14m m , 4.97g (1). Axis: 9 (1). [ 1 ]
1525 AE. 21 m m , 10.49g ( A Axis: 1 2 (1 ). [ 1 ]
AYTOK[ ; head, r.
ΕΔΕΣΣ[Α ΙΩ Ν ]; reclining goat, r. ΤΙ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r.
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΕΔΕΣΣΑΙΩΝ; head of Livia, r.
I . B (I-B ), 4.97 ( = m g 62, 5). N o t definitely A u gustus: see above.
i . N Y 2 5 6 , 10.49.
1519 L eaded bronze. 25m m , 8 .9 6 g (4). Axis: 12. [ 8 ]
BMC 16, C op 161 1526 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 9.12 g (6). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 12 ]
ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. BMC 18
ΕΔΕΣΣΑΙΩΝ; in two lines in w reath As 1525, b u t lau reate head, r.
i . L = b m c i 6, 9.57; 2. P 692, 8.54; 3 . P 1982/116, 9.05; 4 . C o p 161,
i . L 1 9 5 8 —3—4 —86, 7.20; 2—3. L = b m c 18-19, 9.82, 8.88; 4 . P 699A,
8.68; 5—6. B (28780, Fox — K a t 3 -4 ); 7—8 . N Y s n g 25 4 -5 , 9.68, 7.43;
9.99; 5 —6 . P 6 9 9-700; 7. O , 7.43; 8—10. B (L ö b b , I-B , 1148/1898);
9 . J P R 6296, ÎO.20. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i.
i i . M u 4, 10.04; IS*· V 9999. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.

1520 L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 8.58 g (4). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 9 ]

BMC 17, AMc 1095 1527 See 1536. [ 1 ]
As 1519, but sm aller diam eter. As 1535, b u t ΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ a n d lau reate head, r.
I . 0 = AMC IO G G , 9.35; 2 . L = BMC 1 Ί , 9.O5; 3—4 . P 6 9 3-4, 8 . 7 3 , 6.9Q; G—
i . B (L ö b b ).
7. B (I-B , L öbb, 2 8 6 7 6 = K a t 2); 8. V 9740; 9 . M u 1, 3.66; 10. PV .
Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2.

Pella or Dium
The series described under the heading Pella/Dium have The duovir P. Baebius (1534-5), under Augustus, is likely
been variously attributed: their Macedonian origin is clear, to be the father of G. Baebius P. f., who appears on Tiberian
but they lack any ethnic. issues with L. Rusticellus Basterna (1536-9). And the
Issues 1534-44 have been given to Pella by Grant, FIT A coinage of L. Rusticelius Cordus ( 1540-4) has very strong
281-3, APT, pp. 11-13, and to Dium by Imhoof-Blumer, affinities with the coinage of Baebius/Basterna.
MG, pp. 74-6, Gaebler, ZJN, 1926, pp. 128-36, AMNG II, The issue of P. Baebius has two denominations:
pp. 60-1, and Sutherland, JRS, 1941, pp. 73-81. 1534 22-3 mm, 11.63 g (5)
They form a compact group which cannot be dissociated. 1535 17—18mm, 3.52g (1)
The issue of G. Baebius P. f. and L. Rusticellus Basterna 282(2). Grant’s view is logical because the treatment of
has three denominations: Augustus’s portrait on 1531 is very close to 1534: if 1531
22—3 mm, 10.38 g (4)
was struck at Pella, it might follow that 1534 (and the rest of
536
537 22-3 mm, 9-97 g (25)
the group) was struck at Pella. On the other hand, the style
538 17 mm, 4 -6 g g (4 ) of 1531 and 1534 is also very close to the Augustan issue
539 16-17 mm, 3.20g (i) struck at Dium (1504).
The issue of L. Rusticellus Cordus has only two: The types of 1533 are the same as that on 1539 and 1544;
this might confirm the attribution to the same mint of 1531,
1540 24-51™ , 10.79g (6)
1533 and 1534-44.
1541 24-5 mm, 11.59 g (5)
1542 2 1 -3 mm, 9.83g (7) Which mint is a problem that cannot be solved for the
1543 23 - 4 mm, 9.79g (5) moment, although the excavations conducted by the
1544 15mm, 3 -9 2 g (0 University of Thessaloniki at Dium will hopefully provide a
solution. Might the absence of ethnic denote a different
These denominations were presumably intended to pass as
status between strictly colonial coins and provincial ones?
asses (1534, 1536-7, 1540-3) and semisses or trientes (1535,
1538-9, 1544 ) ■
Most of the types on the small denominations seem to A u g u s tu s
refer to quinquennalian games (1535, 1539, 4544)· The
issue of L. Rusticelius Cordus was struck after ad 22-3, as M Fictorius M Septimius Ilviri quinq, 25 BC
the Pietas type on the obverse of 1542 and 1543 derives from
the dupondii struck at Rome (RIC 43 and 46). In fact the 1528 L eaded bronze. 23-41001, 11.38g (8). Axis: 12. [ 8 ]
Pietas type of 1542 is a copy of the Iustitia type. AMNG II, 98, no. 23
The main reason why the issues 1534-44 were attributed IM P C A E SA R I A V G V S T O IX C O S; lau reate head of
to Dium by Imhoof-Blumer and Gaebler is the analogy of A ugustus, r.
DD, which they mistakenly thought occurred on coins M F IC T O R I M S E P T V M (IV S ) II V IR Q V IN in laurel
securely attributed to Dium (see 1504-5). Grant’s attribu­ w reath
I. L 1914—6 - 9 - 3 , 15.13; 2—3 . P 9 8 1 -2 , 8.24, 11.87; 4 · B I-B (== AMNG, pi.
tion to Pella is based on the following reasons: (1) style, X I X ,21); 5 . B L ö b b ; 6. C o p 277, 9.33; 7. O , 12.93; 8. C 108-1948,
thickness and fabric; (2) the reverse composition of 1536-8 I I . 35; 9 * PV3 13.15; 10. P V , 9.05. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.
and 1540-3 - a legend in several lines within a wreath or
1529 L eaded bronze. i8 - ig m m , 5.78g (2). Axis: 1. [ 4 ]
not - is strongly reminiscent of Augustan coins generally
attributed to Pella but here given to the group Pella/Dium; AMNG II, 98, no. 24
(3) some specimens of 1537 are countermarked PEL, and it PA C IS; h ead o f Pax, r.
is common for such countermarks to comprise the ethnic of M F IC T O R I M S E P T V M I II V IR Q V IN ; ploughing
the city in which the coins were actually struck. scene
I. L = B M C 17, 5.29; 2. L 1 9 38-10-7—214, 6.26; 3 . B I-B ( = AMNG, pi.
Issues 1528-30 and 1531-3 have always been attributed
X I X , 13); 4 . M u . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i.
to Pella (Imhoof-Blumer, MG, p. 88; Gaebler, AMNG II, p.
98; Grant, FIT A 281-2). 1530 L eaded bronze. 17 m m , 3.88 g (5). Axis: 6. [ 5 ]
Issue 1528-30 is signed by the duoviri quinquennales AMNG II, 98, no. 25
Fictorius and Septimius and dates to 25 b c . It was struck in M F IC T O R IV S M S E P T V M IV II V IR Q V I; view of
three denominations: city
M F IC T O R IV S M S E P T V M IV S II V IR Q V IN Q ;
1528 23—4111111, 11.38g (8)
A m azon shield
1529 18—19mm, 5.78g (2)
I. L = bmc 18 (=FITA, pi. I X ,9), 4.50; 2. P 9 8 0 , 3.92; 3. B 8315; 4 . V
1530 17 mm, 3-88 g (5)
9729 (= AMNG, pi. X I X , 16), 3.83; 5 . A; 6. N Y sng 622, 3.05; 7. J S W ,
4.08. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
These were probably intended to pass as asses (1528),
semisses (1529) and trientes (?) (1530). The quadrans
(triens?) described by Grant, FIT A 281 (1) as M FIC- C Herennius L Titucius Ilviri quinq
TORIVS IIV IR QVI, praefericulum/M SEPTIMIVS
1531 L eaded bronze. 2 1 -2 m m , 10.23g (4)· Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
IIV IR QVIN, strigiles, has not been found: a confusion
mg 88, no. 104, ή τα 282 (2)
with 1533 (?).
The reasons for removing this issue from Pella have been IM P A V G V ST V S; b are head of A ugustus, r.
discussed with the coinage of Pella (p. 296). C H E R E N N IV S L T IT V C IV S I I V IR Q V IN in w reath
The issue 1531—3 is signed by the duoviri quinquennales i . L 1 9 1 2 —7—14—11, 1 1.55; 2. P 1982/124, 8.61; 3. B I-B ( = mg 88,
104); 4 . B L ö b b ; 5. V 33304, 10.25; 6. Sofia; 7. E gger (Prow e)
C. Herennius and L. Titucius and was struck in two (?) 2 /I I I /1 9 1 2 , 525; 8. D o u k as coll., 10.72. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.
denominations: asses (1531) and trientes (?) (1532-3).
1532 A E. 16 m m , 4 .3 1 g (1). Axis: 6. [ 1 ]
1531 21—2 mm, 10.23 g (4) mg 88, no. 105, AMNG II, 98, no. 26, f it a 282 (2)
1532 16 mm, 4.31g (1)
r533 15-16 mm, ? [C H E R E N N IV S L T IT V C IV S IIV J IR Q V IN (? );
horsem an, r.
This issue has always been attributed to Pella (Imhoof- C H E R E N N IV S L T IT V C IV S II V IR Q V IN
Blumer, MG, p. 88; Gaebler, AMNG II, p. 98; Grant, FITA i . B 2 8 7 7 8 (= K a t 76,2 = AMNG I I , pi. X I X , 17), 4.31.
 M A C E D O N IA : Pella or D ium ( 1533-1544) 299

1533 AE. i5 - i6 m m . [ 1 ] 1539 AE. i6 - i7 m m , 3.20g (1). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]

MG 88, 106, AMNG II, 98, no. 27, FITA 282 (2) zfN 1926, 133, no. 20, AMNG II, 60, no. 3, S u th erland 74,
C H E R E N N IV S II V IR Q V IN ; praefericulum no. 6, a p t 36
L T IT V C IV S II V IR Q V IN ; tw o strigiles C B A EB IV S P F D D; cup
i. M u ( = amng II, p i. X I X ,1 9 ). L R V S T IC E L IV S B A STERN A ; praefericulum an d two
strigiles
i . P , 3.20; 2. B ( = AMNG, pi. X I I I , 31); 3—4 . Sofia.
P B a e b iu s I l v i r q u in q

1534 AE. 22-3 m m , 11.63 g (5)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 6 ]

z în 1926, 128-9, no· i 5 > S uth erlan d , JR S 1941, 73, no. i
L R u s tic e llu s C o rd u s I l v i r q u in q *I.
A V G V ST V S; bare head of A ugustus, r.
P B A EB IV S II V IR Q V IN Q ; aro u n d D D
1540 L eaded bronze. 24-5 m m , 10.79g (6)· Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
i . L 1 9 1 9 -2 —13—1319 (obv.), 11.67; 2. B ( = z f n , pi. X ,io ) ; 3. V , 11.66;
4 . M u , 12.80; 5. C o p 157, 11.24; 6· N Y SNG 2 4 5 (rev.), 10.76. z fN 1926, 134, no. 21, S uth erlan d 74, no. 7, apt 37
T I C A ESA R A V G F A V G V ST V S; bare head of
1535 A E. 17 -1 8 m m , 3.52g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
T iberius, r.
z fN1926, 130, no. 16, AMNG II , 60, no. 2, S u th erlan d 73, L R V S T IC E L IV S C O R D V S II V IR Q V IN Q D D in oak
no. 2 w reath
M ale figure holding vase an d ju g , r. i . L 1 9 3 8 -1 0 -7 -1 4 9 , 10.78; 2—3. P 6 6 6 -7 , 10-42, i i . 41; 4 . B; 5. C ( = a p t,

P B A EB IV S II V IR Q V IN Q ; aro u n d cup pi. IV ,9), 12.08; 6 . T ü b in g e n s n g 1002, 9.90; 7. E velpidis 1216, 10.13.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.
I. B I-B ( = M G 89, no. 107b), 3.52.

1541 L eaded bronze. 24-50110, 11.59g (5)· Axis: 12. [ 3 ]

T ib e r iu s z fN 1926, 134, nos. 22-3, S uth erlan d 75, nos. 8—g
T I C (A )E S A R A V G F A V G V ST V S; b a re h ead of
C B a e b iu s P J L R u s tic e llu s B a s te r n a I l v i r i q u in q T iberius, r.
L R V S T IC E L IV S C O R D V S II V IR Q V IN Q D D in oak
1536 A E. 2 2 -3 m m , 10.38g (4). Axis: 12. [ 2 ] w reath
z fN 1926, 132, no. 17, S u th erlan d 74, no. 4 I. L B a n k 1 0 0 8 (C A E S A R ), 13.31; 2. B (C A E S A R ); 3. M u (C E S A R ),
10.97; 4 * A 1295b (C E S A R ), 11.86; 5. M i (C A E S A R ?), 11.9; 6. T ü b in g en
T I C A ESA R A V G F A V G V ST V S; b are h ead of s n g 1001 (?), 9.93. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
T iberius, r.
C B A E B IO P F L R V S T IC E L IO B A ST E R N A II V IR
1542 AE. 2 1 -3 m m , 9 .8 3 g (7). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
Q V IN Q D D
i . B L ö b b ; 2. A 1295a, 10.23; 3. A T s ib o u r a k is 3 5 8 , 10.11; 4 . H irsch zfN 1926, 134, no. 25, AMNG II, 61, no. 5, S u th erland 75,
X X I , E. W e b e r coli., 1108; 5. W a rs a w ( = w n V , 1961, p. 87, pi. V I ,3), no. 11, a p t 39
11.75; 6· L 19 3 5 -6 -1 4 -1 6 , 9.44.
P IE T A S A V G V ST A ; diadem ed bust o f P ietas/L ivia, r.
1537 L eaded bronze. 22-3 m m , 9.97 g (25). Axis: 12 or 6. L R V S T IC E L IV S C O R D V S II V IR Q V IN Q D D
[ 20 ] i . P 665, 9.73; 2. B; 3 . M u , 8.70; 4. L e n in g ra d 8992 (C o rin th ), 11.12;
5. T 21842 (C o rin th ), 7.25; 6. P V , 10.37; 7 * N Y s n g 247, 11.24;
z fN 1926, 132-3, no. 18, S uth erlan d 74, no. 3, apt 34 8. P r iv a t e c o ll. ( — z f n , pi. X ,i6 = a m n g , pi. X I I I , 30), 10.46; 9 . L an z
As 1 5 3 6 44/1988, 490, 10.88.
C BAEBIV S P F L R V S T IC E L IV S B A ST E R N A II V IR
Q V IN Q D D
1543 L eaded bronze. 23-4111111, 9 .7 9 g (5)· Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
i . L 1853—7-1 6 -2 4 6 , 10.63; 2. L 1 9 0 8 -1 1 -1 1—85 ( = a p t , pi. I V ,7: rev .),
11.38; 3. L B an k 1009, 10.48; 4 . L G 1184, 11.46; 5—6. P 66 8 -9 , 10.94, z fN1926, 135, no. 26, amng II , 60, no. 4, S uth erland 75,
11.96; 7 . P 1969/874, 11.26; 8—i i . B; 12—1 3 . V 9 7 3 1 -2 , 7.86, 7.07; no. 10, a p t 38
14. V , 11.83; O (= a p t , pi. I V ,6: ob v .), ro.83, 9.81; 17—19. M u ,
11.05, 11-03, 8 .11; 20. A 1 9 1 7 ΙΘ i , 10.82; 2 1 . Be, 9.12; 2 2 . M i ( = B r e r a P IE T A S ; b u st o f P ietas/L ivia d raped, diadem ed and
725), 10.5; 2 3 . N Y SN G 246, 10.41; 24—25. T ü b in g e n s n g 1003-4, 8.73, veiled, r.
7.84; 2 6 . G o, 8.70; 2 7 . P V , 8.61; 28. B C D ; 2 9 . S ch u lten 2 θ ~ 2 ΐ/Χ /ΐ9 8 8 , As 1 5 4 a
154, 9.22. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
i . L 1 8 5 8 —11—6 - 2 9 (o b v .) ( = a p t , pi. IV , 10), 11.93; 2. B; 3 · V 3 5 2 2 *
C o u n te rm ark : P E L O o n th e obv. o f 12 a n d 28 ( G IC 598).
(rev.), 10.81 ; 4 . H ( = a m n g , pi. X I I I , 29); 5. T 21841 (C o rin th ), 7.60;
P u n ch : Ê on 2 ( G I C 652).
6 . J P R , 9.60; 7. N av ille 1925, Levis coll. 262; 8. L a n z 32/1985, 411, 9.03.
1538 L eaded bronze. 17m m , 4 .6 9 g (4). Axis: 12. [ 3 ] Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.

z fN 1926, 133, no. 19, S uth erlan d 74, no. 5, apt 35

1544 AE. 15m m , 3.92g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
D D; fem ale head w ith h a ir k notted behind neck, r.
C B A EB IV S P F L R V S T IC E L IV S B A ST E R N A II V IR a pt 40
Q V IN Q Praefericulum an d two strigiles
I. L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -5 9 ( = APT, pi. I V ,8), 4.70; 2. P 6 7 0 , 4.78; 3. V 9730, 3.53; As 1 5 4 2 - 3
4 . J S W (ex K ovacs V I I I , 2 2 /IV /8 8 , 104), 5.74. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis
i. B (= a pt , pi. I V , 11); 2. P V , 3.92.
on: i.
2g6 M A C E D O N I A : Pella (1545-1547)
Pella
Pella, the ancient capital of the Macedonian kingdom, had
a long tradition of coinage which ceased with the defeat of
Perseus at Pydna in 168 b c . After 168 the conquered
Macedonia was not immediately transformed into a regular
province, but divided into four merides. Pella, the capital of
the third meris, Bottiaea, had no silver coinage and only a
few bronzes restricted to the beginning of the period
168/7-146.
The bronze coinage traditionally attributed to the vague
period 187/6-31 b c (AMNG II, pp. 93-6, nos. 1-17) should
be placed in 187/6-168/7, as stated by Touratsoglou,
CRWLR, pp. 55-9.
Grant’s supposition {FITA 279—81) that Colonia lulia
Pella was first founded either in 40 b c by Antony or in 35 b c
by Octavian has been rightly questioned by VittinghofF,
Römische Kolonisation, p. 128, n. 2. Series 1545 and 1546 date
from the Triumviral period, as they look contemporary with
issues ordered by Antony at Thessalonica in 42-41 b c after
the city was declared a civitas libera {1551-3; Touratsoglou,
CRWLR, p. 57, pi. 8,24—5), but they have Greek legends. It
is also possible that series 1547 was struck in the period 42-
32 b c : the Zeus Ammon on the obverse and the eagle on the
reverse could be connected with the influence of Antony
and Cleopatra on the city; a similar issue is possible at
Thessalonica {AMNG III,2, p. 122, no. 25, and Tourat­
soglou, CRWLR, p. 57, pi. 8,28).
According to Grant’s thesis, Pella was refounded by
Augustus after Actium {NH IV,34). This restitution took
place under the authority of Nonius and Sulpicius, duoviri
quinquennales. On that occasion they struck an issue with
three denominations:
1548 23—6 mm, 12.26g (13)
: 549 19—20 mm, 7- i i g ( 7)
1550 16-17 mm, 6.74g (0
Their date can be theoretically inferred from the issue of
Fictorius and Septimius clearly dated to 25 b c (Augustus
Cos IX). The three denominations struck by Nonius and
Sulpicius were probably intended to be asses (1548), semis­
ses (1549) and trientes ? (1550). The obverse legend of 1549
has been interpreted variously as one die clearly reads
CAESAR (specimens 2, 3 and 9) which led Gaebler {ZfN,
1926, pp. 118, 137) to make the following interpretation:
CAESA R(uta) FLARVNT N(onius) S(ulpicius) IIV IR
QVINQ, ruta caesa denoting raw material which would have
been sold in order to procure the medium for coinage.
Grant’s interpretation, FITA 279-82, was different: he read
CAES-AR and restored the legend as follows: CAES(aris)
A(uctoritate) R(estitutae) FLARVNT N S IIV IR QVINQ,
R(estitutae) being applied to COLONIAE PELLENSIS on
the other side of the coin.
Though interesting, these hypotheses seem too inventive:
there is no dot between CAES and A, and Grant was forced
to argue that its omission was necessary to facilitate the
interpretation of the sentence extending from obverse to
reverse {FITA 281, n. 4)! And the fact that the dot between
CAESA and R occurs on only one die suggests that it must
be regarded as an error of the engraver.
Issue 1528-30, signed by Fictorius and Septimius, does
not bear the ethnic of the colony, but was assigned to Pella
by Imhoof-Blumer {MG, p. 88) on stylistic and technical
grounds. This attribution was accepted by Gaebler, AMNG
II, p. 98, nos. 23-5, and Grant, FITA 281-2. This issue,
dated to 25 b c , is the basis of the dating of the issue of
Nonius and Sulpicius to 30 b c .
But if Pella was founded by Octavian in 30 b c , the issue
of Nonius and Sulpicius cannot be a foundation issue of a
new colony, since quinquennales duoviri could not have
been appointed in the first year of a newly enfranchised city.
Therefore this issue is later, c. 26 b c , and the issue of Fic­
torius and Septimius, dated to 25 b c , is not from Pella. A
date c. 26 b c seems anyway more likely, as the obverse type
of 1548 (Augustus in military dress, foot on prow, holding
spear, 1.) seems derived from the coinage struck at Rome in
29 b c (e.g., RIC 251, 256: same composition with the legend
IM P DIVI F parallel to CAESAR DIVI F across the field
and same meaning of the types). The types of the sella
curulis (1548, 1550) and the plough (1550) suggest a
foundation issue. The types of Spes is unique (1549), but
perfectly suitable for a foundation.
The following series attributed by Grant, FITA 282-3, to
Pella, are omitted here:
(1) P BAEBIVS POLLIO IIV IR QVIN, Victory, r.
C AQVINVS MELA IIV IR QVIN, two standards
The traditional attribution to Carthago Nova is very
probable (157: cf. APT, pp. 135-6).
(2) AGRIPPA[, head of Agrippa Postumus, 1.
[ ], Victory, 1.
FITA, pi. IX, 17 (P)
This series has been catalogued under Uncertain Coins
( 5438 )·
A n to n y , 4 2 b c
1545 A E. 2 6 -8 m m , 19.09g (7). Axis: var. [ 8 ]
AMNG II, 96, no. 19
ΠΕΛΛΑΙΩΝ; b u st o f E leutheria (?), r.
ΠΕΛΛΑΙΩΝ; Nike holding w reath, 1.
i . L = bm c 31 (rev.): illu stra te d h ere a n d 32 (obv.) ( = a m n g , pi. X I X , 9:
rev .), 19.34; 2—4 . P 9 7 5 -7 , 17-28 (obv. illu stra te d here), 18.53, 22.49;
5 . B I-B ( = AMNG, pi. X I X ,9: o bv.); 6. V 9816, 17.50; 7. O , 15.95;
8. N Y , 22.54. T h e d escrip tio n s ο ï B M C 31 a n d 32 are m u d d led in B M C :
th e re is o n e coin as R P C 1545 a n d o ne as R P C 1546.
1546 AE. 2 2 -3 m m , 12.98g (3). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
BMC 31 (obv.) an d 32 (rev.)
ΠΕΑΛΗΣ; b u st o f E leutheria (?), r.
ΠΕΑΛΗΣ w ithin laurel w reath
i . L = BMC 31 (obv.) a n d 32 (rev .), 15.61; 2—3. P 9 7 3 -4 , 8.67, 14.68. See
1 5 4 5 for th e p ro b le m o f B M C 31 a n d 32.
4 2 - 3 2 B C __________________________________________________
1547 AE. 20 m m . [ i ]
AMNG II , 96, no. 18
ΠΕΑΛΗΣ; lau reate head o f Zeus, r.
ΠΕΑΛΗΣ; eagle standing, r.
I. B ( — AMNG, p i . X I X , 8 ) .

A u g u s tu s
Nonius Sulpicius Ilviri quinq, c. 26 BC (?)
1548 AE. 2 3 -6 m m , 12.26g (13). Axis: 12.
AMNG II , 97, no. 21
IM P D IV I F (in field) A C T IO (in exergue); A ugustus in
m ilitary dress, r. foot on prow , holding spear, 1.
N O N IV S S V L P IC IV S II V IR O V IN Q ; w reath on sella
curulis
i . L 18 6 0 -3 -2 7 -2 5 4 , 13.60; 2. L B an k 1162, 9.87; 3 . L G 1185, 13.45;
4. L G 1188, 13.11; 5. P 979, 12.28; 6. P S de R coll., 11.20; 7. B I-B
( = AMNG, pi. X I X ,14); 8. B L öbb; 9 . B 6/1927; 10. V 2 6 3 0 0 , 12.78;
i i . O AMC 1096, 13.21; 12. C , 12.68; 13. N Y SNG 624, 11.78; 14. G o,
h . 81; 15. Be, 11.49; *6» S ch u lten 2 5 -2 7 /X /1 9 8 4 , 148, 12.08;
17. W in te rth u r 1400, 11.14.
Thessalonica
The Republican coinage of Thessalonica has been discussed
by I. Touratsoglou (in CRWLR, pp. 55-7), who dates very
little to the period after 146 b c . There is one issue with a
veiled head and a ploughing scene, which was previously
dated to the reign of Augustus by Gaebler (AMNG 26), but
which has been connected by Touratsoglou with the
acquisition of land at Thessalonica by Pompey in 48 b c for
holding the election of Roman magistrates (Touratsoglou,
CRWLR, p. 56, and AMETOS (Timetikos Tomosgia ton Kathe-
gete M Androniko, Aristoteleio Panepistemio Thessalonikes, Thes­
salonica, 1987, pp. 885-91). For other occurrences of this
type, apparently not denoting a colony, see 665 (Assorus)
and 2649 (Tralles).
T h e T riu m v iral period
Grant {FITA 13) attributed the issue of three denomi­
nations with a male head on the obverse and fiscus etc. or
prow and Q on the reverse to ‘Thessalonica (?)’, interpret­
ing them as coins with the portrait of Julius Caesar and
made in 45—44 b c . This is all very uncertain. Unfortunately
there is no very good evidence of provenance. Grant men­
tioned examples from ‘Thrace or Mysia; own collection
acquired at Istanbul’ {FITA 15 and n. 8), another ‘probably
[found] in Greece; Athens Mus.’ {FITA 15 and n. 9). He
later acquired another specimen at Istanbul {FITA,
addenda, p. xiii). Seyrig, in his discussion of the
PRINCEPS FELIX coins which he attributed to Ninica in
Cilicia, mentioned two pieces seen at Beirut {RN, 1969, p.
52, n. 1). None of this is either very firm or consistent, and
the coins are catalogued under Uncertain Coins (5409—11).
Grant also {FITA 33) attributed the bronzes of Q
HORTENSI PROCOS, PRAEF COLON DEDVC to
‘Macedonia (Thessalonica?)’, but it now seems certain that
they were minted at either Dium or Cassandrea (see 1509,
and the discussion there).
The remaining coins of the Triumviral period apparently
belong to a single issue of several denominations, dated to
42—41 b c by Touratsoglou, loc. cit., on his plate 8. The E,
which appears regularly on the largest denomination and
once on the middle denomination, cannot be a mark of
value, but probably refers to the year of striking: we know
M A C E D O N I A : Pella, Thessalonica (1548-1550) 297
1549 AE. 1 9 -2 0 m m , 7.11g (7). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
AMNG II, 97, no. 20
C A E SA R F L A R V N T N S I I V I R Q V IN ; b are head of
A ugustus, r.
[ 13 ]
C O L O N IA E P E L L E N S IS ; SPES in exergue, Spes
holding w reath, 1.
i . L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 2 3 7 , 8.05; a. B 508/1872; 3 . B 28700; 4 . V 3 3 2 0 7 , 5.88;
5. C o p 276, 7.23; 6. O AMc 1097, 7.23; 7. N Y SNG 625, 8.64; 8. Be, 6.64;
9. J S W , 6.10.
1550 AE. i6 - i7 m m , 6 .7 4 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
AMNG II, 97, no. 22
N O N IV S S V L P IC IV S II V IR Q V IN Q ; sella curulis
C O L O N IA PELLA ; plough
i . B Ï-B (—AMNG, p i. X I X , 15); 2. B L ö b b ; 3 . N Y S\G 6 2 3 , 6.74.
that Thessalonica used an era of Antony in the Triumviral
period (see F. Papazoglou, ANRW Π.7.1, p. 328 and n.
114). If so, the date of the issue would be 37 b c .
The largest denomination has a head identified by the
accompanying inscription as Eleutheria (rather than
Octavia, as Bompois, RN, 1868, p. 91, thought); this refers
to the grant of freedom by the Triumvirs to Thessalonica in
42 b c (see Papazoglou, p. 328 and n. 112), after the battle of
Philippi (the victory which is celebrated on the reverse).
The reverse inscription should be expanded, with Gaebler
{AMNG, p. 97), to Μ(ΑΡΚΟΣ) ΑΝΤ(ΩΝΙΟΣ)
ΑΥΤ(ΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ) Γ(ΑΙΟΣ) ΚΑΙ(ΣΑΡ) ΑΥΤ(ΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ);
similarly, on the middle denomination the inscription
stands for the shorter ΑΝΤ(ΩΝΙΟΣ) ΚΑΙ(ΣΑΡ).
The significance of the type of Agonothesia is not certain;
it presumably refers to the establishment of games to
celebrate the victory at Philippi.
The smallest denomination has often in the past been
attributed to the Thessalian League (see Gaebler, AMNG
24), on the basis of the incorrect reading ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ rather
than the abbreviated ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝ(ΙΚΕΩΝ), and the coins
can often be found misclassified as Thessalian coins in
museum collections. Presumably the legends on the obverse
and reverse should be taken together and interpreted as the
Homonoia between Thessalonica and Rome, a Homonoia
established by the Triumvirs and one of the earliest attested
instances of such Homonoia between two cities (see p. 48).
Touratsoglou has also dated to the period 43—32 b c ( i )
the coins with Zeus/eagle on thunderbolt {AMNG 25,
attributed there by Gaebler to Augustus), on the grounds
that the Ptolemaic types might fit a period of the influence
of Antony and Cleopatra; and (2) the coins with Poseidon/
prow {AMNG, no. 22): but this coin was dated by Gaebler
(in AMNG) to the reign of Augustus and by Grant to c. 50-
40 b c {FITA 14). Touratsoglou, however, informs us that
there are also coins of this type with an E, so it, too, should
be included in the ‘year 5’ issue.
T h e im p erial period
The coinage of the imperial period has recently been very
fully discussed and catalogued by I. Touratsoglou, Die
Münzstätte von Thessaloniki in der römischen Kaiserzeit (1988)
( = T ouratsoglou).
A u g u s tu s
The coins of Augustus pose a number of problems.
Firstly, the coins of Julius Caesar and Augustus. There
are three issues which have been attributed to Thes­
salonica. (1) One of these (1554) has the letter Δ under the
head of Augustus, regarded by Gaebler (AMNG, p. 125) as
standing for 4 (asses). On the other hand, if the interpreta­
tion of E on the Triumviral coins as standing for a year is
correct, then by analogy the Δ should refer to a date (so
Touratsoglou, p. 25). In this case the era would be that of
Augustus, which started from the date of the battle of
Actium (Papazoglou, p. 328). (2) The second issue (1555) is
undated, and differs from the first both typologically (the
absence of a wreath on Caesar’s head) and epigraphically
(the use of C, rather than Σ). Touratsoglou (pp. 42-3) stated
that style, epigraphy and weight imply that the coins were
issued much later, in the reign of Domitian. C.J. Howgego
(GIC 702 and 705), however, has pointed out that some of
the countermarks on these coins are otherwise found on
only Augustan coins of Amphipolis, and has questioned so
late a date (see his review, Gnomon, 62, 5 (1990), pp. 466—8).
One might add that the idea of such a ‘restoration-issue’
under Domitian seems rather surprising. The coin has been
included here, for the sake of completeness. (3) The third
issue (BMC 61) has no ethnic; this and its unusual die axis
(6-7 o’clock) suggest that it may not belong to Thes­
salonica, and it is here catalogued under Uncertain Coins
(5 4 2 1 ).
The remaining issues of Augustus are not easy to put in a
relative sequence. Clearly the issues with first Gaius Caesar
and then Tiberius Caesar fall towards the end of the reign,
presumably in its last two decades. The two other issues
with wreathed portraits of the emperor (1561 and 1562)
resemble them stylistically, and have been grouped before
them. The remaining issues all have bare-headed portraits,
and have, following Touratsoglou, been ordered according
to the development of Augustus’s portrait.
The issue of Livia (1563) has been included in the
lifetime issues of Augustus, despite the honorific ΘΕΑ or
ΘΕΟΥ, since it uses the name ΛΙΒΙΑ rather than ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ,
normal after a d 14 (cf. Touratsoglou, p. 28, n. 12). Tourat­
soglou dates the coins to c. 20 because of the similarity with
the portrait types, dated by W. H. Gross, Iulia Augusta. A
later date is, however, possible, as it is difficult to be so
certain about the portrait type or its date. The use of ΘΕΟΥ
on one die, apparently referring to Augustus, is surprising,
and one wonders if it might not be a mistake for ΘΕΑ, since
no other coins of Thessalonica ascribe divinity to Augustus
during his lifetime. On the other hand, a parallel exists
under the Thessalian League (1427), where Augustus is
called θεός on a coin where Livia is called Livia rather than
Sebaste.
Some of the designs used on the coins seem to be either
traditional (e.g., the horse on the coins of Livia, a Hellen­
istic type of Thessalonica) or to refer to the victory at
Actium (Nike on a prow, a prow). Several are dynastic,
showing Julius Caesar or Augustus’s heirs, Gaius and then
Tiberius Caesar. For a discussion of the wreath worn by
Caesar, see K. Kraft, JAG, 1952-3, p. 9, and of the cult of
Caesar in the provinces, including Macedonia, see S. Wein­
stock, Divus Julius, pp. 401-10, esp. p. 404. The prow has
been interpreted by Touratsoglou (p. 28) as referring either
to Augustus’s journey to the east, the tenth anniversary of
Actium or Agrippa’s naval operations in the early tens b c .
T ib e riu s
The coins of Tiberius have been arranged stylistically,
according to what seems to be the most natural develop­
ment of the portrait, though this is not the same order as
that given by Touratsoglou.
C a lig u la
The coins of Caligula call for little comment. The honour­
ing of his father Germanicus occurs frequently elsewhere,
though it is attested here by only a few very rare coins. The
honouring of his grandmother Antonia the Younger is
unusual on provincial coinage, and was perhaps issued after
her death (hence the veiled head).
C la u d iu s
Coins of Claudius fall into three groups. One group has a
shorter obverse legend (with Σ and E) and a laureate head
of the emperor, the second a longer legend (with C and 8)
and a bare head, and the third a different legend (with Σ
and E) and a bare head. The first was struck in honour of
the deified Augustus, the second with two reverses (inscrip­
tion in wreath, Britannicus), and the third with a veiled
female head, regarded by von Sallet (in the Berlin cata­
logue) as either Messalina or more probably Agrippina.
Neither the exact sequence nor the date of these issues
seems certain.
The small coins of Antonia have been attributed to the
reign of Claudius. Coins with portraits of the emperor’s
mother are obviously appropriate to his reign, and most of
them have the ethnic spelt with ... NEIK... rather than
with ... NIK ...: apart from the reign of Claudius (and one
issue of Augustus), this spelling is found on only a single
coin of Nero (1599). The alternative legend MAPKIA is
puzzling (so Gaebler, AMNG 48); it is not used elsewhere as
a name of Antonia (see the discussion by Touratsoglou, pp.
35 - 7 )·
N ero
The coins of Nero are quite rare, and hard to classify con­
vincingly. They mostly have the same types (head/inscrip-
tion in wreath). They can be divided into a number of
separate groups throughout his reign on the basis of stylistic
development and letter forms. There are sometimes larger
and smaller denominations which correspond to the dif­
ferent groups of the standard denomination, but there is a
rather wide range of stylistic variation which makes it diffi­
cult to classify the coins sharply into different ‘issues’; the
‘groups’ defined here should probably be regarded only as

representing particular points in a continuously evolving
stylistic sequence.
The arrangement here differs from that of Touratsoglou.
The principles which have been followed are the grouping
together of coins of different sizes with similar epigraphy
and portrait style. On this basis, the groups here called
issues II and III seem reasonably likely, as do IV and VI.
The way the other groups fit in is less clear, as is the relative
sequence of the groups and their absolute dating. For
instance, issue VI has been placed last despite having a
bare left-facing head, since the portrait type seems most
mature, but this is not certain, and it may indeed precede
issue IV.
There are also some rare coins of Agrippina II; these lack
an ethnic, but can be attributed to Thessalonica on the
grounds of the similarity of their types to known Thes-
salonican pieces. Some of them have only the inscription
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η , but these can be confidently identified as Agrip­
pina in view of the similar portrait to pieces with Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ -
Π ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η , and in view of the similarity of the reverse
of 1606A with that of 1605, and the similarity of the obverse
of 1606A with that of 1604.
One group includes coins with radiate portraits ( 1 5 9 9 -
1600) ; this feature and the appearance of a reverse of Apollo
playing the lyre suggests an association with Nero’s visit to
Greece (compare, e.g., the coinage of the Thessalian Lea­
gue, 1439-40).
C o in s w ith n o im p e ria l h e a d
Some coins of the smallest denomination have been
assigned to the reigns of Claudius and Nero by Tourat­
soglou, pp. 82-3, on the basis of similarities with the
Claudian coins of Antonia, and with coins of Nero and
Agrippina.
Metrology
The mean weights calculated by Touratsoglou, pp. 98-9,
are repeated here, in the table below.
Touratsoglou calls A 4 asses, B 2 asses, G 1 as and D 5 as,
but the view taken here (see p. 288) is that they are prob­
ably 2 asses, i as, \ as and \ as.
A further complication is added by the composition of the
coins. A number of specimens were analysed. Until Cali­
gula, denomination B was made of leaded bronze, but
under Claudius and Nero it, and the new larger A, were
made of pure copper. The smaller denominations were,
however, throughout made of leaded bronze. It can be seen
Triumviral 27m m, 21.58g (23) 23mm, io.o6g (29)
O ct/C aesar 21 mm, 10.34g (22)
A B
26 mm 21 mm
Augustus S-5 5 g (121)
Tiberius 9-io g (118)
Caligula 8-95 g (56)
Claudius r4-66g (2) 9 -°4 g (5 7 )
Nero >7 -9 2 g (19) 8-33 g (26)
M A C E D O N IA : Thessalonica (1551—1553) sgg
that the change of composition has no significant effect on
the weights or diameters of the coins, just as the alternation
between bronze and orichalcum in Asia had no effect (cf.
the introduction to Macedonia, p. 288).
Relations with other mints
There are strong stylistic affinities between coins of Thes­
salonica and those of some other authorities. This is very
clear for the coinage of Dium under Nero (1508), and
especially for the coinage of the Macedonian Koinon
(iöioff). The latter (and perhaps also the former?) was
probably made at Thessalonica.
M A n to n y a n d O c ta v ia n , y e a r (? ) y = 57 B c
1551 L eaded bronze. 27m m , 21.58g (23). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 22 ]
BMC 62
0 ΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑΣ; b u st of E leutheria, r.;
(to 1. or r., E)
M ANT AYT Γ ΚΑΙ AYT; Nike advancing, L, w ith w reath
an d palm
E to 1.: i . L = b m c 6 2 , 26.42; 2. V 9986, 20.41; 3 . P D elep ierre, 17.96;
4 . P V , 20.26; 5—8. B (L öbb, 2878o = K a t 99, L ö b b , Ι -B ), 24.85, 21.31,
2 0 -5 7 . I 9 -9 4 ; 9 - ! 2 · O , 19.56, 21.23, 13.15, 26.07; I 3*
4 “ I 4 · C L eak e 4948 -9 ,
25.47, 23.67; Γ5 · G 38; 16. E velpidis 1308, 21.77; 17. T F a b re tti 2385,
18.87; τ 8· N Y 823 ( O c ta v ia 5*i,) , 22.98; 19. W in te rth u r 1927, 23.31; E to r.:
20. L = BMC 63, 20.22; 21. V 9987, 18.92; 22. C o p 374, 24.82; 2 3 . G 38;
2 4 —2 5 . B (b o th I-B ), 26.15, 18.36; 26. M u 74, 22.62; N o E: 2 7 . P V ,
21.17. Q u a lita tiv e m é tal an alysis on: 1.
1552 L eaded bronze. 23m m , 10.06g (29). Axis 12. [ 27 ]
BMC 64, C op 375
ΑΓΩΝΟΘΕΣΙΑ; head of A gonothesia, r.; (to L, E)
ANT KAI in w reath
W ith E: i . V 35021, 10.41; 2. E velpidis 1309, 10.14; 3. J P R 5600, 12.58;
N o E: 4 . L = b m c 6 4 , 13.47; 5—8. L = b m c 6 5 -6 , 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 7 0 6 , 1866-
1 2 -1 -4 2 6 6 , 13.24, 12.12, 9.41, 10.89; 9 —n · C o p 375—7, 11.15, 8.12, 6.77;
12—14. C M cC le an 3778, L eak e 4 9 5 0 -1 , 8.18, 10.76, 9.54; 15. O , 10.97;
16. M u 75, 11.74; 17—2 0 . B (28791 = K a t 100, L ö b b , 28701 = K a t ι ο ί , I-
B ), 12.23, 8.67, r 1.52, 11.87; 21—2 3 . V 998 8 -9 0 , 10.48, 5.57, 8.67; 2 4 . G
39; .25—26. P V , 6.07, 12.36; 27. G 39; 28—3 1 . N Y 8 1 9 -2 2 , 13.91, 9.81,
5.66, 5.48. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 4.
1553 L eaded bronze. 2 0m m , 6.22g (13). Axis: 12. [ 15]
AMNG 24, BMC 43, C op 378
ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ; b u st o f H om onoia, r.
ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝ ΡΩΜ; horse galloping, r.
I. L 1 9 2 0 —8—5—I I 5 , 6.95; 2—5. L = BMC 4 3 -4 , 1 9 20-6-1 I - 2 0 I , G 0374,
5.17, 7.79, 6.10, 4.81; 6. C M cC le an 3772, 4.21; 7—8. C o p 378 -9 , 6.04,
5.12; 9 . N Y 838 (‘L iv ia’), 7.79; 10. V (T h e ssalian L eag u e) 11027, 7.10;
i i , G (T h e ssalian L eague) 27; 12—13. B (T h e ssalian L eag u e) 2870, Fox;
14. P D elep ierre, 7.47; 15. M u 25, 6.12; 16. E velpidis 1310, 6.24.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
20mm, 6.22g (13)
c D
17 mm I4m m
4 -7 7 g (58) 3-64 g (16)
4 -°4 g (32)
3-26g (53)
R e ig n o f A u g u s tu s L a u r e a te h e a d

Augustus and Julius Caesar 1561 L eaded bronze. 22 m m , 8.25 g (24 )· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 10 ]

1554 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 10.34g (22)· Axis: 11 or 12. T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 126—40 (c. 10 bc)

[ 25 ] ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.

ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝ(Ε)ΙΚΕΩΝ; in two lines w ithin w reath
T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 1-54 (28-27 BC)
i. L = bm c 6 9 , 8.47; 2—2 4 . See T o u ra tso g lo u .
ΘΕΟΣ; crow ned head of C aesar, r.
ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; b are head of A ugustus, r.; below, Δ 1562 AE. 16 m m , 3.88 g (8). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 4 ]
i . L 1 9 5 8 —3—4—9 6 , 12.76; 2—3 . L = BMC 5 8 -9 , 11.24, i 0 ' 3 6 ; 4—8 6 . See T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 141-4 (c. 10 bc)
T o u ra tso g lo u ; 8 7 . Be (JP R 3364), 8.87; 8 8 . J P R 6304, 6.49. F o r Δ as a
d ate ( = 28-27 b c ) , see T o u ra tso g lo u 25. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1. ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.
C o u n te rm a rk s: N K ( G I C 625: com m on, a n o th e r ex a m p le o f th e coin w ith ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; horse trotting, r.
this co u n te rm a rk w as found a t P opesti, R o m a n ia ( Cercetari Arheologice in
i . B 3 8 9 /1 9 2 5 , 3.26; 2—8. See T o u ra tso g lo u .
Bucuresti I I I , 1981, 151, no. 15), 2 dots in circle (see T o u ra tso g lo u 4 6/3),
J .M . ( G I C 705; T o u ra tso g lo u 19/2).

1555 L eaded bronze. 2 0 m m , 7.33g (51). Axis: 6 or 12. [ 19 ]

T ouratsoglou, D om itian 6-38 (reign of D om itian) L i v ia (re ig n o f A u g u s tu s )
0EOC; b are head of C aesar, r.
OECCAAONIKEON; b are head o f A ugustus, r. 1563 A E. 17m m , 3.32g (4). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
i . L = B M C 6 0 , 9.24.; 2. L 1 9 3 7 -6 -1 4 -5 , 6.30; 3—5 9 . See T o u ratso g lo u ;
T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 87-90 (c. 21-19 bc)
6 0 —6 1 . T F a b re tti 2383-4, 7.75, 9.04. F o r th e d a tin g to th e reign o f
D o m itian , see T o u ra tso g lo u 42—3 (p articu la rly die axis a n d le tte r form s). 0EA or ΘΕΟΥ ΛΙΒΙΑ; bust, r.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. F o r B M C 61, see U n c e rta in C oins (5421). ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚ; horse galloping, r.
C o u n te rm ark s: D ( G I C 702: 2 ex.), J .M . ( G IC 705: 1 ex.), N E ( G I C 623: 1
ex.), A (2 ex.: sam e as Δ?). ΘΕΟΥ: i . C ; ΘΕΑ: 2. B (L ö b b ), 3.52; 3—4 . See T o u ra tso g lo u ; 5 . J P R
6302, 3.72. F o r th e d a tin g a n d obv. legends, see in tro d u ctio n .

A u g u s tu s
A u g u s tu s a n d G a in s C a esa r
Bare-headed portrait
1556 L eaded bronze. 14m m , 3.51g (4). Axis: 12. [ 3 ] 1564 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 8.93 g (2 7 )· Axis: 12, 3, 6, or 9.
T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 55-6 (c. 27 bc an d later) [ 10 ]
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 145-252 (c. a d 1-4)
ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟ[ ; Nike standing on prow , 1. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; lau reate head o f A ugustus, r.
I . L 1 9 7 4 - 1 - 3 - 1 4 , 4.39; 2. P 1300, 3.44; 3 . C op 399, 3.40; 4 . G o ΓΑΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ ΥΙΟΣ; head of G aius, r.
(rev. = AMNG T a f. X X I V .7); 5. P lovdiv (see T o u ra tso g lo u ). T h e rev. — i . P 1 3 0 4 , 10.19; 2. L — BMC 73, 9.08; 3. L 1 9 5 8 -3 -4 -9 9 , 7.56; 4 - 3 2 . See
a n d th e m o d u le — copy silver q u in a rii of 27: R I C 58, see T o u ra tso g lo u 26. T o u ra tso g lo u ; 3 3 . J P R 6307, 8.95. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 3.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1. C o u n te rm ark : N K ( G IC 625: B Fox = T o u ra tso g lo u 155/1)·

1557 L eaded bronze. 21m m , 8 .1 6 g (25). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 11 ]

T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 57-77 (c. 27 bc an d later)
ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r.
A u g u s tu s a n d T ib e r iu s C a esa r
0 ΕΣΣΑΛΟΝ(Ε)ΙΚΕΩΝ in two lines w ithin w reath
i . L 1 9 5 8 —3—4—9 7 , 6 -7 4 ; 2. L = BMC 70, 9.23; 3—26. See T o u ratso g lo u ;
2 7 . T F a b re tti 2389, 9.88. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. 1565 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 8 .7 7 g (4 5 )· Axis: 12. [25]
T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 170-208 (c. a d 4 onw ards)
1558 AE. 17 m m , 5.36 g (8). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 4 ]
ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; lau reate head o f A ugustus, r.
T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 78-84 (c. 27-23 bc)
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; head o f T iberius, r.
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. X . L = b m c 74, 8.90; 2 - 3 . L 1 9 3 7 -6 -1 4 -4 , 1 9 5 8 -3 -4 -9 8 , 9.12, 8.31; 4 -
ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ in three lines w ithin w reath 5 5 . See T o u ra tso g lo u ; 5 6 . M u C os 23. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 2.
i . P 1 2 9 6 , 5.19; 2 - 1 2 . See T o u ra tso g lo u . C o u n te rm ark : N K ( G IC 625: V ie n n a U n iv ersity = T o u ra tso g lo u 201).

1559 L eaded bronze. 17 m m , 4.63 g (42). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 22 ]

T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 91-125 (c. 17 bc)

ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. T ib e r iu s *i.

ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ in three lines below star; all in w reath
i . P 12 9 8 ; 2 - 3 . L = BMC 72, 1 9 0 5 -6 -5 -5 , 5.19, 4.91; 4 - 5 1 . See 1566 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 8.65g (3)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 4 ]
T o u ra tso g lo u ; 5 2 . T F a b re tti 2388, 4.74; 5 3 . J P R 6303, 4.24. Q u alitativ e
m e tal analysis on: B M C 71. T ouratsoglou, T iberius 33-7 (c. 22-3 an d later)
1560 AE. i g m m , 5.46g (3). Axis: 12. [ 2 ] ΤΙ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; head, r.
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; D em eter carrying torches in
T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 85-6 (c. 21-19 bc)
serpent car, r.
ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r. i . L = b m c 7 6 , 8.42; 2—6. See T o u ra tso g lo u ; 7. B (Fox) (‘T h e ssa lia n
ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; prow , r. L e ag u e’). T h e spelling ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΑΙΩΝ is also fo u n d (T o u ratso g lo u 33)·
I. P 1 3 03, 5.77; 2. C op 397, 5.40; 3. C (L ew is), 5.20. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.
 M A C E D O N I A : Thessalonica (1567-1582) 301

1567 AE. 22m m , 8.97g ( 3 3 )· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 14 ] 1575 AE. 2 1 m m , 8 .5 6 g (1). Axis: 6. [ 1 ]

T ouratsoglou, T iberius 38-61 (c. 22-3 an d later) T ouratsoglou, C aligula 20
ΤΙ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; head, r. Γ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΘΕΣΣ ΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ ; lau reate head,
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; b u st o f Livia, r. r.
i . L 1 9 5 6 —12—8—19, 9 0 3 ; 2—3 3 . See T o u ra tso g lo u . T h e spellings TI ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; veiled head of A ntonia, 1.
ΚΕΙΣΑΡ a n d Τ Ι ΚΕΣΑΡ a re also found on th e obv. a n d ΘΕΣΣΑΑΟΝΕΙΚΕΏΝ, i . P 1 3 3 5 , 8.36.
ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΕΙΚΑΙΩΝ a n d ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΟΚΕΩΝ on th e rev.

1576 L eaded bronze. 2 1m m , 8.73g (26). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]

1568 L eaded bronze. 22m m , 8 .8 4 g (36)· Axis 6 or 12. [ 15 ]
T ouratsoglou, C aligula 25-46
T ouratsoglou, T iberius 1-32 (c. 14-20/23)
Γ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, 1.
ΤΙ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ in two lines w ithin w reath
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΘΕΣΣ ΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ ; head o f Livia, r. i . L = BMC 6 7 (‘A u g u stu s4), 10.52; 2 . L = bmc 68 (‘A u g u stu s4), 9.10; 3—
i . N Y ; 2. L = BMC 75, 9.36; 3—43· See T o u ra tso g lo u . 29. See T o u ra tso g lo u . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

1569 AE. 22m m , 7.42 g (1). Axis: 6. [ 1 ]

T ouratsoglou, T iberius 62-3 (c. 22-3 an d later)
ΤΙ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ[ ; laureate head, r.
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ Θ ΕΣΣΑΛ Ο Ν(Ε)ΙΚΕ\νΝ ; Livia seated, 1., w ith
p a te ra and sceptre
i . P 1 3 14, 7 4 2 ; 2. L yon (see T o u ra tso g lo u ).
1570 L eaded bronze. 22m m , 9 .3 3 g (42). Axis: 6.
T ouratsoglou, T iberius 69-100 (c. 22-3 an d later)
ΤΙ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; laureate head, r.
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΘΕΣΣ ΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; d rap ed an d veiled b u st of
Livia, r.
i . L = bm c 7 7 , 9-55; 2. L = bmc 78, 12.24; 3 ~ 3 9 · See T o u ra tso g lo u ; 4 0 -
4 1 . J P R 5557, 5603» 9 28, 10.28. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
C o u n te rm ark : KPA ( G I C 633: 2 ex.).
1571 AE. 22 m m , 9.56 g (4). Axis: 12 or 6.
T ouratsoglou, T iberius 64-8
As 1570, b u t laureate h ead o f T iberius, 1.
i . L = BMC 79, 10.05; 2—7. See T o u ra tso g lo u .
R e ig n o f C la u d iu s *i.
1577 C opper. 26 m m , 14.66g (2). Axis: 6. [ 2 ]
T ouratsoglou, C laudius 32-3 (?4i)
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔ(Ε)ΙΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝ(Ε)ΙΚΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare
head, 1.
[ 13 ]
ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ; veiled fem ale head, r.
I. L 1 9 2 0 - 8 - 5 - 1 6 8 3 ( . . . ΚΛΑΥΔΕΙΟΣ ΓΕΡΜ Α ΝΕΙΚΟ Σ.. ./Θ ΕΣΣΑ Λ ΟΝ ΙΚ Η),
13.75; a. B (Fox = K a t 121: .. ,Κ Λ ΑΥ ΔΙΟ Σ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ . . . /
ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ), 15.52. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
C o u n te rm ark : KPA ( G I C 633: 2). C f. T h e ssalian L eag u e coins.
T o u ra tso g lo u , p. 35, reg ard s th e issue as b ein g m a d e on th e occasion o f
L iv ia’s deification, a n d d ep ictin g h er. I f this is co rrect, th e n th e issue
sh o u ld n o t be d a te d before 43.
1578 L eaded bronze. 2 1m m , 9.53g (10). Axis: 6. [ 8 ]
[ 4 ] T ouratsoglou, C laudius 1-8, 11-23 (?4i)
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ (TEP)(M); la u reate head, 1.
ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΕΙΚΕΩΝ; rad iate and
lau reate head of A ugustus, r.
i . L 1 9 5 6 —12—8—18, 9.78; 2—26. See T o u ra tso g lo u ; 27. J P R 5605, 8.84.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
C o u n te rm ark : KPA ( G I C 633: 2 ex.).

C a lig u la *18 1579 AE. 21 m m , 8.72 g (3). Axis: 6. [ 4 ]

T ouratsoglou, C laudius 24-31
1572 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 9.43 g (3). Axis: 6. [ 2 ] As 1578, b u t lau reate head of C laudius, r.
T ouratsoglou, C aligula 1-2 1—9 . See T o u ratso g lo u .

Γ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, 1.

ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟ[Σ] ΘΕΣΣΑ[ΛΟΝΙΚ]ΕΩΝ; h ead of 1580 AE. 2 1 m m , 9.79g (1). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ]
G erm anicus, 1. T ouratsoglou, C laudius 9-10
i . L 1956—12—8—22, 9.88; 2. L U n c e rta in 1 8 9 8 -1 0 -5 -5 , 8.54; 3 . See As 1 5 7 8 , b u t lau reate head o f C laudius, L, an d radiate
T o u ra tso g lo u . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
head of A ugustus, 1.
i —2. See T o u ra tso g lo u .
1573 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 9 .0 8 g (23). Axis: 6 or 12. [ 10 ]
T ouratsoglou, C aligula 3-11, 2 1 -4 1581 AE. 16m m , 4.98g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
Γ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, 1. T ouratsoglou, C laudius 34
ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ (ΣΕ)(ΒΑΣΤΗ) (ΘΕΣ)(ΣΑ)(ΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ); veiled ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ; b ust of A ntonia, 1.
head o f A ntonia, 1. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ in four lines w ithin w reath
i . O , 8.16; 2. L 19 5 6 -1 2 -8 -2 1 , 10.21; 3 . L 1 9 5 6 -1 2 —8—20, 9.91; 4— I. B (L ö b b ), 4.98.
18. See T o u ra tso g lo u . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2.

1582 Bronze. 17 m m , 4.07 g (5). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 6 ]

1574 AE. 21 m m , 9.29 g (4). Axis: 6. [ 6 ]
T ouratsoglou, C laudius 38-42, 44
T ouratsoglou, C aligula 12-19
ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ; bust of A ntonia, r.
Γ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΘΕΣΣ ΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; lau reate head, 1. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝ(Ε)ΙΚΕΩΝ; Nike on globe, 1.
ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ (ΘΕ); veiled head o f A ntonia, 1. i . N Y ; 2. L 1 9 2 0 -6 -1 1 —203, 4.57; 3—8. See T o u ra tso g lo u . Q u a lita tiv e
1—9 . See T o u ratso g lo u . m etal an alysis on: 2.
jo2 M A C E D O N I A : Thessalonica (1583-1599)

1583 L eaded bronze. 18m m , 4 .4 7 g (1). Axis: 6. [ 1 ] 1592 A E. 2 2m m , 9 .5 2 g (3). Axis: 6. [ 2 ]

T ouratsoglou, C laudius 49 T ouratsoglou, N ero 17-20
MAPKIA; b u st of A ntonia, r. ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, 1.
ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; N ike on globe, 1. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; below eagle in w reath
I. L = bm c 85 (‘M a rc ia n a , T r a ia n f ) , 4.47. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. i . P 1 3 3 7 , 9-99; 2—5. See T o u ra tso g lo u ; 6. T F a b re tti 2393, 6.94.

1584 AE. 17m m , 4.61g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]

I s s u e I I I : b a r e h e a d , I. ( £ , C , W )
T ouratsoglou, C laudius 43
ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ; bu st of A ntonia, r. 1593 AE. 30 m m , 20.67g (2). Axis: 6. [ 2 ]
ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝ(Ε)ΙΚΕΩΝ; Nike on globe, r. T ouratsoglou, N ero 27-30
i . P 1322, 4.07.
NEPWN KAICAP; b are head, 1.
1585 AE. 15m m , 3.57g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ] ©ECCAAONIKH; Nike on globe, 1.
I. B (I-B ), 23.99; 2 · P 1342, 17-341 3 —5 · See T o u ratso g lo u .
T ouratsoglou, C laudius 36-7, 45-6
ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ; b u st of A ntonia, r. 1594 C opper. 22 m m , 9.06 g. Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ]
ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝ(Ε)ΙΚΕΩΝ; horse galloping, r. T ouratsoglou, N ero 14-16
i. L = b m c 8 0 , 3.02; 2—4 . See T o u ratso g lo u .
NEPWN KAICAP; b are head, 1 .
1586 AE. 14m m , 3.89g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] ©ECCAAONIKEWN; below eagle in wreath
i . B (K a t 128), 6.70; 2. L 1 9 0 1 - 6 - 1 —3 0 , 9.75; 3—4 . See T o u ra tso g lo u .
T ouratsoglou, C laudius 35
Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 2.
As 1585, b u t bust, 1., an d [ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟ]ΝΕΙΚΕ[ΩΝ]
i . B (K a t 113), 3.89.
1595 AE. 15 m m , 4.36 g (6). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 6 ]
Touratsoglou, Nero 6-10
1587 AE. 16m m , 3.93g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
NEPWN KAICAP; b are head, 1.
T ouratsoglou, C laudius 47-8 Θ ΕCCΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ or ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ; Nike on globe, 1.
MAPKIA; bu st of A ntonia, r. i . O , 3.94; 2—9 . See T o u ra tso g lo u .
ΘΕΣΣΛΟΝΕΙΚ[ ; horse walking, r.; behind, p alm b ranch
1596 A E. 15m m , 3.42g (2). Axis: 6. [ 1 ]
i . P 13 2 3 , 3.93; 2—3. See T o u ratso g lo u .
T ouratsoglou, N ero 5
1588 C opper. 23 m m , 8.04 g (9, w ithout no. 13). Axis: 6. [ 11 ]
NEPWN KAICAP; bare head, 1.
T ouratsoglou, C laudius 50-63 (53-4?) H orse trotting, 1.; behind, p alm branch; above, star
TI KAAYAIOC KA I CAP CEBACTOC; bare head, 1. i . M u 91, 3.49; a . L i n d g r e n A 8 7 2 A (‘A ezan i“), 3.25.
BPETANNIKOC © ECCAA ON I(K )(E)^N); d rap ed bust, 1.,
in w reath
I s s u e I I I : l a u r e a t e h e a d , I. o r r.
i . L = b m c 8 1 , 8.78; 2—22. See T o u ra tso g lo u . O n one obv. die, C la u d iu s
w ears a w re a th . T h e specim en in M u (89) w eighing 15.61 g, w as stru ck on
1596A
a n u n u su ally la rg e flan: 30 m m . Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 1.
C o u n te rm ark : B u st o f A pollo o r h elm eted h e a d ( G I C 1: 5 ex.). 23 m m , 9.16 g (5). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ]

1589 AE. 22 m m , 8.26 g (4). [ 2 ] T ouratsoglou, N ero 11-13

T ouratsoglou, C laudius 64-8 NEPWN KAICAP; lau reate head, 1.

ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; below eagle in w reath
TI KAAJYAIOC KAICAP CEBAC[TOC]; b are head, 1.
I. P 1 3 3 8 , 9.74; 2. G 4 9 , 8.46; 3—5. See T o u ra tso g lo u .
ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; in three lines w ithin w reath C o u n te rm ark : 0 8 C ( G IC 537: 2).
I. G 4 6 , 7.90; 2. M u 88a, 7.31; 3—5. See T o u ra tso g lo u .
1597 AE. 15m m , 3 .5 3 g (1). [ i ]
T ouratsoglou, N ero 45
R e ig n o f N e r o _______________________ _ NEPWN KAICAP; lau reate head, 1.
Θ εΐΧ ΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ; Nike on globe, 1.
Issue I: bare head, r. I. P 1 3 4 6 , 3.53.

1590 AE. 16m m , 2.83g (4)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 4 ] 1598 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3 .6 7 g (5). Axis: 6. [ 5 ]
T ouratsoglou, N ero 1-4 T ouratsoglou, N ero 46-53
ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP; bare head, r. As 1597, but laureate head, r.
H orse trotting, 1.; above, star; behind, p alm branch i . P 1 9 8 2 /1 1 7 , 3.92; 2. L 1 9 7 4 -1 -2 -1 5 , 3.71; 3—10. See T o u ra tso g lo u .
I. O (A n in etu s), 2.99; 2—3. C M cC lean 3785 (pi. 141.14) a n d 3786, 2.74, Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 2.
2.37; 4 . P 1348, 3.23.

Is su e I V ; so m e r a d ia te h e a d s
Issue II: bare head, I. (E, Ω, Σ)
1599 AE. 27 m m , 16.26g (2). [ o ]
1591 AE. 27m m , 13.78g (3). Axis: 6. [ o ] T ouratsoglou, N ero 62-3
T ouratsoglou, N ero 31-3 ΝΕΡΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; lau reate (or radiate?) head,
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, 1. r.
ΑΓΡΙΠ(Π)ΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ; bust of ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΕΙΚΕΩΝ; Apollo, playing lyre, r.
A grippina II , 1. i . R u z ic k a ( z f n 1924, 3 5 4 -5 ), 16.85; 2 · A, 15.67.
i . P r iv a t e c o ll., 13.50; 2—3. See T o u ra tso g lo u . C o u n te rm ark : 0 £ C on face ( G IC 537: 1-2).
 M A C E D O N I A : Thessalonica, Macedonian Koinon { 1600-1609) 505

1600 C opper. 22 m m , 8.32 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ] 1605 A E. 16 m m , 2.83 g (4)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 5 ]

T ouratsoglou, N ero 54-9, ?6i T ouratsoglou, A grippina 41-2
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣ AP; rad iate (som etim es laureate?) head, r. ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; bust, 1.
ΘΕΣΣΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; w ithin w reath H orse trotting, 1.; above, star and crescent
I· p 1 3 4 *1 *, 8.1a; a. J S W , 7.75; 3 . L 1 9 8 5 -5 -2 0 -4 , 8.47; 4 . P 1340; 5 - i . O (T h e ssalian L e ag u e), 3.45; 2. O (A n in etu s); 3. V 10008, 2.31; 4 . P ,
8. See T o u ra tso g lo u . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 3. T h e ra d ia te crow n 2.85; 5 . P, 2.65. 4 -5 b o th h o u sed u n d e r U n c e rta in C oins.
m a y be h a rd to d istinguish, a n d som e o f these coins m a y be la u reate .
C o u n te rm ark : 0 £ C on face ( G IC 537: 1, 2, 3, a n d M u ). 1606 AE. 16m m , 2.95g ( 0 · Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
T ouratsoglou, A grippina 43
Uncertain issue As 1605, b u t horse, r.
i . B (I-B ), 2.95.
1601 A E. 23 m m , 7.00 g (1). [ o ]
1606A
T ouratsoglou, N ero 60 16m m , 2.40g (1). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ]
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΣΤΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; la u reate head, r. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; bust, 1.
ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; below eagle in w reath As 1605
i . B e lg r a d e , 7.00. P laced h ere because it uses th e sam e curious obv.
i . P (U n c e rta in ), 2.40.
leg en d as issue V.

Issue V: ΣΕΒΑΣΣΤΟΣ, bare head, I. W ith o u t e m p e ro r’s h e a d (reig n o f N e ro ? )

1602 A E. 28 m m , 17.56 g (4). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 5 ]
1607 A E. 16 m m , 3.59 g (4). [ 6 ]
T ouratsoglou, N ero 34-40
T ouratsoglou, P seudoautonom en I A 1-7 (reign of
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΣΤΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, 1. C laudius)
ΡΩΜΗ ΣΕΒΑΣΣΤΗ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; R om a standing,
H orse trotting, r.; above, crescent; below, star
facing, holding spear an d parazo n iu m
ΘΕ(Σ)ΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ in four lines in w reath
i . C o p 4 0 6 , 18.14; 2 . G 5 0 , 17.20; 3—i i . See T o u ra tso g lo u .
C o u n te rm a rk : 0 £ C ( G IC 537: 5 ex.). i . C M c C le a n 3 7 7 6 (pi. 141,11), 4.41; 2. G 23; 3—5. M u 48, 48a, 50,
4.37, 3 -3 9 , 2,19; 6. B ( = a m n g T af. X X I I I . 33); 7—13. See T o u ra tso g lo u .
1603 A E. 22 m m , 7.90 g (5). Axis: 6. [ 5 ]
1608 A E. 16m m , 4 .3 0 g (1). Axis: 6. [ 1 ]
T ouratsoglou, N ero 21-6
T ouratsoglou, Pseudoautonom en I A 8 (reign o f
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΣΤΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, 1. C laudius)
ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; below eagle in w reath
As 1607, b u t horse galloping, r., w ith p alm behind
i . O , 7.48; 2 —6 . See T o u ra tso g lo u ; 7 . J P R 6316, 8.01.
C o u n te rm a rk : 0 £ C o n face ( G IC 537: M u ), i . P D e le p ie r r e , 4.30.

1609 A E. 16m m , 3 .5 1 g (2). Axis: 12 (1). [ 3 ]

T ouratsoglou, Pseudoautonom en I I A 1-11
A g r ip p in a I I (N ero/V espasian)
Nike on globe, 1.
1604 A E. 16m m , 3.01g (1). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ] ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; in four lines in w reath
T ouratsoglou, A grippina 44 i . L = bm c 4 5 , 3.57; 2. G 24; 3. M u 47, 3.46; 4 —16. See T o u ra tso g lo u .
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; bust, 1.
JAONIKH; Nike on globe (?), 1.
i . B (F o x = K a t 108) (‘L ivia o r A g rip p in a 4), 3.01.

Macedonian Koinon
The Koinon or federation of Macedonian cities, first
attested in the reign of Philip V (F. Papazoglou, ANRW
I I .7.1, p. 352), made three issues of coins during the Julio-
Claudian period, one for Claudius, one for Nero (early in
his reign) and one for Vitellius.
The coins were probably minted at Thessalonica. The
smallest denominations have the same designs (Nike and a
horse) and all the coins show links of style and fabric with
Thessalonican coins, particularly from early in the reign of
Nero, and this attribution is supported by their composition
(see below). Thessalonica is, moreover, the obvious choice,
being the metropolis of Macedonia (e.g., Strabo V II fr. 21:
the sources are given by Papazoglou, p. 361, n. 267). The
style of the coins for Claudius might seem a difficulty for the
attribution to Thessalonica, since the portrait style differs
from that on Thessalonican coins. It does, however, seem
impossible to separate the Claudian coins from the
Neronian ones (the shield reverses are particularly close).
We should probably suppose that the Koinon coins were
made at a different time from the Thessalonican ones;
similarly the Koinon issues for Nero are very like the early
Thessalonican coins of Nero, but very different from the
later ones.
The coins fall into three denominations. The largest (av.
16.51 g), which is fairly rare, has a winged thunderbolt or
(later) a figure of Mars; the intermediate (av. 8.39 g) has a
Macedonian shield, while the smallest (av. 3.04 g, assuming
they are all supposed to be the same denomination) has no
imperial portrait, but either Nike/shield, horse/shield or
inscription/shield. The chronology of these small coins is
^04 M A C E D O N IA : Macedonian Koinon (1610-1621)

not certain. The use of the inscription ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ V ite lliu s

(rather than KOINON ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ) puts them before
Domitian, while the use of the horse and the Nike links 1615 A E. 2 9m m , 17.75g ( T)· Axis: 5 (1). [ 1 ]
them to the period of the Neronian coinage of Thessalonica
amng 243
(see 1590, 1593, 1595-8 and 1604-6).
AY ΟΥΙΤΕΛΛΙΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ÄVTOKPA; laureate
As at Thessalonica, the two larger denominations were
head, 1.
made from copper and the smallest ‘pseudo-autonomous‘ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ; M ars standing, 1., holding w reath and
coins made from leaded bronze. This composition supports spear
the attribution of the coins to Thessalonica, and also sug­ i . P 1 2 6 A , 1 7.75.
gests that the denominations in question were 2 asses, 1 as
and i as. 1616 C opper. 23m m , 7.95g (2: 1616-18). [ 3 ]
AMNG 245
ΟΥΙΤΕΛΛΙΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ AYTOKPΑΤΩΡ; laureate
head, 1.
C la u d iu s ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ; M acedonian shield
i . L 1 9 2 6 - 8 —3 —2 , 7 .0 7 ; 2 . P 127, 8 .8 2 ; 3 . N Y . Q u a l it a ti v e m e ta l a n a ly s is
1 6 1 0 A E . 2 8 m m , 17.6 7 g (1). [ i ] on: i .

AMNG 236 1617 AE. See 1616. [ 3 ]

Τ ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Γ ΕΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ; h e a d , 1. AMNG 244
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Μ Α Κ Ε Δ Ο Ν Ω Ν ; w in g ed th u n d e rb o lt AY OYITEAAIOC ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟC AYTOKPΑΤΩΡ;
i . M u 5 9 , 17.67; 2. M i (see amng). S am e obv. die. lau reate head, 1.
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ; M acedonian shield
1 6 1 1 A E . 24 m m . [ o ]
i —2 . B (F o x = K a t 8, L ö b b ) ; 3 . M u 6 3 (ex C o u s in é ry ) ( th e b e g in n in g o f
AMNG 237 th e o b v . h a s b e e n a lt e r e d to Ω Θ Ω Ν : se e amng 2 4 4 * ).

[Τ ΙΒ Ε ΡΙΟ Σ Κ Λ Α ]Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Γ Ε Ρ[Μ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ ] ; h e a d , 1618 AE. See 1616. [ 3 ]

1.
AMNG 246
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Μ Α Κ Ε Δ Ο Ν Ω Ν ; M a c e d o n ia n shield
i . M i (see amng: th e coin is a h y b rid o f 1 6 12, using th e obv. die for the AYAOC OYITEAAIOC ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟ C KAICAP; laureate
la rg er 1610). head, 1.
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ; M acedonian shield
1 6 1 2 C o p p e r. 2 3 m m , 8 .4 9 g (14)· A xis: v a r. [ 27 ] i . M u 64 ; 2 . B K a t 7 ( = amng T a f . I I I . 5 ); 3 . N Y .

AMNG 2 3 8 -9 , BMC 145, C o p 1334

ΤΙ Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; h e a d , 1.
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Μ Α Κ Ε Δ Ο Ν Ω Ν ; M a c e d o n ia n shield O th o
I. L = bmc 145, 8.94; 2 - 4 . L 1866-1 2 -1 -3 9 8 9 , 10.90; 1 9 5 8 -3 -4 -5 4 , 8.97;
■ θ ί Ν - Κ ί . 6 -9 2 ; 5 · C o P 1334. 4 -2 2 ; 6 -7 · p 122-3; 8 - 9 . N Y; 1 0 -
12. Ο , 8.ΙΟ, 8.57, 9.90; 13—18. B (inc. K a t 1-4); 19—2 0 . C L eake 426 0 -1 , There are no genuine coins of Otho. For a coin of Vitellius
8.44, 8.05; 21—2 3 . V 9562 (obv. tooled to AYTOKP ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ‘= A u g u stu s4: in Mu, which has been tooled to read Otho, see 1617/3.
see amng, no. 238*), 9563, 3 7 m , —, —, 9.42; 24—2 6 . M u 60b, 60, 60c,
9.10, 8.16, 9.11; 27. G 26; 28—30. N 6507, S 9970-1; 31—44· See amng;
4 5 - 4 6 . T F a b re tti 2193-4, 10.77. 9-771 4 7 · E velpidis 1484, 8.98;
4 8 . W in te rth u r 1660. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. W ith o u t e m p e ro r’s h e a d i.

1619 AE. 14m m , 2 .6 0 g (5). [ 5 ]

am ng 235
N e r o (ea rly in the re ig n ) _________________ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ; in three lines
M acedonian shield
1613 Copper. 3 0 m m , 1 5 .9 1 g (4 ). Axis: 12. [ 6 ] i . P 9 4 , 2 .6 7 ; 2—4 . B ( 8 5 0 /1 9 2 1 , 1 2 9 /1 8 8 1 , I -B ); 5 . G i , 2.95; 6 . A 1233,
1.88.
AM NG 2 4 0 -1 , BM C 147
1620 L eaded bronze. 14m m , 3.39g (2). [ 4 ]
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; head, 1.
ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ; M ars standing, 1., holding wreath and amng 229, C op 1331
spear; to r., shield ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ; Nike w ith w reath a n d p alm on globe, 1.
I. L = b m c 1 4 7 , 14.53; 2 · M u , 15.57; 3 . P 124, 15.55; 4 · N Y ; 5 · G 27; M aced o n ian shield
6. B (I-B ); 7 . G o (see amng). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i. i . C o p 1331 (—amng T a f . I I I .1 1 ) , 4 .0 2 ; 2 . M u 8; 3 . B ( L ö b b ); 4 . L
1 9 4 8 - 3 - 4 - 5 2 ( g lo b e n o t c le a r ), 2 .7 6 . Q u a l it a ti v e m e ta l a n a ly s is o n : 4.
1614 Copper. 23mm, 8.23g (8)· Axis: 6. [ 17 ]
1621 AE. 14m m , 3.04g (8). [ 8 ]
BM C 146, Cop 1335
AMNG 24 2 ,
AMNG 230, BMC 89
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; head, Ϊ.
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ; Macedonian shield Nike advancing, 1., w ith w reath an d palm
i . N Y , 7.90; 2 . L = BMC 146; 3 . C o p 1335, 6.73; 4 - 5 . P 125-6; 6 - 7 . O ,
ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ; M aced o n ian shield
10.06, 7.33; 8 — i i . B inc. K a t 5 -6 ; 1 2 —1 3 . V 9564, 29427; 14—17. M u 62, i . B ( L ö b b ); 2 - 3 . M u 9, 9 a , — , 3 .1 8 ; 4 . L = bmc 8 9, 3 .0 6 ; 5 . L = b m c

62a, 62b, 62c; 1 8 . G 27; 1 9 —2 0 . N 6508-9; 2 1 —2 6 . See amng. Q u alitativ e 9 0 , 3 .5 3 ; 6 . L — BMC H y r c a n is , L y d i a 1; 7 . P 68; 8 . V 9 5 1 4 ; 9 . See
m etal analysis on: 2. AMNG.

1622 AE. 14mm, 3.53g (1).
AMNG 2 3 I , BMC 91
As 1621, but small shield in oak wreath on rev.
I . L = BMC 91 ( = AMNG T af. III .9 ) , 3.53.
1623 Leaded bronze. 14mm, 3.41g (4).
AMNG 232, BMC 88, Cop I332
As 1621, but Nike advancing, r.
i . B (P ro k esch -O sten ); 2. C op 1332, 2.22; 3. P 67; 4 . V 33001, 3.03;
5. L = BMC 88, 3.10. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 5.
The coinage of Amphipolis during the Republican period
has been discussed by I. Touratsoglou (in CRWLR, pp. 55-
7), who allows little coinage between the Roman conquest
and the end of the Republic. There is no clear evidence to
date any coins to the period of the civil wars of the late
Republic, unless perhaps the heavy bronzes with Artemis/
Artemis Tauropolos on bull (BMC 55, Cop 81, G 4, P 425:
25 mm, av. wt 16.81 g) should be dated then.
The issues minted for Augustus divide into two groups.
The earlier ones continue to use the earlier form of the
ethnic, ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ, while by the end of the reign this
has been replaced by the shortened form ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ.
The earliest issue seems to be 1626, since its titulature,
ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΘΕΟΥ ΥΙΟΣ, suggests a date around the time of
the battle of Actium, when aurei and denarii used the form
CAESAR DIVI F, and before the adoption of the name
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ. The form of the portrait is also very like that
used on early precious metal coinage, though that, of
course, really only provides a terminus post. The form of the
ethnic without the E shows that the issues with obverse
legends in the genitive case come at the end of the reign; one
of these shows a transition between the two forms.
A number of issues which are normally attributed to
Augustus have been excluded here. These are:
a. AMNG 70, AMC 1093, Cop 93, SNG NY 158
KAICAP CEBACTOC; Rome standing with sceptre and
parazonium
ΑΜ ΦΙΠΟΛ(ε)ΙΤΩ(θΓ W)N; Artemis Tauropolos on bull, r.
b. SNG NY 159
Obverse as a
ΑΜΦΙ ΠΟΛεπνΥΝ ; statue of Artemis (?), holding long torch
c. AMNG 67, BMC 78, SNG NY 155-6
KAICAP CEBACTOC; ‘Augustus’ striding, 1., holding
spear and parazonium; foot on prow
ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛεΐΤWN; Amphipolis seated, 1.
The fabric, types (compare BMC 98 with a, BMC 102 with
b or BMC 101 with c) and letter forms (ε, C) suggest that
these are second-century coins, though it is not clear
whether they are supposed to be ‘commemorative’ issues for
Augustus, or merely imperial issues with indefinite
titulature, b and c seem definitely to be Hadrianic; there is
some doubt about a, as the ethnic is either ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ
or ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛείΤννΝ: the latter is normal from Trajan until
MACEDONIA: Macedonian Koinon, Amphipolis (1622-1625) 305
[ i ] 1624 Leaded bronze. 14 mm, 1.96 g (4). [ 4 ]
AMNG 233, Cop 1333
Horse, 1.
Μ Α Κ Ε Δ Ο Ν Ω Ν ; M a c e d o n ia n shield
i. L 1958—3—4—53, 097; 2. C o p 1333, 2.02; 3. B 28633/16 (—AMNG T af.
I I I . 12), 1.51; 4. M u 10, 2.35; 5. A. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: i.
[ 5 ]
1625 AE. 14 mm. [ i ]
AMNG 234
As 1624, but star above horse
i. B (I-B).
Amphipolis
Pius, but the former seems only to occur occasionally under
Aurelius, Commodus and Severus. It does, however, occur
as the normal form under Domitian (when the C is also
normal). The date(s) of a is therefore best left uncertain,
pending a study of the later issues of Amphipolis.
The earliest issue of Tiberius continues the use of the
genitive on the obverse; the die axis is also still fixed at 12
o'clock, whereas the later Tiberian coins have either 12 or 6.
This consideration allows one to place the issues of Livia
(12 o'clock axis) towards the beginning of the reign and
those of Divus Augustus (12 or 6 o’clock) later in the reign.
The Tiberian date of both the coins for Livia and for Divus
Augustus is guaranteed by the application of the counter-
mark KAI to both groups; otherwise this only occurs on
coins of Tiberius. The portrait on 1635 is variously identi­
fied as Tiberius (AMNG) or Claudius (Sternberg X III.83):
this is because the very few dies vary widely, and sometimes
resemble portraits of Tiberius and sometimes do not.
However, it is felt here that the similarity of titulature with
1636, whose identification as Divus Augustus is demon­
strated by the use of the radiate head, makes it more likely
that the portrait is intended to be Divus Augustus rather
than Tiberius (Claudius is definitely excluded by the
countermarks). On the other hand, one cannot definitely
rule out the possibility that Tiberius is called ΘΕΟΣ, though
it seems very unlikely (cf. p. 47).
Mouchmov also quoted coins for Gaius and Lucius
Caesar and for Antonia:
6045 EAIOC KAICAP/ ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ Artemis and
bull
6046 ΛΟΥ[ ] ΚΑΙΣΑΡ/ ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ Artemis on
bull
6052 ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ, head veiled with wreath of ears of
corn, 1./ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ Artemis on bull, 1.
Specimens of these coins have not been encountered during
the preparation of this catalogue; while by no means
impossible, the coin descriptions do not inspire total con­
fidence and so have been omitted until confirmation is
found.
The issues for Caligula, Claudius and Nero are relatively
straightforward, and require no comment, except to point
out that they cannot be dated more precisely within the
relevant reigns.
Three issues of 'autonomous' small coins have been
βοβ M A C E D O N I A : Amphipolis (1626-1635)

included. The form of the ethnic used on them and the letter
forms indicate that they were minted between late in the
reign of Augustus and that of Domitian, though greater
precision does not seem possible. The horse on 1645 recalls
the similar denominations at Thessalonica and Cassandrea.
At Thessalonica the comparable coins were Claudian or
Neronian in date; at Cassandrea, they were probably
pre-Claudian.
1629 AE. 21 m m , 8 .2 9 g (6)· Axis: 12. [ 17]
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; b are head, r.
ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛ(Ε)ΙΤΩΝ; A rtem is T auropolos on bull, r.
Α Μ Φ ΙΠ Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν : 1 - 2 . V 9655, 9657; 3 . M u 67; Α Μ Φ ΙΠ Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν : 4 . P 4 6 8 ,
5.62; 5 —6 . P 456, 463, 8.86, 8.12; 7 —8 . B (L öbb, R au c h ); 9 . G 27;
10. P V ; i i . N Y sng 160, 8.63; U n c e rta in form o f eth n ic: 1 2 . P
D elep ierre, 10.10; 1 3 . B (L ö b b ); 1 4 . V 9654; 1 5 . M u 77 (‘G aius
C a e sa r*i.*45); 1 6 . O = amc 1091, 7.18; 1 7 . S t 885, 9.85; 1 8 . C M cC le an 3231;
1 9 —2 0 . E velpidis 1159-60.

Most of the designs used call for little comment, repeat­ C o u n te rm ark s: D ( G I C 702: 16), J (?) M ( G I C 705: 17).

ing traditional types of Amphipolis such as Artemis 1630 L eaded bronze. 2 1m m , 7.49g (6). Axis: 12. [ 15 ]
Tauropolos on a bull, or a bust of Artemis. The head on the AMNG 71, BMC 76, C op 92
obverse of the smaller denomination of Caligula may
ΚΑΙΣΑΡ(ΟΣ) ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; b are head, r.
perhaps be intended to -represent Zeus, the god who ΔΗΜΟΥ ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; A rtem is T auropolos on bull, r.
appears on the tetradrachms of the First Macedonian i . P V ; 2 . N Y s n g 162, 9 . 11 ; 3 —4 . L = bm c 7 6, 1 9 3 1 - 7 - 1 - 9 , 8 .4 9 , 6 .3 3 ;
region in the second century b c , with Artemis Tauropolos 5 . C o p 92, 7 .1 6 ; 6 —7 . O = amc 1092, 1092A, 7.32, — ; 8—1 0 . B ( I- B ,
on the reverse. Greater interest attaches to the group of two 28922, L ö b b ); i i —1 2 . V 9658, 365248, —, 8.26; 1 3 —1 5 . M u 68, 69, 69a.
T h e le tte rs o f th e obv. leg en d m ay som etim es be retro g ra d e. Q u alitativ e
statues on the reverse of 1627. The identity of the second m etal an alysis on: 4.
figure is not clear. It is certainly not a prefect (BMC); von
Sallet (in the Berlin Kat) compared the scene with the
similar type on coins of Philippi (1650), where the second
T ib e r iu s
figure is apparently bearded and togate. Mionnet suggested
the Genius of the town, while Gaebler (AMNG) suggested
1631 A E. 21 m m , 6 .1 4 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
the Genius Populi Romani. None of this is very certain, but
it appears that the enigmatic letter Φ on one variety of the TIBEPIOY ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; b are head, r.
ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤννΝ; A rtem is T auropolos on bull, r.
type (1628) should provide a clue, and perhaps even iden­
i . O , 5.66; 2. L (S idon) 1 9 4 6 -6 -6 -1 2 2 7 ; 3 . N Y sng 168; 4 . P (S idon) ex
tity the figure; but, if so, the answer remains elusive at the d o u b lettes; 5. C L eak e 3073 (‘A u g u stu s4), 6.62; 6. C M c C le a n 3 2 3 1 ,
moment. 4.35. A ll sam e obv. die.
The designs used for the later emperors probably also
1632 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 8.05 g (8)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 19 ]
reflect statue groups, in the case of Caligula an equestrian
statue of the emperor in an adventus pose. AMNG 73, BMC 80
ΤΙ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b a re head, r.
ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; A rtem is T auropolos on bull, r.
A u g u s tu s i . O , 8.95; 2. O , 7.18; 3 —4 . L — BMC 8 0 -1 , 8.48, 7.82; 5 . G 32; 6—7. P
469 -7 0 , 8.15, 7.39; 8—9 . (K a t 125, I-B ); i o —n . C L eake 3077, 106-1948,
8.62, 7.82; 12. V 9663; 13—16. M u 78-8 0 , 82; 17—18. T F a b re tti 2245-6,
1626 L eaded bronze. 21m m , 8 .5 8 g (10). Axis: 12. [ 20 ] 7.18, 8.95; 19. N Y sng 169, 6.78. 8 h as th e spelling . . . ΣΕΒΒΑΣΤΟΣ . . . ; 13
h as b ull to left. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 3.
BMC 73, C op 89
C o u n te rm ark : KAI { G IC 542: 3, 7, 15-16).
ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΘΕΟΥ ΥΙΟΣ; b are head, r.
ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ; A rtem is T auropolos on bull, r. 1633 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 8.67 g (8)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 13]
i . L ^ b m c 73; 2. L 1866-1 2 -1 -3 4 1 9 , 5.88; 3—4 . N Y SNG 164-5, 9 -5 °! BMC 82, C op 95
8.56; 5—7· C op 89—91, 10.51, 8.44, 9.38; 8· C M cC le an 3230 corr. (pi.
As 163a, b u t lau reate head, 1.
118.2), 7.35; 9—1 3 . B (K a t n o - 1 2 , L ö b b , I-B ); 14—15. G 28, 28a (1917);
16. V 9656; 17—18. M u 65-6; 19—20. P 4 5 3-4, 8.25, 7.45; 21. T ü b in g en i . N Y (=SNG I7 0 ), 7.28; 2—3. L = BMC 8 2 -3 , 7.49, 9.O2; 4 —5. C o p 95-6 ,
994, 13.21; 2 2 . N Y SNG 161, 7.88; 23. J P R 3496, 7.82. Q u a lita tiv e m etal 8.53, 8.14; 6 - 8 . P 471, 482 a n d S idon 1711, 8.88, 8.87, 9.03; 9 - 1 0 . O ,
analysis on: 2. 10.16, 8.27; i i —12. B ( K a t 126, R eich sb an k ); 13. M u 81; 14. P V , 9.51;
C o u n te rm ark : C ircle w ith d o t in sid e (?) ( G IC 486: 3 -4 , 14, 16). 15. T F a b re tti 2247, 8.41; 16. E velpidis 1162. 11 h as th e spelling
. . . Κ Α ΙΣΑ ΡΣ. . .
1627 L eaded bronze. 22 m m , 9.99g (7)· Axis: 12. [ 16 ] C o u n te rm ark : KAI ( G IC 542: 13).

AMNG 69, BMC 77, C op 94

ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ; b ust of A rtem is w ith bow a n d quiver, r. L iv ia
ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; statu e group of A ugustus in m ilitary
dress, raising h an d , an d being crow ned by m ale figure 1634 L eaded bronze. 2 2 m m , 7 .9 1 g (6). Axis: 12. [ 15 ]
(probably laureate an d bearded) w earing toga; all on BMC 7 9
basis decorated w ith three bucrania
IOVAIA ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΘΕΑ; veiled head, r.
i . L = bm c 7 7 , 9.50; 2. C o p 94, 10.98; 3—4 . G 29-30; 5. P 461, 14.21; 6—
9. B (I-B , K a t 117, L öbb, I-B ); 10—11. C L eake 3071-2, 9.92, 5.47;
ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; A rtem is T auropolos on bull, r.
12. V 9661; 13—14. M u 73~73a; 15. O = amc 1094, 9.99; 16. N Y sng I. N Y (= SNG 166), 8.39; 2. L = BMC 79, 7.81; 3 . G 31; 4 —5 . P 4 6 6 -7 ,
157, 11-38; 17. T ü b in g e n 993, 8.86; 18. T F a b re tti 2242; 19. E velpidis 8.16, 7.75; 6 —7 . O , 6.29, 8.66; S - i o . B ( K a t 124, L ö b b , I-B ); 1 1 . C
1161; 2 0 . Be (J P R 3909). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. T h e style an d L eake 3076, 8.80; 1 2 . V 28906; 1 3 —1 5 . M u 74-6; 16. P V . Q u a lita tiv e
fabric o f 6 are very ro u g h a n d th e final Σ o f the rev. legend is m issing: an m etal an alysis on: 2.
im itation? C o u n te rm ark : KAI ( G IC 542: 8, 11).

1628 L eaded bronze. 22m m , 9.55g (3)· Axis: 12. [ 3 ]

AMNG 6 8 D i v u s A u g u s tu s (? o r T ib e r iu s ? )
As 1627, h u t Φ betw een figures on rev.
1635 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 8 .2 1 g (8). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 16 ]
i . L 1 9 2 0 —8—5—1678, 11.75; 2—3 . P 460, 461a, 6.86, 10.05; 4 * P V , 8.46;
5. K a rls ru h e ( = amng T af. X .15: obv.). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. AMNG 7 2 , BMC 7 4
 M A C E D O N I A : Amphipolis, Philippi (1636-1645) ßoy

ΘΕΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. I. L 1 9 5 8 - 3 - 4 - 7 6 , 11.70; 2 - 3 . L = b m c 88, 1 9 1 4 -3 -2 -1 , 8.53, 12.41; 4 -

ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; A rtem is T auropolos on bull, r. 5. P 4 8 0 -1 , 8.00, 9.41; 6 —7 . O , 7.91, 8.80; 8 — 1 0 . B ( K a t 130-2); 1 1 . C

L eak e 8308, 8.63; 1 2 . H ( = a m n g T af. X .23); 1 3 . T F a b re tti 2248, 7.02;
i , O , 7.93; 3—3 . O — AMC 1090, 8.42, 10.37; 4 “ 5 * L = b m c 74, 1 9 5 8 -3 -4 - 1 4 . E velpidis 1163.
75, 7.79, 7.93; 6. P (A pollonishieron, L ydia) 74, 7.93; 7. B (K a t 123);
8 . B (I-B ); 9 . G L eake 8307, 7.09; 10. P 455, 8.20; 11. P V , 7.72; 1640 AE. 22 m m , 9.23 g (9). Axis: var. [ 20 ]
12. S tern b e rg X I I I (1983), 83; 13—14. M u 85 -6 ; 15. Be (R 2176); 1 6 -
17. N Y SNG 167, 176, 7.93, 7.29. S am e obv. die: 2, 8 -9 ; 1, 4 -7 ; 11-12. bm c 89, C op 98
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 4.
As 1639, b u t bull, r.
C o u n te rm ark : KAI ( G I C 542: 1-3).
i . L = b m c 89, 5.40; 2 . C o p 98, 10.84; 3 —1
6 · C M cC le an 3 2 3 3 -5 , Leake
3070, 9.66, 10.18, 11.56, 7.80; 7 —9 . P 478 -8 0 , 10.80, 7.27, 9.55; 1 0 —1 2 . B
(K a t 128-9, L ö b b ); 1 3 —1 6 . V 9659, 9666-8; 1 7 —1 9 . M u , 90, 91a, 91b;
Divus Augustus 2 0 . N Y SNG 175.

1636 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 8.40 g (5). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 11 ]

BMC 75
N e ro
As 1635, b u t ΘΕ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ an d ra d ia te head, r.
I . L = b m c 75, 7.96; 2 - 4 . P 4 5 7-9, 7.67, 9.19, 9.26; 5. O (S idon), 7.90;
6 —8. B (I-B , K a t 122, 5536/1954); 9· C Leake ex A m isus; 10—11. M u 8 3 - 1641 L eaded bronze. 2 2 m m , 7.66g (14). Axis: var. [ 7 ]
4. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. bm c go, C op 99
C o u n te rm ark : KAI ( G IC 542: 2, 7, 10-11).
NEPW(or Ω)Ν ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; emperor in military
dress, standing 1., raising hand and holding staff with
eagle
C a lig u la ___________________________ ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; A rtem is T auropolos on bull, 1.
i . L = b m c 9 0 , 8.78; 2. C o p g9, 7.28; 3—4 . P 483, D elep ierre, 6.48, 8.08;
1637 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 8.40 g (9). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 20 ] 5. B ( K a t 133); 6 . V 9669; 7. M u (C la u d iu s) 92. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: 1.
AMNG 75, BMC 84, C op 97
Γ (in field) ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; 1642 AE. 2 2m m , 5.80g (1). Axis: 6 (i). [ 3 ]
em peror w ith raised h a n d on horse, r. As 1641, b u t ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟί: KAICAP ΝΕΡΩΝ C8
ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; A rtem is T auropolos, r. i . P 4 7 1A , 5.80; 2. M u 91; 3. N Y sng 173.
i . O , 8.73; 2—4 . L = b m c 8 4 -6, 8.50, 6.86, 9.20; 5. N Y s n g i 7 i , 8.52;
6 . C o p 97, 9.73; 7. C M cC le an 3232 (pi. 118.3), 7 -8 8 ; 8—13. P 4 7 2 -6 an d
D elep ierre, 7.54, 9.47, 7.59, 7.19, 8.21, 7.91; 1 4 -1 5 . B (I-B , K a t 127);
16—17. V 9664—5; 18—19. M u 8 7 -8 ; 2 0 . W a d d ell (9.12.1982) lo t 6, 9.23; U n c e rta in d a te, p r o b a b ly J u lio - C la u d ia n
21. T F a b re tti 2249, 5 ·4 5 ; 2 2 . Be (R 3007); 23. N Y s n g 172. Q u alitativ e
m e tal analysis on: 2.
1643 L eaded bronze. 14m m , 3.94g (3). [ 7 ]
1638 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3 .6 0 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ] BMC 65
bm c 87 H ead o f M inerva, r.
ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; laureate a n d beard ed head (of Zeus?), r. ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; eagle
Γ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΓΕΡΜΑΝ; em peror w ith h a n d raised on horse, i . L = b m c 6 5 , 5.24; 2. L = bmc 66, 2.74; 3. C M cC le an 3226, 3.84; 4 —
r. 5. V 96 3 4 -5 ; 6 . N Y sng 145. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an a ly sis o n: 1.
i . L = b m c 87 (‘d ia d e m e d 4), 3.03; 2. M u 89, 4.17. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
1644 L eaded bronze. 14m m , 3.04g (2). [ 3 ]
an aly sis on: 1.
bmc 70
As 1643, b u t bull, r., on rev.
C la u d iu s i . L = b m c 70, 2.15; 2. L 1 9 4 0 -1 0 -1 -1 2 , 3.93; 3. P 4 0 7 . Q u alitativ e
m etal an aly sis on: i.

1639 L eaded bronze. 22m m , 8 .4 4 g (6)· Axis: var. [ 11 ] 1645 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 1.92g (2). [ 5 ]
AMNG 76, BMC 88 AMNG 58, BMC 71, C op 87
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥ(ΔΙΟ)(Σ) ΣΕΒΑΣ(ΤΟ)(Σ); em peror in m ilitary ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; horse trotting, 1.
dress, standing L, raising h a n d a n d holding staff w ith ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; club
eagle i . L = b m c 7 1 , 1.67; 2. C o p 87, 2.16; 3 . M u 63; 4 . B (K a t 102 = amng
ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; A rtem is T auropolos on bull, 1. T a f. X .4 ); 5. N Y sng 146. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 1.

Philippi
A colony was founded at Philippi in 42 b c by Mark Antony,
as the first issue of coins shows (A I C V P = Antoni iussu
colonia victrix Philippensis; cf. F. Papazoglou, ANRW II.7.1,
pp. 357-8). It was refounded in 30 b c by Octavian (Dio
51.4.6), and later was known as COL AVG IVL
PHILIP(pensis).
The attribution of the first coins depends on the plausible
expansion of the initials C V P . The issue was fully dis­
cussed by H. Gaebler (ZJN, 1929, pp. 260-9) and seems
clearly to be a foundation issue. It consists of four denomi­
nations, signed by Q. Paquius Ruf. Leg. C D (on the
analogy of 1509-11 to be restored as coloniae deducendae or,
with Grant, FIT A 274, coloniam deduxit). The two larger
denominations have the portrait of Antony and the inscrip­
tion A I C V P on the obverse; the largest has the scene of
the foundation of the colony; the second largest has a scene
which may represent the giving out of allotments by lot (the
togate man seated on the chair appears to be holding up
3
o 8 M A C E D O N I A : Philippi { ι β φ - ι 6 53)

something (?a writing board) and has an urn before his 1648 A E. 17 m m , 4 .0 4 g (10). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
feet). The third denomination has a facing head, variously AM NG 12, zfN 1929, 263, no. 3, F IT A 274
thought to be male (Gaebler, Grant) or female (Imhoof- A I C V P; facin g h e a d
Blumer), and whose identity is not clear. Its reverse, the Q P A Q V IV S R V F L E G C D; p lo u g h
plough, picks up one of the elements of the founding of the I. P 1 0 6 2 , 4.21; a . B (8 7 7 3 ), 2.98; 3. B (359/1879), 4.43; 4 . V 34335,
colony which was present in the largest piece, just as the 4 -9 5 > 5“ 7 · M u 6 1 -3 , 4.67, 3.36, 4.38; 8. L e n in g rad , 4.01.
urn on the smallest piece picks up an element from the 1649 AE. 14m m , 3 .0 9 g (5). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
reverse of the second largest.
AMNG 13, z fN 1929, 263, no. 4, F IT A 274
Under Augustus, only a single type was made. To judge
from the relatively mature and laureate portrait, it was A I C V P; urn
probably produced in the second half of the reign. On the Q P A Q V I R V F L E G C D; in w reath
i . P , 3.65; 2. B (R au c h ), 2.94; 3 . M u 60, 3.27; 4 —5. L e n in g rad , 3.49,
reverse it depicts a statue group, not unlike that found at 2.07.
Amphipolis, of one figure crowning another. In this case,
however, the inscription on the base identifies the figures as A u g u s tu s
AVG DIVI F being crowned by DIVO IVL.
There is an issue of coins for Claudius, with the same 1650 L eaded bronze. 2 6 m m , 9 .9 5 g (7). Axis: 12. [ 14,]
statue group on the reverse. The obverse inscriptions used F IT A 275
vary slightly, but mostly include PP, indicating that the
C O L A V G IV L P H IL IV SSV AVG; lau reate head, r.
coins cannot have been struck before 42. A V G D IV I F D IV O IV L ; three bases: on m iddle one,
The rare coins of Nero with the same reverse are dated by statu e o f A ugustus in m ilitary dress crow ned by statue of
his second consulship to 57. From this issue the order of the D ivus Ju liu s w earing toga
ethnic changes from COL AVG IVL PHILIP to COL IVL I. N Y (= SNG 683), IO.24; 2 · O = AMC IO98, IO.36; 3. L I92O-8-5-1708,
AVG PHILIP. 9.71; 4 . C M cC le an 3269 (pi. 119.16), 10.46; 5—6. P 1071-2, 11.94, 10.90;
7—i i . B (K a t 46-8, I-B , L ö b b ); 12. V 9850; 13—14. M u 15-16, 8.94,
There are also two ‘pseudo-autonomous’ issues, one 7-375 *5· P V , 7.30. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 3.
being very common and the other very rare. The types of
the larger presumably refer to the battle of Actium (VIC
U n c e rta in d a te - C la u d ia n or N e r o n ia n ?
AVG) and the settlement of veterans from the praetorian
cohort at Philippi (COHOR PRAE PHIL); the plough on
1651 C opper. 18m m , 4 .3 5 g (29). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 72 ]
the reverse of the smaller picks up the imagery of the
foundation. These coins have always been assigned to the AM NG 14-15, BM C 23, C op 305, F IT A 274
reign of Augustus, but some doubt now attaches to this in V IC A VG ; V ictory w ith w reath a n d p alm , 1., on base
view of their composition, which is copper rather than C O H O R PR A E P H IL ; three stan d ard s
bronze. At Philippi, and indeed elsewhere in Macedonia, i . P 10 6 5 ; 2—17. P; 18—2 6 . V ; 2 7 —4 0 . B (inc. K a t 39 -4 5 ); 4 1 —43· L
(inc. 1 9 0 6 -1 1 -3 -2 5 -2 5 7 9 , BMC 23); 44 - 45 - C o p 30 5 -6 ; 4 6 - 4 7 . G 1-2;
copper is not found before the reign of Claudius, so a 4 8 —5 3 . C (inc. M cC le an 32 6 7 -8 ); 5 4 —5 7 . M u ; 5 8 —6 7 . O = amc 1099-
Claudian-Neronian date seems likely. iio 8 ; 6 8 . T ü b in g e n 1031; 6 9 . P V ; 7 0 . S tern b e rg (1983), 564; 7 1 —7 3 . T
F a b re tti 2344-46; 7 4 —7 6 . E velpidis 1275-7; 7 7 * J P R 6297; 78—8 5 . N Y
For other coins possibly of Philippi, see 1656-60. SNG 674 -8 1 . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 41. O n e coin in O (A M C 1102)
a n d o ne in P (1068) h av e C H O R in ste ad o f C O H O R ; o ne coin in B is a
brockage. O n 76 ( = E v elp id is 1277), V icto ry stan d s on a glo b e in ste ad o f
a basis. T h e re is a sm all coin in P (1070, 1 5 m m , 2 .2 5 g ) w h ich lacks any
inscrip tio n s: a sm aller d e n o m in atio n , o r an im itatio n ?
A n to n y , M P a q u iu s R u f leg c d
1652 AE. 15m m , 2.36g (1). [ i ]
1646 L eaded bronze. 25 m m , 8.55 g (5)· Axis: 12. [ 6 ] AM NG 16, F IT A 274
AM NG IO , z fN 1929, 261, no. I , F IT A 274 C O L P H IL ; plough
A I C V P; head o f A ntony, r. V IC AVG; two m odii (?)
Q P A Q V IV S R V F C D , LEG ; m an w ith veiled head i . T ( = AMNG T af. X X .1 1); 2. N Y sng 682, 2.36.
ploughing, r., w ith two oxen
I. L G 1 1 89, 8.05; 2. L 18 3 0 -1 1 -2 -7 9 , 8.32; 3. B (7945), 10.37; 4 · V C la u d iu s
32343, 8.06; 5 . M u 71, 7.97; 6 . N Y (= s n g 672), 13.68. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
analysis on: i.
C o u n te rm ark : B u cra n iu m (GIC — : i , 3). 1653 C opper. 2 6 m m , 9 .7 7 g (17)· Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 19]
AMNG 17, C op 307, BMC 24
1647 AE. 21 m m , 7.17g (11). Axis: 12. [ 14 ]
T I G L A V D IV S C A ESA R A V G P M T R P (IM P ) (P P);
AMNG II, ZFN I929, 262, no. 2, FITA 274, C op 304
bare head, 1.
A I C V P; head of A ntony, r. C O L A V G IV L P H IL IP ; two statues as on 1 6 5 °, base
Q P A Q V IV S R V F L E G C D; togate figure, seated 1., on inscribed D IV V S A V G
chair holding up w riting b o ard (?); a t feet, u rn T R P P P: i . L = b m c 25, 9.44; 2. E velpidis 1278; 3 . M u 20, 11.10; 4 . B
i . N Y ( = SNG 673), 6.58; 2—3. M u 69-70, 7.44, 6.75; 4 . L H P B 94, no. 9, (K a t 50); 5—6. C L eak e 4631, 8666, 8.87, 9.70; 7. V 9853; 8. A ( = amng
8.60; 5. C o p 304, 9.15; 6 - 7 . P 1063-4, 6.76, 6.82; 8. B (R a u c h ), 5.34; 9 — T af. X X . 16); T R P IM P : 9 . V 34935; 10. P 1073, 10.31; 11. G 5 (pi.
i i . B (81/1877, I -B, L ö b b ), 7.09, 7.85, 5.98; 12—13. V (P ariu m ) 16309, 20.4); 12. T (F a b re tti 2347), 10.66; 13—14. N Y sng 68 4 -5 ; * 5 · T ü b in g en
16312, 7.14, —; 14. G (p. 738, 59); 15. JS W ; 16. P V (ex H irsch 154 lot 1032, 8.92; 16. Be (R 4332); 17. M u 19, 10.32; T R P I M P P P: 18. O ,
342), 6.94; 17. R W , 6.90. 9.22; U n c e rta in v ariety : 19. C o p 309, 10.91; 2 0 - 2 1 . B (K a t 5 1 -2 ); 22. C
C o u n te rm ark s: P B ucranium ( GIC 4), u n c e rta in , p e rh a p s cad u ceu s (6, L eak e 8667, 9.75; 2 3 - 2 4 . L = bmc 24, 26, 9.19, 11.02; 25. V 9851.
9 ) 14-15)· Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 23.

As 1653, b u t T I C L A V D IV S CAES A V G IM P P M T R
P P P
1 —2. C o p 307-8, 10.40, 9.60; 3. M u 20, i i . 10; 4 . S tern b e rg X (1980) lot
282, 10.58; 5. B (I-B ). U n c e rta in obv. legends (betw een 1 6 5 3 a n d 1654):
6. P 1074; 7. O , 8.32; 8 . B (L öbb); 9 . M u 17, 8.44.
Uncertain (Philippi?)
Coin issues under Augustus (1656), Tiberius (1657—9) and
Claudius (1660) with the type of the two priests ploughing,
and lacking any ethnic, have been attributed in the past to
Parium, but they were considered by Grant, FITA 111—14,
as official.
His opinion was based on the following reasons:
1. Specimens have been discovered from Illyricum to
Armenia and such a vast circulation would be
anomalous for a single colonial series.
2. A number of countermarks which appear on these
issues are specifically official countermarks, which
would be irregular on colonial pieces.
3. The style varies greatly, suggesting a multiplicity of
mints.
Grant imagined that the main mint was at Parium and
branch mints were at Antioch in Syria, Antioch in Pisidia,
in Bithynia and Pontus. But, in SMACA, pp. 88—96, Grant
changed his mind and proposed Pisidian Antioch as the
initiator of the series and Parium as a branch mint.
The attribution of these series is indeed difficult and
raises many problems.
N a tu re o f the coinage
As these issues lack any ethnic, Grant considered them as
one of the six main aes series inaugurated by Augustus
which were intended ‘to possess a scope wider than a single
province or part of a province’ (SMACA, pp. 1-2 (I)). But
colonial issues may lack an ethnic (see Dium/Pella: 1534fr.;
Cnossus: 999-1000), even if they are usually signed by local
magistrates. The lack of names of magistrates may point
towards a provincial coinage, as in the case of the Cypriot
coinage (3901-34), though a colonial production is still
possible. See also p. 14.
Typology
The type, however, seems indeed more suitable for a col­
onial coinage than for a provincial one. Grant, FITA 112,
insisted that the significance of the coin type was not limited
to the details of a colonial foundation, but was more
general, and he argued that it emphasised the position of
Augustus as universal refounder. But, in SMACA, p. 92, he
returned to a more conventional explanation. He attributed
these series to Pisidian Antioch and he judged that the two
figures of priests ploughing - which is a very unusual type
M A C E D O N I A : Philippi, Uncertain (Philippi?) (1654-1655) ßog
N ero, a d 5 7
1655 AE. 2 7m m , 10.47g (3)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 4 ]
N E R O CAES A V G P M T R P C O S II; b are head, 1.
C O L IV L A V G P H IL IP ; sam e design as 1 6 5 0 , w ith
D IV V S A V G on base
i . B (K a t 5 3 ), 9.00; 2. M u 20a, 11.40; 3. V 9854; 4 . P 1988/119 (ex
M ü n z Z e n tru m 64 lo t 106), 11.00.
and almost unique (it also occurs at Sinope from Caligula to
Nero: 2129 etc.) - might refer to the two legions which
colonised Antioch.
C ircu latio n
The mere fact that there are two figures on the type, and not
one, ruins the argument of identity with any other colonist
type, at Parium or at any other mint.
What about the evidence of find spots? Grant reported
finds from Illyricum, Upper Moesia, Lower Moesia, Thra­
cian Chersonese, Mysia, Troas, Bithynia, Pisidia, Syria and
Armenia. On this basis, the coinage would have had a vast
circulation, but none of the find spots reported by Grant
derives from a site publication. The conclusion, e.g., that
these coins circulated in Mysia-Troas because many of
them are in the Istanbul museum or were seen in trade at
Istanbul-Pera, is subject to question. In fact, the only pre­
cise site where these coins are found escaped Grant. They
turn up in appreciable numbers at Philippi in Macedonia.
P. Collart, Philippes ville de Macédoine (1937), recalls that E.-
M. Cousinéry, Voyage dans la Macédoine II, p. 43 and pi.
ΙΙ,ιο, had already published two coins (one Augustus and
one Tiberius) of this type and proposed to attribute them to
the town. Collart, pp. 236-7 and n. 3, pi. X X X ,5 and 7,
published five new specimens of Augustus found at
Philippi. Since then, the Greek excavations have produced
two more coins (of Augustus: Archaiologikon Deltion XX X II,
1977, p. 41, nos. 20-1) and the French ones three (two
Augustus and one Tiberius?: information from O. Picard).
Moreover, these coins are found frequently in the French
excavations at Thasos: eleven coins so far (four Augustus,
five Tiberius and two uncertain). It is interesting to note
that one Augustan coin from Thasos shares an obverse die
with a coin found at Philippi, which suggests that the centre
of production was located in the near-by area. Therefore it
seems reasonable to locate it, or at least one centre, at
Philippi where a mint was in activity since Mark Antony
(1646-9).
C o u n term ark s
A number of countermarks which appear on the coins were
said by Grant to be official: ÄV (1656/16), a wheel
(1656/23) and a prow (1656/51). But AV (or AN) is not the
same as that on aes from Rome and Lyons, the wheel (star of
eight rays) is different from that on dupondii of Nemausus
and the prow (if a prow) different from that on a dupondius
of Q. Aelius Lamia (BMC I, p. xxxix).
These countermarks are in fact local; among others, the
monograms PHR (1656/63 and 68; 1657/21) and <£?·
(1657/20) appear at Bithynian Apamea (2007-8). It must
be noted that the Augustan and Tiberian series have dif­
ferent types of countermarks, which implies a wide circula­
tion, but the Claudian series is countermarked by a
capricorn only. This also appears occasionally on Augustan
and Tiberian coins (1656/43 and 1657/10), but the
Claudian issue is widely countermarked (twelve specimens
out of a total of twenty-two). As the capricorn is the regular
type of Parium and as the Claudian coins are not found at
Philippi or Thasos, it might indicate that the Claudian
series is the production of a different mint from the
Augustan and Tiberian series and was perhaps struck at
Parium.
C onclusion
No real picture emerges as to the nature and the mint(s) of
this coinage. It is not clear if it was colonial or provincial
and if it was struck in different mints; its area of diffusion
was mainly Macedonia, Troas, Bithynia and Mysia where
it probably passed for a semis:
1656 16-18 mm, 4 -5 9 g (67)
^57 16 mm, 4.18g (26)
1658 17 mm, 5 -23 g (4 )
ι β 59 16 mm, 4 -9 4 g ( 7 )
166ο 16 mm, 4 -: 7 g (21)
Grant thought that under Augustus two denominations
were struck (SMACA, pp. 1 and 89), but his distinction
between semisses (?) and quadrantes (?) is wrong. What he
calls a larger denomination (SMACA, pi. IV, 1-3) is in fact
just a group struck on large flans, but whose weight is the
same as that of the smaller denominations (SMACA, pi.
IV ,4 -u ). The group struck on large flans might be the
product of a separate mint. Here, as elsewhere, a die study
could shed a new light.
A u g u s tu s
1656 AE. i6 - i8 m m , 4.5 9 g (67). Axis: 6 (12). [ 63 ]
AMC 1196-1206
A VG ; bare head, r.
Tw o priests ploughing, r.
1—3 . L = BMC 8 6 -8 , 5.34, 4.00, 4.84; 4—5. L 1926-1—16-892 a n d 893
(S eager), 4.03 (tw o priests tu rn e d I.), 4.97; 6 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -1 2 6 7 C am ero n ,
4.89; 7 . L 1 9 4 9 -5 -7 -2 , 5.05; 8 . L 1 974-8-Q i, 3.27; 9 - 1 5 . P 9 3 5 -8 , 4.70,
4 -5 2 . 5 ·°°. 5 -4 3 > 4 -3 5 » 3-89, 4-36; 16. P D elep ierre, 5.22; 1 7 - 1 8 . V 13832-
3 (P a tra s), 4.34, 3.92; 1 9 -2 1 . V 16313-5, 4.62, 4.21, 4.58; 2 2 . V 16322,
3.66; 2 3 . V 27579, 4.09; 24. V 30438, 4.20; 25. V 32047, 5.90; 2 6 -
3 6 . O — AMC 1196-1206, 4.57, 5.38, 5.52, 3.77, 3.93, 4.08, 3.29, 4.17, 4.28,
5.23, 5.54; 3 7 . C M cC le an 7660 (T ib eriu s), 3.64; 3 8 . C o p 282, 4.24; 3 9 -
4 9 . N Y , 5.57, 5.53, 5.48, 5.39, 5.18, 4.71, 4.43, 4.43, 4-36, 4 -2 5 » 4-22;
50. P V , 4.96; 5 1 —6 2 ; I; 6 3 . G o (n o t seen); 6 4 . E m erk in g en (n o t seen);
6 5 —6 7 . Be, 5.54, 4-43, 3*56; 6 8 . T (n o t seen = smaca, pi. I V , 12); 6 9 . Bu
(n o t seen = smaca, pi. I V , 1); 7 0 —7 1 . B I-B , 6.06, 4.26; 7 2 —7 3 . B Fox,
4.33, 4.01; 7 4 —7 6 . B K n o b elsd o rf, 5.24, 4.51, 4.15; 7 7 . B L ö b b , 4.67;
7 8 . B F rie d lä n d e r, 4.57; 7 9 . B M o rel 5/1908, 4.14; 8 0 . B 866/1915, 5.42;
8 1 —8 3 . B, 5 . i i , 3.62, 4.37; 8 4 . A u fh ä u s e r 5/1988, 227, 5.18; 8 5 . S ch u lten
2 0 -2 1 /X /1 9 8 8 , 597, 4.81; 8 6 —8 7 . Lew is coll., 1318-9, 4.35, 4.48;
8 8 . Laffaille coll., 4.61.
C o u n te rm ark s: A ca p rico rn o n th e rev ., o n 43 ( G I C 30 1 -2 ); an ow l o n the
obv., o n 23 ( G IC 345); a cra b o n 64 ( G I C 355); a litu u s on th e obv., o n 4
( G I C 418: n o t cited ); a w h eel (s ta r?) o n th e rev., o n 23 ( G I C 441);
NIKOMH o n 64 ( G I C 554); E M P o n 68 ( G I C 590); P H R o n 63 a n d 68
( G I C 654); T R for T R (o a s), ac co rd in g to G ra n t, or, m o re likely, a plo u g h
o n 25 ( G I C 657); a p ro w (? ) o n th e obv., o n 51; u n c e rta in , o n th e rev ., on
46 a n d 48.
T ib e r iu s
1 6 5 7 AE. 16 m m , 4.18 g (26). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 23 ]
BMC 89-91
T I A V G ; b are head, r.
As 1 6 5 6
1 - 3 . L = bmc 8 9 -9 1 , 4.22, 3.61, 4.30; 4 - 8 . P 9 4 3 -7 , 5.63, 3.62, 4.35, 3.56,
4 -0 9 ; 9” * 3 · O , 4.49, 4.37, 4.05, 3.95, 3.45; 14. C M cC le an 7661, 5.64;
15. C o p 283, 4.95; 1 6 - 2 0 . N Y , 4.41, 3.90, 3.84, 3.80, 3.43; 2 1 - 2 2 . I
5 380-1; 23. Be, 3.70; 24. P V , 4.31; 25. vA 1334, 4.20; 2 6 . M u , 4.25;
2 7 . B W o lan sk i, 4.42; 2 8 . B, 4.30.
C o u n te rm ark s: A cap rico rn , o n 10 ( G I C 30 1 -2 ); ffio n th e o b v ., o n 20
( G I C 645); A V o r A N o n th e rev ., on r6 ( G I C 646); P H R o n th e obv., o n
21 ( G I C 654); T R for T R (o a s) ac co rd in g to G ra n t, or, m o re likely, a
p lough, o n 12 ( G I C 657); u n c e rta in o n th e obv., on 8, 12 a n d 23.
1 6 5 8 AE. 17m m , 5 .2 3 g (4). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
BMC 92
T I A V G D R V SV S CA ESA R; ju g a te heads o f T iberius
an d D rusus, r.
As 1 6 5 6 —7
I. L = BM C 9 2 , 4.88; 2. V 16320, 5.41; 3 . N Y , 5.53; 4 . P V , 5 . II.
1 6 5 9 16m m , 4 .9 4 g (7). Axis: 6 or 12. [ 6 ]
D R V CAES; b are h ead o f D rusus, r.
As 1 6 5 6 —8
I. P 9 4 8 , 4.54; 2. P D elep ierre, 6.71; 3. V 16321, 5.73; 4 . O , 4.16; 5. B
9 7 4 9 , 4 -5 4 ; 6. I K -O 9 6 0 -5 5 1974; 7. P V , 3.88; 8. M u , 5.04.
C o u n te rm ark : P H R (?) (o r m ore likely Π Ρ), on 6 ( G I C 654).
C la u d iu s *18
1 6 6 0 AE. 16m m , 4 .1 7 g (21). Axis: 6. [ 21 ]
BMC 93
T I C L A V A VG ; b are head, 1.
As 1 6 5 6 —9
i . L = BMC 93, 3.79; 2 ^ 1 9 2 7 - 7 - 1 4 - 2 , 4 . 2 2 ; 3 . L 1 9 4 0 -1 0 -1 -1 1 5 , 4.04;
4 - 5 . P 9 4 9 -5 0 , 4.42, 3.28; 6 - 7 . V 16323-4, 3.53, 3.54; 8 - 9 . O , 5.29,
4.17; 10. C M cC le an 7662, 3.35; 11—12. C o p 284—5, 4.65, 4.15; 13. B,
4.04; 14—15. B R a u c h , 4.22, 4.12; 16. B L ö b b , 3.97; 17. B 7947, 4.62;
18. I K .O . 8 7 9 -2 4 1971; 1 9 - 2 2 . N Y , 5.85, 4.64, 3.94, 3.79.
C o u n te rm ark : A ca p rico rn o n th e obv., on 1, 2, 4 -5 , 7—8, 12-13, 15, 17
a n d 20-21 ( G I C 303).
 T H R A C E
Cat. no. Page
In tro d u ctio n 3 11
T h ra c ia n kings 1701—26 312
A b d era 1727-31 3 15
M a ro n ea 1732-3 3ï6
(Lem nos) — 3ï6
Im b ro s 1734-8 3 l6
Sestos 1739“ 44 3!7
P erin th u s 1745-69 318
B yzantium 1770-82 320
C alchedon 1783-8 323
(A pollonia) - 323

For most of the period of this catalogue Thrace was ruled by
a series of kings (Jones, Cities, pp. 8-10); the coinage indi­
cates that their rule extended across the straits to Cal­
chedon, whose coinage is subsequently catalogued here
under Thrace rather than in its more normal position under
Bithynia. The area was, however, annexed by Claudius on
the murder of the last king in ad 46, and it then became the
province of Thrace, ruled by a Roman procurator of
equestrian rank.
The Thracian Chersonese, where the autonomous city of
Sestos was situated, never formed part of the kingdom, but
was owned first by Agrippa and, after his death, by
Augustus, who governed it with a procurator (Jones, Cities,
pp. 15-16).
The coinage of the area is rather diverse in nature. The
coinages of Byzantium and Calchedon, as always, were very
similar, while the little bronze coins of Sestos recall those of
its neighbour across the Hellespont, Abydus (2281-94).
The coinage of Perinthus stands out from the rest, and its
production of large brass coins, some of them looking very
much like Roman sestertii, links it closely to the coins pro­
duced at several Bithynian cities (see p. 339, though not
Calchedon). Perinthus also seems to have been the mint for
a series of Latin coins of Nero (1758-62, with commentary
for attribution). These coins may perhaps be related to the
strange Latin coins of Britannicus, Agrippina II and the
young Nero, recently catalogued and discussed by H.-M.
Kaenel, SNR, 1984, pp. 127—50. I f these coins are genuine,
then they seem to emanate from Thrace, on the basis of
reported provenances. See also p. 319.
The pattern of denominations is not very clear. Silver was
produced at Byzantium but its metrology is rather
uncertain, due to lack of specimens (see table below).
Silver
R hoem etalces 2 4 m m , 5 .83g f i )
T ib e riu s 3 1 m m , 13.43g (2) 2 3 m m , 6 .2 9 g ( 0
Bronze
R haescuporis I
R hoem etalces I 2 8 m m , 1 4 .6 7 g
R hoem etalces I I I 29 m m , 20.66 g 2 4 m m , I 3 .2 3 g
If these coins were all struck to the same standard, then
they would seem to be tetradrachms, didrachms and
drachms on the cistophoric standard. It would not be sur­
prising to find the standard in use at Byzantium, in view of
its close connections with Asia Minor. On the other hand,
the weights are rather too heavy (compare p. 321), and so
Walker (Metrology, p. 56) regarded the smallest denomi­
nation as equivalent to the denarius rather than a
cistophoric drachm (i.e., 12 asses). One must also take into
account the countermarking at Byzantium of posthumous
Lysimachi under Claudius (1782), though it is not clear
whether this implies the survival, or the opposite, of the
Attic standard at Byzantium.
Within the Thracian kingdom, however, there are several
hoards of denarii, implying that they constituted the
principal silver denomination there (I. Youroukova, Pro­
ceedings of the 10th International Numismatic Congress (ig86) , pp.
189-99; M .H . Crawford, CMRR, pp. 328-9). This might,
in turn, suggest that we should regard the Byzantine coins
as denarii, i j denarii and 2 denarii pieces.
The situation is no clearer when we turn to the bronzes.
The Greek coins of Perinthus share their metrology with
Bithynia (see p. 339), though the Latin coins seem to have
the fuller weight, normal for coins from the mint of Rome
which they copy. The regal coins have the weights shown in
the table below.
This might suggest the use of five (or perhaps four)
denominations, though this is not definite, and it is curious
how the heavier denominations of Rhoemetalces III have
the same diameter as those of lighter coins of Rhoemetalces
I. The heaviest coins of Rhoemetalces look as if they are
copying the general appearance of Roman sestertii, and this
denomination would fit well with the pattern at Perinthus
and in Bithynia.
18m m , 3 .4 6 g (6)
19 m m , 8.20 g 17 m m , 3.45 g
9 .7 5 g 18m m , 4 .6 5 g 14m m , 2 .0 4 g
19 n u n , 6 .7 0 g 17 m m , 4 .5 4 g
y 2 T H R A C E : Thracian kings
The other civic coins were struck at the standards shown
in the table below.
It is difficult, however, to attach values to these coins.
There is the usual problem of whether we should talk of
Roman or local denominations, especially as there is some
specific evidence for the use of non-Roman denominations.
1773, of Byzantium, bears the inscription ΔΡΑΧΜΑ and
has a diameter of only 16 mm and an average weight of only
2.73 g. Assuming the coin is correctly dated to this period, it
is hard to know what to make of it, though one might guess
that it was made during the civil wars, when relatively high
denominations could be made at very low standards (e.g.,
the ‘fleet coinage1 1453-70, 4088-93, Lampsacus 2272-3).
On this interpretation the metrology of the Byzantian
drachma would be exceptional (hence the need for an
Abdera 19 mm, 6.64 g
M aronea 21m m, 7.06g
Im bros 19mm, 9.12g (II?) 18mm, 7.90g (I)
Byzantium
Calchedon 23 mm, 6.62 g
Thracian kings
The coinage of the Thracian kings was studied by
Yordanka Youroukova, Coins of the Ancient Thracians, BAR
Supplementary Series 4, 1976, on which this account draws
extensively. The coinages of Koson, Rhaescuporis I,
Rhoemetalces I, II and III are considered here, as they are
Roman in essence.
Koson
The attribution of 1701 to a Thracian dynast named Koson
raises problems. Since Eckhel (DN V I,23), this series of
gold staters was assigned to L. Brutus who, according to
Appian (BC IV ,75), struck coins from the treasures con­
signed to him by Polemocratia, the widow of the Thracian
dynast Sadalas.
The obverse type is indeed copied from the denarii of M.
Iunius Brutus struck in 54 b c (RRC 443/1), but the coins
were issued by an independent dynast named ΚΟΣΩΝ.
According to Head (HN2, p. 289) and M. Bahrfeldt (‘Über
die Goldmünzen des Dakerkönigs ΚΟΣΩΝ’, Berliner
Münzblätter, 1912, pp. 366-81), the monogram ß. does not
stand for BR(utus) but for ΟΛΒ, the place of mintage. The
eagle holding a wreath is one of the Olbian types and there­
fore this issue should be given to a Scythian king Koson or
Kotison who died in c. 29 b c . See also Crawford, CMRR, p .
238, n. 60.
The Thracian attribution is retained here, but the
Scythian origin is probably the correct one. [See now O.
Iliescu, QT, 1990, pp. 185-214.]
Rhaescuporis I (c. 48-42 bc )
Series 1702—3 were traditionally attributed to Rhaescuporis
II and Kotys IV and dated to a d 12-19. But Youroukova
inscription to that effect: really a silver coin struck in bronze
during an emergency?), and of no help in the elucidation of
the denominations in use at other times or elsewhere.
Some of the coins of Imbros appear to have value marks.
1735 has a horizontal line, while 1734 perhaps has a double
line. These might indicate denominations (a line was the
normal abbreviation for an obol), but this is not certain and
does not necessarily preclude the use of Roman denomi­
nations elsewhere in Thrace; if they were in general use,
then one would guess, on the analogies of Achaea (p. 246)
and Asia (p. 374) that the 6-7 g coins of Abdera, Maronea
and Calchedon were asses, and that the c. 3-4 g coins of
Abdera, Maronea, Byzantium and Calchedon were semis­
ses, but this must remain speculative.
16 mm, 2.83 g
19mm, 3.99g
17mm, 5-39g
'9 mm, 4.45 g
18mm, 4.06g 16mm, 1.57g
(pp. 40-53) convincingly demonstrated that 1702 and 1703
had been issued under Rhaescuporis I and Kotys II.
Rhaescuporis I was a loyal ally to Brutus and he gave him
the most active assistance in the war against the Bessi. The
reverses of 1702 and 1703 derive from the coinage of Brutus
struck in 43-42 b c (RRC 502/3 and 505/5 respectively).
1702 and 1703 represent two denominations, the smaller of
which is probably the half of the larger:
i8 -ig m m , 8.20g (2)
17 -1 8 mm, 3.45g (3)
Rhoemetalces I (c. 11 b c —a d i 2)
Rhoemetalces I ruled over the whole of Thrace from c. 11 b c
to a d 12. Besides his bronze coinage, silver coins were
issued in Byzantium in his name and in Augustus’s name
( 1774 - 5 )·
His bronze coinage falls into two groups. One group
(1704-7) has no portraits on it. The choice of the types,
however, refers to Roman authority: the capricorn (1704,
1705, 1707) is the zodiacal sign of Augustus, the fasces, a
sella curulis and a spear ( 1704—6) symbolise Roman power.
Youroukova supposed that this group was struck in c. 11 b c
when Rhoemetalces came to the throne and received from
Augustus the symbols of his power.
The second group has portraits on it: four portraits
(1708-10: Rhoemetalces and his queen Pythodoris/
Augustus and Livia), three portraits (1711-13:
Rhoemetalces and Pythodoris/Augustus), two portraits
(Rhoemetalces/Augustus). According to the fabric of the
coins, Rhoemetalces seems to figure on the obverse and
Augustus on the reverse, and not the contrary.
 T H R A C E : Thracian kings { 1701-1706) gig

At least four denominafions were struck (see table II, as the title ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ
below). They could represent the equivalent of a and the portrait figuring on it seem more characteristic of
dupondius, an as, a semis and a quadrans (?). Series 1710 is Tiberius. But series 1711 and 1718 were kept under
also probably a dupondius, but has a smaller diameter and Rhoemetalces I, until the detailed publication of the hoard
weight than 1708-9 (25 mm, 12.21 g) and might be later in of Gruevo is published.
the reign. Series 1715-17, with two portraits, has a larger
diameter and a heavier weight than 1718-20, on which two
portraits also figure. 1718—20 might also be later than
Rhoemetalces III (c . a d 38-46?)
I 7 I 5- *1*?. Rhoemetalces III was given the throne of Thrace by Cali­
gula and at least series 1722 refer to that event. To the
Rhoemetalces II (c a d 19-36) traditional series 1722-4 must certainly be added series
1725-6, as suggested by Burnett, Mélanges P. Bastien, p. 26,
Until Youroukova’s study, no coinage was attributed to n. 4. These coins were attributed to Judaea and Agrippa,
Rhoemetalces II. But a hoard found at Gruevo, buried in but the style and the six o’clock die axis are those of the
the mid-thirties according to Youroukova, containing 449 coinage of Rhoemetalces III, and they are probably smaller
coins usually attributed to Rhoemetalces I, could provide a denominations of 1722-4.
fresh picture of the coinage of Rhoemetalces II, the nephew A system of four denominations was probably struck (see
of Rhoemetalces I. table below). These denominations were perhaps intended
Youroukova attributes series 1711, 1718 and 1721 to to pass as sestertii, dupondii, asses and semisses (see p.
Rhoemetalces II. Series 1721 is here given to Rhoemetalces 3 1 1 )·

R h o e m e ta lc e s I
2 7 -g m m 2 2 - 4 m m 1 8 m m 14 - 1 5 m m

1708-1709 14.67 g (6)

1711-1713 9 .73g (29)
i7 i8 - i7 2 0 4 .6 5 g (31)
1706-1707 2 .04g (5)

R h o e m e ta lc e s I I I
28-gmm 2 4 -5 m m IQ -2 0 m m i j m m

1722 20.66g (4)

1723-172413.23g (2)
1 7 2 5 6 .7 0 g (3)

1726 4-54g (')

K oson R h o e m e ta lc e s I (c . n bc- ad 12)

1701 A V (stater). 20m m , 8 .4 2 g (io g ).^ S d s: 12. Group without portraits

BMC T h race 208, 1-2, B ahrfeldt, Berliner Münzblätter 1912,
1704 AE. i7 - i8 m m , 3 .7 9 g (4). Axis: var.
3 6 6 -8 1
Y ouroukova 165-7, ph X X I
Procession of three m en in R om an togas, 1., the forem ost
and hindm ost carrying an axe over shoulder; in exergue, ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; fasces an d capricorn
ΚΟΣΩΝ ΡΟΙΜΗΤΑΛΚΟΥ; sella curulis an d sceptre
Eagle standing, 1., on sceptre, holding w reath in one claw I· p 3 o 8 > 3-65; 2· P 3 ° 9 > 4 -o6 ; 3 . L 1 9 1 3 -6 -2 1 -5 , 3.99; 4 . C o p 1196,
3.46; 5. Sofia 6452; 6. S ofia 4536; 7. Sofia 6974; 8 . B 770/1914. O n 7,
A - w ith m o n o g ra m β on th e obv. in th e field: i . P 3, 8.54; 2—7 5 . See
ΡΓ ab o v e th e sella.
B ah rfeldt 368; B - w ith o u t m o nogram : 1. P 4, 8.43; 2—3 7 . See B ahrfeld t
C o u n te rm ark : M a le b u st, 1., in a c ircu lar p u n ch , on 8 ( G I C 145).
368-9.
1705 AE. i 7m m , 2.30g (1). Axis: 6.
Y ouroukova 168, pi. X X I
R h a e sc u p o ris I ( c . 4 .8 -4 2 bc)
As 1704
As 1704, b u t m ale head above the sella; on the sella, ΡΓ
1702 A E. 18 -1 9 m m , 8.20 g (2). Axis: 12. i . S o fia 6 5 2 3 ; 2. L 1 9 8 2 -6 -6 -2 , 2.30.
Y ouroukova 153-6, pi. X X
1706 AE. 14-15 m m , 2.04g (5)· Axis: 12 or 6.
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΚΟΤΥΣ; diadem ed bust, r.
Y ouroukova 160-4, ph X X I
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΡΑΙΣΚΟΥΠΟΡΙΔΟΣ; V ictory holding w reath
and palm , 1. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; fasces
i . P 3 1 3 , 7.51; 2. P 315, 8.88; 3—4 . L = bmc 1-2; 5. Sofia 5035; 6. Sofia
B(A) ΡΟΙΜΗΤΑΛΚΟΥ; sella curulis an d spear
6117; 7. Sofia 2914; 8. Sofia 9408. I. P 3 1 1, 2.48; 2. P 301, 2.01; 3—4 . L = BMC I O-I I, 1.71, 1.70;
5. E velpidis 1126, 2.28; 6. Sofia 6460; 7. S ofia 6924; 8. Sofia 2863;
1703 AE. i7 - i8 m m , 3.45g (3). Axis: 12. 9 . Sofia 6461; 10. Sofia 5684.

Y ouroukova 157, pi. X X

As 1702, b u t V ictory holds trophy
i . P 3 1 4 , 2.62; 2. P 316, 4.46; 3. P lovdiv, 3.28.
jj 14 T H R A C E : Thracian kings ( 1707-1720)

1707 AE. 14-15 mm . T W O P O R T R A I T S

Y ouroukova 158-9, pi. X X I 1713 AE. 32 mm .

K ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; capricorn w ith globe, r. Y ouroukova 176, pi. X X II
]P O IM H [ ; V ictory holding w reath a n d palm , r.
[ ] P[ ]H [ ]; h ead of R hoem etalces, r.
i . Sofia 6976; 2. Sofia 8422.
C o u n te rm ark : M ale h ea d , L, in a n oval p u n ch , on 2 ( G IC 146). ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ Σ [ ; b are head o f A ugustus, r.
i . Sofia 7367.
C o u n te rm ark s: H e a d , 1., o n rev. o f i { G IC 159); ea r o f b arley on rev. o f 1
[ G IC 406).

Group with portraits

1714 AE. 2 3m m , 7.15g (1). Axis: 6.
F O U R P O R T R A I T S
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΡΕΜΗΤΑΛΚΟΥ (sic):, d iadem ed h ead of
1708 AE. 2 7 -9 m m , 14.86g (5). Axis: 6. R hoem etalces, r.
Y ouroukova 182-4, 186, pi. X X I I I ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ (sic); b are head o f A ugustus, r.
I. O = AMC 8 4 3 , 7.15.
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ POIMHT ΑΛΚΟ Y ; ju g a te heads of
R hoem etalces, diadem ed, an d his queen Pythodoris, r.
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; ju g a te heads of A ugustus, 1715 AE. 23 m m , 7.37 g (4). Axis: 6.
laureate, an d L ivia d rap ed , r.; in front, capricorn and Y ouroukova 171-5, pi. X X I
globe ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΡΟΙΜΗΤΑΛΚΟΥ; diadem ed h ead of
I. P 3 0 5 , 12.86; 2—3. L = BMC 1-2, 15.56, 12.69; 4 * L 1920-9-7—10, R hoem etalces, r.
16.44; 5 · Sofia 10810-59; 6. Sofia 6750; 7. Sofia 6752; 8. Sofia 6189;
9 . O = AMC 8 5 Ο , 1 6 . 7 4 .
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; b are head, r.; in front, capricorn
C o u n te rm ark : Pf on obv. o f 1, 3, 8 { G IC 636). i . L 1 9 1 3 - 2 1 - 2 - 6 , 7.32; 2. L 1 9 3 7 -6 -1 4 -3 , 7.18; 3 . P 296, 6.21; 4 . P
1989/9, 8.75; 5. Sofia 6458; 6. Sofia 6454; 7. Sofia 6457; 8. Sofia 6922;
g . Sofia 3174.
1709 AE. 27—9 m m , 13.72g (1). Axis: 12.
C o u n te rm ark : Fd o n obv. o f 7, 8 a n d 9 ( G I C 636).
Y ouroukova 185, 187, pi. X X I I I
As 1708, b u t m onogram H on the neck of 1716 AE. 23 m m , 7 .1 0 g (2). Axis: 6.
Rhoem etalces
As 1715, b u t sm all b u st (K otys IV ) in front, r., an d
As 1708
m onogram PI on neck o f R hoem etalces
i . P S e y m o u r d e R ic c i, 13.72; 2. Sofia 5627; 3. S ofia 6452.
As 1715
C o u n te rm ark : H e a d , 1. (?), in a c ircu lar p u n c h ( G IC 145-6?).
I. L 1 9 1 5 -6 -3 -1 1 , 6.76; 2. J S W , 7.45.
1710 AE. 25m m , 12.21 g (2). Axis: 6.
Y ouroukova 188-93, pi· Χ Χ Π 1717 A E. 18m m , 4 .8 8 g (1). ^ x is : 6.
As 1709, b u t sm all b u st (K otys IV ) in field, r. As 1716
As 1 7 0 8 -9 As 1716
r . L 1 9 0 3 -5 -4 -7 , 14.09; 2 . P 306, 10.33; 3. S o fia 6 4 5 3 ; 4 . S ofia 2100; ï . C o ll. B , 4.88.
5 . Sofia 1026; 6. Sofia 7353; 7. Sofia 6456; 8 . Sofia 6749; 9. N Y , 9.71. 9 C o u n te rm ark : T R ? o n obv., o n i.
h as a sm aller d ia m e te r (20 m m ). ______
C o u n te rm ark s: A n ch o r on obv. o f 6 { G IC 371); P V B L on obv. o f 9 ( G IC
656); m a le h ea d , r. (?), w earing d ia d e m on obv. o f 7, 8 a n d 9 ( G IC 54). 1718 A E. 18m m , 4 .6 2 g (28). Axis: 6.
Y ouroukova 194-200, pi. X X IV
T H R E E P O R T R A I T S
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΡΟΙΜΗΤΑΛΚΟΥ; diadem ed head of
1711 AE. 2 2 -4 m m , 9.6 6 g (25). Axis: 6. R hoem etalces, r.
Y ouroukova 204-8, pi. X X IV ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; b a re head, r.
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΡΟΙΜΗΤΑΛΚΟΥ; ju g a te heads of ï . P 3 1 2 , 5.22; 2—i i . P 2 9 2 -5 , S ey m o u r de R icci, D elep ierre, 4.10, 4.06,
R hoem etalces, diadem ed, a n d his queen P ythodoris, r. 3.78, 4.69, 4.76, 4.65, 4.43, 3.61, 5.62; 1 2 - 1 4 . L = bmc 7 -9 , 4.86, 4.19,
5.12; 15. L R P K 103, no. i, 4.97; 16. L 1 9 2 0 -9 -7 -9 , 4.06; 17. L 1 9 2 1 -2 -
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; bare head of A ugustus, r.
13-190. 3-96; 18. L 1 9 2 6 -1 -1 6 -7 6 0 , 4.25; 1 9 - 2 2 . C o p 1192-5, 4.55, 5.35,
i . P 29 9 , 9.75; 2—9 . P 297, 298, 301, 302, S eym our d e R icci, D elepierre, 4.93, 4.27; 23—26. T ü b in g e n sng 9 7 4 -7 , 5.78, 5.12, 4.94, 4.84; 2 7 . Sofia
7.94, 10.76, 9.96, 11.04, 9·9°> δ . 34, 10.09, 8.88; i o —12. L = bmc 4 -6 , 8.46, 43; 28. Sofia 4184; 29. Sofia 2393; 3 0 . Sofia 1095/65; 3 1 . Sofia 10952/65;
9.72, 9.41; 13. L RPK. 103, no. 2, 9.40; 14. L 1 9 1 5 -6 -3 -1 0 , 10.61; 15. L 3 2 . Sofia 4580; 3 3 . Sofia 6239; 3 4 . Sofia 3188; 3 5 —3 6 . E velpidis 1124-5,
1 9 4 9 -4 -1 1 -2 9 8 ,8 .2 5 ; 1 6 -1 7 . C o p 1188-9, 10.55, 10.18; 18—19. T ü b in g en 4.82, 5.08.
SN G 9 7 2 -3 , 9.45, 9.30; 20—2 5 . O = AMC 837—42, 11.06, 10.34, 10.4 9 ,8 .2 4 ,
8.87, 9.57; 26. S ofia 1477; 27. Sofia 44; 28. Sofia 3538; 29. Sofia 871;
3 0 . Sofia 6751; 3 1 . P 300, 12.96. 1719 A E. 18m m , 4 .9 7 g (1). Axis: 6.
C o u n te rm ark s: P K on obv. o f 14 a n d 26 ( G IC 632); A on rev. o f 15 a n d
As 1718
27 ( G I C - ) .
As 1718, b u t capricorn in front, r.
1712 AE. 2 2 -4 m m , g.41 g (3). Axis: 6. i · L 1 9 1 3 - 6 - 2 1 - 3 , 4.97.

Y ouroukova 177-81, pi. X X I I I

1720 A E. 18 m m , 4.90 g (2). Axis: 6.
As 1711, b u t long-necked vase in th e field, r.
As 1718—19
i . P 3 0 7 , 10.30; 2. P 304, 8.56; 3 . C op 1190, 9.39; 4 . Sofia 6455; 5. Sofia
757; 6. Sofia 6921; 7. Sofia 1551; 8. Sofia 6454. As 1718, b u t long-necked vase in the field, r.
i . L 1 9 1 3 —6 - 2 1 —4, 5.01; 2. P 291, 4.78.
 T H R A C E : Thracian kings, Abdera ( 17 2 ι - ι 730) 3 /5

R h o e m e ta lc e s I I ( c . A D i g - 3 6 ) ΓΑΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ; lau reate h ead of C aligula, 1.

ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ POIMHT ΑΛΚΑΣ; diadem ed a n d d raped b u st of
R hoem etalces I I I , 1.
1721 AE. 24m m , 10.36g (1). Axis: 6.
I. L = bmc 2, 14.61; 2. P 1981/357, 11.85; 3 * Sofia 209; 4 . Sofia 210.
Y ouroukova 201-3, pi. X X IV
1724 A E. 24 m m , ?.
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ POIMHT ΑΛΚΟ Y ; busts o f R hoem etalces II,
diadem ed, and his queen, r. Y ouroukova 210, pi. X X V
ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΡΟΡΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; bare head of As 1723
T iberius, r. As 1723, b u t bust, r.
i , P 3 0 3 , 10.36; 2. Sofia 6531; 3. Sofia 3539; 4 . Sofia 3042. i . S o fia 7 4 4 7 .
C o u n te rm ark : P K on obv. o f 4 ( G IC 632).
1725 A E. 1 9 -2 0 m m , 6.70g (3). Axis: 6.
M eshorer, Ancient Jewish Coinage, 278, no. 2
R h o e m e ta lc e s I I I (c. a d 3 8 -4 6 ? ) ΓΑΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ; lau reate h ead o f C aligula, 1.
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ (retrograde); V ictory holding p alm and
1722 AE. 28-9 m m , 20.66 g (4). Axis: ?. w reath, r.
i . L — bmc A g rip p a 21, 6.41; 2. J e ru s a le m H eb rew U n iv ., 6.40; 3 . P V ,
Y ouroukova 212-13, pi. y X V - X X V I
7.29; 4 . B (I-B = gm 770, no. 811).
ΓΑΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΕ lau reate head o f C aligula, 1.
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ POIMHTΑΛΚΑΣ ΚΟΤΙΩΣ; C aligula in toga 1726 A E. 17m m , 4 .5 4 g (1). Axis: 6.
seated on throne, 1., giving diad em (?) to Rhoem etalces M eshorer 278, no. 3
I I I standing in front o f him As 1725
i . Sofia 1303; 2. Sofia 6809; 3 . L = bmc i , 20.67; 4 . M M 41/1980, 320, As 1725, b u t eagle stan d in g to front, head 1., holding
20.91.
w reath in beak
1723 AE. 25m m , 13.23g (2). Axis: 6. i. L = bmc A g r ip p a 22, 4-54; 2. B (Fox = Beschreibung I, 335).

Y ouroukova 20g, pi. X X V

Abdera
The coinage of Abdera was discussed and catalogued by C la u d iu s
M. L. Strack in AMNG Band II: Die antiken Münzen von
Thrakien (1912), pp. 1-127, and the Hellenistic coinage has 1728 L eaded bronze. 19m m , 6 .5 2 g (4). Axis: 6. [ 5 ]
been briefly surveyed by O. Picard, CRWLR, p. 82. After AMNG 242
the second century b c , there seems to have been no coinage
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΩ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΩ ΚΑΙΣ(ΑΡΙ) ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΩ ΣΕΒΑΣ;
until the early imperial period, when fairly sparse issues of
bare head, 1.
coinage were made until the middle of the second century. ΘΕΩ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΑΒΔΗΡΕΙΤΩΝ; b are head o f A ugustus, 1.
The coinage of the period was struck in two denomi­
i . L 1 9 0 9 —5—2—i , 5.98; 2—5 . See amng; 6. V 34760, 5.73. Q u a lita tiv e
nations, the smaller of which is presumably supposed to be m e tal an alysis on: 1.
half of the larger:
1729 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3 .2 6 g (2). Axis: 6. [ 3 ]
19-20 mm, 6.64 g (16)
16 mm, 2.83 g (4) am ng 243 corr.
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΩ ΑΒΔΗΡΕΙΤΩΝ; lau reate head, 1.
The types used are, on the larger denomination, a head of ΝΙΚΗ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ; Nike standing, 1., on basis, holding
the divine Augustus (compare Magnetes, 1421fr.), or, on w reath an d p alm branch
the smaller, a figure of Nike. Although the Nike is of the i . L 1983—12—12—I , 3.96; 2. B K a t 139, 2.56; 3. M u B ith y n iu m 2
current emperor, it is presumably generic, rather than refer­ (= R ec B ith y n iu m no. 3). Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 1.
ring to a specific campaign.

N e ro
T ib e r iu s
1730 L eaded bronze. 20m m , 6 .2 6 g (8). Axis: 12. [ 8 ]
1727 L eaded bronze. 20m m , 7.51g (4). Axis: 1 o r 7. [ 4 ] AMNG 244
AMNG 241 ΝΕΡΩΝΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ; b are head, 1.
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΩ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ; lau reate head, r. ΘΕΩ ΑΒΔΗΡΕΙΤΑΙ; bare h ead o f A ugustus (?), 1.
ΘΕΩ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΑΒΔΗΡΕΙΤΩΝ; bare head of A ugustus, r. i. L1 8 9 9 - 4 - 1 - 8 , 8 .74; 2 —8 . See amng; 9 —1 0 . C o p 382 -3 , 5.60, 4.99;

i . L 1921—i i — i —i , 8.82; 2. P 101, 6.63; 3 . B, 6.60; 4 . C o p 381 (not i i V 33684, 4.37; 1 2 . C H a rt, 6.38. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1 .
.

illu stra te d ), 7.97; 5. J P R , 5.78; 6—9 . B C D (casts in P ). Q u a lita tiv e m etal S trac k reg ard e d th e h ea d o n th e rev. as th a t o f C la u d iu s (?), b u t A u g u stu s
an alysis on: 1. seem s m o re likely in view o f the sim ilar pieces for T ib eriu s a n d C lau d iu s.
g i6 T H R A C E : Abdera, Maronea, Lemnos, Imbros ( 1731-1733)
1731 AE. 16m m , 2.39g (2). Axis: 6 o r 12.
AMNG 245
ΝΕΡΩΝΙ ΚΑΙΣ API ΑΒΔΗΡΕΙΤΑΙ; laureate head, 1.
NEIKH ΝΕΡΩΝΟΣ; N ike standing, 1., on basis, holding
w reath an d palm b ranch
The Hellenistic coinage (in silver and bronze) has been
briefly surveyed by O. Picard, CRWLR, pp. 82-4, and most
recently catalogued by E. Schönert-Geiss, Die Münzprägung
von Maroneia (1987). In the early Empire, there was a single
issue from Maronea, for Nero. The use of a radiate portrait
suggests a connection with Nero's visit to Greece in 66—7.
There were also ‘autonomous' imperial coins from
Maronea. Their use of the rounded £, rather than the
square E, however, suggests a rather later date, perhaps in
the third century.
A small issue was minted, probably at Athens, for the
Athenian cleruchy at Lemnos. These coins have been dated
Although in the second century the island of Imbros was in
the province of Achaea (B. Gerov, ANRWW.t. i , p. 232), it
is treated here as a part of Thrace, for the sake of simplicity.
It produced very little coinage in the imperial period, and
nothing necessarily later than the reign of Augustus.
There is a certain amount of confusion surrounding the
coins attributable to Imbros, and we are grateful to C.J.
Howgego for advice on the countermarks which appear on
the coins. For two issues (1734 and 1736), however, there is
no difficulty since they have the abbreviated ethnic IMB
and have been on Imbros.
Next, there is a rare issue without ethnic but with the
same type (caps of the Dioscuri between a caduceus) as on
1737 and the retrograde inscription ΜΕΓ. The attribution
to Imbros is in no doubt, however, in view of the use of the
same type as coins with IMB and the report by U. Kohler
(AM, 1882, pp. 149-50) that one was purchased in a group
of other coins of Imbros. Köhler also suggested that the
legend stood for MET(AAWN 0 EWN).
Finally, there are two issues without ethnic but both with
the reverse type of an ithyphallic herm, whose attribution
wanders between Imbros, Lampsacus and Mytilene. The
larger of these two (1735) is reasonably securely assigned to
Imbros, since it has on both sides the same countermark of
a star (GIC 431) as 1736 with IMB. In addition the obverse
style, portrait and legend ΣΕΒΑΣ are the same.
[ 3 ] i . B I-B , 2.36 ( — mg 41.17); 3—3. B K a t 141, D ressel, 2.41, —;
4 . D resd en (see amng).
Maronea
N ero
1732 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 7.06 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ]
Schönert 1698-9
ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP; rad iate head, 1.
ΜΑΡΩΝΕΙΤΩΝ; heroic b ust o f Dionysus, r.
i . L 1890—7—2—2, 7.73; 2. B I-B , 7.43; 3. P 845, 6.01. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: i.
1733 AE. 19m m , 3.99g (1). [ i ]
S chönert 1700
As 1732, b u t sm aller denom ination (?)
I· C , 3 -9 9 -
Lemnos
immediately after Actium by J. H. Kroll, Archaiologikon Del-
tion 27 (1972), Mel., pp. 104—4.
Imbros
The smaller and equally rare issue (1738), which has a
very different style of portrait, has a similar countermark,
but only on the reverse (GIC 440). This different behaviour
of the countermark neither helps nor excludes the attribu­
tion of this issue to Imbros; it may be that the countermark
appears only on the reverse because it is accompanied by an
incuse star countermark on the obverse. There seems no
real basis for the attribution to Lampsacus: certainly there
is no trace of the legend ΛΑΜΨΑΚΗΝΩΝ as reported by
AMC (1192). Moreover, the ithyphallic herm seems very
different in pose from the Priapus on definitely Lampsacene
coins (e.g., 2276), but very similar to that on the larger
denomination with ΣΕΒΑΣ. Nor is the 6 o’clock die axis an
objection to the attribution, since some coins of the MET
issue (1737) also have that axis. Moreover, Imbros was the
home of Hermes, and an ithyphallic Hermes appeared on
its bronze coinage in the fourth century b c . Thus it seems
likely that it, too, should be given to Imbros, although there
must be a certain amount of doubt. The identity of the
portrait is uncertain: it may be of Augustus, or of one of his
successors, like Tiberius.
The pattern of denominations is not clear. There is
certainly a smaller denomination of 17-18 mm, and 5-5.5 g,
but it is not certain whether the two larger coins represent
one or two denominations. There is no significant difference
in size, but the weights do seem to be systematically (if only
 T H R A C E : Imbros, Sestos (1734-1740) 5/7

slightly) different; moreover, if it is correct to think that the
heavier has two lines and the lighter one line, then these
may be marks of value, rather like the III at Melos.
In addition to the coinage produced for Imbros alone,
there was a small issue, probably minted at Athens, for the
Athenian cleruchy at Imbros. These coins have been dated
immediately after Actium by J. H. Kroll, Archaiologikon Del-
tion 27 (1927), Mel., pp. 101-4.
1 7 3 6 AE. 18 m m , 5 .6 0 g (g). Axis: 12. [ 10 ]
C op 967
ΣΕΒΑΣ; bare head, r.
IMB; caduceus betw een caps o f the D ioscuri a n d stars
n· p x9 3 7 > 6 -9 2; 2· O , 5 -0 9 ; 3 · C o p 967, 5.62; 4 - 8 . B inc. K a t 3 7 -9 , 5.48,
6.01, 6.32, 4.52, 5.32; 9 —10. N Y , 4.43, 6.13; i i . A (P o sto lacca 1128:
‘IMBPI5), 5.15; 12. Be (R4142) O n 2, in O , th e re is no cad u ceu s o n the
rev.: this m ay p o ssibly rep resen t a se p a ra te issue.
C o u n te rm ark : S ta r ( G I C 431: 2 -1 2 ).

1 7 3 7 L eaded bronze. 17 m m , 5.03 g (4). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 4 ]

Bare head, r.; behind, sta r (traces of legend?)
Γ E M; caduceus betw een caps o f the D ioscuri an d stars
A u g u s tu s ___________________________ i . B L ö b b , 5.49; 2—3. B 218/1897 = K a t 37, I-B , 4.88, 4.06; 4 . L 1 8 7 7 -8 -
2—9, 5.69; 5. P V , 3.40. See A M , 1882, 149-50. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis
1 7 3 4 AE. 19m m , 9.12g (4). Axis: 12. [ 3 ] on: 4.
C o u n te rm ark : S ta r ( G I C 431: 1-3).
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
IMB; head o f Apollo, r., w ith lyre (?) before
i . B I-B , 9.13; 2—3. B 1175/1878 = K a t 39, I-B (—mg 50, 50), 9.55, 8.08;
4 . A (P ostolacca, pi. V .1126), 9.71. T h e ticket u n d e r 2 records th a t ‘drei U n c e rta in em peror
d e ra rt, fan d F red ric h a u f Im b ro s 4. T h e id entification o f th e lyre before the
h ead o f A pollo is n o t ce rtain ; it m ay be tw o sh o rt h o riz o n tal lines, ra th e r
(For probable attribution to Imbros, see introduction)
like the single line on 1735.
C o u n te rm ark : S ta r ( G I C 431: 1-4).
1738 AE. 17m m , 5 .2 3 g (3). Axis: 6. [ 3 ]
1 7 3 5 AE. 18m m , 7.90g (4). Axis: 12. [ 5 ] AMC 1192 corr.
ΣΕ Β Α Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. ΣΕΒΑ [ ; b are head, r.
Ithyphallic herm (H erm es Im b rian u s), r.; to 1., short Ithyphallic herm , r.; uncertain o b ject/letter/m o n ogram in
horizontal line (?) lower r. field
i . N Y , 7.05 (u n d e r M y tilen e); 2. P M y tilen e 287, 8.23; 3—4 . B I-B a n d I- I. 0 = A M C 1 1 9 2 , 5.22 (L a m p sacu s); 2. P 7 9 6 , 5.35; 3. B 667/1927, 5.11.
B, 8.15, 8.16; 5. P U n c e rta in , 8.27. A ll from th e sam e obv. die.
C o u n te rm ark : S ta r ( G IC 431: 2 -4 ). C o u n te rm ark s: In cu se s ta r o n obv. a n d s ta r on rev. ( G I C 440: 1-3).

Sestos
The Thracian Chersonese was administratively separate of the ICPA CYNKAHTOC (as BMC 13) suggests a second-
from the rest of Thrace under its own procurator (see, e.g., B. century date (PTrajan) for their production.
Gerov, ANRW W p.i, pp. 231-2). The only place to produce The coins are very similar to those made at Abydus (just
coinage during the relevant period was Sestos. across the Hellespont), both in terms of size and general
The coinage of Sestos is plagued with uncertainty at this appearance: compare the placing of the legend on the coins
period. There are definitely issues for CCBACTOC, ΓΑΙΟΣ of Augustus (1740 with 2284) or the portrait of Nero (1744
KAI[, ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔ KAICAP and Ν8ΡΩΝ KAICAP, probably with 2291). The similarities do not, however, seem suffi­
to be identified as Augustus, Caligula, Claudius and Nero. ciently close in detail (e.g., the different treatments of the
To judge from the youthful draped portrait, the Nero is lyre) fully to justify thinking in terms of a single engraver.
perhaps Nero Caesar under Claudius; on the other hand,
the coin is much more common than that of Claudius, so it
is possible that it represents an issue early in Nero‘s sole A u g u s tu s (?)
reign. A coin in L (1880-6-1-5), which has sometimes been
read as a coin of ΓΑΛΒΑ KAIC[AP], is almost certainly of 1 7 3 9 AE. 15m m , 4 .5 6 g (1). Axis: 6 ( 1 ) . [ 1 ]
Trajan, reading TPAIA[NOC] KAIC[AP] (as P 1918). BMC 16 (‘D o m itian “)
There is also a coin which has been attributed to Domitian L au reate head, r.
(BMC 16); this, however, has Σ rather than C, which is ΣΗ Σ[ ; lyre
otherwise the constant form of the letter used in the ethnic. i. L = bmc 16, 4.56; 2. L ischine 1197.
This suggests an early date for the coin, which is very
tentatively attributed to the youthful Augustus. (There are,
however, other coins definitely of Domitian, e.g. Cop 949, A u g u s tu s *i.
Evelpidis 1069.)
The reverse types used are traditional: on the larger 1 7 4 0 AE. I 7m m , 2.25g ( 0 · Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
denomination there is a lyre and on the smaller a C8BACTOY; bare head, r.
cornucopia. CHCTI; lyre
The use of the form W in the ethnic on coins in the name i . B I-B , 2.25; 2. B L öbb.
1741 AE. 13mm, 2.61g (1). Axis: 12 (1).
(XBACTOY; b are head, r.
CHC[ ; cornucopia
i . B 3 1 0 /1 8 8 3 ( = K a t 37), 2.61.
C a lig u la
1742 L eaded bronze. 17 m m , 3 .7 9 g (2). Axis: 12.
ΓΑΙΟΣ K A E A [P ]; bare head, r.
CHCTIQN; lyre
i . L = bmc 14, 2.92 (read in g ΓΑ ΙΟ Σ[ ); 2. V 9187 (read in g ]ΙΟ Σ K A l[);
3. L ischine 1198; 4 . L 1 9 9 1 -1 -3 0 -ro i (read in g ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑ [), 4.55. C o p
945 is d escrib ed as a coin o f C alig u la ( ‘. .. O C’), b u t is in fact o f T ra ja n , as
th e le tte r form W a n d th e sh ap e o f th e lyre show . Q u a lita tiv e m etal
analysis on: 1.
Perinthus, the later Heraclea, was the capital of the prov­
ince of Thrace after its formation in 46, and the seat of the
provincial governor or procurator. Its coinage has been fully
catalogued and discussed by E. Schönert, Die Münzprägung
von Perinthos (1965) = Sch.
There seems no way of dating the Claudian coins more
precisely within his reign, although they are presumably
later than the formation of the province, as Schönert
thought (regarding them as ‘Provinzialprägung’).
There are a number of different issues for Nero and his
mother Agrippina and his wife Octavia. The Agrippina
issue shares a reverse die with one of the Octavia issues;
rather oddly, Schönert placed them at the end of Claudius’s
reign, despite the absence of any corresponding issue for
young Nero. It is surely more likely that they were made at
the beginning of Nero’s reign, and that they should be
associated with the rare larger coin of Nero (1748) with a
youthful portrait of Nero as CEBACTOC (note that all three
types, Nero, Agrippina and Octavia, use C and £, rather
than Σ and E); in addition, the legends for Nero and
Octavia are in the genitive case. Presumably this group
should be dated somewhere between 54 and 59.
It is less easy to classify the remaining Neronian coins.
They should perhaps be divided into two groups, that with
C and that with Σ. The former comprises smaller denomi­
nation coins of Nero with two reverse designs (Hera and
Apollo, 1751 and 1752); the second consists of large
denomination coins for Nero with two, die-linked reverse
types (Apollo and inscription in wreath, 1753 and 1754),
and small denomination coins for Octavia and (presum­
ably, afterwards) Poppaea. In view of the absence of the
later type of Neronian portrait and the presence of Poppaea,
these two groups (if that is what they are) of issues should
probably be dated between 59 and 62. It should be stressed,
however, that this arrangement is very tentative (and that it
takes no account of one rather uncertain issue, 1757).
Schönert has also dated a number of ‘pseudo-auto­
nomous’ coins to the period of Claudius and Nero (pp. 24-
[ i ] C la u d iu s
1743 A E. 17m m , 3.4.5g (2). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔ KAICAP; lau reate head, r.
CHCTIQN; lyre
I. B I-B , 3.59; *. C SNG 1786, 3.31; 3. N 6472; 4 . P U n c e rta in , 3.34.
C o u n te rm ark : E ag le ( G IC 320: 1-4).
[ 3 ]
N e r o (u n d e r C la u d iu s? ? )
1744 A E. 17m m , 4 .8 6 g (5). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 10 ]
BMC 15, C op 946
ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP; bare-headed an d d rap ed bust, 1.
CHCTIQN; lyre
i . C M c C le a n 41795 4-95 (pi· 151.8); 2. L = bmc 15, 4.89; 3 . C o p 946,
6.20; 4 . P 1915, 3.99; 5 - 9 . B 356/1879 = K a t 38, 382/1873 = K a t 39, I-B ,
B -I, F ox = K a t 39; 10. V 34401. O n o n e specim en (8) th e rev. legend has
ΝΩ for ΩΝ. A t least tw o obv. dies.
Perinthus
6). Her arrangement is followed here, although the
chronology does not seem very secure.
The types used have been fully discussed by Schönert
and refer to the cults of Perinthus, notably those from Egyp­
tian religion (the figure or headdress of Isis, 1747, 1756 and
1767). The statue of Samian HPA refers to the foundation of
Perinthus by Samian colonists (cf. Schönert, p. 1), and a
very similar figure appears on contemporary Samian coins
(2685), which also appear to have been influenced by the
metrology of Perinthian coins, in view of their uncharac­
teristically large flans. The only historical type occurs on
the large coins of Claudius, which show the emperor restor­
ing the Tyche of the city; this is explained by Schönert as
commemorating the receipt by Perinthus of ‘Stadtrecht’
and, probably, ‘Münzrecht’ after the ending of the Thra­
cian kingdom, but one wonders whether there may be some
more specific allusion (cf. the similar scenes on coins of Asia
Minor referring to the emperor Tiberius's help after the
disastrous Asian earthquake).
In addition to the material catalogued by Schönert,
Perinthus was almost certainly the mint of some ‘Roman’
type sestertii, dupondii and asses of Nero (1758-62). These
rare coins are found in the northwest Balkans, and were
listed by D. W. MacDowall in NC, i960, pp. 106—11. Mac-
Dowall attributed them to a mint probably in Moesia, but
some of them have the same Galban countermarks as coins
of Perinthus (ΓΑΛ KAI on the large denomination and
ΓΑΛΒΑ on the smaller), and, in the case of ΓΑΛ KAI, the
same punch was used to apply the countermark on both
sorts of coins (see Schönert, p. 36, and Howgego, GIC 527).
In view of the fact that countermarks were generally
applied by a mint on to its own coins, the attribution of the
Neronian coins to Perinthus seems reasonably sure.
This attribution helps to explain the otherwise slightly
odd fact that Perinthus seems to have made no coins after
62 (all the coins with the ethnic of Perinthus have the earlier
pre-63 style of portrait, whereas the ‘Roman1i. coins all have
the later sort).
 T H R A C E : Perinthus (1745-1754) 31g

It is less clear how relevant these coins may be to the R e ig n o f N e ro

question of the denominations made at Perinthus. The
‘Perinthian’ coins of Claudius and Nero were struck in two F i r s t g r o u p , N e r o w i t h A g r ip p in a a n d O c ta v ia , b e tw e e n 54
denominations, regarded as the ‘Dreier’ and the ‘Fünfer’ by and 59
Schönert (pp. 30-1). Some criticism of this general sort of
approach to denominations was made by A. Johnston, NC, 1748 AE. 3 2m m , 23.55g (1)- [ o ]
1983, pp. 231-39. Here it is instructive to compare the Sch 228
metrology of the ‘Perinthian’ and ‘Roman’ issues of ΝΕΡΩ Ν Οε KAI CAPO C CEBACCTOY; lau reate head, r.
Perinthus: ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; two crossed cornucopias
‘P e r in t h i a n ’ ‘R o m a n 3 i . S ofia, 23.55.

head, 1.: 32mm, 18.96g (25) sestertius: 32 mm, 27.72 g (1) 1749 A E. 2 6m m , 12.02g (3). [ o ]
dupondius: 16.56g (1)
Sch 227
head, r.: 26m m, 9.16g (48) as: 26 mm, 10.27 g (5)
ΑΓΡΙΠΠΕΙΝΑ CEB ACTH; b ust o f A grippina, 1.
It is not possible to make too much of this comparison at the ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; three ears o f corn betw een two poppies
moment, in view of the uncertainty about the diameter of i . M , 10.77; 2—3. See Sch. A ll sam e dies; sam e rev. die as 1750/1
the ‘Roman’ dupondius, and indeed the metal of the ‘Perin­ (O ctav ia).

thian’ coins is brass. It might, however, be tempting to 1750 Brass. 26m m , 10.27g (2). [ *1* ]
regard the ‘Perinthian’ coins as dupondii and asses, but this
Sch 253-4
temptation should probably be resisted, in view of the
relatively heavy weight of the larger Perinthian denomi­ OKTAIAC CEBACTHC; b u st o f O ctavia, r.
ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; three ears of corn betw een two poppies
nation. In fact, in view of the pattern of denominations
i . L 1 9 2 1 —2—13—1 63, 1 1.08; 2. See Sch. B o th from th e sam e obv. die.
elsewhere (see the introduction to Thrace, p. 311), it seems R everse die o f i is th e sam e as o f 1 7 4 9 /1 -3 (A g rip p in a ). Q u a lita tiv e m etal
more likely that the larger Perinthian denomination is sup­ an alysis on: 1.
posed to be a sestertius or 4 as coin, and therefore that the
smaller one is supposed to be a 2 as coin. S e c o n d g r o u p ( c ) , N e r o a lo n e
A second group of coins which may be connected with
Perinthus is the odd group of sestertii for Britannicus, 1751 Brass. 2 6m m , 8.87g ( I0 )· Axis: 12. [ 6 ]
Agrippina the Younger and young Nero, and dupondii for Sch 242-8
Agrippina the Younger and young Nero. These coins have ΝΕΡΩΝ K AI CAP CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r.
recently been fully discussed by H.-M. von Kaenel, SNR, ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; statu e of H e ra of Samos, r.
1984, pp. 127—50: if any of them are genuine (which von i . L = bmc 14, 8.84; 2—10. See Sch. Five obv. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
analysis on: i.
Kaenel accepts), then they seem also to emanate from
Thrace. The main difficulty with them is the absence of any 1752 AE. 25 m m , 8.26 g (4). [ i ]
corresponding pieces for Claudius; this, combined with the Sch 249-52
rather peculiar appearance of many of them, makes one feel ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r.
rather hesitant about accepting them. Moreover, as there is ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; Apollo standing, facing, playing cithara
no particular reason for linking them with Perinthus i . N Y , 7.48; 2—6 . See Sch. T h re e obv. dies.
(except for their apparent Balkan origin and the position of C o u n te rm ark : ΓΑΛΒΑ (G I C 526: 6).

Perinthus as the Roman capital), they have been omitted

from this catalogue. T h i r d g r o u p ( Σ '), N e r o w i t h O c t a v i a a n d th e n P o p p a e a ,

b e tw e e n j g and 63
C la u d iu s 1753 AE. 3 2m m , 18.01 g (3). [ 2 ]
Sch 229-30
1745 A E. 31m m , 18.97g ( 7 )· [ 3 I
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, 1.
Sch 222-3
ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; Apollo standing, 1., w ith b ran ch an d sceptre
TI KAAYAIOC ΚΑΙ CAP CEBACTOC ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟ C; i . O , 18.35; 2—4. See Sch. A ll sam e obv. die, w h ich is also u sed for 1 7 5 4
laureate head, 1. (in scrip tio n in w reath ).
ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; C laudius restoring the T yche o f P erinthus C o u n te rm ark : ΓΑΛ KAI ( G IC 527: 4).
i . B 6 7 7 /1 9 1 2 , 26.47; 2—9 . See Sch. O n e obv. die.
1754 Brass. 3 1m m , 18.95g (t3)· [ 3 ]
1746 AE. 31 m m . [ 1 ] Sch 231-40
As 1746, b u t Σ instead o f C, an d lau reate head, r. ΝΕΡΩΝ (ΚΑΑΥΔΙΟΣ) ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head,
i . P 885. O n e obv. die. 1.
ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ in two lines in oak w reath
1747 AE. 26 mm , 8.15 g (4). [ i ]
i . L = bmc 13, 21.30; 2—16. See Sch; 17. V 8873. Six obv. dies, o ne o f
Sch 224-6 w h ich is sh ared w ith 1 7 5 3 (A pollo). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
C o u n te rm ark : ΓΑΛ KAI ( G I C 527: 15-16).
ΤΙ ΚΑΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ;
laureate head, r.
ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; Isis stan d in g 1., holding sistrum over altar,
and sceptre
i . M u 3<ld, 9.22; 2—6. See Sch; 7. E velpidis 1004. T w o obv. dies.
1755 AE. 27m m , 10.08g (6). [ 2 ] 1762 A E. 2 5m m , 10.50g (2). [ i ]
Sch 255-8 nc i960, 108, no. I l l
ΟΚΤΑΟΥΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; b u st of O ctavia, r. N E R O C L A V D IV S C A ESA R A V G G E R M P M T R P;
ΗΡΑ ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; statu e of H e ra o f Samos, 1. laureate head, r.
i . B 4 8 3 /1 8 9 9 , 10.36; 2—7. See Sch. S C; eagle on globe
I. G o ( = nc i960, pi. V I I . 7); 2—5. See nc i960.
1756 Brass. 24m m , 8 .9 9 g (2 I )· [ :3 ]
Sch 259-71
Π ΟΠ ΠΑ ΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; b ust of Poppaea, r.
ΠΕ; headdress o f Isis w ithin laurel w reath
W ith o u t im p e r ia l h ea d , reig n s o f C la u d iu s a n d
i —3 1 . See S ch; 3 2 . L 1889—11—11—1, 9.80; 33—34· V 28326, 20018; N e ro (?) ____________________________
3 5 . W a d d ell I I (S ept. 1987) lot 325, 12.75 (new dies). Q u a lita tiv e m etal
analysis on: 32.
1763 AE. 19m m , 4 .7 7 g (4). [ 2 ]
Sch 74
U n c e r ta in g r o u p
B ust of Tyche, 1.
1757 AE. 3 1 m m , 17.25g (1). [ i ] ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; h erm an d am p h o ra
i . B , 4.48; 2—3. See Sch. O n e obv. die.
Sch 241
Inscription illegible; lau reate h ead (N ero), 1. 1764 A E. 22 m m , 6 .1 2 g (8). [ i ]
ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; H ercules standing, r., holding club; before Sch 76-84
him , a tree w ith a snake clim bing u p it B ust o f D ionysus, r.; before, thyrsus
i . Sofia, 17.25. ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; H e ra of Samos, facing
i . B u c a r e s t, 6.21; 2—9. See Sch. F o u r obv. dies.

G r o u p w i t h L a ti n le g e n d s a n d R o m a n ty p e s 1765 AE. 21 m m , 3.98g (2). [ 1 ]

1758 AE. 32m m , 27.72g (1). [ I ] Sch 85-6

NC i960, 107, n o . I.
B ust of D ionysus, r.
ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; eagle standing, 1., on alta r
N E R O C L A V D IV S C A ESA R A V G G E R M P M T R P
i . B I-B , 4.06; 2—3. See Sch. O n e obv. die.
IM P P P; lau reate head, r.
S C; arch 1766 C opper. 22 m m , 6 .9 2 g (5). [ 2 ]
i . C o p , 27.72 ( = nc i960, pi. V I I .3). Sch 87-91
C o u n te rm ark : ΓΑΛ KAI ( G I C 527: 1).
H ead o f Poseidon, r.
1759 AE. 16.56g (i). [ O ] ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; dolphin, r.
NC i960, 107, no. 2 i . L 1 9 2 1 —2—13—162, 8.42; 2—6. See Sch. O n e obv. die. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an aly sis on: I.
[N E R O C L A V D IV S C A JESA R A V G G E R M P M T R P
IM P P P; lau reate head, r. 1767 AE. 17 m m , 3.36 g (4). [ i ]
SE C V R IT A [S] A V [G V S T I], S C; Securitas seated, r. Sch 92
I. Sofia, 16.56.
H ead of H eracles, r., w ith club
C o u n te rm ark : ΓΑΛΒΑ ( G IC 526: 1).
ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; headdress of Isis
1760 AE. 25m m , 10.47g (2). [ I ] i . S ofia, 2.95; 2—4 . See Sch. O n e obv. die.-
NC i960, 107, no. 3 an d 108, no. I 1768 Brass. 16m m , 2.91g (7). [ 5 ]
N E R O C L A V D IV S C A ESA R A V G G E R M P M Sch 93-9
(T R P); lau reate head, r.
S C; N eptune standing, 1., holding trid en t an d dolphin D rap ed b u st of Apollo, r.; before, lau rel b ran ch
ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; lyre
P M T R P: i . O , 11.33; 2. W a lters, 9.61; P M : 3. S m ithsonian.
C o u n te rm ark : ΓΑΛΒΑ ( G I C 526: 1 ,3 ). i . L = bmc 7, 2.53; 2—i i . See Sch. T w o obv. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
analysis on: i.
1761 AE. 25m m , 9.43 g (1). [ i ]
1769 AE. 13m m , 2.47g ( l ) . [ I ]
no i960, 107, no. 4 an d 108, no. II
Sch i 0 0 - i
N E R O C L A V D IV S C A ESA R A V G G E R M P M T R P;
L au reate head of Apollo, r.
laureate head, 1.
ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; in two lines
P R O V ID E N T , S C; a ltar
I. C o p 7 2 9 , 2.47; 2. See Sch. O n e obv. die.
i . N Y , 9.43; 2—5. See n c i960.
C o u n te rm ark : ΓΑΛΒΑ ( G IC 526: 1).

Byzantium
Although Byzantium was sometimes (at least) in the in view of the coins it made for the Thracian king
Roman province of Bithynia (see, e.g., B. Gerov in ANRW Rhoemetalces (nos. 1774-7). Byzantium was always closely
II.7.1, pp. 230—1), it has been included here under Thrace, connected with Calchedon, particularly from the numis-

made point of view, and for that reason (and because of the
coins from Calchedon for Rhoemetalces) Calchedon is also
catalogued here under Thrace.
The imperial coinage of Byzantium has been fully catalo­
gued by E. Schönert-Geiss, Die Münzprägung von Byzantion
Teil II: Kaiserzeit (1972).
The coinage of Byzantium is interesting in several
respects. Firstly, it produced an issue with a portrait, which
was somewhat hesitantly identified by Schönert-Geiss as
Antony (rather than possibly, for example, Pompey). The
problem with this identification is, as Schönert-Geiss notes
(p. 38), that the reverse type, a trophy on a prow with an
anchor and a rudder, should refer to a naval victory, and
there is no literary evidence for a connection between
Antony, a naval victory and Byzantium. The Byzantine
coin may be loosely related to the variety of the denarius
issue minted to commemorate Antony’s third imperatorial
acclamation, where a trophy appears with a prow (RRC
536/2). The denarius bears a superficial resemblance to the
Byzantine coin and may perhaps have served as a model for
it (although the details are not particularly close, e.g. the
type of shield). It is not clear, first of all, which victory is
commemorated on the IM P TER denarii, or, secondly,
whether there is any direct connection between this victory
and Byzantium, or whether the Byzantine coin is just
repeating the commemoration of a victory won elsewhere: if
the latter, the coin is then doubly unusual for both the
appearance of Antony’s portrait and for its use of a reverse
type commemorating a historical event not directly connec­
ted to the history of the issuing city.
Secondly, Byzantium was also the mint of some very rare
silver coins. There are four types.
First is an issue of drachms (1775) by King Rhoemetalces
of Thrace (jointly with Augustus), dated between c. 9/6 b c
and a d 1 2 by Schönert-Geiss. Y. Youroukova, however, in
her Coins of the Ancient Thracians (1976), p. 56, refers to a
hoard from Sadievo which included at least one of these
drachms (cf. p. 92, no. 169) and otherwise terminated with
Augustan issues of 10 b c . Youroukova therefore regards the
coin as commemorating Rhoemetalces’s appointment to the
throne in 11 b c .
Second is an apparently unique didrachm with similar
types (1774). The coin is, however, in such terrible condi­
tion that the readings of the legend are not clear. The coin
does, however, resemble the drachms, so it should probably
date to the same period.
The other two silver types appear to date from the reign
of Tiberius. In the case of the larger, a tetradrachm, there
can be no doubt in view of the inscription TIBEPIOY
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ. The dating of the smaller, a
didrachm, is less certain. On one side it has a radiate
portrait of ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, and on the other a draped
portrait of Livia as ΘΕΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΑ. This is dated by
Schönert-Geiss after the death of Livia in 29. But Livia was
not deified until the reign of Claudius; this does not,
however, mean that the issue is necessarily as late as the
reign of Claudius, since it was not unusual for female mem­
bers of the imperial house to be accorded divine status on
coins during their lifetime. Thus the only sure terminus post
is the deification of Augustus and the adoption of the name
T H R A C E : Byzantium 321
Augusta by Livia, both of which took place in 14. In view of
the relatively youthful portrait of Tiberius on the
tetradrachm, we might envisage a single issue of the two
denominations, perhaps sometime in the twenties.
According to Schönert-Geiss (pp. 4-6), the second two
types were probably issued on the cistophoric standard,
borrowed from Asia Minor and used earlier at Byzantium
in the second century (Schönert-Geiss, Teil /, no. 1251 and
p. 74), and not, of course, surprising in view of the connec­
tions between Byzantium and Asia Minor. The issue for
Rhoemetalces, however, was in her opinion equivalent to a
Roman denarius. One of these Rhoemetalces coins was
analysed by Walker (p. 56), and found to have a fineness of
95.5%. Assuming the same fineness for the Tiberian coins,
Walker concluded that they were Attic drachms ‘of iden­
tical value and silver content to the Lycian drachms of
Augustus, and probably passing as denarii’. In view of
Walker’s analysis, the coins would seem to have too much
silver for the cistophoric standard; on the other hand, their
weights seem a little light for the Attic standard. But the
evidence cannot be pressed to any definite conclusion, in
view of the single analysis available and the paucity of
recorded weights.
During the early Empire, Byzantium made bronze coins
with an imperial portrait only in the reign of Caligula. Most
of these were countermarked ( GIC 53) with a laureate male
head, clearly an emperor and identified by Schönert-Geiss
as Claudius (p. 26); in her view, the countermark was
applied as a result of the damnatio of Caligula’s images.
There are also some ‘pseudo-autonomous’ bronzes dated
stylistically to the end of the first century b c by Schönert-
Geiss. Some of these have the monogram of Rhoemetalces
and are very similar to contemporary coins with the same
monogram minted at Calchedon (1784-5).
In the reign of Claudius, probably, the countermark
CLCAES was applied to late posthumous silver
tetradrachms of Lysimachus, minted at Byzantium prob­
ably in the mid-first century b c (see H. Seyrig in Essays
Presented to Stanley Robinson, ed. C. M. Kraay and G. K.
Jenkins, pp. 198—9). As all the countermarked coins were
minted at Byzantium, the countermark was probably
applied there. The obvious parallel for the countermark is
that applied by the cistophoric mints of Asia to Attic
tetradrachms of Side in the first century b c ; the function of
the CLCAES countermark, however, is not certain, in view
of the uncertainty about the silver standard in use in Byzan­
tium in early imperial times (see above).
The silver denominations have already been discussed.
As for the bronze, the most startling piece of evidence is the
bronze issue, weighing about 2.5-3 g with the inscription
ΔΡΑΧΜΑ (1773), assuming that Schönert-Geiss was right
to date this (on stylistic grounds) to this period. Schönert-
Geiss (p. 31) regards this as a copper drachma produced in
the period before Byzantium produced silver (and hence
went over to the silver drachma, or BYZANTIA
(ΔΡΑΧΜΑ), according to Seyrig’s expansion of the legend
on the reverse of the Rhoemetalces silver issue). The other
bronze denominations are defined by Schönert-Geiss (p.
27) as the ‘Dreier’ (in the case of Caligula) and so on. At the
moment, however, it does not seem possible to put together
jj22 T H R A C E : Byzantium (1770-1782)

the weight standards of the silver and the bronze, the 1776 AE. 14m m , 2.19g (7). [ 4 ]
inscription ΔΡΑΧΜΑ and the CLCAES countermark into Sch 1900—6
any coherent and plausible reconstruction of Byzantine ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΩΝ; betw een tw o torches
monetary history. PKA; in w reath
Apart from those already discussed, the types used are all i. L = bm c 5 3 , 1.86; 2—7. See Sch. Six obv. dies.
traditional, reflecting Byzantium’s important maritime
1777 AE. 15m m , 1.93g (1)· [ o ]
position (cf. Schönert-Geiss, p. 33) or its cults, like that of
Apollo. Sch 1907
[Β ]ν[Ζ Α Ν Τ]ΙΩ [Ν ]; lyre
PKA; in w reath
A n to n y (?) __________________________ i . I , 1.93; 2. See Sch. S am e dies.

1770 L eaded bronze. 18m m , 3.51g ( 7 )· [ 3 ]

Sch 1886-90
R e ig n o f T ib e r iu s , 2 0 s ad ?
H ead o f A ntony (?), 1.
ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΩΝ; trop h y on prow betw een ru d d e r an d anchor
1778 AR. 31 m m , 13.43g (2)· [ i ]
i . L = b m c 6 o , 3.48; 2—8. See Sch; 9. R W , 3.36. T h re e obv. dies.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1. Sch 1307-8
C o u n te rm ark : T rid e n t (Sch, p. 26: 8).
TIBEPIOY ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; bare head, 1.
ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΩΝ; Poseidon seated, 1., on rocks, holding
dolphin a n d trid en t
W ith o u t im p e r ia l p o r tr a it, la te f i r s t cen tu ry b c (? ) i . P 3 8 o, 15 .07; 2 . A, 11.79. S am e obv. die.

1771 AE. 15m m , 2.28g (10). [ 7 ] 1779 A R. 2 3m m , 6.29g i *1)· [ 1 I

Sch 1306
Sch 1891-4
ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; rad iate head o f A ugustus, 1.
M ale head, 1.
Θ ΕΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΑ, BYZ; d rap ed b u st of Livia, r.
ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΩΝ; trid en t
i. L = bm c 9 9 , 6.29.
i . B I-B , 1.82; 2 —i i . See Sch. O n e obv. die.

1772 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 2.02g (5). [ 5 ]

Sch 1895-7
L aureate head of A pollo, r.
R e ig n o f C a lig u la
BYZAN; lyre
i . L 1 9 2 1 —i —1 0 -6 , 1.85 ( = W e b er 2568); 2—6. See Sch. T w o obv. d ie s ..
1780 AE. 20 m m , 4 .3 6 g (5). [ 3 ]
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1. Sch 1309-12
1773 L eaded bronze. i6 m m , 2.73g (2)· [ 2 ] ΓΑΙΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΥ; bare head, 1.
Sch 1898-9 ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΩΝ; two tu n n y fish
i . M u n f , 4.36; 2—5. See Sch. T w o obv. dies. T h e Z is som etim es
BYZAN; lau reate head o f Apollo, r. reversed.
ΔΡΑΧΜΑ; cult statu e of Apollo on obelisk C o u n te rm ark : L a u re a te h ea d , r. ( G IC 53: 2 -5 ).
i. L ^ bmc 3 7 , 2.91; 2. See Sch. S am e obv. die. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis
on: i.
1781 A E. 19m m , 4 .6 9 g (2). [ i ]
Sch 1313-14
ΓΑΙΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΥ; bare head, 1.
R e ig n o f R h o e m e ta lc e s, c . i o b c Β νΖΑ Ν [ΤΙΩ ]Ν ; prow , 1.
i . V 8 4 9 1 , 5.28; 2. See Sch. P ro b ab ly sam e obv. die (pace Sch).
C o u n te rm ark : la u re a te h ea d , r. ( G I C 53: 1).
1774 AR. 24m m , 5.83g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
H P[ ]M AT[ (?); diadem ed head of R hoem etalces, r.;
to r., m onogram o f BA ΡΟΙΜΗΤΑΛ
BYZANTIA; b are head of A ugustus, r.; to r., m onogram of
ΚΑΙΣΑΡ R e ig n o f C la u d iu s
I. P , 5.83.
1782 AR.
1775 A R (95.5% ). 18 m m , 3.46 g (6). [ 3 ]
Seyrig, Essays Robinson 198-9
Sch 1302-5, Y ouroukova 169, W alker 56
D iadem ed head o f A lexander the G reat, r.; counterm ark:
D iadem ed head o f R hoem etalces, r.; m onogram o f BA C L CAES
ΡΟΙΜΗΤΑΛ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΛΥΣΙΜΑΧΟΥ; A th en a N ikephoros seated, 1.;
BYZANTIA; bare head of A ugustus, r.; m onogram of below, BY; in field, varying m onogram s
ΚΑΙΣΑΡ
r . L G 0 5 9 0 , 1 4 .5 0 = PCG V I I .B .4. F o r th e c o u n term ark , see Seyrig an d
i . L 1910—7—2—i , 3.16; 2—5. See Sch; 6. Sofia; 7. N ova Z a g o ra ex G I C 838. T h is coin is listed h ere on ly exempli gratia.
Sadievo h o a rd , 3.42 ( = Y ouroukova, pi. X X I I . 196). A t least th re e obv.
dies.
 T H R A C E : Calchedon, Apollonia ( 1783-1788) 333

Calchedon
Calchedon had produced coinage in the pre-imperial i . P 3 8 2 ( = W a 269 = R ec, pi. X L V I I .i) 2.64; 2. B (I-B = jia n I, 15, no.
9 an d pi. 2.1), 1.57.
period. It was often closely associated with that of Byzan­
tium, just across the straits.
Some coins without an imperial effigy have been 1785 AE. 13mm, 1.40g (1). Axis: 6 (i). [ i ]
attributed to the reign of Augustus (Rec, pp. 289 and 298, Rec 49
n. i ) because the monogram which forms their reverse type ΚΑΛΧΑ; tripod
also occurs on coins of Byzantium (1776-7), struck PKA; in w reath
apparently under Rhoemetalces and Augustus. The i . P 3 8 3 ( = W a 270 = R ec, pi. X L V I I .2), 1.40.
monogram was interpreted as ΚΑΙΣΑΡ by Imhoof-Blumer
(JIAN, 1898, p. 16); this and its significance for dating are
slightly less clear with the probable identification of the
same monogram as the countermark used on Claudian T ib e riu s
coins of Calchedon (1787-8). See also Heraclea (2087-8).
One coin was minted explicitly in the name of 1786 A E. 2 3m m , 5.76g (1). Axis: 6 (i). [ i ]
Rhoemetalces ( 1783) ; this, together with the close similarity Rec 55
between the monogram coins of Calchedon and Byzantium, ]EPIO [ ]ΕΒ Α Σ[ (?); lau reate head, 1.
indicate that Calchedon formed part of Rhoemetalces’s ΚΑΛΧΑΔΟΝΙΩΝ; tripod
kingdom of Thrace. i . P 3 8 7 ( = R ec, pi. X L V I I .8). T h e re a d in g o f th e obv. leg en d is u n su re.
The readings on the imperial coins are somewhat I t w as re a d as ]ΣΕΒΑΣΤ·ΥΙΟΣ b y Rec.
uncertain, given the few surviving examples. The coins of
Claudius and Agrippina seem to form a pair, allowing one
to date both of them to late in Claudius’s reign. Like their
pre-imperial predecessors, the imperial coins use designs R e ig n o f C la u d iu s (la te ) *i.
which refer to Apollo or Artemis.
The vA Index cites a coin of Nero from Calchedon in 1787 AE. 2 3m m , 7.78g (1). Axis: 5 (1). [ 1 ]
Istanbul; this is quite possible, but needs confirmation. Rec 56
]ΚΛΑΥΔ[ ]ΤΟΣ; lau reate head, 1.
ΚΑΛΧΑΔΟΝΙΩΝ; b u st o f Apollo, r., w ith lyre
R e ig n o f R h o e m e ta lc e s i . P 3 8 8 ( = W a 271 = R ec, pi. X L V I I .9), 7.78. R e in a c h ‘s a n n o ta te d copy
o f R ec cites a n o th e r specim en from P e tro g ra d , rea d in g ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ
1783 AE. 18m m , 4.06g (1). [ 2 ] KAI[ ; ‘au d ro it, co n tr. in d istin c te 4.
C o u n te rm ark : PKA (?) (cf. G I C 611: 1).
Rec 50
ΡΟΙΜΗΤΑΛΚΟΥ; diadem ed head o f Rhoem etalces, r.; 1788 A E. 2 3m m , 6.32g (1). Axis: 6. [ i ]
behind, m onogram BA ΑΓΡΙΠ[ ]ΙΝΗΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΣΤΗΣ (sic); b ust o f A grippina II, 1.
ΚΑΛΧΑΔΟΝΙΩΝ; tripod ΚΑΛΧΑΔΟΝΙΩΝ; b u st of A rtem is, r., w ith bow
i . P ( = R e c , pi. X L V II.3 ); 2. B (L öbb); 3—5. See R ec. S am e dies: 1-2
i . B (L ö b b ), 6 .3 2 .
a n d 3 -5 . T h e m o n ogram p ro b a b ly stan d s for βασιλεύς.
C o u n te rm ark : PKA {cf. G I C 6 1 1: i).
1784 AE. 16m m , 2.10g (2). Axis: 6 (1). [ 2 ]
Rec 48
ΚΑΛ; lyre
PKA; in w reath

Apollonia
It was suggested by Grant, F IT A 353, that the bronze coins attractive, has not been accepted here, and the coins have
of Augustus normally given to Apollonia in Illyria were been catalogued under Apollonia in Illyria (see 1501—2,
actually coins of Apollonia Pontica, because of the with commentary).
similarity with coins of Odessus (1801). This view, though
 MOESIA
Cat no. Page
Introduction 324
Odessus 1801 324
Callatis 1802 324
Tomi 1803-41 325
(Istrus) — 328
The precise area included in the Roman province of Moesia
before the annexation of the Thracian kingdom in a d 46 is
not clear. The kingdom apparently stretched to the
Danube, yet there seems no doubt that some of the coastal
cities at least were under direct Roman rule (see B. Gerov,
‘Die Grenzen des römischen Provinz Thracia bis zur
Gründung des Aurelianischen Dakien’, ANRW I I.7.1, pp.
212-40, esp. 213-15).
The four cities included in this catalogue were all coastal
cities, with long traditions of producing coinage in the Hel­
lenistic period (see AMNG). Coinage in the first century a d
was, however, extremely sparse. One of the cities included
here, Istrus, may not have produced coinage at all during
this period. Of the others, Odessus produced one issue of
somewhat uncertain date, known today from a single speci­
men; Callatis produced a small issue for Nero (today known
only from four specimens), while Tomi produced many
varieties of coinage under different ‘magistrates’ (if, indeed,
Odessus
The existence of any coins from Odessus (modern Varna)
for this period is very doubtful. Pick (AMNG 1.2.1, p. 616)
refers to Lischine 618 for a possible coin of Nero, but he is
very doubtful about it. The entry reads:
‘Tête laurée (d’un Empereur?) à dr.
R. OAHC ... Fleuve barbu, couché a g., et mettant la main
dr à sa tête. AE 3 1/2.’
Otherwise there are no imperial coins recorded in AMNG
before Domitian. Mouchmov has, however, published a
coin with the same types as the coins of Domitian, but with
a very different portrait, which he interpreted as a head of
Callatis
The little known issue of Callatis for Nero probably dates
from the first half of his reign, to judge from his portrait.
There seems to be no obvious explanation for the use of
Latin on the obverse; there is certainly no indication of any
change in the status of Callatis during this period.
these issues, many of which have no overt indication of date
in the absence of an imperial portrait or inscription, have
been correctly assigned to the Julio-Claudian period), but
this coinage, too, was on a very small scale, as is shown by
the few surviving specimens and dies represented among
them.
In addition to their own coinage, some bronze coins of
Augustus were countermarked in Moesia, probably at
Tomi, where a discussion of them can be found.
D.W . MacDowall, NC, i960, pp. 106—11, attributed a
group of ‘Roman’ sestertii, dupondii and asses, sometimes
countermarked with Galba’s name in Greek, to Moesia. In
this catalogue, however, they are regarded as products of
Perinthus in Thrace (see 1758-61, and the discussion
there).
The cities are treated on a geographic basis, running
from south to north: Odessus, Callatis, Tomi and Istrus.
Augustus (RN, 1929, p. 153). It is difficult to be certain
about the intended identity of the emperor; Grant (FITA
353) accepted the identification as Augustus, and it is ten­
tatively followed here.
A u g u s tu s ?
1801 AE. 2 2m m , 9 g (1). [ o ]
H ead, r. (of Augustus?)
Ο ΔΗ ΣΙΤ and cornucopia in w reath
i . S o fia (rn 192g, pi. V I I . 1), 9 g .
1802 AE. 2 2m m , 5.24g (1). Axis: 6 (1). [ 2 ]
AMNG —, M ouchm ov 258
N E R O C A ESA R A V G IM P ; head, r.
ΚΑΛΛΑΤΙΑΝΩΝ; in w reath
i . N Y , 5.24; 2 . N Y; 3 . M o u ch m o v 258 (w ith pi. X I I . 19 = a m n g 1 . 2 . i , p.
615); 4. L. R uzick a (zfn 1913, 302 w ith T af. V I I I . 14). M o u ch m o v 259
also describes a coin (u n illu strated ) w ith th e sam e types, b u t w ith an obv.
legend re a d in g N E R O C A E S A R A V G V S T V S : reliable?
 M O E S I A : Tomi (1803-1811) y.25

Tomi
A number of coins of Tomi (modern Constanta) seem to W ith o u t e m p e ro r’s h ead, p r o b a b ly J u lio - C la u d ia n
have been produced without an imperial head during the
early first century. These extremely rare coins were dis­ (In no particular orderj
cussed by Pick and Regling (AMNG, pp. 608-13), and, of
the issues which they regarded as ‘vorantoninisch’, only 1803 AE. 20 m m . [ o ]
those have been included which seem definitely to belong to AMNG 2496, M ouchm ov 1755
our period, whether on considerations of style or magis­ H ead o f Tyche, r.
trate's name. In practice, this means that most of the coins TOMITWN; on a lta r betw een two caps o f the Dioscuri;
regarded by them as Julio-Claudian have been included, below APTEMIAW
except for AMNG 2505 and 2532, whose form of the ethnic i . L e n in g r a d (amng T af. V I .i = M o u ch m o v , pi. I I I . 15).
suggests a Flavian date, and AMNG 2510, where a correct 1804 AE. 22 m m . [ o ]
reading reveals no magistrate’s name, a consideration
amng 2497, M ouchm ov 1743
which suggests that it probably does not belong in this
period. The coins with magistrates’ names which also occur V eiled head of D em eter, r.; p erh ap s snake before
TOMITQ; betw een torches a n d two ears o f corn; below,
on coins with imperial heads (AMNG 2512, 2515, 2529 and
APTEMI
2533) have been included under the relevant emperors
i . L e n in g r a d (amng T af. V .28 = M o u ch m o v , pi. V .24).
(1838, 1841, 1831 and 1839).
There are also problems with the earliest coins with 1805 AE. 22 m m , 7.85 g (1). [ o ]
imperial heads. The identification of one of the heads on am ng 2498, M ouchm ov 1741
1823 = AMNG 2576 as Augustus (and hence its attribution V eiled head of D em eter, r.; before, snake
to his reign) seems uncertain. A number of otherwise ΤΟΜΙΤΩΝ, ΧΑΙΡΙΩΝΟΣ; D ioscuri riding, r.
unknown coins are described by Mouchmov, notably two i . B u c a r e s t ( = amng T af. V.21 = M o u ch m o v , pi. I I I . 10); 2. B ucarest;
for Tiberius (his 1787—8); one of these is in fact a coin of 3 . Soutzo, 7.85.

Nero. Unfortunately, Mouchmov illustrates these coins 1806 AE. 14m m . [ o ]

with other coins having roughly the same types but of dif­ am ng 2534, M ouchm ov 1773
ferent dates and from different mints, so question marks
B ust o f H erm es w ith caduceus, r.
must hang over their exact descriptions and attributions
TOMI, XAIPI; w inged caduceus
(his 1799, for instance, is probably a coin of Nerva, and has
i . L e n in g r a d (amng T a f. V .22 = M o u ch m o v , pi. V .25).
been omitted here).
In addition to the coins minted in its own name, Tomi 1807 AE. 13 m m . [ o ]
was perhaps the place at which Augustan bronze coins from am ng 2538, M ouchm ov 1742
the mint of Rome were countermarked. There are two B ust o f Apollo, r.
relevant countermarks, which usually occur together on the TOMI, XAIPI; lyre
same coin, AVG and TI CAE (or variants like TIG A and i . O d e s s a U n iv . (amng T af. V .2 3 = M o u ch m o v , pi. I V .20).
TICV). Several of these were published by L. Ruzicka (NZ,
1917, pp. 155—6) as coming from Tomi, and others have 1808 AE. 18 m m , 3.79g (1). [ o ]
been mentioned by J.-B. Giard (BNC I, pp. 33-4, with amng 2500
further references). AVG should be distinguished from the T yche head, r.
Pannonian countermark AVG (D.W. MacDowall, NC, TOMI, ΔΙΟΣΚΟΥ; eagle, r., betw een caps of the D ioscuri
1966, p. 125), and (probably) from the similar AVG which 1—4. See amng.

occurs in the Rhineland (see MacDowall, where the two 1809 AE. 18 m m . [ o ]
countermarks have, perhaps, been conflated; on AVG see amng 2503
also, now, P. Kos, The Monetary Circulation in the Southeastern
B earded head o f a god, r.
Alpine Region ca. 300 BC-AD 400, pp. 47-9). The Moesian
TOMI, ΔΙΟΣΚΟΥ; eagle, r., betw een caps of D ioscuri
AVG occurs mainly with TI CAE and on Augustan i . M oscow (see amng).
dupondii (see Ruzicka’s list, and MacDowall, p. 129, n. 5).
MacDowall thinks that the countermark was applied to 1810 AE. 14m m , 2.49g (3)· Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
devalue the coins, but this and the exact date of its appli­ am ng 2520 corr.
cation remain uncertain. For similar countermarking, see V eiled head of D em eter, r.
Edessa in Macedonia and the introduction to Sicily, where TOMI, ΔΙΟΓ; ear of corn betw een caps o f D ioscuri
it seems that the coins were countermarked to provide a , . B (I-B ), 2.90; 2—4 . See amng; 5 . R u zick a, nz 1917, 158 (for ΔΙΟΓ
denomination not otherwise minted by the relevant cities. r a th e r th a n ΔΙΟ ), 2.56.

1811 AE. 18m m . [ o ]

amng 2501
T yche head, r.
TOMI, ΘΕΟΚΛ[ ; eagle betw een caps o f Dioscuri
i . L en in g rad ; 2. See amng.
js 6 M O E S I A : Tomi (1812-1828)

1812 AE. 14m m , 1.98g (1). [ o ] 1822 AE. [ o ]

AMNG 2516 M ouchm ov 1747
H ead o f Apollo (?), r. B ust o f H erm es, r.
TOMI, 0 8 OKAEOYC; tripod TOMI, ΑΘΑ; caduceus
1—2. See AMNG. i . M o u ch m o v 1747.

1813 AE. 13m m , 3.80g (1). [ o ]

AMNG 2502, M ouchm ov 1762 A u g u s tu s ?
T yche head, r.
TOMI, NOYMH; eagle betw een caps of Dioscuri 1823 A E. 17m m , 2.67g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ o ]
i . V ( = AMNG T af. X X I .7 — M ouchm ov, pi. I V .7); 2. See amng.
amng 2576, M ouchm ov 1786
1814 AE. 16m m , 1.35g ( 0 · [ o ] ΕΥεΤΗΡΙΑ; ju g a te heads (one m ale, one fem ale), r.
TOMITWN; cornucopia
amng 2519
i . B u c a r e s t (amng T af. V I . 1 9 = M o u ch m o v , pi. I V . 11); 2—5. See amng;
L aureate head of A pollo, r. 6. B u carest, In s titu te o f A rch aeo lo g y 1261/2366 ( bsnr 1983-5, 89, no. i),
TOMI, NO YMHNIO Y ; tripod 2.69.
X. L e n in g r a d ( = amng T af. V .25); 2. See amng.

1815 AE. 18 mm . [ o ]
T ib e riu s ?
amng 2504, M ouchm ov 1763
B earded head of a god, r. 1824 AE. [ o ]
TOMI, KAAAIM[ ; eagle betw een caps o f D ioscuri M ouchm ov 1787
1—2. See AMNG.
TIBHPIOC ΚΑΙΣΑΡ (sic); head
1816 AE. 13 m m , 1.69g ( 0 - [ o ] ΤΟΜΙΤΩΝ; H erm es standing, 1.
I. M o u ch m o v 1787 (co n firm atio n req u ired ).
am ng 2523
V eiled head of D em eter, r.
TOMI, KAAAIM; ear o f corn betw een caps of Dioscuri
I . See AMNG.
C a lig u la

1817 AE. 16m m , 2.75g (2)· [ 0 1 1825 AE. 19m m , 6.42g (2). [ o ]
amng 2517-18 amng 2577, M ouchm ov 1789
H ead of A pollo, r. FAIOC KAICAP; lau reate head, r.
TOMI, KA(A)AIKPA; tripod ΤΟΜΙΤΩΝ, ΗΓΗΤΟ; D ioscuri riding, r.
I —5. See AMNG. I. O d e s s a (a m n g T af. X X I . 12 = M o u ch m o v , pi. V .11); 2. Sofia (see
a m n g ).

1818 AE. 15m m , 1.19g (2). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ] 1826 A E. 16m m , 2.04g (4). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
AMNG 2522 amng 2578 corr., M ouchm ov 1790 corr.
V eiled head of D em eter, r.; before, snake TAIOC KAICAP; lau reate head, r.
TOMI, ΚΑΛΑΕΙ; ear o f corn betw een caps o f Dioscuri TOMI, ΗΓΗΤΟ; th ree ears of corn betw een caps of
I. B (L ö b b ), 1.32; 2—i i . See amng. D ioscuri
i . B 1 0 9 1 /1 9 1 0 , 2 .4 5 ; 2. B 1 0 9 2 /1 9 1 0 , 1.80; 3 . B (L ö b b — a m n g Taf.
1819 AE. 15m m , 2.51 g (9). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 4 ] V I . 21 = M o u ch m o v , p i. V .9 ); 4 —5. See a m n g .

am ng 2513, M ouchm ov 1720 1827 AE. 14m m , 1.58g (4). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
V eiled head of D em eter; before, ear of com amng 2579, M ouchm ov 1791
TOMITWN, AIIOAW ; two ears o f corn
TAIOC KAICAP; lau reate head, r.
I. P 914, 2.57; 2. B (I-B ), 2.80; 3. B (L öbb) (amng T a f
TOM, ΗΓΗΤΟΡΙΔΟΥ; w inged caduceus
V I.6 = M o u ch m o v , pi. IV .6), 2.12; 4 . G 4; 5—21. See amng.
I. B (L ö b b ), 1.20; 2. B 7 2 /1 8 8 2 = K a t 6, 2.07;· 3—5. See a m n g ;

1820 AE. 15m m , 1.53g (2)· [ o ]

6. B u carest, In s titu te o f A rch aeo lo g y 1 2 6 1 /2 3 7 0 ( b s n r 1 9 8 3 -5 , 8 9 , no. 2).

amng 2531, M ouchm ov 1748

B ust of H erm es, r.
TOMI, ΑΠΟΛ; w inged caduceus U n c e rta in em peror
i . L e n in g rad (amng T a f. V I .7 = M ouchm ov, p i. I V .7); 2—12. See amng.
1828 AE. 19 mm.
1821 AE. 18m m , 2.27g (6). Axis: 6. [ 2 ] amng 2580, M ouchm ov 1792
amng 2511, M ouchm ov 1746 ]IO Y [ ; laureate head, r.
V eiled head o f D em eter, r.; before, ear of com TOMI, ΧΑΙΡΟΞΕΝΟΥ; N ike w ith w reath an d palm , on
TOMI, ΑΘΑ; betw een torch an d torch w ith ear of com globe, 1.
I. B (L ö b b ), 3 .3 2 ; 2. B (I-B ), 2 .6 0 ; 3—i o . See a m n g . i . O d essa (see am ng: h e s ita n t a ttrib u tio n to C la u d iu s).
 M O E S I A : Tomi (1829-1841) 527

1829 AE. 18 mm . [ 1 ] ΑΓΡΙΠΙΝ[ ; d rap ed bust, r.

AMNG 2582, M ouchm ov 1794 TOMI, ΦΑΙΔΡΟ; tem ple w ith four colum ns
i . B 1 9 6 2 7 = K a t 7, 4.23; 2. S o u tzo (see amng: ‘D o m itia n u s’ = amng
JKAICAPOC; laureate head, r. 2586 ‘A g rip p in a’) = B u carest, I n s titu te o f A rch aeo lo g y 1261/2397 (bsnr
TOMI, ΔΙΟΝΥΣΙΟΥ; in w reath 1983-5, 89, no. 4 ‘N e ro ’), 4.57. 2 ap p e a rs to be fro m th e sam e dies as 1,
i . C 1 3 5 /1 9 4 8 (ex G ra n t, ‘T ib e riu s, b u t illegible’ = f ix a 353 η. ίο: w h ere th e n am e o n th e obv. is d e a r .
‘im p erial p o rtra it series begins w ith T ib eriu s (Sofia, ow n coll.)’); 2—4 . See
AMNG (h esitan t a ttrib u tio n to C la u d iu s).

N e ro ______________________________
C la u d iu s
1836 A E. 18m m , 4 .2 0 g (2). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ]
1830 AE. 20 m m . [ o ] amng 2587 corr., M ouchm ov 1788
AMNG 2581, M ouchm ov 1793 ΝΕΡΩΝ KAAYAIOC; lau reate head, r.
TIBCPIOY ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ K; lau reate head, r. ΤΟΜΙΤΩΝ ECTIAIOY (?); tem ple w ith four colum ns
TOMI, MIKKOY; N ike w ith w reath an d palm , on square i . B (L ö b b ) (h o u sed u n d e r G a n g ra G erm an ico p o lis in P a p h la g o n ia,
base, 1. w hence R ec 1, vA In d ex ) (ECTI[ ), 4.49; 2. Z a g reb (R u zick a, nz 1917,
159 zu 2588: ΤΟΜΙΤΩΝ, ΕΦ ΙΟ Ή ΑΙΟ Υ = M ü n ste rb e rg Beamtennamen
i . G o (see amng).
N a c h tra g ‘ECTIAIOY?’); 3. Soutzo = amng 2587, 3.90. I t is n o t cle a r if
1831 AE. 14m m , 1.65g ( 0 · [ o ] M o u ch m o v 1788 (‘T ib e riu s ’) rep resen ts a fu rth e r specim en.

am ng 2529
1837 Brass. 18m m , 4 .4 3 g (2). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ]
T yche head, r.
TOMI, MIKKOY; caps of the D ioscuri amng 2588, M ouchm ov 1800
1—2. See AMNG. ΝΕΡΩΝ KAI; lau reate head, r.
TOMI, EniC TPA ; tem ple w ith four colum ns
i . L 1 9 0 8 —12—5—3 5 , 4.58; 2—3. O d e s sa (see amng). Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: i.
A n to n ia
1838 Brass. 15m m , 3.09g (2). Axis: 6. [ 2 ]
1832 AE. 16m m . [ o ] amng 2512 corr.
am ng 2583, M ouchm ov 1793 V eiled head of D em eter, r.; before, ear o f corn
]ΝΤΩ[ ; d raped bust TOMI, ΕΠΙ; betw een two torches
TQMITWN (sic); D em eter standing, 1., w ith ears o f corn i . L = bmc 5, 3.67; 2. B 10/1903, 2.50; 3—4 . See amng; 5 . R uzick a ( nz
1917, 158, for th e read in g ΕΠΙ r a th e r th a n EMI: Π is also clear on the
an d sceptre
specim ens in L a n d B ). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.
1—3. See amng.
1839 AE. 1.40g (1). [ o ]
1833 A E. 13 m m , 1.93 g (1). [ o ]
AMNG 2 5 3 3
am ng 2584, M ouchm ov 1796
H ead of H erm es, r.
ANTWNIA CCBACTH; d rap ed bust, r. TOMI, ΕΠΙ; w inged caduceus
TOMITWN; three ears of corn betw een caps of Dioscuri
I —2. See AMNG.
i . O d e s s a (amng T af. X X I . 13 = M ouchm ov, pi. V .12), 1.93; 2. See
amng.

B r ita n n ic u s N e ro ?

1834 AE. 18m m , 2.63g (2). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ] 1840 AE. 20 m m . [ o ]

amng 2585, M ouchm ov 1707 am ng 2589, M ouchm ov 1801
BPITANNIKOY; lau reate head, r. ]ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ; lau reate head, r.
TOMI, Η ΡΩ[ ; three ears o f corn betw een caps of Dioscuri TOMI, [Ε]ΠΙΣΤΡ[; tem ple w ith four colum ns w ith eagle
i . B 6 0 2 /1 9 1 4 (ex P row e = E gger M a y 1914, lo t 145), 3.02; 2—3. See inside
amng; 4 . B ucarest, In s titu te o f A rchaeology 1261/2375 (bsnr 1983—5, 89, I. G o (see amng).
no. 3), 2.23.
1841 AE. 17 m m , 3.48 g (4). [ o ]
am ng 2515 corr., M ouchm ov 1766 corr.
A g r ip p in a the Y o u n g e r H elm eted head of Rom a, r.
TOMI, ΕΠΙΣΤΡΑΤΟΥ; shield betw een caps o f D ioscuri
1835 AE. 19m m , 4.46g (3). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] 1—2. See amng; 3 —4 . R u zick a (nz 1917, 158, for th e full read in g o f th e
m a g istra te 's n a m e ), 3.30, 3.46.
amng 2586, M ouchm ov 1798
β2β M O E S I A : Istrus

Istrus
The existence of any coins minted at Istrus during the coin is described as follows (though Pick observes that the
relevant period is very doubtful, although Pick (AMNG obverse legend does not seem very reliable):
1.2.i, p. 484) does allude to a possible coin of Nero. This
AVTOKPAT CEBAC; laureate head, lightly bearded, r.
unique coin is catalogued as no. [484] of his corpus of Istrus
ICTPIHNQN; Apollo standing, 1., holding plectrum (?) and
{AMNG I.i), where he rejects the previous identification of
resting lyre on column.
the head as Augustus, and is tempted by an identification
with Nero, partly because of the figure of Apollo playing the Apart from this doubtful coin, there are no imperial coins
lyre on the reverse. He also allows, however, the possibility before the reign of Pius.
that the emperor might be Hadrian or Caracalla (!). The
 THE N O R T H E RN B L A C K SEA
Cat. no. Page Cat. no. Page
Introduction 329 M ithradates I 1908-11 332
Kings of Bosporus Cotys I 1912-34 333
Asander 1842-63 330 Agrippia (Phanagoria) !935 334
Dynamis 1864 331 Caesarea (Panticapaeum) ■936 335
Uncertain kings 1865-80 331 Chersonesus ■9 3 7 -4 4 335
Aspurgus 1881-1904 331 Olbia ■9 4 5 -7 335
Gepaepyris? 1905-7 332

A few cities and the kingdom of Bosporus lay on the north­
ern side of the Black Sea; under Mithradates VI both sides
of the sea, Bosporus and Pontus, had been united in a single
kingdom and for a hundred years or so after his death the
history of the area was characterised by the attempt to
revive this joint kingdom, first under Polemo I in the
penultimate decade of the first century b c , and then under
Polemo II during the reign of Caligula. It remains unclear
whether these attempts had any reality, and it seems the
kingdom of Bosporus can effectively be regarded as being
ruled by a succession of its own rulers.
R egal coinage
The rulers of the Bosporan kingdom produced coinage,
curiously enough only in gold and bronze. The history of
the coinage of the area is summarised by A. N. Zograph,
Ancient Coinage, Vol. II, but there is no very convenient or
complete listing of the coinage. The best overview still
remains BMC, while the only systematic listing of the gold
staters is that produced by A. Bertier-Delagarde, Numismati-
ceskij Sbomik II (1913), pp. 49fr. (this work was a metrologi­
cal study, so, although it lists all the known dates, it does
not give a full catalogue). The most up-to-date discussions
of most aspects of the coinage can be found in the series of
articles by N. A. Frolova, which are cited at the relevant
points of the catalogue here (these are, of course, in Rus­
sian, but English translations can be found in the libraries
of L, P and NY).
The coinage of gold staters was probably produced only
on a small scale, as, with the exception of the later years of
Asander, the coins are all very rare today and were struck
from only a few obverse dies. The staters do not normally
have the name of the king (only Asander and Mithridates
are named); instead they have a date (usually a year of the
Bosporan era) and a monogram which conceals the name of
the ruler. Without inscriptional evidence for the name of the
king at different periods, however, it would often be imposs­
ible to establish the name of the king from the coins (e.g.,
Aspurgus’s coins bear a monogram which looks as if it
stands for a name with or beginning with a rho).
A second difficulty with the gold coins concerns the iden­
tity of the portraits they bear. In the case of Asander, there
is clearly no doubt that the diademed portrait is of the king,
but on other coins the portrait or portraits are either bare­
headed or laureate and seem to represent the emperor or a
member of his family (most clearly, e.g., under Cotys). But,
e.g., on the coins of Aspurgus, struck in the reign of
Tiberius, there are two bare heads - perhaps Augustus and
Tiberius. The coins attributed to Queen Gepaepyris (?),
under Caligula, also have two male bare-headed heads,
while those of Mithradates, under Caligula and Claudius,
all have a laureate head that certainly looks like Claudius,
even on the coins struck in 39! Under Cotys the coins seem
to depict Claudius and Britannicus at first, then Claudius
and young Nero, then in 55 Agrippina II and Nero, and
thereafter (apparently) Claudius on the obverse and the
reigning Nero on the reverse. The whole way portraits are
used on these coins is rather puzzling.
The weight of the gold stater gradually declines a little.
We find:
Asander 8.06 g (36)
Uncertain period 7-92 g (24)
Aspurgus 7-89 g (40)
Gepaepyris (?) 7 ·8 ι g (4)
M ithradates 7-88 g (3)
Cotys I 7.88 g (41)
Bronze coinage was also produced, apparently at irregular
intervals and in varying quantities. A certain amount of
rare bronze coinage was made by overstriking earlier Pontic
coins during the first three years of Asander’s rule, but
nothing has survived for the subsequent twenty-six years.
Some rare pieces with the monograms BAE and BAM were
subsequently produced, introducing for the first time a
number of value marks on to the coinage, but nothing exists
to correspond to the gold of years 289-310 (8 b c to a d 13).
Under Aspurgus, one tiny issue was made, probably at the
beginning of the reign, and then nothing until the very end,
when scarce coins were made in the names and with the
portraits of Tiberius or Caligula as well as the king. Under
Gepaepyris (?) and Mithradates, quite a lot of bronze seems
to have been produced, and this may also have been the
case under Cotys, though again the picture seems to be of
patchy issues.
33o T H E N O R T H E R N B L A C K S E A : Kings o f Bosporus (1842-1846)

The individual weights of specimens of the same denomi­
nation may fluctuate widely, much more so than seems
normal elsewhere for contemporary bronze coinage, but
thanks to the value marks on the coins (which had first
appeared on the BAE coins of the end of the first century b c )
there is no doubt about the relative value. These marks are
generally multiples of two or four, and later twelve; the face
value of the coins was increased dramatically under the
latter years of Cotys, suggesting some substantial reform or
devaluation of the currency (see table below).
What are the units in question? One coin of Cotys (1931)
appears to refer to them as NO, presumably for Noummia or
something similar. Mommsen thought that the unit was the
Roman uncia, so that the IB coin was an as and so on. On
the other hand, the system may have been based, for exam­
ple, on an obol of 8 chalkoi; thus IB would be i | obols, and
MH would be a drachma (see the discussion by Zograph,
loc. cit.). It is not clear which, if either, approach is more
likely. There is no particular reason why the Bosporan king­
dom should have adhered to the Roman monetary system
or used its units of reckoning; the weight of the gold stater,
while initially borrowed from the Roman, was generally
much heavier in this period than contemporary Roman
aurei. On the other hand, the MH coins of Nero certainly
look as if they were imitating sestertii (their broader
diameter), and it is not impossible that the weights cor­
respond to the coins which in Asia may have passed as 4 as
pieces (see p. 374).
N on-regal coinages
In addition, a few other issues were made by cities in the
area, though these are often hard to date. Coins of Cher­
sonesus sometimes have dates, and so a number can be
reliably dated to the reign of Claudius. These are mostly of
bronze, but two gold staters are also known. Coins were
also probably made at Olbia, but it is very difficult to date
Olbian coins of the imperial period. Finally, a joint issue
was made by Phanagoria and Panticapaeum under their
new names of Agrippia and Caesarea, probably in the very
late first century b c . These, too, bear a value mark (H) and
adhere to a standard of about 7 g.

Aspurgus, c. 14 < ?
37 IB 7 -9 4 g ( : 5 )
Gepaepyris?, 37-8 IB 7-64 g (8)
M ithradates, 39—41 IB 8.01 g (17)
Cotys, c. 50-5 IB 7 -9 ®g ( I0) H 4 -5 9 g (3 ) ί 3-6og(2) A 5 -! 2g( i)
Cotys, Temple type ΚΔ c. 8.00 g
0 63-8 MH 12.53g (5 ) ΚΔ 10.50g (1)
T E IM A I ΚΔ 5 -5 6 g ( 0

Kings of Bosporus
A sander, c. 4 7 - 1 7 bc
1843 8T B B L 13: P

1844 ετ Γ B L 14: V
For the coinage and history of Asander, see N. A. Frolova, 1845 AE. 2 5m m , 15.64g (6). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
Sovietskaya Arkheologia 2 (Moscow, 1978), pp. 49-60.
C op 13
Asander, the viceroy of Pharnaces, defeated him in 47 b c ,
and then Mithridates of Pergamum; he then married H ead o f A sander (?), r.
ΑΡΧΟΝΤΟΣ ΑΣΑΝΔΡΟΥ; prow an d trid en t
Pharnaces’s daughter Dynamis, becoming king of
i . L 1 9 3 6 -1 0 —13—15, 17.24; 2. C o p 13 (o v erstru ck ), 15.36; 3 —4 . O , 18.70
Bosporus. The unique gold stater of Dynamis dates to the (o v erstru ck ), 15.76; 5 - 6 . C sng 1602-3, 1 3 4 6 , 13.13 (b o th ov erstru ck );
year 281 = 17 b c ; as Asander’s coins record twenty-nine 7. P 89, 16.58 (overstruck).
regnal years he probably reigned between 47 and 17 b c . C o u n te rm ark s: S ta r on obv. a n d rev.: 1-7.

1846 AE. 2 0 m m , 8 .i8 g (8). Axis: 12. [ 9 ]

As Archon BMC I

G old staters. 21 m m , 8 .1 6 g (4). Axis: 12. B ust of Nike w ith wings, r.

ΑΡΧΟΝΤΟΣ ΑΣΑΝΔΡΟΥ; prow
B are head o f A sander, r.
i . L = bmc i, 5.75; 2. L 1 9 1 6 -6 -1 -5 , 6.84; 3 . M u ia ; 4 . C M cC lean
ΑΡΧΟΝΤΟΣ ΑΣΑΝΔΡΟΥ ΒΟΣΠΟΡΟΥ; Nike standing, L,
7 3 9 1, 7 -2 U 5 - 9 · O , 7.96, 8.04, 8.06, 11.43, 9 -5 7 ; IO · p 9 ° . 7 ·° 7 · A11 are
on prow, w ith w reath an d palm ; in field, d ate and o verstruck.
m onogram

The head on the obverse has sometimes been identified as As king

Antony (see A.N. Zograph, Ancient Coinage, p. 303). The G old staters. 17m m , 8 .0 6 g (38). Axis: 12.
listing of dates follows A. Bertier-Delagarde, Numismaticeskij
BMC 2
Sbornik II (1913), p. 105 = BL.
D iadem ed head of A sander, r.
1842 ET A B L 12: i . L 19 4 9 -7 -3 -1 ( = P C G A d d e n d a i), 8. io; 2. See K . V. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΣΑΝΔΡΟΥ; Nike standing, 1., on prow, w ith
G olenko, Chiron 5 (1975), 607, no. 460 w reath an d palm ; in field, date
 T H E N O R T H E R N B L A C K S E A : Kings o f Bosporus (1847-1880) 33i

The listing of dates follows A. Bertier-Delagarde, Numis- have usually been associated with the staters listed below
maticeskij Sbornik II (1913), p. 105 = BL. with the monograms AM, KNE and ΠΑΡ, but the existence
of the unique gold stater with the BAE monogram (and the
1847 Δ B L 15: V , 8.14
date, A) suggests that they should be separated. The gold
1848 i B L 16 stater has been attributed to the reign of Polemo in the
1849 Z B L 18: L e n in g rad Bosporus and dated in the gap between 15 and 9 b c ; this
1850 Θ B L 20: L 1 9 8 7 -6 -4 9 -6 2 , 8.14; T e m ru k sk M u se u m ; N Y seems certain. The portrait on the obverse is clearly
1851 I B L 21: B a n d tw o o th e r specim ens
Augustus; that on the reverse has been identified as that of
Agrippa; this is possible, but uncertain.
1852 ΙΔ B L 25: P

1853 K B L 27: P a n d tw o o th e r specim ens 1865 G old stater. 18 m m , 8.05 g ( 9 ·

1854 IZ B L 28: B a n d tw o o th e r specim ens; N Y (ZI) B are head (of A ugustus), 1.
M ale head (of A grippa?), r.; to 1., m onogram BAE; below,
1855 HI B L 29: P; L e n in g rad ; Z o g ra p h , pi. X L IV .4 (see G olenko)
A '
1856 K B L 31; M oscow (for forgeries, in c lu d in g C o p 14 a n d a lead
i . A u k tio n e s 6 (1 9 7 6 ) lo t 1 7 6 ( = M M A G 44, 1971, lo t 11), 8.05.
‘p ro o f’ in L = bmc 4, see K . V . G olenko, N um ism atika i Epigrafika
χ 6 9 7 2 ), 103-7)

1857 AK B L 32: th re e specim ens; L e n in g rad , 8.06; H ess 208 (1931) lot
534 (see G olenko) U n c e r ta in p e r io d , 8 B C -A D i f
1858 BK B L 33: A rs C lassica X V I 1328
G old staters. 18 mm , 7.92 g (24).
1859 ΓΚ B L 34: B a n d four o th e r specim ens
B are head o f A ugustus, 1.
1860 EK B L 36 M ale head, r.; to L, m onogram ; below, date
1861 ZK B L 38: B, L e n in g rad ; W e b er 4791 (forgery?); N Y

1862 HK B L 39: L = bmc 2, 8.00; M u i, 8.21 T h is lis t fo llo w s N. A. F ro lo v a , Vestnik Drevnei Istorii 1
1863 ΘΚ B L 40: L = bmc 3, 8.01, a n d four o th e r specim ens
(M o sc o w , 1979), p p . 1 3 9 -4 7 , a n n e x ( w h e re m a n y illu s tr a ­
tio n s c a n b e fo u n d ):

M onogram D ate
D y n a m is , 1 7 - 1 6 b c
1866 ΜΔ ΘΠΣ 289 9 BC

After Asander’s death, Dynamis married Scribonius, but 1867 ΜΔ ΡΣ 29Ο 8 P91
Agrippa sent Polemo of Pontus against him. Scribonius was 1868 ΜΔ ΑΡΣ 29I 7
killed and the Bosporans gave in when Agrippa reached
1869 ΜΔ ΓΡΣ 293 5
Sinope (all in 15-4 b c ) . Dynamis married Polemo, but he
remarried in 1 2 b c . 1870 ΜΔ ΔΡΣ 294 4

A unique gold stater is known for Dynamis, datable to 17 1871 ΜΔ ΕΡΣ 295 3

BC.
1872 ΜΔ < ΡΣ 29 6 2

1864 A V. 18 m m , 8.03g i 1)· [ o ] 1873 ΜΔ ΘΡΣ 299 AD 2 L = BMC I

D iadem ed and d rap ed b u st of D ynam is, r. 1874 ΜΔ T 3 °° 3

ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗ[Σ] ΔΥΝΑΜΕΩΣ; sta r in crescent; to r., ΑΠΣ
i . M o sc o w (A. N . Z o g ra p h , A ncient Coinage, pi. X L IV .1 4 ), 8.03.
1875 ΜΔ BT 302 5

1876 ΜΔ ΔΤ 30 4 7 p 94

1877 KNE ET 305 8

U n c e rta in k in g s
1878 KNE < T 306 9

For some time from this period until the reign of Aspurgus,
1879 ΠΑΡ ZT 307 10 L = BMC 2
the history of the Bosporan kingdom is uncertain; during
this period dated gold staters were struck with the 1880 ΠΑΡ IT 310 r3

monograms ΔΜ (years 289—304 = 8 b c to a d 7), KNE (years

305-6 = a d 8-9) and ΠΑΡ (years 307 and 310 = a d 10 and
13), and, in addition, undated bronze coins were previously
struck bearing the monograms BAE (also known on a
unique gold stater) and BAM. For a discussion of these, see
A. N. Zograph, Ancient Coinage, pp. 306-14, and N. A.
Frolova, Sovietskaya Arkheologia 2 (Moscow, 1978), pp. 49—
60, Vestnik Drevnei Istorii 1 (Moscow, 1979), pp. 139-47.
M on ogram s B A E and B A M
The bronze coins with monograms have not been listed
here; for descriptions, see the works referred to above. They
A spurgus, c. 1 4 -3 7
The subsequent gold and bronze coinage with the
monogram BAP can be attributed to Aspurgus, since he is
named as king in inscriptions of a d 15, 16 and 23; the staters
bear dates between year 311 ( a d 14) and 334 (37), and the
bronzes associate the king with Tiberius and Caligula.
The bronze coins with Ares were probably made at the
beginning of the reign, since they are very like the similar
coins with the BAM monogram. The pieces with the
332 T H E N O R T H E R N B L A C K S E A : Kings o f Bosporus (1881-1910)

p o r tr a its o f T ib e riu s a n d C a lig u la w e re p r o b a b ly m a d e a t G ep a ep yris? , c . j y - g

th e e n d o f th e re ig n ; th e T ib e r ia n c o in s a r e so s im ila r to th e
C a lig u la n o n e s t h a t it se e m s v e ry lik e ly t h a t b o th w e re For a discussion of her identity (the mother of Mithridates?)
m a d e w ith in a s h o r t s p a c e o f tim e . and whether or not she had a sole rule, see N. A. Frolova,
G old staters. 18 mm , 7.89 g (40). Vestnik Dremei Istorii 3 (1977), pp. 166-74, where the coins
B are head (of A ugustus? o r T iberius?), r. with monogram BAHP of years 334 and 335 are attributed
M ale head, r.; to L, m onogram BAP; below, date to a sole reign of Gepaepyris (and where a list of the five
known specimens can be found; see also A. Bertier-Dela-
T h is lis t fo llo w s N . A . F ro lo v a , V e stn ik D r e v n e i I s t o r i i 1 garde, Numismaticeskij Sbornik II (1913), p. 105 = BL). The
(M o sc o w , 1979), p p . 1 3 9 -4 7 , a n n e x (w h e re m a n y ill u s tr a ­ attribution of these staters to Gepaepyris is supported by
tio n s c a n b e fo u n d ): the occurrence of the same monogram on coins of Gotys
with her portrait (1928).
1881 AIT 3 χχ AD 14 Caligula had, of course, given the Bosporan kingdom to
1882 BIT 312 *5
Polemo II, who notionally ruled it until 41, when Claudius
1883 ΓΙΤ
gave him Cilicia instead. It is not clear, however, if his rule
3*3 ι6 C o p 22 (not in F rolova)
had any reality. The Bosporan coinage of the period shows
1884 EIT 3 Χ5 ι8 no obvious trace of his position, especially so if the hypo­
1885 4 IT 3 16 τ9 thesis of a sole reign for Gepaepyris is correct.
1886 ZIT 3 Τ7 20 G old staters. 20m m , 7.81g (4).
1887 HIT 3 18 21 Bare head, r.
1888 KT B are head, r.; to 1., m onogram BAHP; below, date
320 23
1905 ΔΛΤ 334 ad 37 B L 95: L = BM C 5, M u ; L e n in g rad
1889 AKT 3 21 24 L — BMC I
1906 EAT 335 38 B L 96: tw o sp ecim ens, Z o g ra p h , pi. xlv i.i
1890 ΓΚΤ 3 23 26

1891 AKT 3 24 27
B r o n z e c o in a g e
1892 EKT 325 28 L — BMC 2
1893 ίΚ Τ 326
1907 AE. 2 3m m , 7.64g (8). Axis: 12.
29 p 93
BMC I, C op 25
1894 ΖΚΤ 3 27 30
BACIAICCHC ΓΗΠΑΙΠΥΡΕΩΟ; d rap ed an d diadem ed bust
1895 ΗΚΤ 328 31 P 92
of G epaepyris, r.
1896 ΘΚΤ 3 29 32 L = BMC 3 V eiled head w earing calathos, r.; to 1., IB
1897 ΛΤ i . L = bm c i , 7.08; 2. L 1 9 2 2 -8 -3 -1 , 7.66; 3—4 . O , 8.69, 8.48; 5—6. C o p
330 33
2 5 -6 , 8.13, 5.00; 7. M u , 9.66; 8—9. V , 6.10, 10.00; 10—14. P I0 5~ r0 >
1898 ΑΛΤ 331 34 L — BMC 4 10.75, x9 ·22 (·»<;), 7 ·2 3 > 4-95, 6.97, 10.45; *5· N Y . T h e h ea d on th e rev. is
th e sam e h ea d as o n coins o f A g rip p ia (1 9 3 5 )· T w en ty -th ree specim ens
1899 ΒΑΤ 332 35 k n ow n to F rolova.

1900 TAT 333 36

1901 ΔΛΤ L = BMC 5

334 37
M ith r a d a te s , c . /79-75
See N. A. Frolova, Vestnik Drevnei Istorii 3 (1977), pp. 166-
B r o n z e c o in a g e
74, for a list of the known specimens of the gold staters in
1902 A E. 18 mm . Mithradates’s name and for a discussion of his bronze
H elm eted head of A res, r.; u n certain sym bol coinage and that of Gepaepyris. His name is spelt Mith­
T rophy; in field, BAP a n d 4 ridates on the gold and Mithradates on the bronze.
i . F ro lo v a, p i. I .io ; 2—3. F rolova, pi. I.1 1 -1 2 . G old staters. 20 m m , 7.88 g (3).
1903 AE. 22m m , 8.07g ( 7 )· Axis: 12. L au reate head, r.
BMC R hescuporis I 6, C op 23 ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΙΘΡΙΔΑΤΟΥ; N ike advancing, 1., w ith
w reath an d palm ; in field, date
TIBEPIOY ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ; lau reate h ead, r.
1 9 0 8 ίΛ Τ 336 39 B L 97: fo u r specim ens know n, in c lu d in g L 1 9 3 1 —
B are head, r.; in field, m onogram BAP an d IB
XI—14—I
i . L = bmc 6, 9.86; 2—3 . L = BMC 7, 1938—1 0 -7-221, 8.30, 5.99; 4—5· M u
3 -4 ; 6. C o p 23, 8.59; 7 - 9 . O , 7.50, 8.47, 7.80; 1 0 -1 2 . P 9 5 -7 , 7.48, 5.43, 1909 HAT 338 41 B L 99: on ly one specim en know n; a n o th e r in NY
8.17; 13. W e b er 4792, 8.16; 14. N Y .

1904 AE. 21-4 m m , 7.82g (8). Axis: 12. B r o n z e c o in a g e

BMC R hescuporis I 8, C op 24 1910 AE. 22m m , 8.08g (14). Axis: 12.
ΓΑΙΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΥ; bare head, r. BMC i, C op 27
B are head, r.; in field, m onogram BAP and IB
ΒΑΠΛΕΩΟ ΜΙΘΡΑΔΑΤΟΥ; diadem ed head, r.
X. L= bmc 8, 11.72; 2. L = BMC 9, 6.29; 3. G (R hescuporis) i; 4 . C o p 24,
7 -4 3 ; 5 · °> 7-63; 6 - 9 . V , 6.99, 7.58, 7.42, 7.51; 1 0 -1 1 . P 99-100, 7.19,
Bow, lion's skin w ith club a n d trident; below, IB
7.58; 1 2 - 1 4 . N Y. i. L = BM C 2, 9.60; 2—4 . L = BMC 1 ,^ - 4 , 9.21, 7.30, 6.10; 5. G 1; 6 - 7 . G
 T H E N O R T H E R N B L A C K S E A : Kings o f Bosporus (1911-1929) 333

2 -3 ; 8 - 1 0 . M u , 8.56, 4.59, 9.93; 1 1 - 1 3 . C o p 27-9, 10.53, 7 -6 4 , 4 -7 6 ; As above, but, on reverse, laureate and draped youthful
1 4 . C M cC le an 7392, 9.10; 1 5 — 1 6 . V , 10.81, 6.81; 1 7 — 1 9 . O , 9.45, 8.65,
8.30; 2 0 — 2 2 . P 101-3, 8.84, 8.34, 6.98; 2 3 — 2 5 . N Y . Fifty-tw o specim ens
bust (Nero?).
k n ow n to F rolova. 1915 ΘΜΤ 349 52 B L 1 10: L = bm c 2 a n d six o th e r specim ens

1916 N T 350 53 BL 111 : P 127 a n d o n e o th e r specim en

1911 AE. 22 mm, 7.71 g (3). Axis: 12.
BMC 5 D rap ed female b u st (A grippina II?), r.
L au reate an d d rap ed youthful b u st (N ero), r. (or 1.)
BACIAEQC ΜΙΘΡΑΔΑΤΟΥ; diademed head, r.
BACIAICCHC ΓΗΠΑΙΠΥΡΕΩΓ; draped and diademed bust 1917 BNT 352 55 BL 113: fo u r specim ens
of Gepaepyris, r.; in field, IB L au reate head, r.
i. L = b m c 5 , 7.10; 2. C . M cC le an 7393, 8.34; 3 . V , 7.70; 4 —
5 . P 104, L au reate and d rap ed youthful bust, r.
h i , 9.40, 7.53; 6 . F rolova, p i. 1 . 14. T w en ty -o n e specim ens know n to
F rolova. 1918 ΓΝΤ 353 56 B L 114

1919 ΔΝΤ 354 57 B L i i 5 : L = bmc 3

C o tys I , c. 4 5 - 6 8 (?) 1920 ENT 355 58 B L 116: L = BMC 4 and one other specimen

1921 ή NT 356 59 B L 117: th re e specim ens

The coinage of Cotys is characterised by the presence of the
BAK monogram, which appears on gold staters of the years As above, but, on reverse, laureate head, r.
342 to 357. In year 359 this was replaced by a monogram 1922 ZNT 357 60 B L 118: P 129-30 a n d seven o th e r specim ens
which looks as if it stands for ΝΕΡΩΝΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ;
1923 © N T 359 62 B L 120: P 131 a n d th re e o th e r specim ens (different
perhaps at the same time bronze coins were made in the m onogram : ΝΕΩΚΡ = ΝΕΡΩΝΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ?)
name of Nero, but without any apparent reference to a
Bosporan king. This has led to speculation that Cotys may Thereafter no staters were struck until year 365 = a d 68,
no longer have been king, or that Bosporus was annexed with the monogram of Rhescuporis II.
(see A. N. Zograph, Ancient Coinage, pp. 318-19).
The gold coins are characterised by the portraits of mem­
bers of the imperial family: Claudius, Britannicus, Agrip­ Bronze coinage
pina and Nero can all be plausibly identified. The same I : L A T E C L A U D I A n / e A R L Y N E R O N I A N
portraits also appear on the bronze coinage, which looks as
if it was mostly struck in 45-50 (Claudius and Britannicus) 1924 AE. 23 m m , 7.98 g (10: 1924-5).
or 55 (Agrippina and young Nero). There is a unique coin BMC 6
in L = BMC 9 depicting Poppaea and (a young) Nero ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ; lau reate head, r.; below, IB
which has caused a lot of problems in dating the bronze ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ; head of A g rip p in a II,
coinage, but this is a forgery (see 1929). 1.; to 1., m onogram , BAK

The date of the coins depicting a temple with ΚΑΠΕ is not i. L = bm c 6, 7.91; 2. M u ; 3. O , 6.50; 4. V 19186, 7.87; 5 —7 . N Y.

clear. The monograms on the reverse have been interpreted 1925 AE. See 1924.
as those of Cotys and his queen whose name Eun[ ] is
As 1924 b u t ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΝ
known from an inscription. See N. A. Frolova, Sovietskaya
i —3. L = bmc 7 -8 , 1 8 9 9 -6 -3 -1 , 9.42, 8.23, 4.98; 4 . C o p 31, 10.08; 5—
Arkheologia 3 (1976), pp. 103-11 (also for the interpretation 6 . O , 10.11, 7.90; 7—13. P 1 16-18, i2 0 -2 2 a , 5.58, 8.88, 9.78, 6.57, 4.83,
of ΚΑΠΕ, perhaps a reference to the Temple of Jupiter 4.94, 5.40; 14. V 15187, 6.80.

Capitolinus in Rome). Frolova (Numismatika i Epigrafika, 1926 AE. 18m m , 4 .5 9 g (3). Axis: 12.
1968) has also accepted Zograph’s view (Ancient Coinage, p.
BPITANNIKOY ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ; bare head o f B ritannicus, r.
199) that the coins referring to the TEIMAI of Cotys were D iadem ed head of Cotys, r.; m onogram BAK a n d H
actually made by his successor, Rhaescuporis. This does i. L = b m c 5, 4.32; 2—7. See F rolova, pi. 1 .8 -1 4 , in c lu d in g 5.39 a n d 4.07.
not seem certain, though it is hard to see where the coins in
1927 AE. 17m m , 3.60g (2). Axis: 12.
question fit into the rest of Cotys’s bronze.
D iadem ed head (of A spurgus), r.; m onogram BAP
G old staters. 20 m m , 7.88 g (41). D iadem ed head of Cotys, r.; m onogram BAK a n d letter <
O n the rev. all have, to 1., m onogram BAK; and, below, i . F rolova, p i. 1.6, 3.73; 2. F ro lo v a, pi. 1. 7, 3.46. on ly tw o sp ecim ens.
date.
1928 AE. 17 m m , 5.12 g (1). [ 0 ]
For the dates, see A. Bertier-Delagarde, Numismaticeskij Fem ale head (of G epaepyris), r.; to r., m onogram BAHP
Sbornik II (1913), p. 105 = BL; a number of these rare pieces V eiled head w earing calathos, r.; in field, m onogram BAK
an d Δ
are also illustrated (with line drawings) by P. Burachkov,
i . See N . A. F rolova, Sovietskaya Arkheologiya 3 (1976), pi. 1.5. U n iq u e.
General Catalogue (Odessa, 1884).
1929 AE. 22 m m , 6.01 g (5). Axis: 12.
L aureate head (C laudius?), r.
Bare head (B ritannicus?), r. C op 32

1912 BM T 342 ad 45 B L 103: L = B M C i a n d tw o o th e r specim ens. A silver

Ν ΕΡ\νΝ ΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ; youthful
‘d ra c h m ’ o f this ty p e in P (P 128, 3.47 g: p u b lish e d d rap ed bust, r.
by A. D ieu d o n n é , R N , 1900, pp. 132-3, no. 16, an d ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΗΣ Σ ΕΒΑΣΤΗΣ; head o f A grippina II , L;
PI. IV . 19) is p ro b a b ly a m o d e rn forgery m onogram BAK a n d IB
1913 EMT 345 48 B L 106: four specim ens I. C o p 32, 6.51; 2. V 38577, 5.75; 3 -5 . O , 5.84, 5.61, 6.33; 6. P 1 19,

1914 4 M T 346 49 B L 107: tw o specim ens

 5.75; 7. T h e re is also in L = BMC 9 (7.06), a specim en w ith ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑΣ i . L = b m c i i , 9.01; 2—5. P 123-6, 15.59, *4-86, 10-38, 12.81; 6. N Y . T h e
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΣ on th e rev., b u t this coin’s au th e n tic ity is very d o u btful. T h e ‘ste p s4 p o rtra it in d icates a d a te n o ea rlier th a n 63.
coin looks cast a n d alte re d a n d th e youthful p o rtra it o f N ero is h a rd to
reconcile w ith a d a te o f 62 -5 , as req u ired by th e presence o f P o p p aea . I t is
very different from th e p o rtra it one w ould expect a t this d ate, as on B M C 1933 AE. 21 m m , 10.50g (1). Axis: 12.
I I. NEPWNOΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; laureate
I I : T E M P L E I S S U E S
head, r.
ΚΔ; N ike advancing, 1., w ith w reath an d p alm
1930 AE. 2 1 m m , c. 6.5 g. i . O , 10.50.
KAUE; tem ple w ith five colum ns
W reath enclosing m onogram BAK an d ΚΔ i v : IN T H E N A M E OF C O T Y S , B U T
1—16. See F ro lo v a , p i. I.1 6 : sixteen specim ens know n to her. P E R H A P S M I N T E D B Y R H A E S C U P O R I S

1931 AE. 21 m m , c. 8.5 g. 1934 AE. 21 m m , 5.43g (9). Axis: 12.

ΚΑΠΕ; tem ple w ith five colum ns BMC 10, C op 30
W reath enclosing m onogram BA£Y(N) an d (NO) ΚΔ TEIMAI BAΣIΛEWΣ ΚΟΤΥΟΣ; chair w ith crow n and
i . L = b m c 9, 7.92; 2—3 4 . See F rolova, pi. 1 . 17-8: thirty-seven specim ens sceptre
know n to her. TOY ΑΣΠΟΥΡΓΟΥ; shield a n d sp ear su rrounded by
111: w i t h p o r t r a i t o f N e r o , 63-8 horse’s head, rad iate head, helm et a n d sw ord in scabbard;
below, ΚΔ
1932 AE. 28 m m , 12.53 g (5). Axis: 12. i . L = BMC 10, 5.83; 2. L 1 9 0 7 -5 -2 -3 1 , 4.82; 3 - 5 . O , 5.25, 6.32, 5.93;
BMC I I 6 . C o p 30, 5.23; 7. M u 8; 8. G 1; 9 - 1 1 . P 113-15, 5.44, 4 -5 5 , 5 -5 °;
12. N Y . F ro lo v a lists th re e exam ples in M oscow a n d tw o in L en in g rad .
NEPWN 0 2 ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; lau reate
head, r.
MH; in w reath

Agrippia (= Phanagoria)
Two issues of coins were made with a veiled female head on
the obverse and on the reverses the inscriptions ΑΓΡΙΠ-
ΠΕΩΝ and ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; both also have the value mark H.
Both were traditionally attributed to a city of Agrippia
Caesarea at Phanagoria, but A. V. Oreshnikov (see N. A.
Frolova, Sovietskaya Arkheologia 2 (1978), pp. 49-60)
attributed the coins to Phanagoria and those of Caesarea to
Panticapaeum, an attribution which has won general
acceptance.
The date of the refounding of these cities and the issue of
the coins is less sure. Frolova has argued that the renaming
is most likely at the height of Agrippa's power, which she
dates to 17-12 b c , and that the most likely occasion for the
issue was 13-12 b c , when coins commemorating Augustus
and Agrippa were minted at Rome. Her reasoning does not
seem conclusive; while we may agree that the renaming
should be earlier than Agrippa‘s death in 12 b c , its most
likely occasion would seem to be his intervention in the area
in 15—4 b c . Even so, the date of the coin issues seems quite
unsure. Inscriptional evidence shows that the city con­
tinued to be called Agrippia well after the death of Agrippa,
and, as the coins only use the name of the city rather than
any more direct allusion to Agrippa, there seems no obvious
reason to date the coins before that date.
On the other hand, hoard and metrological evidence sup­
port an early dating. The issues are both marked with the
value H and have an average weight of about 7 g. The table
of bronze denominations given above (p. 330) for the kings
of Bosporus indicates that these coins should be earlier than
the Neronian period; and indeed the characteristic time for
the production of denominations smaller than IB seems to
be the period of the BAE monogram coinage at the very end
of the first century. This association is supported by the
Kerch 1961 hoard (K. V. Golenko, Numismatika i Epigrafika,
1971, p. 45) which included coins of Agrippia and Caesarea
together with BAE coins. Thus a date at the very end of the
first century b c seems plausible.
The female head on the obverse was traditionally identi­
fied as Aphrodite Urania. Since the time of J. Friedländer
{NZ, 1870, p. 280), it has usually been identified as Livia,
though Rostovtsev suggested it might be Queen Dynamis
(see Frolova). This does not, however, seem particularly
likely; although we know from inscriptions that the people
of Agrippia honoured Dynamis and that Dynamis herself
set up a dedication to Livia, there is nothing about the head
that particularly associates it with her. Indeed a calathos,
which is worn on the head on the obverse of the Caesarea
coins, seems rather inappropriate to either Livia or
Dynamis.
L a te f i r s t century b c __________________________________
1935 A E. 2 0m m , 7.21g (9). Axis: 12.
BMC A grippias C aesarea 1
V eiled fem ale head, r.
ΑΓΡΙΠΠΕΩΝ; prow , 1.; in field, H
i . L 1 9 0 8 —i —1 0 - 1 4 5 0 , 9.80; 2—7. L = bm c 1-3, 1 9 0 8 -1 -1 0 -8 5 4 , -8 5 5 ,
-8 5 6 , 7.96, 6.74, 8.78, 10.78, 4.27, 6.75; 8—9 . C o p 7 -8 , 7.67, 5.02; 1 0 -
12. V ; 1 3 - 1 4 . P 39-4 0 , 7.79, 6.75; 1 5 - 1 8 . N Y.
 T H E N O R T H E R N B L A C K S E A : Caesarea (= Panticapaeum), Chersonesus, Olbia (1936-1947) 333

Caesarea (= Panticapaeum)
For the date of these coins of Caesarea, see above, under V eiled female head, w earing calathos, r.
Agrippia (1935). ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; sceptre; in field, H
I. L 1 9 I I —3—IO—3, 6.91; 2“ 7 · L = BMC 4 -5 , 1 9 0 8 -1 -1 0 -1 4 5 1 , -1 4 5 2 ,
-1 4 5 3 , - 1 4 5 4 . 6.35, 7.95, 3.96, 7.38, 5.02, 6.60; 8. C o p (P h an ag o ria) 9,
5.02; 9 . C M cC le an 7340, 6.65; 10. G (p. 215) 1; 11—1 3 . V ; 14—16. P
L a te f i r s t cen tu ry b c 4 1 -3 , 6.39, 7.41, 5.57; 1 7 - 2 0 . N Y .

1936 AE. 20m m , 6.52 g (9). Axis: 12.

BMC A grippias C aesarea 4

Chersonesus
The coinage of Chersonesus has been catalogued by V. A. Bronze coinage
Anokhin, The Coinage of Chersonesus (1980), whose account is 17m m , 2.83g (3).
followed here.
A certain amount of bronze, and some very rare gold, XEP; lau reate h ead of C hersonas, r.; to r., snake
H ind, r.; m onogram , sym bol an d date
coinage was made during this period. Luckily a certain
number of pieces have dates of the city on an era beginning 1939 or 73 ad 49 A n o k h in 217; L 1 9 2 9 - 1 0 - 1 3 —3 3 8 , 2.89
in 24 b c . Only the dated pieces are included here, in view of
1940 Ο Δ 74 50 A n o k h in 218
uncertainties about chronology.
1 7 m m , 4 .1 8 g (7).
XEP; laureate head o f C hersonas, r.; to r., snake; beneath,
Gold staters date
AV. 18m m , 7.80g (2). Axis: var. Nike standing, L, w ith w reath an d palm ; sym bol
XEP; laureate head of C hersonas, r.
1941 O E 75 ad 51 A n o k h in 219
M aiden standing, r., w ith bow an d spear; m onogram and
date 1942 o < 76 52 A n o k h in 220

1943 O Z 77 53 A n o k h in 221
1937 A O 71 a d 47 A n o k h in 215 (M o sc o w , 7. 75)
1944 O H 78 54 A n o k h in 222; L 1924—7—17—3 3 , 3.65
1938 ΓΟ 73 ad 49 A no k h in 216 (B , 7 .84)

Olbia
A general discussion of the coinage of Olbia can be found in 1945 AE. 23 mm, 6.59 g (4)·
A. N. Zograph, Ancient Coinage, pp. 187-232. Various coins W reath ed h ead of Tyche, 1.
have been assigned to the period covered by this catalogue O A B I O n O A I T E W N £ Y ; eagle alighting on b ranch; in field,
(see Zograph, pp. 214-17), though the chronology does not ËÏÂ
seem certain. The coins included here are not intended to i . L 1 9 2 9 —10—13—2 2 9 , 7-551 2—4 . P 6 6 4 -6 , 6.28, 6.86, 5.67.
C o u n te rm ark : E ag le (1 -4 ).
comprise the complete coinage of this period, but merely to
give an indication of the sort of coinage which is relevant. 1946 AE. 17m m , 4 .3 7 g (17)· Axis: 12.
In addition it seems that Olbia was the mint of the gold L au reate h ead o f Zeus, r.; sceptre b ehind a n d th u n derbolt
coinage of the Scythian king Pharzoius and the silver coins in front
of king Inismeus. These coins have been omitted on chrono­ Ο Λ Β Ι Ο Π Ο Λ Ε Ι τ ε Ω Ν ; eagle standing, 1.; in field, letter and
logical grounds, although the dating of these two kings is ΠΑ
unsure; traditionally they have been placed in the first and i . L 1 9 0 5 —12—3—4 9 , 4.34; 2—17. A n o th er sixteen specim ens in L; 18—
2 7 . P. O n one v ariety th e re is a cad u ceu s on th e obv. in ste ad o f th e o th e r
second centuries a d , though Zograph (pp. 211—14) has sug­ specim ens (e.g. L 1929—10-13—213). T h e le tte rs C, Z, H a n d Θ o ccur; as
gested that Pharzoius ruled in Flavian times, and that he th ese ca n n o t b e v alu e m ark s, th ey m u st p resu m a b ly be som e so rt o f d ate.
was the successor of Inismeus. C o u n te rm ark : C ad u c eu s (freq u en t).

1947 As 1 9 4 6 , b u t eagle, r.
1 - 3 . P 694, 6 9 6 -7 , 3.48, 5.28, 4.29.
 BITHYNIA AND PONTUS
Cat. no. Page Cat. no. Page
Introduction 336 Dunius Severus 2098-9 353
Bithynia: Claudius and Agrippina 2100-1 354
(Bithynian Koinon) — 340 Nero 2102-4 354
Apamea 2001-16 340 Pontus and Paphlagonia:
Caesarea Germ anica 2017 344 Amastris 2 105-6 355
Prusa 2018-19 344 Sinope 2107—42 355
Cius 2020-5 344 Amisus 2143-54 359
Nicaea 2026—61 345 U ncertain of Pontus
Nicomedia 2062-86 349 Sulpicius Rufus 2 I 55 361
Heraclea 2087-96 352 Fetia 2156 361
(Bithynium) — 353
Uncertain of Bithynia Com ana 2157-61 361
Granius Marcellus 2097 353 (Neocaesarea) 362
(For Calchedon, Amasea and Gangra, see 1783-8, 3571 and p. 548.)

The coinage of the area is well treated by Rec (Reinach’s
own copy with some useful manuscript annotations was
acquired by a private collection from the Spink auction 66
(12.10.1986)); in addition, C. Bosch began his Die
kleinasiatische Münzen der römischen Kaiserzeit, but only one
introductory volume was published (Stuttgart, 1933).
As a Roman province, the history of Bithynia began in 74
B C , when Nicomedes bequeathed his kingdom to the Roman
people, and it was handed over to M. Iuncus, the then
governor of Asia. The currency of the area at the time
comprised silver coins of the Bithynian kings (and of Mith-
radates), together with Macedonian and Thracian
tetradrachms (Aesillas, Thasos, Lysimachi), as can be seen
from a hoard like IGCH 1384. The bronze currency con­
sisted of coinage minted by the Bithynian kings and at a
number of Pontic cities by Mithradates VI.
Pompey’s addition of the new province of Pontus to the
existing province of Bithynia greatly increased the area
under the proconsul’s responsibility. Pompey furthered the
process of urbanisation by providing new uniform constitu­
tions which gave local authorities a certain amount of con­
trol over their own affairs. Consequently, it was under the
following governors that some cities issued their own
coinage, and similar bronze coinages were produced at
Amisus, Apamea, Bithynium, Nicaea, Nicomedia, Prusa
and Tium, generally with the proconsul’s name and a figure
of Roma on the reverse. These, generally rare, issues were
minted under Papirius Carbo (61-59), Caecilius Cornutus
(56) and Vibius Pansa (47-46). The next issues were made
under Augustus; even then, in the early Empire, coinage
was on a relatively small scale (to judge from surviving
specimens), although the issues made under Claudius seem
rather more numerous.
Early imperial Bithynian bronze coins have a distinctive
nature, which is not shared by contemporary Pontic or
Paphlagonian coins, but, conversely, can be found in
Thrace, at Perinthus at any rate. The coins, particularly of
Claudius and Nero, all have a similar look, and were made
of brass to a generally accepted system of denominations.
The designs at different mints may have much in common,
for instance, the styling of Messalina as ΝΕΑ HPA at both
Nicaea and Nicomedia and the presentation of her portrait
with two poppies at both. In addition, the dies were
engraved with much skill, and give much longer versions of
the emperors’ titles than is normal in non-colonial towns at
this period. This distinctive fabric and character allows one
to be confident in attributing to Bithynia coins which either
have no ethnic or an ethnic in such an abbreviated
monogram that the detailed attribution to a particular city
is not possible (see Uncertain of Bithynia: 2097-104).
This uniformity of appearance and indeed a closeness of
style between mints like Nicaea and Nicomedia naturally
raises the possibility of centralised production, on the lines
suggested for later periods by Kraft. No good evidence for
centralised (in any sense) die engraving or striking,
however, has been found. In particular, the coins of dif­
ferent cities are slightly different in small ways. For
instance, at Nicomedia, the name of the proconsul is
generally in the form ΕΠ Ι with the genitive, whereas at
Nicaea it is generally in the nominative. Nor is there nor­
mally any possibility of die links between the coins of dif­
ferent cities. Sometimes the obverse legend is different. For
instance, coins of Mindius Balbus from Nicomedia of the
largest denomination include the title ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ,
but those from Nicaea do not. Again, where the legends
may be the same, e.g., the second largest denominations
under Firmus at Nicaea and Nicomedia, there may be some
other difference, e.g., the portrait is bare at Nicaea but
laureate at Nicomedia. Elsewhere there are other character­
istic traits, such as the ligatured NE for Nero at the begin­
ning of the obverse legend for some Neronian coins of
Heraclea (2091-2), or the ligature of the last letter of

ΝΕΡΩΝ and the first of ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ on some Nicaean coins
(2052, 2054—5), a feature which is so characteristic that it
helps the attribution to Nicaea of certain other coins which
lack an ethnic (2060-1).
Two cities which might normally be expected to appear
under Bithynia and Pontus are Calchedon in Bithynia and
Amasea; these have, however, been catalogued under
Thrace (1783-8) and Galatia (3571).
P ro c o n s u la r g o v e rn o rs
The imperial coins, of Bithynia at any rate, continued the
Republican custom of adding the proconsul’s name to the
coinage. The exact dating of the relevant coins obviously
depends on the dating of these governors, but several of
them are known only from the coins. It seems worth while,
therefore, to summarise and bring up to date the main
considerations for their dating. (In this list, only the pro-
consuls who appear on coins are discussed.) Rémy = B.
Rémy, Les Fastes Sénatoriaux des provinces d’Anatolie (1988), p.
23·
L a te R e p u b lic
1. P. Sulpicius Q. f. Rufus: known from coins of Sinope
(2107) and an uncertain issue (2155). The date is more fully
discussed in the introduction to Sinope: Rufus is named on
what seems to be a foundation issue of the colony, so his
governorship should be dated to the year of the foundation.
Although Sinope’s later coins bear dates from this founda­
tion, these are very hard (if not impossible) to reconcile into
a coherent system. The net result is that some uncertainty
about the foundation date, and hence the date of Rufus’s
governorship, persists. It seems clear, however, that it was
in 46 or 45 B C and, as Vibius Pansa was proconsul in 47/46,
a date of 46/45 seems plausible.
R e ig n o f A u g u s tu s
2. Thorius Flaccus: known on a series of coins from
Nicaea and Nicomedia (2027—30 and 2062-3). The reverse
of one of his Nicomedian coins (2062) copies the design
used on silver cistophori dated to 28 b c (2203). He was
dated to 29-28 b c by Grant (FITA 384, followed by D.
Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor, p. 1591, and B. Thomas-
son, Laterculi Praesidum no. 1; cf. G. Bosch, Die kleinasiatische
Münzen der römischen Kaiserzeit, p. 78) because of the ‘striking
similarity’ with the cistophorus and because Grant dated
Ap. Claudius Pulcher to 28/27 (FITA 255). The only reason
for putting Thorius Flaccus before Pulcher is, however, the
view alluded to by Grant that the Nicomedian coin and the
cistophorus ‘von einer Hand gearbeitet sein müssen’
(Bosch, p. 78). There seems, however, to be no close styl­
istic link between the two coins, and it is in fact almost
impossible to believe that they were engraved by the same
artist. Thus, there is no definite reason to conclude that
Thorius Flaccus must have preceded rather than followed
Pulcher. Flaccus could have been governor in 28 (if it is
thought that this allows enough time for the imitation of the
cistophorus), or shortly after Pulcher, in c. 25 b c (both the
portrait and the imitation of the cistophorus suggest a date
B IT H Y N IA A N D P O N T U S 337
early in the reign). The second possibility seems slightly
more likely. Rémy 1: ‘29/28 or 28/27 BC’·
Some of Flaccus’s coins, from Nicaea, bear the Greek
letters B and ζ: it is possible that these are supposed to be
numerals, but as they both occur on the same coins, their
numerical significance would be unclear.
3. Ap. Pulcher: known on a coin of Apamea (2009 = Rec
Sinope 78) signed by the duovir C. Cassius C.f., who also
signed a larger denomination (2008 = Rec Sinope 79) for
Augustus (COS VII) and Agrippa (COS III), i.e. of 27 b c .
Thus Pulcher seems securely anchored to 27 b c . See also the
discussion of Thorius Flaccus’s date. Rémy 2: ‘c. 27/26 b c ’ .
4. M. Granius Marcellus: known on coins depicting
Augustus and Livia, which were traditionally attributed to
Apamea, but catalogued here under Uncertain of Bithynia
(2097). He is described as praetor Bithyniae by Tacitus (Ann.
I.74. i ) at his trial in a d 15, and it is clear that he was
governor at the time of Augustus’s death (see Bosch, pp.
78-9). Thus a date of a d 14/15 seems certain (see Bosch,
pp. 78—9, followed by Magie, p. 1591, and Thomasson no.
4). Rémy 6: T4/15’.
T ib e riu s
5. P. Vitellius: known on coins of Nicomedia with the
portrait of Germanicus (2064). The governorship of this
Germanici comes most probably falls in 17/18, as he is known
to have been in Syria in 19 (see Bosch, p. 79, followed by
Magie, p. 1591, and Thomasson no. 5). Rémy 7: ‘17/18?’
C la u d iu s
The sequence and dating of the Claudian and Neronian
proconsuls was discussed by E. T. Seltman (NC, 1928, pp.
100-3), an article full of mistakes and largely corrected by
Bosch, pp. 80-3. Bosch’s views are usually followed by
modern commentators (e.g., Magie, p. 1591, Thomasson
cols. 243-4, and B.F. Harris, ANRW II.7.2, pp. 876-7).
Neither the relative sequence, however, nor the absolute
dating is very certain, and the position is a bit more compli­
cated by the addition of L. Dunius Severus to the list. The
most likely sequence and important points are:
6. L. Mindius Pollio (for some reason identified with 8 by
Seltman): known from coins previously assigned to the
Commune Bithyniae, but given here to Nicomedia (2065-
72) and possibly Nicaea (2031). The obverse legend copies
that of coins minted at Rome in the first year of Claudius’s
reign. The inclusion of Π(ΑΤΗΡ) Π(ΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ) indicates a
date no earlier than 42. His coins are not like those of the
other proconsuls, perhaps suggesting (together with the
obverse legend) that he was the earliest, dating to c. 42.
Rémy 11: ‘Claude, après 42’.
7. C. Cadius Rufus: known from coins of Nicaea and
Nicomedia in the names of Claudius, Messalina and Britan­
nicus (2032-42 and 2073—5). He must therefore have been
governor between 43 and 48; moreover, he was back in
Rome in 49 in court accusantibus Bithynis (Tac., Ann. XII.22).
His coins are similar (in design and the form of monogram)
338 B IT H Y N IA A N D P O N T U S
to those of 8, perhaps suggesting c. 47/8 as a likely date.
Rémy 9: ‘47/8’.
8. L. Mindius Balbus: known from coins of Claudius and
Britannicus from Nicomedia (which also give Claudius the
title ΠΠ) and ofClaudius from Nicaea (2044-7 and 2076-9).
In view of (a) the similarities between his coins and those of
7 , and (b) the absence of Messalina, it is tempting to place
him in c. 48-9. Bosch thought that coins for Britannicus
were impossible after Nero’s adoption in 50; this is not true
(see, for instance, 2135 of Sinope), but the absence of cor­
responding coins for Nero does perhaps make a date after
50 less likely. Rémy 8: ‘c. 43-7’.
9. L. Dunius Severus: known from coins of Claudius from
an uncertain Bithynian mint (2098-9). Claudius has the
title Π Π. The legends used on his coins are most like those of
8 at Nicomedia, perhaps suggesting a date of c. 50. Rémy
12: ‘Claude, après 42’.
10. P. Pasidienus Firmus (the praenomen is incorrectly
given as Ti by Seltman and Rec, but is clear from a vA coin,
Nicomedia 2080/4): known from coins of Claudius from
Nicaea, Nicomedia and Heraclea (2047—8, 2080—1 and
2089). The coins of Nicomedia refer to the second year of
his governorship. The unique coin of Heraclea has the let­
ters ΟΓ in the exergue on the reverse. These have been
interpreted as a date (73) of an Actian era (= a d 42/3), but
the coins of Heraclea were not dated; nor is there any
evidence for an Actian era there. There are no obvious
connections between his coins and those of any other of the
proconsuls. Rémy 10: ‘48/9? et 49/50’.
Bosch suggested a sequence 6 , 8 , 7 , 1 0 (he was unaware
of 9)5 on the basis of an increasing simplification of the
obverse legends, as indeed one sometimes finds on Roman
coins. This is perhaps not compelling, especially if the
reasons for placing 8 after 7 are cogent. Clearly the most
uncertain dates (and place in the relative sequence) are
those of 6 , 9 and 1 0 .
N ero
11. Attius Laco (given the praenomen P. by Seltman):
known from coins of Heraclea in the name of Nero and of
Nicaea in the name of Nero or Nero and Agrippina II
(2091-3 and 2050-3). In view of his close connection with
13, a date of c. 54/5 seems likely. The early date is con­
firmed by the extremely youthful portrait of Nero. Rémy 13:
‘54 / 5 ?’
13. Iunius Chilo: not a proconsul, and described as
ΕΠΙΤΡΟΠΟΣ = procurator on coins of Nero and Nero and
Agrippina II from Nicaea (2054-5). These coins are die
linked to those of Attius Laco. Such die linking is otherwise
unknown in contemporary Bithynian coinage and, as F. M.
Heichelheim pointed out (AJA, 1944, pp. 176-7), this pat­
tern suggests that Iunius Chilo was procurator at the same
time that Attius Laco was proconsul (rather than that he
was a chronologically distinct governor of an ‘imperial’
province of Bithynia: see the discussion by Magie, pp.
i 397 _8 )· In 52/3 Claudius extended Chilo’s term by two
years (see Magie); thus his coins and those of Attius Laco
can be dated to 54 or 54/5. (Rémy, p. 27, suggests that he
replaced an unknown proconsul in 51/2.)
13. M. Tarquitius Priscus: known on coins of Nicaea
(2056-9). His term must precede 61, when he was damnatus
... repetundarum Bithynis interrogantibus (Tac., Ann. 14.46.1).
He was dated by Seltman after 59, because of the absence of
Agrippina II, but this need not be significant (for instance,
she disappears from the coinage of Rome in 55). On the
other hand, as Bosch pointed out (p. 84), his governorship
should presumably have ended shortly before his trial, so a
date in the late fifties seems most likely: perhaps the trophy
on Nicaea 2057 is an allusion to the Armenian victories of
58-60. His coins are very like those of Attius Laco and
Iunius Chilo, so it seems possible that his term might have
lasted from, perhaps, about 55. Rémy 14: ‘59/60?’
14. L. Montanus: known from coins of Nero from
Nicomedia (2083). Both Seltman and Bosch (p. 84) placed
him late in the reign, because of the portrait (thought to be
late, i.e., after 63). Only two coins, however, are known;
both are in a poor state of preservation, but neither seems to
have either the ‘steps’ hairstyle or the fat neck one would
expect on a coin later than 63 (particularly as Bithynian
coins display a very fine ‘Roman’ style). It therefore seems
more likely that the coins are earlier; in view of the connec­
tions between the coins of 11 and 13, a date of about 60
may seem the most likely. Rémy 16: ‘c. 63’.
(For an alleged Bithynian coin of Nero for Salvidienus
Asprenas, see Bithynian Koinon, p. 340.)
D e n o m in a tio n s
Early imperial coins from Bithynia look very yellow, and
the widespread use of brass during this period has been
confirmed by the qualitative analyses which have been car­
ried out and published here.
The weight standards, of the Bithynian cities at least
(excluding perhaps Calchedon, whose affinities were with
Byzantium), conform to a fairly clear pattern of different
denominations. In the accompanying table, the weights
have been rounded to the nearest i g in the interests of
clarity. This table is based on the very small amount of
metrological data included in the catalogue; hence a certain
degree of variation between coins probably of the same
denomination should be expected. The table makes clear
that, certainly in the reigns of Claudius and Nero, there was
a system of denominations generally recognised throughout
most of Bithynia, which was presumably organised
centrally (in some sense). A particularly neat demonstra­
tion of this is provided by the Claudian coins struck under
the proconsul Rufus at Nicaea and Nicomedia: in both
cases the second largest denomination is characterised by
the presence of two ears of corn or poppies respectively in
front of the busts of the emperor or empress. In view of the
presence of these two symbols and the similarity in size (if
not fully in weight) between the largest denomination and
the Roman sestertius, it is hard to avoid the conclusion that
the two largest denominations represent 4 and 2 as coins;
presumably therefore the smaller ones represent the as,
 B IT H Y N IA A N D P O N T U S 339

semis and (at Apamea under Augustus and Nicomedia and lb denotes leaded bronze. If no metal is indicated, no
under Firmus, if the attribution is correct) quadrans. analysis was made. The numbers given are
In the table below, br indicates brass, cu indicates copper diameter(mm)/weight(g).
Augustus

Apamea 24/10 lb 20/5! lb 15/3

Nicaea (Flaccus) 26/11 20/5! br
Nicomedia (Flaccus) 25/9 21/6!

TibeHus

Caesarea 2 7 /11
Nicomedia 20/5!

Caligula

Apamea 33/1 25/7 2O/8 19/32

Claudius

Nicaea:
Rufus 33/22 br 28/12 br 27/7 20/4I
Balbus 35/20Î br 2 7 /1i i br 23/6! 20/3!
Firmus 2 8 /1 i i br 20/4! br
Nicomedia:
Pollio 25/9 cu
Rufus 32/202 br 28/13! 20/5
Balbus 34/212 br 25/11 20/4
Firmus 27/1 i i 20/4! br 14/2
Cius 33/232 29/14 br 22/7 21/4 br
Uncertain:
I (Dunius) 38/? 29/14 br
II 27/11!
III 27/1 i i

Nero

Apamea 25/8!
Nicaea:
Laco 35/25! br 27/13 br 22/4! br
Chilo 29/IIz 22/4
Priscus 35/23 29/14! br 23/4! br 20/3!
Nicomedia:
M ontanus 22/5
U ndated 24/6I br 20/4
Heraclea:
Laco 26/io ! lb 22/7 18/4
U ndated 31/13 lb 25/8I 21/5!
Prusa 21/6 20/4
Uncertain:
V 30/18 2 7 / 1I

Several obvious uncertainties present themselves. Firstly,
when was the system of denominations inaugurated? It was
clearly in place in the reign of Claudius. The Tiberian coins
(rare issues from Nicomedia and Caesarea in the name of
Germanicus, c. 17-19) appear to conform to the pattern in
terms of weight and diameter; in addition, the coins look as
if they were made from brass. The Augustan coins, too,
conform broadly to the later pattern of weights and
diameters, and one analysis confirms the use of brass
(though not at Apamea). Thus it looks as if the system was
established early in Augustus’s reign, at least by the time of
Thorius Flaccus. It should therefore presumably be seen as
a response to the new system introduced to Asia of the
Augustan CA coinage (2227-35).
Secondly, it can be seen from this table that most, but not
all, of the coins are made from the same metal, i.e. brass.
There may also be other metals, e.g., at Apamea and at
Nicomedia, where the Neronian coins struck under Mon­
tanus have a coppery look. The conclusion drawn in other
areas (Macedonia, Asia: see pp. 288 and 371) was, surpris­
ingly, that the composition of the coins does not seem to
have been very significant for their denominations, and this
certainly seems to hold here. While the case of somewhere
like Apamea is unclear, there can hardly be much doubt
that the bronze coins of Heraclea under Nero were sup­
posed to conform to the system.
Thirdly, how widespread (geographically) was this
system? First of all, it was not conhned to Bithynia, but also
apparent at near-by Perinthus in Thrace, where under
Claudius and Nero we find denominations at 32m m /igg
340 B I T H Y N I A A N D P O N T U S : Bithynian Koinon, Apamea
and 26mm/9g. Secondly, it is not clear to what extent it
applied at Calchedon, whose connections normally lay with
Byzantium rather than with the rest of Bithynia (as can be
seen, e.g., in its coinage for Rhoemetalces; see also the
introduction to Calchedon). At Calchedon we find:
Tiberius? 23 mm, 6g
Claudius 23 mm, 7g
Again there is the uncertainty of the metal; the denomi­
nation could be the same as the ‘Bithynian as’, but it might
be independent (although a direct connection with Byzan­
tium is not clear in this case; the only relevant Byzantine
coins are of Caligula, struck at 20 mm/4! g). Thirdly, it is
not clear to what extent the Bithynian system also applied
in the rest of the province, namely in Pontus and Paphla­
gonia. The relevant cities produced coins on the standards
shown in the table below.
There is clearly at least a superficial link between Sinope
Amisus:
Augustus
Tiberius 30./13I lb
Claudius
Comana:
Caligula
Claudius
Nero
Amastris:
Augustus
Sinope:
Augustus
Tiberius 26/9
Caligula
Claudius 27/12
Nero 33/20 lb 27/8
Bithynian Koinon
In Rec, pp. 235-6, five coins of Claudius (of the proconsul
L. Mindius Pollio) and one of Britannicus (under the pro-
consul Cadius Rufus) are classified under the Commune
Bithyniae (so vA Index), because they lack any ethnic. Here,
the coins are regarded as civic issues lacking an ethnic: four
of the coins of Claudius and the coin of Britannicus are
attributed to Nicomedia (where further discussion can be
found) and one, very tentatively, to Nicaea (2065-9, 2075
and 2031). See also addenda, 2031.
A colony was founded at Apamea by Caesar or planned by
Caesar and founded by Antony in c. 42-40 bc (Pliny, NH
V,i49; Strabo X II,563; CIL III, 335; Suppl. 6992). From
Antony onwards, a sporadic coinage was issued until the
reign of Nero, with the ethnic CIC or CICA, Colonia Iulia
Concordia Apamea. These coins are partly published in
Waddington-Reinach, Rec 1,2, pp. 249-52, nos. 28-40.
and the Bithynian system, since the largest Sinopean
denomination, introduced under Nero, is about the same
size and weight as the Bithynian 4 as coin of the same
period; this might, however, merely result from the fact that
both derive from a common source (the Roman sestertius),
and might not indicate that they were both in the same
system. The smaller denominations are not so clearly
related (and the pattern of metals, bronze or copper, is not
easy to understand); similarly, the coins of Amisus under
Tiberius show the influence of the Roman sestertius, but the
weights and the metrology of the smaller denominations
make integration with the Bithynian system somewhat
unconvincing. Finally, except for a single Augustan issue at
Amisus, there seems to be a complete absence of brass
outside Bithynia. The likelihood at the moment seems to be
that the Bithynian system did not apply in Pontus or
Paphlagonia, but further investigation is required to clarify
this point.
20/4 br
19/4I 18/32
20/52 v /3
23/10 20/6
20/5
20/62
22/5
21/72 lb I5/21
20/5
21/6 lb 17/32 cu
21/6 lb 17/4
21/6 cu 17/3 cu
A silver coin of Nero with the name of the proconsul
Salvidienus Asprenas was listed in the Rollin et Feuardent
catalogue for 1864 (no. 4546), but, as Münsterberg pointed
out (NZ, 1921, p. 134), Salvidienus Asprenas was proconsul
under Vespasian (= B. Thomasson, Laterculi Praesidum no.
17). Moreover, no silver coins are known from Bithynia at
this period. The report should therefore be disregarded.
Apamea
A series of anonymous coins (2001-6) with the types of
Hermes, caduceus, Nike and three standards is probably to
be dated to the Triumviral period, as the last type is par­
ticularly suitable for Antony. In diameter and weight (15-
17 mm, 2.37g), these coins correspond to the coins struck at
Lampsacus (2268-73) and Parium (2255-9) at the same
period.

Augustus
In 27 B C the province was restored to senatorial government
under the command of a praetorian proconsul. Augustus
used the Caesarean foundation for his own settlement and a
restitutio probably occurred in 27 b c , as a series of coins
testifies (2007-9). This series in three denominations may
be described as follows:
2007: DIVOS IVLIVS [ ] C CASSIVS C FTIVIR C T
C-F-C·, diademed head of Caesar, r.
AVGVSTVS DIV F COS V II IM P [ ] C-RVF(?),
laureate head of Augustus, r.
2008: IM P CAESAR DIVI F AVGVSTO COS VII,
bare head of Augustus, r.
AGRIPPA COS-IIITM C DI-F-S C C R C CASSIVS C·
FTIVIR-CT-C'F-C·, bare head of Agrippa, r.
2009: AP PVLCHER PRO COS, head of Appius
Pulcher, r. ___
C CASSIVS C FTIVIR F C· A V G D IF S C C R ·, wolf
and twins.
This group was assigned to Sinope (Rec 78-80) but it is
alien to the series of that city, as stated by Grant, FITA, p.
255 (and already by Imhoof-Blumer, MG, p. 231), and its
attribution to Apamea is more likely. It is clearly dated to
27 b c but the formulae of 2007-9 are difficult to understand.
In each case the clause C.CASSIVS.C.F.IIVIR C(oloniae)
I(uliae) C(oncordiae) F(aciendum) C(uravit) is clear. But
on 2008 IM(perator) C(aesar) Di(vi) F(ilius) is in a curious
position, as it shares a side of the coin with Agrippa and C.
Cassius, although the title of the princeps already figured
on the obverse of the coin; the same is true on 2009 when
the same formula AVG(ustus) D(ivi) F(ilius) appears in an
unexpected position.
Grant’s interpretation {FITA, pp. 256-7) was probably
right when he suggested that the name of Augustus plays a
special part, in connection with the formula S.C.C.R.,
whose expansion as S(enatus) C(onsulto) C(oloniam)
R(estituit) seems more plausible than S(enatus) C(onsulto)
C(ivium) R(omanorum). Therefore he restored the legend
of 2008 as follows: IMP(eratore) CAESAR(e) DIVI F(ilio)
AVGVSTO COS VII, AGRIPPA COS III, IM(perator)
C(aesar) DI(vi) F(ilius) S(enatus) C(onsulto) C(oloniam)
R(estituit); C CASSI VS C(ai) F(ilius) IIV IR C(oloniae)
I(uliae) C(oncordiae) F(aciendum) C(uravit).
A similar formula might be expected on 2007 and the
reverse legend restored as AVGVSTVS DIV(i) F(ilius)
COS V II IMP [VII S(enatus) C(onsulto)] C(oloniam)
RVF. The final ligature is difficult to explain. Grant sup­
posed a dot between R and VF: since he judged VF as a
highly unlikely beginning for a word, he interpreted the
ligature as FV. Therefore Grant suggested a formula ending
with C(oloniam) R(estituit) FV(lsit) or FV(ndavit), which
is quite implausible. There is no dot visible between R and
VF, which means that the formula probably ends with
RVF, but is unexplained so far.
Under Augustus, a second emission in three denomi­
nations was struck whose description is as follows:
2010: AVGVSTVS IMP C I C, bare head of Augustus,
r.; DIVOS IVLIVS C I C, diademed head of Caesar, r.
B I T H Y N I A A N D P O N T U S : Apamea 341
2010a: AVGVSTVS IM P C I C, bare head of Augustus,
r.; CT-CAESARES AVG'F·, heads of Gaius and Lucius,
r.
2011: M AGRIPPA TR POT C I C, bare head of
Agrippa, r.; AGRIPPA AVG ΝΕΡΟ, head of Agrippa
Postumus, r.
The stylistic resemblance of the portraits of Augustus on
2010 and 2010a and Agrippa on 2011 makes it likely that
these denominations were struck together. Grant {FITA,
pp. 255-6) only knew the BM specimen of 2011 and his
reading of the obverse legend was wrong; but he had
suspected that this series was struck at Apamea, which was
proved by a better specimen (O) whose legend really indi­
cates the mint, C IC . A date towards the end of the first
century b c seems plausible.
C a lig u la
No coinage of Apamea is known for Tiberius. Under Cali­
gula, a series of four denominations was struck. It may be
described as follows:
2012: D IV Ä I DRVSILLAE IVLIAE AGRIPPINAE,
busts of Drusilla, Iulia and Agrippina;
AGRIPPINA C CAESARIS AVG GERMANICI
MATER C I C , Agrippina seated, 1., holding sceptre and
patera.
2013: C CAESAR AVG GERMANIC VS PON M TR
POT, laureate head of Caligula, 1.;
GERMANIC VS CAESAR DEC DEC C I C , bare head
of Germanicus, 1.; in field, AQ PVL (?).
2014: DRVSVS NERO CAESARES, heads of Drusus
and Nero face to face;
AGRIPPINA DIVA DRVSILLA IVLIA C I C,
Agrippina, Drusilla and Iulia standing facing, each
holding a cornucopia.
2015: AGRIPPINA CAESARIS AVG M[ATER], head
of Agrippina, r.;
GENIVM C I C , Tyche holding rudder and cornucopia,
1.
They all depict members of Caligula’s family. On 2012
and 2014 figure the three sisters of Caligula; the reverse of
2014 derives directly from the sestertii struck at Rome in a d
37/8 {RIC 33), and the reverse of 2012 is a variant of the
sestertii with Pietas veiled and seated {RIC 36). On 2013
the obverse legend follows the legends of the bronze coinage
struck at Rome in a d 37/8 (RIC 32-3, 37-8); the meaning of
the two monograms in the field is still doubtful. On 2014 the
two brothers of Caligula, Drusus and Nero, appear on the
obverse; on the coinage of Rome, they are depicted riding r.,
cloaks flying {RIC 34). But a representation of Drusus and
Nero face to face exists, e.g., at Corinth under the duoviri
Agrippa and Proculus (1174). On 2015 Agrippina, the
mother of Caligula, is represented. This series has been
attributed to Corinth or Cnossus, but it is alien to the
coinage of those cities, and presents stylistic similarities
with Apamea (as already stated by Milne, NC, 1935, p.
194)·
 (d) AE. 2 0m m , 4 .7 7 g (1). Axis: 12.
N ero
As (c)
No coinage is known for Claudius. A unique issue was As (b)
struck under Nero, which dates after a d 64, as its reverse i . B L ö b b , 4.77.
imitates the types Victoria Augusti/Victory with shield, 1.
(e) AE. 16m m , 2.50g (2). Axis: 6.
The obverse legend is difficult to understand, as, instead of
NERO, something like DVTO or PVIO or DVIO is to be D IV O IV L IO ; b are head, 1.
D D; cornucopia
read. It might in fact stand for DIVO AVG(usto), and be a
I. L 1 8 3 9 -9 -1 9 -6 6 , 2.47; 2. P 27, 2.54; 3 . M u .
coin of Divus Augustus with a portrait contaminated by
Nero’s portrait (see Sinope 2141). (f) AE. 21 m m , 4.57 (2). Axis: 12.
From Augustus to Nero, five denominations were struck D IV O M IV L IV M ; b are head, r.
(see table below). C I C A -D-D-
They might represent dupondii, asses, semisses, I . B L ö b b ( = zIn X I I , 1885, 3o9 = R ec, pi. X X X V I I I ,6), 4.12; 2. B Fox,
5.02.
quadrantes and sextantes (?) or sestertii, dupondii, asses,
semisses and quadrantes. (c) has the ethnic C IC and (f) C IC A; (a) has the type
A homogeneous series in honour of Divos Iulius can also GENIVM which figures on the coins of Agrippina (2015),
be assigned to Apamea; its description is as follows: (b) and (d) the wolf and twins which appear on the coins of
(a) AE. 18-191001, 3.70g (1). Axis: 6. Appius Pulcher (2009). The last series, inscribed DD, may
D IV O S IV L IV S ; b are head, r. be considered as struck at Apamea. But none of these coins
G E N IV M ; T yche holding ru d d e r an d cornucopia, 1. should be placed at the beginning of the existence of the
i . L G 0756, 3.70; 2. V (u n d e r C o rin th ). colony (as stated by Imhoof-Blumer, JIAN I, 1898, p. 11),
as Grant has rightly pointed out in FIT A, p. 258, n. 3. The
(b) A E. i g m m , 4.04 g (3). Axis: 1.
style of (a) and (b) may suggest Flavian production; (c) and
D IV O IV L IO ; b are head, r. (d) , which share a common obverse die, were probably
D D; w olf an d twins, r. struck under the Antonines as the reverse of (d) is very close
I. L 1 8 3 9 -9 -1 9 -1 5 , 4.65; 2. P, 3.57; 3. B I-B ( = JIA N I, 1898, 11, 2), 3.92.
to L = BMC 22-3 struck under Antoninus Pius; the reverse
(c) A E. 20m m , 5.83g (1). Axis: 12. of (e) is similar to B Rauch or L 1853-1-5-143 also struck
D IV O IV L IO ; bare head, 1.; above, star under Antoninus Pius; and the reverse of (f) is very close to
C I C B Fox struck under Elagabalus.
i. L = bm c 20, 5.83; 2. M u . This is an exceptional case of long-lived honours for
Caesar, who planned the foundation of Apamea (compare
Sinope 2142 with commentary).
33mm 2 3 -2 5 m m 2 0-22 mm 18-20 mm /5 mm
Augustus 2007 8-53g (3) 2OO8 5-72 g (13) 2009 2 .9 2 g ( 3 )
2oro 11.28g (1) 20I0a 6.6og (1) 2011 5-3°g (4)
Caligula 2012 1 2 .4 2 g (3) 2013 6-97 g (7) 2OI4 7.90g (2) 2015 3-66 g (9)
Nero 2016 8-65g (1)

2004 A E. 16 m m , 2.39 g (1)· Axis: 7. ( 1 ]

T r iu m v ir a l p e r io d
Rec 35
H ead o f H erm es, r.
2001 AE. i5 - i6 m m , 2.37g (4)· Axis: 6 or g or 12. [ 4 ]
C I C A D D; V ictory holding w reath an d p alm on globe,
Rec 32 1.
H ead o f H erm es, r. i . M u , 2.39.
C I G A; caduceus; D D in field
2005 AE. 15m m , 2.70g (1). Axis: 5. [ 1 ]
i . P 2 1 a ( —W a 226), 2.44; 2. L = BMC 18, 2.90; 3. B I-B , 2.58; 4 . N Y,
1.57; 5. M i. Rec 36
2002 AE. 15 m m , 2.25 g (4)· Axis: 6. [ 2 ] D olphin, r.
C I C A D D; V ictory holding w reath an d palm , 1.
Rec 33
i. B I-B ( = JIAN I, 1898, i i , 1), 2.70.
H ead o f H erm es, r.
C I C A ; cornucopia; D D in field 2006 A E. 16 m m , 4 .4 5 g (1). Axis: 6. [ 1 ]
i . P 2 1 3 , 2.41; 2. B 28305, 2.27; 3 . vA 6919, 2.48; 4 . L in d g ren 99A, 1.83. C I C A ; V ictory holding w reath an d palm , 1.; D D in
field
2003 AE. 15m m , 2.4gg (2). Axis: 6. [ 3 ]
C I C A ; caduceus; D D in field
Rec 34 i . B R a u c h , 4.45.
H ead o f H erm es, r.
C I C A ; three signa', D D in field
i . P 214, 2.52; 2. L = bm c 19, 2.46; 3. M u.
 B I T H Y N I A A N D P O N T U S : Apamea (2007-2016) 343

A u g u s tu s C a lig u la

C. Cassius C.f. Hvir, 27 BC 2012 AE. 3 3m m , 12.42g (3). Axis: 12. ( 4 ]

2007 Bronze. 24mm, 8.53g (3)· Axis: 12. [ 4 ] Rec 252, n. 2
Rec 80 corr. (Sinope), fita 255 (1) D IV A E D R V S IL L A E (retrograde) IV L IA E
A G R IP P IN A E ; busts of D rusilla, Iu lia a n d A grippina
DIV O S IV LIV S[ ] C C A S S IV S C -F T IV IR -C T C F C ·;
A G R IP P IN A -C -C A E S A R IS -A V G -G E R M A N IC I-
diademed head of Caesar, r.
M A T E R C I C; A grippina seated, 1., holding sceptre and
AVGVSTVS D IV F COS V II IM P[ JC RVF (?);
p atera; D D in field
laureate head of Augustus, r.
i . P 218, 13.35; L 1 8 4 6 -9 -1 0 -1 1 2 ; 3. V 15423, 10.92; 4. M u ; 5. M i
I. P7 6 2 (W a 197) ( —f it a , pi. V I I I , 15), 7.93; %. P 763, 9.31; 3. L G ( = B rera 783), 13.00; 6. S u p erio r G alleries, M u n o z P a rt 4, 7 -1 0 /V I/1 9 8 2 ,
1260, 8.36; 4 . B I-B ( = m g 231, no. 15: S inope), i, 2 a n d 3 from th e sam e 694 (ex T r a u 355).
obv. die. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 3.
C o u n te rm ark s: <#. on th e rev. o f 1 a n d 4 ( G I C 645); P H R on th e rev. o f
2 ( G I C 653).
2013 AE. 2 5 -6 m m , 6.97g (7). Axis: 12. [ 6 ]
Rec 39
2008 Bronze. 20mm, 5.72g (13). Axis: 12. [ 12 ] C C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S P O N M T R P O T ;
Rec 79 corr. (Sinope), fita 255 (2) lau reate head o f C aligula, 1.
IM P CAESAR D IV I F AVGVSTO COS V II; bare head G E R M A N IC V S C A ESA R D EC D EC C I C; b are head
of Augustus, r. of G erm anicus, L; A Q -P V L (?) in field
AGRIPPA COS III IM C D I F S C C R-C CASSIVS C- I . P, 6 .7 5 ; 2 . O ( = NC 1935, 194 = NC 1948, pi. V I , 5 ); 3 . L = BMC 21,
6.40; 4. C M cC le an 7444, 6.05; 5. C 2 1 4-1948 (G ra n t coll.), 6.89; 6. N Y,
F IIV IR C I C F C·; bare head of Agrippa, r.
7.85; 7. A u fh ä u s e r 5/1988, 242, 7.39.
i . L 1846-Q —1 0 - 1 4 6 (= fita, pi. V I I I , 16), 5.53; 2. L 1 8 3 9 -9 -1 9 -5 3 , 6.02;
3 - 4 . P 760-1 {= W a 198-9), 5.28, 6.09; 5. P 1066 (A frica), 5.56; 6 . B
2014 AE. 20-1 m m , 7.90 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ]
L ö b b , 5.80; 7. B I-B ( = mg 231, 16: S inope), 4.86; 8. B 28701, 5.63; 9 . P
d e R icci, 5.69; 10. M u , 6.25; 11. N Y , 6.27; 12. B e 4108, 4.52; 13. V enice Rec 252, n. 2
M u seo C o rrer; 14. O = am c i 179 (ex M M A G 41/1970, 349), 5.60;
15. N iggeler I I , 588 (ex G len d in in g 1948, S y d en h am coll., 456), 5.77. D R V SV S N E R O C A ESA RES D D (retrograde); heads of
Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2. N ero an d D rusus, face to face
C o u n te rm ark s: L itu u s, a p p lied on b o th sides o f 9, 10, 12, 13 ( G I C 418); A G R IP P IN A -D IV A -D R V S IL L A -IV L IA ; C alig u la’s three
P H R on th e rev. o f 2, 5, 9, 10, 15 ( G I C 653); / on th e rev. o f 3, 4 a n d 11
sisters standing facing; A grippina holds cornucopia in r.,
( G I C 714).
resting on colum n w ith 1. on shoulder o f D rusilla, w ho
2009 AE. 15mm, 2.Q2g (3). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] holds p a te ra in r. h a n d a n d cornucopia in L; J u lia holds
ru d d e r w ith r. an d cornucopia in 1.; in exergue, C T C -
Rec 78 (Sinope), fita 255 (3)
i . P 217, 7.90; 2. B L ö b b , 7.91.
AP PVLCHER PRO-COS; head of Appius Pulcher, r.
C CASSIVS C F T IV IR F C-AVG DI F S C C R·; wolf 2015 AE. i8 -2 o m m , 3 .6 6 g (g). Axis: 12. [ 8 ]
and twins ' A G R IP P IN A C A E SA R IS A V G M [A T E R ]; h ead of
i. P 474a (W a 196)3 2.83; 2. P V , 3.00; 3. Ita lia n p riv a te coll., 2.93. A grippina, r.
G E N IV M C I C; T yche holding ru d d e r a n d cornucopia,
1.
E n d o f f i r s t cen tu ry bc i . P 73 5 (C o rin th ), 3 .5 7 ; 2. P 1238 (P a tra s), 3 .1 0 ; 3 . V 1 3 543 (C o rin th ),
3 .1 7 ; 4. V 3 4 2 7 0 (C o rin th ), 3 .5 8 ; 5. V 3 4 8 3 9 (C o rin th ), 4 .6 7 ; 6. B I-B
( = z f N 1 3 /1 8 8 6 , 13 1, 10), 2 .9 8 ; 7. O E v a n s (C n o ssu s), 5 .0 7 ; 8. O ( = n c
2010 AE. 23mm, 11.28g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] 1935, 194, pi. X V I I , 7 ), 3 .3 2 ; 9 . R . P ostel coll., 3 .5 0 .
fita 256 (5) C o u n te rm ark : C a p ric o rn o n th e rev. o f 3,. 4, 5, 7 a n d 9 ( G I C 300).

AVGVSTVS IMP-C-I-C-; bare head of Augustus, r.

DIV O S IV L IO S C I C; bare head of Caesar, r.
i . B 9 3 7 /1 9 0 2 , 11.28.
N e ro

2OIOA AE. 22mm, 6.6og (1). Axis: 12. [ o ] c. a d 64

AVGVSTVS IM P C I C; bare head, r.
2016 AE. 2 3 -5 mm, 8.65g i *1)· Axis: 6. [ 2 ]
C-L-CAESARES AVG-F; heads of Caius and Lucius, r.
I. JSW, 6.60; a. BCD.
Rec 252, n. i
D V IO (sic) AVG; radiate head of Divus Augustus, 1.
2011 AE. 20 mm, 5.30 g (4 ). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 4 ] V IC T AVG C I C; Victory with shield, L; D D in field
amc 1180, fita 255-6 (4) !· L ! 9 7 5 - 4 - i i - 5 9 . 8.65; 2· M u .

M-AGRIPPA T R P O T C I C; bare head of Agrippa, r.

AGRIPPA-A V G N E PO ; head of Agrippa Postumus, r.
i . L 1852—2—22—1 0 4 ( = fita, pi. V I I I , 17), 6.06; 2. P E 289, 4.70;
3. 0 = amc 1180, 5.52; 4. N Y , 4.92.
j144 B I T H Y N I A A N D P O N T U S : Caesarea Germanica, Prusa, Cius (2017-2019)
Caesarea Germanica
The foundation and earliest coinage of Caesarea are
uncertain, in view of the possible, but unconfirmed,
existence of a coin for Augustus. This coin was previously in
the Stroganoff collection and was mentioned by Boutkowski
(.Dictionnaire Numismatique, p. 936, no. 1082 = GM, p. 599,
no. 115 = Rec, p. 281, n. 1) with the following description
(27 mm):
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ. Tête d ’Auguste, à dr.
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΕΝ ΒΕΙΘΥΝΙΑ. Caducée; dessous, Γ.
No such coin appears to be extant and, although its descrip­
tion does not inspire very much confidence, it was accepted
by Imhoof-Blumer, followed by Jones, Cities, p. 163, and
B. F. Harris, TJVÄJTII.7.2, p. 877.
There is a rare issue in the name of Germanicus. This
may have been minted in the reign of Tiberius, shortly after
the likely foundation of the city as Caesarea Germanica by
Germanicus (17-19, according to Jones, Cities, p. 163, who
follows Rec as taking this as a refoundation of an Augustan
city, accepting the Augustan coin above). The fabric (its
large size) of the coin might suggest a later date, since it
resembles Claudian coins of Nicaea or Nicomedia; on the
other hand, there are very few Bithynian coinages from the
Prusa
The coinage of Prusa has been listed in the relevant volume
of Rec. A single bronze issue had been made under the
proconsul Papirius Carbo (61-59); during the first century
there was only one issue, of two small denominations. These
were made late in Nero’s reign, as they have the ‘steps’
portrait, introduced in 63. One of them has a radiate
portrait of Nero; this, together with the use of the counter-
mark ΠΡ, is a reason for regarding Prusa as one of the
candidates to be the mint of some large Bithynian coins
without ethnic (Uncertain of Bithynia group V = 2103-4).
In addition, the form of the monogram (if it is an abbre­
viated ethnic) on Uncertain of Bithynia groups 2101 (cf.
2102-4?) allows the possibility that Prusa may have produ­
ced coinage under Claudius (at the end of his reign, with
Agrippina II).
Cius
Cius (or Prusias ad Mare) had produced a small quantity of
coinage in the Hellenistic period, catalogued in the relevant
part of Rec. In the mid- or late first century b c , it produced
coins in the name of ‘Queen Orsobaris Musa’ and of
‘Orodaltis, daughter of king Lycomedes’, respectively the
daughter of Mithradates VI and of the Lycomedes who was
installed by Caesar as ruler of Pontic Comana (see Th.
Reinach, RN, 1887, pp. 354ÎF.). The most likely period is
perhaps under Antony, who seems to have followed a policy
of establishing local dynasts in this part of the world.
In the imperial period, a single emission was made, in the
reigns of Tiberius and Caligula, while Nicomedia minted
coins for Germanicus which were probably contemporary
with his visit, though they, too, resemble Claudian issues.
On balance, then, the Caesarean coins are probably con­
temporary with Germanicus. See also addenda, 2017.
The entry in the vA Index under Caesarea for Agrippina I
with Drusilla, Livilla and Agrippina II is a mistake for
Apamea (Mu has no coins at all of Caesarea from this
period).
G e rm a n ic u s - a b o u t 20 ? *29
2017 AE. 27 m m , 11.15 g (3)· Axis: 12 or 6 . [ 2 ]
Rec i corr.
ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΤΣΑΡ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ; b are head, r.
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΗΑ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΗ; view of city gate; in exergue,
m onogram 3 9 ^
I. N Y (rev. illu stra te d b y M . P rice a n d B. T re ll, Greek Coins and Their
Cities (1977), 226, fig. 513, w h ere th e coin is d a te d to a d 40), 14.52; 2. P
299 ( = R e c , pi. X L I V .i) , 9.73; 3. Lew is sng 1293, 9.20. S am e obv. die on
i a n d 2. i a n d 2 h ave th e sam e m o n o g ra m ; th a t on 3 is slightly different:
th e to p o f th e second le tte r is ju s t Y, r a th e r th a n ΫΡ.
N e r o , a fte r 62 *i.
2018 AE. 21 m m , 5.81 g (4). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ]
Rec 6
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣ AP ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; rad iate head, r.
ΠΡΟΥΣΑΕΩΝ; in w reath
i . G 2, 6.05; 2. M i ( = R ec, pi. X C IX .6 ); 3. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 123,
5.84; 4. M u i, 4.54; 5. L in d g ren 184, 6.82; 6. T (see R ec); 7. Be (R ).
S am e obv. dies: 1-3; 4—5, 7.
C o u n te rm ark : Π Ρ[ ] ( G I C 556: 7).
2019 AE. 20 m m , 4.08 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ]
Rec 5
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣ AP ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.
ΠΡΟΥΣΑΕΩΝ; eagle facing, on b ran ch (?)
1. P 1 4 6 4 ( = W a 498 = R ec, pi. X C I X .5 ) , 3.99; 2. B 7927, 3.58 (holed);
3 · J sw . 4-68.
reign of Claudius. This consisted of four different denomi­
nations, each using different types referring to Heracles, the
legendary founder of Cius:
2022 33 mm, 23 g
2023 29m m, 14g
2024 22 mm, 7 g
2025 21 mm, 4.5g
For the likely Roman equivalents of these denominations,
see the introduction to Bithynia-Pontus.

M i d ! l a t e fi r s t cen tu ry B C ?_____________________________
Orsobaris
2020 AE. 22 m m , 8.43g ( 0 · Axis: 11 (1).
Rec 26, RN 1887, 354
ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΟΡΣΟΒΑΡΙΟΣ ΜΟΥΣΗΣ; diadem ed head of
O rsobaris M usa, 1.
ΠΡΟΥΣΙΕΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΠΡΟΣ ΘΑΛΑΣΣΗ!; head of H eracles, 1.
1. P 4 6 6 ( = Rec, pi. L .7 = R ein ach , Rois de Cappadoce, pi. III.2 9 ), 8.43;
2. Ι -B ( — rn 1887, pi. V I I I . 7); 3—4 . T (see Rec, rn 1887, 355).
Orodaltis
2021 AE. 20m m , 5.60g (1). Axis: 12 (1).
Rec 27, rn 1887, 355 a n d 368
ΩΡΟΔΑΛΤΙΔΟΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΛΥΚΟΜΗΔΟΥΣ ΘΥΓΑΤΡΟΣ;
diadem ed bu st of O rodaltis, r.
ΠΡΟΥΣΙΕΩΝ ΠΡΟΣ ΘΑΛΑΣΣΗ; w inged th u n d erb o lt in
w reath
t. P 4 6 7 ( = r n 1887, pi. V I I I . 8 = R ec, pi. L .8), 5.60; 2. L e n in g rad
( = R ec, pi. L .9).
C la u d iu s
2022 AE. 33 m m , 23.26 g (2). Axis: 1.
Rec 31
The coinage of Nicaea has been catalogued in the relevant
volume of Rec. There was very little coinage before the
imperial period, though issues of bronze were made with
the names of the proconsuls Papirius Garbo and Vibius
Pansa, dated by an era starting with the death of
Lysimachus (year 1=282/1 b c ) . Although their coinage
really lies outside the scope of this catalogue in view of their
date, it has been decided, nevertheless, to include the
coinage of Pansa with a portrait of Caesar.
P ro b le m s o f a t tr ib u tio n
The only coins included in Rec and omitted are:
Rec 16 (AugustusP/dolphin and trident): a coin in T
(‘attribution un peu douteuse’) Possibly a coin of Mylasa
(as 2787);
Rec 34: really a coin of Nicomedia (2074);
Rec, p. 399 n. (young head/three standards) is a coin of
Severus Alexander (NZ, 1921, p. 136).
One of the coins of L. Mindius Pollio given by Rec to the
Commune Bithyniae (no. 5) differs from the others, which
have been given in this catalogue to Nicomedia. As noted in
the introduction to Nicomedia, this coin has some features
in common with coins of Nicaea, and the coin is very ten­
tatively attributed here (2031).
Other possible Nicaean coins are described under
Uncertain of Bithynia. In addition, the coins of Nero
B I T H Y N I A A N D P O N T U S : Cius, Nicaea (2020-2025) 343
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ; b are head, r.
ΗΡΑΚΛΗΣ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ ΚΙΑΝΩΝ; H eracles standing, 1., w ith
club and lion skin
i . P 471 ( = W a 296 = R ec, pi. L .1 3 ), 22.24; 2. B (R au c h ), 24.27. S am e
[ 2 ] dies.
2023 Brass. 29 mm , 13.80 g (2). Axis: 6. [ 2 ]
Rec 32
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ; b are head, r.
ΗΡΑΚΛΗΣ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ ΚΙΑΝΩΝ; lion skin d ra p e d over club
i . P 472 ( = R e c , pi. L .14), 14.38; 2. L 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 2 8 8 (= v A 7006), 13.22.
Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 2.
2024 AE. 2 2m m , 6.97g (3)· Axis: 12 (1). [ 4 ]
[ 1 ] Rec 33
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ; b are head, r.
ΗΡΑΚΛΗΣ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ ΚΙΑΝΩΝ; q uiver a n d arrow s in case
i . P 473 ( = Rec, pi. L .15), 6.60; 2. C o p 388; 3. N Y ; 4. B (L ö b b ), 7.32;
5. vA 509, 6.98.
2025 Brass. 21 m m , 4.24 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ]
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ; b are head, r.
ΗΡΑΚΛΗΣ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ ΚΙΑΝΩΝ; club
i . L 1975-4-11-63, 4.68; 2. M u 9b (20776); 3. I-B ( km 502, 1: n o t in
B ). Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 1.
[ 2 ]
Nicaea
depicting Poppaea and Messalina, discussed by C. J. How-
gego, SM 140 (1985), pp. 88-92, have been disassociated
from the other issues described there and attributed to
Nicaea, since they both have the ligatured legend
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ, otherwise known only at Nicaea
(2052, 2054-5) and since they both have the countermark
GALBA. This countermark (GIC 591) can now reasonably
be attributed to Nicaea, since it is now known to occur on
three dehnitely Nicaean coins (2050/4, 2052/4 and 2057/4).
Another example of the countermark has been published on
a Neronian coin found in Bulgaria (D. Vladimirova-Alad-
jova, Numismatika 2/86, pp. 36-8), but the coin is unidentifi­
able from the illustration; one can just about read
NEP[ ] ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ [, which together with the diameter
(29 mm) suggests a Bithynian issue.
D e s ig n s
The designs used on the Augustan coinage minted under
the proconsul Thorius Flaccus refer to the emperor, Nicaea
(Dionysus, the founder of Nicaea, and his elephant) and the
proconsul - his Lanuvine origins (Hera: see also
Nicomedia) and, most interestingly his portrait (2028-9).
The contrast with the portrait of Augustus leaves no doubt
that it is supposed to be the portrait of the proconsul. A
similar personal design (though not the portrait) appears
on Flaccus’s coins from Nicomedia (2063). It has recently
been suggested by W. Weiser (RSN, 1989, pp. 48-54) that
the obverses of 2028-9 depict Caesar rather than the pro­ ΝΙΚΑΙΕΩΝ; bare head of T h o riu s Flaccus, r.
consul. But the portrait seems different from that on 2026, ΕΠΙ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ ΘΩΡΙΟΥ ΦΛΑΚΚΟΥ; curule chair; two
and Weiser’s other arguments do not seem conclusive. m onogram s (and letter?)
Moreover, the identification as Flaccus fits a neat pattern of M o n o g ram s ΡΨ a n d 1 A 1. M u 9 8 2 0 2 (2 a ), 11.09; 2 · Y 15553 ( = R ec 21, fita
384, no. 2); 3 . S tern b e rg X I (1981) lo t 248, 9.11. T h e m o n o g ram s a re the
paired obverse and reverse types. sam e as o n 2 0 2 7 /1 . N o le tte rs a re visible in th e f ie ld ..
The coins of Cadius Rufus illustrate a building seen from
several different viewpoints, though its identity is not clear. 2029 AE. 2 0 m m , 5.92g (2). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
The remainder of the designs used on Claudian coins are Rec 19-20
uninformative inscriptions and monograms, except for the ΝΙΚΑΙΕΩΝ; b are head o f T h o riu s Flaccus, r.
coin which proclaims Nicaea as ΠΡΩΤΗ ΠΟΛΙΡ THC ΕΠΙ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ ΘΩΡΙΟΥ ΦΛΑΚΚΟΥ, ΗΡΑ; head of
enAPXSIAC. The same claim appears on coins down to the H era, r.; two m onogram s a n d letter
reign of Domitian (see Rec). A similar claim has been read M o n o g ram s pp a n d A 1 u n c e rta in letter: 1. P 7 8 3 ( = W a 387 = R ec, pi.
L X V .1 7 ), 6.09; M o n o g ram s A a n d ^ le tte r Ç. 2 . C o p 468, 5.74; 3 . V
on Claudian coins of rival Nicomedia (Rec 16 = 2079), but r 5 5 5 2 ( —R ec, pi. L X V .i8 = fita, pi. X I I . 9); U n c e rta in m o n o g ram s an d
the reading is not secure. Nicomedia, however, used the letter: 4 . V ie n n a U n iv . (fita 385 a n d pi. X I I . 9); 5 . P V (ex S pink G alerie
title Μητρόπολις on its coins (unlike Nicaea) and claimed des M o n n aies, F eb. 1977, no. 231), 5.88. 2 is d escrib ed as h av in g a n ear o f
co rn b eh in d F lac cu s’s h ea d ; th is m ay be a die flaw. T h e ty p e (H e ra =
in Flavian times to be ή Μητρόπολις και πρώτη Βειθυνίας J u n o L a n u v ia) refers to th e L a n u v ia n o rigin o f th e T h o rii.
καί Πόν(του) (see Rec).
2030 Brass. 2 0 m m , 5 .3 6 g (3). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
Under Nero, some coins refer once more to Dionysus. An
altar of Dionysus appears on coins struck early in the reign Rec 17-18
(the altar is enigmatically inscribed with a K), while ΝΙΚΑΙΕΩΝ; head of D ionysus w earing ivy w reath, r.
another altar also appears, with the inscription ΔΙΟΣ ΕΠΙ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ ΘΩΡΙΟΥ ΦΛΑΚΚΟΥ; head of elephant,
ΛΙΤΑΙΟΥ (for Zeus Litaios, see PW X III. 1, col. 738). One r.; one o r two m onogram s an d one or two letters
interesting type combines the idea of the city (the cista and M o n o g ram A a n d < a n d B: i . P 7 8 2 ( = W a 386 = R ec, pi. L X V .1 5 ), 5.77;
2. C ologne U n iv . (W . W eiser, K ata lo g der Bithynischen M ü n ze n der Sam m lung
thyrsus of Dionysus) with that of prosperity (cornucopia des I n s titu ts ß ir Alterthum skunde der Universität z u K öln. B a n d I : N ik a ia , no. 6,
and wreath) under imperial rule (capricorn on globe). The illu s tra te d ), 6.32; M o n o g ram , Ç a n d B?: 3. L 1 9 2 0 - 5 —16—4 8 , 4.00; 4 . T B
B (n o t in B = R ec, pi. L X V .1 6 ); M o n o g ram A a n d $ 4?, le tte r B: 5. NY;
significance of the trophy on coins struck under Tarquitius M o n o g ram A a n d FP?, le tte r S: 6 . N Y; U n certa in : 7. P V , 2.21. Q u alitativ e
Priscus, as a possible reference to the Armenia campaign, m e tal an aly sis on: 3. T h e types o f D io n y su s a n d th e e le p h a n t refer to the
has been discussed in the introduction to Bithynia and le g en d ary fo u n d atio n o f N icaea by D ionysus.

Pontus.

C la u d iu s

C . V ib iu s P a n s a procos, 4 ./Ί 4 6 b c L . M in d iu s P o llio , c . 4 2 (se e p . 3 3 7 )

( a t t r i b u t i o n to N i c a e a v e r y t e n t a t i v e )
2026 Brass. 25 mm .
2031 AE. 27 mm . [ o ]
Rec 11. Y ear 236 = 4 7 -4 6 bc
Rec C om m une B ithyniae 5
ΝΙΚΑΙΕΩΝ; bare head o f C aesar, r.
ΕΠΙ ΓΑΙΟΥ OYIBIOY ΠΑΝΣΑ; <ΛΣ; Nike advancing, r., ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒ APX ΜΕΓ Δ[; bare head
w ith p alm and w reath; below, two m onogram s Λ ΜΙΝΔΙΟΣ ΠΟΛΛΙΩΝ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΣ ΠΑΤΡΩΝ; ‘figure
i . L = B M C 8; 2—5 . P 777-80 (inc. Rec, pi. L X V .i o - i i ) ; 6. O ; 7—10. B in certaine m arch an t à dr. en d éto u rn a n t la tête’
(P rokesch, I-B , L ö b b , L ö b b ); i i . M u 5, 7.99; 12. N Y ; 13—16. See R ec; i . F (see R ec).
17. L = BMC 9; 18. P V , 7.67. T h is is n o t a com plete listing. Q u alitativ e
m etal analysis on: 17.

C . C a d iu s R u fu s p ro c o s, C .4 J - 8 (se e p . 3 3 7 )

2032 Brass. 3 3m m , 22.43g (3)· Axis: 12. [ 2 ]

A u g u s tu s , T h o r iu s F la c c u s p r o c o s , c . 2 5 bc (see ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ;
lau reate head, 1.
Ρ· 3 3 7 ) ________________ Γ ΚΑΔΙΟΣ PO ΥΦΟΣ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΣ, ΝΕΙΚΑΙΕΩΝ; front
view o f building, w ith side walls show ing
2027 AE. 26m m , 12.06g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ] i . L 1 9 7 9 —6 - i u - i i ( = L a n z 16, 1979, lo t 334), 24.59; 2 * C o lo g n e U n iv .
Rec 13-15 (W . W eiser, K atalog der Bithynischen M ü n zen der Sam m lung des Instituts ß i r
Alterthum skunde der U niversität z u K öln. B a n d I : N ik a ia , no. 7 = H irsch 92, lot
ΝΙΚΑΙΕΩΝ; bare head, 1. 269), 21.98; 3 . M u 8 b , 20.70. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i. T h e
ΕΠΙ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ ΘΩΡΙΟΥ ΦΛΑΚΚΟΥ; Nike advancing, in scrip tio n is in th e m id d le o f th e b u ild in g o n 1, b u t below it o n 2 a n d 3.
r., w ith palm and w reath; two m onogram s an d letters
2033 AE. 33 m m . [ i ]
M o n o g ram s A a n d PP; u n c e rta in letter: i . O , 12.08; M o nogram s ? a n d W ;
u n ce rtain letter: 2. P 781 ( = R ec, pi. L X V .1 4 ), 13.89; M o n o g ram s A an d Rec 33
AT, u n c e rta in letter: 3. M oscow (= R e c , pi. L X V .1 3 ); M o n o g ram s ? a n d £ P ;
Μ ΕΣΣΑΛΕΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ Ν ΕΑ ΗΡΑ; b ust o f M essalina, r.
u n ce rtain letter: 4 . P 1 9 7 2 /1 1 9 7 , 10.20. A ll from different dies.
Γ ΚΑΔΙΟΣ PO ΥΦΟΣ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΣ, ΝΕΙΚΑΙΕΩΝ; front
view o f building, w ith side walls show ing
2028 AE. 25m m , i o .i o g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
i . P 7 9 5 ( = W a 391 = R ec, pi. L X V I.9 ; rev. = M . P rice a n d B. T re ll,
Rec 21 corr. Greek Coins and Their Cities, 100, fig. 183). ΝΕΙΚΑΙΕΩΝ is below building.
 B I T H Y N I A A N D P O N T U S : Nicaea (2034-2049) 347

2034 A E. 32 m m , 21.09g ( i). [ o ] L. Mindius Balbus procos, c. 48-3 (p. 338)

As 2033, b u t b u st o f M essalina, 1.
2043 Brass. 35 m m , 20.55 g ( 3 )· Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
i . W a d d e ll 9 .1 2 .1 9 8 2 , l o t 9 6 , 21.09. ΝΕΙΚΑΙΕΩΝ is a t to p o f buildin g .
Rec 23 = Rec N icom edia 15 corr.
2035 Brass. 29m m , 15.43g ( 9 · Axis: 12. [ *1 ]
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ;
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ; lau reate head, ί.
laureate head, L; tw o ears o f corn before Λ ΜΙΝΔΙΟΣ ΒΑΛΒΟΣ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΣ a n d NEIKAIA ; in
Γ ΚΑΔΙΟΣ ΡΟΥΦΟΣ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΣ, ΝΕΙΚΑΙΕΩΝ; front w reath
view of building i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —1 - 1 3 3 0 ( = v A 7 o i i ) , 18.73; 2. P 785 ( —W a 388 = R ec, pi.
i. L = bmc 13 (rev. = M . P rice a n d B. T re ll, G r e e k C o in s a n d T h e i r C itie s , L X V .2 0 ), 22.25; 3. B (L ö b b = R ec, pi. L X X X I X .2 ) , 18.73; 4 * L eu 4 2
100, fig. 182), Γ5·43· ΝΕΙΚΑΙΕΩΝ is in th e m id d le o f building. Q u a lita tiv e (1987) lo t 274, 23.45. S am e dies: 2 a n d 3. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: j.
m etal analysis on: i.
2044 Brass. 27 m m , 11.36 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ]
2036 AE. 28m m , 11.0 8 g (2). Axis: 6. [ 2 ]
Rec 22 (laureate)
Rec 28
As 2043
As 2035, but ΝΕΙΚΑ(Ι)ΕΩΝ an d side view o f building
i . L = BMC 10, 1 1.86; 2· P 784 ( = R ec, pi. L X V .1 9 ), 11.64; 3. B (I-B ),
w ith (garlanded) u p p e r storey 10.57; 4 · H ech t. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.
G a rla n d s a n d ΝΕΙΚΑΙΕΩΝ: i . B 67/1902 ( — Rec, pi. L X V I.4 ; rev. = M .
P rice a n d B. T re ll, G r e e k C o in s a n d T h e i r C i t i e s , 100, fig. 180), 10.33; n0 2045 A E. 23m m , 6 .4 9 g ( 7 )· Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 6 ]
g a rla n d s a n d ΝΕΙΚΑΕΩΝ: 2. vA 7012, 11.82; 3. N Y . S am e obv. die: 2 a n d
Rec 22 (bare)
3-
As 3043, b u t bare head
2037 AE. 27m m , 17.20g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
i . P 7 8 4 a, 7.55; 2. B (B -I), 6.42; 3 . C o p 469, 4.46; 4 . vA 737 co rr., 7.42;
Rec 27 5 . V 31944, 6.85; 6—7. M u 7-8, 5.35, 7.42. S am e obv. die: 1 a n d 2.

As 2036, b u t different view o f building 2046 A E. 2 0 m m , 3 .5 4 g (6). Axis: 6 or 12. [ 5 ]

i . P 792 ( —Rec, p i. L X V I.3 ), 17.20. ΝΕΙΚΑΙΕΩΝ is below b uilding.
2038 A E. 29m m , 16.04g (1). Axis: 12.
Rec 31-2
ΜΕΣΣΑΛΕΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΝΕΑ ΗΡΑ; b u st o f M essalina, r.;
two ears o f corn before
Γ ΚΑΔΙΟΣ ΡΟΥΦΟΣ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΣ, ΝΕΙΚΑ(Ι)ΕΩΝ; view of
building as on 2037
N o g arlan d s: i . P ( —R ec, pi. L X V I.7 ); 2. L = bmc 14 (—R ec, pi.
L X V I.8 — M . P rice a n d B. T re ll, G r e e k C o in s a n d T h e i r C it i e s , 100, fig. 12 1),
16.04; 3 * B 392/1925 (ΝΕΙΚΑΕΩΝ); g arlan d s: 4 . P row e (E gger 1904) lot
1194. ΝΕΙΚΑΙΕΩΝ is below b u ild in g on 1, b u t in th e m id d le on 2 a n d 4.
2039 AE. 26m m , 9.58g (1). Axis: 12 (1).
[ΒΡΙΤΑΝΝ]ΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟ [Y ΥΙΟΣ]; b are head
of B ritannicus, 1.
Γ ΚΑΔΙΟΣ ΡΟΥΦΟΣ Α ΝΘ[ΥΠΑΤΟΣ], Ν[ΕΙΚΑΙΕΩΝ]; side
view of building
i. C SN G 4 1 1 0 (L eake), 9.58.
2040 A E. 21 m m , 7.00g (3). Axis: 12.
Rec 29
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ;
lau reate head, L; lituus before
Γ ΚΑΔΙΟΣ ΡΟΥΦΟΣ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΣ an d ΝΕΙΚΑΙA ; w ithin
w reath
i . C op 470 (= R e c , pi. L X V I.5 ), 6.82; 2. B (I-B ) ( =
27), 7.14; 3. O , 7.05. S am e obv. die: 1 a n d 2.
2041 AE. 23 mm .
Rec 24
[ 3 ] ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ; bare
head, 1.
Λ ΜΙΝΔΙΟΣ ΒΑΛΒΟΣ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΣ aro u n d NEIKAIA
i . P 7 8 6 ( = R e c , pi. L X V .2 1 ); 2. B 877/1892, 4.30; 3. G 5, 4.13;
4 . M ü n z h a n d lu n g R itte r 22 (1985) lo t 264, 4.24; 5. M u 8, 3.20; 6 . C
204/1948 (G ra n t), 4.70; 7. M i (L affran ch i 1047); 8. M ü lle r 53 (1986),
5.28.
Pasidienus Firmus procos, c. 30 (see p. 338)
2047 Brass. 28 m m , 11.34g (7)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 10 ]
[ 1 ]
Rec 25
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ; b are head, 1.
Π ΑΣΙΔΙΗΝΟΣ ΦΙΡΜΟΣ Π ΑΤΡΩΝ ΠΟ aro u n d ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΣ
an d m onogram o f NEIK
i . N Y , 10.80; 2—3. P 787 ( — W a 389 — R ec, pi. L X V I .i) , 788 .(= W a
7087), 11.37. 10.47; 4 · E = b m c ii, i i .00; 5—6. B (L ö b b , Fox), 12.37,
[ 3 ] π . 83; 7. G 4; 8 . C L eake, 11.47; 9 · V 15556; 10. M u 98203, 11.42. S am e
obv. dies: 2, 3; 1, 9. Q u alitativ e m e tal an aly sis on: 4.
2048 Brass. 2 0m m , 4 .6 0 g (3). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
Rec 26
As 8047, b u t head, r.
i . L = BMC 12, 4.45; 2. P (= W a 390 = R ec, pi. L X V I.2 ); 3 . V 15555;
jia n I, 1898, 25, no. 4 . M u 8a, 4.95; 5. C ologne U n iv . (W . W eiser, K a ta lo g der Bithynischen
M ü n zen der Sam m lung des In stitu ts f ü r Alterthum skunde der U niversität z u Köln.
B a n d I : N ik a ia , no. 8), 4.41; 6 . M a b b o tt 1121A (n o t illu strated ); 7. N
[ o ] S11271. Q u alitativ e m e tal an alysis on: i.

Rec 35
ΒΡΙΤΑΝΝΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ ΥΙΟΣ; d rap ed b u st of N e ro
B ritannicus, r.
Γ ΚΑΔΙΟΣ ΡΟΥΦΟΣ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΣ a n d ΝΕΙΚΑΙ A ; w ithin c. 54
w reath
i . A ( = R ec, pi. L X V I.1 1 ). 2049 AE. 19m m , 3 .7 4 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ]
Rec 44 an d 44bis
2042 AE. 2 0 m m , 4.55g (1). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ]
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤ; bare head, r.
Rec 30
ΔΙΟΝΥΣΟΥ ΚΤΙΣΤΟΥ ΝΕΙΚΑΙ ΑΣ; g arlan d ed a ltar
ΠΡΩΤΗ nO A IC THC ΕΠ Α ΡΧ είΑ Γ; head of T yche, r. inscribed K
Γ KAAIOC ΡΟΥΦΟΟ Α ΝΘΥΠΑΤΟC aro u n d NEIKAIA i . N Y , 3.69; 2, P s.η., 3.63; 3· Β (L öbb: rev, = R ec, pi. L X V I.1 9 ); 4. M i
i . O , 4.55; 2. P ( = Rec, pi. L X V I.6 ); 3. M u 4. (L affran ch i 1292 = R ec, pl. L X V I I .i) ; 5. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lot 98, 3.90;
348 B I T H Y N I A A N D P O N T U S : Nicaea (2050-2060)

6. M M A G 453 (1983) lo t 38, 3.90. S am e dies: 1, 4, 5. T h e coin is 2055 AE. 2 2m m , 4 .0 8 g (i). Axis: 6. [ 2 ]
u n d a te d , b u t stylistically very like th e coins o f A ttiu s L aco. T h e yo u th fu l
p o rtra it s u p p o rts a d a te very ea rly in th e reign. E. T. Seltm an, nc 1928, 101
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν ΚΛ Α ΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟ(Σ); bare head, r.
ΕΠΙ ΙΟΥΝΙΟΥ ΧΙΛΩΝΟΣ ΕΠΙΤΡΟΠΟΥ, NE IK; a lta r
Attius Laco procos, 0.54-5 (see p. 338) inscribed ΔΙΟΣ ΛΙΤΑΙΟΥ
2050 AE. 35m m , 25.47g (3)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ] i . N Y , 4.08; 2. M u 70145; 3. M allo y X X V I I (1989) lo t 81. S am e rev.
die, different obv. dies. T h e obv. die o f 1 is th e sam e as 2 0 5 3 /2 -3 (A ttius
Rec 37 L aco ); th a t o f 2 is the sam e as 2 0 5 3 /4 (A ttius L aco).

Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Γ Ε Ρ Μ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ ;
lau reate head, r.
ΕΠΙ ATTIOY ΛΑΚΩΝΟΣ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ, ΝΕΙΚΑΙΕΩΝ; cista
bearing capricorn on globe, cornucopia with wreath and
thyrsus
i . P 797 ( = W a 392 = R ec, p i. L X V I.1 4 ), 28.58; 2. P 799, 23.83 (holed);
3. Mu 9a, 24.01; 4. P ro w e (R ein ach ’s a n n o ta te d copy o f R ec). A ll
different dies.
C o u n te rm ark : G A L B A ( G I C 591: 4).
2051 Brass. 35 m m , 18.93g ( 0 · Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ;
laureate head, r.
[Ε Π Ι Α Ί Τ ΙΟ Υ Λ Α Κ Ω Ν Ο Σ Α Ν Θ Υ Π Α Τ Ο Υ ], Ν Ε ΙΚ Α [ΙΕ Ω Ν ];
D ionysus standing, 1., w ith can th aru s a n d thyrsus
i . L 1928-12-12-3, 18 .93. A lthough th e nam e o f the proconsul ca n n o t be
read , ow ing to th e p o o r s ta te o f th e coin, it seem s reaso n ab ly likely th a t it
is a coin o f A ttiu s L aco, since it has th e sam e rev. type as th e sm aller
d en o m in atio n (2052) a n d since th e obv. is so close to 2050 (th o u g h o f a
d ifferent die). T h e rev. in scrip tio n has been scrap ed off as on 2057/2 (cf.
2056). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
2052 Brass. 27m m , 13.27g (2). Axis: 12.
Rec 36
Ν Ε Ρ Ω Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Λ ΓΡΙΠΓΠΝ Λ Σ Ε Β Α Σ (TH);
laureate head of N ero an d d rap ed b ust o f A grippina II,
ju gate, 1.
ΕΠΙ ATTIOY ΛΑΚΩΝΟΣ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ, NEIKA; Dionysus,
standing on an elephant’s head, holding cantharus and
thyrsus
i. L ^ bm c 16, 12.64; 2. P ( = R ec, pi. L X V I.1 2 ); 3. B (I)B ), 13.90;
4. C a st in L. A ll different dies; th e obv. die o f 2 is p e rh a p s th e sam e as
2054/1 (Iu n iu s C hilo). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
C o u n te rm ark : G A L B A ( G I C 591: 4).
2053 Brass. 22 m m , 4.45 g (4). Axis: 12 or 6.
Rec 38
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤ(0)(Σ)[ bare head, r.
ΕΠΙ ATTIOY ΛΑΚΩΝΟΣ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ, NE IK; altar
inscribed ΔΙΟΣ ΛΙΤΑΙΟΥ
ΣΕΒΑΣΤ: i . L 1 9 7 1 -7 -2 -2 , 4.21; ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟ: 2. NY, 4.03; 3. B (L öbb);
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ: 4. P 798 ( = W a 393 = Rec, pi. L X V I.1 3 ), 5.16; 5—6. B (I-B ,
I-B ); 7. L in d g ren A 129A , 4.01. T h e NE o f ΝΕΡΩΝ is lig atu re d on 2, 3, 5,
6 a n d 7. S am e obv. die: 2 a n d 3. T h e obv. die o f 2 a n d 3 is th e sam e as
2055/1 (Iu n iu s C hilo); th e obv. d ie o f 4 is th e sam e as 2055/2 (Iu n iu s
C hilo). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
Iunius Chilo epitropos (= procurator), AD 34.-3 (see p.
338 )
2054 AE. 2 9 m m , 11.6 0 g (2). Axis: 6 (i). [ i ]
[ΝΕΡ]ΩΝΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤ;
laureate head of C laudius an d d rap ed b ust o f A grippina
II, ju g ate, 1.
ΕΠΙ ΙΟΥΝΙΟΥ ΧΙΛΩΝΟΣ ΕΠΙΤΡΟΠΟΥ, NËIK; Dionysus,
standing on elephant’s head, with cantharus and thyrsus
i . C SNG 4 1 1 1 (H asluck: aja 1944, 176-7), 11.74; 2. W e n d t X X I (1978)
lot 454b, 11.46. D ifferent dies. T h e obv. die o f 1 is p erh ap s th e sam e as
2 0 5 2 /2 (A ttius L aco).
M. Tarquitius Priscus procos, 0.36-3 (see p. 338)
2056 A E. 35 m m , 23.49g i 1)· Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
Rec 40
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ;
lau reate head, r.
jPKYITIOY Π ΡΕΙ[ ; cista inscribed ΝΕΙΚΑΙΕΩ bearing
capricorn on globe, cornucopia w ith w reath an d thyrsus
I. P 800 — R ec, pi. L X V I.1 5 ), 23.49. R ev erse legend p a rtly scrap ed off
(cf. 2051, 2057/2).
2057 Brass. 2 9m m , 14.52g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
Rec 39
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ;
lau reate head, 1.
Ε Μ ΤΑΡΚΥΙΤΙΟΥ ΠΡΕΙΣΚΟΥ ΠΑΤΡΩΝΟΣ ΑΝΘ(Υ); cista
inscribed ΝΕΙΚΑΙΕ b earing capricorn w ith globe,
cornucopia w ith w reath an d thyrsus
[ 3 ] ΑΝΘ: i . L 1897—1—4—30 (B u n b u ry ), 12.64; 2. B (L o b b ); ΑΝΘΥ: 3. JS W ,
16.39; 4 · E d . D u e5 (R ein ach ’s a n n o ta te d copy o f R ec). S am e obv. die: 1,
3. R everse in scrip tio n scrap ed off 2, as o n 2 0 5 1 /1 (c f 2 0 5 6 ).
C o u n te rm ark : G A L B A ( G I C 591: 4).
2058 Brass. 23 m m , 4.68 g (5). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 6 ]
Rec 41-2
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, 1.;
before, lituus
Μ ΤΑΡΚΥΙΤΙΟΣ ΠΡΕΙΣΚΟΣ ΠΑΤΡΩΝ; trophy above ΝΕΙΚ
i . L = bm c 15, 3 ·9 ° ; a. L 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -1 0 7 , 4 60; 3-4· B (I-B = R ec, pl.
L X V I .16, 721/1877); 5. M u 9, 4.70; 6. P 801, 5.15; 7. M i ( = R ec, pl.
L X V I.1 7 ); 8. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 97, 5.07. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analyses
on: i a n d 2.
[ 6 ]
2059 AE. 20 m m , 3.40 g (1). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ]
Rec 43
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r.
Μ ΤΑΡΚΥΙΤΙΟΥ ΠΡΕΙΣ[ΚΟΥ] ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟ, ΝΕΙΚ; altar
inscribed ΠΑΤΡΩΝΟΣ
i . Ρ 8θ2 ( —R ec, pl. L X V I .18), 3.4°; 2* Β (Ι-Β ) ; 3. V ΐ 5 5 5 7 · A ll from
sam e obv. die.
Nero with Poppaea and then Messalina, c. 62-6
(for attribution of 2060-1 to Nicaea, see introduction)
2060 AE. 27 m m , 9 .2 8 g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
C. Howgego, SM 140 (1985), 90, no. 3
[NEP] Ω ΝΚΛΑ Y ΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ TE [ ] ; radiate
head, r.
Π ΟΠ ΠΑ ΙΑ ΣΕ[ΒΑ]ΣΤΗ; P o p p aea as Securitas seated (a) r.
or (b) 1.
(a) P o p p aea , r.: i . B 868/1901 (cf. M . G ra n t, nc 1949, 113, n. 16,
u n illu strated ; th e second coin in B m e n tio n e d b y G ra n t is a specim en o f
th e n e x t coin, w ith M essa lin a ), 9.28; (b) P o p p aea , L: 2. C a s t in
W in te rth u r (sm 140 (1985), 89, fig. 3a).
C o u n te rm ark : G A L B A on obv. ( G I C 591: 1).

2061 AE. 27m m , i i . i o g (4). Axis: 12.
C. Howgego, SM 140 (1985), 90, no. 4 corr.
ΝΕΡΩΝΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ Κ ΑΙΣΑΡΣΕΒΑΣΤΟ Σ ΓΕ; rad iate head,
r.
ΜΕΣΣΑΛΕΙΝΑ ΓΥΝΕ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; Statilia M essalina as
Securitas seated, r.
i . V 2 7 3 2 2 (U n c e rta in = SM 140 (1985), 89, fig. 4 b ), 12.39; 2* P 1965/724
(from B eiru t = H . Seyrig, r n 1964, 54, fig. 9 = sm 140 (1985), 89, fig. 4a),
The coinage of Nicomedia has been catalogued by the
relevant volume of Rec.
P ro b le m s o f a ttr ib u tio n
The coins which were minted in the reign of Claudius under
the proconsul L. Mindius Balbus have no ethnic and so
were attributed by Rec to the Commune Bithyniae (Rec
Commune Bithyniae 1-5). Yet, as noted in Rec (p. 234),
Tatelier est sûrement Nicomédie’. The use of a Tyche head
as one of the reverse types (2069), however, suggests that
the coinage is that of a city, and the types, as a whole (Zeus,
Tyche and Athena/Roma), are appropriate to Nicomedia,
appearing on the coinage of the Republican proconsuls.
The coins are therefore regarded here as civic coins of
Nicomedia, which happen to lack an ethnic.
Most of these coins have a laureate head and the reverse
inscription in the form ΕΠΙ with the genitive; the exception
is Rec Commune Bithyniae 5, a coin (unillustrated) in F,
which is described as having a ‘tête nue’ and the name of
the proconsul in the nominative. In addition, the reverse
type is different. For these reasons, it seems unlikely that
the coin is from Nicomedia. On the other hand, these
features of the coin are shared by coins of Nicaea. The coin
has therefore been tentatively attributed there (2031). See
also addenda, 2031.
The attribution of coins of Cadius Rufus has previously
caused some confusion. The attribution depends on two
monograms, which appear on the large denomination for
Claudius (Rec 20) and the intermediate denomination for
Messalina (Rec 23). The single coin recorded in Rec for
Messalina also makes an (incorrect) duplicate appearance
under Nicaea (Rec 34). The smallest denomination, for
Britannicus, attributed here to Nicomedia (2075), has no
monogram or ethnic. It was attributed by Imhoof-Blumer
(MG 240, 62) to Nicaea, and given by Rec to the Commune
Bithyniae (Rec 6). The attribution to Nicaea cannot stand,
as the coins minted there under Cadius Rufus for Britanni­
cus are very different (2041); in addition, Imhoof-Blumer
associated ΓΕΥΔΟΣ with Γεΰδις, a river known in Pontus,
Bithynia or Troas, but was puzzled by the fact that Nicaea’s
river is the Sagaris. Waddington’s attribution (in Rec) to
the Commune Bithyniae cannot formally be disproved; it
seems unlikely that the Commune should have made this
issue alone, whereas Nicomedia under Cadius Rufus made
an issue for Claudius and Messalina but not Britannicus
(all three appear on coins struck at Nicaea under Rufus’s
B I T H Y N I A A N D P O N T U S : Nicaea, Nicomedia (2061) 34g
[ 3 ] 11.48; 3. B (U n certa in ) 1256/1920 (ex H irsc h 29, 1630), 9.03; 4. J .
M illin g en , S y llo g e o f A n c i e n t U n e d ite d G r e e k C o in s (1837), 64, pi. 3.38: Lavy,
T u rin , a n d w ith th e a ttrib u tio n to B ith y n ia. Seyrig, follow ed by H ow gego,
re a d th e rev. legend as Μ ΕΣΣΑΛΙΝΑ ΓΥΝΕ [jfc], b u t th e second E in
M essa lin a is ju s t clear o n 1 a n d 2; it w as also read as such b y M illin g e n ,
w ho read th e second w ord as ΓΥΝΗ: b u t a lth o u g h H seem s m u ch m ore
likely th a n E, E does seem clear o n 2. M illin g en re a d TIB in ste ad o f ΓΕ on
th e obv., b u t ΓΕ is clear on 2.
C o u n te rm ark : G A L B A ( G I C 591: 1 ,3 ) .
Nicomedia
proconsulship). In addition, there is a close similarity of
letter forms and the style of the proconsular formula
between this coin and the coins of Claudius and Messalina
from Nicomedia.
Other Bithynian coins without ethnic or with an illegible
ethnic should perhaps be attributed to Nicomedia: see
Uncertain of Bithynia. One of the coins discussed by C.
Howgego, SM 140 (1985), p. 90, has been attributed to
Nicomedia (2084), since it has the same countermark as
occurs on two definitely Nicomedian coins (compare the
coins of Nicaea (2060—1)).
There are a few misreadings or doubtful attributions in
Rec: Rec 15 is in fact a misread coin of Nicaea (= Rec 23,
here 2043); Rec 21 (in Mu) is not a coin of Nicomedia, but
is illegible; Rec 22 is actually a coin of Claudius and Agrip­
pina, from an uncertain Bithynian mint (2100).
D e s ig n s
The reverse design of 2062 copies silver cistophori of 28 b c .
For the relevance of this imitation to the problem of the date
of Thorius Flaccus’s governorship, see the introduction to
Bithynia and Pontus. The similarity between the designs
has sometimes erroneously been interpreted as representing
the work of a single engraver; as a consequence, the
cistophorus has sometimes been attributed to a mint at
Nicomedia (e.g. Grant, FIT A 384). This attribution does
not seem very likely, and is not necessitated by stylistic
considerations: the styles of the cistophorus’s Pax and the
Nicomedian coin’s Eirene seem so different that, if any­
thing, they preclude an attribution to Nicomedia.
The head of Juno Lanuvia and the boar on 2063 refer to
the Lanuvine origin of Flaccus, an unusually personal
reference to an individual on provincial coins of this date,
but a feature common also to Flaccus’s coins from Nicaea,
which even have his portrait (2028—9).
The designs used by Mindius Pollio have already been
commented upon.
The use of the head of Hera on the reverse of the
Glaudian coins struck under Cadius Rufus and of Apollo on
Messalina’s allude to the divine likening made explicit for
Messalina with the inscription ΝΕΑ HPA.
The presence of a prow on the coins of Britannicus struck
under Mindius Balbus presumably refers to Nicomedia’s
importance as a port, although the significance of the single
or triple shields is not clear.
35o B I T H Y N I A A N D P O N T U S : Nicomedia (2062-2074)

A u g u s tu s 2067 A E. 25 m m . [ i ]
[ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ Κ]ΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒ ΓΕΡ ΑΥΤ ΜΕ[Γ]; laureate
T h o r iu s F la c c u s , c. 23 BC (see p. 337) head, 1.
ΕΠΙ Λ ΜΙΝΔΙΟΥ ΠΩΛ[ΛΙΩΝΟΣ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ Π ...]; as
2062 AE. 25m m , 9.04g (3). Axis: 12 ( i). [ 2 ] 2065
Rec 10, FiTA 384 ι . Β 1 6 4 /ΐ 9 Γ4 ·

ΝΙΚΟΜΗΔΕΩΝ; b are head of A ugustus, r.

ΕΙΡΗΝΗ, ΕΠ Ι ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ ΘΩΡΙΟΥ ΦΛΑΚΚΟΥ; E irene
2068 A E. 25m m , 9 .1 5 g (ι) . Axis: 6 or 12. [ 2 ]
standing, 1., holding caduceus; two m onogram s or Rec C om m une B ithyniae 4
m onogram an d letter ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒ ΓΕΡ ΑΥΤ ΜΕΓ Δ Ε Π Π;
M o n o g ram s M a n d Λ : i . P 1261 (= R e c , pi. L X X X V III.2 5 ), 9.14; lau reate head, 1.
M o n o g ram 4 4 a n d Ç: 2. L = bmc 5; U n certa in : 3. N u m ism a tic a W ien X V ΕΠΙ Λ ΜΙΝΔΙΟΥ ΠΩΛΛΙΩΝΟΣ ΑΝΘΥΠΑ[ΤΟΥ] Π; laureate
(1977) lo t 453a, 8.41; 4 . M M A G 403 (1978) lo t 28, 9.58; 5 . H irsch
5.12.1975, lo t 224. D ifferent dies.
head of Zeus, r.
i . P 1 5 4 ( — W a 469 = R ec, pi. X X X V .3), 9.15; 2. P U n c e rta in , 9.65. See
2063 AE. 2 1 m m , 6.62 g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 2 ] also a d d e n d a , 2068A.

Rec 11
2069 A E. 2 5m m , 9 .2 7 g (1). Axis: 6 (ι) . [ i ]
ΗΡΑ ΛΑΝΟΙΑ, NIKOMH; head of Ju n o L anuvia, r.
Rec C om m une B ithyniae 3
ΕΠΙ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ ΘΩΡΙΟΥ; boar, r.; m onogram s TT an d Δ
i . P 1 2 6 2 (rev. = Rec, p i. L X X X V III.2 7 ), 6.62; 2. G 3 (pi. X L V I.1 7 );
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ [ΣΕΒΑΣΤ]ΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚ ΑΥΤΟ;
3 . N 7821 (= Rec, pi. L X X X V III.2 6 ). laureate head, 1.
ΕΠΙ Λ ΜΙΝΔΙΟΥ ΠΩΛΛΙΩΝΟΣ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ ΠΑΤΡ; head
of Tyche, r.
i. P 153 ( = W a 213 = R ec, pi. X X X V .2), 9.27.
R e ig n o f T ib e r iu s
2070 AE. 25 m m , 9.00 g (2). [ ο ]
L. V ite lliu s p r o c o s , c. 1 7 - 1 9 ? ( s e e p . 3 3 7 ) ΤΙ ΚΛ(Α)ΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒ APX ΜΕΓ Δ Ε Α[ΥΤ] Π Π;
laureate (or bare?) head, 1.
2064 AE. 20 m m , 5.33 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 5 ] ΕΠΙ Λ ΜΙΝΔΙΟΥ ΠΩΛΛΙΩΝΟΣ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ ΠΑΤΡΩ; as
3069
Rec 12-13
ι . vA 271 (obv. ΚΛΥΔΙΟΣ), 8.38; 2. L in d g ren 96 (th e h ea d ap p e a rs to be
ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head o f G erm anicus, r. b are); 3 . M a k e r X X X I V (1986) lot 445. vA iden tified th e h ea d o n the
ΕΠΙ ΠΟΠΛΙΟΥ ΟΥΙΤΕΛΛΙΟΥ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ around rev. as B ith y n ia, p resu m a b ly b ec au se h e followed th e a ttrib u tio n o f the
coins to th e C o m m u n e B ithyniae.
Μ Ν (Ε)ΙΚΟΜΗΔΕΩΝ
ΝΕΙΚΟΜ ΗΔΕΩΝ: ι . Ρ 1 2 6 4 ( “ Rec, pi. L X X X V III.2 9 ), 4 ·9 3 ί Ä—3 · ® 2071 AE. 25 m m . [ ι ]
(Fox, L ö b b ); ΝΙΚΟΜ ΗΔΕΩΝ: 4* P 1263 ( = W a 458 = R ec, ρΐ.
L X X X V III.2 8 ), 5 -7 4 ! 5 * V 1 5 7 5 3 ! 6· J S W , 4 -9 7 - Μ οη th e rev. [ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥ]ΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣ [ ; laureate head, 1.
p resu m a b ly stan d s for Μητρόπολις. [ΕΠΙ Λ ΜΙ]ΝΔΙΟΥ ΠΩΛΛΙΩΝΟΣ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟ[Υ ΠΑΤΡ]
(retrograde); as 2069
ι . B 7926. T h e obv. in scrip tio n m ay be th e sam e as on 2069 (P 153).

C la u d iu s 2072 A E. 25m m , 9 .7 8 g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]

[ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ] ΣΕΒ ΓΕΡ AYTOK ΜΕΓ [;
L . M in d iu s P o llio , c . 4 2 (see p . 3 3 7 ) laureate head, 1.
(fo r a t t r i b u t i o n o f 2 0 6 5 - 7 2 , s e e i n t r o d u c t i o n ) ΕΠΙ Λ ΜΙΝΔΙΟΥ ΠΩΛΛΙΩΝΟΣ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ ΠΑΤΡ; as
2069
2065 C opper. 26 m m , 9· 10 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ] I. Ο (=NC 1935, 194), 9 -78.
Rec C om m une B ithyniae 1
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒ ΓΕΡ AYTOK [?ΜΕΓ Δ E]
Π Π; bare head, 1. C . C a d iu s R u fu s p r o c o s , c. 4 7 - 8 ( s e e p . 3 3 7 )
ΕΠΙ Λ ΜΙΝΔΙΟΥ ΠΩΛΛΙΩΝΟΣ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ ΠΑΤΡ;
helm eted b u st of A th en a/R o m a, r. 2073 Brass. 32 m m , 19.83g (2). Axis: 12. [ ι ]
i . P 151 ( = R ec, pi. X X X V .1), 9.22; 2. L G 1201 (only ]A P ΣΕΒ[ is Rec 20
legible on th e obv.; th e rev. has th e sam e legend as 1, b u t is from a
different die). T h e resto ratio n o f th e obv. is based on 2 0 66. It, a n d the ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ;
obv. legends o f th e w hole of M in d iu s Pollio’s coinage, end w ith elem ents o f lau reate head, 1.
Γερμανικός Ά ρχιερεύς Μ έγας Δημαρχικής Ε ξουσ ία ς Αύτοκράτωρ Πατήρ ΕΠΙ ΓΑΙΟΥ ΚΑΛΙΟΥ ΡΟΥΦΟΥ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ ΠΑΤΡΩΝΟΣ;
Π ατρίδος, som etim es confusedly. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2.
veiled h ead (w reath of ears o f corn?), r., w ith poppy in
2066 AE. 25m m . [ i? ] front; two m onogram s
M o n o g ram s a n d 74: i . L G 7 3 5 ( = R ec, pi. L X X X I X .9 ) , 20.70. T h e
Rec C om m une B ithyniae 2
m o n o g ram s p ro b ab ly s ta n d for Μηχροπόλεως Νικομηδέων (So R ec, p.
ΤΙ ΚΛ[ΑΥΔΙΟΣ] ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒ APX MET Δ Ε AY Π Π; 5 1 7 η .); M o n o g ram s a n d 72: 2. L o n d o n t r a d e (1987), 18.96. D ifferent
laureate head, 1. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.
[ΕΠΙ Λ ΜΙΝΔΙΟΥ ΠΩ]ΛΛΙΩΝΟΣ [ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ Π . ..]; as
8065 2074 AE. 28 m m , 13.53 g (3)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ]
i . V (cited by R ec b u t n o t found there). Rec 23 = Rec N icaea 34
 B I T H Υ Ν Ι A A N D P O N T U S : Nicomedia (2075—2085) ββΐ

ΜΕΣΣΑΛΕΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΝΕΑ ΗΡΑ; d rap ed bust of P. Pasidienus Firmus procos (for date, see p. 338)
M essalina, r.; before, two poppies
ΕΠΙ Γ ΚΑΛΙΟΥ ΡΟΥΦΟΥ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ ΠΑΤΡΩΝΟΣ; 2080 AE. 27 m m , 11.43 g (4)· Axis: 6. [ 3 ]
laureate and d rap ed b u st o f Apollo, 1., w ith lyre in front; Rec 19
two m onogram s N , K ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ; lau reate head,
i . B (F o x ), 13.95; 2· C 2 0 5 /1 9 4 8 (G ra n t), 12.33; 3 · M i (= R e c , pi. 1.
L X V I.1 0 = L affranchi 1048), 14.30. T h e h ea d on th e rev. w as in te rp re te d
as B ritan n ic u s in R ec N ica ea 34, b u t th e lyre identifies it as A pollo.
ΕΠΙ Π ΠΑΣΙΔΙΗΝΟΥ ΦΙΡΜΟΥ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ around Β
ΠΑΤΡΩΝΟΣ ΤΗ Σ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΩΣ an d m onogram of
2075 AE. 20m m , 5.01g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ] ΝΙΚΟΜΗ
Rec C om m une B ithyniae 6 i . P 1 2 6 8 ( = R e c , pl. L X X X IX .7 ), 12.82; 2. B (R au c h = R ec, pl.
L X X X IX .8 ), 12.32; 3. O , 9.62; 4 . vA 738 (‘N ic a e a ’), 10.93. T h e co rrect
BPETΑΝΝΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ ΥΙΟΣ; d rap ed b u st o f read in g o f th e praenomen as Π (ra th e r th a n TI) is clear o n 4.
B ritannicus, r.
ΕΠΙ Γ ΚΑΛΙΟΥ ΡΟΥΦΟΥ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ ΠΑΤΡ; capricorn 2081 Brass. 20 m m , 4.54 g (6). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 6 ]
on arch enclosing inscription ΓΕΥΔΟΣ Rec 18
i . B (I-B ) ( = mg 240, 62 ‘N ic a e a ’ = Rec, pi. X X X V .4), 5.01. F o r ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ; b are head, 1.
a ttrib u tio n , see in tro d u ctio n . I f th e coin is correctly a ttrib u te d to
N ico m edia, one m a y surm ise th a t G eudos is th e n a m e o f a riv e r n e a r
ΕΠΙ ΦΙΡΜΟΥ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ ΠΑΤΡΩΝΟΣ aro u n d Β ΤΗΣ
N ico m edia, a n d th a t th e ty p e refers to th e co n stru c tio n o f a brid g e or ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΩΣ a n d m onogram o f ΝΙΚΟΜΗ
aq u e d u c t, p e rh a p s by C a d iu s Rufus. i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —1 4 0 7 ( = vA 7100). 3.80; 2—3 . P 1266-7 ( = W a 459,
1267 - R ec, pl. L X X X I X .6 a n d L X X X I X .5 ) , 4.26, 4.35; 4 . C o p 550,
4.54; 5—6. M u 4~4a, 4.67, 5.64. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.

L. Mindius Balbus procos, c. 48-g (see p. 338) 2082 AE. 14m m , 2.17g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
U n certain legend; poppy betw een two ears of com
2076 Brass. 34 m m , 21.53 g (2). Axis: 6. [ 2 ] U n certain legend aro u n d m onogram of ΝΙΚΟΜΗ
Rec 14 i . C o p 5 4 9 , 2.17. T h e read in g s are u n c e rta in . T h e a ttrib u tio n to
N ico m ed ia seem s c e rta in o n th e b asis o f th e m o n o g ram . T h e a ttrib u tio n to
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ
th e p ro co n su lsh ip o f F irm u s is b ased on th e form o f th e m o n o g ram , w hich
ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ; lau reate head, r. is fo u n d only on his coins. O n th e o th e r h a n d , the sam e obv. type is found
ΕΠΙ ΜΙΝΔΙΟΥ ΒΑΛΒΟΥ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΩΣ on coins o f M in d iu s B albus (2 0 7 9 ).
ΝΚΟ in w reath
i . L = BMC 6, 22.17; 2. B (L ö b b = R ec, pl. L X X X I X .i) , 20.89. S am e
dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i.

2077 A E. 25m m , 10.93g (2)· Axis: 12. [ 2 ] N e ro

Rec 24 corr.
L. Montanus procos (for date, see p. 338)
TI ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΒΡΕΤΑΝΝΙΚΟΣ; b are h ead of
B ritannicus, r. 2083 AE. 2 0 m m , 4.91 g (2). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 2 ]
ΕΠΙ ΜΙΝΔΙΟΥ ΒΑΛΒΟΥ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΩΣ;
Rec 25
prow , 1., w ith one or three shields; below, N K O
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r.
O n e shield: i , P 1269 (= R e c , pl. L X X X IX .1 0 ), 10.77; 2· M u 4 b
(2 0 7 7 9 ), 11. 11 ; th re e shields: 3. F L K ovacs F P L 24 (June 1985) lo t 92. ΕΠΙ Λ MONTANOY ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ, N Ë IK O ; tw o ears of
R ein ach ’s a n n o ta te d copy o f R ec reco rd s a v a rie ty w ith h ea d 1., b u t gives corn
n o source. i . B (L ö b b ) (= R ec, pl. L X X X I X . i i ) , 4.97; 2. P 1 2 7 0 ( = R ec, pl.
L X X X I X .i2), 4.85.
2078 AE. 20m m , 4.07g (1). Axis: 6 ( i). [ 2 ]
Rec 17
[ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ?] ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ; Nero, undated but after 63
laureate head, 1.; before, lituus
ΕΠΙ ΜΙΝΔΙΟΥ ΒΑΛΒΟΥ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ aro u n d 2084 AE. 2 4m m , 11.42g (1). [ i ]
ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΩΣ ΝΚΟ an d th u n d erb o lt C. Howgego, SM 140 (1985), 90, no. 2
i . P 1265; 2. B (R au c h — Rec, pl. L X X X IX .4 ), 4.07.
[ ΚΛ]ΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡ[ ]; radiate
2079 20m m , 3.83g (2). Axis: 6 (1). [ 3 ] head, 1.
NEI[KH Σ]ΕΒΑΣΤΗ; Nike advancing, 1., w ith [w reath]
Rec 16
an d palm
U ncertain legend; poppy betw een two ears of corn; above, i . M u 18 (C ae sare a C a p p a d o c ia = S y d en h am , The Coinage o f Caesarea, 41,
star a n d crescent no. 84 = SM 140 (1985), 89, fig. 2a), 11.42. T h e a ttrib u tio n is b ased o n the
ΕΠΙ ΜΙΝΔΙΟΥ ΒΑΛΒΟΥ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ around ap p licatio n o f th e sam e c o u n te rm a rk as on 2 0 8 5 —6.
ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΩΣ ΝΚΟ C o u n te rm ark : S ta n d a rd ? a n d TA AV ( G IC 525: 1).

I. B (I-B ) ( = Rec, pl. L X X X I X .3), 4.09; 2. B 9737; 3 . V I 5 7 5 4 . T h e 2085 Brass. 24m m , 6 .2 9 g ( r )· Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ]
obv. legend o f i w as re a d (inw ardly) by Im hoof-B lum er ( J I A N I, 1898, p.
31, no. 35, followed by R ec 16) as [ . . . Π ΡΩΤ]Η ΠΟΝ [ΚΑΙ ΒΕΙΘ Υ ΝΙΑ Σ]. [ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔ]ΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head,
T h is so rt o f legend could be paralleled by th e coin o f N icaea m in ted u n d er r.
C ad iu s R ufus (20 4 2 ) w ith ΠΡΩΤΗ ΠΟΛΙΣ ΤΗΣ ΕΠΑΡΧΕΙΑΣ, b u t th e read in g ΝΕΙΚΟΜ Η[ΔΕ]Ω[Ν] ΜΗ[ ]; on either side o f uncertain
h ere is n o t a t all ce rtain . I t is also possible to re a d th e tra ces o f legend
ou tw ardly: on 1 ]ATP N EIKH[ o r as ]ΤΡΩΝΟΣ M H[ is possible; 2 ap p e ars
object; all w ithin w reath
to re a d ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ [; a n d 3 seem s to in clu d e th e w ord ΣΕΒΑ ΣΤΗ [. I t is i . L 1 9 7 8 - 6 - 9 - 1 ( = SM 140 (1985), 89, illu stra te d ), 6.29. Q u a lita tiv e
h a rd to reconcile these traces in to an y co h e re n t legend, w hich is therefore m etal analysis on: 1.
b est left u n c e rta in u n til a clearer specim en a p p e ars. C o u n te rm ark : S ta n d a rd ? a n d TA AV ( G IC 525: 1).
552 BITHYNI A AND PONTUS: Nicomedia, Heraclea {2086-2091)

2086 AE. 2 0 m m , 4.12g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] i . B (B-I) (snr 1913, 187, no. 33 = SM 14 (1985), 89, illu stra te d ), 4.12.
C o u n te rm ark : S ta n d a rd ? a n d ΓΑ [AV] ( G I C 525: 1).
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣ AP ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r.
C apricorn, r.; above, NKO; below, MHTPO

Heraclea
The coinage of Heraclea has been discussed by Rec. A small R e ig n o f A u g u s tu s ? K i n g R h a e sc u p o ris o f T h ra ce?
quantity of bronze coinage had been struck in the Hellen­ \
istic period; there are no coins definitely attributable to the 2087 AE. 2 0m m . Axis: 12 (1). [ 3 ]
short-lived Caesarian colony at Heraclea. The coin so Rec 67
attributed by Grant (FITA 254) is a smaller denomination
PAB; D ionysus stan d in g 1., w ith a lta r an d thyrsus
of another colonial issue (FITA 143) now known to be dated
ΗΡΑΚΑΕΩΤΑΝ; facing goddess
to Augustus’s eighth consulship (26 b c ) , by which time the
i . I-B ( = R ec, pi. L V II.8 ); 2. M u 7; 3—4 . See Rec.
colony had ceased to exist (Jones, Cities, p. 162). See
Uncertain 5412-14. 2088 L eaded bronze. 17m m , 3.18g (5). Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
The imperial coins of Heraclea are all rare, and conse­ Rec 68
quently a number of uncertainties persist in the readings PAB; H eracles strangling lion
and attributions. ΗΡΑΚΑΕΩΤΑΝ; statu e of A th en a on basis, w ith p atera
The form of the ethnic and the letter forms (especially C) an d spear w ith shield
show that most of the issues without imperial effigies or i . L —B M C 4 3 s 3 ·9 6 ; 2. P 616 (= W a 337 = R ec, pi. L V II.9 ), 2.54; 3 . C op
names (Rec 69-80) were minted in the third century a d , 426, 3.11; 4 . P 617, 3.41; 5. V 37704, 2.86. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on:

except for Rec 67 and 68. The spacing of the legend on them
suggests a pre-Neronian date, and the monogram which
appears on both coins has been interpreted as that of King
R e ig n o f C la u d iu s
Rhaescuporis of Thrace, although it is not, of course, clear
which one. Imhoof-Blumer, JIAN I (1898), p. 21, regarded
2089 A E. 16 m m , 4 .4 3 g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
it as the monogram of an uncertain king, but in the ‘Zeit des
Augustus’. Greater certainty does not seem possible at the ΕΠΙ ΠΑΟΙΔΙΗΝΟ[Y ΦΙΡ]ΜΟΥ Α Ν Θ νΠ Α Τ [Ο Υ ]; head of
moment: the coins are of this general period and have a H eracles, r.
ΗΡΑΚΑΕ[Ω]ΤΑΝ E [ ], ΟΓ; Zeus seated, 1., holding
monogram which is like the monograms used by the kings
out eagle; m onogram to 1.
of Thrace. On coins of Calchedon another king of Thrace I. C 2 1 2 /1 9 4 8 (ex G r a n t = SNG 4107), 4.43. S N G resto res th e rev. legend
had appeared (1784-5; cf. 1776-7); perhaps Heraclea, too, ΗΡΑΚΑΕΩΤΑΝ ΕΝ ΠΟΝΤΩ, a n d in te rp re ts ΟΓ as an A ctian d a te = a d 42-3.
formed part of the Thracian kingdom during this period. N e ith e r th e resto ratio n n o r th e in te rp re ta tio n is ce rtain , n o r is th e ex act
d escrip tio n o f th e m o n o g ram (see th e d iscussion in th e in tro d u ctio n to
The only later coins minted in the Julio-Glaudian period B ith y n ia a n d P o n tu s).
were made in the reigns of Claudius and Nero. There is a
unique coin with the name of the proconsul Pasidienus 2090 A E. 2 9m m , 14.50g (1). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1]
Firmus, who appears elsewhere on Bithynian coins of the Rec 81
reign of Claudius (for his date, see the introduction to ]E PI[ or ΕΠ[; rad iate head, r.
Bithynia-Pontus). There is also a most uncertain coin ΚΛΑΥΔΙ KAICAPI, HPA; Poseidon, stan d in g 1., holding
(2090 = Rec 81), apparently of the reign of Claudius in view p a te ra an d trid en t
of the reverse legend, but with a radiate head on the i . P 6 2 6 ( = W a 338 = R ec, pi. L V I I I . i ) , 14.50. T h e re a d in g o f th e obv.,
a n d in d e ed th e d a te o f th e coin, a re n o t certain .
obverse. The obverse has been read (by Rec) as C o u n te rm ark : M o n o g ram o f PWMH ( G I C 637: 1).
.. [TIBjEPIOY ...? ’, but this is not clear, and anyway
unlikely, as a radiate head should be of Augustus (Divus
Claudius is never shown radiate). It is just possible that the
legend is supposed to begin Ε Π [Ι..., as on the coin of R e ig n o f N e ro __________________
Pasidienus, but it is hard to persuade oneself that the
remaining traces of letters are compatible with ΕΠΙ Π[ΑΣ ... First group - Attius Laco procos, 0.34-3 (see p. 338)
Under Nero, there is an issue known at the moment in 2091 L eaded bronze. 26m m , 10.61 g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1]
three denominations, signed by the proconsul Attius Laco. N E[ ; lau reate head, r.
In addition, there is a group of three denominations without Ε Π [ ]OY AAK[ ]TOY H [ (?); stan d in g figure
any proconsular name, but which seem to be linked (PHeracles), r.
together by the common use of the sigma in the form E. i . L 1 9 7 5 —7—14—6, 10.61. T h e a ttrib u tio n is b ased on th e u se o f th e sam e
For further discussion of the denominations, see the c o u n term ark as o n 2 0 9 0 , th e stylistic sim ilarities w ith 2 0 9 2 a n d the traces
o f legend. T h e rea d in g o f th e rev. leg en d is very u n su re. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
introduction to Bithynia-Pontus. analysis on: i.
C o u n te rm ark : M o n o g ram o f PWMH ( G I C 637 (‘T r a ja n ’): 1).
 B I T H Y N I A A N D P O N T U S : Heraclea, Bithynium, Uncertain o f Bithynia (2092-2098) 333

2092 AE. 22m m , 6.93g ( i). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ] ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡ; lau reate head,
Rec 84 1.
ΗΡΑΚΛΕΩΤΑΝ; Zeus seated, r., holding V ictory
NE ΚΛΑΥΔΙ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ [ ; lau reate head, 1.
i . L G 1 203, 13.23; 2. See R ec. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: i.
ΕΠΙ ATTIO Y ΛΑΚΩΝΟ[Σ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ] ΗΡΑΚΛΕΩΤΑΝ;
goddess (H era?) on basis, raising veil in hands
2095 AE. 25 mm , 8.41 g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
i . P 6 2 8 ( = W a 340 — Rec, pi. L V III.3 ), 6.93.
Rec 86
2093 A E. 18 m m , 3.75g (2). [ 1 ]
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΣΕΒ; lau reate head, 1.
Rec 85 ΗΡΑΚΛΕΩΤΑΝ; D ionysus standing, 1., holding cantharus
ΗΡΑΚΛΕΩΤΑΝ; head o f H eracles, r. and thyrsus
ΕΠΙ ATTÎÔY ΛΑΚΩΝΟΣ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ; Zeus seated, L, i . B (L ö b b ) ( = R e c , pi. L V IIÏ.5 ), 8.41.
holding eagle an d sceptre
I. I-B (= zfN 7, 1880, 23 —R ec, pi. L V III.4 ), 3.65; 2. vA 374, 3.85. S am e
2096 AE. 21 mm , 5.62g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
o bv. die.
Rec 83
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, 1.
Secon d, g r o u p - u n d a te d ΗΡΑΚΛΕΩΤΑΝ in w reath
2094 L eaded bronze. 31m m , 13.23g (1). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ] i . P 6 2 7 ( = W a 339 = R ec, pi. L V I I I .2 ) , 5.62.

R ec 82

Bithynium
A single coin in Mu was attributed to Claudius at the vA Index. The entry can, however, be deleted, as the coin
Bithynium by Rec (pi. XLI.g), although it was recognised is, in fact, a coin of Abdera in Thrace (1729/3).
that this was an ‘attribution douteuse’. Rec was followed by

Uncertain of Bithynia
I published by Imhoof-Blumer in KM, p. 529. Surprisingly
he did not attribute the coins to Bithynia, but considered
expanding the monogram to Parium, Parlais or Tarsus, all
A u g u s tu s
of which he rejected. The attribution to Bithynia was first
Coins depicting Granius Marcellus, proconsul of Bithynia made by von Aulock in SNG vA. There seems to be little
in 14-15 (see the introduction to Bithynia and Pontus, p. doubt that the coins come from Bithynia, as only Bithynia
337) have generally been attributed to Apamea, but, in the produced coins of this size and metal with these legends at
absence of an ethnic, there is no definite reason for doing so this date (see the introduction to Bithynia and Pontus). The
(though the use of Latin does imply a colony). The issue coins refer to a proconsul, L. Dunius Severus, who is
was presumably made in July or August 14, just before otherwise unknown (for a discussion of his date, see the
Augustus’s death. introduction to Bithynia and Pontus).
For a similar unusual representation of an empress, see In the exergue on the reverse is a monogram, which may
3032 (Agrippina I under Caligula, Philadelphia). perhaps indicate the mint, but the resolution of the
monogram is not apparent. Its form varies somewhat and
2097 AE. 2 6 -3 0 m m , 16.03g (δ)· Axis: 12. [ 3 ] probably does not include a T or Π, as Imhoof-Blumer
Rec 38, F iT A 145-6 thought, since the vertical line at the top is probably an
IM P C A ESA R A V G V S T V S P O N T IF M A X T R P; ju g a te exergual line. The lunate sigma is unusual, occurring only
busts of A ugustus an d Livia, 1. for Cadius Rufus at Nicaea, but this does not seem sufficient
M G R A N IV S M A R C E L L V S P R (O ) C O S; Livia seated, grounds for an attribution there. Nor is the use of Zeus for
r., holding a double cornocupia on h er lap the reverse design any help.
I. P 2 1 5 ( — pita , pi. I V .34: rev .), 17.82; 2. P 215a, 17.63; 3. C M cC lean
3028 (in c erta Sicily) ( = fita , pi. I V .33: obv.), 12.82; 4 . N iffgeler I I , 580,
18.83; 5. W a d d ell 1 (1982) lo t 86, 13.05. 2098 AE. 38 m m , 18.80g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
km 529, no. 9
TI KAAYAIOC CEBACTOC ΠΑΤΗΡ Π Α ΤΡΙΔΟ ϋ; bare
II head, r.
Ε [Π ]Ι Λ ΔΟΥΝΙΟΥ CEOYHPOY ΑΝΘ[ΥΠΑΤ]ΟΥ; Zeus
seated, r., holding out Nike; eagle behind; in exergue,
C la u d iu s , L . D u n iu s S e v e ru s p ro c o s
m onogram 4 ΦΡ
There is a rare group of coins, minted in two denomi­ ! . B (I-B ) ( = km 529, no. 9, n o t illu stra te d ), 18.80.
nations, of Bithynian fabric and style, which were first
$54 B I T H Y N I A A N D P O N T U S : Uncertain o f Bithynia (2099-2103)
2099 Brass. 29m m , 10.27g (4 )· Axis: 12.
km 529, no. 10
TI KAAYAIOC CEBACTOC TEPMANIKOC; b are head, 1.
(Λ) ΔΟΥΝΙΟΥ CEOYHPOY ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ; Zeus standing,
r., w ith sceptre a n d fulm en (?); in exergue, m onogram W
N o A: i . N Y (u n d e r H e ra c le a ), 10.27; V U n c e rta in 27335/15; 3. L
U n c e r ta in 1 9 1 1 —10—10—13 (from L e itn e r S ale), 11.20(A); 4. vA 270,
9.80; w ith Λ: 5. B (I-B = km 529, no. 10 a n d T a f. X I X .30); 6. M u N icaea
6, 9.82. S am e obv. die: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6; sam e rev. dies: 1, 3; 2, 4. Q u a lita tiv e
m etal analysis on: 3.
Claudius and Agrippina II (i)
Rec Nicomedia 22 describes a worn coin in T of Claudius
and Messalina, with the comment ‘attribution douteuse’.
Three other specimens are known, which show that the
coins are actually of Claudius and Agrippina II, but these
do not help with the attribution, which depends on the
monogram under the bust of Agrippina; this is clear on one
specimen (in V) and seems most like the monograms which
are indeed found at Nicomedia (2073-4), but this is not
certain. The style, too, looks very Nicomedian.
2100 AE. 27m m , 11.04g (3)·
Rec N icom edia 22 corr.
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑ(ΝΙ); b are
head, 1.
ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; d rap ed b u st of A grippina II, r.;
below, m onogram RE
ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙ: i . V 1 5 1 8 5 (u n d e r C otys), 10.92 (obv. tooled); 2. B (F o x )
(u n d e r N ica ea), 12.12; 3 . T (see R ec); ΓΕΡΜΑ: 4 . P r iv a t e c o ll., U S A ,
10.08.
Claudius and Agrippina II (ii)
There is a coin in P of Claudius and Agrippina II, of
definitely Bithynian style, size, fabric and legend. Like
2100, its attribution depends on the monogram. The
monogram is different from that on 2100, and seems to
contain some of the same elements: probably ΠΕ Y and P. It
is possible that the monograms represent the same city
name (Prusias is tempting, except for the E), but the coins
are rather different for apparently contemporaneous issues
(e.g., laureate or bare head, obverse inscription, the spelling
of Agrippina’s name), so this remains uncertain. The
countermark is unfortunately not fully clear.
2101 AE. 27m m , 11.36g (1). Axis: 6 (1).
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ;
laureate head, 1.
ΑΓΡΙΠΠΕΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; d rap ed b u st of A grippina II , 1.;
to L, m onogram t ?
i . P 1 2 0 3 (‘P e rg a m u m ’), 11.36.
C o u n te rm ark : M Y [ (?) ( G I C — : 1).
Ill
Nero (i)
A coin in V is housed under Elaea in Aeolis. The fabric
looks Bithynian, as does the obverse legend and style;
unfortunately, however, the reverse inscription is com­
[ 5 ] pletely illegible, but the reverse type (a poppy between ears
of corn) occurs on Neronian coins of Nicomedia (2079,
2082). On the other hand, the way that the end of the
obverse legend is abbreviated seems more characteristic of
Nicaea. Thus, the coin probably comes from either
Nicomedia or Nicaea.
The portrait indicates a date before 63.
2 1 0 2 AE. 2 0m m , Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ]
Ν Ε Ρ Ω Ν Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ ; lau reate head, 1.
U n certain inscription; poppy betw een four ears o f corn
i . V 1 6 8 4 8 (u n d e r E laea, Aeolis)
Nero (ii)
A group of coins, which all copy bronze coins from the mint
ofRome, was discussed by C. Howgego, SM 140 (1984), pp.
88-92, who pointed out that the style, fabric and counter-
marks favour minting in Bithynia. Howgego was inclined to
give them the status of either issues of the provincial koinon
or of some sort of imperial issue. It may well be, however,
that this Bithynian group simply consists of civic coins
without an ethnic, as has been argued for the Claudian
[ 2 ]
coins previously attributed to the Commune Bithyniae
which are given here to Nicomedia (2065-72) and Nicaea
(2031).
The evidence for the right mint is, however, rather incon­
sistent. (1) One of the coins (2084) has a countermark
which is known from two coins of Nicomedia, and, on the
principle that coins were normally countermarked at their
original city of issue, this should indicate Nicomedia as the
mint; moreover, Nicomedia has hardly any Neronian
coinage (compared with Nicaea). (2) But the largest
denomination (2103) has the countermark ΠΡΧ; as How­
gego pointed out, this is very like (but not the same as) a
countermark which occurs on a Neronian coin of Prusa, and
the attribution of the countermark (and hence the coin) is at
least superficially attractive. Moreover, Prusa alone in the
area definitely produced coins with a radiate portrait of
Nero (2018). On the other hand, ΠΡ also appears on
Flavian coins of Nicomedia in the form NKO ΠΡ (Rec
33bis) = ΝΙΚΟΜΗΔΕΙΑ ΠΡΩΤΗ. (3) Finally, the way in
which the N and K of ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ are ligatured on
the other two types occurs otherwise only on coins of
Nicaea; similarly, their countermark, GALBA, is now
known from three Nicaean coins. Rather than maintain a
[ 1 ]
unity of the group of coins and struggle between the con­
flicting claims of Nicomedia, Prusa and Nicaea as the mint,
it seems a more economical hypothesis to divide the coins
up, attributing one variety to Nicomedia (2084), two to
Nicaea (2060—1) and one to Uncertain of Bithynia (here
2103-4).
2103 AE. 3 0m m , 17.95g (1)· [ 0 J
C. H owgego, SM 140 (1985), 90, no. 1
[N E P ] Ω Ν Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Γ Ε [ ];
lau reate head, 1.
[Ν Ε Ρ Ω Ν ] Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ ; N ero on horseback, r., followed by a
soldier on horseback
i . H o w g e g o ( = sm 140 (1985), 89, fig. i a = D o ro th eu m 405 (1981) lot
” 5 ). : 7 ·9 5 · _ _
C o u n te rm ark : ΠΡΧ ( G IC 557 co rr.: 1).
 B I T H Y N I A A N D P O N T U S : Uncertain o f Bithynia, Amastris, Sinope (2104-2106) yjy

2104 AE. 30m m , 17.11g (2). [ ο ] i . K o v a c s c o ll., 13.66; 2. P riv ate coll., G erm an y , from an Is ta n b u l
b a z a a r ( ]ΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑ ΣΤΟ Σ ΓΕΡΜ ΑΝΙ), 2 0 . 5 5 -
[ΝΕ]ΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙ; C o u n te rm ark : ΠΡΧ ( G I C 55 7 corr.: 1-2).
laureate head, r.
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; as 2103

Amastris
The coinage of Amastris has been described in the relevant L a te f i r s t century b c
revised volume of Rec. Amastris had produced coinage
under Mithradates VI, and some dated by the name of 2105 AE. 21 m m , 8 .2 0 g (1). [ 2 ]
Papirius Garbo (Rec 22) in 60 b c . There was also a series of Rec 20. Y ear 32 an d 33 = 33/32 a n d 32/31 bc
bronzes with Tyche head/inscription and wreath. These
H ead o f Tyche, r.
bear dates, which were interpreted by Rec as being dates of
ΑΜΑΣΤΡΕΩΣ an d crossed torches w ithin w reath; (a) BA
a Pompeian era of 64/63 b c . The first series of these (Rec or (b) ΓΛ
19) runs from 64/63 to 39/38 b c , years, 1, 2, 10, 13, 20 (?) (a) I. P (—R ec, pi. X V I I I . 21); (b) 2. B (I-B ), 8.20 (= cm T a f. V .9).
and 26 being recorded. These are followed by the coins
catalogued here. There seems to be no subsequent coinage 2106 AE. 2 2m m , 4 .9 0 g (1). [ i ]
until the second century a d . Rec 21. Y ear 40 an d 43 = 25/24 a n d 22/21 bc

As 2105, b u t no torches an d thyrsus w ithin w reath, an d

(a) M or (b) ΓΜ
(a) i . See Rec; (b) 2. O ( — nc 1935, 193), 4.90; 2. L ö b b (see Rec; n o t in
B).

Sinope
The coinage of Sinope has been described in the relevant If we assume that all the coins were correctly dated, then
revised volume of Rec ( 1 9 2 5 ) ; a summary listing of the Macrinus’s coins would indicate that, e.g., Claudius’s coins
Triumviral and Augustan issues was subsequently provided were made some seven months after his death. This does
by Grant (FITA 2 5 3 , no. 3 ) . The city had produced much not seem very likely; undoubtedly news of an emperor’s
coinage in the Hellenistic period, and large issues of bronze death could take time to reach the more distant parts of the
had been made under Mithradates VI. A Roman colony, Empire, but this does seem implausibly late. We should
originally the Colonia Felix Iulia Sinope and later (from about therefore probably conclude that at least one of the dates on
2 6 b c ) the Colonia Iulia Felix Sinope was founded by Caesar in Sinope’s coins was a mistake, and it should therefore be
about 4 5 b c . Unfortunately, the exact date is not certain remembered that the Julian dates given here may be up to a
since, although the great majority of Sinope’s coins bear year inaccurate. The problem is, of course, also tied up with
dates from the foundation, these dates are very hard to the question of the correct date of Sulpicius Rufus’s
reconcile into any coherent system. The problem was governorship of Bithynia-Pontus (see p. 337).
investigated most fully by W. Kubitschek, ‘Die Zeitrech­ There are several problematic pieces, the first of these
nung der Stadt Sinope’, NZ, 1 9 0 8 , pp. 6 6 - 7 2 . Kubitschek being the coin of Sulpicius with sacrificial implements.
himself opted for an era running from 1 January 4 5 b c ; There seems no doubt that this is a coin of Sinope, as the
more recently, M. Amandry has suggested an era running ethnic is a secure part of the legend. The full readings are
from i July 4 6 ( RN, 1 9 8 6 , p. 7 4 , n. 6 ) . One can adopt an era not, however, certain. The coin is available today in two
beginning on 1 October 4 6 to accommodate the following specimens, in P and V, which share an obverse die; a third
crucial dated coins in the first century a d : specimen was recorded by Rec 75a:
Year 82 Caligula (from 16 M arch 37) Oct. 36-Sept. 37 1. P JCOLON FEL SIN P SVLP[ ]
86 Claudius (from 25 Ja n . 41) Oct. 40-Sept. 4 I
100 Claudius (died 13 Oct. 54) Oct. 54-Sept. 55
RVF PROCOS PO NTIFE[
103 Nero (consul?: a d 57) Oct. 56-Sept. 57 2. V ]OLON[
Nero (died 9 Ju n e 68) Oct. 67-Sept. 68
]
113 RVF PROCOS PO[
118 Domitian cos iterum (= 73) Oct. 72-Sept. 73
141 Nerva (from 19 Sept. 96) Oct. 95-Sept. 96 3. Rec ‘COLON FE[’
162 T rajan (died 8/9 Ju n e 117) Oct. 116-Sept. 117
DIC Q F RVFR[’
This system allows one to fit in all the first-century dates, In addition, Reinach’s annotated copy of Rec records ‘un
though the chronology is very tight (coins made for ex. fruste de la coll, du Gd. Duc. M de Ricci lit les légendes
Claudius between 1 and 13 October 54; coins made for ainsi’ (COLON FELI/DIC Q F RVFR).
Nerva between 19 and 31 September 96) and it cannot be Based on a knowledge of only specimens i and 3, Grant
made compatible with: (FITA 251-2) restored the legends as COLON(iam) FEL(i-
261 M acrinus (April 217-late 218) Oct. 215-Sept. 216 cem) SIN(open) P SVLP(icius) Q F RVF(us) PROCOS
356 B I T H Y N I A A N D P O N T U S : Sinope (2107)
PO NTIFE[X IM P DE]D(uxit) I(ussu) C(aesaris). The
main problem posed is clearly the reliability of the extra
letters preserved only in the record of 3. There is no diffi­
culty in accepting Q F as this filiation is preserved for Sulpi­
cius on the vA specimen of the coin attributed by FITA 11
to Amisus (here = 2155, Uncertain Paphlagonia). But the
reading DIC and Grant’s interpretation of it are perhaps
less convincing, and should remain uncertain pending new
evidence. The date of the coin depends on that of the pro­
consulship of Sulpicius, which was placed by Grant in
46/45 (followed by MRR and Magie). The coins certainly
look like a foundation issue, so the date is tied up with the
question of the correct identification of year 1 of the colony
(see above).
The other coin of Sulpicius (2155) might perhaps also
plausibly have been attributed to Sinope, except for the fact
that it gives Sulpicius the title PROPR, and it seems
unlikely that the same city should give different versions of
his title.
The coin of G F I signed by the duoviri C. Vibi and L.
Pond is given here to Sinope, despite Grant’s reattribution
to Berytus (FITA 258). The attribution to Syria or Phoeni­
cia can, however, be rejected on several grounds. Firstly,
the 6 o’clock die axis is unknown in that region at this time.
Secondly, Imhoof-Blumer says that the coin was acquired
together with Pontic and Paphlagonian coins (KM, p. 7).
Finally (though of less significance), a C. Vibius was pro-
consul of Bithynia-Pontus in 47 b c , while a L. Ponti is
known from the roughly contemporary coinage from
Lampsacus (e.g., 2268). These considerations seem to make
Sinope a likely candidate. On the other hand, the attribu­
tion is by no means certain, and the absence of a date, for
instance, is rather unexpected. If correcdy attributed to
Sinope, then it presumably represents an issue early in the
colony’s existence.
The undated coin with the obverse of DIVO IVLIO
(Rec 74) is rather mysterious. The use of C I F rather than
C F I shows that it must be later than about 26 b c . The
peculiar portrait was tentatively identified by Rec as
representing Antony. In view of the terminus post, this is
impossible. One might perhaps consider that the portrait,
which is surely intended to be that of the deified Julius
Caesar, has been contaminated with some of the features of
Nero; in that case a sort of context for a portrait of Caesar is
provided by the portraits of Augustus (if that is what they
are) minted in Nero’s reign, in the years 103 and 113 (2136,
2141; compare 2016, of Sinope?); a closer parallel is pro­
vided by the coins for Divus Iulius minted at Apamea in the
first and second centuries a d (see p. 342). One need hardly
add that this Neronian dating is only very tentative.
46-35
3 5 B C -A D 1 4
Tiberius 26 mm, 9 g
Caligula
Claudius 27 mm, 12 g
Nero 33 mm, 20 g 27 mm, 8 g
Some coins, included in Rec, have been omitted here. Rec
77 is a coin of Gnossus (982), while Rec 78-80 are of
Apamea (2007-9). The coin in P (758a = Rec, pi. P.i) with
the portrait of DIOGENES is omitted here, as it is probably
of later (possibly Trajanic) date (cf. J. Babelon, RN, 1914,
pp. 14fr.). Of the coins listed by Grant (FITA 253), the
following have not been included:
2 not in Vienna, yet like Rec 203 n. = here 2210;
3 year XV: in fact, year 11 ;
9 year 32: probably 37 (see 2219/3).
The coin published by R. Martini (RIN, 1981, pp. 27fr.)
as a coin of year 14 from Sinope is in fact a coin of Sparta (S.
Grunauer, Die Münzprägung der Lakedaimonier, p. 160,
Gruppe X X II. 1).
The denominational pattern is as follows (see also the
introduction to Bithynia and Pontus, p. 338, especially for
the use of copper and bronze). Coins of about 25 mm were
minted between the foundation and year 8 or 11, at a weight
standard declining from over 16 g to about gg. From then
until the end of the reign of Augustus, the coins were made
in two denominations, the larger and more common being
21 mm and about 7-8 g, and the smaller (years 13, 16 and
17) about 15 mm and 2 5 g. Under Tiberius there seem to be
two denominations, one of 26mm/gg and the other
20 mm/5 g (but there are only two coins!). During the reigns
of Caligula, Claudius and Nero, the smallest denomination
is denoted by the use of the ploughing colonists on the
reverse ( 17 mm, about 4 g). The next denomination has a
diameter of about 21 mm and a weight of 5-6 g; then (a
continuation of the heavier denomination introduced under
Tiberius?) one of 27mm and about log (years 100 and
104). Finally, under Nero (years 103 and 133) the largest
denomination is introduced, with the diameter of a
sestertius and a weight of about 20 g. This can be sum­
marised in the table below.
S u lp ic iu s R u f u s procos, c. 4 6 /4 .5 bc
2107 AE. 2 5m m , 16.35g ( 9 · Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
Rec 75a, ή τα 251-2
C O L O N FE L S IN , P SV LP; head o f Tyche, r.
]D IC (?) Q F R V F P R O C O S P O N T IF E f; sacrificial
im plem ents
i . P 7 5 6 a ( ~ FiTA, p i . V I I I . 3), 16.35 Q C O L O N F E L S IN P S V L P [/]R V F
P R O C O S P O N T I F E [); 2. V 279295 { ]O L O N [/]R V F P R O C O S P O [);
3 . R ec 75a (‘C O L O N F E [ /] D I C Q F R V F R [’). S am e obv. die: 1 a n d 2.
See in tro d u ctio n for discu ssio n o f readings.
25 mm, weight declining
from 16 to about 9 g
2 1 mm, 7-8 g 15mm, 22g
20 mm, 5 g
21 mm, 6 g 17 mm, 35g
21 mm, 6 g 17 mm, 4g
21 mm, 6 g 17mm, 3g
 B I T H Y N I A A N D P O N T U S : Sinope (2108-2123) 357

U n c e rta in d a te - la te 4 0 s b c ? 2115 A E. 21 mm , 6 .2 7 g (2)· Axis: 12 (1). [ 3 ]

R ec 81 = 84, f it a 253 (7). Y ear 23 = 24/23 bc

2108 AE. 25m m , 7.20g (1). Axis: 6 (i). [ i ] C I F A N X X II I; lau reate head (of C aesar?), r.
F IT A 258 (Berytus) E X D D; bare head (of A ugustus?), r.
C V IB I L P O N T I II V IR C F I; veiled head o f Ceres (?), i . P 7 6 4 ( = R e c , pi. X X V I .31), 6.19; 2. V 15385 ( = Eckhel, Antioch 31);
3 . N 7743 (see R ec); 4. B (L ö b b ), 6.35. 2 a n d 4 a re from th e sam e dies;
w ith w reath of ears o f corn, r. th ey s h are th e sam e obv. die as 1.
L P O N T I C V IB I II V IR C F I; decorated crescent
above plough 2116 L eaded bronze. 17 m m , 2.63 g (2). [ 2 ]
I. B (B -I) ( = k m 7, 4 w ith T af. I.7 ), 7.20. See in tro d u ctio n for a ttrib u tio n Rec 83, f it a 253 (8). Y ear 23 (probably) = 24/23 bc
to Sinope, w hich is n o t definite.
C I F [AN] X X II I; b are head, 1.
S tar o f eight rays
i . P 7 6 5 ( —W a 201 — R ec, pi. X X V I .32), 2.65; 2. L 1931-5—1-7, 2.60;
3. N (see f i t a ) . S am e obv. die; 1 a n d 2. Q u a lita tiv e m e ta l an alysis on: 2.
D a te d issu es - T r iu m v ir a l p e r io d 2117 AE. 21 m m , 7.93g (1). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ]
Rec —, f it a 253 (10). Y ear 35 (probably) = 1 2 /1 1 b c
2109 AE. 25m m , 11.35g (3)· Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
C I F A N X X X V ; b are head, r.
R ec —, ή τ α 253 (1). Y ear 8 = 39/38 bc
E X D D; ju g a te heads of G aius a n d Lucius, r.
C F I A N V III; laureate head (of C aesar?), r. ï . G 14, 7.93. T h e y ea r is n o t ce rtain , as it ru n s in to the edge o f th e flan.
E X D D; clasped han d s holding cornucopia O n th e o th e r h a n d , th e obv. die is d ifferent from an y know n w ith X X X V I
i . B 3 7 6 /1 9 2 5 , 10.23; 2. V 3 4 2 7 1 (nz 1921, 133 a n d T af. V I.1 1 ), 12.37; or X X X V II.
3. O (nc 1935, 194, n o t illu stra te d ), 11.44.
2118 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 7.27g (6). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 8 ]
2110 AE. 25 m m . [ o ] Rec 85, f it a 253 (11). Y ear 36 = 11/10 bc

Rec 203 η . Y ear 8 = 39/38 bc C I F Ä N X X X V I; b are head, r.

C F I A N V III; bare head, r. E X D D; ju g a te heads of G aius a n d L ucius, r.
E X D D; bare head, r. i . P 7 6 7 ( —R ec, pi. X X V I .35), 7.54; 2—4 . P 7 6 6 = W a 2 0 3 ( = R e c , pi.
X X V I .33), 766a, 766b, 8.49, 6.95, 7.79; 5 - 6 . B 373/1889 ( = Rec, pi.
I. See Rec, w hich w as disinclined to accep t it as a coin o f Sinope becau se X X V I .34), 74/1904, 7.33, —; 7 - 8 . L = BMC 5 2 -3 , 9.37, 5.53; 9 - 1 2 . See
o f u n c e rta in ty a b o u t th e id e n tity o f th e p o rtra its. W hile this u n c e rta in ty Rec; 13. R a u c h 39 (1987) lo t 138. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 8.
rem ains, th e a ttrib u tio n to S inope seem s v irtu ally ce rtain , especially in
view o f th e use o f C F I ra th e r th a n C I F. 2119 AE. 21 m m , 8 .9 6 g (1). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ]

2111 AE. 24m m , 8.42g (12). Axis: 5 (1). [ 1 ] Rec 86, fita 253 (12). Y ear 37 = 10/9 bc

Rec 75, F iT A 253 (3) corr. Y ear 11 = 36/35 bc

[C I F AN] X X X V II; b are head, r.
E X D D; ju g a te heads of G aius a n d Lucius, r.
C F I A N X I; head o f Tyche, r.
I. P 7 6 8 ( = R ec, pi. P .2), 8.96; 2. See R ec; 3 . V 15386. 3 w as read as
E X D D; sacrificial im plem ents A N X X X I X b y R ec 87, X X X I I b y F I T A 253 (9) a n d X X X I by Eckhel
i . P 7 5 8 ( = Rec, pi. X X V I .23, fita, pi. I X .4), 8.77; 3. L in d g ren A91A, { D N V I I . 3 9 2 -3 ). I t seem s to be from th e sam e obv. d ie as 1, how ever.
8.07.
2120 AE. 21 m m , 6.98 g (2). Axis: 6. [ 2 ]
Rec 87, f it a 253 ( i 3). Y ear 39 = 8/7 bc

C I F A N X X X IX ; b are head, r.
D a te d coins - reig n o f A u g u s tu s *i.
E X D D; ju g a te heads of G aius a n d L ucius, r.
i . P 7 6 9 , 7.59; 2. B (I-B — R ec, pi. X X V I .36), 6.36; 3—4. See R ec; 5. Be
2112 L eaded bronze. 22m m , 8 .4 2 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
(R 4 7 5 5 ). 5 -9 1·
Rec 76a ( = 76?), f it a 253 (4). Y ear 19 = 28/27 bc
2121 L eaded bronze. 2 1m m , 6.77g i 1)· Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
C F I SI A N X IX ; fem ale head, r.
Rec 88 corr., f it a 253 (14). Y ear 42 = 5 /4 bc
E X D D; plough
i . B 7 8 /1 9 2 8 , 5.03; 2. L 1 8 4 0 -1 2 —26—3 3 5 , 6.50; 3. P row e (see R ); C I F A N X L II; bare head, r.
4. W in te rth u r 2144 (‘D y m e’). S am e dies: 1 a n d 2. Q u a lita tiv e m etal E X D D; ju g a te heads of G aius an d Lucius, r.
an alysis on: 2. i. L = bm c 54, 6.77. Q u a lita tiv e m e ta l an a ly sis on: i.

2113 A E. i 3 m m , 2.63g (1). Axis: 3 (1). [ i ] 2122 AE. 21 m m , 6.82 g (3). Axis: 6. [ 4 ]
Rec —, f it a 253 (5). Y ear ?20 = 27/26 bc Rec 89, f it a 253 (15). Y ear 42 = 5/4 bc

C I F A N X X (? ); facing bu ll’s head As a 12 1, b u t lau reate head o f A ugustus a n d heads of

E X D D; plough (?) G aius an d Lucius face each other
i . B (B -I) ( = km 7, 5 w ith T af. 1 . 6 ), 2.63. T h e read in g A N X X is i . P 7 7 1 , 6.20; 2. P 770 ( = Rec, pi. X X V I I . 1), 5.57; 3· N Y ; 4 . B (I-B ),
extrem ely u nsure. G ra n t d escrib ed th e rev. as a sim pulum . 8.69. A ll sam e dies. 4 w as in co rrectly in clu d ed u n d e r R ec 88.

2114 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 2.87g (2). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ] 2123 AE. 21 m m , 7.34g (1). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ]
Rec —, f it a 253 (6). Y ear 22 = 25/24 bc Rec 90 = ?82, f it a 253 (16). Y ear 50 = ad 4/5
C I F A N X X II; bare head, r. C I F A N L; b are head (of T iberius?), 1.
E X D D; cornucopia a n d globe E X D D; bare head (of A ugustus?), r.
i . L 1 9 1 0 - 1 0 - 1 2 —8, 3.09; sï. P V ( = W e b er 4833 — km 7, 6 w ith T a f. 1 . 8 ), I . B (L ö b b ) ( = ?Rec 82), 7.34; 2 . See Rec. R ec reg ard e d th e h ea d on the
2.65. S am e dies: t a n d 2. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. rev. as th a t o f J u liu s C ae sa r.
3$8 B I T H Y N I A A N D P O N T U S : Sinope (2124-2137)

2124 AE. 2 i m m , 6.87 g (3)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ] 2131 AE. 22m m . 7.08g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
Rec 90a = 91, FiTA 253 (17). Y ear 51 = ad 5/6 Y ear /87 = 41/2
C I F A N L I; bare head, 1. T I C L A V D IV S CAESA R; lau reate head, r.
E X D D; vase in w reath C I F A N N O X X X V II {sic); in w reath
i . L 1979—i —I —1247 ( = vA 232), 6.68; 2—3. B (R au c h = R ec, pi. i . C 1 9 3 7 /1 3 7 , 7.08. T h e rev. o f th e coin h as been tooled. I f th e coin does
X X V I I .2, I-B — R ec 81), 5.53, 8.40. S am e dies: i a n d 2. T h e re is also a re p re s e n t a g en u in e coin o f Sin o p e (w hich is n o t c e rta in ), th e n th e rev.
coin in Rec, d escrib ed by F I T A 253 (18) as h av in g th e sam e obv. a n d on w o u ld p resu m a b ly h av e re a d C I F /E X D D A N L /X X X V I I ; cf. th e coin
th e rev. an ‘a lta r in w re a th ’: th is sounds very sim ilar to th e v ase in w reath o f D ru su s (2 2 2 7 ). V ery u n ce rtain .
o n R ec 90a, a n d th e coin is therefore n o t given a s e p arate en try here.
2132 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 6.26 (3). Axis: 5 (2). [ 3 ]
2125 AE. 24 m m . [ O ]
nc 1971, 125, no. 8. Y ear 96 = 51/2
Rec 90b, FiTA 253 (19). Y ear 59 = ad 13/14
N E R C LA V D CAES C LA V D B R IT T A N CAE; ju g ate
C I F A N L IX ; b are head, r. heads of N ero a n d B ritannicus, 1.
E X D D; head o f T yche (?), r. C I F A N N X C V I; caduceus betw een crossed
i . S ee R e c (Rec, pi. P .3). cornucopias
i . L 1 9 6 & -3 —6 - 1 ( = nc 1971, pi. 24.8), 6.13; 2. N Y , 5.23; 3 . L 1 9 9 1 —2—
7—2, 7.48. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.
R e ig n o f T ib e r iu s
2133 A E. 17m m , 4 .1 5 g (2). Axis: 6. [ 2 ]
2126 AE. 26m m , 9.22g (1). Axis: 6 (i). [ i ] Rec 94, C op 316. Y ear 96 = 51/2
Y ear 63 (or 64?) = 17/18 (or 18/19) Facing head o f Sol betw een two horses
A N N X C V I (retrograde) G I F ; two colonists ploughing,
E X [D D ]; rad iate h ead o f A ugustus, 1.; to 1., th u n derb o lt
1.
CI F A N L X I I I [ ; seated figure of Livia
1. P 7 7 5 ( = W a 200 — R ec, pi. X X V I I .6), 3.60; 2. C o p 316, 4.69. Sam e
i . M u 15a, 9.22. T h e y e a r m ig h t be L X I I I or L X I I I I ; in th e la tte r case, dies.
th e coin w ould form a p a ir w ith th e coin o f D ru su s, a n d one m ig h t ex p ect
a type for T ib e riu s, too. 2134 A E. 2 7m m , 12.41g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 1 ]
2127 AE. 2 0 m m , 5.34g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ] Rec 95 corr., rn 1986, 73-4. Y ear 100 = 54/(5)
apt 18, no. 53. Y ear 64 = 18/19 T I C LA V D CA ESA R A V G P M T R P C I F; laureate
D R V S O C A E SA R I; b are head of D rusus, r. head, 1.
E X D D C I F Ä N L X I I I I in w reath A G R IP P IN A E A V G E X D D A N C C I F; head of
A grippina II, 1.
I . C (= APT, pi. V .16, SNG 4803), 5.34.
i . P 776 ( = R e c , p i. X X V I I . 7 ), 1 2.03; 2 . J S W ( = r n 1986, p i. V .c), 12.79.
S am e dies.

R e ig n o f C a lig u la ___________________ 2135 L eaded bronze. 22 m m , 7.69 g (3). [ 2 ]

rn 1986, 72-4. Y ear 100 = 54/(5)
2128 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 5.79g (3). Axis: 7. [ 4 ]
T I C LA V D C A ESA R B R IT T D D C I F; lau reate head
Rec 92 corr., C op 315 corr., T rillm ich 105. Y ear 82 = a d o f B ritannicus, 1.
3 (6 ) / 7 ___ N E R O C LA CAES P R IN C IV V [ ]A N C; laureate
C C A E SA R A V G G E R M E X D D A N L X X X II C I F; h ead of Nero, 1.
bare head, r. 1. L 1 9 6 6 - 4 - 1 - 1 ( = nc 1948, 128, n. 1 3 4 = rn 1986, pi. V .a ), 6.62;
A G R IP P IN A E G E R M A N IC I C I F ; b u st of A grippina I, 2. M a b b o tt 3828 ( = nc 1943, 92, illu s.), 8.17; 3. L 1 9 9 1 —2—7—1
( —S tern b e rg X V , 1985, lo t 338 = rn 1986, pi. V .b ), 8.28. Q u a lita tiv e
r.
m e tal an aly sis on: 1. P reviously a ttrib u te d to H ip p o in Africa.
i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —1248 ( = v A 232 = T rillm ich T a f. 13.19), 5.64; 2. P
772 = W a 204 (= Rec, pi. X X V I I .3 = nc 1948, pi. 6.6), 5.23; 3 . C o p 3 1 5 ,
6.49; 4 . V U n c e rta in 27335/44. A ll sam e dies. Q u alitativ e m e tal analysis
on: i . R e ig n o f N e ro
2129 C opper. 17 m m , 3.52 g (8). Axis: 6 o r 5. [ 9 ]
Rec 93. Y ear 83 = 37/8 2136 L eaded bronze. 35 m m , 19.99g ( 0 · Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ]

C C A E A V G G E R E X D D ; b are head, r. Rec 95a. Y ear 103 = 57/8

C I F A N L X X X I II; two colonists ploughing, r. D IV O A V G C I F A N N C III ; rad iate head (of
i . N Y , 3.22; 2—3. L = BMC 55, 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -5 9 , 3.98, 3.01: 4—5. P 773 A ugustus?), r.
( - R e c , pi. X X V II.4 ), 774 ( = W a 205 - Rec, pi. X X V II.5 ), 3.62, 3.26; N E R O C LA V D CAES A V G G E R M A N I C I F; N ero in
6 - 7 . B (R au c h , L ö b b ), 3.81, —; 8. G 15, 4.44; 9 . V 31244; 10. W e n d t consular processus, r.
X X I (1978) lo t 443a, 2.78; i i — 13. See Rec. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analyses
on: 2 a n d 3. i . L 1979—i —i —1 2 4 9 (==vA 234), 19.99; See R ec (pi. P .4). S am e obv.
die. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1. T h e obv. p resu m a b ly rep resen ts
D ivus A u g u stu s, since D ivus C la u d iu s w as n ev er show n ra d ia te . I f th e rev.
is co rrectly in te rp re te d as th e processus consularis , th en the co n su lsh ip in
R e ig n o f C la u d iu s *I. q u estio n m u s t b e th a t o f 57.

2137 AE. 21 m m , 6 .2 8 g (6). Axis: 6. [ 3 ]

2130 AE. 25 m m . [ o ]
Rec 96 = 96a = ?97a. Y ear 103 = 57/8
Y ear 86 = 4(0) /1
N E R O C LA V D CAES A V G A N (N I) C III ; laureate
T I C L A V D IV S CAES A V G G I F A N N O L X X X V I; head, r.
laureate head, r. O C T A V IA E A V G G I F ; b ust of O ctavia, r.
M E SSA L L IN A A V G V ST A ; d rap ed b u st o f M essalina, r.
i . G 16 (pi. X L V .1 9 ), 4.96; 2. N Y , 8.24; 3. B 100/1909, 4.32; 4 . vA 235,
I. T r a u 3 8 5 (H ess, 1935).

5.65; 5. W e n d t X X I (1975) lo t 443b, 6.35; 6. S tern b e rg X I (1981) lot
244, 8.16; 7. Be (R 5420), 8.16.
C o u n te rm ark : C C o r C IC ( G IC 585: 3). R ec 97a (pi. X X V I I .9) seem s to
be from th e sam e obv. die as G 16, in w hich case it is o f y ea r 103, n o t 104.
2138 A E. 27m m , 7.89g (1). Axis: 12 (1).
Rec 99. Y ear 104 = 58/9
N E R O C LA V D C A E SA R A V G G E R M ; lau reate head, r.
C I F A N C I I I I ; capricorn w ith globe, r.; above, star
i. P 780 ( = W a 206 = R ec, pi. X X V II.1 1 ), 7.89.
2139 C opper. 21m m , 4.27 g (3). Axis: 12 or 9.
Rec 97. Y ear 104 = 58/9
N E R O C LA V D I CAES A V G A N N (I) C I I I I ; laureate
head, r.
O C T A V IA E A V G C I F; b u st of O ctavia, 1.
I. P 7 7 8 ( = R ec, pi. X X V I I .8), 4.58; 2 . G 17, 3.92; 3 . L 1 9 7 4 -5 -4 -1 ,
4.20. S am e dies: i a n d 2. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 3.
2140 C opper. 17 m m , 3.10 g (3). Axis: 12.
Rec 98. U n d ated (57-60?)
N C C A VG ; laureate head, r.
C I F (retrograde); two colonists ploughing, 1.
i. L 1 8 4 0 -1 2 -2 6 -3 3 8 , 3.65; 2. P 779 (— R ec, pi. X X V I I .10), 2.52;
The coinage of Amisus was fully described in the revised
edition of the relevant volume of Rec (1925). Amisus had
been a prolific mint under Mithradates VI; thereafter it had
made small issues of bronzes dated by the names of the
Republican proconsuls Papirius Carbo and Caecilius Cor­
nutus (Rec 45-6).
In the imperial period Amisus made bronzes with and
without an imperial portrait. From 5/4 b c these are mostly
dated from an era of liberty beginning in 32/31 b c (see Rec,
p. 53, n. 4; Strabo 547 records how Amisus was freed from
tyrants after the battle of Actium); but the earlier coins
have no or illegible dates, and it is difficult to be sure which
of the coins which stylistically belong to the second half of
the first century b c date from the reign of Augustus and
which are earlier. There are a group with monograms (Rec
47, 48, 50b = 2143-5): the last two of these at any rate are
linked by the use of the same form of the ethnic
(ΑΜΙΣΗΝΩΝ) and by the same monogram. Rec 50b
(= 2145) has a date; on the L specimen and that illustrated
by Rec, only ΕΤΟΥΣ Θ[ is legible. Rec read the date as
ΘΞ = a d 37/8, but the use of a monogram seems unlikely at
so relatively late a date, while the form of the ethnic is
attested only under Augustus. Year 9 itself cannot be
definitely ruled out, but this must remain uncertain at the
moment.
Rec 47 (2143) is linked to Rec 48 (2144) by the use of the
same types (particularly the reverse which shows Amisus
and Roma standing together), but has a different form of
the ethnic (ΑΜΙΣΟΥ), which is the normal form in Republi­
can times and in the imperial issues dated a d 28/9 and 53/4;
the later period seems unlikely in view of the monogram
late ist century
early Augustan?
Augustus (year 31)
Tiberius (year 60) 30 mm, 131g
Claudius
B I T H Y N I A A N D P O N T U S : Sinope, Amisus (2138-2142) 35g
178/1948 (G ra n t), 3.14. All sam e dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
T h e p o rtra it is n o t o f th e la te r steps type, so th e issue p ro b a b ly belongs to
th e p erio d o f m o st o f th e N ero n ian issues.
2141 L eaded bronze. 3 2m m , 16.33g i *1)· Axis: 1 2 (1 ). [ 1 ]
[ 1 ]
Rec 100. Y ear 113 = 67/68
JO AVG; rad iate head, r.
A N C X III; the two D ioscuri standing, facing, betw een
two horses
i . L = bm c 5 6 ( = R ec, pi. X X V I I . 12), 16.33. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis
on: i. I f th e use o f a ra d ia te h ea d d en o tes th a t th e p o rtr a it is o f D ivus
[ 3 ] A u g u stu s, th e n th e legend sh o u ld p resu m a b ly be resto red D I V O A V G (cf.
th e legend a n d co m m en tary o n 2 0 1 6 ). I n R ec th e legend is resto red
N E R O A V G a n d th e h ea d identified as N ero . T h e p o rtra it does not,
how ever, seem to be th a t o f N ero.
U n d a te d - reign o f N e ro ?
2142 AE. 21 m m , 6.01 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ]
[ 3 ]
Rec 74
D IV O IV L IO ; b are head, 1.
C I F; plough in w reath
i . P 7 5 7 ( = W a 202 = R ec, pi. X X V I .22), 5.51; 2. V 31243, 6.50. S am e
3. C obv. die. F o r discussion, see ab o v e (in tro d u ctio n ).
Amisus
and big, slightly convex fabric, so the issue should probably
be placed at the end of the Republic (it was even dated to 84
b c and interpreted as Eirene and Roma by Imhoof-Blumer,
CM p. 45, 28). The view taken here is that the change of the
ethnic from ΑΜΙΣΟΥ to ΑΜΙΣΗΝΩΝ probably coincides
with the adoption of the era of freedom, but greater prob­
ability in dating Rec 47 does not seem possible at the
moment.
Rec 50a (2146) is also problematic. Although it is dated,
the date is not fully legible. Rec’s reading Ξ is not wholly
convincing, as other coins of year Ξ have the ethnic
ΑΜΙΣΟΥ, whereas Rec 50a has ΑΜΙΣΗΝ[ΩΝ], the form
which suggests an Augustan date.
For another possible issue of Amisus, from the
Triumviral period, see Uncertain of Pontus-Paphlagonia
2I56·
Coins omitted here: (a) the coin attributed to Augustus
by Rec (68) with the inscription CEBACTOY is omitted
because its ethnic, ΑΜΙΣΟΥ CAEYOEPAC, suggests a date
no earlier than the reign of Trajan; (b) vA 6732 (numbered
6734 on plate) is given to Uncertain of Pontus-Paphlagonia
(= 2155); (c) the issue attributed to Claudius (Rec 73a) is,
in fact, a specimen of the Claudian coins with inscription
ΕΤΟΥΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ Γ, and variously attributed to
Caesarea in Cappadocia or Anazarbus (here = 4084); (d)
the coin cited by the vA Index for Galba in L = BMC 84 is
actually a coin of Vespasian (Rec 74).
The weight standards of the coinage are not clear, par­
ticularly as coins of the same diameter vary widely in
weight from Augustus to Claudius. We find the pattern
shown in the table below.
27m m, 19g
27 mm, 16 g 24 mm, 12! g
20 mm, 4 g
19mm, 45g 18mm, 3 lg
20 mm, 52 g 17 mm, 3g
y6b B I T H Y N I A A N D P O N T U S : Amisus (2143-2154)

The large diameter of the largest Tiberian coin is clearly 2149 AE. 2 5m m , 12.90g (1). [ i ]
influenced by the Augustan sestertius, but it is not at all Rec 70a. Y ear 41 = ad 9/10
clear whether it is supposed to be a sestertius (or the other ΑΜΙΣΗΝ ΕΤΟΥΣ AM; lau reate head, r.
denominations pro rata). The coins all seem to have been B are head, r.
made from leaded bronze, except for 2148, which is of brass. I . P , 12.90; 2 . See R ec, pi. G .20. R ec in te rp re te d th e h ead on th e rev. as
A g rip p a. In view o f th e d ate, how ever, T ib e riu s seem s m ore likely.

U n c e rta in d a te , la te f i r s t cen tu ry b c

2143 L eaded bronze. 27m m , i8 .6 8 g (3). Axis: 12 or 1. [ 5 ] T ib e r iu s

Rec 47
2150 L eaded bronze. 30 m m , 13.61g (6). Axis: 12. [ 6 ]
L au reate head of A pollo, r.; below, m onogram ΙΘΡ
ΑΜΙΣΟΥ; A m isus an d R om a standing, facing Rec 71. Y ear 60 = ad 28/29
i . L 1974—i —2—2 0 , 18.56; 2. B (I-B = gm 4 5 , 28 = Rec, p i. V I I I . 7), ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, 1.
18.20; 3. P 1971/425, 19.28; 4 . V 31163; 5. P 1113, 22.41. T h e m o n o g ram ΑΜΙΣΟΥ ΕΤΟΥΣ Ξ; D ikaiosyne seated, 1., w ith scales
is clearest on 3, w hich confirm s R ec’s description. S am e dies: 1 a n d 2.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1. i . L 1929—10—13—4 5 7 , 14.54; 2—4 · B (I-B = R ec, p i. V I I I . 20, L ö b b = zFN
V I I , 1880, 54, no. i, B -I), 14.66, 12.80, 16.34; 5· P 313 = W a 42, 12.60;
6. vA 6736, 10.70; 7—9 . See R ec (inc. pi. G .21); 10. P 1124, 15.51. T h e
rev. o f 4 h as Ε Τ Ο Σ [mV]. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
C o u n te rm ark s: N ike, a n d ca p rico rn ( G I C 253 a n d 298: 1-10).
U n c e rta in : e a rly A u g u s ta n ?
2151 Bronze. 19m m , 4 .6 1 g (5). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 5 ]
2144 L eaded bronze. 27m m , 15.78g (5). Axis: 12 or 1. [ 4 ] Rec 49. Y ear 60 = ad 28/29
Rec 48 ΑΜΙΣΟΥ; helm eted b u st of A thena, r.
As 2143, b u t inscription ΑΜΙΣΗΝΩΝ ΕΤΟΥΣ Ξ; owl standing, 1.
a. m o n o g ram fh : i . P 303 = W 40, 7.48; 2. V 32998, 17.78; i . P 3 0 4 = W a 4 3 (R ec, pi. V I I I . 8), 5.83; 2. L 1 9 0 9 -5 -2 -1 5 , 4.45; 3. B
3 , C gen; b. m o n o g ra m |$p(as on 2 1 4 3 ): 4 . L 1974—1—2—19, (I-B = gm T af. I I I .2 ) , 4.25; 4 . C M cC le an 7376, 4.83; 5. V 31169; 6 . vA
1:8.97; 5—6· 6733-4, 21.95, I 2 -735 U n c e rta in m onogram : 7. P 303. 74, 3.71; 7—8. See Rec. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 2.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 4.
2152 Bronze. 18m m , 3.44g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 2 ]
2145 L eaded bronze. 24m m , 12.59g (1)· Axis: 12. [ 1 ] Rec 50. Y ear 60 = ad 28/29
Rec 50b
ΑΜΙΣΟΥ; d rap ed b u st o f H erm es w ith caduceus
L aureate head of A pollo, r.; below, m onogram tOP ΕΤΟΥΣ Ξ; in points o f star
ΑΜΙΣΗΝΩΝ; ΕΤΟΥΣ Θ [ ; N ike running, r., w ith p alm i . L 1 9 2 9 —10—13—4 5 8 , 3.44; 2. B 71/1928; 3—4 . See R ec (inc. pi. G .io ).
an d w reath Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: i.
i . L 1929—10—13—4 5 5 , 12.59; 2 * See R ec (pi. G .12). Q u alitativ e m etal
an alysis on: i.

2146 AE. 2 1 m m . [ o ]
Rec 50a C la u d iu s *i.
U n certain bust, r.
ΕΤΟΥΣ [ ] ΑΜΙΣΗΝΩΝ; A th en a or R om a, standing, 2153 L eaded bronze. 2 0m m , 5 .4 5 g (6). Axis: 12 o r n . [ 10 ]
w ith shield Rec 72. Y ear 85 = ad 53/4
i . See R ec (pi. G .i i). ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.
ΕΤΟΥΣ ΕΠ ΑΜΙΣΟΥ; in w reath
i . N Y , 4.12; 2—2. L 1020—10—12—4^0, 1 0 2 0 -1 0 -1 2 -4 6 0 , ^.63, 5.07; 4 —5. B
A u g u s tu s (L ö b b — R ec, pi. V I I I .2 1 , 429/1904), - , 3.79; 6. C 169/1948 (G ra n t),
7.63; 7 - 8 . V 31169, 31630, - , 5.51; 9 - 1 0 . P 1126-7, 5-69, 4 -9 3 ; H · RN
1891, 243, no. 23. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly ses on: 2 a n d 3.
2147 AE. 20m m , 5.42g (1). [ 2 ] C o u n te rm ark : C ad u ceu s ( G I C 391: 1-11).

Rec 69 = 69a. Y ear 28 = 5/4 bc 2154 L eaded bronze. 17 m m , 3 .1 1 g (6). Axis: 12 or 11. [ 6 ]
B are head, r. Rec 73. Y ear 85 = ad 53/4
AMI Π ΙΝΩ Ν ΕΤΟΥΣ KH; helm eted bust of A thena, 1.
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; b u st of A grippina II , r.
i . B (L ö b b ), 5.42; 2. P 1120, 4.66; 3—4. See R ec 69a (w ith pi. G .19). 1 is ΑΜΙΣΟΥ ΕΤΟΥΣ ΕΠ; N ike w alking, r., w ith palm and
from sam e dies as Rec, pi. G .19.
w reath
2148 Brass. 20m m , 3.90 g (5). Axis: 12. [ 6 ] i . L 1 9 2 1 —i i —20—3 7 (ex W e b er 4775 = km i, i) , 3.13; 2. L 1 9 2 9 -1 0 -1 3 -
462, 3.36; 3. N Y ; 4 - 5 . P 315, 3 1 4 = W a 51 ( = R ec, pi. V I I I .2 2 ) , 4.13,
Rec 70. Y ear 31 = 2/1 bc
2.87; 6. B 269/1911, 3.22; 7. vA 75, 1.96; 8 - 9 . See R ec. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
ΑΜΙΣΗΝΩΝ; laureate head, r. an alyses on: i a n d 2.
ΕΤΟΥΣ ΛΑ; facing heads o f G aius an d Lucius C aesar C o u n te rm ark : S ta r ( G IC 437: 1, 3—8).

i . L 1929—1 0 -1 3 —4 5 6 , 3.76; 2. N Y; 3 . P 312 = W a 41 ( = Rec, pi.

V I I I . 19); 4 . V 37755, 4.20; 5. M u 33a, 2.84; 6 . W a d d ell 7.12.1982, lot
66, 4.21; 7. P r 12 1, 5.10. S am e dies: 1, 2 a n d 4. Q u alitativ e m e tal analysis
on: i .
 B I T H Y N I A A N D P O N T U S : Uncertain qf Pontus!Paphlagonia, Comana (2155-2156)
Uncertain of Pontus/Paphlagonia
I (GRMK 281-2), who read the reverse legend as ΓΕΤΙΑ.
Grant in FIT A 11 published a coin in Istanbul, which he
says was found in Turkey, with a head of Tyche and an owl
on a crab with the inscriptions PROPR and P SVLPICIVS
RVFVS. A second specimen, from the same dies, was
included in the vA collection; this allows one to add the
filiation Q F on the reverse legend.
There is not much doubt that this coin comes from Pon­
tus or Paphlagonia, in view of its reported find-spot and its
reference to the propraetor P. Sulpicius Q. f. Rufus, whom
we know from the coinage of Sinope to have been proconsul
of Bithynia-Pontus, at a date which is probably 46/45 b c
(see 2107 and the introduction to Sinope).
Grant attributed the coin to Amisus, on the grounds that
an owl (similarly facing with outstretched wings) occurred
on earlier coins of Amisus. On the other hand, these coins of
Amisus have the eagle above a shield, not a crab, and the
use of Latin is unparalleled there. Latin usually denotes
colonial status in the east (although Grant regarded the
coin only as marking the liberation of Amisus), and there is
no evidence for a colony at Amisus. It is quite tempting to
attribute the coin to Sinope, in view of the very similar head
of Tyche used on the issue of Sulpicius there (2107), but it
seems unlikely that Sinope would style Sulpicius PROCOS
on one coin and PROPR on another; nor would an attribu­
tion to Sinope explain the reverse type at all. There seems
no reason to attribute the coin to the only other colonies
known in the area at this period, Heraclea or Apamea, so
for the moment, then, the coin seems best left uncertain.
S u lp ic iu s R u f u s , a b o u t 4 6 -4 .5 b c
2155 AE. 26m m , 15.05g (1).
F IT A I I
P R O PR ; head of Tyche, r.
P S V L P IC IV S Q F R V FV S; owl w ith o utstretched wings
standing on crab
i . I ( = p i t a , pi. I I . 1); 2. v A 6 7 3 2 (n u m b e red 6734 on T af. 231), 15.05.
S am e obv. die.
II
An enigmatic coin with a portrait of an uncertain man and
two figures on the reverse was published by Imhoof-Blumer
The coinage of Comana has been fully described in the
relevant revised volume of Rec (1925). Comana had produ­
ced coinage under Mithradates VI, and after a series of
dynastic rulers and priests was incorporated into the
Roman province in a d 34/35, the date from which its era
started (see Rec).
Coinage (very rare) was made with the portrait of Cali­
361
Another specimen was published by F. Leypold (MONG
XX. 10 (1978), pp. 78-9), who correctly read the reverse
legend as the Latin FETIA, referring to the fetial ceremony
(part of the process of making a treaty, whereby a pig was
sacrificed to sanctify the oaths taken in a treaty; compare
Agrippa I of Judaea, 4983).
Imhoof-Blumer thought the coin was minted at Amisus,
and Leypold’s specimen was acquired there; thus there
seems little doubt that it comes from Pontus, and was
perhaps minted at Amisus.
The identity of the portrait on the obverse (a Roman
general or governor?) is uncertain, as is the treaty to which
the reverse refers. Both matters might be helped if we could
date the coin, but there is no good evidence for its date.
Leypold placed it probably in 100-50 b c , but a later date
does not seem excluded.
If the attribution to Amisus were secure, then the most
likely context would perhaps be the period between about
40 b c , when Antony gave Amisus to βασιλείς, perhaps the
tyrant Strato deposed by Octavian, and 30 b c , the date of
his deposition (see Jones, Cities, p. 167, esp. n. 39). One
could envisage a treaty with a fetial ceremony between
Strato and Rome (or Antony). Such a design would fit quite
well with the coins, definitely of Amisus (2143-4), showing
Amisus and Roma. On this interpretation, the portrait
would be that of the tyrant Strato. It must be admitted,
however, that there are difficulties with this attribution, for
instance, the use of a Latin legend or the absence of a royal
diadem on the portrait. Other explanations of the coins,
such as a connection with the formal treaty made with King
Polemo of Pontus in 26 b c (Dio, 53.25.1), might have the
same problems. Indeed, the use of Latin might perhaps be a
problem for almost any attribution, as the fetial ceremony
[ o ] would not be appropriate in the case of a colony.
L a te f i r s t century b c
2156 Brass. 20m m , 8 .0 9 g (3)· Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
GRMK 281
B are head, r.
F E T IA ; two (Ptogate) figures, sacrificing a pig
i . B (I-B = GRMK T af. V I .25), 8.00; 2 . 1 . 1 9 2 4 - 1 2 - 9 - 1 , 8 . 1 8 ; 3. Leypold
( = m ö n g X X .10, 1978, 78, illus-), 7.80; 4. P U n c e rta in (= P e lle r in , pi.
C X V I.1 1 ), 7.94; 5. J S W , 7.26; 6. P V , 7.01; 7. K o v acs coll.; 8—9 . R W ,
7.03, 8.00. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2. P ro b ab ly all sam e obv. die; 1
a n d 3 sam e rev. die.
Comana
gula in CTOYC Δ; there was also a series of coins without
imperial head, with a radiate head on the obverse and a
club in a wreath on the reverse. These coins have additional
Greek numerals or letters on the reverse; all were assigned
to the reign of Caligula in Rec, where some Greek letters
were interpreted as dates (Γ and Ç) and others as a
‘monogram’ (ΓΚ = ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ). It seems more
natural, however, to regard ΓΚ also as a date, and this 2159 AE. 2 0m m , 5.83g (1). Axis: 12( 1) . [ 1 ]
likelihood seems confirmed by the existence of a coin in vA Rec 7. Y ear 6 = ad 39/40
(6773, now in L) with ΓΙ. It seems that we are dealing with As 2 1 5 7 , b u t c,
a series of coins struck over a period of at least twenty years, i . B F o x ( = R e c , pi. X I I . 1 = zfN 20, 1897, 261 a n d T a t. I X . i l ) , 5.83.
years 3, 6 13 and 23 being the only ones so far attested.
The few available weights show that the coins with the
imperial portrait represent a heavier denomination (23 mm,
about iog), and those without a portrait a smaller denomi­ R e ig n o f C la u d iu s
nation (20 mm, about 6g).
2160 L eaded bronze. 2 0m m , 5.22g (1). [ 1 ]
Rec —. Y ear 13 = ad 46/7
R e ig n o f C a lig u la As 8 1 5 7 , b u t ΓΙ
i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —I —1 1 8 4 ( = v A 6773), 5.22. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
2157 AE. 20m m , 6.61 g (1). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ]
Rec 7. Y ear 3 = ad 36/7
R adiate head, r. R e ig n o f N e ro
Γ ΚΟΜΑΝΩΝ; club in w reath
i . P 1 3 50, 6.61.
2161 L eaded bronze. 2 0m m , 6 .4 1 g (2). Axis: 6 (1). [ 2 ]
2158 L eaded bronze. 23m m , 10.20g (5). Axis: 12. [ 4 ] Rec 7. Y ear 23 = ad 56/7
Rec 9 = 9a = 9b. Y ear 4 = ad 37/8 As 2 1 5 7 , b u t Γ Κ
ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; lau reate head, r. i . L 1929—1 0 - 1 3 - 5 1 5 , 6.24; 2. B (L ö b b = R ec, pi. K .7 ). 6.58; 3 - 4 . See
KOMANWN CTOYC Δ; rad iate bust, r., w ith club before R ec. 2 w as reg ard e d by R ec as o f y ea r Γ, b u t is from th e sam e dies as i.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.
i . L 1 9 2 9 -1 0 —13—5 1 6 , 10.08; 2. L 1 9 2 0 -3 -2 6 -1 5 , 11.24; 3 * B (L ö b b ),
9.70; 4 . P 1351, 10.32; 5. W a d d ell 7.12.1982, lo t 70, 9.65; 6—7. See R ec
(pi. K .9 a n d 10). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

Neocaesarea
Some small coins ofTiberius (?) are sometimes attributed to 85, n. 1); these are, in fact, coins of Philadelphia in Lydia
Neocaesarea in Pontus in museum collections (cf. Rec, p. (3017).
 A S I A
Page
Organisation of the province 365
Rom an officials 366
Currency 368
Denominations 369
Stylistic groups 375

Cat. no.

‘Provincial’ issues 37 6
Cistophori 2201-25 376
Atratinus 2226 380
CA coinage 2227-35 380

Conventus City Region

Cyzicus
Miletopolis Mysia 2237-8 381
Cyzicus Mysia 2239-51 382
Poemanenum Mysia 2252 384

Adramyteum
Parium (colony) Mysia 2253-67 384
Lampsacus (colony at.first) Mysia 2268-80 386
Abydus Troas 2281-94 388
D ardanus Troas 2295-9 390
Ilium Troas 2300-18 39 °
Tenedos Troas 2 3 !9 392
Assos Troas 2320-4 392
Scepsis Troas 2325-9 393
Adramyteum Mysia 2330-2 394
(Cisthene) Mysia 394
■
Lesbos
Eresus (?) Aeolis 2334-6 395
M ethymna Aeolis 2337-41 395

Pergamum
Lesbos
Mytilene Aeolis 2342-9 396
Perperene Mysia 2350-3 397
Pergamum Mysia 2354-78 398
(Attaea) Mysia — 404
(Germe) Mysia — 404
(Acrasus) Lydia — 404
T hyatira Lydia 2379-83 404
Hierocaesarea Lydia 2384-91 405
Pitane Mysia 2392-7 406
Elaea Aeolis 2398-41I 407
Chios Ionia 2412-24 409

Smyrna
M yrina Aeolis 2425-6 411
Aegae Aeolis 2427-31 412
Cyme Aeolis 2432-5 412
Phocaea Ionia 2436-45 413
Temnus Aeolis 2446-7 414
M agnesia (ad Sipylum) Lydia 2448-60 415
Mostene (Caesarea) Lydia 2461-2 417
Smyrna Ionia 2463-91 417
Clazomenae Ionia 2492-503 421
Erythrae Ionia 2504-10 422
Teos Ionia 2511-20 424
364 A S IA

Conventus City Region Cat. no. Page

Ephesus
Lebedus Ionia 2521-2 425
Colophon Ionia 2523 426
Metropolis Ionia 2524-6 426
Hypaepa Lydia 2527-55 427
Dioshieron Lydia 2556-62 429
Nicaea (Cilbianorum) Lydia 2563-4 43 °
Cilbiani Superiores Lydia 2565-6 431
Mysomakedones Lydia 2567-8 431
Ephesus Ionia 2569-632 431
Tralles (Caesarea)-· Lydia 2633-58 438
Nysa Lydia 2659-71 442
M astaura Lydia 2672-8 443
(Anineta) Lydia — 445
Briula? Lydia 2679 445

Miletus
Samos Ionia 2680-6 445
Priene Ionia 2867-9 446
M agnesia (ad M aeandrum ) Ionia 2690-701 447
M iletus Ionia 2702-17 449
Amyzon Caria 2718 451

Halicarnassus
Bargylia Caria 27 r 9 451
H alicarnassus Caria 2720-2 451
Myndus Caria 2723 452
Cos Caria 2724-42 452

Alabanda
Islands
Astypalaea Caria 2743 454
Rhodes Caria 2744-72 454
Ceramus Caria 2773-4 457
Stratonicea Caria 2775-81 457
Mylasa Caria 2782-95 458
Iasus Caria 2796-7 460
Euromus Caria 2798-800 461
Alinda Caria 2801-5 46 I
Alabanda Caria 2806-23 462
Orthosia Caria 2824-6 464
Bargasa Caria 2827-8 465
Antioch (ad M aeandrum ) Caria 2829-36 465
Aphrodisias-Plarasa Caria 2837-45 466
Attuda Caria 2846 468
Trapezopolis Caria 2847-51 468
Heraclea Caria 2852-62 469
Apollonia Salbace Caria 2863-7 470
(Sebastopolis) Caria — 471
Tabae Caria 2868-73 471
Cidram a Caria 2874-81 472

Cibyra
Cibyra Phrygia 2882-go 473
Colossae Phrygia 2891 475
Laodicea Phrygia 2892-928 475
Hierapolis Phrygia 2929-83 480
Hydrela Phrygia? 2984-5 486

Sardis
Sardis (Caesarea) Lydia 2986-3010 486
Maeonia Lydia 30 1 I _ I 5 490
Philadelphia (Neocaesarea) Lydia 3016-42 491
Apollonoshieron Lydia 3043-6 494
Tripolis Lydia 3047-58 495
Blaundus Lydia 3059-60 496
Bagis? Lydia 3061 497
Cadi Phrygia 3062-5 497
(Epictetus) Phrygia — 498
Aezani Phrygia 3066-106 498
Synaus Phrygia 3107 503
Ancyra Phrygia 3108-15 503
(Tiberiopolis) Phrygia - 5 °4
 ASIA 365

Conventus City Region Cat. no. Page

Apamea
Dionysopolis Phrygia 3 1 1 6 -2 3 5 °4
Apamea Phrygia 3 1 2 4 -3 8 5°5
Fulvia/Eumenea Phrygia 3 13 9 - 5 2 508
Sebaste Phrygia 3 4 3 -8 510
‘Eucarpia’ Phrygia 3 4 9 -6 ° 5 11
Siblia Phrygia 3 1 6 1 -3 5”
(Metropolis) Phrygia — 512
Acmonea Phrygia 3 1 6 4 -7 7 5 !2

Synnada
Synnada Phrygia 3 1 7 8 -9 0 5 4
Iulia Phrygia 3 4 1 -3 54
Prymnessus Phrygia 3 1 9 4 -2 1 0 516
Docimeum Phrygia 3 2 H -4 5 ϊ8
Appia Phrygia 3 2 1 6 -1 7 5i8
Cotiaeum Phrygia 3 2 1 8 -2 7 5 î8
Midaeum Phrygia 3 2 2 8 -9 520
Amorium Phrygia 3 2 3 0 -4 2 520

Philomelium
Philom elium Phrygia 3 2 4 3 -8 521

ORGANISATION
The Roman province of Asia lay at the western end of
Anatolia. Its general coherence as a unit can be explained
by geography and can be seen most clearly from a relief
map of Anatolia (e.g., B. Rémy, L ’évolution administrative de
l’Anatolie aux trois premiers siècles de notre ère, p. 12; Jones,
Cities, facing p. 28): the province comprised the area defined
by the mountains over 1000m. to the east (with the addition
of the Phrygian highlands and the cities like Midaeum,
Amorium and Philomelium which lay on their eastern edge
and whose contacts lay more with Galatia and Pisidia). The
geographical situation of the area at least partly explains its
prosperity and vitality, a vitality which finds a direct reflec­
tion in the vast output of coinage from this area, particu­
larly from the cities in the valleys of the Maeander and its
tributaries. Throughout the Roman period the cities in this
region made the most prolific issues of coinage in the
Empire, and this is also true of the Julio-Claudian period,
for which this catalogue includes a total of over 1000 entries
for over 100 cities producing coinage in the period.
The province comprised the old tribal regions or king­
doms of Mysia, Troas, Aeolis, Ionia, Caria, Lydia and
Phrygia, areas which were organised under the Romans
into a number (changeable between 10 and 13) of conventus
or iurisdictiones. The exact functions of the conventus as an
administrative unit is not clear, but it was at least a judicial
assize district (τάς διοικήσεις, έν αίς τάς αγοραίους ποιο­
ύνται και τάς δικαιοδοσίας: Strabo, 134·12; 628). The four
conventus in Phrygia (Apamea, Laodicea, Synnada and
Philomelium) had been detached from the province of Asia
in 53 B C and added to the province of Cilicia until 49 b c ; it
has also been suggested that they were given by Antony to
King Amyntas of Galatia and reunited with Asia only with
his death in 25 b c (G. Bowersock, AJP, 1970, p. 226). They
were, however, in Asia for the greater part of the period
covered by this catalogue, and so they have been included
OF T H E P R O V I N C E
here. (The only city of uncertain provincial attribution is
Gibyra: see the discussion there, 2882.)
The sheer bulk of coinage presents difficulties of presen­
tation and arrangement, and some subdivision of the prov­
ince seems required. The following possibilities offer
themselves:
1. The traditional arrangement: by tribal region (Mysia,
Troas, Aeolis, Ionia, Caria, Lydia, Phrygia) and then
alphabetically by name of city. There is little to commend
this traditional arrangement, except that its familiarity
allows for easy reference. On the other hand, the number of
people who actually know in which region a given city was
situated is extremely small, so this practical consideration is
perhaps not very important. The arrangement therefore
seems of little value, particularly as it also fails to allow for
the Roman system of government (τδ τους 'Ρωμαίους μή
κατά φύλα διελεΐν αυτούς, άλλα ετερον τρόπον διατάξαι
τάς διοικήσεις: Strabo, loc. cit.) and hence the way the
Romans and inevitably the inhabitants of the province saw
themselves. Moreover, the use of an alphabetical system
was rightly and often castigated by L. Robert.
2. By Roman conventus (Cyzicus, Adramyteum,
Pergamum, Smyrna, Ephesus, Miletus, Halicarnassus,
Alabanda, Cibyra/Laodicea, Sardis, Apamea, Synnada and
Philomelium); and then either alphabetically by city, or
according to the official order (as far as it can be recovered:
see C. Habicht, JRS, 1975, pp. 64-91), or according to some
geographical system. The conventus arrangement has more to
commend it, since it reflects the reality of the Roman
government and accords more with the geography of the
area than any alphabetical arrangement could ever do. The
conventus arrangement was indeed the one favoured for most
of his life by Robert; he was particularly influenced by his
view that the conventus was the key to the organisation of the
coinage of the province and the explanation of the partial nature of the stylistic links between the cities listed
numerous obverse die links which occur between the coins above, make a stylistic arrangement difficult to justify.
of the different cities in the second and third centuries. The
4. By patterns of circulation. The practical difficulty with
publication of K. Kraft’s Das System der Kaiserzeitlichen Münz­
such an approach at the present time is a general lack of
prägung in Kleinasien in 1970, however, undermined this
evidence about circulation. One can supplement the
view, and, despite his criticisms of Kraft, Robert himself relatively meagre information of site finds with, for
more or less abandoned his previous attitude (A Travers
instance, countermarks (see GIC, especially the maps) or
TAsie Mineure, p. 432, n. 1; though cf. p. 435). Robert also
overstrikes, like those of Sardis and Apollonishieron. There
favoured the idea that the conventus explained, at least to a
would still, however, be far too little information to enable
certain degree, patterns of coin circulation (e.g. Villes d’Asie
such an arrangement to be constructed.
Mineure, p. 410, η. 2). This view has found its followers (e.g.,
B. Levick and S. Mitchell, Monuments from the Aezanitis, p. 5. By a more general cultural approach, such as grouping
xx), but is hard to accept, except in so far as conventus cities which adopt the Artemis of Ephesus as a reverse type.
boundaries coincided with natural ones. A glance at the This would cut across other groupings such as those of
coin finds published in any excavation report is sufficient to conventus or region (statues of Artemis are found, for
dispel this view as a general principle (cf. A. Johnston in instance, at Bargasa, 2827, and for the Mysomakedones,
T. V. Buttrey et al., Greek, Roman and Islamic Coinsfrom Sardis, 2567). But, once again, it is not clear how a generally valid
P- 3 )· arrangement could be constructed on this basis.
3. By stylistic similarity. The extent to which Kraft’s
The preferred arrangement is therefore that based on the
system is applicable to the Julio-Claudian period is,
conventus boundaries. The main sources are Jones, Cities, pp.
however, not fully clear; no die links have yet been found,
28—94; L. Robert, Villes dAsie Mineure-, and especially G.
but there are considerable links of style (see below). These
Habicht, ‘New Evidence on the Province of Asia’, JRS,
links suggest that many coins were produced from dies
1975, PP· 64-91; see also now H. Engelmann and D.
engraved by a single engraver, though there is (at the time
Knibbe, Epigraphica Anatolica 14, 1989.
of writing) nothing to suggest that they were actually min­
Needless to say, the identity and extent of the various
ted in a single ‘workshop’ rather than in the individual
conventus changed from time to time. The conventus used here
cities which sign them. Certainly, as Kraft found, there
are those known for the reign of Caligula (Ins. Didyma 148;
seems no correlation between groups and conventus or
see Robert, Hellenica 7 (1949), pp. 206-38). The distribution
regions. The cities in the ‘Laodicea’ group come from three
of the cities into conventus follows Jones, as updated by
tribal areas (Caria, Lydia and Phrygia) and five different
Habicht, with one or two minor changes (for Erythrae and
conventus (Alabanda, Cibyra/Laodicea, Sardis, Apamea and
Teos in the conventus of Smyrna rather than Ephesus, see L.
Synnada), thus highlighting the problem of reconciling this
Robert, Monnaies Grecques, p. 10; for Aezani in Sardis rather
‘system’ of production with either of the two obvious
than Synnada, see B. Levick and S. Mitchell, Monuments
methods of arrangement.
from the Aezanitis, p. xx). The inclusion of Miletopolis and
Moreover, the cities in this stylistic group come from a
Poemanenum in the conventus of Cyzicus is just speculation,
relatively large geographical area, comprising the cities
based on geographical proximity (cf. Jones, Cities, pp. 86-
around Mount Salbace and along the upper Maeander val­
7); they may, however, perhaps have been in the conventus of
ley in southern Phrygia, with some outliers to the west in Adramyteum.
the lower Maeander and some to the north in northern
The various lists of the conventus and their constituent
Phrygia. In addition, a good proportion of the coins of these
cities or communities do not attest an official order either
cities do not fit into any clear stylistic pattern. They were
for the conventus or for the cities within them. The order
presumably the products of local engravers, like those who
adopted here is therefore geographical, running roughly
were responsible for the distinctive civil styles of the coina­
from north to south.
ges of Thyatira, Hierocaesarea, Philadelphia, Tralles, Anti­
In the list on pp. 363-5 bold type denotes the conventus
och, Aphrodisias, Apamea, Prymnessus or Philomelium.
centre; a city’s name in parentheses indicates that it has no
Elsewhere, for instance in southwest Caria, the generally
coins in this period but requires some discussion (e.g., of
poor and often rough style used on the coins from the dif­
misattributions).
ferent cities suggests that a large proportion of the city
issues were produced at the individual cities. This, and the

ROMAN OFFICIALS
The governors of the province of Asia who are mentioned or
portrayed on the coins are listed in chronological order on
the next page. T stands for B. E. Thomasson, Laterculi
Praesidium (Göteborg, 1984), and V-W for U. Vogel-Wiede­
mann, Die Statthalter von Africa und Asia in denJahren 14.-68 n.
Chr. (Bonn, 1982). § denotes that the identification with a
(rather than a local or Roman homonym) is not certain.
Further discussion can be found in the appropriate city
introductions.
The dates given are those of R. Syme, ‘Problems about
the Proconsuls of Asia’, ZPE 53 (1983), pp. 191-208. The
only departures are the inclusion of L. Arruntius in 15/16
 A SI A 367

(an unfilled year in Syme), and the placing of G. Asinius
Gallus in 28/9 rather than under Caligula. In addition
Syme proposed, without any great conviction, a date of
(7)48/9 for P. Memmius Regulus, but he appears on coins of
Claudius I and Agrippina II, probably minted at the same
time as ones for the young Nero. A date later than 50
therefore seems required for him, perhaps in 52/3,
otherwise given to Pedanius (but who may never have been
proconsul). It should be remembered that many of the
dates are uncertain; coins can be a direct help in the dating
of only a few of the proconsuls: Asinius Gallus, Arrun­
tius (?), P. Memmius Regulus, Pedanius and all the
Neronian proconsuls.
In the list an asterisk denotes that the official is
portrayed, in all cases by means of a portrait head except
for Silvanus who is shown as a full-length figure being
crowned. The portraits obviously explain why the
individual is mentioned; it is less clear why the other pro-
consuls’ names appear, as there is no obvious pattern. In
the case of Volasenna at Ancyra, however, it is possible that
the proconsul is mentioned because permission for the
coinage had been sought from him: the legend around the
reverse type is ΟΥΟΛΑΣΕΝΝΑ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΩ and in the field
ΑΙΤΗΣΑΜΕΝΟΥ ΤΙ ΒΑΣΣΙΛΑΟΥ ΕΦ. (See also the discus­
sion under ‘Ancyra’.)

D ate Cat. no. Place Ref.

BC
c 45 2268 Lampsacus M T V R IO LEG -

Augustus
20s 2448 M agnesia ΜΑΡΚΟΣ ΤΥΛΛΙΟΣ ΚΙΚΕΡΩΝ* Τ2
c.25 3067 Aezani ΠΟΤΙΤ ΜΕΣΣΑΛΑΣ* Τ6
10/9 293 °ff. Hierapolis ΦΑΒΙΟΣ ΜΑΞΤΜΟΣ* Τ8
8/7? 2392 Pitane Π CKimWNA* τ9
5 2447 Temnus ACINIOC ΓΑΛΛΟCΑΓΝΟΙΑ Τ 11
AD
4/5? 2364 Pergamum ΣΙΛΒΑΝΟΝ* Τ 14

Tiberius
§15/16 2887 Cibyra ΑΡΡΩΝΤΙΩΣ (sic)* Τ -, V -W -
17/18? 2368 Pergamum ΕΠΙ ΠΟΠΠΑΙΟΥ Τ 27 , V-W 3 i
§26-8 3219 Cotiaeum ΕΠΙ ΜΑΡΚΟΥ ΛΕΠΙΔΟΥ Τ33, V-W37
28/9? 2995 Sardis? ΓΑΙΩ ΑΣΙΝΝΙΩ ΠΟΛΛΙΩΝΙ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ Τ37, V-W42
(see Sardis for date)
C- 29-35 2369 Pergamum επί πετΡΩΝίογ Τ 35, V-W 38
2469 Smyrna επί œTPWNioY το c
Caligula
c. 37/8 2 4 7 1 -3 Smyrna επί ΑΟΥΙΟΛΑ Τ36, V-W41

Claudius
c. 50 2623 Ephesus ]n(?) ΜΕΜΜΙΟΥ [ΡΗΓ] ΟΥΛΟΥ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ Τ43, V-W4.7
50/1 321 I —12 Docimeum ΕΠΙ ΚΟΡΒΟΥΛΩΝΟε ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ Τ46, V-W51
§52/3 2461-2 Mostene επί πεΔΑΝίογ Τ45, V-W50

Nero
§55/6 3136 Apamea ΕΠΙ ΜΑΡΙΟΥ ΚΟΡΔΟΥ Τ 49) V-W 54
§56/7 3137-8 Apamea ΕΠΙ Μ ΟΥΕΤΤΙΟΥ ΝΙΓΡΟΥ Τ 54, V-W 56
62/3? 3” i - i 3 Ancyra ΠΟ ΟΥΟΛΑΣΕΝΝΑ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΩ Τ56, V-W61
65/6 2626-32 Ephesus ΑΟΥΙΟΛΑ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΩ or Τ 59, V-W 64
ΕΠ ΑΒΙΟΛΑ

The following, who were not proconsuls ( c f. also those marked with § in the table above), also appear:
Augustus
? 2 0 S BC 2634-6 Tralles ΟΥΗΙΔΙΟΣ or ΠΟΛΛΙΩΝ*
? 2687 Priene [ ]οε ΜΑκερ*
In addition, two names with portraits appear at Cibyra, possibly of Roman legates of Lycia:
§43-9 2889 Cibyra ΟΥΗΡΑΝΙΟΣ
§54 2890 Cibyra ΜΑΡΚΕΛΛΟΣ
 CURRENCY
For the Republican background, see P. Kinns in CRWLR,
pp. 105-20.
Gold
There is little to add to the discussion on denominations
(see below, p. 369), certainly as regards gold. The small
issues of gold, principally from Ephesus, seem to have been
replaced by Roman aurei, which were also made in Asia
during the Triumviral and early Augustan periods, from
the forties bc .
Cistophori
There is surprisingly little evidence about the silver cur­
rency of Asia during this period, particularly on the inter­
esting question of the relative importance of the cistophorus
and the denarius. Most of the find evidence has been sum­
marised by Crawford, CMRR, p. 252; Kinns, CRWLR, p.
112 (concluding, on the basis of the relatively fewer dies for
Augustan denarii from Pergamum than for Augustan
cistophori, that denarii were much less important than
cistophori); and C. Rodewald, Money in the Age of Tiberius,
pp. 24—6. There are a very few hoards recorded from Asia:
1. Halicarnassus, 1975 (B. Overbeck, SNR, 1978, p. 164).
62 denarii to RRC 517 (41 bc )
36 cistophori (4 Republican, 32 proconsular)
i drachm of Cibyra
2. Asia Minor, (?)before 1970s.
‘Denarii down to the late thirties’ (Crawford, CMRR, p.
252, in Archaeological Museum, Istanbul).
3. Turkey, uncertain date (S. de Roquefeuil, BSFN, 1975,
pp. 766-7).
146 cistophori:
38 Antony
17 Antony
21 Antony and Octavia
108 Augustus
16 (?)group I
3 group III (all with capricorn)
9 group IV (5 with capricorn, 4 with ears of corn)
8 group V (3 with capricorn, 4 with ears of corn, 1
with altar)
44 group VI ( 17 with capricorn, 3 with ears of corn,
24 with altar)
28 group V II (8 with arch, 9 with temple, 11 with
temple of Mars Ultor)
4. Asia Minor, about 1918 (N. Olcay in C.H . V.
Sutherland, The Cistophori of Augustus, pp. 1-11).
293 cistophori:
38 Antony
12 with single portrait
26 with double portrait
255 Augustus (all ‘fresh’)
23 group I
i group II
27 groups III-IV
146 groups V-VI
59 group VII
Some cistophori have also been found outside Asia: in the
Sarnakounk hoard (see Antioch, p. 610); a number of
plated ones, including fifteen of Claudius, were in the
Athens 1957 hoard of c. 200 (M. Caramessini-
Oeconomides, ANSMN 12, 1966, pp. 71-4); in the hoard
from Antioch in Pisidia (Flavian cistophori and denarii of
Nero-Vitellius (F. Imhoof-Blumer, GRMK pp. 8, 112;
A. M. Woodward in Essays Mattingly, p. 172); and other
occasional finds of Augustan pieces (Grant, FITA, p. xv;
A. M. Woodward, loc. cit.).
Denarii
The following issues of denarii were probably struck in
Asia:
1. 49 bc : RRC 445/3 is dated to 49 by the mention of the
consuls. One of them, L. Lentulus, was in Asia in 49. As
part of the issue uses Artemis of Ephesus as a type, they can
reasonably be attributed there (cf. Kinns, op. cit., p. 112).
2. 43-42 bc : issues in gold and silver for Brutus and Cas­
sius (RRC 496-508). The narrative of Appian (BC, V.26)
implies that they used Ephesus as a mint, while one of the
types refers to Rhodes and Cos (RRC 505/3). There are
close connections between RRC 501 and 503 and the
coinage of the Lycian League (H. A. Troxell, The Coinage of
the Lycian League, pp. 179-81). It therefore seems likely that
most of their coinage was struck in Asia and Lycia.
3. 42-41 bc : issue of Murcus (RRC 510). Perhaps made in
Asia (cf. H. Grueber, BMCRR II, p. 485, Appian, B C V .8).
4. 35 bc : Sextus Pompey. J. DeRose Evans (ANSMN,
1987, pp. 97-129) has suggested that one of the issues of
Sextus Pompey was made at Mytilene.
5. 41-31 bc : Antony. Much of the coinage of Antony may
have been made in Asia, though it does not seem possible to
identify particular mints, or indeed distinguish at the
moment between issues made in Greece, Bithynia and Asia.
RRC 527, the unique aureus of Octavia (39 bc ), may well
have been made at Ephesus in view of the similarity with
the portrait on cistophori (2201) and Ephesian bronzes
(2574); this was perhaps also the mint of RRC 528, which is
stylistically very like RRC 527.
6 . Augustus (19-18 bc). Aurei and denarii were made at
Pergamum (RIC 505-26 = C. H. V. Sutherland, RN, 1973,
pp. 129—51) in conjunction with the cistophori from
Pergamum (2216-20 = RIC 505-10). It is possible that
some of the other uncertain Augustan aurei and denarii
may also have been minted in Asia (RIC 536-48, perhaps
also 472-5; note the stylistic similarity between the ‘young
bull’ denarii and the CA coinage of Glass II, 2233-35).
There were no subsequent issues till the aurei and denarii
of Vespasian from Ephesus.

Local silver
It is very difficult to put a precise date to the late Hellenistic
silver coins of the first century bc, and especially to decide
whether individual issues are pre-Augustan or Augustan. A
summary of these coins was given by Kinns, CRWLR, p.
113 (with his n. 66). His view was that Teos, Chios, Attuda
and Aphrodisias-Plarasa probably issued silver during the
Triumviral period, but that the issues of Priene and Smyrna
tentatively attributed to this period by Crawford (CMRR,
p. 245) are earlier. In addition Ashton has proposed that
the fairly plentiful Rhodian silver was also at least partly
Augustan rather than earlier (see p. 454). Under Augustus
there are a number of additional but mainly small issues in
southern Asia from Chios, Stratonicea, Mylasa, Tabae and
Rhodes. This pattern of issues under the Triumviral and
Augustan periods is repeated elsewhere in Asia Minor, in
Lycia, Galatia and Armenia (Crawford, CMRR, p. 243).
But though some of the coinages are sizeable (Aphrodisias-
Plarasa, Rhodes and Lycia), most are tiny issues known
from a handful of specimens, and it seems unlikely that new
issues of silver during this period can have added very
substantially to the silver currency of the area, most of
which presumably consisted of cistophori and denarii.
Bronze
It is not possible at the present time to generalise much
about the bronze circulating in Asia as there is so little
evidence. In addition to civic bronzes, the currency of the
area included the ‘CA’ coinage of the twenties bc (2227-
35), which is found in appreciable quantities, as far as one
can tell, from all over the province; as in the west, some of
these coins were halved (e.g., nineteen halved asses to seven
whole asses at Sardis). The other ‘provincial issue’, the so-
DENΟ M I NATIONS
Gold and silver
Some gold coinage of an Attic standard had been produced
in Asia during the Republican period, primarily at Ephesus
(see the introduction to Ephesus). These coins were prob­
ably replaced in circulation by Roman aurei (at a rather
lighter standard), which began to circulate in the province
from the beginning of their plentiful production in the
forties bc (see Crawford, CMRR, p. 252). It also seems
certain that a number of aurei were minted in Asia Minor
during the period of the civil wars and down to 19/18 bc
(see p. 368).
During the Republican period the main silver currency of
Asia had been the cistophori, but it is not clear what (if any)
fixed relationship they had with Roman denarii (see P.
Kinns in CRWLR, p. 112). The same is probably true for
the civic issues of the area, from places like Rhodes and
Stratonicea. From about the same time as Roman aurei,
however, denarii also began to circulate in the province,
although the evidence for the extent of their penetration is
ASIA 36g
called ‘Parium issue’ with the type of the colonist and no
ethnic, has been tentatively reattributed here from Asia to
Macedonia (Philippi?: 1656-61), though the capricorn issue
has been left, without much conviction, under Parium
(2263-7). There is also a small but noticeable presence of
bronze coins from Rome, mainly Augustan asses and a very
few quadrantes (e.g., an Augustan sestertius and as, as well
as a Glaudian quadrans from Sardis, or an Augustan as
from Aphrodisias). The great bulk of the currency consisted
of the civic bronzes. These tended to circulate locally,
though there is little evidence to suppose that the conventus
played any very important role in defining circulation (cf. p.
366). As noted below, in the section on denominations,
there is a tendency for larger denominations to be intro­
duced later in the period, while the smallest ones may drop
away.
Our knowledge of circulation depends largely on excava­
tion finds. The most important excavation reports are Troy
(A. R. Bellinger, Troy, Supplementary Monograph 2:
Princeton, 1961); Assus (H. W. Bell, Excavations at Assus, pp.
igö—7); Pergamum (K. Regling, Blätter für Münzfreunde,
19 14 ^PP· 5673“4-); Priene (K. Regling, Die Münzen von Priene
(Berlin, 1927); Sardis (H.W. Bell, Sardis XI: Coins (1910--
14), 1916, and A. Johnston, ‘The Greek Coins’ in T. V.
Buttrey, Ann Johnston, Kenneth M. MacKenzie and
Michael L. Bates, Greek, Roman, and Islamic Coinsfrom Sardis,
1981); and Aphrodisias (D.J. MacDonald, Coins from
Aphrodisias). In addition some important information can be
gleaned from the Priene and Magnesia (on the Maeander)
finds in B, and from the list of coins found in the Aezanitis
(B. Levick and S. Mitchell, Monumentsfrom the Aezanitis, pp.
192—9), or from T. Drew-Bear, Nouvelles Inscriptions de Phrygie
(1978), pp. 62-6. The various works of Robert provide
many useful provenances, but he gives no systematic list­
ings of usual as well as unusual coins.
not very strong (see the section on currency, above).
Denarii also began to be made in Asia. Occasional issues
were made throughout the civil wars and until 19-18 bc
under Augustus (see p. 368). It may be that during this
period there occurred the integration of Roman and Asian
silver denominations into the system revealed by imperial
inscriptions, whereby a cistophoric tetradrachm was
equated with three denarii (most clearly seen in the second-
century Salutaris inscription from Ephesus: The Collection of
Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum III, p. 481, with
T. Mommsen, ZfN, 1887, pp. 40-2). Under this system
both terms, denarius and drachm, could be used interch­
angeably (the drachm being three-quarters of the
denarius).
The local civic silver produced in Asia probably also
conformed to the same system. The silver of Aphrodisias,
produced in the late first century bc under strong Roman
influence (Kinns, loc. cit.), consists of coins of denarius
weight (about 3.50 g, perhaps rather light for denarii) and
possibly marked on two occasions with a denarius mark of
37o ASIA
value (see BMC, Caria, p. xxxiv); the light-weight ‘Attic
drachms’ from Rhodes are the same weight. The civic silver
coinage produced in the early Empire is confined to
Chios
Rhodes
T abae 19mm, 3.53 g (4)
Stratonicea 23m m, 6.40g (i) 19mm, 3.45g (5)
Mylasa
These look very much like two different standards. The
coins of Chios and Rhodes fit the cistophoric standard,
while those of the Carian cities look, like the earlier
Aphrodisian silver, to be of denarius weight. These possible
equivalences may, of course, be incorrect. Moreover, in the
case of Rhodes, there is also the famous inscription from
Cibyra (and was Cibyra in Asia or Lycia?!) of a d 74 (IGRR
IV, p. 915), where it is stated that, although του 'Ρωμαϊκού
δηναρίου Ισχύοντος άσσάρια δεκαέξ, the Rhodian
drachma, in which the gift was made to the city, has a
different value: ή 'Ροδία δραχμή τούτου τού δηναρίου ισχ­
ύει εν Κιβύραι άσσάρια δέκα (11. 12-14)· Unfortunately it
is notoriously unclear what is meant by ‘Rhodian drachma’
(400,000 were given: is it the same as the cistophoric
drachma?; cf Festus 359) and whether the inscription refers
to formal or market values, but the inscription does show
both that other forms of reckoning were possible and that,
nevertheless, they were converted into Roman values.
Bronze
T h e s y s te m o f d e n o m in a tio n s u s e d in A s ia
The Salutaris inscription reveals that a cistophoric drachm
was officially valued at twelve asses, as one would expect
from the equation between the cistophorus and three
denarii. A more detailed picture of the relationship between
the Asian and the Roman system of denominations can be
reconstructed from the various coin denominations which
appear on the imperial coinage of Chios (2412-24). The
coin names, types and weights of these attest the following
denominations (see Imhoof-Blumer, MG, p. 298; J. Mavro-
gordato, A Chronological Arrangement of the Coins of Chios, pp.
253-62 and 324; C .J. Howgego, GIC, p. 57):
Τ Ρ ΙΑ Α Σ Σ Α Ρ ΙΑ
ΟΒΟΛΟΣ = Δ Υ Ο Α Σ Σ Α Ρ ΙΑ
Α Σ Σ Α Ρ Ι(0 )Ν Η Μ ΙΣ Υ
Α Σ Σ A P IO N
ΤΕΤΡΑΧ ΑΛ ΚΟ Ν
Τ Ρ ΙΧ Α Λ Κ Ο Ν = Η Μ ΙΑ Σ Σ Α Ρ ΙΟ Ν
Δ ΙΧ Α Λ Κ Ο Ν
This gives the following system:
i denarius = 8 obols = 16 assaria = 96 chalkoi
i drachm = 6 obols = 12 assaria = 72 chalkoi
Some of these names are also attested elsewhere, such as in
the Flavian inscription from Ephesus (C. Habicht, JRS,
1975 , P· 64)» which uses two monetary terms, den(aria) and
tetrachalkia, the latter curiously in multiples of 5 up to 200. It
exiguous issues from Chios, Tabae, Stratonicea, Mylasa
and Rhodes. These have the weights shown in the table
below.
18 m m , 2 . 8 9 g ( 1 3 )
1 5 m m , 2 . 7 7 g (3 ) I 2 m m , I. I 2 g ( i )
17 m m , 1 . 7 8 g ( 2 )
16 m m , 1 . 3 8 g ( 4 )
1 5 m m , 1 . 5 3 g (2 )
is not, however, clear that the number of chalkoi to the obol
was always the same (12) as at Chios. Obols of 8 chalkoi are
also attested (M. N. Tod, NC, 1946, pp. 47-62), and an obol
of 8 chalkoi might make more sense of the Flavian inscrip­
tion, enabling a tetrachalkion to be an as {cf C.J. Howgego,
GIC, p. 57). There seems no reason, however, to doubt that
the equation between 1 obol and 2 asses was valid
throughout the province, nor any to question the identity of
the assarion with the Roman as (on this, see J. Melville-
Jones, BICS, 1971, pp. 99-105), though there are, of course,
some differences between Greek and Latin nomenclature
and usage, e.g., hemiassarion for semis, and, conspicuously,
the absence of the term sestertius in Greek (on which see J.-
P. Callu, La Politique Monétaire des Empereurs Romains, pp. 57-
8; similarly, the Latin version of the Res Gestae of Augustus
uses sestertii as units of account, but the Greek has
‘denaria’).
T h e o rig in s o f th e s y s te m
When did this system come into being? Unfortunately the
coins of Chios are notoriously hard to date (see the
introduction to Chios), but the following names do seem to
occur in the period of this catalogue: ΤΡΙΑ ACCAPIA,
ΟΒΟΛΟΣ, ΑΣΣΑΡΙΝ ΗΜΙΣΥ, ΑΣΣΑΡΙΟΝ and ΤΡΙΧ
ΑΛΚΟΝ (2417^22); thus implying that the system was
already current in the Julio-Claudian period. It may,
indeed, have come into being by the forties b c . This is
suggested both by the contemporary relationship between
denarius and cistophorus (see above), and by the probable
production of some asses in Asia during the period of the
civil wars. The evidence for this is not very strong. There
are the asses of Atratinus of c. 39 b c , 2226 = RRC 530
(perhaps of Asia, since the only two find-spots are the
Troad and Didyma) with an average weight of 13.90 g. A
clear example is provided by the coinage of the ephemeral
Caesarian colony of Lampsacus. This was produced in
three denominations (2268-73):
H ead of Caesar/colonist scene 22mm, 9.18g
Female head/allotm ent scene 19mm, 5.98g
H ead of Janus/prow 16mm, 4.10g
If the denominations of the two larger pieces are unclear,
the use of Janus and a prow for the smallest seems to leave
no doubt, despite its light weight, that it was intended to be
an as. And so, while the piece does not constitute formal
proof, the production of a Roman denomination in Asia at
this time does support the theory that the Roman and Asian
systems of silver coinage had become integrated.

T h e id e n tif ic a tio n o f d e n o m in a tio n s
It is reasonably clear, therefore, that throughout the period
covered by this catalogue the system of denominations in
use in Asia was an amalgam of the Asian and Roman
systems. It is, however, less clear how this system should be
applied to the coinage, as the shapes and metals used by the
western Roman bronze coinage were not used in Asia. The
exception is provided by the so-called ‘CA’ coinage of
Augustus, produced in the twenties bc (2227-35 = C.J.
Howgego, NC, 1982, p. 1) and consisting of the following
denominations (the weights are taken from RIC, p. 81, the
composition from H.A. Grueber, NC, 1904, p. 244; visual
inspection suggests that the 4 as and i as were also of brass):
4 as 241-261 g
2 as 10-122 g brass or bronze
as 9 I-1 1 g
i as 4-5 g
This coinage probably represents an attempt to impose a
unified currency on the Roman model on the communities
of the eastern Empire (cf. A. Burnett, Coinage in the Roman
World, p. 53; cf. Dio, 52.30.9), but, for whatever reason, it
was abandoned, and subsequently there is almost no
attempt in Asia to copy the metrology (size, weight and
metal of the western coinage). This raises the constant
problem faced with provincial issues, namely of knowing
what denomination they are supposed to be. The problem is
not, of course, just an idle question of modern numismatic
description, since it implies the question of how the coins
could have circulated easily. How, for instance, did the man
in the Ephesian street know the face value of the coins in his
purse?
M e a n s o f d is tin g u is h in g d e n o m in a tio n s
When we look at the coins themselves, we can see that
various devices were used to indicate different denomi­
nations. In most cities the weights and dimensions of the
surviving coins fall into patterns of denominations, and we
can see how their designs were sometimes used to help
indicate their diverse denominations. At Pergamum, for
example, the larger denomination usually had a depiction
of the Temple of Roma and Augustus, and the smaller
usually had a portrait on each side, either of a junior mem­
ber of the imperial house or Senate and Roma. Similarly, at
Elaea, different types (a bunch of ears of corn and poppies,
or ears of corn in a basket) were used for different denomi­
nations, and at Aphrodisias a cult image usually appeared
on the reverse of the middle denomination and a head on
the smallest. The use of portraits of members of the imperial
family other than the emperor was another frequent device
for denoting denomination: e.g., Livia accompanying
Tiberius or Agrippina II accompanying Nero as the
obverse type of the smaller denomination at many of the
cities in the region around Mount Salbace and in Phrygia.
A S IA gji
B rass a n d b ro n z e
One other way, which one might expect, for differentiating
denominations would be the metal of which they were com­
posed. The denominations of the western Empire and the
GA coinage show how different denominations could be
indicated by different metals: brass for sestertii, copper or
bronze for asses and so on. Three metals are most import­
ant from this point of view: ( 1) brass or orichalcum, an alloy
of copper and zinc; (2) copper, more or less pure; and (3)
bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, often with the addition of
greater or lesser quantities of lead, giving rise to the descrip­
tion ‘leaded bronze’. Most bronze coinage of the Hellenistic
or Republican periods, whether from Rome or the east, had
been composed of bronze, usually leaded. Copper had been
used briefly at Rome in the eighties bc, and then perma­
nently reintroduced by Augustus at Rome in c. 23 bc . Under
this reform it was accompanied by brass for other denomi­
nations, and the pattern of using brass for one denomi­
nation but another metal (in this case bronze) for another
was adopted from Asia in the first century bc (see A. M.
Burnett, P. T. Craddock and K. Preston, Proc, g Int. Num.
Cong., pp. 263-8). Thus the use of different metals to dis­
tinguish different denominations, particularly when they
were about the same size (as defined by diameter and
weight: e.g., the as and the dupondius), was quite normal
by the period covered by this catalogue.
For these reasons a number of qualitative analyses,
whose results are incorporated into the catalogue, were
undertaken. The analyses revealed that both brass and
bronze (both leaded and unleaded) were widely used in
Asia, though copper was not, with a single exception
(Alabanda, 2823). This absence of copper coinage is on the
face of it rather surprising, since it was used at Rome and in
Greece, and particularly since pure copper is needed to
make brass by the cementation process (P. T. Craddock,
A. M. Burnett and K. Preston, in (ed.) W. A. Oddy, Scien­
tific Studies in Numismatics, pp. 53-64). But its absence can be
put in perspective, since bronze rather than copper had
been used as the coinage metal to accompany brass in both
the coinage of Asia in the first century bc, and in particular
in the CA coinage.
Given the previous history of the use of different metals to
denote different denominations in Asia, it came as some­
thing of a surprise, as the programme of analysis progres­
sed, that the results raised the question of whether or not
the composition of the coins was indeed used to denote
denomination. The answer seems to be that it was not, since
there are several cases where it does not seem to have mat­
tered whether a particular denomination was made of brass
or (leaded) bronze. This can be shown by several examples.
There are a few cases where the coinage metal in use at a
city suddenly varies, for no apparent reason. Thus at
Lampsacus, for instance, all the coinage is composed of
leaded tin bronze, except for one coin, which was made of
brass (2276). Conversely, at Ilium, after the introduction of
large denominations in brass under Caligula, brass coins
were produced for Claudius and Nero, but the coins of the
same size and weight for Galba were of bronze (2317). At
Alabanda the large coins of Nero were of brass (2822); the
372 ASIA
accompanying issue of the same denomination for Agrip­
pina II is the unique instance of copper in Asia (2823).
Much the same is true of other cases (e.g., Elaea), but
greater significance attaches to the pattern at more prolific
mints. There are three very clear cases. At Pergamum
(2354-78) coinage was produced throughout the period in
two denominations; the earlier Augustan issues are of
bronze (both denominations), but all subsequent issues are
of brass. At Miletus (2702-17) the coinage of Caligula and
Claudius is of brass, but all the coins of Nero, including
those of the same denomination as the coins of Caligula and
Claudius, are of bronze. The most telling case is, however,
provided by Smyrna (2463-91). Under Augustus coinage
was produced in four issues and three denominations, all of
bronze. Under Tiberius, Caligula and Claudius there were
three issues and four denominations, all of brass. Under
Nero, however, the two issues and five denominations
reverted to bronze, which was also used for the ‘pseudo-
autonomous’ issue of Sosandros. One denomination of
Sosandros’s coins was overstruck, sometimes on coins of
Caligula and sometimes of Nero, and the consequence was
that coins of this denomination were thereby randomly
struck in either brass or bronze. The metal was clearly not
relevant to the denomination.
Other clear cases of ‘switching’ from bronze to brass are
provided by Hypaepa (2527-55), Magnesia (2448-60) and
perhaps Mastaura (2672-8). Indeed, only in northeast
Phrygia in the conventus of Synnada, at Acmonea (3164-77),
Sebaste (3153-8), Prymnessus (3194-210) and Cotiaeum
(3218-27) is there any evidence to suggest that does seem to
have affected weight and denomination: with the introduc­
tion in that area of brass under Claudius and Nero, the
weight standard was reduced (as at, e.g., Corinth: see p.
246), though the denominations look as if they remained the
same.
How, then, are we to interpret the varying use of bronze
and brass? A possible function for the different metal is
fashion. The authority responsible for the issue would, on
this hypothesis, have chosen whether a coin issue was to be
made of ordinary bronze or the more showy and expensive
brass, perhaps thereby hoping to attract prestige for the city
(if it was a civic issue) or for an individual citizen (if it was
paid for and produced by one as a liturgy).
Augustus
Charinos 19mm, 6.06g (10)
A. Furius 18mm, 5.06g (20)
Kephalion 20 mm, 5.06 g (10)
Demophon 20 mm, 4.96 g (17)
Tiberius
A. Furius 21 mm. 4.41 g (1)
Germ ./D rusus
Menogenes 21 mm, 4.55 g (8)
Petronius 20 mm, 4.99 g (17)
Claudius 20 mm, 4.68 g (5)
Nero 19mm, 4.83g (2)
Sen./Roma
Average 19mm, 5.12g (79)
U n if o rm ity o f w e ig h ts a n d d ia m e te r s
If metal analysis is of little help in determining denomi­
nations, we have to fall back on the weights and diameters
of the coins. This approach is, of course, full of pitfalls and
methodological problems. There is an obvious danger, for
instance, of forcing unrelated local denominational systems
into some a priori system such as that described above. The
coinage of Rhodes provides a good example of this. The
large Rhodian bronzes of the first century a d are probably
the same denomination as the silver coins they replaced or
the very similar coins subsequently labelled ΔΙΔΡΑΧΜΟΝ.
The ‘Rhodian drachm’, however, seems to have been worth
io asses (in the Cibyra inscription - see above —though
without this inscription it would hardly have occurred to
anyone nowadays to assign such a high face value, of 10 or
20 asses, to these coins). It is possible that Rhodes is a
special case (cf. C.J. Howgego, GIC, pp. 57-8); but at any
rate it should underline the dangers of assigning values to
particular coins.
Despite such provisos, there are two reasons for expecting
some consistent relationship between the size and weight of
the coinage and particular denominations. First of all, in
the absence of value marks on the coins, there must have
been some way for those who used them to distinguish their
values. Though it is true that the bulk of the bronze cur­
rency in any given city would have been that city’s own
coinage, nevertheless excavations have shown that there
was a considerable degree of circulation of ‘foreign’ coins
(e.g., in Sardis). Second, when one looks at the pattern of
weights and diameters, a generally consistent pattern seems
very apparent (though with many exceptions), and this
encourages pursuit of this approach.
The pattern that emerges over nearly all the province is
that there are two typical sizes of coins during this period.
The larger is characteristically about 19 mm in diameter
and 5~6g in weight; the smaller is about 15-6 mm in
diameter and about 3—31g in weight. These two denomi­
nations were often the only ones used, even at some of the
more prolific issuing cities. For instance, at Pergamum the
following pattern is found (2554-78), as shown below.
19 mm, 4.02 g (r i )
16mm, 2.97g (5)
16mm, 3.24g (6)
17 mm, 3.47 g (6)
17mm, 3.21 g (6)
17mm, 3.19g (9)
17mm, 3.47g (18)
17 mm, 3.31g (50)
 ASIA 373

The same sort of pattern is found at Sardis (2896-3010): see
table below.
The picture at both these cities is very consistent and,
among the cities with more extensive coinages, is repeated
at Thyatira, Magnesia-ad-Sipylum (except for 2448), Apol­
lonia Salbace, Heraclea Salbace, Tripolis, perhaps
Hierapolis (certainly for Claudius and Nero), Eumenea,
Acmonea and Aezani. The same two denominations also
account for the whole coinage of other less prolific cities:
Adramyteum, Perperene, Hierocaesarea, Pitane, Elaea,
Aegae, Cyme, Phocaea, Temnus, Mostene, Erythrae,
Maeonia, Philadelphia, Blaundus, Julia, Dionysopolis,
Sebaste, Siblia, Synnada, Prymnessus, Docimeum, Appia,
Cadi, Cotiaeum and Amorium (though the more restricted
sample of specimens for these cities makes the picture less
certain). Many other cities produce what appear to be coins
of only the larger denomination: Lebedus, Colophon,
Nicaea Cilbianorum, Cilbiani Superiores, Orthosia,
Attuda, Hydrela, Synaus, Midaeum; while what seems to
be the smaller denomination only is produced at Briula and
Antioch. The total number of cities producing only one or
other of these two denominations is therefore as high as
forty-seven.
Elsewhere, mainly at cities whose coinage was relatively
large in output (to judge from surviving specimens), a
greater number of denominations was produced. The
coinage of Ephesus, for example, was made in several dif­
ferent denominations (see the introduction to Ephesus);
while at Smyrna the following five denominations occur
(2463-91). See table below.
These and other cases allow one to posit the existence of
up to nine different denominations. No precision or
certainty is possible as the number of specimens is often
quite small for each denomination and as the borderlines
between different denominations are not clear (particularly
between D and E, whose separation is demonstrated at
Smyrna), but one can hypothesise a possible pattern,
including the two already discussed (E and F):
A 29 mm, 17 g E 19 mm, 5-6 g
B 23—4 mm, 12 g F 16 mm, 3-3.5 g
C 21-3 mm, 8.5g G 13mm, 2.5g
D 20 mm, 5.75 g H h mm, 1.75 g
The existence of this sort of number of different denomi­
nations is shown by extensive coinages like that of Ilium (C,
D, E), Mytilene (A, B, E, F), Smyrna (C, D, E, F and G),
Ephesus (B, G, E, F, H), Hypaepa (B, E, F and G), Laodi­
cea (B, E, F and G) and Apamea (B/C, E and F). One or
more of the extra denominations also seem to occur at Teos
(E, F, G, H), Miletus (B, E and F), Dioshieron (C, E and
F), Tralles (B, D, E, F and H), Nysa (B, E and F),
Mastaura (G, E and F), Cidrama (B, D and F?), Aphrodis­
ias (G, E and F) and Eucarpia (E and G). This adds
another sixteen cities to the total (now sixty-three) which
seem to conform more or less to the same system, though it

D enom inations'at Sardis

Augustus
Diodoros 1 9 m m , 5.67g
Damas 20m m, 6.08g
Mousaios 19 mm, 6.95 g

Tiberius
Opinas, etc. 20 mm, 6.70g 15 mm, 5.99 g
Kleon, etc. I9m m , 4.62 g 15 mm, 3.05 g

Germanicus 16mm, 3.27g

Drusus/Germ. 28 mm, 12.75g
Claudius 15mm, 3.27g

Nero
Mindios 20 mm, 5.58 g 16 mm, 4.27 g
Mnaseas 18 mm, 3.97 g 15 mm, 2.41 g

D enom inations at Smyrna

Augustus
Hermokles I7m m , 5.13g
Dionysios 19 mm, 5.73 g I7m m , 4 .2 9 g
Leontiskos 19 mm, 5.32 g
Koronos 19 mm, 5.43 g 13mm, 2.86g

Tiberius
Hieronymos 22 mm, 6.17 g 16mm, 3.62g

Caligula
Menophanes 21 mm, 5.62 g 20 mm, 4.65 g 16 mm, 3.42 g 14mm, 2.41 g

Claudius
Philistos 20 mm, 5.77 g 16 mm, 3.80 g 13 mm, 2.58g

Nero
Gessios 19mm, 5.60g 18 mm, 4.74 g 16 mm, 3.42 g
Klaros 22 mm, 8.93 g 19 mm, 4.54 g 16mm, 3.56g I4m m , 2.48g

Sosandros 24m m, 7.76g 19 mm, 4.18 g 17 mm, 3.32 g

374 A S IA
must be stressed that many of the identifications of denomi­
nations are extremely tentative. Thus leaving aside areas,
such as Mysia-Troas and southwest Caria which do not
obviously fit the pattern (see below), there is a relatively
great consistency between the weight standards used in
nearly all the cities of the province.
A b s o lu te v a lu e s ?
It is even more difficult to attempt to assign values to these
coins. They might be expected to follow the weights and
diameters of the coins produced in Rome, as was the case
with the CA coins (the average weight of the seven asses
from Sardis was 9.16 g, and that of the nineteen halved
asses was 3.89 g: T. V. Buttrey in T. V. Buttrey et al., Greek,
Roman and Islamic Coins from Sardis, p. 129), and since a few
bronzes minted in Rome circulated in Asia (e.g., the Sardis
excavations have produced an Augustan sestertius and as,
as well as a Claudian quadrans: see Buttrey, loc. cit., and
H. W. Bell, Sardis XI, p. 47).
There are, however, some points which suggest that the
standard in Asia is lower than that at Rome. First, the coins
of Chios imply a somewhat lower standard than that used
in the western coinage. If the specimens have been dated
correctly to this period, we find:
Faustos ΑΣΣΑΡΙΟΝ 26 mm, 10 g (4)
Antiochos ΤΡΙΑ ACCAPIA 33m m, 2 1.60 g (3)
ΑΣΣΑΡΙΝ ΗΜΙΣΥ 27mm, 10.96g (2)
Stephanephoros ΟΒΟΛΟΣ 31mm, 12.25g (3)
ΤΡΙΧΑΛΚΟΝ 2 0 m m , 3 .6 5 g (3 )
As observed in the introduction to Chios, the standard
adopted by Faustos is rather heavier than those used by the
other two issues, which both suggest that the weight of the
as should be about 63-7 g; and that its diameter should be,
perhaps, a little over 20 mm.
Second, a similarly light standard was used for the
coinage of Achaea, Thrace and western Bithynia (see pp.
246, 311, 338), where coins that look as if they were
intended to be sestertii weigh about 18 g, substantially less
than the western norm of about 25-6 g (RIC I, p. 4).
Third, there is the Tiberian coinage of Mytilene. The
largest denomination has a similar diameter as the
Bithynian and Roman sestertii, and, more significantly, the
reverse copies the type used on Roman sestertii: both
features suggest very strongly that the coins were supposed
to be sestertii, but their average weight (of three specimens)
is only 17.13 g.
Against this background we can now make a very tenta­
tive attempt to assign values to the denominations sum­
marised in the table above. In doing this, weight has been
given to the considerations just discussed, to the pattern
elsewhere in the east (namely Greece: see p. 246) and to the
suggestion of the Sardis CA excavation coins that the most
popular coins at the time were the as and the semis. From
these various lines of thought arise a strong temptation to
equate E and F with the as and the semis, and A with four
asses. A possible scheme would be:
A 29 mm, r7 g 4 asses
B 23—4 mm, 12 g 3 asses
C
21-3 mm, 8.5 g 2 asses
D 20 mm, iè asses
5 -7 5 g
E 19 mm, 5 -6 g as
F 16 mm, 3-3-5 g i as trichalkon?
G 13 mm, 2-5g 3 as? 2 chalkoi?
H 11 mm, !-75g i as?
Various slight confirmations of this scheme can be found.
For instance, the rarity of A (only once, at Mytilene)
coincides well with the role of the 3 as coin as the largest in
use at Chios. Second, it fits the very Roman-looking coinage
of Mytilene under Tiberius (which would then consist of 4
asses, 3 asses, 1 as and 5 as (though perhaps the absence of 2
asses is a little odd). Third, this scheme resembles that
recently suggested by Klose on the coinage of Smyrna (see
the introduction to Smyrna). During this period the coinage
of Smyrna consists ofC, D, E, F and G, for which Klose has
independently suggested values of 2 asses, i | asses, 1 as, i as
and 3 as (the only difference is the identification of G; the
denomination of 3 as or 2 chalkoi has been included in view
of its attestation at Chios). It must be stressed, however,
that this scheme is extremely tentative, and some obvious
difficulties immediately arise with it: e.g., the absence of a 4
chalkoi piece (which could perhaps be remedied by chang­
ing the values assigned to the three smallest denominations
to 4 chalkoi, 3 chalkoi = \ as and 2 chalkoi). On the other
hand, these difficulties might be avoided if the obol in some
places was valued at 8 chalkoi (see above), allowing the
tetrachalkion elsewhere to be an as.
G e o g ra p h ic a l v a ria tio n
Two areas behave rather differently from the rest of the
province, northwest Asia (northern Mysia and Troas) and
Caria. While the denominational pattern does give the
appearance of being different, it may, however, be compat­
ible, particularly in northwest Asia.
Northwest Asia Minor
This group includes the coins of Cyzicus, Lampsacus,
Abydus, Dardanus, Ilium (only under Augustus) and
Assus. The position of the unique coins of Poemanenum
and Tenedos is unclear, but they seem compatible with the
pattern displayed by the other coins of the area.
The features of this area are:
1. There is no orichalcum, except for an isolated issue of
Augustus from Lampsacus (and the coinage of Ilium from
Caligula to Nero);
2. The coins are all characteristically very small; and
3. There are up to three denominations, whose approx­
imate dimensions are:
(i) 16 mm, c. 3-3 g,
(ii) 14mm, c. 2.5 g,
(iii) 12 mm, c. i.8g.
This pattern occurs for:
Cyzicus (Augustus: ii; Britannicus: iii; Nero: ii)
Lampsacus (Augustus: ii; Caligula: ii; both perhaps
rather light)
Abydus (Augustus?: ii and iii; Nero i and ii)
2 obols Dardanus (Augustus?: ii and iii)
Ilium (Augustus: i and ii or iii)
i obol
Assus (Augustus: i; uncertain emperor: i; Caligula i,
rather heavier)
Æ
O
0

A heavier denomination also occurs at Assus (uncertain
emperor: 20mm, 7.27 g (1); perhaps the same as the coins
of Miletopolis for Axiochus at 22 mm, 7.27g (2)).
Southwest Caria
The coinage produced in most of Caria - that is to say, the
area to the southwest of the cities in the Maeander valley -
stands somewhat apart from the coinage of the rest of the
province. The style of the engraving is often poor or rather
rough, unlike that in other cities; in a similar way it is hard
to see how the pattern of denominations can easily accord
with that prevalent throughout most of the rest of the prov­
ince. An additional difficulty arises from the great rarity of
many of the issues, most of them known from only a handful
or less of specimens (and so, e.g., at Iasus or Alinda the
pattern of denominations remains completely unclear).
In this area it is not possible to see the characteristic
pattern of two denominations of the many other Asian
cities; at the same time larger denominations are a feature
of the area. At Alabanda, under Claudius and Nero, very
large sestertius-sized coins were produced (33 mm/18.19 g),
perhaps under the influence of the ‘didrachms’ or ‘drachms’
of Rhodes or the ‘sestertii’ of Lycia. At Mylasa, too, fairly
large coins appear under Tiberius, where we find three
denominations (29 mm/i 2.28 g, 22mm/6.g8g, 17 mm/
4.06 g); the first is unusually large for the date, and none of
them is obviously reconcilable with any of the normal Asian
denominations. The same unrelatedness is apparent also in
the weights and diameters at Amyzon, Euromus, Hali­
carnassus, Myndus and Ceramus. Only the coinage of the
island of Cos is at all compatible with the Asian ‘norm’.
Thus it seems that it is probably best to leave the ques­
tion of the denominations at these towns unresolved. The
picture may become clearer with future research; alter­
natively, there seems to be a real possibility that here the
system of civic denominations was completely localised.
C h ro n o lo g ic a l V a r ia tio n
There are three possible variations from this system within
the period covered by this catalogue.
The first concerns the possibility that there was a rather
heavier standard at the beginning of the reign of Augustus.
The evidence for this is exiguous, but the possibility is
prompted by the occurrence of a number of coins whose size
is rather greater than subsequent issues. These are:
2448 Magnesia (ad Sipylum) 23 mm, 8.73 g
(Cicero)
2633-2634 Tralles (Vedius Pollio) 22m m, 11.78g
2724-2731 Cos (Nikias) 31m m , 20.70g
STYLISTI CGROUPS
In the introduction (p. 366) allusion was made to the fact
that certain coinages seem similar enough in style as to have
been made from dies cut by a single engraver. So far no die
links have been discovered between different cities, and we
therefore tend to the interpretation that the dies were
ASIA 375
2417 Chios (Faustos) 26m m, io g
(assarion)
3066-3067 Aezani (Messalla) 21m m, 9.01g
These issues, few though they are, all fall probably in the
first decade or so of Augustus’s reign, a period when there is
not. apparently much civic coinage otherwise. Moreover,
this is also the period of the production of the full-weight
CA coinage. It might be concluded that the abandonment
of the CA coinage was accompanied by the abandonment of
this heavier standard, but the reasons for such a conclusion
are very weak. Similarly, heavier standards are found in the
pre-Augustan or early Augustan periods elsewhere in the
Empire: in Sicily, for instance, and Macedonia.
The second sort of variation from the ‘norm’ concerns
groups of cities whose coins’ metrology conforms more or
less to the pattern outlined above, but which are, neverthe­
less, rather lighter. There are two main sets of cities which
fall into this category: the Hermus/Cayster valleys (Sardis,
Maeonia, Philadelphia, Nicaea Cilbianorum, Dioshieron,
Hypaepa) with also Tralles and Mastaura, and some of the
cities in the area a little further inland (Julia, Synnada,
Docimeum, Cadi and Ancyra). In her discussion of the
coins of Sardis, Johnston noted that the Tiberian coins of
Sardis were rather lighter than the Augustan, and it can be
seen that this is part of a more widespread phenomenon.
Moreover, one of the possible explanations put forward by
Johnston, that the finances of the city were in poor shape
after the earthquake of 17, gains plausibility from the fact
that the majority of the other cities with lightweight coins
were also in the area affected by this earthquake (A. John­
ston in T. V. Buttrey et al., Greek, Roman and Islamic Coins
from Sardis, p. 3).
A third possible change in the pattern of denominations
which can be observed is the growing introduction of larger
denominations later in the period covered by this catalogue,
particularly in the reign of Nero. This occurs at Ilium (from
Caligula), Methymna (Nero), Smyrna (Nero), Ephesus
(from Claudius), Magnesia in Ionia (Nero), Samos (from
Caligula), Miletus (Nero), Dioshieron (Nero), Hypaepa
(Nero), Tralles (Nero), Nysa (Nero), Mastaura (Nero),
Euromus (Nero), Laodicea (from Claudius), Apamea
(Nero) and Ancyra (Nero). One hesitates to attribute this
sort of change to any inflationary tendency in the period
(for which there is absolutely no evidence); another possible
explanation is that the demise of the small silver denomi­
nations of the cities required their replacement by larger
bronze ones. This is clearly the case at Rhodes, for example,
but our lack of information about the survival of city silver
coinage in circulation makes it impossible to assess the
likelihood of such an explanation. A third possible explana­
tion is the growing influence of the use of large base-metal
denominations in the west.
engraved by itinerant craftsmen or, possibly, were contrac­
ted from a static engraver, seeing no evidence to maintain
the view that the coins were produced at a few centres of
production, as seems to have been the case later.
These stylistic groups are not very numerous and, as was
ÿ j6 A S I A : ‘Provincial ’ issues

observed above, there are large areas, particularly in north­ Hydrela, Apollonoshieron, Blaundus, Dionysopolis,
ern Asia, where it is hard to detect any at all. Even further Eumenea, Synnada, Eucarpia, Acmonea and Julia:
south there are many cities producing coins with an Conventus
individual style (see p. 375), and even at those cities where A T Σ c ♦ N
stylistic similarities do occur, these similarities are not
found on all the coins. Of these groups only ‘Laodicea’ is ♦ Orthosia Alabanda
very impressive, because its links occur throughout the c ♦ Cidram a Alabanda
A Σ c Apollonia Alabanda
whole period of some fifty years. A Σ ♦ Heraclea Alabanda
In the list which follows, the cities in inverted commas Σ Trapezopolis Alabanda
are possibly the centres, perhaps the engraver’s base, from A Σ A ttuda Alabanda
which the stylistic links might emanate. But, as with Kraft’s A Σ ♦ N Laodicea Laodicea
T ♦ Hierapolis Laodicea
named ‘ateliers’, the use of the names is mainly a con­ N Hydrela Laodicea
venient shorthand. Σ Tripolis Sardis
T N Apollonoshieron Sardis
1. ‘Pergamum’: a similar style and the unusual use of a ♦ Blaundus Sardis
A Σ Dionysopolis Apamea
line border rather than a dotted border links coins of Σ ♦ Eumenea Apamea
Pergamum, Perperene, Pitane and Elaea. Σ Acmonea Apamea
2. ‘Sardis’: a very similar portrait is used, late in the reign ♦ Julia Synnada
of Nero, in the Hermus and Cayster valleys at Sardis, Σ? ♦ Synnada Synnada
Maeonia, Dioshieron and Hypaepa. A = Augustus; T = coins inscribed Ί Ί Β Ε Ρ Ι Ο Σ Κ Α Ι Σ Α Ρ ; Σ = coins
3. ‘Ephesus’ or ‘Smyrna’: similar portraits for Tiberius inscribed Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ , often hard to divide between Augustus and
and Livia are found at Ephesus, Magnesia and Smyrna, Tiberius; C = Caligula; φ = Claudius I, then Nero with Agrippina II;
N = late Nero.
which also shares similar portraits of Claudius, Agrippina
II and Nero with Ephesus. 5. ‘Aezani’: similar portraits are found for Nero and
4. ‘Laodicea’: there is an extensive network of stylistic Agrippina II at Aezani, Cadi, Cotiaeum and Docimeum.
links throughout the period on many (though not all) of the They are similar to, but slightly different from, the con­
coins of Orthosia, Cidrama, Apollonia Salbace, Heraclea temporary portraits of ‘Laodicea’. In addition a similar
Salbace, Trapezopolis, Attuda, Laodicea, Hierapolis, style is found for Tiberius at Cotiaeum and Aezani.

‘P ro v in c ia l’ issues
In addition to the civic coinage produced throughout the
period by the individual cities, there were also some ‘prov­
incial’ issues, both of silver and of bronze. The issues
included under this heading are only those whose function
seems to have been to circulate throughout the province;
small issues without an ethnic have not been included as
they are regarded in this catalogue just as civic issues
without an ethnic, rather than provincial issues (see p. 14).
One issue, sometimes regarded as an ‘official’ issue or an
issue of Parium, comprises the coins of Augustus-Claudius
with a two-colonists reverse (Grant, FITA, pp. 111—14); it is
catalogued here under ‘Uncertain of Macedonia
(Philippi?)’ (1656-61), where relevant discussion can be
found. The rare capricorn issue, discussed by Grant
together with the colonists type, is catalogued, without
much conviction, under Parium (2263-7).
C is to p h o ri
The silver coins were imperial cistophori, produced on the
model of the silver coinage which had been introduced by
the kings of Pergamum, when they established their king­
dom as a closed currency area in the second century bc, and
which was taken over by the Romans in 133 bc . The
coinage had continued at several mints from then until
68/67 BC; there had then been a break until 58 bc, when the
coinage had resumed with the ‘proconsular’ cistophori,
coins exactly like their predecessors, but with the procon­
sul’s name added in Latin and followed by his title PRO­
COS or sometimes IMPER. A number of issues are known,
the latest (from Phrygian and Lydian mints) for Gilician
proconsuls, since for a time Phrygia was detached from the
province of Asia and added to the province of Cilicia. A
summary of these issues can be found in table 8 of M .H.
Crawford, CMRR, p. 208 (cf. J. Cody, AJA, 1973, p. 43); a
full study, with a number of alterations to that table, is
being prepared by C. A. Hersh.
The latest proconsul (Cicero) ruled in 51 b c , though
there is also an issue from Pergamum by Q. Metellus
Scipio, proconsul of Syria in 49; other issues, signed not by
proconsuls but other Roman officials, are not dated. These
issues of C. Fannius Pont. Pr., Fimbria Imper., Lepidus
and a quaestor whose name appears as a monogram
(variously interpreted as L. Antonius or Atratinus, but
probably a Latin name including, in some order, the letters
A, Μ, P, A and perhaps also T) probably belong in the
same general period, perhaps the early forties, in view of
their general similarity with the proconsular pieces.
After the (early?) forties, no cistophori were made until
the coins of Antony, probably in 39 (see below); in the
period covered by this catalogue, these were then followed
by a series of issues for Augustus in the twenties bc and then
for Claudius. The patchy nature of cistophoric production
is indicated also by the fact that subsequently no further
issues were made until a tiny issue for Vespasian, known
 A S IA : ‘Provincial’ issues (2201-2204) g jy

today from two specimens (both plated: BMC 449; see 2202 [ 139 coins, 103 obv. dies ]
W. E. Metcalf, RIN, 1988, p. 155, n. 1). Under Vespasian, BM CRR East 136
however, a number of earlier pieces were countermarked M A N T O N IV S IM P C O S D E S IG IT E R E T T E R T ;
(see 2202-3, 2209, 2214-15, 2221, 2223-4, with GIC 840; head of Antony and bust of Octavia, jugate, r.
M. Thirion, SM, 1963, pp. 1-8, and SM, 1964, pp. 148-9). I IT V IR R P C · ; Dionysus standing, 1., on cista between
All the coins of Antony and Augustus seem to have con­ twisting snakes
tinued the standard of fineness and weight of the procon­ I . L = B M C R R E a s t 1 36. ___

sular coins, although there was perhaps a small dip in C o u n te rm ark : I M P V E S A V G (G IC 840; S M 1963, 5 (j) a n d 8 (m )).

fineness under Augustus. There was, however, a clear drop

in weight for the Claudian issues, of some 0.75g or 6%,
though this may have been compensated for by a slight A u g u s tu s
increase in fineness (the fourteen available analyses are
probably sufficient in number to justify this view). Augustus revived the production of the cistophori in 2 8 b c ,
Fineness (% ) Av. wt. (g) Wt. o f silver (g) and several issues were made from a total of 3 6 0 recorded
A ntony 1 1 .9 4 I 1.0
obverse dies until 1 9 - 1 8 b c ; these have been fully studied by
92
A u gustus I 8 8 .5 11.92 10.5 C .H .V . Sutherland, The Cistophori of Augustus, who has
III-V I 8 8 .5 1 1 .9 0 10.5 assigned them to mints at Ephesus and Pergamum. The last
V II 89 1 1 .9 4 10.6 issue was accompanied by an issue of aurei and denarii
C lau d iu s I 91 1 1.27 10.3
(RIC 5 1 1 - 2 6 ; RN, 1 9 7 3 , p. 1 3 9 ) , not catalogued here, but
II 92 I 1.27 1Ό.4
raising the problem of the nature of silver currency in Asia
in the early Empire (see pp. 3 6 8 —7 0 ) .
The type of Pax (which with the slogan ‘libertatis P R
A n to n y
vindex’ finds an echo in the Res Gestae) was copied by
bronzes of Nicomedia under the proconsul Thorius Flaccus
Two issues were made by Antony in the early thirties; these (2062). Most of the types of the main issues refer to
retain elements of the traditional design, but are dominated Augustus himself: the sphinx (one of his signets), the capri­
by Antony’s portrait. The coins were divided between mints corn and the ears of corn (presumably a symbol of plenty
at Ephesus and Pergamum by Grueber (BMCRR II, p. under his regime); one type (the sphinx) was subsequently
503); his view was doubted by Walker (Metrology I, p. 78, n. dropped and replaced by a type (the altar of Diana) refer­
12), but followed by C .H .V . Sutherland (The Cistophori of ring to Ephesus, the presumed mint. The types of the last
Augustus, pp. 86-8). Sutherland tentatively accepted the issue refer to the Temple of Roma and Augustus built by
attribution of the issue with jugate portraits to Ephesus and the Koinon of Asia at Pergamum; it is accompanied by two
that with a single portrait to Pergamum on stylistic and other types referring to the recovery of the Parthian
epigraphical grounds. The attribution of both issues to standards in 19 b c (see C.J. Simpson, ‘The date of the
Ephesus, however, seems more likely since both issues dis­ dedication of the Temple of Mars Ultor’, JRS, 1977, pp. 91—
play a similar range of larger and smaller heads, and it is 4: they celebrate the constitution rather than the construc­
supported by the similarity between the bust of Octavia on tion of the Temple, and perhaps Arch).
the single portrait cistophori and some rare bronzes of
Ephesus (2574).
The date of the coins is after the marriage of Antony and S u th e r la n d g ro u p I , 2 8 BC (E p h e su s)
Octavia in 40 and before 38, since Antony is called COS
DESIG ITER ET TERT. A date in 39, when Antony and 2203 Fineness: 88.5% (Walker, Metrology I, 360-4); Av. wt.:
Octavia were in the east, seems likely. On one coin type, 11.92g (23). Axis: 12. [ 80 coins, 50 obv. dies ]
Antony is shown wearing an ivy wreath, i.e., as Dionysus. Sutherland group I, Ric 476
He was, of course, acclaimed as the new Dionysus at IM P CAESAR D IV T F COS V I LIB ERTA TIS P R-
Ephesus. V IN D EX ; laureate head, r.
PAX; Pax standing, L, on parazonium )?), holding
caduceus; to r., snake emerging from cista; all in laurel
c .jg BC (E p h esu s? ) wreath
I . L = B M C 692._______ _____
2201-2
C o u n te rm ark : IM P V E S A V (G ) (G IC 840: S u th e rla n d , no. 29).
Fineness: 92% (Walker, Metrology I, 341-59); Av. wt.:
” -94 g (38)· Axis: I2·
2201 ( 98 coins, 68 obv. dies ]
S u th e r la n d g ro u p I I , ‘s o o n a f t e r 2 y BC’ (u n c e r ta in m in t)
BM CRR East 134, Walker, Metrology I, 341-9
M A N T O N IV S T M P C O S D E S IG T T E R E T T E R T ; 2204 As 2203. [ 8 coins, 4 obv. dies ]
head of Antony wearing ivy wreath, r.; below, lituus; all Sutherland group II, Ric 527
enclosed in wreath of ivy leaves and flowers IM P CAESAR; bare head, r.
I I I V I R R P C · ; draped bust of Octavia, r., above cista AVGVSTVS; sphinx seated, r.
flanked by twisting snakes i . L = b m c 7 0 2 , 12.16; 2—8. See S u th e rla n d . T h e earliest d a ta b le
I. L = BM CRR E a s t 134. o ccu rren ce o f the ‘F irst C itize n ’ p o rtr a it o f A u g u stu s.
β γβ A S IA : ‘Provincial’ issues (2205--2217)

Sutherland groups III-IV, 27-26 BC (Pergamum?) 2212 [ 22 coins, 8.83 obv. dies ]
S uth erlan d group IVy, r ic 494
2205-12
Fineness: 88.5% (W alker, Metrology I, 365-80); Av. wt.: IM P-C A E SA R ; b are head, r.
11.90 g. Axis: 12. A V G V ST V S; b unch o f six ears of corn
i . L = b m c 6 9 9 , 11.99; 2—22. See S u th erlan d . O n e die sh a re d w ith 2 2 1 0
(sphinx) a n d 2 2 1 1 (cap rico rn ); a second die sh ared w ith 2 2 1 0 (sp h in x ).
P H A S E 1 : H E A D , L . , W I T H L I T U U S
2205 [ 6 coins, 1.5 obv. dies ]
S utherland group ΙΙ Ιβ , nos. 83-6, r ig 489
IM P-C A E SA R ; bare head, 1.; before, lituus S u th e r la n d g r o u p s V - V I , c. 2 5 - 2 0 BC (E p h e su s)
A V G V ST V S; capricorn, r., w ith cornucopia; all in laurel
2 2 1 3 -1 5
w reath
Fineness: 88.5% (W alker, Metrology I, 365-80); Av. wt.:
i . v A 6 5 7 1 , 11.30; 2—6 . See S u th erlan d . O n e obv. die sh ared w ith 2 2 0 6
(ears o f corn). 11 -9 3 g ( 146)■ Axis: 12.

2206 [ 8 coins, 0.5 obv. die ]

2213 [ 108 coins, 69 obv. dies ]
S utherland group ΙΙ Ιγ , nos. 99-105, Ric 491
S uth erlan d group V -V I a , r ic 477, 480
IM P-C A E SA R ; b are head, 1.; before, lituus
IM P-C A E SA R ; b a re head, r.
A V G V ST V S; bunch of six ears o f corn
A V G V ST V S; capricorn, r., w ith cornucopia; all in laurel
i . L = bm c 7 0 0 , 11-53; 2—8· See S u th erlan d . T h e obv. die is sh ared w ith
w reath
2 2 0 5 (sphinx).
i . L = BMC 6 9 6 , 12.05; 2. L 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 0 6 9 (ex vA 6569), 11.50; 3 —
1 0 8 . See S u th erlan d . O n e obv. die sh a re d w ith 2 2 1 4 (ears o f co rn ); th ree
P H A S E I I ; H E A D , R . , W I T H L I T U U S o th e r dies sh a re d w ith 2 2 1 5 (altar).

2207 [ 8 coins, 3.3 obv. dies ]

S utherland group I l i a , r ic 487 2214 [ 90 coins, 59.5 obv. dies ]

IM P-C A E SA R ; bare head, r.; before, lituus S u therland group V -V Iß , r ic 478, 481
A V G V ST V S; sphinx seated, r. IM P-C A E SA R ; b are head, r.
i . L = bm c 7 0 1 , 12.05; 2—8. See S u th e rla n d . O n e obv. die sh a re d w ith A V G V ST V S; b unch of six ears o f corn
2 2 0 8 (cap rico rn ) a n d w ith 2 2 0 9 (ears o f corn). i . L = b m c 6 9 7 , 11.94; 2—9 0 . See S u th erlan d . O n e die sh a re d w ith 2 2 1 3
(cap rico rn ) a n d 2 2 1 5 (alta r); six o th e r dies sh a re d w ith 2 2 1 5 (altar).
2208 [ 15 coins, 5.83 obv. dies ] C o u n te rm ark : I M P V E S X Ÿ G { G IC 840: B russels { S M 1963, 1)).
S utherland group H Iß , nos. 87-983, r ic 488
IM P-C A E SA R ; b are head, r.; before, lituus 2215 [ 123 coins, 72.5 obv. dies ]
A V G V ST V S; capricorn, r., w ith cornucopia; all in laurel S u th erlan d group V -V Iy , r ic 479, 482
w reath
IM P-C A E SA R ; b are head, r.
i . L = bm c 6 9 8 , 12.05; 2—15. See S u th erlan d . O n e obv. die sh ared w ith
A V G V ST V S; g arlan d ed a lta r w ith two hinds
2 2 0 7 (sphinx) a n d 2 2 0 9 (ears o f corn); a second sh ared w ith 2 0 0 9 (ears
o f c o rn ). i . L = BMC 6 9 4 , 11.99; 2 . L = BMC 695, 11.96; 3—1 2 3 . See S u th erlan d .
T h re e dies sh a re d w ith 2 2 1 3 (cap rico rn ); six o th e r dies sh ared w ith 2 2 1 4
2209 [ 10 coins, 2.83 obv. dies ] (ears o f c o r n ) .___
C o u n te rm ark : I M P V E S A V G ( G IC 840: S u th erlan d , no. 389a).
S utherland group ΙΙ Ιγ , nos. 106-15, r ic 490
IM P-C A E SA R ; b are head, r.; before, lituus
A V G V ST V S; bunch of six ears o f corn
i . v A 6 5 6 7 , 11.23; 2—10. See S u th erlan d . O n e die sh a re d w ith 2 2 0 7 S u th e r la n d g ro u p V II, i g - 1 8 BC (P erg a m u m )
(sphinx) a n d 2 2 0 8 (cap rico rn ); a second die sh a re d w ith 2208
(cap rico rn ). 2 2 1 6 -2 0
C o u n te rm ark : IM P V E S A V G ( G I C 840: S u th erlan d , no. 107a ?and
Fineness: 89% (W alker, Metrology I, 381-91); Av. wt.:
1 10a).
1 1-9 4 -g ( 5 9 )- Axis: 12.

P H A S E I I I ; H E A D , R . , B U T N O L I T U U S P H A S E I : T R P O I V
2210 [ 10 coins, 2.83 obv. dies ] 2216 [ 2 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
S utherland group IV a , r ic 492 S uth erlan d group V ila , nos. 446-7, r ic 508
IM P-C A E SA R ; bare head, r. IM P T X -T R -P O T V ; b are head, r.
A V G V ST V S; sphinx seated, r. T riu m p h a l arch surm o u n ted by charioteer in quadriga;
i . I; 2—10. See S u th e rla n d . O n e obv. die sh a re d w ith 2211 (caprico rn ) IM P -IX -T R -P O IV on en tab latu re, an d S P-R -SIG N IS
a n d 2 2 1 2 (ears o f corn); a second sh ared w ith 2212 (ears o f corn). O n R E C E P T IS in opening
one rev. die th e legend is A V G T V S V S .
i . O , 10.59; 2 · See S u th erlan d .
2211 [ 15 coins, 3.3 obv. dies ]
2217 [ 4 coins, 3 obv. dies ]
S utherland group IV ß, r ic 493
S uth erlan d group V llß , nos. 479-82, r ic 505
IM P-C A E SA R ; b are head, r.
A V G V ST V S; capricorn, r., w ith cornucopia; all in laurel IM P -IX -T R -P O IV ; b are head, r.
w reath T em ple w ith six colum ns inscribed R O M -E T -A V G V ST
i . v A 6 5 6 8 , 11.61; 2—15. See S u th erlan d . O n e obv. die sh a re d w ith 2 2 1 0
on entab latu re; in field, C O M A SIA E
(sphinx) a n d 2 2 1 2 (ears o f corn). i . v A 6 5 6 0 , 11.73; 2—4 . See S u th erlan d .
 A S IA : ‘Provincial’ issues (2218-2222) gyg

p h a s e 1 1 : T R P O V 7. ROM ET AVG: NFA 20.3.1975, lot 300

2218 [3 9 coins, 21.15 obv. dies ] DIAN EPHE: Mu 21
S utherland group V ila , nos. 447 —78, R IC 50g—10 8. ROM ET AVG: B, 10.81
I M P I X T R P O V ; b are head, r. DIAN EPHE: Kurpfälzische Münzhandlung
T riu m p h al arch surm o u n ted by charioteer in quadriga; (May 1978) lot 159
IM P T X T R P O (T ) V on en tab latu re, an d S P R S I G N I S 9. ROM ET AVG: NY
R E C E P T IS in opening DIAN EPHE: Hirsch X V III (1907) lot 1845
i. L = = BM C 7 0 3 , 12.07; 2—3 9 . See S u th erlan d .
This linking indicates that, despite their reverse types, these
2219 [64 coins, 24.7 obv. dies ] coins were all produced at one mint; this was probably
S utherland group V llß , nos. 479-82, r i c 506 Ephesus, since the second Claudian issue seems to have
IM P IX T R P O V; b are head, r. been made there. The coins were dated to c. 50 by T. Fis­
T em ple w ith six colum ns inscribed R O M E T A V G V S T cher (SNR, 1967, pp. 40-2). This seems too late, as the
on entablature; in field, C O M A SIA E portrait is not like that used on the second issue, and the
i . L = B M C 7 0 5 , 11.92; 2. L = bm c 706, 11.83; 3 ~ 16 3· See S u th erlan d ; coins were dated to c. 41-2 by Sutherland in RIC. This may
6 4 . O , 11.67. T h e legend on 64 read s C V M (sic). be correct, but precision seems impossible.
2220 [ 59 coins, 26.15 obv. dies ] The second issue dates to 50-4, since it portrays Claudius
S utherland group V lly , r ic 507 with Agrippina II, and the young Nero. One variety bears
the date TR P X IM P X IIX , or a d 50-1; another refers to
I M P I X T R P O V ; b are head, r.
C ircular tem ple w ith four colum ns containing m ilitary
the honours and offices given to Nero in March 51. The
standard; in field, M A R T V L T O
whole issue therefore probably dates to that year, like the
i. L = BMC 7 0 4 , 11.63; 2—5 9 · See S u th erlan d .
similar aurei and denarii for Agrippina and Nero from
‘Rome’ (H.-M. von Kaenel, Münzprägung und Münzbildnis des
Claudius, pp. 17-20, 249-50). The only non-imperial reverse
type is the cult statue of DIANA EPHESIA, suggesting that
the whole group (and perhaps also the earlier issue) were
C la u d iu s made at Ephesus. Stylistic comparisons with the bronze
increase the likelihood of this (note, e.g., the similar bronze
No cistophori were produced for over sixty years until the issue for Claudius, Agrippina and Nero at Ephesus, 2620-5,
reign of Claudius, when two brief issues were made. The whereas at Pergamum, for instance, Britannicus was also
first was in the name of Claudius alone, and had two reverse honoured), which is perhaps not surprising as Ephesus was
types, the temple of ROM ET AVG at Pergamum and the the seat of the provincial governor.
temple of DIAN EPHE at Ephesus; they are usually, there­
fore, attributed respectively to mints at Pergamum and
Ephesus (by Sutherland in RIC2, pp. 119-20; in RIC1, p. Group I (Ephesus?)
127); however, Mattingly had attributed both types to
Ephesus. Mattingly’s view is supported by the die links 2221-2
between the two types, which have been mentioned Fineness: 91% (Walker, Metrology I, 412-20); Av. wt.:
previously (T. Fischer, SNR, 1967, p. 49, n. 61; J. P. C. n -2 7 g (38)·
Kent, Roman Coins, p. 124). Numerous links have been 2221 [ 37 coins, 16 obv. dies ]
observed: BMC 228, ric 120
I. ROM ET AVG: P 27, 11.04 T I CLAVD CAESAVG; bare head, 1.
DIAN EPHE: H 1961/196; Nicolas (Kampmann Temple with two columns, inscribed R O M ET AVG
1982: lot 154 enclosing figure of Augustus crowned by female figure
2. ROM ET AVG: MMAG 35 (1967) lot 24; Spink holding cornucopia; in field, C O M ASI
50 (19^6) lot 130 I . L = B M C 2 2 8 . F o r dies sh ared w ith 2 2 2 2 , see above.
C o u n te rm ark : Î M P V Ë S Ä V G ( G I C 840: M u 20, V = S M 1963, 4 (h )).
DIAN EPHE: Leu 20.(1978) lot 237; Sternberg
(Nov. 1(975) lot 36 2222 [ 24 coins, 12 obv. dies ]
3. ROM ET AVG: Hess-Lpu 36 (1968) lot 440 BMC 229, ric 118
DIAN EPHE: P 2gbis; Seaby’s Bull., Aug. 1973, T I CLAVD CAES AVG; bare head, 1.
A854 Temple with four columns enclosing cult statue of Diana
4. ROM ET AVG: Seaby’s Bull., July 1965 of Ephesus; in field, DIAN EPHE
DIAN EPHE: B, 10.65 i. L = b m c 2 2 9 , 10.88. F o r dies sh ared w ith 2 2 2 1 , see above.
5. ROM ET AVG: H 4942, 11.05
DIAN EPHE: L = BMC 229-30; Kölner
Münzkabinett 21 (1977) lot 196;
Group II, AD 51 (Ephesus)
Hoflich/Sternberg (Nov. 1979) lot
629 222 3 -5
6. ROM ET AVG: Knobloch (Stack’s 1980) lot 170 Fineness: 92% (Walker, Metrology I, 421-5); Av. wt.:
DIAN EPHE: B, 10.79 11. 2 7 g (33)·
2223 [ 18 coins, 14 obv. dies ]
BMC 234, Ric 117
T I C L A V D C AESAR-A V G P M T R P X I M P X I I X ;
lau reate head, r.
A G R IP P IN A · A V G V S T A C A E S A R IS A V G ; d rap ed b ust
o f A grippina II, r.
i . L 1 9 2 7 —i —5—i , 10.88.___
C o u n te rm ark : IM P V E S A V ( G I C 840: see S M 1963, 4 (b -c } ).
2224 [ 21 coins, 14 obv. dies ]
BMC 231, ri c i ig
T I C LA V D CA ES-A V G A G R IP P A V G V ST A ; lau reate
head o f C laudius an d d rap ed b u st of A grippina II , ju g ate,
1.
D IA N A E P H E S IA ; facing cult statu e o f D iana of Ephesus
I . L = BMC 231.
C o u n te rm ark : I M P V E S A V G ( G I C 840: K u rp falzisch e M ü n z h a n d lu n g 18
(1980) lo t 104).
2225 [ 10 coins, 3 obv. dies ]
BMC 236, ric 121
N E R O N IC L A V D C A E S D R V S O G E R M ; d ra p e d b u st
o f N ero, 1.
W reath enclosing shield inscribed C O S D ES P R IN C
IV V E N T
i . L = b m c 23 6 , 10.65; B 2 r 1/1873, 10.80; 3. M M A G 43 (1970) lot
306, 10.98; 4. M M A G X V I I (1957) lo t 387 = H irsc h X I I I (1954) lo t 640;
5. K a s tn e r 12 (1976) lo t 223, 10.90; 6. K ric h e ld o rf X I (1962) lo t 287;
7. P 36, 10.92; 8. M M A G 66 (1984) lot 550 = M a g n a g u ti II (1949) lot
5 r 7 = M azzin i 82, 11.34; 9 . L eu 30 ( 1982) = vA 6576, 11.17; 10. L eu 22
(1979) lo t 2 I 3 > i t -58. S am e obv. dies: 1-7, 9-10.
A tratin u s, u n certain m in t (in Asia?)
This series was struck by Atratinus in 40-39 b c . The upper
limit is fixed at 40 b c when he was elected to the augurate.
The lower limit seems to be the treaty of Misenum in July
39 where he was appointed consul designatus. As he does not
mention this title, whereas he mentions it on the so-called
‘fleet’ coinage (1453-70), this fact narrows the lower limit to
mid-39 b c .
It is difficult to see where this series was coined. Grant
(FITA, pp. 37-9) supposed that Atratinus was in charge of
Antony’s fleet perhaps as early as Brindisium and that this
series was struck in Italy, precisely at Brindisium. R. Syme
suggested a Sicilian issue (Roman Revolution, p. 231, n. 2).
But the suggestion of De Salis, which Grant disregarded,
that these coins were struck in the east seems plausible as
two specimens were found in Asia Minor: one in Troas, the
other in Ionia. Atratinus must have preceded Antony to the
east in 40 b c , before he was appointed legatus propraetore of
Antony in Achaea.
This series was probably issued as an as.
2226 L eaded bronze. 23m m , 13.90g (11). Axis: 12
F iT A 37-9, RRC 530, A m andry, sn r 1986, 85
L A T R A T IN V S A V G V R ; beardless head of Ja n u s
A N T O N IV S IM P ; prow , r.
i . K r e n g e l c o ll., 13.n ; 2—10. See A m an d ry , s n r 1986, 85, A nnexe, no. 1—
6, 8-10; i i . G len d in in g (L aw rence) 7 /X II/1 9 5 0 , 413, 14.35.
CA coinage
An extensive series of brass and bronze coins, collectively
known as the GA coinage, was produced in the twenties b c .
This coinage has been studied by Grant (FITA, pp. 102-10)
and most recently by C.J. Howgego (NC, 1982, pp. 1-20)
whose classification is, for the most part, followed here. The
coins circulated throughout Asia, and also in Cyprus and
northern Syria. It seems reasonably likely that some
(relatively small) groups of the coinage should be attributed
to Cyprus (3915 = Howgego’s group 6) and to Syria (4100-
7 = Howgego’s groups 3-5 and 7), in view of the evidence of
style, provenances and countermarks. The mint(s) of the
bulk of the coinage is/are, however, less clear, largely
because of the wide area of circulation and the variety of
style. A case could be made for minting in Asia, and in
particular at Ephesus. There are stylistic similarities and
overlaps between the various groups (Howgego’s 1-2)
which might suggest a single mint; its identification as
Ephesus could be supported by stylistic affinities between
Class 2 of the CA coinage (2233-5) ar*d the contemporary
cistophori plausibly attributed to Ephesus (2213-
15 = Sutherland groups 5-6; cf. C.H . V. Sutherland, The
Emperor and the Coinage, p. 57). On the other hand, the coins
are not at all like the civic bronzes of Ephesus (though these
are probably later) and the validity of the stylistic com­
parison with the cistophori has been denied by Howgego.
Both Grant and Howgego have pointed out that a more
telling stylistic similarity exists between Class 2 and the
‘young bull’ denarii (RIC 475; for an aureus of the same
type, see Sotheby’s Zurich 28.11.1986 and Hall, Glendin­
ing’s 1950, 774). These are unfortunately of uncertain mint­
age (though a Syrian mint does not seem likely in view of
the general absence of denarii from Syria). The question of
mint is therefore left open; only the systematic collection of
further provenances offers the hope of a potential solution.
The date is generally agreed to be between 29 and 19/18,
perhaps more narrowly between 27 and 23, though the
chronology is not very solidly based, and depends on the
stylistic similarities already noted with cistophori and the
changing titles used for the emperor (the addition of TR
POT to the Syrian and Cypriot groups).
The sense of CA is similarly unclear. It was initially
thought to represent the mint (CaesarAugusta in Spain or
CAesarea in Judaea - hence its representation in collections
of Jewish coins like Hamburger or Reichardt: these should
not therefore be used as evidence for provenance). Other
suggestions are Commune Asiae, Caesar Augustus or
Caesaris auctoritate. O f these there is little to favour
Grant’s Caesaris auctoritate, as auctoritas, unlike SC, does
not appear in this way on coinage (nor would one expect it
to do so). The other possibilities can be equally supported.
In favour of some sort of ethnic (whether the name of a
place or Commune Asiae) is the way CA may be replaced
[ 3 ]
by an ethnic when the coins are imitated (at Berytus, 4534;
compare ΚΟΙΝΟΥ ΑΣΙΑΣ at Sardis?, 2994-5). But the
Cypriot group replaces CA with AVGVST, thus favouring
Caesar Augustus. On the other hand, imitation proves lit­
tle: the SC on coins of Paneas for Britannicus (4844) or
OB C S on coins of Caesarea for Claudius (4858) surely lack
the significance of the originals which they copy (similarly
the attribution of some CA coins to Syria does not necess­
arily undermine the interpretation Commune Asiae, though
it would show that the letters were as difficult for con­
temporaries to interpret as for us!). One might also argue
that, since the only other reverse type is AVGVSTVS in a
 A S IA : ‘Provincial’ issues, Miletopolis (2227—2236) 381

wreath, CA is likely to stand in some way for the emperor’s 2231 AE. 2 2m m , 11.48g (9). Axis: 12. [ 9+ ? ]
name. But one could equally well argue that the very fact BMC 730, AMC 713, r ic 485, Howgego ie: as
that the type is different indicates that it is supposed to C A ISA R ; bare head, r.
stand for something else. None of these arguments is in any A V G V ST V S in two lines in laurel w reath
way conclusive. We have a slight preference for Caesar i . P 9 6 3 , ro.04; 2. L = bmc 730, 13.83; 3 —4 . G 2g3~4, 12.07, 5—
Augustus, but this is just a guess. 7. O = AMC 713-15, 8.79, 10.62, 12.70; 8—9 . N Y , 12.39, 12·° 5 · O — A M C
717 ( = H ow gego, pi. 2.2) h as C A E S A R , a n d is e ith e r som e so rt o f
The classification is fairly straightforward. Class 1, which im ita tio n o r in te rm e d ia te b etw een 2 2 3 1 a n d 2 2 3 5 (H ow gego ie /2 c ).
is rare (especially the sestertii and dupondii), is charac­
terised by the spelling CAISAR, otherwise known only from 2232 AE. i7 - ig m m , 4 .8 2 g (10). Axis: 12. [ 10+? ]
the coins of Berytus which imitate them. Class 2 asses BMC 708, AMC 695, r ic 498, Howgego if: semis
(2235) and the Uncertain of Syria group I (=Howgego’s C A ISA R ; bare head, r.
class 3) asses (4100) have the same description, but have a C A in laurel w reath
very different obverse portrait and lettering. Both can be i. L = b m c 7 1 0 , 4.39; 2—4 . L = bmc 708 -9 , 7 11, 4.79, 4.47, 4.31; 5—6. P
distinguished from the other Syrian groups (4101fr.), since 93* 1—9 3 Jbis, 4.62, 5.41; 7. 0 = am c 695, 4.81; 8—10. N Y , 5.74, 4.84, 4.82.
F o r a h alv ed piece, see A n tioch (D .B . W aag e, Antiock-on-the-O rontes IV ),
the Syrian coins otherwise have circles enclosing the wreath no. 319. 2 an d 4 are reco rd ed as co m in g from ‘T h ra c e o r B lack S ea’.
on the reverse and different obverse legends (either nothing
or AVGVST TR POT).
C la s s 2, c. 25 BC
2233 AE. 3 5m m , 23.12g (18). Axis: 12. [ 18+ ]
A u g u s tu s
bm c 713, AMC 696, r ic 501, Howgego 2a: sestertius
A V G V ST V S; b are head, r.
Class i, about 27 BC
C A in laurel w reath
2227 AE. 34m m , 17.35g ( 0 - Axis: 12. [ 1 ] I . L = BMC 7 1 3 , 25.53; 2—8. L = BMC 7 14-20; 9. L R 10340, 22.95; 10. G
286, 21.79; I I —13. P 956—8; 14—18. O = AMC 696-700.
r ic 496 corr., H owgego ia: sestertius C o u n te rm ark s: ‘H o rse m an o f T h ra c e 5 ( G I C 285 = F I T A 105, n. 22);
IM P C A ISA R ; b are head, r. T O N Z O Y ( G IC 568: Sofia = L casts); A V G ( G I C 578). T h e th ree
co u n term ark s all seem to be T h ra c ia n in origin.
C A in rostral w reath
i . G 295, 17.35; 2* H ( = H ow gego, pi. I . i ) . O n ly 2 specim ens. 2234 Brass. 26m m , 12.44g (22)· Axis: 12. [ 22+ ]
2228 AE. 35m m , 24.06g (1). Axis: 12. [ 2 ] bm c 721, am c 701, r ic 502, Howgego 2b: dupondius
r ic 484 corr., H owgego ib : sestertius A V G V ST V S; b are head, r.
C A in rostral w reath
IM P C A ISA R ; b are head, r.
i . L = b m c 7 2 5 , 13.45; 2—8. L = bmc 721 -4 , 726-8; 9 . L 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -2 7 3 2
A V G V ST V S in two lines in ro stral w reath
(ex vA 6672); 1 0 - 1 1 . G 287-8; 12—14. P 9 59-61; 15—17· 0 = am c 7 0 1 -
i. P 962 ( —H ow gego, pi. 1.4), 24.06; 2 . B = H ow gego, pi. 1.2 (dou b ts 3; 18—22. N Y , 13.12, 12.96, 12.72, 12.52, 10.87; 2 3 . P V , 11.69. M eta l
a b o u t a u th e n tic ity ). 2 from sam e obv. die as 2 2 2 9 / 1 . analysis: N C 1904, 214.

2229 AE. 33m m , 23.20g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] 2235 AE. 2 5m m , 11.19g (20). Axis: 12. 1 r9 + 1
BMC 729, r i c 483 corr., Howgego ic: sestertius bm c 731, am c 710, r ic 486 (p art), Howgego 2c: as
(authenticity doubtful?)
CAESAR; bare head, r.
IM P C A ISA R ; b are head, r. A V G V S T V S in one line in laurel w reath
A V G V ST V S in two lines in laurel w reath I. L = b m c 7 3 1 , 13.83; 2 - 7 . L = bmc 732, 7 34-5, 1 9 3 0 -9 -6 -6 , 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -
i . L = BMC 7 2 9 ( = BMCRR E a st 291, ac q u ire d in 1865 = H ow gego, pi. 1.3). 1440, 1 9 3 7 -1 -9 -1 1 ; 8. G 290; 9 —13· P 96 4 -9 ; 14—16. O = AMC 710-12;
U n iq u e . F ro m sam e obv. die as 2 2 2 8 / 2 . 17—19. N Y , 13.37, 11.98, i i . 10; 2 0 - 2 2 . Y ale, 12.94, ϊ 1 · 32 > 9 ·° 3 · F o r
h alv ed pieces, see S ard is ex cav atio n s (T . V . B u ttrey , A n n Jo h n sto n ,
2230 Bronze. 25m m , 12.67g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3+ ? ] K e n n e th M . M a cK en zie a n d M ich ael L. B ates, Greek, R om an and Islam ic
Coins fr o m Sardis) a n d L 1 9 7 5 -2 -5 -1 . 5 is from n e a r A ezan i (B. Levick a n d
BMC 707, AMC 691, r ic 497 co rr.= 4 g g , Howgego id: S. M itch ell, M onum ents fr o m the A eg a n itis , p. 193, no. 26. 2 2 3 5 differs from
dupondius 4 1 0 0 m ain ly in th e tre a tm e n t o f th e p o rtra it.
C o u n te rm ark s: B ran c h ( G IC 382), u n c e rta in objects ( G I C 4 9 4 -5 ), A V G
IM P C A ISA R ; b are head, r.
( G I C 577), A V G ( G I C 578) a n d T I C A E ( G I C 602). M o st o f the
C A in rostral w reath co u n term ark s seem to b e T h ra c ia n .
i . L = bmc 7 0 7 , i i . 14; 2 —3 . Ο = AMC 69 1 -2 , 15.28, 11.58. M e ta l analysis:
N C 1904, 214. 2236 N ot used.

Miletopolis
For the site of Miletopolis (= Melde), see L. Robert, Villes
d’Asie Mineure, p. 192. Its inclusion here in the conventus of
Cyzicus is just a guess.
The coin in Mu (3) classified as a coin of Tiberius from
Miletopolis (the attribution is followed by the Index to vA) is,
in fact, a coin of Caligula, with a temple on the reverse,
from Miletus (2707/3).
There is also an interesting coin, misread by FITA, p.
391, with the inscription O AHMOC ΑΞΙΟΧΟΝ and either a
bare or an apparently laureate (or diademed?) head. It is
not clear whether the male portrait is supposed to represent
Axiochus (otherwise unknown; presumably a prominent
citizen) or a rather elderly-looking Demos; perhaps the
former is more likely as the head does not have the bearded
features normal on representations of Demos. Second, there
is the problem of the date of the issue. Grant regarded it as
of the late first century b c , and vA (SNG 7417) dated it to
the first century a d . It seems very likely, from the form of
the ethnic (MIA.. not ΜΕΙΛ..) and from the slightly con­
cave fabric, that the coin was made before the second cen­
tury, and so a date late in the first century b c or first century
a d seems likely, though greater precision does not seem
possible. The reverse type, Athena, was traditional at
Miletopolis (e.g., BMC 6-7).
A x io c h u s , f i r s t cen tu ry bc !a d
2237 L eaded bronze. 22 m m , 7.10 g (1). [ 3 ]
GRMK 48, FITA 39I
Cyzicus
Although a brief listing of the Augustan issues was provided
by M. Grant (NC, 1950, p. 142, n. 15), the Julio-Glaudian
coinage of Cyzicus is still full of problems, of attribution to
Cyzicus, of identity of imperial portraits and of date. Very
little can be regarded as at all certain.
First, the ‘pseudo-autonomous’ issues. A rough classifica­
tion of these was provided by W. Wroth in BMC: most of
them have the title ΝΕΟΚΟΡΩΝ (BMC 175fr.) and so are
no earlier than the time of Antoninus Pius (BMC 215). At
an earlier date, however, the distinction between late Hel­
lenistic and early imperial coins is very hard to make, and
Wroth put a number of coins in the bracket c. 27 b c - a d 98
{BMC 168-74). A much fuller treatment was provided by
H. von Fritze, ‘Die autonome Kupferprägung von Kyzikos’,
Nomisma X, 1917, pp. 1-32. On the basis of die links with
imperial coins and particularly of style, von Fritze (p. 14)
assigned only a few coins to the first century a d . As he
pointed out, his stylistic considerations are reinforced by
the monogram on some coins, which is the same as on coins
of Nero. His system is therefore followed here, although
(except in the case of the issue with the Neronian
monogram) it is not possible to decide whether the coins are
Julio-Claudian or Flavian. All are included here, without
prejudice.
Second, the coins with imperial portraits:
3 2 4 3 —4 . There are two ‘Augustan’ heads without any
inscription. One has the portrait surrounded by a wreath
and a reverse of three ears of corn KYZI, the other has a
plain portrait and a reverse of a torch in a wreath KYZI. It
seems reasonable to regard these as issues of Augustus.
2245. The coins o f ‘Augustus’ (probably correctly identi­
fied as such) with a capricorn, with the legend CEBACTOC
and a monogram on the reverse. These coins can be found
in a variety of different homes in museum collections, but
an attribution to Cyzicus seems very likely. The coins have
a fabric similar to some other contemporary issues of Cyzi­
cus, the style of portrait seems similar. Second, the
monogram is compatible with KYZI. Third, provenances
support the attribution, since three examples were found in
Mysia near Cyzicus (F. W. Hasluck, NC, 1906, p. 27, no. 3),
while another (vA 7654) was bought at Balikesir, ancient
Hadrianotherae (already a local Mysian market centre for
coin dealers in Hasluck’s day).
2246. The issue with a youthful bare head on each side
Ο ΔΗΜΟΟ ΑΞΙΟΧΟΝ; b are head, r.
ΜΙΑΗΤΟΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; helm eted b ust o f A thena, w earing
aegis, r.
i . B (L ö b b ); 2. B (I-B ) ( = grm k T a f. V .4; obv. — f i t a , pi. X I .60); 3. PV;
4 . L 1919—4—17-5 2 , 7.10. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 4.
C o u n te rm ark s: D o u b le ow l a n d single ow l, r., o n obv. ( G IC — : 2, 4).
2238 L eaded bronze. 2 2 m m , 7.45g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
As 2238, b u t head is lau reate (?)
i . L 1975— 5—17—i (= vA 7417), 7.45. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
T h e la u rel w re a th is n o t clear, b u t th e re do seem to be w re a th ties b eh in d
th e neck.
(and KYZI behind one). AMC 1188-90 quotes the opinion
of Mionnet (2.537.161) that the portraits are those ofCaius
and Lucius Caesar; this seems quite plausible. In the vA
Index the issue is interpreted both as Gaius and Lucius and
as Drusus and Germanicus.
2247. The coins with N(retrograde)EOY ΘΕΟΥ bare
head/KYZI capricorn r. The use of a capricorn does not
necessitate an identification of the head as Augustus, nor
even a dating of the coin to his reign, though both are likely.
Grant {FITA, p. 358) apparently regarded the youthful
head as an idealised representation of Augustus, but, as he
points out, the phrase ‘new god’ could be applied equally
well to Caesar, Augustus or Caius Caesar. In addition we
might connect the inscription with the N(retrograde )EO C
rCPMANIKOC on Cyzicene coins of Britannicus. This
might suggest that the νέος θεός is supposed to be Gaius
Caesar, perhaps after his death, as the title θεός is generally
avoided on coins for male members of the imperial house.
On the other hand, the portrait does not look very much
like those apparently of Augustus (see below), or ofCaius or
Lucius. Perhaps one should make a much stronger connec­
tion via the form of the inscription, the retrograde N, and
the lunate E with the coins of Britannicus (which have his
sisters Octavia and Antonia on the other side). It is surpris­
ing that there seems to be no corresponding piece for
Claudius, and one could perhaps see the features of
Claudius in the portrait, although the description of him as
νέος θεός would be startling. This seems, however, to make
the best numismatic sense.
2248. The coins of Britannicus. The use of the name
NEOC FEPMANIKOC suggests that the issue must have
been made early in Claudius’s reign, before the adoption of
the name Britannicus for his son in 43. The reverse has been
thought to depict various imperial ladies (Cohen, p. 271, 1:
Messalina and Octavia; Imhoof-Blumer, RSN, 1913, p. 32,
86: Antonia and Livia, with Nero Drusus on the other side;
Livia and Julia with Augustus on the other side: vA Index),
but the letters AN and OKT can be deciphered from some
specimens, leaving little doubt that the coin represents the
three children of Claudius. The mint attribution of the coin
has also varied, as the coins have only KY. Cohen gave
them to Cythnos, Imhoof-Blumer {loc. cit. and NZ, 1915, p.
91, no. 11) to Cyme. However, the two L specimens and the
O specimen were acquired from Hasluck; the tickets under
 A S IA : Cyzicus (2239-2249) 383

the coins reveal that Hasluck got them from ‘Ali, 1904’, and
this makes a Mysian provenance almost certain, since
Hasluck collected in Mysia in 1902-6, even though this
specific variety is not mentioned in his report in NC, 1906,
p. 26.
8849—50. Nero. The bust on the reverse was regarded by
Hasluck (NC, 1906, p. 27, no. 4), von Fritze (Nomisma X
(1917), p. 14) and vA Index as that of Agrippina II.
Although certainty is not at the moment possible (because
of the small size and relatively poor preservation of the
coins), the portrait of Nero seems to be the ‘steps’ portrait,
introduced in 63. If so, the bust should be that of Poppaea
(or possibly Statilia Messalina). Presumably the same per­
son is represented by the right- and by the left-facing busts,
as the contemporaneity of the two varieties is indicated by
the obverse die links.
n o (H aslu ck ), 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 - 1 5 5 3 ( = v A 7368), 2.76, 3.48, 3.55; 5 -
6. 0 = a m c 1186-7, 3-6o, 2.16; 7—8. P 2 9 6 ( = W a 722), 293 (ex
C o u sin éry ), 3.83, 3.14; 9 —11. B (804/1901, L ö b b , L ö b b ); 12—13. C
L eake, 242/1948 (G ra n t), —, 3.01; 14—15. V 16138, 33835 (ex W e b er),
— , 2.96; 16—17. M u 9 5 -6 , 3.02, 3.06; 18. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lot 137,
4.50; 19—2 3 . N Y. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
2245 L eaded bronze. 17m m , 3.22g (12). Axis: 12. [ 17 ]
F .W . H asluck, nc 1906, 27, no. 3, amc 1183
Bare head, r.
C0 BACTOC; capricorn, 1., w ith head tu rn ed back;
m onogram ^
1. L 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 6 6 3 ( = v A ‘S cepsis’ 7654; ac q u ired a t B alikesir), 3.56;
2. L U n c e r t a i n 1 8 4 4 - 4 - 2 5 - 2 1 0 (= f i t a , p i. X I . 15); 3 - 5 . O = a m c i 183-
5, 2.92, 2.09, 3.59; 6 . vA 7436 (‘P a riu m ’), 2.56; 7—9 . P A lex a n d ria 7 9 9 -
801, 3.35, 3 -4 7 , 3.38; 10—i i . B (one from L ö b b ); 12. V S eb aste, C ilicia
19141; 13. C 241/1948 (G ra n t) = s n g 4157, 2.47; 14. M u S eb aste, C ilicia
3 . 3-89; 15. J S W , 3.20; 16—18. N Y . F o r a ttrib u tio n to C yzicus, see
in tro d u ctio n . T h e re is n o m o n o g ram on 15. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on:
2.

2246 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 2.07g (4)· Axis: 12. [ 7 ]

F i r s t cen tu ry a d amc 1188
KYZI; bare head, r.
2239 L eaded bronze. 14m m , i.8 6 g (4). Axis: 12. B are head, r.
i . L 1 9 1 9 -4 -1 7 -1 11 (H aslu ck ), 2.34; 2—4 . O = a m c 1188-90, 2.12, 1.73,
von Fritze, nomisma X (1917), no. 41
2.10; 5. V 16140; 6. M u 97; 7. N Y ; 8. C a h n 60 (1928) lo t 1378. T h e
L aureate head of A pollo, r. p o rtra its a re p erh ap s su p p o sed to b e G aiu s a n d L u c iu s C ae sa rs (see
KYZI; lyre in tro d u ctio n ), th o u g h th e obv. w as re g a rd e d as fem ale by G ra n t, N C 1950,
142, n. 15, no. 7. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 1.
1. L = BMC 173 ( — von F ritze, n o m is m a X (1917), pi. I I I . i ) , 1.58;
2. L = b m c 174, 1.52; 3 . C o p 85, 2.44; 4—5. P 266-7, 2.02, 2.78; 6 . O ,
1.89. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

2240 L eaded bronze. 20m m , 5 .2 9 g (3). Axis: 12. U n c e rta in em peror

von Fritze, nomisma X (1917), no. 45
2247 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 2.12g (3). Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
H ead o f K ore, r., in corn w reath
f it a 358
KYZI; caduceus w ith crescent; m onogram t
i . L = b m c 17 0 , 4.28; 2. C M cC le an 7592 (pi. 260.17), 5 ·22! 3 · C °P 86 NCOV 0 0 OV; b are head, r.
( = v o n F ritze, n o m is m a X (1917), pi. I I I . 5), 6.37. Q u a lita tiv e m etal KYZI; capricorn, r., w ith h ead tu rn ed back; all in w reath
an alysis on: 1. i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —1 5 5 4 ( = v A 1259, ex C a h n 60, 1928, 1377), 2.08; 2 . B
(Fox = f i t a , pi. X I .23); 3 . P 2 9 4 , 2.46; 4 . N Y ; 5 . C L e a k e . S am e obv.
2241 L eaded bronze. 15 m m , 2.42 g (3). Axis: 12. die: 3 -4 . T h e N in N£OY is re tro g ra d e o n 1-4, b u t n o t on 5. F o r the
von Fritze, nomisma X (1917), no. 42 p ro b lem s o f th e id e n tity o f th e em p ero r (possibly C la u d iu s), see
in tro d u ctio n . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.
As 8839, bu t m onogram on rev.
i . L 1919 -4 -1 7 -1 (H aslu ck ), 2.12; 2. L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—1548 ( = v A 1244),
2.36; 3. P ( = v o n F ritze, n o m is m a X (1917), pi. H I .2); 4 . O , 2.78.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. B r ita n n ic u s , A n to n ia a n d O c ta v ia
2242 AE. 15 mm .
2248 L eaded bronze. 13m m , 1.58g (7). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
von Fritze, nomisma X (1917), no. 44
Im hoof-B lum er, nz 1915, 91, no. 11
B ust of A rtem is, r.
KYZI; cithara NCOC rCPMANIKOC, K Y; b are head o f B ritannicus, r.
AN OKTA(?); d rap ed busts of A n tonia a n d O ctavia,
i . P a r m a ( = v o n F ritze, nomisma X (1917), pi. I I I . 4).
facing each other
i . L 1 9 1 9 —4 —1 7 —I I 2 (H asluck) (N £ O C r£ P M [/ A N [ ), 1.27; 2. L 1 9 1 9 —
4 —1 7 — 1 1 3 (H aslu ck ) ([ r£]P M A N IK O C / OKT[ ), 1.56; 3. O (H asluck)
A u g u s tu s (illegible), 1.58; 4 . P; 5 . S t e r n b e r g X V I ( 1 9 8 5 ) l o t 2 5 8 (N £O C
Γ£ΡΜ ΑΝ ΙΚ [/ AN [O KT]A), 1.51; 6. N u m ism a tic C irc u la r, J u ly -A u g .
1980, n o . 6193 (N£OC Γ£ΡΜ ΑΝ[ /A N [O K TjA ); 7 . I -B ( = r s n 1913, 32,
2243 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3.04g (3). Axis: 12. [ 6 ] no. 86: ‘D ru su s fro m C y m e’); 8. J S W , 1.63; 9. K o v acs coll., 1.67. T h e N
o f NCOC is alw ays retro g ra d e; the N o f AN is re tro g ra d e o n 5 -6 , w h ich are
B are head, r., in w reath
from th e sam e rev. die. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
KYZI; three ears of corn
i . L 1 9 1 9 - 4 - 1 7 - 1 0 9 (H aslu ck ), 2.94; 2. P 295 ( = W a 723), 1.95; 3 - 4 . B
(I-B , 2930); 5 . C 2 4 3 /1 9 4 8 (G ran t) = s n g 4156, 2.68; 6 . V 16139, 3.50.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. N e ro

2244 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3.25g (13). Axis: 12. [ 22 ] 2249 AE. 15m m , 2.33g (3)· Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
BMC 2 1 0 , AMC 1 1 8 6 F .W . H asluck, nc 1906, 27, no. 4
B are head, r. ΝΕΡΩΝ; b are head, r.; m onogram $
KYZI; torch in w reath KYZI; d rap ed fem ale bust, r.; (m onogram <f>)
i . L 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -1 7 1 , 3.20; 2—4 . L = BMC 210 ( = pi. X I I . 11), 1 9 1 9 -4 -1 7 - i . B ( L ö b b ) , 2.36; 2—3. L 1 9 1 9 -4 -1 7 -1 15, L 1 9 1 9 -4 -1 7 -1 16 (H aslu ck ),
384 A S IA : Cyzicus, Poemanenum, Parium (2250-2252)

2.24, 2.42. i is from th e sam e obv. die as 2 2 5 0 /1 -2 . E ith e r 1 or 2 is the N C 1906, w h ere he says th e re is a n o th e r specim en in A ( = 3 ) . Q u alitativ e
specim en m en tio n ed in N C 1906, 27, no. 4. T h e m o n o g ram ap p e a rs on m e tal an alysis on: 1.
both sides o f th e coin on 1. F o r a discussion o f th e id e n tity o f th e em press,
see in tro d u ctio n . 2251 L eaded bronze. 14m m , 2.25g (4 )· Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
von Fritze, n o m is m a X (1917), no. 43
2250 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 2.89g (1)· Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
H ead o f K ore, r.
F .W . H asluck, nc 1906, 28 KYZI; cithara; above, m onogram J
As 2249, b u t bust, 1., on rev. i . L 1919—4 —17—72 (H aslu ck ), 2.69; 2. L = b m c 172, 2.12; 3—4. O , 2.51,
i . L 1 9 1 9 -4 -1 7 -1 1 4 (H aslu ck ), 2.89; 2. B (I-B ); 3. A. S am e dies, an d 1.66; 5. B ( = v o n F ritze, n o m is m a X (1917), pi. H I . 3). Q u a lita tiv e m etal
sam e obv. die as 2 2 4 9 /1 . 1 m u st be th e specim en d escrib ed by H aslu ck in an alysis on: 2.

Poemanenum
The site of Poemanenum is unknown (L. Robert, Villes The reverse figure is presumably intended to represent
d’Asie Mineure, p. 198, η. 3), but it was near to Cyzicus, in Livia, as at Pergamum (2368).
whose territory it had lain at one point (Jones, Cities, pp.
86-7). This is the reason for its inclusion in the conventus of
Cyzicus in this catalogue. T ib e r iu s ?
There is a single coin apparently of Poemanenum, min­
ted during this period. The portrait looks like either a 2252 AE. 17m m , 3.85g (1). Axis: 6 (1). [ o ]
mature Augustus or Tiberius; the reverse type, an L au reate head, r.
enthroned figure holding a sceptre and a branch, recalls the IIOIM [AN]HNW N (retrograde W); fem ale figure (Livia?)
PONTIF MAXIM denarii of Tiberius, so the coin is prob­ seated on throne, r., holding sceptre an d branch
ably of Tiberius, minted in imitation of such a denarius. i . P V , 3.85. C o n firm atio n o f th e read in g (a n d attrib u tio n ) req u ired .

Parium
For the earlier coinage struck at Parium, see Head, HN2, p.
531, and BMC Mysia, pp. 94-101. In the third century b c ,
Parion was probably responsible for minting royal
tetradrachms in the names of Lysimachus and Hierax as
well as municipal Alexanders (H. Seyrig, ‘Parion au 3e
siècle avant notre ère’, Centennial Volume of the American
Numismatic Society, New York, 1956, pp. 603-25). It has been
a point of discussion if the early cistophori with the
monogram ΑΠ were struck at Apamea in Phrygia (F. S.
Kleiner and S. P. Noe, The Early Cistophoric Coinage, Numis­
matic Studies 14, New York, 1977, pp. 86-96) or at Parium
(O. Mörkholm, ANSMN 24, 1979, pp. 53-8).
The Roman coinage of Parium has the ethnic C G I P. In
addition there are two groups with no ethnic attributed to
this mint, one with the colonist scene, the other with the
capricorn. The first one has been tentatively attributed here
to Macedonia (1656-61).
i. Colonial issues with CGIP, Colonia Gemella
Iulia Pariana
The colony of Parium was certainly founded by Caesar as
its twin colony Lampsacus (see p. 386). Its foundation was
probably commemorated by an issue with two series which
have the same types: a female head and a praefericulum.
One (2253-4) is signed by the IHI(viri) I(ure) D(icundo)
D(ecurionum) D(ecreto) MVC., PIC. (or PIC., MVC.);
the other by the AED(iles) C. Matuinus and T. Anicius
(2255-6).
The appearance of the aediles in addition to the senior
college is paralleled, for example, at Tingi (859). The same
aediles are responsible for another series (2257-8) with
plough and ear of corn.
A last series (2259), with the same types as 2253-6 but no
signature, probably dates to the Triumviral period.
There seem to be two denominations in use:
2255-2256 1 7 ™ . 4-95g ( 7)
2253-2254 14mm, 3.13g (8)
2257-2258 14mm, 4.17g (3)
2259 13 mm, 2.87 g (16)
At Lampsacus the contemporary series 2272-3, with a
diameter of 16 mm and a weight of 4.34 g, because of its
typology, appears to be an as, with a very low weight. If so,
2255-6 might be asses, and 2253-4 and 2257-9 semisses (?),
but this is all very uncertain.
Under Augustus, Parium produced its second coinage, of
two denominations. It is possible that it commemorates a
refoundation of the colony. The larger denomination (2260)
has the heads of Octavian/Augustus and Agrippa; the smal­
ler has the common type of the priest ploughing with two
oxen (2261-2). On 2261-2 the duoviri are two senators: M.
Barbatius, who had coined in 41 b c for Antony (RRC
517/1-2) and who is represented by his freedman Q. Bar­
batius, and M ’. Acilius who is represented by the local
priest of Divus Iulius, C. Vibius.
A date of c. 29 b c , as suggested by Grant (FIT A, p. 249),
might be too early and a date after 27 b c seems more likely,
if the two denominations, obviously a dupondius and an as,
reflect the new Augustan system which had just been intro­
duced in Asia Minor between 27 and 23 b c .
2260 27—8m m , 12.15g (13)
2261 23m m, 9.27g (1)
2262 23 mm, 8.21 g (9)
After this issue, there is no coin signed CGIP before the
reign of Nerva (BMC Mysia 94). The coins of Drusus and
Germanicus described by Mionnet, Supp. 5, p. 397, nos. 719
 A S IA : Parium (2253-2263) y<9j

and 720 (from Sestini) with the ethnic GGIP have not been 2.16; 6. P D elep ierre, 3.02; 7—9. V 16300-2, 3.05, 2.71, 3.17; 1 0 . B L ö b b ,
2.39; B I-B , 2.88; 1 2 . B P -O , 3.67; 1 3 . B Fox, 2.56; 1 4 . B 19/1927,
found. And Grant’s allegation (FIT A, pp. 111-12; SMACA, 3.05;
ii.
15. C o p 280, 2.62; 1 6 . O = AMC 1193, 2.68; 1 7 . L in d g ren 272, 2.87.
p. 89) that coins of Claudius do have the ethnic CGIP (with
a reference to BMC Mysia 93!) is wrong.
O c ta via .n l A u g u s tu s
J u l i u s C a esa r, c. 4 5 bc (?)
2260 AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 12.25g (AS)· Axis: 12. [ 10 ]
MG 2 5 5 , n o . 1 3 8 , BMC 8 5 , FITA 2 4 9 ( ï )
M u c ., P ic . H H V ir i
IM P C A ESA R D IV I F C G I P; bare head of
2253 -A O ctavian /A u g u stu s, r.
AE. 14m m , 3.13g (8). Axis: 12. [ 8 ] M A G R IPPA ; bare head o f A grippa, r.
2253 ï . L = BMC 85, 11.36; 2. L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 - 1 5 7 9 (ex vA 1333), 10.12; 3. L
1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 5 8 0 , 13.34; 4 . P 942, 12.90; 5 - 6 . V 16316-17, 12.74, 11.46;
MG 25I, no. 128, BMC 77, FITA 248(1) 7. B, 10.79; 8· B R au c h , 13.11 ; 9. B 7946, 14.68; 10. M u ; 11. P V , 12.77;
12. M M A G 41/1970, lot 367, 12.71; 13. W a d d ell 1/1982, lo t 150, 11.34;
C G P I; fem ale head w earing Stephane, r.
14. M ü n z Z e n tru m 61/1987, lot 527, 11.98.
M V C P IC I I I I I D D D; praefericulum
i . L = BMC 77 (pi. X X I I ,7), 3.16; 2. B I-B ( = mg 251/118), 3.49; 3. B
28691, 3.07; 4 . V 16291, 3.45. M. Barbatius M \ Acilius Ilvir, P. Vibius Sacerdos
2254 Caesaris, (λ Barbatius Praef. pro Ilvir
MG 251, no. I 19, BMC 78-9
2261 AE. 2 3m m , 9.27g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
As 2253
mg 255, no. 136
P IC M V C I I I I I D D D; praefericulum
1 - 2 . L = b m c 78-9, 2.77, 3.25; 3. P 9 1 6 (W a 929), 3.37; 4. vA 7437,
C G P I; b are head o f O c tav ian /A ugustus, r.
2.50; 5. M u. M B A R B A T [ in the field, M N A C IL IO II V IR in two
lines at the exergue, priest ploughing w ith two oxen
i . B I-B ( = mg 255, no. 136), 9.27.
C . M a tu in u s , T . A n ic iu s A e d (ile s )
2262 AE. 2 3m m , 8.21 g (9). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
2 2 5 5 -6
MG 255, no. 137, BMC 84, FITA 249 (2)
AE. 17m m , 4.95g (7). Axis: 12. [ 6 ]
M B A R B A T IO M N A C IL IO II V IR C G I P ; b are head
2255 of O ctavian /A u g u stu s, r.
P V IB IO SAG CAES in the field in two lines, Q BARBA
MG 251, no. 123, FITA 248(2)
PR A E F P R O II V IR in two lines a t the exergue, priest
As 3 2 5 3 -4 ploughing w ith two oxen
C M A T V IN V S T A N IC IV S A ED ; praefericulum i . L = b m c 84 ( = FiTA, pi. X I , 1: o b v .), 10.13; 2 . P 933, 10.79; 3 · P 9 3 4 .
i . L 1 9 2 0 -8 —5—1597 (F ox), 5.36; 2. B R a u c h , 4.30; 3. M u (= m g 6.67; 4 . B I-B , 7.35; 5. O = AMC 1 194 (ex N iggeler I I , lo t 602), 6.35;
2 5 ! / i 23); 4 . Be, 4.59; 5. I 14791. 6. 0 = a m c 1195, 7.45; 7. M u ; 8. T; 9. P V , 4.64; 1 0 . RW , 7.87; 1 1 . vA
1332, 10.15; 12. A u fh äu ser 7 -8 /X /1 9 8 7 , lo t 234, 7.17.
2256
mg 251, no. 122
2. Goins with the type of the capricorn
As 8 8 5 3 -5
C M A T V IN O T A N IC IO AED; praefericulum Goins of Augustus, Nero and Galba with the type of the
i . P 915 (= m g 251/122), 4.73; 2. P S eym our de Ricci, 6.10; 3, B L öbb, capricorn, but no ethnic, have also been attributed to
5.58; 4 . R W , 3.97. Parium {FITA, pp. 113-14). As this type is one of the
2 2 5 7 -8 regular ones which figures on the coinage of Parium from
AE. 14m m , 4.17g (3). Axis: 12. [ 2 ] Vespasian onwards, this attribution is tentatively accepted
here. Two provenances are known; one favours Troas
2257 (specimen in Istanbul), but the other Cilicia (P ex Seyrig).
mg 251, no. 124 Under Augustus, two denominations were struck:
C G I P ; plough; beneath, ear of corn 2263 23 mm, 6.95 g (8)
T A N IC IO C M A T V IN O A ED in three lines 2264 14mm, 2.14g (5)
i . Sestini, Lett. num. I l l , pi. 1,17 (= m g 251, no. 124).
Grant calls these coins an as and a quadrans, which seem
2258 correct.
MG 251, no. 125
As 8857
C M A T V IN T A N IC I A ED in three lines
A u g u s tu s
1 - 2 . P 9 1 8 -9 1 9 , 4.04, 3.92; 3 . Be 4424, 4.55.
2263 AE. 23m m , 6 .9 5 g (8). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
2259 AE. 13m m , 2.87g (16). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 16 ]
FITA 1 1 3
mg 251, no. 12 1, BMC 80-2
B are head, r.
C G I P ; f e m a le h e a d w e a r in g S te p h a n e , r. A V G V ST V S; capricorn w ith cornucopia, r.
D D; praefericulum i . L 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 5 8 2 (ex vA 7438), 6.86; 2 —3 . P 9 4 0 -1 , 7.72 ( = f i t a , p i .
1—3. L= bm c 80—2, 2.88, 2.84, 3.26; 4 . L 19 6 1 -3 -1 -1 6 0 , 2.97; 5. P 913, I V ,32), 7.63; 4 . P D ’A illy 11316, 6.65; 5. P 1 9 7 2 /1 3 4 1 —5 (ex Seyrig),
g86 A S IA : Parium, Lampsacus (2264-2267)
7.57; 6. I 5412; 7—8. N Y , 7.70, 5.52; 9 . P V , 5.91; 10. JS W ; n . A. C ah n
68/1930, lo t 150.
2264 AE. 14m m , 2.14g (5 ). Axis: 6 or 12.
AMC 1207
A VG ; bare head, r.
C apricorn, r.
I· P 9 3 9 . 2-° 3 ; *· V 33849 ( — p it a , pi. V ,3 ), 2.65; 3. B 1645/1905, 1.65;
4. O = AMC 1207, 2.71; 5. vA 7439, 1.67; 6. A. C a h n 60/1928, lo t 1401.
N e ro
2265 AE. 20m m , 7.47g (1). Axis: 7.
N E R O C LA CAES; lau reate head, r.
A V G V ST V S; capricorn w ith cornucopia, r.
The coinage of Lampsacus during this period falls into two
groups. First there is the group of Latin pieces brilliantly
attributed to Lampsacus by Grant (FIT A, p. 246, supersed­
ing the previous discussion by F. Imhoof-Blumer, NZ, 1884,
pp. 294—7), belonging to the relatively short-lived period of
the Caesarian colony there. Then there are the Greek
legend coins, produced at least between the reigns of
Augustus and Caligula.
Colonial issues
The colonial pieces were traditionally ascribed to the colony
of Parium. This attribution was based on incorrect readings
of the obverse inscription, which was correctly read as
C G I L by Grant. Fie expanded them to Colonia Gemella
Iulia Lampsacus, and attributed them to a twin (with
Parium) colony founded there by Antony in 42-41 (cf.
FIT A, p. 461) and referred to briefly by Appian in 35 b c :
(Sextus Pompey) Λάμψακον εκ προδοσίας κατέλαβεν, ή
πολλούς είχεν Ιταλούς εξ εποικισεως Γαιου Καίσαρος
(Bellum Civile, V ,i 37 )· There can be little doubt about the
correctness of this attribution, given the correct reading of
the obverse and the fact that one coin was found in the
Propontis, L 1919-5-16-10 = 2271/1 from the Dardanelles.
There has been some discussion about whether the col­
ony was founded by Caesar or in the Triumviral period,
whether the G here and at Parium stands for Gemella,
Gemina or Genetiva, and whether Gemina or Gemella
would mean that the colony was founded from veterans of
two legions or that it was a twin foundation with Parium
(see P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower, p. 600, no. 88, where it is
argued convincingly that Julius Caesar, and that neither
Antony, as Grant thought, nor Octavian was the founder).
The colony seems to have disappeared after its occupation
by Sextus Pompey.
The coins have two main varieties of reverse inscriptions
(in their longest attested forms):
i. Q LVCRETIVS L PONTIVS IIV IR COL DED PR
(Grant, FITA, p. 246, no. 6, claimed to see COL DEDVC
i . V 1 6 3 2 5 , 7.47; 2. M ü n z h a n d lu n g B asel i, 2 8 /V I/1 9 3 4 , lot 274. 1 a n d 2
from th e sam e obv. die.
[ 4 ] 2266 AE. 23~4mm, 6.81 g (3). [ 1]
N E R (O ) C L A CAE; lau reate head, r.; in field, star.
A V G V S T V S D D; capricorn w ith cornucopia, r.
i . vA 7440, 5.85; 2. G (u n certain ), 7.26; 3. G ie s s e n e r M ü n z h a n d lu n g
4 2 /1 9 8 8 , l o t 2 1 0 , 7.33. i a n d 2: N E R ; 3: N E R O . T h e rev. die o f 3 is the
sam e as th a t o f 2 2 6 7 /1 .
G a lb a
2267 AE. 2 2m m , 7.62g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
GALBA CAESA R; bare head, r.; in field, star.
[ 1 ]
A V G V S T V S D D; capricorn w ith cornucopia, r.
I . C = SN G 4 2 0 2 (ex G r a n t 266 -1 9 4 8 ), 7.14; 2. B 28847, 8.19. T h e rev. o f
th e C sp ecim en is from th e sam e die as 2 2 2 6 /3 .
Lampsacus
PR on one coin of the middle denomination in B, but as
there is no coin of this denomination in B he presumably
meant V 16303 = 2270/2, where the VC appears rather to
be part of the name of Lucretius); or
2. Q LVCRETIO L PONTIO IIV IR M TVRIO LEG.
Grant followed Mommsen’s interpretation of the first as
standing for the duoviri COL(onia) DED(ucta) PR(imi),
indicating that the coinage was a foundation coinage. The
legate M. Turius he interpreted as the governor of Asia in
42-41, and he was partially followed by Magie, who
regarded Turius as Antony’s legate there. If, however, the
colony was a Caesarian foundation, the date of Turius will
be earlier. As for his position, Grant argued that there was
no such title as the Mommsenian legatus coloniae deducendae·,
Keppie has recently suggested that all colonial commission­
ers may have held the title praefectus (L. Keppie, Colonisation
and Veteran Settlement in Italy, pp. 51 and 88). Thus Turius
was probably the legate of one of the Caesarian proconsuls
of Asia.
The colonial issue was struck in several denominations
with various different designs. The largest (22mm/g.i8g)
has the head of Caesar; Grant described him as wearing a
diadem, but in fact it seems to be a laurel wreath. On the
reverse is the familiar colonial scene of the colonial commis­
sioner in sacred dress marking the colony’s boundary by
ploughing with oxen. The middle denomination
(igmm/5.98g) has, on the obverse, a female head with a
wreath of ears of corn, presumably, as Robinson thought
(NC, 1921, pp. 8-9) a head of Ceres. On the reverse is a
female figure, wearing a polos (so Robinson and Grant; or
perhaps a mural crown?); she holds a cornucopia and
extends her hand over an amphora. The figure is presum­
ably Fortuna, and the allusion is to the allotment of plots to
the colonists. The designs used on the smallest denomi­
nation (i6m m /4.iog) are a head of Janus and a prow; it is
hard to avoid the conclusion that these types, the tradi­
tional designs of Roman Republican asses, were chosen to
denote that the coin was an as. If so, the other denomi­
nations must have been intended to be 2 as and 4 as coins
(although the weight relationship of 1:15:2 allows the alter-

native possibility that they were supposed to represent ij
and 2 as coins).
FITA, p. 246, no. 3, combining a head of Janus with the
female standing figure, does not seem to exist; Grant (p.
246, n. 3) cites ‘Imhoof-Blumer, NZ, 1884, p. 296 (Klagen-
furt)’, but no such coin is described there (and anyway that
part öf Imhoof-Blumer’s article is concerned with coins in
V ). The combination anyway seems unlikely, and so it has
been omitted.
Greek legend issues
After the disappearance of the colony, there seems to have
been no coinage until the reign of Augustus, when a coinage
of small bronze coins with Greek legends resumed. Apart
from the coins with the inscription Γ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒ (2280),
which identifies the portrait as Caligula, there is the usual
problem of trying to identify the emperor who is merely
described as CEBAC(TOY). There is no way of being sure
about the identifications. The two issues with ΛΑΜΨΑΚ
(2274-5) have very youthful portraits, reminiscent of the
early Augustus, and have therefore been assigned to his
reign. The issue with the full form of the ethnic (2276) has a
more mature portrait. The presence of the lituus suggests
that it, too, is supposed to be Augustus, although the
portrait itself is compatible with that of other emperors like
Claudius. Then come two issues (2278-9) linked together
by the common use of the ethnic ΛΑΜΨΑΚΗ and a variable
twelve or six o’clock die axis (also shared by 2276). The
portrait on one of these (2278, with reverse type of the
Senate) has a somewhat youthful appearance, probably
suitable for Augustus; the other is very different and may
perhaps be intended to be Tiberius. As should be clear,
these identifications are very tentative and the dating is
very uncertain; indeed, the dating of these issues before
(rather than after the issue of Caligula) may well be incor­
rect. Caution needs to be used when constructing a pattern
of minting such as that of the vA Index, where, for instance,
the entry for Claudius (Mu 26) is based on a coin of the
same issue as the coin used as the basis for the entry for
Tiberius (Mu 25). Coinage for Augustus and Caligula
seems certain, but for the others less certain.
The most interesting design is the head of the Senate,
since such representations are normally later. For represen­
tations of the Senate, see G. Forni, ΊΕΡΑ e ©EOC
CVNKAHTOC. Un capitolo dimenticato nella storia del
Senato Romano’, Mem. Acc. Naz. dei Lincei (cl. Sc. mor. stor. e
fil.), series 8, vol. 5, fasc. 3 (1953).
Apart from 2279, the coins are all of the same denomi­
nation and standard: about 16mm, and about 2.60g. The
average weight of 2279 is slightly heavier at 3.58 g, although
it is hard to see what significance could attach to this
(denominational? chronological?). Nor is it clear what rela­
tionship (if any) the coins bear to the previous colonial
issues.
Coins with no ethnic and attributed in this catalogue to
Imbros (1738) with an ithyphallic herm are sometimes
attributed to Lampsacus (e.g., AMC 1192; GIG, p. 440), but
the representation of the ithyphallic herm is not very similar
to the Lampsacene Priapus (see the introduction to
A S IA : Lampsacus (2268-2272) 387
Imbros). Another coin, in Mu (24), is, in fact, a coin of
Ilium (2309/12).
J u l i u s C a esa r, c . 4 5 b c (?)
2268 L eaded bronze. 2 2m m , 7.83g ( n ) . Axis: 12. [ 12 ]
FITA 246 ( i )
C G I L; lau reate head of C aesar, r.
Q L V C R E T I(O ) L P O N T I(O ) II V IR M T V R IO LEG ;
p riest ploughing w ith oxen, r.
i . L 1 9 3 0 - 3 —2—14 (F ro eh n er), 6.73; 2. L 1 8 5 0 -8 -8 -2 5 , 6.91; 3 . G
U n c e r ta in 5 9 ( = pi. 102.26), 8.42; 4 —5 . P P a riu m 931 ( = W a 930), 932
( = W a 931), 9.49, 8.31; 6 - 7 . O , 8.43, 7 .11 ; 8—9 . M u P a riu m 6 7 -8 , 7.03,
6.31; 10—i i . B U n c e rta in (I-B = m g 252, 126, R au c h ), 9.29, 7.12;
1 2 .J S W , g.52; 13. M M A G 52 (1975) lot 471 = M M A G 41 (1970) lot
366; 14. C 2 7 5 /1 9 4 8 (G ran t) = sng 4187, 7.83. S am e obv. d ie as 2 2 6 9 /6 :
4, 11, 13; as 2 2 6 9 /3 -4 : 14. B ecause o f th e sta te o f p reserv atio n o f the
coins, it is u sually im possible to tell w h e th e r th e d u o v ira l n am es end -I or
-IO ; -I O is clear, how ever, on 11 a n d 14. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
C o u n te rm ark s: C o rn u co p ia b etw een C C (?) o n obv. ( G IC — : 1, 2, 9, 11);
m o n o g ram o f LA E (?) o n obv. ( G IC — : 6, 13); u n c e rta in (10, 12, 14).
2269 A E. 2 2m m , 8.48g (5). Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
FITA 246 (2)
As a a 6 8 , b u t on rev. Q L V C R E T I(V S ) L P O N T I (VS)
II V IR C O L D ED P R
i . V P a r iu m 1 6 3 0 8 , 6.95; 2. M u P a riu m 65, 8.42; 3—4 . B (I-B = f it a , p i.
V I I I . 6, I-B ), 5.93, 7.46; 5. P 926, 8.69; 6. P V (= K u n s t u n d M ü n zen
1982 = B all V I I I , 5.12.1932, lot 2027), 10.53; 7 · R W , 7.79; 8. Schw.
K re d it. 1 (1983) lo t 247, 6.52. T h e rea d in g L P O N T IV S is clear on ly on
7, w h ere L V C R E T IV S h as b een resto red b y an alo g y . 6 is fro m the sam e
obv. die as 2 2 6 8 /4 , 11 an d 13; 3 -4 from th e sam e obv. die as 2 2 6 8 /1 4 .
C o u n te rm ark s: C o rn u co p ia b etw een C C (?) (4); m o n o g ra m o f LA E (?) (2,
5, 6). T h re e specim ens are eith er o f 2 2 6 8 o r 22 6 9 : M u P a riu m 66, 7.36, V
P a riu m 16310 (co u n term ark e d co rn u co p ia b etw een C C ) a n d 16311
(co u n term ark e d w ith m o n o g ram o f L A E (?)).
2270 AE. 19m m , 6.09g (2)· Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
Nz 1884, 296, no. 155
C G I L; fem ale head, r., w ith w reath o f ears o f corn
Q L V C R E T I(O ) L P O N T I(O ) II V IR M T V R IO LEG ;
fem ale figure standing, holding cornucopia a n d h an d over
u rn
i . V P a r iu m 1 6 3 0 3 , 6.20 (read in g J L V C R E T I [ ] P O N T I I I [V IR M ]
T V R I O L E G = n z 1884, 296, no. 155); 2. V P a r iu m 1 6 3 0 3 ([Q
L ]V C R [E T IO j L P O N T I O M T V R I O L [ = n z 1884, 295, no. 154), 5.98.
i is from th e sam e obv. die as 2 2 7 1 /1 .
C o u n te rm ark s: M o n o g ram o f L A E (?) (2); c o rn u cu p ia b etw een C C (?) (1).
2271 L eaded bronze, ig m m , 4 .7 6 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1]
fita 246 (6) corr.
As 3370, b u t on rev. Q L V C R E T L P O N T II V IR C O L
D ED PR
i . L 1 9 2 0 —5—16—10 ( = n o 1921, 7, no. 7, fro m th e D ard an elles: Q
L V C R E T L P O N T I I V I R C O L D E D P R ), 4.76. S am e obv. die as
2 2 7 0 /1 . F I T A cites a v a ria n t in B re a d in g C O L D E D V C PR : this seem s
to be a confusion a n d m isre ad in g o f V 16303 = 2 2 7 0 /2 : see above,
in tro d u ctio n . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
2272 AE. 16m m , 4 .2 1 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 1]
f it a 246 (4)
C G I L; head o f Ja n u s
Q L V C R E T I L P O N T I II V IR M T V R IO LEG ; prow,
r.
i . V P a r iu m 1 6 3 0 4 ( = n z 1884, 295, no. 151 : th e rea d in g M T V R IO
L E G is p ro b ab le, b u t n o t ce rtain ), 4.30; 2. R W , 4.11 (]L V C R E T [
] P O N T I [ JV IfR ] [M ] T V R I O L E [G ]). B o th from th e sam e obv. die as
2 2 7 3 /1 . F I T A cites a coin in P: th e re is n o su ch coin, a n d th e reference is
also to N Z 1884, 295, w hich is th e coin in V .
j88 A S IA : Lampsacus, Abydus (2273-2282)

2273 L eaded bronze, r6 m m , 4.48 g (2). Axis: 12. [ r ] 2277 N o t used.

F IT A 246 (5)
As 2 3 7 a, b u t on rev. Q L V C R E T L P O N T II V IR C O L
D ED PR A u g u s tu s ?
i . L 1866—12—1—4 3 0 7 ( = n c 1921, 7, no. 6), 3.90; 2. R W , 5.05. S am e
obv. die as 2 2 7 2 /1 -2 . M G 252, no. 126, also cites a specim en o f 2 2 7 1 or 2278 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 2.65g (6). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 13 ]
2 2 7 2 w ith th e c o u n te rm a rk co rn u co p ia betw een C C in M u (n o t found).
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
AMC 1 19 1
C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in , p erh ap s m o n o g ram o f L A E (2). CEBACTOY ΛΑΜΨΑΚΗ; lau reate head, r.
ΙΕΡΑ CYNKAHTOC; d rap ed b ust o f Senate, r.
I . L 1 9 1 9 -2 -1 4 -1 , 2.83; 2 - 3 . N Y ; 4 . 0 = AMO 1191, 1.86; 5 - 6 . C
M cC le an 7640 (pi. 262.15), 276/1948 (G ra n t: ‘C alig u la’), 2.66, —; 7 - 8 . P
A u g u s tu s *9
7 9 9 -8 0 ° , 2.64, 2.43; 9. P 801, 3.48; 1 0 - 1 2 . B (L ö b b , K n o b elsd o rf, I-B ),
3 -4 9 , 3 -3 7 = '-'—6; 13. V 16252. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
2274 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 2.63g (6). Axis: 12. [ 8 ] C o u n te rm ark : X on rev. ( G IC — : 7).

BM C 79
CEBACTOY; laureate head, r.
U n c e rta in em peror (T ib e r iu s ? )
ΛΑΜΨΑΚ (in three lines across field); P riapus standing, 1.
i . N Y , 2.81; 2—3. L = BMC 79, 19 4 0 -1 0 -1 -2 2 , 2.08, 2.93; 4 . P 79 7 , 3.05;
5—6. B (L öbb, R a u c h ), 2.41, 3.20; 7. C Leake S u p p l.; 8. V 36571; 2279 AE. 16m m , 3.58g (7). Axis: 12 or 6. , [ 10 ]
9 . JS W , 2.42; 10. L in d g ren 262, 2.49. S am e obv. die: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10. C op 233
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2-3.
CEBAC; lau reate head, r.
2275 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 2.45g (3)· Axis: 12. [ 3 ] ΛΑΜΨΑΚΗ; forepart o f pegasus, r.; uncertain object below
BMC 78 i . O , 3.30; 2. N Y , 2.08; 3—4 . P 802, 8 0 3 ( = W a 892), 4.58, 4.18; 5—
6. C o p 2 3 3 -4 (‘T ib e riu s ’), 2.84, 4.38; 7—8. B (I-B , I-B ), 4.31, 3.41; 9—
CEBACTOY; laureate head, r.; before, star 10. M u 25 (‘T ib e riu s ’), 26 (‘C la u d iu s ’); 11. L in d g ren 263, 3.72.
ΛΑΜΨΑΚ (around, outw ardly); P riapus standing, 1.
i . L = b m c 78, 2.63; 2—3. B (I-B , 7942), 2.67, 2.06. S am e dies: 1-2.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
C a lig u la

A u g u s tu s ? ? *I. 2280 L eaded bronze. 1 6 m m , 2.74g (8). Axis: 12. [ 12 ]

C op 231 corr.
2276 Brass. 16m m , 2.91 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 4 ] Γ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒ; b are head, r.
BM C 77 corr. ΛΑΜΨΑ; head o f P riapus, r.
i . N Y , 2.14; 2. L 1 9 7 5 -4 -1 1 -1 10, 3.40; 3 . C o p 231 (‘A u g u stu s’), 3.30; 4—
CEBACTOY; laureate head, r.; before, lituus
5. O , 3.51, 2.66; 6 - 9 . B (55/1879, I-B , 85/1924, 481/1 8 9 6 ), 3.38, 3.91,
ΛΑΜΨΑΚΗΝΩΝ; P riapus standing, 1. 2.84, 2.85; 1 0 . G 12 (‘A u g u stu s’); i i — 1 2 . V 16253—4, 3.00, 2.09.
I. p 798. 2.60; 2. L = BMC 77, 2.95; 3. B (I-B ); 4. C 274/1948 (G ran t: Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 2.
‘N ero’); 5. J S W , 3.17. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2.

Abydus
Abydus made a number of very small coins, whose
similarity to those of Sestos, just across the straits, has
already been noted (1739-44)· The classification of the
coins is not easy.
Some of the coins (2291—3) with an imperial head have
an inscription (ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP) which identifies the
emperor as Nero: their youthful draped bust might suggest
Nero under Claudius, but the apparent absence of any cor­
responding issue for Claudius (not even any of the issues
signed CEBACTOC can fit, as the shape of the lyre is always
different) suggests that they are more probably from early
in his own reign.
Another small issue (2288) appears to have the letters TI
before CEBACTOC, indicating that it probably represents
Tiberius.
With two exceptions, the remainder of the coins with
imperial heads probably represent Augustus, as the small
youthful portrait, with the neck at an angle to the head,
seems most like him, and the style is not like that of the
coins probably of Tiberius. There remain two denomi­
nations (2289-90) with a laureate portrait and a rather
crude style of lettering. It is not at all clear whom these
coins are supposed to represent; perhaps Tiberius?
There are also two groups of coins without imperial
heads. One of these is known in two denominations:
2281 AE. 23m m , 7.46g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ]
KAICAP; in w reath
BY A; cult im age o f A rtem is o f E phesus (w ithout
supports)
1—2. B (Löbb, I-B ), 6.91, 8.00.
2282 L eaded bronze. 14m m , 3.12g (2). Axis: 6 or 12. [ 1 ]
KAI CAP; in two lines w ithin w reath
A[B]Y; cult statu e of A rtem is of E phesus (w ith supports)
i . L 1 9 2 6 - 1 —16—8 9 9 , 3.37; 2. K o v acs V I (1985), 242 (‘A sp e n d u s’), 2.87.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 1.
Despite their superficial similarity, these denominations
may not be contemporary, since the larger has the abbre­
viated inscription ABY in a different disposition and also
shows the cult statue without supports. The closest parallel
 A S IA : Abydus (2283-2293) 38g

for this, with an unsupported statue and a similar disposi­
tion of the legend, is on coins of Hadrian (BMC 59);
moreover, the large size of the coin and the occurrence of a
six o’clock die axis (2281/1) suggest a second-century date.
As for the smaller denomination, a different date is sug­
gested by the supports on the statue: unfortunately,
however, there seem to be no securely dated numismatic
representations of this sort at Abydus. Again the six o’clock
axis makes a date during the Julio-Claudian period
unlikely. Neither of the two denominations, therefore, is
included in the catalogue as Julio-Claudian.
The other coin without an imperial head is a unique piece
with the head of the Senate:
2283 L eaded bronze. 13m m , 1.73g (1)· Axis: 6.
CVNKAHT[; bust of Senate, r.
ΑΒ[ΥΔ]ΗΝΩΝ; cult statu e of A rtem is o f E phesus, w ith
supports
i . L 1 9 2 0 —5—1 6 - 2 1 ( = NC 1921, 14 a n d pi. I), 1.73. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: 1.
This is very hard to date. The cult statue on the reverse has
supports, but the single specimen has a six o’clock die axis
and the probable use of V rather than Y (just about visible
on the obverse) suggest a later date. (The full ethnic might
also be an indication of a later date, but it does occur on the
late Hellenistic tetradrachms.)
The reverse types, the lyre and the eagle, were traditional
at Abydus, occurring for instance on the Hellenistic
coinage.
The significance of the star (2287) and the crescent
(2286) in front of the imperial bust, is not clear.
The pattern of denominations is not entirely clear. The
coins of Nero and the laureate C£BA( )[ indicate that
[ 1 ]
there were at least two denominations, but there does not
seem to be a close correlation between reverse type and
denomination, which one might perhaps have expected.
But the sample is, of course, very small: (see table below):

Augustus cult statue 14mm, 2.50g eagle 13 mm, i .63 g

lyre 13mm, i .86g
lyre 13 mm, i .67 g
Tiberius lyre 13 mm, 2.44g
‘Laureate’ lyre 14mm, 1.57g eagle 13 mm, 1.46 g
Nero cult statue r6 mm, 3.33 g lyre 13 mm, 2.16g
Uncertain lyre 14mm,3.47g

TI(?) CEBA[C]TOY; laureate head, r.

A u g u s tu s ΑΒΥΔΗ; lyre
i . O = AM C 1 2 3 5 , 2.14; 2. L 1 9 2 5 -1 -3 -4 , 3.14; 3 . C L eake, 2.03; 4 . I t is
possible th a t B 1 1 8 1 /1 8 7 8 m ay also b e a n ex am p le o f this issue.
2284 L eaded bronze. 14m m , 2.50g (4). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 2.
C op 56
CCBACTOY: bare head, r.
S e b a sto s - T ib eriu s? ? ?
ΑΒΥΔΗ; cult statue o f A rtem is o f Ephesus (w ith no
supports)
2289 A E. 14m m , 1.57g ( 0 · Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
i . L 1 9 7 0 —5—8—6, 2.16; 2. C op 56, 2.92; 3 . P 78 ( = W a 1065), 2 .to;
4 . V 31763, 2.80. A ll sam e obv. die. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i. C]EBAC[; laureate head, r.
[ΑΒ]ΥΔΗΝ; lyre
2285 AE. 13m m , 1.63g (i2)·
. Axis: 6 or 12. [ 2 ]
I. P 76, 1.57.
CEBACTOY; b are head, r.
ΑΒΥΔ[; eagle, r. 2290 AE. 13m m , 1.46g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
i . P 7 7 , 1.47; 2. B (L ö b b ), 1.79. CE BA; lau reate head, r.
ABY; eagle, r.
2286 A E. 13m m , i.8 6 g (6). Axis: 12. [ 8 ]
I. B (B -I), 1.30; 2. B (I-B ), ï.6 2 . S im ilar cru d e style to 2 2 8 9 .
C op 57
CCBACTOY; b are head, r.; to r., crescent
ABY; lyre N e ro
i . B (R a u c h ), 1.65; 2. B (I-B ); 3. C o p 57, 1.89; 4—5. P D elepierre, 79
( = W a 1066), 2.29, 1.67; 6—7. V 16575, 3 4 3 3 8 5 — , 2.28; 8. O = AMC 1236, 2291 AE. 16m m , 3.33g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
*■3 5 ·
ΝΕΡΩΝ KAI CAP; d rap ed bust, 1.
2287 Bronze. 13m m , 1.67g (2)· Axis: 12. [ 2 ] ABY; cult statu e of A rtem is of E phesus (w ithout supports)
CEBACTOC; bare head, r.; to r., star i . B 6 8 /1 8 8 4 , 3.21; 2· P 82 (= W a 1069), 3.42.
ABY; lyre
2292 L eaded bronze. 13m m , 1.84g (2)· Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
1. L 1 9 1 6 -1 1 —3—8, 1.92; 2. L 1 9 2 0 -5 -1 6 -1 7 , i . 41. A s ta r is n o t visible on
2, w hose style m ay also be different: p e rh a p s a se p a ra te issue? Q u alitativ e BMC 58
m e tal analysis on: i.
ΝΕΡΩΝ KAIC[; d rap ed bust, 1.
ABY; lyre
i . L — BMC 58, 1.74; 2. P 81 ( = W a 10 6 8 ), 1.94. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: i.
T ib e riu s
2293 13m m , 2.82g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
2288 L eaded bronze. 13m m , 2.44g (3)· Axis: 12. [ 3 ] As 2292, b u t A B YΔ O C aro u n d lyre
AMC 1235 corr. I. P 80 (= W a 1067), 2.82.

U n c e rta in em p ero r
2294 AE. 14m m , 2.92g (2). Axis: 6.
]KAIC[ (retrograde); b are head, r.
ABY; lyre
There were several issues from Dardanus in the early first
century. As these have either no obverse inscription or just
C8BACTOC, it is difficult to be sure which emperor is
intended. The shape of the portrait, particularly the neck,
suggests that Augustus is the most likely for the issues
without an obverse inscription and for one issue with
CCBACTOC (2298). One of his successors seems likely,
however, for the second issue with CCBACTOC (where, for
instance, Tiberius seems quite possible or even likely:
Tiberius is the choice of the vA Index).
The designs of a horseman and Athena (presumably
Athena Ilias) were traditional on the coinage of Dardanus.
A u g u s tu s ?
2295 L eaded bronze. 13m m , 1.81 g (1). Axis: 12 (1).
BMC 25
Bare head, r.
ΔΑ[Ρ]; horsem an trotting, r.
I. L= BM C 25, 1.81. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i.
2296 AE. 13m m , 1.76g (1). Axis: 12 (1).
B are head, r.
ΔΑΡ; horsem an galloping, r.
i . L 1 9 4 8 —10—1—88, 1.76.
The coinage of Ilium has been fully described by A. R.
Bellinger {Troy, Supplementary Monograph 2, Princeton,
1961).
His scheme is followed here, with two exceptions, First,
the unique silver drachm of ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ (Bellinger
T119), which he regarded as an Augustan issue, has been
omitted here as it is probably rather earlier, of the late
second century b c (see P. Kinns in CRWLR, p. i n and n.
52). Second, some of the ‘pseudo-autonomous’ bronzes,
with wolf and twins IAI/Hector ΕΚΤΩΡ {BMC 24—6 = Bel­
linger T212), have the same gorgoneion countermark as the
imperial coins of Caligula-Galba; the absence of the
countermark from any later imperial coins suggests that the
wolf and twins bronzes were made earlier than the second
century a d (as Bellinger and BMC suggested), and the
relatively numerous occurrences of the countermark suggest
that the coins may perhaps date from about the period of
Galba.
Bellinger’s dating of some issues to the reign of Augustus
has been followed, although his division between coins with
no portrait and coins with portrait as issues of 29-19 b c and
i . P 8 3 , 3.47; 2. J S W , 2.36. S am e dies. T h e legend to th e 1. o f th e h ead
o n i seem s to re a d KAIC[ (retro g ra d e). T h a t on th e r. o f th e h ea d o n 2
seem s to re a d Κ Α ΙΑ Ί (sic, u p w ard ly ). T h e p o rtra it suggests A u g u stu s, b u t
[ i ] th e coin is v ery d ifferent from 2 2 8 4 —7.
Dardanus
2297 AE. 14m m , 2.83g (1)· Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
Bare head, r.
Δ Α ΡΔ Α (Ν ε); helm eted (?) figure o f A th en a (?) advancing,
r., holding ?
i. V 1 6 7 0 4 , 2.83; 2—5. B (L ö b b = zfN 1885, 313, I-B , 8002, L ö b b ).
2298 L eaded bronze. 14m m , 2.38g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
no 1929, 17, no. 20 corr.
CCBACTOC: bare head, r.
ΔΑΡΔΑΝΕ; helm eted figure, r., as s s 97
i . L 1 9 2 0 —5—16—6 0 ( —NG 1929, 17, no. 20), 2.02; 2. L 1 9 1 9 -5 -2 -2 , 2.47;
3. C = SNG 4289, 2.63. A ll sam e dies.
[ 1 ] A u g u s tu s or T ib e riu s ? I.
2299 A E. 14m m , 2.43g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
AMC 1237
CCBACTOC; bare head, r.
ΔΑΡΔΑΝΕΩΝ; helm eted b u st of A thena, r.
[ 1 ] I. 0 = AM C 1 2 3 7 , 2.26; 2. P 6 2 5 ( = W a Ϊ 134), 2.95.
Ilium
after 19 b c respectively does not seem compelling. The
occasion of the Caligulan issue seems unclear, though Bel­
linger regarded it as an accession issue, because of the
association of the Senate with the emperor. The coins issued
under Claudius seem to form a single issue of three denomi­
nations: the presence of Antonia (who occurs early in the
reign on coins minted at Rome) and of Britannicus (without
the name Britannicus), suggests a d 41-2 as the likely
period. The coins of Nero and Agrippina presumably date
between 54 and 59, as Bellinger suggested (though the vA
Index preferred a date under Claudius). Although Nero is
described as KAICAP, the portrait suggests a date soon
after 54; moreover, there would be no corresponding issue
for Claudius, if it were minted between 50 and 54.
The designs used are interesting in several ways. The use
of Divus Augustus as a standard type under Caligula and
Claudius is unusual, as is the use of the Senate for Caligula
as well as Galba. The religious representations of both
Augustus and Claudius are also notable. Bellinger pointed
out that the Augustan issue with Aeneas carrying Anchises
is the earliest representation of the Trojan legend on the
 A S IA : Ilium (2300-2311) ggi

coinage of Ilium; the next is the figure of Hector on the 2304 L eaded bronze. 12 m m , 1.83 g (6). [ 5 ]
coins without portrait, if they have been correctly dated Bellinger T110, bm c 16, amc 1238
here (see above). H elm eted head of A thena, th ree-q u arters facing 1.
The following changes should be made to the vA Index: ΙΛΙ; A thena Ilias, r.; to r., m onogram ΑΦΥ
1. Delete Britannicus and Nero. The unique coin of Nero i. L = b m c 17, 1.76; 2—12. See B ellinger. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i.

and Britannicus (Bellinger T i 24 = BMC 42 - see plate

2305 L eaded bronze. 13m m , 1.77g (δ)· Axis: 12. [ 9 ]
102 - Trillmich 169 and Taf. 16.18) has:
Bellinger T 112-13, am c 1241, C op 383
ΝΕΡΩΝ BPETAN KAIC; facing busts of Nero and
Britannicus B are head, r.
ΙΛΙ; A thena Ilias, r.; to r., m onogram ΑΦΥ
CKAMANAPOC ΙΛΙΕΩΝ; reclining river god (Scaman­
I. O = A M C 1 2 4 1 , 2.05; 2. O = AMC 1242; 3. C o p 383, I.46; 4 . L 192O -5-
der), 1. ϊ6 -3 9 , 1.88; 5. C M cC le an 7830 (pi. 270.19), 1.31 ; 6 - 7 . B (I-B ,
This coin is regarded here as a forgery: the reverse type 744/1878); 8—9. V 16718, 36593, —, 2.42; 10. L in d g ren 369 (‘B ritan n icu s
o r G aiu s?’), 1.78. Q u alitativ e m etal an aly sis on: 5.
was used only from a much later date, and the form of
the ethnic ΙΛΙΕΩΝ was not used before the reign of 2306 AE. 12m m , 2.50g (1). [ 2 ]
Trajan. The obverse has been recut to show Nero and Bellinger T i 15, bmc 28
Britannicus (with very unconvincing ‘portraits’).
B are head, r.
2. Delete Nero and Poppaea: the coin described as such ΙΛΙ; A eneas carrying Anchises; to r., m onogram ΑΦΥ
by BMC 43 is in fact of Nero and Agrippina. I. L = b m c 28, 2.50; 2. B 513/1896.
3. Add Nero and Agrippina under Nero (and delete it
from under Claudius): see above. 2307 L eaded bronze. 12m m , 2.14g (5). Axis: 12. [ 6 ]
4. Add Claudius and Antonia (2315). Bellinger T115, am c 1243, C op 385
As regards denominations, the small Augustan coins with B are head, r.
the facing head of Athena all adhere to a standard of about I AI; A thena Ilias, r.; to r., m onogram
12 mm/2.3 g; the issues with a profile head of Athena on the i . L 1 9 3 7 —6—14—8, 1.86; 2. C o p 385, 2.68; 3 . V 30582, 2.63; 4. O = amc
1243, 1.69; 5. vA 7608, 1.85; 6 - 7 . B (I-B , R a u c h ). Q u a lita tiv e m etal
reverse are all slightly larger (about i6mm /3.3g), while the an alysis on: 1.
other issues with the portrait share the standard of the
lower denomination (i2m m /2g). Subsequent issues reveal 2308 L eaded bronze. 14m m , 2.13 g (10). Axis: 12. [ 11 ]
the following pattern: Bellinger T116, bm c 31, amc 1244, C op 386
Caligula 25 mm, 11 g ΙΛΙ; b are head, r.
Claudius 25 mm, 10 g 21 mm, 6 g 18 mm, 5 g O w l betw een m onogram s
Nero 22 mm, 6 | g
i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —1 - 1 6 4 5 (ex 7607)5 2.o8; 2—4 . L = b m c 3 1 -3 , 2.20, 2.22,
Galba 22 mm, 7 g 2.06; 5—6. O = a m c 1244-5, 2.05, *1-66; 7. P 270, 1.68; 8—9. B (I-B ,
Uncertain 20 mm, 4^g L ö b b ); 10. M u 17, 2.42; 11. C o p 386, 2.96; 12. G o, 1.55; 13. T roy;
14. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 169, 2.14. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 1.

A u g u s tu s 2309 L eaded bronze. 16 mm , 3.39 g (5). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 9 ]

Bellinger T117, bm c 29, am c 1240
2300 L eaded bronze. 12 m m , 1.94g (3)· [ 3 ]
B are head, 1.
Bellinger T i n ΙΛΙ; helm eted head of A thena, 1.; below, ΔΗΜΗΤ
H elm eted head of A thena, th ree-q u arters facing 1. I . O = A M C 1 240, 3.64; 2 - 3 . L = b m c 2 9 -3 0 , 3.37, 3.28; 4 - 7 . B (Fox,

ΙΛΙ; A thena Ilias, r.; to r., owl L ö b b , I-B , I-B ); 8. V 27575, 3 4 6 ; 9 . G o; 10—11. T ro y ; 12. M u
(L am p sacu s); 13. J S W , 4.02. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 3.
i . L 1940—10—i —106, 1.58; 2—8. See Bellinger. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis
on: i .
2310 AE. 16m m , 4 .1 6 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
2301 AE. 12m m , 1.74g (2)· [ 3 ] Bellinger —
Bellinger T107 B are head, r.
H elm eted head of A thena, th ree-q u arters facing r. ΙΛΙ; helm eted head o f A thena, 1.; Pbehind, m onogram
ΙΛΙ; A thena Ilias, r.; to r., thym iaterion on tripod I. B (I-B ), 4.49; a . B (382/1873), 3.83.
i . N Y , 1.30; 2—4 . See B ellinger.
2311 L eaded bronze. 17m m , 3.20g (17). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 31 ]
2302 AE. 12 m m , 2.03 g (9)· [ 4 ]
Bellinger T118, bmc 34, am c 1246, C op 379
Bellinger T 108
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; togate figure o f A ugustus, capite velato,
As 2301, b u t on reverse p alm an d m onogram ΔΙ standing L, holding sim pulum
i . N Y , 2.01; 2—9 . See B ellinger. ΙΛΙ; helm eted head of A thena, r.
C o u n te rm ark : H elm et/o w l ( G I C — : 4).
I· L 1 9 1 3 - 7 - 1 3 - 5 , 4.33; a - 7 · L = bm c 3 4 -6 , 1 9 0 2 -6 -1 0 -1 0 , 1 8 9 7 -5 -3 -
2303 L eaded bronze. 12 m m , 1.86 g (7). [ 5 ] 5 4 , 1 8 4 7 -2 -1 6 -1 5 , 3.62, 2.59, 3.55, 3.19, 3.07, 3.87; 8 - i a . P 717-19
( = W a 1154), D elep ierre, 2.81, 2.96, 3.92, 3.03; 13—14. M u 18-19, 3 -I0 >
Bellinger T 109, bmc 18, am c 1239 3 -7 5 ; I 5~ I 7 - C o P 379-81, 2.80, 3.13, 3.48; 18. vA 1529, 3.44; 1 9 - 3 0 . O
(inc. a m c 1246), 3.43, 2.70; 2 1 . C M cC le an 7830 (pi. 270.19), 1.31; 2 2 —
H elm eted head of A thena, th ree-q u arters facing r.
28. B; 2 9 - 3 1 . V 16717, 36590, 37552, 3.58, 3.33, 2.48; 3 2 - 4 0 . T ro y ;
ΙΛΙ; A thena Ilias, r.; to r., m onogram ΑΦΥ 4 1 . N Y . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
,
i . L = bm c i8 2.10; 2—13. See B ellinger. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i. C o u n te rm ark s: O w l ( G IC 346: 12, 24, 41); s ta r ( G I C 442: 1, 4, 11, 15, 20,
C o u n te rm ark : A m p h o ra /b e e { G IC — : 9—11 ). 3O5 32 - 7 )·
3Q2 A S IA : Ilium, Tenedos, Assos (2312-2319)

C a lig u la _________________________________ N e r o (b efo re ad $g)

2312 Brass. 25m m , 10.81 g (7). Axis: 12. [ 13 ] 2316 Brass. 2 2m m , 6 .4 7 g ( I2 )· Axis: 6 or 12. [ 14.]
Bellinger T 120, bm c 37, C op 387 Bellinger T 125, bm c 43 corr., C op 390
TAIOC KAICAP OEOC AYTOKPATWP CEBACTOI; NEP ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΑΓΡΙΠ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; bare head o f Nero facing
facing heads of C aligula (laureate) an d A ugustus (radiate) d rap ed b ust o f A grippina II
ΘΕΑ PWMH ΙΕΡΑ CYNKAHTOC ΙΛΙ; b ust of R om a facing ΙΛΙ; statu e o f A th en a w ithin w reath
bust o f Senate; betw een, statue o f A thena i . N Y , 8.12; 2. T ro y ; 3 . P 728 ( = W a 1157); 4. V 16722, 6.30; 5—
i . N Y , 1343; a. L = b m c 37, 12.13; 3. P 723, 11.33; 4. M u 20, 11.87; 5— 6. L = b m c 43 (‘P o p p a e a ’), 1 8 3 9 -9 -1 6 -4 9 2 , 6.99, 6.99; 7. vA 1532, 6.90;
6 . V 16720, 16719, —, 10.20; 7. O , 8.94; 8. vA 1530, 9.58; 9 . C o p 387, 8. C o p 390, 5.69; 9. H ; 10—i i . O , 6.22, 6.64; 12—15. B (I-B = k m 39, no.
11.72; 1 0 -1 3 . B (I-B , R au c h , 308/1883, L öbb); 14. G 5; 15. T roy; i, 28701, L ö b b , 746/1878), 6.27, 7.14, 7-22, 6.27; 16. L in d g ren 370
16. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 170, 11.39; χ 7 · H , 8.40. Q u a lita tiv e m etal (‘P o p p a e a ’), 5.84; 17. M u 33, 5.50; 18. P 727, 6.13. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
analysis on: 2. analysis on: 5.
C o u n te rm ark : G orgoneion ( G I C 193: 7). C o u n te rm ark : G o rg o n eio n ( G IC 193: 5, 11).

C la u d iu s ( a d 4 1 - 2 ? )
G a lb a
2313 Brass. 25 m m , 9.20g (6). Axis: 6. [ 10 ]
2317 L eaded bronze. 2 2m m , 6 .9 8 g (5). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
Bellinger T 121, bm c 38
Bellinger T126, bm c 44, C op 391
TI KAAYAIOC KAICAP; b are head, r.
OEOC AYTOKPATQP ΙΛΙ; rad iate head o f A ugustus, r.; CYNKAHTOC ΓΑΛΒΑ; b ust o f Senate facing head of
before, statu e of A th en a G alba
i . O , 9.97; 2. I, 8.34; 3 . T roy; 4 . P 724, 12.20; 5—6. M u 21, 21a, —,
ΙΛΙ; statu e o f A th en a w ithin w reath
9-355 7—8· L = b m c 38 ( = T rillm ic h , T af. 16.16), 1979-1 -1 -1 6 4 6 (ex vA I . L = b m c 4 5 , 5.54; a. L = b m c 44, 7.97; 3. C o p 391, 7.18; 4 . B (I-

15 3 1)5 7 -7 3 j i o -7 2; 9 “ * 1· B (I-B , L öbb, B -I); 12. V 16721, 9 4 9 ; 13· Go; B = m g 262, no. 171), 7.80; 5. G o, 6.40; 6. G rab o w 14 (1939) lot 769.
14. H , 7.95. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 8. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 2.
C o u n te rm ark : G o rg o n eio n ( G I C 193: 5). C o u n te rm ark : G o rg o n eio n ( G IC 193: 2 -4 ). T h e c o u n te rm a rk does n ot
a p p e a r on la te r coins (from V esp asian o n w ard s).
2314 Brass. 21m m , 5.95g (6). Axis: 6. [ 12 ]
Bellinger T 123, bm c 40, Cop 388
TIBEPIOC KΛ A Ο ΥΛ 10 C(sic) CEBACTOC; b are head, r.
L a te J u li o - C la u d i a n (Preign o f G a lb a ; f o r d ate,
TI KAAYAIOC CEBACTOY YIOC ΙΛΙ; b are head of
B ritannicus, r.; before, sceptre surm ounted by owl see in tro d u ctio n ) ____________________________
i . O , 6.97; 2. O , 7.07; 3 . N Y , 4.35; 4—5. L = b m c 4 0 -1 , 5.05, 5.37; 6. P
725 ( = W a 1156); 7. C o p 388, 5.72; 8—10. B (I-B , R au ch , R au c h ); n . G 2318 AE. 2 0m m , 4 .6 4 g (3). [ 9 ]
6; 12. V 30683, 5.88; 13. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lot 171, 5.34; 14. P 726,
6.76. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 5. Bellinger T212, bm c 24
C o u n te rm ark : G o rgoneion ( G I C 193: 10).
ΕΚΤΩΡ; H ector running, 1., w ith spear an d shield
2315 AE. 1 8 m m , 5.20 (4). Axis: 6. [ 3 ] ΙΛΙ; wolf an d twins
Bellinger T122, bmc 39, C op 389 1 - 2 . L = b m c 2 4 - 5 ; 3 . L — b m c 26; 4 . V ( = B ellinger, pi. 9.212); 5. P
7 11, 4.57; 6—7. O ; 8. M u ; 9 . P 712, 5.01.
TI KAAYAIOC KAICAP; togate figure (of C laudius) capite C o u n te rm ark : G o rg o n eio n ( G I C 193: 2 -3 ).
velato, holding p a te ra a n d sceptre
ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ CEBACTH ΙΛΙ; A ntonia seated, 1., holding out
p atera
I. B (I-B), 4.73; 2. L = BMC 39, 4.93; 3. C o p 389, 4.72; 4 . vA 7609, 6.40.

Tenedos
A single coin is known for this period, and the portrait 2319 AE. 16m m , 2.12g (1). [ 0 ]
certainly suggests that it is a coin of Augustus. It has been mg 270, no. 207
used as important evidence for the date after which H ead, r.; behind, m onogram of ΜΓ; before, m onogram of
Tenedos was absorbed by Alexandria by A. J. Reinach (Rev. ΔΟ a n d double axe
Epigr. I (1913), p. 300) and L. Robert (Etudes de Numis­ TENE; lau reate head o f A pollo, r.
matique Grecque (1951), pp. io - ii and n. 2). i . N 7 9 8 0 ( = HN 551 = mg, no. 207 = G ra n t, f it a 351), 2.12.

Assos
The best source for the early imperial coinage of Assos is the the early imperial period, there is a definite issue for
report of the excavation coins in H. W. Bell, Excavations at Claudius, and an issue, which in view of the portrait and
Assos (1921). the inscription ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, is almost certainly of Augustus
Assos had produced some silver and bronze coins in the (2320).
early Hellenistic period, but apparently very few later. In The main puzzle is provided by the coins with the legend

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ and a ‘J ulio-Claudian’ portrait (2321).
Unfortunately, there is no very well preserved specimen,
but the coin does appear to have a portrait of one of the
later Julio-Glaudians, e.g., Tiberius, Caligula or Claudius.
The problem of the identification of this coin is compli­
cated by the coin in B, published by Imhoof-Blumer as a
coin of Julia, the daughter of Titus (KM, p. 508). On the
obverse this coin has the inscription ΙΟΥΛΙΑ [ΑΥΓ |OYCTA
and a portrait, whose hairstyle should date it to the late
Julio-Claudian or Flavian period. Imhoof-Blumer thought
that it represented Julia, the daughter of Titus, but it is
difficult to fit this coin issue into the known Flavian issues
from Assos, partly because they have the ethnic in the form
ACCIQN rather than the ACCI which appears on the coin of
Julia and on Julio-Claudian issues (additionally Julia, the
daughter of Titus, does not normally have this hairstyle).
Nor was Imhoof-Blumer aware of the similar monogram on
the ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ issue. But if the issue is late Julio-Claudian,
who is depicted? The obvious choice for a ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ and a
ΙΟΥΛΙΑ would be Tiberius and Livia, but it does not seem
possible that Livia could be represented with such a hair­
style. The only other possible candidate for a Julia who
could be called Augusta would be Agrippina II after a d 50,
since her praenomen was Iulia. The omission of the name
Agrippina would, however, be most surprising (cf. 2322),
and the portrait is not like that on 2322. Moreover, the Julia
coin uses C for Σ, otherwise unknown before Vespasian, and
the whole character of the coin (the larger flan, the long
reverse legend with its mention of the archon’s title, the
style of the griffin, especially its wing) is not typical of the
first century a d . Nor is it clear that the monograms on the
two coins are exactly the same or indeed related. For these
reasons, Imhoof-Blumer’s identification seems more likely
(or rather, less unlikely) than an earlier attribution, so the
coin has been omitted here.
A second problem of identification is posed by the coins
with two portraits facing one another. The coin in P (527)
has been identified as Claudius and Agrippina (vA Index)', it
does, however, seem to read Δ Ο ... under the left-hand
bust, which makes one think of Domitian with Domitia. In
addition it is not clear that the right-hand head is female:
Domitian and Titus, for instance, would be possible identi­
fications. On the other hand, there is another, rather larger,
in the Mabbott sale (1396), with similar busts, and which
seems to read ...ΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ underneath the busts, and
ΑΓΡΙΠ ... (perhaps?) above them.
The reverse types used on the coins - the seated griffin
and the helmeted head of Athena - were traditional at
Assos, occurring on the Hellenistic bronze coinage.
The denominations used are:
Augustus 16 mm, 3.83 g
Uncertain 16mm, 3.30g
Claudius ?2omm, ? 17 mm, 4.53 g
It is not clear whether the Claudian coins are supposed to
Scepsis
The early imperial coinage of Scepsis does not seem to have
been published, and its coins are often to be found in the
‘Uncertain’ trays of museum collections. There seems to be
an issue for Augustus, with a smaller (and more common)
A S IA : Assos, Scepsis (2320-2324) 393
represent a larger denomination or, as seems more likely, a
heavier version of the same denomination.
The following corrections to the vA Index are required:
1. Augustus: while there is indeed an issue for Augustus,
the coin in L (= BMC 24) is, in fact, a coin of Claudius.
2. Caligula: the coin in B is regarded here as of an
uncertain emperor (2321).
A u g u s tu s
2320 AE. 16 m m , 3.83 g (4). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 5 ]
C op 245
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r.
ΑΣΣΙ; griffin reclining, r.
I . B 1 0 7 0 2 , 3.89; 2. B (I-B ); 3. P 5 2 4 , 3.91; 4 . C o p 245, 3.43; 5. V
2 7 5 8 6 , 4.19; 6—10. A ssos ex cav atio n s 126-30. S am e obv. die: 1—4. T h e
eth n ic on 5 is n o t visible, a n d it h as a r a th e r cru d e style, so the a ttrib u tio n
is so m ew h at u n ce rtain .
U n c e rta in em p ero r (see in tro d u c tio n )
2321 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3.30g (3). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο β ]; b are (?) head, r.
ΑΣΣΙ; griffin seated, 1.; below, m onogram A
i . M u 41 (1 1 0 3 6 ), 3.44; 3. B 10703 (‘C a lig u la ’); 3. P 5 2 5 , 3.96; 4 . L
1938-10-7-2263 3.09; 5 —8. A ssos ex cav atio n s 131-4. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
analysis on: 4.
C la u d iu s *i.
2322 AE. 20 mm . [ o ]
ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΑΓΡΙΠ[ ; facing heads o f C laudius and
A grippina II.
ΑΣΣΙΩΝ; griffin reclining, 1.
i . M a b b o tt 13 9 6 ; 2. P erh ap s also P 5 2 7 (3.51 g), th o u g h its d ia m eter is
m u ch less (17 m m ) a n d its read in g seem s to be . . . ΔΟ . . . A . . . (see
in tro d u ctio n ).
2323 L eaded bronze. 17 m m , 4.63 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 4 ]
NC 1921, 16, no. i
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.
ΑΣΣΙ; griffin reclining, r.; below, fulm en (?)
i . L 1 9 2 0 —5—1 6 —3 2 , 3.78 (= NC 1921, 16, no. i) ; 2—3. B (L ö b b = z f n X I I ,
312, I-B ); 4. vA 1500, 5.48; 5. C = SNG 4283, 4.63; 6. A ssos excavations
135. 4 -5 : sam e obv. die; 1-2: sam e obv. d ie, a n d sam e die as 2 3 2 4 /1 -3 .
Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
2324 L eaded bronze. 17 m m , 4.43 g (3). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 3 ]
BMC 24 corr.
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.
ΑΣΣΙ; helm eted head o f A thena, r.
i . P 5 2 6 ( = W a 663), 4.25; 2. L = BMC 24 (‘A u g u stu s’), 2.86; 3. O , 4.17
(‘T ib e riu s ’), 4.17; 4 . K ovacs 13 (1981), 27; 5 - 1 2 . A ssos ex cav atio n s 136-
43. P ro b ab ly all from th e sam e dies; sam e obv. die as 2 3 2 3 /1 -2 .
Q u alitativ e m etal an aly sis on: 2.
denomination for Gaius and Lucius: these are linked by the
use of Σ rather than C and by the application of the same
countermark.
The unique coin with CEBA CIO C is harder to place. Its
portrait might be that of Augustus, but it also recalls 410/1883, Ι -B , I-B : th e la st tw o u n d e r ‘U n c e rta in ’). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal
portraits of Tiberius from, e.g., Aezani. an aly sis on: i .
C o u n te rm ark : N ( G IC — : 2, 4).
There are two ‘pseudo-autonomous’ (apparently not
extant) coins with a capricorn; the date of these is
uncertain. An Augustan date is made less likely by the use U n c e rta in em peror (T ib e r iu s ? )
of C rather than Σ.
The coin of Augustus in vA, regarded there and in the vA 2327 AE. 18m m , 3 .9 2 g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
Index as a coin of Scepsis, is, in fact, probably of Cyzicus (vA CEBACTOC; bare head, r.
7654 = L 1979-1-1-1663; here 2245/1). ΓΚΗΨΙΩΝ; facing head o f D ionysus
The facing head of Dionysus used on the reverse of some I . B (I-B ), 3.92.
of the issues was traditional at Scepsis (cf. BMC 25).
U n c e rta in d a te
A u g u s tu s __________________________________ 2328 AE. 15m m , 2.15g (1). [ o? ]
km 46, 5
2325 AE. 18m m , 3.13g (1). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ]
C ap rico rn w ith cornucopia an d globe, r.
CEBACTOC; bare head, r.
ΟΚΗΨΙΩΝ; tree; to L, eagle
ΣΚΗΨΙΩΝ; facing h ead o f Dionysus
i . I-B ( = k m 46, 5, w ith T af. I I . 6), 2.15. A p p aren tly n o t in B, b u t ca st in
i . B (L ö b b ), 3.13.
W in te rth u r.
C o u n te rm ark : N ( G I C — : i).
2329 AE. 15mm, i.60g (1). [ o? ]
2326 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 2.17g (2). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
GRMK 55, i corr.
ΓΑΙ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare h ead o f G aius C aesar, r.
A EV (retrograde) ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΚΗ; b are head o f Lucius ΓΚΗΨΙΩΝ; capricorn w ith globe, 1.
C aesar, r. CKITPI; tree
i . L 1 9 2 5 - 9 - 3 —16, 2.02; 2. L, 2.31; 3 - 7 . B (176/1884, 739/1895, i . I-B ( = GRMK 55, i) , i .60. A p p a re n tly n o t in B, b u t cast in W in te rth u r.

Adramyteum
The coinage of Adramyteum has been fully listed by von A u g u s tu s , G essio s C h a rid e m o u
Fritze {Die Antiken Münzen Mysiens, pp. 1-62, esp. pp. 5 and
34). Adramyteum minted drachms and cistophori in the 2330 AE. 19m m , 5.39g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
second century b c ; in addition it had produced bronze von Fritze — ; amc 1181
coinage, the last issues probably being made in the Mith-
radatic Wars. It may also have been the mint (Atarneus is ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.
ΓΕΣΣΙΟΥ ΧΑΡΙΔΗΜΟΥ; lau reate head o f Zeus, L;
another possibility) of the interesting bronze coins with the m onogram M
name of a Roman proconsul (Grant, FITA, pp. 394-6; P.
I . C 3 5 2 / 1 9 4 8 (G ra n t), 5.39; 2 . O — a m g i i 8 i ( — n c 1935, 199), 5.25;
Kinns in CRWLR, p. 118, n. 57). 3. O (rev. brockage) = a m c 1182 ( = n c 1935, 199), 5-53- T h e n am e is clear
In the early Empire there were only a few issues minted on 3.

under Augustus (the coins are labelled only ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ (or 2331 L eaded bronze. 18 m m , 3.14g (6). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
-OY), but the portrait is very like those of the first part of von Fritze 102, C op 11
Augustus’s reign). One issue, signed by ΓΕΣΣΙΟΥ ΧΑΡΙΔ-
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; lau reate head, r.
HMOY (only the coins with ΓΕΣΣΙΟΥ were known to Mün­
ΓΕΣΣΙΟΥ; horsem an galloping, r., w ith h a n d raised;
sterberg, Beamtennamen, p. 65), consisted of two denomi­ m onogram
nations: the heavier (i9mm/5.39g) had a laureate head of
i . L G 7 4 1 , 3.45; 2. B (I-B : g m 608, 153); 3. C o p i i , 3.28; 4 . M u 11a;
Zeus on the reverse, and the smaller (i8m m /3.i4g) a 5—6. P W a s .n ., S m y rn a 2438A, 1.90, 3.73; 7. V 33833 (ex W eb er), 3.23;
horseman. (The two types were traditional at Adramyteum, 8. J S W , 3.22; see also v o n F ritze. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.

occurring, for instance, on either side of the earlier silver

coins.) A second issue, with only a monogram of the city A u g u s tu s (?)
accompanying a head of Athena (also traditional), is known
today from only a single example ( 17 mm/5.21 g), and has a 2332 A E. 17m m , 5 .2 1 g (1). [ i ]
slightly more mature portrait, probably also of Augustus. von Fritze ιο ί
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; lau reate head, r.
H elm eted h ead o f A th en a, r.; m onogram ΔΡ
i . P 1 08, 5.21; 2. See v o n F ritze.

Cisthene
A coin was published by Imhoof-Blumer {GRMK, p. 40), as the Cilbiani Superiores (2566).
being possibly of Cisthene, but it can now be seen to be of
 A S IA : Eresus (?), Methymna (2334-2339) ggg

Eresus (?)
An early imperial coinage for the city of Eresus (on Lesbos) ΓΑΙ KAICAP CCB; lau reate head, r.
is not very securely attested. There are two coins of Caligula EPECE(?)[; thyrsus a n d lyre
(ΓΑΙ KAICAP CEB): the one in P was published by Mio- i . L 1901—7 - 4 —2, 3.59; 2. P 84, 3.14. S am e dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an aly sis on: i.
nnet (S3.52.18) as a coin of Eresus, reading £PEC[ on the
reverse. There is another, clearer, specimen from the same
dies in L reading 8PECE[ or EPECC[; this makes the
attribution rather doubtful, as the ethnic of Eresus seems
C la u d iu s? (n o t E r e su s? - see above)
always to be ΕΡΕΣΙ(ΩΝ). For the time being, however, both
coins have been hesitantly left under Eresus (2334).
2335 A E. 16m m , 4 .3 7 g (1). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ]
A unique coin in Cop (= 2335) has been published as a
coin of Claudius from Eresus. Neither the attribution to ΚΑΙΣ[ ]Υ ΔΙΟ [; laureate head, r.
Claudius nor to Eresus seem certain, though, as the legends ΕΡΕΣΙ; capricorn holding globe, r.
i . C o p 3 4 4 , 4.37.
are not at all clear.
Finally, another coin in P is definitely from Eresus (2336)
and perhaps of Nero (so vA Index); the end of the obverse is
clearly [KAIJCAP; the letters before this are perhaps NEP[ ,
though this is not at all sure. The portrait is not definitely of N e ro ?
Nero, and might be, for instance, Hadrian.
2336 AE. 18 m m , 3 .5 8 g (1). Axis: 6 ( 1 ) . [ 1 ]
NEP[(?) KAIJCAP; lau reate head, r.
C a lig u la (n o t E r e s u s ? - see above) ΕΡΕΣΙ; prow, r.
i · P 85, 3.58.

2334 Brass. 17m m , 3.37g (2). Axis: 12 (1). [ 2 ]

M iS 3.52.18

Methymna
The imperial coinage of Methymna has been published by A u g u s tu s w ith G a iu s a n d L u c iu s
P. R. Franke, ‘Zur Münzprägung von Methymna’, in H. G.
Buchholz, Methymna (1975), pp. 163-76. A few very rare 2337 A E. 19m m , 5.22g (1). [ o ]
bronze coins had been made in the late Hellenistic period CEBACTOC; bare head, r.; before, lituus.
(Franke 28—31); these were followed by equally rare early ΜΑΘΥΜΝΑΙΩΝ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΟ; ju g a te heads (of G aius
imperial issues, which are interesting and unusual for their a n d L ucius), r.
dynastic types and inscriptions. i . S te r n b e r g X X I {1988) lo t 3 4 6 , 5.22. C f. M i 3.40.56 (Sestini: S an
The two Augustan issues have been arranged by portrait. C lem en te).
Issue 2337 has a youthful portrait with a lituus, while 2338
has a more mature portrait. It is probably supposed to be
Augustus, since the use of the name ΛΙΒΙΑ seems likely only
in his reign. If so, the coin was probably made towards the A u g u s tu s a n d L i v ia
end of the reign.
The main problem concerns 2339 ( = Franke 4 and 5, 2338 AE. 19m m , 4 .1 0 g (4). Axis: 12 (1). [ 4 ]
followed by the vA Index), which have been identified as F ranke 3
Augustus with Gaius and Lucius (Franke 4, following
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΜΑΘΥ; bare head, r.
Imhoof-Blumer, KM, p. 48) or Tiberius with Germanicus Θ ΕΑ ΛΙΒΙΑ; head of Livia, r.
and Agrippa (Franke 5, following Bosch: perhaps Agrip­ I. B 9 3 8 4 , 5.03; 2—3. P 142-3, 4.92, 4.23; 4 . M u 7b, 28971, 2.22.
pina rather than Agrippa, as is also written on the L ticket).
The use of the plural term CEBACTOIC and the laureate
heads on the reverse are a problem for any identification;
nor is the use of the dative paralleled in any other issue at
Methymna as a chronological guide. As the heads on the A u g u s tu s w ith G a iu s a n d L u c iu s? ? ? ____________
reverse are both male, Imhoof-Blumer’s identification has
been followed here, with some hesitation. (Compare 2339 L eaded bronze. 20mm, 4 .6 7 g (1). Axis: 12 (2). [ 2 ]
similarly puzzling coins at Alabanda, 2816.) F ranke 4 = 5
The unique coin of Nero (2341) has a very interesting CEBACTOIC ΜΑΘΥΜΝΑΙΟΙ; lau reate head, r.
reverse, showing the jugate portraits of Agrippina II and CEBACTOIC ΜΑΘΥΜΝΑΙΟΙ; two lau reate heads, facing
Claudia Octavia, his mother and wife. each other
The coins were struck in two denominations: 19- i . L 1899—7—3—13, 4.67; 2. B (B -I = F ran k e, T af. 13.47 = km 48, 1).
Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
20m m /4.7ig (5), and the larger (for Nero) of
23mm/c. log.
yg6 A S IA : Methymna, Mytilene (2340-2341)
C a lig u la a n d A g r ip p in a I
2340 L eaded bronze. 20m m , 4.71g (1). Axis: 12 (1).
F ranke 6 (‘G erm anicu s’)
Γ KAICAP TEPMANIKOC CEBA CTOC; lau reate head, r.
ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ ΘΕΑ ΜΑΘΥΜΝΑ(ΙΟΙ); d rap ed bust, r.
i. L = bmc 38 (‘G erm an icu s a n d A g rip p in a ’), 4.71; 2. B M ytilene
(D an n en b erg ) ( = W . T rillm ich , Familienpropaganda der K aiser Caligula und
C laudius , 115, a n d T af. 13.20). S am e obv. die. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis
on: i .
It has been suggested by J. DeRose Evans that one of the
issues of Sextus Pompey was made in Mytilene in 35
{ANSMN, 1987, pp. 97-129).
The first emperor to appear on the coinage of Mytilene
was Tiberius, under whom coins were made with his
portrait and with that of Augustus or Livia. As the largest
denomination copies a sestertius first minted in Rome in a d
34/5 (see below), the issue can be dated to the very end of
Tiberius’s reign. Afterwards there was an issue for Caligula
with ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝ NEAN (= Livilla: see Trillmich, Familien­
propaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius, pp. 118-19);
presumably the coins of Germanicus and Agrippina I also
date from his reign (see below). The last early imperial
issue was for Nero with Agrippina II.
A number of coins have mistakenly been attributed to
Mytilene, especially in the vA Index (of the seventeen entries
there, fourteen are either wrong or misleading):
1. Augustus: cited by the vA Index from NY. This presum­
ably refers to the coin of Augustus with an ithyphallic herm
on the reverse, given in this catalogue to Imbros (1735)· \
2. Augustus and Livia: cited by the vA Index from Mu.
There are two coins in Mu (48-9) identified there as of
Augustus and Livia, but these are actually coins with
Theophanes and Archedamis (see below, 2342).
3. Augustus and Tiberius, under Augustus: cited by the
vA Index from B. This is actually a specimen of the coins
minted under Tiberius, depicting a radiate Augustus on the
reverse (= 2344).
4. Tiberius, on his own: cited by the vA Index from L. The
coins in L of Tiberius are all of him and Augustus.
5. Germanicus and Agrippina, under Tiberius in the vA
Index. Although Germanicus and Agrippina visited Lesbos
in a d 18, the coins were probably minted in the reign of
their son Caligula, as Trillmich suggested {Familienpropa­
ganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius, pp. 119-21): one finds
coins with Agrippina at Methymna definitely struck in
Caligula’s reign. The use of the accusative case and fixed
die axis also support this dating.
6. Agrippina I, under Tiberius: cited by the vA Index from
Mu. The coin attributed to her in Mu is, in fact, a Jewish
coin of King Agrippa I, depicting Caesonia and Drusilla
(4977 )· _
7. Caligula: cited by the vA Index from L. No such coin.
8. Caligula with Agrippina I: cited by the vA Index from B.
In fact, another example of Caligula with Livilla (2348).
N e r o , A g r ip p in a I I a n d C la u d ia O c ta v ia
[ 2 ] 2341 AE. 2 3 m m , 9.85g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
F ranke 7 corr.
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥ KAICAP CEB, ΜΑΘΥ; b are head, 1.
ΙΟΥΛΙΑ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ CE ΚΛΑΥ ΟΚΤ; ju g a te d rap ed busts
o f A grippina an d C lau d ia O ctavia, r.
i . P 144, 9.85 (F ran k e: ‘A g rip p in a a n d C la u d iu s ’).
Mytilene
9. Caligula with Drusus II; cited by the vA Index from P.
No such coin.
10. Caligula and Drusilla: cited by the vA Index from Mu.
This piece (Mu 51) was first published by Trillmich,
Familienpropaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius, p. 121,
with Taf. 14.4, and recognised by him as a forgery.
11. Livilla, on her own: cited by the vA Index from C. The
coin in question is the Leake collection (= SNG 4387),
which is another specimen of the coins with Caligula and
Livilla (2348).
12. Claudius: cited by the vA Index from Mu. This coin
(Mu 58) is, in fact, a coin of Hierapolis in Phrygia
(2969/12).
13. Nero: cited by vA Index from L. There is only one coin
of Nero in L {BMC 194), which is of Nero and Agrippina II
(2349 )·
14. Nero and Poppaea: cited by the vA Index from V. This
coin (V 16980) is a poor example of the coin of Nero and
Agrippina (same dies as BMC 194 = 2349).
The coin of Nero attributed to Mytilene in B is, in fact, of
Maeonia.
There is, in addition, an issue depicting Θ£ΟΕ
ΘΕΟΦΑΝΗΕ and ΘΕΑ APXEAAMIC (otherwise unknown,
but presumably his wife). The historian and politician
Theophanes was a friend of Pompey, and his influence won
the city its freedom from the latter in 62 b c (Plutarch,
Pompey, 42). After his death, which occurred between 44
and 36 b c , he was accorded divine honours. His coinage has
recently been studied by D. Salzmann (‘Cn. Pompeius
Theophanes’, MDAI(R) 92 (1985), pp. 245-60) who has
pointed out that there is no solid basis for BMC’s view that
the coins in his honour were struck in the reign of Tiberius,
since they resemble the coins of Tiberius and Livia; all that
seems certain is that they were made between his death and
a d 33, when the descendants of Theophanes were put to
death ‘quod Theophanen Mytilenaeum proavum eorum Cn. Magnus
inter intimos habuisset, quodque defuncto Theophani caelestis honores
Graeca adulatio tribuerat (Tac., Ann., VI. 18). Salzmann sug­
gested that the production of the coins may have begun
shortly after Theophanes’s death and continued for several
years thereafter (in view of the number of dies used). A date
before the end of the reign of Augustus, when such non­
imperial cults petered out (S. Price, Rituals and Power, pp.
50—1), does, however, seem likely. A possible occasion
might be when Theophanes’s son, Marcus Pompeius
 A S IA : Mytilene, Perperene (2342-2349) 397

Theophanes, the friend of Tiberius, was procurator of Asia:
this was in about a d 5, but there is perhaps no need to look
for such a specific occasion.
The coins seem to have been made in four denomi­
nations, all apparently of brass. The largest
(Tiberius/elephant quadriga) is clearly influenced by the
size (as well as the design: see below) of the Roman
sestertius; the denominations may therefore perhaps have
been intended to be 4, 2, 1 and 2 as coins:
The types are mostly representations of members of the
imperial family. Both Tiberius and Caligula are shown as
priests, for some reason, just as Augustus had been at
Ilium. The representation of Divus Augustus on an
elephant chariot is a direct copy of the sestertius minted for
DIVO AVGVSTO at Rome by Tiberius in a d 34/5-36/7
{BMC 102, 108 and 125). For the portrait of Theophanes,
see the article by Salzmann.

Theophanes 20 mm, 5ig

Tiberius 29 mm, 17 g 26 mm, 10 g 22 mm, 42 g
Caligula 24 mm, 9 g 16 mm, 32 g
Nero 23 mm, 6 |g (very worn)

T h e o p h a n e s a n d A r c h e d a m is , p e r io d o f A u g u s tu s 2346 AE. 2 2m m , 5 .1 4 g (1). [ o ]

As 2345, b u t T ib eriu s’s head to 1.
2342 Brass. 20 m m , 5.30 g (30). Axis: 12 or 1. [ 15] i . L in d g ren 430, 5.14.
D. Salzm ann, m d a i(r ) 92 (1985), 259fr., bmc 158, C op
405 C a lig u la
0 EOC ΘΕΟΦΑΝΗΕ, MYTI; bare head, r.
ΘΕΑ APXEAAMIC; d rap ed an d veiled bust, r. 2347 Brass. 24 m m , 9.07 g (4). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
i. V 3 1 3 9 0 , 4.92; 2. L = b m c 160; 3—3 2 . See S alzm ann, io obv. a n d 13
bmc 193
rev. dies. F or a piece from a B u lg a rian h o ard , see Y. Y ouroukova, Proc. 10
h it. Congress, p p . 195-6. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2. ΘΕΟΝ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ, MYTI; bare head o f G erm anicus,
r.
ΘΕΑΝ ΑΙΟΛΙΝ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΝ, MYTI; d rap ed b u st of
T ib e r iu s , c. a d 3 3 ________________________________ A grippina I, 1.
i . P 2 9 5 , 10.20; 2. P 294, 7.97; 3 . L = bm c 193, 9.62; 4 . M u , 8.50. i an d
4 a re illu stra te d by T rillm ich , Fam ilienpw paganda der K aiser Caligula und
2343 Brass. 29 m m , 17.13 g (3)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ] Claudius , T af. 14.3 a n d 14.2. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 3.
bm c 186
2348 Brass. 16m m , 3 .6 0 g (7). Axis: 12. [ 8 ]
TI KAICAP CEBACTOC, MYTI; T iberius stan d in g facing,
ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝ NEAN ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΥ, MYTI; d rap ed b u st of
capite velato, holding p atera
J u lia Livilla, 1.
KAICAP 0 EOC CEBACTOC; A ugustus in elephant
Γ KAICAPA CEBACTON, MYTI; C aligula stan d ing facing,
quadriga, 1.
capite velato, holding patera.
i . L = BMC 1 8 6 , 15.72; 2. P 292, 16.93; 3 · B (L öbb), 18.75. Q u alitativ e
i . N Y , 3.15; 2. L G 1207, 3.48; 3 - 4 . P 296 -7 , 3.81, 3.52; 5 - 6 . B (I-B ,
m e tal analysis on: i.
17 9 7 *1), 4 · ! 3 , — ; 7 · C L eak e = su o 4387; 8 . M u , 3.63. 5 is illu s tra te d by
2344 AE. 26 m m , 10.24g (6)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 8 ] T rillm ich , Fam ilienpw paganda der K aiser Caligula und Claudius, T a f. 14.1.
Q u alitativ e m etal an aly sis on: 2.
TI 0 EOC CEBACTOC, MYTI; lau reate head, r.
KAICAP 0 COC CCBACTOC; rad iate head, 1.
i . P 29 3 , 12.82; 2. NY; 3—4 . B (R au c h , I-B ), 9.68, 8.73; 5 . V 16976; 6 —
8. M u 50, 51, 51a, 8.25, 10.55, 11.39.
Nero, ad 54~g
2345 Brass. 22 m m , 4.56 g (15). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 28 ] 2349 Brass. 2 3m m , 6 .5 3 g ( : )· Axis: 6. [ 2 ]
TI 0 COC CCBACTOC, MYTI; lau reate head, r. bmc 194
IOY 0 CA CCBACTH, MYTI; d rap ed b u st o f Livia, r.
ΝΕΡΩΝ CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r.
I . N Y , 4.61; 2 . N Y; 3 - 8 . L = b m c 1 8 7 - 9 2 , 4.40, 5.66, 5.04, 3.41, 3.90,
4.28; 9. C o p 414, 4.08; 1 0 - 1 3 . P 288-91; 14. P 298, 4.84; 15. O , 4.18;
ΘΕΑ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ CEBACTH, MYTI; d rap ed , b u st, r.
1 6 - 1 9 . B (L öbb, 28723, L öbb, 748/1878); 2 0 - 2 2 . V 16977-9; 2 3 -2 6 · M u i. L = BMC 1 94, 6.53; 2. V 16980. S am e dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e ta l analysis
52, 52a, 5 3 -4, 5.34, 4-IO, 5.21, 4:27; 2 7 . P V ; 2 8 - 2 9 . N Y. Q u a lita tiv e on: i.
m e tal analysis on: 3.

Perperene
Perperene made very small issues of coinage in the names of which accompanies the legend is not a portrait of the
Caligula and Nero. In both reigns, the obverse inscription relevant emperor. It was described by Eckhel as ‘caput
on the small denomination is in the curious form, so-and-so muliebre laureatum’, and as being . ‘symbolicum ipsius
KAICAPOC ΗΓΕΜΟΝΙΑ. Eckhel {Doctrina Numorum Veterum Ηγεμονίας’, and in this he was followed by Imhoof-Blumer
II, p. 474) pointed out that the sense is principatus. The type {KM, p. 32, 2). On the other hand, it is possible that it is
gg8 A S IA : Perperene, Pergamum (2350—2353)

supposed to represent Apollo, a traditional type on the C a lig u la

coinage of Perperene (BMC 1-2, combined with a reverse of
a bunch of grapes). 2351 AE. 22 m m , 4 .8 9 g (1). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 3 ]
In addition there are some coins in the name of Θ8ΑΝ
km 32, 3
ΡΩΜΗΝ : (the other coins, with I8PA CVNKAHTOC
(Imhoof-Èlumer, KM, p. 32, no. 1, with Taf. I.ill:· are no TAIOC ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟC ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ; lau reate head, 1.
ΠΕΡΠΕΡΗΝΙΩΝ; b unch o f grapes on b ran ch , w ith vine
earlier than second century in date. A latish Julio-Claudian
leaf to 1.
date seems likely for these coins, which were obviously
i . P 1 5 0 9 ( = W a 975), 4.89; 2. B (I-B = km 32, 3); 3. B (L ö b b ). S am e
made in imitation of the Senate/Roma coins of Pergamum obv. die: 1 a n d 2; sam e rev. die: 2 a n d 3.
(2372-8). The date is suggested by the similarity of the
reverse to coins of Caligula and Nero, and in particular by 2352 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3 .2 2 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 4 ]
the two tresses on the neck of Roma, which was regarded at km 32, 2
Pergamum as a feature of the later Julio-Claudian period ΓΑΙΟΥ KAICAPOC ΗΓΕΜΟΝΙΑ; d rap ed and laureate
(see the introduction to Pergamum). b u st (H egem onia?), r.
ΠΕΡΠΕΡΗΝΙΩΝ; b unch of grapes on b ran ch w ith vine leaf
to 1.
i· p 1 5 0 7 .3 1 3 ; 2· r 1 9 2 ^ 5 - 1 6 - 6 3 ,3 .3 1 ; 3 - 4 . b ( 5 5 /1 8 7 8 = 4
F ried län d er, z f n V I, 1879, 15; I-B = k m 32, 2). A ll from sam e obv. die.
Rom a, c. a d 4 0 -6 0 ? Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 2.

2350 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 2.75g (5)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 6 ]

N e ro
C op 523
ΘΕΑΝ ΡΩΜΗΝ (retrograde Ns); d rap ed an d tu rrete d b ust 2353 A E. 16 mm , 3.24g (1). Axis: 6 ( 1 ) . [ 2 ]
of Rom a, r., w ith tw o tresses on neck.
ΠΕΡΠΕΡΗΝΙΩΝ (retrograde Ns); b unch of grapes on ΝΕΡΩΝΟΓ KAICAPOC ΗΓΕΜΟΝΙΑ; d rap ed an d laureate
branch, w ith vine leaf to 1. b ust (H egem onia?), r.
ΠΕΡΠΕΡΗΝΙΩΝ; b unch o f grapes on branch, w ith vine
i . L 1979—1—1—1 6 2 0 ( = v A 7519), 2.28; 2. M u 3, 2.33; 3. P 1508 ( = W a
9 7 4 ). 3 -2 1; 4 · C o p 5 ^ 3 . 3 -6 i; 5 · v 3 4 ^ 4 6 . 2.34; 6. B (I-B ). P ro b ab ly all
leaf to r.
sam e dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e ta l analysis on: i . i . M u 4 , 3.24; 2. B (F ox). F o r a la rg e r d e n o m in atio n , see a d d e n d a 2353A.

P erg am u m
In the Republican period, Pergamum had issued an exten­ Wiss. Berlin, phil,-hist. Klasse, 1910, pp. 1-108, although not
sive series of silver cistophori (down to the early forties b c ) . every problem is discussed there, nor is a catalogue
It has been thought that Pergamum was also a mint for provided.
some of the cistophori of Antony in the thirties, though this
view is not accepted here (see 2 2 0 1 and commentary); it
was, however, a mint for aurei, denarii and cistophori Problems of attribution
( 2 2 0 5 - 1 2 , 2 2 1 6 - 2 0 ) in the first decade or so of Augustus’s
The main problem of attribution concerns three series of
reign. The aurei and denarii, which were minted in 1 9 —1 8
small coins, all with one ‘portrait’ on each side and all of a
bc in appreciable quantities ( 1 0 and 1 8 obverse dies
very similar fabric and size: hence they are treated here as a
respectively: RIC 5 1 1 - 2 6 ; see especially C.H . V. Suther­
group, although there is no formal connection between
land, RN, 1 9 7 3 , pp. 1 2 9 f r . ) , are not included in this cata­
them. The coins in question are:
logue, but are discussed more fully, together with a
catalogue of the cistophori, in the section on Asian silver (p. 2373-8 0 8 ON CVNKAHTON bust of Senate/©8AN
368). ΡΩΜΗΝ turreted bust of Roma
In the Republican period, Pergamum had also produced 2367 ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΙΣ AP Germanicus/ΔΡΟΥΣΟΣ
large quantities of bronze coinage, including brass. At the ΚΑΙΣΑΡ Drusus
same time during the reign of Augustus as it produced 237*1 BP8TANNIKOC KAICAP Britannicus/ΝεΡΩΝ
cistophori, it may also have been a mint for the brass and KAI CAP Nero
bronze coins of sestertius, dupondius, as and semis size, the The attribution of these coins to Pergamum is based on
so-called GA coinage, which foreshadowed the new base-
various considerations, which are, in our view, conclusive:
metal denominations introduced later at Rome. These CA
coins are catalogued, together with a discussion of their I. Find spots. Although these common coins turn up over
attribution, under ‘GA coinage’ ( 2 2 2 7 - 3 5 , s e e also 4 1 0 0 - 7 ) . a large area of Asia (Lewis, SNG 1341, from Nazli; a coin in
In addition Pergamum issued a substantial civic coinage L was acquired from Buresch, rather unhelpfully with
of its own during the Julio-Claudian period. This presents a ‘coins from Troas and Lydia’), most of them are found in
number of problems, concerning attribution, date and rela­ Mysia and specifically at Pergamum. The C specimen of
tive sequence. Some aspects of these were raised by H. von Germanicus/Drusus was acquired by Hasluck in Mysia
Fritze in his article, ‘Die Münzen von Pergamon’, Abh. Ak. between 1904 and 1906. L. Robert, accepting the attribu-

tion to Pergamum, cited three examples which he had
acquired at Balikesir, ancient Hadrianotherai ( Villes d’Asie
Mineure, pp. 195-6). An ‘immense trouvaille de ces pièces [a
été] faite aux environs de Pergame’ in about 1827 (A. Bout-
kowski, Dictionnaire Numismatique, p. 1342, no. 2318). The
old German excavations at Pergamum produced the follow­
ing finds (K. Regling, Blätter für Münzfreunde, 1914, col.
5673, with discussion at col. 5683):
Senate/Roma 8i
Germani cus/Drusus 6 with a dotted border. A line border occurs on imperial
Britannicus/Nero 5 Pergamene coins from the second half of Augustus’s reign
Some of these coins are now in B, and a further specimen
has been reportedfrom more recent excavations (G.
Boehringer in D. Pinkwart and W. Stamnitz, Altertümer von
Pergamum, Band XIV (1984), pp. 163-4).
2. The style and fabric of the coins: ‘diese Münze [Britan­
nicus/Nero], bisher allgemein zu den unbestimmten gelegt,
ist unzweifelhaft pergamenisch. Andere Stücke ähnlicher
Fabrik zeigen die Bildnisse des Gaius und Lucius Caesar,
des Drusus und Germanicus, ebenfalls ohne die Stkd-
tnamen’ (Imhoof-Blumer, KM, p. 31). One coüld add that
the unusual line (as opposed to dotted) border around the
dies of some (here regarded as the earlier) Senate/Roma,
the Germanicus/Drusus and the Britannicus/Nero coins
does not occur at other possible mint candidates (e.g.,
Sardis or Smyrna).
3. The die axis of the Britannicus/Nero coins is normally
twelve o’clock, but very occasionally six; all the coins of
Pergamum in the Julio-Claudian period have a twelve
o’clock die axis, except for a very few of the coins of
Claudius, which are, of course, at least roughly contempor­
ary with the Britannicus/Nero coins.
4. Magistrates’ names. Some of the coins of Gaius and
Lucius, to which Imhoof-Blumer alluded, are definitely of
Pergamum, although they have no ethnic, since they have
the name of a Pergamene magistrate (2363). Similarly, one
of the (probably later) Senate/Roma coins is signed ΕΠΙ
CTPA ΚΕΦΑΛΙΩΝΟϋ (e.g., P 1150-1, B 504/1896, Fox, I-
B), and a strategos of this name is found on Domitianic
coins of Pergamum — BMC 258; another variety has a
monogram of O and Π (B Fox, 2.83), which occurs on
Domitianic coins of Pergamum (e.g., L 1979-1-1-1592, ex
vA 7500); the only other signature to appear on the coins,
ΕΠΙ ANTIOXOY, does not seem to recur anywhere else.
Chronology: Senate/Roma
If the Senate/Roma coins are of Pergamum, what is their
date? They were dated to the end of the first/beginning of
the second century a d by von Fritze, for several reasons {op.
cit., p. 42). He pointed out that there are Pergamene coins of
Trajan and Hadrian with similar Senate or Roma reverses,
and that the mention of Kephalion and the ΟΠ monogram
link up with Domitian; and, on the basis of the considera­
tion that the similar coins from other cities were made in the
Hadrianic period, he concluded that the great majority of
the Pergamene pieces were also of the same period.
Moreover, another of the monograms on the Senate/Roma
coins was equated by von Fritze with the magistrate
A S IA : Pergamum (2354) 3gg
ΜΕΙΛΑΤΟΥ, found on coins of Trajan, and a new coin in
the vA collection has turned up with the same monogram
on a Trajanic coin (vA 1397). While everything von Fritze
observed seems true, it still appears possible that the pro­
duction of the Senate/Roma coins began somewhat earlier.
First of all, the similarities with the Germanicus/Drusus
and Britannicus/Nero coins suggest a date earlier in the
first century. It is possible to divide the coins into two
groups: those with a line border around the die and those
until the reign of Claudius. A dotted border is found early in
the reign of Augustus, but otherwise only from the reign of
Domitian; there are no definitely Pergamene coins of
Vespasian, although if the coins with ΘΕΑΝ ΡΩΜΗΝ/Nike
ΕΠΙ ΒΩΛΑΝΟΥ are correctly attributed to Pergamum
{BMC 222, with no ethnic; are these coins of Smyrna?), the
use of the dotted border can be pushed back to the procon­
sulship of Bolanus under Vespasian).
For this reason it seems possible to regard the group with
a line border as Julio-Claudian and those with a dotted
border as Flavian/Trajanic/Hadrianic (and hence these are
omitted from this catalogue). Three considerations suggest
a date later rather than earlier in this period. First, the use
of C rather than Σ: both forms appear under Augustus and
Tiberius, but C alone starts under Claudius. Second, the
two tresses down the neck on some of the heads of Roma (in
the line-border group) recall the hairstyles of imperial
women of the late Julio-Claudian period, and are not a
feature of later hairstyles. Third, the absence of a magis­
trate’s name is a feature of the period from late Tiberius to
Nero, but not earlier. Therefore an approximate date of
c. a d 40-60 is given in the catalogue.
Chronology: posthumous coins of Augustus?
Most of the other imperial issues can be put fairly
accurately in a sequence, and dated by the inclusion of
other members of the imperial family or by the mention of
different proconsuls of Asia. The main problem concerns
some of the Augustan issues, the majority of them with
dotted borders. These coins fit uncomfortably into the reign
of Augustus. One can definitely be rejected as a product of a
later date:
2354 AE. 20 m m , 5.27 g (5). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
C op 463
KAICAP ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ; lau reate head, r.
ΕΠΙ CTPA ΚΛ ΚεΦΑΛΙΩΝΟΤ ΠΕΡΓΑΜΗΝΩΝ; A thena
stan d in g w ith h a n d over owl a n d holding spear
I· vA 7495, 6.02; 2. C o p 463, 5.65; 3 . P 1 1 8 7 , 4.95; 4 . M u I I I , 4.76;
5. C (ex H aslu ck , 1913), 4.99.
This coin is generally regarded as Augustan, and indeed
there was an Augustan magistrate, Kephalion, who signed
coins of Gaius and Lucius Caesar. But the portrait could
hardly be that of Augustus; more significantly the magis­
trate’s signature occurs in exactly the same form on coins of
Domitian (and differently from on the coins of Gaius and
Lucius). There seems, therefore, little doubt that the coin is
Domitianic. Probably the portrait is intended to represent
400 A S I A : Pergamum (2355—2357)
Domitian rather than a restored Augustus. Similarly,
unspecific inscriptions for Domitian, and Trajan, occur
elsewhere in Mysia, at Attaea and Germe (see the relevant
introductions).
The other surprising feature of this Domitianic coin is its
obverse legend, which is uncharacteristically long for the
early Julio-Claudian period (when the word
ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ is also unusual). This consideration makes
one wonder if other ‘Augustan’ issues are really later. The
issues in question are:
2355 AE. 20m m , 5.31g (5). Axis: 12. [ 8 ]
AMc 1208, C op 462
ΠΕΡΓΑΜΗΝΟΙ CEBACTON; lau reate head, r.; behind,
capricorn
AYTOKPATOPA KAICAPA; tem ple w ith four colum ns
enclosing statue of A ugustus; below, m onogram Γ
i . O = AMc 1208, 4.85; a. C o p 462, 5.04; 3. P 11 7 4 , 5.17; 4. P 1185,
4-955 5 ~ 7 · B (R a u c h , L öbb, I-B ); 8. M u io o ; 9 . Lew is = s n g 1336, 4.88.
2356 Brass. 19m m , 5.38g (6). Axis: 12. [ 11 ]
BMC 236, AMC 1209
AYTOKPATOPA CEBACTON KAICAPA; lau reate head,
r.
CEBACTON ΠΕΡΓΑΜΗΝΟΙ; tem ple w ith four colum ns
enclosing statue o f A ugustus
i . L = BMC 236 ( m i s d e s c r i b e d ) , 5.43; 2—3 . O = a m c 1209, 1211
3.78, 4.22; 4—5. P 1175, 1186, 5.25, 3.83; 6—7. B (I-B , I-
(m is d e s c rib e d ),
B ); 8. B (o .N „); 9 . V 16406; 1 0 . M u 109; 1 1 . N Y. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
a n a l y s i s on: 1.
2357 Brass. 20 m m , 5.23 g (4). Axis: 12. [ 6 ]
amc 1210 corr.
AY KAICAPA CEBACTON; rad iate head, r.
ΠΕΡΓΑΜΗΝΩΝ; tem ple w ith four colum ns enclosing
statue of A ugustus; in exergue, KCQ (?)
i . N Y ; 2. L 1894—7—6—38 ( — M . Price a n d B. T re ll, Greek Coins and Their
Cities, p. 192, no. 349), 6.02; 3 . 0 = amc 1210 (misdescribed), 4.50; 4—
5. V 16411,· 35401, — , 4.99; 6 . M u 108, 5.41. O n 2 th e statu e o f A u g u stu s
is show n h o ld in g a p a te ra (?) a n d a spear. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 2.
Of these coins, there can be little doubt that 2357 was made
after the death of Augustus, in view of the radiate portrait.
The best clue to its date might well be provided by the
tantalising letters in the reverse exergue. These are very
hard to read; it is just possible that they are supposed to
read Ν8Ω as in ΝΕΩΚΟΡΩΝ, in which case a date no earlier
than Trajan or even Pius (in whose reign Pergamene coins
first refer to a neocorate) is likely. This is very doubtful,
however, and the letters look most like ΚΕΩ, the possible
significance of which is not apparent.
In general, and although the evidence falls far short of
proof, it seems possible that 2355-7 are Trajanic. The
inscriptions seem more suitable then than earlier, in view of
their length and the use of ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ and its abbrevia­
tion AY, both of which occur on Trajanic coins. The use of a
monogram in the reverse exergue 2355 seems to parallel the
use of monograms on Trajanic coins (see above; cf. also Cop
473-4 and especially vA 1398 and 7502, where a Trajanic
coin with a very similar reverse also has a monogram in the
exergue), while the capricorn behind the emperor’s bust
recalls the eagle added to some of the later Senate/Roma
coins. These reasons are not, of course, very strong and
there are difficulties with a Trajanic date (e.g., the absence
of parallel monograms on coins of Trajan or the die axis,
but either of these could be remedied by further evidence).
However, one could understand the production of these
coins under Trajan in the light of the emperor’s foundation
of the cult of himself and Zeus Philios as being of equal
importance as the cult of Roma and Augustus. Numismati-
cally this is marked by coins such as those with
Trajan/Trajan and Zeus Philios in temple (BMC 262) and
coins with Augustus and Roma in temple/Trajan and Zeus
Philios in temple (BMC 263), so there seems a possibility of
a coinage for Augustus/temple of Roma and Augustus as a
further expression of the joint pre-eminence of the two cults.
Imperial issues
The standard reverse type on the coins is at first a temple
with six or four columns and later a temple with four col­
umns enclosing a figure wearing a cuirass and holding a
spear, often identified by the accompanying inscription
(ΘΕΟΝ) ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ as Augustus. These are all schematic
representations of the Temple of Rome and Augustus, on
which see S.R. F. Price, Rituals and Power, p. 252, no. 19.
Most of the other types used depict members of the imperial
family.
2 3 5 8 —9 . The earliest issue (note also that it is slightly
heavier than later issues) seems to be that of Charinos. The
smaller denomination depicts Livia as Hera and Julia as
Aphrodite, so the issue is likely to precede Julia’s disgrace
in 2 BC. The relatively mature and laureate portrait of the
emperor suggests a date no earlier than about 10 b c .
2 3 6 0 —1 and 2 3 6 6 . There is now no problem in reading
the full name and title of Furius (contrast, e.g., BMC). His
interesting coins give the emperor the epithet βουλαιος,
which can be paralleled by its use for Zeus at Antioch in
Caria {KM, p. n o , no. 11) or for Livia at Athens (Hesperia,
1937 , 464 = V. Ehrenberg and A. H. M. Jones, Documents
illustrating the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius, no. 89). The
exact significance of the ewer or basin on the reverse is
unclear. The smaller denomination was once thought to
depict Augustus on the obverse, but von Fritze, p. 88, poin­
ted out the presence of a Γ at the beginning of the legend.
The coins therefore depict Gaius Caesar. As Imhoof-
Blumer stated, the reverse type of an Armenian is a copy of
Augustus’s Armenia Capta denarii {KM, p. 506). It prob­
ably refers (von Fritze, p. 89) to Gaius’s Armenian
campaign in 2 b c .
A unique coin in O has a legend referring to the same
man with the title άρχιερατεύων (2366). Unfortunately
the obverse legend is not fully clear, but the restoration
TIBEPION [ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ] seems more likely than the only
possible alternative, TIBEPION [ΚΑΑΥΔΙΟΝ], The use of Σ
makes it almost certain that the coin is no later than
Tiberian, while the representation of the temple with col­
umns, but no figure inside, is also an early feature. It is
tempting to see in this issue a reflection of Pergamum’s
expectation that it would be awarded the second neocorate;
if so, the coin would date before 26, when the Senate chose
Smyrna.

2362—3. The larger denomination of Kephalion shows an
alliance between Pergamum and Sardis (cf. R. Pera,
Homonoia suile monete da Augusto agli Antonini, p. 17, no. 1), an
alliance whose commemoration is reciprocated on coins of
Sardis, signed by the magistrate Mousaios (2988). For
speculation about the occasion of issue, see Pera. The smal­
ler denomination depicts Gaius and Lucius, so the issue was
perhaps made in about a d i .
2364—5. Goins of Demophon name the proconsul M.
Plautius Silvanus. The scene appears to show the procon­
sul, wearing a toga, being crowned with a wreath by a
figure variously identified as a god (FITA, p. 388) or the
Demos of Pergamum? (BMC —but would the Demos be
shown wearing just a tunic?). Rather surprisingly, the
figure most resembles the figure of Augustus in the temple
on other Pergamene coins, but this is not at all clear and
would imply a statue of Silvanus in the Temple of
Augustus. Cults of governors are just still possible at the
end of the reign of Augustus (Price, op. cit., p. 51), presum­
ably especially for an ‘amicus principis’ like Silvanus. The
date of his governorship is not known exactly. He was con­
sul in a d 2, and the proconsulship is placed either in 4-5
{FITA), or perhaps 4-5 or after 6 (B. Thomasson, Laterculi
Praesidum, Asia, no. 14). Either way the portrait of Gaius
who, with Lucius, appears on the smaller denomination
made by Demophon, will be posthumous.
2366. For the coinage of A. Furius under Tiberius (?), see
above.
2367. Germanicus and Drusus. For the attribution to
Pergamum, see above. A date early in the reign of Tiberius
is suggested by the use of Σ rather than C; on the other hand,
the absence of a magistrate’s name perhaps suggests that
the issue should be placed after that of Menogenes.
2368. The coins issued by Menogenes in the proconsul­
ship of (Q.) Poppaeus (Secundus) depict laureate heads of
Tiberius and Augustus on the obverse. A Tiberian date is
indicated by the inscriptions Sebastoi (including Tiberius)
and Sebaste for Livia. He is dated by Thomasson (Laterculi
Praesidum, no. 29) ‘sub Tiberio’; greater precision does not
seem possible, though a date before the death of Livia in 29
seems likely (but see below, on Petronius). Livia is shown as
Geres, as on the PONTIF MAXIM and other provincial
coins of the time (see p. 47).
A coin in L {BMC 250: see pi. 104) has the same reverse,
but facing heads of ΓΑΙΟΝ and ΛΕΥΚΙΟΝ on the obverse.
The only other coin to be described as the same (C
McGlean 7717) is, in fact, a normal coin with Augustus and
Tiberius. The coin was discussed in S. Walker and A.
Burnett, Augustus. Handlist of the Exhibition and Supplementary
Studies, p. 59, where serious doubts about its authenticity
were raised. These remain, and the coin is excluded from
this catalogue, as probably altered in modern times.
2369. The date of the proconsulship of P. Petronius is
given as six years between 28 and 36, including 30-4, by
Thomasson, op. cit., no. 35. His name also appears on coins
of Smyrna (2469), celebrating the temple of Tiberius, Livia
A S I A : Pergamum 401
and the Senate, the temple which was authorised in a d 23
(Tac., Ann., 4, 15). The coins of Pergamum record his sixth
year (those which have been read as year 5, e.g., G 55, have
been misread), while inscriptions refer to years 3 and 5.
There is a problem in reconciling these dates with the
portrait of Livia, which one would not expect after her
death in 29. On the other hand, as the laureate portrait of
Augustus on 2356 or the portrait of Gaius on 2365 show,
posthumous portraits do occur, at Pergamum at any rate.
2 3 7 0 —ï . The coins of Claudius and Britannicus/Nero can
be regarded as two denominations of a single issue, which
could then be dated to a d 50-4.
2372. The unpublished coins of Nero with Agrippina
were minted very early in the reign, to judge from the
extremely youthful portrait of the emperor.
Misattributed coins
Coins of Drusilla, the sister of Caligula, were attributed to
Pergamum by Sestini, but M. Fränkel, ‘Die Münzen von
Pergamon mit dem Bilde der Drusilla’, ZfN 18 (1892), pp.
5-7, exposed these as misreadings of coins of Smyrna
( = 2 4 7 2 )·
A number of coins are cited in the vA Index, which are
questionable or incorrect:
1. Augustus and Tiberius (Caesar) in B; in fact, Tiberius
and posthumous Augustus in the proconsulship of Pop­
paeus (= 2368);
2. Agrippina and Livia in V; in fact, Livia and Julia
(= 2359 );
3. Julia in Weber collection: no such coin;
4. L. Caesar in B: mistake for G. Caesar (= 2361);
5. Germanicus in B: in fact, both coins in B are of
Claudius (= 2370);
6. Germanicus and Agrippina in P; the coin in question
(P 1202) is actually of Livia and Tiberius (= 2369/11);
7. Caligula/Agrippina I in NY: not obvious what is
meant;
8. Caligula/Drusus II in NY: a coin of Germanicus/
Drusus? (= 2367);
9. Claudius and Agrippina in P: P 1208-9 are, in fact, of
Domitian and Domitia;
10. Poppaea, cited from the archives in the Institut für
alte Geschichte, Saarbrücken. Professor Franke informs us
that the reference is to the list of Münzhandlung Scheiner
(Ingolstadt) D-26, p. 81, no. 5535: ‘Poppaea (Gemahlin d.
Nero). Mittelbronze AE-25 (Pergamum). Büste d. Poppaea
r. Rs.: Keule. C-i (20oFr!). Einzige Münze d. Poppaea.’
Unfortunately the coin is not illustrated in the list, and the
description does not exactly fit that given by Cohen, who
gives the reverse as ‘Π. Vase entre deux épis dans une
couronne de laurier’. However, it is reasonable to think that
both are misdescriptions of the coins of Poppaea from
Perinthus (= 1756, headdress of Isis in laurel wreath): the
letters ΠΕ could easily give rise to a misattribution to
Pergamum, which is anyway excluded by the large size
(25 mm diameter) reported for the coin.
Magistrates Analyses show that these denominations might use brass or
bronze indiscriminately (see also p. 371).
A glance at Münsterberg, Beamtennamen, pp. 69-71, indi­
cates that from the time of Domitian the magistrates on
Pergamene coins were almost invariably strategoi. This was
A u g u s tu s , L i v ia a n d J u l i a , C h a rin o s g r a m m a te u s ,
not true in the Julio-Claudian period. From late in the reign
of Tiberius onwards, no magistrates at all appear on the c . io - b e fo r e 2 bc ______________________________________
coinage, whereas for the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius,
we find a variety of different officials, whose office is 2358 L eaded bronze. 19m m , 6 .0 6 g (10). Axis: 12. [ 17 ]
sometimes unspecified: BMC 237, AMC 1212, C op 464

Augustus: Χαρίνος γραμματεύων ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; lau reate head, r.

A Φούριος ίερεύς γυμνασιαρχών
Κεφαλιών γραμματεύων
Δημοφών
Tiberius: A Φούριος άρχιερατεύων (not in
Münsterberg)
Μηνογενης
In addition, the following proconsuls of Asia are mentioned:
Σιλβανόν under Augustus, and επί Ποππαίου and επί
Πετρωνίου το ς' under Tiberius (see the discussion above).
The following magistrates in Münsterberg should be
deleted from the list of contemporary Pergamene officials:
επι Διονύσου under Augustus (as Münsterberg acknow­
ledges, really of Magnesia in Lydia = 2449—50);
ΧΑΡΙΝΟΣ TPAMMATEYWN; tem ple w ith six colum ns
I . L — B M C 2 3 7 , 4.29; 2—3 . L = BMC 238, 1 9 7 1-12-15—2, 6.69, 7.17; 4—
5. 0 = am c 1212-13, 5.61, 7.38; 6 . C o p 464, 5.48; 7—8. C M cC le an (pi.
265.11) , L eak e S u p p l., 4.57, —; 9—12. B (L öbb, I-B , 304/1882, B -I); 13—
14. V 16410, 30077; 15—16. M u 117, 125a, 5.53, 7.28; 17. P 1183;
18. L in d g ren 303, 6.62. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alyses on: 1 a n d 3.
2359 L eaded bronze. 18m m , 4 .0 2 g ( n ) . Axis: 12. [ 30 ]
BMC 248, AMc 1229, C op 467
ΛΙΒΙΑΝ ΗΡΑΝ ΧΑΡΙΝΟΣ; d rap ed b ust of Livia, r.
ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝ ΑΦΡΟΔΙΤΗΝ; d rap ed b u st of Ju lia , r.
I . L = B M C 24 9 ; 2. L = BMC 248, 4.23; 3—8. O = AMC 1229—34, 3.OO, 3.98,
4-13, 3.36, 4.50, 3.87; 9 . C o p 467, 5.03; 1 0 - 1 5 . G M cC le an 7718-19
( = p l . 265.15), L eak e (2), L eak e S u p p l., 269/1948 (G ra n t); 16—17. P
1195-6; 18—23. B (I-B , 326/1874, Fox, 9760, R au c h , 444/1882); 2 4 —27. V
16412-13, 18260, 28387; 2 8 . M u 12 1, 4.27; 29—3 0 . N Y. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
analysis on: 2.

επί Γ Σερτωρίου Βρόχ[χ]ου ανθυπάτου under Claudius

(based on Mionnet 2.596.549, which actually gives
ΒΡΟΚΛΟΥ: the description of the coin suggests that it A u g u s tu s a n d G a iu s C a esa r, A . F o u rio s
should be Bithynian, and that it is perhaps a confusion with G y m n a sia rc h , c . 1 bc (?)
a coin of the Flavian proconsul Salvidienus Proculus,
although it is not clear on what coin such a misreading 2360 L eaded bronze. 18m m , 5.06g (20). Axis: 12. [ 29 ]
would be based); and BMC 239, AMC 1214, C op 465
επί Π Ισιδώρου under Nero (in fact a coin of Pitane, 2396).
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΙ ΚΑΙΣ API ΒΟΥΛΑΙΩΙ; laureate head, r.
A ΦΟΥΡΙΟΣ ΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΓΥΜΝΑΣΙΑΡΧΩΝ; basin; across
field, ΠΕΡΓΑΜΗΝΩΝ
Denominations
i· L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 - 1 5 9 1 ( = v A 7496), 5.51; 2 - 5 . L = bmc 239 -4 1 , 1 9 7 2 -3 -
The coinage of Pergamum during this period was produced 8 -1 , 5.91, 4 -5 U 4 -6 6 . 4 - 7 6 6 - 9 - 0 = am c 1214-17, 3.87, 5.65, 4.44, 6.41;
1 0 - 1 1 . C o p 4 6 5 -6 , 5.27, 4.83; 12—14. C M cC le an 77x3, 7714 ( —pi.
in two denominations. The larger usually had a depiction of 265.12) , L eake, 4.74, 5.76, —; 15—17. P 1181-2, D elep ierre (2), —, —,
the Temple of Roma and Augustus, the smaller usually a 4.70, 3.83; 18—21. B (I-B , Fox, 28701, 979/1912 (P erg am u m fu n d e)); 22—
portrait on each side (whether of a junior member of the 2 4 . V 16403-4, 37757, - , - , 5.89; 2 5 - 2 7 . M u 115, 115a, 116, 4.45, 4.91,
— ; 28. vA 1392, 5.79; 2 9 . L in d g ren 304, 5.25; 30—3 1 . N Y . Q u alitativ e
imperial house or Senate and Roma). All the coins seem to m etal analysis on: 1.
have been struck to the same standard, except the coins of C o u n te rm ark : H e a d , r. ( G I C — : 21).
the magistrate Charinos, which seem to have been struck at 2361 A E. 16m m , 2.97g (δ)· Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
a slightly heavier standard. Excluding his coins, the average km 506, I corr.
weights are 5.12g (79) and 3.31g (50), the smaller
Γ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΠΕΡΓΑΜΗΝΩΝ; b are head, r.
obviously supposed to be half of the larger.
A ΦΟΥΡΙΟΣ ΓΥΜΝΑΣΙΑΡΧΩΝ; standing A rm enian
Augustus holding sp ear an d arrow
Charinos 19mm, 6.06g (10) 19mm, 4.02g (11) i . J S W , 3.48; 2—3 . B (I-B = km 506, i, a n d T af. X IX .1 0 , 955A /1902),
A. Fourios 18 mm, 5.06 g (20) 16 mm, 2.97g (5) 2.86, 2.52; 4 . P 1184, 2.95; 5 . M u 1 14, 3.06.
Kephalion 20 mm, 5.06 g (10) 16mm, 3.24g (6 )
Demophon 20 mm, 4.96 g (17) 17 mm, 3.47 g (6 )

Tiberius A u g u s tu s , G a iu s a n d L u c iu s C a esa rs, K e p h a lio n

A. Fourios 21 mm, 4.41 g (1)
Germ ./Drusus 17 mm, 3.21 g (6)
g r a m m a te u s , c . A D i (?)
Menogenes 21 mm, 4.55 g (8)
Petronius 20 mm, 4.99 g (17) 2362 Brass. 20m m , 5.06g (10). Axis: 12. [ 24 ]
BMC 360, AMC 1222
Claudius 20m m, 4.68g (5) 17mm, 3.19g (9)
ΠΕΡΓΑΜΗΝΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΣΑΡΔΙΑΝΩΝ; D emos of Pergam um
Nero 19 mm, 4.83 g (2) crow ning Dem os of Sardis w ith a w reath
CEBACTON, ΚΕΦΑΛΙΩΝ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΩΝ; tem ple w ith
Sen./Roma 17mm, 3.47g (18) four colum ns enclosing statu e o f A ugustus
 A S IA : Pergamum (2363-2372) 40g

i . L 1979—i —i —1590 (e x vA , sng —), 5.19; 2—6 . L = b m c 360-3, 1892-5—

7-145; 7—9 . O = AMC 1222—4, 3.52, 4.38, 4.86; IO—13. P I I 7 8 - 9 , 1180
T ib e r iu s a n d A u g u s tu s , P o p p a e u s procos,
( = W a 955), S ardis 1205B; 14—18. B (D an n en b erg , L öbb, I-B , Fox,
L ö b b ); 19—2 0 . V 34297, 16409, — , 5.89; 21—24. M u 118, 119, 119a, 120,
M e n o g e n e s, before ad 29_________________
4.91, 5.60, 5.59, —; 2 5 . vA 7497, 5.18; 26. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 158,
5.53. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1. 2368 Brass. 21 mm , 4.55g (8). Axis: 12. [ 13 ]
2363 Brass. i6 m m , 3.24g (6). Axis: 12. [ 10 ] BMC 251

BMC 247, AMC 1227 ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΙ, ΕΠΙ ΠΟΠΠΑΙΟΥ; lau reate heads o f A ugustus
and T iberius facing each other
ΓΑΙΟΝ ΚΕΦΑΛΙΩΝ; bare head o f G aius C aesar, r.
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΝ ΠΕΡΓΑΜΗΝΩΝ ΜΗΝΟΓΕΝΗΣ; Livia seated
ΛΕΥΚΙΟΝ; bare head o f Lucius C aesar, r.
on throne, r., holding sceptre a n d ears o f corn
I. N Y , 3.70; 2. L = BMC 247; 3—4 . O = AMC 1227-8; 5. P 1197; 6—7 . B
i . L = B M C 2 5 1 , 4.54; 2. L = b m c 252, 4.57; 3—6 . P 1188-90, D elep ierre,
(B -I, 839/1878); 8—9 . C L eake, 268/1948 (G ra n t); 10. M u 39; 11, vA
4.08, 4.67, 5.60, 4.49; 7—9 . B (979/1912 = P erg am o n F u n d , R äu c h , I-B );
7498, 2.47; 12. L in d g ren 305, 3.91. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2.
10. V 16416; i i . M u 120a; 12. C M cC le an 7717 ( = pi. 2 6 5 .1 4 ;‘G aiu s
a n d L u ciu s C a e sa r’ - see in tro d u ctio n , ab o v e ), 3.76; 13. V 17759
(S m y rn a) (‘. .. ΜΗΝΟΓΕΝΟΥΣ’ sic); 14. N Y . T h e le tte r form s C a n d S
o ccur o n the obv., as w ell as Σ a n d E. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
A u g u s tu s , G a iu s a n d L u c iu s C a e sa rs, ( P la u tiu s )
S ilv a n u s , D e m o p h o n , c. a d 4 or la te r procos, y e a r 6,
T ib e r iu s a n d L i v ia , P e tro n iu s

2364 Brass. 20m m , 4.96g (17). Axis: 12. [ 26 ] c. a d 3 0 (?) _____________________________

BMC 242, AMC 1218, C op 461, FITA 388
: 2369 Brass. 20m m , 4.99g (17). Axis: 12. [ 29 ]
ΣΙΛΒΑΝΟΝ ΠΕΡΓΑΜΗΝΟΙ; togate figure (= the proconsul
BMC 253, C op 468
M . Plautius Silvanus) stan d in g facing, holding p atera,
and being crow ned by m ale figure w earing cuirass (P) CEBACTOI ε π ί πεΤΡΩΝΙΟΥ TO < ; d rap ed b u st of Livia
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ ΔΗΜΟΦΩΝ; tem ple w ith four colum ns an d lau reate head o f T iberius facing each other
enclosing statue of A ugustus ΘΕΟΝ CEBACTON ΠΕΡΓΑΜΗΝΟΙ; tem ple w ith four
I. L = B M C 8 4 4 , 5 -3 5 ; *~ 4 · L = b m c 243, 245-6, 4.78, 5.23, 5.89; 5 -
colum ns enclosing statu e o f A ugustus
8. O = AMC -1218-21, 4.33, 4.25, 4.64, 5.86; 9. C o p 461, 4.01; 1 0 - 1 3 . C I. N Y , 6.53; a. L = b m c 3 54, 5.44; 3 - 5 . L — b m c 253, 2 5 5 -6 , 4.99, 5.35,
M cC le an 7715, 7716 ( = p l . 265.13), L eake, Leake S uppl.; 14—16. P 1176- 4.62; 6—7. C o p 4 6 8 -9 , 4.90, 4.14; 8—i i . P 1191-3, 1202 (‘G erm an icu s a n d
7, D elepierre, —, —, 4.77; 17—19. B (K nobelsdorf, 632/1878, L öbb); 20— A g rip p in a ’); 12—16. O , 4.60, 5.52, 5.54, 5-55, 3.48; 17—22. B (Fox, I-B ,
2 2 . V 16407-8, 38594; 2 3 - 2 4 . M u 112-13, 4.07, 4.51; 2 5 - 2 6 . N Y ; 2 7 - Ο.Ν., Fox, 308/1886, L ö b b ); 2 3 —2 4 . G 55 (‘T O E ’), 56; 25. C Leake; 2 6 -
2 9 . vA 1389-90, 7494, 5-56, 5.80, 5.16. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. 2 7 . V 16417-18; 2 8 - 9 . M u 115, 117a, 4.13, 5.17; 3 0 . vA 7499, 4.84;
3 1 . Lewis = sng 1337. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 2.
2365 Brass. 17 m m , 3.47 g (6). Axis: 12. [ 6 ]
BMC 246, AMC 1205
Γ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ ΠΕΡΓΑΜΗΝΟΙ; b are head of G aius C aesar, C la u d iu s, B r ita n n ic u s a n d N e r o C a esa rs, c. a d
r.
5 ° ~ 4 _____________________________________
Λ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ ΔΗΜΟΦΩΝ; b are head o f Lucius C aesar, r.
I. P Ϊ Ι 9 9 , 3.72; 2. P 1198, 3.35; 3· L = BMC 246; 4—5. O = AMC 1205-6,
2370 L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 4.68 g (5). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 9 ]
3.09, 3.78; 6 . M u 123, 3.09; 7. A u fh ä u s e r 5 (1988) lo t 234, 3.08; 8.
S ch u lten 20.10.1987, lo t 385, 2.70. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 3. bmc 257
ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΝ K AI CAPA CEBACTON; b a re head, r.
CEBACTON ΠΕΡΓΑΜΗΝΟΙ; tem ple w ith four colum ns
enclosing statu e o f A ugustus
T ib e riu s ? , A . F o u r io s A r c h ie r e u s (ea rly in reign?) i . P 1 2 0 4 , 5.37; 2. L = b m c 257, 5 .11 ; 3. C M cC le an 7720 (pi. 265.16),
4.22; 4 . O , 4.20; 5—6. B (979/1912 = P erg am o n F u n d , o.N .)
(‘G erm an icu s’); 7 - 8 . M u 128-9; 9 · N Y. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 2.
2366 A E. 21 m m , 4 .4 1 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
TIBEPION[ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ?] ΠΕΡΓΑΜΗΝΟΙ; lau reate head, 2371 A E. 17 m m , 3.19 g (9). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 14 ]
r. km 31, no. 3
A ΦΟΥΡΙΟΣ ΑΡΧ[ΙΕΡ]ΑΤΕΥΩΝ; tem ple w ith four
BPETANNIKOC KAICAP; b are head of B ritannicus, r.
colum ns
ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP; bare head o f N ero C aesar, r.
i . O , 4 .4 1 .
I. L G 0 7 6 4 , 3.09; 2 - 3 . L G 0763, 1 8 4 4 -1 2 -2 6 -3 5 8 , 2.63, 3.75; 4 - 5 . P
1206-7; 6—9 . O , 3.19, 3.40, 3.81, 2.81; 10—i i . B (I-B = k m 31, no. 3,
Fox); 12. V 16420; 13—14. M u 131-2, 3.31, 2.70. F o r th e a ttrib u tio n to
P erg am u m , see above. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 3.
G e rm a n ic u s a n d D r u s u s C a e sa r, a d 1 4 - i g ( fo r
a ttr ib u tio n , see in tro d u c tio n ) N e r o a n d A g r ip p in a I I , c. a d 55______________
2367 AE. 17m m , 3.21g (6). Axis: 12. [ 15 ]
2372 AE. 19m m , 4 .8 3 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head of G erm anicus, r.
ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΝ CEBACTHN ΝΕΡΩΝΑ CEBACTON; d raped
ΔΡΟΥΣΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head o f D rusus, r. b u st of A grippina I I facing bare head o f N ero
i . N Y , 2.75 (‘C yzicus’); 2 . L 1906-1 1 -3 -2 8 2 8 , 3.98; 3 - 4 . P 1200-1, 3.46, ΘΕΟΝ CEBACTON ΠΕΡΓΑΜΗΝΟΙ; tem ple w ith four
— ; 5 —7 . B (Fox, B -I, I-B ); 8 . C (ex H aslu ck , 1913, ‘fo u n d in M y sia’),
3.12; 9 . V 16415; 1 0 —i i . 126-7, 2.72, 3.21; 1 2 —1 5 . L 1 8 4 1 / 2 5 1 7 , 1839-
colum ns enclosing statu e of A ugustus
1 2 -24-464, -4 6 8 a n d -4 6 9 , 2.79, 2.86, 2.75, 3.61; 1 6 . Lew is = s n g 1338 I. B (I-B ), 4.54; 2. B (118/1882). F o r a fin d from P erg am u m , see K .
(from N azli). R egling, B lä tte r ß ir M ü n zfr e m d e , 1914, 5674.
R o m a a n d S e n a te , c. a d 4 .0 -6 0 (? ) ( fo r d a te a n d
a ttr ib u tio n , see in tro d u c tio n )
2 3 7 3 -8
Brass (or bronze). 17m m , 3.47g (18). Axis: 12.
2373 Brass.
BMC 2 07
ΘΕΟΝ CYNKAHTON; d rap ed b ust of Senate, from front,
r. (line border)
ΘΕΑΝ ΡΩΜΗΝ; tu rrete d b ust o f Rom a, from side, r.
(w ith tw o tresses o f h a ir down neck; line border)
i.L = B M C 20 7 , 4.89; 2. L = B M C 210, 3.27; 3—8. B; 9—12. O ; 13—
14. M u 88, 90, 4.32, 2.93. Q u alitativ e m e tal analyses on: 1-2.
2374 Brass.
BMC 2 05
As 2373, b u t no tresses on R om a’s neck
I. L = B M C 20 5 , 3.65; 2—4 . L = BMC 206, 208-9, 3.34, 3.19, 4.04; 5—12. P
1154-61; 13—15. V 16395—7; 16—19. O ; 20—25. M u 88a, 88b, 91, 107c,
i0 7 d , 107e, 3.62, 2.83, 2.84, 3.19, 2.85, 2.84; 26. B (979/1912 = P ergam on
F u n d ). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analyses on: 1-2.
Attaea
The coins catalogued in BMC 3-4 (followed by vA Index) as
coins of Augustus have the inscription AVT KAICAP CEB/
bust of Senate. They were reattributed by Imhoof-Blumer
[KM, p. 16, 1) and von Fritze (no. 367, cf. 362*) to the reign
of Trajan, and the reattribution was followed by L. Robert
( Villes d’Asie Mineure, p. 171; see Robert also for the site of
Attaea). Certainly the portrait, as well as the fabric of the
coins and the form of the ethnic are very similar to coins of
Germe
There are no definite coins of this period from Germe,
although the vA Index suggests with some hesitation that
there is a coin in B which may be a coin of Livia. This coin
Acrasus
The vA Index records a single coin for this period, a coin in P
of Germanicus. There are, however, no coins in P earlier
than Trajan (or Hadrian); this may anyway be a coin of
Nacrasa.
A coin in C was described by Leake (Num. Hell., p. 142)
as of Acrasus depicting Germanicus:
Thyatira
The imperial coinage starts in c. a d 50-4, with an issue for
Claudius/Agrippina II. There are two smaller-denomi-
nation issues for Nero with a double axe. On one he has the
title sebastos, but the other was probably made earlier, under
Claudius, together with the larger denomination for
Claudius and Agrippina II. The one with sebastos is very
similar, and was probably made early in the reign. There is
C o u n te rm ark s: X (? )'o n R o m a ( G I C — : 22); m o n o g ram in fro n t o f Senate
( G I C — : 12).
2375 Bronze.
BMC 2 1 I
As 2373, b u t lituus before R om a
i . L 1895—5—8—11, 3.89; 2. B (979/1912 = P erg am o n F u n d ); 3 . M u 94;
4. I t is n o t clear if th e o b ject before R o m a on BMC 211 (3.19) is sup p o sed
to b e a litu u s o r so m eth in g else. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
2376
As 2373, b u t lituus before R om a an d before Senate
i . B (F ox), 3.21; 2. B; 3. V 30075; 4 . P 11 6 2 ; 5—6. M u 95, 100.
2377
As 2373, b u t sta r before R om a an d before Senate
i . P 1163.
2378 Brass.
As 3373, b u t rev. legend [Ε]ΠΙ ANTIOXOY and spear in
front of R om a
i . L 1 9 4 0 —10—i —133, 3.81. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
Trajan, so Imhoof-Blumer’s judgement is followed here.
Coins with similarly inexplicit legends were made for Titus
and Domitian at Germe (in Mysia: the coins are sometimes
misattributed to Germe in Lydia, e.g., KM, p. 171).
The coin in P (1088) with a helmeted head of Athena on
the reverse is a misread coin of Attalea in Pamphylia
(= 3364 )·
(a.B.) is of the same type, though different dies, as vA 1094:
i.e., a coin of the second century a d .
. . . ΓΕΡΜ Α Ν . . .
AKPACCITUN; Tyche standing, 1., w ith w reath and palm
This, however, is a misdescription of a coin of Domitian
from Nacrasa (clear specimens in P and B).
also another large-denomination issue for Nero as sebastos,
but with Poppaea. This has a later portrait, but not the
‘steps’ portrait of 63 and later. It may therefore have been
made in c. 62, though this is not certain, as sometimes the
‘steps’ portrait was not used on late coins (e.g., those of
Alexandria).
The larger-denomination issues both have the same pat-

tern: the empress on the reverse with an inscription in the
accusative case and the ethnic (spelt ΘΥΑΤΙΡΗΝΟΙ) in the
nominative. The smaller-denomination issues all have the
double-axe reverse with the ethnic (spelt ΘΥΑΤΟΡΗΝΩΝ)
in the genitive. But, while it seems reasonable to associate
the earlier-Nero/double-axe issue with that for Claudius
and Agrippina, the differences in portraiture make a similar
association unlikely for the second-Nero/double-axe and
the Nero/Poppaea issue.
The coin with Messalina (L = BMC 68 = M. Grant, Nero,
p. 219) is not authentic; it is just a coin of Nero which has
been tooled to read ΣΤΑΤ ΜΕΣΣΑΛ... CSBA instead of
Ν8ΡΩΝ KAAYAIOC C8BA (= 2382/4).
There is a problem of dating the ‘pseudo-autonomous’
coins. Two issues have a double-axe reverse similar to that
of Nero, one with the ethnic spaced ΘΥΑ TEI/PH ΝΩΝ and
a six or twelve o’clock die axis. This is probably later than
the Julio-Claudian period, since until Nero the axis is
always twelve. The other, however, has the legend ΘΥΑΤ
ΕΙΡΗ/ΝΩ N (as on coins of Nero) and a twelve o’clock axis;
they are consequently regarded as early to mid-first cen­
tury. Yet they are probably earlier than Nero, as they have
a border of dots, whereas line borders are otherwise normal.
The type of the double axe was traditional at Thyatira.
There are only two denominations:
‘p s.-a u t.’
C lau d iu s 20 m m , 4.69 g
N ero 20 m m , 4.69 g
average: 2 0 m m , 4 .6 9 g (10)
E a r ly f i r s t cen tu ry a d
2379 AE. 17m m , 3.04g (2). Axis: 12.
BMC 8, C op 572
H ead of H eracles, r.
Θ YATEIPHN ΩΝ ; double axe
I. L= b m c 8, 3.19; 2. C o p 572, 2.89; 3 . V 30589; 4 - 5 . B (Fox, I-B ).
C la u d iu s , a d 5 0 - 4
2380 AE. 20m m , 4 .6 9 g (5). Axis: 12.
BMC 57 corr.
There was a single issue of coinage in the Julio-Claudian
period, made between 54 and 59 (so LS, p. 12) under the
high priest Capito. Münsterberg (Beamtennamen) thought
that there was also an issue under Claudius, but this is due
to the incomplete reading of the poorly preserved V 32023,
which is in fact a coin of Nero. This error was followed by
the vA Index, which also wrongly attributed vA 2959 to
Agrippina I under Tiberius, rather than Agrippina II
under Nero. It is not clear why the vA Index records a coin
for Claudius with Messalina and Britannicus: there is no
such coin in L.
A S IA : Thyatira, Hierocaesarea (2379-2383) 405
TI KAAYAIOC KAICAP CEBACTOC; b are head, r.
ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΝ C8BACTHN ΘΥΑΤΙΡΗΝΟΙ; d rap ed b u st of
A grippina II , r.
i . L = B M C 57, 5.26; 2—3. B (I-B = m g 310, no. 38, B -I), 4.20, 5.06;
4. M u 3, 4.38; 5 . V (A pam ea) 27335; 6 · NY-
2381 AE. 17m m , 3.05g (14). Axis: 12. [ 23 ]
BMC 58, C op 595
ΝΕΡΩΝ KAAYAIOC KAICAP ΓΕΡ; d rap ed b u st of Nero,
r.
ΘΥΑΤ8ΙΡΗΝΩΝ; double axe
i . L 1 9 7 9 - 1 —1 —2 0 6 1 (ex vA 3216), 3.89; 2 —5 . L = BMC 5 8 -6 1 , 2.72, 2.71,
2.92, 3.28; 6 - 7 . C o p 595 -6 , 3.48, 3 J 1 ; 8 - 1 1 . P 1449, 1449A, 1450,
D elep ierre, 2.84, 1.69, 2.83, 2.34; 1 2 - 1 3 . O , 2.96, 3.12; 1 4 - 1 6 . B (I-B ,
F ried län d er, I-B ); 1 7 - 1 9 . C 349/1948, H aslu ck , 1754/1963, 3.62, 3.04,
2.45; 2 0 - 2 1 . V 30291, 32009; 2 2 . M u 37a, 2.77; 2 3 . N Y; 2 4 . Lewis = s n g
1364; 2 5 . W e b er 6931.
N e ro *I.
First issue, c. AD 55-60
2382 AE. 17m m , 2.98g (12). Axis: 12. [ 23 ]
BMC 62, C op 597
ΝΕΡΩΝ KAAYAIOC KAICAP CEBA; d rap ed bust, r.
(lightly bearded)
17 m m , 3.04g
17 m m , 3 .05g
ΘYATEIPHNΩΝ; double axe
17 m m , 2.98 g I.L = B M C 64, 2.95; 2 - 3 . L = BMC 6 2 -3 , 3.45, 3.57; 4 . L = BMC 68
(altered to S tatilia M essa lin a - see in tro d u c tio n , ab o v e), 2.14; 5—6. C
M cC le an 8720, H aslu ck , 3.03, 2.60; 7 . C o p 597, 2.94; 8—9 . P 1448,
17m m , 3 .02g (28)
D elep ierre, 3.23, 2.86; 10—13. M u 3 7 -4 0 , 2.91, 3.33. 2.62, 1.85; 14. O ,
3.13; 15—18. B (K n o b elsd o rf, 8159, F ox, L ö b b ); 19. G 12; 20—2 1 . V
19621, 19623; 2 2 - 2 3 . N Y ; 24. L in d g ren 834, 3.39; 25. Lew is = s n g 1365.
C o u n te rm ark : XP ( G IC 641: 12).
[ 5 ] Second issue, c. AD 62
2383 AE. 2 0 mm , 4 .6 9 g (5). Axis: 12. [ 6 ]
BMC 65
ΝΕΡΩΝ KAAYAIOC KAICAP CEBACTOC; lau reate head,
r.
ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑΝ CEBACTHN ΘΥΑΤΙΡΗΝΟΙ; d rap ed b u st of
P oppaea, r.
i . L = b m c 66, 5.71; 2—3. L = BMC 65, 67, 3.69, 5.47; 4—5. B (Fox, I-B );
6. N Y; 7. J S W , 3.82; 8. M M A G 41 (1970) lot 438; 9 . W a d d ell 9.12.1982,
[ 6 ] lo t 310, 4.75; 10. W e b er 6932.
Hierocaesarea
The ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins with Artemis Persi-
ca/stag, or forepart of stag, or bee, or zebu, or child (BMC
5-10; LS, nos. 12-32) were dated between Nero and
Hadrian by BMC and ‘wahrscheinlich theils noch unter
Nero, theils unter den Flaviern’ by Imhoof-Blumer (LS, p.
12). There seems, however, no reason to date them as early
as Nero; they use different forms of the letter omega (Ω not
W) and of the ethnic (no ICPOKECAPSWN), and they look
like the Hadrianic Synkletos coins.
For Artemis Persica at Hierocaesarea, see L. Robert, RN,
1976, pp. 28-9 and 36.
 There are two denominations: As 2386, b u t only one stag (to 1.)
i . L = b m c 22, 5.48; 2. O , 4.94; 3. B (I-B = ls 13, no. 7), 6.41.
N ero /A g rip p in a 19 m m , 5.32 g (8)
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
A rtem is 15 m m , 3.02 g (7)
2388 Bronze. See 2386. [ 3 ]
As 2 3 8 6 , b u t IEPOKA ICAPEWN Ε Π Ι KAniTW NOC;
A rtem is standing r. w ith stag behind.
N e r o , b e tw e en a d 5 4 a n d _________ ____ !· L I 979~I~ I- I979 (ex vA 2959), 6.02; 2 - 3 . P 446, 447 ( = W a 5003).
Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.
2384 Bronze. 19 mm, 4 .8 3 g (3: 2384—5). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ] 2388 A
BMC 2 3 A E. 17m m , 5.76g (1). Axis: 6. [ o ]
NEPWN KAAYAIOC KAICAP CEBACTOC; d rap ed bust, As 2386, b u t A rtem is pulling dow n stag by horns
r. i . T r a d e , 5.76.
IEPOKECAPEWN επί KAniTW NOC; A rtem is Persica
draw ing arrow ; stag on either side 2389 AE. 15m m , 2.75g (3)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ]
i . L = bm c 23, 5.48; 2. I-B ( l s 12, no. 5, w ith T a f. 1 . 5; n o t in B); 3 . P 448 BMC 2
( = W a 5004), 5.38. A ll sam e dies. S am e rev. die as 2 3 8 6 (A g rip p in a I I ) .
IEPOKECAPEWN; d rap ed b u st o f A rtem is Persica, r.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
ΕΠΙ KAniTWNOC APXIEPEWC, IE; forepart o f stag, r.
2385 AE. See 2384. [ 2 ] i . L = B M C 2, 3.05; 2. I-B ( = ls 13, no. 8), 2.90; 3. S ard is excavations
As 2384, b u t IEPOKAICAPEWN ΕΠΙ KAniTWNOC and 147, 2.30; 4 . N Y.

only one stag (to 1.) 2390 AE. 15 mm . [ r ]

i . B (I-B = KM Γ72, no. I, w ith T af. V I.4); 2. V 32023 (incorrectly
reg ard e d as a coin o f C la u d iu s by M ü n sterb erg , Beamtennamen ), 3.62.
ls 13, no. 9
As 2 3 8 9 , b u t IEPOKAICAPEWN on obv. an d no IE on
2386 AE. 18 mm, 5 .61 g (5: 2386—8). Axis: 12 or 6. [ i ]
rev.
ls 12, no. 6 i . B (= ls, no. 9, w ith T a f. 1 . 8 ).
ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΝ ΘΕΑΝ CEBACTHN; d rap ed b u st of
2391 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3.23g (4). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 4 ]
A grippina II , r.
IEPOKECAPEWN ΕΠΙ KAniTW NOC; as 2 3 8 4 (stag on BMC 3
either side) ΕΠΙ KAniTWNOC; d rap ed b u st o f A rtem is Persica, r.
i . B (I-B = ls, no. 6), 5.22. S am e rev. die as 2 3 8 4 (N ero). IEPOKAICAPEWN; A rtem is pulling dow n stag by horns
i . L = BMC 3, 3.63; 2. L = b m c 4 , 3.32; 3. P; 4 . V 36085, 3.03; 5. I-B
2387 Bronze. See 2386. [ 3 ] (= l s 14, no. 11). T h e form Ω occurs on b o th sides o f 2. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
BMC 2 2 analysis on: 1.

Pitane
Coinage was produced at Pitane on two occasions, in the There are to be two denominations, the larger at
middle of the reign of Augustus and early in the reign of 2omm/5g, and the smaller at i6m m /3-iog.
Nero.
The Augustan issue was produced in two denominations;
in both cases the reverses have a small head of Ammon and
a pentagram. The smaller has a portrait of Gaius Caesar on R e ig n o f A u g u s tu s , c. 8 / y b c (? )
one side and of Lucius Caesar on the other; the larger a
head of Augustus on one side and of the proconsul P. Scipio 2392 AE. 2 1 m m , 5.03 g (7). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
on the other. Scipio’s proconsulate has been placed between F iT A 387 (2)
9 and 3 B C by Thomasson (Laterculi Praesidum, col. 207, no.
CEBACTON ΠΙΤΑΝΑΙΟΙ; lau reate head, r.
9), while Grant (FITA, p. 387) thought that it might have Π CKiniW NA; b are head o f Scipio, r.; before, facing
been in about 8/7 b c . A m m on head an d p en tag ram
Under Nero very rare coins were made under two magis­ I· P 1 5 4 5 ( = W a 991), 5.32; 2 - 3 . P 1 5 4 4 , 1 5 4 6 ( = W a 992), 5.13, 5.76;
trates, ΕΠΙ Γ ΦΟΥΡΙΟΥ and ΕΠΙ ΕΙΣΙΔΩΡΟΥ (the latter 4 —6. B (Fox, I-B , R a u c h ), 4.18. 4.98, 4.74; 7. V 27335, 5-o8; 8. P V , 4.60.
does not appear in Münsterberg, Beamtennamen, except mis­ C o u n te rm ark : C ap rico rn ? b eh in d h ea d o f A u g u stu s ( G I C — : 6 -7 ).

takenly under Pergamum!). In both cases the portrait of 2293 L eaded bronze. 17m m , 3 .3 6 g (3). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
Nero depicts him as bare-headed and young; in the case of gm 619, 186
Fourios, a coin for Agrippina II has also been recorded.
Γ KAICAPA ΠΙΤΑΝΑΙΟΙ; b are head of G aius C aesar, r.;
The coins would, therefore, all seem to date from about the before, pen tag ram
first five years of the reign. A KAICAPA; b are head o f Lucius C aesar, r.; before, head
The only reverse type used is a head of Jupiter Ammon; of A m m on
both this and the pentagram were traditional types at !· P ! 5 4 3 ( = W a 9 9 0 ), 3 .0 6 ; 2. L 1 9 3 7 - 6 - 1 4 - 7 ex M a b b o tt, 3.35; 3. B (I-
Pitane. B = gm 6 1 9 , i 8 6 ) , 3 .6 6 ; 4 . M u 6. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 2.

R e ig n o f N e r o , c . a d 5 4 - g ________________
N e r o a n d A g r ip p in a I I , G . F o u r io s
2394 AE. 19m m , 4.35g (1). Axis: 1 2 (1 ).
mg 258, 145
[ΝΕΡ]ΩΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; b are head, 1.
ΕΠΙ Γ ΦΟΥΡΙΟΥ Π[ΙΤΑΝ] ΑΙΩΝ; head of A m m on, 1.
I. B (I-B ) ( = MO 258, 145), 4.35.
2395 AE. 16 mm .
KM 32, I
ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΝ; b u st of A grippina II , 1.
ΕΠΙ Γ ΦΟΥΡΙΟΥ ΠΙΤΑΝ ΑΙΩΝ; shieid w ith pen tag ram
i . I-B ( = k m 32, 1). T h e coin does n o t seem to be in B, a n d th e re is no
tra c e o f it in W in te rth u r.
The early imperial coinage of Elaea has a number of prob­
lems, most of which arise from the rarity of specimens.
Coins with imperial portraits
The identification of the emperor represented on the unique
coin of ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ in Cop (193 = 2400, here) is not
certain. It is probably of Augustus rather than of Claudius,
to judge from the similarity between its obverse and that of
the Augustan coins of Mnesitheos (2398); on the other
hand, the coin was attributed to Claudius by Cop, under
whom a ΤΙ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ is known (but ΤΙ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ
has a different, specific, obverse legend). If the legend were
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΕΛΑΙΤΩΝ (it is possible that it may have been
as the coin is not well preserved), it would be the same as
the legend for Claudius under Zenodotos (2402); on the
other hand, the positioning of ΕΛΑΙΤΩΝ on Demetrios’s
coin is exactly the same as that on Mnesitheos’s and dif­
ferent from Zenodotos’s. On balance, then, an attribution
to Augustus seems more likely at the moment.
The coin for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ of Zenodotos (2402) was
attributed by Imhoof-Blumer {KM, p. 510) to Augustus,
but is given here to Claudius in view of the coins of the same
magistrate for a youthful ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣ AP.
Münsterberg {Beamtennamen) cites an Augustan coin with
’Απολλώνιου from Froehner (R. Ratto, Genoa, 26.4.1909)
lot 3746, where the coin is unillustrated: ‘3746. Testa laureata
diAugustoadr. R. ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΟΥ Fascio dispigheepapaveri. Mm
18. AE C1’ [C1 = bonne conservation]. This description cannot
just be dismissed, since the coin was in good condition and
the reverse type, a bundle of poppies and ears of corn, is
appropriate to and known almost only at Elaea. On the
other hand, no specimen of the coin has been encountered,
and the laureate head is otherwise unknown at Elaea
(except for Nero). Nor is it clear whether the coin had the
normal ΕΠΙ before the magistrate’s name. It seems likely
that the coin probably does exist, but this is not certain.
Münsterberg (Beamtennamen) cited Mi S6.29.194 for a
coin of Lucius Caesar with the signature of ΕΠΙ CTP
ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ. Mionnet quoted Sestini, Lettere IV, p. i n ,
A S IA : Pitane, Elaea (2394-2397) 407
N e r o , E is id o r o s
2396 AE. 19 mm , 5.17 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 1 ]
RSN 1913, 28, no. 71
[ 1 ]
ΝΕΡΩΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; b are head, r.
ΕΠΙ ΕΙΣΙΔΩΡΟΥ ΠΙΤΑΝ ΑΙΩΝ; facing h ead of A m m on
I. B (I-B ) ( = r s n 1913, 28, no. 71), 5.62 (ΕΠ Ι ΕΙΣΙΔΩ ΡΟ Υ ) ); 2. JS W , 4.72
( ]ΠΙΤΑΝΑΙΩΝ). T h e h ea d o f A m m o n faces slightly to 1. o n 2, a n d slightly
to r. on i . B o th coins a re from th e sam e obv. die.
[ o] 2397 AE. 16m m , 2.32g (1). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ]
ΝΕΡΩΝ[ ]; bare head, r.
ΕΠΙ ΕΙΣΙΔΩΡΟΥ [ΠΙΤΑ]ΝΑΙΩΝ; shield w ith p entagram
i . M u 6 a, 2.32.
C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in circu lar co u n te rm a rk o n obv. ( G IC — : i).
Elaea
as his source: to judge from the description this is a misread
coin of Claudius and Ti Demetrios.
The coins of Claudius signed by Ti Demetrios (2401)
were perhaps minted before those of Zenodotos, in view of
the absence of coins for Nero.
The coins of Apphios have a youthful Nero as sebastos; the
portrait, together with the existence of a unique piece
signed by the same magistrate for Agrippina II, indicates a
date between 54 and 59.
There are two magistrates recorded later in Nero’s reign.
One was called Menandros and the other was probably
called Epagatho[ rather than Agatho[, as Imhoof-Blumer
thought in ZJN, 1897, p. 281: see also below, on coins
without an imperial head. The coins of both magistrates use
the same obverse die and, to judge from the late portrait,
were minted between 63 and 68.
The following entries should be deleted from the vA Index:
1. Julia under Augustus: cited from V. This coin was also
described by Mi S6.28.193 from Sestini, Descr. Mus. Hedew.,
p. 145, no. 6: it is in fact a coin depicting Persephone (as
BMC 18) on whose obverse the legend ΛΙΟΥΙΑ CEBAC
(anyway an unlikely legend) has been engraved in modern
times.
2. Lucius Caesar: cited from P. Presumably the P speci­
men of Claudius, as misinterpreted by Mionnet (see above).
Other coins, of Lucius Verus, can sometimes be mistaken
for Lucius Caesar, e.g., C Leake 1640 or V 16846, identified
on its ticket as Caius Caesar.
3. The B coin of Agrippina should be placed in the reign
of Nero rather than that of Claudius.
Coins without imperial portraits
There has been no real discussion of the date of the coins in
question. A number of types were ascribed in BMC (p.
126 η.) to the reign of Augustus, and this was followed, e.g.,
by AMC 1249—59. The attribution rests partly on the coin of
ΛΙΟΥΙΑ CEBAC, rejected above as a forgery, so there is no
good reason to follow BMC in placing BMC 16-18 in the
reign of Augustus. On the other hand, the use of a full A u g u s tu s ? , A p o llo n io s
magistrate’s name does suggest a fairly late date, but not
necessarily an imperial one. These coins have therefore 2399 AE. 18 m m . [ o ]
been omitted.
U n certain legend; lau reate head, r.
Other more common coins without a magistrate’s name ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΟΥ; poppy betw een two ears o f corn
‘may also be conveniently assigned to the same time’ (BMC i . F ro e h n e r (R. R a tto , G en o a, 26.4.1909) lo t 3746: d escrip tio n an d
on BMC 19 and 20-9; followed by AMC 1250-8), but these a ttrib u tio n to E laea a n d A u g u stu s n o t certain : see in tro d u ctio n .
seem more likely to be late Hellenistic (cf. SNG vA 7685
‘c. 150-50 b c ’, or SNG Cop 181-5 ‘i33-first century b c ’),
and these also have therefore been omitted. A few of the A u g u s tu s ? (o r C la u d iu s? ? ), D e m e tr io s
coins with the same types and module as BMC 20-7 have a
magistrate’s name added on the obverse, preceded by ΕΠΙ: 2400 AE. 19m m , 6.91g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
ΕΠΙ ΣΩΚΡΑΤΟΥ. This feature suggests that the coins were C op 193
made at the end of the Hellenistic period or the very early
ΕΛΑΙΤΩΝ; b are head, r.
imperial period, and so the coins that have it have been ΕΠΙ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ; poppy betw een two ears o f com
included. I . C o p 193, 6.91. F o r a ttrib u tio n , see in tro d u c tio n above. T h e illegible
This leaves two rare types also with the magistrate’s coin in B (K n o b elsd o rf) m ay be a n o th e r specim en.
name preceded by ΕΠΙ, as on coins with imperial portraits.
In particular, those inscribed ΕΠΙ AMMIOY are quite like
the coins of Claudius, and so have been included here with C la u d iu s , T i D e m e tr io s
this very tentative dating. There is also a unique coin of the
Senate signed ΕΠΙ ΕΠΑΓΑ[ (BMC 30). This was given to the 2401 L eaded bronze. 17m m , 3.54g (5). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 11 ]
reign of Trajan by BMC, since ‘this [reverse] type occurs on BMC 40 corr.
a coin of Trajan’, citing GM, Taf. V III. 13. The similarity is
TIB ΚΛΑΥΛΙΟΰ KAICAP ΕΛΑΙΤΩΝ; b are head, r.
not, however, very great, and the aspect of the reverse is ΕΠ Ι ΤΙ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ; b asket w ith poppy betw een two
quite like the coins of Nero signed by Agatho[; similarly, ears o f corn
both coins have the same square form of sigma, which i . L 1 8 4 7 —8—20—24, 3.12; 2—3· L = BMC 40, 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 6 7 2 (ex vA: s n g
seems only to be attested in the reign of Nero. In view of the —). 305, 3 -77; 4-5· P 297. 300 (= W a 1325), 4.08, 3.90; 6 . O , 3.15; 7 -
apparent similarity of the magistrate’s names 8. B (K n o b elsd o rf, B -I); 9—10. V 16847, *19669; 11. M u 4.50. Q u alitativ e
m etal an aly sis on: 1.
(]Π(?)ΑΓΑΘΩ[ and ΕΠΙ ΕΠΑΓΑ), it seems most likely that
they are the same name and person. Therefore a late
Neronian date for the Senate coin seems very likely.
C la u d iu s, Z e n o d o to s, a d 5 0 - 4
There are also some rare coins with ΘΕΑΝ ΡΩΜΗΝ on
the obverse, and signed ΕΠΙ ΔΙΩΝΟΣ and ΕΠΙ ΕΠ [ΙΘ] ETOY
2402 A E. 2 0m m , 6.43g ( ’ )· Axis: 12 (i). [ 1 ]
(described by Imhoof-Blumer in MG, p. 274, nos. 232 and
233); these are not in B, and there seems no good way of km 510
dating them at the moment, though one might guess that ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΕΛΑΙΤΩΝ; b a re head, r.
they belong in the early second century. The similar coins ΕΠΙ ΖΗΝΟΔΟΤΟΥ; poppy betw een two ears of corn
with ΕΠΙ Π ΣΑΛΩΝΙΟΥ (P = W ai322,M u23) are probably i . M u 29, 6.43; 2. Ϊ-Β ( = km 510: ‘A u g u stu s’): n o t in B.

also of the second century since ΕΠΙ ΣΤΡ Π ΣΑΛΩΝΙΟΥ 2403 AE. 17m m , 3 .0 0 g (1). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ]
ΝΕΟΥ also occurs (P = Wa 1323), where the fabric of the ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare h ead o f N ero, 1.
coin and the use of ΣΤΡ suggests a late second-century date ΕΠΙ ΖΗΝΟΔΟΤΟΥ [ΕΛ] ΑΪΤΩΝ; poppy
at the earliest. i . P 3 0 1 , 3.00.
The coinage seems to have been produced in only two
2404 AE. 17m m , 2.96g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
denominations, though the paucity of specimens makes the
metrology somewhat uncertain. The larger denomination GRMK 56, 2

( 19 mm) has the poppy and ears of corn, while the smaller ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head of N ero, 1.
one ( 17 mm) usually has the basket. ΕΠΙ ΖΗΝΟΔΟΤΟΥ ΕΛ(Α); basket w ith poppy betw een two
ears o f corn
I . M u 32, 2.96 (a p p a re n tly ends ΕΛ); 2. I-B ( = g r m k 56, 2: ΕΛΑ): n o t in
B.

A u g u s tu s , M n e s ith e o s
N e r o , A p p h io s , c. a d $4~g
2398 AE. 19m m , 5.02g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
AMC 1260 2405 AE. 19m m , 4 .7 3 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 5 ]
ΕΛΑΙΤΩΝ; b are head, r. ΝΕΡΩΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; b are head, 1.
ΕΠΙ ΜΝΗΣΙΘΕΟΥ; p oppy betw een two ears of corn ΕΠΙ ΑΠΦΙΟΥ ΕΛΑΙΤΩΝ; p oppy betw een two ears of corn
i . P 2 9 9 ( = W a 1324), 4.64; 2. O = AMC 1260 corr., 5.74; 3 . V 34778, I. P 3 0 2 ( = W a 1326), 4.34: 2. O , 4.97; 3 . B (L ö b b ); 4 . V 27335; 5. L
4.67. S am e dies: 1 a n d 3. I9 8 7 -IO -IO -I, 4.87.

2406 AE. 17m m , 3.24g (1). Axis: 12 (1).
ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; d rap ed bust, r.
E [Π] I ΑΠΦΙΟΥ ΕΛΑΙΤΩΝ; basket w ith poppy betw een two
ears of corn
i . B (L ö b b ), 3.24.
N ero, M en a n d ro s, c. a d 6 3 -8
2407 Brass. 19m m , 3.72g (2). Axis: 12.
z fN 1897, 281, no. 4
ΝΕΡΩΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; lau reate head, r.
ΕΠΙ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ; popy betw een two ears of corn
i . P (In c e rta in e s), 4.35; 2. L G 0 7 8 1 , 3.08; 3. I-B ( = m g 234, corrected in
zfN 1897, 281, no. 4): n o t in B. S am e obv. d ie as E p a g a th o [ (2 4 0 8 /1 ).
Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2.
N e r o , E p a g a th o [ , c . a d 6 3 - 8
2408 Brass. 19m m , 3.72g (1). Axis: 12 (1).
z fN 1897, 281, no. 5
ΝΕΡΩΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; lau reate head, r.
]Π ΑΓΑΘ Ω [ ΕΛ] ΑΪΤΩΝ; poppy betw een two ears of corn
i . L 1 8 9 5 —i o —2—3, 3.72. O rig in a lly p u b lish e d as a coin o f A gathopolis by
W ro th , N C , 1896, 88, no. 3; correc ted by Im hoof-B lum er, ZflN , 1897, 281.
F o r th e read in g o f th e m a g is tra te ’s nam e as E p a g a th o [ ra th e r th a n
A g ath o [, see th e next issue a n d in tro d u c tio n above. S am e obv. die as
M e n a n d ro s (2 4 0 7 /1 -3 ). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
The coinage of Chios was catalogued by J. Mavrogordato,
A Chronological Arrangement of the Coins of Chios (1918,
reprinted from AC, 1915-18). Mavrogordato (pp. 199-321)
placed a certain amount of coinage in his periods X and XI,
‘84 BC-Reign of Augustus’ and ‘Reign of Augustus-AD 268’,
but there is no very secure basis for the chronology, since
there are no coins with imperial portraits.
There are two fixed points for the silver drachms. One
issue has the inscription ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟν (Mavrogordato, no.
82), probably referring to Augustus. Another issue has the
inscription ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ANTIOXOY ΔΩΡΟΝ (Mavro­
gordato, 88-9); this was attributed by Mavrogordato (pp.
201-2) to the time of Antiochos II of Commagene (38-20
b c ) , but an attribution to the reign of Antiochos IV ( a d 38-
72) is preferable, since he is known from several inscriptions
on Chios (L. Robert, Etudes épigraphiques et philologiques,
1938, pp. 138-41); as at least one of the inscriptions links
him with Nero, a date of c. 60 seems plausible. The
Augustan drachms mention the magistrates Eudemos and
Diogenes, who occur on another drachm (Mavrogordato,
no. 81). These coins were regarded by Imhoof-Blumer
( GM, pp. 656-7) and Mavrogordato as the latest silver of
Chios; the other ‘reduced Attic drachms’ were presumably
minted slightly earlier, at the end of the first century b c ,
although it is, of course, possible that some were produced
under Augustus. The drachm signed by Rabirios is perhaps
of early imperial date, in view of its letter forms (see 2414).
The dating of the bronze coinage is equally difficult.
Something of a fixed point is provided by the coins signed
A S IA : Elaea, Chios (2406—2411) 40g
[ 1 ] 2409 AE. 2 0m m , 4 .1 7 g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
BMC 30
ΘΕΟΝ ΣΥΝΚΛΗ[ΤΟΝ]; d rap ed b ust o f Senate, r.
ΕΠΙ ΕΠΑΓΑ[ ]ΕΛΑΙ; p oppy betw een two ears of corn
i. L = BMC 3 0 (‘R eign o f T r a ja n ’: see in tro d u ctio n ab o v e for d ate), 4.17.
U n c e rta in d a te ( A u g u s ta n ? ) , S o cra tes
[ 2 ]
2410 AE. 14m m , 2.94g (3)· Axis: 12.
BMC 29, AMC 1259
ΕΠΙ ΣΩΚΡΑΤΟΥ; head of Persephone, r.
ΕΛΑΙΤΩΝ; torch in w reath
I. L = B M C 29, 2.22; 2. L = BMC 28, 2.80; 3. O = AMC 1259, 3.80; 4 —
5. M u ig -2 0 . N o t a com plete listing.
[ 1 ]
U n c e rta in d a te ( C la u d ia n ? ), A m m io s *i.
2411 AE. 16m m , 2.88g (2). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ]
GRMK 56, I
ΕΛΑΙΤΩΝ; head o f Persephone, r.
Ε Π Ι AMMIOY; basket w ith poppy an d tw o ears of corn
i. L 1 9 2 7 —1 0 —1 6 —1 3 , 2.95; 2. I-B ( = GRMK 56, i, correcting km 46, 1),
2.80: not in B.
Chios
by ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥ ΓΟΡΓΙΑΣ ΔΩΡΟΘΕΟΥ (Mavrogordato, 92),
who is perhaps not as early as Mavrogordato suggested (the
period of Augustus), in view of his name: a date in the mid-
first century a d seems more likely. Moreover, a specimen of
his coins has the same countermark as one of the silver
Antiochos drachms, and indeed a bronze with the name
ΦΑΥΣΤΟΣ ( GIC 413). This confirms a mid-first century date
for Gorgias, and suggests a similar first-century a d date for
Faustos, whose coins had been placed in the Augustan
period by Mavrogordato (nos. 86 and 95). This is especially
interesting since it seems to support the idea that the prac­
tice of putting value marks began at this period: one of
Faustos’s coins has the inscription ΑΣΣΑΡΙΟΝ (2417).
The drachms of Augustus have no ethnic, but use the
letter forms Σ, E and Ω. The related drachm of Eudemos
and Diogenes has the ethnic in the form ΧΙΟ[Σ] (although
the Σ is restored, this form of sigma occurs in the magis­
trates’ names). The drachms of Antiochos have no ethnic,
but use the letter forms E, Σ and Ω for one magistrate, and
8, C and Ω for the other. The bronzes of Faustos have the
ethnic ΧΙΟΣ, while those of Gorgias have XIOC (though
continuing to use Σ in his name). This suggests that the
lunate letter forms were beginning to be adopted in the
middle of the first century a d , and that at this period the
ethnic could take the form ΧΙΟΣ or then XIOC, and that the
forms ΧΙΩΝ and XIWN are later: by this line of reasoning
Mavrogordato’s periods ΧΙβ-δ would fall later, and indeed
Klose has, on metrological grounds, suggested dating the
coins of Primus (ΧΙγ) to the early second century and those
of Irenaios and Chrysogonos (ΧΙδ) to the early third (Die
Münzprägung von Smyrna, p. 114). In addition much of Χ ία
would also be excluded on grounds of ethnic (Mavro­
gordato, nos. 100-7), presumably therefore with X Iβ dating
to the end of the first century a d .
The tentative conclusion from this discussion is that
Mavrogordato, X, 80-2, 86, 88-92, and XI, 95-7, probably
belong in the Julio-Claudian period. Imhoof-Blumer {MG,
p. 298) also thought that the issues signed ‘Stephanephoros’
and Antiochos Apollonidou ‘datent à peu près des mêmes
années’: their form of ethnie and denominational inscrip­
tions suggest, perhaps, a date in the first half of the first
century a d . The scheme proposed here no doubt has many
omissions and obviously includes many uncertainties.
The denomination of the silver is unclear; conventionally
called a reduced Attic drachm or Roman denarius, the
eleven specimens included here average 2.94g (visually,
their fineness looks variable and poor; the single analysis of
2412 gave a fineness of 85%). For similar weight standards,
see, e.g., Rhodes.
The bronze coinages have denominational inscriptions.
Among the coins included here we have the weights shown
in the table below.
Under the imperial system (see p. 370), an obol was
equivalent to 2 asses, and, as it seems that there were 12
chalkoi in an obol, a trichalkon should be equivalent to i as
or a semis. In the table of weights given above, it can be
seen that the standards for Antiochos and ‘Stephanephoros’
agree well with each other (they also have a similar style),
though Faustos’s as is rather heavier (cf. Mavrogordato, p.
323). It is unfortunate that neither group can be exactly
dated.

Faustos assarion 26 mm, 10 g unspecified 19 mm, 3.7 g

Antiochos 3 assaria 33 mm, 21.5g i \ assaria 27m m, i i g

‘Stephanephoros’ obol 31m m, 12 g trichalkon 17 mm, 3.5 g

i . V 1 8 0 1 2 , 1.95; 2—3. P ( = B ab elo n , Rois de Syrie , nos. 1589-90)7 3 ·20>

Silver 2.955 4 · P 3 °3 ^ ( = W a 2008), 2.66; 5· C o p 1629, 2.36· 2 w as illu stra te d by
M av ro g o rd ato , pi. V I I . 12.

R e ig n o f A u g u s tu s _____________________ 2416 AR. 19m m , 2.90g (1). [ i ]

M avrogordato 8g
2412 AR. 18 m m , 2.71g (4). [ 6 ]
MINV; sphinx seated, L, holding b unch of grapes
M avrogordato 82 BACIAEnC ANTIOXOY ΔΩΡΟ[Ν]; am phora
ΣΕ Β Α ΣΤ Ο ν; sphinx seated, 1.; before, b unch o f grapes I . B (I-B), 2.90 ( = g m 657, no. 399, w ith T a f. I X . 21 = M av ro g o rd ato , pi.
ΔΙΟΓΕΝΗΣ Ε νΔ Η Μ Ο Σ; am p h o ra V I I . 13).
C o u n te rm ark : G rap es (G /C 4 1 3 : 1).
I . L = B M C 1 0 2 , 2.42; 2 . G 47 M G 656, no. 395), 3.16; 3. P ( — M G 656,

no. 3 9 7 ), 2·5 5 ί 4 · F 3 ° 4 ° ( = W a 2011), 2.71; 5—6. B (L öbb, 23723). 1 w as

an aly sed by W a lk er, M etrology, 57 (85% silv e r).

2413 AR. 19m m , 3.78g (1). [ i ]

Bronze
M avrogordato 81 F a u s to s
ΦΟΥΡ[ ]ΣΣΙΦΑΥΛΟΣ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΡΙΣ; sphinx seated, r.
ΧΙΟ[Σ] ΔΙΟΓΕΝΗΣ Ε νΔ Η Μ Ο Σ; am p h o ra 2417 AE. 25 mm , 9.97 g (4).
i . B ( = gm 656, no. 354, a n d T a t. I X .20), 3.78.
M avrogordato 95
Α ΣΣAPION; sphinx seated, 1., on club
ΦΑΥΣΤΟΣ ΧΙΟΣ; a m p h o ra w ith cornucopia in field
M id - fi r s t c en tu ry A D ?
1—2. B, 11.30 ( = I-B m g 298, no. 137), 9-955 3 · C L eake, 7.14; 4. M u ,
1 1.50. i is illu stra te d b y M av ro g o rd ato , pi. V I I I . 1.
2414 AR. 18m m , 2.88g (3). C o u n te rm ark : G rap es ( G I C 413: 1).

M avrogordato 80 2418 AE. 19m m , 3.70g (3).

ΑΡΤΕΜΙΔΩΡΟΣ; sphinx seated, r.; before, bunch of M avrogordato 86
grapes
Sphinx seated, 1.
ΧΙΟΣ ΡΑΒΙΡΙΟΣ; am p h o ra, w ith crescent (and star) in ΦΑΥΣΤΟΣ ΧΙΟΣ; am p h o ra w ith star in field
field
I. P 3109, 3.30; 2. V , 3.49; 3 . C o p 1635, 4.31.
i· L = B M C 57, 2.97; 2. P 3045 ( = W a 2016), 2.67; 3. B; 4 . C = s n g 4610,
2.99. N o t a com plete listing. T h is issue has been in cluded because the A in
R ab irios has a d ro p p e d b ar, otherw ise o cc u rrin g only on the bronzes o f Ti
K la u G orgias.
A n tio c h o s A p o llo n id o u *298

2419 L eaded bronze. 33 m m , 21.60 g (3). [ 2 ]

A n tio c h o s I V (re ig n o f N e r o ? )
M avrogordato 96a
ΤΡΙΑ ACCAPIA; sphinx seated, r., w ith paw over prow
2415 AE. 19m m , 2.84g (5 )· [ 5 I
ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ ΑΠΟΛΛΥΥ'ΝΙΔΟΥ ΧΙΟΣ; am phora; in field,
M avrogordato 88 b u n ch of grapes
?]ΦΗΣΙ[?ΝΟΣ]; sphinx seated, 1., holding w reath i . L 1 9 2 0 —i i —4—4, 23.03; 2. P 3205, 20.08; 3. U n iv . o f B ologna ( = mg

ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ANTIOXOY ΔΩΡΟΝ; am p h o ra in olive w reath 298, no. 140), 21.84. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: i.
 A S IA : Chios, Myrina (2420—2426) 411

2420 AE. 27m m , 10.96g (2). T i K l a u G o rg ia s D o ro th e o u

M avrogordato g6ß
[ΑΧΣΑ]ΡΙΝ ΗΜΙΣΥ; sphinx seated, r., w ith paw over prow 2423 Leaded bronze. 17m m , 2.77g (4)·
Α[ΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ] AIIOAAW NIAOY ΧΙΟΣ; crossed thyrsi M avrogordato 92
betw een bunch of grapes an d can th aru s
Sphinx seated, r.; before, club
i . B , 11.05; *i.2 *4· A, 10.87.
ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥ ΓΟΡΓΙΑΣ ΔΩΡΟΘΕΟΥ, XIOC; am p h o ra
r. L = bm c 1 04, 2.85; 2. G 49, 2.56; 3 . P 3154 ( = W a 2020), 3.34; 4 . A
( = j ia n 19 1 1, 93); 5. G o, 3.16; 6. C o p 1638, 2.49. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
analysis on: i. See also a d d e n d a , 2 4 2 3 .
C o u n te rm ark : G rap es ( G I C 413: 5).
S tep h a n e p h o ro s

2421 AE. 31m m , 12.25g (3)·

M avrogordato 97a
A sm enos
ΟΒΟΛΟΣ; sphinx seated, r., w ith paw over prow
ΣΤΕΦΑΝΗΦΟΡΟΣ ΧΙΟΣ; c a n th a ru s betw een cornucopia
2424 L eaded bronze. 17m m , 3.04g ( i ï ).
an d plem ochoe; all in w reath
i . M u , 12.Ϊ 0; 2. F ( = mg 298, no. 138), 14.40; 3 . C o p 1641, 10.26;
M avrogordato 90-1 a
4 . N Y .T h e step h a n ep h o ro s w as th e eponym ous m a g istra te o f C hios; it is Sphinx seated, 1.
n o t clear w h eth e r th e o ccu rren ce o f th e w o rd h ere rep resen ts this title o r a
ACM£NOC XIOC; am phora
p erso n al nam e.
i . L = b m c 105, 3.51; 2 - 3 . L 1 9 4 9 -4 -1 1 -8 5 8 a n d 859 (M av ro g o rd ato ),
2422 L eaded bronze. 20 mm , 3.65 g (4). 2.85, 2.53; 4. L 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 0 3 , 2.70; 5. L in d g ren 584, 2.86; 6 - 7 . C o p
1636-7, 3.13, 2.72; 8. vA 2280, 2.85; 9. C M cC le an (pi. 291.29), 2.65;
M avrogordato 97p 10—i ï . G 5 0 -1 , 4.08, 3.43. T h e ro u g h style a n d le tte r form s recall th e
ΤΡΙΧΑΛΚΟΝ; sphinx seated, r., w ith paw over ? silver issue o f M in u - for A ntiochos (2 4 1 6 ). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on:
4.
ΣΤΕΦΑΝΗΦΟΡΟΣ ΧΙΟΣ; can th a ru s w ith grapes
i . L = b m c I I 2 , 3.34; 2 . A , 4.05; 3 . B (I-B = mg 298, no. 139), 3.60;
4 . V , 3.60. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

Myrina
In the Hellenistic period, Myrina had struck bronze, and, sion there). This identification and dating is by no means
in particular, a very large issue of silver tetradrachms in the certain, and it is also possible that the legend is mistaken,
second century b c (see P. Kinns, in CRWLR, p. 107). and the coin is supposed to represent, perhaps, Britannicus.
Only three coins are known from Myrina during the early The reverse type, Apollo, was traditional at Myrina.
imperial period, one of Claudius and two which apparently Only one denomination was made: i8m m /4.i2g (3).
read TI KA[ ] APOYCOC. Who is this? The reading is
clearer on the O specimen, but the final sigma does seem
probable on the P specimen (though not absolutely
certain), thus excluding a reading ΤΙ ΚΛ... APOYCOY, T i C la u d iu s D r u s u s , a b o u t a d 20???
Claudius (son) of Drusus: i.e., the emperor (the omission of
YIOC would anyway be surprising). The Emperor Claudius 2425 AE. 18m m , 4 .2 5 g (2). Axis: 12 (1). [ 2 ]
had himself originally been called Ti Claudius Drusus, but TI KA[ ] APOYCOC; bare head, r.
only until the adoption of his father by Germanicus in a d 4; ΜΥΡΙΝΑΙΩΝ; lau reate an d d rap ed bust o f A pollo, r.;
so it is extremely unlikely that he is intended. We can before, lyre
presumably also exclude Claudius Drusus, the father of I. O (read s TI KA[ (APOYCOC), 4.04; 2. P 386 (read s (POY CO C), 4.46.
Claudius (PW Claudius 139), since his praenomen was
Decimus and then Nero. The only remaining Claudius
Drusus is the son of Claudius and Urguanilla (PW 138: his
other names are not attested), who was betrothed to the C la u d iu s
daughter of Sejanus, but who died in about a d 20. If this is
correct, one would expect the issue to have been made 2426 AE. 18 m m , 3.86g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
during the reign of Tiberius (although there is a coin of km 511
Claudius as emperor from Myrina, it looks very different, ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔ[ ] c e BA CTO C; b are head, r.
and a posthumous issue for his long-dead eldest son seems ΜΥΡΙ[ΝΑ]ΙΩΝ; lau reate an d d rap ed b u st o f Apollo, r.;
unlikely, given the absence of any coins for Britannicus). before, lyre
The same person is perhaps the APOYCOC HPQC who i . B (I-B ) (= km 511, 1), 3.86.
appears on coins of Clazomenae (see 2500 and the discus­
 A egae
Aegae had produced a small coinage of silver tetradrachms
in the second century b c (P. Kinns in CRWLR, p. 107) and
a substantial bronze coinage in the second and first cen­
turies B C .
In the early imperial period, Aegae made two issues of
coinage, one in the reign of Augustus and one in the reign of
Claudius.
The Augustan issue was in two denominations, the larger
for Augustus and the smaller for Gaius and Lucius Caesar
(previously incorrectly regarded as being of Lucius and
Augustus). Both are signed by the same magistrate, the
agonothete Diphilos Phaita. There is no precise indication
of date, but the presence of Gaius and Lucius obviously
suggests the last decade b c .
The Claudian issue comprises coins of the larger denomi­
nation for Claudius (erroneously identified as Trajan by
Mionnet: ZJN 20, 1875, P· 275), and of the smaller denomi­
nation for Messalina and also for Britannicus (previously
incorrectly regarded as Germanicus). The Claudian coins
have the full magistrate’s signature, ΕΠΙ ΑΠΟΛΛΟΔΏΡΟΥ
ΠΟ ΥΙΟΥ ΧΑΛΕΟΥ TO B, while some of Britannicus’s coins
have ΕΠΙ ΧΑΛΕΟΥ; other coins of Britannicus and all the
coins of Messalina have no name, but, in view of the
imperial persons involved, must surely be part of the same
issue, which can therefore be dated between 43 and 48. It is
not immediately clear how to expand the name of the
magistrate. ΠΟ could stand for ΠΟ(λεως) (cf. Aphrodisias
2839, for ‘son of the city’) or for ΠΟ(πλίου) (=Poplios or
Publius). Either way the full name would seem to be Apol-
lodoros, son of Poplios (or the city), son of Chaleos, or
possibly a double name: Apollodoros, son of Poplios, also
known as Chaleos (for double names, see, e.g., B. Levick
and S. Mitchell, Monuments from the Aezanitis, pp. lxi-lxii).
The person named on the smaller coins of Britannicus must
surely be the same man (especially as ΕΠΙ implies a
magistracy of some kind); his name was presumably given
in a short form because less space was available. The nature
of his magistracy, which he held for the second time (το β'),
is unclear.
The traditional figure of Apollo is probably that of Apollo
χρηστήριος, who had a temple at Aegae.
The two denominations are:
Augustus 2 1 mm, 6.22 g
Gaius and Lucius 18 mm, 3.50 g
Claudius 20 mm, 4.92g
Messalina 17 mm, 2.97 g
Britannicus 17 mm, 3.28g
The vA Index includes an entry for Tiberius, cited from P:
there is no such coin there, and the entry seems to be based
C ym e
Cyme had produced a very large coinage of silver
tetradrachms in the second century b c (see P. Kinns in
CRWLR, p. 107) and bronze coinage throughout the Hel­
lenistic period.
on a misidentification of one of the two pieces of Claudius
there.
A u g u s tu s , C. I O - I B C
2427 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 6.22 g (3). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
AMC 1247
ΑΙΓΑΕΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r.
ΔΙΦΙΛΟΣ ΦΑΙΤΑ ΑΓΩΝΟΘΕΤΑΣ; Apollo standing, r.,
holding taenia an d laurel b ran ch
i . B (I-B ) ( — g m 631, 421), 6.67; 2 . B ( I- B ) ; 3 . O — a m c 1247, 4.98; 4 . L
I 9 75 _ 4 '“ r i_ 2°8, 7.00. T h e le tte r form s £ a n d C are used on th e rev. o f i.
Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 4.
2428 AE. 18 m m , 3.50g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ o ]
gm 270, 2 U c o rr.
ΑΙΓΑΕΩΝ ΛΕΥΚΙΟΝ; bare head of Lucius C aesar, r.
ΓΑΙΟΝ Δ ΙΦ ΙΛ Ο ε ΦΑΙΤΑ ΑΓΩΝΟΘΕΤΑΕ; b are head of
G aius C aesar, r.
i . J S W , 3.50; 2 . I-B ( = mg 270, 211: ‘A u g u stu s’ on obv.): n o t in B.
C la u d iu s , c. a d 4 3 - 8 *I.4
2429 L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 4 .9 2 g (6). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
C op 22
TI KAAYAIOC KAICAP CEBACTQC; lau reate head, r.
ΑΙΓΑΕΩΝ, ΕΠΙ ΑΠΟΛΛΟΔΩΡΟΥ ΠΟ ΥΙΟΥ ΧΑΛΕΕΟΥ TO
Β; Apollo standing, r., holding taenia an d laurel branch
I. P * 8 , 5.00; 2. N Y ; 3. C o p 22, 5.05; 4 —5. B (I-B ); 6. P 29, 4.40; 7. vA
7672; 8. L 1 9 6 1 —3—1—20 4 ; 9 . W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 180, 5.56. O n 1-5,
th e eth n ic is w ritten d o w n w a rd s in th e 1. field; on 6—9, it is across th e field.
T h e le tte r form s Ω a n d W a re b o th used. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 8.
2430 L eaded bronze. 17 m m , 2.97 g ( 7 )· Axis: 12. [ 6 ]
C op 23
MECCAAEINA CEBACTH; d rap ed b ust o f M essalina, r.
AITAEWN; Zeus standing, 1., head facing, holding eagle
an d sceptre
i . L o n d o n tr a d e (i o 8 k ), 4.36; 2. L 1 9 0 1 -6 -1 -4 4 , 3.97; 3. C o p 23, 3.97;
4 . B 323/1877 (— zfn 1879, 12); 5. B (I-B ), 3.75; 6 . P 30, 3.38; 7. V
32680, 2.73; 8. L o n d o n tra d e (1985), 2.60; 9 . M a lte r 8.12.1984, lo t 36
(‘A tta e a ’); 10. Lewis = s n g 1413; 11. W e b er 5470; 12. A u fh ä u s e r 5
(1988) lot 246. P ro b ab ly all from th e sam e obv. die. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an aly sis on: 2.
2431 L eaded bronze. 17m m , 3.28g (3). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
BPETANNIKOC KAICAP; b are head o f B ritannicus, r.
ΑΙΓΑΕΩΝ (ΕΠΙ ΧΑΛΕΟΥ); Zeus standing, 1., head facing,
holding eagle and sceptre
Α ΙΓΑ εΩ Ν C niX A A C O Y : i . L 1 8 5 0 - 3 - 2 6 - 1 2 7 , 3.77; 2. P 1983/601 ex
S tern b e rg X I I I (1983) lo t 574 (‘G e rm a n ic u s’), 3.15; 3 . A u fh ä u se r 2
(1985) lo t 208, 2.91; ΑΙΓΑ εΩΝ : 4 . A u fh ä u s e r 5 (1988) lo t 247.
In the early imperial period Cyme produced two issues,
both in the reign of Nero. The first has a relatively youthful
portrait and was produced in two denominations. The
larger has ΚΥΜΗ ΑΙΟΛΙΣ on the reverse and the smaller a

veiled portrait of Agrippina. The issue was presumably
minted between 54 (Nero is sebastos) and 59 (the death of
Agrippina). The second issue comprises only the larger
denomination and has a trotting horse on the reverse; the
portrait indicates that it belongs to the later part of his reign
(although it does not have the ‘steps’ hairstyle, the portrait
is so old and the neck so fat that there can be little doubt of
this).
Agrippina is described as thea, which is not unusual, but
the use of theos for Nero on the first issue is unusual as the
epithet was only very rarely applied on coins to imperial
men.
The ethnic on the later issue is the unusual ΚΥΜΑΙΩΝ
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ, otherwise unknown at Cyme.
There is, in addition, an issue with the head of ΚΥΜΗ on
the obverse and a trotting horse on the reverse. This was
attributed by BMC to the reign of Nero, because of the
similarity of the reverse type with 2435. There are, however,
differences of style, detail (the horse on the ΚΥΜΗ coins is
bridled, but unbridled on the Neronian issues), technique
(the die axis), metal (brass rather than bronze) and ethnic
(only the abbreviated KY), which suggest that the issue
cannot be exactly contemporaneous. Similar types were
used on Hellenistic bronzes, so it does not seem clear when
this issue was made, perhaps in either first century b c or the
early first century a d . The issue has been included here for
the sake of completeness.
Münsterberg (Beamtennamen) adds the following entries:
1. Drusus επί Ξένοφαν Μοσθιδιου άρ a' from Mi
S6.18.138. Mionnet’s entry is taken from Sestini (Lettere
V III, p. 70, with tav. V.23, cited ‘ex mus. SeckendorfF). As
Grant saw (NC, 1950, pp. 140-2), this is clearly a misdes­
cribed specimen of the uncertain coin of Drusus (5453:
perhaps even the Cop example illustrated by Grant),
sometimes attributed to Caystriani in Lydia and by Grant
to Cyme/Cyzicus.
2. Caligula επί ΠΡΑΞΙΜΟϋ from Mi S6.18.139: in fact a
coin of Aezani (3074).
The vA Index adds an entry for Claudius, with Britanni­
cus, Octavia and Messalina, cited from P. There is not
obviously any such coin in P: the description anyway fits
only the Judaean bronzes, probably from Caesarea Paneas
(4842). Alternatively, it is a misdescription of the coins
minted under Claudius, but depicting Britannicus with
Octavia and Antonia; such coins have only KY for an eth­
nic, but these are catalogued here under Cyzicus (see 2248,
with discussion there). One of these Cyzicene coins of
Britannicus was misdescribed by Imhoof-Blumer (RSN,
19*13, p. 32, no. 86 = Münsterberg, Kaisernamen, p. 6) as a
coin of Nero Drusus with Livia and Antonia from Cyme.
P h o caea
The early imperial coinage of Phocaea has a number of
problems. First, there are some letters after the name
Menandros on the coin of Augustus; these look, on the
clearest specimen (BMC 131), like Γ and Δ, but this is not
certain, and one suspects that they may represent some part
A S IA : Cyme, Phocaea (2432-2435) 413
The coinage was produced in two denominations:
1901111/4.98g (21) and 170101/3.87g (10).
F i r s t century bc /a d ?? (see in tro d u ctio n )
2432 Brass. 18m m , 3 .7 7 g (7). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 7 ]
BMC 98, C op 116
ΚΥΜΗ; head o f Cym e, r.
KY ΕΠΙ IIP CEKOYNAAC; bridled horse trotting, r.
i . P 1 76, 3.70; 2. P 175 ( = W a 1288), 3.80; 3. L = BMC 98, 4.46; 4 . C op
1 16, 3.05; 5 - 6 . O , 3.87, 3.34; 7. W e b er 5511; 8. P 174 ( = W a 1290),
4.19. Q u alitativ e m e tal an aly sis on: 4.
N ero, c. a d 5 4 -g
2433 L eaded bronze. 19 mm , 5.64 g (9). Axis: 12 or 1. [ 13 ]
BMC 128, C op 139
Θ£ΟΝ ΝεΡΩΝΑ CCBACTON; lau reate head, r.
ΚΥΜΗ AIOAIC; Cym e stan d in g facing, h ead 1., holding
globe an d trid en t
i . L = b m c 128, 5.44; 2. L = bm c 129, 5.29; 3 . N Y ; 4 —5. C o p 139-40,
5.68, 4.34; 6 . P 204, 6.35; 7. O , 6.65; 8—10. B (L ö b b , I-B , B -I)
(= N om ism a I I (1908), 5, a n d T a f. 1 . 13}; 11. C M cC lean. 7923 ( = pi.
273.8), 5.79; 12. V 16810; 13. M u 88, 4.69; 14. W e b er 5531. Q u alitativ e
m etal an alysis on: 1.
2434 AE. 17 m m , 3.87 g (10). Axis: 12 or 6, [ 11 ]
BMC 130, C op 143
ΘεΟΝ ΝεΡΩΝΑ ΚΥΜΑΙΩΝ; lau reate head, r.
Θ εΑ Ν ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΝ; veiled b ust of A grippina II, r.
i . N Y , 3.55; 2—3 . L = BMC 130-1, 3.42, 4.74; 4 . P 206 ( = W a 1295),
3 -5 5 ! 5 · C o p 143, 4.46; 6. O , 2.80; 7—10. B (Fox, I-B , I-B , B -I); 11. V
34883, 4.18; 12. L o n d o n t r a d e (1 9 8 5 ). T h e coin ca talo g u e d by Ϊ-Β
(Lydische Stadtm ünzen 23, 7 = T af. I I . 4: n o t in B, a p p a re n tly ) as a coin o f
A n in etu s is p ro b ab ly a n ex am p le o f th is type.
N ero, c. a d 6g~8
2435 L eaded bronze. 19 mm , 4.48 g (12). Axis: 12 or 1. [ 21 ]
BMC 126, C op 141
ΝεΡΩΝΑ CCBACTON; lau reate head, r.
ΚΥΜΑΙΩΝ ΚΑΙΟΑΡεΩΝ; un b rid led horse trotting, r.
i . L = b m c 127, 4.70; 2—4 . L = bm c 126, 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -2 0 9 , 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 6 8 2
( = vA 1651), 4.81, 4.49, 3.87; 5—6. N Y ; 7. P 205 ( = W a 1294); 8—9 . C op
141-2, 4.25, 5.20; 10—ii. O , 5.03, 4.70; 12—16. B (Fox, 28701, Fox,
L ö b b , L ö b b ); 17—18. C M cC lean 7 924-5 (pi. 273.9), 4- t 9 j 4 · Ί 31 τ 9 · V
30208; 20—2 1 . M u 90724, 44784, 3.14, —; 2 2 . W e b er 5530. Q u alitativ e
m etal an alysis on: 1.
of or abbreviation for ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ. Second, there are a
large number of different names on the coins of Claudius.
Some of these are not easy to read, but in each case the
name is attested by only one or two specimens, so further
examples can be expected to reveal new names. Those not
414 A S IA : Phocaea, Temnus (2436-2445)
known to Münsterberg (Beamtennamen) are [FA?]IOC
IOYAIOC AON IOC and [C]TPATONIKOC (?), although
the reading of the latter is particularly uncertain.
The single name known for Nero is Demosthenes Hegiou,
while a coin in B (69/1965 = 2444), which appears (the
legend is not entirely clear) to depict Agrippina II, calls
him Demosthenes philopatris. It is rather surprising to find
her represented on a larger denomination than Nero, but
this example can be paralleled (e.g., Philomelium, 3246).
On the other hand, it may just be that there was also a
larger denomination for Nero, which is unknown at the
moment.
The following denominations are found:
Augustus 18 mm, 5.06 g (2)
Claudius
Nero
Agrippina 20 mm, 6.17 g (1)
The types of the griffin and of Athena were traditional at
Phocaea; that of Nike (for Augustus) seems new, and may
presumably be a reference to his victories, though it may
perhaps just be generic.
A u g u s tu s
2436 L eaded bronze. 18m m , 5.06g (2). Axis: 12.
BMC 131
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΦΩ; b are head, r.
ΜΟΣΧΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΣ [ ]; Nike standing, 1 ., w ith
w reath and palm
I . P 2 4 8 6 A , 4.92; 2. L — BMC 131, 5.20; 3. B 660/1898. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: 2.
C la u d iu s
2437 AE. I 5m m , 4.84g (1).
KAAYAIOC KAICAP; lau reate head, r.
ΦΩ, EPMOKPATHC; forepart of griffin, r.
I. G 9, 4.84.
2438 AE. 15m m , 2.96g (1). Axis: 12 (1).
As 2437, fiu t MOCXOC
i . P D e le p ie r r e , 2.96; 2. V 28413.
The imperial coinage of Temnus consisted of a single issue,
in 5 B e , of two denominations, both signed by AIIOAAAC
ΦΑΙΝΙΟΥ, the larger for Augustus and the smaller for the
proconsul Asinius Gallus. His proconsulship is normally
dated to 6—5 b c (B. E. Thomasson, Laterculi Praesidum, Asia,
no. 11 ) ; the issue of the coins in 5 is indicated by the
reference to a consulship of Augustus, which must be that
held in 5 b c . The correct reading of the Augustan obverse as
KAICAP CCBACTOC ITAOYCIAC ΥΠΑΤΗAC was first
made by A. von Sallet {ZfN 12, 1885, pp. 360-2), who
2439 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 4 .0 4 g (2). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
BMC 132
As 8437, b u t NOYMHNIOC
I . L = b m c 1 3 2 , 4.30; 2. R iv er L iri finds (in fo rm atio n from C . S ta n n a rd ),
3.78. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
2440 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 4 .2 4 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
As 8437, b u t ]IOC IOYAIOC AONTOC
i . L 1 9 6 1 —3—1—2 88, 4.24; 2. N Y . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.
2441 AE. 15m m , 3.98g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
As 8437, b u t [ C?] TP ΑΤΟΝΙΚΟ C (?)
i · L Ϊ 9 7 5 - 4 - *1 1 - 2 0 4 , 3 -9 8 ·
2442 AE. 15m m , 3.81g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
15mm, 3.98g (7)
15 mm, 2.97 g (3) As 8437, b u t ΚΑΛΛ8[
16 mm, 3.75 g (1) i . M u 7 3 ( = M i 3.180.852, C o u sin éry ), 3.81. I t is possible th a t th e alm o st
illegible P 2011 is also o f this m a g istrate.
N e ro
2443 AE. 15 mm , 2.97 g (3)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 5 ]
C op 1062
Ν8ΡΩΝ KAICAP; lau reate head, r.
[ 3 ] ΦΩ, AHMOCOCNHC ΗΓΙΟΥ; forepart of griffin, r.
i . B (L ö b b ), 3.16; 3. B (I-B = k m 93, no. 10, ‘AHMOC 0 8 NHC
ΗΓΙΟΥ’, = m g 295, no. 125, ‘AHMOCOCNHC ΠΥΘΟΥ’); 3. C o p 1062, 2.96;
4 . O , 2.80; 5 . V 27735. T h e p a tro n y m ic is n o t very clear o n an y
sp ecim en , b u t seem s ce rta in in view o f 2 4 4 5 .
2444 AE. 2 0m m , 6.17g (i)· Axis: 1 2 (1 ). [ 1 ]
ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΝ(?) CCBACTHN; d rap ed bust, r.
ΦΩ, [AHMOCOJENHC [4 >IAO]HATPIC; A th en a standing
w ith p a te ra an d sp ear an d shield
i . B 6 9 /1 9 6 5 (Forschung und Berichte io , 1968, 218 -1 9 ), 6.17.
[ I ]
2445 AE. 16m m , 3.76g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΝ CCBACTHN; d rap ed bust, r.
ΦΩ, AHMOCOCNHC ΗΓΙΟΥ; figure w earing kalathos, 1.,
w ith ro u n d object in o utstretched h a n d an d circular
[ 2 ] object on shoulder
i . P 1 9 8 8 /X 1 8 ex M M A G L iste 388 (1977) no. 37 = M ü n z Z e n tru m 64
(1988) lo t 95, 3.76.
Temnus
pointed out that the epithet πλούσιος does not seem to be
known otherwise as a qualification of ύπάτεια; he sug­
gested the sense was ‘Caesar Augustus mit der hohen Con-
sularwürde bekleidet’. Grant (FIT A, p. 387) said of
Asinius’s title αγνός that it was generally reserved for
Roman governors, and Tends him a measure of the
superhumanity of the Σεβαστός himself’.
The types of Athena and Dionysus were traditional at
Temnus.

A u g u s tu s a n d A s i n i u s G a llu s procos,, 5 b c
2446 L eaded bronze. 21mm, 5.60g (9). Axis:
BMC 27, AMC 1263, C op 277
KAI CAP C8BACTOCIÏAOYCIAC YIÏATHAC; b are head, r.
AIIOAAAC ΦΑΙΝΙΟΥ TAMNITAN; helm eted A thena
standing, 1., holding Nike an d b unch of grapes in r. h an d
a n d spear an d shield in 1. h a n d
i . L = b m c 27, 5.22; 2—3. L = b m c 2 8 -9, 6.43, 5.00; 4—5. P 423 ( = W a
135O , 4 2 5 . 3 -9 5 , 4 -5 2; 6 . 0 = a m c 1263, 6.15; 7. C op 277, 7.03; 8 - I O . B
(L ö bb, 28701, 346/1883); ii. V 3.5938 (Prow e, 1914), 5.50; 12. M u 19,
6.65; 13. L in d g ren A 418B , 4.48. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
The coins with a portrait of Cicero ( 2 4 4 8 ) have been much
discussed (e.g., Grant, FITA, p . 3 8 5 ) , and it has been dis­
puted whether the person represented is the famous orator,
his son or Octavian. The second seems most likely; as Grant
pointed out, the portrait ‘fits’ quite well with the portraits of
other provincial governors early in Augustus’s reign, and it
does not look much like Octavian/Augustus. Cicero’s pro­
consulship of Asia is known from Seneca (Thomasson,
Laterculi Praesidum no. 2 ) , and presumably dates to the early
twenties (he was cos. suif, in 3 0 ) , probably before he was
legate of Syria (late twenties: Thomasson, no. 3 ) . The
unusual type of a hand should probably be compared with
the similar type which occurs at Aezani for the proconsul
Messala Potitus ( 3 0 6 7 ) . There is no obvious reason why
Cicero should have been honoured in this way at Magnesia.
The date of the issue by Kilas is presumably in the
vicinity of 2 b c , in view of the presence of Gaius and Lucius
Caesars. The coins of Tiberius should presumably be dated
after the earthquake of 17 and before the death of Livia in
2 9 . There were a number of issues made under Nero: these
have been arranged according to the age of his portrait. The
issue with Poppaea probably dates to 6 2 , since it does not
use the later ‘steps’ portrait which was introduced in 6 3 and
is used on the latest Neronian issue from Magnesia.
On the imperial coins the types are related to the denomi­
nations; the larger has either jugate portraits on the obverse
and/or two heads or figures on the reverse, whereas the
smaller denomination has a head or bust as the reverse
type. The types used on the larger of the two denominations
are very interesting. First, the coins of Tiberius depict the
emperor raising a turre ted figure (= the Tyche of
Magnesia); this gesture o f ‘restoration’ should refer to the
help given by Tiberius to the Asian cities after the earth-
Cicero 23 mm, 8.73 g
Augustus
Tiberius
Caligula
Nero
average:
A S IA : Temnus, Magnesia (ad Sipylum) (2446—2447) 415
2447 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3 .4 7 g (20). Axis: 12. [ 20 ]
BMC 24, AMC 1261, C op 276
12. [ 12] ACINIOC LAAAOC AFNOC; b are h ead o f A sinius G allus,
r.
AÜOAAAC ΦΑΙΝΙΟΥ TAMNITAN; head o f Dionysus,
w earing ivy w reath, r.
i . N Y , 4.50; 2 - 5 . L = b m c 24-6, 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -2 2 0 , 2.70, 3.60, 3.19, 3.89; 6—
7. P 422 ( = W a 1350), 424 ( — RN 1867, 114 a n d pi. IV .4), 3.70, 3.99; 8—
9 . O = AMC 1261-2, 4.48, 4.31; 10. C o p 276, 2.73; i i — 12. M u 17—18,
3.05, 3.40; 13— 17· B (28691, B -I, L ö b b , R au c h , I-B ), 2.87, 4.04, 3.08,
3.38, 3.78; 18. C Leake 2612, 2.81 (‘A u g u stu s ’); 19—20. V 28729, 34239,
3.83, 2.97; 21. L in d g re n A 418A, 2.98; 2 2 . K o v acs F P L 17, 148; 2 3 . PV ,
2.92. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 2.
Magnesia (ad Sipylum)
quake of 17. For the correct dating of Senate/Livia as the
corresponding small denomination, see LS, p. 88; the types
of both denominations recall the temple dedicated to
Tiberius, Livia and the Senate at Smyrna (cf. 2469).
Second, the coins of Caligula (which portray him with a
radiate head, as at near-by Smyrna: see also the general
introduction) depict his parents Germanicus and Agrippina
on the reverse (see Trillmich, Familienpropaganda der Kaiser
Caligula und Claudius, p. 126, for a discussion). Germanicus
is shown as a man, but Agrippina as a goddess (whether as
Demeter or a fruit-bearing goddess, as Trillmich sug­
gested). This neatly illustrates the different treatment of
men and women on early imperial provincial coins, and a
similar depiction occurs later at Magnesia, for Nero and
Agrippina II.
It is not clear why Roma is put on the coins of Nero, but
they recall her appearance elsewhere, like Ephesus.
The denominations which occur are shown in the table
below (the analyses show an indiscriminate use of brass and
bronze between different issues; see the introduction to
Asia, p. 371).
The following ‘magistrates’ ’ names are attested (magis­
trates in the late second century were strategoi, but there is
no evidence for the office, if any, held during this period):
Theodoros (Cicero);
Dionysios Dionysiou Kilas, a priest of Augustus.
The signature επί Ύλου recorded by Münsterberg (Beam­
tennamen, after KM, p. 521, no. 2) is a misreading of the
ethnic on a coin of Nero (2460/10: see RSN, 1923, p. 50).
The entry in the vA Index for Augustus and Agrippa
(based on vA) should be disregarded as there is no such
coin. No coins of Agrippina II with Claudius from
20 mm, 5.03 g 16 mm, 3.19g
19 mm, 4.87g 16 mm, 3.47 g
i omm. Æ.7 Qe-
16mm, 3.71 g
19mm, 6.43g 16mm, 3.55g
19mm, 5.24g
20m m , 5.2 9 g
19mm, 5.15g (3°) 16 mm, 3.21 g (14)
4i 6 A S IA : Magnesia (ad Sipylum) (2448-2459)

Magnesia occur in the Weber catalogue, contra vA Index, C a lig u la

and the coin of Agrippina II under Claudius, cited there
from L, is presumably BMC 53-5, of Agrippina II with 2454 Brass, ig m m , 4 .7 9 g (8: 3454—5). Axis: 12. [ 12 ]
Nero.
bm c 49
ΓΑΙΟΝ KAI CAPA CEBACTON; rad iate head, r.
M a r c u s T u l li u s Cicero ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΝ; in field, ΜΑ ΑΠΟ
C in(Y ); A grippina an d G erm anicus: G erm anicus stands
facing, w earing a toga capite velato and holding a patera;
2448 L eaded bronze. 23m m , 8 .7 3 g ( I0 )· Axis: 12. [ 11 ]
b ehind him stands A grippina as D em eter, holding out
BMC 13, ή τα 385 ears o f corn an d a sceptre
ΜΑΡΚΟΣ ΤΥΛΛΙΟΣ ΚΙΚΕΡΩΝ; b are head, r. i . L = b m c 5 0 , 4.16; 2—3 . L = b m c 4 9 , 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 9 9 9 (ex vA 3001), 5.76,
ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ ΑΠΟ ΣΙΠΥΛΟΥ ΘΕΟΔΩΡΟΓ; r. h a n d holding 3 -4 9 ;4 - O , 5.28; 5 - 6 . P 657, 659 ( = W a 5078), 5.29, 3.45; 7 - 9 . M u 34-6,
3.90, 4.53, 4.36; 1 0 —12. B (I-B , K n o b elsd o rf, B -I); 13. A (A D elt 27,
w reath, two ears of corn an d vine b ran ch
1972, B i, 8, no. 5 w ith pi. 9.21). T w o sp ecim en s (8, 13: sam e dies) have
i . L = b m c 13; 2—3 . L = B M C 14-15, 11-65, 6.32; 4—6. P 647, 648, 648A, ΑΠΟ Cl a t th e en d o f th e legend a ro u n d th e type, a n d only MA in th e field.
7.42, 7.93, 8.65; 7—9 . B (I-B , L öbb, B -I), 7.49, 8.49, 8.95; 10—11. M u 29, Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
29a, 10.38, 8.01; 12. Lew is = SNG 1422. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 3.
2455 [ 4 ]
BMC 51, C op 257
A u g u s tu s , c. 2 BC As 2454, b u t rev. legend ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ ΑΠΟ CinYAOY
an d in field ΓΕΡΜ ΑΓΡΙΠ
2449 L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 5.03g (6). Axis: 12. [ 12] i . P 6 5 8 , 4.48; 2. L = bm c 51, 5.97; 3. C o p 257, 4.64; 4. B 709/1901.
BMC 44, AMC 1358
ΜΑΓΝΗΤΕΣ ΑΠΟ ΣΙΠΥΛΟΥ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩΙ; laureate h ead of
A ugustus a n d d rap ed b u st of Livia, ju g a te r.
Nero, c. ad 5 4 (?)
ΔΙΟΝΥΣΙΟΣ ΔΙΟΝΥΣΙΟΥ ΚΙΛΑΣ ΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ;
heads of G aius and Lucius C aesar, facing each other 2456 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3.71g (4). Axis: 12. [ 10 ]
i . L = B M C 4 5 , 5.01; 2—3. L = BMC 44, 46, —, 5.55; 4—6. B (I-B = ls 87, bmc 52, C op 258
no. 2, 466/1883, L ö b b ); 7. O = a m c 1358, 4.65; 8—9. P 650-1 ( = W a
5 0 7 5 -6 ), 4-63, 5 0 9 ; ί ο - n . V 19458-9, 4.86, 5.39; i a . M u 31, 4.69.
ΝΕΡΩΝΑ KAI CAPA; b are head, 1.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal analy sis on: 1. ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ C inY ΘΕΑΝ CYNKAHTON; d rap ed busjt of
Senate, r.
2450 AE. 16 m m , 3.19g (4). Axis: 12. [ 6 ]
i . L = b m c 5 2 , 4.25; 2. M u 38, 3.16; 3 . C o p 258, 4.21; 4 —6. P inc.
ΜΑΓΝΗΤΕΣ Α Π Ο ΣΙΠΥΛΟΥ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩΙ; b are head, r. F ouilles de Suse 613; 7. O , 3 -23* i 8—10. Β (I-B , o.N ., L ö b b ). Q u alitativ e
ΔΙΟΝΥΣΙΟΣ ΚΙΛΑΣ; d rap ed b ust o f Livia, r. m etal an alysis on: i.

i . P 6 4 9 , 2.96; 2—4 . B (F o x , I-B , R au c h ), 2.91, —, —; 5—6. M u 30,

C ilb ian i Inf. 2, 3.68, 3.21. P ro b ab ly all from th e sam e dies.
N e r o a n d A g r ip p in a , a d 54-4) ____________________

T ib e r iu s , a fte r a d i j 2457 L eaded bronze. 19m m , 6 .4 4 g (4)· Axis: 12. [ 7 ]

bm c 53
2451 Brass. 19m m , 4.87 g (5). Axis: 12. [ 6 ] ΝΕΡΩΝΑ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ; lau reate head of N ero and draped
TIBEPION CEBACTON KTICTHN; lau reate head, r. b ust of A grippina II, ju g a te r.
ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ ΑΠΟ ΓΙΠΥΛΟΥ; T iberius raising T yche of ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ CEBACTH; A grippina as
M agnesia D em eter stan d in g w ith ears o f corn an d sceptre, being
i· L 4 ·7 5 ; 2 · P 656, 5 ·9 8; 3 * ° , 4 -9 3 ; 4 · B (B -*
1); 5 · v crow ned)?) by togate figure (N ero), w ho stands behind
19460; 6 . M u 33, 5.41; 7. vA 3000, 5.52; 8. W in te rth u r ( = g r m k 122, no. holding a short sceptre
2). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
i . N Y , 6.28; 2. N Y ; 3—5 . L = bm c 5 3 -5 , 5.51, 6.20, 7.59; 6. B (I-B = l s
89, no. 4); 7. P (M ag n esia, Io n ia ) 1483. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 3.
2452 Brass. 16m m , 3.32g (2). Axis: 12. [ 6 ]
BMC 47 2458 AE. 16m m , 3 .5 5 g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
ΘΕΟΝ CYNKAHTON; d rap ed b u st of Senate, r. ΝΕΡΩΝΑ CEBACTON; lau reate head, r.
CEBACTHN MATNHTEC ΑΠ(Ο) Γ(ΙΠΥ); d rap ed b u st of ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ CEBACTH ΜΑΓΝΗ; d rap ed b ust of
Livia, r. A grippina II , r.
i . L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—1998 (ex vA 8232: Α Π Ο α π γ ), 3.85; 2. L = bm c 47 (ΑΠΟ i . P 6 6 1 , 3.55.
C), 2.79; 3 · N Y (Â rT CI); 4· Ρ 655 ( = W a 5077), 2 ·7 6; 5 ~ 6 · Β Γ Β = ls
88, no. 3 ( Ä f f CI), Fox (ΑΠΟ C). Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 2.

2453 Brass. 15m m , 3.57g (3). Axis: 12. [ 5 ]

N e r o a n d P o p p a e a , a d 62 ____________ _
BMC 48
2459 AE. 19m m , 5.24g (1). Axis: 6. [ 3 ]
CYNKAHTON MATNHT£C ΑΠΟ C; d rap ed b ust o f Senate,
ΝΕΡΩΝΑ ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑΝ CEBACTOYC; laureate head of N ero
r.
an d d rap ed b u st of A grippina II , ju g a te r.
ΘΕΑΝ CEBACTHN; d rap ed b u st o f Livia, r.
ΘΕΑΝ ΡΩΜΗΝ ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ ΑΠΟ ΓΙΠΥΛΟΥ; turreted
i . L = b m c 4 8 , 3.52; 2. P 652, 3.21; 3—4. O , 4.37, 2.82; 5. M u 32;
b u st of R om a, r.; before, ΑΠ
6. A u fh ä u s e r 5 (1988) lo t 232, 3.11. A ll from sam e obv. die. Q u alitativ e
m etal analysis on: 1. i . P 6 6 6 , 5.24; 2 - 3 . B (I-B , B -I = rsn 1913, 50, no. 149).
 A S IA : Magnesia (ad Sipylum), Mastern (Caesarea), Smyrna (2460-2462) 4/7

N ero, i.A D 6 % -8
_____ I __ *---------±2.------------------------------------------------------------ 6 . M u
]; ?;(1'B)i 5.19; 3. B (B-I); 3 -5 . V 28716, 30145, 31929, 4.43, 5.22, 5.47;
37, 4.88; 7. vA 3002, 5.54; 8 . L in d g ren 755, 6.27; 9 . T ra d e ( = ls
90, no. 5); 10. W in te rth u r ( = km 521, no. 2 = rsn 1913, 50). T h e rev.
2460 A E. 20m m , 5.29g (7). Axis: 12. [ 6 ] legend is re tro g ra d e o n 2 a n d 5.

vA 3002
ΝΕΡΩΝ CclBACTOC; lau reate head, r.
ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ ΑΠΟ ΓΙΠΥΛΟΥ; tu rrete d b u st of R om a, 1.

Mostene (Caesarea)
Mostene had produced some bronze coinage in the Hellen­ The coins of Nero were attributed in error to his sole
istic period (BMC 1-4), and during the Julio-Claudian reign in the vA Index.
period made a single issue, late in the reign of Claudius. On
the larger denomination are the jugate portraits of Claudius
and Agrippina II; and on the smaller is the portrait of C la u d iu s, a d 5 0 - 4 *18
NOON KAICAPA, clearly Nero in view of the presence of
Agrippina on the larger denomination. The Pedanius whose 2461 L eaded bronze. 2 0 m m , 5.12 g ( 11 ). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 12 ]
name occurs on the coins seems to have been regarded since BMC 7, C op 285
Münsterberg (Beamtennamen) as identical with L. Pedanius ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΝ KAICAPA ΘΕΑΝ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΝ; laureate
Secundus, cos. suff. 43, and is therefore thought to have head of C laudius an d draped b u st of A grippina II , jugate
been proconsul of Asia between 50 and 54 (e.g., B. Thomas- r.
son, Laterculi Praesidum, no. 45). There seems, however, no επί ΠΕΔΑΝΙΟΥ ΚΑΙΰΑΡε\ΥΝ MOCTHNWN; hero on
secure basis for this identification or the consequent ascrip­ horseback, r., w ith double axe
tion of an Asian proconsulate to Pedanius, who may well be i . L = bm c 7 , 4.30; 2 . L = BMC 8, 6 . 6 6 ; 3 —4 . B ( i n c . I-B = l s i o i , n o . 4),
4.34, 5.08; 5 . C M cC le an 8680 (pi. 304.6), 5.67; 6 . C o p 285, 3.87; 7 —8 . P
only a local magistrate. 760, D elep ierre, 6.10, — ; 9 . O , 4.73; 1 0 . V 19484; 1 1 . M u ia , 3.95;
Of the ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins, most can definitely be 1 2 . N Y; 1 3 . vA 3029, 5.60; 1 4 . W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 278, 5.29;

excluded from this period by their ethnic, since from 15. W e n d t X X I (1978) lo t 572b, 6.81; 16—17. S ard is ex cav atio n s 166;
1 8 . W e b er 6852. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
Claudius to the Flavian period the city was called Mostene
Caesarea (it presumably adopted the second name after the
2462 AE. 17m m , 3.39g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
help given to it by Tiberius after the earthquake of 17; cf.
ls i o i , no. 4a
ILS, p. 560). The ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins do have this
form of ethnic (LS, p. 100, no. 2: Tyche/Demeter) and L NEON KAICAPA; bare head of Nero, r.
1901-6-1-87 (Senate/rider on horseback), but both seem to επί πεΔΑΝΙΟΥ MOCTHNWN; goddess seated, 1., holding
two ears of corn a n d double axe
be Flavian (see LS, p. 100, ‘wahrscheinlich aus der Zeit der
I . B (B -I), 4.04; 2 . B (I-B = l s , no. 4 a), 2.73. S am e dies. F o r th e goddess,
Flavier’; the L coin seems very comparable to the coin of th e city goddess o f M o sten e, see l s i o i .
Vespasian in B: see LS, p. 101, no. 5).

Smyrna
The imperial coinage of Smyrna has been fully published by Stratonikis, the first of several such assimilations of imperial
D.A. O. Klose, Die Münzprägung von Smyrna in der römischen women at Smyrna (see also Drusilla and Poppaea).
Kaiserzeit (Berlin, 1987), and his arrangement and
chronology has been followed here. 2 4 6 9 —7 0 . There was a single issue for Tiberius, signed by
Hieronymos in the proconsulship of Petronius ( a d 29—35).
The designs on the larger denomination refer to the temple
2 4 6 3 —8 . There were three issues under Augustus; that of
of Tiberius, Livia and the Senate, which was granted to
Hermokles has been placed first as it shows the emperor
Smyrna by Tiberius. Klose has suggested that its depiction
with a bare head. The issues of Dionysios Kollybas and
on coins at this date may refer to its completion.
Leontiskos Hippomedontos are very close in style (though
As Klose has noted, this Hieronymos on coins of Tiberius
they share no obverse dies), and were probably struck in
is to be distinguished from the Hieronymos who, with the
close succession. Their jugate portraits of Augustus and
strategos Sosandros, produced exclusively ‘pseudo-auto­
Livia are reminiscent of the similar design at Ephesus (note,
nomous’ coins (2487-91). The letter forms are different (W
e.g., the short wreath ties), and were perhaps produced at a
not Ω), while overstrikes (on Caligula and Nero) and types
similar date, possibly about 10 b c . The final Augustan
place the coins at the end of Nero’s reign. Klose’s dating to
issue, of Koronos, depicts Tiberius Caesar, and so would
68-70 seems very plausible, and the absence of any imperial
have been produced between a d 4 and 14. As Klose has
portrait can perhaps be seen as a response to the uncertain­
noted, the types used on these issues are traditional for
ties of 68-9.
Smyrna; nevertheless, it is interesting that on the issue of
Koronos, Livia is explicitly assimilated to Aphrodite 2471—4. Under Caligula an issue was made by
Menophanes in the proconsulship of Aviola (about 37-8).
This issue has also been discussed by Trillmich, Familien­
propaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius, pp. 121-3. It is
interesting both for the honour paid to Drusilla before her
death and for the unusual representation of Caligula with a
radiate crown and accompanied by a star. This design,
which has been interpreted by Klose (p. 12) as an indica­
tion of divinity, is discussed in the introduction (p. 43).
2475—7. Under Claudius the coinage is signed by two
persons for the first time, plausibly interpreted by Klose (as
was the case later) as the eponymous stephanephoros (with
ΕΠΙ and the genitive) and the strategos (in the nominative
case). There are two denominations, one depicting a jugate
emperor and empress and the other a young draped male.
The first two are identified by Klose as Claudius and Agrip­
pina II, the other as Britannicus. But it does not seem likely
that Britannicus would appear with Claudius and Agrip­
pina. If Britannicus is to be retained, the empress should be
identified as Messalina. The stylistic parallel drawn by
Klose with the Britannicus on coins of Clazomenae does not
seem fully convincing (the head there, for instance, is much
smaller); a much better parallel for the issue can be found at
Ephesus (see 2620fr.), where the identifications as Agrip­
pina and Nero are not in doubt. The head on 2477 is there­
fore interpreted here as Nero.
2478-85. Under Nero there were two issues. The first is
signed by Aulos Gessios Philopatris: the youthful
portraiture of Nero and the presence of Agrippina II place
of brass. Bronze returns under Claudius, and is used also
under Nero. The only exception is the 19 mm denomination
of Sosandros, specimens of which were made sometimes in
bronze and sometimes in brass. This is, however, not as odd
as it may seem, since it has occurred as a result of overstrik­
ing: when the undertype is of Caligula, the coin is of brass,
but when the undertype is of Nero, the coin is of bronze.
This issue neatly illustrates how the metallic composition of
the coin is unimportant to its denomination (see also p.
3 7 1)·
Klose rightly discards the peculiar coin of Caligula and
Drusilla in Cop 1346 (see plate 109) and ignores the entries
in the vA Index for Augustus with Gaius and Lucius and for
Drusus and Germanicus (in NY = Pergamum 2367). For
Nero Caesar rather than Britannicus, see above.
A u g u s tu s
H e r m o k le s , c. / 5 BC ( ? ? )
2 4 6 3 L eaded bronze. 17m m , 5.13g (34)· Axis: 12. [ 26 ]
K lose X X II A
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r.
ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ ΕΡΜΟΚΛΗΣ; A phrodite Stratonikis
standing, front, holding sceptre a n d Nike, an d leaning on
colum n
I . N Y , 6.18; 2 . L = BMC 249; 3“ 3 6 · See K lose; 3 7 . L in d g ren 557, 4.36. 6
obv. a n d 22 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 2.

his issue between 54 and 59. The second, under Hermo­

genes and the strategos Klaros, includes coins for Poppaea,
and so can be dated between 62 and 65. The coins of Nero
and Poppaea as Nike, which have no magistrate’s
signature, can perhaps also be regarded as an anonymous
part of this issue.
The denominations have been summarised by Klose,
who has produced the following system (p. 107), very
slightly altered in the table below.
We agree with the absolute values which he assigns to the
coins (see p. 371). The analyses of the coins reveal that they
are sometimes bronze and sometimes brass. The Augustan
issues are all of bronze, but those of Tiberius and Caligula
D io n y s io s K o lly b a s , c. i o BC ( ? ? )
2 4 6 4 L eaded bronze. 19m m , 5 .7 3 g (18). Axis: 12. [ 15]
K lose X X I I I A
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩΙ ZMYPNAIOI; ju g a te lau reate head of A ugustus
and d rap ed b u st o f Livia, r.
ΔΙΟΝΥΣΙΟΣ ΚΟΛΛΥΒΑΣ; A phrodite S tratonikis standing,
front, holding sceptre an d Nike, an d leaning on colum n;
to r., dove
i . L = b m c 254, 6.01; 2—25. See K lose. 2 obv. a n d 7 rev. dies. T h e eth n ic
on th e second obv. die is re tro g ra d e (e.g., B M C 254). Q u a lita tiv e m etal
analysis on: 1.

1 1
Multiple 2 Û I 2 4

Augustus
Hermokles 17mm, 5.13g
Dionysios 19mm, 5.73g 17mm, 4.29g
Leontiskos 19mm, 5.32g
Koronos 19mm, 5.43g 13 mm, 2.86g

Tiberius
Hieronymos 22 mm, 6.17 g 16 mm, 3.62 g

Caligula
Menophanes 21 mm, 5.62 g 20mm, 4.65g 16 mm, 3.42 g 14mm, 2.41 g

Claudius
Philistos 20m m, 5.77g 16mm, 3.80g 13 mm, 2.58 g

Nero
Gessios 19mm, 5.60g 18mm, 4.74g 16mm, 3.42g
Klaros 22 mm, 8.93 g 19mm, 4.54g 16mm, 3.56g 14mm, 2.48g

Sosandros 24m m, 7.76g 19 mm, 4.18 g 17 mm, 3.32 g

 A S IA : Smyrna (2465-2476) 41g

2465 L eaded bronze. 17 m m , 4 .0 9 g (47). Axis: 12. [ 30 ] C a lig u la

Klose X X II B
ΣΕΒΑ(Σ)ΤΟΣ ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ; b are head, r. Menophanes, Aviola procos, c. AD py-8
ΔΙΟΝΥΣΙΟΣ ΚΟΛΛΥΒΑΣ; Nike standing, 1., holding
2471 Brass. 22 m m , 5.62 g (44). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 27 ]
w reath an d palm
i . N Y ; 2. L = BMC 252; 3. N Y ; 4—5 0 . See K lose; 5 1 . L in d g ren 558, Klose X X IX
4.35; 5 2 . B A ezani 92/1875. 3 obv. a n d 14 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal ΓΑΙΟΝ KAICAPA ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ £Π Ι ΑΟΥΙΟΛΑ;
analysis on: 2.
laureate head, r.
ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΕΙΝΑΝ ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ
ΜΗΝΟΦΑΝΗΟ; d rap ed b u st o f A grippina I, r., facing bare
Leontiskos Hippomedontos, c. i o BC (??) head of G erm anicus, 1.
i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —1 -1 7 7 1 (ex vA 2201), 5.44; 2 . L = bmc 269; 3—4 7 . See
2466 L eaded bronze. 19m m , 5 .3 2 g (68). Axis: 12. [ 40 ]
K lose. 6 obv. a n d 23 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2.
Klose X X I I I B
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩΙ ZMYPNAIOI; ju g a te lau reate head of A ugustus 2472 Brass. 21 m m , 4 .6 5 g (51). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 33 ]
and draped bust o f Livia, r. K lose X X V III
ΛΕΟΝΤΙΣΚΟΣ ΙΠΠΟΜ ΕΔΟΝΤΟΣ; A phrodite Stratonikis ΓΑΙΟΝ KAICAPA ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΕΠΙ ΑΟΥΙΟΛΑ;
standing, front, holding sceptre a n d Nike, an d leaning on lau reate head, r.
colum n; to r., dove ΔΡΟΥΠΛΛΑΝ ZMYPNAIWN MHNOOANHC; D rusilla as
i . L = b m c 25 5 , 6.22; 2. L = bm c 258; 3 - 7 4 . See K lose. 5' obv. a n d 34 Persephone, seated L, holding poppies an d ears o f corn,
rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2. ζ
an d sceptre
i . N Y , 4.44; 2. L = bmc 272; 3—5 8 . See K lose; 5 9 . B A ezan i (Fox);
6 0 . C (1986 ac q u isitio n ). 7 obv. a n d 34. rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
Koronos, c. AD 4.-14 an alysis on: 2.

2467 L eaded bronze. 19m m , 5.43g (54). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 28 ] 2473 Brass. 16m m , 3.42g (27). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 21 ]
K lose X X IV Klose X X V II A
CEBACTON TIBEPION KAICAPA; bare heads of ΓΑΙΟΝ KAICAPA ΕΠΙ AOY(I)OAA; lau reate head, r.
A ugustus and T iberius C aesar, facing one an o th er ZMYPNAIWN ΜΗΝΟΦΑΝΗΕ; Nike, r., w ith p alm and
ΛΙΒΙΑΝ ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ KOPQNOC; Livia as A phrodite w reath
Stratonikis standing, front, holding sceptre an d Nike, and i . L = b m c 2 7 7 , 3.66; 2—2 7 . See K lose. 6 obv. a n d 14 rev. dies.
leaning on colum n; to r., dove; to 1., m onogram FT Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: r.

i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —I —1770 (ex vA 2198), 5.42; 2—5 2 . See K lose. KAICAPA in

th e obv. legend is som etim es retro g ra d e. T h e sense o f th e m o n o g ra m is n ot 2474 Brass. 14m m , 2.41 g (28). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ ig ]
clear. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i.
K lose X X V II B
2468 AE. 13m m , 2.86g (14). Axis: 12. [ 12 ] ΓΑΙΟΝ KAICAPA; rad iate head, r.; behind, sta r
K lose X X II C corr. ZMYPNAIW/ ΩΝ; crab
i . L = b m c 2 8 0 , 2.15; 2. L = bmc 279; 3 —2 8 . See K lose. 5 obv. a n d 5 rev.
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; bare head, r. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 2.
ΚΟΡΩΝΟΣ ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ; capricorn, r.
i . N Y , 3.13; 2—16. See K lose, λ obv. a n d 2 rev. dies. T h e in scrip tio n on
th e obv. is in th e accu sativ e case, as on th e la rg er d e n o m in atio n o f
K oro nos.
C la u d iu s

Philistos and Eikadios, c. AD 50-4

T ib e r iu s
2475 Bronze. 2 0m m , 5.77g (21). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 14]
Hieronymos, Petronius procos, AD 2g-py K lose X X X
ZMY(P); lau reate h ead of C laudius an d d ra p e d b u st of
2469 Brass, i 2 m m , 6.17g (56)· Axis: 12. [ 32 ]
A grippina II , ju g a te r.
Klose X X V I Ε Π Ι ΦΙΛΙΣΤΟΥ ΕΙΚΑΔΙΟΣ; C ybele seated, r., w ith patera;
CEBACTH CYNKAHTOC/Y ZMYPNAIWN IEPWNYMOC; below, lion
d rap ed busts of Senate an d Livia, facing each other i . L = b m c 2 8 1 , 6.29; 2—22. See K lose; 23. L in d g ren A 561A , 4.80. 12
CEBACTOC TIBEPIOC ΕΠΙ neTPW N IO Y ; tem ple w ith obv. a n d 19 rev. dies. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 1.
four colum ns enclosing statu e of em peror as pontifex
I . L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 - 1 7 6 9 (ex vA 7993), 7.05; 2 - 5 9 . See K lose; 6 0 . L G1999,
2476 Bronze. 16 m m , 3.80 g (76). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 43 ]
6.32. 7 obv. a n d 34 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. K lose X X X I (‘B ritan n icu s’)
2470 Brass. 17m m , 3.62g (41). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 27 ] ZMY(P); d rap ed head o f N ero (?), r.
ΕΠΙ ΦΙΛΙΣΤΟΥ ΕΙΚΑΔΙΟΣ; Nike, r., w ith trophy over
K lose X X V
shoulder
TIBEP(IOC) (C)EBACTOC; lau reate head, r. i . L ^ b m c 2 8 4 , 3.83; 2. L = bmc 283; 3 - 9 1 . See K lose; 9 2 . L in d g ren
ZMYPNAIWN IEPW(N)YMOC; g arlan d ed alta r 562, 3.16. 17 obv. a n d 45 rev. dies. F o r th e id en tificatio n o f th e h ea d , see
i . L = b m c 2 6 3 , 2.84; 2. L = BMC 265; 3—4 1 . See K lose; 4 2 . L in d g ren in tro d u ctio n . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 2.
561, 3.69; 4 3 . J S W , 3.28. 4 obv. a n d 15 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: 2.
430 A S IA : Smyrna (2477-2490)

2477 Bronze. 13m m , 2.58g (11). Axis: 12. [ 9 ] 2484 AE. See 2483. [ 4 ]
Klose I Klose X X X II B, 61-2
ZMYP; bee As 2483, b u t CTPATHTOC KAAPOC ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ
ΕΠΙ ΦΙΛΙΣΤΟΥ ΕΙΚΑΔΙΟΣ; D em eter, veiled, stan d in g 1., i . P 2 0 0 9 , 3.85; 2—5. See K lose.
holding b ranch
i . B 2 9 7 /1 8 7 9 , 2.36; 2. L 192 1 -1 -2 0 -1 0 9 ; 3—12. See K lose. 2 obv. a n d 3
2485 AE. 14m m , 2.48g (16). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 15]
rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2. Klose II B
ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ; tu rrete d b ust o f Cybele, 1.
N e ro CTPATHTOC KAAPOC; T yche standing, 1., w ith p atera
an d cornucopia
Aulos Gessios Philopatris, c. AD 54-g i. L = bm c 1 31, 2.96; 2—19. See K lose. 4 obv. a n d 8 rev. dies.

2478 Bronze. 19m m , 5.6 0 g (48). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 9 ]

K lose X X X III, 18-27 No magistrates, c. AD 62-5
ΝΕΡΩΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΝ; d rap ed
2486 Bronze. 16 m m , 3.56 g (23). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 16 ]
b u st of A grippina II facing lau reate head o f N ero
ΑΥΛΟΣ ΓΕΣΣΙΟΣ ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ; Nemesis standing, r., Klose X X X IV B, 18-31
w ith caduceus; before, snake ΝΕΡΩΝΑ CEBACTON; lau reate head, r.
i . L 19 2 0 -8 -5 —1666 (ex Fox ex W eb er); 2—15. See K lose 18-27. T h e form NEIKH Π Ο(Π )Π ΑΙΑ ZMY(P); P oppaea as Nike, 1., w ith
C also occurs as a re g u la r v a ria n t. 4 obv. (1 sh ared w ith 2 4 7 9 ) a n d 9 rev. w reath an d cornucopia
dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
I . N Y , 5.31; 2. L = BMC 292; 3—27. See K lose. 5 obv. a n d 12 rev. dies.
2479 Bronze. See 2 4 7 8 . [ 21 ] Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 2. C o m p a re S ard is 3 0 1 0 ?

Klose X X X III, 1-17 an d 28-35

As 2478, b u t Ÿ ΓΕΣΣΙΟΣ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΡΙΣ, ZMY(P)
i . L = b m c 2 8 7 , 4.62; 2—3 9 . See K lose. T h e form C occurs as a reg u lar No im p e r ia l p o r tr a it
v a ria n t. 6 obv. ( i sh a re d w ith 2478) a n d 24 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
analysis on: 1.
stra Ti Claudius Sosandros and Ti Claudius Hieronymos,
2480 Bronze. 18m m , 4 .7 4 g (51). Axis: var. [ 37 ] c. AD 68-g
K lose X X X II
2487 Bronze. 24m m , 7.76g (19). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 13 ]
ΝΕΡΩΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; bare (or laureate) head, r.
Ÿ ΓΕΣΣΙΟΣ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΡΙΣ, ZM(Y)(P); Zeus seated, 1., Klose I I I A, 1-15
w ith transverse sceptre ΣΤΡΑ ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ΣΩΣΑΝΔΡΟΥ ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ; Zeus
i . L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 —1 7 7 4 ( e x vA 7996), 3.57; 2. L = BMC 285; 3 - 5 2 . See seated, 1., w ith transverse sceptre
K lose; 5 3 . L 19 4 7 -6 -6 -1 2 7 6 , 4.23. 7 obv. a n d 30 rev. dies. T h e form s C ΕΠ(Ε)Ι ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ΙΕΡΩΝΥΜΟΥ in laurel w reath
a n d 8 as w ell as Σ a n d E o cc u r as reg u lar v arian ts. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
i . L = b m c 1 20, 9.13; 2. L 1 8 9 5 -6 -6 —35; 3—16. See K lose. 8 obv. a n d 14
analysis on: 2.
rev. dies. T h e form C also occurs. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2.
2481 AE. 16 m m , 3.42 g (17). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 16]
2488 AE. See 2487. [ 3 ]
Klose II A
K lose I I I A, i 6 - i 8
ΘΕΟΝ CYNKAHTON; d rap ed b ust of Senate, r.; to r. and
ΕΠΙ ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ΙΕΡΩΝΥΜΟΥ ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ; Zeus
L, ZM ___
seated, 1., w ith transverse sceptre
ΘΕΑΝ ΡΩΜΗΝ AY ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΡΙΕ; R om a standing, r.,
CTPA ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ CQCANAPOY in laurel w reath
holding spear and trophy
1—4 . See K lose. 2 obv. a n d 3 rev. dies. T h e form Σ also occurs.
i . C 15; 2—2 0 . See K lose; 21. B P e r g a m o n (o.N .), 3.55. 1 obv. a n d 11
rev. dies.
2489 L eaded bronze (perhaps also brass?). 2 0m m , 4.18g (121).
[ 37 ]
Hermogenes and strategos Klares, c. AD 62-5
Klose I I I B a
2482 Bronze. 22m m , 8 .9 3 g Gl ) · Axis: 12 or 6. [ 11 ] ΘΕΟΝ CYNKAHTON ZMYP; d rap ed b ust of Senate, r.
Klose X X X IV A ΕΠΙ ΤΙ ΙΕΡΩΝΥΜΟΥ COCANAPOC; tem ple w ith six
ΝΕΡΩΝΑ CEBACTON ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑΝ CEBACTHN; lau reate colum ns
head of N ero facing d rap ed b u st of Poppaea i . L = b m c 122, 5.59; 2. L 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 7 6 7 ; 3—6 3 . See K lose. 12 obv. an d
42 rev. dies. T w o pieces o v erstru ck o n C a lig u la /G e rm a n ic u s an d
ΕΠΙ EPMOTENOYC CTPA CKPIBQNIOC KAAPOC,
A g rip p in a (2 4 7 1 : B M C 122, O (5.03)). Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 2.
ZMYP; Zeus seated, 1., w ith transverse sceptre T h e ov erstrik in g {cf. 2 4 9 0 ) suggests th a t som e coins m ay be o f brass; see
I . L = b m c 291, 9.58; 2—18. See K lose; 19. J S W , 9.62. 9 obv. a n d 14 rev. also in tro d u ctio n .
dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
2490 Brass (perhaps also bronze?). See 2489. [ 49 ]
2483 Bronze. 19 m m , 4.54 g (36). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 14 ]
Klose I I I B b
Klose X X X II B, 35-60
ΕΠΙ ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ΙΕΡΩΝΥΜΟΥ; Nemesis standing, r.
ΝΕΡΩΝΑ CEBACTON; b are head, r. CTPA TI (KAA)(Y) ΕΩΕΛΝΔΡΟΥ/Ε ZMY(P); river-god,
ΕΠΙ EPMOTENOYC KAAPOC, ZMYP; river-god, reclining, reclining, 1.
1. i . L = b m c 1 28, 3.61; 2 - 7 7 . See K lose. O v erstru ck o v er N ero /riv er-g o d
i . N Y , 4.17; 2. L = BM C 2 9 3 ; 3—3 2 . See K lose. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis (2 4 8 3 —4: O , N Y , V ), a n d p e rh a p s C alig u la (2 4 7 1 : B M C 128). 29 obv.
on: 2.

a n d 46 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i. T h e o v erstriking {cf.
2 4 8 9 ) suggests th a t som e coins m ay be o f bronze; see also in tro d u ctio n .
2491 Bronze. 17 mm, 3.32 g (9). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 10 ]
Klose III C
Clazomenae
There are a number of different coins of Augustus, all of
which are characterised by the inscription ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ
ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ (or similar). The sequence which has been adop­
ted here is based on the development of the portrait, from
younger to older and from bare to laureate, and of the
changes in the legend. The word ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ (which similarly
occurs on Augustan coins of Teos, 2511-12) obviously
refers to a refoundation of the city by Augustus: this is
usually presumed to have taken place after the earthquake
of 12 B C (D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor, p. 479; W. H.
Gross, Iulia Augusta, p. 34), but might well have occurred as
a result of an earlier earthquake, such as that of 26/25 b c
(Magie, p. 469) or 47/46 b c (cf. A. Davesne, RN, 1987, pp.
15-2°)·
There is a unique coin of Gaius and Lucius in L (BMC
120, acquired in 1872 from Wigan, igm m A ^gg: see pi.
110):
ΓΑΙΟΣ Λ8ΥΚΙΟΣ; facing busts of Gaius and Lucius Caesar.
ΚΛΑΖΟΜ8ΝΙΩΝ; horseman, r.
This coin is rejected here as a forgery. The style of the
obverse portraits is very peculiar, and the lettering
unconvincing: the K is made of separated I and C, the
combination of 8 (as opposed to E) and Σ (as opposed to C)
is unparalleled at Clazomenae during this period.
Moreover, if genuine, it would be the only Augustan coin to
have 8 rather than E. It seems more likely that it is a
forgery, which has been made by altering one of the coins of
ΡΩΜΗ and CYNKAHTOC (see, e.g., BMC 113, P 197 = Wa
1468, Mu 45; another in B), which have the same reverse.
(The Roma and Senate coin should therefore not be dated
to the Augustan period, but, on the basis of its letter forms
and similarity with coins of Titus and Domitian - e.g., L
1893-6-3-40 - to the Flavian period.)
Subsequent issues are known in the names of APOYCOC
HPWC, Claudius, Agrippina, Britannicus and Antonia.
The coins of Claudius and Britannicus clearly date from
Claudius’s reign, but Trillmich (Familienpropaganda der
Kaiser Caligula und Claudius, pp. 172-3) suggested that the
coins of Drusus, Antonia and Agrippina (= Agrippina I)
were all minted under Caligula. This was because he
thought that the style of the coin of Agrippina was close to
that of the coins of Antonia and Drusus, but different from
that of the coins of Britannicus. This is not at all clear, and
the view taken here is that all of these coins were minted in
the reign of Claudius. First, the reverses of the coins of
Agrippina and of Claudius are extremely close (although a
die identity has not been noted). Second, there is a coin of L
(1929—5—16-71 = 2502) which combines an obverse of
Britannicus with the same reverse type as one which is
otherwise found only for Antonia (although, once again,
there does not seem to be a die link). There is no direct
ASIA: Smyrna, Clazomenae (2491) 421
CTPA CQCANAPOC, ZMYP; zebu standing, r.
ΕΠΙ ΚΡΩΝΥΜΟΥ; lighted a lta r
I . L = bm c 1 29, 3.29; 2—IO. See K lose, i o bv. a n d 6 rev. dies. Q u alitativ e
m e tal an alysis on: i.
evidence linking Drusus to these coins, but otherwise his
coins would be isolated (not impossible, but perhaps
unlikely). Moreover, the commemoration of Claudius’s
father would then match that for his mother Antonia. This
leaves the problem of the identity of Agrippina: is it Agrip­
pina I or II? Agrippina I would seem unlikely under
Claudius without Germanicus, his brother and her
husband, and Agrippina II unlikely in a group which
includes Britannicus but omits Nero. Although it is difficult
to be sure, the portrait does seem more like that of Agrip­
pina I; we might therefore expect a coin for Germanicus to
be discovered one day. According to this line of argument,
the Claudian issue would have consisted of:
Claudius /Athena on reverse
Agrippina /Athena on reverse
Drusus /altar
Antonia /Cybele on reverse
Britannicus/Cybele on reverse
Britannicus/ram
(One should perhaps also recall the possibility that
APOYCOC HPWC is the same person as the Ti Cl Drusus
on coins of Myrina, 2425.)
None of the imperial coins without imperial portraits
seems to belong to the Julio-Claudian period, as is indicated
by their six o’clock die axis {BMC, 111), style and position­
ing of the legend.
The symbolism of the Augustan types with stars is not
clear. On one issue the portrait is accompanied by a star; on
both the figure of Athena on the reverse seems to be holding
a star, or perhaps she is holding the word ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ, with
her hand underneath a star. One feels there must be some
connection with the refoundation, but it is not clear what
this might be. The description of Drusus as HPWC (not
0 EOC, as Münsterberg, Kaisernamen, thought possible) is
unparalleled on coins, but can be seen as an example of the
heroic rather than divine status accorded to junior (male)
members of the imperial house {cf. S. Price, Rituals and
Power, p. 34, n. 41). Most of the reverse types are tradi­
tional: Athena (and hence her owl) and the ram. The war­
rior, who also appears on later coins, may be Paralus
(Strabo 633) or Parphorus (Pausanias, V II.3.8), the
legendary founder of Clazomenae, obviously suitable in
association with Augustus as refounder. The turreted figure
of Cybele is also common on the later Clazomenian coinage.
The following entries in the vA Index should be deleted:
1. Livia, on her own (P). No such coin.
2. Tiberius, on his own (P). No such coin (unless it is P
202, which is catalogued here as ‘Augustus??’ = 2497).
3. Tiberius, and Augustus (P). No such coin.
4. Drusus II, under Tiberius. In fact, Drusus I under
Claudius.
4S2 A S IA : Clazomenae, Erythrae (2492-2503)

5. Caligula (P). No such coin. A u g u s tu s ? ?

6. Agrippina II, under Claudius. Probably Agrippina I
(see 2499, and above). 2497 L eaded bronze. 1 8 m m , 4 .0 2 g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
In addition, the coin of Nero in B classified as a coin of L egend (if any) illegible; lau reate head, r.
Clazomenae is, in fact, a coin of Maeonia in Lydia. ΚΛΑΖΟΜΕΝΙΩΝ; ram reclining, r.
The denomination(s) is/are not clear. The earlier coins i . L 1 9 6 1 —3 —1—2 2 3 , 4.14; 2 . P 202, 4.54; 3 . O , 3.39. T h e a ttrib u tio n to
A u g u stu s is by n o m ean s ce rtain , in view o f th e illegibility o f th e obv. I f a
are all about 20 mm, and the later ones about 17-18 mm. It sp ecim en w ere found in c lu d in g ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ, how ever, th e a ttrib u tio n w ould
is not certain whether they are supposed to represent two be confirm ed. O th erw ise th e coin m ig h t p e rh a p s b e o f T ib eriu s.
denominations or one with a declining diameter; probably Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.

the second alternative, as the weight standard remains

broadly consistent (4.33 g, average of fifty-three specimens).
C la u d iu s *i.
The coins are all bronze.
2498 AE. 18m m , 4 .7 2 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
A u g u s tu s TI KAAYAIOC KAICAP; b are head, r.
KAAZOMCNIWN; A th en a standing, 1., holding out p atera
and transverse sp ear a n d shield
2492 L eaded bronze. 20m m , 4 .2 6 g (4). Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
i . B (5 7 8 /1 8 7 7 ), 4.50; 2. B (L ö b b ); 3. M u 60, 4.93. S am e dies: 1-2.
BMC 118, AMC 1265
2499 AE. 17 mm , 4.87 g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r.; to r., star
ΚΛΑΖΟΜΕΝΙΩΝ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ; A th en a standing, r., holding ΘΕΑΝ ΑΓΡΙΠΠείΝΑΝ; d rap ed b u st o f A grippina (I?), r.
out h an d below star, an d resting arm on shield KAAZOMCNIWN; A thena, as 2498

I . L 1 8 9 5 - 6 - 6 - 2 5 , 4.42; 2—3 . L = bm c i 18, G0796, 3.98, 4.19; i . P 2 0 4 (= W a 1471), 5.81; 2 . B (I- B = km 514, 4), 4.58; 3 . P

4 . O = AMC 1265, 4.43; 5 . B (I-B = mg 284, 25). Q u a lita tiv e m etal D elep ierre, 4.21. 2 is illu stra te d b y T rillm ich , Familienpropaganda der Kaiser
analysis on: i . Caligula und Claudius, T a f. 16.23.

2493 AE. 20m m , 4.10g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ] 2500 AE. 17m m , 5 .2 6 g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
As 3492, b u t head 1. (star in front of head not visible, if C op 118
ever present) APOYCOC HPWC; lau reate head o f D rusus, r.
I. B (I-B ), 3.60; 2. P 201, 4-59; 3. V 28271 (from S m yrna, 1881), 4.10; KAAZOMCNIWN; a lta r surm o u n ted by snake
4 . W e b e r 5802.
! . B (I-B), 5.09; 2 . C o p 118, 4.72; 3 . M u 57, 5.97. A ll from th e sam e obv.
die. i is illu strated b y T rillm ich , Familienpropaganda der K aiser Caligula und
2494 L eaded bronze. 18m m , 4 .2 5 g (5). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
Claudius, T a f. 16.20.
BMC I I 7, F IT A , pi. X I.48
2501 A E. 17m m , 4 .0 9 g (6). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ; bare head, r.
ΚΛΑΖΟΜΕΝΙΩΝ; owl, facing C op 119
i . B (I-B ), 4 .8 7 ; 2. B (Fox); 3 . L = bm c 117, 4 .4 9 ; 4 . B U n c e rta in = f i t a , ΘΕΑΝ ANTWNIAN; d rap ed b u st o f A ntonia, r.
pi. X I . 4 8 ; 5. C = s n g 4 5 7 4 ( ‘P rie n e ’), 3 .9 7 ; 6. V 2 9 9 7 2 , 3 .6 8 ; 7. M u 56, KAAZOMENIWN; Cybele, veiled a n d turreted , standing
4 .2 5 . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 3.
facing
2495 L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 5.07g (9). Axis: 12. [ 13] i . B 2 8 9 5 5 , 4.42; 2 . B ( B - I) , 3.78; 3 . O , 4.05; 4 . C M cC le an 8045 (pi.
277.3); 5 . C o p 119, 3.86; 6 . V 32443 (obv. a lte re d to re a d
BMC I 15, AMC 1264, C op I l6 0 £ANKAAZOM £NIAN), 4.36; 7. M u 56, 4.08. 1 is illu stra te d b y T rillm ich ,
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ; lau reate head, r. Familienpropaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius, T af. 16.19. P erh ap s all
from th e sam e obv. die.
ΚΛΑΖΟΜΕΝΙΩΝ; w arrior walking, r., w ith spear and
shield 2502 Bronze. 17m m , 3 .7 8 g (1). Axis: 1 2 (1 ). [ 1 ]
i . P 2 0 0 ( — W a 1470), 4.63; 2—3. L = b m c 115-16, 5.93, 5.14; BPoTANNIKOC KAICAP; d rap ed b u st of Britannicus, r.
4 . O — AMc 1264, 4.85; 5 . C o p 116, 5.16; 6 . P 199, 4.75; 7—10. B (F o x ,
T B , O.N., L ö b b ); n . C C o rja n , 3.89; 12. V 30683, 6.26; 13. M u 55,
KAAZOMCNIWN; Cybele, as 2501
5.02; 14. W e b er 5803. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2. r . L 1 9 2 0 - 5 —1 6 - 7 1 ( = nc 1921, 18), 3.78. P erh ap s a h y b rid o f
B ritan n ic u s a n d A n to n ia. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i.
2496 L eaded bronze. 17m m , 3 .8 6 g (10). Axis: 12. [ 14 ]
2503 Bronze. 17m m , 3.46g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
BMC I 19, AMC I266, C op I 17
bmc 121, C op 120
ΚΛΑΖΟΜ ΚΤΙΣΤΉΣ; lau reate head, r.
ΘΕΑ ΛΙΒΙΑ; bust o f Livia, r. BPCTANNIKOC KAICAP; d rap ed bust of B ritannicus, r.
i . L = b m c i i 9 , 4.60; 2. N Y ; 3 - 4 . O = a m c 1266-7, 3.13, 2.81; 5. vA
KAAZOMCNIWN; ram reclining, r.
7896, 4.12; 6 . C o p 117, 4.66; 7—8. P 203, 203(1), 4.41, 3.87; 9—i i . B (I- I . B (I-B), 3.00; 2 . L = bmc 12 1, 3.45; 3 . C o p 12 1, 3.93. i is illu strated
B, L ö b b , B -I); 12. C 299/1948; 13—14. V 30943, 17070, 3.76, 3.06; by T rillm ich , Familienpropaganda der K aiser Caligula und Claudius, T af. 16.22.
15. M u 57a, 4.20; 16. W eber 5801. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 2.

Erythrae
The coinage of Erythrae produced during the period of the 1980), pp. 156-62. During this period it seems that there
Roman Republic has been studied by P. Kinns, Studies in the were three issues; the latest of these was struck in two
Coinage of Ionia (Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, denominations and by four magistrates, one of whom,

Metronax Zopyrou, also struck coins for Augustus, and was
therefore dated by Kinns to c. 40-30 b c . In this catalogue
only the coin of Metronax (Kinns, no. 343) is included, and
it is dated rather later. Kinns pointed out that it stands a
little apart from the other coins in the issue (e.g., lower
weight, presence of ethnic), and in view of the similarity of
the reverses it can hardly be dissociated chronologically
from the Augustus issue. This in turn is not easily datable;
the portrait is youthful, but it is wreathed (normally a late
feature). The curious short wreath ties are reminiscent of
so-called ‘Spanish’ denarii struck between 19 and 16 b c , s o
a date ofc. 10 b c seems plausible for Metronax’s two types.
In the early imperial period coins were otherwise struck
only for Augustus (and, possibly, Tiberius: see below).
Apart from the coins of Metronax there are two groups. An
issue was made by ΕΚΑΤΩΝΥΜΟΣ ΑΙΣΧΡΙΩΝΟΣ: the
portrait is of the same general appearance as that on
Metronax’s coins, and the reverse is similar, with only an
inscription in several lines. The issue is therefore probably
to be dated shortly after that of Metronax.
The issues of Metronax and Hekatonymos are followed
by coins with a bare head on the obverse and a figure of
Heracles on the reverse, signed by four different
magistrates:
Η Ρ Α Κ Λ Η Ο Σ (n o t Η Ρ Α Κ Λ Η [T ]Ο Σ, as KM , p. 63, no. 5)
Δ ΙΝ Ο Μ Ε Ν Ο Υ Σ
Σ Τ Ρ Α Τ Ο Κ Λ Η Σ Ο Ρ Θ Α ΙΟ Υ
ΕΠΙΘΕΡΣΗΣ ΘΕΥ(?)ΤΟΥ (according to Münsterberg,
Beamtennamen, ΘΕΡΣΗΣ ΕΠΙΘΕΤΟΥ, but, despite
ΘΕΡΣΗΣ ΕΚΑΤΟΔΩΡΟΥ of Kinns 322, the letters are not
in the right places for this reading)
ΕΚΑΤΟΔΩΡΟΣ HPA.
The magistrates should all be dated closely together, as
there are at least some die links between their coins, but it is
not easy to see when they should be dated. The portrait,
which is bare and relatively youthful, might have been
expected to be among the earliest in the reign of Augustus,
and it seems unlikely that these coins can break the
sequence from the Hellenistic period to the issues of
Metronax and Hekatonymos of plain inscriptional reverses.
If, as appears probable, Heracleos Dinomenous is
descended from Dinomenes Heracleou (BMC 216 of c. 70-
60 b c , according to Kinns), one would expect him to be a
son or grandson. This might crudely suggest a date ofc. 40-
30 b c or c. a d 20-30, and raises the possibility that the
emperor in question may even be Tiberius, a possibility
which cannot be definitely excluded by the portrait. The
question is here left unresolved.
The following corrections should be made to the
published corpus of contemporary Erythraean coins:
1. The entry in the vA Index for Livia under Augustus is
based on Babelon’s (Wa 1678) misidentification of the Sibyl
on 2504/8 as Livia.
2. Ήράκλεος Αυτόνομου: Münsterberg, Beamtennamen (ex
M 3.133), is probably a misreading of ΗΡΑΚΛΗΟΣ
ΔΙΝΟΜΕΝΟΥΣ.
3· Lor ΗΡΑΚΛΗΟΣ ΔΙΝΟΜΕΝΟΥΣ rather than
ΗΡΑΚΛΗΤΟΣ ΔΙΝΟΜΕΝΟΥΣ (Münsterberg, Beamten­
namen, ex Imhoof-Blumer, KM, p. 63), see above.
A S IA : Erythrae (2504-2506) 423
4. Lor ΕΠΙΘΕΡΣΗΣ ΘΕΥ(?)ΤΟΥ rather than ΘΕΡΣΗΣ
ΕΠΙΘΕΤΟΥ (Münsterberg, Beamtennamen, ex BMC 250), see
above, and 2509 below.
5. Münsterberg, Beamtennamen, also includes, with scepti­
cism, ΣΥΜΑΡΟΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥΣ from Mi S6.220.951. Mio-
nnet himself was doubtful, suggesting a possible alternative
attribution to Colophon, and Münsterberg pointed out that
a duplicate entry appears in Mi S6.451.84 under Antioch in
Caria. Neither of these alternatives seems right, however;
nor is the type (Apollo standing) right for them or for
Erythrae.
The coin published by Grant (FITA, p. 364 and pi.
X I.66) as a coin of Tiberius from Erythrae, and sub­
sequently published by Heichelheim as a coin of Lebedus
(SNG Fitzwilliam 450), seems to be neither of Erythrae or
Lebedus, and is catalogued here under ‘Uncertain’ (5444).
Lübbecke {ZfN 12, 1885, 318, followed very hesitantly by
Münsterberg, Beamtennamen) published the following coin of
Nero in his collection as an issue of Erythrae (16 mm):
[Ν]ΕΡΩΝ KAICAP. Kopf des Nero linkshin.
[EPY] ... ΚΛΟΥ-ΤΟ in vier Zeilen in einem Kranz
A new specimen of this coin shows that the reverse inscrip­
tion is ΕΠΙ ΔΕΝΤΙΚΛΟΥ TO Γ. The coin does not resemble
other coins of Erythrae, and has been catalogued under
‘Uncertain’ (5462).
The early imperial coinage was struck in two denomi­
nations, the smaller of about 14 mm and 22-3 g, the larger
(2506) of 18 mm and about 5 g, presumably double the
smaller.
All types used (inscription in four lines, Sibyl and
Heracles) were traditional at Erythrae.
A u g u s tu s , C. 10 B C (? )
2504 AE. 15m m , 2.07g (2). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
EPY; Sibyl H erophile, seated on a rock holding a scroll;
all in w reath
ΜΗΤΡΩΝΑΞ ΖΩΠΥΡΟΥ in four lines
i . P 1 3 9 9 / 6 6 , 1.69; 2 —3 . B ( P ro k e s c h , L ö b b ); 4 . A 531716; 5 —7. I; 8 . P
1314 ( = W a 1678 ‘L iv ie’), 2.45.
2505 L eaded bronze. 14m m , 2.46g (12). Axis: 12. [ 28 ]
BMC 246, AMC 1286, C op 764
EPY; laureate head, r.; before, lituus
♦ΜΗΤΡΩΝΑΞ ΖΩΠΥΡΟΥ in four lines
*· L I 19 7 9 _ I —1—J 7 4 5 (ex vA 1974)5 2·33; 2 - 3 · L = bmc 2 4 6 -7 , 2.69, 2.30;
4 —6 . O = AMC 1286-8, 2.81, 2.32, 2.17; 7 —1 0 . P 1308 ( = W a 1679), 1311-
12, D elep ierre, 2.59, 2.53, 1.77, 2.16; 1 1 —1 5 . B (Fox, Fox, I-B , L öbb,
L ö b b ); 1 6 —1 7 . C o p 764-5, 2.51, 2.17; 1 8 —2 1 . C M cC le an 8173 (pi.
283.3), Leake S u p p l., H aslu ck , 289/1948, 2.45, —, 2.51, —; 2 2 —2 4 . V
17 3 7 4 —5 s 28141; 2 5 . M u 92, 2.42; 2 6 —2 8 . N Y ; 2 9 . L in d g ren A492A,
2.87; 3 0 . W e b er 5979. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
2506 L eaded bronze. 18 m m , 4.98 g (4). Axis: 12. [ 8 ]
bmc 245, C op 766
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r.
EPY ΕΚΑΤΩΝΥΜΟΣ ΑΙΣΧΡΙΩΝΟΣ in five lines
i . L = b m c 2 4 5 , 5.28; 2 . C o p 766, 4.57; 3 —4 . B ( B - I, R a u c h ) ; 5 . P 1306,
4.48; 6 . V 35143, 4-971 7 · M u 9 3 , 5-o8; 8 . P 1299/78, 4.38.
424 A S IA : Erythrae, Teos (2507-2510)
U n c e rta in e m p ero r ( A u g u s tu s or T ib e r iu s )
2507 AE. 14m m , 3.26g (6). Axis: 12.
AMC 1290
EPY; b are head, r.
ΗΡΑΚΛΗΟΣ ΔΙΝΟΜΕΝΟΥΣ; H eracles advancing, r.,
b randishing club
i . N Y , 5.22; 2. N Y ; 3 . 0 = am c 1290, 2.17; 4 - 5 . P 1310, D elepierre,
2.51, 3.48; 6—8. V 17373, 3 5 ! 4 5 ! 359605 — 5 2 .0 0 , 2.60; 9—i i . B (Fox, B-
I = km 63, no. 5, L öbb); 12. M u 91, 4.12; 1 3 -1 4 · P 1299/82-3, 2.59,
4.09.
2508 L eaded bronze. 14m m , 2.63g (7). Axis: 12.
BMC 248, AMC 1289, C op 762
As 2507, b u t ΣΤΡΑΤΟΚΛΗΣ ΟΡΘΑΙΟΥ
i . L G 0 8 1 9 , 2.84; 2—3. L = BMC 248-9, 2.01, 2.11; 4 . O = AMC 1289,
The late Hellenistic coinage of Teos has been studied by P.
Kinns, Studies in the Coinage of Ionia (Ph.D. thesis, University
of Cambridge, 1980), pp. 228-38. According to Kinns’s
tentative classification there was a small issue of reduced
Attic drachms in the first century b c and various small
issues of bronze in both the second and first centuries.
The early imperial coins were all struck under Augustus
or Nero. No coinage was made for Tiberius, whose reign
saw the establishment of a cult of Tiberius at Teos (L.
Robert, Etudes Anatoliennes, pp. 34-5, for a priest of Tiberius,
and for the probable renaming of the Dionyseia as the Dio-
nyseia Kaisareia in his reign).
The coins of Augustus with a laureate head on the
obverse and Dionysus with a griffin on the reverse have
been placed last, since laureate heads are likely to be later
than bare, and since the griffin is found on Neronian coins.
Three of the other coins (2512-14) have an identical
obverse style, and, despite differences in obverse and
reverse legend, should probably be regarded as different
denominations of a single issue. The position of the remain­
ing issue, with the head of Augustus in the temple (2511), is
not clear, but the style of the figure of Dionysus on the
three-denomination issue is more like that on the laureate
issue than on the emperor-in-temple coins, so 2511 is prob­
ably the first of the reign. Absolute dates are completely
uncertain; one might guess that the laureate issue comes no
earlier than about 10 b c , and the other coins somewhat
earlier.
There seems no reason to suppose, with vA Index, that the
coins of Agrippina II were struck under Claudius; the
portrait of Nero and the presence of Octavia and Agrippina
suggest that all the coins belong in the first part of Nero’s
reign. It is possible that more than one issue is involved, but
the uncertainties about the presence of the star symbol (see
2516) make this an open question at the time of writing.
The main problem with the imperial coinage of Teos is
dating the ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coinage. The following
criteria have been used. All the imperial coins checked of
the first century a d have a twelve o’clock die axis; in the
early second century both twelve and six occur, but from
the middle of the century six is normal. Second, the ethnic is
written in a straight line on the coinage of the Julio-
3.32; 5 - 6 . C o p 762-3, 2.70, 2.51; 7 . V 35144, 2.90; 8 - 9 . P 1307 ( = W a
1680), D elep ierre, 2.84, 3.10; 1 0 —1 2 . B (I-B = mg 288, L ö b b , L ö b b ).
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.
[ 14 ]
2509 L eaded bronze. 14m m , 2.51g (2). Axis: 12. [ 6 ]
BMC 250 corr., C op 761
As 2507, b u t ΕΠΙΘΕΡΣΗΣ ΘΕΥ(?)ΤΟΥ
I . L — B M C 2 5 0 , 2.49; 2 . C o p 761, 2.52; 3 —4 . P 1313, 1299/86, 3.02, 2.47;
5. V 30348; 6. B (I-B ). T h e Y in th e second n am e is n o t clear, b u t there
does seem to b e a le tte r like Y p artially visible o n 2. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: 1.
2510 L eaded bronze. 14m m , 2.96g (5). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
[ 12 ] BMC 251, C op 760
As 2507, b u t ΕΚΑΤΟΔΩΡΟΣ HPA
I . L = B M C 2 5 2 , 2.81; 2 . L = BMC 251, 2.28; 3 . C o p 760, 2 . 13; 4 —5 . B (I-
B, L ö b b ); 6—7 . V 35146-7, 4.10, 3.47. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
Teos
Claudian period, but is circular from Domitian onwards.
Normally the Julio-Claudian legend reads downwardly on
the right; the only exceptions being the small denomi­
nations under Augustus and under Nero, when it reads
upwardly (because of the additional reverse legend). Letter
forms are of little use, since Ω is normal throughout the
coinage (except for Faustina II, who has W); Σ and E occur
under Augustus, but C and £ from Nero onwards, though
this, of course, is of little assistance except on the rare
occasions when there is some additional legend.
These criteria (especially the positioning of the ethnic)
exclude all the imperial ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins from
the period catalogued here, though leaving a relatively large
number of types probably assignable to the Flavian period
(e.g., the Synkletos coins). In addition, one type (Silenus
mask r./Dionysus in temple: KM, p. 99, no. 20, L 1894-10—
5—24) was struck over a coin of Nero (N. F. Schulten,
October 1984, lot 182; and probably also L 1894-10-5-24).
The reverse of the undertype is not clear but both under­
types are perhaps also coins of Teos. For similar overstrik­
ing of Nero’s coins, see Smyrna 2490 (perhaps in a d 68-9)
and Sardis (under Vespasian).
The types (grapes, Dionysus, griffin) are traditional. One
type depicts Dionysus in a temple with four columns. This
temple has recently been discussed by A. Davesne (‘Le
temple de Dionysos à Téos’, RN, 1987, pp. 15-20), who has
suggested that there is a change in the depiction of Dio­
nysus from the reign of Augustus, and that this is evidence
that the temple of Dionysus, which had been demolished in
the earthquake of 47—46 b c , was reconstructed between the
reigns of Augustus and Nero. This conclusion does not,
however, seem justified; the differences between the two
representations are slight or non-existent (some Augustan
coins show Dionysus with a griffin, some do not; coins of
Nero have him with a griffin, but those of Agrippina and
Octavia do not). Moreover, the reconstruction of the city
probably began earlier, during the reign of Augustus, since
he is always described as ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ (the same legend,
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ, occurs at near-by Clazomenae,
where it is thought to refer to a similar refoundation after an
earthquake). One imagines, however, that it was this tem­
ple of Dionysus which also appears enclosing a bust of
 A S IA : Teos, Lebedus (2511-2520) ^25

Augustus and of Nero, probably indicating that statues of i . 0 = a m c 1 3 2 0 , 1.90; 2. N Y; 3. C o p 151 6 , 2.19; 4—5. B (I-B , B -I),
1.98, — ; 6. P 2970, i . 71; 7. V 28295.
the emperors were placed in the temple, although S. Price
(.Rituals and Power) thinks that these coins depict the naos of 2515 L eaded bronze. 17m m , 5 .4 5 g (3). Axis: 12. [ 6 ]
the Sebastoi attested by an inscription (IGR, IV, 1581). bm c 67
The denominations used are not easy to elucidate. The ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ; lau reate head, r.
emperor-in-temple coins of both Augustus and Nero seem ΤΗΙΩΝ; D ionysus standing, 1., w ith c a n th a ru s and filleted
to be the same (19111171/4.89 g and 1901111/5.4gg respect­ thyrsus; to 1., griffin
ively) and perhaps the same as the laureate issue of I . B (I-B ), 5.57; 2—3 . B (Fox, L ö b b ); 4 . L = bm c 67, 5.87; 5. V 30970;
Augustus ( 17 mm/5.45 g); the three-denominational issue of 6. M u 44a, 4.92. M u 45 (labelled ‘D ru su s a n d A n to n ia ’) is eith er a n o th e r
ex am p le o f this, o r o f th e sim ilar ty p e for N ero (2 5 1 6 ). Q u a lita tiv e m etal
Augustus consists of 1701111/3.58g, i2mm/2-36g and an alysis on: 4.
11 mm/1 .g2 g. The largest of these may correspond to the
denominations of the coins of Agrippina and Octavia
(15mm, 3.91 g and 16mm, 3.42g respectively), but it is
clear that the pattern of denominations is very uncertain. N e ro
P 2g20 (ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; head of Augustus with lituus/facing
head of Dionysus [?]) has not been included here as a coin 2516 L eaded bronze. 19m m , 5.49g (9). Axis: 12. [ 17 ]
of Teos. Only -ΩΝ in the legend can be read with certainty, BMC 71, C op 1518
and the reverse type is unknown at Teos. It has therefore ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP; lau reate head, r.; before, sta r
been catalogued under ‘Uncertain’ (5430). ΤΗΙΩΝ; D ionysus standing, L, w ith c a n th a ru s and
thyrsus; to 1., griffin
i . B (I-B ), 5.81; 2 - 5 . B (B -I, L ö b b , 7988, L ö b b ); 6. O , 6 .ig ; 7 - 8 . V
17 9 1ο , 32715, —, 4.oo; g . L = b m c 71, 5.51; 1 0 - 1 1 . L = bm c 72-3 , 4.18,
A u g u s tu s ___________________________ 6.07; 12. P 2971, 5.21; 13—14· C o p 1518-19, 6.31, 6.12; 15. M u 46, 5.26;
16. N Y ; 17. B (Fox). T h e s ta r is n o t alw ays clear, a n d it is possible th a t
som e dies do n o t h av e it: they m ig h t th en c o rresp o n d to th e v ariety o f
2511 L eaded bronze. 18m m , 4 .8 9 g (6). Axis: 12. [ 12 ] O cta v ia w ith n o s ta r (2 5 1 8 below ). O n tw o coins (16 a n d 17, different
BMC 69, C op 1515 dies) th ere ap p e ars to b e a scep tre b eh in d th e e m p e ro r’s h ea d , b u t this is
n o t ce rtain . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 9.
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ; tem ple w ith four colum ns,
enclosing b are head, r. 2517 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3.93g (5). Axis: 12. [ 8 ]
ΤΗΙΩΝ; D ionysus standing, 1., w ith can th aru s an d filleted C op 1517
thyrsus
ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ C8BACTH; d rap ed b ust of A grippina II, r.
i . L = b m c 6 9 , 4.70; 2 - 3 . L 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -2 9 8 , 1947 -6 -6 -1 1 0 0 , 5.85, 4.17;
ΤΗΙΩΝ; tem ple w ith four colum ns, enclosing Dionysus
4 . N Y; 5. C op 1515, 2.58; 6 - 7 . P 2922, 2969, 5.20, 5.24; 8 - 9 . B
376/1880, 217/1886; ί ο - n . V 17908, 31129; 12. M u 94, 4.36; 13. PV ; standing, I., w ith can th a ru s a n d thyrsus
14. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 220, 4.98; 15. W e b er 6233. Q u a lita tiv e m etal I . L 1 9 4 7 - 7 - 3 - 2 6 , 3.95; 2. C o p 1517, 3.99; 3. P 2925, 4.03; 4 . P
analysis on: 1. D elepierre, 3.87; 5. O , 3.80; 6 . B (I-B ); 7—8. V 17909, 28150. Q u alitativ e
m etal an alysis on: 1.
2512 L eaded bronze. 17m m , 3.58g (7). Axis: 12. [ 9 ]
2518 AE. 18m m , 4 .6 7 g (4). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
BMC 68, AMc 1319, C op 1514
bm c 74 c o rr.
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ; b are head, r.
ΤΗΙΩΝ; D ionysus standing, 1., w ith can th a ru s a n d filleted OKTAOYIAN; d rap ed b u st of O ctavia, r.
thyrsus ΝΕΡΩΝ ΤΗΙΩΝ; tem ple w ith two colum ns, enclosing bare
i . B (I-B ), 3.06; 2. L = BMC 68, 3.37; 3 . N Y ; 4 . L 1 9 4 7 -7 -3 -6 , 3.76; head o f N ero, r.
5. O — AMc 1319, 3.73; 6 . C o p 1514, 3.07; 7 - 8 . P 2921, 2968, 3.65, 3.23; I. B (I-B ), 4.61; 2. B (B -I); 3 . L = bm c 74, 4.57; 4 . L 1 9 2 7 -6 -7 -3 0 , 4.47;
9 . V 34484, 3.72; 10. L in d g ren A 578C , 4.37; 11. W e b er 6232. Q u a lita tiv e 5. P 2924, 4.40; 6 . O , 5.04; 7. V 30912.
m etal analysis on: 2.
2519 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3 .5 9 g (3). Axis: 12. [ 8 ]
2513 L eaded bronze. 12 m m , 2.36 g (4). Axis: 12. [ '6 ]
bm c 75, C op 1520
BMC 70, AMC 1321
OKTAOYIA; d rap ed bust, r.; to r., star
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. ΤΗΙΩΝ; D ionysus standing, L, w ith c a n th a ru s and thyrsus
ΤΗΙΩΝ; b unch of grapes I. L = b m c 75, 4.03; 2. N Y ; 3. C o p 1520, 3.94; 4 - 6 . P 2923, 2972-3,
i . N Y ; 2. L = BMC 70, 2.54; 3. P 2920a ( = W a 1992), 2.82; 4 . O = am c 3.42, 2.45, 3.30; 7. M u 46a, 2.79; 8. V 27494. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis
1321, 2.15; 5. B (I-B ); 6. V 36701, 1.92. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2. on: i.

2514 AE. 11 m m , 1.94g (4)· Axis: 12. [ 7 ] 2520 AE. 16m m , 3.29g (4). Axis: 12. [ 6 ]
am c 1320, C op 1516 As 2519, b u t obv. legend OKTA(B)IA an d no star(?)
Bare head, r. i . O , 3.25; 2. O (OKTAIA), 2.75; 3—4. B (B -I, 43 9 /1 8 8 7 ); 5. C Leake,
3.28; 6· C o p 1521, 3.87.
TH; griffin, r.

Lebedus
The late Hellenistic coinage of Lebedus has been studied by
P. Kinns, Studies in the Coinage of Ionia (Ph.D. thesis, Univer­
sity of Cambridge, 1980), p. 258. A fairly large coinage of
silver tetradrachms had been minted in the second century
BC, and m any varieties of bronze coinage had been produ­
ced until the m id-first century b c .
In the early imperial period, only one issue can definitely
be ascribed to Lebedus, in the reign of Tiberius, signed by
Dionysodoros. There are two pairs of dies, one obverse T ib e r iu s
being signed CEBACTOC and the other TIBEPIOC, but in
view of the similar portraits and same magistrate’s name, it 2521 A E. 19m m , 5 .3 4 g (1). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ]
seems reasonable to regard both as Tiberius. The entry for
CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r.
Augustus in the vA Index, which follows the Wa catalogue, AION[Y]COAWPOY ΛΕ; d rap ed an d helm eted bust of
should therefore be deleted. A thena, r.
Another coin has been attributed to Lebedus, the intrigu­ I . P 1 3 8 4 ( = W a 1706: ‘A u g u ste’), 5.34; 2. M alloy 23 (1987), 17. S am e
ing coin published by Grant in F1TA, p. 364 and pi. X I.66, dies.
with a reverse of Cybele between two lions and the inscrip­ 2522 AE. 19 m m , 4.75 g (2). Axis: var. [ 3 ]
tion ΝΟΜΗ. The coin was in Grant’s collection and was
km 74, no. 13
attributed by him to Erythrae, but it was subsequently
acquired by C (290/1948) and published by Heichelheim as TIBEPIOC; lau reate head, r.
a coin of Lebedus (SNG 4500, reading AEBEAIWN (?), with AIONYCOAWPOY ΛΕ; d rap ed a n d helm eted b u st of
A thena, r.
the comments ‘ethnic uncertain’ and ‘Tiberius’). There
i . P 1 3 8 5 , 4.89; 2. B (I-B = km 74, no. 13), 4.61; 3 . B U n c e rta in (Fox).
seems to be no basis to this reading or attribution, and the
coin is classified here under ‘Uncertain’ (5444).

Colophon
The coinage of Colophon was published by J. G. Milne, is still the case, and no subsequent issues are known before
Kolophon and its Coinage (NNM 96 [1941]), a work which has the reign of Domitian.
been revised by P. Kinns, Studies in the Coinage of Ionia Apollo was traditional on the coinage of Colophon.
(unpublished Cambridge Ph.D. thesis, 1980). Kinns’s last
period (IV: 170-30 b c ) corresponds to Milne’s period VII,
though with a rather different chronology for the bronze. A u g u s tu s
In the second century there had been a very small issue of
silver tetradrachms with only a single obverse die (cf. P. 2523 A E. 2 0m m , 5 .6 3 g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ *1 ]
Kinns in CRWLR, p. 107). In the first century only bronze M ilne, no. 180
was produced, and there are two groups; one minted c. 75- ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.
50 b c , and a plentiful issue in the names of ΑΠΟΛΛΑΣ and ΚΟΛΟΦΟΝΙΩΝ; Apollo seated, r., holding laurel branch
ΠΥΘΕΟΣ, probably in the middle of the century. a n d lyre
For the early imperial period, Milne knew of only a single I . B (L ö b b ), 5.63 ( = zfN 12, 1885, 315-16: ‘im C atalo g d e M o u stier no.
issue for Augustus, represented by a single specimen. This 240 irrig als m it sitzen d em H o m e r b esch reib en ’; M ilne, pi. X I , 180a).

Metropolis
The early imperial coinage of Metropolis is represented by
a total of four specimens in three different varieties, all
signed by the same man, (Gaios) Ioulios Demetrios.
The coinage was attributed by M. Grant (‘Phrygian
Metropolis in the early Principate’, NC, 1949, pp. 157-65)
to Metropolis in Phrygia (rather than the one in Ionia) on
the grounds that the portrait and lituus are very similar to
those on coins from Phrygia. He also (very tentatively)
dated the coins to the reign of Tiberius rather than that of
Augustus. The types used are no help in attributing the
coins, since Cybele naturally occurs at both cities, and the
serpent staff at neither. On the other hand, the lituus is
known in Ionia (at Erythrae); more helpfully, the portrait
on the lituus coins (2524-5) is quite like that at near-by
Colophon (2523), and the portrait on the other coin (2526)
is reminiscent of the Tiberian issue of Lebedus (2521-2:
note, too, the positioning of the legend). For this reason an
attribution to Metropolis in Ionia has been retained.
As for the identity of the emperor, there is no difficulty in
attributing the coins with the lituus to Augustus on grounds
of portraiture. But it seems impossible to attribute the new
coin without lituus (2526) to the same emperor as the
portrait is so different, and a tentative attribution to
Tiberius is made here, especially in view of the similarity
noted above with the Tiberian issue of Lebedus. If this is
correct, of course, it implies that Demetrios was responsible
for coinage on two separate occasions.
It must be emphasised that neither the mint attribution
nor the identity of the emperor(s) is at all certain.
A u g u s tu s (?)
2524 A E. 2 0m m , 4 .9 7 g (i). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r.; before, lituus
ΙΟΥΛΙΟΣ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΣ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ; Cybele
seated, 1., w ith lion
 A S IA : Metropolis, Hypaepa (2525-2529) 42p

i . P 1 6 1 6 (== W a 1764 = km 83, no. 5 w i t h T af. I I I . 8 = nc 1949, p h T ib e r iu s (?)

X .1 1 ), 4.-97.

2525 A E. 14m m , 3.41g (1). Axis: 6 ( i). [ 2 ] 2526 AE. 19m m , 6 .0 9 g (1). Axis: 6 ( i). [ i ]
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r.; before, lituus ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r.
ΙΟΥΛΙΟΣ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΣ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ; serpent staff ΓΑΙΟΣ ΙΟΥΛΙΟΣ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΣ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΙΤ[ΩΝ];
i. P 1615, 3.41; 2. B (I-B = km 82, no. 4). S am e dies. b u st of Cybele, 1.; behind, fo rep art of lion
I. P 1 9 8 5 /6 3 3 (ex A uktiones A G 15, 18.9.1985, lo t 275), 6.09.

Hypaepa
For the site of Hypaepa and its famous sanctuary of Artemis As elsewhere the coins were made of bronze or brass at
Persica or Anaitis (which occurs frequently on the coins), different times. Brass seems to be confined to the reign of
see L. Robert, RN, 1976, pp. 27fr. Hypaepa made no Tiberius, but its use made little if any difference to the
coinage before the imperial period, when a number of rare weight standards used for the different denominations. The
issues were made under Augustus and Tiberius, and then a standard does seem to be slightly reduced under Tiberius,
fairly extensive one under Nero. but this is observable elsewhere in this area (see p. 375) on
The Augustan issues have been sorted into three groups coins with no change in their metallic composition. The
on the basis of obverse style. The first group consists of two pattern can be seen from the table below.
coins, both with (apparently) different and unpublished The types are Zeus, Dionysus or Artemis; in addition, the
magistrates’ names. The second group comprises two Lydian hero with double axe appears under Nero.
denominations signed by three different names; one of them
(Papionos) has a monogram which might stand for ΓΡΑΜ,
indicating that he was the grammateus, the office which A u g u s tu s
also appears on the Neronian coins of Hegesippos (whereas
the strategos appears on the latest Augustan issue, and is F ir s t g ro u p
normal later, from the second century onwards). On the
2527 AE. 18m m , 4 .5 9 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
other hand, the monogram for Attalos seems different (that
for Artemidoros is as yet indistinct), so perhaps both ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r.
ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝΩΝ ΧΑΡΙΞΕΝΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ; Zeus standing,
monograms stand for personal names. The final group con­
1., w ith th u n d erb o lt
sists of a single coin, whose portrait suggests that it was
I. P 4 7 0 , 4.59.
made during the last two decades of the reign; the other two
groups were perhaps made in the region of 20-10 b c or 2528 A E. 18m m , 3.87g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
later. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r.
The Tiberian coinage is poorly known, as there are very ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝΩΝ [ ]Α Κ Ο ΔΑ [ ; Zeus standing, 1., w ith
few specimens, which are usually hard to read. However, thu n d erb o lt
there appear to be two magistrates for Tiberius himself, and i . L 1 9 8 7 —11—4 0 —1 (ex M allo y 23, 1987, lo t 15), 3.87. T h e re is definitely
one or two different ones for Germanicus. It is possible that a le tte r before ΑΚΟ ΔΑ [, p erh ap s a Σ. B o th Ns on th e rev. a re retro g ra d e.

Hypaepa also made one or two alliance coins with Sardis

(see 5445-6). S econ d g rou p
Most of the coinage was produced under Nero. An issue 2529 L eaded bronze. 18 mm , 4.98 g (5: 3 5 2 9 , 2 5 3 1 , 2 5 3 3 ).
signed by Metrodoros Kon was produced at the beginning Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
of the reign, c. 55, to judge from the portrait. (It is possible
BMC 1 3
that there is an issue for Agrippina II at the same time: see
C8BACTOC; b are head, r.
on 2541.) The much more extensive issue of the gram­
Y n A inH N W N nA m W N O C ; lau reate h ead of Zeus, r.;
mateus Ga(ios) Ioulios Hegesippos was produced in three
m onogram f-T
denominations; the largest of these has the joint portraits of i . N Y ; 2 . V 19414, 5-13; 3 . L = b m c 1 3 , 4.60. 3 is from th e sam e obv. die
Nero and Statilia Messalina, so the whole issue can be as 2 5 3 1 / 1 (A ttalos) a n d 2 5 3 3 / 1 (A rtem id o ro s). F o r th e m o n o g ram , see
dated between 66 and 68. in tro d u ctio n . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 3.

Augustus I löm m , 4.23g

II 18mm, 4.98g 16mm, 3.55g
III 19mm, 4.93g

Tiberius 19 mm, 4.02 g 16mm, 2.54g

Agrippina II 12 mm, 2.05 g

Nero I 15mm, 3.03g

Nero II 2 3 m m , 1 0 .5 5 g 20 mm, 5.62 g 15mm, 3.52g

average 19mm, 4.26g (25) 15mm, 3.21 g (25)

428 A S IA : Hypaepa (2530-2543)

2530 AE. 16m m , 2.46g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] 2538 Brass. 19m m , 3.48g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. TIBEPI[ON] ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; lau reate head, r.
YnAinHNWN ΠΑΠΙΩΝΟΣ; facing cult statu e of A rtem is ΥΠΑΙΠ[ ]ΚΑΝΤΗΣ; as 2536 (Dionysus)
A naitis; m onogram K i . L 1 9 7 5 —4 —i i —193, 3.48. P resu m ab ly th e sam e n am e as 2 5 3 7 A (i.e.,
i . L 1 9 8 8 —5—16—9, 2.46. F o r th e m o nogram , w hich is th e sam e as on ΣΑΚΑΝΤΗΣ). Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
2 5 2 9 , see in tro d u ctio n .

2531 L eaded bronze. See 2529. [ 1 ]

G erm a n ic u s
BMC 14
As 2529 (head of Zeus), b u t Y nAIIIH N W N ATTAAO[ ; 2539 Brass. 16m m , 3.14g (2). Axis: 6. [ 3 ]
m onogram ΛΑ
BMC 15
i . L = B M C 14, 4.61. S am e die as 252 9 /1 (P apion) a n d 2533/1
(A rtem idoros). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1. ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, r.
ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝΩΝ ΣΩΣΘΕΝΗΣ; hero standing, 1., w ith double
2532 AE. 16m m , 3.75g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
axe
Ls 78, no. 3 i . L = B M C 15, 3.73; 2—3. M u i a , ic , —, 2.54. T h e rea d in g o f th e full
As 2530 (cult statu e), b u t Y nAIIIH N W N ATTAAOC; m a g is tra te ’s n am e is n o t clear o n an y specim en; in p a rtic u la r, it is possible
th a t 3 h as a d ifferent n am e. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
traces o f sam e m onogram as 2531
I. B (I-B ) ( = l s , no. 3), 3.75. P ossibly the sam e obv. die as 2 5 3 4 (B 2540 AE. 17m m , 2.33g 6 ) · Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
9 7 9 / : 9 12)·
[ ] ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, r.
2533 AE. See 2529. [ 2 ] ΣΩΣΘΕΝΗΣ [ ]; facing cult statu e o f A rtem is
As 2529 (head of Zeus), b u t Y nA inH N W N I . B (I-B ), 2.33. T h e a ttrib u tio n s to G erm an icu s a n d H y p a e p a are n o t
ce rtain , b u t th e obv. seem s v ery sim ilar to 2 5 3 9 ; an d , as w ell as th e sam e
A PTE M l Δ W PO C; Pmonogram
n am e, th e rev. type occurs a t H y p a e p a u n d e r N ero.
i . B 5 /1 9 2 7 , 5.84; 2. B (I-B ), 4.72. i is from th e sam e obv. die as 2 5 2 9 /1
(P apion) a n d 2 5 3 1 /1 (A ttalos).

2534 AE. 16m m , 3.36g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] A g r ip p in a I I (?)

As 2 5 3 0 (cult statu e), b u t YnAinHNWN A PT[ ];
u ncertain m onogram 2541 AE. 12m m , 2.05g ( 0 - Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
i . B 9 7 9 /1 9 1 2 (P erg am u m find), 3.36. P ossibly th e sam e d ie as 2 5 3 2 (B
I-B ). T h e obvious resto ratio n o f th e legend w ould be Α ΡΤ[ΕΜ ΙΔΩΡΟΣ], as
C£BAC(C)TH; d rap ed bust, r.
on 2 5 3 3 , th o u g h th e le tte rs a re p erh ap s too large. ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝΩΝ; facing statu e o f A rtem is
i . M u 13, 2.05; 2. B 2 8 7 7 8 (obv. leg en d re tro g ra d e ), 2.27. T h e tw o coins
a p p e a r to re p re se n t th e sam e p erso n , th o u g h th e vA Index iden tified th em
T h ir d g ro u p as A g rip p in a I I a n d A g rip p in a I respectively. T h e a ttrib u tio n to
A g rip p in a I I d ep en d s o n th e a p p e a ra n c e o f th e p o rtra it, a n d is n o t certain .
2535 AE. 19m m , 4.93g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] I t does, how ever, seem likely. T h e coin m ig h t p e rh a p s be a sm all
d en o m in atio n co rresp o n d in g to th e coins o f N ero signed b y M etro d o ro s.
ls 78, no. 4
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝΟΙ; laureate_head, r.
ΕΠΙ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΡΙΑ[ΟΣ] ΚΑΠΝΑΣ ΣΤΡ ; Zeus Standing, L, N e ro
w ith thunderbolt; in field, TO Γ
I. B (I-B ) ( = L S 4), 4.93. M e tr o d o r o s K o n , c. AD 5 5 (?)

2542 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3 .0 3 g (10). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 11 ]

T ib e r iu s BMC 16, C op 188
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, r.
2536 AE. 19m m , 4 .5 6 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝΩΝ ΜΗΤΡΟΔΩΡΟΣ KON; hero standing, 1.,
C op 187 w ith double axe
I . L = b m c 16, 2.69; 2—3. L = BMC 17-18, 3.24, 2.40; 4. N Y; 5. C o p 188,
TIBEPION ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; lau reate head, r. 3.60; 6. P 471, 2.86; 7. O , 3.53; 8—9 . B (L ö b b , 18585), 2.68, 3.13; 10. V
ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝΩΝ ΜΕΝΕΚΡΑΤΗΣ; D ionysus standing, 1 ., w ith 36765, 2.51; i i . M u 2a, 2.72; 12. I-B ( = l s 79, no. 5, w ith T af. I V .5);
cantharus an d thyrsus 13. S ard is excavations 152. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
i . C o p 187, 4.56.

2537 AE. 19m m , 4.08g (1). Axis: 12. [ *1 ] G a ( io s ) Io u lio s H e g e s ip p o s G r ( a m m a te u s ) , c . A D 6 6 - 8

T I[B ]EPIO [ ]ΣΤΟΝ; lau reate head, r.
2543 L eaded bronze. 2 3 m m , 10.55g ( II: a 5 4 3 —5 )· Axis: 12 or
ΜΕΝΕΚΡΑΤΗΣ Y [ ; Zeus standing, 1.
6. [ 10 ]
I· V ^94:^5 , 4- 08 .
BMC 21 corr., C op 191
2537 A
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΜΕΣΣΑΛ(Ε)ΙΝΑ; d rap ed b ust of M essalina, r.,
AE. 19m m , Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
facing lau reate head o f N ero, 1.
TI[BEPION ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟ]Ν; lau reate head, r. ΥΠΑ(Ι) ΙΟΥ ΓΡ ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠΟΣ; facing cult statu e of A rtem is
[ ]ΝΩΝ ΣΑΚΑΝ[ ; Zeus standing, 1. i ■ P 4 7 5 ( = W a 5015), 10.59; 2 * P A p am e a 487, 10.15; 3. L = bmc 21,
i . V 2 7 3 3 5 /7 9 (u n c e rta in ). P resu m ab ly th e sam e nam e as 2 5 3 8 (i.e., 10.51; 4 . V 31533, 9.08; 5. O , 8.91; 6 - 7 . C o p 191-2, 9.37, 11.14; 8 -
ΣΑΚΑΝΤΗΣ). See also U n c e rta in 5 4 4 5 for a possible alliance coin w ith 1 0 . B (I-B — G RM K 119, no. 2, F ox, I-B ), 12.16, 12.1 ϊ , i o . o i ; 1 1 . W ad d ell
S ardis o f S akantes. 9.12.1982, lo t 264. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 3.
 A S IA : Hypaepa, Dioshieron (2544-2558) 42g

2544 [ i ] ι . V 3 2 3 0 7 , 5.07; 2. W e b er ( = ls 8 o, no. io = T a f. I V .7). S am e obv. die

as 2 5 4 8 /1 (Zeus) a n d 2 5 5 0 /1 (figure o f D io n y su s).
As 2543, b u t ΥΠΑΙΠΗ ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠΟΣ
I· b 28953, I 2 -3 *1· 2550 L eaded bronze. 2 0m m , 4 .5 8 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
2545 [ 2 ] ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; lau reate head, r.
ΙΟΥΛ ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠ ΥΠΑΙΠΗ ΓΡ; D ionysus standing, 1., w ith
As 2543, b u t ΙΟΥ(ΛΙΟΣ) ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠ(ΟΣ) ΥΠΑΙΠ(ΗΝΩΝ) ΓΡ
can th aru s an d thyrsus
i . P 4 7 6 , 11.36; 2. P A p am e a 493, 8.53; 3. S tern b e rg 13 (N ov. 1983) lot
i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —1982 (ex vA 2961), 4.67; 2. S ard is ex cav atio n s 149. 1
592; 4. M M A G 41 (1970) lot 417. T h e le tte r form W also occurs.
from sam e obv. die as 2 5 4 9 /1 -2 (h ead o f D ionysus) an d 2 5 4 8 /1 (Z eus).
2546 L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 5.62 g (14: 2 5 4 6 -8 ). Axis: 12 or Q u alitativ e m etal an aly sis on: 1.

6. [ 14 ] 2551 AE. 2 0m m , 6 .1 1 g (1). Axis: 6. [ i ]

BMC 20, C op 190 As 2551, b u t ΥΠΑ ΓΡ ΙΟΥ ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠΟΣ
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; lau reate head, r. i . P 4 7 3 , 6 .1 1. S am e obv. die as 2 5 4 7 /1 —2.
ΥΠΑ(Ι) ΙΟΥ ΓΡ ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠΟΣ; Zeus S t a n d i n g , 1., w i t h
2552 L eaded bronze. 15 m m , 3.52 g (10: 2552—5). Axis: 12 or
th u n d e rb o lt
i . N Y ; 2. L = BMC 20, 5.06; 3—4 . B (B -I, I-B = cs 79, no. 9), 5.88, 4.19;
6- [ 5 ]
5. I-B = cs 79, no. 8, 6.34; 6. C o p 190, 6.09; 7—8. P 473B, 474 ( = W a BMC 19, C op 189
5014), 5.85, 6.14; 9 . L = BMC A p am e a 146, 4.50; 10. M u 2, 6.80; 11—
13. V 31484, 36763, A p am e a 19760, 4.18, —, —; 14. P 473A, 5.40;
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; laureate head, r.
15. S ternberg, N ov. 1976, lot 784, 5.79; 16. K ö ln er M ü n z k a b in e tt 38 ΥΠΑ ΙΟΥ ΗΓΗΣΙΠ ΓΡ; hero standing, 1., w ith double axe
(1985) lot 192; 17. W e b er 6830. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2. i . L = b m c 19, 3.61; 2. C o p 189, 3.99; 3 . P 472, 3 .11 ; 4 . B (R au c h ),
3.56; 5 . C L e a k e , 4.06. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
2547 [ 2 ]
As 2546, b u t ΙΟΥΛΙΟΣ ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠΟΣ ΓΡ ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝΩΝ 2553 [ 2]
i . L 1914—12—5—4, 4.17; 2. B (I-B = GRMK 118, no. 1), 6.41. S am e dies, As 2552, b u t laureate head, 1., a n d ΥΠΑ ΓΑ IOY
a n d sam e obv. as 25 5 1 /1 (figure o f D ionysus). ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠΟΣ
i . B (I-B = ls 79, no. 6), 3.72; 2. V 30764, 2.92. T h e re a d in g ΓΑ seem s
2548 [ i ]
clear, th o u g h o ne m ig h t h av e ex p ected ΓΡ.
As 2547, b u t IOYAIOC ΗΓΗΓΙΠΠΟΓ ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝΩΝ aro u n d
type 2554 [ 2 ]
i . V 31485, 5.73. S am e obv. die as 2 5 4 9 /1 -2 (head o f D ionysus) an d As 2552, b u t lau reate head, 1., an d ΥΠΑΙ IOY
2 5 5 0 /1 (figure o f D ionysus). ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠΟΣ an d in field, Γ P
i . B (B -I), 2.83; 2. P (B agis, L ydia) 1 15, 2.94.
2549 AE. 20m m , 5.07g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
Ls 80, no. 10 2555 [ 2 ]
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; lau reate head, r. As 2552, b u t lau reate head, 1., a n d ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠΟΣ ΥΠΑΙΠΗ
ΙΟΥΛΙΟΥ ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠΟΥ ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝΩΝ; head of D ionysus, I . B (I-B ) ( = ls 79, no. 7), 3.94; 2. C = SNG 4 8 6 2 , 3.45. S am e obv. die
r., w ith thyrsus; to r., ΓΡ (w hich has re tro g ra d e Ns).

Dioshieron
Dioshieron made its first coins in the imperial period; as A u g u s tu s
well as coins minted early (to judge from the portrait) in the
reign of Nero, there were other issues, labelled only 2556 AE. 18m m , 3.11g (2). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ (or similar). One of these (2556) can be ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; b are head, r.; before, lituus
attributed to Augustus by its portrait, but the identification ΔΙΟΣΙΕΡΙΤΩΝ ΠΑΠΙΩΝ; lau reate head o f Zeus, r.;
of the other (2558) is less clear. It is usually thought that it, m onogram rfl
too, represents Augustus, but Grant, for instance, suggested I. P 2 7 6 , 2.77; 2 - 3 . JS W , 3.48, 2 .7 4 . F o r th e in te rp re ta tio n o f the
m o n o g ram , w h ich also occurs on 2 5 5 7 , see above.
Tiberius; and, indeed, there is some similarity with the
Tiberian coins of Hypaepa (2536-8). 2557 AE. 15m m , 2 .1 0 g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
The following denominations occur, with corresponding [ ]N ΠΑΠΙΩΝ; eagle standing, 1. (head, r.); m onogram
ty p e s : rfi
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; capricorn w ith cornucopia, 1.
2 heads Zeus head eagle/capricorn
i . L 1 9 8 8 —5—16—8, 2.10. F o r th e m o n o g ram , w h ich also occu rs o n 255 6 ,
Augustus 18 mm, 3 .11 g 15mm, 2.IOg see above.
Augustus? 18 mm, 3.32 g ?i5m m , 1.83g
Nero 21 mm, 7.27g 18 mm, 3.49 g 15mm, 2.69g
(?A u g u s tu s or) T ib e riu s
The monograms on coins of Papion and Korboulon are very
similar; they are, however, different in that there is no 2558 AE. 18m m , 3.32g (5). Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
second downward stroke on the monogram appearing for C op 113
Korboulon. It looks as if the monogram with Papion is of ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.
ΠΡ (prytanis?), whereas that with Korboulon is of ΓΡ ΔΙΟΣΙΕΡΙΤΩΝ; laureate head o f Zeus, r.
(grammateus?). See also the commentary. i . C o p 113, 3.49; a—3. P 2 7 8 -9 ( = W a 4 9 6 0 -1 ), 3.18. 2.70; 4. B (L ö b b );
 5 . C = s n g 4857, 3.47; 6. L in d g ren 723, 3.80. See also below , 2 5 6 2 , for a I . P 2 8 1 , 3.51; 2. L = BMC 8, 3.44; 3 - 5 . B (644/1914 ex P row e 1454,
possible sm aller den o m in atio n . K n o b elsd o rf, I-B = l s 64, no. 4, w ith T af. I I I . 20); 6. O , 3.06; 7—8. C o p
1 14-15, 3.55, 3-17; 9—10. V 28521, 31486; ii. M u i , 4.19. Q u alitativ e
2558 A m etal an aly sis on: 2.
AE. 15m m , 2.55g (2 *i.)· Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
M 4.3.184 var. 2561 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 2.69g (3). Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
CEBACTOC; laureate head, r. BMC I
AIOCIEPITWN; Zeus standing, 1., w ith patera ΚΟΡΒΟΥΛΩΝ; eagle standing, 1. (head, r.)
i . J S W , 2.31; 2. P 280, 2.78. ΔΙΟΣΙΕΡΙΤΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; capricorn w ith cornucopia and
globe, r.
i . O , 3.24; 2. L = BMC 6, 3.04; 3—4 . B (198/1879, I-B = l s 63, no. 1);
5. V 31478, 1.78. T h e le tte r form s C a n d £ also occur. B o th BMC an d
N e ro Im h o o f-B lu m er in LS d a te th e coin to th e reig n o f A u g u stu s (followed by
M ü n sterb erg , Beamtennamen), re g a rd in g th e m a g istrate as ‘ein älterer
2559 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 7.27g (4). Axis: 12. [ 5 ] C o rb u lo ’, b u t n e ith e r th e ab sen ce o f th e n am e o f N ero n o r th e presen ce o f
the ca p rico rn necessarily p reclu d es th e obvious in te rp re ta tio n : i.e., th a t the
BMC 7 coin is th e sm allest d en o m in atio n o f th e N ero n ian issue o f th e g ram m ateu s
C o rb u lo . See also U . V o g el-W eid em an n , Die Statthalter von Africa und Asia,
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΖΕΥΣ; lau reate head of N ero, r., facing
p. 372, n. 1202. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 2.
laureate head of Zeus, 1.
ΔΙΟΣΙΕΡΙΤΩΝ ΚΟΡΒΟΥΛΩΝ, HPA; H e ra standing, L,
w ith sceptre; m onogram ff
i . P 282 ( = W a 4962), 8.52; 2. L = BMC 7, 7.76; 3. O , 6.53; 4 . B (B -I);
5 . V 31477, 6.25; 6 . A rolsen ( = l s 63, no. 2). T h e Z o f ΖΕΥΣ is retro g rad e.
U n c e rta in da te
M ü n ste rb e rg , Beamtennamen (cf. G roag, PIR 2 3, 47), insisted th a t the
m o n o g ra m on 5 w as o f ΠΡ ra th e r th a n ΓΡ, b u t this does n o t seem to be 2562 AE. 15m m , 1.83g (1). [ 1 ]
correct. F or th e m onogram , w hich also ap p e a rs on 2 5 6 0 -1 , see above.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2. ΔΙΟΣΙΕΡΙΤΩΝ; eagle standing, r.; head, 1.
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; capricorn w ith cornucopia, 1.
2560 L eaded bronze. 18m m , 3.49g (6). Axis: 12. [ 11 ] i . P 2 7 7 , 1.83. I n view o f th e ab sen ce o f a m a g istrate, the coin should
BMC 8, C op 114 p ro b a b ly be reg ard e d as a sm aller d en o m in atio n co rresp o n d in g to th e coin
o f T ib e riu s (?) (2 5 8 8 ). T h e style o f th e ca p rico rn is certain ly very like th a t
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; lau reate head, r. o f th e A u g u stan issue for P ap io n .
ΔΙΟΣΙΕΡΙΤΩΝ ΚΟΡΒΟΥΛΩΝ; Zeus (?) standing, 1.,
holding p atera (?); m onogram if

Nicaea (Cilbianorum)
The coinage of the two cities of the Gilbiani was discussed about accepting it, but as it might exist it has been included
by F. Imhoof-Blumer, ‘Die Münzen der Kilbianer in here as 2563.
Lydien’, NZ 20 (1888), pp. 1-18, and he gave a list of the The coin of Augustus and Livia in Mu (28959) classified
coins of Nicaea on pp. 8—18. as a coin of Nicaea (followed by the vA Index) is, in fact, a
For the Julio-Glaudian period, he included only the coins coin of Magnesia in Lydia (cf. E. Muret, RN, 1883, p. 393,
of Gaius and Lucius (2564, below), illustrating three exam­ and Imhoof-Blumer, op. cit., p. 6).
ples and giving the correct description for the first time.
The coinage of Nicaea was also discussed by M. Grant,
FITA 348. As well as the piece of Gaius and Lucius, he A u g u s tu s
included the following two issues:
2563 A E. 22 mm .
1. FiTA 3 4 8 ( 2 )
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r.
ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒ NIKAIEWN; head, r.
[NIJKAIEWN; uncertain type (described by Grant as ‘as
ΓΑΙΟΝ ΛΕΥΚΙΟΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΣ; heads of G aius and Lucius,
last’, but there is no previous entry). r.
Grant cited this from a cast at Winterthur. This is a cast of i . H (obv. — FiTA, pi. X I .42). T h e coin ca n n o t, how ever, now be found
(in fo rm atio n from J . P. A. v an d e r V in ), a n d so som e d o u b t m u st a tta c h to
a coin from the Weber collection; this coin is now in L, its a ttrib u tio n a n d descrip tio n .
where it has been kept for many years under the ‘Uncertain’
coins. It is, in fact, a coin of Apamea, reading ΜΕΛΙΤΩΝ 2564 AE. 18m m , 4 .9 7 g (7). Axis: 12. [ 11 ]
ΑΠΑΜΕΩΝ (= 3128/9). NZ 1888, 9, no. 8, C op 105
ΓΑΙΟΣ ΛΕΥΚΙΟΣ; ju g a te heads o f G aius and Lucius
2.
C aesar, r.
ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒ NIKAIEWN; head, r. ΑΡΑΤΟΣ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ ΚΙΛΒΙΑΝΩΝ ΝΕΙΚΑΙΑΣ; Demos
ΓΑΙΟΝ ΛΕΥΚΙΟΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΣ; heads of Gaius and Lucius, standing, 1., w ith arm outstretched
r. i . P V , 3.91; 2—3 . C o p 105-6, 4.52, 5.80; 4 —6. P 228, 229, 230 ( = W a
4945)5 4 -0 7 > 4.90, 5-3o; 7—8. B (I-B , L ö b b ); 9—10. V 19389-90; 11. M u ;
Grant cited this piece from the Hague, but the coin cannot 12. L in d g ren 719, 5.34; 13. S ard is ex cav atio n s 139, 4.90; 14. S chulten
now be located. One must, of course, be extremely hesitant (20.10.88) lot 601, 2.84.
 A S IA : Cilbiani Superiores, Mysomakedones, Ephesus (2565-2568) 431

Cilbiani Superiores
The very rare coinage of the Cilbiani can now be seen to
form a single issue of two denominations. 2566 has
previously been tentatively attributed to Cisthene in Mysia.
I . B (I-B ) ( = l s i ) , 5.52; 2. M u U n c e rta in 225, 5.17; 3 . L 1 9 9 1 -1 -3 0 -1 0 2 ,
5.33. T h e vA Index h as e x p a n d ed th e I-B coin in B a n d th e reference to it
in L S in to tw o s e p arate en tries. N o te th e p ec u liar in v e rted form o f the
le tte r om ega.

2566 AE. 17m m , 3.28g (2). Axis: 12. [ o ]

GRMK 40 corr.
N ero, a d 5 4 - g _______________________
NEPUN ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; head, r.
2565 AE. 19m m , 5.34g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ] ΚΙΛ TUN ANU E AY A [Π]ΟΥ; eagle standing, facing
(head, r.); all in w reath
LS 55, no. i
I. W i n te r t h u r 2 5 4 9 (= g r m k 40: ‘C isth e n e?’), 3.93; 2. S ch u lten
NEPUN ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; ju g a te heads of N ero an d b u st of (19.10.1989) lo t 441, 2.62. Im h o o f-B lu m er’s te n tativ e a ttrib u tio n to
A grippina II, r. C isth en e w as d o u b te d b y K u b itsch e k ( N Z , 1909, p p . 2 6 6 -7 ) a n d H . von
F ritz e (D ie A n tike M ü n ze n M ysiens, p. 233, no. 622). T h e eth n ic is clear on
ΕΠΙ AY ANTUN ΠΟΥΛΧΡΟΥ ΚΙΛΒΙ TUN ANU; Zeus th e new specim en 2 5 6 6 /2 , a n d th e sh ap e o f the om eg a leaves no doubt
standing, 1., w ith eagle a n d sceptre th a t th e new a ttrib u tio n is co rrect.

Mysomakedones
The coins of the Mysomakedones have been published by ably representing Tiberius and Livia, rather than posthu­
W. Leschhorn, ‘Mysomakedones’, JNG XXXIV (1984), mous Augustus and Livia.
pp. 55—62, who has also provided a full discussion of
the evidence relating to them (cf. also L. Robert, A Travers
l’Asie Mineure, pp. 336-7). Despite their name, the T ib e riu s ? a n d L i v ia , a d i4 ~ 2 g *I.
Mysomakedones belong in Lydia and were in Roman times
attached to the conventus of Ephesus (these relationships 2567 AE. 2 0m m , 7.02 g (2). Axis: 12. [ i ]
are well expressed by the Lydian type of Zeus on the W . Leschhorn, jn g 1984, 55
larger coin, and by the Ephesian Artemis on the smaller). L au reate head, r.
Leschhorn identified the figure on the obverse of 2568 as MYCOMAKCAONQN; Zeus standing, 1., holding eagle
Livia, certainly correctly in view of the inscription and the an d sceptre
fact that it copies the PONTIF MAXIM denarii of I. P r iv . c o ll. (W . L esch h o rn , jn g 1984, 55, a n d T a f. 8.1), 6.72; 2. L
1989-4-28-15, 7.31.
Tiberius.
The portrait on 2567 was identified by Leschhorn as that 2568 AE. 16m m , 4.59g (1). [ 1 ]
of Augustus, although probably posthumous. Leschhorn W . Leschhorn, jn g 1984, 56
also argued plausibly that the two coins were issued at the CCBACTH; fem ale figure seated on throne, r., holding
same time (as two different denominations); this, and sceptre an d b ranch
indeed the portrait, however, surely allow the possibility MYCOMAKCAONQN; facing cult statu e o f A rtem is
that the portrait is supposed to represent Tiberius. E phesia
Generally speaking, paired portraits of an emperor and i . V 3 6 9 0 3 (= M ü n sterb erg , nz 1915, 108), 4.59; a.(?) B en ed etti coll, (see
Livia as Sehaste are regarded in this catalogue as most prob­ NZ 1915. I 0 9 )·

Ephesus
Throughout the late Republican period Ephesus had been
an important cistophoric mint, producing many coins
signed by Roman proconsuls between 58 and 49 b c (see,
e.g., P. Kinns in CRWLR, p. 111); it had also produced an
extensive coinage during the same period in bronze and
gold (G. K. Jenkins, ‘Hellenistic gold coins of Ephesos’,
Festschrift Akurgal (ed. G. Bayburtluoglu) = Anadolu XXI
(1978/80) (Ankara, 1987), pp. 183-8). Later on, in the
thirties and twenties b c , cistophori were perhaps produced
there by M. Antony, Augustus and Claudius (see 2201-3,
2213-15, 2221-5); and early in Augustus’s reign, in the
twenties b c , it may also have been a mint for some of the
‘CA’ coinage (see 2227fr.).
The Triumvirs, Augustus and Tiberius
Portraits and arrangem ent
The triple jugate heads on the Triumviral issue were identi­
fied as Augustus, Antony and Octavia by Bompois (RN,
1868, p. 97), but are all clearly male. The head on the
smaller denomination (2574) has been identified as
‘Octavia/Antonia’ (Imhoof-Blumer) or ‘Octavia’
(Aufhäuser catalogue). It seems virtually certain that the
person represented is Octavia: the portrait is very like that
on the unique aureus of her and Antony (RRC 527: made in
Ephesus?: see p. 368) and on the cistophori of Mark Antony
(2201-2).
 T he strange bronze coin w ith three ju g a te heads/ ΕΙΣ ΑΣ
IIIV IR I R C (sic) is regarded here as a m odern forgery ΜΗΤΡΟΒΕΙΣ
(Schw. K red it. 3, 19 A pril 1985, lot 475: 20m m , 5.74g). ΝΙΚΟΛΑΟΣ
T he arrangem ent of the civic bronze coinage catalogued (ΝΙΚΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ, B M C 198, fol­
here is to a certain extent conventional, since it seems clear lowed by M ünsterberg, B e a m ­
th at a detailed study of the dies would alm ost certainly tennam en, is a m isreading for
reveal m uch inform ation ab o u t the sequence of the m any ΝΙΚΟΛΑΟΣ)
m agistrates whose nam es occur during this period. T he ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ ΧΑΡΙΞΕΝΟΣ
greatest num b er ap p ear on the coins of the T rium virs and ΜΕΜΝΩΝ w ith ΖΩΠΥΡΙΩ[Ν]
of A ugustus.
ΘΕΟΦΙΛΟΣ
T he coins of A ugustus have been arranged by the over­
ΘΕΥΔΑΣ
laps betw een the second nam es (it should, however, be
ΝΙΚΟΛΑΟΣ (see addenda,
pointed out th a t other such arrangem ents are possible: e.g.,
2584Α)
ΑΡΙΣΤΕΑΣ has been placed first because he includes
ΑΣΚΛΗΠΙΑΔΗΣ, who occurs under the T rium virs; b u t they ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΑΣΧΛΑΣ ΝΙΚΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ
also have ΕΥΘΥΚΡΑΤΗΣ, who occurs und er A ugustus w ith .with ΤΡΥΦΩΝ
ΦΙΛΩΝ). I f this arran g em en t is approxim ately correct, the ΠΑΜΜΕΝΗΣ
link betw een the T rium viral and A ugustan coinage would ΕΥΦΡΩΝ
suggest th a t the A ugustan coinage (and so the represen­ ΦΙΛΩΝ with ΕΥΦΡΩΝ
tation of Livia as well) started very early in his reign. But
ΚΩΚΑΣ
this seems by no m eans sure, and indeed seems rath er
ΤΡΥΦΩΝΑΣ
unlikely; for instance, the p o rtraitu re and short w reath ties
ΕΥΘΥΚΡΑΤΗΣ
are not very like those found on cistophori attrib u ted to ΣΙΜΟΣ
Ephesus in the tw enties, and suggest ra th e r a prototype of
betw een 2 0 an d 1 0 b c , such as th a t of the ‘Colonia P atricia’ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ *ΜΕΝΤΩΝ
denarii. T h e p o rtraitu re on all issues is very sim ilar, sug­ ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝ with ΓΛΥΚΩΝ
gesting th a t the issue cannot have lasted for very m uch ΠΡΕΣΒΩΝ
longer th an the m inim um eleven years. A date tow ards the ΜΗΝΟΦΑΝΤΟΣ
m iddle of the reign seems m ost likely. Μ Ε ΡΩ Ν
T he conventional division betw een the coins w ith stag ΤΡΥΦΩΝ with ΜΗΝΟΦΑΝΤΟΣ
reverses w hich have a bare head and those w hich have a
ΜΕΡΩΝ
laureate head as betw een A ugustus and T iberius has been
ΜΕΝΕΚΡΑΤΗΣ
followed here, w ith some hesitancy; it rests on the
*ΣΑΜΙΑΔΗΣ
som ew hat lim ited evidence of portraiture. T h e laureate
coins are definitely distinct from the others; a p a rt from *ΑΡΤΕΜΙΔ ΩΡΟΣ with *ΒΩΝΕΙΤΗΣ (according to L.
portraitu re, they use different letter forms (C not Σ), have a R obert, M o n n a ies Grecques, p. 60,
different arran g em en t of the legend, and p u t the nam e of Βωνέιχης is not a separate per­
the first m agistrate in the genitive (rather th a n the nom ina­ son from A rtem idoros b u t an
tive) . Even so, while an attrib u tio n to T iberius seems likely, epithet or nam e referring to his
a late A ugustan date cannot be excluded. U n d er A ugustus origins in an outlying village of
the p o rtra it of Livia also appears, ju g a te w ith him on the this nam e. However, the whole
larger denom inations an d on her own on rare sm aller p attern of nam es on these
denom inations (like O ctavia for the T rium viral issue). E phesian coins suggests th a t it
should be regarded as the nam e
Magistrates of a second individual).

U nder the T rium virs, a p a rt from one anonym ous issue, all HP ΑΣ with ΓΑΙΟΣ
the coins are signed by the ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΓΡΑΜ(ΜΑΤΕΥΣ) ΚΟΝΩΝ
ΓΛΑΥΚΩΝ, who (except on the sm all denom ination) is
associated w ith either ΑΣΚΛΗΠΙΑΔΗΣ, ΕΥΘΥΚΡΑΤΗΣ, ^ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΟΣ
ΘΕΟΝΑΤ ΑΣ or Μ ΑΖ(Ζ)ΑΣ. T here is, in addition, a worn ΑΡΤΕΜΑΣ
coin in the RW collection (3.82 g) which appears to have a
different reading ( ...Ο Λ K ...? ? ) , b u t this has not been U n d er ‘T iberius’ only the following are found:
included in the catalogue as it is not certain.
U nder A ugustus, one finds the following m agistrates ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ ΓΡ ΤΙΜΑΡΧΟΣ
(names w hich do not ap p ear in the lists in Im hoof-Blum er, ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ w ith *ΜΝΑΣΕΑΣ
K M , pp. 58-9, or in M ünsterberg, B eam tennam en, have been *ΑΡΧΙΔΗΜΟΣ
m arked w ith an asterisk) : *ΤΑΟΣ
*ANT[
ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ ΑΣΚΛΗΠΙΑΔΗΣ *ΜΟΣΧΙΩΝ
ΑΡΙΣΤΕΑΣ w ith ΑΓΡΕΥΣ

For the nam es ΚΟΥΣΙΝΙΟΣ an d ΑΙΧΜΟΚΛΗΣ w hich occur
on later coins, of C laudius an d N ero respectively, see below.
It seems clear, as Im hoof-B lum er pointed out ( K M , pp. 5 8 -
g), th at the first nam ed m agistrate is the γραμματεύς, who
sometimes m ight also be the άρχιερεύς. T his seems
certain in view of the sm all denom inations of ΓΛΑΥΚΩΝ
and ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΣ, w here a single nam e is com bined with
both titles. T he title (if any) of the second nam e is unsure;
Im hoof-B lum er suggested th a t it m ight have been
πρύτανις or επίσκοπος, b u t this is uncertain.
C laudius an d N ero
T here are then coins w ith a ju g a te p o rtrait of an em peror
and empress. Some of these have the nam e of ΚΟΥΣΙΝΙΟΣ
TO Δ, which also occurs on coins w ith a youthful head; and
on very rare coins w ith the ju g a te heads we find
ΚΟΥΣΙΝΙΟΣ ΕΠΙΣΚΟΠΟΣ TO Δ w ith (around) ]Π? MEM­
MIO Y [ΡΗΓ] ΟΥΛΟΥ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ. T his refers to P.
M em m ius Regulus, proconsul of Asia (B. Thom asson,
L aterculi P raesidum , Asia, no. 43, datin g him ‘47-54 (-51?)’).
T he coins therefore depict C laudius and A grippina II, and
presum ably the young N ero (rath er th an B ritannicus). Two
other denom inations (2620-1) have no m ag istrate’s nam e
but are linked together by a com m on reverse w ith the statue
of A rtem is and the legend ΕΦ ΕΣΙΑ , w ith a square Σ: E. As
the larger has ΘΕΟΓΑΜ ΙΑ on the obverse, these coins, too,
m ust depict C laudius and A grippina a t the tim e of their
m arriage in 49. T he rem aining type, ju g ate busts/ΕΦ ΕΣΙΩ Ν
and stag (2622), cannot be form ally linked to the other
coins, b u t the sim ilarity in p o rtraitu re an d in the represen­
tation of the stag suggests th a t they, too, depict C laudius
and A grippina.
T he title επίσκοπος, used for K ousinios seems unknow n
elsewhere; F riedländer ( Z f N 6 (1879), p. 15) suggested th at
it m ight be som ething like επιμελετής.
U n d er N ero, there is a single issue m ade ΑΟΥΙΟΛΑ
ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΩ (a L atin ablative absolute?) or on one denom i­
nation ΕΠ ΑΒΙΟΛΑ (2632), in the proconsulship of M ’
Acilius Aviola (B. T hom asson, L aterculi P raesidum , Asia, no.
59) in 65/6. T h e coins were all produced in a single year,
since they nam e only one E phesian, ΑΙΧΜΟΚΛΗΣ, an d this
year m ust be 65/6 as they p o rtray Poppaea, who died in 65,
and Statilia M essalina, w hom N ero m arried in 66. This
interesting issue of coins also depicts the goddess R om a,
and in addition gives two views of a tem ple w ith the inscrip­
tion ΝΕΟΚΟΡΩΝ. T his is the earliest occurrence of this
word on coins, an d it is generally thought th a t it does not
refer to the establishm ent of the im perial cult a t Ephesus
b u t to the position of Ephesus as the ‘tem ple-keeper’ of the
T em ple of A rtem is (J. Keil, ‘Die erste Neokorie von
E phesos’, N Z , 1919, cf. S. Price, R itu a ls a n d P ow er, p. 65, n.
47). B ut the argum ent th a t it cannot refer to a provincial
tem ple of N ero a t Ephesus is not very strong; it is based on
coins of D om itian w hich refer to a second neocorate at
Ephesus. As a neocorate for N ero w ould not have been
included in the num bering because of his dam natio memoriae,
it is argued, the first neocorate m ust refer to som ething else.
A nd because there is no trace o f a provincial tem ple for
C laudius at Ephesus an d as the provincial tem ples of earlier
A S IA : Ephesus 433
em perors were elsewhere, νεωκόρος cannot refer to an
im perial cult b u t m ust refer to th a t of A rtem is. T his argu­
m ent, however, turns on the D om itianic coins referring to a
second neocorate, b u t the evidence for them is very weak.
O ne coin, th at of D om itia in P, is false; the only other one is
a coin of D om itian in M unich, w hich, as recorded, has an
unusual obverse legend, and we are grateful to D .A . O.
Klose for exam ining it and inform ing us of his judgem ent
th at the coin is totally reworked on both sides. M oreover,
the tem ple on the coin of D om itian has a cult statue of
Artem is; yet the tem ple of D om itian was supposedly separ­
ate. T here is, therefore, no evidence th at Ephesus was ‘neo­
corate for the second tim e’ under D om itian. I t is thus
possible th at the N eronian coins m ight depict a neocorate
tem ple, and this possibility gains some strength from the
architectural details depicted: the coin w ith the frontal view
of the tem ple shows it w ith sm all Nikai (though these do not
appear on the three-quarter view), and it has been sug­
gested th a t it has C orinthian rath er th an Ionic (as on the
tem ple of Artem is) capitals (M . Price and B. T rell, Greek
Coins a n d T heir C ities, p. 262, no. 380, where it is also sug­
gested th at it is a neocorate tem ple). F urtherm ore, why is
no cult statue shown in this tem ple, w hen it was standard
practice to show A rtem is both earlier (the cistophori of
C laudius, 2222) and later? T hus the view th at the N eronian
coins refer to and depict a neocorate tem ple in his honour
seems to m erit reconsideration. T he prom inence given to
R om a m ight perhaps suggest a jo in t tem ple w ith her, unless
perhaps she were portrayed to symbolise the bestowal of the
privilege on Ephesus by Rome.
D enom inations
T he p attern of denom inations is fairly straightforw ard and
is aided by the fact th at one denom ination runs commonly
through the whole period w ith the same reverse type (cult
statue of A rtem is). W e find the p attern sum m arised in the
table on p. 434.
A few other denom inations were also struck, such as the
very small pieces of O ctavia (2574: i3 m m /i.8 8 g ) and of
T iberius (2619: i5 m m /2 .6 4 g ), and the unusual denom i­
nations produced by Philon (2597-8: 191^1/5.55 g) and
T ryphon w ith M enekrates (2607: 20 m m ), characterised by
their unusual obverse type (Artem is).
T he values accorded to the various denom inations above
(3-unit, etc.) are purely conventional, b u t express a possible
relationship between them . I t is conceivable, b u t not sup­
ported by any very strong evidence, th a t the conventional
‘u n it’ referred to here was equivalent to an as (see also p.
374)·
M isread nam es
T he following nam es should be deleted from M ünsterberg,
Beamtennamen·.
i . A ugustus: παρ Ά λε άρχιερ Ά σ , cited from C (Leake, p.
56). T he legend on the Leake coin (= SNG 4440) is in fact
APXIEP ΑΣ £ Φ £ ΠΑΡ ΑΛΕ. T his has been altered (note,
e.g., the £ rath er th an E), probably from ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΑΣΧ-
ΛΑΣ ΠΑΜΜΕΝΗΣ.
434 A S IA : Ephesus (2569)

2. A ugustus: άρχιερέ[ω]ς Ά ν τ . . . χου, cited from M i
S 6.124.310: this seems certainly to be a m isreading of the
T iberian coin w ith άρχιερέως ’Αλέξανδρου Ά ντ[.
3· A ugustus: επί γρ Ά ντιάνδρου ’Αλεξάνδρου, cited from
M i S 6 .125.3! 3 ai'd V aillant. I t is not clear w hat this m ight
be, and it seems im plausible: ΕΠΙ does not occur at this
time.
4. A ugustus: Νικόσ[τρα]τος u n d er Ά ριστέας: m isread
Νικόλαος (see above).
5. A ugustus: Κουσίνιος το δ: in fact u nder C laudius.
6. A ugustus: Θεΰδης? und er Μέμνων, cited from M ionnet
and Cousinéry: in fact the coin now in M u w hich seems to
read ΘΕΥΔΑΣ (2584/2).
7. Tiberius: άρχιερέως Νικοστράτου, cited from M i
S 6.127.324, w hich is taken from Sestini, M useo H edervariano,
p. 164, who in tu rn cites W iczay, M u seu m H e d e rv a ria m m , no.
4870, w here the inscription is given as ΕΦ ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ
K P ... ΟΥ. This is p robably a T iberian issue (cf. 2613?).
8. Nero: επί Ζήνωνος, cited from M i S6.334.1657. T his is
an alliance coin of Sm yrna w ith Laodicea (2928), to which
city Z enon belongs.
M isa ttrib u te d coins
1. Ju lia and A grippa, cited by the vA In d ex from the S aar­
brücken A rchiv. T he source for this is the Zeno sale cata­
logue I I I (1957), no. 3969, b u t it does not seem very
convincing. T h e catalogue refers to M S 6.126.322, where
the auth o rity is given as Sestini (Ainslie). This is not the J
m ost creditable source either, and it seems unlikely th a t a
coin of Ephesus from as early as the Ju lio -C lau d ian period
could have the inscription ΠΡΩΤΩΝ ΑΣΙΑΣ. T h e Zeno coin
was not illustrated, an d its condition was described as only
‘schön’. I t m ay perhaps have been a w orn specim en of
C laudius an d A grippina (2620).
2. C. C aesar, cited by the vA In d ex from B. T his presum ­
ably refers to the peculiar coin in B (447217) w ith stag
r./figure on horseback in front of standards. T h e reverse is
copied from A ugustan aurei and denarii depicting C.
Caesar, b u t this coin does not belong to Ephesus (as is
shown, e.g., by the five o’clock die axis). I t seems to be some
sort of m odern concoction.
3. C. C aesar and L. C aesar, cited by the vA In d e x from O.
N ot obviously any such coin in O.
4. Tiberius, w ith A ugustus, cited by the vA In d e x from
Cop. T here is no such coin in Cop. I t looks as if the entry in
the vA In d e x slipped a column, as Cop 369 is described as
Tiberius w ith Livia; b u t this is anyway really a coin of
C laudius and A grippina (2621/2).
5. C aligula, cited by the oA In d e x from Cop. T his coin,
Cop 370, is a later coin, as is shown by the left-facing stag;
the legible traces of p o rtrait and legend suggest an a ttrib u ­
tion to T ra ja n (as C op 385).
6. C laudius w ith M essalina and B ritannicus, cited
hesitantly by the vA In d e x from V. T his appears to be a
conflation of (1) a coin in V (17145, 1.75 g) w ith a young
head, identified on the ticket as B ritannicus, and (2) coins
in V identified as C laudius and M essalina. B ut ( 1) is pro b ­
ably not of Ephesus (or at any rate certainly not of this date
as the E, rath er th an E, shows); and (2) is of C laudius and
A grippina.
7. A ntonia and D rusus, under C laudius, cited by the vA
In d e x from V. A m isidentified coin of C laudius and
A grippina.
8. B ritannicus and N ero, cited by the vA In d e x from P. No
such coin.
O th er coins classified in m useum collections as coins of
Ephesus should be rejected: M u 65 is of M agnesia in Ionia,
M u 66 and perhaps 63 are not A ugustus b u t T rajan. T he
coins classified in L w ith Σ Ε Β Α Σ ΊΉ /stag are not of Ephesus,
as their die axis shows (see p. 233). In addition, silver coins
of Nero from A ntioch can often be found under Ephesus
(because of the old m isreading of the dates EP Γ as Ε Φ Ε ).
A n to n y , O c ta v ia n a n d L e p id u s
2569 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3 .6 0 g (7). Axis: 12. [ 9 ]
EMC 191, C op 357

Name: 3-umt 2-umt unit è-unit è-unit?

rev. type: cuit statue
Triumvirs 16mm, 4.32g

Augustus
Aristeas 15mm, 3.00g
Memnon 19mm, 7.23g
Ascias 19mm, 7.14g 16 mm, 3.52 g
Philon 21 mm, 8.86 g
Aristion 19 mm, 5.72g
Tryphon 19mm, 7.27g
Artemidorus 1 9 m m , 6 .5 7 g
Heras 19 mm, ?
Konon 19mm, 6.28g
Apollonios 19mm, 7.20g
Artemas 19mm, ?

Tiberius 16mm, 3.75g

Claudius 23 mm, 12.62 g 20 mm, 5.79 g 16mm, 3.78g

Nero 26 mm, 11.72 g 22 mm, 8.86 g 19 mm, 6.45 g

 A S IA : Ephesus (2570-2583) 433

Ju g a te bare heads o f the T rium virs, r. |-u n it (?) Obverse as i-u n it (except on 2576 and
ΕΦΕ; facing cult statu e of A rtem is (w ith supports) 15 mm, 3.00 g (13) 2580, where draped bust of Livia is on
obverse)
I . L = b m c 1 9 1 , 3.37; a . C o p 357, 4.33; 3 . P 591, 3.13; 4 - 5 . O , 3.02,
3-56; 6 - 7 . B (I-B , 902/1878), 4.49, 2.92; 8 . V 17135; 9 . M u 62, 3.52;
Stag standing, r.
1 0 . P V , 2.04; i i . R W , 4.86; 1 2 . W e b er 5870. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis
on: i . i i is so clear th a t one can identify th e n ea re st p o rtra it as th a t o f All denom inations were of bronze (qualitative m etal
A ntony. analyses on: B M C 202, 200, 195^6 and 199).
2570 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 4 .1 8 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
BMC 192, C op 358
G r a m m a te u s A r i s t e a s ( a l l d e n o m in a tio n i - u n i t ( ? ) ; L i v i a
As 2569, but ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΓΡΑΜ ΓΛΑΥΚΩΝ ΕΦΕ
ΑΣΚΛΗΠΙΑΔΗΣ w ith A s c le p ia d e s a n d M e tr o b e is )
i . L = b m c 192, 3.15; 2. C o p 358, 5.20; 3. R W , 4.13. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
analysis on: i .
2575 Denomination: |-unit(?). [ 2 ]
AMC 1 2 7 2
2571 AE. 16 m m , 4.98g (5 ). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
Γ Ρ Α Μ Μ Α Τ Ε Υ Σ Α Ρ ΙΣ Τ Ε Α Σ Ε Φ Ε Α Σ Κ Λ Η Π ΙΑ Δ Η Σ
BMC 193 I. O — AMC 1272, 3.09; 2. V 30384, 3.17; 3 . JS W , 2.39.
As 2569, but ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΓΡΑΜ ΓΛΑΥΚΩΝ ΕΦΕ
ΕΥΘΥΚΡΑΤΗΣ 2576 Denomination: g-unit (?) (Livia) [ 1 ]
i . L = b m c 193, 4.03; 2. O , 5 .11 ; 3—4 . B (Fox, I-B ), 4.13, 6.15; Cop 3 6 7
5. R W = A u fh äu ser, O ct. 1985, lot 187, 5.49; 6 . C Leake; 7— 8. P 589, 593
As 2 5 7 5 , but draped bust of Livia on obv.
( = W a 1610), 5.60, 4.34.
i . C o p 367, 3.00.
2572 AE. 16 m m , 3.86g (2). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
2577 Denomination: j-unit (?) [ 2 ]
km 55, no. 47
Γ Ρ Α Μ Μ Α Τ Ε Υ Σ Α Ρ ΙΣ Τ Ε Α Σ Ε Φ Ε Α Γ Ρ Ε Υ Σ
As 2569, but ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΓΡΑΜ ΓΛΑΥΚΩΝ ΕΦΕ i . P 59 5 ( = W a 1611), 2.98; 2. v A 7 8 6 1 , 2.92; 3. V 30098, 2.82.
ΘΕΟΝΑΤΑΣ
I. B (Ι-Β ) (= km 5 5 » η°· 4 7 ); 4-745 2. B 76Τ τ, 3.12; 3· V 31878· 2578 Denomination: g-unit (?) [ 4 ]
BMC 1 9 7 , AMC 1 2 7 3
2573 AE. i6 m m , 4 -9 3 g (5)· Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
Γ Ρ Α Μ Μ Α Τ Ε Υ Σ Α Ρ ΙΣ Τ Ε Α Σ Ε Φ Ε Ε ΙΣ Α Σ
BMC 194 corr.
i . L = bm c 1 9 7 co rr., 3.42; 2. B (B -I = km 57); 3. N Y; 4 . O — am c 1273,
As 2569, but ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΓΡΑΜ ΓΛΑΥΚΩΝ ΕΦΕ 2 -7 3 -
ΜΑ(Ζ)ΖΑΣ
i . L 1961—3—1—228 (Μ ΑΖΑ[ ), 4-495 2· L 19 1 4 -6 -1 1 -4 (Μ ΑΖΖΑ[ ), 4-535
2579 Denomination: g-unit (?) [ 4 ]
3· L = BMC 194 ( Μ Α[ ), 4 ·4 2 5 4 · Ρ 5 9 2 ( —W a 1609: Μ ΑΖΑΣ), 4 ·4°5 5 · Β gm 1 1 5 , 2 8 2
(165/1884: Μ Α[ ), 5-82; 6. Seaby’s B u lletin , J u n e 1981, 158 (Μ ΑΖΖΑΣ);
7· A u fh äu ser, O ct. 1986, lo t 136, 5.40; 8. R W (M AZZA [ ), 4.14. T h e Γ Ρ Α Μ Μ Α Τ Ε Υ Σ Α Ρ ΙΣ Τ Ε Α Σ Ε Φ Ε Ν ΙΚ Ο Λ Α Ο Σ
rea d in g o f th e la st n am e is n o t en tirely ce rtain ; it w as re a d in B M C as 1—2 . B (I-B = gm 115, 282, ο.N .); 3 . L = bm c 198 corr.
ΜΑΖΑΚΗΣ, in Seaby’s B ulletin as ΝΑΣΣΑΣ, w hile Im h o o f-B lu m er th o u g h t (‘ΝΙΚΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ’), 2.71; 4 . M u 78 (‘T ib e riu s ’), 3.03.
th a t th e (correct) re a d in g Μ ΑΖΑΣ w as p ro b a b ly a m istake for
[ΘΕΟ]ΝΑΤΑΣ. I t does, how ever, rem ain u n c e rta in w h eth e r or n o t th e re are 2580 Denomination: g-unit (?) (Livia). [ 3 ]
tw o Zs in th e m iddle o f th e n am e: they seem clear on 2 a n d 8, b u t n o t on
th e o th e r exam ples (alth o u g h som e o f th e m h av e a so rt o f m a rk in the Cop 3 6 8
a p p ro p ria te place, p e rh a p s rep resen tin g th e rem ain s o f th e le tte r, e.g., on a
filled-in die). I t is also possible th a t th e second Z is ac tu ally a Ξ.
Draped bust of Livia, r.
S ta g ; Γ Ρ Α Μ Μ Α Τ Ε Υ Σ Α Ρ ΙΣ Τ Ε Α Σ Ε Φ Ε Μ Η Τ Ρ Ο Β Ε ΙΣ
2574 AE. 13m m , 1.89g (2)· Axis: 12. [ 1 ] I. C o p 3 6 8 , 3.44; 2. B (I-B = GM 115, 282a), 3.27; 3. V 30385, 3.04.
Rsn 1913, 35
D raped b u st of O ctav ia, r.
A P X IE ΓΡΑ Μ ΓΛ Α Υ Κ Ω Ν Ε Φ Ε ; bee
G r a m m a te u s M e m n o n ( a l l d e n o m in a tio n i - u n i t ) (S e e a ls o
i . B (I-B ), 1.90; 2. R W ( —A u fh äu ser, O ct. 1986, lo t 138), 1.88. F o r the
id e n tity o f th e p o rtra it, see in tro d u c tio n above. a d d e n d a , 2584A )

2581 Denomination: i-unit. [ 4 ]

Cop 3 6 3 , a m c 1 2 8 4
A u g u s tu s
ΓΡΑ Μ Μ Α ΤΕ Υ Σ Μ ΕΜ Ν Ω Ν Ε Φ Ε Χ Α ΡΙΞ Ε Ν Ο Σ
i . C o p 3 6 3 , 7.42; 2. P 614 ( = W a 1619), 7.83; 3 . B (I-B = gm i 15,
T he coinage is in four denom inations (except for 2597-8, 283 = KM 57, 57); 4. O = AMC 1284, 5.4O.
2607), each distinguished by the use of different designs:
2582 Denomination: i unit. [ i ]
2 - u n it Jugate busts of Augustus (laureate) and
ΓΡΑ Μ Μ Α ΤΕ Υ Σ Μ ΕΜ Ν Ω Ν Ε Φ Ε Ζ Ω Π Υ ΡΙΩ [Ν ]
21 m m , 8 . 8 6 g (5 ) Livia, r.
Forepart of stag, reclining, r.; to 1., torch i . P 6 1 3 ( = W a 1618 — km 57, 58), 6.98.

i -unit Obverse as on 2-unit 2583 Denomination: i-unit [ i ]

19mm, 6 . 8 6 g (3 8 ) Stag standing, r.; above, quiver
KM 57, 59
i-unit Bare head of Augustus, r.
ΓΡΑ Μ Μ Α ΤΕΥ Σ Μ ΕΜ Ν Ω Ν Ε Φ Ε Θ Ε Ο Φ ΙΛ Ο Σ
16mm, 3.52 g ( 11 ) Facing cult statue of Artemis (with
supports) I . B (Ι-Β = km 5 7 , 5 9 )·
2584 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 2 ] 2594 D enom ination: 2-unit. [ 2 ]
C op 364 ΕΦ Ε ΦΙΛΩΝ ΚΩΚΑΣ
ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ ΜΕΜΝΩΝ ΕΦ Ε 0 ΕΥΔΑΣ i . P 6 0 3 , 7.12; 2. B (I-B = RSN X I I , 224, no. 10).

i . C o p 3 6 4 , 9.50; 2. M u 76, 6.63. 2595 D enom ination: 2-unit. [ 1 ]

km 55, 49
ΕΦΕ ΦΙΛΩΝ ΕΥΘΥΚΡΑΤΗΣ
A r c h ie r e u s A s k l a s ( o n ly d e n o m in a tio n s 1 - a n d i - u n i t )
i . B (L ö b b = KM 55, 49).
2585 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 4 ]
2596 D enom ination: 2-unit. [ 5 ]
BM C 199
AMC 1285
ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΑΣΚΛΑΣ ΕΦ Ε ΝΙΚΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ
ΕΦ Ε ΦΙΛΩΝ ΤΡΥΦΩΝΑΣ
I. L = BMC 199, 6.45; 2. P 6 0 6 , 6.54; 3 . V 17138; 4 . V 30813, 7.81.
t . P 6 1 1 ( = W a 1616), 9.69; 2. P 604, 9.52; 3 —4. B (I-B = km 55, 48,
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i.
w ith T af. I I . 17, L ö b b ), 9.35, — ; 5. O = amc 1285, 8.77.

2586 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 2 ] 2597 AE. 19m m , 5 .8 6 g (2). [ i ]

C op 359 ΕΦ; d rap ed b u st of A rtem is, w ith bow a n d quiver, r.; all
ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΑΣΚΛΑΣ ΕΦ Ε ΝΙΚΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ in w reath
I. B (I-B = KM 58, 61); 2. C o p 3 5 9 , 3.87. ΦΙΛΩΝ ΤΡΥΦΩΝΑΣ; stag standing, r.; before, two taenias
I. N Y , 5.29; 2. I-B ( = KM 56, 52), 6.43.
2587 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 6 ]
AMC 1 2 7 6
2598 AE. i g m m , 5.30 g (1). [ o ]

ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΑΣΚΛΑΣ ΕΦΕ ΤΡΥΦΩΝ ΕΦ; d rap ed bust of A rtem is, w ith bow an d quiver, r.; all
in w reath
i . Ο = AMC 1276, 5-72; 2. N Y ; 3. P 6 0 9 ( = W a 1614), 7.51; 4 . B (I-
B = gm 115, 284); 5. V 33109, 7.66; 6. M u 67a, 6.64; 7. L in d g ren 459, ΦΙΛΩΝ ΣΙΜΟΣ; stag standing, r.; before, two taenias
9.60. i . I-B ( — km 56, 51, w ith T af. I l.i f i) , 5.30.

2588 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 5 ]

BMC 195, AMC 126g G r a m m a te u s A r is tio n ( o n ly d e n o m in a tio n i - u n i t )
ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΑΣΚΛΑΣ ΕΦ Ε ΤΡΥΦΩΝ
2599 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ i ]
I . L = bmc 195, 3-451 2 · ρ 5 9 6 ( = W a 1612), 3 -3 9 ; 3~ 5 · Ο = amo 1269-
71, 2.87, 2.67, 3Α4· Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝ ΕΦ Ε ΜΕΝΤΩΝ
i . B 2 6 /1 8 7 8 ; 2. J S W , 7.26.
2589 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 7 ]
C op 361, AMC 1274 2600 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 3 ]
ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΑΣΚΛΑΣ ΕΦ Ε ΠΑΜΜΕΝΗΣ C op 362
r . M u 68a, 7.65; 2. P 605, 8.18; 3 . B (I-B —km 57, 60); 4 . NY; ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝ ΕΦ Ε ΓΛΥΚΩΝ
5 . O — AMo 1274, 6.95; 6. C o p 36 1 , 7.43; 7. C 302/1948, 6.98. i . C o p 3 6 2 , 6.24; 2. P 612 ( = W a 1617), 5.06; 3. V 33346, 4.89.

2590 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 3 ] 2601 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 1 ]
BMC 196 km 56, 56
ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΑΣΚΛΑΣ ΕΦ Ε ΠΑΜΜΕΝΗΣ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝ ΕΦ Ε ΠΡΕΣΒΩΝ
I. L — BMC 196 corr., 3.90; 2—3 . M u 64, 74, 4.30, 3.72; 4. A u f h ä u s e r 4, i . B (I-B = km 56, 56); 2. P V ex M ü n z Z e n tru m 67 (1989) lo t 1476 (for
1 9 87, l o t 2 3 5 corr. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i. th e co rrect read in g o f th e n am e).

2591 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 4 ] 2601 A D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 3 ]
C op 360, AM C 1275 BMC 201
ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΑΣΚΛΑΣ ΕΦΕ ΕΥΦΡΩΝ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝ ΕΦ Ε ΜΗΝΟΦΑΝΤΟΣ
ι· V 30393, 7·°91 2· P 6 ιο ( = W a 1613), 7-96; 3 · 0 = am c 1 2 75, 6.78; i. L = BMC 201, 5.97; 2—3 . P 601, D elepierre.
4· C op 360, 5.60; 5 · νΑ 1876, 7-63-
2602 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 3 ]
2592 D enom ination: i-u n it [ 4 ] AMC 1283
AM C 1268 corr. ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝ ΕΦ Ε ΙΕΡΩΝ
ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΑΣΚΛΑΣ ΕΦ Ε ΕΥΦΡΩΝ i . Ο = am c 1283 (NC Γ9 3 7 > J 5 9 > η °· 26), 5-65; 2. NY?; 3. M u 66, 5.54;
4. A u f h ä u s e r 1 9 8 5 , l o t 2 0 0 , 4.72.
i . Ο = AMC 1268 co rr., 3-731 2. L 1961-3-1—231, 3-69; 3 · Ρ 5 9 ®’ 3-391
4· V :7 1Λ (read in g n o t c e rta in ), y : 6

T r y p h o n ( m o s tly d e n o m in a tio n i - u n i t )
P h ilo n ( m o s tly d e n o m in a tio n 2 - u n it)
2603 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 4 ]
2593 D enom ination: 2-unit. [ 1 ] BMC 2 0 0 , AMC 1 277
BMC 2 0 2 ΤΡΥΦΩΝ ΕΦ Ε ΜΗΝΟΦΑΝΤΟΣ
ΕΦΕ ΦΙΛΩΝ ΕΥΦΡΩΝ Σ. L = BMC 200, 7.90; 2 . B (I-B = KM 56, 53); 3—4 . O = AMC 1277-8, 7. l8,
7.24. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: i.
I. L= bm c 20 2 , 9.39. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i.
 A S IA : Ephesus (2604-2620) 437

2604 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 1 ] T ib e r iu s ( fo r the a ttr ib u tio n to T ib e r iu s , see

Τ ΡΥ Φ Ω Ν Ε Φ Ε ΙΕ ΡΩ Ν in tro d u c tio n )
i . M u 68, 6.47.

2605 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 1 ] A le x a n d e r , A r c h ie r e u s a n d G r a ( m m a te u s )

Τ ΡΥ Φ Ω Ν Ε Φ Ε Σ Α Μ ΙΑ Λ Η Σ
A p art from the sm all denom ination (2619), coinage was
i . V O.N., 7.23. 2. P V ex S ch u lten (15.10.90), lot 515 (m isread as
ΣΑΜΙΔΗΣ)
issued in only one denom ination, the j-unit; the types are
the sam e as for A ugustus except th a t the p o rtrait is
2606 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 2 ] laureate. O n the reverse the legend is partly circular,
ΤΡΥ Φ Ω Ν Ε Φ Ε Μ Ε Ν Ε Κ ΡΑ Τ Η Σ around the type, and partly horizontal a n d /o r vertical,
1 - 2 . V 29857, 3 ° 3 9 4 · 6 -5 3 , 8.22; 3 · L i n d g r e n Α 4 5 9 Α , 7-36· interspersed in the type, thereby often m aking it h ard to
read.
2607 AE. 20 m m . [ ο ]
I-unit Laureate head, r.
H ead of A rtem is, 1. 16 nun, 3.75 g (9) Facing cult statue of Artemis (with
ΤΡΥ Φ Ω Ν Ε Φ Ε Μ Ε Ν Ε Κ Ρ Α Τ Η Σ ; bee supports)
I . KM 513, 2.
2613 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 5 ]
km 58, 62
A r te m id o r o s ( o n ly d e n o m in a tio n i - u n i t ) ΕΦ TIMAPXOC APXIEPEOC ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ
i . B (B -I = km 58, 62); 2. B (I-B = gm 115, 285 co rr.); 3 . P 617, 3.50;
2608 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 4 ] 4 . O , 3.91; 5. B (M ag n esia find = 1653/1918).
AM C 1280, C op 365
2614 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 4 ]
A PTEM IA W PO Z Ε Φ Ε B W N E ITH E
I . L 1 8 8 9 -9 -4 -3 ( = N C 1928, 385, no. 10), 5.50; 2. 0 = AMO 1280 (NO ΕΦ APXIEPEOC ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ MNACEAC
19 3 7 , : 5 9 , no. 154), 7.40; 3 . C o p 3 6 5 corr., 5.71; 4 . B (M ag n esia I . O ( = nc 1937, 160, no. 27), 4.88; 2. P (doubles tra y 17), 3.23; 3 . JS W ,
fin d = 1633/1918). 2.87; 4 . N Y; 5. V 17140, 2.79.

2615 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ i ]

( H ) e r a s (o n ly d e n o m in a tio n i - u n i t )
ΕΦ APXIEPEOC ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ APXIAHMOC
2609 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 1 ] i . P D elep ierre, 5.34.

KM 56, 54
2616 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 2 ]
Η Ρ Α Σ Ε Φ Ε ΓΑ ΙΟ Σ
ΕΦ APXIEPEOC ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ TAOC
i . B (L öbb = ζ Γν 1885, 317 co rr.); 2. I-B ( = km 56, 54); 3 . S c h u lte n
( A p ril 1988) l o t 3 4 7 , 6.98. i. O (= nc 1937, 160, no. 28), 3.00; 2. P 6 1 6 , 3.17.

2617 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 1 ]

K o n o n ( o n ly d e n o m in a tio n i - u n i t )
[APX]IEPEOC ΑΛ[ΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ] ANT[
I . P 6 1 5 , 3.09.
2610 D enom ination: i-unit. [ 4 ]
C op 366, AMO 1282 2618 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 1 ]
KO NW N Ε Φ Ε ΕΦ ΓΡ APXIEPEOC ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ ΜΟΕΧΙΩΝ
I . P 607, 7.90; 2. P 608 ( = W a 1615 = KM 56, 55), 6.96; 3 . O = AMC 1282, i . L e w is = sn g 1 4 4 6 , 4.70; 2. M u 75a, 3.64.
6.09; 4 . C o p 3 6 6 , 6.46.
2619 AE. 15m m , 2.64g (1). [ o ]
km 55, no. 46
A p o llo n io s (o n ly d e n o m in a tio n i - u n i t ) APXI ΑΛΕΞ; stag standing, r.
2611 D enom ination: i-u n it. [ 2 ] ΓΡΑ ΕΦΕ; hen standing, r., w ith palm b ran ch
I . I-B ( — km 55, 46), 2.64: a p p a re n tly n o t in B. Illu stra te d fro m th e cast
AM C 1281 in W in te rth u r.
Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Σ Ε Φ Ε
i . O = A M C 1281 (n c 1937, 159, no. 25), 7.20; 2. B 28778; 3. M alloy
X X V I I (1989) lo t 37.
Claudius, c . a d 4g-$o *i.
A r te m a s ( o n ly d e n o m in a tio n i - u n i t ) 2620 L eaded bronze. 2 3m m , 12.62g (6). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 7 ]
2612 D enom ination: i-unit. [ 2 ] BMC 208
ΑΡΤΕΜ ΑΣ ΕΦ Ε ΘΕΟΓΑΜ [ΙΑ]; lau reate head of C laudius, r., facing
i . P 60 2 , 6.82; 2. B (I-B — RSN X I I I , 224, no. 11). d rap ed b ust of A grippina II, 1.
ΕΦΕΣΙΑ; facing cult statue o f A rtem is (w ith supports)
i . P 6 2 1 , 13.10; 2. L = BMC 208, 11.81; 3. C 303/1948, 12.45; 4 “ 6 · V
17146-8, 10.62, 53.29, 54.42; 7 . N Y . Q u a lita tiv e m e ta l an aly sis on: 2.
2621 L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 5.68 g (7). Axis: 6. [ 9 ] i . L 1 9 7 2 —8—7—13, 14.48; 2. vA 7863, 8.96; 3 . P 626 ( = W a 1620),
1 1.23; 4 . O (= NC 1937, 160, no. 29), 10.13; 5 “ ®· B (B -I, o .N .); 7. V
BM C 207, C op 372 31480, 13.83. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.
J u g a te laureate head of C laudius an d d rap ed b ust of
2627 AE. 2 6m m , 11.89g (t)· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ]
A grippina I I , r.
ΕΦΕΣΙΑ; facing cult statu e o f A rtem is (with supports) As 2626, b u t laureate head, 1.
i . L = bm c 2 0 7 , 5.49; 2—3. C o p 369 (‘T ib e riu s a n d L iv ia’), 370, 4.64, i . V 3 1 4 8 1 , 11.89; 2 · B (L öbb).
5.40; 4 . P 599, 5.84; 5. O , 5.01; 6. B (P ey trig n et); 7 - 8 . V 28994, W H b
6.03, 5.46; 9 . W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lot 188, 8.33; 10. W e b er 5871; 11. N Y.
2628 L eaded bronze. 2 2m m , 8 .3 6 g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analy sis on: 1. ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, r.
]ΕΟΚΟΡΩΝ, ΕΦΕΣΙΩΝ; tem ple w ith six colum ns; to
2622 L eaded bronze. 20m m , 5.68g (11). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 15 ]
1. a n d r., bee
BM C 203, C op 371
i . L 1973— 5— 1— 4, 8.36. A lth o u g h th e re s t o f th e legend is illegible, the

As 2 6 2 1 types a n d style m ak e it seem very likely th a t this coin belongs w ith the
ΕΦΕΣΙΩΝ; stag standing, r. o th e r N ero n ian issues. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: i.

i . L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—1711 (ex vA 7862), 7.74; 2—3. L = bmc 203-4, 4 -7 3 , 6.36; 2629 Bronze. 22 m m , 9.02 g (13). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 15 ]
4· vA 1877, 5.48; 5. C o p 371, 5.46; 6 - 7 . P 597-8, 5.65, 5.40; 8 - 9 . O ,
5.55, 5.64; 10. B (M ag n esia find), 5.38; 11—12. C L eake S u p p l., bmc 213, C op 377
428/1950; 13—14. V 17137, 17 144, 4.01, 6.24; 15. M u 76a, 5.92; 16. N Y.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analy sis on: 1.
ΝΕΡΩΝ Π Ο Π ΠΑ ΙΑ , ΕΦ; d rap ed b u st o f P oppaea, r., facing
lau reate head of N ero, 1.
2623 AE. 21 m m , 6.6og (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ] ΑΟΥΙΟΛΑ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΩ ΑΙΧΜΟΚΑΗΣ. ΡΩΜΗ; turreted
ΕΦΕ; as 2622 b ust o f Rom a, r.; below, bee
]Π (?) MEMMIOY [ΡΗΓ] ΟΥΛΟΥ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ, i . B (I-B ) ( — gm 639, 287), 9.05; 2—5. B (L öbb, Fox, 9808, B -I); 6—7. P
ΚΟΥΣΙΝΙΟΣ ΕΠΙΣΚΟΠΟΣ ΤΟ Δ; stag standing, r. 627 -8 , 9 . i t , 8.10; 8 - 9 . L = bmc 213-14, 8.59, 9.61; 10. C o p 377, 10.15;
i i . O , 9.05; 1 2 - 1 4 . V 17149, 27720, 31483, 8.27, 9.95, 9.48; 15. M u 77a,
i . L 1 9 1 3 —i —i —6 , 6.55; 2. B (S perling: zfk V I, 1879, 15 c o rr.), 7.43; 3 . P 9.74; 16. M M A G 41 (1970) lo t 380, 8.78; 17. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 189,
618, 5.81. 9.04; 18. S tern b e rg X X I (1988) lot 363, 8.79; 19. W e b er 5873, 9.13.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 8.
2624 L eaded bronze. 20m m , 5.78g (17). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 23 ]
bm c 205, C op 373 2630 L eaded bronze. 19m m , 6 .8 5 g (7)· Axis: 12. [ 11 ]
As 2622 BMC 2 ϊ 2
ΚΟΥΣΙΝΙΟΣ TO Δ, ΕΦΕ; stag standing, r. ΝΕΡΩΝ ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑ; ju g a te lau reate head o f N ero and
I . C o p 37 4 , 5.53; 2. C o p 374, 5.35: 3 - 4 . L = BMC 205-6, 5.54, 5.38; 5. P d rap ed b u st of P oppaea, r.
619, 5.19; 6—7 . P D elep ierre, 4.84, 6.85; 8. O , 7.15; 9—12. B ΑΟΥΙΟΛΑ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΩ ΑΙΧΜΟΚΛΗΣ, ΕΦΕ; stag standing,
(K nobelsdorf, L öbb, I-B , B -I), 6.94, 5.79, 5-79, 5.61; 13—14. C Leake r.
1667-8; 1 5 - 1 8 . V 29858, 17139, 17142-3, 5-32, 5-18, 6.63, 4.38; 1 9 -
a i . M u 6 9 -71, 6.40, 5.58, 6.44; 22. W e b er 2875; 33—24. N Y . Q u alitativ e i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —1712 (ex vA , sng — ), 6.34; 2. L = bmc 212, 8.89; 3. P
m etal analysis on: 3. 629, 6.95; 4. P 630, 6.87; 5—7, B (28850, L ö b b , B -I); 8 - 9 . V 31479,
30815, 6.74, 7.35; 10. M u 77, 5.60; i i . O , 6.55. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
2625 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3 .7 8 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 6 ] an alysis on: 1.

km 59, 63 2631 A E. 22 m m , 8.36 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 1 ]

ΕΦΕ; bare an d d rap ed b u st o f N ero, r. ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΕΦΕ; lau reate head, r.
ΚΟΥΣΙΝΙΟΣ TO Δ; facing cult statu e o f A rtem is (with ΜΕΣΣΑΛΙΝΑΝ [ ]; d rap ed b ust o f Statilia
supports) M essalina, r.
i . B 6 0 6 /1 9 1 3 , 4.64; 2—4 . B (B -I — km 59, 63, 7158, I-B ); 5. L 1 9 8 1 -1 - 1. B 1 9 1 /1 9 3 6 (p erh ap s from P row e (E gger 46, 1914) lo t 866), 7.97;
5—1, 2.88; 6. M u 72, 3.82. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 5. 2. S tern b e rg X I ( ig 8 i) lot 279, 9.32; 3 . vA 7834 = L eu 30 (1982) lo t 313,
7.78.

2632 AE. 19m m , 6 .4 5 g (5)· Axis: 12. [ 6 ]

N ero, a d 65-6' gm 639, 286
ΜΕΣΣΑΛΙΝΑΝ [ ]; d rap ed bust, r.
2626 L eaded bronze. 26 m m , 11.72g (5). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 6 ] ΑΙΧΜΟΚΛΗΣ ΕΠ ΑΒΙΟΛΑ, ΡΩΜΗ, ΕΦΕ; R om a standing,
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; lau reate head, r. r., holding sceptre an d cult statu e of A rtem is
ΑΟΥΙΟΛΑ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΩ ΑΙΧΜΟΚΑΗΣ, ΝΕΟΚΟΡΩΝ, ΕΦΕ; i . B (B -I), 6.52; 2. B (I-B = gm 639, 286), 6.25; 3. B 7977; 4 . P 620
th ree-q u arter view of tem ple ( = W a 1620 co rr.), 6.76; 5. O , 6.82; 6. V , 5.93; 7. M a b b o tt 1483.

Tralles (Caesarea)
Tralles h ad produced large num bers of silver cistophori suggest th at it was called C aesarea from A ugustus to Nero,
during the second and first centuries b c , right down to the b u t it is unusual to find the ‘colonist ploughing’ type (2649)
period of the proconsular cistophori. A plentiful bronze except at colonies, and we know from A ppian th at Italian
coinage h ad also been struck. settlers were sent for an αποικία there by A ugustus (see D.
T he coinage o f T ralles in the early im perial period M agie, R om an R u le in A s ia M in o r, pp. 469 and 1331, n. 7).
presents a n u m b er of problem s. First, there is the question But there are two other probable cases, at Assorus in Sicily
of the status of the city. T h e Greek legends on the coins (665) and T hessalonica in Greece (see p. 297) where the

type appears at cities w hich do not seem to have been
colonies. A t T ralles the type is even odder inasm uch as it is
associated only w ith obverses of G aius C aesar, although it
does also tu rn up on ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ bronzes of the
second century (B M C 95). I t m ust presum ably refer to the
settlem ent of Italian s at the refoundation of the city as
C aesarea (for an inscription calling A ugustus κτίστης, see
M agie, op. cit.) after one of the earthquakes w hich had
devastated the region.
A second, and perhaps related, poin t of interest concerns
the issue of several denom inations m ade by M enandros
Parrhasiou in honour of V edius Pollio. T his issue raises
several questions:
1. Its attrib u tio n to T ralles ra th e r th a n C aesarea in
Bithynia (the current view from the tim e of Eckhel) seems
sure, though von Sallet (Z ß V , 1876, pp. 136-9) left the
question open. Im hoof-Blum er, however, had no hesitation
in the L ydian attrib u tio n (L S , p. 174), and it is confirmed
by the use of eagle an d hum ped bull types on the sm allest
denom ination, since they occur elsewhere at Tralles.
2. T he second question concerns Vedius Pollio. T here
seems no dou b t th a t he was the fam ous equestrian and
friend of A ugustus, who died (in disgrace) in 15 b c . Von
Sallet thought th a t the coin should alm ost certainly be
dated after 15 b c , because it would have been unthinkable
to represent som eone other th an the em peror and his family
during his lifetime, but, as G ran t (F I T A , p. 382) pointed
out, the opposite seems m ore likely; the p o rtrait of a living
friend of A ugustus is entirely characteristic of the beginning
of A ugustus’s reign. G ran t argued th at, since Pollio was a
knight, his activity in Asia m ust be before the restoration of
proconsular governm ent there; hence a date im m ediately
after Actium , 29/28 b c , seems likely. G ran t w ent on to
argue th a t V edius Pollio is honoured on the coinage
because he was responsible for the refoundation of Tralles
as Caesarea; this certainly seems possible, b u t it is perhaps
a little odd th a t, if so, the coins m ake no allusion to this.
Von Sallet thought th a t Pollio was ju s t a benefactor o f the
city; in view o f the typology (see below) one m ight guess
th at he played a p a rt in a restoration of the T em ple of Zeus.
3. T here has been m uch discussion about the identity of
the portraits on the coins: do they depict A ugustus or Pol­
lio? T he view th at it is A ugustus goes back to Eckhel, who
thought th a t an exam ple of 2633 in F h a d ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ in
small letters u nder the bust, b u t this reading is incorrect
( Z ß V 4, 1887, pp. 198-9). T he identification as A ugustus
was followed by Im hoof-B lum er for 2637 ( L S , p. 174, no.
24), and by K . M .T . A tkinson, R ev. In t. des D ro its de l ’A n t.,
1962, p. 263, n. 14, b u t since von Sallet ( Z ß V 3, 1876, pp.
136-9) il has generally been thought th a t the p o rtra it is of
V edius Pollio (so vA 3277, K . Regling, D ie M ü n z e n von
Priene, p. 103, n. 224). T h ere is, however, an elem ent of
tru th in each view as there has been som ething of a con­
fusion betw een the issues w ith Pollio’s nam e an d an
uncertain object behind the h ead r which seem to represent
Pollio, an d the issue w ith ju s t a p o rtrait on the obverse
w hich seems to represent A ugustus. T h e sam e identifica­
A S IA : Tralles (Caesarea) 43g
tions can be applied to the sm aller denom inations; thus
2635 is Pollio and 2637-8 A ugustus.
4. T he significance of the typology is not clear. T he eight-
colum ned tem ple has an eagle in the pedim ent, and so is
presum ably of Zeus, m ost likely the Zeus Larasios who
figures on other coins (e.g., 2645, 2655), b u t the m eaning of
the caduceus is unclear (a link w ith H erm es, w ho appears
on 2636?, a symbol of peace?). T he details of the decoration
vary: there is a chariot on top o f the pedim ent on Pollio’s
coins, w ith Nikai at corners, b u t not on the coins with
A ugustus - perhaps ju s t a m inor variety of engraving.
T he ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coinage of Nicomedes and the
other three ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ issues w ith no nam e are
dated to this period by their use of ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ as the
ethnic, which is the norm al form on coins only between
A ugustus and N ero. T h eir types allude generally to Zeus,
though Apollo and Helios also appear.
T he A ugustan coinage falls into two groups. T here is one
unique coin depicting A ugustus and G aius C aesar (2646),
b u t all others seem to belong to a single issue and centre on
the em peror’s family, Livia and G aius and Lucius. T he
issue presum ably dates from about 2 b c (see the general
introduction). Livia is shown as D em eter, and the coins
give G aius a clear seniority, as only he shares the reverse
type (and once the portrait: see the com m entary on 2648) of
his adoptive father, and as he has m ore reverse types than
his brother. T he use of the capricorn for each of them
presum ably symbolises their position as his heirs. For the
ploughing scene, see p. 438. It seems th a t the coins for
G aius often have a star underneath the p o rtrait (though it is
often unclear), whereas those of Lucius have a lituus. This
m ight suggest an allusion to G aius’s tenure o f the pontifi­
cate and L ucius’s of the augurate ( I L S 131-2), but a con­
nection betw een a star and the pontificate rem ains elusive.
I f correct, however, this in terpretation would indicate a
date of no earlier than 2 b c , the year in w hich Lucius
probably becam e augur.
T here follows a small issue u n der C laudius. H e is
portrayed w ith an (unnam ed) em press, who, in view of the
presence o f B ritannicus on the reverse, should be
M essalina.
T he latest coinage of this period is an issue o f four
denom inations for Nero. T here is no good evidence for its
date, b u t the p o rtrait m ight suggest c. 60.
T he coin of MANTIO C a ttrib u ted to Tralles (W eber
6942; ÆSjVVII, p. 31) is now in L, and is a coin of Philadel­
phia (3036). T he following alterations need to be m ade to
the vA In d e x :
1. T he two entries for Livia both refer to her presence on
the reverse of coins of A ugustus and G aius;
2. Caligula, based on Im hoof-Blum er, is, in fact, Gaius
Caesar;
3. G erm anicus and Agrippina?, cited from V , is a speci­
men o f C laudius and M essalina;
4. A grippina II, cited from W a, is M essalina (with
C laudius).
 Five denom inations are found (see table below).
T he coins of A ugustus w ith G aius C aesar in a w reath
(2646) recall the coins of N ysa (2660, 2662).

Pollio 22 mm, 11.78g 19mm, 5.61 g 16mm, 4.85g T5 m ™> 3.34g 11 mm, 1.69 g
Nicomedes 22m m, 7.76g 17 mm, 4.58 g 14mm, 2.96g
‘ps.-aut.’ 16 mm, 4.54g 13 mm, 2.64g
14mm, 2.89g
Augustus 19 mm, 5.39 g
Claudius 19mm, 5.10g
Nero 25 mm, 11.49 g 19 mm, 5.55 g 16 mm, 3.87 g 14mm, 3.01 g

average: 25 mm, 11.40 g 19 mm, 5.42 g 16 mm, 4.49 g 14mm, 3.09g 11 mm, 1.69 g

B are head of A ugustus, r.

M e n a n d r o s P a r r h a s io u *i.9 ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; clasped han d s w ith caduceus; m onogram s
o f ΜΕΝΑΝΔ an d ΠΑΡΥ
I . B (I-B ) ( = ls 25), 3.55. As Im h o o f-B iu m er p o in ted o u t, th e m on o g ram s
2633 AE. 22m m , 11.29g (2)· Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
s ta n d for ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΣ ΠΑΡΡΑΣΙΟΥ.
LS 173, no. 23
2639 AE. 11 m m , 1.69g (2)· Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
Bare head o f A ugustus, r.
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ ΠΑΡΡΑΣΙΟΥ; tem ple w ith gm 203, no. 643a
eight colum ns; eagle in pedim ent; caduceus to r. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; h u m p ed bull, r.
i . B (L ö b b ) ( = Ls 23), 11.43; 2. B (I-B = ls 23), 11.15; 3. K ovacs F P L 17, ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΣ; eagle standing, r.
lo t 146. I . B (I-B ) (= G M 643a), 1.35; 2. V 33391, 2.02.
C o u n te rm ark : PEagle (? G IC 329: 3).

2634 AE. 22m m , 11.92g (7). Axis: 12. [ 9 ]

BMC 74 N ic o m e d e s
ΠΩΛΛΙΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; b are head of V edius Pollio, r.;
behind, u ncertain object 2640 A E. 2 2m m , 7.76g (1). Axis: 12.
ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΣ ΠΑΡΡΑΣΙΟΥ; tem ple w ith eight colum ns;
bmc 81
eagle in pedim ent; above, chariot; caduceus to r.
i —3. P 1631 ( = W a 5416), 1633, 1635, 11.62, 11.40, 12.33; 4—6. L = bmc ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; head of Helios, r.
74-5, 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -2 0 7 4 (ex vA 3278), 12.28, 11.67, 10-85; 7 · B 2 4 9 /1 8 7 5 , ΝΙΚΟΜΗΔΗΣ; Nike in biga, r.
12.18; 8. C op 687, 11.68 (holed); 9. C B u rk itt; 10. vA 3277, 12.75. i. L = bm c 8x, 7.76.

2635 AE. 19m m , 5.61g (16). Axis: 12. [ 17 ] 2641 A E. 17m m , 4 .5 8 g (3). Axis: 12.
bmc 76, C op 688, AMc 1363 bmc 82
ΟΥΗΙΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; b are head o f V edius Pollio, r.; ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; veiled head, r.
behind, u n certain object ΝΙΚΟΜΗΔΗΣ; lau reate head of Zeus, r.
ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΣ ΠΑΡΡΑΣΙΟΥ; lau reate head of Zeus, r. I . L = b m c 82; 2. L = bm c 83; 3 . V 36784, 5.47. B M C identifies th e h ead
i . L = b m c 76, 6.19; 2—3. L = bm c 77-8, 6.28, 4.75; 4 . M u 34, 5.71; 5— o n th e obv. as Livia.
9. P 1626 ( = W a 5413), 1628-9 ( = W a 5 4 14-15), 1627, 1630, 6.39, 5.65,
6.15, 5.12, 4.69; 10. O = AMC 1363, 5.69; i i . C op 688, 5.68; 12—13. B 2642 AE. 14m m , 2.95g (2)· Axis: 12.
(L öbb, 4 1/1879), 5.20, 6.28; 14. C gen., 5.25; 15—16. V 36118, 19667,
5.46, 5.37; 17. P V ; 18. W e b er 6941, 4.40; 19. N Y.
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; head of Apollo, r.
ΝΙΚΟΜΗΔΗΣ in w reath
2636 AE. 16 m m , 4 .8 5 g (6). Axis: 12. [ 12 ] i . L 1 9 2 8 —1—3—13, 3.06; 2. P 1650, 3.17; 3 . O , 2.85.
BMC 79, AMC 1364
ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΣ ΠΑΡΡΑΣΙΟΥ; lau reate head of A pollo, r.
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; H erm es standing, 1., w ith purse and
F ir s t century a d
caduceus
i . L — b m c 7 9 , 4.13; 2. L = bm c 80, 5.94; 3—5. P 1622-3 (“ W a 5 4 1 0 -
i i ) , 1624, 3.84, 5.20, 4.88; 6 —8 . O = AMC 1364-6, 4.85, 4.85, 4.20; 9 . C op 2643 AE. 16m m , 4 .0 6 g (2). Axis: 12.
678, 5.14; 1 0 - 1 2 . B (1123/1878, L öbb, I-B ). BMC 86
2637 AE. 14m m , 3.34g (4). Axis: 12. [ 4 ] ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; Nike, r., w ith p alm an d w reath
ls 174, no. 24 L au reate head o f Zeus, r.
i. L = b m c 86, 4.54; 2. P 1618 ( = W a 5407), 3.57.
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; bare head of A ugustus, r.
ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΣ ΠΑΡΡΑΣΙΟΥ; clasped hands w ith caduceus 2644 AE. 13m m , 2.44g ( 0 · Axis: 12.
i . B (L öbb) ( = l s 24), 3.62; 2—3. B (I-B = l s T a t. V I I .9, 16/1875), 2 -9 2, bmc 84
3.30; 4 . P 1 6 2 5 ( = W a 5412), 3.62.
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ in w reath
2638 AE. 15m m , 3.55g (1). [ i ] Eagle on th u n d erb o lt
ls 174, no. 25 i. L = bm c 85, 2.44. B M C 84 is n o lo n g er in L.
 A S IA : Tralles (Caesarea) (2645-2658) 441

2645 AE. 14m m , 2.89g ( J)· Axis: 12. i . L = B M C 123; 2. P 1640 ( = W a 5422), 7.00; 3 . M u 40, 5.32; 4 . W eb er
6947, 6.48. F o r th e possible significance o f th e litu u s, see in tro d u ctio n .
BMC 87
L aureate head of Zeus, r. 2652 AE. 20 m m , 4.12 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
ΔΙΟΣ ΛΑΡΑΣΙΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; h um ped bull, 1.
BMC 122
i. L = bm c 87, 2.89.
ΓΑΙΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ; Nike advancing, r., w ith palm and
w reath
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; eagle
Augustus i. L = bm c 122, 3.95; 2. P 1645, 6.38; 3 . O , 4.28; 4 . B (L öbb).

I : A u g u s tu s a n d G a iu s , c. / 0 - 5 BC?? 2653 AE. 2 0 m m , 3 .9 2 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]

2646 AE. 19m m , 5.30g (1). Axis: 12. [ o ] As 2 6 5 a, b u t ΛΕΥΚΙΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ
I. B (B -I), 4.54; 2. B (I-B ); 3. J S W , 3.29.
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; bare head, r.
ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head of G aius C aesar, r.; all in
w reath
i . T r a d e , 5.30.

I I : A u g u s tu s w i t h L i v i a , G a iu s a n d L u c iu s , c . 2 BC?
Claudius, AD 43-g
2647 AE. 20m m , 5.26g (5). Axis: 12. [ 6 ] 2654 AE. 19m m , 5 . io g (10). Axis: 12. [ 12 ]
BMC 115, C op 689 BMC 124 corr., C op 691
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r.; before, lituus TI KAAY KAI CCBAC; d rap ed b u st of em press
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ A(E)IBIA; Livia (as D em eter) holding ears of (M essalina), r., facing lau reate head o f C laudius, 1.
corn and poppy; in r. field, crescent ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ ΒΡΕΤΑΝΝΙΚΟΣ; togate figure of B ritannicus
I. L =B M C 1 15, 5.04; 2—3. L = BMC 114, 116, 4.86, 5.18; 4 . B (I-B = LS standing, facing, w ith ears o f corn
175, no. 26), 5.47; 5 . P 1636 ( = W a 5418: ΛΙΒΙΑ), 5.12; 6. C op 689, 5.75; i . P 1 642, 5.04; 2—3. P 1641 ( = W a 5423), D elep ierre, 5.25, 4.21; 4 —
7. Lewis = SNG 1478. Rev. die o f 4 is the sam e as G aiu s (2 6 4 8 /6 ). 5. L = BMC 124, 1 9 3 5 -1 0 -1 9 -1 ,5 .1 4 , 3.59; 6 . C o p 691, 5.97; 7 . 0 , 4.83;
8—10. B (all I-B ), 6.39, 5.13, 5.45; 11. V 30088; 12. M u 42.
2648 AE. 20m m , 5.02g (4). Axis: 12. [ 15 ]
BMC 117

ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head of G aius C aesar, r.

ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ ΛΕΙΒΙΑ; Livia (as D em eter) holding ears o f
corn an d poppy; in r. field, crescent Nero, c. a d 60
I. L = bm c 117, 5.40; 2 - 4 . L = BMC 118-20, 5.93, 4.93, 3.83; 5 - 9 . B (I-B
( = ls 175, no. 27), L ö b b ( = zfN 1885, 339), M ag n esia find (2)), U n certa in ; 2655 AE. 25m m , 11.49g (3)· Axis: 12 o r i. [ 4 ]
1 0 - 1 1 . P 1637-8 ( = W a 5 4 19-20), 5.42, 4.86; 1 2 . V 38682; 1 3 - 1 5 . M u
37, 37a, 38. Rev. die o f 6 is th e sam e as A ugustus ( 2 6 4 7 / 4 ) . T h e p o rtra it NEPWN ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, r.
varies betw een one like th a t o f A ugustus (e.g., 1-2) an d a m uch m ore K A E A PE W N ΛΑΡΑΣΙΟΣ; Zeus L arasios seated, 1., w ith
y o uthful re p resen tatio n (e.g., 3 -4 ): it is n o t clear if this is a delib erate Nike an d sceptre
d y n astic s ta te m e n t o r ju s t th e ac cid en t o f co m bining th e legend for G aiu s
i . B (B -I), ,0 .45; 2. B (L ö b b ); 3. P 1 6 4 3 , 12.76; 4 . V 34225, 11.25. 3
a n d th e p o rtra it o f A ugustus on one die (th e la tte r seem s m ore likely).
C o u n te rm ark : E agle ( G IC 329: 5, 8, 15). obv. dies (1 = 3 ) .

2649 AE. 20m m , 5.62g (2). Axis: 12. [ 5 ] 2656 AE. 19m m , 5.49g (7). Axis: 12 or i. [ 7 ]
BMC 12 1 NEPWN ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, r.
ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head o f G aius C aesar, r.; below, K A EA PEW N ; term inal statu e o f A th en a A lkidem os, r.
star i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —I —2 0 7 5 (ex vA 3285), 6.01; 2—3 . P 1644, 1647 ( - W a 5424),
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; ‘colonist’ an d ploughing oxen, r. 6.38, 4.66; 4 - 5 . O , 5.51, 5.39; 6. B (Fox); 7. M u (U n certa in ) 221, 5.27;
8. M ü n z Z e n tru m 61 (1987), 5.16.
i . P 1639 ( = W a 5421), 5.90; 2. L = BMC 121; 3—4 . B (I-B = l s 175, nos.
28-9, w ith T af. V I I . 11); 5. M u 3 5 , 5.34; 6. T ra d e (1988), 5.07; 7. I (K O
9 38-34: ‘P a riu m ’). T h e s ta r is n o t usually clear, b u t w as p ro b a b ly p resen t 2657 AE. 16 m m , 3.87 g (4). Axis: 12 or 1. [ 11 ]
on all specim ens; for its possible significance, see in tro d u ctio n .
BMC 125, C op 692
2650 AE. 20m m , 5.76g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ] NEPWN K A E A P ; b are head, r.
C op 690 K A EA PEW N ; four ears of corn
ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head of G aius C aesar, r.; Pbelow, I. L = B M C 1 27, 3.53; 2—3· L = BMC 125-6, 4.02, 3.44; 4 —5. P 1646, 1649
( = W a 5426), 5.77, 3.85; 6 . C o p 692, 4.50; 7—i i . B (10008, 894/1900,
star R au c h , I-B , P rien e find = 58/1919).
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; capricorn w ith cornucopia, r.
i . C o p 6 9 0 , 6.10; 2. M u 3 6 , 5.41. T h e presence o f th e s ta r is n o t certain . 2658 AE. 14m m , 2.88g (5). Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
See also 2 6 49.
BMC 128
2651 AE. 20m m , 6.27g (3)· Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
NEPWN; b are head, r.; behind, lituus
BMC 123 K A EA PEW N ; eagle
ΛΕΥΚΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head o f Lucius C aesar, r.; to r., i . B (F o x ), 2.48; 2. L = BMC 128, 3.66; 3 . P 1648 ( = W a 5425), 2.71;
lituus 4 . M u 43, 2.90; 5. N Y (C aesarea, C a p p a d o c ia ); 6. Lewis = sng 1479
(b o u g h t a t K a ra o la r, n e a r A la b a n d a ), 2.65.
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; capricorn w ith cornucopia, r.
 Nysa
T he coinage of N ysa was listed by K. Regling, ‘Ü berblick the last decade of the first century b c . T he equally unusual
über die M ü n zprägung von N ysa’, in W . v. D iest, N y sa a d coins w ith the types surrounded by a w reath (2660, 2662)
M ä a n d ru m ( = Ja h rb u ch des D eutschen Archäologischen In stitu ts, recall the sim ilar w reath around the head on a coin of
Ergänzungsheft 10, 1913), pp. 70-103. N ysa h ad issued A ugustus and G aius from Tralles (2646). See also addenda,
m uch bronze coinage in the H ellenistic period, and in addi­ 2660A.
tion had m ade a nu m b er of issues of silver cistophori. O nly three m agistrates are attested. U n d er
T he coins w ith a ju g a te b u st of an em peror and empress A ugustus/T iberius we find Philokaisar, who describes him ­
signed by C hairem on (2665) are norm ally attrib u ted to self as gram (m ateus) for the second time; C hairem on (who
A ugustus an d Livia, b u t the long neck of the em peror is presum ably comes from the family of famous C hairem ons -
m uch m ore suggestive of C laudius, and the general aspect see v. D iest, p. 9; though if the dating of the coin to 50-4 is
of the ju g a te p o rtra it is very rem iniscent of the portraits of correct, he can hardly be the A ugustan C hairem on); and
C laudius an d A grippina at near-by Ephesus (2621). D iom edianos, who describes him self as a priest. T here is no
Tw o types of N ero are die-linked and signed by the priest evidence for the n ature of D iom edianos’s priesthood,
D iom edianos (2666-7), whose coins are probably to be though he m ay have been a priest of Pluto and K ore as his
dated to early in the reign, perhaps c. 55, on the basis o f the coins depict K ore and Pluto, as well as M en. Regling was
youthful p o rtra it of N ero (Regling thought th a t they were probably right to suggest (p. 98) th a t he m ay have been the
struck for N ero und er C laudius, but this seems a little gram m ateus. A gram m ateus who was also a priest is
unlikely in view o f the absence of corresponding coins for attested in an A ugustan inscription; and later, from the
C laudius). T h e sm aller denom ination (2669, w ith the head second century, the coinage is generally signed by the gram ­
o f M en) lacks a personal nam e but is probably contem por­ m ateus, who on one occasion also describes him self as a
ary as the p o rtra it is quite sim ilar. T h e unique coin in L priest. T he same presum ably goes for the priest Iulios
w ith the seated Ploutodes does seem rath er different, A ntoneinos on the ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ issue.
however, an d a d ate of c. 60 appears m ore likely for it. T here seem to be three denom inations in use (see table
Regling also pointed out (pp. 77-8) th a t at least one below ).
‘pseudo-autonom ous’ issue seems to belong to the period,
on grounds of style, letter forms an d indeed positioning of
inscriptions (2671). T he use of Σ shows th a t it can have
been m ade no later th an the tim e of V espasian, while its
Augustus (See also addenda, 2660A )
size suggests th a t it is unlikely to be pre-N eronian; in ad d i­
2659 AE. 16m m , 3 .7 4 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
tion, the positioning of the legend on the reverse seems most
like th a t on coins of Nero. A N eronian date therefore Regling 51, am c 1359
appears likely, an d it is, of course, possible th a t it dates ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.
from 68 to 69 (hence the absence of an im perial p o rtrait?). ΝΥΣΑΕΩΝ; veiled h ead of goddess (K ore), r.
T he types used reflect the local cults of M en and of Pluto I . O = AMC 1 359, 3-745 2. B (I-B = gm 719, no. 600). S am e dies. F or
K o re, see 2 6 6 7 below (N ero).
and Kore: it was n ear N ysa, of course, th a t Persephone was
supposed to have been abducted an d there was a Plutonion 2660 AE. 17m m , 6 .3 9 g (3)· Axis: 12. [ 6 ]
w ith a tem ple of Pluto and K ore in the territory of Nysa. Regling 52, bm c 24
O th er coins attest the cults o f Dionysus (see Regling, pp. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r.
92fr.) and Apollo (Regling, p. 94). Regling regarded the ΝΥΣΑΕΩΝ an d tripod; all in w reath
coins depicting a god and labelled ΠΛΟΥΤΟΔΟΤΗΣ as Zeus i . N Y ; 2. L = bm c 24, 5.61; 3. B (I-B ); 4 . C L eake, 8.23; 5. V 30240;
Ploutodes, b u t the epithet seems appropriate to Pluto, with 6. M u 14, 5.34.
C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in (p erh ap s th e sam e as G IC 308: see 2 6 6 4 ) on 2.
whom the type is therefore tentatively identified.
U nder A ugustus m em bers of the im perial family appear 2661 AE. 17m m , 4 .8 4 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
(Livia and G aius), and there is a rem arkable p o rtrait of Regling 53, bm c 25
A ugustus being crow ned by a sm all figure of Nike (2661); ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r., being crow ned by Nike w ith
this can only be paralleled a t near-by M agnesia on the palm
M aeander (2690-1), though its local significance is not ΝΥΣΑΕΩΝ ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare h ead of G aius C aesar, r.
clear, particularly in view of its date, which (taking into i . L = b m c 25, 4.84; 2—3 . B I-B ( = mg 312, no. 72 — gm 719, no. 601),
account the p o rtra it of G aius on the reverse) m ust be about R au c h ; 4 . P 835, 4.84; 5. V 30963.

Augustus 16mm, 3.74g

17 m m, 6.39 g
16 mm, 4.44 g
17 mm, 4.84 g
Augustus/Tiberius 19mm, 6.23g
Claudius 19 mm, 6.39 g
Nero 24 mm, 12.62 g 18 mm, 5.75g
15mm, 3.69g
average: 24m m, 12.62g 18 mm, 6.21 g 16 mm, 4.13 g
 ASIA: Nysa, Mastaura (2662—2671) 443

2662 AE. 16m m , 4.44g (6). Axis: 12. [ 9 ] ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, r.
Regling 57, AMC 1360, C op 312 ΝΥΣΑΕΩΝ ΔΙΟΜΗΔΙΑΝΟΣ ΙΕΡΕΥ(Σ); M en standing, 1.,
w ith p atera a n d staff
B are head, r., in w reath
i . B 1 1 7 3 /1 9 1 2 (D o d o n a find), 13.32; 2. B (I-B = mg 313, 72a); 3. L
NYCAEWN; fem ale b u st (of Livia?), r. 1961—3 -1 -3 2 4 , 12.66; 4 . Lewis = SNG 1475, 10.93. See E. L an e, Corpus
I . J S W , 5.77; 2. N Y; 3. O = AMC 1360, 4.15; 4—5. C op 312-13, 3.82, M onumentorum Religionis D ei M en is, N y sa 3 (b u t w ith in c o rrect n am e on
4.03; 6 - 7 . B 507/1877, I-B = LS 1 1 1 -1 2; 8—9. V 18384, 31946, —, 4.88; rev.; also L an e illu strates 3, n o t 1). S am e obv. die, a n d as 2 6 6 7 /1 -3 .
10. C M c C le a n 8 6 8 4 (pl. 304.10), 4.00. T h e rev. legend is som etim es
re tro g ra d e (e.g., 2, 8, 10), a n d h as been tooled in m o d e rn tim es to 2667 AE. 23m m , 12.38g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
Π Α Κ ΤΩ Λ ε\νΝ on 7. T h e h ea d on th e rev. h as a ‘L iv ian ’ h airsty le, a n d is to
Regling 59, bmc 28
be identified as eith er L ivia o r K ore.
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, r.
2663 AE. 18 m m 5.08g (1). Axis: 1 2 (1 ). [ 1 ] ΝΥΣΑΕΩΝ ΔΙΟΜΗΔΙΑΝΟΣ ΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΚΟΡΗ; K ore, veiled,
Regling 56 standing L, w ith sceptre
Bare head of A ugustus an d d rap ed bust of Livia, r. i . B ( B - I ) , 13 .23; 2. L = bmc 28, 11.48; 3 . O , 12.42. S am e o b v . die, an d
as 2 6 6 6 /1 -3 .
NYCAEWN; D ionysus standing, 1., w ith can th a ru s and
thyrsus 2668 A E. 18m m , 5.75g (2). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
i . P 8 3 4 , 5.08; 2. IB ( = GRMK 123, no. 3). T h e Ns in the rev. legend are
retro g ra d e. T h is featu re a n d th e le tte r form s C a n d W link th e coin w ith
Regling 60
th e previous issue, also w ith Livia. ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, r.
ΝΥΣΑΕΩΝ ΔΙΟΜΗΔΙΑΝΟΣ; P luto a n d K ore in quadriga,
r.
Augustus or Tiberius i . P 8 3 7 , 6.08; 2. N Y; 3. P D elep ierre, 5.39; 4 . B 1118/1878.

2669 AE. 15m m , 3 .6 9 g (5). Axis: 12. [ 12 ]

2664 AE. 19m m , 6.23g ( : )· Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
Regling 62, bm c 29, C op 312
Regling 50
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, r.
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r. ΝΥΣΑΕΩΝ; b u st o f M en, r.
ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙΣΑΡ fP Ä M TO B ΝΥΣΑΕΩΝ in five lines w ithin I . L = b m c 29, 3.63; 2 - 3 . P 836, 838 ( = W a 2498), 4.33, 3.75; 4 . O , 3.26;
w reath 5 - 6 . B (L öbb, I-B ); 7. C L eake, 3.49; 8 - 9 . V 27495, 3 r 9 4 7 , - , 4 -° 4 ;
i . L = b m c 23, 6.23; 2. P 832, 6.38; 3. V 18383; 4—5. N Y; 6. I-B ( = km 10. L in d g ren 765, 4.01; 11—12. C o p 3 1 2 -1 3 , 3.82, 4.03; 13. N Y. E. L an e,
178, no. 1); 7. T 4218. Corpus M onumentorum Religionis D ei M en is, N y sa 2.
C o u n te rm ark : C ap ric o rn ( G IC 308: 1—7).
2670 AE. 23m m , 8 .3 1 g (i). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
Regling 61
Claudius and Agrippina I I (?) (for attribution, see ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, r.
ΝΥΣΑΕΩΝ ΠΛΟΥΤΟΔΟΤΗΣ; P luto (?) seated, 1., w ith Nike
introduction) an d sceptre
I. L = BMC 27, 8.31. F o r a d iscussion o f th e rev. ty p e, see in tro d u ctio n .
2665 A E. 19 m m , 6.39 g (2)· Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 6 ]
Regling 54-5, BMC 26, am c 1361
CCBACTOI; laureate p o rtra it o f C laudius (?) an d draped U n c e rta in d ate (.N e r o -V e s p a s ia n ??)
b u st o f A grippina II (?), ju g a te , r.
NYCAEWN XAIPHMWN; P luto a n d K ore in q u ad rig a, r. 2671 AE. 2 5m m , 9 .3 0 g (1). [ 2 ]
I. 0 = AMC 1 3 61, 6.81; 2· L = BMC 26, 5.97; 3—4 . B (L öbb, 355/1882); Regling 39
5. P 833, 5.62; 6. V 27724; 7. W in te rth u r ( = g r m k 123, no. 2).
ΔΗΜΟΣ ΝΥΣΑΕΩΝ; beard ed head of Dem os, r.
ΙΟΥΛΙΟΣ ΑΝΤΩΝΕΙΝΟΣ ΙΕΡΕΟΥΣ, ΚΟΡΗ; K ore, veiled,
standing 1., w ith sceptre
Nero I . B (I-B ) ( = gm 719, no. 599), 9.30; 2. V . As Im h o o f-B lu m er an d
R egling n o ted , ΙΕΡΕΟΥΣ is p resu m a b ly a die e n g rav e r’s m istak e for
2666 AE. 24m m , 12.99g (2)· Axis: J2. [ 3 ] ΙΕΡΕΥΣ. See in tro d u ctio n for discussion.

Regling 58

Mastaura
M astau ra issued no coins before the im perial period, and in
the early first century coins were m ade in the reigns of
T iberius (probably) and of Nero. I t is not clear w hen the
‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins (B M C 1-4) should be dated
(L S , p. 96, no. 2, is m uch later, as the letter forms C and £
show). T h e letter forms are E an d Σ, w hich occur on the
coins down to V espasian; the next im perial issues (of
F austina I an d L. V erus, in B) have C an d £ . T he large
thick fabric of B M C 1 is very like th a t of the coin of
V espasian (B M C 10) and probably dates to th a t period, or
perhaps to the early second century. T his leaves the date of
B M C 2-4 rath er uncertain. T he fabric and size of B M C 3-4
seems quite like th a t of the coins o f T iberius, so the coins
are tentatively attrib u ted to the m id-first century a d . Some
confirm ation for this date is provided by the form of the
ethnic: both ΜΑΣΤΑΥΡΙΤΩΝ and ΜΑΣΤΑΥΡΕΙΤΩΝ are
found. T he first form occurs for T iberius, b u t the second is
norm al from N ero onw ards. B M C 2 seems m uch flatter, and
444 A S IA : Mastaura (2672-2678)

the very circular legend is not like th a t found, for instance, crucial place are BMC 6 and vA 3024. Both of these seem to
on the coins of Nero; both N ero’s coins and BMC 2 have be from the same die, and the reading ]ΑΓΟΡΑΣ does seem
cornucopias, b u t they are of a different style. BMC 2 is likely on them . For the title επιμελητής των κοινών
therefore not included here, and is perhaps to be regarded πάντων, see BCH, 1879, pp. 510-14, 3-5 (cited by BMC).
as later th a n the Ju lio -C lau d ian period. T he coins of N ero seem to fall into two groups, with
T he issue w ith a laureate male p o rtrait facing a ‘Livian’ legends ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣ AP and NEPWN ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ respect­
one is regarded as an issue o f T iberius an d Livia, for whom ively (the W also occurs in the ethnic of the second issue).
the legend ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥΣ w ould be appropriate. T h e reading T he portraits of the two groups are not, however, very
on the reverse was a m atter of dispute between Imhoof- different, and we m ight guess th at both were produced
Blum er, who read [Η?]ΡΑΣ XAIPEOY Ο ΕΠΙΜΕΛΗΤΗΣ round about 60.
ΤΩΝ ΠΑΝΑΘΗΝ(ΑΙΩΝ) (LS, p. 96, no. 3, following the view T he denom inations w hich occur are shown in the table
of J . F riedländer, ZJN, 1884, p. 51), an d H ead, who read below.
ΑΘΗΝ ΑΓΟΡΑΣ XAIPEOY Ο ΕΠΙΜ ΕΛΕΗΤΗΣ ΤΩΝ T he coins of T iberius were m ade of brass, while those of
ΠΑΝΤΩΝ (in BMC). U nfortunately, and perhaps surpris­ Nero were bronze; it can be seen from the table of weights
ingly, no new or com pletely clear specimens seem to have that, once again, the difference in m etal seems to have been
turned up since, b u t H e a d ’s reading seems slightly more of no significance to the denom ination.
. T he two specim ens w ith the clearest legends in the

‘ps.-aut.’ 19mm, 3.66g

Tiberius 18 mm, 4.14 g
Nero 21 mm, 9.80 g 18mm, 4.63g 14mm, 3.31 g
18 mm, 3.93 g 15mm, 3.26g

average: 21 mm, 9.80 g (1) 18mm, 3.59g (10; 1 4 m m , 3 . 2 9 g (2 )

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, r.

First century a d ?? ΜΑΣΤΑΥΡΕΙΤΩΝ; hero M astauros, 1., holding double axe
an d resting h a n d on hip
2672 L eaded bronze. 19m m , 3.66g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 4 ] i . C o p 2 7 8 , 9.80.

BM C 3 2675 L eaded bronze. 18m m , 4 .9 5 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 5 ]

ΜΑΣΤΑΥΡ(Ε)ΙΤΩΝ; goddess, stan d in g 1., holding phiale BMC 7
and torch
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, r.
ΣΩΖΩΝ; Apollo, stan d in g front, holding plectrum and
ΜΑΣΤΑΥΡΕΙΤΩΝ; goddess standing, facing, w ith phiale
resting h a n d on lyre on colum n; to r., bow an d quiver
an d torch
X . L = B M C 4, 4 .2 9 ; 2 . L — BMC 3, 3.O2; 3 . B 2 1 9 /1 8 8 6 ; 4 . V 19479.
i . L = b m c 7, 4.63; 2 . P 731 ( — W a 5090), 5.26; 3. B 446/1972; 4—5. V
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i.
19480, 27334. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.

2676 L eaded bronze. 14m m , 3.31g (1). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]

Tiberius BMC 8

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, r.

2673 Brass. 18m m , 4.1 4 g (5). Axis: 12. [ 5 ] ΜΑΣΤΑΥΡΕΙΤΩΝ; cornucopia
BM C 5 i . L = b m c 8, 3.31; 2. B (I-B — es 96, no. 4). S am e dies. Q u alitativ e m etal
an alysis on: 1.
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥΣ ΜΑΣΤΑΥΡΙΤΑΙ; lau reate head of T iberius,
r., facing d raped bu st o f Livia, 1.
ΑΘΗΝ ΑΓΟΡΑΣ XAIPEOY Ο ΕΠΙΜΕΛΗΤΗΣ ΤΩΝ ΠΑΝ; S e c o n d is s u e
the hero M astauros on horseback, r.; in field, ΤΩΝ
I . L = B M C 6 , 3 . 9 4 ; 2 . L = BMC 5 , 5 . 1 3 ; 3 . B ( = z f N 1 8 8 4 , 5 1 = L S 9 6 , no.
2677 A E. 18m m , 3.93g (2). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
3) (Α ΘΗ Ν Α [ ] ΠΙΜΕΛΗΤΗΣ ΠΑΝ, ΤΩΝ); 4 - 5 . M u 4 QAIPEOY O km 522, no. 2
ΕΠΙΜ ΕΛΗΤΗΣ ΠΑΝ, ΤΩΝ), 4 a (]Α Σ XAIPEOY Ο ΕΠΙΜ ΕΛΗΤΗΣ ΠΑΝ, ΤΩΝ),
2 .8 9 , 4 ·4 8 ; 6 . νΑ 3 0 2 4 (p ro b ab ly ]ΓΟΡΑΣ XAIPEOY Ο ΕΠ ΙΜ ΕΛΗ Τ[), 4-28. [NE]PWN ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟ [Σ; b are head, r.
See in tro d u c tio n for a discussion o f th e legend. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis M A pT A Y PEITjW N ; goddess, facing, w ith crescent on
on: i . head, holding torch
I. B (B -I) ( = km 2 w ith T af. X X .9), 4.37; 2. vA 3025, 3.49.

2678 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3.26g (1). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]

Nero
BM C 9
F i r s t is s u e NEPWN ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r.
ΜΑΣΤΑΥΡΕΙΤννΝ; cornucopia
2674 AE. 2 i m m , 9.80g (1). Axis: 1 2 (1 ). [ 1 ] i. L = bm c 9, 3.26; 2. B (Fox = es 96, no. 5). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis
C op 278 on: i.

Anineta
T he coin, formerly in Im hoof-B lum er’s collection and now
in B, which was catalogued by him as a coin of A nineta
( M G , p. 470, no. 74 = L S , p. 23, no. 6, followed by the vA
Index) is, in fact, of O rth o sia in C aria (2824/3). T his reat­
tribution negates the rem arks of L. R obert, A Travers F A sie
M ineure, p. 331.
T he coin, also form erly in Im hoof-B lum er’s collection
(but apparently not now in B) an d catalogued by him as a
coin of A grippina and N ero from A nineta ( L S , p. 23, no. 7,
with Taf. 1 1 .4, followed by the vA In d ex) is, in fact, a coin of
Briula (?)
T he coin of T iberius in V classified as a coin of Briula
(followed by the vA Index) is, in fact, a coin from G alatia
( 3 5 5 4 / 6 ).
A single ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coin is included here.
Im hoof-B lum er regarded it as ‘eine der ältesten [sc. coins of
Briula], etw a aus der Zeit des A ugustus’. T his dating is
possible, though, of course, by no m eans certain.
Samos
T he im perial coinage o f Samos was covered by P. G ardner
in his article on ‘Samos and Sam ian coins’ in N C , 1882, pp.
271-90. T his was m ore of a general survey than a catalogue,
and was w ritten m ainly from the iconographical point of
view.
Some silver denarii of A ugustus have tentatively been
attrib u ted to Samos ( R I C 475; ad d the corresponding aurei
in H all, G lendining 1950, lot 774, and Sotheby’s, Zurich,
23.11.1986), and connected w ith A ugustus’s visit to the
island (see C .H .V . S utherland, R N , 1974, pp. 58fr.), b u t
both the date and the a ttrib u tio n are very u ncertain (see p.
368). T here is certainly no obvious point of contact between
the aurei and denarii an d the local bronzes of Samos of this
period.
Im perial coins were produced for Samos depicting C ali­
gula, C laudius, N ero an d A grippina II. T here are also two
issues (2681-2), variously attrib u ted to A ugustus, T iberius
and Caligula. I t seems unlikely th a t either is supposed to be
C aligula, as the p o rtrait (and, e.g., the truncation of the
neck) is different from th a t on his coins. T he hairstyle and
po rtrait on the piece w ith the peacock reverse are very
A ugustan, an d the p o rtrait on the pieces w ith H era on the
reverse looks different, possibly T iberian. T h e coins are
therefore very tentatively attrib u ted to A ugustus and
T iberius, respectively. T h e A ugustus issue would be late in
the reign, as he is lau reate an d has a straight neck.
Augustus 16 mm, 5 g
Tiberius 17 mm, 45g
Caligula 24 mm, 12^g
Claudius 25 mm, n g
Nero 25 mm, i o |g 20 mm, 6 g
‘ps.-aut.’
A S IA : Anineta, Briula (?), Samos (267g) 445
Cym e (2434, as B M C 130). T he v A In d e x also attests a coin
in P for A grippina II at A nineta. T his is also a specimen of
2434.
Im hoof-Blum er (L S , p. 23, n. 1) suggested th at the small
coins of Nero w ith a horse 1. and palm b ran ch m ight be of
A nineta; because of this, such coins and sim ilar ones for
A grippina II are sometimes housed un d er A nineta (e.g.,
O ); they are, in fact, of Thessalonica (1590, 1596; cf.
1605—6A).
2679 AE. 16 m m , 3.36g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
LS 53, no. i
ΒΡΙΟ Υ Λ ΕΙΤΩ Ν ; eagle sta n d in g facing, h e a d r.
T hyrsus
I . B (I-B ) ( = L S 1), 3.36.
L etter forms and die axes are consistent throughout the
Julio-C laudian period, and, even if they do not help w ith
the identification of the different em perors, they do help
greatly w ith the classification of the ‘pseudo-autonom ous’
coins. U ntil D om itian Σ is always used; from his reign and
until the reign of G ordian C is norm al, being replaced by E
from Philip to V alerian. Die axis in the Julio -C laudian
period was always twelve o’clock, b u t variable between
twelve and six in the late first and second centuries, and
exclusively six o’clock from the reign of Com m odus
onwards.
T hus of the ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins of the R om an
period discussed by G ardner (pp. 272-3), nos. 4-7 have the
later form of C, as does his no. 8 (erroneously recorded as Σ
by G ardner on the basis of the w orn B M C 219). G ardner
him self thought th at his nos. 1-2 belonged to the first cen­
tury B G , and th at his no. 3 was early im perial, b u t H ead in
the B M C of 1892 plausibly p u t 2 and 3 (both with
m onogram s) in the first century b c . T hus only one issue
(forepart of bull/prow , as B M C 210) is left for the Julio-
C laudian period (= 2680).
T he types (H era, peacock on caduceus, prow) were all
traditional at Samos.
As regards denom inations, all the coins seem to have
been m ade of bronze and the following p attern is found:
13 mm, 2i g
T he following alterations are required to the vA Index'. L au reate head, r.
ΣΑΜΙΩΝ; statu e of H e ra Sam ia, r.
1. Livia, cited from G ardner. It is not clear w hat this
*· p 3374 ( — W a 2074), 5.23; 2. P 3373 ( = W a 2073), 4.27; 3 - 5 . L 1915-
refers to, unless it is G ardner, p. 280, w here he dismisses a 6 -3 -4 2 , G0841, 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 0 4 , 3.57, 3.94, 4.24; 6. O — AMC 1326, 4.06; 7—
description in P atin of a coin of Livia from Samos as a 8* B, 5 4 5 , 4-531 9 · V 18054; IO I· N Y; 11. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 223,
4-751 I 2 · W e b er 6325, 5.83. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 3.
m isreading of a coin of R om a and the Senate from
Pergam um .
2. Tiberius, cited from G ardner. T he coin G ard n er cites
(p. 275 and pi. V .i) for T iberius is, in fact, of Caligula. C a lig u la
3. C aligula an d A grippina in M u is probably M u 18a
(‘C laudius and A grip p in a’), and probably Nero and 2683 L eaded bronze. 24 m m , 12.69g (6)· Axis: 12. [ 6 ]
A grippina. BMC 226, C op 1729
4. C laudius an d A grippina II, cited from W a. W a 2076 is
ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate
attrib u ted here to Nero an d A grippina II. head, r.
5. A grippina II u nder C laudius. T his is, in fact, from the ΣΑΜΙΩΝ; statu e of H e ra Sam ia, r.
reign of N ero, for whom her epithet ΘΕΟΜΗΤΩΡ is 1· p 3 3 7 5 , 12.93; 2 · p 3 3 7 6 , i 5 -9 °l 3 · L = bmo 226, 11.84; 4 . C o p 1729,
appropriate. 14.44; 5 * B (I-B ), 10.67; 6· M u 18, 10.36; 7. Lewis = SNG 1498, 9.73.
6. N ero, cited from G ardner. I t is not clear w hat this Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 3.

refers to unless it is a confusion w ith the coin of N ero from

Perinthus, cited by G ardner, p. 279 and pi. IV . 14.
C la u d iu s

First century A D _____________________________________ 2684 Bronze. 2 5m m , 10.88g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]

BMC 227
2680 L eaded bronze. 13m m , 2.47g (5)· Axis: 12. [ 9 ]
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head,
BMC 210, C op 1726 r.
F o rep art of bull, r. ΣΑΜΙΩΝ; statu e of H e ra Sam ia, r., facing prow of galley
ΣΑ Μ ΙΩ Ν ; p ro w , r. i . L — BMC 2 2 7 , 12.42; 2. O , 8.06; 3. B (I-B = gm 302, no. 174), 12.17.
I. L = BMC 21 2 , 3.13; 2—5. L = BMC 2 10 - I I, 213, 1 9 1 5 -6 -3 -4 1 , 2.22, 2.O5, T h e Σ is in th e form E. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
3 .i i , 2.18; 6. C o p 1726, 2.34; 7. O , 2.25; 8. P 3368 (= W a 2069), 2.21;
9 . V 18052, 2.70. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

N e ro
Augustus? _______________________________________________
2685 AE. 2 5m m , 10.53g (3)· Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
2681 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 5.03g (15). Axis: 12. [ 18 ] ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΚΑΙ ΘΕΑ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΕΙΝ[; d rap ed b u st of A grippina
BMC 224, AMc 1324, C op 1728 II facing bare-headed, d rap ed b u st o f N ero, 1.
ΣΑΜΙΩΝ; statu e of H e ra Sam ia, r.
L aureate head, r.
i . V 3 7 6 2 8 , 9.29; 2. P 3 3 7 9 ( = W a 2076), 10.51. T h e coin in M u (18a,
ΣΑ Μ ΙΩ Ν ; p eac o ck s ta n d in g o n cad u c eu s, r.; b e h in d , 11.79: see p la te 116) m ay be a n o th e r sp ecim en , a lth o u g h th e p o rtra it o f
sc e p tre A g rip p in a seem s ra th e r different.
I. N Y , 6.03; 2—4 . L = BMC 2 2 4-5, 1906 -1 1 -3 -2 6 3 6 , 4.88, 3.82, 5.30; 5—
6. 0 = AMC 1324-5, 3.78, 4.43; 7. C o p 1728, 6.33; 8. P 3372, 5.39; 9 - 2686 L eaded bronze. 2 0 m m , 6 .o o g (5). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
II. B, 6.40, 5.12, 4.87; 1 2 - 1 3 . C L eake, 307/1948, 4.33, —; 14. V 18053;
BMC 228
15—16. M u 16-17, 4-69, 5-25; 17. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 224, 5.03;
18. W e b er 6324; 19—2 0 . N Y. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2. ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ ΘΕΟΜΗΤΩΡ; d rap ed b u st of A grippina II, r.
ΣΑΜΙΩΝ; peacock stan d in g on caduceus, r.; behind,
sceptre
Tiberius?? i . P 3 3 7 8 ( = W a 2075), 7.01; 2. P 3377, 5 4 9 ; 3. L = bmo 228, 5.54; 4 . B,
6.25; 5. V 18055; 6. M u 18b, 5.69; 7. N Y . F o r ΘΕΟΜΗΤΩΡ, see J .
E ckhel, N u m i Populorum et Urbium, p p . 3 9-40. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on:
2682 L eaded bronze. 17m m , 4 .4 5 g (9). Axis: 12. [ 10 ] 3-
AMC 1326

Priene
T he coinage of Priene has been catalogued by K . Regling, liantly attrib u ted to [Pom peijus M acer, an A ugustan legate
D ie M ü n z e n von Priene (Berlin, 1927), whose catalogue for the in Asia, by Dressel (see Regling); Regling also disproved
im perial period (pp. 101-6) is followed here. the later attribution by Babelon to a third-century legate.
T he earliest relevant coin is the unique one in P, which T he sam e conclusions were draw n by G ran t (F I T A , pp.
was previously attrib u ted to [C lodijus M acer, b u t was bril­ 388-9), apparently independently of and in ignorance of

D ressel’s and Regling’s discussion, and he dated the coin to
late in the p rincipate of A ugustus. U nfortunately, the coin
is still unique, so the legend m ust rem ain uncertain; and,
although Regling claim ed th a t he could see traces of the Π
and O, it is possible th a t the reading is not ΠΟΜ ΠΗΙΟϋ.
O ne should b ear in m ind D ressel’s other suggestion,
Aemilius M acer, who died in Asia in 16 b c ( P W , p. 86). I t is
very unfortunate th a t an inscription from Priene (I. von
Priene 247), which appears to m ention a contem porary
Pompeius, is not well enough preserved for his cognomen to
be clear. T h e subject of the inscription was, however, a
benefactor of the city, an d Dressel has suggested th at the
reverse figure of Bias on the coin m ight im ply the
‘E rhaltun g oder A usschm ückung des B ianteion’.
Regling has pointed out th a t otherw ise Priene m ade coins
only for A ugustus and C aligula, and th a t the alleged coins
of T iberius, C laudius an d N ero are all m isattributed
(though the attrib u tio n to N ero of B M C 54 is still followed
by the vA In d e x ).
T he coin w ith an owl reverse, now in C, w hich was
attrib u ted to Priene by G ran t ( F I T A , pi. X I.48) and
H eichelheim (SNG Fitzw illiam 4574), is in fact a coin of
Clazom enae (2494).
T he denom inations represented are:
M acer 12mm, 1.50g (1)
Augustus 16mm, 2.52g (8)
Caligula 19 mm, 6.21 g (2)
Magnesia (ad Maeandrum)
T h e coinage of M agnesia has been fully studied by S.
Schultz, D ie M ü n zp rä g u n g von M a g n e sia am M ä a n d e r in der
römischen K a ise rze it (Berlin, 1975), an d her classification has
been followed here. In particu lar, her book has sorted out,
on the secure basis of the M agnesia finds now in B, the
confusion betw een coins of M agnesia in Ionia, M agnesia in
L ydia an d of the M agnetes in Thessaly. T he arrangem ent
of issues here is slightly different from hers; the A ugustan
issues are discussed in the next p arag rap h , an d there seems
to be no necessary reason to follow h er (p. 23) in separating
the coins of N ero into a t least two emissions.
T he types refer either to the em peror or to the M agnesian
cult of A rtem is Leucophrys (see Schultz, pp. 36-7, 44-5);
the types of the rid er and of Nike were also traditional at
M agnesia ( B M C 44, 46). T h e m ost rem arkable type is the
obverse showing the em peror crow ned by a sm all figure of
Nike (2690-1); these were regarded as posthum ous
portraits o f A ugustus by Schultz (p. 26), but a sim ilar type
appears at N ysa (2661), an d there is no good reason to
suppose th a t either is posthum ous. A t N ysa the p o rtrait is
A S IA : Priene, Magnesia (ad Maeandrum) (2687-2689) ^7
[ P o m p e i? ] u s M a c e r , la te A u g u s ta n ?
2687 AE. 12m m , 1.50g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
Regling 186, FITA 388
]OC MAKCP; b are head, r.
ΠΡΙΗΝ£ΩΝ; Bias standing, facing; to r., tripod
i . P 2 1 2 7 ( = W a 1928), 1.50. Illu stra te d in Aréthuse / , pi. I . i (en larg ed );
R egling, T af. IV .1 8 6 ; a n d F I T A , pi. IX .3 4 .
A u g u s tu s
2688 A E. 16m m , 2.52g (8). Axis: 12. t 9 ]
Regling 187-9
CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r.
ΠΡΙΗΝΕΩΝ; helm eted b ust o f A th en a w ith aegis, r.
I . B ( P r ie n e fin d ), 2.06; 2—8 . See R egling; 9 . P U n c e rta in , 1.84. 1 an d
3—7 w ere fo u n d a t P riene.
C a lig u la
2689 AE. 19m m , 6.21 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
Regling 190
ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ; lau reate head, r.
ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΠΡΙΗΝΕΩΝ; lau reate head (of
G erm anicus), 1.
i . B ( P r ie n e fin d ), 6 .49; 2—4 . See R egling.
coupled w ith G aius C aesar on the reverse; at M agnesia the
presence of a m agistrate’s nam e, especially w ith a
patronym ic, seems an indication of an early date, as the use
of such nam es seems to tail off from the second h a lf of
A ugustus’s reign. Similarly, Σ and E are replaced by C and
£ after his reign. A lthough neither Schultz nor Imhoof-
B lum er ( K M , p. 78, no. 10) appear to have had any doubts,
the m ain uncertainty would seem to be about the identity of
the m an portrayed, since the features of the p o rtrait are
unusual, especially on the two dies know n w ith Nike in
front o f the portrait. It is hard, however, to believe th at this
p o rtrait is intended to represent A ntony, b u t it does bear
some resem blance to portraits of C aesar. O n the other
hand, the po rtrait w ith Nike behind the head does look
m uch m ore like Augustus.
T he nam e of a m agistrate, Μάρκος, taken by M ü n ster­
berg, B eam tennam en, from M i 3.147.635 (Sestini), for Livia
seems to be based on a m isread coin (the club is not known
as a type a t M agnesia, and the obverse reading ΛΙΟΥΙΑ
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ is im plausible).
448 A S IA : Magnesia (ad Maeandrum) {2690-2699)

T h e denom inational p a tte rn is sum m arised in the table values are not clear, however. T he general discussion of
below (the few available analyses suggest th a t the coins are denom inations (p. 369) leads one to think th at they m ay be
all of bronze). T hese denom inations are called the ‘ Vierer’, intended as 3-asses, as, 2 - as and 3 - or i-as.
‘D reier’, ‘Z w e ie r’ and ‘E in e r’ by Schultz, p. 18. T h eir precise

Augustus
Euphemos 18mm, 3.64g 11 mm, 2.40 g
M androgenes 16 mm, 3.89 g 12 mm, 1.88 g
Gaius 19mm, 5.75g
G. + L. 19mm, 4.73g

Tiberius 19 mm, 4.97 g 15 mm, 2.91g

Claudius 19mm, 4.19g
Nero 24 mm, !-3 4 g

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r.

A u g u s tu s ( ? ), C a e sa r (??) ( fo r id e n tity o f p o r tr a its , ΓΑΙΟΣ ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; b are head of G aius C aesar, r.
see above) I . B (I-B ), 5.43; 2—4 . See S chultz; 5. A u fh ä u se r, O ct. 1986, lo t 148, 5.68.
A ll d ifferent obv. dies.

2690 Bronze. 18m m , 3.89g (4). Axis: 12. [ 3 ] 2696 AE. 19m m , 4-73g (3)· Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
Schultz 5-6 Schultz 10-12
L au reate head, r., crow ned in front by sm all figure of ΛΕΥΚΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare heads of Lucius
Nike an d G aius C aesar, facing each other; (m onogram ^ )
ΕΥΦΗΜΟΣ ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; A rtem is firing bow, r. ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; facing cult statu e of A rtem is L eukophrys,
i . L 1970—9 - 9 —85, 3.87; 2—4 . See S chultz. 2 obv. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal w ith two supports
analysis on: 1. i . P 1 4 8 0 ( = W a 1742), 4.80; 2—3 . See S chultz; 4 . S ch u lten (A pr. 1988)
lo t 349, 5.32. T h e re is an u n c e rta in m o n o g ram (?) b etw een th e h ead s on 2
2691 AE. 18m m , 3.44g (5). Axis: 12. [ 2 ] a n d 3. 3 obv. dies.
Schultz 7
L aureate head, r., crow ned behind by sm all figure of Nike
ΕΥΦΗΜΟΣ ΕΥΦΗΜΟΥ ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; facing cult statu e of T ib e r iu s *12
A rtem is L eukophrys, w ith two supports
I . B (I-B ) ( = km 78, no. 20), 3.64; 2. G o, 3.70; 3. M u E phesus 65, 3.38;
2697 L eaded bronze. 19m m , 4 .9 0 g (12). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
4 J S W , 3.92; 5. K S ugden coll., 2.62. A ll from th e sam e obv. die.
Schultz 13-21
2692 AE. 11 m m , 2.40g (5). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
TIBEPIOC KAICAP; lau reate head, r.
Schultz 55-9 ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; fem ale figure, seated r., holding sceptre and
ΕΥΦΗΜΟΣ; bust o f A rtem is, r. b ranch
ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; bust of Apollo w ith lyre, r. i . L 1 8 9 9 —7—3 —16, 5.09; 2—i i . See S chultz; 12. L 1 9 33-2-14—570, 5.26.
i . C o p 8 5 7 , 2.76; 2—5 . See S chultz. 3 obv. dies. 1 exam ple (in B) found 12 sp ecim ens, 6 obv. dies. T h is issue w as re g ard e d b y R ogers, The Copper
a t M a g n e sia in Io n ia . Coinage o f Thessaly, no. 361a, as a n issue o f th e M ag n etes (a n d m u seu m
collections som etim es house th e m th e re o r u n d e r M ag n esia in L y d ia), b u t
som e w ere found a t M ag n esia in Io n ia (2 ex. in B ). Q u a lita tiv e m etal
analysis on: 1.
A u g u s tu s C o u n te rm ark : S tatu e o f A rtem is ( G IC 237: B).

2693 AE. 16m m , 3.89g (2). [ 2 ] 2698 AE. 19m m , 5 .1 3 g (5)· Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
Schultz 8-9 Schultz 22-5
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; lau reate head, r. TIBEPIOC KAICAP; lau reate head, r. ____
ΜΑΝΔΡΟΓΕΝΗΣ ΑΙΣΧΡΙΩΝΟΣ; b ust o f A rtem is w ith ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; Nike on globe, r.; to L, XAP
bow an d quiver, r. i . B (B -I), 5.72; 2—4 . See S ch u ltz; 5 . V N icopolis 11899, 5.05 (accepted
as a u n iq u e coin o f T ib e riu s fro m N icopolis b y M . K aram e sin e-
I . B (I-B ), 3.63; a - 3 . See S chultz. 1 exam ple found a t P riene (B). 2 obv.
O ik o n o m id o u , E Nom ism atokopia Tes Nicopoleos, p. 76). 1 ex am p le (B) found
dies.
a t M ag n esia in Io n ia . T h e m o n o g ra m p resu m a b ly stan d s for a p erso n al
nam e.
2694 L eaded bronze. 12m m , i.8 8 g (7). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
C o u n te rm ark : L a u re l b ra n c h ( G I C 349, ‘ow l (?) facing, w ings o p e n ’: B
Schultz 60-2 1G53/1918 = S ch u ltz 25). T h e o th e r coin cited b y H ow gego u n d e r this
en try , a coin in B fo u n d a t P rien e, seem s u n co n n ected .
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; capricorn, r.
ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ ΜΑΝΔΡΟΓΕΝΗΣ; m an on horse w ith spear, 2699 AE. 15m m , 2.91g (1). [ i ]
galloping r. Schultz 26
i . L 1 9 7 4 —10—2—i , 1.69; 2—7. See S chultz, i obv. die. i exam ple found at
M ag n esia in Io n ia . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i.
ΙΟΥΛΙΑ [CCBAJCTH; d rap ed bust, r.
ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; facing cult statu e o f A rtem is Leukophrys,
2695 AE. 19m m , 5.75g (3). [ i ] w ith two supports; to 1., XAP
Schultz 1-4 i . O , 2.91.

C la u d iu s
2700 AE. 18m m , 4.19g (5). Axis: 12.
Schultz 27-9
KAAYAIOC KAI CAP; lau reate head, r.
ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; facing cult statu e of A rtem is L eukophrys,
w ith two supports
I . P 148 I' ( — W a 1743), 4.40; 2—4. See S chultz; 5 . P V (sam e obv. die as
S chultz 27), 4.41. 3 obv. dies.
T he early im perial coinage of M iletus was struck in the
reigns of Caligula, C laudius and N ero. T he a ttrib u tio n of
other im perial issues is m ade difficult by the use of the
vague CEBACTOC together w ith ra th e r am biguous
portraits. N one of these seems to be any earlier th an C ali­
gula and C laudius, since until their reign Σ was used rath er
than C; the lunate form comes in only during the reign of
Nero. T here are the following issues:
1. i2 m m /2 .6 3 g : CEBACTOC laureate head, r./M IA lion,
r. B M C 154 (‘D om itian’), C op 1009, B (2, inc. K M 87, no.
20: ‘N ero’)
2. 2 o m m /6 .i5 g : CEBACTOC laureate head,
r./MIAHCIQN AIAYMEYC Apollo NY, O
3. 2om m /6-36g: CEBACTOC laureate head,
r./MIAHCIQN Apollo, r., w ith tripod NY, B (20/1925:
‘A ugustus’)
4. ig m m /2 .3 7 g : CEBACTH bust, r./M IAHCIQN cult
statue of A rtem is (B = K M 87, no. 19, and Taf. I I I . 12:
‘A grippina I I ’)
5a. 17 m m /2.85 g: CEBACTOC (retrograde) laureate head,
r./εΠ ΙΛ Ο Υ Π Ο Υ (retrograde) Apollo, r. B M C 149 (‘N ero’),
P 1869, O (2), NY
5b. 16 m m ,/2 .92 g: as last/ΕΠ ΙΛ Ο Υ Π Ο Υ (retrograde) lion
w ith star B (3, inc. K M 88, nos. 21-2; V 33352, M u 42,
W eber 6659)
5c. i6 m m /2 -7 9 g : as last (sam e d ie)/ΕΠ Ι ΛΟΥΠΟΥ river
god (B = K M 88, no. 23)
O n grounds of p o rtraitu re, none of these seems to belong
to the late Ju lio -C laud ian period, and they seem more
plausibly to be Flavian. T h e portraits on some look like
Nero or T itu s (5 ), D om itian (1, 4) or T ra ja n (3); the letter
forms (C), the direction of the legend (inw ard not outw ard)
and the portraits all suggest a date in the late first or early
second century, say c. 50—120. B ut a m uch fuller collection
of m aterial th an has been possible for this catalogue is
required before one can hope to sort out an d correctly
attrib u te these issues.
O f the coins included here, m any have a star; in the cases
of C aligula an d C laudius it is on the obverse. However, as
T rillm ich (F am ilienpropaganda der K a ise r C aligula u n d C laudius ,
pp. 124-5) pointed out, the star does not seem intended to
be either an indication of divinity or a control m ark, but
rath er a symbol of M iletus (occurring on the reverse of
earlier coins).
T here are no coins of C aligula from M iletus w hich depict
A S IA : Magnesia (ad Maeandrum), Miletus (2700-2701) qqg
N e ro
[ 3 ] 2701 L eaded bronze. 2 4m m , 11.34g (8). Axis: 12. [ 8 ]
Schultz 30-8
ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP; bare head, r.
ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ ΛΕΥΚΟΦΡ-ΗΝΗ; tem ple w ith four colum ns,
enclosing cult statu e o f A rtem is L eukophrys, w ith two
supports
i . L 1 9 7 9 —I —Ϊ —1 7 4 8 (ex vA 2048), 12.72; 2 - 1 0 . See S ch u ltz; π . P
D elep ierre, 7.37. 5 obv. dies. Q u alitativ e m etal an aly sis on: 1.
Miletus
A grippina I, though this is generally believed to be the case.
T he coin in P, which is supposed to have the reverse legend
ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΜ ΙΛΗΣΙΩΝ (see, e.g., T rillm ich, F a m ilienpropa­
ganda der K a iser C aligula und C laudius, pp. 123—4, w ith Taf.
14.7 following M 3.167.773), can in fact just be correctly
read ΘΕΑ ΔΡΟΥ[ (= 2704/4).
T he coinage of Caligula has several reverse types, all
linked by a com m on obverse:
2702. Bust of Apollo Didym eus;
2703. C ult statue of Apollo D idym eus;
2704. Drusilla;
2705—6. B ust of the Senate;
2707. Tem ple w ith six columns.
I t can be seen th at these types com bine the local (Apollo
Didym eus) and the R om an (Senate, D rusilla); as for the
tem ple, it has been suggested th a t it m ight be the provincial
tem ple of Caligula, which was at M iletus (S. Price, R itu a ls
a n d P ow er, no. 40). B ut its reappearance under C laudius,
accom panied by purely local types (Apollo and the lion,
2708, 2710), suggests th at it is in fact the T em ple of Apollo.
T he only other type produced by C laudius depicts an
em press on the reverse. U nfortunately, on the sole known
specim en, one can read only the end of her nam e: ]INA. T he
alternatives are M essalina or A grippina II; perhaps the
form er is slightly more likely.
U n d er N ero, the type depicting Apollo D idym eus is
joined by new types, which have been discussed by L.
R obert, M onnaies Grecques, pp. 47-51. O ne sm all denom i­
nation has no im perial portrait, and revives a H ellenistic
type. T he other new types are A rtem is Pythia (2715-16)
and Apollo Delphinios (2712). R obert has draw n attention
to the fact th at the m an who signs the coins ΤΙ ΔΑΜΑ is
known from two M ilesian inscriptions (Tiberius C laudius
D am as); on one he is given the title of his m agistracy,
archiprytanis, w hich was the title of the eponym ous M ilesian
m agistrate. T he inscription gives details o f legislation pas­
sed about the cults of Apollo D idym eus and Apollo D el­
phinios, and, as R obert pointed out, we can see in this case
th at there is a close link between the ‘m agistrate’ m entioned
on a coin (who turns out also to be the eponym ous m agis­
trate) and the types used. (See also addenda, 2712A.)
T he coinage was produced in three denom inations. T he
coins of Caligula and C laudius were m ade of brass, those of
Nero from bronze; as elsewhere, the differing m etallic com ­
position had no very definite effect on the m etrology of the
denom inations, though the N eronian coins are perhaps
slightly heavier (see table below).
T he following deletions should be m ade from the list in
M ünsterberg, B eam tennam en: επί Ά λεξαν an d επί Φλάκκου β'
under T iberius, taken from M i 86.271.1241-3. T hese can­
not be coins of T iberius (they have only CEBACTOC) in
view of the use of C and 8 for Σ and E (see above). For επί
Λούπου, usually given to N ero (but to T iberius by M i), see
above, nos. 5 a —c .
T he following entries should be deleted from the vA In d e x :
A ugustus and Tiberius (see above), C aligula w ith A grip­
pina (see above) and N ero under C laudius (= N e ro sole
reign).

Caligula 20mm, 5.36g (15)

Claudius 20 mm, 5.20 g (11)
Nero 26 m m , 11.58g (2) 20 m m , 6.05g Î3 1) 16 mm, 3.69g (3)

ΜΙΛΗΣΙΩΝ ΔΙΔΥΜΕΥΣ; cult statu e of Apollo D idym eus

holding stag an d bow, r.
C a lig u la ____________________________ i . L = bmc 146, 4.90; 2. P 1 8 6 2 , 4.93; 3 . C M cC le an 8242 (pi. 285.16),
5.72. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.
2702 AE. 20m m , 5.13g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ]
2709 A E. 2 0m m , 5 .3 4 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
ΓΑΙΟΣ Κ[ΑΙΣΑΡ Γ Ε]PM ΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, 1.; before, star
head, r.; before, star
ΜΙΛΗΣΙΩΝ ΔΙΔΥΜΕΥΣ; lau reate b ust of Apollo ΜΙΛΗΣ[ΙΩΝ]; tem ple w ith six colum ns
I. P 1 8 6 3 , 5.34; 2 . 6 5 5 /1 8 7 7 ,5 .3 4 ; 3. G 17. F o r th e id e n tity o f the
D idym eus w ith laurel b ran ch , r.
tem p le, see in tro d u ctio n .
I. P 1 8 5 8 (= W a 1857), 5.43; 2. B (Fox), 4.83.
2710 Brass. 20 m m , 5.09 g (5). Axis: 12. [ 6 ]
2703 AE. 20m m , 5.85g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
BMC 147, C op 1008
ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate
head, r.; before, star ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, 1.; before, star
ΜΙΛΗΣΙΩΝ ΔΙΔΥΜΕΥΣ; cult statu e of Apollo D idym eus ΜΙΛΗΣΙΩΝ; lion standing, r.; above, star
holding stag and bow, r. i . L — b m c 1 47, 4.67; 2—3. B (I-B , R a u c h ), 5.28, 4.98; 4 . C o p 1008, 5.02;
5. V 17494, 5-50; 6. P 1933 (17), 5.83. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
i . P 1 8 5 7 , 5.85.
2711 AE. 2 0m m , 5.55g (1). Axis: i ( i). [ 1 ]
2704 Brass. 20 m m , 5.23 g (6). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 6 ]
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, L; before, star
BMC 144
ΜΙΛΗΣΙΩΝ [ ]INA; d rap ed b u st of em press, r.
ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate i . B 5 8 /1 9 1 9 (P rien e fin d ), 5.55. See in tro d u ctio n to M ile tu s for the
head, r.; before, star id e n tity o f th e em press.
ΜΙΛΗΣΙΩΝ Θ ΕΑ ΔΡΟΥΣΙΛΛΑ; d rap ed b u st of D rusilla, r.
i . L = bm c 14 4 , 5.37; 2. L — BMC 145, 5.02; 3. P 1859 (tooled), 5.92; 4 . P
i860 (th is coin is g enerally reg ard e d as d ep ictin g A g rippina, see
N e ro (S ee also a d d e n d a , 2J12A)______________________
in tro d u ctio n ), 4.53; 5 . G 16; 6 . C 292/1948; 7. M M A G 41 (1970) lo t 387,
5.34; 8. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 211, 5.18. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. 2712 L eaded bronze. 26 m m , 11.58g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
2705 Brass. 20 m m , 6.07 g (2). Axis: var. [ 2 ] ΝΕΡΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, 1.
BMC 142 ΕΠΙ ΤΙ ΔΑΜΑ ΜΙΛΗΣΙΩΝ; Apollo D elphinios, seated 1.,
on rock, holding bow
ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate
i . L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—1 7 5 8 (ex vA 2103), 11.27; 2 · P 1864, 11.89. Q u alitativ e
head, r.; before, star m etal an alysis on: i.
ΜΙΛΗΣΙΩΝ ΣΥΝΚΛΗΤΟΣ; d rap ed bust o f the Senate, r.
i . L — bm c 14 2 , 6.82; 2. B (I-B ). Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: i. 2713 Bronze. 20 m m , 6.73 g (5). Axis: var. [ 4 ]
BMC 148
2706 AE. 20 m m , 5.84 g (2). Axis: 12. [2 ]
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r.
As 2705, b u t head of C aligula, 1.
ΕΠΙ ΤΙ ΔΑΜΑ Μ ΙΛΗΠΩΝ; cult statu e of Apollo
i . P 1861, 6.82; 2. B 729/1899, 4.86.
D idym eus, holding stag an d bow, r.
2707 Brass. 20m m , 4 .5 4 g (2). Axis: var. [ 3 ] I. L = b m c 148, 6.47; 2. P 1867, 6.66; 3 —4 . B (I-B , R au c h ), 6.84, 6.88;
5. vA 2104, 6.77. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: i.
BMC 143, C op 1007
ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate 2714 AE. 20 m m , 5.94 g (3). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 3 ]
head, r.; before, star As 2713, b u t head, 1.
ΜΙΛΗΣΙΩΝ; tem ple w ith six colum ns I. B (I-B ), 6.64; 2. B (L ö b b ), 5.42; 3. L 1 9 9 1 -2 -7 -3 , 5.75.
i . L = bm c 1 4 3 , 3.65; 2. C o p 1007, 5.43; 3. M u M iletopolis 3. F o r the
id e n tity o f th e tem ple, see in tro d u ctio n . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. 2715 L eaded bronze. 2 0 m m , 5 .8 2 g (12). Axis: var. [ 10 ]
BMC 150, C op 1012
CEB A CTO C; lau reate head, r.
C la u d iu s _____________________ _ ΕΠΙ ΤΙ ΔΑΜΑ Μ ΙΛ ΗεΐΩ Ν ; cult statu e of A rtem is Pythia,
holding p a te ra an d bow, r.; behind, stag
2708 Brass. 20m m , 5.1 8 g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ] i . L = b m c 150, 6.01; 2. C Leake; 3. M u 43, 5.06; 4 . vA 2105, 6.64;
5. C o p 1012, 4.76; 6. P D elep ierre 31, 7.45; 7—11. B (Fox, 600/1877, I-B ,
BMC 146 L ö b b , B -I); 12—13. L in d g ren 517, A 517A, 5.24, 6.41; 14. W e b er 6058. 11
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, 1.; before, star h as Σ r a th e r th a n C o n the obv. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 7.
 A S IA : Miletus, Amyzon, Bargylia, Halicarnassus (2716-2722) 451

2716 AE. 2 0 m m , 5.99g (12). [ 12 ] 2717 Bronze. 16m m , 3.69g (3). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ]
BMC 151, C op 1010 C op 1006
As 2715, b u t head, 1. L au reate head of Apollo, r.
i . L 1961—3—1—287, 6 .0 6 ; 2. L = BMC 15 1, 4 .3 5 ; 3 - 4 . C op i o i o - i i , 6 .8 0 , ΕΠΙ TI ΔΑΜΑ MI[ ; lion, r.; above, star; all in w reath
6 .1 5 ; 5 - 7 . P 1 8 6 5 -6 , 1870, 5 .8 8 , 5 .1 9 , 6 .9 7 ; 8 - 1 0 . B (7 9 3 7 , 2 8 7 2 3 , i . C o p 100 6 , 4.28; 2. V 17482, 4.00; 3 . L 1 9 3 3 -1 2 -3 -1 1 , 2.81. T h e type
D ressei), 7.04, 7.44, 6.15; 11-12. V 17495, 32458, 4-52, 5 -34 - is a revival o f a H ellen istic type (B M C i2 iff.), an d , as th e coin is
som etim es classified as su ch in m u seu m collections, it is likely th a t som e
specim ens h av e b ee n m issed. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 3.

Amyzon
For the site of Am yzon (= M a z in ), see J . and L. R obert, A u g u s tu s
(1938), pp. 36-43. T he design (and
F ouilles d ’A m y z o n en Carie
denom ination?) seems strongly influenced by the A ugustan 2718 AE. 14m m , 1.83g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
coinage of Ephesus, even though the design refers to the C op 27, R obert 38, no. 2
sanctuary of A rtem is a t Amyzon. [ΣΕΒ] ΑΣΤΟΣ AMY [ΖΟΝΕΩΝ ? ? ] ; b a re head, r.
ΟΠΙΝΑΣ ΜΕΝΙΠΠΟΣ; stag standing, r.
i . C o p 27, 1.80; 2. B 237/1880 ( = R e g lin g , zfN 1904, 129: m a g is tra te ’s
n a m e n o t clear), 1.86. T h e stag, a n d A rtem is, o ccu r on som e o f th e o th e r
ra re coins o f A m y zo n (R egling, Z f N , 1904, p p . 129-30; B M C 2).

Bargylia
For the coinage of Bargylia, see the reconstruction by W. A u g u s tu s ? ____________________
W eiser, ‘Z u r M ünzprägung von Iasos und B argylia’, in W.
Blümel, D ie Inschriften von Iasos I I (Bonn, 1985), pp. 181-5. 2719 AE. 2 0m m , 6 .4 1 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
Bargylia h ad m ade a sm all issue o f silver drachm s (B M C mg 306, no. 28
1) and è-drachm s (vA 8075) as well as m ore com m on
No inscription visible. B are head, r.
bronze coins in the late H ellenistic period.
ΒΑΡΓΥΛΙΗΤΩΝ; veiled facing b ust of A rtem is K indyas
For the im perial period, there is a single issue, w hich can
i . B (I-B ) ( = mg 28), 6.47; 2. P 3 9 6 ( = W a 2284), 6.34.
probably be attrib u ted on grounds of the p o rtra it to
A ugustus. T h e reverse type, a facing bust of A rtem is
K indyas, h ad been used on earlier coins (B M C 7-8).

Halicarnassus
H alicarnassus had issued silver drachm s and fractional pie­ N e ro *I.4
ces (B M C 43-53), as well as a fairly plentiful bronze
coinage in the first century b c . In the first century a d , 2720 AE. 19m m , 3 .9 1 g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
coinage was issued only u n d er Nero. C op 393
T here are two issues. O ne was probably m inted early in
ΝΕΡΩ[ ]ΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r.
the reign, c. 55, to ju d g e from the young p o rtrait an d the
ΑΛΙΚΑΡΝΑ; facing term inal statu e of A thena; all in
associated coins of A grippina II. T he oth er is very curious, shallow incuse square
as it revives the shallow incuse reverse fabric, w hich had I. P 6 3 4 (—W a 2375), 3.43; 2. B 21194, 4.38; 3 . C o p 380, 3.93. A ll sam e
been abandoned by the silver coinage of Rhodes in the first dies.
century b c , though it continued on the silver hem idrachm s C o u n te rm ark : ? ( G I C 496: 2).

o f Stratonicea (2776) an d on hem idrachm s and some of the 2721 L eaded bronze, ig m m , 4 .1 0 g (3). Axis: 12 or 3. [ 4 ]
bronzes of the Lycian League until the A ugustan period BMC 8 l
(3305fr.); it was also used on an uncertain bronze of
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΣΤΟΣ (sic); lau reate head, r.
A ugustus (5427). T o ju d g e from the p o rtrait, it m ust date to ΑΛΙΚΑΡΝΑΣΣΕΩΝ; facing term in al statu e of A thena
about the sam e tim e as the other N eronian issue.
i . P 6 3 5 ( = W a 2376), 3.77; 2. L = BMC 81, 4.21; 3 . P 636, 4.33; 4 . B (I-
T he reverse type of the coins of A grippina, a cult statue of B = km 3 1 1, no. 62). A ll sam e dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 2.
Zeus A kraios(?), is also found on later coins of
2722 AE. 18m m , 4 .2 8 g (5). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
H alicarnassus.
T he coins all ap p ear to be of the sam e denom ination, ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; d rap ed b u st of A grippina II , r.
ΑΛΙΚΑΡΝΑΣΣΕΩΝ; cult statu e of Zeus A kraios (?)
about 19m m an d 3.97 g (10).
i . L i n d g r e n 6 4 8 , 4.03; 2. vA 8092, 3.83; 3 . P 637 ( = W a 2377), 4.16;
4 . C M cC lean 8497 (pi. 297.7}, 3-851 5 · B (Fox) ; 6. M a b b o tt 1720; 7. L
i 9 9 i - i - 3 ° - 7 , 5 -7 2 ·
 Myndus
M yndus h ad produced a large q u an tity of coinage in the
H ellenistic period, b u t only a single coin is know n for the
early im perial period.
Cos
Previously Cos h a d produced silver coinages; a large num ­
ber of plinthophori, followed by rare silver drachm s (e.g., L
1925-1-6-2) a n d hem idrachm s (B M C 192-3). Cos m ight
perhaps have been the m int of aurei and denarii m inted by
Cassius w ith types w hich refer to Rhodes and Cos (R R C
505/3; see also Rhodes).
In the late R epublican period, Cos was ruled by Nikias
(PW , col. 14), w ho is norm ally dated betw een about 50 b c
and the reign of A ugustus. T his d ating depends partly on
the reappearance of C harm ylos on coins of Nikias and of
A ugustus, but, even if they are the sam e person, the
A ugustan m agistrate signs his coins C harm ylos B (for the
second tim e). T h e only really firm statem ent th a t can be
m ade is th a t the p o rtra it of Nikias w hich appears on his
coins seems strongly influenced by th a t of O ctavian. Nikias
produced a series of large bronze coins; as a t Rhodes, these
large coins were probably intended in some way to replace
the earlier silver coins. T hey were signed by various m agis­
trates; although the study o f their dies m ight well reveal a
correct sequence, this has not been done for this catalogue,
and they have sim ply been listed in alphabetical order.
T he style and p o rtraits of the A ugustan coins are all very
close, suggesting th a t they were all produced w ithin a fairly
short tim e, probably the second h a lf of the reign, to judge
from the p o rtrait. T h e types refer m ostly to the C oan cults
of Asclepius an d Zeus, b u t Sophocles used the type of
Eirene, although the significance of its use is not clear
(unless it is ju s t a generic reference to the restoration of
peace by A ugustus, as a t N icom edia, 2062).
Cos produced a num b er o f ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins,
some w ith interesting types such as a depiction of
X enophon or H ippocrates. It is very doubtful, however, on
two counts, w hether any of these fall in the Ju d io -C laudian
period. First, letter forms. Σ and E are norm al on first-
century coins, b u t C and £ are usual from the second cen­
tury on. T h e form Ω is used throughout the coinage until
the reign of Philip, w hen it is replaced by a sm all circle
above a line: o . Second, die axis. T his is strictly twelve
o’clock a t first; it is either twelve or six und er D om itian and
T rajan , an d six o’clock thereafter. O n these grounds we can
exclude B M C 205 (reign of D om itian?), B M C 215, 216,
217-18 (early second century) and B M C 212-13, 204, 210-
II , 209 an d 205 (third century: O).
T he vA In d e x includes an entry for A ugustus an d T iberius
Nikias 31m m , 20.70g (32)
Augustus
Caligula 22 m m , 7 .9 8 g (4)
N ew
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 7 2 3 Leaded bronze. 16m m , 3.74g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ]
BMC 46
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; d rap ed bust, r.
ΜΥΝΔΙΩΝ; branch
i. L = bmc 4 6 , 3.74. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.
C aesar, based on M u: there are two coins classified as such
in M u, b u t neither is a coin of Cos. M u 23 is indeed a coin of
A ugustus and Tiberius C aesar, b u t from Thessalonica (as
1565/56); M u 24 is a coin of N ero from Sardis, w ith a head
of H eracles on the reverse (as 3002/14). T here is also an
entry for A grippina I under Tiberius, cited from Istanbul;
one wonders if this m ight be a coin of A grippina under
C aligula (2741-2). Similarly, the coin in B cited under
A grippina I I under C laudius is really A grippina I under
C aligula (2741/1). T he coins o fN ero w ith a head ofZ eus on
the reverse, often housed un d er Cos in m useum collections
and publications (e.g., cited in the vA In d e x from P), are
coins of the K oinon of C rete (1039).
All the coins seem to be of bronze, as shown by the
available analyses. T he denom inations found are shown in
the table below.
N i k i a s , c . j o b c (? ) ______________________________________
2724 AE. 31m m , 20.70g (32: 3734—31). Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
BMC 196, C op 687
ΝΙΚΙΑΣ; w reath ed )?) head of N ikias, r. (lightly bearded)
ΚΩΙΩΝ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ; lau reate head of A sclepius, r.
i . L = BMC 196, 21.34; 2. L 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 3 1 , 20.57; 3 · P x3 3 9 > 20.72;
4 . M u 12, 25.07; 5 . C o p 687, 24.85. T h e re are very clear w re a th ‘ties’ at
th e back o f th e neck, b u t on ly very fa in t tra ces o f a line go in g across the
h a ir (b arely visible even on th e b est-p reserv ed sp ecim en s). T h is certain ly
does n o t look like a d ia d em , b u t it seem s m u ch slig h ter th a n th e lau rel
w re a th o n th e rev. h ea d . T h u s its n a tu re a n d significance is so m ew h at
u n clear. T ra c e s o f a b e a rd a re v isible only o n v ery w ell-preserved
specim ens.
2725 AE. [ 6 ]
As 3734, b u t ΚΩΙΩΝ ΔΙΟΦΑΝΤΟΣ
i . L 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 3 6 , 19.25; 2. L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—6 0 0 (ex vA 2764), 18.80;
3. C o p 688, 19.69; 4. P 1340, 22.66; 5—6 . B, 20.35, 20·3 9 ·
2726 L eaded bronze. [ 3 ]
As 3734, b u t ΚΩΙΩΝ ΕΙΡΗΝΑΙΟΣ
I. L 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 3 5 , 20.13; 2. P 1343 (— W a 2755), 22.79; 3 · B. 17 -5 5 ·
Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.
2727 AE. [ i (?) ]
As 3734, b u t ΚΩΙΩΝ ΕΥΚΑΡΠΟΣ
i . L = B M C 197, 23.58. T h e coin h as b een tooled, especially on th e obv.
a n d , as it is th e only coin w hich attests th e n am e ΕΥΚΑΡΠΟΣ, m u ch d o u b t
m u st a tta c h to th e read in g .
19mm, 5.79g (32) 1 5 m m , 2 . 8 8 g (2 9 )
 A S IA : Cas-(2728-2742) 453

2728 AE. [ 6 ] 2737 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 2.81g (13). Axis: 12. [ 35 ]
As 3724, b u t ΚΩΙΩΝ ΚΑΛΛΙΠΠΙΔΗΣ BMC 230, AMC 1355, C op 700
I. L = BMC 198, 20.55; 2 * L 1 9 6 1 —3—I—3 3 2 , 20.13; 3 · C o p 689, 20.35; ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.
4 . P 1341, 19.67; 5. V 13545; 6. B, 19.72.
ΚΩΙΩΝ ΠΥΘΟΝΙΚΟΣ; head of H eracles w earing lion skin,
2729 AE. [ 2 ] r.
i . L 1 9 6 1 —3—1—3 6 2 , 2.20; 2—8. L = bm c 2 3 0 -4 , 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 6 6 , 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -
As 2724, b u t ΚΩΙΩΝ ΟΛΥΜΠΙΧΟΣ
367^ 3-05, 2.34, 2.57, 2.92, 2.49, 3.20, 2.11; 9 - 1 1 . O — am c 1355-7, 3*°4)
i . L 1961-3-1—337, 20.81; 2. B, 22.17. 3.04, 2.78; 12—13. C o p 700—1, 3.54, 3.19; 14—18. M u 20, 2 o a -d ; 19—
2 0 . P 1308, D elepierre, 3.38, 2.91; 21—22. B; 23—2 5 . G 26 -8 ; 26—2 7 . C,
2730 AE. [ 3 ] 2.96, 2.76; 2 8 - 3 2 . V 18547, 18549-5 ï, 28439; 3 3 - 3 4 . L in d g ren 683,
A 683A; 3 5 . W e b er 6674, 3.15; 36—3 8 . N Y . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on:
As 2724, b u t ΚΩΙΩΝ ΠΟΛΥΧΑΡΗΣ
i . L 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 3 4 , 21.18; 2. P 1342, 21.12; 3. B, 20.06.

2731 L eaded bronze. [ 7 ]

As 2724, b u t ΚΩΙΩΝ ΧΑΡΜΥΛΟΣ S o p h o c l e s T im o x e n o u

I . L = BMC IQ 9, 16.67; 2 . L = BMC 2 0 0 , 16.55; 3. L I 9 6 1 - 3 - I —333, 18.68; 2738 L eaded bronze, ig m m , 5 .6 3 g (7). Axis: 12. [ 17 ]
4 . C o p 690, 22.04; 5 . B, 21.69; 6. V 36053, 20.95; 7 · M u 18b, 22.54.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2. BMC 224, am c 1351, C op 698
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΩΙΩΝ; lau reate head, r.
ΣΟΦΟΚΛΗΣ ΤΙΜΟΞΕΝΟΥ EIPANA; d iadem ed b u st of
Augustus (C. 10 B C -A D JO??) Eirene, r., w ith olive branch in front
I· L I 9 7 9 - *I - I _ I 9 3 4 (ex vA 2766), 5.65; 2 - 5 . L = bm c 2 24-5, i 9 6 3- 3 - i ~
350, 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 5 9 , 5.94, 4.55, 5.66, 6.56; 6. 0 = a m c 1351, 5.65; 7 - 8 . P
N ik a g o r a s D a
131°, 1312 ( = W a 2757), 5.00, 5.06; 9 . C o p 698, 5.43; 1 0 - 1 2 . B; 1 3 . G
24; 14. V 18548; 15. M u 21a; 16. L in d g ren 682; 17—18. N Y . T h e rev.
2732 L eaded bronze. 19m m , 6 .3 3 g ( I0 )· Axis: 12. [ 16]
legend on 4 is retro g ra d e. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
BM C 219, AM C 1344
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r. 2739 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3.08g (12). Axis: 12. [ 27]
ΚΩΙΩΝ ΝΙΚΑΓΟΡΑΣ ΔΑ; lau reate head of Asclepius, r.
BMC 226, am c 1352, C op 699
I. L = BMC 22 0 , 6.31; 2—5. L = BMC 219, 2 2 1 - 2 , I 9 6 1 - 3 -I-3 5 6 , 6.53, 5.84,
5.93, 6.60; 6 - 8 . 0 = a m c 1344-6, 7.30, 6.15, 5.50; 9 . P 1304, 5.50; 10— ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.
12. B; 13. M u 22; 14. V 18553; C ; 17. W e b er 6668, 6.67. F o r a ΚΩΙΩΝ ΣΟΦΟΚΛΗΣ; club a n d snake w ith staff
possible c o u n term ark , see 2 7 3 4 (C harm ylos).
i . L = bm c 2 2 6 , 2.68; 2—7. L = bmc 227—8, 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 6 0 , 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 —363,
1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 6 4 , 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 6 5 , 3.31, 2.96, 2.72, 2.92, 3.35, 3.31; 8 -
2733 AE. 15m m , 1.79g (1). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
9. O = AMC 1352-3, 2.81, 3.68; IO. C o p 699, 3.28; I I —12. P 1309,
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. D elep ierre, 2.76, 2.56; 13—16. B; 17. G 25; 18. C , 2.79; 19—22. V 18560,
ΚΩΙΩΝ ΝΙΚΑΓΟ[ ; head of H eracles w earing lion skin, r. 18562, 28095, 28363; 23—24. M u 22a, 22b; 2 5 . L in d g ren 684;
2 6 . W a d d ell 9.12.1982, 3.17; 27—2 8 . W e b er 667 0 -1 , 3.37, 3.11; 29—
i . P 1 3 06, 1.79; 2. B (o.N .) 3 1 . N Y . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

C h a r m y lo s B

2734 L eaded bronze. 19m m , 5 .8 1 g (9). Axis: 12. [ 18] C a lig u la

BM C 223, AM C 1347, C op 696
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r. 2740 L eaded bronze. 22 m m , 8.49 g (2)· Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
ΚΩΙΩΝ ΧΑΡΜΥΛΟΣ B; lau reate head o f Asclepius, r. bm c 235
I . L = BMC 223, 6.28; 2 - 4 . L 1 9 6 1 - 3 - 1 - 3 4 3 , 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 5 7 , 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 - ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ; lau reate
r 935 (ex vA 2767), 6.04, 6.63, 6.13; 5 - 8 . O = AMC 1347-50, 4.12, 5.25,
head, r.
5 -4 1 . 5 '8 ; 9. C o p 696; 1 0 -1 2 . P 1305, R ead y , G a u d in , 5.29, 5.73, 5.99;
13. M u 22a, 7.25; 14—16. V 18554-6; 17. W e b er 6669, 6.61; 18—19. N Y. ΚΩΙΩΝ Π 0 ΟΠΤΙΜΟΣ ΕΥΔΑΜΟΣ B; coiled snake, r.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1. i . L = bm c 2 3 5 , 8.35; 2. P 1313, 8.62; 3—4 . B 4306, R au c h ; 5 . NY.
C o u n te rm ark : ΛΑΓΤ ( G IC 550: C o p 697, eith er N ikagoras or C h arm y lo s). Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis o n : 1.

2735 A E. 15m m , 2.75g (3). Axis: 12. . [ 5 ]

2741 AE. 22m m , 7.59g (1). Axis: 12. [ i ]
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r.
ΚΩΙΩΝ XAPMY; head of H eracles w earing lion skin, r. ΘΕΑ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ; veiled head of A grippina I, r.
ΚΩΙΩΝ ΠΟ ΟΠΤΙΜΟΣ; facing figure o f A sclepius, leaning
i . B (I-B ), 2.76; 2. G 29, 2.48; 3 . V 18546; 4 . C 324/1948, 3.00; 5. N Y.
on serpent staff
I . B (L ö b b ) (= zfN 1883, 97, no. 34 — T rillm ich , Familienpropaganda der
Kaiser Caligula und C laudius , 125, a n d T a f. 14.9), 7.59; 2. F o n ta n a ( = r in
P y t h o n i k o s T im o x e n o u
1965, 92, no. 2, w ith tav . 1.2).
2736 L eaded bronze. 19m m , 5 .0 4 g (6). Axis: 12. [ 13 ]
BM C 229 2742 AE. 2 2m m , 7.36g (1). Axis: 12. [ o ]

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. As 2 7 4 1 , b u t ΚΩΙΩΝ ΕΥΔΑΜ ΟΣ B

ΚΩΙΩΝ ΠΥΘΟΝΙΚΟΣ ΤΙΜΟΞΕΝΟΥ; staff w ith snake i . J S W 8 7 —124, 7.36.

I. L 1 9 6 1 - 3 - 1 - 3 5 5 , 6.41; 2 - 5 . L — BMC 229, 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 6 1 , 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -

185, 19 5 1 -1 2 -8 -2 2 , 5.54, 5.51, 3.40, 4.19; 6. 0 = AMC 1354, 5.16; 7. P
1311 ( = W a 2756), 3.56; 8—10. B; n —12. V 18558-9; 13. M u 19; 14—
15. W e b er 6672-3, 5.31, 5.31. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
454 A S IA : Astypalaea, Rhodes (2743)
Astypalaea
T here is only a single issue in the early im perial period,
traditionally attrib u ted to Tiberius. T his attrib u tion is
based on the p o rtrait, an d seems reasonable. T he large size
of the coin and the choice of the figure of Nike are presum ­
ably the influence of the large bronze didrachm s of Rhodes
(2748-87).
Rhodes
A part from the Greek legend coinage of Rhodes, whose
attributio n is m ade certain by the presence of the ethnic,
some coins w ith no ethnic and L atin legends have also been
attrib u ted to Rhodes by G rant, F I T A , pp. 243-4 (pi.
V I I .32), since they have a rose for a reverse type. G rant
read the reverse legend as C. CA R., G. C O S., w hich he
regarded as the nam es of the duoviri of an otherwise
unknow n colony at Rhodes, founded during the occupation
of the island by Cassius in 42 b c . T h e legend of the reverse
is, however, G. C O SC . GAR., referring to one person only,
and it seems likely th a t he is connected w ith the person w ith
a sim ilar nam e (P. C O S C O N ) on a coin of very sim ilar size
and w ith a very sim ilar obverse, b u t w hich was attrib u ted
by G rant, F I T A , pp. 260-1 (pi. I X .6), to Cyrenaica! T he
attributio n to C yrenaica was based on the reverse type,
w hich G ra n t identified as a silphium plant, b u t both this
identification an d the attrib u tio n to C yrenaica have been
rejected by T . V. B uttrey, E ssays Grierson, p. 39, n. 29. In
view of the sim ilarity betw een the coins it appears likely
th at they come from the sam e place, b u t if this is not
Cyrenaica, it is unlikely to be Rhodes either. First, the die
axis o f both series of coins is twelve or six o’clock, whereas
twelve o ’clock is norm al a t Rhodes; second, a specim en of
the P C O S C O N series was overstruck, apparently over a
R om an R epublican sm all bronze, an d this strongly suggests
a w estern attrib u tio n . T h e coins are listed in this catalogue
under ‘U n certain ’ (5401-2).
I t is possible th a t the aurei and denarii of Cassius, with
reverse types referring to Rhodes (and Cos) were m ade at
Rhodes (R R C 505/3), b u t this is not certain.
T he following arran g em en t of the early im perial Greek
legend coinage of R hodes has been m ade by R ichard A sh­
ton. See also his article in Recent T u rkish Coin H o a rd s and
N u m ism a tic Studies, ed. C. S. Lightfoot (BIAA M onograph
no. 12, 1991).
Silver
T he date at w hich the large nu m b er of ‘A ttic w eight’
drachm s (B M C 334-41, vA 2836fr.) was m ade is not
entirely clear. T raditio n ally they have been placed in the
m iddle of the first century b c , b u t there is now reason to
T ib e r iu s
2743 L eaded bronze. 2 8 m m , 14.79 g (4)· Axis: 12. [ 6 ]
BMC 15
L au reate head, r.
ΑΣΤΥΠΑΛΑΙΕΩΝ: Nike advancing, L, w ith w reath and
p alm
i . P 1 1 2 7 , 15.45; 2—3· P 1126 a n d A sp e n d u s 183, 14.55, 15.28; 4 —5. B
(L ö b b , I-B ); 6. L = bm c 15, 13.09; 7. vA 2740, 13.89. A ll sam e obv. die.
T h e re is also a sp ecim en in O (1 6 .8 5 g ), h u t it seem s to be cast.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 6.
think th at some - perhaps m ost or all —of them belong no
earlier th an the A ugustan period (see A shton, op. c it.). T he
coinage was very large (more th an forty varieties are
know n), b u t because of the com plexity of the issue and the
lack o f clarity about chronology the coins have been om itted
here.
T he next issue of silver (2744), known .m ostly from a
hoard of the mid-1970s (CHll, 127 = V II, 146), consists of
lightw eight drachm s. I t is dated to the tim e of A ugustus or
late from its sim ilarity in type (though not style) to the
heavier ‘A ttic w eight’ drachm s (BMC 334-41) and associ­
ated bronzes (BMC 342-5).
A nother issue (2745), apparently known in only two
specim ens, is perhaps a little later, though its date is very
uncertain. C om pare the busts of Tyche on the bronzes 2770
(BMC 415). T he only later silver coin of Rhodes is the small
silver piece of N erva (R H JA coll. = MMAG Liste 395, 1977,
94: 1.02 g).
Bronze
W e have om itted here the various issues of Helios/full-
blown rose in oak w reath large bronzes (BMC 342-5) and
the sm aller H elios/full-blow n rose bronzes (BMC 346-61),
w hich replace or accom pany the ‘A ttic w eight’ silver
drachm s. Like the silver drachm s, these bronzes have trad i­
tionally been placed in the m iddle of the first century b c ,
although there is now reason to suppose th a t all or m ost
belong to the A ugustan period (Ashton, op. cit., w ith a full
list of varieties).
For the attribution to the years after A ctium of our first
bronze issues with H elios/profile rose (2746-7) and Dio-
nysus/profile rose (2748), see A shton, op. cit. T he sm aller
H elios/profile rose coins (2746-7) are best regarded as
bronze obols, and the large D ionysus/profile rose coins
(along w ith the large D ionysus/N ike coins w hich follow:
35 m m , average w eight 23.70 g) as bronze drachm s. This
appears likely, since the large bronze coins seem to replace
the silver drachm s, though it is, o f course, true th at sim ilar
large bronze coins, from the tim e of N erva onw ards, are
inscribed ΔΙΔΡΑΧΜΟΝ (because their face value had been
doubled?).

T he arrangem ent of the large coins w ith D ionysus (2749- Silver
67) is based on the following considerations:
2744
1. Teim ostratos has been placed first, as he also has a
reverse type of a profile rose w hich is die-linked to his Nike
type. In the large hoard C H 11, 136 (where ‘H elios/N ike’ is
an error for ‘D ionysus/N ike’), his coins are generally more
worn th a n those of the oth er m agistrates in the series. In
addition, his nam e is not preceded by ΕΠΙ, unlike the other 2745
m agistrates.
2. D am aratos has been placed next, because his obverses
are often like those of T eim ostratos. M oreover, only
Teim ostratos, D am aratos and the next m agistrate, Anti-
patros, include the nam e of their m agistracy, TAMIA.
D am aratos an d A ntipatros also struck coins w ithout the
nam e of their m agistracy, an omission followed by all the
Bronze
succeeding ta m ia i in the series. c. j i
3. Phainilas, A ntigonos, Hierokles, Hypsikles an d Epi-
krates are placed in a group, as their coins are sim ilar. 2746
4 . A nother stylistic group consists of the coins of
Zenodotos, D iodoros and Eudoros.
5. Ghareinos has been placed next to Eudoros because
both have a rose in the field, an d last in the series before the
coins of N ero because the coins of C hareinos an d o f Nero
have sim ilarly large roses in the field.
2747
(The nam e D eikaisitios was reported by M i 3.425.257 on
a coin in G ousinéry’s collection; this coin is now in M u, and
can be correctly interp reted as a coin of
C hareinos = 2767/6: we are grateful to D .A . O . K lose for
confirm ation of this point.)
T he absolute date of the large D ionysus/N ike bronzes
depends p artly on the evidence of C H II, 136, in w hich they
were m ore w orn th an the im perial coins in the nam es of
Nero an d D om itian. Second, the stylistic link betw een the C. ß l B C - A D 60 *
coins of G hareinos and of N ero (see above) suggests th at
their production stopped w hen th a t of the N eronian coins 2748
began. A date in the early to m iddle first century is also
supported by the large coins of ‘T ib eriu s’ at A stypalaea
{ B M C 15 = 2743), w hich have a sim ilar Nike reverse and
look as if they were m ade in im itation of the R hodian coins.
Some coins w hich have been attrib u ted to this period
have been om itted here. In particu lar, the bronze
didrachm s { B M C 394-9) often signed ΥΠΕΡ ΤΩΝ
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩΝ, w hich are som etim es attrib u ted to T iberius
and Livia { B M C , M i) or the reign o f A ugustus (M . Bar, 2749
C E N B , 1978, pp. 41-8), are regarded here as second-cen­
tury a d coins, as is suggested by their absence from C H II,
136, the use of the legend ΔΙΔΡΑΧΜΟΝ, style, lower
weight an d die axis (at six o’clock). (See also A. K rom ann,
‘T he Greek Im perial coinage from Cos and R hodes’, in
Archaeology in the Dodecanese (1988), ed. S. Dietz an d I. Papa-
christodoulou, pp. 213-17.) Also excluded from this c ata­
logue are the coins w ith m ythological reverses (e.g., B M C
400, 4 1 1, C op 906), H elios/galley (Lanz 32, 259; Lanz 30, 2750
292), H elios/Sarapis { B M C 404), H elios/N ike (both the
larger variety, as B M C 387-8, Cop 895, and the sm aller
variety, as B M C 389, Cop 896-9, vA 2856-7), H elios/
cornucopia (L indgren 708), an d three Dionysus issues (A.
B M C 384, C op 894; B. B M C 385, Cop 893, vA 2855; C.
B M C 414, Cop 908).
A S IA : Rhodes (2744-2750) 455
AR. 16m m , 2.80g (5). [ 2 ]
R ad iate head o f H elios, th ree-q u arters facing, r.
POAIWN; full-blown rose from above
i . L 1 9 7 6 - 3 - 1 8 - 2 , 2.97; 2. L 1 9 7 6 -3 -1 8 -1 , 2.85; 3 . vA 2840 ( = L e u 13,
2600), 2.59; 4 . R H JA , 2.95; 5. R H JA (ex G iessen er 30, 2434), 2.63.
AR. I 2m m , 1.13g (2)· Axis: 12. [ i ]
R adiate head o f Helios, r.
ΡΟΔΙΩΝ; tu rrete d b ust of T yche (?)
i . O , 1.24; 2. K eck m an coll. (S k o p b an k , H elsin k i), 1.02. D ifferent dies.
BC and later
A E. i7 - i8 m m , 4 .8 1 g (3). Axis: 12.
BMC 382
R ad iate head o f Helios, 1.
POAIWN; profile rose; variable sym bol(s)
i . L = b m c 3 8 2 , 4.98; 2. T D C 24390, 4.76; 3 . R H JA , 4.69. T h e rev. is
ac co m p an ied b y a cad u ceu s, o r a cad u ceu s w ith d o lp h in a n d p a lm b ran ch .
AE. 17-18 m m , 4.22 g (5). Axis: 12 or 6.
C op 879
As 2746, b u t head, r.
i . C o p 879, 4.45; 2. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -1 0 2 4 , 3.44; 3 . R H JA , 5.01; 4. K eck m an
coll. (S kopbank, H elsin k i), 5.1; 5. T D C 24389, 3.99· T h e rev. is
ac co m p an ied by a cad u ceu s w ith d o lp h in o r b y a p o ppy.
I.9
AE. 3 5m m , 23.70g (128: 2748—67). Axis: 12.
BMC 377, C op 888
R ad iate head of D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r.
ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΤΑΜΙΑ ΤΕΙΜΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΥ; profile rose w ith
poppy an d ear o f corn
I . L = BMC 377, 19.91; 2. L 1 9 2 4 —4 —6 - 3 4 , 28.58; 3. V 18665;
4 . L in d g ren 700, 22.55; 5 . C op 888, 24.96; 6— 8. B (Fox, F ox, 5080); 9—
12. P s.N ., 1630-2, 21.20, 23.13, 25.89, 17.90; 13—14. R H JA , 24.06, 26.55.
D ie-linked to 2 7 4 9 (A shton, op. cit.).
AE. 3 5m m , 23.70g (see 3748). Axis: 12.
BMC 376, C op 886
R ad iate head o f Dionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r.
ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΤΑΜΙΑ ΤΕΙΜΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΥ; Nike, r., holding
p alm an d aphlaston (and stan d in g on prow)
I . L = BMC 376, 22.73; 2. L 1 9 7 9 —I —I —1 9 4 3 (ex vA 2853), 21.68; 3—4 . V
27564, 18663; 5 —6. C o p 886 -7 , 27.26, 25.08; 7. L in d g ren 699, 21.34; 8—
9. P 1648, s.N ., 25.81, 21.93; 10—τ ι . B (L ö b b , B o n n et); 12—14. R H JA ,
21.99, 22.14, 22.45. D ie-linked to 3 7 4 8 (A sh to n , op. d t .) .
AE. 35 m m , 23.70g (see 27 4 8 ). Axis: 12.
BMC 370
R adiate head o f Dionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r.
ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΕΠ Ι ΤΑΜΙΑ Δ AMAP ΑΤΟΥ ; Nike, r., holding
w reath an d palm , on rose
1—2. L = BMC 370, 375 co rr., 24.68, 25.59; 3 · P 24.76; 4—6. R H JA ,
19.77, 20.61, 20.89.
2751 AE. 35m m , 23.70g (see 8 7 4 8 ). Axis: 12. 2758 A E. 35 m m , 23.70g (see 2 7 4 8 ). Axis: 12.
BMC 371 C op 881
R adiate head o f D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath, 1. H ead o f D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath, 1.
ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΕΠΙ ΔΑΜΑΡΑΤΟΥ; Nike, r., on prow , w ith palm ΕΠΙ ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ ΡΟΔΙΩΝ; Nike, r., w ith p alm and
and aphlaston aphlaston
I . L = B M C 3 7 1 , 25.57; 2 - 3 · L — BMC 372-3, 25.74, 23.01; 4 - 5 . V 18661, I . C o p 881, 34.04; 2 - 3 . L 1 9 2 5 -1 -3 -9 , 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 - 1 9 3 7 (ex vA 2844),
30988; 6 - 7 . B (L öbb, 4311). 21.69, 26.09; 4. B (G an sau g e); 5. R H JA , 27.92.

2752 Bronze. 35m m , 23.70g (see 2 7 4 8 ). Axis: 12. 2759 AE. 35 m m , 23.70 g (see 3 7 4 8 ). Axis: 12.
BMC 366, C op 882 R ad iate head o f Dionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r.
ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΕΠΙ IEPOKAEYC; Nike, L, w ith u n certain object
H ead o f D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath, 1.
a n d palm , on globe
ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΕΠΙ ΑΝΤΙΠΑΤΡΟΥ; Nike, r., w ith p alm and
i . L 1 9 7 6 —5—18—5, 23.25; 2. V 32943; 3 . L in d g ren A 699A, 24.94; 4 . M u
w reath (on basis) 48; 5. K ric h e ld o rf 38 (28.11.1984) lo t 240, 21.34; 6. S tan ley G ib b o n s F P L
I . L = B M C 3 6 7 , 21.55; 2—3. L = BMC 366, 368, 24.18, 23.45; 4 * C op 882, 14 (1977) 30; 7. P 1643, 24.88; 8. B (Fox); 9—10. R H JA , 26.39, 26.58.
21.73; 5 · V 18657; 6. M u 50a, 21.31; 7. L in d g ren A 697A, 26.07; 8. P O n 6 th e o b ject h eld b y N ike ap p e ars to be a fish-hook.
1636, 25.02; 9—i i . B (I-B , L ö b b , 376/1880); 12—14. R H JA , 23.89, 24.02,
25.85. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
2760 A E. 3 5m m , 23.70g (see 2 7 4 8 ). Axis: 12.

2753 AE. 35m m , 23.70g (see 2 7 4 8 ). Axis: 12. C op 885

C op 883 R ad iate d rap ed b ust o f D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath, 1.

ΕΠΙ IEPOKAEYC; Nike, L, w ith w reath an d palm , on
H ead of Dionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r. p lin th inscribed ΡΟΔΙΩΝ
ΡΟ ΔΙΩ Ν ΕΠ Ι ΤΑΜΙΑ ΑΝΤΙΠΑΤΡΟΥ; Nike, 1., w ith trophy
i . C o p 885, 23.95; 2 · V 18604; 3 · M u 49, 19.41; 4 . L a n z 22 (10.8.1982)
and u n certain object, on basis (?) lo t 4 0 0 = S K A F P L 30 (D ec. 1979) 80; 5. K ric h e ld o rf 38 (28.11.1984) lot
i . M Z K 24 (12.5.1976) 160, 20.15; 2. C o p 883, 22.48; 3—4 . L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 - 240; 6. P 1642, 21.80; 7. B (75/1884); 8—9. R H JA , 22.89, 2 3 ·2 3 ·
1619, 1979—i —i —1 9 4 0 (ex vA 2848), 18.67, 24.40; 5. V 18658; 6. M u 50,
25.47; 7—9· P 1637-8, 1644, 22.73, 24.58, 21.32; 10—12. B (L öbb, L öbb, 2761 A E. 35 m m , 23.70 g (see 2 7 4 8 ). Axis: 12.
I-B ); 1 3 -1 5 . R H JA , 23.29, 23.39, 26.77.
R ad iate head o f D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r.
275 4 AE. 35 m m , 23.70 g (see 2 7 4 8 ). Axis: 12. ΡΟΔΙΩΝ, ΕΠΙ ΥΨΙΚΛΗΟΥΓ; Nike, r., w ith p alm and
aphlaston, on prow
BMC 378, C op 889
i . L 1 9 7 6 - 5 —18—6, 22.51; 2. P 1651, 26.02; 3—5. R H JA , 20.66, 21.13,
R adiate head of Dionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r. 2 3 ·5 9 ·
ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΕΠΙ ΦΑΙΝΙΛΑ; Nike, 1., w ith aphlaston and
palm , on prow 2762 AE. 3 5 m m , 23.70g (see 2 7 4 8 ). Axis: 12.
i . L = b m c 3 7 8 , 21.10; 2. L 1 9 7 9 -1-1-1942 (ex vA 2852), 20.95; 3 * C op R ad iate head of D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath, 1.
889, 25.73; 4. V 18662; 5. B (I-B ), 25.80; 6 - 7 . R H JA , 21.83, 22.81.
ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΕΠΙ EniK PATEYC; Nike, 1., w ith aphlaston and
palm , on rose
2755 A E. 35m m , 23.70g (see 2 7 4 8 ). Axis: 12.
i . L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 —1941 (ex vA 2849), 23.13; a. L 1 9 2 7 -6 -7 -6 , 24.51; 3—
BMC 379 4 . P 1640, 1647, 23.92, 21.28; 5—6 . B (Fox, P ro k esch -O sten ); 7 - 8 . R H JA ,
2 I.3 2 , 26.49.
H ead o f Dionysus, w ith ivy w reath, 1.
ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΕΠΙ ΦΑΙΝΙΛΑ; Nike, 1., w ith w reath an d palm ,
2763 A E. 3 5m m , 23.70g (see 2 7 4 8 ). Axis: 12.
on rose
i . L = b m c 3 7 9 , 22.01; 2. L = BMC 380, 26.53; 3 “ 4 · B (I-B , F ox); 5—6. P BMC 369, C op 884
1649-50, 20.57, 20.05; 7 · R H JA , 26.17. H ead o f D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r.
ΡΟΔΙΩΝ, ΕΠΙ ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΟΥ; Nike, 1., w ith ap hlaston and
2756 AE. 35m m , 23.70g (see 2 7 4 8 ). Axis: 12. palm , on rose
BMC 364 i . L = b m c 3 6 9 , 24.09; 2. C o p 884, 22.90; 3. B (I-B ), 23.50; 4 - 5 . R H JA ,
21.86, 27.15.
R adiate head o f D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath, 1.
ΕΠΙ ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ ΡΟΔΙΩΝ; Nike, r., w ith p alm and
2764 A E. 35m m , 23.70g (see 2 7 4 8 ). Axis: 12.
w reath, on rose
i. L = bm c 364, r8.86; 2. L G 2 0 2 1 , 23.73; 3 * M u 47, 22.52; 4 . P 1653,
H ead of Dionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r.
' 9 ·5 5 ·
ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΕΠΙ ΖΗΝΟΔΟΤΟΥ; Nike, 1., w ith w reath and
palm
2757 AE. 35m m , 23.70g (see 2 7 4 8 ). Axis: 12. i . L 1 9 7 6 —5—18—4 , 23.60; 2. V 18660 (ex W elzl 6105); 3. R H JA (ex
K M K 38, 18.4.1985, lot 110 = K M K 26, 23.11.1979, lot 51), 22.74;
C op 880 4 . R H JA , 25.39; 5 - 6 - B (5079. F o x )·
R adiate head of Dionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r. (thyrsus in
field) 2765 AE. 35 m m , 23.70 g (see 2 7 4 8 ). Axis: 12.
ΕΠΙ ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ ΡΟΔΙΩΝ; Nike, r., w ith thyrsus (?) and H ead o f D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath, 1.
w reath, on prow (?) Ε Π Ι ΔΙΟΔΩΡΟΥ ΡΟΔΙΩΝ; Nike, r., w ith p alm and
I . C op 880, 27.85; 2. L = BMC 365 corr., 16.19; 3—4 . vA 2850-1, 20.49, w reath, on globe
25.81; 5 · V 18666; th y rsu s on obv.: 6. Signorelli (S a n ta m a ria 25.10.1951)
I . L 1 9 1 3 - 1 2 - 4 - 8 , 19.89; 2. vA 2846, 24.59; 3 - 5 · R H J A . 22-3 9 . 2 4 -5 2.
548, 21.98; 7. T (F a b re tti 4277), 27.58; 8—9 . R H JA , 22.41, 23.74; 10. B
25.46; 6 . R H JA (ex K M K 26, 23.11.1979, lot 52), 25.97.
(I-B ), 23.17.
 A S IA : Rhodes, Ceramus, Stratonicea (2766-2774) 457

2766 AE. 35m m , 23.70g (see 37 4 8 ). Axis: 12. 2770 AE. 12m m , 1.14g (2).
BMC 374 BMC 415, C op 909
H ead o f Dionysus, w ith ivy w reath, 1. T u rre te d an d d rap ed b ust o f T yche, r.
POAIWN ΕΠΙ EYAWPOY; Nike, r., w ith p alm and ΡΟΔΙΩΝ; thyrsus bound w ith taenia
w reath, on globe w ith rose i . L = bmc 4 1 5 , 1.17; 2. L G 0860, 1.09; 3 . C o p 909.
I . L = bm c 3 7 4 , 29.04; 2 - 4 . L 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 9 3 8 (ex vA 2845), 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -
1939 (ex vA 8199), G 0859, 26.45, 18.77, 24-09; 5 · vA 2847, 19.75;
2771 AE. 14m m , 3.78g (12). Axis: 12.
6 . C = SNG 4830, 22.67; 7. P 1641, 20.84; 8—10. B (L öbb, L öbb, 4310); BMC 390, C op 900
1 1 - 1 2 . R H JA , 20.58, 25.45.
R ad iate head o f n ym ph R hodos, r.
2767 AE. 35m m , 23.70g (see 27 4 8 ). Axis: 12. PO; Nike, L, w ith w reath or ap hlaston, an d palm ;
BMC 381, C op 890 (symbol in 1. field)
H ead of Dionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r. I. L = bmc 39a, 3.09; 8 -4 . L = BMC 390 -1 , 393, 2.78, 3.49, 3.56; 5 -7 . C o p
9 0 0 -2 , 5.32, 4.75, 3.72; 8. L in d g ren 703, 4.61; 9. E gger 46 (1914) 1397,
ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΕΠΙ XAPEINOY; Nike, 1., on prow , w ith 5.67; 1 0 - 1 2 . P 1654-6, 3.12, 4.20, 4.24. T h e h ead o n th e obv. o f bm c 390
aphlaston an d palm ; to 1., rose m ay w ell be th a t o f H elios r a th e r th a n o f R hodos: bm c 390 m ay th erefore
I —3. L = BMC 381, 1976—5—18—3, 18 6 8 -6 -1 9 -2 3 1 , I9.47, 22.82, 26.O9; re p resen t a sep arate, th o u g h ro u g h ly co n tem p o rary issue.
4 . C o p 890, 26.32; 5. L in d g ren 702, 20.90; 6 . M u 51, 20.63; 7 · M u 5 2
( = M i 3.425.257 ex C o u sin éry , Le., this coin, re a d in g ΔΕΙΚΑΙΣΙΤΙΟΥ; see
in tro d u ctio n ), 21.18; 8—9 . P s.N ., 1646, 20.05, 18.19; 10. B (L öbb); 11—
12. R H JA , 23.78, 25.21. Nero, after ad 62
2768 AE. 18m m , 3.68g (2). Axis: 12.
2772 AE. 3 5m m , 23.89g (17). Axis: 12. [ 12 ]
BMC 386
ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; ra d ia te head, r.
H ead of D ionysus, w earing ivy w reath, r. ΡΟΔΙΩΝ; Nike, 1., w ith w reath a n d palm , on prow; to 1.,
PO; Nike, r., on prow , w ith w reath a n d palm ; to r., rose
cantharus i . L I 9 7 9 - 1 —1 - Ί 9 4 4 (ex vA 2859), 16.68; 2. L 1906-10—7—26, 25.02; 3 —
1—2. L = BMC 386, 1 9 2 8 —12—13—8 , 2.86, 4.49. 4 . B (F ox, I-B ), — , 27.18; 5 - 6 . V 18682-3; 7. C M c C le a n 8633 (pi.
302.1), 20.37; 8. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 255, 24.22; 9 . L in d g ren A705A,
2769 AE. 13 m m , 2.33 g (4 )· 25.17; 1 0 - 1 3 . ? l 6 *187 3 “ 5 a > 23.09, 24.70, 22.33, 3 3 -° 3 1 4 - 1 6 . R H JA ,
POAIWN; d rap ed bust of Dionysus, r. 22.23, 25 ·3 9 ΐ 2 7 ·6 7 ; * 7 - R H JA (ex M Z K 47, 10.11.1982, lo t 149), 23.19;
18. R H JA (ex S K A F P L 25 (1978) lo t 87 — S tern b e rg , 25 N ov. 1976, lot
POAIWN; full-blown rose from above 765), 23.21; 19. K eck m an coll. (S k o p b an k , H elsin k i, ex M Z K 53,
1—4 . L = bm c 362-3, 1 9 2 6 -1 -6 -5 , 1949—4—1 1 -7 9 1 , 1.76, 2.19, 2.66, 2.69. 13. i i . 1984, lo t 1728), 19.49; 2 0 *I.· N Y.

Ceramus
C eram us h ad issued silver plinthophori and bronze coins in Augustus (not definitely Ceramus)_____________________
the late H ellenistic period. In the im perial period, under
Nero, there was a sm all issue, know n today in only two 2773 A E. 15m m , 3.45g (1). Axis: 2. [ o ]
specimens (2774). T h e obverse p o rtra it suggests th a t they ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, r.
were produced late in the reign. T h eir large size presum ­ KEPAM[; eagle standing, 1., w ith head tu rn ed backw ards;
ably results from the influence of the contem porary large ?palm behind
bronzes of Rhodes. T h e head of Zeus on the reverse was i . J S W , 3.45.
traditional at C eram us.
T here is also a unique coin (2773) w hich m ay represent
an A ugustan issue. I t has a traditional type (eagle with Nero
head tu rn ed back) and the legend appears to read
KEPAM[, b u t this is not certain and the attrib u tio n m ust 2774 AE. 28 m m , 9 .2 7 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
rem ain doubtful. GRMK 92, no. I

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.

ΚΕΡΑΜΙΗΤΩΝ ΑΡΞΑΣ ΕΥ ΑΝΔΡΟΣ; lau reate head of
Zeus, r.
I . B (I-B ) (=G RM K 1), 7.54; 2. P 4 2 2 ( = W a 2296), 11.00. D ifferent dies.
F o r th e possible sense o f th e w ord άρξας, as ex -m ag istrate o r so m eth in g
else, see Im h o o f-B lu m er, G R M K , p. 93).

Stratonicea
In the H ellenistic period Stratonicea h ad produced a large ended in the early first century b c and were replaced by
silver coinage of plinthophori, whose chronology was dis­ m uch rarer silver ( B M C 23, K M , pp. 155 and 152, nos. 1-
cussed by H . von Aulock, / 7V(7 , 1967, pp. 7-15. T he p attern 4), w hich was accom panied by a bronze coinage.
of coinage is like th a t at R hodes, or Cos; the plinthophori In the early im perial period, Stratonicea seems to have
m ade only silver coins, all excessively rare. T he latest is of A u g u s tu s or T ib e r iu s (?)
A ntoninus Pius (B M C 49); the rest are norm ally attributed
to A ugustus, b u t the attrib u tio n depends entirely on one’s 2777 A R. 19m m , 3.08g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
judgem en t ab o u t the ra th e r crude portraits. Some of the gm 15 1, no. 449a
coins certainly look like A ugustus or T iberius (2775, 2777),
L au reate head, r.
b u t others are m ore rem iniscent of C laudius or Nero (2779,
ΑΡΙΣΤΕΑΣ XIAPWN; Zeus P an am aro s on horseback, r.
2781). In the catalogue below, possible identifications have
i . B 6 9 /1 8 7 5 , 3.31; 2. B (I-B = gm 449a), 3.12; 3. L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—1 0 8 0 (ex
been given, b u t it m ust be stressed th a t these are not at all vA 2663), 2.92.
certain. T h e silver drachm s (and, in one case, didrachm :
2778 AR. 16m m , 1.40g (1). [ o ]
2781) w ere accom panied by hem idrachm s with
H ekate/N ike an d w hich retain the shallow incuse fabric (as km 153, no. 5
was the case w ith the Lycian League silver). ΑΡΙΣΤΕΑΣ; head o f H ekate, w ith laurel w reath and
Im hoof-Blum er, K M , p. 155, also attrib u ted the silver crescent, r.
w ith H ekate ΖΩΠΥΡΟΣ/Z eus P anam aros on horseback XIAPWN ΣΤΡΑ; Nike, r., in shallow incuse square
I . I-B ( — km 5), 1.40. A p p aren tly n o t in B o r W in te rth u r.
ΣΤΡΑ (V at = G M , p. 449, 3.40 g) and A rtem is/serpent staff
TAIOC CT (P = W a 2556, i.6 o g ) to the early im perial
period.
T he coin in V (29199) of C laudius an d Divus A ugustus is C la u d iu s? (N e ro ? )
actually a coin of Thessalonica (1578). I t is cited in the vA
In d ex, in error, u n d er Sebastopolis (i.e., the entry has shifted 2779 A R. 19m m , 2.52g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
up one colum n). L au reate head, r.
T he average sizes an d weights of these very rare coins ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΘΕ[ΟΦΑΝΗΣ] ΣΤΡΑ; Zeus P anam aros on
are: horseback, r.
i . B 6 5 3 /1 9 1 0 , 2.52.
didrachm 23 mm, 6.40 g (1)
drachm 19mm, 3.48g (5) 2780 A R. 16m m , 1.37g (2)· [ o ]
hemidrachm 16 mm, 1.38 g (4) km 153, no. 6

ΘΕΟΦΑΝΗΣ; head of H ekate, w ith laurel w reath and

crescent, r.
Silver ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΣΤΡΑ; Nike, r., in shallow incuse square
i . I-B ( = km 6), 1.55; 2. W e b er 6359, 1.20. Illu stra te d from th e ca st in
A u g u s tu s (?) W in te rth u r.

2775 AR. ig m m , 2.81 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]

ΕΥΜΕΝΗΣ; laureate head, r.
ΣΤΡΑ [Τ] 0 ; Zeus P an am aro s on horseback, r.
i . L 1 9 7 9 —I —I —1081 (ex vA 8161), 2.81.
2776 AR. 16m m , 1.36g (1). Axis: 12.
km 153, no. 7
ΕΥΜΕΝΗΣ; head of H ekate, w ith laurel w reath and
crescent, r.
ΣΤΡΑ; Nike, r., in shallow incuse square
I . W i n te r t h u r 3 5 3 1 ( = km 7), 1.36.
N e ro ? (C la u d iu s ? )
2781 AR. 2 3m m , 6.40g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
BMC 33
[ o ]
L au reate head, r.; all in w reath
ΣΤΡΑΤΟ [ IABEINIANO) ]ΑΣ; Zeus P anam aros on
horseback, r.; in front, alta r
i . L = bm c 3 3 , 6.40. A n aly sed b y W alk er, M etrology I, p. 57 (94.25%
silver). T h e m a g istra te ’s n a m e h as b een re a d as S ab ein ian o s P y th ea s, b u t
w hile this is possible, it does n o t seem certain .

Mylasa
T he coinage of M ylasa has been catalogued by A. A karca,
L es M o n n a ies Grecques de M y la s a (1959).
M ylasa h a d produced silver and bronze coins in the H el­
lenistic period. In the im perial period there was a fairly
extensive issue of bronze for A ugustus, as well as at least
one silver issue.
Silver
T he silver coins o f M ylasa are all very rare, each of the four
varieties being known in only a single specim en. O n one
issue a lau reate em peror and em press are depicted ju g ate
(A karca 15); they are generally identified as A ugustus and
Livia, though the p o rtrait of A ugustus is not particularly
like th at on the bronze coins, and other identifications (e.g.,
C laudius and A grippina) would equally be possible. O n the
other hand, the p attern of silver issues elsewhere (e.g.,
T abae, Stratonicea) suggests th a t the C arian silver issues
petered out under A ugustus, thus m aking the traditional
identifications of A ugustus and Livia more likely (though
this is perhaps invalidated by a consideration of the other
three silver coins).
T he other three silver coins are even harder to classify,
since their peculiar portraits are not at all like A ugustus, or
 A S IA : Mylasa (2782-2785) 45g

indeed any other em peror. O ne of them (Akarca 14) was
identified by Im hoof-B lum er as G aius C aesar, though
A karca preferred A ugustus. As w ith the ju g ate portraits,
however, very different identifications (and so dates) m ay
also be possible; there is some sim ilarity, for instance, w ith
the bronzes o f ‘T itu s’ (A karca 52), and there w ould be a
parallel for such a late silver issue in the sm all silver coin of
N erva from Rhodes (see p. 454) or of Pius from S tratonicea
( B M C 49). T he coins, however, have been included in this
catalogue, b u t w ith very strong reservations. In publishing
the m ost recently discovered piece (2783), R. A shton (N C ,
1990, pp. 224-5) has suggested th a t the head on it and the
related 2784 m ay not be intended to depict an em peror at
all, b u t a non-im perial personage and th a t this explains
why the p o rtrait, in both cases, appears on the reverse of the
coins. A shton has suggested th a t this person m ight be the
orator H ybreas, whose nam e perhaps appears on the
bronze coinage (see below).
T he rose and the head of Helios w ith an eagle h ad been
the norm al types o f earlier M ylasan silver.
no. 52). T he issue is consequently om itted from this
catalogue.
M ost of the types refer to the local cults of Zeus
L abraundos or Zeus O sogoa (see A karca, pp. 33-50); the
trident and double axe over a crab represent the conjoined
symbols or w eapons of Zeus L abraundos (the double axe:
Akarca, p. 34) and Zeus Osogoa (the trident, the crab:
Akarca, p. 47, cf. 37). T he m ost unusual type is on the coins
of Thlastos, which depict a naked person, presum ably
A ugustus, in a quadriga (holding not a p atera b u t a w reath
and a sceptre, according to A karca, pp. 20, 69). T his raises
the possibility th a t T hlastos’s coins were m ade after
A ugustus’s death, since this representation would be sur­
prising during his lifetime (though see also T abae, 2868,
2870).
T he following denom inations are found:
s ilv e r 15 m m , 1 .4 9 g (3 )
b ro n z e 29m m , 1 2 .2 8 g (3 )
22 m m , 6 . 9 8 g (1 4 )
16—17mm, 3.95g (5)

Bronze
Silver
T he bronze coins depicting A ugustus were classified by
A karca according to their p o rtra it types. B ut w hile this is a Augustus? (see introduction)
valid way of dividing the coins into ‘issues’, it is not so clear
th at they can be dated so precisely as A karca, following 2782 AR. 15m m , i . 5 5 g (2)· [ 2 ]
Bosch’s classification of A ugustan portraits, has dated A karca 15
them. L au reate head of em peror (PAugustus) an d d rap ed b u st of
Some of the coins are signed ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΟΝΤΟΣ em press (PLivia), ju g ate, r.
YBPEOY; A karca and R obert (following Eckhel: see MYAACSQN; head of Zeus L ab rau n d o s, r.
Akarca, p. 28) w ould identify him w ith the fam ous orator I . B (I-B ) ( = km 144, no. 1), 1.55; 3. P, 1.55 (sam e dies). M ay b e n o t
L ivia, b u t T ib eriu s?
H ybreas who led M ylasa against L abienus an d later
returned to M ylasa, b u t he m ay well ju s t be a hom onym ,
and it seems a little dangerous to use this coin in the
reconstruction of H y b reas’s later career. Some ‘pseudo-
Uncertain emperor(s) (see introduction)
autonom ous’ coins were also recorded by M i S6.509.358-60
for H ybreas, on the authority of Sestini. T hese were disre­
2783 A R. 14m m , 1.41g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ o ]
garded by A karca and, as none of these ra th e r im plausibly
described coins has been encountered in the p rep aratio n of Rose
Bare head, r.
this catalogue, they have also been om itted here.
i . R H J A ( — n o 1990, p p . 2 24-5), i . 41.
A nother series of coins bear the dedicatory inscription
ΘΛΑΣΤΟΣ ΑΝΕΘΗΚΕΝ (for this phrase, im plying benefac­ 2784 A R. 15m m , 1.50g (1). Axis: 6 (1). [ 1 ]
tion, see A karca, pp. 2 8 - 9 , and L. R obert, M o n n a ies A n tiq u e s A karca 13 (‘A u gustus’)
de T roade , p. 86), accom panied on one die by ΓΡΑΜ- MYAACEQN; facing head o f H elios, w ith sm all eagle on r.
MATEYΟΝΤΟΣ ΚΟΥΡΩΝΟΣ. T h e fine portraits on these cheek
coins leave no dou b t th a t they are intended to p ortray B are head, r.
A ugustus; the coins were dated by A karca (pp. 2 0 - 1 ) to i . B , 1.50. T h e legend C C B A C TO C w h ich w as re a d o n th e rev. b y A k arca
is n o t a t all a p p a re n t.
between 1 1 b c an d a d 2 , an d interpreted as referring to the
establishm ent of the cult of A ugustus at M ylasa. T hey were
dated betw een these dates since a priest of A ugustus is
attested betw een 3 b c an d a d 2 an d since A karca believed
Uncertain emperor?*I.
the A ugustan p o rtra it could be no earlier th an 1 1 b c . B ut it
is not certain th a t they m ust have been issued to com ­
2785 AR. 13 m m . [ i ]
m em orate or in conjunction w ith the foundation of the cult,
and a date anyw here in the later p a rt o f the reign, or even A karca 14 (‘A u g u stu s’)
after A ugustus’s death (see below) seems possible. B are head, r.
I t is dubious w hether the coin classified by A karca as MYAACCQN; statu e of Zeus L ab rau n d o s w ith double axe
‘A uguste ou T ib ère’ (no. 51) is really so early; its p o rtrait an d spear
I . B (I-B ) ( = km 144, no. 2, ‘G aiu s C a e sa r’), 1.46 (holed).
can be com pared m ore closely w ith th a t o f ‘T itu s’ (Akarca,
Bronze ΜΥΛΑΣΕΩΝ; bare head, r.
ΓΡAMMATEYΟΝΤΟΣ YBPEOY in w reath
A u g u s tu s i . L = b m c 22, 5.66; 2. L = B M C 23, 6.57; 3—16. See A karca;
17. O = AMC 1341, 8.31. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.

2786 AE. 22m m , 7.36g (4). Axis: i i . [ 8 ]

A karca 39
B are head, r.
T h la s to s (?a fte r A u g u s t u s ’s d e a th )
ΜΥΛΑΣΕΩΝ; head of Zeus L ab rau n d o s, r.
i . N Y ; 2. L = BMC 19, 7.36; 3—14. See A karca; 15. W addell 9.12.1982,
lot 243, 6.24. 2792 L eaded bronze. 29 m m , 12. 2 8 g (3)· [ 5 ]

2787 L eaded bronze. 17 mm , 4.13 g (3). Axis: 11. [ 12 ] A karca 49-50

A karca 38 ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΜΥΛΑΣΕΩΝ; A ugustus, holding w reath (?) and

B are head, r.
ΜΥΛΑΣΕΩΝ; trid en t an d double axe over crab
i . L = b m c 24, 3.82; 2—14. See A karca; 15. 0 = amc
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
sceptre, in q u ad rig a, r.
ΘΛΑΣΤΟΣ ΑΝΕΘΗΚΕΝ in w reath
i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —1 8 8 7 (ex vA 2824), 9.23; 2. L 1936—10—13—19, 13.56;
1340, 3.69. 3—7. See A k arca; 8. S tern b e rg X I I I (1983) lo t 565. T h e le tte r form s 8, C
a n d E all occur. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 2.

2788 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3.54g (1). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]

A karca 40 2793 AE. 22 m m , 7.22 g (1). [ i ]
B are head, r.; before, b ran ch (?) A karca 46
ΜΥΛΑΣΕΩΝ; head of Zeus O sogoa, r. Illegible inscription. L au reate head, r.
i . L 1963—6—2 6 —2 , 3.54; 2—4 . See A karca. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: ΘΛΑΣΤΟΣ ΑΝΕΘΗΚΕΝ, ΓΡAMMATEY ΟΝΤΟΣ
i. ΚΟΥΡΩΝΟΣ
2789 AE. 16m m , 3.81g (1). [ 4 ] i . B (I-B ) ( — KM 144, no. 3), 7.22.

A karca 41-2
2794 Bronze. 2 2m m , 8 .0 3 g (3)· [ 9 ]
B are head, r.
MYAACCQN; trid en t an d double axe over crab A karca 47
i . N Y ; 2—9. See A karca. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΜΥΛΑΣΕΩΝ; lau reate head, r.
ΘΛΑΣΤΟΣ ΑΝΕΘΗΚΕΝ
2790 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 4 .8 0 g (1). [ 2 ]
I . Ο = A M C 1 3 4 2 , 7-795 2. L = bmc 21, 8.67; 3 “ Ι Ο · $ ee A k arca. T h e le tte r
A karca 43 form s C a n d 8 also occur. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 2.
B are head, r.
ΜΥΛΑΣΕΩΝ; head of Zeus L ab rau n d o s, r. 2795 AE. 2 2m m , 5.62g (2). [ 3 ]
i. L = b m c 20, 4.80; 2. B. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i. A karca 48
As 2794, b u t ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΜΥΛΑΣΕΩΝ
i . P 7 9 6 ( = W a 2457), 5.61; 2—5. See A k arca. T h e le tte r form s C, E an d
G r a m m a te u s H y b r e a s 8 also occur.

2791 L eaded bronze. 23m m , 6.64g (4)· Axis: 12. [ 9 ]

A karca 43-4

Iasus
For an overview o f the coinage of Iasus, see W . W eiser, ‘Zur A u g u s tu s ___________________________
M ünzprägung von Iasos u nd B argylia’, in W . Blümel, D ie
Inschriften von Iasos II (1985), pp. 170-80. 2796 AE. 16m m , 3.11 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
Iasus h ad issued an extensive silver and bronze coinage
C op 418
in the H ellenistic period, whose principal types were Apollo
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΙΑΣΕΩΝ; lau reate head, r.; all in w reath
and A rtem is, the deities who also ap p ear on the m uch rarer
D rap ed b ust of A rtem is, w ith bow, r.
early im perial bronze coinage.
i . V 18355 ( = Eckhel, Antioch , 40, a n d tav . IV ), 3.68; 2. C o p 4 1 8 , 2.54.
T here is an issue whose lettering (E and Σ) an d neat style
im ply an early date, while the p o rtrait indicates th at it is
alm ost certainly A ugustan (2796).
U n c e rta in em peror (N e ro ? C la u d iu s? ) *i.
T he coin in P (= 2797) w ith an obverse legend
]C£BACTOC m ay well be Ju lio -C lau d ian (e.g., Nero, or
2797 A E. 21 m m , 9 .6 6 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
perhaps C laudius?), b u t this is very uncertain.
JCEBACTOC; lau reate head, r.
IA [ ]WN; Apollo standing, 1., w ith branch
i . P 7 5 9 ( = W a 2444 ‘N ero ’), 9.66.

Euromus
E urom us h ad m ade very sm all issues of silver (vA 2521)
and bronze (B M C 1-4) in the second an d first centuries b c .
T he early im perial coinage is very difficult to classify; the
im perial heads are all labelled only ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ and the
portraits are often executed in such a crude style th a t their
identification is, even m ore th an usual, a m atter of
guesswork.
T here are only two issues w hich can be confidently
attrib u ted to this period.
T he first (2798) has a youthful and indeed very
A ugustan-looking head; in particu lar, the angle between
the back of the neck an d the head seems a feature of
A ugustan ra th e r th an of later portraits. I t appears reason­
ably sure th a t these coins are of Augustus.
T he second consists of two denom inations (2799-800).
T he larger has facing p o rtraits of a bare-headed an d draped
em peror and of an em press; the sm aller has the same
portraits, b u t one on each side of the coin. T h e em peror’s
p o rtrait seems to be th a t of the young Nero, an d the h a ir­
style and p o rtrait of the em press are com patible w ith a
po rtrait of A grippina II.
T his leaves a considerable group of coins w ith an
im perial head of ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ w hich have been dum ped into
the reign of Augustus:
i a. CCBACTOC lau reate head, r.
CVPQMSQN term inal statue of Zeus L abraundos with
eagle at feet
i . L 1 9 0 2 —1 0 —2 —9 , 28 m m , 16.03 g, axis: 6
ib . CCBACTOC laureate head, r. (sim ilar p o rtrait to ia)
8νΡΩ Μ £Ω Ν D ionysus standing w ith thyrsus and
cantharus
i . L 1 9 2 1 —4 —1 2 —6 (ex W eber), 20m m , 6.54g, axis:
6 facing d rap ed b ust o f A grippina II
i i . P 367 (= W a 2350) ( ‘A u g u ste ’), 20m m , axis: 12
2. CCBACTOC b are head, r.
ενΡΩΜ ΒΩΝ stag, r.
i . L = BMC 7 (‘A ugustus’), iq m m , 3.332, axis: 12
3. CCBACTOC laureate head, r.
ενΡΩΜ ΕΩΝ stag, r.
X. W in terth u r ( G R M K 88, no. 1: ‘H a d ria n ’),
20 mm.
Alinda
A s m a ll c o in a g e w a s p r o d u c e d a t A lin d a ( = D e m i r c i d -
eresi; L . R o b e rt, Villes d ’A sie M in e u re , p . 22, η . 4 , ρ ρ·
2 6 3 -4 ; F ouilles d ’A m y z o n en Carie , p . i) d u r in g th e p e rio d .
2801 se e m s lik e ly to b e A u g u s tu s , in v ie w o f th e p o r tr a it;
2802 is also p r o b a b ly o f A u g u s tu s , a s Im h o o f- B lu m e r
th o u g h t.
T h e m a in p r o b le m c o n c e rn s th e id e n tity o f th e la d y
p o r tr a y e d o n 2803. O p in io n s v a r y b e tw e e n A g r ip p in a I a n d
II: fo r B a b e lo n (in W a ) a n d W a d d in g to n ( R N , 1851, p . 233)
it w a s A g r ip p in a I; fo r C o p A g r ip p in a I I (?); w h ile T rill-
m ic h (F am ilienpropaganda der K a ise r C aligula u n d C laudius,
A S IA : Euromus, Alinda ( 2798-2800) 461
4. CCBACTOC laureate head, r.
ενΡΩ Μ εΩ Ν C ni KAAPOV term inal statue of Zeus
L abraundos with eagle at feet
i. V 28236 (M ünsterberg, Beamtennamerr.
‘A ugustus?’), 25 m m , 9.87 g, axis: 7
i i . Private coll., 25m m , 11.05 g, axis: 7 (same dies).
These coins have all been excluded from this catalogue, as
being of later dates and em perors. For w hat it is w orth, the
portraits do not look particularly like any of the Julio-
C laudian em perors, while some o f them at least suggest
T rajan or H adrian. Second, they have the letter forms C
and C, whereas the A ugustan and N eronian coins have E
and Σ (for A ugustus) and E and E (for Nero).
T h e ty p e s o f Z e u s L a b r a u n d o s a n d th e s ta g w e re t r a d i ­
tio n a l a t E u ro m u s , o c c u r rin g o n H e lle n is tic b ro n z e s .
Augustus
2798 L eaded bronze. 16 m m , 3.78g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r.
ΕΥΡΩΜΕΩΝ; stag, r.
i . L 1 9 2 1 - 3 - 1 3 - 2 , 3.40; 2. V 33591, 4.16; 3 . J S W , 3.52. Q u alitativ e
m e tal an aly sis on: I.
N e ro *i.
2799 L eaded bronze. 25 m m , 7.09 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 2 ]
BM C 8
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΙ; d rap ed a n d bare-headed b u st o f young N ero
ΕΥΡΟΜΕΩΝ (sic); term inal statu e o f Zeus L ab raundos
w ith eagle a t feet
i . L = bmc 8 (‘A u g u stu s a n d L iv ia5), 7.77; 2. P 563, 6.41. S am e dies.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
2800 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 6.29 g (1)· Axis: 6. [ 1 ]
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΙ[ ; d rap ed and bare-headed bust, r.
ΕΥΡΩΜΕΩΝ; d rap ed bust o f A grippina II, 1.
i . L 1 9 2 7 —6—7—3 2 , 6.29. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: i.
p. 136) was undecided between the two. (T he vA In d e x gives
one coin to A grippina I, and another to A grippina II!) The
coins of Nero (2804-5) seem irrelevant here, since the
po rtrait suggests th a t they were m ade tow ards the end o f his
reign. U nfortunately, it is not clear if the coins ever had an
obverse inscription; and, while it seems likely th a t it is one
of the A grippinas, other candidates (e.g., Poppaea) cannot
definitely be ruled out. For w hat it is w orth, the hairstyle on
the clearest specim en (2803/1) looks a little more like th a t of
A grippina II, and her po rtrait is, of course, commonly
found in near-by cities in L ydia and Phrygia. But this
462 A S IA : Alinda, Alabanda ( 2801-2805)
identification, though it seems the m ost likely, m ust rem ain
uncertain.
T he denom inations are not clear. T hey are:
Augustus 16mm, 3.32g
18 mm, 4.23 g
Agrippina 18 mm, 4.10 g
Nero 2 1 mm, 6.46 g
18mm, 5.23g
A u g u s tu s _______________________ _
2801 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3.32g (3). Axis: 12.
BMC 12, C op 24
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r.
ΑΛΙΝΔΕΩΝ; w ithin w reath
I. P 81 ( = W a 2127), 3.45; 2. L = bmc 12, 2.89; 3. C op 24, 3.61.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2.
2802 AE. 18m m , 4.23g (1). Axis: 1.
km 107, no. 4
L au reate head, r.
ΑΛΙΝΔΕΩΝ; laureate b u st of H eracles w ith lion skin, r.
i. W i n te r t h u r 3 2 9 2 , 4.23.
M ost of the ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins of A labanda can be
dated to the second century or the Severan period on the
basis of the m agistrates who signed the coins (B M C 22, vA
2390) or the letter forms they used. In the Ju d io -C laudian
period, an d u n d er V espasian, one finds E ra th e r th an £,
w hich is norm al from A ntoninus Pius onw ards. Σ occurs for
A ugustus, C for B ritannicus and E for B ritannicus, Nero
and A grippina I I , w hile C is norm al from V espasian
onw ards. O f the coins listed in B M C , only B M C 19
(Demos/CYNKAHTOC) is a candidate for the Julio-
C laudian period since it has E an d C; on the other h and, it
seems to b ear m ore resem blance to B M C 31 (of V espasian)
in style and thick fabric, and is therefore tentatively
attributed to th a t period (and hence om itted from this
catalogue).
Four oth er ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins have been
included. 2806, in O , has an early ‘look’, b u t m ight well be
of a different period. T h e other three (2813-15) are linked
by their sim ilar obverses and fabric; two of them include a
capricorn in their unusual reverses (but capricorns appear
on later coins of A labanda, in the second century (e.g., C
Leake SNG 4664, L 1897-12-6-2, P 28-9 = W a 2101-2,
etc.). T he letter form E indicates a first-century date, and
the head on the reverse of the very w orn unique specim en of
2814 resem bles A ugustus. O n the other hand, the veiled
head (on 2815) looks like a copy of the Pietas dupondii of
Tiberius m inted in a d 22-3 (B M C 98 = R I C 43). T h e coins
are therefore tentatively attrib u ted to the reign of Tiberius.
(T here is, however, perhaps an objection to this datin g from
A g r ip p in a I I (o r I ? )
2803 AE. 18m m , 4 .1 0 g (3). Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
C op 25
N o legend? D rap ed bust, r.
ΑΛΙΝΔΕΩΝ; in w reath
i . P 82 ( = W a 2128), 4.08; 2. C o p 25, 4.10; 3 —4 . B (264/1884, I-B ); 5. C
M cC le an 8446 (pi. 295.4), 4 ·12· See in tro d u ctio n for a discussion o f the
id e n tity o f th e p o rtra it.
N e ro
[ 3 ] 2804 AE. 21 m m , 6.46 g (1). Axis: 6. [ o ]
km 516, no. i
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.
ΑΛΙΝΔΕΩΝ; H eracles w ith club an d lion skin
i. W i n te r t h u r 3 2 9 4 , 6.46.
2805 L eaded bronze. 18m m , 5.23g (2). [ 5 ]
[ o ] BM C 13
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.
ΑΛΙΝΔΕΩΝ; club a n d bow case in w reath
i . L = BMC 13, 5.53; 2. P 83 ( = W a 2129 = RN 1851, 233, no. 2), 3.90;
3. G M cC le an 8447 ( p i . 295.5), 4-935 4 “ 5 - B (834/1899, L ö b b = ζ Γ ν 1885,
322). T h e p o rtra it seem s to b e th e la te ‘ste p s’ type, su g g estin g a d ate o f 63
o r la te r. Q u a n tita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
Alabanda
their w eight standard, w hich is a little heavier th an th at of
other contem porary coins: see below. B ut it is not clear how
m uch im portance should be attached to this difference.)
O ne m ight perhaps be tem pted to link the three together as
referring to the apotheosis of A ugustus, b u t such specula­
tion should perhaps be resisted in view of the uncertainty
about their date.
T he early im perial coins are very difficult indeed to clas­
sify, partly because they are all so rare th at the inscriptions
are often uncertain (see also addenda, 2816A). They
present m any difficulties, w hich are discussed in the cata­
logue below. M ention should be m ade of the view expressed
by G ran t (F I T A , pp. 369 and 373) th a t 2811 and 2809 were
m ade in the thirties b c , depicting, on the one hand, A ntony
and O ctavia and, on the other, C leopatra. T his seems
unlikely b u t cannot formally be disproved because of the
poor condition of the coins. I t would additionally be some­
thing of a m ystery why these portraits should appear at
A labanda; on the other hand, the coinage of A labanda is
som ew hat innovative (e.g., the ‘T ib erian ’ group of auto­
nom ous coins, 2813-15, discussed above, or the large coins
of C laudius and N ero and their fam ilies). A p articular prob­
lem arises for 2816, w hich appears to have no fewer than
five portraits!
T he later im perial Ju lio-C laudian coins present fewer
problem s. T here is a striking series of large coins for
C laudius, B ritannicus, N ero and A grippina II, all with a
sim ilar aspect and all linked together by the com m on use of
the sigm a with the form E. I t m ight be possible to date
 A S IA : Alabanda (2806—2813) 463

them all as a family group to 50-4, b u t it seems a little more
likely th a t they represent two groups, one of C laudius and
B ritannicus struck u n d er C laudius and the other of Nero
and A grippina struck u n d er Nero. T his view cannot be
proved, since the titu latu re .for N ero lacks Sebastos; nor,
however, does its absence indicate th a t the coin was struck
under C laudius, because the title is sim ilarly om itted by
C laudius, whose titu latu re N ero follows. T h e m ain reason
for placing N ero an d A grippina in the reign of N ero is the
po rtrait o f N ero. W hile this shows him as a young m an, he
is not portrayed in as youthful a fashion as B ritannicus; in
particular, B ritannicus is depicted w ith a draped bust
(often a feature of p o rtraits of B ritannicus and N ero under
C laudius), b u t N ero is presented w ith a plain head. This
argum ent is not, of course, conclusive, only perhaps
indicative.
T he types used refer m ostly to the principal deity of
A labanda, Apollo Kissios, on w hich see J . Friedländer,
Z f l l , 1881, p. 9.
M ost of the early im perial coins seems to be o f the same
denom ination an d average out a t i7 m m /4 .2 6 g (14). T he
‘pseudo-autonom ous’ T ib erian group is slightly larger and
heavier, at 2 o m m /6 .2 8 g (3). T h e large coins of C laudius
and Nero have an average of 3 3 m m /i8 .i9 g ; they are
accom panied by a sm aller denom ination (2819-21) at
24m m /8-7 5 g (2). T h e large coins look as if they were sup­
2808 AE. 17 m m , 4.67 g (4). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
gm 661, no. 407
ΑΡΙΣΤΟΓΕΝΗΣ ill Π ΑΡΧΗΣ; lau reate h ead , r.
ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ ΜΑΙΑ; fem ale h ead (of Livia?), r.; to r.,
m onogram
I . B (I-B ) ( = gm 661, no. 407, w ith T af. I X . 22), 4.43; 2. V 35994 (Prowe:
]Ο ΓΕΝ [ ]Π [ /ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ Μ ΑΙΑ), 5.72; 3. T ra d e {1987)
(ΑΡΙΣΤ[ ]E N [ /re v . illegible), 4.43; 4 . JS W , 4.08. Im h o o f-B lu m er la te r
suggested [ K M 105) th a t th e w o rd on th e rev. m ig h t be ΜΑΓΑ, the
genitive o f ΜΑΓΑΣ, b u t Μ ΑΙΑ seem s d efin ite o n th e V sp ecim en . Im hoof-
B lu m er o riginally th o u g h t th a t Μ ΑΙΑ w as th e goddess w ith w h o m L ivia
w as identified. G ra n t, F I T A 373 a n d pi. X I-5 7 ( = 2 8 0 8 /1 ), reg ard e d the
obv. as a p o rtra it o f A ristogenes.
2809 A E. 16m m , 3.31g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
km 103, no. 7, FiTA 373
[ΕΠΙ ΑΦ]ΡΟΔΙΤΟΥ Α [Μ Ν?]ΣΣΟ[Υ]; b are head, r.
ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕ[ ]ΓΙΤΟΥ ΤΗΛΕ(?); fem ale h ead (of Livia?),
r.
I . B (I-B ) ( = km 103, no. 7), 3.31. T h e rea d in g o f th e legends o n b o th
obv. a n d rev. is n o t very ce rtain . G ra n t, F I T A 373 a n d pi. X I .55, reg ard e d
Im h o o f-B lu m er’s d escrip tio n , w h ich is follow ed here, as ‘com pletely
m isre ad a n d m isin te rp re te d ’. H e offered ‘AAABANAE[W N] ΕΠ . T. OKT.
ΚΛΕ. h ea d o f C le o p a tra to right/A M (?)N (?)H 2 S [ 0 2 ΕΠ Α Φ?]ΡΟ ΔΙΤΟ Υ h ead
o f A m n essu s (?) to r ig h t’, in te rp re tin g it as a coin m in ted b y a T .
O cta v iu s, an oth erw ise u n k n o w n g o v ern o r o f A sia in 32—31 b c , d ep ictin g
C le o p a tra , a n d a p riv a te citizen called A m nessos. G r a n t’s in te rp re ta tio n
m ay p e rh a p s b e th o u g h t fanciful (a n d ΤΟΚΤΚΛΕ c a n d efinitely be rejected
as a read in g : TO Y TH A E seem s m ore c e rtain ), th o u g h it m u s t be accep ted
th a t Im h o o f-B lu m er’s is un satisfacto ry . I t seem s futile, how ever, to do
m ore th a n w ait for an o th er, clearer sp ecim en to tu rn up.

posed to be sestertii as they have the sam e diam eter as 2810 A E. 18m m , 4.01g (1). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
im perial sestertii; although they are ra th e r light in weight,
C op 10
they are very m uch the sam e w eight as is found for the
ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ; b are head, r.
sim ilar ‘sestertii’ in B ithynia or in T hrace a t Perinthus. (See
B ust o f Apollo (or A rtem is?), r.
also p. 338.) M ost perversely, the three specimens
i . C o p 10, 4.01; 2. B (B -I). T h e p o rtr a it resem bles th a t o n coins o f
(qualitatively) analysed all have different compositions: A ristogenes (2 8 0 8 ).
leaded bronze, brass an d copper!
2811 AE. 18m m , 5.14g (2). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
M ost of the points relevant to the p attern presented by
the v A In d e x have already been covered; it need only be gm 661, no. 406, F iT A 369
added th a t the entry for ‘B ritannicus, N ero’ from W a is ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ; bare head, r.; below, m onogram fvf
presum ably the coin regarded here as of C laudius and Fem ale b u st (Livia? A rtem is?), r.
B ritannicus (?) (2819). Second, the entries for N ero under i . P 3 3 , 4.01; 2. B (I-B = g m 661, no. 406 = G ra n t, f i t a , p i. X I . 54); 3 . B
28678/13; 4 . P U n c e rta in , 6.27. G ra n t, F I T A 369, re g a rd e d th e p o rtra its
C laudius (vA) an d N ero (L) are coins of the sam e issue. as A n to n y a n d O cta v ia.
C o u n te rm ark : N o r Φ ( G I C 689: 1-2).

Augustus or Tiberius? (or later?)

First century a d ? ? _______________________________________
2812 Brass. 18m m , 4 .1 0 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
2806 A E. 16m m , 3.65g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
BM C 26
ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ; head o f A pollo, r.
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r.
C ith a ra in w reath
ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ; d rap ed b u st of A pollo, r., w ith lyre
i . O , 3.65.
i . L = b m c 26, 4.25; 2. P 32 ( = W a 2105), 3.95. T h e p o rtra it could b e o f
A u g u stu s o r T ib e riu s, o r a la te r em p ero r such as H a d ria n ; th e b reak in
th e obv. leg en d ΣΕΒΑΣ-ΤΟΣ a n d th e tru n c a tio n recall T ib e ria n p o rtra its
from L y d ia a n d P h ry g ia, p e rh a p s su g g estin g th a t T ib e riu s is th e m ore
likely choice. O n th e o th e r h a n d , a m u ch la te r d a te is p e rh a p s also
Augustus? suggested b y th e use o f brass; ag ain , this is u n ce rtain .

2807 A E. 15m m , 3.38g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] Reign o f Tiberius? (for discussion, see introduction)*i.
N o legend? L aureate head, r.
ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ; fem ale head, r. (of Livia?) 2813 A E. 2 0 m m , 6 .1 4 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
i . B 7 3 0 /1 8 9 9 , 3.38. T h e identifications o f th e h eads a re very u n ce rtain ; it
is h a rd to believe th a t th e extrem ely youthful-looking p o rtra it o n th e obv. ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ; d rap ed b ust o f A pollo, r.
could be la te r th a n th e reign o f A u g u stu s, w hile th e rev. h e a d has an Q u ad rig a, L, w ith em peror (?); above, capricorn
A u g u stan -p erio d hairstyle. i . P 3 5 ( = W a 2107), 6.14.
2814 B ronze. 2 0 m m , 5 .9 4 g (1). A xis: 12. [ i ] 2819 AE. 2 3 mm, 9 .0 6 g ( 1 ). Axis: 1 2 . [ 1 ]
BMC 25 ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΙ; bare head of Claudius, r., facing draped male
Α Λ Α Β Α Ν Δ Ε Ω Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A pollo, r. bust (of Britannicus?), r.
B a re h e a d (o f A u g u stu s? ), r., o n to p o f c a p ric o rn , r. ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔ[ΕΩΝ]; draped and laureate bust of Apollo,
i. L = bmc 25, 5-94- Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i.
with branch, r., facing draped bust of Artemis (?), 1.
i . P 3 7 (= W a 2109), 9.06. T h e obv. h ead s w ere in te rp re te d b y B abelon
2815 See below . 2 0 m m , 6 .7 5 g ( 0 - A xis: 12. [ 1 ] (in W a) as C la u d iu s a n d N e ro (? ); W a d d in g to n h im se lf (R N , 1851, p. 232,
also th o u g h t th is, a n d in te rp re te d th e rev. b u sts as th e S en ate a n d
BMC 27 A lab a n d a. A n id en tificatio n o f th e y o u th fu l b u s t o n th e obv. as B ritan n ic u s
Α Λ Α Β Α Ν Δ Ε Ω Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A pollo, r. seem s m o re likely, how ever, as o th e r coins w ere stru ck for h im , b u t none,
as far as we know , for N ero u n d e r C lau d iu s.
V e ile d fem ale b u st, r.
i . L = bm c 2 7 , 6.75. B M C d escrib ed th e rev. as ‘L ivia?’: see in tro d u ctio n 2820 Leaded bronze. 2 5 mm, 8 .4 5 g 9)· Axis: 12 . [ 1 ]
for discussion. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on i suggests a com position
basically o f bro n ze, w ith th e ad d itio n o f sm all p a rts of le ad a n d zinc.
K AA YA IO C B P E [ JN IK OC K A IC A P; d ra p e d (?) b u s t o f
B rita n n ic u s , r.
ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ; temple with four columns, enclosing
statue of Apollo Kissios (?); in exergue, sheep (?)
U n c e rta in em p ero r
i . L 1970—9—9—9 1 ( = Nc 1971, 132 a n d pi. 26.21, w h ere th e rev. design is
d iscussed b y M .J . P rice), 8.45. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
2816 B rass. 1 9 m m , 4.21 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
2821 AE. 23 mm. [ o ]
BMC 28
ΚΛΑΥ ΔΙΟΟ B PET A N N IK O C K A IC A P; d ra p e d b u s t of
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Ι; la u re a te m a le h e a d , r., facing fem ale h e a d , 1.
B rita n n ic u s , r.
Α Λ Α Β Α Ν Δ Ε [Ω Ν ]; tw o sm a ll (P laureate) ju g a te h e a d s, ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ; Apollo Kissios, standing, holding bird
su rm o u n te d b y s ta rs, r., facin g la u re a te h e a d , 1. (raven?) and bow; to L, sheep
i . L — B M C 28, 4.94; 2. P 36, 3.47; 3. B (I-B ); 4 . Lewis = s n g 1630, 3.74.
i . U n c e r ta in . T h is coin w as p u b lish e d b y M i 3.307.22, a n d is k now n from
A ll sam e dies. T h e identification of th e h ead s is extrem ely difficult. B M C ,
a M io n n e t cast. T h e coin h as b een tooled (‘médaille retouchée1i.) , b u t m ay
follow ing M i 3.307.21, identified th e obv. as A ugustus a n d L ivia, a n d the
p e rh a p s re p resen t a g en u in e o riginal.
rev. as G aius a n d L u c iu s C a e sa r facing th e ir n a tu ra l fa th e r A g rip p a; this
w as follow ed by Im h o o f-B lu m er (on his ticket u n d e r th e coin in B ). T h e
p o rtra its a re n o t a t all d iagnostic; indeed, if an y th in g , th e y look S everan!
O n th e o th e r h a n d , th e le tte r form Σ in d icates a n early d ate. T h e re is no
obvious in te rp re ta tio n to offer; b u t for th e obv. legend one m ig h t h ave
N e r o , p r o b a b ly a d 5 4 - g ( fo r a d isc u ssio n o f the
su sp e cte d th a t A pollo a n d /o r A rtem is w ere rep resen ted , as on th e sim ilar
piece o f C la u d iu s (2 8 1 9 ). C o m p a re th e sim ilarly p u zzling coin of
d a te, see in tro d u c tio n )
M e th y m n a (2 3 3 9 ).
2822 Brass. 3 4 mm, .
17 7 6 g (2 ). Axis: 12 . [ 2 ]
BMC 3 0
C la u d iu s ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, r.
ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ; draped bust (of Apollo?), r.
2817 A E . 3 1 m m , 1 9 .1 7 g (1). [ i ] i . L = b m c 3 0 , 18.41; 2. G 5, 17.38; 3. vA 2391, 17.50. B o th from the
sam e dies. T h e b u s t on th e rev. is d escrib ed in B M C , follow ed by
Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Γ ΕΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣ AP; la u re a te h e a d , r.
M a cd o n ald a n d b y v o n A ulock, as o f D io n y su s w earin g a n ivy w reath ; b u t
Α Λ Α Β Α Ν Δ Ε Ω Ν ; la u r e a te a n d d ra p e d b u s t o f A pollo, w ith th e ty p e o f w re a th is n o t clear, a n d A pollo w o u ld seem th e obvious choice.
la u re l b ra n c h , r. L e tte r form E. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: r.
i . M u 8, 19.17. L e tte r form E.
2823 Copper. 3 3 mm, 17 3 4. g (2 ). Axis: 12 . [ 2 ]
2818 A E . 3 3 m m , 1 8 .5 2 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 4 ] BMC 2 9
Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Β Ρ ΕΤ Α Ν Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u s t o f ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣ [TH]; head of Agrippina II, r.
B rita n n ic u s , r. ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ; turreted bust, r.
Α Λ Α Β Α Ν Δ Ε Ω Ν ; A p o llo K issios, sta n d in g , h o ld in g b ird
i . L = b m c 29, 17.48; 2. M u 9, 17.20. B oth fro m th e sam e dies. T h e b u s t
(raven?) a n d bow ; to 1., sh e e p o n the rev. w as d escrib ed b y B M C as ‘T y c h e o f C ity ?’; a n o th e r possib ility
i . B (F o x ) (— zfN 1881, 9, a n d T a f. I I . 5 = n z 1915, 92, w ith T af, X .1 9 ), w o u ld be R o m a (cf. P erg am u m 2373fr.). L e tte r fo rm E. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
18.71; 2—4 . P 38, 39 ( = W a 2110), d o u b lettes, 17.7 0 ,2 0 .1 0 , —; 5. JS W , an alysis on: 1.
17.58. L e tte r form E.

Orthosia
T he im perial coinage of O rthosia is know n from only a very
few specim ens. T h e ir often poor preservation has h ad the
result th a t they have not been published very adequately in
the past. T here are two issues, one und er A ugustus and one
under N ero (w ith A grippina).
T he style of the p o rtraits links O rthosia into the work of
the ‘L aodicea’ engraver (see p. 376); O rthosia is the m ost
westerly city to have this style.
T he reverse types reflect the proxim ity of N ysa (cf. 2659-
71) an d its near-by sanctuary of Pluto an d K ore (cf. L.
R obert, A Travers T A sie M ineure, p. 331).
T he m ain problem w ith the classification o f the coins of
O rthosia concerns the ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ issues. Letter
forms are not m uch use, since both E and £, C and Σ occur
during the Ju lio-C laudian period, and E and Σ are also used
on the coinage of V espasian. Die axis is of m ore help
because it is fixed at twelve o’clock in the Julio-C laudian
and Flavian periods, b u t six o’clock in the second century.
H owever, die axis allows one to exclude only B M C 6. Two
other issues, D ionysus/panthcress and ΣΥΝΚΛΗΤΟΣ/Zeus
{ B M C 5 and 10), have the ethnic ΟΡΘΩΣΙΕΩΝ and a twelve
o’clock axis, and their sim ilar style recalls th a t of coins of
 A S I A : Orthosia, Bargasa, Antioch (ad Maeandrum) (2824-2830)

V espasian (B M C 11), to whose reign they are tentatively Nero, ad 54-g

assigned. A nother issue, Senate/Z eus (B M C 8-g) has
Ο ΡΘ Ω ϋΐεΩ Ν and a twelve o’clock axis, and is perhaps 2825 Leaded bronze. 1 8 mm, 4 .8 0 g (2 ). Axis: 1 2 . [ 3 ]
D om itianic in date. mg 3 1 3 , no. 7 5

N£PWN[ ; jugate draped busts of Nero and Agrippina

II
A u g u s tu s ___________________________ OPOWCIEWN; Hades and Persephone in quadriga, r.
I. L 1 9 0 9 -5 -2 -2 4 ; 2. L 60854, 5 '° 4 ; 3 · B ( I- B = m g 7 5 ), 4 .5 6 .
2 8 2 4 A E . 2 0 m m , 5 .6 3 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 3 ] Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: i.

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. 2826 AE. 1 9 mm, 5 .4 6 g (2 ). Axis: 1 2 . [ 2 ]

Ο ΡΘ Ω Σ ΙΕ Ω Ν Φ ΙΛ ΙΝ Ο Σ; H a d e s a n d P e rse p h o n e in
q u a d rig a , r. Co BA CTO C ΑΓΡΙΠΠ[ ; jugate draped busts of Nero and
Agrippina I I
I. P 8 6 9 A , 5.55; 2. V 18406 (= E c k h e l, Cat. M u s. Caes. Vindob. I, 179, no.
i, w ith T af. I I I . 18, w hence M i S 6.531.462), 6.15; 3. B A n in e tu s , L y d ia OPOWCIEWN; laureate head of Zeus, r.
(I-B = mg 470, no. 74 = LS 23, no. 6, ‘A n in e tu s’), 5.21. T h e eth n ic on 3 is 1 . C 1 9 7 3 / 1 7 4 , 4-975 2 . V 34950, 5.95. T h e obv. in scrip tio n is illegible on
n o t d e a r. 2, a n d th e eth n ic is illegible on i.

Bargasa
For the location of B argara in the valley of the H arp asus in N e ro
northeastern C aria (probably at H aydere), see L. Robert,
P r o c . g t h I n t. N u m . C o n g r e ss . B e r n e i g j g (1982), p. 336 ( c f. L a 2 8 2 7 A E . 21 m m , 1 2 .3 0 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
C a r ie , p. 273).
NE[ ]Α ΙΣ Α Ρ ; d ra p e d b u st, r.
T he earliest coins know n for B argasa come from the Β Α Ρ []Σ Η Ν Ω Ν ; facin g c u lt s ta tu e o f A rte m is (w ith
im perial period, and both belong to the reign of Nero. T he su p p o rts)
sim ilar portraits suggest th a t they represent two denom i­ i . M u i , 12.30.
nations of the sam e issue; to ju d g e from the youthful draped C o u n te rm ark : C irc u la r p u n ch w ith A? ( G 1C i) .
portrait, this would have been m ade early in the reign. 2 8 2 8 A E . 1 8 m m , 3 .4 5 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
T he types are H eracles, the father of Bargasos (the
km 126, n o. i
eponym ous founder of the city), and the cult statue of
A rtem is of Ephesus, for w hich see L. R obert, A T r a v e r s T A s ie Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣΑ Ρ; d ra p e d b u st, r.
Β Α ΡΓ Α [Σ ]Η Ν Ω Ν ; H e ra c le s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith clu b a n d
M in e u r e , p. 371.
lio n skin
I. B (I-B ) (=KM 1), 3.45.

Antioch (ad Maeandrum)

A ntioch on the M aean d er h ad produced a small issue of A ntioch of this period, was interpreted by Regling as refer­
silver tetradrachm s and drachm s in the second century b c , ring to a board responsible for coin production; the
and a few bronze coins probably at the sam e tim e or later individual nam ed in the genitive w ould be the chairperson
{ B M C 4 an d 9: B M C 5 -8 are of A ntioch in Pisidia). (PW , 4 a .1327).
In the early im perial period there were a num ber of
issues, m ostly know n from unique specim ens. Some of these
have double im perial po rtraits, and in this way Livia, Gaius A u g u s tu s *i
and T iberius C aesar are all represented on the reverse of
coins w ith the p o rtra it of A ugustus. T h e a ttrib u tio n of two 2 8 2 9 A E . 1 8 m m , 3 .8 3 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 4 ]
issues (2834-5) to the correct em peror is not certain; see the km 110, no. 14 corr.
relevant entries. Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ε Ω Ν ; la u r e a te h e a d , r.
T he coin described by M i 3.316.74 w ith D em os/river god Α Γ Ε Λ Α Ο Υ ΣΥ Ν Α ΡΧ ΙΑ ; d ra p e d b u s t o f L iv ia, r.
ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΩΝ ΕΠ Ι ΜΥΩΝΟΣ, w hich was accepted by M ü n ­ i . P 141, 4.35; 2—3 . B (B -I, Fox); 4 . V 37743, 3.31; 5 . W in te rth u r ( = km
sterberg, B e a m te n n a m e n , as a C laudian issue, is based on an i 10, no. 14).

entry in Sestini, w here the m ag istrate’s nam e is probably a
m isreading of MAIANAPOC: i.e., a later coin as B M C
15 16
— .
T he denom inations used are not clear; there seems to be
a tendency for m ost of the coins to be ab o u t 18 m m and 3 I-
4 g, b u t there is wide variation an d only a sm all sample.
T he unusual term s y n a r c h ia , w hich occurs on coins of
2 8 3 0 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 4 m m , 3 .2 7 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
BMC 27
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Υ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ε Ω Ν ; N ike a d v a n c in g , r., w ith p a lm
a n d w re a th
Α ΓΛ Α Ο Υ T O Y Α ΓΛ Α Ο Υ Σ Υ Ν Α ΡΧ ΙΑ ; g a rla n d e d a lta r
i . P 142 ( = W a 2165), 2.82; 2. P 143 ( = W a 2166), 3.10; 3. L = BMC 27,
3.89, Q u a lita tiv e m e ta l an aly sis on: 3.
2831 A E . i8 m m .
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ε Ω Ν ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
ΙΑ ΣΩ Ν Ο Σ ΣΥ Ν Α ΡΧ ΙΑ ; in fo u r lines in a la u re l w re a th
i . I-B ( = GRMK 81, no. 4). N o t in B o r W in terth u r.
2832 A E . 1 8 m m , 3 .5 2 g ( i ) . A xis: 12.
Nz 1912, 195, no. 12
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ε Ω Ν ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Γ Α ΙΟ Σ; b a re h e a d o f G a iu s C a e sa r, r.
i . B (I-B ), 3.52.
2833 A E . 2 0 m m , 4 .9 7 g (1). A xis: 12.
gm 662, no. 410
Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ A N T IO ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
HEPHHC e v rC N E T W P Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ο Δ Ο Τ Ο Ο TIBEPIO C; b a re
h e a d o f T ib e riu s C a e sa r, r.
I. B (I-B ), 4.97.
A u g u s tu s or T ib e r iu s ? ___________________
2 8 3 4 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 15 m m , 3.12 g (4). A xis: 12 o r 6.
BMC 28, AMC 1327
Aphrodisias-Plarasa
A phrodisias h ad originally m ade jo in t issues w ith Plarasa
(for a discussion o f the date o f the sympolity, see J .
Reynolds, A p h ro d isia s a n d R om e, p. 1) ; in p articu lar there was
a very large issue of silver ‘drachm s’, m inted probably in
the late first century b c , perhaps durin g the civil wars (see
P. K inns in C R W L R , p. 113). T h e fact th a t these are
sometimes signed by three m agistrates has been thought to
reveal the possible influence of R om an institutions; even
more interesting is the possibility th a t two varieties bear a
denarius value m ark.
U nd er A ugustus there is still one issue jointly for
A phrodisias a n d P larasa, b u t subsequently P larasa was
absorbed and only the ethnic of A phrodisias appears
(Reynolds, op. c it., p. 108). T h e A phrodisian coinage of the
early im perial period is not easy to classify, since m ost
im perial heads are sim ply labelled Sebastos. Some discus­
sion has been provided by D. J . M acD onald in his publica­
tion o f the coins found a t Aphrodisias ( Coins fr o m A phrodisias,
pp. 23-4). I t is possible, however, to use the criteria of letter
forms an d changing die axis to suggest the following
arrangem ent.
After the jo in t issue w ith P larasa comes the issue signed
by Sozon (w ith the letter forms C and £ ), placed first
because its die axis is predom inantly six o ’clock.
N ext comes the issue for an em peror (Sebastos) and an
empress (Sebaste), signed by Apollonios. V arious identifi­
cations from A ugustus to C laudius have been proposed (see
M acD onald, p. 23). T h e letter forms are E and E, or £ and
C, and the die axis equally twelve or six o’clock. T he
po rtrait of the em press is th a t of Livia, and as she is called
Sebaste the issue should be later th an a d 14 (pace M ac­
D onald). T h ere seems no good reason to question the
[ o ] Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Π Α ΙΩ Ν ΙΟ Υ ΣΥ Ν Α ΡΧ ΙΑ Α Ν Τ Ι-Ο Χ Ε Ω Ν ; A th e n a , sta n d in g
1., h o ld in g sp e a r a n d shield
i . O — A M C 1 3 2 7 , 3.44; 2. L = b m c 2 8 , 3.95; 3 . N Y ; 4 . P 140, 2.63; 5 -
6. B (B -I, F ox); 7 . C Leake; 8. V 34148, 2.44; 9 . M u I2 a, 2.63.
[ i ] Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 2.
T iberius?2835A E . 1 4 m m , 2 .7 3 g ( T)· Axis: 12. [ 1 ]C o p 47
[Τ ]ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ε Ω Ν (rev ersed ); h e a d o f T y c h e , r.
i . C o p 4 7 , 2.73. A sim ilar coin w as d escrib ed by M i 3.316.77 from
Sestini. W e h av e n o t ex am in ed th e coin in p erson, a n d th e rea d in g an d
a ttrib u tio n d o n o t seem ce rtain .
[ 1 ]
C la u d iu s
2836 A E . 21 m m , 3 .8 0 g (3). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 4 ]
Τ ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Μ Υ Ω Ν Ο Σ ΣΥ Ν Α ΡΧ ΙΑ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ε Ω Ν ; N ike a d v a n c in g , r.,
w ith p a lm b ra n c h h e ld o u t in fro n t
I. C 3 3 8 /1 9 4 8 (=SNG 4672), 3.60; 2. P 144, 4.29; 3. B 7996; 4. V 18245.
[ 9 ]
obvious im plication th a t the em peror is therefore T iberius,
who appears elsewhere w ith his m other. Presum ably the
issue dates before her death in 29. V arious people w ith the
nam e of Apollonios are recorded on inscriptions from
A phrodisias (see M acD onald, p. 23, and Reynolds, nos. 5, 6
and 27), b u t the nam e is too com m on to perm it an identifi­
cation. For the application of the honorific title ‘son of the
city’ (or ‘of A phrodisias’) to a benefactor, see A ttuda under
T rajan , and the com m ents of A M C 1328 and L. R obert,
D ocum ents de l ’A sie M ineure, pp. 85—6. T he nature of Apol-
lonios’s benefaction is not clear: perhaps it is som ething to
do w ith the cult or tem ple of A phrodite or w ith the pro­
vision of coinage.
T he next issue consists, first, of coins for ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ.
His coins use the letter forms E and Σ, and the die axis is
always twelve o’clock. T his seems to rule out an A ugustan
date, so the po rtrait m ust be of C aligula. I t appears likely
th at the slightly larger coins for ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ should
also be dated to this reign, since they, too, have the same
letter forms and die axis. An issue in the reign of C aligula
for the deified A ugustus is, of course, quite possible, as the
coinage o f Rome shows.
T he last relevant issue is also of an em peror and empress
labelled LEBAETOL and EEBAETH, known in very few
specimens (1. L 1970-9—9-93, 11.60; 2. P 269 = W a 2207,
12.99; 3- B = K M 116, no. 17, w ith Taf. IV . 17, 12.99; 4. M u
27a, 11.08; 5. London trade 1985, 10.37). T hey are
sometimes identified as N ero and A grippina II (e.g., W a,
vA In d e x ). I t seems m ore likely, however, from the portrait
of the em peror and the hairstyle of the empress th at they are
D om itian and D om itia, so the coins are not included in this
catalogue.

T he p attern of denom inations is shown in the table
below.
T he types are traditional: e.g., A phrodite, a double axe.
T he tem ple on the coins of Apollonios encloses the figure of
the cult statue of A phrodite. T here is a tendency for a
particular type to be used on a p articu lar denom ination,
e,g., a head appears as the reverse type on the small, c. 3 g
Augustus
Pla. and Aph.
Sozon
Tiberius, etc. 12 mm, 8.58 g (temple)
Caligula
A u g u s tu s , P la r a s a a n d A p h r o d is ia s
2837 A E . 1 3 m m , 2 .8 6 g (11). A xis: 12 o r 6.
C o p 76
B are h e a d , r.
Π Λ Α ΡΑ Α Φ ΡΟ ; h e a d o f A p h ro d ite , r.
i . P 2 6 6 A , 2.95; 2. P 882 (= W a 2526), 2.13; 3. C op 76, 3.37; 4—5. B
(L ö bb, I-B = m g 306, no. 21), 3.30, 2.41; 6. C L eake, 2.52; 7—9 . V 30241,
30916, 30958, 2.86, 3.60, 3.33; 10—i i . M u , 2.47, 2.50; 12—13. A ph ro d isias
199-200.
A u g u s tu s , A p h r o d is ia s
2838 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 13 m m , 2.96 g (20). A xis: 6 (u su ally ) o r
12.
BMC 90, AMC 1329, C o p 1 15
CoBACTOC; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Α Φ Ρ Ο Δ ίε ΐε Ω Ν ΟΩΖΩΝ; d o u b le axe
i . O — A M C I33O , 2.79; 2—4 . O = AMC 1329, 133 1—2, 2.91, 2.79, 3 .I4 ; 5 —
8. L = BMC 9 0 -3, 2.69, 2.54, 2.69, 3.00; 9—10. N Y ; i i —12. P 263 ( = W a
2202), 266B, 3.22, 2.32; 13—1 4 . C o p 115-16, 3.39, 2.76; 15—19. B (I-B ,
746/1920, K nobelsdorf, 85/1875, L ö b b ), 2.88, 2.93, 3.72, 3.03, 3.38; 20—
a i . C Leake; 2 2 - 2 3 . 2 3 -4 , 3 -16, 3.02; 2 4 - 2 6 . V 36458, 36009, 36848,
2 .8 i , 2.14, 3.45; 27. L in d g ren 616, 2.82; 2 8 - 3 8 . A ph ro d isias 2 0 1 - r i. O n
one die th e P is m issing from th e ethnic. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 6.
T ib e riu s , A p o llo n io s , a d 1 4 - 2 9 (see in tro d u c tio n
f o r d isc u ssio n o f id e n titie s a n d d a te) *i.
2839 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 23 m m , 8.58 g (2). A xis: 12 o r 6.
k m 115, no. 16
EEBAETOE; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Ε YIOE Π Ο Λ Ε Ω Ε; T e m p le o f A p h ro d ite
i . L 1979—i —i —1842 (ex vA 8063: ‘C la u d iu s ’), 8.72; 2. B (I-B = km 115,
no. 16, w ith T af. I V .16), 8.43. S am e dies. T h e sigm a is in th e form E. A
specim en w as seen by R o b e rt a t M ed et, th e site o f A pollonia S albak e {La
Carie, p. 271, no. 10). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
2840 B ronze. 2 3 m m , 8 .5 8 g (2). A xis: 6 (1).
BMC 95
CEBACTH; d ra p e d b u s t o f L iv ia, r.
Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ C YIOC Α Φ Ρ Ο Λ ΙΕ ίεΩ Ν ; as 2 8 3 9
i . L = bmc 9 5 , 8.58; 2. N Y , 8.58; 3. L = BMC 96, 8.83 (holed). A ll from
sam e rev. die w hich is also used for 2 8 4 1 /1 ( = B M C 21). 1-2 have sam e
obv. die, w ith C a n d 8; 3 h as a different die w ith E a n d E. Q u a lita tiv e
m etal analysis on: 3.
2841 B ronze. 2 3 m m , 8.51 g (4 ). A xis: 12 (1).
BMC 21
A S I A : Aphrodisias-Plarasa (2 8 3 7 -2 8 4 5 ) 467
denom ination, under A ugustus and Caligula, while the fac­
ing cult statue is used both by Tiberius an d under Caligula
on the slightly larger denom ination of about 4I g. T he head
on the third variety of the tem ple coins of Apollonios is
traditionally identified as A thena, b u t a grouping of
T iberius, Livia and R om a seems m ore likely.
13 mm, 2.86 g (head)
13 mm, 2.90g (axe)
19 mm, 4.72 g (statue)
19mm, 4.83g (statue) 15mm, 2.81 g (head)
Α Φ ΡΟ Λ ΙΕ ΙΕ Ω Ν ; h e lm e te d b u s t o f R o m a (?), r.
Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Ο Y IOC Α Φ ΡΟ Λ ΙΕ ΙΕ Ω Ν ; as 2 8 3 9
[ 11 ] i . L = b m c 21, 8.78; 2. vA 2435 {'Zeit des Augustus?'), 7.65; 3 . B 8.44;
4 . N Y , 9.17. A ll fro m th e sam e o bv. die; th e rev. die o f 1 w as also used
w ith obvs. o f L iv ia (2 8 4 0 /1 -3 ).
2 8 4 2 B ronze. 19 m m , 4 .8 0 g (9). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 9 ]
BMC 94
CEBACTOI; la u r e a te h e a d o f T ib e riu s a n d d ra p e d b u s t o f
L iv ia, ju g a te , r.
Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Ε Α Φ Ρ Ο Λ ΙΕ ίεΩ Ν Y IOC; c u lt s ta tu e o f
A p h ro d ite ; above, s ta r a n d c re sc e n t
i . P 2 6 8 , 4.62; 2. L = BMC 94, 3.95; 3 . N Y , 5.18; 4—6 . B (2894, I-B , I-
B ), 4.27, 4.44, 4.54; 7 - 8 . C L eake, 5.96, 4.52; 9. M u 27, 5.70; 1 0 -
13. A p h ro d isias 2 12-15 (‘A u g u stu s’). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 2.
[ 26 ] 2 8 4 3 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 9 m m , 4 .7 0 g (24). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 24 ]
BMC 85, AMC 1328, C o p 117
CLBACTOC; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Ο Α Φ Ρ Ο Δ ίε ΐε Ω Ν Y IOC; c u lt s ta tu e , as 2 8 4 2
I. L = B M C 8 7 , 5.55; 2 - 5 . L = BMC 85, 86, 88, 89, 5.49, 5.23, 3.83, 3.90;
6 —8. N Y , 4.51, 5.17, 4.46; 9. O = AMC 1328, 4.72; 1 0 - 1 1 . P 264 ( = W a
2203), 262, 4.40, 5.26; 12—13. C o p 117-18, 5.46, 4.78; 14—17. B (I-B , Fox
L ö b b , I-B = m g 306, no. 20a), 3.65, 4.62, 4.74, 4.63; 18—19. C L eake,
4.81, 4.46; 20—22. V 18259, 18271, 30234, 4-00, 4.88, 4.10; 23—2 4 . M u
2 5 -6 , 6.12, 3.91; 25—28. A p h ro d isias 212-15; 2 9 . J S W . Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: 1.
C a lig u la *16
[ 2 ] 2 8 4 4 B ronze. 1 9 m m , 4 .8 3 g (11). A xis: 12. [ 18]
BMC 99, C o p 119
Θ Ε Ο Σ ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d o f A u g u stu s , r.
Α Φ ΡΟ Δ ΙΣ ΙΕ Ω Ν ; c u lt sta tu e o f A p h ro d ite
i . L = b m c 9 9 , 5.97; 2 —4 . L = b m c 100-2, 4.34, 4-30, 4.40; 5 - 9 . P 265-6
( = W a 2 2 0 4 -5 ), 264A, 265A, 265B, 5.34, 4.77, 5.26, 5.24, 5.86; 1 0 . C op
1 19, 5.10; i i . O , 5.48; 1 2 —1 4 . B ( I - B , L ö b b , B - I ) , 5.48, 3.74, 4.67; 1 5 —
1 6 . C 340/1948, 339/1948; 1 7 . V 30974, 5.30; 1 8 . M u 24, 4.33; 1 9 -
2 0 . A p h ro d isias 228-9; 2 1 . Lewis = s n g 1640, 4.76. F o r a discu ssio n o f
[ 3 ] d ate, see in tro d u ctio n . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 3.
2 8 4 5 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 5 m m , 2 .8 1 g (9). A xis: 12. [ 12 ]
BMC 97
Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d , r.
Α Φ Ρ Ο Δ ΙΣ ΙΕ Ω Ν ; h e a d o f A p h ro d ite , r.
i . N Y , 2.92; 2 —4 . L = b m c 9 7 -8 , 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 8 4 3 (ex vA 2454), 2.59, 2.43,
2.29; 5 —6 . P 267, 268A ( = W a 7140, 2206), 3.69, 3.10; 7—9. B (I-B ,
645/1878, L ö b b ) , 2.00, 3.00, 3.00; 1 0 —i i . V 31824, 32358, 2.98, 3.50;
1 2 . M u 25a, 3.46; 1 3 —1 9 . A p h ro d isias 221—7. F o r th e id en tificatio n as
[ 3 ]
C alig u la ra th e r th a n G aiu s C a e sa r, see in tro d u c tio n . Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: 3.
468 A S I A : Attuda, Trapezopolis (2846-2851)
A ttu d a (for the city, see Im hoof-Blum er, K M , pp. 122-3,
an d L. R obert, M o n n a ies Grecques, p. 90) h ad m ade small
issues of silver an d bronze in the first century b c . T h e silver
drachm s (average w eight of three specimens: 3.48 g) bear
the nam es o f three persons; this an d the style recall the
sim ilar coins of A phrodisias (so Im hoof-Blum er, K M , p.
123), an d the coins probably belong to the sam e period,
perhaps the civil w ars o f the late first century. T here are
some even ra re r H ellenistic bronze coins (see K M ) , perhaps
of the sam e date.
F or the early im perial period, a single issue, probably of
A ugustus, is known. T h e reverse design is Cybele, whose
tem ple is depicted on a later, Severan, coin { B M C , pi.
X I .1).
T here are two issues o f two denom inations ( i8 m m /4 .i6 g
an d i5 m m /2 .8 4 g ) m ade u n d er A ugustus. Both are closely
linked by style, type (e.g., the lituus, the capricorn) and
conception (the reverse of the sm aller denom ination is
related to the reverse of the larger), an d there seems little
do u b t th a t both were m ade at about the sam e time,
somewhere tow ards the end of the reign, to ju d g e from the
m aturity of the p o rtrait. T h e nam e of one ‘m agistrate’ is
certainly A ndronikos G orgippou; th a t of the other is less
clear. His own nam e is certainly Apollodotus, and his
patronym ic w hich occurs only on the unique and poorly
preserved sm aller denom ination seems to read ΛΥΚΩΤΟ[,
though only the h rst three letters are really clear.
M ost of the ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins seem to be later
in date th an the period covered by this catalogue. Some
have the nam es of m agistrates who ap p ear on H ad rianic
{ B M C 5, cf. K M , p. 162) or A ntonine coins { B M C 3-4, cf.
K M , p. 161), w hile the letter forms (C and £) an d the six
o ’clock die axis suggest a second-century date for the
rem ainder { B M C 1-2, 4 and 6-7). T h e only exception is the
issue for K laudios O rontes, w hich was assigned a Flavian
date by M ünsterberg, B eam tennam en, for some (unclear)
reason. Sim ilar types at Bagis and especially M aeonia and
Nysa suggest th a t it m ay be N eronian, b u t this is not at all
certain.
A u g u s tu s __________________________
A n d r o n ik o s G o r g ip p o u
2847 A E . 1 8 m m , 3 .9 0 g (4). A xis: 12.
C o p 585
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u r e a te h e a d , r.; to r., litu u s
Α Ν Δ Ρ Ο Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Γ Ο Ρ Γ ΙΠ Π Ο Υ Τ ΡΑ Π Ε Ζ Ο Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; filleted
th y rsu s
i . P m i , 2.92; 2. P m o , 4.52; 3 . C o p 585, 4.44; 4 . M u 5, 3.72.
Attuda
In view of the sim ilar design, the coin which was
published by G ran t in F I T A , p. 364 and pi. X I.66, as a coin
of E rythrae, and subsequently as a coin of Lebedus by
H eichelheim (SNG Fitzw illiam 4500), m ight perhaps be
from A ttuda; b u t this is uncertain, and the coin is classified
here am ong the uncertain coins of Asia (5444).
A u g u s tu s ?
2 8 4 6 A E . 1 9 m m , 4 .2 7 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Α Τ Τ Ο Υ Δ Ε Ω Ν ; C y b ele s ta n d in g , facing, b e tw e e n tw o lions
i . L 1 9 7 1 - 1 0 - 5 - 1 , 5.02; 2. P 369-25, 3.51.
Trapezopolis
2 8 4 8 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 5 m m , 2 .6 9 g ( τ )· A xis: I2 · [ 1 ]
BMC 10
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; c a p ric o rn , 1., w ith c o rn u c o p ia
Α Ν Δ Ρ Ο Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Γ Ο ΡΓ ΙΠ Π Ο Υ ; b e a rd e d h e a d (o f S ilenus?),
r.; m o n o g ra m T^T
i . L = b m c 10, 2.69. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: i.
A p o llo d o to s L y k o to [u ] (? )
2 8 4 9 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 8 m m , 4 .1 6 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 6 ]
BMC 8, AMC 1343
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.; to r., litu u s
Τ Ρ Α Π Ε Ζ Ο Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ο Δ Ο Τ Ο Σ ; m o n o g ra m G ;
A p o llo s ta n d in g , 1., w ith la u re l b ra n c h ; to 1., m o n o g ra m X
i . L = b m c 8, 4.58; 2. L = BMC 9; 3. 0 = A M C 1 3 4 3 , 4 .6 1; 4 . P 1112
( = W a 2657), 3.60; 5. C o p 584, 3.85; 6. B (L o b b = zfiv 1880, 56, no. 9).
T h e m o n o g ram s are n o t clear, n o r is th e ir sense; th e one after th e n am e o f
A p o llodotos seem s p la u sib ly to s ta n d for νεώτερος, b u t th e in te rp re ta tio n
o f th e one to th e 1. o f A pollo as &ρχων (N C I X , p. 161) seem s very
u n ce rtain . I t is n o t even ce rtain ly a m o n o g ram .
2 8 5 0 A E . 1 5 m m , 2 .9 9 g i 1)· [ 1i. I
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; c a p ric o rn , L, w ith c o rn u c o p ia
Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ο Δ Ο Τ Ο Σ Λ Υ Κ Ω Τ Ο [; b ow -case; to r., sam e
m o n o g ra m as 2 8 4 8 Τ&Γ
i . L 1 9 8 8 —1—22—3, 2.99. T h e re are traces below th e legend, p e rh a p s o f
th e sam e m o n o g ram as occurs after th e n am e A pollodotos on 284 9 .
R e ig n o f N ero ? ? ______________________
2851 A E . 17 m m , 3.56 g (3). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 4 ]
M i 3.388.488
[ 4 ] Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Ο ΡΟ Ν Τ Η Σ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A pollo, w ith lyre,
r.
Τ ΡΑ Π Ε Ζ Ο Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f M e n , on crescen t, r.
i . C L e a k e ( = s n g 4739), 4-56; 2. L 1902—10-2—12, 3.03; 3. P 1097, 2.35;
4 . B (B -I), 3.10. F o r th e d até, see in tro d u ctio n . T h e coin is catalo g u ed by
E. L an e, Corpus M onumentorum Religionis D ei M en is I I , p. 50, T rap ezo p o lis,
no. 3.
 A S I A : Heraclea (28 5 2 -2 8 5 6 ) 46g

Heraclea
T he history and inscriptions of H eraclea Salbace (m odern
Vakif) have been fully discussed by L. R obert (L a Carie, pp.
153-230) w ho has argued th a t (contra G ran t, F I T A , pp.
349-5°) it was founded before the im perial era. R obert also
included a num b er of observations about the coinage, but
did not offer a full catalogue.
T here are three relevant issues of coinage w ith im perial
portraits. T he first, w ith no m ag istrate’s nam e, has a
p o rtrait w hich alm ost certainly depicts A ugustus, in view of
its youthful appearance an d the angle betw een the neck and
the back of the head. T h e n there is an issue in two denom i­
nations signed by Apollonios Apolloniou; this is generally
identified as portraying A ugustus, b u t T iberius is perhaps a
little more likely in view of the sim ilarity w ith the head on
2864 at Apollonia Salbace, w here the identification as
T iberius seems justified by the association w ith Livia as
Sebaste. T he p o rtra it on the sm aller denom ination was
identified by R obert as A ugustus, b u t the traditio n al identi­
fication as D ionysus seems preferable, as the head seems to
w ear an ivy w reath. C ults of both Dionysus and Zeus, who
appears on the reverse, are attested a t H eraclea (Robert,
p. 226).
U n d er N ero an issue was m ade in two denom inations
and several types signed by the priest Glycon. A lthough he
was identified w ith Glycon, the son of Sosthenes, by Buckler
and C alder ( M A M A V I .106, cf. R obert, pp. 171—2, no. 63),
he m ust surely be the G lycon, son of Glycon who was priest
of Heracles, known in an o th er inscription, as W addington
thought (W a 1695, cf - R obert, p. 172 and p. 174, no. 67).
T he inscription reveals th a t this Glycon h ad also been
stephanephoros twice, gym nasiarch an d leader of the
council. H e was presum ably priest of H eracles for life (cf.
T he following denom inations are found:
no emperor is -iy m m , 3.39g
Augustus 18 mm, 5.54 g
Tiberius? 19mm, 5.62g 16mm, 3.98g
Nero 19mm, 6.19g 16 mm, 3.88g
T he following coin has been excluded from this period:
CEBACTOC/temple w ith statue of E phesian A rtem is ( B M C
19 ‘A ugustus’ = Cop 401 ‘PTitus’; cf. R obert, p. 228, n. 7).
T his is perhaps of T rajan; at any rate the letter form (C)
and the fixed six o’clock die axis do not occur before
V espasian.
T he vA In d e x cites C laudius from R obert, in error; the
entry for N ero under C laudius should, together w ith A grip­
pina II, ap p ear in N ero’s own reign.
U n c e rta in d a te (A u g u s ta n ? )
2 8 5 2 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .3 8 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 7 ]
AMC 1337
H e a d o f H e ra c le s w e a rin g lion skin, r.
Η ΡΑ Κ Λ ΕΩ Τ Ω Ν ; fem ale h e a d , r.
i . 0 = A M C 1 337, 3.08; 2—3. B (I-B = km 13 1, no. i, 453/1 8 8 3), 3.90, —;
4 —5. P 6 8 9 -9 0 ( = W a 2 4 0 0 -1 ), 2.98, 3.78; 6. V 38638, 3.30; 7. M u id ,
3 -2 5 -
2 8 5 3 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 7 m m , 3 .3 4 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
BMC 4
C o rn u c o p ia b etw een tw o e a rs o f co rn
Η ΡΑ Κ Λ ΕΩ Τ Ω Ν ; d o u b le axe
i . L = B M C 4 ( — km 132, no. 3 = R o b ert, pi. 36.4), 3.34; 2. A (see
R o b ert). S am e obv. die as 2 8 5 4 /1 . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.

R obert, p. 226), and the inscription honours his dau ghter 2 8 5 4 A E . 1 9 m m , 3 .4 5 g (1). [ i ]
T ate, who am ong oth er things h ad p u t the sum of 2340 km 132, no. 2
denarii tow ards the construction of the ‘sebaston
C o rn u c o p ia b etw een tw o e a rs o f co rn
H eraclion’. Glycon’s issue was m ade early in the reign of
Η ΡΑ Κ Λ ΕΩ Τ Ω Ν ; clu b
Nero, since A grippina I I also appears on a unique coin; the
i . I-B ( = km 2 = R o b ert, pi. 36.5), 3.45. S am e obv. d ie as 2 8 5 3 .
types are m ostly concerned w ith the cult of H eracles. O ne,
however, depicts a goddess holding a double axe; R obert
(pp. 228-30) has suggested th a t she was an indigenous and A u g u s tu s
principal goddess of the city, who was closely linked to
Heracles, the principal god. T his link can be seen from her 2 8 5 5 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 5 .5 2 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 7 ]
appearance on Glycon’s coins in com pany w ith H eraclean BMC 18
types, an d on the rare issue o f ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
w hich share an obverse die an d have, for the respective Η ΡΑ Κ Λ ΕΩ Τ Ω Ν ; la u re a te h e a d o f H e ra c le s, r.
reverse types, the club an d the double axe, the character­ i . P 7 0 7 ( — W a 2415), 5.02; 2. P 704, 5.94; 3 . L = bm c 18, 6.30; 4 . C o p
istic w eapons of the two deities. 396, 4.61; 5—6. B (I-B , I-B ); 7. V 31057, 5.72. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis
on: 3.
T he dating of these an d the oth er ‘pseudo-autonom ous’
type is not easy. T h e letter forms (E not £) im ply a date
no later th a n Nero, w hile their strictly twelve o’clock die T ib e riu s ? ___________________________
axis is found only u n d er A ugustus and T iberius. T hus
Im hoof-B lum er’s suggestion ( K M , p. 132) of an A ugustan 2 8 5 6 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 9 m m , 5 .6 2 g (10). A xis: 12. [ 21 ]
date seems plausible, though a late H ellenistic date cannot BMC 15, cf. R o b e rt 219
be excluded. T h e identity of the female head on the reverse ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
of 2852 is unsure, unless perhaps she is the goddess with Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Σ Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Υ Η ΡΑ Κ Λ Ε Ω Τ Ω Ν ; H e ra c le s
the double axe who appears on other coins (see w alk in g , L, w ith a rm e x te n d e d a n d clu b
above). I . N V; 2 - 3 . N Y; 4 - 7 . L = bmc 1 5 -1 7 , 1 9 7 6 -2 -2 -2 , 5.29, 5.59, 5.34, 3.91;
 8—9 . Ο = AMC 1338-9, 6.54, 5-83; 10—i i . C o p 39 7 “ 8 , 7 ·2 Ι > 5 -° 4 î Ι 2 · γ Α 2 8 5 9 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 9 m m , 6 .5 4 g (2). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 5 ]
2 5 4 5 j 4-66; ι 3 —χ 4 · Β (Ι-Β = gm 671, no. 436, w ith T af. X .7, Fox); 15—
16. P 70 5 -6 , 5.40, 5 .1 1; 17. C 337/1948: 1 8 -1 9 . v 31056. >7 39 ° . - , BMC 22, cf. R o b e rt 219
6.50; 20—2 1 . M u ia , ic , —, 5.60; 22. G 2. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u st, r.
5·
(*)ΓΛ Υ ΚΩ Ν ΙΕ Ρ Ε Υ Σ Η ΡΑ Κ Λ ΕΩ Τ Ω Ν ; h e a d o f H e ra c le s, r.
2 8 5 7 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .9 8 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 6 ] i . O , 7.75; 2. L = bm c 22, 5.34; 3—5 . B (B -I, I-B , 5307/1954). Q u alitativ e
m etal an alysis on: 2.
C o p 391, cf. R o b e rt 219
2 8 6 0 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 6 m m , 4 .1 9 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Σ Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Υ ; h e a d o f D io n y su s, w ith
(?) ivy w re a th , r. BMC 20, cf. R o b e rt 229, n. 6
Η ΡΑ Κ Λ ΕΩ Τ Ω Ν ; Z eu s se a te d , r., w ith sc e p tre a n d N ike Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u s t, r.
i . P 6 9 3 {= W a 2404), 4.20; 2—4 . B (I-B = gm 437, I-B , B -I); 5 . V ΓΛ ΥΚ Ω Ν ΙΕ Ρ Ε Υ Σ Η ΡΑ Κ Λ ΕΩ Τ Ω Ν ; go d d ess s ta n d in g , 1.,
32347, 3.75; 6. C o p 391. W ad d in g to n a n d C op reg ard e d th e h e a d as th a t h o ld in g d o u b le axe
o f D ionysus; Im h o o f-B lu m er ju s t called it a y outhful h ea d , follow ed by
R o b ert, w ho also observed, ‘la tê te ressem ble en to u t cas à celle i . L = bm c 2 0 , 4.61; 2 . B (I-B — km 672, no. 438); 3 . P D elep ierre, 3.76;
d ’A u g u ste.’ T h e ivy w reath , how ever, seem s fairly clear; for th e types, see 4 . vA 2546. D ie-linked to 2 8 6 1 (clu b ). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analy sis on: 1.
in tro d u ctio n .
2861 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 16 m m , 3.55 g (5). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 9 ]
C o p 399, cf. R o b e rt 219
Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u s t, r.
N e ro ΓΛΥΚΩΝ ΙΕ Ρ Ε Υ Σ Η ΡΑ Κ Λ ΕΩ Τ Ω Ν ; c lu b
i . L 1 9 0 3 —5 —4 —1 5 , 3.92; 2 . N Y ; 3 —4 . P 710 ( = W a 2417), de R icci, 3.42,
3.56; 5 . P D elep ierre, 3.20; 6 . vA 2547, 2.71; 7 . C o p 399, 4.48; 8 —9 . B
2858 L e a d e d b ro n z e , ig m m , 6 .1 2 g (6). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 7 ] (L ö b b , I-B = gm 672, no. 439); 1 0 . V 31895, 3.46. D ie-linked to 2 8 6 0
BMC 21, cf. R o b e rt 219 (goddess). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.

Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u st, r. 2 8 6 2 A E . 16 m m , 4 .8 8 g (1). A xis: 6. [ 1 ]

ΓΛΥΚΩΝ ΙΕ Ρ Ε Υ Σ Η ΡΑ Κ Λ ΕΩ ΤΩ Ν ; H e ra c le s w alk in g , 1., gm 672, no. 440, cf. R o b e rt 220
w ith a rm e x te n d e d a n d clu b
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r.
i . P 7 0 8 , 6.24; 2. P 709 ( = W a 2416), 6.43; 3. L = bm c 21, 5.65; 4 . NY;
5 . C o p 400, 5.99; 6. O , 6.18; 7. V 33372, 6.20. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis
ΓΛΥΚΩΝ ΙΕ Ρ Ε Υ Σ Η ΡΑ Κ Λ ΕΩ Τ Ω Ν ; clu b
on: 3. I . B (I-B ) ( = GM 440), 4.88.

Apollonia Salbace
Apollonia Salbace (m odern M edet) and its coinage have (Cop 147), previously given to A pollonia in C aria, were
been fully discussed by L. R obert, L a Carie II, pp. 231-312. reattrib u ted to Apollonia in Pisidia by M . G rant, N C , 1949,
A very few coins h a d been produced in the H ellenistic pp. 150-6 {cf. R obert, pp. 249-50) whose reattribution is
period (R obert, A -C ), w hile the following coins are attested followed here (3527-8).
in the early im perial period: 2. T he coin of N ero { B M C 21, followed by the vA Index) is,
in fact, a coin of A pollonoshieron in Lydia (3045/16).
1. CCBACTOC signed by K allippos (R obert, E).
2. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ an d Livia as ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ signed by K allippos T he p o rtrait of Tiberius belongs to the ‘Laodicea’ style
A rtem idorou (R obert, D and F). (see p. 376); while th a t of C aligula can be com pared with
3. LEBALTOL signed by Apollonios K okou (R obert, G portraits a t C idram a and Philom elium , and w ith the sim ilar
and I). left-facing p o rtrait (also of Caligula?) at C idram a (2874).
T he coinage was struck in two denom inations:
(1) has been a ttrib u te d to A ugustus by Im hoof-Blum er
{K M , p. 119, no. 2), an d this is also the norm al attribution Kallippos 18 mm, 4.38 g
Kallippos 19mm, 5.10g 17111m, 3.56g
of (2) (e.g., B M C ; A M C ; R obert). A n attrib u tio n o f (2) to
Artemidorou
Tiberius, however, seems preferable, since Livia did not Apollonios igmm, 5.65g 16mm. 3.46g
adopt the title A ugusta till a d 14, and is found elsewhere Kokou
paired w ith T iberius. T h e p o rtrait on (1), for w hat it is
w orth, does look different, an d m ore like A ugustus; this and average: 5 -2 4 g ( 1 9 ) 3 -5 3 g ( i i )

the presence o f the lituus suggest an attrib u tio n to him. If T he types, in particu lar th a t of Apollo, unique in C aria at
this is correct, it is uncertain w hether the K allippos who A pollonia, have been fully discussed by R obert, p. 269.
signs both issues was the sam e person (th e n a m e is common According to H ead { B M C xxxvii) the nam es are those of
in A pollonia an d C aria: K M , p. 119; R obert). strategoi, b u t there is no evidence to support this view.
(3) is generally given to C aligula (e.g., W a, vA 2489;
Im hoof-Blum er, G M , p. 669, no. 428a; R obert). O n
grounds of po rtraitu re (the long neck, the nose) this seems A u g u s tu s
reasonable, and is followed here.
O th er coins can be rem oved from Apollonia Salbace: 2863 A E . 1 8 m m , 4 .3 8 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
I. T he coins of A ugustus { K M , p. 119, no. 1) an d T iberius R o b e rt E
 A S I A : Apollonia Salbace, Sebastopolis, Tabae (28 6 4 -2 8 6 7 ) p ji

CEBACTOC; b a re h e a d , r.; in fro n t, litu u s
Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΠ Π Ο ϋ; A po llo sta n d in g , 1., w ith p le c tru m a n d
c ith a ra
I . B (I-B ) ( = km 119, no. 2), 4.38. R o b e rt com m ents, ‘l’absence de
l’eth n iq u e... d o it être d u e à u n lapsus de l’é d ite u r.’
ΑΡΤΕΜΙΔΩΡΟΥ: i . L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—1 8 5 8 (ex vA 2488), 4.20; 2. L = bm c 20,
3.44; 3—4 . N Y ; K. 0 = am c 1336, 3.03; 6—7 . P 3 3 9 -4 0 ( = W a 223 7 -8 ),
4.46, 3.44; 8. C o p 146, 2.79; 9 - 1 0 . B (B -I, I-B ); 11. C H aslu ck , 2.66;
12—14. V 30996, 31077-8, 3.68, 4.29, 4.39; 15. M u 7 (B osch); 16. PV ;
17. W e b er 6427; APTEMI: 18. P 1 9 2 6 /3 6 . Q u a lita tiv e m e ta l analysis on:

T ib e r iu s C a lig u la (?)

2 8 6 4 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 9 m m , 5 .1 0 g (12). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 19 ] 2 8 6 6 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 9 m m , 5 .6 5 g (6). A xis: 12. [ 9 ]

R o b e rt D (‘A u g u s tu s ’) R o b e rt H

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΑ Τ Ω Ν Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΠ Π Ο Σ Α ΡΤΕ Μ ΙΔΩ ΡΟ Ύ ; A pollo
s ta n d in g , 1., w ith ra v e n a n d la u re l b ra n c h
i . L = b m c 17, 4.47; 2—3 . L = BMC 18-19, 3 -4 4 > 5-16; 4· L 1979 -1 -1 -1 8 5 7
(ex vA 2486), 6.16; 5—6. N Y ; 7—9 . 0 = a m c 1333-5, 5 -7 7 > 4 -5 2j 5 -2 9 i 10—
i i . P 338 ( — W a 2236, w ith pi. IX . 18 = R o b ert, pi. 48.17), G a u d in , 5.36,
5.18; 12—14. B (I-B = m g 306, no. 22, L ö b b , B -I); 15—16. V 30399,
18272, 4.78, 4.65; 17. M u 8; 18. C o p 145, 5.67; i g . C M cC Iean 8461 (pi.
295.15), 5 -2 7 I 20. vA 2487, 6.07; 2 1 - 2 3 . W e b er 6424-6. F o r the
a ttrib u tio n to T ib e riu s, see in tro d u ctio n . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
2865 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 7 m m , 3 .5 6 g (8). A xis: 12 o r 6.
R o b e rt F
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f L iv ia, r.
Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΠ Π Ο Σ Α Ρ Τ Ε Μ Ι(Δ Ω Ρ Ο Υ ) Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ο Ν Ι Α ΤΩ Ν ;
D io n y su s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith c a n th a ru s a n d th y rsu s
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , 1.
Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΑ Τ Ω Ν Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Σ Κ Ω Κ Ο Υ ; A pollo
s ta n d in g , 1., w ith ra v e n a n d la u re l
i. L 1979-1-1-1859 (ex vA 2489), 4.70; 2-5. P 3 4 2 -3 (= W a 2240 -1 ),
G au d in ( = R o b e r t, pi. 48.19), T rip o lis 1760, 5.84, 6.28, 5.17, 5.80; 6 - 8 . B
(I-B , Fox, I-B = gm 669, no. 428a); 9. N Y ; 10. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lot
233, 6 .1 1. T h e le tte r form s C w ith W a n d C w ith Ω a re b o th found.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
2 8 6 7 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .4 6 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 5 ]
R o b e rt I
[ 16 ]
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΑ Τ Ω Ν Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Σ Κ Ώ Κ Ο Υ ; Z eu s se a te d , 1.,
w ith N ike a n d scep tre
! . B (I-B ) ( = gm 669, no. 428), 3.34; 2—3 . B (1152/1891, I-B ); 4 . P 341
( = W a 2239), 3.97; 5. C o p 148, 3.06; 6. K o v acs F P L 13 (1981), 102.

Sebastopolis
T here is no coinage of Sebastopolis before th e reign of V; this coin, w hich is actually kept in V ienna under
V espasian (R obert, L a Carie , p. 330). T h e entry in the oA Stratonicea (and so presum ably has slipped a colum n in the
In d e x for C laudius an d Divus A ugustus is based on a coin in vA In d e x ), is in fact a coin of Thessalonica (1578).

Tabae
T he history an d coinage of T a b a e (m odem K ale) have been of bronze in two denom inations w as m ade for Nero; the
fully discussed by L. R obert, L a Carie II, pp. 80-152 and po rtrait suggests a date of c. 60.
especially 123-51. T h e m ain problem s with the other bronzes centre around
R obert has argued th a t the silver drachm s and the coins signed ΚΑΛΛΙ(ΚΡΑΤΗΣ) or ΚΑΛΛΙΚΡΑΤΗΣ
hem idrachm s w hich were assigned by H ead to the reign of ΒΡΑ(ΧΥΛΛΙΔΟΥ). T he following issues occur:
N ero (B M C 31-8, etc.) do in fact d ate to the end of the first
century b c , an d th a t the end o f silver at T ab ae was in the R obert A P b -c (obv. m isread as [ΝΕΡΩΝ] ΚΑΙΣΑΡ by
reign of A ugustus. R o b ert’s argum ent (pp. 132-4) is, basi­ H ead, B M C 67-8)
cally, th a t it seems unlikely th a t T ab ae w ould have p ro d u ­ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; laureate head, r.
ced only very rare issues o f silver in the late H ellenistic ΤΑΒΗΝΩΝ ΚΑΛΛΙ(ΚΡΑΤΗΣ); altar w ith caps o f the Dio­
period an d u n d er A ugustus, an d then a relatively plentiful scuri, and uncertain object between
issue in the early Em pire. B ut while R o b ert’s case clearly is
not conclusive, he m akes other stylistic points in favour of R obert BA and BB
his view an d has, m ore im portantly, shown th a t there is no ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r.
evidence for H e a d ’s; for this reason, R o b ert’s view is fol­ ΤΑΒΗΝΩΝ; deer, r. or 1.; m onogram KA
lowed here an d the relevant silver o f T ab ae is dated to the
first century b c ; the only silver included is the A ugustan R obert 219, vA 2708
pieces, regarded as the end o f silver a t T abae. ΔΗΜΟΣ ΤΑΒΗΝΩΝ; laureate bust o f Dem os, r.
T h e p o rtra it on the A ugustan silver (and the bronze with ΚΑΛΛΙΚΡΑΤΗΣ ΒΡΑΧΥΛΛΙΔΟΥ; trident and dolphin
identical types) suggests a relatively late date w ithin the
reign, durin g its last two decades. I t is slightly surprising to R obert Z
find an issue for G erm anicus and D rusus (2871) w ithout ΤΑΒΗΝΩΝ; head of Dionysus w ith ivy w reath, r.
any corresponding type for T iberius. Subsequently an issue ΚΑΛΛΙΚΡΑΤΗΣ ΒΡΑΧΥΛΛΙΔΟΥ; two crossed thyrsi
R obert AA
ΤΑΒΗΝΩΝ; head o f D ionysus w ith ivy w reath, r.
ΚΑΛΛΙΚΡΑΤΗΣ BPA(X); a lta r w ith caps of the Dioscuri,
and uncertain object betw een
T here seems little dou b t th a t R obert, AP b -c , represent a
Flavian em peror, in view of the portrait. T he p o rtrait on
BA -BB and vA 2708 are also very sim ilar, and, although
they have been thought to represent N ero (by M ilne,
Im hoof-B lum er, M ünsterberg, B eam tennam en, an d Robert:
see R obert), it seems m ore likely th a t they represent a
Flavian em peror; hence the whole group has been excluded
from this catalogue. I f this is right, it suggests th a t K al-
li(krates) an d K allikrates B ra(ch) (yllidou) m ay be the same
person, although R obert (p. 130) was not convinced of this,
and the treatm en t of the altars on the two issues is different.
T he p o rtra it of Sebastos on the coins of ΚΑΛΛΙ(ΚΡΑΤΗΣ)
has som etim es been identified as th a t of T itus.
For the cults an d types used on coins of T ab ae, see
R obert. T he reverse type of the A ugustan silver an d bronze
coins (2868, 2870) depicts an em peror seated on a throne
w ith a footstool, i.e., a divine representation.
Silver
A u g u s tu s ___________________
2868 A R . 1 9 m m , 3 .5 3 g (4). A xis: 12.
R o b e rt Q
Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
TA B H N W N ; to g a te e m p e ro r seated , 1., w ith feet on
footstool, a n d h o ld in g N ike w ith w re a th a n d scep tre; to L,
m o n o g ra m N K P
W ith C a n d W: i . B I-B ( — km 517, no. 2, w ith T af. 19.21), 3.74; w ith Σ:
2. P 1044 ( - W a 2628 = R o b ert, pi. 20.27), 3-4°; 3 · ® 402/1925, 3-6°;
4 . S chulten, A p r. 1988, lo t 345, 3.37.
2869 A R . i 7 m m , 1 .7 8 g (2). A xis: 9.
R o b e rt S
CCBACTOC TA B H N W N ; c a p ric o rn w ith globe, r.
D ik aio sy n e sta n d in g , 1., w ith sc e p tre a n d b a la n c e ;
m o n o g ra m NKP
I. Mu 3d, 1.88; 2. T ra d e ( = gm 677, no. 456), 1.68.
Bronze
A u g u s tu s
2 8 7 0 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 2 2 m m , 7 .4 7 g (6). A xis: 12.
R o b e rt R
T he history and coinage of C idram a have been fully dis­
cussed by L. R obert, L a Carie, pp. 337-75 (cf. his Villes d ’A sie
M ineure, pp. 205-6, 413). T h e city, w hich R obert located in
southern C aria, betw een Sebastopolis and C ibyra, p ro d u ­
ced very few coins before the im perial period (R obert, A -
C ). In the early first century the following issues are found:
K A IC A P CEBACTOC; la u re a te h e a d , r.
TA BH N W N ; to g a te e m p e ro r se a te d , L, w ith feet on
footstool, a n d h o ld in g N ik e w ith w re a th a n d sce p tre ; to L,
m o n o g ra m NKP
i . L 1 8 9 8 - 6 - 1 - 3 5 , 6.37; 2. L 1 9 3 7 -6 -1 4 -9 , 7.13; 3 . P 1045 ( = W a
2629), 6.20; 4 . v A 2713, 6.46; 5—6 . B (Fox, I - B — km 518, no. 3), — , 8.20;
7. G L eake, 8.65; 8. V 31024, 8.01; 9 . L in d g ren 672; 10. O (= M iln e, nc
1938, 264, no. 3 ‘D o m itia n ’); 11. W h itta l, n c 1840-1, 100, no. 4;
12. R h o u so p o u lo s 3939; 13. W e b er 3188; 14—15. E x am p les fo u n d at
M y lasa a n d C id ra m a w ere illu stra te d b y R o b ert, pi. 2 0.28-9. Q u a lita tiv e
m e tal an alysis on: 1.
G e rm a n ic u s a n d D r u s u s
2871 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 2 0 m m , 6.36 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 8 ]
R o b e rt A S corr.
Γ Ε ΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Δ ΡΟ Υ Σ Ο Σ Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Ο Ι; facin g h e a d s o f
G e rm a n ic u s a n d D ru su s
ΤΑ Β Η Ν Ω Ν Α Θ Η Ν Α Γ Ο Ρ Α Σ Σ Ε ; in fo u r lines in a n oak
w re a th
I. L = B M C 6 1 , 7.16; 2 . L = BMC 62, 4.26; 3 —5 . P 1046-7 ( = W a 2630 -1 ),
1048 ( = W a 2616), 6.37, 6.79, 6.04; 6 —7 . B (L ö b b , 332/1884); 8. V 29198,
5.30; 9 . S tern b e rg X I (1981), lo t 289, 8.69. T h e letters Σ Ε w ere n o t clear
on any specim en u n til th e S tern b e rg piece tu rn e d u p ; they p resu m a b ly
re p resen t th e filiation o f A th en a g o ra s S e(leukou?). Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: 1.
[ 3 ]
N ero, c. a d 60
2 8 7 2 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 7 m m , 5 .0 0 g (9). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 14 ]
R o b e rt A Q
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
ΤΑ Β Η Ν Ω Ν ; in tw o lines w ith tw o sta rs above; a ll in la u re l
w re a th
i . L 1 9 7 9 —I — Ϊ —1 9 2 3 (ex vA , SNG — ), 5.80; 2 —3 . L = bm c 6 4 -5 , 5.02,
[ *1 ] 5.11; 4—5. N Y ; 6 . vA 2714, 4.88; 7. C o p 551, 5.83; 8. P 1049, 3.62; 9 . O ,
3.98; 10—12. B (L ö b b , Fox, I-B ); 13. C L eake, 4.74; 14. V 28360, 6.10;
15. M u 3g; 16. W e b er 3189b; 17. P ro w e 1701. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis
on: i.
2 8 7 3 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 6 m m , 2 .6 g g (4). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 9 ]
R o b e rt A P a
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
ΤΑ Β Η Ν Ω Ν ; g a rla n d e d a lta r w ith c a p s o f th e D io scu ri, a n d
u n c e rta in o b je c t b e tw e e n
i . L = b m c 6 6 , 2.53; 2. N Y; 3. C o p 553; 4 . P 1051 ( = W a 2633 = R o b ert,
pi. 22.4), 2.18; 5. P, 3.41; 6. vA 2715, 2.51; 7—8. B (I-B , L ö b b ); 9 . V
33598; 10. M u 3f; i i . P in d er, Beiträge , 75, no. 16 (from D av as);
12. P row e 1302.
[ 8 ]
Cidrama
ϊ . ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, signed by M ousaios K allikratous Pr.
(Robert, D, cf. Z). T hese coins are generally thought to be
of A ugustus (Im hoof-Blum er, K M , p. 139; R obert). But
w ith their left-facing portraits they are very rem iniscent of
the issue at near-by Apollonia for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ by Apollonios
K okou (2866), where the em peror has generally been iden-

tified as C aligula. T h e portraits and style are not by any
m eans identical, b u t it seems plausible to think th a t they
are the sam e person.
2. An issue in various denom inations for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ and
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ, signed by Polem on Seleukou (R obert, E—
J , cf. A A ). As the p o rtrait of N ero is youthful, there can be
no doubt th a t these coins depict C laudius and N ero C aesar
(so Im hoof-Blum er, followed by R obert).
T he deities represented have been fully discussed by
R obert, who suggests th a t the goddess w ith outstretched
arm s m ight be the indigenous ‘M other of Gods, Sparzene’,
attested epigraphically.
T he following denom inations are found:
Caligula 20 mm, 5.61g
Claudius 23 mm, 11.48 g 21 mm, 5.90g 17 mm, 4.04g
C a lig u la (?)
2 874 A E . 2 0 m m , 5 .6 1 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 13 ]
R o b e rt D
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , 1.
Κ ΙΔ ΡΑ Μ Η Ν Ω Ν Μ Ο Υ Σ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΚ ΡΑ Τ Ο Υ Σ Π Ρ; facing
g oddess w ith o u ts tre tc h e d a rm s
I. N Y , 4.96; 2—4 . B (I-B - km 139, n o . I, w ith T a t. V . 14, L öbb — z f n
1888, 52, n o . 3, 528/1825); 5—6. V 29826, 32424; 7. M u la a , 6.64;
8. 0 = A M C 1336A , 7.19; g. C o p 193, 5.69; 10. vA 2585; II. C M cC lean
846g (pi. 296.5), 4.60; 12. P 550H , 4.51; 1 3 - 1 6 . R housopoulos, G o an d
B arzova (see R o b ert). A ll from th e sam e dies.
2 875 A E . 16 m m . [ 1 ]
R o b e rt Z
Κ ΙΔ ΡΑ Μ Η Ν Ω Ν ; b e a rd e d h e a d o f H e ra c le s, 1.
Μ Ο Υ Σ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΚ Ρ Α ΤΟ Υ Σ ; T y c h e s ta n d in g , 1., w ith
r u d d e r a n d c o rn u c o p ia
I. B (I-B ).
C la u d iu s
2876 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 2 3 m m , 11 .4 8 g (6). A xis: 12. [ 7 ]
R o b e rt E
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Π Ο Λ Ε Μ Ω Ν Σ Ε Λ Ε Υ Κ Ο Υ Κ ΙΔ ΡΑ Μ Η Ν Ω Ν ; facin g g oddess
Cibyra
C ibyra was situated in the far south of Phrygia, adjoining
Lycia, and its coins reflect its rem oteness from Asia: they
have no very obvious denom inational p attern , apparently
portray governors in the reigns of T iberius, C laudius and
N ero, and occasionally have dates. T here is also som ething
of a problem about w hether the city was p a rt of the prov­
ince of Asia or of Lycia in the early im perial period. T his is
of particu lar relevance here, since its coinage m ay well
portray two governors of Lycia, V eranius an d M arcellus. S.
Jam eso n states (/ÄS, 1965, p. 57, n. 32) th a t C ibyra was
incorporated into Lycia at an early date, b u t she gives no
A S I A : Cidrama, Cibyra (28 7 4 -2 8 8 1 ) 475
i . L = b m c 5, 11.32; 2—3. B (B -I = km 140, no. 2, 1347/1914); 4. L ö b b
(zfN 1883, 82, no. 48); 5 . C o p 194, 9.69; 6—7 . V 32426, 34978, 11.79,
12.10; 8. P 550G (= W a 4939), 10.96; 9. L in d g ren 633A, 10.32;
10. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lot 238, 13.87; 11. B arzo v a (see R o b ert). A ll from
th e sam e dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 1.
2 8 7 7 A E . 21 m m , 5 .7 7 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 7 ]
R o b e rt F - G
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Π Ο Λ ΕΜ Ω Ν CEAEYKOY Κ Ι(Δ Ρ Α ); ra d ia te h e a d o f H elios,
r.
I. P 5 5 0 I , 5.08; 2. P 550J, 5.83; 3. N Y; 4 —5. B (b o th I-B — km 140, nos.
4 -5 ); 6—7. V 33700, 36925, 5.55, 5.99. S am e obv. die (also as 2 8 7 8 , w ith
h o rse); 2 rev. dies.
2 8 7 8 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 2 1 m m , 5 .9 7 g (6). A xis: 12. [ 11 ]
R o b e rt H
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Π Ο Λ ΕΜ Ω Ν CEAEYKOY Κ ΙΔ ΡΑ Μ Η Ν Ω Ν ; h o rse tro ttin g , r.
i . N Y , 5.08; 2—3. B (I-B = km 140, no. 3, 5 4 99/1954), 6.46, —; 4 . L
I 9 7 9 - 1—! —1873 (ex v A .2586), 5.58; 5 - 6 . P 550K , 550L ( = W a 4935), 6.84,
7-371 7 · C o p 195, 7.01; 8. O , 6.02; 9 . V 30927, 5.16; 10—11. M u i - i a ,
— , 5.60; 12—15. W eb er, R h o u sopoulos, B arzo v a (2) (see R o b ert). A ll
from sam e dies; sam e obv. die as 2 8 7 7 (H elios). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis
on: 4.
2 8 7 9 B ronze. 20 m m , 5.92 g (3). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 4 ]
R o b e rt J
Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν K AICA P; d ra p e d b u s t o f N e ro , r.
Π Ο Λ ΕΜ Ω Ν CEAEYKOY Κ ΙΔ ΡΑ Μ Η Ν Ω Ν ; facin g g oddess
w ith o u ts tre tc h e d a rm s
i . N Y , 5.69; 2. L 1 8 9 7 -1 -4 -2 2 6 , 6.31; 3. C o p 196, 6.21; 4. B (L ö b b = zfN
1887, 52, no. 4); 5 . L in d g ren 633, 5.23; 6. Lewis = sn g 1650, 5.21. All
sam e dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 2.
2 8 8 0 B ronze. 17 m m , 4.15 g (4). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 6 ]
R o b e rt I
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν ; ra d ia te a n d d ra p e d b u s t o f N ero , r.
Π Ο Λ ΕΜ Ω Ν CEAEYKOY Κ ΙΔ ΡΑ ; in 6ve lines in la u re l
w re a th
i . L = b m c 4, 4.22; 2. L = BMC 3, 4.06; 3—4 . P 5 50M ( = W a 4936), de
R icci, 4.33, 3.99; 5 —6 . B (L öbb, I-B = km 140, no. 6). A ll sam e dies.
2881 A E . 18 m m , 3 .8 3 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]
R o b e rt A A
Κ ΙΔ ΡΑ Μ Η Ν Ω Ν ; h e lm e te d b u s t o f A th e n a , r.
Π Ο Λ ΕΜ Ω Ν CEAEYKOY; lig h te d a lta r
i . N Y , 3.83; 2. B (I-B = R o b ert, pi. 60.13).
evidence, and there is no trace of such a view in Jones,
C ities, or Im hoof-Blum er, K M . T he m ost recent com m en­
tator, T . Pekâry (Æ/VÂPTII.7.2, p. 633), accepts the view of
G. Forni, G iornale Ita lia n o di F ilo lo g ia 7 (1954), pp. 179-81,
th at C ibyra was in the province of Asia, b u t still prefers to
follow L. R obert and deal w ith it together w ith Lycia. In a
sense, however, this question is not so im portant, as (pace
K M ) C ibyra could still honour the governors of another
province (e.g., as benefactors); indeed, an inscription
honouring V eranius is also known from C ibyra.
T he coins com m em orating ΜΑΡΚΕΛΛΟΣ and
ΟΥΗΡΑΝΙΟΣ are not independently datable; it is, of course, B are h e a d , r.
possible th a t they were local notables (so H ead, H N , p. CEBACTOC KIBYPA TW N ; c a p ric o rn , r. (h e a d tu rn e d
670), b u t the identification o f them w ith the legates of Lycia back)
under C laudius and N ero (B. T hom asson, L aterculi I. P 7 1 2 , 4.75; 2. P 713 (= W a 5819), 4.89; 3. C = SNG 4954, 3.43; 4 . vA
3727, 4.64.
P raesidum , Lycia, nos. 1 and 3) is very tem pting (cf. G rant,
F I T A , p. 359 an d pi. X II. 17), and tentatively followed here. 2 8 8 3 A E . 1 7 m m , 4 .3 3 g (1). A xis: 12. [ o ]
O n the other hand, there is an inscription of the first cen­ km 256, no. 24
tury a d honouring a citizen, V eranius Philagros, who had CEBACTOC; b a re h e a d , r.
played an im p o rtan t political role (L. R obert, E tudes Κ ΙΒΥ ΡΑ ΤΩ Ν ; tro p h y w ith sh ield
A natoliennes , pp. 375fr.). I. W i n te r t h u r 3 3 9 8 ( = km 24), 4.33.
Some other coins have w hat seem to be dates, as also
2 8 8 4 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 7 m m , 4 .6 2 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]
occasionally occur on later im perial coins. T here are coins
for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ (Livia) an d for an individual whose nam e can BMC 39, C o p 280. Y e a r go = a d 5 /6 (?)
now be read as ΑΡΡΩΝΤΙΩΣ (2887: see W . W eiser, S M 151, ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
1988, pp. 71—3); the d ate in question is P or 100. T h e same Κ ΙΒ Υ ΡΑ ΤΩ Ν ; Z eu s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith th u n d e rb o lt a n d
year appears on coins for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ. Im hoof-B lum er ( K M , sc e p tre ; to 1., p a lm , c a d u c e u s a n d 9
I. L = b m c 39, 5.10; 2. C o p 280, 4.14. T h e 9 m ay possibly be a m istak e
p. 256) suggested th a t this m ight refer to a Sullan era, for P: see 2885 a n d in tro d u ctio n . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
beginning in 85 b c , an d so d ated this series of coins to a d
15/16. I t has been suggested th a t ΑΡΡΩΝΤΙΩΣ is L. A rru n ­
tius, the consul of a d 6 ; certainly one m ight expect a Rom an T ib e r iu s , ad 1 3 / 1 6 (?)
governor in the com pany of T iberius an d Livia, and a ten-
year gap betw een consulship and governorship is norm al at 2 8 8 5 A E . 1 7 m m , 4 .0 0 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 4 ]
this period. T here is a gap in the A sian fasti at this date (R. km 256, no. 24b, AMC 1381
Syme, Z P E , 1983, p. 194), b u t A rruntius is not otherwise ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
known to have been governor of Asia, and W eiser (op. c it .) Κ ΙΒ Υ ΡΑ ΤΩ Ν ; Z eu s s ta n d in g , L, w ith th u n d e rb o lt a n d
has argued th a t the identification is unlikely and th at the scep tre; to 1., p a lm , c a d u c e u s a n d P
identity of the subject is not certain. In view of the im port­ I. P 714 ( - W a 5820), 3.55; 2. P 715 ( = W a 5821), 4.25; 3 . 0 = a m c
ance of the question, especially its possible relevance to 1381 (co m m en tin g th a t P m u st b e a m istak e for 3 ), 3.99; 4 . B (I-B = km
24b); 5. S ch u lten 20.10.1987, lo t 387, 4.21. See also 2 8 8 4 an d
A rru n tiu s’s relations w ith T iberius, it has been left open in tro d u ctio n .
here. O ne m ight com m ent, finally, on the peculiar spelling
o f the nam e on the coin. 2 8 8 6 A E . 1 7 m m , 3 .7 6 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
A problem arises from the coins for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ which Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f L ivia, r.
have a 9 ra th e r th an a P; the difficulty is th a t they are Κ ΙΒΥ ΡΑ ΤΩ Ν ; Z eus se a te d , 1., w ith eagle a n d scep tre; to
virtually identical to the coins w ith P, yet should be ten r·, P
i . P 7 1 7 ( = W a 5823), 3.74; 2. vA 8398, 3.78.
years earlier an d depict a different em peror (A ugustus).
T his difficulty has been left unresolved, an d the coins 2 8 8 7 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .5 3 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]
divided betw een years 90 an d 100, w ith m uch hesitation. It km 256, no. 25 corr.
is, of course, possible th a t one of the dates is a m istake for
Α ΡΡΩ Ν Τ ΙΩ Σ; b a re h e a d o f L. A rru n tiu s (?), r.
the other (cf. A M C , W eiser); in th a t case, P would be the Κ ΙΒ Υ ΡΑ ΤΩ Ν P; in w re a th
m ore likely, given its ap p earance on the coins of Livia and i . P 1987/224 (ex A u fh ä u s e r 4, 1987, lo t 147 = W . W eiser, sm 151, A ug.
A rruntius (?). 1988, 7 1 -3 ), 3.48; 2. B (I-B — km 25 w ith T af. V I I I . 15), 3.58.
T here are some other u n d ated coins for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ
(2882-3), w hich are both treated here as coins of A ugustus,
T ib e r iu s , u n d a te d
in view of the ap p earance of the portrait:
Bare head/Σ Ε Β ΑΣΤΟΣ capricorn (m isread by I-B, M G 397, 2 8 8 8 A E . 17 m m , 3.98 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 4 ]
no. 88, cf. K M 256, as ΣΕΒ, which was wrongly taken by km 256, no. 24a
Im hoof-B lum er to show th a t C ibyra was also called
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Σεβαστή: K M 256, followed by R obert, E tu d es A natoliennes, p. K IBY PA TW N Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f L iv ia, r.
374)· i . P 7 1 4 a , 4.23; 2. P 716 ( = W a 5822), 3.65; 3—4 . B (L ö b b , I-B = km
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, b are h ead /tro p h y 24a).

T here is also an u n d ated issue for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ and

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ, presum ably T iberius an d Livia. R e ig n o f C la u d iu s? , c. a d 4 3 - 8 ? *i.

2 8 8 9 A E . 1 5 m m , 2 .3 9 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]

km 256, no. 26
A u g u s tu s ___________________________ Ο Υ Η ΡΑ Ν ΙΟ Σ; b a re h e a d o f Q . V e ra n iu s (?), r.
KIBYPA TW N ; te m p le w ith fo u r c o lu m n s
2 8 8 2 A E . 17 m m , 4.43 g (4). A xis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ] i . B (I-B ) (= km 26), 2.60; 2. B (L ö b b — zfx 1887, 51, a n d T af. I I I . 15),
gm 397, no. 88 2.15. F o r discussion, see in tro d u ctio n .

R e ig n o f N e ro ? , a d 54? _________________
2890 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 17 m m , 5.34 g (5). A xis: 12 o r 6.
km 257, no. 25
Μ Α ΡΚ ΕΛ Λ Ο Σ; b a re h e a d o f M a rc e llu s (?), r.
Κ ΙΒΥ ΡΑ ΤΩ Ν ; eagle s ta n d in g , 1., o n a lta r
T he coinage of Colossae has been catalogued by H . von
Aulock, M ü n z e n und S tä d te P hrygiens II, p. 89. V on Aulock
rejects the possible coin o f A ugustus published in R B N ,
1885, p. 58, and included in the v A In d ex.
T his leaves a single coin o f this period, of C aligula
(although it is only inscribed ΓΑΙΩ ΚΑΙΣ API, the p o rtrait
indicates C aligula ra th e r th an G aius C aesar).
Laodicea h ad produced silver cistophori and bronze coins
in the first century b c , an d in the early im perial period was
a fairly prolific m int for bronze (it m ay also have been the
centre for an engraver who w orked widely in the upper
M aeand er valley and southern Phrygia: see p. 376). As well
as coins w ith im perial portraits, it produced a num ber of
‘pseudo-autonom ous’ issues, b u t as these nearly always
have a ‘m agistrate’s’ nam e, they do not really present any
problem s of classification. Some have non-im perial
portraits, presum ably of the individuals whose nam es
appear on them ; the nam e of one of these, Pythes, appears
also on coins o f ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, tentatively attrib u ted here to
T iberius (see below), b u t the other, Seitalkas, is otherwise
unknow n. T he date of ‘tim e of A ugustus’ ( B M C ; Ram say,
P hrygia, pp. 34-5) seems plausible, although slightly earlier
is also a possibility. I t is also possible th a t the m onogram on
some oth er coins (B M C 48—53), expanded by Imhoof-
Blum er to 'Ε κ α τ. . . , should in fact be expanded to Seitalkas:
but this is perhaps not likely, since Seitalkas has a Σ,
w hereas the m onogram w ould require a C.
O n grounds of p o rtraitu re the earliest coins are those
signed by Zeuxis philalethes; these were regarded as post­
hum ous (Caligulan) issues of A ugustus by G rant, F I T A , p.
464 (though on p. 470, cf. p. 352, he seems to im ply th at he
thinks th a t they copy early A ugustan models!), b u t an
A ugustan date is confirm ed by the likelihood th a t Zeuxis
was alm ost certainly the director of the m edical school m en­
tioned by Strabo (note the use o f an Asclepian type on the
sm aller denom ination w ith his nam e, 2895: cf. Ram say,
P h ryg ia , p. 52). As he h a d a successor already by the time
Strabo was w riting, clearly he m ust have been active in
A ugustus’s reign; the p o rtrait on the coins m ight suggest a
date of, say, 15 b c . _______
T here is also an issue by A nto(nios) Polem on philopatris;
very probably the sam e m an who m ade coins for ΓΑΙΟΣ
ΚΑΙΣΑΡ, although this is not absolutely certain, since
G aius’s coins are signed w ith m onogram s rath er th an the
nam es in full. T he identification does, however, seem very
A S I A : Cibyra, Colossae, Laodicea ( 2890 -2 8 9 1 ) 475
i . L 1 9 2 1 —4 —12—8 4 (ex W e b er 7060), 4.82; 2—3. P 7 18-19 ( = W a 5 8 2 4 -
5, pi. X V .19), 5.57, 4.25; 4.· B (B -I = km 25 w ith T a f. V I I I . 14 = f it a
X I I . 7), 6.33; 5. vA 8397 ('Z e it des Tiberius ’, follow ing bmc in tro d u ctio n ),
[ 4 ] 5.74. F o r discussion, see in tro d u ctio n .
Colossae
C a lig u la
2891 A E . 2 2 m m , 7 .2 4 g (r ). A xis: 6. [ 1 ]
v o n A ulock, Phryg. I I , 547
ΓΑ ΙΩ Κ Α ΙΣ Α ΡΙ; la u re a te h e a d , 1.
Κ Ο Λ Ο ΣΣΗ Ν Ω Ν ; N ike a d v a n c in g , r., w ith p a lm a n d
w re a th
i . P 8 2 1 ( = W a 5872), 7.24.
Laodicea
likely, and so an issue for A ugustus and G aius C aesar
would, as at H ierapolis, suggest a date of about 5 b c .
T he coins signed by Sosthenes are probably about the
same date, or perhaps a little earlier, since the style of
p o rtrait is quite like th at on some coins o f Zeuxis and of
Polemon. T his dating is, of course, not certain.
O f the issues norm ally attrib u ted to A ugustus, this leaves
the coins of Pythes Pythou and of Dioskourides. Both of
them m ade two sets of coinage, in the second o f w hich their
nam es are qualified TO ΔΕΥΤΕΡΟΝ. T h e style suggests
th at these represent two separate issues, each m ade jointly
by both o f them . T he p o rtraiture indicates th a t the coins
were not produced before late in the reign of A ugustus, b u t
it is not easy to decide w hether A ugustus, Tiberius or even
C laudius (the p o rtrait on some issues is very like th at on
coins of ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ, 2913 = B M C 159). I t is diffi­
cult to choose betw een these alternatives. C laudius can,
perhaps, be dropped, since it w ould be very unusual at a
fairly prolific m int like Laodicea for him to be styled merely
as ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ [but see now addenda, 2913A]; moreover,
the cities in southern Phrygia seem alm ost w ithout excep­
tion to have given his nam e on the coins th at depict him. A
hard er choice is betw een A ugustus and T iberius: there is no
certainty, b u t T iberius is preferred here, since the p o rtrait is
like those of the ‘Laodicea’ group (see p. 376), some of
w hich com bine ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ w ith Livia as ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ and are
interpreted in this catalogue as Tiberius. T his conclusion
carries the im p o rtan t im plication th at the coins of Pythes
w ith a non-im perial p ortrait, presum ably Pythes him self
(2902), were produced as late as the reign of T iberius,
w hereas the characteristic tim e for such portraits w ould be
the reign (and probably early in the reign) o f Augustus.
A t the end o f C laudius’s reign an issue was produced
signed by a single individual; as at H ierapolis, the issue was
for C laudius, Britannicus and N ero, b u t not A grippina II.
In addition coins were m ade w ith obverses of the Demos of
Laodicea and the Demoi of Laodicea and Sm yrna. T he
individual’s nam e is expressed in rath er different ways:
 A S IA : L a o d ic e a
2912 ΕΠ Ι ΙΕΡΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΩΝΙΟΥ ΠΟ ΥΙΟΥ ΖΗΝΩΝΟΣ
2913 ΑΝΤΩ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ ΥΙΟΥ ΖΗΝΩΝΟΣ __
2914 ΕΠ Ι ΙΕ ΖΗΝΩΝΟΣ ΠΟ ΥΙ ΤΟ Δ
2915-16 ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ ΥΙΟΥ ΖΗΝΩΝΟΣ
These various alternatives show th a t the coins were m ade in
the fourth priesthood of A ntonios Zenon, son of Polemon;
he m ay perhaps have been the son, or some other relative,
of the A ntonios Polem on who signed coins in c. 5 bc (2898-
goo). H e was also presum ably the father of the m an who
signed coins for N ero, some ten years later (2928).
U nder N ero several issues were produced. T he earliest,
for N ero and A grippina II, was signed by Gaios Postomos.
T his was followed by oth er issues, whose relative and
absolute chronology is not clear. W e find:
Ioulios Andronikos: strikes for N ero (bare-headed) as θεός.
H e also m akes coins for V espasian (B M C 177), w ith iden­
tical reverses;
K rateros nomothetes strikes coins for N ero (bare-headed);
Aine (i) as also strikes coins for Nero, of the ‘steps’ type
(laureate);
A nto Zenon, son of Zenon strikes ‘alliance’ coins with
Sm yrna for N ero (laureate). T he p o rtrait is clearly the
‘steps’ type;
Ioulia Zenonis strikes coins for Poppaea.
T he p o rtraits of Ioulios Andronikos an d K rateros are
sim ilar, as are those o f Aineias an d Zenon. T his and their
portraits suggest th a t Z enon and A ineias m ade their coins
late in the reign (63 or later), and th a t A ndronikos and
K rateros m ade them ra th e r earlier (before 63). M oreover,
Ioulia Zenonis, who struck betw een 62 an d 65, was clearly
the wife of one of them , since her coins are sm all-denom i­
nation coins struck for an empress to accom pany larger-
denom ination coins for an em peror (com pare, e.g.,
A cm onea, 3170-5). T h e question is: whose wife? Aineias
can be excluded since he already has sm all-denom ination
coins. O f the rem aining three possibilities we incline
(although it is not possible to be certain) to the view th at
she was probably the wife of Ioulios A ndronikos. T his is
because the character of her coins is m ost like his: as well as
‘im perial’ coins for N ero, he m ade ‘pseudo-autonom ous’
coins for the Dem os an d the Boule of Laodicea; so she m ade
‘im perial’ coins for P oppaea and com parable ‘pseudo-auto­
nom ous’ coins for the personification of Laodicea. K rateros
and Zenon m ade coins only for Nero.
This reconstruction is, of course, by no m eans certain. It
seems to us to be the m ost likely one, though it does involve
(a) the a ttrib u tio n of coins calling Nero θεός to a period
some three or five years before his death, and (b) the
separation of his coins for N ero from those for V espasian by
some five years (though one can poin t out th a t a t least more
th an a year would have to elapse anyw ay). M oreover, it is
perhaps surprising th a t N ero should be called a god but
th at P oppaea should not be sim ilarly described. O n the
assum ption th a t the above reconstruction is correct, we
could suggest the following approxim ate dates:
c. 60 Krateros
c. 62 Ioulios Andronikos and Ioulia Zenonis
___
c. 66-8 Aineias
Zenon
Placing A ndronikos in 62 is suggested by the com bination
of the association w ith Poppaea and the absence of the
‘steps’ portrait. N either of these points is, of course, con­
clusive. O ne m ight, however, speculate th at the title
euergetes perhaps refers to help given by Ioulios
A ndronikos after the earthquake of 60 (for w hich, see Ram -
say, p. 38).
Several of the nam es on these early im perial coins are
m em bers of the Zenonid family, perhaps the m ost im port­
an t family in Asia M inor, on w hich see Ram say, P h ryg ia ,
pp. 42-5 (cf. L. R obert, L a Carie II, pp. 165-9). R am say’s
reconstruction o f the family needs some alteration, in view
of the reattribution of the coins of Gaios K aisar from C ali­
gula to G aius C aesar and the discovery of coins of Ioulia
Zenonis for Poppaea, and her association (if correct) with
Ioulios Andronikos. W e find (although it is not always clear
from the coin inscriptions exactly w hat the correct forms of
their nam es are):
Anto Polemon philopatris U nder Augustus and Gaius
Anto Zenon, son of Polemon, ad 50-4
priest for .the fourth time
Ioulia Zenonis ad 62-5
Zenon, son of Anto Zenon ad 63-8
Some of the nam es given in M ünsterberg, B eam tennam en ,
require alteration: Ά πελλής Ποταμον Ποταμο (from M io­
nnet) should be deleted; δια γρ Διοσκούριδου belongs to
the reign o f D om itian; and ε π ί. . . is a m isreading of p a rt of
Σωσθένης. T here is norm ally no indication o f the nature of
the m agistracy, if any, held by those who sign coins;
perhaps they were strategoi (Ram say, P h ry g ia , p. 69, points
out th a t the title nomothetes w hich occurs for K rateros under
N ero m ight indicate a strategos, as one of the strategoi of
Sm yrna was called by this title). T he only other title which
occurs is priest, presum ably priest of Zeus Laodiceus.
T he m ost com m on reverse type is the Zeus of Laodicea,
for which see Ram say, pp. 33, 50. O th er coins refer to
A phrodite, Apollo and Isis. Issues both un d er C laudius and
N ero associate Laodicea closely w ith Sm yrna (2912, 2928);
these are apparently early examples of w hat later becam e
H om onoia coins (see p. 48).
T he coins were all m ade from bronze. This was m ore or
less leaded under A ugustus and T iberius, b u t - on the basis
of only qualitative analyses - free of lead under Claudius
and N ero, when the coins probably h ad a very high tin
content as well. A p art from the coins w ith Seitalkas
(2om m /7-25g (7)), the coinage was produced in four
denom inations as can be seen from the table on p. 477.
A few alterations are needed for the vA Index·. G erm anicus
(B) is actually B ritannicus; A grippina I (V) is presum ably
A grippina II; C aligula should be deleted (the coins are of
G aius C aesar), and A grippina II should be placed under
Nero, not C laudius.
 A S I A : Laodicea (2 8 9 2 -2 8 9 7 ) 477

Augustus
Zeuxis 18mm, 6.16g (20) 15 mm, 3.57 g (14)
Sosthenes 14mm, 3.32g (11) 13mm, 2.81 g (7)
Polemon 18 mm, 5.22 g (9) 15mm, 3.09g (16)

Tiberius (?)
Pythes 19mm, 5.72g (13) 16mm, 4.29g (8) 14mm, 3.14g (14)
I4m m , 2.81 g (3)
14mm, 3.39g (4)
Dioskourides 19mm, 6.28g (14) 15mm, 3.83g (16)
Pythes deuteron 19 mm, 5.28 g (9) 14mm, 2.68g (4)
14 mm, 4.06 g y
Dioskourides deuteron 19mm, 6.20g (14)

Claudius
25 mm, 8.55 g (8) 19mm, 6.05g ( ! I ) 15 mm, 4.35 g (4)
20mm, 5.05g (10) 15 mm, 4.26 g (14)

Nero
Postomos 19 mm, 6.48 g (10) 15mm, 4.15g (11)
Krateros 19 mm, 6.65 g (9)
Andronikos 23m m. 9-98g (3) 19mm, 6.oog (18)
23 mm, 10.02 g (5) 19 mm, 6.96 g (3)
Zenonis 15 mm, 4.23 g (2)
16 mm, 4.57g (7)
Aineias 19mm, 6.54g (9) 16mm, 3.84g (8)
Zenon 24m m, 12. I Ig (15)

average: 24 mm, 10.64 g (31) 19 mm, 6.02 g (139) 15mm, 3.83g ( i n ) 14mm, 3.24g (41)

6261), 7.79, 5.70, 7.38; 7 . 0 = AMC 1 4 1 1 ,7 .8 7 ; 8 . C o p 555, 4.33; g r - io . B

S e ita lk a s , la te f i r s t cen tu ry b c ? (see in tro d u c tio n ) (L öbb, I-B ), 3.73, 7.77; i i . G 9; 12—13. V 19897, 38698; 14. K ovacs 13
(1981) lo t 40. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 3.

2892 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 2 0 m m , 7 .2 5 g (7). A xis: 12. [ 6 ] 2 8 9 5 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 5 m m , 3 .5 7 g (14)· A xis: 12. [ is ]

BMC 54 corr.
Σ Ε Π Α Λ Κ Α Σ ; b a re h e a d (o f S eitalk as?), r.
Δ Η Μ Ο Σ Α Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; la u re a te h e a d o f D em o s, r., w ith
d ra p e ry o n sh o u ld e r
i . P 1 4 3 4 a, 5.99; 2. P 1435a, 6.98; 3. L = bm c 54, 7.30; 4 . V 19894,
6.62; 5. B (I-B = m g 406, no. 2 15) ; 6. C M cC le an 8830, 8.35; 7 . J S W
( = S te r n b e r g X I, 1981, lo t 317), 7.07; 8. M M A G 41 (1970) lo t 474, 8.47.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 3.
BMC 153, AMC 1412, C o p 554
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.; before, litu u s
Α Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν Ζ ΕΥ Ξ ΙΣ Φ ΙΛ Α Λ Η Θ Η Σ ; s ta ff e n tw in e d w ith
sn ak e
i . L 1979—1—1—2 2 6 0 (ex vA 3837), 2.98; 2. L = bm c 153, 4.70;
3. O = AMC 1412, 3.43; 4 . C o p 554, 2.10; 5—6. P 1514, D elep ierre, 4.20,
3.23; 7—9 . B (461/1887, Fox, I-B ), 4.50, 3.57, 2.91; 10. N Y ; 11. V 34667,
4.00; 12. M u 22a, 4.12; 13. vA 3836, 3.15; 14. W e b er 7140, 3.88.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.

A u g u s tu s
S o s th e n e s , c. 1 0 B C (???)
Z e u x is p h ila le th e s , c. 15 B C ( ? ? )
2 8 9 6 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 4 m m , 3 .3 2 g (11). A xis: 12. [ 12]
2893 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 8 m m , 6 .0 9 g ( I0 )· A xis: 12. [ 11 ] bmc 147, AMC 1409, C o p 553
BMC 149, C o p 556 Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Α Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν Σ Ω Σ Θ Ε Ν Η Σ ; Z eu s L a o d ic e u s s ta n d in g , L,
Α Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν Ζ ΕΥ Ξ ΙΣ; Z eu s L a o d ic e u s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith w ith eagle a n d staff; to 1., w re a th enclo sin g Z a n d fla n k e d
eagle a n d staff; to 1., m o n o g ra m Φ Α by N an d Ω
i . L = b m c 149, 6.04; 3—3 . L = bmc 150, 1979-1 -1 -2 2 5 9 (ex vA 3835), I. L = B M C 1 47, 3.75; 2. L = BMC 148, 2.98; 3—4 . 0 = AMC Ι4 Ο 9 -ΙΟ , 3.96,
5 -3 4 , 6.43; 4 . C o p 556, 7.35; 5 - 8 . B (L öbb, B -I, 478/1883, L ö b b ), 5.73, 3-331 5 · C o p 5 5 3 . 3·0 2 ; 6 - 7 . P 1519, 1525a, 3.45, 2.51; 8 - 9 . B (I-B ,
6.29, 5.44, 6.22; 9 . C L eake; ί ο . P 1517, 7.44; 11. V 30189; 12. L in d g ren 677/1878), 3.45, 3 .Ϊ5 ; 10. C gen.; u . M u 20; 12. N Y; 13. L in d g ren 989,
990, 4.58; 13. P V . T h e m o n o g ra m stan d s for philalethes. Q u a lita tiv e 3.59; 14. vA 3834, 3.28. T h e significance o f th e le tte rs w ith in a n d beside
m e tal analysis on: r. th e w re a th is n o t clear; cf. also 2 9 1 7 (N ero, G aios P ostom os). Q u alitativ e
m etal an aly sis on: 1.
2 8 9 4 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 6 .2 3 g ( I 0 )· A xis: 12. [ 13 ]
2 8 9 7 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 13 m m , 2 .8 1 g (7). A xis: 12. [ 6 ]
BMC 151, AMC 1411, C o p 555
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; c a p ric o rn w ith c o rn u c o p ia , r.
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.; before, litu u s Α Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν Σ Ω Σ Θ Ε Ν Η Σ ; th re e e a rs o f corn
Α Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν Ζ ΕΥ Ξ ΙΣ Φ ΙΛ Α Λ Η Θ Η Σ ; Z eu s L a o d ic e u s
i . L 1 9 2 1 —4—12—102 (ex W e b er 7141), 2.52; 2. P 1526 ( = W a 6260),
s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eag le a n d sta ff 3.1g; 3—5. B (I-B = mg 403, no. 133, 18661, I-B ), 2.65, 2.28, 2.75; 6 . M u
I . N Y ; 2 - 3 . L = BMC 151-2, 5.03, 5.66; 4 —6. P 1512-13, 1521 ( = W a 3.02; 7. J S W , 3.27. Q u alitativ e m e ta l an aly sis on: 1.

A n to P o le m o n p h i l o p a t r i s , c . j BC
2898 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 5 .2 2 g (9). A xis: 12. [ 12 ]
BMC 145, AMC 1408
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Α Ν ΤΩ Π Ο Λ Ε Μ Ω Ν Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ ΡΙΣ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; Z eus
L a o d ic e u s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sta ff
i . B (L ö b b ), 4.86; 2. B (I-B ), 5.65; 3 - 4 . L = bm c 145-6, 5.79, 5.82;
5 . 0 = a m c 1408, 4.98; 6—8. P 15x3a, 1515a, 1516, 4.32, 4.65, 5.28; 9—
i i . V 19898, 30456, 31916; 12. M u; 13. Lewis = sng 1598, 6.27.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 3.
2 8 9 9 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 15 m m , 2.83 g (3)· A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
BMC 158
Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d o f G a iu s C a e sa r, r.
Α Ν ΤΩ Π Ο Λ Ε Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; eagle
i . L = b m c 1 5 8 , 2.63; 2—3 . B (I-B , 28778), 2.78, 3.07. T h is a n d the
follow ing issue a re often w rongly a ttrib u te d to C aligula. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: 1.
2 9 0 0 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 5 m m , 3 .1 5 g (13). A xis: 12. [ 17 ]
BMC 154, C o p 557
Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d o f G a iu s C a e sa r, r.
Π Ο Λ Ε Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; eagle
I. L = B M C 15 5 , 3.25; 2 - 4 . L — BMC 154, 156-7, 2.97, 3.26, 3.36; 5 - 8 . P
1527 ( = W a 6266), 1513b, 1517c, 1526, 3.92, 3.97, 3.44, 2.90; 9 - 1 0 . O ,
2.61, 2.99; i i —12. C o p 557-8, 2.68, 2.41; 13—15· V 30926, 28280, 32208;
16. N Y; 17. C Leake; 18. vA 3838, 3.18; 19. L in d g ren 990A, 2.77.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
T ib e r iu s (? ) ( fo r a ttr ib u tio n , see in tro d u c tio n , a n d
addenda)
P y th e s P y th o u
2901 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 9 m m , 5 .7 2 g (13). A xis: 12 (o r 6). [ 14 ]
BMC 138, AMC 1402, C o p 550
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν Π Υ Θ Η Σ Π Υ Θ Ο Υ ; Z eu s L a o d ic e u s sta n d in g ,
1., w ith eagle a n d staff; to 1. a n d r., pilei w ith s ta r
I . L = B M C 1 3 9 , 5.69; 2. L = BMC 138, 5.24; 3—6. P 1524 ( = W a 6264),
1512a, 1518, 1522b, 7.40, 5.60, 4.35, 6.54; 7 - 8 . B (I-B , 5467), 5.27, 7.33;
9 . N Y; 10—ii. O = AMC 1402-3, 6.48, 4.35 ( = W e b er 7137); 12. C Leake;
13. V 19899; 14. M u 21; 15. Lewis = s n g 1595, 4.89; 16. W e b er 7137,
4.34. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analyses on: 1—2.
2902 L e a d e d b ro n z e . i6 m m , 4 .2 9 g (8). A xis: 12. [ 9 ]
BMC 55, C o p 509
Π Υ Θ Η Σ ; b a re h e a d o f P y th e s, r.
Δ Η Μ Ο Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; d ia d e m e d h e a d o f D em os, r.
i . P 1435 ( = W a 6259 w ith pi. X V I I . n ) , 3.84; 2. P 1436, 3.44; 3—
4 . L = BMC 5 5 -6 , —, 3.46; 5. C o p 509, 4.94; 6—8. B (I-B = mg 406, no.
124, L ö b b , 444/1896), 5.14, 5.85, 4.29; 9 . V 19893 (ex P row e), 3.36;
10. Lew is = s n g 1599. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 4.
2903 A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .1 4 g (14). A xis: 12. [ 18 ]
BMC 61, AMC 1395, C o p 510
Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; la u r e a te b u s t o f A pollo w ith lyre, r.
Π Υ Θ Η Σ Π Υ Θ Ο Υ ; a lta r su rm o u n te d b y h e a d d re s s o f Isis
I. L — B M C 6 l , 3.64; 2. C o p 510, 3.17; 3—6. 0 = AMC I3 9 5 -8 , 2.65, 2.66,
2-92, 5 -3 4 ; 7 - * 3 · p 1437-9 ( = W a 6 2 55-7), i4 3 7 a, 1440a, 1441-2, 4.02,
3.42, 2.99, 3.66, 3.75, 2.80, 2.23; 14. B (I-B = m g 406, no. 123); 15. G 7;
16—17. V 19884, 29121; 18. M u 18; 19. W e b er 7130, 2.72; 20. Lewis =
s n g 1600, 3.45. F o r a specim en found a t Sebastopolis, see L. R o b ert, L a
Carie I I , p . 33.
2 9 0 4 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 4 m m , 2 .8 1 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]
BMC 57
W o lf(?) se a te d , L, w ith d o u b le axe, in w re a th
Π Υ Θ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; A p h ro d ite s ta n d in g , L, w ith dove
i . L = B M C 58, 2.38; 2. L = BMC 57, 2.91; 3. vA 8412, 3.14. O n this an d
2 9 1 0 , th e an im a l h as b een v ario u sly d escrib ed as a w o lf { K M 264; A M C ) ,
a ly n x { B M C ) , a lion o r a p a n th e r (C o p ), o r a p a n th e r (vA ). A w o lf seem s
the likeliest a n d p resu m a b ly is a p u n o n th e Lykos river. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an aly sis on: 1.
2 9 0 5 A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .3 9 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
AMC 1399
Π Υ Θ ; la u re a te h e a d o f A p o llo w ith ly re, r.
Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; h e a d d re s s o f Isis
I. O = A M C 1 3 9 9 , 4.41; 2. B (I-B = km 264, no. 10, w ith T af. I X .3), 2.10;
3. P 1447, 3.04; 4 . vA 3808, 4.04.
D io s k o u r id e s
2 9 0 6 B ronze. 1 9 m m , 6 .2 8 g (14). A xis: 12. [ 14 ]
BMC 141, C o p 547, AMC 1406
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Ο Υ Ρ ΙΔ Η Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; Z eus L a o d ic e u s sta n d in g ,
1., w ith eagle a n d staff; to r., m o n o g ra m KOP
I. L = B M C 1 4 1 ,7 .5 7 ; 2. L = BMC 142, 6.06; 3 . 0 = AMC 1406, 8.16; 4 —
6. P 1522 ( = W a 6262), 1517a, 1523a, 6.65, 5.30, 6.05; 7—8. C o p 547 -8 ,
5-95, 6.61; 9—10. B (I-B , 445/1896), 5.15, 6.62; 1 1 - 1 3 . V 27519, 35391,
28496; 14. M u 20a; 15. W e b er 7138, 6.41; 16—17. Lew is = sng 1596-7,
5.71, 5.53. T h e m o n o g ra m , w h ich also o ccu rs on N ero n ian coins o f A ineias
(2 9 2 6 —7 ), h as b een v ario u sly in te rp re te d as s ta n d in g for co ro n atu s
(R am say ), ΚΟΡΝΗΛΙΟΣ { B M C ) a n d APXO (W a) Κορ(νήλιος) is correct,
as it is spelled o u t in full o n coins o f a n o th e r D io sco u rid es (u n d er
D o m itian : km 266, nos. 2 0 -1 , vA 3845). Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 1.
2 9 0 7 B ronze. 1 5 m m , 3 .8 3 g (16). A xis: 12. [ 17 ]
BMC 64, AMC 1400, C o p 513
Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; b u s t o f M e n , w e a rin g P h ry g ia n cap , r.
K O P Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Ο Υ Ρ ΙΔ Η Σ ; eagle
I. L = B M C 6 7 , 3.81; 2—4 . L = BMC 6 4 -6 , —, 4.00, 3.81; 5. B (I-B = MG
404, no. 117); 6—7. 0 = a m c 14 0 0 - 1, 3.04, 3.72; 8—9 . C o p 513 -1 4 , 3.80,
2.90; 1 0 - 1 3 . p γ45°5 *45oa, 1454 ( = W a 6281), D elep ierre, 4.13, 2.65,
5.01, 4.10; 1 4 - 1 5 . V 28593, 30639; 16—17. i8 a b , 6a; 18. W eb er
7 I 3 L 4- 5 3 ; 1 9 - 2 0 . Lew is = s n g 1601-2, 3.47, 4.11. E. L an e, Corpus
M onumentorum Religionis D ei M en is, p. 67, L ao d iceia, no. 1. Q u a lita tiv e
m e tal an aly sis on: 2.
P y th e s P y th o u to deuteron
2 9 0 8 A E . 1 9 m m , 5 .2 8 g (9). A xis: 12 (o r 6). [ 13 ]
BMC 140, AMC 1404, C o p 551
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν Π Υ Θ Η Σ Π Υ Θ Ο Υ TO Δ Ε Υ Τ Ε ΡΟ Ν ; Z eus
L a o d ic e u s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eag le a n d staff; to 1., tw o pilei
w ith sta r
I. L = B M C 140; 2. P 1525 ( = W a 6265), 4.22; 3—4 . O = AMC 1404—5,
5 ·3 5 , 5 -4 1; 5 - 6 - G oP 5 5 ! - 2 > 5 -7 L 5 - 8 i ; 7 - 9 · B (I-B , L ö b b , L ö b b ), 3.79,
6.51, 5.26; i o - i i . C L eake, 381/1948, — , 5.73; 12. V 38697, 5.20;
13. N Y.
2 9 0 9 A E . 1 4 m m , 2 .6 8 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 5 ]
BMC 62, C o p 5 1 1
Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; la u re a te b u s t o f A pollo w ith lyre, r.
Π Υ Θ Η Σ Π Υ Θ Ο Υ Δ ΙΣ; a lta r su rm o u n te d b y h e a d d re s s o f
Isis
I. L = B M C 62, 2.70; 2. L = BMC 63, 2.14; 3 . P 1440 (= W a 6258), 2.04;
4. C o p 5 1 1, 3.84; 5. M u 18a.

2910 A E . 1 4 m m , 4 .0 6 g (g). A xis: 12.
BMC 59, AMC 1393, C o p 512
W o lf (P) se a te d , 1., w ith d o u b le axe, in w re a th
Π Υ Θ B Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; A p h ro d ite s ta n d in g , 1., w ith dove
I . L = B M C 5 9 , 3.35; 2 . L = BMC 60j 2.91; 3 . C o p 512, 3.68; 4 —
5. O = AMC 1393-4, 2.57, 3.11; 6—9 . P 1444 ( = W a 6208), 1444a, 1445-6
(= W a 6209-10), 3.00, 5.59, 6.70, 5.65.
D io s k o u r id e s t o deuteron
2911 B ronze. 1 9 m m , 6 .2 0 g (13). A xis: 12.
BMC 143, C o p 549, AMC 1407
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Ο Υ Ρ ΙΔ Η Σ Τ Ο Δ Ε Υ Τ Ε Ρ Ο Ν Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; Z eus
L ao d iceu s s ta n d in g , L, w ith eagle a n d staff; to r.,
m o n o g ra m K O P
i . L = B M C 1 4 3 , 6.88; 2 . L = b m c i 4 4 , 4.58; 3 —6 . P 1523 ( = W a 6263),
15!5 , 1517, D elepierre, 6.50, 6.78, 7.44, 5.93; 7— 8. B (I-B = m g 404, no.
118, R a u c h ), 6.54, 5.64; 9 . C o p 549, 6.90; 1 0 . 0 = a m c 1407, 7.36; 1 1 . V
31586, 5.55; 1 2 . W a d d ell stock (1986), 6.94; 1 3 . W e b er 7139, 3.88.
Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 1.
C la u d iu s , a d 5 0 - 4 *I.
A n t e P o l e m o n , s o n o f Z e n o n , p r i e s t f o r th e f o u r t h t i m e
2912 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 25 m m , 8.55 g (8)· A xis: 12 o r 6.
BMC 263, C o p 613
Δ Η Μ Ο Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν Κ Α Ι ΖΜ Υ ΡΝ Α ΙΩ Ν ; la u re a te h e a d
o f th e D em o s o f L a o d ic e a facin g la u re a te h e a d o f th e
D em o s o f S m y rn a
Ε Π Ι ΙΕ Ρ Ε Ω Σ Α Ν Τ Ω Ν ΙΟ Υ Π Ο Υ ΙΟ Υ Ζ Η Ν Ω Ν Ο Σ; Z eus
L ao d iceu s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sta ff
i . L = b m c 2 6 3 , 10.22; 2. L = bm c 264, 10.64; 3 . C o p 613, 8.23; 4—5. P
1539 ) T5 0 T ( = W a 6243), 7.43, 9.75; 6 . V 36205; 7. vA 3876, 7.42;
8. M M A G 41 (1970) lo t 481, 6.86. F o r a sim ilar issue u n d e r N ero, see
2 9 2 8 . Q u alitativ e m e tal analysis on: 1.
2913 B ronze. 1 9 m m , 6 .0 5 g ( T I)· A xis: 12.
BMC 159, C o p 559
Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d , r.
Α ΝΤΩ Π Ο Λ Ε Μ Ω Ν Ο Σ Υ ΙΟ Υ Ζ Η Ν Ω Ν Ο Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; Z eus
L a o d ic e u s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sta ff
i . L = b m c 160, 5.67; 2. L = BMC 159, 6.58; 3—4 . N Y; 5. C o p 559, 6.44;
6 - 7 . P 1522a, 1528, 5.12, 5.30; 8—10. B (L öbb, I-B , 960/1896), 6.38, 5.93,
5.85; i i . C Leake; 12. V 33675, 7.42; 13. O , 5.81; 14. M u 23a, 6.10.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1. See also a d d e n d a 2913A.
2914 B ronze. 2 0 m m , 5 .0 5 g (10). A xis: 12 o r 6.
BMC 74, C o p 516
Δ Η Μ Ο Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; la u re a te h e a d o f D em o s o f
L a o d ic e a , r.
Ε Π Ι IE Ζ Η Ν Ω Ν Ο Σ Π (σ Γ YI TO Δ; Z eus L ao d iceu s
s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sta ff
I. L = = B M C 7 5 , 4.85; 2. L = BMC 74, 5.31; 3—5 . P 1499-1500 ( = W a 6 2 4 1 -
2). 1435b. 5 -i6 , 5.64, 5.35; 6. C o p 516, 4.52; 7 - 8 . Ο , 4.11, 5.64; 9—i i . B
(I-B , R au c h , 477/1883); 12. V 31918; 13. vA 3809, 5.14. T h e Z is
retro g ra d e. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
2915 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 5 m m , 4 .3 5 g (4). A xis: 12.
BMC 163 (‘N ero’), C op 560
Β ΡΕΤ Α Ν Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u s t o f B rita n n ic u s , r.
Π Ο Λ Ε Μ Ω Ν Ο Σ Υ ΙΟ Υ Ζ Η Ν Ω Ν Ο Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; trip o d w ith
sn ak e
A S I A : Laodicea (2910-2920) 47g
[ 9 ] i . C o p 5 6 0 , 3.79; 2. L = BMC 163 co rr., 4.25; 3. B (L ö b b : ‘G erm an icu s’),
4.72; 4 . M M A G 41 (1970) lot 475, 4.65; 5. P row e (E gger X L V I, 1914)
lot 1770 (‘G erm an icu s’), 3.80. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 2.
2916 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 5 m m , 4 .2 6 g (14). A xis: 12. [12]
BMC 16 1, C o p 561
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u s t o f N ero , r.
Π Ο Λ Ε Μ Ω Ν Ο Σ Υ ΙΟ Υ Ζ Η Ν Ω Ν Ο Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; trip o d w ith
sn ak e
i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —2 2 6 1 (ex vA 3839), 4.50; 2—3. L = bm c 161—2, 4.38, 3.98;
4 —5. P 1536 ( = W a 6268), 1529a, 4.20, 3.64; 6 . C o p 561, 4.34; 7—8. O ,
3.68, 4.49; 9—i i . B (B -I, I-B , 497/1 8 9 6 ), 4.27, 4.26, 4.29; 12. M u 24a;
[ 11 ] 13. W e b er 7142, 5.05. Q u alitativ e m etal an aly sis on: 2.
N e r o *103
G a i o s P o s to m o s , c. AD 55
2 9 1 7 B ronze. 1 9 m m , 6 .4 8 g (10). A xis: 12. [ 12 ]
bmc 164, C o p 562
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u st, r.
Γ Α ΙΟ Υ Π Ο Σ Τ Ο Μ Ο Υ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; Z eu s L a o d ic e u s
sta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d staff; to L, w re a th enclo sin g B
i . L = b m c 164, 6.67; 2—3. L = bmc 165-6, 6.42, 5.05; 4 . C o p 562, 7.19;
5 - 6 . P 1530-1, 6.84, 7.36; 7 . O , 5.30; 8 - 9 . B (Fox, L ö b b ), 6.46, 7.79;
10. C Leake; 11. V 29980; 12. M u 24. T h e significance o f th e w re a th an d
the B is n o t clear, th o u g h it is ta k en to m e a n ‘for th e second tim e ’ by
[ 6 ] M ü n sterb erg , Beamtennamen ; b u t cf. th e A u g u stan coins o f Sosthenes
(2 8 9 6 ). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
2 9 1 8 B ronze. 1 5 m m , 4 .1 5 g (11). A xis: 12. [ n ]
bmc 174, C o p 569
Α ΓΡ ΙΠ Π Ε ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r.
Γ Α ΙΟ Υ Π Ο ΣΤ Ο Μ Ο Υ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; eagle o n cip p u s
I. L = b m c 174, 5.03; 2 - 4 . L — bm c 175-6, 1 9 2 0 -5 -1 6 -9 6 , 3.95, 3.78,
2.88; 5. P 1529 ( = W a 6267), 4.06; 6 - 7 . C o p 5 6 9 -7 0 , 3.83, 3.67; 8 - 9 . B
(B -I, I-B ), 3.94, 5.05; 1 0 - 1 1 . V 29316, 30927; 12. L in d g ren 991, 5.01;
13. J S W , 4.48. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: i.
[ 14 ]
K r a te r o s n o m o th e te s , c. AD 6 0 ?
2 9 1 9 B ronze. 19 m m , 6 .6 5 g (θ)· A xis: 12. [ 8 ]
bmc 167, C o p 566
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Κ ΡΑ Τ Ε ΡΟ Σ Ν Ο Μ Ο Θ Ε Τ Η Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; Z e u s L ao d iceu s
sta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sta ff
i . P 1 5 3 7 ( = W a 6270), 6.94; 2. L = bmc 167, 6.21; 3. C o p 566, 6.35;
4 . O , 6.94; 5 —7. B (I-B , L öbb, B -I), 6.76, 7.85, 6.93; 8. M u 20b;
[ 12]
9. L in d g ren 992, 5.57. 5 w as m isre ad as [Α]Μ ΑΞΕΙΟΣ ΝΟΜ ΟΘΕΤΗΣ by
M G 408, no. 134, follow ed by R am sa y , P hrygia, p. 68.
I o u l i o s A n d r o n i k o s e u e r g e te s a n d ( p e r h a p s ) I o u l i a Z e n o n i s ,
c. A D 6 2 ? ( f o r t h e i r t e n t a t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n , s e e i n t r o d u c t i o n )
2 9 2 0 B ronze. 2 3 m m , 9 .9 8 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
bmc 73
ΒΟ Υ Λ Η Δ Η Μ Ο Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; v e iled b u s t o f B oule facing
[ 3 ]
la u re a te h e a d o f D em os
ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Σ Α Ν Δ Ρ Ο Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Ε Υ Ε Ρ Γ Ε Τ Η Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ;
Z eus L ao d iceu s sta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sta ff
I . L = bmc 7 3 , 7.72; 2 - 3 . P 1505 ( = W a 6240), 1504a, 11.92, 10.29.
Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: i.
2921 B ronze. 2 3 m m , 1 0 .0 2 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 8 ]
BMC 70
Δ Η Μ Ο Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; la u re te h e a d o f D em os, r.
ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Σ Α Ν Δ Ρ Ο Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Ε Υ Ε ΡΓ ΕΤ Η Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ;
Z eus L a o d ic e u s s ta n d in g , I., w ith eagle a n d sta ff
i . L = b m c 70, 9.21; 2. L = BMC 71, 10.24; 3 * O j 12.30; 4 . P 1456, 6.64;
5— 8. B (I-B , I-B , 6234, P ro k esch -O sten ); 9. vA 3812, 11.74; IO · W e b er
7 133. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
2922 A E . 19 m m , 6.96 g (3). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 3 ]
BMC 72
A s 2 9 2 1 (bmc 70), b u t sm a lle r d e n o m in a tio n
I. L = bmc 72, 6.76; 2. O , 6.48; 3. C op 515, 7.65.
2923 B ro n ze. 1 9 m m , 6.00 g (18). A xis: 12. [ 18]
bmc 168, C o p 567
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Θ Ε Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Σ Α Ν Δ Ρ Ο Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Ε Υ Ε ΡΓ Ε Τ Η Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ;
Z eus L a o d ic e u s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sta ff
I. L = b m c 168, 5.58; 2 - 5 . L — bmc 169-72, 5.83, 4.77, 5.83, 3.45; 6 -
7. C op 567-8, 6.67, 6.22; 8—q . N Y; 10—12. P i5 2 q b , 1529c!, i52qe, 5.83,
6- 3 9 , 5-78; 13· O , 5.99; 1 4 -1 5 . B (I-B , 851/1877), 5.98, 5.80; 1 6 - 1 7 . V
30968, 36815; 18. M u 25aa, 7.29; 19. vA 3840, 6.98; 2 0 . W e n d t X X I
(1978) lo t 636, 6.28; 2 1 . Lewis = SNG 1603, 5.90. Q u alitativ e m etal
analysis on: 1.
2 9 2 4 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 6 m m , 4 .2 3 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]
Π Ο Π Π Α ΙΑ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f P o p p a e a , r.
ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΑ Ζ Η Ν Ω Ν ΙΣ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; A p h ro d ite s ta n d in g , r.,
w ith sc e p tre a n d dove
i . L 1979—1—1—2 2 6 2 (ex vA 3841), 4.10; 2. P 1538, 4.35. Q u alitativ e
m e tal analysis on: i.
2925 B ronze. 1 6 m m , 4 .5 7 g (7). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 7 ]
bmc 92
Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Η Α ; tu r re te d b u s t o f T y c h e o f L a o d ic e a
ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΑ Ζ Η Ν Ω Ν ΙΣ; A p h ro d ite sta n d in g , r., w ith scep tre
a n d dove
I. P 1 4 1 7 b , 4.04; 2—3 . P 1480-1, 4.76, 4.61; 4—5 . L — BMC 9 2 -3, 4.66,
4.86; 6 - 7 . V 32811, 27712, 4.96, —; 8. vA 3811, 4.21. U su a lly reg ard e d
as b eing o f th e lim e o f D o m itian (B M C ; M ü n sterb erg , Beamtennamen ), b u t
this w as before th e p u b licatio n o f the coin o f P o p p aea , above 29 2 4 .
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 4.
Hierapolis
T he coinage of H ierapolis was discussed by L. W eber in
Χ Α Ρ Ι Τ Ε Σ . F riedrich Leo zu m sechsigsten G eburtstag ,
Berlin,
19 11, pp. 481-90, and in N C , 1913, pp. 1-30 an d 133-61.
T he coinage seems to be characterised by a num ber of
short-lived issues, m isleadingly signed by a large num ber of
‘m agistrates’; such issues occur twice under A ugustus,
under T iberius an d again early in N ero’s reign, probably
representing a board of some kind under the gram m ateus
demon (2940). T here are also other issues, late in A ugustus’s
reign (?) an d late in C lau d iu s’s reign. These look m ore if
they are discrete issues by the relevant officials; in the reign
of C laudius, at least, the gram m ateus.
M ost of the coins belong to the ‘L aodicea’ stylistic group
(see p. 376).
A in e (i)a s
2 9 2 6 B ronze. 1 9 m m , 6 .5 4 g (9)· A xis: 12. [ 13 ]
bmc 173, C o p 563
Ν Ε Ρ Ω Ν Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
K O P Α ΙΝ Ε ΙΑ Σ (o r Α ΙΝ Η Α Σ ) Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; Z eus
L a o d ic e u s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sta ff
ΑΙΝΕΙΑΣ: i . N Y ; 2 . L = bmc 173, 5.90; 3. P 1534 (= W a 6269), 6.44; 4 —
5 . C o p 563 -4 , 6.01, 5.04; 6 - 7 . B (I-B = gm 404, no. 120, L ö b b ); 8. V
2 9 9 6 9 ; 9 . C 382/1948; 1 0 . JS W , 6.33; ΑΙΝΗΑΣ: i t . C o p 565, 5.22; 1 2 —
13. P 1529c, 1533, 4~Ö5 > 7 ·4 9 ί I 4 * O , 5-48. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on:
2.
2 9 2 7 B ronze. 1 6 m m , 3 .8 4 g (8). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 10 ]
bmc 68
Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; b u s t o f M e n , w e a rin g P h ry g ia n cap , r.
K Ö P Α ΙΝ Ε ΙΑ Σ (o r Α ΙΝ Η Α Σ ); eagle
ΑΙΝΕΙΑΣ: i . L = b m C 68, 4.23; 2. L = bmc 69, 3.36; 3 . O , 4.01; 4 . M u
18b; 5. vA 3810, 3.59; ΑΙΝΗΑΣ: 6—7. L 1 9 5 4 -1 1 -5 -9 , 1930-12—10-13,
4.19, 3.84; 8 . B (I-B = mg 404, no. 119); 9 . O , 3.74; 1 0 . V 32341, 3.77;
i i . M u 6. E. L an e, Corpus M onumentorum Religionis D e i M enis, p. 67,
L ao d iceia, no. 2. F o r KOP, see 2 9 0 6 —7 (A ug u stu s, D ioskourides).
A n to Z e n o n , so n o f Z e n o n
2928 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 2 4 m m , 1 2 .1 1 g (15). A xis: 12. [ 16]
bmc 265, C o p 614
Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u r e a te h e a d , r.
Α Ν ΤΩ Ζ Η Ν Ω Ν Ο Σ Ζ Η Ν Ω Ν Υ ΙΟ Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ZM YP-
Ν Α ΙΩ Ν Ο Μ Η ΡΟ Σ; facin g D em o i o f L a o d ic e a a n d S m y rn a,
c la sp in g h a n d s a n d h o ld in g scep tres
i. L = b m c 2 6 5 , 1 1 .88; 2—5 . L = b m c 2 6 6 - 9 , 11 .3 2 , 13 .0 5 , 13.51, 13.81;
6 - 7 · N Y , 11.83, 12.75; 8. C o p 614, 11.83; 9“ IO‘ P 1535, S m y rn a 2491
(= W a 7131), 11.76, 8.97; ii— 1 3 . O , 12.03, 10.66, 12.03; 1 4 . V 37788,
10.09; *5—16. M u O.N., 25; 17. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, 11.51; 18. W eb er
7152. Specim ens in B n o t reco rd ed . F o r th e in te rp re ta tio n o f th e rev.
scene, see D . A . O . K lose, S M 133 (1984), p p . 1-3, a n d D ie M ünzprägung
von Sm yrna, p. 53. I t is n o t im m ed iately o bvious how to co n stru e a n d
in te rp re t th e rev. legend, as th e w ords a re in such a n o d d ord er; it is
possible th a t ΥΙΟΣ sh o u ld b e asso ciated w ith ΛΑΟΔΙΚΕΩΝ an d
ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ; as in th e p h ra se ΥΙΟΣ ΠΟΛΕΩΣ, a n d th a t ΟΜΗΡΟΣ should
be tak en in a p erso n al w ay as referrin g to Z en o n (w ho h a d p erh ap s, e.g.,
ac ted as su rety in som e d isp u te betw een th e cities), r a th e r th a n as an
a b s tra c t co n cep t like H o m o n o ia . F o r a sim ilar issue u n d e r C la u d iu s, see
2 9 1 2 . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 1.
Augustus
T he A ugustan coinage is signed by m any ‘m agistrates’ ’
nam es, some of w hich also ap p ear on coins, generally of a
sm aller denom ination, w ith the po rtrait of ΦΑΒΙΟΣ
ΜΑΞΙΜΟΣ, the proconsul Fabius M axim us, and th at of
ΓΑΙΟΣ, G aius Caesar.
A loose chronology for these coins is provided by the
overlaps in nam es betw een A ugustus, Gaius and M axim us
(some of the coins are know n from unique specimens, so at
least some of the ‘gaps’ will probably be filled eventually).
In the following table O and A indicate w hether the ethnic
is in the earlier form ΙΕΡΟΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ or in the norm al
im perial form ΙΕΡΑΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ. T his criterion suggests that
the earliest issue is the one signed by Zosimos and C harax
(it also has a different reverse type for A ugustus, and a
 A S I A : Hierapolis 481

larger denom ination th an norm al for M axim us); in tu rn
this implies th a t the issue for M axim us an d A ugustus pre­
cedes th at for G aius an d A ugustus, suggesting dates of 10/9
B C (the date of his proconsulship: B. T hom asson, L aterculi
P raesidum , no. 8 ) and c. 5 b c (one m ight perhaps have expec­
ted Lucius as well, if the issue were m uch later). T he die
links (five of the seven nam es attested for M axim us share a
single obverse die; all the A ugustan coins of the Gaius
group share the sam e die) im ply a short-lived issue; the few
and different titles given suggest th a t the nam es ap p ear qua
prom inent individuals, ra th e r th a n qua any p articular
m agistracy. I t is, however, possible th a t the nam es appear
as those of a single ‘contem porary’ board (cf. K . H arl, C ivic
Coins a n d C ivic P olitics, p. 27: a board of up to eight persons
perform ing a liturgy); w ith the exception of Zosimos, whose
coins seem to stand ap art, we could envisage two ‘b o ard s’ of
between five and seven m en (sim ilar num bers recur under
T iberius an d N ero, in the la tte r case also w ith one as gram ­
m ateus). O n two occasions two people sign an issue (one of
these, ΖΩΣΙΜΟΣ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΡΙΣ ΧΑΡΑΞ, is som etim es in ter­
preted as Ζώσίμος φιλόπατρις (ε)χάραξ(ε), e.g., R am say,
P h ryg ia , p. 107; K. H arl, loc. c it .; a p a rt from the inherent
im plausibility of this interpretation, however, there are also
other issues w ith two nam es (C hares C haretos an d Kokos;
cf. R N , 1867, p. 110; and, perhaps, A ttalos and M eilichios).
G r o u p I : A u g u s t u s a n d F a b i u s M a x i m u s , 1 0 /9 bc
ΣΕΒΑΣ-ΤΟΣ ΦΑΒΙΟΣ ΜΑΞΙΜΟΣ
lyre reverse
O Zosimos philopatris, C harax O Zosimos philopatris,
C harax
Apollo reverse
-ΙΤΩΝ rath er than -ΕΙΤΩΝ, and their portraits are com pat­
ible w ith dates in the first decade a d . I t is not, however,
certain th at they depict A ugustus rath er th an T iberius; the
portraits do seem m ore like those o f A ugustus th an those
definitely of T iberius, and the inscription ΚΑΙΣΑΡ
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, which appears on two o f them , would be
slightly unexpected for T iberius. For w hat it is w orth, also,
the T iberian coins all have -ΕΙΤΩΝ. O n the other hand, if
M eniskos D iphilou and Diphilos D iphilou (both in group
III) are the sons of the D iphilos philopatris (group II), a
later date (in T iberius’s reign) m ight seem m ore plausible.
T he question is left unresolved, though at the m om ent an
attribution to A ugustus seems m ore likely.
G r o u p I I I : A u g u s t u s (?) a l o n e , c. a d 5 (?) a n d e t h n i c
ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ (bare)
lyre reverse A Iollas Iollou gram m ateus
ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ
(bare)
Apollo reverse A D iphilos D iphilou archon to B
ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ
(laureate)
hero reverse A M eniskos D iphilou to Γ
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ (laureate)
horsem an reverse A C haropides Sostratou
axe reverse A M atro n Apolloniou
T here are also coins w ithout an im perial head signed by
ΔΟΡΥΚΑΝΟΣ (B M C 6, 9). T he sam e nam e occurs under
A ugustus, b u t it seems likely th at the coins were m ade by
an earlier hom onym ; as observed in B M C , ‘the style of these
coins is distinctly earlier from th at o f the coins o f Augustus
on w hich the sam e nam e occurs’.

A C hares C haretos, Kokos A C hares, K o

Tiberius
? Bryon Bryonos A Bryon U n d er T iberius, one issue of coins was m ade; like the
A Dorykanos D ioskoridou A D orykanos A ugustan issues it was probably a short-lived one signed by
A A rtem on K odrou several different nam es, as all the coins are stylistically very
A Theokritos Theokritou A Theokritos close and sometimes die-linked. T here seems, however, no
A D ryas gram m ateus demou A D ryas way of telling at w hat period of the reign the issue was
A T ryphon m ade.

G r o u p I I : A u g u s t u s a n d G a i u s C a e s a r , c. 5 bc Caligula
ΣΕΒΑΣ-ΤΟΣ TAIOC T here is no coinage under Caligula: the coin in G (from
which, e.g., vA Index) is, in fact, a coin of A ugustus (H eras
tripod reverse (sam e obverse die) bran ch reverse Epainetou: 2951).

O Papias Apellidou A Papias

A Lynkeus philopatris A Lynkeus Claudius
A Kokos Pollidos A Kokos
Coins were produced by the gram m ateus M . Suillios Anti-
A Diphilos philopatris A Diphilos
ochos in the nam es of C laudius, B ritannicus and the young
A H eras E painetou A H eras
Nero. As at Laodicea, A grippina II is om itted and coins for
A A ttalos M eilichios
N ero are m ore plentiful th an for B ritannicus. T here was
T he rem aining A ugustan issues have been placed together also a ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ issue by A ntiochus, w ith a tem ­
for convenience in a group (group I I I ) , even though they ple on the reverse ΓΕΝΕΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩΝ (see S. R. F. Price,
are not closely associated. All have the ethnic w ith A and R itu a ls a n d P ow er, p. 264, no. 85).
N ero
T here are a nu m b er of nam es on coins of ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣ AP;
m ost o f these are accom panied by sm aller denom inations
for A grippina II. T his, and the draped an d bare-headed
youthful p o rtrait, suggest a date early in the reign for their
production. As in the case of the A ugustan an d T iberian
issue, one gets the im pression th a t the whole coinage was
produced in a relatively short period, perhaps a year c. 55,
by a b oard u n d er a gram m ateus (Pereitas).
M a g is tra te s
T he nam es o f the m agistrates are discussed, if necessary, in
the catalogue. Lists were given by L. W eber (loc. cit.) and
M ünsterberg (B eam tennam en ); as well as the corrections and
additions noted below, one should delete the entries for
C aligula, for Suillius A ntiochus und er T iberius and
D iphilos u n d er T iberius (in fact, a m isread H a p lo s). T here
seems to be no basis for the nam e Α κρίτα ς Διοτρέφου
given by b o th W eber an d M ünsterberg from P (M i 4.300).
T here is now adays no such coin in P; one m ight possibly
suspect a m isreading of a coin of Ά τταλος Διοτρέφου from
A pam ea (3125).
T he inscriptions of H ierapolis seem to suggest th at more
th an one gram m ateus held office at any given tim e (C.
H u m an n et a l., A lte rtü m e r von H ierapolis (D A I E rgänzung­
sheft IV , 1884), p. 29); as some of the coin nam es are
described as gram m ateus, it m ight be tem pting to see them
as representing boards of gram m ateis, p erhaps under a
senior gram m ateus (the gram m ateus demou) (2940). This,
however, perhaps seems unlikely as one describes him self as
an archon. F u rth er study of the die links and the inscrip­
tions m ight throw further light on the question.
vA In d ex
1. T he separate entries for D rusus an d G erm anicus
should be united (see 2968);
2. C aligula should be deleted (see above);
double axe, and sometimes as Apollo K itharoidos. For dis­
cussion, see R E , Suppl. V, cols. 522-35; L I M C s.v. Apollo
485-91; and C. Cichorius in C. H u m an n et a l., A ltertü m er von
H ierapolis (D A I Ergänzungsheft IV , (1984), pp. 42-7). For
Pluto and Persephone, see 2982.
D e n o m in a tio n s
T he following weights and diam eters are found; it is clear
th at there are at least two denom inations involved, but
there are considerable variations (all issues were m ade of
bronze) as can be seen from the table below.
I t is not clear w hether this table represents two basic
denom inations (with varying standards at different
periods), or several different denom inations. For a possible
m ore general lowering of w eight under T iberius, see p. 375.
A u g u s tu s
G ro u p I : A u g u s tu s a n d F a b iu s M a x im u s , 10-9 BC
Z O S I M O S P H I L O P A T R I S A N D C H A R A X
2 9 2 9 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 20 m m , 7.53 g (6). A xis: 12. [ 6 ]
BMC 97, AMc 1390
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Ζ Ω Σ ΙΜ Ο Σ Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ Ρ ΙΣ ΙΕ Ρ Ο Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Χ Α ΡΑ Ξ; lyre
I. L = BMC 9 8 , 9.32; 2. L = BMC 97, 6.79; 3. O = AMC 1390, 8.O4; 4 —5 . P
1289, 1298 ( = W a 6141), 7.35, 7.26; 6 . B (B -I), 6.41. S am e o bv. die.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.
2 9 3 0 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 5 .0 2 g (6). A xis: 12. [ 7 ]
BMC 93, C o p 447
Φ Α Β ΙΟ Σ Μ Α ΞΙΜ Ο Σ; b a re h e a d o f F a b iu s M a x im u s, r.
Ζ Ω Σ ΙΜ Ο Σ Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ Ρ ΙΣ ΙΕ Ρ Ο Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Χ ΑΡΑ Ξ; d o u b le
axe w ith fillet
I . L “ BMC 0 2 , 4.84; 2. L = BMC Q4-, 'V 'u: 2. C o p 447, ς .28; 4 —K. B (B -I,
121/1871), 5.06, 5.08; 6. P 1284 ( = R N 1867, 107), 4.35; 7. NY.
Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 2.
C H A R E S C H A R E T O S A N D K O K O S

3. A grippina I I should be transferred from C laudius to 2931 A E . 1 9 m m , 8 .2 7 g ( 0 - A xis: 12. [ 1 ]

Nero. AMc 1389
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Χ Α ΡΗ Σ Χ Α ΡΗ Τ Ο Σ Κ Ω Κ Ο Σ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A pollo,
T ypes s ta n d in g r., p la y in g lyre
I. 0 =AMC 1 3 8 9 (— NC 1940, 220, no. 5), 8.27.
T he reverse types, a p a rt from the tem ple of the ΓΕΝΟΣ
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩΝ (see above), nearly all refer to the principal 2 9 3 2 A E . 1 4 m m , 2 .9 7 g (2)· A xis: 12. [ 2 ]
deity o f H ierapolis, Apollo Archegetes, also known as BMC 96
Apollo L airbenos (see R am say, P hrygia, p. 96; L. R obert, Φ Α Β ΙΟ Σ Μ Α ΞΙΜ Ο Σ; b a re h e a d o f F a b iu s M a x im u s, r.
Villes d ’A s ie M in eu re, pp. 138, 362); he is shown sometimes ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Χ Α ΡΗ Σ ΚΩ
radiate, som etim es not, sometimes on horseback with a i . L — BMC 96, 2.84; 2. B (L ö b b ), 3.10.

Augustus
I Zosimos 20m m, 7.53g (6) 18mm, 5.02g (6)
I rest 19mm, 5.97g (13) 14mm, 2.89g (19)
II 19mm, 5.97g (11) 14mm, 3.20g (7)
II I 18mm, 4.85g (31)

Tiberius 16mm, 3.94g (13) 13mm, 2.38g

Claudius 18 mm, 5.58 g (33)

Nero 18mm, 5.86g (30) 3 . 5 7 g (7)
 A S I A : Hierapolis (2 933-2951) 483

B R Y O N B R Y O N O S T R Y P H O N
2 933 A E . ig m m , 5 .2 4 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ] 2 9 4 2 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 4 m m , 3 .0 2 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 4 ]
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. BMC 95
ΒΡΥΩ Ν Β ΡΥ Ω Ν Ο Σ [ΙΕ Ρ Α ]Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω [Ν ]; A pollo, s ta n d in g
Φ Α Β ΙΟ Σ Μ Α ΞΙΜ Ο Σ; b a re h e a d o f F a b iu s M a x im u s, r.
r., p la y in g lyre ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Τ ΡΥ Φ Ω Ν
I. P 1292 ( = W a 6135), 5.24.
i . L = B M C 9 5 , 3.13; 2—3. B (B -I, 981/1901), 3.18, 2.85; 4 . P 1283 ( = W a
6143 = RN 1867, I08), 2.92; 5. PV .
2 9 3 4 A E . 1 4 m m , 2 .7 1 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
Φ Α Β ΙΟ Σ Μ Α ΞΙΜ Ο Σ; b a re h e a d o f F a b iu s M a x im u s, r.
ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ΒΡΥΩ Ν
G ro u p I I : A u g u s tu s a n d G a iu s , c.5 BC
i . P 1282 ( = W a 6142 w ith pi. X V I .2 4 = r n 1867, 108, w ith pi. IV .3),
2.71. P A P I A S A P E L L I D O U
2 9 4 3 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 9 m m , 6 .2 1 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 6 ]
D O R Y K A N O S D I O S K O U R I D O U
2 935 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 9 m m , 5 .0 1 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 2 ] BMC 99, AMC 1392

BMC 102 ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Π Α Π ΙΑ Σ Α Π Ε Λ Λ ΙΔ Ο Υ ΙΕ Ρ Ο Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; trip o d
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
I. O = A M C 1 392, 5.75; 2. L = bm c 99, 6.18; 3—4 . B (I-B = km 238, n o .
Δ Ο ΡΥ Κ Α Ν Ο Σ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Ο Υ Ρ ΙΔ Ο Υ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A pollo,
16, F ox), 7.49, 5.33; 5 . P 1285 ( = km 238, no. 17), 6.30; 6. C Leake
s ta n d in g r., p la y in g ly re S u p p l. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2.
i . L = b m c 102, 5.09; 2. B (I-B = gm 691 w ith T af. X I I .20), 4.93.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1. 2 9 4 4 A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .3 9 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
Γ Α ΙΟ Σ ; b a re h e a d o f G aiu s C a e s a r, r.
2 936 A E . 1 4 m m , 2 .7 4 g (2)· A xis: 12. [ 2 ]
ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Π Α Π ΙΑ Σ ; la u re l b ra n c h
AMc 1385, C o p 448 I. B (F o x ), 3.39.
Φ Α Β ΙΟ Σ Μ Α ΞΙΜ Ο Σ; b a re h e a d o f F a b iu s M a x im u s, r.
L Y N K E U S P H I L O P A T R I S
ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Δ Ο ΡΥ Κ Α Ν Ο Σ
2 9 4 5 A E . 1 9 m m , 5 .8 0 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
i . C o p 4 4 8 , 3.05; 2. O = AMC 1385 ( = no 1920, 220, no. 6), 2.42. F o r the
n am e, see L. R o b ert, M onnaies Grecques, p. 69. BMC 100

A R T E M O N K O D R O U ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
2 937 A E . 1 9 m m , 5 .6 4 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 2 ] Λ Υ Ν Κ ΕΥ Σ Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ ΡΙΣ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; trip o d
i . L = b m c io o , 5.66; 2. B (I-B = km 238, no. 20); 3 . M u 11, 5.93.
BMC 103
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. 2946 A E . 1 4 m m , 2 .8 9 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
Α ΡΤΕ Μ Ω Ν Κ Ο Δ Ρ Ο Υ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A pollo, sta n d in g , ΓΑ ΙΟ Σ; b a re h e a d o f G a iu s C a e sa r, r.
r., p la y in g lyre ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Λ Υ Ν Κ ΕΥ Σ; la u re l b ra n c h
i. L = bmc 103, 5.64; 2. N Y. i . B 279/1884, 2.72; 2. v A 3 6 4 6 , 3.05.

T H E O K R I T O S T H E O K R I T O U K o k o s P o l l i d o s p h i l ( o p a t r i s ) ( ? )
2 938 A E . 1 9 m m , 5 .5 3 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 2 ] 2947 A E . ig m m , A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
gm 739, no. 694 BMC 101
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Θ Ε Ο Κ Ρ ΙΤ Ο Σ Θ Ε Ο Κ Ρ ΙΤ Ο Υ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A pollo, Κ Ω Κ Ο Σ Π Ο Λ Λ ΙΔ Ο Σ Φ ΪΛ (?) ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; trip o d
s ta n d in g r., p la y in g lyre i . L = B M C i o i ; 2. K ovacs I X (1988) lo t 180 (no m o n o g ram ?). T h e
i . P 1293 ( = W a 6136), 6.58; 2. P 1288, 4.49. in te rp re ta tio n o f th e m o n o g ram is n o t certain .

2 939 A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .1 7 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 2 ] 2 9 4 8 A E . 1 4 m m , 2 .6 5 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]

AMc 1387 Γ Α ΙΟ Σ ; b a re h e a d o f G a iu s C a e sa r.
ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Κ Ω Κ Ο Σ; la u re l b ra n c h
Φ Α Β ΙΟ Σ Μ Α ΞΙΜ Ο Σ; b a re h e a d o f F a b iu s M a x im u s, r.
i . P 1 3 0 0 ( = W a 6145 co rr.), 2.65.
ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Θ Ε Ο Κ Ρ ΙΤ Ο Σ
i . O = AMC 1387, 2.79; 2. B (I-B — km 238, no. 15), 3.06; 3. B r, 3.65. D I P H I L O S P H I L O P A T R I S

D ryas gram m ateus demou

2 9 4 9 A E . ig m m , 6.11 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
2 9 4 0 A E . 1 9 m m , 6 .4 8 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 5 ] Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Δ ΙΦ ΙΛ Ο Σ Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ ΡΙΣ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; trip o d
C o p 449
i . F 1 2 9 6 ( = W a 6139), 6.35; 2. B (I-B = km 238, no. 18), 5.86; 3. V
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. 27706.
Δ ΡΥ Α Σ ΓΡΑ Μ Μ Α ΤΕΥ Σ Δ Η Μ Ο Υ ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ;
A pollo, sta n d in g r., p la y in g lyre 2 9 5 0 A E . 1 4 m m , 2.81 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
I . P 1 2 9 4 ( = W a 6137), 6.76; 2. P 1295 ( = W a 6138), 5.85; 3 . C o p 449, ΓΑ ΙΟ Σ; b a re h e a d o f G a iu s C aesar,, r.
6.88; 4 . B (B -I), 6.94; 5. V 30086; 6 . L in d g ren 970, 5.75. ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Δ ΙΦ ΙΛ Ο Σ ; la u re l b ra n c h
i . P 1301 ( - W a 6146), 2.81.
2941 A E . 1 4 m m , 2 .7 1 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 4 ]
AMC 1386 H E R A S E P A I N E T O U
2951 A E . 1 9 m m , 5 .9 9 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]
Φ Α Β ΙΟ Σ Μ Α Ξ ΙΜ Ο Σ; b a re h e a d o f F a b iu s M a x im u s, r.
ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Δ ΡΥ Α Σ; in w re a th ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
i . O — A M C 13 8 6 , 3.02; 2—4 . B (I-B = km 238, no. 14, I-B = gm, no. 688,
Η ΡΑ Σ Ε Π Α ΙΝ Ε Τ Ο Υ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; trip o d
R au c h ), 2.70, 2.68, 2.42. r . B (I-B ) ( — km 238, no. 19), 5.99; 2. G 8 (‘C alig u la’).
 484 ASIA: Hierapolis (2952-2964)

2952 A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .9 5 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 4 ] ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.

C o p 451 Μ Α ΤΡΩ Ν Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Υ ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; d o u b le axe on
b asis, w ith sn ak e coiled a ro u n d a n d s u rm o u n te d by
Γ Α ΙΟ Σ; b a re h e a d o f G a iu s C a e sa r, r. ra d ia te h e a d
ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Η ΡΑ Σ ; la u re l b ra n c h
I. L = B M C 1 0 6 , 5.52; 2. P 1297 ( = W a 6140 ‘ΜΑΤΙΩΝ’), 6.34; 3—4 . B
i . N Y ; 2. C o p 451, 4.06; 3 . B (I-B = gm 694b), 4.31; 4 . P 1299 ( = W a (28778, I-B = km 239, no. 22, w ith T af. V I I . 30), 3.48, 4.28; 5. O = amc
6 H 4 )> 3 -4 5 · 1391, 6.49; 6. M u 11a, 4.79; 7. C 359/1948, 5.05; 8. W a d d ell 9.12.1982,
lot 352, 5.07. ΜΑΤΡΩΝ w as p referred by Im h o o f-B lu m er to W a d d in g to n ’s
A T T A L O S ( A N D ? ) M E I L I C H I O S ΜΑΤΙΩΝ; for th e n a m e Μάτρων, see L G P N , p. 300; for its o ccu rren ce at
2953 A E . 1 9 m m , 5 .7 6 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 3 ] H ierap o lis, see W eb er, p. 487. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
C o u n te rm ark : R a d ia te h ea d (A pollo L a irb en o s) ( G IC 11: 5).
km 238, no. 21
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Α Τ Τ Α Λ Ο Σ Μ Ε ΙΛ ΙΧ ΙΟ Σ ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; trip o d
I . B (I-B) ( = KM 2 l) , 5.83; 2. P 1287, 4.81; 3. C = SNG 4 9 7 7 , 6.62;
4 . W in te rth u r ( = grm k 152, no. 5).
T ib e r iu s

A s k le p ia d e s
G r o u p I I I : A u g u s tu s (? ) a lo n e , c . A D 5 ( ? ) (se e in tr o d u c tio n
2 9 5 9 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 6 m m , 3 .5 4 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
f o r d is c u s s io n )
BMC 109
i O L L A S l O L L O U grammateus Τ ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
2 9 5 4 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 17 m m , 5 .4 4 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 7 ] ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Α Σ Κ Λ Η Π ΙΑ Δ Η Σ ; lyre; ab o v e, m o n o g ra m
BMC 107 T4
i . L = b m c 1 0 9 , 3.53; 2. M M A G 505 (1987) lo t 118, 3.55. T h e m o n o g ram
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
is clear on 2, a n d seem s to co n sist o f T, N a n d E w ith tw o Os above:
ΙΟ Λ Λ Α Σ ΙΟ Λ Λ Ο Υ Γ ΡΑ Μ Μ Α ΤΕΥ Σ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; lyre p e rh a p s ΝΕΩΤΕΡΟΣ? ΣΤΕΦΑΝΕΦΟΡΟΣ seem s unlikely, as th ere seem s to be
i . N Y ; 2 - 3 . L = BMC 107-8, 4.71, 4-85; 4—5. B (I-B = GM 694a, Fox), no Σ. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
6.98, 5.22; 6. G 7; 7. M u 11b. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2. C o u n te rm ark : KPA ( G I C 634: 1).

D i P H i L O s D i P H i L O u archon to B 2 9 6 0 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .9 5 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 4 ]

2955 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 7 m m , 4 .2 1 g (7). A xis: 12. [ 6 ] A s 2 9 5 9 , b u t A pollo, sta n d in g r., p la y in g ly re (no
BMC 104, C o p 452 m o n o g ra m , a p p a re n tly )
i . B (I-B), 3.56; 2. B (F ox), 4.38; 3 . V 30908; 4. P 1 3 0 2 ( = W a 6147),
Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
3 -9 7 -
Δ ΙΦ ΙΛ Ο Σ Δ ΙΦ ΙΛ Ο Υ Α ΡΧ Ω Ν TO B ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A pollo, C o u n te rm ark : S ta r ( G I C 445: 2, 4).
sta n d in g r., p la y in g lyre
i . L = b m c 1 0 4 , 3.89; 2. P 1290 ( = W a 6132), 5.38; 3—4 . B (I-B = km
240, no. 24a, F ox), 6.15, 5.19; 5. C o p 452, 5.40; 6 . C , 3.44. T h e coin is
H a p lo s
often a ttrib u te d to T ib e riu s, b u t th e ap p e a ra n c e o f th e p o rtra it seem s like
th a t on coins o f C h aro p id es S o strato u a n d M eniskos D iphilou (?the
b ro th e r o f D iphilos); a n a ttrib u tio n to A u g u stu s thus seem s m ore likely,
2961 A E . 1 6 m m , 4 .9 7 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]
th o u g h n o t bey o n d d o u b t. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. k m 240, no. 25

M E N I S K O S D I P H I L O U tO Γ Τ ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ [Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ]; la u re a te h e a d , r.
2956 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 4 .9 6 g (g). A xis: 12. [ 9 ] ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Α Π Λ Ο Σ ; lyre
i . B (I-B = k m , no. 25), 4.97; 2. V 3 3 6 6 8 .
BMC 105, AMC 1388, C o p 450
C o u n te rm ark : KPA ( G IC 634: 1).
Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Μ Ε Ν ΙΣΚ Ο Σ Δ ΙΦ ΙΛ Ο Υ T O Γ ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A pollo 2 9 6 2 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .9 7 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 4 ]
s ta n d in g , 1., w ith p h ia le a n d d o u b le axe grmk 152, no. 6
i . L = b m c 1 0 5 , 4.89; 2—3 . P 1286, 1286a ( = W a 6133), 4.08, 5.56; 4 . B A s 2 9 6 1 , b u t A pollo, sta n d in g r., p la y in g lyre
(I-B = km 239, no. 23), 4.38; 5 . O — AMC 1388, 4.45; 6. C M cC le an 8823,
i . N Y ; 2—3. B (I-B = gm 739, no. 695, B -I = grm k, no. 6), 4.01, 4.33;
6.20; 7. C o p 450, 5.06; 8 - 9 . V 32390, 23945, 4 -3 2 . —; 10. vA 3644, 5.72.
4 . L = BMC I 10, 3.58.
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
C o u n te rm ark : s ta r ( G I C 445: 1)
C H A R O P I D E S S O S T R A T O U
2957 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 4 .8 1 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
km 239, no. 24
M enandros

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. 2 9 6 3 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .7 1 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]

Χ Α Ρ Ο Π ΙΔ Η Σ Σ Ω Σ Τ Ρ Α Τ Ο Υ ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A p o llo on
h o rse b a c k , r., w ith d o u b le axe
I . L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 - 2 2 4 4 (ex vA 3645), 4.87; 2. L 1 9 2 1 -4 -1 2 -9 5 , 4.99; 3. B
(I-B — km 239, no. 24, cf. gm 739, no. 698 co rr.), 4.43; 4 . W e b er 7113,
4.96. M ü n ste rb e rg , Beamtennamen, a n d W e b er (p. 488) give ΧΑΡΩΠΙΔΗΣ
b u t th e O is clear. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
M A T R O N A P O L L O N I O U
2958 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 5 .1 4 g (7). A xis: 12.
BMC 106, AMC 1391
Τ ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν M E N A N [; ly re, to r., m o n o g ra m A
I. B (B -I) ( = RSN 1913, 69, no. 193), 4.03; 2. B (L ö b b ), 3.38.
C o u n te rm ark : KPA ( G I C 634: 2).
2 9 6 4 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .9 4 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
A s 2 9 6 3 , b u t Μ Ε Ν Α Ν Δ Ρ Ο Σ a n d A pollo, sta n d in g r.,
[ 7 ] p la y in g lyre (no m o n o g ra m , a p p a re n tly )
I. O (= N C 1940, 220, no. 7), 3.94.
C o u n te rm ark : S ta r ( G IC 445: 1).
 A S I A : Hierapolis (29 6 5 -2 9 7 6 ) 485

Z o s im o s H ie r o n e ik [ 2971 A E . 1 8 m m , 3 .5 9 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]

2965 A E . 1 6 m m , 4 .1 8 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1] ΒΡΙΤΑ Ν Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣΑ Ρ; d ra p e d b u s t o f B rita n n ic u s , r.

ΣΥ ΙΛ Λ ΙΟ Σ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ο Σ IE P Α Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; ta b le w ith tw o
Τ ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
crow ns; to r., p a lm b ra n c h
ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Ζ Ω Σ ΙΜ Ο Σ IE P O N E IK [ ; lyre
I . O ( = NC 1940, 220, no. 8), 3.59.
i . B (L o b b ), 4.18.
C o u n te rm ark : KPA ( G I C 634: 1). 2 9 7 2 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 8 m m , 4 .5 6 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 5 ]
2966 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .7 8 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1] bmc 117
km 240, no. 26 Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣΑ Ρ; d ra p e d b u s t o f N ero , r.
ΣΥ ΙΛ Λ ΙΟ Σ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ο Σ IE P Α Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; d o u b le axe on
A s 2 9 6 5 , b u t Ζ Ω Σ ΙΜ Ο Σ [ ]N E I[ a n d A pollo, sta n d in g r.,
b asis, w ith sn ak e coiled a ro u n d a n d s u rm o u n te d by
p la y in g lyre
ra d ia te h e a d
i . B (I-B ) (= km 26), 3.78.
C o u n te rm ark : s ta r ( G I C 445: 1) r . L = b m c 1 1 7 , 6.16; 2 . P 1309, 4.48; 3 —4 . B (3644, B - I ), 5.26, 2.90;
5 . V 27536; 6 . S ch u lten (22.4.1985) lo t 368, 4.03. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: 1.

[ T h je o tim o s [L J y k o to u 2 9 7 3 B ronze. 1 8 m m , 5 .7 7 g (10). A xis: 12. [ 9 ]

2 967 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .2 8 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ] BMC I I

[Τ ΙΒ Ε ΡΙΟ Σ] Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
[IEP Α Π Ο ] Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω [N Θ ]Ε Ο Τ Ε ΙΜ Ο Σ [Λ ]Υ Κ Ω ΤΟ Υ ; A pollo,
s ta n d in g r., p la y in g lyre
i . O , 3.28. T h e resto ratio n T h eo teim o s seem s sure; for th e n a m e Λυκώτης
a t H ierap o lis, see C . H u m a n n , loc. cit ., in scrip tio n no. 178.
G e r m a n ic u s a n d D r u s u s
Μ ΣΥ ΙΛ Λ ΙΟ Σ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ο Σ IE P Α Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t (o f
A pollo?), r.
Γ Ε Ν Ε Ι ΣΕ Β Α ΣΤ Ω Ν ; te m p le w ith six c o lu m n s
i . B 391/1880, 5.63; 2 —5 . B ( I- B , Β Ί , L ö b b , L ö b b ) , 5.15, 5.75, 5-88, 6.94;
6 - 7 . P 1307-8, 5.92, 5.90; 8 . P 1 2 8 1 ( = W a 6131), 4.59; g . L = bmc i i ,
5.98. T h e h ea d h as been id entified as D ionysus b y B M C a n d A g rip p in a I I
(Z/W, 1882, p. 4); b u t th e w re a th seem s to be o f la u rel a n d th e h airsty le is
w ro n g for A g rip p in a (no cue on th e neck); A pollo seem s th e obvious
altern ativ e. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 9.

2968 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 3 m m , 2 .3 8 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]

BMC 1 1 I
Nero, c. a d 55
TEPM AN IK OC; la u re a te h e a d o f G e rm a n ic u s, r.
APOYCOC ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; b a re h e a d o f D ru su s, r.
P e r e ita s B g r(a m m a te u s )
I . L = B M C i n , 2.38. T h e a u th e n tic ity o f th e coin (acq u ired by th e B M in
1845) is n o t bey o n d q u estion, in view o f th e u n u s u a l p o rtra its (especially
2 9 7 4 B ronze. 18 m m , 6 .3 2 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 4 ]
th e la u re a te head) a n d th e absence o f a m a g is tra te ’s nam e (com pare
3 0 5 8 ) . I t m ight p e rh a p s h av e been alte re d from som eth in g else. O n the BMC 1 18
o th e r h a n d , the coin show s no sign o f alte ra tio n , a n d it m ig h t ju s t be th e
sm all d en o m in atio n co rresp o n d in g to th e ‘issue’ signed by th e m a g istrates.
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣΑ Ρ; d ra p e d b u st, r.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i. Π Ε Ρ Ε ΙΤ Α Σ B ΓΡ ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A pollo o n h o rse b a c k ,
r., w ith d o u b le axe
i . L = b m c i i 8 , 6.01; 2. P 1313 ( — W a 6150 — mg 403, no. 113), 6.15;
3. B (L ö b b ); 4 . M u 12a, 6.68. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: t.
C o u n te rm ark : R ad iate h e a d ( G IC n : 3 -4 ).
Claudius, AD 50-4
M . S u illio s A n tio c h o s g ra (m m a te u s ) T i D io n y s io s

2969 B ronze. 18 m m , 5.99 g (12). A xis: 12. [ 12 ] 2 9 7 5 A E . 1 8 m m , 6 .1 0 g (6). A xis: 12. [ 9 ]

BMC 112, C o p 453 bmc 1 19

Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Μ ΣΥ ΙΛ Λ ΙΟ Σ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ο Σ Γ ΡΑ IE P Α Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A pollo,
sta n d in g r., p la y in g ly re
i . L = b m c 1 1 3 , 6.66; 2 . L = bmc 112, 4.78; 3 —5 . P 1304-5, 1303 ( = W a
6148), 5.41, 6.27, 5.43; 6 - 7 . C o p 4 5 3 -4 , 7.80, 5.62; 8 - 9 . B ( I- B , L ö b b ),
5.70, 7.57; 1 0 . V 32912, 4.90; i i —1 2 . M u 12, M ytilene 58. E.g., 8 is from
th e sam e obv. die as 2 9 7 0 / 8 . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
C o u n te rm ark : R a d ia te h e a d ( G I C 11: 3, 11).
Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u st, r.
Τ Ι Δ ΙΟ Ν Υ Σ ΙΟ Σ ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A p o llo o n h o rse b a c k , r.,
w ith d o u b le axe
i . L = b m c 120, 6.06; 2—4 . L = bm c 119, 121, 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -2 2 4 7 (ex vA
3650), 5-58, 4-87, 5·80; 5 “ 6 · p Ι 3 ΪΟ» ϊ 3 ϊ 2 ( = W a 6149), 8.16, 6.18; 7. B
(I-B = m g 403, no. 112), 5.93; 8—9. V 30168, 30909.
C o u n te rm ark : R a d ia te h e a d ( G I C 11: 6, 7, 8).

2 9 7 0 B ronze. 1 8 m m , 5 .5 9 g (10). A xis: 12. [ 13] C h ares B, P a p ia s

bm c 114, C o p 455 2 9 7 6 A E . 1 8 m m , 5 .7 4 g (7). A xis: 12. [ 6 ]

Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r. bmc 122, C o p 456
Μ ΣΥ ΙΛ Λ ΙΟ Σ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ο Σ ΓΡΑ IE P Α Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A p o llo on
h o rse b a c k , r., w ith d o u b le axe Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u st, r.
Χ Α ΡΗ Σ B Π Α Π ΙΑ Σ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A pollo o n h o rse b a c k ,
i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —2 2 4 5 (ex vA 3647), 6.64; 2 —4 . L = bmc i 14-16, 5.61,
5.94, 5.29; 5 . C o p 455, 4.65; 6 . P 1306, 6.06; 7 . O , 5.38; 8 . B ( I- B ) , 4.93; r., w ith d o u b le axe
9 —i i . V 38548, 28726, 30982; 1 2 —1 3 . M u 12α, ΐ2β; 1 4 . vA 3648, 5.59; i . C o p 4 5 6 , 5.90; 2—3. L = bmc 122, 1 9 3 0 -1 2 -1 0 -1 2 , 6.59, 4.78; 4 —5 . B
1 5 . W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 353, 5.75. E.g., 8 is from th e sam e obv. die as (B -I — km 240, no. 27, F o x ), 4.83, 6.45; 6. V 35399, 6.04; 7. W e b er 7114,
2 9 6 9 / 8 . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. 5 -5 7 ·
C o u n te rm ark : R a d ia te h ea d ( G I C 11: 6, 7, 9, 14). C o u n te rm ark : R a d ia te h e a d ( G I C 11: 3, 5).
2977 A E . 15 m m , 3.99 g (1). A xis: 12.
Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π Ε ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r.
[Χ ]Α Ρ Η Σ B Π Α Π ΙΑ Σ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ [Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ]; c u p b e tw e e n tw o
b ra n c h e s
i . B (F o x ) ( = NC 1913, 154, a n d pi. I I . 29), 3.99. ·
M . A n to n io s K a lo s
2978 B ronze. 1 8 m m , 5 .4 1 g (4). A xis: 12.
BMC 123
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u st, r.
Μ Α Ν Τ Ω Ν ΙΟ Σ Κ Α Λ Ο Σ ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; Z eus s ta n d in g , 1.,
w ith eag le a n d sc e p tre
i . B (I-B ) (= g m 696), 5.84; 2. L = bmc 123, 5.45; 3. O , 4.80; 4. B
390/1880, 5.58; 5. M u 12b. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2.
C o u n te rm ark : R a d ia te h ea d ( G IC 11: 3).
2979 B ronze. 1 5 m m , 4 .4 0 g (3). A xis: 12.
BMC 124
Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π Ε ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r.
Μ Α Ν Τ Ω Ν ΙΟ Σ Κ Α Λ Ο Σ ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; sn a k e coiled
ro u n d sta ff
i . L = b m c 124, 3.69; 2. L = BMC 125, 4.72; 3. B (B -I), 4.79. Q u a lita tiv e
m e tal analysis on: i.
L o (? ) H e lo u io s O p to m o s
2980 A E . 1 8 m m , 6 .4 6 g (3). A xis: 12.
km 240, no. 28
Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u st, r.
A O Ε Λ Ο Υ ΙΟ Σ Ο Π Τ Ο Μ Ο Σ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; c o rn u c o p ia
w ith d o u b le axe to 1.
T he coinage of H ydrela was catalogued by H . von Aulock,
M ü n z e n u n d Städte P hrygiens I, pp. 110-13. T h e evidence for
its (uncertain) location on the u p p er M aean d er an d near
the borders of Phrygia and C aria is discussed by him on pp.
57 - 8 -
H ydrela h ad m ade some rare bronze coins in the H ellen­
istic period (e.g., L 1979-1-1-1066 = vA 3674, B M C 1),
and in the im perial period coinage is equally rare. D uring
the Ju lio -C lau d ian period there are only two issues, one
under A ugustus an d one und er Nero. O n both the reverse
design is M en on horseback, as on some of the H ellenistic
coins.
T he coins o f N ero are signed by a m an of the sam e nam e,
Apellas A thenagorou, who dedicated coins of H ydrela
under H a d ria n (B M C 3); he is presum ably the grandson of
the N eronian m an. T h e p o rtrait of Nero suggests a date
tow ards the end of N ero’s reign.
Sardis (Caesarea)
Sardis h ad been a sm all m int for silver cistophori and a
prolific issuer of bronze coins in the H ellenistic period; the
city continued to m int bronze in the im perial period.
[ 1 ] i . V 19 8 7 4 ; 2—3 . B (L ö b b = km 28, Fox), 5.95, 6.90; 4 . JS W , 6.53. Lo is
n o t ce rtain , th o u g h L. H elv iu s O p to m u s seem s a p la u sib le nam e.
C o u n te rm ark : R a d ia te h ea d ( G I C 11: 2).
2981 Bronze. 1 5 m m , .
3 77 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
BMC 126
ΑΓΡΙΠΠΕΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; draped bust of Agrippina II, r.
ΕΛΟΥΙΟΣ ΟΠΤΟΜΟΣ ΙΕΡΑΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ; thyrsus
i . L = b m c 1 2 6 (a p p a re n tly w ith ΑΠΤΟΜ ΟΣ, in e rro r), 3.77; 2. B (I-
[ 5 ] B — gm 697 = Nz 4, T af. X .4 ).
M a g u t e s n e o te r o s
2982 A E . 1 8 m m , 5 .4 2 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 4 ]
Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u s t, r.
Μ Α ΓΥ Τ Η Σ Ν Ε Ω Τ Ε Ρ Ο Σ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; P lu to a n d
P e rse p h o n e in c h a rio t, r.
[ 3 ]
I . B (B -I) (= R S N 1913, 69, no. 194 co rr.), 5.95; 2 . B (323/1894), 5.20;
3 . P 13 1 1, 5.68; 4 . P M ag y d u s 229 ( = W a 3297), 5.63; 5 . J S W , 4.67. T h is
ty p e a n d th a t o f th e n ex t refer to th e P lu to n iu m o r C h aro n e io n a t
H ierap o lis (W eb er, N C , 1913, p. 144; C ic h o riu s in C . H u m a n n et al., op.
cit., p p . 4, 38, 44; R am sa y , Phrygia, p. 86). F o r a co rresp o n d in g type a t
O rth o s ia , reflecting its p ro x im ity to th e P lu to n iu m a t N ysa, see 2 8 4 6 .
C o u n te rm ark : R a d ia te h ea d ( G I C 11: 3 -4 ).
2983 A E . 1 5 m m , 4 .0 1 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]
BMC 127
Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π Ε ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r.
[ 3 ] Μ Α ΓΥ ΤΗ Σ Ν Ε Ω Τ Ε Ρ Ο Σ ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; D e m e te r, se a te d
1., h o ld in g e a r o f c o rn a n d p o p p ie s
i . L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—2 2 4 6 (ex vA 3649), 3.23; 2 . L = bm c 127, 4.82.
Hydrela
A u g u s tu s (?)
2 9 8 4 A E . 1 5 m m , 4 .5 2 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
vA Phryg. I, 320
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Ε Υ Θ Υ Δ Ω ΡΟ Σ Y Δ Ρ Η Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; M ê n o n h o rse, r.
i . B (B -I) ( = km 245, no. i, w ith T a f. V I I I . 3), 4.52. R eg a rd ed b y von
A ulock, H N , a n d M ü n ste rb e rg , Beamtennamen, as a coin o f N ero, b u t the
p o rtra it seem s m ore like th a t o f A u g u stu s, to w h o m Im ho o f-B lu m er
a ttrib u te d th e coin.
N ero, a d 6 3 -8
2 9 8 5 A E . 21 m m , 5 .7 4 g (3). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 3 ]
vA Phryg. I, 321 -2
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u r e a te h e a d , r.
Α Π Ε Λ Λ Α Σ Α Θ Η Ν Α Γ Ο Ρ Ο Υ Υ Δ ΡΗ Λ (Ε )ΙΤ Ω Ν ; M ê n on
h o rse, r.
*· B 4 5 5 Λ 8 9 *. 6 .68; 2. L = BMC 4 ( ‘H a d r ia n ’), 5.10; 3. M u J u lia ,
P h r y g ia , 2 ( = vA Phryg. J u lia 415), 5.43. S am e obv. die.
A lthough no system atic study o f the coinage has yet been
produced, the excavations from Sardis have produced
num erous coins o f this period, published by H . W. Bell,

X I: Coins ( i g i o - 1 4 ) (1916), and A. Jo h n sto n ‘T he
S a rd is
Greek C oins’, in T . V. B uttrey, A nn Jo h n sto n , K en n eth M .
M acK enzie an d M ichael L. Bates, Greek, R om an, and Isla m ic
Coins fr o m Sardis (1981).
Augustus
T he relative order of D iodoros an d D am as is not certain as
there is little to choose betw een portraits they use. T he
coins of D am as, however, look quite like T iberian coins of
O pinas an d Akiamos, so he has been placed later than
Diodoros. Both issues w ere probably quite late in the reign
to ju d g e from the type of p o rtrait. D am as’s coins are close in
style, particularly the obverse p o rtra it and legend, to the
‘alliance’ coins o f M ousaios (2988). T his ‘alliance’ coin with
Pergam um is reciprocated by a sim ilar issue from
Pergam um (2362), datin g to about a d i , an d has been
discussed by R. Pera, H om onoia suile M onete da A u g u sto agli
A n to n in i (1984), pp. 17-20. Both issues have been found in
the Sardis excavations, though it is not clear w hether there
was any attem p t to circulate the alliance coinage a t each of
the two cities on a reciprocal basis (coins of Pergam um are
anyw ay found at Sardis). In view of the likely date of the
‘alliance’ coin an d the general sim ilarity betw een the
portraits of D am as and D iodoros, it seems th a t there was
probably no A ugustan coinage before the last decade b c .
Tiberius
T he issue jo in tly signed by O pinas an d Akiamos was pro b ­
ably m ade a t the beginning of the reign as it uses the simple
ethnic ΣΑΡΔΙΑΝΩΝ (see below ). T he sm aller denom ination
is a continuation or revival o f a com m on type of the first
century b c .
After the earthquake of a d i 7, Sardis changed its nam e to
Sardis C aesarea in acknow ledgem ent of the substantial
financial help provided by the em peror. This is the subject
of the coins m ade by Ioulios K leon and M em non, which
depict the em peror raising or restoring the Tyche of the
city. O n the reverse is a depiction of Livia as a goddess,
presum ably D em eter.
Germanicus and Drusus
T here are three issues, each of w hich is m ore or less
problem atic.
i . O ne issue has the ethnic Sardis C aesarea an d m ay well
be the sm aller denom ination issued by K leon an d M em non,
though lacking their nam es. I f so, both types presum ably
date to betw een 17 an d 19.
3. T here is also a separate issue for G erm anicus, signed
by M naseas in the nom inative. T his is m ore of a problem ,
as it does not ‘h an g ’ on to the T ib erian issues, either by
ethnic or m agistrate; in addition it has an odd die axis (one
o’clock). I t has been suggested th a t it m ight be a p osthu­
mous issue by G ran t ( N C , 1949, p. 163, n. 151 ); he pointed
out the clear sim ilarity w ith p o rtraits of C laudius. Jo h n sto n
(loc. cit.) agreed th a t it m ight be posthum ous, like the post­
hum ous coins from the m int of Rome. A M naseas appears
under N ero, b u t his nam e is always in the genitive after ΕΠΙ
(it is in the nominativè, on the coins of G erm anicus), and by
A S I A : Sardis (Caesarea) 4.8J
the tim e of Nero the die axis m ay be six o’clock as well as
twelve o’clock. This six/twelve o’clock die axis first appears
un d er C laudius, whereas twelve was norm al under
A ugustus and Tiberius; this suggests th a t the issue should
probably fall somewhere under T iberius or C aligula, b u t
greater precision is not possible. (It is possible th at one
issue of the N eronian M naseas calls him ‘M naseas the
Y ounger’, 3006; if he dates to the mid-sixties, a date in the
m id-thirties would obviously be appropriate for a father,
b u t this is ju st guesswork).
3. D rusus and G erm anicus. T he large coins bearing on
the reverse a w reath enclosing the inscription ΚΟΙΝΟΥ
ΑΣΙΑΣ and on the obverse the figures o f ΔΡΟΥΣΟΣ KAI
ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΣ Ν ΕΟΙ Θ ΕΟ Ι ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΟΙ,
traditionally attrib u ted to Sardis (B M C 104), raises several
problem s. First, where were they made? T he attribution to
Sardis rests on the reverse inscription ΕΠ Ι ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ
ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ ΚΛΕΩΝΟΣ ΣΑΡΔΙΑΝΟΥ, b u t this is
obviously a weak reason since the high priest of the K oinon
(w hether or not he happened to be a citizen of Sardis) could
clearly be responsible for an issue anyw here in Asia and
m ight be expected to reside in the city w here the K oinon’s
tem ple was: i.e., Pergam um . G aebler (Z/JV X X IV , 1904, p.
256, n. 2), who first corrected the reading of the reverse
from ΣΑΡΔΙΑΝΩΝ to ΣΑΡΔΙΑΝΟΥ, suggested Pergam um
for this reason, while M ünsterberg (B eam tennam en) sug­
gested Ephesus; Jo h n sto n has suggested th a t the coins
‘belong elsewhere’ th an Sardis and th at, as the reverse type
and legend seem to refer to the gam es of the K oinon,
Pergam um , Ephesus or Sm yrna are likely candidates. I t is
difficult to decide between the relative m erits of these dif­
ferent candidates. Sm yrna is the only one to produce coins
of anything like the same large size, but, for its single
T iberian issue (between 29 and 35), uses C rath er th an Σ,
and has a die axis which is twelve or six o ’clock, ra th e r than
twelve as on the D rusus and G erm anicus coins. T h e same
twelve o’clock die axis is used at Pergam um and Ephesus
under T iberius, b u t both have C (though it is true th a t Σ
reappears at Ephesus under C laudius). Pergam um particu ­
larly m inted coins for G erm anicus and D rusus. It seems
w orth while, however, restating the case for Sardis as the
m int; none of the objections about letter forms or die axis
apply there, and the strongest argum ent for an attribution
to Sardis is the evidence of finds, as no fewer th an six pieces
are recorded in the recent volume on the Sardis excava­
tions. T his is a lot by the standards of coins found in these
excavations, and, as far as seems known, no other proven­
ances have been recorded, a p a rt from two from Pergam um
(K . Regling, B lä tte r f ü r M ü n zfre u n d e , 1914, cols. 5673-4).
(O ne specimen in L has the counterm ark JEIMOY; but
unfortunately this does not seem to have been recorded
anyw here else.) I f the case for an attrib u tio n to Sardis is
acceptable, we should presum ably in terpret the issue as one
instigated (paid for?) by one of her m ost prom inent citizens,
whose typology reflects his position as high priest o f Asia
(com pare Laodicea, 2895, for the use of a type specific to
the individual who signs the coin). And, indeed, although
the m ost im p o rtan t gam es of the K oinon were at Ephesus,
Pergam um and Sm yrna, there were also other less im port­
an t ones at other places like Sardis. (T he related question of
the ‘auth o rity ’ for the issue - K oinon or city —is left on one
side here: see p. 14.)
 T he second problem concerns date. T here are in fact two
difficulties here, since as well as the original issue there was
a second one w ith a very elaborate ‘counterm ark’: the
reverse legend was obliterated by a ring-shaped punch with
the inscription ΓΑΙΩ ΑΣΙΝΝΙΩ ΠΩΛΛΙΩΝΙ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΩ.
T he proconsulship of A sinius Pollio is generally dated to
37-8, b u t B. E. Levy has pointed out th a t this dating is not
very securely based and has proposed a datin g of probably
28-9, while suggesting 26 (or at least 23-6) for the original
issue. H er d ating has been followed here.
Claudius
T here is a sm all issue for C laudius, b u t it does not seem
m ore closely datable th a n to his reign.
Nero
U n d er N ero two issues were made:
1. T he issue for M indios can be d ated by the inclusion of
O ctavia to no later th a n 62; the absence of any coins for
A grippina perhaps suggests a date betw een 59 and 62, with
w hich the p o rtra it is com patible. (A coin was accepted for
A grippina I I by the v A In d ex = E. A. Sydenham , Coinage o f
N ero = W . D rexler, N Z 21 (1889), p. 150 = M i 4.123.696,
from Sestini (D escrizione ), p. 437; this is perhaps a m isread
coin of O ctavia.)
2 . T he issue of M naseas is later; to ju d g e from the
portrait, betw een 6 3 an d 6 8 . T h e ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coin
w ith H eracles/N ike has the epithet C8BACTH on the
reverse; the coin is therefore rem arkably like the issues of
Sm yrna for P oppaea as Nike, and presum ably this coin, too,
m ay be intended to represent Poppaea as Nike; in this case,
the issue of M naseas will date between 62 an d 6 5 .
Exclusions
T he following issues have been excluded:
I . T he gram m ateus D am ophon, accepted for A ugustus by
M ünsterberg (B eam tennam en ), rests on an entry in M i
S7.417.436 = Sestini, M u s . H edervar. II, p. 318, no. 22,
w hich sounds like a m isread coin of Pergam um (2358).
Augustus
Diodoros 19mm, 5.67g
Damas 20 mm, 6.08 g
Mousaios 19 mm, 6.95 g
Tiberius
Opinas, etc. 20m m, 6.70g
Kleon, etc. 19 mm, 4.62 g
Germanicus
Drusus/Germ . 28 mm, 12.75 g
Claudius
Nero
Mindios 20m m, 5.58g
Mnaseas 18 mm, 3.97g
average: 19mm, 5.47g (51)
2. T he vA In d e x includes an entry for A ugustus and Livia
based on P: probably a m istake for T iberius and Livia, as
2991·
3. T he vA In d e x also includes an entry for A grippina II,
based on the Saarbrücken Archive, b u t see above under
M indios.
4. Im hoof-Blum er (L S , p. 138) dated the coins of
Phileinos ‘aus N e ro ’s Z e it ’ because he thought one o f them
was overstruck by a coin of N ero ( G M , 722, no. 616), b u t
the overstrike is the other way round, and the coin should
probably be associated w ith the Flavian proconsul M arcel­
lus and dated between 70 and 73 (so Jo h n sto n on Sardis
excavations, no. 247).
‘Magistrates’
Little is known about the status of the ‘m agistrates’. U nder
Nero, M indios and probably M naseas indicate th at they
were strategoi, b u t none of the earlier persons gives any
indication of office; indeed, u n der T iberius, issues are twice
signed by two m en (O pinas and Akiamos, and Ioulios
K leon and M em non).
Denominations
T he p attern found is show n in the table below.
Jo h n sto n has pointed out th a t the reduction in the weight
stan d ard under Tiberius coincides w ith the adoption of the
title Caesarea, and has suggested th at it reflects either the
straitened circum stances of the city after the earthquake, or
the desire to make as m any of the coins as possible. The
reduction in weight is unusual (but see also p. 375), though
it can be seen th at the w eight standards appear to have
fluctuated a lot, and th a t an even greater reduction appears
to have occurred under N ero (M naseas).
Types
Some of the types have been discussed by Jo h n sto n , pp. 7 -
14 (Zeus Lydios, K ore and A rtem is). M ost of the ‘im perial’
types have already been m entioned, and the rem aining
local deities m ostly ap p ear on the earlier coinage of the city.
■5 m ®. 5-99g
15 mm, 3.05 g
16 mm, 3.27 g
15mm, 3.27g
16mm, 4.27g
15 mm, 2.41 g
15mm, 3.18g (41)

A u g u s tu s
2986 A E . ig m m , 5 .5 4 g (13). A xis: 12. [ 12 ]
BM C 97, AM C 1362, C o p 514
Σ Ε Β Α ΣΤ Ο Υ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν Δ ΙΟ Δ Ω Ρ Ο Σ Ε ΡΜ Ο Φ ΙΛ Ο Υ ; Z eu s s ta n d in g , 1.,
w ith eagle a n d sta ff
i . N Y , 7.09; 2 . L = BMC 97, 4.36; 3 . O = AMC 1362, 7.24; 4 . C op 514,
5-3°; 5 -8 · P 1184-5 ( = w 5 2 29-30), 1 1 8 3 ,1185a, 5 .4 1 ,5 .3 6 ,5 .7 0 ,4 .5 3 ;
9 —ί ο . B (I-B , 457/1882); i i . C L eake; 1 2 . M u 40; 1 3 . vA 3142, 4.49;
14. W e n d t X X I (1978) lo t 586, 6.62; 1 5 . L a n z 16 (1979) lo t 306, 6.21;
1 6 . L in d g ren A 812B, 4.55; 1 7 —2 0 . S ard is excavations 269; 2 1 . W ad d ell
9.12.1982, lo t 296, 5.96. T h e re a d in g -OY r a th e r th a n -ΟΣ is clear, e.g., on
14.
2987 A E . 2 0 m m , 5.92 g (6). A xis: 12. [ '5 ]
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Υ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν Δ Α Μ Α Σ ; in th re e lines in w re a th
i . N Y , 6.08; 2 . L 1972-3—8—4, 7.96; 3 —4 . P 1187-8 (inc. W a 5228), 5.10,
6.12; 5. G 18, 5.37; 6 . L in d g re n A 812A , 5.84; 7 . S ard is excavation s 268.
S a r d is a n d P e r g a m u m
2988 A E . 1 9 m m , 6 .9 5 g (2 ). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
BMC 2 1 1, C o p 54
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Υ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν Κ Α Ι Π Ε ΡΓ Α Μ Η Ν Ω Ν Μ Ο Υ ΣΑ ΙΟ Σ; th e D em o i
o f P e rg a m u m a n d S a rd is, e a c h h o ld in g a sc e p tre , c la sp in g
hands
I. L = b m c 2 1 i , 6.59; 2 . C o p 54; 3 . V 34182, 7.40; 4 . S ard is excav atio n s
269 (‘ov erstru ck ’); 5 . S ard is excavations (1910—14) 306. See in tro d u ctio n
for discussion.
T ib e r iu s
2989 A E . 2 0 m m , 6 .5 3 g (9)· A xis: 12. [ 8 ]
BMC 102
Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Υ Υ ΙΟ Σ; b a re h e a d , r.
Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν Ο Π ΙΝ Α Σ Α Κ ΙΑ Μ Ο Σ; in th re e lines in w re a th
i . L = B M C 1 0 2 , 6.36; 2 . L = BMC 103, 7.38; 3—4 . P 1203-4 ( = W a 5 2 3 1 -
2), 6.26, 6.27; 5—6. B (I-B , L ö b b ); 7. G 19, 8.34; 8. V 31981, 6.80;
g. L in d g ren 813, 4.83; 10. W e n d t X X I (1978) lo t 587, 6.16; 11—
12. S ardis excavations 271.
2 9 9 0 A E . 1 5 m m , 5 .9 9 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
km 183, no. i
Ο Π ΙΝ Α Σ Α Κ Α Μ Ο Σ ; h e a d o f H e ra c le s , r., w ith lion skin
k n o tte d a ro u n d neck
Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; A p o llo sta n d in g w ith crow a n d la u re l
b ra n c h ; all w ith in w re a th
i . V 3 6 7 7 6 , 6.89; 2. I-B ( = km 1), 5.90; 3. vA 3135, 6.44; 4 - 5 . L in d g ren
805, A 805A, 5.37, 5-35; 6. S ard is excavations 245.
2991 A E . 1 9 m m , 4 .6 8 g (10). A xis: 12. [ 15 ]
BMC 98, C o p 515
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Ε Ω Ν Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; to g a te figure o f
e m p e ro r ra isin g k n e e lin g figure o f T y c h e o f S ard is
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Σ Κ Λ ΕΏ Ν Κ Α Ι Μ ΕΜ Ν Ω Ν ; L iv ia se a te d ,
r., w ith sc e p tre a n d ears o f co rn
i . L = b m c 9 8 , 4.57; a—4 . L —BMC 99-101, 3.94, 4.01, 4.88; 5—6. P 1205
( = W a 5233), 1205A, 5.01, 4.82; 7 - 8 . O , 5.34, 4.42; 9 . V 19562; 1 0 -
II. C op 515-16, 5.37, 4.38; 12—15. B (B -I, 472/1883, I-B , 786/1914); 16—
24. S ard is excavations 270; 2 5 . S ardis excavations (1910-14) 279.
A S IA : Sardis (Caesarea) (2 9 8 6 -2 9 9 6 ) 48g
2 9 9 2 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .0 3 g (9). A xis: 12. [ 10 ]
BMC 1 10
Γ Ε ΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α ΡΕ Ω Ν ; b a re h e a d o f G e rm a n ic u s, r.
Δ ΡΟ Υ Σ Ο Σ Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; b a re h e a d o f D ru su s, r.
i . L = B M C h i , 3.28; 2—3. L = BMC i io , 1 12, 3.39, 2.68; 4 . P 1199, 2.83;
5—6. O , 3.49, 2.13; 7—9. B (B -I, I-B , 4 1 0/1871); 10. M u 42c; i i —
13. L in d g ren 814-15, A 814A, 2.99, 3.17, 3*30; 14—15· S ard is excavations
272.
G e rm a n ic u s C a esa r ( fo r d isc u ssio n , see
in tro d u c tio n )
2 9 9 3 A E . 16 m m , 3.32 g (6). A xis: 1. [ 11 ]
BMC 1 13 corr.
ΓΕΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣΑ Ρ; b a re h e a d , 1.
Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν Μ Ν Α ΣΕ Α Σ; h e lm e te d figure o f A th e n a ,
sta n d in g 1., h o ld in g o u t p h ia le a n d s p e a r a n d shield
i . P 1201 ( = W a 5234); 2—3. P 1202 ( = W a 5235), 1200, 3.72, 3.12;
4 . L = bm c i i 3 (‘h ea d r . ’, w rongly), 3.05; 5—6. O , 3.67, 3.14; 7—8. B (I-
B, K n o b elsd o rf); 9. C B uckler, 3.20; 10. M u 43; 11. V 27515; 12—
2 2 . S ard is excavations 273; 23—24. S ard is ex cav atio n s (1910-14) 280-1;
25. W e b er 6906.
D r u s u s a n d G e rm a n ic u s, c . a d 2 3 -6 ? ? ( fo r d a tin g ,
a n d a ttr ib u tio n to S a r d is , see in tro d u c tio n )
2 9 9 4 A E . 2 8 m m , 13 .0 3 g (11). A xis: 12. [ 13 ]
BMC S a rd is 104.
Δ ΡΟ Υ Σ Ο Σ Κ Α Ι Γ Ε ΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Ε Σ Ν Ε Ο Ι Θ Ε Ο Ι
Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Ο Ι; to g a te figures o f D ru s u s a n d G e rm a n ic u s
se a te d , L, on c u ru le ch a irs, one h o ld in g o u t litu u s
Ε Π Ι Α ΡΧ ΙΕ Ρ Ε Ω Σ Α Λ Ε Ξ Α Ν Δ Ρ Ο Υ Κ Λ ΕΩ Ν Ο Σ ΣΑ Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ο Υ ;
w re a th enclo sin g Κ Ο ΙΝ Ο Υ Α Σ ΙΑ Σ
I . L — B M C 1 0 4 , 13.20; 2—4· L = BMC 105, i 97 9 _ i _ i "'20 3 *i (e>c γ Α 3143),
1 9 1 4 -4 -6 -6 , 10.21, 15.91, 14.19; 5· C o p 5 *7 > 14 -2 8 ; 6—i o . P 1 1 8 9 -9 1,
1198, D elep ierre, 12.65, j i -Ö7 j ΙΟ·9 5 > Ι 2 ·° 5 ; 1 *· Ο , ΐ 3 ·9 °; Ι 2 · V
19560; ι $ . ΝΥ.
R e s tr u c k b y A s i n i u s P o llio , p r o c o s . , c. A D 2 8 - g (? ) ( fo r
d a te a n d a ttr ib u tio n , see in tr o d u c tio n )
2 9 9 5 A E . 2 8 m m , 12 .6 8 g (20). A xis: 12. [ 37 ]
BMC S a rd is 106, C o p 518
A s 2 9 9 4 , b u t obv. in s c rip tio n re s tru c k as a b o v e a n d rev.
in sc rip tio n re stru c k : ΓΑ ΙΩ Α Σ ΙΝ Ν ΙΩ Π Ο Λ Λ ΙΩ Ν Ι
ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΩ
i. L = bmc 1 09, 10.43; 2—5. L — BMC 106—8, 1 9 7 5 -1 0 -5 -6 , 12.71, 12.73,
12.31, 10.06; 6—12. P 1193-5, 1196-7 ( = W a 5 2 3 7 -8 ), 1197A, D elepierre,
16.22, 11.30, 8.95, 16.i6 , 14.13, 12.16, 14.27; 13. C o p 518, 10.96; 14—
15. V 19561, 31982; 16—18. M u 41, 42, 42b, 11.83, H -2 6 , 15.87; 19—
22. O , 12.85, Ι 4·θ6, 11.62, 10.90; 2 3 —3 1 . B (P erg am u m ); 3 2 —3 3 . C
L eake, gen.; 3 4 —30. S ard is ex cav atio n s 274; 4 0 . W e b er 6qos; 4 1 —4 4 . N Y.
C o u n te rm ark : ]EIM OY { G IC — : 5).
C la u d iu s ___________________________ _
2 9 9 6 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .3 0 g (5). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 9 ]
BMC 114
ΤΙ Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d , 1.
Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; b e a rd e d h e a d o f H e ra c le s , 1.
i. L = bmc i 14, 3.45; 2. L = BMC 115, 2.89; 3. P 1206 ( = W a 5236),
 3 -4 3 ; 4 - 5 · C o p 519-20, 3.25, 3.49; 6 - 7 . B (I-B = mg 389, no. 33,
4 9/1872); 8. C Leake; 9. V 30775; 10. S ardis excavations 275; 11. W eb er
6907; 12. Lewis = SNG 1510. T h e obv. in scrip tio n on 6 a n d 11 is TI
ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ (sic). 3003
(‘A u g u stu s a n d T ib e riu s C a e sa r’); 15. N Y ; 16. vA 3146, 2.80; 17. W e n d t
X X I (1978) lo t 500a, 4.93.
[ 2 ]
A s 3 0 0 a , b u t rev. le g e n d Ε Π Ι Μ ΙΝ Δ ΙΟ Υ Σ Τ ΡΑ TO B
1—2. B (Fox, I-B ). S am e rev. die. D ie-linked to 3 0 0 2 .

N e r o , M in d i o s S tr ( a te g o s ) to B, c .a d 60 _____ 3004 [ 2 ]
A s 3 0 0 3 , b u t obv. leg e n d Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν a n d rev.
2997 A E . 1 9 m m , 5.41 g (10). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 16 ] leg en d Ε Π Ι Μ ΙΝ Δ ΙΟ Υ Σ Τ ΡΑ T O B
BMC 1 16, C o p 521 i . M u 4 4 , 4.20; 2. C o p 522, 3.68; 3. W e b er 6908, 4.79.

Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r. 3005 [ i ]
Ε Π Ι Μ ΙΝ Δ ΙΟ Υ Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; D io n y su s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith A s 3 0 0 3 , b u t obv. le g e n d Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν a n d m o n o g ra m o f
c a n th a ru s a n d lo n g th y rsu s; (a t feet, p a n th e r); in field, Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν a n d rev. le g e n d Ε Π Ι Μ ΙΝ Δ ΙΟ Υ Σ Τ Ρ Α T O B
Σ Τ Ρ Α TO B
i . J S W , 4.1 5; 2. V 27765. S am e dies.
i . L = b m c 1 1 6 , 6.05; 2 —5 . L = bmc i 17-19, 1 9 7 9 - 1 —1—2 0 3 2 (ex vA
3144), 5.64, 4.59, 6.61, 4.46; 6 . C o p 521, 5.08; 7 —9· P 1210 ( = W a 5241),
1211, D elep ierre, 4.66, 5.30, 5.84; 1 0 . O , 5.91; 1 1 —1 3 . B (I-B , L öb b , B-
I); 1 4 —1 6 . V 27643, 19563, 35777; 17· W e b er 6909. T h e N in ΝΕΡΩΝ is
re tro g ra d e on 4. T h e p a n th e r is visible only on 5.
N e r o , T i K l M n a s e a s S tr a (te g o s ) (? ), c . a d 65
2998 A E . 2 0 m m , 5 .9 8 g (1). [ o ] 3006 A E . 18 m m . [ 2 ]
Θ Ε Α Ν Ο Κ Τ Α Ο Υ ΙΑ Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f O c ta v ia , r., w ith ears Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν K AICA P; la u re a te h e a d , r.
o f c o rn in w re a th Ε Π Ι TI KA M N A C EO Y [ ] ΒΑ ΡΔΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; Z eus
Ε Π Ι Μ ΙΝ Δ ΙΟ Υ Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; D e m e te r s ta n d in g , 1., w ith s ta n d in g , L, w ith eagle a n d staff; in field, m o n o g ra m X
ears o f c o rn a n d sc e p tre ; in field, Σ Τ Ρ Α Τ Ο B i . V 19 5 6 3 ; 2. N Y . T h e w o rd after M NACEOY m ig h t possibly b e ΝΕΩΤ,
i . M M A G 4 1 ( 1 9 7 0 ) l o t 4 3 4 , 5.98. b u t th is is com pletely u n c e rta in . T h e m o n o g ra m w as th o u g h t to s ta n d for
ΓΡ b y M ü n ste rb e rg , Beamtennamen, b u t ΣΤΡΑ seem s m ore likely (as on
2999 A E . 20 m m , 5.09 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 4 ] 2997)·

BMC 125 3007 A E . 18 m m , 3 .9 1 g (5). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 6 ]

Θ Ε Α Ν Ο Κ Τ Α Ο Υ ΙΑ Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f O c ta v ia , r., w ith ears
o f c o rn in w re a th
Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν Ε Π Ι Μ ΙΝ Δ ΙΟ Υ Σ Τ Ρ Α ΤΟ Β; D e m e te r h o ld in g
tw o to rc h e s in se rp e n t c h a rio t, r.
I. B (B -I), 5.99; 2 . L = BM CI25, 5.00; 3 - 4 . P 1216-17 ( = W a 5245),
4.37, 5.90; 5 . W in te rth u r ( = km 184, no. 3).
3000 A E . 20 m m , 5.40 g (6). A xis: 12 o r 6.
ls 138, nos. 6 -8
Θ Ε Α Ν Ο Κ Τ Α Β ΙΑ Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f O c ta v ia , r., w ith ears
o f c o rn in w re a th
Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν Ε Π Ι Μ ΙΝ Δ ΙΟ Υ Σ Τ ΡΑ TO Β (legend
re tro g ra d e ); v e iled fem ale figure sta n d in g , r., w ith sc e p tre
i . P 1 2 1 5 ( = W a 5244), 5.38; 2 . P 1214 ( = W a 5243), 4.24; 3 . M u 46
( = l s 8 ), 5.70. T h e id e n tity o f th e figure on th e rev. is un su re; Im hoof-
B lu m er suggested B oule, b u t D em e ter seem s q u ite possible in view o f
2 9 8 8 -9 .
BMC I 2 I
A s 3 0 0 6 , b u t ε π ί Τ Ι Μ Ν Α ε ε Ο Υ Β Α ΡΔΙΑ Ν Ω Ν
I. L = b m c 121, 4.39; 2 - 4 . P 1207-8, 1209 ( = W a 5242), 4.53, 3.37, 3.87;
5—6. B (I-B = gm 722, no. 617, I-B ); 7—8. S ard is ex cav atio n s 276. 6 is
o v erstru ck by a coin o f M arcellu s (cf. in tro d u ctio n ).
3008 A E . 17 m m , 3.94 g (6). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 8 ]
[ 3 ] BMC 62
Θ ΕΟ Ν CYNKAHTON; d ra p e d b u s t o f S e n a te , r.
επί ΤΙ ΜΝΑεεΟΥ ΒΑΡΔΙΑΝΩΝ; Z eus s ta n d in g , 1., w ith
eagle a n d sta ff
i . L = b m c 6 3 , 3.49; 2—3 . L = BMC 62, 122 ( ‘N e ro ’), 3.63, 4.58; 4 . P 1181
(= W a 5226), 3.61; 5. O , 4.05; 6—8. B (Fox, I-B , L ö b b ); 9 . vA 3136,
4.24; 10—19. S ard is ex cav atio n s 246.
3009 A E . 1 5 m m , 2 .5 6 g (4). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 8 ]
BMC 123-4

3001 [ 4 I Ν ΕΡΩ Ν K AICA P; la u re a te h e a d , r.

A s 3 0 0 0 , b u t Θ Ε Α Ν Ο Κ Τ Α Ο Υ ΙΑ Ν
Ϊ · V 3 4 9 3 3 (O K T A O IA N : sic), 5.95; 2 . M u 45 ( = ls 7), 5.15; 3 - 4 . B ( I-
B = ls 138, n o . 6, 117/1886); 5 . M ü lle r 49 (1985) lo t 269, 5.88.
ε π ί Τ Ι ΜΝΑΟεΟΥ/Α Β Α ΡΔΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; h e a d o f H e ra c le s, r.
MNACEA: i . N Y , 2.59; 2. L = bm c 124, 2.33; 3 . C o p 524, 2.53; 4 . Β (I-
B); MNACEOY: 5 - 6 . L = bm c 123, 1979--1-1-2033 (ex vA 3145), 2.57,
2.81; 7. B (Fox); 8. V 30155.

3002 A E . 1 6 m m , 4 .0 6 g (12: 3 0 0 3 —5 ). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 15] 3010 A E . 1 5 m m , 2 .3 5 g ( 4 )· A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 5 ]

BMC 120, C o p 522 corr.
Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Ε Π Ι Μ ΙΝ Δ ΙΟ Υ Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; la u re a te h e a d o f H e ra c le s, r.,
w ith lio n skin tie d ro u n d neck
i . L = b m c 1 2 0 , 3.61; 2 . L 1 9 1 4 -4 -6 -8 , 3.90; 3 —5 . P 1212-13 {= W a
5240, 5 2 3 9 )> D elep ierre, 3.69, 3.49, 2.53; 6 . C o p 523, 3.40; 7 . O , 3.50; 8 -
I I . B (I-B , B -I, L öbb, 768/1920); 1 2 —1 3 . V 28495, 31345; 1 4 . M u 24
bmc 64, C o p 504
ΕΠ Ι TI M N A C EO Y Β Α ΡΔΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; h e a d o f H e ra c le s, r.
CEBACTH; N ik e, 1., w ith w re a th a n d p a lm
i . L = b m c 6 4 , 2.18; 2. P 1182 ( = W a 5227), 2.73; 3 . C o p 504, 2.05;
4. O , 2.43; 5. B (I-B ); 6 . S ard is ex cav atio n s (1910—14) 265, 2.64.
C o m p a re S m y rn a, 2 4 8 6 ; h ere, too, th e re is p e rh a p s an assim ilatio n o f
P o p p a e a a n d N ike, th o u g h n o t explicit.

Maeonia
A single issue was m ade from M aeonia, und er N ero, signed struck tow ards the end of his reign. I t consisted of two
by (ΕΠΙ) T i K l M enekrates; the p o rtrait suggests that it was denom inations, the larger (ig m m /^ .o o g ) w ith three

reverse types, an d the sm aller (i5 m m /2 .g o g ) w ith two.
Both the types and the style are like those of N ysa and
H ypaepa.
T he identification of the deities on the N eronian coins is
problem atical, and the various suggestions which have been
m ade are noted u n d er each entry. T he sm aller denom i­
nation has two different representations of the god M ên; see
E. Lane, Corpus M onum entorum R eligionis D e i M e n is I I , p. 18,
M aeonia i and 2.
N ero, c. a d 65*i.
3011 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 9 m m , 4 .1 5 g (11). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 17 ]
BMC 32, C o p 231
Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
ΜΑΣΟΝΩΝ M E N EK PΑ Τ Ο Υ Σ ; v e ile d g o d d ess s ta n d in g , r.,
w ith scep tre; in field, £11 ΤΙ ΚΛ
i . L 1979—i —i —2002 (ex vA 3016), 3.84; 2—5. L = bmc 3 2 -4 , 1 9 2 0 -5 -1 6 -
6g, 4 -3 7 ) 3 -° 4 , 2.83, 3.59; 6 - 7 . N Y ; 8. P 601 ( = W a 5062}, 4.25; 9. C
M cC le an 8672 (pi. 303.16), 4.85; 1 0 - 1 1 . O , 3.59, 5.19; 12—14. B (L öbb,
R au c h , I-B = Ls 93, no. 5); 15. V 30142; 16. M u 9b; 17. C op 231, 4.73;
18. K ovacs 13 (1981) lo t 144. T h e ty p e is die-linked to th e o th e r tw o o f
th is d en o m in atio n (16 = 3 0 1 2 /1 (M u , Z eu s) = 3 0 1 3 /1 -5 (A rtem is);
2 = 3 0 1 3 /6 (A rtem is)). T h e ty p e is variously in te rp re te d as Boule
(Im hoof-B lum er, L S , p. 93), H e stia ( B M C ) o r D em e ter (W a). T h e le tte r
form s C a n d £ also occur. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
3 012 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 9 m m , 3 .7 3 g (6). A xis: 12. [ 7 ]
C o p 233
Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Μ Α ΙΟ Ν Ω Ν M E N EK P Α Τ Ο Υ Σ ; Z eu s s ta n d in g , L, w ith
eagle; in field, E li Τ Ι ΚΛ
Philadelphia (Neocaesarea)
A num ber o f problem s arise w ith the coinage of Philadel­
phia - the dating of the late H ellenistic or A ugustan
coinage, the m ysterious coins of an uncertain T iberius, and
the question of w hen P hiladelphia changed its nam e to
N eocaesarea.
T here is no definitely im perial coinage from P hiladelphia
before the reign o f C aligula, b u t two groups of bronze coins
have been attrib u ted to the reign of A ugustus. Both have
various different types, w hich b ear m ostly m onogram s or,
in one group, the nam e (in its fullest form) EPM ΙΠΠΟΣ
ΕΡΜΟΓΕΝΟΥΣ ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ. These were baldly dated to
the A ugustan period by Im hoof-B lum er ( L S , pp. 113-15),
but he gave no reason, w hile H ead (in B M C and H N , p.
655) dated them to the second an d first centuries b c .
U nfortunately, there is no very good evidence for the date;
the convex fabric perhaps suggests a date in the first cen­
tury b c , though, of course, the full nam e of H erm ippos
seems an indication of a late date. For the tim e being, the
coins are tentatively left in the first century b c , an d so not
catalogued here.
‘Tiberius’
No certainty can attach to the reading, d ating or attrib ution
of the sm all coins w hich m ention a T iberius (3017). These
A S I A : Maeonia, Philadelphia (Neocaesarea) (3 0 1 1 -3 0 1 6 ) 4gi
i . M u g b b , 4 .8 7 ; 2—3. C o p 2 3 2 - 3 , 3 .1 6 , 3 .7 8 ; 4 . 0 , 3 . 1 1 ; 5—6 . B ( I - B = l s
9 3 , no. 4 , 7 9 7 2 ); 7. L 1 8 4 0 - 1 2 -2 6 - 4 6 7 , 3 .0 6 ; 8. vA 3 0 1 5 , 4 .4 4 . T h e type is
d ie-lin k ed to th e coins w ith veiled goddess (3 0 1 1 /1 6 ) a n d ‘A rtem is’
( 3 0 1 3 /1 -5 ). T h e le tte r form s £ a n d C also occur. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: 7.
3 0 1 3 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 9 m m , 4 .0 2 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 5 ]
C o p 234
Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Μ Α ΙΟ Ν Ω Ν Ε Π Τ Γ Κ Λ M E N EK P Α ΤΟ Υ Σ ; fa c in g c u lt s ta tu e
o f g o d d ess w ith su p p o rts
i . B 2 4 2 /1 8 7 5 , 4 .5 2 ; 2. B (B -I); 3. L 1 8 4 0 - 1 2 - 2 6 - 4 6 5 , 3 .7 3 ; 4. C o p 234,
3.4 8 ; 5. M u 9; 6. J S W , 4 .3 5 ; 7. I-B ( = km 176, no. I, w ith T af. V I . 7). 1 -
5 a re from th e sam e obv. die w hich is th e sam e as th a t u sed for th e coins
w ith Z eus rev. (3 0 1 2 /1 6 ) a n d veiled goddess (3 0 1 1 /1 ); also 6 = 3 0 1 1 /2
(veiled goddess). T h e type h as b een in te rp re te d as H ek ate (Im hoof-
B lu m er, K M , p. 176) a n d A rtem is A n aitis ( B M C ). T h e le tte r form s £ an d
C also occur. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 3.
3 0 1 4 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 5 m m , 2 .7 8 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
BMC 36
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν KAICA P; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Μ Α ΙΟ Ν Ω Ν M EN EK PATO YC; b u s t o f M ê n , r.; to r., ΕΠ
i . L = b m c 3 6 , 2.78. S am e obv. die as u sed w ith s ta n d in g figure o f M en
(e.g., 3 0 1 5 /1 - 2 ) . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: i.
3 0 1 5 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 5 m m , 2 .9 3 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 5 ]
BMC 35
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν K AICAP; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Μ Α ΙΟ Ν Ω Ν M EN EK P ATO YC; M e n s ta n d in g , 1., w ith p in e
cone a n d staff; in field, Ε Π Τ Ι ΚΛ
i . L = b m c 3 5 , 2.64; 2. M u 9a; 3 . N Y; 4—5. P 600 ( = W a 5061), 599,
2.50, 3.16; 6. L in d g ren 751, 3.40. T h e coin is d ie-linked to th e piece w ith
th e b u s t o f M ên (e.g., 1-2 = 3 0 1 4 /1 ). T h e le tte r form s E a n d Σ also occur.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
3 0 1 6 N o t used.
have a thunderbolt on the reverse w ith the inscription
ΝΕΟΚΕΣΑΡΕΙΣ or ΝΕΟΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΣ (the As are often
upside down). T here is only a single obverse die: the
inscription behind the head can definitely be read as
TIBEPION, b u t the letters before the head are not clear,
even on w ell-preserved specimens, since the die was d am a­
ged or broken. T he two readings w hich have been m ade are
ΣΕΒΑ or (retrograde) ΝΕΩΤ, and identifications as
T iberius, T iberius Gemellus and B ritannicus have been
suggested; as well as the intrinsic interest of the identifica­
tion, the attribution obviously bears on the question of the
nam e of the city (e.g., C. H abicht, J R S , 1975, p. 75, follow­
ing D. M agie, R om an R ule in A s ia M in o r, p. 500, accepts th at
the city was called ‘N eocaesarea P hiladelphia’ from
T iberius to C laudius, presum ably on the basis of this issue).
A possible explanation of the difficulty of reading the legend
even on clear specimens is th at the engraver originally
m ade a mistake; it seems possible th a t he started to engrave
TIBEPION (upw ardly and outw ardly) in front o f the head
as well as behind it, b u t when he realised this m istake he
engraved another legend on top of it w ithout obliterating
the m istaken letters: one can read the letters TIB outw ardly
from five to three o’clock on this interpretation. I f this is
correct, ignoring the m istaken letters one can read the
legend inw ardly from two o’clock, and the traces of letters
are ju s t ab o u t com patible w ith CEBACTON. I t m ust be
stressed, however, th a t this (and the consequent identifica­
tion as the em peror T iberius) is extrem ely uncertain. But
the coin w ould not fit in easily w ith the coinage of either
C aligula or C laudius (e.g., the different forms of the ethnic,
or the absence of any ‘m ag istrate’s’ nam e). For discussion,
see Im hoof-Blum er, L S , p. 120, and K M , p. 522; H. Dressel,
Z f N , 1922, p. 182; and W . Trillm ich, F am ilienpropaganda der
K a ise r C aligula u n d C laudius, p. 128.
The name of the city
T he dating of the coin is, of course, relevant to the change in
the nam e of the city. I t seems m ost likely th a t the change
was not from ‘P hilad elp h ia’ to ‘N eocaesarea’ b u t to
‘P hiladelphia N eocaesarea’ (the form which occurs on
C laudian coins, e.g., 3039-40), in the sam e way th at
M ostene changed its nam e to ‘M ostene C aesarea’ (cf. 2449-
50). After this change it is probable th a t the city referred to
itself by either or both parts of its nam e (hence the use of
‘P hiladelp h ia’ on the Puteoli basis o f a d 30, I L S , p. 156);
this does not m ean th a t the new nam e could not have been
adopted by 30. A nd indeed the m ost likely occasion for the
new nam e w ould seem to be the help given by T iberius to
the A sian cities including Philadelphia after the earthquake
of 17. Philadelphia, Sardis and M ostene all figure on the
Puteoli basis, an d change their nam es in this sim ilar way,
though not on the basis.
Caligula
A very large num ber of ‘m agistrates’ sign the coins under
Caligula: fifteen are certainly attested for his four-year
reign. T hey give them selves various different descriptions
and titles: priest of G erm anicus, O lym pic victor, philo p a tris,
gram m ateus, an d in a nu m b er of cases p h ilo ka isa r. T he
im pression created by this variety is th a t the persons are
m entioned ju s t as individuals rath er th an as holders of any
specific m agistracy; alternatively, one m ight think in term s
of a board of some kind, as at H ierapolis. A full die study,
w hich has not been undertaken, w ould probably elucidate
the chronological relationship between them , an d perhaps
have a consequent bearing on their position.
T he nam e [K e]phale[ ( L S , p. 118, no. 17, followed by
M ünsterberg, B eam tennam en) is probably a m isreading of
A ttalikos, as is Γ. ΙΤΑΛΙΚΟΣ (W a 5135: see K M , p. 523, no.
2)·
T he coins fall into three groups:
I. W ith ju g a te heads of the D ioscuri on the reverse and
ethnic ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΕΩΝ (note letter forms; in addition, there
is often a sta r behind the em peror’s head);
II. W ith a capricorn reverse, and the title ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙϋΑΡ;
the ethnic is ®IAAA8A®EWN (letter forms); all coins of
A ttalikos, M oschion, K leandros and Antiochos seem to be
from the sam e obverse die (the latter two w ith the die in
worse condition); the die for M akedon is different an d th at
for Zenon unknow n; (groups I an d II are linked by the
com m on use of a sm aller denom ination w ith thunderbolt);
I I I . A rtem on H erm ogenous. A grippina I is depicted as a
goddess (probably as D em eter rath er th an Eubosia: see
T rillm ich, F am ilienpropaganda der K a ise r C aligula un d C laudius,
p. 131); the sm aller denom ination has a panther, and
earlier bronzes of Philadelphia had used D ionysiae types.
Several types are used.
1. T h a t w ith ju g ate busts probably does not represent
either G erm anicus and A grippina I, G erm anicus and
A grippina as Apollo and A rtem is, or Apollo and Artem is
(see B M C ', Im hoof-Blum er, L S , pp. 116-17; Trillm ich,
F am ilienpropaganda der K a ise r C alig u la u n d C laudius, pp. 1 30-
I ) since the further figure can sometimes be seen to be also
laureate (e.g., 2023/1 = B M C 53). I t m ust therefore be
m ale, and the two interpreted as the Dioscuri, who had
previously appeared on the coinage of Philadelphia.
2. T he choice of the capricorn is always associated w ith
the use of the title p h ilo ka isa r, and was presum ably chosen to
express th at concept.
3. T he thunderbolt h ad also been used on sm aller
denom inations in the H ellenistic period and under
T iberius, and should presum ably be regarded as the ‘stock
type’ for the sm all denom ination.
Claudius
T he coins of C laudius fall into two groups. Those signed by
Eidom eneus, M antios, Sokrates and Seleukos share a com­
m on obverse die and disposition of obverse legend; on the
reverse the legend is norm ally NEOKAICAPEWN and there
are five ears of corn. T he others, signed by C hondros and
M aros (who is attested, contra M ünsterberg, B eam tennam en),
have a different obverse and only four ears on the reverse;
the legend is Φ IΛ A ΔεΛ Φ εW N NEOKAICAPEWN. T he two
groups presum ably represent different chronological
periods, though a bridge is perhaps provided by some rare
coins of Seleukos (3038/2) and Eidom eneus (see on 3034/7).
Nero
U n d er Nero a single issue was m ade for Nero and, on the
sm aller denom ination, A grippina I I (between 54 and 59
therefore) and signed by T i N eikanor (his first nam e was
not known to M ünsterberg, B eam tennam en).
Denominations
T he coinage was produced in two denom inations:
Tiberius 14 mm, 3.06 g
Caligula I 18mm, 4.05g 14mm, 3.00g
II 18 mm, 4.45 g
III 18mm, 4.77g 15 mm, 3.25g
Claudius 18mm, 4.66g 15mm, 3.51g
Nero 18mm, 4.24g 15 mm, 3.39g
average: 18mm, 4.44g (31) 14mm, 3.24g (15)
vA In d ex
T he following revisions should be m ade to the vA Index:
G erm anicus and A grippina under Tiberius (P) and Cali-
 A S I A : Philadelphia (Neocaesarea) (30 1 7 -3 0 2 9 ) 4513

gula (Mu?) are both coins of C aligula w ith ju g a te busts on ΓΑ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d , r.; to 1., s ta r
the reverse, interpreted above as the Dioscuri; T iberius (B) Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Ε Ω Ν Ε ΡΜ Ο ΓΕ Ν Η Σ Ο Λ Υ Μ Π ΙΟ Ν ΙΚ Η Σ; la u re a te
and T iberius G em ellus (M u) are both specimens of 3017, b u sts o f th e D io scu ri, ju g a te , r.; to L, p a lm b ra n c h
interpreted here as T iberius (see above); A grippina under 1. L = B M C 5 3 ( = no 1889, 240 = T rillm ich , T af. 14.13), 4.93;
2. A u fh ä u s e r 2 (1985) lot 204, 3.76; 3 . W e n d t X X I (1976) lot 578a, 4.57.
C laudius (L) should be u n d er Nero.
L [ ] P H I L O P A T R I S
3024 A E . 18 m m , 4.43 g (2). [ 3 ]
T ib e r iu s ? ( fo r d isc u ssio n , see in tro d u c tio n ) C o p 369
Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d , r.
3017 A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .0 7 g (6). [ 8 ] Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Ε Ω Ν Λ [ ] Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ Ρ ΙΣ ; la u re a te b u sts o f
th e D io scu ri, ju g a te , r.
Ls 120, no. 24
! . B (I-B ) ( = ls 116, 10 = T rillm ich , T a f. 14.14), 4.71; 2. M u 17, 4.15;
T IB E P IO N CEB A CTO N (?); b a re h e a d , r. 3. C o p 369, 3.22; 4 . A (see ls i 16).
N E O K E C A P E IS o r N E O K A IC A PE IC ; w in g ed th u n d e rb o lt
NEOKAICAPEIC: i . L 1929—10—13—5 6 , 3.35; 2. L 1914-8—10-7, 3.12;
3 · p 9 5 7 ( = W a 6359), 2.94; 4. M ü lle r 43 (S ept. 1983) lot 205, 2.73; 5. C
3 5 3 / 194-8 ( = G ra n t: ‘T ib eriu s gem ellus’), 2.95; 6. C o p 373, 3.10; G ro u p I I ( £ , C, W )
NEOKECAPEIS: 7. M u , 3.19; 8. V 15137; 9. B (B -I). All from th e sam e
obv. die; 1-6 a re p ro b ab ly from th e sam e rev. die, as p e rh a p s are 6 -8 .
A T T A L I K O S P H I L O K A I S A R
3 0 2 5 A E . 1 8 m m , 5 .0 7 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 2? ]
lA lO C K AICA P; b a re h e a d , r.
C a lig u la Φ Κ Α ΦΙΛ Α ΔΕΛ Φ ΕΙΑ Ν A TTA A IK O C ; c a p ric o rn w ith
c o rn u c o p ia , 1.
G ro u p I ( E , Σ , Ω ) I. P 9 6 0 ( = W a 5135 co rr., cf. km 523, no. 2), 4.75; 2. B (Fox = ls i 18,
no. 17 ‘[ΚΕ]ΦΑΛΗ[ ’); 3. J S W , 5.38. I t seem s c e rta in th a t th e m o n o g ram
M E L A N T H O S , P R I E S T O F G E R M A N I C U S stan d s for ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙΟΑΡ, w hich ap p e a rs w ith th e n am es o f all the o th e r
3018 A E . 1 7 m m , 3 .7 6 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 2 ] n am es w ith this type. D ie-linked to M o sch io n , K le a n d ro s a n d A ntiochos.

BMC 52 3 0 2 6 A E . 1 5 m m , 2 .8 6 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]

Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d , r.; to 1., s ta r ls 118, no. 20
Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Ε Ω Ν Μ Ε Λ Α Ν Θ Ο Σ ΙΕ Ρ Ε Υ Σ Γ ΕΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Υ ;
ΓA IO C K AICA P; b a re h e a d , r.; to 1., litu u s
la u re a te b u sts o f th e D io sc u ri, ju g a te , r.
Φ ΙΛ Α ΔΕΛ Φ ΕΙΑ Ν A TTA A IK O C ; w in g e d th u n d e rb o lt
I. L = B M C 52 (— ls 117, no. 4 — T rillm ich , T af. 14.12), 3.47; 2. V 28713;
3. vA 3071, 4.05. i . B (I-B) (= ls 20), 2.77; 2. A: See ls; 3 . J S W , 2.95.

3 0 1 9 A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .0 0 g (1). [ i ] M O S C H I O N M O S C H I O N O S P H I L O K A I S A R
3 0 2 7 A E . 18 m m , 3 .9 3 g (3). [ 6 ]
BMC 51
BMC 54
Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣΑ Ρ; b a re h e a d , r.; to 1., s ta r
Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Ε Ω Ν Μ Ε Λ Α Ν Θ Ο Σ ΙΕ Ρ Ε Υ Σ Γ ΕΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Υ ; ΓA IO C K A IC A P; b a re h e a d , r.
w in g e d th u n d e rb o lt Φ ΙΛ Ο Κ Α ΐεΑ Ρ Φ ΙΛ Α ΔΕΛ Φ ΕΙΑ Ν M O CXIW N M OCXIW NOC;
i . L = B M C 5 1 , 3.00; 2. See ls 117, no. 15.
c a p ric o rn w ith c o rn u c o p ia , 1.
I. L = B M C 5 4 , 3.50; 2 . L 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -2 0 0 7 (ex vA 3072), 3.71; 3 - 4 . B
G A I O S I O U L I O S D IO [ ] θ [ 28778 (=gm 196, n o . 607 = ls i 18, n o . 19), I-B ( = g r m k 126, n o . 2);
3 0 2 0 A E . 1 8 m m , 3 .8 5 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 2 ] 5. N Y; 6. V 31960, 4.60. D ie-linked to A ttalik o s, K le a n d ro s an d
A ntiochos.
Γ Α ΙΟ Σ K A I CAP; b a re h e a d , r.
Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Ε Ω Ν Γ Α ΙΟ Σ ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Σ Δ ΙΟ [ ; la u re a te b u sts o f K L E A N D R O S P H I L O K A I S A R
th e D io scu ri, ju g a te , r. 3 0 2 8 A E . 1 8 m m , 5 .2 8 g (3). [ 2 ]
i . P 9 6 9 ( = W a 5137), 3-85; 2. V (T ralles) 19670. S am e dies. ls 1 18, no. 18
3021 A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .2 3 g (1). [ i ] ΓΑ IO C K AICA P; b a re h e a d , r.
Φ ΙΛ Ο Κ Α ΙϋΑ Ρ Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Ε VVN KACANAPOC; c a p ric o rn
Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d , r.; to 1., s ta r
w ith c o rn u c o p ia , 1.; to 1., m o n o g ra m Ä
Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Ε Ω Ν Γ Α ΙΟ Σ ΙΟ [Υ ]Λ ΙΟ Σ Δ ΙΟ [ ] 0 [ ; w in g ed
i . P 9 6 1 ( = W a 5136), 6.01; 2. B (I-B = ls 18 w ith T af. V .9 ); 3. S p in k
th u n d e rb o lt
s to c k (1 9 8 5 ), 5.23; 4 . I - δ (= gm 196, no. 606, m isre ad ). T h e significance
i . B 8 0 8 1 , 3.23; 2. W e b er (H irsch X X I) lot 3365. o f th e m o n o g ra m (a n am e? a title?) is n o t clear. D ie-lin k ed to A ttalik o s,
M o sch io n a n d A ntiochos.
E P I K R A T E S
3022 A E . 1 8 m m , 3 .7 4 g (1). [ 2 ]
A N T I O C H O S A P O L L O D O T O U P H I L O K A I S A R
ls 1 16, nos. 11-12 3 0 2 9 A E . 1 8 m m , 4 .5 5 g (2). 1 5 ]
Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d , r.; to 1., s ta r ls 118, n o. 16
Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ (Φ Ε Ω Ν ) Ε Π ΙΚ ΡΑ Τ Η Σ ; la u re a te b u sts o f th e
TAIOC K AICA P; b a re h e a d , r.
D io sc u ri, ju g a te , r.
Φ ΙΛ Ο Κ Α ΐεΑ Ρ Φ ΙΛ Α ΔΕΛ Φ ΕΙΑ Ν A N T IO X O C
S tar: i . B (I-B) ( = l s 12), 3.74; no star: 2. V 19508 ( = l s ii ).
Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ο Δ Ο Τ Ο Υ ; c a p ric o rn w ith c o rn u c o p ia , 1.; to 1.,
H E R M O G E N E S O L Y M P I O N I K E S
m o n o g ra m ^ (?)
3023 A E . 1 8 m m , 4 .4 2 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 1 ] t· p 9 5 9 ( —IV a 5134), 4.45; 3—3 . B 371/1882 ( = ls 16), I-B ( = km 179,
no. 1); 4 —5. V 28490, 31074; 6. L ö b b (see l s ); 7. W e n d t X X I (1978),
BMC 53 578b, 4.65. D ie-linked to A ttalik o s, M o sch io n a n d K lea n d ro s.
Z E N O N G R A M M A T E U S P H I L O K A I S A R T K AA YA IO C Γ Ε ΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο C K AICA P; la u re a te h e a d , r.
3030 A E . 1 8 m m , 4 .6 5 g (1). A xis: 12. [ o ] N EO K A IC A PEW N M A N TIO C ; five ears o f co rn
km 179, n o . 2 I . B (I-B ) (=km 3), 4.04; 2. V 36132 (P ro w e), 4.10.

TAIOC K A IC A P; b a re h e a d , r. 3 0 3 6 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .5 1 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]

Φ ΙΛ Ο Κ Α ΙΟ Α Ρ Φ IΛ A Δ E Λ Φ E YVN Z H N W N ΓΡ A M M A TEY C; k m 180, no. 4
c a p ric o rn w ith c o rn u c o p ia , 1.
N EO K A ICA PEW N ; h e a d o f T y c h e , r.
i . W i n te r t h u r 3 8 5 3 ex I-B ( = km 2), 4.65.
M ANTIO C; g ra p e s
M A K E D O N P H I L O K A I S A R i . L 1 9 2 1 —4 —12—6 8 (ex W e b e r = ls 173, no. 22, u n d e r T ra lle s), 3.21; 2. B
3031 A E . 1 8 m m , 4 .5 0 g (2). [ 1 ] (I-B = km 4), 3.80.

km 179, no. 2a 3 0 3 7 A E . i g m m , 5.60 g (1). A xis: 6. [ o ]

TAIOC KAICA P; b a re h e a d , r. k m 180, no. 3a
Φ ΙΛ Ο Κ Α ΙΟ Α Ρ Φ ΙΛ Α Δ £ Λ Φ ε\ν Ν M AKEAW N; c a p ric o rn w ith T K AA YA IO C TEPM AN IK OC K AICA P; la u re a te h e a d , r.
c o rn u c o p ia , L; to r., m o n o g ra m f f N EO K A IC A PEW N CW KPATHC; five e a rs o f corn
I . J S W ( = W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 281), 5.14; 2. W in te rth u r ( = km 2a); i . W i n te r t h u r 3 8 5 8 ex I-B ( = km 3a), 5.60.
3 . V 37009, 3.84.

3 0 3 8 A E . 1 8 m m , 4 .7 2 g (1). [ 2 ]
g r m k 127, no. 5
T K A A YA IO C TEPM AN IK OC K AICA P; la u re a te h e a d , r.
G roup I I I
(Φ IΛ A Δ εΛ Φ εW N ) N EO K A IC A PE W N CEAEYKOC; fo u r o r
A R T E M O N H E R M O G E N O U S five e a rs o f co rn
3032 A E . 1 8 m m , 4 .7 7 g (11). A xis: v a r. [ 17 ] NEOKAICAPEWN, five ears: i . P 9 7 1 ( = W a 6361), 4.72; <SIAAAEA<tEWN
NEOKAICAPEWN, four ears: 2. B (I-B = grmk 5).
BMC 55, C o p 372
TAIOC K A IC A P T£PM A N IK O C N EO KA ICAPEW N ; 3 0 3 9 A E . i g m m , 4.32 g (1). [ 2 ]
la u re a te h e a d , r. C o p 374
Α ΓΡ ΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Ν A PTEM W N E PM O rE N O Y C ; A g rip p in a I as T K A A Y A IO C TEPM A N IK O C K A IC A P; la u re a te h e a d , r.
g oddess se a te d , r., w ith sc e p tre a n d c o rn u c o p ia Φ IΛ A Δ εΛ Φ εW N N EO K A IC A PEW N Χ Ο Ν Δ Ρ Ο C; fo u r ears
i . L = bmc 55, 2.89; 2—3 . L B ank 394, 1844 -4 -2 5 -2 1 0 , 3.89, 3.22; 4 —6. B o f corn
(I-B , B -I, L o b b = l s 119, 21 = T rillm ich , Familienpropaganda der Kaiser
Caligula und Claudius, T af. 14.15); 7 -1 3 · P 962, 963, 963A, 964-7, 4.04, i . C o p 3 7 4 , 4.32; 2. B (I-B = l s 12 1, no. 27 = gm N eo caesarea, P o n tu s 52,
2-87, 4 -5 4 , 5 -8 4 , 4 -5 3 . 6.08, 3.73; 14. C op 372; 15. V 36770, 4.15; 16. M u no. 51, w ith T a f. I V .13); 3 . I-B ( = g r m k 127, no. 6). D ie-linked to M aro s.
i6 d , 3.97; 17. N Y ; 18. J S W , 5 . 91 . F o r a sim ilar re p resen tatio n o f an
em press, see 20 9 7 .
3 0 4 0 A E . 18 m m , 3.86 g (1). [ 2 ]
ls 12 1, no. 28
3033 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .2 5 g (1). [ 2 ]
T KAA YA IO C TEPM AN IK OC K AICA P; la u re a te h e a d , r.
LS I 19, no. 23, GRMK 126, no. 3
Φ IΛ A Δ εΛ Φ εW N N EO K A IC A PE W N M APOC; fo u r ears o f
TAIOC K A IC A P TEPM AN IK OC; la u re a te h e a d , r. co rn
A PTEM W N εΡΜ ΟΓεΝΟΥC N EO KA ICAPEW N ; p a n th e r, i . B 8114 ( — gm 197, n o . 609), 3.86; 2. B 5 0 8 /1 8 8 4 (= ls 121, no.
r., w ith h e a d tu r n e d b a c k a n d h o ld in g th y rsu s 2 8 = gm 52, no. 52). D ie-linked to C h o n d ro s.
i . P 9 6 8 , 3.25; 2. B (I-B = GRMK 3); 3 . Sestini, M u s. Hedervar II.15 .1 (= ls
i 19, no. 23).

N e r o , b etw een ad 54 a n d 59

3041 A E . 1 8 m m , 4 .2 4 g (3). A xis: v a r. [ 4 ]

C la u d iu s
ls 122, no. 30 corr.
3034 A E . 1 9 m m , 5 .4 2 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 6 ] Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; d ra p e d b u st, r.
ΤΙ Ν Ε ΙΚ Α Ν Ω Ρ Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Ε Ω Ν ; H e k a te , s ta n d in g facing,
BMC 56
w e a rin g c a la th o s a n d h o ld in g lo n g to rch es
T K A A Y A IO C Γ Ε ΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο C K AICA P; la u re a te h e a d , r.
I . JS W , 4.07; 2. L G 0865, 3.87; 3. V 30553; 4 . B (I-B = LS 30); 5. P 972,
(Φ ΙΛ Α Δ εΛ Φ ε\Υ Ν ) N EO K A IC A PEW N EIAOM ENEYC; fo u r 4.77. T h e le tte r form C is also used (on 3).
o r five e a rs o f co rn
3 0 4 2 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .3 9 g (7). [ 7 ]
NEOKAICAPEWN, five ears: i . P 9 7 0 ( = W a 6360), 5.70; 2. L = bmc 56
( = ls 121, no. 22), 4.63; 3 . C L eake, 5.11; 4 . V 36133 (P row e), 5.46; 5— BMC 57
6. B (I-B = ls 121, no. 25 = gm N eocaesarea, P o n tu s 52, no. 50, L o b b );
OIAAAEA<&EWN NEOKAICAPEWN, four ears: 7. W i n te r t h u r (= grmk 127, Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r.
no. 4). Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Ε Ω Ν Ν Ε ΙΚ Α Ν Ω Ρ; c o rn u c o p ia
Ϊ . L = BMC 5 9 , 3.82; 2—3. L = BMC 57—8, 3.17, 3.83; 4 . B (I-B = LS 12 1,
3035 A E . 19 m m , 4.07 g (2). [ 2 ] no. 29), 3.65; 5. P P h ila d elp h ia, D ecapolis 318, 2.77; 6. C o p 375, 3.34;
km 180, no. 3 7. V 32371; 8. A u fh ä u s e r 2 (1985) lo t 209, 3.14.

Apollonoshieron
In the early im perial period A pollonoshieron (for which see in two contem porary denom inations (probably both m ade
Ram say, P h ryg ia , p. 195) produced its first coins, for of brass), the larger w ith a figure of Apollo and the smaller
T iberius an d N ero. In both cases the coinage was produced w ith a lyre:
 A S I A : Apollonoshieron, Tripolis (30 4 3 -3 0 4 7 ) 495

Tiberius 18mm, 3.92g 13mm, 2.36g T IBEPIO C KAICA P; la u re a te h e a d , r.

Nero 18mm, 3.31g 14mm, 2.37g A nO A A W N IC PIT W N ; lyre
i . B (I-B ) ( — Ls 15), 1.84; 2. B 141/1882; 3 . O , 2.48; 4 . N Y; 5. vA 2906,
average: 18mm, 3.58g (20) 13mm, 2.36g (6) 2.60; 6. W in te rth u r ( = g r m k 113, no. 1); 7. W e b e r 6782, 2.52.

T he p o rtra it on the coins of N ero suggests a date between

63 and 68 for the issue. N e ro
Both the T ib erian an d N eronian coins belong to the
‘Laodicea’ stylistic group (see p. 376). 3 0 4 5 B rass. 1 8 m m , 3.31 g (11). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 16 ]
BMC 8, C o p 33
Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
T ib e r iu s Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΕ Ρ(Ε )ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A pollo, s ta n d in g facing, h o ld in g
p a te r a a n d re s tin g h a n d o n lyre
3 0 4 3 B rass. 1 8 m m , 3 .9 2 g (9). A xis: 12. [ 14 ] i . L = BMC 9, 3.70; 2 —3 . L = BMC 8, 1 9 7 9 — i —i —1 9 5 8 (ex vA 2908), 3.40,
3.28; 4 . C o p 33, 3.37; 5 . P 75, 2.96; 6 - 7 . O , 3.21, 3.30; 8 — i i . B (B -I, I-
BMC 7, C o p 31 B, I-B , L ö b b ); 1 2 —1 3 . C = sng 4845, L eak e S u p p l., 3.98, 2.32; 1 4 —1 5 . V
T IBEPIO C K AICA P; la u r e a te h e a d , r. 27653, 30129; 1 6 . L = BMC A p o llo n ia (C aria) 21, 3.54; 1 7 . J S W , 3.36;
1 8 . M a b b o tt 1793 (D io sh iero n ). Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 1.
A n O A A W N I£ P (£ )IT W N ; A pollo, sta n d in g facing, h o ld in g
O verstrik e: o ne ex am p le w as o v erstru ck a t S ard is (L = B M C 69), w ith the
p a te r a a n d re s tin g h a n d o n lyre types o f R o m a /T e m p le d u rin g th e p ro co n su lsh ip o f M arcellu s.
I . N Y ; 2 . L = BMC 7, 3.64; 3. P 7 3 A , 3.72; 4—5. P 73, D elepierre, 4.61,
— ; 6. C o p 31, 4.51; 7 . O , 3.74; 8—10. B (Fox, L öbb, I-B ); 11—13. V 3 0 4 6 A E . 1 4 m m , 2 .3 7 g (2)· A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 2 ]
19361, 36123, 31840, —, 3.74, 3.52; 14. M u 2; 15. vA 2907, 3.65; ls 44, no. i, C o p 32
16. W e n d t X X I (1978) lo t 544, 4.14. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2.
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣΑ Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
3 0 4 4 A E . 1 3 m m , 2 .3 6 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 4 ] Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΕ ΡΕ ΙΤ Ώ Ν ; lyre
Ls 181, no. 15 I. B (I-B ) ( — l s 1), 2.34; 2. C o p 32, 2.39.

Tripolis
T he coinage of Tripolis illustrates the problem s of sorting T he following denom inations are found:
out the coinages of A ugustus an d T iberius. F our ‘m agis­ Augustus
trates’ signed coins for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, in each case w ith a very Apollonios 20 mm, 5.70 g
sim ilar p o rtrait (which belong to the ‘L aodicea’ stylistic Tryphon Phil. 20m m, 5.74g
group — see p. 376). B ut two of them also m ade coins for
T ryphon Hier. 20 mm, 6.43 g
ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ, and one for Livia as ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ: thus in the
first two cases, ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ m ust be A ugustus an d in the Tiberius
other T iberius. T h e other issue, for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ alone, is Hieratikos 20m m, 5.52 g 15mm, 3.59g
assigned here to A ugustus, since the obverse p o rtrait is Menandros 20m m, 5.46g 15 mm, 2.76 g
accom panied by a m aeander p attern as on the two
Germanicus 14mm, 2.37 g
definitely A ugustan issues, b u t it m ust be ad m itted th at the
p o rtrait seems closest to th a t of Tiberius: average: 20 mm, 5.66 g (38) 15mm, 3.06g (18)
Augustus (meander pattern)
T h e type of the eagle h ad been used on earlier coins with
Apollonios Androneikou ΣΕΒΑ ΣΤΟ Σ Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ
Tryphon Philopatridos ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ
the nam e A pollonia (e.g., B M C ) . T he rider on horseback
holding a double axe is not included in his list of represen­
Augustus? (maeander pattern) tations of M ên by E. Lane, Corpus M onum entorum R eligionis
T ryphon Hieratikos ΣΕΒΑ ΣΤΟ Σ
D e i M en is; it was thought to be possibly female by H ead in
Tiberius B M C , and described as ‘reitender jugendlicher H e n s ’ by
Hieratikos ΣΕΒΑ ΣΤΟ Σ ΣΕΒΑ ΣΤΗ Im hoof-Blum er, L S , p. 38); it m ight perhaps be a represen­
tation of Apollo (Ram say, P hrygia, p. 146; see also coins of
T he subsequent issue, by ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΣ ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙΣΑΡ TO H ierapolis).
Δ, is definitely for T iberius (and for T iberius an d Livia),
b u t has a different p o rtrait style. I t is not clear w hether
‘T ryphon H ieratikos’ (3051) refers to two m agistrates or
one w ith two nam es. A u g u s tu s
T here is also a unique coin for G erm anicus and D rusus;
this has no ‘m agistrate’s’ nam e, b u t was presum ably m ade A p o llo n io s , A n d r o n e ik o u
before 19, though one cannot help having some slight
3047 A E . 2 0 m m , 5.45 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 7 ]
doubts abouts its authenticity.
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.; to 1., m a e a n d e r p a tte rn
T he vA In d e x entry for Livia should be placed under
Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Σ Α Ν Δ Ρ Ο Ν Ε ΙΚ Ο Υ Τ Ρ ΙΠ Ο Α Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; eagle
T iberius ra th e r than A ugustus. T he entry for C aligula
i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —2 0 9 1 (ex vA, sn g —), 5.16; 2. L 1 9 2 1 -4 -1 2 -7 1 , 5.17;
should be deleted, as ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ is G aius C aesar at 3. N Y ; 4 . P 1807 ( = W a 2677), 5.71; 5. B (L ö b b ); 6 . V 38683, 6.62; 7. C
Tripolis. 344/1948, 4.60.
3048 A E . 2 0 m m , 6.01 g (4). A xis: 12.
Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d o f G a iu s C a e sa r, r.
Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Σ Α Ν Δ Ρ Ο Ν Ε ΙΚ Ο Υ Τ Ρ ΙΠ Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; rid e r on
h o rse b a c k , r., w ith d o u b le axe; m a e a n d e r p a tte rn
i . B (B -I), 6.16; 2. B 651/1914; 3 . L 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -2 0 8 9 (ex vA sng
5.59; 4 . V 18458, 6.27; 5, P 1810 (—W a 2680), 6.02.
T ry p h o n P k ilo p a tr id o s
3049 A E . 2 0 m m , 5.73 g (6). A xis: 12.
AMc 1368, C o p 740
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.; to L, m a e a n d e r p a tte rn
ΤΡΥ Φ Ω Ν Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ Ρ ΙΔ Ο Σ Τ ΡΙΠ Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; eagle on club
I . 0 = A M C 13 6 9 , 3 .7 0 ; 2. O = AMC 1368, 6 .5 0 ; 3—5. B (B -I, I-B = L S 3 9 ,
no. 3, L ö b b ); 6 . P 1806 ( - W a 2676), 7.15; 7 . C o p 740, 5.64; 8. V 36134
(P row e), 5 .8 9 ; 9 . L in d g ren 85 2 , 5 4 6 .
3050 A E . 2 0 m m , 5 .8 3 g (1). A xis: 12.
GRMK 137, no. 3
Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d of G a iu s C a e sa r, r.
Τ ΡΥ Φ Ω Ν Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ Ρ ΙΔ Ο Σ Τ ΡΙΠ Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; rid e r on h orse,
r.; below , m a e a n d e r p a tte rn
i . P i 8 n , 5.83; 2. I-B ( = GRMK 137, n o . 3).
A u g u s tu s (? ) (o r T ib e r iu s ?)
T ry p h o n (a n d ? ) H ie r a tik o s
3051 A E . 2 0 m m , 6 .4 3 g (3)· A xis: 12.
BM C 52, AM C 1367
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.; to L, m a e a n d e r p a tte rn
Τ ΡΥ Φ Ω Ν ΙΕ Ρ Α Τ ΙΚ Ο Σ Τ ΡΙΠ Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; Z eus, sta n d in g L,
h o ld in g eagle
1 . 0 = A M C 1 3 67, 6.43; 2. L = BMC 52, 6.06; 3 . P 1808 (= W a 2678),
6.82; 4 . B 45/1879.
T ib e riu s
H ie r a tik o s
3052 A E . 2 0 m m , 5.52 g (7). A xis: 12.
BM C 50, AM C 1370, C o p 739
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
ΙΕ Ρ Α Τ ΙΚ Ο Σ Τ ΡΙΠ Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; rid e r o n h o rse b a c k , w ith
d o u b le axe; below , m a e a n d e r p a tte rn
i . L = BMC 50, 4.60; 2—3. L = BMC 51, 1979—1-1 -2 0 8 8 (ex vA , sn g —),
5 -3 ' . 5-62; 4 . O = AMC 1370 (ex v A 3316), 6.08; 5 . C o p 739, 5.38; 6 - 7 . P
1805, 1805A, 3.99. 7.38; 8—τ ι . B (I-B = ls 38, n o . 2, 144/1887, 8006,
B laundus (= Suleim anli: L. R obert, Villes d ’A sie M ineure, p.
21, n. T) h ad produced coins in the H ellenistic period with
the inscription Μ ΛΑΥΝΔΕΩΝ (B M C 1-29; L S , pp. 49-50).
In the im perial period m any coins were produced. A t first,
under N ero, they h ad the ethnic ΒΛΑΥΝΔΕΩΝ; then, under
V espasian, ΒΛΑΟΥΝΔΕΩΝ, and finally, from the early
second century onw ards, ΒΛΑΥΝΔΕΩΝ (often with
[ 5 ] R au c h ): 12. B (H ierap o lis, P h ry g ia) L ö b b ; 13—14. V 30808, 36860, et.64.,
15. M u 14; if r - 1 7 . N Y ; 18. W e b er 6964.
3 0 5 3 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .5 9 g (7). A xis: 12. [ 9 ]
C o p 741
—),
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; h e a d o f L iv ia (?), 1.
ΙΕ Ρ Α Τ ΙΚ Ο Σ Τ ΡΙΠ Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; clu b
i . L 1970—9—9 —103, 3.77; 2. L 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -2 0 9 0 (ex vA, s n g — ), 3.38;
3. P 1809 ( = W a 2679), 3.30; 4 —5. C o p 741-2, 3.60, 4.00; 6 - 7 . V 30094,
3 ° 4 4 7 > 3 -9 4 , 3 ·: 5 ; 8 - B 486/1895; 9. M u 14a.
[ 8 ]
M e n a n d r o s M e tr o d o r o u p h ilo k a is a r T O Δ
3 0 5 4 A E . 2 0 m m , 5 .0 2 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]
C o p 744
]Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Α [ ; la u re a te h e a d o f T ib e riu s a n d
d ra p e d b u s t o f L iv ia, ju g a te 1.
[ 1 ] Μ Ε Ν Α Ν Δ ΡΟ Σ Μ Η Τ ΡΟ Δ Ω ΡΟ Y Φ ΙΛ Ο Κ Α ΙΣΑ Ρ; ra d ia te
h e a d o f H elio s, r.; to r., TO Δ
i . C o p 7 4 4 , 5.02; 2. B (I-B = km 188, no. 4: obv. illeg.).
3 0 5 5 A E . 20 m m , 6 .2 6 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
km 188, no. 3
T IB E PIO N Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ A Τ Ρ ΙΠ Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ A I ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Μ Ε Ν Α Ν Δ ΡΟ Σ Μ Η Τ ΡΟ Α Ω ΡΟ Y Φ ΙΛ Ο Κ Α ΙΣΑ Ρ; ra d ia te
h e a d o f H elio s, r.; to r., T O Δ
I . B (I-B ) ( = km 3), 6.59; 2. L G 0869, 6.24; 3. P de R icci, 5.95.
3 0 5 6 A E . 2 0 m m , 5 .2 1 g (8). A xis: 12. [ 12 ]
C o p 743
[ 4 ] A s 3 0 5 5 , b u t Μ Ε Ν Α Ν Δ ΡΟ Σ Φ ΙΛ Ο Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ TO Δ
i . L 1 9 7 9 - 1 —1—2 0 9 2 (ex v A 3317), 5.19; 2. N Y ; 3—7. B (I-B , B -I, Fox,
L ö b b , 987/1930); 8. C o p 743, 4.57; 9. O , 4.60; 10. P 1812 ( = W a 2681),
6.07; i i . V 30728, 5.14; 12. M u 14b; 13. J S W , 4.98; 14—15. W e n d t
X X I (1978) 6 io a - b , 5-85, 5.28.
3 0 5 7 A E . 1 5 m m , 2 .8 0 g (9). A xis: 12. [ 9 ]
BMC 6, C o p 714
Τ ΡΙΠ Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; la u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r., w ith lyre
Μ Ε Ν Α Ν Δ ΡΟ Σ Φ ΙΛ Ο Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ T O Δ; m a e a n d e r p a tte rn
i . L = bm c 6, 2.12; 2—3. L = BMC 7, 1 9 1 3 -5 -9 -2 , 2.24, 3.16; 4 . C o p 714,
3.00; 5 . P 1793, 3-09; 6. O , 3.32; 7—8. B (I-B , Fox); 9. M u ia , 2.87;
10. S ch u lten (M ar. 1986) lo t 235, 2.53; 11. W e b er 6954, 3.24.
[ 17] G e rm a n ic u s a n d D r u s u s ____________
3 0 5 8 A E . 1 4 m m , 2 .3 7 g ( 9 · A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
ls 39, no. 4
Γ Ε ΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ; b a re h e a d o f G e rm a n ic u s, r.
Δ ΡΟ Υ Σ Ο Σ Τ ΡΙΠ Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; b a re h e a d o f D ru s u s , r.
i . B (I-B ) ( = ls 4), 2.37. A u th en ticity n o t ce rtain (co m p are 2 9 6 8 ).
Blaundus
Μ ΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ). T he type of ethnic used on all the ‘pseudo-
autonom ous’ coins allows them to be dated later than the
Julio-C laudian period.
T here was a single emission, of two denom inations (both
of brass) and signed by ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥ ΚΑΛΛΙΓΈΝΗΣ, for
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ: this was attrib u ted by Im hoof-Blum er
(L S , p. 49; followed by H ead in B M C ) to the young Nero

under C laudius. D espite the youthful and draped portrait,
however, it seems m ore reasonable to date it, w ith the vA
In d e x , to early in N ero’s own reign, as it is h ard to see
otherwise why there are no coins for C laudius. M oreover,
other sim ilar portraits w ith the sam e inscription were pro­
duced in the sam e ‘L aodicea’ stylistic group in N ero’s own
reign (see p. 376; e.g., H ierapolis).
Apollo h ad appeared on the H ellenistic coinage (B M C
14, 24); the ears of corn presum ably refer to D em eter, who
appears on slightly later Flavian coins (B M C 72-3).
N ero, c. a d 55?
T i K l a u K a llig e n e s
3 059 B rass. 1 9 m m , 5 .2 7 g (18). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 23 ]
BMC 63, C o p 85
Bagis
Bagis had m ade no coinage before the im perial period.
O nly two coins have been attrib u ted to the Ju lio -C lau dian
period, b u t the attrib u tio n or d ating is in both cases
uncertain. O ne can be easily dism issed; the w orn coin of
Nero given to Bagis in P (cited by the v A Index) is, however,
a coin of H y paepa (P 115 = 2554/2).
T he other coin is a ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ piece. Imhoof-
Blum er com m ented on it (L S , p. 49): ‘etw a aus der Z e it N e ro ’s
oder der F la v ie r’. His opinion was followed by H ead in B M C ,
who dated it to the ‘T im e of N ero?’, adding in support the
com parison w ith the N eronian coin of N ysa (B M C
29 = 2669). O n the oth er hand, C. H ab ich t has stated (J R S ,
19 7 5 ; P· 7 7 > n - I O 0 th a t ‘the attrib u tio n to Nero? is
obviously w rong’, since he was arguing th a t Bagis was not a
city at th a t tim e and hence not in the Flavian list of cities in
the conventus of Sardis, w hich he was publishing. W hile the
style of the coin seems early, however, it is certainly not
Cadi
C adi m ade coins only in the reign of C laudius. T here are
two issues signed by different m agistrates in his nam e and
some coins w ith no signature for A grippina II. As the coins
of A grippina are of a sm aller denom ination, it seems likely
th at they represent sm aller and contem porary denom i­
nations for one or both of the two issues in C lau d iu s’s nam e,
as has been suggested for some coins o f A ezani (3101), and
in the introduction to Aezani. T h eir sim ilarity w ith A ezani
is all the m ore relevant given the close sim ilarity of legends,
style and fabric w ith the contem porary coins of A ezani (and
indeed C otiaeum and D ocim eum ), im plying at least th at
they were the work of the sam e engraver (see p. 376).
Since one of the C laudian issues (M eliton) has Ω and W
and the other (Dem etrios) only W, it seems likely th a t the
coins of A grippina, which also have both forms, should be
associated w ith the coins of M eliton.
A S I A : Blaundus, Bagis, Cadi { 3059 -3 0 6 1 ) 497
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u st, r.
ΤΙ Κ Λ Α Υ Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΓΕΝ Η Σ Β Λ Α Υ Ν Δ Ε Ω Ν ; A pollo, s ta n d in g
r., h o ld in g p le c tru m a n d lyre
i . L = b m c 64, 4.66; 2—4 . L = BMC 63, 65, 1979-1—i —1965 (ex vA 2925),
6.21, 4.17, 5.86; 5. C o p 85, 4.40; 6 - 9 . P 176, 176A, 177 ( = .W a 4915),
178, 5.07, 5.90, 6.61, 4.72; 10—i i . O , 7.65, 4.45; 12—13. B (L ö b b , Fox);
1 4 - 1 7 . C L eak e (inc. S u p p l.); 1 8 - 2 1 . V 19380-2, 30844; 22. M u 8, 4.80;
2 3 . N Y; 2 4 . J S W , 5.70; 25. Lewis = SNG 1520 (from S m y rn a), 4.50;
2 6 . W e b er 6796, 5.57. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 4.
3 0 6 0 B rass. 1 5 m m , 3.71 g (g ). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 12 ]
BMC 66, C o p 86
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣΑ Ρ; d ra p e d b u st, r.
Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΓΕ Ν Η Σ Β Λ Α Υ Ν Δ Ε Ω Ν ; fo u r ears o f c o rn , tied
to g e th e r
I . L = B M C 6 6 , 4.12; 2—3. L = BMC 6 7 -8 , 3.82, 3.36; 4 —5. P I 79, 180
( = W a 4916), 3.66, 3.05; 6. C o p 86, 3.78; 7—8. B (I-B , B -I); 9—10. V
3 3 9 4 5 (ex W e b er), 30991, 4.15, — ; 11—12. M u 8a, 8 aa. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: 1.
very like the N eronian coin of Nysa, and it seems quite
possible to regard it as a small denom ination of the coins of
D om itian (B M C 19, vA 2915): both, for instance, have the
sam e letter forms and the same ethnic. N evertheless, it has
been included here for the sake of completeness.
R e ig n o f N e ro ? ? or D o m itia n ?
3061 B rass. 14 m m , 2 .8 6 g (5). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 4 ]
BMC i, C o p 42
ΚΑΙΟ ΑΡΕΩ Ν ; b u s t o f M e n , r.
Β Α ΓΗ Ν Ω Ν ; b u ll w alk in g , 1.
i . L = B M C i , 3.40; 2—3. P 107, 108 (= W a 4883), 2.51, 2.87; 4 . C o p 42,
2.71; 5. I-B ( = LS 46, no. 1), 2.82; 6. N Y . T h e re is a n o th e r piece in N Y
w ith b u ll r.
A coin for M eliton in the nam e of N ero was recorded in
the Froehner sale (R atio 1909) lot 4315, followed by M ü n ­
sterberg, Beamtennamen'. ''Testa laureata d i N erone a d . R . Ε Π Ι
Μ Ε Λ Ι Τ Ο Ν Ο Σ Α Σ Κ Λ Η Π Ι Α Δ O Y Κ Α Δ Ο Η Ν Ω Ν Giove a s.
M m . 18. B . M . — ’ T his seems im plausible and probably a
m istake for C laudius, though the 'B . M . — ’ (i.e., not in
B M C ) makes one pause before rejecting it completely.
All the coins are of brass. T h e following denom inations
are found:
Demetrios 19mm, 4.70g (20)
Meliton 19mm, 4.28g (21)
Agrippina 16mm, 3.01 g (12)
average: 19mm, 4.48g (41) 16mm, 3.01 g(12)

C la u d iu s
D e m e t r i o s A r t e m a , s te p h a n e p h o r o s ?
3062 B rass. 1 9 m m , 4 .7 0 g (20). A xis: 12.
BMC 18, C o p 246
K AA YA IO C K AICA P; la u re a te h e a d , r.
ΕΠ Ι Δ Η Μ Η Τ Ρ ΙΟ Υ A PTBM A K A A O H N W N ; Z eus
s ta n d in g , L, w ith eagle a n d scep tre; to 1., m o n o g ra m Ψξ
!· L x 9 7 9 —I _ I _ 2 I ^ 9 (ex vA 3685), 4.44; 2 - 3 . L = bmc 18-19, 4.45, 5.76;
4 - 5 . C o p 246-7, 4.55, 4.38; 6—9 . P 6 2 8 , 628a, 629, A ezani 181, 4.91, 4.81,
4.40, 3.07; 10—13. O ’ 3 -6 °> 4 -4 4 » 4-04, 5.49; 14—17. B (I-B , R au c h , Fox,
L ö b b ), 4.06, 4.27, 4.33, 4-26; 18—20. C L e a k e , Leake S uppl. ( = sng
4 9 4 4 ). gen.; 31—23- V 19787, 30638, 30872; 2 4 - 2 6 . M u 3, 3b, 4, 3.96, - ,
5.53; 2 7 . N Y ; 2 8 . M M A G 441 (1982) 25, 5.09; 29. Lewis = sn g 1523,
5 .1 1. T h e m o n o g ram p resu m a b ly stan d s for s te p h a n ep h o ro s. T h e re is no
m o n o g ram , e.g., on 6, 13, 18, 19. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 1.
M e lito n A s k le p ia d o u , c. A D 5 0 - 4 ?
3063 B rass. 19 m m , 4 .2 8 g (21). A xis: 12.
BMC 16, C o p 248
K A A YA IO C K AICA P; la u re a te h e a d , r.
επί Μ Ε Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν Ο ΰ Α εΚ Λ Η Π ΙΑ (Δ Ο Υ ) Κ Α Δ Ο Η Ν Ω Ν ; Z eus
s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sc e p tre
i . L 1 9 0 7 —5—9—i , 2.90; 2—3 . L = BMC 16-17, 1.95, 5.47; 4—6. C op 2 4 8 -
50 (th e rea d in g . . . MENNQNOC. . . on C op 250 is p resu m a b ly th e resu lt o f
tooling), 4.34, 4.60, 4.07; 7—x i . P 623-7, 4.82, 4.80, 4.69, 4.82, 4.30; 12—
Because o f their reverse type, sm all coins of N ero and
A grippina I I w ith a horse and palm are som etim es classi­
fied as coins of E pictetus (e.g., P 1034 and 1035, followed by
the v A In d e x as issues of Livia and Nero from Epictetus);
their style, however, indicates an attrib u tio n to T hes­
Aezani (= Ç avdarhisar) was probably the m int of the H el­
lenistic bronze coinage inscribed ΕΠΙΚΤΗΤΕΩΝ (see
above); its im perial coinage was surveyed by H. von
Aulock, ‘Z u r M ü n zprägung von A izanoi’, in (ed.) R. N au ­
m ann, D e r Z eustem pel z u A iz a n o i (Berlin, 1979), pp. 82-94,
but, although his survey provides a select catalogue, it does
not give a full listing. M uch relevant inform ation, and a
certain am ount of discussion, about the coinage can be
found in B. Levick and S. M itchell, M o n u m en ts fr o m the
A e z a n itis (1988). A discussion, for instance, can be found
there (p. xx) on the question of w hether it was in the con ven­
tus of Sardis or Synnada (the traditional view); the a ttrib u ­
tion to Sardis has been followed here, though the argum ent
used by Levick and M itchell based on coin finds does not
seem a very im p o rtan t p a rt of their case (cf. p. 366).
T he A ugustan coins continue to use the late H ellenistic
form of the ethnic ΕΖΕΑΝΙΤΩΝ, but from T iberius the more
usual form ΑΙΖΑΝΙΤΩΝ appears, itself being replaced by
ΑΙΖΑΝΕΙΤΩΝ from D om itian onw ards (this occasionally
occurs earlier, e.g., on some coins of C aligula and
14. O , 4.41, 5-OI, 4.11; 15—16. B (L ö b b , D a n n en b erg ); 17. C Leake; 18—
21. V 29113, 32805, 29304, 31037; 22—23. N Y ; 24. vA 3684, 4.32;
25. W e n d t X X I (1978) lo t 626c, 4.36; 2 6 - 2 7 . W e b er 7049-50, 4.53, 4.66.
T h e form s Σ a n d Ω as w ell as C a n d W are fo u n d on th e rev. Q u alitativ e
m etal an alysis on: 2.
[27] C o u n te rm ark : C a p ric o rn ( G I C 309: 1, 3, 9—11, 13, 20, 25).
A g r ip p in a I I
3 0 6 4 B rass. 1 6 m m , 3 .1 2 g (7). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 8 ]
BMC 20, C o p 251
Α Γ ΡΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α (Ν ) ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Η (Ν ); d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a
I I , r.
Κ Α Δ Ο Η Ν Ω Ν ; facin g c u lt sta tu e o f A rte m is (w ith
su p p o rts)
ΑΓΡΙΠΓΠΝΑΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΝ: I. N Y ; 2. L = BMC 20, 4.11; 3. P 631 ( = W a
5 7 7 7 ), 2.75; 4 . C o p 251, 2.65; 5. B (B -I), 3.90; ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ:
6. L 1979— i —i —2170 (ex vA 3686), 3.08; 7. P 632 ( —W a 5778), 3.03;
8. V 27485; 9. S ch u lten (M ar. 1986) lo t 243, 2.40; 10. A u fh ä u s e r 4
(1987) lot 254, 2.31. 1-5 h av e th e le tte r form s E, Σ a n d Ω; 6 -1 0 h av e 8, C
[ 23 ] a n d W. 1— 5 s h are th e sam e obv. die as 3065.
3 0 6 5 B rass. 1 6 m m , 2 .8 5 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 5 ]
Α Γ ΡΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Ν ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Η Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r.
Κ Α Δ Ο Η Ν Ω Ν ; d ra p e d b u st, r. (A rtem is? D ionysus??)
i . L 1986—4—34—22, 2.79; 2. P 630, 3.00; 3— 4. B (1729, K n o b elsd o rf);
5. M u 5, 2.43. S am e obv. die as 3 0 6 4 /1 -5 . Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on:
Epictetus
salonica (1590, 1605-6). As Im hoof-Blum er (see B M C ,
Phrygia, p. xxiv) probably correctly attrib u ted the H ellen­
istic coins inscribed ΕΠΙΚΤΗΤΕΩΝ to Aezani, the existence
of im perial coins of ‘E pictetus’ is clearly im plausible.
Aezani
C laudius). T he letter forms are £ , C and Ω u n der A ugustus
and T iberius, b u t S, C and W are norm al under Caligula. Ω
and E, however, also occur under Caligula and both forms
are found under C laudius. Luckily, there is a large num ber
o f personal nam es on the coins, so th at there are not usually
too m any problem s of dating the ‘pseudo-autonom ous’
coins; but, w hen there are, letter forms are not therefore
very helpful.
T here is a single issue under A ugustus, w ith portraits of
A ugustus and the proconsul Potitus M essala, linked by the
use of the same m onogram . For M essala, see B. Thom as-
son, L aterculi P raesidum , no. 6 (‘28-c. 20 b c ? ’ ) . T he reverse
type of his coin, a han d w ith a balance, is not so m uch an
astral symbol as a symbol of fairness (cf. L. Cope, N C , 1975,
p. 187, on a coin of Probus). H ere the fairness refers
presum ably to the proconsul’s judicial function, though it
is, of course, not clear if this is ju s t a general reference or a
specific allusion to some decision in A ezani’s favour: the
latter perhaps seems m ore likely, as it would help explain
the presence of the proconsul’s portrait.

T he coins for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ signed ΕΠ Ι ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ are
generally taken to p o rtray A ugustus (B M C , vA) b u t the
existence of rare and die-linked specimens for Livia as
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ and especially for ΔΡΟΥΣΟΣ indicates th at
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ is here supposed to be T iberius (a sim ilar
po rtrait o fT ib eriu s occurs a t C otiaeum , 3219); the presence
of D rusus an d the absence of G erm anicus suggest a date of
c. 19-23.
T he great bulk of the issues o f this period were struck
under C aligula and C laudius. T h e issues of C aligula fall
into two groups according to the obverse inscriptions used.
T he shorter one is probably the later, as it is very like th at
used und er C laudius, b u t the relative order of each m agis­
trate is not clear, and the sequence given here has no objec­
tive basis: it m erely reflects a possible developm ent from a
bare to a radiate head for the p o rtrait of Caligula, and a
developm ent from laureate to head w ith star to radiate head
for the contem porary issues of his father G erm anicus. I t is
not clear w hether any significance can attach to the use of
-EITWN ra th e r th an -ITWN for some of these issues, as the
use of the alternative forms of ethnic does not seem to be
system atic at this period (or, indeed, in the reign of
C laudius). A detailed die study would alm ost certainly
allow the sequence to be m ore clearly established.
T he im portance of the star an d the radiate heads is dis­
cussed in the general in troduction (p. 47). T rillm ich
(.F am ilienpropaganda der K a ise r C alig u la u n d C laudius, pp. 132—
4) distinguished betw een a ‘realistic’ p o rtrait of A grippina I
on the issue of M edeos an d an ‘idealised’ one on the issue of
Klassikos.
A sim ilarly large nu m b er of issues occur under C laudius;
again the list given here is conventional, and could no doubt
be im proved by a study o f the obverse dies.
O ne of the C laudian issues has no ‘m ag istrate’s’ nam e,
and also uses Σ ra th e r th a n the norm al C. I t has tentatively
been placed at the end of the reign w ith the issue signed
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ, probably to be regarded as A grippina I I rath er
than Livia (see 3100-1).
T here is one problem atic issue, m ade in the nam e of
A grippina an d w ith D em eter on the reverse (3102-3). I t is
not im m ediately clear w hich of the two em presses is
intended (I for B M C , I I for vA), and this uncertainty is
com pounded by the difficulty of ‘h anging’ the issue on to
one w ith an em peror: all the issues for C aligula have a
‘m agistrate’s’ nam e, an d the only one for C laudius which
does not has Σ, while these coins have C. In addition, some
of the coins have one of two counterm arks w hich do not
recur on any other contem porary coins of Aezani. In this
catalogue, the attrib u tio n to A grippina I I is followed; for a
discussion, see T rillm ich, F am ilienpropaganda der K a ise r C a li­
g u la u n d C laudius, p. 132. (T he M u piece is w rongly given to
A grippina II and A ntonia by the vA In d e x .) T he absence of
any coinage from A ezani for N ero w ould suggest a C laudian
date, and it m ay be th a t the coin represents a sm aller
denom ination corresponding to one of the ‘signed’ issues for
C laudius, b u t lacking the signature (cf. C adi). T he sam e is
perhaps true of the ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins w ith the
Senate w hich belong to this general period (letter forms and
form of ethnic); one of these (3104) resem bles the piece
A S I A : Aezani 4gg
signed by M enogenes (3097) very closely, and it seems
likely th at they come from this period.
T he alm ost universal type is the Zeus of Aezani (for
which, see Levick and M itchell, op. a t . , p. xxxiv), but there
are also representations of H erm es, A rtem is and the Senate.
‘Magistrates’
A considerable num ber of nam es occur on the coins, and
they raise two problem s, the relevant m agistracy (if any)
and the form of the nam es. V on Aulock and B M C regarded
the nam es as norm ally being in the usual Greek form of
nam e + patronym ic, but it seems th a t this is not usually the
case. A consideration of the issues m ade by the Lollii, Rufus
and Klassikos, under C aligula (3085-7) indicates th at both
nam es m ust be double personal nam es of the individuals in
question, as otherwise the form AOAAIWN would be inex­
plicable. As Lollius Klassikos also occurs on his own (3080,
ju st as Klassikos on 3081-4), it seems likely, in nearly all
cases, th at the second nam e is not a patronym ic in the case
of any of the coins of Caligula; this is dem onstrably so for
S traton M edeos, since his coins can be signed either ΕΠΙ
Μ ΗΔΗΟΥ (3075) or ΕΠΙ ΣΤΡΑΤΙΥΝΟΣ Μ ΗΔΗΟΥ (3076),
and hence likely enough, too, in the case of A ristarchos
H ierax (3078-9).
It is clearly likely th at this is also the case under
C laudius, though not dem onstrably so. T his interpretation
would also explain w hy in the case of the only likely excep­
tion - M enogenes (3096) - the nam e is followed by the
definite article: presum ably the point of this sole occurrence
of the definite article is to indicate th a t his nam e, unlike the
others, is followed by a patronym ic (because his father Nan-
nas was so famous: see on 3073).
T he only indication of m agistracy is th a t of N annas, who
describes him self as stephanephoros; the fact th a t his nam e,
like th at of all the others, is preceded by ΕΠΙ m ight suggest
th at all were stephanephori, b u t this is by no m eans clear.
T he preposition does suggest, however, th a t they m ay have
been the eponym ous m agistrate, though it is perhaps sur­
prising to find an eponym ous m agistracy held by two men
u n der Caligula, one of whom also signs on his own, though
com pare A m orium , 3235-6. (T he other, Rufus, does not
occur on his own, since vA 8305 is actually a m isread coin of
A pam ea = 3130.) T he other alternative, th a t the coins are
signed by contem porary m em bers of a board (com pare
H ierapolis or Philadelphia), is perhaps less likely in view of
the use of ΕΠ Ι and m inor differences in the obverses o f the
coins of different m agistrates (bare or radiate head for C ali­
gula, laureate head w ith star or radiate head for G erm an­
icus, accusative or nom inative obverses for C lau d iu s). Once
again, however, it can be pointed out th a t a die study would
help resolve this point.
Denominations
T he coins of A ugustus and Tiberius were m ade of bronze,
those of C aligula and C laudius of brass; as elsewhere the
difference in com position does not seem to have affected the
βοο A S I A : Aezani (3066-3073)

weight stan d ard s of the different denom inations. T he issue vA Index

for A ugustus an d Potitus was m ade a t a heavier standard
th an the rest of the coinage of this period, w hich falls into T he following alterations should be m ade to the vA In d e x :
the issue of A ugustus and Livia is regarded here of T iberius
two denom inations (see table below).
U n d er C laudius, two abnorm ally large an d heavy strik- and Livia (3071); the issue for Livia has been reclassified as
A grippina I I (3101); the coins of G erm anicus and G erm an­
ings (m edallic or trial pieces?) have been recorded (3088/7,
icus w ith A grippina I were m ade under C aligula, not
3094/6).
Tiberius; the coin o f A ntonia should be deleted (see above).
Augustus 21 mm, 9.01 g (6)

Tiberius 20 mm, 5.69 g (24) 16 mm, 3.85 g (8)

Caligula I 20mm, 5.39g (2) 16 mm, 4.09 g (3)
II 20m m, 5.34g (27) 16 mm, 3.53 g (22)
Claudius 20 mm, 4.87 g (63) 16mm, 3.50g (4)
Agrippina II 16mm, 3.02g (16)

average: 20m m, 5.16g ( 116) 16 mm, 3.45 g (53)

A u g u s tu s a n d M e s s a la P o titu s , c. 2 9 bc 3070 A E . 1 6 m m , 4.31 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]

vA A ezan i 31
3066 A E . 2 i m m , 9.22 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 6 ]
Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Ε Π Ι Μ Ε Ν Α Ν Δ ΡΟ Υ ; b a re h e a d , r.
vA A e z a n i io
Α ΙΖ Α Ν ΙΤ Ω Ν ; Z eus o f A e z a n i s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d
B a re h e a d , 1. scep tre
Ε Ζ Ε Α Ν ΙΤ Ω Ν ; Z eu s o f A ezan i sta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d I . P 15g ( — W a 5551), 4.34; 2· O = AMC 1376 (‘D io n y su s’), 4.28. S am e
sce p tre ; to 1., m o n o g ra m M dies; sam e obv. die as 3 0 7 1 (L ivia o n rev.) a n d 3 0 7 2 (D ru su s o n rev.).
i . P 156, 9.41; 2—3. B (L ö b b = vA io , I-B ), 8.29, 9.29; 4 . V 30859;
3071 A E . 1 6 m m , 4 .0 6 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
5. M u 10; 6 . P 158 ( = W a 5541), 9.91. A ll sam e obv. die.
vA A e z a n i 32
3067 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 21 m m , 8 .5 8 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Ε Π Ι Μ Ε Ν Α Ν Δ ΡΟ Υ ; b a re h e a d , r.
vA A e z a n i 7 -8
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η Α ΙΖ Α Ν ΙΤ Ω Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f L ivia, 1.
Π Ο Τ ΙΤ Μ Ε Σ Σ Α Λ Α Σ ; b a re h e a d o f P o titu s M e ssa la , 1. I . B (I-B ) ( = km 190, n o . 5)3 4.06. S am e o b v . d ie as 3 0 7 0 (Z eus) an d
Ε Ζ Ε Α Ν ΙΤ Ω Ν ; h a n d h o ld in g b alan c e; sam e m o n o g ra m as 3 0 7 2 (D ru su s).
3066
3072 A E . 16 m m , 3 .7 5 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
i . L 1 9 5 9 —9—3—i (ex vA = bmq i960, 72, a n d pi. 23.9), 8.50; 2. vA 3342,
8.65; 3. H . H om m el, C I N (Rome, 1961), 301-5. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis vA A e z a n i 33
on: i.
Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Ε Π Ι Μ Ε Ν Α Ν Δ ΡΟ Υ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Δ ΡΟ Υ Σ Ο Σ Α ΙΖ Α Ν ΙΤ Ω Ν ; b a re h e a d o f D ru su s, 1.
i . B (R a u c h ), 3.75. S am e obv. die as 3 0 7 0 (Z eus) a n d 3 0 7 1 (Livia).
T ib e r iu s , M e n a n d e r , c .a d 1 9 -2 9

3068 B ronze. 2 0 m m , 5 .6 9 g (24). A xis: 12. [ 30 ]

vA A e z a n i 34, bmc 50, C o p 70 C a lig u la __________________________ _
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Α ΙΖ Α Ν ΙΤ Ω Ν Ε Π Ι M E N A N Δ ΡΟ (Υ ) ; Z eus o f A ezan i G roup I
s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d scep tre
N A N N A S , S T E P H A N E P H O R O S
I . L = bm c 51, 6.81; 2—5. L — BMC 50, 5 2 -4, 4.70, 5.67, 5.05, 6.06; 6 -
3073 B rass. 20 m m , 5 .3 9 g (5). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 12 ]
8 . O — AMC 1373-5, 5-67. 5 -0 4 , 4-9 C 9 · C oP 7 ° . 5-451 1 0 - 1 3 · p : 5 7 , 157a.
157b, D elepierre, 6.61, 6.00, 6.15, 6.15; 14—16. V 28378, 30921, 30172; bmc 70, C op 81
17—24. B; 25—2 9 . C inc. L eak e = s n g 4920, L eake S u p p l., H asluck;
3 0 . N Y; 3 1 . vA 3343, 5.45; 3 2 —3 3 . W e b er 6993-4. Q u a lita tiv e m etal Γ K A IC CEB Γ Ε Ρ Μ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο C; la u r e a te b u s t (seen from
an alysis on: 2. re a r), r.
Α ΙΖ Α Ν ΙΤ Ω Ν Ε Π Ι N A N N A Σ Τ Ε Φ Α Ν Η Φ Ο Ρ Ο Y ; Z eus
3069 B ronze. 16 m m , 3 .6 1 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 7 ]
s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eag le a n d sc e p tre
vA A e z a n i 35, bmc 55 I. N Y ; 2 . L — bm c 70, 5.80; 3 - 5 . P 191 ( — W a 5563), 165, 165a, 5.05,
Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Α ΙΖ Α Ν ΙΤ Ω Ν ; b a re h e a d , r. 4.97, 5.35; 6 . C o p 81, 4.42; 7 . O , 4.85; 8 —9 . B (I-B = m g 392, no. 53, an d
km 190, L ö b b ); 1 0 . C , 6.91; 1 1 —1 2 . M u 11, 17, — , 4.76; 1 3 . W e b er
Ε Π Ι Μ Ε Ν Α Ν Δ ΡΟ Υ ; H e rm e s h o ld in g p u rs e a n d c a d u ceu s;
6995. F o r N a n n a s, a b en e fa cto r o f A ezan i k n ow n from a n in scrip tio n , see
all in w re a th L . R o b e rt, M onnaies Grecques, p p . 71-2, B. L evick a n d S. M itchell,
*· L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 - 2 1 1 0 (ex vA 3344), 3.58; 2 - 3 . L = bmc 5 5 -6, 3.41, 3.11; M onum ents fr o m the A eganitis, p. lx ( ‘o n e o f th e w ealth iest a n d m o st e m in e n t
4. P 160 : — W a 5552), 4.08; 5—6. B (I-B — km igo, no. 4, Fox); 7. I-B m en in the h isto ry o f his city ’); for his son, see 3 0 9 6 below . Q u a lita tiv e
( = km 18g, no. 3); 8. N Y . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2. m etal an alysis on: 2.
 A S I A : Aezani (30 7 4 -3 0 8 7 ) 50/

p R A X I M e [ 10—12. B (L ö b b , 385/1880, 665/1878); 13. C L eake, 5.38; 14—15. V

3074 Α Ε . 16 m m , 4 .0 9 g (3). A xis: 12.
vA A ezan i 37 corr.
Γ KAIC CEB Γ ΕΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο C; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Α ΙΖ Α Ν ΙΤ Ω Ν Ε Π Ι Π ΡΑ Ξ ΙΜ Ε; d ra p e d b u s t o f A rte m is w ith
bow , r.
I. L = b m c 71, 4.74; 2. L — BMC 72, 2.98; 3-4. P 173, 175 ( = W a 5565),
3.80, 4.54; 5· G 4 (pi. 56.10); 6 —8 . B ( I- B , L ö b b , I -B ); 9 . V 19717. F o r
th e id entification o f th e h e a d on th e rev. as A rtem is ra th e r th a n A g rip p in a
I , see T rillm ich , Fam ilienpropaganda der K aiser Caligula und C laudius , p. 134,
n. 479. T h e n am e Πραξιμένης is a tte ste d a t A ezani (Levick a n d M itchell
al., M onum ents fr o m the A ezan itis, no. 90).
[ 9 ] 19 7 19, 27471; 16. M u 12a; 17. W e b er 6996. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis
on: 2.
3081 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .3 4 g (6). A xis: 12. [ 13]
C o p 71
TEPM ANIKOC; la u re a te h e a d o f G e rm a n ic u s, r.
Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α ΕΠ Ι K AA CCIKOY (A IZ A N IT W N ); d ra p e d b u st
o f A g rip p in a I, r.
N o ethnic: i . L 1 9 2 0 -7 -2 8 -4 7 , 3.55; 2. P (P erg am u m ) 1194, 3.40; 3. V
2 7 3 8 5 ; ethnic: 4. C o p 7 2 , 3.63; 5—7. C o p 71, 73-4 , 3.22, 3.01, 3.23; 8 -
9. B (28674/95, I-B ); 1 0 - 1 3 . P 176 (= W a 5566), 163, 166 ( = W a 5554),
167a, 3.29, 3.98, 3.55, 3.76; 1 4 - 1 5 . W e b er 6997, 6999.

3 0 8 2 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .5 5 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 4 ]

G rou p I I
A s 3 0 8 1 , b u t s ta r b e h in d h e a d o f G e rm a n ic u s a n d
( s t r a t o n ) m e d e o s Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Ε Π Ι K AA CCIKOY A IZ A N IT W N
3075 B rass. 2 0 m m , 4 .9 8 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 8 ] i . B 2 8 6 7 4 /9 4 , 2.67; 2—3. L 1 9 2 1 -4 -1 2 -7 4 (ex W e b er 6997), 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -
2 1 11 (ex vA 3345), 3.91, 3-59; 4· M u 12, 4.03. 1 w as illu stra te d by
BMC 58
T rillm ich , Familienpropaganda der K aiser Caligula und C laudius , T a f. 14.19,
ΓΑ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r. w ho th o u g h t th a t the s ta r w as in fact a d ra p e d m ale h ea d facing 1.; this is
A IZ A N IT W N ΕΠ Ι Μ Η Δ Η Ο Υ ; Z eu s sta n d in g , L, w ith eagle w rong, as can be seen clearly on 3.

a n d sc e p tre
I . L = B M C 58, 5.59; 2. L — BMC 59, 4.37; 3 - 4 . P 180, 182, 4.93, 5.94;
5. B (S perling); 6—7. M u 12, 16; 8. C 373/1948; 9. Lewis = sn g 1562.
Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 1.
3076 A E . 2 0 m m , 4 .9 9 g (5). A xis: 12.
BMC 62
A s 3 0 7 5 , b u t A IZ A N IT W N Ε Π Ι ΣΤΡΑ'Π ΥΝ ΟΣ Μ Η Δ Η Ο Υ
I . L = b m c 6 2 , 5.33; 2 - 4 . P 188-9 ( = W a 5 5 6 0-1), H S 1965/715, 5.54,
4.68, 4.90; 5. C o p 79, 5.34; 6. G 3; 7 - 8 . V 19718, 36789, - , 5.23; 9. M u
15» 4 - 15 -
3 0 8 3 B rass. 16 m m , 3 .5 4 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 7 ]
BMC 68
TEPM AN IK OC ΕΠ Ι KAACCIKOY; ra d ia te h e a d o f
[ 9 ] G e rm a n ic u s, r.
Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α A IZ A N IT W N ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I, r.
i . L 1 9 2 1 —4 —12—75 (ex W eb er 6999), 3.16; 2. L = bm c 68, 3.98; 3 . P
164, 4.36; 4 —5 . B (I-B , L o b b ); 6—7. V 19715-16; 8 . W a d d ell 9.12.1982,
lo t 320, 3.49; 9. W e b er 6998. T h e Z is som etim es rev ersed ; th e le tte r forms
W a n d Ω b o th occur. Q u alitativ e m etal an aly sis on: 2.
C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in ( G IC —: 5).

3 077 B rass. 16 m m , 3.62 g (8). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 11 ] 3 0 8 4 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .7 4 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]

BMC 60, C o p 75 A IZ A N IT W N ; A rte m is s ta n d in g , facing, w ith sta g
Γ ΕΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο C; la u re a te h e a d o f G e rm a n ic u s, r. Ε Π Ι KAACCIKOY; F ig u re s ta n d in g , 1., w ith b ra n c h a n d
Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α A IZ A N IT W N Ε Π Ι Μ Η Δ Η Ο Υ ; d ra p e d b u s t o f d o u b le axe
A g rip p in a I, r. I . O , 3.74.
i . L = b m c 6 1 , 3.91; 2. L = BMC 60, 3.52; 3. C o p 75, 3.43; 4 . P 174
( = W a 5564), 3.54: 5 - 6 . O , 4.09, 3.13; 7 - 9 . B (374/1882, I-B , L ö b b ), - , L O L L I O S K L A S S I K O S A N D L O L L I O S
3.87, — 10. C L eake, 3.42; 11. P 167, 2.79; 12. W e b er 7000. Q u a lita tiv e
R O U F O S
m etal analysis on: 2.
3 0 8 5 A E . 2 0 m m , 5 .7 8 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 10 ]
A R I S T A R C H O S ( h I E R A x ) BMC 66
3078 A E . 2 0 m m , 6 .2 5 g ( 0 · A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; ra d ia te h e a d , r.
Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r. A IZ A N IT W N ΕΠ Ι Ρ Ο Υ Φ Ο Υ K Ä T KAA CCIK OY ; Z eus
A IZ A N IT W N ΕΠ Ι A PIC TA PX O Y ; Z eu s sta n d in g , 1., w ith s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sce p tre ; to 1., m o n o g ra m o f
eagle a n d scep tre A OA A IW N
I . B (B -I), 6 .25. F o r a d istin g u ish ed H ie ra x in th e A u g u stan period, see I . L = B M C 67, 5.32; 2. L = BMC 66, 6.40; 3. C o p 80, 6.61; 4 . P 183, 5.27;
Levick a n d M itchell, M onum ents fr o m the A eza n itis , no. 13 (see also 3 0 8 8 ). 5—7. B (596/1927, L ö b b , 28778); 8. C , 4.80; 9. V 30884; 10. M u 14;
i i . W e n d t X X I (1978) lot 618a.
3 079 A E . 2 0 m m , 5.01 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 8 ]
BMC 6g, C o p 76 3 0 8 6 A E . 20 m m , 4.96 g (4). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 6 ]
A s 3 0 8 0 , b u t A IZ A N IT W N Ε Π Ι A PIC TA PX O Y IEPA K O C bm c 65
I . L 1 9 2 4 - 1 0 - 1 2 —1, 4.79; 2. L = BMC 69; 3 - 4 . P 190a, 195, 5.75, 5.13; A s 3 0 8 5 , b u t A IZ A N EITW N Ε Π Ι K A A C CIKOY KÄT
5—6. B (L öbb, 28778); 7. V 19720; 8. C op 76, 5.05; 9 . vA 3346, 5.18;
Ρ Ο Υ Φ Ο Υ a n d m o n o g ra m o f A O A A IW N
10. L in d g ren 871, 5.50.
i . L = B M C 6 5 , 4.56; 2—3. P 192, D elep ierre, 5.64, 5.00; 4 . O , 5.61; 5. B
( l o l l i o s ) k l a s s i k o s (I-B ); 6. C M cC lean 8742, 4.67.
3 080 B rass. 2 0 m m , 5 .3 3 g (6). A xis: 12. [ 16]
3 0 8 7 A E . 2 0 m m , 5 .3 8 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 6 ]
BMC 63, C o p 77
vA A ezan i 39
Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣΑ Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
A IZ A N IT W N Ε Π Ι Λ Ο Λ Λ ΙΟ Υ KAACCIKOY; Z eu s sta n d in g , A s 3 0 8 5 , b u t A IZ A N EITW N Ε Π Ι A O A A IW N K AA CCIKOY
1., w ith eagle a n d sc e p tre [K ÄI] ΡΟ Υ Φ Ο Υ
I . L = B M C 6 3 , 4.92; 2. L = BMC 64, 5.91; 3—4 . C o p 7 7 -8, 5.02, 4.90; 5— I . P 1 7 8 a, 5.83; 2 - 4 . P 178-9, 187 ( = W a 5589), 5.55, 4.88, 5.00; 5. B
8. P 170, 177, 184-5 ( = W a 55 5 6 -7 ), 4.96, 4.41, 5.02, 4.69; 9 . O , 5.87; (L ö b b ); 6. M u 13, 5.64.
jo 2 A S I A : Aezani (3088-3101)

P A U S A N I A S M E N A N D R O S
C la u d iu s
3095 A E . 2 0 m m , 4 .7 0 g (9). A xis: 12. [ 14 ]
BM C 76, C o p 89
G ro u p I (w ith ‘m a g i s t r a t e s ” n a m es)
KAA YA IO C K A IC A P; la u re a te h e a d , r.
K L A U D I O S H I E R A X ΕΠ Ι H A Y C A N IO Y Μ Ε Ν Α Ν Δ ΡΟ Υ Α ΙΖ Α Ν ΙΤ Ω Ν ; Z eus
3088 A E . 20 m m , 4.88 g (17). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 26 ] s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d scep tre
BMC 85, C o p 83 I . L = b m c 7 7 , 5.05; 2. L = BMC 76, 4.71; 3 - 4 . C o p 89-9 0 , 5.36, 4.53; 5 -
7. P 200, 201, D elep ierre, 4.98, 5.23, 3.95; 8. O , 4.33; 9. B 11953; 1 0 -
Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Ν K A IC A PA A IZ A N IT A I; la u re a te h e a d , r. i i . V 36791, 36790; 12. M u 23; 13. N Y; 14. vA 3350, 4.30; 15. NY;
ΕΠ Ι Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Υ IEPA K O C; Z eu s sta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle 16. Lewis = SNG 1563 (from D enizli).
a n d sc e p tre
M E N O G E N E S , S O N OF N A N N A
!· L I 979—I—I“ 2 I Ï 3 (ex vA 3349), 5.44; 2 - 3 . L = bmc 8 5 -6 , 4.67, 4.66;
4 —7. C M cC le an 8744, L eake (2), Leake S u p p l., 3.88, —, —, 16.49; 3096 A E . 2 0 m m , 4 .7 0 g (12). A xis: 12. [ 22 ]
8. C o p 83, 4.33; 9 - 1 0 . P 196, 196a, 4.12, 3.91; i i —14. O , 4.61, 4.78, 5.46, BM C 79, C o p 87
4.44; 15—2 0 . B; 2 1 - 2 4 . V 30885, 19723, 27698, 31074, —, 3.65, 5.52,
3.98; 2 5 . M u 25, 4.75; 26. N Y; 27. L in d g ren 872, 6.86; 28. W e n d t X X I ΚΛΛ Y Δ IO C K A IC A P; la u re a te h e a d , r.
(1978) lo t 618b, 4.79; 2 9 . JS W . 7 is stru ck on an oversize flan; hen ce its Ε Π Ι M H N O reN O Y (C ) T O Y N A N N A Α ΙΖ Α Ν ΙΤ Ω Ν ; Z eus
heavy w eight; cf. 3 0 9 4 /6 . F or th e possible fam ily of H ierax , see on 3 0 7 9 .
sta n d in g , 1., w ith eag le a n d sc e p tre
i . L = b m c 79, 5.00; 2—4 . L = BMC 8 0 -2 , 5.43, 4.89, 3.87; 5—6 . C o p 87-8,
A N T I O C H O S M E T R O G E N E S
3.48, 4.14; 7 - 8 . O , 4.54, 4.80; 9 - 1 3 . P 2 07-8 ( = W a 5 5 6 7 -8 ), 197-8,
3089 A E . 2 0 m m , 4 .8 9 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ] D elep ierre, 5.48, 4.85, 5.88, 4.44, 5.37; 14—15. B (8065, L ö b b ); 16. G 5;
Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Ν K A IC A PA A IZ A N IT A I; la u re a te h e a d , r. 1 7 - 1 8 . C 374/1948, 375/1948, 4.21, 4.95; 19. V 35396, 5.70; 2 0 . M u 20;
21—22. N Y; 2 3 . W e b er 7002. F o r N an n as, see 3 0 7 3 ; for N a n n a s an d
Ε Π Ι A N T IO X O Y M H T PO rC N O Y C: Z eus sta n d in g , 1., w ith M en o g en es, see R o b ert, op. cit.
eagle a n d sc e p tre
i . B 3 8 6 /1 8 8 0 , 4.89. 3097 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .5 1 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
km i go, no. 6
3090 A E . 2 0 m m , 4 .7 8 g (7). A xis: 12. [ 1 4 ·]
[A IZ A N E IT jW N M H N O FEN O Y C; b u s t o f A rte m is, r., w ith
BMC 78, C o p 85 q u iv e r
Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ ε K A I CAP; la u re a te h e a d , r. O EO C CYNKAHTOC; d ra p e d b u s t o f S en ate, r.
Ε Π Ι A N T IO X O Y M H T P O reN O Y C Α ΙΖ Α Ν ΙΤ Ω Ν ; Z eus I . B (I-B ) {= KM 6), 3.51.
s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eag le a n d scep tre
M E N E L A O S D E M O S T H E N E S
i . L = b m c 7 8 , 5.38; 2—3 . P 190 ( = W a 5562), 211a, 4.96, 5.59; 4 . C
3098 A E . 2 0 m m , 4.72 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 11 ]
M cC le an 8745, 4.42; 5—6. O , 4.65, 5.58; 7—8. N Y; 9 . B (I-B ); 10—11. C
L eake, gen., 4.53, —; 12. V 31554, 4.17; 13· M u 19; 14. P 211 {— W a BM C 89
5571) has no eth n ic (i.e., a h y b rid betw een 3 0 8 9 a n d 3 0 9 0 ).
K AA YA IO C K A IC A P; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Ε Π Ι Μ ΕΝ ΕΛ Α Ο Δ H M O COENOYC A IZ A N EITW N ; Z eus
( T l ) S O C R A T E S E U D O X O S
s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sta ff
3091 B rass. 2 0 m m , 5 .4 8 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 4 ]
i . L = b m c 9 0 , 4.51; 2. L = BMC 89, 4.87; 3 . N Y ; 4. C o p 86, 4.99; 5. P
BMC 84 199, 5.61; 6—9. B (I-B , R au c h , 9233, L ö b b ); 10. V 30897; 11. M u 24.
Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Ν K A IC A PA A IZ A N IT A I; la u re a te h e a d , r.
P R O T O M A C H O S S O C R A T E S
Ε Π Ι CQK PATO YC ΕΥ Δ Ο Ξ Ο Υ ; Z eus sta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle
3099 B rass. 2 0 m m , 4 .8 6 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 9 ]
a n d sc e p tre
i . L = b m c 84, 5.09; 2. B (B -I); 3. V 19724; 4 . vA 3348, 5.86; 5 . P 203,
BM C 87
5.02. F o r a possible stem m a o f his fam ily (th o u g h reg ard in g E udoxos as a KAA YA IO C K A IC A P; la u re a te h e a d , r.
p atro n y m ic ) see Levick a n d M itchell, M onum ents fr o m the A eza n itis , no. 27.
Ε Π Ι n P W T O M A X O Y CW KPATOY ( C) A IZ A N E IT W N ; Z eus
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
sta n d in g , 1., w ith eag le a n d sta ff
3092 A E . 2 0 m m , 5 .3 7 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 9 ] i . L = B M C 8 7 , 6.26; 2. L = BMC 88, 4.84; 3—4 . C M cC le an 8748-9, 5.18,
4.00; 5—6. P 202, 202a, 5.20, 5.10; 7. O , 4.01; 8. B (R au c h ); 9. M u 27;
BMC 83 corr. 10. J N F A 4/1 (A ug. 1975), C 13; i i . W e b er 7001. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an aly sis on: 1.
K AA YA IO C K A IC A P; la u re a te h e a d , r.
επί (TI) CW KPATOY(C) Ε Υ Δ Ο Ξ Ο Υ Α ΙΖ Α Ν ΙΤ Ω Ν ; Z eus
s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eag le a n d sc e p tre
G ro u p I I : no ‘m a g is tr a te s ” n a m e s, c . A D 5 0 - 4
I . L = b m c 8 3 , 5.52; 2 - 4 . P 2 0 4-5, 209 ( = W a 5569), 5.00, 3.96, 5.10;
5. O , 5.22; 6 . B 749/1878; 7—8. V 27484, 33478; 9. M u 22. 3100 B rass. 2 0 m m , 5 .3 6 g (8). A xis: 12. [ 14]

3093 A E . 2 0 m m , 4 .3 3 g (1). [ 2 ] BM C 73, C o p 82

A s 3 0 9 2 , b u t Ε Π Ι CW KPATOYC A IZ A N EITW N
i . P 206, 4.33; 2. V 19722. T h is m ight, o f course, be a coin o f Socrates
D em etrio s (3 0 9 4 ).
S O C R A T E S D E M E T R I O S
3 0 9 4 A E . 2 0 m m , 4 .0 4 g (2). A xis: 12.
K A A Y A IO C K A IC A P; la u re a te h e a d , r.
ε π ί CWKPATOYC ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ ΑΙΖΑΝΙΤΩΝ; Z eus
s ta n d in g , L, w ith eagle a n d sc e p tre
i . N Y ; 2. C M cC le an 8746, 4.74; 3—4 . P 210 (= W a 5570), 210a, 5.28,
5.73; 5 —16· B (Fox, 927/1901); 7. V 19721; 8. M u 21; 9 . vA 3351, 3.33. 6
is stru ck on a v ery large (24 m m ) a n d thick flan; cf. 3 0 8 8 /7 . See also 3 0 9 3 .
Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u r e a te h e a d , r.
Α ΙΖ Α Ν ΙΤ Ω Ν ; Z eu s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sta ff
i . L = b m c 73, 5.10; 2—3 . L = BMC 7 4 -5 , 4-56, 4.49; 4 . C M cC le an 8743,
3.81; 5. C o p 82, 5.54; 6 - 8 . P 186 ( = W a 5558), 193-4, 6.40, 5-22, 5·82;
9. O , 5.51; 10—i i . B (I-B , 28674/93); 12. C L eake, 7.25; 13. V 27484;
14. M u 26. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
[ 8 ]
3101 B rass. 1 6 m m , 3 .5 1 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 6 ]
BM C 57
ΣΕΒ Α ΣΤΉ ; d ra p e d b u s t (o f A g rip p in a II? ), r.
Α ΙΖ Α Ν ΙΤ Ω Ν ; C y b ele se a te d , L, w ith p h ia le a n d
ty m p a n u m

i . L = b m c 5 7 , 3.86; 2 - 3 . P 161, 162 ( = W a 5553), 3.40, 2.99; 4. O , 3.79;
5—6. B (G ansauge, 737/1914 ex P row e 1877). T h e em press has alw ays
been identified as L ivia, b u t th e h airsty le looks m ore like th a t o f A g rip p in a
I I , a n d th e piece w ould th e n fit very w ell as a sm aller d en o m in atio n
co rresp o n d in g to 3 1 0 0 . T h is is m a d e very p ro b ab le by th e com positio n o f
the coin, as brass is n o t used before C a lig u la ’s reign. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: 1.
A g r ip p in a ( I I ? ) , reig n o f C la u d iu s ?
3102 B rass. 1 6 m m , 3 .0 1 g (12). A xis: 12. [ 16]
BM C 91, C o p 91
Α Γ ΡΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Ν CCBACTHN; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a
(II? ), r.
Α ΙΖ Α Ν ΙΤ Ω Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f P e rse p h o n e w ith e a rs o f c orn
before
i . N Y; 2 - 3 . L = B M C 9 1 -2 , 2.43, 2.84; 4—5. C o p 9 1 -2 , 2.77, 3.88; 6—8. P
169 ( = W a 5555), 168, 168a, 3.12, 3.45, 4.35; 9 - 1 0 . O , 2.92, 2.66; i i -
i a . B (I-B , L ö b b ); 13. N Y ; 14. C , 3.02; 15. V 27970, 3.13; 16. M u 29,
2.51; 17. M M A G 41 (1970) lo t 444, 2.97; 18—19. W e b er 7003-4. F o r the
id e n tity o f the rev. type, see T rillm ich , Familienpropaganda der K aiser Caligula
und C laudius , p. 138.
C o u n te rm ark s: V in e le a f ( G I C 415: 8); p alm b ra n c h ( G IC 383: 13—14).
3103 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .0 3 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 5 ]
BMC 93
A s 3 1 0 2 , b u t b u s t o f P e rse p h o n e is veiled a n d h a s a
p o p p y a n d tw o e a rs o f c o rn before
i . B (B -I), 3.62; 2. L = BMC 93, 3.19; 3 . G 6, 2.90; 4 . M u 26, 2.41;
5. NY.
C o u n te rm ark : B ran c h ( G I C 383: 5).
Synaus
Synaus produced no coinage before the reign of N ero, when
a single issue was m ade for him w ith A grippina, presum ­
ably in about 55. Pace the vA In d ex, there seems to be no coin
of Livia in V (perhaps a confusion w ith coins depicting the
Senate, e.g., V 19902 = B M C 1?).
N ero, c. a d
3107 B rass. 2 0 m m , 4 .8 5 g (9). A xis: 12. [ 9 ]
BM C 13, C o p 702
Ancyra
A ncyra produced no coinage before the reign of Nero; it had
achieved city status perhaps only u n d er the early Em pire,
perhaps u nder A ugustus, as is indicated by its nam e Ju lia
(cf. H ead, H N , p. 665).
T here are two issues u n d er Nero. O ne is signed 8Π Ι
ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ΑΡΤ8Μ ΙΔΩΡΟΥ ΙΕΡ8ΩΣ to ju d g e from the
p o rtrait an d the inclusion of the nam e C laudius in the
em peror’s titles, the issue was probably m ade early in the
reign, c. 55—60.
T he other issue refers to the proconsul P. V olasenna, and
the inclusion of P oppaea indicates a date of 62-5. B.
Thom asson, L aterculi P raesidum , no. 56, dates V olasenna to
‘62-5 (62-3?)’; the earlier type of hairstyle used on the
A S I A : Aezani, Synaus, Ancyra (31 0 2 -3 1 0 7 ) 503
U n c e rta in d a te, reig n o f C la u d iu s?
A S K L A S C H A R A X
3 1 0 4 A E . 1 7 m m , 3 .5 0 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
vA A ezan i 10
OCOC CYNKAHTOC; d ra p e d b u s t o f S e n a te , r.
C m A CK AA X A PA K O C A IZ A N IT W N ; A rte m is sta n d in g ,
facing, w ith sta g
I . B ( B - I ) , 4.1 8; 2. B (I-B = km 190, no. i) , 3.05; 3 . V 34651, 3.28.
A ttrib u te d to the ''Zeit des Claudius' by vA; th e obv. is very like th e sim ilar
obv. for M enogenes (3 0 9 7 ). F o r an A sclepiades C h a ra x m e n tio n e d in an
in scrip tio n , see Levick et a l., M onum ents fr o m the A eganitis , p. 270.
3 1 0 5 B rass. i6 m m , 3 .1 3 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
BM C 3
© eO C CYNKAHTOC; d ia d e m e d a n d d ra p e d b u s t o f
S en ate, r.
A IZA N ITW N ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A rte m is w ith q u iv e r, r.
i . L ^ b m c 3, 3.10; 2. L — BMC 4, 3.16; 3. B (L ö b b ). Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: i .
3 1 0 6 B rass. 16 m m , 3 .1 0 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
BM C 5
θ £ Ο Ν CYNKAHTON; d ra p e d b u s t (no d ia d e m ) o f S en ate,
r.
Α ΙΖ Α Ν ΙΤ Ω Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A rte m is, r., w ith a rro w
before
i . L = BMC 5, 3.82; 2. C L e a k e , 2.40; 3. B (I-B ), 3.08. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: 1.
Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π ε ίΝ Α Θ Ε Α NEPW N Ö EO C; d ra p e d b u s t of
A g rip p in a I I facing b a re h e a d o f N ero
CYNAEITW N Ε Π Ι Μ Η Τ Ρ Ο Φ Α Ν Ο Υ C; A p o llo , s ta n d in g r.,
firin g a rro w fro m bow
i . L = b m c 13, 4.94; 2—3. L = BMC 14, 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 —2316 (ex vA 3966), 4.56,
4.80; 4 —5. P 1991 ( = W a 6514), s.N . (u n d e r S y n n ad a, after 2047), 5.00,
— ; 6. C o p 702, 4.69; 7. B (I-B = mg 413, no. 156), 4.47; 8. V 19968,
4.88; 9 . L in d g ren A 1030D (ex W e b er 7179), 5-57; 10. S tern b e rg (Nov.
1976) lo t 786, 4.74; i i . N Y . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.
po rtrait of Nero supports the m ore precise dating. This
issue also has the nam e and form ula (in its longest form)
ΑΪΤΗΣ AMEN O Y ΤΙ ΒΑΣΣΙΛΑΟΥ ΕΦ; the form ula has
been interpreted by L. R obert as indicating the nam e of the
individual who sought perm ission from the em peror (or in
this case the proconsul, as the coin is dedicated to him?) for
the coinage (H ellenica 11—12, pp. 53—62). ΕΦ is norm ally
interpreted as an abbreviation for E phor (so K M ; M ünster­
berg, B eam tennam en).
T here are also some ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins w hich
m ay belong to this period (3114-15), though there is no real
basis to their dating other th an the im pression given by
style and fabric.
5 04 A S I A : Ancyra, Tiberiopolis, Dionysopolis (3108—3115)

T he vA In d ex dates the issue for N ero by K laudios T he coinage, w hich was m ade of brass, seems to be in
A rtem idoros to the reign of C laudius, b u t this seems three denom inations:
unlikely in view of the p o rtra it and the absence o f any coins
for C laudius.

Klaudios 18mm, 4.14g (4) 16mm, 2.79g (3)

Bassilaos 22mm, 8.84g (4) 15 mm, 3.27 g (4)
U ncertain 17mm, 3.74g (1)

N ero, c. a d 5 5 -6 0
r · P 3 Ä 9 > 8.98; 2 . L 1922-6—21-1, 8.70;
m e tal an aly sis on: 2.
3. B (L ö b b ), 10.39. Q u alitativ e

3 1 1 2 A E . 21 m m , 7 .2 9 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]

K la u d io s A r te m id o r o s
] Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
3 1 0 8 B rass. 1 8 m m , 4 .1 4 g (4). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 9 ] Α Ν Κ Υ ΡΑ Ν Ω Ν Ο Υ Ο Λ Α Σ Ε Ν Ν Α [ ; facin g c u lt sta tu e o f
C o p 135 A rte m is o f E p h e su s (w ith su p p o rts); in field, Α ΙΤ Η ΣΑ Μ Ε
Β Α Σ Σ ΙΛ Α Ο Υ Ε Φ
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Α Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Ν K A I CAPA Α Ν Κ Υ ΡΑ Ν Ω Ν ; b a re
i . P 3 2 6 ( = W a 5631), 7.29.
h e a d , r.
ΕΠ Ι Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Υ Α ΡΤ Ε Μ ΙΔ Ω ΡΟ Υ ΙΕΡΕΩΟ; Z eu s sta n d in g , 3 1 1 3 B rass. 1 5 m m , 3 .2 7 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 7 ]
L, w ith a n c h o r a n d sc e p tre
BM C I
i . L 1 9 7 9 —ϊ —Ϊ —2 1 3 6 (ex vA 8327), 4.47; 2. L 1 9 2 1 -4 -1 2 -7 8 (ex W e b er),
4.13; 3. N Y ; 4 . P 327 ( = W a 5632), 5.49; 5 . C op 135, 4.23; 6 - 7 . B Θ Ε Ο Ν ΣΥ Ν Κ Λ Η ΤΟ Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f S en ate, r.
28777, 8070; 8. C , 3.73; 9 . N Y . 6 is p ro b a b ly false. Q u a lita tiv e m etal Π 0 ΟΥ Ο Λ Α ΣΕ Ν Ν Α Α Ν Κ Υ ΡΑ Ν Ω Ν ; stele; in field,
an alysis on: 1. Α ΙΤ Η Σ Α (Μ Ε ) Β Α Σ Σ ΙΛ Α
3109 N o t used. i . L — B M C 2, 3.04; 2. L = BMC i, 2.84; 3. P 323 ( = W a 5629), 3.65; 4 . P
322, 2.58; 5 —6 . B (I-B = km 203, no. 3, w ith Taf. V I I . i, B -I); 7. G 1;
3 1 1 0 B rass. 1 6 m m , 2 .7 9 g (3)· A xis: 12. [ 3 ] 8 . vA 3421. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 1.

BM C 18
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν K A I CAP; b a re h e a d , r.
ΕΠ Ι Α ΡΤ Ε Μ ΙΔ Ω ΡΟ Υ Α Ν Κ Υ ΡΑ Ν Ω Ν ; D io n y su s s ta n d in g , U n c e rta in d a te, p e r h a p s f i r s t century A D
1., w ith c a n th a ru s a n d lo n g th y rsu s
i . L 1979—i —i —2 1 3 7 (ex vA 3429), 2.93; 2. L = BMC 18, 2.84; 3. P 328 3 1 1 4 A E . 2 0 m m , 3 .6 7 g (1). [ 1 ]
( = W a 5633), 2.61. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
Θ ΕΑ Ν ΡΩ Μ Η Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f R o m a , r.
Α Ν Κ Υ ΡΑ Ν Ω Ν ; D io n y su s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith c a n th a ru s a n d
T i B a s s ila o s , c. A D 6 2 - 5 lo n g th y rsu s
I. O , 3.67.
3111 B rass. 2 4 m m , 9 .3 6 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
3 1 1 5 A E . 1 7 m m , 3 .7 4 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Π Ο Π Π Α ΙΑ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; b a re
h e a d o f N ero , r., facin g d ra p e d b u s t o f P o p p a e a , 1. Θ ΕΑ ΡΩ Μ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f R o m a , r.
O Y Ο Λ Α Σ Ε Ν Ν Α Α Ν Θ Υ Π Α Τ Ω ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΕ Ω Ν Α Ν Κ ΥΡΑ ΝΩ Ν ; Ε Π Ι Μ Η Τ ΡΟ Φ Α Ν Α Ν Κ Υ ΡΑ Ν Ω Ν ; D io n y su s s ta n d in g , 1.,
Z eus sta n d in g , 1., w ith a n c h o r a n d scep tre; in field, w ith c a n th a ru s a n d lo n g th y rsu s
Α ΙΤ Η Σ Α Μ Ε Ν Ο Υ ΤΙ Β Α Σ Σ ΙΛ Α Ο Υ ΕΦ I. C= SN G 4 9 2 7 , 3.74.

Tiberiopolis
T he coin of T iberius attrib u ted by B M C 1 to Tiberiopolis is, prä g u n g von Sm yrna in der römischen K a iserzeit, p. 214, no.
in fact, a coin of Sm yrna (2469; D. A. O. Klose, D ie M ü n z - X X V I 15/2).

Dionysopolis
T he evidence for the site and coinage of Dionysopolis have
been given recently by H . von Aulock, M ü n z e n und Städte
P hrygiens II, pp. 13fr. an d 52ff. (= vA P hryg. II).
T he coin o f A ugustus attrib u ted to Dionysopolis by B M C
17 is, in fact, a coin of Sm yrna (= 2464; D. A. O . Klose, D ie
M ü n zp rä g u n g von S m yrna in der römischen K a iserzeit, p. 205, no.
X X II B 29/3).
T he rem aining issues of Dionysopolis all p o rtray an
em peror identified only as ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, and there are no
obvious clues to his identity. O n grounds of portraiture, the
unique coin in L (= 3 1 1 6 ) is attrib u ted to A ugustus; it has
his youthful look and recalls the sim ilar issue m ade at
Aezani in the twenties b c (3066).
T he rem aining coins fall into four issues: one is unsigned
(presum ably the earliest, since like the coin attrib u ted to
A ugustus, its ethnic is in the form ΔΙΟΝΥΣΟΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ
rath er th an ΔΙΟΝΥΣΟΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ), b u t the other bears the
nam es of Aristos A ristou, Gharixenos C h ar tou C h ar (or
 A S 1 A : Dionysopolis, Apamea (3116-3123) 505

possibly A rch tou A rch: see below), and Idom eneus X 0 7 ) , 5.23; 3. P 952 ( = W a 5937), 4.38; 4 . C o p 348,. 5.61; 5. N Y; 6. vA
philopatris. These are all usually given to A ugustus (e.g., 3537, 6.48; 7—i i . See vA. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.
C o u n te rm ark : B u n ch o f g rap es ( G I C 416: 1-2, 7 -8 ).
vA P hryg. II), b u t here they are tentatively attrib u ted to
Tiberius, since the p o rtra it is like th a t of the ‘L aodicea’ 3 1 1 9 A E . 1 3 m m , 2 .5 2 g (1). A xis: 12. [ o ]
stylistic group w hich is found elsewhere w ith Livia as vA Phryg. I I , 33
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η (p . 3 7 6 ). Δ ΙΟ Ν Υ ΣΟ Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; h e a d o f D io n y su s, r.
T he coinage was m ade of bronze, an d seems to be in two Α ΡΙΣ Τ Ο Σ Α ΡΙΣΤ Ο Υ ; c ista w ith cro ssed th y rsi
denom inations: i . W i n te r t h u r 4 0 7 9 (ex I-B = grm k i ), 2.52.

emperor/Zeus Dionysus/cista
Augustus 21 mm, 5.84g C h a r i x e n o s C h a r to u C h a r
Tiberius 18 mm, 4.53 g
Aristos 18mm, 5.09g 13 mm, 2.52 g 3 1 2 0 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 8 m m , 4 .7 0 g (13). A xis: 12. [ 11 ]
Charixenos 18mm, 4.70g 13mm, 2.90g vA Phryg. I I , 108-20
Idomeneus 18 mm, 5.08 g 13 mm, 2.62 g
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
average: 18mm, 4.93g (31) 13 mm, 2.73 g (4) Δ ΙΟ Ν Υ Σ Ο Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν Χ Α ΡΙΞ Ε Ν Ο Σ X Ä P T O Y XÄP";
D io n y su s sta n d in g , 1., w ith g ra p e s a n d th y rsu s
i . L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 —2 1 9 7 (ex vA 3538), 4.40; 2. L — bm c 16, 3.98; 3 . C op
3 4 9 , 4-82; 4 - 5 . P D elepierre, 5,05, 5.48; 6. O , 4.59; 7 - 9 . B (Fox, I-
A u g u s tu s B = km 219, no. 6, B -I), 4.94, 5.64, 4.36; 10. C = s n g 4965, 5.30; 11. V
1:9872, 5.16; 12—13. See vA. I t is n o t clear w hy vA Phryg, I I se p a ra te d his
nos. 108-17 from 118—20. T h e m o n o g ram s h av e been v ario u sly read : in
3116 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 2 1 m m , 5 .8 4 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ] K M , p. 219, no. 6, followed by M ü n ste rb e rg , Beam tem am en, th e false
vA Phryg. I I , 91 read in g ΈΧΑΤΟΥ — EKATOY’ w as given; vA Phryg. I I gives ‘ΧΑΡΤΟΥ (?)
A PX (?)’ (p. 17), b u t th e tw o m o n o g ram s a re th e sam e a n d so sh o u ld
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , 1. p resu m a b ly be ex p a n d ed in th e sam e w ay; in view o f th e nam e
Δ ΙΟ Ν Υ Σ Ο Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; Z eus (?) s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle C h arix en o s, C h a r seem s m ost likely, p resu m a b ly th e n am es o f his fath er
a n d g ra n d fath er. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 2.
a n d sc e p tre
C o u n te rm ark : M o n o g ram ( G I C 627: 5).
i . L 1979—1—1—2 1 9 8 (ex vA 3539), 5.84. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i.
3121 A E . 1 3 m m , 2 .9 0 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]
vA Phryg. I I , 3 1 -2

T ib e riu s (?) Δ ΙΟ Ν Υ ΣΟ Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; h e a d o f D io n y su s, r.
Χ Α ΡΙΞ Ε Ν Ο Σ; c ista w ith cro ssed th y rsi
i . B, 2.87; 2. P ( = W a 5929), 2.92. T h e B coin is on a tick et w ith the
No ‘m a g i s t r a t e ’
in v e n to ry n u m b e r 509/1884, b u t it m u st b e from th e I-B collection ( c f
G R M K , no. 2: ‘B (m .S .)’).
3117 A E . 18 m m , 4 .5 3 g (1). A xis: 6. [ 1 ]
vA Phryg. I I , 121 corr.
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Id o m e n e u s p h ilo p a tr is
Δ ΙΟ Ν Υ Σ Ο Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; Z eu s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d
3 1 2 2 A E . 1 8 m m , 5 .0 8 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 5 ]
sc e p tre
i . P 9 5 1 ( = W a 5936 = G ra n t, f it a , pi. X .28 — nc 1949, pi. X .18, all
vA Phryg. I I , 9 2 -6
a ttrib u tin g th e coin to A u g u stu s), 4.53. Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Δ ΙΟ Ν Υ Σ Ο Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ΙΔ Ο Μ Ε Ν Ε Υ Σ Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ Ρ ΙΣ ; D io n y su s
s ta n d in g , 1., w ith g ra p e s a n d th y rsu s
A r is to s A r is to u
i . B (L ö b b ), 5.31; 2 - 3 . B (17415, I - B = km, no. 5), 4.55, 5.73; 4 . O ,
4.83; 5. N Y.
3118 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 5 .0 9 g (11). A xis: 12. [ 5 ]
vA Phryg. I I , 97 -1 0 7 3 1 2 3 A E . 1 3 m m , 2 .6 2 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. vA Phryg. I I , 34
Δ ΙΟ Ν Υ Σ Ο Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν Α Ρ ΙΣ Τ Ο Σ Α ΡΙΣΤ Ο Υ ; D ionysus Δ ΙΟ Ν Υ ΣΟ Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; h e a d o f D io n y su s, r.
s ta n d in g , 1., w ith g ra p e s a n d th y rsu s ΙΔ Ο Μ Ε Ν Ε [Υ Σ Φ Ι]Λ Ο Π Α [Τ Ρ ΙΣ ; c ista w ith cro ssed th y rsi
i. L = BMC 15, 4.82; 2. L = BMC 14 ( = G ra n t, f it a , pi. X .32 = nc 1949, pi. i . C o p 3 4 4 , 2.62.

Apamea
A pam ea was one of the principal cities of Asia, and had
been the m int of silver cistophori as well as brass and
bronze coinage in the first century b c . T hese h ad been
characterised by the ap p earance of num erous nam es, and
nam es also occur on m ost of the im perial issues. A rare
series of bronzes w ith no nam es, however, has been
attributed to A ugustus; the coin has been included here
(3124), but the identification of the head and its date seem
far from certain.
T he four rem aining issues of A ugustus fall into two
groups;
I. T he coins of Diodoros and A ttalos are quite similar:
both have a sim ilar p o rtrait and the ethnic on obverse.
βοβ A S I A : Apamea
2. T he coins of M eliton and M asonios are sim ilar to each
other and form a second group; M eliton is perhaps earlier
(as the p o rtra it is bare-headed). As M asonios also m ade
coins for G aius C aesar, dates of, say, 15 b c for the first
group of two m en and, say, 5 b c for the second group seem
plausible.
U nder T iberius there were two issues: by M . M anneius
for Tiberius an d Livia, an d by C. Iulius Callicles for
T iberius a n d G erm anicus. T h e p o rtrait on M an neius’s
coins is m ore like th a t on A ugustus’s coins, so his issue is
probably the earlier: it is likely th a t both fall early in the
reign, probably before 19, in view of the presence of Livia
and G erm anicus.
A considerable problem is posed by the coin of B ritanni­
cus, app aren tly from A pam ea (3135)· T his is know n in two
specimens, both from the sam e dies, one in B and the other
in L. T he coin in B cam e from I-B; it was first published by
him in G R M K , p. 144, no. 5, an d later republished with
some corrections in N Z , 1915, p. 90. T h e L coin confirms
the uncertainties in the readings. T h e full description is
therefore:
ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΠΡΕΤΑΝΗΙΚΟΣ; bare head, r.
ΑΠΑΜ ΕΩΝ ΠΟΛΙΣ; the two D ioscuri standing
T he coin presents p articu lar difficulties of attribution.
Im hoof-B lum er pointed out th a t it cannot be from
B ithynian A pam ea (or it w ould have either a L atin legend
or one referring to M yrlea) or from the Syrian A pam ea
(since this is called C laudia A pam ea on its C laudian coins).
H e was left w ith Phrygian A pam ea, although he was well
aw are th a t the coin h a d nothing in com m on (fabric, style,
types) w ith contem porary coins of th a t city. O ne does, in
fact, w onder if the coin is even authentic: the two specimens
are not obviously false, b u t they do raise all sorts of pro b ­
lems. T he form o f the reverse legend is unparalleled, while
the com bination of both nam es on the obverse and the
spelling o f B ritannicus (especially the H, a m istake for N;
also the Π for B) seem m ost im plausible. F urtherm ore, there
is no C lau d ian coinage from A pam ea to provide a context
for the coin (the coin of C laudius and A grippina cited by
the vA In d e x from V, i.e., V 27335, is a coin of G alatia,
3559/3), an d the six o’clock die axis (on one example) is
virtually unknow n at A pam ea. T hus, the sim plest explana­
tion would be to regard the coin as false; nevertheless, it has
been included here as a lack of authenticity cannot be
proved.
T here w ere two issues u nder Nero (B M C 146 w ith
Augustus 20 mm, 5.89 g
20 mm, 5.52 g
20m m, 5.55g
Tiberius 19mm, 5.32g
20m m, 6.57g
Britannicus 23 mm, 8.42 g
Nero 24m m, 9.17g
19 mm, 5.83 g
average: 24m m, 9.17g (14) 20m m , 5.82g (31)
ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠΟΣ, followed by M ünsterberg, B eam tennam en , is
actually a coin of H ypaepa in L y d ia). These are signed by
M arius C ordus and M . V ettius Niger; nothing is known
about these m en, although it has been thought th a t they
were governors of Asia. T he original basis for this view was,
however, based on a m istaken interpretation of the Plancius
V arus who appears on Flavian coins, as was pointed out by
S. Jam eso n ( J R S , 1965, p. 58): she suggested th a t they were
in fact local m agistrates or K oinon officials. Plancius V arus
has subsequently been discovered as a praetorian legate in
Asia (S. M itchell, J R S , 1974, p. 27), and so it has been
suggested th a t C ordus and Niger, too, m ay also have been
legates, given the extrem ely sim ilar form ula in which their
nam es occur. Recently, however, both m en have reap ­
peared in the f a s t i of A sian proconsuls (B. Thom asson,
L aterculi P raesiduin, nos. 49, 54, following Vogel-W iede-
m ann, nos. 54 and 56). Syme (Z P E 53 (1983), p. 203) has
suggested th at they m ay both have been consuls in 47 and
proconsular governors in 55/6 and 56/7. U nfortunately, the
coin evidence cannot give any precise solution to this prob­
lem, and the argum ent seems to tu rn on the nam es and the
parallel of Plancius. T here is certainly nothing to suggest
from the form ula used on the coins th a t the m en were
proconsuls (com pare the case of Pedanius Secundus at
M ostene, 2461-2), rath er than local officials. O n the other
hand, we know th a t Plancius was a legate, and th a t procon­
suls do sometimes ap p ear in a sim ilar way on Phrygian
coins (e.g., C orbulo at D ocim eum , 3211-12). T his difficulty
is left unsolved here. As for the dates of the coins, the
num ism atic evidence (the presence of A grippina) shows
th a t C ordus is a t least before 59; while the relatively youth­
ful po rtrait of Nero on N iger’s coins suggests a date of about
60, or at any rate a few years later th an C ordus (though this
is not a very strong argum ent).
T he coins of C ordus are the earliest provincial ones to
show N ero w ith an aegis (see the general introduction).
M ost of the coins were m ade o f bronze; the exceptions are
the doubtful coins of B ritannicus and the large-denom i­
nation N eronian coins signed by M arius C ordus (3136:
9.17g). T hree denom inations are found (see table below).
T he following alterations should be m ade to the vA Index:
Livia is u n der T iberius ra th e r th an A ugustus; C laudius and
A grippina should be deleted (see above); the coin of B ritan­
nicus and Nero, cited from P, cannot be found there - it is,
perhaps, anyw ay a coin of Pergam um (cf. 2371), unless it
m istakenly attributes to P a coin like 3135 w ith the names
G erm anicus B ritannicus.
I7m m , 4 .l6 g
I5m m , 3.86g
I4m m , 3.OI g
I4m m , 2.75g
15 mm, 3.51g
16mm, 4.23g
16mm, 3.30g (20)
 A S I A : Apamea (31 2 4 -3 1 3 4 ) 507

A u g u stu s (??) ________________________ ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.

ΓΑ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Μ Α Σ Ω Ν ΙΟ Σ Ρ Ο Υ Φ Ο Σ Α Π Α Μ Ε Ω Ν ;
G a iu s C a e s a r in facing q u a d rig a
3124 A E . 18 m m , 5 .6 5 g (2). A xis: 12. [ i ]
i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —2 1 4 6 (ex vA , sn g — ), 5.05; 2—3. L = bm c 139-40, 5.61,
C o p 206 5.24; 4 . 0 = AMC 1380 (ex W e b er 7033), 6.08; 5—8. P 4 8 1 -2 ( = W a 5 7 0 1 -
2), C olossae 819-20, 6.22, 4.85, 4.48, 6.06; 9 —12. B (I-B = m g 393, no. 62,
L a u re a te h e a d , r. I-B , 214/1897, L ö b b ); 13. V 31038; 14. M u 22a, 5.80; 15. vA 3484, 6.12;
Α Π Α Μ Ε Ω Ν ; b e tw e e n tw o flutes in la u re l w re a th 16. P M 307 (see g ic ); 17. W e b er 7033, 6.15. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis
i . C o p 2 0 6 , 6.06; 2. vA 3485, 5.24; 3. I-B (= km 209, no. 13, w ith T af. on: i.
V I I . 10). T h e d atin g o f th e coin a n d th e id entification o f th e p o rtra it as C o u n te rm ark : C o rn u co p ia w ith p o p p y h ea d s, N ( G I C 400, 679: 16).
A ugustus are extrem ely u n ce rtain .
3130 A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .0 1 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]
Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d o f G a iu s C a e s a r, r.
A u g u s tu s Μ Α ΣΩ Ν ΙΟ Σ ΡΟ Υ Φ Ο Σ; facin g c u lt sta tu e o f A rte m is (w ith
su p p o rts)
i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —2 1 1 2 (ex vA , sn g 8305 ‘A ezan i’), 2.74; 2. M u 22b, 3.27.
S am e obv. die. T h e co rrec t re a d in g o f th e rev. leg en d a n d a ttrib u tio n w as
A tta lo s D io tr e p h o u m a d e b y H . K iith m a n n (noted on th e ticket in M u ).

3125 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 2 0 m m , 5 .8 9 g (13). Axis: 12. [ 13 ]

BMC 137, C o p 204
Α Π Α Μ Ε Ω Ν ; b a re h e a d , r. T ib e r iu s
Α Τ Τ Α Λ Ο Σ Δ ΙΟ Τ Ρ Ε Φ Ο Υ ; tw o e ars o f co rn a b o v e m a e a n d e r
p a tte rn M a r k o s M a n n e io s
i . L = bm c 137, 5.10; 2. L = BMC 138, 7.06; 3—4 . C o p 204—5, 6 -3 9 ) 4- 9 °;
5 - 8 . P 474, 474b, 475, 478 ( = W a 5698), 6.42, 5.52, 5.45, 5.24: 9 - 1 0 . B 3131 A E . 1 9 m m , 5 .3 2 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
(Fox, I-B ); i i . V 36800, 6.58; 12—13. C L eake, 368/1948, 5.70, 5.75;
14. vA 3483, 6.76; 15. A u fh ä u s e r 2 (1985), lo t 199, 5.75. Q u a lita tiv e km 210, no. 17
m etal analysis on: 1. ΣΕ[ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Μ Α ΡΚ Ο Σ Μ Α Ν Ν Η ΙΟ [Σ] Α Π Α Μ Ε Ω Ν ; h e lm e te d figure of
A th e n a s ta n d in g , 1., w ith sp e a r a n d shield
D io d o r o s
i . P 4 8 3 ( — W a 5703), 4.81; 2. B (I-B = km 17); 3 . O , 5.82.
C o u n te rm ark : N ( G IC 679: 1).
3126 A E . 1 7 m m , 4 .1 6 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 4 ]
Α Π Α Μ Ε Ω Ν ; b a re h e a d , r. 3132 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 4 m m , 2 .7 5 g (4)· A xis: 12. [ 5 ]
Δ ΙΟ Δ Ω ΡΟ Υ ; M a rsy a s p la y in g flute, r.
bmc 141, C o p 207
!· p 4 7 7 . 3 ·8 3 ; *· P 4 7 9 ( = W a 5699), 4.49; 3 . B (I-B ); 4 . V 19759. A ll
sam e dies. Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u st o f L ivia, r.
Μ Α ΡΚ Ο Σ Μ Α Ν Ν Η ΙΟ Σ Α Π Α Μ Ε Ω Ν ; c lu b a b o v e m a e a n d e r
p a tte rn
( D io n y s io s A p o llo n io u a n d ) M e lito n i . L — BMC 1 41, 3.09; 2—3. B (I-B = km 2 1 1, no. 18 = gm 729, no. 652,
K n o b elsd o rf); 4 . C o p 207, 2.46; 5 . P (S ardis) 1186, 3.25; 6 . vA 3489,
3127 L e a d e d b ro n z e. 2 0 m m , 5 .5 2 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 6 ] 2.81. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.; to r., a p h la sto n
Δ ΙΟ Ν Υ Σ ΙΟ Σ Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Υ Μ ΕΛ ΙΤΩ Ν Α Π Α Μ Ε Ω Ν ; facing
c u lt sta tu e o f A rte m is (w ith su p p o rts); below , m a e a n d e r G a io s Io u lio s K a l l i k l e s
p a tte rn
i . L 1951—12—8—3 0 , 6.24; 2—3 . B (I-B = km 209, no. 13a, I-B ); 4—5. P 3 1 3 3 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 2 0 m m , 6 .5 7 g (4)· A xis: 12. [ 5 ]
476, 480 ( = W a 5700), 6.04, 5.82; 6. M u 22, 5.21; 7. vA 3486, 4.31. bm c 142
Q u a lita tiv e m e ta l analysis on: 1.
Τ ΙΒ Ε ΡΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d , r.
3128 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .8 6 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 6 ] Γ Α ΙΟ Σ ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΚ Λ Η Σ Α Π Α Μ Ε Ω Ν ; eagle sta n d in g ,
AMC 1376, km 210, no. 14 1., o n th u n d e rb o lt; to 1., m o n o g ra m C*£
i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —2 1 4 7 (ex vA 3487), 6.92; 2. L = bmc 142, 6.39; 3—4 . P
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.; to r., litu u s
484 ( = W a 5704), 485, 6.60, 6.36; 5. B (I-B — km 210, no. 15). T h e
Μ ΕΛ ΙΤΩ Ν Α Π Α Μ Ε Ω Ν ; sta n d in g figure o f H e k a te w ith m o n o g ram w as in te rp re te d b y B M C as s ta n d in g for Η Ρ Α Κ Λ Ε Ο Υ , b u t this
th re e faces, h o ld in g o u t to rch es does n o t seem v ery convincing. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
i . C L e a k e = s n g 4 9 3 9 , 3.56; 2—3 . B (I-B = km 14, 92/1875); 4 . 0 = am c
1379, 4.16; 5. M u 21, 3.39; 6 . W in te rth u r (see k m ); 7. W a d d ell 3 1 3 4 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 5 m m , 3 .5 1 g (7). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
9.12.1982, lo t 338, 4.31; 8. L (U n c e r ta in ) 1951—12—8—9. T h e coin
a ttrib u te d to N icaea C ilb ia n o ru m in F I T A 348 (1) is th e sam e specim en as km 210, no. 16
3 12 8 /8 ! ΓΕΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣΑ Ρ; b a re h e a d o f G e rm a n ic u s, r.
ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΚ Λ Η Σ Α Π Α Μ Ε Ω Ν ; sta g s ta n d in g , r., on
m a e a n d e r p a tte rn
(G a io s M a s o n io s ) R o u f os
i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —I —2 1 4 8 (ex vA 8342), 3.74; 2. P 486 ( — W a 5705), 3.58;
3. B (I-B = km 16), 3.70; 4. vA 3488, 3.29; 5. I-B ( — GRMK 144, no. 4);
3129 L e a d e d b ro n z e. 2 0 m m , 5 .5 5 g (13)· A xis: 12. [ 15 ]
6. J S W , 4.19; 7 . M M A G 41 (1970), lot 450, 2.83; 8. L a n z 28 (1984), lot
BMC 139, AMC 1380 427 —S ch u lten (20.10.1988), 3.27. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
jo 8 A S I A : Apamea, Fulvia!Eumenea (3135-3138)
B r ita n n ic u s ( fo r p r o b le m s o f a u th e n tic ity a n d
a ttr ib u tio n , see in tro d u c tio n )
3135 B rass. 2 4 m m , 8 .4 2 g (1). A xis: 12 o r 6.
NZ 1915, 91
Γ ΕΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Π Ρ Ε Τ Α Ν Η ΙΚ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d o f B rita n n ic u s,
r.
Α Π Α Μ Ε Ω Ν Π Ο Λ ΙΣ ; th e tw o D io scu ri, s ta n d in g facing
i . L 1907—8—5—5, 8.42; 2. B (I-B = GRMK 144, no. 5 =
X .12). S am e dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
N e ro
M a r io s K o rd o s, AD 54-9
3136 B rass. 2 4 m m , 9.17 g (14)· A xis: 12.
BMC 143, C o p 209
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ;
d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r., facing b a re b u s t o f N ero
w e a rin g aegis, 1.
Ε Π Ι Μ Α ΡΙΟ Υ Κ Ο Ρ Δ Ο Υ Κ Ο ΙΝ Ο Ν Φ ΡΥ ΓΙΑ Σ Α Π Α Μ Ε ΙΣ;
eagle s ta n d in g , 1., o n w re a th
As Fulvia
Im m ediately before the im perial period an interesting in ter­
lude took place in the coinage of Eum enea, w hen the nam e
of the city was changed to Fulvia (just as th a t of Tripolis
was changed to Antinopolis: see C. H abicht, J R S , 1975, p.
85, cf. 83), and she was portrayed on the coinage signed by
Zm ertorix Philonidou. T he m ost likely occasion for the
change of nam e seems to be A ntony’s journ ey to the east in
41 B e, and, as Fulvia died in 40, the coinage can probably
be dated to 41-40. N early all the coins have counterm arks,
w hich have been interpreted as standing for ΕΥΜΕΝΕΩΝ
and ΦΙΛΩΝΙΔΟΥ { B M C , p. lxi), b u t these expansions and
their interp retatio n as an attem p t to do aw ay w ith the new
nam e of the city rem ain conjectural (the first is plausible,
given the erasure of the ethnic on the reverse, b u t it is hard
to see why Z m ertorix’s patronym ic should reap p ear as a
counterm ark ).
As Eumenea
T here are several issues m ade for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ in the ‘L aodi­
cea’ style (see p. 376), an d it is not easy to see which
em peror is intended:
Epigonos philopatris: the presence of a lituus suggests
Augustus;
K leon A gapetos (regarded as two nam es by M ünsterberg,
B eam tennam en) also has coins for Livia as ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ, so the
Fulvia 18mm, 7.26g (7)
Augustus 17mm, 3.80g (2)
Tiberius? 19mm, 5.34g (7)
Tiberius 19mm, 5.41g (9)
Nero 19 mm, 4.71 g (18)
I . L = BMC 143, 7.73; 2—4 . L = BMC 144-5, 1 9 3 0 —12—1 0 - 2 , 8.97, 8.36,
9-771 ς—16 . P 494, 495 ( = W a 5708), 10.29, 9.21; 7—8 . 0 , 9 . 1 4 , 9 . 0 1 ; 0—
12. B (I-B , Fox, L ö b b , B -I), 9.66, 8.56, 9.67, 8.72; 13. G; 14. V 34009,
9.74; 15. M u 24, 10.19; 16. M M A G 41 (1970), lot 452, 8.65; 17. C réd it
Suisse 4 (1985), lo t 467, 8.66. T h e obv. legend som etim es starts NE (e.g.,
[ 2 ] 9, 16). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
M . V e tt i o s N i g r o s
3 1 3 7 B ronze, ig m m , 5 .8 3 g ( u ) . A xis: 12. [ 12 ]
nz 1915, T af. BMC 147, C o p 208
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Ε Π Ι Μ O Y E T TIO Y Ν ΙΤΡΟ Υ Κ Ο ΙΝ Ο Ν Φ ΡΥ ΓΙΑ Σ
Α Π Α Μ Ε ΙΣ ; M a rsy a s, sta n d in g r., p la y in g flute
i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —2 1 4 9 (ex vA 3490), 6.77; 2—3. L = bmc 147-8, 5.64, 7.12;
4 - 7 . P 489, 4go ( = W a 5707), 491, 491a, 5.68, 4.56, 5.19, 6.51; 8. C op
208, 4.61; 9 —10. B (Fox, B -I); n . V 30343; 12. M u 25, 6.17;
13. M M A G 41 (1970)3 lo t 451, 5.80; 14. L in d g ren 901, 6.11. T h e le tte r
[ 15 ] form C is som etim es used. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
3 1 3 8 B ronze. 1 6 m m , 4 .2 3 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d , r.
Ε Π Ι O Y E T TIO Y Ν ΙΤΡΟ Υ Α Π Α Μ Ε Ω Ν ; eagle s ta n d in g , r.
I · L 1 9 1 3 - 2 - 1 7 - 4 , 3.84; 2. P 492 ( = W a 5706), 4.22; 3. V 35319, 4.61.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: i.
Fulvia/Eumenea
issue is presum ably after a d 14 and for the em peror
Tiberius;
V alerius Zm ertorix, whose coins are sometimes for
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ and sometimes for ΚΑΙΣΑΡ (apparently dif­
ferent titles for the sam e im perial person, in view of the
identical portraits). T he p ortrait, though bare-headed and
not laureate, seems like th a t on the coins of Kleon
A gapetos, so Z m ertorix’s coins are tentatively attributed
also to Tiberius;
T he coin of HP A ΛΙΒΙΑ (3143) is presum ably an issue of
A ugustus’s lifetime, in view of her nam e. T he reading and
interpretation of the legends on this coin raise interesting
problem s (see the com m entary).
T he next and final Ju lio-C laudian issue was m ade for
Nero and A grippina II; to ju d g e from the youthful, draped
po rtrait of N ero, it was probably produced right at the
beginning of the reign, c. 54-5. I t is signed by Ju liu s Kleon,
the high priest of Asia, and his wife, the high priestess
Bassa.
T he im perial coinage was produced in two denom i­
nations, though it is not clear w hether those used for Fulvia
correspond to those used under A ugustus and under sub­
sequent em perors. O n any scheme the A ugustan coinage
was produced on a tem porarily reduced weight standard,
though the coins give the appearance by their size of being
intended to pass as the sam e denom inations. T he coins
were m ade of bronze down to T iberius; the N eronian issues
are of brass, except for 3050 w hich is perhaps not authentic.
16mm, 5.18g (2) 14mm, 4.18g (i)
13 mm, 2.33 g (4)
14 mm, 4.01 g (2)
13 m m , 2 .8 0 g (5 )
15 mm, 3.19g (15)
 A S I A : Fulvia! Eumenea {3 1 3 9 - 3 1 4 9 ) 509

T he entry in the vA In d e x for A grippina II u nder C laudius T ib e r iu s (?) _____________

should be transferred to u nder Nero.
V a le r io s Z m e r to r ix

As Fulvia, c. 41-40 bc 3 1 4 4 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 9 m m , 5 .1 5 g (6). A xis: 12. [ 10 ]

Z m e r to r ix P h ilo n id o u
BMC 35
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
3 139 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 8 m m , 7 .2 6 g (7). A xis: 12. Ο Υ Α Λ Ε ΡΙΟ Σ Ζ Μ Ε ΡΤΟ ΡΙΞ Ε Υ Μ ΕΝ Ε Ω Ν ; b u ttin g b u ll, r.
BMC 2 0 i . L = BMC 35, 4.82; 2 . L 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -2 2 2 0 (ex vA 8368), 6.78; 3 . N Y; 4 . P
1112 ( = W a 6024 = RN 1851, 171 = RN 1853, 253), 3.88; 5 - 8 . B (L ö b b , I-B ,
D ra p e d b u st o f F u lv ia (as N ike) w ith w in g s, r. Fox, B - I ); 9 . V 3 3 4 1 1, 6.82; 1 0 . C = SN G 4 9 7 2 , 3.96; 1 1 . L ew is = s n g
Φ Ο Υ Λ Ο Υ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν Ζ Μ Ε Ρ Τ Ο Ρ ΙΓ Ο Σ Φ ΙΛ Ω Ν ΙΔ Ο Υ ; A th e n a 1589, 4.60; 1 2 —1 3 . PV . Q u alitativ e m etal an aly sis on: 1.
a d v a n c in g , 1., w ith v e rtic a l s p e a r a n d shield C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in (12, o n rev.).
I. L — B M C 20, 7.41; 2—3. L = BMC 21, I 9 3 5 - 2 - 2 - 1 2 , 7 .1 0 , 9 .7 0 ; 4—5. P
3 1 4 5 A E . 1 9 m m , 5 .6 3 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]
1146 ( —W a 6 0 4 6 w ith pi. X V I . 1 1), 1147, 7-68, 6 .3 0 ; 6—7. A u fh ä u se r
(O ct. 1985) lots 191, 193, 6 .8 9 , 5 .7 5 ; 8—14. R W . N o t a com plete listing. BMC 34
F o r the first a ttrib u tio n s o f these coins to E um en ea, based on nam e an d
types, see Borrell, Catalogue 457, a n d W a d d in g to n , R N , 1853, p. 248. As 3144 , but obv. legend ΚΑΙΣΑΡ
Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 1. i. L = bm c 34, 6.49; 2. P 1112a ( = W a 6025), 4.77.
C o u n te rm ark s (on obv., co m bined w ith e rasu re o f eth n ic on rev.): two
G reek m onogram s (see above, in tro d u ctio n ) (2 -3 ). 3 1 4 6 A E . 1 4 m m , 4 .0 1 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]

3 140 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 6 m m , 5 .1 8 g (2). A xis: 9 (1). km 229, no. 5

km 231, n o. 2 Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Ο Υ Α Λ Ε ΡΙΟ Σ ΖΜ Ε ΡΤΟ ΡΙΞ Ε Υ Μ Ε Ν Ε Ω Ν in five lines in
D ra p e d b u s t o f F u lv ia (as N ike) w ith w ings, r.
w re a th
Φ Ο Υ Λ Ο Υ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν Z M E PT O PI; in ivy w re a th
I. B (B -I), 4.05; 2. B (I-B = KM 5); 3 . V 33665, 3.97.
i . L 1979-1-1—672 (ex vA 8367), 5.19; 2. B (I-B ) (= km 2); 3. P V ;
4. R W = A u fh ä u s e r (O ct. 1985) lo t 192, 5.16; 5. R W = M ü lle r 40 (1989),
lot 189, 4.06. N o t a com plete listing. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
C o u n te rm ark : M o n o g ram to r. o f b u s t (3, 5). T ib e r iu s
3141 A E . 1 4 m m , 4 .0 4 g (2). A xis: 1 (1). [ o ]
K le o n A g a p e to s
F e m a le b u st, r.
Ζ Μ Ε ΡΤΟ ΡΙΓ Ο Σ; g ra p e s 3 1 4 7 A E . ig m m , 5 .4 1 g (9). A xis: 12. [ 12]
i . A u f h ä u s e r (O c t. 1985) l o t 11 7 , 4.18; 2. R W , 3.91. 3. P V ex S chu lten BMC 37, C o p 391, AMC 1384
(15.10.1990). T h e a ttrib u tio n to F u lv ia /E u m e n e a rests on th e nam e of
Z m ertorix. CCBACTOC; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Κ Λ ΕΩ Ν Α ΓΑ Π Η ΤΟ Ο Ε Υ Μ ΕΝ Ε Ω Ν ; Z eu s, sta n d in g 1.,
h o ld in g flow er; to 1., eagle
As Eumenea I . N Y ; 2. L — BMC 37 co rr., 5.03; 3. P 1113 ( — W a 6026), 6.60; 4 . C op
391, 4.58; 5 —6. B (672/1878, I-B ); 7. O = AMC 1384, 5.64; 8—10. O , 4.65,
A u g u s tu s 5.49, 5.37; i i . V 19852; 12. M u 3; 13. vA 3589, 6.02; 14. S ch u lten
(22.4.1985) lot 339, 5.43. T h e form ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ also occurs: e.g., 5 -6 , 11. 8
is stru ck ov er a coin o f ‘E u c a rp ia ’ (3 1 5 9 ).
E p ig o n o s p h ilo p a tr is
3 1 4 8 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 3 m m , 2 .8 0 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 6 ]
3142 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 7 m m , 3 .8 0 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
BMC 38, C o p 392
BMC 36
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f L iv ia, 1.
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.; to r., litu u s Κ Λ ΕΩ Ν Α Γ Α Π Η Τ Ο C Ε Υ Μ ΕΝ Ε Ω Ν in five lines in w re a th
ΕΥ Μ ΕΝ Ε Ω Ν Ε Π ΙΓ Ο Ν Ο Σ Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ ΡΙΣ ; trip o d i . L = b m c 3 8 , 2.85; 2. L — BMC 39, 2.86; 3 . P 1115 ( = W a 6028), 2.97;
i . P 1 1 1 4 ( = W a 6027), 3.77; 2. L = BMC 36, 3.82; 3. B (I-B = gm 735, 4. C o p 392, 2.71; 5—6 . B (1207/1896, I-B = mg 180, no. 183); 7. S ch u lten
no. 680). Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 2. (22.4.1985) lot 343, 2.65. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 1.

K a s t o r i s s o te ir a
3143 A E . 13 m m , 2.33 g (4).
GRMK 149, n o . i c o rr.
H P A A (E )IB IA ; d ra p e d b u s t, r.
Ε Υ Μ ΕΝ Ε Ω Ν Κ Α ΣΤ Ο ΡΙΣ ΣΩ Τ ΙΡΑ ; in w re a th
i . P 1 9 8 8 /2 1 5 (ex A u fh ä u s e r 5, 1988, lo t 2 3 3 ), 2 .2 3 ; 2. L 1 9 9 1 - 1 - 3 0 - 6 8 ,
2 .4 8 (AEIBIA); 3. I-B ( = g r m k , no. 1); 4 . L 1 9 8 9 - 5 - 2 - 1 ex S ch u lten (A pr.
1989) lo t 313, 2.42; 5. J a c q u ie r M ü n zliste 10 ( 1 9 8 9 ), no. 140, 2 .1 8 . T h e
obv. w as m isre ad on his p o o r specim en by Im hoof-B lum er; th e rev. legend
is n o t ce rtain . T h e second w ord can be re a d as ΚΑΣΤΟΡΙΞ o r ΚΑΣΤΟΡΙΣ;
th e th ird has been read as ΣΩΠΡΑ (W . W eiser, in th e sale catalogue cited
u n d e r 4 , w here it is in te rp re te d as ‘son o f S o p ras’). W e a re convinced,
how ever, th a t th e second w ord w as correctly re a d as ΣΩΤΙΡΑ by Im hoof-
B lum er. T h e in te rp re ta tio n w e offer h ere is th a t th e coin, a sm aller
d e n o m in atio n for a n em press, is signed by a w o m an {cf. 3 1 4 9 —52 below );
h e r n am e is K asto ris a n d she is given th e title soteira , ju s t as E pigonos,
p resu m a b ly h er h u sb a n d , is given th e title philopatris. O n this view , b o th
w ere in som e w ay b enefactors o f th e city.
N e ro
[ 2 ]
I o u lio s K le o n a r c h ie r e u s A s i a s
3149 B rass, i 9 m m , 4 .6 6 g (16). A xis: 12. [ 26 ]
BMC 41, C o p 394
Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; d ra p e d b u st, r.
ΕΥ Μ ΕΝ Ε Ω Ν ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Σ Κ Λ ΕΩ Ν Α Ρ Χ ΙΕ Ρ Ε Υ Σ Α Σ ΙΑ Σ ;
A pollo s ta n d in g , 1., w ith ra v e n a n d d o u b le axe
I . L 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 --2 2 2 1 (ex vA 3590), 5.40; 2 - 4 . L = bm c 4 1 -3 , 3.25, 5.49,
4-52; 5 - 1 0 · p 1 1 17—r 9 ( = W a 602 9 -3 1 ), 1116, 1117a, 1117b, 4.93, 3.03,
4 .0 0 ,3 .7 1 ,4 .7 4 ,3 .7 1 ; i i . C o p 394, 4.83; 12—15. B (I-B = gm 733, no.
683, w ith T af. X II.2 1 , L ö b b , B -I, F ox); 1 6 - 1 7 . O , 5.03, 6.00; 18. G 1;
19—20. C Leake S u p p l., gen.; 21—22. V 19853, 31566, —, 3.56; 2 3 —
2 4 . M u 3a, 4, 5.95, —; 25—26. N Y ; 27. vA 3591, 3.70; 28. W e b er 7094,
5.50. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analyses on: 2 a n d 3.
C o u n te rm ark : D o u b le axe w ith sn ak e ( G I C 374: 3 -4 , 11, 15, 17, 21, 23, 25,
27).
5-ro A S I A : Fulma/Eumenea, Sebaste {3150-3157)

3150 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 9 m m , 5 .1 7 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 2 ] Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r.

Β Α Σ Σ Α Κ Λ ΕΩ Ν Ο Σ A P X IE P H A Ε Υ Μ ΕΝ Ε Ω Ν ; C y b ele
BMC 40
se a te d , 1.
N £PW N K A IC A P (X B A C TO C ; d ra p e d b u st, r.
i . L 1906-11-3-2654, 2.93; 2-4. L = BMC 4 4 -6 , 3.08, 3.09, 3.34; 5-6. P
ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ C K A £W N O A P X I£P £Y C £Y M £N £W N ; d o u b le 1120—i , 2.90, 3.70; 7—9 . B (I-B = g m , pi. X I I . 17, 424/1893, 496/1896),
axe 3.12, 3.87, 2.99; 10. J S W , 2.98; i i . C a h n 60 (1928), lo t 1570; 12. C ah n
i . L = b m c 4 0 , 5.17; 2. B (I-B = g r m k 149, no. 2). Q u alitativ e m etal 71 (1931), lo t 867; 13. M ü n z Z e n tru m 53, lot 1758, 2.83; 14. A u fh ä u se r
an alysis on: 1. T h e o d d com position (bronze, n o t brass like 3 1 4 9 or (O ct. 1985) lo t 210, 3.77. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.
3 1 5 1 ), a n d th e slightly o d d fabric, m ake one h e sita n t a b o u t the C o u n te rm ark : D o u b le axe ( G IC 374: 5, 10).
a u th e n tic ity o f these coins. O n th e o th e r h a n d , 3 1 5 2 form s a n e a t p arallel
(le tte r form s, s h o rte r legend, th e use o f an a ttrib u te o f 31 4 9 anc^ 3 * 5 ° as
3 1 5 2 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .1 0 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
th e type). C o p 393
Α Γ ΡΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Ν CEBACTHN; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I ,
r.
B a s s a K le o n o s a r c h ie r e a
BACCA KAEW NOC £Y M £N £W N ; ty m p a n o n a n d lio n ’s
h e a d , r.
3151 B rass. 1 5 m m , 3 .2 2 g (12). A xis: 12. [ 9 ]
i. P 1122 (= W a 6632), 2.40; 2. C o p 393, 3.21; 3. B (I-B = gm 735, no.
BMC 44 68, w ith T af. X I I . 16), 3.69.

Sebaste’s first coins were m ade in the early Em pire, when
they were struck by Sosthenes for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, by Ioulios
Dionysios for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ an d an em press, an d by T i
Zenodotos for ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ. T he p o rtrait on the coins of
Zenodotos indicates th a t they were m ade betw een 63 and
68. T he issue of Dionysios is clearly for Nero an d A grippina
II, at the beginning of N ero’s reign, c. 55 (as elsewhere, e.g.,
Laodicea, H ierapolis, etc.). T he coins of Sosthenes are
probably intended to depict A ugustus (despite the extra­
ordinary p o rtrait), since on the sm aller denom ination his
likeness is accom panied by a lituus; the angle of the back of
the neck also supports this identification.
T he coins of Sosthenes an d Dionysios were m ade of
bronze, b u t those of Zenodotos of brass. T his change may
explain the slightly lower weights of Zenodotos’s coins,
though it is difficult to be sure, as the num ber of recorded
weights is so sm all. T he coinage was produced in two
denom inations :
Augustus 18 mm, 5.46g (3)
Nero 19mm, 5.64g (18)
■8mm, 3.74g (4)
Sebaste
i . P 1922 ( = W a 6480), 1.97; 2—4 . B (I-B = m g , no. 148,
761/1914 = P ro w e 1877, 822/1920). I-B id entified th e figure as Zeus. All
from th e sam e obv. die.
N e ro
Io u lio s D io n y s io s , c. AD 55
3155 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 9 m m , 5 .6 4 g (18). A xis: 12. [ 30 ]
BMC 23, C o p 678
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; d ra p e d b u st, r.
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η Ν Ω Ν ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Σ Δ ΙΟ Ν Υ Σ ΙΟ Σ ; Z eus seated , 1.,
w ith eagle a n d scep tre
1—2. L = BMC 2 5 —6, 5.14, 6.23; 3—7. L = BMC 2 3 -4 , 2 7 -8 , 1 9 7 9 -I—I—2 3 1 1
(ex vA 3951), 7.76, 7.03, 4.82, 4.83, 5.85; 8—12. P 1918-20 ( = W a 6 4 7 6 -
8), 1916, d e R icci, 5.69, 4.22, 5.31, 5.61, 6.08; 13—15. C o p 678 -8 0 , 6.44,
5.76, 4.34; 1 6 - 2 1 . B (I-B , I-B = km 287, nos. 2 -3 , L ö b b , L ö b b , Fox,
763/1920); 22—2 4 . C L eak e S u p p l., 5.52, 5.18, 6.30; 25—27. V 27628,
30843, 30092, 4.61, 5.78, 4.76; 28—3 0 . M u ia , 3, 3a; 3 1 . L in d g ren
A 1028A , 6.80; 3 2 . W e b er 7174. T h e coins can , like 3 1 5 6 , b e div id ed into
15mm, 1.97g (0 tw o g roups: o ne (e.g., B M C 23—5) h as ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ a n d a w id er b u st a n d
16mm, 3.72g (4) h ea d , w ith Σ in th e rev. legend; th e o th e r (e.g., B M C 2 6 -8 ) h as
CBBACTOC w ith a n a rro w e r h ea d , a n d C o n th e rev. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
15mm, 2.85g (4)
an alysis on: 1.

3156 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 6 m m , 3 .7 2 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 8 ]

A u g u s tu s ___________________________ km 287, no. 4
S o s th e n e s Σ Ε Β Α ΣΤ Η Ν Ω Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r.
ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Σ Δ ΙΟ Ν Υ Σ ΙΟ Σ ; eagle o n b ra n c h , r.
3 1 5 3 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 18 m m , 5 .4 6 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 7 ] I . L 1 9 2 1 —4—12—105 (ex W e b er), 3.06; 2—4 . B (I-B = k m , no. 4, w ith
BMC 21 T af. I X . i i , 28940, Fox); 5. P 1923, 4.27; 6. V 34171, 3-32; 7. NY;
8. C o p 681 (obv. b ro ck ag e), 4.22; 9. W e b er 7175. T h e coins can be
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. div id ed into tw o g ro u p s, as 3 1 5 7 , ac co rd in g to th e use o f Σ o r C.
Σ Ω Σ Θ Ε Ν Η Σ Α ΓΝ Ο Σ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η Ν Ω Ν ; Z eus se a te d , 1., w ith
eagle a n d sc e p tre
T i Z e n o d o to s , AD 6 3 - 8
i . N Y; 2—3 . L = BMC 2 1 -2 , 6.04, 5.25; 4 . P 1921 (= W a 6479), 5.10; 5—
7. B (I-B = km 287, no. i = gm 4 1 1, no. 147, L öbb, F ox). K M w rongly
resto red the rev. legend as άγνο[θέου], b u t th e final Σ is clear on 3. All
3157 B rass. 1 8 m m , 3 .7 4 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 5 ]
from th e sam e obv. die. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2. BMC 29
3 1 5 4 A E . 1 5 m m , 1 .9 7 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 4 ] Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d , r.
ΤΙ Ζ Η Ν Ο Δ Ο Τ Ο Σ ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Η Ν Ω Ν ; Z eu s se a te d , 1., w ith
mg 4 1 1, no. 148 corr.
eagle a n d scep tre
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.; before, litu u s
I .L = B M C 29 , 3.33; 2 . L = BMC 30, 3.63; 3 - 4 . P 1925 ( = W a 6481),
Σ Ω Σ Θ Ε Ν Η Σ ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Η Ν Ω Ν ; n a k e d figure s ta n d in g , 1., w ith 1924, 4 .1 9 , 4 .2 7 ; 5. B (I-B = km 28 7 , no. 5 ). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis
sc e p tre on: i .

3158 B rass?. 1 5 m m , 2 .8 5 g (4). A xis: 12.
BMC i, C o p 671
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΡΙΝ Ω Ν; h e a d o f D io n y su s w e a rin g ivy w re a th , r.
ΤΙ Ζ Η Ν Ο Δ Ο Τ Ο Σ ; eagle o n b ra n c h , r.
T he ethnic on the coins of the relevant period is
ΕΥΚΑΡΠΙΤΙΚΟΝ (perhaps w ith ΠΕΔΙΟΝ understood: so
C. H abicht, J R S , 1975, p. 83). T his was interpreted by
G ran t ( N C , 1949, p. 158, n. 12) as suggesting th a t the
com m unity was in a half-way stage betw een the form er
tribal organisation of the C orpeni an d its u rb a n organisa­
tion as E ucarpia.
Tw o issues are known; one signed by Lykidas Euxenou
for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, an d the other by the priestess A pphia for
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ. T h e p o rtra it on A p p h ia’s coins looks like th at of
Livia; as she is called Sebaste, it was presum ably coined after
a d 14. O ne w ould be tem pted to identify Sebastos as
Augustus in view of the lituus, b u t other em perors can be
shown w ith a lituus, an d the features of the p o rtrait are as
m uch those o f T iberius as of A ugustus. M oreover, the
existence of a sm all denom ination for an em press signed by
a w om an suggests th a t it m ight be contem porary w ith the
larger denom ination for the em peror (com pare, e.g.,
Eum enea, 3149-52 an d 3142-3, or A cm onea, 3170-5). I f
this is right, Sebastos w ould be T iberius and A pphia would
be the wife o f Lykidas. O n the other hand, the fact th at
Lykidas’s coins were m ade of brass b u t A pphia’s of bronze
m ight suggest th a t they are not in fact contem porary; in
th at case an identification as A ugustus seems preferable,
though it w ould be slightly surprising to find only a small
denom ination struck a t one time, and only a large one at
another.
T he two denom inations are:
19:11111/4.84g (15) 12mm, 2.47g (5)
T he coinage of Siblia (exact location not known) has been
catalogued by H . von Aulock, M ü n z e n und S tä d te P hrygiens I,
p. 151. Siblia m ade no coins before the E m pire, and only
two issues are known before the Severan period, one for
A ugustus and G aius C aesar, and the other for Tiberius.
T h e A ugustan issue was signed by Ioulios Kallikles, a
nam e which, as G ran t pointed out ( N C , 1949, p. 162),
occurs on T ib erian coins of A pam ea, b u t this is probably no
more th an coincidence. As he m ade coins for A ugustus and
G aius (C aesar), a date of c. 5 b c seems plausible.
G ran t (loc. cit.) in terpreted ] ΔΗΜΟΣ ΣΙΒΛΙΑΝΩΝ on the
T iberian coin as indicating the ‘trib e’ of the Sibliani, i.e.,
th at they h ad less th an the status of a city. H ow ever, a new
coin has turned up (3163/3) to show th a t it is p a rt of a
‘m agistrate’s’ nam e, ΜΕΝΕΔΗΜΟΣ.
T h e coinage was produced of bronze in two
denom inations :
Augustus 18mm, 5.70g (7) 17mm, 4.95g (2)
Tiberius 18 mm, 5.68 g (3)
A S I A : Sebaste, ‘Eucarpia’, Siblia (3 158-3162) 5 11
[ 4 ] i . P 1906 ( = W a 6468), 2.28; 2 - 3 . L = b m c i , 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 6 3 8 , 2.78, 3.04;
4 . C o p 671, 3.30. T h e q u alita tiv e m e tal an alysis on 2 suggested an
u n u su a l alloy o f co p p er, zinc, tin a n d le ad (g en erally called ‘g u n m e ta l’ in
E n g lish ).
‘Eucarpia’
A u g u s tu s or T ib e r iu s (see above)
L y k id a s E u xen ou
3 1 5 9 B rass. 1 9 m m , 4 .8 4 g (15). A xis: 12. [ 16 ]
BMC 13, C o p 367, AMC 1382
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.; to r., litu u s
Ε Υ Κ Α ΡΠ ΙΤ ΙΚ Ο Υ Λ Υ Κ ΙΔ Α Σ Ε Υ Ξ Ε Ν Ο Υ ; g o d d ess sta n d in g ,
facing, w ith r. a rm ra ise d
i . L 1 9 7 g —i —I —2 2 1 4 (ex vA 8363), 4.60; 2. L = bm c 13, 5.90; 3—7. P
1° 57 ~ i 7 a ( = W a 5 9 9 0 -1 ), 1056-561, D elep ierre, 6.05, 3.48, 4.63, 4.22,
4 35; 8 - 9 · o = AMC 1382-3, 4.47, 6.18; 10. C o p 367, 4.40; I I —13. B
(L ö b b , I-B , 85/1884); 14. C Leake; 15. V 38694, 5.90; 16. M u ib , 5.14;
17. W in te rth u r (= n c 1949, pi. X .1 5 ); 18. K o v acs 13 (1981) 39;
19. W e b er 7090, 5.50; 20. J S W , 3.48. A coin o f E u m e n e a in O ( = 3 1 4 7 /8 ,
o f K leo n A gapetos) h as b een stru ck o v er this issue. T h e g o ddess h as been
v ario u sly describ ed as C ybele { B M C ) , N em esis (W a). Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: 2.
L i v ia , a fte r a d 14
A p p h i a ie r e a
3 1 6 0 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 2 m m , 2 .4 7 g (5)· A xis: 12. [ 6 ]
bmc 14, mg 399, no. 101
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u st, r.
Ε Υ Κ Α ΡΠ ΙΤ ΙΚ Ο Υ Α Π Φ ΙΑ IE P H A ; in fo u r lines
i . L = b m c 14, 3.19; 2 - 3 . P 1059-60 ( = W a 5 9 9 2 -3 ), 2.44, 2.30; 4. C o p
368, 2.45; 5. B 670/1878 (m isp u b lish ed b y v o n S allet in Z fN . , 1879, p. 136,
as ‘K o p f m it phrygischer M ü tz e (deus luttas?)*, b u t co rrec ted b y F rie d lä n d e r in
Z f N , 1880); 6 . V 30345, 2.00. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. See
in tro d u ctio n .
Siblia
A u g u s tu s , c . 5 bc
Io u lio s K a llik le s K a llis tr a to u
3161 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 5 .7 0 g (7). A xis: 12. [ 5 ]
vA Phryg. I, 876-82
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.; before, litu u s
ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΚ Λ Η Σ ΣΙΒ Λ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; h e a d o f M ê n w e a rin g
cap on crescen t, 1.
I . L 1 9 7 9 - Ι ~ Ι - * 3 Ι 8 <ex vA 3955)5 5 -3 5 ; *· L 1 9 3 5 -2- 12- 10 ( = h t a , pi.
X .7 1 ), 6.04; 3—7. See vA. E. L an e, Corpus M onumentorum Religionis D ei
M enis, p. 75, no. S iblia 2. A ll from th e sam e o bv. die. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: 1.
3 1 6 2 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 7 m m , 4 .9 5 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
vA Phryg. 8 8 3 -4
Γ Α ΙΟ Σ; b a re h e a d o f G a iu s C a e sa r, r.
Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΚ Λ Η Σ Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΣ ΤΡΑ Τ Ο Υ Σ ΙΒ Λ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν in five lines
I. L^bm c 5, 4.72; 2. L in d g ren 1030, 5.17. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on:
y i2 A S I A : S ib lia , M e tro p o lis, A cm o n ea { 3163)

T ib e r iu s Τ ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Μ Ε Ν Ε Δ Η Μ Ο Σ ΣΙΒ Λ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; h e a d o f M e n w e a rin g c ap on
c rescen t, 1.
M enedem os
i . L 1 9 6 9 —5—15—1, 5.81; 2. C = SNG 5005, 5.27: 3 . W a d d ell 8.12.1982, lot
3163 L e a d e d b ro n z e. 1 8 m m , 5 .6 8 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 2 ] 409, 5.95. E. L an e, Corpus M onumentorum Religionis D ei M enis, p. 76, no.
S ib lia 3. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
vA P h ry g . 8 8 5 -6

Metropolis
G rant, N C , 1949, pp. 157fr., followed by the vA In d ex, sug­ M etropolis in the conventus of A pam ea in Phrygia. In this
gested th a t the early im perial coinage traditionally catalogue, however, the traditional attribution has been
attrib u ted to M etropolis in Ionia should be given to the retained (2524-6).

Acmonea
Acm onea had produced some bronze coinage in the first be his second archonship). (3) is interesting as it is one of
century b c , an d in the im perial period produced coinage the very few provincial coins to show N ero w ith a divine
m ainly u n d er A ugustus and Nero. attrib u te, the aegis. T he em presses, as often, were likened to
T he four issues labelled ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ are all probably of goddesses: A grippina to D em eter (ears of corn and poppy),
A ugustus; the portraits are com patible w ith this, and the Poppaea to Cybele (lion).
lituus also suggests the sam e identification. T h e portraits on T he type on the sm aller denom ination un d er A ugustus
coins of K rates an d M enem achos are very close, and the and N ero has been called by its traditional nam e, ‘A rtem is’;
reverse style is like th a t of the coins of Tiberius. K ordos has Ram say, however, has pointed out th at the principal Phry­
been placed first as his coins have a bare-headed p ortrait, gian gods were called Leto and Apollo, and th a t Leto was
and Eusebes betw een him an d K rates-M enem achos. If sometimes identified w ith A rtem is (P h ryg ia , pp. 89fr.), and
K rates an d M enem achos date from tow ards the end of the ‘A rtem is’ is used in this catalogue to cover this possibility.
reign, the date o f the other two issues is not clear. T he T he representation of Zeus on N eronian coins w ith an owl
po rtrait type used by K ordos is quite early, perhaps sug­ and a crescent presum ably indicates a local m anifestation of
gesting a date betw een 2 0 an d 1 0 b c . Zeus; the appearance o f the crescent and caduceus (com­
T he title ‘philalethes’ used by M enem achos has been pare Tralles, 2633-4) on the obverse w ith N ero’s portrait
discussed by M ünsterberg, N Z , 1912, p. 112, who suggested m ay perhaps indicate some assim ilation of the em peror
that, as a t L aodicea (2894-5), it denoted m em bership o f a w ith the god.
m edical school n ear L aodicea (Strabo, 580). T he entry in the vA In d e x for A grippina I I un d er Claudius
T here were three issues und er Nero, all signed by the should be transferred to N ero. T he entry for C laudius with
same individuals, L. Servenius C apito and his wife Iulia A grippina is cited from the Saarbrücken archive, in turn
Severa, who are know n as the parents of the N eronian based on Spink/G alerie des M onnaies (Geneva, February,
senator L. Servenius C ornutus (S. M itchell, J R S , 1974, p. 1977) lot 291 = M ab b o tt 1867; this, however, is a m isread
37). T he following signatures are found: coin of T h y atira (2380).
T he coinage was produced in two denom inations:
i a. ΕΠ Ι ΛΕΥΚΙΟΥ ΣΕΡΟΥΗΝΙΟΥ ΚΑΠΙΤΩΝΟΣ (also for
A grippina II). Augustus
ib. ΕΠ Ι ΣΕΡΟΥΗΝΙΟΥ ΚΑΠΙΤΩΝΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΙΟΥΛΙΑΣ Kordos 18mm, 5.12g 15 mm, 2.85 g
Eusebes 18mm, 5.38g
ΣΕΟΥΗΡΑΣ (also for A grippina II). Menemachos 18mm, 6.32g
2. ΕΠ Ι ΑΡΧ ΣΕΡΟΥΗΝΙΟΥ ΚΑΠΙΤΩΝΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΙΟΥΛΙΑΣ Krates 18mm, 5.52g
ΣΕΟΥΗΡΑΣ (also for Poppaea).
3. ΕΠ Ι ΑΡΧ ΤΟ Γ C8POYHNIOY KAniTW NOC ΚΑΙ Tiberius 18 mm, 4.71 g
IOYAIAC CCOYHPAC (also for R om a). average: 18 mm, 5.56g (16) 15mm, 2.85g (2)
T he youthful p o rtra it and the presence of A grippina indi­
Nero (1) 19mm, 4.70g 16 mm, 3 .11 g
cate a date before 59 for ( ia - b ) , say c. 55. T he presence of 19mm, 4.53g 16 mm, 3.49 g
(2)
Poppaea indicates a d ate of 62 or later for (2), an d the use of (3) 19mm, 4.24g I5m m , 3.08g
the youthful hairstyle for Nero suggests a date before 63;
thus c. 62 seems likely for the issue. (3) has the ‘steps’ average: 19 mm, 4.49 g (48) 16mm, 3.22g (24)
po rtrait an d so is not earlier than 63; the replacem ent of
total av.: 19 mm, 4.76 g (64) 16mm, 3.20g (26)
Poppaea by R om a suggests a date after her death in 65 (and
perhaps before N ero’s m arriage to S tatilia M essalina in 66). T here appears to have been a reduction in the weight of
As there seem to be three issues and the coins show th at the larger denom ination betw een A ugustus/T iberius and
Servenius was archon three times, it seems likely th at an N ero, perhaps the result o f a change in the m etal from
issue corresponds to each of his archonships (though it is bronze (under A ugustus and Tiberius) to brass. O n the
odd th a t he refers to him self ju s t as ΕΠ APX for w hat would other hand, there seems to have been a small increase in the
 A S I A : A c m o n ea (3 164-3174) 5 /5

weight of the sm aller denom ination, though brass was also
used for it u nder N ero (the A ugustan sam ple is really too
small, though, to be sure ab o u t this).
4.46; 3 . 0 = a m c 13 7 1 ; 4 . M a b b o tt 1865. T h e b est-p reserv ed legend
occurs o n th e poorly p reserv ed 4: this m akes th e second w o rd o f th e obv.
to lerab ly clear. I n ad d itio n , one can see o n it th a t th e re is a second w ord
o n th e rev., p resu m a b ly a m a g is tra te ’s n am e; it looks like ]Ο Ν ΙΚ θΣ , b u t
this is n o t a t all ce rtain .

A u g u s tu s
N e ro
K ordos
L . S e n e n iu s C a p ito , I u lia S e v e ra
3164 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 8 m m , 5 .1 2 g (4). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 6 ]
BMC 31
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , L; before, litu u s F i r s t is s u e , c. AD 55
Α Κ Μ Ο Ν ΕΩ Ν Κ Ο ΡΔ Ο Σ ; N ike a d v a n c in g , r., w ith p a lm
3170 B rass. 1 9 m m , 4 .8 2 g (11). A xis: 12. [ 18 ]
a n d w re a th
I . L = B M C 3 1 , 6.15; 2. L = BMC 32, 4.06; 3. P 42 ( = W a 5484), 4.93;
BMC 37, C o p 26
4 . B (I-B = mg 391, no. 48a); 5. V 32799, 5.32; 6. M u 3a; 7. PV . Α Υ ΤΟ Κ ΡΑ ΤΩ Ρ Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ A P Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ
Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: i.
ΓΕΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ; d ra p e d b u st, r.
3165 A E . 1 5 m m , 2 .8 5 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 2 ] Ε Π Ι Λ ΕΥ Κ ΙΟ Υ ΣΕ ΡΟ Υ Η Ν ΙΟ Υ Κ Α Π ΙΤ Ω Ν Ο Σ Α Κ Μ Ο Ν ΕΩ Ν ;
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , h ; before, litu u s Z eus se a te d , 1., w ith p a te ra a n d sc e p tre ; in field, c resc e n t
Α Κ Μ Ο Ν ΕΩ Ν Κ Ο ΡΔ Ο Σ ; A rte m is, w a lk in g r., d ra w in g bow a n d ow l
I . L — BMC 37, 5.39; 2 - 4 . L — BMC 38, 1 9 0 6 -1 1 -3 -2 6 5 3 , 1 9 4 9 -1 1 -8 -5 3 ,
i . B (L ö b b ), 3.21; 2. P 43 ( = W a 5485), 2.49.
4.26, 3.50, 3.22; 5 - 9 . P 4 8 -9 ( = W a 5 4 8 7 -8 ), 48a, 49a, D elep ierre, 4.26,
4.37, 3.84, 4.51, 4.60; 10—14. B (652/1914, 423/1885, L ö b b , 014/1878, I-
B ); 15. C o p 26, 5.16; 16. C L eake, 5.10; 17. V 19698; 18. N Y ; 19. vA
E u sebes 3 3 7 0 ,4 .8 0 ; 2 0 . J N F A 4 /1 (1975), C 11; 21. W e b er 6975, 4.07. Q u alitativ e
m e tal an alysis on: 1.
3166 A E . 18 m m , 5 .3 8 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 6 ]
3171 A E . I 9 m m , 4 .4 9 g (6). A xis: 12. [ n ]
C o p 22
BMC 39, C o p 27
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Α Κ Μ Ο Ν ΕΩ Ν Ε Υ Σ Ε Β Η Σ ; N ike a d v a n c in g , 1., w ith w re a th A s 3 1 7 0 , b u t Ε Π Ι Σ Ε Ρ Ο Υ Η Ν ΙΟ Υ Κ Α Π ΙΤ Ω Ν Ο Σ KAI
a n d p a lm ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΑ Σ Σ Ε Ο Υ Η Ρ Α Σ Α Κ Μ Ο Ν ΕΩ Ν
i . C o p 22, 5.61; 2. P 39 ( = W a 5481), 4.63; 3—4 . B (W ellersheim 6341, i . L = B M C 39? 3 -9 9 ? 2. L = bmc 40, 4·2^? 3 · C °P 2 7 > 4·5^; 4 · Ρ 4^> 4·°4>
4 2 3/1883); 5. V 31563, 5.91; 6. N Y. 5· Ο , 4 -4 3 ? 6 . B (B -I); 7* G L eak e S u p p l., 5 -5 2? 8· V 19697? 9 · M u 6a,
4.60; 10—i i . N Y; 12. W a d d ell L ist 9 (1985), 164.

3172 B rass. 1 6 m m , 3 .5 0 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]

M e n e m a c h o s p h ila le th e s
3167 L e a d e d b ro n z e. 1 8 m m , 6 .3 2 g (3). A xis: 12.
BMC 34
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.; before, litu u s
Α Κ Μ Ο Ν ΕΩ Ν Μ Ε Ν Ε Μ Α Χ Ο Σ Φ ΙΛ Α Λ Η Θ Η Σ ; N ike
a d v a n c in g , 1., w ith w re a th a n d p a lm
i . L = B M C 3 4 , 6.83; 2. P 44 ( = W a 5486), 5.96; 3—4 . B (I-B = m g 491,
no. 48, 53/1880); 5. C = SNG 4913, 6.16. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
K r a te s M e n o k r ito u
3168 L e a d e d b ro n ze. i8 m m , 5 .5 2 g (9). A xis: 12.
BMC 33, C o p 23, AMC 1372
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.; before, litu u s
Α Κ Μ Ο Ν ΕΩ Ν Κ ΡΑ Τ Η Σ Μ Η Ν Ο Κ ΡΙΤ Ο Y ; N ike a d v a n c in g ,
1., w ith w re a th a n d p a lm
i . L — B M C 33, 6.56; 2—4 . P 40-1 ( = W a 5 4 8 2-3), 40a, 5.21, 4.00, 5.58;
5. O = A M C 13 7 2 , 5.82; 6 . C op 23, 4.49; 7—8. B (I-B = mg 391, no. 47,
L ö b b); 9 - 1 1. V 31557, 34001, 19695, 6.48, 5.64, 5.93; 12. P V ; 13. N Y .
Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: i.
T ib e riu s
3 1 6 9 A E . 1 8 m m , 4.71 g (2). A xis: 12.
Τ ΙΒ Ε Ρ [ΙΟ Σ Κ ]Α ΙΣ Α [Ρ ]; b a re h e a d , r.
[Α Κ ]Μ Ο Ν Ε [Ω ]Ν [ ; N ik e a d v a n c in g , 1., w ith w re a th a n d
p a lm
i . M u 4 (cf. G ra n t, f it a 471, n. 48, nc 1949, 163, n. 54), 4.94; 2. P 4 4 a,
bmc 35
[ 5 ] Α Γ ΡΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Ν Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η Ν ; d ra p e d b u st o f A g rip p in a I I
w ith e ars o f c o m a n d p o p p y , r.
Ε Π Ι Λ ΕΥ Κ ΙΟ Υ Σ Ε Ρ Ο Υ Η Ν ΙΟ Υ Κ Α Π ΙΤ Ω Ν Ο Σ Α Κ Μ Ο Ν ΕΩ Ν ;
A rte m is, r., d ra w in g a rro w a n d h o ld in g bow ; before, sm all
figure o f N ike w ith p a lm a n d w re a th
i . L = B M C 3 5 , 2.99; 2—3 . B 28240, L ö b b , 3.35, 4.16. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: i.
3173 A E . 1 6 m m , 2 .8 8 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 6 ]
bmc 36, C o p 25
A s 3 1 7 a , b u t Ε Π Ι Σ Ε Ρ Ο Υ Η Ν ΙΟ Υ Κ Α Π ΙΤ Ω Ν Ο Σ KAI
[ *12 ] ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΑ Σ Σ Ε Ο Υ Η Ρ Α Σ Α Κ Μ Ο Ν ΕΩ Ν
1—2. L = bm c 36, 1979- ϊ —1-2102 (ex vA 8312), 2.80, 2.93; 3· P 4 5 > 2 ·5 °?
4 · Β 4 5 9 Δ 8 8 2 , 2.83; 5 · V 3 4 0 0 2 . 3 -3 5 ; 6 · Ν Υ.
S e c o n d is s u e , c. AD 6 2
3174 B rass, i 9 m m , 4.53 g (15)· A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 26 ]
bmc 41, C o p 28
Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ A P Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d .; b e h in d ,
c ad u c eu s; before, c resc e n t
Σ Ε Ρ Ο Υ Η Ν ΙΟ Υ Κ Α Π ΙΤ Ω Ν Ο Σ Κ Α Ι ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΑ Σ Σ Ε Ο Υ Η Ρ Α Σ
Α Κ Μ Ο Ν ΕΩ Ν ; Z eus se a te d , 1., w ith p a te r a a n d sc e p tre ; in
field, Ε Π Ι A PX a n d owl
[ 3 ]
I . L = B M C 4 2 , 4.46; 2—3 . L = BMC 41, 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -2 1 0 1 (ex vA 3371), 5.17,
3.64; 4 . C M cC le an 8735, 4.77; 5. C o p 28, 4.37; 6—12. P 50 ( = W a
5 4 8 9 ). 52 ( = W a 5491), 52a, 53 ( = W a 5492), 53a, 53b, D elep ierre, 3.43,
4 0 3 . 4 -3 9 . 4 -4 7 . 4 -6 5 . 4-6o, 4.27; 1 3 - 1 4 . O , 4.75, 4.05; 1 5 - 2 1 . B (I-B ,
L o b b , 654/1914, Fox, 1155/1870, 28648, 1318/1914); 2 2 —2 4 . V 30168,
3 0 9 3 1, 30169; 2 5 . M u 6; 26. N Y; 27. L in d g ren 860, 3.85; 2 8 . W eb er
ß i4 A S I A : Acmonea, Synnada (3175-3181)

6976. P 54 ( = W a 5493, 4.02) seem s to be a c o n tem p o rary im ita tio n (head
1., g arb le d legend). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i.
3175 B rass. 1 6 m m , 3 .4 9 g (8). A xis: 12. [ 16 ]
BMC 48
Π Ο Π Π Α ΙΑ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f P o p p a e a , r.; on
sh o u ld e r, lion; e a rs o f co rn in w re a th
Σ Ε Ρ Ο Υ Η Ν ΙΟ Υ Κ Α Π ΙΤ Ω Ν Ο Σ Κ Α Ι ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΑ Σ ΣΕ Ο Υ Ή ΡΑ Σ
Α Κ Μ Ο Ν Ε Ω Ν ; A rte m is, r., d ra w in g a rro w a n d h o ld in g
bow ; before, sm a ll figure o f N ike w ith p a lm a n d w re a th
i. L =b m c 4 8 , 3.28; 2—3. L = bm c 4 9 -50, 4.14, 2.21; 4 - 6 . P 56, 5 7 -8
( = W a 5494-5), 2.49, 3.39, 2.60; 7. C op 24 (‘A g rip p in a’), 2.84; 8. O ,
2.80; g— i i . B (I-B , 276/1876, L ö b b ); 12. N Y; 13—14· C L eake,
Leake = SNG 4914, 2.95, 3.14; 15. V 19700; 16. M u 5a, 3.17; 17. M M A G
41 (1970), lo t 445, 3.42. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
T h i r d is s u e , c. A D 6 5
3 1 7 6 B rass, ig m m , 4 .2 4 g (16). A xis: 12. [ 24 ]
BMC 43, C o p 29
NCPVVNA CEB A C IO N AKM ONCIC; la u re a te b u s t w ith
aegis, r.; below , c a d u c e u s
C 8PO Y H N IO Y K A n iT W N O C K A I IO Y A IA C CCOYHPAC;
Z eu s se a te d , 1., w ith p a te r a a n d scep tre; ow l u n d e r
th ro n e ; to r., εΓ Γ ίΑ Ρ Χ T O Γ
1 - 5 . L = B M C 4 3 - 7 , 3.74, 3.94, 3.68, 3.59, 4.85: 6 - 1 0 . P 47, 51 ( = W a
5490), 51a, 51b, A p am e a 488, 4.26, 3.80, 3.97, 4.23, 4.50; 11—14. B
(80864, I-B , L ö b b , 565/1878); 15. C L eak e S u p p l., 4.36; 16--18. M u 7,
7a, 7c, 3.76, - , 4.59; 1 9 - 2 0 . V 19696, 19699; 2 1 - 2 3 . N Y ; 24. C o p 29,
4.46; 25. vA 3373, 5.76; 26—27. J S W , 4.29, 4.62. T h e le tte r form s E, Σ
a n d Ω a re u sed as w ell as £ , C a n d W. T h e re is n o th in g u n d e r th e th ro n e
o n 26. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.
C o u n te rm ark s: A sclepius ( G I C 241: 3, 10, 14, 16-17, 20, 24, 25).
3 1 7 7 B rass. 1 5 m m , 3 .0 8 g (8). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 9 ]
BMC 17, C o p 17
Θ8ΑΝ PWMHN AKMON8IC; tu rre te d b u s t o f R o m a , r.
C8POYHNIOY KAniTWNOC KAI IOYAIAC C8OYHPAC;
N ike a d v a n c in g , r., w ith p a lm a n d w re a th ; in field, 8 Π Ι
ÄPX TO Γ
1· p 5 5 a . 3-05; «· p 5 5 ; 3 -3 4 ; 3 ~ 4 - L = bmc 17-18, 2.90, 3.43; 5. C o p 17,
2.80; 6—7. O , 2.76, 2.88; 8. V 28775, 3 -4 9 Î 9 · M u 5. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
analysis on: 3.

Synnada
In the early E m pire Synnada m ade several issues of A u g u s tu s (?)
coinage, whose classification is not always clear as some of
the em peror(s) are identified solely as ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ. S om en es
T h e coins signed by Σωμένης probably depict A ugustus,
3178 A E . 1 8 m m , 4 .7 8 g (6). A xis: 12. [ 8 ]
since the p o rtra it is accom panied by a lituus (com pare
Acm onea, though contrast, perhaps, E ucarpia). bmc 32, AMC 1417, C o p 725
T here are two sim ilar issues for CEBACTOC, signed by Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.; before, litu u s
K laudios V alerianos an d K rassos; these are usually Σ Υ Ν Ν Α Δ Ε Ω Ν ΣΩ Μ Ε Ν Η Σ; Z eu s se a te d , 1., w ith eagle a n d
attrib u ted to A ugustus (e.g., B M C ) , b u t T iberius is equally scep tre
a possibility. In fact, T iberius seems m arginally preferable, i . L 1 9 3 8 —10—7—2 2 7 , 5.57; 2. L = bm c 32, 4.69; 3—4 . P 2045 ( - W a
6 5 3 4 ), d e R icci, 4.93, 4.93; 5 . O = a m c 1417, 4.24; 6. C o p 725, 4.31; 7. B
since the coins have C an d the m agistrates’ nam es in the (I-B = km 293, no. 10); 8. N Y . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
genitive, w hereas Σ and the nom inative were norm al down
to the reign of A ugustus an d und er T iberius (see below,
un d er A ndragathos). T his is not, of course, conclusive, b u t
only suggestive of an attrib u tio n to Tiberius. T ib e r iu s (?)
T here are coins for G erm anicus signed by A ndragathos;
recently an o th er coin, signed by A n d ra [gathos] philokaisar, A n d r a g a th o s p h i l o k a i s a r (se e in tr o d u c tio n )
for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ has turned up, presum ably (despite the
peculiar ‘p o rtra it’) for T iberius, at the beginning of his 3 1 7 9 A E . 1 6 m m , 4 .0 2 g (1). [ o ]
reign. ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
His son (presum ably), K laudios A ndragathos Α Ν Δ Ρ Α [Γ Α Θ Ο Σ ] Φ ΙΛ Ο Κ Α Ι[Σ Α Ρ ] Σ Υ Ν Ν Α Δ Ε [Ω Ν ]; Z eus
s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle
philokaisar, also issued coins for C laudius some thirty years
i . S c h u lte n (2 2 .4 .1 9 8 5 ) l o t 3 5 2 , 4.02. T h e sale ca talo g u e r d rew atten tio n
later. Coins were m ade for C laudius by the high priest and to th e o d d p o rtra it, su g g estin g th a t it h as th e features o f A n d rag ath o s, b ut
tropheus A rtem on, too. T he next and last coins of the Julio- this seem s u nlikely in view o f th e leg en d ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ.
C laudian period w ere m ade for Nero, fairly early in his
reign, c. 60 to judge from the portrait, and they are signed 3 1 8 0 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 3 m m , 1 .7 3 g ( 0 · A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
by T i K . Pison philok. bmc 35
T he coinage was produced in two denom inations. As ΓΕΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ; b a re h e a d o f G e rm a n ic u s, r.
elsewhere in n o rth ern Phrygia (e.g., Aezani, A cm onea, Σ Υ Ν Ν Α Δ Ε Ω Ν Α Ν Δ Ρ Α Γ Α Θ Ο Σ ; ow l o n a m p h o ra
Eum enea), the coins were m ade of bronze und er A ugustus i . L = B M C 3 5 , i .73; 2. B? (I-B = km 293, no. 11); 3. N Y . G ra n t {N C ,
and T iberius, b u t of brass under C laudius an d Nero. 1949, p. 163, n. 51) u sed th e coin to pro v e th a t coins w ere m in ted for
G erm an icu s in th e reign o f C la u d iu s; b u t it seem s m ore likely th a t the
Augustus 18 mm, 4.78 g (6) C la u d ia n coins w ere m a d e o n a differen t occasion by th e m a n ’s son.
Tiberius? 16 mm, 4.02 g (1) 13mm, 1.73g ( ')
18mm, 4.78g (7) 13 mm, 3.41 g (7)
18 mm, 6.53 g (2) 13mm, 3.58g (7) K la u d io s V a le r ia n o s a n d K r a s s o s
Claudius 18mm, 5.28g (5) 15 mm, 3.52 g (4)
18mm, 5.06g (6) 15mm, 3.37g (3) 3181 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 4 .7 8 g (7). A xis: 12. [ 7 ]
Nero 18 mm, 4.11g (5) bmc 33, amc 1419
average: 18mm, 4.89g (32) 14mm, 3.47g (22;

CCBACTOC ΟΥΝΝΑΔΕΩΝ; b a re h e a d , r.
( 0 Π Ι Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Υ ) Ο Υ Α Λ 0 ΡΙΑ Ν Ο Υ ; Z eu s se a te d , 1., w ith
N ike a n d scep tre
ΟΥΑΛεΡΙΑΝΟΥ: i . L = B M C 33, 5.62; 2. B (I-B = km 293, no. 9), 4.63;
3. P 2043, 4.85; 4 . M u 5; 5. vA 3981, 5.22; ε π ί ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ
ΟΥΑΛεΡΙΑΝΟΥ: 6 . L = B M C 3 4 , 4.72; 7. O = a m c 1419, 5.71; 8 . V 17725,
6.40; 9· vA 3982, 7.32. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i.
3 1 8 2 B ronze?. 1 3 m m , 3.41 g (7). A xis: 12 o r 6.
BM C 8, amc 1414
ΟΥΑΛεΡΙΑΝΟΥ; eagle
0ΥΝΝΑΔ0ΩΝ; ow l o n a m p h o ra , r.
I . L = B M C 8 , 3.43; 2. L = BMC 9, 3.47; 3—4 . O = AMC 1414-15, 3.2 I,
4.31; 5. P 2014, 3.62; 6—8. B (I-B , L öbb, 668/1914), 3.50, 3.46, 2.49. T h e
q u alita tiv e m etal analysis on 1 ap p e a rs to suggest an alloy o f co p p e r w ith
sm all am o u n ts o f bo th tin a n d zinc (cf. 3 1 8 6 ).
3 1 8 3 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 8 m m , 6 .5 3 g (2). A xis: 12.
amc 1418
CCBACTOC CYNNAAEQN; b a re h e a d , r.
KPACCOY; Z eu s se a te d , L, w ith N ike a n d sc e p tre
i . L 1979—i —i —2321 (ex vA 3983), 6.08; 2. O — a m c 1418, 6.97.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
3 184 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 3 m m , 3 .5 8 g (7). A xis: 12 o r 6.
AMC 1416
KPACCOY; eagle
CYNNAAEQN; ow l o n a m p h o ra , r.
i . P 2 0 1 3 , 3.26; 2. L 1921—4—12—108 ( = W e b er 7182), 3.18; 3. O = amc
1416, 3.89; 4 . C L eake, 2.78; 5 - 6 . V 19967, 37227, 3-52, 5 -° 5 ; 7 * B i *l ~
B = gm 748, n o . 742a), 3.44. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 3.
C la u d iu s
K la u d io s A n d r a g a th o s p h il o k a is a r
3185 B rass. 1 8 m m , 5 .2 8 g (5). A xis: 12.
BMC 36
Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Ν K A I CAPA CYNNAAIC; la u re a te h e a d , r.
επί Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Υ Α Ν Δ Ρ Α Γ Α Θ Ο Υ (O IA O K A ICA PO C ); Z eus
seated , L, w ith N ike a n d sc e p tre
ε π ί ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ΑΝΔΡΑΓΑΘΟΥ 4 >IAOKAICAPOC: I . L = BMC 3 6 , 5.31; 2 -
3. Ο , 5-33, 5.35; ε π ί ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ΑΝΔΡΑΓΑΘΟΥ: 4· Β (L ö b b ), 6.77; 5· Ρ
2 0 4 7 ( = W a 6356), 7·°51 6. V 30670, 5-3^; U n c e rta in v ariety: 7· V 1 9 9 7 4 ,
5.01. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
3 1 8 6 B rass?. 15 m m , 3.52 g (4). A xis: 12.
BMC 10
CYNNAACQN; h e a d o f A th e n a , w e a rin g c re ste d h e lm e t, r.
Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Υ Α Ν Δ Ρ Α Γ Α Θ Ο Υ ; ow l on a m p h o ra
T he coinage of lu lia has been catalogued by H . von Aulock,
I, pp. 63 an d 118. T h ere was an
M ü n z e n u n d Städte Phrygiens
issue for N ero and A grippina I I signed by Sergios H ephais-
tion; this was dated 50-4 by von Aulock (followed by the vA
In d e x ), but, in the absence o f any coins for C laudius, a date
early in N ero’s own reign, say c. 55, seems m ore likely. T he
style o f the coins is very like the sim ilarly dated coins for
Nero and A grippina of the ‘L aodicea’ style (see p. 376).
T his stylistic feature m akes one w onder w hether the
traditional attrib u tio n of the coins to Iulia Ipsus is correct
(even though the exact location of th a t city is unsure), since
it is m uch furth er to the east th an any o f the oth er coins of
A S I A : Synnada, Iulia (3 182-3190) 5 /5
I . L = b m c 10, 3.24; 2 - 3 . P 2033 ( = W a 6522), 2032, 3.99, 3.34; 4 - 6 . B
(I-B = km 293, no. 12, L ö b b , 680/1878), 3.83, 3.62, 3.37; 7. M u 3. T h e re
a re coins w ith sim ilar types b u t w ith o u t th e n am es o f K lau d io s
A n d rag ath o s, w hich h av e been d a te d to this p erio d (e.g. A —B: BMC 11—
12); b u t these h ave a six o ’clock die axis, su g g estin g th a t th ey are later.
T h e q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on 1 suggests a n alloy o f co p p e r w ith b o th
tin a n d zinc.
[ 8 ]
A r te m o n , tro p h e u s a n d h ig h p r ie s t
3187 B rass. 1 8 m m , 4 .9 2 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
BMC 37
Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Ν K A I CAPA CYNNAAIC; la u re a te h e a d , r.
ε π ί A PT 0 M ONOC Α Ρ Χ Ι 0 Ρ 0 Ω ^ v eiled D e m e te r sta n d in g ,
1., w ith to rc h a n d tw o ears o f c o m
[ 2 ] i . L = b m c 3 7 , 5.12; 2. P de R icci, 4.35; 3 . C 387/1948, 5.28. Q u alitativ e
m etal analysis on: 1.
3 1 8 8 B rass. 18 m m , 5 .1 9 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
BMC 38
Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Ν K A I CAPA CYNNAAIC; la u re a te h e a d , r.
ε π ί A PT 0 M UNOC Τ ΡΟ Φ 0 Ω ε ; v eiled D e m e te r s ta n d in g , L,
[ 7 ] w ith to rc h a n d tw o ears o f co rn
i . P 2 0 4 6 ( = W a 6535), 4.86; 2. L = BMC 38, 5.38; 3 . B (I-B ), 5.33.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 2. Τροφεύς is a title, not a n am e: see L.
R o b ert, H autes Etudes Num ism atiques 2 . M onnaies Grecques (1967), pp. 66—7.
3 1 8 9 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .3 7 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]
εΥΝΝΑΔεΩΝ; h e a d o f A th e n a , w e a rin g c re ste d h e lm e t, r.
ΑΡΤΕΜΩΝΟε TPOOEQC; ow l o n a m p h o ra
I . P 2 0 1 1 , 3.99; 2. P 2012, 2.77; 3 . vA 6523, 3.36; 4 , vA 3974, 3.36.
N e ro
[ 7 ]
T i K P is o n p h il o k ( a i s a r )
3 1 9 0 B rass. 1 8 m m , 4 .1 1 g (5). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 9 ]
C o p 726
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b a re h e a d , r.
TI K IIICQN ΦΙΛΟΚ CYNNAAEQN; Z eu s se a te d , 1., w ith
N ike a n d scep tre
i . L Ϊ9 7 9 —i —i —2 3 2 2 (ex 6 4 4 9 ), 4-86; 2. B (I-B = km 293, no. 13),
[ 7 ] 3.46; 3 - 4 . C o p 726 -7 , 3.44, 3.82; 5 - 6 . P 204 8 -9 , 3.19, 4.16; 7 - 8 . O , 3.98,
4.43; 9 . M u 6. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.
Iulia
this stylistic group. T here are indeed other Iulias, such as
Iu lia G ordus in Lydia, Iu lia M aebozan z ( J R S , 1975, p. 73)
or Iulia A ncyra (3108-15). O r perhaps some other city in
w estern Phrygia had, like A ncyra, the additional nam e
Iulia. But, while it seems right to raise doubts about the
ascription of the coins, the stylistic argum ent does not con­
clusively disprove an attribution to Iu lia Ipsus, since the
‘Laodicea’ style is quite widely distributed: as far east as
O rthosia, for instance; and certainly as far north and east as
A cm onea (under Tiberius at any rate).
A nother coin is known for A grippina signed by Pom ponia
T itin [ (the restoration of this unusual nam e is uncertain).
V on Aulock cited only one specim en in P, on w hich the Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ A P; d ra p e d b u st, r.
ethnic was not clear; there is, however, another specimen Σ Ε Ρ Γ ΙΟ Σ Η Φ Α ΙΣ Τ ΙΩ Ν ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΕΩ Ν ; M ê n o n h o rse b a c k
there, on w hich ΙΟΥΛΙΕΩΝ can be clearly read. O ne m ight w ith sp e a r, r.
expect to find a com panion piece for Nero, possibly signed i. L = bm c 3, 6.23; 2—14. See vA . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.

by Pom ponia’s h usband. A lternatively, one m ight suppose

3 1 9 2 B rass. 1 3 m m , 2 .3 4 g (6)· A xis: 12. [ 5 ]
th at Pom ponia was the wife of H ephaistion, b u t signed only
vA Phryg. I, 3 9 5 -7 , 39 9 -4 0 0
p art o f the issue for A grippina.
T he coin in M u attrib u ted to Iu lia by von Aulock (no. Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Ε ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r.
415, following Im hoof-Blum er) w ith the reading ΔΗΜΕΑΣ Σ Ε Ρ Γ ΙΟ Σ Η Φ Α ΙΣ Τ ΙΩ Ν ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΕΩ Ν ; g o d (o r goddess?)
se a te d , 1.
ΑΘΗΝΑΙ .. ΙΟΥΛΙΕΩΝ is, in fact, a coin of H ydrela
I. L = bm c 2, 2.54; 2—5. See vA . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: t.
(2985/3, reading ΑΠΕΛΛΑΣ ΑΘΗΝΑΓΟΡΟΥ
ΗΔΡΗΛΙΤΩΝ).
T here are two denom inations, both of brass:
P o m p o n ia T itin [
18mm, 4 . 1 3 g (1 4 ) 1 3 mm, 2.41 g (8)
3 1 9 3 A E . i 3 m m , 2 .6 3 g (2)· A xis: 12. [ 2 ]
vA Phryg. I. 394, 398
N ero, c. a d 5 5 _______________________________________________ Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Ε ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r.
Π Ο Μ Π Ω Ν ΙΑ T IT IN [ ] ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΕΩ Ν ; g o d (or goddess?)
S e r g io s H e p h a is tio n se a te d , 1.
i. P 1397 (= km 246), 2.62; 2. P 1396 ( — W a 6204), 2.63.
3191 B rass. 1 8 m m , 4 .1 3 g (14)· A xis: 12. [ 10 ]
vA Phryg. I, 4 0 4 -1 4

Prymnessus
Prym nessus h ad m ade some very rare coins in the first
century b c . Its early im perial coinage is not easy to classify,
as was previously found by H . von Aulock in his catalogue
(.M ü n ze n u n d Städte P hrygiens II, pp. 117-21); a p a rt from two
issues for N ero, there are a nu m b er of coins w ith the
po rtrait sim ply identified as ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, an d these are
variously identified as A ugustus or T iberius (e.g., B M C ;
von Aulock; etc.). I t does indeed seem likely th a t both
em perors are involved since some of the portraits are
accom panied by a lituus, perhaps an indication of A ugustus
(cf. Synnada, A cm onea), while there are also coins for G er­
m anicus and D rusus C aesar. I t rem ains uncertain,
however, w hich issues should be attrib u ted to which
emperor.
T he following sequence has been adopted here:
tive, one m ight guess th a t (1-4) were m ade in the reign of
A ugustus and (5—9) in the reign of T iberius, but this is
hypothetical. For w hat it is w orth, aspects of the p o rtrait on
(5), e.g., the nose, are very suggestive of Tiberius.
U n d er N ero, there were two issues. Both have the ‘steps’
portrait, introduced in 63, and the p o rtrait on M ithridates’s
coins looks later th an th a t on Proklos’s.
T he coinage was produced in two denom inations, whose
stan d ard dropped by the tim e of N ero, probably reflecting
the change from bronze (under A ugustus-Tiberius) to brass
(under Nero): com pare, e.g., Aezani, Acm onea and
Synnada.
Augustus? 18mm, 5.56g (23) 15mm, 3.86g (3)
Tiberius? 18mm, 5.83g (17) 15mm, 3.70g (4)
Nero 20m m , 5.19g (33) 17mm, 3.41 g (8)

I. Leukiou. Placed first because of the bare-headed T he types refer to Dikaiosyne, for w hich see L. R obert, A
portrait. pp. 252-5.
Travers l ’A s ie M ineure,
2-4. [Ioulijos Pontikos, the priestess lo u k o u n d a and
Nearchos A rta. Placed together because the portraits on the
sm all denom inations o f Pontikos an d louko u n d a are very A u g u s tu s ? (see above) ___________________
close, and because the large denom ination of lo u kounda
and N earchos have a lituus (and share an obverse die). 3 1 9 4 A E . 1 8 m m , 6 .0 3 g (3)· A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
5. A rtas philopatris/ktistes. T he reverses of his coins are vA Phryg. I I , 9 7 6 -8
very like those of N earchos (ligatured ethnic, m onogram ) ; ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
the obverse of his sm aller denom ination is, however, dif­ Λ ΕΥ Κ ΙΟ Υ Π ΡΥ ; D ik aio sy n e a d v a n c in g , 1., w ith scales a n d
ferent from th a t on the coins of Pontikos and loukounda, scep tre
and m ore like th a t on (6—8). i . P 1 8 7 9 , 6.69; 2—3 . See vA.
6-9. Perigenes, Kaikilios Plokamos, Epigonou (?) 3 1 9 5 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .6 8 g (1). A xis: 6. [ 1 ]
A ndroneikou (?) an d K aikios[]on[: the first three all have
vA Phryg. I I , 979
sim ilar obverses, w hich in tu rn are quite like those on the
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
coins of G erm anicus and D rusus. T h e unique coin of
[ΙΟ Υ Λ Ι]Ο Σ Π Ο Ν Τ ΙΚ Ο Σ Π ΡΫ ; D ik aio sy n e a d v a n c in g , 1.,
K aikios[ has a very sim ilar reverse to th a t of Epigonos.
w ith scales
I f this arran g em en t has any validity, and it is only ten ta­ i . V 1 9 9 5 4 , 3.68. T h e obv. is very close to 3 1 9 6 , o f lo u k o u n d a .
 ASIA: Prymnessus (3196-3210) 51 7

3196 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 5 .7 3 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 4 ] 3 2 0 3 A E . 18 m m , 5 .0 7 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]

vA Phryg. I I , 9 8 1 -5 vA Phryg. I I , 99 9 -1 0 0 0
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.; to r., litu u s ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
ΙΟ Υ Κ Ο Υ Ν Δ Α ΙΕ Ρ Η Α Π Ρ Υ Μ Ν Η Σ Σ Ε Ω Ν ; D ik aio sy n e Π ΡΥ Μ Ν Η Σ ΣΕΩ Ν Ε Π ΙΓ Ο Ν [ ] Α Ν Δ Ρ Ο Ν Ε ΙΚ [ ]; D ik aio sy n e
a d v a n c in g , 1., w ith scales a n d tw o e a rs o f corn; before, se a te d , 1., w ith scales
globe; m o n o g ra m FP i . B 1 0 8 /1 9 1 3 , 5.20; 2. vA 3940, 4.93. I t is n o t clear w h e th e r e ith e r or
b o th (so vA) n am es are in th e genitive, n o r w h eth e r (or w h ich) is a
i . P 1881 ( = W a 6422), 5.87; 2. L = bm c 23, 5.14; 3—5. See vA . 2 is from
p atro n y m ic.
th e sam e obv. die as 3 1 9 8 (V 26219; N earch o s). F o r the m o n o g ram , see
3 1 9 8 ). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2.
3 2 0 4 A E . 1 8 m m , 5 .5 2 g (1). A xis: 12. [ o ]
3 197 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 5 m m , 3 .5 9 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ] vA Phryg. I I , 1001
vA Phryg. I I , 980 ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , 1.
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. [ΠΡΥΜ Ν] Η Σ Σ Ε Ω Ν Κ Α ΙΚ ΙΟ Σ [ ] O N [ ; D ik aio sy n e seated ,
ΙΟ Υ Κ Ο Υ Ν Δ Α ΙΕ Ρ Η Α Π ΡΥ ; scales in w re a th 1., w ith scales
i . L G 0 8 7 2 , 3.59. T h e obv. is very close to 3 1 9 5 , o f [Iouli]os P ontikos. i . W i n te r t h u r 4 2 0 6 , 5.52.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
3 2 0 5 L e a d e d *1b ro n ze. 1 5 m m , 3 .3 4 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
3 198 A E . 18 m m , 5 .2 0 g (8). A xis: 12. [ 6 ]
vA Phryg. I I , 1017-20
vA Phryg. I I . 1002-8 corr.
ΓΕΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d o f G e rm a n ic u s
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.; to r., litu u s C a e sa r, r.
Ν Ε Α ΡΧ Ο Σ Α ΡΤ Α Π ΡΥ Μ Ν Η Σ ΣΕΩ Ν ; D ik aio sy n e a d v a n c in g , Δ ΡΟ Υ Σ Ο Σ Π ΡΥ Μ (Ν Η ΣΣ[ ); b a re h e a d o f D ru su s C a e sa r,
1., w ith scales a n d tw o e a rs o f c o rn ; m o n o g ra m FP 1.
i . P 1 8 8 0 (—W a 6 4 2 1 ), 5 .4 9 ; 2—7. See vA; 8 . J S W , 4 .7 5 ; 9. T h e litu u s, i . B (L ö b b ), 3.51; 2. L 1 9 2 0 -5 -1 6 -7 8 (= no 1921, 23, no. 34), 4.17; 3—
w hich is clear on V 3 6 2 1 9 = P row e 1826 = vA 1006, w as n o t n o te d b y vA, 4. See vA; 5 . W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 405, 2.68. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis
w hose id entification o f th e p o rtra it as T ib e riu s is therefore unlikely. T h e on: 2.
obv. die o f this coin is th e sam e as th a t o f 3 1 9 6 /2 (.B M C 23, of
Io u k o u n d a). T h e m o n o g ram , w hich occurs on several o th e r issues (3 1 9 6 , 3 2 0 6 A E . 1 5 m m , 5 .4 9 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
3 ϊ9 9 ) , w as in te rp re te d as ‘ΠΡΥ (?)’ by vA , b u t is h a rd to see w hy th e
eth n ic should be rep ea ted , a n d th e m o n o g ra m o f th e ethnic, w h en it does vA Phryg. I I , 1021
o ccu r (e.g., 3 1 9 4 —5) is different; ΓΡΑ ( = g ram m ateu s) m ig h t be possible, A s 3 2 0 5 , b u t Δ ΡΟ Υ Σ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Π ΡΫ
th o u g h one m ig h t h av e ex pected a cross b a r for th e A.
I. V 2 8 1 4 9 , 5.49.
3 199 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 5 .6 5 g (7). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 7 ]
vA Phryg. I I , 1009-15
Nero, ad 63-8
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Α ΡΤ Α Σ Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ ΡΙΣ Π Ρ Υ Μ Ν Η Σ Σ Ε Ω Ν ; D ik aio sy n e T i Io u lio s P r o k lo s
a d v a n c in g , 1., w ith scales a n d tw o e a rs o f corn; m o n o g ra m
FP 3 2 0 7 B rass. 2 0 m m , 6 .2 2 g (11). A xis: 12. [ 9 ]
i . L 1979—1—1—2 3 0 6 (ex vA 3 9 4 1 ), 5 .8 7 ; 2—4 . L — bm c 2 0 -2 ; 5—7. See vA Phryg. I I , 1022-31
vA; 8. P 1878, 4 .2 3 . F o r th e m o n o g ra m , see 3 1 9 8 . Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: 1. Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Α Κ Α ΙΣ A P A Π ΡΥ Μ Ν Η Σ ΣΕ ΙΣ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Ε Π Ι ΤΙ ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Υ Π Ρ Ο Κ Λ Ο Υ ; D ik a io sy n e s ta n d in g , 1., w ith
3 200 A E . 1 7 m m , 4 .3 0 g (1). A xis: 6. [ i ]
scales a n d tw o e a rs o f co rn
vA Phryg. I I , 1016 i . L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—2 3 0 8 (ex vA 2308), 6.29; 2—10. See vA; n . J S W , 6.79.
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: i .

Α ΡΤΑ Σ Κ ΤΙΣΤΗ Σ; scales 3 2 0 8 B rass. 1 8 m m , 3 .9 8 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]

i . P 1 9 8 0 /2 4 4 , 4.30. F o r th e n a m e an d title, see L. R o b ert, A Travers
l ’A sie M ineure , p. 254.
T ib e riu s ? (see in tr o d u c tio n )
3201 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 5 .6 4 g (4). A xis: 12.
vA Phryg. I I , 9 8 6 -9
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Π Ε Ρ ΙΓ Ε Ν Η Σ Π ΡΥ Μ Ν Η Σ ΣΕΩ Ν ; D ik aio sy n e a d v a n c in g , 1.,
w ith scales a n d tw o e a rs o f c orn
1. O , 5.33; 2. L — bmc 18, 5 .5 1 ; 3—4 . See vA. Pace vA, there seem s to be
no m o n o g ra m on th e clearest specim en (O ). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on:
2.
3 202 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 6 .0 9 g ( I0 )· A xis: 12.
vA Phryg. I I , 9 9 0 -8
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Κ Α ΙΚ ΙΛ ΙΟ Σ Π Λ Ο Κ Α Μ Ο Σ Π ΡΥ Μ Ν Η Σ ΣΕΩ Ν ; D ik aio sy n e
a d v a n c in g , 1., w ith scales a n d tw o e a rs o f co rn
i . L — B M C 19, 5.27; 2 - 9 . See vA ; t o . J S W , 7.34. Pace vA , his 996 does
seem to be la u reate . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i.
Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Α Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ A Π ΡΥ Μ Ν Η Σ ΣΕΙΣ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Ε Π Ι ΤΙ ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Υ Π ΡΟ Κ Λ Ο Υ ; scales
i . L 1 9 7 7 —3—4 —8, 4.83; 2—3. See vA. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i.
K la u d io s M ith r id a te s
[ 2 ]
3 2 0 9 B rass. 2 0 m m , 4 .6 7 g (22). A xis: 12. [ ii ]
vA Phryg. I I , 1035-56
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Α Κ Α ΙΣ A P A Π ΡΥ Μ Ν Η Σ Σ Ε ΙΣ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Ε Π Ι Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Υ Μ ΙΘ ΡΙΔ Α Τ Ο Υ ; D ik a io sy n e s ta n d in g , 1.,
w ith scales a n d tw o ears o f co rn
i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —2 3 0 7 (ex vA 3942), 4.13; 2. L — bmc 24, 4.22; 3 - 2 2 . See
vA ; 23. A u fh ä u s e r 2 (1985), lo t 218, 4.38. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on:
I.
[ 6 ]
3 2 1 0 B rass. 1 7 m m , 3 .0 6 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
vA Phryg. I I , 1057-9
Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Α Κ Α ΙΣ A PA Π ΡΥ Μ Ν Η Σ ΣΕ ΙΣ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Ε Π Ι Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Υ Μ ΙΘ ΡΙΔ Α Τ Ο Υ ; scales
i . L = b m c 25> 3-82; 2. I , 2.82; 3 · B (Ι-Β = gm 221, no. 726), 3 -I 2 i 4 * B
1883, 3.40; 5 . T ra d e (1987), 2.16. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 1.

D ocim eum m ade its first coins in the reign of C laudius,
during the proconsulship of C n. D om itius C orbulo (B.
Thom asson, L aterculi P raesidum , no. 46: ‘sub C laudio,
ultim is an n is’; V ogel-W eidem ann’s date of 50-1 was
accepted by R. Syme, Z P E 53, 1983, p. 196).
In addition, D ocim eum produced coins for a youthful
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣ AP an d for A grippina II, though it it not
im m ediately clear w hether these were produced together
with the issue for C laudius, or slightly later, at the very
beginning of N ero’s own reign. T h e second alternative
seems slightly m ore likely: the C laudian coins have C and
the others Σ, there w ould have been plenty of room to p u t
C orbulo’s nam e on (at least) N ero’s coins, and, while the
coins for A grippina are of a sm aller denom ination, those for
Nero are o f the sam e denom ination as those of C laudius,
whereas one m ight have expected them to be sm aller if they
were produced in his reign. T hese reasons are not, of
course, conclusive, b u t at the m om ent it seems m ore likely
th at the coins of N ero an d A grippina are N eronian in date.
All the coins were m ade of brass. T h e following two
denom inations are found:
Claudius 19 mm, 4.60 g (13)
Nero 19mm, 4.22g (7)
average: 19 mm, 4.47 g (20)
See also addenda, 3213A.
C la u d iu s , c. a d 5 0 ( ? ) *i.
3211 B rass. 2 0 m m , 4 .2 1 g (3). A xis: 12.
TI K A A Y A IO C K A IC A P; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Ε Π Ι K O PB Ο Υ Λ Ω Ν Ο C Α Ν Θ Υ Π Α Τ Ο Υ ΔΟ Κ ΙΜ ΕΩ Ν ; te m p le
w ith six c o lu m n s
i . L 1930—12—10—4, 3.92; 2. P 978, 4.32; 3. V 19836, 4.39. T h e sam e
tem p le ap p e a rs on la te r coins, o f th e th ird ce n tu ry (B M C 2, 19, 22, 28).
Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.
C o u n te rm ark : H e a d , 1. ( G IC 224: 2).
For the coinage of A ppia, see H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n und
I, p. ioo; coinage was m ade only in the reign
Städte P hrygiens
of Nero, probably c. 60, to ju d g e from the p o rtrait. T he
association of the ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ and the p o rtrait
coin was first m ade by Löbbecke, Z f N , 1885, p. 342; it
probably represents a sm aller denom ination.
N e ro , c. a d 60
3216 A E . 2 0 m m , 5 .1 8 g (1). A xis: 6.
vA Phryg. 182
T he earliest im perial coinage was m ade for T iberius, and
the M arcus L epidus nam ed on these coins is usually identi­
fied w ith the proconsul of Asia betw een 26 an d 28 (B.
Docimeum
3212 B rass. 1 9 m m , 4 .7 2 g (10). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 11 ]
BMC 14
TI(B ) K A A Y A IO C /N K A IC A P(A ); la u re a te h e a d , r.
Ε Π Ι K O PB O Y A Q N O C Α Ν Θ Υ (Π ) Δ Ο Κ ΙΜ ΕΩ Ν ; C ybele
sta n d in g , facing, b e tw e e n tw o lions
i . L = b m c 14, 4.10; 2. L = B M C 15, 5.48; 3 . N Y; 4 —6. P 981 ( = W a
5953)5 979 -8 0 , 4.19, 4-68, 4.36; 7—10. B (I-B , I-B , L ö b b , L ö b b ), 6.46,
4.41, 4.45, 4.57; i i . V 28258, 4.54. F o r th e accu sativ e case, see 6, 7; for
th e n o m in ativ e, e.g., 1-5, 8. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
C o u n te rm ark : H e a d , 1. ( G IC 224: 9).
N ero, c.ad 55? (see also addenda, 3213A)I.
3 2 1 3 B rass. 1 9 m m , 4 .2 2 g (7). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 9 ]
BMC 18
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u s t, r.
Δ Ο Κ ΙΜ ΕΩ Ν ; C y b ele s ta n d in g , facing, b e tw e e n tw o lions
I. L = b m c 18, 4.96; 2 - 3 . P 982, 984 ( = W a 5954), 4.14, 4 .1 1; 4. O , 3.58;
5 - 6 . B (I-B , 574/1909), 4.39, 4.37; 7 . G 2; 8. V 27634, 4.00; 9. N Y.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.
C o u n te rm ark : H e a d , 1. ( G IC 224: 1, 3, 4, 8).
15mm, 2.69g (5) 3 2 1 4 B rass. 1 5 m m , 2 .9 0 g (3). A xis: 6 o r 12. [ 3 ]
BMC 16
15 mm, 2.69 g (5)
Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r.
Δ Ο Κ ΙΜ ΕΩ Ν ; d ra p e d a n d tu r re te d b u s t (o f R om a?, o f
D o cim eu m ?), r.
I. L = b m c 16, 2.77; 2. P 983, 3.29; 3. B (L ö b b ), 2.63. Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an alysis on: i.
[ 3 ] 3 2 1 5 B rass. 1 5 m m , 2 .3 8 g (2). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 2 ]
BMC 17
Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r.
Δ Ο Κ ΙΜ ΕΩ Ν ; d ra p e d fem ale b u st, r., ?w ith b ra n c h
i . L = b m c 17, 2.19; 2. V O .N ., 2.56. I t is n o t clear if th e P branch, visible
only on 2, is o r is n o t a co u n term ark . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.
Appia
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Α Π Π ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν in o ak w re a th
i . B (L ö b b ), 5.18.
3217 B rass. 1 8 m m , 3 .8 5 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
vA Phryg. 161-3, BMG 1
H e lm e te d b u s t o f A th e n a w e a rin g aegis, r.
Α Π Π ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν in o ak w re a th
i. L = b m c I, 3.41; 2. B, 4.64; 3. P 551, 3.50. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis
on: i .
[ 1 ]
Cotiaeum
Thom asson, L aterculi P raesidum , no. 33; cf. R. Syme, Z P E 53>
1983, pp. 192-4); it should be rem em bered, however, that
there is no indication th a t the nam e on the coin is th at of a
 A S I A : Cotiaeum (3218—3227) g ig

proconsul, and, as R om an nam es are com m on on the
coinage of C otiaeum , he m ay perhaps be ju s t a local
notable.
T he large R om an-sestertius-sized coins of N ero and
A grippina I I are regarded here as forgeries:
3 218 B ronze. 3 0 m m , 2 0 .0 9 g (3). A xis: 6.
BMC 30
Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ A P; b a re h e a d o f N ero , r.
Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η Κ Ο Τ ΙΑ Ε Ω Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f
A g rip p in a I I , r.
i . L = b m c 3 0 , 19.55; 2* G L 2 1.35; 3. S p in k /G alerie des M o n n aie s (F eb.
1977) lo t 300, 19.38. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i.
(L öbb, I-B , Fox, R au c h ); 13—15. C L eake, L eak e S u p p l., H aslu ck , 4.94,
5.51, —; 1 6 - 1 7 . V 19812, 29116; i 8 . M u 5a, 5.45; 19. O , 5.16; 2 0 -
21. vA 3777, 8401, 3.91, 5.90; 22. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 377. Q u alitativ e
m etal an alysis on: 1.
3221 B rass. 1 6 m m , 3 .8 7 g (8). A xis: 12. [ 8 ]
BMC 31, C o p 321
[ 2 ]
Α Γ ΡΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Ν ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Η Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r.
Ε Π Ι O Y A PO Y Υ ΙΟ Υ Κ Ο Τ ΙΑ Ε Ω Ν ; C y b ele se a te d , 1., w ith
lion
i . L = b m c 3 1 , 5.29; a . L —BMC 32, 3.64; 3 —4 . C o p 3 21-2, 3.44, 3.88; 5—
6 . P 859-6 0 , 4.59, 3.22; 7—8. B (596/1927, 370/1920), 4.03, 2.81; 9. vA
3778, 4.00; 10. L in d g ren 933, 3.88. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.

All specim ens are from the sam e dies; the suspicious G a lb a
features are their unexpected size an d weight, the absence
of a m agistrate’s nam e an d the die axis. In addition, the
T i K l A r e tis
fabric of the pieces is suspect: they all have identical flan
shapes; and the L coin, for instance, seems to have been cast 3 2 2 2 B rass. 2 0 m m , 5 .0 1 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 4 ]
(there are a num b er of raised pim ples on the surface) and bmc 33
the legend tooled. T h eir origin is probably the sam e as th at ΓΑ Λ Β Α Ν A Y T O K PA T O PA ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
of the sim ilar coins of A lab an d a (2822), whose legend has Ε Π Ι ΤΙ KA Α Ρ Ε Τ ΙΔ Ο Σ Α Γ Ω Ν Ο Θ Ε Τ Ο Υ Δ ΙΑ Β ΙΟ Υ
then been altered. I f it is correct to condem n them as Κ Ο Τ ΙΑ ΕΩ Ν ; Z eus (?) s ta n d in g , 1., w ith h a n d ra ise d
forgeries, they m ust be early: eighteenth-century pieces (to ï . L = b m c 33, 4.84; 2. P 862 ( = W a 5892), 5.10; 3 . O , 4.82; 4 . C , 5.25;
be in the H u n terian collection; sim ilarly, the L piece came 5. W a d d ell 32 (1988), lot 131, 5.03. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.

from the Tow nley collection). 3 2 2 3 B rass. 1 6 m m , 3 .6 4 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 4 ]

C otiaeum is u nusual in th a t it produced coins for G alba, bmc i, C o p 313
signed by no less th an three ‘m ag istrates’.
ΣΥ Ν Κ Λ Η ΤΟ Ν Κ Ο Τ ΙΑ Ε ΙΣ ; d ra p e d b u s t o f S e n a te , r.
T he coins of T iberius were m ade of bronze, those of
Ε Π Ι Κ (Λ ) Α Ρ Ε Τ ΙΔ Ο Σ ; C y b ele se a te d , r., w ith lion
C laudius an d G alba o f brass (com pare, e.g., Aezani,
1. L = b m c i , 3.88; a. C o p 313, 3.40; 3. P 851 ( = W a 5887), 3.64; 4 . B
Acm onea, Prym nessus). Tw o denom inations are found, the (137/1884). Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.
lower w eight after T iberius reflecting the change of metal:
3 2 2 4 A E . 15 m m , 3.19 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
Emperor Em press/Senate
GRMK 159, no. I
Tiberius 18 mm, 6.98 g (4)
A s 3 2 2 3 , b u t Ε Π Ι Α Ρ Ε Τ ΙΔ Ο Σ Α Γ Ω Ν Ο Θ Ε Τ Ο Υ
Claudius 19m m , 4 .9 1 g (12) 16 mm, 3.87 g (8)
16 mm, 3.33 g (5) i . B 5 7 0 /1 9 0 9 (ex P h ilip sen 2 5 2 9 ), 2 .9 0 ; 2 . I-B ( = grm k i ), 3 .4 0 .
Galba 2 0 m m , 5 .3 1 g (7 )

average: 19mm, 5.39g (23) 16 mm, 3.66g (13)

T i K la u d io s S ek o u n d o s

T ib e r iu s , a d 2 6 - 8 (?) 3 2 2 5 A E . 21 m m , 6 .9 0 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]

mg 398, no. 94
M a r c u s L e p id u s
Γ Α Λ Β Α Ν A Y T O K PA [T O PA Κ Ο ]Τ ΙΑ Ε ΙΣ ; la u r e a te h e a d , r.
3 2 1 9 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 6 .9 8 g (4). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 6 ] [Ε Π Ι TI K A A Y JA IO Y ΣΕ Κ Ο Υ Ν Δ Ο Υ ; Z eu s (?) s ta n d in g , 1.,
w ith h a n d ra ise d
bmc 26
ï . B (I-B ) ( = mg 94), 6.90.
Τ ΙΒ Ε ΡΙΟ Σ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Ε Π Ι Μ Α ΡΚ Ο Υ Λ Ε Π ΙΔ Ο Υ Κ Ο Τ ΙΑ Ε Ω Ν ; Z eus se a te d , r., 3 2 2 6 B rass. 1 5 m m , 3 .0 7 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 5 ]
w ith sc e p tre a n d th u n d e rb o lt BMC 2
i . L = b m c 27, 7.27; 2. L = bm c 26 (ΕΠΊ ΛΕΠ ΙΔΟ Υ Μ ΑΡΚΟΥ), 6.94; 3. P
ΣΥ Ν Κ Λ Η ΤΟ Ν Κ Ο Τ ΙΑ Ε ΙΣ ; d ra p e d b u s t o f S e n a te , r.
855 ( = W a 5890), 7.20; 4 . O , 6.74; 5—6. B (I-B = km 261, no. 1,
K n o b elsd o rf). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2. Ε Π Ι K ΣΕ Κ Ο Υ Ν Δ Ο Υ ; C y b ele se a te d , r., w ith lion
I. L = b m c 2, 3-09; 2. P 853 ( = W a 5889), 7.44 (stru ck o n oversize flan);
3. P 852a, 3.05; 4 —5. B (I-B = m g 398, 93, F ox). Q u a lita tiv e m etal
an aly sis on: i .
C la u d iu s , a d 5 0 -4

V aru s T i K la u d io s V a n s

3 2 2 0 B rass. 1 9 m m , 4 .9 1 g (12). A xis: 12. [ ig ]

3 2 2 7 A E . 2 0 m m , 5 .2 2 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
bmc 28, C o p 320
gm 733, no. 671
Κ Ο Τ ΙΑ Ε ΙΣ Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α ΡΑ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
ΓΑ Λ Β Α Ν A Y T O K PA T O PA ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
Ε Π Ι O Y A PO Y Υ ΙΟ Υ Π Ο Λ Ε Ω Σ ; Z eu s (?) s ta n d in g , h , w ith
Ε Π Ι [ΤΙ Κ Λ ]Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Υ O Y A PO Y Κ Ο Τ ΙΑ Ε Ω Ν ; Z eu s (?)
h a n d ra ise d
s ta n d in g , L, w ith h a n d ra ise d
i . L = b m c 29, 5.14; a. L = bm c 28, 5.69; 3 . N Y ; 4—7. P 858 ( = W a
58 9 O , 856, 856a, 857, 5.04, 4.62, 5.24, 4.50; 8. C o p 320, 4.47; 9 - 1 2 . B I . P 8 6 1 , 5.22; 2. T B ( = GM 671).
j .20 A S I A : Midaeum, Amorium { 3228-3232)

Midaeum
T he coinage of M idaeum , which m ade no coins before the A u g u s tu s
reign of A ugustus, has been catalogued by H. von Aulock,
M ü n z e n u n d Städte P hrygiens II, pp. 99fr. 3 2 2 8 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 8 m m , 6 .9 2 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]
O nly five coins are known, all of ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ w ith a
vA Phryg. I I , 718
lituus, alm ost certainly A ugustus, and w ith a second
ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.; before, litu u s
p ortrait, conventionally identified as G aius C aesar on the
Μ ΙΔ Α Ε Ω Ν ; b a re h e a d o f ?, r.
reverse. T hese coins fall into two groups. T h e first,
i. L = bm c i, 6.92. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: i.
represented by a single specim en, has ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ and
ΜΙΔΑΕΩΝ; the second has CEBACTOC an d MIAAEWN, 3 2 2 9 A E . 1 8 m m , 4 .7 0 g (4). A xis: 12. [ 4 ]
and a very different p o rtrait on the reverse. T he identity/ies vA Phryg. I I , 719-22
of the portrait(s) on the reverse is/are uncertain; th a t on the CEBACTOC; b a re h e a d , r.; before, litu u s
first issue is very rem iniscent of the p o rtra it of T iberius at M IA A EW N ; b a re h e a d o f ? , r.
Aezani (3068). I. 0 = A M C 1 4 1 3 , 5 .0 1 ; 2. V 3 6 2 0 6 (= P row e 1 7 9 5 ), 4 -4 7 ; 3. B (I-B = mg
T he entry in the vA In d e x for A ugustus, Livia, G aius and 4 0 9 , no. 1 37), 5 .1 6 ; 4 . C L e a k e , 4 .1 4 .

Lucius (cited from B) is a mistake.

Amorium
G ran t (F I T A , p. 350) has suggested th a t a representation of T he coinage was m ade of bronze from A ugustus to
Nike on a coin of A m orium (Hisarköy) in K arlsruhe is C laudius, and from brass u n der Nero. I t was in two
supposed to represent Fulvia, as at Eum enea (3139), and denom inations; the larger has the eagle as a reverse type,
th at therefore the city was reconstituted by Antony. N either and the sm aller has a seated figure of Zeus:
the identification of the head, nor the interpretation,
Augustus 19mm, 6.78g (14)
however, seems convincing. Caligula 20 mm, 5.36g (7)
In the early im perial period coinage was m ade for Claudius 18mm, 5.74g (7) 16mm, 3.70g (1)
A ugustus, C aligula, C laudius and Nero. Tw o different Nero 20 mm, 6.30 g (6) 16 mm, 4.11g (3)
nam es ap p ear on the A ugustan coinage, K allippos Alexan-
average: 20 mm, 6.19g (34) 16 mm, 4.01 g (4)
drou and A lexandros K allippou, perhaps father an d son;
b u t the position is m ade m ore com plicated by the first issue,
known from only a single specimen: the different direction
of the eagle, the m uch cruder style and particularly the A u g u s tu s
different form of sigm a m ake it h ard to believe th a t it is
contem porary w ith 3231. I t would seem, therefore, prob­ K a llip p o s (A le x a n d r o u )
able th a t K allippos m ade coinage on two occasions. In
addition, a very w orn coin in L (B M C 24) has a very dif­ 3 2 3 0 A E . 1 9 m m , 6 .7 4 g ( ’ )· A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 1 ]
ferent-looking p o rtra it an d eagle, and m ay perhaps ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.; before, litu u s
represent yet an o th er issue (3234). Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΠ Π Ο Σ Α Λ Ε Ξ Α Ν Δ Ρ; eagle w ith c a d u c e u s sta n d in g , 1.,
T he coinages of C aligula an d C laudius present no pro b ­ o n u n c e rta in ob ject; below , m o n o g ra m A M O P
lems, although there is no indication of w hen in the reigns i . B (L ö b b ), 6.74.

they were m ade. In the case of Nero, the p o rtra it suggests a

3231 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 9 m m , 6 . 7 7 g ( 7 )· A xis: 12 or 6. [ 6 ]
date in the m iddle of the reign, say c. 60. A lthough the
sm aller N eronian denom ination has no signature, it seems BMC 2 2 , AMC 1 3 7 7

very likely th a t it belongs w ith the coinage of K atôn.
T he m ain problem of typology is the object on w hich the
eagle stands. I t has been variously described as a ‘Blitz’
{ K M , p. 198), an ‘ox-bone ending in b u cran iu m ’ { B M C ,
A M C ), an ‘ U nterschenkel eines Stieres ’ (vA), and it has been
observed th a t it ‘resem bles a G aulish carnyx’ { B M C ) . No
solution is given here; it seems clearly to be a thunderbolt
on 3232, b u t definitely looks different on the coins of, say,
Caligula.
T he ‘m agistrates’ ’ have R om an nam es from the tim e of
C aligula on (so K M , p. 202); they are preceded by ΕΠΙ, but
the identity of the m agistracy is not clear. Both u nder C ali­
gula and C laudius two m en ap p ear {cf. e.g., Aezani, 3085-
7). T he Leukios Ioulios K ato n who appears ‘for the second
tim e’ und er N ero is probably the K aton who jointly
appeared u n d er C laudius.
CEBACTOC; b a re h e a d , r.; before, litu u s
K A A A IIIIIO C A M O PIA N W N ; eagle w ith c a d u c e u s
sta n d in g , r., o n u n c e rta in o b ject
i . L = bmc 22, 8.51; 2—3 . P 288 ( = W a 5608), 289, 6.31, 6.22;
4 . 0 = amc 1377, 5.70; 5. B 833/1910; 6. C 377/1948, 6.83; 7 - 8 . vA
3 3 9 7 . 8 3 22> 7 -3 7 , 7-88; 9. J S W , 6.15; 10. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 328, 4.96.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: i.
A le x a n d r o s ( K a llip p o u )
3232 AE. 19m m , 5.21g (1). A xis: 6. [ 2 ]
km 198, no. 8
CEBACTOC; b a re h e a d , r.; before, litu u s
Α Λ ΕΞΑ Ν ΔΡΟ !! Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΠ Π Ο Υ ; eagle w ith c a d u c eus
sta n d in g , r., o n th u n d e rb o lt; in field, m o n o g ra m AM P
I. B (L ö b b ), 5.2 1; 2. B 11137; 3. T ra d e ( = km 8).
 A S I A : Amorium, Philomelium (3233-3242) 521

3233 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 19 m m , 7 .1 1 g (5). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 8 ] TI K AA YA IO C Γ Ε ΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο C K A IC A P; la u re a te h e a d , r.

BMC 23, AMC 1378, C o p 120 ΕΠ Ι nE A W N O C K A I K ATW NOC; eag le w ith c a d u c e u s____
s ta n d in g , r., o n u n c e rta in o b ject; in field, m o n o g ra m AM P
CEBACTOC; b a re h e a d , r.; before, litu u s
i. B (I-B ) ( — Nz 1884, 287 = gm 204), 7.86; 2 . B ( I - B ) ; 3 . L — b m c 28,
Α Λ ΕΞ Α Ν Δ ΡΟ !) A M O PIA N W N ; eagle w ith c a d u c e u s
6-775 4 - 5 - v 27323, 3 6 7 9 2 , 4 -5 4 , 6· P 292 ( = W a 5610), 5.33; 7. vA
sta n d in g , r., o n u n c e rta in o b ject 3 3 9 9 , 6.08; 8 . L in d g ren 878, 2.99; 9 . T ü b in g e n (see g i c ) ; 1 0 . N Y.
I. L = BM C 2 3 , 6.87; 2—3 . P 287, 287a, 6.69, 6.48; 4 . O —AMC 1378, 6.69; Q u alitativ e m etal an aly sis on: 3.
5. C o p 120; 6—7. B (I-B = km 198, no. 7, 266/1877); 8. V 31401, 7.51; C o u n te rm ark : AMP o n obv. ( G IC 604: 9).
9 . vA 3398, 8.17; 10. S tern b e rg X I (1981), lo t 309, 6.35. Q u alitativ e
m etal analysis on: 1. 3 2 3 8 A E . 1 8 m m , 4 .9 8 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]
C op 121
As 3237, b u t eagle, 1.
U n c e rta in , ? A u g u s tu s
I. C o p 121, 5.19; 2 . L — BMC 29, 4.37; 3 . vA 3400, 5.38.

3234 A E . 1 9 m m , 5 .5 0 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ] 3 2 3 9 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .7 0 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 1 ]

BMC 24 km 198, no. 9
JCTOC; b a re h e a d , r.; before, litu u s TI KAA YA IO C KAICA P; la u re a te h e a d , r.
]ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; eagle w ith c a d u c e u s s ta n d in g , r., on [ΕΠ Ι] n £ A [W N O C KAI] KATW NO C [A ]M O PIA N ; Z eus
u n c e rta in object. se a te d , 1., w ith th u n d e rb o lt a n d sc e p tre
I. L = BM C 24, 5.50. T h e p o rtra it seem s very different from those on all I. B (I-B ) ( — km 9), 3.70.
th e o th e r coins, p e rh a p s suggesting a very la te A u g u stan d ate, b u t the
p o or p reserv atio n o f th e coin m akes its in te rp re ta tio n difficult.

N e ro
C a lig u la
L e u k io s I o u tio s K a t o
S ilv a n o s a n d I o u s to s V ip s a n io s
3 2 4 0 B rass. 20 m m , 6.49 g (4 )· A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 5 ]
3235 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 2 0 m m , 5 .5 0 g (5). A xis: 12. [ 11 ]
bmc 30
BMC 25
Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Α Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Α A M O PIA N O I; la u re a te h e a d , r.
TAIOC K AICA P; b a re h e a d , r. __
Ε Π Ι Λ ΕΥ Κ ΙΟ Υ ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Υ Κ Α Τ Ω Ν Ο Σ T O B; eagle s ta n d in g ,
ε π ί C IA O Y A N O Y K A I IO Y C T O Y Ο Y (8 )ΙΨ Α Ν IW N ; eagle
r., o n u n c e rta in o b ject
w ith c a d u c e u s s ta n d in g , r., o n u n c e rta in ob ject; in field,
i . N Y ; 2 . L = bm c 30, 6.88; 3 - 4 . B (B -I, I-B = m g 393, no. 57 = gm
m o n o g ra m AM P
204); 5. C = SNG 4923, 6.68; 6. vA 3401, 6.70; 7. L in d g ren 879, 5.68.
i . P 291 ( = W a 5609), 6.48; 2—3. L = BMC 25—6, 5.92, 5.99; 4· C Leake; Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.
5—6. O , 5.42, 4.66; 7—10. B (L ö b b , I-B , Fox, I-B ); n . N Y; 12. W e b er
7013, 5-37- T h e m o n o g ra m is som etim es a t th e en d o f th e legend, n o t in 3241 A E . 2 0 m m , 5 .3 4 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 3 ]
th e field (e.g., 3, 10). Q u a lita tiv e m e ta l analysis on: 2.
C o p 122
3236 A E . 2 0 m m , 5 .0 8 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 4 ]
As 3240, b u t eagle, 1.
BM C 2 7
i . C o p 122, 5.34; 2 —3 . B (S perling, I-B = gm, no. 607).
A s 3 3 3 5 , b u t eagle, 1.
i . P 2 9 0 , 5.24; 2—3 . L = BMC 27, 1974-1-2-17, 5.09, 4.90; 4 . B (I-B = MG 3 2 4 2 B rass. 1 6 m m , 4 .1 1 g (3). A xis: 12. [ 4 ]
393, no· 56)· bmc 31

Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Α Κ Α ΙΣ Α ΡΑ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.
C la u d iu s A M O PIA N O I; Z eus se a te d , 1., w ith th u n d e rb o lt a n d
sc e p tre
P e d o n a n d K a to n i . B 5 5 2 / 1 9 1 1 , 4.02; 2 . B (I-B = km 199, no. io ); 3 . L = bm c 31, 4.50;
4. V 30175, 3.82. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 3.
3237 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 18 m m , 6.31 g (4). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 7 ]
BMC 28

Philomelium
G ran t ( F I T A , p. 350) suggested th a t the Nike on late H el­
lenistic coins o f Philom elium was supposed to represent
Fulvia (as at E um enea, 3139), and th a t therefore the city
was reconstituted by Antony. N either the identification nor
the interpretation, however, seems convincing.
T he m ain problem w ith the im perial coins of
Philom elium is the identity/ies of the em peror(s) depicted.
T he po rtrait on the coins of Flakkos (?) seems clearly to
represent A ugustus, b u t the position is less clear w ith the
Brocchoi and especially w ith T itos philopatris. T h e coins of
the Brocchoi depict a m ature ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, a youthful
ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣ AP and ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ,
thereby suggesting th at ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ is C laudius. For Titos,
Babelon (in W a) and Im hoof-Blum er (in G M ) identified
the head as T iberius, followed by vA; the B coins, for
instance, are labelled both as T iberius and A ugustus; B M C
gave ‘T iberius (?)’, qualified in a footnote as possibly
C laudius. O n grounds of portraiture, Tiberius seems the
m ost likely candidate, and this identification is tentatively
followed here.
522 A S I A : Philomelium (3243-3248)

T he coins all seem to be of bronze, and were m ade in

three denom inations; curiously the largest (3246) occurs for
an em press ra th e r th a n the reigning em peror.

Augustus r5 mm, 3.93 g (1)

Tiberius 18mm, 4.96g (2) 14mm, 3.48g (2)
Claudius 23mm, 10.79g (5) 18mm, 5.02g (10)

A u g u s tu s C la u d iu s, ad 5 0 - 4 __________________________

F la k k o s (?) B ro c c h o i

3243 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .9 3 g (1). [ 1 ] 3 2 4 6 A E . 2 3 m m , 1 0 .7 9 g (5)· A xis: 12. [ 4 ]

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. gm 744, nos. 71 9 -2 0
Φ ΙΛ Ο Μ Η Λ Ε Ω Ν O A A K K O C (?); b u s t o f M ê n , r. Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a , r.
i . N Y , 3.93; a· I (= E. L a n e, Corpus M onumentorum Religionis D ei M en is , pi. Β ΡΟ Κ Χ Ο Ι Φ ΙΛ Ο Μ Η Λ ΕΩ Ν ; trip o d b e tw e e n v ex illu m a n d
X X V I, P hilom elium 2); 3. P row e (E gger X L V I, 1914) lo t 1817
p a lm ; above, s ta r
(‘APKLIOC’), 3.42. T h e rea d in g o f th e personal nam e is n o t clear. T h e
p o rtra it copies coin p o rtra its o f a b o u t 20-15 bc (th e ‘y o u n g b u ll’ denarii: i . N Y ; 2. P 1832, 10.84; 3 ~ 4 · B (I-B , L ö b b = gm 719 -2 0 ), 10.87, 10.20;
R I C 475). 5. vA 3920, 10.24; 6· J S W , 11.80. A n o th er specim en (M a b b o tt 1928) has
b een tooled to M essalin a.

3 2 4 7 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 18 m m , 5.02 g (9). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 9 ]

T ib e r iu s (?) BMC 9
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
T ito s p h ilo p a tr is Β ΡΟ Κ Χ Ο Ι Φ ΙΛ Ο Μ Η Λ ΕΩ Ν ; Z eu s se a te d , 1., w ith p a te r a
3 2 4 4 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 18 m m , 4.96 g (2). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 13 ] a n d sc e p tre
i . N Y ; 2—3 . L = BMC 9 -1 0 , 5.65, 4.66; 4—6 . C o p 6 4 6 -8 , 5.86, 4.31, 4.93;
BMC 8 7. B (I-B = gm 744, no. 718 ‘A u g u stu s’); 8. C gen ., 4.72; 9. V 33678,
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. 5.23; 1 0 - 1 1 . vA 3919, 8435, 4.28, 5.57. T h e leg en d on 4 ( = C o p 646) has
b een tooled to ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 2.
Τ ΙΤ Ο Σ Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ Ρ ΙΣ Φ ΙΛ Ο Μ Η Λ ΕΩ Ν ; Z eu s seated , 1., w ith
p a te r a a n d sc e p tre 3 2 4 8 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 17 m m , 5.02 g (1). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 4 ]
i . L = bmc 8, 4.94; 2. L 1979-1 -1 -2 2 9 7 (ex vA 3918), 4.98; 3 - 4 . P 1829, gm 744, no. 721
1830 .( = W a 6396), 4.74, 4.01; 5 - 9 . B (I-B , L öbb, 591/1895, 256/1879, I-
Γ1 — o u 744, 718a); 10. V 19947; 1 T- M u ia ; 12—14. N Y . Q u a lita tiv e Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u s t o f N ero , 1.
m e tal analysis on: i . Β ΡΟ Κ Χ Ο Ι Φ ΙΛ Ο Μ Η Λ ΕΩ Ν ; s ta r in c rescen t
3245 A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .4 8 g (2). A xis: 12. [ 3 ] i . L 1977—10—2—i , 5.02; 2—3 . B (I-B = gm , no. 721, 8775); 4 . V 27526.
Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis o n : 1.
Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.
Τ ΙΤ Ο Σ Φ ΙΛ Ο Φ ΙΛ Ο Μ Η Λ ΕΩ Ν ; b u s t o f M ê n , r.
i . P 1831 ( = W a 6397), 3.99; 2. B (L öbb); 3 . V 37706, 2.96. E. L ane,
Corpus M onumentorum Religionis D ei M en is , ρ. η2, P hilom elium 3·
 LYC I A - P A M P H YLI A
C at. no. P age C at. no. P age

Introduction 523 Attalea 3363-7 53°

Lycian League 33°I_33 524 Magydus 3368 530
Claudius 3334-52 526 Perga 3369-73 531
Bubon 3353 528 Sillyum 3374-80 531
Balburâ 3354-7 528 Aspendus 3381-90 532
Termessus by Oenoanda 3358-S i 529 fSide 339Ι - 4°4 533
Phaselis 3362 529 Syedra 3405 534

T he province of L ycia-Pam phylia was created in a d 43,
when C laudius deprived the Lycians of their freedom, and
Lycia was join ed together w ith P am phylia to create the new
province along p a rt of the southern coast of Asia M inor,
with its capital at A ttalea. Previously P am phylia had
formed p a rt of G alatia, both w hen it was a kingdom under
A m yntas (36-25 b c ) and subsequently w hen it becam e the
Rom an province of G alatia.
Pam phylia, like C appadocia, was united w ith G alatia in
about 55, an d rem ained p a rt of this huge province in
eastern Asia M inor for a few years until it was reunited with
Lycia. G alba, however, once again attach ed Pam phylia
back on to G alatia, b u t this change did not, again, last. (For
the changing history of the province, see B. Rémy, L ’évolu­
tion adm inistrative de l ’A n a to lie a u x trois prem iers siècles de notre
ère, pp. 24, 34-8, 40-1 and 43-7.)
D uring the civil w ars of the late R epublic an d early in the
reign of C laudius, the Lycian League produced silver and
bronze coinage, occasionally w ith the p o rtrait of A ugustus.
T here were very close connections betw een Lycian coinages
and some o f the coins m inted by B rutus (R R C 501 an d 503:
see H . A. Troxell, T he Coinage o f the L ycia n League, pp. 179-
81). T he m etrology of these coinages was taken from
Rom an coinage (see below). Subsequently the League
betw een the early years of A ugustus and subsequently (see
p · 375')'
In addition, a few cities in the area produced fairly rare
civic issues for the em perors. In Lycia, such coinage was
restricted to the inland cities of Bubon, B albura and
Term essus by O enoanda, and to the coastal city of Phaselis;
there were also issues from the P am phylian cities of A ttalea,
M agydus, Perga, Sillyum, A spendus, Side and Syedra
(which was probably united w ith P am phylia at this time).
T he identification of the em perors portrayed is often very
difficult and uncertain, b u t it seems th a t the two em perors
m ost com m only represented were Tiberius and Nero,
though there were also issues for A ugustus, C aligula and
C laudius. A frequent characteristic o f these coinages is the
addition to the obverse or reverse of a Greek letter or
num eral, b u t the significance of these is not clear.
T he denom inations found (the position of the coins of
Sillyum is not clear) can be seen in the table below.
T his p attern coincides reasonably well w ith the weights
of the later and C laudian issues of the Lycian League and
the denom inational system of Asia (see pp. 369 and 527):
F G C laudius

seems to have produced little or no coinage, until a final 4 asses 14.78g

small issue of silver and bronze was m ade und er C laudius, 2 asses 8.05 g 7.69 g
as 3-99g 3.87 g 4.09 g
at about the tim e of the annexation. T h e m etrology of the
semis 2.46 g
C laudian coinage, both of the silver an d the bronze, seems
to reflect a new standard; in the case of the bronze, there is O n this basis we m ight guess th at the m ain denom inations
some sim ilarity w ith the change possibly m ade in Asia used by the cities were intended to be 2-as, as an d half-as.

Bubon 16 mm, 3.03 g (3)

Balbura 22 mm, 9.52 g (1) 19mm, 4.51g (11)
Termessus 17mm, 4.75g (18) 15mm, 2.96g (3)
Phaselis 17mm, 3.82g (1)
Attalea 19mm, 4.90g (3)
Magydus 18 mm, 4.27 g (2)
Perga 24m m, 8.47 g (2) 17mm, 4.51 g (6) 16mm, 3.06g (1)
Sillyum 17 mm, 3.57 g (8)
Aspendus 17 mm, 4.07 g (8)
Side 22 mm, 8.47 g (6) 17mm, 4.50g (21)
§24 L Y C I A - P A M P H Y L I A : Lycian League (3301-3309)

Lycian League
T he coinage of the Lycian League has been fully studied by KPA: T ro x ell 88, 89 (b ra n c h ), 90 (trip o d ); ΜΑ(Σ): T ro x ell 91 (ΜΑΣ), 92
H .A . Troxell, T he Coinage o f the L ycian League (New York, (MA, b ra n c h ). Illu stra te d : L = b m c M a s ic y te s 1 ( = T r o x e ll 91).

1982) = Troxell, L L . She has assigned to the period covered s e r i e s 3 : e a rly 3 0 s bc

by this catalogue the silver and bronzes of her periods IV 3 3 0 3 A R h e m id ra c h m s. [ 88 coins, 63 obv. dies ]
and V; in addition there were issues of silver and bronze by T ro x e ll, LL 93-101 (C ra g u s , P in a ra , M a s ic y tu s , C y a n e a e ,
C laudius, catalogued by Troxell in an appendix (pp. M y ra )
244-50). Λ Y; la u re a te h e a d o f A p o llo , r.
TroxelPs periods IV and V p artly overlap chronologi­ C ith a ra in in c u se s q u a re ; m in t in itia ls KP, Π Ι, M A , KY or
cally, and have plausibly been assigned by her (m ainly) to M Y PA (a n d sym bol) in field
the period betw een Ju liu s C aesar and A ugustus; p articu ­ KP: T ro x ell 93 (eagle), 94 (e a r o f co rn ), 95; ΠΙ: T ro x ell 96; MA: T ro x ell
larly clear links exist w ith the coinage of B rutus of the late 97 (serp en t ro u n d o m p h a lo s), 98 (ow l), 99 (to rch ); KY: T ro x ell 100
(h elm et); MYPA: T ro x e ll 101 (bee). Illu stra te d : L = bm c P i n a r a 5
forties b c an d w ith the A ugustan cistophori an d ‘C A ’ ( = T ro x ell 96).
coinage of the tw enties b c . H er classification has been fol­
s e r i e s 4 : la te 30s bc
lowed here; it seems pointless, however, to reproduce the
full details of h er study, so only a simplified scheme is given, 3 3 0 4 A R h e m id ra c h m s. [ 59 coins, 34 obv. dies ]
to represent the general structure of the coinage. F u rther T ro x e ll, LL 102-3 (C ra g u s, M a sic y tu s)
details can be found in h er book. H e a d o f A pollo w e a rin g ta e n ia , r.
T he coins were produced for the districts of M asicytus ΛΥΚΙΩ Ν Κ ΡΑΓ o r Λ Υ ΚΙΩ Ν Μ Α ΣΙ; c ith a ra in in c u se
(ΜΑ, ΜΑΣ) an d C ragus (KP, ΚΡΑ, ΚΡΑΓ), and the cities sq u a re
of P inara (ΠΙ), C yaneae (KY), Tlos (ΤΛΩ), Telm essus ΚΡΑΓ: T ro x ell 102; ΜΑΣΙ: T ro x ell 103. Illu stra te d : L = b m c C r a g u s 13
( = T ro x ell 102).
(TEA), X an th u s (ΞΑΝ) and M yra (MYPA).
T he bulk of the coinage was of hem idrachm s, w ;'h a s e r i e s 5 : la te 3 0 S -2 7 bc

m ean w eight of ab o u t i.8 o g , the sam e as R om an quinarii 3 3 0 5 A R h e m id ra c h m s. [ 85 coins, 64 obv. dies ]

(Troxell, p. 121); at the beginning of A ugustus’s reign T ro x e ll, LL 104-9 (C ra g u s, M a sic y tu s)
drachm s were produced at double the w eight (about 3.50 g) Λ Y; la u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r.
and quarter-d rach m s a t h alf the w eight (about 0.80 g). C ith a ra in in c u se sq u a re ; m in t in itia ls K P o r M A (a n d
T here were also some q uarter-drachm s issued slightly sym bol) in field
earlier. T h e fineness of the drachm s was investigated by KP: T ro x ell 104 (filleted b ra n c h ), 105 (b ra n c h ), 106 (e a r o f co rn ); MA:
W alker, M etrology I, nos. 534-60, who found a m ean fine­ T ro x ell 107 (filleted b ra n c h ), 108 (b ra n c h ), 109 (w inged cad uceu s).
Illu stra te d : L = b m c M a s ic y te s 8 ( = T ro x ell 108).
ness o f 94% for the twenty-seven coins he analysed. As he
and Troxell have b o th noted, their fineness an d w eight u n c e r t a i n : b e tw e e n 48 a n d 27 bc
3 3 0 6 A R q u a rte r-d ra c h m s . [ 48 coins, 26 obv. dies ]
m ean th a t they contain ra th e r less silver th an contem porary
denarii, w ith w hich they were presum ably equated. T ro x e ll, LL 124-6 a n d 13 0 -4 (C ra g u s, M a sic y tu s)
T he w eight sta n d a rd of the latest issue of hem idrachm s B u st o f A rte m is w ith q u iv e r, r.
(series 7) fell to ab o u t 1.45 g, an d this stan d ard fell a little Q u iv e r in in c u se sq u a re , w ith A Y a n d m in t in itials
m ore for the drachm s ofC lau d iu s (average 2.74g). C hanges Κ Ρ(Α Γ) o r M A w ith sym bol
also took place in the m etrology of the bronze coinage at KP: T ro x ell 124 (sta g ’s h e a d ), 125 (filleted b ra n c h ), 126 (Κ ΡΑ Γ an d
star); MA: T ro x ell 130 (stag ’s h e a d ), 131 (filleted b ra n c h ), 132 (to rch ),
about this tim e (see below). r 33 (crescen t), 134 (crescen t a n d sta r). Illu stra te d : L 1905—10—5—13
(M asicy tu s, T ro x ell 131).

s e r i e s 6 : c. 2 7 - 2 0 b c
L a te f i r s t cen tu ry B C 3 3 0 7 A R d ra c h m s. [ 15 coins, 7 obv. dies ]
T ro x ell, LL h i (C ra g u s)
S ilv e r
B are h e a d o f A u g u stu s , r.
s e r i e s i : 48-42 BC ΛΥ KP; c ith a ra ; in field, b ra n c h
3301 A R h e m id ra c h m s. [ 138 coins, 110 obv. dies ] T ro x ell 111. Illu stra te d : L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —1 0 8 6 (ex vA 4312).

T ro x e ll, LL 8 4 -7 (C ra g u s , M a sicy tu s) 3 3 0 8 A R d ra c h m s. [ 9 coins, 5 obv. dies ]

Λ Y; la u r e a te h e a d o f A pollo, r. T ro x e ll, LL 115 (M a sic y tu s)
C ith a ra in in c u se sq u a re ; m in t in itia ls KP o r M A (a n d
ΛΥ; b a re h e a d o f A u g u stu s, r.
sym bol) in field
M A; c ith a ra ; in field, trip o d
KP: T roxell 84; MA: T ro x ell 85, 86 (star), 87 (p lectru m ). O n som e coins
th e re is no ΛΥ on the obv., b u t ΛΥΚΙΩΝ on th e rev. Illu stra te d : L = B M C T ro x ell 115. Illu stra te d : L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—1 0 8 7 (ex vA 4 3 4 7 )·
C r a g u s 2 ( = T ro x ell 84).
3 3 0 9 A R d ra c h m s. [ 139 coins, 76 obv. dies ]
S E R I E S 2 : 4 2 BC
T ro x e ll, LL 112-14, 116-23 (C ra g u s, T lo s-C ra g u s,
3302 A R h e m id ra c h m s. [ 52 coins, 44 obv. dies ] M a sic y tu s)
T ro x e ll, LL 8 8 -9 2 (C ra g u s , M a sic y tu s) Λ Υ (Κ ΙΩ Ν ); b a re h e a d o f A u g u stu s , r.
L a u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r. T w o c ith a ra s , w ith m in t in itia ls KP, ΤΛΏ KP o r M A a n d
Λ Υ Κ ΙΩ Ν K PA o r Λ Υ Κ ΙΩ Ν Μ Α (Σ); c ith a ra in in cu se sym bol
sq u a re (w ith sym bol) KP: T ro x ell 1 12 (p lectru m ) , 1 1 3 (b ra n c h a n d sta r) ; ΤΛΩ KP: T ro x ell 114
 L Y C I A - P A M P H Y L I A: Lycian League (3310-3317) 525

(ΛΥ(ΚΙΩΝ), w inged caduceus); MA: T roxell 116 (ap h iasto n to 1.), ' : 7 or less w ith the system suggested for the province of Asia (p.
(bow ), 118 (ap h iasto n in ce n tre), 119 (p le ctru m ), 120 (tw o p le ctra), 121
(no sym bol), 122 (ear o f co rn ), 123 (owl a n d b ra n c h ). Illu stra te d : L
369), though the weights would be a little lighter:
r 9 7 9 —1—r—, 0 9 3 (ex vA 4472 — T ro x e ll 114.). F G C laudius

3 3 1 0 A R h e m id ra c h m s. [ 86 coins, 62 obv. dies ] 4 asses h ·78g

T ro x ell, LL n o (M a sic y tu s) 2 asses 8-05 g 7-6 9 g
as 3-99g 3-87 g 4-og g
Λ Y; la u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r. semis 2.46 g
C ith a ra in in cu se sq u a re ; m in t in itia ls M A a n d trip o d
sy m b o l in field As w ith the silver, there seems no point in reproducing here
T ro xell n o . Illu stra te d : L = BM C M a s ic y te s 14. the full details of T roxell’s catalogue, and only an abbre­
viated version is provided.
3311 A R q u a rte r-d ra c h m s . [ 45 coins, 23 obv. dies ]
s e r i e s a : late 305-27 bc
T ro x ell, LL 127-9, 135—4 1 (C ra g u s, T lo s-C ra g u s,
M a s ic y tu s , M y ra , M a s ic y tu s -M y ra ) 3313 A E d o u b le u n it. 2 6 m m , 9 .6 4 g (4). [ 4 ]

(A Y (K IQ N )); b u s t o f A rte m is w ith q u iv e r, 1. o r r. T ro x ell, LL 165 (T lo s -C ra g u s), 168 (M a sic y tu s)

AY; q u iv e r a n d m in t in itia ls KP, TA KP, M A, MY o r M A
M Y w ith sy m b o l in in c u se sq u a re
KP: T roxell 127 (u n certain sym bol), 128 (ear o f corn); TA KP: T ro x ell 129
(w inged caduceus); MA: T ro x ell 135 (no sym bol), 136 (b ra n c h ), 137
(bow ), 138 (ap h iasto n ), 139 (?Isis crow n); MY: T roxell 140 (Isis crow n);
MA MY: T ro x ell 141. Illu stra te d : L M a s ic y te s 1 9 7 9 —1—1—801 (ex vA 3314 A E u n it. 1 7 -2 0 m m , 4 .6 9 g (26).
4338 = T ro x ell 136).
s e r i e s 7 : late first century B c-early first century a d
3312 A R h e m id ra c h m s (lig h te r w eig h t: see ab ove).
[ 92 coins, 62 obv. dies ]
T ro x e ll, LL 142-58 (C ra g u s, T e lm e ssu s-C ra g u s,
M a sicy tu s)
AY; la u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r.
C ith a ra in in c u se sq u a re w ith m in t n a m e (Λ ΥΚΙΩΝ)
K P (A rO C ), T E KP (a n d sym bol) o r M A in field 3315 A E h a lf-u n it. 1 4 m m , 2 .3 6 g (42).
KP etc.: T ro x ell 142 (no sym bol), 143 (e a r o f co rn ), 144 (filleted b ra n c h ),
145 (sta r a n d b ra n c h ), 146 (b ra n c h a n d T ), 147 (ΠΑ); TE KP: T ro x ell 148;
MA: T roxell 149 (ear o f co rn ), 150 (ΛΥ(ΚΙΩΝ) on rev., bow a n d arro w ),
151 (ap h iasto n ), 152 (MA on obv.; s ta r sym bol on rev .), 153, 154 (tw o
stars), 155, 156 (h ead o f A pollo, r. or 1.; b ra n c h a n d sta r), 157 (h ead o f
A pollo, r. o r 1.; b ra n c h a n d P trident), 158 (head o f A pollo, 1.; trid e n t a n d
cad uceus). Illu stra te d : L = b m c M a s ic y te s 9 (= T ro x e ll 156).
AY; la u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r.
C ith a ra in w re a th ; m in t in itia ls (a n d m a g is tra te ’s n am e)
T ro x ell 165 (TAW KP), 168 (ΜΑ ΙΓΓΠΟΛΟ). Illu stra te d : L = BMC C ra g u s 20
( — T ro x ell 165).
[ 18 ]
T ro x e ll, LL 159-60 (C ra g u s ), 166 (T lo s -C ra g u s), 169
(M a sic y tu s)
H e a d o f A rte m is w ith q u iv e r, r. M a g is tr a te ’s n a m e o r
e th n ic
S ta g s ta n d in g , r. M a g is tr a te ’s n a m e a n d /o r e th n ic
T ro x ell 159 (Δ 1/ΛΥ KP, p le ctru m ), 160 (ΕΠ /Λ Υ KP, p le c tru m ), 166
(AY/TAW KP), 169 (AY/MA(CI) ΙΠ ΠΟ (Λ Ο )). Illu stra te d : L — B M C D ia s I
( = T ro x ell 159).
[ 32 ]
T ro x e ll, LL 161-2 (C ra g u s ), 167 (T lo s -C ra g u s), 170
(M a sic y tu s), 172 (C ra g u s ), 174, 176 (M a sic y tu s)
L a u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r. M a g is tr a te ’s n a m e o r e th n ic
B ow a n d q u iv e r in incuse sq u a re . E th n ic (a n d
m a g is tra te ’s n a m e )
T ro x ell 161 (ΔΙ/ΛΥΚΙ KP), 162 (ΕΠ/ΛΥΚΙ KP), 167 (ΛΥ/ΤΛ KP), 170
(ΛΥ/Μ Α ΙΠ (Π Ο )), 172 (Λ Υ /Λ Υ Κ Ρ), 174 ( —/Λ Υ Κ ΙΜ Α ), 176 (Μ Α/ΑΠ Ο ).
Illu stra te d : L — B M C 16 ί — T roxell 172).

3316 A E q u a rte r-u n it, i o - i i m m , i . i i g (14). [ 9 ]

B ro n ze
T ro x e ll, LL 163 -4 (C ra g u s ), 171 (M a sic y tu s), 173
Troxell has divided the bronzes of this period into seven (C ra g u s ), 175, 177 (M a sic y tu s)
series, whose dates overlap th a t of the silver, though they H e a d o f A rte m is w ith q u iv e r, r. M a g is tr a te ’s n a m e o r
are generally later. T h e coinage of series B , w ith large e th n ic
bronzes depicting A ugustus, seems contem porary w ith the Q u iv e r. E th n ic a n d m a g is tra te ’s n a m e
A ugustus drachm s of silver series 6, thus suggesting th a t the T ro x e ll 163 (Δ Ι/Λ Υ Κ Ρ ), 164 (ΕΠ /Λ Υ KP), 171 (Λ Ύ /Μ Α ΙΠ ), 173 ( — /AY
bronzes ru n from the thirties b c until some date in the first KP), 175 (Μ Α/ΛΥ M A), 177 (?/Α Π Ο ). Illu stra te d : L 1 9 0 5 —11—11—1
( = T ro x ell 173).
century a d . T h e coinage of the first five series was produced
m ostly in four denom inations, w ith the addition o f ‘sestertii’ S E R I E S B : C. 27-23 BC
and ‘dupondii’ in series B ; the denom inations in use in 3317 A E se ste rtiu s. 3 5 m m , 2 5 .1 2 g (12). [ 6 ]
series F an d G seem different, though they resem ble those T ro x e ll, LL 178 (T e lm e ssu s -C ra g u s), 182 (T lo s), 183
used by C laudius. T he likely denom inations are, for series (T lo s-C ra g u s), 187 (C y a n e a e ), 189-90 (M a sic y tu s)
A to E, shown in the table below. (A Y); b a re h e a d o f A u g u stu s, r. (o r 1.)
For series F to G and C laudius, we find the following C ith a ra in w re a th . M in t in itia ls
possible p attern , on a lighter stan d ard w hich accords m ore I . T ro x ell 178 ( —/K P TEA), 182 (ΛΥ/ΤΛ), 183 (Λ Υ /Κ ΡΤ Λ ), 187 ( — /AY

A B C D E

sestertius 4 asses 25-I2g

dupondius 2 asses 14.26g
double unit as 9-64 g 6.04 g 440 g 5-87 g
unit semis 4-69 g 348 g 3-54 g 2.71g 3-°6 g
half-unit quadrans 2.36g i -53 g 1.72g
quarter-unit έ as I.IIg
5 26 L Y C I A - P A M P H Y L I A : Lycian League (3318-3333)

KY), 189-90 (ΛΎ/(ΛΥΚΙΩΝ) MA, w inged ca d u ceu s). Illu stra te d : 5. L
1 9 2 2 -2 —2 - 4 ( = T ro x ell 178); 7 . L = b m c M a s ic y te s 3 8 ( = T r o x e ll 189);
8. P 102 (= T ro x e l! 183).
3318 A E d u p o n d iu s . 29 m m , 1 4 .2 6 g (8).
T ro x e ll, LL 179-80 (T e lm e ssu s -C ra g u s), 184 (C ra g u s-
T lo s), 191 (M a sic y tu s)
(A Y); la u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r. (w ith sym bol)
T rip o d w ith in w re a th (w ith sy m b o l). M in t in itia ls
T ro x ell 179 (cith ara/K P T E A ), 180 ( - / K P TEA, no w reath ), 184 ( - / K P
TAW), 191 (ΛΥ/ΛΥΚΙΩΝ MA, b ra n c h , no w reath ). Illu stra te d : L 1979—1 -
1—2 3 4 7 (ex ν ·Λ, s n g —, I 3 -5 3 : Φ T roxell 184).
3319 A E u n it. 1 8 m m , 3 .4 8 g ( m ) .
T ro x e ll, LL 181 (T e lm e ssu s -C ra g u s), 185 (T lo s-C ra g u s),
188 (C y a n e a e ), 192-3 (M a sic y tu s), 194-5
(M y ra -M a s ic y tu s)
(A Y); h e a d o f A rte m is w ith q u iv e r, r.
S tag. M in t in itia ls
T ro xell 181 (Λ Υ /Τ Ε Λ Κ Ρ ), 185 (ΛΥ/ΤΛ KP), 188 ( —/K Y A ΛΥ), 192 ( — o r
AY o r ΛΥΚΙ o r M A/M A ), 193 ( — o r ΛΥ/M A, Isis crow n), 194 (ΛΥ/ΜΥ),
r93 ( — or AY or M A/M Y, Isis crow n). Illu stra te d : L 1979—1—1—832 (ex
vA 4454 — T ro x ell 181 ).
T ro x ell 209 (KP/KP), 212 (ΛΥ/Μ Α), 213 (ΛΥ/Μ Α), 214 (ΛΥ/M A , sta r).
Illu stra te d : L = B M C C r a g u s 19 ( = T ro x ell 209).
3 3 2 6 A E u n it. 1 6 m m , 3 .0 6 g (19). [ 15 ]
[ 5 ]
T ro x e ll, LL 210 (C ra g u s ), 2 1 5 -1 6 (M asicy tu s)
H e a d o f A rte m is w ith bow , r. M in t in itials
A rte m is, h u n tre s s s ta n d in g , facing. M in t in itia ls
T ro x ell 210 (K P/KP), 215 (AY/M A), 216 (ΛΥ/Μ Α, b ra n c h ). Illu stra te d : L
1 9 1 6 - 7 —12—2 ( = T ro x ell 215).
3 3 2 7 A E q u a rte r-u n it. 12-17 m m , 1.64 g (13)· [ 12 ]
T ro x e ll, LL 211 (C ra g u s ), 218 (M a sic y tu s)
[ ? ] H e a d o f H e rm e s w ith p e ta s u s, r. o r 1. M in t in itia ls
W in g e d c a d u c e u s in in c u se s q u a re . M in t in itia ls
T ro x ell 211 (KP/KP (AY)), 218 ((ΛΥ)/ΛΥ o r MA o r AY M A). Illu strate d :
L = B M C C r a g u s 2 4 ( = T ro x ell 211 ).
3 3 2 8 A E q u a rte r-u n it. 1 4 -1 8 m m , 2 .2 3 g (2 )· 1 0 ]
T ro x e ll, LL 217 (M a sic y tu s)
AY; b a re h e a d o f A u g u stu s , r.
M A; w in g e d c a d u c e u s in in c u se sq u a re
i . W i n te r t h u r 4 2 7 7 ( = f it a 333); 2. A .

3 3 2 0 A E h a lf-u n it. 12-13 m m , 1.53 g (3). [ 2 ] seri es f : late first century bc ?

T ro x e ll, LL 186 (T lo s -C ra g u s), 196 (?) 3 3 2 9 A E . 2 5 m m , 8 .7 9 g (5)· [ 4 ]
(A Y); h e a d o f A rte m is, r. T ro x e ll, LL 219 (T lo s -C ra g u s) corr.
Q u iv e r in in c u se sq u a re . M in t in itials AY; la u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r.
T ro x ell 186 (ΛΥ/TA KP), ig 6 (? ). Illu stra te d : N Y {—T roxell 186). KP ΤΛΩ; trip o d
S E R I E S G : C. 23-19 BG? T ro x ell 219. Illu stra te d : L = BM C 27.

3321 A E d o u b le u n it. 2 1 -6 m m , 6.04 g ( 45 )· [ 24 ] 3 3 3 0 A E . 1 7 - ig m m , 3 -6 6 g (32). [ 20 ]

T ro x e ll, LL 197 (C ra g u s ), 200 (X a n th u s -C ra g u s ), 202 T ro x e ll, LL 220 (T los)
(M a sic y tu s)
AY; la u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r.
AY; h e a d o f A pollo, r. ΤΛ, A T or ΤΎ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A rte m is, r.
C ith a ra in w re a th . M in t in itia ls T ro x ell 220. Illu stra te d : L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—8 3 4 (ex vA 4474).
T ro x ell 197 (ΛΥ/KP, s ta r), 200 (AY/KP ΞΑΝ), 202 (AY/MA(CI)).
Illu stra te d : L 1920—6 - 1 1 —2 7 4 ( = T roxell 200). 3331 A E . 17—1 9 m m , 4 .3 6 g (27). [ 19 ]

3322 A E u n it. 18 m m , 3.54 g (39). [ 23 ] T ro x e ll, LL 2 2 1 -2 (M a sic y tu s)

T ro x e ll, LL 198-9 (C ra g u s ), 201 (X a n th u s -C ra g u s ), 2 0 3 - AY; la u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r.

4 (M a sic y tu s) M A; A p o llo P a tro ö s w ith b ra n c h a n d arro w ; (b ra n c h )
T ro x ell 221 (b ra n c h ), 221 (no b ra n c h ). Illu stra te d : L 1 9 6 3 —1—16—9 3 4
AY ; h e a d o f A rte m is w ith q u iv e r, r. ( = T ro x ell 222).
Q u iv e r. M in t in itia ls
T ro x ell 198 (AY/KP, s ta r), 199 (AY/KP, b ra n c h ), 201 (AY/KP HAN), 203 seri es G : late first century bc / ad ?
(ΛΥ/M A , arro w a n d bow ), 204 (ΛΥ/M A, sta g ’s h ea d ). Illu stra te d : L = B M C 3 3 3 2 A E . 1 7 m m , 3 .8 7 g (23). [ 14 ]
M a s ic y te s 3 4 ( — T ro x ell 204).
T ro x e ll, LL 223 (C ra g u s ), 224 (M a sic y tu s)
s e r i e s D : shortly after C AY o r KP o r M A; la u re a te h e a d o f A p o llo , r.
3323 A E d o u b le u n it. 21 m m , 4 .4 0 g (1). [ 1 ] AY o r M A; b u s t o f A rte m is w ith bow , r.
T ro x e ll, LL 206 (T los) T ro x ell 223 (ΚΡ/ΛΥ), 224 (ΛΥ o r M A/M A o r ΛΥ). Illu stra te d : L 1921—4—
12—112 ( = T ro x ell 224).
AY; h e a d o f A pollo, r.
ΤΛ; c ith a ra in w re a th 3 3 3 3 A E . i 4 - i 5 m m , 2 .4 6 g (9). [ 7 1
I. B
T ro x e ll, LL 225 (C ra g u s ), 226 (M a sic y tu s)
3 3 2 4 A E u n it. 16—1 7 m m , 2 .7 1 g (30). [ 20 ] KP o r AY; stag , r.
T ro x e ll, LL 205 (C ra g u s ), 2 0 7 -8 (T los) AY; c ith a ra
T ro x ell 225 (Κ Ρ/Λ Υ), 226 (MA/Λ Υ ). Illu stra te d : L 1 9 2 1 —4—12—h i
AY; h e a d o f A rte m is w ith q u iv e r, r. ( = T ro x e ll 225).
Q u iv e r o r stag . M in t in itia ls
T ro xell 205 (AY/KP, q u iv e r), 207 (ΛΥ/ΤΛ, stag ), 208 (ΛΥ/ΤΛ, q u iv er).
Illu stra te d : L = b m c C r a g u s 21 ( = T roxell 205).

s e r i e s E : A ugustan
3325 A E d o u b le u n it. 20 m m , 5.87 g (52).
T ro x ell, LL 209 (C ra g u s ), 2 1 2 -1 4 (M asicy tu s)
L a u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r. M in t in itials
A p o llo P a tro ö s w ith b ra n c h a n d a rro w . M in t in itia ls
C la u d iu s
[ 32 ]
Lycia produced small issues of silver and bronze for
C laudius. T here is no clear indication of date, though the
bronzes include the title ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ which
 L Y C I A - P A M P H Y L I A : Lycian League (3 334-3342) 527

C laudius adopted early in 42. T h e coins were d ated by 3 3 3 7 T ro x ell, LL C 4

Troxell, L L , following Im hoof-B lum er an d Regling, to TIBCPIOC K AAYAIOC K A IC A P CCBACTOC; la u re a te
probably 43, the year in w hich Lycia lost its freedom and h e a d , r.
was incorporated into the E m pire (though the league itself TCPM ANIKOC A Y TO K PA TW P; E lp is s ta n d in g , 1., w ith
continued in existence). T h ere is no clear indication of flow er a n d ra isin g h e m
m int, or ra th e r m ints, as the silver an d bronze m ay perhaps i . P (C re te ) 6 0 2 , 2.31.
have been produced a t different places (see below). Troxell 3 3 3 8 T ro x ell, LL C 5
has pointed out th a t Apollo Patroös o f P atara is shown on
TIBCPIOC KAA YA IO C K A ICA P CCBACTOC; la u re a te
both silver an d bronze, b u t this cannot be taken to imply
h e a d , r.
th at the coins were m inted a t P atara, since other bronzes TCPM ANIKOC A Y TO K PA TW P; L e to ru n n in g , L, w ith
depict A rtem is E leuthera of M yra. in fa n t tw ins
O n the silver, the traditional type of the cith ara is used, i . B , 2.62; 2. See Troxell.
while both silver an d bronze have Lycian representations of
3 3 3 9 T ro x ell, LL C 6
Apollo, A rtem is an d their m other Leto. O ne bronze type
copies the figure of L ibertas on asses of C laudius from TIBCPIOC KAA YA IO C K A IC A P CCBACTOC; la u re a te
Rom e (B M C 145). A nother, on both silver and bronze, has h e a d , r.
- TCPM ANIKOC A Y TO K PA TW P; A rte m is or A pollo, r.,
a representation of Elpis ju s t like the Spes on C lau dius’s
w ith bow
R om an sestertii (B M C 124); the type refers specifically to
i . M M A G 3 5 9 , n o . 1.
the em peror, since he was born on 1 A ugust, the festival of
Spes.

S ilv e r

T he silver coinage of C laudius from Lycia was produced in B ro n ze

a single issue of six types. T here are several die links
between the different types, an d the coins are quite rare,
known to Troxell, L L , in only tw enty-four specimens from
eleven obverse dies. Five specim ens were analysed by
W alker, M etrology I, nos. 561-5, w ith a m ean fineness of
95.6% . As W alker has pointed out, however, the coins are
m uch lighter th an the A ugustan drachm ae for Lycia
(though cf. 3312), and so would have contained consider­
ably less silver th an contem porary denarii but m ore th an
they should if they were A sian (cistophoric) drachm ae. T he
solution m ay be th a t Lycia was a closed currency area,
where a lightw eight su i generis stan d ard would not be sur­
prising (com pare, e.g., the M au retan ian ‘d en arii’); this
m ight in tu rn suggest th a t the coins were produced before
43, but this is by no m eans a definite corollary.
3 3 3 4 -3 9
A R (9 5 .6 % ). 1 7 -2 0 m m , 2 .7 4 g (21). A xis: 12 o r 6.
3 3 3 4 T ro x e ll, LL C i
TIBCPIOC K AA YA IO C K A IC A P CCBACTOC; la u re a te
h e a d , r.
TCPM ANIKOC A Y TO K PA TW P; in field, (AY); c ith a ra
i . L 1979-1 -1 -1 0 8 2 (ex vA 4.264), 3.19; 2—3. I. — BMi 5, 1 9 2 7 -9 -2 -9 ,
2.27, 2.68; 4 . P , 2.84; 5—i i . See T roxell.
3 335 T ro x ell, LL C2
TIBCPIOC K AA YA IO C K A IC A P CCBACTOC; la u re a te
h e a d , r.
rC P M A N IK O C A Y TO K PA TW P; in field, (A Y); A pollo
P a tro ö s, facing, w ith b ra n c h
i . P , 3 .11 ; 2. B; 3—9 . See T roxell.
Like the silver, the coins are all rare; like them , there are
m any die links betw een the different types used for the
different denom inations, indicating a single, probably
short-lived, issue. T he letter forms an d p o rtra it style are
different from the silver, im plying a different engraver and,
perhaps, m int.
T h e coinage was produced in three denom inations:
30m m, 16.36g (9) 23mm, 7.69g (40) 19mm, 4.08g (4)
From its diam eter, one would expect the largest to be a
sestertius, though of a rath er lower w eight than the
A ugustan pieces (see above). I f this identification is correct,
then the other two denom inations would be 2-as and i-as
coins.
D O U B L E U N I T S
3 3 4 0 A E . 2 9 m m , 12.92g (2). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]
T ro x ell, LL C 7
Τ ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , 1.
Π Α Τ Η Ρ Π Α Τ Ρ ΙΔ Ο Σ Γ Ε ΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Α Υ Τ Ο Κ ΡΑ Τ Ω Ρ;
A pollo P a tro ö s, facing, w ith b ra n c h a n d bow
i . L 1 8 7 4 —7—15—4 3 7 , 15-24; 2. B (R au c h ), 10.60.
3341 A E . 3 0 m m , 15.49g (4). A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 4 ]
T ro x ell, LL C 8
Τ ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , 1.
Π Α Τ Η Ρ Π Α Τ Ρ ΙΔ Ο Σ Γ Ε ΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Α Υ Τ Ο Κ ΡΑ Τ Ω Ρ;
A rte m is, s ta n d in g facing, h o ld in g s h o r t to rc h a n d N ike;
sta g b e h in d
i . P 6 0 5 A , 13 .44; 2—4 . See T roxell.

3 3 3 6 T ro x ell, LL C3 3 3 4 2 A E . 3 0 m m , 15.39g ( 3 )· A xis: 12 o r 6. [ 3 ]

TIBCPIOC K AA YA IO C K A IC A P CCBACTOC; la u re a te T ro x ell, LL C 9
h e a d , r. Τ ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , 1.
TCPM ANIKOC A Y TO K PA TW P; A rte m is s ta n d in g , facing, Π Α Τ Η Ρ Π Α Τ Ρ ΙΔ Ο Σ Γ Ε ΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Α Υ Τ Ο Κ ΡΑ Τ Ω Ρ; c u lt
w ith sp e a r sta tu e o f A rte m is E le u th e ra in te m p le w ith tw o c o lu m n s
i . L 1899—4—1—9 2 , 2.92; 2. See T roxell. i . O , 14.05; 2. L 1 8 9 9 - 4 —1—101, 15.80; 3. B (F ox), 16.32.
528 L Y C I A - P A M P H Y L I A: Lycian League, Bubon, Balbura {3 3 4 3 - 3 3 5 3 )

3343 AE. 29m m , 15.34g (3). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] 3348 AE. 22 m m , 7.07g (8). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 6 ]
Troxell, LL C io Troxell, LL C14
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, 1. ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, 1.
ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ AYTOKPATQP; ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ;
E leutheria standing, facing, w ith pileus E leutheria standing, facing, w ith pileus
i . B (I-B ), 15.78; 2—3. See Troxell. i. C = s n g 5 0 2 4 , 7.93; 2—9 . See T roxell.

3344 AE. 30m m , 13.42g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] 3349 AE. 22~4m m , 7.79g (10). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 7 ]
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, 1. Troxell, LL C15
ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ;
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, 1.
w arrior on horseback, r.; to 1., statu e on pedestal
ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ;
i . P 1 9 8 7 /2 4 2 (ex L eu 42, 1987, lot 272), 13.42.
w arrior on horseback, r.; to 1., statu e on pedestal
U N I T S i . P , 7.34; 2. L 1 8 4 0 -2 -1 7 -2 7 6 , 7.257; 3—10. See T roxeil.
3345 AE. 2 i- 4 m m , 8.3 1 g (11). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 9 ]
3350 A E. 23 m m , 7.41g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 1 ]
T roxell, LL C i 1
Troxell, LL C16
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, 1.
ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ; ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, 1.
Apollo Patroös, facing, w ith b ran ch and bow ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ; Leto
running, 1., w ith infant tw ins
i . L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 - 1 2 5 5 (ex vA 6907), 7.41; 2 - 4 . L 1 8 9 4 -5 -5 -1 0 2 , 1 9 1 6 -7 -
12-5, 1938—10 -7 -1 5 5 , 9.72, 7.53, 5.60; 5—i i . See T roxell; 12. S e a b y ’s i . B 2 6 6 7 —3 7 , 8.75; 2. See T roxell.
B u l l e t i n , D ec. 196g, A1134.
H A L F - U N I T S
3346 AE. 23m m , 7.67g (6). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 5 ] 3351 AE. 19m m , 4 .1 5 g (3)· Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
Troxell, LL C12 T roxell, LL C17
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, 1. ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, 1.
ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ; ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ; Apollo Patroös, facing, w ith branch
A rtem is, standing facing, holding short torch a n d Nike; an d bow
stag behind
i . L G 0 8 7 6 , 5.12; 2—3. See T ro x ell.
i . L 1921—i —10—26, 8.65; 2—7. See Troxell.
3352 AE. 18m m , 3.89g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
3347 AE. 21-2 m m , 6.96 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ]
T roxell, LL C t8
Troxell, LL C13
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, L
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, 1.
ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ; w arrio r on horseback, r.
ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ; cult
i . L 1 9 2 8 - 1 - 3 —8, 3.8g.
statue of A rtem is E leu th era in tem ple w ith two colum ns
i . P , 7.07; 2—3 . See T roxell.

Bubon
Bubon produced a single issue during this period, known ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are (?) head, r.
from only three poorly preserved specimens. In view of the BOYBWNEWN EN; figure standing, facing, head 1., with
portrait, it seems likely that it represents Augustus. sp ear (?) an d raising h an d
i· P 57> 3-251 2. L = BMC 2, 2.83; 3. C o p 56, 3.04. S am e dies. T h e
id e n tity o f th e figure on th e rev. is n o t clear; it h as been describ ed as a
‘w arrio r?’ { B M C ) a n d ‘A rte m is’ (C o p ). T h e EN (w ith a re tro g ra d e N) is
A u g u s tu s en ig m atic; if a d a te (55), it is n o t clear to w h a t era it w ould b elong (a
S u llan one?).

3353 AE. r6 m m , 3.03g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]

BMC 2, C op 56

Balbura
The inland city of Balbura had produced some rare bronze figure of Heracles from the Augustan piece. A third type
coins in the Hellenistic period, perhaps in the second cen­ (3 3 5 7 ) was described by Löbbecke, but it does not seem to
tury B C . be extant. It perhaps represents a third denomination.
The early imperial coinage is not well attested or known. The following denominations occur:
The first ‘issue’ is tentatively assigned to Augustus, on Augustus 18 mm, 3.97 g (2)
grounds of portraiture, though the exact nature (and signifi­ Caligula 22 mm, 9.52 g (1) 19 mm, 4.53 g (13)
cance) of the ‘branch?’ on the obverse are unclear. These weights can be equated with those used for the
This was followed by an issue of at least two denomi­ Lycian League, from the end of Augustus’s reign till
nations for Caligula, the larger copying Caligula’s western Claudius (see p. 523); if it is right to make this association,
gold and silver (R I C 1-2). The smaller coin repeats the then they would be 2-as and as coins.
 L Y G I A - P A M P H Y L I A: Balbura, Termessus by Oenoanda, Phaselis (3354—3362) 529

A u g u s tu s ? 3356 AE. 19m m , 4-53g (12). Axis: 12. [ 13 ]

BMC 3, C op 53
3354 AE. 18 m m , 3.97g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ] ΓΑΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r.
[ΣΕΒ]ΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r.; before, branch? BAABOYPEWN; H eracles standing, facing, w ith club and
BAABOYPCWN; H eracles standing, facing, w ith club and lion skin
lion skin I. P 5 1 ( = W a 3031), 3.72; S. P 5 3 , 4.21; 3 - 4 . L = BMC3 -4 , 6.08, 4.87;
I. L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 - 2 3 4 3 (ex vA 8484), 3.79; 2. P 52, 4.15. T h e W in th e rev. 5 -6 . C o p 5 3 -4 , 4.19, 4.86; 7 - 8 . O , 3.23, 4.51; 9 - X 0 . M u i , ia ; 1 1 . V
in scription is up sid e dow n. 1893, 3-90; 1 2 - 1 3 . vA 4283 -4 , 5.24, 5.20; 1 4 . A (jian 1903, 188, no. 2,
w ith pi. X I . 16); 1 5 . W eb er 7254, 5.18; 1 6 —1 7 . N Y . F o rm o f sigm a: E.
F irst p u b lish e d by de L o n g p érier, R N , 1843, p. 252 (an d pi. X .7 ).

C a lig u la 3357 AE. 18 mm . [ o ]

ΓΑΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣ; laureate head, r.
3355 AE. 22 m m , 9.52 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
BAAB[OY]PEWN; H erm es standing, 1., w ith caduceus and
[ΓΑ]ΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r. purse
BAA[ ; rad iate head o f A ugustus betw een two stars i . L öbbecke (= ζ Γν 15, 1887, 4 6 ). F o rm o f sigm a: Π. T h e la u re a te h ea d , if
i . L 1 9 0 5 —10—5—14, 9.52. T h e coin w as ac q u ired in a g ro u p w ith o th er correctly re p o rte d , is u n ex p e cted in view o f th e b a re h ea d s on 3 3 5 5 —6.
L y cian coins, so there should be no real d o u b t a b o u t th e a ttrib u tio n to
B alb u ra. T h e rev. is a copy o f aurei a n d d en a rii o f C aligula. F o rm o f
sigm a: Γ.

Termessus Oenoanda
The attribution of the coins with the inscription TEP OI to T ib e riu s ?
Termessus Minor, the city of the Τερμησσεΐς οι προς
Οι’νοάνδοις mentioned in inscriptions from Oenoanda, was 3358 A E. 17m m , 4 .6 1 g (g). Axis: 12. [ 13]
made by Imhoof-Blumer, G M , pp. 703-4, and supported by
BMC 15, C op 145
G. F. Hill in N C , 1897, pp. 25-30 (though he seems to have
become less confident later: B M C , p. xciii), followed by L au reate head, r.
TEP OI; horse galloping, 1.
Jones, C ities, p. 108. Though Stephanus puts it in Pisidia,
i . L = b m c 15, 4.32; 2. B (I-B = gm 703), 5.30; 3—4 . B (P ro kesch -O sten ,
Hill, followed by Jones, has pointed out that it was prob­ Fox); 5. C o p 145, 5.17; 6 - 7 . O , 3.75, 3.79; 8—g . V 18980, 29421; 1 0 -
ably in Lycia. 12. M u 17, 21, 51057, 4.66, 4.18, 4.63; 13. G 1; 14. vA 4461, 5.67.
The date of the coins with TEP OI is, however, far from
clear. Hill and Imhoof-Blumer tentatively identified one 3359 AE. 17m m , 4 .9 7 g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
head (with horse to left on the reverse) as that of Tiberius, gm 703, no. 548
but described the other (which has horse to right) just as a As 3 3 5 8 , b u t b are head, r.
‘beardless head’, doubting whether it was correct to identify I. L 1 9 3 4 - 3 - 1 2 - 5 8 , 5.22; 2. O , 5.09; 3. P 928 ( = W a 4021 w ith pi.
it as Augustus. The two varieties were given to Tiberius and I X . 17, ‘A u g u ste’), 4.61.
Augustus respectively by the vA Index. Only coins with
horse to left have the laureate portrait that looks like 3360 A E. 17m m , 4 .8 6 g (6). Axis: 12. [ 8 ]
Tiberius, but some of them have a bare head which is not
As 3 3 5 8 , b u t b are head, r., an d horse galloping, r.
characteristic of him and very like the head on the coins
i . L i g i o —i o —1 3 - 1 7 , 4.92; 2. B (I-B = gm 703, no. 548, w ith T af. X I .8),
with horse to right. The hypothesis has therefore been 6.80; 3 —4. B (L ö b b , R au c h ); 5—6. P 928a, 922, 4.90, 4.77; 7. V 36738,
adopted here that both varieties are intended to represent 4.24; 8 . M u 20, 3.51.
Tiberius. It also seems plausible to think that the coins with
Apollo/cithara are also contemporary (a smaller denomi­ 3361 AE. 15m m , 2.96g (3). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
nation), as they are the only other coins with this form of gm 703, no. 547
reverse inscription. This reconstruction is, of course, very L au reate head o f Apollo, r.
tentative. TEP OI; cithara
There are two denominations: I. P 2 89, 2.96; 2 - 3 . B (I-B — GM, no. 547, w ith T af. X I .9), 3.25, —; 4 . V
18969; 5. vA 4460 ( ‘A rtem is’), 2.66.
rev. horse: 17 mm, 4.75 g (18)
rev. cithara: 15mm, 2.96g (3)

Phaselis
A single early imperial coin is known. The identity of the T ib e riu s ? *I.
portrait is not certain, but it probably depicts Tiberius. The
B behind the portrait recalls the similar letters B and Γ 3362 AE. 17m m , 3 .8 2 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
which occur on coins of Attalea, Sillyum and Ariassus, but B; lau reate head, r.
whose meaning is opaque. The reverse type was traditional ΦΑΣΗ; A th en a advancing, r., w ith th u n d erb o lt
at Phaselis (B M C 18). I. V 1 8 7 3 5 , 3 -8 2 .
C o u n te rm ark : S ta r (G IC 447: 1).
 Attalea
The coins of Attalea have been catalogued by N. Baydur,
U n c e rta in em peror: T ib e riu s ?
‘Die Münzen von Attaleia in Pamphylien’, J N G , 1975, pp.
33-72, but the early imperial coinage is very difficult to 3364 AE. 18m m , 3.24g (2). [ 2 ]
classify, since the portraits are not labelled before Trajan,
and the identification of the portraits is not easy. There are B aydur 150 (‘A u g u stu s’), 158 (‘C lau d iu s’)
a number of coins which clearly depict Domitian (e.g., L au reate head, 1.
Baydur, nos. 162fr.; B M C 15, vA 4616), but the identifica­ ΑΤΤΑΛΕΩΝ; helm eted b u st of A thena, r.
tion of earlier emperors is not at all clear. The vA In d e x , for i . P A tta le a i o 8 8, 3.66; 2. A 205; 3 . N Y , 2.82. 1-2: sam e dies
(p ro b ab ly ). T h e p o rtra it is v ery rem in iscen t o f th e p o rtra it on T ib e ria n
example, assigns coins to Augustus (NY), Tiberius (B), d en a rii (for copies o f d en a rii o r au rei a t B alb u ra, see 3 3 5 5 ) a n d is
?Caligula (B), Claudius (L) and Nero (B); most of these p ro b ab ly th a t o f T ib e riu s , b u t this is n o t a t all definite. A rece n t specim en
(S ch u lten 18.10.1989, lo t 425) is re p o rted to h av e TIB o n th e obv., th o u g h
identifications are based on the tickets in the Berlin collec­ this is n o t clear from th e illu stratio n .
tion. Baydur attributes coins to Augustus (nos. 150-2),
Tiberius (nos. 153-4), Claudius (nos. 155-60) and Nero
(no. 161), but these attributions all seem very uncertain. U n c e rta in em peror: C a lig u la ?
The attribution of some coins (3366, B M C 13) to
Claudius seems very likely, in view of the distinctive 3365 AE. 18 m m , 4 .1 9 g ( i). [ 1 ]
portrait with its muscular neck, and various other tentative B aydur 154 (‘T ib eriu s’)
identifications have been made in the catalogue. In favour
L au reate head, 1.
of the relative sequence proposed here is the consideration ΑΤΤΑΛ[ΕΩΝ]; helm eted b u st o f A thena, r.
that the coins placed hrst have Ω, while those placed later
i . B 2 3 4 /1 8 7 5 , 4.19. T h e id en tificatio n o f th e p o rtra it is suggested b y the
have W, as on coins of Domitian and Trajan. sh ap e o f the h ea d , a n d especially th e lips.
In addition, some coins were catalogued by Baydur as
issues ofTiberius (153) and Nero ( 161 ); it is not certain that
the former is a coin of Attalea, while the second, if really a C la u d iu s
coin of Attalea, surely does not portray Nero, but rather
some deity. 3366 AE. 2 0m m , 4 .8 2 g (2). Axis: 6. [ 1 ]
In addition to the coins with imperial portraits, it is B aydur 157, bmc 13
possible that some of the ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins also B are head, 1.
belong to this period (Baydur, nos. 79-80; B M C 5-12), but ATTAAEWN; helm eted b u st o f A thena, r.
as this is not certain they have been omitted here. I. L = bm c 13, 5.44; 2. I, 4.20. T h e p o rtra it is very distin ctiv ely C lau d ian .

U n c e rta in em p ero r: A u g u s tu s ? U n c e rta in em peror: N e ro ? *i.

3363 A E. i g m m , 5.00 g (2). Axis: 6. [ 2 ] 3367 AE. 2 0m m , 4 .9 4 g (2). Axis: 6. [ 2 ]

B aydur 155-6 (‘C lau d iu s’) B aydur 159-60 (‘C lau d iu s’), bmc 14
Bare head, r. B are head, r.; b ehind Γ
ΑΤΤΑΛΕΩΝ; helm eted b u st of A thena, r. ΑΤΤΑΛΕΩΝ; helm eted b u st o f A thena, r.
i . O (from E lm ali: jhs 1914, 39, no. 8g, w h ere R obinson a ttrib u te d it to i . L = b m c 14, 5.12; 2. B 235/1875, 4.76. S am e dies. T h e p o rtra it is
C la u d iu s), 5.07; 2 . G 1, 4.92. S am e dies. T h e p o rtra it seem s different from com pletely d ifferent from th a t on 3 3 6 6 ( B M C 13), su rely in d icatin g a
th a t on 3 3 6 6 , a ttrib u ta b le to C lau d iu s; it seem s m ost like th a t of d ifferent em p ero r. A y o u n g ish N ero seem s possible, th o u g h o th e r la te r
A ugustus. em p ero rs are also p o ssib le (e.g., D o m itian , T ra ja n ).

Magydus
Magydus produced a single early imperial issue for Nero, N ero, c.55__________________________
known in only two specimens. The ethnic is followed by the
numeral h , which represents the earliest in the sequence of 3368 AE. 18 mm , 4.27 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
numbers on Magydan coins, running up to 41 under Gal­ NEPWN KAICAP; d rap ed bust, r.
lienus: see B M C , p. lxxvii. To judge from the youthful- Μ ΑΓΥΔ£\νΝ H; helm eted figure o f A th en a standing, 1.,
looking and draped portrait, the issue would have been w ith Nike an d spear
produced early in the reign. i . L 1 9 7 5 —4—11—2 2 0 , 4.74; 2. C L eak e — sng 5073, 3.79. S am e dies.
The coin of Nero given by Wa 3297 (followed by vA Index)
to Magydus is a coin of Hierapolis in Phrygia (2982/4).
 L Y G I A - P A M P H Y L I A: Perga, Sillyum (3369-3379) 53/

Perga
In the early imperial period Perga produced bronze coins NEIKH TIBEPIOY; Nike advancing, 1., w ith w reath
for Tiberius and Nero; there is also an uninscribed issue ΑΡΤΕΜΙΔΟΣ ΠΕΡΓΑΙΑΣ; tem ple w ith two colum ns
(3372)5 which Imhoof-Blumer ascribed to Claudius. The enclosing cu lt statu e of A rtem is o f P erga
coin attributed to Perga under Claudius by Wa 3338 is i . W i n te r t h u r 4 3 2 3 (ex I-B = km, no. ia ) , 3.11; 2. A (= jian 1903, 205,
no. 288). P resu m ab ly a sm all d en o m in atio n for 3370.
actually of Ascalon in Phoenicia (4876A).
The types are either a running figure of Artemis of Perga
or a representation of her cult statue in a temple.
The coins appear to have been produced in three dif­
ferent denominations:
Tiberius 24m m, 8.47g (2) 17mm, 3.97g (2) 16mm, 3.11g (1) C la u d iu s?
Claudius? 16mm, 3.06g (1)
Nero 17 mm, 4.78 g (4) 3372 AE. 16 m m , 3.06g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
km 326, no. 2.
T ib e riu s B are head, r.
APTEMIAOC; tem ple w ith two colum ns enclosing cult
3369 AE. 24m m , 8.47g (2)· Axis: 12. [ 2 ] statu e o f A rtem is of Perga
I . B (I-B ) ( = km, no. 2), 3.06.
TIB8PIOC CEBACTOC; b a re head, 1.
ΑΡΤ£ΜΙΔΟΟ ΠΕΡΓΑΙΑΟ; A rtem is, w ith bow an d torch,
ru nning r.
i . L 1979—1—1—2 3 8 3 (ex vA 4666), 8.81; 2. P 297 (== W a 3337), 8.12.
C o u n term ark ?: U n c e rta in ( i, on rev.).

3370 AE. 17m m , 3.97g (2). Axis: 12. [ 3 ] N e ro

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.
ΑΡΤΕΜΙΔΟΣ ΠΕΡΓΑΙΑΣ; A rtem is, w ith bow a n d torch, 3373 AE. 17m m , 4.78g (4). Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
running r. NCPWN KAICAP; bare head, r.
i . B (L ö b b ), 4.11; 2. B (I-B ); 3. P 296 ( = W a 3336), 3.83. In view o f the *APTCMIAOC nCPI AIAC; A rtem is, w ith bow and torch,
different p o rtra it, legend a n d le tte r form s, th is issue w as p resu m a b ly m a d e ru n n in g r.
a t a different tim e from 3 3 69.
I. L 1 9 7 5 -4 -1 1 -2 2 5 - 4 -5 7 ; 2 · P 298 ( = W a 3339), 4.73; 3. B 333/1924;
3371 AE. 16m m , 3.11g (1). Axis: 6 ( 1). [ o ] 4 . O , 4.51; 5 . C M cC le an 8902 (pi. 316.2), 5.30; 6 —7. A ( = jian 1903,
205, nos. 289 -9 0 ).
km 320, no. i a C o u n te rm ark : Ai.*v*I.(see G I C 750).

Sillyum
The early imperial coinage of Sillyum is, like that of other i . V 1 8 8 6 1 ( —J . Eckhel, A n t i o c h , 43); 2. P 7 3 4 ( = W a 3521, ‘A u g u ste ’),
Pamphylian cities, difficult to classify, as the attribution 4.41. T h e p o rtra it is q u ite sim ilar to th a t o n 3 3 7 7 .

depends on the identification of various portraits, without 3377 AE. 17m m , 3.65g (2). Axis: 12. [ 1]
any inscriptions to help. Some other coins, with uninscribed B are head, r.
portraits, have been excluded as probably being later, ΣΙΛΛΥΕΩΝ; Apollo standing, r., w ith lyre; to r., Γ
perhaps Trajanic or Hadrianic (as well as the portraits, the ϊ . P 7 3 5 ( = W a 3522, ‘A u g u ste’), 3.54; 2. vA 4869 ( ‘T ib e riu s ’), 3.75. T h e
circular reverse legends suggest a later date): p o rtra it is q u ite sim ilar to th a t on 3 3 7 6 .

3374 AE. Axis: 6.

L aureate head, r.
U n c e rta in em peror: T ib e riu s?
CIAAYEWN; laureate h ead o f A pollo, r.
i . B 26/1885, 4.40.
3378 AE. 16m m , 3.05g (1). [ 2 ]
3375 AE. B are head, 1.
L aureate head, r. ΣΙΛΛΥΕΩΝ; Apollo standing, r., w ith lyre
CIAAYEWN; Apollo standing, r., w ith lyre I. B (I-B), 3.05; 2. N Y . T h e p o rtra it is q u ite sim ilar to th a t o n 3379.
i . B (I-B), 4.06.
3379 AE. 17m m , 4 .2 5 g (1). [ i]
km 351, no. 9
U n c e rta in em p ero r: A u g u s tu s ? L au reate head, r.
ΣΙΛΛΥΕΩΝ; Apollo standing, r., w ith lyre; to r., Π
3376 AE. 18m m , 4.41 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 2 ] I. B (I-B) (= km, no. 9, ‘T ib e riu s ’), 4.25. T h e p o rtra it is q u ite sim ilar to
th a t o n 3 3 7 8 .
B are head, r.
ΣΙΛΛΥΕΩΝ; Apollo standing, r., w ith lyre; to r., B
 i . C o p 4 4 2 (‘A u g u stu s’), 3.46; 2. B (I-B = gm 491, no. 475, ‘A u g u stu s’);
U n c e rta in em p ero r
3. V 134915, 3.27; 4 . M u , 2.85. T h e K w as in te rp re te d b y Im h o o f-B lu m er
as s ta n d in g for KAICAPI; th e id en tificatio n as A u g u stu s seem s u nlikely in
3380 AE. 17m m , 3.19g (3). Axis: 6. [ 4 ] view o f th e use o f C r a th e r th a n Σ, w h ich suggests a r a th e r la te r date
(C laudius???).
C op 442
K; laureate head, r.
ΟΙΛΛΥΕΩΝ; laureate head o f Apollo, r.

Aspendus
Aspendus produced a number of rare coins in the early A u g u s tu s ?
imperial period; all with the same reverse type (the
Aphroditai Kastnietides: L. Robert, H ellenica X I-X II, p. 3383 AE. 16m m , 4 .7 7 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
181, 1). These coins depict different emperors. Some, with km 320, no. 39
bare heads, seem definitely to be of Augustus, to judge from
Bare head, r.
the portrait, while others, with a radiate head, are definitely
ΑΣ; cult statues o f the A phroditai K astnietides; to r.,
of Nero (inscribed NCPWN KAICAP). Other coins have beard ed head?
portraits of a different appearance, sometimes wearing a I. B (I-B) (= km 39: ‘A u g u stu s ’), 4.77. Im h o o f-B lu m er’s iden tificatio n of
laurel wreath, and probably represent other emperors such th e p o rtra it is plau sib le.
as Tiberius or Nero (see, e.g., K M , pp. 319-20), and
3384 A E. 17m m , 4 .3 1 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
perhaps Claudius, but the paucity and poor preservation of
the known specimens make identifications very difficult. It AMc 1420
seems reasonably clear, however, that they are supposed to B are head, r.
be Julio-Claudian emperors, since they mostly have the ΑΣ; cult statues o f the A p h ro d itai K astnietides; to r.,
simple ΑΣ on the reverse, rather than the fuller ACIISNA, b ran ch
i . 0 = A M C 1420, 4.31. T h e p o rtra it is sim ilar to th a t o f 3383; in
which occurs for Nero, or ACffCNAIVVN, which occurs for a d d itio n , b o th coins h av e a sy m b o l o n th e rev. (th o u g h th e legends are in
Domitian or Trajan (Cop 269-70). In the same way, the d ifferent places).
form C seems likely to be later than Σ. In this catalogue a
3385 AE. 16m m . Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
number of different stylistic groups have been separated,
perhaps resulting in an over-classification of the coinage. km 320, no. 40
Coins with bare head r./ΑΣ crescent and star (P Perga B are head, r.
299 = Wa 3338, ‘Perga, Claudius’; L 1914-8-6-7) are prob­ ΑΣΠΕΝΔΙΩΝ; cult statues o f the A p h ro d itai K astnietides
ably coins of Ascalon in Palestine (4876A). Kovacs 13 i . V 18761. T h e p o rtra it looks A u g u stan , b u t th e fuller legend suggests a
la te r d ate. O n th e o th e r h a n d , th e le tte r form s Σ a n d Ω a re early.
(1981), lot 41, is a coin of Abydus (2282).
3386 AE. 16m m , 3.59g (1). Axis: 12. [ o ]
km 320, no. 40
B are head, r.
A u g u s tu s ΑΣ; cult statues o f the A p h ro d itai K astnietides
I· PV , 3-59·
3381 AE. 22 m m , 4.46g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
km 319, no. 38, C op 268
B are head, r. U n c e rta in em peror: T ib e riu s ? ______________
ΑΣ; cult statues of the A phroditai K astnietides
i. P h i ( = W a 3233), 4.91; 2. P n o , 3.48; 3. C op 268, 5.60; 4 . I-B 3387 AE. 1 6 mm , 3.30g (1). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
(= km, no. 38, a n d T a f. X .28). T h e p o rtra it is very like th a t o f th e early
km 320, no. 40
A u g u stan coins w ith I M P C A E S A R /C A E S A R D IV I F , th u s m a k in g an
id entification w ith A u g u stu s very likely, a n d a d ate ea rly in th e reig n , say L aureate head, r.
th e tw enties bc, q u ite likely. ΑΣ; cult statues o f the A p h ro d itai K astnietides
i . O, 3.30; 2. B (I-B = km, no. 40: ‘T ib e riu s ’).

A u g u s tu s ? *i. U n c e rta in emp e r o r: C la u d iu s? _____________

3382 AE. 16m m , 3.62 g (2). [ 1 ] 3388 AE. 18m m , 2.81g (1). [ o ]
B are head, r. JKAICAP; lau reate b u st (head?), r.
ΑΣ; cult statues of the A p h ro d itai K astnietides [ΑΣ]ΠεΝΔΙΩΝ; cult statues of the A phroditai K astnietides
i . v A 4 5 8 5 , 3.71; 2. C Leake = sng 5069, 3.53. T h e p o rtra it looks like a i . L i n d g r e n A 1 0 7 5 A (‘C la u d iu s?’), 2.81 (bro k en ). T h e coin p ro b ab ly
m a tu re A u g u stu s, o f th e la st tw o decades o f his reign; hence th e te n tativ e belongs to this perio d ; d esp ite th e form £ , it does a p p e a r to use Ω ra th e r
a ttrib u tio n . th a n W, w hich is n o rm a l fro m D o m itian o n w ard s; on th e o th e r h a n d , the
rest o f th e obv. leg en d m ig h t give a n em p e ro r’s n am e.

N e ro ?
3389 AE. 20m m , 4.14g (1). Axis: 12.
km 320, no. 41
KAICAP; laureate head, r.
AC; cult statues of the A phroditai K astnietides
I. B (I-B) ( = km, no. 41: ‘N e ro ’), 4.14. Im h o o f-B lu m er’s identificatio n o f
th e p o rtra it seem s plausible.
Side had produced large issues of silver and bronze coins in
the late Hellenistic period. A die link shows that the silver
tetradrachms had continued in production into the late first
century b c , when Side also made silver tetradrachms for
Amyntas, Antony’s appointee as King of Galatia (see 3501,
B M C 1-7).
In the early imperial period, bronze coins were definitely
made in the reigns of Tiberius and Nero, and definite pieces
for Caligula and Claudius have recently turned up. Many
coins are, however, hard to classify; it remains unclear, for
instance, whether coins were also made for Augustus.
A coin in Cambridge from the Grant collection has been
attributed to Augustus and the legend θεός reported on its
obverse (SNG 5105). This reading is not, however,
apparent, nor does the identification of the head seem at all
certain. At a guess, the coin seems most likely to be one of
Tiberius, but, as this is uncertain, it has been omitted. B
8015 has also been omitted, as it, too, is difficult to classify.
The coins of Tiberius show a surprising amount of
variety, and it is often uncertain whether the obverse legend
is ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ or ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ. There is one group of
denominations, each known in a single specimen, which
show on their respective reverses Athena standing left and
holding a figure of Nike (3394-5). The bulk of the Tiberian
coins have the normal type of Athena advancing left with
spear over shoulder and shield on shoulder; on these the
reverse legend may be across the field, around the type or
vertically upwards to the left of the type (3391). In addition,
there are some rare pieces with the reverse legend across the
field which show Athena standing right (3392) or occasion­
ally standing left (3393).
Two, or perhaps three (it is not entirely clear if the two
different Tiberian types are supposed to be the same
denomination, or if the Tiberian and smaller Neronian
coins are the same), denominations are found:i.
Tiberius
Nero la
lb 23 mm, 8.62 g (3)
II 22 mm, 10.57g (1)
III 22 mm, 7.18g (2)
L Y G I A - P A M P H Y L I A: Aspendus, Side (3389-3396) jjy
3390 AE. 20 m m , 4.47 g (2). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 2 ]
km 320, no. 42
[ 1 ] NCPVVN KAICAP; rad iate head, r.
ACII8N; cult statues of th e A p h ro d itai K astnietides
I . B (I-B) (=km, no. 42, w ith T a f. X .2 9 ), 4.41; 2. P riv ate coll., 4.12;
3. M a b b o tt 1953. S am e obv. die: 2-3.
Side
T ib e r iu s
3391 AE. 1 6 -1 8 mm, 4.49g (6). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ [; laureate head, r.
ΣΙΔΗΤ(ΩΝ); Athena advancing, 1., with spear over
shoulder and shield on near shoulder; in front,
pomegranate; at feet, behind, snake
A. L eg en d ΣΙΔΗΤΩΝ a ro u n d type: i . L in d g ren A i 157A (obv. legend
u p w ard ly , ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟ Σ[ in fro n t o f h e a d ), 4.41;
B /i . L eg en d ΣΙΔ-Η Τ across field: 2. N Y (obv. as J S W ); 3. C o p 413 (obv.
illegible, b u t rep o rted as TIBE[ ]A P), 3.95; B /2. L eg en d CIA-HT across
field: 4 . vA 4809, 4.88 (obv. legend TIBE u p w ard ly b eh in d h ea d a n d
PIO [ ] d o w n w ard ly in fro n t o f h e a d ); 5. M M A G L iste 441, lo t 24
(TIBEPIOC u p w ard ly in fro n t o f h e a d ), 5.02;
C . L eg en d ΣΙΔΗΤΩ[Ν] u p w ard ly to 1. o f A th en a: 6 . J S W (obv. legend
u p w ard ly ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟ Σ[ b eh in d h ea d ), 4.82; 7. B (I-B = km 336, no. 12: obv.
ΤΙΒ ΕΡΙΟ Σ[ d o w n w ard ly in fro n t o f h ea d . I-B re a d K [A IC A ]P after
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ; this is possible b u t n o t c e rta in ), 4.10; 8. C = S N G 5 1 0 6 (obv.
legend ]IO [ ] KAIC[ d o w n w ard ly in fro n t o f head : p ossibly C laudius??),
3.61.
3392 AE. 16m m , 4 .3 0 g (1). [ 3? ]
As 3391, b u t ΣΙ-ΔΗ across field a n d A th en a standing, r.
I. NY; 2. B 686/1914. B oth h av e obv. leg en d ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ d o w n w ard ly in
fro n t o f h ea d . ?3· P 581C , 4.30 (classification very u n c e rta in ).
3393 AE. 18 -2 0 m m , Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
As 3391, b u t ΣΙΔ-ΗΤ across field an d A th en a standing, 1.
1. L C am ero n ad d itio n a l 7 (obv. legend illegible in fro n t o f h ea d ), 3.40;
2. B (I-B = km 336, no. 1 1). O b v . legend ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟ [Σ] u p w ard ly b eh in d
head .
3394 AE. 18m m , 5.84g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟ[Σ; laureate head, r.
ΣΙΔ-ΗΤ (?); Athena standing, 1., with Nike and spear
i . L 1988—12—8—1 (ex L an z 46, 1988, lo t 456), 5.84.
3395 AE. 15m m , 3.82g (1). Axis: 12. [ 0 ]
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, r.
ΣΙΔ-ΗΤ; A th en a standing, 1., w ith Nike an d spear
I. J S W (ex K o v acs V I (1985), lo t 254), 3.82. O n ly traces o f th e legend
can be m a d e o u t, b u t they a p p e a r to give th e re a d in g above. T h e sam e
16mm, 4.00g (10) ty p e o ccu rs a t Side for T ib eriu s (3 3 9 4 ) a n d N ero (3 4 0 2 —3 ): n o sn ak e is
15mm, 3.82g (1) visible o n this specim en; th ere is clearly n o sn ak e o n 3 3 9 4 .
I7mm, 4.78g (2)
17mm, 5.22g (7)
C a lig u la
17mm, 4.52g (1)
3396 AE. 17 m m , 4.58 g (1). [ i ]
TAIOC KAICA[P]; lau reate head, r.
[Σ]ΙΔΗΤΩΝ; Athena advancing, 1., with spear over
shoulder and shield on near shoulder
i . L 1988—12—8—2 (ex L an z 46, 1988, lo t 459), 4.58. N o p o m e g ran ate or
sn ak e visible.
 C la u d iu s i . L = b m c 76, 9.80; 2. P 581, 6.89; 3. M u 21, 9.18; 4 . M allo y 23 (1987),
lo t 78; 5. K u rp falzisc h e M ü n zen X X I X (1985), lot 92.

3397 AE. I 7 m m , 4 .3 4 g (2). Axis: 3. [ i ] 3401 AE. 17m m , 5 .2 2 g (7). Axis: 12 or 6 . [ 14 ]

TIBE[PIOC] KAAYAIOC; lau reate head, r. NCPWN KAICAP; lau reate d rap ed bust, r.
Ο ΔΗ ΤΩ Ν; A thena advancing, 1., w ith spear over shoulder CIÄHT; A th en a advancing, L, w ith spear and
and shield on n ea r shoulder; to L, pom egranate pom egranate; on shoulder, shield; beside her, snake
i . B (L ö b b ), 3.77. 2. A u f h ä u s e r 7 (1 9 9 0 ), lo t 367- 4.90. S am e dies. i . N Y ; 2. N Y; 3—4 . L 1947-6—6-12 3 0 , 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 —2399 (ex vA 4810), r. i 8.
4.39; 5. P 582a, 4.87; 6 . O , 5.52; 7 - 1 1 . B (R au ch , I-B , B -I, L ö b b ,
L ö b b ); 12. M u 21a, 5.88; 13. C = sn g 5107, 5.29; 14. V 30353, 4.80;
15. W in te rth u r ( = g r m k 179, no. 3); 16. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lot 434, 5.53;
17. W a d d ell 9 (1985), lot 192.
U n c e rta in em p ero r

3398 AE. 17m m , 3.97g (1). [ i ] Secon d g ro u p : c. 6 0

O bv. illegible; b are head, r.
Rev. as 3 3 9 7 3402 AE. 22m m , 10.57g ( 0 · Axis: 6. [ o ]
i . P 5 8 1 B , 3.97. A ugustus or C laudius? NEPWN KAICAP; lau reate head, r.
CIAHTWN; A th en a standing, 1., w ith Nike an d spear; to
1., snake; to r., shield
i . J S W 8 6 -IO O I, 10.57. T h e p o rtr a it seem s to be lig h tly b ea rd e d , b u t it is
N e ro
n o t th e ‘step s’ ty p e o f p o rtr a it w h ich w as in tro d u c e d in 63.

F ir s t g ro u p : y o u th fu l d ra p e d p o r tr a it, c . 55
T h ir d g ro u p : ‘s t e p s ’ p o r t r a i t , c. 65
( a ) b a r e h e a d

3399 AE. 17m m , 4.75g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ] 3403 AE. 22 m m , 7.18 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 3 ]
BMC 74, C op 414 NCPWN KAICAP; lau reate head, r.
ΝΕΡΩΝ KAI CAP; bare d rap ed bust, r. CIAHTWN; A th en a standing, 1., w ith Nike an d spear; to
Ο Δ Η Τ ; A thena standing, 1., w ith spear a n d pom egranate; 1., snake; to r., shield
on shoulder, shield; beside her, snake I. P 5 8 3 , 8.65; 2. N Y; 3. V 32950.

i. L = bmc 7 4 , 4.84; 2. P 582, 4.70; 3. C o p 414, 4.72. 3404 AE. 17m m , 4 .5 2 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
( b ) l a u r e a t e h e a d
BMC 75
3400 AE. 23m m , 8.62g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
NCPWN KAICAP; lau reate head, r.
BMC 76 CIAHT; A th en a advancing, 1., w ith spear and
NCPWN KAICAP; lau reate d rap ed bust, r. pom egranate; on shoulder, shield; beside her, snake
CIAHTWN; Apollo standing, facing, w ith p a te ra an d i. L = bm c 7 5 , 4.52.
sceptre; in field, pom egranate

Syedra
Syedra was in the western part of Cilicia which was trans­ T ib e r iu s
ferred first to Galatia, and then, with the rest of Pamphylia,
to the province of Lycia and Pamphylia (see Jones, C ities, p. 3405 AE. 14m m , 3.71 g (7). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 5 ]
439, n. 30). The city minted coins only for Tiberius. km 490, no. i
The coin of Nero in V (19171, 7.70) is not a coin of
Syedra (contra v A In d e x ), but of Caesarea in Samaria TIBCPIOC; lau reate head, r.
CYCAPCWN; goddess standing, 1., on basis, w ith p atera
(4863).
an d sceptre
i. P 1091 (= W a 4530), 4.11; 2—4. B (I-B = km, no. 1, F ox, B-I), 3.71,
3.73, 4.16; 5 . O , 3.63; 6. L e v an te 405, 3.38; 7. R. Z iegler, M ü n z e n
K i l i k i e n s a u s k le in e r e n d e u ts c h e n S a m m l u n g e n , 102, 3.26.
 GALATIA
Cat. no. P age C at. no. P age

Introduction 535 Antioch 3529 - 3 2 54°

Kings of Galatia:
Lycaonia:
Deiotarus — 536
Antiochus IV of Commagene 3533-7 541
Amyntas 3501-7 536
Lystra 3538-4° 542
Kings of Paphlagonia:
Claudiconium (= Iconium) 3541-5 542
Attalus — 537
Deiotarus Philadelphus 3508-9 537 Galatia:
Koinon, etc. 3546-67 543
Pisidia:
Pessinus — 548
Isinda 3 5 IO- : 3 538
Ancyra — 548
Termessus 3 5 14 538
Tavium 3568-70 548
Ariassus 3515-16 538
Uncertain Pisidian colony 3 5 17 538 Paphlagonia and G alatian Pontus:
Crem na 3518-22 539 Gangra — 548
Sagalassus 3 5 2 3 -6 539 Amasea 3571 548
Apollonia (Mordiaeum) 3 5 2 7 -8 540

T h e R o m a n p ro v in c e o f G a la tia w a s fo rm e d in 2 5 b c o n th e included in the province of Lycia-and-Pamphylia, while

s u d d e n d e a th o f K in g A m y n ta s , a n d p r o b a b ly c o m p ris e d all Cappadocia has been left separate. The city coinages
h is e n o rm o u s d o m in io n (B. L e v ic k , R o m a n C o lo n ie s in catalogued are therefore confined to those of Pisidia
S o u th e rn A s i a M i n o r , p p . 2 9 - 3 0 ) . T h u s it w o u ld h a v e in itia lly (Isinda, Termessus, Ariassus, an uncertain colony,
e x te n d e d o v e r P a m p h y lia , P is id ia , e a s te r n P h ry g ia , G a la tia , Cremna, Sagalassus, Apollonia and Antioch), Lycaonia
L y c a o n ia , I s a u r ia a n d C ilic ia T r a c h e ia , b u t c h a n g e s w e re (Lystra and Iconium), Galatia itself (Ancyra, Pessinus and
s u b s e q u e n tly m a d e to th e R o m a n p ro v in c e (fo r w h ic h , see Tavium), Paphlagonia (Gangra) and the relevant part of
B. R é m y , L ’é v o lu tio n a d m in is tr a tiv e d e l ’A n a to lie a u x tr o is Pontus (Amasea). The coin attributed to Olbasa by M.
p r e m ie r s s iè c le s d e n o tre ère, p a s s i m ) . I n a b o u t 2 0 b c p a r ts o f Grant, N C , 1949, pp. 239-42, has been convincingly reat­
C ilic ia T r a c h e ia w e re d e ta c h e d a n d g iv e n to A rc h e la u s , tributed to Ptolemais by H. Seyrig ( R N , 1969, pp.
k in g o f C a p p a d o c ia . I n 6 b c P a p h la g o n ia w a s a d d e d , a fte r 4 7 -9 = 4 7 5 0 ·
th e d e a th o f its k in g , D e io ta r u s . I n 3 / 2 b c G a la tia n P o n tu s It is not surprising, given the enormous area included in
w a s a d d e d , in c lu d in g A m a s e a (w h ic h th e re fo re u s e d th e e ra the province, that the coinages produced in its different
o f 2 b c o n its c o in s). I n a d 4 3 , w h e n L y c ia w a s a n n e x e d , parts were very different. Those from southern Pisidia were
P a m p h y lia w a s d e ta c h e d fro m G a la tia a n d jo in e d in to th e most like the products of Lycia. Further north in Pisidia,
n e w p ro v in c e o f L y c ia - a n d - P a m p h y lia . P a m p h y lia w a s, the coinage of Apollonia recalls the coinage of Asia. The
h o w e v e r, r e tu r n e d to G a la tia in th e fifties, w h e n C a p p a d o ­ coins of Sagalassus and Antioch are different again, and like
cia w a s a lso a d d e d , th u s m a k in g a h u g e p ro v in c e c o v e rin g those of much of Galatia proper and Lycaonia (Antiochus
m o s t o f c e n tr a l a n d e a s te r n A n a to lia . T h is a r r a n g e m e n t IV); all are reminiscent of the coinages of Commagene and
la s te d fo r o n ly a b o u t te n y e a rs , w h e n C a p p a d o c ia w a s Syria (rather than, e.g., Cilicia) with their thick and slightly
d e ta c h e d a n d P a m p h y lia r e tu r n e d to its p re v io u s p ro v in c e oval flans, and struck on relatively heavy standards.
w ith L y c ia . G a lb a , h o w e v e r, o n c e a g a in jo in e d P a m p h y lia Leaving on one side the small coinages of most of the
o n to G a la tia . Pisidian cities, we find the following pattern for the imperial
F o r th e p u r p o s e s o f th is c a ta lo g u e (w h ic h a r e b a s e d period, a pattern basically of three or four denominations.
s im p ly o n c o n v e n ie n c e ), G a la tia h a s b e e n d e fin e d a s th e The following scheme is possible, though it attaches greater
p ro v in c e a f te r a d 43; th u s th e c itie s o f P a m p h y lia a re weight to diameters than weights, which are very variable:
Amyntas 21 mm, 7g 18 mm, 5g 14 mm, 2 g
Ariassus 17mm, 5g 14mm, 3g
Sagalassus 27m m, 14g 22 mm, g g 19 mm, 5g
Antioch 27m m, 16g 20mm, io g 18 mm, 6g
Apollonia 18 mm, 5g
Antiochus (Lycaonia) 25m m, 14g 19 mm, 65 g H ·™ , 3g
Lystra 26 mm, 9g 19mm, 7g
Claudiconium 25m m, lo g 20 mm, 5g 17mm, 3g
Tavium 27 mm, 12 g 19 mm, 6g
Pessinus 28 mm, 12 g 20 mm, 6g 17mm, 3 g
Galatia (Basila) 26 mm, 12 g 21 mm, 6g 17mm, 5 g
(Afrinus) 21 mm, 7g 17 mm, 5g
(Nero) 27 mm, 13 g 20 mm, 6èg
(Galba) 27m m, 14g 20 mm, 8g 17 mm, 7 g
This pattern could be interpreted as representing coins of 2,
i, I and 4 asses. The weight standards would then be more
Kings of Galatia
i. D e io ta ru s
The establishment of kings to rule the inland parts of
Anatolia went back to the settlement of Pompey, who
established three tetrarchs to rule each of the three tribes:
Deiotarus over the Tolistobogii, Brogitarus over the Trocmi
and an unknown ruler over the Tectosages. Deiotarus was
also given, perhaps in 59 b c , the title of king, and a kingdom
comprising a large part of northern Anatolia, the territory
between Cappadocia and the Black Sea and much of Lesser
Armenia. He seems subsequently to have taken over the
other tetrarchies, though he was, however, deprived of
Armenia by Caesar (B. Magie, R o m a n R u le in A s i a M i n o r , pp.
373-4, 413, 425-6). He remained ruler of Galatia, thanks to
Antony, until his death in 40 b c .
Deiotarus produced a number of different types of bronze
coin with a monogram, which was identified as standing for
his name by A. Blanchet, R B N , 1933, pp. 11—16, who dated
the coins to the earliest part of his rule as a tetrarch. His
study was followed up by E.T. Newell ( R B N , 1934, pp. 5—
10), who accepted Blanchet’s identification and added some
new types:
1. draped bust of Mên/two crossed cornucopias;
2. laureate head of Zeus/eagle;
3. laureate head of Zeus/shield.
Newell thought that the coins were produced in the Pontic
part of Deiotarus’s domain, at Pharnacea, and between
63/2 and 59/8.
In addition, civic coins of Pessinus (B M C 2) have a
monogram which is generally interpreted as a monogram of
Deiotarus. For a listing of these, see J. Devreker in J.
Devreker and M. Waelkens, F o u ille s à P e s s in o u n te I (1984),
pp. 173-4.
There are also coins with a bust of Nike/eagle standing
on a sword between caps of Dioscuri ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΗΙΟ-
TAPOY (B M C I , vA 6102-3; A. von Sallet, Z f N x n , p. 371),
which were presumably produced in the fifties or forties b c .
These coins have a very Phrygian look, recalling coins of
Acmonea, Apamea, Laodicea or Philomelium, and were
perhaps made somewhere in Phrygia. At about the same
time Brogitarus minted some silver tetradrachms, known
today from a unique specimen ( R N , 1891, p. 385), but little
coinage was otherwise produced until the reign of Amyntas.
2. A m y n ta s
Deiotarus was succeeded by his grandson Castor, who died
in 37/36, when the Galatian part of his kingdom was given
to Amyntas by Antony, together with the title of king.
Amyntas had previously been Deiotarus’s secretary, and in
39 had been appointed to rule northern Pisidia (when
Lycaonia and perhaps some of Cilicia Tracheia were given
to Polemo). His kingdom was increased by the addition of
Lycaonia and at least part of Pamphylia (since he minted
or less like those in Syria ( c f. p. 587), and a little heavier
than those in the province of Asia (p. 370).
silver at Side: see below), and in 31 he was given the part of
Cilicia Tracheia which had been ruled by Cleopatra since
36 (Magie, o p . a t . , pp. 433-4; Levick, o p . a t . , p. 27). He was
thus the ruler of a vast tract of central and southern
Anatolia until his death.
S ilv e r
The silver coinage of Amyntas has been fully studied by S.
Atlan, ‘Die Münzprägung des Amyntas in Side’, B e lle te n 39
(I 9 7 5 )> PP· 575 —611 (in Turkish and German). None of
these coins was known before the discovery of a hoard of
several hundred specimens in 1845; a reasonable quantity
of these coins are known today, but all were struck from
only six obverse and thirty-three reverse dies. One obverse
die is shared with the city coinage of Side, proving that Side
was the mint of Amyntas’s coinage and indicating that the
latest coinage of Side was produced immediately before, or
perhaps even during, Amyntas’s reign. Half of the reverse
dies have the letters IB, presumably standing for the 12th
regnal year of Amyntas or 26/25. The die link with Side
might suggest that the other coins were produced at the
beginning of the reign.
The gold coins with the same types as the tetradrachms
are false.
3501 AR. 2 8m m , 15.70g (92). Axis: 12.
[ 98 coins, 6 obv. dies ]
BM C I
H elm eted head of A thena, r.; (to 1., ΑΔ)
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ AMYNTOY; Nike advancing, 1., holding
sceptre w ith diadem ; in field, IB
E.g., L = b m c 6. O n i rev. die, N ike w ears a n e le p h a n t head -d ress.
B ro n ze
The bronze coinage of Amyntas falls into two groups. The
first has the inscription B (for ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ) and a monogram
of the king’s name (first resolved by F. Imhoof-Blumer, Z f N
I, 1874, pp. 330-4). The second has the fuller inscription
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ AMYNTOY. There is also a third group (classi­
fied in L as coins of Amyntas, following Mionnet
S7.538.258) in three denominations with a crab on the
obverse and the inscription BA-MEM'TOY'M across the
reverse, but it is hard to see that this really is a version of
the king’s name (c f. E. Babelon, R o is d e S y r ie , p. ccxii;
Imhoof-Blumer, Z f N I, 1874, p. 332; Leake, N u m is m a ta H e l-
le n ic a , Kings, p. 39), and these coins have been omitted
here.
Some of the coins with the full legend have been
attributed to Gremna, because they have the same type
(Hermes/caduceus: see B M C ) . If this attribution is correct,
then all the full legend coins should also be attributed there
since the other two types seem to be linked to the Hermes
type as larger denominations. The attribution to Cremna,
 G A L A T I A : Kings o f Galatia, Kings o f Paphlagonia (3502-3509) 537

however, does not seem very likely or conclusive, as dif­ B ust of A rtem is w ith bow a n d quiver, r.; (to r.,
ferent coins of Cremna have been plausibly given to the m onogram )
reign of Amyntas: H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n und S tädte P isidiens ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ AMYNTOY; stag, r.
II, pp. 3 8 1 , 1 0 7 - 1 2 ; see 3 5 1 8 f r . ) . The Duc de Luynes i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —1 0 2 5 (ex 6109); 2—6. L = bmc 14-15, 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 —1026
( = v A 6110), 1 8 4 4 -4 -2 5 -1 0 5 9 , 1 9 2 8 -5 -1 4 -1 3 ; 7—9. C o p 100-2; 10—17. P
attributed the largest denomination to Midaeum (because 32-5. E x am p les in L a n d O are c o u n term ark e d (b u cran iu m ?). N o t a
it sometimes has the letter M on the obverse) and the com plete listing.
Hermes coins to Hermopolis in Isauria (because of the head 3504 AE. i4 - i5 m m , 2.58g (3). Axis: 12.
of Hermes), but neither attribution has any weight.
bmc 16, C op 103
Moreover, it seems unlikely that the types can be used for
mint attribution, since both the monogram and the full B ust of H erm es w earing petasus, w ith caduceus, r.
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ AMYNTOY; w inged caduceus
legend series have the same types, yet their very different
i . L = b m c i 6 ; 2—3 . L 1 9 3 0 -3 -1 -6 , 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 0 2 7 ( = v A 6112); 4 . vA
style and fabric suggest two different sources. The thick 6 1 11; 5. C o p 103; 6—8. P 36—8. N o t a com p lete listing.
rough fabric of the monogram series recalls the coins of
Deiotarus from Pessinus, and was perhaps made there: one S E R I E S I I : M O N O G R A M

specimen was found in the excavations of the city 3505 A E. 22 m m , 9.56g (5). Axis: 12.
(Devreker, op. cit., p. 1 9 3 , no. 7 ) . bmc 12, C op 99
T h e m o n o g r a m se rie s c o in s a ll se e m to h a v e C a n d A i.e.,
H ead of H eracles w ith club, r.; to 1., £ ζ
th e n u m e ra ls 5 a n d 6, b u t it is h a r d to see th e ir sig n ific a n c e . B AMYNTOY; lion w alking, r.
i . L = b m c 13; 2—5. L = bmc 12, 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 0 2 8 ( = v A 6 i o 8 ) , 1 9 3 9 -7 -
S E R I E S I : F U L L L E G E N D 19-3, 1 9 5 5 -4 -1 0 -1 5 ; 6. C o p 99; 7—i i . P 2 3 -7 . N o t a com plete listing.

3502 AE. 19-22 m m , 6.65 g (6)· Axis: 12. 3506 AE. 19m m , 9 .6 2 g (1). Axis: 12.
BMC 8, C op 97 B ust of A rtem is w ith bow a n d quiver, r.; on either side, £
H ead o f H eracles w ith club, r.; (to 1., m onogram ) and Ç
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ AMYNTOY; lion w alking, r. B AMYNTOY; stag, r.
i . L = b m c 9 ; 2—6. L = bmc8, io- i i , 1 9 2 8 -9 -2 -4 , 1 9 4 7-6-6-1268; 7— i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —1 0 2 4 (ex vA , sng — ), 9.62; 2—3 . P 28-9.
8. vA 6106-7; 9—10. C o p 97—8; i i —19. P 14-22. E xam ples in P a n d O
are co u n term ark e d (b u cran iu m ?). N ot a com plete listing. 3507 A E. 15m m , Axis: 12.
B ust o f H erm es w earing petasus, w ith caduceus, r.
3503 AE. 17 -1 9 m m , 4 .7 7 g (6). Axis: 12.
B AMYNTOY; w inged caduceus; to r., £ Ç
BM C 14, C op 100 E g ·, p 3 1 -

Kings of Paphlagonia
The reorganisation of Paphlagonia was carried out by tarus. On the obverse, a date ΛΚΖ might indicate the year
Pompey in 64 b c (see Magie, pp. 371-3). The seaboard was 27 of a Pompeian era, which would date the issue to 37 b c ,
annexed to the province: of Pontus, and the remainder was the year Deiotarus came on the throne.
assigned to native rulers, the first of whom was Attalus, who The bronze coinage of Deiotarus is only known from one
died in 40 b c . In 37 b c Antony gave the kingdom to Deio­ specimen, first published by Reinach, R N , 1894, pp. 414-
tarus Philadelphus, the son of Castor (Magie, p. 434). Deio­ 20. The name Deiotarus Philopator figures on the reverse:
tarus died in 6 b c , and Paphlagonia was then annexed as the king is otherwise unknown and might have been the
part of Galatia. brother of Philadelphus.
The coins were presumably minted at the capital of the
1. A tta lu s , 6 4 -4 0 bc kingdom, Gangra.
T. Reinach published in R ecueil, p. 163, no. 4, a drachm of a 3508 A R (drachm ). 17m m , 3.65g (3). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
King Attalus Epiphanus from the L collection (1914-8-6- [ 3 coins, i obv. die ]
Rec 5 corr.
I = N C , 1917, pp. 22-3, pi. 1 1 1 , 5 ) . but its attribution is
uncertain, and the coin might belong to an unknown King ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΗΙΟΤΑΡΟΥ ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΟ Y ; diademed head,
Attalus of Paphlagonia during the second century b c . This r.; behind, Λ KZ (year 27?)
ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΠΡΟΥΣΙΑΔΟΣ ΑΔΟΒΟΓΩΝΙΑΣ; diadem ed
coin is therefore omitted here.
an d d rap ed bust, r.
I. B, 3.81; 2. P 1988/202 (ex P .-F . J a c q u ie r, M ü n zlisle 9 /H e r b s t 88, 59),
2. D e i o t a r u s P h i l a d e l p h u s , 3 7 - 6 b c 3 -3 3 ; 3 · S tern b e rg X IV /1 9 8 4 , 103 (ex vA 151), 3.93.

A coinage of silver and bronze is known for Deiotarus. The 3509 AE. 2 1 -2 m m , 7.20g (1). Axis: 9. [ 1 ]
silver coinage consists of drachms with Deiotarus on the Rec 6
obverse and Queen Adobogonia on the reverse. A specimen ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΗΙΟΤΑΡ[ΟΥ ΦΙΛΑ]ΔΕΛΦΟΥ; d iadem ed head,
recently acquired by P seems to offer the reverse legend r.; behind, indistinct m onogram
ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΠΡΟΥΣΙΑΔΟΣ ΑΔΟΒΟΓΩΝΙΑΣ. Adobo­ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΗΙΟ[ΤΑΡΟΥ ΦΙΛΟΠ]ΑΤΟΡΟΣ; two caps of
gonia was the daughter of a Prusias, otherwise unknown, the D ioscuri; betw een them , indistinct m onogram s
and it is uncertain if she was the mother or wife of Deio­ i . L 1 8 5 8 —11—24—7 8 , 7.20.
 Isinda
The history and coinage of Isinda (modern Korkuteli) have 3511 AE. 14m m , 3 .0 5 g (4). [ 2 ]
been discussed by H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n u n d S t ä d te P is id ie n s vA Pisid., nos. 498-500, 515: years 1 an d 4
I, pp. 29-32 and 76-101. It had produced coinage in the B ust of A rtem is w ith bow, r.
Hellenistic period, and made plentiful coins dated accord­ ΙΣΙΝΔΕ; ear of corn; variab le letter
ing to two eras, of King Polemo and a later era, either of the A: i . P 4 1 6 ( = W a 3738), 4.52; 2—3. vA , nos. 498-9; Δ: 4 . vA , no. 515.
province of Galatia (25 b c ) or 9 b c (see von Aulock).
In addition, various other coins were attributed to this
period (vA, nos. 649-731), though their dating seems very E r a o f A m y n ta s ?
uncertain.
3512 A E. i6 - ig m m , 4 .1 7 g (146). [ 92 ]
vA Pisid., nos. 516-38, 551-76, 580-688: years 1-23
E r a o f P o le m o L au reate head o f Zeus, r.
ΙΣΙΝ; rider w ith sp ear galloping, r.; b eneath, snake;
3510 AE. 16m m , 3.28g (16). [ 7 ] (before, p alm branch;) variable letter
vA Pisid., nos. 497, 501-14: years r, 2, 3 a n d 4 A -4 vA , nos. 516 -3 8 , 551-7 6 , 5 80-603; Z: L = bm c 8, 3.98; vA, nos. 6 0 5 -
8; Η -Κ Γ : vA , nos. 607 -8 8 .
L au reate head of Zeus (w ith sceptre), r.
ΙΣΙΝΔΕ(Ω); rider w ith spear galloping, r.; beneath, snake; 3513 AE. 14m m , 2.89g ( : 5 )· [ i i ]
variable letter vA Pisid., nos. 539-50, 577-9: years 1 an d 3
A: i . O , 3.76; B: 2. vA , no. 501; Γ: 3. L = bmc 7, 3.96; 4—11, vA , nos. B ust of A rtem is w ith bow, r.
5 03-10; Δ: 12—15. vA , nos. 511-14.
ΙΣΙΝ; M acedonian helm et; variable letter
C o u n te rm ark : S nake (1, 5 -8 , 10, 12-15).
A: I. O, 2.61; 2—13. vA , nos. 539—4.0, 541—50; Γ: 14. L 1 9 2 1 -4 -1 2 -1 2 9 ,
3.26; 15—16. vA, nos. 578 -9 .

Termessus
Termessus had produced a long series of bronze coins in the Imhoof-Blumer also included the following coin as
first century b c , bearing numerals from i to 32, which are belonging to the Neronian period.
thought to belong to an era of 71 (Imhoof-Blumer, G M , pp.
701-3; H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n u n d S tä d te P is id ie n s II, pp. 46- 3514 AE. 19m m , 4 .0 8 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
7). Von Aulock also, apparently, attributed some coins to a gm 703, no. 546a. Y ear 130 = ad 60
different era, perhaps that of Polemo or Amyntas {o p . c i t ., p. L au reate head o f Zeus, r.
46). He was perhaps referring to coins such as vA 5338 F o rep art of horse, 1.; below th u n d erb o lt an d ΛΡ
(Zeus/zebu Γ), but this is not clear. i . M u, 4.08.

Ariassus
The history and coinage of Ariassus have been discussed by L au reate bust, 1.
H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n u n d S tä d te P is i d i e n s I, pp. 26-9 and APIAC B; bull buttin g , 1.
67-76. On von Aulock’s classification, there were coins for i . L = B M C i , 5.20; 2—5. See vA; 6. v A 374 = W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 449,
3.70; 7. M ü n z Z e n tru m 53, lo t 1806, 2.99. T h e p o rtra it h as b een identified
Augustus and Livia (?), dated to year 2 of the province of as th a t o f o th e r em p ero rs, see vA P i s i d .
Galatia, partly on the evidence of the Ariassus hoard. This C o u n te rm ark : F em ale h ea d , r. (L ivia?) ( G I C 223: 3, 5, 7).
identification and dates are not certain, however.
3516 A E. 14m m , 2.74g (t)· [ o ]
vA Pisid., no. 380
A u g u s tu s ? , 2 4 B C ?
D rap ed fem ale bust, r. (Livia?)
API B; eagle, facing, on th u n d erb o lt
3515 AE. 17m m , 5.01 g (7). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
i . I (from th e A riassu s h o a rd ), 2.74. F o r a discussion o f th e u n ce rtain
vA Pisid., nos. 374-9 id e n tity o f th e p o rtra it, see vA P i s i d . , p. 28, a n d en larg ed p h o to o n Taf. 36.

Uncertain (Pisidian?) colony

Rare coins signed by the proconsul M. Rutilus were
attributed by Grant, F I T A 238, to Lystra as a foundation
issue of 43 b c , though the foundation of that colony is
otherwise normally dated much later. The coins were sub­
sequently discussed by Vittinghoff {R ö m is c h e K o lo n is a tio n , p.
1 33)3 by H. von Aulock, C h ir o n II (1972), pp. 512-14, and
by B. Levick, R o m a n C o lo n ie s in S o u th e rn A s i a M i n o r , pp. 195—
7 (followed by P. A. Brunt, I t a l i a n M a n p o w e r , p. 602), none
of whom accepted Grant’s views. The problem will,
however, be resolved one day, since the end of the obverse
legend, which is at present illegible, seems to give the name
of the colony. Meanwhile, we have the following indica-
 G A L A T I A : Uncertain (Pisidian?) colony, Cremna, Sagalassus (3517-3522) 53g

tions. Firstly, as Grant pointed out, the humped-back oxen
on the reverse point to southern Anatolia. Secondly, one
specimen (in L) was found at Elmali in northern Lycia.
Thirdly, the readings of the three (all die identical) speci­
mens can be read as follows:
o b v e rse
1 M R V TIL V S-PR O C O SC O LTV L[____ ]
2 M RVTILVS PRO[
3 [ JO-COS COL IVL **
re verse
]ERIDIVS[
JFERIDIVS [IIJVIR EX D[D
JERIDIVS [IIJVIR EX D D
On 3, IVL· is followed by a rounded letter, i.e. a G, a G or
an O; after this, there is perhaps another punctuation mark
and the bottom of a letter which is a horizontal bar, perhaps
L or E: C or G (or O) seems very likely, but the remainder
is very uncertain.
The nearest colonies to Elmali are Olbasa, Comama and
Cremna (in that order: 60, 75 and n o kilometres as the
crow flies), while Lystra is much further away (235
kilometres), and thus seems a rather unlikely candidate.
The problem with attributing the coin of Rutilus to any of
these colonies, however, is that they all seem to have been
Augustan foundations, whereas the coin does, as Grant
thought, look earlier (whether or not his identification of
Rutilus is right or wrong). The thick and slightly concave
fabric of the coin and the portrait of the proconsul all sug­
gest a date in the civil wars, perhaps even in the forties,
when Grant dated the coin, though von Aulock thought a
date early in the reign of Augustus was likely. This raises
the possibilities that the coin should be attributed to an
earlier foundation of one of the Augustan colonies, or that it
should be attributed to another, otherwise unknown,
colony.
It seems quite likely that the similar piece with CAESAR
IMP DICT COS/IVL GEM(?) M FERIDIVS(P) IIV IR
EX D D is a coin of the same colony, perhaps a larger
denomination of the same issue. This coin has, however,
been left under Uncertain coins (5407), as the reading of its
reverse legend is very unsure.
M . R u tilu s pro cos,, 4 0 s bc?
3517 A E. 18m m , 6.o8g (3). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
G ran t, f it a 238, von Aulock, Chiron (1972), 518
M R V T IL V S P R O C O S C O L T V L [C, G or O? ]; bare
head o f R utilus, r.
JF E R ID IV S [IIJV IR E X D D ; colonist ploughing with
two hum p-backed bulls, 1.
i . L G 1 9 9 4 (found a t Elm ali: jh s 1914, 46, no. 185), 7.37; 2. B (I-B = r s n
1913, no. 302), 7.06; 3. M M A G 41 (1970), lo t 268 = S tern b e rg X (1980),
lo t 252, w ith en larg ed p h o to ), 3.82. A ll from th e sam e dies. P a r t o f a letter
is visible before F E R ID IV S on 2: it is th e lo w er h a lf o f a d iag o n al, p a r t o f
A o r M , p erh ap s.

Cremna
A series of bronze coins of Cremna bearing the Greek num­ 3520 A E. 15m m , 2.83g (25 )· [ 13 ]
bers from B to Z have plausibly been attributed to the reign vA Pisid., nos. 943-53, 965—73, 1009-13: years 3, 5 and 7
of Amyntas, who held Cremna from 31 until his death in 25 B ust o f Tyche, r.; behind, spearhead
b c (H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n und, S tä d te P is i d i e n s II (= vA KPH; fo rep art o f lion, r.; in field, letter Γ, E or Z
P i s i d . ) , pp. 38-9, 106-45). i. L = BM C i B ( = vA 968) ; 2—25. See vA.

3521 AE. 8 m m , 1.67g (13). [ 9 J

R e ig n o f A m y n ta s *i. vA Pisid., nos. 933-42, 962-4: years 2-5 = 31/30-28/27 bc

H ead of H erm es in petasus, r.

3518 AE. 16m m , 4.58g (5). [ 2 ]
KPH; caduceus; in field, letter B, Γ, Δ, E or Ç
vA Pisid., nos. 954-6, 1007-8: years 3 an d 6 i. L 1 8 9 8 —6 - 1 —5 8 ( = v A 935); 2 —3 8 . See vA.
B ust of A rtem is w ith bow an d quiver, r.
KPH; w inged thunderbolt; in field, letter Γ o r ζ 3522 AE. 9 m m , 0.94 g (3)· [ 2 ]
i. L= bm c 2A ( = v A 955); 2 —5 . See vA.
vA Pisid., nos. 959-61: year 4
3519 AE. 16 m m , 3.53g (68). [ 41 ] Fem ale head, facing
vA Pisid., nos. 957-8, 974-1006, 1014-47: years 4, 5, 6 KPH; cornucopia; in field, Δ
an d 7 i . P r iv a t e c o ll. ( = v A 959); 2 - 3 . See vA.

L aureate head of Zeus, r.

K(PH); w inged thund erb o lt; in field, letter Δ, E, ζ or Z
i. L 1 8 8 2 —6 - 5 —4 5 (—vA 982); 2 —6 8 . See vA.

Sagalassus
The site of Sagalassus has been described by H. von Sagalassus had made silver and bronze coins in the Hel­
Aulock, M ü n z e n u n d S tä d te P is i d i e n s II, pp. 42-3, but he did lenistic period; the silver (didrachms: vA 5173, Lockett,
not catalogue the coinage there. SNG 3028; drachms: B M C 1) was perhaps minted in the
late first century b c , during the period of the civil wars or i . 0 = a m c 1 4 2 1 , 4.00; a. P 562 ( = W a 3820), 5.55; 3—4 . B (Fox, B-
during the reign of Amyntas of Galatia (Duc de Luynes, I = RSN 1913, 90, no. 255); 5—6. M u 3 -4 , 4.09, 3.81; 7. vA 8621, 5.97. All
from th e sam e obv. die.
R N , 1845, P· 262, cf - von Aulock, loc. c it.).
There are definitely imperial bronze issues for Caligula
and Nero (with his late or ‘steps’ portrait); these are pre­ C a lig u la
ceded by an issue which is probably of Augustus, although
Tiberius cannot definitely be ruled out. For another 3524 AE. 27m m , 14.06g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
Augustan coin, possibly of Sagalassus, see 5429. TAIOC KAICAP; b are head, r.
In addition, a number of ‘pseudo-autonomous’ bronzes CATAAACCCWN; helm eted figure of Lacedaem on,
were made at Sagalassus, some of which may date to this stan d in g L, holding Nike
general period (vA 5153-62), but some of them may well be i . P 5 6 3 ( — W a 3821), 14.06.
earlier.
Some of the types refer to the supposed Spartan origin of N ero, 6 3 -8 __________________________
the city (cf. B. Levick, R om an Colonies in Southern A s ia M in o r ,
p. 16). 3525 AE. 2 2m m , 9 .2 5 g (6). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
There are three denominations:
NEPWN KAICAP; lau reate head, r.
Augustus 19 mm, 4.68 g (5) CATAAACCCWN; Zeus seated, 1., w ith Nike and sceptre
Caligula 27m m, 14.06g (1)
I. B (F o x ), 9.90; 2. B 28952; 3 - 4 . P 5 6 4 -5 (= W a 3822), 8.57, 7.33; 5. C
Νέτο 22mm, 9.25g (6) 19mm, 5.27g (6) M cC le an 8998 (pi. 3 2 3 . 5 ) , 8.75; 6 . V 18937, 9 -8 ° ; 7 * M u 5; 8 . v A 5163,
I I. 12; 9. A (j i a n 1903, 23 5 , no. 542). T h e piece describ ed (b u t n ot
illu strated ) b y K o v acs V I (1985), lo t 265, m ay p e rh a p s h ave been an
ex am p le o f this coin, th o u g h it is given in th e ca talo g u e as A u g u stu s. 2
obv. dies.
A u g u s tu s ?
3526 AE. 19m m , 5.27g (6). Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
3523 AE. 19m m , 4.68g (5). Axis: 12. [ 6 ] NCPWN KAICAP; lau reate head, r.
AMc 1421 CATAAACCEWN; helm eted b u st of L acedaem on, r.
i . L 1 9 7 5 —4 —11—2 7 6 , 6.14; 2—3. P 566 ( = W a 3823), de R icci, 5.18, 5.34;
ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r. 4 - 5 . B (Fox, I-B ); 6. V 36730; 7. M u 5a; 8. vA 5164, 4.58; g. L in d g ren
CATAAACCEWN; lau reate head o f Zeus, r. 1334. 4.80; 10. Lewis — SNG 1700, 5.40. All sam e obv. die.

Apollonia (Mordiaeum)
The history and coinage of Apollonia Mordiaeum (modern ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.
Uluborlu) has been discussed by H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n und ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΑΤΩΝ ΙΟΥΛΙΟΣ [ΒΙ]ΤΩΝ ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΗΣ;
Städte P isidiens II (=vA P is id .), pp. 20-3 and 52-63. goddess seated, 1.
Coinage had been made on a small scale in the Hellenistic I. B (I-B) (— km 119, no. 1), 6.37.
period, and only two specimens survive for the early
imperial period, convincingly reattributed from Apollonia T ib e r iu s
in Caria by M. Grant, N C , 1949, p. 150.
C o rn u tu s

3528 AE. 18m m , 4 .9 4 g (1). [ 1 ]

A u g u s tu s
C op C arta 147
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.
Io u lio s B it o n
ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΑΤΩΝ ΚΟΡΝΟΥΤΟΣ ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΗΣ; head of
C ornutus, bound w ith taenia, r.
3527 AE. 18m m , 6 .3 7 g ( 0 · [ 1 ] i . C o p 1 47, 4.94. F o r the C o rn u ti a t A p o llo n ia, see S. M itch ell, J R S >
vA Pisid., no. 62 1974, P· 3 7 ·

Antioch
The coinage of Antioch (modern Yalvaç) has been catalo­ The date of the foundation of the Augustan colony of
gued by A. Krzyzanowska, M onnaies Coloniales d ’A ntioche de Antioch was placed in 20—19 by Krzyzanowska, pp. 13-141
P isid ie (Warsaw, 1970). Coinage had also been made at the following Grant, F I T A , p. 251, but it was raised to 25 b c by
city in the first century b c , before the foundation of the B. Levick, R om an Colonies in Southern A s ia M in o r, pp. 34-5 (cf ·
colony. P W , Suppl. XI, pp. 49-61), on the basis of an interpretation

of a Flavian issue as a centenary issue. But, as noted by
P. A. Brunt (Ita lia n M a n p o w e r, p. 601), the ‘case is perhaps
not decisive’, and indeed there is no obvious reason why the
Flavian coin should be regarded as an anniversary issue.
Moreover, the Augustan coin 3530, even if it is a foundation
issue, should not be dated before 23 b c , since it probably
belongs with 3529, which gives Augustus the title TR POT;
the style of the portraits suggests that they are two denomi­
nations of the same issue. One would have guessed, on the
basis of the portraits, that they were both made in about the
tens b c .
The types used record the settlement of veterans from
legions V and VII.
The coin of Tiberius in P (P 52 = Wa 3580) has been
altered in modern times from a third-century coin into one
for Tiberius (Hill, N C , 1914, p. 304, cf. Grant, A P T 138, no.
10). Another coin of Tiberius, with C G on the reverse (N C ,
1914, p. 303, no. 12, with pi. X IX .8), seems unlike the coins
of Antioch (Krzyzanowska, pp. 21—2), and has been ten­
tatively given to Cyprus (3920, M. Amandry, B S F N , 1988,
pp. 325-6).
The metrology of 3529 is unusual for Asia Minor, and is
more reminiscent of the large bronzes from Syria and
especially Antioch. There is no doubt about the attribution,
however, in view of the provenance of 3529/3. On the other
hand, the coins of Antiochus IV of Commagene from
Lycaonia have a similar fabric (3533).
A u g u s tu s
3529 AE. 27m m , 15.90g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
K rzyzanow ska 135, f it a 251
IM P-A V G V ST T R -P O T -; bare head, r.
PA REN S C A E SA R E A [ ]C O L ; togate figure ploughing
w ith two oxen, r.
Lycaonia
The extent of the kingdom of Antiochus IV of Commagene
in Lycaonia is not clear, though it was perhaps only the
southern part of the region around Laranda and Derbe
(Magie, p. 1368), and so inland of his territories in Cilicia
Tracheia.
The coinage has been catalogued by H. von Aulock,
M ü n z e n u n d Städte L ykaoniens (= vA L y k .) , nos. 1-10. It was
perhaps minted at Laranda. It consists of coins which are
unusually large for Asia Minor, but are more like the coins
produced in Syria or in Commagene itself by Antiochus
himself (3852fr.). The only other parallel is provided by the
unusually large Augustan coins from Antioch in Pisidia
( 3 5 2 9 )·
A n tio c h u s I V , 3 8 - 7 2
3533 AE. 25m m , 14.25g (10). Axis: 12. [ 7
vA Lyk., 1-10
G A L A T I A : Antioch, Lycaonia (3529—3535) 5 4.1
i . B 2 1 8 /1 9 2 8 ( = fita, pi. V I I I . 8) (th e A ra b ic tick et u n d e r the coin refers
en ig m atically to A n tak y ah : th e p la ce it w as b o u g h t?), 13.01; 2. C
G r a n t = SNG5117, 18.79; 3· U n certa in : fo u n d in o r n e a r A n tio ch (nc 1914,
312, no. 40). G ra n t, F I T A 251, in te rp re te d th e w o rd P A R E N S as
in d icatin g a p aren t-city , o r p e rh a p s as referrin g to A u g u stu s. In view o f
th e legend on th e coins o f N ero, th e full rea d in g o f this coin m ig h t in clu d e
C A E S A R E A E r a th e r th a n C A E S A R E A (th e e n d o f the w o rd is u n clear),
in w hich case a reference to A u g u stu s w o u ld m ak e good sense. T h is is th e
so rt o f in te rp re ta tio n p referred by B. Levick, o p . c i t . , p. 196, on th e b asis o f
th e ep ig rap h ic p arallel p a r e n s c o lo n ia e (I L S 5336).
3530 AE. 20m m , 10.34g (6). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
K rzyzanow ska 135, f it a 251
CAESAR; b are head, r.
C O L CAES A V G V ST V S; two legionary eagles betw een
two stan d ard s
i . P V , 9.16; 2. L 19 0 9 -5 -4 -1 0 1 ( = fita, p i. I X .5 = nc 1914, pi. X I X .6),
10.52; 3—4 . B (T B —km 358, no. 9, 17/1875), 11.90, 11.06; 5. V 36914,
9.31; 6. W arsaw , 10.09; 7 * U n certa in : fo u n d in o r n e a r A n tio ch (nc 1914,
303, no. 11).
3531 AE. 17m m , 5.30g (1). Axis: 6. [ i ]
K rzyzanow ska 135 (‘T ibère?’)
C C AN; togate figure ploughing w ith two oxen, r.
C C; two legionary eagles betw een two stan d ards
i . L 1 9 1 4 - 9 - 8 —8 ( — nc 1914, 303, no. 10, a n d pi. X I X .6), 5.30. T h e coin
w as d a te d te n tativ ely to th e p erio d o f T itu s by H ill (M S n o te in L ),
p e rh a p s followed b y G ra n t, A P T , p. 138, no. 10, b u t it h as been p laced
h ere u n d e r A u g u stu s, as th e types a re so close to 3 5 2 9 a n d 3 5 3 0 , a n d it is
re g ard e d as a sm aller d en o m in atio n c o n tem p o rary w ith 3 5 2 9 —3 0 . T h e re
rem ain s th e p ro b lem o f th e use o f th e n a m e A n tio c h before th e F lav ian
tim es, b u t this does n o t seem decisive a g a in st a n ea rlier d atin g .
N ero, c. 65
3532 AE. 18m m , 6.24g (2). Axis: 12 (1). [ 2 ]
N E R O C A ESA R [ ; lau reate head, r.
C O [L ] CA ESA REA E; eagle, stan d in g w ith h ead L,
betw een two stan d ard s
i . P (H S ), 6.64; 2. L 1 9 8 8 —6 —1—2 (ex L a n z 44, 1988, lo t 518), 5.83. T h e
S in C A E S A R is retro g ra d e. T h e p o rtr a it in d icates a d a te la te in th e reign.
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ Μ ΕΓΑΣΑ ΝΤΙΟ ΧΟ Σ; diadem ed a n d draped
bust, r.
ΛΥΚΑΟΝΩΝ; scorpion; all in w reath
i . L = b m c 2 4 , 16.02; 2 —1 0 . See vA. O v a l flans, s tra ig h t edges, b u t
d ifferent fo rm o f Ω from C o m m ag en e o r L a can atis.
C o u n te rm ark : A n ch o r ( G I C 372: 5 exam ples).
3534 A E. 24m m , 16.34g ( 0 - [ o ]
Β ΑΣΙΛ ΙΣΣ[A ΙΩ ΤΑ]ΠΗ ΦΙΛ Α ΔΕΛ Φ Ο Σ; diadem ed and
d rap ed b ust o f Iotape, r.
[ΛΥ]ΚΑΟΝΩΝ; scorpion; all in w reath
I . L i n d g r e n 1 8 8 7 , 16.28; 2. M ü n z Z e n tru m 67 (1989) lo t 1571.
C o u n te rm ark : A n ch o r [ G I C 372: 1).
3535 AE. i g m m , 6.43 g ( 0 · Axis: 1. [ o ]
vA Lyk., 11
[ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΥΙΟΙ]; E piphanes an d C allinicus on
horseback, 1.
ΛΥΚΑΟΝΩΝ; capricorn a n d star, r., above anchor; all in
] w reath
i . H B W e lls , 6.43.
3536 AE. 19m m , 6.56g ( i). Axis: 1. [ 1 ] 3537 AE. 14m m , 3 .2 7 g (1). [ i ]
vA Lyk., 12 vA Lyk., 13
A nchor betw een crossed cornucopias, surm ounted by ΠΙΣΤΙΣ; clasped han d s an d caduceus
m ale heads; above, star ΛΥΚΑΟΝΩΝ; anchor
ΛΥΚΑΟΝΩΝ; tiara I. O, 3.27.
i . P 4 6 , 6.56.

Lystra
The coinage of Lystra was catalogued by H. von Aulock, There are two denominations: 25141111/9.19 g (10) and
Chiron II (1972), pp. 509-18 (=vA L y s .) . i9 m m /6 .9 ig (i).
For the coins of the proconsul Rutilus, which were
attributed to Lystra by Grant, F I T A 238, see 3517
(Uncertain Pisidian colony). A u g u s tu s
The attribution of the unique coin in Berlin with
CERERIS and Ceres on the reverse to Lystra was made by 3538 AE. 26m m , 9 .3 0 g (8). [ 7 ]
Grant, F I T A 250, and seems very plausible in view of the vA Lys., 515
use of the same reverse on Lystran coins of Antoninus Pius.
IM P E A V G V S T I; lau reate head, 1.; behind, cornucopia
In addition, the style of the obverse is like that of the C O L IV L F E I G E M L V ST R A ; colonist ploughing, 1.,
Augustan coins without the cornucopia. w ith two hum p-backed oxen
A ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coin with eagle/club was I. L = bmc I, 10.20; 2. L 1979-1-1-2538 (ex vA 5403), 10.10; 3—7. See
attributed to the reign of Augustus by von Aulock in the vA ; 8. O —AM G 1422, 9.32; 9 . S ch u lten (20.10.1988) lo t 599, 13.03. T h e S
SNG (5402), but in his article in Chiron he assigned it to ‘2 o f A V G V S T I is retro g ra d e. F E I is for F E L (ix ).

Jh. n. Chr.?’. The coin (which is now in L, 1979-1-1-2537) 3539 A E. 25 m m , 8.75 g (2)· [ i ]
has consequently been omitted here, though its dating
vA Lys., 515
seems entirely open.
The Augustan coins were dated by Levick, R om an Colonies As 3 5 3 8 , b u t no cornucopia
in Southern A s ia M in o r, p. 37, to 25 b c , and interpreted by her r. PV , 10.33; 2~ 3· See vA.
as a foundation issue of that year. Her implicit view that the 3540 AE. 19m m , 6 .9 1 g (1). [ i ]
similar coins of Aurelius were bicentennial pieces is not
vA Lys., 515
compelling, and it would be surprising to find a portrait of
Augustus looking so mature at so early a date. One would IM P A V G [ ; lau reate head, r.
have thought that the last decade, or the last two decades, C E R E R IS ; Ceres seated, L, w ith torch (?) an d ears of
corn w ith poppies over alta r
of his reign was a much more likely date. Von Aulock
i . B (B -I), 6.91.
proposed a date of c. 6 b c .

Claudiconium (= Iconium)
The coinage of Iconium (modem Konya) has been fully unusual at so late a date. Coinage was also made for Nero,
discussed by H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n und, Städte L ykaoniens and, as this was produced with Poppaea, it can be dated to
(=vA L y k .) , pp. 51-9 and 75-90. 62-5.
Its earliest coinage has been dated, more or less precisely, There are three denominations:
to the first century b c , though it is not clear whether it may
Claudius 24mm, 9.72g (5) 20m m , 5.29g (5) 17mm, 3.11 g (5)
or may not belong to the periods when Iconium formed part Nero 25m m, 10.40g (14)20m m , 5.51 g (7)
of the kingdoms of Polemo and then Amyntas. Von Aulock
(op. c it., p. 54), however, dated it to the reign of Augustus,
because he interpreted the letters HK on some coins (his
nos. 242-4) as standing for the twenty-eighth year of the
province of Galatia, i.e., a d 3. He himself, however, realised C la u d iu s , A n n iu s A f r i n u s leg a te
the very tentative nature of this dating and preferred to
leave the coins as T Jh. v. Chr., vielleicht Zeit des 3541 A E. 24 mm , 9.72 g (5). [ 3 ]
Augustus’. The coins have not been included here. vA Lyk., 253-7
Under Claudius the name of the city became Claudi­ KAAYAIOC KAICAP C8BACTOC; lau reate head, r.
conium, and a number of coins were made, all signed by KAAYAEIKONIEWN ΕΠΙ ΑΦΡ8ΙΝΟΥ; H ades seated, 1.,
Annius Afrinus, whose governorship has been dated to 49- w ith sceptre; (below throne, cerberus)
54 (B. Thomasson, L aterculi P raesidum , no. 13; B. Rémy, L es i . B 1 7 3 5 8 , 9.18; 2 - 5 . See vA 253 a n d 255-7. A w o rn specim en was
m isa ttrib u te d to P essinus b y Im h o o f-B lu m er { M G , 415, no. 172, c f . M .
F astes Sénatoriaux, p. 96, no. 105), in view of the presence of G ra n t, N C , 1950, p. 45, n. 23), follow ed b y J . D evreker, F o u i l l e s d e
Agrippina II. One of the coins has the governor’s portrait, P e s s in o u n te , p. 174, no. 12.
 G A L A T I A : Claudiconium, (Koinon o f Galatia {3542-3545) 543

3542 AE. 20 m m , 5.29 g (5). [ 4 ] N ero, 6 2 - j

vA Lyk., 258-62
KAAYAIOC KAICAP CCBA; lau reate head, r. 3544 AE. 2 5m m , 10.40g (14). [ ii ]

CEBACTH ΕΠΙ Α Φ ΡείΝ Ο Υ KΛAYΔεIKONIεW N; d rap ed vA Lyk., 270-83

bust of A grippina II , r.
NoPYVN KAICAP CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r.
i . P 32 ( = W a 4763), 4-76; 2 . L 1 9 6 1 -7 -5 -1 , 5.07; 3—5. See v A 258-6 0 .
ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑ(Ε) CEBA(C)TH ΚΛΑΥAEIKONIEWN; Poppaea
(as K ore) seated, 1., w ith p oppy a n d sceptre
3543 AE. 17m m , 3.11g (5). [ 5 ]
i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —2 5 3 2 (ex vA 8647), 11.07; 2—3. L = bmc 2—3, 10.99, 7 -7 °j
vA Lyk., 245-9 4 —14. See vA.

ANNIOC ΑΦΡείΝΟΟ; b are head of A nnius A frinus, r. 3545 AE. 20 m m , 5.51g (7). [ 5 ]
ΚΛΑΥΔ(ε)ΙΚΟΝ(Ι)ε\¥Ν; Perseus standing, 1., w ith h a rp a
vA Lyk., 263-9
an d head of M edusa
i . L 1978—9—17—1 (ex A uktiones 8, 1978, lo t 469, ex vA 8645), 4.35; 2— NEPWN KAICAP CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r.
5. vA 246-9; 6. K ovacs 17, lo t 151. KAAYAEIKONIEWN; head o f Perseus w ith h a rp a, r.
i . N Y ; 2—3. L 1979-1 -1 -2 5 3 1 (ex vA 8646), 1 9 2 0 -5 -1 6 -9 4 ( = nc 1921,
25, no. 38), 5.20, 5.60; 4 —9. See vA 2 64-6, 267-9.

(Koinon of) Galatia

During the Julio-Claudian period a number of coins were
minted in Galatia (the tribal area, rather than the Roman
province), which have been discussed by M. Grant, N C
(1950), pp. 43-8, J. Devreker in J. Devreker and M.
Waelkens, L es F ouilles de la R ijksu n m ersiteit te G ent à Pessinounte
(1985), pp. 173fr., and by S. Mitchell, ‘Galatia under
Tiberius’, Chiron ι6 (1986), pp. 17-33. See also now B.
Rémy, L e s F astes Sénatoriaux, pp. 95fr.
Some of these coins lack an ethnic, some refer to the
Koinon of the Galatians and others refer only to the gov­
ernor of the province. The approach of Grant was to regard
them as ‘the official coinage [of Tiberius] in Galatia’ (cf.
Devreker, who distinguishes between ‘émissions de la cité’
and ‘émissions des gouverneurs ou de province’) since
‘coins of this period which possess neither ethnics nor the
names of local magistrates are official issues of representa­
tives of the Roman state’. This statement, which does not
anyway seem generally true (p. 14), seems to be of little
validity here. Some of the coins have dates, which should
indicate that they are city issues (see below); other groups
of coins (of Basila and Afrinus) have types which sometimes
suggest a specific reference to a city, and are probably
therefore to be regarded as civic rather than provincial
issues (even if the city in question cannot be securely identi­
fied) . A final group of coins of Nero and Galba refers to the
Koinon of the Galatians, and should probably therefore be
regarded as issues of the Koinon rather than of any Roman
official.
The relevant coins can be grouped into four main series.
These are mostly catalogued in this section, though the
coins of Afrinus from Claudiconium in Lycaonia have been
catalogued there.
Series 1: coinage in the name of the legate Basila. There
are a number of different coins with the inscription (or part
of it) ΕΠΙ BACIAA nPECBEYTOY. We find:
3546. Obverse: KAICAP CEBACTOC; reverse: Zeus (large
denomination)
3547. Obverse as previous; reverse: Cybele (small
denomination)
3548-9. Obverse: TIBEPJOC KAICAP; reverse: temple
(two denominations)
3550. Obverse as previous; reverse: lion
3551. Obverse as previous; reverse: head of Zeus.
Series 2: coinage of Tiberius with dates:
3552-3. Obverse: ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; reverses: Cybele
(bust or figure) and date ‘43’. (two denominations)
3554. Obverse: ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; reverse:
Cybele and inscription ‘in year 50’.
Series 3: coinage under Claudius signed by Annius Afrinus
(coinage for him was also made at Iconium, see 3541-3)·
3555-7. A series of three denominations, with the ethnic
n£C CINΟΥΝΊΊWN and the formula εΠΙ ΑΦΡΙΝΟΥ. The
types are Claudius/temple; Claudius/Cybele seated; and
head of Afrinus/bust of Men.
3558-9. An issue of two denominations of poorer style and
with the formula ΤΠΙ ΑΦΡΙΝΟΥ. Letters are often
retrograde. The larger denomination has head of
Claudius/temple and the smaller has head of Claudius/ins­
cription in wreath.
3560. A coin which possibly reads ΤΠΙ ΑΦΡείΝΟΥ and a
bull.
3561. A coin with the inscription ΡΠΙ ΑΦΡείΝΟΥ and an
altar, surmounted by an uncertain object with horns at the
top ( = a bucranium, according to Grant and Devreker).
(In addition Imhoof-Blumer ( M G , p. 415, no.
173 = Devreker, p. 174, no. 12) mentions a coin with
Sarapis(?): this is, however, a partially illegible coin of
Iconium = 3541, with Hades and cerberus.)
Series 4: coinage of the Koinon under Nero and Galba. An
issue was made for each emperor, that of Nero with two
denominations and that of Galba with three. The unifying
characteristic of the whole group is the unusual 1 o’clock
axis on nearly all the coins.
N ero:
a. (3562) ΝΕΡΩΝΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ, laureate head, 1./
ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΣ. Attributed to Galatia by Grant
(N C (1950), p. 47, n. 33), since he acquired a specimen in
Ankara: another specimen has recently been reported from
Pessinus (see Devreker, p. 200, no. 81). The attribution is
confirmed by the obverse legend, the die axis, a stylistic
comparison with b and the use of the same countermark as
on b;
b. (3563) ΝΕΡΩΝΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ, laureate head, l./TO
KOINON ΓΑΛΑΤΩΝ, temple.
(3564. As there are three denominations for Galba, one
would have expected three for Nero; there is indeed a smal­
ler Galatian coin in Mu for Poppaea, but it is hard to accept
it as genuine: see the commentary. On the other hand, it is
possible that it may represent a forgery of a genuine type,
not now extant, so it has been included.)
G alba:
a. (3565) PAABAC AYTOKPATWP KAICAP CEBACTOC/
CEPOYIOC TAABAC CEBACTOC, Men standing 1.;
b. (3566) TAABAC CEBACTOC/CEBACTWN, temple;
c· (3567) KOINON TAAATWN, bust of Mên/
CEBACTWN, temple. This coin probably belongs here,
rather than under Nero, in view of the similar reverse
inscription and type as b.
The attribution to mints, and the dating, of these dif­
ferent series pose difficult problems.
M int attribution
The coins of the second series are generally attributed to
Pessinus. The fact that the coins bear dates suggests that
they are not an ‘official coinage’ of the province, but a city
coinage, since such eras were of individual cities rather than
of provinces. In view of the inscription referring to the
MHTHP ΘΕΩΝ and the type of Cybele, an attribution to
Pessinus seems virtually certain. In addition, one example
was found at Pessinus (see catalogue). One would, in
general, have thought that provenances would be decisive
in Galatia, given the huge distances involved between Pes­
sinus, Ancyra, Tavium and Claudiconium; yet one speci­
men of an issue under Claudius, which seems to be a
product of Ancyra, was found at Konya (Claudiconium:
3 5 5 9 / 4 )·
Pessinus is also the mint of one group of the third series,
as the coins have the relevant ethnic. The attribution of the
other coins of Afrinus is less sure. If 3560 is correctly read as
a coin of Afrinus, then its reverse type suggests an attribu­
tion to Tavium, where a bull appears as the unique
standard type of Flavian coins. It is possible that the other
unique coin (3561) with the altar should be associated with
it; the style of portrait seems reasonably similar, though the
terrible preservation of the two coins makes this unsure.
Similarly, the two coins may be linked by the spelling of
Afrinus’s name with an E, and the uncertain object on the
altar definitely has horns at the top - perhaps an object
including a bucranium, i.e., related to the bull?
If 3560-1 can, admittedly with very great hesitation, be
attributed to Tavium, then the likely mint for the remaining
group (temple and inscription in wreath) would seem to be
Ancyra. The problem with this attribution is the find spot of
one piece (3559/4) at Konya. But it seems impossible for
this coin to be a product of Claudiconium, since we know
what coins of that city minted under Annius Afrinus looked
like (3541-3), and they are completely different. But a prob­
lem clearly remains.
The mint of the fourth series is also uncertain, and there
are reasons for attributing it to Ancyra, Pessinus and
Tavium!
In favour of Ancyra: the figure of Men on Galba’s coins is
very similar to the figure of Men on Ancyran coins of Titus
(e.g., vA 6132—3) minted at the end of Vespasian’s reign,
and other later coins; the Flavian coins have a related,
though different, die axis (1 o’clock or 7 o’clock).
In favour of Pessinus: its relative importance earlier as a
mint; some of the coins of Afrinus (only the smallest
denomination) have a 1 o’clock die axis. A similar standing
figure of Men appears on coins of Antoninus Pius
(Devreker, p. 176, no. 150). In addition, one coin was found
at Pessinus (Devreker, p. 200, no. 81), though provenances
have been reported from much further south (Cilicia).
In favour of Tavium: the countermark on Neronian coins
is a laureate head of Zeus, and on Galban coins an owl.
Very often countermarks were applied at the same place as
the original mint (C. Howgego, Greek Im p e ria l Counterm arks,
p. 8). On this basis, the coins are likely to emanate from a
city honouring Zeus and Athena, and, while the coins of
Tavium, Pessinus and Ancyra depict Athena, Zeus appears
as a standard type only at Tavium (though he does occur at
Pessinus, Devreker, p. 186, no. 150, and Ancyra, vA 6156);
and, as Howgego noted ( G I C 24), there was a temple of
Zeus at Tavium. Against Tavium is the consideration that
its late Flavian coins have a different axis (6 o’clock), but
there are ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins of Tavium with a 1
o’clock axis (e.g., 3568-70), which may perhaps date from
about this period.
The case for each mint seems good, and there is no
obvious choice; if a preference must be expressed, it would
be for Tavium (because of the die axis), but this is, of
course, not at all sure. The evidence of find spots seems
equivocal, particularly given the problem posed by the coin
of Afrinus of Ancyra (?), which was found at Konya.
This leaves the problem of the mint or mints of the first
series (coins of Basila). It seems reasonably sure that the
small coins of KAICAP CEBACTOC with Cybele are from
Pessinus: one was found there, while the type of Cybele is
appropriate to that city. The large coin of KAICAP
CEBACTOC has previously been described as also depicting
Cybele on the reverse, but Devreker (p. 191, no. 9) has
plausibly suggested that it actually depicts Zeus seated on a
throne and holding a vertical sceptre. An extremely similar
representation occurs on coins of Tavium (B M C 3-
4 = 3568), and strongly suggests an attribution there.
The mint(s) of the larger and the smaller coins of
Tiberius with a temple are not clear, though they are
generally attributed to Pessinus (Devreker, Mitchell)·
Tavium is also a possibility, in view of the likely mint of the
large KAICAP CEBACTOC/Zeus coin and the small
Tiberius/Zeus coin (see below); a similar temple also occurs
on coins of Tavium (vA 6238, here 3570), as well as on the
Glaudian coins of Pessinus (3555)·

Basila’s unique coin with the head of Zeus (3551) was
perhaps minted at Tavium, in view of the reverse type.
There is no obvious way of deciding about the mint of
Basila’s coins (3550) with a lion (given to Pessinus by
Imhoof-Blumer, G R M K , pp. 228-9, because he thought a
lion, as the animal of Cybele, was most applicable to Pes­
sinus); they do not resemble very closely any of the other
groups, and it is tempting to give them to the third main
Galatian centre, Ancyra. A lion does occur on the later
coinage of Ancyra (e.g. vA 6151), but this is not very signifi­
cant (e.g., a seated lion featured on the pre-imperial coinage
of Pessinus). A walking lion also occurs on the coinage of
Amyntas (3502, 3505: the latter perhaps from Pessinus),
but on both series or mints.
Thus there are reasons for thinking that Basila’s coins
should be split up between several Galatian mints. We
should, however, also bear in mind the possibility that they
were all made at one mint, and only refer to different
Galatian centres.
Dates
It should be stressed that these mint attributions are not,
for the most part, very certain. The chronology is, however,
rather more secure, at any rate for series 2 to 4. Series 4 can
be dated to 62-5 (Nero and Poppaea) and 68-9 (Galba),
while series 3 belongs to the period of Annius Afrinus’s
governorship, usually placed in 49-54 (e.g., B. E. Thomas-
son, L aterculi P raesidum , no. 13). The coins of series 2 are
dated to the 43rd and 50th year of a city (almost certainly
Pessinus); C. Bosch, followed by Mitchell (pp. 20-2), has
argued that the eras of Pessinus and Ancyra probably
began at the same time as that of Tavium (between 22 and
20 b c ) , giving dates of a d 21/2 or 22/3 and 28/9 and 29/30;
but it is possible that the era in question began in 25 b c (cf.
B. Levick, R om an Colonies in Southern A s ia M in o r , pp. 193-4),
with the death of Amyntas and the formation of the prov­
ince, in which case the coins would date to a d 18 and 25.
This question is related, though not necessarily so, to the
much greater problem of the date of Basila. Basila is one of
the Roman governors whose names appear on an inscrip­
tion on the temple at Ankara listing the benefactions of the
annual priests of Augustus and Roma; his name appears in
the same, abbreviated, form (επί Βασιλά) as on the coins.
Because of the number of annual priests mentioned (seven­
teen plus) and the fact that the fourth is described as dedi­
cating statues o f ‘Caesar’ and ‘J ulia Sebaste’ (i.e., after a d
14), it is generally agreed that Basila must fall towards the
end of Tiberius’s reign, especially as another early Tiberian
governor is known independently from another inscription.
This whole question has recently been fully discussed by S.
Mitchell, op. cit., pp. 17-33, who has argued that Basila’s
governorship fell from 35 until at least the accession of
Caligula.
From the numismatic point of view, however, it is not
entirely satisfactory to date Basila’s coins to the period
c. 35-40 and to interpret the portraits, with Grant, as those
of Tiberius and (posthumous) Augustus or, with Mitchell
(p. 25, n. 36), as Tiberius and Caligula. Without the
existence of the inscriptional evidence, one would have had
G A L A T I A : (Koinon of) Galatia 545
little hesitation in dating these coins to the end of
Augustus’s reign; KAICAP CCBACTOC, with a mature
laureate portrait, would be Augustus, while TIBEPIOC
KAICAP, with a very youthful and bare-headed portrait,
would be Tiberius under Augustus, or perhaps Tiberius at
the very beginning of his reign.
If this point is accepted (and, despite all the difficulties
provided by provincial portraiture, the contrast between
the older and younger portraits does seem difficult to
explain away), then one would have to reconcile it with the
inscriptional evidence in one of two ways. Firstly, one might
suggest that there were two governors of Galatia called
Basila, one at the end of Augustus’s reign (where there is
room) and the other twenty-five years later. This might
perhaps seem rather too much the long arm of coincidence.
The only alternative is, however, to date the Ankara
inscription much earlier, to the reign of Augustus. The
objection to this is, of course, the use of the name Julia
Sebaste, which Livia adopted only in a d 14, and, of course,
the reference to Θεώι Σεβαστώι in the heading. But one
could perhaps get around this point: Mitchell has argued
that the list begins near the beginning of Tiberius’s reign,
when the temple was completed and inaugurated. One
could, however, turn this view round and suggest that the
list fin ish e d with the completion of the temple: the names of
the previous priests of the cult were then inscribed. On this
view, the list would have been inscribed after Livia had
adopted her new name, even though it referred to earlier
events, and so her name would appear in the later (anach­
ronistic) form.
Another inscription, a Latin inscription from Antalya
published by Mitchell, indicates that the legate T. Helvius
Basila had served under two emperors (‘[Cajesares
Augusti’). On the earlier dating of the Ankara inscription,
one could make the following reconstruction:
legate no. of priests possible date
(= years)
incertus 2 2-1 BC
Metilius 5 ad 1-5
Fronto 4 6-9
Silvanus 4 1 0-13
Basila 2( + ) 14 151-*- )
These would be followed by Sotidius, and then Priscus, not
necessarily in that order, and the latter perhaps in c. 18, if
the era of Pessinus began in 2 5 b c , or later if the era began
in 2 2 - 2 0 b c .
Such a scheme would make sense of the coinage. There
would be coins for Augustus, KAICAP CFBACTOC, at the
very end of his reign and then immediately after his death
for Tiberius. The (probably Pessinuntine) coins of Tiberius
have a temple on both denominations. This might represent
the temple which has been excavated at Pessinus, but the
temple is shown in an identical way as that on the later
coins of the Koinon, which (wherever the coins were made)
must surely depict the temple at Ancyra; perhaps also the
very similar temple on coins of Pessinus (of Claudius as
well) is the Ancyra temple, in which case the above argu­
ment would explain why it appears on these coins. If the
Ankara temple was completed early in Tiberius’s reign dur­
ing Basila’s governorship, then it is perfectly understand-
 G A L A T I A : (Koinon of) Galatia (3546-3555)

able that his coins should depict this temple at this precise 3550 A E. 21 m m , 5 .7 4 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
time. Unfortunately, the reverse of the unique specimen of NC 1950, 44-5, no. 7, D evreker 191, no. 7
the larger denomination with the temple is very worn and
TIBEPIOC KAICAP; bare head, r.
one cannot tell if it might have had some further inscription; ΕΠΙ BAC ΠΡΕΡΒΕΥΤΟΥ; lion w alking, r.
but the end of the legend on the smaller one can be i . P 43 ( = grmk 229, no. 2), 5.75; 2. B (L ö b b ); 3. vA 6114, 5.73. All
reconstructed to read C EB A CTO C, presumably referring to from th e sam e obv. die. M in t u n ce rtain .
the identity of the honorand of the temple, just as on the
3551 A E. 17m m , 5 .4 6 g (1). Axis: 12. [ o ]
Galban coins the temple is labelled CEB A CTW N , i.e., after
other members of the imperial family had been included in ] KAICAP; b are head, r.
]AA nP E C [ ; lau reate h ead of Zeus, r.
it.
i . P V , 5.46. P e rh a p s m in ted a t T av iu m ?
This view is put forward only as a hypothesis, which
would, of course, have implications: it would be the very
beginning of Tiberius’s reign and, specifically, the
governorship of Basila which was crucial for the develop­ S eries 2 : d a te d coinage o f T ib e r iu s (see
ment of the imperial cult in Galatia. It is, however, a hypo­ in tro d u c tio n f o r d isc u ssio n o f m in t a n d d a tes)
thesis with difficulties, notably that posed by the dedication
of the statue o f ‘Caesar’; this would have to mean Tiberius, (a ) P r is eus, A D 18 or 21-3
but this would seem rather surprising in a d 2 . The problem
is left unresolved here. 3552 AE. 2 8m m , 12.28g (1). Axis: 12 or 5. [ 2 ]
NC 1950, 44, no. 2, D evreker igo, no. 2
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b a re head, 1.
ΕΠΙ ΠΡΕΙΣΚΟΥ MHTHP ΘΕΩΝ; C ybele seated, 1.; in field,
Series i: Basila, c . a d 14-15, or35-J? (for ΓΜ
discussion o f date and mint, see introduction) i . L 1 9 6 5 -2 -8 -2 (ex G r a n t) , 12.28; 2. B U n c e rta in (ex W ellersheim
6213: ‘M a llu s ’ ac co rd in g to Im h o o f-B lu m er, A n n a l e s d e N u m i s m a t i q u e (1883),
117, no. 56); 3. D resd en . All illu s tra te d on N C , 1950, pi. II. 4 -6 . P ro b ab ly
A u g u s tu s ? m in ted a t P essinus.

3546 AE. 25m m , 9.90 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] 3553 AE. 2 3m m , 6 .6 7 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
NC 1950, 44-5, no. 8, D evreker 191, no. 9 NC 1950, 43, no. i, D evreker 191, no. 1
KAICAP CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r. ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, 1.
ΕΠΙ BACIAA nPECBEYTOY; Zeus w ith sceptre seated, Ε Π Ι ΠΡΕΙΣΚΟΥ MHTHP ΘΕΩΝ; d rap ed b u st of Cybele, r.;
facing in field, ΓΜ
i . P 2 0 7 , 9.90. D ev rek er also cites a coin in B; this is p ro b a b ly a i . L 1 8 4 4 -4 -2 4 -7 0 2 6 , 7.75; 2. P 44B, 5.59; 3. G o (see nc 1950, 43, n.
confusion w ith 3 5 4 7 /1 , as th e re seem s to be no coin o f this type in B. 4); 4 —5· I (see D ev rek er); 6. F o u n d a t P essinus (D evreker 200, no. 78). 1-
M in te d a t T a v iu m ? 2 illu stra te d on NC, 1950, pi. I I . 1-2. P ro b ab ly m in ted a t Pessinus.

3547 AE. 15m m , 3.14g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]

D evreker ig i , no. 8 (b ) Year 3 0 = A D 2 5 or 2 8 -3 0
[K]AICAP CEBACTOC; b are head, r. 3554 AE. 19 mm , 6.50 g (4). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 8 ]
]CBEYT[; C ybele seated, facing, on throne
nc 1950, 44, no. 3, D evreker 191, no. 3
i . B (I-B ) ( — GRMK228, no. i , w ith T af. V I I I . 16), 3.14; 2. F o u n d a t
P essinus (D evreker 200, no. 79, illu strated ). P ro b ab ly m in ted a t Pessinus. ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.
MHTHP ©EWN ETEI N; tu rrete d an d d rap ed bust of
Cybele, 1.
T ib e r iu s i . B (B-I), 9.24; 2—4. B (I-B —gm 759 a n d T af. X I I I . 13, I-B , R au ch );
5. L 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 —2650 (ex vA 5020, ‘E te n n a ’), 6.01; 6. V B riu la 27488;
3548 AE. 26 mm , 16.36 g (1). Axis: 9. [ 1 ] 7. M u P essinus 2a, 4.14; 8. P U n c e rta in , 6.60; 9. A ( = nc 1950, pi. II.7 );
10. T h o rv a ld sen , no. 170; 11. W e b er (H irsch ), no. 3974. P ro b ab ly m inted
no 1950, 44—5, no. 6, D evreker 191, no. 6 a t P essinus.
TIB8PIOC K[AI]CAP; b are head, r.; all in w reath
ΕΠΙ BA[C]IA; tem ple w ith six colum ns
I. L 1 9 6 5 - 2 - 8 - 3 (ex G ra n t), 16.36. M in te d a t P essinus o r T aviu m ?
S e rie s 5 : A n n iu s A f r in u s , 0 . 4 5 - 5 4 (see
3549 AE. 16 - 18 m m , 4 .5 7 g (5). Axis: 12 o r 9. [ 3 ]
NC 1950, 44-5, nos. 4 -5 , D evreker 191, nos. 4 -5
in tro d u c tio n f o r d isc u ssio n o f m in t a n d d a tes) ____
TIB8PIOC KAICAP; b a re h e a d , r.
( a ) P e s s in u s
8Π Ι BACIAA nPE C CCBACTOC [sic]; tem ple w ith six
colum ns 3555 AE. 2 5m m , 9 .6 6 g (5). Axis: 12. [ 5 1
i . L 1 9 2 7 - 2 - 2 - 5 ( ε π ί BACI[ ]A CTO C), 4.05; 2. 0 ( 8 n i B A C I [ ), 5.26;
bmc 3, D evreker 175, no. 13
3 . C 492-1948 (G ran t) ( ε π ί B A [ ), 4.41; 4 . L indgren A 1670A (8111
BACIAA n P £ C [ ), 4.37; 5. S ch u lten A pr. 1987, lo t 513 ( ε π ί BACIAA KAAYAIOC KAICAP CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r.
nP C C [ ), 4.76; 6. I ( = n c 1950, 44, n. 12, w ith pi. I I. 10); 7. M i ( = n c nECCINOYNTIWN; tem ple w ith six colum ns; below, εΠ Ι
1950, pi. I I . 9). T h e obv. die o f 2, 4 a n d 5 is th e sam e. G ra n t’s d escrip tio n
o f a coin in L as N C , 1950, pp. 4 4 -5 , no. 5, is p resu m a b ly a m isd escrip tio n
ΑΦΡΙΝΟΥ
o f no. i here. M in te d a t Pessinus or T avium ? i . B (L ö b b ), 9.35; 2. B (I-B ); 3. L = bmc 3, 9.11; 4, P D elepierre, 9 .1 b
 G A L A T I A : (Koinon of) Galatia (3556-3567) 547

5. M u 2b, 9.94; 6—8. D evreker also cites a n o th e r coin from M u (10.76),

W e b er (H irsch sale) 3975 a n d a piece from th e P essinus excavations
S e rie s 4 : N e r o a n d G a lb a ( T a v iu m ? )
( = 200, no. 80). 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 a n d 8 are from th e sam e obv. die; 1 a t any
ra te is different. (a ) N e r o , 62-5
3556 AE. 20 m m , 5.44 g (8). Axis: 12 o r 6. [ 8 ] 3562 AE. 27m m , 12.51g (12). Axis: i or 12. [ 20+ ]
D evreker 175, no. 14 D evreker 192, no. 13, cf. 175, no. 16
KAAYAIOC KAICAP CCBACTOC; lau reate head, r. ΝΕΡΩΝΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; lau reate head, r.
MHTPOC nCCCINOYNTIWN ΕΠΙ ΑΦΡ(£)ΙΝΟΥ; Cybele ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΣ; d rap ed b u st o f Poppaea, r.
seated, 1. i . L 1962—2—8 -4 (ex G ra n t, b o u g h t a t A n k a ra ), 9.62; 2. L G 1 9 4 9 , 10.87;
I. L 1 9 0 0 - 7 - 5 - 2 , 5.61; 2 - 3 . L 1 8 9 9 -7 -3 -1 7 2 , 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -2 6 8 9 (ex vA 3—6. L G 1216, 1 8 4 4 -1 2 -2 6 -4 4 6 , 1979-1—1—2652 a n d -2 6 5 3 (ex vA 6 1 1 7 -
6209), 5.25, 5.40; 4—6. B (I-B = mg 415, no. 172, B -I, R au c h ); 7. P 208, 18), 12.56, 10.69, î 4 - 2 9 > I 3 -3 °? 7—8. P A n cy ra 1973/92, 1965/1072; g—
5.92; 8. M u 2c, 4.83; 9—12. D evreker also cites specim ens from M u (6.03 13. P U n certa in , 10.94, 11.36, 13.37, 12·θ8, 14.85; 14. G (p. 739); 15. M u
ex H irsch 13, 1905, lo t 4410, 5.08), W in te rth u r (5.39) a n d th e P essinus K o in o n o f G a la tia 3, 13.97; 16—18. V P essin u s 20017, 3 020 9 > U n c e rta in
excavations (193, no. 10). A ll from th e sam e obv. die. 27335/78, 10.91, r 3 -7 r J —j Γ9· C gen ., 11.67; 20. N Y , 17.17;
21. A m erican U n iv . o f B eiru t (cast in P); 2 2 . H a rla n B erk 30 th B uy or
3557 AE. 17m m , 3.13g (3). Axis: i. [ 3 ] B id sale (13.2.1984), no. 290; 23. F o u n d a t P essin u s (D ev rek er 200, no.
81; 24—25. H , 11.85, 13.64. A n o te in P b y Seyrig read s, ‘ces pieces se
D evreker 175, no. 15 re n c o n tre n t so u v en t en Syrie. P eu t-ê tre ciliciennes, cfr. R N 1964’ (c f . no.
3560). T h is is p ro b ab ly n o t a com plete listin g , since th e coins m ay be
ANNIOC ΑΦΡΙΝΟΒ; b are head o f A frinus, r. h o u sed in very different places in m u seu m collections (e.g., it w o u ld be
neCCINOYNTIWN; b u st of M en, r. su rp risin g if th ere w ere n o exam ples in B, som ew here). D ev rek er, p. 175,
i . P 2 1 0 , 3.68; 2. B (L ö b b ), 2.87; 3. M u 2, 2.85. 1 a n d 2 a n d p ro b a b ly 3 no. 16 (th e sam e coin w ith ΠΕΣ below th e b u s t o f P o p p aea) is b ased only
are from th e sam e dies. o n M io n n et, an d is p ro b ab ly a m isread in g , as th e re seem to be n o letters
th ere. D evreker, p. 192, no. 14 (2 4 m m . AYT K ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔ
Σ ΕΒ /Π Ο Π Π Α ΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ) is b ased only o n M i 4.391.107 a n d seem s m o st
im plausible.
(b ) A n c y r a ? C o u n te rm ark : L a u re a te h ead o f Z eus ( G I C 24: 22).

3563 AE. 2 0m m , 6.44g (4)· Axis: i or 12. [ 13 ]

3558 AE. 20-3 m m , 7.33 g (5). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 7 ]
ΝΕΡΩΝΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; lau reate head, 1.
D evreker 191, no. n
TO KOINON ΓΑΛΑΤΩΝ; tem ple w ith four colum ns
] KAICAP; laureate head, r. i . L i Q02—k—k—1 5, 6.p;q; 2. L 1 9 7 0 -1 -1 -2 6 5 1 (ex vA 6116), 6.25; 2—4. P
ΕΠΙ ΑΦΡΙΝΟΥ; tem ple w ith six steps 45, 46 (= W a 6593), 5.92, 5.63: 5 - 7 . B (L ö b b , F ox, I-B ); 8 - 9 . V 19985,
i . N Y (επί ΑΦΡ[ ); a. N Y ( ]A ΙΠ 3 ); 3. L 1 9 6 5 -2 -8 -5 (ex G ran t: 31102; 1 0 - 1 1 . M u G a la tia i, K o in o n o f G a la tia i; 12—13. N Y; 14. vA
]N OY ), 5.97; 4 . P 44A ( ]Π Ι ΑΦΡΓΚΟΥ), 6.67; 5. B 8024 (ex 6115, 7.84.
W ellersheim 6197, ‘A eg ae’: sam e dies as 2); 6 - 7 . C 491-1948 (επί ΑΦ Ή C o u n te rm ark : L a u re a te h ea d o f Z eu s ( G I C 24: 3, 12-13).
N OY ), 504-1948 (επ[ ] h o y ) , 6.25, 9.00; 8 . vA 6208 (επί α φ ρ μ ο υ ) ,
8.78. D evreker also cites a piece in M u (10.41, illu strated ). T h e obv. is n o t 3564 AE. 16 m m , 4 .0 7 g (1). Axis: 6. [ 1 ]
fully legible on any specim en; all or p a r t o f KAICAP can be read on 1, 7
ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; bust, r.
a n d 8; it is n o t clear w h e th e r or n o t th e legend in clu d ed KAAYAIOC.
KOINON ΓΑΛΑΤΩΝ; alta r
3559 AE. 1 6 -1 8 m m , 5.0 6 g (6). Axis: 12, 6 or 9. [ 3 ] i . M u , 4.07. T h is coin is alm o st ce rtain ly a forgery; the style (especially o f
the p o rtra it) is o dd, th e die axis is w ro n g a n d th e n o m in ativ e case
D evreker 191, no. 10 unlikely. I t h as p ro b ab ly been alte re d from so m eth in g else. I t m ay p erh ap s
b e a copy o f an oth erw ise g en u in e, th o u g h n o t e x tan t, coin, since one
] KAICAP; lau reate head, r.
w ould ex p ect a th ird d e n o m in atio n (see in tro d u ctio n ).
ΕΠΙ ΑΦΡΙΝΟΥ; in three lines in w reath
I. M u I, 5.29; 2. P 4 4 ( = W a 6592), 4.61; 3 . V 37335; 4 · I (= B. P-émy,
BSFN 1989, 5 2 2 -3 ), 4.23; 5 . L in d g ren 1671; 6. S ch u lten (20.10.1987) lot
(b ) G a lb a , 6 8 - g
411, 5.07; 7. P V , 5.79. A ll o r p a rt o f KAICAP ca n be read on all
specim ens, b u t th e rest o f th e obv. is obscure, as on 3 5 5 8 . T h e N is
re tro g ra d e on 2. 4 w as fo u n d a t K o n y a: see in tro d u ctio n for th e pro b lem
3565 AE. 2 7m m , 14.17g (5). Axis: i. [ 9 ]
this raises. TAABAC AYTOKPATWP KAICAP CE B A CTO C; b are head,
r.
CEPOYIOC ΓA ABAC CE BA CTO C; M en standing, 1.
(c) T a v iu m ? i . Ο , 16.61; 2. L 1 8 4 4 -4 -2 5 -1 0 9 2 , 11.49; 3 “ 4 · W a 531, Seyrig
1965/700, 14.92, 14.55; 5 · B (ΓΒ = km 495, no. 1); 6 - 8 . N Y; 9 . G 1 (pi.
3560 AE. 24m m , 11.47g (i)· Axis: 6. [ o ] lxi.21); 10. S tern b e rg X I (1981), lo t 376, 11.49; ι τ · W a d d ell 9.12.1982,
ΐ 3 ·29 ·
] KAICAP; lau reate head, r. C o u n te rm ark s: O w l {G IC 345: 4, 6 -8 , 10).
]ΦΡξΤΝΟΥ; bull, r.
3566 AE. 20m m , 8 .3 7 g ( 0 · Axis: i. [ 2 ]
i - J S W , i 1.47. T h e read in g o f th e rev. legend a n d th e a ttrib u tio n are
extrem ely u n ce rtain . A sim ilar b u ll ap p e a rs on T a v ia n coins o f T itu s TAABAC CEBACTOC; bare head, 1.
C ae sa r { B M C 7), th o u g h th e position o f th e tail is different. O n th e o th e r [CEjBACTWN; tem ple w ith six colum ns
h a n d , th e g en eral pose o f th e b u ll a n d p a rtic u la rly th e p o sitio n in g o f the
I. N Y ; 2 . P 47, 8.37.
h ea d is very sim ilar. T h e coin w as b o u g h t in A leppo; this does not
d iscre d it a G a la tia n a ttrib u tio n , since, for in stan ce, Seyrig rep o rted 3567 A E. 17 -1 9 m m , 6 .8 0 g (g). Axis: 1. [ 5 ]
freq u en tly seeing specim ens o f 3 5 6 2 in Syria.
gm 746, no. 2
3561 AE. 23m m , 7.45g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] KOINON ΓΑΛΑΤΩΝ; b u st o f M en, 1.
D evreker 192, no. 12 CEBACTWN; tem ple w ith six colum ns
] KAICAP; lau reate head, r. I. L 1 9 7 4 - 1 - 2 - 5 9 , 6.34; 2 - 3 . P 41, 42 ( = W a 6591), 8.37, 7.05; 4 . B (I-
B = gm 746, no. 2), 5.88; 5. M u Pessinus ia , 7.34; 6— 7. v A 6113, 8721,
ΕΠΙ ΑΦΡείΝΟΥ; a lta r surm o u n ted by bu cran iu m (?) 5.79, 6.87; 8. M M A G 41 (1970), lo t 587, 6.20; 9 . S tern b e rg X I (1981), lot
i . P 20 9 , 7.45. T h e identification o f th e rev. ty p e is n o t sure. 374, 7.40.
 Pessinus
Pessinus had made coinage for King Deiotarus, and also the possible mint of the Koinon issues of Nero and
perhaps also for one series of King Amyntas’s coins (3505- Galba (3562-7).
7, see the discussion there). For a Claudian coin of Claudiconium misattributed to
In the imperial period, coinage was made at Pessinus Pessinus by Imhoof-Blumer ( M G , p. 415, no. 172), see
under Tiberius and Claudius (3552—7), and probably also 3 5 4 1·
by the legate Basila (3547, perhaps also 3548-9). Pessinus is

Ancyra
For coins of Claudius and the governor Annius Afrinus, issues of Galatia proper (3546-67) may also have been
perhaps made at Ancyra, see 3558-9. Some of the other made at Ancyra.

T avium
Tavium was very likely a mint for some of the coins of the M id - fir s t century a d ? *I.
legate Basila (3546, 3548-9?, 3551; see the discussion
there), and perhaps also for the legate Afrinus under 3568 AE. 27m m , 12.41g (2). Axis: 12 or 1.
Claudius (3560-1). BMC 3
Two groups of ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins were produ­
ced at Tavium, perhaps contemporaneously and perhaps TPOKMWN; bull standing, 1.
SEBAETHNWN; Zeus seated, facing, w ith vertical sceptre
also during the late Julio-Claudian period, though they
I. L = bmc 3, 12.64; 2 . L = BMC 4, 12.17. N o t a complete collection of
were dated ‘Titus-Severus’ in B M C . Both have the legend material.
TPOKMWN CBBACTHNWN, which is not found before the
end of Vespasian’s reign (B M C 6), and, although one of the 3569 AE. 19m m , 5.74g (2). Axis: 12 or 1.
reverses (figure of Nike) is very like that on coins of BMC 5
Domitian Caesar, the coins have a rougher fabric and dif­ TPOKMWN; lau reate head of Zeus, 1.
ferent letter forms (W not Ω) from the Flavian coins. An 2 EBA 2 THNWN; N ike on globe, 1., w ith w reath and palm
earlier date is suggested by the use of a 1 o’clock die axis for I. L = bmc 5, 5.82; 2. P 273 ( = W a 6689), 5.65. N o t a com plete collection
o f m a terial.
these coins, which otherwise seems to occur only on the
Koinon coins of Nero and Galba (perhaps also minted at 3570 AE. 19 mm , 5.59 g (4). Axis: 1.
Tavium). The coins of the larger denomination also have a mg 416, no. 175
slightly oval shape, very like the Koinon group. TPOKMWN; lau reate head of Zeus, 1.
SEBAZTHNWN; tem ple w ith six colum ns on basis
i . V 3 6 3 8 7 , 5.32; 2 . P 274 ( = W a 6 6 8 8 ), 5.19; 3 . B (I-B — m g 416, no.
175), 5-531 4 · vA 6238, 6.32. N o t a com plete collection o f m aterial.

Gangra-Germanicopolis
Gangra was the capital of the kingdom of Paphlagonia and
was perhaps the mint of the extremely rare silver and
bronze coins of its king, Deiotarus (3508-9). On his death
in 6 Be Paphlagonia was annexed as part of the province of
Galatia (see p. 537).
A single coin (of Nero) is classified in B under Gangra-
Germanicopolis, an attribution followed by Rec and the vA
Index. This coin is, however, of Tomi in Moesia (1836/1).
There is, therefore, no Julio-Claudian coinage from
Gangra.

Amasea
Although Amasea, the old capital of the kingdom of Pontus,
is normally classified under Pontus, it seems to have been
included with the province of Galatia from 2 b c (B. Magie,
R om an R u le in A s ia M in o r, pp. 465-6; B. Rémy, L ’évolution
adm inistrative de l ’A n a to lie aux trois prem iers siècles de notre ère, p.
27), together with the rest of Galatian Pontus.
Its coinage has been described in the relevant revised
volume of Rec (1925). The city had produced a certain
amount of coinage for Mithradates VI; this was followed by
the single issue attributed by Rec to Tiberius, which is the
only issue to fall within the chronological limits of this
catalogue.
The attribution to a particular emperor and the correct
reading of the reverse legend are not certain. Grant’s view
(preserved on the ticket beneath the C coin; cf. the comment
in SNG) was that the emperor was definitely not Tiberius,

but Claudius, a view presumably based on the long neck.
This consideration does not, however, seem compelling,
especially in view of the dangers implicit in dating provin­
cial coins on the basis of the appearance of the portrait.
Tiberius does not seem excluded, but any of the Julio-
Claudians (before Nero) is also possible.
The correct reading of the reverse might help, as it might
have included a date, like later coins of Amasea (based on
an era of 2 b c ) . Rec read the inscription as ΑΜΑ2 ΕΩΝ
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩΝ; it is possible that one of the Gd. Due specimens
which he knew had a clear reading, though this is perhaps
unlikely as otherwise it would have been used for the
illustration. The specimen in C is one of the clearest and
reads ΑΜΑΣΕΩΝ E(?)[. The end of the inscription is
clearest on the JSW specimen, which appears to end with
an M or an MA ligature, possibly a date. If so the coin
G A L A T I A : Amasea (3571) 54g
would presumably be of Caligula, as at near-by Comana
(2157-61). The interpretation as a date is, however, very
uncertain, as is the nature of the object behind the Tyche
head.
U n c e rta in em peror - p e r h a p s C a lig u la ?
3571 AE. 21 m m , 9 .9 9 g (4). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
Rec 6
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; lau reate head, r.
ΑΜΑΣΕΩΝ E (?)[ ] M A (?); tu rrete d h ead o f Tyche, r.;
behind, uncertain object
I . B (L ö b b ) ( = R ec, pi. I V .9), 10.31; 2. C = SNG 4031 = 1948-176 (ex
G ra n t), 9.94; 3· JS W , 10.34; 4 · P 838, 9.36; 5—6. See Rec.
C o u n te rm ark : C rescent? ( G I C 167: 4 -5 ).
 CAPPADOCIA
Cat. no. Page

Introduction 55°
Caesarea 550
Archelaus (silver) 3601-8 551
(bronze) 36 ° 9 - ! 9 552
Tiberius 3620-3 553
Caligula 3624 554
Claudius 3625-8 554
Germanicus 3629-30 554
Nero 363 !—53 555
Bronze (imperial) 3654-8 558
T yana 3659-60 559
Hierapolis (Comana) 3661 559

During the period covered by this catalogue Cappadocia
was at first a kingdom, and then, from a d 17, a Roman
province. The kingdom of the last king, Archelaus, was very
large and included parts of Cilicia, particularly Elaeusa
(which he rebuilt and renamed as Sebaste: see 3715); see
pp. 535, 560. Coinage produced in Cappadocia was restric­
ted almost entirely to the royal and then Roman provincial
silver. Small issues of bronze were also made under Arch­
elaus, for Germanicus and under Claudius; and in addition
there were tiny civic issues under Nero at Tyana (3659-60)
and Comana (3661).

Caesarea
Caesarea was, as Mazaca, the royal capital of the Cappado­
cian kings; it had been renamed Eusebeia, perhaps in the
second century b c , and finally changed its name to
Caesarea in about 10 b c , as is shown by the dated bronze
coins minted there for Archelaus (see 3609-13 and 3614-
19). In a d 17 Cappadocia was incorporated into the Roman
Empire, and became an important silver mint, whose pro­
duction continued until the reign of Gordian III ( a d 238-
44). The standard work on the mint is S = E. A. Sydenham,
The Coinage o f Caesarea in Cappadocia (London, 1933); a
reprint was published (New York, 1978) with a supplement
by A. G. Malloy. As is well known, the book has a number
of flaws, although these are not, in general, too serious for
the Julio-Claudian period. Some of Sydenham’s readings,
datings and even attributions to Caesarea are discussed
below. The other fundamental work on the period is the
relevant section of Walker, M etrology, who - in addition to
the analyses of coins he published - discussed many of the
problems which arise.
The currency of the area in the early imperial period is
best illustrated by listing the few hoards which are known:I.
I. Sheikler, before 1930 (when it was acquired by
Newell). This unpublished hoard is preserved today in the
trays of the collection at NY. It is interesting for the mixture
of Roman denarii and Archelaus’s silver (and in fact throws
much light on vexed questions of the chronology of
Augustus’s denarii). Its contents were:
4 Republic (R R C 415, 469/1 a, 507/2, 542/1)
11 Augustus
i Octavian/Mercury CAESAR DIVI F
i CAESAR/candelabrum
4 Rome moneyers (M. Sanquinius, B M C 70, 2
Platorinus, B M C 112-13, Antistius Reginus, B M C
119-20)
i ‘Spain Γ { B M C 335)
4 ‘Spain IT (2 B M C 346-8, B M C 352, B M C 367)
i Ariobarzanes II { B M C 2/3)
9 Ariobarzanes III (3 ‘year 9’, 6 ‘year 11’)
i Ariarathes X { B M C 2)
i Archelaus (Year 22 = 15/14 b c )
The date of deposition would appear to be about 15/14 b c ;
although Archelaus did not issue any more drachms until
year 39, one would have expected some denarii from
Augustus’s Lyon mint if it had been put together much
later. This obviously has possibly important implications
for the chronology of the Rome moneyers (note that
Platorinus also occurred in the Gallignano hoard, R R C H
506, which similarly lacked Lyon coins), and for the can­
delabrum issue.
As far as Cappadocian currency is concerned, however,
the hoard seems to be unique for the quantity of Roman
denarii it contained (see the other hoards, below).
2. Caesarea 1972 {C H I, 116, with additional material in
 C A P P A D O C I A : Caesarea (3601) 551

BM file). Thirty-one coins were recorded out of a total D ies! Sample H oard 2 3 ^
thought to be at least sixty-two, if not larger. The parcel of T IB ER IU S
the hoard examined in detail contained: M t Argaeus 30/52 Ο (or 41) (- ) il
Drusus 21/28 3 5 i
1 denarius of Tiberius Divus Aug 10/16 4 II 3
13 drachms of Tiberius/Mt Argaeus (3620) CALIGU LA 19/23 4 4 4
3 drachms of Tiberius/Drusus (3622)
CLAUD IUS
4 drachms of Divus Augustus/Germanicus (3623) De Britannis 15/30 4 (-) 4
4 drachms of Caligula/simpulum and lituus (3624) P P ob cives 7/12 B 3
4 didrachms of Glaudius/quadriga DE BRITANNIS Nero Drusus 1/4 2 (-)
(3 6 2 5 ) NERO
2 didrachms of Nero Drusus/triumphal arch (3628) Germani didr 39/72 (-)
dr 12/15 B 3
In addition the hoard is said to have contained a further Germ a didr 46/48 (-) 6
twenty-seven drachms of Tiberius/Mt Argaeus (making a dr 25/32 2 3
total of forty-one), and a further three didrachms of The Julio-Claudian issues appear to have survived well into
Claudius (type unspecified). the second century, on the evidence of the Caesarea 1906
3 . Caesarea, before 1932. The hoard was deposited in hoard; similarly, the small Asia Minor hoard of eighteen
about 65, and contained twenty-two coins. It was published coins down to Trajan (N C , 1932, pp. 238-9) contained two
by E.A. Sydenham in N C , 1932, pp. 68-9. Its contents late didrachms of Nero and Divus Claudius. On the other
were: hand, the hoard from Gerzeoul, USSR (V. Kropotkin,
N u m ism a tik a e E p ig ra p h ika 6 (1966), no. 202), deposited in
5 drachms of Tiberius/Drusus (3621-2) the reign of Marcus Aurelius, contained none of them, sug­
ii drachms of Divus Augustus/Germanicus (3623) gesting that they disappeared from circulation some time in
4 drachms of Caligula/simpulum and lituus (3624) the second quarter of the second century, although the
2 drachms ofNero/Divus Claudius (3648). evidence about this is admittedly thin.
4 . Caesarea 1906. An extremely large hoard of about eight
hundred coins going down to the reign of Hadrian. A few
A r c h e la u s , 3 6 b c - a d i j
coins were acquired by F. Gnecchi and published by him in
R I N , 1909, and today are in R. About a quarter of the hoard
S ilv e r
was acquired by Newell, and described by A. Baldwin in
A réthuse 4 (1927), p. 145; the coins were subsequently Archelaus (on whom see R. D. Sullivan, A N R W 11.8.2
acquired by NY, together with the rest of Newell’s (1980), pp. 1149-61) minted silver drachms and (very rare)
collection. hemidrachms. Three drachms have been analysed by
The relevant part of the hoard was: Walker, to give an average fineness of 88%, showing that
the silver was already fairly base before the Roman take­
9 drachms of Archelaus (4 ‘year 41’, 5 ‘year 42’) over and at about the same level that they continued. (The
15 drachms of Tiberius coin of year 21 was finer than the two later ones, of years 41
11 Mount Argaeus and 42, but the sample is clearly too small to make anything
i Tiberius/Drusus of this.)
3 Divus Augustus/Germanicus The coins were attributed to a mint at Elaeusa/Sebaste
4 drachms of Caligula/simpulum and lituus by Imhoof-Blumer (see p. 563), because of the occurrence of
i didrachm of Nero Drusus ktistes in the reverse legend; but a mint at Caesarea seems
7 didrachms of Claudius (4 DE BRITANNIS, 3 PP more likely, since the hemidrachms depict Mount Argaeus
OB CIVES SERVATOS) (3607-8).
16 didrachms and 8 drachms of Nero The silver has most recently been described by B.
with GERMANI; didr. S 69, 74(3), 73 (7); dr. S 76 Simonetta, T he Coins o f the C appadocian K in g s (Fribourg,
var., 76 and 77 1977)2 PP· 45- 6; his account, however, is flawed by his
with GERMA: didr. 68(5), 80; dr. 72, 88(2) mistaken view that there were drachms for the 49th regnal
4 drachms of Polemo of Pontus (with Nero, year 19). year of the reign. This is just an error for the 39th year.
Despite the evidence of the Sheikler hoard, the hoards sug­ drachms (AR 88%, average weight: 3.65g)
gest that denarii did not play a very important role in the
silver currency of Cappadocia, which was dominated by the 3601 Y ear 2 0 = 17/16 b c
Caesarean issues. Of these, the most abundant were the bm c i, S im onetta 1
Greek legend drachms of Tiberius/Mt Argaeus and the D iadem ed head o f A rchelaus, r.
second issue of didrachms ofNero/Divus Claudius. We can ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ APXEAAOV ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΚΤΙΣΤΟV;
get an idea of the output by comparing the number of dies club; K
used in the available sample with the representation in the i . L = b m c i , 3.69; 2. L 1 9 2 6 -1 -1 6 -9 4 0 , 3.70; 3—4 . C ; 5 . P W a 6950,
3.77; 6—8. B; 9. C o p 165; 10. C a h n 60, 1021; 11. H a m b u rg e r 11.6.1930,
hoards (didrachms are underlined): 404; 12. N Y ; 13. S im onetta.
55·? C A P P A D O C I A : Caesarea (3602-3614)

3602 Y ear 22 = 15/14 BO which occur on earlier regal drachms and many of the
BMC 2, Sim onetta 2 Eusebeia bronzes. This view has been followed here, and
As 3601, b u t K B
only groups 2 and 3 have been included.
i . L = b m C 2, 3.79; 2. W eb er 7791, 2.62; 3 . C a h n 68, 1511; 4. N aville 7,
The cataloguing of the bronzes is, however, rather diffi­
1662; 5 . H irsch , N ov. 1907, 593, 3.65; 6. N Y (S heikler h o a rd ), 3.30; cult, as the coins are all fairly rare and very diverse: the last
7. S im onetta. full listing was that of Imhoof-Blumer in 1898. He was
3603 Y ear 39 = ad 3/4 followed more or less by Sydenham and Herrli, and it has
Sim onetta 6 corr.
not proved possible to advance very much.
As Imhoof-Blumer pointed out, the designs used are
As 3601, b u t obv. su rrounded by fillet b o rd er an d ΛΘ
almost entirely copied from those used in the first century
i . P 2 0 4 (W a 6 9 5 1 ), 3.46; 2. B.
b c on coins of Phrygia and Pontus. The additions are speci­
3604 Y ear 40 = a d 4/5 fic to Cappadocia, e.g., Mount Argaeus (on which, see P.
Sim onetta 3 Weiss, ‘Argaios/Erciyas Dagi-Heiliger Berg Kappadokiens;
As 3603, b u t M Monumente und Ikonographie’, J N G 35, 1985, pp. 21-48).
i . P 2 0 6 (W a 6 9 5 2 ), 3.45; 2. S im onetta.
The coin allegedly reading year 14, vA 6338, seems
rather to be a piece with a monogram (S Suppl. 3a, Wa
3605 Y ear 41 = ad 5/6 6724). Herrli, op. cit., no. 21, reports a coin as 3610 but of
Sim onetta 4 year K; this is possible, but is not certain from his illustra­
As 3 6 0 3 , b u t MA tion, and 13 seems possible.
i . L = BMC 3, 3.53 (A tooled off); 2. L 1920—2—1—1, 3.24; 3. V 20245,
3.67; 4 . P W a 6953, 3.40; 5. S im o n etta; 6 . C a h n 50, 1023; 7. N av ille 5, first g r o u p : d a t e d , w i t h Ε Υ ΣΕ Β Ε ΙΑ Σ
2781, 4.02; 8. N Y.
3609 A E. 19 mm , 3.63 g (1). [ i ]
3606 Y ear 42 = ad 6-7
S 31, rsn 1898, 32. Y ear 12 = 25/24 bc
BMC 4, Sim onetta 5
H ead of Cybele, r.
As 3 6 0 3 , b u t MB ΕΥΣΕΒΕΙΑΣ; cornucopia; IB
I. L = b m c 4 , 3.24; 2. L 1 9 3 1 -5 -1 -3 9 , 3.49; 3. P W a 6954, 3.44; 4 - 6 . B; i . B (L ö b b —rs n 1898, T af. 1. 18), 3.63.
7 · V 36388 = E gger 1914, 2388, 3.64; 8. G ; 9. Ο , 3.29; i o . C a h n 71, 567,
3.65; i i . N aville 7, 1663, 3.39; 12. S im onetta; 13. N Y. 3610 A E. 21 mm , 5 .1 5 g (5). [5 ]
H E M i D R A C H M S (average weight: 1.84 g) S 32, rsn 1898, 33-4. Y ear 13 = 24/23 bc

3607 Y ear 39 = ad 3/4 H ead of D ionysus, r.

ΕΥΣΕΒΕΙΑΣ; M o u n t A rgaeus; above, eagle; on r., thyrsus;
Sim onetta 7, rsn 1898, 11, no. 38, S Suppl. A
in exergue, m onogram an d ΙΓ
H ead o f H eracles w ith lion skin ro u n d neck, r. i . I-B ( = rsn 1898, T af. 1 . 19), 4.81; 2—3. B (L öbb, — ), 6.01, —; 4. P
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ APXEAAOV; M o u n t A rgaeus; Λ Θ 1 9 7 1/ 3 4 7 ? 5 ·οι; 5 · M u ; 6 . W in te rth u r, 4.10; 7 . vA 6337, 5.84.

i . L 1 9 8 4 —8—7—13, 1.45; 2. P 210 ( = S im onetta, pi. 7.1), 2.28; 3. M u ,

3611 A E. 2 5m m , 7.35g (4). [ 4 ]
1.86; 4 . N Y.
S 33, rsn 1898, 35. Y ear 1 9 = 18/17 bc
3608 Y ear 40 = a d 4-5
L au reate head of A pollo, r.; behind, lyre
Sim onetta 8, rsn 1898, 11, no. 39
ΕΥΣΕΒΕΙΑΣ; tripod; ΙΘ
As 3607, b u t M i . L 1 0 7 0 —i —i —1 0 6 4 = vA 6330, 7.28; 2. P 233 ( = W a 6723), 6.72; 3. B
I. B (I-B ), 1.75 ( = rsn 1898, T af. I.23 = T . R einach, E s s a i s u r la ( L ö b b -RSN 1898, T a f 1.20); 4 . V 36389 (P row e), 7.77.
N u m is m a tiq u e des R o is d e C app a d o ce (P aris, 1887), pi. I I I . 24).
3612 A E. 14m m , 1.94g ( f · [ 0 I
V eiled head of Tyche, r.
B ro n ze
[ΕΥΣΕΒΕΙΑΣ]; p alm betw een tw o pilei; ΙΘ
Bronze coins of three classes have usually been attributed to i . J S W , 1.94. T h e rea d in g o f th e eth n ic is n o t clear, b u t th e types m ake
th e a ttrib u tio n to C a e sa re a seem plau sib le.
Archelaus, and the fullest discussion and listing of them was
provided by Imhoof-Blumer, R S N , 1898: 3613 AE. 23 m m , 8.08 g (4). [ 4 I

1. undated, with the name ΕΥΣΕΒΕΙΑΣ; S 34, rsn 1898, 36. Y ear 2 5 = 12/11 bc

2. d a t e d , y e a r s 12 t o 25 (=25-12 b c ) , w i t h t h e n a m e H ead of H eracles w ith lion skin on neck, r.

ΕΥΣΕΒΕΙΑΣ; ΕΥΣΕΒΕΙΑΣ; tem ple w ith four colum ns an d three figures
3 · dated, years 28 to 53 (= 9 b c - a d 17), with the name on pedim ent; in exergue, KE
i . L = bm c 3, 8.66; 2. L — bmc 4, 8.44; 3—4 . P 237, 238 ( = W a 6725),
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΑΣ (a last coin of group 3 , S 41, dated to a d i 7, is
7 -55 . 7 ·65 ·
supposed to have the legend ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ, but the reading
is not very reliable, depending on Sestini). SECOND g r o u p : d a t e d , with
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΑΣ
Imhoof-Blumer supposed that group 1 came first. The
recent discussion by H. Herrli (‘Die “autonomen” 3614 AE. 25m m , 7.39g (2). [ 2 ]
Bronzemünzen von Eusebeia und Kaisereia in Kap- S 35, rsn 1898, 37. Y ear 28 = 9 /8 bc

padokien’, N u m ism atisches N achrichten B la tt (March 1985), H ead of H eracles w ith lion skin, r.
pp. 60-71), however, has suggested that group 1 belongs ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΑΣ; M o u n t A rgaeus; above, eagle; KH
mainly to the predecessors of Archelaus earlier in the first i . I5 a 3 9 ( = W a 6738: pi. X I X . 8), 7.78; 2. B (L ö b b = rsn, T af. 1.22),
century, on the basis of similarities between monograms 7.00.
 C A P P A D O C I A : Caesarea (3615-3623) 555

3615 AE. 19m m , 3.68g (2). [ 3 ] assigned to the reign of Caligula (Sydenham, p. 33; Walker,
S 36, RSN 1898, 40. Y ear 47 = ad i i / i 2 pp. 43-4). Both issues are poorly struck, but the main
H ead of Dionysus, r.
reason for placing them together arises from the legends.
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΑΣ; M o u n t A rgaeus; above, eagle; MZ On both issues there are a number of completely different
i . B (L ö b b ), 3.55; 2. M u ; 3. V 20046, 3.80.
layouts of and breaks in the legends. More noticeably, both
the Drusus and the Germanicus legends have a number of
3616 AE. 20m m , 7.60g (1). [ i ] variants (unlike the coins of Caligula), and in particular
S 37, RSN 1898, 41 have an infuriating vagueness about their use of the letters
L aureate head of A pollo, r. P and I, which are often hopelessly confused. Thus the PM
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΑΣ; lyre; MZ in the middle of the legend of Tiberius often appears as I M;
i . B (L ö b b ), 7.60. the P at the end of TR P for Drusus may look like an I, while
3617 AE. 19m m , 3.78g (2). [ 2 ] the IMP at the end of Germanicus’s legend may appear as
IMP, PM , I M or even M I. Similarly, the F for filiu s is
S 38, RSN 1898, 42. Y ear 53 = ad 17/18
often omitted from the Drusus and from the Germanicus
B ust of A thena, r. legends. These similarities are not, of course, conclusive,
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΑΣ; shield a n d spear; ΝΓ
but are sufficiently close to justify the association of the two
i . B (L ö b b = RSN 1898, T af. 1 .25), 4.34; 2 . P 241 (owl in fro n t o f b u s t on
o b v.), 3.22.
coin types into a single issue, with a neat dynastic pairing of
the members of Tiberius’s family:
3618 AE. 23 m m , 7.05 g (4). [ 4 ]
S 39, RSN 1898, 43.
Divus Augustus 1. Germanicus r.
Tiberius r. Drusus 1.
H ead of T y ehe, r.
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΑΣ; M o u n t A rgaeus; above, w reath; ΝΓ 3621 D rachm s (3631—3: A R 89% , 3.54g).
i . L 1938—10—7—72 (ex S y d en h am ), 7.66; 2. P 242 (= W a 6739), 6.25; [ 4 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
3—4. B (L öbb, L B ), 7.48. 6.80. S 43, Ric 84-5 ___
3619 AE. 15m m , 2.93g (1). [ i ] T I CAES A V G P M T R P X X X IV ; lau reate head, r.
D R V SV S CAES T I A V G F C O S T R P IT ; bare head o f
S 40, RSN 1898, 44
D rusus, 1.
V eiled fem ale head, r. i . N Y , 3.62; 2. P ( = bnc 158), 3.63; 3. V 39131, 2.15; 4 . B 28841, 3.68.
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΑΣ; two ears o f corn; ΝΓ
I. O, 2.93. 3622 See 3 6 2 1 . [ 24 coins, 19 obv. dies ]
S 43-7 corr., BMC 171 corr., W alker 436-39, Ric 86-8
T I CAES A V G P M T R P X X X V ; lau re ate head, r.
T ib e riu s a) D R V SV S CAES T I A V G G O C II T R P; head of
D rusus, 1.
I. P, 3.42; 2. N F A 1979, 620, 3.97; 3. V 39133, 3.35; 4 . S G M B , J u n e
F i r s t g r o u p ( G re e k le g e n d s) 1973. A 586; 5. L eu 10 (1974), 44, 3.57; 6 . V 39132, 3.55; 7. V 39134,
3 -4 5 ·
The earliest silver issues are probably those with Greek
b) D R V SV S CAES T I A V G C O S II T R P
legends, which Sydenham thought had a ‘close similarity of
1 - 2 . P, 3.64 a n d 3.37; 3. N Y , 3.79.
style’ with the dated coins of Tiberius and Drusus (Syden­
ham, p. 3), an observation which was accepted by Walker c) D R V SV S CAES T I A V G F C O S I I T R P
i. L = 172; 2. L = BMC 17 1; 3. B 27933, 3 -7 3 -
(p. 43). The similarity is not, however, particularly close, so b m c

the exact date of the issue is probably best left uncertain, d) D R V SV S CAES T I A V G F C O S II T R P O T
somewhere between 17 and 32. i . C o p 175, 3.75; 2· N Y , 3.44; 3 . N C i r c , D ec. 1985, 8426; 4 . S C M B , S ept.
1976, C 268; 5. N Y , 2.99. T h e read in g D R V S V S C A E S A R T I A V G F
For a discussion of the radiate figure, on top of Mt I M P occurs on a coin in M u (3.47), w h ich is a m o d e rn forgery, as the
Argaeus, see P. Weiss, J N G 35 (1985), pp. 21-48. p o o r p o rtra it style a n d u n u su a l (3 o ’clock) die axis d em o n strate.

3620 D rachm s (AR 86% , 3.61g). [ 52 coins, 30 obv. dies ] 3623 See 3 6 a I. [ r6 coins, 10 obv. dies ]
S 42, BM C i i , W alker 429-35 S 50-3, BMC 105, W alker 440-3, r ic C aligula 60-2
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r. D IV V S A V G V ST V S; rad iate head o f A ugustus, 1.
ΘΕΟΥ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ ΥΙΟΣ; M o u n t A rgaeus, surm o u n ted by a) G E R M A N IC V S C ES T I A V G V C O S I I P M;
radiate and naked statu e, holding globe a n d sceptre beard ed head of G erm anicus, r.
!· L *9 7 9 “ I —I —ϊ ο 9 7 · I. P, 3.06; 2—3 . L = BMC 105-6; 4 . CH 1.1 I 7, 15.

b) G E R M A N IC V S CAES T I A V G V C O S I I P M
I. B all V I .568; 2. B (L ö b b ), 3.50; 3 . G; 4 . ch i.i 17 (B M file); 5 . V
S e c o n d g r o u p ( L a t i n le g e n d s ): A D 3 3 - 4 39137, 3 -6 °; 6· B lançon 3 (1987), 62.

There follow the dated drachms with portraits of Tiberius c) G E R M A N IC V S CAES T I A V G F C O S II M [

and Drusus. There are two main varieties, with the tribuni- i . N Y , 3.69; 2. L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—109 8 .

cian dates XXXIV and XXXV ( a d 32/3 and 33/4), the d) G E R M A N IC V S CAES T I A V G F C O S I I IM P
former being extremely rare (known in only four i . N Y , 3.58; 2. S C M B , J u n e 1973, A 589 (fully legible); 3. B (417/1925),
specimens). 3.79; 4 . H irsch X V I I , 1240, 3.57.

With these should probably be associated the drachms e) G E R M A N IC V S CAES T I A V G C O S II

struck for Divus Augustus and Germanicus, normally i . O , 3.70; 2. S C M B , M ay 1978, C 495.
C a lig u la
The drachms of Caligula are usually dated to a d 37/8,
because he is given the title TR POT. This could, however,
probably have been used at any time during his reign.
The drachms of Divus Augustus and Germanicus are
usually dated to Caligula’s reign, but are here assigned to
Tiberius (see above). The didrachms of Germanicus are
discussed under the reign of Claudius (see below).
3624 D rachm s (AR 92% , 3.58g). [ 23 coins, 19 obv. dies ]
S 48, BMC 102, W alker 444-7, ric 63
C C A E SA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S ; head, r.
IM P E R A T O R P O N T M A X T R P O T ; sim pulum and
lituus
i . L 1926—9—1—1.
C la u d iu s
The reign of Claudius saw the introduction of the
didrachm. There were two main types, DE BRITANNIS
(triumphal quadriga) and P P OB CIVES SERVATOS (in
wreath), both struck at the same time, as the use of shared
obverse dies indicates. In addition some rare didrachms
were struck for Claudius’s father, Drusus the Elder, and for
his wife, Messalina.
Walker (p. 44) dated the whole group to a d 46—8, while
Sydenham thought the DE BRITANNIS type was prob­
ably issued in a d 46. It is difficult, however, to be very
definite about chronology. We know, from rare bronze coins
of Claudius dated ETH (3655-8), that the mint was active
in a d 48, while the DE BRITANNIS type could not have
been minted before 43, and the Messalina coin could not
have been minted after 48 (or indeed before 43, as it names
Britannicus on the reverse). The coin of Drusus, on the
other hand, suggests an early date; his aurei and denarii
with the very similar reverse type have recently been dated
by von Kaenel to a d 41-2, and his sestertii to a d 41-2 and
42-3 (M ü n zp rä g u n g u n d M ü n z b ild n is des C laudius, pp. 9, 22
and 28), although this chronology is not necessarily
absolutely correct. Nor is it clear how much weight to put
on the fact that on aurei and denarii DE BRITANN does
not appear until 46, the factor which presumably influenced
Sydenham’s dating, or that P P does not appear on aurei
and denarii with the oak wreath type before the same year.
All that one can say with reasonable certainty is that the
group was produced between 43 and 48, and probably
towards the end of that period.
3625 D idrachm s ( 3 6 2 5 —8 : A R 86% , 7.32 g).
[ 30 coins, 15 dies ]
S 55, BMC 237, W alker 449-52, ric 122
T I C LA V D CAES A V G G E R M P M T R P; laureate
head, 1.
D E B R IT A N N IS ; E m p ero r in triu m p h al q uadriga, r.
i. L = bm c 237.
3626 See 3625. [ 12 coins, 7 obv. dies ]
S 56, BMC 240, W alker 453, r ic 123
T I C LA V D CAES A V G G E R M P M T R P; laureate
head, 1.
P P O B C IV E S S E R V A T O S ; w ithin oak w reath
i . L = B M C 2 4 0 . O n i rev. die th e in scrip tio n is ju s t O B C IV E S
S E R V A T O S (S 57, B 18/1928). As th e die is o th erw ise perfectly n o rm a l
(a n d th e coin sh ares an obv. die w ith P P sp ecim ens, N Y , 7.27), this is
p ro b a b ly ju s t an e n g rav e r’s error.
3627 See 3625. [ 4 coins, 1 obv. die ]
S 63, bmc 242, r ic 124
M E S S A L L IN A A V G V S T I; b u st of M essalina, r.
O C T A V IA B R IT A N N IC VS A N T O N IA ; the three
children of C laudius an d M essalina. O ctav ia and
B ritannicus hold hands; A nto n ia has a m odius (?) on her
head an d holds a cornucopia
i . L = B M C 242 ( = NZ 1915, T af. X .1 3 = NC 1894, 4, a n d pi. i .3), 6.70; 2—
3 . P 30a a n d 30b, 7.52 a n d 7.27; 4 . T r a u (H ess 1935) lo t 387. S am e obv.
die: 1—4; sam e rev. die: 1-2. T h e d id ra c h m o f D ivus C la u d iu s an d
M essa lin a re p o rte d in P b y M a ttin g ly { B M C , p. 282*) ca n n o t be found,
a n d an y w ay seem s im p lau sib le.
3628 See 3625. [ 4 coins, 1 obv. die ]
S 62, r ic 125-6
N E R O C LA V D D R V SV S G E R M A N IC V S IM P;
lau reate head of D rusus, r.
D E G E R M A N IS ; on arch itrav e of triu m p h al arch
su rm ounted by equestrian statue
i . R ex G n ecch i ex C a e sa re a 1906 h o a rd (rin 1908, T a v . I . i ) ; 2. C a e sa re a
1972 h o a rd ( = ch i, 116), no. 11, 7.20; 3. C a e sa re a 1972 h o ard , no. 12 =
p ! 974 / 338 , 7-31 -
G erm a n ic u s
It is not at all clear when one should date the coins in the
name of Germanicus, which commemorate his coronation
of the Armenian king Artaxias in a d 18, and bear the cor­
rect consular date for Germanicus for that year. It has been
suggested that the coins were minted in that year (A. Bald­
win, A réthuse (1927), p. 150), but Mattingly (B M C I, p.
cxlviii), followed by Sydenham (p. 32), assigned them to the
reign of Caligula on grounds of style and historical prob­
ability (this seems rather unlikely, however, as Caligula
gave Armenia away). Most recently, Walker (p. 44) has put
them in Claudius’s reign, on the grounds that the didrachm
was not otherwise minted before the reign of Claudius, and
pointing out that a commemoration of Germanicus was just
as likely under Claudius as under Caligula, as the Claudian
asses of Germanicus show. On the other hand, there are
also rare drachms of Germanicus and Artaxias; if the
didrachms are dated to Claudius’s reign, then these could
be the only drachms produced in the reign, a consideration
which somewhat weakens Walker’s denominational argu­
ment. (The single coin analysed by Walker had a silver
content of 86%, but this is equally compatible with the
fineness of drachms under (late) Tiberius, Caligula and
Claudius.) For the time being, the coins have been left, with
Walker, under Claudius, but with appropriate reservations.
 C A P P A D O C I A : Caesarea (3629-3633) 555

3629 D idrachm s (AR 8 6 %, 7 .5 0 g (4 )). [ 5 coins, i obv. die ] Agrippina. Indeed there are some die links: NY 7.57
S 4 9 , BMC 104 , Rie C aligula 59 (veiled) = B M C 427 (veiled) = NY 7.33 (bare); NY 7.54
G E R M A N IC V S C A E SA R T I A V G F C O S II; head of
(veiled) = V 39129 (veiled) = B M C 422 (bare) = V 33504
G erm anicus, r. (bare). Some of the dies used for the Agrippina coins are
A R T A X IA S G E R M A N IC V S ; A rtaxias crow ned by like those used for the rare didrachms with ARMENIAC:
G erm anicus, w ho holds spear e.g., P 33 (veiled Agrippina), Leu 10, 1974, 69 (bare Agrip­
I . L = BMC IO4., 7.41; 2. B (424/1891 = zfN 1899, 228), 7.66; 3. P M 6 2 2 I, pina) and NY 6.70 (ARMENIAC). Similarly, the treat­
7.47; 4. M ü n z h a n d lu n g B asel io , M a r. 1938, lo t 539; 5. M azzin i, T av . ment of the hemidrachm obverses (Victory and
xxiv.6, 7.47. S am e obv. die: 1-5; sam e rev. die: 3 -4 .
ARMENIAC) is like that on some of the Agrippina
3630 D rachm . 3.14g (1). [ 2 coins, 1 obv. die ] drachms. Finally, the obverses used with the Divus
S - Claudius reverses match those used with both
As 3629, b u t drachm ARMENIAC and Agrippina reverses.
i . P M 2 1 9 3 ( = L . L affranchi, rin 1918, 184), 3.14; 2. ?L eningrad The style of the 24- and 12-as coins is not particularly
(form erly L uynes: rn 1838, 338, w here w rongly described as gold; see zfN similar, though it is not unlike that used on some of the
1899, 228, n. 2).
hemidrachms. The small sample of these very rare coins,
however, makes the significance of this rather uncertain,
and, for the time being, it seems best to regard them as part
N e ro of the rest of the group.
The stylistic considerations advanced above suggest that
The coins of Nero from Caesarea fall into two groups (apart it was a fairly concentrated group, with the Agrippina
from the tetradrachms of Nero and Divus Claudius, which coins, initially a pair with those of Divus Claudius (note the
are not regarded here as minted at Caesarea: see below). legends ...P A T E R AVG and ...M A T E R AVG) being
The two groups can be distinguished by their different replaced by the ARMENIAC ones, and the Divus Claudius
obverse legends and portraits: coins being struck throughout. The main chronological
parameters for this group are the type of obverse portrait
G roup 1: NERO CLAVD DIVI CLAVD F CAESAR which precedes the ‘steps’ type (introduced in 63), the
AVG GERMANI, early portrait presence of Agrippina (before her murder in 59), and the
(some of these coins have in the past been attributed to references to the Armenian victories won by Nero’s general,
Crete, where they may still be found in museum collections; Corbulo, in his campaigns of 58-60. All these considera­
however, the similarities of style and legend with Caesarean tions combined seem to make it most likely that the whole
coins, coupled with their presence in hoards of Caesarean group was struck during the period 58—60, in connection
coins, guarantee the attribution); with Corbulo’s campaigns.
G roup a: NERO CLAVD DIVI CLAVD F CAESAR As Nero never seems to have adopted the title A rm eniacus,
AVG GERMA, later, ‘steps’, portrait. ARMENIAC must presumably stand for something like
Victoria Armeniaca.
F ir s t g ro u p ( G E R M A N I ) 3631 D idrachm s ( 3 6 3 1 —4 : A R 88% , 7.36g).
[ 15 coins, i i obv. dies ]
The first group of Neronian coins were struck mainly as
S 69, BMC 413, W alker 456-8, r ic 613
didrachms, drachms or hemidrachms, with a variety of dif­
ferent reverses: N E R O C LA V D D IV I C LA V D F C A E SA R A V G
G E R M A N I; lau reate head of N ero, r.
Didrachm Drachm Hemidrachm D IV O S C L A V D IV S A V G V S T G E R M A N IC PA T E R
Divus Claudius AVG; laureate head of C laudius, r.
Agrippina (bare) Agrippina (bare) I. L = BM C 413.
Agrippina (veiled) Agrippina (veiled)
Victory Victory 3632 See 3631. [ 31 coins, 14 obv. dies ]
(ARM ENIAC) (ARM ENIAC)
S 73, BMC 422, W alker 455, r ic 607
Victory on globe
Victory and shield N E R O C LA V D D IV I C LA V D F C A E SA R A V G
G E R M A N I; lau reate head of N ero, r.
In addition, a number of very rare coins were struck in A G R IP P IN A A V G V ST A M A T E R A V G V S T I; bu st of
unusual denominations, identified by their inscriptions as A grippina, r.
24- and I2-It(alian) As(ses). These have the following i. L = bm c 422.
reverse types:
24-as 12-as 3633 See 3631. [ 20 coins, 10 obv. dies ]
Claudius in wreath S 74, bmc 423, W alker 454, r ic 608
Agrippina (bare) in wreath Agrippina (bare) in wreath N E R O C L A V D D IV I C LA V D F C A ESA R A VG
G E R M A N I; lau reate head of N ero, r.
There is a certain amount of stylistic variety within the A G R IP P IN A A V G V ST A M A T E R A V G V S T I; veiled
obverse portraits used for the group, particularly in the b u st of A grippina, r.
rendering and positioning of the wreath ties. These are very ï .L = bm c 4 23.
close on obverses coupled with the veiled and bare heads of
3634 See 3631. [ 6 coins, 4 obv. dies ] 3643 12-as (AR 78% , 2.50g (2)). [ 2 coins, 1 obv. die ]
S 80, BMC 405, RIC 6ig S 79, BMC 427, W alker 465, ric 612, Sv 33
N E R O C LA V D D IV I C LA V D F C A ESA R A V G N E R O C L A V D D IV I C L A V D F C A ESA R A V G
G E R M A N I; laureate head of N ero, r. G E R M A N I; lau reate head of N ero, r.
A R M E N IA C ; V ictory advancing, r., w ith p alm and AC IT IB; b u st o f A grippina, r., in w reath
w reath i. L = bm c 4 2 7 , 2.36; 2. H o flic h -S tern b erg 15.11.1979, lo t 73, 2.63.
i . L = b m c 4 0 5 (ex E gger 1912, 737), 7.37; 2. P 1^6764, 7.63; 3 . N Y,
6.70; 4 . G len d in in g , F eb. 1962, 366; 5. G ah n 60, 937 = M M A G 222, 26; 3644 H em idrachm s ( 3 6 4 4 —6 : A R 8 4 % , 1.67 g).
6 . H ess-L eu, A p r. 1936, lo t 27, 7.32. [ 20 coins, 17 obv. dies ]
S 81, BMC 406, W alker 473-6, r ic 615
3635 24-as (3635- 6 : A R 91% , 5.25g (4)).
N E R O C LA V D D IV I C LA V D F C A ESA R A V G
[ 2 coins, i obv. die ]
G E R M A N I; lau reate head o f Nero, r.
S 70, BMC 417, W alker, 459, ric 614, Sv 31 A R M E N IA C ; V ictory advancing, r., w ith p alm and
N E R O C L A V D D IV I C LA V D F C A ESA R A V G w reath
G E R M A N I; laureate head of N ero, r. I. L = BM C 406.
AC IT ΚΔ; lau reate head of C laudius, r., in w reath
3645 See 3644. [ 23 coins, 18 obv. dies ]
I. L= bm c 4 1 7 , 5.44; 2. B u tc h e r coil. (1987), 5.17 (sam e dies).
S 82, bmc 409, W alker 466-g, r ic 616
3636 See 3635. [ 2 coins, 1 obv. die ] N E R O C LA V D D IV I C L A V D F C A ESA R A V G
S 75, BMC 424, W alker 460, ric 609, Sv 32 G E R M A N I; lau reate head of Nero, r.
V ictory seated on globe, r., holding w reath
N E R O C LA V D D IV I C LA V D F C A ESA R A V G
i. L = bm c 409.
G E R M A N I; laureate head o f N ero, r.
AC IT ΚΔ; bu st o f A grippina, r., in w reath 3646 See 3645. [ 19 coins, 16 obv. dies ]
i. L = bm c 4 2 4 , 5.16; 2. B (588/1908), 5.24. S 83, bmc 4 1 1, W alker 470-2, r ic 618
N E R O C LA V D D IV I C L A V D F C A ESA R A V G
3637 D rachm s ( 3 6 3 7 —4 2 : A R 90% , 3.48g).
G E R M A N I; lau reate head o f N ero, r.
[ 4 coins, 4 obv. dies ]
V ictory standing, r., w ith foot on globe an d inscribing
N E R O C LA V D D IV I C L A V D F C A ESA R A V G shield set on knee
G E R M A N I; laureate head of N ero, r. !· L ϊθ Τ Θ -ϊ-ϊ-ϋ Ο δ
A G R IP P IN A A V G V S T A M A T E R A V G V S T I; bust of
A grippina, r.
i . L 1938-6-11—i, 3.48; 2. N Y (ex C a e sa re a 1906 h o a rd ), 3.80; 3. B
N e r o a n d D iv u s C la u d iu s - te tr a d r a c h m s
(L ö b b ), 3.05; 4 . V 39142 (B achofen), 3.80; 5. N iggeler 659.
C o u n te rm ark : K K in fro n t o f b u s t of A g rip p in a ( G Ï C 850: 1-4).
There are two varieties of tetradrachm which have been
attributed to Caesarea, one of which has a star behind the
3638 See 3637. [ 2 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
head of Nero (S 65) and the other which does not (S 64,
As 3637, veiled b u st o f A grippina, 1.
described as having an ivy leaf behind the bust; this appears
i . C a h n 6 0 , lo t 936; 2. T ra d e .
C o u n te rm ark : K K b eh in d b u s t o f A g rip p in a ( G IC 850: 1-2).
to be a confusion with the wreath ties). The basic descrip­
tion is as follows:
3639 N ot used. NERO CLAVD DIVI CLAVD F CAESAR AVG GER;
laureate head of Nero, r.
3640 See 3637. [ 2 coins, 2 obv. dies ] DIVOS CLAVD AVG GERMANIC PATER AVG;
S 76 laureate head of Claudius, r.
N E R O C L A V D D IV I C LA V D F C A ESA R A V G
These have normally been attributed to Caesarea, ever
G E R M A N I; lau reate head o f N ero, r.
A G R IP P IN A A V G V S T A M A T E R A V G V S T I; b u st of
since hoards showed that the didrachms and drachms with
A grippina, 1.; behind, K K the heads of Nero and Divus Claudius (and similar legends)
i . V 3 9 1 4 3 ( = B achofen 828), 3.70; 2. R ex G necchi ex C a e sa re a 1906
were minted there. Sydenham’s opinion was that ‘it
h o a rd ( r in 1909, 20, a n d T a v . 1 .3). scarcely seems reasonable ... to separate the tetradrachms
from the didrachms and the drachms as they are similar in
3641 See 3637. [ 1 coin, 1 obv. die ] style and bear the same distinctive forms of legend’ (p.
S 78, BMC 426, W alker 463, ric 611 36η.). However, as Walker has observed (M etrology, p. 69),
As 3640, b u t bust, r. (K K) the style is in fact different. So, too, are the legends: the
i. L = bm c 42 6 .
tetradrachms have AVG rather than AVGVST in the
reverse legend and GER rather than GERMANI or
3642 See 3638. · [ 5 coins, 2 obv. dies ] GERMA at the end of the obverse. The significance of this
S 77, BMC 425, W alker 461—2, r ic 610
second difference is that it disassociates the coins from all
the other Neronian coins of Caesarea, whose obverse
As 3640, b u t veiled b u st of A grippina, 1. (K K behind)
legends always end, as has been seen, with one of those two
i . L = b m c 4 2 5 , 3.74; 2. O (ex H ess-L eu, A pr. 1936, 26), 3.55; 3. V
39141 ( = B achofen 831), 3.65; 4 . N Y (ex C a e sa re a 1906 h o ard — A r é th u s e forms. Walker’s analyses showed that the silver fineness of
1927, pi. X X IV . 10), 3.59; 5. B (1124/1910), 3 .4 t. the coins also was different from Caesarean coins - 63%

fine instead of 82%. Finally, as Walker noted, the
tetradrachm is otherwise unattested as a denomination at
Caesarea, and the coins have never been found in Asia
Minor. Walker assigned them to two uncertain mints in
Syria; certainly Syria seems to be the source of these coins,
as they seem to turn up there. The coins are therefore
catalogued under Syria (4122-3), where further discussion
of their date and mint can be found.
N e ro - seco n d g ro u p ( G E R M A )
The second group of Neronian coins from Caesarea all have
an obverse legend ending GERMA, thus NERO CLAVD
DIVI CLAVD F CAESAR AVG GERMA, and the later,
mature, portrait of Nero. There are fewer different sorts of
th a n in th e firs t g ro u p :
didrachm Nero Divus Claudius
drachm Nero Divus Claudius
drachm Nero Mt Argaeus ET I
drachm Nero Mt Argaeus ET IA
hemidrachm Nero Mt Argaeus ET I
All the drachms and hemidrachms hang together stylisti­
cally, and there seems no doubt that they were minted
during the 10th and 1ith regnal years (63/4 and 64/5). We
should probably date the bulk of the issue to 64, presum­
ably in connection with the Armenian invasion of that year.
The chronology of the enormous issue of didrachms is,
however, less clear, as there are two distinct styles of
portrait and lettering. One of these, which accounts for the
greater number of the coins, is very like that of the drachms
and hemidrachms, and presents no problems. The other is,
however, very different (so much so that the coins have
sometimes been catalogued elsewhere, e.g., B M C Antioch
174), and includes some coins with the variant . . . D I . . .
instead of ... D I V I ... in the obverse legend. It is perhaps
this group which Walker thought had a rather younger
portrait, and which he therefore dated to c. 60-3, though
allowing the possibility that it might perhaps have been
completely produced in 63 (p. 45). As, however, this second
style of portraiture also shows Nero with the later ‘steps’
portrait, which was not introduced until his tenth year (e.g.,
at Rome and Antioch), dates earlier than 63 must be
excluded.
How are we to interpret this unusual stylistic group? It
cannot be simply a slightly earlier (or later) issue of
Caesarea, nor indeed a contemporary issue from dies
engraved by a different engraver, since a number of speci­
mens have die axis which varies from the twelve o’clock
which is otherwise the invariable rule at Caesarea. There
also seems a much greater variation in the weights of the
coins, some of them being less than 6g. There seem only
two alternatives: either the group represents the product of
another mint, or the coins are a systematic group of ancient
forgeries. The second alternative seems unlikely. On the
other hand, it is hard to see exactly where this other mint
might be. We can, at any rate, be sure that, unlike in later
times (from the Flavian period onwards and especially in
the early second century), the subsidiary group has no styl­
istic connection with any other imperial silver mint
(whether Rome, Antioch or Alexandria) and that we are
C A P P A D O C I A : Caesarea (3647-3652) 557
not dealing with co-operation between imperial silver
mints. One might perhaps hypothesise that these coins may
have been produced in Pontus, at the former royal Pontic
mint, which ceased coining with the annexation of the king­
dom in 64. In favour of this view is the fact that the
didrachm was a known denomination in Pontus under
Polemo II, and that the die axis of Polemo’s coin is usually
six o’clock. This attribution is, however, only a guess.
3647 D idrachm s (AR 82% , 7.28g). [ 48 coins, 46 obv. dies ]
S 68 (p art), W alker 477-88, bmc 415, ric 620 corr.
N E R O C LA V D D IV I C LA V D F C A E SA R A V G
G E R M A ; lau reate head, r.
D IV O S C L A V D IV S A V G V S T G E R M A N IC P A T E R
A VG ; lau reate head o f C laudius, r.
i . L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 0 2 . T h e v a ria n t leg en d en d in g G E R M reco rd ed by
S y d en h am (S 67, R I C 619) seem s to be v ery rare; it h as been definitely
en c o u n tered on only one coin (M u 10, 7.03), w h ere th e en g rav e r h ad
sim ply ru n o u t o f space on th e die.
3648 D rachm s (3648—50: A R 79% , 3.47g).
[ 18 coins, 16 obv. dies ]
S 72, W alker 489-94, bmc 418, r ic 622
As 3 6 4 7 , b u t drach m
i . L = b m c 4 2 0 . T h e v a ria n t leg en d en d in g G E R M reco rd e d b y S y d en h am
(S71, R I C 621) occurs very rarely (e.g., B M C 418); ag a in th e reaso n is
th a t th e en g rav e r h as ru n o u t o f sp ace on th e die.
3649 See 3648. [ 8 coins, 5 obv. dies ]
S85
N E R O C LA V D D IV I C L A V D F C A E SA R A V G
G ER M A ; lau reate head, r.
E T I; M o u n t A rgaeus surm o u n ted by naked and radiate
figure, holding globe an d sceptre
i . P 248, 3.53; 2. SN C , M ar. 1971, 2699A; 3. L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—1 1 0 6 ( = v A
6361), 3.40; 4 . N Y (= H e s s - L e u , A p r. 1936, 32), 3.59; 5. B (R au ch ),
3.18; 6. C o p 184, 2.63; 7. B all V I, 573, 3.7; 8, H ess-L eu , A p r. 1936, 31.
S am e obv. dies: 1, 2, 6; 4, 5. T h e v a ria n t leg en d e n d in g G E R M w as
reco rd ed b y S y d en h am (S 85), b u t a clear sp ecim en h as n o t been
observed.
3650 See 3648. [ 6 coins, 4 obv. dies ]
S 88, W alker 497-8
As 3 6 4 9 , b u t E T IA
i . P 249, 3.50; 2. N Y ex C ae sa re a 1906 h o a rd (A r é t h u s e 1927, pi.
X X I V .15), 3.55; 3. V 20052, 2.40; 4 . L 1 9 1 0 - 2 - 4 - 1 , 3.47; 5. B (Fox),
3.08; 6. O , 3.12; 7. N Y , 3.59. S am e obv. dies: 2, 3; 1, 6. T h e v a ria n t
en d in g G E R M to th e obv. legend occu rs o n a sp ecim en in N Y , 3.59.
T h e re is an o ld forgery w ith th is rev. ty p e a n d w ith th e obv. legend
N E R O C A E S A R A V G V S T V S . S pecim ens, all from th e sam e dies, o ccur
in gold (V 20051, 7.55, M u C .17, 7.56) a n d silver (V forgeries, c f . M io n n et
4.410.18). T h e falsity o f the coins is e v id en t from th e sty le (e.g., o f th e rev.
figure) a n d th e 6 o ’clock die axis.
3651 H em idrachm s (A R 8 5 % , 1.61 g (5)).
[ 2 coins, 2 obv. dies ]
S 86, W alker 495-6
As 3 6 5 0 (E T I), b u t h em idrachm
i . B (L 5 b b ), 1.73; 2. A u fh ä u s e r 6 (1989), lot 318. O n all th e o th e r fo u r
h em id rach m s seen w ith M o u n t A rg aeu s o n th e rev ., th e re a d in g o f the
d a te is E T I[, leav in g o p en th e po ssib ility th a t pieces m ay exist for y ea r 11
as well: B M C 14, 1.48; B M C 15, 1.55; B (L ö b b ), 1.66 a n d 1.64.
S U B S I D I A R Y G R O U P - P O N T U S ?
3652 D idrachm s (3652—3: 6 .7 2 g (13)). [ 7 coins, 7 obv. dies ]
S 68
As 3 6 4 7 , b u t different style
i , P 3 8 , 5.14; 2. P, 6.88; 3. B (L ö b b ), 7.15; 4 . B r, 7.55; 5 . H irsch
X X V I, 679, 7.63; 6. B all V I, 571, 7.3; 7 . C ; 8 . S C M B , J u ly 1977, C 566.
558 C A P P A D O C I A : Caesarea (3653-3654)
3653 See 3652. [ 8 coins, 5 obv. dies ]
S 66
As 3652, b u t obv. legend N E R O C LA Y D D I C LA V D F
C A E SA R A V G G E R M A
i . L = b m c A n tio c h 174, 6.37; 2. B (L ö b b ), 6.18; 3. V 39140, 6.95; 4 . P;
5. S tern b e rg X (1980), 298, 5.56; 6. C a h n 80, 369, 6.91; 7. H ess-L eu ,
A p r. 1936, 15, 7.42; 8. H irsch X X I V (1914), 957, 6.30. 1, 2, 5 a n d 6 from
th e sam e dies.
B ro n ze
Very little bronze coinage was minted at Caesarea in the
early imperial period. There was a small issue (known from
only two specimens) in the name of Germanicus, and signed
ΕΠΙ COVPA. Sura was identified by Sydenham as Q.
Veranius Sura; Q. Veranius was the legate of Germanicus
who was responsible for the organisation of the new prov­
ince of Cappadocia (Tac., A n n . Π.56). There is, however,
no reason to suppose that Veranius had the cognomen Sura
(see R. Syme, C Q (1957), pp. 123-5 = R om an P apers I, pp.
333—5), so the identity of the magistrate and the occasion
remain uncertain.
Under Claudius there was an issue in year 8 = a d 48,
comprising four denominations; again, all are very rare
today. The largest had Claudius/Mount Argaeus, the next
Britannicus/Antonia and Octavia, the next Messalina/Oc-
tavia and finally Tyche/‘pyramid’ (or stylised Mount
Argaeus?).
There are a number of problems with these coins. First,
the identity of the obverse portrait on the second denomi­
nation. Opinions have frequently varied as to whether it is
Claudius or his son Britannicus (see the discussions by
Imhoof-Blumer, N Z (1915), pp. 85-93, and W. Trillmich,
F am ilienpropagada der K a ise r C aligula u n d C laudius, pp. 149fr.).
Britannicus seems more likely, in view of the obverse
inscription, which differs from that of the largest denomi­
nation (in particular omitting CEBACTOC). Similarly, the
largest denomination has a laureate portrait and the smal­
ler a bare-headed one. Imhoof-Blumer’s explanation of
these differences, in terms of a change of personnel or
magistrates, is not very convincing. Secondly, the identifi­
cation fits well with the didrachm (3627) with Messalina on
the obverse and all three children on the reverse; on the
bronze coin, they again appear together, but in a different
arrangement. The main argument used by Imhoof-Blumer
against the identification as Britannicus was that the
portrait was not childish enough for a young boy; this is not
conclusive, however, since the portrait definitely looks
younger than that on the largest denomination, and
secondly since Britannicus hardly looks a five-year-old on
the reverse of the Messalina didrachm.
Secondly, the coins of Messalina and Antonia the Elder.
These were traditionally attributed to Crete (Sv 29), but
attributed to Caesarea by Trillmich, loc. cit. The grounds for
the attribution are, firstly, that the style is not like that of
Cretan coins; secondly, that the spelling of Messalina’s
name with two S’s and two L’s occurs only on Caesarean
silver (apart from a coin of Sinope, 2130); and, thirdly, that
the coins have a countermark otherwise found only on
Caesarean bronzes of this period. This last argument is not
watertight, since the Messalina coins have the countermark
K Θ, whereas the other denominations have ΚΛ Θ (pace G IC
545). Even so, however, the countermarks are sufficiently
similar for the argument to seem valid. The main other
problem with the attribution is that the coins do not seem to
have any regnal date on them, unlike the other three
denominations. Despite these points, however, the attribu­
tion still seems very likely to be correct.
Finally, the small ‘civic’ bronzes have usually been
attributed to the reign of Trajan, but both von Aulock (see
his comments on S N G 6340) and Howgego ( G I C 545) have
realised that the issue for year 8 is different (e.g., in having
an obverse inscription) from the other similar coins, which
do indeed belong to Trajan’s reign.
Other bronze issues have been incorrectly attributed to
Caesarea:
1. Bronze coins with laureate head of Claudius/bust of
Tyche ETOYC ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ Γ (S 58);
2. A bronze issue in two denominations, all with bare
heads of Claudius and the reverse inscription KAICAPEQN
ETOYC E (note the use of ‘squared’ C’s): (a) Zeus
enthroned 1. (S Suppl. 59a = e.g., vA 6349); (b) Tyche
seated above river god (S59).
i and 2 are similar issues, which present the same problems
of attribution: which Caesarea? The attribution of either to
Caesarea in Cappodocia seems, however, most unlikely on
many grounds: style, epigraphy (the squared C’s) and form
of ethnic, which is normally KAICAPEIAC. The fabric of the
coins points firmly to Cilicia and they are here catalogued
as Uncertain of Cilicia (4084-6).
3. S 57 is based only on Mionnet, and surely represents a
misreading for the large coins of Year 8 (‘B’ is easily con­
fused with H, particularly on a worn coin).
4. S 84 is, in fact, a bronze coin (with no regnal year), and
belongs to a group of Bithynian coins without ethnic, dis­
cussed by C. Howgego in S M , 1985, p. 90, and attributed in
this catalogue to Nicomedia (2084).
5. S Suppl. 35a and 35b are mistakenly described as
bronze; they are in fact the two issues of silver hemidrachms
made by Archelaus (3607-8).
6. S Suppl. 61 a is a misdescription of a Jewish coin
(=4842).
7. S Suppl. 61b is simply a repetition of S 61.
8. S 88a (Nero/eagle) is a coin of Antioch in Pisidia
(3 5 3 2 )·
G e rm a n ic u s
3654 AE. 2 0m m , 5.90g (2). [ 2 ]
S 54, RSN 1898, 46
TEPMANIKOC KAI[CAP]; bare head of G erm anicus, r.
ΕΠΙ COVPA KAICAPHAC; head o f Tyche, r.
i . B (L ö b b ), 6 .04; 2. G 5, 5.75. T h e flans o f b o th coins are very sim ilar,
a n d one (p erh ap s b oth?) m u st be a forgery.
 C A P P A D O C I A : Caesarea, Tyana, Hierapolis (Comana) (3655—3661) 559

C la u d iu s , AD 4 8 2. B (B -I = T rillm ich , T af. 15.12), 7.65; 3 . B (L ö b b = nz 1915, T a f. 10.1),

7 .3 1; 4 —5. P 246-7 = W a 6747 -8 , 6.77, 6.78; 6. V 33503 ( = B achofen 825,
3655 AE. 26m m , 11.77g (3 )· Axis: 12. [ 2 ] T a f. 42); 7. L = b m c 13 (pi. 8.9 = S, fig. g = T rillm ich , T a f. 15.13), 6.05.
C o u n te rm ark s: M o u n t A rgaeus a n d ΚΛ Θ ( G I C 424: 2 -7 ); E ( G I C 671: 7).
S 60
3657 AE. 19m m , 4 .1 2 g (5). Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
TIBEPIOC KAAYAIOC KAICAP CEBACTOC; lau reate
head of C laudius, r. Sv 29
KAICAP ET H; M ou n t A rgaeus surm o u n ted by statu e MECCAAAINA CCBACTOY; d ra p e d b u st o f M essalina, r.
i . B (L öbb = T rillm ich , T a f. 15.n ) , 12.07; 2. B (L öbb), 12.79; 3 · vA ANTWNIA CCBACTH; d rap ed b u st of A ntonia, r.
6351, 10.46; 4 . F lorence (mg 417, no. 180); 5. U n c e rta in ( = nz 1915, T af. i . V 2 7 3 3 5 /6 ( = T rillm ich , T af. 15.9), 3.90; 2—3. B (C re te ) (b o th I-B,
X .3, b u t n o t in M u as s ta te d there). incl. T rillm ich , T a f 15.8), 4 .3 9 , 5.24; 4 . G C rete 5; 5. P In certain e s
C o u n te rm ark s: M o u n t A rg aeu s a n d ΚΛ Θ ( G I C 424: 1-3, 5); E ( G I C 671: { = E s s a y s M a t t i n g l y , 103, n. 3), 3.50; 6. S tern b e rg X X I (1988), lo t
3)· 357 = M M A G 41 (1970), 586, 3.57. F o r a ttrib u tio n , see in tro d u ctio n .
C o u n te rm ark : K Θ ( G I C 545: 3 -6 ).
3656 AE. 21 m m , 6.65g (6)· Axis: 12. [ 7 ]
S 61, BMC 13 3658 AE. 16 m m , 3.07 g (3). [ 2 ]
KAAYAIOC KAICAP BPITANNIKOC; bare head of S Suppl. 236a
B ritannicus, 1. nO AEW C KAICAPEIAC; head o f Tyche, 1.
KAICAP ET H; OKTAOYIA ANTWNIA; O ctav ia and ET H; p yram id
A ntonia, both holding cornucopias, clasp hands i . P W a 6742; 2. vA 6340, 3.07; 3 . N Y , 3.39; 4 . G o, 2.75.
i . B (I-B = mg 416, 179, a n d T a f G .32 = T rillm ich , T a f 15.14), 6.31; C o u n te rm ark : ΚΛ Θ ( G I C 545 corr.: 3 -4 ).

Tyana
N e ro , a d 6 6 ____ 3 6 6 0 A E. ig m m . Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
NCPWN KAICAP; lau reate head, r.
3659 AE. 23m m , 10.89g (3 )· Axis: I2 · [ 3 ] TVANCWN £T IB; T yche seated, 1.; river god, below
NEPWN KAICAP; lau reate head, r. '■ v 202,0
TVANEW NCT IB; T yche seated, r.; river god, below
I. B (B -I), 12.60; 2. P 750, 7.77; 3 . L 1 9 9 1 -1 -3 0 -8 4 , 12.29.

Hierapolis (Comana)
Since A. Dupont-Sommer and L. Robert rejected all poss­ N ero, a d 55 ___________________
ible candidates for a coinage of Hierapolis {Le D éesse de
H ierapolis C astabala (1964), p. 19; cf. pp. 94-5), a new coin 3661 AE. 21 m m , 6.06 g (1). Axis: 6. [ o ]
has turned up for Nero, whose ethnic with the mention of NEPWNOC ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ KAICAPOC CEBA CTO Y; laureate
the river Saros leaves no doubt about the attribution to head, r.
Comana (modern Shar). The letter B in the reverse exergue IEPOnOAITW N [TWN] nP O C TW CAP; m ountain; below,
perhaps denotes the second year of Nero’s reign, with which B
the youthful portrait is compatible, although the absence of i . J S W , 6.06.
any symbol or formula for ‘year’ is surprising, though paral­
leled on the bronze coinage of Archelaus of Cappadocia
(3609-19). The precise description and identification of the
reverse type is not clear.
 CILICIA T RAC H EIA
C at. no. Page C at. no. Page

Introduction 560 Corycus 371 I - I 3 563

Selinus 3701-2 561 Elaeusa-Sebaste 3714-22 563
(Ninica) — 561 Olba 564
Gietis 3703 561 Uncertain 3723 565
(Eirenopolis) — 561 Ajax 3724-34 565
Anemurium 3704-8 562 M. Antonius Polemo 3735-9 566
Celenderis 3709-1° 562 King Polemo 3740-2 566
(Seleucia-ad-Calycadnum) - 562

Cilicia was the nam e given to two very different regions of
southeast Asia M inor (Jones, C ities , pp. 192—214). Cilicia
Pedias consisted of the fertile p lain w atered by the
Pyram us, S am s and C ydnus rivers, and included the cities
of Soli-Pom peiopolis, T arsus, A ugusta, M allus, M opsus,
A nazarbus, Aegeae, E piphanea, A lexandria-ad-Issum and
Rhosus; d uring the period of this catalogue this region
form ed p a rt of the province of Syria, an d the coins are
catalogued there (4101-81); inland there was also the
principality of T arcondim otus (39-31 b c ) an d his successor
Philopator (20 b c —a d 17), w hich seems to have centred on
H ierapolis C astab ala (3871-2). F u rth er to the west lay the
more inaccessible an d m ountainous region of Cilicia
T racheia, w hich supported only a few cities along its coastal
strip: Syedra, Selinus, A nem urium , Celenderis, Corycus
and Elaeusa. Some coinage was also m ade in the interior
(the Cietis region; b u t probably not at the cities of N inica
and Eirenopolis: see the com m entary).
T he R om ans thou g h t it better, as Strabo records (14.5.6,
671), th a t T rach eia should be ruled by kings ra th e r than by
R om an governors. I t h ad been given by A ntony to
C leopatra; O ctavian subsequently divided it between: (a)
the larger, w estern p a rt of T racheia, w hich was given to
A m yntas o f G alatia, an d on his death was divided between
the province of G alatia an d A rchelaus of C appadocia; on
his death in 17 it passed to his son, another A rchelaus, who
was still reigning in 36. M ost of the kingdom , and the cities
of T rach eia, were given to A ntiochus IV of C om m agene by
C aligula in 38; (b) the principality of O lba, ruled by the
T eucrid high priests an d controlling m uch of eastern
T racheia, the trib al areas of the C ennatae an d the Lalas-
seis. T he dynasty seems to have died out in 41, w hen the
principality was g ranted to Polemo I I of Pontus in retu rn
for his loss of B osporus, an d he was perhaps responsible for
its urbanisation. Polemo m ay have continued to reign there
after the loss of his Pontic kingdom in 64 (cf. G alba and M.
A nt. Polemon: 3741).
Tw o cities only in T racheia produced coinage w ith the
p o rtra it of an em peror: Syedra (Tiberius) and Corycus
(ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ, alm ost certainly Tiberiu's to ju d g e from the
p o rtrait). Syedra was, however, probably in the p a rt of
w estern Cilicia w hich was transferred first to G alatia and
then (with the rest of Pam phylia) to Lycia and Pam phylia,
where its coinage is catalogued (3405). I t is not clear how to
in terpret the issue from Corycus. I t m ust either have been
m ade in honour o f Tiberius w hen Corycus was under the
control of the A rchelaus who succeeded in a d i 7 ; or possibly
his kingdom did not include Corycus (and so Elaeusa-
Sebaste), though the city was, o f course, subsequently given
to A ntiochus IV o f Com m agene.
T he general absence of easily datable coinage from the
region makes it very difficult to know w hether or how m uch
‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coinage should be included in this
catalogue. These are generally dated between the second
century and ‘im perial tim es’; for the m ost p a rt these have
not been included here (see, e.g., the discussion on Seleucia,
p. 562), b u t sometimes they have, since the dating is rather
m ore certain (Elaeusa). W e are very aw are, however, th at
in this respect this area of the catalogue m ay well prove to
be deficient.
T he m etrology of the cities (and tribal area of Cietis) of
Cilicia T racheia, striking for A ntiochus IV , is fairly con­
sistent, although an exception m ay be the coins of
Celenderis, w hich seem to be system atically lighter. The
p attern w hich emerges can be seen from the table below,
although m uch uncertainty applies to the sm aller deno­
m inations, due to their scarcity. W hen these figures are
com pared w ith the m etrology of the cities of eastern

Cietis 24m m, IO. 18g (7)

Selinus 23mm, 10.19g (4) 17 mm, 4.48 g (6)
Anemurium 23 mm, 9.08 g (6) 19 mm, 5.61 g (3) 14mm, 3.05g (2)
Celenderis 24m m, 7.46g (ri)
Corycus 24 mm, 8.47 g (4)
Sebaste 25 mm, 10.08 g (7) 22 mm, 6.19g (3 )

average: 24 mm, 9.05 g (39) 21 mm, 5.90 g (6) 17mm, 4.48g (6) 14mm, 3.05g (2)
 C I L I C I A T R A C H E I A : Selinus, Ninica Claudiopolis, Cietis, Eirenopolis (3701-3703) 56/

Cilicia, it can be seen th a t there seems to be quite a good fit too well w ith th at of his other coins, from Com m agene,
fit. L acanatis and Lycaonia, unless one assum es th a t the most
East Cilicia W est Cilicia com m on Cilician denom ination was not produced
34m m, 28.78g (2) elsewhere in the kingdom:
26-30 mm, 14.81g (24)
23~5m m , 10.83g (123) 24 mm, 9.05 g (39) Commagene 24—8 mm, 14.61 g (21) 18-22 mm, 6.95 g (28) 16mm, 3.59g (9)
18-22 mm, 6.94 g (56) Lacanatis 25m m, 15.13g ( n )
21 mm, 5.90g (6)
Lycaonia 25m m, 14.49g (11) 19mm, 6.84g (3)
16-18mm, 3.79g (48) 17 mm, 4.48 g (6)
i4 -i6 m m , 3.10g (10) 14mm, 3.05g (2)
O n the other hand, the largest denom ination corresponds
W est Cilicia was, of course, p a rt of the kingdom of A nti­ well enough w ith A ntioch and the so-called Com m agene
ochus of Com m agene, b u t the C ilician m etrology does not coins of T iberius (29111111/15.58g (19)).

Selinus
For Selinus, see now E. L evante, N C 1990, pp. 226-30.

Antiochus I V o f Commagene, 38-72 ______________ 3 7 0 2 A E. 17m m , 4 .4 3 g (12). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]

IW TAIIH BACIAICCA; d rap ed an d diadem ed bust of
3701 AE. 23m m , 10.19g (4). Axis: 12. [ 2 ] Io tap e, r.
GRMK 2 1 9 , n o . I CCAINOYCIVVN; A rtem is standing, r., w ith bow, and
draw ing arrow from quiver; to r., stag
BACIAEVC METAC ANTIOXOC; d rap ed an d diadem ed
I. L e v an te 458, 5.99; 2 . L 1 9 7 4 -5 -4 -2 , 2.83; 3 . B 14/1875, 4.16;
bust, r. 4. L ev an te 457, 3.53; 5 . T ra d e = L ö b b zfn X V I I (1890), 17, a n d T af.
CEAINOYCIWN; Apollo standing, facing, w ith p a te ra and I I . 8; 6. A u fh ä u s e r 4 (1987), lo t 183, 4.68; 7. A u fh ä u s e r 3 (1986), lo t 98,
sceptre; to r., raven 5.70; 8. P row e (E gger X L V I, 1914) lo t 2484, 4.00; 9 —13. R . Ziegler,
M ü n zen K ilikien s aus kleineren deutschen Samm lungen, 171-5, 5.00, 3.87, 4.12,
I.L 1 9 7 4 -1 -8 -5 8 , IO.35; *· L 1 9 0 2 -6 -1 0 -5 3 , 9.95; 3 . I-B ( = GRMK 1),
10.20; 4. L e v an te 456, 10.26. 5 . B (IB = km 486, no. 1), 9.10. 2 .9 4 ,6 .4 0 ; 14. JS W .

Ninica Claudiopolis
An issue of two denom inations depicting P R IN C E PS
F E L IX has been attrib u ted to N inica, but, w hile it seems
definitely Cilician, the attrib u tio n to N inica is not a t all
definite, and the coins perhaps come from further east, from
Cilicia Pedias, an d the coins have been catalogued there
(see 4082-3, w ith discussion).
T he ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coin w ith bust o f goddess/
C O L N IN IC yoke of hum ped oxen has been dated to the
first century a d (Levante 596), b u t is probably of the second
century (com pare Levante 603).
T he v A In d e x quotes a coin o f Nero from N inica in I. It
has not been possible to check this.

Cietis
For the nam e Cietis, see Jo n es, C ities, pp. 195-6. I t prob- Antiochus I V o f Commagene, 38-72
ably refers to a p articu lar district o f T racheia, the inland
area at the very west of T racheia, ju s t south of Lycaonia. 3 7 0 3 AE. 2 4m m , io .i 8 g (7). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΜΕΓΑΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ ΕΠΙΦΑ; diadem ed and
d rap ed bust, r.
ΚΙΗΤΩΝ; scorpion; to 1., crescent
i . L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—2 5 7 2 (ex vA , SNG —), 11.61; 2 . L 1 9 7 2 -2 -7 -1 , 8.57; 3 . P
W a 4800, 8.12; 4 . L e v an te 561, 7.59; 5 —7· A u fh ä u s e r 3 (1986), lo t 97, 4
(1987), lo t 181, 5 (1988), lo t 167, 13.02, i i . 31, 11.03. A ll fro m th e sam e
obv. die.

Eirenopolis
T he coins attrib u ted to Eirenopolis in C ilicia (W a 4326,
followed by vA In d ex) have been reattrib u ted to Sepphoris
(4 8 4 9 -5 0 )·

Antiochus I V o f Commagene, 38-72 _________________
3 7 0 4 AE. 23m m , 8.99 g (5)· Axis: 12.
BMC 19
Β Α Σ ΙΛ Ε Υ Σ Μ Ε Γ Α Σ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ο Σ Ε Π ΙΦ Α Ν ; d rap ed and
diadem ed bust, r.
Α Ν Ε Μ Ο Υ Ρ ΙΕ Ω Ν ; A rtem is standing, r., w ith bow, and
draw ing arrow from quiver; to r., stag
r . A u f h ä u s e r 5 (1 9 8 8 ), 166, 10.69; * · L = b m c 19, 7.33; 3 . P
(in certain es), 8.05; 4 . A u fh ä u s e r 4 (1987), lo t 179, 10.59; 5 · S ch u lten
20.10.1988, lo t 446, 10.45; 6* L a n z 46 (1988), lot 307, 8.30.
3 7 0 5 AE. 23m m , 10.15g (1).
Β Α Σ ΙΛ Ε Υ Σ Μ Ε Γ Α Σ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ο Σ [Ε Π ΙΦ Α Ν ] ; d rap ed and
diadem ed bust, r.
Α Ν Ε Μ Ο Υ Ρ ΙΕ Ω Ν ; A rtem is standing, r., w ith bow, an d
draw ing arrow from quiver; in field, L IB
I . L e v a n te 4 8 3 , 10.15. D a te d t o ad 49/50.
Antiochus I V o f Commagene, 38-72 _________________
3709 AE. 2 3 -4 m m , 7.02 g (9). Axis: 12.
BMC 2 0
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ [ ; diadem ed an d d rap ed bust, r.
ΚΕΛΕΝΔΕΡΙΤΩ[Ν]; Apollo, standing 1., holding branch
and resting arm on colum n surm ounted by tripod; in
field, E A N
i . L 1 9 7 9 -1 —1—257 (ex vA , SNG — ), 7.90; 2. L = b m c 20, 11.16; 3. P 398
(= W a 4215), 4.06; 4 - 5 . B (P rokesch, L ö b b ), 6.00, 8.34; 6 - 7 . L ev an te
540-1, 4.22, 6.40; 8. A u fh ä u s e r 4 (1987), lot 180, 5.97; 9. M u ( = k m 457,
no. 19); 10. K ovacs I X (1988), lot n o ; 11. R . Z iegler, Münzen Kilikiens
aus kleineren deutschen Sammlungen, 256. A ll from th e sam e obv. die. T h e re
are definitely som e le tte rs u n d e r th e king’s bu st, b u t it is n o t clear w h a t
they say. I t is h a rd to re a d eith er ΜΕΓΑΣ or ΕΠΙΦΑΝΗΣ, a n d ]ΓΑ Ι[ seem s
m ore likely, alth o u g h its m e an in g is n o t clear.
Seleucia-ad-Calycadnum
Seleucia produced a fairly extensive series of bronzes, which
are generally dated to the late H ellenistic and early im perial
period. Tw o specific associations of the nam es which
appear on the coins have been m ade to support a continu­
ation of the coinage into the im perial period:
a) . Some of the coins m ention an A thenaeus (W a 4447)
and a X enarchus { G M , p. 712, no. 572, Levante 703-4);
two notew orthy p eripatetic philosophers of these nam es are
m entioned as his contem poraries a t Seleucia by Strabo
(X IV .5.4, 670; Jo n es, C ities, p. 438, n. 30). B ut these identi­
fications are not compelling.
b) . T h e coins w ith A th en a/ΠΟΛΕΜ ΩΝΟΣ ΣΕΛΕΥΚ-
[ΕΩΝ] owl (B I-B = G M , p. 712, no. 572a, Levante 714)
have been associated w ith Polemo the ruler of O lb a by
Anemurium
3 7 0 6 AE. 19 m m , 5.90 g (5). [ o ]
ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΙΩΤΑΠΗ; d rap ed a n d diadem ed bust, r.
[ 2 ] ΑΝΕΜΟΥΡΙΕΩΝ; m ale figure standing, 1., w ith aphlaston
an d (?) sceptre
i . A u fh ä u s e r 4 (1987), 182, 5.53; 2. L e v a n te 4 8 6 , 6.15; 3. A u fh ä u se r 5
(1988), lo t 169, 5.16; 4 . S ch u lten 20.10.1988, lot 448, 6.03; 5. K ö ln er
M ü n z k a b in e tt 46 (1988), lot 2187; 6—7. R . Ziegler, Münzen Kilikiens aus
kleineren deutschen Sammlungen, i g o - i , 6.61, 6.08. T h e o b ject in th e fig u re’s
h a n d looks like a n ap h la sto n on 2—7, b u t m ore like a b ra n c h on 1. C / th e
sim ilar ty p e a t E laeu sa (3 7 2 1 ).
3 7 0 7 AE. 2 2m m , 7.86g (2). Axis: i. [ ?i ]
[ ] ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ Ε Π ΙΦ Α Ν Η [ ; diadem ed head, r.
[ ]ΑΠΗ(?) AN8M OY[ ; diadem ed head of Iotape, r.
[ o ]
i . L e v a n te 4 8 4 , 6.43; 2. P 30, 9.29. F o r a la rg er d en o m in atio n , see
a d d e n d a 3707A.
3 7 0 8 AE. 14m m , 3.05g (2). Axis: 12. [ o ]
ΒΑΕΙΛΕΥΕ ANTIOXO[E]; diadem ed head, r.
ΒΑΕΙΛΙΠΕΗΕ ΑΝΕΜΟΥ ] ; head of Iotape, r.
i . L e v an te 485, 2.86; 2. JS W , 3.23.
Celenderis
3 7 1 0 AE. 24mm, 8.84g (4)· Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
km 457, nos. 20-1
[ 7 ] ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ; diadem ed and d rap ed bust, r.
KEAEMAEPITWN; A pollo, stan d in g 1., holding branch
an d resting arm on colum n surm o u n ted by tripod; in
field, Μ Α Σ an d [ ]P Π ΑΔΗ
i . P 397 ( = W a 4214), 7.69; 2—3 . B (9941 = k m , no. 20, 1150/1878 = k m ,
no. 21, w ith T a f. X V I I .21), 9.19, 9.66; 4 . JS W , 7.58. S am e dies. T h ese
coins pose so m eth in g o f a p ro b le m since they seem to be die-linked to
o th e r coins (L ev an te 544, M ü n z Z e n tru m 58 (1986), lo t 1433, S ch u lten
(20.10.1988) lo t 447, R . Z iegler, Münzen Kilikiens aus kleineren deutschen
Sammlungen, p. 255) w ith Κ ΕΛΕΝΔΕΡ[ ] ΘΠΡ(?) Π ΑΔΗ , w hich m u st surely
b e false in view o f th e p o o r rev. style a n d th e fact th a t th e colum n is
s u rm o u n te d b y a trid e n t a n d n o t a trip o d . O n e can only su p p o se th a t an
obv. die h as b een copied b y m ech an ical m ean s. A sim ilar rev. die ap p e ars
o n sim ilarly suspicious-looking coins (L e v an te 539, Z iegler 254) w ith an
obv. th a t is su p p o sed to be T y ch e.
R. D. Sullivan, N C (1979), p. 17: ‘a coin published by
Im hoof-Blum er . . . suggests he [Polemo] did [control
Seleucia], though not w hen. B ut the absence of royal titles
precludes identification w ith Polemo II , at least during his
kingship.’ I t seems m ore likely, as Sullivan seems to adm it,
th at the Polemo on this coin is ju s t another m an w ith the
same nam e, as other personal nam es appear in the same
way on sim ilar coins (e.g. ΕΥΦΡΑΝΟΡΟΣ, Levante 712).
T he related nam e Polem archos also occurs at Seleucia
{ B M C 15, Levante 706, cf. K M , p. 482, no. 8).
T hus, although it is certainly possible th at some, at least, of
the coinage of Seleucia was m ade during the period covered
by this catalogue, the evidence does not seem strong enough
to justify its inclusion.
 C IL IC IA T R A G H E IA : C o ry c u s, E la e u s a -S e b a s te ( 3 7 1 1 —3 7 1 6 ) 563

Corycus
For the history of Corycus in this period, see the introduc­ I . J S W , 12 .95; 2. L e v an te 807 (ex W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lot 505), 9.50. S am e
dies.
tion to Cilicia, p. 560. 3712-13 show that it formed part of
the kingdom of Antiochus IV of Commagene, like near-by
Elaeusa; and earlier it had, with Elaeusa, also probably
been part of the kingdom of Archelaus of Cappadocia.
In view of the portrait, 3711 seems definitely to depict Antiochus I V o f Commagene
Tiberius. It is, therefore, the only city in Cilicia Tracheia to
depict an emperor at this time (except for Syedra, which 3712 AE. 2 2 - 8 mm, 8 .9 4 g (3)· Axis: 1 2 . [ 3 ]
was probably in the province of Galatia). It is not clear BACIACOC ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ANTIOXOY; diademed head, r.
whether one should interpret this coin as an issue honour­ ΚΩΡΥΚΙΩΤΩΝ; female figure, seated L, holding patera
ing the emperor made by Corycus, although the city was i . P 4 9 0 ( = W a 4252: o v erstru ck o n ?), 10.42; 2. P 491 ( = W a 4253),
8-59; 3· V 20938, 7.81. i a n d 3 sh are th e sam e obv. die. T h e seated figure
actually subject to another ruler (cf. the coinage of Olba, is p ro b ab ly su p p o sed to re p re se n t Io ta p e , as on th e sim ilar coins o f n ea r­
3722-40, where the emperor’s portrait appears as well as b y E laeu sa (3 7 1 7 —20).
that of the local dynast); or, alternatively, as an indication
that some time during the reign of Tiberius Corycus, with 3713 AE. 2 2 mm, 7 .0 9 g ( 1 ). [ o ]
the cities of Cilicia Pedias, was under the direct rule of ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΙΟΤΑΠΗ; veiled head of Iotape, r.
Rome. ΚΩΡΥΚΙΩΤ[ ; Apollo firing bow, r.
I . L e v a n te 8 0 6 , 7.09. T h e n o m in ativ e case a n d th e le tte r fo rm Σ are
unex p ected , b u t th e re seem s no p a rtic u la r reaso n to d o u b t th e coin’s
au th en ticity .
Tiberius?
3711 AE. 24mm, 11.23 g (2 ). Axis: 1 2 . [ o ]
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; laureate head, r.
APX ΔΙΟ ΚΩΡΥΚΙΩΤΩΝ; diademed head of Aphrodite,
r.; to r., aphlaston

Elaeusa-Sebaste
Elaeusa was given to Archelaus of Cappadocia in 20 b c , and Reign o f Archelaus o f Cappadocia, 20 b c -a d /7
rebuilt on a magnificent scale as the capital of Cilicia
(Jones, C ities, p. 205). Under Archelaus it was named 3714 AE. 2 5 mm, 1 5 . 7 0 g ( 1 ). [ i ]
Sebaste and styled metropolis. The coinage was studied and
RSN vm ( 1 8 9 8 ), 2 8 , no. g
catalogued by Imhoof-Blumer, R S N V III, pp. 24-34.
Imhoof-Blumer associated Archelaus’s acquisition of Head of Tyche, r.; ΘΑ behind
ΕΛΑΙΟΥΙ; Nike advancing, 1.; monogram A and ΥΛ in
Elaeusa with his production of silver drachms dated from
field
year 20 to 42 (17/16 b c till a d 5/6), and stated that they
i . B ( I - B ) , 15 .70; 2. L e v an te 838, 14.67. O th e r p ro b a b ly co n tem p o rary
were minted at Elaeusa (because they refer to him as varieties in clu d e R S N V I I I (1898), p. 27, no. 8, a n d L e v an te 837.
κτίστης), but it seems more likely that they were produced
at Caesarea, since the corresponding half-drachms depict 3715 AE. 2 5 mm, 8 .8 5 g (2)· Axis: 1 2 . [ 2 ]
Mt Argaeus (see 3607-8, with discussion). RSN vm ( 1 8 9 8 ), 2 8 , no. 1 0
Imhoof-Blumer plausibly attributed some bronze coins to Head of Tyche, r. (same die as 3714)
this period, because, in one case, the same obverse die is ΕΕΒΑΕΤΗΝΩΝ; Nike advancing, 1.; monogram or letters
shared by two coins, one with the old ethnic ΕΛΑΙΟΥΕ and in field
the other with the new ΕΕΒΑΕΤΗΝΩΝ. In addition one of i . L 1 9 0 2 —6—10—5 0 , 9.22; 2. B (F ox), 8.47. O th e r p ro b a b ly co n tem p o rary
the ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins referring to the ‘metropolis’ varieties in c lu d e A 5803 (= R S N Y I I I (1898), p . 28, no. 11), a n d L in d g ren
1650, 10.81.
probably dates from this period, or that of Antiochus IV,
although the other (ÄSWVIII (1898), p. 29, no. 14) seems
later.
Several different issues were made from Elaeusa-Sebaste First century a d *i.
by Antiochus IV of Commagene. One of them (3720) has
the date 224, interpreted by Seyrig (R N , 1963, pp. 51-2) as 3716 AE. 2 5 mm, 1 0 .6 5 g (2)· Axis: 1 2 . [ 3 ]
dating from an era of 163 or 162 (i.e. year 224 = c. a d 62). If RSNvm ( 1 8 9 8 ), 2 9 , no. 1 3
the prominent E on the obverse of other coins is also a date, Head of Tyche, r.; before, uncertain monograms
it must presumably be a regnal date. On the other hand, a ΕΕΒΑΕΤΗΝΩΝ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΩΕ; Nike advancing, 1.
new variety (3719) appears to have NAO in a similarly i . B (P ro k esch ), 13.72; 2. L 1 9 2 8 -4 -9 -2 4 , 7.68; 3 . L e v a n te 8 4 0 , 9.30.
prominent position on the obverse (though it is in front
rather than behind the portrait), but this cannot be a date.
Φ 4 C I L IC IA TRACHEIA: E la e u s a - S e b a s te , O lb a ( 3 7 1 7
Antiochus I V o f Commagene, 38-72
3717 AE. mm, 9 . 1 0 g (3 ).
2 5 [ 2 ]
RSN V III( 1 8 9 8 ), 3 1 , no. 2 1
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ANTIOXOY Ε[ΠΙΦ ; diademed
head, r.; to L, E
ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑΙΩΤΑΠΗ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΝΩΝ; Iotape seated, I., with
patera and sceptre; under throne, EP O A
i . L e v a n te 8 4 3 (ex vA 8178), 8.57; 2. P 31 (pi. X X X .13), 8.57; 3. B
411/1874, 10.17. I t is n o t clear if B 1374/1905 (7.02 g) is a n o th e r
sp ecim en, or a different variety.
3718 AE. 2 5 mm, 1 0 .4 0 g (i). [ i ]
GRMK 2 1 8 , no. i
BACIAEOC ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ANTIOXOY 8 ΠΙΦΑΝ[ ; diademed
head, r.; to L, E
ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΙΩΤΑΠΗ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΝΩΝ; Iotape seated, I., with
patera and sceptre; in field, EP ΟΞ AN
I. B (I-B ) ( = GRMK, no. 1), 10.40.
3719 AE. 2 5 mm, 1 0 .4 4 g (2)·
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ M[ ] ANTIOXOY ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ; diademed
bust, r.; to r., N A 0(?)
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΝΩΝ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΙΩΤΑΠΗ;
Iotape seated, 1., with patera and sceptre; to 1., ΟΞ ΟΓ
AN(?)
The coinage of Olba was first studied in detail by G. F. Hill
in N C 1899, pp. 181-207 (followed in B M C ) , and has more
recently been the subject of a monograph by G. M. Staffieri,
L a M on etazione d i O lba nella C ilicia Tracheia (Monograph of
Q uaderni T icinesi di N u m ism a tic a e A n tic h ita Classiche, 1978).
The problems concerning the identity of the Polemo (or
Polemos) whose name appears on some of the coins have
been discussed by R. D. Sullivan, ‘King Marcus Antonius
Polemo’, N C 1979, pp. 6-20. The collection of material in
this catalogue is not complete, but it seems unlikely that
anything significant has been omitted.
A ja x , h ig h p r ie s t a n d to p a r c h
After the defeat of Cleopatra, who had been given Cilicia
Tracheia by Antony, Octavian divided the area between
Amyntas of Galatia and the principality of Olba. The rulers
of Olba were the Teucrid high priests, and they controlled
much of eastern Tracheia, the tribal areas of the Cennatae
and the Lalasseis. The high priest Ajax is attested under
Augustus (years 1 and 2) and Tiberius (year 5), which puts
his rule in the second decade of the first century, the years
in question being therefore between 10/11-12/13 (year 1)
and 14/15—16/17 (year 5). Although the name Olba does
not appear on his coins, there seems little doubt that they
were made there (cf. Hill, p. 183).
P o le m o , a s h ig h p r ie s t a n d d y n a s t
Coins were also minted in the name and with the portrait of
the high priest M. Ant. Polemo; they are dated to ‘year io’
and ‘year 1T, either regnal years or years of Tiberius (see
Sullivan, p. 10); perhaps the former seems more likely as
-3722)
i . L 1 9 8 5 —12—2 2 —i (ex G len d in in g 2.12.1985, lo t 170), 8.26; 2. L in d g ren
1885, 12.61. S am e obv. die.
3720 AE. mm, 1 1 .9 5 g (0·
25 [ 1 I
( 1 8 9 8 ) 3 1 , no. 2 0
RSN V III
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ANTIOXOY ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ;
diademed head, r.; to 1., Δ K Σ
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΝΩΝ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ [ΙΩΤΑΠΗ];
Iotape seated, 1., with patera and sceptre; in field, ΔΙ
i . P ( = H . Seyrig, r n 1964, 51, fig. 7), 11.95; 2. P riv ate coll, (see rsn
V I I I ) . F o r th e d a te 224, see above.
3721 AE. 2 2 mm, 5 .2 6 g (2 ). [ o ]
rsn vin ( 1 8 9 8 ), 3 1 , no. 1 8
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ANTIOXOY; diademed and draped bust, r.
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΝΩΝ; naked figure, standing 1., on prow,
holding /sceptre and /branch
i . L e v a n te 8 4 a , 5.57; 2. T ra d e ( = r s n V I I I (1898), T af. I I . 12); 3. P 29,
4.95. F o r a sim ilar figure, see A n em u riu m 3 7 0 6 .
3722 AE.2 2 mm, 8 .0 5 g (0· [ 1 ]
[ 1 ]
rsnvin ( 1 8 9 8 ) 3 1 , no. 1 9
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ [ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ] ; diademed and draped bust, r.
ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΝΩΝ; Tyche standing, L, with rudder and ?
i . P 28, 8.05. I t is n o t ce rtain th a t this is a coin o f A n tio ch us IV .
Ajax had previously used regnal years. Polemo was identi­
fied by Hill with an unnamed son of Polemo I, but Sullivan
has argued that he is the same as Polemo II of Pontus, who
definitely acquired part of Cilicia in 41 (=K ing Polemo,
below), in exchange for the loss of his Bosporan territory
(Dio 60.8.2). Sullivan regards the rule of Polemo as high
priest of Olba as falling perhaps in c. 28-38, before his
appointment as king in 41. The chronology of this seems,
perhaps, rather tight, since Polemo was a contemporary of
Caligula, who was born only in a d 12, and Sullivan’s argu­
ment has not been accepted by Staffieri in Q T (1987), pp.
230-2. One could alternatively think that years 10 and n
date from the gift of Cilicia in 41, but, if so, one would have
expected to find the title of king as on Polemo’s later coins,
unless he did not use the title king in Cilicia until after he
had lost Pontus in 64.
K in g P o le m o
The rare coins of King Polemo with Nero and with Galba
both fall in the late sixties, since the portrait of Nero indi­
cates a date late in his reign and the obverse legends are
very similar, suggesting that they have been made at about
the same time.
The small coin with Polemo’s name and the types of
club/harpa (3742) is generally compared with coins of
Domitian Caesar (Hill, p. 186, Sullivan, pp. 17-18), and
may perhaps date from early in the Flavian period, as
Domitian’s coins date from Titus’s reign (cf. Levante
651 = Staffieri 39, corrected by Staffieri, Q T 1987, p. 234);
and before the formation of Tracheia into a province in 74·
Thus, although this coin technically may fall outside the
 C IL IC IA T R A C H E IA : 0 //>a (3723—3731) 565

scope of this volume, it has been included here for has only the types of the thunderbolt and throne and the
completeness. inscription ΟΛΒΕΩΝ; in the field are the letters normally
Coins with the name of a Polemo were also made at read as IN and EP. These coins are generally (Hill, Staf­
Seleucia-ad-Calycadnum (see p. 562), but he is not necess­ fieri) placed before the coins of Ajax, though there seems no
arily King Polemo, and is perhaps just a homonym. King particular reason why this should be so. In addition, IN is
Polemo also made coins in Armenia (3844 = H. Seyrig, R N surely a misreading for (year) Z (with the number sign of a
1969, p. 45, and Sullivan, p. 16), and, of course, in Pontus line above) ; year 7 would certainly fit the rule of Polemon as
(3 8 i 3 - 38 )· high priest (who uses both the designs of his named coins),
and (for all we know) of Ajax.
‘P s e u d o - a u t o n o m o u s ’ c o i n The pattern of weights of the coins can be seen from the
table below.
There is also an issue (3723 = BM C 1 = Staffieri 1) which
Ajax 23m m , 11.43g (58) 21 mm, 7.70g (29) 17mm, 4.59g (14) 15mm, 3.09g (7)
Pol 26 mm, 15.13 g (7) 23mm, 11.47g (10)
Nero 27 mm, 14.63 g (4)
Galba 23m m, n . i q g (4) 16mm, 2.61 g (2)

Uncertain date, ‘y ear j ’ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; laureate head of Augustus, r.

ΚΕΝΝΑΤΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΛΑΛΑΣΣΕΩΝ around ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ
3723 AE. 23 mm , 8.90 g (6) ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY ΤΟΠΑΡΧΟΥ ET Β and thunderbolt
Staffieri 1 i . L = bmc 10, 10.83; 2 * 4 L = b m c i i , 8.33; 3. V 34790, 10.52; 4—7. P
850 -1 , 853, 855 (= W a 4423), 10.41, 9.71, 10.03, 10.51; 8 - 9 . O = AMC
EP; throne 862—3, 9 ·ι 0 3 10.85; 10. vA 5789, 12.73.
Z ΟΛΒΕΩΝ; w inged th u n d erb o lt 3728 AE. 2 1 mm, 7 .4 9 g ( 1 4 ).
i. L = b m c I , 7.86; 2. vA 5782, 4.47; 3. L e v an te 645, 7.84; 4 . M u 4, 7.55
( = Staffieri, pi. I I . 2); 5. P 842, 12.96. F o r discussion, see in tro d u ctio n Staffieri 1 3 - 1 5
above. F or a sm aller d en o m in atio n w ith th e sam e types a n d legends, see ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY; draped bust of Ajax wearing cap
Staffieri, Q T (1987), p. 233, no. ib is.
and with caduceus, r.
ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ Τ0ΠΑΡΧ(0)(Υ) ΚΕΝΝΑΤ(ΩΝ) ΛΑΛΑΣ;
thunderbolt and ET B
Ajax, high priest and toparch, c. 10/12-14/16 i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —2 6 1 4 (e x vA 5784), 6.89; 2—3. L = b m c 4, 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 9 5 ,
7.20, 6.36; 4 —5. C o p 190-1, 6.27, 7.04; 6 - 7 . M u 2, 2a, 7.20, 8.29;
8. O = AMC 857, 7.15; 9. L ev an te 632, 7.53; 10. vA 5784, 6.90; 11—12. P
Year 1 837 ( = W a 4417), 838, 7.91, 8.13.

3724 AE. 23m m , 11.44g ( I6). 3729 AE. 1 7 mm, 4 . 8 2 g ( 7 ).

Staffieri 2-6 Staffieri 1 6
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; lau reate head of A ugustus, r. ΤΟΠΑΡΧ KENNAT ΛΑΛΑΣ ET B
ΚΕΝΝΑΤΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΛΑΛΑΣΣΕΩΝ aro u n d ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ ΑΡΧΙΕΡ ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY; thunderbolt
ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY ΤΟΠΑ(Ρ)ΧΟΥ ET A and th u n derb o lt I. L = bmc 5, 3.16; 2. V 28597; 3 - 5 · P 841, 843 (= W a 4415), 1970/76,
i . L = b m c 7 , 13.96; 2 - 4 . L = BMC 8 -9 , 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -2 6 1 5 (ex vA 5788), 4.98, 4.64, 4.44; 6. 0 = a m c 859, 3.96; 7. L e v a n te .634, 4.06; 8. vA 5786,
10.46, 10.83, 12.62; 5—9 . P 852, 8 5 4 -5 ( = W a 4 4 2 1 -2 ), de R icci, 11.40, 6.97.
12.12, 12.13, 13.77, 11.02; 10—i i . O = AMC 8 6 0-1, 11.08, 12.02; 12—
14. M u i, ia , ib , 11.38, 10.91, 12.06; 15—16. C o p 188-9, 12 Λ 3> Ι 3 ·Ι 9 > 3730 AE. 1 5 mm, 2 .8 8 g (5 ).
17—18. L e v an te 63 5 -6 , 12.14, 11.83.
Staffieri 1 7
3725 AE. 21 m m , 7.64g (12). Draped bust of Ajax wearing cap, r.
Staffieri 7—8 ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY E B
ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY; d rap ed b ust of A jax w earing cap i . L e v a n te 6 3 3 , 2.09; 2. vA 5785, 3.72; 3. P 840, 3.44; 4 - 5 . R. Ziegler,
M ü n zen K ilikien s aus kleineren deutschen Sam m lungen , 3 6 5 -6 , 2 .8 i, 2.31.
an d w ith caduceus, r.
ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ ΤΟΠΑΡΧΟΥ KENN AT AAA ΑΣΣ; triskeles and
ETA
Year 5
i . L = b m c 2, 7.50; 2. O — AMc 855, 7.38; 3—5. P 8 3 3-4, 836 ( — W a
4418), 8.31, 7.49, 7.88; 6 . C op 186, 7.80; 7 . L e v an te 630, 7.95; 8 . vA 3731 AE. 2 4 mm, i i . 8 1 g (3 2 ).
5783, 7.40.
Staffieri 1 8 - 2 3
3726 AE. 17m m , 4.14g (5). ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; laureate head of
Staffieri 9 Tiberius, r.
ΤΟΠΑΡ(Χ) KENNAT ΛΑΛΑΣ ET A ΚΕΝΝΑΤΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΛΑΛΑΣΣΕΩΝ around ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ
APXIEPE ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY; triskeles an d ET A ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY ΤΟΠΑΡΧΟΥ ΕΠΙ ΔΙΟΔΩ;
I . L — B M C 3, 4.28; 2 . O = AMC 856, 3.53; 3. P 845 (— W a 4416), 3.96; thunderbolt and ET E
4 . C op 187, 3.98; 5. L e v an te 631, 4.92. i . L 1 9 6 1 —3—1—3 9 6 , 12.51; 2 - 9 . L = BMC 12-17, 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -2 6 1 6 ( = v A
5 7 9 °), 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 9 7 , 11.87, *11-75s 10.77, 12.50, 10.58, 5.11, 12.26, 12.92;
i o . V 27974; 11—13. M u , 11.91, 10.46, 9.79; 14—1 7 . 0 , 1 1 . 5 7 , 9 . 6 6 ,
Year 2 I I . 84, ΐ ϊ · 2 ΐ ; i 8 —2 6 . P 857-6 1 , de R icci, 13.49, 13.08, 12.18, 10.17, 9.79,
11.35, 12.40, 12.76, 12.25; 2 7 - 2 8 . C o p 193-4, 12.46, 12.90; 29—
3727 AE. 23m m , 10.25g ( I0 ). 3 1 . L e v an te 6 3 7 -9 , 11.88, 12.85, 12.31. O n o ne d ie (vA 5790) th e rev.
legend read s ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY TEYKPOY ΤΟΠΑΡΧΟΥ: this
Staffieri 10-12 is p resu m a b ly ju s t a die e n g rav e r’s m istak e ( pace S taffieri, p. 32, n. 3).
566 C I L I C I A T R A C H E I A : Olba {3732-3742)

3732 AE. 2i m m , 9 .9 2 g (3). MAPK ΑΝΤΩΝΙΟΥ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ; d rap ed

Staffiert 24-5 b ust o f Polem o, r.
ΔΥΝΑΣΤΟΥ ΟΛΒΕΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΚΕΝΝΑΤΩΝ KAI
ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY; d rap ed b ust of A jax w earing cap
ΛΑΛΑΣΣΕΩΝ E IA; throne
and w ith caduceus, r.
i. L = B M C 2 0 , 18.62; 2 . L = BMC 19, 14.18; 3 . L e v an te 643 (ex vA 5793),
ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ ΤΟΠΑΡΧΟΥ KENNAT ΛΑΛΑΣΣ ΕΠ Ι ΔΙΟΔΩ; 16.02; 4 - 5 . P 8 2 8 -9 ( = W a 4411), 19.59, 15.48.
triskeles an d ET E
i . P 8 3 5 ( = W a 4420), 9.69; 2. P 832 ( = W a 4419), 9.39; 3· M u 3, 10.69. 3739 AE. 2 3m m , 10.76g (4).
Staffieri 33-4
3733 AE. 17 m m , 4.90 g (2).
MAPK ΑΝΤΩΝΙΟΥ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ; head of
Staffieri 26
Polem o, r.
APXIEP ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY; th u n d erb o lt ΔΥΝΑΣΤΟΥ ΟΛΒΕΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΕΝΝΑΤ ΚΑΙ
ET E ΤΟΠΑΡΧ ΚΕΝΝΑΤΩ ΛΑΛΑΣΣ an d two m onogram s ΛΑΛΑΣΣΕΩΝ Ε ΙΑ; th u n d erb o lt
I. v A 5 7 8 7 , 5.37; 2. P 844 ( = W a 4416), 4.42. i. L e v a n te 6 4 1 , 12.78; 2. L e v an te 642, 12.20.

3734 AE. 15m m , 3.62 g (2).

Staffieri 27-8
D raped bu st of A jax w earing cap, r. King Polemo and Nero
ET E AIANTO TEYKPO an d two m onogram s
I. L = bmc 6, 3.78; 2. P 8 3 9 ( = W a 4413), 3.45. 3740 A E. 2 7 m m , 14.63g (4).
Staffieri 35
AYTOKP ΝΕΡΩΝΑ TON ΕΥΕΡΓ CEBACT KAIC; laureate
M . Antonius Polemo, high priesti. head o f N ero, r.
M ANT ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝ ΒΑΕΙΛΕΥΕ; w inged caduceus an d two
Year 10 snakes
3735 AE. 26m m , 13.63g (2). i . L 1 9 6 3 —13—6 —20, 13.66; 2. O ( = S ullivan, n c (1979), pi. I I . 6), 13.66;
3. L e v an te 649, 12.90; 4 . N Y ; 5 . S tern b e rg X I (1981), lo t 360, 17.32. F o r
Staffieri 29 a ttrib u tio n to O lb a , see S u lliv an , p. 15.

MAPK ΑΝΤΩΝΙΟΥ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ; d rap ed

b u st o f Polem o, r.
ΔΥΝΑΣΤΟΥ ΟΛΒΕΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΚΕΝΝΑΤΩΝ KAI
ΛΑΛΑΣΣΕΩΝ E I ΕΠ Ι ΝΕΩΝΟΣ; throne King Polemo and Galba
i . P 8 2 7 , I l .23; 2. vA 5793, 16.02.
3741 AE. 23 m m , 11.19g (4).
3736 AE. 23m m , 12.61g (4).
Staffieri 37
Staffieri 30
AYTOKP CEPriO N ΓΑΛΒΑΝ TON ΕΥΕΡΓ CEBACTON
MAPK ΑΝΤΩΝΙΟΥ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ; head of
KAICAPA; b a re h ead o f G alba, r.
Polem o, r.
M ANT ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝ BACIAEYC; helm eted A thena,
ΔΥΝΑΣΤΟΥ ΟΛΒΕΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΚΕΝΝΑΤΩ ΚΑΙ
stan d in g 1., w ith sp ear an d shield
ΛΑΛΑΣΣΕΩ E I ΕΠΙ ΝΕΩΝΟ; th u n d erb o lt
i . P 8 6 3 ( = R N (1886) 2 8 4 -6 ), 10.70; 2. P 862 ( = W a 4427), 10.76;
i. L = bmc 18, 12.20; 2. L e v an te 640, i 3 -r 3 l 3 · yA 5791, 12.95; 4 · P 830, 3. L e v an te 650, 11.02; 4 . M M A G 441 (F eb. 1982), 12.18.
12.16.

3737 A E. 23 m m , 10.61 g (2).

Staffieri 31
As 3 7 3 6 (Staffieri 30) b u t ΕΠΙ ΜΑΝΕΩΝ King Polemo, c. 70? (for date, see introduction)
i . v A 579 2> Ι0 ·δ2; 2. R . Z iegler, M ü n ze n K ilikien s aus kleineren deutschen
Sam m lungen , 370 ( = M ü lle r 50, 1985, lo t 125), 10.40. S am e obv. die as 3742 AE. 16m m , 2 .6 1 g (2).
previous (3 7 3 6 /3 ).
Staffieri 36
M ANT ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ; club
Year π ΚΟΙΝΟΝ ΛΑΛΑΣΣΕΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΚΕΝΝΑΤΩΝ; h a rp a
i . B ( P r o k e s c h ) , 2.76; 2. L e v an te 644, 2.41.
3738 AE. 26m m , 15.73g (5).
Staffieri 32
 KINGDOMS Ο F ASIA MINOR
C at. no. Page C at. no. P age

Pontus: 567 Commagene: 571

Polemo I 3801-2 568 Antiochus I 3845-7 572
Pythodoris 3803-7 568 Samosata 3848-51 572
Polemo II Antiochus IV 3852-63 572
T ryphaena 3808-9 568 Lacanatis 3864-7 574
Polemo II and T ryphaena 3810-12 569 Commagene?: 574
Polemo II 3813-38 569 Tiberius 3868-7O 574
Armenia Minor: 570 Cilicia: 575
Aristobulus 3839-40 57° Tarcondimotus 3871 575
Armenia: 570 Philopator 3872 575
Tigranes, II I or V 3841-2 571
Artavasdes III? 3843 571
Polemo II 3844 571

Kingdom of Pontus
T he history of the kingdom of Pontus is not very well accepts the piece (Rec, p. 21, n. 1) w ith ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ
attested (see Jones, C ities, pp. 169-71, 208; E. O lshausen, ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ head of Polemo/M ΑΝΤΩΝΙΟΣ AYT ΤΡΙΩΝ
‘Pontos und R om ’, A N R W I I . 7.2, pp. 903-12; R. Sullivan, ΑΝΔΡΩΝ head of Antony, b u t the authenticity and indeed
‘D ynasts in P ontus’, A N R W I I . 7.2, pp. 913-30). existence of this piece seem very doubtful.

P o lem o I {c. 37 - c . 8 bc) P y th o d o ris

In c. 3 9 b c Pontus was given by A ntony to D arius, and then
in c. 37 Be to Polemo I. Polem o h ad previously been given
p art of Cilicia and at least p a rt of Lycaonia (Iconium ) by
A ntony in c. 3 9 , b u t was transferred to Pontus, perhaps
w hen Cilicia T rach eia was given to C leopatra. H is kingdom
stretched from A rm enia to the H alys, an d in c. 3 5 A rm enia
M inor was also added (Dio 49.44). Polemo survived being
on the w rong side a t A ctium , though A rm enia M inor was
detached in 2 0 b c an d add ed to C appadocia. In return,
Polemo was allowed to expand north and east.
In c. 17 b c A grippa com m issioned him to attack
Scribonius (who had usurped the B osporan kingdom after
the death of A sander), b u t he was unsuccessful until 14
when A grippa sailed to Sinope and threatened the
Bosporans w ith an invasion. T h ey subm itted and Polemo
m arried D ynam is, A sander’s wife (cf. 1854). T h e m arriage,
and indeed Polem o’s rule over the Bosporus, seem to have
been short-lived, Polem o m arrying Pythodoris soon after,
and D ynam is, w ith the help of A spurgus, organising a
revolt against Polemo, w hich led to Polem o’s death,
perhaps in c. 8 b c .
O nly a few rare silver coins w ere m ade in the nam e of
Polemo I, giving him the title ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ
ΕΥΣΕΒΟΥΣ; Sullivan (p. 918) has suggested th at this
titulatu re reflects his appo in tm en t as a ‘friend an d ally of
the (Rom an) people’ in 26 b c (Dio 53.25.1). Sullivan also
After Polemo, the kingdom of Bosporus was abandoned by
Pontus, w hich was ruled by Polem o’s widow Pythodoris.
She subsequently m arried A rchelaus, king of C appadocia,
b u t continued to rule Pontus in her own nam e. She lived on
until about 23, or possibly as late as 35.
T he chronology of her reign and her rare silver coins have
been discussed by H . R. Baldus, ‘Die D aten von M ü n zp rä­
gung und T od der K önigin Pythodoris von P o n tu s’, Chiron
13 (1983), PP· 5 3 7 ~ 4 3 · T he coins are d ated to year ‘60’ and
(perhaps) ‘63’, b u t it is not clear w hat era is used. Baldus
thought the dates referred to her age, corresponding to c. 30
and c. 33, b u t this is not certain.
A n to n ia T r y p h a e n a
O ne of the children of Pythodoris was appointed as K ing
A rtaxias of A rm enia by G erm anicus (cf. 3629-30). A nother,
A ntonia T ryphaena, m arried Cotys of T h race and was the
m other of Polemo II, as well as K ings Rhoem etalces and
Cotys of T hrace. Silver coins were m ade in Pontus in her
nam e, as queen; on some of these she is associated w ith
Polemo II, b u t others are struck in her nam e alone, w ith a
regnal date, year 17 or 18. T his has led Rec to give her a
reign o f ‘22/3?~49?’, while Sullivan (p. 923) interpreted the
coins as referring to ‘at least 18 years of her era, down to a d
39/40’. For Baldus {op. cit., pp. 539-41), years 17 and 18 are
equivalent to a d 49/50 an d 50/1, being based on an era of were m inted in Pontus after the annexation. T h e denom i­
33/4 (the date, according to Baldus, o f Pythodoris’s death). nation is, of course, known there, and such an attribution
But the coins have the diadem ed head of a king on the would also explain the die axis of the pieces, since six
reverse, an d it seems m ore n a tu ra l to in terp ret the dates as o’clock (or a tendency tow ards it) is norm al on Polemo I I ’s
the regnal years of Polem o II, which occur on his coinage. coinage.
B aldus’s argum ent against this in terpretation, th at the
coins w ould then fall in years when Polemo h a d stopped
honouring his m other, does not seem conclusive. T he coins Polemo I, c .y y -c . 8 b c
are therefore regarded here as having been m inted in 54/5
and 56/7. 3801 Rec 17. [ 5 ]
T he u n d ated coins of T ry p h aen a (3810-12) were pro b ­ D iadem ed head, r.
ably m ade ab o u t the sam e tim e, or a little earlier, con­ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ ΕΥΣΕΒΟΥΣ; star
tem porary w ith the coins of years 12-16 (49/50-54/5) i . 0 = AM C 8 5 3 = W alk er, M etrology 523 (9 5 % ), 3.18; 2» 0 = amc 854,
3.17; 3. P , 3.90; 4 . (Rec, pi. I I I . 7), 3.19; 5—8. See R ec. O n an o th e r
where she appears w ith Polem o (3822-7; note particularly
specim en ( = R ec 17a, pi. C .7 ), th e in scrip tio n is a ro u n d th e h e a d on the
the die link betw een 3811 an d 3826). obv.

3802 Rec 18. [ o ]

P o le m o I I (a d 3 8 -6 4 ) D iadem ed head, r.
After the unknow n d ate of Pythodoris’s death, the status of ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ ΕΥΣΕΒΟΥΣ; pegasus galloping,
r.
Pontus is unclear, though it m ay perhaps have been
i . S ee R e c 2 1 , fig . 1 (line d raw in g ).
annexed. In 38, however, C aligula restored the kingdom,
appointing Polem o I I as king (and his b rother Cotys to
A rm enia M in o r). T here is som ething of a controversy as to Pythodoris, c. 8 bc - c. 22I3 or later?
w hether he is identical w ith the M. A ntonius Polemo found
on Cilician coins of O lba (3735-9, w ith com m entary).
3803 Rec 19. [ 4 ]
Polemo was also given Bosporus, though it is doubtful
L au reate head, r.
w hether he actually reigned there (see 1905-11, coins of
ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΠΥΘΟΔΩΡΙΣ ΕΤΟΥΣ Ξ; capricorn w ith globe,
G epaepyris and M ith rad ates, w ith com m entary); b u t when r.
in 41 C laudius gave Bosporus to M ithradates he com pen­ i . L 1 8 9 3 —4—6—2, 3.44; 2—8 . See R ec; 9 . vA 6685, 3.44. R ec describ es the
sated Polem o w ith p a rt o f Cilicia. Polemo also acquired h ead as th a t o f A u g u stu s.
p art of A rm enia in 60 as a rew ard for helping Corbulo. 3804 Rec 20. [ 1 ]
However, Pontus was annexed in 64 and join ed to the prov­
L au reate head, r.
ince of G alatia (B. Rém y, L ’É volution adm inistrative de
ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΠΥΘΟΔΩΡΙΣ ΕΤΟΥΣ Ξ; balance
l ’A n a to lie , ρ. 43); and Polemo retired to Cilicia.
i . P 5 4 , 3.28; 2. See R ec. R ec d escribes the h e a d as th a t o f T ib eriu s.

3805 Rec 20a. [ 1 ]

C o in a g e
L au reate head, r.
T he Pontus rulers m inted only silver coins (for a unique ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΠΥΘΟΔΩΡΙΣ ΕΤΟΥΣ Ξ; sta r betw een balance
bronze coin of Polem o II, m inted in A rm enia w ith his wife i . P 55, 3.58; 2. See Rec.

Ju lia M am m aea, see 3844). F or the m ost p art, this silver 3806 Rec 21. [ o ]
coinage is rare, the only exception being the coinage of
Fem ale head, r.
Polemo I I betw een his 12th and the 20th years (and p a r­ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΠΥΘΟΔΩΡΙΣ ΕΤΟΥΣ Ξ; cornucopia
ticularly the 18th to the 20th regnal years = a d 55-8). For i . R e c , p i. C .8 . T h e obv. w as iden tified by R ec as th e h ea d o f P ythodoris
those years, the coins are today quite com m on and m ust r a th e r th a n o f Livia.
have been struck in appreciable num bers; in addition, some
3807 Rec 19a.
rare didrachm s were also struck, at precisely this time
L au reate head, r.
(3822 = Rec 34, of year 13, and 3828 = Rec 35bis, of year
ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΠΥΘΟΔΩΡΙΣ ΕΤΟΥΣ ΞΓ; capricorn with
19; also 3810 = Rec 24, und ated b u t perhaps of this period,
cornucopia a n d globe, r.
too). W alker (M etro lo g y I, pp. 52-3) has convincingly con­
1—2. See Rec. T h e re a d in g o f th e d a te req u ires co n firm atio n , as th e piece
nected these coins w ith the help Polemo was giving to C or­ is only know n from descrip tio n s o r line d raw in g s.
bulo an d C orb u lo ’s use of Pontus as a base.
W alker’s m etrological analyses have indicated th a t the
coins contained the sam e am ount of silver as drachm s of Queen Tryphaena___________________________
C aesarea, w ith w hich they m ay be found in hoards (e.g., A.
Baldwin, A réthuse 4 (1927), p. 147). (p r o b a b ly m in te d u n d e r P o le m o I I , AD 54- 6 : see
T he coinage is entirely of silver, and (except for the in tro d u c tio n )
didrachm s 3810, 3822 an d 3828) of drachm s w ith an aver­
age diam eter of 18 m m , average weight of 3.18 g and an Rec 2 2 -3
average fineness of 94% silver (see W alker). ΤΡΥΦΑΙΝΗΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ; diadem ed head of T ryphaena,
It is possible th a t the anom alous style of ‘C aesarean’ r.
didrachm s depicting N ero and Divus C laudius (3652-3) D iadem ed head (of Polem o), r.
 K I N G D O M S O F A S I A M I N O R : Kingdom o f Pontus (3808-3838) 569

3808 ΕΤΟΥΣ IZ 1—5 . See R ec 2 2 -2 2 a . [ 3] 20, p p . 2 6 7 -8 , R ec 25, n. 2. T h e d iad em

seem s to in d icate th a t th e p o rtra it is
3809 ΕΤΟΥΣ IH R ec 23. L = bmc II. [ I] in te n d e d to be o f Q u e e n T ry p h a e n a .
[ · ]

Rec 33
Polemo and Tryphaena ΒΑΰΙΛοΩΟ ΠΟΛοΜΩΝΟΕ; d iadem ed head o f Polemo, r.
D iadem ed bust of T ry p h a e n a (as 3 8 2 3 ); date
(p r o b a b ly m in te d b e tw e e n y e a r 13 and 20, i.e ., in th e 50s )
3823 ETOYC IB 49/50 i.L = bmc 3; 2—5. See R ec; 6 . vA
3810 A R didrachm . 21 m m , 7.26g (2). [ o ] 6687, 3.27; 7. C o p 239. IB also found.
[ 3
Rec 24
3824 ETOYC IT 50/1 1—2. See R ec. [ 1
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝ; diadem ed head o f Polem o, r.
3825 ETOYC ΙΔ 51/2 I . L = bmc 2; a. V 15174, 3.51; 3 -
ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΤΡΥΦΑΙΝΗΣ; diadem ed bust of T ry p h aen a
4. See R ec; 5—6. vA 11, 6688, 2.95,
i . P ro w e , 7.32; 2. S chlesinger (F eb. 1935) lot 1100, 7.20. 3.27. ΔΙ also found. [ 4

3811 Rec 27-8. [ 3 ] 3826 ETOYC IE 52/3 1—6. See R ec; 7. B r ( = rbn 1913, 111
T h e piece in B sh ares a die w ith the
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ; d iadem ed head o f Polem o, r.
u n d a te d 3 8 1 2 (N Y ). [ 3
ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ/ΗΣ ΤΡΥΦΑΙΝΑ(Σ); d iadem ed h ead of
T ry p h aen a, r. 3827 CTOYC IZ 54/5 i. vA 6689, 3.03 (n o t in R ec). [ 0
ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΤΡΥΦΑΙΝΑ (R ec 27): 1. B L öbb; 2. O = W alker, M etrology 525
(9 4 % ), 2.66; 3 - 6 . See Rec; ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΤΡΥΦΑΙΝΑΣ (R ec 28): 7 - 8 . See Rec 35bis (didrachm )
R ec. T h e N Y piece shares its obv. die w ith a coin o f Polem o from y ea r 1 5
BACIAEWC nOACMWNOC; d iadem ed head of Polem o, r.
(3 8 , 6 / , ).
L au reate head of N ero, r.; date
3812 Rec 25-6. [ 6 ] 3828 8TOYC ΙΘ 56 /7 1. N Y (ex P ro w e), 7.31; 2. See Rec,
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ; diadem ed head o f Polem o, r. 6.85; 3 . L 1 9 8 9 —5—2 8 —1 = L a n z 48
(1989), lo t 554, 6.80. [ 2 ]
ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ/ΗΣ ΤΡΥΦΑΙΝΑ/ΗΣ in diadem
ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΤΡΥΦΑΙΝΗΣ (R ec 25): I. L = BMC i a ; a. V 15175, 3.32; Rec 35
3. vA 6686, 4.40; 4 . O = W a lk er, M etrology 523 (9 4 % ), 3.49; 5 -1 9 · See
Rec; ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΤΡΥΦΑΙΝΑ (R ec 26): 2 0 . V 37566, 3.77. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ; d iadem ed head o f Polem o, r.
L au reate head of N ero, r.; date
3829 CTOYC IZ 54/5 i . V 15172, 3.64; 2—7. See R ec. ZI
Polemo II, 38-64 also o ccurs. [4 ]

3830 ΕΤΟΥΣ IH 5 5 /6 I —3. L I92O -9-7-3O , I9 3 1 -6 -I-4 O , BMC

Rec 29 T 4 - 5 · v 3 i i o 8 = 36 9 °2 , 3-22, 3.12;
6. O = W alk er, M etrology 527 (9 3 % ),
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ; d iadem ed head o f Polem o, r. 3 .3 1; 7—18. See R ec. H I also occurs.
L aureate head o f C laudius, r.; date [ 9 ]
3813 ΕΤΟΥΣ IB 49/50 1—4. See Rec; 5. vA 6690, 3.64. BI also 3831 ΕΤΟΥΣ ΙΘ 5 6 /7 I . L = BMC 5; 2 . L = BMC 6; 3—5. L
occurs. [ 0 ] 1 9 2 9 -1 0 -1 3 -5 3 0 ,1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -1 0 0 6 ,1 9 7 9 -
I—i —2 (ex vA , SNG — ); 6—8. V 30060,
3814 ΕΤΟΥΣ IE 5 2 /3 i. L = bmc 3; 2—10. See Rec; 11. vA
3 I 2 3 r , 3 8 4 4 3 , 3 0 5 , 3 -4 5 , 3 -4 5 ; 9 · c
12,3-27- 1 5 1 M cC le an 7390, 3.13; 10. vA 13, 4.05;
i i —14. O — W a lk er, M etrology 528-31
3815 ΕΤΟΥΣ <1 53T i . O = W alker, M etrology 526 (9 4 % ),
3.03 (n o t in R ec; m isdescribed by (9 3 % , 9 4 % , 9 3 % , 9 3 % ), 2.91, 3 -4 °,
2.94, 3.17; 15. C o p 241; 16—17. B r
W a lk er). [ 1 ]
( = rbn 1913, 111); 18—3 8 . See Rec. ΘΙ
Rec 30 also occurs. [ 21 ]

ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ:; in lines in a diadem 3832 ΕΤΟΥΣ K 5 7 /8 1—3. L = BMC 7 -8 , 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 (ex vA

L aureate head of C laudius, r.; date 14); 4 - 5 · v 3Γ228, 31229, 3.62, 3.54;
6. vA 6691, 3.71; 7 . 0 = W alker,
3816 ΕΤΟΥΣ IB 49/50 1 —3 . See R ec. [ 1 ] M etrology 532 (9 4 % ), 3.38; 8 . W alker,
M etrology 533 (9 3 % ), 3.56; 9 . C o p 242;
3817 ΕΤΟΥΣ IT 5° / 1 1—2. See Rec. [ 0 ] IO—I I . B r (=RBN 1913, I I I ) ; 12—
3 1 . See R ec. [ 14 ]
3818 ΕΤΟΥΣ IE 5 2 /3 i . P 63; 2. See Rec. [ 2 ]
3833 ΕΤΟΥΣ ΚΑ 5 8 /9 1—3. See R ec. [ 0 ]
3819 ΕΤΟΥΣ Ι ζ 5 3 /4 i . V 31230, 3.53; 2 - 5 . See Rec. [ 3 ]
3834 ΕΤΟΥΣ ΚΓ 6 o /i 1—2. L = BMC 9-1 0 ; 3—6. See Rec.
3820 ΕΤΟΥΣ IZ 5 4 /5 1—3. See Rec. [ 0 ] [ 6 ]

Rec 31 3835 ΕΤΟΥΣ ΚΔ(?) 61/2 i . ? See Rec. [ 0 ]

ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ; diadem ed h ead o f Polem o, r.
3836 ΕΤΟΥΣ ΚΕ 62/3 1—2. See R ec. [ 0 ]
Facing heads of C laudius (laureate) an d Nero; date
3821 ΕΤΟΥΣ IT i . See Rec; 2. M u . [ 1 ] Rec 36
5° / 1
Β Α 0 ΙΛ ε\¥Σ ΠΟΛ 8Μ \νΝ ΟΣ; d iadem ed head of Polem o, r.
Rec 34 (didrachm )
D rap ed an d laureate b u st (B ritannicus?), r.; date
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ; d iadem ed head of Polem o, r.
3837 ΕΤΟΥΣ IH 55/6 i . P; 2. L 1 9 2 2 —i —3—5; 3. C o p 240?
D iadem ed bu st of T ry p h aen a; date [ 3 1
3822 ΕΤΟΥΣ ΙΓ 5o/i I. P 6 8 , 7.40; 2— 3. Prowe, 6.50, 7.38.
F o r discussion o f th e id e n tity o f th e lady 3838 ΕΤΟΥΣ ΙΘ 56/7 i . See R ec. C o n firm atio n d esirab le.
[ o ]
p o rtra y ed , see F. Im hoof-B lum er, 2J N
57° K I N G D O M S O F A S I A M I N O R : Kingdom of Armenia Minor, Kingdom o f Armenia (3839-3840)
Kingdom of Armenia Minor
T he kingdom of A rm enia M inor underw ent m any changes
of ruler, being in tu rn p a rt o f other kingdom s, until in 20 b c
it was attached to C appadocia. After the death of K ing
A rchelaus o f C appadocia in a d 17, it m ay have been
annexed w ith the rest of C appadocia, but in 38 it was re­
established as a kingdom an d given to Cotys, the son of
A ntonia T ry p h aen a an d younger b rother of Polemo II, who
was given Pontus at the sam e time. In 54 it was given by
Nero to A ristobulus (Josephus, A n t. X X , 158), the son of
K ing H erod of C halcis (cf. 4778-80), and he ruled there
w ith Salome, m aking coins in year 8 (61/2) and, under
T itus, year 17 (Rec 3 = 70/1). T he coinage, w hich is catalo­
gued both in Rec (pp. 134-6) and M eshorer (pp. 170-1,
280), was presum ably m inted at Nicopolis-ad-Lycum ,
where a specim en was acquired (F. C um ont, R N 1900, p.
484), though C um ont pointed out th a t its style seemed
more Syrian (and it does indeed look like coins of Chalcis,
e.g. 4778-80).
T he identity of Salom e has been discussed by N. Kok-
kinos, P E Q 118 (1986), pp. 33-50, who has concluded th at
A ristobulus’s Q ueen Salom e was not the dau g h ter of
H erodias, b u t some other H erodian princess, probably the
daughter of A ntipas.
Kingdom of Armenia
T he coinage of A rm enia is rare an d difficult to attribute.
T he m ost recent work is by P. Bedoukian, T he Coinage o f the
A rta x ia d s o f A rm e n ia (1978), b u t some uncertainty about the
attributio n of the various kings still persists. A lthough tech­
nically some of this coinage falls into the scope of this cata­
logue, m ost of it has not been included, p artly for practical
reasons, p artly because the kings who produced were
sometim es p ro -P arth ian ra th e r th an pro-R om an, and partly
because the bulk of the coinage is culturally alien to the
G raeco-R om an coinages w hich form the bulk of the coins in
the catalogue. O nly the coins w hich depict the em peror
A ugustus (and one related issue) have been included here,
coins w hich, as B edoukian noted, have a different style and
appearance to the oth er A rm enian issues, and may,
perhaps, have been m ade a t a different m int. In addition a
rem arkable and unique coin of Polemo II of Pontus as king
of A rm enia has also been included (3844).
A lthough a com plete picture can be obtained from
B edoukian’s book, it m ay be helpful to give a sum m ary of
A rm enian history an d coinage here.
T he only plentiful coinage had been m ade by T igranes
the G reat, m ostly during his occupation of Syria. His suc­
cessor, A rtavasdes II (55-34 b c ) , h ad m ade silver drachm s
(Bedoukian 130—1; two in the Sarnakounk hoard, nos. 129—
30), in his years 6 and 7, i.e., c. 50 and c. 49 b c , an d a few
very rare bronze coins were also m inted. After the death of
A rtavasdes, A lexander, the young son of C leopatra and
A ntony, becam e king of A rm enia, b u t no coins seem to have
T he sm all denom ination attrib u ted to A ristobulus and
Salome in M ab b o tt 2739 = H ess-Leu 45 (1970), lot 361
(1.90 g) seems illegible and has not been included here.
Aristobulus (and Salome), a d 6i h
3839 AE. 2 5 m m , 9.25g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
Rec 2, M esh 4
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΟΒΟΥΛΟΥ ET H; diadem ed bust of
A ristobulus, 1.
ΝΕΡΩΝΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΩ; in
w reath
i . P riv ate coll. ( = M esh , pi. 29.4), 9.25; 2. P 14 ( = R ec, pi. L .12), 11.31.
C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in (1).
3840 A E. 20m m , 6 .4 3 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
Rec i, M esh 5
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΟΒΟΥΛΟΥ ET H; diadem ed b u st of
A ristobulus, 1.
ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΣΑΛΩΜΗΣ; d iadem ed b u st of Salome, 1.
i . P ( = W a 7 2 8 0 ), 7.14; 2. M (C o u sin éry ); 3. P riv ate coll. ( = M e s h , pi.
29.5), 5 -7 2 · T h e d a te is off flan on 2-3 ; x w as re a d Έ Τ A ?’ in R ec a n d Έ Τ
ΙΣ ’ b y N . K okkinos, 118 (1986). p. 33, b u t th e traces seem m o st like
ET Η·.
been m inted in his nam e. H e was succeeded by A rtaxias II,
who regained the kingdom w ith P arth ian help and held it
for some years from 3 0 to 2 0 b c . T here are no coins which
can certainly be attrib u ted to him , though Bedoukian
attrib u ted one illegible type to his reign (Bedoukian 1 3 6
w ith p. 2 9 ) . A rtaxias was deposed in 2 0 b c after the expedi­
tion led by Tiberius against P arth ia resulted in the assas­
sination of A rtaxias. T iberius appointed T igranes, the son
of A rtavasdes II, as king, and he ruled from 2 0 for a short
time (nec T igrani diu tu rn u m im perium fuit: T acitus, A n n .
I I .3), being succeeded by his son T igranes IV , who became
king to the dissatisfaction of Rome. After a short reign, he
was deposed by G aius in c. 5 b c and replaced by his brother
A rtavasdes I I I ( 5 —2 b c ) . A rtavasdes was, however, soon
driven out and Tigranes returned to the throne. Gaius
C aesar was again sent against him , b u t he died first, and
A riobarzanes was appointed king, and enjoyed only a short
reign ( a d 2 - 4 ) . H e in tu rn was succeeded by his son
A rtavasdes IV . After the m u rd er of A rtavasdes, Augustus
appointed another Tigranes (V) to the throne, the length of
whose reign is unknow n. A rm enia was subsequently ruled
by Vonones, who had fled from his P arth ian kingdom , until
a d 1 6 w hen he h ad to appeal for R om an assistance against
the P arthians un d er A rtabanus. G erm anicus was sent to
deal w ith the problem , and in a d 1 8 appointed Zeno, the
son of Polemo of Pontus and now renam ed A rtaxias, as
king.
T he rare coins, m ostly of bronze, of the successors of
 K I N G D O M S O F A S I A M I N O R : Kingdom o f Armenia, Commagene (3841-3844) 57/

A rtavasdes I I have been assigned to various rulers by Tigranes III?, c. /0 -5 bc, or V, c. a d 6, with
Bedoukian, though certainty does not attach to all his
attributions. As stated above, only two issues have been Erato
catalogued here, the silver d rachm of A rtavasdes and
3841 AE. 27m m , 14.77g (2)· Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
A ugustus and the bronzes o f ‘T igranes N eos’, w ith, on the
larger denom ination, A ugustus, and, on the sm aller, Erato. B edoukian 167
These coins have been attrib u ted to A rtavasdes IV and BACIAEYC ΜΕΓΑΕ NEOC TirPA N H C ; b u st o f T igranes,
Tigranes V by B edoukian, b u t these attributions are not w earing diadem an d tiara, r.
entirely secure. T h e presence of E rato is unexpected for KAICAP ©EOC © £OY YIOC CEBACTOC; b are head of
Tigranes V, and, secondly, the bare head of A ugustus on A ugustus, 1.
i . O (= Prow e, E gger 28.11.1904, lo t 1522), 15.02; 2. K o v acs I X (1988),
the coins of T igranes seems m ore youthful th an th a t of the
lot 115; 3 . G iessener 46 (30.10.1989), lo t 357, 14.52.
laureate head of the drachm s of A rtavasdes, w hich are sup­
posed to be earlier. It seems possible therefore th a t the coins 3842 AE. 21 m m , 6.98g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
should be attrib u ted to the earlier T igranes, an d indeed the Bedoukian 165-6
historical record seems to associate E rato w ith T igranes BACIAEYC ΜΕΓΑΟ NEOC TirPA N HC; b ust of T igranes,
I I I , the son of T ib eriu s’s appointee T igranes II ( P W , col. w earing diadem an d tiara, r.
355); the qualification NEOC is perhaps also used to dis­ EPATW BACIAEWC ΤΙΓΡΑΝΟΥ ΑΔΕΛΦΗ; d rap ed bust of
tinguish him from his father T igranes II. I f this attribution E rato, 1.
is correct, then as the issue honours A ugustus it m ight i . G i (V ol. I l l , p . 4, a n d pi. L X I I I .6 ) , 6.95; 2. P = B ab 30 (pi.
X X I X .21), 7.00. T h e rev. legend o n 2 read s BACIABYC BACIASWN
perhaps date to the tim e a t the end of T ig ran es’s reign when TirPA N H C : as B ed o u k ian (p. 39) rem ark s, th e title ‘kin g o f kin g s’ is
he decided to m ake term s w ith the R om ans. As for the silver u n ex p ected , a n d in fact th e leg en d does n o t really look a u th e n tic . I t seem s
coin of A rtavasdes and A ugustus, this was attrib u ted by th a t it m ay h ave b een alte re d fro m th e n o rm a l read in g , w h ich occurs on
th e G lasgow coin a n d on 3 8 4 1 .
Bedoukian to A rtavasdes IV , b u t the coin refers to
Augustus as ‘benefactor’ an d it was A rtavasdes I I I who was
appointed king ‘iussu A ugusti’ (T acitus, A n n . I I .4). Artavasdes III?, 5 -2 bc, or IV?, ad 4 -6
However, it rem ains unclear w hether or not these a ttrib u ­
tions are likely or w hether they can be m ade com patible 3843 AR. 20m m , 3.57g (4). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
w ith the attrib u tio n of the oth er ‘non-R om an’ coins of the
B edoukian 163
A rm enians.
T he coronation of A rtaxias by G erm anicus was com ­ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΑΡΤΑΟΥΑΣΔΟΥ; d iadem ed head of
A rtavasdes, r.
m em orated on some rare didrachm s and drachm s m inted at
ΘΕΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΟΥ; lau reate h ead of
C aesarea in C appadocia (3629-30), b u t he produced no
A ugustus, r.
coins of his own in his sixteen-year reign.
i . L = BMC A r ta v a s d e s I I I i , 3.53; 2—4 . See B ed o u k ian . T h e b ro n ze coin
Subsequently no coinage seems to have been produced in in E re v an w ith sim ilar types (B edoukian 164) seem s likely to be th e
A rm enia, except perhaps for· a unique coin in the Beirut co p p er core o f a p la te d forgery o f th e silver d rach m .

M useum depicting the ‘G reat K ing M . A ntonius Polem o’

and ‘Q ueen J u lia M am m aea’. T his was published by H.
Seyrig, who pointed out th a t the forenam es indicated th at Polemo I I (o f Pontus), ad 60-4
the Polemo in question should be Polemo II, while his title
indicates th a t he is p o rtrayed as king of A rm enia. Seyrig 3844 AE. 22 m m . [ o ]
pointed out th a t these circum stances fit the situation after ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΓ Μ ΑΝΤΩΝΙΟΥ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ; diadem ed
60, when Polemo was given p a rt of A rm enia as a rew ard for head o f Polemo, r.
his help to the R om ans. T he coins b ear a general resem ­ ΙΟΥΛΙΑΣ ΜΑΜΜΑΙΑΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ; diadem ed bust of
blance to the earlier bronze coins of T igranes (3841-2), a M am m aea, r.
resem blance w hich supports the attrib u tio n . His wife is i . B e i r u t M u s e u m (H . Seyrig, rn (1971) 4 5 -7 = Scripta N um m aria 156-8,
fig . 1 ).
otherwise unknow n.

Commagene
T he small kingdom of C om m agene h ad produced a few
very rare coins und er the king M ith rad ates Callinicus in the
early first century b c (B M C 1-3; Bab, p. 217, nos. 3-5; P.
Bedoukian, A N S M N 1983, pp. 79-88). His successor was
A ntiochus I Theos, a ruler whose position betw een the
R om an and P arth ian em pires led to a long series of difficult
relations w ith each side (see E. B abelon, L es R o is de Syrie,
pp. ccxiii—iv; H . Buchheim , D ie O rientpolitik des T riu m virn M .
pp. 79-81). His position was, however, confirmed
A n to n iu s,
by Pompey, with the addition of Sam osata (Jones, Cities,
pp. 219, 260) and he survived a siege in Sam osata by
A ntony to rule until the late thirties b c . H e was succeeded
by his son M ithradates II, who fought at A ctium on
A ntony’s side; he was deposed by O ctavian and replaced by
his brother Antiochus II, who was him self condem ned to
death by the Senate. M ithradates m ay have been restored
to the throne, and succeeded by M ithradates I I I , before the
reign of A ntiochus I I I . O n his death in a d 17, however, the
kingdom was suppressed by T iberius and annexed as p art
o f Syria (T acitus, A n n . I I .42) until its restoration to A nti­
ochus IV in a d 38.
Coins w ith the sim ple inscription ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ANTIOXOY
are generally attrib u ted to A ntiochus I, though it is not at
all clear in w hich p a rt of his reign the coins m ay have been
m inted. T he coins depict him w earing a tiara very like th at
o f T igranes o f A rm enia. T here was subsequently no royal
coinage until the accession of Antiochus IV .
Antiochus I, 6g-late jo s bc
3845 AE. 20m m , 6 .1 3 g (13)· Axis: 12.
BMC I
H ead o f A ntiochus, w earing tia ra decorated w ith two
eagles and a star
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ANTIOXOY; lion walking, r.
i . L = bmc i , 5.83; 2—3 . L = BMC 2, 1930-6-11—1, 6.02, 5.09; 4—8. P B ab,
6 -7 , 7a~7c ( = W a 7 4 20-2), 5.39, 6.07, 4.99, 6.08, 7.52; 9—13. B edo u k ian
(inc. ANSMN 1983, pi. 12.25), 7-55, 7-26, 6.52, 5.88, 5.55.
3846 AE. 16m m , 2.94g (2).
As 3845, b u t sm aller denom ination
1—2. B edoukian ( = a n sm n 1983, pi. 12.27), 2·9 5 > 2·9 3 ·
3847 A E. 16m m , 6 .0 0 g (1).
H ead o f A ntiochus, w earing tia ra decorated w ith two
eagles an d a star
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ANTIOXOY; eagle standing, r.
i . B e d o u k ia n ( = a n sm n 1983, p i. 12.26), 6.00.
Samosata
Sam osata h ad been given to A ntiochus I by Pompey. Its
first im perial coins were produced in the nam e of H adrian,
though it w as p erhaps the m int of the coins of A ntiochus I.
In addition, S am osata produced a num ber o f civic issues
( B M C 1-16). T hese w ere loosely d ated ‘c. 31 b c - a d 38’ in
B M C , a dating w hich is probably m ore or less correct, since
the lion reverse continues the reverse type of the coins of
A ntiochus I (3845). T h ere are three types linked by the
sam e legend, of w hich the two larger were, as K evin
B utcher has pointed out to us, struck over coins of A ntioch
whose m odule suggests a date in the forties b c . A date
during the thirties b c seems likely, and the siege of
Sam osata by A ntony seems a possible occasion.
3 0 s B C ? (see in tro d u c tio n )
3848 A E. 23m m , 12.68g (1). Axis: 12.
BMC 15
Eagle standing, facing, wings outstretched, head to r.
ΣΑΜΟΣΑΤΩ ΠΟΛΕΩΣ; T yche seated on rock, holding
palm branch, r.
i . L = BMC 15, 12.68. O v erstru ck on a Z e u s/Z eu s bronze o f A ntioch , o f
th e m odule m in ted in th e forties b c (4218fr.). N o t a com plete listing.
3849 AE. 23m m , 9 .5 2 g (7). Axis: 12.
BMC 4
Lion w alking, r.
ΣΑΜΟΣΑΤΩ ΠΟΛΕΩΣ; T yche seated on rock, holding
p alm branch, r.
i . L = bmc 6, 11.63; 2—3. L = BM C4—5, 10.97, 9*86; 4 —7. P 1440—3, 6.27,
7.12, 5.90, 6.92. T h e type is to 1. o n 7. All o v erstru ck ov er Z e u s/Z eu s
b ro n zes o f A n tio ch , o f th e m o d u le m in te d in th e forties b c (4 2 i8 ff.). N o t a
com p lete listing.
3850 AE. 18m m , 4 .4 7 g (7). Axis: 12.
BMC 7
As 3849, b u t sm aller size
r. L = bmc 7, 5.64; 2. L = BMC 8, 6.95; 3 - 7 . P 1444-7, Y 28639, 3.60,
3 -9 9 ? 3 ·5 3 > 3 -4 C 4 ·ΐ9 · T h e ty p e is to 1. o n 5. T h e re are also m a n y coins
[ B M C 9 -1 4 ) w ith th e sam e types, b u t w ith low er w eight, p o or style an d
(som etim es) b lu n d e re d legends: im itatio n s? 1 show s signs o f being
ov erstru ck . N o t a com p lete listing.
[ 8 ]
U n c e r ta in d a te
3851 A E. 18m m , 6 .8 8 g (6). Axis: 12.
BMC I
L au reate h ead o f Zeus, r.
ΣΑΜ ΟΣATWN; lion walking, r.
i . L = bmc 2, 7.51; 2—3 . L = BMC i a n d 3, 6.62, 6.22; 4 —6. P 1438-40,
[ o ] 5.98, 7.53, 7-47- P e rh a p s ea rlier th a n 3 8 4 8 —5 0 , as th e rev. is q u ite like
th a t o f th e coins o f A n tio ch u s I (3 8 4 5 ). N o t a com plete listing.
[ o ] Antiochus IV , A D 38-72
A ntiochus was appointed king o f C om m agene by Caligula;
although he was deprived of the kingdom by the same
em peror, he was later restored to it by C laudius (M agie, pp.
514, 549). As well as C om m agene itself, his kingdom
included eastern Cilicia (T racheia) and Lycaonia: coinage
is found for him and his wife Iotape w ith inscriptions refer­
ring to the regions o f C om m agene (3852—63), Lacanatis
(3864-7), Lycaonia (3533—7) and Cietis (3703), as well as
to the Cilician cities o f Selinus (3701-2), A nem urium
(3704-8), Celenderis (3709-10), Corycus (3712-13) and
Elaeusa-Sebaste (3717-22). T he coins w ith royal
(diadem ed) heads w hich are known at this period at
Aegeae, H ierapolis and A lexandria-ad-Issum (4036, 4064-
5, 4075: see the discussion there) are regarded in this cata­
logue as representations of A lexander the G reat.
T he coins of A ntiochus IV fall into two m ain groups,
those w ith bevelled edges and those w ith straight edges. It
is not clear w hether this represents a difference of m int or of
date; the latter seems m ore likely w hen one considers the
contem porary coinage of A ntioch, which has very similar
oval flans w ith straight edges at the end of T ib eriu s’s reign
and for C laudius, w hereas the coins of Nero and particu­
larly G alba and O tho have very sim ilarly bevelled flans;
indeed they are so sim ilar th a t it is tem pting to think th at
they were m ade at A ntioch. T he coins of Lycaonia and
L acanatis also have sim ilar oval flans w ith straight edges,
b u t they have slightly different forms of omega in the
reverse inscriptions, and the L ycaonian coins have their
own counterm ark (the anchor), suggesting th a t they were
not m inted at the same place. T he whole question of the
relationship between 'the coinage of Antioch, the coins of
 K I N G D O M S O F A S I A M I N O R : Commagene (3852-3861) gyg

T iberius ‘from C om m agene’ (3868-70) and the coins of ΜΕΓ: i . L — BM C i i , 7.69; 2—3. L = b m c 12-13, 7.49, 7.40; ΜΈΓΑΣ:
Antiochus IV from C om m agene, Lycaonia an d L acanatis L = BMC 14-15, 6.56, 6.48; 4 —8. P 8, 23, 23a, d e R icci, L u y n es 3438, 7.62,
8.11, 7 -5 9 . 6.55, 7.12; 9 - 1 0 . V 35693, 20933, 6.79, 7.12; i i . L in d g ren
would repay further investigation. 1883, 6.22.
U ntil a m ore definite chronology can be established for C o u n te rm ark s: See in tro d u ctio n .
his coinage, an association betw een it and C orbulo’s Ic . £ , C, h e a d
cam paigns can only rem ain tem pting.
3856 AE. 2 7m m , 12.80g (6). Axis: 12.
T he sm aller denom inations w hich are generally dated to
BM C 4
c. 72 under A ntiochus’s sons E piphanes and Callinicus have
also been included here, as the parallel pieces of Lycaonia BACIAEYC ΜΕΓ ANTIOXOC ΕΠΙ; diadem ed head, r.
( 3 5 3 5 ) m ust have been struck during A ntiochus’s lifetime ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; scorpion; all in w reath
(H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n u n d Städte L yka o n ien s , p. 24). I t is not i . L = bmc 4 , 11.89; 2. L = b m c 5 (ANTIXOC, sic), 1 1.96; 3 - 6 . P 1 i - i 2 a ,
d e R icci, 13.49, Ι2 ·° 3 > 14.14, 13.25. £ is in th e form C·.
clear exactly w hich groups of the larger denom inations they C o u n te rm ark s: See in tro d u ctio n .
belong w ith since, although they have straight edges, some
of them have the sigm a in the form E, and it can be
observed th a t the ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins of A ntioch I I . S tr a ig h t edge, o v a l fl a n s
have straight edges w hile the larger denom inations with
3857 A E. 2 4 -5 m m , 14.15g (14). Axis: 12.
im perial portraits have bevelled edges.
T he following counterm arks are found on A ntiochus’s bm c 7
coins from Com m agene: anchor betw een A N ( G I C 373, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ·ΜΕΓ ΑΣ -ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ; diadem ed a n d draped
applied after 69: on coins o f A ntiochus and Iotape), crossed bust, r.
ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; scorpion; all in w reath (w reath
cornucopias ( G IC 403, also after 69: on coins of A ntiochus,
enclosed in lines)
Iotape an d E piphanes an d C allinicus), P R ( G IC 599, only
i . L — bmc 7, 15.65; 2—4 . L = b m c 8 -1 0 , 14.74, T5 -5 2> T3 · ^ ; 5—16. P 1 3 -
once on A ntiochus) an d M (?) ( G I C 676, only one exam ple). 20a, d e R icci (3), 12.70, 14.74, ΐ 4 ·2 9 > Ι 3 ·^ 3 » *6.03, 13.48, 15.48,
15.75, 14.60, 12.74, 11.77; 17. L in d g ren 1882, 13.72.
C o u n te rm ark s: See in tro d u ctio n .

I . B e v e lle d edge
3858 AE. 2 4m m , 15.57g (8)- Axis: 12.
la. E, ΕΠΙΦΑ, head, w reath in lines bm c Io tap e 4
3852 AE. 28m m , 14.30g (2). Axis: 12. ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΙΩΤΑΠΗ ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ; d iadem ed an d draped
b u st o f Iotape, r.
BM C 6
ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; scorpion; all in w reath (w reath
BΑΕΙΛΕYE ·Μ ΕΓ·ANTIOXOE ·ΕΠΙΦ A; diadem ed head, r.
enclosed in lines)
ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; scorpion; all in w reath (w reath
I. L = bmc 4 , 13.53: 2. L (T C ), 15.36; 3 - 8 . P 32, 33, 34, 36, 36a, 36b
enclosed in lines) ( = W a 7250), 16.71, 16.36, 15.58, 17.44, 15.05, 16.20; 9. L in d g ren 1886,
I. L = BMC 6, 14.49; 2· P G a u d in , 13.90. 14.67.
C o u n te rm ark s: See in tro d u ctio n .

3853 AE. 29m m , 14.75 g (6)· Axis: 12. III. S m a lle r d e n o m in a tio n s ( a l l w i t h s t r a ig h t ed g e)
BMC Io tap e 1
3859 A E. 18m m , 5.41g (g). Axis: 12.
ΒΑΓΙΛΙΓΕ A -ΙΩΤΑΠΗ ·ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΟΕ; diadem ed and
draped b u st of Iotape, r. bm c 16
ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; scorpion; all in w reath (w reath ΒΑ ΣΙ-ANTIOXOC·; diadem ed a n d d rap ed bust, r.
enclosed in lines) ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; crossed cornucopias
i. L = bmc i , 15.13; 2—3. L = BM C2 -3 , 13.52, 14.55; 4 —l6· P W a 7249-50, i . L = bmc 16, 5.61: 2—3. L = b m c 17-18, 4.55, 6.20; 4 —8. P 24—5a, de
L u ynes 3439, 14.29, 16.22, 14.82. C lercq (2), 4.95, 5.25, 5.76, 4.20, 6.01; 9 . L in d g ren 1884, 6.22.
C o u n te rm ark s: See in tro d u ctio n .
3860 AE. 19m m , 6 .6 8 g (5). Axis: 12.
lb. E Σ, ΕΠΙ, bust, w reath in lines
bm c E piphanes an d C allinicus 8
3854 AE. 28m m , 14.22g (10). Axis: 12.
[ΒΑΕΙΛΕΩΕ ΥΙΟΙ]; anchor betw een crossed
BM C I
cornucopias, surm ounted by m ale heads; above, star
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ·ΜΕ(Γ)·ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ·ΕΠΙ; diadem ed an d d rap ed ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; tiara
bust, r. I . L = bmc 8, 7.82: 2—4. P 4 3 -4 3 a, L u y n es 3441, 5.38, 7.58, 7.82:
ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; scorpion; all in w reath (w reath 5. L in d g ren 1889, 6.81.
enclosed in lines)
i . L = bmc i , 15.52; 2—3 . L = BMC 2 -3 , 14.73, I2 -9 3 i 4—10. P io , 22,
3861 A E. 19m m , 7.55g (16). Axis: 12.
L u ynes 3437, de R icci (2), de G lercq 4 1 8 -19, 13.35, 15 -5 5 . I 3 -4 L i 4 -° 7 > bm c E piphanes and C allinicus 1
Ι 3 ·6 7 . 14 -3 4 . 14-60.
C o u n te rm ark s: See in tro d u ctio n . •ΒΑΕΙΛΕΩΕ ΥΙΟΙ; E piphanes an d C allinicus on
horseback, 1.
3855 AE. 22~3m m , 7.15g (13)· Axis: 12. ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; capricorn an d star, r., above anchor; all
BM C I I in w reath
ΒΑΣΙ·ΜΕΓ(ΑΣ)·ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ·ΕΠΙ; diadem ed an d draped I . L = BM C I , 8.21; 2— 8. L = BMC 2 -8 , 7.59, 6.87, 8.00, 7.74, 7.1 I , 7.19,
6.32; 9—14. P 4 0 -2 , L u y n es 3440, W a 7251-2, 10.25, 7.76, 7.51, 7.77, 7.22,
bust, r. 6.77; 15—18. B; i g —2 0 . V 20943-4, 7.98, 6.53. T h e in scrip tio n o n the
ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; capricorn a n d star, r., above anchor; all obv. is n o t alw ays visible, b u t, w h en it is, it alw ays seem s to use th e form
in w reath (w reath enclosed in lines) E for sig m a (B M C 1, 3, 5).
3862 AE. 16m m , 3.88g (5). Axis: 12. i . L = BMC 21, 15.11 ; 2—3. L = BMC 2 2 -3 , 15.66, 14.59; 4r 7 · B; 8. C,
16.58; 9—12. P 26, 26a, 27, 27a ( = W a 7248), 16.24, 13.70, 13.50, 13.57;
BMC C om m agene 7 13—1 4 . L e v an te 5 6 5 -6 , 14.39, 16.79. O v a l flans, s tra ig h t edges, b u t
C apricorn, r.; star above different form o f Ω from C om m ag en e.
C o u n te rm ark : A n c h o r betw een A N ( G I C 373: tw o ex am p les). T h e sam e
ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; tiara
co u n term ark occurs freq u en tly o n coins o f C o m m ag en e.
I. L = BMC 7, 4.22; 2. L —BMC 8, 3.95; 3 -4 . P 1411 (= W a 7253), 1412,
3-5Ö, 3.78; 5—6 . V 20811-12; 7. L in d g ren 1891, 3.87. 3865 A E. 2 4m m , 14.37g (4)·
3863 AE. 15m m , 3.23g (4). Axis: 12. ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΙΩΤΑΠΗ ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ; diadem ed and draped
b u st of Iotape, r.
BMC C om m agene 1
ΛΑΚΑΝΑΤΩΝ; scorpion; all in w reath
ΠΙΣΤΙΣ; clasped han d s a n d caduceus i . P 3 7 , 14.29; 2. P de R icci, 13.79; 3 * L e v an te 567, 16.34; 4 · Ziegler,
ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; anchor M ü n zen K ilikien s aus kleineren deutschen Samm lungen 274, 13.07.
i. L = bmc i , 3.42; 2 - 3 . L = b m c 2-3, 3.06, 3.69; 4 - 5 . P 1414-15, 2.77,
3.62. 3866 AE. 19 mm , 7.77 g (4). Axis: i.
BMC E piphanes an d C allinicus 9
ΒΑΠΛΕΩΟ ΥΙΟΙ; E piphanes a n d C allinicus on horseback,
Lacanatis 1.
ΛΑΚΑΝΑΤΩΝ; capricorn an d star, r., above anchor; all in
For L acanatis, see Jones, C ities, p. 205, N C (1950), p. 288. w reath
i. L = bmc 9, 6.32; 2—4 . L e v an te 5 6 8 -7 0 , 7.14, 8.01, 9.61.

3867 AE. 2 0m m , 7.59g (3). Axis: 1.

A n tio c h u s I V o f C o m m a g e n e
BMC E piphanes a n d C allinicus 10
3864 AE. 25m m , 15.01g (10). Axis: 12.
[ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΥΙΟΙ]; an ch o r betw een crossed cornucopias,
BMC 21 surm ounted by m ale heads; above, star
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ·ΜΕΓΑΣ ·ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ; diadem ed an d draped ΛΑΚΑΝΑΤΩΝ; tia ra
bust, r. i. L = bmc 10, 7.69; 2. L e v an te 571, 7.19; 3 . P 45, 7.88.
ΛΑΚΑΝ ΑΤΩΝ; scorpion; all in w reath

Commagene?
T he kingdom o f C om m agene was annexed by T iberius in
ad 17 (T acitus, A n n , I I .42), and shortly after th a t date a
series of bronze coins was m inted in his nam e, w hich are
generally attrib u ted to Com m agene (Cohen 8; R. M ow at,
R N 19 11, pp. 423-6; B M C , p. cxli; R I C , pp. 89, 100). T he
attrib u tio n is based on the occurrence of the sam e reverse
type on coins of C om m agene an d the sim ilarly bevelled
flans, w hich also occur on coins of A ntiochus of C om m a-
gene (particularly the finest style group, la ). T he a ttrib u ­
tion was d oubted by G ra n t ( R om an A nniversary Issues, pp. 57—
8), while C. Howgego ( G IC , p. 23, n. 1) has suggested th at
A ntioch was the only other possible (though unlikely) m int.
An attrib u tio n to A ntioch would be based on the fact th at
(1) the coins have been found in a h oard w ith coins of
A ntioch (G. Brunk, A N S M N 25 (1980), pp. 63-76). (2)
T hey share a sim ilar range of counterm arks w ith A nti­
ochene coins (C. Howgego, N C (1982), p. 11). G I C 26—7,
i n - 1 2 , 151, ?i52, 245, 352, 401, 521, 599, 600, 695, 729,
73^! 737 ar*d 739 are all com m on on both sorts o f coins,
though 367, 500, 501, 519, 528, 548 and 549 occur only on
the T ib erian coins. (3) T he undoubted, if unclear, relation­
ship betw een coins of A ntiochus IV and A ntioch (see p.
572). O n the other hand, an attrib u tio n is m ade unlikely by
the rare occurrence of the coins in the A ntioch excavations
(only two) com pared w ith D u ra (seven; this difference
perhaps is not very significant, and K. B utcher tells us th at
there are several pieces in A ntakya M useum ), and the
fabric of the coins, w hich seem thin n er and bro ad er than
coins of A ntioch of T iberius (m inted in 14 and 31). The
attrib u tio n has therefore been left as ‘C om m agene?’.
T he coins are dated T R P X X I and X X II, and CO S I II
IM P V II; they were therefore m inted between m id -19 and
the end of 20. T here has, however, been some discussion of
the reliability of the titles found on these coins, particularly
the im peratorial acclam ation (H . Gesche, Chiron 2 (1972),
PP· 3 3 9 - 4 8 ; P. A. B runt, Z P E 13/2 (1974), p. 177).
As for the denom ination of the coins, this seems probably
to be the sam e as th a t of the largest denom ination of A nti­
och; in addition, one piece was counterm arked K O B = 2
quadrantes ( G I C 548). I t is not clear quite w hat should be
m ade of this counterm ark, as the coin is not typical of those
bearing the counterm ark.
Tiberius, AD ig-20
( a t t r i b u t i o n to C o m m a g e n e n o t c e r t a i n )
3868 AE. 2 9m m , 15.58g (19: 3 8 6 8 —9). Axis: 12.
R ic 89, BM C 174
T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; laureate
head, r.
P O N T M A X IM C O S I I I IM P V I I T R P O T X X I;
caduceus betw een crossed cornucopias
i . O ; 2. L = bm c 174, 16.82; 3. B; 4 —6. P 162, 1 6 4 -5 , 16-21, 13.533 : 3 -7 4 ·
C o u n te rm ark s: See in tro d u ctio n .
3869 3870 AE. 23 m m , 8 .3 5 g i *1)· Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
R IC 9 0 , BMC I 7 5 T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G [V S T V S ]; laureate
As 3868, b u t T R P O T X X II head, r.
P O N T M A X C O S I I I IM P V II T R P O T X X I;
i . L 1 9 5 9 -3 —5—i , ϊ 3 ·5 0ί 2—6 . L inc. bmc 175-6; 7—10. P 163, 166-7, de
Ricci, 17.27, 17.57, *9-04, ΐ 5 ·3 °· L 19 3 6 -1 0 -1 3 -3 7 , w ith a re tro g ra d e rev. caduceus in b unch of four ears o f corn
legend, is p resu m a b ly an im ita tio n . i . P = BNC 1 71 ( = RN (1 9 1 1) 429, no. 17, p i. V I I I . 14 = G ra n t, Roman
C o u n te rm ark s: See in tro d u ctio n . Anniversary Issues, pi. 1.9), 8.35. A p p aren tly a (unique?) sm aller
d en o m in atio n .

Kingdom of Cilicia
In lan d Cilicia form ed the kingdom of T arcondim otus, who types occur frequently elsewhere in Cilicia, e.g., Aegeae or,
had at first been styled a toparch, b u t was prom oted by particularly, A nazarbus, where the sam e m onogram as on
A ntony to the rank of king, w hich he held till his d eath at the coins of Philopator occurs (Levante 1364).
the battle of A ctium . T h e extent of the kingdom is not clear, A com plete collection of m aterial has not been m ade.
b u t seems to have included m ost of inland Cilicia, plus an
uncertain am ount of the coast. I t m ay therefore have
included the cities of A nazarbus, C astabala, C orycus, Tarcondimotus, c .jg - j i bc
Elaeusa and Aegeae (Jones, C ities, pp. 202—3). A fter his
death the kingdom was suppressed, b u t it was revived, 3871 A E. 2 0 m m , 8 .4 8 g (11).
probably m ostly in its inland extent, in 20 b c u n d er K ing BMC I
Philopator, who ruled until he died in a d 17. A t th a t date D iadem ed head of T arcondim otus, r.
the kingdom was probably annexed. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΤΑΡΚΟΝΔΙΜΟΤΟΥ ΦΙΛΑΝΤΩΝΙΟ Y ; Zeus
T he identity o f Philopator is not exactly sure (see Jones, seated, 1., w ith Nike a n d sceptre
C ities, p. 437, n. 1). F or his identification as T arcondim otus i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —1 - 9 5 6 (ex vA 5413), 8.10; a—5. L = bmc 1 - 4 ,9 .9 2 ,9 .6 8 ,
II Philopator, see G. D agron and D. Feissel, Inscriptions de 8.52, 6.00; 6 —8. P 1583 ( = W a 4714), 1581—2, 9.57, 11.03, 6.12; 9—
10. L e v an te 1257-8, 7.98, 8.01.
G l i d e (1987), pp. 67fr.
C o u n te rm ark : A n ch o r (3 -5 , 8).
T he coins are usually (plausibly) attrib u ted to a m int at
H ierapolis, since the capital of the dynasty was there (cf.
B M C ; A. D upont-Som m er an d L. R obert, L a D éesse de
Philopator, 20 bc - ad iy
H iérapolis-C astabala, pp. 45—6, 72). B ut the presence of
A thena on the reverse o f coins of Philopator is som ew hat
3872 AE. 20m m , 7.62g (7). Axis: 12.
unexpected, ra th e r th an one of the norm al types of
BMC I
H ierapolis. V eiled heads o f Tyche do occur on coins of
H ierapolis, b u t also elsewhere, for instance, A dana. Indeed V eiled head of Tyche, r.
A dana seems quite a good candidate to be the m int of these BACIAEWC ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΟΡΟΟ; A th en a standing, 1., w ith
Nike a n d shield; to r., m onogram
dynastic coins since both reverse types (seated Zeus, stan d ­
I. L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 - 9 5 7 (ex vA 5414), 8.90; 2 - 3 . L = b m c I, 1 9 7 7 -7 -3 -1 ,
ing A thena) occur there (see, e.g., the catalogue by E. 6.66, 6.65; 4 —5 . L e v an te 1259-60, 8.80, 7.59; 6—7. P 1584 ( = W a 4715),
Levante, N C 1984, pp. 81-94). O n the other h an d , both i585> 7-00>7-73-
 CYPRUS
C at. no. Page
Introduction
Cleopatra 3901-3
Augustus 39°4-ϊ6
Tiberius 3917-26
Claudius 3927-33
Galba 3934-5
A t the end o f 59 b c , P. Clodius Pulcher used the L e x Clodia
de Cypro to give C yprus the status of a province (see E.
B adian, JÄ S1 1965, pp. n o ff.). From 58 to 48/47 b c C yprus
was governed as an additional p art of the province of Cili­
cia. In 48 b c it was restored to Egypt by C aesar to be ruled
by the two children of Ptolem y X II, A rsinoe IV and
Ptolem y X I I I , but, in 47 b c , it was tu rn ed over to C leopatra
V II and h er son C aesarion. In 40 b c A ntony confirmed the
possession of C yprus to C leopatra. In 30 b c , after A ctium
and the death o f C leopatra and C aesarion, C yprus fell
under the direct control of O ctavian. But, in 2 2 b c ,
A ugustus ceded the island to the Senate to be governed by
proconsuls of p raeto rian status (on R om an C yprus, see
T .B . M itford, A N R W U N l l y , pp. 1285-384).
In the second century b c the Ptolemies h ad produced, on
a large scale, silver coinage m inted in Salam is, K ition and
Paphos. T h e m int of K ition closed a t the end of the reign of
Ptolem y X in 105/104 b c . U n d er Ptolem y X I Sôter II, the
production o f Salam is and Paphos was very sm all, ending
in 91/90 b c (I. N icolaou an d O. M orkholm , P aphos I . A
P tolem aic C oin H o a rd (Nicosia, 1976); O. M orkholm , Chiron
13 (1983), PP· 69-79, pl· 1-4; O . M orkholm and A. Kro-
m ann, Chiron 14 (1984), pp. 149-65, pl. I - V I I I ) . T he
activity of the m int of Paphos resum ed in 47 b c , w hen
Cyprus was restored to Egypt: bronze coins were then m in­
ted in the nam es of C leopatra and Ptolem y X V C aesarion.
After 30 b c the n atu re of the coinage changed: from royal,
it becam e provincial. C yprus shared the fate of Egypt: no
colonies w ere established in the island, no cities were gran­
ted either full civitas or lim ited privileges, and all were tax-
paying. T h e change in the n atu re of the coinage was also a
step tow ards the R om anisation of the m onetary system in
use on the island.
A u g u s tu s
A full study of the coinage struck und er A ugustus has been
provided by M . A m andry, Centre d ’E tu d es Chypriotes, C ahier
7, 1987-1, pp. 17-32. T h e coinage falls into four groups.
T he first group (3904-5) was struck in 26 b c , not in 27, as
stated by H ill (see B M C 1); G ra n t’s com m entary { F I T A 8 0 -
1) is based on the defective reading D E SIG . T h e reading
D E S IG IX is clearly attested by O = A M C 726 and some of
576
578
578
579
580
580
the best preserved specim ens in P. Tw o varieties can be
distinguished by their obverse legend and by their style: the
treatm en t of A ugustus’s p o rtrait and the treatm ent of the
V ictory show substantial differences. T he attribution to
Cyprus is certain as these coins occur frequently on the
island (see A m andry, n. 7).
T he second group (3906-7) was struck in the nam e of the
proconsul A. Plautius. G ran t suggested th at these two
varieties m ight have a connection w ith the transfer of the
island to the Senate (F I T A 143). T he proconsul A. Plautius
is otherwise unknown; he was possibly the father of Aulus
Plautius, the conqueror of B ritain in a d 43. 3906 and 3907
are differentiated by their reverse types. O n 3906 the temple
of A phrodite in Paphos appears (F. G. M aier, ‘D er Tem pel
der paphischen A phrodite in der K aiserzeit’, R om anitas-
C hristianitas. Untersuchungen z u r Geschichte u n d L itera tu r der
römischen K a iserzeit, J . S tra u b ... gew id m et (B erlin-N ew York,
1982), pp. 768-77), and on 3907 the Statue of Zeus
Salam inios (M. Yon, ‘Zeus de Salam ine’, in R. Bloch,
Recherches sur les religions de l ’a n tiq u ité classique (1980), pp. 85-
103). B ut they are also distinguished by their obverse
legend and by the treatm en t of A ugustus’s portrait: the
same engravers seem to have cut the dies of 3904 and 3906,
others the dies of 3905 and 3907. T he production of 3904
and 3906 is m uch larger th an th a t of 3905 and 3907: two
obverse dies were used for 3907, and at least eight obverse
dies for 3906.
T he third group (3908-13) is later. T hough series 3908-
10 and 3911-13 are distinct, they seem to have been produ­
ced together. T hey are linked by a com m on reverse (3908,
3911 and 3912) and it is likely th a t com m on reverse dies
betw een 3908-10 and 3911-13 will be discovered in the
future. O n 3911-13 A ugustus is entitled P a ter P atriae (2 b c ) .
O n 3909 Gaius is P rinceps lu v e n tu tis (5 b c ) . But the best
chronological evidence is the consulate of G aius on 3908,
3911—13 (the reverse of 3910 is ju st an error of the
engraver). Gaius assum ed his consulate in a d 1, during the
year he was in the east. T he whole group, struck specifically
in his honour, m ight be a testim ony of his journey.
3914 and 3915 were produced together: com parison of
portraits, style, w eight and fabric makes this virtually
certain, even if no die links have yet been discovered. In
their typology, they are very close to the issues produced at

A ntioch betw een 5 b c an d a d 4/5 (see N C (1982), pp. 1-20,
pi. i—6 and p. 380). T h eir attrib u tio n to C yprus seems
certain and was already proposed by G rant, F I T A 106. T he
style of A ugustus’s p o rtra it is very close to 3908-13 and
provenances favour C yprus. T h e L specim en of 3914 was
found on the island; the C specim en of 3915 was bought in
Nicosia and, according to G ran t, another specim en is
preserved in Nicosia. T h e C ypriot attrib u tio n h ad already
been suggested by Pellerin in 1767 (R ecueil . Suppl. IV , pp.
1-2, and pi. I, fig. 1). G ra n t thought th a t 3914 and 3915
were struck around 15 b c , w hen Paphos was given the title
Σεβαστή (F I T A 143). B ut their close sim ilarity of style links
them to 3908-13 an d both groups were probably struck at
the same time. W hether they should be classed not as prov­
incial, b u t ra th e r as im perial, or provincial com ponents of
an im perial series, is a m a tte r of speculation.
T he question o fm in t(s) is open. I t is logical to locate it at
Paphos, the political capital during the R om an period. But
3905 and 3907, which have individual features, m ight be
attrib u ted to an auxiliary m int, Salam is, which rem ained
the industrial capital of the island, and indeed its more
im portant city.
V arious denom inations were struck, as can be seen from
the table below. T hey probably represent dupondii (3914
and 3915), asses (3908-13), semisses (3904 and 3905, still
struck on a sem iuncial standard?) an d q u ad ran tes (3906
and 3907).
1. a coin of the sam e type as 3907, b u t w ith the legend M
V E R G P R O C O S , was published by B. Borghesi, Oeuvres
Completes II (1864), pp. 21-3: it is a m isread coin or a
forgery;
2. coins of the proconsul Q . Am. Q uinti: the existence of
this proconsul is due to a defective reading of G ran t, F I T A
144. T hough he corrected his interp retatio n ( N C (1949), p.
242, n. 23), this nam e is still to be found in M itford, A N R W
I I .V I I ,2, p. 1300, no. 12 (list of governors). F or this series,
see 5412;
3. dupondii IM P C A IS A R /C A in rostral w reath (How-
gego, N C (1982), p. 2, no. d and pi. 1,5) an d semisses
C A ISA R /C A in laurel w reath ( N C (1982), p. 2, no. fa n d pi.
1,7-8) are attrib u ted by G rant, F I T A , p. X IV , add. p.
I02ÎT., to C yprus on grounds of some local finds (four speci­
mens of the semis found at C urium : N N M 145, 1959, no.
211 and pi. V III). B ut other local finds are recorded (Side,
Antioch, Beirut) an d the argum ents of provenance are not
conclusive: see p. 380.
T ib e riu s
Studies of this coinage have been provided by M . G rant,
3 9 0 8 -3 9 ”
3 9 11_3 9 : 3
3 9 :4 2 8 - 9 m m , 1 4 .7 3 g (2)
3 9 15 2 8 - 3 0 m m , 1 4 .5 3 g (6)
CY PRU S 577
The Coinage o f T iberius in Cyprus (U niversity of M elbourne
C yprus Expedition, 1957), pp. 1-6 (abbreviated here to
C T C ), and M . A m andry, ‘Le m onnayage julio-claudien à
Chypre. II. T ibère’, Centre d ’E tu d es Chypriotes, C ahier 8,
1987-2, p p · 17-25·
This ab u n d an t coinage falls into two groups. T he first
group (3917-19) was struck after a d 15/16, as the reverse
type of 3917-18 - a radiate head o f Divus A ugustus - is
directly im itated from asses struck at Rom e in a d 15/16,
and the reverse type of 3919 - Livia seated w ith p atera and
sceptre, r. - is also im itated from asses struck in a d 15/16.
3917-19 represent two denom inations:
39r 7-39i8 27-3om m , 14.50g (23)
3919 23m m, 8.58g (12)
These denom inations probably correspond to dupondii
^ θ 1? - 18) and asses (39I9)·
T he second group (3921-6) has D rusus M inor on the
obverse and Zeus Salaminios and the tem ple o f Paphian
A phrodite on the reverse. It m ight have been struck in a d
22 w hen Paphos and Salamis were confirm ed in the right of
asylum long enjoyed by their tem ples. A nother coin (3920)
m ight be p a rt of this group and is here tentatively
attrib u ted to C yprus. I t is a coin of T iberius, struck after a d
18, w hen T iberius received his eighth im peratorial salu­
tation, w ith the type of Livia, veiled, holding p atera and
sceptre, r., and the letters C C . T his unique coin was
attrib u ted by Hill, N C (1914), p. 303, no. 12 w ith pi.
X IX ,8, to Pisidian Antioch, where it was found (as was
3919/3). H ill expanded the letters C C to C(olonia)
C (aesarea), as the form C O L CAES occurs on coins struck
un d er A ugustus at this colony (3530). T his attribution,
though accepted by G rant, A P T 52 w ith pi. V ,i5 , was ques­
tioned by A. Krzyzanow ska, M onnaies coloniales d ’A ntioche de
P isid ie, pp. 21-2, who proposed to assign the coin
somewhere in Africa! M . A m andry, B S F N (1988), pp. 325-
6, has tentatively expanded the letters C C to C (ommune)
C (ypri). B ut this attribution is by no m eans certain.
3920-6 m ight represent three denom inations: an as
(3920), a semis (3921-2) and a q u adrans (3923-6).
3920 22m m, 6.23g (i)
392!-2 17 -18mm, 4.63g (15)
3923-6 14-17 mm, 3.14 g (21)
T he activity of the two m ints - Paphos and Salamis -
cannot be identified for the first group, b u t seems clear for
the second. 3921, 3923 and 3924 are linked together by
style, as are 3922, 3925 and 3926. T he production of Paphos
rem ains m ore im portant.
D enom inations under A ugustus
3904 1 9 - 2 0 m m , 6 .7 3 g (3 3 )
3905 17 - 1 8 m m , 6 . 7 2 g (3 )
3906 i 5 - i 6 m m , 3 . 7 0 g (4 1 )
3907 i5 - !7 mm, 3-64g (15)
2 4 - 7 m m , 8 . 6 7 g (1 3 )
2 3 - 5 m m , 8 . 7 8 g (1 8 )
 3902 AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 11.98g (1). Axis: 12.
C la u d iu s
Sv 1876-7
No coinage is know n for C aligula. U n d er C laudius, the
H ead o f Zeus A m m on, r.
coinage is signed by the K oinon and also, in one instance,
ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ; two eagles, 1., on thunderbolt;
by the proconsul C om inius Proculus. u n d er r. eagle’s r. wing, sceptre?; in field, r., ΚΥΠΡ
T he coinage o f the K oinon seems to have been struck in i . P 445, 11.98; 2. B, 7.85; 3 . V S ch o tten stift. O n 2 a n d 3, n o sceptre?.
three denom inations, not two, as stated by H ill, B M C
3903 AE. 2 5 -6 m m , 7.71 g (8).
C yprus, p. cxxi.
Sv 1875, BMC Ptolem ies 52-3 (Ptol. X V an d Ars. IV )
3 9 2 7 -8 33- 4 m m , 2 5 .3 7 g (19) As 3902
3929-3° 28-9 mm, 14.41 g (16) As 3 9 0 2 , b u t one eagle, 1., on th u nderbolt; u n d er eagle’s
3931 23-5 mm, 6.72 g (3) r. wing, palm ; in field, r., ΚΥΠΡ
I . P 6 2 4 , 7.59; 2. P 625, 9.14; 3 . P L u y n es 3611, 8.45; 4 . L = b m c 52,
7.51; 5. L = b m c 53; 6 - 7 . A , 7.82, 7.45; 8 - 9 . L L ö b b , 8.12, 5.60.
These denom inations correspond to sestertii (3927-8),
dupondii (3929-30) and light asses? (3931).
O nly one denom ination was struck by Proculus, pro b ­
ably an as:

3 9 3 2 -3 9 3 3 23—7 mm, 10.00 g (18)

T hough no die link has yet been discovered, the same

obverse dies m ight have been used for 3929-30 and the Augustus
series of Proculus; b u t Proculus’s coinage is struck on sm al­
ler flans and the denom ination is uncertain: very light 26 BC
dupondii or m ore likely asses?
T he proconsulship of Proculus is d ated around a d 43/4 3904 AE. ig -2 o m m , 6 .7 3 g ( 3 3 )· Axis: 12. [3 1 ]
(.S E G IV ,834; O pus. A rch . IV (1950), p. 17, no. 9) an d all the [ 34 coins, 4 obv. dies ]
coinage o f C laudius should probably be dated accordingly. bmc I, FiTA 80-1, A m andry ia (Paphos?)
IM P C A ESA R D IV I F A V G V ST V S; b are head, r.
G a lb a C O S O C T A V O D E S IG IX ; V ictory on globe holding
w reath an d palm , 1.
No coinage is know n for Nero. G alba struck two series i . P 1 9 6 5 /7 3 4 , 6.58; 2. L = b m c i, 6.82; 3 . L 1 8 9 6 -1 2 -3 1 -1 4 , 6.56; 4 . L
(3934 an d 3935) in the second year of his reign (from 1 i 9 *i 5 - 2 - 4 - 2 , 8.46; 5 - 6 . L G 0 3 7 4 -5 , 5 ·4 4 > 5 -5 3 i 7* 5 -7 ° ; 8. P W a 4844,
7 -5 5 i 9 · P C h a n d o n 1533, 6.78; 10—12. B 10284-6, 6.78, 9.63, 6.08; 1 3 -
Septem ber 68 to 15 J a n u a ry 69). O n 3934 appears the 14. B Fox, 7.14, 6.49; 15. O = AMC 726, 6.83; 16. C = SNG 5365, 7.07;
tem ple of P ap h ian A phrodite and on 3935 Zeus Salaminios: 17. V 27335, 6 -3 5 J 18—3 1 . N Y , 8.65, 8.21, 7.57, 7.20, 6.76, 6.65, 6.65,
b u t the two series were produced in a single m int, as they 6.64, 6.47, 5.96, 5.8a, 5.73, 5.75, 5.05; 3 2 . Be, 6.00; 3 3 . P V , 7.47; 3 4 . Ni
(= D ik a io s 159).
share an obverse die.
T he denom ination struck was probably intended to be a 3905 AE. 1 7 -1 8 m m , 6 .7 2 g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
dupondius (2 7 -8 m m , 13.74g [to ]), but it is possible th a t a [ 3 coins, 3 obv. dies ]
sestertius was also struck, since I. N icolaou, ‘C ypriot A m andry ib (Salamis?)
Bronze G reek Im perial C ounterm arked C oins’, Proceedings IM P CAES D IV I F A V G V ST V S; bare head, r.
o f the International N u m ism a tic Congress, London, ig 8 6 (1989), p. As 3 9 0 4
211, no. 37, publishes a specim en w ith the tem ple of I. L G 0 3 7 3 , 7.58; 2. L 1 9 2 6 -9 -9 -1 , 6.99; 3. B 10283, 5.59.
P aphian A phrodite whose size is 33 m m and weight 26.55 g
(Nicosia, O ld C ollection of the C yprus M useum , no. 20).
A . P l a u t i u s P r o c o s , in o r s h o r t l y a f t e r 2 1 BC
3906 AE. i5 - i6 m m , 3 .7 0 g (41). Axis: 12. [ 37 ]
[ 44 coins, 10 obv. dies ]
Cleopatra V II and Ptolemy X V Caesarion
bmc 2-3, FiTA 143, A m andry 2a (Paphos?)
3901 AE. 29-30 m m , 16.46 g (8). IM P C A ESA R D IV I F; b are head, r.
Sv 1874, BMC Ptolem ies 2-3 A P L A V T IV S P R O C O S ; tem ple o f A phrodite at Paphos,
in w hich conical xoanon; sem icircular courtyard
B ust o f C leopatra, r., as A phrodite, w earing Stephane,
i . B F o x , 3.55; 2—3. L = BMC 2 -2 , 4-57, 3.89; 4 . L 1 9 1 3 -4 -3 -2 , 4.63;
and Ptolem y X V C aesarion, 1., as Eros, in h er arm s; 5. L 1 9 7 4 -1 1 -9 -1 9 , 2.86; 6 . P 786, 4.63; 7. P W a 4845, 3.78; 8 - 9 . P
sceptre at shoulder D elep ierre, 3.94, 2.88; 10. P, 2.69; 11. B a.B ., 3.18; 12—14. B Fox, 4.22,
ΚΛΕΟΠΑΤΡΑΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ; two cornucopias, jo in ed at 3.28, 2.58; 15. B I-B , 2.57; 1 6 . 6 9 9 8 1 , 3 . 1 6 ; 17—19. O = AMC 727-9,
4.70, 3.17, 3.49; 20. C 484-1 9 4 8 , 4.20; 2 1 - 2 2 . A, 3.32, 3.23; 2 3 -3 3 · NY,
the bottom a n d bo u n d w ith fillet; in field, r., ΚΥΠΡ
5 0 3 . 4 -9 5 . 4 -5 2 . 3 -9 9 , 3 -9 3 . 3 -9 3 , 3 -8 9 , 3 - 7 2 , 3 -6 8 , 3 .1 1, 2.89; 3 4 -3 6 - v
i . P 4 7 6 , 17.35; a . L = BMC 2 ( = FiTA, pi. I X ,29: obv.), 16.97; 3· L = bmc I 9 3 I 4“ i6 , 4 .4 1, 3-83, 2.64; 3 7 - 3 9 . M i ( = B rera 3 7 5 -7 ), 4.6, 4.0, 2.5;
3; 4 . V 23682, 18.50; 5 . A, 17.70; 6. B L öbb, 15.70; 7. B P -O , 15.78; 4 0 . C o p 69, 3.76; 4 1 . P V , 3.2; 4 2 . E velpidis, 3.3; 4 3 —4 4 . N i (= D ik a io s
8. I-B , 15.60; 9. S tern b e rg X X I/1 9 8 8 , lot igg, 13.95. N ot a com plete list. 160-1).
 C Y P R U S (3907-3919) 579

3907 AE. 1 5 -1 7 m m , 3.64g (15). Axis: 12. [ 12 ] 3 9 1 4 AE. 2 8 -9 mm , 14.73g (2). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
[ 15 coins, 2 obv. dies ] 106, n c (1982) 14, Issue 6a, n. 82 a n d pi. 5,6-7,
F iT A
BMC 4, FiTA 143, A m an d ry 2b (Salamis?) A m andry 4
IM P CAES D IV I F; bare head, r. IM P A V G V S T T R P O T ; lau reate head o f A ugustus, r.
A P L A V T IV S P R O C O S ; Zeus Salam inios standing to A V G V S T in a laurel w reath
front; holds in r. phiale; 1. rests on short sceptre; eagle i . G le n d i n in g , H a ll I /1 9 5 0 , lo t 8 4 1 (ex G n ecch i, r i n X I (1898) 166 an d
perched on his 1. w rist pi. 3,2 = M erzb ac h er 2 /X I/1 9 0 9 , lo t 1 130 = H a m b u rg e r 1 9 /X /1 9 2 5 , lot
516), 15.60; 2. L 1 9 2 5 -1 -5 -6 5 , 13.96 (found in C y p ru s).
I . 0 = AMC 73O, 4.O9; 2. L = BMC 4, 4.34; 3. L 1 9 7 4 -1 1 -9 -1 8 , 3.95; 4 . P
787, 3.86; 5—6. B I-B , 4.28, 3.86; 7. B 28778, 4.23; 8. C 490-1948, 3.10;
3 9 1 5 AE. 2 8 -3 0 m m , 14.53g (6). Axis: 12. [ 4 ]
9 - 1 2 . N Y , 3.70, 3.39, 3.34, 2.91; 13. M i ( = B re ra 378), 3.1; 14. P V , 3.42.
nc (1982) 14, Issue 6b, n. 83 and pi. 5,8-13, A m andry 5
As 3 9 1 4
AD i SC in an oak w reath
3908 AE. 2 4 -7 mm , 8.90g (6). Axis: 12. [ 6 ] i . C 4 8 7 - 1 9 4 8 ( = G ra n t, c t c , fig. i) , 16.82; 2. L G 0916, 12.08; 3 . B,
14.89; 4 . V , 18.02; 5. Bu, 14.27; 6. P V , 11.07; 7 * N i ( = f i t a , p. X IV ,
A m andry 3 a ad d . 98); 8. K ress 190/1985, lot 1640 (ex S a n ta m a ria , C oll. Signorelli
II/1 9 5 2 , lo t 1020; D o ro th eu m 1 5 /IV /1 9 8 3 , lo t 401).
A V G V ST T R IB P O T P O N T M A X ; laureate head of
A ugustus ,r. ___
C C A ESA R A V G F P O N T C O S; b are head o f G aius U n d e r A u g u s tu s ?
C aesar, r.
3 9 1 6 A E . i 6 - i 7 m m , 2 .6 8 g (1 6 ).
i . B 2 8 8 4 7 , 9.09; 2. L 1908—4—8 -1 1 , 8.64; 3 . L 1923-11—5 -3 4 ( = Nc 1924,
pi. I I ) , 9.68; 4 . B 633/1902, 10.26; 5. V 19317, 8.33; 6. N Y , 7.41. BM C C om m agene 4 -6, f it a 143, A m an d ry 6
3 9 0 8 /1 , 3, 4 from th e sam e obv. d ie as 3 9 0 9 /4 ; 3 9 0 8 /2 as 3 9 0 9 /1 -3 .
C apricorn, r.; sta r in field
3909 AE. 2 6 -7 m m , 8.78g (6). Axis: 12. [ 6 ] Scorpion; sta r in field
A m andry 3b i . P M 1 3 3 5 , 2.13; 2. P 1413, 3.01; 3—5. L = BMC 4 -6 , 2.86, 4.07, 2.71;
6 . L G 0884, 2.79; 7. O , 2.92; 8—14. N Y , 4.16, 2.63, 2.57, 2.50, 2.32, 2.24,
As 3908 ____ 1.52; 15. Be, 2.17; 16. T L av y 2671. Previously a ttrib u te d to C o m m ag en e
C C A ESA R A V G F P R IN C IV V E N T ; b are head o f { B M C G ala tia , p. xlviii a n d p. 112), these coins w ere given b y H ill to
G aius C aesar, r. C y p ru s ( n c 1927, p. 24) w h ere th ey o ccu r freq u en tly . A d a te u n d er
A u g u stu s, d u e to th e type o f the ca p rico rn , is possible, th o u g h by no
I . P V , 7.54; 2. L 1 9 2 3 -1 1 -5 -3 3 ( — n c 1924, 14, no. 25), 8.11; 3. P, 9.29;
m eans certain .
4 , B G an sau g e, 8.48; 5—6. N Y , 10.18, 9.11. 3 9 0 9 /1 -3 are from th e sam e
obv. die as 3 9 0 8 /2 a n d 3 9 1 0 /1 -2 ; 3 9 0 9 /4 is from th e sam e obv. d ie as
3 9 0 8 /! , 3, 4.
Tiberius
3910 AE. 2 4 -7 m m , 6.63g ( l )· Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
NNM 145, 1959, no. 132a a n d pi. V; A m andry 3c A fte r AD 15/16
As 3908 and 3909
C A ESA R A V G PA T P A T R ; b are head o f G aius C aesar, 3917 AE. 2 7 -3 0 m m , 14.69 g (20). Axis: 12. [ 17]
r.
G ran t, ctc 1-3, A m andry ia
i . N Y , 6.63; 2. C u riu m ( = n n m 145, no. 132a a n d pi. V ). 3 9 1 0 /1 -2 are
from th e sam e obv. die as 3 9 0 8 /2 a n d 3 9 0 9 /1 -3 . T I CA ESA R A V G V S T VS; b are h ead o f T iberius, r.
D IV O S A V G V S T V S P A T E R PA TR ; ra d ia te head of
3911 AE. 2 3 -4 m m , 8.55g (9)· Axis: 12. [ 8 ] D ivus A ugustus, r.; in front, thun d erb o lt; above, star
A m andry 3d I. L 1 9 2 5 - 1 - 5 - 5 3 ( = CTC, fig. 4), 1 1.44; 2 - 3 . L G 0368, 0370, 13.66,
12.80; 4 —5 . P 4 7 9 5 a-6 , 14.67, 15.62; 6. B G an sau g e ( = c t c , fig. 5), 15.38;
C A ESA R A V G PA T PA TR ; lau reate head of A ugustus,
7. B 21188, 17.30; 8. O , 14.35; 9 - G 4 8 5 - : 9 4 8 ( = s n g 5364 = 0™ , fig. 8),
r. 20.37; 10—16. N Y , 19.69, 14.94, 14.65, 13.52, 12.82, 12.37, 11-69; 17. V
As 3908 193 1 8 ,1 3 .1 8 ; 18. M i ( = B rera 658), 14.1; 19. Be, 16.32; 2 0 . R ouen,
i . B F o x , 9.28; 2. L 19 2 3 -1 1 -5 -3 5 , 9-63; 3. L G 0889, 9.18; 4. P 1232, 14.85; 21. C u riu m ( = n n m 145, pi. V ,i3 5 ); 2 2 . C itiu m ( = s c e I I I , pi.
8.94; 5—7. P , 7.88, 7.10, 6.65; 8. O — AMC 732, 8.88; 9. N aville, Levis X X X I X , 13).
coll., 1 8 -2 0 /V I/1 9 2 5 , lot 275; 10. L a n z G raz X /1977, lot 311;
i i . B o n h am ’s V ecchi 8/1982, lo t 482; 1 2 . A m ath u s 82.132.1 ( = b c h 1983,
3918 AE. 2 8 -3 0 mm , 13.36g (3). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
957, fig· 2)· G ran t, ctc 4-5, A m andry ib
3912 AE. 2 3 -5 m m , 8.85g ( 7 )· Axis: 12. [ 7 ] As 3917
A m andry 3 e Sam e legend as 3 9 1 7 , b u t rad iate head o f D ivus
A ugustus, 1.
C A ESA R A V G PA T P A T R ; lau reate head o f A ugustus, 1.
i . P 4 7 9 5 ( = c t c , fig. 6), 15.32; 2. P 97 ( = a p t 14, pi. I ,2 i u n d er
As 3908 an d 3911 A ch u lla = C T c , fig. 7), 14.72; 3. J S W , 10.03.
I . P 12 3 3 , 10.80; 2—3. P, 9.54, 7.52; 4 . O = AMG 731, 8.1 1; 5. C = SNG
5363, 10.07; 7· N Y , 9.16, 6.81. 3 9 1 2 /1 —5 a re from th e sam e obv. die as 3919 A E. 2 3 -4 m m , 8.58g (12). Axis: 12. [ 12 ]
3 9 I 3 / i - 2· G ran t, ctc 6-8, A m andry 2
3913 AE. 23-5 mm , 9.61g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ] T I C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; b are h ead o f T iberius, r.
A m andry 3f IV L IA A V G V ST A ; Livia seated on ch a ir w ithout a back,
veiled, w ith p a te ra an d long sceptre, feet on footstool, r.
As 3 9 1 a
I. L = BMC 5, 6.98; 2. L = BMC 6, 6.78; 3. L ( = NC 1914, pi. X I X ,9
Sam e legend as 3908 an d 3911, b u t bare head of G aius
‘P isid ian A n tio c h ’ = c t c , fig. 10, now m issing); 4 . L 1925—1—5—52 ( = c tc ,
C aesar, 1. fig. 11), 9.26; 5—6. L G 0354 -5 , 7 -2 7 > 8-64; 7 · B I-B , 10.60; 8. O ( —c t c ,
i . N Y , 7.21; a. V 27335 ( = G ra n t, ctc, fig. 3), 12.01. 3 9 1 3 /1 -2 a r e from fig· 9 )> 8.93; 9 —12. N Y , 10.68, 9.00, 8.10, 7.56; 13. P V , 8.90; 14. N i
the sam e obv. die as 3 9 1 2 /1 -5 . (= D ik a io s 162).
58o C Y P R U S (3920-3935)

AD 22I3 3928 AE. 3 3 -4 m m , 24.91g (10). Axis: 12. [ 9 ]

BMC 12-13
3920 AE. 22m m , 6.23g i *
1)· Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
a pt 52 (Pisidian A ntioch), b sfn (1988) 325-6 As 3 9 2 7 , b u t lau reate head, r.
As 3927
[T I C A ES(A R )? D IV ]I A V G F A V G V S T IM P V III;
ι· P 7 9 3 , 24.12; 2. P 792, 26.54; 3 - 4 . L = BMC 12-13, 2 3 -9 2, 22.39; 5 · P
b are head of T iberius, 1. D elep ierre, 24.97; 6. B L ö b b , 20.85; 7. B Fox, 30.07; 8. B 670/1920,
C C; Livia veiled, w ith p a te ra an d long sceptre, seated, r. 28.26; 9. N Y, 27.14; 10. N i (= D ik a io s 164), 20.94.
i . L 1914—9—8—9, 6.23. A ttrib u tio n to C y p ru s tentative: see in tro d u ctio n .
3929 AE. 2 8 -g m m , 14.15g (14)· Axis: 12. [ 11 ]
3921 A E. i7 - i8 m m , 4 .6 0 g (8). Axis: 12. [ 7 ] BMC 14
CTC i i an d 13, A m andry 3a (Paphos?) T I C L A V D IV S C A ESA R A V G P M T R P; laureate
D R V SV S CA ESA R; bare head o f D rusus M inor, r. head o f C laudius, 1.
Zeus Salam inios, 1.; tem ple of P ap h ian A phrodite, r. As 3 9 3 7 -8
i . O ( = CTC, fig. 15), 4.32; 2. L = bmc 8 ( = CTC, fig. 16), 4.29; 3. P 788, I.B F o x , 17.33; 2 · L = BMC 14, 21.51; 3 - 4 . L 1 9 2 5 -1 -5 -5 4 a n d 55,
5.59; 4. B L öbb, 3.96; 5—6. C M cC lean 9183-4, 4.25, 4.23; 7. C o p 70, 10.23, 11*29; 5 · P 794, 12.49; 6* P C h a n d o n , 11.79; 7 » B a.B ., 17.72; 8. B
5.06; 8. W e b e r 7747, 5.12. 9984, 11.02; 9. V 19321, 11.76; 10—i i . N Y , 18.46, 12.35; Mi
( = B re ra 903), 10.7; 13—14· N i ( = D ik a io s 166-7), 15*65, 15.92; 15. S aint
3922 AE. i7 - i8 m m , 4 .8 7 g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 ] O m e r 169, 14.46.

CTC 12, A m andry 3b (Salamis?) 3930 AE. 2 8 -g m m , 16.23g (2)· Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
As 3 9 8 1 , b u t different style BMC 15
As 3981, b u t different style
As 3 9 3 9 , b u t lau reate head, r.
I- P 789, 5.02; 2. L = bmc 7, 4.73; 3. C u riu m ( = nnm 145, pi. V ,i3 5 ).
As 393 7 -9
3923 AE. i4 - i5 m m , 3.1 2 g (6). Axis: 12. [ 5 ] I. L = BMC 15, 16.16; 2. C o p 74, 16.30.

CTC 9, A m andry 4a (Paphos?) 3931 AE. 23~5m m , 6 .7 2 g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]

D R V SV S CAESA R; b are head o f D rusus M inor, r. As 3 9 3 0
Zeus Salam inios stan d in g to front, head 1., holding phiale As 3 9 3 7 -3 0
and short sceptre, eagle on 1. w rist I. B I-B , 6.99; 2. L 1 9 2 8 -1 1 -5 -3 6 , 7.54; 3. N Y , 5.65.
i . P ( = C T C , fig. 13), 3.09; 2. B I-B , 2.41; 3. C op 72, 2.75; 4—5. N Y , 3.77,
3.06; 6. Be, 3.64.

3924 AE. 1 4 -1 5 m m , 3.05g (11). Axis: 12. [ 10 ] C o m in iu s P r o c u lu s , AD 4 3 /4

CTC 10, A m andry 4a (Paphos?) 3932 A E. 2 3 -7 m m , 9 .7 8 g (15). Axis: 12. [ 13 ]

As 3933 T I CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG P M TR P; lau reate head of
T em ple of P ap h ian A phrodite, w ith conical xoanon and C laudius, 1.
sem icircular courtyard επί KOMINIOY ΠΡΟΚΛΟΥ ΑΝΘΥΠΑ(ΤΟ)(Υ); KYnPIWN
I. P790, 3 -3 4 ; 2. L = BMC 9 ( = C T C , fig. 14), 2.79; 3. L 19 7 4 -1 1 -9 -2 0 , in centre
3.38; 4. P C h a n d o n , 2.38; 5. B Fox, 3.52; 6. B 9983, 2.09; 7. V 19319, i . P W a 4 8 4 6 , 11.90; 2. L G 0372, 8.49; 3 —4 . P 795-6, 8.83, 10.64; 5. B
2.80; 8. C = SNG 5362, 2.31; 9—10. N Y, 3.84, 3.62; i i . M i ( = B rera 714), a.B ., 7.88; 6. B Fox, 8.40; 7. V 19320, 10.79; 8. C L eak e 8904, 11.85;
3.5. 3923 a n d 3924 s h are an obv. die. 9 . C M cC lean 9185, 9.79; 1 0 - 1 3 . N Y , 11.02, 10.03, 7.57, 7.08; 14—15· Ni
(= D ikaios 168-9), 12.54, 9.97.
3925 AE. 16 -1 7 m m , 4.3 3 g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ]
CTC g, A m andry 4b (Salamis?) 3933 AE. 2 3 -6 m m , i i . u g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ]
As 3 9 3 3 , b u t different style BMC 16
As 3 9 3 3 , b u t different style As 3 9 3 3 , b u t lau reate head, r.
i . L = bm c 10 ( = ctc, fig. 12), 4.33. S am e obv. die as 3926/1-2. As 3933
i. L = bmc 16, 10.17; 2. C L eak e 8905, 9.59; 3. N Y , 13.58.
3926 AE. i6 - i7 m m , 3.1 1 g (3). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
CTC 10, A m andry 4b (Salamis?)
As 3 9 3 4 , b u t different style Galba
As 3 9 3 4 , b u t different style
i . A 5805, 3.69; 2. B L ö b b , 2.39; 3. O , 3.26. 3925 a n d 3926 s h are a
3934 AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 13.72g (7). Axis: 12. [ 5 ]
single obv. die.
TAABAC CCBACTOC: lau reate head, r.
ΚΟΙΝΟΝ ΚΥΠΡΙΩΝ CTOYC B; tem ple of P ap h ian
A phrodite
Claudius
i . V 3 7 6 4 9 , 14.18; 2. L, 13.13; 3. B Fox, 1 1.06; 4. B R au c h , 13.71; 5· B
9985» 15*58; 6· M i ( = B rera 1275), 13.14; 7. N i, 15.41.
3927 AE. 33~4m m , 25.90g (9). Axis: 12. [ 8 ] C o u n te rm ark : Illeg ib le le tte rs o n a c ircu lar b ac k g ro u n d (shield?) delim ited
by tw o concentric, circles, on th e obv., b eh in d G a lb a ’s h ea d , on all the
BMC I I
specim ens ( G I C 538); th e M i sp ecim en offers th e rea d in g ΙΙΛ CA: IM (P )
T I GLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG P M T R P IMP; laureate C A (E S A R )?
head o f C laudius, 1.
3935 AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 13.78g (3). Axis: 12. [ 2 ]
ΚΟΙΝΟΝ ΚΥΠΡΙWN; in a laurel w reath
i . P 7 9 1 , 28.90; 2. L = BMC 11, 30.50; 3 . B L öbb, 22.37; 4 . O , 19.12; As 3 9 3 4
5. C o p 73, 32.60; 6 -8 . N Y , 26.05, 19.05, 18.74; 9* N i (= D ik a io s 165), Sam e legend as 3 9 3 4 , b u t Zeus Salam inios, facing
3 5 -7 8 - i . P 7 9 7 , 15.50; 2. L 1 9 2 5 -1 -5 —56 ( = b m c , pi. 26,2), 14.01 ; 3. N i, 11 -85-
C o u n te rm ark : A la u re a te h ea d o f D o m itian , r., on 8 ( G I C 108). C o u n te rm ark : S am e as 3 9 3 4 o n all specim ens ( G I C 538).
 S Y R I A

C at. no. Page C at. no. Page

Introduction 581 Balanea-Claudia Leucas 4456-65 639

Cilicia Pedias: Aradus 4466-93 641
Pompeiopolis 4001-3 590 M arathus 4494-9 643
Tarsus 4004-5 59° Demetrias 4500 644
Augusta 4006-14 591 Orthosia 4501-8 644
Mallus 4015-24 592 Tripolis 4509-22 645
Aegeae 4025-46 593 Botrys 4523-4 647
Mopsus 4047-58 594 Byblus 4525-8 647
Anazarbus-Caesarea 4059-63 595 Berytus 4529-47 648
Hierapolis (Castabala) 4064-5 596 Sidon 4548-618 651
Epiphanea 4066-73 596 Tyre 4619-739 655
Alexandria-ad-Issum 4074-6 597 Ptolemais 4740-51 658
Rhosus 4O77-8I 598 Dora 4752-67 660
Uncertain Cilicia/Syria: Antilebanon:
Princeps Felix 4082-3 598 Chalcis 4768-80 662
Uncertain Caesarea(s) 4084-6 599 Damascus 4781-806 663
‘Sistripia’ 4087 600
Judaean and Palestinian cities
‘Fleet’ coinage: Bibulus 4088-93 600
Antioch-ad-Hippum 4807-8 666
Cleopatra and Antony 4094-6 601
G adara 4809—24 666
Regulus 4097-9 602
Nysa-Scythopolis 4825-35 667
‘CA’ coinage 4100-7 602
Canatha 4836-8 668
Zeus tetradrachm s 4108-21 603
Gerasa 4839-41 669
Nero/Claudius tetradrachm s 4122-3 605
Caesarea Paneas 4842-6 669
N orthern Syria: Caesarea Paneas or M aritim a 4847-8 670
Antioch: silver 4124—200 606 Irenopolis Neronias Sepphoris 4849-50 671
bronze 4201-323 617 Tiberias 4851-4 671
Seleucia 4324-32 630 Gaba 4855-7 672
Apamea 4333-78 631 Caesarea M aritim a 4858-65 672
Laodicea 4379-448 634 Ascalon 4866-93 673
Gabala 4449-55 638 Gaza 4894-96 676

however, between pre-im perial and im perial ‘pseudo-auto­

Geographical A rrangem ent
T he arrangem ent adopted in this catalogue is m ostly
geographical, working from north to south. T he province
naturally lends itself to division into a num ber of blocks,
and these have been followed here, as they generally reflect
differences in the n atu re or stru ctu re of the coinages of the
cities they contained.
First is the Cilician plain, running from (west to east)
Pompeiopolis along the coastal p lain an d round the gulf of
Issus to Rhosus. T his area, Cilicia Pedias, h a d been
organised by Pom pey into a netw ork of city states w ith the
koinon centre at T arsu s, an d form ed p a rt of the R om an
province of Syria from the thirties b c . T he general
appearance of the coinage of the area is very consistent,
since the coins were m ade on sim ilarly flat an d large,
though som ew hat thin, flans. N ot infrequently there are
very large denom inations w ithout an im perial p o rtra it (e.g.,
Aegeae, M opsus). T h e im perial p o rtra it was not m uch used
before the reign of T iberius, possibly suggesting a gap in
m inting until th a t tim e (see also below). T he distinction,
nom ous’ is very h ard to draw (as in T racheia: see p. 560);
some pieces w ithout a p o rtrait would not have been
included in this catalogue if they did not have dates on
them , and it seems possible th at some of the coinage of cities
w hich did not p u t dates on their coins should also have been
included here. T he coins w ith portraits, especially those of
C laudius, exhibit a very sim ilar ‘C ilician’ style, perhaps of a
single engraver or engraving tradition.
T he coins are, however, all very rare, and often difficult
to attrib u te to individual em perors, either because o f their
poor preservation or because of the absence of any identify­
ing legend. T he picture of the coinage presented here is
therefore very likely to be substantially m odified w ith the
discovery of new specimens, as can be seen from the
relatively large num ber of pieces in the recently published
S N G Levante, now the standard work for the area. O verall,
however, it seems fair to say th at the sm all n um ber of
surviving specimens suggests th at not very m uch coinage
was issued in this area in the Ju lio -C la u d ia n period.
Next, separated from Cilicia by the A m anus m ountains,
comes northern Syria (Seleucis), w hich merges into the long
 coastal strip of Phoenicia, hedged in betw een the sea and
the Lebanon m ountain range. T he coinages of these areas
show internal links betw een neighbouring cities; in general,
there is a resem blance between, on the one hand, the coins
of the tetrapolis o f A ntioch, Seleucia, A pam ea an d L aodi­
cea; on the oth er h an d , the coins of the Phoenician coast
generally used Phoenician letters, and ‘pseudo-auto­
nom ous’ sm aller denom inations were generally produced
on a large scale, continuing the strong tradition of the
im m ediate p ast (see also below). In p articular, there are
close stylistic links, as noted in the catalogue, between
several cities, e.g., A ntioch and Seleucia, G abala and
Balanea or A radus an d M arathus.
T he coinage o f this area was dom inated by the massive
o u tp u t from A ntioch. D uring this period, A ntioch produced
large quantities o f silver and bronze (though on an irregular
basis), notably the bronze SC coinage. T his can be seen,
perhaps m ost clearly for the reign of Tiberius; hardly any
silver was m inted throughout the reign, an d bronze was
m inted on three short occasions, once early in the reign and
twice tow ards the end. Silver was alm ost non-existent under
C laudius, b u t enorm ous quantities of bronze were m inted
during his reign (inform ation from K evin B utcher); large
issues of silver were m ade under (perhaps) C aligula and
(certainly) Nero (see also below).
F u rth er south, the oth er significant silver m int was Tyre,
which supplied silver to the southern p a rt of the area and,
in particu lar, to Ju d a e a . Bronze was also plentifully produ­
ced, and w ith a large variety of different types (usually
‘pseudo-autonom ous’) an d a confusing num ber of denom i­
nations. T h e Phoenician character of the coinage was in ter­
rupted only by the coinage produced a t the A ugustan
colony at Berytus an d the C laudian one at Ptolem ais. T he
principal m ints of the area were A radus, Tripolis, Berytus
and Sidon, and their coinages were very fully listed in a
series of articles by J . R ouvier (see R ouvier).
T he p o rtraits of all A ugustus’s successors appear
regularly, though there is a virtual absence of represen­
tations of other m em bers of the im perial family. T his is a
com plete con trast w ith other areas of the Greek east; the
explanation m ay be p artly the Syrian reluctance to use the
im perial p o rtrait, an d p artly the use of ‘pseudo-auto­
nom ous’ types, ra th e r th an m em bers of the im perial family,
to denote sm aller denom inations.
A t the southern end of the L ebanon m ountains, the
coastal plain opens up into the interior, and this geographi­
cal change coincides m ore or less w ith the political one. T he
Ju d a e a n kingdom of H erod stretched from here southw ards
to th at of his rival C leopatra, and, throughout m ost of the
period covered by this catalogue, J u d a e a retained some sort
of political coherence, w hether und er the rule of Ju d a e a n
princes or R om an procurators, though some of the cities
inside its boundaries rem ained p a rt of the province of Syria.
T o the im m ediate n o rth of the Ju d a e a n kingdom , around
the A ntilebanon m ountains, lay the principality of Chalcis
and the city of D am ascus, whose influence and territory
varied widely (e.g., a t one tim e the territory of D am ascus
was contiguous w ith th a t o f Sidon, b u t und er C aligula the
city was given to the N abataeans). This area and its coinage
was for the m ost p a rt culturally distinct from the long
coastal strip o f Phoenicia, or politically separate from the
T ran sjo rd an cities of the Decapolis, w hich were all p a rt of
the province of Syria, as were the cities on the A ntilebanon
m ountains (Dam ascus) or the principality of Chalcis.
For the history of Ju d a e a , see E. M . Smallwood, The J e w s
under R om an R u le (1981) and E. Schürer, The H isto ry o f the
J e w is h People in the A g e o f C hrist , Vol. I, ed. G. V erm es and F.
M illar (1973). T he latest stan d ard work on Ju d a e a n
coinage from H erod to A grippa I I is Y. M eshorer, A n cien t
J e w is h Coinage, Vol. I I (1982). Earlier Ju d a e a n
(H asm onean) coins are described in Vol. I of M eshorer’s
book, and are not treated here.
No silver coinage was produced in Ju d a e a (though
M eshorer has suggested that, from the tim e of H erod, the
shekels of T yre were m inted at Jeru salem rath er th an Tyre:
see p. 656), b u t a num ber of different sorts of bronze coins
were m ade during this period. These can be divided,
roughly, into three groups. T he ‘aniconic’ coinages were
those m ade by the Jew ish rulers and Rom an prefects at
Jerusalem ; these, like the products of the city of Tiberias,
avoided portraits o f the rulers, out of regard for Jew ish
sentim ent. T he coins o f Jeru salem are preserved in huge
num bers today, im plying a very large output. T he second
category of bronzes m ight be characterised as ‘philorom an’.
These were produced a t C aesarea M aritim a and particu ­
larly C aesarea Paneas, and exhibit an obsessive em phasis
on the em peror and the im perial family, w ith represen­
tations o f some very m inor m em bers of the family and with
legends th at are, ra th e r surprisingly, sometimes in Latin.
Some of them were struck un d er the Jew ish rulers, especi­
ally A grippa I, b u t the au thority for some of the other issues
is less clear, especially in the case of the coins produced
between the reigns of A grippa I and A grippa II: were these
issues of the procurators? T he th ird and final class of bronze
coinage is the norm al civic type of coinage, for instance,
those from Sepphoris, G aba or Gaza.
Political O rganisation and Portraits
T he R om an province of Syria was created by Pompey.
M any cities began new eras a t this time; these are generally
known today as ‘Pom peian eras’, though they were more
correctly eras of Rom e (note L A ΡΩΜΗΣ at G adara: H.
Seyrig, S yria , 1959, p. 71). M any substantial changes were
also m ade under Pom pey’s successors. Some of them were
responsible for the foundation or refoundation of cities; for
exam ple, G aba was renam ed after the proconsul M arcius
Philippus, and counted its era from this date (4855-7). One
of the m ajor figures in the history of early Syria, b u t one
who has left only a shadow y record, was G abinius, procon­
sul in 57-55 B e . H e was responsible for the refoundation of
towns such as N ysa-Scythopolis, w hich bore his nam e and
p u t his po rtrait on its coins (4825fr.), as well as the
num erous other cities w hich Josephus specifies as being
rebuilt by him (Jones, C ities, p. 257). O n the financial side,
it is possible th at he was responsible for the financial

reorganisation of the province (cf. M . H . Craw ford, C M R R ,
pp. 203, 205h, 209; H. R. Baldus, C R W L R , pp. 127-8), and
certain th a t he reform ed the silver coinage of R om an Syria,
inaugurating the coinage of silver tetradrachm s m inted
posthum ously in the nam e of K ing Philip Philadelphus.
T he first and only large issue has a m onogram of his nam e
(4108).
Subsequently, substantial changes were m ade to Syria by
the other leaders of the late R epublic (for reflections o f these
on the coinage, see Baldus in C R W L R , pp. 123-5). C aesar
freed the city of A ntioch, w hich adopted a new era starting
from this date, as did some other cities, including Laodicea,
which was renam ed J u lia Laodicea. Antony, too, m ade
changes (see H . B uchheim , D ie O rientpolitik des T riu m virn M .
A n to n iu s ). H e freed B alanea to p unish A radus for its
resistance; B alanea started a new era und er him , as did
A pam ea. H is position was recognised by the appearance of
his po rtrait at the following cities in n orthern Syria:
A ntioch 4135
B alanea ?37 bc 4456
A radus 38/37, 37/36 4466-7
M a rath u s
37/36 4494
T ripolis 42/41 4501 (w ith Fulvia)
Ptolem ais 39/38 4740
A nother change resulted from A ntony’s gift to C leopatra in
37/36 of the form er Ptolem aic territories in Phoenicia and
Palestine, as far north as the E leutheros river (as well as
Cyprus an d Cilicia T racheia: the rest of Cilicia was trans-
ferred to Syria). T his saw the: appearance of a num ber of
portraits of the queen on her new territories:
O rth o sia 36/35, 35/34 45OI-2
T ripolis 36/35 4 5 10
B erytus 36/35, 32/31 4529-30
P tolem ais 4741-2 (w ith A ntony)
35/34
D ora 34/33 4752 (w ith A ntony)
Chalcis 32/31 477 r—3 (w ith A ntony)
D am ascus 37/36, 33/32 4 7 81,4783
These coins are dated by different eras. A t D ora C leo p atra’s
E gyptian reckoning is used, and a double reckoning is used
at Berytus and Chalcis (‘year 6 w hich is also y ear 2Y).
These two eras are generally regarded as her E gyptian and
Phoenician eras, though it is noticeable th a t the second era
coincides w ith the second era adopted in E gypt to m ark the
recognition of C aesarion, an d very sim ilar form ulae are
used both in Egypt an d on Phoenician coins. I t does,
however, still seem likely th a t this is ju s t a coincidence, and
th at the era of C aesarion an d of C leo p atra’s Phoenician
kingdom are distinct (if concurrent), since otherw ise it is
im possible to understan d the use of only the lower d ating on
p o rtrait coins of C leopatra at O rthosia, Tripolis and her
first issue from Berytus.
T he cases of D am ascus, Ascalon an d ‘A ntioch’ all raise
problem s for the interp retatio n of C leo p atra’s portrait.
A lthough C leo p atra’s p o rtra it appears a t D am ascus in
37/36 and 33/32 B e , no ancient text m entions the gift of the
city to her, and the coins continue to use the Seleucid era.
SYRIA 583
Baldus has argued [op. cit.) th at D am ascus did not form
p a rt of her kingdom , b u t rem ained an independent city
w hich, however, used her po rtrait to honour her. It can now
be seen, however, th at the coinage o f Ptolem ais also seems
to retain its traditional (C aesarian) era alongside the new
(Phoenician) one. I t therefore seems likely th a t D am ascus,
a t this stage a weak power greatly overshadow ed by the
neighbouring principality of C halcis, also form ed p a rt of the
queen’s new territory.
A t Ascalon superb portraits of the queen appear on very
rare tetradrachm s m inted (at any rate) in 50/49 and 39/38
(4066-8). Ascalon, however, rem ained free after Pom pey’s
settlem ent, and, though its status m ay have been som ew hat
dim inished (hence the dropping of autonom es from its titles:
see p. 673), it did not form p a rt of C leo p atra’s new king­
dom. T he portraits stand at the end o f the line o f other royal
portraits produced on the ‘autonom ous’ coinage of Ascalon
during the first century b c , although it is not clear w hether
these portraits are supposed to be o f Seleucid or Ptolem aic
kings. Are these portraits ju s t m inted to honour the relevant
m onarchs, or is it possible th a t Ascalon acknowledged in
some sense the position of rulers such as Cleopatra?
Finally, there are the famous tetradrachm s m inted w ith
the portraits of C leopatra and A ntony (4094-6), T he
detailed study of their dies has revealed th a t C leopatra is on
the obverse and A ntony on the reverse, and this (and other
considerations: see the com m entary) seems to pose distinct
difficulties for the traditional attrib u tio n to A ntioch. I f a
m int is to be sought elsewhere, however, for instance in the
territories of C leopatra (as her presence on the obverse
would suggest), then there is no obvious candidate.
T he m ain change m ade by A ugustus was, o f course, the
restoration of C leopatra’s dom ains to the province o f Syria;
in addition the Ju d a e a n kingdom o f H erod was enlarged on
m ore th an one occasion. T he m ain later organisational
changes to the province were confined to the south, and
related to the problem of the succession to H erod (see p.
679), initially involving the division o f his kingdom between
H erod’s three sons, and subsequently requiring the transfer
of certain Ju d a e a n territories to R om an prefects or procu­
rators. W ithin the boundaries o f Ju d a e a , a num ber o f cities
were not dependent on the Ju d a e a n rulers (e.g., Antioch-
ad-H ippum , G adara, G aza), b u t rem ained p a rt of the prov­
ince of Syria.
Because Syrian coinages generally bear precise dates,
they offer a unique opportunity to date the adoption of the
im perial po rtrait on the coinage of the area. Syria has added
interest from this point of view, since it was an area well
used to ruler portraits. In addition to the portraits o f the
Seleucid kings on silver tetradrachm s, A ntiochus IV had
early in the second century im posed his p o rtrait on the civic
coinage of Syria (see O. M orkholm , Stu d ies in the Coinage o f
A n tio ch u s I V ) . In the im m ediate p ast before A ugustus,
portraits of another kind had also appeared, nam ely those
of C leopatra and, m ore significantly, A ntony. W h at h ap ­
pened w ith A ugustus’s victory? As suggested in the survey
published a few years ago (S. W alker and A. B urnett,
A u g u stu s. H a n d lis t o f the E x h ib itio n , pp. 23—35), the adoption
5 84 SY R IA

of A ugustus’s p o rtrait in Syria seems surprisingly late. This
can now be docum ented m ore fully: see table below.
Several conclusions can be draw n from this table. First,
there was an avoidance of the p o rtrait altogether in the
predom inantly Jew ish areas of southern J u d a e a (Jerusalem ,
and T iberias?), a fact which has long been well known (cf.
p. 683). I t is possible to speculate th a t this Jew ish prefer­
ence for aniconic coins m ay have contributed to the
avoidance o f portraits a t T yre. T y rian coins were used to
pay the Jew ish tax (Josephus, W ars I I . 592), an d this may
well have entailed an economic incentive to m aintain the
coinage in its trad itio n al form, a tradition w hich was only
broken by the R om ans in a d 60 (see above). Secondly, in
the inland areas (Decapolis, Coele Syria), the p o rtrait of
A ugustus was very rapidly adopted. A t the first opportunity
(i.e., w hen it was first decided at a p articu lar town to make
coinage), the p o rtra it was im m ediately used. T hirdly, the
coastal areas of Phoenicia and n orthern Syria show a
m arked reluctance to ad o p t the p ortrait. T his is all the more
surprising in view of the nu m b er of portraits of A ntony
w hich had previously appeared. In the case of A ntioch,
indeed, it is clear th a t the traditional n o n-portrait issues
(posthum ous coins of Philip Philadelphus) were in fact
revived for some fifteen years after A ntony’s defeat, while at
other cities a quite considerable am ount of ‘pseudo-auto­
nom ous’ coinage was m ade w ithout the p o rtrait. T he m ain
change cam e w ith V aru s’s reform of the coinage of A ntioch
in 5 B C , w hich saw the introduction of the po rtrait on both
silver and bronze (at any rate the larger bronze denom i­
nations). I t is h ard to see an easy explanation of this late
appearance of the p ortrait, unless it is seen partly as a
reaction against A ntony and C leopatra and partly as a
restoration of the pronounced autonom y of Syrian and
Phoenician coinage (the insistence of the full titles of the
city, giving their autonom ous and other titles, as an indica­
tion of their privileged sta tu s).
It is not clear w hether the sam e p attern extends to the
Cilician p a rt of Syria. T he im perial po rtrait was not,
generally, adopted there until the reign of T iberius, b u t we
cannot be sure w hether or not any ‘pseudo-autonom ous’
coinage was m inted in the reign of A ugustus, as Cilician
coins do not system atically bear dates.
After the reign of A ugustus, the Julio-C laudian em peror
who seems to have had m ost effect on the Syrian cities was

D a te o f Previous A u g u sta n
fir s t po rtra it coinage O ther po rtra its

Pompeiopolis Nero no
Tarsus c. ad 5 no?
Augusta founded in ad 20
Mallus Augustus? no?
Aegeae Tiberius no?
Mopsus Tiberius no?
Anazarbus Claudius no?
Epiphanea Tiberius no?
Rhosus Tiberius no?

Seleucia AD 6 yes
Antioch 5 BC yes Antony
Apamea 4 / 3 BC yes
Laodicea Caligula yes
Gabala 24 or 9 Be no
Balanea AD 13/14 no Antony
Aradus 8 / 7 BC yes Antony
Orthosia Nero yes Cleopatra
Tripolis Caligula yes Antony, Cleopatra
Byblus 2 / 1 BC yes
Berytus before 5 bc yes Cleopatra
Sidon 9 or 5 bc yes
Tyre none yes
Ptolemais Claudius. yes Antony, Cleopatra
Dora none yes Cleopatra
Chalcis 31 Cleopatra
Damascus 30/29 BC Cleopatra
Antioch (Hipp.) Nero no
G adara 3 1 /3 O BC
Nysa Caligula no
Canatha Caligula no
Gerasa Nero no
Paneas AD 1/2 no
Sepphoris Nero no
Tiberias none yes
Gaba Claudius no
Caesarea Claudius no
Jerusalem none yes
Ascalon 4 / 3 BC yes Cleopatra
Gaza AD 5/6 no
 SYRIA 585

C laudius, and this, too, is reflected on the coinage. A num ­
ber of changes in status or refoundations were m ade by
C laudius: A pam ea becam e C laudia A pam ea, Balanea
becam e C laudia Leucas, G aba Philippi becam e G aba
Philippi C laudia, T iberias becam e T iberias C laudia, while
Ptolem ais becam e (first) G erm ania-in-Ptolem ais an d (then)
the Colonia C laudia C o(n)s(ularis?) Stabilis G erm an(icia?)
Felix. T h e arrangem ents in Ju d a e a , w hich were frequently
changed m ostly as a result of the deaths of the rulers to
whom p a rt or whole was entrusted, were, of course, com­
pletely disrupted by the Jew ish revolt w hich broke out in
66 .
T he revolt does also seem to have been m arked by the
production of coinage in southern Syria an d Ju d a e a . Issues
were m ade at ju s t this period a t several m ints, such as
Tripolis. In Ju d a e a , as well as a big issue from C aesarea,
there is a noticeable increase in the num b er of com m unities
either in or adjacent to J u d a e a coining a t this tim e and in
the size of their o u tp u t (Sepphoris, D ora, Ptolem ais, Anti-
och-ad-H ippum , G erasa, G ad ara, Nysa-Scythopolis and
D am ascus), and these issues are all presum ably to be con­
nected w ith the Jew ish revolt; indeed on two o f them
(C aesarea and Sepphoris) V espasian’s nam e actually
occurs in the reverse inscription.
Governors and Rom an Officials
T he list below gives the R om an officials whose nam es are
attested on the coinage. T he reference n u m ber is to B. E.
Thom asson, L aterculi P raesidum , cols. 303—7, w here relevant
discussion is given. T he identity and status of Regulus
(under Augustus) and Culleo (under T iberius) are
uncertain.
Coinage and D enom inations
S ilver
T he general picture of silver production from the second
h a lf of the first century b c to the death of N ero is of the
drying up or cessation of the local civic silver coinages in

R ef. D a te o f Coin C at. no.

Late Republican
1 Gabinius ΑΥΓΒ C- 57-55 BC Antioch 4124
ΓΑΒ Nysa 4825
- Crassus KPA C- 54/53 BC Antioch 4125
- C. Cassius Γ KAC c 5 3 /5 2 BG Antioch 4126
- Bibulus PR D ESIG C. 38 BC Uncertain 4088-93
Augustus
- Regulus ΡΗΓΛΟΣ ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΣ Uncertain 4097—9
9 Varus ΕΠ Ι ΟΥΑΡΟΥ 7/6 BC Antioch 4242
6/5 BC Antioch 4245
5/4 BC Antioch 4252
P Q V IN C T (I)L (L )(L )V S Berytus 4535
V(V )RVS {sic)
P VAR countermark (G 1 C 058) at
Laodicea and G abala
I I Saturninus ΕΠ Ι ΣΑΤΟΡΝΙΝΟ ΟΥΟΛΟ AD 4/5 Antioch 4262
!5 Silanus ΕΠ Ι ΣΙΛΑΝΟΥ AD 12/13 Antioch 4268
ΕΠ Ι ΣΙΛΑΝΟΥ I3A4 Antioch 4269
PERM ISSV SILANI Berytus 4541
SILANVS P Berytus 4542

Tiberius
>5 Silanus ΕΠΙ ΣΙΛΑΝΟΥ 14/15 Antioch 4270-1
ΕΠΙ ΣΙΛΑΝΟΥ 16/17 Seleucia 4330-2
I PERM SIL Berytus 4544
!9 Flaccus ΕΠΙ ΦΛΑΚΚΟΥ 33/4 Antioch 4274-5
— Culleo ΕΠΙ ΚΟΥΛΕΩΝΟΣ Aegeae 4030
Claudius
21 Petronius ΕΠΙ ΠΕΤΡΩΝΙΟΥ 41/2 Antioch 4276
23 Cassius ΕΠΙ ΚΑΣΣΙΟΥ 47/8 Antioch 4278
Nero
25 Q uadratus ΕΠΙ ΚΟΥΑΔΡΑΤΟΥ 55/6 Antioch 4284-7
56/7 Antioch 4290-1
27 C. Cestius ΕΠΙ ΚΕΣΤΙΟΥ 65/6 Antioch 4296
ε π ί γ α ιο υ κ ε ε τ ι ο γ 66/7 Antioch 4303-4
p Vespasian ε π ί ο γ ε ε π Α ε ίΑ Ν Ο Υ 67/8 Sepphoris 4849-^0
ε π ί ο γ ε α ίΛ Ο Α Ν Ο Υ 67/8 Caesarea 4865

Galba
29 Mucianus ΕΠΙ ΜΟΥΚΙΑΝΟΥ 68/9 Antioch 4313
Otho
29 Mucianus ε π ί ΜΟΥΚΙΑΝΟΥ 68/9 Antioch 4316-17
favour of the R om an m int of A ntioch. T h e silver production from a handful of dies and known from only a very few
of some m ints h ad ceased ju s t before the period covered by specimens. T he w eight stan d ard was about 15 g until 46/45,
this catalogue, like T ripolis in the sixties or A radus in the and was then reduced to a Ptolem aic standard of about
forties b c . T h e following issues are found, in geographical 14.3 g. T he im perial silver coins have a fineness of 91.5%
order: and an average w eight of 13.35 g.
1. T arsu s (4004-5). Tw o very sm all issues were m ade 9. Sidon. A fairly scarce coinage of shekels (13.22 g) was
(14.66g, 84% fine), one u nder A ugustus an d one under produced down to 30/29 b c (4548-56). Half-shekels (6.49 g)
Tiberius. had been produced occasionally during the same period,
and there were subsequently slightly large issues of them on
2. Aegeae (4025-6). T etrad rach m s (average weight:
three occasions: 6/5 b c , a d 18/19 and as late as 43/4 (4558-
14.23g) m ade on the C aesarean era in years 4, 13, 16, 17
61). No im perial portraits ap p ear on the coins.
and 18 = 44/43, 3 5 / 3 4 , 3 2 / 3 C 3 1/ 3 °, 30/29· T h e coins are
all very rare, suggesting a sm all production. 10. Tyre. Shekels (13.95g, 95% ) were produced alm ost
every year down to 58/9 (4619-80). T he issues o f the later
3. Zeus reverse tetradrachm s (4108-21). A series of
years seem particularly m ore com m on th an the earlier ones.
tetradrach m s w ith a seated figure of Zeus an d various
R arer half-shekels (6.67 g) were produced irregularly
‘m agistrate’s’ initials on the reverse was produced for
throughout the sam e period; in addition there is a single
A ugustus, T iberius, C aligula an d Nero. T hese coins are all
specim en apparently produced in a d 65/6 (4681-706). T he
very rare (one specim en each know n for A ugustus an d C ali­
coins produced after 18 b c have been attrib u ted to a
gula), and, although the traditional attrib u tio n to A ntioch
H erodian m int at Jerusalem , a view which is not followed
seems unlikely, their m int does not seem identifiable, but
here. T he coins did, however, circulate extensively and p re­
was probably in north ern Syria or Cilicia. T he average
ferentially (Josephus, W ars, I I .592) in Ju d a e a , no doubt
weight is 13.93 g. A nalyses have given ra th e r puzzling data
because they did not have the im age o f any ruler and
on the fineness; 66% for T iberius (two coins), and 54% for
because their fineness was very high.
C laudius (four coins).
11. Ascalon. Ascalon h ad produced a small, though fairly
4 . T etrad rach m s w ith L atin legends, m inted tow ards the
regular, coinage of silver during the first h alf of the first
end of N ero’s reign an d depicting Divos C laudius on the
century b c . T hereafter some very rare tetradrachm s
reverse, seem m ore likely to be from Syria th an C appadocia
(13.15g) were produced w ith the p o rtrait of C leopatra, in
(4122—3). A gain their m int is, however, uncertain, though
50/49 and 39/38 b c .
the coins are not so rare as the Zeus tetradrachm s.
T his survey m akes it clear th a t m ost of these issues were
5. A ntioch. F or the long and complex history of silver
only very sm all - the total o u tp u t of the cities o f Tarsus,
production a t A ntioch, see the relevant p a rt of the catalogue
Seleucia, A pam ea, Ju lia Laodicea and Sidon was tiny, as
(4124-200). T h e coinage of posthum ous Philips was begun
was th at of the m int of the Zeus reverse tetradrachm s. T he
w ith a huge issue by G abinius, and it continued on a
L atin legend tetradrachm s o f N ero/D ivos C laudius are a
relatively sm all scale into the reign of A ugustus, w hen it
little m ore ab u ndant, b u t they are all sm all in com parison
was replaced, in 5 b c , by p o rtrait issues, which continued
w ith the ou tp u t o f the