LECTURE 1

‫ﻛﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻧﺗﻡ ﺑﺧﻳﺭ‬

‫ﻣﺭﺣﺑﺎ ﺑﻛﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺳﻡ ﻫﻧﺩﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻻﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬
Course Name :
Antenna &wave propagation

Course Code: ECE 414

Lecturers
Dr .Mohamed El-Khamry
 Course Contents

ECE 414: Antenna & Wave Propagation

5 Hrs. = [2 Lect. + 2 Tut + 1 Lab] Prerequisite: ELP 242
Properties of electromagnetic waves: Maxwell’s equations, Plane waves,
Polarization. Propagation mechanisms: reflection, transmission and
refraction, scattering, diffraction.
Antenna fundamentals: antenna parameters, dipoles, arrays,
loop antennas, helical antennas, patch antennas.
Propagation models: path loss,free space loss, plane earth loss, link
budget.
Fading and shadowing
Laboratory:
01 Dipole and monopole antennas.
02 Impedance transformation with Baluns
03 Yagi antennas.
04 Helical antennas.
05 Array antennas.
06 Patch antennas.
References:
 Simon Saunders, Alejandro Aragón - Zavala, Antennas and Propagation
for Wireless Communication Systems, John Wiley & Sons,Inc, 2nd. Ed.,
2007.
 C. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis & Design, Harper & Raw, 1998.
 MCRP 6-22D supersedes Fleet Marine Force Reference Publication
(FMFRP) 3-34, Field Antenna Handbook, dated 5 March1991.
 Assessment

Student Assessment
Assessment Weights
Methods
Quizzes 10%

Activities 10%

Midterm 20%

Final 60%
 Number
Week Topics Lecturer
of hours
1 Introduction of electromagnetic waves Properties 3 1
Properties of electromagnetic waves
2 3 2
(Maxwell’s equations, Plane waves, Polarization.)
3 Propagation mechanisms: Reflection, Transmission 3 3
4 Propagation mechanisms: refraction, Scattering, diffraction. 3 4
5 Antenna fundamentals: Antenna parameters, Dipoles, Arrays, 3 5
6 Antenna fundamentals: Loop antennas, Helical antennas. 3 6
7 Antenna fundamentals: Helical antennas, Patch antennas 3 7
8 Propagation models: Path loss, Free space loss, 3 8
9 Propagation models: Planet earth loss, Link budget. 3 9
10 Fading and shadowing. 3 10
Review
Properties of electromagnetic waves

1.8
Communication Process
• Message Signal
• Symbol
• Encoding
• Transmission
• Decoding
• Re-creation
• Broadcast
• Point to Point

9
Communication Process

10
 The communication system
The communication system consists of three basic components.
Transmission Medium
1. Transmitter
Transmitter Receiver
2. Channel
3. Receiver
Channel

Transmitter :
is the equipment which converts physical message, such as sound, words,
pictures etc., into corresponding electrical signal.

Channel :
it is the physical path, may be either transmission line or free space, which
provides medium path between transmitter and receiver.

Receiver :
11
is equipment which converts electrical signal back to the physical message.
 Communication System Components
transmitter

Source Source Channel

Modulation D/A
input Coder Coder

channel Distortion and noise +

Reconstructed
Source Channel
Signal demodulation A/D
decoder decoder
output
receiver
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ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
may be defined as:
the electrical transfer of a signal, message, or
other form of intelligence from one location to another

13
What Is Frequency?
The IEEE defines frequency as:

“the number of complete cycles of sinusoidal variation per unit time.”

14
Frequency is measured and stated in hertz (Hz). A radio wave frequency is
very high.
It is generally measured and stated in thousands of hertz (kilohertz [kHz]), in
millions of hertz (megahertz [MHz]), or sometimes in billions of hertz
(gigahertz [GHz]).
1 Hz = l cycle per second
1 kHz = l thousand cycles per second
1 MHz = l million cycles per seconds 15
1 GHZ = l billion cycles per second
 Frequency Calculation
1. To find the frequency when the wavelength is known, divide the velocity by the
wavelength.

Frequency (hertz) = 300,000,000 (meters per second) / Wavelength (meters)

2. To find the wavelength when the frequency is known, divide the velocity by the frequency.

Wavelength (meters) = 300,000,000 (meters per second) / Frequency (hertz)

16
 Frequency Conversion
Frequency is defined as the measure of the number of occurrences of a repeating event per
unit time.
To calculate the frequency, the number of occurrences of the event within a fixed time interval
are counted and then it's divided by the length of the time interval.
Ex: 1 Hz means that an event repeats once per second, 2 Hz is twice per second.
Frequency calculation formula is:
Frequency = 1 / Time
Frequency unit in SI system is Hertz (Hz).

Other common frequency units are

kilohertz (kHz), megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (ghz).

The formula for frequency is: f (frequency) = 1 / T (period).

f = c / λ = wave speed c , (m/s) / wavelength λ (m).

The formula for time is: T (period) = 1 / f (frequency).

λ = c / f = wave speed c (m/s) / frequency f (Hz). 17
 The phase
The IEEE defines phase as “a relative measurement
that describes the temporal relationship between two
signals that have the same frequency.”

18
 Wave velocity (v)

Electromagnetic waves all have different properties. But they all travel the same speed
“The speed of light” (3.108 m/s )

.‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﻭﻣﻐﻧﺎﻁﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬

(‫ﻭﻟﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﻣﻳﻌﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻋﺔ ) ﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺿﻭء‬
(3.108 m/s )
‫)‪Phase (P‬‬
‫‪Phase describes the position of the waveform relative to time 0.‬‬

‫ﻳﺻﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻣﻭﺿﻊ ﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺭ‬

‫ﻳﺻﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻭﺟﺏ‬

‫ﻳﺻﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺏ‬

‫"‪Two Sinusoidal Waveforms - "in-phase‬‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﺗﻳﻥ ﺗﺑﺩﺍء ﻣﻥ ‪ 0‬ﻓﻬﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﺟﺔ‬

Two signals of the same frequency:
(a) with different amplitudes and in-phase; and
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(b) with the same amplitudes but 180o out of phase.
 sinusoidal signal
• A general sinusoidal signal can be expressed as
f ( t ) = A( t ) cos Ө ( t ) .
where the amplitude A and phase angle Ө may, in general, be functions of time.

• It is convenient to write time varying angle

Ө (t) as
ωc(t) + φ(t)
• =2 f= = → angular frequency in rad/s

• ∅ → phase angle in degrees or radians

• when ∅ = 90°, sin( t + 90°) = cos ( t).

• therefore the sinusoidal signal may be expressed as

f ( t ) = A( t )cos [ωc(t) +φ(t)]
• The term A(t) is called the envelope of the signal f(t), and ωc is called the carrier frequency. 24
Sine Waves
 Transmission Media
• Communication over long distances, not just through written text
but using other media such as voice and video, has been achieved
through electrical communication.
• This discipline deals with conversion of information into electrical
signals and transmitting them over a distance through a
transmission medium.
• The various transmission media used for electrical communication,
such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber, and the radio wave
are discussed below.
26
 Example - 3:
 It is found that the attenuation on a 50 () distortionless transmission
line is 0.01 (dB/m). The line has a capacitance of 0.1 (nF/m).
Determine:
(a) The resistance, inductance, and conductance of the line
(b) The velocity of wave propagation
(c)The percentage to which the amplitude of a voltage traveling
decrease in 1 (km) and 5 (km)
R G
 Solution: (a) For a distortionless line: 
L C
The given quantities are:
C
αR  0.01 (dB/m)
Ro  L L
 50 (Ω)
C 0.01
 (Np/m)  1.15103(Np/m)
8.69
The three relations above are sufficient to solve the three unknowns R, L, and G
in terms of the given C = 10 -10 (F/m)

R  α Ro  1.15103 50  0.057 (Ω / m)

L  CRo2  1010 50 2  0.25 (H/m)

RC R 0.057
G  2   22.8 (S/m)
L R0 502

(b) The velocity of wave propagation on a distortionless line is

the phase velocity given by:

1 1
up    210 8 (m/s)
LC 0.2510 10 -6 10
(c) The ratio of two voltages a distance (z) apart along the line is:

Since : V (z)  V  (z)  Voez

V2
So :  e z
V1

After1(km),
V2
 e1000  e1.15  0.317, or 31.75 %
V1
After 5 (km),
V2
 e5000  e5.75  0.0032,or 0.32 %
V1
 Twisted Pair
This cable type is one of the oldest transmission media.
Twisted pair gets its name because a pair of copper wires is twisted to
form the transmission medium. This is the least expensive transmission
medium and hence the most widely used. This medium is used
extensively in the local underground telephone network, in Private Branch
Exchanges (PBX’s), and also in local area networks(LANs).The data rate
supported by the twisted pair depends on the distance to be covered and
the quality of the copper. Category twisted pair supports data rates in the
range of 10Mbps to 100Mbps up to a distance of 100 meters.

31
Twisted Pair

32
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cable is used extensively for cable TV distribution, long-distance telephone
trunks, and LANs.
The cross section of a coaxial cable used in an Ethernet local area network is shown in
Figure 1.5. Coaxial cable can support a maximum data rate of 500Mbps for a distance of
about 500 meters.
Repeaters are required every 1 to 10 kilometers.

Coaxial cable used in Ethernet LAN

33
Coaxial Cable

34
Equivalent Electric
Circuit of T.L.
 Three Cases for General Transmission Line
  up Ro Xo

 
Lossless line up  L
 0  Ro  Xo  0
(R = 0, G = 0)  LC 
1 C
LC

Low-loss line 
  up 

(R << L, 1 C L Ro 
L
Xo  0
R
2  L
G 
C   LC 
1 C
G << C) LC

Distortionless   R C up 

line
L
1 Ro 
L Xo  0

R  LC C
(R/L = G/C) Ro LC
Optical Fiber

37
What is an Optical Fiber?
An optical fiber is a waveguide for light
consists of :

core inner part where wave propagates

cladding outer part used to keep wave in core

buffer protective coating

jacket outer protective shield

can have a
connector
too
 Core Cladding

Optical Fiber Geometry

Coating
 An optical fiber is made of three sections:
1)The core carries the light signals
2)The cladding keeps the light in the core
3)The coating protects the glass
 Optical Fiber Dimensions

 Fiber dimensions are measured in µm

 1 human hair ~ 50 µm
Cladding
(125 µm)

Coating
 Refractive Index (n) (245 µm)
 n = c/v
 n ~ 1.46 Core
(8 – 62.5 µm)
 n (core) > n (cladding)
 How Fibers Work
The General Principle

The classical understanding of fiber optics comes

once again from out longtime friend, Snell’s Law!

 Step index fibers Total Internal Reflection

 GRIN fibers layered changes in n
Different Types of Optical Fiber

Core
Cladding

 I- Multimode fiber
 Core diameter varies
o 50 mm for step index
o 62.5 mm for graded index
 Bit rate-distance product > 500 MHz-km
 Types of Optical Fiber

 II- Single-mode fiber

 Core diameter is about 9 mm
 Bit rate-distance product > 100 THz-km

 Single mode
 Step-index fiber and highly focused light source
 Very low density (small n), small diameter
 Critical angle close to 90º
 Types of Fibers
Step-index
multi-mode
nc
nf
nc
Step-index
single-mode
nc
nf
nc

GRIN
nc
nf
nc
 3.5 Optical Attenuation & Dispersion

Optical Attenuation
1550
1310 Window
Window

 Specified in loss per kilometer (dB/km)

 0.40 (dB/km) at 1310 (nm)
 0.25 (dB/km) at 1550 (nm)
 Loss due to absorption by impurities
 1400 (nm) peak due to OH ions
 EDFA optical amplifiers available in 1550 window
 Optical Attenuation
 Pulse amplitude reduction limits “how far”
 Attenuation in dB =10Log(Pi / Po)
 Power is measured in dBm:
Examples
P(dBm)=10  log(P mW/1 mW) 10dBm 10 mW
0 dBm 1 mW
-3 dBm 500 uW
Amplitude
-10 dBm 100 uW
-30 dBm 1 uW

Distance

P i
P 0

T T
 Optical Fiber
The figure shows a generic block diagram of an optical communication system. It consists of a
transmitter, a communication channel, and a receiver, the three elements common to all communication
systems. Optical communication systems can be classified into two broad categories: guided and unguided.
As the name implies, in the case of guided lightwave systems, the optical beam emitted by the transmitter
remains spatially confined. Since all guided optical communication systems currently use optical fibers,
the commonly used term for them is fiber-optic communication systems. The term lightwave system is also
sometimes used for fiber-optic communication systems, although it should generally include both guided
and unguided systems.

Optical fiber link using a semiconductor laser source and an avalanche

photodiode (APD) detector 47
 Radio Link
Free space is called an unguided medium because the electromagnetic waves can travel
freely in all directions. Depending on the frequency of the radio waves, the propagation
characteristics vary, and different frequencies are used for different applications, based on
the required propagation characteristics. Radio is used for broadcasting extensively
because a central station can transmit the program to be received by a large number of
receivers spread over a large geographical area. In this case, the transmitter transmits at a
specific frequency, and all the receivers tune to that frequency to receive

Two-way communication using radio. path loss, fading and rain attenuation
48
 Satellite Radio
• A communication satellite is a relay in the sky. If
the satellite is placed at a distance of about
36,000 km above the surface of the earth, then it
appears stationary with respect to the earth
because it has an orbital period of 24 hours. This
orbit is called a geostationary orbit, and the
satellites are called geostationary satellites.

• As shown in Figure, three geostationary

communication satellites can cover the entire
earth.

49