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Dans un récit passé, il permet de faire le point sur une situation antérieure au moment du
récit ou de faire un retour en arrière sur un moment donné du passé. Le locuteur fait le lien
entre deux moments situés dans le passé (T-1 et T-2). On utilise le past perfect pour la
concordance des temps.
Exemples :
I had been a teacher for 2 years when I met my best student ever.
My roommate saw that I had eaten from her peanut butter jar.
He said that he had resigned.
I wish my roommate had invited me to her party. (Enoncé irréel)
Rosa Parks was not the first black woman to refuse to give up her seat to a white passenger,
Claudette Colvin had already done this act of protest before.
Chronologie
Adverbes de fréquences:
Il est parfois possible de rajouter un adverbe de fréquence (always, ever, already…) entre
HAD et V-EN.
Exemple :
Before Toni Morrison, no African-American woman had ever won the Nobel Prize for
Literature.
Until Obama’s election, many had always thought they would never see an African-
American president.
Colin Kaepernick was not the first athlete to protest during the national anthem, John Carlos
and Tommie Smith had already done it in 1968.
GRAMMAIRE PRESENT PERFECT (HAVE + V-EN)
Le present perfect est formé avec l’auxiliaire HAVE conjugué + V-EN (participe
passé).
Rappel : Prétérit (V-ED) ≠ Participe passé (V-EN).
Exemples : BE au prétérit = was BE au participe passé = been verbe irrégulier
EAT au prétérit = ate EAT au participe passé = eaten verbe irrégulier
WALK au prétérit = walked WALK au participe passé = walked verbe régulier
Attention, tous les verbes du participe passé ne finissent pas forcément par -EN.
Exemple : KNOW au prétérit = knew KNOW au participe passé = known.
Possibles déclencheurs du present perfect: since, ever since, ever, never, no, it’s the
first time, (never) before, for.
I moved to Hong Kong 11 years ago I have lived in Hong Kong for 11 years
Cette forme du present perfect sert à établir un lien passé présent en insistant sur le
point de vue de l’énonciateur au présent.
Il se forme de la façon suivante : HAVE (conjugué) + BE (participe passé) + V-ING
Exemples :
I’ve been waiting for two hours.
I’ve been eating at this restaurant for years.
Give me a break, I’ve been working all day!
My ex has been talking behind my back, I can tell.
Have you been crying? (= your eyes are red)
You've been drinking again!