Present perfect

Pour former le present perfect on conjugue Have au présent et on ajoute un participe passé.

Utilisation 1:

On utilise le present perfect lorsqu'une action a commencé dans le passé et qu'elle continue dans le
présent.

Exemple: I have lived in this house.

Pour poser la question depuis quand ? on utilise HOW LONG ? :

Exemple: How long have you lived in this house?

Pour préciser depuis quand on peut ajouter:

- SINCE suivi de la date explicite ou sous-entendue à laquelle l'action a commencé dans le passé.

Exemple: I have lived in this house since 2004.

- FOR suivi d'une durée ou période de temps.

Exemple: I have lived in this house for 6 years.

Utilisation 2:

Le locuteur veut savoir si une action a eu lieu à un moment sans la situer précisément dans le passé.

Dans la question, on utilise EVER pour 'déjà'.

Exemple: Have you ever travelled by plane?

Pour répondre:

-OUI: on utilise ALREADY pour répondre 'déjà'.

Exemple: Yes, I have already travelled by plane.

-NON: on utilise NEVER pour 'jamais'.

Exemple: No, I have never travelled by plane.

Maintenant, essayez de compléter les phrases de l'exercice.

Questions :

1. ______________________________ (meet/ever/you) a famous person ?

2. She ______________________________ (know) her best friend for 10 years.
3. He ______________________________ (buy) a new house.
4. I ______________________________(be) ill since last Friday.
5. Tim ______________________________ (take) maths lessons.
6. He ______________________________ (be/already) to Australia.
7. They ______________________________ (eat/never) chocolate.
8. How long ______________________________ (you/ be) in England ?
9. ______________________________ (they/ever/have) an accident ?

Questions :

1. My neighbour ______________________________ a new car. (to buy / just)

[hidden]Mon voisin vient d'acheter une nouvelle voiture.
2. My cousins ______________________________ where to go on holiday, perhaps in
England. (not to decide)
[hidden]Mes cousins n'ont pas décidé où aller en vacances, peut-être en Angleterre.

3. Alex ______________________________ to the cinema with his girlfriend. (to go)

[hidden]Alex est allé au cinéma avec sa petite amie.

4. I ______________________________ 'The Good, the Bad and the Ugly': I like it (to
see).
[hidden]J'ai vu 'Le Bon, la Brute et le Truand' ; je l'aime bien.

5. ______________________________ to France ? (to be / you / ever)

[hidden]Es-tu déjà allé en France ?

6. Julien ______________________________ his friend. (to meet / just)

[hidden]Julien vient de rencontrer son ami.

7. Recently, we ______________________________ many parties with our friends. (to

have)
[hidden]Il y a peu de temps, nous avons fait beaucoup de fêtes avec nos amis.

8. What ______________________________ during the holidays? (to do / you)

[hidden]Qu'as-tu fait pendant les vacances ?

9. He ______________________________ (never/ to work).

[hidden]Il n'a jamais travaillé.

10. ______________________________ (finish / already / you) ?

[hidden]As-tu déjà fini ?

Questions :

1. Peter ______________________________ (steal) my

trainers!
Paul a volé mes chaussures de sport !
2. I ______________________________ (buy) this
magazine.

J'ai acheté ce magazine.

3. We ______________________________ (write) three

pages this afternoon.
Nous avons écrit trois pages cet après-midi.

4. ______________________________ (you/be) to London?

Es-tu allé à Londres ?

5. I ______________________________ (not/finish) my
homework yet.
Je n'ai pas encore fini mes devoirs.

6. My dog ______________________________ (eat) all my

cookies!
Mon chien a mangé tous mes gâteaux !

Questions :

1. Oh, no! Someone ______________________________ (steal) my car!

2. I ______________________________ (study) English since 1999.
3. We ______________________________ (live) in Paris for two months.
4. ______________________________ (you/buy) your house?
 Lecture :

What is a Power Relay?

A power relay is a switch that uses an electromagnet to open or close a circuit. The
basic design of a relay utilizes an electromagnet coil, an armature, a spring and one or
more contacts. If the power relay is designed to normally be open, the circuit is not
completed when in the off state.
As power is applied to the power relay, generally from a battery source, the
electromagnet attracts the armature, a movable arm often made of iron. The armature,
which was held in place by the spring, is pulled in the direction of the coil until it
reaches a contact, thus closing the circuit. If the relay is normally closed, then the coil
pulls the armature away from the contact, opening the circuit.

A power relay can be operated using a low amount of voltage but can also conduct a
higher amount of voltage. For this reason, power relays are used for many different
applications, including audio amplification, automotive electronics and telephone
systems. Power relays were also used in early computer systems and in telegraph
systems to relay the signal from one circuit to the next.

Automobiles contain many electrical devices and systems, all powered by a 12-volt
battery, which makes power relays ideal for use in automobiles. Many cars contain 20
or more relays that operate everything from the horn to the power train system and
windshield wipers. While the relays in an automobile can be situated throughout the
vehicle, those that can wear out and are most likely to be replaced are often found in
the fuse box. This location makes it easy to find and replace power relays as needed.
There are many types of power relays, including electromechanical, reed and mercury
wetted relays. A reed power relay uses a coil wrapped around two reed switches,
surrounded by an inert gas and encased in a glass tube. When the coil is energized, the
overlapping ends of the switches that contain the contacts move toward each other.
Once they are no longer energized, the switches move apart, breaking the circuit.
A mercury wetted power relay works in much the same way as a reed relay. The
difference is that instead of being surrounded by an inert gas, the reed switches are
wetted in mercury. Mercury wetted power relays are very expensive and have to be
kept vertical at all times. Because of their high cost and physical limitations, mercury
wetted relays are seldom used.

Voc. :

Switch : interrupteur

Electromagnet : électroaimant

Electromagnetical coil : bobine d’électroaimant

Horn : klaxon
Fuse box : boîte à fusible

Reed relay : relais à lames

Mercury wetted relay : relais à mercrure

Wrapp : enrouler

Reed switch : interrupteur à lames

Encased : enfermé

Overlapping ends : extrémités superposées

Wetted : mouillé, humidifié

Qu’est-ce qu’une armature ?

À quoi sert un relais ?

Que se passe-t-il quand la bobine est alimentée ?

Quelle est la différence entre relais à lames et à mercure ?

Pourquoi ceux au mercure sont-ils rares ?