Physique Guezouri

01
GUEZOURI Aek lyce Maraval Oran
-
-
: .

)MnO4 (aq) + 5 e + 8 H+(aq) = Mn2+(aq)+ 4 H2O(l

)Cr2O72 (aq) + 6 e + 14 H+(aq) = 2 Cr3 +(aq) + 7 H2O(l
: .
): ( Zn
Zn = Zn 2+ + 2 e
)(Fe2+
Fe2+ = Fe3+ + e
/
/ :
Ox ) (Oxydant Red ). (Rducteur
:
)MnO4 (aq) / Mn2+(aq

)I2 (aq) / I(aq
)S4O62-(aq) / S2O32-(aq
)S2O82-(aq) / SO42-(aq
)Fe3+(aq) / Fe2+(aq
)Fe2+(aq) / Fe(s
)Zn2+(aq) / Zn(s
)Al3+(aq) / Al(s
)H2O2(aq) / H2O(l
)O2(g) / H2O2(aq
Ox / Re d

: )MnO4 (aq) / Mn2+(aq
1 :
)Mn2+ (aq
)(aq
MnO4
1
Ox + n e = Red
Ox / Re d
2 ) (H2O :
)Mn04(aq) = Mn2+(aq) + 4 H2O(l
- 3 ) (H+ :
)MnO4(aq) + 8 H+(aq) = Mn2+(aq) + 4 H2O(l
- 4 MnO4
.
.
:
)MnO4(aq) + 8 H+ (aq) + 5 e = Mn2+(aq) + 4 H2O(l

. Ox / Re d
: ) ( .

Ox / Re d
) (K+,MnO4 K+ K
)
( .
K+
.
: Mn2+
: .
. MnO4 MnO2
. MnO4 / MnO2
.
......
MnO4 / Mn2+ K+ / K .

.
) (0 .
.

.

( )0
+ 2,87
F2 + 2 e = 2 F
F2 / F
+ 2,10
S2O82 + 2 e = 2 SO42
S2O82 / SO42
+ 1,77
H2O2 + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e = 2 H2O
H2O2 / H2O
+ 1,71
ClO + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e = Cl + H2O
ClO /Cl
+ 1,49
MnO4 + 8 H+ (aq) + 5 e = Mn2+ + 4 H2O
MnO4 / Mn2+
+ 1,42
Au3+ + 3 e = Au
Au3+ / Au
+ 1,36
Cl2 + 2 e = 2 Cl
Cl2 / Cl
+ 1,33
Cr2O72 + 14 H+(aq) + 6 e = 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
Cr2O72 / Cr3+
+ 1,23
O2 + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e = 2 H2O
O2 / H2O
+ 1,07
Br2 + 2 e = 2 Br
Br2 / Br
+ 0,96
NO3 + 4 H+ + 3 e = NO + 2 H2O
NO3 / NO
+ 0,85
Hg2+ + 2 e = Hg
Hg2+ / Hg
+ 0,80
Ag+ + e = Ag
Ag+ / Ag
+ 0,77
Fe3+ + e = Fe2+
Fe3+ / Fe2+
+ 0,68
O2 + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e = H2O2
O2 / H2O2
+ 053
I2 + 2 e = 2 I
I2 / I
+ 0,34
Cu2+ + 2 e = Cu
Cu2+ / Cu
+ 0,15
Cu2+ + e = Cu+
Cu2+ / Cu+
+ 0,15
SO42 + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e = SO2 + 2 H2O
SO42 / SO2
+ 0,09
S4O62 + 2 e = 2 S2O32
S4O62 / S2O32
0,00
2 H+(aq) + 2 e = H2
H+ / H2
0,44
Fe2+ + 2 e = Fe
Fe2+ / Fe
0,74
Cr3+ + 3 e = Cr
Cr3+ / Cr
0,76
Zn2+ + 2 e = Zn
Zn2+ / Zn
1,67
Al3+ + 3 e = Al
Al3+ / Al
2,37
Mg2+ + 2 e = Mg
Mg2+ / Mg
3,04
Li+ + e = Li
Li+ / Li
3,17
K+ + e = K
K+ / K
.

:
:
MnO4 / Mn2+ K+ / K
0 (MnO4 / Mn2+) = + 1,49 V
0 (K+ / K) = 3,17 V
MnO4 . K+
.
): (
Fe3+ / Fe2+ S2O82 / SO42
0 (Fe3+ / Fe2+) = + 0,77V
0 (S2O82 / SO42) = + 2,10 V
Fe2+ . SO42
) (Fe2+,SO42) ( SO42 .
:
)MnO4 (aq) + 5 e + 8 H+(aq) = Mn2+(aq)+ 4 H2O(l
:
Fe2+ = Fe3+ + e
5
5 ) ( :
)MnO4 (aq) + 5 Fe2+(aq) + 8 H+(aq) = Mn2+(aq)+ 5 Fe3+ (aq) + 4 H2O(l
:
Ox1 + n1 e = Re d1
Re d2 = Ox2 + n2 e
n 2 n1 :
n2Ox1 + n1 Re d2 = n1Ox2 + n2 Re d1
-
- 1

) (
.

.
- 2

>> ...
: <<....

. .
.
:

.

.
:
: pH
:

) . ( .

.
5
: .
) . ( 0,1 s
1
) (Cl ) (Ag+ , NO3

) (1
Ag+ + Cl = AgCl :
2
)) (HCl(aq )) (NaOH(aq
:
OH + H3O+ = 2 H2O
) (

.
Hatier
. 1 Ag+ Cl
:
.
.
:
:
. 3

. .

.
) ( .
) ( ) ( .

. .
- 3
1 - 3 ) ( x
) (Fe ) . (O2 :
)Fe3O4 (S
)2 O2 (g
)3 Fe(S
) ( ) ( mol ) ( x m .
3 g 500 ml
) .( VM = 22, 4 L
Fe3O4
2 O2
) n( O2
3 Fe
) n( Fe
n( O2 ) 2 x
n( Fe ) 3 x
xm
xm
n( O2 ) 2 xm
n( Fe ) 3 xm
)(t = 0

)(t

2 3
. x
. x .
. M(Fe) = 56 g / mol
= 5,36 x 102 mol
= 2,23 x 102 mol
3
56
0 ,5
22 , 4
= ) n( Fe
=
) n( O2
n(Fe) 5,36 10 -2
=
= 1,78 10 -2 mol
3
3
n(O 2 ) 2, 23 10 -2
=
= 1,11 10 -2 mol
2
2
= n(Fe) - 3 x = 0 x
= n(O 2 ) - 2 x = 0 x
1,11 x 10 2 mol .
. x m = 1,11102 mol
:
Fe3O4
xm
O2
Fe
n ( O2 ) 2x m
n ( Fe ) 3x m
2 1,11 x 10
1,11102 mol
2,23 10
= 5,36 10 3 1,11 x 10
mol
= 2,03 10
)n = f(x
) (2
)n (mol
5 x 10 2
Fe
O2
)x (mol
xm
Fe3O4
10 2
5 x 10
2 -
. m = 1,11 10 2 mol
) n( Fe
n( Fe ) 3 xm = 0
= 3,33 10 2 mol
n( Fe ) = 3 1,11 10
m(Fe) = M(Fe) n(Fe) = 56 3,33 x 10 2 = 1,86 g
01
GUEZOURI Aek lyce Maraval - Oran
) (

.

.
) (G ): (R
1 I
=
R U
=G
G Siemens R Ohm
) (I ) (U Ampre Volt
:
) (I ) (U ) .
( .
) (G ) ( .
:
G = K
S.m 1
K = SL :
: S ) (m2 : L ) . (m K ) ( m
)G = f(C
. 10 -3 mol/l 10 -2 mol/l
:
) (S ) . (K+aq , Claq
) (S0
C 0 = 10 -2 mol/l
S3 S2 S1 :
C3 = 10 -3 mol/l C 2 = 2 10 -3 mol/l C 1 = 5 10 -3 mol/l
:
U = 1 Volt
:
S
0,91
S3
S2
S1
S0
10
)C (mmol/L
0,15
0,28
0,70
1,31
)I (mA
1 U' = 2 Volt
1
2 )G = f(C
3 ). (S
- 4 ) (S 10
) (S
- 1
.
R

- 2 :
I
U
=G
U
I
=R
. C G
10
)C (mmol/L
0,15
0,28
0,70
1,31
)G (mS
)G = f(C
) (3
)G (mS
- 3
) (S
G = 0,91S
1,0
0,91
C = 6,8 mmol/l
C' = 6,8 10 = 68 mmol/l

0,5
10 2 mol/l

.
)C (mmol/l
3 -
10
6,8
) (
.

Ax B y
) yB x-
. ( xA y+ , :
= A y + A y + + B x B x
y+
B x-
A y+ B x-
). (S.m2.mol-1

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 1
2 2 .
Cl
)(aq
CH3
CH3
H3O
OH
)(aq
CH3
+ 2 H2O
)(l
CH3
Cl
)(aq
CH3
CH3
: H3O+ . Cl
.
2 2 n0 mol . V
t :
] (t)=H 3O + [ H 3O+ ]+Cl - [Cl -
) (1

)Cl (aq
)(aq
H3O
R-OH(aq) +
)2 H2O(l
R-Cl(aq) +
)(mol
0
)x(t
x max
)x(t
x max
)x(t
x max
n0
)n0 - x(t
n0 - x max = 0
)x(t
xmax = n0
: C4H9 . R
t
nH O +
3
)x(t
= ] [H3
O+
Cl : H3O+
x(t)= nCl - = nH O+
3
nCl= ] . [ Cl ) (1 :
nH O+
nCl3
(t) = H O +
V + Cl - V
3
)x(t
+
=) (t
V H O+ Cl -
H 3O + + Cl -
V
) (t)= K . x(t
=K
Bordas
)(2
. 4 -
x
x(t) = n0

final
2 2 .
) (2 :
) (t
(t) = Kn0
n0
final
n0
=K
= ) x (t
n0 f ) (5
)x(mmol
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
)t(s
600
500
400
300
200
. 5
100
n0 = 3mmol
- 2

.
:
I2 ) ) ( K+(aq) , I (aq
) (Peroxodisulfate de sodium ) ( 2Na + , S 2O82

I2 / I : Ox/ Red S2O82 / SO42-
V1 V2 ) ( VT = V1 + V2
:
2I = I 2 + 2 e
S 2O 82 + 2e = 2 SO 4 2
:
)2 I (aq) + S2O82 (aq) = I2(aq) + 2 SO42 (aq
) (6
t3 > t2
t2 > t1
t1
. 6 t3 t2 t1
I2 ). I2 (aq
) (I3
) (I ) (Complexe ) (I :
. I2 + I = I3 .
:
)3 I (aq) + S2O82 (aq) = I3(aq) + 2 SO42 (aq
3 moles I 2 moles 1 mole )(I2
1 mole .
) (I3 ) (I3 I2
I2 . I3
:
V ) (t
) ( .
.
) (Thiosulfate de sodium ) ) (2 Na+(aq) , S2O32 (aq
). (C
5
) (Empois d'amidon
.
VE
)(V Equivalence
) (Thiodne .
:
!
>> : <<... .
) (Polymre )(Motif
. .
.
5% 5 g 100 mL 900 mL
) ( . .
1% 0,1g 10g . 10 %
). (L'ure
:
) S4O62 (Ttrathionate
Ox/Rd I2 / I : . S4O62 / S2O32

:
I2 + 2 e = 2 I
S4O62 + 2 e
= 2 S2O32
I2 + 2 S2O32 = S4O62 + 2 I
:
S4O62
)2 I (aq
)I2(aq

)(aq
2 S2O3
)(mol
)n(I2
n (S2O3 2 ) E
xmax
2 x max
n(I2) - x max = 0
n (S2O3 2 ) E 2 x max = 0
xmax
) . (S2O32
:
6
n (S2O3 2 ) E 2 x max = 0
)(1
n(I2) - x max = 0
)(2
1
) (1 x max ) (2 . n(I 2 ) = n(S2O32- ) :
2
n(S2O32 ) = C VE
n'(I 2 ) = 0 , 5 CVE
1 VT
V ) ( CVE
2 V
= ) n ( I2
) ( :
I2(aq) + 2 SO42
)S2O82 (aq
)2 I (aq
)(mol
n(S2O82 )0
n (I )0
)2 x(t
)x(t
)n(S2O82 )0 x(t
)n (I) 0 2 x(t
)x(t
1 VT
) x(t ) (t CVE
2 V
= ) x (t
VE
)) x = f(t (7
)x(m mol
0,30
0,25
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05
)t (mn
50
40
30
20
10
. 7 ] ) [ x (t
3
- 1 3
.
n1 t 1 n 2 . t 2 :
7
n2 - n1 n
=
t2 - t1
t
= vm
t1 t 2
. 8
n2
t 2 t 1 ) ( v
n1
n .
dn
dt
t1
t2
8 -
=v
T ) n = f(t 9 - ) (C ). (t
T
BD

AD
T
B
= . v . 9
n mol t . mol / h
t
9 -
- 2 3
t1 n1
t2
n2 :
) ( .
n2 - n1
n
=
t2 - t1
t
= vmn1
dn
dt
) ( .
n2
v=
t2
: n ) ( .
- 3 3
A + B = C + D :
V n :
1 dnA
V dt
v A = A
1 dnB
V dt
vB = B
1 dnC
V dt
= vC
1 dnD
V dt
= vD
C
D
t1
) (
n
d
V v = V : n = C dC :
=v
dt
V
dt
- 4 3

n
nA
n
n
t = B = C = D :
t :
dn
n
1 nA
1 nB
1 nC
1 nD

t
=
=
=
t
t
t
t
t
dt
v A vB vC vD
=
=
=
: t = 0
0,5 mol . Propan-2-ol
). nacide = f (t
CH 3 COOH + C 3H 7 OH = CH 3 COO C 3H 7 + H 2O :
t = 2,5 h ) (CH3-COO-C3H7 .
) (6 .
:
P
)nacide (mol
t P = 2 , 5h
0,5

. t P
HK
KM
0,4
a= -
dnacide
0,2
(= -) = 0,033 mol/h
dt
6
vacide = -
0,3
0,2
0,1
= = = = 1
vester = 0,033mol/h
)t (h
M
7
- 5 3
dt ) x = f (t
- 6 3
.
1 dx
=v
V dt
9
dx . t
dt
=v
V .
dx

dt
:
mol / h V L mol . L-1.h -1
v A vB vC vD
=
=
=
x
B
=v
xmax
C
: t
) x = f(t ) (C
dx BD
=
t
dt AD
t
10 -
) (10 ). (V
. ) x = f(t xmax x final .

- 4 ) : ( t 1/ 2
xmax .
. :
x(t 1 / 2 ) = 1 xmax
): x = f(t
xmax
xmax

) . (11
t
11 -
) xmax(th

2
) xmax(th .
2

xmax
2
t1 / 2
=x
) y = f ( t
y 2 t1 / 2 . : y
- x
10
- 5
.
:
) (
. t1 / 2
.
3 > 2 > 1 .
t1 / 2 . 12
2 .
2 .
.

.
t''1 / 2
t 1 / 2 t'1 / 2
12 -
: . t = 0
) t = 0 ( .
:
.
) (I )(H2O2
)H2O2 (aq) + 2 I (aq) + 2 H+ (aq) = I2 (aq) + 2 H2O (l
)(2
:
) (1 V
[ H 2O2 ] = 0 , 2 mol / L
) (2 V
[ H 2O2 ] = 0 , 4 mol / L
t
: .
)(1
t'1 / 2
t1 / 2
13 -
.
:
.
2Fe3+ , 3SO4 2
11
Fe3+ .
.
.
:
) (
.
Cu
C2H5OH + 1 O2
CH3CHO
.
. 2H 2O2 = 2H 2O + O2 .
.
) (...

:

) (
.
- 5 :
V 2 V .
2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) = 2 H2O (l) :
O2 H2 ) ( .
.
O2 H2
.

)( O=O H-H
H-O- .
- 1 5 :
H2 O2 .
.

.

12
2 5 :
( 1000
. !!

) ( .
10 ) ( ... !!
(
.
:

.
) (Un d 4
) +( .

) ( .
.
13
02
A
Z
)(Segr
Soddy ). N = f (t

.
.

:
- ) + 42 He : ( 42 He
- e :
0
-1
A
Z +1
A
Z
A- 4
Z-2
A
Z
.
- + 01 e : +
A
Z 1
A
Z
.
: ) ( ) (.
) * (
A
Z
*X
A
Z

.
) N(t t t N = N t :
N = N0 e t
N = N 0 e t
N0 t = 0
N
= N
t
A=
) ( Becquerel Bq
)(
. . s1
) (
1
.
ln 2
= t1/ 2

f ( x ) = a x a . 1
a = e e = 2,718.. f ( x ) = e x
: f ( x ) = e bx b f ' ( x ) = b e bx
=+
x
lim
e
x
x
lim
e
x-
=0
f(x)= log a x
a = e
a . 1
f(x)= lnx :
ln1 = 0
lne = 1
ln (a b) = ln a + ln b
ln ba = ln a lnb
ln
ln eb = b ln e = b
log

- 1
(
) (nuclons . A

A
Z
X : Z ) ( A
N=AZ
: Na
23
11
11 12 .
( : Z . A

16
17
8
18
8
Cl :
35
17
Cl
36
17
Cl
37
17
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
+1
)(kg
1,673 10 27
1,675 10 27
9,1 10 - 31
9,1 10 - 31
)(C
1,602 10 19
1,602 10 19
1,602 10 19
n+ e
0
1
p + e :
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
350 60 .
R = r0 3 A :
R .
: x
r0 .
y = 3 x x = y 3
r0 1,3 fm
Fermi . (1 fermi = 10 15 m) .
: Na
23
11
23 = 3,7 fm
R = 1,3
2

. . + :
: :
(
:
X4
A4
Z4
X3
A3
Z3
X2
A2
Z2
X1
A1
Z1
X ) (... :
A1 + A2 = A3 + A4
Z1 + Z2 = Z3 + Z4
(
He
) ( 42 He
4
2
A -4
Z- 2
A
Z
2 : N = A Z
2 .
N' = A 4 (Z 2) = A Z 2 = N 2

2 2
Th + 42 He :
234
90
238
92
( ( 01 e )
:
Y + -01 e
A
Z +1
A
Z
. 1
1 N' = A (Z + 1) = N 1 :
1 1
C N+ e
14
7
0
-1
14
6
( e ) +
0
+1
Y + +01 e
A
Z 1
A
Z
1 N' = A (Z - 1) = N + 1: . 1
+
1 1
0
+1 e
12
6C
12
7N
(
+ )(
. )(
) . (1018 Hz
4
*X
'Z
'A
0
-1
*N
14
7
14
6
*X
'Z
'A
14
7
*N
14
7
3 Segr
) Z ( . N
: Z A .
N = Z
) . (
.
- .
- +
N
155
N = 1,5 Z
N-2
N= Z
Z-2
100
20
- Segr Bordas
10
N
+
N+1
Z-1
N
N-1
Z Z+1
4
.
.

.
( Soddy
N0 . t = 0 N . t
.
N t N . t :
: N t
: t . t
dN

dt
dN
= N
dt
) ( .
)(1
dN
) (1 = dt
N
)f '( x

)f ( x
)(2
ln f ( x ) + C : C .
) (2 (3) ln N = t + C :
: C
t = 0 N0 . ) (3 :
6
C = ln N 0
C ): (3
N
ln N ln N 0 = t = t
N0
ln
)(4
N
ln x = a x = e a x = e a )= e t (4
N0
N = N 0 e t
: N N0 ) ( e t t
). (s-1
( )( t1/2
N0
N 0
2
N0
) (2 = N 0 e t :
2
1
= e t :
2
ln 2 = t :
ln 2
= t1 / 2
ln 2 = 0,69
. .
Po
210
138 :
Bi
210
5 :
Th
232
: 14 .
1
=
)(s
N
N0
t1 / 2 ) : N = f ( t
N0

2
) (0 , N0 . t =
t1/2
N0
2
t = 0
N0
a
't
a=
=': t
N
N0
)(1
t = 0 ) N = f ( t t
t = 0
dN
= N 0
dt
=a
)(2
N0
) (1 )= N 0 : (2
't
= ' t .
: :
0,69
1
=
t1/ 2
= :
1
t1/ 2
0,69
= 1, 45 t1/ 2
5 A
N
t
) N ( .
Becquerel
) ( Bq
A=
)(3
1 Ci = 3,7 1010 Bq
. (Ci) Curie .
) ( Geiger
.
N t
) N (3 = N = N 0 e t :
t
=A
A0 = N 0 t = 0 :
.
A = A 0 e t
t1 / 2 ) A = f ( t
A0
t1/2
A0
2
6

.
7
. 131
8 .
- 8
) (
.

40 . 40

K
+ + :
40
18 Ar
40
Ar
40
19 K
40

.
) : ( .
40 40 :
mK
40 N A : t
40
= N K mK K
VAr
40 N A : t
VM
= N Ar VAr Ar N A .
40
N A .
) : t = 0 (
.

N 0 ,K = N K + N Ar N K = ( N K + N Ar ) e t
)(1
. 40
) (1 . t
) ' ( t t' = 2012 t :
) (
.
:
) ( . . m
12
14
6C
147 N + :
12
13
; C
; C
14
13
14
12
13
; C
m
N A
12
14
N14
1, 3 1012
N12
) ( C
C
12
) (1 C
12
14
= N12
)(1
14
12
14
14
N12 N14 = 1, 3 1012 N12 :
14
A0

14
t = 0 C
14
= . N 0 ,14
N14 = N 0 ,14 e t
ln 2
N14

= e t
t1 / 2
N 0 ,14
N 0 ,14
N14
ln
t1 / 2
ln 2
=t
t1 / 2
14
t .
: ) ( A0 ) ( A :
A0
A
ln
10
t1 / 2
ln 2
=t

) ( .

36
17 Cl
36
18
Ar +
) (
36
17 Cl
36
17 Cl
36
17 Cl
.
:
36
17 Cl . A

t1 / 2
36
17 Cl
36
17 Cl
:
A0
A
ln
t1 / 2
ln 2
11
=t
. .
02
GUEZOURI Aek lyce Maraval
)( .
. El
El

A
)(Aston
: .
X4
A4
Z4
X3 +
A3
Z3
X2
A2
Z2
X1 +
A1
Z1
A1 + A2 = A3 + A4
Z1 + Z2 = Z3 + Z4
: E E = m c2 : m ) : c (kg
.
c 3 108 m/s
: E ). (Joule
1 eV = 1,602 10-19 J
) (
) 1 MeV = 106 eV = 1,602 10-13 J (

: m .
m = Z m p + (A Z ) m n m X
: mp :
: mn : mX X
: El El = m c 2
El
:
A
: A .
.
El
) : (Aston
A
. A
:
.
:
.

1 :
.
1919 :
O + 11p
17
8
N + 24He
14
7
238 U :
239
92
U + 01n
238
92
:
e
e
0
1
0
1
Np +
Pu +
239
93
239
94
239
92
Np
239
93
+ A1 + A2 = A3 + A4 :
Z1 + Z2 = Z3 + Z4
2 :
. .
E = m c 2 :
: m )(kg
: c )(c 3 108 m/s
: E )(Joule
:
)1 eV = 1,602 10-19 J : (eV )1 MeV = 106 eV = 1,602 10-13 J : (MeV : :
t :
Q = I t
:
) (1 ) (2 E = U Q :
E = U I t
)(3
2
)(1
)(2
) U (3 Q E
1,602 10-19 C 1 V = 1 eV
1 eV = 1,602 10-19 J :
:
me = 9,11 10-31 kg
E = m c2 = 9,11 10-31 (3 108)2 = 82 10-15 J = 0,51 MeV
- 3 :
)unit de masse atomique : (u.m.a
) (u . 1 u = 1,66055 10-27 kg :
1
: ) ( u
12
. 12C
1,6727
: mp = 1,6727 10-27 kg = 1,0073 u :
1,66055
= mp
- 4 :
Na
22
11
11 11 .
11 + 11 .
Z mp + (A Z) mn mX > 0
: mp
: mn
: mX
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
E = m c2 :
) (
- 5 :
.
. :
El = ( Z mp + (A Z) mn mX) c2
: mp
: mn
: mX
: c ) (
3
El

Z ) (A Z
Z ) (A Z
m E = m c2
E = m c 2 . m < 0
: mp = 1, 6727 1027 kg mn = 1, 6750 1027 kg
2
1
. m = 3 , 3435 1027 kg : .
El = mp + mn mX c 2 = 37 , 8 1014 J = 2 , 36 MeV :
6 :
El

A
El
.

.

.
238
92
Fe
56
26
Li
7
3
Li
6
3
He
4
2
He
3
2
3
1
2
1
1
1
28,28 32,10 38,85 492,24 1801,66
6,66
2,30 8,49
)El (MeV
7,07
2,22
1,15 2,83
El
)(MeV
A
7,57
8,79
5,35
5,55
: He
4
2
23 He Li
6
3
: 8 4 .
. 11
3 ...
.
4
7 )(Aston
El

A

) 8 MeV (
.
. A
: 50 < A < 75 8,7 MeV

. 8,7 MeV
63 . 56
El
: A > 100 A )< 8 MeV
A
El
: 1 < A < 20 ) ( < 8 MeV
A
.
El
)( MeV / nuclon
A
190
75
50
) (
.
8 :

:
H + 13H 24He + 01n
2
1
He
17 MeV

) (
9 :
)(
1
0
1
0
.
:
Xe + 2 01 n
140
54
Sr +
1
0
1
0
U + 01n
235
92
El
) ( MeV / nuclon
A
:
: A > 190 .
) H 11 H
2
1
: ( 31 H .
94
38
1
0
10
X1 + AZ X 2 AZ X 3 + AZ X 4 :
4
A1
Z1
:
m1c 2 + E c 1 + m 2c 2 + E c 2 = m 3c 2 + E c 3 + m 4 c 2 + E c 4
( m 1 + m 2 ) ( m 3 + m 4 ) c 2 = ( E c 3 + E c 4 ) ( E c 1 + E c 2 ) :
(Delta)
( m 1 + m 2 ) ( m 3 + m 4 ) = m
( E c 3 + E c 4 ) ( E c1 + E c 2 ) = E c
m c 2 = E c :
)(1
m > 0 E c < 0
.
m < 0 E c > 0
.
Elib = (mi mf) c2

: mi ) (
: mf ) (
c ) (
: Elib
:
1 u m = 1 u = 1,66055 1027 kg
:
= 14,9220 10 11 J
E = m c 2 = 1, 66055 10 27 2,9977 108
14,922 10 11
) 931,5 MeV : (MeV
1, 602 10 13
m 1 u E 931,5 MeV . c :
1u = 931,5 MeV / c 2
. MeV/c2
. u
. E = m c2
. m = 1,3 u
MeV
1,3 u = 1,3 931,5 Mev / c 2 . E = 1,3 931,5 2 c 2 = 1,3 931,5 MeV
c
MeV u 931,5
Joule kg . m/s
= E
1
84
1
+ 01 n 149
58 Ce + 34 Se + 3 0 n :
235
92 U
mn = 1,009 u m U = 235,044 u m Se = 83,918 u m Ce = 148,928 u :

:
Elib = ( mi mf ) c2
)(2
mf = (m Ce + m Se + 3 mn ) = 148,928 + 83,918 + 3 1,009 = 235,873 u

mi = ( m U + mn) = 235,044 + 1,009 = 236,053 u
mi mf = 236,053 235,873 = 0,18 u
)Elib = 0,18 931,5 = 167,7 MeV : (2
2
4
222
86 Rn + 2 He :
:
:
226
88 Ra
m He = 4,001 u m Rn = 221,970 u m Ra = 225,977 u

Elib = ( mi mf ) c2
mf = (m Rn + m He ) = 221,970 + 4,001 = 225,971 u
m Ra = 225,977 u
= mi
mi mf = 225,977 225,971 = 6 103 u

Elib = 6 103 931,5 = 5,6 MeV :
Elib El
84
1
+ 01 n 149
58 Ce + 34 Se + 3 0 n
Elib El
Elib = (m U m Ce m Se 2 mn) c2
Se
El
c2
El U
c2
= 34m p + 50m n
E l Ce
c2
mCe = 58m p + 91m n
mU = 92m p + 143m n
) (3 :
:
92 U
)(3
Ce El = (58 mp + 91 mn m Ce) c2 : :
Se
235
El
E lib = E l f E l i
Se
+ El
Ce
E lib = E l
- 11 :
1 : .
2 : .
3 : .
4 : ) ( .
8
03
RC
:
- 1 Q = C U .
- 2
.
- 3 Q
.
- 4
.
- 5
.
- 6
.
- 7 ) (
. .
u R q uC .
9 .
10 = RC .
11 .
1
12 C E 2
2
= . EC
Q
U
= C U (V) Q (C) C (F) :
C C1 C2 C :
1 1
1
=
+
C C1 C2
C2
C C1 C2 :
C = C1 + C2
C1
C1
C2
RC
uc = E 1 e
1
t
RC
uc
i =E e
R
i
E
R
1
t
RC
uc = E e
uC
1
t
RC
i =E e
R
t E
E
R
:
.
1
t
RC
uR
uR = E e
1
t
RC
u R = E e
uR
uR
t
2
uR q uC

du c
1
E
:
+
= uc
dt RC
RC
du c
1
+
u c = 0 :
dt RC
dq
1
E
+
:
=q
dt RC
R
dq
1
+
q = 0 :
dt RC
du R
1
+
u R = 0 :
dt
RC
du R
1
+
u R = 0 :
dt
RC

RC = RC . :
: 1 .
uc
uR
E
0 , 63E
0 , 37E
RC
RC
uR
0,05
) 0 , 37 ( E
: 2 t = 0 uc = E u R = 0 t = RC
uR
uc
RC
t
3
RC
: 3 t = 5
uR
uc
E
5 RC
5 RC

1
2
1
2
E c = CU 2 = QU
)E (joule
- 1
.
). (1
- 2
1 -
U1 U2 )... U3 (2 ...Q3 Q2 Q1

.
) .. ( .
Q1 Q 2 Q 3
=
=
= ..... :
U1 U 2 U 3
C (F) Farad
+
A

.

S
e
2 -
C = 8 , 85 1012
e ) S ( = 1 .
:
)1 F = 10-6 F : (F
)1 F = 10-9 F : (F
- 3
: 1 .
: : E .
: I ) :(
I +
: 2 ) ( :
U = E U = E rI . r 0
: .
K )) . ( VA = VB = 0 (3 ) (
A B
. .
A B
+
+
+
+
QB = QA :
uC
uR R
A
E
QA + QB = 0
3 -
.
)( :
: .
: uR = R i
uC E :
A B
- 4
) . (4
) ( .
+
+
+
+
4 -
i
A
uC = 0
- 5
- : ) (S .
.
q = ne
S
n : e ) . (5
:
dq
dt
=i
)(1
e
e
e
e
e
5 -
dq dt
.
Q
S
t
= I
. t
:
) ( q u i
)( Q U I
:
q
B
q A
) . i (6
6 -
-
q
C
) (1 ) (2 :
duc
dt
= uc
=C
)(2
) i C (
M P ) . (7
) ( 1
2 P
M
C
E
. P

duc d 1
= Cuc2
dt
dt 2
7 -
p = uci = Cuc
6
dE e

dt
1
E c = Cuc2
2
= p :
Ec )(Joule
q = C uc E c = 1 quc :
2
:
E . Ec
RC
1
8 3 .
K :
E
L1 - L2
K1
- L3 .
8 -
:
L1 K1 .
K2
L1
L2
K3
L3
L2 K2
L3 K
. L3
E C
. R
) (9
: .
.
R
C
2
. 10 -
9 -
RC . E
t
10 -
E
R
- 2
1 t = 0 . 11 -
: A .
V2
: V1 . E
uc
: V2 .

C
E
V1
uR
V1
uR = R i . i
V2 uc = E
11 -
. E = uc + uR R . C
- 1 - 2
E = uC + uR = uC + Ri : RC
duc
du c
i = C :
dt
dt
E = uc + RC
: RC
du c
E
1
= uc
+
dt
RC
RC
uc = A e t + B
B A
)(3
)(4
) . (
B )u c = A e t + B : (3
1
E
= A e t + B
RC
RC
E
B
=
+
R C RC
1
) (5
RC
du c
= A e t
dt
A e t +
A e t +
RC
)(5
B =E
A ) (4 t = 0 . uC = 0
0 = A e 0 + B :
e0 = 1 . A = B = E

1
t
RC
uc = E 1 e
)uc = f(t
uC
t = 0 uc = 0 t
= E (1 0 ) = E
RC
u c = E 1 e
u C .
t
0
- 3 - 2
1
t
du
dq
d
E 1t
= C c = C E 1 e RC = e RC
dt
dt
dt
R
) (1 :
= i
E
= I 0 .
E RC1 t
i = e
R
i
)i = f(t
E
E =I
0
R
= i
t = 0 = I0
R
- t i .
t
3
t
0
1 3
) 9 (7 2 ) . (12
.
uc uR .
: 13

.
uc
uR
RC ) (.
i
C
R
uc
uR
uR + uc = 0 :
13 -
12 -
C
R
duc
du c
1
+
u c = 0
RC = 0 :
dt RC
dt
u c = Ae t + B
1
Ae t + B ) = 0
(
RC
) (6 ) (7 :
+ B = 0
RC
uc + RC
)(6
)(7
A e t +
1
Ae t + :
RC
1
RC
B =0
t = 0 uc = E ) (7 A = E

1
t
RC
uc = E e
uC
) u c = f (t
0
RC
t = 0 = E e 0 = E t = E 0 = 0
RC
uc = E e
uc = E e
2 3
t
1
du c
CE RC
=
e
dt
RC
i =C
t
RC
E
e
R
i =
i
t
) i = f (t
E
R
i =
t = 0R
t =
E
i = e RC = 0
R
E
R
10
4
- 1- 4 :
1
t
u R = R i i = E e RC
R
1
t
RC
uR = E e
uR
E
:
- t = 0 = E
1
0
RC
- t = 0
RC
uR = E e
uR = E e
- 2- 4 :
1
t
RC
u R = R i
t = 0 = E - t = 0
i = E e
R
1
0
RC
RC
1
t
RC
u R = E e
uR
u R = E e
u R = E e
5
= RC R .
:
] [U ] [ I ][T
Q
It
RC = R = R = [T ] :
U
U
] [I ] [U
= ][R C
= R C
- 6
K
) (14
I = 0,30 mA
. :
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0,62 1,24 1,85 2,49 3,09 3,71 4,33

140
130
120
110
100
90
)t (s
)uC (V
80
)t (s
uC (V) 4,93 5,57 6,18 6,78 7,33 7,93 8,92
+
V
14 -
11
)uC = f (t
)uC (V
)t(s
10
uC = a t
:
t = 0 t (8) Q = It
Q
C
= uc
)(9
) (8 ) (9 :
:
I
t
C
= uc
I BC 3
=
=
= 0 ,06 V .S 1
C AC 50
I
C
I
0,3 103
=
= 5 103 F
0 ,06
0,06
=C
. I = 0,70 mA :
50
40
30
20
10
)t (s
uC (V) 0 1,50 2,90 4,47 6,02 7,45

) uC = f (t
6
I
=
= 0 ,15
C 40
uC (V
6
I
0 , 7 103
= C
=
= 4 , 67 103 F
0 ,15
0 ,15
) t (s
40
12
- 7
EC
) E C ( max
1
2
E C = C uC
2

) 0 , 4 E c ( max
uC = E 1 e

1
1
2
2
E C = CE 1 e E C ( max ) = C E
2
2
2 1
1
t = ) CE 2 1 e 1 = CE 2 0 , 4 = 0 , 4E C ( max
2
2
= EC
EC
) E C ( max
1
2
E C = C uC
2

t
uC = E e
) 0 , 37E c ( max
2t
1
2
E C = CE e
2
) 0 ,13E c ( max
t =
) (
1
1
) CE 2 e 2 = CE 2 0 ,13 = 0 ,13 E C ( max

2
2
= EC
= t ) E C = 0 , 37 E C ( max
t = 0
= ' t
1
CE 2
) E C ( max
2
a=
=

't
't
2t
1
2
) E C = f (t t = 0 f ' (t ) = CE 2 e
2

=a
CE2
20
1
2
f ' ( 0 ) = CE 2 e
2

13
= 't
q
i
:
:
uC + R i = E
uR
uC + uR = E
dq
dq
= i = E :
dt
dt
uC
uC + R q = C uC
duC
dCuC
uC + R C = E
=E
dt
dt
uC + R C
duC
1
E
RC :
+
= uC
dt
RC
RC
:
uC + uR = E
uC + R i = E
dq
dt
dq q
q
= uC + = E :
dt C
C
=i
. R
dq
1
E
+
=q
R :
dt RC
R
:
uC + uR = E
du R 1 dq
q
q
+
= uC u R + = E : = 0 :
dt C dt
C
C
du R 1 u R
dq u R
=
+
= i = 0 :
dt C R
dt
R
duR
1
+
u =0
dt
RC R
- 2
:
uC + uR = 0
)( :
duC
1
u =0
+
dt
RC C
dq
1
q=0
+
dt RC
duR
1
+
u =0
dt
RC R
14
03
RL
:
1 .
2 .
3 .
di
4 ) (u L
dt
u L = ri + L
5 .
6 E
.
7
.
8 uR i uL .
9 .
10 .

uc ) uL ub (
di
:
dt
u L = ri + L (Ohm) r L ). (Henry
A
)(L , r
ri
A
di
dt
i A
r L
1
E = Li 2
2
UL = r i
RL

R
t
L
e
1

E
R
R = R0 + r
1 r
= i
E
E
=
R0
R R0 + r
R
t
E
+ Ee L
R
uL = r
=I
uL
E
E
R
rE
R
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RL

t
E
i = e L
R
r 1
R
R
t
L
uL = E e
uL
E
R
E
R
0,8
E
R 0
R

R
t
L
1 e
E
uR = R0
R
uR
uR
E
R
E
R0
E
R
E
uR = R0 e L
R
t
L
R
. RC
uR i

di R
E
:
= + i
dt L
R
ER 0
du R
r R0
+ 1 +
:
= uR
dt R 0 L
L
di R
+ i = 0 :
dt L
du R
r R0
+ 1 +
u R = 0 :
dt R 0 L
R0

1
) ( r
. L
: ) r (Ohm ) L (Henry
:
R
r ) R = r (1
R
L1
L1 . - L2 L1 .
)(L , r
L2
- .

.

:
:
.
2 :
A B r ) . L (2-
di
dt
ri
B
e =L
i A
2 -
di
di
(
i ) 0
dt
dt
uAB = r i e :
di
= 0
dt
di
dt
e = L
u AB = ri + L
uAB = r i
RL
3
:
. E=4V
K :
)(L , r
V1
I = 185 mA : A - UBA = 1,52 V : V1
UAC = 2,47 V : V2 :
U BA
1, 52
=
= 8, 2
I
0 ,185
=r
U AC 2 , 47
=
= 13,3
I
0 ,185
= R0
R0
V2
3 -
:
) i (t uBA
4 5 .
)i(mA
)uBA(V
4
185
1, 52
t
4 -
5 -
:
) ( 4 0 185 mA :
4
E
=
= 0 ,186 A 185 mA
R 0 + r 13, 3 + 8 , 2
= I
) 4 V ) ( E (5 . 1,52 V
. r i
- 4 ) (
6 R0 = 1 k r = 8 . L
) . ( E = 4 V , r 0
. E = 4 V
:
4
= 4 103 A :
1000
:
4
= 0 ,5 A
8
)(L , r
R0
= IR
= IB
6 -
) ( E
B
) : ( 7
) (E = 0 IB
.
uR
R0
)(L , r
uB
uR = uB = R0 I B = 1000 0,5 = 500 V

7 -
IB
: )( .
:
) (3 uL = R0 I I
E
) ( .
R0 + r
= . I
1 5
R = R0 + r R0 .
K 8 u = E : RL
uR + uL = E :
di
=E
dt
u
E
R 0 i + ri + L
di
=E
dt
Ri + L
di R
E
= + i
L :
dt L
L
)(L , r
)(1
R0
8 -
RL :
di R
E
=+ i
dt L
L
i = Ae t + B :
)(2
B A : A .
B )i = A e t + B : (1
R
E
= A e t + B
L
L
BR E
=
+
L
L
E
) (3
L
di
= A e t
dt
A e t +
A e t +
L
)(3
R
A e t A 0 e t = 0
L
BR

L
R
L
E
R
= B
A ) (2 t = 0 . i = 0
0 = A e 0 + B :
E

R
. A = B =
R
t
L
E
1 e
R
)i = f(t
t = 0 i = 0 - t
E
i
R
E
R
= i
di
dt
=i
u L = ri + L
t
R
R
R
t
t
E
E R Lt
E
r
L
u L = r 1 e
e
= r + Ee L 1
+ L
R L
R
R
R

R
t
E
r
uL = r + Ee L 1
R
R
)uL = f(t
E
Er
+E
t = 0 = ER
R
uL
uL = r
E
t u L R
uL = r
E
R
t
2 5
E = 0 ) 6 ( .
uR + uL = 0 :
di
=0
dt
Ri + L
)(4
RL :
di R
+ i =0
dt L
i = Ae t + B :
)(5
B A : A
B )i = A e t + B : (4
R
A e t + B = 0
L
BR
=0
+
L
R
) (6
L
di
= A e t
dt
A e t +
A e t +
L
)(6
= B =0
E
A ) (5 t = 0
R
E
= A e 0 + B :
R
E

R
= .A
= .i

R
t
L
E
i= e
R
)i = f(t
E
R
E
t = 0R
t i .=i
di
dt
r 1
R
t
L
=Ee
R
t
L
ER
e
RL
R
t
L
u L = ri + L
E
e
R
uL = r
r 1
R
t
L
uL = E e
uL
)uL = f(t
E
t = 0R
- t
u L = R 0
E
r
R
u L
0,4
E
R
6
1 6 :
R
t
L
1
e
E
R
uR
u R = R 0i = R 0
E
R
)uR = f(t
- t = 0
uR = 0
- t uR
R 0
E
uR = R0
R
: uR E
t
9
R0
2 6
R
E Lt
:
u R = R 0i = R 0 e
R
uR
)uL = f(t
E
t = 0R
- t uR .
E
R
uR = R0
- 1 4
L

R
= ) (s .
RC
: ) i = f(t
i
E
R
E
R
2 4 :
] [U ][T
di
edt
= e = L L
dt
di
] [I
L
R
= ][L
] [U ][T ] [I
] [I
L
= ] [ R = [T ] :
=
:
R
] [ I ] [U
] [U
L
=
R
10
0 , 63
R0
- 1
1 -
A
: L = 11,4 mH . r
: E = 6 V
)(L , r
: C = 5 F
E
M
: D
) (
K I = 0,76 A
1 -
.

.
UMA = 28 V
) ( .
.
1 2
LI :
2
1
Ec = CU 2 :
2
2
2
E
) 0 ,5 106 ( 28
CU
= = c
=
= 0 ,6 :
2
Eb
LI 2
) 0 ,0114 ( 0 ,76
= Eb
. 60 %
28 V E

- 2
A
u AB
Y
X
)(L , r
u BM
R0
M
11
2 -
) . (2
.
X . Y
B A uAB VA VB
A B VA V) . VB ( .
.
: .
: .
:
.
u = R i
. R

u R = 1
2 :
= uBM
: X
: Y uAB
12
uMB
- RL
)(L,r
R0
uL
uR
1
:
:
uL + uR = E
di
di
R0i + ri + L = E R = R0 + r = E :
dt
dt
Ri + L
di R
E
=+ i
L :
dt L
L
:
:
uL + uR = E
uR
R0
u
u
di
u R + ri + L = E i = R : = E
u R + r R + L
R0
dt
R0
dt
d
L
r L du R
u R 1 + +
R0 = E :
R0
R0 R0 dt
E R0
duR
r R
= + 1 + 0 uR
d t R0 L
L
- 2
:
uL + uR = 0
) ( :
uR
) i (1
R
di R
+ i=0
dt L
: u R
duR
r R
+ 1 + 0 uR = 0
d t R0 L
13
)(1
04
16 / 01 / 2013
:
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 pH = log H 3O + .
5 ) ( .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .

- 1
. H+
. H+
2 /
HA HA = H+ + A : A
/
. HA / A
3
)( .
) (
H3O+ / H2O
H2O / OH
HA + H2O = H3O+ + A :
B + H2O = BH+ + OH :
pH - 4
pH pH = Log H 3O +
: pH pH 14 - 0
: pH = 7
: pH > 7
: pH < 7
5
xf .
xmax .
6
f xf xmax
xf
xmax
= 1 .
< 1 .
- 7
) .
( .

:
. )(
8
Qr .
a A + b B = c C + d D : [C]c [D]d :
[A]a [B]b
= Qr
: . Qr
9 K
) ( . K = Qr , f
. - .
1
. H+
H2O HCO3 H2SO4 HNO3 HI HBr HCl :
. H+
CH3COO H2O HCO3 C2H5O NH3 :
:
Mg(OH)2 KOH NaOH
OH . OH
OH H+ OH + H+ = H2O .
2 /
HA : A
HA = H+ + A / HA / A
:
HCOOH = HCOO + H+
HCOOH / HCOO :
B : BH
B + H+ = BH+ / BH+ / B
NH3 + H+ = NH4 +
NH4+ / NH3 :
3
.
HA + H2O = H3O+ + A :
:
B + H2O = BH+ + OH
: .
HBr + H2O = H3O+ + Br :

C2H5COOH + H2O = H3O+ + C2H5COO :
NH3 + H2O = NH4+ + OH :
) C2H5O + H2O = C2H5OH + OH : (
4 pH
H3O+ . OH
)(
) (1 )(5
5
10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5
)H 3O + (mol / L
10-5 mol/L 1 cm 10-1 mol/L !!! 100 m

pH .
pH = Log H 3O +
H 3O + = 10 pH
Log Log 10 = 1 .
.
: pH ) pH = Log a (H 3O + ) a (H3O+
]a (H3O+) = (H3O+) [H3O+
)(1
) (H3O+ 1 > > 0.
1
(Z2i Ci ) :
=I
)(2
: Z C i = 1 , 2 , 3
1
I
2 1+ I
Log =
)(3
) (2 I ) (3 ) (1 ). a (H3O+
pH
] pH = Log [H3O+ 0,1 mol/ L H3O+ pH .
pH = 1 : . pH = 1,8
1 ]a (H3O+) [H3O+
] pH = Log [H3O+ .
pH ] pH = Log [H3O+ H3O+
. 10-2 mol/L
pH :
pH
pH pH
.
pH .
pH
pH
[H O ] = 10
+
pH . pH
pH . 0,05
pH 4,2 pH 4,25 pH 4,15

H 3O + = 10 pH :
7 , 08 10 5 mol / L H 3O + 5,62 10 5 mol / L

= 7 ,3 10 6 mol / L :
7 ,3 10 6
= 0,11 :
10 4 ,2
(7 ,08 5,62) 10 5
2
H 3O +
H 3O +
= H 3O +
. 11%
185 : 10% H 3O +
) (
: 10% H 3O +
) 10 11 12 (19
pH . : 3,32 3,30 3,37 3,4

3,30 3,35 . 0,05
5 :
25 C 10-7 mol )( 10-7 mol
.
] [H3O+] [OH ) ( Ke Ke = 10-14 :
.
25 C [H3O+] [OH] = 10-14 :
Ke
. Ke
0
0,11
10
0,30
20
0,69
25
1,00
40
2,95
30
1,48
- 6 pH
pH 0 . 14
+
pH > 7 H 3O < OH
pH < 7 H 3O + > OH
pH = 7 H 3O + = OH
50
5,50
70
15,5
C
Ke 10-14
- 7 :
.
: S1 S2 S1 Vg = 22,4 mL
. S2 m = 0,6 g
1 L .
pH S1 3 pH S2 . 3,4
.
:
HA [H3O+] = C C .
:
] [HCl] = [H3O+ .
HCl + H2O = H3O+ + Cl :

0, 0224
HCl = 103 mol :
22, 4
n (HCl) 103
=
= 103 mol / L
V1
1
Vg
VM
= ) n( HCl
= [HCl] = C
H 3O + = 10 pH = 103 mol / L [H3O+] = C .

[H3O+] < C C .
CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO + H3O+ :

m 0,6
=
n = 102 mol :
M 60
n
= 102 mol / L
V2
= n :
= ] [CH 3COOH
H 3O + = 10 pH = 103 ,4 4 104 mol / L [H3O+] < C : .

.
.
8
.
575 mg 1,15 g
. 1 L
C2H5-OH + Na (C2H5-O, Na+) + H2 :

pH 25 C . 12,4
- 1 ). (C2H5O
- 2 ) ( C2H5O .
0,575
- 1 : )= 0 ,025 mol : (Na
23
1,15
)= 0,025 mol : (C2H5OH
46
= nNa
= . nal
.
: ) (C2H5OH )(C2H5O
n
0 ,025
= 0 ,025 mol / L
= C2 H 5O = al
1
V
- 2 C2H5O + H2O = C2H5OH + OH :
. [OH] = [C2H5O] :
1014
OH = 12 ,4 = 0 , 025 mol / L .
10
-
- 1
:
CH3COOH + H2O = CH3COO + H3O+
)(1
pH . pH1
pH . pH2 < pH1
pH .
) (CH3COONa pH
. pH3 > pH1 .
) (1 ) (
.
.

.

.
- 2
.
.
.
.
- 3

.
.
4 )(
.
xf
xmax
=1

< 1

5
.
[C]c [D]d
a A + b B = c C + d D : :
= Qr
[A]a [B]b
) ( . Qr
: 1- ) ( CH3COOH + H2O = CH3COO + H3O+

CH 3COO H 3O +
= Qr
] [CH 3COOH
: 2 :
)Cu(s) + 2(Ag , NO3 )(aq) = (Cu2+, 2 NO3) (aq) + 2Ag(s

+
Cu 2+ NO3
Cu 2+
=
= Qr
2
2
2
Ag + NO3
Ag +
: ) (
.

: CH3COO-C2H5 + H2O = CH3COOH + C2H5OH :
] [CH 3COOH ] [C2 H 5OH

][CH 3COO C2 H 5] [H 2O
= Qr
- 5
K = Qrf .
: .
CH3COOH + NH3 = CH3COO + NH4+ : K1 :
1
CH3COO + NH4+ = CH3COOH + NH3
K1
= K2

1 ) ( .
2 /
3 / .
4 .
pH

pH 1 .
2 pH .
3 pH H 3O + pH = Log H 3O +
4 pH .
5 pH .
6 pH . 7

1
2 .
3 .
4 xf xmax
5

1 :
)CN(aq) + H2O(l) = HCN(aq) + OH(aq

2 Qr
3 Qr
4

1
2
3 .
4
5

!! (
) 3 2 1 ....
-4
)HCOOH(aq) + H2O(l) = HCOO(aq) + H3O+(aq
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) = NH4+ + OH
pH
- 1 ) pH (
- 2 ) ( pH
- 3 ) pH = Log H 3O +
- 4 ) pH (
- 5 ) ( pH :
.
- 6 ) pH . ( 7

) - 1 (
- 2 : .
: .
: pH .
: .
- 3 .
4 xf = xmax : xf < xmax :

5 .

-1
[HCN ] f OH f
CN f
=K
-2 .
3 Qr .
- 4 .

1 .
2 .
3
.
4 .
5
10
04
2013 / 01 / 16
:
1 .
2 / .
pH pH
3
.
4 KA pKA
.
5 pH
pH .
6 / .
7 .
8 / pKA .

-1
/ .
H 3O + A
HA /A
= KA
][ HA
pKA /
pKA = Log KA K A = 10 pKA
A
2 pH pKA HA / A pH = pK A + Log
][ HA
) (
3 : pKA .
4 : pKA
5 :
/ A / B B A :
pH
][A] < [B
pKA
][A] = [B
][A] > [B
pH . HIn / In

pKAi + 1
pKAi 1
][In] > 10 [HIn
][HIn] > 10 [In
7 :
pH .
/ A / B :
pH
50 %
pKA
- 8 :
H3O+ / H2O
pKA = 0
H2O / OH
pKA = 14
- 9 : pKA pKA
.
. / :
HCOOH /HCOO
H3O+ / H2O
H2O / OH
pKA
.
14 H2O
0 H3O+
OH
CH3COO
H2O
3,8 CH3COOH

1 KA
/
.
. CH3COOH / CH3COO CH3COOH :
)CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) = CH3COO(aq) + H3O+(aq
H 3O + CH 3COO
:
= K
] [CH 3COOH
H 3O + CH 3COO
:
= KA
] [CH 3COOH
K = KA
. NH4+ / NH3 NH4+ :
)NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) = NH3 (aq) + H3O+(aq
] H 3O + [ NH 3
= K
:
NH 4 +
] H 3O + [ NH 3
= KA
:
NH 4 +
K = KA
] H 3O + [ B
A / B :
= KA
][ A
1
pKA / = Log K A
KA
pK A = Log
] H 3O + [ H 2O
= K A
/ H3O+ / H2O
+
H 3O
H 3O +
=1
= K A pKA = Log KA = Log 1 = 0
+
H 3O
pKA (H3O+/H2O) = 0
H 3O + OH
/ H O / OH
= K A
2
] [ H 2O
:
K A = H 3O + OH = 1014 pKA = Log KA = Log 1014 = 14
pKA (H2O/OH) = 14

.
H 3O + CH 3COO

= K A KA .
CH
COOH
[ 3
]
: .
: .

] H 3O + [ NH 3
= K A KA .

NH 4 +
: .
: NH3 .
KA
.
.
: 25C KA .
KA = 1,6 104 HCOOH / HCOO
. 25C
- 2
pH .
.
CH3COOH(aq) + (Na+ , OH)(aq) = (CH3COO , Na+)(aq) H2O(l) :
CH3COOH . CH3COO
CH 3COO
= 10 pH pK A
] [CH 3COOH
CH 3COO

pH = pK A + Log
] [CH 3COOH
CH 3COO
pH = pK = 100 = 1 ] [CH3COOH] = [CH3COO
A
] [CH 3COOH
pH > pKA ][CH3COO] > [CH3COOH pH < pKA ][CH3COOH] > [CH3COO : pKA = 4,8 HCOOH / HCOO
CH3COO
pH
CH3COOH
4,8
: . :
HCOOH / HCOO H3O+ / H2O
CH3COOH / CH3COO
pKA
Na+) H2O / OH (
14 4,8 3,8 0
) : (
HCOO
pH
HCOO
CH3COO
14
4,8
CH3COOH
HCOOH
3,8
0 CH3COOH
:
OH H3O+ pH 1014 . 25C
- 3
pH
pH .

.
A / B A B ] [A] > 10 [B B
A ]. [B] > 10 [A
B :
[ B ] > 10 [ B ] > 1 :
][ A
][ A
A :
[ B ] < 1 [ B ] < 1 :
][ A
[ A] 10
Log pH pKA > 1 :
pH > PKA + 1
Log pH pKA < 1 pH < PKA 1 :
%
NH4+
NH3
10,2
B
50 %
pH
50 %
pH
8,2
pKA + 1
9,2
+
NH4 / NH3
pKA
pKA 1
A/ B
5
- 4
/ . HIn / In HIn In
C27H28Br2O5S
. HIn / In .
pH .

.
In
pH = pK Ai + Log .

][ HIn
In
In
Log pH pKAi > 1 :

In > 10 > 1
][ HIn
][ HIn
pH > pKAi + 1
In
In 1
Log pH pKAi < 1 :

< < 1
HIn
][ HIn
[ HIn] 10
pH < pKAi 1
pKAi + 1
pH
][In] > 10 [HIn
pKAi 1
pKAi
][HIn] > 10 [In
: / .
- 5
. CH3COOH :
H2O / OH H3O+ / H2O CH3COOH / CH3COO pKA :
4,8
0,0
14,0
pKA pKA
pKA
.
14 H2O
OH
pKA . pKA

. CH3COOH
.
. H2O CH3COO OH
6
. CH3COOH H3O+
3,8 CH3COOH
0 H3O+
CH3COO
H2O
H2O .
.
Gamma pKA .
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) = CH3COO(aq) + H3O+(aq) :
1
2
3
4

+
1 NH4 .
2 NH3 .
3 HA1 HA2 HA1 / A1 HA2 / A2 KA2 KA1
. KA1 > KA2 . C
( pH
( pH = 2,5 HA1 / A1 pKA1 = 3,8
( C KA HA .

1
( .
( m = 0,45 g pH 11,3
pKA C2H5NH3+ / C2H5NH2 .2
( .
( m = 74 mg pH 3,95
pKA C2H5COOH / C2H5COO - .
1 10 mol 10 mol
.
2 .

.
3 : 1000 g
m 1000
=
= 55,5 mol / L
M
18
= ] . [ H 2O
.
- 4 ) ( pH < 6
pH > 8 .

.

)+ H2O(l) = NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq

-2
] H 3O + [ NH 3
= KA
NH 4 +
)(aq
NH4
] H 3O + [ NH 3

=K
NH 4 +
)NH3(aq) + H2O(l) = NH4+(aq) + OH(aq
] H 3O + [ NH 3

= KA
NH 4 +
NH 4 + H 3O +
=
KA
KA
] [ NH 3
OH NH 4 +
=K
] [ NH 3
K A K = H 3O + OH
K A K = K e :
H 3O +
=
- 3( ) (
C
] [H3O+ ] pH = Log [H3O+ pH .
( 2,5 < 3,8
pKA1
pH
HA1
3,8
H 3O + A
= K A ] [H3O ] [A
][ HA
2,5
2
H 3O +
= KA
][ HA
H 3O +
= [H3O ] = C ] [HA] = C [H3O
C
8
+
)(1
2C 2
2C
=
C C 1
) (1
= KA

-1
)(aq
+ OH
] [C2 H 5 NH 2
C2 H 5 NH 3+
)(aq
C2H5NH2 (aq) + H2O(l) = C2H5NH3
pK A = pH Log
)(2
m
0, 45
=
= 1,0 102 mol / L
M V 45 1
=C
H 3O + = 10 pH = 1011,3 = 5,0 1012 mol / L [OH] = 2 103 mol/L

:
][C2H5NH3+] = [OH
] [OH] = [H3O+] + [C2H5NH3+ ] [H3O+ .
) (
C = [C2 H 5 NH 2 ] + C2 H 5 NH 3+ : :
) [C2H5NH2] = 102 2 103 = 8 103 mol/L (
)(2
8 103
= 11,3 Log 4 = 10,69
2 103
pK A = 11,3 Log
C2H5NH2
pH
-2
pKA
C2H5NH3
10,69
)C2H5COOH (aq) + H2O(l) = C2H5COO(aq) + H3O+(aq
C2 H 5COO
pK A = pH Log
(
] [C2 H 5COOH
)(2
m
0,074
=
= 1,0 103 mol / L
M V 74 1
=C
H 3O + = 10 pH = 103 ,95 = 1,12 104 mol / L [OH] = 8,9 1011 mol/L

:
][C2H5COO] = [H3O+
] [OH] + [C2H5COO] = [H3O+ ] [OH .

) (
C = [C2 H 5COOH ] + C2 H 5COO : :
[C2H5COOH] = 103 1,12 104 = 8,9 104 mol/L

)(2
1,12 104
= 4,85
8,9 104
) (
pK A = 3,95 Log
C2H5COO
pH
pKA
4,85
C2H5COOH
04
:
1
.
2 .
3
k
e
.
4 .
A
I
R
U
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
O
Z
E
A1 / B1 . A2 / B2
)A1(aq) + B2(aq) = B1(aq) + A2(aq
> 104
K A1
K A2
pK A
pK A
= 10
K A1
K A2
pK A2 pK A1 > 4
- 1 2 : ) (H3O+ , Cl )(Na+, OH
H3O+(aq) + OH(aq) = 2H2O(l) :
1
1
= 14 = 1014 :
H 3O OH 10
+
U
G
=K
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
=K
. K > 104
- 2 2 : ) (Na+, OH CH3COOH
CH3COOH(aq) + OH(aq) = CH3COO(aq) + H2O(l) :
CH 3COO
CH 3COO
H 3O + K
= A :
=K
CH
COOH
OH
H
CH
COOH
OH
O
[ 3
] [ 3
] 3 Ke
-32
: ) (H3O+, Cl NH3
NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq) = NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) :

NH 4 +
1
=
=K
+
[ NH3 ] H3O K A
- 4 2 : HCOOH )(CH3COO , Na+

HCOOH(aq) + CH3COO (aq) = HCOO(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) :
[CH3COOH ] HCOO [CH3COOH ] HCOO H3O+ K A1

=
=
=K
[ HCOOH ] CH3COO [ HCOOH ] CH3COO H3O+ K A2
- 3
-13
) (H3O+, Cl
k
e
)(Na+, OH
)H3O+(aq) + OH(aq) 2 H2O(l
pH
) : (1
A
I
R
U
)( :
[OH] = [H3O] = 107 mol/L

C V
Na + = B BE
VA + VBE
7,6
6
CA VA
= Cl
VA + VBE
)(BBT
VB
BBT
O
Z
E
U
G
VBE
) (Na+, OH )(H3O+, Cl
- 2 3 :
:
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
][ 6 7,6
)H3O+(aq) + OH(aq) 2 H2O(l
) : (2
)(
1 -
pH
[OH] = [H3O+] = 107 mol/L

CB VB
= Na +
VB + VAE
7,6
BBT
C V
Cl = A AE
VB + VAE
][ 6 7,6
VA
2 -
VAE
-33
CH3COOH )(Na+, OH
)CH3COOH(aq) + OH(aq) CH3COO(aq) + H2O(l
) : (3
pH
:
:
CH3COO Na+ OH H3O+
10
. CH3COOH
8,2
pHE > 7
H 3O + = 10 pHE
1014
= OH
= 10pHE 14
+
H 3O
k
e
C V
Na + = B BE
VA + VBE
A
I
R
U
]. [CH3COO] = [Na+
VB
3 -
VBE
][CH3COOH] = [OH
- 4 3 :
NH3 )(H3O+, Cl
)NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq) NH4+(aq) + H2O(l
O
Z
E
) : (4
:
:
NH4+ Cl OH H3O+
NH3
H 3O + = 10 pHE
1014
= OH
= 10pHE 14
+
H 3O
6,2
E

4,4
C V
Cl = A AE
VB + VAE
][NH4+] = [Cl
][NH3] = [H3O+
VA
4 -
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
VAE
pH
U
G
pHE < 7
- 1
A1 / B1 A2 / B2 :
A2
B1
B2
A1
1
) H3O+ / H2O ( ) H2O / OH ( .

:
] [ A 2 ] [ B1
] [ A1 ] [ B2
= K ] [H3O+ :
+
A 2 ] [ B1 ] H 3O
[
=K
[ A1 ] [ B2 ] H3O+
H 3O + [ B1 ] K A
1
=K
=
+
A
K
][ 1
[ B2 ] H 3O
A2
] [A2
k
e
: NH4+
A
I
R
U
NH4+/ NH3 :
H3O+/ H2O
)H3O+(aq
)NH3 (aq
) NH4+ (
)H2O(l
)NH4+(aq
] H 3O + [ NH 3
] H 3O + [ NH 3
+
= K NH4 / NH3
:
=
NH 4 +
NH 4 +
K A1
1
= K :
K A1
K A2
O
Z
E
= K K A2 = 1 H3O+/ H2O
K A1
K A2
= . K :
K > 1 : K A1 > K A2 . pK A2 > pK A1
) A1 / B1 ) ( A2 / B2 (1
pK A2 B2 .
U
G
pK A1 A1 .
.
pH
B2
K A1
B1
A2
pK A2
pK A1
1 -
A1
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
K < 1 : K A1 < K A2 . pK A1 > pK A2

.
B1
pH
pK A2 B2 .
A1
B2
pK A1
pK A2
2 -
pK A1 A1 .
A2
) . (

GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
pK A2 pK A1 > 4
k
e
A
I
R
U
- 2
- 1 2 : .
:
pH

) VA ( 3
pH
O
Z
E
E
) VA ( 4
pH
U
G
) VA ( 5
VAE
: .
T . 6 3
3-
. E

) (4
VA
:
6 -

pH
dpH
) pH = f (V ) (E
dV
= ) ) . g ( V (5
: .
: ) g (V .
- 2 2 :
pH pH .
.
.
pH )
7 ( . 7
k
e
pH
) (1 mL pH
2.6
) pH = f (V V
A
I
R
U
7 -
O
Z
E
- 1 2 2 : ) (H3O+, Cl )(Na+, OH
H3O+ / H2O H2O / OH
:
)H2O(l
H2O(l) +
)OH(aq
H3O+(aq) +

GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
U
G
F B
VB
VBE
6
pHB
pHE
8 -
pH
VBF
pHF
pH0
A
:
: pH0 pH
pH = Log CA CA = 10 pH
: AB pH

H3O+(aq) + OH(aq) 2 H2O(l) : .
: E ) pH = 7 ( .
.
: C pH pH .
pH
k
e
A
I
R
U
Na Cl OH H3O+ :
: F14
10
= OH
H 3O + = 10 pHF
+
H 3O
CA VA
= Cl
VA + VBF
7
C V
Na + = B BF
VA + VBF
- : pH = 7 [OH ] = [H3O ] = 10 mol/L :
O
Z
E
] [Cl ] [Na+ VBE . VBF
- 2 2 2 : ) (Na+, OH )(H3O+, Cl
H3O+ / H2O H2O / OH
:
)H2O(l
H2O(l) +
)OH(aq
H3O+(aq) +
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
U
G
pH
pH0 A
pHF
VA
pHA
VAE
9 -
VAF
:
: pH0 pH
pH =14 + Log CB CB = 10pH 14

: AB pH

H3O+(aq) + OH(aq) 2 H2O(l) : .
: E ) pH = 7 ( .
.
: C pH pH .
pH
k
e
A
I
R
U
Na Cl OH H3O+ :
: F14
C V
10
= Cl = A AF OH
H 3O + = 10 pHF
+
VB + VAF
H 3O
7
CB VB
= Na +
VB + VAF
- : pH = 7 [OH ] = [H3O ] = 10 mol/L :
O
Z
E
] [Cl ] [Na+ VAE . VAF
- 3 2 2 : ) (CH3COOH )(Na+, OH
CH3COOH / CH3COO H2O / OH
:
)H2O(l
) CH3COO(aq
1
10 -
)OH(aq
)CH3COOH(aq
1
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
E
U
G
pH
pHB
pHE
pKA
10 -
VB
VBE
1V
2 BE
pH0 A
:
: pH0 pH
pH = Log CA .
: AB pH :
H3O+
H3O+ OH
H3O+ OH .
:
.
: BD :
)H2O(l
k
e
) CH3COOH(aq) + OH(aq) CH3COO(aq .
: E . pH > 7
: pH > 7
A
I
R
U
CH3COO
CH3COO(aq) + H2O(l) = CH3COOH(aq) + OH(aq) :

OH .

pH > 7
O
Z
E
: C .
pKA CH3COOH / CH3COO :
CH 3COO
pK A = pH Log ] [CH3COO ] = [CH3COOH :
] [CH3COOH
CH 3COO
Log
=0
] [CH3COOH
pH = pKA

pH = pKA
U
G
: F pH pH .
pH
.
:
OH H3O+ :
CH3COOH CH3COO Na+
- : V .
1014
= OH
H 3O + = 10 pK A
+
H 3O
'C V
Na + = B
' VA + V
[CH3COO] + [OH] = [Na+] + [H3O+] :

] [H3O+ ] [OH ] [Na+

][CH3COO] = [Na+
][CH3COOH] = [CH3COO
:C V
Na + = B BE OH = 10pHE 14 H 3O + = 10 pHE
VA + VBE
[CH3COO] + [OH] = [Na+] + [H3O+] :

] [H3O+ ] [OH ] [Na+
][CH3COO] = [Na+
C A VA
CH 3COO :
VA + VB E
k
e
)(1
] [CH3COO ) (1 ]: [H3O+
= ] [CH 3COOH
][CH3COO] = [Na+] [OH
)(2
)(3
CB VBE
C A VA
=
] [CH3COO ) (3 ) (2 = Na +
VA + VBE VA + VBE
A
I
R
U
)(
[CH3COOH] = [Na+] ( [Na+] [OH] ) = [OH] :

: .
O
Z
E
- 4 2 2 : ) (NH3 )(H3O+, Cl
NH4+ / NH3 H3O+ / H2O
:
)NH4+(aq
2
H3O+(aq) + NH3(aq) H2O(l) +

1
11 -
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
U
G
pH
pH0 A
pKA
pHE
11 -
F
pHA
VA
VAE
10
1V
2 AE
:
: pH0 pH
pH = 14 + Log CB .
: AB pH :
OH
H3O+ OH
H3O+ OH .
:
.
: BD :
)H3O+(aq) NH4+(aq) + H2O(l
k
e
) NH3(aq .
: E . pH < 7
: pH < 7
A
I
R
U
NH4+
NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) = NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq) :

H3O+ .

pH < 7
O
Z
E
: C .
pKA NH4+ /NH3 :
] [ NH3
NH 4 +
=0
] [ NH3
NH 4 +
pK A = pH Log ] [NH4+] = [NH3 :
Log pH = pKA

pH = pKA
U
G
: F pH pH .
pH
.
:
OH H3O+ :
NH3 NH4+ Cl
- : V
1014
= OH
H 3O + = 10 pK A
+
H 3O
'C V
Cl = A
' VB + V
11
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
[Cl] + [OH] = [NH4+] + [H3O+] :

][NH4+] = [Cl
] [H3O+ ] [OH ] [Cl

][NH4+] = [NH3
:C V
Cl = A AE OH = 10pHE 14 H 3O + = 10 pHE
VB + VAE
[Cl] + [OH] = [NH4+] + [H3O+] :

][NH4+] = [Cl
] [H3O+ ] [OH ] [Cl
CB VB
NH 4 + :
VB + VA E
k
e
] [NH4+ ) (1 ]: [OH
)(1
= ] [ NH 3
)(2
][NH4+] = [Cl] [H3O+
)(3
CB VB
] [NH4+ ) (3 ) (2 = Cl
VB + VAE
A
I
R
U
C A VAE
)(
VB + VAE
[NH3] = [Cl] ( [Cl] [H3O+] ) = [H3O+] :

GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
: .
O
Z
E
- 3 :
) (CH3COOH ) (Na , OH
VA = 10 mL CB = 0,1 mol/L
U
G
)) (F (12 .
. VBE = 10 mL :
0,110
= 0,1 mol / L
10
CB VBE
VA
= CA nA = CA VA = 0,1 0,01 = 1,0 103 mol
nB = n ( OH ) = CB VBF = 0,1 6 103 = 6, 0 104 mol

:
)H2O (l
CH3COO(aq) +
)OH(aq
CH3COOH(aq) +
6 104
103
t=0
6 104 x
103 x
xq
6 104 xq
103 xq
. OH
1014
OH OH = pHF = 10514 = 109 mol / L . F :
10
12
n (OH) = [OH] (VA +VBF) = 109 16 103 = 1,6 1011 mol

) ( 6 104 xq :
6 104 xq = 1,6 1011
xq 6 104 mol
xmax = 6 104 mol .

6 104
=
= 1
6 104
xq
xmax
=
pH
k
e
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
12 -
F
A
I
R
U
)VB (mL
10
- 4
O
Z
E
pH
) ( V pH .
13 14 -
U
G
14 -
13 -
- 1 4 :
15 pH
B ) C ( .
: :
]. [8,2 10] [6 7,6] [4,2 6,2
13
pH
pH2
PP
BBT
RM
B
k
e
pH1
A
I
R
U
VB
15 -
2 4
pH
VA
O
Z
E

17 -
16 -
VB
pH
U
G
GUEZOURI A.
Lyce Maraval - Oran
14
05
:
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
.
5
6 .
7 .

.
:
r
) . ( O, k .
: ) ( : .
: .
:
:
uuur
: OG ). (t
uuur
r
r r
OG = xi + yj + zk
) G (t
uuur
r dOG
=v
: :
dt
uuur
OG
r
j
r
i
.
G
r
v
r
k
r
a
r
r dv
= a
:
dt
uuur
r d 2 OG
=a
2
dt
dvx d 2 x
= 2
= ax
dt
dt
d2y
dt
dt 2
dv d 2 z
az = z = 2
dt
dt
=
dvy
= ay
dx
dt
r
=a
= vx
dy
dt
dz
= vz
dt
= vy
r
=v
uuur
= OG
:
dv
v2
= at )(
) (Frenet
= an
R
dt
r
an
r
at
:
r r
: a v > 0
r r
: a v < 0
r r
r
r r
: a v = 0 a = 0 a v
= t
d A B = vt
v = Cst
at = 0
v
R
a = an
r
v = Cst ; v Cst
:
= t + 0
1 2
at + v At
2
vB -v A= at
= d A B
) vB2 v A2 = 2a ( AB
an = 0
at = 0
a = at
:
x = vt + x0
an = 0
:
1
x = at 2 + v0 t + x0
2
) : (
:
.
r
r
F
ext = 0 vG = Cst
:
m :
r
=ma
ext
:
r
A B FA / B B A
r
r
r
FB / A FA / B = FB / A :

- )(
Ms
r
v= G
: G Ms r .
- )(
MT
r
v= G
: G MT r .
r3
: M T = 2 .
)( :
GM

:
.
: .
) : ( :
.
:
.
.
T2
=k
a3
www.guezouri.org
)Lyce Mehadji Med Elhabib (ex. Maraval
Tl 07 73 34 31 76
3
- 1
uuur uuur
r OG 3 OG1
= v2
t2
t3 t1
uuur uuur uuur
OG = OG 3 OG1
r
v2 t3 t1 :
uuur
. OG
)(t2
r
) v2 ( t2
)G (t1
)G (t0
uuur
OG
)G (t3
uuuv
OG1
uuuur
OG3
uuur
r dOG
=v
dt
o
x
r r r
: O,i , j ,k t :
z = t2 + 2 t y = 2 t2 1 x = 3 t 1
1 t = 2 s
2 t = 1 s
G2
:
uuur
r
r
r
- 1 OG = ( 3t 1) i + 2t 2 1 j + t 2 + 2t k :
( )
uuur
r
r
r
OG = 5i + 7 j + 8k
t = 2 s
r
k
2 :
uuur
r dOG dx r dy r dz r
=v
j+ k
= i+
dt
dt
dt
dt
r
r
r
r
v = 3i + 4t j + ( 2t + 2 ) k
r
O j
r
i
r
r
r
r
t = 1 s v = 3i + 4 j + 4k v = vx2 + v y2 + vz2 = 9 + 16 + 16 = 6 , 4 m / s
- 2 :
)(t0
)G (t2
. v
)(t3
r
) a ( t2
r
) v ( t2
t2 :
r r
r
r v3 v1 v
=a
=
t3 t1 t
r
) v ( t1
r
) v ( t3
t3 t1 .
t3 t1 a
r
r dv
=a
dt
)G (t1
r
) v ( t3
r
) v ( t2
) ( t1
-v
- 3 )(
r r
G ) (G,u ,n
). (O
:
r
r
v = v u :
r
r
dv dv r
du
r
) u (
= u +v
dt dt
dt
r
v
r
n
r
u
a :
dv
r dv r
at = u :
dt
dt
r
v2
du
r
) (
= . an
an = v
dt
R
= at
R .
][D
] [ ] [
[a] = T = D2 = [D][T ]2 :
] [T ] [T
r
at
m. s 2
r
an
r
a
Ox Oy . Oz
an = 0 ! .
- 1
x = vt + x0 : :
: x0 ) t = 0 ( .
: t . x
d t . d = vt
: x1 = 3 m t1 = 2 s
x2 = 5 m . t2 = 3 s
: . x = vt + x0 v . x0
) ( 2 s ; 3m ) 5m
; ( 3s
3 = 2 v + x0
v = 8 m / s x0 = 19 m x = 8 t + 19
5 = 3 v + x0
v = 8 m / s : v = 8 m / s
.
- 2
1 2
at + v0 t + x0
2
dx
= at + v0
dt
=x
)(1
v0 ) t = 0 (
= (2) v
) (2 ) (1 ) v 2 v0 2 = 2a ( x x0
x x0 d v0 . v
A v A vB B d :
) vB2 v A2 = 2a ( AB
. d = AB
1 2
at + v0 t
2
= d t A . B
vB v A
A B
a
=t
: ) (
. :
v2
R
= . an
A B AB
)
S = AB = vt t .
S v
R = t
R R
v
v
S

R
R
R
/ . rd . s 1
2
: T
T
.
t . = t
-
- 1
.
r
r
) (V : :
Fr / c
Fr / v
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
T
r
T
f
Tc / v Fr / v F
P
v
/
c
c/ v
C
V
F
.
r
f
r
) + (C : :
uur
P
uur
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
'P
P ' P f ' f Fr / c Fr / v F Tv / c Tc / v :
r
'f
2
1
) (L f = 0,1 N .
S m = 100 g A
. = 30 AB .
S .
1 A . B
2 S .
3 S A B .
4 (L) BC .
( S B . C
( S C . AB = 70 cm
5 BC f ' = 0,15 N .
S A BC . C
g = 10 S.I
L
A
:
r
r
1 S A : B P f
r
. RL / S S
r
RL / S
2 ) ( :
.
r
r
F
ext = m a
r
r r
r
(1) P + RL / S + f = m a
r
f
L
A
r
P
S .
) . (Ox , Oy Ox .
) (1 :
Ox ) Px = P sin ( .
r
RL / S . Ox
r
f . Ox
r
Px
r
Py
: a .
P sin f = m a :
r
P
x
P sin f
m
= . a m f P :
S .
0 ,110 sin 30 0 ,1
= 4 m.s2
0 ,1
=a
3 :
t S ) Ox = x
. (S
t . v
) ( :
W ( F
ext + int
= E C 2 E C1 = E c
1
1
mv 2 mv 12 = mgh fx
2
2
v1 = 0 h = x sin :
1
mv 2 = mg x sin fx
2
)(2
r
RL / S .
r
f ) ( .
mg sin f
) (2 mva = mg v sin fv : :
m
=a
-4
(
( .
r
RL'/ S
r
P
P + R L'/ S = ma : Ox
0 + 0 = ma a = 0
.
B C . B
: B
) vB2 vA2 = 2a ( AB vA = 0 vB2 = 2 4 0 ,70 = 5,6 : vB = 2,36 m / s = vC

r
RL'/ S
- 5 S
r
r r
r
' P + RL'/ S + f ' = m a Ox
' f ' = m a
'f
m
r
'f
a' =
r
P
r r
: v. a > 0 v. at > 0
r r
v. a < 0 v. at < 0
S )
( f m .
v. at < 0 .
BC ) vC2 vB2 = 2a' ( BC
)(3
) vC = 0 vB = 2,36 m/s (
5,6
'f
0 ,15
a' = = )= 1,86 m : (3
= 1,5 m.s 2
m
0 ,1
2 1,5
9
vB2
'2a
= BC
S1 S2 . S1
. = 30

S1
) ( .
M1 = 300 g : S1 . M2 = 200 g : S2
S2
. g = 10 u .i
1 .
2 S1 . S2
:
1 P2 = M2 g P1 sin = M1g sin

. P1 sin = 0,3 10 0,5 = 1,5 N P2 = 0,2 10 = 2 N
P2 > P1 sin . S2
- 2 S1 S2 .
.
:
: S1
r r r
r
T1 + P1 + R = M1a1 :
T1 P1 sin = M1a1
r
T1
)(1
: S2
r
P2
r r
r
T2 + P2 = M 2 a2 :
P2 T2 = M 2 a2
r
T2
r
R
)(2
T1 = T2 ) (1 ) (2 a1 = a2 = a
P2 P1 sin
2 1,5
S1 = 1 m.s 2 : S2
M1 + M 2
0 ,5
r r
r r
T1 T2 : a1 a2 T1 = T2 a1 = a2
=
10
=a
r
P1
- ) (
1 :
M1 M2 d
M1M 2
d2
F1 / 2 = F2 / 1 = G
G G = 6,67 1011 N . m2 . kg2
r
F1 / 2
r
F2 / 1
)(
.
)
(.
.
) (

r
P
R+h
- 3

v2
F = m an
G
=m
R+h
( R + h)2
mMT
)(1
: m : MT : R : h .
) (1
M
v= G T
R+h
- 4 : .
:
2
)2 ( R + h
=
v
v
R+h
=T
11
( R + h)3
T = 2
GMT
- 5

. .
: .
. R = 6400 km MT = 6 1024 kg
:
( R + h)3
GMT
T = 2 . T = 24 h = 24 3600 = 86400 s
( R + h)3
:
GMT
T 2 = 4 2
T 2GMT
4 2
= ( R + h)3
(86400)2 6 ,67 10 11 6 1024

64 105 36000 km
40
=R
T 2GMT
4 2
=h
- 6
- 1 : M
MF + MF = 2 a
F F a : b
M
a
F
2a

F F
- 2

.
: .
- 3 ) (

.
.
12
FAB FCD A B C. D
) P ( A
) ( .
- 4

T1 T2 :
.
rP + rA
a
2
= k :
=k
T22
a23
T 12
a13
= ) a (
T2
( R + h)3
h R .
13
rA
rP
05
:
1
.
2 n f = k v n
. n = 1 , n = 2
3 ) (Archimde ) ( .
4 .
5 :
f = k v f = k ' v 2
.
r
6 . g
7 .
8 .

1
:
r
P f = k v n = f Vs g
:
: f )(Le fluide
: Vs
- 2

dv k
+ v = g 1 f : f = k v . :
dt m
s
k
t
m
1 e
mg f
1
k
s
=v
f
dv k ' 2
2
+ v = g 1
: f = k ' v s
dt m
f
: ) ( f ) ( s
s
. :
1
dv k
+ v=g
dt m
dv k 2
+ v =g
dt m
- 3
mg f
1
:
k
s
- f = k v
= vl
mg f
1
:
s
'k
- f = k ' v 2
= vl
- 4
m
: f = k v
k
m
: f = k v 2
k a 0
= a0 t = 0
.
- 5
r r
a = g :
v = g t + v0 :
1 2
g t + v0 t + z0 :
2
=z
1 2
) (h ) (t g t + v0 t :
2
=h
A v 2B v 2A = 2 g h : B
6
) ( O x z ) ( O y z
r r
. a = g :
v0, z = v0 sin vx = v0 cos

x = v0 cos t
1 2
gt + v0 sin t
2
:
g
x 2 + x tg
2
cos
=z
2v 20
) : g (
z=
v02 sin 2
:
=d
g
v02 sin 2
=h
:
2g
Oz .
2
r
r
) ( f ) (1 .
r
r
f
: .
) ( .
m . P = m g .
.
:
: .
1 -
: .
r
P
: .
= m g : m = f V = f V g
f : V .
: )
( .
: :
f =k v
f = k ' v2
k k .
- 2
r r r
r
P + f + = m a ) Oz : ( 2
P f = m a
dv
dt
r
f
f = k v
mg kv f VS g = m m :
V
dv k
+ v = g 1 f S
dt m
m
VS
1

=
m S
: S .
dv k
v = g 1
+
S
dt m
v = Ae t + B
+ B = g 1
) : (1
S
)(1
)(2
t
( Ae
k
m
r
P
A e t +
k
kB
Ae t +
= g 1
m
m
S
A e t +
k kB
Ae t + +
= g 1
m m
S
:
k
k
= 0 =
m
m
mg f
kB
= g 1
1

S
k S
m
=B
A t = 0 v = 0
mg f
mg f
0
1
0 = Ae +
1
) (2
k S
k S
k
t
m
1 e
. A=
mg f
=v
1
k S
:
.
.

r
F = m a
dv
= 0
dt
dv
dv

m 0 = 0
dt
dt
) (1 :
mg f
1
s
k
dv
dt
=a
= vl
f = k ' v 2
mg kv 2 f VS g = m m :
V
dv k ' 2
+
v = g 1 f S
dt m
m
VS
1
=

m S
: S .
dv k ' 2
v = g 1
+
dt m
S
mg f
dv
=0
1

dt
s
'k
dv
+ B v 2 = A :
dt
= vl
.
4
A : B A B .
V
dv
.
t
dt
t .
) v ( t + t ) v ( t
) dv ( t
v
) = A Bv 2 ( t
= A B v 2 ( t ) :
. ) = A B v 2 ( t
t
dt
t
:
v ( t + t ) v ( t ) = A Bv 2 ( t ) t
t .
) v ( t vn ) v ( t + t vn +1 :
vn+1 = vn + A B v 2n t
:
t0 = 0 v = v0
t1 = t0 + t n = 0 v1 = v0 + A B v 20 t
t2 = t1 + t n = 1 v2 = v1 + A B v 21 t
2
t3 = t2 + t n = 2 v3 = v2 + A B v 2 t
...
) v = f ( t
dv
tn an = = A B vn2
dt tn
: f = k v .
v
- 3 ) ) v = f ( t (3
f = k v f = k v 2
. 3 -
3
vl
- 4 ) ) ( (
: f = k v
dv k
+ v = g 1

dt m
S
dv
= g 1

dt
S
dv

dt
t = 0
)(3
a0 t = 0
: f
.
a 0 = g 1
) (3
3 t = 0 a0 t = 0
vl
= ) a0 ( :
v
= l
a0
mg f
1
s m
k
mg f
=
= vl
=
1

f k
k
s
g 1
dv k ' 2
2
v = g 1
+
: f = k v
dt m
dv
= g 1
= a
dt
S 0
m
k
t = 0
vl
mg f
= vl
1

a0
'k
s
= f = k v
f = k v 2
m
k a 0
m
a0
= k = m a0
a0
k a 02
m
k a 0
=: k
kg
= kg . s 1
s
= ] [k
m

a0
2
= : k
= kg . m 1
kg
m
s2
s2
= ][ k
: k k = 6 r : r
.
: k k = 0, 22 f r 2 : r
f .
: .
- 5
r
) P . (4
.
r
r
r
r
r
r
P = m a P = m g m a = m g : :
m
r r
a=g
dv
= g
dt
r
P
- 1 5 :
:
4 -
a = g g .
: v = g t + b : t
b t = 0 v0) v = v0
t = 0 (
1 2
: gt + v0t + C :
2
t = 0 z = z0
v = gt + v0
= z C
) z0 ( .
1 2
gt + v0 t + z0
2
=z
- 2 5
1 2
)( gt + v0 t :
2
=h
t . h
: v A v B :
vB v A = g t
t A B
7
: v A v B
v 2B v 2A = 2 g h
h AB
- 6
0 ,
= ) ( .
) ( O x z ) ( O y z .
.
r
t = 0 v0 Ox .
- 1 6
) ( 5
.
r
r
F = m a
r
r
r
r
P = m a P m g m :
r r
a = g
r
) a ( 0 , g
r
) v0 ( v0 cos , v0 sin
uuur
) . OG ( x , z
uuur
OG
r
g
r
v0
r
P
Ox vx = v0 cos :
x = v0 cos t
)(4
Oz ) ( g v0 ,z = v0 sin
1
z = g t 2 + v0 sin t
2
z :
)(5
vz = g t + v0 sin
- 2 6
x
) (4
v0 cos
= t ) (5 :
g
1
x2
x
2
z
g
v
sin
x
+
x
tg
0
2
2
v0 cos
2 v 0 cos
2 v 20 cos 2
z=
z = a x 2 + b x .
- 3 6
) : (S ) . (6
Oz
g t + v0 sin = 0
zS
r
v0
)(6
: Ox S
.
) (6 )(5
v02 sin 2
:
2g
= zS
xS
: Ox . OP
v02 sin 2
( xP ) OP z = 0 :
= xP
g
- 7 t
) ( .
) O . ( 7
E E = EPP + EC
EB = E A .
1
1
mghA + mv 2A = mghB + mv 2B
2
2
) v 2B = v 2A + 2 g ( hA hB
hB
hA
- 8
1 8
1
EPP = mgz = mg gt 2 + v0 sin z) Ox (
2
1
EPP = mg 2 t 2 + mg v0 sin t
2
) EPP = f ( t EPP = at 2 + bt a < 0
2 8
1 2
mv
2
= EC
z
)(7
vx = v0 cos
r
vx
) v 2 = v 2x + v 2z ( 8
vz = gt + v0 sin
): (7
1
2
) m v 20 cos 2 + ( gt + v0 sin
2
r
v
r
vz
= EC
1
1
mg 2t 2 mg t v0 sin + mv 20
2
2
= EC
) EC = f ( t EC = at 2 + bt + c a > 0
3 8
) ( 9
1
1
1
E = EPP + EC E = mg 2 t 2 + mg v0 sin t + mg 2t 2 mg t v0 sin + mv 20 :
2
2
2
1 2
mv 0
2
=E
1 2
E = mv 0
2
EC
EPP
v0 sin
g
9 -
10
05
:
1 ) ( .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .

1
) ( )(
.
- 2
. E = h
h = 6,63 1034 J .s
E (Joule)
. - ES Ei
. h = ES Ei
.
. h
)E(eV
.
:
E = 0
13, 6
n2
En =
) . En ( eV
E3 = -1,51
E2 = -3,39
E1 = - 13,6

c = vide : c ) : vide (c 3 108 m/s :
- 1 )(
.
.
.
I dont know !! :
: (1911) : ) ( .
:

.
. )
( . .

) (
h . E = h h = 6,63 10-34 J.s
T )(Hz

E = h
: (1913) :
.
-2
) .
( .
) (0 .
13 , 6
:
n2
E n = n En . . eV

n . E = 0
) (n = 1 E1 = 13,6 eV .

.
E = h E .

. .
.
06
1 .
2 .
3 . Qr = K
1
Qr x
CH3COOH )(HCOO , Na+
= CH3COO + HCOOH
CH3COOH + HCOO
)(1
] CH 3COO [ HCOOH
= Qr

[CH 3COOH ] HCOO
!
) ( aC ) ( aD
) ( a A ) ( aB
A + B = C + D
= Qr
a X X ] [ X
. X .
) a = 1 (1

.
)(1
+ HCOOH
:
HCOOH CH3COO HCOO CH3COOH
V :
nHCOOH
nCH COO nHCOOH
V
3
=
nHCOO nCH COOH n
HCOO
3
nCH COO
3
V
nCH3COOH
= Qr
CH3COO
CH3COOH + HCOO
n2
n1
n2 x
n1 x
xf
xf
n2 x f
n1 x f
nCH COO = x nHCOO = n2 x nCH3COOH = n1 x : t

3
x2
) ( n1 x )( n2 x
= Qr
x f2
xf
( n x )( n
= Qrf
nHCOO = x
- 2

:
CH3COOH HCOO CH3COO HCOOH
1 mol
1 mol
1 mol
1 mol
- CH3COO + HCOOH
CH3COOH + HCOO
2
1 ) ( )
1 ( ) ( .
1 . 2
CH 3COO [ HCOOH ] 1 1
=
= 1 := Qr
[CH 3COOH ] HCOO 11
)(1
- :
pK A ( HCOOH / HCOO ) = 3,8
pK A ( CH 3COOH / CH 3COO ) = 4,8
= CH3COO + HCOOH :
K A1
= 10 pK A 2 pK A1 = 103,8 4,8 = 0,1
KA2
CH3COOH + HCOO
=K
Qri > K Qri
) (1 HCOO CH3COOH HCOOH CH3COO

) 2 ( .
Qri < K
Qri > K
Qri = K
Qr
Qr
Qri
Qri
01
:
-1
H2O = NH4+ + OH
NH3 +
CH3COOH + OH
-2
= CH3COO + H2O
-3
+ H2O = HCO3 + H3O+
-4
S2O82 + 2 Fe2+ = 2 Fe3+ + 2SO42
)(aq
H2O, CO2
02
V1 = 40 mL ) (Ag+ , NO3 . C1 = 2 102 mol.L1
m = 3 g . .
1 .
2 Qr . Qri
3 . 12,7 mg
03
V :
1mmol HCOOH 2 mmol )(CH3COO , Na+ 1 mmol - )(HCOO , Na+
1 mmol CH3COOH 1 .
2 .
3 .
pK A ( CH 3COOH / CH 3COO ) = 4,8
pK A ( HCOOH / HCOO ) = 3,8
04
:
1
) (mol.L )(mL
C1 = 2 102
V1 = 20
C2 = 3 102
V2 = 25
C3 = 2 102
V3 = 30
)(CH3NH3+ , Cl
C4 = 3 102
V4 = 25
)(CH3NH2
.
1
2
3 Qri
- 4 .
5 .
pK A ( HCOOH / HCOO ) = 3, 75
6 pH .
pK A ( CH 3 NH 3+ / CH 3 NH 2 ) = 10, 72

01
-1
NH 4 + OH
= Qr
] [ NH 3
-2
-3
HCO3 H 3O +
= Qr
] [ H 2O, CO2
-4
CH 3COO
[CH 3COOH ] OH
= Qr
SO4 2 Fe3+
= Qr
2
S2O8 2 Fe 2+
: H2CO3 ). (H2O , CO2

02
1 :
Cu (s) = Cu2+(aq) + 2 e :
)2 Ag+(aq) + 2 e = 2 Ag(s
= Cu2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s) :
Cu 2+
2
= Qr
2
Ag +
=0
0
2
3
3 = 4, 7 102 mol :
63,5
Ag +
= Qri
)Cu (s) + 2 Ag+(aq

) Cu2+ (
= nCu
nAgNO3 = nAg + = C1V1 = 2 102 40 103 = 8 104 mol :

:
)2 Ag(s
Cu2+(aq) +
)Cu (s) + 2 Ag+(aq
8 104
4 102
2x
8 104 2 x
4 102 x
2x f
xf
8 104 2 x f
4 102 x f
12, 7 103
= 2 104 mol
63,5
=
nCu x .
2 104
= Qr
=
= 0,5 :
(8 104 2 x ) 4 104
x
03
1 :
+ HCOOH
CH3COOH + HCOO
= CH3COO
)(1
CH 3COO [ HCOOH ] K
=K
= A1 = 10 pK A 2 pK A1 = 103,8 4,8 = 0,1
[CH 3COOH ] HCOO K A2
CH 3COO [ HCOOH ] 2 1
=
3 = 2 :
= Qri
[CH 3COOH ] HCOO 11
Qri > K Qri K Qri CH3COOH

HCOO CH3COO HCOOH ). (1
04
1
2
CH3NH2 + HCOOH = CH3NH3+ + HCOO

1
CH 3 NH 3+ HCOO K
=K
= A1 = 10 pK A 2 pK A1 = 1010,723,75 = 9,3 106 :
[CH 3 NH 2 ][ HCOOH ] K A2
C2V2 C3V3
CH 3 NH 3 HCOO
VT
VT
3 102 25 2 102 30
=
=
= 1,5
= Qri
[CH 3 NH 2 ][ HCOOH ] C4V4 C1V1 3 102 25 2 102 20
VT
VT
-3
- 4 : n = CV
Qri < K ) ( . K x
.
= CH3NH3+ + HCOO
CH3NH2 + HCOOH
7,5 104
6 104
4 104
7,5 104
7,5 102 + x
6 104 + x
4 104 x
7,5 102 x
7,5 102 + x f
6 104 + x f
4 104 x f
7,5 102 x f
7,5 102 + xm
6 104 + x f
4 104 xm
7,5 102 xm
xm = 4 104
x f
) = 9,3 10
)
+ xf
xf
( 6 10 + x ) ( 7,5 10
( 7,5 10 x ) ( 4 10
4
.
x f 1 = 7,5 104 :
x f 2 = 4 104
4 104
x f 1 = 7,5 104 = 1
4
4 10
5
xf 2
xm
pH
] [CH 3 NH 2
CH 3 NH 3+
pH = pK A 2 + Log
) (
:
[CH 3 NH 2 ] = ( 7,5 4 ) 104 = 3,5 104 mol.L1

CH 3 NH 3+ = ( 6 + 4 ) 104 = 1, 0 103 mol.L1
3,5 104
10, 2
pH = 10, 72 + Log
103
06
)( -
:
1 .
2 .
3 .
- 1
:
) . ( 1 ) . ( 2 M . M M M ) . (3
) . ( 4
: ) :( .
Cu
Cu 2+ , SO4 2
Ag
Cu
Al
Zn
Zn
+
Al 3+ Ag
SO4 2
Zn 2+ , SO4 2
3 -
2H +
SO4 2
1 -
2 -
Zn
Cu
- 2 :
( :
Zn 2 +
: 1
SO4 2
. ) (
SO4
2+
Cu
4 -
) . ( .
: 2 1.2.1 403 !
.
+ Cu 2 + = Cu + Zn 2 +
( Zn
.
.
1
CuSO4 V1 = 20 mL C1 = 1 mol.L1
ZnSO4 V2 = 20 mL . C2 = 1 mol.L1
.
: ) ( ) ( .
:
/ Zn 2+ / Zn Cu 2+ / Cu
Zn = Zn 2+ + 2e
)(
Cu 2+ + 2e- = Cu
)(
) Zn( s ) + Cu 2+ ( aq ) = Zn 2+ ( aq ) + Cu ( s
) (
C2V2
3
Zn 2+
i V1 + V2 C2V2 1 20 10
= Qri
=
=
=
=1
C1V1
C1V1 1 20 103
Cu 2+
i
V1 + V2
. K = 2 1037 Qr < K .
( :
Cu
Zn
10
. ) . (5
U , NO3
(K
Zn 2+ , SO4 2
Cu 2+ , SO4 2
5 -
) ( 6
Cu
Zn = Zn 2+ + 2e
Cu 2+ , SO4 2
Cu 2+
Zn 2+ , SO4 2
6 -
.
) (
) ( .
NO3
) (
K + ) . (7 .
) ( Zn
) ( Cu
Zn = Zn 2+ + 2e
Cu 2+ + 2e- = Cu
Zn
2e
I
Cu
NO3
K+
Zn
2e
2e
Zn
SO4 2
Cu
SO4 2
Cu 2+
Zn 2+
Zn 2+
7 -
: F 1 mol .
q = e = 1, 6 1019 C
1 mol
Q = 1, 6 1019 N A = 1, 602 1019 6, 023 1023 96500 C
1 F = 96500 C
:
: t .
Q = I t
:
/ M 2
n 2+
// M 2
n1+
M1 / M1
: Cu 2+ , SO4 2
) ( Cu Zn 2+ , SO4 2 ) . ( Zn
C = 1 mol.L1 . V = 20 mL
Zn / Zn 2+ // Cu 2+ / Cu
1 .
2 I = 10 mA . 30 mn
3 .
4 . 30 mn
5 . K = 1037
:
- 1 ) ( Zn = Zn 2+ + 2e :
) ( Cu 2+ + 2e = Cu :
Zn + Cu 2+ = Zn 2+ + Cu :
- 2 Q = I t = 0, 010 30 60 = 18 C :
3 :
nZn2+ = CV = 1 0, 01 = 0, 01 = nCu 2+
+ Cu
Zn 2+
+ Cu 2+
Zn
nCu
102
102
nZn
2x
nCu + x
102 + x
102 x
nZn x
2x f
nCu + x f
102 + x f
102 x f
nZn x f
2 xm
nCu + xm
102 + xm
102 xm
nZn xm

) (
: xq x f ). (quilibre
- 4
x .
1 mol F = 96500 C
2 x mol Q

Q = 2x F
Q = z . x .F
Q
18
=
= 9,3 105 mol
2 F 2 96500
=x
z .
:
.
Al 3+ / Al Cu 2+ / Cu . 6
5 ) ( :
.
K > 104 x = xm = 102 mol
. Q = 2 xm F = 2 102 96500 = 1930 C
Q 1930
=
) ( = 193000 s = 53, 6 h
I 0, 01
= t .
: :

x = xq
Qr
Qr = K
I 0
I q = 0
E=0
)( :
.
8
Ei 1 Ei 2 ) . (We
Ei 1
We
Ei 2
8 -
:
.
) (9
Zn
.
.
2e
SO4 2
Cu 2 +
Zn 2 + Cu
9 -
06

- 1 ) . (
- 2 .
- 3 .
4 .
5 .
- 1
) . ( OH OH :
.
:
CnH2n+2O CnH2n+1 OH
CnH2n+1 ) ( .
OH
) (
) (CnH2n+2 OH
CH4
C2H6
OH
OH
:
. . .
:
OH
OH
OH
OH
- 1
3 C
4 C
- 2
2 -1
2 -1
:
: .
CH2 OH
: .
CH OH
'R
: .
''R
OH
C
'R
OH
OH
OH
- 2
CnH2nO2
CnH2n+1 COOH CnH2n+1 .
) (
) (CnH2n+2 COOH
:
COOH 1 . 2

O
H
O
H
O
O
C
1
C
2
- 3
.
.
CnH2nO2 .

O
:
C O R
R R ) R
'R
( .
:
= RCOO + H+
R COOH

: H COO
: CH3 COO
: CH3 CH2 COO
.

O
C
:
:
+ H2O
O
'R
H2 O
'R
O
'R
C4
3 1
: .
O
'R
:
)( ) ( . ) (H3O+ ) ( . .
:
) (n0 .
R COOH + R OH = R COO R + H2O
0
n0
n0
n0 x
n0 x
xf
xf
n0 x f
n0 x f
xm
xm
n0 xm
n0 xm
x f = 0,67 n0
x f = 0,60 n0

] x f [ 0 , 05 n0 ; 0 ,1 n0
nester
nester
nester
0, 67 n0
0, 60 n0
0 ,1 n0
t
t
nacide
nacide
n0
0,90 n0
n0
n0
0, 40 n0
0,33 n0
t
nacide
: .
nester
n0 acide
nester
100
n0 acide
=r
) ( .
0,67 n0
= 0,67 :
n0
0 ,60n0
= 0 ,60 :
n0

.

.
[ 0,05 ; 0,10] :
R COOH + R OH = R COO R + H2O
[ R COO R' ] [ H 2O ] = nester nH O

[ RCOOH ] [ R' OH ] nacide nAl
2
=K
[ R COO R' ] f [ H 2O ] f
[ RCOOH ] f [ R' OH ] f
= Qr
= Qrf
: .
) ( 0,67n0
=K
2
) ( 0,33n0
= 4 :
) ( 0,60n0
=K
2
) ( 0,40n0
2
= 2 , 25 :
nester
C + H3O+
C
< 0
)(
:
) 1 mol 5 mol ( . . : .
O
O
H
'R
H2 O
'R
)( ) ( . ) (H3O+ ) ( . .
:
) (n0 .
R COOR + H2O = R COO H + R OH

0
n0
n0
n0 x
n0 x
xf
xf
n0 x f
n0 x f
xm
xm
n0 xm
n0 xm
x f = 0,33 n0
x f = 0, 40 n0
] x f [ 0 ,90 n0 ; 0 ,95 n0
R COO R + H2O = R COO H + R OH
[ R COOH ] [ R' OH ] = nacide nAl

[ R COO R' ] [ H 2O ] nester nH O
2
'= K
[ R COOH ] f [ R' OH ] f
[ R COO R' ] f [ H 2O ] f
= Qr
) ( 0,33 n0
2
) ( 0,67n0
2
= 0 , 25 :
= Qrf
= 'K
) ( 0,40n0
2
) ( 0,60n0
= 0 , 44 :
= 'K
: .
nacide
n0ester
nacide
100
n0ester
=r
) ( .
0,33n0
= 0,33 :
n0
0 , 40n0
= 0 , 40 :
n0

.

.
[ 0,90 ; 0,95] :
nacide
nacide
nacide
0,90 n0
0, 40n0
0,33 n0
nester
nester
n0
0,10 n0
t

nester
n0
n0
0, 60 n0
0, 67 n0
t

:
OH .

Cl
Cl

. 100%
:
.
)(Na+ , OH
CH3 COO C2H5 + (Na+ , OH) = (CH3 COO , Na+) + C2H5 OH

.
.
.

Physique Guezouri

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Physique Guezouri

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01

GUEZOURI Aek lyce Maraval Oran

)MnO4 (aq) / Mn2+(aq

H2O2 + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e = 2 H2O

ClO + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e = Cl + H2O

MnO4 + 8 H+ (aq) + 5 e = Mn2+ + 4 H2O

Cr2O72 + 14 H+(aq) + 6 e = 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O

SO42 + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e = SO2 + 2 H2O

0 (S2O82 / SO42) = + 2,10 V

) (Cl ) (Ag+ , NO3

= 2,23 x 102 mol

m(Fe) = M(Fe) n(Fe) = 56 3,33 x 10 2 = 1,86 g

GUEZOURI Aek lyce Maraval - Oran

C3 = 10 -3 mol/l C 2 = 2 10 -3 mol/l C 1 = 5 10 -3 mol/l

C' = 6,8 10 = 68 mmol/l

] (t)=H 3O + [ H 3O+ ]+Cl - [Cl -

) (Peroxodisulfate de sodium ) ( 2Na + , S 2O82

Ox/Rd I2 / I : . S4O62 / S2O32

0,5 mol . Propan-2-ol

mol / h V L mol . L-1.h -1

. ) x = f(t xmax x final .

)H2O2 (aq) + 2 I (aq) + 2 H+ (aq) = I2 (aq) + 2 H2O (l

GUEZOURI Aek lyce Maraval - Oran

N12 N14 = 1, 3 1012 N12 :

GUEZOURI Aek lyce Maraval

) 1 MeV = 106 eV = 1,602 10-13 J (

28,28 32,10 38,85 492,24 1801,66

: 50 < A < 75 8,7 MeV

H + 13H 24He + 01n

Elib = (mi mf) c2

E = m c 2 = 1, 66055 10 27 2,9977 108

mn = 1,009 u m U = 235,044 u m Se = 83,918 u m Ce = 148,928 u :

mf = (m Ce + m Se + 3 mn ) = 148,928 + 83,918 + 3 1,009 = 235,873 u

m He = 4,001 u m Rn = 221,970 u m Ra = 225,977 u

mi mf = 225,977 225,971 = 6 103 u

mCe = 58m p + 91m n

GUEZOURI Aek lyce Maraval - Oran

= C U (V) Q (C) C (F) :

0,62 1,24 1,85 2,49 3,09 3,71 4,33

uC (V) 4,93 5,57 6,18 6,78 7,33 7,93 8,92

uC (V) 0 1,50 2,90 4,47 6,02 7,45

) CE 2 e 2 = CE 2 0 ,13 = 0 ,13 E C ( max

GUEZOURI Aek lyce Maraval - Oran

I = 185 mA : A - UBA = 1,52 V : V1

uR = uB = R0 I B = 1000 0,5 = 500 V

GUEZOURI Aek lyce Maraval - Oran

HBr + H2O = H3O+ + Br :

) C2H5O + H2O = C2H5OH + OH : (

10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5

10-5 mol/L 1 cm 10-1 mol/L !!! 100 m

) (H3O+ 1 > > 0.

pH 4,2 pH 4,25 pH 4,15

7 , 08 10 5 mol / L H 3O + 5,62 10 5 mol / L

pH . : 3,32 3,30 3,37 3,4

HCl + H2O = H3O+ + Cl :

H 3O + = 10 pH = 103 mol / L [H3O+] = C .

CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO + H3O+ :

H 3O + = 10 pH = 103 ,4 4 104 mol / L [H3O+] < C : .

C2H5-OH + Na (C2H5-O, Na+) + H2 :

CH3COOH + H2O = CH3COO + H3O+

: 1- ) ( CH3COOH + H2O = CH3COO + H3O+

)Cu(s) + 2(Ag , NO3 )(aq) = (Cu2+, 2 NO3) (aq) + 2Ag(s

: CH3COO-C2H5 + H2O = CH3COOH + C2H5OH :

] [CH 3COOH ] [C2 H 5OH