Technologies de L'énergie Propre, Moins Connues, Faible Coût, Et Liées À L'évolution Des Applications

Technologies de l'énergie propre,
moins connues, faible coût, et liées à

l'évolution des applications
Less known, Clean, Low cost, Abundant Energy
Technologies & related game changing applications
TECHNOLOGIE DE L'ÉNERGIE ÉCOLOGIQUE, ÉCONOMIQUE

ET HAUTEMENT EFFICACE POUR L'AVENIR
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY, ECONOMICAL, HIGHLY EFFICIENT
ENERGY CLEANTECH FOR THE FUTURE
BEN RUSUISIAK
NEW NATURE PARADIGM TECH ANALYSIS
VANCOUVER, BC, CANADA, Updated June10, 2017
www.linkedin.com/in/newnatureparadigm
Sommaire et conclusion le reste de la présentation est en anglais
• La fusion froide - LENR, est en principe déjà acceptée dans le courant scientifique dom inant: L’énergie
produite avec "carburant" essentiellem ent gratuit, équipem ents et coûts de fonctionnem ent, Le succès de la
tentative de fusion therm onucléaire pour l'énergie illim itée en 2013, Il n'y a pas «société m ajoritaire»
approuvé dispositif LENR com m ercialisé existant au jour de 2016, m ais 1 M W générateur électrique "Ecat" est
vendu au m arché industriel sous certaines conditions. Cela peut égalem ent provoquer la révision com plète de
techniques d’energie-libre m ises sur pied a petite échelle par des inventeurs prives jusqu’alors com pletem ent
ignorées: 1- Extraction d'énergie am biante sous form e d’électricité, 2- Génération de tension inversée et la
récolte pour le pouvoir au lieu d'utiliser une force supplém entaire pour l'annuler(force contre-électrom otrice;
f.e.m .), 3- Production rapide de gaz HHO - peut aussi être utilisé pour augm enter l’efficacité de l’Hydro
Carbone tout en réduisant drastiquem ent ses ém issions, 4- Création d' état de plasm a, im pulsion
électrom agnétique, vortex dans l'eau/gaz, 5- Le m oteur à air com prim é, echangeur et am plificateur de chaleur
le m écanism e qui se transform e en puissance cinétique ou de l’électricité, 6- Ém ulsion d'eau incorporant bien
au-delà de 20% d’eau, 7- Récolte com binée force de BOYANCE sous-m arine + gravité, 8-
Hydrodynam ique chauffe-cavitation, 9- Lim ite Betz perform ance supérieure turbine hydro / éolien,
10- Single Junction Cellule photovoltaïque avec une efficacité au-delà de la lim ite de Shockley-Queisser, etc.
Le processus de ces technologies et leur effets secondaires ne peuvent pas être expliqués par la physique
actuelle, Les coùts d’infrastructure et d’operations sont très faibles et la technologie facilem ent convertie à
travers d’autre techniques physiques non standardisees; Ses offre un bien m eilleur rendem ent pour les
dom aines de m édical, propulsion, d'assainissem ent radioactif, et certains procédés m iniers, industriels et
agricole. Ceci pourrait être vérifié si une investigation com plète basée sur une revision scientifique était
entreprise.
Il est toujours censuré par les principaux m édias, m ais accroitre les tem oignages docum entés sur la R et D
des techniques supposem ent pseudo-scientifiques illim itée. Il ya beaucoup de signes subtils m ais
collectivem ent sans am biguïté aussi de la m ajorité d'établissem ent d'introduire progressivem ent nouveau
paradigm e "systèm e ouvert" illim itée.
M em e si les processus industriels reliés au gaz, charbon et a l’huile peuvent continuer d’innover en m em e
tem ps que le d’énergie alternative, la com m ercialisation de l'énergie gratuit lui-m êm e est inévitable. Ceci
pourrait poser des problèm es sociaux et économ iques s’il n’y a pas une volonté de com m unication pour
déterm iner à quelle rythm e toutes les techniques et l’inform ation qui en decoule devrait être partagée
librem ent.
linkedin.com/in/newnatureparadigm -Ben Rusuisiak: Specialty Cleantech Analysis, Vancouver, Canada

-ABSTRACT: LENR-Cold Fusion is virtually accepted by mainstream(MS): While MS rejects "E-cat" claims on
selling 1MW electricity LENR generator, now energy can be produced with basically free “fuel”.
Thermodynamic closed system based over-unity or Persistent Current/motion is officially observed in:
quantum nano circuit, beyond Shockley-Queisser limit solar cell, non-linear optic/laser/spintronics, time
crystal, & magnetocaloric effects. Academic taboo of photon extraction or electron fluctuation in vacuum,
Maxwell's demon, Quantum ratchet, Casimir force harvesting micro electronic device, & 2nd law violation
are now on MS science journals. Low cost resonance/magnet based major emission reducers with 10%+
extra efficiency, Thermo Electric/Thermo Photo Voltaics heat-to-energy systems, & highly efficient Waste-
To-Fuel/Energy systems with, Catalytic, SuperCritical water, Cold or Steam Plasma mechanics are starting
to be deployed. Above might foreshadow first FULL science review of recurring hyper energy efficiency
installations: e.g. 1-Extracting nano oscillation/radiant energy as electricity, 2-Harvesting DC reverse voltage
power(Counter EMF), 3-Resonance catalyzed HHO/Oxy-hydrogen gas, 4-Cold plasma standing wave
creation of light/water/inert gas in cavity, 5-Compressed air & COP>1 heat exchanger converted to
mechanical power, 6-Catalyzed emulsion fuel with far beyond 50% H2O, 7-Hydrocarbon increased by photo-
catalyzed O2 Nanobubble water & fuel emulsion, when infused with CO2 in room temperature/pressure.
8-Combined air-in-water floating & gravity force, 9-Propellantless drive, 10-Hydro cavitation heater, 11-Betz
limit excess hydro/wind turbine, etc. They often seem to run on mechanics & accompanied by common
side effects official physics cannot explain(explainable by Torsion physics of Russia/Ukraine, or pre-
Heaviside Maxwell equations & are low cost, convertible to superior new techs that can foster mind/body
based nonlocal human capabilities, & also can replace majority of propulsion, weather, medical,
remediation, time dilation, algorithm, key mining-industrial-farming processes- -If officially full peer
reviewed by mainstream Western science. Recent paradigm shift might warrant official in-depth research
on such technologies in conjunction with claimants. Every 10-20yrs cycle, there have been waves of
collective signs that a majority of establishment group attempts to gradually release unlimited resource
based “Open System” type technologies & to reduce disruptive tech debunking. This time around backed
up by Climate Policy of world wide governments the result might be more drastic than before. Overall,
mainstream commercialization of unlimited energy production is inevitable even from media uncovered
multiple conventional energy technologies & it risks economical restructuring. Yet hidden issues of
controlling technology as limited exclusive means might be sought after by some groups, and they appear
to be aiming for limiting disclosure of "free energy" related tech particularly mind /psychic/biological
nonlocal effects of what can be called bio torsion field/Eniology or BioEnergy Informatics(p242-286).
Contents
• p06 Science accepted high efficiency generators & free energy harvesters
• p75 Solar, Wind, & Hydro power efficiency beyond official science limit
p99 SAll under-uAlized vast Biomass, Waste-to-Energy, & Hydrocarbons
• p148 Ten categories of inventors' seeming “over-unity” claims
• p183 CommercializaAon aPempts
• p194 Law of Thermodynamics interpretaAons, “Dissident” scienAsts
• p197 Scalar energy, Standing wave resonance, Torsion field
p242 BioenergeAc Torsion Field?: Remote View, MarAal Art, Mentalists, Qigong..
• p287 "Copy & Paste" by Torsion/Scalar, Terahertz, & FIR waves, Photo Catalysis,
p305 Highly anomalous ORMUS
• p321 LENR/Cold Fusion update, Losers & Gainers by its success
• p340 Impact on LENR & inventor's open system energy & resonance tech
• p345 Medical effect by various EM wave forms, wave combos, & frequencies
• p361 RemediaAon, Water, Agri, Weather, GeosyntheAcs, Gravity effect etc
• p374 TransmutaAon, AbioAc Oil/Gas producAon: natural, in-situ, in-reactor
• p383 Conclusion: possible "free energy" tech disclosure scenarios
3
Qualifica(on of informa(on
• This presentation primarily focuses on less known but latest science consensus forming
technologies on strict effect basis, while a bulk of highest efficiency low cost techs & a
majority of "outrageous" or controversial claims category contradict predominant view,
especially of Wikipedia & Western media/NGOs. Hence attendants/readers are
recommended to re-assess the data individually.
• Regarding Controversial But Future Critical Technologies Discussed:
■ Term “Free energy” or “Over-unity” in this presentation is defined as seeming as if:
-1 Drawing more energy than existing or continuous motion with no energy input.
-2 “Work is done” by other than Thermodynamic Free Energy: open system symptom.
-3 Using free material generally not considered as fuel.
■ Inventors-scientists-witnesses: their claims might involve higher likelihood of:
-4 Fabrication, reliability exaggeration, or statistical error chance of observed effect.
-5 Significant quality gap between inventions, yet -
-6 At least collective majority seems to consistently produces claimed effects.
• More detailed reference list will be produced & published separately. The research is
updated based on reviewing academic papers & journals, books, presentations, speeches,
patents, lab/product testimonies/complaints, publications & public records of research
institutes/think tanks/military/space & gov't agencies/industry associations/NGOs/media.
Most effects quoted have accumulative-consistent evidence from unrelated era & source,
but mechanics & categorization are hypothetical. Commercialized company/products are
shown in Boldface Dark Blue. Due to space constraints, referenced individuals names
are given only last name or part of first name unless web search identification becomes
difficult(often non-Western names are given in full or in their native language), company
names are also listed in a way that is findable by internet search. 4
• If there is difficulty viewing the presentation, you may visit following
presentation sites for improved image.
• At ISSUU:
• https://issuu.com/newnatureparadigm/docs/linkedin_aug02
• Or SCRIBD:
• https://www.scribd.com/document/352333519/Less-known-Clean-
Affordable-Renewable-Abundant-Energy-Technologies-Related-
Game-Changing-Applications
• Or CALAMEO:
• https://en.calameo.com/read/004838413975ced7310a8
• Thank you. Ben Rusuisiak.
5
Quest for “Free Energy”: 1
CLAIMS STARTED well before 1800S
• Main academia/media in mid-late 1800s forecasted commercialized free energy
by early 1900s, 1- Free Ground Earth Ba.ery regularly demonstrated self
charging or inducing electricity capacity in low moisture, also power genera:on
efficiently of two-points-voltage gap depends on loca:on(Snow, Lockwood,
Wilkins, Dieckmann, Strong, Bain, Edard, Haworth, Bear, Mellon,Hicks, Cerpaux,
GarraM, Lamont +); invenRon rush for telegraph use, Along with strong claims of
pre-dated telephony & wireless(Meucci, Stubblefield, Tesla+), 2- Low cost
Vaccumized Air/Compressed Air engine/residenRal-industrial system,
Trompe/Water Pumps also widely used in France etc(Rix, Mekarski, Hardie,
Hoadley, C Hodges+)
• Non earth baMery free energy claims mixed: General lack of informaRon to tell
degree of actual physical effects from fabricaRon, some can be valid, Involved
mainstream scienRsts Rll early 1900s, yet no widely known commercializaRon
• Science legal 1&2 disappeared from schooling/research while other types of free
energy & repeated side effects in combinaRon didn’t fit with “science package”
then & now; gradually became irrelevant/pseudo science along with other more
natural & less exclusive technologies(non-allopathic or electro medicine, hemp,
hydrogen/electric car etc) which matched major business-financial lobby interest
then. 6
Quest for “Free Energy” 2: Towards Modern Era
• Same mechanics & side effects were repeated by unrelated inventors, but actual linear
progress was often limited to recent Western academia(LENR, Cavitation), Also Russia-
Soviet had development(Cavitation, Torsion, Ion heater, Ultrasonic, EM pulse).
• Boiled down to 10 or so base mechanics(p148-182) with similar tendency:
a➢ Often energy is ”triggered in” by rapid change in pressure-voltage-spin, pulse,
plasma-magnetic field, cavitation, transmutation, anomalous electron movement
causing/caused by standing wave resonance, or antioxidant prone "field effect", link to
quantum coherence, b➢ Manifest as anomalous cooling/heat, water hammer,
vibration coupling, electrical breakdown, spike, surge, implosion, spontaneous
corona discharge, ball lightning, vortex, harmonics, similar to Electron Avalanche,
Field Emission effect etc, treated as short circuit etc., c➢ Seemingly influenced by
cosmo-geophysical factors, but avoided by using extra energy, d➢ "Static Electricity"
is more like high voltage, can flow, & useable for industrial electricity, e➢ Mainstream
insistence on defending clear flaws in Electromagnetic Induction law
• i.e. not closed system?; device efficiency fluctuates, by time-location, orientation,
altitude etc; similar to ground-earth battery, In rare cases emotion seems to
affect(Dan Davidson, O Carr, J Keely, Ra Ring, Th Ludwig, Vogel, Seelhofer, R Schild,
Adam Trombly+)
• Occasional scientific rift:1- Mainstream Western scientist & Western Media/NGOs vs
2- Inventor, sidelined & Non-Western scientist(Russia, China+), Some mainstream
scholars in West as exception(Austria, Italy, France+) 7
Science-Accepted “Free Energy” Microcurrent
Harvesting
• FREE ENERGY TYPES; increasingly ac#vely commercialized (indicated by dark
blue color le5ers),
MICRO CURRENT ENERGY HARVESTERS(technically dated turbine based
smart water meter water flow harvester[also gas meter], or across the board
full mainstream use wind & solar type micro current generator is not covered
in this presentaOon(eg indoor use calculator).
• Generally negligible as industrial power. Most of them are commercialized
aSer yr 2000. Used for switches, sensors, meters(structural integrity monitor,
industrial, logisOcs, transportaOon, equipment), IoT(Internet of Things),
remote monitoring segment use etc: Perpetually Powered Systems. OSen
auto Wireless Transmission funcOon is built in as one of key benefits.
• This is currently one of most rapid progress energy generaOon efficiency & use
in commercializaOon along with industrial use solid state electrical generator
from heat, electronics manufacturing, solar power, & energy saving waste
water/desalinaOon process.
8
Science-Accepted “Free Energy” 2
Microcurrent Harves;ng II
• -->>continued: FREE ENERGY TYPES; increasing actively commercialized
exceptions: Micro Current Energy Harvesters:
• Focus in this application is to have sufficient power generation for the
device and not necessarily high efficiency. Devices only produce very small
power but there are relevancies & relations to other much larger macro
scale "energy harvesting" mechanics covered in presentation. Some
mechanics with relatively easy industrial electrical generation potential in
this segment are marked as #
• Often use of metamaterials(engineered structure to increase wave-
vibration resonance amplifying for harvesting etc), even
MEMS(MicroElectroMechanical System) now works in very low freq. of
under 30hz with S shaped cantilever etc(Huicong Liu +), or increase wide
band reception compared to resonance devices with only small number of
limited frequencies are harvested.
• Often ROI comes at first time replacement of battery or fizzled wire for
sensors especially in remote or difficult to reach locations. -->>cont:
9
Low Temp Micro ThermoElectric
• -->>con&nued: FREE ENERGY TYPES; increasing ac-vely commercialized
excep-ons, Micro Current Energy Harvesters:
• O"en ROI comes at equivalent of when first 8me replacement of ba;ery or fizzled
wire for sensors is required, especially in remote or difficult to reach loca8ons.
Many devices combine mul8ple mechanics to maintain required electrical supply
level. Free energy harves8ng micro devices are generally not frequently reported
in newspapers or energy saving publica8ons due to micro electrical nature, but
products are available for very wide range of sensoring/actua6ng applica6ons.
Some cases there is no differen8ator to long las8ng ba;ery system(eg self charging
8re sensor for non-commercial vehicle). Many companies sell "Evalua8on Kit" to
test out. Following 1-14 main methods are listed as general representa8ve energy
scavenging methods.
1 # Low temperature dif.(1-20°C) Thermoelectric device(industrial type
generator version at p50-53): easily made as garage project with high performance
Seebeck effect parts(A Makosinski+) & commercialized for consumer market prior
to current industrial use micropower in 1990s and withdrawn(Ci8zen Eco-Drive
Thermo, Seiko Thermic), more recent consumable types(Fujitsu, Yamaha had test
products, Vodaphone: PowerPocket+), Latest consumer watch market debut
(Matrix Industries+). Can be woven into fabric(KAIST South Korea+)(Gr Moriarty+),
mass produceable by easy prin8ng(AIST Japan+). 10
Thermoelectric, Piezoelectric
• -->>con&nued: FREE ENERGY TYPES; increasing ac-vely commercialized
excep-ons, Micro Current Energy Harvesters: 1 ThermoElectric:
• Rela%vely significant penetra%on for mainstream industrial monitoring use
last several yrs(Micropelt, EnOcean, Laired Technologies, Marlow Industries,
Perpetua Power Source+),fair number of bio sensor focus companies(MC10
inc+), thin micro device for wearables(Thermogen Technologies+), but super
high density harvester by combo with solar in wristwatch format is shelved?
(EnergyBionics Carbon: Ebersold+). Low cost printed super thin material that
is capable of micro current to industrial size electricity conversion from
heat(Otego GmbH+). Overall this sector is filled with many players exis%ng in
West.
2 # Piezoelectricity/Acoustoelectric effect(material directly produces
electricity when deformed, most widely commercialized in microcurrent
generator types), OMen use Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) or Zinc Oxide (ZnO), PZT:
Lead zirconate %tanate. Following elements are oMen relevant to majority of
microcurrent genera%on by ambient scavenging(other than piezo methods). -
->>cont:
11
Piezoelectric ii Micro & Macro
• -->>continued: FREE ENERGY TYPES; Micro Current Energy Harvesters: 2
Piezoelectricity:
• ●Usually takes cantilever of bimorph or unimorph(one electricity producing
piezo layer) generator with magnetic tip to interact with fixed two magnets of
above & below. To maximize resonance tuning of wide range or many
frequencies(to amplify energy harvesting), multimorph/multilayer or cantilever
array located side by side row is arranged.
• ●But for non-linear frequency harvesting(non-repetitive vibration) focus,
resonance might be avoided: Stochastic Bi-stable or Multi stable, cantilever
with magnetic tip to interact with one magnet at fixed position that is same
"height" as extension of cantilever. Also might use buckled beam with with
both ends clamped with middle.
• Parametric resonance(not set to narrow frequency resonance emphasis
but incorporating non-linear movements: non periodic one time only
unique arbitrary motion is ok) type non linear inductance-capacitance of
piezo vibration: eg Velocity Damped Resonant Generator(VDRG) by EM
damping, Coulomb Damped Resonant Generators(CDRGs) by electrostatic
damping. Can be combined with other methods such as electromagnetic
induction.
12
Piezoelectric III Commercialized e.g.
• -->>con&nued: FREE ENERGY TYPES; Micro Current Energy Harvesters: 2
Piezoelectricity:
• ◆ Generally wide range of vibra1on is harvested as energy(ReVibe Energy,
Mide Volture, Arveni fr+), ◆Ba:ery combo emphasis(Linear Technology+),
◆Switch focus(Algra Group+), ◆ Automobile distance warning(Ceratec
Engineering CorporaDon+), ◆Automa1c parking space broadcaster
(ParkHere GmbH), ◆High power density(MicroGen Systems MSM,
AdapDvEnergy RLP, 8power+), ◆Footsteps use for surveillance device
(Pavegen+), ◆AAA ba:ery self charging ba:ery or 10sec shaking 3mins
ligh1ng LED flashlight was taken out of market quickly( )
• ◆Large industrial power is possible: 200kw+/km produc1on at busy hwy
became possible with mul1-stacked structure(Edery-Azulay/InnowaMech),
Polyvinylidene Fluoride(PVDF) based flexible Piezoelectric -
FerroElectric(electrically polarized material) polymer woven fabric +
photovoltaic coa1ng(El Siores /FibrLec). ◆Others: Wearables(Flexous BV -
Kinergizer+), Tire sensor for transport or mining trucks (Transense,
SilentSensors+), Spray paint on surface to make it a generator
(www.munekata.jp/eh/),
13
Piezoelectric IV Variations
• -->>continued: FREE ENERGY TYPES; Micro Current Energy Harvesters:
2 Piezoelectricity: Others:
• PVDF based /pyroelectric/thermoelectric & Piezoelectric functioning soft thin
polymer film (Kureha Kagaku), Self charging by human motion Small flashlight(
- +)
Pacemaker sensor from heartbeat(KAIST, smart-MEMPHIS Silex [enhanced
harvesting by MEMS PZT: Lead zirconate titanate]+), People movement surveillance
by step-in mattress tracking( ),
• SOME OF OTHER PIEZO, PIEZO LIKE MECHANICS, or SYNERGIZED COMBO:
i -ElectroStrictive Polymer(change shape or lengthen under electric field or vice
versa, significant degree of actuation occurs by electricity applied & used for
artificial muscle) for much increased efficiency(Mcknight & Mcginnis+) even if
electric field needs to be generated for power harvesting(eg electret perpetually
emits E field), likely already in military use for much higher macro level power
generation.
• Ii -Simiar to above "i" but very soft super stretchable Dielectric Elastomer is low
cost material and useable for wave/hydro energy(Softgen Univ Auckland+): 1w per
human step range. 0.1mm thick elastic rubber paper like "power generating
rubber" with 2 to 10 times higher efficiency than conventional piezo
material(Ricoh), 14
Science-Accepted 8 Piezoelectric V EM Induc7on
2 Piezoelectricity: OTHER PIEZO, PIEZO LIKE MECHANICS or combo:
• iii -Radio Frequency harvesting by piezo system with cantilever
system(Mahmoud Al Ahmad+), iv-In a way the same thing but what is fully
categorized Acoustic Metamaterial can maximize piezo electricity production by
impedance matching surface, or coiling up structure of labyrinthine units
(Shuibao Qi+), or membrane types(Junfei Li+), & can range 15-20%+
efficiency(Guancong Ma+), while also can function as effective sound
absorber/insulator simultaneously.
• v-Far more minute level vibration sensitive Nanostructure or
NanoWire/NEMS(NanoElectroMechanical Systems) can be much more efficient
than conventional piezoelectric (KAIST: Keon Jae Lee+),
• vi-Other mechanical combination are explored and deemed to have advantages:
Shape Memory Alloy(SMA, by temperature change)(p73,74), Magnetic Shape
Memory Alloy(MSMA)(AdaptaMat Oy: MSMA without piezo combo),
vii-Coupling of Helmholz cavities in addition to regular cantilever beams to
amplify resonance(frequency matching)(D Ezhilarasi+), Or with duel
cantilever(Ping Li+), Or paired cavities to further augment an order of
magnitude larger energy harvest and 4times higher voltage(Xiao Peng+) than
already increased power by a cavity itself. 15
EM Induction
3 ElectroMagnetic Induction from vibration or motion: magnet oscillates on
cantilever/spring with coil wrapping it around to generate electricity from
ambient sound or vibration (Perpetuum, Adamant jp, Star Micronics,
MicroStrain +), using oscillating move/EM field of outside of device using
rotating or vertical motion(Joulefusion+), Focus on low end 5hz frequency
recovery for spotting personnel & harvesting energy in office/factory(Mono-
wireless+): eg walking sound on carpet. Random directional motion into
rotational energy to drive generator, similar to gyro mechanics(Witt Energy+):
this company aims for industrial size generator. Human motion based battery
charger for phones(AMPY Live Charged),
4 # Ambient & purpose-broadcasted RF wave frequency Harvester & Rectenna:
Harvests electromagntic wave usually Radio Frequency range & convert to DC
electricity(This section deals up to 10Ghz. As for 10-30,000Ghz range
Rectenna[Terahertz & Far InfraRed], see p68 •j for industrial sized electricity
generation). Some can only Harvest from purpose intended directed
broadcaster-receiver set, as well as inadvertent 10m range 3rd party strong
signal(Cymbet EnerChip, ZF Switches & Sensors, Nowi Energy+).
16
Science-Accepted “Free Energy” 10 RF rectenna
• -->>con&nued: FREE ENERGY TYPES; Micro Current Energy Harvesters:
4 # Ambient & purpose-broadcasted RF wave frequency Harvester & Rectenna:
• But actually far away ambient radio wave(from WiFi, wireless phone, power
line, lightning or RF range electric motor noise etc) harvester did exist from
yr2000s(RCA Airpower, withdrawn twice a/er media debunking, probably
consumer directed marke:ng exaggerated debunker reac:on as happens o/en
for disrup:ve energy tech), and now available again(Drayson Freevolt,
PowerCast Corp, Nikola Labs+), Much more robust ba@ery charger for dual
mode low frequency EM field & high frequency WiFi wave(DennisSiegel.de).
• Resonance based amplified industrial level electricity harvesAng is approved
by Philippine' gov't(Ismael Aviso) but western media level pseudoscience.
Mul:ple inven:on "free energy" engineers o/en includes this method(Moray,
Tesla+). Note higher freq Thz/FIR level industrial power harvesAng is officially
science raAfied(p68).
• There are wide range of RF scavenging methods available but technology is really
simple especially for non micro sized system(eg see next page Crystal radio):
Generally lab recovery efficiency to electricity as of 2016 is at least 70%+ and
some are reaching unity level: "Full absorp:on" idea or 90+% recovery already at
single Ghz range frequency and con:nues up to Thz/FIR(Almoneef & Ramahi,
Emr Karakaya, Fur Dincer+),(but media level pseudoscien:za:on of this claim
occurs). -->>cont: 17
Science Valid “Free Energy” 11 Power Line Syphoning
• -->>cont: FREE ENERGY; Micro Energy Harvesters: 4 RF Wave Harvester:
• Crystal radio set up(one popular type is antenna coil and induc2ve tuning
coil[no antenna is also possible], speaker is usable without outside power)
has wide band harves2ng capability & many home made large device can
have much higher than micro device harves2ng capability.
• Some focus on increasing power by Ultra-broadband EM induc2on or Piezo-
Electromagne2c or mul2ple vibra2on mode EM induc2on, etc(EnerBee+)
• HIGH VOLTAGE POWER LINE scavenging: Near field high power line's EM
field flux directly or, Addi2onally genera2ng vibra2on with interac2on of
device magnet with EM field to harvest extra energy from piezoelectric
effect(Hosseinimehr & Tabesh+) etc, for self powered electric current
transmission monitoring purpose: mostly Wireless Powerline
Sensor(Sen.ent Energy IBOLT, USi Power Donut+), low power amp
working(Aclara Tollgrade LightHouse), or advanced monitoring(INCON
GridSense Line IQ, Lindsey Transmission Line Monitor+): This applica2on is
full mainstream use in some regions/industry power monitoring segments
while almost none in others -->cont:
18
High Voltage Line, Earth Magnetic Field
• -->>cont: FREE ENERGY TYPES; Micro Current Energy Harvesters: 4 RF
Wave Harvester: HIGH VOLTAGE POWER LINE scavenging:
• Underwater submerged power line harvesting(Dyden Corporation+): this
company also makes usually minute current limited ElectroStatic Induction
harvester boosting with resonance(frequency matching) use for 6-12V max
6W workable constant harvesting(from 500kv, 6.5m away AC line). House
level voltage line monitoring(Panoramic Power+). Harvesting from high
power line is also easiest method as capacitive coupling as well as RF crystal
radio reception method, some seem to do illegally "steal or burrow power"
from semi far field(10-50m) away with home made device. Same induction
can be made from near radio station transmitter,
• Also this induction of fluxing/changing magnetic field enables Power Factor
Correction device that can reduce not only Apparent Power billed industrial
electricity, but even Actual Power billed residential electricity cost(p150),
but latter effect is still pseudoscience in Western mainstream. YET, basically
same mechanics based super high efficiency induction power harvester from
Florescent light inverter, to operate surveillance camera & video transmission
both is quietly commercialized in Japan for last 10yrs(Nippon Denki - NEC),
-->>cont:
19
Earth Mag Field, Large power
• -->>cont: FREE ENERGY TYPES; Micro Current Energy Harvesters:
4 RF Wave Harvester: Geo Magne2c Field:
• EARTH MAGNETIC FIELD(Geo Magne5c field:GMF) or RELATED AMBIENT
LOW FREQUENCY RESONANCE(7-50hz) use as base mechanics: can be very
large dimension(1-1000m long) Electrodynamic Tether can generate
significant industrial electricity by fast moving conduc>ve long wire against
earth magne>c field(Tether Unlimited+), But this mainstream explana>on
might not be main reason for its workability: less to do with GMF but
generally more to do with voltage gradient in troposphere, & solar wind-
cosmic ray is fluctua>ng GMF & existence of highly charged air par>cles with
extreme temperatures at thermosphere(where tether is mostly used)?
• Tire equipped coil generates micropower as car is driven & 5re
rotates(Infineon Technologies AG). One manufacturer commercialized self
charging LED flashlight claiming by GMF interac>on but seemingly over
promising fast chargeability to cause low ra>o customer sa>sfac>on(ADGEX
ELFE): harves>ng method is not explained clearly, and sta>c GMF adver>sing
might be more of a gimmick, and bulk might come from tapping RF waves or
even ambient vibra>on. -->>cont:
20
Earth Mag Field, Micro Power
4 RF Wave Rectenna: Geo Magnetic Field:(GMF):
GMF energy harvester type of products are well within easy commercialization by
using mainstream science accepted or tacitly non-debunked GMF energy
harvesting mechanics in multiplication. Some such examples are given in following
a-f:
• a-Medical sensor energy harvester(Ferro Solutions Inc: Jiankang Huang, O'Handley
et al), b-Amplification of general ambient electric field time variance harvesting:
Alternating conductive and dielectric layer film coupled by capacitor of
resonance RLC circuit (Resistor-Inductor-Capacitor)(Tao & Owhadi): similar
mechanics as "Orgone energy accumulator" layering(p372)
• c-Even conservative mainstream science group admits solely GMF based static
electrical generation is possible by use of electro-conducting cylindrical shell of
manganese zinc ferite(Chyba & Hand+), d- Schumann freq level resonance focus
amplifying, using Casimir oscillation amplification type capability: Quantum
Oscillator(see next page "f"), e-Actually most of self charging Flashlight type device
energy scavenging can come from non earth resonance: high power line(50-60hz
etc), or radio wave(0.5-30mhz)/wifi(2-4ghz) induction etc, or completely different
harvesting methods can be combined. -->>cont:
21
Casimir Force & Nano Oscillation
4 RF Wave Rectenna: Earth Magne4c Field/Geo Magne4c Field:(GMF):
• f-1 This might be deemed as side informa4on but minute oscilla4ons like
even Casimir force(vacuum fluctua4on, Zeropoint energy rela4on) is
measurerable by microcan4lever(Mohideen+), Successful Casimir force
driven device since 2001 is completely ignored even by scien:fic
media(Fed Capasso: Lucent Technologies/Bell Lab+): basically Casimir
force is consistently harvestable as energy by MEMS/NEMS
(NanoElectroMechanical Systems)(Dum Caruntu+), While Casimir and
van der Waals forces are agreed to be main reason for s:c:on failure of
MEMS can:lever(Mic Serry+),
• Needs proper considera4on for its major role in nano-generator
design(Raf Ardito+): e.g. when membranes work in vacuum without
capillary forces (Jian-Ning Ding+). But Casimir force itself is reversible by
using NEMS(D Lopez[ANL]+) etc(neg refrac4ve index material), & even
can cause nano levita:on(Ulf Leonhardt, Fed Capasso+), actual electrical
genera4on by causing amplified vibra4on based on non linear pairing of
casimiar force oscilla4on(Mead & Nachamkin+) -->>cont:
22
-Science-Accepted “Free Energy” 16
Casimir Force & Power Harvesting
4 RF Wave Harvester: Earth Magnetic Field/Geo Magnetic Field:(GMF):
• f-2 Progressive end of mainstream academics get patent on MEMS or nano
polymer used Casimir force extraction KWh level electrical generator with some
mainstream funding(Jovion Corp: Moddel & Haisch). Similarly, Casimir cavity's
energy gap between inside & outside should be able to be used for energy
extraction as well as gravity control?(Calloni & Di Fiore et al+)
• f-3 "Nano" Oscillation based Brownian Ratchet or Ambient Thermal noise
harvesting are all workable: Minority conservative end of mainstream academic
stance or media level science asserts still such nano level oscillation is
impossible to harvest as ratchet rotation even if oscillation exists(R Feynman+),
but it is actually extracted as energy by rectification(Astumian+). Now
experimental results on various quantum fluctuation is finally accepted in
academic papers as “true"(p341)
23
Magnetostrictive/Electrostatic
5 # MagnetoStric-ve Material(MsM) creates magne-c field when changes its
shape, hence causes -me varied magne-c field with vibra-on, & this is picked up as
electricity by coil around it(Ferro Solu0ons Inc, Moritex Corpora0on, Shonan-
metaltec+), Dielectric epoxy covered high impact useable generator(Tohoku Steel+),
BaDeryless wireless mouse by thermoelectric harves-ng combo(Seiko Instruments+)
• Galfenol based(alloy of iron and gallium) or Terfenol's latest version is order of
magnitude more efficient vibra-on energy harvester(20-30% range as a result) than
conven-onal piezoelectric material & material lasts much longer due to no
degrada-on or becoming briDle due to piezo vibra-on(Tos Ueno+).
• Similar Ferrofluid based energy harvester is also deemed highly effec-ve: while
effec-vely absorbing vibra-on,
6 Electrosta-c Induc-on from vibra-on: Generally power is produced by conversion
of oscilla-on to changed posi-oning or distance between electrodes: varying
capacitance. Some involve electret(dielectric material with semi permanent electron
polariza-on state). Can be very low cost with no magnets or piezo material(Omron -
THHINK Wireless Technologies - Konishiyasu+), Walking mo-on sensor by unique
rota-ng generator by use of electret(Hokuriku Electric Industry) -->>cont:
24
Triboelectric TENG - Intro
7 # TriboElectric NanoGenerator(TENG): TriboElectricity/Contact
Electrification is utilized as newly announced tech in 2011(Zhong Lin Wang).
Harvest energy effectively in wide bandwidth from both minute contact
electrification & electrostatic induction, Invention increased usable efficiencies
from less than 1% to max 50-60+% in few yrs from both regular & irregular
motions, with near future industrial power application unless blocked by other
groups or research goes classified:
• Unique mechanics: for example, leading devices often have multiple power
generation modes:
• i-two different material based electrodes surface-touching & detaching, ii-
sliding, iii-direct skin contact, rain drop or air flow etc on device
surface(single electrode mode), iv- "Free standing layer": Pair of
symmetric electrodes is located below a dielectric layer, and the size of the
electrodes and the gap distance between them are of same order as size of
the moving layer, & when this layer approaches or distances electricity
flows between electrodes. -->>cont:
25
Tribo TENG II Commercialization
• -->>cont: FREE ENERGY; Micro Current Energy Harvesters: 7 TriboElectric (TENG):
Ini$ally there was a major technical challenge: power could not be used as is for micro
device since power is generated as AC(alterna$ve current) and intermi?ent, hence
required a ba?ery/capacitor. But due to TENG's high voltage with low amp(i.e. high
impedance), there was problem to connect effec$vely with capacitor(low impedance,
hence lose most of power without storing).
• This impedance mismatch problem was solved by two capacitor system to run micro
device from non linear mo$ons like intermi?ent human tapping, also deployed with
other tribo mechanics: Hybridizing with EM induc$on or piezo polymer etc(
+), 30x30cm walk-on people traffic pad that costs $20, generates up to 10W
by each step(Touchlight Innova6ons: Swa Pujari), Shi[ing business focus into tribo
from piezo type product line( +),
• Wide range of tribo mechanics & func$ons has been successful at least experimentally:
Water inside pencil size TENG for human mo$on type non-linear s$mula$on(Dong Sung
Kim et al), Enclosed vibra$on harvester func$onable under water or in snow, Cylindrical
rota$ng types, Transparent version to generate power from rain drops to complement
solar cell to maintain electricity genera$on during rain day & night(Li Zheng et al). Some
organiza$ons focus on trying out new applica$ons in commercialized environment
including low maintenance air filter(Beijing Ins6tute of Nanoenergy & Nanosystems:
Zhong Lin Wang - ). -->>cont:
26
Tribo Teng III Varied Mechanics
7 TriboElectric (TENG):
• Triboelectric-Pyroelectric-Piezoelectric hybrid cell nano generator(Yunlong Zi+),
TENG is low cost & also suitable to harvests air-water flow/wave(Yuanjie Su+),
Wind recovery Flutter-Driven Triboelectric Generator(Jihyun Bae[SAIT:Samsung
Advanced Institute of Technology]+). Preventing metal corrosion while
generate energy at water-metal contact area(Xiaoyi Li+)(see p29 on how ionic
movement within still water inside of device generates power instead of
kinetic motion) or as human clothing (Sang-Woo Kim+) etc
• LIGHTNING POWER HARVESTING(though this is macro scale and TENG
unrelated): Not only thunderstorm but snow/sand storm should be also linked
to triboelectricity effect(RJ Latham, EY Tkachenko+): Triple layered structure to
increase recovery of lightning power to 20+% and with battery to work as a
energy system from lab test(Jeong Min Baik: UNIST), Inventor's small lab test
results(Steve Leroy+), Field tested small scale device(Mohd Farriz
Basar[UTeM]+) etc, this is western media debunked. Also there seems to be
some similar element to Orgone effect: p372. -->>cont:
27
-Science-Accepted “Free Energy” 21
Tribo Teng IV Future Potential
• -->>cont: FREE ENERGY; Micro Current Energy: 7 TriboElectric (TENG):
• TriboElectric electricity genera0on is done in more flexible way in higher efficiency
than most other methods with easy scalability to mega size - even to the extent to
become significant enough world wide electrical source along with conven5onal
ElectroMagne5c Induc5on Generator(EMIG), also will be suitable for Self
powered desalina5on, Self hydrogen produc5on etc(Zhong Lin Wang, Guang Zhu+)
• 1m2 of Electrical Double Layer(EDL: two parallel layers of electrons formulate
between water and solid maKer) mechanics can sustainably produce 0.46kw/ of
power(Jinsung Chun et al), Modula0on of EDL to generate power(Jong Kyun Moon,
YoungJun Yang+) or 1m2 of best single layer material can produce up to 1.2kw.
• Unique Western mainstream treatment on TENG is that this tech has been treated
posi0vely by media compared to other similar degree of economically paradigm
shiZing performances (most disrup0ve element of TENG industrial power
genera0on is deemphasized) hence poses more growth poten0al than other
equally high efficiency mechanics such as Magnetothermal, ElectroMagne0c wave
heat harves0ng(FIR/THZ), or ReverseElectroWe_ng generator in this micro
generator segment. Significant backing of Chinese State and a university in
US(Georgia Tech) -->>cont:
28
Thermal Ionic Movement
8 # Small water flow or even Thermal Ionic fluctuation ONLY in still water
can be harvested as electricity by Graphene/CarbonNanotube etc(or
TriboElectricity-II, cross over with Triboelectric TENG but with mechanics
more focused on Ionic movement(also see p33 ■10 Ambient thermionic
movement). Not commercialized and less cohesive development. This
effect has been discussed amongst academics since 2001. Various
experimental devices with Ionic Liquid or deionized water used generators
both with basically same results. Most common type are 8a and 8b:
• 8a-Pure water movement on graphene etc generates power by charge
separation: when water droplet moves on flat surface/micro channels
droplet is positively charged and matter surface is negatively charged causes
electron to flow(Siowling Soh, Soon-Hyung Kwon, VI Petrik+), Single wall
graphene has much higher power than double/triple etc(Sha Ghosh+),
Water-ethanol mix in graphene form(Wenbin Huang et al+). -->cont:
29
Thermal Ionic Move, Ionic Liquid
• -->>cont: FREE ENERGY TYPES; Micro Current Harvesters: 8 Thermal
Ionic fluctua:on ONLY in STILL ROOM TEMP WATER:
• Slightly different but Water evapora*on driven ElectroScavenging
effect generator by charge separa*on & power harves*ng(Rub
Borno+): this also relates to advanced non cloud seeding weather
modifica>on(for more details go to this link [four levels of..]and search
"ElectroScavenging"),
• 8b-Salt/Ionic liquid(conduc>ve, includes water) on graphene etc
mechanics is only slightly different from deionized water; fric>on is
generated between water flow and ions(Nik Koratkar+), ionic liquid is
conduc>ve but graphene conducts electricity faster than
electrolyte(ionic liquid) so electricity s>ll flows through prepared circuit
with asymmetric electrodes etc.(Sta Skafidas, Weijie Kong+), Can also
work as varying capacitance based electrosta>c generator, -->cont:
30
Thermal Ionic II, Reverse-ElectroWetting
• -->>cont: FREE ENERGY; Micro Harvesters: 8 Thermal Ionic harvest:
• Thermal Ionic movement only(in water etc), no kinetic or vibration power used:
50-80°C "hair electrodes" cause proton hopping(Bri Tulachan+), or Electricity at
room temperature by thermal motion of ions in STILL LIQUID instead of by FLOW
of the solutions by Monolayer Graphene(Graphene Battery):
• Electron is emitted by interaction of graphene & cation, then it flows along
graphene to electrode(Zihan Xu, Guoan Tai+). This particular theme,
participated by state backed Chinese TENG research groups is practically free
energy tech, & was not debunked in West but quietly discontinued on official
level. This room temperature Thermal Ionic movement energy
harvesting/generation is not taken up by inventor type groups.
• *Also Note TriboElectric related effects has mainstream disputes amongst what
causes/how electron transfer occurs.
9 # Reverse Electrowetting power harvester: Reverse ElectroWetting On
Dielectric(REWOD), Related to ElectroWetting process which can transport liquid
with electricity by modifying the surface tension of liquid especially on
hydrophobic surface(film, dielectric etc), This differs from similar looking effect
causeable by ElectroMigration which gives force to move water.
31
-Science-Accepted 25: Reverse Electrowetting II
• -->>cont: FREE ENERGY; Micro Harvesters: 9 Reverse ElectroWe6ng(REWOD):
REWOD is listed in micro power segment here like TriboElectricity process, but its
research is more focused for high density power produc:on with large input(e.g.
human kine:c power) for more of flashlight or higher power use level(e.g. 10w
produced with baBery set per shoe for human walking). Far more efficient than
conven:onal piezoelectricity, Most efficient energy harves6ng method at this 6me
for human steps or car traffic type power genera6on(along with tribo effect TENG
device).
• New mechanics are invented with recent mainstream backing: Use of Atomic Layer
Deposi:on(ALD), Capillary Microfluidic device achieves 65% electric genera:on
efficiency(Jak Kedzierski et al), Bubbler type(Instep Nanopower: Krupenkin & Taylor et
al), Coa:ng surface film with Al2O3 to increase capacitance etc.
• PERPETUAL MICROSEISM/MICROBAROM HARVESTING: in very high density(Tsung-
Hsing Hsu+) by this mechanics. This harvests sub 1hz level super slow oscilla:on as
energy(takes more than 1 second per cycle: earth hum, weather or ocean wave
triggered "perpetual tremor"). Tribo TENG has similar capability. Much lower
density(efficiency) harves:ng is possible with piezo etc. Not officially pursued given
high economical disrup:veness along with industrial electricity harvester from 1-
Casimir force, 2-Room temp thermal ionic movement only, 3-Earth Magne:c Field -
Schumann resonance, or 4-Tall antenna based voltage gradient tether. But now 5-
FIR/THZ frequency thermal radia6on is in process of commercializa6on by
mainstream embracement! (p68)
32
Ambient Thermionic
• -->>cont: FREE ENERGY TYPES; Micro Harvesters:
10 # Ambient temperature & magnetic field driven Thermionic device:(GN
Hatsopolous, Xinyong Fu & Zi Tao Fu[“magnetic demon”]+): use of 90° cross
wise laid magnetic field to cause Hull Cut Off type threshold to control
electron movement from one electrode to the other in one direction to
generate cooling effect in a vacuum tube to cause thermionic emission,
hence indirect use of ambient temperature with originally magnet triggered
energy supply to generate minute electricity.
• Despite still majority's mainstream academic denial, this maxwell's
demon type effect should be valid based on various science valid combo
effects(Cyril Smith+): (Nottingham cooling effect related), Also this is
possible in known system like Aquaporin(Liangsuo Shu, Yingjie Li+),
Linked to ■8 Thermal Ionic movement electricity harvesting: both seem
to be too disruptive complete "free energy" type to get official
research going.
33
Spin Current, Conduc9ve Kite- voltage gradient
• -->>cont: FREE ENERGY TYPES; Micro Harvesters
11 # Carrying electrical current by Spin Current related methods, or by
fractionally charged quasi-particle in quantum hall effect regime(as opposed
to conventional charge current), seem to strongly imply overunity(Cyril
Smith+): 1-Spin rectification at Larmor precession freq to control spin to
produce DC current(YS Gui+), and Larmor precession is caused by electron
motion in static magnetic field, 2-Spin Battery: EMF (Electromotive force) of
spin origin generated by static magnetic field in magnetic tunnel junction(S
Maekawa+), 3-Spin current related Reverse Seebeck effect is much higher
thermoelectric harvesting from heat than conventional solid state
generators. Also see "Orgone"/"Orgonite" p372. 4-Spin wave tech relation
to Torsion field application(GJ Bugh+), & gravity tech(Frolov+)
• 12 # Properly grounded electricity conductive kite or rod extracts
atmospheric electricity(Beccaria, G Richmann, Dalibard, De Romas+), Use of
"static electricity": actual flowing of unbalanced electric charge. Effect itself
is easily replicated by amateurs, can easily lead to macro power generator,
currently almost entirely ignored by recent mainstream for
commercialization or research(IonPowerGroup.com+),
34
Kinetic, Ground - Tree power harvester
• -->>cont: FREE ENERGY TYPES; Micro Harvesters:
13 # Kinetic Power Harvester: Mostly by human or car/train traffic.
Human motion(nPower PEG+), Military focus(Bionic Power+): to charge
battery etc., 1hr walking range to charge phone by hydraulics(Walking
Charger - Energy Harvesters LLC+),1minute hand crank generates 11-
23mins of useable LED light(Envirofit Empower Duo+). Automobile slow
down zone power harvested by magnetic induction(Underground Power
SRL+), or by scalable Hydraulic liquid, piston, & pressure accumulator
units fed to electric generator for power production to beyond 100kw+
range(KinergyPower+), Also piezo effects are used but as of 2016 cost is
higher than conventional methods for industrial power.
14 Ground/Tree/plant Electricity harvester(Barbosa, Bryan, Karavas:
Voltree, Helder: Plant-e+), WiFi/Wireless system to transmit plant info to
computer is workable only for short distance currently(Seiko Instruments,
Ritsumeikan Univ Electronic & Computer Engineering dpt+).
Photosynthesis based pot plant smartphone charger & WiFi system(Bioo -
Arkyne Technologies+), Bioo claims to be competitive against solar panels
with house use level power with 1/3> its costing.
35
Non-Harvesting Self Micro Electricity Generators
• -->>cont: FREE ENERGY TYPES;
SELF GENERATING(non harvesting) MICROCURRENT DEVICES
i Tourmaline electrode self-driven permanent electrolysis(Kubo
effect), or
■ ii Self micro electricity generating minerals: Acos Terahertz Face
Roller(Kun Sasaki+).
• ■ iii Persistent Current(perpetual current, usually low temp) in Nano
Ring: Mesoscopic quantum phenomena, Quietly mainstream
established but energy generator development research avoided.
Observed in nano ring structure metals in still state is up to 1-2 orders
of magnitude larger(over-unity, in addition to perpetual current
itself!)(KB Efetov+) than any wishful mainstream theory allows to be(Pri
Mohanty+) & it demonstrates unknown time dependent fluctuations,
deemed phase coupling/phase coherence to be critical factor(Mar
Büttiker+). Instantly commercializable Macroscopic Persistent Current
is almost entirely ignored but virtually science approved(C van der Wal,
Hir Koizumi+), Violation of 2nd law?(Čápek, Dan Sheehan+) -->>cont:
36
Self Micro Generators: Contention of Zamboni Pile
• -->>cont: FREE ENERGY TYPES; SELF GENERATING MICROCURRENT
DEVICES:
• iV also Zamboni Pile/Duluc Dry Pile(Battery) of certain set up(eg Oxford
Electric Bell) or what is called Orgone also self-generates ElectroMotive
Force or "self-flows" unlimited microcurrent when layers of different
electric potential matters are pressed together wedged by dielectric
material(electrically neutral/blocks electron flow, but allows
electrostatic/polarize to develop dipole moment) in addition to chemical
type reaction(limited), but perpetual current effect of "iv" is often
pseudoscientized even above i - iii effects are mainstream recognized as
"science legal", also similar "erroneous" over-unity claims were made by
top physicists back when battery was invented(Volta+),
Solar Chimney: Initial high cost, mainstream selectively quoting high
LCOE(Levelized Cost Of Electricity), less electricity produced at night,
many side benefits: Hyperion Energy, Enviromission+, Claims of more
efficient, far less land use versions from pilot tests, Salinity Gradient
Solar Pond: Ormat+, suitable only with low cost land near salt water, tech
& maintenance unstandardized,
37
Emulsion Fuel
• -->>cont: FREE ENERGY TYPES;
WATER MIXTURE TYPES: a Water-Oil emulsion fuel: Massive gap in fuel saving
ability, also depends on type of boiler/engine used for: 1-25%(beyond this % is
"science illegal": see p174-176), Cuts emission(PM 10-80%, NOx/SOx 10-50%),
There is significance as one of few official mainstream instantly large scale
useable "parYal free energy tech" & commercializaYon exist world wide but
remains low key in most naYons: rarely referred even by cleantech media,
minimum public funding for research in West.
Groups of Western Mainstream (WM) business establishment promoted
Emulsion Fuel under "excuse" of emission decrease(with no reference to fuel
saving) in 2001-2003. Some are sYll offered(Lubrizol PuriNOx, Pirelli Gecam,
Total Aquazole +), while others withdrew(Shell, BP, Chevron). At mainstream
exposure discussion, hygroscopic fuel's(diesel, biofuel) water mix problem
soluYon is offered by water dispersant/water emulsifying addiYves(Rolling Big
Power RBP-80001, Hot Shot’s Secret, FPPF, Central Illinois Manufacturing -
HydroBurn, XDP Diesel Power Plus+) that include increased fuel efficiency of 3-
10% range, but they are lobbied against by united mainstream groups(car &
engine manufacturers) as bad for engine etc, while existence of larger
magnitude of full emulsion fuel cost saving remains en3rely avoided topic. --
>>con3nues as fuel saving purpose emulsion next page:
38
Science-Accepted: 32: Emulsion Fuel II
• -->>cont: FREE ENERGY TYPES; Water mixture: a Water-Oil emulsion fuel:
• A few companies serving world wide mainly for diesel but some also gasoline
market: ◆Europe (Eco Energy Holding AS, IncBio, E•Fuel SA, Toeps
innovation+), ◆ North America(Nonox, Fierce Fuel Systems, Next Alternative
Inc+), ◆Japan (AIT Emulsion, NanoFuel co+),
• ◆ Operations in Russia openly serve mainstream(Теплоэнергоремонт-
Москва, Vodmazut Раптех, «Энергосберегающие технологии» «ЭСТ» -
est-m.ru, МЕССКА - messka.ru+), ◆ Middle East(4C Technologies+),
◆ India(Creatnet Technology Pvt +), ◆South Korea is unique amongst Western
allies to openly focus at government level(CoxOil kr, Green Hitech kr, Sampower
kr+), ◆Other Asia (Solar Emulsi PT Pertamina, Singapore Emulsion Fuel+),
◆China is mainly served by own state company inhouse & Taiwanese
companies(Comaxima Eco-Green Technology, Shine Bond
+),
• Sector Base: Finally mainstream maritime industry open debut by European back
up: Quadrise MSAR, in Asia: Monohakobi. Tech Variations: Biofuel
Emulsion(Gruppo Forini+), Works down to -30°C storage(SulNOx Fuel Fusions),
->>cont:
39
Coal-Water Slurry, History
• -->>cont: FREE ENERGY TYPES; Water mixture types: a Water-Oil
emulsion fuel:
• Equipment can be expensive & actual cost saving is o6en from "on par"
to "much less" compared to best performing magne<c flowing fuel
treatment device, or high Far InfraRed or Torsion Wave emiEng device
wrapped around fuel line with 5-15% saving range(this is intensely
pseudoscien<zed at media level & superficial science level),(p154,155)
b Coal-Water Slurry(CWS): 30-50% H2O(also note regular coal itself may
contain high water content), Historically competed against oil seriously
then "lost" along with plant alcohol fuels(US Prohibi<on), electric
cars/hydrogen cars(all 1880s-1930s), Has most significant short term
poten2al as par2al “free energy” tech. At boiler/gasifica<on, thermal
efficiency is coal+20% while fuel vol itself increases, storage &
transferability made easier as liquid fuel, Lower emission(CO2, NOx, SOx)
than Diesel fuel boiler, Can u<lize unrecovered fine coal, or coal
sludge/tailing, to turn environmental hazard into revenue fuel product.
40
Coal-Water Slurry, History: Low Cost & Too Much Of It
• -->>cont: FREE ENERGY TYPES; ■ Water mixture types: ■b Coal-Water
Slurry(CWS):
• With its mainstream approved status, this almost forgotten low tech can exert
enormous influence on shorter term energy market, climate change carbon
reduction targeting & geo-econo-political situation: largely dormant massive
coal reserve evenly distributed world wide can be made into diesel equivalent
with 1/2-1/4 of cost to destroy “fossil fuel” supply shortage, liquid fuel market
price, & existing crude oil refining/sorting system. Potential to replace entire
diesel/heavy oil supply exists if modified special engine type(no nozzle wearing
etc) is introduced(eg Micronised Refined Carbons(MRC) consuming DICE: Direct
Injection Carbon Engine: US gov't backed program(also GE, GM etc
participation) between 1970s-2000s, recently Australia [CSIRO & many
Australian coal companies])
US: Unsuccessful gov't participated movement to promote CWS to replace
majority of higher priced imported oil in 1980s. Also clean coal burning
IGCC(Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) power plants in US are using coal
water slurry for boiler feeding (wet feed gasification to produce extra H2)(CB&I
E-Gas, Texaco-GE) though almost never publicly reported. Regular fuel use US
CWS system installer:(ecoTECH Energy, AuraSource Inc+)
41
Coal-Water Slurry II, China
• -->>cont: FREE ENERGY TYPES; Water mixture types: b Coal-Water Slurry(CWS):
China: is tech leader & CWS is high profile tech na6onwide led by state companies:
( - China Coal Technology & Engineering Group Corp,
Shangdong Energy Group, Yuankuang Group -
Slurry GasificaAon and Coal Chemical Engineering
Research, - Zjxianchuang,
GCPMC, jf NAIC+), Low grade coal focus: High moisture content lignite
slurry( - : Yulin
Western Coal Technology Research Centre+), Low grade fine ground coal mix for
emission reduc6on focus( cctegce+), Taiwan
(Neofuel tw). Also China leads to Hydrothermal combus6on of coal(SuperCri6cal
water).
Russia & ex-Soviet: Rela6vely ac6ve use(Амальтеа-Сервис vodougol, КОТЭС
Cotes-Group+): Rather surprising US controlled Ukraine gov't has declared CWS as
na6onal energy priority with Chinese financial back up(Ukrheat+).
42
Coal-Water Slurry III, Bacteria, Atmos Clock etc
• -->>cont: Coal Water Slurry:
Rest of world: CWS is overall even lower profile commercialization than
emulsion fuel with very small # of players considering its science legal
status(EET CWS, JGC, Kawasaki Heavy, Cynergi Holding SA+), Often small one-
man show type operation or main business is other engineering(Advanced Coal
Water Slurry Technologies, LeMar LLC, KEM-jp.com+).
Its very disruptive nature of abundant energy, scientifically admitted status can
be one of the reasons why CWS and Emulsion fuel are both not highlighted by
major Western environmental NGOs & mainstream entities.
Atmos clock+(C Drebbel+), use of self oscillating Torsion pendulum - Electro-
mechanical transducer, ambience change, can combine with Foucalt pendulum
element, Bacteria generator; Self-Charge Electrochemical Bio-capacitor
(Pankratov+), Microbial Fuel Cell(MFC)(Cambrian Innovation, Emefcy EBR +) or
its “overunity” electrolysis (Microbial Electrolysis Cell - MEC), 1-2$ range
material based DIY self producing no running water "moist soil based" MFC for
3rd world villages(Aiden Lab), Magnetotactic Bacteria based types etc.,
”Levitron”type, or ”Drinking Bird” generator,
43
Hydrodynamic Cavitation, Blue Energy, Nano device
Hydrodynamic heater(TEKMASH, CT Systems+), (also see p167: G Ivanenko,
Bespalko+), inconsistent “Self running” ability but happens oFen, valid mainstream
science unGl it becomes overunity, Temperature based volume changing ultra
sensiGve Phase Change Material (PCM) driven Hydraulic Motor: SOLO-TREC(J Jones &
Y Chao),
Atomic/Nanogenerators, 24hr Infrared Solar(Hong Liu, Dale CoZer+): (SSR: sprit ring
resonator like structure), ParGculates(Da Yurth+), Atomic Hydrogen
Welding(Langmuir), NegaGve electrical resistance carbon fibre(De Chung+),
Blue Energy Some “free energy tech” usually costs more than exisGng system such
as Blue Energy: Reversed electrodialysis, Pressure Retarded Osmosis(PRO)/OsmoGc
power, HydrocraGc ocean energy. ExcepGon eg: Combined low pressure high flow
desalina4on with addi4onally electricity generated by removing ions from seawater
with Molybdenum Disulfide(MoS2) nanofilter(Nar Aluru+):30-50+% electricity cost
saving.
• But further efficient if osmoGc pressure is used(Moh Heiranian+) : can become
efficient free energy generator while making drinking water from ocean(not officially
demonstrated). Also pure power generaGon-wise, CapaciGve (mix) energy extracGon
by Double Layer Expansion(CDLE)(Br Logan+), or by Donnan PotenGal(CDP), and Two
stage PRO(Wei He+) might become super low cost in future
44
Science-Accepted Past Grid Parity Tech 1: Engine
• SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER COST TYPES: i.e. beyond grid parity if commercialized as
electricity generation, often same treatment as inventors' ”free energy”(p148-
182); many stopped researches, stay microscale, suddenly retracted without
explanation, some suspected internal only corporate use,
• Selective, under-exaggerated, outdated data for efficiency & cost performance
in mainstream reporting contradicts manufacturer or academic/field-lab
data(particularly in fast advancing tech like Wind/Ocean energy or
semiconductor related Solar cell & solid state devices as well as MEMS, etc, But
again now emerging commercialized exceptions exist,
Non UV H2 Photolysis from water by Sn3O4(H Abe+), many other “artificial
photosynthesis”s,
50-200%+ increased efficiency engines(Myers, Ogle, Covey, Pogue, Castellini,
Brandt, La Force, Hatton, Caggiano, Belland, Purushottam Pipaliya, Holland, Ch
Brown, Fish+) by cam timing, spark plug, carburetor, vaporized gas etc: all
reported repeatedly on local papers till 1990s). Specific angled screen in
carburetor “accidentally” improved 50% mileage in 1960s(Ford), but model was
soon “recalled to correct it back” to factory spec(Pantone+). -->>cont:
45
Science-Accepted Past Grid Parity Tech 2: Engine
• —>> cont: SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER COST TYPES(& Grid Parity): 50-200%+
increased efficiency engines:
• Pneumatic engine(“science illegal” version, p166-170): Peugeot 208 Hybrid
Air(40km/litre, 94mpg), Tata & MDI-lu(Negre), both being shelved, Some non
electric Japanese cars mostly sold only in Japan(35km+/l), Volkswagen
XL1(100km/l, 250 test units only) & discontinued Lupo(35km/l). In1920s
mainstream predicted 80mpg norm with test cars performing
100mpg+(Byron Wine, Al Wallace, Bru McBurney+). Electric car as of 2016 is
already close to one-third of gas mileage cost of equiv smaller vehicles in
most locations, and likely to decline further relatively rapidly(eg: use of super
low cost solar etc) & at military level large electric transport trucks are only
slightly lower mileage cost but much faster acceleration and low noise. Now
available 95% efficient Shinsei Electrostatic Motor,
Regenerative Shock Absorber normally brings negligible 5% range car
mileage efficiency(eg ClearMotion, hydraulic motor runs to generate power)
but in certain specific electrical energy needs application it could bring
substantial saving.
46
Science-Accepted Past Grid Parity Tech 3: ED Tether, PCM
• —>> cont: SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER COST TYPES(& Grid Parity):
ElectroDynamic Tether/Asymmetrical Electrostatic: It is free energy, but
mainstream sanctioned idea as only limited use in space environment as lowest
cost tech(long conducting wire[mainly 500m plus for large power but works
from 1m] moves along earth magnetic field etc to generate electricity), Can be
used to replace fuel with free electricity for low orbit satellites and even ultra
high elevation flight if air craft propulsion re-configuration is made(plasma, ion
thrust etc) with high elevation cruising(BE Gilchrist, Jam McCanney+)/(Boeing -
Tether Unlimited). But actually generates full time "free energy" on earth
surface: by likely triggering imbalanced static electricity to flow, Works at on-
ground still-earth vertical environment with graphene/nanocarbon
use(IonPowerGroup.com+), or Use of Electret's Asymmetrical Electrostatic Force
to generate perpetual small electricity(Katsuo Sakai+)
Super efficient Phase Change Material(PCM) for housing: to release or absorb
heat at preset temperature: BioPCM, DuPont Energain, PCM injected wood:
Enertia Home, Combine PCM with Vacuum Insulation Panels(VIP) to provide
certain packages/boxes perpetual free cooling or heating depends on outside
temperature transition: va-Q-tec AG+, Also see PCM water electrical
generator(p64: e),
47
Science-Accepted Past Grid Parity Tech 4: NanoCavity
LED, Ammonia from air & water, H2O2 etc
• —>> cont: SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER COST TYPES :
In a way "Increase light" of LED by NanoCavity structure(Lamda LUX -
Metamaterial Technologies Inc+), this is applicable to solar also,
Micro-Nano Porous antibacterial, anticorrosion high adhesion Paint with
significant heat insulating water based paint can induce game changing overall cost
saving (Nansulate - Industrial Nanotech - INI World Wide+): but some of this
company type is apparently holding back from adding further disruptive
thermoelectric paint capability?
Portable ammonia maker from H2O+air by compression cycle etc for engines(J
Fleming), Super high concentration (H2O2)Hydrogen Peroxide: low cost
sustainable clean fuel for commercial planes, can be made/separated/accumulated
by water electrolysis/plasma discharge/photocatalysis etc from natural water and air
(General Kinetics+), but had met massive selective distorted danger info & storage
impossibility exaggeration from mainstream groups
(N2H4)Hydrazine Fuel Cell: small, no precious metal, easy high power
fuel(Daihatsu co), Aluminium Air Battery:1700km+ run range 100kg weight for
electric cars(Phinergy), Graphene Battery: 600km range battery charged in
10mins(Fisker - Nanotech Energy Inc), Flow Battery: 1000km range(NanoFlowcell
AG: La Vecchia): but is there a possibility their use of ionic liquid is a euphemism for
regular Salt water?
48
Past Grid Parity Tech 5: Galvanic Water Cell, Thorium +
Galvanic Reaction Salt Water Cell: (Hydra Light+)Very slow reaction design,
Currently for small phone charge type power level, about 1/30-50th cost of
regular 2A battery, with consistent voltage and current,
Thorium Reactor:US in 70s, Uranium took over, nuclear plant use, far less
radiation, re-starting (India, Russia, China, US, Norway, Israel+),
portable(Dratch+),
Biofuel(Ethanol) from cellulose only(inedible plant, grass straw, tree
branches, broken trees etc), Some produce with <1/2 cost of retail petrol of
high fuel price nation(Kawasaki Heavy - within 2weeks of intending
commercialization, key board members + CEO fired, and project shelved),
others also announced tech success without commercialization intention since
2006(Taisei Kensetsu & Sapporo Beer, Honda+), as often happens in Japan,
small sector limited domestic only or 3rd world use intention seems
allowed?(Kita-Akita city forestry coop, Sumitomo Forestry, Mitsui Zosen+): But
stagnant commercialization situation started to change world wide since
around 2014(see Biomass: p106-108)
49
Science-Accepted Past Grid Parity Tech 6: Coal to fuel,
DCFC, Geothermal etc
Coal based Gas/Oil/Direct power: Natural gas like CENfuel(Lloyd &
Turner ) & Low Temp Coal Carbonization: LTC, Rexco(Karrick), Improved
Bergius method, Micro active at Sasol+, Similar Lurgi process active in
China(70+ plants), EM wave/Ultrasonic use(M Kawabata+), Low fume DCFC
(Direct Carbon Fuel Cell, DEHPL+) mechanics avail since 1890s(W Jacques+),
A few of IGCC (Integrated coal Gasification Combined Cycle, usually said to
be more expensive than regular coal combustion, but high efficiency low
cost data can be hidden by high startup cost etc): more on gasification,
Super high density Enzymatic fuel cell(YH Percival Zhang)
Certain customized Geothermal heating: Heat Pump, Gradient Energy
Harvesting etc: e.g. Discarded oil well-mine EGS(Sologen), Downhole heat
exchanger use, 300m deep closed loop in high heat area useable even
without heat pump cost etc, Also much lower cost Hydrothermal Spallation
drilling, but quickly "went out of business"(Potter Drilling):
50
Past Grid Parity Tech 7: OTEC, Hydrothermal Vent +
Cooling use OTEC(Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) near some water
areas(Sea Water Air Conditioning)(Makai, Bluerise nl+), In some super high
cost power small island OTEC becomes lowest energy cost by improved Kalina
Cycle(Xenesys), PCM used OTEC engine,
Betavoltaics types: Tritium Light or Battery(P Brown+), Zinc sulfide or
Radium Paint + Solar Cell, Optoelectric Nuclear Battery(Kurcharov Inst+),
Radioisotope Generator(NASA+): mininuclear heat converted to electricity by
thermoelectric device. Hydrothermal vent power extraction: large scale
indicated by test success, Orimulsion: Water(30%) emulsified bitumen by
Venezuelan state corp: broke "taboo" of not making bitumen emulsion for
road pavement/sealant use
Exotic configurations: Limited to pilot success;
Advanced Compressed air energy storage by additional full recovery of
both Heat compressed & Cold air released, Pneumatic engine(Negre+,
“illegal” version: p166-170), Magnetic Energy Recovery Switch (Shimada+):
“legal back EMF(electromotive force)”, Water-carbon rod low powered
electric arc gas: AquaFuel(H Eldridge, W Richardson, Rug Santilli),
51
Science-Accepted Past Grid Parity Tech 8:
Perpetual Hydrogen
Aluminium based Hydrogen Production methods :Aluminium based metal alloy
& water “Hydrogen fuel cell” lab results as all similar mechanics but mostly
uncommercialized. Physics wise undeniable natural effects- eg:
• i Slow oxidizing low cost focused alloy pellets(B Froats),
ii Rapid shock cooling-heating as catalyst to “crack” oxidized film of nano
aluminium particles to reactivate(Dynamix-Muroran univ: Mas Watanabe+)+,
• iii Use of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) as catalyst(not consumed) to prevent/delay
aluminium oxidation (Hy-Energy: Erl Andersen)+, iv Undisclosed catalyst
accelerates pitting of aluminum powder surface to prevent/delay
passivation(AlumiFuel: Jas Anand+), v Chloride ion use pitting to dissolve oxidized
film(Hydergy India: AVK Reddy+),
• vi Aluminium alloy with gallium/lithium etc which prevents/slows oxidized layer
from fully covering aluminum(HydroAlumina: Ge Woodall, Chemalloy: Freedman+),
vii CatalyticCarbon and aluminum in 80°C hot water + DC pulse(not electrolysis) to
prevent almost all aluminium oxidation, this on-board generator makes
110L/minute of H2, low quality-dirty-sea water ok(Phillips Company 4T: Haw
Phillips)
52
Perpetual Hydrogen II, Heat Recovery
• —>> cont: SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER COST TYPES : Hydrogen Production:
Non aluminium based Hydrogen: i Cavitation(Cavitation Energy Systems),
ii Electrohydraulic effect(H2 Energy Renaissance):
electrohydraulics/shockwave/cavitation methods are rarely looked by academic
level but effect is undeniable(Sop Burjanadze, Tak Sato & Mas Oizumi+),
iii Nanoparticle coated H2O electrolysis (Dopp+), iv Ultrasonic H2 generation from
water with non-oxidizing nanocrystal: ZnO fibers + BaTiO3 dendrites (Xiaochun Li),
v Various metal catalyst: eg Molecular Molybdenum Persulfide catalyst H2
dissociation from water(JR long+), vi PhotoCatalytic(Dav Milstein+), vii 84%
efficiency pure water Electrolysis by Cathode 35Mpa high pressure Solid Polymer
Electrolyte use, fluctuating power input workable like wind power(Honda R&D),
HEAT RECOVERY: unless otherwise stated generally 100-1000°C temp difference
is used - often which power generation is proportional to. Also leads to emission
reduction: part of mainstream focus in many - particularly Western nations, while
almost ignored in some others:
• ▀▀1. Kinetic Power Generators based Industrial HEAT RECOVERY as Electricity:
Often as industrial CHP(Combined Heat & Power), or Combined Cycle at power
generator: common installation in at least as new system in Chemical, Pulp &
Paper, Wood, Petroleum Refining, Metal, Gas turbine/Nuclear power generation
industries, use of Regular •a-d : 53
Heat Recovery(H.R.) HRSG
• —>> cont: SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER TYPES: HEAT RECOVERY: ▀▀1. Kinetic Power
Generators based Industrial HEAT RECOVERY as Electricity:
• •a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)(Nooter/Eriksen, Alstom, GE +) most
large mainstream industrial conglomerate types offer as first round of heat recovery
as Combined Cycle with 10-20% range additional electrical recovery(of original
electrical conversion % ratio).
• Once Through Steam Generator(OTSG): obviates drum to increase efficiency &
control(Innovative Steam Technologies+). Also low grade heat primary or
secondary recovery process of HRSG "left over" heat by conventional Organic
Rankine Cycle(ORC- use of low boiling temp stronger turbine power organic
compound medium instead of water) generally used from 80°C+ (INTEK GMK
GmbH, Turboden, Triogen BV+).
• But there are significant differentiation in suitability and performance gap for this
mature tech. With (further) 2-10%+ electrical gain, or 70-95C previously discarded
water or hot spring water can produce power by 20-70kw potential
module(Ishikawajima Harima, Electratherm+): optimization focus(Granite Power
Granex+), on board ocean freight power generator from diesel engine heat(Opcon
Energy System+), -->>cont:
54
H.R. II More Than Organic Rankine Cycle %
• —>> cont: SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER TYPES: ▀▀1. Kinetic Power Generators based
Industrial HEAT RECOVERY as Electricity: •a Heat Recovery Steam Generator
(HRSG):
• But some specialists(2G Energy AG+) might improve/replace ORC/steam RC process
with less often used Radial Flow Organic Rankine(Exergy SpA, Cryostar SAS +),
Axial & radial mix turbine(Aqylon+).
• Often, not always, substantial yield improvement is made by following: Kalina
Cycle(ammonia & water mix medium)(Kalina Power - Enhanced Systems
Technologies - Global Geothermal), or more specialized use customizable its 2nd
generation(Kalex Systems), or similar OTEC purpose Uehara Cycle(Xenesys -
),
• Others: ORC with Rotary Heat Engine works from 25 vs 40°C temp difference
(Davinci-mode jp), Trilateral Flash Cycle(TFC)(Ian Smith+), CO2 SuperCritical
Brayton(no phase change)(Net Power LLC, Sandia NL+) or CO2 SuperCritical
Rankine Cycle(phase change at 31°C)(Echogen Power Systems+) etc. Possible to
generate DC electricity when closed CO2 flow is placed near certain dielectric(?)
material from triboelectric effect(Infinity Turbine): similar to already known but not
commercialized ORC + Liquid Metal MHD effect. -->>cont:
55
Science-Accepted Past Grid Parity Tech 12: Heat
Recovery III S<rling etc
• —>> cont: SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER TYPES: ▀▀1. Kinetic Power
Generators based HEAT RECOVERY as Electricity:
• •b Stirling Engine(Qnergy - Ricor Cryogenic, Microgen Engine+) heat
recovery efficiency significantly differs depends on company from 10-
30%(Free Piston type is higher), remote equipment operation(Stirling
Technology Inc RemoteGen+), also efficient cooling(Twinbird jp,
Sunpower Inc+). Can be offered as residential fuel cell type set up by
feeding gas/oil: Micro CHP, •c Deluge Engine(Hageman) runs from
30°C diff, •d Others: thermo-responsive material and Osmotic power
use Osmoblue(E Dahan+)works from 30°C temp difference,
• ▀▀2. Mainly Solid State Harvesting device: & similar Industrial HEAT
RECOVERY as Electricity, lower cost than gas turbine/combustion
engines or steam generators(J Fairbanks+) in certain situations, device
efficiency indicated in following "•a-l" is deemed highest possible
figure unless otherwise stated. In some cases general operating rate
can be much lower: -->>cont:
56
H.R. IV Thermo-Electric
• —>> cont: ▀▀2. Mainly Solid State Harvesting device :based industrial HEAT
RECOVERY as Industrial HEAT RECOVERY as Electricity:
• •a Thermoelectric/Seebeck-Pelletier effect: Thermoelectric heat pump using n & p
type semi conductors, it uses temperature gap between one end to the other to
generate power. Used in Soviets since 1940s, in West for military/space after '60s,
western mainstream use of conventional models. Actually 5kw range generator
was claimed with operating efficiency of 10% for commercialization before yr2000
but retracted(Jade Mountain), Often on lower temperature range 50-600°C, some
are max 300°C level use.
• But much higher performance seems to exist by use of carbon nanotube or nano
structure etc though unclear if those super efficient models are openly marketed:
Evident Thermo, [acquired GMZ tech which claimed max 43% efficiency],
Komatsu/KELK’s 40% rating, Japanese peers Likely slightly lower(Yamaha,
Toshiba+), max 20% possible at 300°C range(AEInnova+), suspected similar level(O-
flexx+). Alkali-Metal Thermal-to-Electric Converter (AMTEC)by C-TEC Nano
Conversion at least 20% range, 15% range(Je Snyder+), Reverse Spin Hall - Spin
Seebeck Effect use: wrappable plastic like spin current generator at least 10times
conventional efficiency with much lower production cost(Nippon Denki+), -->>cont:
57
Past Grid Parity Tech 14: H.R. V Thermo-Electric 2
• —>> cont: ▀▀2. Mainly Solid State Harvesting device based industrial HEAT
RECOVERY as Industrial HEAT RECOVERY as Electricity: •a Thermoelectric
(TE):
• Though other solid state devices are generally 20%+ as std model, including
sterling engine, TE's ease of use and super compactness is often advantage.
And even supposedly conventional 2-8+% operating efficiency device can
generate at least up to 1KW range in many cases and space saving energy
recovery with success track record.
• Often specific efficiency is not disclosed, some might have much higher rate.
Large # of companies offer TE devices(Romny Scientific, Melcor, TECTEG,
Gentherm, Экоген Ecogen, RGS Development Thermagy+), Some are High
temperature(600°C+) capability focus for generally higher efficiency aim, Run
high power requirement meters & switches(НПП Квант+),
• Steam heat use(Kryotherm+), 1KWh range generation from large truck diesel
engine exhaust is possible(Hi-Z Technology+), Flue exhaust or flare heat from
chimney(Alphabet Energy+), Electricity from heated tire(Goodyear BH03).
Yet there are same 2%+ efficiency range thermoelectric paint available for a
long time that has been ignored by mainstream till quite recently(UNIST
Korea, Ashutosh Tiwari+) -->>cont:
58
H.R. VI Thermo-Electric 3: Efficient Coolers
• —>> cont: ▀▀2. Mainly Solid State Harvesting device based industrial HEAT
RECOVERY as Industrial HEAT RECOVERY as Electricity: •a Thermoelectric (TE):
• 50-150°C workable wrap-around style sheet of carbon nanotube + plastic(Sekisui
Chemical+), Low temp 60-100°C hot spring water flow placed next to 5-15°C cold
spring water wedging thermoelectric sheet to generate power for >0.5kwh use per 3-
4 pairs of water pipe with cold-hot reverse flow(water pipe is 5-10cm diameter, with
latest commercially avail technology): a few dozen of projects exists in Japan. 5 x 20
x15cm size heatpipe used forked device emit 15w with 70-80C difference if device
recovers with 3-5% efficiency(Yos Takefuji: Ai-Cynap).
• Cost effective cooling(Aisin - Toyota, Z-max jp+), 2-3 times more efficient than
conventional Thermoelectric cooler(Phononic), or 10times(NanoFreeze Technologies
Lund AB): Some have potential to replace majority of existing type refrigerators by
much lower cost.
• Note Pelletier cooling has also precise temp control, no maintenance & far longer
lasting, soundless operation compared to conventional compression refrigeration.
Engine heat recovery to save air conditioning etc of 5% fuel mileage saving
overall(VolksWagen+) Also space commercialization etc of Radio Isotope
Thermoelectric generation exists but generally has beyond harmful level radioactivity
emitted in near field,
59
H.R. VII Thermo-Electric 4: Stove Top Air Convector
• —>> cont: ▀▀2. Mainly Solid State Harves1ng device based industrial HEAT
RECOVERY as Industrial HEAT RECOVERY as Electricity: •a Thermoelectric (TE):
• Self genera*ng electricity from heat to fan the woodstove chamber to save 30-
50% of regular wood cooking fuel and eliminate most of smoke in 3rd world
use(Philips Domes*c Appliances and Personal Care BV: van der Sluis), or
addi*onally it charges baIery for portable small cooker(BioLite Energy+).
• Free standing type woodstove fan is widely available: If 2 or more combined
use of high power low temp ac*va*on types in certain room shape or air flow
configura*on it can save 15-30% hea*ng cost but most come with low Curie
temperature(loses effect of thermoelectric) at 300°C range(SmartFan ie,
Valiant Accessories+).
• Generally more powerful sterling engine type fan(some also direc*onally
rotates) saves more though star*ng temperature is high(Valcan Stove Fan,
Warpfive Stove Fan), Campfire cook stove phone charging(JikoPower+)
60
H.R. VIII Thermo-Galvanic etc.
• —>> cont: ▀▀2. Mainly Solid State Harvesting device based industrial
HEAT RECOVERY
• •b ThermoGalvanic Cell/ThermoElectric Cell/ThermoCell(DIFFERENT
FROM Solid State ThermoElectric device): This is not semiconductor but
made of electrodes and liquid electrolyte(redox ion) to function as enclosed
thermoelectric device by temperature dif between electrodes within cell,
also there is time lag in effects to use as battery without no heat input for
short time.
• Basically works permanently as long as there is temp difference. Low key
image & mostly forgotten since 1980s but now some seem to show similar
significant effectiveness as best performing Solid Thermoelectric cell at
50-200°C low temp range(ATC - Australian Research Council[Ted Abraham],
Tsukuba Univ[Kobayashi & Moritomo et al]), New much thinner flat Carbon
Nanotube CNT use(Renchong Hu+), CNT & Aerogel-Based
ThermoElectrochemical Cell(Yong Hyup Kim +) -->>cont:
61
H.R. IX Thermo-Magne@c etc.
• —>> cont: ▀▀2. Mainly Solid Harvester based Industrial HEAT RECOVERY
as Electricity:
• •c "MagnetoThermoElectric", Thermo Magnetic Motor, Curie Engine etc:
At least two of following three combined energy generation mechanics are
used:
• @1 Ferromagnetic material(become magnet when gets close to it and
retain magnet state somewhat even after removed[hysteresis]) "motor" is
placed between heated magnetic and cold heat sink, and it oscillates back
and forth by thermal demagnetization at Curie temperature on heated
magnetic side and re-magnetization inducing cold sink side: this vibration
between heating and cooling states are recovered as electricity via piezo
effect or/and electromagnetic induction for micro devices.
@2 Losing and gaining magnetic field in time-variant oscillating manner is
used to generate electricity.
• Also for rotating motor type: @3 Kinetic rotation motion is converted to
power.
62
H.R. X Thermo Magnetic, Thermionic,
• —>> cont: ▀▀2. Mainly Solid Harvester based Industrial HEAT RECOVERY as
Electricity: •c "MagnetoThermoElectric", Thermo Magnetic Motor:
• Despite some mainstream media and "science blog" debunking, recent
academic documents and other witnesses indicate this is also one of highest
efficiency amongst mainstream confirmed heat recovery tech, also can be
good combo with solar energy for heat recovery(Prime Photonics+). Water
based 20°C temp difference workable system(Swiss Blue Energy AG),
• Opportunity to synergize further for even higher efficiency with Pyroelectric
effect(produce electricity from rapid temperature change oscillation), and
Shape Memory Alloy/Polymer(heat or magnetic): applicable to micro and
industrial size power generation both.
• •d Thermionic device(electron discharged from one electrode to other as
collector across vacuum when there is temp difference between them), super
high temp use, NASA used 12% efficient device in 1976, 25% range at 1500°C
in 1960s in Soviet block(Orlinov & Stafanov et al), then disappeared from
civilian market. -->>cont:
63
Science-Accepted Past Grid Parity Tech 20: H.R. XI
Thermionic, ThermoDielectric
• —>> cont: ▀▀2. Mainly Solid Harvester based Industrial HEAT RECOVERY
as Electricity: •d Thermionic device:
• But now Carnot limit(max heat energy engine conversion limit: about 37%)
far exceeding(lately this is not necessarily auto pseudo-scientization
treatment) MicroPower Global device exists: ex-ENECO inc,
Sevastyanenko, Kucherov,& Hagelstein: LENR researchers) 40% range? at
250-600°C: Beyond Carnot Limit should be explainable by current
science(Joh Roßnagel+), Single Layer Graphene use would boost 40%+ at
below 700°C(Shi-Jun Liang+),
• •e ThermoDielelectric(Workman-Reynolds) Effect(da Costa Rebeiro, GW
Gross+) usually mild salt dissolved water or liquid matter's phase change
generates charge separation/capacitor function/electricity generation):
Not even close for commercialization.
64
Science-Accepted Past Grid Parity Tech 21: H.R. XII
ThermoDielectric, PyroElectric
Electricity: •e ThermoDielelectric(Workman-Reynolds) Effect:
• One of most ignored mainstream accepted electricity harvesting potential
tech(since 1980s) with more society disruptive potentials like: major power
harvesting from freezing and melting of water & other liquids, or further
backing up charge based weather effect(rather than heat convention or CO2)
combined with electroscavenging + triboelectric effects, & debunked but
commercialized air/vapour ionization based stronger low cost weather control.
For details see water tech presentation[Four Levels of Water Techno...] & look
up "Rain Related Weather Modification”.
• •f Pyro-electric(oscillating temperature to generate electricity), also
nanogenerator for micro device exists(PENG): PyroElectric generator often
requires temperature alternating device to cause rapid temperature
oscillation to activate effect. New mechanics are improving effectiveness: Self
heat-cool alternating polymeric PyroElectric Nanogenerator by water vapor,
without any energy using heat alternating device(Fengxian Gao et al),
65
H.R. XIII Thermo-Acous>c, Unconven>onal Heat Pump
Electricity: f Pyro-electric:
• 30% efficient by MEMS use(Sc Hunter/ORNL+), Nanowire use(Wenxi Guo et. al+)
can be hybridized with piezoelectric generator(Ju-Hyuck Lee+), Heatpipe use for
rapid temperature change transfer to increase efficiency(Dan Zebek+),
• •g ThermoAcoustic(heat is recovered to cause air molecule massive excitation
type standing wave effect in confined space, then create temperature difference
& electricity generation), 300°C max. 20%+ efficiency electricity
conversion(Etalim, Aster Thermoacoustic+), Gas combustion use instead of
existing heat recovery but still comes far ahead of conventional system
cost(Nirvana-es.com), High performance cooling from heat(SoundEnergy BV,
Cool Sound Industries+).
• •h High performance unconventional heat pump: 30% extra energy saver for
various heat movement generally not achievable by other systems: Fisonic
Cavitation(Fisenko). CO2 Heat Pump "EcoCute" for hot water generation: part of
industry or residential standard in some nations/regions(eg Japan) somewhat
less to much less installation in other nations for its 10-20+% more saving in
some situations compared to regular heat pump(Denso, Sanden+), -->>cont:
66
H.R. XIV Unconv. Heat Pump, Thermo PhotoVoltaic
• —>> cont: ▀▀2. Mainly Solid Harvester based Industrial HEAT
RECOVERY as Electricity: •h High performance unconventional heat
pump:
• Claims of COP >8(Mayekawa+): defacto 800+% efficiency. This is one of
several state backed energy related tech promoted in Japan: Some tech
prospered like this while others suddenly disappeared till recently(eg
SuperCritical water). Non toxic CO2(R744) can be also used in similar
way for refrigeration with less restrictions by environmental laws. Pure
cooling without heating combo has been deemed no cost saving over
conventional medium system, but some industrial sized systems are
actually emerging as energy saving TransCritical CO2 Refrigeration Cycle
by unique combination of elements(Carnot Refrigeration+),
• •i Micron-gap ThermoPhotoVoltaics: MTPV corp(DiMatteo+); generally
ignored Near Field TPVs efficiency is upto a magnitude ahead of
mainstream Far Field TPVs, Jx Crystals TPV: Jx Crystals (Fraas) already
measured 35% efficiency in 1989,
67
H.R. XV Thz-FIR Rectenna etc
Electricity:
• •j Ambient EHF(Extreme High Frequency), Thz(Terahertz), FIR(Far InfraRed)
Rectenna (0.1-30Thz) by nano material use: Likely most disruptive science
accepted under-explored heat recovery as EHF-FIR-Thz range EM radiation of
heat harvesting by Frequency Selective Surface(FSS) nanostructures & resonance
amplifying(Redwave Energy, Univ Manchester+): usually focused on industrial
heat <300°C, for industrial size electricity generation with much higher
efficiency than other solid state devices. Also EM overall density is much higher
in this range than lower RF waves, in addition to easier high % harvesting quality.
• Metamaterial(manmade specific geometric pattern) or SRR(Split Ring Resonator
enabled broader band reception should significantly improve efficiency
especially at Extremely High Frequency range harvesting up from 0.001-1Thz
range(Parc Xerox+), But generally 70-80+% conversion range should be possible
& without heat-cooling maintenance concern like thermoelectric In addition,
FIR Rectenna(FIR absorbing Optical Rectenna) technically allows microcurrent
harvesting perpetually 24hrs since everything emits FIR wave at above 0K(-273C).
-->>cont:
68
H.R. XVI Fuel Cell, Paintable Heat Recovery
Electricity:
• •k Some high heat generating Fuel Cells can build in CHP to boost efficiency
past 90%+(heat included) level: ■PAFC(Phosphoric acid): Fuji Electric+,
■MCFC(Molten Carbonate): FuelCell Energy+, ■SOFC(Solid Oxide)Bloom
Energy, Ene Farm/Kyocera - Osaka Gas - Toyota, Sunfire GmbH+, Ene Farm is
for house based unit, its SOFC is at 52% electrical efficiency & produces lower
cost power than retail price and can be sold to grid(Japan only),
■PEMFC(Proton Exchange Membrane): Ene Farm/Panasonic+,
• •l Paintable heat recovery system can significantly benefit: Thermo Diode
Coating(Ne Chernoff) or Spin Seebeck - Reverse Spin Hall Effect Paint: Surface
plasmon effect use dielectric material's spin current generator, & use of
magnon + phonon resonance would further improve efficiency(Ei Saito),
Ultrasonic spray coating hetrojunction Perovskite solar cell of 11% efficiency(AT
Barrows+), Also ferroelectric Perovskite's multi-energy response ability hasn't
been explored(Solar-PyroElectric-PiezoElectric): eg KBNNO. ->>cont:
69
Science-Accepted Past Grid Parity Tech 26: H.R.
XVII MHD, Condensing Scrubber
Electricity:
• •m MHD & Faraday effect applica2on: Electrical genera2on increases if high
temp electro-conduc2ve waste heat exhaust or hot molten salt like flow is
passed by MHD device prior to exis2ng system extrac2on. Self powered
Magne1c Flow Meter by opposing magnets separate charges in conduc1ve
water & picked up by opposed electrodes to cause electron flow(OMEGA
Engineering+), but this industrial level poten2al energy harves2ng tech is
mostly ignored by mainstream.
• ▀▀3. Heat Recovery as HEAT, can save indicated % of en1re related hea1ng
system: •a Condensing Scrubber: Direct contact heat of exhaust fume to
water with possible 5-15% range extra saving(while cleaning air) compared
to convenFonal heat recovery from the same source. Savings can exceed
30%+ compared to no ac2on at all(Babcock & Wilcox, Bionomic Industries
QSense, Valmet+). Use of heat pump amplifies saving(Condens Heat
Recovery Oy, Caligo Industries+), most significant consistent mainstream use
in some Nordic na2ons. ->>cont:
linkedin.com/in/newnatureparadigm -Ben Rusuisiak: Specialty Cleantech Analysis, Vancouver, Canada70
Science-Accepted Past Grid Parity Tech 27: H.R.
XVIII Turbine Inlet Air Cooling, Steam Trap
• —>> cont: ▀▀3. Heat Recovery as HEAT, can save indicated % of entire
related heating system:
• •b Turbine Inlet Air Cooling(TIAC) by very fine Air Fogging etc: Increasing
density of air: torque to drive turbine(Gas generator, HVAC fan etc) by
cooling the inlet air temperature by water and evaporation
chilling(Johnson Controls, Araner Cooling+). In some high temp situation
makes 10%+ energy difference even for large generators. Still this basic
system is not installed in many situations.
• •c Venturi-Orifice steam trap: Loss in steam system is often taken for
granted at boiler or industrial systems. But they can save 5-25% of energy,
while additionally eliminating costs for related maintenance or mechanical
systems with fast payback of 0.5-3yrs(Enetrap jp, Thermal Energy
International, Delta Steam Systems, Ingrid Wernicke Industrieservice+).
Similar less degree of saving is possible with commonly available steam
eductor/ejector or venturi auto feeder/mixer.
linkedin.com/in/newnatureparadigm -Ben Rusuisiak: Specialty Cleantech Analysis, Vancouver, Canada71

H.R. XIX CHP, Heat Pipe
• ▀▀3. Heat Recovery as HEAT, can save indicated % of entire related heating system:
• •d CHP: Combined Heat & Power/Cogeneration can more than double efficiency
even with conventional heat recovery tech use, well established in some
nations(Denmark, Finland, Russia, Netherlands+), many ex-soviet & its allies+, while
surprisingly low use in others(Japan, France, Sweden+). Often as centralized District
Heating System, this set up allows all types of new heat recovery like Solar thermal,
biomass to incorporate later on): Also further efficient Combined Cooling, Heat &
Power (CCHP, Trigeneration, use of absorption chiller) when there is also cooling
need,
• •e Heat Pipe application: Low or no maintenance heat pipe(capillary driven liquid-
vapor phase change circulation system with inner side and outer side within a sealed
vessel) is often still underutilized super efficient heat conductor for various
industrial/residential heat energy saving applications (5-1000times of copper)(Aavid
Thermacore, , +) that enables
transfer of heat in recoverable shapes(eg Vapor Chamber to make it possible to use
conventional flat thermoelectric device otherwise unrecoverable, or Heat Pipe to
rapidly transfer heat & coolness to maximize thermoelectric power generation. They
are hard to quantify as % recovery improvement)
72
H.R. XX Heat Pipe 2, Shape Metal Alloy - Nitinol
• ▀▀3. Heat Recovery as HEAT, can save indicated % of entire related heating
system: •e Heat Pipe application:
• Heatpipe is also able to do its secondary recovery heat use etc to save energy up to
40% or more in surprising # of cases if fully exploited from conventional system: eg
HVAC air conditioning, particularly dehumidification(wrap around cooling coil on
cooling and passive reheating) on any scale(Heat Pipe Technology inc, Advanced
Cooling Technologies+). Yet it is notable this is defacto mandatory application in
non energy industries like electronics, specific manufacturing-chemical process,
aerospace etc for effective cooling and heating. Some of more advanced
application like no fan required cooling outperforms fan used cooling in
electronics with no electricity use(eg Calyos SA, Nofan Computer, Compulab
Airtop, Sparton Rugged Electronics+) is not utilized for energy sector
• ▀▀4. Heat Recovery as TORQUE, Shape Memory Alloy(SMA): Nitinol
engine(Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloy, expands when cooled): “Negative
fatigue” temperature shapeshift metal with significant torque, Order of magnitude
increased durability to steel springs, US Navy link(Rid Banks, Sandoval, Ginell,
McNichols, Hochstein, A Johnson+),
73
H.R XXI Shape Metal Alloy - Ni@nol2
• ▀▀4. Heat Recovery as TORQUE, Shape Memory Alloy(SMA): Nitinol engine:
• Due to cooling needs, Nitinol engine is more suitable for small unit based system.
Active movement to commercialize in 1970s but disappeared after. As happens for
some disruptive energy use, Shape Memory Alloy(SMA) is widely used & encouraged
for other non energy applications such as medical, dental, aerospace, robotics,
structural integration etc. Also there is some energy saving element at various
automatic actuation at set temperature etc.
• Can be made simple system to produce energy with much lower cost than existing heat
recovery tech. Less disruptive format mainstream Nitinol based generator
debut(Exergyn), Some private type trials with solar air heating/desorption chamber for
24hr "perpetual free energy system" demonstrations made(Kimton Gravity Engine,
Kellogg's Research Labs, Actment jp+), General Motors(GM) got US gov't grant in 2009
with Dynalloy & HRL Laboratories along with patent for car exhaust heat recovery but
news disappeared.
• Tech effect for power generation suitability is scientifically mainstream recognized but
occasional main media level pseudoscientization effort exists. Shape Memory Polymer
tried for some micro energy harvesting, eg ElectroActive Polymer by wind or
oscillation(TU Delft, Bayer AG+). Also it is notable Nitinol is activatable in much wider
temperature now with -200 to +150C range: eg Fe-Ni-Co-Ti(Daido Univ- Daido Steel -
+).
• SMA can be also almost no electricity use cooling by heat absorbing state under certain
conditions(Seelecke & Schütze +) 74
Science-Accepted “Super Low Cost” (Grid Parity)
Solar <3cents/KWh
• ■ SOLAR: Rapid cost dropping(most competitive LCOE[Levelized Cost Of
Electricity] is on par with std Wind: <3-6cents/KWh), as of 2017, certain
solar electricity generation techs in even in non dessert regions
indicate past grid parity: lowest cost at LIMITED direct sun avail remote
areas, individual house, high cost nations(eg Europe), high day time
cost(eg Japan), or remote islands(eg Vanuatu, Hawaii).
• Already far below grid parity cost in certain dessert
regions(<3cents/KWh, in some cases allegedly approaching 1cent)
(based on bidding price). Fastest advancing major energy tech due to
direct link with microelectronics, computer, semiconductor/PCB(Printed
Circuit Board) manufacturing(metal crystallization control),
spectroscopy, laser-optics, photonics, nanotech, space: many are linked
to inventor “free energy”
75
-Science-Accepted “Super Low Cost” (Grid Parity)
Solar 2 Beyond Shockley-Queisser Equivalent
• Open discussion & ac.ve pursuing of how to “violate” Shockley-Queisser
limit(S-Q limit) & quantum efficiency COP>1, by theore.cal/experimental
level at mainstream academic with corporate/NGO/Gov’t sponsored.
Although academic & socio-economical ramifica.on is much bigger, in
comparison this is a sharp contrasted aQtude towards wind[Betz Limit],
nuclear remedia.on(p361,362) or thermodynamics[2nd law, p194-196],
• And this mainstream handling method of S-Q limit can be
applied/simulated to the way of embracing inventor tech classic level
over-unity electricity/energy extrac.on, as LENR-Cold Fusion gets
officially accepted, but this requires powerful Western interlocked
mainstream sponsor back up which is fractured support at best
currently: excess S-Q is far less disrup.ve for business structure.
• But Direct Solar Heat(solar thermal) applica7on is universally lower
cost in most of the world up to high la.tude Southern Scandinavia or
Middle of Western Canada.
76
Science-Accepted “Super Low Cost”
Solar 3 Beyond S-Q Mainstream Treatment
• Following solar pages list up potential cost reduction ideas, also some
techs are installable as lowest cost energy in some areas (*Note: due to
photovoltaic’s high tech nature, production process, choice of material &
how it is used affect costing much more than most other energy tech but
this report doesn’t cover these elements)
• ■1. Over S-Q limit Single Junction(SJ) Photovoltaic Solar Cell(SC):
Significant number of SJ cell Shockley-Queisser Limit 33% exceeding
efficiency at lab level experimental claims or strong indications/theoretical
ideas discussed at conference without criticism/risking loss of academic
or engineer job, articles pass mainstream journal editorials, and
embraced by influential business/NGO/Gov’t lobbies & funders,
Examples:
• i Light concentrating property Standing Nanowire/NanoPillar/NanoCone
etc (Krogstrup, Fontcuberta i Morral+), ii Solar Thermo-PhotoVoltaic(STPV,
thermal upconversion: absorb heat and re-emit it as extra photon for
capture; Boriskina+)(also see p67 •i) with specific geometric emitter-
absorber combo(Rephaeli+), —>> continue
77
Solar 4 Exciton
• —>> con'nued: ■1. Excess S-Q SJ Solar cell: S-Q limit Single Junc8on:
iii Mul$ple Exciton Genera$on(MEG) by Quantum Dot Solar Cell:(Nozik, Oc
Semonin, Ra Ellingson+): Electron avalanche effect triggering(Br Parkinson, W
Tisdale+), Beyond thermodynamic efficiency limit Electron Carrier
Mul$plica$on?: Tuneable Quantum Dot(also does instant photon capture before
disappears) to make photon disappear into vacuum, then reappear(p347) with
Electron/exciton mul$plying effect: singlet fission effect, “7 excitons at cost of
1”/ Quantum efficiency COP=7(& indica$on on over-unity like actual electricity
yield?), linked to Popula$on Inversion - Self Powering Laser(VI Klimov, RD
Schaller+ : US Gov’t at Center for Advanced Solar Photophysics [CASP]), Similar
replica$on at NREL(H Brody), Outside US(BL Oksengendler+),
• iv Plasmon types: Surface Plasmon Solar Cell(use collec$ve oscilla$on-
resonance of electron) to trap light & increase absorp$on(Mi Burns+), Plasmonic
Photonic Enhanced Solar Cells(Microcon$nuum) Plasmonic enhancement of
Dye Sensi$zed SC: DSSC)(Co Andrei+), Even combine DSSCs + collec$on of high
capacity Triboelectric Nanogenerators(TENG) for human random mo$on
harves$ng + supercapacitors(F-SC) in all fibre shaped mode in clothing(Zhong
Lin Wang), Plasmonic nanostructure with upconverter-doped dielectric core(A
Atre+), —>> con'nue
78
Solar 5 Exciton 2
• —>> con'nued: ■1. Excess S-Q SJ Solar cell :
v Infrared/Teraherz wave Capture(also see next page Metamaterial based solar
cell): Note this tech is already working in other applica5ons but not much
applied to solar energy use due to disrup@veness? 24hr solar(Solterra Solar :
Squires & Jabbour+), Lead selenide nanocrystals to convert Infrared ray to
visible photons for increased capture(Bardeen+), Trap infrared photon to
directly generate electricity(Fr Meseguer+), Infrared capturing nano solar
rectenna(op@cal rectenna) arrays made by atomic layer deposi@on(Br Willis),
Upright nano antenna maximally tuned to specific sun light infrared
frequency(Bar Cola), Similar mechanics(Microcon@nuum, CoolCAD Electronics+)
• vi Others: vi-a Down conversion(split 2x too high energy photons for band-gap
into two lower energy photons to recover both), vi-b Hot Carrier Solar Cell(Le
Bris+): keep low heat transfer from electron to phonon, vi-c Intermediate Band
Solar Cell(Yo Okada+) with “photon ratchet” for extra light recovery,
• vi-d Single Junc@on Tandem Solar cell(Wl Walukiewicz+), Perovskite oxides
photo-ferroelectric material to func@on like Mul@-Junc@on cell(An Rappe+),
vi-e Piezo-phototronics(3way coupling: piezoelectric-semiconductor-
photoexcita@on effects) used for beyond thermodynamics limit?(Zhong Lin
Wang+), —>> con'nue
79
Science-Accepted “Super Low Cost” Solar 6 “Overunity”
• —>> continued: ■1. Excess S-Q SJ Solar cell :
• vi-f Metamaterial Based Solar Cell: controlling/engineering light or
electromagnetic wave absorption characteristic(refractive Index) to cause
resonance state/maximize plasmon for high efficiency, also InfraRed wave
can be absorbed as 24hr solar(Lamda Solar - Metamaterial Technologies
Inc, Dubna Nuclear Institute JINR[ОА Займидорога, ВН Самойлов]):
latter's product has Super high dielectric constant/permittivity capacitor
built in & claims star signal can be adjusted to recover small power with
this Heterogeneous Metamaterial("hetroelectrical capacitor").
• vi-g If cost is low, high performance Solid State Device(scattered in p56-
68) can replace photovoltaics to generate electricity up to 50 times more
than photovoltaics per same area(Ka Matsubara+), vi-h 60-70% level
efficiency Solar MHD lab success by superconducting type
magnet(Concentrating Solar Power Utility Inc+),
80
Science-Accepted “Super Low Cost” Solar 7 “Overunity”
• —>> con'nued: ■1. Excess S-Q SJ Solar cell :
• vi-i "Larger than unity” thermodynamic light efficiencies, when cooling
involved (cold electricity link?[supercurrent “plus”]: p151-153):
Part of mainstream in Soviet-Russia/Ukraine since 1930s(SI Vavilov, YP
Chukova, Yu Slyusarenko+); related to “over unity” an;-stokes excita;on
from la?ce energy(Letokhov+), laser cooling+, ConverQng laRce
vibraQons into infrared photons(Raj Ram+), Solar cell illuminated by
circularly polarized light generates charge/spin currents far more than spin
polarizaQon of carrier density(I ŽuQć, Ja Fabian+), also link to various
photon related Qme dilaQon effect, and torsion field.
• vi-j Quantum efficiency COP >1, Singlet Exciton Fission cell(Congreve, Ma
Böhm+),
• vi-k Infrared & Heat absorbing Iron oxide based Charge Ordering RFeO4
solar cell(Green Ferrite: Na Ikeda) in which electric dipole depends on
electron correlaQons(not covalency, ie controllable by spin?), 24hr power
generaQon, and COP>1 indicaQon, seemed commercial ready but shelved?
81
Solar 8 Infrared/BEC
• —>> continued: ■1. Excess S-Q SJ Solar cell :
vii Heavier on theory: Fill factor(FF, Available power at the maximum point)
modelling shows higher limit for Organic Solar Cell(VA Trukhanov+),
Nanostructured cell limit doesn’t apply(Yunlu Xu+), Combine Upconversion &
MEG(Shpaisman+), Application of Photonic Bose-Einstein condensates(BEC) to
concentrate, amplify, store light etc. Some algae-bacteria’s photon-to-charge
conversion ratio is close to 100%(FH Alharbi+), Solar cell SuperAbsorption of
light(KDB Higgins+), But S-Q limit seems to come from non-empirical data(& new
data after 1960s excluded) & mostly based on 2nd law of thermo-dynamics'
theoretical discourse without substantial data back up(Bolin Liao+), which has
(ignored) contradictions (p194-196) and considered as more of conditional
reference by many even in mainstream level, at least privately.
• ■2. Under S-Q limit? Photovoltaic Solar Cell: but still significant cost reduction
methods, commercialized or prototype lowest cost products, some redundant:
i 25% field efficiency SJ silicon cell(Solvoltaics+), ii Optical Rectification non-
semiconductor cell(Ste Rand+), iii Consolidated solar cell(M Baldo),
iv Low cost thin film/organic solar cell by light trapping: classical limit 15x
exceeding nanophotonic type: by resonance for full absorption (Shanhui Fan+), or
by Fullerene C60(Sunpower C60)/Coherent Population Trapping(CPT),
Electromagnetically Induced Transparency(EIT) link, 82
Solar 9 Thin Film/DSSC
• -->> con'nued- ■2.Under S-Q limit? Solar Cell:
• v Titanium based spray DSSC solar cell is 10% efficiency but cost is <1/5 of
others(Showa Titan, seems shelved), vi Holographic solar cell:(Solar Bankers,
Bifacial added Prism solar cell[G Rosenberg]), vii Nanostructured solar cell:
Increase surface area to trap more light, less recombinaOon- Solar Brush by
Bloo Solar, viii Low cost thin film/DSSC with High outside light low efficiency
but low indoor light high efficiency(20%+): 3G Solar, ix Enhance light
harvesOng by trapping, quantum dot relaOon etc by use of Cavity
QuantumElectrodynamics (Mi Calic+), x Would solar cell applicaOon of
Circular Photogalvanic Effect(circularly polarized light) & Spin Galvanic
Effect(spin polarizaOon) have significant efficiency potenOal(eg at Gyroscopic
Quantum well+)?
• ■3. Concentrated ThermoPhotoVoltaics, Cost uncompeOOveness challenge:
But some might have significant low cost potenOal: eg Morgan Solar(J-P
Morgan), SolarCube(Gr Watson), REhnu(Ro Angel), Other cost lowering
elements eg: Micro-OpOc Solar Concentrator(Ja Karp+), Stretched Lens Array-
SLA light concentrator(M O’Neill)+ --cont ->>
83
Solar 10 TP Voltaic
• —>> continued-■3. Concentrated ThermoPhotoVoltaics:
For efficiency only: Mainstream ignored aerospace targeting Boeing-Spectrolab’s
Multi Junction solar cell CDO-100-C3MJ/C4MJ is average efficiency 38.5/40 % in
2009/10 for terrestrial market, and sells to civilian companies(OEM?), SolAero-
Emcore was 37% in 2007, Hybrid concentrated PV & thermo-acoustic
engine(Northrop Grumman), MicroLink’s specialized dual-junction solar cell works
at 400°C, PhotoElectrowetting/Optofluidics sun tracker by Teledyne, etc. Due to their
space industry sales, there might be classified more robust products. Civilian market
focused companies’ R&D lab efficiency is 45% level in 2016 (Spectrolab linked
Amonix-Arzon Solar, Lattice-Matched solar cell by Solar Junction +), What happens
if Optical Vortex Soliton & Self-Focusing element is applied?
• ■4. Non Std Concentrated Solar Power(CSP), 30%+ field efficiency Dish
Stirling(parabolic), (CSPs drop performance as much as 85-90% at rain or cloudy
weather), lowest cost available solar in sunny area: Rippaso Stirling Hybrid,
Cleanergy, United Sun Systems -all linked to Sweden, Schlaich Bergermann &
Partner -Germany, US Majors participated in 1980s-90s but withdrawn(McDonnell
Douglas, Cummins), No water use, Much less land needs(2.5ha/mw) with Module
based 10-50kw installation, <5cents/KWh range cost is on par with lowest cost by
non mega hydro. ii Solid State Energy Harvesting device: or high efficiency combined
cycle can lower cost than Stirling: eg Photon enhanced thermionic
emission(Melosh), Others(p56-68) 84
Solar 11 CSP
• —>> continued ■ SOLAR:
■ 5. Standard CSP: can be currently <6/KWh, Molten Salt storage type can
supply power almost 24hrs with significantly increased cost(Calcium &
SuperCritical Fluid experimentally lower cost), Ongoing further cost
reduction, eg:
i Skyfuel’s Heliostats by low cost film instead of mirror,
ii UltimateTrough collector by Flabeg Solar, etc,
• ■ 6. Unique niche specific installation solar cell: low efficiency(5-10%) but
attachable/wearable/textile Organic PhotoVoltaics(Samsung, Mitsubishi+)
for convenience, by low cost material/manufacturing: from Hetrojunction,
Dye Sensitized(DSSC) to Perovskite use, Thermoelectric/fibreoptic textile
with 3-5% level(NASA+), Polymer coating on hardsurface to make it a solar
generator(ZeoFRET - Optiacal Additives+), Super high efficiency(beyond S-
Q?) transparent liquid coating on glass or smooth surface material with
less than 1yr ROI(SolarWindow Technologies): also makes flexible solar cell
glassSolar panel charging fan driven wood cooking stove to save 40-60% of
wood & eliminate most of smoke for 3rd world user's comfort(African Clean
Energy+), ->>cont:
85
Solar 12 Solar Thermal, Portable Camper
• —>> continued ■ SOLAR: ■ 6. Unique niche specific installation solar cell:
• Hand portable set of solar panel with battery pack for large TV,
laptop(SolarWay+), even powerdrill, microwave oven useable(Ecoboxx -
SolSave+): becomes by far the lowest cost power in many parts of low
developing nations. This would be disruptive if openly endorsed for
recreational market in advanced nations. 10-80hr solar based LED light
small device with one day charging (Solarbuddy, Waka Waka Light, SunFire
Solutions+)
• ■ 7. Solar thermal/heat: Disruptively low cost, often forgotten, instantly
applicable with 50%+ efficiency with existing tech use, For residential,
commercial, industrial(Industrial Heat Process, at least 60% of electricity is
used to generate) application as co-heat source:
• i Solar Air Heating-cooling, Very scalable, Can be combined with Solar
Thermal Collector: SolarWall(J Hollick)+, Low tech dessert area heating
and cooling by Trombe Wall(M Dabaieh+), Mainstream participation of air
conditioning-cooling by use of heatpump(Lennox SunSource, Tokyo Gas+),
Commercial scale refrigerator(Coolar+),
86
Solar 13 Thermal/CHP
• -->> continued ■ SOLAR: ■ 7. Solar thermal/heat:

• ii Solar water cooling: Ammonia-water absorption based Ice
maker(ISAAC Solar Icemaker+), Solar driven Lithium Bromide
absorption based water refrigerant system ( Yazaki Group+),
• iii Solar thermal by hot water collecting: Enerworks +, Extensive
District Heating system incorporation & heat storage in
Denmark(Marstal), Brædsrup+),
• iv Rare but most efficient(70%+) combined PV & Solar thermal unit type
by hot water recovery while cooled temperature improves PV cell
performance: eg Technique Solar(D Thoroughgood), Solar Angel etc .
Concentrated thermal at 80% efficiency(IBM), Similar concept with
housing construction element added more energy produced than used
home idea can be cost competitive depends on solar panel
costing(Sonnenschiff-PlusEnergy-Heliotrope[R Disch], Övolution, “Sous-
le-Soleil”, ArchiBlox+) -->>cont
87
Solar 14 Thermal/CHP 2
• —>> continued ■ 7. Solar thermal/heat:
v Solar Heat for Industrial Process(SHIP): suitable for low/mid temp needs,
v-a Cooking: Scheffler reflector etc use, pasteurizing, cooking(Tss-India+),
advanced parabolic or vacuum tube use(SunFire Solutions+), solar tracking
system with heat storage tank movable to chosen location of cooking(SUREST
International),
• v-b Various Industrial: washing desalinating, drying, cooling, bleaching(Megawatt
Solutions, Clique Solar ARUN, Trivelli Energi+), higher efficiency Linear Fresnels
used Chromasun Micro-Concentrator, v-c Utility: Gas-steam turbine augmenting
or reduce start up time, Integrated Solar Combined Cycle(ISCC): Yazd Solar
Energy +, v-d Solar Thermal EOR(Enhanced Oil Recovery): Novatec Solar,
GlassPoint+,
• Solar thermal is applicable in std model device to most industries except Metal-
Smelting(high temp system must be custom made) types, Cost justifiable even
when heat storage is needed, Different temp types: Basic Standard Flat Plate
Collector(<80°C)(Apricus+), or Evacuated tube (<100°C), But simple external non-
tracking reflector added 200°C performance is possible(Artic Solar), Often heat
pipe is used for effective/efficient rapid heat transfer, Mid temp system:
Parabolic Trough or Linear Fresnel Collector(<400°C), -->>cont:
88
Solar 15 Thermal/CHP 3, New Mechanics
• —>> continued: ■ 7. Solar thermal/heat:
CSP(<600-800°C), Up to 3500°C system exists but non commercial: Le Four Solaire
d’Odeillo PROMES, produced H2 by non catalyst pure heat from water, Or Большая
солнечная печь in Uzbekistan(lasting 45+yrs; Some CSP system might last much
longer than std rating of 25yrs, also some Photovoltaic cell would last 50yrs+ with
25% less initial capacity: i.e. Cost of certain device can be much lower than publicly
discussed).
• Instead of mirror, Solar Pumped Laser with Fresnel lens using Chromium doped
Nd:YAG (Yttrium aluminium garnet) crystals or variations to increase light absorption
efficiency by a few fold(PD Reusswig+), and using its heat for super efficient solar
hydrogen making (Kaz Imasaki+), added efficiency if seawater's magnesium
generates heat(Tak Yabe+)
• ■ 8. Other fundamentally different mechanics type, Practically untouched by
mainstream, but national labs/space agencies seem to involve, some indication of
“over-unity” solar under right conditions: i Maglev Vertical Axis Mendocino Motor:
V3Solar(C LaDue), Array of AC current producing multiple spinning solar cones with
“mutual counter rotating amplifying effect”?, ii Solar Liquid Power(D Linman),
iii Diffused light workable Superconducting paint(C Bolaños), similar 85% efficiency
steam generating carbon foam(Ha Ghasemi), or Nanosized Quantum Dots based
Photovoltaic Paint(Sus Thon, Ted Sargent+)
89
Science-Accepted “Super Low Cost” Wind 1
• —>> cont: SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER COST TYPES (Grid parity or less):
■ WIND ENERGY, Wide range of under deployed different mechanics/tech
available, extensively tested by labs & smaller scale models to back up claims, even
mini turbines more efficient than larger conventional, but often way past grid
parity: lower cost than all conventional energy tech, only in specific locality and
not universally, but some are <4cents/KWh.
• Following listing includes many commercialization failures/bankruptcies due to
being new: product quality issue & failing to capture “unconventional” wind effect
in half of installed sites, sometimes highlighted as proof of non std wind tech
invalidity in wind energy media or “industry expert” blogs,
• Almost no participation by largest ranking wind power majors, Majority of
following wind tech indicates science illegal performance of Betz limit(59%
efficiency) exceeding up to 4 times(vortex, venturi coanda type effect funnels
“extra wind”, also limit might not apply to non HAWT[Horizontal Axis], etc), hence
frequently called exaggeration/miscalibration, Often a-Fundamentally different
mechanics from conventional wind tech, b-Works with higher & lower wind level,
c-Quieter, d-Very space efficient. e-Reduced or no bird/bat accidents. Some are f-
Specialized in small scale, g-Longer lasting and less maintenance, h-Simpler
mechanics. -->>cont:
90
Super Low Cost Wind 2 VAWT, Blade Varia9on etc
• —>> con'nued: ■ WIND: Alleged beyond science law efficiency wind turbine eg:
i-Involved with aerospace industry (eg DAWT- Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbine,
Delta Wing, Use of mechanics of Sailing directly against wind or faster than wind
speed+), Indicated in Boldface Dark Blue means ac>vely commercialized in
following 1-17
• •1 Advanced VAWT(ver>cal axis wind turbine: Darrius & Savonius combo etc,
material integrity improvement con>nued from past wind farm failures(Yih Ho
Pao+): Turbina VAWT(Mi Tesic), Luethi Wind(M Luethi), Sambrabec Catavent -
ERD qc(Obidniak),
• •2 Large VAWT types: Agile Power(Bahnmüller), Terra Moya(R Taylor), Mass
MegawaGs(Jo Ricker: Mul>-Axis Turbo system & MMW augmenter), New
Millenium Wind(Drew Thacker, high profile with contracts- suddenly retracted),
Wind Harvest InternaKonal(B Thomas), •3 Maglev VAWT by Senzhen TYPMAR,
Regenedyne(Choi & Jenkins), Mag-Wind(Rowan, later called fraud, some>mes
happens when inventor type free energy tech is commercialized p183-187),
•4 ”Unconven>onal rota>on” type: Windpods (A\ey),
• •5 Turbine engine type: Stormblade Wind(Jovanovic), Hush Wind Turbine(Ar
O’Connor), •6 Different blades or bladeless: Saphon(Aouini), de Archimedes
(Ruijtenbeek), SpiralAirFoil(Parker & Noonan), -->>cont:
91
Super Low Cost Wind 3 Rotor, Multi Direction etc
• •7 Specific Shaped Fluid dynamic effects: i Tesla Turbine: Tesnic(Ho Nica),
spins with same speed as wind, extremely strong with high wind, "close to
100%" efficiency?, ii DAWT: Airsynergy(J Smyth),
• iii Magnus effect Rotor ship(Flettner) by Enercon E-ship1, but Rotor type
oscillation wind generators are only marginally lower cost than conventional,
iv Spiral magnus cylinder blades: Mecaro(Nob Murakami), needs electricity to
initially activate generator, v Venturi rotor: Energy Ball Vindkraft,(van der
Klippe), vi Conical Helicoid: Windstrument(Cl Clark), disruptively scalable,
vii Rectangular building roof edges: Anerdgy WindRail(Sv Koehler), viii Others:
BERWIAN wind concentrator (In Rechenberg), “3D wind turbine”: Nheolis
(Haddjeri, French govn’t backing), Warp ENECO(Weisbrich),
• •8 Airborne wind: majors(eg Google) participating: Altaeros(Glass),
KiteGen(Ippolito), Ampyx(Koning & Ruiterkamp), e-kite(van den Brink),
TwingTec(C Houle), Ocean freight “free wind” propulsion SkySails,: How much
power can be generated if combine this 1km range long device with Electro
Hydroylic Tether or simple electro conductive wire?
• •9 Omni directional: Katru IMPLUS(Sureshan),
•10 Wind-solar hybrid(Skywolf/WindTamer: J Brock), Blue Energy(Melchior:
structured & self cleaning solar surface), -->>cont:
92
Super Low Cost Wind 4 Spiral or Coupled Vortex
• •11 Basic spiral convec/on & vortex effect, mostly by ac/ve engineers +
mainstream academics + large corporate/Gov’t backing, Upright vortex or
Along steep mountain contour pipe: Vortex Engine(Michaud), Tornado Wind
Energy TWECS(Ja Yen), Windhamster(Jü Schatz),
• Microwave projec=on triggered tornado generator(Sl Tepic), Other research
pre 1960s: (Cheng Ting Hsu, Nazare, Ma Haug, Be Dubo, Ma Menard+), AVer
1990s:(S/ig, Ma Tanner, Bubnov, Ra Menard, Ar Glezer, More common among
Russian & Chinese academics+),
• •12 Downward vortex by water spray(P Carlson+), Sharav Sluices(Zaslavsky,
Gue[a, Israel Gov backed), side effect use for desalina/ng water,
•13 Horizontal, large version of vortex tubes(De Oliver), Vsquare Wind(Ro
Freda, US army link), Sheerwind INVELOX(Allaei),
• •14 Mini size vortex: Western Co Fotovoltaici(Gachechiladze & Cimini),
• Convec/on Mill model(AR Benne[, A Holmes), can be interpreted as ambient
permanent free energy •15 Boundary Layer, Coupled Vortex
Effect(Paraschivoiu, Daibiri+), Only small improvement but universal wind
turbine performance booster adopter: Leviathan Wind Energizer(D Farb),
93
Super Low Cost Wind 5 Oscillation/Resonance etc
• •16 Oscillation based, no rotation, easily installed literally anywhere, highly
scalable: Altenera BreezeBee(Mo Kaplan), Even more efficient Standing Wave
causing Resonance freq. crossover type of: Self exciting vortex shedding
Zephyr Energy Windbeam(Dy Thorp+), Aeroelastic flutter:
Windbelt/Windcell/Humdinger(Shawn Frayne), sold only under certain
special conditions, some already copied: Wolt Wind Energy.
• If resonance creation is aimed (avoided by regular turbine for device integrity
reason) it might further improve efficiency as seen in other techs. Use of
Helmholz cavity(eg blowing air at top of bottle to make loud sound) to take
up very little space on building’s wall yet possibly more efficient than
conventional generator per same wind(SP Matova, T Van Buren+). What
happens if pair up the resonators? Also see Piezo-Triboelectricity (p25-28),
• •17 Portable & foldable wind generator: Natural Power Concepts(J Pitre, US
military link), Micro Windmill(Sm Rao), Ventus Folding Wind(Kuckir), 15-
100cm diameter scalable & space fillable interconnected light turbines
generates useable power from 2m/sec: MotorWind(Gambarota)
94
Super Low Cost Hydro 1 Underwater Tidal, Flow
Dynamics, Adjus>ng blades, beyond Bez Limit etc
• ■ Hydro/Tidal/Wave: Some are much lower cost only in remote towns or
private power genera6on, •1 Fundamentally conven6onal turbine operated
super low cost hydro: eg Hydro-Québec, Manitoba Hydro, Three Gorges
Dam+,
• •2 Underwater 6dal flow, Low head hydro(allows to generate power from
unused water flow with minimum disturbance), some regular hydro turbine,
while majority is similar to ver6cal axis Darrieus wind turbine like:
Benka=na(D Farb), Mako Turbine - SeaUrchin(M Urch), Beck Mickle Hydro
allows full weight of water power capture with 70% range efficiency instead
of regular premature turbine rota6on (Gilmar6n & CaOley), ORPC(Gorlov
Turbine used), New Energy EnCurrent, Strom-Boje(F Mondl), Hydrovolts (Da
Roth), Izumi si(V Markovic), Hydrocat. Larger scale: Verdant Power(D
Corren),
• More efficient large scale Sundermann Turbine 6lts power blades as rotate -
ver6cal version of above Beck Hydro: Many of above are easy installa6on- no
damming/digging, OYen easy reloca6on, some show Betz law viola6on
efficiency. Also large hydro dam equivalent in ocean: Large to mega scale
6dal: Blue Energy Canada(Bar Davis, Mar Burger+). -->>cont:
95
Super Low Cost Hydro 2 MHD, Wave Surge & Web
• ■ Hydro/Tidal/Wave: •2 Underwater tidal flow:

• One of the most effective in ocean energy segment by
MHD(MagnetoHydroDynamic) generator by wave move(Liquid Metal
type) or tidal move both(Scientific Applications & Research Associates,
- Institute of Electrical Engineering Chinese
Academy of Science+): this type can be easily demonstrated its low cost &
high efficiency(Koslover, Rynne, M.F.M.A Majid, Yan Peng, Li Ran +),
Desalination plant left over high salt content effluent flow salt water
MHD(KSB Aktiengesellschaft+)
• •3 Use of both wave surging & webbing for power: Greenwave Energy,
Use of highest & lowest point with in a set of wave scalable system:
MotorWave(Gambarota): also can work as a floating connected
"trompe"s to pump water to high land.
96
Super Low Cost Hydro 3 Wave Phase Matching, Phase
dumping, MagnetoStric=on etc
• ->>cont: ■ Hydro/Tidal/Wave: •3 Use both wave surge/web for power:
• Mainstream group supported unique wave energy RO water desalina7on
device or waterwheel power generator(Atmocean): works by high floa7ng
capacity water surface buoy connected by ver7cally moving shaA to
submerged floa7ng anchor(seafloor unfixed) to func7on as water pressure
pump as 15 or more networked units.
• Iner7al ver7cal axis above-water gyroscopic generator whose rota4on
matches with wave oscilla4on frequency to create 50-100+% more
efficiency than most other wave generators(Aar oldin, H Kanki - Hitachi
Zosen+). 300-500% more efficiency than conven7onal wave power by Heart
valve like Phase-dumping control spring mechanism to match & amplify
wave mo7on (CorPower Ocean AB - NTNU): this anomalous claim is backed
by sufficient vol of experimental results; similar to sensor micro electricity
harvester mechanics.
• No-moving parts wave: Reverse MagnetoStric7on/Villari Effect use iMEC
Oscilla Power, Kutlo jp+): oscilla7ng shape of ferromagne7c material
generates 7me variant magne7c field to generate electricity -->>cont:
97
Super Low Cost Hydro 4 Resonance/Oscillation etc
• ->>cont: ■ Hydro/Tidal/Wave:
• •4 Non Turbine, highly scalable, low speed workable: Vortex shedding oscillation
VIVACE Vortex (Bernistas),
• Electroactive Polymer Artificial Muscle/Dielectric Elastomers electric generation
on any moving water(Kornblush+),
• Nano Fibre Piezomaterial use(Huifang Xu+), Also combo of Piezo &
Triboelectricity recovery for doubled effectiveness: contact electrification of
water with PDMS film with patterned pyramid array(Zhong Lin Wang et al)(p24-
27)(this geometry is also effective at Far Infrared/Microwave absorption: eg
Anechoric Chamber): Tribo methods recover electricity by liquid contacting and
moving on generator surface(water is negativevly charged & device is positively
charged).
• •5 Liquid pipe flow electricity recovery 5-100KWh: Lucid Energy(Schlabach+),
Rentricity, Use of venturi to increase speed/energy harvest: HyPER(NR Prasad),
Hydroventuri(Geo Rochester): overunity like effect,
• •6 Also completely different far more efficient mechanics system exists but
pseudoscience treatment due to use of "non-existent" effect or over unity
efficiency(p154-163): eg HHO OxyHydrogen gas use MHD power generation.
98
“Lowest Cost” Energy From Vast Biomass 1 Intro
• ■ Biomass: Heavily related to human habitat/cultural activities with enormous
energy potential even without major technological paradigm change, and usually
not perceived as such, but often becomes Lowest cost energy when apply
different sets of energy criteria.
• α- Even simply by use of conventional tech,
•i Applying different cost structure as by-product(eg Fuel from cellulosic content
of plant, Sugar Cane Bagasse, Wood chips etc. High energy required waste water
treatment reduces energy needs 30%+, might even net energy, •ii Minimum
human living condition by-product(Energy produced from Waste or Landfill Gas
removal), •iii Regional or Operational based: Sawmill residue burned with cost is
now made into Pellets for income, •iv Reevaluating existing criteria of
energy(Peat, Gas Hydrate+):
• β- Long researched tech with official breakthrough declared types, Some of
well known energy industry disruptive techs entered into mainstream accepted
commercialization during 2013-2015. This would also gradually reinforce idea of
far more energy availability than demand for entire world if combined,
•v Cellulosic ethanol - second generation biofuel,
•vi Sub-SuperCritical Water (SCW) or Hydrothermal Liquefaction(related tech is
marked as "◎", often mainstream approved lowest cost tech for
biomass/organic waste energy production).
99
•linkedin.com/in/newnatureparadigm -Ben Rusuisiak: Specialty Cleantech Analysis, Vancouver, Canada
Lowest Cost Energy From Biomass 2 Categories
• -->cont ■ Biomass : β- Breakthrough Tech Types After Long Research:
• Feed stocks % used to sustain SCW fuel producing operation can be as low as 2-
4%, while other methods requires at least 20% + of feedstcok consumption
simply to run same fuel making process itself. Also SCW process can be
completed as short as in seconds rather than conventional methods of
hrs(combustion etc), days & weeks(AD), and this operation emits very low
emission and CO2 is easily recoverable,
• Biomass related technologies are categorized 1-4 as follows in this
presentation, but there is a large degree of cross over:
• •1FOREST RESOURCE, •2 AGRICULTURAL, •3 SOLID/LIQUID MINICIPAL-
INDUSTRY-AGRI WASTE: to Gas/Methane, Gasoline, Diesel, Ethanol, Crude Oil,
Compressed or as is fuel, Bio Coal, •4 THER BIOMASS: Seaweed/Algae/Peat: As is
or processed
• •1FOREST RELATED: Largest vol use in biomass,

1a Non-industrial private wood burning/firewood use, particularly in non
developed nations is deemed very large but no precise figure agreements, many
nations allow access for logging or growth debris by private individuals freely or
by license, Very low efficiency heat use. >>cont:
100
Lowest Cost Energy As Vast Biomass -3, Residual &
• -->cont: •1FOREST RELATED:
✔ 1b Industrial extra wood fibre recovery: There is extensive recovery of forest
by thinning planta7on as well as harves6ng en6re tree(including branches), and
some7mes stump & root: Finland harvests more than 1 million m3/yr in recent
years, some synergy with peat harves7ng, increase minimum 10% of wood vol,
much less extent but s7ll done in Sweden, Bal7cs, UK. Also general above ground
wood debris recovery from forest is lot higher in North West Europe than most
other regions. Infra set up with first certain dura7on of "investment period" is
needed.
• ✔ 1c Wood Gasifica6on & Power genera6on: Net energy gain compared to
simple combus7on, cost itself had been higher than conven7onal combus7on in
the past due to technical & up7me issue but situa7on is rapidly changing in last
2-3yrs. Some are CHP(Combined Heat & Power)/Cogenera7on.
• ◆1 LARGE SIZE power plant applica7on(~10-150MWh~) by overcoming tar,
corrosion, plugging issue etc, predominantly North West Euro companies, due to
the size primarily Fix Bed UpdraZ, or Entrainment, Circular or Bubbling Fluidized
Bed(Foster Wheeler - VTT, Vølund, Nexterra, Valmet, Andritz Carbona, Outotec,
Metso+), Cleaner emission by Steam Fluidized Bed◎(Repotec GmbH, Bosio si),
101
Lowest Cost Energy As Biomass -4, Wood Gas - Large Size
• -->cont: •1FOREST RELATED: 1c Wood Gasification :◆1 LARGE SIZE :
Likely the largest installer in the near future with increasing success (KaidiHI.com
): high profile company in China with nation's
President visitation in 2011 & 13, while its presence & success is little known in
west. *(◎indicates Sub/SuperCritical Water related tech)
• ◆2 MID SIZE(~0.5-20MWh~): some are very compact size.
●Scandinavia(Meva Energy, Weiss A/S, Cortus Energy WoodRoll, Gasek+),
●DACH: German Speaking Countries(Christof Industries GmbH+), heat pipe use for
35% electrical efficiency under 1MW(agnion Entrade), Enhanced hydrogen
production by superheated steam injection◎(Güssing Renewable Energy
GmbH+), ●Other Europe (Xylowatt NOTAR, Greene Waste to Energy, Torftech,
Biomass Technology Group BV+), ●North America(Chiptec, PRM Energy Systems,
KMW Energy, Thermogenics Gasification +), ●Asia(Chongqing Welluck Trading,
Ankur Scientific+),
• Full pyrolysis(starved oxygen gasification) mechanics type that produces biochar
byproduct(Phoenix Energy, Splainex+): Fuel/gas extraction wood Pyrolysis is often
smaller scales or mini DIY types, and usually not competitive with other wood
gasification methods. But it is often competitive for plastic-tire processing to
produce liquid fuels. Also superior method for non-fuel biochar/activated
carbon/carbon black/ as main production. --->>cont:
102
New Perspective -“Lowest Cost” Energy From
Vast Biomass -5, Wood Gas - Small
• -->cont: •1FOREST RELATED: 1c Wood Gasification & Power generation:
• ◆3 SMALLER SIZE(~100-500KWh~) & often CHP, many are containerized system
module base for scalability. Some devices start requiring higher feedstock
selectivity to achieve efficiency: only ideal material of <15% moisture of uniform
sized chip, no dust, no high mineral content etc. ●Scandinavia (Biosynergi Proces,
Volter +),●Western Europe(Spanner Re², URBAS, Arbor Heat & Power,
Holzenergie Wegscheid, Uniconfort+), high efficiency achieved by pellets use with
down draft(& stationary fluidized bed)(Burkhardt GmbH), pyrolysis element
use(KÖB Viessmann+), ●Japan is usually tech savvy but lags behind in Wood
gasifying(Yanmar, ZE Energy Inc, Chugairo Kogyo+),
• ●Other areas (Community Power Corporation BioMax, Biogen corp ltd, Carbo
Consult & Engineering+), Single unit 400KWh size by downdraft bed(this method
generates clean gas but traditionally very picky for feedstock)(PHG Energy), some
are heat generation focus(Infinite Energy Pvt, Advanced Climate Technologies),
• ◆4 MINI SIZE POWER generator(~10-200KWh~): Recently often CHP equipped
sophisticated residential to small community/industrial use electrical generator is
offered(Entrade, All Power Labs, HERZ Energietechnik+): less ash, more compact
etc.
103
Lowest Cost Energy: Vast Biomass -6, Wood Pellet
• -->cont: •1FOREST RELATED: 1c Wood Gasification & Power generation:
• ◆5 MINI SIZED HEAT only deice: usually unrefined or DIY type system particularly at
developing nations, but increasingly sophisticated devices are offered, and generates
lowest cost heat by large margin in certain micro & macro regions:
● Europe(Kraft und Wärme aus Biomasse, GUNTAMATIC, Wallnöfer Walltherm,
ATMOS - Jaroslav Cankař a syn+), some pellet boilers are also efficient by regular
combustion by CHP 25% electricity generating Stirling Engine(ÖkoFEN+), or pellet
gasifying-direct combustion switchable(ETA Heiztechnik GmbH+),
● North America(Skanden Energy, Kuuma Lamppa Manufacturing+),
● Others(Associated Engineering Works Gasifier+),
• 1e Pellet: A form of "free energy" utilization or value adding in forest industry by
use of sawmill & forest residual, Can become cheapest fuel avail in some areas, in
some markets entire low grade logs can be more profitably used to produce pellets
instead of lumber/pulp manufacturing. Major producers(Pinnacle Pellet, JSC
Vyborgskaya cellulose, Enviva, German Pellets, Härjedalens Miljöbränsle+). Top
producing counties(US, Canada, Germany, Sweden, Latvia, Russia+), Large
consumers(UK, Italy, US, Germany, Sweden+), Top importers (UK[heavy for power
generation], Italy, Denmark+), Roughly 50-50type breakdown use for residential heat
vs industrial(ash yielding bark contained etc). Latter volume might fluctuate rapidly
by electrical generation pellet use policy. ->>cont:
104
Vast Biomass -7, Wood Pellet 2
• -->cont: •1FOREST RELATED: 1e Pellet:

• Some producers use Steam Explosion for cell weakening and densification
(also see p90 Torrefaction , p98,99 Hydrothermal carbonization). High
combustion lignin pellet(50-90% range lignin instead of 30% range in regular
wood) as Dilute Acid Hydrolysis alcohol production leftover(Бионет пеллет
лигнин, Lignineko+), sometimes from 30millon+ m3(Russia only, other CIS
excluded) accumulation of “hydrolytic lignin” landfill dump .
• 1f Biomass Briquettes: Usually non-industrial size production unless part
of large pulp/peat/lumber/composite wood operation(often in Russia+): by
shredding and compressing when stock is dry enough(moisture <16%), some
are stand alone with 20,000ton+/yr scale with other biomass(Biocoal co in,
KGN Biofuels +), Lignin based briquette(Бобруйский гидролизный завод,
Banisa Energy + ). System providers:(WEIMA Maschinenbau, Briquette-
Machine, C.F. Nielsen+), Generally speaking this sector's leader is India,
where product is called "biocoal" which is confusing with torrefied pellets.

105
New Perspec*ve -“Lowest Cost” Energy From Vast
Biomass -8, Wood Ethanol: Enzyme & Acid Hydrolysis
• -->cont: •1FOREST RELATED:
• 1g Forest Residual: Cellulosic Ethanol, & other Fuels: There are many
combos but main types are: i -Enzymatic Hydrolysis based, some
pretreatments include classic sulfuric acid, alkaline to low cost
Sub/Supercritical water etc:(Chempolis, St1 biofuels, Sekab, Mitsui Zosen -
, dins +),(also see Agri left over p111-113)
• ii-Acid Hydrolysis based,: Fundamentally different business model compared
to all other main biofuel technologies. ii -α Sulfuric Ethanol is around 100yrs+
as major byproduct of Sulfite Pulping(Borregaard+) which is now mostly
phased out by Kraft Pulp.
• ii -β High temperature Dilute Acid Hydrolysis Ethanol production(0.2-5% range
H2SO4), this simple continuation of supposed to be “good only for
pretreatment” process is ignored by most of modern west(Kirov Ethanol+):
wood boiling/distilling with “semi” SubCritical water element. Its operation
mode is rather more like some pulp-paper mill like business model(eg
Rayonier-Tembec Temiscaming+) than low value fuel making. -->cont:
106
“Lowest Cost” Energy From Biomass 9, Wood Ethanol:
Forgo<en Russia's Simple Dilute Acid Hydrolysis
• -->cont: •1FOREST : 1g Residual: Cellulosic Ethanol etc: ii- β Dilute Acid
Hydrolysis:
• Russia/Soviet had simple large scale uniquely structured long term lucrative
operations of 2Gen ethanol business model but mysterious govn’t new policies(eg
suddenly imposed same high tax as alcohol beverage!, or stringent lignin dumping
big fine while other garbage dumping went unprosecuted) to bankrupt most large
plants in 2000s.
• Low Cost Model of breaking down long chain polymer to simple sugars
(monosaccharides, C5/C6), enabled product ratio adjustable wide range of value
byproducts(protein /fodder yeast, furfural, Xylitol, CO2+). and often further value
added alcohol(Medical Alcohol, Spirits/ Brandy: Vodka, Holzbranntwein, Whiskey,
Synthetic plastic or rubber material+) reducing low value ethanol fuel(
Бобруйский гидролизный завод, Бендерский биохимический завод +), or can
completely replace ethanol by making value add product(Петроспирт, Речицкий
опытно-промышленный гидролизный +).
• Feedstock is frequently mix of whole wood, wood residual, non edible portion of
agri crop, industrial food processing left over etc. and seasonably variable.
-->>cont: 107
Energy From Vast Biomass 10, Wood Ethanol thru Gas
• -->cont: •1FOREST : 1g Residual: Cellulosic Ethanol etc: ii- β Dilute Acid Hydrolysis:
• Also Dilute Acid Hydrolysis produces enormous amount(20-35% of total production) of
unutilized wet impure & somewhat SubCritical water altered lignin, still often
discarded: accumulated 30million+ m3(Russian industrial waste bashing Western media
mostly ignore just this massive lignin dumping & ethanol industry - to hide
economically disruptive CO2 sequestrating Russian lignocellulosic fuel business?)
• iii-Gasification + reforming + Fischer Tropsch can process whole wood fibre including
lignin: (UPM-Kymmene+), Lower cost with steam gasification ◎(Woodland Biofuels+),
Small scale rotary kiln use gasifying(Micro Energy Japan+), Likely world's first modern
10,000ton/yr level biomass feed commercialization in 2013, feedstock is mix of wood,
plant, trash etc(KaidiHI.com - ).
iv-Pyroysis based: produces electrical power & heat while generates liquid fuel(BTG
Bioliquids - Empyro BV, Fotum+),
• Mega "test" facility(Karlsruhe bioliq), Largest operator in in this type with international
locations(Ensyn Technologies). Also see Wet Pyrolysis at p98: 3c Hydrothermal
Carbonization(HTC). v-Sub/SuperCritical water(SCW) element(higher temp than
hydrolysis (ie Near Critical Water[NCW]), Can process whole wood fibre including lignin.
All SCW related tech is marked ◎ in biomass section): ◎(Licella - Ignite Energy
Resources, Steeper Energy, BTG World - BTG Biomass+), Steam Thermolysis
◎(Concord Blue), Well known majors participated but followed by project
cancellation(Catchlight Energy[Chevron - Weyerhaeuser]): too low cost?
108
Energy From Vast Biomass 11, Wood Torrefac8on
• -->cont: •1FOREST :
• 1h Torrefaction: Torrefied Pellets/BioCoal: Lower temp 200-300°C range
oxygen-less process of dry material with final product with 70% of original mass
with 90% of energy potential retained in compressed form: increase per volume
heat capacity, hydrophobic (nonhygroscopic), overall lower cost than pellets per
energy produced as delivered.
• Also various other benefits(eg easy grinding for co-feeding with coal, less
abrasion of engine if used as coal water slurry fuel than conventional coal etc),
some bio-binder pretreatment & palletizing before heat processing generally has
better quality.
• Not as economically disruptive as 2nd Gen bioethanol due to solid nature.
Longer presence in Western Europe, particularly in Netherlands(Blackwood
Technology, Torrcoal+), Other nations(Arbaflame, Arigna Biofuels, Torrec+),
Euro Major's participation(ANDRITZ, AREVA+), Largest producers are in US with
over 200,000ton/yr capacity(Zilkha Biomass, New Biomass Energy), but
generally North America operations have newer participation with same level
production cap. as Europe(Diacarbon, Airex Energy, Solvay Biomass), Some
claim no indoor storage needs for rain(Arbaflame, HM3 Energy+), non western
producers are rare(BioWindbell Technology+)
109
Energy From Vast Biomass 12, Black Liquor(BL)
• -->cont: •1FOREST RELATED :
• 1i Pulp mill Black Liquor(BL) enhanced utilization: BL is by far the largest
energy source(efficient pulp mills are net power generators) and core process
medium in chemical pulp process that repeatedly gets cleaned & burned its lignin
& hemi cellulose(cellulose extraction left over) as pulpmill's energy source during
operation. But as mill efficiency increases, Increasing Lignin vol is more of
undesired leftover: i -High energy Lignin as oil: for fuel & chemical raw
material(Lignol-RenFuel+): lab type environment generation, dedicated large
plant doesn't exist, ii-BL Gasification: Replace Tomlinson boiler by
PulseEnhanced Black Liquor Gasification (ThermoChem Recovery International),
or regular Gasification, & other ways of more energy recovery, option for biofuel
etc(Chemrec se, Babcock & Wilcox+),
• 1j Cooking Woodstove in Developing Nations,: 40-60% range of their wood
use saving compared to conventional 3rd world stove with significant positive
health effect by removing most of smoke & done in less than half duration
(Mbaula Green, RocketWorks, Aprovecho+), Some are geared for larger kitchen
cooking stoves(EnviroFit+), or advanced nation's recreational market focus -
saves 80-90% fuel compared to open fire cooking & removes most of
fumes(StoveTec, Ecozoom, SilverFire Rocket+)

110
-New Perspective -“Lowest Cost” Energy From
Vast Biomass 13, Agri Cellulosic Ethanol
• • AGRICULTURAL: Cellulosic Ethanol: from non food crop

plant(advanced ethanol, 2nd generation biofuel etc): Sociopolitically
larger ramification than forestry feedstock biofuel. This has been
commercialized many times prior but untimely lost interest of investors
etc frequently occured in addition to technical/operational/raw material
difficulties. Soviet/Russia operates for regional supply since
1930s(ignored by west, reduced vol now).
• Majority of techs are actually higher cost than existing fuel, but a few are
lowest cost in some situations, or depended on feed stock cost
calculations.
• Finally after 2014, some consistent operations have been established
outside of CIS/Russia, while many are still on pilot production by using 3rd
party system(without own facilities, not listed here): tech use is redundant
with prior listed "1g Forest Residual". ->> cont

111
Energy From Vast Biomass 14, Agri Cellulosic Ethanol
• -->> cont: •2 AGRICULTURAL: NON CROP PLANT PORTION Cellulosic Ethanol:
• 2a Enzymatic Hydrolysis: Far less fuel recovery % & slow, cannot digest
lignin etc compared to other processes. Challenge includes different
saccharification speed(of digesting polysaccharides: Hemi-Cellulose heavier to
C5 sugar: glucose, Cellulose to C6: xylose). Lignin(Aromatic Polymer) can be
sold as nonfuel value raw material(eg for Vanillin, Glycol) but too much
volume?; Maybe competitive as aromatic compound material?
• i -Introductory type Cellulosic Ethanol: by "bolted on" to existing food stock
ethanol plant: corn kernel fibre processing to increase extra 5-10% of ethanol
production(Cellerate-Syngenta, Edeniq +), only 3rd party line production but
claims < $1/gallon(< $0.265/litre) (GeoSynFuels), ii-Regular stand alone type
Ethanol production, some use catalytic pretreatment: (Clariant, Inbicon,
Iogen ca, Zeachem, American Process, Bioflex - GranBio, Beta Renewables,
Abengoa Bioenergy+), Largest 2nd generation bio ethanol operation as of
2016(Dupont), Largest overall bio ethanol maker participates (POET llc),
Starting outside of Europe/North America(Raizen, Henan Tianguan,
Shandong Longlive+), Rare SuperCritical water(SCW) pretreatment tech
provider◎(Renmatix). ->>cont:
112
Lowest Cost” Energy From Vast Biomass 15, Agri
Cellulosic Ethanol: Dilute Acid Hydrolysis etc
• -->> cont: •2 AGRICULTURAL:

• 2b Dilute Acid Hydrolysis: Fundamentally different business model
from other lignocellulosic biofuel operations : Used in Soviet/Russia
since 1930s with production adjustable high% value byproducts and
option of value added alcohol instead of fuel ethanol. Low key local
production(Янгиюльский гидролизный завод +), rare exporting
company(Fargona Kimyo Zavodi +), (also see p106-108 for wood
ethanol),
• 2c Gasification + Steam Reform or/& Fischer-Tropsch: (Ineos+), some
methods produce liquid fuel 3-4times more than above Enzyme method
per given stock, orders of magnitude faster processing by direct
synthesis with metal catalyst(Sekisui Chemical, Mitsui Zosen+), same
efficiency with many Sub/SCW methods. Very minor utilization: eg
Superheated steam◎(Sundrop Fuels+).
113
New Perspec*ve -“Lowest Cost” Energy From
Vast Biomass 16, Waste to Energy: AD/Biogas
• •3 MUNICIPAL WASTE (MSW), Liquid Waste, INDUSTRIAL WASTE,
AGRICULTURAL ANIMAL WASTE (this presentation treats animal fat/cooking
oil as part of existing fuel & it is not discussed), also cross over with wood:
• 3a Anaerobic Digestion(AD) - to produce Biogas/Methane: by bacteria
consuming waste. Also note at least some of microorganisms are electrically
active(mainstream science accepted idea: Geobacter etc) and produce also
anomalous field with various antioxident & electrical effects(rejected
idea).Completely mainstream tech and widely used as default process in
many nations/sectors to produce "free" energy while infrequently used in
others.
• i -Sophisticated large sized Bio methane production(engine feedable), to
Electrical generation systems with various scales: Largest types(STRABAG
Umweltanlagen, Axpo Kompogas+), Mid to large size installation: (OWS nv,
EnviTec Biogas, BTA international, PlanET-Biogas, IES BIOGAS, BTS Biogas,
Xergi +), Smaller types(WELTEC BIOPOWER, ENSPAR Biogas, Schmack
Biogas, CH Four Biogas+), Focused on upgrading biogas systems(Malmberg
Gruppen+), Specialized for biogas engine(SCHNELL Motoren +) ->cont
114
Vast Biomass 17, Biogas
• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE: 3a Anaerobic Digestion(AD):
i Biomethane:
Many installations operate like farming coop, for this type of sophisticated
system Germany has highest installation(10,000units) & most power
generation per capita: followed by rest of Europe(UK, Luxembourg,
Switzerland, Austria, Denmark, Czech, Sweden etc), Less extent in North
America, or rest of world, UK strength is also in sewage biogas & Landfill Gas,
• ii -Less sophisticated mini to small sized type has long been actively offered,
particularly in India/Bangladesh area(Biotech India, Beta Pak Biogas,
Puxintech+), ■Also significant family/housing based DIY type system in some
nations around the world(eg Deenbandhu units in India: 4million+, Ban quản lý
Dự án Khí sinh học installed 0.1million+ in Vietnam etc), ■Energy security
conscious China's national policy installed DIY type system in rural community
at least 40million units(though fair portion of them might be in dormant or high
downtime state).
■Professionally made home based system sold(HomeBiogas, Bsustain, Vivesty
+), also septic tank replacement or converter types(BiogasPro Agama+), Not
AD but fancy ethanol production type home unit operates with very limited
feedstock(Micro Fueler), -->>cont
115
Energy From Vast Biomass 18, Waste Water by AD
• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE: 3a Anaerobic Digestion(AD):
• iii-WasteWater processing by Anaerobic Digestion: Biogas from sludge processing,
usually with various pretreatments including hydrolysis, alkaline etc, Some largest
scale is like 100,000 ton+/yr level(Cambi, Veolia Exelys/Biothelys+), Others(Hager +
Elsaesser, WABAG, ADI systems inc, Terax nz, Jeongbong kr, Hydroitalia - Colsen,
Eliquo BV, Paques nl, Anaergia+).
• Methanogenic & Electrogenic microbe based methane & electricity generating waste
water cleaning system:(Cambrian Innovation: works for fermentation residue type
wastewater), or wider range process capability Electrogenic Bio Reactor(Emefcy):
Microbial fuel cell mechanics. Note highly effective low cost cell wall destruction/cell
lysis(in a way similar degree to SCW) by electroporation/electric pulse is often left out
from mainstream discussion of enhanced biofuel recovery from wet
sludge(Vogelsang, OpenCEL Trojan+). Microbubble/Nanobubble CO2 infusion might
increase gas productivity up to 2wice as conventional method(Perlemax+). Also see
p108 Wet Air Oxidation.
• 3b Plastic to Oil: After recycling, still about 130million tons/yr disposed world total,
a fraction of which(but rapidly increasing) is made into fuel. Even if 90% of all plastic is
converted with 70% efficiency recovery to fuel (PVC[Polyvinyl chloride] &
PET[Polyethylene terephthalate] is 30-40% range recovery even rest of plastic can be
90%), it would make up negligible 1-1.5% of world oil consumption. -->>continued
116
Energy From Vast Biomass 19, Plastic to Oil: Pyrolysis
• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE: 3b Plastic to Oil:

• But substantial benefit to the plastic to fuel converting operation or community
that owns it, generally unreported in west but active operation world wide, more
in oil shortage China and India etc, than in west.
• Large Western mainstream corporations so far infrequently involved and even
when do, they often avoid direct involvement & work through subsidiaries or as
joint venture.
• i -Pyrolysis: Oxygen deprived heating causes generation of liquid fuel, gas, and
char. Most system can only take selective plastic(usually no PET & PVC), some
can recover fuel with all types of plastic but most of cases oil quality suffers
beyond 3-5% range PET/PVC and emit toxic fume, corrode or clog process line.
Many system can only produce "crude oil", and need further processing to use as
gasoline or diesel replacement. Some system has adjustment to change recovery
ratio of oil vs char: when focused to generate fuel, tires are generally weightwise
30-40% recovery to fuel, plastics are 60-90% level.
• It can be adjusted to have lower fuel produced with higher char/carbon
recovery(agriculture etc use). All infeed material needs to be shredded.
117
Energy From Vast Biomass 20, Plastic to Oil 2
• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE: 3b Plastic to Oil: i -Pyrolysis:

This leaves currently only handful of devices/operations that can take
a-all plastics, b-final direct gasoline-diesel equivalent/boiler useable oil without
violating emission criteria(Klean Industries, Blest+): usually custom ordered type
system needs to be made with premium price for corrosion-clogging control, &
chlorine separation etc. But Wada method allows all plastic with no
customization(Hokupere yukakangen+), Also Toshiba Created 50% PVC feedable
device in 1990s and shelved it.
Can make gasoline-diesel equivalent fuel If no PET/PVC is in feed stock(Royco
Beijing+), Large number of installations(HuayinEnergy, Beston Plastic,
Shangqiu Ruixin Environmental, Klean Industries, Cynar Plastic, KingTiger
group, TTechnology.com.pl+), Some European market targeted devices come
with CHP(GB Pyrolysis+), High profile portable small device, with large devices
has option of processing PET & PVC(Blest), Can process unsorted plastic and
other waste(Green Light Energy Solutions+), Zero emission claimed system
(Ecomation Oy +), Rare mainstream corporate involvement (Agilyx),
-->>cont:
118
Energy From Vast Biomass 21, Plastic to Oil:
Catalytic Depolymerization etc
• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE: 3b Plastic to Oil: i -Pyrolysis:
More focus on less saturated Carbon Black market by specializing in tire
processing (Reklaim+), Reduced toxic fumes, improved moisture handling, &
overall improved liquid fuel production by low temperature operating
Vacuum Pyrolysis(Gecco Holdings+),
• ii -Catalytic Depolymerization: Depends on catalyst often similar strong effect
as Sub-SuperCritical water(SCW) & categorization is sometimes
fuzzy(ReCycled Refuse International, Pyrocrat Systems LLP, Enviro-Power Pte
+), Rare Western mainstream positive exposure + with continuous operation
in US(PK Clean),
• 3c Hydrothermal Carbonization(HTC)/Wet Pyrolysis/Hydropyrolysis(often
for wood): "primitive" version of SubCritical water treatment: can process all
organic matter(carbon involved: biomass, wood/municipal/industrial waste)
with high moisture over 3-10hrs in 200-300°C with generally 5-10times
atmospheric pressure to decompose feedstock to mainly recover
BioCoal(variations like biochar etc is possible with higher temperature)
Industrial focus ◎(CarboREN - SunCoal, Loritus, Antaco, Ingelia SL+). ->>cont:
119
Vast Biomass 22, Hydrothermal Carboniza*on
• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE: 3c Hydrothermal Carbonization(HTC):
• Smaller sized installation◎(Grenol GmbH, Oax-eco+), also option of making
hydrocarbon chemical◎(AVA-CO2), Wastewater focus as raw material◎(TerraNova
Energy, Aqua Enviro+), Slightly different Catalytic HydroThermal
Polymerization(lower temp & pressure, less CO2 & decarboxylation reaction) of
biomass which requires no binder for pelletization◎(PCS Biofuels). *(◎indicates
Sub/SuperCritical Water related tech).
• HTC installation level/Production capacity is much smaller than
Torrefaction(competing dry version of this process), particularly out of Europe. There
is a mainstream Dutch govn't backed movement of converting marshland fast
growing weed into fuel but progress being stopped since 2013:
TORWASH(Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland: ECN).
• 3d SubCritical/SuperCritical water treatment(SCW)/Hydrothermal
Liquefaction/SuperHeated Steam: Can adjust parameter to gasify heavily or treat
non-liquefied portion for the second round process. High % liquefaction might
require certain mineral catalysis(usually recoverable).
120
Vast Biomass 23, Sub/SuperCritical Water
• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE: 3d SubCritical/SuperCritical water
treatment(SCW):
• Some observed history of abrupt withdrawal from this tech by many companies
in similar way as by other "real disruptive tech". Processes all plastic or all organic
waste with high fuel recovery very quickly with low cost, Biomass and Waste to
Energy for this process is often all feedstock mixable, hence no particular focus on
plastic etc only ◎(Genifuel, Asian Giant Engineering, GRT GROUP SA, Greentech
solutions grts jp, Sustainable Waste Power Systems+), Low tech/temp/pressure
steam explosion pretreatment(Coramexport cz[190C, 12bar]+), Partial use of
catalysis required HydroPyrolysis ◎(D4 Energy)
Some SuperHeated steam devices can take large load with less or no infeed stock
shredding with little extra time needs ◎(Messe-hp jp+): But produce large amount
of char along with oil, Can produce biocoal at low cost ◎(Rematec jp+).
Wastewater sludge application by SCW type is mostly focused on decomposing
while efficient energy production might be more of minor focus ◎(Innoveox, 3V
Green Eagle+), currently largest scale municipal wastewater SCW treatment
◎(SuperWater Solutions), ->cont:
121
Energy From Vast Biomass 24, SCW, Direct Combus;on
• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE: 3d SubCritical/SuperCritical
water(SCW): Wastewater sludge:
• SCW for wastewater treatment is China's focus. It also focuses coal water slurry
enhancement and ICGG: ◎( Shaanxi Wanfeng
Energy Environmental Protection Technology,
Xinao Group, Blue Energy+), Liquid or solid toxin focus might recover
energy as minor by-product if tried ◎(Hanwha Chemical, Techno-EMI, Aquarden -
Waterox+), Also see Wet Air Oxidation(p131)
• 3e Direct Combustion(DC) of MSW: Here only MSW(Municipal Solid Waste) type
DC is discussed since other feedstock(biomass etc) is already very prevalent as
existing tech
• I -Electrical Power production:(Instead of burying trash into landfill), Well developed
technology to specifically handle Waste mix, many in North West Europe also
produces CHP. Sometimes criticized for high NOx/SOs emission, but in many G7
type level nations it is usually far below regulation requirement,
• Electrical power generation efficiency is often quite low with 15-20%(eg: emission &
ash reduction focus in Japan), still overall not high: 20-30+ %. Most conventional
large scale combustion system(Stoker & reverse grate: Martin GmbH, Keppel
Seghers, Hitachi Zosen INOVA+), Also of general biomass focus,
122
Vast Biomass 25, Trash Gasification
• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE: 3e Direct Combustion(DC) of MSW:
• Due to large system existence, some European trash market demand exceeds
supply: Sweden & Germany purchases/imports trash from other EU nations.
ii-SRF/RDF: Compressed cube shaped & packaged combustion boiler feedable
trash(Sita UK, BMH Technology+), SRF(Solid Recovered Fuel) has EU standard
based, while RDF(Refuse Derived Fuel) can be any burnable waste(NOVAGO+)
• 3f Gasification: "Value added" combustion with options of making liquid
fuels/chemicals/storage:
i -Conventional type: ■Fluidized Bed 500-600°C low temp & lowest emission for
large industrial operations with ash vitrification(Ebara, Mitsubishi Hvy), integrated
with zero waste cement plant complex CKK process(Kawasaki Hvy),
• ■Coal added to "fudge" efficiency to 32%(JFE), ■Had good growth till 2000s but lost
to newer tech competitors recently(Thermo Select+), ■Crop waste sector gets
attention(ICM inc, Frontline Bioenergy+) ■Flexible feedstock including coal mix
(Energy & Environmental Research Center, Eisenmann SE+), ■Mid size
catering(Kinsei Sangyo, Energos+), ■Smaller scale or containerized mini community
/mining camp etc WtE gasification-treatment system(Waste to Energy Canada,
Ostrand jp+), ■Ultra High Temperature Gasification/Pyrolysis types are claimed to
be much lower cost but in consistent results so far(Pyromex-PowerHouse Energy)
123
Energy From Vast Biomass 26, SCW Gasifica:on etc
• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE:
3f Gasification: "Value added" combustion:
• ii-Sub-SuperCritical Water gasification(SCW) : done quietly since early 1980s in Japan
◎(Mitsubishi Kakoki, Mitsubishi Nagasaki Machinery)(US operators seem to have
gone underground at that time), or recent participation ◎(Hydromethan, Gensos nl,
Osaka Gas+): SCW can be more easily turned to liquid fuels, directly, or by reforming.
Also a few of ◎ marked companies in biomass section of this presentation seem to
offer some form of Hydrothermal combustion of coal while Chinese state companies'
in-house system seem to be leading by combining Coal Water Slurry element(p40-43).
• On the other hand, across the board water tech advanced Russia is blocking many
innovative academics' much more disruptive hydrodynamic cavitation related
advanced SCW tech, almost no native Russian commercialization offered?
• iii-Complete thermal oxidation: of all organic waste with no emission ie no chimney
needed(Zeros inc/Ste Clark), microplasma link(p127,128).
• 3g Gasification+Reforming/Catalytic conversion to Liquid fuel(GTL: Gas to Liquid),
Methane to gasoline etc: Close relation or often same tech as wood/Coal to liquid
fuel: Succeeding commercialization on & off since 1940s(Germany, Japan+), then
extensively in 1960s-90s South Africa: at one time almost all gasoline was made from
coal via Fischer-Tropsch(F-T) process(Sasol+), More recent entry(Accelergy, Fluor,
Thyssenkrupp Industrial Solutions+), ->> cont
124
Energy From Vast Biomass 27, Gasification(not biomass)
• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE: 3g Gas to Liquid Coal to liquid
fuel link:
• Also mini scale operation from 1970s in west with same/similar process for
coal liquefaction or methane to gasoline type process(Shell, Exxon Mobile+).
• Other after yr2000 commercialization examples: Sasol active outside of S
Africa, Large Gas To Liquid (GTL) refinery: PetroSA. Underground Coal To
Liquid process: small scale(Linc Energy - Carbon Energy, Emerging Fuels
Technology+). Sub-SCW & F-T◎(REG Synthetic fuels+), Most of Coal to
Liquid tech(CTL) is Indirect synthesis, ie: ICTL.
• China is prioritizing CTL(BRICC -
,. YitaiGroup.com , Jincheng
Anthracite Mining Group +), also
Direct Coal Liquefaction: semi pseudoscience in western media
level(Shenhua Group , CCRI , Yanzhou
Mining Group +). Western mainstream
media/govn't/NGO generally didn't introduce the tech till around 2012 in
connection with biomass related subject. -->> continue
125
Energy From Vast Biomass 28, Biomass Gas to Liquid
• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE: 3g GTL - Gas to Liquid:
Although various GTL techs differ from each other, produced Waste based liquid
fuel become lowest cost fuel in many regions and mildly disruptive(most
companies persist in emphasizing "small scale") & somewhat game changing since
this reinforces public perception it can apply to: a- all organic mass: forest, plant,
b -lower cost than conventional liquid fuel would be widely available since various
syngas or methane can be processed(natural gas, coal gas, CoalBed Methane+):
(Enerkem, ThermoChem - Fulcrum Energy, Biofuels Power, Velocys, CompactGT
+),
• BioMCN qualifies as largest producer of 2nd gen biofuel as of 2016?- biodiesel left
over glycerine gasification & reforming, i.e. not direct cellulose use. Some
companies additionally use CO2 as fuel source(LanzaTech+), GTL tech has support
from major Western local governments, international corporations/mainstream
group recently to indicate another official wider availability of energy source, Small
trailer portable device(Maverick Synfuels)
• 3h Less Conventional Gasification or Liquefaction:
i -Hot Plasma Gasification/Gas Cleaning: Original use was high energy based
expensive toxin decomposition or metal recovery from waste, but plasma assisted
gasifying becomes cost competitive. This is now "conventional" plasma tech:
126
-Energy From Vast Biomass 29, Hot & Cold Plasma Gasify
• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE: 3h Less Conventional Gasification or
Liquefaction: i -Hot Plasma Gasification/Gas Cleaning:
• widely known key players (Plasco, Alter NRG -*Westinghouse, Advanced Plasma
Power -*Tetronics +), less known successful installations(*InEnTec, Peat
International, CHO Power -*EuroPlasma, BellWeather Gasification
Techonologies, *Phoenix Solutions Co +), Long lasting induction based
electrodeless RF plasma torch(*Applied Plasma Technologies, High Temperature
Technologies Corp -*Tekna Plasma+). * indicates original tech developers,
• ii-Steam Plasma: less fume than hot plasma, much lower CAPEX & OPEX:
portable size, plasma gas is water/steam: more like low energy use SuperCritical
water(SCW) based gasification: Strong oxidizing effect(ie moisture insensitive, no
NOx or Dioxin). But mostly pilot type commercialization as industrial unit since
current focus is mostly on full decomposition rather than fuel generation
◎(PlasmaAir AG, Foret Plasma Lab, Strebl Energy+), Rare energy/gasification
focus exists◎(Green Science 그린사이언스, Plazarium+)
• iii-MicroPlasma: Related to a string of highly economically disruptive
effects(Torsion field)(see p233-3●i), and Official Western research in dealing with
organic material by this tech is very marginal, Effects generated by: ●a Rotating
Magnetic Field( Экология ECOUOM+), linked to Motional Electric Field possibly
with gravity and ambient electricity generator effect(k p369,370),
127
-New Perspective -“Lowest Cost” Energy From
Vast Biomass 30, Micro Plasma with anomalies
• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE:
✔ 3h Less Conven)onal Gasifica)on or Liquefac)on: iii-MicroPlasma:
• ●b Rota*ng Electrode(НАУЧНО - ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННЫЙ ЦЕНТР «ПЛАЗЕР»+),

• ●c PyroMagne*c Furnace: Self running alterna*ng magne*c field oxygen trea*ng
waste-to-energy decomposer(ZeroMozJapan, T.H. ELEMA ENG. CO, Jimdo
+ Gasifica'on is quite effec've but that part is not commercialized,
Minor heat u*liza*on from trash "incinera*on". Some PyroMagne*c Furnace is
completely self running & no exhaust/chimney with no outside power needed, &
pseudoscien*zed but has useful effects like radia*on remedia*on(p362) or torsion
field(p197-241), decomposes dioxin even process generates only 300-400°C heat: full
of "econo-poli*cally incorrect scien*fic effects" is avoided by academics. Similar low
temperature "oxygen ac*va*on" or excita*on effect is used for Ionized Oxygen
Therapy(Sauerstoff Ionen Therapie)(artech energy box ion 45, Bork O2, Ionomed+)
• Currently commercialized focus is for mostly fer'lizer genera'on, complete organic
trash decomposi'on down to magne'zed ash with almost no exhaust fume(indoor
use ok). Ash has uncommon bioenhancing effects. This PyroMagne*c microplasma
effect for non-organic ma\er(metal) is more widely used(Bmax+) but overall s*ll
ignored tech.
128
New Perspec*ve -“Lowest Cost” Energy From Vast
Biomass 31, Cold Plasma Reforming/Magne Gas
• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY WASTE: 3h Less Conventional

Gasification/Liquefaction:
• iv-Cold Plasma(CP)/NonThermal Plasma(NTP)/NonEquilibrium Plasma gas
reforming-cleaning-gasification(Electric/plasma arc discharge/Dielectric Barrier
Discharge etc in water): Usually for wastewater, Unlike hot plasma, CP has
ionization in electron only and not in molecules(little or no thermal
motion/pressure: non-equilibrium): and can accompany nonlinear oscillations &
other anomalous Torsion field/resonance /Electrohydraulic type effects.
• Very low power use, less fume than hot plasma, usually lower cost process than
any mainstream equivalent methods(except occasionally SCW methods, see
below): Usually container/trailer portable gasification system ◎(MagneGas,
TopLine Energy, AdaptiveArc, FabGroups - HydroQuebec+), Both solid & liquid
waste ◎(Enersol Technologies, Xfuels+), GlidArc use:(PowerCan 200, Mill Hand
Thailand+), *note CP effects are in process of being accepted into Western
science, *MagneGas seem to demonstrate HHO Gas(p126-132) like quality
while being made from wastewater, also their lab data shows "over-unity
energy release" effects. -->cont
129
-Energy From Vast Biomass 32, SWC Depolymeriza<on
• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY WASTE: 3h Less Conventional Gasification/Liquefaction:
• v-Sub-SuperCritical Water(SCW)/Thermal liquefaction-depolymerization(above
either 374°C or Pressure 221bar-22.1Mpa- 3250psi[221times sea level],
technically anything over 100°C with ambient pressure or higher is for "sub", but
usually lot closer to SCW level: Highly potent and can gasify/liquify/decompose
any organic matter at low cost ◎(Biomass Technology Group BV, GreatPoint
Energy, AltacaEnerji, Earth Wind & Fire Technologies+), Or can make biochar or
value added 5-HMF (HydroxyMethylFurfural) ◎(AVA-CO2+), *(◎indicates
Sub/SuperCritical Water related tech)
• SCW and cold plasma tech is fully science rafitied, and has disruptive efficiency in
many applications, Often use of catalysis(KOH, K2CO3, Ni etc). Need accurate
temperature & time control to maximize liquid fuel recovery instead of
decomposition into water & CO2 etc. Energy generation application is at
mainstream level was very low key at both academic & official corporate level.
Only mainstream SCW for energy use is as turbine rotation medium.
• One high profile company rather mysteriously lost large $, or entire industry
suddenly drops whole business en mass with no clear explanation(Changing
World Technologies, Dozen mainstream companies in Japan in early yr2000)(For
details see water tech report [click here] and search "ORGANO"),
130
Vast Biomass 33, SCW, Wet Air Oxidation
• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY WASTE: 3h UnConventional Liquefaction:
v-Sub-SuperCritical W.
• SCW is re-surging quietly in mainstream Japan: eg sewage water sludge superheated
steam gasification(Meta Water, Chugoku Denryoku+), Also used for AD pretreatment
of solid or liquid waste(Gekkeikan+). Oil industry can benefit by SCW cracking:
previously impractical tars, low grade bitumen - oil sand - extra heavy crude oil
upgrading with possibly most effective EOR, or Refinery Residue
Upgrading/cracking/visbreaking with little to no coke remaining(Inhibit asphaltene
polymerization): ◎(JOGMEC+), Also drastically cut cost of Synthetic Crude Oil(SCO)
production(no diluent use) to enable low cost pipeline transportation of oilsand
(Syncrde+)
• Wet Air Oxidation is used for WasteWater treatment: regular municipal, industrial,
oil industry caustic water etc. Slightly different from & more "primitive" mechanics
than SubCritical water process by use of bubbling reactor to inject oxygen/air with
lower pressure than SubCritical water method, also generates slightly higher amount
of emission than SCW(still minimum), ◎(Veolia Water Athos, Bertrams ch, Wetox nz,
Merichem - Kenox+), Used as pretreatment ◎(Granit Technologies SA+), but note
many SCW oxidation(SCWO) process also injects oxygen.
131
Vast Biomass 34, Catalytic Depolymerization etc
• -->> cont; •3 WASTE: 3h UnConventional Liquefaction: :v-Sub-SuperCW.
• ■ Also lab success exists, of cellulose liquefaction with Phenol, Glycerol,
Butane etc as SuperCritical medium.
• vi-Catalytic Depolymerization(or might rely partially on hydrothermal
process)(Greenbase Sepadu, Green Power Inc, Alphakat, Nexxoil, BFCC -
Biodiesel Technologies s.r.o, Mercurius Biofuels+), seemingly low cost &
effective, possibly even simpler than SCW. Almost completely ignored by
mainstream West.
• vii-Super low cost Solar Thermal use Gasification: (Al Weimer+), viii-Molten
metal gasification method: Steam is also injected to work like supercritical
water reaction as low cost disruptive tech(HydroMax Diversified Energy+),
• pilot plant(Ze-Gen), Hydrogen production only with water & organic material
◎(Western Hydrogen+), ix-Some unique type of Pyrolysis can be price
competitive if byproduct is profitable(Pyrolyzer Spirajoule+), 1MW scale
system(Джулинда Технолоджи+): From small residential furnace to
commercial sizes Pyrolysis share in heat generation is higher in CIS nations
than most of west
132
Vast Biomass 35, Landfill Gas
• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY WASTE:
• 3i Landfill Gas(LFG): 50%+ of LFG is recoverable methane, generated by
oxygenless anaerobic decomposition of buried organic waste. Although energy
production is negligible as a whole macro scale(eg UK deemed 6TWh/yr level,
0.2% of entire power needs), if consider toxic gas removal process as cost, then
LFG becomes significant "free" energy in local landfill area. Also at some
locations it becomes lowest cost energy as is. Methane carbon footprint
reduction has various incentives & benefits.
• UK, US, Canada leads in energy recovery from Landfill Gas:(Cambrian Energy,
Viridor, DTE Biomass, CLP Envirogas, Infinis, Republic Services, LFG
Technologies, Biffa, Progressive Waste, Ener-G+). At those most advanced
nations, it is deemed overall 15-50% of methane gas is recovered for power
generation: eg UK is does recovery at 80% of landfill sites as flared or power/heat
production, with 50-70% of that is actually used for power generation
combustion, Continental Europe & Australia is active(Green Gas International
BV, Landfill Gas Industries+) -->> cont:
133
Vast Biomass 36, Landfill Gas 2
• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY WASTE:
3i Landfill Gas(LFG):
• Fair portion of gas is let off as flaring(burning) even there is LFG management
system in place(Hofstetter BV, GC Environmental, Comcor Environmental +),
Some small old landfill sites can also recover energy (Deponigas ApS+), Much
higher utilization % at large landfills, Power generation needs proper gas
filtering of siloxane, H2S etc(Unison Solutions, Xebec, PpTek, SulfaCHAR,
Prodeval +), recovery around 30-35% range with large majority Reciprocating
Engine special flexible power generator(Siloxa AG, GE Jenbacher - Clarke-
Energy+),
• 1MW+ capacity(can produce more than 1MW per hr) type system can use Gas
Turbine, a few add CHP for higher recovery, or profitable Landfill gas to liquid
fuel is a pilot+ level commercialization(Renovare Fuels, Velocys+)
• Note: Current waste disposal on land fill is close to none in Germany,
Netherlands, Sweden etc, more 3-5 nations with 5% range: those nations are
not focused on LFG recovery as future energy source.
134
Energy From Vast Biomass 37, Algae
• •4 OTHER BIOMASS: 4a Oil Bearing Algae: Mainstream groups emphasizes price
parity is far away, but some of pilot type commercialization/full commercialization
product seems to be lowest cost in some selected cases while cost is coming down
rapidly: α-LOW COST ELEMENTS: its high caloric content, order(s) of magnitude higher
oil yield per growth area than many biofuel crops, or artificial indoor
farming(Solazyme+) with efficient-fast-economical & easy harvestability-processing,
outdoor system types utilize unproductive sun exposed warm land, might prefer
human-undesired quality water(waste, toxic, sea/brackish)
• β-PROCESSING EASE: Most of utilized algae have no lignin & very little cellulose
content, processing is mainly to do with algae lysing(sometimes disruptively effective
electroporation is used) which is far simpler & lower cost than other biofuels even
with conventional treatment methods. Extraction process after initial biocrude stage
can be fit to conventional petroleum type processing system which reduces cost,
also gives refineries control of pricing in case biocrude becomes much lower cost: non
distruptability during energy cost reduction steps : eg Sapphire Energy vs Tesoro,
Phillips 66, Algae.tec + Algenol vs Reliance Industries, Cellana vs Neste, Solazyme
Industrials with own refinery.
• γ-COST DERIVATIVES DEPEND ON VALUE ADDING FACTOR: Becomes lowest cost fuel if
processing is done at locations with high cost energy availability, or fuel portion within
algae oil grade separation can be cost-adjusted with higher priced separated grades
from the same run: eg fuel grade vs higher value Omega3 etc -->> cont:
135
Energy From Vast Biomass 38, Algae Energy-Wastewater
• •4 OTHER BIOMASS: 4a Oil Bearing Algae:
Some companies are making vaguely or clearly defined commercialized offering
(Abca BioSolutions Pvt, UniVerve, Qeshm Microalgae Biorefinery BAYA fuel,
TereGroup, Bio Fuel Systems SA+), Notable recent cautional public remarks
amongst producers since 2014 about commercialization, especially in US.
• Some works in conjunction with waste water cleaning & CO2 sequestration as
algae growth "fertilizer", when this cost is considered(carbon credit), it becomes
lowest cost fuel in most places(also in some cases it would net some energy
availability after water processing)(MBD Energy, Algae Enterprises, Ennesys+),
Possibly ignored in mainstream due to super low cost High Rate Algae Pond tech
(NIWA - Solray Energy nz - Muradel Oil), Easy low cost fast process by recovering
oil/pellet/briquettes for steady production(Algae-Industries.com), also enhanced
algae growth by CO2 feeding in microbubble/nanobubble(Perlemax+)
• Additionally one can say cost is naturally low since they utilize well known lowest
cost processing actions(amongst experts) but such processes(below 1 & 2) are still
under-utilized in other fuel making or agriculture processes: 1-naturally all plant
enhancing CO2 feeding, 2- Sub-Supercritical water type treatment(some use it in
addition to or exclusively algae cell wall degrading oil extraction by
enzymatic/chemical/ultrasonic/supercritical CO2 or alcohol/electroporation-
electric pulse etc methods).
136
Vast Biomass 39, Peat - largest biomass of all
• -->> cont: •4 OTHER BIOMASS:
4b Peat: Overall severely underharvested except claimed by mainstream to be
locally overharvested Ireland & Baltic sea region: consumption against growth is
negligible. As a renewal resource level, it is recoverable worldwide at very least
120-150million tons/yr (2010-13ave world production 40million). Despite
wester mainstream claims, even by carbon tests showing of annual peat growth
of 0.7-2.8mm with "massive overproduction"at Baltics, Near city area North
America & Europe in last 70-150yrs+, either peat growth is higher than
mainstream figure or so is recoverable volume in these region, or both.
• Also at some large peat resource nations it is almost completely unused or not
even officially listed(Congo, Brazil, Papua New Guinea+), Bog-Wetland &
Extreme North conservation movement is helping to stop peat from entering
into world fuel market(also they might successfully prevent land Gas Hydrate
extraction) .
• But if Peat is considered non-renewable as ruling Western mainstream group
claims(mainly American led group is overriding mainly European lobby like IPCC
that calls peat green fuel) actual world Peat volume availability is similar to Coal
reserve but much cleaner fuel, which would cause severe overflooding of
energy supply to trigger disruptions in energy pricing & infrastructure if fully
exploited. -->> continue 137
Energy From Vast Biomass 40, Peat, various use
• -->> cont: •4 OTHER BIOMASS: 4b Peat:
Hence seemingly for various political & economical lobby reasons it is currently not
harvested to even close to the capacity, or used for other purposes even if peat is
usually lowest cost fuel available eg two by far the largest world resource holder
Canada, Russia at 1/20 level harvesting against growth
• Higher margin gained when sold as Growing Media for exports(Latvia[Laflora lv+],
Estonia[Sangla Peat AS+], Lithuania[Rekyva+]+), Almost all production goes to
Horticultural or other industrial related markets (Canada[Lambert Peat Moss, Sun Gro
Horticulture, Earth Care Products SPHAG SORB+], Germany[Klasmann-Deilmann+],
UK[Northern Peat & Moss Company+]+), Often 2nd largest world Peat producer nation
Sweden is mainly(but not mostly) for local energy use(Söderenergi, Svenska Cellulosa
Aktiebolaget+), also Finnish backed group involvement there(Neova bioenergi),
• Although revenue is lower than growth media use, fair portion produced for
fuel(Ireland[Bord na Móna]+), Share with garden market use & specifically as stove
briquettes(Ukraine[Volyntorf+], Belarus[Торфобрикетный завод Лидский+],
Russia[ЗАО "ВяткаТорф"+]+), Sometimes subsidized(higher margin to sell to garden
substrate market) to secure large volume electricity generation(Russia, Finland[6% of
total power is peat, 35% world peat production share][Vapo Oy, Turveruukki Oy -
Oulun Energia, Kuopion energia, Vaskiluoto Voima+], 50%+ in some regional power
generation, can reduce SO2 emission of coal when mixed), Some small production
nations are using peat exclusively for fuel/electricity generation on local basis(less
than million ton/yr)(Indonesia, Rwanda[HQpower Rwanda], Brundi+) 138
Occasionally “Lowest Cost” Energy:
Clean Under-Utilized Methane: 1 Gas Hydrate
• ■ Under-U'lized Methane
Unconven'onal extrac'on method of regular Natural Gas: Unclear
differen'a'on from exis'ng Natural Gas. Magnitude of supply volume
seems to far exceed exis'ng reserve of conven'onal hydrocarbon hence
highlighted here as occasionally lower cost energy
• ●1 Methane Hydrate-Clathrate/Gas Hydrate: Confirmed to be located
mostly either offshore near con'nental shelf area ocean boBom, or
Permafrost land underground in polar regions(Messoyakha gas field:
Gazprom Ne5: only publicly known full 'me large volume opera'on), or in
high al'tude permafrost region(Qiangtang Basin China+). Also about
160'mes as dense natural gas storage with -20C(INPEX+),
• Crystalized Methane combined with water in specific geometric form, as
mantle derived methane surfacing into ocean/near surface is trapped in
water under high pressure and low temperature. This ice like forma'on can
remain so under pressure at substan'ally above 0°C
temperature(mainstream established idea). Recoverable accumula'on is so
far found to be 100m to several kilometres thick. -->> con'nue
139
Lowest Cost Energy: Clean Under-U4lized
Methane 2: Clathrate loca4on & extrac4on
• ■ Under-Utilized Methane ●1 Methane Hydrate-Clathrate/Gas Hydrate:
• General mainstream consensus available volume at least exceeds entire
conventional hydrocarbon resources(some "economically incorrect science" using
nations such as China/Russia projects order[s] of magnitude higher). Highly
disruptive information as this can undermine profitable "peak oil" appeal & cause
overflooding of energy market if extracted in mass. Although current test overall
production cost is higher than Natural Gas from deep ocean, land base extraction
can be already on par or lower due to shallowness, & this will likely easily go lowest
cost in high fuel cost regions as full operation occurs.
• Most of gas hydrate or a portion of ocean bottom hydrate can use conventional
drilling & extraction related methods, No need for economically & environmentally
expensive fracking, Shallower depth than many natural gas wells: depth is 100m+
range in Arctic, 500m+ in other regions etc, land or water.
• But so far indication is drilling might need to be moved to nearby area quicker
than regular gas wells if based on existing technology - if same tech is used higher
cost? Studying the past track record shows, if exploiting this resource is important
to mainstream group they would usually come up with "revolutionary" new
technology in few years (eg fracking for Shale oil or deep well developing methods
etc.).
140
Lowest Cost Energy: Clean Under-U4lized Methane
3: Methane Hydrate extrac4on, CBM/CSG
• ■ Under-Utilized Methane ●1 Methane Hydrate-Clathrate/Gas Hydrate:
• Currently officially applied or tested main methods are Thermal injection(hot
water/steam), Depressurization, & CO2 replacement methods etc.
• Temporal wells: Ignik Sikumi(US), Mallik(Canada), Atsumi Peninsula 400m off
Coast (Japan), Permanent types;(Mount Elbert)(US), all negligible production
volume (0.01million m3/day range): Some of known participators:
ConocoPhillips, BP, Vnnigaz Gazprom «Газпром ВНИИГАЗ», Oil and Natural
Gas Corporation of India, GNS Science, German gas hydrate initiative,
JMH, JAPEX , , ,
가스하이드레이트 사업단 Gas Hydrate R&D Organization. Also smaller private
operators participation: Hydrate Resources Corporation+
• ●2 Coalbed Methane(CBM)/Coal Seam Gas(CSG): Started as coal mine de-
gasification program for safety in 1980s in US. Natural gas contained in highly
porous coal molecule structure & seams in relation to bacterial
action/generation(speed of CH4 production seem to widely vary by conditions),
also fair volume of Methane would be additionally produced by injecting CO2
into the coal bed which bacteria reduces (removing oxygen) to Methane for
future yield(Golding-Rudolph-Esterle+): (see Abiotic oil p381-386)
141
-Lowest Cost Energy: Clean Under-Utilized Methane
4: CBM/CSG - background
• -->> cont: ■ Under-U'lized Methane: ●2 Coalbed Methane(CBM)/Coal Seam
Gas(CSG):
• As of 2014 close to 2% volume of Natural gas produc8on world wide with US is
more than its 80% share, helped by government back up. Mainstream western
media's CBM availability idea is oIen about 1/20-100 of Natural gas volume
reserve, but full scien*fic consensus projects rather on par volume with
conven*onal Natural Gas: Western media oIen quotes fringe segment of
mainstream science that ignores massive oil & other hydrocarbon over availability
world wide at publicly known & less known sites. This might help con8nue to
advocate peak oil idea.
• Natural gas would be likely gradually shiI to CBM in the future as main gas source.
CBM promoters emphasize on it is able to stop methane escaping for carbon foot
print reduc8on, or gas is actually overall even less emission(sweet gas) containing
than conven8onally extracted natural gas, while preventor groups focus on repeat
of fracking water issue etc.
• Some new produc8on areas would be lower cost than exis8ng energy source
despite extra water handling issue: Much shallower depth etc. Different types of
technology (eg altered type hydraulic fracturing is already used in Australia) might
be needed to fully tap its poten8al. ->> cont
142
Lowest Cost Energy: Clean Under-U4lized Methane
5: CBM/CSG Operators, CMM
• -->> cont: ■ Under-Utilized Methane: ●2 Coalbed Methane/Coal Seam Gas:
• Main coal reserve nations have large potential: i.e. US(ConocoPhillips, Consol
Energy, Bill Barrett Corporation+), Canada(Ember Resources, BP Canada+),
Australia(QGC Pty - Shell, Arrow Energy+), Russia is likely to develop only small
volume given current large production of Natural gas(Газпром промгаз Gazprom
Promgaz+), Germany: their definition of CBM & CMM(Coal Mine Methane) is mixed
as a large portion of it comes from closed coal mines(STEAG New Energies+),
India(Essar+), China is likely to have most incentive to develop in mid term with
strong state involvement(PetroChina, China United Coalbed Methane Corporation -
+), while some privates attempt to expand(Green Dragon
Gas, AAG Energy+)
• ●3 Coal Mine Methane(CMM): When coal is mined, methane is emitted & vented as
hazard, but not recovered when yield was inconsistent or mix of other air(20-60%
CH4) etc, but now this "free energy" is starting to get recovered more - this also
makes the gas lowest cost in some situations(Energy Developments, GreenGas
International BV, Shanxi Jincheng Anthracite Coal Mining Group Co Ltd /
+). Often CMM doesn't include high consistently yield
methane streams because it becomes its own well.
143
Mainstream “Pseudoscien1fic Free Energy” claims
• Some were submitted to mainstream Western academic protocol peer review
by Senior Western scientists:
• 1-LENR-Cold fusion: Low Energy Nuclear Reaction -1989, Heat generates as H2
(hydrogen) in water interacts with catalyst(Ni-nickel, Pd-palladium etc) at
electrolysis when stimulus applied(heat, current, resonance+)(Pons,
Fleischmann), Unexplainable side effects: of helium produced(partly similar to
nuclear fusion) but very minute neutron/tritium/x-ray, and no gamma ray
2-Cavitation: Micro bubble fusion / Sonoluminescence / Acoustic-ultrasonic
cavitation— 2002, Extract energy from imploding & light emitting bubble in
liquid by acoustic wave excitation, “Semi science legal” mechanics(Taleyarkan
et al+)
• ■ Both linked via “solid state fusion” phenomena elements
■ Many repeated previous mainstream claims(LENR since 1925, Cavitation
1978, but above were observed by “top mainstream scientists” triggered first
serious review, ■ Mainstream thermonuculear fusion: some systems cost
hundreds of million$+/yr(also p177-179), •ICF: Inertial Confinement(US
National Ignition Facility+), •MCF: Magnetic Confinement(ITER- Tokamak, 30+
others) -->>cont:
144
Mainstream “Pseudoscientific Free Energy” claims /
Academia's LENR-Cavitation. -vs- tech
• ■ LENR & Cavita/on quickly “proven false”, “No results” fusion$ cri/cized,
yet “COP>1” Hydrodynamic + Sonic Cavita/on was already commercialized in
Ex-soviet na/ons(p136) and scien/sts win na/onal inven/on award(VN
Kuchin - ВН Кучин «Темир мен Мыс»[Kazakhstan]+)
• ■ Similar physics law breaking mechanics & “anomalies” both at LENR-
Cavita/on & Inventor techs, but laèr more openly admit
• ■ Past main academics explain similar mechanics(Webb, Kelvin, TJJ See,
Dirac, Kaluza, Faraday, Whiàker, W Crookes, Poyn/ng, Loschmidt, Maxwell,
Myshkin+),
• ■ Presence of Corporate & Gov't project whistle blower inventor types
including gravity field propulsion/gravity control(Bushman, Carol Rosin, Rob
Wood, W Pawalek, J Black, McCandlish, D Morris+).
• 1&2 LENR-Cavita.on both seem to have similarity to Inventor tech. As of
2017, only a few of their scien.sts s/ll ignore inventor type tech believing
there is no validity in non academic peer reviewed data while bulk of them
are suspec/ng or inves/ga/ng its link. -->>cont:
145
LENR-Cavita+on-vs- & Eniology Link 2
• -->>cont: LENR(mainstream "free energy") vs Inventor free energy tech link:
• ■ But almost all of following pages’ inventor type techs were investigated in
depth or developed & a few commercialized(eg Potapov, RI Mustafayev+) by
Russian/ex-Soviet university/institute academic: significant diversity &
academic freedom allowed unlike West(many worry about compromizing
future promotion, not getting grant, or sometimes even losing job when openly
discuss outside of set narrative in scientific "indisputable facts" or even
geopolitical info).
• While data access from West was often restricted, and occasionally quite
suppressive for new technology for political reasons(ЕК Наумов, Kozyrev[likely
due to early stage of psychotronic tech]+), science even in Soviet was lot less
compartmentalized & in a way freerer than West.
• Soviet openly affirmed ideas such as Eniology(Эниология) /Bio-Energo-
Informatics(Биоэнергоинформатика): biological nonlocal information
exchange(VP Kaznacheev, Huping Hu+): part of this is now commonly
demonstrated by mentalists/Illusionists in mixture with conventional tricks in
West. This includes idea of physically manifesting effects by mind(psychic
/telekinesis), conventional Kinetic, or electronic means(torsion field) locally &
non locally both as fundamental physics base. >>cont:
146
-LENR-Cavitation-vs- & Eniology Link 3
• -->>cont: Soviet - Russia & CIS science:
Eniology as fundamental physics base was more or less official stance of USSR
Academy of Science in 1980s(ЮА Овчинников, ВН Волченко, NN Bogolyubov, ЕС
Фрадкин, AM Prokhorov+), and currently s_ll a strong Russia's minority
mainstream group aaer western science-corporate connected group increased
influence par_cularly aaer 1998(IMF/WB democra_za_on's academic version).
This idea was less developed in China but similar qigong or "paranormal" science
was spearheaded by top poli_cally connected academics( - Qian Xuesen+)
• At least _ll around 1993 Russia had official large budgeted technology
development and applica_on for primarily military/intel by use of psychic
technology as integral part of the opera_on(ГГ Рогозин[GG Rogozin], БК
Ра́тников), and as reduced capacity _ll 2003-6(it is portrayed as pseudoscience &
waste of money by some groups in Russia[Commission for Comba,ng
Pseudoscience & Falsifica,on of Scien,fic Research/ Комиссия по борьбе с
лженаукой и фальсификацией научных исследований, S_ll Claims Cold Fusion
LENR as Fraud] in corpora_on with west+), for more details visit[Tesla...
Pseudoscience?] and go to "outrageous claims" p425-429
• But Soviets banned gene,cs, cyberne,cs(rela_on to above Bio-Energo-
Informa_cs, also hypnosis in public in 70s), & non-marxist philosophy/economics
by reasoning “bourgeois pseudoscience”. Sociological data was also
falsified/classified for counter intel purpose against West. 147
“ Pseudo Science” Free Energy
, Ambient Electricity & Counter EMF
• Micro sized private/commercialized use, often multiple mechanics devised
by single inventor: most of following category has 100+ inventors
claims. Also “science accepted” section’s tech with “too high energy
extraction to study” versions such as aerial/ground electricity harvester
or self oscillators/self accumulating capacitors are often claimed by same
inventors.
-Non-moving coil - Radiant energy/Ambient Electricity
Inducer(Chernetski, Hendershot, Tesla, Baumann,Craig,
Hyde,Thrapp,Adams,Gritskevitch, Moray, J Murray, Hartmann, Flynn, SE
Jones & Kraut, DL Smith, Perez-Torres, PJ Kelly+), Often transformer like
setting of pair(s) of coils with Magnet/Ferromagnetic core or Bifilar coil in
specific position against EM field(opposing, orthogonal+), or Configured to
trigger resonance, or geometry/pairing etc setup to amplify initially
ignorable very weak oscillation to substantial level. Some are simple RLC
circuit type, with separate source & load batteries in circuit.
148
, Ambient Electricity & Back EMF 2: Academic Status
• -->> -Non-moving coil - Ambient energy,:
• Might involve high voltage + no electricity (p197-217, Rela;on to Scalar
“wave”, Radionics, An;gravity-:Godin, “Gene altering”: Lu Bürgin+),
• Less disrup;ve micro electricity genera;on "out of nothing" has been
discussed by academics par;cularly in non-Western na;ons. This claim
is selec;vely ignored & ridiculed by western scholar and science
media(p21-23, p36): eg Genera;on of electricity from limitless thermal
mo;on of ions across a two dimensional silicon surface at room
temperature(Guoan Tai+) - can make "solarless cell”
• A"er repeated & on-going demo mainstream debunking in 2016
Commercializa=on started: Steorn Orbo, but this mul;-yr opera;on
company officially closed down aUer.
149
, Ambient Electricity & Back EMF 3: PFC funcBon
-“Magne'c Motor”- o/en Counter ElectroMo've Force in DC Motor (Back
EMF/CEMF) Harnessed (TechnoKontrol TK Omega RF5000: Ant Romero),
Others(Watson, Schappelle, Kawai, Reed, Heins, Ide, Parendev, Roshcin,
Kenyon,Tracy, Tewari, Reed, Chris@e & Brit, Steinmetz, Ward, Sumaruck+), This
is more disrup've version of mere CEMF Reduc'on(Chr Wanlas+) tech.
An@gravity effect might be involved(Cyr Davson & Kar Schappeller+), Used as a
part of circuit as high performance all around Power Factor Correc@on
device(works for current lag, waveform distor@on, harmonic issues, works for
AC power)(Roto Verter: H Torrez+), but actually many devices in this category
func@ons as "baSery power factor corrector" by "op@mizing" baSery
performance
• Incidentally, Out of Apparent power[total electricity power supplier owns to
sell], Industrial use Reac@ve Power is oCen billed as penalty[loss to the power
supplier but not consumed by industrial user ], so this type of Power Factor
Correc@on $ saving is mainstream approved but "Ac@ve Power only
billed"[lost reac7ve power is uncharged to residen7al user] residen@al saving
remains pseudoscience as this would imply overunity) -->>cont:
150
, Ambient Electricity & Back EMF 4: Cold Electricity
• -->> -“Magnetic Motor”- often Counter ElectroMotive Force:
• Often spinning of magnet imbedded rotor(can be DC pulse timed - and this type
closely resembles Torsion Field generator[Игорь Громыко+]; p197-241), similar to
monopole magnet(Fauble),which in itself rather simple to make(S Seike -
+) but still pseudoscienced, while gradually academic level report is allowed to
publish(Tatara & Takeuchi+), Cold electricity(supercurrent) harvest by causing
Townsend discharge/Electron avalanche breakdown in open air(Magratten),
• Can cause weather change(David Wells+), EMF by electron spin at static magnetic
field by time-varying magnetization in magnetic tunnel junction(zinc-blende-
structured MnAs nanomagnet: Pham Nam Hai +)
• ➢ Common in & : Often separate source power, charge, & battery/capacitor
used, a few need no external power. Bypassing regular “self-cancel dipole power
circuit” in order to keep asymmetry & electron flow, Energy output exceeds input
when reach threshold level,
• ➢ Often claimed anomaly in : mix of Regular & Cold electricity:(Obolensky+),
• ●“Electron Vortex” idea: a-Ball lightning as its manifestation, b-Electrons can be in
vortex form by default(Tewari+), c-Tesla Coil as electron vortex generator,
151
“ Pseudo Science” Free Energy , Ambient
Electricity & Back EMF 5: Zenneck Wave, Single Wire +
• -->> -Non-moving coil - Ambient energy,: -“Magne6c Motor”:
• ●Posi&ve & Reverse energy: Bulb lights up in water, Whiter light, Rapid ba=ery
charge, Fix some dead ba=eries, Can be single wire(Zenneck wave rela&on?, also
see p212,213) & wireless connec&on, Voltage with 0 current(easy excuse to call it
invalid/mistake since only resistance is measured but no current is measured:
poten&al only and no vector), Invisible force radiates. Finally commercializa&on
of long distance wireless power transmission by conven&onally undetectable
Zenneck surface wave(non-Hertzian) use(Texzon Technologies+)
• ●Device transforms/extracts ambient-thermal energy as electricity in
endothermic form from environment: Absorbs heat(instead of regular
electricity's dissipa&ng heat), Device can go below 0°C, Scalar "wave" link(p197-
217), Cone-toroid-pyramid shape circuit seems to help(at least pyramid cavity is
known to absorb ambient Far InfraRed-Microwave oscilla&on very effec&vely and
resonate inside), O>en capacitor based high DC voltage pulse trigger, Spark gap,
Inten&onal spike/ferroresonance (choking effect, also can happens when reg
current is switched off) starts rapid inflow: sort of like dielectric breakdown when
intensity threshold is past. -->>cont:
152
“ Pseudo Science” Free Energy , Ambient
Electricity & Back EMF 6: What is This Extra Coming In?
• -->> -Non-moving coil - Ambient energy,: -“Magnetic Motor”:

• Seems to coincide with Electrical Resonance but more than just
impedances cancel each other out: something extra "comes in".
Industrial size ambient electricity production seems to link to
phenomena that is currently under-researched by regular electricity use
mainstream power electronics: resonance/harmonics/spike etc.(though
these mainstream power factor correction is mainly about AC current,
and power generation here is generally DC)
• ●Transverse wave(normal EM wave) vs Longitudinal wave(mainstream
denied) “negative entropy”(negative resistor: Ga Kron+), Macro
equivalent of 100%+ quantum efficiency by multiple-exciton/electron
effect
153
HHO, OxyHydrogen Gas: Mileage Boosters
-“Overunity” H2-HHO-Brown’s gas produc:on(Klein, Zigorous, Lawton, F
Wells, A Blue, Rhodes, Ste Ryan, Raju, Pantone, Pacheco, S Chambers,
Kanarev, Y Brown, Gre Vezina, Eaton+), Commercializa:on fully exists mainly
as on-board Hydrogen/HHO generator for combus:on enhancing to match
maximum limit in Faraday's laws of electrolysis level: mostly scaled down 10-
25% gas saver(eg HHO HFS Pty, WaterToGas, Hydrotechnix, HodPros, CVHHO:
200+ companies), Water emulsion fuel combo(Cynergi Holding SA+). North
American mainstream market targeters are finally starXng from Canada with
15-20% range saving while a few sXll sXck to vague tech explanaXon(Blu?p
Power, Empire Hydrogen, dynaCERT, Innova?ve Hydrogen+).
• Generally HHO devices produce slightly more overall saving than no
maintenance needed o\en super low cost/low Capex-Opex Magne:c fuel
treatment(MulXmag pl, Fuelmax lv, MAGNETIZAGUA SYLOCIMOL +), Rare
German TÜV passed 15% fuel saving(even if official narraXve is
pseudoscience)(Maratech ag TiziCALOR), Quietly selling to Fortune1000 type
major corps' large scale industrial applica:on(Maxsys Fuel System+) with 5%
saving. -->>cont with on board Hydrogen device comparable "add on"
energy saving devices:
154
-“ Pseudo Science” Free Energy
HHO, OxyHydrogen Gas 2: Booster Comparison
• -->>cont: example of on-board HHO energy saving device competitors:
• Same level low cost FarInfraRed(FIR) wave emitting nano ceramic in oil
additive(Ceramic Power Liquid+), or FIR solid state device placed in gas
tank(Moletech biz+), micro EM field/FIR wave of certain "form" by layers of
different electrical potential minerals to augment combustion (Nanotech-beam
SatoCompany+), Vortex intake air flow based fuel saver with 5million+ units
sold claims(Hiclone qld): above non HHO devices seem to be minor 5-15%
range cost reduction at best, but some evidence of further saving when
combined. More minor 3-5% level saving Plasma induced improved
aerodynamics (Plasma Stream),.
• Yet even 10%+ saving fuel additive is still ignored by Western Mainstream
media/NGO/Gov't for consumer market(many non-west Govn't approved)
while increasingly used by industrial operations(Mazoil Maz Nitro+), and
previously listed "add on" devices in last 2pages are quietly installed for
building/HVAC/lighting and industrial operational applications by some
mainstream ESCO(Energy Service Company) and Energy Performance
engineering companies that guarantee energy saving under Energy
Performance Contract. -->>cont:
155
HHO, OxyHydrogen Gas 3:More Disruptive Booster
• Un#l quite recently, openly explained HHO effects at mainstream level
used to get debunked & companies went out of business in N. America
(CHEC hydrogen+), while they have been geFng mainstream support in
Europe(h2gogo, Creoproject+). Now ELSEVIER accepts academic report that
claims HHO gas is saving 50% gas at HCCL (Homogeneous charge
compression igniFon) engine - e.g."A new technology to overcome the
limits of HCCI engine through fuel modificaFon"(BW Bahng+).
• Huge price gap with same quality: Non-western major corp.
involved(Norinco+), Rare 30-60%+ saving claims, some standing wave
use(Shinko-Trans, Giriraj Electronics, Watergas.nu+): last company also
claims resonance use low cost Hydrocabon producFon(also see p375-380),
Even 1% saving is “impossible” in Mainstream West: “cannot save fuel by
making ‘fuel’ from running engine”, due to “unbreakable universal
law”(p194-196), Saltwater Hydrodynamic cavitaFon based HHO gas
producFon self sustaining engine combusFon process(Ric Aho+)
156
HHO, OxyHydrogen Gas 4:Some of Mechanics
• -->>cont: onboard hydrogen generator:
• ■ Typical automobile “HHO fuel cell": 12V powered 6-7 flat stainless
steel plates per “stack”, +- unseparated electrolyzer, assisted by
EFIE(electronic fuel injection enhancer), PWM(pulse width modulator),
MAP(manifold absolute pressure sensor), Distilled water + KOH
electrolyte, Gas “bubbler” etc,
• ■ So far “water only run car”(ie overt Faraday law violation) type
services never continue operation: There are various claims on difficulty
imposed on by third parties(Boyce, Rasmussen, B Williams, S Meyer,
Pantone+). But there is a sign of change in this disruptive area also:
one company's water generator claim matches with numerous historical
characteristic expression of actual tech and might not be fraud(GDS
technologies Canada), and finally core western mainstream linked group
is quietly launching potentially overunity type similar resonance
chamber based hydrogen production(Joi Scientific: T Kennedy & R
Koeneman) 157
HHO, OxyHydrogen Gas 5: 100% Water Run Cars
• ■ 100% water run cars aren’t really by electrolysis?- eg: ●Sympathetic
frequency matching to cause resonance of entire set with standing
wave(similar effect with molecular hydrogen in a LENR patent[Airbus]),
●Dielectric breakdown of water/Rapid dissociation of water by kinetic
electromagnetic resonance occurs under certain conditions. Effect of
resonance/resonant ionic motion to amplify water dissociation or it is
endothermic effect(heat absorbing) by intermolecule EM field fluxing: this is
mainstream science accepted effect but largely ignored as academic
topic(Hjelte, Car Stia+), Often claimed to be around 43Khz,
• ●Cold electricity by high voltage capacitor spark trigger(p148-153), ●Resonating
cylinder cavity(p171,172), ●Plate gap <1mm, ●Venturi/vortex air or water mist
sucked in at intake(0 energy use), ●Magnetizing gas/water, ●Cavitation,
●Oscillating EM field etc, ●Some even prefer deposits on electrode(S
Cramton+), ●0 electricity/0 electrolyte use: radio waves etc:
• Water often seems to decompose by something else rather than by energy:
"information?", Hydrogen bond angle altered?(J Ellis+), Ambient energy
used to loosen bonds?, Also link seems to exist with LENR-Cold Fusion &
Sonoluminescence Cavitation(M King+), -->>cont:
158
HHO, OxyHydrogen Gas 6: Related Phenomena
• ■ HHO related water anomalies: High voltage pulsed water can
explode: overunity like & strange phenomena generating Electron
Charge Cluster(A Ilyanok+), similar Shock Electrodialysis(M Bazant, RM
Crooks+), Plasma discharge in SuperCritical Water(Kaz Terashima+),
Electrohydraulic Effect: Water arc plasma, Electrically induced
explosions of water(insufficiently explained by mainstream: Graneau,
Verdoold+): Desalination effect, Generates EM field, double cavitation
shockwaves, ultrasound, ultraviolet, x-ray, Significantly increase rock-
soil-peat nutrient(Cifanskis+) & water permeability to plants, Instantly
alter metal structure, Bonding dissimilar materials, Chemical catalyst+
(Yutkin, Bekaev+),
• It’s used for precision high end manufacturing(eg Bmax, Fujico CPC
process, Trakonta - Траконта +), or from industrial rock to kidney
stone crushing etc. For other possibly torsion field related similar
effect to above, see ●iv Rotating Magnetic Field at p233-237.
-->>cont:
159
HHO, OxyHydrogen Gas 7: Difference from H2
• Other HHO related anomalies: Radioac3vity remedia3on(V
Roth+), More energy than available gas(And Michrowski+),
“Vitalized” water+.
• ■ Range of unconven3onal effects: Not really hydrogen; Water with
extra H2 bond or electrons?; Burns in vacuum or underwater(no air
intake/exit), Burns sprayed liquid water in open air(linked to Electric
arc having more power in mist/water than in air[Frungel+]),
• Adheres to maSer, Pressured back to water, Heavier than
air(hydrogen is much lighter) - can be poured(G Wiseman+),
• Flame is electrical plasma rather than burning, High powered
laser like effect with far lower input: makes metal rust
resistant/glazes concrete(eg Best Korea Brown+), Cold flame 130-
280°C (no bond breaks unlike when H2 burns at 2000°C+), Direct
flame doesn’t boil water(B & T Lang+),
• -->>cont:
160
“ Pseudo Science” Free Energy HHO,
OxyHydrogen Gas 8: Ignored Tungsten Vaporizing
• Range of unconventional effects: Not really hydrogen:

• ■ But Incinerates at 1600°C, Vaporizes Tungsten(3400°C): burns at subatomic
level? Nuclei Superdeformation link?- Ormus connection?(p305-315),
• Disrupts molecule bond(electron breaks off water molecule at matter
reaction causing heat(Eckman+), Implodes in pure form(Suartt,
Knudston+), Mix is Explosive: HHO+H2: can call hydroxy/oxy-hydrogen,
Much higher quality & almost fumeless faster metal cut + alien matter
welding, surface cleaning, ampoule filling etc(Epoch Energy+), “Improved
version” of Injection/Water Shield/Steam Plasma cutting,
• This is similar to Pulsed arc Water Plasma(Мультиплаз-Multiplaz)
effects. Far more gas produced than H2 by same energy, hence much
lower cost.
• ■ Mix well with most conventional liquid & gas fuels in industrial boiler-
furnace(eg Aquygen+)+: Cut emission(50-85%+, less effective on NOx), Engine
& exhaust system cleaner(eg E&E HHO+), more power, -->>cont:
161
's HHO, OxyHydrogen Gas 9: Ohmasa Gas
• ■ Rare but consistent similar detailed claims exists & debunking methods on
water only run cars when both debunkers and claimants are fully inves:gated(S
Meyer, Dingle, Cornish,Yogev, Garret, Leaich, Estevel, Waqar Ahmed, Valen:n,
Mohd Ali, Abd Shukor, M Suematsu, Khan, P Lowrie, Rusetel, Bordeianu, Ghu
Sarwar, TP Edirisinghe, PurushoMam Pipaliya, Ricardo Azevedo +),
• Specific mechanics itself differs with mostly same phenomena or side effects
even though inventors don’t necessarily have direct communica:on each other.
Also there are numerous “non credible” witnesses as well as credible
ones(government officer, doctor etc), some can run with dirty water, most insist
on resonance as key element.
• Sub form HHO: Ohmasa Gas:
Acous:c vibra:on produced instead of electrolysis: "clustered HHO”, Flame
700°C(H2: 2700°C) but burns Tungsten(boiling point 5555°C,) Becomes Liquid at
-180°C(O2:-183°C H2:-240°C, Can replace H2 in Hydrogen Fuelcell with 5-7%
addi:onal energy, combines with CO2 to burn and mostly "consume" CO2 aier
combus:on):quietly backed up by AIST/NEDO, Tokyo Univ(most conserva:ve
elite school in Japan, also influencer to JAEC[Ohmasa gas debunker due to its
claim of radia:on remedia:on effect]), Tokyo Ins:tute of Technology etc(i.e.
mainstream accepted in Japan while HHO is s:ll fraud in many western ally
countries). >>cont:
162
“ Pseudo Science” Free Energy HHO,
OxyHydrogen Gas 10: Ohmasa Gas in Propane Tank
• >>cont: Sub form HHO: Ohmasa Gas:
• At least 2 times energy equivalent gas output from original use of energy to
produce(closed system overunity). Also can be mixed with H2 to decrease its
volatility & fast leakage tendency. Much reduced risk of explosion compared to
hydrogen, Can run combustion engine in vacuum/space, Easy low cost
<10kg/cm2 or 143psi storage(unlike H2) using propane tank for storage with
larger molecule: less leaking, same indication from SG Gas,
• Even more rare methods of overunity H2 or HHO gas making claim that are lab
tested- eg: No catalyst applied optical pump excited UV radiation treatment
of water vapor in resonant cavity(Leslie Reach) etc.
• Signs of resistance by some stronger 3rd world gov'ts(eg India, Pakistan+) of
not suppressing this & other "free energy" tech(eg The Economic Times -
Tewari - Kirloskar Electric) & acting indifferent to various Western
establishment pressure to weed it out.
163
Cold Plasma Pulse 1: Relation to Other Techs
-Plasma or “Virtual power” Inducer-Exploder-Imploder with inert/noble
gas/water inside(Papp, Bri+, Rohner, Ke Rauen, Ray, Correa, Clem,
Pantone, Schaeffer, Neil, Valkinburg+):
• Vacuum-Ambient energy, EM pulse, or some resonaEng thrust power
extracted in a container/engine/cavity, to exert power with or without
moving parts, Vortex energy?, Joe Cell link(Booker, P Stevens+), Einstein
had iniEal Reich’s Orgone energy confirmaEon(anomalous effect
accompanied micro current & electric field self generaEon by specific
combinaEon of conductor & dielectric material) but further exploraEon
stopped(Mallove+),
• O?en MHD(MagnetoHydroDynamics)/LMMHD(Liquid Metal) resembled
mechanics: some kind of ionizaGon/excitaGon/plasmaficaGon/scalar
wave energy of inert gas is involved. Exact mix raEo of
Water/Air/Steam/Oil/ or various Noble gases is used as “energy substrate”
in closed container, Also “acEvated Nitrogen” can be used?(RJ Stru++),
-->>cont:
164
Cold Plasma Pulse 2: How It Works
• -a Often works as rapid compress-expand cycle pulse(also ionized
noble/inert gas emits bio enhancing light/scalar type & EM waves
simultaneously:J Jirard, Or Fitz+) in sealed or pressured fuel less
engine setup: ion oscillated, triggered plasma energy from Zeropoint
field? Electron Charge Cluster(oxymoron?)?, But electrons attracting
each other at superconductivity state is science legal(Cooper pair+),
LENR-Cavitation-HHO link(K Shoulders, Jin, Fox+),
• -b Use of extra “non linearity” type power just like happens with
water hammer-cavitation in steam/water system?, Usually this
phenomena causes design to be adjusted or use extra energy to
eliminate the effect, instead of extracting this explosive free energy.
• -c Some have mutli-layered resonant cylinder: collect “power” & send
to engine
165
Compressed Air/Vortex Air & Water: 1 How It Works
-Some Air Vacuum/Compressed Air or Steam Engine, Temperature Gap
Amplified (Heat)Energy Exchanger/Vortex Tube/Hydrodynamic
CavitaCon Heater, Hydraulic pumps claim occasional “perpetual mo2on”
depended on run(Ler Rogers, Frene;e, Minto, Davey, Yeter, Pope, Eskeli,
Cahill, R Meyers, Trui;, Willimczik, Tesla, Hill, Karimov, Troyan, Von
Platen, Azarov, Alexeiv, Obadan, many other Russian/Soviet leading
civilian and military scien2sts+), a few are consistently overunity,
• Similar to without plasma, OUen involves abrupt change in cavity:
pressure vs vacuum, air flow, oscilla2on, temperature. Also released air
evapora2on, or cold air. System is low maintenance with less moving
parts, Ambient heat converted to mechanical mo2on(Ke Rauen+),
Anomalous “gap” in energy used vs harvested to break LOTD (Low Of
Thermo Dynamics)? Also if calculated airflow kine2c energy recovery of
some devices, it breaks Benz Law: SheerWind-INVELOX (Allaei). Can
involve steam or venturi, -->cont:
166
'sFree Energy Compressed Air/Vortex Air
& Water 2: HydroDynamic Cavita?on, Ion Heater etc
• —>>continued- -Compress air-Hydrodynamic Cavitation:

• ■ Active full commercialization: Disguised but practically free either
power generation or hot water(eg FlowGroup), COP>1 heaters: Ion
Heater(Stafor+), Similar results with Vortex Induction Boiler(Юрле-К
Yurle), Vacuum Radiator(Отопление-ГВС.РФ).
• ■ Cavitation/Hydrosonic devices: eg Fisonic(pump resonated by
geometric two flow mix, similar to Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube),
Warmbotruff, Graviton-M, ДЭВА Dewa Pulse etc (spinning
rotor/water to pulse) feature overunity pressure or heat, Western
based companies also claim(Cavitation Energy Systems+), but most of
them no longer publicize it(Hydro Dynamics, ECOP Wärmepumpe+),
Space type use “superconductive” heat pipe: eg Qu Tube (NASA),
-->>cont:
167
& Water 3: COP Interpretation Controversy
• —>>con&nued- -Compress air-Hydrodynamic Cavita&on:
• ■ COP ISSUE(Coefficient of Performance, 1:1 is unity = “100% efficiency”):
But when efficiency is measured based on affected area(eg COP on Flash
EvaporaGon Cooling), commonly sold air condi6oning-fridge-heat pump
efficiency goes COP>3(300%) as “official common sense”, some 6 to 8:
This area seems highly fudged under a disguise of "ambient energy" and
energy genera6on link seems to be avoided by mainstream, while
electric power based mainstream group produced MAGNETOCALORIC
refrigerator(Cooltech Applica,ons+) might have same level of overunity
efficiency,
• Also note there has been a same tech refrigerator commercial ready
announcement by mainstream Japanese companies since 2006 but will
they be finally allowed to put it on market?- Toshiba, Chubu Electric[COP
4+]+). All of these effects seem to be fudged to jus6fy Thermodynamic
2nd law(or its interpretaGon)with selec6vely applied incoherent logic:
this category techs seem to include conversion of this overunity into
conGnuous mechanical moGon.
168
& Water 4: Bending 2nd Law of ThermoDynamics?
• ->>cont.- -Air Vacuum/Compressed Air Engine, Heat Exchanger etc on
overunity element:
• ■ Technically, if COP>5 heat device is combined-looped with already
existing >20% efficiency Solid state heat-to-electricity recovery device,
then it would end up creating "energy out of nothing": ThermoElectric,
ThermoAcoustic, ThermoPhotoVoltaic etc(p56-68)
• ■ Same way as in heat pumps, another overunity Population Inversion(Thz
Ultrafast EM Pulse link, E Paspalakis+) is also openly "allowed" by LOTD; in
Laser(Optical Cavity Resonance: OCR) it is even precondition and OCR
standing wave based Free Electron Laser can accompany Superradiance
("collectiveness over unity"), but again power generation by such element
use is mostly mainstream avoided. What if we call earlier section’s
“magnetic motor” as "Magneto Thermodynamic Population Inversion"?
• ■ ”Advanced No-leak” Hydraulic Ram(TG Allen[Hydrautomat],
Kutienkov+/no incoming water pressure) water lifter, used in mainstream
till 1930s -->>cont:
169
& Water 5: Closed System 2nd Law Insistence
• ->>cont.- -Air Vacuum/Compressed Air Engine, Heat Exchanger etc on overunity
element:
• Deemed by some as part of core mechanics in category-
A-“Temperature gap of outside device vs thermodynamic pressure vortex cycle
inside”, “1st & 2nd LOTD contradic@on”, “Perpetual mo@on of second kind”
effects, эффект Крапивина (Krapivina effect), Part of mainstream in Russian
physics(Smenkovsky, Kosinov, Filippov, Tsyolkovskiy, Oparin, Yakovlev, Lazarev,
Buynov, AV Shubnikov+), others(Kondepudi+).
• If it is Thomson Effect, why compressed heated air released is cooler than pre-
inserted temperature?, COP>1 by “Compressed air + heat created”. Kine@c
energy by ambient heat & pressure(S Robertson, J Scof, Lindemann+), At right
pressure & geometry, overunity steam heat/pressure is norm(Sychikov+)
• B-”Unseen energy” tends to “show up” or flow from low or nega@ve pressure,
voltage etc to high, or at vortex outer to centre(Schauberger, H Iijima+): these
long debunked claims are finally star@ng to be mainstream acknowledged as
Rota@onal Superradiance in water vortex. Vortex flow or rapid ambience gap
sneaks in vacuum energy by “leaking through“ space?
170
Reac5onless Drive 1: Mul5ple Spacer Users
-Some of Reactionless, Propellantless Drive tech claims overunity effect
(Shawyer[EM Drive - China Academy of Space Technology: CAST], He Serrano,
Menshikov, Tajmar, Gui Fetta[Cannae drive: Cannae Inc-NASA]), also NASA
claims part of laser in resonance chamber seems to travel superluminally -
producing "warp bubble"? - Linked to Time Dilation, Ath Nassikas
(Superconducting Thruster, works only at <70K, no fuel needed like Hall
Thruster), Ro Cook, BR Thornson, Shipov etc(Inertia Drive by off centre rotator,
not overunity); all witnessed by numerous physicists/engineers multiple of
times: so semi commercialized while still pseudscientized or "controversial-
ized" at the same time - could this be another workable model for LENR
commercialization?
• Scissoring Gyro, Geometric wave Resonator Cavity, or pulsing against space,
Standing wave resonance accompanies. Also related Ambient noise use
microwave domain resonance based Electrical Soliton Oscillator(soliton is
pulse like wave propagate in water-plasma-optical fibre etc with maintained
shape, balancing nonlinearity & dispersion on Nonlinear Transmission
Line[NLTL]) is self starting and self sustaining(D Ricketts+). Research
participators are inventors + space agencies + private contractor mix, usually
not academics. -->>cont:
171
Reac5onless Drive 2: How It Works
• Matter can move with no external input when asymmetric momentum of
virtual photon enables vacuum to generate a net directional force(Al
Feigel+), while mainstream accepted Magneto Optic Effect shows
different energy level depends on circular polarized light's spin
direction(asymmetrical/non-reciprocal effect): Faraday Rotation.
Mechanics using “vacuum fluctuations of virtual plasma”? = Zeropoint
Energy(ZPE), Electrokinetic force?,
• ■ Additionally “pseudoscientific” by breaking conservation of momentum
“law”: Propulsion by asymmetry(unbalanced forces) of geometry cavity or
magnetic field flow.
• ■ Also directly links to other inventor type free energy mechanics or
vacuum energy extraction theoretical modelling(Da Cole, R Forward+), like
Cavity Quantum ElectroDynamics(drives quantum computer), Stochastic
ElectroDynamics (allows quantum effect on classical environment-
generates "geo-economically incorrect scientific effects": room temp
superconductivity, or Scalar wave relation[p197-217] etc). Due to top
Western institutions like NASA publisized results on it, there appears to be
"damage control" effort by mainstream media/blog for debunking
172
Gravity Based
-Gravity or Centrifugal Force/Inertia + Magnet(motor)(Dal Simpson, Ren

Ribeiro, Ewert, Cha Campbell, J Bedini, Rutowski, V Milkovic, AlKhooss,
Ucros, PK Raghuprasad+), Practical some large size various models
exist(eg 20x7x10m piston type) but no open commercialization.
• Requires precision: timing, weight balance, some by “gravity shielding”,
Also SMOT - Simple Magnetic Overunity Toy model(G Watson, Finsrud+)
type “perpetual motion” in closed loop displayed but low cost energy
generator is currently impractical,
• Also rather rare Gravitational Induction in Form of Electricity-(H William
Wallace, ME Boyd+) similar to ambient energy extraction(p148-153)
173
H2O( > 50%)Emulsion Fuel 1: Various Types
-Some Hydrocarbon-Water Emulsion Fuel Techs claim 50 to almost 100%
of H2O as fuel, i.e. water burns, not mere disperser/atomizer: C+H2O -->
CO+H2, or HHO CavitaEon/HHO tech link(Pillai, Dellschau, R Gunnerman,
VS Afanasyev, Capra, Franch, Enricht, Al Globus, CoRell, Chambrin, Kurata,
Hommoh, Baranov+), Diesel is easier, OVen produced on site, not pre-
made, Some can be also used as catalyst, Rare high level academic claimed
photocatalyEc & nanobubble infusion based emulsion itself causes
CO(reduced CO2) & H2 mix to be "copied" to hydrocarbon(Tad Imanaka,
p383,384).
• Ac9ve full commercializa9on is limited to low end level 50-75% water mix
(eg Fukai Soken, Eneco-hd+), while HHO energy experimenter community
endorsed 90%+ water claim by acousEc emulsion is unclear for its exact
availability(H2 Global: Wal Jenkins), Some superior tech companies
aRempt mainstream penetraEon with 50% range water mix product &
abruptly change course(Next Alterna6ve inc+), brought anger from
establishment?, 30%+ emission cut - less effecEve than HHO(p154-163),
-->>cont:
174
H2O( > 50%)Emulsion Fuel 2: ParAcipaAon by Majors
• ->>cont.- 8- Hydrocarbon - Water Emulsion Fuel:
■ Emulsion is well funded academic research for almost all relevant
applications(except almost non-existent for emulsion fuel in most of
west). Discrete large corporate/diesel backing/own development:
Kawasaki Hvy, NYK etc. Less discrete: Caterpillar has been most openly
active in sponsoring emulsion fuel including paradigm changing
"pseudoscientific range 50%+ water" types which was retracted from
market quickly: A-55(R Gunnerman). Rare event for major Fortune 500
corporate to officially involve.
• Actually this inventor also produced 70-80% water version, with
requirement for engine modification- but this engine design issue comes
back to numerous engineer inventions with 50-200%+ more efficient
engines that are shelved: see p45 - major mainstream research void area.
And from Gunnerman invention lineage, only Gas+Oil mix 10% fuel saving
new composite fuel was allowed to commercialize fully(Advanced Refining
Concepts). -->>cont:
175
H2O( > 50%)Emulsion Fuel 3: Emulsify Method
• ->>cont.- - Hydrocarbon - Water Emulsion Fuel:
Various combo mechanics for fuel making, Some5mes differ from science legal
emulsion:
• ➢ Mechanical: ●High pressure, ● Nanobubble, ● Sonic & Hydrodynamic
Cavita5on (venturi, including high pressure homogenizer) & spraying, ● Simply
repea5ng emulsion process with each 5me 50% water addi5on with same
combus5on power per unit, ● Sub-SuperCri5cal water treatment based
“instant” emulsion(water becomes superlow dielectric constant to easily mix
with non-polar solvent), ● Acous5c, ● ONen seems to be one step double
emulsion Water-in-oil-in-water(w/o/w), (o/w/o), or Gas in water in oil(g/w/o),
(g/o/w) - even mul5ple types,
• ➢ EM wave: ● Magne5za5on, ● Electrolysis, ● Resonance, ● Lenard Effect, ●
Torsion “informa5on wave”, ● Rota5ng Magne5c Field, ● FIR irradia5on or
emiXng ceramic, ● Photo excita5on/photocatalysis
• ➢ Others: ● Minerals, ● Plant polymer or some kind of nano-micelle(Tannic
acid, Saponin mix+), ●Bioceramic process, ●Water-fuel bonder,
• Some claim direct water-fuel co-feeding, or ”transmu5ng” water to fuel,
176
Aneutronic & Conven8onal Fusion 2: Involved Groups
-Super Compact Fusion: Dense Plasma Focus/Lawrenceville Plasma
Physics(Lerner), Infra cost 0.1% of mainstream fusion, no radiation(same as
ambient), use Boron, no H2 isotope, Inventor tech link, US Navy backing,
Almost mainstream accepted, Experimental success results since ’09, yet
difficulty getting funds, Other aneutronic fusion: Bussard- EMC2 success
shelved?, Russia involved private US company big name funded Tri Alpha:
really only 0.5milli second sustained fusion?,
• Long sustained fusion including conventional thermonuclear with suspected
possibility for Net Energy Gain(Max Planck Institute: Wendelstein 7-X[uses
combined mobius strip like Stellarator], Lockheed Martin- Farnsworth link, B
Maglich: Migma cell, Chinese Institute of Physical Science: Experimental
Advanced Superconducting Tokamak+),
• Official Energy Positive: National Ignition Facility(NIF US) in 2014 is often
quoted as first time ever, but JAERI/JAEA(Japan)/Hitachi/Toshiba had
repeatable & sustainable practically Q=1.25 success at ITER JT-60 since 1998
but often interpreted as invalid due to actual tritium was not used. Improved
JT-60SA(inductive coil, longer pulse) is officially under construction since 2013
till 2019(as of Feb 2016 still 10% incomplete) -->>cont:
177
Aneutronic & Conventional Fusion 2: Q>1
• -->>cont: -Super Compact Fusion: JAERI/JAEA:
Note new JAERI/JAEA system is being built to test how long it can gain
energy con:nuously with how much more than Q>1.25, not to test whether
if it can produce more energy than input. European JET had unofficial
success in 2004? but then shutdown for major upgrades...
• Considering Western mainstream debunking/selec:ve ignoring of
overwhelming accumula:ng evidence of economically disrup:ve non
mainstream LENR or Fusion like mechanics since 1925, even Huemul
Project(R Richter) in 1950s Argen:na could have also achieved Q>1 fusion?
• Other types with large funding are not reported to have net energy gain:
Various mage:zed types etc. Even home made sustained fusion itself can
be made, par:cularly low powered super compact Fusors(Farnsworth
inven:on),(Jam Edwards, Ta Wilson+). Other types: eg Dusty Nano
Fusion(Gyö Egely)+ -->cont:
178
-Free Energy Aneutronic & Conven3onal Fusion
3: Disrup3ve Side-Research Possibility?
• -->>cont: 9-Super Compact Fusion: JAERI/JAEA:
• Also given various anomalous pseudoscientific effects often claimed, &
continuing very expensive funding of largely non-performing projects at
facilities, it might be reasonable to speculate fusion research is partially
involving, unofficial many plasma physics related physics experimentation
by testing various high powered rotating plasma/non-neural plasma type
effects(exaggerated effect of rotating lights or microplasma, rotating
magnetic field[p233-239]) : "manipulation of spacetime fabric".
• Miniature version of CERN LHC capability(informally confirms extra-
dimension portal but refers to be only by collision[Mik Lamont+], not by
rotation)(Aref'eva & Volovich, also other non Western nations'
mainstream scientists admit, while Western peers deny)?
179
Floating Air + Gravity
-Underwater Air Buoyancy Power Generator, “Pneumohydraulic” Engine:(J
Kwok, GM Singh, Ribero, Dobrokhotov, Grigoriev, Schrade, Elistratov, W Travis,
Spiteri-Sargent+)OEen large sized 5-30m Water tank(s) in height, Repeat cycles
of air container floaNng- sinking(Air input at the boQom in a container, which
floats up & release air at the top, then weight causes container to sink by gravity:
with successive chain linked containers),
• Other types include air floataNon mechanism use water pump to generate water
fall - under which water turbine is placed for power generaNon etc. Energy
output-input raNo 3 to 20:1, Air heaNng/cooling or compression-expansion
elements might be involved, or ambient energy sneaks in like compressed air
engines?
• Non western mainstream endorsed; Science legal except its over-unity, even
ultra mainstream Energy Globe Award winning!(Gozo-Spiteri below), this news
is naturally completely ignored along with similar prior examples by main
media/academia/enviro NGOs, presumably due to economy/business
consideraNon background, but even leE out by many “free energy” research
groups. This mechanics’ claims are far less aQempted compared to other
“uQerly science illegal” techs, AcNve commercializaNon & pilot projects(eg Rosch
Innova*ons, Spiteri-Wasserpumpe+) -->>cont:
180
Others/Ambient Air-Energy Types
- Other mechanics don’t fit to to category; Less replicated, some
science legal(also p8-35): Ambient energy types:
a-Crystal/geometry/pyramid electro inducer (Trawoeger, Grandics+),
b-Graphene & Carbon nanotube(CNT) generator,
c-Alpha Voltaics: α-particle emitter isotope ce

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linkedin.com/in/newnatureparadigm -Ben Rusuisiak: Specialty Cleantech Analysis, Vancouver, Canada

linkedin.com/in/newnatureparadigm -Ben Rusuisiak: Specialty Cleantech Analysis, Vancouver, Canada71

• -->> continued ■ SOLAR: ■ 7. Solar thermal/heat:

• ■ Hydro/Tidal/Wave: •2 Underwater tidal flow:

• •1FOREST RELATED: Largest vol use in biomass,

• -->cont: •1FOREST RELATED: 1e Pellet:

linkedin.com/in/newnatureparadigm -Ben Rusuisiak: Specialty Cleantech Analysis, Vancouver, Canada

linkedin.com/in/newnatureparadigm -Ben Rusuisiak: Specialty Cleantech Analysis, Vancouver, Canada

• • AGRICULTURAL: Cellulosic Ethanol: from non food crop

linkedin.com/in/newnatureparadigm -Ben Rusuisiak: Specialty Cleantech Analysis, Vancouver, Canada

• -->> cont: •2 AGRICULTURAL:

• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE: 3b Plastic to Oil:

• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY NONWOOD WASTE: 3b Plastic to Oil: i -Pyrolysis:

• ●b Rota*ng Electrode(НАУЧНО - ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННЫЙ ЦЕНТР «ПЛАЗЕР»+),

• -->> cont; •3 MAINLY WASTE: 3h Less Conventional

• -->> -Non-moving coil - Ambient energy,: -“Magnetic Motor”:

• Range of unconventional effects: Not really hydrogen:

• —>>continued- -Compress air-Hydrodynamic Cavitation:

-Gravity or Centrifugal Force/Inertia + Magnet(motor)(Dal Simpson, Ren