Pharmaceutical Benefits of Red Seaweed

EWASH & TI Journal, 2021 Volume 5 Issue 3, Page 678-687
Environmental and Water Sciences, Public Health & Territorial Intelligence

Env.Wat. Sci. pub. H. Ter. Int. J.
ISSN Electronic Edition : 2509 - 1069
Acces on line : http://revues.imist.ma/?journal=ewash-ti/
Section : Public Health

Publication type : Narrative review
Pharmaceutical benefits of red seaweed (Rhodophyta): A

narrative review
Les bienfaits pharmaceutiques des algues rouges (Rhodophyta) : Revue
narrative.
Received 28 Sep. 2020 SAMIRA EL MAJNAOUI1, NADIA EL KADMIRI1
Accepted 12 Sep.2021 (1) Sciences and Technology Department, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, IBN
On line 31 Sep. 2021 ZOHR University, Taroudannt, Morocco.
Email : samira.elmajnaoui@gmail.com
Email: n.elkadmiri@uiz.ac.ma
KEYWORDS Abstract Seaweeds are abundant in nature; their productivity is higher than those of
red seaweed; bioactive terrestrial systems. They proliferate and are regenerative, edible, and environmentally
compounds; friendly. Red algae are rich in active substances used as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory,
pharmaceutical antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-tumor activities. Thus, they are a valuable source of new
medicinal and therapeutic agents. They can also be an asset in functional foods and diets.
benefits.
This narrative review highlights a new perspective on the potential pharmaceutical
applications of the bioactive compounds extracted from red algae, which can be
considered as a promising ingredient for use in food and medicine. The pharmaceutical
industry could benefit from red seaweeds as a source of treatment for several diseases
since their pharmaceutical benefits are much more interesting than the nutritional
benefits alone.
MOTS CLES Résumé les algues sont abondantes dans la nature, leur productivité est plusieurs fois
algues rouges ; composés supérieure à celle des systèmes terrestres. Elles ont un taux de croissance rapide et sont
bioactifs ;bienfaits régénératives, comestibles et respectueuses de l'environnement. Les algues rouges sont
pharmaceutiques. riches en substances actives . Une source précieuse pour le développement de nouveaux
agents médicinaux et thérapeutiques, présentent des activités antioxydantes, anti-
inflammatoires, antimicrobiennes, antivirales et antitumorales potentielles. Elles peuvent
également être transformées en produits qui sont utilisés comme solution alternative
dans l'utilisation d'aliments et de régimes fonctionnels. Cette revue narrative met en
évidence une nouvelle perspective sur les applications pharmaceutiques potentielles des
composés bioactifs extraits d'algues rouges, qui peuvent être considérés comme un
ingrédient prometteur pour une utilisation dans les aliments et les médicaments.
L'industrie pharmaceutique pourrait bénéficier des algues rouges comme source de
traitement pour plusieurs maladies, car leurs bienfaits pharmaceutiques sont beaucoup
plus intéressants que les avantages nutritifs.
S. EL MAJNAOUI & N.EL KADMIRI 678

Introduction Results and discussion

Seaweeds are divided into three principal large groups:
brown (Phaeophyta), green (Chlorophyta), and red Thirty-one articles were included and further examined.
(Rhodophyta). They are considered photosynthetic Table 1 showed characteristics of the included studies,
marine eukaryotic organisms [1,2]. The majority of ocean and provided an overview of the pharmaceutical benefits
biomass is produced by seaweeds found along the of different red algae species examined in such studies.
intertidal zone [5] .Their natural compounds are beneficial The studies were conducted on various species of red
for humans and animals as they are used as food and seaweeds, widely distributed in different coastal areas.
feeds. Red, green, and brown algae are different in their They presented a large diversity of bioactive compounds
color. Their ultrastructural and biochemical applied in various industries such as pharmaceuticals,
photosynthetic pigments, storage compounds, and cell food, and feeds. Such natural products are attractive
wall composition also differ [6]. Red algae have the sources for the development of new medicinal agents.
highest biodiversity among the other types, it is edible
and environmentally friendly [7]. 1. Bioactive compounds of red seaweeds
Red seaweed species represent 61% of the total global Polysaccharides in Red algae represented 40–50% dw (dry
seaweed production, containing about 7300 species weight) [2]. The amount of protein ranged from 35% to
throughout the world [1]. Economically, they are 47% dw, making it superior to vegetables [11]. Agar,
considered more important than the other species. Red carrageenan was the most isolated compound from red
seaweeds are known to have the ability to grow fast, and algae [12]. Red seaweed had low amounts of lipids and
they are becoming an efficient resource [13,14]. They are fatty acids. These were rich in nutritionally essential
an important source of products used by humans for their polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (65.6% of total fatty
food and for various industrial applications. Red seaweeds acids) [5,13,14]. Rhodophyta was the only organism able
turn into one of the most attractive natural resources that to produce long-chain PUFAs, ranging from 14 to 24
can be an alternative to synthetic molecules [7]. carbons. The large part of the lipid content of algae
This study aims to present an overview of the compounds consists of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs. Their ratio were higher
extracted from various red seaweeds (Rhodophyta) and than in terrestrial sources [11]. Red seaweed had diverse
their pharmaceutical applications. Moreover, this work essential components, including amino acids,
discusses the positive effects of red seaweeds as a polysaccharides, vitamins, minerals, carrageenan,
potential source of treatment for certain diseases. pigments, and carotenoids. Previous studies showed that
Search methods red seaweeds contained Prophyran, lectin, and a rare
The search for articles was performed in PubMed antioxidative azocinyl morpholinone alkaloid [14-16]. The
Ebscohost /Scopus. Five hundred sixty records were carotenoids in red algae included lutein, zeaxanthin, α-
screened based on the combination of the keywords such carotene, β-carotene, and Phycobiliproteins [17]. Most
as: Red seaweed; bioactive compounds; extraction compounds found in seaweeds were polyphenolic
methods; pharmaceuticals applications. compounds with one or more bromine substituents,
The search included articles published between 2016 and phenols, terpenes, acerogenins, indoles, and volatile
2020. Records were excluded if they were duplicates or halogenated hydrocarbon [6, 15]. They were rich in
did not meet the eligibility criteria. Two investigators did vitamins A and B12. Their amount found in the alga was
the search, extracted and analyzed the data. enough for a daily person’s needs [11].They contain also,
α-tocopherol (vitamin E) and phytonadione (vitamin K1) .
Concentrated minerals from seaweeds contained 10–20
Eligibility criteria:
times the minerals of land plants [13,18], making them
All articles and studies fulfilling the following criteria were
rich in microminerals and trace elements [2]. They held a
considered:
similar mineral concentration of seawater, mainly Iron
• Written in the English language.
(Fe) and Iodine (I), Zinc (Zn), Manganese(Mn), and have
• Published in a peer-reviewed journal.
health benefits due to their low Na/K ratio, whose values
• Published between 2016 and 2020.
vary between 0.14 and 0.16.
• examined varieties of the most common red
Our comparison of the included studies showed that
seaweed species.
compounds’ quality and quality could vary by species, the
population of the same species (intraspecies), or
We put no restrication on location: a study may be
extraction methods.
conducted in different coastal areas in the world.

Table 1. Characteristics of the included studies

Species of
red seaweed Aim of study Extraction method Benefits deduced from
AUTHORS Region Compounds
subject of studied species
study
Cotas et al. Gigartinales Portugal To examine the effects of • Fatty acids, essential amino • Enzyme • No harmful effects on
(2020) [1]. , Corallinales metabolites and phytochemicals acids, assisted human health
and from seaweeds on human • Vitamins A, B (B1, B2, B9, extraction • Decreasing symptoms
Gracilariale health. B12), C, D, E, K, (EAE) of chronic diseases
• Essential minerals, proteins, such as cancer,
Terpenes, • Conventional arthritis, diabetes,
• Mycosporine -Like Amino Acid chemical autoimmune, ocular,
Phenolic C Extraction and cardiovascular
• Polysaccharides (Agar, (alkaline diseases
Carrageenan, Porphyrin,) treatments, • Dietetic safe as a
• Pigments Phycobiliproteins hot water) supplement treatment
• Carotenoids α and β- of hypertension
carotenoids • bulking agent, an
anticoagulant
Liu et al. Kappaphyc China To discuss anti-cancer activity • Porphyran • Ultrasound • Reduction of the
(2019) [2]. us, Eucheuma, of porphyrin and carrageenan • Carrageenan assisted incidence of obesity,
Gracialria, extracted from red seaweeds, and extraction heart, and
Porphyra. their cooperative actions with (UAE) Cerebrovascular
other anti-cancer diseases
chemotherapeutic agents • Anti-cancer effects
Shih C-C et Sarcodia Taiwan To show the anti-inflammatory • Phosphate buffered saline • Anti-inflammatory and
al. (2017) ceylanica. and antinociceptive effects of the (PBS) Antinociceptive
[3]. ethyl acetate extract PD1 in • Anti-diabetic
Sarcodia ceylanica • Ethyl acetate extract PD1 properties
• Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) • Triglyceride levels
reduction
Lee et al. Grateloupia Korea To show the potential of the • Polyphenols, polysaccharides, • The frozen • Anti-obesity
(2020) [4]. elliptica. ethanol extract from Grateloupia and peptides extract using • Anti-inflammatory,
eliptica (GEE), In vivo experiments, freeze drying • Antioxidant activities
as anti- obesity treatment via machine
functional foods.
Assaw et al. Gracilaria. Malays To indicate usage of • Halogenated compounds, • Antioxidant
(2019) [5]. ia polysaccharides agar and • Polysaccharide agar, and • Water-heat • Antibacterial
methanolic crude extract as methanolic crude. method
natural antioxidant and
antibacterial from local Gracilaria
sp
Bhuyar et Kappaphyc Malays To compare of two extraction • Moisture carbohydrate • Folin- • Antioxidant
al. (2020) us. ia methods: hot water and ethanolic protein fat Ciocalteu’s • Antibacterial
[6]. Soxhlet for the extraction of • Ethanol and
bioactive compounds and there hot water
Antimicrobial, and antioxidant
properties.
Cotas et al. Gigarti Portug To understand the antitumor • T carrageen • Alkali • Anti-tumour
(2020) [7]. na al potential of Gigartina pistillata extraction • Anti-colorectal cancer
pistillata Carrageenan method stem
Gheda et al. Pterocladia Egypt To evaluate in vitro the safety • Polysaccharide • Hot water • Antiviral (Hepatitis C
(2016) [8]. capillacea and of ‘four species brown and red
Laurenca seaweed polysaccharides in the Virus)
obtusa treatment of HCV.
(Rhodphyta
).
Rosemary Gracila India To evaluate the nutritional • Polysaccharides (mainly • Soxhlet • Anti-antioxidant
et al. (2019) ria composition and physicochemical alginates, carrageenan’s, and extraction effetcs,
[9]. corticata properties of two dried edible red agar), carotenoids, lipids, • Kjeldahl • Immunostimulant,
and seaweeds, Gracilaria corticate vitamins, minerals, dietary method • Antithrombotic
G.edulis. and Edulis fiber, proline and amino acids • Anti-inflammatory
• carbohydrate effects.
byphenol–
sulfuric acid
method
Koazimi et Pyropia Japan To analyse of carotenoid • Carotenoid: lutein, • Chromatograp • Lutein and zeaxanthin
al. (2018) yezoensis. profiles, in Pyropia yezoensis zeaxanthin, α-carotene, and hy (HPLC) decrease the risk of
[10]. β-carotene. age-related macular
degeneration
Lozano Pyropia Chile To evaluate the effect of diets • Biologically active macro • The cryo • Anti-viral compounds
Muñoz et columbina supplemented with two edible red nutrients and minerals concentrate • Diet effect
al. (2019) and seaweeds, Pyropia columbina and was prepared
[11]. Gracilaria Gracilaria chilens using a freeze
chilensis. dryer.
Sasuga et Pyropia Japan To demonstrate the utility of • Agar polysaccharides • The alkali- • Antioxidant
al. (2018) yezoensis. discoloured P. yezoensis to treatment • Anti-inflammatory
[12]. produce high quality agar • effect on lipid
metabolism
Da Costas Porphya Portug To identify the lipidome of two • High levels of n-3, and n-6 • Liquid • Diet to prevent
et al. (2018) dioica. al life cycle blade and conchocelis: fatty acids polar lipids. chromatograp chronic disease
[13]. of the Atlantic species Porphyra hy coupled to
dioica Q–Exactive
high
resolution-
mass
spectrometry
(MS)
Torres et al. Red Spain To describe the properties and • Polysaccharide • The alkali- • Anti-cancer
(2019) [14]. seaweed. potential applications of red • Agar (agarose and treatment • Anti-microbial,
seaweed bioactive compounds, agaropectin) • Hot water • Antiviral,
also the specific technologies for • Carrageenan • Enzyme • Prebiotic anti-tumoral
extraction assisted
extraction
Fontenelle Bryothamni Brazil To give insight on structural • Lectins • Ion exchange • Anti-inflammatory
et al. (2018) on triquetrum. properties of lectin extracted the chromatograp • Antitumor, antiviral,
[15]. red seaweed bryothamnion hy antinociceptive
triquetrum and to investigate its
anti-inflammatory activity in mice
Makkar et Gracilaria India To elucidate the potential of • Azocinyl morpholinone • The • Antioxidant and anti-
Chakrabort opuntia. azocinyl morpholinone as an chromatograp inflammatory
y. (2018) antioxidant and anti-inflammatory hic
[16}. purification
Harrysson Porphya Swede To extract protein using Three • Protein • Sonication in • Food and feed
et al. (2018) umbilicalis n methods water
[17]. Kützing. • The pH-shift
protein
extraction
method
• Alkaline
protein
solubilization
Karnjana et Gracila Thailan To isolate the antibacterial • N-benzyl cinnamamide • Chromatograp • Antibacterial
al. (2020) riafisher. d bioactive compounds from G. hic separation
[18]. fisheri and determine the
mechanism of quorum sensing
(QS) inhibition against Vibrio
harveyi
Kim et al. (Eucheuma Indone To show effects of ethanolic • Antioxidants, polyphenols, • Evaporated • Antioxidant
(2020) [19]. cottonii. sia extracts from EC on keratinocyte and phytochemicals. with a rotary • anticoagulant,
migration evaporator • antitumor
• anti‑inflammatory
Cian et al. Piaractus Argenti To indicate in vivo antioxidant • Pigments, phycobiliproteins, • The HPLC • Antioxidant

(2019) [20]. mesopotamicu na effects of extruded fish feed with halogenated compounds, system
s. red seaweed P. columbina added. mycosporine-like amino acids,
sulphated polysaccharides,
and polyphenols.
Jofre et al. Iridaea Chile To survey the seasonal • Mycosporine-like amino acids • High- • therapeutic treatment
(2020) [21]. tuberculosa, variation of MAAs content and (MAAs), resolution of diseases and
Nothogenia composition in three intertidal red mass disorders related to
fastigiate, and seaweed spectrometry free-radical
Corallina coupled with production and UV
officinalis. HPLC-ESI-MS exposure in humans
Rhein- Red Denma To discuss enzyme assisted • Agar, alginate, and • Enzyme • Food and
Knudsen et seaweed rk extraction and processing carrageenans. assisted pharmaceutical
al. (2015) techniques for these extraction segments
[22]. hydrocolloids.
Álvarez- Red Spain To obtain two or more • Protein, • Ethanol and • Immunomodulatory,
Viñas et al. seaweed. commercially valuable • Bioactive peptide hot water • Antibacterial,
2019) [23]. components from red seaweeds. • Antithrombotic,
• Antihypertensive
effects
Guihéneuf Palmariapal Ireland To quantify the pigments • Mycosporine-like amino acids • UV50 • Antioxidant,
et al. (2018) mata, and MAAs from three red (MAAs), Spectrophoto • Anti-microbial,
[24]. Chondruscrispu seaweeds C. crispus, P. dioica, • Pigments, lutein, β-carotene, meter • Anti-viral,
s, Porphyra and P. palmata and chlorophyll. • Anti-inflammatory,
dioica • Anti-cancer properties
• Anti-mutagenic
• Activity associated
with carcinogenesis

1.1 The compounds’ variation in interspecies used for extraction may be adequate to avoid the
negative impact of chemicals on the environment [20].
In Ascophyllum, Porphyra, and Palmaria, the
polysaccharide represented up to 76% of the dw, which is 3. Compounds’ effects on human health
a high amount compared to other species. The primary Porphyran and carrageenan extracted from red algae
worldwide source of agar was mainly extracted from two have anti-cancer solid properties when combined with
genera, Gelidium and Gracilaria [2,12]. conventional drugs. They boost immunocompetence that
Furthermore, Gracilaria. Edulis had a higher concentration had been damaged [15]. The polysaccharides have
of essential amino acids, chlorophyll, vitamin B2, and anticoagulant, antithrombotic, and anti-tumor
Zn [19], whereas Gracilaria corticat had higher PUFA properties [11,19]; Therefore, they can inhibit HCV [24].
content, carotenoids, and minerals (i.e., Fe and Mg). The ethanol extracted from Grateloupia elliptica (GEE)
Carrageenans were mainly obtained from the was reported to be safe to use as an anti-obesity
genus Chondrus, Eucheuma, Gigartina, Iridae, product [25]. Because of their antibacterial, antifungal,
Furcellaria, and Hypnea [2,20]. anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic
benefits [4], scientific interest in phenols, terpenes,
1.2. The compounds’ variation in intraspecies indoles, fatty acids, phosphate-buffered [7], and lectins,
Geographical distribution, life cycle, harvesting season, and other compounds [6,13, 21] is increasing. The water
and environmental changes such as radiation, water extracted from red Sarcodia ceylanica algae can eliminate
pressure, and salinity were factors that affected the free radicals; it also has anti-diabetic properties. In
addition, pigments of red macroalgae present novel
quantity and quality of extracted compounds [5,21]. A
components exhibiting anti-diabetic capacities and
previous study demonstrated that the lipid extracts of the
diminish the risk of ophthalmological diseases [7, 14,28].
two life stages of Porphyra dioica ,Conchocelis
The poly-unsaturate lipids have been used to treat diverse
(sporophyte) had the highest total lipid content than the cardiovascular pathogens and prevent cancer [17]; Lutein
blade(gametophyte) [22]. A Comparative research shows and zeaxanthin decrease the risk of age-related macular
that the normal seaweed discolored P. yezoensis had degeneration. Zinc present in red algae can fight against
an excellent quality of agar [23]. Another group of cardiovascular problems, degenerative diseases, and
research presented a study in which The polysaccharide cancer [11]. Phospholipids have been considered an
yield from Gracilaria species varies due to seasonal excellent nutritional source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty
variations [17,21], also pigment and MAA (mycosporine- acids. The latter is recognized as an excellent antioxidant,
like amino acids) analyses indicated a strong seasonality, improving heart functions and fighting against
Winter to early spring were identified as preferable cancer [19]. Furthermore, phospholipids have been
harvesting period, furthermore, there is an inverse applied as pharmaceuticals because of their beneficial
effects on the central nervous system and their anti-
relationship between MAAs countenance and depth.
tumoral properties [22]. Rhodophyta species have been
2. Methods of extraction identified as a valuable ecological source of bioactive
compounds that are an attractive candidate for further
The technology used to extract compounds from red pharmaceutical development [24,26], presenting no
seaweed depends on the type of the extracted harmful effects on human health.
compound. The Alkaline treatment technology is the most
used method to extract polysaccharides (agar and
Conclusion
carrageenan). It is efficient in terms of cost and
Red seaweed (Rhodophyta) is a rich source of many
feasibility [11,12]. Ultrasonic treatment is the most used
biologically active compounds, including polysaccharides,
technique to extract porphyrin [15]. Enzyme-assisted,
minerals, proteins, small amounts of lipids, polyphenols,
ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted
pigments, and antioxidants. These can be used as natural
extraction [11], hot water extraction, alcohol extraction
pharmaceuticals products to cure or alleviate several
technique, and radical degradation extract lipids, proteins,
diseases, including cancer, obesity, and other chronic
and pigments such as mechanical press or hexane
diseases. Such active compounds have also been proven
leaching pH-shift [2]. Low cost, blue biotechnology that
to be anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-viral,
provides the maximum use of biomass remains more
anti-inflammatory, and anti-nociceptive. Future research
required. Indeed biorefinery approach, done through a
will focus on optimizing bio-molecules extraction methods
succession of steps, offers a rational, integral use and
to develop other biomedical applications and therapeutic
environmental protection and holds enormous potential
agents from red seaweeds.
for the creation of sustainable processing [1,2]. Enzymes

Author’s contributions [8] Cheong K-L, Qiu H-M, Du H, Liu Y, Khan BM.
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Production, Properties, and Potential Health and
data. N.E.K : conception and design of study. S.E.M and
Cosmetic Applications. Molecules. 25 sept
NK : data analysis and manuscript writing. All authors 2018;23(10).
revised and approved the final version of the manuscript.
[9] Torres MD, Flórez-Fernández N, Domínguez H.
Acknowledgement Integral Utilization of Red Seaweed for Bioactive
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Pharmaceutical Benefits of Red Seaweed

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Pharmaceutical Benefits of Red Seaweed

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EWASH & TI Journal, 2021 Volume 5 Issue 3, Page 678-687

Environmental and Water Sciences, Public Health & Territorial Intelligence

Section : Public Health

Pharmaceutical benefits of red seaweed (Rhodophyta): A

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Introduction Results and discussion

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Table 1. Characteristics of the included studies

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[24] Gheda SF, El-Adawi HI, El-Deeb NM. Antiviral Profile

S.EL MAJNAOUI & N. EL KADMIRI 687

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