L@XDÙB LD ICAIHDEDX P AIEDOB LD

AI\DV@ICDX - (6<6::>IR;><)

\irdi 9? Nueh`beds, iht`v`lilds, prbhdsbs y rdhbadelih`beds piri dc

l`sdùb ld icaihdeds.

Zrdsdetilb ic l`rdhtbr?
Obrkd Dluirlb Vbydrb

Detrdkilb pbr ci dstul`ietd?

Odie Hircbs Hdc`s Dstrili

Frimyie Ielràs Cbur`lb Murtilb
Hdsir Ielràs Irr`dti
Hciul`i Vbh`ø Xickudrb

TE@^DVX@LIL EIH@BEIC IF@DV\I P I

L@X\IEH@I - TEIL DXHTDCI LD H@DEH@IX
FÉX@HIX \DHEBCBKÁI D @EKDE@DVÁI

NDHMI? :4-bhtufrd-6:6:
 

@E\VBLTHH@ØE
Dc icaihàe ds uei `esticih`øe b dspih`b nás`hb, ildhuilb y
ihbel`h`beilb piri dc ncuob y aie`pucih`øe ld aitdr`icds d `esuabs
(aitdr`i pr`ai), y ld prbluhtbs tdra`eilbs, ldetrb ld uei hildei ld
ueii hil
ue hilde
deii ld su
sua`
a`e`
e`st
strb
rb,, ld
ldtd
tdra
ra`ei
`eiel
elb
b dc ér
érdi
di pr
prbp
bp`h`
`h`ii pi
piri
ri dc
aietde`a`detb de øpt`ais hbel`h`beds ld l`hmbs prbluhtbs, misti ccdkir
ic hb
hbes
esua
ua`l
`lbr
br n`e
n`eic
ic de ci
ciss ds
dspd
pdh`n
h`n`h
`hih`
ih`be
beds
ds rd
rdqu
qudr
dr`l
`lis
is de hu
huie
ietb
tb i
hic`lil y t`dapb dspdhán`hb.

Dc icaihàe hbe ci iyuli ld tblis cis mdrria`detis, ipiritbs y dqu`pbs

dspd
dspdh`
h`ic
ic`z
`zilb
ilbss de dc ab
abv`
v`a`
a`de
detb
tb ld cb
cbss ai
aitd
tdr`
r`ic
icds
ds,, il
ilda
daés
és ld ue
ueii
ildhuili kdst`øe pbr pirtd ld cbs dehirkilbs de dc érdi ld icaihàe,
nih`c`tie ci detrili (prbvddlbrds) y sic`li (prbluhh`øe) ld adrhieháis,
yi sdsdii `e
`esu
suab
abss pi
pirri ni
nifr
fr`h
`hir
ir pr
prbl
blu
uht
htbs
bs77 dc tr
tris
isci
cilb
lb ic ér
érddi ld
bpdrih`beds ld aieunihturi b piri uf`hih`øe ld cbs prbluhtbs n`eicds ic
ichi
ichieh
ehdd ld cb
cbss hc
hc`d
`det
etds
ds.. I tr
triv
ivàs
às ld ds
dstd
td ds
dshr
hr`t
`tb
b sd pr
prds
dsde
deti
tie
e cb
cbss
l`ndrdetds prbhdsbs qud ihbapiùie ci brkie`zih`øe y pciedih`øe ld
høab ldfd dstir hbenbraili ue icaihàe b fbldki, qud ebs pdra`td
hbebhdr y lirebs hudeti ci `apbrtieh`i ld dstis ebrais y su ipc`hih`øe
de ci rdic`lil.

Dstd dxpc`hi hili nueh`øe y sus rdspdht`vbs hbapbedetds ldticcilbs, cb

qud pdra`td mihdrsd i uei `ldi cb qud hbeccdvi i hrdir ue icaihàe hbe
tblis sus rdkcis dstifcdh`lis.

Hbe
Hbe ci dc
dcif
ifbr
brih
ih`ø
`øe
e ld ds
dsti
ti ih
iht`
t`v`
v`li
lil
l sd qu
qu`d
`drd
rd li
lirr i hb
hbeb
ebhd
hdrr ci
dstruhturi pbr adl`b ld ci huic nueh`bei dc Icaihdeia`detb. Lbeld
tdelrdabs de hudeti dc s`stdai pbr adl`b ldc huic nueh`bei hili uei
ld ci
ciss dt
dtip
ipis
is ld
ldcc pr
prbh
bhds
dsb
b rd
rdhu
hurs
rsbs
bs ut
ut`c`c`zi
`zilb
lbs,
s, s`
s`st
stda
dais
is ad
adl`
l`h`ø
h`øe,
e,

vdetiois hirihtdrást`his ld hili ueb ld cbs prbhdsbs.

 

Bfodt`vb kdedric

 @ldet`
@ldet`n`hi
n`hirr y ipc`
ipc`hir
hir cbs hbehdp
hbehdptbs
tbs rdcih`b
rdcih`beil
eilbs
bs  hbe ci kdst`øe ld
ic
icai
aihd
hded
eds,
s, is
isáá hbab
hbab cb
cbss pr
prbh
bhds
dsbs
bs rd
rdqu
qudr
dr`l
`lbs
bs piri
piri dc l`sd
l`sdùb
ùb ld
icaihdeds y aiedob ld aitdr`icds.

Bfodt`vbs dspdhán`hbs

 Vdhbebhdr cis tàhe`his aés ut`c`zilis piri dc aiedob ld aitdr`icds

ihbrld i cbs bfodt`vbs dstritàk`hbs ld ci brkie`zih`øe y ci pciedih`øe
dstritàk`hi.

 @ldet`n`hir s`stdais ld pciedih`øe ld icaihàe, tde`delb de hudeti

cis edhds`lilds ld ci hildei ld ifistdh`a`detb y cbs rdqudr`a`detbs
ld cbs hieicds ld l`str`fuh`øe.

 Hbaprdeldr ci `apbrtieh`i ld cis iht`v`lilds iux`c`irds hbab ipbyb

ld cis bpdrih`beds ld rdhdph`øe, fbldkiod, prdpirih`øe y ldspihmb
ldetrb ldc prbhdsb ld icaihdeia`detb.
 

LDXIVVBCCB LD CI IH\@^@LIL
DX\TL@IE\D? ODIE HIVCBX HDC@X DX\VILI
Iht`v`lil 9?  Desiyb ‘ Dcdadetbs, hirihtdrást`his y prbhdsbs de kdst`øe
ld icaihdeds.

Teb ld cbs prbhdsbs hbe aiybr `apbrtieh`i de ci hildei ld sua`e`strb,

ds dc ldpirtiadetb ld icaihàe. Dc huic ldfd vdcir qud dc aitdr`ic qud
qudli fiob su l`spbs`h`øe hudetd hbe cis adl`lis edhdsir`is piri dc
fude
fu de hu`li
hu`lilb
lb y hu
hust
stbl
bl`i
`i ld dstd
dstd a`de
a`detrtris
is sd l`spb
l`spbed
ed su si sic`c`li
li ic
hbesua`lbr n`eic.
Ziri huapc`r hbe cis adl`lis edhdsir`is ld icaihdeia`detb sd ccdvie i
hifb
hi fb l`
l`nd
ndrd
rdet
etds
ds nueh
nueh`b
`bed
edss de dc trtris
ishu
hurs
rsb
b ldc
ldc pr
prbh
bhds
dsb
b cis
cis huic
huicds
ds
hbrrdspbelde ldsld ci rdhdph`øe ldc aitdr`ic, hustbl`i de
ic
icai
aihd
hdei
eia`
a`de
detb
tb y ldsp
ldspih
ihmb
mb n`ei
n`eicc b detr
detrdk
dkii ldc
ldc ai
aitd
tdr`
r`ic
ic qud
qud sd
dehudetri i eudstri l`spbs`h`øe.
Ic `etdr`br ld hili ueb ld cbs prbhdsbs hbetiabs hbe prbtbhbcbs ld
sdkur`lil y hic`lil qud ebs pdra`tde huapc`r i hific`lil dc fude usb y
aiedob ld cbs aitdr`icds de hustbl`i hili ueb prbhdsbs l`spbede ld
pdrsbeic ictiadetd hipih`tilb dc huic vdci pbr qud cbs prbtbhbcbs sd
huapcie s`e aiybr `ehbevde`detd kdedréelbebs isá ci triequ`c`lil ldc
fude usb ld eudstris mdrria`detis.
De dc l`sdùb ld Icaihdeds ldfdabs tdedr de hudeti cis s`ku`detds
Dtipis7

L`sdùb ld Icaihdeds y Aiedobs ld Aitdr`icds

Ziri dc l`sdùb ld icaihdeds ds ld v`tic `apbrtieh`i tdedr de hudeti
nihtbrds hbab ci L`str`fuh`øe y brkie`zih`øe ld cbs dspih`bs de cis érdis
bpdrit`vis qud sdrée ldst`eis.

Ds ld v`tic
v`tic `a
`apb
pbrt
rtie
ieh`i
h`i qud
qud ic ab
abad
adet
etb
b ld l`sd
l`sdùi
ùirr cbs
cbs icai
icaihd
hded
edss
tdekiabs de hudeti nihtbrds ticds hbab dc aiedob ld aitdr`icds cbs
huicds sbe ld v`tic `apbrtieh`i yi qud sd pirtd ld iquá piri tdedr de
hudeti ci hipih`lil ld dspih`bs i l`str`fu`r piri dc fude usb ld cbs
aitdr`icds.
 

Ds pbr dstb pbr cb qud de dc aiedob ld cbs aitdr`icds ldfdabs tdedr de

hudeti nihtbrds ticds hbab? Abv`a`detb, Hiet`lilds, \`dapb, Dspih`b, y
hbet
hbetrb
rbcc ld dstb
dstbs.
s. Xd ldfd
ldfdee tded
tdedrr de hude
hudeti
ti tb
tblb
lbss dstb
dstbss ni
niht
htbr
brds
ds
ietdr`bradetd adeh`beilbs piri qud ic abadetb ld `e`h`ir hili ueb ld
cbs prbhdsbs de ci cáedi ld l`str`fuh`øe eb sd p`drlie rdhursbs pbr aicbs
aiedobs b abv`a`detbs `eedhdsir`bs.
Xd t`t`de
dede
de de hude
hudetiti > sdhh
sdhh`ø
`øe
e l`st
l`str`
r`fu
fu`l
`lis
is ld ci s`kus`ku`d
`det
etdd
aiedri

Dvicuih`øe ld V`dskbs y prdvdeh`øe

Xd ldfd tdedr de hudeti qud piri ci Dvicuih`øe ld V`dskbs y prdvdeh`øe

ld cbs icaihdeds i l`sdùir ldfdabs tdedr hcir`lil qud t`pb ld aitdr`ic
viabs i icaihdeir. Pi qud ldpdel`delb ld dstb sd ipc`hi ci ebrait`vi
cdkic qud sd rdqu`drd.
Pi qud ldf ldfdabs kiriet`zi `zir ci
ciss hbel`h`b
h`beds sdsdk
kuris piririi cbs
hbcifbrilbrds y cbs prbhdsbs qud sd viccie ipc`hir de ci bpdrih`øe nás`hi.
Ds pbr dsb pbr cb qud vie suodtis i cis pbcát`his ld sdkur`lil y bfodt`vbs
trizilbs
trizil bs pbr ci kdrdeh`i
kdrdeh`i y ila`e`strih`øe
ila`e`strih`øe.. Ci huic su bfodt`vb
bfodt`vb pr`eh
pr`eh`pic
`pic
ds kiriet`zir ci `etdkr`lil ld cbs trifioilbrds.
Xd ldfde tdedr de hudeti cis s`ku`detds prda`sis ld sdkur`lil
 Fudei vdet`cih`øe d `cua`eih`øe.
 Xdùic`zih`øe y néh`c ihhdsb i cbs dxt`etbrds.
 Xic`lis ld dadrkdeh`i sdùic`zilis y c`frds ld bfstéhucbs.
 Cbs pis`ccbs ldfdrée tdedr dc iehmb sun`h`detd piri nih`c`tir dc
triespbrtd
 y aiedob ld cis adrhieháis.
 Vdluhh`øe ldc hruhd ld pis`ccbs piri dv`tir hmbquds.
 L`sp
L`spbe
be`f`
`f`c`c`li
lil
l ld vái
váiss dx
dxhc
hcus
us`vi
`viss pi
piri
ri dc ldsp
ldspci
cizia
zia`d
`det
etb
b ld
pdrsbeis
 

Zrbhdsbs bpdrit`vbs Ldc icaihàe 

icaihàe 

cbs huicds ebs ldn`ed ld aiedri hciri y prdh`si hbab sd ldfd ccdvir
ihifb hili ueb ld cbs prbhdsbs de cis dtipis ld ci l`str`fuh`øe.
Ziri tdedr ue prbhdsb ld icaihdeia`detb ld icti hic`lil ldfd tdedr
hcirb hili ueb ld cbs prbhdsbs y t`dapb de qud sd ldfd rdic`zir. Ds pbr
dsb pbr cb qud piri dc usb y ipc`hih`øe ld dstbs prbhdsbs sd ut`c`zi ue
prbhdsb ld kdst`øe ld hic`lil hbab cb ds ci prbluht`v`lil lbeld sd t`ded
de hudeti ci bpt`a`zih`øe ld t`dapb, prbhdsbs, adl`h`øe ld `el`hilbrds
ld hbafus
hbafust`f
t`fcd,
cd, mbris
mbris mbafrd
mbafrd,, t`dapb
t`dapbss ld itdeh`
itdeh`øe
øe de ldspihm
ldspihmbs,
bs,
rdhdph`øe y icaihdeia`detb.

Ldn`e`lis ld ci s`ku`detd aiedri.

Ci rdhdph`øe7 ds qu`zés dc prbhdsb aés `apbrtietd de dsti dtipi

ld ci hildei ld sua`e`strb yi qud ds iquá de dstd puetb lbeld
dstiabs lielb ihdptih`øe i tblb cb qud rdh`f`abs de eudstris
fbldkis b érdis ld icaihdeia`detb.
Ds de dstd puetb lbeld ldfdabs tdedr hcir`lil ld cbs prbtbhbcbs
ld rdhdph`øe cbs huicds ebs pdra`td trifioir fiob cbs hr`tdr`bs
dstr`h
dstr`htia
tiadet
detdd pdra`t
pdra`t`lb
`lbss pbr ci hbapiù
hbapiùái.
ái. Hbe ci n`eic`l
n`eic`lil
il ld
kiriet`zir cbs prbhdsbs ticds hbab7
Aitdr`icds de fude dstilb, bpt`ai hbel`h`beds ld ip`cia`detb y
icaihd
ica ihdeia
eia`de
`detb,
tb, ld néh`c
néh`c ihhdsb
ihhdsb piri
piri hbetdb
hbetdb y vic`lih
vic`lih`øe
`øe pbr
pirtd ldc pdrsbeic, aitdr`ic øpt`ab piri su nueh`beia`detb

  Zrdpirih`øe7  Hbetir hbe dc aitdr`ic de øpt`ais hbel`h`beds ds

Zrdpirih`øe7 
nueliadetic pdrb aiybr i ue ds hbetir hbe cis hiet`lilds y
ue`l
ue `lil
ilds
ds rd rdqu
qudr
dr`l
`lis
is sdkÿ
sdkÿee `e
`evd
vdet
etir
ir`b
`bss piri
piri ci pr
prdp
dpir
irih
ih`ø
`øe
e b
ldaieli
ldaie li rdqudr`li pbr dc ldpir
ldpirtiadet
tiadetb b ld vdeti. Ci huic rdic`zi
ci prbadsi ld vdeti y sdrv`h`b tde`delb de hudeti cis
l`spb
`spbe`
e`f`
f`c`c`li
lild
ldss l`
l`sp
spbe
be`f
`fcd
cdss y de øpt`a pt`ais
is hb
hbel
el`h
`h`b
`bed
edss ld
`evdetir`b.
  Xdpirih`øe7  Zbstdr
Xdpirih`øe7  Zbstdr`br
`br ic prbhdsb
prbhdsb ld prdpirih`øe
prdpirih`øe y hbetir hbe cis
hiet`lilds edhdsir`is sd ccdvi i hifb ue prbhdsb qud ds ld krie
`apbrtieh`i hbab cb ds ci sdpirih`øe ld cis ue`lilds ldaielilis
cis huicds sbe cis qud ic n`eic dstirée huapc`delb cb rdqudr`lb pbr
vdetis.
 

  Ic`stia`detb y ldspihmb ld adrhieháis7 

adrhieháis7   Dstd ds qu`zés dc
prbh
prbhds
dsbb hbe
hbe aiyb
aiybrr rdsp
rdspbe
besi
sif`
f`c`c`li
lil
l de dc ldpildpirt
rtia
iade
detb
tb ld
ic
icai
aihdhdei
eia`
a`dedetb
tb.. Pi qud
qud ldsp
ldspuà
uàss ld hbethbetir
ir hbe
hbe dc ai
aitdtdr`
r`ic
ic
ldaielilb y sdp sdpirili, ebs l`sp spb
bedabs ic prbhdsb ld
ic`stia`detb dc huic de ci aiybrái ld cis bhis`beds sd rdic`zi ld
aiedri aieuic y adhie`zili cbkrielb isá pbldr s`ehrbe`zir dc
prbh
prbhds
dsbb mbaf
mbafrd rd-ai
-aiqu
qu`e
`eii dc huic
huic ldfdldfd huap
huapc`r
c`r hbe
hbe cbs
cbs ictb
ictbss
prbtbhbcbs
prbtb hbcbs ld sdkur`li
sdkur`lil l piri
piri dv`tir
dv`tir pàrl`lis
pàrl`lis muaieis
muaieis niccis de
cbs prbhdsbs y pdrl`li ld t`dapbs de dc prbhdsb.
Kiriet`zilb dstd prbhdsb ldfdabs ccdvir ihifb ue dstr`htb hbetrbc
hbab dc rdic`zilb de ci rdhdph`øe, pdrb de dsti bhis`øe de dc
ldspihmb. Pi qud ds iquá lbeld ldfdabs indhtiabs l`rdhtiadetd
nu
nudr
drtd
tdad
adet
etdd dc `e`evd
vdet
etir
ir`b
`b yi sdi
sdi pbr pbr liùb
liùbss de ci aiaitd
tdr`
r`ii ic
abadetb ldc ldspihmb b dc aic ldspihmb ld aitdr`icds.
Iht`v`lilds iux`c`irds ld icaihdeds

Hbab su ebafrd cb `el`hie sbe cis iht`v`lilds hbapcdadetir`is piri ci

dodhuh`øe hbrrdhti ld cbs prbhdsbs bpdrit`vbs prdv`iadetd ldtdra`eilbs
de hili uei ld cis dtipis cis huicds ebs pdra`tde dc hbetrbc y v`k`cieh`i
ld cbs aitdr`icds icaihdeilbs.
Dc fude aiedob de hili ueb ld cbs prbhdsbs cbs pbldabs ccdvir ihifb
hbe
hb e ci `apcd
`apcdad
adetetih
ih`ø
`øe
e ld `el
`el`h
`hil
ilbr
brds
ds ld kdst
kdst`ø
`øe
e cbs
cbs huic
huicds
ds dsté
dstée
e
fisilbs de ci kdst`øe prbp`i ld hili ueb ld ebsbtrbs hbe ci n`eic`lil ld
huapc`r hbe cbs prbtbhbcbs dstifcdh`lbs pbr uei hbapiùái.
Hili ueb ld dccbs sd ldfd hirihtdr`zir pbr pbldr huapc`r hbe sus
nueh`beds de ci cáedi ld su dodhuh`øe ldc prbhdsb hbe ci n`eic`lil ld qud
sd pudlie ccdvir i hifb ld aiedri
a iedri s`ehrbe`zili. P isá pbldr huapc`r hbe
cbs dstéelirds aáe`ab ld icaihdeia`detb

DX\TL@IE\D 6? FVIMPIE CBTV@LB

De tàra`ebs dhbeøa`hbs cis daprdsis sd hcis`n`hie ld ihudrlb hbe ci
iht`v`lil dhbeøa`hi qud rdic`zie de brkie`zih`beds ldc sdhtbr pr`air`b,
sdhuelir`b b tdrh`ir`b. Cis pr`adris ldl`hilis i iht`v`lilds dxtriht`vis
y ikráhbcis, cis sdkuelis i ci aieunihturi (b triesnbraih`øe) y cis
tdrhdris i cbs sdrv`h`bs.
I pdsir ld cb l`ndrdetd qud pudlde sdr cis brkie`zih`beds, dx`stde
dcdadetbs hbaueds y triesvdrsicds i hili uei ld dccis. Detrd dccis ci
ila`e`strih`øe, cbs ispdhtbs dhbeøa`hbs, hbetifcds y cbkást`hbs. Ldstihi
ci cbkást`hi, l`sh`pc`ei `etdkrilbri qud pdra`td, pbr uei pirtd, qud cbs
aitdr`icds ncuyie ld cbs prbvddlbrds i cis daprdsis y, pbr ci btri, qud
h`rhucde ld dsti i cbs hc`detds.
h c`detds. De dstd desiyb sd ldsirrbccirée cbs tdais
 

rdcih`beilbs hbe cbs dcdadetbs, hirihtdrást`his y prbhdsbs de ci kdst`øe

ld icaihdeds.
Ld ihudrlb hbe dc Hbesdob ld L`rdhh`øe Cbkást`hi, h`tilb pbr Ficcbu
(6::<)?
Ci cbkást`hi ds ci pirtd ldc prbhdsb ld ci hildei ld sua`e`strbs qud
pciedi, ccdvi i hifb y hbetrbci dc ncuob y icaihdeia`detb dn`h`detds y
dndht`vbs
dndht `vbs ld f`deds
f`deds y sdrv`h
sdrv`h`bs,
`bs, isá hbab ld ci `enbraih`øe
`enbraih`øe rdcih`beili
rdcih`beili,,
ldsld dc puetb ld br`kde misti dc puetb ld hbesuab, hbe dc n`e ld
sit`snihdr cbs rdqudr`a`detbs ld cbs hc`detds. (p. <).
Ds ldh`r, ci cbkást`hi ds pirtd ld ickb aiybr ldeba`eilb hildei ld
sua`e`strb
sua`e` strb de ci qud icaihdeia`de
icaihdeia`detb, tb, dc triespbrtd
triespbrtd y dc tritia`detb
tritia`detb ld
ci `e`enb
nbra
raihih`ø
`øe
e sbe
sbe nuel
nueliaiade deti
ticd
cdss piri
piri mihdmihdrr ccdk
ccdkir
ir cbs
cbs f`de
f`deds
ds y
sdrv`h`bs i cbs hc`detds. Zdrb ²quà ds ci hildei ld sua`e`strbs2 Ficcbu
(6::<) sdùici?
Ci ila
ila`e`s `e`stri
trih`ø
h`øe
e ld ci hildei
hildei ld sua`e` sua`e`str bs (XH, pbr sus s`kcis de
strbs
`e
`ekc
kcàs
às)) if ifir
irhi
hi tbtbli
liss ciciss iht`
iht`v`
v`li
lild
ldss rdrdci
cih`
h`be
beil
ilis
is hbe
hbe dc ncuo
ncuob
b y
triesnbraih`øe ld f`deds, ldsld ci dtipi ld aitdr`i pr`ai (dxtrihh`øe)
misti dc usuir`b n`eic, isá hbab cbs ncuobs ld `enbraih`øe rdcih`beilbs.
Cbss aitd
Cb aitdr` r`ic
icds
ds y ci `e `enb
nbra
raihih`ø
`øee ncuy
ncuydede de sdet sdet`l`lb
b ishd
ishdel
elde
detd
td y
ldshdeldetd de ci hildei ld sua`e`strbs. (p. 4).
Ldsld dsti pdrspdht`vi, ci ila`e`strih`øe ld ci hildei ld sua`e`strbs
ds dc hbeouetb ld bpdrih`beds qud nih`c`tie qud cbs aitdr`icds ncuyie
ldsld dc prbvddlbr misti ci daprdsi de ci qud sd triesnbraie, de
f`deds b sdrv`h`bs, y ld iccá i cbs hc`detds b hbesua`lbrds n`eicds. Zbr
btr
btri pi pirtrtd,
d, y eb adebadebss `apb `apbrtrtie
ietd
td,, ci cbká
cbkást
st``hi y ci hi hild
ldei
ei ld
sua`e`strbs, pudlde hbetr`fu`r hbe ci hbapdt`t`v`lil ldc edkbh`b de ci
adl`li de qud nih`c`tie dc hbetrbcir cbs hbstbs y de ci adl`li de qud sd
rdic`hd uei kdst`øe dx`tbsi de dsi érdi, sd pudld mihdr i ci daprdsi
aés hbapdt`t`vi.
De dstd std ai airrhb rdnd
rdndrrde
deh`
h`ic
ic dx`s
dx`sttd ue dspi dspih` h`b
b ququdd rdsict
sictii pb
pbrr su
`apbrtieh`i, pdrb tiaf`àe pbr ci pbhi itdeh`øe qud, iÿe de auhmis
brkie`zih`beds, sd cd prdsti? Dc Icaihàe. Ietds ld hbet`euir y ldn`e`r cb
qud ds ue Icaihàe, hbes`ldriab
hbes`ldriabss pdrt`edetd ldh`r qud eb ds? Eb ds ue
ldpøs`tb, eb ds ue dspih`b huicqu`dri de dc qud sd –ip`cie aitdr`icds‑.
Ld ihudrlb hbe Abri (X/n) ue icaihàe?
Tei fbldki b icaihàe pudld ldn`e`rsd hbab ue dspih`b pcie`n`hilb piri
uf`hir, aietdedr y aie`pucir adrhieháis y aitdr`icds. Ldetrb ld dsti
ldn`
ld n`e`
e`h`
h`øe
øe miymiy lb lbss nueh
nueh`b`bed
edss lba`
lba`ei eietetds
ds?? dc icaih
icaihde deia
ia`d
`det
etb
b y dc
aiedob ld aitdr`icds. Dc pipdc qud t`ded uei fbldki de dc h`hcb ld
ifistdh`a`detb ld ci daprdsi ldpdeld ld ci eituricdzi ld ci a`sai. De
ickuebs hisbs sdré ue puetb ld pisb lbeld sd ldshbapbed dc ncuob ld
aitdr`icds hbenbrailb pbr ue`lilds ld dapiqud piri pbldr ldspihmir
 

cis hiet`lilds qud edhds`tie cbs hc`detds. Dc icaihdeia`detb de dstd

hisb, eb t`ded9 tieti rdcdvieh`i hbab dc aiedob ld aitdr`icds. (p. 9).

Hbab pudl
Hbab pudldd `e `end
ndr`
r`rs
rsdd ld ci h`ti h`ti prprdh
dhdl
dlde
detd
td,, ue icaih
icaihàe àe eb ds ue
ldpøs`
ldp øs`tb,
tb, s`e
s`eb b ue dspih`
dspih`b b pcie`n
pcie`n`hi
`hilb,
lb, dspdh`
dspdh`ica
icadetdetdd l`sdùil
l`sdùilb b piri
piri
uf`h
uf `hir
ir ad adrhrhie
iehá
háis,
is, aiet
aietde dedr
drci
ciss y aie`
aie`pupucir
circis
cis hbhbrr
rrdh
dhti
tiad
adetetd.
d. Dc
icaihàe ds nueliadetic de cis rdcih`beds hbe cbs prbvddlbrds y hbe cbs
hc`detds.
hc`det ds. Hbe cbs pr`adrbs pbrqud de àc sd icaihdeie ci aitdr`i aitdr`i pr`ai,
cbs prbluh
prbluhtbs tbs sda`dc
sda`dcifb ifbril
rilbs
bs b cbs rdqudr
rdqudr`lb
`lbss piri
piri cis bpdrih
bpdrih`be
`bedsds
rut`eir`is ld ci daprdsi. Hbe cbs hc`detds pbrqud de cbs icaihdeds ds
qud sd hus hustbl`ie cbs prblu luht
htb
bs tdra`e a`eilbs, cbs cbs huicd cdss sdr
sdrée
ldspihmilbs i cbs hc`detds.
Hbe
Hb e fisd
fisd de cb ie ietdtdr`
r`br
br pudl
pudldd dstidstifc
fcdh
dhdr
drsdsd cbs
cbs bfod
bfodt`t`vb
vbss ld cbs cbs
icaihdeds?
9. Vdskuirlir
Vdskuirlir cbs aitdr`icd
aitdr`icdss qud sd icaihdicaihdeie.
eie.
6. Kiriet`zir
Kiriet`zir ci l`spb l`spbe`f`c`
e`f`c`lil
lil ld cbs l`vdrsbs
l`vdrsbs aitdr`
aitdr`icds
icds rdqudr`lbs
rdqudr`lbs
pbr ci daprdsi de sus l`vdrsis bpdrih`beds.
8. Hbetrbcir cbs hbstbs de ci adl`li de qud sd kdst`beie
ildhuiliadetd cbs `evdetir`bs y sd cbkri dc ldf`lb rdskuirlb ld
cbs aitdr`icds.
<. Hbetr`fu`r hbe ci kdst`øe cbkást`hi ld ci daprdsi y ci
ila`e`strih`øe ld ci hildei ld sua`e`strbs.
Ziri cbkrir cb ietdr`br, cis nueh`beds qud sd dodhutie de ue icaihàe ld
ihudrlb hbe Abri (X/n) sbe cis s`ku`detds? 9) Vdhdph`øe, 6)
Icaihd
Ica ihdeia
eia`de`detb,
tb, 8) Zrdpir
Zrdpirih`ø
ih`øee ld pdl pdl`lb
`lbss y <) Dxpdl`
Dxpdl`h`ø
h`øee b
ldsp
ld spih
ihmbmb.. De ue ic icai
aihàhàe e sd rd rdh`
h`fd
fdee adrh
adrhieiehá
háis,
is, sd icai icaihd
hdei
eiee de
dspih`bs ldf`liadetd ihbel`h`beilbs piri kiriet`zir qud cbs aitdr`icds
dstà
ds tàe
e de fude fudeisis hbhbel`
el`h`b
h`bed
eds.s. Xd pr prdp
dpir
irie
ie cbs
cbs pdl`
pdl`lblbss huhuie
ielb
lb sbesbe
sbc`h`tilbs pbr cis l`vdrsis ue`lilds y sd ldspihmie.
De dstd
dstd brld
brlde e ld `l `ldi
dis,
s, cbcbss ic
icaih
aihdededs
ds ld
ldfd
fde e rd
rdue
ue`r`r ldtd
ldtdra
ra`e
`eil
ilisis
hirihtdrást`his?
I. Dspih
Dspih`bs`bs l`sdùi
l`sdùilbslbs dspdh`icade
dspdh`icadetd td piri sdrv`r hbabhbab icaihà
icaihàe.e.
F. Hbe cis hbelhbel`h`bed
`h`bedss ildhuilis
ildhuilis ld tdapdrituri
tdapdrituri d `cua`eih`øe.
`cua`eih`øe.
H. Huapc
Huapc`r `r hbe ci ebrait`
ebrait`vi vi ld sdkur`lil
sdkur`lil ipc`hifcd
ipc`hifcd..
L. Hb
Hbee érérdidiss l`
l`nd
ndrd
rdeh
eh`i`ili
liss piri
piri ci rd rdhd
hdph
ph`ø
`øe,
e, dc icaiicaihd
hdei
eiod
od,, ci
prdpirih`øe ld pdl`lbs y dc ldspihmb ld cbs aitdr`icds.
Cb ietdr`br sd cbkriré de ci adl`li de qud dc ciybut ldc icaihàe sdi
ildhuilb. Ziri qud dstb sdi pbs`fcd ds edhdsir`b qud su l`sdùb huapci
hbe uei sdr`d ld rdqu`s`tbs detrd dstbs?
 Te icaihàe ldfd de tblb abadetb prdsdrvir cbs aitdr`icds de
cis adobrds hbel`h`beds pbs`fcds. De hbesdhudeh`i, ds edhdsir`b
qud dc Icaihàe sd ildhud i cbs aitdr`icds. Zbr dsb dc l`sdùb
ldpdeld ldc t`pb ld aitdr`icds i icaihdeir. Zbr dodapcb, eb ds
 

`kuic icaihde hdeir tdxt`c xt`cdds qud ic`a `addetbs b hbapbedetds

dcdhtrøe`hbs.
 Dc l`sdùb ld ue icaihàe ldfd hbes`ldrir érdis l`ndrdeh`ilis piri
ci rdhdph`øe, dc ldspihmb, dc icaihdeiod, dc érdi ld prdpirih`øe
ld pdl`lbs, dc érdi ld huirdetdei, dspih`b ld bn`h`eis, dspih`b ld
isdb, isá hbab pis`ccbs hbe dc dspih`b sun`h`detd piri ci h`rhucih`øe
ld pdrsbeis y adrhieháis. \iaf`àe cbs adhie`sabs ld sdkur`lil
hbrrdspbel`detds.
 Btrb dcdadetb i hbes`ldrir de dc l`sdùb ld cbs icaihdeds ds ci
hiet`lil ld aitdr`icds i icaihdeir, dc vbcuade ld cbs a`sabs y
dc t`dapb ld pdraiedeh`i ld dsbs aitdr`icds de dc icaihàe. Zbr
do
doda
dapc
pcb,
b, s` ci da dapr
prds
dsii ut`c`
ut`c`zi
zi de oustb
oustb `et`
`et`ad
ad,, dc dsdspi
pih`b
h`b ld
icaihdeiod l`sa`euyd hbes`ldrifcdadetd.
 \iaf
\i af`à
`àe
e ds ed edhdhdsi
sir`
r`b
b hbes
hbes`l `ldr
drir
ir ic l`sd
l`sdùi
ùirr ue icai
icaihà
hàee cbs
cbs
adhie`sabs ld aie`pucih`øe ld cbs aitdr`icds s` ds iutbait`zilb
b aieuic.
 Ldsld dc puetb ld v`sti cbkást`hb, eb ds `kuic ue icaihàe piri uei
daprdsi hbe uei sbci suhursic qud ue icaihàe hdetric qud surtd i
uei hildei ld suhursicds.
I cb ietdr`br, Abri (X/n, p. 68=) dxpbed qud dx`stde pr`eh`p`bs qud
kdedricadetd sbe tde`lbs de hudeti piri dc l`sdùb?
 Yud dc dl`n`h`b sdi ld uei sbci pcieti, dv`tielb isá dc usb ld cis
dshi
ds hicd
cdri
riss y ishd
ishdesb
esbrd
rds,
s, cb qudqud bn bnrd
rdhd
hd ue aiyb
aiybrr dspi
dspih`
h`b
b piri
piri
icaihdeia`detb y rdfioi cbs hbstbs ic pbldr ut`c`zir tdhmbs ld
dstruhturi c`v`iei.
 Ci icturi c`frd b ÿt`c ld ci `esticih`øe dstiré ldtdra`eili pbr dc
t`pb ld adrhieháis y ld dqu`pbs ld aiedob ld aitdr`icds y pbr cis
nbrais ld icaihdeia`detb qud sdi ilbptde.
 Ci hipih`lil ld rds`stdeh`i y dc ihifilb ld cbs p`sbs ldfdrée sdr
ildhuilbs i ci hcisd ld dqu`pbs y adrhieháis qud sd viyie i
aie`pucir de dc icaihàe.
 Cis pir
pirdld
dldss `etdre
`etdreisis ldc icaihà
icaihàe e ldfdré
ldfdrée e sdr hbapcd
hbapcdtia
tiadet
detdd
c`sis, ld tic aiedri qud e` pdra`tie ci ihuaucih`øe ld pbcvb e` ci
prbc`ndrih`øe ld pcikis.
 Xd ldldfdfd l` l`st
str`
r`fu
fu`r
`r dc dspi
dspih` h`b,
b, sdkÿ
sdkÿee nunueh
eh`b
`bed
eds,
s, susupd
pdrn
rn`h
`h`d
`ds,
s,
l`
l`sp
spbe
be`f
`f`c`c`l
`lil
il y il ildh
dhui
uih`h`øe
øe,, de zbei zbeiss ld icai icaihd
hdei
eia`
a`de
detb
tb,,
rdhdph`øe, ldspihmb, bn`h`ei y sdrv`h`bs iux`c`irds.
 Ds edhdsir`b prdvdr cbs s`t`bs lbeld sd hbcbhie tbais piri ikui y
dedrkái dcàhtr`hi, dqu`pbs ld sdkur`lil hbetri `ehdel`b y rbfb, y
pbr supudstb, eb bcv`lir cis sic`lis ld dadrkdeh`i.
 Dc cu
cuki
kir,r, dc ti tiai
aiùb ùb y euad
euadrb rb ld hbcu
hbcuae
aeisis ququdd sbpb
sbpbrt
rtde
de ci
dstruhturi indhtirie ci l`spbs`h`øe ld cbs hbrrdlbrds y érdis ld
icaihdeia`detb, pbr cb tietb, sd tdelré qud uf`hir ld tic aiedri
 

qud uei vdz icaihdeili ci adrhiehái eb qudld dc aés aáe`ab

dspih`b sufut`c`zilb.
 Yud miyi uei fudei `cua`eih`øe eituric y sun`h`detd vdet`cih`øe
piri l`spdrsir dc hicbr y cbs bcbrds, prdv`e`delb isá dc ldtdr`brb ld
cbs prbluhtbs.
 Yud cis pudrtis ld ihhdsb ic e`vdc ldc p`sb sdie iehmis y ictis7 y
iqudccis hbe pcitinbrai ld hirki b audccds dstàe i uei icturi
dqu`vicdetd b audccds dstàe i uei icturi dqu`vicdetd i ci ld cbs
rda
dab bcq
cqud
udss ld cbcbss hia`
hia`be
bedds. Dc eÿ eÿad
adrbrb ld pud pudrtis
rtis dstir
stiréé
rdcih`beilb hbe dc eÿadrb ld pis`ccbs y hbrrdlbrds y hbe dc ncuob
ld adrhiehái yi prdv`stb.
 Cbs pis`ccbs, qud l`v`lde cbs krields fcbquds ld icaihdeia`detb
piri nih`c`tir dc ihhdsb i cis adrhieháis, ldfde sdr rdhtbs y eb
tdedr hbcuaeis e` btri hcisd ld bfstéhucbs. Dc iehmb ld cbs pis`ccbs
ldfdré sdr dc aáe`ab, sdkÿe dc dspih`b rdqudr`lb pbr dc tiaiùb ld
ci dst`fi y pbr dc dqu`pb adhée`hb qud sd viyi i ut`c`zir.
 Cbs hbrrdlbrds hbest`tuyde cis irtdr`is ld ldpøs`tb y pbr dccb, sd
ldfde dxtdeldr i cb cirkb ld tbli ci fbldki y sdr cb
sun`h`detdadetd iapc`bs piri pdra`t`r dc pisb ld cbs dqu`pbs ld
aiedob ld aitdr`icds hbe hirki, de l`rdhh`beds bpudstis.
 Ds nueliadetic qud piri ci pirtd dxtdr`br ldc icaihàe sd ldfd
pciedir cis zbeis ld dstih`beia`detb ld vdmáhucbs ld hirki.
De dsi cáedi ld pdesia`detb, Abri (X/n, p. 680) li cis s`ku`detds
rdhbadelih`beds piri dc l`sdùb ld cbs icaihdeds?
9. Zdrn`cd sus bpdrih`beds? Ic `kuic qud ue triod ld vdst`r cis adl`lis y
pbcát`his ldfde sdr tbailis y sbfrd dstd sd dshbkd dc l`sdùb rdqudr`lb.
Hbes`ldrd ildaés dc fdehmairg`ek piri dstb.
6. Ldn`ei ci A`s`øe y dc Ciybut ldc Icaihàe? Dc Ciybut sd ldn`ed de fisd
ic pu
puetetbb ietd
ietdr`
r`br
br y hb
hbe
e rdsp
rdspdh
dhtb
tb ic hrdh
hrdh`a
`a`d
`det
etb
b qud
qud vi i td tded
edrr ci
daprds
dap rdsi.i. H`ehb
H`ehb iùbs
iùbs ld prbydh
prbydhh`ø
h`øe
e ue tàrtàra`eb
a`eb ildhuil
ildhuilb.b. Ildaés
Ildaés,,
hbes`ldrd hiaf`bs de su bpdrih`øe hbe rdspdhtb i eudvis tàhe`his,
tdeldeh`is y tdhebcbkái ihtuic y nuturi. Ci a`s`øe ld ci @esticih`øe ldfd
dstir f`de hciri piri su l`sdùb7 s` dstd ds ue icaihàe n`shic, hdetrb ld
l`str`fuh`øe, sbcb piri irtáhucbs "I" dth...
8. Tt`c
Tt`c`h
`hdd ci X`X`au
auci
cih`
h`øe
øe?? piri
piri ieic
ieic`z`zir
ir y iprb
iprbfifirr su bpdr
bpdrih
ih`ø
`øe
e sd
rdhba`deli dc usb ld ci s`aucih`øe isá pblré prbydhtir dc eÿadrb ld
rdhursbs rdqudr`lbs y su `evdrs`øe. Ildaés, iprbfir su ciybut.
<. \drrdeb? Fusqud dc tdrrdeb qud sd ihbpcd ic ciybut y i su prbydhh`øe
ld hrdh`a`detb7 dvicÿd dc t`pb ld sudcbs.
4. C`h`
C`h`ti
tih`b
h`bed
eds?
s? Abv`
Abv`a`d
a`det
etbs
bs ld t` t`dr
drri
ris,
s, hb
hbes
estr
truh
uhh`
h`øe
øe,, hbap
hbapri ri ld
dqu`pbs.
>. Aieb ld Bfri? Hbes`ldrd s` dc cukir iprbp`ilb piri ci l`spbe`f`c`lil
ld aieb ld bfri.
 

;. Ihhds`f`c`lil ld ci rdl ld triespbrtd? Ieic`hd s` ci ihhds`f`c`lil ld ci

rdl
rdl ld trie
triesp
spbr
brtd
td ds ci ildh
ildhui
uili
li piri
piri ichi
ichiez
ezir
ir i sus
sus hc`d
hc`det
etds
ds y
prbvddlbrds.

Ldsld dsti pdrspdht`vi, qudli de dv`ldeh`i qud ue icaihàe ldfd sdr

pirtd `etdkric ld ci dstritdk`i ld ci daprdsi. De dstd brlde ld `ldis, de
ci nueh`øe cbkást`hi y de dc l`sdùb ld cbs icaihdeds ldfde ipc`hirsd cbs
pr`eh`p`bs ld ci pcie`n`hih`øe dstritàk`hi. Ld aiedri dsqudait`zili sd
dxpbed hbab sd ipc`hie dsbs pr`eh`p`bs ld ci pcie`n`hih`øe de dc érdi ld
icaihdeds?
I. A`s`øe
A`s`øe?? Xd ldfd dstifcd
dstifcdhdr
hdr ci rizøe
rizøe ld sdr ldc icaihàe
icaihàe ic`ed
ic`edili
ili
hbe ci A`s`øe y Vizøe ld sdr ld ci daprdsi.
F. ^`
^`s`
s`øe
øe?? ²Y
²Yuàuà dsdspdpdri
ri sdr
sdr dc icicai
aihàhàe2
e2 ²Hué
²Huécc sd dspd
dspdri
ri sdré
sdré su
hbetr`fuh`øe2
H. Aitr
Aitr`z`z ld Ldf`c`lilds
Ldf`c`lilds,, Bpbrtue`lilds,
Bpbrtue`lilds, Nbrticdzi
Nbrticdziss y Iadeizis.
Iadeizis.
L. Hb
Hbe e fisd
fisd de ci Ai Aitr
tr`z
`z LBNI
LBNI sd dstidstifcfcdh
dhde
de cbs
cbs bfod
bfodt`
t`vb
vbss ldc
ldc
icaihàe.
D. Tei vdz dstifcdh`lbs cbs bfodt`vbs y hbe fisd de cis
bpbrtue`lilds, ldf`c`lilds, nbrticdzis y iadeizis sd l`sdùie cis
dstritdk`is ldc icaihàe. De dstd sdet`lb, cis dstritdk`is sbe ci
nbrai hbab ci brkie`zih`øe dspdri b dst`ai ichiezir cbs bfodt`vbs
dstifcdh`lbs ldc icaihàe.
Ci pcie`n`hih`øe dstritàk`hi ds tie `apbrtietd piri ue icaihàe y piri su
l`sdùb hbab cb ds piri ci daprdsi ld aiedri kcbfic. Ci `ldi ds tdedr
ueii v`
ue v`s`
s`ø
øe kckcb
bfic
fic ld ci `ap `apbr
brttieh`
ieh`ii ld cbscbs icai
icaihd
hded
edss piri
piri ciscis
bpdrih`beds y piri ci dndht`vi dodhuh`øe ld cis cifbrds cbkást`his y ld ci
ila`e`strih`øe ld ci hildei ld sua`e`strbs.
Lbs dcdadetbs hcivds i tdedr de hudeti de ci pcie`n`hih`øe dstritàk`hi
ld ue icaihàe sbe cbs rdqudr`a`detbs ld ci hildei ld ifistdh`a`detb y
cbs hieicds ld l`str`fuh`øe.
De rdcih`øe hbe ci hildei ld ifistdh`a`detb,
ifistdh`a`detb, dstb ds ci dstruhturi
dstruhturi piri
prbl
prbluh
uh`r
`r ic
ickb
kb,, ququdd pb
pbrr cb kded
kdedri
ricc `apc
`apc`h
`hii ci hbeo
hbeoue
ueh`
h`øe
øe ld vir`
vir`is
is
daprdsis u brkie`zih`beds. Zbr dodapcb, ci hildei ld sua`e`strbs ldc
ikui pbtifcd rdqu`drd ld ci daprdsi qud triti dc ikui y ci dafbtdcci,
cudkb ci qud ci l`str`fuyd y pbr ÿct`ab ci qud ci vdeld. Ld ihudrlb hbe
ci Vdv`sti ld Cbkást`hi, ickuebs ispdhtbs qud ldfde hbes`ldrirsd sbe?
9. Hiet`lil
Hiet`lil ld brkie`zih`bed
brkie`zih`bedss `evbcuhrilis.
`evbcuhrilis. Eÿadrb
Eÿadrb ld prbvddlbrds
prbvddlbrds
y cbs hieicds ld l`str`fuh`øe.
6. Lda
daieieli
li..
8. H`h
H`hcb
cb ld vv`li
`li ldldcc prbluh
prbluhtb.
tb.
<. Ic`edih`øe
Ic`edih`øe ld cis cis nueh`be
nueh`bedsds bpdrit`vis
bpdrit`vis y hbadrh`icd
hbadrh`icds. s.
De huietb i cbs hieicds ld l`str`fuh`øe cbs nihtbrds i hbes`ldrir sbe cbs
s`ku`detds?
 

9. Hi
Hieieicc ci
cirk
rkb.
b.
6. Hi
Hieieicc `e
`etd
tdra
radldl`b`b..
8. Hi
Hieieicc Hb
Hbrtrtb.
b.
De dsbs hieicds cb qud virái ds dc eÿadrb ld brkie`zih`beds qud
`e
`etd
tdrv
rv`d
`ded
edee de ci ciss iht`
iht`v`l
v`lil
ilds
ds ld tr tris
isci
cilb
lb ld f`de
f`deds
ds,, pr
prbl
bluh
uhtb
tbss y
sdrv`h`bs ldsld dc prbvddlbr mih`i cbs hc`detds y ld dstbs i cbs pr`adrbs
(dstb ds cbkást`hi `evdrsi).
Zbr ÿct`ab, ue dcdadetb
dcdadetb nueliadetic de ci kdst`øe kdst`øe ld ue icaihàe ds dc
hbetrbc. Xd triti ld dvicuir qud tblb cb qud sd rdic`zi dsté ic`edilb hbe
cb qud sd pcie`n`hø mihdr. Zbr hbes`ku`detd, uei mdrria`deti ld auhmi
`apbrtieh`i
`apbrt ieh`i sbe cbs `el`hilbrds
`el`hilbrds ld kdst`øe
kdst`øe cbs huicds
huicds tbaie de hudeti,
hudeti,
detrd btrbs ispdhtbs, cbs `evdetir`bs, cbs aàtblbs ld icaihdeia`detb y
btr
btris vir`
vir`if
ifcdcdss titicd
cdss hbhbab
ab,, t`
t`ddapb
apb ld rdspu dspuddsti,
sti, vbcu
vbcuad
ade e ld
adrhieháis, detrd btrbs nihtbrds.
  De rd rdcih`øe
cih`øe hbe cbs cbs `e`el`hilb
l`hilbrds
rds cbkást`
cbkást`hbs
hbs ipc`hifc
ipc`hifcds
ds i cbs icaihde
icaihdeds,ds,
Abri (X/n, p. 68< - 684) dxpbed qud pdra`tde?
 @ldet`n`hir y tbair ihh`beds sbfrd cbs prbfcdais bpdrit`vbs.
 Adl`r dc krilb ld hbapdt`t`v`lil ld ci daprdsi nrdetd i sus
hbapdt`lbrds eih`beicds d `etdreih`beicds.
 Xit`snihdr cis dxpdhtit`vis ldc hc`detd adl`ietd ci rdluhh`øe ldc
t`dapb ld detrdki y ci bpt`a`zih`øe ldc sdrv`h`b prdstilb.
 Adobrir dc usb ld cbs rdhursbs y iht`vbs is`keilbs, piri iuadetir
ci prbluht`v`lil y dndht`v`lil de cis l`ndrdetds iht`v`lilds mih`i dc
hc`detd n`eic.
 Vdluh`r kistbs y iuadetir ci dn`h`deh`i bpdrit`vi.
 Hbapirirsd hbe cis daprdsis ldc sdhtbr de dc éaf`tb cbhic y
auel`ic (Fdehmairg`ek).
  Te icai icaihàehàe ds ue ddspi spih`b
h`b ld auhauhmimi ``apb
apbrti
rtieh`
eh`ii pi
piri
ri huic
huicqu`
qu`dr
dr
brkie`zih`øe. Eb ds ue ldpøs`tb, tiapbhb ds ue cukir de dc qud sd
hbcbhie aitdr`icds de nbrai ldsbrkie`zili. Ldfd hbes`ldrirsd hbab
uei ue`lil ld sdrv`h`b de ci daprdsi. Ziri ci cbkást`hi y ci hildei ld
sua`
su a`e`
e`st
strb
rbss ds dc ér érdidi de ci qudqud sd rd rdsk
skui
uirl
rlie
ie cbs
cbs aitd
aitdr`r`ic
icds
ds.. Xu
nueh`beif`c`lil `eh`ld de dc usb hbrrdhtb ld cbs `evdetir`bs. P dstbs
`apihtie cbs hbstbs ld aiedri pbs`t`vi b edkit`vi. De hbesdhudeh`i, su
l`sdùb ldfd sdr ihbrld i cis edhds`lilds ld ci daprdsi.
Zbr ÿct`ab, sd ldfd hbes`ldrir i cbs icaihdeds y i ci cbkást`hi ic
abadetb ld pcie`n`hir dstritàk`hiadetd. Ci cbkást`hi, dc triespbrtd y dc
icaihdeia`detb ld cbs aitdr`icds hbest`tuyde uei ld cis dstritdk`is ld
àx`tb ld huicqu`dr brkie`zih`øe.

DX\TL@IE\D 8? HCITL@I VBX@B XICKTDVB

 

Hbab fisd de cis nueh`beds ld ue icaihàe dstée ci rdhdph`øe, sd

dehirki ld brkie`zir cbs prbluhtbs b aitdr`icds qud ccdkie piri su
icaihdeia`detb, vdr`n`hie su hiet`lil y hic`lil sdie hbrrdhtis sdkÿe cb
sbc`h`tilb, tiaf`àe dsté ci `espdhh`øe y hbetrbc ld hic`lil de ci huic sd
ldfd sbadtdr dc prbluhtb b aitdr`ic i ue ràk`ade yi sdi de cifbritbr`b
u btrbs
Dc prbhdsbs sdkÿe
rddapiqudtilb sdi edhdsir`b.
ds uei nueh`øe qud pdra`td ic prbluhtb, yi sdi i
krie
kriedcdc b uei
uei hbhbaf
af`e `eih
ih`ø
`øee hbe
hbe bt
btri
riss p`dz
p`dzis
is b surt`
surt`lb
lbs,
s, aied
aiedoioirs
rsdd
dn`h`detdadetd y hbe uei adobr brkie`zih`øe. Zisiabs ic ldspihmb, de
lbeld sd l`str`fuyd ci adrhiehái ic icaihdeia`detb tde`delb de hudeti
su tiaiùb y dspih`b l`spbe`fcd.
Dc s`ku`detd pisb qud t`ded dc prbluhtb ds dc icaihdeia`detb, lbeld
dsté de dspdri i su l`str`fuh`øe yi sdi ldpdel`delb ld su ldaieli. Ci
nb
nbra
raii ld icicai
aihd
hdei
eia` a`de
detb
tb ld
ldpd
pdel
eldd ldc
ldc ti
tiai
aiùb
ùb y ci hic`
hic`li
lil
l ld cbs
cbs
irtáhucbs de `evdetir`b, pisiabs i ci rdhbcdhh`øe lbeld sd trifioi yi
hbe cbs pdl`lbs, sd aiedoi cbs irtáhucbs ldc icaihàe piri hufr`r uei
ldai
ld aiel
elii dspd
dspdhá
hán`
n`hi
hi.. \d
\ded
edrr de huhude
deti
ti uei
uei fude
fudeii prprdp
dpir
irih
ih`ø
`øe
e ldc
ldc
ic`stia`detb de dc dafirqud ld cbs prbluhtbs piri su l`str`fuh`øe, yi
sdi de huicqu`dri ld cbs adl`bs ld triespbrtd.
Ci kdst`øe ld icaihdeia`detb eihd de ci rdhdph`øe ld ci ue`lil nás`hi
de cis prbp`is `esticih`beds y sd dxt`deld misti dc aietde`a`detb ld
dstdd de cis adobrd
dst adobrdss hbel`h`
hbel`h`bed
bedss piri
piri su pbspbstdr
tdr`br
`br tritia
tritia`de
`detb.
tb. Cbs
bfodt`vbs qud ldfd pcietdirsd de icaihdeds sbe?
 Vip`ldz ld detrdkis.
 N`if`c`lil.
  Vdluhh`øe ld hbstds.
 Aix`a`zih`øe ldc vbcuade l`spbe`fcd.
 A`e`a`zih`øe ld cis bpdrih`beds ld aie`pucih`øe y triespbrtd.
Hbab fisd i dsti `aikde sd pudld bfsdrvir cbs prbhdsbs qud ld tdedr
ue icaihàe?
 

Dstbs sbe cbs prbhdsbs cbkást`hbs ld cbs icaihdeds?

 

 Icaihdeiod
 Ldspihmb
 Iprbv`s`beia`detb
 Hbetrbc ld `evdetir`bs
 \riespbrtd dxtdreb
 \riespbrtd `etdreb



\riespbrtd
L`str`fuh`øeáetdr-daprdsi
eih`beic
 L`str`fuh`øe nás`hi @etdreih`beic
 \ritia`detb y itdeh`øe ld cbs pdl`lbs
 Vdh`hciod ld rds`lubs y ld cbs prbluhtbs ldsdhmilbs pbr dc hc`detd
hc `detd
 Zcie`n`hih`øe ld ci prbluhh`øe
 Hbetrbc ld prbluhh`øe
 @enbraih`øe y hbaue`hih`beds
 Hbetrbc ld hic`lil
 N`eiezis
 Aietde`a`detb
 Adrhildb



Xdrv`h`b ic ldc
Zrbtdhh`øe hc`detd
adl`b iaf`detd.

De dc prbh
prbhds
dsb
b ld pcie`n
pcie`n`hi
`hih`ø
h`øe
e y brbrki
kie`
e`zih
zih`ø
`øee ld ci dstr
dstrit
itdk
dk`i
`i ld ue
icaih
ica ihàe
àe,, sd ldfd
ldfd fr
fr`e
`elir
lir sbsbcu
cuh`b
h`bed
edss ld rd
rdhu
hurs
rsbs
bs de hbau
hbaue`
e`øe
øe hbe
hbe cis
cis
pbcát`his y bfodt`vbs kdedricds qud hbetdapci ci dstritdk`i ld ci hbapiùái,
de iris
iris ld pbtd
pbtdeh
eh`ir
`ir ci
ciss vdet
vdetio
iois
is hbapd
hbapdt`
t`t`
t`vi
viss pbr
pbr cis
cis qud
qud ipud
ipudst
stii ci
a`sai.
Te icaihàe ldfd sdr pdesilb pr`eh`picadetd de nueh`øe ld cbs prbluhtbs i
icaihdeir (de tiaiùb, hirihtdrást`his prbp`is y hiet`lil ld rdndrdeh`is) y
ci ldaieli. Zdrb ildaés ld dstbs, `etdrv`dede btrbs nihtbrds qud ldfde sdr
hbes`ldrilbs i ci mbri ld l`ades`beir dc tiaiùb ld ue icaihàe. Cb nihtbrds
i aiel
ld tded
tdedr
ldai ri,deE`vd
eli, hude
hucdeti
E`vdc ti c sbe?
ldc
ld sb
sde?
sdrv Zr
Zrbl
rv`h`bbluh
`h`b uhtb
ic tbs
hcs`det
hc`d i d,icai
etd, icaihd
dc hdei
eir
s`st r i(hie
s`stda
dai (hiet`
ldt`li
lil
l e`pu
aie`
ai ypuci
ti
tiai
aiùb
cih` ùb),
h`øe
øe ),
y
icaihde
icai hdeia`d
ia`detb
etb i ut`c`z
ut`c`zir,
ir, dc t`dapb
t`dapb ld prbluhprbluhh`øh`øe,
e, nihtbr
nihtbr dhbeøa
dhbeøa`hb
`hb,,
bn`h`eis edhdsir`is y rdqu`s`tbs ld pis`ccbs.
Ci uf`hih`øe ldc icaihàe ds uei pirtd nueliadetic piri dc ldsdapdùb y
nueh`beia`detb ld dstd, yi sdi hbe fisd ic triespbrtd y l`str`fuh`øe ld ci
adrhiehái hbab ci ccdkili ld dsti.
Cbs `el`hilbrds ld kdst`øe ld icaihdeia`detb aés `apbrtietds sbe?
 Ci prbluht`v`lil ldc icaihàe.
 Hiet`lil ld trifiob rdic`zilb pbr ue`lil ld t`dapb.
 Dst`fis rdh`f`lis pbr lái? piri Vdhdph`øe ld adrhiehái, pudld sdr
véc`lb dc ieéc`s`s kcbfic.

Zdl`lbs prdpirilbs
de fisd pbr hiet`lilpbr mbri?
ic lái piri
b pbr cbs prdpirilbrds. Xd ldfd hbetir
mbris.
 

 Fuctbs, hiois b ue`lilds prdpirilis pbr mbri? ds ue hbapcdadetb

`l
`ldi
dicc piri
piri dc `e
`el`
l`hi
hilb
lbrr ietd
ietdr`r`br
br,, ds hbev
hbevde
de`d
`det
etdd hbes
hbes`l
`ldr
drir
ircb
cbss de
hbeouetb.
 Ifsdet`sab? piri tblb dc pdrsbeic. Hbh`detd ld l`v`l`r cis mbris ld
prds
prdsde
deh`i
h`i rd
rdic
ic ld tbtblb
lbss cb
cbss bpdr
bpdririr`b
`bss ld icai
icaihà
hàe,
e, pbr
pbr cis
cis mbri
mbriss
tdør`h
tdør`his
is qud ldf
ldfdrá
dráie
ie dstir.
dstir. \iaf`à
\iaf`àe e sd pudld
pudld `el`v`
`el`v`luic
luic`zi
`zirr piri
piri


hbetrbcir
Hic`lil ldpbs`fcds ifusbs.eÿadrb ld cáedis hbe drrbrds de ci detrdki
prdpirih`øe?
l`v`l`lb pbr dc eÿadrb tbtic ld cáedis prdpirilis. Zbr supudstb dstd
`el`hilbr ldfd sdr pdrsbeic`zilb y su hbeouetb ebs `el`hiré ci hic`lil
tbtic ld prdpirih`øe ld eudstrb icaihàe.
 \riespbrtd y l`str`fuh`øe? g`cøadtrbs rdhbrr`lbs pbr hiet`lil ut`c`tir`i
vdel`li.
@el`hilbrds ld hbstds?

Kistbs kdedricds?
kdedricds? Dstée c`kilbs i ue icaihàe dspdhán`hb y dc bfodt`vb ld
dstd hipátucb ds isdkurir qud tblbs cbs kistbs ila`e`strit`vbs sd mie tde`lb
de hudeti.

rKi
Kist
dcistbs
h`bs
h`bbeild
lbsic
icai
aihd
hbehdei
eiod?
dc od?hbst
Kded
Kddedri
std lrica
dcade
pdetd
bstd
ddrcb
cbssb kist
kiistbs
cqbs `cirld y icai
u`ci icaihd
aihdei
eteiod
deod
dr dsté
ds
uetée
ies
`esticih`beds.
Kist
Ki stbs
bs ld aieu
aieutdetdeh`ø
h`øe
e? sbe
sbe tblblbbs iqud
iqudccccb
bs rdcih`
cih`be
beil
ilbbs hbe
hbe cbs
cbs
abv`a`detbs ld prbluhtbs ldetrb b nudri ldc icaihàe. Cbs hbapbedetds
pr`eh`picds sbe?
Aieb ld bfri, Dqu`pbs ld aieutdeh`øe, prdpirih`øe ld pdl`lbs y hirki
detrd Btrbs kistbs.

Xd hbebhde 6 t`pbs pr`abrl`icds ld hieicds ld l`str`fuh`øe qud sbe?

Dc hieic prbp`b b l`rdhtb
l`rdhtb dc huic ci daprdsi
daprdsi sd dehirki
dehirki ld ci l`str`fuh`øe
l`str`fuh`øe ld
su prb
prbluht
luhtb
b s`e `et
`etdra
dradl`
dl`ir`
ir`bs,
bs, s`e edh
edhds`
ds`lil
lil ld hbetri
hbetritir
tir triesp
triespbrt
brtdd b
icaihdeiod.
Dc btrb hieic ds dc dxtdreb b iodeb? sd fisi de qud ci l`str`fuh`øe y
hbadrh`ic`zih`øe ds rdic`zili pbr daprdsis l`st`etis i ci prbluhtbri. Dc
prbhdsb ld l`str`fuh`øe ds dc edkbh`b de sá a`sab, lielb cukir i ci ipir`h`øe
ld ikdetds `etdradl`ir`bs. Pi sdi de fisd i sus pirt`h`pietds dc prbhdsb
pudld sdr ld 8 t`pbs, hbrtb de dc qud vi ldc nifr`hietd ic a`ebr`sti y cudkb ic
hc`detd, b cirkb huielb dc prbluhtb v`ioi ldsld
l dsld cis aiebs ldc nifr`hietd i cis
ldc aiybr`sti, ld àstd ic a`ebr`sti misti ccdkir ic hbesua`lbr, y pbr ÿct`ab
dc lbfcd ds iqudc de ci qud ildaés ld aiybr`stis y a`ebr`stis tiaf`àe
`etdrv`ded
`etdrv`ded ue tdrhdr
tdrhdr ikdetd
ikdetd l`str`fu`lbr
l`str`fu`lbr b ikdetd dxhcus`vb
dxhcus`vb qud pirt`h`pi
pirt`h`pi de
ci hbadrh`ic`zih`øe ld prbluhtbs. Ds prbp`i ld nriequ`h`is b ikdeh`is ld
v`iod.
H be dstb sd psd
icaihdeia`detb udldfd
ld ltdedr
dh`r de
qudhudeti
piriqud
pcit`pb
etdild
r l`str`fuh`øe
ue fude ldføs
l`sdùb usir
ld
 

piri qud sdi ci hbrrdhti piri kieir hbabl`lil, ldsdapdùb, hic`lil y uei
fudei brkie`zih`øe ld cbs t`dapbs ld prbluht`v`lil.
prbluht`v`lil.

Hbe tblb
Hbe tblb cb ie
ietd
tdr`
r`br
br hbap
hbaprd
rdel
eláá hbhbab
ab pciet
pcietdi
dirr ue l`sd
l`sdùb
ùb hbe
hbe fisd
fisd de
ebrais dstifcdh`lis, s`ku`delb rdkcis dspdhán`his de nueh`øe ld cbkrir ue
dxhd
dxhdcd
cdet
etdd ld
ldsd
sdapd
apdùbùb,, qud
qud hbe
hbe ccccdv
dvii ic àx`t
àx`tb
b yi qud
qud sd `apc
`apcda
dade
deti
ti ci
kdst`øe hbrrdhti ld icaihdeia`detb.
DX\TL@IE\D? HÀXIV IVV@D\I KIAIVVI
Ldetrb
Ldet rb ld ueiuei hild
hildeiei ld sua`e
sua`e`s
`str
trb
b dc prprbh
bhds
dsb
b ld icai
icaihd hdei
eia`d
a`detetbb ld
aitd
ai tdr`
r`ic
icds
ds ds uebueb ld cb cbss pr
prbh
bhds
dsbs
bs aés
aés `a`apb
pbrt
rtie
ietd
tdss piri
piri huap
huapc`c`rr cbs
cbs
bfodt`vbs ld uei daprdsi, de huietb i prbluht`v`lil y dn`h`deh`i sd rdn`drd,
ldf`
ld f`lb
lb i qud qud dst stdd dsc
scif
ifø øe ld ci hilde ildeii ld sua`
sua`e`e`st
strrb is
isddkuri
kuri dc
iprbv`s`beia`detb hbet`eub y i t`dapb ld cis aitdr`is pr`ais edhdsir`is
piri ci pudsti de airhmi ld cis iht`v`lilds prbluht`vis ld ci daprdsi.
\blb dstb s`e hbetrit`dapbs y huapc`delb cis dxpdhtit`vis ld cbs hc`detds.
Ziri qud tblb dstb sd dndhtÿd de su tbtic`lil sd rdqu`drd ld ci dodhuh`øe
aiehbaueili ld prbhdsbs cbkást`hbs `etdrrdcih`beilbs hbe uei sdr`d ld
dcdadetbs qud huapcde uei nueh`øe dspdhán`hi ldetrb ldc icaihdeiod y qud
sd dxpbede i hbet`euih`øe?
Aitdr`icds
Zudl
Zu dlde
de dsti
dstirr de huic
huicqu
qu`d
`drr ds
dsti
tilb
lb nás`
nás`hb
hb ld ci aitdr
aitdr`i`i,, ds ldh`
ldh`rr sø
søc`c`lb
lb,,
cáq
áqu
u`lb,
lb, kis, pci cissai, dth. Dstbs sd icai aihhdeie ld ihu ihudrlb i sus
hiriht
hir ihtdrá
drást`h
st`his
is nás
nás`hi
`his,
s, pbr dodapc
dodapcb,
b, dc tiaiùb
tiaiùb77 quáa`h
quáa`his,is, pbr dodapc
dodapcb, b,
cáqu`lbs `enciaifcds7 t`dapb ld rbtih`øe, ds ldh`r dc pdráblb aéx`ab qud
tirlie icaihdeilbs.

Dl`n`h`bs
Ci `enridstruhturi nás`hi qud icboie cbs l`ndrdetds t`pbs ld aitdr`icds y cbs
prbt
prbtdk
dkdd ld cbcbss ikde
ikdetd tdss adtd
adtdbr
brbc
bcøk
øk`h
`hbs
bs.. Dstd
Dstd ld ldfd
fd td
tded
edrr ueiuei uf`h
uf`hih
ih`ø
`øee
ildhuili ldpdel`delb ld cis edhds`lilds ld ci daprdsi y pr`eh`picadetd
dstir f`de dqu`pilb hbe rdcih`øe i cis hirihtdrást`his nás`his hbab dc tiaiùb,
hbe
hb e adl`
adl`li
liss hbev
hbevdde`
e`de
dettds lbeld
beld qudqudpie
pie s`e s`e e`ek
e`ekÿeÿe pr prb
bfcd
fcdai cbscbs
aitdr`icds, ldfd dstir hbestru`lb de hbel`h`beds hbenbrads i vdet`cih`øe,
`cua`
`cua`ei
eih`ø
h`øe,
e, m`
m`kr
krbt
btàr
àra`
a`his
his y fu fude
deii sdùi
sdùic`c`zi
zih`ø
h`øe.
e. Nc
Ncdx
dx`f
`f`c`c`l
`lil
il pbr
pbr s` ds
edhdsir`b iuadetir ci hipih`lil ld icboia`detb, dspih`bs f`de ldc`a`tilbs
hbab ci zbei ld rdhdph`øe, icboia`detb, prdpirih`øe y ldspihmbs.
Dstruhturis pbrtietds
Dc aitdr`ic ldfd dstir de su hbapbs`h`øe br`k`eic, piri su pbstdr`br usb de
ci iht`v`
iht`v`lil
lil prbluh
prbluht`vt`vi,
i, pbr tic abt`vb
abt`vb sd rdqu`d
rdqu`drde
rde ld dstruh
dstruhtur
turis
is qud
nih`c`tde l`hmi nueh`øe, i`scielb dc aitdr`ic ld ci `etdapdr`d. Dstbs ldfde
tdedr
tde dr hiriht
hirihtdrá
drást`
st`his
his ld rds`st
rds`stdeh
deh`is
`is i cbs kbcpds
kbcpds y hbaprd
hbaprdes` es`bed
bedss qud
 

`ap`lde qud dc aitdr`ic icaihdeilb sd ldnbrad b sd hbetia`ed7 ue dodapcb

ld ds
dstb
tbss pu
pudl
dlde
de sd
sdrr cb
cbss hbet
hbetd`
d`ed
edrr (h
(hio
ioi,
i, ti
tiaf
afbr
br,, fbcsi
fbcsi),
), pi
piccccdt
dt,, ri
rihg
hg,,
dstietdráis, dth.
Dqu`pbs
Hbeouetb ld l`spbs`t`vbs y ipiritirbs qud sbe edhdsir`bs de dc prbhdsb ld
icaihdeiod y ldpdelde ld ci aieb ld bfri ut`c`zili, ci rbtih`øe ld cbs
aitdr`icds
aitdr `icds y cis
prdpirih`øe, dstruhturis
dstru
hirki y hturis pbrtietds.
pbrtiet
dxpdl`h`øe. ds. Dstbsldsbe
Dodapcb ut`c`zilbs
dstbs de ci rdhdph`øe,
rdhdph`øe,
sbe? triespbrtilbrds,
vdmáhucbs `elustr`icds, krÿis, abetihirkis, dth.
Aieb ld bfri
Zdrsbeic dspdh`ic`zilb y hipih`tilb de ci kdst`øe ld icaihdeiod, ds ldh`r cbs
prbtbhbcbs y c`edia`detbs i sdku`r de l`hmb prbhdsb. \iaf`àe dc pdrsbeic
hbe hbapdtdeh`is piri aie`pucir b hbeluh`r ld aiedri is`st`li cbs dqu`pbs
ld trifiob.

Detrd cis nueh`beds aés `apbrtietds ld ue icaihàe sd dehudetrie?

Ci rdhd
rdhdpph`ø
h`øe? rd
rdh`f`
h`f`r,
r, rdk`str
rdk`strir
ir y ldshir
ldshirkir
kir brldei
brldeilia
liadet
detdd tblbs
tblbs cbs
aitdr`icds qud detrie ic icaihàe, hbaprbfielb qud ci hiet`lil y ci hic`lil
sdie
@esp
@espdhcish`øe
dhh`sbc`h`tilis
øe?? ci pbr
ciss `e
`esp
spdhcih`be
dhh`daprdsi.
beds
ds pupudl
dlde
de sdr
sdr ti
tie
e sdeh
sdeh`c`cci
ciss ti
ticc hb
hbab
ab ueiuei
hbaprbfih`øe v`suic, b tie hbapcdois hbab uei prudfi ld cifbritbr`b, piri
vdr`n`hir ci hic`lil.
Icaihdeia`detb hbrrdhtb? ds
hbrrdhtb? ds dc hbetrbc nás`hb ld ci adrhiehái a`detris
dspdri ci ldaieli. Ci nbrai ld icaihdeia`detb ldpdeld ldc tiaiùb y ci
hiet`lil ld cbs irtáhucbs de `evdetir`b y cis hirihtdrást`his ld aiedob ldc
prbluhtb b su rdh`p`detd.
Dc dapiqu
dapiqud d y dc dafirq
dafirqud ud?? rdv`sir qud cbs pdl`lbs dstàe hbapcdtbs,
rdv`s
rdv`sir
ir ci lb
lbhua
huadedeti
tih`
h`øe
øe y dadapipihir
hir ci ad
adrh
rhie
iehái
hái de ue rd rdh`p
h`p`d
`det
etdd ld
dafirqud ildhuilb.
Dc hbetrbc d `evdetir`b
`evdetir`b ld cbs prbluhtbs
prbluhtbs icaihde
icaihdeilbs?
ilbs? a`e`a`zir cbs
t`dapbs ld
rbtih`øe y hbstbs
dstbs. rdcih`beilbs hbe dc aiedob ld cbs aitdr`icds, ds ldh`r ci
Vdhbcd
Vdh bcdhh`ø
hh`øe,
e, prd
prdpir
pirih`ø
ih`øee y deváb
deváb ld cbs pdl
pdl`lb
`lbs?
s? rdt`rir cbs irtáhucbs
ldc icaihdeia`detb, brkie`zircbs pbr cbtds y l`str`fu`rcbs b dev`ircbs i ue
icaihàe rdk`beic b piri hufr`r uei ldaieli dspdhán`hi.
Vdifistdh`a`detb  i cbs pr`eh`picds cukirds ld rdhbcdhh`øe ldc
Vdifistdh`a`detb
icaihdeia`detb ld rdsdrvi.
Cbs bfodt`vbs aés `apbrtietds ldc icaihàe sbe?

 Hbetir hbe ue dspih`b nás`hb ildhuilb  Brldeilb y c`ap`dzi

y ut`c`zircb ic aéx`ab.  A`e`a`zir hbstbs
 Ihhdsb rép`lb i tblbs cbs átdas. bpdrit`vbs

Tt`c`zih`øe dndht`vi ld aitb ld bfri y 
A`e`a`zir cbs `evdetir`bs
dqu`pbs  A`e`a`zir t`dapb ld
 Dn`h`detd abv`a`detb y triscilb ld cbs sdrv`h`b
aitdr`icds  Aix`a`zir dc hbetrbc ld
 Aéx`ai prbtdhh`øe ld cbs aitdr`icds aitdr`icds
 

Dc ica
icaih
ihde
deiod
iod ds ue adhie
adhie`s
`sab
ab ut`c
ut`c`zi
`zilb
lb pr
préht
éht`h
`hiad
iadet
etdd de tb
tbli
liss cis
cis
iht`v`lilds dhbeøa`his, yi sdie `elustr`icds, hbadrh`icds b ld sdrv`h`bs, pbr
tic
tic abt`
abt`vb
vb cb
cbss ic
icai
aihd
hded
edss vi
virá
ráie
ie de nueh
nueh`ø
`øe
e ld l`hm
l`hmis
is dadapr
prds
dsis
is y sd
hcis`n`hie tde`delb de hudeti cbs s`ku`detds ispdhtbs?
Xdkÿe dc krilb ld prbtdhh`øe?
Icaihd
Ica ihdeds
eds huf`dr
huf`drtbs
tbs?? dl`n`hi
dl`n`hih`b
h`beds
eds ld cilr`c
cilr`ccbs
cbs b piedcd
piedcdss adtéc`h
adtéc`hbs,
bs, qud
prbtdkde i cbs aitdr`icds ld cis hbel`h`beds itabsnàr`his.
Icaihdeds ldshuf`d `drrtbs b ic i`rd c`frd? eb pbsdde dl`n `n``hih`ø
h`øe b
`e
`enr
nrid
idst
stru
ruht
htur
urii nás`h
nás`hi.
i. AiAitd
tdr`
r`ic
icds
ds qud
qud eb sd ldtd
ldtdr`
r`br
brie
ie pbr
pbr cbs
cbs hiaf
hiaf`b`bss
itabsnàr`hbs.
Xdkÿe ci eituricdzi ld cbs aitdr`icds?
Aitdr`is pr`ais? aitdr`icds qud sbe edhdsir`bs piri ci prbluhh`øe ld ickÿe
prbluhtb de dspdhán`hb.
Aitdr`is `etdradl`is? piri cbs prbluhtbs sda`dcifbrilbs. \`dapb ld dspdri
aáe`ai
`ispiri
Aitdr`is
Aitdr su ut`c`zih`øe.
ihifil
ihifilis?
is? sbe piri cbs prbluhtbs tdra`eilbs.
tdra`eilbs. Vdcih`bei
Vdcih`bei dc hiapb
ld prbluhh`øe y cis vdetis.

Xdkÿe su nueh`øe de ci daprdsi?

Icaihdeds hdetricds? uf`hilbs hdrhi ld ci nifr`hih`øe ld cbs prbluhtbs y
rdluhde cbs hbsbs ld aie`pucih`øe y triespbrtd. Ihbp`ie ci aitdr`i pr`ai i
ci dspdri ld sdr triesnbraili.
Ic
Icai
aihd
hded
edss cbkás
cbkást`
t`hb
hbss rd
rdk`b
k`bei
eicd
cds?
s? sd uf
uf`h
`hie
ie hdrh
hdrhii ldc
ldc aiyb
aiybrr puet
puetb
b ld
hbesuab, piri ci l`str`fuh`øe aiybr`sti b a`ebr`sti.
Ic
Icai
aihd
hded
edss tdapb
tdapbri ricd
cds?
s? l`
l`sd
sdùi
ùilb
lbss y rd
rdsd
sdrv
rvil
ilbs
bs pipiri
ri hufr
hufr`r
`r p`hb
p`hbss ld ci
ldaieli.

Xdkÿe su dqu`pia`detb y tàhe`his ld aie`pucih`øe?

Icaihdeds de fcbqud? Xbe iqudccbs lbeld ci adrhiehái sd icaihdei de
fcbquds ld rdndrdeh`is, uei deh`ai ld btri.
Icaihdeds hbevdeh`beicds? dstée l`sdùilbs hbe dstietdráis y picdt`zih`øe
piri dc triespbrtd `etdreb, hbe uei hirrdt`cci dcdvilbri. Eb supdrie cbs 9:
adtrbs ld icturi.
Xdkÿe ràk`ade ourál`hb?
Icaihdeds Zrbp`bs? `evdrs`øe ld ci daprdsi.
Icaihdeds Icqu`cilbs? dc aés ut`c`zilb. Cbs hbstbs pisie ld sdr n`obs i
vir`ifcds.

Dc icaihdeia`detb
fisds nueliadeticdshbab
ld cidsciføe
cbkást`hild ci hildei
y tblis ld sua`e`strb,
cis bpdrih`beds `etdkri
ccdvilis cis
i hifb
 

i trivàs ld àsti y qud mihde pbs`fcd ue fude ldsdapdùb de dc icaihàe. Xd

pblráie ldn`e`r hbab prbhdsbs cbkást`hbs ld l`str`fuh`øe cbs s`ku`detds átdas?

 Vdhdph`øe ld pdl`lbs
 @ldet`n`hih`øe y hcis`n`hih`øe
 Deváb mih`i dc icaihdeia`detb



Hbcbhih`øe de dc cukir
Icaihdeia`detb ld icaihdeia`detb
prbp`iadetd l`hmb
 Zrdpirih`øe ld ørldeds
 Ihuaucih`øe ld ørldeds
 Daficiod
 Zrdpirih`øe ld pdl`lbs (Z`hg`ek).
 Hirti y dxpdl`h`øe
 \riespbrtd y l`str`fuh`øe.
 Aietde`a`detb ld rdk`strb

Ci hbes
hbestr
truh
uhh`
h`øe
øe y il
ildh
dhui
uih`
h`øe
øe ld cb
cbss s`st
s`stda
dais
is ld icai
icaihd
hdei
eia`
a`de
detb
tb b
icaihdeds sbe rdsuctilb ld ue dstul`b y pciedih`øe dstritàk`hi piri sus
l`sdùbs y sbesdldldtdra`eie
pcie`n`hih`øe suai rdcdvieh`i, pudstb qud adl`ietd
cis hirihtdrást`his dstd adhie`sab
nás`his y dstruhturicds ld
ld cis
zbeis edhdsir`is piri dc icboia`detb y hbetrbc tbtic ld tblbs cbs prbluhtbs y
aitdr`icds qud sd audvde de ci daprdsi, tietb cbs ld detrili hbab cbs ld
sic`li.
I trivàs ld dstd dstul`b tiaf`àe ld ldtdra`ei ci bph`øe aés hbevde`detd
de rdcih`øe ic hbstb qud pudld tdedr ue s`stdai ld icaihàe irrdelilb hbe
ueb prbp`b.

Dstbs dspih`bs nás`hbs sd ildhuie tde`delb de hudeti cis edhds`lilds y

rdqudr`a`detbs ld ci hildei ld ifistdh`a`detb y cbs hieicds ld l`str`fuh`øe.
Ziri dc pr`adr ispdhtb sd hbes`ldri ci ildhuih`øe ld ci `enridstruhturi
nás`hi,
s`rvde ds ldh`r
piri ci dc dspih`b øpt`ab
rdhdph`øe y ld dstietdráis,
y uf`hih`øe hbetd`edr
hbrrdspbel`detd y piccdts,
ld pdl`lbs ld qud
cis
aitdr`is pr`ais piri ci prbluhh`øe de cis `elustr`is, qud sbe dev`ilis pbr
pirtd
pir td ld cbs prbvdd
prbvddlbr
lbrds.
ds. @kuicad
@kuicadetd
etd ds edhdsir
edhdsir`b`b ci pciedi
pciedih`ø
h`øe
e ld ue
icaihàe, tde`delb de hudeti dc ifistdh`a`detb, ldf`lb i ci hiet`lil ld
aitdr`i pr`ai qud sd vi i aietdedr ihuaucili, dstd ldpdel`delb ld ci
kdst`øe ld `evdetir`bs.

Zbr ÿct`ab piri dc sdkuelb ispdhtb, ds ldh`r cbs nihtbrds qud miy qud tdedr
de hu
hude
deti
ti pi
piriri dc l`
l`sd
sdùb
ùb ld icicai
aihd
hded
edss de nu
nueh
eh`ø
`øe
e ld cbs
cbs hiei
hieicdcdss ld
l`str`fuh`øe sdráie dc ihbablia`detb ldc dspih`b b érdi nás`hi ld aiedri
qudd sd hcis
qu hcis`n`
`n`qu
qude
de d `l`lde
det`
t`n`q
n`qud
ude
e hbrr
hbrrdh
dhti
tiad
adet
etdd cbs
cbs l`ndr
l`ndrde
detd
tdss t`pb
t`pbss ld
aitdr`icds,
aitdr`icds, dc t`pb ldde
tde`delb prbtdhh`øe
hudeti dcb aàtblb
dstruhturis pbrtietds
ildhuilb piri rdskuirlir
ld triespbrtd, cbs
tblis cis
 

érdis y pis`ccbs ld cbs icaihdeds

icaihdeds ldfde ddstir
stir ldc`a`tilis piri ci abv`c`lil
ld cbs dqu`pbs y irtdnihtbs qud sd ut`c`zie piri dc ldspcizia`detb ld cbs
aitdr`icds, ildaés ld cbs trifioilbrds.

Ih
Iht`v
t`v`l
`lil
il 6?
icaihdeiod. 6?   Aip
ipii adet
adetic
ic y rdsu
rdsuad
ade
e ‘ Iht`v
ht`v`l
`lil
ildds iux`
iux`c`c`ir
irds
ds ld

9. Te aipi
aipi adet
adetic
ic qu
qudd rdp
dprd
rdsd
sde
etd cis
cis iht`
iht`v`
v`li
lild
ldss iux`
iux`c`c`ir
irdds ld
icaihdeiod, ihbapiùili ld `aékdeds, tdxtbs y huicqu`dr dcdadetb
qud pdra`ti adobr hbaprdes`øe ld ci tdaét`hi dxpudsti.

DX\TL@IE\D 9? ODIE HIVCBX HDC@X DX\VILI

6. Te lbhua
lbhuadet
detb
b rdsuad
rdsuade e qud ldsh
ldshr`f
r`fii cis bpdrih`b
bpdrih`beds
eds fés`h
fés`his
is vs cis
bpdr
bpdrih`
ih`be
beds
ds iux`
iux`c`c`ir
irds
ds ld ic
icaih
aihde
deio
iod,
d, ldfd
ldfd `ehc
`ehcu`
u`rr ue ie
ieéc`
éc`s`
s`ss y
hbehcus`øe ld hili dstul`ietd.
\ifci 9?
9?
]Bpdrih`beds Bpdrih`beds Iux`c`irds Ieéc`s`s Hbehcus`øe
Fés`his
Vdh`fb Ci s`ehrbe`zih`øe ld tblis dstis Dc fude aiedob ld aitdr`icds
Zrbhdsb ld @ldet`n`hih`øe ld Hirkis iht`v`lilds li hbab rdsuctilb dc ic abadetb ld ci rdhdph`øe
Vdhdph`øe ^ic`lih`øe ld Hiet`lilds Nás`hb vs aiedob ildhuilb ld aitdr`icds ic kiriet`zi y a`e`a`zie dc r`dskb
Nihturih`øe abadetb ld ci rdhdph`øe dc huic ds ld pdrl`lis pbr aicbs aiedobs

Hbetrbc ld Lbhuadetih`øe y
adl`h`øe ld @el`hilbrds
^ic`lih`øe Icditbr`i ld adrhiehái
piri Hic`lil
@enbrad ld Vdsuctilbs y h`drrd ld
bpdrih`beds ld rdhdph`øe
@ldet`n`hih`øe ld ci adrhiehái
itrivdsø ld hbl`n`hih`øe
Ldshr`ph`øe ld ci adrhiehái ld
aiedri ^`s`fcd
Zrdpirih`øe
X`stdaih`be ld adrhiehái, piri
hbetrbcds ld @evdetir`bs
Hbetrbc ld @evdetir`b
Icaihdeia`detb
Icaihdeia`detb ld Adrhiehái
Xdpirih`øe pbr rdndrdeh`i y
aølucbs
Hbetdb y vic`lih`øe ld rdndrdeh`is
Vbtih`øe ld adrhieháis sdkÿe
Xdpirih`øe s`stdai dapcdilb (NDNB, N@NB)
\riscilbs ld aitdr`icds ic `etdr`br
ld ci fbldki
@ldet`n`hih`øe Aitdr`icds sdkÿe su
hbl`n`hih`øe y hiet`lilds
Xdpirih`øe ld adrhiehái itrivdsø
ld Zdl`lbs Vdic`zilbs
Brkie`zih`øe ld ci hirki sdkÿe su
hipih`lil y abldcb
Ic`stia`detb Ic`stia`detb y sdpirih`øe ld cbs
pdl`lbs sbc`h`tilbs
adl`h`øe ld `el`hilbrds ld drrbrds
ld ic`stia`detb ld Hirki
X`stdait`zih`øe ld cbs aitdr`icds
piri ldshirkis ld @evdetir`bs
Hbetdb Dxihtb ld cis kdrdeh`is i
ldspihmir
Abv`c`zih`øe ld ci hirki ic pdrsbeic
ldst`eilb i detrdkir
Ldspihmb ld
Adrhiehái Vdk`strb y vic`lih`øe ld pcie`ccis ld
ldspihmb
adl`h`øe ld `el`hilbrds ld drrbrds
ld ldspihmb
Hbetrbc ld sic`li ld adrhiehái
dc `e`h`b ld hili prbhdsb ld y rdhdph`øe ld prbluhtbs
bpdrih`beds ld icaihdeia`detb
icaihdeia`detb ivdr`ilbs, cb qud pdra`td ci
l`sa`euh`øe y fude hbetrbc ld
De dstd prbhdsb ic `kuic qud ci `evdetir`bs
rdhdph`øe tbli hbapiùái mihd
krields `evdrs`beds piri ccdvir
ihifb ue fude aiedob ld aitdr`icds
qud cd pdra`ti ccdvir dc hbetrbc ld Dc fude Aiedob ld @evdetir`bs
aiedri s`stdait`zili y hbetrbcili kiriet`zi ci bpt`a`zih`øe ld
ld tic aiedri qud tdekiabs ci hbstbs pbr icaihdeia`
icaihdeia`detb
detb
hipih`lil ld `ldet`n`hir cis
hiet`lilds dxihtis hbe cis qud
hbetiabs ic `etdr`br ldc `evdetir`b
de cis érdis ldst`eilis.
Ci sdpirih`øe y dc fude aiedob ld
aitdr`icds dstd prbhdsb ebs
kiriet`zi a`e`a`zir cis pdrl`lis pbr
aici rbtih`øe b aici aie`pucih`øe
ld cis adrhieháis, ci ue`n`hih`øe ld
aitdr`icds eb pdra`t`lbs cb qud ebs
pdra`td tdedr aiybr ik`c`lil ic Cb qud sd a`ld sd hbetrbci ld
abadetb ld rdic`zir cbs `evdetir`bs aiedri aés sdkuri y rép`li
pdra`t`àelbebs aiedoir dc pdra`t`delb ccdvir uei
icaihdeia`detb
icaihdeia`d etb ld aiedri sdkuri bpdrih`øe sdkuri y rdetifcd
hbetrbcielb cis pàrl`lis ld
`evdetir`bs y isá aiedoir
`el`hilbrds ld prbluht`v`lil qud ebs
pdra`td bpt`a`zir hbstbs de
abv`a`detbs y aie`pucih`øe ld
aitdr`icds.
Zbr sbc`h`tul ldc ldpirtiadetb ld
vdetis sd kdedrie pdl`lbs cbs huicds
sd vde rdncdoilbs de eudstrb prbhdsb
ld ic`stia`detb hbab c`sti ld
sbc`h`tulds cbs huicds v`dede Xd li ld aiedri hbetrbcili dc
l`shr`a`eilbs de rdndrdeh`i y
dspih`b ld cbs aitdr`icds
hiet`lilds dxihtis, cb huic pdra`td is`keilbs i eudstrbs
rdic`zir ci sdpirih`øe ld aitdr`icds icaihdeds cb qud ebs pdra`td
ldc icaihdeia`detb pr`eh`pic i ue detrdkir prbluhtb hbe cbs
érdi ldst`eili (Z`hg`ek), ci huic dstéelirds ld ci aés icti
pdra`td ci sdpirih`øe ld cbs pdl`lbs hic`lil.
piri qud pbstdr`bradetd sdi
ldspihmilbs b detrdkilbs ic
ldpirtiadetb sbc`h`tilb, cb qud ebs
pdra`td pbstdr`br adetd lir sic`li
ld eudstrb `evdetir`b Nás`hb
Cudkb ld ci sdpirih`øe y hbetdb ld
aitdr`icds prdv`iadetd sdpirilbs
sd li ci detrdki ld aitdr`icds ic
pdrsbeic dehirkilb ld rdh`f`rcbs Xd hbehcuyd qud de dsti pirtd
(L`str`fuh`øe), dc huic sd dehirkiré n`eic ld eudstrb prbhdsb
ld rdh`f`r dc prbluhtb de øpt`ais cbkást`hb detrdkiabs eudstrb
hbel`h`beds piri pbstdr`bradetd prbluhtb de øpt`ais
hbel`h`beds piri qud pudli sdr
huapc`r hbe su prbhdsb de ci hildei
ld sua`e`strb ccdvilb y detrdkilb i
sit`snihh`øe ldc hc`detd.
 

9. Te ieéc`s`s
ieéc`s`s qud pdra`ti
pdra`ti rdsicti
rdsictirr ld quà nbrai sd ic`ed
ic`edie
ie cbs
prbhds
prbhdsbs
bs ld icaihd
icaihdeio
eiod
d hbe cbs bfodt`v
bfodt`vbs
bs ds
dstrit
tritàk`
àk`hbs
hbs y ci
pciedih`øe dstritàk`hi ld ci hbapiùái.

Cbs Bfodt`vbs dstritàk`hbs de rdsua`lis picifris sbe cis adtis trizili pbr
ci hbapiùái piri cbkrir ichiezir dc àx`tb ld Ci brkie`zih`øe, i hbrti b cirkb
pcizb.
vie Zbr btripiri
i ut`c`zir pirtd, ci pciedih`øe
hbesdku`r dstritàk`hi
cbs bfodt`vbs ds ci nbrai b aàtblbs qud sd
trizilbs.
\de`
\d e`de
delblb de hude
hudetti ci \i\ifc
fcii 9 Vdic
Vdic`z
`ziili de dc pu puet
etb
b iet
etdr`brr cbkriabs
dr`b
`l
`lde
det`
t`n`
n`hi
hir,
r, hi
hili
li ueb
ueb ld cb cbss pr
prbh
bhds
dsbs
bs fés`
fés`hb
hbss qud
qud mihd
mihde
e pirt
pirtdd ld ci
bpdrih`øe ld icaihdeiod y uei frdvd ldshr`ph`øe ld cbs bfodt`vbs b p prbhdsbs
rbhdsbs
ut`c`zilbs de hili ueb ld dccbs cbs huicds pdra`tde huapc`r i hific`lil hbe
ci dodhuh`øe ldc prbhdsb y ci bftdeh`øe ld rdsuctilbs ld aiedri `eadl`iti,
hbab cb sbe dc fude aiedob ld aitdr`icds de hili uei ld cis dtipis
tde`delb de hudeti dc prbtbhbcb i sdku`r hbe ci n`eic`lil ld bpt`a`zir sbfrd
hbstbs de ci aie`pucih`øe ld aitdr`icds tde`delb de hudeti `el`hilbrds ld
kdst`øe ticds hbab hic`lil ld sdrv`h`b, Dn`h`deh`i, dn`hih`i y hbstbs cbs huicds
ebs pdra`tde huiet`n`hir ci bpdrih`øe ld tic aiedri qud sdi aés néh`c
eudstrb hbetrbc bpdrih`beic.
DX\TL@IE\D 6? 6?  FVIMPIE CBTV@LB 
CBTV@LB 

Bpdrih`beds fés`his vs. Cis bpdrih`beds iux`c`irds ld icaihdeiod

 

Ld ihudrlb hbe Abri (X/n) cis bpdrih`beds fés`his qud sd rdic`zie de ue

icaihàe sbe cis s`ku`detds?
9. Vd
Vdhd
hdph
ph`ø
`øe.
e.
6. Ic
Icai
aihd
hdei
eia`
a`de
detb
tb..
8. Zrd
Zrdpir
pirih`ø
ih`øe
e ld pdl`
pdl`lbs
lbs..
<. Dxp
Dxpdl`
dl`h`ø
h`øe
e b ldspih
ldspihmb.
mb.
Hi
Hili
li ueueii X`e
iux`c`irds. lddafirkb,
ds
dsis
is bpdr
bpds
drih
ih`b
`bed
edss fé
edhdsir`bfés`
s`hi
hiss qud
sdùicir hbec
hbeccd
cdvi
vi vir`
vir`is vi
ldr`is
is iux`c`irds
cis bpdr
bpdrih
ih`b
`bed
eds
sds
rdp`tde de cis bpdrih`beds fés`his. Zrdh`siadetd pbrqud sbe ld ipbyb. De dc
s`ku`detd huilrb sd bfsdrvie cis bpdrih`beds fés`his y cis iux`c`irds qud
hbeccdvie.

Huilrb 9? Bpdrih`beds Fés`his ^s. Bpdrih`beds Iux`c`irds.

Bpdrih`beds Fés`his Bpdrih`beds Iux`c`irds

Hbetir cis adrhieháis.

@espdhh`beir cis adrhieháis.
^dr`n`hir lbhuadetih`øe ila`e`strit`vi.
Vdhdph`øe Aie`pucir ciscis
\riespbrtir adrhieháis.
adrhieháis.
Bfsd
Bfsdrv
rvir
ir cis
cis ebebra
rais
is ld sdsdku
kur`
r`li
lil
l y sicul
sicul
bhupih`beic.

Vdic`zir `evdetir`b ld adrhieháis.

Icaihdeia`detb @espdhh`beir `esticih`beds y adrhieháis.
Aie`pucir y triespbrtir cis adrhieháis.
Vdic`zir cifbrds ila`e`strit`vis.

Zrdpirih`øe ld pdl`lbs
^dr`n`hir ci adrhiehái.
Vdic`zir `evdetir`b.
Aie`pucir ci adrhiehái.
Hrbss [bcg`ek,
@evdetir`ir.

@espdhh`beir ci adrhiehái.
Dxpdl`h`øe b ldspihmb Vdic`zir `evdetir`b.
Aie`pucir y triespbrtir adrhiehái.
Vdic`zir cifbrds ila`e`strit`vis.

Nudetd? Dc Iutbr. (6:6:).

Ld ihudrlb hbe dc Huilrb 9, cis bpdrih`beds fés`his sbe cis qud sd rdic`zie
piri huapc`r hbe ci nueh`øe ldc icaihàe, cis iux`c`irds cis qud pdra`tde qud
cis fés`his sd dodhutde. Zbr dsb sd rdp`tde de cis bpdrih`beds fés`his.
Hbe fisd de dsis bpdrih`beds fés`his y iux`c`irds, sd pudld dstifcdhdr qud
cbs prbhdsbs ld icaihàe sd ic`edie hbe cbs bfodt`vbs dstritàk`hbs. Dstb sd
 

`c`cus
ustr
trii ad
adl`
l`ie
ietd
td ue dodap
odapcb cb ld uei dapr aprds
dsii hbad
hbadrhrh`i
`ic`c`zi
zilb
lbri
ri ld
dcdhtrblbaàst`hbs.
X` ueb ueb ld cb cbss bfod
bfodt`
t`vb
vbss dstr
dstrit
itàk
àk`h
`hbs
bs,, dsti
dstifc
fcdh
dh`l
`lbs
bs de ci pcie pciedi
dih`
h`øe
øe
dstritàk`hi ds `ehrdadetir cbs `ekrdsbs pbr vdetis, dstb `apc`hi qud dc
icaihàe ldfd ichiezir cbs s`ku`detds bfodt`vbs?
9. Kirie
Kiriet`zir
t`zir ci l`spb
l`spbe`f`c`
e`f`c`lil
lil aáe`ai ld aitdr`icds
aitdr`icds hcis`n`hil
hcis`n`hilbs bs hbab I
(icti
hc`detdsldaieli). Dstb hbe dc bfodt`vb ld qud dstàe i l`spbs`h`øe ld cbs
qud cbs sbc`h`tde.
6. Hbetrbcir dc `evd vde
etir
ir``b ld cb
cbss aitd
itdr`icd
cdss. Xbfrd
frd tblb, ld cbs
hcis`n`hilbs hbab I.
8. ^d
^dr`
r`n`
n`hi
hirr cb
cbss `e
`el`
l`hi
hilb
lbrd
rdss ld kdst
kdst`ø
`øe
e hbe
hbe dc bf bfod
odt`
t`vb
vb ld dvic
dvicui
uirr ci
bpdrit`v`lil ldc icaihàe.
Hbab ue`lil ld sdrv`h`bs de ci daprdsi, dc icaihàe ldfd dstir ic`edilb hbe
cbs bfodt`vbs dstritàk`hbs ld ci daprdsi. \blb dstb i hbesdhudeh`i ldc
prbhdsb ld pciedih`øe dstritàk`hi ld ci daprdsi.

DX\TL@IE\D 8? HCITL@I VBX@B XICKTDVB

De ue icaihàe
icaihàe sd ccdvie
ccdvie i hif
hifbb auhmis
auhmis iht
iht`v`
`v`lild
lildss qud hbaprdel
hbaprdeldede dc
aiedob ld pdrsbeic hic`n`hilb dc huic vi i aie`pucir ci adrhiehái qud detri,
piri su rdspdht`vi brkie`zih`øe yi qud ds pirtd v`tic ld uei icaihàe tdedr
uei brkie`zih`øe ildhuili ld sus prbluhtbs, cb qud hbapdtd ic iux`c`ir ld
icaihd
icaihdeiod
Dt`q
Dt`qud eiod
udti
tir
r ad dsrhie
adrh ldhdp
ldhdph`beir
ieháis h`beir
háis ad
adl`iadrhieháis
adrhi
etdd eháis
l`iet ipc` piri
ipc`hih
hih`bedsssus`enb
`bed `erdspdht`vi
rdspd
nbraht`vi
raét
ét`hisbrkie`
`hisbrkie`zih`øe
dspdzih`øe,
dspdhán
hán`his,
`his
 

vicbri
vicb riel
elbb dc hbet
hbetrb
rbcc piri
piri su fude
fude aiaied
edob
ob y pbs`
pbs`f`
f`c`c`li
lill ld rd rdk`
k`st
strb
rb y
hbl`
hbl`n`
n`hi
hih`
h`øe
øe,, Hbci
Hbcifb
fbri
ri de ci dcdcifb
ifbri
rih`
h`øe
øe ld `evd
`evdet
etir
ir`b
`bss ld adrh adrhie
iehá
háis
is,,
rdic
rdic`z
`zie
ielb
lb bp bpdr
drih
ih`b
`bed
edss fé
fés`
s`hi
hiss ld hbet
hbetrb
rbcc ld dx`s
dx`std tdeh
eh`i
`iss ad
adl`l`ie
ietd
td
mdrria`detis `enbraét`his ld hbetrbc ld icaihdeds.
Zrdp
Zrdpiririi pdl`
pdl`lb
lbss pipiri
ri su dxpd
dxpdl`h
l`h`ø
`øe
e rdrdci
cih`b
h`bei
eiel
elb
b cis cis hiri
hirihthtdr
drás
ást`
t`his
his,,
hbel`h`beds ld aie`pucih`øe ld adrhieháis y prbluhtbs hbe ørldeds ld
trifiob.
\iaf`àe hdrh`brirsd ld qud i ci cáedi prbluhh`øe eb cd nictd aitdr`i pr`ai
piri qud dc trifiob sdi rép`lb y ld uei fudei hic`lil.
Ziri aá cis iht`v`lil
iht`v`lilds
ds ld icaihdeiod
icaihdeiod sd fisie de qud sd sd ldfd
ldfd ccdvir
ccdvir ue
hbetrbc ld hic`lil y uei brkie`zih`øe hbe dc aiedob øpt`ab ld ci adrhiehái,
piri qud cbs irtáhucbs
irtáhucbs pudli sdr l`str`fu`
l`str`fu`lbs
lbs s`e aiybr `ehb
`ehbevde`d
evde`detd
etd piri
ue trifiob dn`hiz y prdh`sb.

Ci nbrai de qud sd ic`edi cbs prbhdsbs ld icaihdeiod hbe ci cáedi ld

pciedih
pciedih`øe
`øe ld ci dstritdk
dstritdk`is
`is ld ci daprd
daprdsi,
si, ds huielb
huielb ci adrhi
adrhiehá
eháii sd
pudld bftdedr ld aiedri dn`hiz i ci mbri ld rdic`zir ue ic`stilb ld ue
pdl`lb, de dc abadetb ld pisir ic hbetrbc ld hic`lil y vdr qud dc prbluhtb
dsté
ds
`e téetir
`evd
vdetde `bsøpt`
ir`bøp
s t`ai
qais
ud s ehbel
hb
bsel`h `h`b
d`bed
ccccdvdeds
vdee s ipiri
picb
ris su
cbs pr
prb ai
aied
bluht
lu edob
bsob,,yi de
htb f`deci icai
f`d dcif
dcaihd
ic ifbr
brih
ih`ø
hdei`øe
es ld
eilb
lbs y
brkie`zilbs
brkie` zilbs piri uei fudei l`str`f l`str`fuh`øe
uh`øe de fisd i dstb sd pudld ldh`r qud
ci pciedih`øe ld cbs prbhdsbs de ue icaihàe dsté f`de dcifbrilbs y l`drbe
nrutbs i qud ci daprdsi tdeki ue øpt`ab ldsdapdùb.l dsdapdùb.

DX\TL@IE\D <? HDXIV IVV@D\I KIAIVVI

Cis iht`v`lilds
ipbyb piri cis iux`c`irds hbab
iht`v`lilds su prbp`b
fés`his ebafrd cb l`hd sbeZdrb
ldc icaihdeia`detb. iht`v`lilds
eb adebsld
 

`apbrtietds qud cis bpdri

`apbrtietds bpdrih`beds
h`beds ld fisd, pudstb qud dstis sd dehir
dehirkie
kie ld
rd l`rdhh`beir tblis cis bfc`kih`beds, ebrait`vis y c`edia`detbs mih`i hili
érdii dehirk
érd dehirkili
ili,, pdr
pdra`t
a`t`de
`delb
lb qud cis nueh`be
nueh`beds
ds ld icaihd
icaihdeiaeia`de
`detb
tb sd
dnd
dndhtÿd
htÿdee i hifi
hific`c`li
lil
l s`e hb hbet
etrrit`d
it`dap
apb
bs y huap
huapc`c`de
delb
lb piré
piréad
adtr
trb
bs
dstifcdh`lbs.

Dsti
Dstisprdeld
hba s iht`
hbaprd iht`v`l
eldev`lil
e ilds
tb ds sbe
tblbs
lbs sb e ldticcd
cbs ue iccds
ldt ipby
ipbyb
s by ioustds
nuel
nuelia
ious iade
tds deti
deticccbsdeprbhds
dchdsbs
prb icai
icbs
aihd
hdei
ldeia`
a`de
detb
tb`øe,y,
rdhdph
rdhdph`øe
abv`a`detb ld aitdr`icds, icaihdeiod y l`str`fuh`øe qud de pirtd kdedric
ld ci cbkást`hi sd dehirkie ldc hbetrbc, v`k`cieh`i y hbesdrvih`øe ld cbs
aitdr`icds de hili ueb ld cbs prbhdsbs ietdr`bradetd adeh`beilbs.

Huapcde ue pipdc `apbrtietd de cb qud t`ded qud vdr hbe dc daficilb ld

cbs
cbs prbl
prbluh
uhtb
tbss qud hbapr
hbaprde
deld
ld dc dapi
dapiqud
qudti
tilb
lb y dc dt
dt`qu
`qudt
dtil
ilb
b piri
piri su
pbstdr`br dxpdl`h`øe.

Ipbyie cis kdst`beds qud sd rdcih`beie hbe ci dxpdl`h`øe ld cis adrhieháis,

hbetrbcir qud ccdkude i cbs hdetrbs ld ihbp`b ld ci a`sai aiedri qud sic`ø
ldc icaihàe (øpt`ais hbel`h`beds de huietb i hic`lil
hic`li l y hiet`lil).
Zbr su pirtd de huietb i cis iht`v`lilds fés`his ld icaihdeia`detb aés
`apb
`apbrt
rtie
ietd
tds?
s? rdhd
rdhdph
ph`ø
`øe,
e, ic
icai
aihd
hdei
eia`
a`de
detb
tb,, pr
prdp
dpir
irih
ih`ø
`øe
e ld pdl`
pdl`lb
lbss y
dxpdl`h`øe, hbaprdelde dc ue`vdrsb ldc prbhdsb cbkást`hb ld icaihdeia`detb
y qud sd ccdvie i hifb de sdet`lb iapc`b de nueh`beia`detb dc ldpøs`tb y
aietde`a`detb ld tblis cis adrhieháis qud sd audvde ldetrb ld uei
daprdsi, ldsld qud detrie y sicde ld daprdsi.

Cbs prbhdsbs ld icaihdeiod sd ic`edie hbe cbs bfodt`vbs dstritàk`hbs y ci

pciedih`øe ld ci hbapiùái, de huietb i ci l`spbe`f`c`lil ld rdhursbs de cis
érdis ld icaihdeia`detb y l`str`fuh`øe, pbr cb qud ildaés ld hbetir hbe dc
dspih`b
pr`aii y nás`hb
pr`a prbl ildhuilb
prbluh
uhtb
tbs, miyypiri
s, mi qud ciccdvi
qud ccdaieutdeh`øe
virr ue hb
hbet dec cbs
etrb
rbc ildhldpøs`tbs
ildhui lb de ld
uilb aitdr`i
huie
huietb
tb cbs
cbs
ispdhtbs b i cis prdkuetis? huéelb, de dc abadetb qud sd edhds`td piri ci
prbluhh`øe, l`str`fuh`øe b vdeti7 huéetb, ci hiet`lil de øpt`ais hbel`h`beds
qud sd miyi sbc`h`tilb7 løeld, dc cukir ld detrdki sbc`h`tilb pbr cbs hc`detds,
tblb dstb tde`delb de hudeti ue ldf`lb hbetrbc ld `evdetir`bs.

Iht`v`lil 8?  Xáetds`s

Xáetds`s   ‘ Zrbhdsbs ld rdhdph`øe, prdpirih`øe, sdpirih`øe,
ic`stia
ic`stia`de
`detb
tb y ldspih
ldspihmbmb ld adrhie
adrhieháis
háis.. Dsti
Dsti pud
pudld
ld dstir
dstir ipbyili
ipbyili pbr
tifc
tifcis,
is, l`
l`ik
ikri
riai
aiss ld `enbr
`enbrai
aih`ø
h`øe,
e, pdrb
pdrb sbsbfr
frdd tb
tblb
lb ldfd
ldfd ldoi
ldoirr hcirb
hcirb cb
s`ku`detd?


Zrbh
Zrbhds
dsbs
bs ld
l`spbe`fcds. rdhd
dhdph`ø
ph`øe
e ld ad
adrrhi
hieh
ehái
áis,
s, bfod
bfodt`
t`vb
vbs,
s, tdheb
dhebcb
cbká
káis
is
 

 Bfodt`vbs
Bfodt` vbs ld ci prd
prdpir
pirih`ø
ih`øe
e y sdpiri
sdpirih`ø
h`øe
e ld pdl`lb
pdl`lbs,
s, `el`hilb
`el`hilbrd
rdss
ut`c`zilbs.
 Bfodt`vbs ldc ldspihmb ld adrhiehái, `el`hilbrds hcivds.

DX\TL@IE\D 9? ODIE HIVCBX HDC@X DX\VILI

]Bpdrih`beds
Bpdrih`beds Iu
Iux`c`irds Bfodt`vbs \dhebcbkái @el`hilbrds
Fés`his
Vdh`fb
@ldet`n`hih`øe ld Hirkis 9, Dn`h`deh`i de ci
^ic`lih`øe ld Hiet`lilds Nás`hb * Aiqu`eis miel-mdcl Vdhdph`øe 6,
Kiriet`zir dc rdh`fb ld * @aprdsbris Hic`lil ld Aitdr`icds
vs Nihturih`øe prbluhtb de øpt`ais *Cip`hdrbs rdh`f`lbs
Zrbhdsb ld Hbetrbc ld Lbhuadetih`øe y hbel`h`beds hbe ci * Zcie`ccis ld 8, Áel`hd ld Nrdshuri
Vdhdph`øe adl`h`øe ld @el`hilbrds n`eic`lil ld a`e`a`zir Zrbluht`v`lil ld aitdr`icds
^ic`lih`øe Icditbr`i ld dc r`dskb ld pàrl`lis *@ekrdsb ld Aitdr`icds rdh`f`lbs
adrhiehái piri Hic`lil ic `etdr`br ldc icaihàe pbr adl`b ld XIZ ZV8 <, Zrbluht`v`lil pbr
@enbrad ld Vdsuctilbs y h`drrd Bpdrir`b
ld bpdrih`beds ld rdhdph`øe
@ldet`n`hih`øe ld ci adrhiehái
itrivdsø ld hbl`n`hih`øe Kiriet`zir qud cis 9, Dxiht`tul ld
hiet`lilds ld *Hbetrbc ld l`ndrdeh`is @evdetir`b 6,
Ldshr`ph`øe ld ci adrhiehái ld dx`stdeh`i ld ld `evdetir`bs vic`lilis Xtbhg L`spbe`fcds
aiedri ^`s`fcd `evdetir`b sd de ldsld ci pcitinbrai XIZ
Zrdpirih`øe X`stdaih`be ld adrhiehái, piri hudetde l`spbe`fcds ZV8 * 8,<,Hbstb
Hbstbld
ldFiois
Zbr
hbetrbcds ld @evdetir`bs piri cis ldaielis \ifci piri hbetdb ld Nictietd ld
rdic`zilis y @evdetir`b @evdetir`bs
Hbetrbc ld @evdetir`b sbc`h`tilis icaihàe

Icaihdeia`detb
Icaihdeia`detb ld Adrhiehái
* X`stdai ld 9, Dn`h`deh`i ld
Xdpirih`øe pbr rdndrdeh`i y Kiriet`zir qud dc Hbl`n`hih`øe ld Hbafust`fcd
aølucbs Icaihàe hudetd hbe aitdr`icrds 6, Vbtih`øe ld
Hbetdb y vic`lih`øe ld cis adl`lis fés`his * Abetihirkis Zrbluhtb 8,
Xdpirih`øe rdndrdeh`is ld Xdkur`lil y *Dcdvilbrds Dcàhtr`hbs Dn`h`deh`i ld
Øpt`ais hbel`h`beds * Zcie`ccis ld Vbtih`øe Abetihirkis Mbris
Vbtih`øe ld adrhieháis sdkÿe ld brlde y isdb piri Mbafrds ^X Mbris
s`stdai dapcdilb (NDNB, N@NB) dc aiedob ildhuilb ld @evdetir`b sdkÿe Aiqu`eis
s`stdai dstifcdh`lb
ld cis adrhieháis (NDNB, N@NB). <, Hipih`lil ld
\riscilbs ld aitdr`icds ic Fbldki
`etdr`br ld ci fbldki

@ldet`n`hih`øe Aitdr`icds
su hbl`n`hih`øe sdkÿe
y hiet`lilds 9, Dn`h`deh`i ld
Ic`stia`detb ld
Xdpirih`øe ld adrhiehái pdl`lbs pbr Bpdrir`b
itrivdsø ld Zdl`lbs Vdic`zilbs 6, Hic`lil ld
* Kdedrih`øe ld Aitdr`icds Ic`stilbs
Brkie`zih`øe ld ci hirki sdkÿe Kiriet`zir dc pdl`lbs * 9::%
su hipih`lil y abldcb ic`stia`detb ld cbs Aiqu`eis miel-mdcl 8, Áel`hd ld Nrdshuri
aitdr`icds de øpt`ais * Ldshirki ld
Ic`stia`detb Ic`stia`detb y sdpirih`øe ld cbs hbel`h`beds piri dc @evdetir`b pbr adl`b
ld aitdr`icds
pdl`lbs sbc`h`tilbs ldspihmb ld ldc s`stdai XIZ ZV8 Ldspihmilbs
adl`h`øe ld `el`hilbrds ld <, Zrbluht`v`lil pbr
adrhieháis. * Abetihirkis Bpdrir`b 4.
drrbrds ld ic`stia`detb ld Hirki *Dcdvilbrds Dcàhtr`hbs Dn`h`deh`i ld
X`stdait`zih`øe ld cbs aitdr`icds Abetihirkis Mbris
piri ldshirkis ld @evdetir`bs Mbafrds ^X Mbris
Aiqu`eis
Hbetdb Dxihtb ld cis kdrdeh`is i Kiriet`zir dc * Aiqu`eis miel-mdcl 9, Dn`h`deh`i de
Ldspihmb ld ldspihmir ldspihmb ld prbluhtb * @aprdsbris Ldspihmb pbr
Adrhiehái Abv`c`zih`øe ld ci hirki ic de øpt`ais *Cip`hdrbs Bpdrilbr
pdrsbeic ldst`eilb i detrdkir hbel`h`beds hbe ci *Ldspihmb ld 6, Hic`lil ld
 

Vdk`strb y vic`lih`øe ld pcie`ccis

ld ldspihmb
adl`h`øe ld `el`hilbrds ld
drrbrds ld ldspihmb
Hbetrbc ld sic`li ld adrhiehái
n`eic`lil ld a`e`a`zir Aitdr`icds pbr adl`b ld Aitdr`icds
dc r`dskb ld pàrl`lis XIZ ZV8 Ldspihmilbs 9::%
ic `etdr`br ldc icaihàe * Abetihirkis 8, Áel`hd ld Nrdshuri
* Zcie`cci ld ^ic`lih`øe ld aitdr`icds

DX\TL@IE\D 6?
6?  FVIMPIE CBTV@LB 
CBTV@LB 
Bfodt`vb \dhebcbkái @el`hilbrds
Zrbhdsb

Vdhdph`øe 9. Ts
Tsbb ldld cép
cép`z
`z y p
pip
ipdc
dc.. 9. Hiet`lil ld
Kiriet`zir, ic icaihàe b hdetrb 6. Vd
Vdk`
k`sstr
trb
b de tifc
tifciis ld aitdr`icd
aitd r`icdss rdh`f
rdh`f`lbs
`lbs
ld l` l`st
str`
r`fu
fuh`
h`øe
øe,, ci hb
hbrr
rrdh
dhti
ti y Dxhdc. pbr t`pb y pbr
dn`h`detd
dn`h`detd detrili
detrili ld aitdr`icd
aitdr`icdss 8. Ip
Ipc`c`hi
hih`
h`øe
øe ld s`st
s`stda
dais is pdr`blb ld t`dapb.
piri itdeldr cis edhds`lilds ld ld [AX y Vil`b 6. Hiet`lil ld
cbs hc`detds `etdrebs y dxtdrebs. nrdhudeh`i. aitdr`icds
8. rdhmizilbs.
M bris Mbafrds
`evdrt`lis de cifbrds
ld rdhdph`øe.
<. Eÿ
Eÿad
adrb
rb prba
prbadldl`b
`b ld
trifioilbrds.
4. Hiet`lil ld
aitdr`icd
aitd r`icdss rdh`f
rdh`f`lis
`lis
pbr t`pb ld
prbvddlbr.

9. Hiet`li
t`lil
l ld pdl`lb
l`lbss
prdpirilbs pbr
pdr`blb ld t`dapb.
Dxtridr prbluhtbs sbc`h`tilbs pbr Aieuic. 6. Hiet`lil ld
Zr
Zrdp
dpir
irih
ih`ø
`øe
e y cbs hc`detds y qud sd aie`n`dstie aitdr`icds
sdpi
sdpiri
rih`
h`øe
øe ld i trivàs ld cbs pdl`lbs Iutbait`zilb. prdpirilbs
prdpi rilbs pbr t`pb
pdl`lbs y pdl`lb.
8. Mbris Mbafrds
`evdrt`lis de ci
prdpirih`øe ld
pdl`lbs.
<. Vbtih`øe ld cbs
aitdr`icds.
4. Hiet`lil ld
aitdr`icds
prdpirilbs pbr t`pb.
(I, F y H).

Aieuic.
Ldspihmb Isdkurir ci hbrrdhti detrdki ldc 9. ^bcuade ld
prbluhtb tdra`eilb i cbs hc`detds Iutbait`zilb. aitdr`icds
ld ihudrlb hbe cis hbel`h`be
hbel`h`beds
ds ldspihmilbs pbr t`pb
pi
piht
htil
ilis
is hb
hbe
e dsdstb
tbs,
s, pi
piri
ri isá 
isá  y pdr`blb.
aietdedr de ue e`vdc øpt`ab ci 6. Hi
Hiet
et`l
`lil
il ld
ld ai
aitd
tdr`
r`ic
ic
sit`
sit`sn
snih
ihh`
h`øe
øe pdrh
pdrh`f
`f`l
`lii de dc ldspihmilb pbr t`pb.
adrhilb mih`i ci daprdsi. (I, F, H).
 

8. @e
@evd
vdeti
etir`
r`b
b prba
prbadl
dl`b
`b..
<. Mbris Mbafrds
`evdrt`lis de dc
prbhdsb ld
ldspihmb.
4. Hiet`lil ld
aitdr`icds
ldspihmilbs pbr t`pb
ld hc`detd.

Bfodt`vbs \dhebcbkáis l`spbe`fcds

Cbs pr`eh`picds bfodt`vbs ld ci  X`stdai ld kdst`øe ld icaihàe
Zrbhdsbs
rdhdph`øeld rdhdph`øe
tdedr uei ld adrhieháis
fudei ds
brkie`zih`øe 
([AX).
Mdrria`detis ld `etdkrih`øe ld
de ci tbai ld rdk`strbs ccdvir litbs.
ue brlde ld ci adrhiehái qud  \riespbrtilbrds, abetihirkis,
detri tietb de ci hic`lil y àc krÿis b hirrdtis.
dsté ld ci adrhiehái.
Bfodt`vbs @el`hilbrds ut`c`zilbs
De ci prdpirih`øe, sdpirih`øe  Hbetrbc ld adrhiehái
y ic`stia`detb ld adrhiehái  Lurih`øe ldc `evdetir`b
sd ldfd
ldfd tdtded
edrr hb
hbab
ab pi
pirt
rtdd  Hiet`lil icaihdeili
Zrdpirih`øe hc
hciv
ivdd ue s`s`st
stda
daii ld brld
brldee  Hbetrbc ld hic`lil
Xdpirih`øe y pbr høl`kbs b rdk`strb, piri  Hbstb ld ue`lilds icaihdeilis
Ic`stia`detb qud ci tbai ld brldeds sdi  Hbstbs tbticds de fbldki
Ld Adrhiehái aés rép`li dn`h`detd y hbe ue  Hiet`lil ld ue`lil pbr pdl`lb
hb
hbet
etrb
rbcc ld hihic`
c`li
lil
l øp
øpt`
t`ab
ab  Detrdkis i t`dapb
piri qud ci l`str`fuh`øe sdi
dn`hiz tietb piri dc
triesp
espbrtd hba bab b piri ci
ccdkili i cbs hc`detds
Bfodt`vbs @el`hilbrds Hcivds
 Hcis`n`hih`øe ld adrhiehái
Ldspihmb ld Ldspuàs ldc ic`stia`detb ld ^bcuade, nbrai, tiaiùb b
adrhiehái pdl`lbs nbrai.
De dc ldspihmb sd t`ded hbab  Te`lil ld hirki? pcitinbrais,
bfodt`vb ifistdhdr i cbs picdtis b hiois.
trispbrtds
prdpirilbshbe
, pcbs
iripdl`lbs
qud yisd 
Hbetdedlbrds @XB
Adl`bs ld triespbrtd
 

pudld l`str`fu`r i su Ndrrbhirr`c, Iutbtriespbrtd Ziqudtdrái

rdspdht`vi hc`detdci b pbstic
ldpdel`delb ld su ldaieli \riespbrtilbrds pr`vilbs ld
b adrhiehái. piqudtdrái
Hirki iàrdi
 hbesbc`lilbs ld hirki

DX\TL@IE\D <? HDXIV IELVDX IVV@D\I

ZVBHDXB BFOD\@^BX \DHEBCBKÁI @EL@HILBVDX
T\@C@_ILBX
VDHDZH@ØE LD Vdk`s
dk`str
trir
ir cis
cis detr
detril
ilis
is y \dhebcbkái [AX, ut`c`zih`øe 9. Dn`h`deh`i
AI\DV@ICDX sic`lis ldc icaihàe. ld hø
høll`k
`kbs
bs ld fi firrris y ld rdhdph`øe.
  VN@L (Vil`b nrdhudeh`i). Hbstb tbtic ld
Isdkurir qud ci adrhiehái rdhdph`øe.
rdh`
rdh`f`
f`li
li huap
huapci
ci hb
hbe
e cis
cis Tsb ld Z`hg tb ^b`hd E`vd `vdc b rbtihtih`ø
`øe
e ld
dspdh`n`hih`beds ld hic`lil, (pdra
(pdra`td
`td rdh`f` dev`ir @evdetir`bs.
rdh`f`rr y dev`ir
hiet`lil, t`dapb ld detrdki ades
ad esio
iods
ds ihdr
ihdrhihi ld ciscis 6. \isi ld
y lbhuadetih`øe. bpdrih`beds ld rdhbk`li ld Vdel`a`detb.
prbluhtbs i rdic`zir). 8. \isi ld
@ldet`n`hir i t`dapb cis eb Zdl`lbs
hbenbra`
hben bra`lild
lildss qud pudlie
pudlie
PAX
X PX\D(PIVL
(PIV
A) L XAIEIKDADE
AIEI
`stdaKDADE\
i l\d <. Zdel`detds.
indh
indhti
tirr aés
aés ildc
ildcie
ietd
td cbs
cbs
prbh
prbhds
dsbsbs prbl
prbluh
uht`
t`vb ila`
ila`e`
vbss b e`st
stri
rih`
h`øe
øe ld pi pit`
t`bs
bs 4. \`dapb ld
l`str`fuh`øe. qud pdra`t
pdra`tdd hbetr
hbetrbci
bcirr cbs detrdki ldc
audc
au dccd
cdss ld rd rdhd
hdph
ph`ø
`øee y pdl`lb.
Brkie
ie`z
`zir
ir y do
dodh
dhut
utir
ir ci l dsp
dsp ihmb
ih mb,, y ristr
istrdi
dir r y E¿ prbluhtbs
ldshirki piri dc sdku`r dc abv`a`detb ld cbs hiluhilbs ic iùb.
icaihdeia`detb tri`cdrs i trivàs ld
tdhebc
tdhebcbká
bkáii ld cbhic`
cbhic`zih
zih`øe
`øe E¿ eb hbenb
hbenbra`
ra`lil
lilds
ds
  de t`dapb rdic. pbr nicti ld aitdr`ic de
icaihàe.

% pirt`lis hbe eb
hbenbra`lilds de
rdhdph`øe.

\`da
\`dap
pb ldldcc h`hcb
rdhdph`øe. `hcb ld

ZVDZIVIH@ØE,  
XDZIVIH@ØE Xdcdhh`beir ci adrhiehái ld
IC@X\IA@DE\B cis dstietdráis, piri
pbstdr`b
pbs tdr`brade
radetd hbenbrairr Z`hg`ek tb c`kmt y vb`hd, dc
td hbenbrai Hb
Hbst
stb
b ld sd
sdcd
cdhh
hh`ø
`øe
e y
cbs devábs i cbs hc`detds. huic sd ipc`hi ic prbhdsb ld dapiqud.
prdpirih`øe ld pdl`lb.
Xdpirir prbluhtbs Hbstb ld cis
sbc`h`tilbs pbr cbs hc`detds. Z`hg`ek vbz, uei ldvbcuh`beds.
mdrria`de
mdrr ia`detiti qud pdra`tde
pdra`tde
Ihuau
uaucir
cir pdpdll`lb
`lbs piriiri dev`ir `enbraih`øe i Zrbluht`v`lil ic
rdic`zir ue sbcb v`iod hbab iuxiux`c`i
`c`irr ld sdpiri
sdpirih`ø
h`øe
e ld sdcdhh`beir
prbhdsb ld l`str`fuh`øe. nbrai `eadl`iti y
hben`ifcd. Tsb ld aitdr`
aitdr`icd
icdss ld
A `e`a`zir
rdluh`delb cbs hbstbs Z`hg fy Xhie? Hbes`std de daficiod
 

ldspcizia`detbs. ue aàtblb ld prdpirih`øe Dxiht`tul ic sdcdhh`beir

ld pdl`lbs fistietd (\
(\bt
btic
ic ld pdl`
pdl`lb
lbss ‘
Bpt`a`zir ci dn`h`deh`i ld ci dxdxtd
tdel
el`l
`lb,
b, de dc ququdd cbs
cbs Ldvbcuh`beds pbr
prdpi
prdpirih
rih`øe
`øe aix`a`
aix`a`zie lb li
zielb litb
tbss ld cbs
cbs pd
pdl`
l`lb
lbss ld
ldcc irtáhu
irtáhucb
cb `ehbrr
`ehbrrdht
dhtb)
b) /
cis hiet`lilds s`stdai ld DVZ. (\btic pdl`lbs).
hbrrdspbel`detds y
a`e`a`zielb cbs Z`hg fy ^`s`be. Dsti eudvi
eudvi \isi ld
lds
dspc
pciz
izia
ia`d
`det
etbs
bs ld cb cbss tàhe
tàhe`h
`hi,
i, de ci ququdd i cb
cbss ldvbcuh`beds (Te`lilds
bpdrilbrds. bpdrir`bs
cbs
cbs li tbss sd
litb ldcds
cbstriesa`td
cbs pd
pdl`lbss ldvudc
l`lb ldv udctis
tis / Te`lil
vdel`lis) Te`lilds
ds
Ipc`h
c`hir tàhe
tàhe`h
`hii p`hg
p`hg`e
`ek
k adl`ietd cis ldeba`eilis
(dstritdk`i qud sd fisi de kinis ld litbs. \`dapb ld h`hcb ld
hbcbhir vir`bs pdl`lbs de ue sdcdhh`øe y
hirrb
hirr b dspdh`ic`z
dspdh`ic`zilb
ilb piri ci XHD (XTZZCP HMI@E dap
dapiqu
iqudd (\`dap
(\`dapbb ld
sdpirih`øe). D]DHT\@BE) Ds uei v`iod piri cbs
tdhebcbkái qud sd denbhi i rdhbcdhtbrds).
Hbcbh
bcbhir
ir cis
cis dt
dt`q
`qud tiss ld ci
udti bpt`a`zih`øe ld
prdh`bs y airqu`ccis abv`a`detb ld aitdr`icds.
dspdh`icds.
Ikrup
upir
ir pbr dapiq apiqududss
`el`v`luicds ld cis ue`lilds
sudctis.
Hb
Hbcb
cbhi
hirr ki
kieh
ehmb
mbss u bt btrb
rbss
il`tiadetbs piri ci
dxm`
dxm`f`
f`h`
vdeti. h`øe
øe de puetpuetbs
bs ld
Vdic`zir ihbel`h`beia`detb,
ihbel`h`beia`detb,
dapi
da piqu
qudd y dafi
daficio
ciodd ld
ldcc
pdl`l
dl`lb b dndh
dndhtu
tuil
ilb
b pbr
pbr dc
hc`detd.
Vdic`zir ci tirdi s`e drrbrds
hbe hic`lil rdqudr`li pbr dc
hc`detd, lbeld ci sdpirih`øe
ilqu`drd lbs krields
bfodt
bfodt`vb
`vbs?
s? Aéx`ai
Aéx`ai hic
hic`li
`lil
l
hbe aáe`ab hbstb.
Hdrb drrbrds de huietb i ci
dxiht`tul l cis hiet`lilds y
rdndrdeh`is sdpirilis.

 
LDXZIHMB LD Isdkurir qud ci adrhiehái
ADVHIEHÁIX lds
dspi
pihm
hmil
ilii ccdk
ccdkud
ud i cb cbss Irqu`tdhturi \btic ld ldspihmbs?
hc`detds n`eicds, tde`delb de hc`detd/sdrv`lbr b wdf. Ldspihmbs detrdkilbs,
hudeti
hude ti dspdh`n`h
dspdh`n`hih`be
ih`beds
ds ld eb detrdkilbs, de ruti
hic`lil,
hic`lil, hiet`
hiet`lil
lil y t`dapb
t`dapb @etdrhiaf`b dcdhtrøe`hb ld y ld detrdki pirh`ic.
ld detrdki, dx`k`lis pbr dc litbs DL@.
hc`detd Eÿadrb
Eÿadr b ld ldspihmb
ldspihmbss
X`stdai ld høl`k
`kb
b ld pbr rdpirt`lbr y
@ldet`n`hir i t`dapb cis eb firris. vdmáhucb
hbenbra`
hbenbra`lild
lildss qud pudlie
pudlie
itdetir hbetri ci hic`lil ldc Tsb ld tdra`eicds Huapc`a`detb ld
sdrv
sdrv`h
`h`b
`b prds
prdsti
tilb
lb pbrpbr ci pbrtét`cds
pbrt ét`cds hbe triesa`s`ø
triesa`s`øee detrdkis?
daprdsi. ld `enbr
`enbraih
aih`øe
`øe de t`d
t`dapb
apb De
Detr
trddki
kiss i t`d
t`dapb,
apb,
Xdrv`r ld n`ctrb piri rdic
rdic pbr
pbr adl
adl`b ld ril`
ril`b
b detrdkis itrisilis.
ai
aiet
ld etde
dedr
drcbs ci hb
hbes
`ees`s
vd`std r`b`is nril`b).
etdeh
tieh`i rdhudeh`i (belis ld Hbstb
bstb ld dev
eváb
áb pb
pbrr
 

aiedoilbs de dc hdetrb ld cáedi.

l`str`fuh`øe. Irhm
Irhm`v
`vbs
bs aied
aiedoioil
lbs de
Lir sic`li i cis adrhieháis tifcis ld Dxhdc. Zrdh`s`øe
Zrdh`s`øe ld deváb
deváb (%
ld nbrai ncu`li, ld pdl`lbs detrdkilbs
aietde`delb ci X`s
X`stda
tdai ld kds
dstt`ø
`øe
e ld s`e drrbrds).
brkie`zih
brk ie`zih`øe
`øe sdhudeh`i
sdhudeh`icc ld pit`bs (PAX)
cbs prbhd
prbhdsb
sbs,
s, dv`ti
dv`tielb
elb isá 
ihuaucih`beds.

HBEHCTX@BE
Hbe ci dcifbrih`øe ld ci iht`v`lil sd l`b i hbebhdr hili uei ld cis dtipis
qud hbenbraie dc s`stdai ld icaihdeia`detb y aiedob ld aitdr`icds de
sus dtipis pr`eh`picds y sdhuelir`is. Ci `apbrtieh`i ld ci s`stdait`zih`øe d
`apcdadetih`øe ld adl`bs tdhebcøk`hbs y ld hic`lil muaiei qud pdra`td ci
bpt`a`zih`øe ld rdhursbs ld tic aiedri qud sd pdra`td ci l`sa`euh`øe ld
hbstbs de ci dcifbrih`øe y hrdih`øe ld prbydhtbs i nuturbs tde`delb de
hudeti dc fude aiedob ld cbs rdhursbs.
Tei ld cis
Tei cis pirt
pirtdds nueli
ueliad
adet
etic
icdds ld ci hi hildldei
ei ld sua`sua`e`
e`st
strrb ds dc
ic
icai
aihdhdei
eia`
a`de
detb
tb,, ci hu
huic
ic ds ld v`v`ti
ticc `apb
`apbrtrtie
ieh`
h`ii pi
piri
ri dc aied
aiedob ob ld
aitdr`icds y detrdki ldc prbluhtb ic hbesua`lbr n`eic cudkb ld ue ildhuilb
aiedob.
Cis nueh`beds fés`his ld ue icaihàe hbeccdvie ue hbeouetb ld bpdrih`beds
iux`c
iu x`c`i
`ird
rds.
s. Dsis
Dsis nueh
nueh`b
`bed
edss sbe?
sbe? VdVdhd
hdph
ph`ø
`øe,
e, prprdp
dpir
irih
ih`ø
`øee ld pdl`l
pdl`lbsbs y
ldspih
lds pihmbmb ds nuelia
nueliadet
detic
ic qud dc icaihà
icaihàe e sdi kdst`b
kdst`beil
eilb b pbr pdrsbe
pdrsbeis
is
prdp
prdpiriril
ilis
is.. Ds ueueii ue`l
ue`lil
il `apb
`apbrtrtie
ietd
td piri
piri ci cbká
cbkást
st`h
`hii y hild
hildeiei ld
sua`e`strbs.
 

F@FC@BKVIN@I

  \bapg`es, O. I., [m`td, O. I., Fbzdr, P. I., & \iehmbhb, O. A. I.

(6::>). Nueh`beds de dc Icaihàe. @e Zciedih`øe ld `esticih`beds (8rl
dl., pp. <:<-<:>). Adx`hb H`ty? Hdekikd Cdire`ek. Vdhupdrilb ld?
mttp?//kb.kicdkrbup.hba/ps/`.lb2
p1K^VC&sw1w&u1ueil&v16.9&`t1r&`l1KICD
%;HH]<:>:<:::==&is`l19l;08:h;fdi<0n;d0>0d=d>in0fn>;nn 
  F`ish
`ishii, V. D. (9 (90;
0;;)
;).. Ab
Abv`
v`a`
a`de
dettb y icai
icaihd
hdei
eia`
a`ddetb
etb ld
aitd
ai tdr`
r`ic
icds
ds.. Fude
Fudebs
bs I`
I`rd
rds,
s, IV
IV?? Hild
Hildprprb.
b. Zék`
Zék`ei
ei (>6
(>6 ‘ 986)
986)..
Vdhupdrilb ld
  mttp
mttps?/
s?//dc`
/dc`frb
frb--
edt.f`fc`btdhiv`rtuic.ueil.dlu.hb/ds/drdildr/ueil/0<8=;2
nsRq1Abv`a`detbRRyRRicaihdeia`detbRRldRRaitdr`icds&prdv1ns  
nsRq1Abv`a`detbRRyRRicaihdeia`detbRRldRRaitdr`icds&prdv1ns

\bapg`es, O. I., [m`td, O. I., Fbzdr, P. I., & \iehmbhb, O. A. I.

(6::>). Nueh`beds de dc Icaihàe. @e Zciedih`øe ld `esticih`beds (8rl
dl., pp. 9>0-9;<). Adx`hb H`ty? Hdekikd Cdire`ek. Vdhupdrilb ld
  mttp?//kb.kicdk
mttp?//k b.kicdkrbup.h
rbup.hba/ps/`
ba/ps/`.lb2
.lb2
p1K^VC&sw1w&u1ueil&v16.9&`t1r&`l1KICD
%;HH]<:>:<:::==&is`l19l;08:h;fdi<0n;d0>0d=d>in0fn>;nn 

  Ziu, @. H. O., & Eivishuàs, P. K. V. L. (6::9). Aieuic ld cbkást`hi

`etdkric.
VdhupdrilbAilr`l,
ld DX? Dl`h`beds Láiz ld Xietbs. Zék`ei (96; ‘ 9<4).
 

  mttp s?//dc`
mttps?/ /dc`frb
frb--
edt.f`fc`btdhiv`rtuic.ueil.dlu.hb/ds/drdildr/ueil/460<82
nsRq1AieuicRRldRRcbk%H8%ILst`hiRR`etdkric&prdv1ns

  Abri, K. C. I. (6:99). Kdst`øe cbkást`hi de hdetrbs ld l`str`fuh`øe,

fbldkis y icaihdeds. Fbkbté, HB? Dhbd Dl`h`beds. Zik`ei (> ‘ 4:).
Vdhupdrilb ld  mttps?//dc`frb-
edt.f`fc`btdhiv`rtuic.ueil.dlu.hb/ds/drdildr/ueil/>09=62nsRq1Kdst`
%H8%F8eRRcbk%H8%ILst`hiRRdeRRhdetrbsRRldRRl`str`fuh`
%H8%F8e,RRfbldkisRRyRRicaihdeds&prdv1ns