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ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ Ó˚)˛ôˆÏÓ˚Öy 2005 ~ÓÇ !ü«˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xy£zòÈÙÈ2009 ~£z ò!Ìî%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òì%˛ò ˛ôy‡˛Ñ ˛õñ Ñ˛õ≈¢)!Ⲡ~ÓÇ
˛ôy‡˛ƒ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛ !òõ≈yí Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏΈ˚ äÏ È–
°Ï¤˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ Ú¢y!£ì˛ƒˆÏõúyÛ Ó£z!›˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¶˛yÓõ)ú ÚxyõyˆÏîÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Û–
≤ÃÌyÜì˛ xò%ü#úò#Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì˛≈ Ó£z!›˛ˆÏì˛ £yˆÏì˛ÈÙÈÑ˛úˆÏõ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ˆãyÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏΈ˚ äÏ È– ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ñ äÈ!Ó x§yÑ˛yñ x!¶˛òÎ˚ñ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yã
≤ö,˛!ì˛ xyò®õÎ˚ v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
!üÖò ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ xÇü!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ˛ô%hfl˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ!ü!«˛Ñ˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢%!ÓïyÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢!ߨˆÓÏ !üì˛ £ˆÏΈ˚ äÏ È–
Ó£z!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ xy@˘Ã£ñ !â˛hs˛yü!=˛ñ Ñ˛“òy≤ÃÓíì˛y ~ÓÇ Ó˚%!â˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï î,!T˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
Ó£z!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Îì˛î)Ó¢˚ Ω˛Ó ì˛Ìƒ¶˛yÓ˚õ=% ˛ñ xyò®îyÎ˚Ñ˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ Ó˚ˆ) ˛Ï ô ܈Ïv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy £ˆÏΈ˚ äÏ È– ˛ôy‡˛ƒ !ӰψÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ òyòyò ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ˛ôy‡˛ñ
äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ü“ñ Üyò ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôyü˛ôy!ü ≤ÃÖƒyì˛ !ü“#ˆÏîÓ˚ xúÇÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏí ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ !Ó°ÏÎ˚£z xì˛ƒhs˛ xyÑ˛°Ï≈í#Î˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ÓyÇúy¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢yõÌ≈ƒ xã≈ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!üñ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ¢%õ£yò ˙!ì˛£ƒ Á ˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ◊Âïyü#ú £ˆÏÎ˚
v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z îyÎ˚ÓÂïì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úò Ó£zÜ%!úˆÏì˛ ¢Ó≈e ˛ô!Ó˚ú«˛–
°Ï¤˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒˆÏõúy Ó£z!›˛Ó˚ ¢)!ⲲôeˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ õ)ú¶˛yÓ/!Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¢¡∫!úì˛ !â˛e ¢!ߨˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ õyÏõ xyÑ˛°Ïí≈ #Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúy £ˆÏΈ˚ äÏ È–
Ó£z!›˛ˆÏì˛ â˛!úì˛ Ó˚#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !ú!Öì˛ Ó˚â˛òy£z ˆÑ˛Óúõye fiÌyò ˆ˛ôˆÏΈ˚ äÏ È–
õ)úƒˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ü%Óc%˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏΈ˚ äÏ È–
!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢y!Ó≈Ñ˛ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ !îÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ú«˛ Ó˚yÖy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
£yˆÏì˛ÈÙÈÑ˛úˆÏõ Ñ˛yã Á xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ÈÙÈ≤ÃÓí õòˆÏÑ˛ v˛zÍ¢y!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚yÏ¢ ˆòÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¶˛#!ì˛õ%=˛ñ xyò®õÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyÓ˚Ñ˛õ ì˛yv˛¸òyñ ¶˛Î˚ Óy v˛zÏÓÜ äÈyv˛¸y£z ÎyˆÏì˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈# !üÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !òˆÏãÓ˚
õì˛yõì˛ fl˛∫yï#ò¶˛yˆÏÓ Óƒ=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓñ˚ ˆ¢¶˛yˆÏÓ Ú£yˆÏì˛ÈÙÈÑ˛úˆÏõÛ xÇüÜ%!ú !ò!õ≈ì˛ £ˆÏΈ˚ äÏ È–
!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y v˛zFâ˛ÈÙÈ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÎ ì˛yÜ%!ú xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ
ˆüyòy Óúy ˛ôv˛¸y ˆúÖy îúÜì˛ Ñ˛yã ¢,ãòõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yã ¢yïyÓ˚í#Ñ˛Ó˚í v˛zqyÓò# !â˛hs˛y Á Ñ˛“òyü!=˛Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yü ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛
xò%ÎyÎ˚# !¢Âïyhs˛ @˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ˆÎÔ!=˛Ñ˛ !¢ÂïyˆÏhs˛ v˛z˛ôò#ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ÓƒyÖƒyÑ˛Ó˚í xò%õyò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y !Ó!¶˛ß¨
v˛zîy£Ó˚í ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫ì˛É!¢ˆÏÂï ˆ˛ô§ÔˆÏäÈyˆÏòyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓy˚ £# «˛õì˛y !â˛!£´ì˛Ñ˛Ó˚í Á òyõÑ˛Ó˚í ¢yÇ܇˛!òÑ˛ «˛õì˛y ˛ôO#Ñ˛Ó˚í ì%˛úòy ~ÓÇ ˜Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ƒ
¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ïyÓ˚íy ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ¢Ç@˘Ã£ !òˆÏãÓ˚ õì˛yõˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y Óí≈òy ˆ◊!íÑ˛Ó˚í ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÈ!òÓ˚#«˛y
˛ôÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛í ˆîˆÏÖñ ü%ˆòÏ ñ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˆÓyG˛yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y õˆÏv˛ú ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛yÎ˚y@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õyÏõ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ò!̶%˛=˛Ñ˛Ó˚í â˛!Ó˚eyÎ˚í
Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛yÓ˚íÈÙȈÓyï ≤ö˛, !ì˛–
˛ô‡˛òÈÙÈ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ≤Ã̈Ïõ !ӰψÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ – ˆ¢£z ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ ˛õyÜì˛ xò%ü#úò Á â˛â≈˛yÎ˚
ˆ¢£z !ӰψÏÎ˚ òyòyò ¢)eñ !¢Âïyhs˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˆÓyï ܈Ïv˛¸ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ– !ü«˛yÌ≈# Ñ ˛õü v˛zîy£Ó˚í ˆîÁÎ˚yñ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ
ˆ◊!í!Ó¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ¶%˛ú ¢ÇˆÏüyïò Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ¶˛y°Ïyhs˛!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÈÙÙÙÈ £zì˛ƒy!îˆÏì˛ î«˛ì˛y xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ K˛yò Á ˆÓyˆÏïÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
!¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ !ӰψÏÎ˚ òì%˛ò ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ñ òì%˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛Ó˚ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á v˛zq(ì˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢«˛õ £ˆÏÓ–
ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ñ˛yÎ≈ÈÑ˛yÓ˚í ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚yñ !ӈϟ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚yñ òì%˛ò ¢õ¢ƒy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ¢õyïyò Ñ˛Ó˚y £zì˛ƒy!î ˆ¢ !üÖˆÏÓ– !ü«˛yÌ≈# Ñ ˛ˆÏõ
˛ôy‡˛ƒ!Ó°ÏÎ˚ÈÙÈ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ äÈ!Ó x§yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢yõÌ≈ƒ xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
1
vþzF‰þéôé²Ìyí!›„þ þ™yàþ„Êþ› ç þ™yàþÄ¢)!‰þ
˛ôy‡˛ƒ˛ô%hfl˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ ˆÎ !ӰψÎ
Ï ˚ ú«˛ Ó˚yÖy £ˆÏΈ˚ äÏ È
¢£ã Á ¢!â˛e–
!ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ì˛y–
ˆ◊!í !îӈϢÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ÇÜ!ì˛ Ó˚«˛y–
!Ó°ÏÎÓ˚ hfl˛$ Ó˚ ¶˛yˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚yÑ ˛yhs˛ òÎ˚–
˛ôy‡˛Ñ ˛õ Á ˛ôy‡˛ƒ¢)!ⲠÎ%ˆÏÜy˛ôˆÏÎyÜ#ñ Óyhfl˛Óyò%Ü Á xyï%!òÑ˛–
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ô,!ÌÓ# ~ÓÇ Órï%c Á ¢õyò%¶˛) !ì˛Ó˚ òyòyò hfl˛Ó˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛–
õò#°Ï#ˆÏîÓ˚ !â˛hs˛yïyÓ˚y Á !ü«˛yîˆÏüÓ≈ ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úò–
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ üÈÙÈ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y Á õ)úƒˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ü%Óc%˚ xyˆÏÓy˚ ˛ô–
≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ~Ñ˛ Óy ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ¢õïõ≈# Óy ¢õ!Ó°ÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ ˛Ó˚â˛òy–
xò%Óyî Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ õyÏõ xyhs˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òy ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒñ xÌ≈yÍ ~ˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ xòƒyòƒ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢,!T˛Ó˚
¢ˆÏAÜ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛–
ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ˆÓÏ yˆÏïÓ˚ ãyÜÓ˚í–
◊õã#Ó# õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ◊Âïy–
xrï!ÓŸªy¢ Á Ñ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚õ=% ˛ î,!T˛¶˛!AÜ Ü‡˛ò–
õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ !õˆÏú!õˆÏü ÌyÑ˛y Á ¢%¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ܈Ïv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÈÙÙÙÈ¢õyòy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤âAÜ–
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy òì%˛ò !ӰψÏÎ˚ fl˛∫FäÈ Á fl˛ôT˛ ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛–
˛ôy‡˛ƒÈÙÈ!òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛e
°Ï¤˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ÓyÇúy Ó£z Ú¢y!£ì˛ƒˆÏõúyÛÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y òyòyò äÈv˛¸yÎ˚ñ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ñ ÜyˆÏòñ ܈ϓñ ≤ÃÓˆÏrï ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎõò òì%˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖˆÏì˛
!üÖˆÏÓñ ˆì˛õò£z ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò ≤ÃÑ˛, !ì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ v˛zˆßÏ √°Ï ᛲˆÏÓ– ˛ôy‡˛ƒ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ó˛ô%ú ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ ˜Ó!â˛eƒ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ñ
v˛z!qî Á ≤Ãyí#ãÜÍ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ñ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛zÍ¢ÓÈÙÈxò%¤˛yòÈÙÈÓì ˛ÈÙÈ˛ôyÓ≈íñ ˆúyÑ˛ÈÙÈ˙!ì˛£ƒ Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ òyòyò !îÑ˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ Á
◊ÂïyˆÏÓyï ܈Ïv˛¸ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ–
~äÈyv˛¸yÁñ Ó£z!›˛ˆÏì˛ ì˛yÓ˚y ˛ôv˛¸ˆÓÏ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ü“ñ ˆîüydˆÏÓyïÑ˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛yñ !Ó≤’Ó#Ó˚ â˛!Ó˚ì˛Ñ˛Ìyñ ˆîüydˆÏÓyïÑ˛ Üyòñ ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ï# Ü“ñ Órï%ˆcÏ Ó˚
xyÖƒyòñ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ Ü“ñ ˆÖúyÓ˚ Ü“ ≤ö,˛!ì˛– ~¶˛yˆÏÓ£z !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ õyÏõ ÚxyõyˆÏîÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ÛÓ˚ òyòyò Ó˚)˛ô
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛“òy≤ÃÓí !üü%õˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ¢%®Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ïÓ˚y ˆîˆÏÓ–
Ó£z!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ~Ó˚ Ú£yˆÏì˛ÈÙÈÑ˛úˆÏõÛ xÇüÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ !òõ≈yí Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ÎyˆÏì˛ õ%ÖfiÌ!ÓîƒyÓ˚ â˛â≈˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#
¢ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– Ó£z!›˛ fl˛∫ÈÙÈ!üÖˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ~!܈ÏÎ˚ ˆîˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚
˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ î«˛ì˛y xã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌÁ ¢£yÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
≤Ãhfl$˛ì˛ Ó£z!›˛ˆÏì˛ ÓƒyÑ˛Ó˚í â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÓyòyòÈÙÈ !Ó!ï ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ñ ¢õyÌÑ˛≈ ü∑ñ ≤Ã!ì˛ü∑ñ !ÓˆÏü°Ïƒñ !ÓˆÏü°Ïíñ ¢Ó≈òyõñ xÓƒÎ˚ñ !Ñ ˛Î˚yñ
!ÓˆÏü°Ïƒ Óy !ÓˆÏü°ÏˆíÏ Ó˚ Ó˚˛) ô ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛òñ v˛z˛ô¢Ü≈ñ !Ó¶˛!=˛ Á xò%¢Ü≈ñ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ܇˛òÜì˛ ˆ◊!í!Ó¶˛yÜñ ÓyÑ˛ƒ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛òñ v˛zˆj Ï üƒÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏïÎ˚ xÇü !â˛!£´ì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚í Á ¢¡±¢yÓ˚íñ !Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yú !òí≈Î˚ñ ¢!rïñ Óâ˛òñ ¢ÇÖƒyÓyâ˛Ñ˛ñ ˛ô)Ó˚íÓyâ˛Ñ˛ ü∑ñ ïπòƒydÑ˛ Á xò%Ñ˛yÓ˚ ü∑ñ ¢yˆÏ˛ô«˛ ü∑ˆÏãyv˛¸ñ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛yÌ≈Ñ˛
ü∑ñ xü%!Âï ¢ÇˆÏüyïòñ ÓyÑ˛ƒÓ˚â˛òyñ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ÓyÑ˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒ ˆúÖyñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓyÑ˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˆúÖyñ ÓyÇúy ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒ
˛ôîÑ ˛õ £zì˛ƒy!î–
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~äÈyv˛¸yñ Ó£z!›˛ˆÏì˛ ÚÓ£zÈÙÈ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ˚îyÑ˛yò%òÛ xLjÏü Ó£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈ xÇüÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ≤ÃFäÈîñ ãƒyˆÏÑ˛›˛ Á ÓœyÓ≈ñ xyÖƒy˛ôeñ
¢)!Ⲳôeñ xïƒyÎ˚ñ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yñ v˛zÍ¢Ü≈˛ôeñ ˛ôy#Ñ˛yñ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö˛ô!Oñ ¢)e!òˆÏî≈üñ !òá≈r›˛ñ ¶%˛ú ¢ÇˆÏüyïò !ӰψÏÎ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÎyÜ# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆÓ˚ö˛yˆÏÓ˚™ Ó£zñ x!¶˛ïyòñ õyò!â˛e !Ñ˛ÇÓy Üy£zv˛ Ó£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÎy!Üì˛y ~ÓÇ Ó£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ú¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚íÛ ÓúˆÏì˛£z Óy Ñ˛# ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yÁ
@˘Ãr̈ÏüˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ ~£z xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ v˛zˆ‡Ï ˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– ˛ôM˛õ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y£zñ Ó£zˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˆüˆÏ° ÚÓ£z ˛ôv˛¸y¸ Ó˚ v˛yˆÏÎ!˚ Ó˚Û xÇü ¢ÇˆÏÎy!ãì˛ £ˆÏΈ˚ äÏ Èñ ˆÎ!›˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y
!òˆÏãÓ˚y£z ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
°Ï¤˛ ˆ◊!íˆÏì˛ o%ì˛˛ô‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ¢)!â˛ˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÖƒyì˛ !üü%¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ ¢%Ñ˛% õyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ Ú £ Î Ó Ó˚ úÛ @˘ÃrÌ!›˛ xhs˛¶≈˛% =˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏΈ˚ äÏ È– !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/
!ü«˛Ñ˛ ~£z Ó£z!›˛ ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓòñ ˆ¢ ≤âˆÏAÜ !üÖòÈ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ xÇü!›˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ú«˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏÓò–˛
°Ï¤˛ ˆ◊!íˆÏì˛ ÓyÇúy ÓƒyÑ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ãòƒ ˛ô°Ïî≈ !òˆÏî!≈ üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ ˛õ
ÓƒyÑ˛Ó˚í xÇü ı
1. ¢!rïÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ı !Ó¢Ü≈¢!rï–
2. ü∑܇˛ò üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¢ÇK˛y Á v˛zîy£Ó˚í
ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ü∑ Á ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ ü∑
¢ÇÖƒyÓyâ˛Ñ˛ ü∑ Á ˛ô)Óí˚ Óyâ˛Ñ˛ ü∑
3. ü∑Ó˚)˛ô Á ïyì%˛Ó˚)˛ô–
4. !Ó¶˛!=˛ñ xò%¢Ü≈ÈÙÈv˛z˛ô¢Ü≈
5. ü∑ˆÏÎyˆÏÜ ÓyÑ˛ƒÜ‡˛ò ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ¢ÇK˛y Á v˛zîy£Ó˚í
ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ܇˛ò ÈÙÙÙÈ v˛zˆÏjüƒ Á !ÓˆÏïÎ˚
xhfl˛ƒÌ≈Ñ˛ ò~åÌ≈Ñ˛ ÓyÑ˛ƒ
¢Ó˚úñ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ Á ã!›˛ú ÓyÑ˛ƒ ÈÙÙÙÈ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ Ó˚)˛ôyhs˛Ó˚
!ò!õ≈!ì˛ xÇü ı
6. ¢ˆÏõyFâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ !¶˛ß¨yÌ≈Ñ˛ ü∑
7. üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏ◊!í ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xòƒ ˆ◊!íˆÏì˛ Ó˚˛) ôyhs˛Ó˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ !ÓˆÏü°Ïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ïí ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏü°Ïí ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ïƒ
8. ôeÓ˚â˛òy SÓƒ!=˛Üì˛ñ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ñ ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛V
9. xò%ˆFÏ äÈîÓ˚â˛òy Sxò!ïÑ˛ 15!›˛ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒV
10. ˆÓyï ˛ôÓ˚#«˛í
11. !îò!ú!˛ô
3
Ñ˛“òy!ò¶≈˛Ó˚
ˆÎõòı Ü“ñ Ñ˛!Óì˛yñ
Ü“ ¢¡ô)í≈Ñ˛Ó˚íñ ¢Çúy˛ôñ òy›˛Ñ˛ñ !â˛eòy›˛ƒ
x§yÑ˛y ¢¡ô)í≈Ñ˛Ó˚í v˛yˆÏÎ˚!Ó˚
4
ü∑yÓú#ñ !ÓÓ˚yõ!â˛£´ñ ¢¡ôyîòy £zì˛ƒy!î
Ñ˛!Óì˛y Sï %˛ô!î Á xyï%!òÑ˛V Üîƒ SÑ˛Ìy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ܇˛ò
˛ôv˛¸y ¶˛y°Ïy/¢y!£ì˛ƒ
~ÓÇ ≤ÃÓrïy!îVñ òy›˛Ñ˛/òy›˛ƒyÇü ~ÓÇ xòƒyòƒ
˛ôy‡˛ƒñ ˆÎõò ¢ÇÓyî˛ôeñ ˛ôeÙ˛ô!eÑ˛yñ !ò!õ≈!ì˛
ˆ˛ôyfi›˛yÓ˚ñ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚!ú!˛ô ≤ö,˛!ì˛
vþzF‰þéôé²Ìyí!›„þ þ™yàþ„Êþ› ç þ™yàþÄ¢)!‰þ
ˆüyòy
x!¶˛ïyòñ ˛ô!Ó˚¶˛y°Ïyñ !ÓŸªˆÏÑ˛yü ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ñ
Óúy ˆ›˛˛ôñ ˆÓ˚ ! v˛ˆÏ Î ˚ y ñ ü∑yÌ≈ñ ¢õyÌ≈Ñ˛ ü∑ñ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛yÌ≈Ñ˛ ü∑ñ
˜Óî%ƒ!ì˛ò õyïƒõ v˛z˛ô¢Ü≈ Á xò%¢Ü≈ñ ¢ˆÏõyFâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ !¶˛ß¨yÌ≈Ñ˛
áˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y¶˛yˆÏÓ ü∑ñ õ%[˛õyú ü∑ñ ì˛ÓÈ̊ÙÈì˛õ ˆ¶˛î £zì˛ƒy!î
≤ÃÌyÜì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
!ü«˛Ñ˛/ ¢£˛ôy‡˛#/xòƒyòƒˆÏîÓ˚
!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
Óí≈òyñ ˆÑ˛ˆÏòy !Ñ˛ä%È ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
â˛!Ó˚eyÎ˚íñ òy›˛ƒyÎ˚òñ ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢¡∫ˆÏrï
!Óì˛Ñ≈˛ñ Ó=+˛ì˛y ≤ö,˛!ì˛ !ÓÓÓ˚í ≤Ãîyò
[ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ Ó˚)˛ôˆÏÓ˚Öy 2005 xò%ÎyÎ˚# ≤Ãhfl$˛ì˛ ]
vþzF‰þéôé²Ìyí!›„þ þ™yàþ„Êþ› ç þ™yàþÄ¢)!‰þ
5
vþzF‰þéôé²Ìyí!›„þ þ™yàþ„Êþ› ç þ™yàþÄ¢)!‰þ
6
vþzF‰þéôé²Ìyí!›„þ þ™yàþ„Êþ› ç þ™yàþÄ¢)!‰þ
Ü!íì˛≤ö˛y
7
vþzF‰þéôé²Ìyí!›„þ þ™yàþ„Êþ› ç þ™yàþÄ¢)!‰þ
!mì˛#Î˚ ˛ôÓ≈
7. îü!õÑ˛ ¶˛@¿yÇüˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô)í≈¢ÇÖƒy Á îü!õÑ˛ ¶˛@¿yÇü !îˆÏÎ˚ Ü%í Á ¶˛yÜ
˛îü!õÑ˛ ¶˛@¿yÇüˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô)í≈¢ÇÖƒy !îˆÏÎ˚ Ü%ˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
˛îü!õÑ˛ ¶˛@¿yÇüˆÏÑ˛ îü!õÑ˛ ¶˛@¿yÇü !îˆÏÎ˚ Ü%ˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
îü!õÑ˛ ¶˛@¿yÇüˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô)í≈¢ÇÖƒy !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
˛ô)í≈¢ÇÖƒyˆÏÑ˛ îü!õÑ˛ ¶˛@¿yÇü !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
¶˛@¿yÇüˆÏÑ˛ îü!õÑ˛ ¶˛@¿yLjÏü ≤ÃÑ˛yü
˛îü!õÑ˛ ¶˛@¿yLjÏüÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ú
8. ˆõ!›˛ΔÑ˛ ˛˛ôÂï!ì˛
˛ˆ¢!r›˛!õ›˛yÓ˚ñ !õ!ú!õ›˛yÓ˚ £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
10,100,1000 £z ì ˛ƒy!î !îˆÏ Î ˚ Ü% í Ñ˛ˆÏ Ó ˚ îü!õÑ˛ !Ó®% Ó ˚ fiÌyò ˛ô!Ó˚ Ó ì≈ ˛ ò Ñ˛ˆÏ Ó ˚ !Ñ˛ˆÏ ú y!õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏ Ñ ˛
ˆ£ˆÏQy!õ›˛yÓ˚ÈÙÙÙȈv˛Ñ˛y!õ›˛yÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ!õ›˛yÓ˚ÈÙÙÙȈ¢!r›˛!õ›˛yÓ˚ £zì˛ƒy!îˆÏì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
˛10,100,1000 £zì˛ƒy!î !îˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ îü!õÑ˛ !Ó®%Ó˚ fiÌyò ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !õ!ú!õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢!r›˛!õ›˛yÓ˚ñ ˆv˛!¢!õ›˛yÓ˚ñ
!õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ˆÏúy!õ›˛yˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒyÎ˚˚ Ü%í Á ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
9. üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y˛
† ˛!â˛ˆÏ£´Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy Á ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
˛x† äÈyv˛¸ ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ äÈyv˛¸ ì˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
8
vþzF‰þéôé²Ìyí!›„þ þ™yàþ„Êþ› ç þ™yàþÄ¢)!‰þ
10
vþzF‰þéôé²Ìyí!›„þ þ™yàþ„Êþ› ç þ™yàþÄ¢)!‰þ
20. Ó,_ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ãƒy!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ ïyÓ˚íy
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒy¢ÈÙÈˆÑ˛wÈÙÈÓƒy¢yï≈ÈÙÈ ~Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy
Ó,_â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
Ó,_Ñ˛úyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
21. xò%˛ôyì˛ Á ¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ïyÓ˚íy
î%!›˛ ¢õãyì˛#Î˚ Ó˚y!üÓ˚ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy
˛ô)Ó≈˛ôî Á v˛z_Ó˚˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
Ü%Ó˚% xò%˛ôyì˛ñ úá% xò%˛ôyì˛ñ ¢yõƒyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy
Óƒhfl˛ xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy
¢õyò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy
â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¢õyò%˛ôyì˛# ˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ xãyòy ˛ôî !òí≈Î˚
22. !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ãƒy!õ!ì˛Ñ˛ !â˛e xAÑ˛ò
Ñ˛yÜã ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò
ˆ¢›˛ ˆfl˛ÒyÎ˚yÓ˚ Á ˆfl˛Òú ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò
ˆ˛ôò!¢ú Á Ñ˛¡ôyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò– S¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛–V
ˆ˛ôò!¢ú Á Ñ˛¡ôyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇüˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
ˆ˛ôò!¢ú Á Ñ˛¡ôyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yíˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ!mÖ![˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
ˆfl˛Òú Á ˆ¢›˛ ˆfl˛ÒyÎ˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó®%ˆÏì˛ Á£z ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
!Ó®% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Á£z ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ú¡∫ xAÑ˛ò
23. ˛˛≤Ã!ì˛¢yõƒ
≤Ã!ì˛¢õ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
≤Ã!ì˛¢õ ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ˛ôÓ≈
24. òyòy !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ áò Óhfl$˛ SPerspectiveV
!eõy!eÑ˛ Óhfl$˛ˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ !mõy!eÑ˛ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
25. õãyÓ˚ xAÑ˛
¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ õãy
26. ¢%°Ïõ áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ ˆÖyúy xyÑ˛yÓ˚ Sˆò›˛V
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ ö§˛y˛ôy áòÓhfl$˛Ó˚ ˆÖyúyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy
27. ¶˛@¿yÇüñ îü!õÑ˛ ¶˛@¿yÇüñ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y Á xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ì%˛úòy
xò%˛ôyì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõyòƒÈÙȶ˛@¿yÇüñ îü!õÑ˛ ¶˛@¿yÇü Á üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚)˛ôyhs˛Ó˚
11
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˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü Á !ÓK˛yò
12
vþzF‰þéôé²Ìyí!›„þ þ™yàþ„Êþ› ç þ™yàþÄ¢)!‰þ
14
vþzF‰þéôé²Ìyí!›„þ þ™yàþ„Êþ› ç þ™yàþÄ¢)!‰þ
15
vþzF‰þéôé²Ìyí!›„þ þ™yàþ„Êþ› ç þ™yàþÄ¢)!‰þ
16
vþzF‰þéôé²Ìyí!›„þ þ™yàþ„Êþ› ç þ™yàþÄ¢)!‰þ
SÜV v˛z!qî Á ≤Ãyí#Ó˚ S1V v˛z!qˆÏîÓ˚ Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ òyòy v˛zîy£Ó˚í !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô S2V Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛Ü%!úˆÏÑ˛ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S3V v˛z!qî Á ˛≤Ãyí#Ó˚ Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ü%!ú !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚
xÇü£@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ≤ß¿ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y
S4V Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ô !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Îs˛fˆÏÑ˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V v˛z!qî Á ≤Ãyí#Ó˚ Sõyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚V Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò xˆÏAÜÓ˚ ˜îˆÏá≈ƒÓ˚ xyò%˛ôy!ì˛Ñ˛
˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò õy˛ôy xyÓ!üƒÑ˛ ì˛y ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ Á xÇÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S6V Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ xyò%˛ôy!ì˛Ñ˛ £yÓ˚ xò%ÎyÎ˚# õyòÓˆÏîˆÏ£Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇüÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ Óy ˆî£yÇüˆÏÑ˛
üòy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S7V !üü% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚fl˛Ò £ˆÏÎ˚ Á‡˛yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ÁãˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ áˆÏ›˛ ì˛y
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v˛z˛ô@˘Ã£ Á xyˆÏúyÑ˛!â˛e ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í
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11. !îÑ˛ñ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ xyhs˛É¢¡ôÑ≈˛ xò%ïyÓò Á Ü%Óc%˚ xò%ïyÓò
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transmit information and are text centred. Therefore, the content needs to focus on a conceptual understanding
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ability to analyse socio-political realities rather than on the mere retention of information without comprehension.”
(NCF, 2005, p.50).
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Óí≈òyÓ˚ Ü![˛Ó˚ Óy£zˆÓÏ ˚ î,üƒõyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú ÎyˆÏì˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˆÓyïÜõƒì˛yÓ˚ SunderstandingV !ÓÑ˛yˆÏü ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ £Î˚ ˆ¢£z úˆÏ«˛ƒ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛
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ÓƒyÎ˚yõ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ ˆì˛õ!ò
ì˛y î)Ó#˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ ˛¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ Á ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ
fl˛∫yfĩ!ü«˛y
2.1.1 fl˛∫yfĩ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ïyÓ˚íy fl˛∫yfĩ!ü«˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ~Ñ˛›˛y ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
¢õÌ≈ £ˆÏÓ–
2.1.2 fl˛∫yfĩ
2.1.3 fl˛∫yfĩ!ü«˛y
2.1.4 fl˛∫yfĩ!ü«˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ
2.1.5 fl˛∫yfĩ!ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛y
2.2.1 fl˛∫yfĩ!ÓK˛yò Á Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈߨì˛y Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈߨì˛y Á !Óü%Âï ãˆÏúÓ˚
ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Á xyˆÏ ú yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏ Î ˚ y ãò#Î˚ ì ˛y ¢ÇÑ ˛ yhs˛
xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢õÌ≈ƒ £ˆÏÓ–
2.2.2 Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈߨì˛y
2.2.3 !Óü%Âï ãˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
2.2.4 !Óü%Âï ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
2.2.5 xyˆÏúyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
2.3.1 x¶˛ƒy¢ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ïyÓ˚íy !ü«˛yÌ#≈ ˆÎõò !òã xAÜÈÙÈ≤Ãì˛ƒAÜ !â˛òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ
45
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47
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îúÜì˛ Ñ ˛#v˛¸y
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