Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜ / Mentor
TEYXO™ 5 / ISSUE 5
IÔ‡ÓÈÔ˜ 2002
¶EPIEXOMENA / CONTENTS
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÎÚÈۛ˜
EMMANOYH§ KPIAPA™ 194 ¢ËÌÔÛÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· Î·È ÁÏÒÛÛ·
XPI™TOºOPO™ XAPA§AM¶AKH™ 198 MÈ· Ó¤· ÚfiÙ·ÛË - ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ
ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Î·È ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ N¤·˜
EÏÏËÓÈ΋˜: Ë °Ú·ÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ XÚ. KÏ·›ÚË -
°. M·ÌÈÓÈÒÙË
¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë
Abstact
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
∂›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙfi (.¯. ‚Ï. Niss, 1987, section 2.2) fiÙÈ ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ÚÔ-
Û¿ıÂÈ·˜ Ô˘ ηٷ‚Ï‹ıËΠÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ B’ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ, ÒÛÙ ٷ
M·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Ó· ¤ÏıÔ˘Ó Û ·ÚÌÔÓ›· Ì ٷ M·-
ıËÌ·ÙÈο ˆ˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËΠ·fi ÙÔ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ٤ٷÚÙÔ
ÙÔ˘ 19Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· Î·È ÌÂÙ¿, Ì ¤Ó· ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ‰È¢ڢÓfiÌÂÓÔ ¿ÓÔÈÁÌ· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ
Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓˆÓ ·ÓÒÙÂÚˆÓ M·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ, ‹Ù·Ó Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ
«Ó¤ˆÓ M·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ» ÛÙË Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË.
øÛÙfiÛÔ ‰Â ¯ÚÂÈ¿ÛÙËΠӷ ÂÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÏÏ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ÁÈ· Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ·ÓÙÈÏËÙfi
fiÙÈ Ù· Ó¤· ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ‰Â ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Û·Ó ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈο Û fiÏ· Ù·
›‰·, ·Û¯¤Ùˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ‹Ù·Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÁÈ· οı ›‰Ô.
∏ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· ‰È‰·¯ıÔ‡Ó ÚÒÙ· ÔÈ ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰ÂȘ ÁÂÓÈ·ÛÂȘ, ÚÈÓ Ó·
·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙ› ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÁÂÓÈ΢ı›, ·Ô‰Â›¯ÙËΠfiÙÈ ‹Ù·Ó ÌÈ·
Ï‹Ú˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·. ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‹Ù·Ó Ë ÛÙ¤ÚËÛË Ù˘ ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ ·-
Ó·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„˘ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È‰·ÛÎfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Î·È Ë ·ÔÁ‡ÌÓˆÛË Ù˘ ‡Ï˘ ·fi ·-
Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ó Ù· M·ıËÌ·ÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ¿ÏϘ ÂÈ-
Ûً̘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Ù· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ô, Û˘ÓÙÂÏÒÓÙ·˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ
·˘Ùfi ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ó¤ˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ıˆÚÈÒÓ.
ŒÙÛÈ, ˆ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Î·È ‡ÛÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙÔ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ·Û·Ê¤˜ «Î‡Ì·» ÙÔ˘ «›Ûˆ
ÛÙ· ‚·ÛÈο», ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ‰fiıËΠηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜
ÙÔ˘ ’80 ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ˆ˜ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ˆ˜ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚÔ˘ ÁÈ·
ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Î·È Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ M·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ, ÌÂ
‰‡Ô Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ˜: ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· «¶Úfi‚ÏËÌ· - §‡ÛË» (Problem Solving), fiÔ˘
Ë ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÙ·È ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ Â˘ÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ
(heuristics) ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË Î·ı·ÚÒÓ (΢ڛˆ˜) Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ
(.¯. ‚Ï. Voskoglou - Perdikaris, 1991, section 1), Î·È ÙË «ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ªÔ-
ÓÙÂÏÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È EÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜» (Mathematical ªodelling and Applications), Ë
ÔÔ›· ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Â›Ï˘Û˘ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈ-
Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙÔÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏË-
Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ (.¯. ‚Ï. Voskoglou, 1995, sections 1 Î·È 2).
∏ Ì¿ıËÛË ÙˆÓ M·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿-
ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÛÙËÓ È‰¤· Ù˘ Â·Ó·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„˘ (rediscovery).
√ Polya (1963) ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Ù˘ Â·Ó·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„˘ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ
·ÚÈÔ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ «ÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡ Ì¿ıËÛ˘» (active learning)
4
BO™KO°§OY 23/07/02 10:11 ™ÂÏ›‰· 5 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
5
BO™KO°§OY 23/07/02 10:11 ™ÂÏ›‰· 6 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
H ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ‚·ÛÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈ-
ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ·Ó Î·È Ô Î·ı¤Ó·˜ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÁÂÓÈο ÙÈ Â›Ó·È Ë
Ì¿ıËÛË, Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ʇÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰Âȯı› fiÙÈ
Â›Ó·È ÔχÏÔÎË.
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ Voss (1987), οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·fiÎÙËÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤·˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘
ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û·˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È Î·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ë Ì¿ıËÛË
·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÂȉÈ΋ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ÁÂÓÈ΋˜ ÎÏ¿Û˘ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘,
‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÌÂÓË ·fi ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿.
ŸÙ·Ó Ë Ì¿ıËÛË ÙÂı› Û ٤ÙÔÈ· Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿, ·ÔÎÙ¿ ¤Ó· ›-
Â‰Ô ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ·fi ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ·Ï‹˜ ¤ÎÙ·Û˘
Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ÁÂÓ›Î¢Û˘ (Gelheiser, 1984). To ›-
Â‰Ô ·˘Ùfi ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ Â·Ú΋ ÛÙÔȯ›· ÂÓËÌÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜, ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÌÂٷ͇ Û¯Ë-
Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿-
ÙˆÓ (Cooper Î·È Sweller, 1987).
OÈ Salomon Î·È Perkins (1989) ˘ÔÁÚ·ÌÌ›˙Ô˘Ó Â›Û˘ fiÙÈ Ë Ô˘ÛÈ҉˘ ‰È·-
ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ·Ï‹˜ (low-road) Î·È Ù˘ Û‡ÓıÂÙ˘ (high-road) ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ›-
Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈ΋ ·Ê·ÈÚÂÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙˆÓ ÁÂÓÂ-
ÙÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÚÒ-
ÙË, Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·Ú¿ ÌÈ· ·˘ıfiÚÌËÙË Î·È ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙË Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘.
√ Voss (1987) ÈÛÙ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë Ì¿ıËÛË Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·Ù·È ‚·ÛÈο ·fi ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿
‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÂÈÛfi‰Ô˘
·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û· ÁÓÒÛË Î·È Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ Ë Ï‡ÛË ÂÌÊ·Ó›-
˙ÂÙ·È fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂÚÌËÓ¢ıÔ‡Ó Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ·. ∏ fiÏË ‰È·‰Èηۛ·
ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ Ù· ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÛÙ¿‰È· (states):
s1 = ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË (representation) ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ÂÈÛfi‰Ô˘, s2 = ÂÚÌË-
Ó›· (interpretation) ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ, s3 = ÁÂӛ΢ÛË (generaliza-
tion) Î·È s4 = ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË (categorization).
∏ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ÂÈÛfi‰Ô˘ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙË-
Ù· ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· Ù˘ ÌÓ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘, ÁÈ· Ó· ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÈ
ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Ô˘ ı· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¤Ú¢ÛË Î¿ÔÈ·˜ χÛ˘.
∏ Ì¿ıËÛË ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÂÓfi˜ ηٿÏÏËÏÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÂÚ-
ÌËÓÂÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ÂÈÛfi‰Ô˘ Î·È ÙË ÁÂӛ΢ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÌËÓÂÈ-
ÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Û ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ηٷÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ.
ŸÙ·Ó Ë ÁÓÒÛË ·Ú¯›ÛÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋, ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰È·-
‰Èηۛ·˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÂÈÛfi‰Ô˘
ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÔÓÙ·È Ï¤ÔÓ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ ÎÏ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û·˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ªÂ
ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ·ÔÎÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ Ӥ˜ ÏËÚÔ-
ÊÔڛ˜ Ì ÙȘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰Ô̤˜.
6
BO™KO°§OY 23/07/02 10:11 ™ÂÏ›‰· 7 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
s1
▲
▲
▲
s2
▲
▲
▲
s3
s4 s5
7
BO™KO°§OY 23/07/02 10:11 ™ÂÏ›‰· 8 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
P(A∩B) P(B)
∞ÎfiÌË Ë ‰ÂÛÌÂ˘Ì¤ÓË Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· P(B/A) = = = ÓB ‰›ÓÂÈ
P(A) P(A) ÓA
ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ, ¤¯Ô-
ÓÙ·˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜, ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ·Ó Â›Û˘
Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Î·È ÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ÁÂÓ›Î¢Û˘.
Ó°
∞Ó¿ÏÔÁ·, Ë ‰ÂÛÌÂ˘Ì¤ÓË Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· P(°/B) = Ó ‰›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙˆÓ
B
Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ, ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙË ÁÂӛ΢ÛË, ·ÓÙÈÌÂ-
ÙÒÈÛ·Ó Â›Û˘ Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË.
Ó°
∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· P(°/A) = ‰›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÔÈ ÔÔ›-
ÓA
ÔÈ, ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÛÂÈ Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÂÈÛfi‰Ô˘, ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ·Ó
›Û˘ Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Î·È fiÏ· Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ÛÙ¿‰È· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘.
8
BO™KO°§OY 23/07/02 10:11 ™ÂÏ›‰· 9 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
µ. ∏ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜
9
BO™KO°§OY 23/07/02 10:11 ™ÂÏ›‰· 10 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ·Û΋ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ 1˘ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ÌÂ
ÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ 22 Ô˘ Ù· ηٿÊÂÚ·Ó, Û˘Ó·ÓÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ‹ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂ-
Ú˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ηٿ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË.
™ÙÔ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ 9 ÛÔ˘‰·ÛÙ¤˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ·Ó Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘-
ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˘ ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ 2˘ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÔÈ ˘fi-
ÏÔÈÔÈ 13 ‰ÂÓ Ù· ηٿÊÂÚ·Ó.
¢. ∆· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·
10
BO™KO°§OY 23/07/02 10:11 ™ÂÏ›‰· 11 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ·
™ÂÈÚ¿ 1Ë
i) xn l1Ë
n xdx, n ∈ N Î·È ii) dx
1 x x 2-1 2
11
BO™KO°§OY 23/07/02 10:11 ™ÂÏ›‰· 12 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
1 +∞ 6 2
™ÂÈÚ¿ 2Ë
1) ∏ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ·Ó·ÌÔÓ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Ú¿ ¤Íˆ ·fi ÙÔ Ù·ÌÂ›Ô ÂÓfi˜ ı¿ÙÚÔ˘ ‰›ÓÂÙ·È
2
ÛÂ ÚÒÙ· ÏÂÙ¿ ·fi ÙË Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË f (x) = 3x , ÁÈ· 0<x<4.
64
·) ¶ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ·Ó·ÌÔÓ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Ú¿ ÌÂٷ͇ 3 Î·È 4 ÏÂÙÒÓ;
‚) ¡· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ› Ë Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÏ›‰· Î·È Ë ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛË Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏË-
Ù‹˜ x.
2) ¡· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ› Ë Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÏ›‰· Ù˘ Ù˘¯·›·˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ‹˜ x ÌÂ Û˘Ó¿Ú-
ÙËÛË ˘ÎÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ f(x)=ae-·x, x, a>0.
3) ∞Ó P=f(Q)=25-Q2 Â›Ó·È Ë Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È P=g(Q)=2Q+1 Â›Ó·È Ë
Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ÚÔ˚fiÓ , Ó· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Û˘ÓÔÏÈΤ˜
ˆÊ¤ÏÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ηٷӷψً (ø∫) Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÔ‡ (ø¶).
(™ËÌ›ˆÛË: ¶ÚÔËÁ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ÙˆÓ ø∫ Î·È ø¶, .¯. ‚Ï. µfiÛÎÔ-
ÁÏÔ˘, 1999, ·Ú¿ÁÚ. 17.5.)
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·
µfiÛÎÔÁÏÔ˘, ª. (1999). ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ∆Ô̤· ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È √ÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ (°’ ¤Î‰.). ∞ı‹-
Ó·: ª·Î‰ÔÓÈΤ˜ ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ (∂Ή. fiÌÈÏÔ˜ ÿˆÓ).
Cooper, G. & Sweller, J. (1987). The effects of schema acquisition and rule automation on
mathematics problem solving transfer. J. of Educational Psychology, 79, 347-362.
Lawson, M. (1990). The Case for Instruction in the Use of General Problem-Solving Strategies
in Mathematics Teaching: A Comment on Owen and Sweller. J. for Research in
Mathematics Education, 21, 403-410.
Niss, M. (1987). Applications and modelling in the mathematics curriculum - state and trends.
Int. J. Math. Educ. Sci. Technol., 18, 487-505.
Owen, E. & Sweller, J. (1989). Should Problem Solving Be Used as a Learning Device in
Mathematics? J. for Research in Mathematics Education, 20, 322-328.
12
BO™KO°§OY 23/07/02 10:11 ™ÂÏ›‰· 13 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
Polya, G. (1963). On learning, teaching and learning teaching. American Mathematical Monthly,
70, 605-619.
Voskoglou, M. G. & Perdikaris, S. C. (1991). A Markov chain model in problem solving. Int. J.
Math. Educ. Sci. Technol., 22, 909-914.
Voskoglou, M. G. (1995). Measuring mathematical model building abilities. Int. J. Math. Educ.
Sci. Technol., 26, 29-35.
Voss, J. F. (1987). Learning and transfer in subject-matter learning: A problem solving model.
Int. J. Educ. Research, 11, 607-622.
13
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:35 ™ÂÏ›‰· 14 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
KˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜ °. °Î˘ÚÙ‹˜
7Ô EÛÂÚÈÓfi TEE AıËÓÒÓ
°ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ A. TÛȯÚÈÓÙ˙‹˜
¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ¶ÂÈÚ·ÈÒ˜
¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë
Abstract
1. ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
15
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 16 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
(ÁÚ·ÌÌÈÎfi) fiÚÔ ÙˆÓ ÛÂÈÚÒÓ Born Î·È Rytov. ™ÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 6 ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ô
∞º√ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÓÙÈÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÙ·È Ô ÁÚ·ÌÌÈÎfi˜ fiÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÛÂÈÚÒÓ Born ηÈ
Rytov. ™ÙȘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ 7 Î·È 8 ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌË ÁÚ·ÌÌÈÎÔ› ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔÈ ·ÓÙÈ-
ÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÛÂÈÚÒÓ Born Î·È Rytov, ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÛÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 9 ·-
ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·
ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 10 Û˘ÓÔ„›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ, ÂÍ¿ÁÔÓÙ·È Û˘ÌÂ-
Ú¿ÛÌ·Ù· Î·È ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜.
£ÂˆÚԇ̠¤Ó· ÌÔÓԯڈ̷ÙÈÎfi1 Â›Â‰Ô Î‡Ì·, Ô˘ ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ Â͛ۈÛË
Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ Î˘Ì·Ù·ÚÈıÌfi
ÛÙÔ ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ, fiÔ˘ ÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ Î·È Ë Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ·̷ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ï Î·È c0, ·ÓÙ›-
ÛÙÔȯ·. ∆Ô Î‡Ì· ‰È·‰›‰ÂÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓ·‰È·›Ô˘ ‰È·Ó‡ÛÌ·-
ÙÔ˜ ̤۷ Û ¤Ó· ÔÌÔÁÂÓ¤˜ ̤ÛÔ Î·È ÚÔÛ›ÙÂÈ Û ÌÈ· ÂÂÚ·Ṳ̂ÓË Â-
ÚÈÔ¯‹ ÛΤ‰·Û˘ ∏ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ·˘Ù‹ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ηٷÓÔÌ‹
‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ÛΤ‰·Û˘ V(x), Ë ÔÔ›· ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ÔÙÈ΋˜ ÛΤ‰·Û˘ ‰›-
ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ Ù‡Ô , fiÔ˘ Ë ·ÔÙÂ-
Ï› ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË (object function) Î·È n(x) ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ Î·Ù·-
ÓÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌÈÁ·‰ÈÎÔ‡ ‰Â›ÎÙË ‰È¿ıÏ·Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÛΤ‰·Û˘.
1. ŒÓ· ÌÔÓԯڈ̷ÙÈÎfi ·̷ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ· ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Fourier ÂÓfi˜ Î˘Ì·ÙÈ-
ÎÔ‡ ·ÏÌÔ‡, Ë ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÌÔÓˆı› ·fi ÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi Î˘Ì·ÙÈÎfi ·ÏÌfi Ì ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÓfi˜
·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Fourier.
16
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 17 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
17
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 18 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
fiÔ˘ H0(1) Â›Ó·È Ë Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË Hankel ÚÒÙÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ Î·È ÌˉÂÓÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ [16].
3. ™ÂÈÚ¤˜ Born
18
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 19 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
(5)
(6)
∞fi Ù· ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ· Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ê·ÓÂÚfi ˆ˜ Ô n–ÔÛÙfi˜ fiÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ Born
˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ ·fi ·˘ÙfiÓ fiÚÔ˘, ÁÈ· n = 1,2,3,....
19
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 20 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
(8)
4. ™ÂÈÚ¤˜ Rytov
, (9)
fiÔ˘ W (x0 ; ) Â›Ó·È Ë ÌÈÁ·‰È΋ Ê¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ·̷ÙÔ˜ ηÓÔÓÈÎÔÔÈË̤ÓË
·fi ÙÔÓ Î˘Ì·Ù·ÚÈıÌfi (wavenumber-normalized complex phase). ∞ÓÙÈηٿÛÙ·-
ÛË Ù˘ Â͛ۈÛ˘ (9) ÛÙËÓ Â͛ۈÛË (3), Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıË ÌË ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ΋
Â͛ۈÛË Ricatti ÁÈ· ÙË Ê¿ÛË W:
20
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 21 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
(10)
ª¤¯ÚÈ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ Î¿ÔÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Î·È ÔÈ ÂÍÈÛÒÛÂȘ (10) ηÈ
(1) Â›Ó·È ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÈÛÔ‰‡Ó·Ì˜ ·fi Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë. ∏ χÛË Ù˘ Â͛ۈÛ˘
(10) Ì ÛÂÈÚ¤˜ Rytov ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È, ·Ó ·ÓÙÈηٷÛÙ·ıÔ‡Ó Û ·˘Ù‹Ó ÔÈ Ù˘ÈΤ˜
ÛÂÈÚ¤˜
(11)
Ì , ÔfiÙÂ Î·È ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı˜ ÂÍÈÛÒÛÂȘ:
(12)
(14)
(15)
21
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 22 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
∞fi ÙȘ ÂÍÈÛÒÛÂȘ (13) Î·È (15) ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ fiÙÈ Ô ÚÒÙÔ˜ fiÚÔ˜ W1 ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi
ÙË Û¯¤ÛË
(16)
(17)
∏ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Rytov, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Born, ηٷϋÁÂÈ ÛÂ
Ì›· ÌË ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ΋ ·ÂÈÎfiÓÈÛË ·fi ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi ÛΤ‰·Û˘ ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÎfi ·̷ ηÈ
ÛÙÔ ÛΉ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ Î‡Ì·. ¶·Ú' fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÁÚ·ÌÌÈÎÔÔÈË̤ÓË ÚÔÛ¤Á-
ÁÈÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ∂¶™ Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· fiÙÈ ÁÚ·ÌÌÈÎÔÔÈ› ÙËÓ ·ÂÈÎfiÓÈÛË ·fi ÙÔ ‰˘-
Ó·ÌÈÎfi ÛΤ‰·Û˘ ÛÙË ÌÈÁ·‰È΋ Ê¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ·̷ÙÔ˜. ∏ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË
Rytov Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Born, ηıÒ˜ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ
οو ·fi ÙË Û˘Óı‹ÎË , ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ¿ÌÂ-
Û· ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛΉ·ÛÙ‹.
√È fiÚÔÈ ÙˆÓ ÛÂÈÚÒÓ Born Î·È Rytov Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ [18] (›-
Û˘, [22]). ŒÓ·˜ fiÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ Rytov Ù¿Í˘ n ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙ› Ì ÙË
‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· fiÚˆÓ Ù˘ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ Born Ù¿Í˘ 0,1,2,..., n Î·È ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊ·. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ë
·ÓÙÈηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÂÈÚÒÓ Born Î·È Rytov ÛÙËÓ Â͛ۈÛË (9) ‰›ÓÂÈ
(18)
(19)
22
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 23 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
(20)
23
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 24 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
24
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 25 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
™ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi ÂÈÛ¿ÁÂÙ·È ÙÔ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÁÌ· Weyl [16] ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË Green G
(24)
fiÔ˘
∆Ô ·Ó¿Ù˘ÁÌ· ÛÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ Â͛ۈÛ˘ (24) ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ‰‡Ô Ê¿ÛÌ·-
Ù· ›‰ˆÓ Î˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ, ÙÔ ÔÌÔÁÂÓ¤˜ (homogeneous) (·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› Û )
Î·È ÙÔ ·ÚÔ‰ÈÎfi (evanescent) (·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› Û ). ªÔÚ› ‰Â Ó· ÂÚÈÎÔ-
› ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙÔ ÔÌÔÁÂÓ¤˜ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÙÔ˘, fiˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙÔ
‰ÂÍ› ̤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ Â͛ۈÛ˘ (24), ·Ó ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ x0 ıˆÚË-
ı› ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÌÂÚÈο Ì‹ÎË Î‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ì·ÎÚÈ¿ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÛΤ‰·Û˘ .
∞ÓÙÈηıÈÛÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ Â͛ۈÛË (24) ÛÙËÓ Â͛ۈÛË (21), Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È [24, 7, 9]:
(25)
25
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 26 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
(26)
√Ú›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ˆ˜
fiÙ·Ó ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ Born,
fiÙ·Ó ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ Rytov,
Ù· ‰‡Ô ÁÚ·ÌÌÈο ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ Ù˘ ¶∆ ÂÓÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ÂÓÈ·›· ıˆڛ· ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ-
ÎÔ‡ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙ› Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÚÈÛÙ›
Ì ̷ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·˘ÛÙËÚfiÙËÙ·.
∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ¶∆ ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÚÈÛÙ› ˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÂÈ-
Ù˘Á¯¿ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛ˘ f, ·Ó Â›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙfi˜ Ô
``ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ‰È¿‰ÔÛ˘'' (propagation transform) Pıf. √ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜
‰È¿‰ÔÛ˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË f Ì ÙË Û˘ÓÂÏÈÎÙÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË
(27)
(28)
√È ÂÍÈÛÒÛÂȘ (27) Î·È (28) ηٷϋÁÔ˘Ó Û ÌÈ· ·Ï‹ Û¯¤ÛË fiÙ·Ó ıˆÚÔ‡-
ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Â‰›Ô ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Fourier. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë Û¯¤ÛË ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ÌÂ
·ÓÙÈηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ Â͛ۈÛ˘ (28) ÛÙËÓ Â͛ۈÛË (27), Ë ÔÔ›· ‰›ÓÂÈ
fiÙ·Ó
(29)
‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο.
∏ Â͛ۈÛË (29) Â›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ˆ˜ £ÂÒÚËÌ· °ÂÓÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˘ ¶ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹˜ ∆ÔÌ‹˜
- £°¶∆ (Generalized Projection-Slice Theorem) Î·È ·Ó··Ú›ÛÙ·Ù·È Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈο
ÛÙÔ ™¯‹Ì· 3. £ÂˆÚԇ̠fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÈÛÔ¸„›˜ η̇Ϙ ÙÔ˘ Û¯‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·Ó··ÚÈ-
ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ‰È‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙÔ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi Fourier Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛ˘.
∆Ô ‰È·‰È‰fiÌÂÓÔ (·Ó·ÎÏÒÌÂÓÔ) ·̷ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ÙÈ̤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈ-
ÛÌÔ‡ Fourier ÛÙ· ÛËÌ›· ÙÔ˘ ËÌÈ΢ÎÏ›Ô˘ ÌÂ Û˘Ó¯‹ (‰È·ÎÂÎÔÌ̤ÓË) ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹.
26
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 27 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
(30)
27
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 28 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
∞fi ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ Ô ∞º√ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÚÔÔÔÈËı› Î·È ÂÂ-
ÎÙ·ı› ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ó· ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È ·Ó·Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ·fi ÌÂ-
ÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÁˆÌÂÙÚÈÒÓ. ∂›Û˘, Ë ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÏÂÁ¯ı› ̤۷
·fi ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Î·È ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆ-
ÛË ÌÂ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹ [5, 8].
ŒÛÙˆ fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ ™¯‹Ì· 2 ÙÔ Â‰›Ô ÛΤ‰·Û˘ ηٿ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹˜
ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿, ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÙ·È ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈο
·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÒÙÔ˘˜ N fiÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ Born, fiˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ Â͛ۈÛË (7). √Ú›˙Ô-
ÓÙ·È ÙÒÚ· ÔÈ ¯ÒÚÔÈ Hilbert Î·È ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜:
ñ , fiÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ΢ÎÏÈÎfi˜ ‰›ÛÎÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂȤ‰Ô˘
, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÎÙ›Ó· · Î·È ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÛΤ‰·Û˘ .
ñ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙÂ
ÁÈ·
‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο
(32)
28
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 29 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
(33)
™ÙËÓ Â͛ۈÛË (33), f Â›Ó·È Ë Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ
·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤¯ÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Fourier Ù˘ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛ˘ fL. ∏ ÂÈ-
ÏÔÁ‹ Ù˘ GL (Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙË G) ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Ú·ÎÙÈο
fiÛÔ Ë ·fiÛÙ·ÛË Ì¤ÙÚËÛ˘ s0 Â›Ó·È Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ÌÂÚÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÌËÎÒÓ Î‡-
Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È ÂÍ·Ûı¤ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÈÛÙˆÛÒÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÔ‰ÈÎÒÓ
Î˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ¤Íˆ ·fi ÙÔ ÛΉ·ÛÙ‹ (s0 >> Ï). ¶¿ÓÙˆ˜, ÔÈ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÔ‰È-
ÎÒÓ Î˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ı· ‰ÒÛÔ˘Ó, ÁÂÓÈο, ·ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÁÈ· ˘„ËÏfiÙÂ-
Ú˘ Ù¿Í˘ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ˜ ÔÌÔÁÂÓÒÓ Î˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙȘ ÔÏϷϤ˜ ÛΉ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏË-
ÏÂȉڿÛÂȘ Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ ÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ·Ó¿Ù˘ÁÌ· Ù˘ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛ˘ Green G ¯ÚÂÈ¿-
˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ÁÈ· ÙȘ ˘fiÏÔȘ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÛÂȘ.
°È· ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌË ÁÚ·ÌÌÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÒÓ Ù˘ Â͛ۈÛ˘
(33) Û ÌÈ· ÂÏ΢ÛÙÈ΋, ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο, ÌÔÚÊ‹ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜
Weyl. πÛ¯‡ÂÈ
(34)
29
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 30 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
(36)
√ ÙÂÏÂÛÙ‹˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ fiˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È
ÛÙËÓ Â͛ۈÛË (30).
ŒÛÙˆ Ô ÌË ÔÌÔÁÂÓ‹˜ ÙÂÏÂÛÙ‹˜ Volterra Ù¿Í˘ N
(37)
fiÔ˘
(38)
(40)
30
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 31 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
ŒÛÙˆ fiÙÈ ÛÙË ‰È¿Ù·ÍË ÙÔ˘ ™¯‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ 2 Ë ÌÈÁ·‰È΋ Ê¿ÛË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ô ÌÈÁ·‰È-
Îfi˜ ÏÔÁ¿ÚÈıÌÔ˜, ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ·̷ÙÔ˜ ηٿ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹˜
ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿, ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÙ·È Î·Ï¿ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÒÙÔ˘˜
N fiÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ Rytov, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ·ÔÎÏ›ÂÙ·È Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ .
¢ËÏ·‰‹:
W (x 0) ≈ W0 (x0) + W1 (x0) + … + WN (x0). (42)
31
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 32 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
ÁÈ·
‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο.
(46)
(48)
32
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 33 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
(50)
33
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 34 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
(52)
√ Î˘Ì·Ù·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Ù¤ıËΠ›ÛÔ˜ Ì k=6, Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› Û ̋ÎÔ˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜
34
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 35 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
35
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 36 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
36
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 37 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·
[1] Chadan, K. Colton, D., Paivarinta, L. & Rundell, W. (1997). An Instroduction to Inverse Scattering
and Inverse Spectral Problems. Philadelphia: SIAM.
[2] Chernov, L. A. (1967). Wave Propagation in a Random Medium. New York: Dover Publications.
[3] Colton, D. & Kress, R. (1998). Inverse Acoustic and Electromagnetic Scattering. Berlin: Springer-
Verlag (2nd edition).
[4] Deming, R. W. & Devaney, A. J. (1997). Diffraction tomography for multi-monostatic ground
penetrating radar imaging. Inverse Problems, 13, 29-45.
[5] Devaney, A. J. (1982). A filtered backpropagation algorithm for diffraction tomography.
Utrasonic Imaging, 4, 336.
[6] Devaney, A. J. (1984). Geophysical diffraction tomography. IEEE Trans. Geosci. and Remote
Sensing, GE-22, 3.
[7] Devaney, A. J. (1985). Mathematical Topics in Diffraction Tomography. Final Project Report
NSF Grant DMS-8460595.
[8] Devaney, A. J. (1986). Reconstructive tomography with diffracting wavefields. Inverse Problems, 2,
161.
[9] Devaney, A. J. (1989). The limited-view problem in diffraction tomography, Inverse Problems, 5,
501.
[10] Hansen, T. B. & Johansen P. M. (Jan. 2000). Inversion scheme for ground penetrating radar that
takes into account the air-soil interface. IEEE Trans. Geosci. and Remote Sensing.
37
°KYPTH™ - T™IXPITZH™ÓÂÔ 23-07-02 09:36 ™ÂÏ›‰· 38 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
[11] Herman, G. T. (1980). Image Reconstruction from Projections: The Fundamentals of Computerized
Tomography. New York: Academic Press.
[12] Kak, A. C. & Slaney, M. (1988). Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging. New York:
IEEE Press.
[13] Ladas, K. T. & Devaney, A. J. (1991). Generalized ART algorithm for diffraction tomography.
Inverse Problems, 7, 109.
[14] Ladas, K. T. & Devaney, A. J. (1992). Iterative methods in geophysical diffraction tomography.
Inverse Problems, 8, 119-132.
[15] Molyneux, J. E. & Witter, A. J. (1993). Diffraction tomographic imaging in a monostatic
measurement geometry. IEEE Trans. Geo. Rem Sens., GRS-31, 507-511.
[16] Morse, P. M. & Feshbach, H. (1953). Methods of Theoretical Physics, Parts I, II. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
[17] Newton, R. G. (1982). Scattering Theory of Waves and Particles. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
[18] Schmeltzer, R. A. (1967). Means, variances, and covariances, for laser beam propagation through
a random medium. Quart. Appl. Math., 24, 339-354.
[19] Tatarski, V.I. (1961). Wave Propagation in a Turbulent Medium. New York: McGraw-Hill.
[20] Tsihrintzis, G.A. & Devaney, A. J. (1993). Stochastic diffraction tomography: Theory and
computer simulation. Signal Processing, 39, 49-64.
[21] Tsihrintzis, G.A. & Devaney, A. J. (1994). Stochasti geophysical diffraction tomography. Int. J.
Imag. Syst. Techn., 5, 239-242.
[22] Tsihrintzis, G.A. & Devaney, A. J. (2000). Higher-Order (Nonlinear) Diffraction Tomography:
Inversion of the Rytov Series. IEEE Trans. Inf. Th.; Special Issue on Information Theoretic
Imaging, IT-46, 1748-1761.
[23] Witten A. J., Molyneux, J. E. & Nyquist, J. E. (1994). Ground penetrating radar tomography:
Algorithms and case studies. IEEE Trans. Geo. Rem Sens., GRS-32, 461-467.
[24] Wolf, E. (1969). Three dimensional structure determination of semi transparent objects from
holographic data. Opt. Commun., 1, 153.
[25] Wolf, E. (1996). Principles and development of diffraction tomography. In: A. Consortini (Ed.).
Trends in Optics. San Diego: Academic Press.
38
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 39 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
Abstract
40
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 41 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ·
41
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 42 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
42
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 43 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
43
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 44 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
∏ ÚfiÙ·ÛË
44
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 45 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
√È ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚȷΤ˜ ·Û΋ÛÂȘ
AI™£HTHPA™
¢IA™YN¢E™H £E™H™
EÈÎfiÓ· 1
™¯ËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ‰È¿Ù·Í˘
45
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 46 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
46
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 47 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
∆Ô ‰Â›ÁÌ·
47
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 48 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
1Ë ¿ÛÎËÛË
∏ ÚÒÙË Î·È Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ¿ÛÎËÛË ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÂÓÈ·›Ô ·ÎÏÔ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚÈ·ÎÒÓ
‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ. °›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ ı¤ÛË, ·fiÛÙ·ÛË, ΛÓËÛË, ·ÎÈÓË-
Û›·, ÔÌ·Ï‹ ΛÓËÛË ÚÔ˜ Ù· ÂÌÚfi˜ Î·È ÚÔ˜ Ù· ›Ûˆ.
√È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙË ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛË fiÙÈ Ë ı¤ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÎÈÓËÙÔ‡
ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÓÙÔÈÛÙ› Î·È Ó· ÌÂÙÚËı› ·Ì¤Ûˆ˜, Ì ¿Ú· Ôχ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ·ÎÚ›-
‚ÂÈ·, ·fi ÙÔÓ ·ÓȯÓÂ˘Ù‹ ı¤Û˘ Î·È Ó· ·ÂÈÎÔÓÈÛÙ› Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÛÙËÓ ÔıfiÓË
ÙÔ˘ ∏/À. ™ÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó Â›Û˘ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ‡·Ú͢ ¿ÌÂÛ˘ Û¯¤Û˘ ÌÂ-
ٷ͇ Ù˘ ı¤Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÙÔ‡ ÛÙÔÓ ¿ÁÎÔ Î·È Ù˘ ı¤Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ›¯ÓÔ˘˜ (ÛÙ·˘ÚÔ‡)
ÛÙËÓ ÔıfiÓË1 Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙË ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛË fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ú˘ıÌÔ› Ù˘ ΛÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÙÔ‡
Î·È ÙÔ˘ ›¯ÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔıfiÓË Â›Ó·È ›‰ÈÔÈ. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ,
Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙÒÌÂÓË, Â›Ó·È Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜. ªÂ ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú¿-
ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ı¤Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÙÔ‡ ·Ú¯Èο ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈÔ ¿ÍÔÓ· Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·
ÛÙÔÓ Î·Ù·ÎfiÚ˘ÊÔ ¿ÍÔÓ· ÂȉÈÒÎÂÙ·È Ë ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ Ù˘ ·Ú·ÓfiËÛ˘ ηٿ ÙËÓ
ÔÔ›· Ë ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÂÎÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Ë ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙÔ˜ Ô˘
·Ó··ÚÈÛÙ¿ÓÂÈ (∏ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ΛÓËÛË Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈÔ ¿ÍÔÓ·, ÂÓÒ Ë
ΛÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ›¯ÓÔ˘˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Â›Ù ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈÔ Â›Ù ÛÙÔÓ Î·Ù·ÎfiÚ˘ÊÔ ¿ÍÔÓ·.)
√È ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÛÙÂÚÂÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ·ÈÛıËÙ‹Ú· ı¤Û˘ ÛÙË Ì›· ¿ÎÚË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙË-
1. √ ‰È‰¿ÛΈÓ, Ì ηٿÏÏËϘ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ¤ÊÂÚÓ ÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ Ú·-
ÓÙ¿Ú. ¶ÚÔηÏÔ‡Û ¢¯¿ÚÈÛÙË ¤ÎÏËÍË ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ë ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛË fiÙÈ Ë ·Ú¯‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘
ÙfiÛÔ ÔχÙÈÌ˘ Û˘Û΢‹˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÂÏÈο ·Ï‹, fiˆ˜ fiϘ ÔÈ «ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜» ȉ¤Â˜.
48
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 49 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
49
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 50 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
2Ë ¿ÛÎËÛË
∏ ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ¢ı‡ÁÚ·ÌÌ˘ ÔÌ·Ï‹˜ ΛÓËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ›Ûˆ ΛÓËÛ˘ Á›-
ÓÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ηٿÏÏËÏÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÙÔ‡ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ÎÏ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·.
¶ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi ÙÚÂÓ¿ÎÈ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó·
ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙÔ Ì¤ÙÚÔ Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ (ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ‰‡Ô Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ˜) Î·È Ó· ·ÓÙÈ-
ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÈ ÙËÓ Î›ÓËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÌÔ¯ÏÔ‡2. µ·ÛÈ΋ Âȉ›ˆÍË Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜
Ó· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÔ˘Ó, ηْ ·Ú¯¿˜, ÔÈÔÙÈο ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÁÚ·ÌÌË ÔÌ·Ï‹ ΛÓËÛË Ì¤Û· ·fi
ÙȘ ÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ı¤Û˘/¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Î·È Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜/¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô-
2. ∏ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ÔÌ¿‰· ¤¯ÂÈ Û¯Â‰È¿ÛÂÈ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ ÎÈÓËÙfi Ô˘ Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Ù˘ Û˘-
ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜. ¶ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È fï˜ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·È¯ÓȉÈÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ·È‰·Áˆ-
ÁÈÎÔ‡˜.
50
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 51 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
3Ë ¿ÛÎËÛË
H ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ¢ı‡ÁÚ·ÌÌ˘, ÔÌ·Ï¿ ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓ˘ ΛÓËÛ˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹-
ıÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·Ì·Íȉ›Ô˘ Ô˘ Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi ¯ÚÔÓÔÌÂÙÚËÙ‹. H ΛÓËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Á›-
ÓÂÙ·È Â¿Óˆ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚÈ·Îfi ¿ÁÎÔ Ì ‚·Ú¿ÎÈ· Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ̷ÎÚ‡
Û¯ÔÈÓ› Î·È Ù· ÔÔ›· ·Ê‹ÓÔÓÙ·È Ó· ÎÈÓËıÔ‡Ó Î·Ù·ÎfiÚ˘Ê·. H ·Ó›¯Ó¢ÛË Ù˘ ı¤Û˘
ÙÔ˘ ›Ûˆ ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ì·Íȉ›Ô˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÛıËÙ‹Ú· ı¤Û˘.
B·ÛÈ΋ Âȉ›ˆÍË Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ÚÔÂÁÁ›ÛÔ˘Ó, ηْ ·Ú¯¿˜, ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡-
ÁÚ·ÌÌË, ÔÌ·Ï¿ ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓË Î›ÓËÛË Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙȘ ÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ
ı¤Û˘/¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Î·È Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜/¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÔıfiÓË ÙÔ˘
H/Y, Û ڷÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ, ÙËÓ ÒÚ· ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ô˘ Ë Î›ÓËÛË ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Û Âͤ-
ÏÈÍË. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ˙ËÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜
·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ¿ÛÎËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˘ Î·È Ó· ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓÔ˘Ó
ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È ÙȘ Ù˘ÈΤ˜ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û’ ·˘Ù¤˜.
™ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Ê¿ÛË, ÂȉÈÒÎÔÓÙ·˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÛÔÙÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·-
51
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 52 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
4Ë ¿ÛÎËÛË
∏ ¿ÛÎËÛË Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ù˘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˘ Î·È ·ÊÔ-
Ú¿ ÙË ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ÔÌ·Ï¿ ÂÈÙ·¯˘ÓfiÌÂÓ˘ ΛÓËÛ˘. ªÂÏÂ-
Ù¿Ù·È Ë Î›ÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·Ì·Íȉ›Ô˘ Û ÎÂÎÏÈ̤ÓÔ Â›Â‰Ô. ø˜
ÎÂÎÏÈ̤ÓÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› Ô ÂÚÁ·-
ÛÙËÚÈ·Îfi˜ ¿ÁÎÔ˜, Â¿Ó ÙÔÔıÂÙËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙ· fi‰È· Ù˘
ÌÈ·˜ ÏÂ˘Ú¿˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›·3. ∂ȉÈÒÎÂÙ·È Ó· ‰È·ÈÛÙˆı›
fiÙÈ fiÛÔ ÈÔ ÂÈÎÏÈÓ¤˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Î›ÓËÛ˘ (fiÛÔ
ÌÂÁ·ÏÒÓÂÈ Ë ÁˆÓ›· ÎÏ›Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂȤ‰Ô˘), ÙfiÛÔ ÈÔ ·fi-
ÙÔÌË Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ë Î·Ì‡ÏË ı¤Û˘/¯ÚfiÓÔ˘, ÂÓÒ ÌÂÁ·ÏÒÓÂÈ
Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Ë ÎÏ›ÛË Ù˘ η̇Ï˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜/¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Ô˘
·ÂÈÎÔÓ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÔıfiÓË ÙÔ˘ ∏/À. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· Ô‰Ë-
ÁËıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÙ¿¯˘ÓÛË
·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È, fiÛÔ ÌÂÁ·ÏÒÓÂÈ Ë ÎÏ›ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂȤ‰Ô˘, Ì fiÚÈÔ
ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÎfiÚ˘ÊË ı¤ÛË, fiÔ˘ Ë ÂÈÙ¿¯˘ÓÛË ·›ÚÓÂÈ ÙË Ì¤-
ÁÈÛÙË ÙÈÌ‹ Ù˘ (ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ ÂÈÙ¿¯˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ·˜).
ŸÙ·Ó Ô ‰È‰¿ÛÎˆÓ ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙ› Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ÂÈÙ¿¯˘ÓÛ˘
Ù˘ ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ·˜, ˙ËÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ÚÔÙ›-
ÓÔ˘Ó ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡-
ÓËÛË Ù˘ ΛÓËÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘
·Ê‹ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤ÛÂÈ ÂχıÂÚÔ ·fi οÔÈÔ
‡„Ô˜. ∏ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÚԂϤÂÈ ÚÔ‚ÏË-
Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÌÈÎÚ‹˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜, ·-
ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ
fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Ù˘
ηٷÏÏËÏfiÙÂÚ˘ ÚfiÙ·Û˘4. ªÂ ηٿÏ-
ÏËÏÔ˘˜ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ· (η-
Ù¢ı˘ÓfiÌÂÓË ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë) ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜
52
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 53 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
53
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 54 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ
1Ë 99 9 86 10 58 43 70 28 102 1 101 0
2Ë 89 19 77 19 35 66 42 56 72 31 87 14
3Ë 9 99 29 67 62 39 79 19 39 64 68 33
4Ë 20 88 48 48 43 58 75 23 57 46 70 31
5Ë 25 83 67 29 62 39 75 23
6Ë 13 95 67 29 62 39 76 22
7Ë 81 27 70 26
8Ë 81 27 72 24
1Ô ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ
∆· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·Ó ÛÙË ‰ÈÏ·Ó‹ ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ı¤Û˘/¯Úfi-
ÓÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÙÔ‡ Ô˘ ÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È Â˘ı‡ÁÚ·ÌÌ·.
∆Ô ÂÚÒÙËÌ· 1 ·ÊÔÚÔ‡ÛÂ ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ-
‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi, Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜
·Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘, Ù˘ ı¤Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÙÔ‡ ÛÂ
ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙË-
Ì· 2 ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋˜
¢È·ÈÛÙÒÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi Ì·ıËÙÒÓ (>80%) Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ,
Ì ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒ˜ ·Û‹Ì·ÓÙ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜, ÌfiÚÂÛ ӷ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂÈ ÛˆÛÙ¿ ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ¤˜
Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ı¤Û˘/¯ÚfiÓÔ˘, ÌfiÚÂÛ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ó· «‰È·‚¿ÛÂÈ» ÛˆÛÙ¿
ÙË ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË. ™˘ÌÂÚ·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Î·È ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚȷΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›-
ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÚÒÙÔ˘, ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘.
∆Ô ÂÚÒÙËÌ· 3 ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Û ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈ-
ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ΛÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ-
ÎÈÓ‹ÙÔ˘. ¢È·ÈÛÙÒıËΠfiÙÈ Ô ¤Ó·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚÂȘ
Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ (29, 30%)5 ÙˆÓ ∆¶∂ Î·È ÌfiÓÔ Ô ¤Ó·˜
ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰¤Î· Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ (9, 8%) ÙˆÓ ∆∂ ÚÔÛ‰Èfi-
ÚÈÛ·Ó ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ΛÓËÛ˘, Ô˘
Â›Ó·È Ù· 5 sec. ™ÙÔ ‰ÈÏ·Ófi ÈÛÙfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·-
ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο Ù· ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ÙˆÓ ÔÚ-
ıÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘
‰fiıËηÓ. ¢È·ÈÛÙÒÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ÏÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ·
ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÙÌËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (43, 45% ÁÈ· Ù· ∆¶∂ Î·È 65, 60% ÁÈ· Ù·
∆∂) ıÂÒÚËÛ ˆ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î›ÓËÛ˘ Ù· 12 sec, Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÔÏÈ΋ ¯ÚÔ-
ÓÈ΋ ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÂÈÎÔÓÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÛÙË ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙÔ˜. ªÈÎÚfi
ÔÛÔÛÙfi (5, 5% ÁÈ· Ù· ∆¶∂ Î·È 16, 15% ÁÈ· Ù· ∆∂) ¤‰ˆÛ ˆ˜ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ
ΛÓËÛ˘ Ù· 6 sec. √ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ 6 ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› fï˜ ÛÙË Ì¤ÁÈÛÙË ÌÂÙ·ÙfiÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÈ-
ÓËÙÔ‡. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û˘Á¯¤Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ¤˜. ∞Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ·Ó,
ηٿ ¿Û· Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ·, ÙËÓ ÙÈÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ÛÙÔÓ ¿ÍÔÓ· ÙˆÓ ı¤ÛˆÓ.
™ÙȘ ˘fiÏÔȘ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒıËÎ·Ó ÌÈÎÚ¿ ÔÛÔÛÙ¿,
ۯ‰fiÓ ÈÛÔ‰‡Ó·Ì·, Î·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÙÌËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ‰fiıËηÓ
ˆ˜ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ ΛÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÙÔ‡ Ù· 3 sec Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙË
‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ΛÓËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘ Ê¿Û˘, Ù· 7 sec Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ¯Ô‡Ó ÛÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·
Ù˘ Ê¿Û˘ Ù˘ ·ÎÈÓËÛ›·˜, Ù· 10 sec Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÚÒÙˆÓ
Ê¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ù· 13 sec Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó, ·Ó ÚÔÂÎÙ›ÓÔ˘Ì ÙË ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹ Ù˘ ÙÂÏ¢-
Ù·›·˜ Ê¿Û˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÙÌ‹ÛÂÈ ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔÓ ¿ÍÔÓ· ÙˆÓ ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ. ∞Ó ÂÍ·ÈÚ¤ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ
ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÈÎÚfi ·ÚÈıÌfi Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ÔÈ ˘fiÏÔÈÔÈ ¤‰ˆÛ·Ó
¿ÏϘ ÙÈ̤˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ‰È·Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ·. ∏ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ
ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Ì ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÛÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘
‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ‹ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚȷ΋˜ ¿ÛÎËÛ˘. √ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ì·˜ ‰ڿ˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ
·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË fiÙÈ Û ÔÏÏ¿ ÁÚ·Ù¿ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËÎ·Ó ‰ÈÔÚıÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ÚÔ˜
ÙÔ ÔÚıfi, Ô˘ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ÂfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ6.
5. (29, 30%): Ô ÚÒÙÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ô˘ ¤Î·Ó·Ó οÔÈ· ÂÈÏÔÁ‹,
ÂÓÒ Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ÙÔ % ÔÛÔÛÙfi Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ‡Ô˘Ó.
6. K·Ù¿ ÙÔ ÂfiÌÂÓÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ı· ˙ËÙËı› ÛÙÔ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ Î·È Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈ-
ÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ ˘¿ÚÍÔ˘Ó ·ÛʷϤÛÙÂÚ· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·.
55
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 56 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
7. ∏ ˘fiıÂÛË ·˘Ù‹, fiˆ˜ Î·È ¿ÏϘ Ô˘ ÚԤ΢„·Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÈÏÔÙÈ΋ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹, ı·
·ÔÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÚfiÙ·Û˘ Û Ӥ˜ Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ ÌÔÓ¿-
‰Â˜.
56
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 57 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
57
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 58 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
2Ô ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ
™ÙÔ ‰ÈÏ·Ófi ÈÛÙfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·-
ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ÙˆÓ
ÔÚıÒÓ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ∆¶∂
Î·È ÙˆÓ ∆∂ ÛÙ· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘
2Ô˘ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘.
™ÙËÓ ÂÚÒÙËÛË 1 ‰fiıËΠË
ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ı¤Û˘/
¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔÎÈÓ‹ÙÔ˘ Ô˘ ÂÎÙÂ-
ÏÔ‡Û ¢ı‡ÁÚ·ÌÌË, ÔÌ·Ï¿ ÂÈÙ·¯˘ÓfiÌÂÓË Î›ÓËÛË. ZËÙ‹ıËΠӷ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ›
Ë Ì¤ÛË Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔÎÈÓ‹ÙÔ˘ Û ¯ÚÔÓÈο ‰È·ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Á‡Úˆ ·fi ‰È¿ÊÔ-
Ú˜ ¯ÚÔÓÈΤ˜ ÛÙÈÁ̤˜ Î·È Ó· ηٷ¯ˆÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÙÈ̤˜ ÛÙÔÓ ›Ó·Î· Ô˘ ˘¿Ú-
¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ. √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ›¯·Ó ‰È‰·¯ı› ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈ-
ÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ̤Û˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ Û οı ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ·fi ÙË ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·-
ÛË ı¤Û˘/¯ÚfiÓÔ˘.
™¯Â‰fiÓ Ô ¤Ó·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚÂȘ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ∆¶∂ (31, 31%) Î·È Ô ¤Ó·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜
¤ÓÙ ̷ıËÙ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ∆∂ (20, 20%) Û˘-
ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛ·Ó ÔÚı¿ ÙÔÓ ›Ó·Î· ÙÈÌÒÓ ÙÔ˘
ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘. ªÂ ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «ÔÚı‹
Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛË» ÂÓÓÔԇ̠ÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈ-
ÛÌfi Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ Û οÔÈ· ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘
ÎÈÓËÙÔ‡ ÌÂ ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ u=
¢x/¢t. ∆· ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡ÛÂ Ó· ¯·-
58
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 59 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ˘„ËÏ¿ ÁÈ· Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ °’ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÔÌ¿‰Â˜
ÙÌËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∏ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi
ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ˜ ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË, Ì ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ· ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈο ÔʤÏË
ÁÈ’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ‚·ıÌ›‰· Âη›‰Â˘Û˘. °È· ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ¿ÛÎË-
Û˘ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛًηÌ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ Û οıÂ
ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÙÔ‡ Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ‰È·Ê·ÓÒÓ ÙÚÈÁÒÓˆÓ. ∏ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ¤ÁÈÓ ηٷ-
ÓÔËÙ‹ Ì ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·, ‹Ù·Ó ¯ÚÔÓÔ‚fiÚ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ Î·È ÈÛÙ‡-
Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ ¤ÁÈÓ ̿ÏÏÔÓ Ì˯·ÓÈο. ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ Ë Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÊÈ-
΋˜ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜/¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÊÂı› ÛÙÔÓ H/Y Î·È Ë ÙÂ-
¯ÓÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÁÒÓˆÓ Ó· ·ÊÂı› ÁÈ· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Ù¿ÍË.
∆Ș Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂Ó˜ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÙȘ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ì Û ‰‡Ô ‚·-
ÛÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜. ™ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÔÌ¿‰· Ô ¤Ó·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÙ¿ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ (15, 15%) ÙˆÓ
∆¶∂ Î·È Ô ¤Ó·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚÂȘ ÂÚ›Ô˘ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ (30,30%) ÙˆÓ ∆∂ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ÈÛ·Ó
ÛÙËÓ ÙÈÌ‹ Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ Û οı ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ÙËÓ ÙÈÌ‹ Ù˘ ı¤Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓË-
ÙÔ‡ ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹. ™ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÔÌ¿‰· (41, 41% ÙˆÓ ∆¶∂
Î·È 30, 30% ÙˆÓ ∆∂) ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ˘ÔÏfiÁÈÛ·Ó ÙËÓ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ·fi ÙÔÓ Ù‡Ô
u=x/t. ∆¤ÙÔÈÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÛËÌ·Óı› Û ¤Ú¢-
Ó˜ Ì ̷ıËÙ¤˜ §˘Î›ˆÓ Î·È ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ (∆hornton, 1990, Û. 862). ∆¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›-
‰Ô˘˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ› ÁÈ· Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ıˆÚËıÔ‡Ó ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔÈ
ηÈ, fiˆ˜ ÚÔÙ›ӷÌÂ Î·È ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÊÂıÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡-
ÙÂÚ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ.
™ÙËÓ ÂÚÒÙËÛË 2 ˙ËÙ‹ıËΠ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ›Ó·-
η ÙÈÌÒÓ Ù˘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˘ ÂÚÒÙËÛ˘, ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÔ˘Ó «Ì ÙÔ ¯¤ÚÈ»
ϤÔÓ ÙË ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜/ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘. ªÂ ÙË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹
ÂȉÈÒ¯ÙËΠӷ ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËı› ηٿ fiÛÔ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÂÚÁ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó
Î·È Û ÂÎÙfi˜ ∂¡∆ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ. ∆·
·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÔÚıÒÓ ··ÓÙ‹ÛˆÓ, ·Ú’ fiÏÔ Ô˘ Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÂÎ ÚÒÙ˘
fi„ˆ˜ ¯·ÌËÏ¿ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ (35, 35% ÁÈ· Ù· ∆∂ Î·È 43, 43% ÁÈ· Ù·
∆¶∂), Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ıˆÚËıÔ‡Ó ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈο ÁÈ·
Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ËÏÈΛ·˜.
√È ÌË ÔÚı¤˜ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ù·ÍÈÓÔ-
ÌËıÔ‡Ó Û ‰‡Ô ·ÚȘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜. ∏ ÚÒÙË (16, 16%
ÁÈ· Ù· ∆¶∂ Î·È 22, 22% ÁÈ· Ù· ∆∂) ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ
ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ fiÔ˘ ¤ÁÈÓ ÌÂÓ ÔÚı‹ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË
ÙˆÓ ÛËÌ›ˆÓ, ‰Â ¯·Ú¿¯ÙËΠfï˜ ¢ı›· ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÂ-
ıÏ·Ṳ̂ÓË, Ô˘ ¤ÓˆÛ ‰È·‰Ô¯Èο Ù· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈ-
Ûı¤ÓÙ· ÛËÌ›·, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù‹ Ù˘ ‰ÈÏ·Ó‹˜ ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜
·Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘. ∫·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ Ù· ·ÔÙÂ-
ϤÛÌ·Ù· Û˘ÌʈÓÔ‡Ó Ì ·˘Ù¿ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ ÛÂ
Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚˆÓ ËÏÈÎÈÒÓ (McDermott et al,
59
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 60 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
1987, Û. 507). Ÿˆ˜ ÁÚ¿„·ÌÂ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹, Ë ¯¿Ú·ÍË Ù˘ ηٿÏÏËÏ˘
ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÁÈ· ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜. ¶Úfi-
ÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ·ÔÎÙ¿Ù·È ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿.
∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÔÌ¿‰· (41, 41% ÁÈ· Ù· ∆¶∂ Î·È 43, 43% ÁÈ· Ù· ∆∂) ÂÚÈÏ·Ì-
‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ fiÔ˘ ¯·Ú¿ÎÙËΠÌÈ· Ù˘¯·›· ¢ı›·, Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙ·Ô-
ÎÚÈÓfiÙ·Ó fï˜ ÛÙȘ ÙÈ̤˜ Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ›Ó·Î·. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÁÈ·
ÔÈÔÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·fi Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÌÂÓ ÙË
ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘, ·ÏÏ¿ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Ù˘
Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ÙÈ̤˜ οÔÈÔ˘ ›Ó·Î·. ÀÔı¤ÙÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·˘Ùfi ·ÓÙÈÌÂ-
Ùˆ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÔÏÏÒÓ ÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ.
™ÙËÓ ÂÚÒÙËÛË 3 ˙ËÙ‹ıËΠ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ‰È·Ù˘ÒÛÔ˘Ó, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË
ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜/¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˘ ÂÚÒÙËÛ˘, ÙÔ Û˘-
̤ڷÛÌ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙË Û¯¤ÛË Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ¢ı‡ÁÚ·ÌÌ˘,
ÔÌ·Ï¿ ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓ˘ ΛÓËÛ˘. ∆· ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ÙˆÓ ÔÚıÒÓ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ (79,
80% ÁÈ· Ù· ∆¶∂ Î·È 62, 61% ÁÈ· Ù· ∆∂) ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ˘„ËÏ¿ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰‡Ô
ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÙÌËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ì ۷ʋ ˘ÂÚÔ¯‹ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ∆¶∂. ™˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ¿˜ Ù· fï˜
Ì ٷ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˘ ÂÚÒÙËÛ˘ ÂÈο˙Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó
·fi ÙËÓ ÔÈÔÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÌÂÁÂıÒÓ ÎÈ fi¯È ˆ˜ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ·
·fi ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘.
™ÙËÓ ÂÚÒÙËÛË 4 ˙ËÙ‹ıËΠӷ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ› Ë ÂÈÙ¿¯˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÙÔ‡ ·fi
ÙËÓ ÎÏ›ÛË Ù˘ ¢ı›·˜ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜/¯ÚfiÓÔ˘. ∆Ô ÔÛÔÛÙfi (75, 77%) ÙˆÓ ÔÚıÒÓ
··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ∆¶∂ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ˘„ËÏfi, Â›Ó·È ‰Â ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Ì ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙˆÓ
ÔÚıÒÓ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· (7Ë ÂÚÒÙËÛË) ÙÔ˘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘
ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘. £· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ıˆÚËı› ˆ˜ ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔ ÔÛÔ-
ÛÙfi (43, 43%) ÙˆÓ ∆∂. ∂›Ó·È fï˜ Ôχ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi (75%)
ÙˆÓ ÔÚıÒÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÒÓ Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ
(7Ë ÂÚÒÙËÛË).
∆Ș ÌË ÔÚı¤˜ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙȘ ηٷٿÛÛÔ˘Ì Û ‰‡Ô ηÙËÁÔڛ˜. ™ÙËÓ ÚÒ-
ÙË Î·Ù·Ù¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È (12, 12% ÙˆÓ ∆¶∂ Î·È 35, 35% ÙˆÓ ∆∂) ÔÈ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ
ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Ô ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÙ¿¯˘ÓÛ˘ ¤ÁÈÓ ·fi ÙÔ ËÏ›ÎÔ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙÂ-
Ù·ÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÓfi˜ Î·È ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÛËÌ›Ԣ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó Û fiϘ ÙȘ ÂÚÈ-
ÙÒÛÂȘ ¿ӈ ÛÙËÓ Â˘ı›· Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘. ™ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Î·ÙËÁÔ-
Ú›· (10%) ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁ›ÛÙËÎÂ Ë ÂÈ-
Ù¿¯˘ÓÛË ·fi ÙËÓ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› ÛÙÔ ÙÂÏÈÎfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜
·Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘. ∏ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ÂÈÙ¿¯˘ÓÛ˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ıˆ-
ÚËı› ˆ˜ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË Î·È Ó· ·ÊÂı› Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÛÙÔÓ ∏/À. √ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ·fi
ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÊÂı› ÁÈ· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ.
™ÙËÓ ÂÚÒÙËÛË 5 ˙ËÙ‹ıËΠ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜
Ù˘ ΛÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓËÙÔ‡ ·fi ÙË ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜/¯ÚfiÓÔ˘. ∆·
ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ·¿ÓÙËÛ·Ó ÔÚı¿ (75, 77% ÁÈ· Ù· ∆¶∂ Î·È 62, 61% ÁÈ·
60
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 61 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
Ù· ∆∂) ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ˘„ËÏ¿ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÙÌËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ì ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒ˜
ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ˘ÂÚÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÛÔÛÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ∆¶∂.
∆Ô Û˘ÓËı¤ÛÙÂÚÔ Ï¿ıÔ˜ Ô˘ ¤Î·-
Ó·Ó ·˘ÙÔ› Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·¿ÓÙËÛ·Ó Ûˆ-
ÛÙ¿ ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ۯ‰ȿÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ÁÚ·ÊÈ-
΋ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ı¤Û˘/¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ fiÌÔÈ·
Ì ·˘Ù‹Ó Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜/¯ÚfiÓÔ˘. ∂Ì-
Ê·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È Î·È Â‰Ò Ë ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘
Ù·‡ÙÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·-
ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÙ› ηÈ
ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜.
™ÙËÓ ÂÚÒÙËÛË 6 ˙ËÙ‹ıËÎÂ ·fi
ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ
ÂÈÙ·¯‡ÓÛÂȘ ‰‡Ô ÎÈÓËÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ
ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÔÈ ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ ·ÚÈÛÙ¿ÓÔÓÙ·Ó
ÁÚ·ÊÈο ÛÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÈÔ˘˜ ¿ÍÔÓ˜ Ù·-
¯‡ÙËÙ·˜/¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔ-
Á‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·¿ÓÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∆· Ô-
ÛÔÛÙ¿ ·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ¤Î·Ó·Ó ÛˆÛÙ‹
Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÂÈÙ·¯‡ÓÛˆÓ
(76, 78% ÁÈ· Ù· ∆¶∂ Î·È 62, 61% ÁÈ· Ù· ∆∂) Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È ˘„ËÏ¿. ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ Ù·
ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ¤Î·Ó·Ó Î·È ÔÚı‹ ·ÈÙÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó‹Ïı·Ó
ÛÙÔ 65% ÁÈ· Ù· T¶∂ Î·È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙÔ 30% ÁÈ· Ù· ∆∂. ∆· ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ÙˆÓ ∆¶∂ ıˆ-
ÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ôχ ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈο, ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÎÏËÛ˘ ÛÙË ÌÓ‹ÌË Ù˘
ÁÓÒÛ˘ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘, Î·È ·Ô‰›‰ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ
∂¡∆. ∆· ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ÙˆÓ ∆∂ Â›Ó·È ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈο ÌÂÓ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÎÏËÛ˘
ÛÙË ÌÓ‹ÌË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ fï˜ ̤ÙÚÈ· ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘.
3Ô ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ
™ÙÔ ‰ÈÏ·Ófi ÈÛÙfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·ÚÔ˘-
ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ÙˆÓ ÔÚıÒÓ
··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙ· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ 3Ô˘
ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘.
™ÙËÓ ÂÚÒÙËÛË 1 ˙ËÙ‹ıËΠ·fi ÙÔ˘˜
Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó Û ›Ó·Î·
ÙȘ ÙÈ̤˜ Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ÌÈ·˜ Ì¿Ï·˜
Ô˘ ·Ê¤ıËΠӷ ¤ÛÂÈ ·fi ÌÈ· Ù·Ú¿-
ÙÛ·. ™ÙÔÓ ›Ó·Î· ˘‹Ú¯·Ó ‰‡Ô ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈΤ˜ ÙÈ̤˜. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘
ηٿ fiÛÔÓ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ›¯·Ó ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÓfiÌÔ Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÁÚ·Ì-
ÌË, ÔÌ·Ï¿ ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓË Î›ÓËÛË.
61
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 62 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
62
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 63 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
¢ı›·, ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏË ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ¿ÍÔÓ· ÙˆÓ ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ, Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯԇÛ ÛÙËÓ
ÙÈÌ‹ ÙˆÓ 10 m/s2. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È Û·ÊÒ˜ ÁÈ· ÔÈÔÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜,
Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙ› Ì ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·, ·Ó Á›ÓÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û’
·˘Ùfi. ™ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÔÌ¿‰· (5, 5% ÙˆÓ ∆¶∂ Î·È 15, 15% ÙˆÓ ∆∂) ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜
ۯ‰›·Û·Ó ‰‡Ô ·Ú¿ÏÏËϘ ¢ı›˜, Ì›· ÁÈ· οı ÛÒÌ·. ∏ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ˘ÔÓÔ›
fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÈÎÙ‹ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ¿¯˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ·˜. °ÓˆÚ›-
˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÙ¿¯˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙË-
ÙË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ (¢ı›˜ ·Ú¿ÏÏËϘ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ¿ÍÔÓ· ÙˆÓ ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ), ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó
fï˜ Î·È ÙË ‰È·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋, ·ÚÈÛÙÔÙÂÏÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë fiÙÈ Ù· ‚·Ú‡ÙÂÚ· ÛÒÌ·Ù· ¤-
ÊÙÔ˘Ó ÁÚËÁÔÚfiÙÂÚ· (οı ÛÒÌ· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÙ¿¯˘ÓÛË ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ·˜).
™ÙËÓ ÂÚÒÙËÛË 4 ˙ËÙ‹ıËΠ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ۯ‰ȿÛÔ˘Ó Û ۇÛÙËÌ· ÔÚ-
ıÔÁÒÓÈˆÓ ·ÍfiÓˆÓ ÙȘ ÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜/¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ì¿Ï·
Î·È ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈ΋ ÛÊ·›Ú· Ù˘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˘ ÂÚÒÙËÛ˘.
√È ‰‡Ô ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚÂȘ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ (70, 69%) ÙˆÓ ∆¶∂ Î·È Ô ¤Ó·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô (57,
55%) ÙˆÓ TE ·¿ÓÙËÛ·Ó ÔÚı¿.
∆Ș Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂Ó˜ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙȘ ηٷٿÛÛÔ˘Ì Û ‰‡Ô ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜.
™ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ (9, 9% ÙˆÓ T¶E Î·È 26, 25% ÙˆÓ ∆∂) ۯ‰›·-
Û·Ó ÙË ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ›‰È· Ì ·˘Ù‹Ó Ù˘ ÂÈÙ¿¯˘ÓÛ˘, ·Û¯¤-
Ùˆ˜ ·Ó ‹Ù·Ó ÔÚıfi ‹ fi¯È. ∏ ÂÚÌËÓ›· Ô˘ ‰›ÓÂÙ·È Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ-
Ô‡Ó ·‰È·ÎÚ›Ùˆ˜ ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ¢˘ÛÎÔχÔÓÙ·È Ó· ‰Â¯ÙÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ
Ì›· ΛÓËÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ú·ÛÙ·ı› Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ú·ÛÙ¿-
ÛÂȘ. ™ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· (22%) ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜
ۯ‰ȿÛÙËÎ·Ó ‰‡Ô ¢ı›˜ Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ÎÏ›ÛË, Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÚÈ-
ÛÙÔÙÂÏÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë fiÙÈ Ù· ‚·Ú‡ÙÂÚ· ÛÒÌ·Ù· ¤ÊÙÔ˘Ó ÁÚËÁÔÚfiÙÂÚ·. ∏ ÂÔ›ıËÛË
·˘Ù‹ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Â‰Ú·ÈˆÌ¤ÓË, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ
(3 Î·È 4) Î·È ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙ› Ì ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÛÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·.
™˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·
63
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 64 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
∞Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ˘„ËÏ‹ ›‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ ∆¶∂ ‚·ÛÈο ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘
∂¡∆ Î·È Î·Ù¿ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ÏfiÁÔ ÛÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ·Û΋ÛˆÓ. ∆Ô ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘
∂¡∆ ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ ÙȘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ, ÒÛÙ ÔÈ ·ÓÈ·Ú¤˜, ›ÔÓ˜ Î·È ÂÓ ÔÏ-
ÏÔ›˜ ÌÈÎÚ‹˜ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ ·Í›·˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ Î·È Î·Ù·¯Ò-
ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È Ë Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ, Ó· Á›-
ÓÔ˘Ó ·fi fiÚÁ·Ó· Ó¤·˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ··ÏÏ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·fi ‰Ú·-
ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ. µÔ‹ıËÛ ӷ Á›ÓÂÈ Ô Úfi-
ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ÈÔ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈÎfi˜, ÂÈÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·˜ ‹, ÔÚıfiÙÂÚ·, ÚÔÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ¿˜
ÙÔÓ Ó· ÙÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÙÔ˘ ηٷÁÚ·ÊfiÌÂÓÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘, Ó· Û˘-
˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·, Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ÚԂϤ„ÂȘ Î·È ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈο ·ÔÙÂ-
ϤÛÌ·Ù·, Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Ì ÙȘ ÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó··-
Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÂ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ÎÙÏ. Œ‰ˆÛ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÔÏ-
Ï·Ï‹˜ ·ӿÏ˄˘ οÔÈ·˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜, ̤¯ÚÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙ‹ ·fi ÙÔÓ
ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔ. ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ∂¡∆ ‚ÔËı¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıË-
Ù¤˜ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ Î·È ÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂ-
ˆÓ ÛÙËÓ «·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë» Î·È Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ÓfiÌˆÓ Î·È ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ·
ÏfiÁÈ·, ÔÈ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚȷΤ˜ ·Û΋ÛÂȘ Û ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ∂¡∆, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ù˘ ·-
ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ÚfiÙ·Û˘, ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ì ۷Ê›˜ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi-
¯Ô˘˜ Î·È Â›Ó·È ÛÎfiÈÌÔ Ó· ÂÚÈÏËÊıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˘˜ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚÈ·ÎÔ‡˜
Ô‰ËÁÔ‡˜.
∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÌÂÚÈ¿, ÔÈ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÏ·ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘ ·-
ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÌÈÎÚfi ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È Ùˆ¯¿ Ì·ıËÛȷο Ôʤ-
ÏË. ∂ȉÈο ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Ô ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi˜ ¯ÚÔÓÔÌÂÙÚËÙ‹˜
·ÔÙÂÏ› Û˘Û΢‹ ·Ï‹ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Î·È ÛÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·, Ì ÔÏϤ˜ fï˜
·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜. ¢‡ÛÎÔÏ· Á›ÓÂÙ·È Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙfi ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÏˆÚ›‰Â˜
¯·ÚÙÈÔ‡ ·ÚÈÛÙ¿ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÓËÁ̤ÓÔ ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ·, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ˜. ¢‡ÛÎÔÏ· ›-
Û˘ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÂÙ·È Ë Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ù˘ ·ÎÈÓËÛ›·˜ ‹ Ù˘
ΛÓËÛ˘ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ›Ûˆ.
ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ, fiˆ˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÙËÎ·Ó ·Ó·Ï˘-
ÙÈο Û οı ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·, ÂÈÙ‡¯ıËÎ·Ó Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi. ∏ ÂÚȯ·Ú¿-
ΈÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Û ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜
·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ›¯·Ó ·Ú·ÙËÚËı› Î·È Û ·ÚfiÌÔȘ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Û ¿ÏϘ ¯Ò-
Ú˜, Ê¿ÓËΠӷ ˘Ô¯ˆÚ›. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ıÂÙÈ-
ÎÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ·Ó ·˘ÍËı› Ô ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ηÈ
‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË.
™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ¢ı‡ÁÚ·ÌÌ˘, ÔÌ·Ï¿ ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓ˘ ΛÓËÛ˘ ·Ú·-
ÙËÚ‹ıËΠ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜/
¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ·fi ÙË ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ı¤Û˘/¯ÚfiÓÔ˘. ∆· ˘„ËÏ¿ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒ˜ ÔÛÔ-
ÛÙ¿ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ˘ Ì·˜ ·Ó·Áο˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ‰Â¯ıԇ̠fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ
ÚfiˆÚË Ù¤ÙÔÈ· Âȉ›ˆÍË ÁÈ· Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘ Î·È ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÊÂı› ÁÈ·
64
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 65 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
65
KAPANIKA™, ¢HMHTPIA¢H™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:32 ™ÂÏ›‰· 66 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·
Halloun, A., Hestenes, D. (1985). Common sense concepts about motion. American j. of
Physics, 53 (11), 1056-1065.
Hestenes, D. (1992). Modeling games in the Newtonian Word. American j. of Physics, 60 (8),
732-748.
McDermott, L., Rosenquist, M., van Zee, E. (1987). Student difficulties in connecting graphs
and phys-ics: Examples from Kinematics. American. j. of Physics, 55 (6), 503-513.
Mokros, J., Tinker R., (1987). The impact of Microcomputer-based Labs on children's ability to
inter-pret graphs. J. of Research in Science Education, 24, (4), 369-383.
Rogers, L.T. (1995). The computer as an aid for exploring graphs. SSR, 76, 276, 31-39.
Thornton, R. K. (1995). Using large scale classroom research to study students concep-tual learning
in mechanics and to develop new approaches to learning. In NATO Advanced Research
Workshop on Microcomputer- Based Laboratories.
Thornton, R. K. (1998). Tools for Scientific Thinking: Learning Physical Concepts with Real
Time Laboratory Measurements Tools. In Proc. of the Conference on Computers in Science
Teaching. North Carolina State University.
66
KOYTROYBA 23/07/02 10:38 ™ÂÏ›‰· 67 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
KˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›Ó· KÔ˘ÙÚԇ̷
X·ÚÔÎfiÂÈÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ
¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
Abstract
1. ™ÙËÓ ›‰È· ηÙËÁÔÚ›· ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó Ù· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ: Ù˘ ηٿÎÙËÛ˘ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ J. Bruner, J.
Goodnow Î·È G. Austin, Ù˘ ·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘ Ù˘ Hilda Taba, Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙË-
Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Richard Suchman, Ù˘ ·ÔÌÓËÌfiÓ¢Û˘ ÙˆÓ Michael Pressley Î·È Joel Levin, Ù˘ ÚÔ-
·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ÓfiËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Jean Piaget Î·È Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Ù˘ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ J. Schwab
Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘.
68
KOYTROYBA 23/07/02 10:38 ™ÂÏ›‰· 69 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ Ù˘ ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û˘ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ·ıËÙÈ-
ÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ (Thompson, 1974Ø Bowman, 1979Ø °ÂˆÚÁÔ‡Û˘ 1989:
118-122). √ Ausubel ıˆÚ› fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ Î·È Ë
ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ‰ÂÓ ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ
οı ÊÔÚ¿ ÂÈÏÂÁfiÌÂÓË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ·fi ÙË ıÂÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË ÙÔ˘
Ì·ıËÙ‹ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ˘ÏÈÎfi. ∏ ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Ù˘ ıÂÙÈ΋˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÛÙ¿-
Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÂ-
Ó¤ÛÙÂÚÔ˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Î·È ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙË Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛË
ÙÔ˘ ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Ì Ӥ˜, ·Ï¤˜ Î·È ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔṲ̂Ó˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÏËÙÈ΋
ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ. ∏ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ Ì¿ıËÛË (Meaningful
Verbal Learning), Ô˘ ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔηٷ‚ÔÏÈÎÒÓ
ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÒÓ, ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘
ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÛÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi Ù˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÔÚ›·˜ ηٿ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ Ó·
·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋, ÂÚÈÂÎÙÈ΋, ηٷÓÔËÙ‹ Î·È ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û· ÁÓÒÛË ÛÙÔ
Ì·ıËÙ‹. ∂ÊfiÛÔÓ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·ÏÈÛı› Ë ÔÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·Ú¯fiÌÂÓ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, Ô
Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÎÔÌ›ÛÂÈ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ΤډԘ ·fi ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ı·
·ÔÎfiÌÈ˙ ·Ó Ë ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ÔÚ›· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Û ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ·fi Ù· ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ-
ο ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ Ù˘ ·Ó·Î·Ï˘ÙÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (Discovery Learning Models), ÌÔÏÔ-
ÓfiÙÈ ÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ·Á·ıfi ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ·Ûı› Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô
Ù˘ ‰È¿ÏÂ͢ (Lowman, 1990: 96 Î.ÂÍ: æ·ÏÙfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, 1989: 108-122).
ªÂ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔηٷ‚ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÒÓ Ô Î·ıË-
ÁËÙ‹˜ ÂȉÈÒÎÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÓÔËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ¿ӈ ÛÙÔ
ÔÔ›Ô ı· ‰ÔÌËı› Ë Ó¤· ÁÓÒÛË, Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ Ù· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔȯ›· ı· Û˘Ó‰Â-
ıÔ‡Ó Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ· ÌÂ Û˘Ó·Ê›˜ Î·È ‹‰Ë ÁÓˆÛÙ¤˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜. ∏
ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔηٷ‚ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙ‹ ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÙËÓ ÂÎ ÙˆÓ
ÚÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÓÔËÙÈÎÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ Î·ıËÁËÙ‹,
Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜, ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó· ÛÙ¿‰È· ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, ηıÔ‰ËÁ› ηٿÏ-
ÏËÏ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È ·ÊÔÌÔ›ˆÛË Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘
(Ausubel, 1963: 27). øÛÙfiÛÔ Ë Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂ-
ÚË ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ·fi ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ÂÚ‚·ÚÙÈ·Ó‹ «ÚÔ·-
Ú·Û΢‹, ‰È·Û¿ÊËÛË» (Vorbereitung, Klarheit) (¢·Ó·ÛÛ‹˜-∞ÊÂÓÙ¿Î˘, 1993:
88-90) ‹ ÙË Û˘ÓÂÈÚÌÈ΋ ıˆڛ· (Assoziation) (ƒ‹Á·˜, 2000: 30-9Ø Reble, 1999:
371), ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÂȯÂÈÚÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó ·ÏÒ˜ Ë ·Ó¿ÌÓËÛË Î·È ·Ó¿ÎÏËÛË Û˘Ó·-
ÊÒÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Ô˘ ›¯·Ó ηٿ ÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê› ÛÙË Û˘Ó›‰ËÛË
Î·È ÙË ÌÓ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔηٷ‚ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÒÓ,
ˆ˜ ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚË ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÓÔÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÌ· Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ›ٷÈ
·fi ÙÔÓ Î·ıËÁËÙ‹ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ¤Ó·ÚÍË ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÚÔÂÙÔÈ-
Ì¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ÁÈ· ÙË Ó¤· ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÚÔηٷÚÎÙÈ΋˜ –·Ï-
Ï¿ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋˜– ÌÂϤÙ˘ ÂÓfi˜ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÂÚÂı›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜, Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È
ˆ˜ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi ‹ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ (Ausubel, 1968:
69
KOYTROYBA 23/07/02 10:38 ™ÂÏ›‰· 70 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
148). ª¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÙÈ΋ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔÙÂÏÔ‡˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡
ÂÚÂı›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜, Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·fiÛ·ÛÌ· ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, Ì›· ʈÙÔÁÚ·Ê›·,
Ì›· Ù·ÈÓ›· Î.Ô.Î., Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ÂÈÛ¿ÁÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘
ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ó· ‰È‰·¯ı›. ∏ ‰˘Û¯¤ÚÂÈ· Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤-
ÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔηٷ‚ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÒÓ ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ η-
Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÂı›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜, Ô˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈ-
ÛÙÈο Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÙ¤ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜ Ì ÙÔ ÚÔ˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ı¤Ì·.
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔηٷ‚ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·Óˆ-
ÙÒÓ, Ë ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙȘ
·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ Ê¿ÛÂȘ (Joyce - Weil, 1986: 80):
·. ¶·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔηٷ‚ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙ‹ (Advance Organizer
Presentation). ∫·Ù¿ ÙË Ê¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹ Ô Î·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ‰È¢ÎÚÈÓ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜
Ù˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÚÔηٷ‚ÔÏÈÎfi ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙ‹ ηÈ
Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙ‹ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚË ÚÔÛˆÈ-
΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙ‹ ‰È¢ÎÚÈÓ›˙Ô-
ÓÙ·È Ù· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘, ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÙ·È Î·È ÂÂÍËÁÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ ÂÚÈÂ-
¯fiÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘, ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ηÈ, Ù¤ÏÔ˜, ÂȯÂÈÚÂ›Ù·È Ë Â·-
Ó·ÏËÙÈ΋ Û‡ÓÔ„Ë ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘.
‚. ¶·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ (Learning Material Presentation). √
ηıËÁËÙ‹˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·, ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ›Ù ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô
Ù˘ ‰È¿ÏÂ͢ ›Ù ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ÂÔÙÈ΋˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈ-
ΤÓÙÚˆÛË Ù˘ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È Î·ıÈÛÙ¿ ηı’ fiÏË ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘
·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û˘ ۷ʤ˜ ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ù˘ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜,
‰È·ı¤ÙÔÓÙ·˜ ÌÈ· ÂÔÙÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘, Ó· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÂÓۈ̷-
ÙÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ·Ú¯fiÌÂÓ˜ Ӥ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ̤۷ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ·˘Ùfi.
Á. πÛ¯˘ÚÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ (Cognitive Organization
Strengthening). ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÙÚ›ÙË ·˘Ù‹ Ê¿ÛË ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ˆıÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓۈ̿-
ÙˆÛË Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi, ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÌ·, ÙÔ
ÔÔ›Ô Â›¯Â ‰È·ÌÔÚʈı› ηٿ ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Ê¿ÛË Ù˘ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔηٷ-
‚ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙ‹. √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ÎÔÈÓ¿ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ-
ο ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÂı›ÛÌ·-
ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ›¯Â ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ˆ˜ ÚÔηٷ‚ÔÏÈÎfi˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙ‹˜, ÂȯÂÈÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ
ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÔ˘Ó ·Ôڛ˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÈχÔ-
ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ Î·ıËÁËÙ‹ ‹ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘2.
2. ∏ ÙÚ›ÙË ·˘Ù‹ Ê¿ÛË ÚÔÛʤÚÂÙ·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÔÌ·‰ÔÛ˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È‰·-
Ûηϛ·˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÚÔˆıÂ›Ù·È Ë ‰È·Ì·ıËÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜
Ù˘ «ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ıˆڛ·˜ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘» ÙÔ˘ L. Vygotsky (1997). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË
‚ÈÁÎÔÙÛÎÈ·Ó‹ ıˆڛ· ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ˘ÈÔıÂÙ› ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÙË ÁÓÒÛË Ô˘
·Ú¿ÁÂÈ ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ (ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, 2000: 25).
70
KOYTROYBA 23/07/02 10:38 ™ÂÏ›‰· 71 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
71
KOYTROYBA 23/07/02 10:38 ™ÂÏ›‰· 72 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
ÁÈÎfi ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ, ÙˆÓ ¯ÒÚˆÓ ·Ó·„˘¯‹˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ
Ô‰ÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÙËÚÈÒÓ, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÙ·È Ë Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· ηÈ
Ó· ÚÔÛٷهÂÙ·È Ë ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ˘Á›· ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ Ú‡·ÓÛË.
2. ¶·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙ‹. ø˜ ÚÔηٷ‚ÔÏÈÎfi˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙ‹˜ ·ÚÔ˘-
ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ·fiÛ·ÛÌ· ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË Ù˘
Lucyna Andrzejewska (Andrzejewska, 1998: 431-434), «∏ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ù˘ ÂÚÈ-
‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘
Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜»3.
«ªÂ ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ·ÓÙÈÎÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙÔ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi
ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ô˘ ÙÚ·˘Ì·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ Ì·˜, ηٷÛÙÚ¤ÊÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ˘Á›·
Ì·˜ ‹ Î·È Ì·˜ ÂÌÔ‰›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓËıÈ-
Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜. ŸÏÔ Î·È Û˘¯ÓfiÙÂÚ· ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ì ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈ-
ÛÓÔ‹ ·¤ÚÈˆÓ Ú‡ˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Ó¿ÏˆÛË ÌÔÏ˘ÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÚÔʛ̈Ó. ∂ÈϤÔÓ,
Ë ·fiÛÙ·ÛË ·fi ¤Ó· ¯ÒÚÔ ·Ó·„˘¯‹˜ –¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ ηı·Ú‹˜ Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈο
«¿ÁÚÈ·˜ ʇÛ˘»– ÌÂÁ·ÏÒÓÂÈ fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ. ¢Â ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ ·Ú·‰Â¯ıÔ‡ÌÂ
‹ ‰Â Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈԇ̠fiÙÈ ÂÌ›˜ ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ì ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ê˘-
72
KOYTROYBA 23/07/02 10:38 ™ÂÏ›‰· 73 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
73
KOYTROYBA 23/07/02 10:38 ™ÂÏ›‰· 74 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
4. Àfi ÙÔ Ú›ÛÌ· Ù˘ ‚ÈÁÎÔÙÛÎÈ·Ó‹˜ ıˆڛ·˜, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯‹ ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ··ÈÙ›-
Ù·È Ë ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚË ·Ó¿ıÂÛË ÔÌ·‰ÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ. ∆¤ÙÔȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ∆ÂÙÚ¿‰ÈÔ
ÙÔ˘ ª·ıËÙ‹ (∞ÔÛÙÔÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ Î.¿., 2001) ›ӷÈ: ·) Ë Â›ÛÎÂ„Ë ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Û ÎÔÓÙÈÓ¿ ˘‰·ÙÈο
‹ ¯ÂÚÛ·›· ÔÈÎÔÛ˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Ë Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Î‡ÚÈˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ‚) Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·
ÙÔÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ¯·ÚÙÒÓ Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ (Ì ÙȘ ‰ËÌfiÛȘ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ‚ÔÛÎfiÙÔÔ˘˜, ‚·ÏÙfiÙÔÔ˘˜,
‰¿ÛË, ¿Úη Î.Ô.Î.), Á) Ë Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ Û˘ÓÂÓÙ‡ÍÂˆÓ ·fi ÁˆÚÁÔ‡˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ÏÈ¿ÛÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈ-
ÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ ηÏÏȤÚÁÂȘ, ‰) Ë Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ ·fi Ê˘ÙÔÊ¿Ú̷η, Â) Ë Â›ÛÎÂ„Ë Û ÙÔ-
ÈÎÔ‡˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ Ô˘ ·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ÌfiÏ˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜, ÛÙ) Ë Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ
Ô˘ ÏËÌÌ˘Ú›˙Ô˘Ó, ˙) Ë ÌÂϤÙË ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ Ù˘ ·ÙÌÔÛÊ·ÈÚÈ΋˜ Ú‡-
·ÓÛ˘ ÎÙÏ. √È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘
ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙËÓ ¿ÌÂÛË ·ÊÔÌÔ›ˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘, ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó›‰ËÛ˘ Î·È ÙË ÌÂ-
Ù·‚›‚·ÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌ·
ı· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¤˜, ¯Ú‹ÛÈ̘ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜, Û‡Ìʈӷ ÌÂ
ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÔÓÔÌ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ˘ «ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌÈÛÌÔ‡» (ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, 2000: 123).
74
KOYTROYBA 23/07/02 10:38 ™ÂÏ›‰· 75 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
75
KOYTROYBA 23/07/02 10:38 ™ÂÏ›‰· 76 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
76
KOYTROYBA 23/07/02 10:38 ™ÂÏ›‰· 77 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
77
KOYTROYBA 23/07/02 10:38 ™ÂÏ›‰· 78 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
78
KOYTROYBA 23/07/02 10:38 ™ÂÏ›‰· 79 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ Èı·ÓÒÓ ·ÔÚÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜.
°ÂÓÈ΋ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·
∞ÔÛÙÔÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, ∫., °ÂˆÚÁÈÙÛÔÁÈ¿ÓÓË, ∂˘., °Ú·‚¿ÓË, ∑., ∑·Ì¤Ï·˜, ∞., ª·Ù¿Ï·, ∞ÓÙ.,
¶·˘ÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, ∫., ™‰Ú¿ÏË, ¢., ÃÔÓ‰ÚÔÁÈ¿ÓÓ˘, °. (2001). √ÈÎȷ΋ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· ÁÈ· ÙË µ’
Ù¿ÍË ÙÔ˘ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘, µÈ‚Ï›Ô ª·ıËÙ‹, ∆ÂÙÚ¿‰ÈÔ ª·ıËÙ‹. ∞ı‹Ó·: À¶.∂.¶.£. - ¶·È‰·Áˆ-
ÁÈÎfi πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ.
Ausubel, D.P. (1960). The Use of Advance Organizers in the Learning and Retention of
Meaningful Verbal Material. Journal of Educational Psychology, 51, 267-272.
79
KOYTROYBA 23/07/02 10:38 ™ÂÏ›‰· 80 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
Ausubel, D.P. (1962). Organizer, General Background and Antecedent Learning Variables in
Sequential Verbal Learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 53, 243-249.
Ausubel, D.P. (1963). The Psychology of Meaningful Verbal Learning. New York: Grune and
Stratton.
Ausubel, D.P. (1968). Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View. New York: Rinehart and
Winston.
¢·Ó·ÛÛ‹˜-∞ÊÂÓÙ¿Î˘, ∫. ∞ÓÙ. (1993). ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙËÓ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋, ÙfiÌ. µ’. ∏ ∂ͤÏÈÍË Ù˘
¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ ™Î¤„˘, 17Ô˜-20fi˜ ·È., ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈο ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ∞ı‹Ó·.
Diamadopoulos, E., & Athenaki, D., Vakakis, P., & Marinakis, M. (1998). Schoolnet: An
Internetbased Network for Environmental Education in Greece. In M. Scoullos (Ed.).
Environment and Society: Education and Public Awareness for Sustainability (pp. 656-657).
Athens: Proceedings of the Thessaloniki International Conference organised by
UNESCO and the Government of Greece (8-12 December 1997).
Joyce, B., Weil, M. (1986). Models of Teaching. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
∫Ô˘ÙÚԇ̷, ∫. (2001). ∂ȉÈ΋ ¢È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔ °ÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ∞ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ √ÈÎȷ΋˜ √ÈÎÔÓÔ-
Ì›·˜ (·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌȷΤ˜ ·Ú·‰fiÛÂȘ). ∞ı‹Ó·.
80
KOYTROYBA 23/07/02 10:38 ™ÂÏ›‰· 81 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
ª·ÙÛ·ÁÁÔ‡Ú·˜, ∏. (2000). £ÂˆÚ›· Î·È ¶Ú¿ÍË Ù˘ ¢È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ (ÙfiÌ. µ’). ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ¢È-
‰·Ûηϛ·˜. ∞ı‹Ó·: Gutenberg-¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ™ÂÈÚ¿.
ƒ‹Á·˜, ∞ı. ∞ÓÙ. (2000). ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· ƒÂ‡Ì·Ù· ÛÙËÓ ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË Ù˘ ∞ÁˆÁ‹˜ (ÙfiÌ. A’). ∞ı‹Ó·.
Smith, K. (1992). Environmental Hazards, Assessing Risk and Reducing Disaster. London:
Routledge.
Thompson, R. (1974). Legitimate Lecturing. Improving College and University Teaching, 22,
163-164.
∆ÚÈÏÈ·Ófi˜, ∞. (1991, 1992). ªÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ¢È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ (ÙfiÌ. ∞’, µ’). ∞ı‹Ó·: ∆ÔÏ›‰Ë˜.
À¶.∂.¶.£. (2000). ∂ÓÈ·›Ô ¶Ï·›ÛÈÔ ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¶ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· Î·È ÙË
¢Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË. ∞ı‹Ó·: ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ.
81
§AMNIA™ 23/07/02 11:34 ™ÂÏ›‰· 82 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
KÒÛÙ·˜ §¿ÌÓÈ·˜
¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ £ÂÛÛ·Ï›·˜
¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë
Abstract
1. EÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
83
§AMNIA™ 23/07/02 11:34 ™ÂÏ›‰· 84 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
84
§AMNIA™ 23/07/02 11:34 ™ÂÏ›‰· 85 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
85
§AMNIA™ 23/07/02 11:34 ™ÂÏ›‰· 86 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Bernstein (1977: 124-144 & 1990: 63-88), Ë Ú·Á‰·›· ÔÈÎÔ-
ÓÔÌÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È Ë ¤ÓÙÔÓË ·ÓÔ‰È΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ¿Ú¯ÈÛÂ
Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È ·fi ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ’50 ÛÙȘ ‰˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁË-
Û·Ó ÙȘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›ÛÔ‰Ô Ó¤ˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÛÙo ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘
ÌÂÛ·›·˜ Ù¿Í˘. øÛÙfiÛÔ ÔÈ Ó¤Â˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È
΢ڛˆ˜ ÛÙÔ Â‰›Ô ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘1, ‰ÂÓ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒıËÎ·Ó ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈο
ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÈ¿ ÌÂÛ·›· Ù¿ÍË. ŒÙÛÈ, ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ÌÂÛ·›·˜ Ù¿Í˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹-
ıËÎ·Ó ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¿ ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù·: Ë ·ÏÈ¿ Î·È Ë Ó¤· ÌÂÛ·›· Ù¿ÍË.
∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·:
1. H ·ÏÈ¿ ÌÂÛ·›· Ù¿ÍË Û˘Ó¯›˙ÂÈ Ó· ηÏÏÈÂÚÁ› ·Í›Â˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÌÂÛË
Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ ·˘ÛÙËÚ¤˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÈÂÚ·Ú¯‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÂÈÎÚ·-
ÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ù· ̤ÏË ÙÔ˘ ÙÌ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Ù˘ ÌÂ-
Û·›·˜ Ù¿Í˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ‰È·ÎÚÈÙfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋
ı¤ÛË, ÛÙËÓ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›· Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜, ÛÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ, ÛÙȘ ËÏÈ˘ ÎÙÏ. OÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂ-
ÙÈΤ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÓۈ̷و̤Ó˜ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¤˜ ÎÔÈÓˆ-
ÓÈΤ˜ ·Í›Â˜, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÂȉÈÒÎÂÙ·È Ë ‰È··È‰·ÁÒÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ
Ù˘ ·ÏÈ¿˜ ÌÂÛ·›·˜ Ù¿Í˘. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜, Ë ·ÏÈ¿ ÌÂ-
Û·›· Ù¿ÍË –Î·È Ë È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈο Û˘Ì‚·Ù‹ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·– ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ôχ-
Ùˆ˜ ˘ÔÙ·¯ı› ÛÙȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘ Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜. H ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘
·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓ ˘„ËÏfi ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜
·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ‰È·-
ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ «·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡» Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. OÈ ·Ú¯¤˜ ·˘Ù¤˜
ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙfi ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù˘
·ÙÔÌÔÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ÔÚ·Ù‹˜ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜.
∏ ıˆڛ· ·˘Ù‹ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Â›Ù·È ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ıÂÙÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡, ÙÔ˘ Ìȯ‚ÈÔ-
ÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÓÂÔ-Ìȯ‚ÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È:
·. Afi ·˘ÛÙËÚ¤˜ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂȘ (T+/T++) ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ›ÛËÌ˘
Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÚÔηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂ӈÓ
·Î¤ÙˆÓ «·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋˜» ÁÓÒÛ˘.
‚. ∞fi ‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ¿‰ÔÛ˘, ·ÔÌÓËÌfiÓ¢Û˘ Î·È ·Ó··Ú·-
ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÎÙ˘Ï›ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ·˘ÛÙËÚ‹˜ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È-
΋˜ Û¯¤Û˘ (ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ÂÚȯ¿Ú·ÍË) ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È Ì·ıËÙ‹
(¶+/¶++).
Á. ∞fi Ê·ÓÂÚ¤˜ Î·È Ù˘ÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ¤Ì-
86
§AMNIA™ 23/07/02 11:34 ™ÂÏ›‰· 87 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
Ê·ÛË ÛÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Î·È ÛÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ (T+ & ¶+ ‹
T++ & ¶++).
2. ∏ Ó¤· ÌÂÛ·›· Ù¿ÍË, Ë ÔÔ›· ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËΠηٿ ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ÌÈÛfi ÙÔ˘ 20Ô‡
·ÈÒÓ·, ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ ÌÈ· Û·ÊÒ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›·. H ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘
Ó¤·˜ ÌÂÛ·›·˜ Ù¿Í˘ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ› ÙËÓ ·˘ÛÙËÚfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂ-
ˆÓ Ù˘ ·ÏÈ¿˜ ÌÂÛ·›·˜ Ù¿Í˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ·˘ÛÙËÚ¤˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÈÂ-
Ú·Ú¯‹ÛÂȘ, Î·È ˘ÈÔıÂÙ› ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Â‡Î·ÌÙ˜ ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·-
ÌÔÚʈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ (¯·Ï·Ú¤˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂȘ). TÔ ÙÌ‹-
Ì· ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ÌÂÛ·›·˜ Ù¿Í˘ ÛÙÂϯÒÓÂÈ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙÔ Â‰›Ô ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘
Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› - ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ Û˘Ì‚·Ù¤˜ Ì ÙËÓ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ù· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ¿
ÙÔ˘ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜. OÈ ıˆڛ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Â˘¤-
ÏÈÎÙÔ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙȘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔ-
Ó˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ Ù˘ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙ˜
‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÚfiÛÎÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ™ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒ-
ÓÂÙ·È Ë ·È‰ÔÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ - ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ıˆڛ·, Ë ÔÔ›· Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ›
Î·È ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜, Û˘Ì‚·Ù¤˜ Ì ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈfi Ù˘, ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜.
∏ ·È‰ÔÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ - ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ıˆڛ· ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Â›Ù·È ·fi
ÙȘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ Ù˘ EÍÂÏÈÎÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ °ÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ηÈ
¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È:
·. Afi ¯·Ï·ÚfiÙÂÚ˜ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÙÔ
ÔÔ›Ô, ÌÔÏÔÓfiÙÈ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ó· ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È «·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfi», ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÈÔ
¢¤ÏÈÎÙÔ (T+/T-).
‚. ∞fi ‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚfiÛÎÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÎÙ˘Ï›Û-
ÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ¯·Ï·Ú‹˜ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È΋˜ Û¯¤Û˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ηÈ
Ì·ıËÙ‹ (¶-). √ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚÔ˜ Î·È Ô Î¿ıÂ
Ì·ıËÙ‹˜, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙȘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘, ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘ Ô-
Ú›· Ì¿ıËÛ˘.
Á. ∞fi ¿Ù˘Â˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ Ô‰˘ÓËÚ¤˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰›-
ÓÔ˘Ó ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ô˘ οı ̷ıËÙ‹˜ ηٷ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ. øÛÙfiÛÔ ‰Â ıÂ-
Ì·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ù˘
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ (‚Ï. Î·È §¿ÌÓÈ·˜, 2000).
H ÂÈÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÒÓ ÙÌËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ÌÂÛ·›·˜ Ù¿Í˘ ÌÂ
ÙȘ ·ÙÔÌÔÎÂÓÙÚÈΤ˜ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ·ÛÊ·-
ÏÒ˜ ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘. OÈ
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ‰ÈÂΉÈÎÔ‡Ó ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·-
ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.
øÛÙfiÛÔ Ù· ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÛÙÚÒÌ·Ù· Â›Ó·È ÂΛӷ Ô˘ ˘Ê›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È ÙȘ
ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ/ÂÈ‚ÔÏÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÛ·›ˆÓ ÛÙڈ̿وÓ. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ,
Ï‹ıÔ˜ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎÒÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi
Ù· ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙÚÒÌ·Ù· ¤¯Ô˘Ó, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, Î·È ¯·ÌËϤ˜ ÂȉfiÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Û¯Ô-
87
§AMNIA™ 23/07/02 11:34 ™ÂÏ›‰· 88 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
88
§AMNIA™ 23/07/02 11:34 ™ÂÏ›‰· 89 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
89
§AMNIA™ 23/07/02 11:34 ™ÂÏ›‰· 90 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
90
§AMNIA™ 23/07/02 11:34 ™ÂÏ›‰· 91 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
91
§AMNIA™ 23/07/02 11:34 ™ÂÏ›‰· 92 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
2. ™ÙÔ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ Bernstein Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ·Ó·Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛ˘ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ‰È·-
‰Èηۛ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Û ۯÔÏÈ΋ (‚Ï. Î·È §¿ÌÓÈ·˜ & ∆Û·ÙÛ·ÚÒÓË,
1998/1999).
92
§AMNIA™ 23/07/02 11:34 ™ÂÏ›‰· 93 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
93
§AMNIA™ 23/07/02 11:34 ™ÂÏ›‰· 94 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
94
§AMNIA™ 23/07/02 11:34 ™ÂÏ›‰· 95 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
95
§AMNIA™ 23/07/02 11:34 ™ÂÏ›‰· 96 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
96
§AMNIA™ 23/07/02 11:34 ™ÂÏ›‰· 97 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
3. ™ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi ÔÊ›ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ ·Ó·ÊÂÚıÔ‡ÌÂ, ¤ÛÙˆ ÂÈÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈο, Î·È ÛÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÙÔ˘ µÂÚ-
Á›‰Ë (1998), Ë ÔÔ›· ÌÂϤÙËÛ ٷ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ÙˆÓ ÙÛÈÁÁ·ÓÔ-
·›‰ˆÓ ÔÈ ÂÈ‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓ˜ ·fi ÙÔ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜. ™‡Ìʈӷ ÌÂ
ÙÔ µÂÚÁ›‰Ë, ÔÈ ¿Î·ÌÙ˜ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ Â›ÛË-
ÌÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ ÂÚȯ·Ú¿ÍÂȘ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜, «‰ÂÓ ÂÈÙÚ¤-
Ô˘Ó ÛÙ· ÙÛÈÁÁ·Ófi·È‰· Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Ú˘ıÌfi Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘. ∆· ÈÛ¯Ó¿ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·fi
ÙË ÊÔ›ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ÙÛÈÁÁ·ÓÔ·›‰ˆÓ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È ÏÔÈfiÓ ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓ·» (ÛÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÂÌÊ·Ó›-
ÛÙËΠ‰È·ÚÚÔ‹). ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÛÙ· ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· ·ÏÊ·‚ËÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ ÙÔ ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ §·˚΋˜ ∂È-
ÌfiÚʈÛ˘, ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ÔÈ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÚȯ·Ú¿ÍÂȘ ‹Ù·Ó ¯·Ï·Ú¤˜, ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËΠÌÂÁ·-
χÙÂÚË ˙‹ÙËÛË ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ Î·È Ë ‰È·ÚÚÔ‹ ‹Ù·Ó Û·ÊÒ˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË. ∏ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÙÔ˘ µÂÚ-
Á›‰Ë Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ Ì ÙË ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ΋ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜
ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›·, Ë ÔÔ›· ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÁÓÒÛË
ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ∏ ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ·˘Ù‹ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ¯·Ï¿ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ·ÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ Ù˘
Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÌÔÏÔÓfiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ·Ú·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ë Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘
‰›Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ (.¯. ÙÛÈÁÁ·Ófi·È‰·), ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ӷ-
Ï¿‚Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ Ë ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ‰›Ô˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙË-
Ì·, ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ú·ÌÂÏËı›. ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈ-
Ô˘ ‰›Ô˘, ÛÙȘ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ¤˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜, Â›Ó·È ›Ûˆ˜ ÂȂ‚ÏË̤ÓË.
97
§AMNIA™ 23/07/02 11:34 ™ÂÏ›‰· 98 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
6. ™˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·
98
§AMNIA™ 23/07/02 11:34 ™ÂÏ›‰· 99 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
¶4. ŸÌˆ˜, fiˆ˜ ¤‰ÂÈÍÂ Ë ¤Ú¢ӷ, Î·È ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ¶5 ‰ÂÓ ÌfiÚÂÛ·Ó Ó·
Û˘Ó‰ÂıÔ‡Ó Ì ۇÓıÂÙ· ÁÓˆÛÙÈο Ï·›ÛÈ·. ∆ÂÏÈο, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ,
ÙÔ ¯ˆÚ›˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ¿ÓÔÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ·ÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· Ô‰ËÁ›
ÛÙËÓ ·fiÏ˘ÙË Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÍÂÎÈÓÔ‡Ó ·fi ηχÙÂÚ˜ ·ÊÂÙË-
ڛ˜. ŒÙÛÈ fï˜ ˘ÔÓÔ̇ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÚÔÔÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ·˘Ùfi ˘ÔÙ›ıÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÂÈ-
‰ÈÒÎÂÈ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ.
™Â οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ì·˜ ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó Ó·
οÓÔ˘Ì ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÛΤ„ÂȘ ¿Óˆ ÛÙËÓ ÚfiÙ·Û‹ Ì·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·Û‡ÓıÂÛË ÙÔ˘
ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi Ë
ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ Î·È ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘
‰›Ô˘ (ÂÓ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÒÓ Î·È ¯·Ï·ÚÒÓ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÂÚȯ·Ú¿ÍˆÓ)
ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜
fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙˆÓ Â˘·›ÛıËÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ. EȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·,
ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Â˘ÓÔ˚ÎfiÙÂÚ˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Û‡Ó-
ıÂÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÈηÓÔًوÓ, ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ‰‡Ô Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ‡ÚÁË-
Û·Ó ÁÂÓÈÎÒ˜ ·ÚÓËÙÈο. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ:
·. H ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ‰›Ô˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ
·Ó·Áη›· Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ «·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË» ÙˆÓ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈË-
Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛË Î¿ÔÈˆÓ ·Ó·Áη›ˆÓ ÂÍÂȉÈ΢-
Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÁÓÒÛˆÓ.
‚. H ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ Î·È ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘ ‰›-
ÓÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ¯·Ï·ÚÒÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÒÓ. ™ÙÔ Â‰›Ô ·˘Ùfi ‰›ÓÂÙ·È
Ë Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ÁÈ· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘
‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó· Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ÙËÓ Â›ÛËÌË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË.
∆ÂÏÈο, Ë ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ ›ÛËÌ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ (.¯. Ô Ù‡Ô˜ ÙˆÓ Ẩˆ-
ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Û΋ÛˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ·Ú·‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ ÎÙÏ.), ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ô
¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ‰Ú¿ÛÂ-
ˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÓ·Ï-
Ï·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘. ŒÙÛÈ, Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜
ÙˆÓ Â›ÛËÌˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ Î¿ı ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘
ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡, Â›Ó·È ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ˜.
99
§AMNIA™ 23/07/02 11:34 ™ÂÏ›‰· 100 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·
Bernstein, B. (1977). Class, codes and control (vol 3), second edition. London: Routledge and
Kegan Paul.
Bernstein, B. (1990). Class, codes and control: The structuring of pedagogic discourse (vol. 4).
London: Routledge.
Bernstein, B. (1991). ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ› ÎÒ‰ÈΘ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi˜ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜. Aı‹Ó·: AÏÂÍ¿Ó‰ÚÂÈ·. EÈ-
Û·ÁˆÁ‹, ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË, ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ I. ™ÔÏÔÌÒÓ.
Bernstein, B. (1996). Pedagogy, symbolic control and identity: Theory, research, critique. London:
Taylor & Francis.
Bernstein, B. (1998). ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋, T·˘ÙfiÙËÙ˜, ™‡ÓÔÚ·: MÈÏÒÓÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô-
ÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘. ™˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢ÍË Ô˘ ‹ÚÂ Ô IˆÛ‹Ê ™ÔÏÔÌÒÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ Basil Bernstein. ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ·
£¤Ì·Ù·, 66, 125-134.
Bourdieu, P. & Passeron, J.-C. (1977). Reproduction in Education and Culture. London: Sage.
Translation P. Nice.
Carr, W. & Kemmis, S. (1986). Becoming critical: Education, knowledge and action research.
Philadelphia: Falmer.
Habermas, J. (1984). The theory of communicative action: Reason and the rationalization of society
(vol. 1). London: Heinemann. Translation T. McCarthy.
Habermas, J. (1987). The theory of communicative action: Lifeworld and System: A Critique of
Functionalist Reason (vol. 2). Cambridge: Polity Press. Translation T. McCarthy.
Holland, J. (1981). Social Class and Changes in Orientation to Meaning. Sociology, 151, 1-18.
100
§AMNIA™ 23/07/02 11:34 ™ÂÏ›‰· 101 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
Keddie, N. (1971). Classroom Knowledge. In M. Young (Ed.). Knowledge and Kontrol: New
Directions for the Sociology of Education. London: Collier-MacMillan.
Koulaidis, V. & Tsatsaroni, A. (1996). A framework for analysing science textbooks: A socio-
epistemic approach. In M. Kondyli & Y. Papamichael (Eds). International Conference
proceedings of the UNESCO chair of Patras University in Learning, Teaching and Evaluation.
Patras: The UNESCO Chair of Patras University in Learning, Teaching and Evaluation.
McCarthy, T. (1985). Complexity and Democracy, or the Seducements of Systems Theory. New
German Critique, 35, 27-53.
MacLaren, P. & Giarelli, J. (1995). Introduction. In McLaren and Giarelli (Eds). Critical Theory
and Educational Research. State University of New York Press.
Misgeld, D. (1985). Critical Hermeneutics versus Neoparsonianism? New German Critique, 35,
101
§AMNIA™ 23/07/02 11:34 ™ÂÏ›‰· 102 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
55-82.
Morais et al (1995). Pedagogic practices for equality: A study of the relation between learning
contexts and students' learning. Paper given at the European Conference on Educational
Research 95. University of Bath, U.K.
ªÔ˘˙¤Ï˘, ¡. (1991). ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘ÛÙËÌÈ΋ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË: ∏ ¿Ô„Ë ÙÔ˘ Habermas. £Âˆ-
Ú›· Î·È ∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›·, 4, 7-35.
Torres, C. A. (1995). Participatory Action Research and Popular Education in Latin America.
In McLaren and Giarelli (Eds). Critical Theory and Educational Researc. State University of
New York Press.
White, S. (1988). The Recent Work of Jürgen Habermas: Reason, Justice & Modernity. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
102
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 103 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
ÕÓÓ· A‚ÂÓÙÈÛÈ¿Ó-¶·ÁÔÚÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ AıËÓÒÓ
EÌÌ·ÓÔ˘‹Ï KÔ˘ÌÈ¿˜
42o ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎfi ™¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ¶ÂÚÈÛÙÂÚ›Ô˘
¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙ˘ °È·‚Ú›Ì˘
2Ô ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎfi ™¯ÔÏÂ›Ô M˘ÙÈÏ‹Ó˘
¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
Abstract
104
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 105 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
Ô˘ Û˘Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È Û˘Ó¯‹ ·ʋ Î·È Û¯¤ÛË Ì ̷ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ο-
ÔÈÔ ÂÍÂÏÈÎÙÈÎfi ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (Byrne, 1991, 1993Ø ∫¿ÓÙ·˜, 1996).
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Cherniss (1980), Ë „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘
·fi ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÔÈ ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ-
ÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ¿ÚÔ‰Ô ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ÏfiÁˆ ÙˆÓ Ì·Ù·ÈÒÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ ‹ ÏfiÁˆ ÙˆÓ
˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ÁÂÓÈÎfi ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ó‰ÚfiÌÔ˘
burnout.
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Maslach & Schaufeli (1993), Ë ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜
ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÛÙȘ ÂÚÁ·ÛȷΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÏfiÁˆ ¯ÚfiÓÈÔ˘ Î·È Â›ÔÓÔ˘ ·Á-
ÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÍÂÂÚÓ¿ Ù· fiÚÈ· ·ÓÙÔ¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘, Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ Â·Á-
ÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂÍÔ˘ı¤ÓˆÛË. ∂›Ó·È ÌÈ· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜, „˘¯È΋˜
·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍ¿ÓÙÏËÛ˘, Ô˘ ÚÔηÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi Ì·ÎÚÔ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Î·È ·-
Ú·ÙÂٷ̤ÓË ¤ÎıÂÛË Î·È ÂÌÏÔ΋ Û ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜
··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ∂ÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Û ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÂÚÁ·-
Û›·˜ ÙÔÓ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ.
√È ÚÒÙ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘ı¤ÓˆÛË ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó
·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Maslach & Jackson (1981, 1985, 1986), ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÚÔÛ¿ıËÛ·Ó Ó·
ÂÚ¢ӋÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Û ÔÏÏ¿ ·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· Î·È Î·Ù·Û··Û·Ó ¤Ó·
ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘ı¤ÓˆÛ˘ (ªµπ: Maslach Burnout
Inventory). ∆· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· (·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘
ªµπ) ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó ¤Ó· ÔÏ˘‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙÔ ‰fiÌËÌ· (construct), ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÔÙÂÏ›-
Ù·È ·fi ÙÚÂȘ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜: ·) ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍ¿ÓÙÏËÛË,
Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ˘ÂډȤÁÂÚÛË Î·È ÂÍ¿ÓÙÏËÛË Ô˘
·ÔÚÚ¤ÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·, ‚) ÙËÓ ·ÔÚÔÛˆÔÔ›ËÛË, Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙ·
·ÚÓËÙÈο ‹ Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚ· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Ù· ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ Ô
ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·Ô‰¤ÎÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘, Î·È Á) ÙÔ
ÌÂȈ̤ÓÔ ·›ÛıËÌ· ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ›Ù¢Í˘ , Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚ¤ÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ¤ÏÂÛË
ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚfiÏÔ˘.
∆Ô ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ Ù˘ Maslach (MBI) ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi 22 ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ·˘-
ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, 9 ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍ¿ÓÙÏËÛË, 8 ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÌÂȈ̤ÓÔ ·›-
ÛıËÌ· ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ›Ù¢Í˘ Î·È 5 ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÚÔÛˆÔÔ›ËÛË. °È· ¯Ú‹ÛË
Û ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÂȉÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘ (MBI Form
Ed), Ë ÔÔ›· ÌÂÙÚ¿ÂÈ ÙȘ ›‰È˜ ÙÚÂȘ Îϛ̷Θ ÎfiˆÛ˘ fiˆ˜ Ë ªµπ, Ì ÌfiÓË
·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÊÚ¿Û˘ «·Ô‰¤ÎÙ˘ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ» ÙÔ˘ ·Ú-
¯ÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘ Ì ÙË Ï¤ÍË «Ì·ıËÙ‹˜», ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ‰È·Ê˘Ï·¯ı›
Ë Û·Ê‹ÓÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ë Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂηÈ-
‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ηٿ ÙË Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘ (Maslach & Jackson,
1981, 1985, 1986Ø ∫¿ÓÙ·˜, 1996).
Œ¯Ô˘Ó Á›ÓÂÈ ‰‡Ô ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ·
Ù˘ ªµπ Form Ed. ∏ ÚÒÙË ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Iwanicki & Schwab (1981) Ì 469 ‰·-
105
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 106 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
ÛοÏÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙË ª·Û·¯Ô˘Û¤ÙË Î·È Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ·fi ÙÔÓ Gold (1984) Ì 462 Ì·-
ıËÙ¤˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ∫·ÏÈÊfiÚÓÈ·. √È ÚÒÙÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ô Cronbach
alpha Â›Ó·È 0,90 ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Îϛ̷η Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÎfiˆÛ˘, 0,76 ÁÈ· ÙËÓ
·ÔÚÔÛˆÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È 0,76 ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÌÂȈ̤ÓÔ ·›ÛıËÌ· ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ›Ù¢-
͢, ÂÓÒ Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ‹˜ ·Ô‰›‰ÂÈ, Û fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· ÙˆÓ
ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ï›ÁÔ ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚ˜ ÙÈ̤˜. √È ·Ú·¿Óˆ ‚·ıÌÔ› ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ Û¯Â-
‰fiÓ Ù·˘Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ‚·ıÌÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘ ªµπ.
∂ÓÒ Ë ÚˆÙfiÙ˘Ë Îϛ̷η ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘ı¤ÓˆÛ˘
(ªµπ) ۯ‰ȿÛÙËΠÁÈ· Ó· ÌÂÙÚ¿ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎfiˆÛË Û ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ,
¤Ó·˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÛÙÈ·ÛÙ› ÛÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ-
ÎÔ‡. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰‡Ô ‚·ÛÈÎÔ› ÏfiÁÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Û¯Â-
ÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÎfiˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ: ·) ÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ›-
Ó·È ÙÔ ÈÔ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ Û fiϘ ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ ·Ó¿ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È ‚) Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ-
Îfi˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂˆÌÈÛı› ‰ÈÙÙfi ÚfiÏÔ: ÙfiÛÔ ÙË ÌÂÙ·Ï·Ì¿‰Â˘ÛË ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙÚfiÔ˘˜
ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙË ÌÂÙ¿‰ÔÛË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ËıÈÎÒÓ ·ÍÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ
·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·Ï›ٷÈ
Ó· ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·‚·ıÌ›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÎÏË-
ÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ·˘ÙÔ› fiϘ ÙȘ ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ ·Ó·Ù˘ÍȷΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ, ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ÌÂ
ÌÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Áο̷ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ηٷÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó (∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, ª˘-
ψӿ˜, ∫Ô˘ÌÈ¿˜, ∆ÛÈÓ·Ú¤ÏÏ˘, µ·ÏÛ¿ÌË & µ¿ÚÊË, ˘fi ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË).
Ÿˆ˜ Û ¿ÏÏ· ·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· Ô˘ Û˘Ó¿ÁÔÓÙ·È Â·Ê¤˜ Ì ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜,
¤ÙÛÈ Î·È ÛÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ ÚˆÙ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô Û¯ÂÙÈο ÌÂ
ÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘ı¤ÓˆÛË Â›Ó·È Ë Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÎfiˆÛË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ë
·Ôı¿ÚÚ˘ÓÛË Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È fiÙ·Ó Ë Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ·ÔÌ˘˙¿-
Ù·È. ŸÙ·Ó Ë Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÎfiˆÛË ·fi ÔÍ›· Î·È ·ÚÔ‰È΋ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËı› ÛÂ
¯ÚfiÓÈ· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË, ÙfiÙ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ·‰˘Ó·ÙÔ‡Ó Ó· ÌÂÙ·‰ÒÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜
Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙË ÁÓÒÛË Ì ÙËÓ Â¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ô˘ ··ÈÙ›ٷÈ.
√È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ıÂÙÈο Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜
ÙÔ˘˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Î¿Ùˆ ·fi ÙËÓ Â‹ÚÂÈ· ÂÓfi˜ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˘ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÂÍÔ˘ı¤Óˆ-
Û˘: Ù˘ ·ÔÚÔÛˆÔÔ›ËÛ˘. K¿ÔÈÔÈ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜
ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂΉËÏÒÛÔ˘Ó ·‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ‹ Î·È ·ÚÓËÙÈο
Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÂÙÈÎÂÙÔ-
Ô›ËÛ˘ (.¯. «Â›Ó·È fiÏÔÈ ·ÚfiÛÂÎÙÔÈ»), Ë ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ·fiÌ·ÎÚˆÓ ‹ „˘¯ÚÒÓ
ı¤ÛÂˆÓ (.¯. «fiÛÔ Î·È Ó· ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó, ·˘ÙÔ› ‰Â ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· Ì¿ıÔ˘Ó»), Ë Ê˘ÛÈ-
΋ ·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘ÓÛË ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ (.¯. Ô ÂÁÎψ‚ÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ
›Ûˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ¤‰Ú· Î·È Ë ·˘ÙÔ·Á›‰Â˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂΛ). H Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ù˘ ·ÔÚÔ-
ÛˆÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÂÔ›ıËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ „˘-
¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ·fiÚÚȄ˘.
√ ÙÚ›ÙÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÍÔ˘ı¤ÓˆÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÌÂȈ̤ÓÔ ·›ÛıËÌ· ÚÔÛˆÈ-
΋˜ ›Ù¢Í˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜
106
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 107 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
107
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 108 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
108
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 109 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
109
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 110 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
ª¤ıÔ‰Ô˜
¢Â›ÁÌ·
∆Ô Û‡Ó‰ÚÔÌÔ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘ı¤ÓˆÛ˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÙËΠ۠¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ
411 ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÏ˘ı¤ÛÈˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ ÁÂÓÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ¶ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜
∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ Ù˘ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ Ù˘ ∞ÙÙÈ΋˜, ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿-
ÓÔÓÙ·È 18 ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ù˘ πˆÓ›Ô˘ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜ (ºÈÏÔı¤Ë) Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¶fiÏη - ºÚÔ¤-
ÏÂÓ (∫ËÊÈÛÈ¿). ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÙÔ ‰Â›ÁÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi 177 (43,1%) ¿ÓÙÚ˜
Î·È 234 (56,9%) Á˘Ó·›Î˜.
™Â fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙȘ ÛÔ˘‰¤˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓˆÙ¤Úˆ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, 156 ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ù˘¯›Ô
¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ (38%), ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ 146 (35,5%) ¤¯Ô˘Ó οÓÂÈ
ÂÍÔÌÔ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Ù˘¯›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜, 109 ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ù˘¯›Ô ¶.∆.¢.∂. (26,5%) Î·È 52 ·fi
·˘ÙÔ‡˜ (12,6%) ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÛÔ˘‰¤˜ Û ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÂÚÈÔ‰È΋˜ ÂÈ-
ÌfiÚʈÛ˘, ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛË ÛÙÔ ª·Ú¿ÛÏÂÈÔ ¢È‰·ÛηÏÂ›Ô Î·È ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·Î¤˜
ÛÔ˘‰¤˜.
√ ̤ÛÔ˜ fiÚÔ˜ Û fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù· ¤ÙË Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋˜ ˘ËÚÂÛ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓˆÙ¤Úˆ ÂÎ-
·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Â›Ó·È 10,2 ¤ÙË Î·È Ë Ù˘È΋ ·fiÎÏÈÛË 5,05, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ‰Â›Á-
Ì· ¤¯ÂÈ ËÏÈÎÈ·Îfi ̤ÛÔ fiÚÔ 33,5 Î·È Ù˘È΋ ·fiÎÏÈÛË 4,43.
∏ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÙˆÓ Û¯Ô-
Ï›ˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜: 87 (21,2%) ÛÙËÓ ∞ã Ù¿ÍË, 33 (8%) ÛÙË
µã Ù¿ÍË, 60 (14,6%) ÛÙËÓ °ã Ù¿ÍË, 52 (12,7%) ÛÙËÓ ¢ã Ù¿ÍË, 76 (18,5%) ÛÙËÓ
∂ã Ù¿ÍË Î·È 103 (25,1%) ÛÙËÓ ™∆ã Ù¿ÍË.
™Â fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂȷ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË, 126 ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ›
(30,7%) Â›Ó·È ·Ó‡·ÓÙÚÔÈ, 283 (68,9%) Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÚÂ̤ÓÔÈ Î·È 2 (0,5%) ›ӷÈ
‰È·˙¢Á̤ÓÔÈ. 220 ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ (53,5%) ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ‰Èο ÙÔ˘˜ ·È-
‰È¿, ÂÓÒ 191 (46,5%) ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·fi 1 ¤ˆ˜ 4 ·È‰È¿, Ì ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ·
Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ 1 Î·È 2 ·È‰È¿ (40,8% Î·È 43,9% ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·).
∆¤ÏÔ˜, Û˘ÏϤ¯ıËÎ·Ó ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ (‰È·Ì¤-
ÚÈÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÓÔÌÔ‡ ∞ÙÙÈ΋˜ Ô˘ ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô) ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ fiÛÔ Î·È
ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ηÙÔÈΛ·˜ ÙÔ˘. ™ÙÔÓ ›Ó·Î· 1 ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ·fiÏ˘-
Ù˜ Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ‡ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙÒÓ.
110
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 111 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
¢À∆π∫∏ 8 58 2 2
A∆∆π∫∏ 1,9% 14,1% 0,5% 0,5%
∞¡∞∆√§π∫∏ 11 3 117 6
∞∆∆π∫∏ 2,7% 0,7% 28,5% 1,5%
¶∂πƒ∞π∞™ 4 2 8 89
1% 0,5% 1,9% 21,7%
∫§πª∞∫∞ µURNOUT
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
¶ÔÙ¤ ªÂÚÈΤ˜ ª›· ÊÔÚ¿ ªÂÚÈΤ˜ ªÈ· ÊÔÚ¿ ªÂÚÈΤ˜ ∫¿ıÂ
ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔ Ì‹Ó· ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙËÓ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙËÓ Ì¤Ú·
ÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ‹ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÔ Ì‹Ó· ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰· ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰·
‹ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ
111
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 112 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
¢È·‰Èηۛ·
∏ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›ˆÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÛÙÔ ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· ™Â-
ÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ - ¡ÔÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ 2000. ¶·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÚÔ‡Û· ¤Ú¢ӷ ÔÏÔ-
ÎÏËÚÒıËΠ̠·˘ÙÔ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛË, Ù· ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈ· Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÚÔ‹Ï-
ı·Ó ·fi ÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ∞ÙÙÈ΋˜ (43 Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜), ÂÚÈÔÚ›-
˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙȘ ÔÏÒÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ŸÏ· Ù· ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈ· ‹Ù·Ó
·ÓÒÓ˘Ì·.
∂˘Ú‹Ì·Ù·
√È ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎÔ›. °È· Ó·
ÂϤÁÍÔ˘Ì ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÙȘ ÙÚÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Ó· ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÂÛˆÙÂ-
ÚÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ 22 ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÚÔ¯ˆÚ‹Û·Ì Û ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔ-
ÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô ÙˆÓ Î‡ÚÈˆÓ Û˘ÓÈÛÙˆÛÒÓ (Principal Components) Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÚ-
ıfiÁˆÓË ÂÚÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÍfiÓˆÓ (Orthogonal Rotation solution). ¶ÚԤ΢„·Ó
ÙÚÂȘ ·ÚÈÔÈ ¿ÍÔÓ˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ·Ô‰›‰ÂÙ·È ÙÔ 46,1% Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋˜ ‰È·ÛÔÚ¿˜
ÙˆÓ ÙÈÌÒÓ Î·È ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ, ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÔÚıfiÁˆÓË ÂÚÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ‡Ô˘Ó
∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ªµπ
112
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 113 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
3 0,81 0,66
8 0,77 0,84
20 0,71 0,65
6 0,68 0,61
13 0,68 0,65
1 0,65 0,74
17 0,81 0,51
9 0,73 0,58
19 0,69 0,57
18 0,63 0,55
7 0,62 0,54
12 0,52 0,43
4 0,43 0,50
22 0,81 0,41
11 0,72 0,55
10 0,67 0,66
15 0,67 0,62
14 0,61 0,61
2 0,36 0,73
5 0,56 0,67
21 0,30 0,35
16 0,33 0,54
113
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 114 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
∞ÔÚÔÛˆÔÔ›ËÛË r = 0,60
p<0,000
114
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 115 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
∂¶∞°°∂§ª∞∆π∫∏ ∂•√À£∂¡ø™∏
™À¡∞π™£∏ª∞∆π∫∏ ¶ƒ√™ø¶π∫∏
∂•∞¡∆§∏™∏ ∞¶√¶ƒ√™ø¶√¶√π∏™∏ ∂¶π∆∂À•∏
¡ = 411 F=4,5 (1, 409) p<0,035 F=3,88(1, 409) p<0,05 F=11,87 (1, 409) p<0,001
ª.√. ∆.∞. ª.√. ∆.∞. ª.√. ∆.∞.
µ∞™π∫√ ¶∆ÀÃπ√
115
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 116 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
116
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 117 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
∂¶∞°°∂§ª∞∆π∫∏ ∂•√À£∂¡ø™∏
¶ƒ√™ø¶π∫∏
∞¶√¶ƒ√™ø¶√¶√π∏™∏ ∂¶π∆∂À•∏
117
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 118 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
118
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 119 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
™˘˙‹ÙËÛË
∏ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ªµπ Form Ed ÛÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ·Ô-
Î¿Ï˘„ ÙÚÂȘ ·ÚÈÔ˘˜ ¿ÍÔÓ˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ·Ô‰›‰ÂÙ·È ÙÔ 46,1% Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ-
΋˜ ‰È·ÛÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÈÌÒÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÔÚıfiÁˆÓË ÂÚÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÙÔ˘˜
·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒÂ˘Û·Ó Û ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎfi ‚·ıÌfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚÂȘ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó-
ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Û‡Ó‰ÚÔÌÔ Ù˘ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘ı¤ÓˆÛ˘. √È ÊÔÚÙ›ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂÈ-
̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛˆÓ, Û˘ÁÎÚÈÓfiÌÂÓ˜ Ì ÙȘ ÊÔÚÙ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰Ôı› ·fi
ÙÔ˘˜ ηٷÛ΢·ÛÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘, ‰ÂÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆ-
Ù˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜. ¢ÂÓ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÊÔÚÙ›ÛÂȘ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Û ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜
ÙÔ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ‹ ÊÔÚÙ›ÛÂȘ Û ϿıÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·, fiˆ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ú·ÙËÚË-
ı› Û ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ ÂÏÏËÓÈΤ˜ Î·È Í¤Ó˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ (∞Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ & ¶··-
‰¿ÙÔ˘, 1992Ø ∫¿ÓÙ·˜, 1996Ø Byrne, 1994a).
™Â fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ó-
‰ÚfiÌÔ˘ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘ı¤ÓˆÛ˘ (Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍ¿ÓÙÏËÛË, ·ÔÚÔ-
ÛˆÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ÌÂȈ̤ÓÔ ·›ÛıËÌ· ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ›Ù¢Í˘) ÙˆÓ 411 ÂηÈ-
‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ùfi˜ Ì·˜, ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËΠ˘„ËÏ‹ ıÂÙÈ΋ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· (0,60)
·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍ¿ÓÙÏËÛË Î·È Ù· ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ·ÔÚÔÛˆÔÔ›-
ËÛ˘. ∏ Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÌÂȈ̤ÓÔ˘ ·ÈÛı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ›Ù¢Í˘ ÙˆÓ ÂηÈ-
‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ùfi˜ Ì·˜ Ì ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍ¿ÓÙÏËÛË ‰Â Ê¿ÓËΠӷ
Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ (-0,32), ÂÓÒ Ì ٷ ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ·ÔÚÔÛˆÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ›ӷÈ
ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋ (-0,42). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ù˘ Byrne
(1994b) Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘ı¤ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, Ô
¯ÒÚÔ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ·Ú¿ Ù· ÚÔÛˆÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ (ΛÓËÙÚ·,
·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË, ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ ÎÙÏ.), Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ηıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔ-
ÓÙ· Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍ¿ÓÙÏËÛË. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜
ÔÈ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎÔ› ÂÚÁ·ÛÈ·ÎÔ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ (ÊfiÚÙÔ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ηÎfi Îϛ̷ ηÈ
ÂÎÓ¢ÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË, ÌË Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÛÙË Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ, ÌË
Û·Ê›˜ ÚfiÏÔÈ Î.Ô.Î.) Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Ù· ·ÚÓËÙÈο ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ›-
Ù¢Í˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÙ¤ÏÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó·
Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ·ÔÚÔÛˆÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Û ·ÚÓËÙÈο Î·È Î˘-
ÓÈο ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ô‰¤ÎÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ
Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘ı¤ÓˆÛË. ∆· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ¢-
Ú‹Ì·Ù· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ¤Ú¢ӷ. øÛÙfiÛÔ
Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÙˆÓ Zedeck, Maslach,
Mosier & Skitka (1988), ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ηÓ›˜ Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›-
ÛÙÚÔÊË Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘ı¤ÓˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·-
ÙÈ΋ ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ë ÚÒÙË Ó· Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË, ‹ ·ÎfiÌ· Ó· ıˆ-
ÚËı› Ô ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ «Î·Î¤˜ ÂÚÁ·ÛȷΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜» ˆ˜ ·›ÙÈÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô
(Burke & Greenglass, 1989a).
119
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 120 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
√È ‰È·ÊÔÚÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ùfi˜ Ì·˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÛÔ˘‰¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ-
·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, Ë ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂȷ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË (¤ÁÁ·ÌÔÈ - ¿Á·ÌÔÈ), Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹
ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ‹ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·ÙÔ˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ë Ù¿ÍË ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›·
·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ¤ÚÁÔ. ™Â fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙȘ ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ‡ԢÛ˜ ·Á¯ÔÁfiÓ˜
ËÁ¤˜ (¤ÙË ˘ËÚÂÛ›·˜, ËÏÈΛ·, ʇÏÔ Î.Ô.Î.), ‰Â ‚Ú¤ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ-
Τ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜.
™Â fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜
ÙÔ˘ ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ùfi˜ Ì·˜ ÛÙȘ ÙÚÂȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ burnout, ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËΠfiÙÈ ÔÈ
Ù˘¯ÈÔ‡¯ÔÈ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ (¶.∞.) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Û˘Ó·È-
ÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍ¿ÓÙÏËÛË, ÂÓÙÔÓfiÙÂÚ· ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ·ÔÚÔÛˆÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÚÔ˜
ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÌÂȈ̤ÓÔ ÙÔ ·›ÛıËÌ· ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜, Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ-
ο Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ù˘¯ÈÔ‡¯ÔÈ ÙˆÓ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÒÓ ∆ÌË-
Ì¿ÙˆÓ ¢ËÌÔÙÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ (¶.∆.¢.∂.).
∂›Ó·È ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ-
Τ˜ ∞η‰Ë̛˜ ‰ÈÂÙÔ‡˜ ÊÔ›ÙËÛ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔȯÂÈÒ‰ÂȘ ÛÔ˘‰¤˜ Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ÏÈ-
ÁfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔÛfiÓÙ· Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈο Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi
Ù· ¶.∆.¢.∂. Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÙÂÙÚ·ÂÙÔ‡˜ ÊÔ›ÙËÛ˘. ∂Í¿ÏÏÔ˘ ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ› ÏfiÁÔÈ Ô˘
‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÂÍÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ù˘¯ÈÔ‡¯ˆÓ ¶.∞. ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ù˘¯È-
Ô‡¯Ô˘˜ ÙˆÓ ¶.∆.¢.∂. ‹Ù·Ó ·Ê’ ÂÓfi˜ ÌÂÓ Ô ÂÊԉȷÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÒÙˆÓ Ì ٷ ··-
Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÚÔÛfiÓÙ· Î·È ÙÔ Â·ÚΤ˜ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Î·È ·Ê’
ÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ Ë ÌÈÛıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍÔÌÔ›ˆÛË. ¶·Ú’ fiÏÔ Ô˘ Ë ÂÍÔÌÔ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ Ù˘¯È-
Ô‡¯ˆÓ ¶.∞. ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ù˘¯ÈÔ‡¯Ô˘˜ ¶.∆.¢.∂. ÚÔ¯ˆÚ¿ Ì ٷ¯‡Ù·ÙÔ˘˜ Ú˘ı-
ÌÔ‡˜, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ¤Ó·˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ·ÎfiÌ· Ì ÙȘ
ÛÙÔȯÂÈÒ‰ÂȘ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÒÓ ∞η‰ËÌÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ ‰Â-
ηÂÙÈÒÓ, ÚÔηÏÒÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ·‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È ·Ó·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜
ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÔ
Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÌÂȈ̤ÓÔ ·›ÛıËÌ· ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈο ÌÂ
ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‹‰Ë Ù˘¯ÈÔ‡¯ÔÈ ÙˆÓ ¶.T.¢.E. ‹ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÍÔ-
ÌÔȈı› ÚÔ˜ Ù· ¶.∆.¢.∂. ŒÙÛÈ, ·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ Î·È Ë ÌÈ-
ÛıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ¶.∞. ›ӷÈ
›‰È· Ì ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ù· ¶.∆.¢.∂., ˆÛÙfi-
ÛÔ Ë ·‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·Ó·ÌÔÓ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘-
ÛË, Ë Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË Ù¿ÛË ·ÔÛ‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ·fi ÙÔ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Î·È
Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ· - ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·Ù›·, ÛÙËÓ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË Î·È
‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÙˆÓ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂ-
ˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Ì ÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÔÈ
ÔÏÔ¤Ó· ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· «Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˘˜» ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì ÔÏ˘-
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ¿ÚÎÂÈ·, Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ù˘¯ÈÔ‡¯Ô˘˜ ¶.∞. Û ·˘ÍË̤ÓË Û˘Ó·È-
ÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍ¿ÓÙÏËÛË, ÂÓÙÔÓfiÙÂÚ· ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ·ÔÚÔÛˆÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ÌÂÈ-
ˆÌ¤ÓÔ ·›ÛıËÌ· ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ›Ù¢Í˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Û ·˘ÍË̤ÓË Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋
120
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 121 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
121
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 122 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
122
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 123 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
123
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 124 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·
Anderson, M. B. & Iwanicki, E. F. (1984). Teacher motivation and its relationship to burnout.
Educational Administration Quarterly, 20, 109-132.
Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International
Universities Press.
Beck, C. L. & Gargiulo R. M. (1983). Burnout in teachers of retarded and nonretarded children.
Journal of Educational Research, 76, 169-173.
Belcastro, P. A., Gold, R. S. & Hays, L. C. (1983). Maslach Burnout Inventory: Factor
structures for samples of teachers. Psychological Reports, 53, 364-366.
Burke, R. J. & Greenglass, E. R. (1989a). Psychological burnout among men and women in
teaching: an examination of the Cherniss model. Human Relations, 42 (3), 261-273.
Byrne, B. M. (1994a). Testing the factorial validity, replication, and invariance of a measuring
instrument: a paradigmatic application based on the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Multivariate
Behavioral Research, 29, 289-311.
Byrne, B. M. (1994b). Burnout: testing the validity, replication, and invariance of casual
structure across elementary, intermediate, and secondary teachers. American Educational
Research Journal, 31, 645-673.
Byrne, M. (1991). Burnout: investigating the impact of background variables for elementary,
intermediate, secondary and university educators. Teaching and Teacher Education, 7, 197-209.
Byrne, M. (1993). Testing for factorial validity and invariance across elementary, intermediate
and secondary teachers. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 66, 197-212.
Cherniss, C. (1980). Professional burnout in human organization. New York: Preager Publisher.
Cherniss, C. (1988). Observed surpervisory behavior and teacher burnout in special education.
Exceptional Children, 54 (5), 449-454.
Cooper, C. L. & Marshall, J. (1976). Occupational sources of stress: A review of the literature
relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health. Journal of Occupational Psychology,
49, 11-28.
Cooper, C. L. (1980). Work stress in white – and blue – collar jobs. Bulletin of the British
Psychological Society, 33, 49-51.
124
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 125 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
Cox, T., Mackay, C. J., Cox, S., Watts, C. & Brockley, T. (1978). Stress and well being in school
teachers. Paper presented to the Ergonomics Society Conference «Psychological response
to occupational stress», University of Nottingham, September.
°·Ï·Ó¿ÎË, ∂. (2000). ™˘ÛÙËÌÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. ™ÙÔ ∫·Ï·ÓÙ˙‹-∞˙›˙È & ªÂ˙‚¤-
Á΢ ∏. £¤Ì·Ù· ∂ÈÌfiÚʈÛ˘ / ∂˘·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ™ÙÂϯÒÓ æ˘¯È΋˜ ÀÁ›·˜ ¶·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È
∂Ê‹‚ˆÓ. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·.
°ˆÓ›‰·, ∂., ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë, ∞., ∫Ï¿‰Ë˜, ¢., ªÂ˙¤, §., Brouillet D. & ™Ê˘ÚfiÂÚ·, ª. (1998). °Óˆ-
ÛÙÈ΋ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·.
Farber, B. A. (1983). A critical perspective on burnout. In B.A. Farber (Ed.). Stress and burnout
in the human service professions (pp. 1-20). New York: Pergamon Press.
Farber, B. A. (2000). Treatment Strategies for Different Types of Teacher Burnout. Journal of
Clinical Psychology, 56 (5), 675-689.
Friedman, I. A. (1991). High and Low Burnout Schools: School Culture Aspects of Teacher
Burnout. Journal of Educational Research, 84 (6), 325-339.
Gold, Y. (1984). The factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory in a sample of
California elementary and junior high school classroom teachers. Educational and
Psychological Measurement, 44, 1009-1016.
Iwanicki, E. F. & Schwab, R. L. (1981). A cross validation study of the Maslach Burnout
Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 41, 1167-1174.
Iwanicki, E. F. (1983). Toward understanding and alleviating teacher burnout. Theory into
Practice, 12, 27-32.
Jackson, S. E., Schwab, R. L. & Schuler, R. S. (1986). Toward an understanding of the burnout
phenomenon. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 630-640.
125
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 126 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, ∂. ∞. (1997). £ÂˆÚ›Â˜ ª¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ¶Ú¿ÍË: °ÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ £ÂˆÚ›Â˜. ∞ı‹-
Ó·: ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·.
∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, ∂., ª˘ÏˆÓ¿˜, ∫. §., ∫Ô˘ÌÈ¿˜, ∂. §., ∆ÛÈÓ·Ú¤ÏÏ˘, °., µ·ÏÛ¿ÌË, ¡. & µ¿ÚÊË, µ.
(˘fi ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË). ∆Ô ™‡Ó‰ÚÔÌÔ ∂·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÍÔ˘ı¤ÓˆÛ˘ Û ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ¶Úˆ-
ÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ °ÂÓÈ΋˜ & ∂ȉÈ΋˜ ∞ÁˆÁ‹˜. ™ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ¶Ú·ÎÙÈÎfi ¶Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ 2Ô˘ ¶·ÓÂÏÏ‹-
ÓÈÔ˘ ™˘Ó‰ڛԢ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ ∂Ù·ÈÚ›·˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜.
∫ÔÏÈ¿‰Ë˜, ∂., ª˘ÏˆÓ¿˜, ∫. §., ∫Ô˘ÌÈ¿˜, ∂. §., µ·ÏÛ¿ÌË, ¡. & µ¿ÚÊË, µ. (˘fi ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË).
∂·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ∂ÍÔ˘ı¤ÓˆÛË ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ & ¶ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ ∂η›‰Â˘-
Û˘. ™ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ¶Ú·ÎÙÈÎfi ¶Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ¢ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ™˘Ó‰ڛԢ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ∂Ù·ÈÚ›·˜
°ÏÒÛÛ·˜ & °Ú·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡.
Kremer-Hayon, L. & Kurtz, H. (1985). The relation of personal and environmental variables to
teacher burnout. Teaching and Teacher Education, 1, 3, 243-249.
Kyriacou, C. & Sutcliffe, J. (1977). Teacher stress: A review. Educational Review, 29, 299-306.
Kyriacou, C. & Sutcliffe, J. (1978). Teacher stress: Prevalence, sources and symptoms. British
Journal of Educational Psychology, 48, 159-167.
Kyriacou, C. & Sutcliffe, J. (1979). A note on teacher stress and locus of control. Journal of
Occupational Psychology, 52, 227-228.
Kyriacou, C. (1980). Stress, health and schoolteachers: A comparison with other professions.
Cambridge Journal of Education, 10, 3, 154-159.
Maslach, C. & Jackson, S. (1981). The Maslach burnout inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting
Psychologists Press, Inc.
Maslach, C. & Jackson, S. E. (1985). The role of sex and family variables in burnout. Sex Roles,
12, 837-851.
Maslach, C. & Jackson, S. E. (1986). Maslach burnout inventory manual (2nd edition). Palo
Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
126
¶A°APO¶OY§OY KOYM¶IA™ K.A. 23/07/02 10:54 ™ÂÏ›‰· 127 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
personality factors on teacher burnout. Teaching and Teacher Education, 5 (4), 337-353.
Olson, J. & Matuskey, P. V. (1982). Causes of burnout in SLD teachers. Journal of Learning
Disabilities, 15, 97-99.
¶··‰¿ÙÔ˘, ¢. & ∞Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, º. (1995). ∏ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂Ï-
ÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·.
Phillips, B. N. & Lee, M. (1980). The changing role of the American teacher: Carrier and future
sources of stress. πn C.L. Cooper & J. Marshall (Eds). White collars and professional stress.
Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Pratt, J. W. (1976). Perceived stress among teachers: An examination of some individual and
environmental factors and their relationship to reported stress. Unpublished MA thesis,
University of Sheffield.
Richarden, A. M. & Burke, R. J. (1991). Occupational stress and job satsfaction among
physicians: sex differences. Social Sience and Medicine, 33 (10), 1179-1187.
Russell, D. W., Altmaier, E. & Van Velzen, D. (1987). Job related stress, social support and
burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 701-711.
Schwab, R. L. & Iwanicki, E. F. (1982). Who are our burned out teachers? Educational
Research Quarterly, 7, 5-16.
Schwab, R. L., Jackson, S. E. & Schuler, R. S. (1986). Educator burnout: Sources and
consequences. Educational Research Quarterly, 10, 14-30.
Susan, A. C. (1992). Stress and Burnout in teachers. European Journal of Teacher Education,
15(3), 197-209.
Trendall, C. (1989). Stress in teaching and teacher effectiveness: A study of teachers across
mainstream and special education. Educational Research, 31, 1, 52-58.
Vachon, M.L.S. (1987). Occupational Stress in the Care of the Critically Ill, the Dying and the
Bereaved. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation.
Zedeck, S., Maslach, C., Mosier, K. & Skitka, L. (1988). Affective response to work and quality
of family life: Employee and spouse perspectives. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality,
72, 269-274.
127
¶AMOYKT™O°§OY 23/07/02 11:43 ™ÂÏ›‰· 128 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
AÓ·ÛÙ·Û›· ¶·ÌÔ˘ÎÙÛfiÁÏÔ˘
¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi IÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ
¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë
The paper aims at presenting and commenting upon some of the most
characteristic results of an empirical research which was conducted among
primary school teachers, in Greece in 1998-99.
The purpose of the study is to investigate how «the teacher’s book» is used
by teachers, how they think about it and how «the teacher’s book» affected the
Greek educational system. This research was based on a random sample of
640 primary school teachers.
The results of the study are the following: a) teachers estimated that «the
teacher’s book»was an innovation in the context of the 1981-85 educational
reform, b) it is a very useful «tool» for the teaching methodology, c) they believe
that it was used for as an additional tool their training and d) they asked for a
restructuring of their university course of studies and teacher training reorga-
nization in the framework of life long of education.
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈο
129
¶AMOYKT™O°§OY 23/07/02 11:43 ™ÂÏ›‰· 130 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
130
¶AMOYKT™O°§OY 23/07/02 11:43 ™ÂÏ›‰· 131 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
1. ∂ÓÓÔ› ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô: √‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ, ÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙ¤· ‡ÏË Î·È ÙË ‰È-
‰·Ûηϛ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ™¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, À¶∂¶£, ∫∂ª∂, ∆Ì‹Ì· ¢ËÌÔÙÈ΋˜ ∂Î-
·›‰Â˘Û˘, ∞ı‹Ó·, 1981.
131
¶AMOYKT™O°§OY 23/07/02 11:43 ™ÂÏ›‰· 132 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
ÎÔÈÓ‹ ‰Ú¿ÛË fiÏ˘ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› Ô ÎÔÈÓfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ-
‚ϤÂÈ ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ÛÔ˘‰‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (¢.√.∂., 1985).
∂›Ó·È ÂfiÌÂÓÔ Ù¤ÙÔȘ «ÚËÍÈΤÏ¢ı˜» ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ó· ÚÔηϤÛÔ˘Ó
·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜:
1. ∂ÈÊ˘Ï¿ÍÂȘ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Â›¯·Ó Û˘ÓËı›ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ
«·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi» ÙÚfiÔ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜.
2. ∂ÈÎÚ›ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û «ÌÔÓÔÌÂÚ‹» ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈ-
ÛË, ·ÊÔ‡ Ë «‰¤ÛÌ¢ÛË» ÙˆÓ ∞.¶. Î·È ÙˆÓ Ô‰ËÁÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰¿ÛηÏÔ ÂÓÂÚÁÔ-
ÔÈÔ‡Û ÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘: ÙÔÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎfi ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô, Ô˘ ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙÔ
ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Û ¤Ó· ›‰Ô˜ «Ù¯ÓÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ-
ÛÌÔ‡» (ª·˘ÚÔÁÈÒÚÁÔ˜, 1985).
3. ¶ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ Û˘ÚÚ›ÎÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ÂÎÌˉ¤ÓÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘ ÂÍ·È-
Ù›·˜ Ù˘ ÔÌÔÈÔÌÔÚÊ›·˜ Ù˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ Ú¿Í˘, Û ÌÈ· ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Î·Ù¿
ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ηıÈÂÚˆÓfiÙ·Ó Ë ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌȷ΋ ηٿÚÙÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ
Ù˘ ¶ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘. H ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ηٷ‰Â›ÎӢ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈ-
Ê·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ (ºÚ¿ÁÎÔ˜, 1980).
4. ¶ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ô˘Û›· ÂÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘
Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ Ù˘ BÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ IÛÙÔÚ›·˜ Ù˘ ∞’
§˘Î›Ԣ.
5. ∂ÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÈο, ÂÂȉ‹ Ë Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹, Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Î·È Ë ¤ÁÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ-
ÎÒÓ ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ ¤ÁÈÓ Ì ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ·Ó¿ıÂÛ˘, Ô˘ ıˆڋıËΠˆ˜ ÈÔ
·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· (∆۷ηϛ‰Ë˜, 1983).
6. ∂ÈÛËÌ¿ÓÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÓÔًوÓ
ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ÙˆÓ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ, Ù˘ ªÂϤÙ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÂÚÈ‚¿Ï-
ÏÔÓÙÔ˜, ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ «∂Ú¢ÓÒ ÙÔ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ» ÎÙÏ., ÛÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ‰È-
‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ Ô˘ ‰›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ A.¶.
7. ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· Ù˘ÔÁÚ·ÊÈο, Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈο ‹ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈο Ï¿ıË ÙˆÓ
‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Î¿ÔÈ· ÚÔ¯ÂÈÚfiÙËÙ· Î·È ‚È·Û‡ÓË ÛÙË Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹ ÔÚÈ-
ÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‹ ÛÙËÓ ¤Î‰ÔÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ (¶··ÛÙ·Ì·Ù›Ô˘, 1990).
√ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÁÈ· Ù· Ó¤· ∞.¶., Ù· ‰È‰·ÎÙÈο ‚È‚Ï›· Î·È ÙȘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ-
Τ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ıÂÌÂÏÈÒÓÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Û ÏÔÁÈÎÔÊ·Ó‹ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù·, Ô˘
›Ù ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÌÈ· ÂÈʇϷÍË ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙȘ Ӥ˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ›ÙÂ
ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë, Ë ÔÔ›· ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ·-
Ú·‚ϤÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·ʛÂÙÔ ¤ˆ˜ ÙfiÙ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔ-
ÓÈ΋ ηٿÚÙÈÛË, ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·, ÙËÓ Â˘ÛÙÚÔÊ›·, ÙËÓ ÂÊ¢ÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ‹ ÙË ı¤-
ÏËÛË Î¿ı ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡, ÌÈ· Î·È Ë ¶ÔÏÈÙ›· ·Ú›¯Â ÌfiÓÔ Ù· ‚È‚Ï›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ
Ì·ıËÙ‹ ‹ ÙȘ ÂÁ·ÎÏȘ ‰È·Ù·Á¤˜ Ì ԉËÁ›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ fiÔȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ
ÛÙ· ∞.¶. Î·È ÙÔ °ÏˆÛÛÈÎfi ª¿ıËÌ·.
132
¶AMOYKT™O°§OY 23/07/02 11:43 ™ÂÏ›‰· 133 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
IÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË
2. ¢¿Ú‚·Ú˘, ¡. ¢. (1811). ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÈÓ¤˜ Î·È ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ ÂÚ› Ù˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘
Î·È Ù˘ ‰ÈfiÚıˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ. ∂ÚÌ‹˜ Ô §fiÁÈÔ˜, Ù. ∞’, ʈÙ. ·Ó·Ù˘. ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎfi §ÔÁÔÙ¯ÓÈÎfi
Î·È πÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ∞گ›Ô, ∞ı‹Ó· 1988, Û. 150. «[…] ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯ˆÌÂÓ Â˘Î·Ù¿Ûٷٷ Û¯ÔÏ›·, ÚÔÈ-
ÎÈṲ̂ӷ Ì fiÏ· Ù· ·Ó·Áη›·, Î·È Î·Ï¿ Û¯ÔÏ·ÛÙÈο ‚È‚Ï›· ÌÂ Î·Ï‹Ó ÂÎÏÔÁ‹Ó Î·È Ù¿ÍÈÓ, Î·È Â-
ÚȤ¯ÔÓÙ· ÙÔ Î·ı’ ÂÓ Ì›·Ó Û‡ÓÙÔÌÔÓ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·Ó, Ò˜ Ó· ·Ú·‰›‰ÔÓÙ·È Ù· Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù·...».
3. ∫ÔÎÎÒÓ˘, π. ¶. (1830). ∂Á¯ÂÈÚ›‰ÈÔÓ ‰È¿ Ù· ·ÏÏËÏԉȉ·ÎÙÈο Û¯ÔÏ›· ‹ √‰ËÁfi˜ Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÔ‰È-
‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ˘fi ™·Ú·˙›ÓÔ˘. ∂Ó ∞ÈÁ›ÓË: ∂Ó ÙË ∂ıÓÈ΋ ∆˘ÔÁÚ·Ê›·.
133
¶AMOYKT™O°§OY 23/07/02 11:43 ™ÂÏ›‰· 134 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
¶ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋
134
¶AMOYKT™O°§OY 23/07/02 11:43 ™ÂÏ›‰· 135 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
4. Daniilidou, M. Reading and Reading textbooks in the First Grade of Primary School in
Greece, University of Stirling, unpublished dissertation, ÛÙÔ ª·˘ÚÔÁÈÒÚÁÔ˜ °., ∏ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË
ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ™¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, Û. 23.
135
¶AMOYKT™O°§OY 23/07/02 11:43 ™ÂÏ›‰· 136 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
136
¶AMOYKT™O°§OY 23/07/02 11:43 ™ÂÏ›‰· 137 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
AÓ·Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ·
137
¶AMOYKT™O°§OY 23/07/02 11:43 ™ÂÏ›‰· 138 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
138
¶AMOYKT™O°§OY 23/07/02 11:43 ™ÂÏ›‰· 139 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
5. ªÂ ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «‚È‚ÏÈÔÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋» ÂÓÓÔԇ̠ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Ô˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì ΤÓÙÚÔ ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÙÔ˘
Ì·ıËÙ‹. √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ Ó¤Ô˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ ·ÓÔ›ÁÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô Î·È ‰È·‚¿˙Ô˘Ó ÌÂ
ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ Ù· ΛÌÂÓ·. √ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È, ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ,
ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›· οÔÈˆÓ ·ÔÚÈÒÓ ‹ ¿ÁÓˆÛÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ. ¢Â ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Î·Ó¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ ·È‰·-
ÁˆÁÈÎfi ‹ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ˘ÏÈÎfi.
6. £· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Ì¿ıËÌ· Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÌÈ· Ó¤·
ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·, ÂÂȉ‹ ηٿ ÙÔ ÙÚ¤¯ÔÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ¤ÙÔ˜ ÂΉfiıËÎ·Ó Ó¤· ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· Ì ÙË
ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Î¤ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Ô ıÂÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÏ·ÏÔ‡ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘.
139
¶AMOYKT™O°§OY 23/07/02 11:43 ™ÂÏ›‰· 140 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
™˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·
7. TÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·˘Ùfi ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰·ÛÎ¿ÏˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ÏÂÈ-
ÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û ÂÓ‰ÔÛ¯ÔÏÈο ·›ÙÈ·, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ, Ë
¢ı˘ÓÔÊÔ‚›· ÙˆÓ ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙÒÓ ‹ ÙˆÓ ‰·ÛοψÓ, Ô˘ ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ «ÎÏ›‰ˆÌ·» ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·-
ÛÙËÚ›ˆÓ.
140
¶AMOYKT™O°§OY 23/07/02 11:43 ™ÂÏ›‰· 141 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 1
141
¶AMOYKT™O°§OY 23/07/02 11:43 ™ÂÏ›‰· 142 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 2
% ∫∞∆∞¡√ª∏ ø™ ¶ƒ√™ ∆∏¡ π∂ƒ∞ƒÃπ∞ ™∆√ ∂¶∞°°∂§ª∞ ∫∞π ø™ ¶PO™ ∆√ ºÀ§√
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 3
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 4
% ∫∞∆∞¡√ª∏ ∆ø¡ ∞¶√æ∂ø¡ °π∞ ∆∏ £∂™∏ ∆√À BIB§IOY ™∏ª∂ƒ∞
0-5 ∂∆∏ 5-10 ∂∆∏ 10 + ∂∆∏ °. ™À¡√§√
∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈ΋ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· 23,3% (21) 14,7% (22) 28,8% (115) 24,7% (158)
•ÂÂÚ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ 21,1% (19) 21,3% (32) 14,3% (57) 16,8% (108)
¢ÂÓ ··ÓÙÔ‡Ó 6,7% (6) 6,7% (10) 3,5% (14) 4,7% (30)
∞·Ú·›ÙËÙÔ ·ÏÏ¿
˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÎË
‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ˘ -
ÔÏÏ·ÏfiÙËÙ· 72,2% (65) 43,3% (65) 53,5% (214) 53,8% (344)
ÌÔÓ٤ψÓ
°ÂÓ. ™‡ÓÔÏÔ 100% (90) 100% (150) 100% (400) 100% (640)
142
¶AMOYKT™O°§OY 23/07/02 11:43 ™ÂÏ›‰· 143 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 5
% ∫∞∆∞¡√ª∏ ∆ø¡ ∞¶√æ∂ø¡ °π∞ ∆∏ Ã∏™∏ ∆√À
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 6
∂ÈχÂÈ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈο 46,1% (35) 40,3% (54) 47,3% (155) 45,3% (244)
ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·
∫¤Ú‰Ô˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ 18,4% (14) 27,6%(37) 12,5% (41) 17% (92)
∂ÈÌfiÚʈÛË 35,5% (27) 21,6% (29) 24% (79) 25% (135)
¢ÂÓ ··ÓÙÔ‡Ó 0 10,4% (14) 16,1% (53) 12,5% (67)
°ÂÓ. ™‡ÓÔÏÔ 100% (76) 100% (134) 100% (328) 100% (538)
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 7
% ∫∞∆∞¡√ª∏ ∆ø¡ ∞ƒ¡∏∆π∫ø¡ ∞¶√æ∂ø¡
0-5 ∂∆∏ 5-10 ∂∆∏ 10 +∂∆∏ °. ™À¡√§√
143
¶AMOYKT™O°§OY 23/07/02 11:43 ™ÂÏ›‰· 144 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 8
% ∫∞∆∞¡√ª∏ ∆ø¡ Ãøƒø¡ ª∂§∂∆∏™
0-5 ∂∆∏ 5-10 ∂∆∏ 10 + ∂∆∏ °. ™À¡√§√
¶Ï¿ÓÔ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ 53,3% (48) 73,3% (110) 81,8% (327) 75,8% (485)
(Û›ÙÈ)
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 9
% M.O. Ã∏™∏™ ∆√À ∫∞∆∞ ª∞£∏ª∞
0-5 ∂∆∏ 5-10 ∂∆∏ 10 + ∂∆∏ 20+ ∂∆∏ °. ™À¡.
144
¶AMOYKT™O°§OY 23/07/02 11:43 ™ÂÏ›‰· 145 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·
µÔ˘ÁÈԇη˜, ∞. (1985). ∆· Ó¤· ∞.¶. Î·È Ù· ‚È‚Ï›· Î·È ÙÔ °ÏˆÛÛÈÎfi ª¿ıËÌ·. ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi
µ‹Ì·, Ù. 6, ∞ı‹Ó·.
µÔ˘ÁÈԇη˜, ∞. (1983). ∆· Ó¤· ‚È‚Ï›· ÁψÛÛÈ΋˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ «∏ °ÏÒÛÛ· ÌÔ˘» ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¢ËÌÔ-
ÙÈÎfi ™¯ÔÏ›Ô. °ÏÒÛÛ·, 36-50.
¢¿Ú‚·Ú˘, ¡. ¢. (1811). ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÈÓ¤˜ Î·È ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ ÂÚ› Ù˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ηÈ
Ù˘ ‰ÈfiÚıˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ. ∂ÚÌ‹˜ Ô §fiÁÈÔ˜, Ù. ∞’, ʈÙ. ·Ó·Ù˘. ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎfi §ÔÁÔÙ¯ÓÈÎfi
Î·È πÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ∞گ›Ô, ∞ı‹Ó· 1988.
¢.√.∂. (1984-1985). ∆· Ó¤· ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Î·È Ù· ‚È‚Ï›· ÁÈ· Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ‰·-
ÛοÏÔ˘˜. ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi µ‹Ì·, Ù. 6, ∞ı‹Ó·.
∫.∂.ª.∂.· (À¶.∂.¶.£.). ªÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ ¶ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜, ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰¿ÛηÏÔ, Ù¿ÍË ∞’, Û. 6.
∫.∂.ª.∂.‚ (À¶.∂.¶.£.) (1984). ¡ÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ °ÏÒÛÛ·, ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰¿ÛηÏÔ, Ù¿ÍË µ’, √∂™µ,
∞ı‹Ó·, Û. 16.
∫.∂.ª.∂.Á (À¶.∂.¶.£.) (1984). ¡ÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ °ÏÒÛÛ·, ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰¿ÛηÏÔ, Ù¿ÍË ¢’, √∂™µ,
∞ı‹Ó·, Û. 21.
ª·˘ÚÔÁÈÒÚÁÔ˜, °. (1985). ∏ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ™¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓË
∂η›‰Â˘ÛË, 21, 16-35.
¶·ÌÔ˘ÎÙÛfiÁÏÔ˘, ∞. (1993). £¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ·fi„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰¿-
ÛηÏÔ. ™¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È ∑ˆ‹, 5-6, 204-211.
∆۷ηϛ‰Ë˜, ∞. (1983). ∂ÈÙ¤ÏÔ˘˜ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· ‚È‚Ï›· ÛÙÔ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎfi. ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi µ‹Ì·, 4, 33-40.
145
¶ANA°IøTAKO¶OY§O™ 23/07/02 11:00 ™ÂÏ›‰· 146 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
XÚ‹ÛÙÔ˜ ¶·Ó·ÁȈٷÎfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜
EÏÏËÓÈÎfi AÓÔÈÎÙfi ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ
¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë
¯ÒÓ, Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÓËÛȈÙÈÎÒÓ. º·›ÓÂÙ·È, Ù¤ÏÔ˜, fiÙÈ ¤ÁÈÓ ¤Ó· ÚÒÙÔ ‚‹Ì·
ÁÈ· ÙË Û‡ÛÊÈÁÍË ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÛÌÒÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ Ù˘ ‰È·ÛÔÚ¿˜.
ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ› ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ∂∞¶ ¤¯Ô˘Ó
·Ú¯›ÛÂÈ Ó· ˘ÏÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È. øÛÙfiÛÔ Ô ‰ÚfiÌÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÎfiÌ· Ì·ÎÚ‡˜, ̤¯ÚÈ Ó· Á›-
ÓÂÈ Ú¿ÍË Ë ·ÓÔÈÎÙ‹ Î·È ‰È¿ ‚›Ô˘ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜, fiÛÔ ·˘Ùfi ÂÍ·Ú-
Ù¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ∂∞¶.
Abstract
™ÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜, ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ‰ÂηÂÙ›·, Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÂÎÛ˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌfi Ù˘
ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ‚Ô‹ıËÛ ÒÛÙ ӷ ˆÚÈÌ¿ÛÂÈ Ë È‰¤· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘ÛË ÂÓfi˜ «·ÓÔÈÎÙÔ‡»
ÙÚÈÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈÔ˘ ȉڇ̷ÙÔ˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ˆ˜ χÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ ÂÍ ·ÔÛÙ¿Ûˆ˜
Î·È ‰È¿ ‚›Ô˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì›˙ÔÓ˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·-
΋˜ TÚÈÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ Eη›‰Â˘Û˘, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËΠÙÔ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎfi ∞ÓÔÈÎÙfi ¶·ÓÂ-
147
¶ANA°IøTAKO¶OY§O™ 23/07/02 11:00 ™ÂÏ›‰· 148 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
148
¶ANA°IøTAKO¶OY§O™ 23/07/02 11:00 ™ÂÏ›‰· 149 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
ñ ∏ ˘Ô‚ÔÏ‹ ·ÈÙ‹ÛˆÓ1
∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ ¯ÚÔÓÈ¿ Ù˘ Ï‹ÚÔ˘˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂∞¶
(1999-2000) Ë ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛË ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ˘Ô„ËÊ›ˆÓ ¤ÁÈÓ ÌÂ
‰‡Ô ÙÚfiÔ˘˜: ̤ۈ Internet Î·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÂȉÈ΋˜ ¤ÓÙ˘Ë˜ ·›ÙËÛ˘. ™˘ÓÔÏÈο ·-
Ú·Ï‹ÊıËÎ·Ó 23.941 ·ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ (13.500 ÁÈ· ÚÔÙ˘¯È·Î¿ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘-
‰ÒÓ Î·È 10.441 ÁÈ· ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·Î¿).
(·) ª¤Ûˆ Internet
∏ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ÙÔÔıÂÛ›· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ∂∞¶ (www.eap.gr) ¿Ú¯ÈÛÂ
Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ πÔ˘Ï›Ô˘ 1999. √ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛΤ„ÂˆÓ (hits),
Ô˘ Û˘Óԉ‡ÙËΠ·fi ÙËÓ ˘Ô‚ÔÏ‹ οÔÈÔ˘ ·ÈÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ Â͢ËÚÂÙË-
Ù‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘ ÈÛÙÔ‡ (web-server), Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙȘ ËÌÂÚÔÌËӛ˜ ˘Ô‚ÔÏ‹˜
ÙˆÓ ·ÈÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ (22/9/99 - 22/10/99) Î·È ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ (25/11/99), ›¯Â ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜:
°Ú¿ÊËÌ· 1: ¶Ï‹ıÔ˜ ÂÈÛΤ„ÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÙÔÔıÂÛ›· www.eap.gr ·Ó¿ Ì‹Ó·
1. ŸÏ· Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÌÂϤÙË ‰ËÌÔÛȇÔÓÙ·È ‡ÛÙÂÚ· ·fi ¤ÁÁÚ·-
ÊË ¿‰ÂÈ· Ù˘ ¢ÈÔÈÎÔ‡Û·˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂∞¶.
149
¶ANA°IøTAKO¶OY§O™ 23/07/02 11:00 ™ÂÏ›‰· 150 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
ñ √È ÚÔÛÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ
√È ÚÔÛÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ ‹Ù·Ó 510 ÁÈ· ηı¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÚÔÙ˘¯È·Î¿ ÚÔ-
ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ, Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó Ù· ÂÍ‹˜2: ™Ô˘‰¤˜ ÛÙÔÓ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎfi ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi
(3010), ™Ô˘‰¤˜ ÛÙÔÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi (3020), ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋ (3030),
™Ô˘‰¤˜ ÛÙȘ º˘ÛÈΤ˜ ∂ÈÛً̘ (3040), ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ∂ȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È √ÚÁ·ÓÈ-
ÛÌÒÓ (3050).
°È· ηı¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·Î¿ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ, ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ªÔ-
Ó¿‰ˆÓ ÀÁ›·˜ (2010), ∆Ú·Â˙È΋ (2020), ¶ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎfi˜ ™¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜ ¶fiÏÂ-
ˆÓ Î·È ∫ÙÈÚ›ˆÓ (2030), ¢È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ (2040), ∂ÍÂȉ›Î¢ÛË ∫·ıËÁË-
ÙÒÓ °ÂÚÌ·ÓÈ΋˜ °ÏÒÛÛ·˜ (2050), ∂ÍÂȉ›Î¢ÛË ∫·ıËÁËÙÒÓ °·ÏÏÈ΋˜ °ÏÒÛÛ·˜
(2060), ™Ô˘‰¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË (2070) Î·È ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ∆Ô˘ÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ∂ȯÂÈ-
Ú‹ÛÂˆÓ (2080), Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Û·Ó Û ªÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·Îfi ¢›ÏˆÌ· ∂ȉ›Î¢Û˘
(masters), ÚÔÛʤÚıËÎ·Ó 120 ı¤ÛÂȘ.
∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÁÈ· Ù· ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·Î¿ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ, ∞ÓÔÈÎÙ‹ Î·È ÂÍ ∞Ô-
ÛÙ¿Ûˆ˜ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË (1010), ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ∂ÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ (1020) Î·È ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ∂Î-
·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ªÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ (1030), Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Û·Ó Û ¶ÈÛÙÔÔÈËÙÈÎfi ªÂÙ·Ù˘-
¯È·Î‹˜ ∂ÈÌfiÚʈÛ˘, ÚÔÛʤÚıËÎ·Ó 1.200, 120 Î·È 120 ı¤ÛÂȘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·.
™˘ÓÔÏÈο Û fiÏ· Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ∂∞¶ ÚÔÛʤÚıËÎ·Ó 4.950 ı¤ÛÂȘ
(2.550 ÁÈ· ÚÔÙ˘¯È·Î¿ Î·È 2.400 ÁÈ· ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·Î¿ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ).
∞Í›˙ÂÈ Â‰Ò Ó· ÛËÌÂȈı› ˆ˜ Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ÔÈ ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔÈ
ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛ·Ó ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ‹Ù·Ó ·fi Ù· ÚÔÙ˘¯È·Î¿ Ù·: «¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛË
∂ȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ» (ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ 8,09%) Î·È «¶ÏËÚÔ-
ÊÔÚÈ΋» (ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ 15,92%), ÂÓÒ ·fi Ù· ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·Î¿ Ù· ÚÔ-
ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· «™Ô˘‰¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË» (ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ 3,18%) ηÈ
«¢È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜» (ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ 7,92%).
ñ ∏ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜
∏ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ ¤ÁÈÓ ÌÂ Ù˘¯·›· ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ηٿٷÍË, ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿
·Ó¿ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ, ÌÂٷ͇ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ˘Ô„ËÊ›ˆÓ.
™Ù· ÚÔÙ˘¯È·Î¿ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ ÔÈ ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔÈ ‹Ù·Ó ÙÂÏÂÈfiÊÔÈÙÔÈ
¢Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ Eη›‰Â˘Û˘. ∂›¯·Ó ÏÂÔÓ¤ÎÙËÌ·, ηٿ ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÚÔÙÂÚ·Èfi-
ÙËÙ·˜, fiÛÔÈ ‰ÂÓ Â›¯·Ó ÂÈÛ·¯ı› ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ Û ∞∂π ‹ ∆∂π ηÈ: (·) ‰È¤ÌÂÓ·Ó
ÌÔӛ̈˜ Û ÙÚÂȘ ·ÎÚÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰‹ÌÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜3 Î·È Ë ËÏÈΛ· ÙÔ˘˜ Î˘Ì·ÈÓfiÙ·Ó
ÌÂٷ͇ 23-45 ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ, (‚) Ë ËÏÈΛ· ÙÔ˘˜ Î˘Ì·ÈÓfiÙ·Ó ÌÂٷ͇ 23-45 ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ.
2. √È ·ÚÈıÌÔ› ÛÙȘ ·ÚÂÓı¤ÛÂȘ ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Έ‰ÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ™ÙÔ ÂÍ‹˜, ÁÈ·
Û˘ÓÙÔÌ›·, ηı¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Î·È Ì ÙÔÓ Îˆ‰ÈÎfi
·ÚÈıÌfi ÙÔ˘.
3. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¢‹ÌÔ˘˜ ∞Úȉ·›·˜, µÂÁÔÚ›Ùȉ·˜ Î·È ∂Í·Ï·Ù¿ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¡ÔÌÔ‡ ¶¤ÏÏ·˜. √È
‰‹ÌÔÈ ·˘ÙÔ› ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ˙ÒÓË 20 ¯ÈÏÈÔ̤ÙÚˆÓ ·fi Ù· Û‡ÓÔÚ·, ÂÓÒ, ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÛÙÔ NÔÌfi
¶¤ÏÏ·˜ ‰ÂÓ Â‰Ú‡ÂÈ ÙÌ‹Ì· ‹ Û¯ÔÏ‹ ∞∂π - ∆∂π.
150
¶ANA°IøTAKO¶OY§O™ 23/07/02 11:00 ™ÂÏ›‰· 151 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
ñ °ÂÓÈο ÛÙÔȯ›·
™Ù· ÚÔÙ˘¯È·Î¿ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ∂∞¶ ÂÈÛ‹¯ıËÛ·Ó ÙÂÏÈο 2.556 ÊÔÈÙË-
Ù¤˜. ∞fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ ˘¤‚·Ï·Ó ·›ÙËÛË Ì¤Ûˆ Internet
1.235 (ÔÛÔÛÙfi 48,32%), ÂÓÒ ¤ÓÙ˘Ë ·›ÙËÛË ˘¤‚·Ï·Ó 1.231 (ÔÛÔÛÙfi
51,68%).
ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ, ÔÈ ¿ÓÙÚ˜ ‹Ù·Ó 1.192 (ÔÛÔÛÙfi 46,64%) Î·È ÔÈ Á˘-
Ó·›Î˜ 1.364 (ÔÛÔÛÙfi 53,36%). ∏ ÔÛfiÛÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ ·ÓÙÈηÙÔÙÚ›˙ÂÈ Û¯Â‰fiÓ
·fiÏ˘Ù· ÙËÓ ÔÛfiÛÙˆÛË ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ ·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛ·Ó ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤ-
4. ¶.¯. ›¯·Ó ·ÔÊÔÈÙ‹ÛÂÈ ·fi ηıÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌȷο ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Â›¯·Ó ‰È‰·¯Ù› Û˘-
ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù· ‹ ‰È¤ıÂÙ·Ó ÚÔ¸ËÚÂÛ›· ÁÈ· ηıÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂ-
ÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÂÚÁ·Û›·.
151
¶ANA°IøTAKO¶OY§O™ 23/07/02 11:00 ™ÂÏ›‰· 152 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
ÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÛÔ˘‰¤˜ ÛÙÔ ∂∞¶. ∞fi ÙË ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ‰Â ‚Ú¤ıËΠÛË-
Ì·ÓÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ˘Ô‚ÔÏ‹˜ ·›ÙËÛ˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ʇψÓ.
ñ ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÔÏ˘ÙËÚ›ˆÓ
O ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÏ˘ÙËÚ›ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ ÛÙ· ÚÔÙ˘¯È·Î¿ ÚÔ-
ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ›¯Â ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜: «ª¤ÙÚÈ·» 157 (6,14%), «∫·Ï¿» 1.286 (50,31%),
«¶Ôχ ∫·Ï¿» 1.014 (39,67%) Î·È «ÕÚÈÛÙ·» 99 (3,87%).
152
¶ANA°IøTAKO¶OY§O™ 23/07/02 11:00 ™ÂÏ›‰· 153 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
√ ̤ÛÔ˜ fiÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ˘¯È·ÎÒÓ
ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ∂∞¶ Â›Ó·È 30,7 ¯ÚfiÓÈ·.
ñ °ÂˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ ÚÔÙ˘¯È·ÎÒÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ
√ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıÔ˜ ›Ó·Î·˜ (1) ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ÙË ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ
ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ˘¯È·ÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ∂∞¶ Û fiÏË ÙË ¯ÒÚ·. ™ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË
ÛÙ‹ÏË ÙÔ˘ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ›Ó·Î· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ ·Ó¿ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ-
΋ ÂÚÈʤÚÂÈ· ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜ (∂™À∂, 1994).
153
¶ANA°IøTAKO¶OY§O™ 23/07/02 11:00 ™ÂÏ›‰· 154 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
∞fi ÙÔÓ ›Ó·Î· 1 ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ∂∞¶
ÛÙ· ÚÔÙ˘¯È·Î¿ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ ÔÈ ÙÚÂȘ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈʤÚÂȘ
Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜ ÔÈ Î¿ÙÔÈÎÔÈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ, Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔÓ ÏËı˘ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘˜, ¤¯Ô˘Ó
·Ó·ÏÔÁÈο ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ (οÙÈ Ô˘ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿Ù·È ÛÙÔ Ï‹ıÔ˜ ˘Ô-
‚ÔÏ‹˜ ·ÈÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ˘Ô„ËÊÈfiÙËÙ·˜) Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ ÛÂÈÚ¿: Ë ¢ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ¶ÂÚÈʤÚÂÈ·
∞ÙÙÈ΋˜ (¡ÔÌfi˜ ∞ÙÙÈ΋˜), Ë ¢ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ¶ÂÚÈʤÚÂÈ· ¢˘ÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ (¡ÔÌÔ›
∞¯·˝·˜, ∏Ï›·˜ Î·È ∞ÈÙˆÏԷηÚÓ·Ó›·˜) Î·È Ë ¢ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ¶ÂÚÈʤÚÂÈ· ¡fiÙÈÔ˘
∞ÈÁ·›Ô˘ (¡ÔÌÔ› ∫˘ÎÏ¿‰ˆÓ Î·È ¢ˆ‰ÂηӋÛÔ˘).
√È ÙÚÂȘ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈʤÚÂȘ Ì ÙÔ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ, ÛÂ
Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙÔÓ ÏËı˘ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘˜, Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ ÛÂÈÚ¿: Ë ¢ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ¶ÂÚÈʤÚÂÈ·
∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ ª·Î‰ÔÓ›·˜ - £Ú¿Î˘ (¡ÔÌÔ› ¢Ú¿Ì·˜, Œ‚ÚÔ˘, ∫·‚¿Ï·˜, •¿Óı˘
Î·È ƒÔ‰fi˘), Ë ¢ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ¶ÂÚÈʤÚÂÈ· £ÂÛÛ·Ï›·˜ (¡ÔÌÔ› ª·ÁÓËÛ›·˜, §¿ÚÈ-
Û·˜, ∆ÚÈÎ¿ÏˆÓ Î·È ∫·Ú‰›ÙÛ·˜) Î·È Ë ¢ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ¶ÂÚÈʤÚÂÈ· ∫ÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ª·-
ΉÔÓ›·˜ (¡ÔÌÔ› ∏Ì·ı›·˜, £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔӛ΢, ¶¤ÏÏ·˜, ¶ÈÂÚ›·˜, ∫ÈÏΛ˜, ™ÂÚÚÒÓ
Î·È Ã·ÏÎȉÈ΋˜).
∂ÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·Ì¤ÓÔÓÙ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, ÛÙ· ÚÔÙ˘¯È·Î¿ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·-
Ù· ÙÔ˘ ∂∞¶ ÂÓÙ¿¯ıËÎ·Ó Î·È 24 ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ ·fi ÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi (∫‡ÚÔ˜ 7, µ¤Ï-
ÁÈÔ 5, °ÂÚÌ·Ó›· 3, §Ô˘ÍÂÌ‚Ô‡ÚÁÔ 3, πÛÚ·‹Ï 2, ∞ÁÁÏ›· 1, ∞˘ÛÙÚ›· 1, πÙ·Ï›· 1
Î·È √ÏÏ·Ó‰›· 1).
ñ °ÂÓÈο ÛÙÔȯ›·
™Ù· ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·Î¿ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ∂∞¶ ÂÈÛ‹¯ıËÛ·Ó ÙÂÏÈο 1.981 ÊÔÈ-
ÙËÙ¤˜. ∞fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ ˘¤‚·Ï·Ó ·›ÙËÛË Ì¤Ûˆ Internet
886 (ÔÛÔÛÙfi 44,72%), ÂÓÒ ¤ÓÙ˘Ë ·›ÙËÛË ˘¤‚·Ï·Ó 1.095 (ÔÛÔÛÙfi
55,28%).
ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ, ÔÈ ¿ÓÙÚ˜ ‹Ù·Ó 848 (ÔÛÔÛÙfi 42,81%) Î·È ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›-
Θ 1.133 (ÔÛÔÛÙfi 57,19%). ∏ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ‰ÂÓ ¤‰ÂÈÍ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο
ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ˘Ô‚ÔÏ‹˜ ·›ÙËÛ˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ʇψÓ.
154
¶ANA°IøTAKO¶OY§O™ 23/07/02 11:00 ™ÂÏ›‰· 155 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
155
¶ANA°IøTAKO¶OY§O™ 23/07/02 11:00 ™ÂÏ›‰· 156 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
∫·Ù¿ ̤ÛÔ fiÚÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·ÎÒÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ
ˆ˜ Ô Ì¤ÛÔ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔÊÔ›ÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ÂÁÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ
∂∞¶ Â›Ó·È 9,2 ¯ÚfiÓÈ·.
√ ̤ÛÔ˜ fiÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·ÎÒÓ
ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ∂∞¶ Â›Ó·È 33,6 ¯ÚfiÓÈ·.
156
¶ANA°IøTAKO¶OY§O™ 23/07/02 11:00 ™ÂÏ›‰· 157 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
∞fi ÙÔÓ ›Ó·Î· 2 ÌÔÚ› ηÓ›˜ Ó· ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÂÈ ˆ˜ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈ-
ÙËÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·ÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ ÔÈ ÙÚÂȘ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈ-
ʤÚÂȘ Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜ ÔÈ Î¿ÙÔÈÎÔÈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ, Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔÓ ÏËı˘ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘˜,
¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈο ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ ÛÂÈÚ¿: Ë ¢ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ¶Â-
ÚÈʤÚÂÈ· ¢˘ÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ (¡ÔÌÔ› ∞¯·˝·˜, ∏Ï›·˜ Î·È ∞ÈÙˆÏԷηÚÓ·Ó›·˜), Ë
¢ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ¶ÂÚÈʤÚÂÈ· ∞ÙÙÈ΋˜ (¡ÔÌfi˜ ∞ÙÙÈ΋˜) Î·È Ë ¢ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ¶ÂÚÈʤ-
ÚÂÈ· πfiÓÈˆÓ ¡‹ÛˆÓ (¡ÔÌÔ› ∑·Î‡ÓıÔ˘, ∫ÂÊ·ÏËÓ›·˜, ∫ÂÚ·ڷ˜, §Â˘Î¿‰·˜).
√È ÙÚÂȘ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈʤÚÂȘ Ì ÙÔ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ, ÛÂ
Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙÔÓ ÏËı˘ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘˜, Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ ÛÂÈÚ¿: Ë ¢ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ¶ÂÚÈʤÚÂÈ·
∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ ª·Î‰ÔÓ›·˜ - £Ú¿Î˘ (¡ÔÌÔ› ¢Ú¿Ì·˜, Œ‚ÚÔ˘, ∫·‚¿Ï·˜, •¿Óı˘
Î·È ƒÔ‰fi˘), Ë ¢ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ¶ÂÚÈʤÚÂÈ· ∫ÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ª·Î‰ÔÓ›·˜ (¡ÔÌÔ› ∏Ì·-
ı›·˜, £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔӛ΢, ¶¤ÏÏ·˜, ¶ÈÂÚ›·˜, ∫ÈÏΛ˜, ™ÂÚÚÒÓ Î·È Ã·ÏÎȉÈ΋˜) Î·È Ë
¢ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ¶ÂÚÈʤÚÂÈ· ™ÙÂÚ¿˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ (¡ÔÌÔ› µÔȈٛ·˜, ºˆÎ›‰·˜, ∂‡‚ÔÈ-
·˜, ºıÈÒÙȉ·˜ Î·È ∂˘Ú˘Ù·Ó›·˜).
√È ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·ÎÔ› ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂∞¶, ÌfiÓÈÌÔÈ Î¿ÙÔÈÎÔÈ ÙÔ˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ›-
Ó·È 2 (∫‡ÚÔ˜, °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·).
5. ™˘˙‹ÙËÛË - ™˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·
157
¶ANA°IøTAKO¶OY§O™ 23/07/02 11:00 ™ÂÏ›‰· 158 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ı¤ÛË ÛÙ· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ∂∞¶, ˆ˜ Ô Ó¤Ô˜ ıÂÛÌfi˜ ¤Ù˘¯Â
¢Ú›·˜ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂӉȷÊÂÚÔ̤ÓÔ˘˜. ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËΠ˘„ËÏfi ›Â-
‰Ô Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ·fi ÙË ¢ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ¶ÂÚÈʤÚÂÈ· ∞ÙÙÈ΋˜ (·ÛÙÈÎfi ΤÓÙÚÔ) ηÈ
ÙË ¢ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ¶ÂÚÈʤÚÂÈ· ¢˘ÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ (¡ÔÌÔ› ∞¯·˝·˜, ∏Ï›·˜ Î·È ∞È-
ÙˆÏԷηÚÓ·Ó›·˜), fiÔ˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Î·È Ë ¤‰Ú· ÙÔ˘ ȉڇ̷ÙÔ˜. ∆Ô ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ
ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ô˘ ‰È·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó Û ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Ì·ÎÚÈ¿ ·fi Ù· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ·ÛÙÈο Τ-
ÓÙÚ· ‹Ù·Ó ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·, Ë ·ÓÙ·fi-
ÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ÙÔ›ÎˆÓ ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘ÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈÒÓ, Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂ-
Ú· ÙˆÓ ÓËÛȈÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ, ‹Ù·Ó ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋. º·›ÓÂÙ·È ÏÔÈfiÓ ˆ˜ Ô
ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Û ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈο ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘Ṳ̂Ó˜ ÂÚÈÔ-
¯¤˜ ÈηÓÔÔÈ›ٷÈ.
ñ ∏ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹˜
£· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô Ù˘ Ù˘¯·›·˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ ˆ˜
·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ Û ÙÚÈÙÔ-
‚¿ıÌÈÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ›‰Ú˘Ì·. ∞ÓÙ› ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ·Ú·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ì ˆ˜
·ÓÙ›ÏÔÁÔ ÛÙÔ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ÛÎÂÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È Ù· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù·
ÁÈ· ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ı¤Ì· fiˆ˜ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ∂ÈÛËÁËÙÈ΋ ŒÎıÂÛË ÙÔ˘
™¯Â‰›Ô˘ ¡fiÌÔ˘ (¡. 2552/97), Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÁÎÚ›ıËΠ·fi ÙË ¢ÈÔÈÎÔ‡Û· ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹
ÙÔ˘ ∂∞¶ (¶Ú·ÎÙÈο 14˘ ™˘Ó‰ڛ·Û˘, 1996):
«…∏ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÔ ∂∞¶ ̤ۈ οÔÈÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ ·ÓÂÏÏËÓ›ˆÓ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛˆÓ
ı· ‹Ù·Ó Ù¯ÓÈο ‰˘Û¯ÂÚ‹˜, ı· ÛÙËÚÈ˙fiÙ·Ó Û ̛· Î·È ÌfiÓÔ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·, ÂÓÒ ı·
ÂÚ¯fiÙ·Ó Û ϋÚË ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÔÈÎÙÔ‡ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘. ∞fi
ÌÈ· ¿Ô„Ë, ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ·ÓÔÈÎÙfi ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Â›Ó·È ¤ÓÓÔȘ
Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ·Û‡Ì‚·Ù˜. √ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ›‰ÔÛ˘ ÛÙË ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· Âη›-
‰Â˘ÛË Ì ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ·, οÙÈ Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·Áˆ-
Á‹ ÛÙ· ÎÚ·ÙÈο π∂∫, ·ÔÚÚ›ÙÂÙ·È, ÁÈ·Ù› ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ Ë Â›‰ÔÛË ÛÙË ‰Â˘ÙÂ-
ÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Â›Ó·È ÌÂȈ̤Ó˘ ·Í›·˜ fiÙ·Ó Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÂÓËÏ›-
ÎÔ˘˜ Î·È fiÙÈ Û οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ‰Â ı· ¤Ú ӷ Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÂÓ‹ÏÈÎÔ ÛÂ
fiÏË ÙÔ˘ ÙË ˙ˆ‹. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ·, ΢ڛˆ˜ Ù· ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο, ·ÌÊÈ-
Û‚ËÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· ¤ÓÙÔÓ· ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›·˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙ›·˜ Ó· ÛÙ·ıÌ›-
ÛÂÈ Ì ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·, ‹ ¤ÛÙˆ ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈο, Ù· ÂÈÛÔ‰‹Ì·Ù· ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ÌÂÚ›‰·˜ ÙÔ˘
ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ô˘, Û ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÈÛıˆÙÔ‡˜ ˆ˜
ÙÔ˘˜ ÏÔ˘ÛÈfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ŒÏÏËÓ˜. ªÂ ‚¿ÛË Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ, Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÎÏ‹Úˆ-
Û˘ ıˆڋıËΠˆ˜ ÙÔ ·ÏÔ‡ÛÙÂÚÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹˜, ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘ ÚÔ-
ÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÔ ıÂÛÌfi Ù˘ ·ÓÔÈÎÙ‹˜ ·È‰Â›·˜».
158
¶ANA°IøTAKO¶OY§O™ 23/07/02 11:00 ™ÂÏ›‰· 159 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
Ó·ÎÏ¿Ù·È ÛÙËÓ ˘ÂÚÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ Á˘Ó·ÈΛԢ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÔ
Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜. ŒÙÛÈ Û 12 ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· (΢ڛˆ˜ ıˆÚËÙÈ-
΋˜ ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛ˘) ÙÔ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÂ›Ô Ê‡ÏÔ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÈÙË-
Ù¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂∞¶. ∆Ô ·ÓÙÚÈÎfi ʇÏÔ ˘ÂÚ¤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ Á˘Ó·ÈΛԢ Û 4 ÚÔ-
ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· (ıÂÙÈ΋˜ ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛ˘ Î·È ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘). ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÔ˘ÌÂ
ˆ˜, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ µÂÚÁ›‰Ë (1998), ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ··Û¯fiÏËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ
ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ó· Â›Ó·È ¯·ÌËÏfi (·Ó¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ÌfiÏȘ ÛÙÔ 34%) ÛÂ
Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ ˘fiÏÔȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜ ˘¿Ú-
¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· ·‡ÍËÛ˘ Ù˘ Á˘Ó·ÈΛ·˜ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ˘. ŒÙÛÈ Ë Û˘ÓÂ-
¯‹˜ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚÈÒÓ ·fi ÙÔ Á˘Ó·ÈΛÔ, ÔÈ-
ÎÔÓÔÌÈο ÂÓÂÚÁfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓË (µÂÚÁ›‰Ë˜, 1998). ∆Ô ∂∞¶
ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηχ„ÂÈ ÙÔ ÎÂÓfi ·˘Ùfi ηÈ, fiˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ ·-
Ú·Ù¤ıËηÓ, Ù· ηٷʤÚÓÂÈ.
159
¶ANA°IøTAKO¶OY§O™ 23/07/02 11:00 ™ÂÏ›‰· 160 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
160
¶ANA°IøTAKO¶OY§O™ 23/07/02 11:00 ™ÂÏ›‰· 161 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
6. ∂›ÏÔÁÔ˜
161
¶ANA°IøTAKO¶OY§O™ 23/07/02 11:00 ™ÂÏ›‰· 162 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·
Davies, C. (1977). Open Learning Systems for mature students. Council for Educational
Technology, Dorset.
Kirkpatrick, S. & Stoll, ∂. (1981). A Very Fast Shift Register Sequence Random Number
Generator. Journal of Computational Physics, 40, 517-526.
Park, S. K. and Miller, K. W. (1988). Random Number Generators: Good Ones are Hard to
Find. Comm. of the ACM, 31 (10), 1192-1201.
Race, P. (1994). The Open Learning Handbook – Promoting Quality in Designing and Delivering
Flexible Learning (2nd ed.). London: Kogan Page.
Rowntree, D. (1992). Exploring Open and Distance Learning. London: Kogan Page.
Spencer, D.C. (1980). Thinking about Open Learning Systems. Council for Educational
Technology, Working Paper 19.
µÂÚÁ›‰Ë˜, ¢., §ÈÔÓ·Ú¿Î˘, ∞., §˘ÎÔ˘ÚÁÈÒÙ˘, ∞., ª·ÎÚ¿Î˘, µ., ª·ÙÚ·Ï‹˜, Ã. (1998). ∞ÓÔÈ-
ÎÙ‹ Î·È ∂Í ∞ÔÛÙ¿Ûˆ˜ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË. £ÂÛÌÔ› Î·È §ÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ (ÙfiÌÔ˜ ∞’). ¶¿ÙÚ·: ∂∞¶.
∂ıÓÈ΋ ™Ù·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ÀËÚÂÛ›· Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ (1994). ¶Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÏËı˘ÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ ηٿ
ÙËÓ ·ÔÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ 17˘ ª·ÚÙ›Ô˘ 1991. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂™À∂.
¶Ú·ÎÙÈο 14˘ ™˘Ó‰ڛ·Û˘ ¢ÈÔÈÎÔ‡Û·˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂∞¶ (11/9/1996). ∂ÈÛËÁËÙÈ΋ ŒÎıÂ-
ÛË Â› ÙÔ˘ ™¯Â‰›Ô˘ ¡fiÌÔ˘ «ƒ‡ıÌÈÛË ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‰È¿ ‚›Ô˘ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ ÛÔ˘‰·ÛÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ∆ÚÈÙÔ-
‚¿ıÌÈ· ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË, ·˘ÙÔ‰˘Ó·Ì›·˜ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ∞∂π Î·È Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ηÈ
∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ¶·È‰Â›·˜». ¶¿ÙÚ·: ∂∞¶.
162
™AMANI¢H 23/07/02 11:02 ™ÂÏ›‰· 163 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
™fiÊË ™·Ì·Ó›‰Ë
B·Ú‚¿ÎÂÈÔ EÓÈ·›Ô ¶ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎfi §‡ÎÂÈÔ
¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë
Abstract
This survey investigates Greek EFL teachers' attitudes towards the use of
literary texts for developing their students' motivation. Since positive
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
164
™AMANI¢H 23/07/02 11:02 ™ÂÏ›‰· 165 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
∏ ¤Ú¢ӷ
1. °È· ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÔÙÈ΋ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÔÓ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙˆÓ ·fi„ÂˆÓ Î·È ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ-
̤ÓÔ ı¤Ì· ‚Ï. Dörnyei (2000).
165
™AMANI¢H 23/07/02 11:02 ™ÂÏ›‰· 166 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
2. ∆Ô SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ
‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ.
166
™AMANI¢H 23/07/02 11:02 ™ÂÏ›‰· 167 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÊÔÚÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘ Î·È (iv) ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛË ÁψÛÛÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔ‡-
ÙÔ˘ Î·È ·È‰Â›·˜ (education).
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ÏÔÈfiÓ, Â›Ó·È Ê·ÓÂÚfi fiÙÈ Ë ÏÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Î·-
ıËÁËÙÒÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó Û’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ıÂÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ı¤ÛÂȘ ˆ˜
ÚÔ˜ ÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·˜ ÛÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ·. √È ·fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯ÂÙÈ-
ο Ì ÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·˜ Û˘ÌÏ¤Ô˘Ó Ì ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙˆÓ Brumfit &
Carter (1986) Î·È Widdowson (1983), ÁÓˆÛÙÒÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ/ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ
ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ∞ÁÁÏÈ΋˜ ˆ˜ ͤÓ˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜. ¢‡Ô ÛËÌ›· fï˜ ı· ϤÁ·Ì fiÙÈ
Â›Ó·È ÂÓ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ӈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ·. ∆Ô ¤Ó· Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜
ηıËÁËÙ¤˜ Ô ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Ù˘ ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·˜ ›ӷÈ
fiÙÈ Ì ·˘Ù‹Ó ÍÂʇÁÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ·. ∏ Û˘Ó¯‹˜ ÂÓ·Û¯fiÏËÛË ÌÂ
ÙÔ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‚È‚Ï›Ô Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ› Û ÌÈ· ÚÔ˘Ù›Ó· Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ¤Ó· ÏÔ-
ÁÔÙ¯ÓÈÎfi ΛÌÂÓÔ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Û·ÊÒ˜ ÈÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ. ∆Ô ¿ÏÏÔ ·ÍÈÔÚfiÛÂÎÙÔ
ÛËÌÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÁËÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛË Ù˘ ͤÓ˘
ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·. ¶·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Î·ıËÁËÙ¤˜ ·Ó·-
ÁÓÒÚÈÛ·Ó ÙË Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛË ·È‰Â›·˜ Î·È ÁψÛÛÈ-
ÎÔ‡ ÏÔ‡ÙÔ˘, ‰Â Ê¿ÓËΠӷ ÚÔÛ‰›‰Ô˘Ó ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ
̤۷ ·fi ¤Ó· ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ÓÈÎfi ΛÌÂÓÔ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Û ·ʋ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ
Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· Ù˘ ͤÓ˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ٷ
‹ıË, Ù· ¤ıÈÌ· Î·È ÙȘ ·Ú·‰fiÛÂȘ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Ï·ÒÓ.
∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, ÔÈ Î·ıËÁËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›¯·Ó ·Û¯ÔÏËı› Ì ÙË ÏÔÁÔ-
Ù¯ӛ· Úfi‚·Ï·Ó ˆ˜ ·ÈÙ›· ÙÔ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Î·È Ù· ·ÓÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓ‹ ÙÌ‹-
Ì·Ù·. ¶ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜ οÔÈÔÈ Î·ıËÁËÙ¤˜ ÚÔÙÈÌÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ fi,ÙÈ
ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·, ÌÈ· Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÛÙË
‰È¿ıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. Ÿˆ˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ÛÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 2, Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ‹Ù·Ó
¤Ó·˜ ·ÎfiÌË ÏfiÁÔ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹ıËΠÁÈ· ÙË ÌË ÂÓ·Û¯fiÏËÛË Ì ÙË ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·.
ø˜ ÂÎ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ÙË ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ· Û·Ù¿ÏË ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Ô-
ÛÔÛÙfi ηıËÁËÙÒÓ ıÂÒÚËÛ ÙȘ ·ÓÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓ›˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ·ÎfiÌË ·Ó·ÛÙ·Ï-
ÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔȯ›Ô. ∆Ô Âȯ›ÚËÌ· Ô˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹ıËΠ‹Ù·Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·‰‡Ó·ÙÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜
ı· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ó ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÛÙÔ ÏÂÍÈÏfiÁÈÔ. °È’ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ηıËÁË-
Ù¤˜ Ë ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÙÔ˘ ÏÂÍÈÏÔÁ›Ô˘ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜ Ë ¯·ÌËÏ‹
ÁψÛÛÈ΋ ηٿÚÙÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·‰‡Ó·ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÛÙ· ·ÓÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓ‹ ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù·, ÛÂ
Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙÔ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ ÏÂÍÈÏfiÁÈÔ Ô˘ ÈÛÙ‡ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ Ë ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·,
Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ·ÎfiÌË ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ô˘Û›· Ù˘ ·fi ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË.
™˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ·ÙÈο ı· ϤÁ·Ì fiÙÈ ÔÈ Î·ıËÁËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·Û¯ÔÏ‹ıËÎ·Ó Ì ÙË
ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ· ÛÙ· ∞ÁÁÏÈο ÂÈηϤÛÙËÎ·Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜
ηÌÈ¿, Ê·ÓÂÚ‹ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ, ÚfiıÂÛË Ó· ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù·
Ô˘ ·˘Ù‹ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜.
167
™AMANI¢H 23/07/02 11:02 ™ÂÏ›‰· 168 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ‰ËÏÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÁËÙÒÓ, ÚÒÙÔ ÛÙȘ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Ì·-
ıËÙÒÓ ‹Ïı ÙÔ Ì˘ıÈÛÙfiÚËÌ· Ì ÔÛÔÛÙfi 23,1% Î·È ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ·Ó Ù· ‰ÈËÁ‹Ì·Ù·
Î·È Ë Ô›ËÛË Ì ÔÛÔÛÙfi 15,4% ÙÔ Î·ı¤Ó·. ÕÍÈÔ ÏfiÁÔ˘ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ
ηÌÈ¿ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ ‰Ú¿Ì·. ŒÌÌÂÛ· ÌÔÚ› ηÓ›˜ Ó· ηٷϋÍÂÈ Û ‰‡Ô Û˘-
ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·: ›Ù fiÙÈ ÔÈ Î·ıËÁËÙ¤˜ ÁÓÒÚÈ˙·Ó ˆ˜ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‰ÂÓ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ-
ÓÙ·Ó ÁÈ· ı·ÙÚÈο ΛÌÂÓ· ›Ù fiÙÈ ÔÈ Î·ıËÁËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ›¯·Ó ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿-
ÛÂÈ ÔÙ¤ ηӤӷ. ∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÂΉԯ‹ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Î·È Ë ÈÔ Èı·Ó‹, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ˆÛÙfiÛÔ
Ó· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ Ó· ÙËÓ ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó. ¶·›ÚÓÔÓÙ·˜ fï˜ ˘fi„Ë ÙËÓ
Ï‹ÚË ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Û ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙ ¤¯ÂÈ Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ ‰Ú¿Ì·, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡ÛÂ
ηÓ›˜ Ì ÂÈʇϷÍË Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ ÔÈ Î·ıËÁËÙ¤˜ Ô˘
‰ÂÓ Â›¯·Ó ÛÎÂÊı› Ó· ·Û¯ÔÏËıÔ‡Ó Ì ÙÔ ‰Ú¿Ì·. ∞˘Ùfi ›Ûˆ˜ Ó· ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ
ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Â›Ù ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÙË Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ ‰Ú¿Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË
Ù˘ ÁψÛÛÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÊÔÚÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ›Ù ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó
ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜. ¶Èı·ÓfiÓ
ÌÈ· ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ı¤Ì· Ó· ‹Ù·Ó ‰È·ÊˆÙÈÛÙÈ΋.
168
™AMANI¢H 23/07/02 11:02 ™ÂÏ›‰· 169 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
169
™AMANI¢H 23/07/02 11:02 ™ÂÏ›‰· 170 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÊÈÂÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ›Ûˆ˜ ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ·fi ·˘ÙfiÓ Ô˘ ··ÈÙ›-
Ù·È ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ·ÏÒ˜ ‚‹Ì· ‚‹Ì· ÙȘ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô
ÙÔ˘ ηıËÁËÙ‹ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ·Ó·ÛÙ·ÏÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜.
∂Í¿ÏÏÔ˘ ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ Î·ıËÁËÙ¤˜ ·Ú·‰¤¯ıËÎ·Ó fiÙÈ ‰Â ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ÌÂıÔ‰Ô-
ÏÔÁ›· Ô˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜
ÙÔ˘˜ Ù· ÓÔ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÂÙ·È ¤Ó· ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ÓÈÎfi ΛÌÂÓÔ. £· Ú¤ÂÈ
‚‚·›ˆ˜ Â‰Ò Ó· ÛËÌÂȈı› fiÙÈ fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ Î·ıËÁËÙ¤˜ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·
ˆ˜ ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ ÛÙÔ ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ. ∞˘Ùfi fï˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÌËÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙfi ÁÈ·
Ó· ηχ„ÂÈ ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙÔ˘˜ ˆ˜ ‰È‰·ÛÎfiÓÙˆÓ. Afi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ù· ÚÔ-
ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÁËÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó
Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈ· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Ù˘ ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿-
ÍË. ŸÛ· ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ηÈÚÔ‡˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÈÎÚ‹˜ ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜
‰ÂÓ Â·ÚÎÔ‡Ó Ô‡Ù ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÁËÙÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Ô‡ÙÂ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ
·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂›Ó·È ÏÔÁÈÎfi ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ Î·ıËÁËÙ¤˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Â˘-
ηÈÚ›· Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈ·, Ó· ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ
¯ÚfiÓÔ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›·˜. ∂¿Ó Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÏËÊı› ˘fi„Ë Î·È Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Î·ı·ÚÒÓ
‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ, Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È Î·È ·˘Ù‹ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÚÎÂÈ·
ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤Ó˘ ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛ˘ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜, ÙfiÙ ÔÈ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ›ӷÈ
·˘ÍË̤Ó˜. ø˜ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıÔ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Î·ıËÁË-
Ù¤˜ ÚÔÙÈÌÔ‡Ó Ó· ηٷʇÁÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Ô˘ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ-
ÛʤÚÂÈ ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô. Ÿˆ˜ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ Î·È Ô Acklam (1996), ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÏÂÔ-
ÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ Ô˘ ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ
·˘Ù¿ Û˘Óԉ‡ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÙÔ˘ ηıËÁËÙ‹, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô, ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ,
ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ Î·È ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Ô˘ ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ· Ó· ·ÈÛı¿-
ÓÂÙ·È ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÛÈÁÔ˘ÚÈ¿ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË.
ªÈ· ¿ÏÏË ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËΠ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ηıËÁËÙ¤˜ ‹Ù·Ó Î·È Ë
ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ηٿÏÏËÏÔ˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡, Ô˘ ·Ê’ ÂÓfi˜ ı· ÎÂÚ‰›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÓ-
‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ·Ê’ ÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ı· Û˘Ì‚·‰›˙ÂÈ Ì ÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜
Â›Â‰Ô (cognitive development) Î·È ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ· ÙÔ˘˜. ∞Ó Î·È ‰ÂÓ ˘‹Ú¯·Ó
ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ Ó· ÙÔ ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó Û’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ, ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÌÔÚ›
Ó· ·ÓȯÓ¢Ù› ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Ô˘ ÂÈÎÚ·Ù› Û ·ÚÎÂÙÔ‡˜ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ˜, Û˘-
ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ, ÁÈ· ÙÔ «ÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·»3. ªÈ·
¿Ô„Ë Ô˘ ÂÈÎÚ·Ù› Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ì ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·» ÂÓÓÔԇ̠ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ
Û‡ÓÔÏÔ «ÁÓ‹ÛÈˆÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘ ·ÚÔ˘˜» (ÁÈ· ·ÓÙ›-
ıÂÙË ¿Ô„Ë ‚Ï. Short & Candlin, 1986). ŸÛÔÈ ÏÔÈfiÓ Î·ıËÁËÙ¤˜ Â›Ó·È ·˘-
3. BÏ. ™·Ì·Ó›‰Ë, ™. (1999). Attitudinal and motivational factors for the use of literary texts in the
FL class: an investigation in the Greek senior high school (Û. 87-89). ∞‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÔÚÈ΋
‰È·ÙÚÈ‚‹, ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∞ıËÓÒÓ.
170
™AMANI¢H 23/07/02 11:02 ™ÂÏ›‰· 171 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ¿Ô„˘ Î·È ıˆÚÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ÌfiÓÔ ·fi ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÔÊ›ÏÔ˘Ó Ó·
·ÓÙÏ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ˘ÏÈÎfi, ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó‡ÚÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘
(Hirvela, 1989). ŸÌˆ˜ ıˆڛ˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ˘¤Ú Ù˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÏÔ-
ÁÔÙ¯ӛ·˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷÁÚ¿„ÂÈ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ. ™‹ÌÂÚ·
Â›Ó·È ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË Ë ¿Ô„Ë fiÙÈ ÔÔÈÔ‰‹Ô٠ΛÌÂÓÔ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÎÏËÊı›
ˆ˜ ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ÓÈÎfi, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È «ÊÔÚو̤ÓË Ì ÓfiËÌ·», ÁÈ· Ó·
¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì › ϤÍÂÈ Ù· ÏfiÁÈ· ÙÔ˘ Ezra Pound (1961: 28). ªÂ ·˘Ùfi
ÙÔ ÛÎÂÙÈÎfi ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, Ô ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙË ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ· «Î‡ÚÔ˘˜» Ê·ÓÙ¿˙ÂÈ
Û·Ó ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ›·, ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÔʇÁÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ÙË ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·. ¢È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο, ÙÔ
Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·‡ÂÈ Ó· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ. ∂›Ó·È ÂÍ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ÁÓˆÛÙfi fiÙÈ ÔÈ
ηıËÁËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ· ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ÚÔÛ‰›‰Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ›‰È·
ÛËÌ·Û›· Î·È Û ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ÓÈο ¤ÚÁ· Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌËÓ Â›Ó·È «ÎÏ·ÛÈο», ÌÂ
ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È ÁÚ·Ì̤ӷ Ì ٤ÙÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ,
ÒÛÙ ӷ ÎÈÓÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. °È’ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ηıËÁËÙ¤˜ Ë
ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ÓÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ‰˘ÛÂ›Ï˘ÙÔ
Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ‰ÂÓ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó‡-
ÚÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘. ∞˘Ùfi Ê¿ÓËΠӷ ÙÔ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·Ï¿ Î·È ÔÈ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ ηıËÁËÙ¤˜
∞ÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ. ŸÛÔÈ Â›¯·Ó ·Û¯ÔÏËı› Ì ÙË ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·, Ê¿ÓËΠӷ ͤÚÔ˘Ó ÙȘ
ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, fiÙÈ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·Ú¤ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÂÚȤÙÂÈ-
˜ Î·È Ù· ·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈο, ÔÈ ÈÛÙÔڛ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ Ê·ÓÙ·Û›·˜ Î·È Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆ-
ÓÈο Ì˘ıÈÛÙÔÚ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ¿Óˆ ·’ fiÏ· ÈÛÙÔڛ˜ Ì ‹Úˆ· Û˘ÓÔÌ‹ÏÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜.
™˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·
171
™AMANI¢H 23/07/02 11:02 ™ÂÏ›‰· 172 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
ÓÔ ¯ÒÚÔ, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ‹ Ì·˜ ÙÔÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi, Ì·˜ Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ ÁÈ· ηχÙÂÚ·
Ì·ıËÛȷο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ô˘ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó Û’ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ. Ÿˆ˜
·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËΠÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹, ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi §‡ÎÂÈÔ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó Ôχ
ÌÈÎÚfi ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ· ÙˆÓ ∞ÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó·
ÙÔ˘˜ «ÎÈÓËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì» ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ÂÈÙ·ÎÙÈο. ∂›¯·Ì ›Û˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ fiÙÈ
ÔÈ ‰È·ı¤ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÁËÙÒÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ηıÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó Û ·ÚÎÂÙfi ‚·ıÌfi ηÈ
ÙȘ ‰È·ı¤ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ (Hermann, 1979-80). ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, Â¿Ó ÔÈ Î·ıËÁËÙ¤˜
¤¯Ô˘Ó ıÂÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ı¤ÛÂȘ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ· Î·È Â›Ó·È Â˘·ÈÛıËÙÔÔÈË̤ÓÔÈ
ÛÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Î·È ÙȘ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, Â›Ó·È Ôχ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ÂÌÊ˘-
Û‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û’ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ’ ·˘Ù‹Ó. ∆Ô ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔ
ÔÏÏÔ‡ ıˆÚËı› ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÎÈÓËÙ‹ÚÈ· ‰‡Ó·ÌË Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÎ-
Ì¿ıËÛË (achievement) Ù˘ ͤÓ˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ (Gardner, 1985). °È· Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı›
ÏÔÈfiÓ ·˘Ùfi˜ Ô ÛÙfi¯Ô˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ë ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛË Ù˘ ͤÓ˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜, ÌÔÚ› η-
Ó›˜ Ó· ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÙ› fiÙÈ Ë ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÛÔ˘‰·›· ÎÈÓËÙ‹ÚÈ· ‰‡Ó·-
ÌË. ∫·Ù’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Ë ÁÓÒÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ı¤ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÁËÙÒÓ
ÚÔ˜ ÙË ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ· Ì¿˜ Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË.
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· 1
1. Œ¯ÂÙ οÓÂÈ ÔÙ¤ ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ· ÛÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ· ÙˆÓ ∞ÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ; (¡·È - Ÿ¯È)
2. ∂¿Ó fi¯È, ÁÈ·Ù›;
3. ∂¿Ó Ó·È, ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ù· ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÓ·Û¯fi-
ÏËÛË Ì ÙË ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ· ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË;
4. °È· ÔÈÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÙ ·Û¯ÔÏËı› Ì ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ· ˆ˜ ÙÒÚ· ÛÙÔ Ì¿-
ıËÌ·;
5. ŸÙ·Ó οÓÂÙ ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ÓÈÎfi ΛÌÂÓÔ, ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û·˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ;
(¡·È - Ÿ¯È)
6. ¶Ò˜ ηٷϷ‚·›ÓÂÙ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ‹ ÙËÓ ·‰È·ÊÔÚ›· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ
ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ÓÈÎfi ΛÌÂÓÔ;
7. ¶Ò˜ ηٷϷ‚·›ÓÂÙ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‚È‚Ï›Ô
Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔț٠ÁÈ· Ù· ∞ÁÁÏÈο;
8. °È· ÔÈÔ ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ÓÈÎfi ›‰Ô˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ;
9. ∆È Â›‰Ô˘˜ ı¤Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¤ÛÔ˘Ó;
10. ∂Û›˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÙ ηıfiÏÔ˘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ fiÙ·Ó ·Û¯ÔÏ›ÛÙ Ì ÙË ÏÔÁÔÙÂ-
¯Ó›·; (¡·È - Ÿ¯È)
11. ∂¿Ó Ó·È, ÙÈ Â›‰Ô˘˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜;
172
™AMANI¢H 23/07/02 11:02 ™ÂÏ›‰· 173 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· 2
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 2: §fiÁÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÙ ·Û¯ÔÏËı› Ì ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ· ˆ˜ ÙÒ-
Ú· ÛÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ· ÙˆÓ AÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ
Frequency Percent Valid Cum
F % Percent Percent
∞ÓÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓ›˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ 9.00 23.10 33.30 33.30
ŒÏÏÂÈ„Ë ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ 5.00 12.80 18.50 51.90
¢‡ÛÎÔÏË ÁÈ· ·‰‡Ó·ÙÔ˘˜ 6.00 15.40 22.20 74.10
¢‡ÛÎÔÏÔ ÏÂÍÈÏfiÁÈÔ 3.00 7.70 11.10 85.20
∞Ó¿ÁÎË ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘
¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ 4.00 10.30 14.80 100.00
12.00 30.80 Missing
Total 39.00 100.00 100.000.
Missing 12
Statistics: Mean 3.481 Std err .529 Std dev 2.751
173
™AMANI¢H 23/07/02 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰· 174 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
174
™AMANI¢H 23/07/02 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰· 175 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
Missing 15
Statistics: Mean 4.125 Std err .410 Std dev 2.007
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·
Acklam, R. (1996). The coursebook: friend or foe? TESOL Newsletter, 50, 16-18, Greece.
Brumfit, J. C. and Carter, A. R. (eds.) (1986). Literature and Language Teaching. O.U.P.
Donelson, K. and Nilsen, A. (1980). Literature for Today's Young Adults. Scott, Foresman,
Glenview, TLL.
Gardner, R. (1985). Social Psychology and SLL: The Role of Attitudes and Motivation. London:
Edward Arnold.
Hermann, G. (1979-1980). Attitudes and success in children's learning of English as a SL: The
motivational versus the resultative hypothesis. ELT Journal, 34, 247-254.
Hirvela, A. (1989). Five bad reasons why language teachers avoid literature. British Journal of
Language Teaching, 27/3, 127-132.
Ronnqvist, L. and Sell, D. R. (1994). Teenage books for teenagers: Reflections on literature in
language education. ELT Journal, 48/2, 125-132.
175
™AMANI¢H 23/07/02 11:03 ™ÂÏ›‰· 176 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
Assessment. Routledge.
Samanidi, S. (1999). Attitudinal and Motivational Factors for the Use of Literary Texts in the FL
class: An investigation in the Greek senior high school. ∞‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙÔÚÈ΋ ‰È·ÙÚÈ‚‹,
¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∞ıËÓÒÓ, ∆Ì‹Ì· ∞ÁÁÏÈ΋˜ °ÏÒÛÛ·˜ Î·È ºÈÏÔÏÔÁ›·˜.
Short, M. and Candlin, C. (1986). Teaching study skills for English literature. In. Brumfit, J. C.
and Carter, A. R. (eds.). Literature and Language Teaching. O.U.P.
176
™OY™AMI¢OY 23/07/02 11:05 ™ÂÏ›‰· 177 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
AÈηÙÂÚ›ÓË ™Ô˘Û·Ì›‰Ô˘-K·Ú·Ì¤ÚË
81Ô ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎfi ™¯ÔÏÂ›Ô £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔӛ΢
¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë
∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÛÙfi¯Â˘Â: (·) ÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ
Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÌË ÔÈΛˆÓ ÚÔÛÒ-
ˆÓ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ
ÛÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·˘Ù‹ Î·È (‚) ÛÙËÓ ÂͤٷÛË Ù˘ ›‰Ú·Û˘ Ô˘ ·ÛΛ Ô ‰È·-
ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi˜ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙË-
ÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ. ™ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ ‹Ú·Ó ̤ÚÔ˜ 240 Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È Ì·ı‹ÙÚȘ ̤ÛÔ˘ ÎÔÈ-
ÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ÂȤ‰Ô˘ Î·È ËÏÈΛ·˜ 7 ¤ˆ˜ 15 ÂÙÒÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÂÍÂÙ¿-
ÛıËÎ·Ó ·ÙÔÌÈο Û ¤ÚÁ· ¿ÌÂÛ˘ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÊˆÙÔÁÚ·ÊÈÒÓ
ÌË ÔÈΛˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ Û ÙÚÂȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜ (4/4, 3/4
Î·È 1/2). ∞fi Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ¤ÁÈÓ ʷÓÂÚfi fiÙÈ Ù· Â͈ÙÂÚÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈ-
ÛÙÈο ·›˙Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ÚfiÏÔ ·fi Ù· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÛÙËÓ
·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÌË ÔÈΛˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ Î·È fiÙÈ Ù· Ì·ÏÏÈ¿ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙË-
ÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· Î·È Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÂÓfi˜
ÌË ÔÈΛԢ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘. ∏ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ
ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ, ÂÓÒ Ë ËÏÈΛ· Î·È ÙÔ
ʇÏÔ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ
Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ηÙËÁÔÚÈÒÓ.
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate (a) the importance of external and internal
features to the process of recognizing unfamiliar faces (b) and the influence of
different facial views on the description of the above features. Two hundred
forty subjects of 7,9,11,13 and 15 years of age, of both gender and medium
socio-economic status were tested with an immediate recognition task using
black and white photos of unknown faces in three different views (4/4, 3/4 and
ó). A series of ANOVAs showed that external features play more important
role to the recognition of faces than internal features do and that hair is the
most important feature of all. The description of external features depends on
the facial view, while age and sex of subjects play an important role in
describing features of both categories.
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
™ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÓ‹ÌË Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÓÈ΋˜ ‡Ï˘ Ë ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤-
ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÔ·ÁÓˆÛ›·˜, Ù˘ ·ÓÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ ÔÈΛˆÓ
ÚÔÛÒˆÓ ÏfiÁˆ ÂÁÎÂÊ·ÏÈ΋˜ ‚Ï¿‚˘, Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ÙÔ˘˜ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ˘fi-
ıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ù· ÚfiÛˆ· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ‹ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÂÈÎÔÓÈ΋˜ ‡Ï˘
(Deffenbacher, Carr & Leu, 1981Ø Kolb, Milner & Taylor, 1983Ø Sergent, Ohta
& MacDonald, 1992).
√È ÚÒÙ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ ÛÙÚ¿ÊËηÓ
ÛÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ Ô˘ ΢ڛˆ˜
Û˘ÁÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘. ∂Í¤Ù·Û·Ó ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ
ÔÔ›Ô Ù· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈο (̇ÙË, ÛÙfiÌ·, Ì¿ÙÈ·) Î·È Ù· Â͈ÙÂÚÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο
(Ì·ÏÏÈ¿, Û¯‹Ì·, Û·ÁfiÓÈ) ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ Îˆ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚ¿ÙËÛË
ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·˘Ù¿
Έ‰ÈÎÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ÌÂÙ¤ÂÈÙ· ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘
(Bower & Karlin, 1974Ø Laughery, Alexander & Lane 1971Ø Winograd, 1976).
∂›Û˘, Ë ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÚ¿‚ËÍ ·fi ÓˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹
ÙˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÚÔÛ¿ıËÛ·Ó Ó· ‚ÚÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi Ô˘
¢ÓÔ› ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ
›‰Ú·Û‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·˘Ù‹ (Baddeley & Woodhead, 1982Ø Krouse,
1981Ø Patterson & Baddeley, 1977).
178
™OY™AMI¢OY 23/07/02 11:05 ™ÂÏ›‰· 179 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
179
™OY™AMI¢OY 23/07/02 11:05 ™ÂÏ›‰· 180 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
ÛÙÚ¤ÊÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙË Û‡ÓıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ
ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Û ̛· ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘˜, ÔÈ
Carey Î·È Diamond (1994) ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ
ËÏÈÎÈÒÓ Û˘ÁÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÚfiÛˆÔ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË Û‡ÓıÂÛË ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ
ÙÔ˘. ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ·ÏÏ¿˙ÂÈ Ì ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ· Â›Ó·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ
Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÚ·ÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘.
∏ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ÔÚÈṲ̂-
Ó· ‡ÏÔÁ· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ¢ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÎfiÌË ‰È¢ÎÚÈÓÈÛÙ› ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ
ÌË ÔÈΛˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ Ù· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·›˙Ô˘Ó ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙÂÚÔ
ÚfiÏÔ ·fi Ù· Â͈ÙÂÚÈο ÛÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘. ¢ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Â›Û˘ ÌÂ-
ÏÂÙËı› ·Ó Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔÓ
ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ Î·È ·Ó Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο
Û˘ÁÎÚ·ÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Â‡ÎÔÏ· Î·È ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ·fi Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ
ËÏÈÎÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ʇψÓ.
∆· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜,
ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔ:
1. ∞Ó Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ÛÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ·Ó·-
ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈο ηÈ
Â͈ÙÂÚÈο.
2. ∞Ó Ô ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡ (4/4, 3/4 Î·È 1/2) Âȉڿ ÛÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ
ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ.
3. ∞Ó Ù· ‰‡Ô ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ· Î·È ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ
ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ.
4. ¶ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘
ÛÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘.
∞Ó Ï¿‚Ô˘Ì ˘fi„Ë Ì·˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÚÔÛÒˆÓ
Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ÌÓ‹ÌË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ
Έ‰ÈÎÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ (Winograd, 1978) Î·È fiÙÈ Ù· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈο
Î·È Ù· Â͈ÙÂÚÈο Ê˘ÛÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÂÓfi˜ ÌË ÔÈΛԢ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ·›-
˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ (Ellis et al,
1979Ø Endo et al, 1984), ÙfiÙ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ fiÏ· Ù· Ê˘ÛÈο ¯·-
Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ (Ì·ÏÏÈ¿, Û¯‹Ì·, Ì¿ÙÈ·, ÛÙfiÌ·, ̇ÙË ·˘ÙÈ¿, Û·Áfi-
ÓÈ) ı· ÌÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ÌÓËÌÔÓÈÎfi ÎÒ‰Èη ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ¤Ú¢-
Ó· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Û˘ÁÎÚ¿ÙËÛË Î·È ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘. ∞ӷ̤ÓÂÙ·È Â›Û˘ fiÙÈ
Ë ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÌË ÔÈΛˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ ı· ÂÍ·ÚÙËı›
·fi ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë Ì‡ÙË ı· ÂÚÈ-
ÁÚ·Ê› ηχÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi 1/2, ·ÊÔ‡ Û’ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔ Û¯‹Ì· Ù˘ ‰È·-
ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Î·ı·ÚfiÙÂÚ· ·fi fi,ÙÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜.
¢È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ËÏÈÎÈÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ê‡ÏÔ˘ ı· ÚÔ·„Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ¤Ú¢ӷ
Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘, ·ÊÔ‡ Ù·
180
™OY™AMI¢OY 23/07/02 11:05 ™ÂÏ›‰· 181 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
ª¤ıÔ‰Ô˜
™˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜
™ÙÔ Â›Ú·Ì· ·˘Ùfi ‹Ú·Ó ̤ÚÔ˜ Û˘ÓÔÏÈο 240 ¿ÙÔÌ·, Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó ηٷÓÂÌË-
̤ӷ Û ¤ÓÙ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜. √ ̤ÛÔ˜ fiÚÔ˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ Ù˘ ÚÒ-
Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ Â›Ú·Ì· ‹Ù·Ó Ù· 6,8 ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, Ù˘ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚ˘
Ù· 8,6 ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, Ù˘ ÙÚ›Ù˘ Ù· 10,7 ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, Ù˘ ٤ٷÚÙ˘ Ù· 12,3 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Î·È Ù˘
¤ÌÙ˘ Ù· 14,4 ¯ÚfiÓÈ·. √È ÙÚÂȘ ÚÒÙ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó ·fi 30 ·Áfi-
ÚÈ· Î·È 30 ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· Ë Î·ıÂÌÈ¿, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ·fi 15 ·ÁfiÚÈ· Î·È 15
ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· Ë Î·ıÂÌÈ¿. ŸÏÔÈ ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·Ó ·fi ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂȘ
̤ÛÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ÂȤ‰Ô˘ Î·È Ù· ‰‡Ô ʇϷ ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡Ô-
ÓÙ·Ó ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· (120 ·ÁfiÚÈ· Î·È 120 ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ·).
⁄ÏË
¢È·‰Èηۛ·
181
™OY™AMI¢OY 23/07/02 11:05 ™ÂÏ›‰· 182 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· - ™˘˙‹ÙËÛË
∞fi ÙȘ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó ÙËÓ ÔÚı‹ ÂÚÈ-
ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ - ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈ˙·Ó ÚÔ-
¤Î˘„ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÔÚı‹˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ ÙÔ ¯·Ú·-
ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ (‚Ï. Î·È Haig, 1986) Î·È ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Û·Ó ÙÔ Û¯‹Ì· ηÈ
Ù· ·˘ÙÈ¿ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ. ∏ ÔÚı‹ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈ-
182
™OY™AMI¢OY 23/07/02 11:05 ™ÂÏ›‰· 183 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
ÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ (Û¯‹Ì·, Ì·ÏÏÈ¿, ·˘ÙÈ¿ Î·È Û·ÁfiÓÈ: 52.8%) Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛÂ
ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ·fi fi,ÙÈ Ë ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈ-
ÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ (Ì¿ÙÈ·, ̇ÙË, ÛÙfiÌ·: 31.8%), Ú¿ÁÌ· Ô˘ ‰Â Û˘ÌʈÓ› Ì ٷ Â˘Ú‹Ì·-
Ù· ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ (Ellis et al, 1979Ø EndoØ et al, 1984), Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ
Ù· Â͈ÙÂÚÈο Î·È ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ
·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÌË ÔÈΛˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ (‚Ï. ¶›Ó·Î· 1).
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 1
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 2
183
™OY™AMI¢OY 23/07/02 11:05 ™ÂÏ›‰· 184 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
™¯‹Ì· 1
¶ÈÔ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο, ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÛÙ ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘
Scheffe Û οı ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ͯˆÚÈÛÙ¿, ÚԤ΢„ fiÙÈ
˘‹Ú¯·Ó ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰È¿-
ÊÔÚˆÓ ËÏÈÎÈÒÓ ÛÙ· ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο: ÛÙ· Ì·ÏÏÈ¿, ÌÂ
F(4,235)=14.02, p=.000, Ù· 7¯ÚÔÓ· ·È‰È¿ ‰ÂÓ ÂÚȤÁÚ·„·Ó ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Î·Ï¿ ÙÔ
¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ·˘Ùfi fiÛÔ fiÏ· Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ·È‰È¿ ÙÔ˘ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∆Ô ›‰ÈÔ Û˘-
Ó¤‚Ë Î·È Ì ٷ 9¯ÚÔÓ· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ÂÚȤÁÚ·„·Ó Û ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi Ù· Ì·Ï-
ÏÈ¿ ·fi Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÙˆÓ 11, 13 Î·È 15 ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ. ™Â Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi
ÙÔ˘ Û¯‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÔÈ Ì¤ÛÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ∞ã ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰È¤-
ÊÂÚ·Ó ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÔÈ Ì¤ÛÔÈ fiÚÔÈ
ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ ·fi ÙËÓ °ã ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ù˘ ∂ã
¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘ ∞ã°˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘, F(4,235)=9.87, p=.000. ™Ù· ·˘ÙÈ¿ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿
ÚԤ΢„ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ̤ÛÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ 7¯ÚÔÓˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜
ÙˆÓ ˘fiÏÔÈˆÓ ÙÂÛÛ¿ÚˆÓ ËÏÈÎÈ·ÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ, F(4,235)=14.85, p=.000. ¶·-
ÚfiÌÔÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËÎÂ Î·È ÛÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙˆÓ Ì·ÙÈÒÓ,
F(4,235)=7.54, p=.000, ÂÓÒ ÛÙÔ Û·ÁfiÓÈ Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Û ÙÔ˘˜ ̤ÛÔ˘˜
fiÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ∞ã¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ù˘
∂ã¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡, F(4,235)=4.34, p=.002 (‚Ï. ¶›Ó·Î· 2). £· ϤÁ·Ì fiÙÈ ÔÈ Â-
ÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ Î·È ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ· ÙˆÓ
7¯ÚÔÓˆÓ. ∆· ·È‰È¿ ·˘Ù¿ ‰ÂÓ Î·ÙfiÚıˆÛ·Ó Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó ÔÚı¿ ÛÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ
‚·ıÌfi Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆ-
Û·Ó ˘„ËÏ¿ ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ÔÚı‹˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜, fiˆ˜ Ù· Ì·ÏÏÈ¿ Î·È ÙÔ Û¯‹Ì·. ∆Ô
·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ·˘Ùfi ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ô‰Ôı› ÛÙË «ÊÙˆ¯‹» ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ-
ÛÒÔ˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙÔ ÌÈÎÚfi ·ÚÈıÌfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó Ù· ÌÈ-
ÎÚ¿ ·È‰È¿ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ
ÏÂÍÈÏfiÁÈÔ Ô˘ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ‹ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ¯Ú‹Û˘ ηٿÏÏËψÓ
fiÚˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÂıÈÛÌÔ‡.
™Â Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ, ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙˆÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ·ÁÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÚÈ-
ÙÛÈÒÓ ÛÙ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ıËÎ·Ó Ì ̛· ÛÂÈÚ¿ t-ÙÂÛÙ
·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙˆÓ ˙¢ÁÒÓ. ∞fi Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÚԤ΢„ fiÙÈ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ÛËÌ·-
ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛËÌÂÈÒıËÎ·Ó ÛÙ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ t238=-2.96,
p=.003, ÙÔ˘ Û¯‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ t238=-2.45, p=.015, ÙˆÓ Ì·ÙÈÒÓ t238=-2.43, p=.016 ηÈ
ÙÔ˘ Û·ÁÔÓÈÔ‡ t238=-2.14, p=.033 (‚Ï. ¶›Ó·Î· 2). ∆· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· ÂÚȤÁÚ·„·Ó
ηχÙÂÚ· ·fi Ù· Û˘ÓÔÌ‹ÏÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÁfiÚÈ· fiÏ· Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈ-
ο, ηıÒ˜ Î·È fiÏ· Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ·, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ù· ·˘ÙÈ¿, ÙË Ì‡ÙË Î·È ÙÔ ÛÙfiÌ·, ÌfiÓÔ
Ô˘ Û’ ·˘Ù¿ ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙˆÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜.
£· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ÏÔÈfiÓ Ó· ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÙԇ̠fiÙÈ Ù· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· Û˘ÁÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó Î·È Â-
ÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ·fi Ù· ·ÁfiÚÈ· Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘, ηÈ
΢ڛˆ˜ Ù· Â͈ÙÂÚÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ›Ûˆ˜ ·Ô‰›‰ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ
184
™OY™AMI¢OY 23/07/02 11:05 ™ÂÏ›‰· 185 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
185
™OY™AMI¢OY 23/07/02 11:05 ™ÂÏ›‰· 186 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
(5) X ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ (2) Ã Î·È ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛÒ-
ˆÓ (3), Ì ·ӷϷ̂·ÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·. ∆·
·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì¤ÛÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ÛÙ· Â͈ÙÂÚÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ
ÚÔÛÒˆÓ Ì ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi 4/4 ‰È¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ̤ÛÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙ·
·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi 3/4, ÂÓÒ ÛÙ· ·˘ÙÈ¿ Î·È ÙÔ
Û·ÁfiÓÈ ÔÈ Ì¤ÛÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi 4/4 ‰È¤ÊÂÚ·Ó Î·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ̤-
ÛÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi 1/2 (Ì·ÏÏÈ¿: F(2,460)=10.54, p=.000, Û¯‹-
Ì·: F(2,460)=3.66, p=.026, ·˘ÙÈ¿: F(2,460)=8.0, p=.000, Û·ÁfiÓÈ:
F(2,460)=7.09, p=.001) (‚Ï. ¶›Ó·Î· 3). ∏ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·-
ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ Î˘Ì¿ÓıËΠÛÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ¯·ÌËÏfi ‚·ıÌfi ¿Û¯ÂÙ· ·fi
ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·Ó Ù· ÚfiÛˆ· - ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÚ¿-
Ì·ÙÔ˜. º·›ÓÂÙ·È ÏÔÈfiÓ fiÙÈ Ô ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ 4/4 ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÚı‹ Â-
ÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ, Û ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi Ô ÚÔÛ·Ó·-
ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ 1/2 Î·È Û ·ÎfiÌË ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ Ô ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ 3/4, ÂÓÒ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›-
ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ô ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈ-
ÛÌÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘˜.
™Â Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙÔÓ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÙÔ˘ ʇÏÔ˘, Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ t-ÙÂÛÙ ÁÈ· ·ÓÂÍ¿Ú-
ÙËÙ· ˙‡ÁË, ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ‚Ú¤ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi
1/2, Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ: ÛÙ· Ì·ÏÏÈ¿ t238=-2.56, p=.011, ÛÙÔ Û¯‹Ì· t238=-3.84,
p=.000, ÛÙ· Ì¿ÙÈ· t238=-2.25, p=.025, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi 4/4
ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ t238=-2.78, p=.006 (‚Ï. ¶›Ó·Î· 3). ™Â fiÏ· Ù·
·Ú·¿Óˆ Ù· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· ÛËÌ›ˆÛ·Ó ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ̤ÛÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ·fi fi,ÙÈ Ù·
Û˘ÓÔÌ‹ÏÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÁfiÚÈ·. £· ϤÁ·Ì fiÙÈ Ë ˘ÂÚÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÚÈÙÛÈÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈ-
ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÂÓÙÔÓfiÙÂÚË ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ·Ó·-
ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi 1/2 Î·È Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÛÙ· ‰‡Ô ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘,
ÛÙ· Ì·ÏÏÈ¿ Î·È ÛÙÔ Û¯‹Ì·.
ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒ-
Ô˘, ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Ô˘ ·Ó¤ÊÂÚ·Ó Û˘¯ÓfiÙÂÚ· ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ fiÙÈ ÙÔ˘˜
‚Ô‹ıËÛ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ - ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó Ù· Ì·ÏÏÈ¿ Î·È ·ÎÔ-
ÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Û ÙÔ «¿ÏÏÔ» ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Û ٷ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÛËÌ¿‰È· ÙÔ˘
ÚÔÛÒÔ˘, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÏȤ˜ Î·È Ù· Û˘Ú¿ÎÈ· (Bruce, 1988, Û. 131-134)
(‚Ï. ¶›Ó·Î· 1). ∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ì-
ÊÒÓËÛ Ì ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ (Haig, 1984, 1986Ø Shepherd
et al, 1981) Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙˆÓ Ì·ÏÏÈÒÓ, Ô˘ η٤Ϸ‚ ÙËÓ
ÚÒÙË ı¤ÛË. ∆· Ì·ÏÏÈ¿, ·Ó Î·È Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¢ÌÂÙ¿‚ÏËÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈ-
ÛÙÈÎfi (΢ڛˆ˜ ÛÙ· Á˘Ó·ÈΛ· ÚfiÛˆ·), ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈ-
ÛÙÈÎfi ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÌË ÔÈΛˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ. ∂›Û˘, Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋
ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘
˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÓÙÈ-
ΛÌÂÓÔ ‰È·‰Ô¯È΋˜ Î·È fi¯È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ˘ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, Ô˘ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÍÂÎÈÓ¿
186
™OY™AMI¢OY 23/07/02 11:05 ™ÂÏ›‰· 187 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
·fi ÙÔ ÂÚ›ÁÚ·ÌÌ· (Ì·ÏÏÈ¿ Î·È Û¯‹Ì·) Î·È ÚÔ¯ˆÚ› ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙÔ˘
ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ (Ì¿ÙÈ·, ̇ÙË, ÛÙfiÌ·). ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÌË ÔÈΛˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ,
·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, fiÙ·Ó Ù· ‰Ô‡Ì ÁÈ· ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÊÔÚ¿, ›-
Ó·È ÚÒÙ· Ù· Ì·ÏÏÈ¿ Î·È ¤ÂÈÙ· οÔÈ· ÛËÌ¿‰È· Ô˘ Ù· οÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ͯˆÚ›-
˙Ô˘Ó ·fi Ù· ¿ÏÏ· ÚfiÛˆ· Ô˘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿Ì Á‡Úˆ Ì·˜. ∆Ô Û¯‹Ì· ·ÔÙÂÏ›
›Û˘ ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Ô˘ ‚ÔËı¿ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Î·È ·ÎÔ-
ÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Ì·ÙÈÒÓ, Ù˘ ̇Ù˘, ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÈÒÓ, ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfiÌ·ÙÔ˜
Î·È ÙÔ˘ Û·ÁÔÓÈÔ‡. ∞Ó ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙË-
ÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ù· ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ÔÚı‹˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈ-
ÎÒÓ, ÙfiÙ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÓÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Î˘-
Ú›ˆ˜ ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÙÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÈÒÓ. ∆· Ì¿ÙÈ· Â›Ó·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÈÔ ÛËÌ·-
ÓÙÈο, fiÙ·Ó ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì ¤Ó· ÚfiÛˆÔ, ·Ú¿ fiÙ·Ó ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È
Ó· ÙÔ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘ÌÂ, ÂÓÒ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÈÒÓ.
∏ ̇ÙË ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ó· ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi,
Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë Ì‡ÙË
ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ (Haig, 1984, 1986).
™˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·
187
™OY™AMI¢OY 23/07/02 11:05 ™ÂÏ›‰· 188 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
4/4 ¢ÓÔ› ÛÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈ-
ÛÙÈÎÒÓ, ›Ûˆ˜ ÂÂȉ‹ Ù· Ì·ÏÏÈ¿, ÙÔ Û¯‹Ì· Î·È Ù· ·˘ÙÈ¿ ‰È·ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È Î·Ï‡ÙÂ-
Ú· ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi ·˘Ùfi. øÛÙfiÛÔ Ô ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡
‰ÂÓ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ. ∞˘Ùfi Ì·˜
Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ù· Ì¿ÙÈ·, Ë Ì‡ÙË Î·È ÙÔ ÛÙfiÌ· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ
ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ ‹ Ì ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÂÈÚ¿ Û fiÔÈÔ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈ-
ÛÌfi Î·È ·Ó Ù· ‰Ô‡ÌÂ.
ªÂ ÙËÓ ¿ÚÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ËÏÈΛ·˜ Ë ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈ-
ÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È fiÏÔ Î·È ÏËÚ¤ÛÙÂÚË, ÂÓÒ Ë ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂ-
ÚÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË. ÕÚ· Ù· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈ-
ÛÙÈο Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂϤÁ¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ·Ó Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ·˘-
Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜. ŸÛÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· Û ËÏÈΛ· Â›Ó·È Ù· ·È‰È¿, ÙfiÛÔ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ·
ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó Ù· Â͈ÙÂÚÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘, ÂÓÒ Ë ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹
ÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Â ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ·È‰È¿ ËÏÈΛ·˜ 7
ˆ˜ 15 ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ.
∆Ô Ê‡ÏÔ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ, Î·È Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·
ÂÓÙÔÓfiÙÂÚ· ÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ÙˆÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ. ∆· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ·
Â›Ó·È ÈηÓfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ›
Ó· ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂ-
ÚÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÚfiÛˆÔ. ∞Í›˙ÂÈ ·ÎfiÌË Ó· ÙÔÓÈÛÙ› fiÙÈ Ë ˘ÂÚÔ¯‹
ÙˆÓ ÎÔÚÈÙÛÈÒÓ ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÙËΠȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi 1/2, Ì›· ‰È·›-
ÛÙˆÛË Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ¢Ù› Î·È ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË ¤Ú¢ӷ
ÁÈ· Ó· ÂȂ‚·Èˆı›.
∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ¤Ú¢ӷ, ·Ó Î·È ¤‰ˆÛ οÔȘ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙË
ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÌË ÔÈΛˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·-
ÁÓÒÚÈÛË, ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛÂ Î·È ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ¤Ú¢ӷ, fiˆ˜ ÔÈÔÈ ·-
Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÂȉÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ, ÔÈÔ˜
Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡ 1/2 ÛÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘, ÔÈ· ¯·-
Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Û˘ÁÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ Î·È ÔÈ ËÏÈÎȈ̤ÓÔÈ Î.¿. ∏ ¤Ú¢ӷ Ù¤-
ÙÔÈˆÓ ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ı· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ
¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË, ηıÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ·˘Ù‹ ÏÂÈ-
ÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Î·È ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ¿ÚÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ËÏÈΛ·˜.
188
™OY™AMI¢OY 23/07/02 11:05 ™ÂÏ›‰· 189 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ·
HÏÈΛ· º‡ÏÔ
OÏÈÎfi
6.8 ¯Ú. 8.6 ¯Ú. 10.7 ¯Ú. 12.3 ¯Ú. 14.4 ¯Ú. ·ÁfiÚÈ ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ
Ì·ÏÏÈ¿ 4.85 5.73 6.15 7.23 8.00 5.65 6.52 6.08
(2.27) (1.92) (1.90) (2.48) (2.08) (2.31) (2.25) (2.32)
Û¯‹Ì· 3.76 4.93 4.85 6.06 5.76 4.55 5.18 4.86
(1.89) (2.04) (1.76) (1.87) (1.75) (1.97) (2.02) (2.02)
·˘ÙÈ¿ 1.55 3.46 3.43 3.83 3.66 2.89 3.20 3.05
(1.76) (1.76) (1.68) (.96) (1.70) (1.77) (2.11) (1.95)
̇ÙË 2.11 2.63 2.36 2.83 2.83 2.39 2.58 2.48
(1.53) (1.49) (1.50) (2.00) (2.01) (1.62) (1.69) (1.65)
ÛÙfiÌ· 1.61 2.21 2.31 1.96 1.90 1.91 2.12 2.0
(1.49) (1.83) (1.39) (1.51) (1.76) (1.52) (1.69) (1.61)
Ì¿ÙÈ· 1.03 1.83 2.23 2.36 2.13 1.60 2.06 1.83
(1.07) (1.54) (1.45) (1.42) (1.54) (1.31) (1.59) (1.47)
Û·ÁfiÓÈ 1.25 1.55 2.26 2.00 1.90 1.55 1.95 1.75
(1.21) (1.37) (1.58) (1.59) (1.56) (1.46) (1.48) (1.48)
189
™OY™AMI¢OY 23/07/02 11:05 ™ÂÏ›‰· 190 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
190
™OY™AMI¢OY 23/07/02 11:05 ™ÂÏ›‰· 191 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
3/4 Ì·ÏÏÈ¿ 1.63 1.58 1.80 2.23 2.30 1.76 1.87 1.82
(1.07) (0.97) (0.98) (1.19) (1.20) (1.09) (1.08) (1.08)
Û¯‹Ì· 1.13 1.68 1.45 2.10 2.13 1.54 1.65 1.59
(0.67) (0.94) (0.89) (0.88) (0.73) (0.87) (0.93) (0.90)
·˘ÙÈ¿ 0.51 1.05 0.98 1.03 1.06 0.88 0.91 0.90
(0.70) (0.81) (0.81) (0.99) (0.82) (0.80) (0.87) (0.83)
̇ÙË 0.83 0.70 0.71 0.96 0.63 0.79 0.73 0.76
(0.76) (0.72) (0.76) (0.99) (0.80) (0.80) (0.77) (0.79)
ÛÙfiÌ· 0.56 0.45 0.58 0.46 0.53 0.51 0.53 0.52
(0.78) (0.67) (0.67) (0.77) (0.81) (0.53) (0.76) (0.73)
Ì¿ÙÈ· 0.38 0.46 0.55 0.86 0.56 0.47 0.58 0.52
(0.52) (0.59) (0.62) (0.81) (0.72) (0.63) (0.65) (0.64)
Û·ÁfiÓÈ 0.50 0.38 0.63 0.50 0.73 0.50 0.56 0.53
(0.62) (0.61) (0.73) (0.68) (0.82) (0.66) (0.71) (0.69)
191
™OY™AMI¢OY 23/07/02 11:05 ™ÂÏ›‰· 192 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·
Baddeley, A. & Woodhead, M. (1982). Depth of processing context, and face recognition.
Journal of Psychology, 36 (2), 148-164.
Bower, G.H. & Karlin, M.B. (1974). Depth of processing pictures of faces and recognition
memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 103, 751-757.
Bruce, V. (1988). Recognizing faces. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
Bruce, V. & Young, A.W. (1986). Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology,
77, 305-327.
Bushnell, I. W. R., Sai, F. & Mullin, J. T. (1989). Neonatal recognition of the mother’s face.
British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 7, 3-15.
Caplan, P. J., McPherson, G. M., & Tobin, P. (1985). Do sex-related differences in spatial
abilities exist? American Psychologist, 40, 786-799.
Carey, S. & Diamond, R. (1994). Are faces perceived as configurations more by adults than by
children? In V. Bruce & G. Humphreys (Eds.). Object and face recognition (pp. 253-274).
Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Deffenbacher, K. A., Carr, T. H. Leu, J. R. (1981). Memory for words, pictures and faces:
Retroactive interference, forgetting and reminiscence. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Human Learning and Memory, 7, 299-305.
Ellis, H. D., Shepherd, J. W. & Davies, G. M. (1979). Identification of familiar and unfamiliar
faces from internal and external features: Some implication for theories of face recognition.
Perception, 8, 431-439.
Endo, M., Takahashi, K., Maruyama, K. (1984). Effects of observer’s attitude on the familiarity
of faces: Using the difference in cue value between central and peripheral facial elements as
an index of familiarity. Tohoky Psychologica Folia, 43 (1-4), 23-34.
Flin, R. H. (1980). Age effects in children’s memory for unfamiliar faces. Developmental
Psychology, 16, 373-374
Haig, N. D. (1984). The effect of feature displacement on face recognition. Perception, 13, 505-
512.
Haig, N. D. (1986). Exploring recognition with interchanged facial features. Perception, 15, 235-
247.
Johnson, M. H., Dziurawiec, S., Ellis, H. & Morton, J. (1991). Newborns’ preferential tracking
192
™OY™AMI¢OY 23/07/02 11:05 ™ÂÏ›‰· 193 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
Kolb, B., Milner, B. & Taylor, L. (1983). Perception of faces by patients with localized cortical
excisions. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 37, 8-18.
Krouse, F. L. (1981). Effects of pose, pose change and delay on face recognition performance.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 66 (5), 651-654.
Larrabee, G. J. & Crook, T. H. (1993). Do men show more rapid age-associated decline in
simulated everyday verbal memory than do women? Psychology and Aging, 8, 68-71.
Laughery, K. R., Alexander, J. F. & Lane, A. B. (1971). Recognition of human faces: effects of
target exposure time, target position pose position and type of photograph. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 55 (5), 477-483.
Patterson, K. E. & Baddeley, A. D. (1977). When face recognition fails. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 3 (4), 406-417.
Roberts, A. D. & Bruce, V. (1988). Feature salience in judgments of sex and familiarity of faces.
Perception, 17, 475-481.
Sai, F. & Bushell, I. W. R. (1988). The perception of faces in different poses by 1-month-olds.
British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6, 35-41.
Sergent, J., Ohta, S. & McDonald, B. (1992). Functional neuroanatomy of face and object
processing. Brain, 115, 15-36.
Shepherd, J. W., Davies, G. M. & Ellis, H. D. (1981). Studies of cue saliency. In G. Davies, H.
Ellis, J. Shepherd (Eds.). Perceiving and remembering faces. London: Academic Press.
West, R. L., Crook, T. H. & Barron, K. L. (1992). Everyday memory performance across the life
span: Efforts of age and noncognitive individual differences. Psychology and Aging, 7, 72-82.
Winograd, E. (1976). Recognition memory for faces. Following nine different judgments.
Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 8, 419-421.
Winograd, E. (1978). Encoding operations which facilitate memory for faces across the life
span. In M.M. Gruneberg, P.E. Morris & R.N. Sykes (Eds.). Practical aspects of memory.
New York: Academic Press
193
BIBLIOKRISIESÓÂÔ 23/07/02 11:09 ™ÂÏ›‰· 194 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
BIB§IOKPI™IE™
O ÙfiÌÔ˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÔÌ ÙË ¯·Ú¿ Ó· ·- ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î·È ÙË ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË, ·fi ¿-
ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÔÌ ۋÌÂÚ· ÂÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ú· ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ì·˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È
«¢ËÌÔÛÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· Î·È ÁÏÒÛÛ·». ¶ÂÚÈ- ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈο, fï˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ·ÎfiÌË
Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¶Ú·ÎÙÈο ™˘Ó‰ڛԢ Ô˘ ÌÈ· ÌÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· ÏÔÁ›ˆÓ Î·È ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘
¢ÏfiÁˆ˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ ÙÔ MÔÚʈÙÈÎfi Ï·Ù‡ÙÂÚÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ Ô˘ ·ÎfiÌË ‰ÂÓ
ÿ‰Ú˘Ì· Ù˘ EÓÒÛˆ˜ ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÒÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηÙÔÚıÒÛÂÈ Ó· ηٷÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÂ
HÌÂÚËÛ›ˆÓ EÊËÌÂÚ›‰ˆÓ AıËÓÒÓ Â¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù· Ì˘ÛÙÈο ÂÓfi˜ ÛˆÛÙÔ‡ ÓÂ-
ÛÙËÓ Aı‹Ó· ÛÙȘ 15-16 AÚÈÏ›Ô˘ 2000. ÔÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ÁÚ·ÙÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘.
K˘ÎÏÔÊfiÚËÛ ÛÙËÓ Aı‹Ó· ÙÔÓ IÔ‡ÓÈÔ AÓ ıÂÏ‹ÛÔÌ ӷ Ú›ÍÔÌ ÌÈ· Ì·ÙÈ¿
ÙÔ˘ 2001. EÈÌÂÏ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÙËÓ ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÛÙ· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÙfiÌÔ˘ Ô˘ ·-
ÙÔ˘ ÙfiÌÔ˘ Ô ¶·ÓÙÂÏ‹˜ MÔ˘Î¿Ï·˜ ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È, ı· ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÔÌ fiÙÈ ÌÂ-
Î·È Ô ™‡ÚÔ˜ MÔÛ¯ÔÓ¿˜. AÛÊ·ÏÒ˜ Ë Ù¿ ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔÁÔ Î·È ‰‡Ô ÂÓ·ÚÎÙ‹ÚȘ
E™HEA ı¤ÏËÛÂ Î·È Â¤Ù˘¯Â Ì ÙÔ Û˘- ÔÌÈϛ˜ ÔÈ ·Ó·ÎÔÈÓÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÎÔ‡-
Ó¤‰ÚÈÔ Î·È ÙË ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ·˘Ù‹ (ÛÂÏ›- ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÛÙÔ Û˘Ó¤‰ÚÈÔ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰ËÌÔÛ›-
‰Â˜ 362) Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÂӉȷÊÂ- Â˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ηٷٿ¯ÙËÎ·Ó ÛÙȘ ÂÍ‹˜ η-
ÚfiÌÂÓÔ ÎÔÈÓfi Û ۇÓÔ„Ë ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙËÁÔڛ˜:
‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÁÚ¿ÊˆÓ Î·È ÂÈÛÙËÌfiÓˆÓ Ô˘ 1) ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· - ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ - ȉÂÔÏÔ-
·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ·, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Á›·Ø
¿ÏÏˆÓ ÏÔÁ›ˆÓ, ÈÛÙ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ ¤Ó· Ù¤- 2) ÁψÛÛÈο ÚfiÙ˘· ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔ-
ÙÔÈÔ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘Ì· ı· Û˘Ó¤‚·ÏÏ ÒÛÙ ÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘Ø
Ë ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ 3) ‰Ô̤˜ Î·È ÛÙÂÚÂfiÙ˘· ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔ-
¿ÏÏˆÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ Ì·˙È΋˜ ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘ ÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘Ø
ηٿ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ‚ÂÏÙȈı›. °È·Ù› 4) ÔÈ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜Ø
Â›Ó·È ‚¤‚·È· ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ÂÈ- 5) Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ù˘ ·ıÏËÙÈ΋˜ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔ-
ÎÔÛÈÂÓÙ·ÂÙ›· ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÁÚ·Ê›·˜Ø
·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ 6) ·fi ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ·Ø
·fi ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË, ÙË 7) Ӥ˜ ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, Ӥ˜ Áڷʤ˜.
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÎÚÈۛ˜
195
BIBLIOKRISIESÓÂÔ 23/07/02 11:09 ™ÂÏ›‰· 196 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
ÎÒÓ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘, Ô˘, ·Ó ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Î·Úfi˜
¯ÚfiÓˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ Ù‡Ô. N· ÌÓËÌÔÓ‡ۈ Î·È ÌÈÌËÙÈÛÌÔ‡, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ··ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ·fi
¿ÏÏ· ‰ËÌÔÛȇ̷ٷ ‰˘ÛÙ˘¯Ò˜ Ô ÂÚÈÔ- Ù· «Í‡ÏÈÓ· ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈο Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÊÔ̤-
ÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ˆ ÛÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛ‹ Ó˘», ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ·Ú·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ
ÌÔ˘ ‰Â ÌÔ˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ. ¶ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÔÌ·È Â‰Ò ÂÌʈχÂÈ Ë Ù¿ÛË Ù˘ ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏ‹˜Ø
·Ó·ÁηÛÙÈÎÒ˜ ÛÙ· ÂfiÌÂÓ·: ÛÙÔ ÌÂϤ- 8) ÙËÓ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ ηÏÔ˘ÈÒÓ ·fi ÙÔ
ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÙÂÏ‹ MÔ˘Î¿Ï·, «¢ËÌÔ- ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÔÔÈ›·˜, ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓË-
ÛÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·. ¶Ô‡ Ô ‰‹ÌÔ˜ Î·È ÔÈ· Ë Ì·ÙÔÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈ-
ÁÚ·Ê‹» ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ı¤Ì· Ù˘ ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘Ø
ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù˘ fiÏ˘ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ 9) Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔÓ «·ÂÁÎψ‚ÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔ-
ÙˆÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ Ì·˙È΋˜ ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘, Ì ¤Î- ÙÈ΋˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ï·È¿ ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈ΋
‰ËÏË ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË Î·È Ì ڷÁÌ·ÙÔ- ·‰È·ÏÏ·Í›·», fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÂÈ Ô
ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜. ™ËÌÂÈÒÓˆ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜. ™ˆÛÙ¿ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È
·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Ô˘ ÌÔ˘ Ê·›- fiÙÈ Ë Ì¤ÛË ·ÛÙÈ΋ ‰ËÌÔÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÙ‡-
ÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÍÈÔÚfiÛÂÎÙ˜: ˆÓ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÈηӋ Ó· ÍÂÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ
1) ÙËÓ ÂÈʈÓËÌ·ÙÈ΋, ηÌÈ¿ ÊÔÚ¿ Ù· Ï¿ıË Î·È ÙȘ ˘ÂÚ‚ÔϤ˜ Ù˘.
Î·È ÎÚ·˘Á·Ï¤·, ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁψÛÛÈ- O MÔ˘Î¿Ï·˜, fiˆ˜ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÓÂ-
ÎÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛËØ Ù·È, ‰Â ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ ÙË ÁψÛÛÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ fiÛÔ
2) ÙËÓ ˘ÔÁÚ¿ÌÌÈÛË Ù˘ «·˘ı·ÈÚÂÛ›·˜» ÙË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ÁψÛÛÈ΋ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙÔ˘
Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· οı ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰·, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ù‡Ô˘. ŸÌˆ˜ ÔÈ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Â-
Ì ÙË ÛÂÏ›‰· Ù˘, ·Ô‚ϤÂÈ ÛÙË ÁÏÒÛ- ÚÈÎÏÂ›Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔȯ›· ˆÊ¤ÏÈÌ· ÁÈ· ÌÈ·
Û· Î·È Ù· ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈο ÁψÛÛÈο ÛË- Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙÔ˘
Ì›·Ø Ù· ‚Ï¤Ô˘Ó Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· ·˘Ù¿ ¿Ï- ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ÛÙÔÓ Ù‡Ô. °È·Ù›
ÏÔÙ ‰ËψÙÈο ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·- ‚¤‚·È· Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÁψÛÛÈ΋˜ ÌÔÚ-
ÏÔ˘ÛÙ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ‹, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙË ÂÚ›Ùˆ- Ê‹˜ ÛÙÔÓ Ù‡Ô Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· ηÈ
ÛË, ÚÔÙÈÌÔ‡Ó Ï‡ÛÂȘ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈΤ˜Ø Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ Ù·ÎÙÈ΋ Ô˘ ÁÂÓÈ-
3) ÙÔÓ Î·ı·Ú¢ԢÛÈ·ÓÈÛÌfi ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÎfiÙÂÚ· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ô Ù‡Ô˜. TÔ ‹ıÔ˜
ÛÙËÏÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ Ì Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ÙË Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú› ÙÔ ‹ıÔ˜ Ù˘ ÁÂ-
«ıÂÈfiÙËÙ·» ‹ ÙË Ó¤· ÁÏÒÛÛ· ̤۷ ÛÙÔ ÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ÙÔ ‹ıÔ˜
¯ÚfiÓÔ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Î·È Ó· ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ¿ÓÙ· Ù˘ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÂË-
ÔÈ Î·ÓfiÓ˜ Ù˘ ηı·ÚÂ‡Ô˘Û·˜ Î·È Ì Ú¿˙ÂÈ ·Ó·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ· ÙÔ ‹ıÔ˜ Ù˘
¯Ú‹ÛË «·ÔÏÈıˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ» Ù˘ ηı·Ú‡- ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜.
Ô˘Û·˜ Ô˘ Ù¿¯· ÚÔÛ‰›‰Ô˘Ó ·ÚÔ˜Ø ™ÙÔÓ ÙfiÌÔ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ÌÂϤÙË
4) ÙÔ «ÂÏ¢ı¤Úˆ˜ ‚ˆÌÔÏÔ¯Â›Ó»Ø ÙÔ˘ ™. X·Ù˙ËÛ·‚‚›‰Ë Ì ٛÙÏÔ «H
5) ÙÔ fiÛ˜ ϤÍÂȘ Î·È fi¯È ÙÔ ÔȘ Ϥ- ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔ-
ÍÂÈ˜Ø ÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ˆ˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜
6) ÙË Ì·Ó›· ÙÔ˘ ÍÂÓÈÛÌÔ‡, Ô˘ ηÌÈ¿ ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›·˜». EÚ¢ӋıËÎ·Ó ‰Ò‰Âη
ÊÔÚ¿ Ô‰ËÁ› Û ÁÂÏÔ›· ηٷÛ΢¿- ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰Â˜ Î·È Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· ˘‹ÚÍÂ
ÛÌ·Ù·Ø fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰Â˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿-
7) ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÚÔÊÔÚÈÎfiÙËÙ· ˙Ô˘Ó ÌÈÎÚ‹ ‹ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ-
196
BIBLIOKRISIESÓÂÔ 23/07/02 11:09 ™ÂÏ›‰· 197 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÎÚÈۛ˜
198
BIBLIOKRISIESÓÂÔ 23/07/02 11:09 ™ÂÏ›‰· 199 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÎÚÈۛ˜
199
BIBLIOKRISIESÓÂÔ 23/07/02 11:09 ™ÂÏ›‰· 200 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ̤۷ Â‰Ò ÌÈ· οˆ˜ ÏfiÁÈ· ·fi¯ÚˆÛË» (Û.
ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ‰ÔÌÔÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ 49). ∞fi ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ
Î·È ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷ΋˜ ıˆڛ·˜. ∏ ·˘- ¢Ú›· ¯Ú‹ÛË Í¤Ó˜ ϤÍÂȘ, fiˆ˜: ÎÔ-
ÛÙËÚ¿ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢ÛË ÌÈÔ‡ÙÂÚ, Ì¿ÛÎÂÙ, ÌÔ˘Ù›Î, Û¿ÓÙÔ˘-
ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‰È·Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÈÙ˜, ¯¿ÌÔ˘ÚÁÎÂÚ, ¯ÔÙ ÓÙÔÁÎ Î. ¿., ‰ÂÓ
Î·È ·fi ÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÔÚÔÏÔÁ›· (‚Ï. Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·ÔÛÈÒËÛ‹˜
ÙÔ «°ÏˆÛÛ¿ÚÈÔ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ», ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ ·Ú¿ıÂÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÁÂÏÔ›ˆÓ ‹ η-
ÛÛ. 118-121) Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ì ÎfiÁÔ˘ÛÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ηÓfiÓ· ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ·-
Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Î·È ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·. √È fiÚÔÈ, Ï.¯., ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛ·ıÂÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘: Û¿-
‰Â›ÍË, ÏËı˘ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È ÓÙÔ˘ÈÙ˜ = «·ÌÊ›„ˆÌÔ». ∂ÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È
ÂÁÎÏÂÈÛÙÈÎfi˜, ÔÛԉ›ÎÙ˘, ÚfiıËÌ·, Ôχ ÛˆÛÙ¿ ÛÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· «‰¿ÓÂÈ·
ÚfiÛÊ˘Ì·, Û‡ÌÊ˘Ì· Î.¿., ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù·- ÔÓfiÌ·Ù·» Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔ-
ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÏÂÍÈο ÛÙ› ÛÙÔ ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù˘
Ù˘ ¡ÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ‹ ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÔÓÙ·È Â- ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ (ÛÛ. 66-67) Î·È ÌÂÏÂÙÔ‡-
ÛÊ·Ï̤ӷ, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ ÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ‰¤Ô˘Û· ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ Î·È ÛÔ-
ÚfiÛÊ˘Ì·. ∞ÓÙ› ÁÈ· Ù· ·ÚÎÙÈÎfiÏÂÍ· ‚·ÚfiÙËÙ·. °È· ÚÒÙË Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÊÔÚ¿
ı· ‹Ù·Ó ÚÔÙÈÌfiÙÂÚÔ Ó· ›¯Â ˘ÈÔıÂ- Û ÓÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ Á›ÓÂÙ·È
ÙËı› Ô ‰ÔÎÈÌfiÙÂÚÔ˜ fiÚÔ˜ ·ÎÚˆÓ‡- Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË Ì ¿ÏϘ ͤÓ˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜
ÌÈ·. ¶·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·Úˆ›- (‚Ï. Û. 3), ÌÈ· Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Ô˘ ›ӷÈ
‰Â˜ Î·È ÚÔηٷϋ„ÂȘ ÔÈ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ- ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì·˜, ÔÈ
Τ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ›˙Â- ÔÔ›ÔÈ ·ÚÁ¿ ‹ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ· ı· ˘Ô¯Úˆ-
Ù·È Ô ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi˜ Ù˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜. ∞˘- ıÔ‡Ó Ó· Ì¿ıÔ˘Ó ·fi Ôχ ÓˆÚ›˜ ‰˘Ô
Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Û˘¯Ó¿ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Â- ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ Í¤Ó˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ ÁÈ· Ó·
ÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi ÌÈ· ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¤˜ χ- ÌÔÚ¤ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈıÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ
ÛÂȘ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ∂ӈ̤Ó˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘.
ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÛÙ·ÛË ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ∏ ÔÏ˘- £ÂˆÚÒ, ›Û˘, ·ÚÂÙ‹ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘,
Ù˘›· ·ÍÈÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ˆ˜ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ- οÙÈ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ¤Ú ӷ Â›Ó·È ·˘-
¯Â›Ô ‡ÊÔ˘˜: ‰È·‚¿˙Ô˘Ó / ·ÎÔ‡ÓÂ, Û˘- ÙÔÓfiËÙÔ: ∂ÓÓÔÒ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÔÙÔ-
Ó·ÓÙԇ̠/ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿ÌÂ, Ì ‚¿ÛË / ‚¿- ÓÈÎÔ‡. ªÂÚÈÎÔ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ô·‰Ô‡˜ ÙÔ˘
ÛÂÈ Î. Ô. Î. ŸÔÈÔ˜ ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÚÔÛÂ- ÔÏ˘ÙÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÈÓ‰˘ÓÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó ˘¤ÚÌÂ-
ÎÙÈο ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô, ı· ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÂÈ fiÙÈ ÙÚ· Ì ÙÔ Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· «ÈÛÙÔÚÈ-
ÔÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÙÔ˘ οı ¿ÏÏÔ ·Ú¿ Îfi ¤ÁÎÏËÌ·». ∫·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·
«ÓÂÔÁψÛ۷̇ÓÙÔÚ˜» ›ӷÈ, Ô‡Ù ÂÈÛ¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ·ÏÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ,
«‰¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ÙËÓ ÂÚȯ·Ú¿ÎˆÛË Ù˘ fiˆ˜ ÏÈıÚ›ÓÈ, ͈ÎÏ‹ÛÈ, ÚÔÙÈÌ¿Ù·È
ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Û ηÓfiÓ˜», fiˆ˜ ηÎÒ˜ fï˜ Ë ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚË Î·È ÂÙ˘ÌÔÏÔÁÈο
ÙÔ˘˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·Ì·ÚÙ˘ÚËı›. ™ÙË ÁÚ·Ì- ÔÚı‹ ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÎÙ‹ÚÈÔ, ·ÓÙ› Ù˘ Û˘ÓËı¤-
Ì·ÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ ‰È·Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Î·ÌÈ¿ ÛÙÂÚ˘ ÎÙ›ÚÈÔ. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‰‡ÛÎÔ-
·Ôχو˜ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÛË. ∂ÓÙ‡ˆ- ÏˆÓ ·fi ÙË Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÒÓ
ÛË ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Ôχ ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Û ¿„ÔÁÔ ÓÂÔÂÏ-
‰È·Ù˘ÒÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ «˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ›Ûˆ˜ Î·È ÏËÓÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ, Ì ϛÁ˜ ÂÍ·ÈÚ¤ÛÂȘ,
200
BIBLIOKRISIESÓÂÔ 23/07/02 11:09 ™ÂÏ›‰· 201 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÎÚÈۛ˜
201
BIBLIOKRISIESÓÂÔ 23/07/02 11:09 ™ÂÏ›‰· 202 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
202
BIBLIOKRISIESÓÂÔ 23/07/02 11:09 ™ÂÏ›‰· 203 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÎÚÈۛ˜
ÌÈη› ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ Î·È Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÔÔ›Ë- ·˜, ÙÔ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏfiÙÂÚÔ ı¤Ì· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎ-
ÛȘ ÙÔ˘ Ú‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ (∞Ú- Ì¿ıËÛË Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ·fi ÌË ÌËÙÚÈ-
¯·›·˜ Î·È ¡¤·˜), ∞ı‹Ó· 1972: µÈ- ÎÔ‡˜ ÔÌÈÏËÙ¤˜, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ¿„Ô-
‚ÏÈÔı‹ÎË ™ÔÊ›·˜ ™·ÚÈfiÏÔ˘, 20). √ Á·, ÂÓÒ ÛÙÔ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ ı¤Ì·
¶›Ó·Î·˜ ÙˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ 53-57 ·ÚÔ˘- ·Ó Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂṲ̂ӈÓ
ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ì ÙÔÓ ÈÔ ·Ó¿ÁÏ˘ÊÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÙÔ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘˜ ÂÓÙÔ›˙Â-
ÎÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÓÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ Ù·È ÛÙÔ ÔÈfiÓ ÂÓÂÚÁ›·˜ ‹ ÛÙÔÓ ¯Úfi-
Ú‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô (Û. 52) «ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÓÔ, ÔÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ·Ó ‰È-
Û˘ÓÔÏÈο, ÁÈ· οı ʈӋ, 25 ‰È·ÊÔ- ηÈÔÏÔÁË̤ӷ ÙË Ì¤ÛË Ô‰fi (Û. 77)
ÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ÏÂÍÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ·Ó ÙË Û˘ÓÙÂÏÈÎfiÙËÙ·
ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÚÊ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ì ٷ ÁÚ·Ì- ˆ˜ ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ‹ ηÙËÁÔÚ›·, ÙËÓ ÔÔ›·
Ì·ÙÈο ÌÔÚÊ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÂÓ¤Ù·Í·Ó ÛÙÔ ÔÈfiÓ ÂÓÂÚÁ›·˜, ÌÂ
ÔÈfiÓ ÂÓÂÚÁ›·˜, ÙÔÓ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ÙËÓ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈ-
ÙÚÔÈÎfiÙËÙ·. √È 25 ·˘ÙÔ› Ù‡ÔÈ Û˘ÓÈ- ÛÙÈο Ô˘ ÙËÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙfiÛÔ
ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ú‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Î·Ï‡- ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÔÈfiÓ ÂÓÂÚÁ›·˜ (ÙÂÙÂÏÂ-
ÙÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÛËÌ·ÛÈÒÓ Ṳ̂ÓÔ) fiÛÔ Î·È ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ¯ÚfiÓÔ
Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË ÙÔ˘ (ÚÔÙÂÚfi¯ÚÔÓÔ).
ÌËӇ̷ÙÔ˜». ∏ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ Ù‡- ™Ù· ˆÚ·ÈfiÙÂÚ· Î·È ÚˆÙÔÔÚȷο
ˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÌÂÛÔ·- ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È· ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ Û˘ÁηٷϤÁÂ-
ıËÙÈ΋˜ ʈӋ˜ (ÛÛ. 59-60) Î·È ÙÔ Ù·È Ë ÙÚÔÈÎfiÙËÙ· (ÛÛ. 82-108), ÌÈ·
¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· π Ì ÙÔ˘˜ «¶›Ó·Î˜ ÎÏ›- ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ·fiÚÈÛÙË Î·È Û˘Áί˘Ì¤ÓË ¤Ó-
Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Ú‹Ì·ÙÔ˜» Î·È ÙÔÓ «¶›Ó·Î· ÓÔÈ· ÛÙ· Ì¿ÙÈ· ÔÏÏÒÓ ÊÈÏÔÏfiÁˆÓ,
·ÓˆÌ¿ÏˆÓ ÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ» (ÛÛ. 355-371) ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂ-
ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ Ù¿ ÂÍÔÈÎÂȈ̤ÓÔÈ Ì ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ-
ÙÔ˘ ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ¡ÂÔ- ÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ (Ë ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· ‹Ù·Ó
ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜. ·ÂÏÈÛÙÈο ˘Ô‚·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓË, ˆ˜ ηÈ
√ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿- ·Ó‡·ÚÎÙË, ÛÙȘ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷΤ˜
˙ÂÙ·È Û Ӥ· ‚¿ÛË. ∏ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈΤ˜, ÂÓÒ ‰ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó·
ÔÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ¤ÁÎÏÈÛË ·ÓÙÈηı›ÛÙ·Ù·È Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·ÈÛıËÙ‹ Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·
·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ù‡Ô˘˜, Ë ˘Ô- Ù˘ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙ· ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ· «Û‡Á-
Ù·ÎÙÈ΋ Î·È ÚÔÛÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÚÔÓ·» Û¯ÔÏÈο ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È·) Î·È ÙȘ
ÙÚÔÈÎÔ‡˜ Ù‡Ô˘˜. ∂Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÈ ÂηÈ- ÁψÛÛÈΤ˜ Ú¿ÍÂȘ. √È ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·-
‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ fiÙÈ Î¤˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ
(Û. 70) «Ë ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÛÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Á›- ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ¤ÁÎÏÈÛ˘ Î·È ‚Ú›ÛÎÔ-
ÓÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ÓÙ·È Û ϋÚË ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋˜
ÔÚÈÛÙÈ΋, ÂÓÒ «fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ ¿ÏÏÔÈ Ù‡ÔÈ ıÂÒÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÙÚÔÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ∂‰Ò
ÙÔ˘ Ú‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ (Ì ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Ù‡- (‚Ï. ÛÛ. 90-93) ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È fiϘ
Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ̤ÏÏÔÓÙ·) ‰ÂÓ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ·ÓÙÈÓƠ̂˜ Î·È ·Û¿ÊÂȘ ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘
¯ÚfiÓÔ, ·Ú¿ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÚÔÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ¤ÁÎÏÈÛË (Ù‡ÔÈ Ô˘ Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ
ÔÈfiÓ ÂÓÂÚÁ›·˜». ∆Ô ÔÈfiÓ ÂÓÂÚÁ›- οÔÈÔ ÌfiÚÈÔ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Â‡ÎÔÏÔ Ó·
203
BIBLIOKRISIESÓÂÔ 23/07/02 11:09 ™ÂÏ›‰· 204 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
204
BIBLIOKRISIESÓÂÔ 23/07/02 11:09 ™ÂÏ›‰· 205 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÎÚÈۛ˜
205
BIBLIOKRISIESÓÂÔ 23/07/02 11:09 ™ÂÏ›‰· 206 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
206
BIBLIOKRISIESÓÂÔ 23/07/02 11:09 ™ÂÏ›‰· 207 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÎÚÈۛ˜
207
BIBLIOKRISIESÓÂÔ 23/07/02 11:09 ™ÂÏ›‰· 208 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
208
BIBLIOKRISIESÓÂÔ 23/07/02 11:09 ™ÂÏ›‰· 209 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÎÚÈۛ˜
ÛÔÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÈÔÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙȘ ‰ÈÙ˘›Â˜ -Ò˜, -¿ (ÛÛ. 82-83),
Ô˘ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ì·˜. Ì ·ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜
∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ‚È- ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘. ø˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÁÚ·ÊËÌ·ÙÈ-
‚Ï›Ô˘ ·ÊÈÂÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ÂÈÚÚËÌ·ÙÈ- ΋ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÈÚÚËÌ¿-
ο ÛÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ÂΉԯ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ (‚Ï. ÙˆÓ Û ÌÈ· ‹ ‰‡Ô ϤÍÂȘ (ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ, Û.
ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ù˘ Û. 144). ∆Ô 139 Î·È 210, fiÔ˘ Î·È Ë ·ÁȈ̤ÓË
›ÚÚËÌ· ÌÂÏÂÙ¿Ù·È Û ‚¿ıÔ˜ ÛÙȘ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ÂÓ ÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, ÂÍ¿ÏÏÔ˘ Û. 173,
Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜. ™ÙËÓ ÂÍ ¿·ÓÙÔ˜ Û. 209) ÂÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘Ì ӷ
·Ú¿ÁÚ·ÊÔ 170 (Û. 156) ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÙ·È Û˘˙ËÙËı› ÙÔ fiÏÔ ı¤Ì· ÛÙÔ ÙÚ›ÙÔ Î·È
fiÙÈ ÙÔ Â›ÚÚËÌ· «ÛÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔÙ˘È΋ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘.
ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈ- √È ÚÔı¤ÛÂȘ (ÛÛ. 184-228) ·ÔÛ·-
ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ Ú‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÌ- ÊËÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈο ·-
Ê·ÓÈÛÙ› Î·È ˆ˜ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÂÓfi˜ Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÓÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜.
ÂÈı¤ÙÔ˘, ÂÓfi˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ÂÈÚÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ √È Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÙÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó ÔÚıÒ˜ (ÛÛ.
ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô˘, ÂÓfi˜ ÔÓfiÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÔÏfi- 198-199) fiÙÈ Ë ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÂ
ÎÏËÚ˘ ÚfiÙ·Û˘». ∏ ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË ·˘- ·ÚȘ (fiˆ˜, Ï. ¯., Ë ·fi, Ë ÔÔ›·
Ù‹ ÂÚÈÙÙ‡ÂÈ, ·ÊÔ‡ fi,ÙÈ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ¿ÏÏÔÙ ˆ˜ ÂχıÂÚÔ
‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ Ôχ ηχÙÂÚ·, Î·È Ì ‰È·- ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ì ¤Ó· fiÓÔÌ· Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÙ ˆ˜
ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ÛÂÈÚ¿, ÙÈ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÚfiıËÌ·) Î·È Î·Ù·¯ÚËÛÙÈ-
›ÚÚËÌ· (Ú‹Ì·, ÂÈÚÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ- Τ˜ ÚÔı¤ÛÂȘ (fiÛ˜ ‰ÂÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ-
¯Â›Ô, fiÓÔÌ·, ›ıÂÙÔ, ÚfiÙ·ÛË, ÙÌ‹- Ô‡ÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÚÔı‹Ì·Ù·, fiˆ˜ Ë ÂÓÙfi˜)
Ì· ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘) Î·È fiÙÈ Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ ‰ÂÓ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÛÙË ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÁÈ·
Ú‹Ì· Î·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ (̤ۈ Û˘Ó‰Â- ‰‡Ô ÏfiÁÔ˘˜: ·). «ªÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜
ÙÈÎÔ‡) ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ·. ÙˆÓ ÓÂÔÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ ÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÚÔ˚-
ªÂ ÂÓ¿ÚÁÂÈ· Î·È ˘ÎÓfiÙËÙ· ÏfiÁÔ˘ fiÓ Û‡ÓıÂÛ˘ Ì ÚÔı¤ÛÂȘ (. ¯.
·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù· Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈο Î·È Ù· ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛˆ, ÂÍÔÚ›˙ˆ, ˘Ô‚¿Ïψ, ˘ÂÚ‚¿-
ÎÂÈÌÂÓÈο - ÚÔÙ·Ûȷο ÂÈÚÚ‹Ì·Ù·, ψ Î. ¿.), ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰ÂÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡-
fiÙ·Ó fï˜ ·Ó·Ù˘¯ıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ‰È·ÚÔÙ·- ÓÙ·È ÛÙË ¡¤· ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋, ·Ú¿ ÌfiÓÔ ÛÂ
ÛȷΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ۠ͯˆÚÈÛÙfi ÙfiÌÔ, ·ÁȈ̤Ó˜ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ ‹ ÂȉÈΤ˜ ¯Ú‹-
fiˆ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔ·Ó·ÁÁÂÏı›, ÙfiÙ ٷ ÛÂȘ». ‚). «√È Î·ÙËÁÔڛ˜ Ù˘ ÚfiıÂ-
ÂÈÚÚ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚ˘ ηÙËÁÔÚ›·˜ Û˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÚÔı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›¯ÙËηÓ
Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÓÙ·¯ıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ Ë Ì›· ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, ÌÂ
ı¤Ì· ÙˆÓ ÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ, ‰È·- ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ÌËÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÌÊ·Ó‹˜ Ë
ÚÔÙ·ÛÈ·ÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÓ‰ÔÚÔÙ·ÛÈ·ÎÒÓ. ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘˜».
√È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ηٷϋÍÂȘ ÙˆÓ √È ÌÔÓÔÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔı¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ¡¤-
ÂÈÚÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (fiÌÔÚÊ-·, ·ÁÂÓ-Ò˜, ·˜ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·ÏÊ·‚ËÙÈ-
·ÎÚÈ‚¿ / ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜) Έ‰ÈÎÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î¿ (ÛÛ. 201-228) ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ÛËÌ·-
Ì ˆÚ·›Â˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰È·- ۛ˜ Î·È ÙË Û‡ÓÙ·Í‹ ÙÔ˘˜, Ì ηٷ-
ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ (ÛÛ. 180-181), ÁÚ·Ê‹ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÁÈˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÎÊÚ¿-
ηÏfi fï˜ ı· ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ·Ó·- ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û‹ÌÂÚ· ¯ÚËÛÙÈÎfi
209
BIBLIOKRISIESÓÂÔ 23/07/02 11:09 ™ÂÏ›‰· 210 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
·ÓÙ›ÎÚÈÛÌ· Î·È ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÔÈfi- ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÛÔÏÔÈÎÈÛÌfi Î·È ¿ÂÈ Ó· ·-
ÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘. ∂›Ó·È ÂfiÌÂÓÔ Ó· Ú·ÌÂÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÚfiıÂÛ˜ ˆ˜ (¤ˆ˜) ηÈ
˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· ÁÈ· ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ‚ÂÏ- ›Û·ÌÂ. ∂›Ó·È ‚·Ú‡ ÛÊ¿ÏÌ· Ó· ϤÌÂ
ÙÈÒÛÂȘ. °È· ÙËÓ ÚfiıÂÛË ¿Ó¢ ·Ó·- Î·È Ó· ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ÌÂ: ÂÚ·Ù‹Û·Ì ̤-
ʤڈ ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο fiÙÈ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ∞ÎÚfiÔÏË... ÙÔ ÛˆÛÙfi ›ӷÈ
ÚÔÛÙÂı› Ë ·ÁȈ̤ÓË ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË: ÂÚ·Ù‹Û·Ì ˆ˜ (›Û·ÌÂ) ÙËÓ ∞ÎÚfi-
¿Ó¢ ¯·ÚÙÔÊ˘Ï·Î›Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ ¿Ó¢ Ïfi- ÔÏË. √ ∂ÌÌ. ∫ÚÈ·Ú¿˜ (ÕÚıÚ· ηÈ
ÁÔ˘ Î·È ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ó· ÁÚ·ÊÙ›: ¿Ó¢ Ïfi- ÛËÌÂÈÒÌ·Ù· ÂÓfi˜ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÈÛÙ‹, ∞ı‹-
ÁÔ˘ (Î·È ·ÈÙ›·˜), ÁÈ· Ó· ÌË ÓÔÌÈÛÙ› Ó· 1979, 270) ·Ú·ÙËÚ› fiÙÈ «ÙÔ Ì¤-
fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ Ï¤ÁÂÙ·È ·fi ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ ÚÒ- ¯ÚÈ Û˘ÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È Ì ·ÈÙÈ·ÙÈ΋ ‰Ò
ÙÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ¤ÎÊÚ·Û˘. ¢ÂÓ Í¤Úˆ ·Ó Î·È ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ·ÈÒÓ˜ ... ∆Ë ‚Ú›ÛΈ
ı· ‹Ù·Ó ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈÎfi Ó· ÛËÌÂȈı› ÛÙ· Ì˘ıÈÛÙÔÚ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ‘µÂÏı¿Ó-
Â‰Ò fiÙÈ ÙÔ ¿Ó¢ ·ÔÎÙ¿ ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÊÔ- ‰ÚÔ˘’ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‘§È‚›ÛÙÚÔ˘’, ·ÏÏ¿ ηÈ
ÚÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ ÂÈÚÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË: ªÂ Û ¿ÏÏ· ΛÌÂÓ·. ... ∞Ó ÂÈÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÂÈ
˙¿¯·ÚË ‹ ¿Ó¢; (ÁÈ· ηʤ). ∂ÎÊÚ¿- ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ·, Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÎÏ›ÂÙ·È, ‰Â
ÛÂȘ fiˆ˜: ÂȘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛÈÓ, ÂȘ ÙÔ ı· ϤÁ·Ì ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁË̤ӷ fiÙÈ Úfi-
·ӷÎÔ‡ÂÈÓ (Û. 208) ‰ÂÓ ÓÔÌ›˙ˆ fiÙÈ ÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ‘ÙÂÚ·Ùˆ‰›·’».
ϤÁÔÓÙ·È È·. ∏ ÚfiıÂÛË ›Û·Ì (Û. √ ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ˜ Û ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ Î·È ÚÔ-
214) Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰Ëψı›, fiˆ˜ Á›ÓÂ- ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÙfiÌÔ˜ ÎÏ›ÓÂÈ Ì ÙËÓ
Ù·È ÛÙÔ §ÂÍÈÎfi Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘Ô-
ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ °. ª·ÌÈÓÈÒÙË, fiÙÈ Ù·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ·Ú·Ù·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤-
¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙÔÓ Û̈Ó.
ÚÔÊÔÚÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ Î·È ÙË ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·.
∏ ÚfiıÂÛË Ì¤¯ÚÈ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Î·È
Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛı‹ÎË ÂÓfi˜ -˜, fiÙ·Ó ·ÎÔ- ™˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·
ÏÔ˘ı› ϤÍË Ô˘ ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ ·fi ʈӋÂÓ
(̤¯ÚȘ ÂÛ¯¿ÙˆÓ, ̤¯ÚȘ ·Ô‰Â›Íˆ˜ √ ÊÈÏfi‰ÔÍÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÁÚ·-
ÙÔ˘ ÂÓ·ÓÙ›Ô˘) Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÌÈ΋ ʤˆÓ Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘˜
¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË Ì¤¯ÚȘ fiÙÔ˘. √È Û˘ÁÁÚ·- «ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÁÈ· ÙË Û‡ÓÙ·ÍË ÌÈ·˜ Û‡Á-
Ê›˜ Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·Ô‰¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ¯ÚÔÓ˘ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ·-
ÛˆÛÙ¿ ÙË Û‡ÓÙ·ÍË Ì¤¯ÚÈ + ·ÈÙÈ·ÙÈ΋: Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù˘ ¡¤·˜ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜», Ê·›-
∆Ô ÔÈÎfiÂ‰Ô ÊÙ¿ÓÂÈ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ Ú¤Ì·. ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÎÏËÚˆı›, fiˆ˜ ‰Â›-
√È ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚÔÈ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÈÛÙ¤˜ ‹Ù·Ó ¯ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ˆ˜ ÙÒÚ· ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ ¤ÚÁÔ.
·fiÏ˘ÙÔÈ. µÏ. ªÂÛ‚ÚÈÓfi˜ [= ∞. √È ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ÚËÍÈΤ-
ª˘ÛٷΛ‰Ë˜], ™ˆÛÙ‹ ‰ËÌÔÙÈ΋, £ÂÛ- Ï¢ı˜ Î·È ÍÂÂÚÓÔ‡Ó Ù· fiÚÈ· ÌÈ·˜
Û·ÏÔÓ›ÎË 1978, Û. 147: «∏ ÚfiıÂÛË ÌÂÌÔӈ̤Ó˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜, ·ÊÔ‡ ÌÔ-
̤¯ÚÈ Â›Ó·È ·Ú›۷¯ÙË ÛÙË ‰ËÌÔÙÈ- ÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó «ÚfiÙ˘Ô Â-
΋. ∏ ÏfiÁÈ· Û‡ÓÙ·ÍË Ì ÁÂÓÈ΋ (̤- ÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜» ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÁψÛÛÒÓ.
¯ÚÈ Ù¤ÏÔ˘˜) ÍÂÙÔ›ÛÙËΠ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹- √ÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ı· ‹ıÂÏ·Ó ·˘-
ÛË Ì ·ÈÙÈ·ÙÈ΋ (̤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜), Ô˘ Ù‹ ÙË ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ «‰ÔÌÈ΋»
210
BIBLIOKRISIESÓÂÔ 23/07/02 11:09 ™ÂÏ›‰· 211 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÎÚÈۛ˜
211
BIBLIOKRISIESÓÂÔ 23/07/02 11:09 ™ÂÏ›‰· 212 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
Ãπ™∆√º√ƒ√™ Ã∞ƒ∞§∞ª¶∞∫∏™
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÎÚÈۛ˜
™ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ’70 Û ̋ Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„ˆ ÂΛÓË ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ
¤Ó· ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÔÈÎÈϛ˜ Ù˘ ∞Á- Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·ÔÙ‡-
ÁÏÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛ· ¤Ó· «ÎfiÌÈλ ÙÂÛ- ˆÓ·Ó Û˘ÓÔÙÈÎfiٷٷ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙfiÛÔ
Û¿ÚˆÓ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·˙ ¤Ó· ÁÏ·Ê˘Ú¿ ÔÈ ·Ù¿Î˜ ÙÔ˘. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È
‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ, Û ٤ÛÛÂÚȘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ William Labov
‰È·‰Ô¯ÈΤ˜ Ê¿ÛÂȘ, ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰‡Ô (1972·), Ë ÔÔ›· Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÂ
·ÁfiÚÈ· (ÂÚ›Ô˘ 7-9 ÂÙÒÓ), ÙÔ ¤Ó· ÙËÓ Â›ÛËÌË «ÚÒÙË» Ù˘ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈÔ-
Ï¢Îfi Î·È ÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ ÓÂÁÚ¿ÎÈ. √ ‰È¿ÏÔ- ÁψÛÛÛÔÏÔÁ›·˜ –ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË
ÁÔ˜ ÍÂÎÈÓÔ‡Û Ì ÙÔ ÓÂÁÚ¿ÎÈ Ó· ·Ó·- ÊÔÚ¿ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÔÔÈ› Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ·Ó¿-
ÎÔÈÓÒÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ ·È‰›: «∂ÁÒ ¿Ú- ÌÂÛ· Û ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ Î·È ÁψÛ-
ÚˆÛÙÔ˜» («I sick»). ™ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÂÈÎfi- ÛÈ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË– Î·È ¿ÓÙˆ˜
Ó· ÙÔ Ï¢Îfi ·ÁfiÚÈ Û¯ÔÏ›·˙ ÙË ‰È·Ù‡- ¿ÛÎËÛÂ, ηٿ ÁÂÓÈ΋ ÔÌÔÏÔÁ›· (Ï.¯.
ˆÛË Ô˘ ¿ÎÔ˘Û ϤÁÔÓÙ·˜: «¢Â Ϥ- Hudson, 19962: 30) ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË
Ì "ÂÁÒ ¿ÚÚˆÛÙÔ˜"» («You shouldn’t ›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ·˘Ù‹ (·Ó ηÈ
say "I sick"»), ÁÈ· Ó· Û˘Ó¯›ÛÂÈ, ÛÙËÓ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ÚÔÙÈÌ¿ Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ
ÙÚ›ÙË ÂÈÎfiÓ·, ÎÏ›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË ÊÚ¿ÛË Î·È ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÏÒ˜ ÁψÛÛÔÏÔÁÈ΋,
ÙÔÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Ù· Ú‹Ì·Ù·: «∆Ô ÛˆÛÙfi ›- Labov, 1972‚: 183-4). ∏ ÛÊÚ·Á›‰·
Ó·È Ó· ϤÌÂ: ÂÁÒ Â›Ì·È ¿ÚÚˆÛÙÔ˜, Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÛÙȘ ÌÂÙ¤ÂÈÙ·
ÂÛ‡ Â›Û·È ¿ÚÚˆÛÙÔ˜, ·˘Ùfi˜ Â›Ó·È ¿Ú- ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÁψÛÛÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ‚Ú›-
ÚˆÛÙÔ˜, ÂÌ›˜ ›̷ÛÙ ¿ÚÚˆÛÙÔÈ, ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·, ÛÙËÓ ÔÚÔÏÔ-
ÂÛ›˜ ›ÛÙ ¿ÚÚˆÛÙÔÈ, ·˘ÙÔ› Â›Ó·È ¿Ú- Á›·, ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÁÈ· ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ·,
ÚˆÛÙÔÈ» («The correct form is: I am ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË Ù˘ ÁψÛ-
sick, you are sick, he/she is sick, we ÛÈ΋˜ ÂÙÂÚÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ Ì ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÎ-
are sick, you are sick, they are sick»). ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-
™ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ ÓÂÁÚ¿ÎÈ ¤Î- ΋˜ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡Ó˘. ∏ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË fï˜
ÏËÎÙÔ ·Ó·ÊˆÓ›: «ª· ÙfiÙ ÚfiÎÂÈ- Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ Ù˘ ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘
Ù·È ÁÈ· ÂȉËÌ›·!» («Then, must be Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ·
an epidemic!»). Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó·ÙÚÔ‹ Ù˘ ÂÔ›ıËÛ˘ fiÙÈ
¢ÂÓ Î·Ù¿ÊÂÚ· ÙÒÚ· Ó· Í·Ó·‚ÚÒ Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈË̤ÓË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Î·È ¯Ú‹ÛË
ÂΛÓÔ ÙÔ –‰·ÓÂÈṲ̂ÓÔ ·fi ÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔ- Ù˘ ›ÛËÌ˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ·fi Ì›· ÎÔÈ-
ı‹ÎË ÙÔ˘ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘– ÓˆÓÈ΋ ÔÌ¿‰· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ηÎÔÔ›ËÛË
‚È‚Ï›Ô Ô‡Ù ›¯· ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂÈ ‹ Û˘- Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ –¤ˆ˜ Î·È «·ÁψÛÛ›·»–
ÁÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘ Ô˘ ı· ¤- ηıÒ˜ Î·È ‰Â›ÎÙË ÌÂȈ̤Ó˘ Ì·ıË-
ÙÚ·Ó, ÛÙÔȯÂÈÒ‰Ë ¤ÛÙˆ, ·Ú·Ô- Ûȷ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ‹ Î·È ÓÔËÙÈ΋˜
Ì‹. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ı˘Ì¿Ì·È ηϿ fiÙÈ ·˘- ˘ÛÙ¤ÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ÔÌ¿-
Ùfi˜ Ô ÔÈÔÓ› ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÛÙ¿ıËΠ·ÊÔÚ- ‰·˜. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ‡ÚËÌ·
213
BIB§IO¶APOY™IA™H 23/07/02 11:13 ™ÂÏ›‰· 214 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
214
BIB§IO¶APOY™IA™H 23/07/02 11:13 ™ÂÏ›‰· 215 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÎÚÈۛ˜
215
BIB§IO¶APOY™IA™H 23/07/02 11:13 ™ÂÏ›‰· 216 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
BÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·
¶∏¡∂§√¶∏ ¶∞¶∞´ø∞¡¡√À
AÓ·ÎÔÈÓÒÛÂȘ - ™˘Ó¤‰ÚÈ·
217
Ô‰ËÁȘ 23/07/02 11:15 ™ÂÏ›‰· 218 (M·‡ÚÔ ÙÛ›ÁÎÔ)
M¤ÓÙÔÚ·˜
¶ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi EÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È EÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ EÚ¢ÓÒÓ
ÙÔ˘ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ IÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘
O MENTOPA™, ¶ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi EÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È EÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ EÚ¢ÓÒÓ, ÂΉ›‰ÂÙ·È
‰‡Ô ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Ì ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË ÙÔ˘ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ IÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘, ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ˘
¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ™˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘. TËÓ ÂÔÙ›· Ù˘ ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ë
™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ EÈÙÚÔ‹ Î·È ÙË ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰· Ù˘ Ë EÎÙÂÏÂÛÙÈ΋ °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù›·.
OÈ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ˘fiÎÂÈÓÙ·È ·ÓÒÓ˘Ì· ÛÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË ‰‡Ô ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ÎÚÈÙÒÓ. AÔÛÙ¤ÏÏÔÓÙ·È
ÛÙË ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ EÈÙÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ Û ÙÚ›· ·ÓÙ›ÁÚ·Ê· Î·È Û ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋
ÌÔÚÊ‹. TÔ ÁÚ·Ùfi ΛÌÂÓÔ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ù˘ˆÌ¤ÓÔ Û ¯·ÚÙ› A4, Ì fi¯È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂ-
Ú˜ ·fi 30 ÛÂÈÚ¤˜ οı ÛÂÏ›‰·, Ì ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· Î·È Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ¤ˆ˜ 15 ÛÂ-
Ï›‰Â˜. H ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ı· Â›Ó·È Ë EÏÏËÓÈ΋, Ì ۇÓÙÔÌË ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë (100-150
ϤÍÂȘ) ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ EÏÏËÓÈ΋ fiÛÔ Î·È Û ̛· ·fi ÙȘ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ Ù˘ E˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆ-
Û˘. O Ù›ÙÏÔ˜ Ù˘ οı ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û‡ÓÙÔÌÔ˜. TÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÁÚ·-
ʤ·, Ë È‰ÈfiÙËÙ·, Ë Ù·¯˘‰ÚÔÌÈ΋ Î·È ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ı· ·Ó·ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È Ìfi-
ÓÔ ÛÙÔ ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÙÚ›· ·ÓÙ›ÁÚ·Ê·, Ì·˙› Ì ۇÓÙÔÌÔ ‚ÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi ÛËÌ›ˆÌ· (100 Ϥ-
ÍÂȘ). E¿Ó ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÂȉÈÎÔ› fiÚÔÈ, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÂ
ÂȉÈÎfi ÁψÛÛ¿ÚÈÔ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÏ‹„ÂȘ. ŸÏ˜ ÔÈ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÚÈıÌË-
̤Ó˜. H ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ·Ú·Ù›ıÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ·-
Ú·Ô̤˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËηÓ. ™˘ÓÈÛÙ¿Ù·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜, ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔ-
ÁÚ·Ê›· fiÛÔ Î·È ÙË Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙȘ Ô‰Ë-
Á›Â˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ A.P.A. (Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association), fiˆ˜ ÛÙ· ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·:
°IA BIB§IA
Hernstein, R.J., & Murray, C. (1994). The bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in
American life. New York: Free Press.
°IA ¶EPIO¢IKA
Burstein, L. (1980). The analysis of multi-level data in educational research and
evaluation. Review of research in education, 8, 158-233.