Problématique :

Quelles sont les raisons pour lesquelles les sources d’énergies renouvelables ne parviennent pas a
solutionner la crise énergétique actuelle majeur ?

Why renewable energies don’t solve the current energy crisis ?

Plan : Les points en général et citer d’exemples d’entreprise avec les chiffres si disponibles

Solaire : Lok

Eolien : Mz

Hydraulique : Hich

1) INTRODUCTION : TRANSITION ENERGETIQUE : DEFINITION, APPARITION ET FINALITES :

LOK

2) SOURCES D’ENERGIES : SOLAIRE, GEOTHERMIE, EOLIEN, HYDRAULIQUE, BIOMASSE

- Technique générale
- Pourcentage en France et dans le monde (dans le mix énergétique)
- Géothermie & Biomasse moins utilisés donc pas détaillé dans le rapport (chiffres)

3) DIFFICULTES D’ACCES AU FINANCEMENT

- Recherches simples sur Google

4) COUTS DES TECHNOLOGIES (PRODUCTION, EXPLOITATION, MAINTENANCE),

- TRI (année 1 = important mais avec la taille de l’installation plusieurs années après etc.)
- Coûts des matériaux, rareté des matériaux
- Partie amont : production, extraction... première avant utilisation pour produire de l’énergie

5) Impact des technologies issues des énergies renouvelables

- Sur la biodiversité et les terres...

6) POLITIQUES FISCALES DANS LES PAYS CONCERNES

- ‘attractivite des investisseurs

7) PROJETS INNOVANTS SUR LES ENERGIES RENOUVELABLES

- Sur Kickstarter trouver les projets liés au domaine énergétique étudié et faire un banchmark
du nombre d’idées par rapport au capital de lancement nécessaire (ex: 5 projets avec un
capital min de 1M$, 3 avec 2M$,)
- Prendre les projets qui ont déjà été lancés et ceux qui ont déjà obtenu leur capital par
rapport au nombre de projets lancés.
 8) CONCURRENCE DES COMBUSTIBLES FOSSIBLES (SUBVENTIONS, FISCALITE)
- Les avantages des combustibles fossiles (prix, efficacité)

9) CONCLUSIONS (+ RECOMMANDATIONS SI PRESENTES) : MZ

- Secteur d’avenir ? Remplacer le nucléaire et les E fossiles ?

EXEMPLES D’ENTREPRISES

I. Introduction

In 2021, with factors such as the intense economic recovery from the outbreak, we
are facing tensions in the energy market. After Russia invaded Ukraine in February
2022, the situation deteriorated significantly, creating a real global energy crisis.
Natural gas prices have reached record levels, pushing electricity prices to record
levels in some markets. Oil prices reached their highest level since 2008.
Soaring energy prices have greatly accelerated inflation to unprecedented levels,
destabilizing households, forcing some factories to limit or even stop production, and
slowing economic growth so much that some countries are now heading for deep
recessions. Europe’s long dependence on Russian gas supplies makes the continent
particularly vulnerable and could force it to reduce its energy demands. At the same
time, energy import costs have risen sharply in many emerging economies and fuel
shortages have multiplied.
While comparisons can be made between the current energy crisis and the oil shock
of the 1970s, there are important differences between the two. The current crisis
concerns all fossil fuels, whereas in the 1970s, the price shock mainly concerned oil,
while the world economy was more dependent on oil and less on natural gas. This is
exacerbated by the fact that the global economy is more interconnected than it was
50 years ago. That is why we can say that we are currently experiencing the first real
world energy crisis.
In Europe, some gas-intensive manufacturing plants had to cut back because they
could no longer operate, while others in China simply lost power. In emerging and
developing economies, where the share of the household budget devoted to energy
and food is already high, Rising energy costs exacerbate extreme poverty and hinder
progress towards universal access to affordable energy services. Rising prices have
an impact on vulnerable households and can create serious economic, social and
political tensions even within advanced economies.
The depletion of so-called fossil resources is a growing concern, and many scientists
estimate that within 50 years coal and natural gas reserves will be depleted. Other
emerging aggravating phenomena, such as global population growth and large-scale
industrialization, will accelerate expert estimates. It is therefore urgent to implement
a global energy transition to address these major challenges, explaining the recent
enthusiasm for the research and implementation of renewable energies. These are
less polluting emissions, less expensive to produce and considered inexhaustible on
a human time scale and are characterized by remarkable resilience during the crisis
phases that the world can go through.

II. Energies renouvelables

The term 'renewable energy' is used to refer to energies which, on a human scale at
least, are inexhaustible and available in large quantities, so there are five major
types of renewable energy: solar, wind, hydro, biomass and geothermal. Their
common characteristic is to leave, during the exploitation phase, no or very few
polluting discharges and thus help to fight against the greenhouse effect and global
warming.
In this study we will focus our attention on photovoltaic solar energy because the use
of its panels allows to obtain an eco-responsible electricity consumption from 100%
renewable energies. In addition, they offer the possibility of drastically reducing their
carbon footprint because 95% of the components of photovoltaic panels are
recyclable or reusable.
Experts think that the key decade is 2020-2030, it will be the years of solar that will
occupy a prominent place in the production of energy. According to some estimates,
by this time the capacity of solar electricity production will exceed the terawatt! The
flagship “30/30/30” objective of the Institut photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France would be
to achieve a 30% return at 30 cents per watt by 2030.
The method of operation to produce this energy is possible thanks to photovoltaic
panels capturing the sun’s rays and then converting the received solar energy into
electricity.
Concerning the share of solar energy in the energy mix, France has a production of
10.5 TWh, solar photovoltaic providing 3% of national electricity production in 2021
and covered 3.1% of national consumption.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) announced in 2014 that solar photovoltaics
represented less than 1% of global production, we can therefore imagine that solar
energy will gradually become a beacon of the global energy mix because many
countries are choosing to invest in this green energy.

Source : SOeS
Multi-year energy programming published on 2 November 2016: 2018 target of 10.2
GW and 2023 range between 18.2 and 20.2 GW.
III. Difficultés d’accès au financement
Although the photovoltaic sector has grown rapidly in recent years, access to finance
can be a challenge for solar energy projects, especially in developing countries.
Some of the challenges in accessing financing for photovoltaics include:
Photovoltaic projects can be considered risky by investors because of the new
technology and the long-term nature of investments. Lenders may need a repayment
guarantee or guarantees to minimize their credit risk.
The high upfront costs of installing photovoltaic solar panels can be prohibitive for
many projects, especially for small projects. The costs of solar components have
decreased in recent years, but the costs of installation and associated infrastructure
can remain high.
Photovoltaic projects can be complex and investors must assess the risks, potential
returns and financial viability of the project. Projects often require detailed analysis
and financial modelling to determine their feasibility.
Government policies and regulations can impact access to funding for solar energy
projects. Subsidies and support policies can stimulate investment, but policy
changes can also make investment less attractive.
Photovoltaic energy projects require technical expertise for their design, construction
and maintenance. Lack of technical expertise can make it more difficult for solar
projects to access financing.
In summary, access to finance for photovoltaic energy may be due to factors such as
credit risk, high upfront costs, project evaluation, regulation and government policies,
and the lack of technical expertise.
IV. Coûts technologiques
The profitability of using solar photovoltaic renewable energy can take several years
and depends on several factors, such as the amount of the initial investment
(installation cost), maintenance costs, local electricity rates, the efficiency of solar
panels (power, installation conditions, amount of sunlight per region, etc.), operating
costs, etc.
However, in general, the use of photovoltaic solar energy is becoming more and
more cost-effective in many countries thanks to lower costs for solar panels and
increased efficiency of solar systems.
In some countries, high electricity prices and financial incentives for the use of solar
photovoltaic energy can also increase the profitability of investment in this type of
technology.

It is important to note that profitability varies from country to country due to factors
such as climate, regulation and energy policies. It is therefore important to carry out
a feasibility study before making an investment decision in photovoltaic solar energy.
In 2020, the average cost of installing solar photovoltaic systems worldwide was
about $1.13 per watt-peak (Wc), according to the International Energy Agency.
The efficiency of a panel is expressed as a percentage, in order to calculate it it is
necessary to take into account the amount of light energy converted into electricity in
relation to the amount of energy that has entered the system. The formula is
therefore as follows:
Yield = Electrical output/Solar output received.
The electrical power produced is expressed in watt-peak. The solar power received
corresponds to the area in m2 multiplied by 1000.
For example, if a polycrystalline solar panel has an electrical power of 250 Wc and
an area of 1.5 m2, its efficiency is:
250/(1.5 x 1000) = a return of 16.66%.
A solar panel will therefore have an efficiency of between 6% and 24% based on
many criteria: the type of panels, their orientation, their inclination, their geographical
location, etc.
The initial investment in installing photovoltaic panels to switch to a self-consumption
scheme requires a fairly costly initial investment. This was true about ten years ago
when the first photovoltaic installations were created. This is no longer the case with
a drastic drop in prices. On average, the cost of a photovoltaic installation in 2022
ranges from €9,000 to €26,500 for an installation with a power of between 3 and 36
kWp.
In general, the cost of production of photovoltaic solar panels has fallen considerably
in recent years, largely due to lower raw material costs, improved production
technologies and increased mass production. According to a 2021 International
Energy Agency study, the average cost of producing photovoltaic solar panels in
2020 was about $20 per watt-peak (Wc).

V. Impact environnemental

When solar panels produce electricity, they do not emit pollutants. The manufacture,
transport and recycling of a photovoltaic panel has a very low impact on the planet.
Thus, during its use, a solar panel produces much more energy than is essential for
its production, so its impact on the planet is positive. A very large number of
materials used in photovoltaic solar panels are easily recyclable. No less than 95%
of the materials used (plastics, glass, aluminium, etc.) are recycled in existing
industrial sectors.
Financially, the costs of solar photovoltaic energy have fallen considerably in recent
years, making it more competitive with traditional energy sources. According to a
study by the International Energy Agency, photovoltaic solar energy costs have
fallen by more than 80% since 2010 and investments in photovoltaic solar energy
can also help create local jobs and stimulate the economy.
The adoption of photovoltaic solar energy can contribute to energy security by
reducing reliance on imported and volatile energy sources, such as oil and natural
gas. This can help stabilize electricity prices over the long term and reduce
vulnerability to external energy shocks.

VI. Politiques fiscales

The photovoltaic energy sector has enjoyed a strong attractiveness of investors in
recent years, especially in developed and emerging countries.
Several factors contributed to this attractiveness:
The production costs of solar photovoltaic panels have been significantly reduced,
reducing the production costs of solar electricity and making it more competitive with
other energy sources.
The growing demand for clean and renewable energy has created a growing market
for photovoltaic energy.
Government policies to support solar energy, such as subsidies and guaranteed
purchase tariffs, have encouraged investors to engage in this sector.
Technological advances in energy storage have made solar energy more reliable
and flexible.
As a result, the photovoltaic sector has attracted significant investment in recent
years, particularly in countries such as China, the United States, India and Germany,
which have been the main players in the solar energy market.
Investments in photovoltaic projects have also increased in developing countries,
where the growing demand for electricity and the abundance of solar light make it an
attractive and cost-effective energy solution.

VII. Projets innovants

Here are some examples of innovative projects in photovoltaic energy:

Solar Roadways: This is a project to transform roads into photovoltaic surfaces to
produce solar energy. The solar panels are placed in concrete tiles and are covered
with textured glass for better adhesion. In addition to generating energy, Solar
Roadways can also incorporate LEDs to create dynamic road markings.
SunPower Oasis: The SunPower Oasis system is a modular solar panel system that
can be installed quickly and easily to produce large-scale solar energy. The system
uses high efficiency solar panels and modular design to maximize energy
production.
O'Mega Floating Solar Power Plant: This floating solar power plant is located on a
flooded clay quarry in Belgium. It uses floating solar panels to produce solar energy,
which is then sold to local businesses and individuals.
The Solar Impulse project: This is a solar plane that was designed to fly around the
world using only solar energy. The aircraft is equipped with ultra-efficient solar
panels that allow it to fly during the day and store energy for nighttime use.
Organic solar cells: Organic solar cells are a cutting-edge technology that uses
organic materials to produce solar energy. They are lighter and more flexible than
traditional solar cells, making them ideal for use in places where rigid solar panels
are not practical.
These are just a few examples of innovative projects in photovoltaics, but they show
all the advantages and possibilities of this promising technology.

VIII. Concurrence énergétique

Globally, photovoltaic energy competes with other energy sources, such as fossil
fuels (oil, natural gas and coal), nuclear and renewable energy such as wind, hydro
and biomass.
However, photovoltaic energy has grown rapidly in recent years and has become
increasingly competitive with other energy sources. The costs of producing solar
panels have decreased significantly, which has reduced the costs of producing solar
electricity and made it more competitive.
In addition, the adoption of favourable government policies, such as subsidies,
guaranteed purchase tariffs and renewable energy production targets, has
stimulated growth in the photovoltaic sector in many countries.
In terms of direct competition, photovoltaic energy competes with wind energy, which
is also a competitive renewable energy source. However, the availability of solar
energy is more predictable than that of wind energy, which may give an advantage to
photovoltaic energy in some regions.
Overall, competition between PV and other energy sources varies across regions
and depends on factors such as government policies, production costs and the
availability of local energy resources.
II) Wind Turbines

In this second part of our study, we are going to focus the use of wind force to produce
renewable energy. To do so engineers across times imagined systems with blades rotating in the
direction of the wind, first the blades were the easiest way they could shape using ancient
techniques: rectangular. Technical processes, technologies, material science and many other fields
improved since and today the shape of the blades are perfectly following the wind flow to be the
most efficient to generate energy.

Sources : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine

https://gwec.net/there-are-over-341000-wind-turbines-on-the-planet-heres-how-much-of-a-
difference-theyre-actually-making/#:~:text=There%20are%20over%20341%2C000%20wind,making
%20%2D%20Global%20Wind%20Energy%20Council

1) How does it work and what’s its share on the energy market mix.

Today there are more than 340 000 wind turbines over the world and the technology behind
it is generally the same: the wind force pushes the blades of the turbine converting the kinetic
energy of the wind to a momentum, this momentum is transferred to a (planetary) gear box
assembled to the generator with an output shaft, a break to avoid turbine over rotation and blocking
over a specific rotation speed, every components compacted into the nacelle just behind the center
of the blades. On top of this nacelle a sensor is mounted to analyse the wind flow and send
information to a controller that will adapt the turbine’s orientation through the yaw drive and its
associated motor, in order to optimize the rotation of the blades. The energy flows from the
generator to transformers located near the ground of the structure pillar holding the turbine and the
nacelle.

Today there are other shapes of wind turbines, precise where and why it’s more or less
efficient.

Figure 2 Other wind turbine shapes,

http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/difference-
between-horizontal-and-vertical-axis-wind-turbine/

Talk about the BETZ’s effect blocking the highest efficiency of a wind turbine to 51% which is
still not reachable with today’s technological breakthroughs.

Part on the energy mix : In France in 2021 the part of energy coming from wind energy is
around 3,7%. In the world it only represents 2,95% according to same source which is the BP
statistical review of world energy. ( https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-
economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html).

https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix

2) Struggle to finance thise energy source

- Simple queries on google

4) Tech Costs (production including extraction and treatment before usage, exploitation,
maintenance)

- Return On Investment (1st year is very important but with whole TRI (année 1 = important
mais avec la taille de l’installation plusieurs années après etc.)

- Cost of raw materials, availability of materials

- Pre-production: extraction cost (money and CO2 production) before use to produce energy

5) Technologic impact coming from wind turbines

- On the local biodiversity, and on the ground (geology)

6) Fiscal system on the countries producing on using wind turbine as energy source

- Investors attractivty according to the fiscal systems (vps)

7) Innovative projects on wind turbines

- Sur Kickstarter trouver les projets liés au domaine énergétique étudié et faire un banchmark
du nombre d’idées par rapport au capital de lancement nécessaire (ex: 5 projets avec un capital min
de 1M$, 3 avec 2M$,)

Find them on crowdfunding platforms like kickstarters, with projects linked to wind turbines: do a
benchmark-ratio of number of projects/needed fund to kick start (ex: 5 projects estimated to 1M$, 3
with min 2M$...à

- Talk about projects that are launched and have already got the fund needed to kick start

1. SOURCES D’ENERGIES : SOLAIRE, GEOTHERMIE, EOLIEN, HYDRAULIQUE, BIOMASSE

- Technique générale

Hydraulic energy technology has been gaining momentum in recent years as an alternative source of
power generation. The principle behind hydraulic energy is simple: it harnesses the power of moving
water to generate electricity. This technology has become increasingly popular due to its efficiency,
reliability, and sustainability.

Hydraulic energy technology uses a system of turbines and generators to convert the kinetic energy
of flowing water into electrical energy. As water flows through the turbine, it causes it to spin, which
in turn drives the generator to produce electricity. This process is repeated in a series of turbines to
maximize energy output.

Figure 3 : General layout of a hydroelectric power plan / Source = Merriam-Webster, Inc

One of the key advantages of hydraulic energy technology is that it is a renewable source of energy.
As long as water continues to flow, energy can be generated. Additionally, hydraulic energy is highly
efficient, with some systems capable of converting up to 90% of the energy in flowing water into
electricity.
Another benefit of hydraulic energy is its versatility. It can be used in a variety of settings, from large-
scale hydroelectric power plants to small-scale micro-hydropower systems in remote areas. This
flexibility makes hydraulic energy a viable option for both developed and developing countries.

- Pourcentage en France et dans le monde (dans le mix énergétique)

Hydropower is a significant source of renewable energy globally, accounting for approximately 16%
of global electricity generation in 2020, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). This
makes it the largest source of renewable energy worldwide. In terms of total installed capacity,
hydropower has a global capacity of approximately 1,308 GW. In 2020, hydropower generated
approximately 4,306 TWh of electricity globally.

Figure 4 : Share of electricity generated through hydropower per country / Source = BP, Ember via Our World in Data

Hydropower is particularly important in developing countries, where it accounts for approximately

20% of electricity generation in Africa, according to the African Development Bank. This reflects the
fact that hydropower is often a cost-effective and reliable source of electricity in regions with
abundant water resources.

In developed countries, the role of hydropower varies. In some countries, such as Norway and Brazil,
hydropower accounts for a significant share of electricity generation. In Norway, for example,
hydropower accounts for approximately 96% of electricity generation, according to the Norwegian
Water Resources and Energy Directorate. In Brazil, hydropower accounts for approximately 65% of
electricity generation, according to the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency.

In other developed countries, such as the United States and Germany, hydropower's share of
electricity generation is lower. In the US, hydropower accounts for approximately 7% of electricity
generation, according to the US Energy Information Administration, while in Germany, hydropower
accounts for approximately 3% of electricity generation, according to the Fraunhofer Institute for
Solar Energy Systems.

Nonetheless, hydropower remains an important source of renewable energy in developed countries,

providing a reliable and flexible source of electricity generation. In the US, for example, hydropower
is the largest source of renewable energy, accounting for 38% of total renewable energy generation
in 2020, according to the US Energy Information Administration. In France, hydropower is also a
significant contributor to the country's energy mix. In 2020, hydropower accounted for
approximately 11% of the country's electricity generation, according to the French Ministry for the
Ecological Transition. This makes hydropower the second-largest source of renewable energy in
France, after wind power.

- Géothermie & Biomasse moins utilisés donc pas détaillé dans le rapport (chiffres)

2. DIFFICULTES D’ACCES AU FINANCEMENT

- Recherches simples sur Google

Access to financing is a key challenge for the development of hydropower projects. Although
hydropower is a reliable and cost-effective source of renewable energy, it requires significant
upfront investment, making it difficult for project developers to secure the necessary financing.

One of the main difficulties in accessing financing for hydropower projects is the high capital costs
involved. Hydropower projects typically require significant investment in infrastructure such as
dams, powerhouses, and transmission lines. These costs can be prohibitively high, especially for
small-scale hydropower projects.

In addition to the high capital costs, hydropower projects also face other financing challenges. For
example, hydropower projects often have long development timelines, which can increase the risks
associated with the project. This can make it difficult for project developers to secure financing, as
lenders may be hesitant to invest in projects with uncertain returns over a long period of time.

Another challenge is the complexity of hydropower projects. Hydropower projects are often large
and complex, requiring significant technical expertise to design and construct. This can make it
difficult for project developers to find the necessary expertise to complete the project successfully.

Despite these challenges, there are several financing options available for hydropower projects.
These include project financing, where financing is secured based on the cash flow generated by the
project, and government-backed financing, where governments provide financial support for the
development of hydropower projects

3. COUTS DES TECHNOLOGIES (PRODUCTION, EXPLOITATION, MAINTENANCE),

- TRI (année 1 = important mais avec la taille de l’installation plusieurs années après etc.)

Hydropower is a technology that requires a significant upfront investment, but can provide a reliable
and cost-effective source of electricity over the long term. The time it takes for a hydropower project
to provide a return on investment can vary depending on the size and complexity of the project, as
well as the cost of financing and the electricity prices in the local market.

According to the International Hydropower Association, the typical payback period for a large
hydropower project can range from 10 to 15 years, while smaller projects may have shorter payback
periods of just a few years. However, some larger projects can take up to 20 or 30 years to provide a
return on investment.

One of the key factors that can impact the payback period for a hydropower project is the cost of
financing. In some cases, financing costs can account for up to 30% of the total project cost, which
can significantly increase the time it takes for the project to generate a positive cash flow.

Another factor that can impact the payback period for a hydropower project is the electricity prices
in the local market. According to a study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, electricity
prices in the United States can range from $20 to $100 per megawatt-hour, depending on the region
and the time of day. Higher electricity prices can help to shorten the payback period for a
hydropower project, while lower prices can result in longer payback periods.

Despite the potential for longer payback periods, hydropower remains a popular choice for
renewable energy projects due to its reliability and long-term cost-effectiveness. With careful
planning and financing, hydropower projects can provide a stable source of electricity for many
years to come.

- Coûts des matériaux, rareté des matériaux

Hydropower is widely recognized as one of the most cost-effective sources of renewable energy.
Once a hydroelectric facility is constructed and installed, the ongoing cost of harnessing the power
of flowing water is relatively low. In fact, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) from hydropower is
consistently among the lowest compared to other forms of energy generation. According to a report
by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the global weighted average LCOE of
hydropower projects commissioned in 2019 was $0.047/kWh, which is lower than the LCOE of fossil
fuel-fired power generation technologies, such as coal and gas.

Furthermore, hydropower projects have long lifetimes and require minimal ongoing maintenance,
resulting in a low operation and maintenance cost. This means that hydropower plants can generate
electricity at a stable and predictable cost over several decades, making them an attractive option
for investors seeking long-term returns.

- Partie amont : production, extraction... première avant utilisation pour produire de l’énergie

Hydropower technology is generally considered to be a cost-effective source of renewable energy,

but it does require significant investments in materials and infrastructure. One potential challenge
for the industry is the availability and cost of the materials needed to build and maintain
hydropower facilities.

The materials used in hydropower projects can vary depending on the type of facility and its
location. For example, a large hydroelectric dam may require thousands of tons of concrete and
steel, while a smaller run-of-river project may require less material. The cost of these materials can
be substantial, and can have a significant impact on the overall cost of a project.

In addition to the cost of materials, there is also a risk of scarcity for some of the materials used in
hydropower projects. For example, some types of turbines require rare earth metals such as
neodymium and dysprosium. These metals are relatively scarce, and their availability and cost can
fluctuate over time.

According to a report by the International Renewable Energy Agency, the cost of materials accounts
for approximately 25% to 30% of the total capital cost of a hydropower project. However, the report
notes that the cost of materials can vary significantly depending on the type of project and the
location.

4. Impact des technologies issues des énergies renouvelables

- Sur la biodiversité et les terres...

Large-scale hydropower projects, such as dams, can have significant negative impacts on freshwater
ecosystems and communities. According to a study by The Nature Conservancy, over 3,700 dams
have been constructed in the world's rivers, causing significant alterations to river flows and habitat
loss for fish and other aquatic species. The same study found that dam construction has led to the
loss of an estimated 30% of the world's freshwater fish species. Additionally, damming a river can
lead to changes in water temperature and chemistry, which can negatively impact aquatic life and
the plants and animals that depend on them. For example, the Three Gorges Dam in China has
caused declines in fish populations, including the critically endangered Chinese sturgeon.

In terms of social and cultural impacts, the displacement of communities and disruption of
traditional land use practices can be significant issues for indigenous peoples and other marginalized
groups. For example, the construction of the Belo Monte Dam in Brazil displaced thousands of
indigenous people from their ancestral lands and disrupted their traditional fishing practices.

5. POLITIQUES FISCALES DANS LES PAYS CONCERNES

- ‘attractivite des investisseurs

Fiscal policies play a critical role in attracting investment in hydropower and other renewable energy
sources. One such policy is feed-in tariffs, which guarantee a set price for electricity generated from
renewable sources. This provides investors with a stable and predictable revenue stream, making it
more attractive to invest in renewable energy projects.

Another important policy is tax incentives, which can help to reduce the upfront costs of building
and operating a hydropower project. For example, in the United States, hydropower projects may be
eligible for the production tax credit, which provides a tax credit for each kilowatt-hour of electricity
generated.

Government grants and subsidies can also play a significant role in attracting investment in
hydropower. For example, in France, the government provides grants for hydropower projects
through the Programme d'Investissement d'Avenir, which aims to promote the development of
renewable energy projects.

In addition to these policies, regulatory frameworks can also be critical in attracting investment in
hydropower. For example, streamlined permitting processes and clear environmental regulations
can help to reduce the time and costs associated with developing a hydropower project.

According to a report by the International Renewable Energy Agency, investment in hydropower

projects reached $35 billion in 2019, with Asia accounting for the largest share of investment.
Continued policy support, including feed-in tariffs, tax incentives, and regulatory frameworks, will be
critical in attracting further investment in hydropower and other renewable energy sources.

6. PROJETS INNOVANTS SUR LES ENERGIES RENOUVELABLES

- Sur Kickstarter trouver les projets liés au domaine énergétique étudié et faire un banchmark
du nombre d’idées par rapport au capital de lancement nécessaire (ex: 5 projets avec un
capital min de 1M$, 3 avec 2M$,)
- Prendre les projets qui ont déjà été lancés et ceux qui ont déjà obtenu leur capital par
rapport au nombre de projets lancés.
 Hydropower has a long history of innovation, with new technologies and methods being developed
to harness the power of flowing water more efficiently and sustainably. In the past, one notable
example of innovation in hydropower was the development of pumped storage technology, which
allows for excess energy generated during off-peak hours to be stored and used during periods of
high demand. Another example is the use of underwater turbines to generate electricity from ocean
currents.

In recent years, there have been several innovative projects in the field of hydropower. One example
is the MeyGen tidal energy project in Scotland (Atlantis Resources), which is the largest tidal energy
project in the world. It consists of 269 underwater turbines installed on the seabed of the Pentland
Firth, generating up to 398 MW of power. Another example is the Swiss company Gravity Power,
which is developing an innovative gravity-based energy storage system that utilizes the potential
energy of a large weight lifted up a hill to generate electricity (Gravity Power site). The system can
store energy for hours or even days, providing a reliable source of power even when there is no wind
or sun.

There are also ongoing efforts to improve the efficiency of existing hydropower technology. One
example is the use of smart control systems that can optimize the operation of hydropower plants,
reducing their environmental impact and increasing their output. In terms of research and
development, scientists are exploring new materials for turbines and other components to improve
efficiency and reduce costs. For example, researchers at the University of Oxford are developing a
new type of turbine blade (University of Oxford, 2021) made from a composite material that is
lighter, stronger, and more durable than traditional materials.

7. CONCURRENCE DES COMBUSTIBLES FOSSIBLES (SUBVENTIONS, FISCALITE)

- Les avantages des combustibles fossiles (prix, efficacité)

One of the biggest challenges facing hydropower and other renewable energy sources is the
competition from fossil fuels, which have historically received significant government subsidies and
tax incentives.

According to a report by the International Energy Agency, global subsidies for fossil fuels amounted
to $3.3 trillion in 2015. This is compared to $120 billion in subsidies for renewables. These subsidies
and tax incentives have helped to keep the prices of fossil fuels artificially low, making it difficult for
renewable energy sources like hydropower to compete on price alone.

In addition to these subsidies, fossil fuels also benefit from their established infrastructure and
supply chains, which make them more readily available and reliable than many renewable energy
sources. Fossil fuels also have the advantage of being highly efficient and cost-effective in terms of
energy production.

Sources : Energie hydraulique

Partie 2
World Bank. (2020). Hydropower project financing: challenges and opportunities. Retrieved from
https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/
749341468778524775/financing-of-private-hydropower-projects

Partie 3

International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). (2020). Renewable Power Generation Costs in
2019. Abu Dhabi: IRENA.

International Hydropower Association. (2019). Hydropower Status Report 2019. London:

International Hydropower Association.

International Renewable Energy Agency. (2019). Hydropower Technology Brief. Abu Dhabi: IRENA.

Partie 4

The Nature Conservancy. (2016). Dam Removal: A New Era in River Restoration.
https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/Dam-Removal-Report.pdf

International Rivers. (2021). The Human and Environmental Impacts of Hydropower Dams.
https://www.internationalrivers.org/news/damming-rivers-is-terrible-for-human-rights-ecosystems-
and-food-security/

Partie 5

"Hydropower: Status Report 2019" by the International Renewable Energy Agency (2019)

Partie 6
"MeyGen Project." https://www.proactiveinvestors.ca/companies/news/168994

"World’s First Integrated Tidal Power and Battery Storage Project Completed in Scotland" by Tidal
Energy Today (https://saerenewables.com/tidal-stream/meygen/)

Partie 7

International Energy Agency. (2017). World Energy Outlook 2017. Paris: International Energy Agency.
https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2017

International Renewable Energy Agency. (2019). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2018. Abu
Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency.
https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/May/IRENA_Renewable-
Power-Generations-Costs-in-2018.pdf

Sources de recherche de travail: energies solaire photovoltaïque

Quelles sont les sources d’énergies renouvelables ? | Vattenfall

Qu'est-ce que l'énergie solaire ? | Vattenfall

CGDD_A6_CHIFFRES_CLES_EnR_2022_v3_010922_GB_signets.pdf (ecologie.gouv.fr)

Les énergies renouvelables | Ministères Écologie Énergie Territoires (ecologie.gouv.fr)

Solaire | Ministères Écologie Énergie Territoires (ecologie.gouv.fr)

La vérité sur la Rentabilité des Panneaux Solaires (nouvelr-energie.com)

Energie solaire : utilisations, rendement et prix de l'installation (selectra.info)

Impact Panneau Solaire sur l’Environnement | Dossier (2023) (otovo.fr)

Dispositifs de soutien aux énergies renouvelables | Ministères Écologie Énergie Territoires

(ecologie.gouv.fr)

SunPower Oasis® Solar Power Plant overview

Solar Impulse : la présentation du projet | Dossier (futura-sciences.com)

Solar Impulse : la présentation du projet | Dossier (futura-sciences.com)

Le marché photovoltaïque européen va mal | Quelle Énergie (quelleenergie.fr)

energyfuture2021_f.pdf (wto.org)