fo"k;&lwph

 izLrkouk

 lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dk lS)kfUrd vkSj oSpkfjd

Li’Vhdj.k

 lkfgR; dh leh{kk

 v/;;u dh ifjdYiuk

 v/;;u dk mn~ns';

 v/;;u dk {ks=

 v/;;u dh fof/k

 fu’d’kZ@lq>ko

 lUnHkZ&xzUFk lwph

 iz'ukoyh
 cky vijk/k % ,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u

izLrkouk%&
vk/kqfud le; esa cky&vijkf/k;ksa dh c<rh la[;k fpUrk dk

fo"k; gSA fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy nksuksa çdkj ds lektksa esa

budh c<rh la[;k ogk¡ dh ljdkj vkSj lekt nksuks ds fy;s

fopkj.kh; fo"k; gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fofHkU‍u fo"k;ksa ds

fo}ku Hkh bl leL; dks vius&vius –f"Vdks.k ls le>us vkSj

le>kus dk ç;Ru dj jgs gSaA gkyk¡fd ,slk Hkh ugha gS fd

cky&vijk/k dsoy vk/kqfud lekt dh nsu gSA cky&vijk/kh gj

dky vkSj gj çdkj ds lektksa esa ekStwn jgs gSaA gk¡] bruk t:j

gSa fd vk/kqfud ifjorZu'khy lektksa esa cky&vijkf/k;ksa dh

la[;k c< jgh gSaA lkFk gh cnyrs le; ds lkFk&lkFk cky&vijk/k

dh ç—fr esa rsth ls cnyko vk;k gSA lkFk gh cky&vijkf/k;ksa

ds çfr ljdkj vkSj lekt ds –f"Vdks.k esa le;&le; ij cnyko vkrs

jgs gSaA

cky&vijk/k dh leL;k blfy;s Hkh egRoiw.kZ gS fd vxj

lekt esa cky&vijkf/k;ksa dh la[;k c<rh gS rks ;g oS;fäd fo?

kVu ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd fo?kVu dk Hkh lwpd gSA blls u

flQZ lekt dh 'kkfUr Hkax gksrh gS] cfYd lkekftd&vkfFkZd

fodkl dk ekxZ Hkh vo:) gksrk gSA çLrqr v/;;u esa geus ;g

tkuus dk ç;Ru fd;k gS fd vk/kqfud lwpuk rduhd dk QSyk tky]

dEI;qVj] bUVjusV] ehfM;k] eksckbZy&ckbd laL—fr vkfn dk

çHkko cky&vijk/k dh mRifRr ij fdl çdkj iM+k gS rFkk os

dkSu ls dkjd gS tks ,d ckyd dks cky&vijk/kh cuk nsrs gSaA

geusa vius v/;;u esa cky&vijk/k dks jksdus ds mik;] ljdkjh

uhfr;ksa rFkk cky&lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dks çeko'kkyh cukus

rFkk cky&vijk/k tSlh xaHkhj leL;k ds lek/kku gsrq Bksl

lq>ko Hkh çLrqr fd;s gSA çLrqr v/;;u cky&vijk/k ds

dkj.kksa ,ao funku ds Åij çdk'k Mkyus dk ,d ç;kl gS] ftlls bl

leL;k dks le>us vkSj mldk gy <w¡<us esa cgqr gn rd enn fey

ldrh gSA

cky&vijk/k fo"k; dh xaHkhjrk ns[krs gq, bls ,d i`Fkd

foKku ds :i esa LFkkfir djus dk ç;kl Hkh py jgk gSA bls

lekt&foKku dh ml 'kk[kk ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS

tks cPpksa ds lekt fojks/kh O;ogkj dk v/;;u djrh gSA gkyk¡fd

cPpksa esa uV[kViu ,d lkoZekSfed rF; gS] fdUrq tc ;g uV[kiu

lekt dh ekU;rkvksa dks Hkax djus yxrk gS rks og cky&vijk/k

ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

cky vijk/k dh lekt'kkL=h; ifjHkk"kk%&

 lekt'kkL=h;–f"V ls cky&vijk/k dk vFkZ gS& os dk;Z tks

ckydksa }kjk lekt ds fu;eksa o ekU;rkvksa ds fo:) fd;s x;s

gksaA lekt'kkL=h; –f"Vdks.k ls dqN fo}kuksa] tSls flfjy cVZ

¼1955½] fxfyu vkSj fxfyu ¼1945½] fDyukMZ ¼1957½]

gsdjoky ¼1939½ vkfn us cky&vijk/k dks ifjHkkf"kr djus dh

dksf'k'k dh gSA muds vuqlkj ,d ckyd dks vijk/kh rHkh ekuk

tk;sxk tc mldh lekt fojks/kh ço`fÙk;k¡ bruh xEHkhj :i /kkj.k

ysrh gS fd muds fo:) dkuwuh dk;Zokgh djuk vko';d gks tkrk

gSA

fxfyu ,ao fxfyu ds vuqlkj] Þlekt'kkL= dh –f"V ls

cky&vijk/kh ,d ,slk O;fä gS]ftlds O;ogkj dks lekt vius fy;s

gkfudkjd le>rk gS vkSj og mlds }kjk fuf"k) gSA*

U;wes;j ds vuqlkj] Þ,d cky&vijk/kh fu/kkZfjr vk;q ls de

vk;q dk og O;fä gS tks lekt&fojks/kh dk;Z djus dk nks"kh gS

vkSj ftldk nqjkpj.k dkuwu dk mYy?kau gSAeksojj ds

vuqlkj] Þog O;fä tks tku&cw>dj gjkns ds lkFk rFkk le>rs gq,

ml lekt dh #f<+;ksa dh mis{kk djrk gS] ftlls mldk lEcU/k

gS]cky&vijk/kh dgykrk gSA

çks'ksYMu ds vuqlkj] Þckyd }kjk ,d lkekU; lhek ls

Hkh vf/kd xEHkhj vijk/k djuk gh cky&vijk/k gSA**

mi;qZä ifjHkk"kkvksa ls Li"V gS fd cky&vijk/k ds

vUrxZr ckydksa ds vlkekftd O;ogkjksa dks fy;k tkrk gSA

ckydksa o fd'kkjksa ds ,sls O;ogkj tks yksd&dY;k.k dh –f"V

ls vfgrdj gksrs gSa] ftlls lekt ds O;ogkj fu;ked vkns'kksa ,oa

vkn'kksaZ dk mYya?ku gksrk gSA vkSj ftlls lkekftd laxBu

dks {kfr igq¡prh gS] bu O;ogkjksa dks cky&vijk/k dh Js.kh

esa j[kk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s ,sls ckyd tks Ldwy ls Hkkx

tkrs gSa] fu:æs'; b/kj&m/kj ?kwers jgrs gSa] ?kj ls ckgj jgrs

gSa] vkokjk ygdks ds lkFk jgrs gSa] xyr vkpj.k djrs gSa] fdlh

dh lEifr ;k tku&eky dks {kfr igq¡pkrs gSa] cky&vijk/kh dh

Js.kh es vkrs gSaA jksfculu ds er esa vkokjkxnhZ] Hkh[k

ekS¡xuk] nqoZ~;gkj] cqjs bjkns ls 'ksrkuh djuk vkSj

mn~n.Mrk cky&vijk/kh ds y{k.k gSA

cky&vijk/k dh dkuwuh vo/kkj.kk%&

oS/kkfud –f"V ls os lHkh ckyd tks dkuwu dk mYya?ku

djrs gSa cky&vijk/kh ekus tkrs gSA bl çdkj dkuwuh –

f"Vdks.k ls dqN ys[kdks tSls& jsdysl ¼1970½] ,p-,pykÅ

¼1930½] 'ksYMu rFkk Xywd ¼1957½] 'ksQj rFkk U;wMsu

¼190½ vkfn us cky&vijk/k ds dkuwuh i{k vFkkZr~‌ fdlh

ckyd }kjk vijk/kh dkuwu dk mYy?kau] iwfyl }kjk mldh

fxj¶rkjh rFkk cky&U;k;ky;ksa }kjk ml ckyd dh nks"k&flf) dh

çekf.kdrk dks bl 'kCn dh mfpr oS/kkfud ifjHkk"kk djus esa

egRoiw.kZ le>rs gSaA

 lsBuk ds vuqlkj] Þfdlh ckyd ;k r:.k ds }kjk fd;s x;s

xyr ;k vuqfpr dk;Z tks fd lEcfU/kr LFkku ds dkuwu ¼tks ml

le; ykxw gks½ ds }kjk fufnZ"V vk;q&lhek ds vUnj vkrs

cky&vijk/kh ds xyr O;ogkj ds çfr oS/kkfud /kkj.kk esa

fuEufyf[kr vko';drkvksa ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA

¼1½ çfroknh ds fo:) ,d fo'ks"k vkjksi yxk;k tk;s]

¼2½ dkuwu esa bldh fuf'pr ifjHkk"kk nh tk;s]

¼3½ vijk/k vfUre :i ls fl) gks tk;s]

¼4½ vkjksih dks eqdnes dh vof/k esa >wBh] cgdkus

okyh] vlaxr vkSj lkj jfgr xokgh }kjk vfHk;qä Bgjk;k tkus ls

cpk;k tk;sA

la{ksi esa dkuwuh –f"Vdks.k esa ckydksa ;k fd'kksjksa

ds ogh vkpj.k cky&vijk/k dh Js.kh esa vkrs gS tks

dkuwu }kjk fuf"k) gSa rFkk ftudk vkjksi okLro esa fl) gks

tk;sA

Hkkjr esa cky vijk/k%&

Hkkjr esa cky&vijk/k ls lEcfU/kr vk¡dM+s Li"V ugha

gSA Hkkjr esa lu~‌ 2020 rd cky&vijk/k ls lEcfU/kr vk¡dM+s

cky&vijk/k U;k; vf/kfu;e ¼1986½ vuqlkj ,d= fd;s x;s]ftlds

vuqlkj 16 o"kZ ls de mez ds yM+ds vkSj 18 o"kZ ls de mez

dh yM+fd;ksa dks cky&vijk/kh dh Js.kh esa j[kk x;k FkkA lu

2020 esa cky&vijk/k U;k; vf/kfu;e esa la'kks/ku fd;k x;k vkSj
yMds rFkk yMfd;ks nksuks ds mez 18 o"kZ dj fn;k x;kA blls

cky&vijk/k ls lEcfU/kr v‚dM+s dkQh dqN cny x;sA lkFk gh

cky&vijk/k ls lEcfU/kr cgqr lkjs ekeys iqfyl esa fofHkU‍u

dkj.kksa ls ntZ gh ugha djk;s tkrs gSA cky&vijk/k ls lEcfU/kr

vuqi;qä v‚dMksa ds fy;s iqfyl }kjk cky&vijkf/k;ksa dks

idM+us esa v:fp] mudk vuqi;qdr çf'k{k.k] v{kerk ,ao turk

ds }kjk lg;ksx dk vHkko Hkh mÙkjnk;h gSA vr: çfro"kZ

Hkkjr esa cky&vijk/k ls lEcfU/kr ftrus eqdnes ntZ fd;s tkrs

gS] cky&vijkf/k;ksa dh okLrfod la[;k lk/kkj.kr% muls dbZ

xq.kk vf/kd gksrh gSA

Hkkjr esa cky&vijk/k dk çfr'kr&

Hkkjrh; n.M lafgr ds vUrxZr ntZ vijk/kksa esa 1997 ls

2000 rd] cky&vijkf/k;ksa dk çfr'kr yxHkx 0- çfr'kr gh ik;k

x;kA cky&vijk/k dk çfr'kr lu 2001 esa c<+dj 0-9 çfr'kr gks

x;kA lu~‌ 2002 esa blesa FkksM+h cgqr o`f) gqbZZ ;g c<+dj

1-0 çfr'kr gks x;kA ijUrq] lu~‌2003] 2004 vkSj 2005 esa yxex

1-0 çfr'kr ij gh fLFkj jgkA* cky&vijk/k ds çfr'kr esa ntZ o`f)

ds fy;s cgqr gn rd ftEesnkj cky&vijk/k U;k; vf/kfu;e] 2000 dk

og çko/kku gS ftlesa cky&vijk/k dh ifjek"kk esa 18 o"kZ ls de

mez ds yM+dks dks 'kkfey dj fy;k x;k gSA tcfd igys yM+dks

ds fy;s vk;q lhek 16 o"kZ gh FkhA tgk¡ rd vijk/k nj dk loky

gS] cky& vijk/k dh nj 1999 vkSj 2000 rd yxex 0-9 çfr'kr jgkA
lu 2001 ls 2005 rd ;g Øe'k% 1-6] 1-8] 1-7] 1-8 vkSj 1-7 ds nj

ls ?kVrs&c<rs jgkA*

Hkkjr ds jftLVªkj tujy }kjk çdkf'kr vk¡dMksa ds vuqlkj

tgk¡ lu~ 1995 esa Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk ds rgr cky&vijk/k ds

9]766 ekeys ntZ gq,]ogha lu 2005 esa cky&vijk/k ds 18]939

ekeys ntZ gq, tks dqy ntZ vijk/k ¼18] 22] 602½ dk yxHkx ,d

çfr'kr gSA ogha lu 2012 esa cky&vijk/k ds 2793 ekeys ntZ

gq, tks dqy ntZ vijk/k ¼2387188½ dk yxHkx ,d çfr'kr gSA*

cky vijk/k esa fofHkU‍u jkT;ksa dh fLFkfr%&

tgk¡ rd Hkkjr ds fofHkU‍u jkT;ksa esa ntZ

cky&vijkf/k;ksa dh la[;k dks ns[ksa rks] e/;&çns'k ¼6]488½]

egkjk"Vª ¼6]630½] NÙkhlx<+ ¼2]502½] xqtjkr ¼2]406½]

jktLFkku ¼2]551½ vkSj vk¡/k&çns'k ¼11186½] dk LFkku

Åij vkrk gSA lU‌ 2012 esa dsoy bu N% jkT;ksa esa Hkkjrh;

naM lafgrk ds vUrxZr 74-8 çfr'kr cky&vijk/k ntZ fd;s x;s

gSA bu ntZ vijk/kksa esa T;knkrj ekeys pksjh ¼4]846½]

pksV ;k {kfr igq¡pkuk ¼2979½] lsa/kekjh ¼2]270½] vkSj

naxk&QlkZn ¼934½] ds Fks] tks fd dqy feykdj Hkkjrh; naM

lafgrk ds vUrxrZ ntZ leLr cky&vijk/kksa dk yxHkx 58-2

çfr'kr gSAß

tgk¡ rd cky&vijkf/k;ksa }kjk cykRdkj ds vijk/k dk ekeyk

gS] lu~ 2012 esa dqy 586 ekeys Hkkjr o"kZ esa ntZ fd;s x;sA
blesa lcls T;knk ekeys e/;çns'k ¼145½ esa ntZ gq,A blds ckn

NÙkhlx<+ ¼86½ dk LFkku jgkA ;s dqy cykRdkj ds ekeyksa

dk Øe'k%: yxHkx 24-7 çfr'kr rFkk 14-7 çfr'kr gSA mlh çdkj

pksjh ds vf/kdka'k ekeys egkjk"Vª ¼1251½ esa ntZ gq, tks fd

iwjs Hkkjr esa ntZ pksjh ds ekeys ¼4846½ dk 25-8 çfr'kr

gSA blds ckn Øe'k: e/;&çns'k ¼564½ rFkk vk¡/kzçns'k

¼517½ dk LFkku gS vkSj budk çfr'kr Øe'k% 11-6 çfr'kr rFkk

10-7 çfr'kr gSA

tgk¡ rd jktLFkku dk loky gS] lu 2005 esa 1]324

cky&vijk/k ds ekeys ;gk¡ ntZ gq,] tks fd Hkkjr esa ntZ dqy

cky&vijk/k ¼18]939½ dk 70 çfr'kr gSA buesa gR;k ds 33]

gR;k ds ç;kl ds 56 vigj.k ds 14] tqvk ds 21] mRikn vf/kfu;e ds

27] voS/k gfFk;kj j[kus ds 09] ukjdksfVd MªXl ds 07 ekeys

ntZ gq,A gkyk¡fd T;knkrj ekeys pksjh] pksV ;k {kfr igq¡pkus]

lsa/kekjh vkSj naxk&Qlkn vkfn ds gh ntZ fd;s x;sA

lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dk lS)kfUrd ifjçs{;%&

 cky&vijk/k dh O;k[;k fofHkU‍u fo"k;ksa ds fo}kuksa us

vyx&vyx rjhds ls dh gSA lkekftd ekuo'kkL=] euksfoKku]

n'kZu'kkL=] vijk/k'kkL= vkfn fo"k; ds fo}kuksa us vijk/kh

O;ogkj ,ao xfrfof/k;ksa dks vius&vius –f"Vdks.k ls le>kus dk

ç;Ru dj jgs gSaA gkyk¡fd cky&vijk/k ls lEcfU/kr T;knkrj

fl)kUr fdlh ,d fo'ks"k dkjd ij T;knk tksj nsrs gSaA çR;sd

fl)kUr vius&vki esa cky&vijk/k dk fo'ys"k.k u;s :i esa djrk

gS] fQj Hkh cgqr gn rd ;g igys çLrqr fd;s x;s fl)kUrksa ls

dqN&u&dqN xzg.k vo'; djrk gSA cky&vijk/k ls lEcfU/kr

ftrus Hkh fl)kUr çfrikfnr fd;s x;s gSa] mUgsa eq[; :i ls rhu

foLr`r oxksaZ esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA ;gk¡ ge la{ksi esa bu

rhuksa oxksaZ ds ;ksxnku dh ppkZ djsaxsaA

1- 'kjhj'kkL=h; ifjçs{;

'kjhj'kkL=h; –f"Vdks.k ds vUrxrZ cky&vijk/k dks O;fä

dh 'kkjhfjd dfe;ksa ds ifj.kke ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA ;g

fl)kUr O;fä ds vkuqoaf'kdrk dks Hkh cky&vijk/k ds fy;s

ftEesnkj ekurk gSA O;fä }kjk vkuqoaf'kd :i esa xzg.k fd;s x;s

xq.k ;k y{k.k Hkh mls vijk/k ;k fopyu dh vksj ço`Ùk djrs gSA

yksEczkslks us 1876 esa tUetkr vijk/kh çdkj dk o.kZu fd;kA

mUgksaus vijkf/k;ksa esa ik;s tkus okys vkuqoaf'kd :Ils

fu/kkZfjr dqN [kkl y{k.kksa dh igpku dhA mUgksaus]

vijkf/k;ksa ds 'kkjhfjd fo—fÙk;ksa ls xzLr gksus dh ckr Hkh

dhA

2- euksoSKkfud ifjçs{;%&

euksoSKkfud –f"Vdks.k dh dsUæh; /kkj.kk ;g gS fd

cky&vijk/k ;k rks ckyd ds euksoSKkfud lajpuk esa dfe;ksa dk

ifj.kke gS ;k fQj O;fä dh ekufld çfØ;kvksa dh nks"kiw.kZ

dk;Z&ç.kkyh dh mit gSA

euksoSKkfud –f"Vdks.k vkSj 'kjhj'kkL=h; –f"Vdks.k

esa dqN lekurk,¡ ektwn gSA igyh ckr rks ;g fd nksuksa çdkj

ds fl)kUrksa esa vijkf/k;ksa dks lkekU; tu ls vyx dj ds ns[kk

x;k gSA nwljk ;g fd nksuksa fl)kUrksa esa vijk/kh dks lkekU;

tula[;k esa vlkekU; yksaxks ds :i esa ns[kk x;k gSA rhljh

lekurk ;g gS fd nksuksa ifjçs{;ksa esa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd O;fä

dh vlkekU;rk gh mls vijk/k dh vksj tkus dks vxzlj djrh gSA

ijUrq] euksoSKkfud –f"Vdks.k 'kjhj'kkL=h; –f"Vdks.k ds bl

ckr ls vlger gS fd vijk/kh vlekU;rk vkuqoaf'kd :i ls fu/kkZfjr

gksrh gSA mudk ekuuk gS fd vijk/k ds fy;s vlkekU; vuqeo u

fd vlkekU; thu ¼vkuqoaf'kd jpuk½ ftEesnkj gksrs gSA

vlkekU; vuqHko ls gh pkfjf=d nks"k vkSj Þdqlek;ksftr

O;fäRo tUe ysrs gSa] tks fd vijk/k ds fy;s mÙkjnk;h gksrs

gSA euksoSKkfud ifjçs{; esa vijk/k dks vijk/kh ds O;fäRo dh

fo—fr;ksa esa ryk'kus dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gSA

 euksoSKkfud dkj.kksa esa eUncqf)rk] ekufld vlarqyu]

vfodflr vge] ekufld vfLFkjrk ,ao vkosx] vijk/k&cks/k vkSj

ghurk&xzfUFk tSls ekufld nks"kksa dks vijk/k dk eq[; dkj.k

crk;k x;k gSA

gsujh xksMkMZ us 1919 esa ;g çfrikfnr fd;k fd

eUncqf)rk gh vijk/k dk lcls cM+k dkj.k gSA eUncqf)rk

vkuqoaf'kd gksrh gS vkSj ;g thou dh ?kVukvksa ls cgqr de

çekfor gksrh gSA mudk dFku gS fd lHkh cky&vijk/kh fuEu

ekufldrk ds gksrs gSa vkSj muesa ls vf/kdka'k ean&cqf)rk dh

lhek esa vkrs gSaA VeZu us Hkh ,slh gh foospuk ds çfr viuh

lgefr O;ä dh gSA

3- lekt'kkL=h; ifjçs{;%&

lekt'kkL=h; fl)kUrksa esa vijk/k dks lkekftd vkSj lkaL—

frd O;oLFkkvksa ls tksM+dj ns[kk x;k gSA 'kjhj'kkL=h; vkSj

euksoSKkufd ifjçs{; ds foijhr lekt'kkL=h vijk/k dks i;kZoj.k

esa ifjpkyu djus okys lkekftd rRoksa dh mit ds lanHkZ esa

ns[krs gSaA mudk ekuuk gS fd vijk/kh O;ogkj lh[kk tkrk gS

vksj ;g lkekftd okrkoj.k ls çekfor gksrk gSA os vijkf/k;ksa dks

lkekftd&lkaL—frd i;kZoj.k ls çFkd vlkekU; O;fä;ksa dks

lewg u ekudj lkekftd lkaL—frd O;oLFkk dh mit ekurs gSaA

nwljs 'kCnksa esa] lekt'kkL=h; ifjçs{; ds vuqlkj] vijk/k

lkekftd i;kZoj.k dh mit gS rFkk ;g lh[kk gqvk O;ogkj gSA

dkYMosy us lekt'kkL=h; fopkj/kkjk ds fuEufyf[kr vkB vk/kkj

crk;s gSa%&

¼1½ laL—fr]

¼2½ lkekftd fu;U=.k]

¼3½ çkFkfed o nsrh;d lewg]

¼4½ lkekftd çfØ;k,¡]

¼5½ lkekftd ifjorZu]

¼6½ lh[kus dh çfØ;k]

¼7½ ifjfLFkfr ,ao Hkwfedk]

¼8½ mi&lkaL—frd vUrjA

bu rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij fofHkU‍u lekt'kkfL=;ksa us vijk/k

dks ifjfLFkfr;ksa rFkk mikftZr thou ds vuqHkoksa dh mit

ds :i esa le>k;k gSA eq[; :i ls lekt'kkL=h; ifjçs{;ksa dks nks

lewgksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS%&

1- igys ifjçs{; ds vuqlkj vijk/k vkSj lkekftd lajpuk ,d nwljs

ls tqM+s gq, gSaA

2- nwljk ifjçs{; mu çfØ;kvksa ij tksj nsrk gS ftlls xqtjdj ,d

O;fä vijk/kh curk gSA

4- dkuwuh ifjizs{;%&
 dkuwuh ifjçs{; ds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh ns'k ds dkuwu ds

varxZr de vk;q ds cPpksa }kjk fd;s x;s vijk/k vFkok fuf'pr

mez esa tks cky lekt fojks/kh dke djrs gSa] os cky&vijk/k

dgykrs gSaA

tgk¡ rd euksoSKkfud ifjHkk"kk dk loky gS] blesa os

lHkh ckyd rFkk ckfydk,¡ vk,axs] ftUgksaus fdlh Hkh rjg dk

vlkekftd O;ogkj fd;k gks] Hkys fdlh dks unh esa <dsy nsuk]

pyrh jsyxkM+h ij bZaVsa Qsaduk] [ksy&[ksy esa vkx yxk

nsuk vkfnA

oS/kkfud –f"Vdks.k ls cky&vijk/k%&

U;wes;j dk dguk gS fd cky&vijk/kh ,d fuf'pr vk;q ls de

dk og O;fä gS ftlus lekt fojks/kh dk;Z fd;k gS rFkk ftldk

nqoZ~;gkj dkuwu dks rksM+us okyk gSA*

flfjy cVZ dk dguk gS fd] ^^rduhdh –f"V ls ,d ckyd dks

ml le; vijk/kh ekuk tkrk gS tc mldh lekt&fojks/kh

i`ofÙk;k¡ bruh xEHkhj fn[kk;h nsa mlds fo:) oS/kkfud

dk;Zokgh dh tkrh gS ;k dh tkuh pkfg;sA**

U;w;kdZ uxj ds cky dkuwu dk v/;;u djus ls gesa

cky&vijkf/k;ksa ds lEcU/k esa fuEu rF; Kkr gksrs gS &

1- lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ij Hkh[k ek¡xukA

2- xSj&dkuwuh dk;ksaZ dks djrk gksA

3- dkuwu }kjk oftZr LFkkuksa dh laxfrA

4- tks fcuk fdlh Bksl dkj.k ds vkSj fcuk vius ekrk&firk]

laj{kd dh lEefr ds viuk ?kj ;k jgus ds LFkku dks R;kx

nsA

5- ftldks Ldwy esa xSj&gkftj jgus dh vknr iM+ xbZ

gksA

6- vuSfrd ;k nqpfj= O;fä;ksa dh laxfrA

7- tks lq/kkj ls ijs] m–.M ;k vknru voKkdkjh gks vkSj

vius lja{kd] ekrk&firk ;k dkuwuh vf/kdkfj;ksa ds

fu;a=.k ls nwj gksA

lkfgR; dh leh{kk%&
Hkkjr esa vkSj fons'kksa esa cky&vijk/k fo"k; ij vusd

v/;;u fd;s x;s gSA vijk/k esa ckydksa dh lgHkkfxrk ds ckjs esa

vusd fu"d"kZ fudkys x;s gSA bu ns'k&fons'k esa gq, v/;;uksa

dk laf{kIr fooj.k bl çdkj gS&

cky&vijk/k v/;;u ds {ks= esa ghys ,.M czksuj

¼1926]1915½ flfjy cVZ ¼1955½] Xywd ,.M Xywd

¼1950]1934½ dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku jgk gSA bu fo}kuksa us

cky&vijk/k dh leL;k ij fo'ks"k çdkj Mkyk gS rFkk fu/kZurk

vkSj HkXu&ifjokj dks cky vijk/k dk eq[; dkj.k ekukA

nq[khZe ¼1893½ igys lekt'kkL=h Fkh] ftUgksaus lekt

esa folaxfr rFkk vkn'kZfoghurk dks vijk/kh O;ogkj dk

egRoiw.kZ dkjd ekuk gSA nq[khZe dh ,ukseh dh vo/kkj.kk

dks eVZu;¼1938½ us vkxs c<+k;kA eVZu dk dguk gS fd

dqN lkekftd lajpuk;sa lekt esa dqN ckydksa ij vuq:i O;ogkj

djus dh vis{kk çfrdwy O;ogkj djus ds fy, fuf'pr ncko Mkyrh

gSA

fDyukMhZ us nq[khZe] eVZu rFkk ikVlal dh rjg

Þ,uksehß dh vo/kkj.kk ds vk/kkj ij cky&vijk/k dks le>kus dk

ç;Ru fd;kA fDyukMZ ¼1975½ us fopfyr O;ogkj ds lUnHkZ

esa cky&vijk/k dks le>k;k vkSj ;g fn[kkus dk ç;kl fd;k fd

ckyd fopfyr O;ogkj D;ksa djrk gS\ vkids vuqlkj çR;sd lekt esa

ckyds ds O;ogkj dks funsZf'kr djus ds fy, dqN ewY; fo|eku

gksrs gS vkSj mUgha ewY;ksa ds vuqlkj ckyd dks O;ogkj

djuk gksrk gS] fdUrq ckyd ds lkeus vusd ,slh

ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gksrh gS fd og lekt }kjk Loh—r ewY; çfrekuksa

ds vuq:i viusO;ogkj dks ,d visf{kr <k¡ps esa <kyus esa

vleFkZ gksrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa vis{kk ds fo:, mldk O;ogkj

fopfyr O;ogkj dgykrk gS vkSj ;gh fopfyr O;ogkj tc vknr dk :i

ys ysrk gS rks ;g vijk/k dgykrk gSA

lnjyksM ¼1965½ dk fofHkU‍u&folj dk fl)kUr rFkk

'k‚ esDds; ¼1942½] dk lkaL—frd&LFkkukUrj.k dk fl)kUr

vijk/kh O;ogkj esa i;kZoj.k ds egRo dks n'kkZrk gSA bu

nksuksa gh fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj cky&vijkf/krk ,d lewg ls nwljs

lewg dks gLrkUrfjr gksrh jgrh gS rFkk ckyd fdl çdkj ,d nwljs

ds lEidZ esa vkdj vijk/k djuk lh[krk gSA

 DyksokMZ vkSj vksgfyu;¼1960½ us vijk/kh&milaL

—fr ds lEcU/k esa fofHkU‍u&volj dk fl)kUr fn;kA fofHkU‍u

volj dk fl)kUr cM+s&cM+s uxjksa esa fuEuoxhZ; {ks=ksa

esa fd'kksjksa ds vijk/kh O;ogkj dks ysdj fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA

bl fl)kUr ds vuqlkj gj O;fä dh lekt ds oS/k vkSj voS/k volj

O;oLFkk esa ,d fLFkfr gksrh gSA blh fLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij og

viuh vfHkyk"kkvksa dks çkIr djus dk ç;kl djrk gS rFkk vius

dks lekt esa lek;kftr djrk gSA tc O;fä vius y{;ksa vkSj

vfHkyk"kkvksa dks oS/k voljksa }kjk çkIr ugha dj ikrk rks

mlesa fujk'kk mRiUu gks tkrh gSA ;g fujk'kk gh mlds fopfyr

O;ogkj ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA

,l-ih-JhokLro cky&vkokjkxnh ;twosukby xSxzsUlh ds

lkekftd i;kZoj.kh; i{k dks ysdj mÙkj&çns'k ds dkuiqj ,oa

y[kuÅ uxj dk v/;;u fd;kA vkius ckydksa dh fo"ke vknrksa ,oa

O;ogkjksa dk lkekftd&euksoSKkfud –f"Vdks.k ls v/;;u fd;k

gSA M‚- JhokLro us crk;k fd fdl çdkj uxjh; lajpuk] O;kikj ç—

fr ,oa vU; lkekftd i;kZoj.k cky&vijk/k dks lapkfyr djrs gSa ,oa

fdl çdkj vkfFkZd mrkj&p<+ko fopfyr O;ogkj dks çHkkfor

djrs gSA M‚- JhokLro us vius v/;;u esa cky&vkokjkiu

dksLFkkuh;rk ds vk/kkj ij oxhZ—r fd;k gS] muds vuqlkj

cky&vkokjkiu mPp vijk/kh {ks=ksa esa vf/kd ik;k tkrk gSA

 lh-ih- xks;yh us cky&vijk/k dk v/;;u ikfjokfjd rFkk

lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lUnHkZ esa mÙkjçns'k ds ik¡p uxjksa

dks ysdj fd;k] tks fHkUu&fHkUu lkekftd lkaL—fr

i`"BHkwfe ls gSA ;g v/;;u cky&vijk/k ds lUnHkZ esa ?

kj&ifjokj] f'k{kk] iM+kSl ,oa O;olkf;d i`"BHkwfe ij çdk'k

Mkyrk gSA

v/;;u dh ifjdYiuk%&
çLrqr v/;;u cky&vijk/k tSls leL;k dk lekt'kkL=h;

fo'ys"k.k çLrqr djrk gSA foxr o"kksZ esa cky&vijk/k dh ?

kVuk,¡ tfVy vkS|ksfxd lektksa esa rsth ls c<+h gSaA de mez

ds ckyd&ckfydkvksa esa fofHkU‍u rjg ds vijk/kksa ds çfr

c<+rk :>ku 'kks/k dk fo"k; gSA ckuZl ¼1939½ ds vuqlkj]

Þvko';drk vkSj ykyp vf/kdrj vijk/kksa dh O;k[;k djrs gSaAß

fofHkU‍u ns'kksa dh ljdkjsa vkSj Lo;lsoh laLFkk,¡ ckydksa

esa vijk/k dh c<rh ?kVukvksa dks jksdus dk Hkjld ç;Ru

le;&le; ij djrh jgh gSA ijUrq] bu reke dksf'k'kksa ds ckotwn

cky&vijk/k dh leL;k xaHkhj cuh gq;h gS vkSj blds lek/kku ds

fy;s rjg&rjg ds ç;ksx tkjh gSA gekjs ns'k esa Hkh cky&vijk/k

dh leL;k fujUrj T;ksa dh R;ksa cuh gq;h gSaA ;gk¡ rd dh 14

o"kZ rd ds ckydksa ds fy;s vfuok;Z f'k{kk dk çko/kku dj nsus

vkSj ckydksa ds fgr esa rjg&rjg ds dkuwu cuk nsus ds ckn

Hkh cky&vijk/k dh nj fLFkj cuh gq;h gSA lkFk gh ckydksa

esa xaHkhj vijk/kksa] tSls&gR;k] cykRdkj] vigj.k] Mdsrh]

eknd&æO;ksa dk lsou vkfn ds çfr :>ku c<+k gS] tks gekjs

lekt vkSj ljdkj ds fy;s fpUrk dk fo"k; gSA bl çdkj ge ns[krs gS

fd cky&vijk/k vk/kqfud tfVy vkSj vkS/kksfxd lektksa ds

fy;s ,d pqukSrh cudj mejh gSA gekjk lkekftd vkSj lkaL—frd

rkuk&ckuk cPpksa dks lgh laLdkj ns ikus esa vlQy gks jgk

gSA vr% vkt ds tfVy vkSj rhoz xfr ls ifjorZu'khy lektksa esa

cky&vijk/k tSlh leL;k dk xgu fo'ys"k.k dkQh çklafxd gks tkrk

gSA bl leL;k dk oSKkfud vkSj oLrqfu"B fo'ys"k.k gesa bldh

tM+ksa rd igq¡pus esa enn dj ldrk gSA bl çdkj ge ns[krs gS fd

çLrqr v/;;u cgqr gn rd lelkef;d vkSj çklafxd gSA

v/;;u ds mn~ns';%&
1- cky&vijkf/k;ksa dh lkekftd &vkfFkZd i`"BHkwfe fdl

çdkj mUgsa vijk/k dhvksj ço`Ùk gksus esa lgk;d ;k

ck/kd gksrh gSa ml ckr dk irk yxkuk bl v/;;u dk ,d

egRoiw.kZ mís'; gSaA

2- cky&vijk/k dh mRifÙk esa vk/kqfud lwpuk & rduhd dk

QSyk tky ço`fÙk] dEI;wVj bUVjusV] ehfM;k eksckbZy

ckbd laL—fr vkfn ds çHkkoksa dk ewY;kdau djuk Hkh

bl v/;;u dk çeq[k mís'; gSaA

3- cky& vijk/k ds mÙkjnk;h dkjdksa dh [kkst djuk ,ao

mudk fo'ys"k.k djukA

 4- cky lq/kkj x`gksa dh lq/kkj&O;oLFkk dk ewY;kdau

djuk ,oa cky&lq/kkj x`gksa esa cky&vijkf/k;ksa dk

laLFkkxr thou ls lek;kstu&vlek;kstu dk v/;;u djukA

5- cky&vijk/k vkSj lkeqnkf;d dkjdksa ds vUr% laca/k dk

irk yxkukA

6- cky&vijk/k esa gks jgh o`f) dks jksdus ds fy,]ljdkjh

uhfr;ksa rFkk dk;Zdeksa dks çHkko'kkyh cukus ,ao

leL;k ds lek/kku gsrq Bksl lq>ko çLrqr djukA

7- cky&vijk/k dh mHkjrh ço`fÙk;ksa dks le>ukA

v/;;u dk {ks=%&
eqt¶Qjuxj Hkkjr ds mÙkj çns'k jkT; ds eqt¶Qjuxj ftys

esa fLFkr ,d uxj gSA eqt¶Qjuxj ;g ftys dk eq[;ky; Hkh gSA

eqt¶Qjuxj jk"Vªh; jkt/kkuh {ks= dk Hkkx gS vkSj jk"Vªh;

jktekxZ 58 }kjk dbZ LFkkuksa ls tqM+k gqvk gSA

 eqt¶Qjuxj dk {ks=Qy 4049 oxZ fdyksehVj

¼19]63]662 ,dM+½ gSA eqt¶Qjuxj esa igyh tux.kuk 1847

esa gqbZ vkSj rc eqt¶Qj uxj dh tula[;k 537]594 FkhA 2001 dh

tux.kuk ds vuqlkj eqt¶Qjuxj ftys dh vkcknh 35]43]360

¼18]93]830 iq:"k vkSj 16]49]530 efgyk] 26]39]480 xzkeh.k

vkSj 9]03]880 'kgjh] 17]80]380 lk{kj] 4]78]320 vuqlwfpr tkfr

vkSj yxHkx 90 vuqlwfpr tutkfr½ gS vkSj vkSlr 31]600 O;fä

çfroxZ fdyksehVj esa jgrs gSaA 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj

eqt¶Qjuxj dh dqy tula[;k 4138605 ¼iq:"k 2194540] efgyk

1944065½] fyax vuqikr 886 rFkk lk{kjrk nj 70-11 ¼iq:"k 79-

11] efgyk 60-00½ gS

eqt¶Qjuxj ,d egRoiw.kZ vkS|ksfxd 'kgj gS] phuh] bLikr]

dkxt vkSj flys flyk;s diM+s vkSj gkFk dh d'khnkdkjh ls cus

efgykvksa ds lwV ds fy, çfl) gS] xUuk ds lkFk vukt ;gk¡ ds

çeq[k mRikn gSA ;gk¡ dh T;knkrj vkcknh —f"k esa yxh gqbZ

gS tks fd bl {ks= dh vkcknh dk 70 izfr'kr ls vf/kd gSA

eqt¶Qjuxj dk xqM+ cktkj ,f'k;k esa lcls cM+k xqM+ dk cktkj

gSA eqt¶Qjuxj esa [krkSyh dh iqyh lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa

egRoiw.kZ gS lcls T;knk izfl) gS xUuk Hkkjr esa lcls vf/kd

iSnk gksrk gS xUus ds fey Hkh lcls T;knk la[;k esa gSA

vkilh jaft'k o vU; vijkf/kd bfrgkl gksus ds dkj.k

eqt¶Qjuxj esa vijk/k dkQh ek=k esa gksrs gS ftl dkj.k bl 'kgj
dks ^^Økbe dSfiVy** Hkh dgk tkrk Fkk] gkykafd le; cnyus o

dkuwu O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj gksus ds dkj.k vc ;gka iwoZ ds

eqdkcys vijk/k dkQh la[;k rd de gks x;s gSA

cky i;Zos{k.k x`g&eqt¶Qjuxj%&

eqt¶Qjuxj 'kgj esa ,d cky lq/kkj dkjkxzg cky vijkf/k;ksa

ds lq/kkj gsrq dke dj jgs gSA ;s izns'k ljdkj ds lekt&dY;k.k

foHkkx ds v/khu gSA ;g uxjikfydk ifj’kn ds ikl fLFkr gSA

blesa eqt¶Qjuxj tuin ds cky&vijkf/k;ksa dks j[kk tkrk jgk gSA

,d nwljk cky&i;Zos{k.k x`g tks fd yM+fd;ksa ds fy;s

LFkkfir fd;k x;k gS] esa laxhu vijk/kks esa ntZ yM+fd;ksa

dks ;gk¡ eqdnes dh lquokbZ&dky rd j[kk tkrk gS T;knkrj

ekeyks esa NksV&eksVs vijk/kks esa ntZ fd”kksfj;ksa

nks&pkj fnu ds fy;s ;gk¡ j[kk tkrk gS] vkSj fQj cky

U;k;ky; }kjk tekur ij NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA

tSlk fd ge tkurs gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk cky&vijk/k dks

jksdus ds lkafof/kd mik;ks es cky&U;k;ky;] fjek.M gkse ;k

i;Zos{k.k&x`g] çekf.kr&fo|ky;] cksVZy&Ldwy] ifjoh{kk

gksLVy] lq/kkjky;] ikyd&x`g] fd”kksj cUnh x`g]

mÙkj&laj{k.k laLFkk,¡ vkfn çeq[k gSA vijk/k djus okys

cPpks dks loZçFke fjek.M gkse ;k i;Zos{k.k x`g esa gh j[kk

tkrk gSA tc rd cPps dh vnkyrh dk;Zokgh pyrh gS] mls fjek.M

gkse esa j[kk tkrk gSA

 ;gk¡ ij çkscs'ku vf/kdkjh cPps dh lkekftd vkfFkZd

i`"BHkwfe] ikfjokfjd i`"BHkwfe] iM+ksl vkSj ifjos'k rFkk

'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld n'kkvksa dk v/;;u djrk gSA ;gk¡ cPpks ds

euksjatu] fi{kk ,oa O;olkf;d çf"k{k.k dh Hkh O;oLFkk dh

tkrh gS ,sls x`gksa esa cPpks ls gh lwpuk,¡ çkIr dh tkrh gS tks

fd cPpk U;k;/kh"k ds lEeq[k nsus ls ?kcjkrk gSA vUr

çkscs'ku vf/kdkjh vius voyksdu ds i'pkr cPps ls lacaf/kr lkjh

tkudkfj;ksa dks ,d fjiksVZ cukdj U;k; d lEeq[k çLrqr dj nsrk

gSA U;k;k/kh”k viuk QSlyk lqukrs oD‍r bl fjiksVZ dks dkQh

vgfe;r nsrk gSA

cky&i;Zos{k.k x`g] eqt¶Qjuxj esa yxHkx 50&60 cPpks

dks j[kus dh lqfo/kk gSA ;gk¡ ij cky&vijkf/k;ksa dh la[;k ?

kVrs&c<+rs jgrh gSA gj lIrkg ;gk¡ eq[; U;kf;d vf/kdkj }kjk

cky U;k;ky; dk de ls de ,d l= pyk;k tkrk gSA T;knkrj

cky&vijk/kh ,d&nks lIrkg ds vUrxZr gh tekur ij fjgk dj fn;s

tkrs gS] vFkok vU; lq/kkjkRed laLFkkvks dks lkSi fn;s tkrs

gSA

;g i;Zos{k.k&x`g dks pykus ds fy;s ,d çksc"ku v‚fQlj]

j[k&j[kko vf/kdkjh] jlksb;k] lqj{kk&xkMZ pijklh] lQkbZ

deZpkjh vkfn ljdkj }kjk fu;qfä fd;s tkrs gSA cPpks ds

euksjatu ds fy;s ,d euksjatu&d{k Hkh cuk gS] tgk¡ ,d jaxhu

Vh-oh- rFkk [ksyus ds vU; midj.k ekStwn gSA cPpks dks

lqcg dk uk”rk rFkk nksigj vkSj jkr dk [kkuk] diM+k] lkcqu]

cz'k vkfn x`g es miyC/k djk;k tkrk gSA muds O;fäRo ds fodkl

gsrq dHkh&dHkh vU; lekt&lsoh laLFkkvksa ds lg;ksx ls

i<+us&fy[kus vkSj O;olkf;d&çf'k{k.k dh lqfo/kk miyC/k dh

tkrh gSA ljdkj çR;sd cPps ds fglkc ls 750 :i;s çfrekg vuqnku

nsrh gSA

cky&i;Zos{k.k&x`g esa ckydksa ds lkFk lgkuqewfr

iw.kZ O;ogkj j[kk tkrk gSA mUgsa muds ekrk&firk rFkk vU;

fj'rsnkjks ls feyus dh btktr nh tkrh gSA [ksyus ds fy, 'kke ds

oD‍r dsEil ds eSnku esa gh volj fn;k tkrk gSA muds lq/kkj ds

fy;s fofHkU‍u lekt&lsoh laLFkkvksa ds lg;ksx ls

usfrd&f"k{kk vkSj O;olkf;d çf'k{k.k dk Hkh le;&le; ij Dykl

fy;k tkrk gSA

dqy feykdj ge dg ldrs gS fd cky&i;Zos{k.k x`g]

eqt¶Qjuxj cky vijkf/k;ksa ds fjek.M vof/k esa ,d

lkSgknZziw.kZ ekgkSy çnku djrk gS vkSj cPpks ds Hkf"o;

esa lq/kkju dk ç;kl Hkh djrk gSA

v/;;u dk fun'kZu%&
'kks/k dk;Z ds fy, chl cky&vijk/kh cPpksa dk nSo

fun'kZu ds vadu ç.kkyh fof/k dk ç;ksx djrs gq, p;u fd;k x;k

gSaA p;u esa eqt¶Qjuxj 'kgj ds cky&i;Zos{k.k x`gksa] dPph

cfLr;ksa vkfn ls fofHkU‍u cky&vijkf/k;ksa dk p;u fd;k x;k

gSA blesa mu fopyudkjh xfrfof/k;ksa esa layXu ckydksa dks

Hkh fy;k x;k gS tks lekt dh –f"V ls fopyudkjh xfrfof/k;ksa esa

layXu gSA

'kks/k çfof/k ,oa rF; & ladyu ds midj.k%&

çLrqr v/;;u cky vijk/k dh leL;k dk vUos"k.kkRed

fo'ys"k.k çLrqr djrk gSA tSlk fd ge tkurs gSa fd cky vijk/k dh

leL;k vfr çkphu dky ls gh gj lekt esa fo|eku jgh gSa] ijUrq

mldh ifjHkk"kk vkSj Lo:i esa le; le; ij cnyko vkrs jgs gSaA

ckydksa }kjk lekt&fojks/kh dk;Z lnk ls gh pys vk jgsa

gSa]fdUrq orZeku le; dh Hkk¡fr ;g leL;k brus xaHkhj :i esa

ekStwn ugha FkhA orZeku le; esa fd'kksjksa esa vijk/kh

ço`fÙk dk ik;k tkuk ,d vke ckr gSaA vkt dk lekt cgqr gh rhoz

xfr ls vlarqfyr ifjorZu ds nkSj ls xqtj jgk gSA blls lekt esa

O;kIr lkaetL; detksj gqvk gSaA orZeku lekt lade.k ds nkSj ls

Hkh xqtj jgk gSA ,slh fLFkfr es ckydksa vkSj ;qodksa ds

O;fäRo esa Hkh vlkaetL; O;kid :i ls ik;k tkus yxk gSaA ,slh

fLFkfr es vkt dh ;qok vkSj fd'kksj vklkuh ls vijk/k dh vksj

ço`Ùk gksus yxs gSa buls c< jgs vijk/kh &ço`fÙk dks jksduk

orZeku le; dh ,d cMh pqukSrh gSaA çLrqr v/;;u cky vijk/k dh

leL;k dk lekt'kkL=h; fo'ys"k.k çLrqr djus dk ,d ç;kl gSaA

vuqla?kku rduhd ,oa midj.k%&
çLrqr v/;;u vUos"k.kkRed vkSj fo'ys"k.kkRed vuqla/kku

ij vk/kkfjr gSA çLrqr v/;;u esa lk{kkRdkj vkSj dqN gn rd

O;fäxr v/;;u i)fr dk bLrseky fd;k x;k gS lkFk gh i;Zos{k.k x`g

esa tkdj cky&vijkf/k;ksa ds fØ;k&dyki vkSj vU; xfrfof/k;ksa

dk lgHkkxh voyksdu fof/k dk ç;ksx djrs gw, v/;;u fd;k x;k

gSA

vUos"k.kkRed 'kks/k%&

vUos"k.kkRed 'kks/k dks fu:irked 'kks/k Hkh dgrs gSA

bldk m)s'; fdlh leL;k ds lEcU/k esa çkFkfed tkudkjh çkIr djds

çkDdyiuk dk fuekZ.k vkSj v/;;u dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djuk gSA ,sls

'kks/k ds fy, dqN vfuok;Z n'kk,¡ & lEc) lkfgR; dk v/;;u]

vuqHko losZ{k.k] lgh lqpuknkrkvksa dk pquko vkfn

egRoiw.kZ gSaA

lk{kkRdkj%&

lk{kkRdkj dk mís'; O;fä ds fopkjksa] fo'oklks] ewY;ksa]

Hkkoukvksa] vrhr ds vuqeoksa rFkk Hkfo"; dks Kkr djuk

gksrk gSaA çLrqr v/;;u es lk{kkRdkj fof/k dk ç;ksx vuqlwfp

dh lgk;rk ls fd;k x;k gSA

vuqlwfp%&

vuqlwfp ls }kjk lk{kkRdkj dks O;ofLFkr ,oa djec) fd;k

x;k gSA blds }kjk çkIr lwpukvksa dk oxhZdj.k ,ao lkj.kh;u

cgqr & vklku gks tkrk gS] lkFk gh fo'oluh; ,ao çekf.kd

lwpukvksa ds çkIr gksus dh laHkkouk c< tkrh gSA

voyksdu%&

çLrqr v/;;u esa cky&vijkf/k;ksa ds fnu&çfrfnu ds

fØ;k&dykiksa vkSj xfrfof/k;ksa oxZ v/;;u i;Zos{k.k x`g ds

vUnj lgHkkxh voyksdu i)fr ds }kjk Hkh fd;k x;kA blls muds

O;ogkfjd lek;kstu ls lEcfU/kr egRoiw.kZ tkudkfj;k¡ çkIr dh

x;hA

dk;Z&dkj.k vFkok ikjLifjd lac/kksa dks tkuus ds fy,

LokHkkfod :i ls /kfVr gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dks lw{e :i ls

ns[kuk gh voyksdu gSA

oS;fäd v/;;u i)fr%&

çLrqr v/;;u esa lk{kkRdkj ,oa voyksdu ds vykok dqN

cky&vijkf/k;ksa dk O;fäd v/;;u i)fr ds }kjk O;kid] lw{e ,ao

xgu v/;;u Hkh fd;k x;k gSA çLrqr v/;;u esa dqN cky&

vijkf/k;ksa dk oS;fäd v/;;u i)fr ls Hkh v/;;u fd;k x;k gS] tks fd

vijk/k esa ewy dkj.kksa vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk vkdyu djus es

dkQh lgk;d jgkA bl çdkj fuEufyf[kr vuqla/kku rduhdksa

ds }kjk çkFkfed rF;ksa dks ,df=r fd;k x;k A fQj Hkh vijk/k

tSls fo"k; ij cky& vijk/kh lgh &lgh lwpuk nsus esa dkQh

ladksp vkSj Hk; dk vuqeo djrs gSA vr% CoSrh;d rF;ksa ds

ldayu dk ç;kl Hkh fo'oluh; lw=ksa ds }kjk fd;k x;k gSA

cky&vijkf/k;ksa ds iqfyl&fjdkMZ] cky&U;k;ky; dh lquokbZ

vkSj fu.kZ; }kjk rFkk fofHkU‍u Lo;a lsoh laLFkkvksa ds

cky&lq/kkj xfrfof/k;ksa vkSj lqpukvksa ds ek/;e ls

Hkh }Srh;d rF;ksa dh tkudkjh yh x;h gSA

cky&i;Zos{k.k x`g ds v/kh{kd ls Hkh cky & vijkf/k;ksa

ls lacaf/kr lwpukvksa dks ,d= djus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gSA

midYiuk%&

lekt'kkL=h; 'kks/kksa esa midYiuk dk viuk ,d

egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA fdlh Hkh lekftd fLFkfr ;k ?kVuk ds

ckjs esa v/;;u djus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd leL;k dh

mRifÙk ]fodkl vkSj LFkkf;Ro ds fy, dqN mÙkjnk;h dkjdksa

dks dfYir dj fn;k tk;s] ftlds vk/kkj ij v/;;u dks ,d lqpk: fn;k

çnku fd;k tk ldsA xqM+s ,oa gkj us fy[kk gS fd ^^midYiuk

vuqla/kku vkSj fl)kUr ds chp ,d vko';d dMh gS tks Kku&o`f)

dh [kkst esa lgk;d gksrh gSA**

fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>ko%&
cky&vijk/k dh mRifÙk dkQh tfVy vkSj vUrZlEcfU/kr

dkjdksa dk ifj.kke gS] ftldh ç—fr cgqr gn rd O;fäxr gksrh

gSA çR;sd cky&vijk/kh vius vki esa ,d lkekftd vFkok

euksoSKkfud jksxh gksrk gSA jksx dh ç—fr gj ckyd esa

vyx&vyx gksrh gSA tksUl us Bhd gh dgk gS fd cky&vijk/k

'kqU; esa iSnk ugha gksrkA njvly ;g fdlh ns'k ds lkekftd thou

dk gh fgLlk gS vkSj tSls&tSls lkekftd laxBu cnyrs gSa] bldh

ç—fr Hkh cny tkrh gSA ;g gj ns'k vkSj gj dky esa ik;k tkrk
gSA vr% blds funku dk mik; Hkh ns'k vkSj dky&fo"ks"k dh

ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy gh gksuk pkfg,A

orZeku esa cky&vijk/k dh leL;k us iqjh nqfu;k esa ,d

xaHkhj :i /kkj.k dj fy;k gSA rsth ls cnyrh lkekftd&vkfFkZd

ifjfLFkfr;ksa us lkekftd&ifjorZu dh xfr dkQh c<+k nh gSA

fofHkU‍u lkekftd laLFkkvksa ds lajpuk vkSj çdk;ksaZ esa

dkQh rsth ls cnyko vk;k gSA O;fäxr Lora=rk vkSj LoPNUnrk

c<+h gSA thou&ewY;ksa esa Hkh dkQh rsth ls cnyko vk;k

gSA HkkSfrd lq[k&le`f) vkSj mHkksdrkoknh laL—fr ds çfr

yksxksa dk –f"Vdks.k igys ls dkQh c<+k gSaA lwpuk vkSj

lapkj ds {ks= esa Økafrdkjh cnyko vk;k gSA dqy feykdj dg

ldrs gS fd orZeku euq";&lekt lØkafr&dky ls xqtj jgk gSAbu

ifjfLFkfr;ksa us cPpksa ds lekthdj.k çfØ;k dks cgqr gn rd

çHkkfor fd;k gSA ifjokj vkSj lekt dk fu;U=.k cPpksa ij igys

tSlk ugha jgk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i ckydksa esa fopyudkjh O;ogkj

dh ço`fr c<+h gSA çLrqr v/;;u esa cky&vijk/k ds fy;s ftEesnkj

dkjdksa dks tkuus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gSA lkFk gh bldh ç—fr

vkSj fn'kk dk Hkh vuqla/kku fd;k x;k gSA vuqla/kku gsrq

lk{kkRdkj&vuqlwfp] voyksdu ,oa oS;fäd v/;;u&i)fr tSls

vuqla/kku&midj.kksa dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA v/;;u dk {ks= ,oa

lexz ds :i esa dksVk cky&i;Zos{k.k x`g esa le;&le; ij fofHkU

u vijk/kksa ds tqeZ esa vk;s cky&vijkf/k;ksa dks fy;k x;k gSA

lq>ko%&
cPpksa ds cky&vijk/kh cuus ls jksdus ds fy;s ljdkj dks

fuEu lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr okys ifjokjksa ds cPpksa ds

mfpr ej.k&iks"k.k vkSj f'k{k.k ds fo'ks"k ç;kl djus gksaxs]

D;ksafd T;knkrj cky&vijk/kh xjhc vkSj de i<+s&fy[ks

ifjokjksa ls vkrs gSaA gkyk¡fd cky&vijk/k dh jksdFkke vkSj

muds lq/kkj ds fy;s ljdkj dh vksj ls dbZ laLFkkxr mik; fd;s x;s

gSa] ijUrq bu laLFkkvksa dh dk;Z&ç.kkyh cgqr vkSipkfjd

rjhds dh gS] tks ] cky&vijkf/k;ksa ds lq/kkj dh çfØ;k esa

T;knk lgk;d ugha gSA bu laLFkkvksa ls fudys cPps iqu%

vijk/k dh nqfu;k esa vklkuh ls ços'k dj tkrs gSaA vr% nwljk

egRoiw.kZ lq>ko ;g gS fd yEcs le; rd bu lq/kkj&xwgksa esa

jgus okys cky&vijkf/k;ksa dks lekt esa lfØ; vU; lekt&lsoh

¼tks cPpksa ds dY;k.k ds fy;s lefiZr gSa½ ls tksM+k tk;s]

rkfd buesa lq/kjus dh bPNk dk fodkl gks] rFkk lekt dh

lgkuqewfr Hkh çkIr gksA

cky&vijk/k dh jksdFkke ds fy;s LFkkuh; Lrj ij Hkh ç;kl

gksus pkfg;s | blds fy;s yksxksa }kjk vius&vius bykds esa

LoSfPNd lkekftd laxBuksa dk xBu fd;k tkuk pkfg;s] tks

vijk/kh xfrfof/k;ksa esa layXu ckydksa ij fo'ks"k utj j[ksa

rFkk mudh ÅtkZ dks ldkjkRed fn'kk esa eksM+us dk ç;kl djsa

| lkFk gh cky&vijk/kh cPpksa dks lq/kkj&x`g ls okil vkus ij

lekt ds lkFk lek;kstu esa enn djsA mu ifjokjksa dks Hkh enn

djsa ftuds cPps ,slh xfrfof/k;ksa esa ikfjokfjd ifjos'k ;k xyr

lekthdj.k çfØ;k ds pyrs ços'k dj tkrs gSaA

vke rkSj ij gekjh iqfyl lqçf'kf{kr vkSj lqf'kf{kr ugha

gksrhA fd'kksj vijk/k&fujks?kd dk;ZØe vçf'kf{kr LVkQ }kjk

izHkkoh rjhds ls u rks cuk;k tk ldrk gSa vkSj u gh ykxw fd;k

tk ldrk gSA ;gh gky cky i;Zos{k.k x`g ds ds;j&Vsdj

¼ns[k&Hkky vf/kdkjh½ o vU; LVkQ dk gSA iqfyl LVkQ

rFkk lq/kkj&x`gksa vkSj fjek.M gkse esa fu;qä LVkQ dks

jkT;ksa }kjk mfpr çf'k{k.k fnykus dh vko';drk gSA mUgsa

cky&euksfoKku dh tkudkjh nsuh pkfg, rkfd os

cky&vijkf/k;ksa ds lkFk lgkuqHkwfriwoZd O;ogkj djs] lkFk

gh fd'kksj&vijk/k ds mPp nj okys {ks=ksa esa iqfyl dks

fo'ks"k x'r yxkus pkfg;sA mUgsa bu bykdksa ds cPpksa dh

xfrfof/k;ksa vkSj vkpj.k ij fo'ks"k utj j[kuh pkfg,A ,sls cPpksa

ds fy;s cky&Dyc dh lqfo/kk gksuh pkfg, vkSj lkFk gh ,sls

dk;ZØe gksrs jgus pkfg;s] ftlls cPpksa esa ukxfjdrk dk mfpr

fodkl gksA

cky&vijk/k ds fu;a=.k esa Þckn dh ns[kHkky** dk

Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA vf/kdka'k jkT;ksa esa bu

laLFkkvksa dk leqfpr fodkl ugha gks ik;k gSA fd'kksj

vijkf/k;ksa ds iquokZl ds fy;s muds O;olkf;d çf'k{k.k dh Hkh

O;oLFkk djuh pkfg;s rkfd os vius fy;s jkstxkj ryk'k ldsaA

cky&vijkf/k;ksa ds lq/kkj dk ,d rjhdk ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS

fd cky&vijkf/k;ksa ds lq/kkj&x`gksa esa j[kus ds ctk;

vlaLFkkxr rjhds ls mudk lq/kkj fd;k tk;sA bl dk;Z esa ckyd ds

ifjokj] leqnk; vkSj vU; Lo;a&lsoh laLFkkvksa dh enn ysuh

pkfg;sA bl çdkj cky&vijk/kh laLFkkxr lq/kkj ds rjhdksa ls

gksus okys dqçekoksa ls cp tk;sxkA ;fn lEHko gks] rks O;kid

Lrj ij ;qok lsok dsUæksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg;sA bu

dsUæksa dks bl :i esa fodflr fd;k tkuk pkfg;s ftlls ;s leqnk; ds

lHkh oxksaZ ds ;qodksa dks vijk/k ls cpkus ,oa lq/kkj djus ds

dsUæh; leUo;u dsUæ dk :i ys ldsaA

cky&vijkf/k;ksa ds de ls de ekeys cky&U;k;ky;ksa ds

le{k vkus pkfg;s] D;ksafd T;knkrj cPps xEHkhj fdLe ds

vijk/kksa esa layXu ugha jgrs gSA ,sls cPpksa dks

vlaLFkkRed mik;ksa] ftlesa vPNs vkpj.k ds fy;s ijh{k.k dky ij

Nqêh fn;k tkuk] lqjf{kr ,oa lkekU; LFkkuksa ij mUgsa j[kk

tkuk] lewgksa ds :i esa leqnk; esa j[kuk] vfHkHkkod }kjk

vPNs vkpj.k dk vk'oklu fn;s tkus dh n'kk esa eqä djuk vkfn

'kkfey gS] ls lq/kkjk tk ldrk gSA bUgha vlaLFkkRed mik;ksa

esa ,d gS&fd'kksj çoh{kk fof/kA blesa cky&vijk/kh dks ?kj

esa gh jgus dh btktr nh tkrh gS] tgk¡ vkSipkfjd vkSj

vukSipkfjd :i ls çoh{kk vf/kdkjh mudh ns[kjs[k] mudk laj{k.k

,oa funsZ'ku nsus ds fy;s yxk;k tkrk gSA çoh{kk fof/k cPpksa

dks lq/kjus dk vPNk volj çnku djrk gSA bl fof/k esa ckyd ds

lq/kkj dh ftEesnkjh mlds ?kj okyksa vkSj leqnk; ds Åij lkSaih

tkrh gSA

uo;qod vijkf/k;ksa dks laLFkkRed cqjkg;ksa ls mckjus

esa lsok&x`gksa dh enn ysuk Hkh egRoiw.kZ vlaLFkkxr

mik; gks ldrk gSA ,sls lsok x`gksa esa Lohdkj x`g vkfn çeq[k

gSaA bu lsok&x`gksa esa Lohdkj x`g] cksfMaZx gkse] lewg

x`g] Je x`g vkfn çew[k gSaA bu lsok&x`gksa esa ,sls cPps

j[ks tkrs gS] ftUgsa vius ?kjksa ls nwj laj{k.k ,oa lao/kZu dh

vko';drk gksrh gSA vukFk ,oa fu/kZu cPpksa dks lsokx`g esa

j[kdj vijk/kh xfrfof/k;ksa esa lfEeyr gksus ls cpk;k tk ldrk

gSA

bl çdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd cky&vijk/k dh jksdFkke esa

ljdkj }kjk pyk;s x;s laLFkkxr mik;ksa ds lkFk gh] vlaLFkkxr

lk/kuksa dk Hkh O;kid :i ls ç;ksx gksuk pkfg;sA mlls

laLFkkxr mik;ksa dks Hkh vkRecy feysxkA

vUr esa fu"d"kZ ds :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd cky&vijk/k

dh mRifr esa ckyd ds ikfjokfjd vkSj lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh

egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA vr: lcls egRiw.kZ lq>ko

rks ;g gS fd ifjokj vkSj lekt dks viuh ftEesnkfj;ksa dk ikyu

djuk gksxkA ckyd ?kj] iM+ksl] Ldwy vkfn ds }kjk fujUrj

lg;ksx] lgkuqewfr vkSj funsZ'ku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blds

vHkko esa ckyd dqaBkxzLr vkSj rukoxzLr gksdj vijk/kh

xfrfof/k;ksa esa layXu gks ldrk gSA bl çdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd

cky&vijk/k dks ,d xaHkhj lkekftd leL;k ekurs gq, ifjokj]

leqnk;] lekt vkSj ljdkj lcdks viuh&viuh ftEesnkfj;ksa dk

fuoZgu rRijrk ls djuk gksxkA rHkh ns'k ds bu ukSfugky

d.kZ/kkjksa dks ,d lQy] lqlaL—r vkSj ftEesnkj ukxfjd cuk;k

tk ldrk gSA
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